cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representations of semisimple Lie algebras

In this chapter, we study representations of complex semisimple Lie algebras. Recall that by results of Section 6.3, every finite-dimensional representation is completely reducible and thus can be written in the form V = ⊕ n i V i , where V i are irreducible representations and n i ∈ ℤ + are the multiplicities. Thus, the study of representations reduces to classification of irreducible representations and finding a way to determine, for a given representation V , the multiplicities n i . Both of these questions have a complete answer, which will be given below. Throughout this chapter, g is a complex finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra. We fix a choice of a Cartan subalgebra and thus the root decomposition g = h ⊕⊕ R g α (see Section 6.6). We will freely use notation from Chapter 7; in particular, we denote by α i , i = 1 … r , simple roots, and by s i ∈ W corresponding simple reflections. We will also choose a non-degenerate invariant symmetric bilinear form (,) on g . All representations considered in this chapter are complex and unless specified otherwise, finite-dimensional. Weight decomposition and characters As in the study of representations of sl(2, ℂ) (see Section 4.8), the key to the study of representations of g is decomposing the representation into the eigenspaces for the Cartan subalgebra. Definition 8.1. Let V be a representation of g . A vector u ∈ V is called a vector of weight λ ∈ h * if, for any h ∈ h, one has hu = 〈λ, h 〉 u .
Frequent Itemset Mining over Data Streams

We study the problem of computing frequent elements in a data-stream. Given support threshold \(s \in [0, 1]\), an element is said to be frequent if it occurs more than \(sN\) times, where \(N\) denotes the current length of the stream. If we maintain a list of counters of the form 〈element, count〉, one counter per unique element encountered, we need \(N\) counters in the worst-case. Many distributions are heavy-tailed in practice, so we would need far fewer than \(N\) counters. However, the number would still exceed \(1/s\), which is the maximum possible number of frequent elements. If we insist on identifying exact frequency counts, then \(\varOmega(N)\) space is necessary. This observation motivates the design of streaming techniques based on \(\epsilon\) -approximate frequency counts. We also discuss the extension of the ideas to the problem of mining frequent itemsets over streams, and relevant applications.
Water Histories and Spatial Archaeology: Ancient Yemen and the American West

This book offers a new interpretation of the spatial-political-environmental dynamics of water and irrigation in long-term histories of arid regions. It compares ancient Southwest Arabia (3500 BC–AD 600) with the American West (2000 BC–AD 1950) in global context to illustrate similarities and differences among environmental, cultural, political, and religious dynamics of water. It combines archaeological exploration and field studies of farming in Yemen with social theory and spatial technologies, including satellite imagery, Global Positioning System (GPS), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping. In both ancient Yemen and the American West, agricultural production focused not where rain-fed agriculture was possible, but in hyper-arid areas where massive state-constructed irrigation schemes politically and ideologically validated state sovereignty. While shaped by profound differences and contingencies, ancient Yemen and the American West are mutually informative in clarifying human geographies of water that are important to understandings of America, Arabia, and contemporary conflicts between civilizations deemed East and West.
ICCAD-2016 CAD contest in pattern classification for integrated circuit design space analysis and benchmark suite

Layout pattern classification has been utilized in recent years in integrated circuit design towards various goals such as design space analysis, design rule generation, and systematic yield optimization. There is a need for open source or academic solutions as very limited vendors are available to provide this functionality. Speed and accuracy are key aspects to target in the solutions. Given a circuit layout and various markers, contestants are asked to provide a reduced set of representative layout clips around these markers. Each such representative clip identifies a class and has an associated set of one or more unique layout markers.
The Wiener RMS (Root Mean Square) Error Criterion in Filter Design and Prediction

This chapter contains sections titled: 1 Linear Filters, 2 Minimization of RMS Error, 3 Determination of the Weighting Function, 4 Realization of Operator—Mathematical Formulation, 5 RC Filter, 6 Prediction and Lag with and without Noise
Preschool Sexuality Education

This chapter examines three aspects of sexuality education in early child care and education. First, it critically assesses formal sexuality education for preschoolers. Second, and more importantly, the chapter reviews what we know from the small body of research that examines sexuality in child care and preschool. Third, it examines the hidden curriculums of gender and heteronormativity that shape the sexuality education in preschools and child care centers. Throughout, we suggest that children already receive sexuality education through informal everyday interactions in preschool. Strengthening this informal system of education and not allowing “danger-only” approaches to define preschool sexuality education are key to its improvement.
Genotype by environment interactions for growth in Red Angus

Accuracy of sire selection is limited by how well animals are characterized for their environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of genotype × environment interactions (G×E) for birth weight (BiW) and weaning weight (WW) for Red Angus in the United States. Adjusted weights were provided by the Red Angus Association of America. Environments were defined as 9 regions within the continental United States with similar temperature-humidity indices. Mean weights of calves were determined for each region and for each sire's progeny within each region. A reaction norm (RN) for each bull was estimated by regressing the sire means on the region means weighted for the number of progeny of each sire. The range for BiW and WW RN was -1.3 to 4.0 and -1.7 to 2.8, respectively. The heritabilities of BiW and WW RN were 0.40 and 0.39, respectively. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between BiW and WW RN were 0.19 and 0.54, respectively. The phenotypic correlation of the progeny mean to the RN was -0.20 ( <0.05) and suggests that sires with higher means are more stable in progeny performance across environments. Weights in different regions were considered separate traits and genetic correlations were estimated between all pairs of regions as another method to determine G×E. Genetic correlations < 0.80 indicate G×E at a level for concern, but existed for only 2 of 36 estimates for BiW and 12 of 36 estimates for WW. Genetic correlations between different regions ranged from 0.74 to 0.96 for BiW and 0.62 to 0.99 for WW and indicate that sires tend to rank similarly across environments for these traits.
Sugar Transport Systems of Baker’s Yeast and Filamentous Fungi

In spite of the enormous volume of work that has been done on the metabolism of sugars by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the nature of the monosaccharide uptake systems has been a subject of controversy over the past three decades. The controversy has centered on the question of the role of sugar phosphorylation during transport: are sugars phosphorylated during transport via a group translocation system, or are they transported as free sugars via a carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion system and phosphorylated by the action of hexokinase or glucokinase subsequent to entry? A variation of the question is: even if a facilitated diffusion system represents the primary mode of entry of free sugars, is there some sort of intimate relationship between the sugar carriers and the phosphorylating enzymes such that the activity of the sugar carriers is affected?
3D Printed UV–Visible Cuvette Adapter for Low-Cost and Versatile Spectroscopic Experiments

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy represents one of the most popular analytical techniques in chemical research labs. A variety of vendors provide instruments that are suited for the analysis of liquid samples at moderate concentrations. However, to accommodate more specialized experiments, expensive accessories are required and often do not fit the specific needs of experimental scientists. In this work, we present a generalized adapter that can be 3D printed and used with existing spectrometers to enable a wide array of experiments to be performed. In the case of liquid samples, we provide a method for dramatically reducing the price of a quartz cuvette with minimal impact on performance. Through simple modification of the design, cuvettes with various path lengths can be prepared. Additionally, we illustrate the ability to turn any sample container into a working cuvette to simplify experimental protocols, prevent contamination risks, and further reduce costs. This strategy also enables gaseous...
A Theory of Expectation: Strategies for Transforming Policies and Financing of K-12 Education

Over the past fifty years, elected officials in the name of education reform have promulgated countless policies. Yet the nation continues to face insufficient seats for pre-K kids, and low performance and high dropout rates among older kids. These statistics are harshest for low income and ethnic minority kids. This paper contends that the absence of proper planning including funding, and the existence of pernicious cultural and ethnic divides are the main impediments to effectively addressing this problem. A successful policy satisfies three tests: a theory that provides direction; strategies that are coherent with the theory; and appropriate funding for implementation of the strategies. The policies examined in this paper meet none of these conditions. The correlation between educational outcomes and income is indisputable. However, none of the major education policies implicitly or explicitly makes this connection. This paper highlights the incoherence among theory, strategies and funding in these major policies and suggests strategies to synchronize them in the future.
Immunoprevention of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cytological screening, as first proposed by Papanicolaou, is one of the most successful cancer prevention strategies ever devised (1). Nevertheless, cervical cancer is the second or third most frequent cancer and cause of cancer deaths in women (2). This paradox has arisen because many of the world’s women either do not have access to an effective screening program or do not properly comply with an existing program (1). The problem of access is particularly acute in developing countries, where the high cost of screening limits access to only the wealthiest subset of women (3). Consequently, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in many developing countries (2). Countries with effective screening programs spend a substantial amount of health care financial resources on them. The cost of screening and follow-up of abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears was recently estimated to cost more than $5 billion annually in the United States alone (National HPV & Cervical Cancer Prevention Resource Center; http://www.ashastd.org/hpvccrc/background.html). Thus cervical cancer prevention strategies that are both more accessible and acceptable to women need to be developed.
Proton-Induced Radiation Damage in BaF 2 , LYSO, and PWO Crystal Scintillators

Future high-energy physics experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers will face a challenge of severe radiation environment from both ionization dose and charged and neutral hadrons. The high-luminosity large hadron collider, for example, will present an environment, where up to 130 Mrad ionization dose, $3 \times 10^{14}$ charged hadrons/cm2 and $5 \times 10^{15}$ neutrons/cm2 are expected. In this paper, we report our investigation on charged hadron-induced radiation damage in BaF2, LYSO/LFS, and PWO crystals up to $3 \times 10^{15}$ protons/cm2 by using 800-MeV protons at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Comparison is made between radiation damages induced by protons and ionization dose alone.
Immobilized Nanosize ZrMetal Organic Frameworks ZrMOFs: Highly Active Reusable Catalysts for Cross Coupling Reactions

Functionalized Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (UiO-66-fun) have emerged as promising class of porous functional materials with very large specific surface area, ultrahigh porosity and chemical tunability as well as high stability in water and humid environments, which results in desirable properties for several catalytic applications.1–3 These high stable materials were selected as supporting molecular MOF catalysts. We have applied a simple and highly efficient method for synthetic post-functionalization of new and readily recoverable molecular catalysts that combines the catalytic active transition-metal complexes with the architecture of nano-size MOF and their application for cross coupling reactions. In the catalytic process, substituted aryl halides and arylboronic acids converted into corresponding biaryls through C-C bond forming process in a milder condition (Chart 1). In the tested catalysis reactions, functionalized nano-size UiO-66-fun catalysts can be recovered by simple filtration/centrifugation in air and reusable without significant loss of catalytic activity and while framework structures are maintained stable. The detailed post-functionalization and catalysis results will be presented. References: Kim, M.; Cahill, J. F.; Fei, H.; Prather, K. A.; Cohen, S. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 18082.Bosch, M.; Yuan, S.; Rutledge, W. Zhou, H.-C. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00457. Pascanu, V.; Yao, Q.; Bermejo Gomez, A.; Gustafsson, M.; Yun, Y.; Wan, W.; Samain, L.; Zou, X.; Martin-Matute, B. Chem. - Eur. J. 2013, 19, 17483. Acknowledgment: Support of this research by the NPRP award (NPRP 9-377-1-080) from the Qatar National Research Fund.
Substrate Capture by Marine Heterotrophic Bacteria in Low Nutrient Waters

Except in coastal areas and some isolated marine environments seawater can be classified as oligotrophic or even ultraoligotrophic. If the nearshore values for the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are ignored, the DOC ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 mg C·liter−1 and in the deep sea, ca. 0.5 mg C·liter−1 (Riley and Chester 1971). Other values are cited by various authors in review articles dealing with organic matter in seawater (Menzel 1974, Williams 1975; Duursma 1965; Wangersky 1978) and in each instance, the values for DOC are low. The amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) is exceeded by the DOC by a factor of 10 to 20 (Riley and Chester 1971) and its value will depend on various factors. Approximately 1/5 of the particulate organic fraction is composed of living organisms. Although the amount of DOC and POC is not very great per unit volume, the total amount in the entire oceans is extremely huge. The reservoir of DOC and POC in the ocean is placed at 655 × 109 tons and 14 × 109 tons respectively, assuming the values of 0.5 mg C·liter−1 and 10 µg C·liter−1 respectively (Menzel 1974). The turnover time is 3, 300 years (Menzel 1974).
Preliminary Comments Designed to Suspend the Introspection Controversy

This book describes in detail people’s inner experiences; shows how schizophrenia may be more a disorganization of inner images than of association; and suggests that depression may be due to a lack of words and images in the thinking process rather than to negative self-thoughts. These observations are based on a new method of eliciting careful self-reports of inner experience, which some readers may unfortunately characterize as “introspective” and then dismiss because they accept the conclusion that accurate introspection is impossible. This introductory section shows such skeptical readers that the present study is different from, and quite possibly much better than, previous studies that have been labeled introspective.
Impact of four different CO2 injection schemes on extent of reservoir pressure and saturation

This study investigates how four different injection schemes, (i. constant rate, ii. stepwise increasing rate, iii. stepwise decreasing rate, and iv. cyclic rate), constrained by the cumulative amount of CO2 injected, affect the likely extent of pressure buildup and CO2 plume, which play a role in the appraisal of environmental risk performance at CO2 storage sites. This objective is achieved using a representative model of a realistic site consisting of multi-layer sandstone that is extremely permeable (between 1 to 2 Darcy) and separated by thin layers of shale extending laterally with sporadic discontinuities in form of perforations. Results show that cyclic injection tends to keep the pore pressure lower than the other three injection schemes, while the highest pressure increase over the entire injection period (50 years) is observed with stepwise decreasing rate. The compressibility of CO2 plays a role in attenuating the impact of fluctuating cyclic injection signals on pressure after 30 years of injection, where this time decreases by 5 years in case of heterogeneous scenario. Except for the cyclic injection scheme, all other three injection schemes lead to almost the same magnitude and areal extent of CO2 saturation, while it shows a cyclic behavior in the case of the cyclic injection. Major observations are similar in both homogeneous and heterogeneous scenarios, although layered heterogeneity in the representative site introduces small differences in results. The results imply that it would be preferable to store CO2 using a cyclic injection scheme in storage reservoirs that may be prone to high pressure buildup during injection because of their geology (e.g. fractured shale reservoirs). These results also carry important implications for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using CO2 where the primary goal is to drive the oil out by increasing pore pressure; for EOR by CO2 , stepwise decreasing rate would be most preferable as it leads to highest increase in pore pressure. Cited as : Singh, H. Impact of four different CO2 injection schemes on extent of reservoir pressure and saturation. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2018, 2(3): 305-318, doi: 10.26804/ager.2018.03.08
Epithelioid Osteoblastoma of the Temporal Bone: A Case Report.

Background Epithelioid osteoblastoma of the cranium is extremely rare and can mimic other etiologies on radiographic imaging, pathology, and symptomatology. Case Description An 18-year-old male patient had a 3-week history of a palpable left temporal mass. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large, extra-axial, hypervascular mass in the left temporal bone, with bony erosion and intracranial extension. The patient underwent surgical near gross-total resection of the mass. Initial frozen microscopic examination of the tumor was inconclusive. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged a few days later. Final pathology confirmed the diagnosis of epithelioid osteoblastoma. Conclusions Epithelioid osteoblastoma of the skull base is exceedingly rare but should be included in the differential diagnoses of all extra axial tumors. Preoperative radiographic clues are limited, and final diagnosis relies solely on accurate pathologic examination. A diagnosis of epithelioid osteoblastoma should be considered for all cranial bone–based tumors, as an incorrect diagnosis of another radiographic and histologic mimic could lead to the patient receiving unnecessary and harmful neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
The Impact of Social Media on Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Need for Examination and Research

Purpose Peer-reviewed research is the typical pathway for research to be implemented into clinical practice. However, the Internet, digital technology, and social media have introduced significant ...
Developmental changes in the frequency and complexity of mothers’ internal state utterances across the second year:

Mothers’ provision of utterances with internal state words has been shown to influence infants’ acquisition of internal state vocabulary and has been proposed to foster preschoolers’ theory of mind...
Executive Privilege and Inspectors General

Inspectors general were created by statute to bring internal accountability to the executive branch and assist Congress with its oversight responsibilities. That status — housed in the executive branch with a congressional assistance mandate — often places inspectors general on the horns of a separation-of-powers dilemma. How congressional committees and courts address executive privilege claims will shape the legal consequences facing agencies and departments when considering whether to provide records to an inspector general. Those consequences, in turn, will materially affect the effectiveness of the inspectors general corps.
Pediatric Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformation: Long-Term Outcomes with Linear Accelerator (LINAC)-Based Radiosurgery.

Abstract Purpose To analyze and report the long-term outcomes of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) treated with linear accelerator (LINAC)-based radiosurgery (LBRS) in the pediatric population. Methods and Materials A series of 34 pediatric patients (≤18 years old) who were treated between 2002 and 2016 were analyzed. All patients were treated with LBRS in a single fraction, with a median dose of 16.8 Gy to the 80% isodose line. Median age at treatment was 14.4 years (range 5.5-18.9). Median AVM volume was 2.91 mL (range 0.228-27.313). Median modified radiosurgery-based AVM score was 0.83 (range 0.18-2.96). The most common presenting symptom was intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) (n = 22, 64.7%). Nine patients underwent intervention before LBRS, which included prior embolization or resection. Seven lesions were in eloquent locations, defined as basal ganglia, thalamus, or brainstem. Cerebral angiography was done to confirm obliteration. Results Median follow-up time was 98 months (range 36-200 months). Twenty-two of the 34 lesions were obliterated (64.7%) with median time to obliteration of 37 months (range 14-79). No deaths occurred during the follow up period; however, two patients experienced ICH after treatment. Three other patients were treated for symptomatic radiation necrosis. Conclusions Treatment of intracranial AVM with LBRS in the pediatric population is demonstrated to be safe and effective with long-term follow up.
Unobserved heterogeneity and skill loss in a structural model of duration dependence

Abstract In this paper, I use an equilibrium search model of the labor market to quantify the importance of two classic explanations for why the job-finding rate strongly falls with unemployment duration: (i) unobserved worker heterogeneity and (ii) loss of skills. In the model, unobserved heterogeneity has a large impact on job-finding rates but not on reemployment wages. Wages depend almost exclusively on workers' skill levels. I use the available causal estimates of the effects of unemployment duration on callback rates and reemployment wages to calibrate the model parameters for unobserved heterogeneity and skill loss. Quantitative analysis of the model reveals that unobserved heterogeneity accounts for a little more than two thirds of total duration dependence in unemployment, while skill loss for the remaining part. Next, the effects of training and subsidized employment programs on duration dependence are examined through the lens of the model. Subsidized employment raises job-finding rates for all workers but helps short-term more than long-term unemployed workers. Training raises the job-finding rates of the long-term unemployed but lowers job-finding rates for workers with short unemployment spells. The interaction of unobserved heterogeneity with skill loss due to endogenous vacancy creation is crucial for these results.
Who Am I and What Do I Do? Developing a Social Work Identity Through Interprofessional Education and Practice

The purpose of this study is to examine social work professional identity development through interprofessional education and practice. The Integrated Mental and Behavioral Health Training Program (IMBTP) was developed to prepare students for collaborative practice in integrated behavioral health settings. Interprofessional education and training was a core component of the IMBTP. At the conclusion of five cohorts (graduating 2014-2018), 61 MSW students had completed the training program. Content analysis of qualitative evaluation data revealed professional identity development as a recurring theme across multiple domains. Results demonstrate that providing opportunities for social work students to participate in interprofessional education and training allows for a greater understanding of other professional roles and perspectives, while at the same time helping to solidify the role and identity of a social worker. Social work education programs should consider including interprofessional education experiences for all students.
An Exploration of the Roles, Goals, and Social Interactions of Ghanaian Women

This ethnography study sought to explore the lived experiences of Ghanaian women from urban and rural areas, and their roles in society. Research has revealed that Ghanaian women are on the rise of independence and higher education. Empirical data has identified the popular jobs among Ghanaian women in rural and urban areas as well as how much they value education. Research has also identified the careers which are and are not respected in Ghanaian culture. This study took a unique glimpse into the lives of young Ghanaian college students’ and how aspirations and career goals for either gender is the same but differences exist in upbringing. Focus groups consisted of college students, ages 20-25. Native Ghanaian students from rural and urban area of Ghana. Research questions focused on the roles of Ghanaian women in society; specifically, their roles at home and work; their social relationships, specifically their interactions and friendships.Validation strategies include rich thick descriptions, member checking, and journaling. Atlas Ti was used for the data analyses and the following themes emerged; experiences of higher education, white collar jobs, feelings about financial stability, feelings and experiences about marriage and friendship, and the essence of independence. This exploration serves as a means to educate young African American women on the culture and values held so respectfully by Ghanaians which would be the land of many of our ancestors. This is an attempt to understand how Ghanaian women take on the challenge of laying a foundation for women to walk on while having to conform to what a male dominant society expects while still holding on to their own sense of power.
Genomic copy number determination in cancer cells from SNP microarrays based on quantitative genotyping corrected for aneuploidy

1657 Tumor genomics are important in pediatric cancer diagnostics and prognostication. Copy number (CN) aberrations are associated with clinical outcome in neuroblastoma (NBL) and aneuploidy serves as a prognostic marker in both NBL and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays are increasingly used to profile genome-wide CN aberrations in cancer, but the methods used to derive CN from signal intensity values have been suboptimal when applied to cancer genomes. The complexity of genomic aberrations in cancer makes it more difficult to discriminate between signal and noise, and measuring CN as a discreet variable does not account for tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, standard normalization approaches detect CN changes relative to the overall DNA content, which is often not diploid in cancer. Here we propose an algorithm that corrects for aneuploidy and integrates the degree of allelic imbalance with the probe intensity for a quantitative CN assessment and scoring of allelic ratios. First, we compute the intensity correction factor needed to adjust for aneuploidy as standard approaches assume an overall diploid genome and erroneously normalize aneuploid genomes to fit that model. Absolute CN is then derived as a function of the degree of allelic imbalance. This yields an accurate accounting of absolute chromosome CN as opposed to CN relative to the DNA index. We profiled 488 NBL and 96 ALL samples on the Illumina HumanHap550 array. Chromosome regions present in two copies in hyperdiploid samples appeared to have intensity values consistent with CN loss. Therefore, we used SNPs where the probe intensity was inconsistent with the genotype (e.g. probe intensity showed loss but the genotype did not show LOH) to compute the intensity correction factor needed to adjust for aneuploidy. The adjusted intensity values resulted in CNs reflecting the number of chromosomes seen in ALL karyotypes, even for significantly hyperdiploid cells. For each SNP, the degree of allelic imbalance dictated the possible CNs. For example, if both alleles were present in equal amounts, the possible CNs were 2, 4, 6, 8, or higher even numbers; similarly, if the minor allele ratio was 0.33, the only possible CNs were multiples of three (3, 6, 9, or greater). The probe intensity values were then applied as a qualitative tool to distinguish between these very different CN states. These absolute CNs were used to estimate DNA index and very closely matched the value derived from flow cytometry in 349/488 (72%) NBL samples. This algorithm results in a more precise definition of allelic aberration in the cancer genome, which is essential for translational efforts focused on molecular diagnostics and the discovery of therapeutic targets.
Mass Loading Effects on Turbulence Modulation by Particle Clustering in Dilute and Moderately Dilute Channel Flows

Wall-bounded particle-laden flows exhibit a variety of interesting phenomena that can greatly impact the underlying carrier-phase turbulence in practical systems. This work aims at investigating the effects of particle clustering on the carrier-phase turbulence in both dilute and moderately dilute channel flows via highly resolved Euler–Lagrange simulations. It is shown that the fluid turbulence departs significantly from the initially fully developed turbulent flow at moderate concentrations. In particular, the gas velocity retains a viscous sublayer at higher values of mass loading, but displays a strongly reduced boundary layer thickness and a flatter velocity profile compared to the dilute case. Furthermore, the flow orientation with respect to gravity is found to significantly impact the multiphase dynamics. Particles showed a preference to be in the near-wall region with significant volume fraction fluctuations when gravity opposed the mean flow direction, while particles accumulated at the channel center with less significant volume fraction fluctuations for flows with gravity aligned with the mean flow direction.
A Historical Introduction

In 1932 the US people made a decision of far greater historical import than the choice of a new Chief Executive. For better or for worse, the US people decided that it would not put up with deflation-the price that capitalism has always had to pay for its periodic excesses. What the US wanted was a President who would “do something.” And doing something meant preventing the country from going through the wringer.1
Regulation of Virulence by Iron in Gram-Positive Bacteria

This chapter discusses the mechanisms by which vertebrates sequester iron from invading pathogens and the response of pathogens to this sequestration. It provides examples of iron-regulated virulence determinants in several clinically important gram-positive bacteria. Iron is crucial to the activity of ribonucleotide reductase, nitrogenase, peroxidase, catalase, and succinic dehydrogenase, and it is therefore required for the vital functions of respiration and several metabolic pathways. During infection, pathogens must rely on their host as the sole source of nutrient iron. Diseases in iron metabolism impact susceptibility to infection, exemplified by an increased frequency of infections caused by Salmonella, Mycobacterium, and Plasmodium in patients with high iron levels. Transcriptional regulation of bacterial genes in response to iron occurs through the activity of metal-dependent regulators. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria, a contagious upper respiratory tract infection that has been largely eradicated in the last century due to worldwide utilization of the diphtheria vaccines. The iron-containing tetrapyrrole heme is the preferentially bound iron source of Staphylococcus aureus. Iron-dependent virulence gene expression in S. aureus involves a complex regulatory network comprised of Fur and the two-component systems Agr and Sae, which regulate quorum sensing and secreted virulence factors, respectively.
Hyperprotease-Producing Mutants of Bacillus subtilis

A number of mutants of Bacillus subtilis producing high levels of extracellular protease have been isolated. Analysis of culture supernatants of these mutants has shown that the total amount of proteolytic activity is elevated from 16- to 37-fold over the wild strain. The elevated activity was due to a simultaneous increase in both the neutral and alkaline protease. All of the mutants genetically analyzed were found linked to the argC4 marker by PBS-1 transduction analysis.
Where Have All the Republicans Gone

In recent years there has been a major shift in party registration among voters of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. In May of 2006, Democratic voters outnumbered their Republican counterparts by 550,000 registered voters statewide. Two and half years later the gap between Democrats and Republicans had more than doubled, with over 1,200,000 more Democrats than Republicans registered to vote in November of 2008. This dramatic shift in party registration in Pennsylvania has led to considerable discussion regarding the causes of the increased Democratic advantage in the Keystone State. Among the factors commonly cited for the widening registration gap were the unpopular standing of the Bush Administration, the desire of voters to participate in the Democratic Presidential Primary and the excitement generated by the campaign of Barack Obama. However, there has been little empirical evidence to establish the primary reasons why Republican voters in the Commonwealth would decide to leave their political party and become Democrats. In this study The Muhlenberg College Institute of Public Opinion examines the decisions of Pennsylvania voters who have shifted party affiliation from Republican to Democrat. In particular the study focuses on:
Learning in the Twenty-First Century Interactive Multimedia Technology

Most learning systems in the world today are remarkably similar. This similarity extends over a wide range of student ages, and extends geographically almost everywhere. Although we hear a great deal about cultural differences, and undoubtedly differences can be found, there is also a tremendous similarity in educational strategies. The lecture/textbook approach to learning, teacher directed classes, with a teacher in front of a group of students, is almost universal, whether one is talking about a class of ten year olds in Japan, or whether one is talking about a class of twenty-two year olds in the United States.
Configurable 3D nanoscale high aspect ratio pillars for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Configurable Nanoscale-High-Aspect-Ratio-Pillar (NanoHARP) structures were fabricated by a batch process method. Silver thin films were deposited on the top of NanoHARP to form Raman scattering enhancing substrate. By alternating the NanoHARP fabrication recipe and silver thin film deposition thickness, the density as well as the dimensions of the surface matrix is able to be controlled within a wide range. The results of reflectance spectrum and low-temperature electrical conductivity measurements indicate the non-continuous corrugated Ag surface matrix was formed. The Ag-coated nanopillar structure was utilized as the substrate for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) to detect 1nM Rhodamine 6G sample. The characteristic spectrum of Rhodamine 6G was identified successfully and the Raman signal enhancements were observed to vary within 3 orders of magnitude for different nanopillar structures, which is consistent with theoretical predictions. The controllability of the configurations of nanopillars during fabrication enables us to optimize the nano-structure substrate of SERS for specific biomolecules and thus facilitate the ultra-sensitive biomolecule detections.
"They Never Told Me What to Expect, So I Didn't Know What to Do": Defining and Clarifying the Role of a Community College Student

BackgroundLow community college completion rates are an area of concern for policymakers and practitioners. Although many students require developmental education upon entry, research suggests that...
LEUCINE-INDUCED HYPOGLYCEMIA. III. THE BLOOD GLUCOSE DEPRESSANT ACTION OF LEUCINE IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS.

The administration of l -leucine to leucine-sensitive children produces profound hypoglycemia. The effect of l -leucine on the blood glucose concentration of normal individuals has been studied. A small but definite effect has been found which suggests that a homeostatic relationship between the amino acid and insulin exists. This relationship is abnormal in the children with leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia.
The Original Sense of the (Equal) Protection Clause: Subsequent Interpretation and Application

The Supreme Court has long understood the Equal Protection Clause--"[N]or [shall any State] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"--as a generic antidiscrimination provision. This article challenges that interpretation. Applying a constitutional theory that takes the sense historically expressed by constitutional language as interpretively binding, but not that language's historically-understood or historically-intended referent, I argue that the Clause instead requires States to supply the "protection of the laws"--and supply it equally--to everyone subject to the State's decrees. Elsewhere I consider how the allegiance-for-protection contractual tradition and the history of "protection of the laws" support a duty-to-protect reading of the Clause. This article reviews how a duty-to-protect reading of the Equal Protection Clause was adopted in the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and explained at great length in the debates leading to it, and argues that the Privileges or Immunities Clause, which speaks of the rights of citizens, makes far more sense than the Equal Protection Clause as a provision forbidding second-class citizenship and civil inequality. The duty-to-protect view found a few early judicial adherents, but it was soon swamped by a generic antidiscrimination reading after Slaughterhouse. A duty-to-protect Equal Protection Clause would forbid gross misbehavior in the provision of protective services, act as an open-courts provision akin to Magna Charta paragraph 40 and related state-constitutional provisions, require that police services be supplied equally, forbid inequalities like race-based jury nullification that favor criminal or civil defendants, fill a gap in the reasoning in Roe v. Wade on the inference from fetal personhood to the requirement of protection, require that the marital rape exemption be abandoned, suggest serious constitutional troubles for our current system of prosecutorial discretion, and allow the federal government to provide law-enforcement and remedial services when states have failed to do so.
Accounting Standards and Information: Inferences from Cross-Listed Financial Firms

Publicly traded financial firms within the European Union will be required to adhere to International Accounting Standards (IAS) in their financial reporting beginning in 2005, which can entail a higher degree of financial disclosure than was previously mandated under national accounting standards. A number of European financial firms had previously subjected themselves to additional disclosure by listing their stock on U.S. exchanges, which obligates them to reconcile their financial accounts to U.S. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Among national accounting systems, U.S. GAAP is considered to be both among the strictest and the most similar to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). To test whether U.S. GAAP reconciliation effectively enhances disclosure, we examine several measures of transparency for the cross-listed firms, relative both to pre-listing measures and to a control sample of firms that have not cross-listed. Our measures include bid-ask spreads, earnings forecast errors, analyst coverage, dispersion in earnings expectations, and disagreement between Moody's and S&P's bond ratings. We find evidence that cross-listing increases transparency in at least some cases. Our cross-sectional results also distinguish a handful of European financial firms that had already adopted IFRS before the European Commission announced that IAS would be required in the near future, with results similar to those of the cross-listed firms. Accordingly, to the extent that commitment to increased transparency has been a motivation for cross-listing, the adoption of IAS in Europe may reduce the incentives for European firms to cross-list in the United States.
B 11 NMR in the layered diborides Os B 2 and Ru B 2

$^{11}\mathrm{B}$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements have been performed on $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ enriched $\mathrm{Os}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ polycrystalline powder samples in an external field of $4.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ and in the temperature range, $4.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}lTl300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The spectra for both samples show similar quadrupole powder patterns that are typical for a nonaxial symmetry. The Knight shifts $K$ in both samples are very small and constant in temperature. The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ follows a Korringa law in the whole temperature range investigated with ${T}_{1}T=600$ and $680\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{sK}$ for $\mathrm{Os}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, respectively. The experimental results indicate that a $p$ character dominates the conduction electron wave function at the B site with a negligibly small $s$ character in both compounds.
Activism and the Hip-Hop Generation

Our freedom of speech is freedom or death, we got to fight the powers that be. —Public Enemy's Fear the Black Planet (1990) Hip-hop music and culture have transformed the global landscape of modern...
A Three Dimensional Theory of Axial Compressor Blade Rows - Application in Subsonic and Supersonic Flows

SUMMARY A small-perturba tion theory for the description of the steadystate flow fields of axial compressor blade rows is developed by superposition of cylindrical wave functions. The relation be­ tween the full three-dimensional solution and the usual strip theory (cascade) approximation for blade rows having a large number of blades is determined, and a similarity law for threedimensional correction effects is provided. Numerical data necessary for the application of the general solution to configu­ rations of arbitral hub ratio and large blade number are pre­ sented, and this information is used in computing numerical ex­ amples in subsonic and supersonic cases.
Determining modes for the 3D Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract We introduce a determining wavenumber for the forced 3D Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) defined for each individual solution. Even though this wavenumber blows up if the solution blows up, its time average is uniformly bounded for all solutions on the weak global attractor. The bound is compared to Kolmogorov’s dissipation wavenumber and the Grashof constant.
Equations governing the propagation of second-order correlations in non-stationary electromagnetic fields

The main results derived byE. Wolf andP. Roman, relating to the propagation of second-order correlations in electromagnetic fields are generalized to the case of a non-stationary field containing currents and charges. The basic differential equations relating the correlations are derived. They fall into two groups, one of which contains only differential equations of the first order, but involves certain parameters that seem difficult to be determined experimentally. When these quantities are eliminated a second set of equations is obtained. Equations of this set are of a higher order but they contain only the electric and the magnetic correlation tensors and a tensor characterizing the correlation in the electric currents.
Solution phase synthesis and intense pulsed light sintering and reduction of a copper oxide ink with an encapsulating nickel oxide barrier.

Copper oxide nanoparticle inks sintered and reduced by intense pulsed light (IPL) are an inexpensive means to produce conductive patterns on a number of substrates. However, the oxidation and diffusion characteristics of copper are issues that must be resolved before it can be considered as a viable solution. Nickel can provide a degree of oxidation protection and act as a barrier for the diffusion of copper. In the present study we have for the first time synthesized copper oxide with an encapsulating nickel oxide nanostructure using a solution phase synthesis process in the presence of a surfactant at room temperature. The room temperature process enables us to easily prevent the formation of alloys at the copper?nickel interface. The synthesis results in a simple technique (easily commercializable, tested at a 10 g scale) with highly controllable layer thicknesses on a 20 nm copper oxide nanoparticle. These Cu2O@NiO dispersions were then directly deposited onto substrates and sintered/reduced using an IPL source. The sintering technique produces a highly conductive film with very short processing times. Films have been deposited onto silicon, and the copper-nickel structure has shown a lower copper diffusion. The nanostructures and resulting films were characterized using electron and x-ray spectroscopy, and the films? resistivity was measured.
Bile salt potentiation of pharmacologic effects and drug uptake in goldfish

Concentrations of 1 × 10−4 M and 2 × 10−4 M sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC), which demonstrate no intrinsic pharmacologic activity, significantly potentiate the pharmacologic effects (i.e., time required to produce overturn) of pentobarbital and ethanol in goldfish. Quantitatively similar potentiation is noted when the fish is exposed to a bile salt-drug solution or when the fish is pretreated with STDC, rinsed, and immediately exposed to drug solution. The present results suggest that potentiation is independent of the duration of pretreatment of fish with STDC. The effects of STDC are mediated very quickly, reach a maximum level within minutes, and are slowly reversible. The results are consistent with a mechanism involving adsorption of bile salt molecules on the biologic membrane, consequent alteration of membrane permeability, and a resultant decrease in the time required to observe a pharmacologic response to ethanol and pentobarbital. A 1 × 10−4 M STDC solution also increases significantly the absorption of 4-aminoantipyrine in goldfish.
An investigation of the small angle j dependence of (α, t) reactions on 64Ni and 30Si☆

Abstract The small angle j dependence of the (α, t) reaction on 64Ni and 30Si was investigated using 42 MeV α-particles. An enhancement of the ratio d dσ(j = l − 1 2 )/ d σ(j = l + 1 2 ) is seen at small angles for the 30Si reaction in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Organic Acidurias: An Updated Review

Organic acidurias are an important class of inherited metabolic disorders arising due to defect in intermediary metabolic pathways of carbohydrate, amino acids and fatty acid oxidation. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the important organic acidurias in the Indian population. Specifically, diagnosis and principles of treatment of organic acidurias are covered. The salient features of common organic acidurias as well as their prevalence in various parts of the world are reviewed in some detail.