cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between executive functioning and language: Examining vocabulary, syntax, and language learning in preschoolers attending Head Start

Early childhood marks a time of dynamic development within language and cognitive domains. Specifically, a body of research focuses on the development of language as related to executive functions, which are foundational cognitive skills that relate to both academic achievement and social-emotional development during early childhood and beyond. Although there is evidence to support the relationship between language and executive functions, existing studies focus mostly on vocabulary and fail to examine other components of language such as syntax and language learning skills. To address this gap, this study examined the relationship between executive functioning (EF) and three aspects of language: syntax, vocabulary, and language learning. A diverse sample of 182 children (67% Latino and 33% African American) attending Head Start were assessed on both EF and language ability. Findings demonstrated that EF related to a comprehensive latent construct of language composed of vocabulary, syntax, and language learning. EF also related to each individual component of language. This study furthers our understanding of the complex relationship between language and cognitive development by measuring EF as it relates to various components of language in a sample of preschoolers from low-income backgrounds.
Complications in Robotic Single Port Surgery

Here in this chapter, we wish to outline the surgical complications specific to robotic laparoendoscopic single-site (R-LESS) surgery. This is an emerging field, and only a few centers of excellence in the world have attempted R-LESS urological procedures. Although many of the possible complications of conventional laparoscopy are inherent to R-LESS urologic surgery, they have yet to be identified by the limited number of surgical cases which have been reported in current literature. The aim of this chapter is to review the literature on R-LESS urologic surgery, describe the complications, and suggest the management strategies for each complication.
Using psycholinguistic inquiry to measure emotional response to music: A feasibility study:

Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software, which can analyze elements of language, has been used to measure emotional responses to film clips, yet the viability of LIWC to study emotional r...
Engineering enzyme microenvironments for enhanced biocatalysis

Protein engineering provides a means to alter protein structure leading to new functions. Much work has focused on the engineering of enzyme active sites to enhance catalytic activity, however there is an increasing trend towards engineering other aspects of biocatalysts as these efforts can also lead to useful improvements. This tutorial discusses recent advances in engineering an enzyme's local chemical and physical environment, with the goal of enhancing enzyme reaction kinetics, substrate selectivity, and activity in harsh conditions (e.g., low or high pH). By introducing stimuli-responsiveness to these enzyme modifications, dynamic control of activity also becomes possible. These new biomolecular and protein engineering techniques are separate and independent from traditional active site engineering and can therefore be applied synergistically to create new biocatalyst technologies with novel functions.
Impact of thermal fluctuations on transport in antiferromagnetic semimetals

Recent demonstrations on manipulating antiferromagnetic (AF) order have triggered a growing interest in antiferromagnetic metal, and potential high-density spintronic applications demand further improvements in the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). The antiferromagnetic semimetals (AFS) are newly discovered materials that possess massless Dirac fermions that are protected by the crystalline symmetries. In this material, a reorientation of the AF order may break the underlying symmetries and induce a finite energy gap. As such, the possible phase transition from the semimetallic to insulating phase gives us a choice for a wide range of resistance, ensuring a large AMR. To further understand the robustness of the phase transition, we study thermal fluctuations of the AF order in AFS at a finite temperature. For macroscopic samples, we find that the thermal fluctuations effectively decrease the magnitude of the AF order by renormalizing the effective Hamiltonian. Our finding suggests that the insulating phase exhibits a gap narrowing at elevated temperatures, which leads to a substantial decrease in AMR. We also examine spatially correlated thermal fluctuations for microscopic samples by solving the microscopic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, finding a quantitative difference in the gap narrowing effect from that of the macroscopic sample. For both cases, the semimetallic phase shows a minimal change in its transmission spectrum, illustrating the robustness of the symmetry-protected states in AFS. Our finding may serve as a guideline for estimating and maximizing AMR of the AFS samples at elevated temperatures.
Brachial artery compression by the lacertus fibrosus

Five patients presented with classic symptoms diagnostic of intermittent claudication that were exacerbated by strenuous activity. Examination demonstrated localized tenderness over the lacertus fibrosus (bicipital aponeurosis), as well as increased pain and an obliterated radial pulse with forearm pronation and resisted elbow flexion. All 5 were athletes who had hypertrophied forearm muscles. Patients were diagnosed with brachial artery compression by the lacertus fibrosus. Release of the lacertus fibrosus restored normal pulses in all cases. Followup ranged from 6 months to 25 years. Full clinical recovery was achieved in 3 patients. One patient had a good result and 1 a fair result. Although the lacertus fibrosus has been well described as a cause of neural compression and compartment syndrome, it has been reported only once to cause intermittent arterial compromise. Hypertrophy of the muscles and the lacertus fibrosus related to excessive use is an important factor in the development of isolated vascular, neural, or combined neurovascular lesions.
Problems in Integrating and Automating a Multi Site/Multi Sponsor Test Data Collection and Reporting System

This paper attempts to describe the problems that are being encountered as two US Army Commands attempt to upgrade existing systems for reporting the data captured during tests on tanks and automotive vehicles. The combination of the organizational structure and the variety of data processing systems that must be combined presents an opportunity to examine an automation technology problem of complexity. The problems encountered are example of both the specific and the general. The specific problems arise from the need to fashion a system to certain requirements and utilizing for the most part existing resources. The general problems that are institutional, personnel and technical are examined in the context of the US Army’s test data collection systems.
The Political Life

Senator Schweinhaut is the longest-serving woman-and, according to many of her constituents, the most admired member— in the Maryland state legislature. She has been a member of the General Assembly for over thirty years and, since 1961, a member in the Senate. For twelve years she has chaired the Executive Nominations Committee, which reviews all gubernatorial appointments. In 1971 she was named to the Legislative Policy Committee that controls the operations of the Senate, served in this important capacity for eleven years, and was reappointed to it in 1986. Currently, she is also on the Judicial Proceedings Committee.
Evaluation of productivity index in unconventional reservoir systems: An extended Distributed Volumetric Sources method

Abstract Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies make the production of unconventional reservoirs practically and economically feasible. The combination of these two techniques leads to complex well-reservoir systems. Distributed Volumetric Source (DVS) can be utilized as an effective methodology to evaluate the production of hydrocarbons from a complex configuration of fractured/non-fractured wells (both vertical and horizontal) in a well-reservoir system. This study modifies the DVS method through generalizing the solution for different boundary conditions and improving the accuracy of the method at the infinite acting conditions. The DVS method is introduced as an appropriate replacement to the influence function in the common/conventional Multi-Well Productivity Index (MPI) method because of its capability to capture the production mechanisms and production index over both transient and pseudo-steady state regimes, by employing a single influence function so that the internal well fluid flow can be coupled to the fluid flow in the reservoir. The horizontal well still remains a challenging configuration. It is found that the impact of the well penetration ratio on the productivity of horizontal well during the production time can be properly modeled by the DVS method. Due to the low precision of the common (original version of) DVS method at early times, a new solution method based on Fourier integral is proposed and the accuracy is systematically examined. Hence, DVS is employed to circumscribe the infinite-acting response of this well configuration. Finally, a new methodology is proposed to optimize the design of Multi-Fractured Horizontal Well (MFHW). According to the output of this study, the extended DVS procedure offers a better plan in terms of technical and economic aspects to design MFHW, compared to conventional solution techniques.
Measurement of block thresholds in kiloHertz frequency alternating current peripheral nerve block.

Abstract Background Kilohertz frequency alternating currents (KHFAC) produce rapid nerve conduction block of mammalian peripheral nerve and have potential clinical applications in reducing peripheral nerve hyperactivity. The experimental investigation of KHFAC nerve block requires a robust output measure and this has proven to be the block threshold (BT), the lowest current or voltage at which the axons of interest are completely blocked. All significant literature in KHFAC nerve block, both simulations and experimental, were reviewed to determine the block threshold method that was used. The two common methods used are the High-Low method experimentally and the Binary search method for simulations. New Method Four methods to measure the block threshold (High-Low, High-Low-High, Binary and Random) at three frequencies (10, 20 and 30 kHz) were compared through randomized repeated experiments in the in-vivo rodent sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius model. Results The literature review showed that more than 50% of publications did not measure the block threshold. The experimental results showed no statistical difference in the BT value between the four methods. Comparison with Existing Method(s) However, there were differences in the number of significant onset responses, depending on the method. The run time for the BT determination was the shortest for the High-Low method. Conclusions It is recommended that all research in electrical nerve block, including KHFAC, should include measurement of the BT. The High-Low method is recommended for most experimental situations but the Binary method could also be a viable option, especially where onset responses are minimal.
Measurement of the background in Auger-photoemission coincidence spectra (APECS) associated with inelastic or multi-electron valence band photoemission processes

Abstract Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS), in which the Auger spectra are measured in coincidence with the core level photoelectron, is capable of pulling difficult to observe low energy Auger peaks out of a large background due mostly to inelastically scattered valence band (VB) photoelectrons. However the APECS method alone cannot eliminate the background due to valence band photoemission processes in which the initial photon energy is shared by two or more electrons and one of the electrons is in the energy range of the core level photoemission peak. Here we describe an experimental method to determine the contributions from these background processes and apply this method in the case of copper M 3 VV Auger spectrum obtained in coincidence with the 3p 3/2 photoemission peak. A beam of 200 eV photons was incident on a Cu(1 0 0) sample and a series of coincidence measurements were performed using a spectrometer equipped with two cylindrical mirror analyzers (CMAs). One CMA was set at series of fixed energies that ranged between the energy of the core and the VB peaks. The other CMA was scanned over a range corresponding to electrons leaving the surface between 0 eV and 70 eV. The set of measured spectra were then fit to a parameterized function which was extrapolated to determine the background in the APECS spectra due to multi-electron and inelastic VB photoemission processes. The extrapolated background was subtracted from the APECS spectrum to obtain the spectrum of electrons emitted solely as the result of the Auger process. A comparison of the coincidence spectrum with the same spectrum with background removed shows that in the case of Cu M 3 VV the background due to the inelastic scattering of VB electrons is negligible in the region of the Auger peak but is more than half the total signal down in the low energy tail of the Auger peak.
Reduced Marcks-related protein expression promotes in vitro cell invasion and tumor desmoplasia

2000 Most cancer mortality is caused by metastatic lesions not the primary cancers. Identification of genes that promote metastasis may benefit prognosis and treatment of patients. To identify genes that increase in vitro invasion we performed multiple rounds of selection on mouse mammary EpH4 cells infected with a mouse retroviral embryonic cDNA library. From this library we selected, through a Boyden Chamber overlayed with the extracellular matrix substitute Matrigel, antisense to Marcks related protein (MRP), a member of the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate protein (MARCKS) family, as being pro-invasive. MARCKS and MRP have been theorized to function as a reserve for PtdIns(4,5)P(2) (PIP2) (Biochem Soc Symp. 2005;(72):189-98), and for calcium bound calmodulin (Eur Biophys J. 1997;25(4):239-47) implicating them in regulating a number of important signaling pathways. MARCKS family members have been associated with migration but how they promote migration is not clearly defined. Three proposed methods are the direct regulation of the cytoskeleton through actin regulation, sequestration of PIP2 and thereby regulating PKC mediated cell migration and functioning as a repository for Ca2+ calmodulin. To assess the contribution of these pathways to the effects we have observe with shRNA-MRP, we have used chemical inhibitors in a panel of human cell lines. Only chemical inhibition of the calmodulin pathway blocks the pro-migratory effects of reducing MRP expression. By immunofluoresence with a Ca2+-calmodulin dependent antibody we observe increased nuclear localization of Ca2+ calmodulin. Additionally immunofluoresence studies show increased IQGAP and APC staining at the leading edge of cell migration. Additionally we show that siRNA mediated reduction of MRP expression in the RAS transformed mouse mammary EpRas cell line does not lead to increase in vivo metastasis after tail vein injection. However it does cause a marked increase in desmoplasia, an indicator of a more aggressive tumor type. We are currently studying the role of MRP in aquisition of a more desmoplastic phenotype and determining if increased metastasis can be observed from subcutaneous tumors.
Epistemic violence in psychological science: Can knowledge of, from, and for the (othered) people solve the problem?:

A primary target of Indigenous psychologists and critical psychologists is the epistemic violence found in mainstream research. The epistemic violence derives from two alleged mainstream tendencies...
Effects of Oxygen Modification on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Highly Epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) thin films.

La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, a strong semi-metallic ferromagnet having robust spin polarization and magnetic transition temperature (TC) well above 300 K, has attracted significant attention as a possible candidate for a wide range of memory, spintronic, and multifunctional devices. Since varying the oxygen partial pressure during growth is likely to change the structural and other physical functionalities of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) films, here we report detailed investigations on structure, along with magnetic behavior of LSMO films with same thickness (~30 nm) but synthesized at various oxygen partial pressures: 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mTorr. The observation of only (00 l) reflections without any secondary peaks in the XRD patterns confirms the high-quality synthesis of the above-mentioned films. Surface morphology of the films reveals that these films are very smooth with low roughness, the thin films synthesized at 150 mTorr having the lowest average roughness. The increasing of magnetic TC and sharpness of the magnetic phase transitions with increasing oxygen growth pressure suggests that by decreasing the oxygen growth pressure leads to oxygen deficiencies in grown films which induce oxygen inhomogeneity. Thin films grown at 150 mTorr exhibits the highest magnetization with TC = 340 K as these thin films possess the lowest roughness and might exhibit lowest oxygen vacancies and defects. Interpretation and significance of these results in the 30 nm LSMO thin films prepared at different oxygen growth pressures are also presented, along with the existence and growth pressure dependence of negative remanent magnetization (NRM) of the above-mentioned thin films.
Vexing questions that sustain sensemaking

Current science education reforms highlight the importance of students making sense of scientific ideas. While research has studied how to support sensemaking in classrooms, we still know very litt...
Racial disparities exist in surgical outcomes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Background Racial disparities in surgical outcomes exist for Black patients with IBD compared to White patients. However, previous studies fail to include other racial/ethnic populations. We hypothesized these disparities exist for Hispanic and Asian patients. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing surgery for IBD using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS- NSQIP) database (2005–2017). Bivariate comparisons and adjusted multivariable regressions were performed to evaluate associations between race and outcomes. Results Of 23,901 patients with IBD, the racial/ethnic makeup were: 88.7% White, 7.6% Black, 2.4% Hispanic and 1.4% Asian. Overall mean LOS was 8 days (SD 8.2) and significantly varied between groups (8d for White, 10d for Black, 8.5d for Hispanic, and 11.1d for Asian; p Conclusions Racial disparities exist among IBD patients undergoing surgery. Black, Hispanic and Asian IBD patients experience major disparities in post-operative complications, readmissions and LOS, respectively, when compared to White patients with IBD. Future research is needed to better understand the mechanisms of these disparities including evaluation of social determinants of health.
The Impact of Expenditures and Financial Aid on Racial Gaps in Institutional Graduation Rates in the U.S.

There is a persistent gap in institutional-level graduation rates between U.S. Whites and underrepresented minorities (URM). This gap remains as graduation rates have increased for both Whites and URM. We tested whether these six-year graduation rate gaps among incoming undergraduate freshman cohorts were a function of institutional expenditures and financial aid. Our results were mixed. The gaps were much wider at institutions that spent more on academic and student services and who enrolled cohorts with higher average student loan amounts. Yet, these gaps between Whites and URM narrowed at institutions where students had larger average institutional and state/local grants. Our discussion centered on the changing financial context of higher education and the contributing roles of capital and institutional racial climate.
The Hollow Core of Constitutional Theory: Why We Need the Framers

The Hollow Core of Constitutional Theory is the first major defense of the central role of the Framers' intentions in constitutional interpretation to appear in years. This book starts with a reminder that, for virtually all of Western legal history, when judges interpreted legal texts, their goal was to identify the lawmaker's will. However, for the past fifty years, constitutional theory has increasingly shifted its focus away from the Framers. Contemporary constitutional theorists, who often disagree with each other about virtually everything else, have come to share the view that the Framers' understandings are unknowable and irrelevant. This book shows why constitutional interpretation needs to return to its historical core inquiry, which is a search for the Framers' intentions. Doing so is practically feasible, theoretically defensible, and equally important not only for discovering the original meaning, but also for deciding how to apply the Constitution today.
Complex charge density waves at Van Hove singularity on hexagonal lattices: Haldane-model phase diagram and potential realization in the kagome metals A V 3 Sb 5 ( A =K, Rb, Cs)

The recent discovery of topological charge density waves in the superconducting kagome metals $A$V${}_{3}$Sb${}_{5}$ ($A$=K, Rb, Cs) has attracted enormous attention. Motivated by the experiments, the authors analyze here the interplay of real and imaginary charge density waves at the Van Hove singularity, but in a broader scope of general hexagonal lattices. Phenomenological analysis uncovers a rich Haldane-model phase diagram. The theoretical model sheds light on the experimental observations in these kagome metals and future experiments of hexagonal lattice materials.
Insights into the Organization of the Poxvirus Multi-Component Entry-Fusion Complex from Proximity Analyses in Living Infected Cells.

Poxviruses are exceptional in having a complex entry-fusion complex (EFC) that is comprised of 11 conserved proteins embedded in the membrane of mature virions. However, the detailed architecture is unknown and only a few bimolecular protein interactions have been demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation from detergent-treated lysates and by cross-linking. Here, we adapted the tripartite split green fluorescent protein (GFP) complementation system in order to analyze EFC protein contacts within living cells. This system employs a detector fragment called GFP1-9 comprised of nine GFP β-strands. To achieve fluorescence, two additional 20-amino-acid fragments called GFP10 and GFP11 attached to interacting proteins are needed, providing the basis for identification of the latter. We constructed a novel recombinant vaccinia virus (VACV-GFP1-9) expressing GFP1-9 under a viral early/late promoter and plasmids with VACV late promoters regulating each of the EFC proteins with GFP10 or GFP11 attached to their ectodomains. GFP fluorescence was detected by confocal microscopy at sites of virion assembly in cells infected with VACV-GFP1-9 and cotransfected with plasmids expressing one EFC-GFP10 and one EFC-GFP11 interacting protein. Flow cytometry provided a quantitative way to determine the interaction of each EFC-GFP10 protein with every other EFC-GFP11 protein in the context of a normal infection in which all viral proteins are synthesized and assembled. Previous EFC protein interactions were confirmed, and new ones were discovered and corroborated by additional methods. Most remarkable was the finding that the small, hydrophobic O3 protein interacted with each of the other EFC proteins. IMPORTANCE Poxviruses are enveloped viruses with a DNA-containing core that enters cells following fusion of viral and host membranes. This essential step is a target for vaccines and therapeutics. The entry-fusion complex (EFC) of poxviruses is unusually complex and comprised of 11 conserved viral proteins. Determination of the structure of the EFC is a prerequisite for understanding the fusion mechanism. Here, we used a tripartite split green fluorescent protein assay to determine the proximity of individual EFC proteins in living cells. A network connecting components of the EFC was derived.
Metabolites of Benzo[ a ]pyrene in Aroclor 1254-Treated Mullet

This paper presents a systematic approach to the separation and characterization of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolites using the efficient analytical technique of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hepatic supernatant (S-9) preparations from Aroclor 1254-treated mullet (Mugil cephalus) were used to study the in vitro metabolism of BaP. The lipid-soluble hydroxylated products were extracted in ethyl acetate prior to HPLC analysis. Three diols (9,10; 7,8; and 4,5) and two phenols (9 and 3) of BaP were isolated and identified. From their relative retention times, the other metabolites noted were likely to be unresolvable quinones. The results obtained in the mullet were compared with those obtained in the rat (Rattus norvegicus).
Electrical Resistivity of (NdxGd1−x)3−yS4: Magnetic Effects

We wish to report the electrical resistivity p of single crystal (NdxGd1−x)3−yS4 where (0 ≤ × ≤ 1, 0 < y < 0. 33) between 2 and 300 K. X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that all samples possess the high temperature γ-phase structure which is represented as the bcc Th3P4 defect structure. The electrical resistivity was measured by a four point DC-technique with pressure contacts at the gold-coated bars of samples with dimensions of 1 × 2 × 8 mm. The measured resistivity values without and with a magnetic field of 7. 7 kG as a function of 1/T are shown in Fig. 1. As shown in the figure, the resistivity in each sample decreases linearly with decreasing temperature and goes through a minimum as the Curie temperature is reached. The variations in ρmin. and temperatures of ρmin. are attributed to different rare earth concentrations as well as the total metal to sulfur ratios in the samples. Application of a magnetic field reduces the resistivity below about 60 K in all samples. The ρ vs T curves for all samples strongly suggest that the increase in resistivity is directly related to the state of magnetic ordering through temperature or applied magnetic field. Since the carrier concentration is greater than 8 × 1019/cm3 in all samples, the model of Cutler and Mott (1) suggests that EF(Fermi energy) lies near but above Ec (conduction band energy).
Chapter 3 – ABO blood group system

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ABO blood group system. The terminology, expression, database accession numbers, and the carrier molecule related to the ABO blood group system are also reviewed. The ABO blood group exists on most epithelial cells (particularly glandular epithelia) and on endothelial cells. A and B antigens are not primary gene products. Antigens are defined by immunodominant sugars (GalNAc for A; Gal for B) attached to 1 of the 4 different types of oligosaccharide chains carried on glycosphingolipid and glycoprotein molecules. The carrier molecule is expressed on N-glycans containing polylactosaminyl units carried predominantly on band 3, glucose transporter, RhAG, and CHIP-1. The disease association of the ABO blood group system is also discussed. Expression of A and B antigens may be weakened as a result of chromosome 9 translocations and associated leukemia and of any disease inducing stress hemopoiesis, for example, thalassemia, and Diamond Blackfan anemia.
The Use of Intravenous Nitroglycerin in Cardiovascular Disease

The development of an intravenous form of nitroglycerin has further enhanced the role of nitrates in the therapy of cardiovascular disorders. This new preparation permits prompt initiation of therapy and rapid attainment of high systemic levels; because of its short half-life, rapid dose titration is both feasible and safe. The antianginal effects of intravenous nitroglycerin are useful in the treatment of coronary vasospasm and unstable angina pectoris. Its hemodynamic effects are of benefit in the therapy of congestive heart failure and in the control of peri-operative hypertension. Recent data suggest that, with appropriate monitoring, intravenous nitroglycerin can be safely administered to patients with evolving myocardial infarction to reduce the extent of myocardial damage.
Molecular Evolution of the GATA Family of Transcription Factors: Conservation Within the DNA-Binding Domain

The GATA-binding transcription factors comprise a protein family whose members contain either one or two highly conserved zinc finger DNA-binding domains. Members of this group have been identified in organisms ranging from cellular slime mold to vertebrates, including plants, fungi, nematodes, insects, and echinoderms. While much work has been done describing the expression patterns, functional aspects, and target genes for many of these proteins, an evolutionary analysis of the entire family has been lacking. Herein we show that only the C-terminal zinc finger (Cf) and basic domain, which together constitute the GATA-binding domain, are conserved throughout this protein family. Phylogenetic analyses of amino acid sequences demonstrate distinct evolutionary pathways. Analysis of GATA factors isolated from vertebrates suggests that the six distinct vertebrate GATAs are descended from a common ancestral sequence, while those isolated from nonvertebrates (with the exception of the fungal AREA orthologues and Arabidopsis paralogues) appear to be related only within the DNA-binding domain and otherwise provide little insight into their evolutionary history. These results suggest multiple modes of evolution, including gene duplication and modular evolution of GATA factors based upon inclusion of a class IV zinc finger motif. As such, GATA transcription factors represent a group of proteins related solely by their homologous DNA-binding domains. Further analysis of this domain examines the degree of conservation at each amino acid site using the Boltzmann entropy measure, thereby identifying residues critical to preservation of structure and function. Finally, we construct a predictive motif that can accurately identify potential GATA proteins.
Implications of NRL/ATM Solar Flare Observations on Flare Theories

During the Skylab mission, many solar flares were observed with the NRL XUV spectroheliogram in the wavelength region from 150 to 650 A. Because of its high spatial resolution ( ~ 2″) the three-dimensional structures of the flare emission regions characterized by temperatures from 104 K to 20 × 106 K can be resolved. Thus the spatial relationship between the relatively cool plasma and the hot plasma components of a flare, and the associated magnetic field structure can be inferred. For example, the Fe XXIV plasma (T ≃ 20 × 106 K) observed near the soft X-ray maximum during the 2B (M2) disk flare of 1973, July 15 is elongated perpendicular to the neutral line shown on the photospheric magnetogram, while lines of lower ionization temperatures such as He ii–Fe xvi show the familiar double ribbon structures on either side of the neutral line (Widing and Cheng, 1974). The disk flare of 1973, September 5 shows the same spatial structures. The flare was observed at 18 31 UT at the X-ray maximum, and shows that the hot Fe xxiv cloud is located spatially between the ribbons of the He II, Fe xiv–Fe xvi emissions. As the flare cools at 18 37 UT, the Fe xxiv cloud disappears while the gap is filled with emissions from ions of lower ionization potentials, and exhibit loop structure. Many other flares also show similar spatial distributions in the XUV emissions. The linear dimensions of the Fe xxiv plasmas as measured from the photospheric plates range from 7000 km to 14000 km, and the heights of associated loops range from 10000 to 30000 km. From the spatial distributions of the XUV emissions of the many flares, and the comparisons with the magnetograms, we concluded that the magnetic field configuration for the flares we observed are simple bipolar magnetic flux loops with the hot flare plasma located near the top and the cool plasma component on the footprints of the loop.
Decision Rules and Kids: Clarifying the Vagueness Problems with Status OffenseStatutes and School Disciplinary Rules

Juveniles have long been the subjects of governmental policies and legal measures aimed at promoting their welfare and protection in circumstances of perceived need. This attention has also generated a host of judicial controversies. One particular issue is the problem of constitutional vagueness, specifically in the context of status offense statutes and school disciplinary rules, which have been attacked under the void for vagueness doctrine. This article seeks to clarify the problem of vagueness regarding these rules by analyzing the issue in terms of the distinction between "conduct rules" and “decision rules.” Conduct rules, which are directed to the public and generally give notice of what qualifies as a violation, are constitutionally required to be clear. In contrast, decision rules, are allowed to be more broad and open-ended, as they are directed to officials and usually grant discretion in rule enforcement. This article argues that understanding the relationship between conduct rules and decision rules, and its relevance to vagueness, is essential to resolving the constitutional issues involved in vagueness attacks on statutes addressed to juveniles. By appreciating the distinction in the context of the vagueness doctrine, courts will gain a vital analytical tool in deciding future vagueness claims, and policymakers will receive guidance on fashioning status offense legislation and school discipline rules.
Thermal-Adsorptive Concentration

Methods for concentrating dilute fluids using adsorption followed by partial thermal regeneration were studied using the simulation package ADSIM. The systems studied were NaCl in liquid water on Amberlite XD-2 resin and benzene vapor in nitrogen on activated carbon. Cycles studied included counter-current regeneration with pure hot fluid, co-current regeneration with pure hot fluid, a new process called Hot Feed Addition (HFA) consisting of co-current regeneration with pure hot fluid followed by hot feed, and cycling zone adsorption (co-current alternating hot and cold feeds with no pure regeneration fluid). The optimum system depends upon the conditions of the system and the value function chosen to evaluate the systems. For example, for benzene in nitrogen with hot regeneration gas at 467.4 K, cycling zone adsorption used no carrier gas, had the most concentrated benzene stream and a very pure nitrogen product, but the energy use was greater than the other processes. For liquid systems counter-current operation could produce the purest product, but regenerant requirements were high. With slightly lower purity requirements HFA reduced solvent usage and increased the concentration of the concentrated waste stream. For the liquid system all processes used approximately 3% or less of the energy that would be required for evaporation.
Enhanced sinusoidal glutathione efflux during endotoxin-induced oxidant stress in vivo

Hepatic release of reduced glutathione (GSH) and its oxidation [glutathione disulfide (GSSG) formation] were investigated in male Fischer rats in vivo after administration of various doses (1-15 mg/kg) of endotoxin (Salmonella enteritidis). Endotoxin dose dependently enhanced basal plasma glutathione (9.64 +/- 0.80 microM) and GSSG (1.08 +/- 0.23 microM GSH equivalents) levels by up to 450 and 1,300%, respectively, 60 min after administration of the highest dose. Determination of arteriovenous differences of plasma glutathione and portal vein blood flow demonstrated an increase of basal sinusoidal glutathione efflux (18 nmol.min-1.g liver wt-1) by 300% 15 min after 5 mg/kg endotoxin. Activation of Kupffer cells by retinol enhanced endotoxin-induced release of GSH and its oxidation severalfold. Endotoxin enhanced plasma levels of catecholamines; however, only an epinephrine-induced not the endotoxin-induced stimulation of hepatic GSH efflux was inhibited by adrenergic blockers. Depletion of serum complement by cobra venom factor pretreatment completely abolished the endotoxin-induced increase of GSH release and enhanced GSSG formation. Zymosan-activated serum (source of C5a) increased GSSG formation and GSH release. It is concluded that endotoxin triggered an extracellular oxidant stress and an increased release of hepatic GSH indirectly through complement activation. Increased sinusoidal efflux of GSH and its extracellular oxidation may act as a local defense mechanism against the potentially deleterious effects of reactive oxygen generated by Kupffer cells during their physiological functions.
Comparison of reinforcement algorithms on discrete functions: learnability, time complexity, and scaling

The authors compare the performances of a variety of algorithms in a reinforcement learning paradigm, including Ar-p, Ar-i, reinforcement-comparison (plus a new variation), and backpropagation of reinforcement gradient through a forward model. The task domain is discrete multioutput functions. Performance is measured in terms of learnability, training time, and scaling. Ar-p outperforms all others and scales well relative to supervised backpropagation. An ergodic variant of reinforcement-comparison approaches Ar-p performance. For the tasks studied, total training time (including model and controller) for the forward model algorithm is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude more costly than for Ar-p, and the controller's success is sensitive to forward model accuracy. Distortions of the reinforcement gradient predicted by an inaccurate forward model cause the controller's failures. >
Study of movement disorders and brain iron by MR.

Heavily T2-weighted high-field MR images provide a unique opportunity for the evaluation of the extrapyramidal motor system. The images are affected by the presence of small amounts of naturally occurring paramagnetic substances—principally iron—that delineate the neostriatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and dentate nucleus, primarily by a decrease in signal secondary to the T2* effect. Movement disorders are associated with either increased or decreased signal or both in these structures, depending on the pathologic process. In the initial evaluation of 113 patients with a variety of movement disorders, good correlation of imaging abnormalities can be made with a simplified schema of the extrapyramidal pathways and a system of classification of abnormal movements, parkinsonism/tremor, dystonia, chorea, myoclonus, and hemiballismus. Parkinsonisms are characterized by abnormalities of the cortico-ponto-cerebello-dentato-rubro-thalamo-cortico-spinal tract or the nigrostriatal tract. Dystonias are characterized by abnormalities of the neostriatum predominantly affecting the putamen. Choreas are also characterized by abnormalities of the neostriatum but predominantly affecting the caudate nucleus. Hemiballismus is characterized by lesions affecting the subthalamic nucleus or associated pathway.
The effect of amobarbital sodium on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle response in rats.

The startle response in rats to a sudden sound was increased when the startle was elicited in the presence of a flashing light (CS) which had previously been paired with electric shock. The magnitude of this potentiated startle was used as a measure of the conditioned fear elicited by the CS. The effects of different doses of amobarbital sodium on the potentiated startle, the startle in the presence of a flashing light which had not been paired with shock, and the startle to electric shock were tested. It was found that the drug reduced the magnitude of the potentiated startle response and reduced even more the startle to electric shock, but apparently had little, if any, effect on the startle to loud sound in the presence of a neutral CS. The effects lasted for at least 90 min after i.p. injections of the drug. The action of amobarbital was interpreted in terms of a selective reduction in the strength of the fear drive, but other interpretations were not ruled out. The fact that this drug produced differential effects on startle responses elicited in different ways, suggests that such responses may be useful measures of differential psychopharmacological effects.
Phase and amplitude control ability using spatial light modulators and zero path length difference Michelson interferometer

A new method is presented for amplitude and phase control using two liquid crystal spatial light modulators in conjunction with a white light Michelson interferometer. Preliminary proof-of-concept measurements are given showing the prospect of using this method for correction of amplitude errors in telescopes.
Male care and mating effort among Hadza foragers

Paternal care figures prominently in many scenarios of human evolution. Recently, however, such scenarios have been challenged on two scores. First, the level of male contribution may be insignificant. Second, male care may be provided as a form of mating effort, rather than parenting effort. In theory, since men can enhance their Darwinian fitness both by providing care to their own offspring if this raises offspring fitness and by pursuing additional mates if this leads to additional offspring, men should respond to payoffs from both mating and parenting effort. If men respond to payoffs from parenting effort, paternity ought to make a difference. And if men respond to payoffs from mating effort, mating opportunities ought to make a difference. I analyzed the impact of these two factors on variation in male care among the Hadza, a foraging society in Tanzania. Two predictions were tested: (1) biological children will receive more care than stepchildren, and (2) men will provide less care to their biological children as their mating opportunities increase. Both predictions were supported. These results suggest men provide care, in part, as parenting effort, and that they trade off parenting effort for mating effort when they have greater mating opportunities.
An evidence-based patient-centered method makes the biopsychosocial model scientific

Abstract Objective To review the scientific status of the biopsychosocial (BPS) model and to propose a way to improve it. Discussion Engel's BPS model added patients’ psychological and social health concerns to the highly successful biomedical model. He proposed that the BPS model could make medicine more scientific, but its use in education, clinical care, and, especially, research remains minimal. Many aver correctly that the present model cannot be defined in a consistent way for the individual patient, making it untestable and non-scientific. This stems from not obtaining relevant BPS data systematically, where one interviewer obtains the same information another would. Recent research by two of the authors has produced similar patient-centered interviewing methods that are repeatable and elicit just the relevant patient information needed to define the model at each visit. We propose that the field adopt these evidence-based methods as the standard for identifying the BPS model. Conclusion Identifying a scientific BPS model in each patient with an agreed-upon, evidence-based patient-centered interviewing method can produce a quantum leap ahead in both research and teaching. Practice implications A scientific BPS model can give us more confidence in being humanistic. In research, we can conduct more rigorous studies to inform better practices.
Adiposity, Fat Patterning and the Metabolic Syndrome among Diverse Youth: the EPOCH Study

Objectives To assess fat distribution, prevalence of obesity, and the metabolic syndrome among diverse 6-13-year-old Colorado youth to better understand racial/ethnic influences on adiposity and metabolic syndrome. Study design We measured body mass index, subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio, waist circumference, dietary fat, and physical activity in 422 youth (47% non-Hispanic White, 44% Hispanic, and 9% African-American). Visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and intramyocellular lipid were measured with magnetic resonance techniques. Multiple-linear regression was used to assess associations between race/ethnicity and adiposity patterns. Results Hispanic and African-American youth had a higher prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome compared with non-Hispanic White youth. Both groups displayed a more centralized fat distribution and larger volumes of subcutaneous tissue, compared with non-Hispanic White youth. After controlling for body mass index, these differences were attenuated, and for a given body size, African-American youth showed significantly lower visceral adipose tissue than non-Hispanic White youth. However, both Hispanic and African-American youth showed higher intermyocellular lipid in skeletal muscle compared with non-Hispanic Whites, independent of body size. Conclusions Racial/ethnic minorities experience higher overall adiposity, and may also have an increased risk for early development of metabolic syndrome relative to non-Hispanic White youth, beyond their increased obesity risk.
Acceptance of Cream Liqueurs Made with Whey Protein Concentrate

Abstract Cream-based liqueurs prepared with whey protein concentrate showed stability and were more preferred than a commercial cream-based liqueur. Variations in product preparation included level of ingredient used as well as order of ingredient addition. Product made with washed cream and ethanol added before homogenization was stable for 90 d at 40° C. Comparison of the most stable experimental product to a commercial liqueur by sensory evaluation showed no significant differences in sweetness, texture, smoothness, and overall preference. The commercial product showed more off-flavors and a heavier body than the most stable experimental samples.
Antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens in lupus erythematosus. Serologic marker for systemic disease.

Seven patients with classic cutaneous lupus ery-thematosus are described. Three of these patients had features satisfying four of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) preliminary criteria for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Their sera, however, lacked antinuclear antibodies but demonstrated precipitating antibodies reactive against cytoplasmic RNP (La) and non-nucleic acid (Ro) antigens. Four additional ANA-negative patients lacking significant skin disease but having a lupus-like multisystem disease were found to have antibodies to soluble cytoplasmic antigens. Thirty-three of 130 ANA-positive SLE patients, but none of 16 discoid lupus patients, possessed these anticytoplasmic antibodies. These findings suggest that antibodies to Ro and La may be a marker for systemic disease in ANA-negative patients with 1) cutaneous lupus and 2) a distinct sub-population of patients with a lupus-like syndrome without skin disease.