cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic approach to free-form airfoil shape optimization under uncertainty

Free-form shape optimization of airfoils to minimize drag directly poses unexpected difficulties. Practical experience has indicated that a deterministic optimization for discrete operating conditions can result in dramatically inferior performance when the actual operating conditions are different from the (somewhat arbitrarily selected) design conditions used during the optimization. Extensions from single-point to multipoint optimization have proven unable to remedy this problem of localized optimization adequately near the sampled operating conditions. An intrinsically statistical approach is presented, and how the shortcomings of traditional optimization methods can be overcome is demonstrated. We discuss two algorithms. The first one is based on a numerical evaluation of the expectation integral during each optimization step. The second one is based on a closed-form second-order analytic approximation of the integration. The airfoil geometry optimization example (inviscid Euler flow) also reveals how the relative likelihood of each of the operating conditions is automatically taken into consideration during the optimization process. This is a key advantage over the use of multipoint methods
Resolving gigabit at-speed failure analysis using current-resistance (I/R) analysis

If there is a technique to manipulate the electrical components to achieve higher speed circuitry design, there should be a technique to access and debug the components reside in the circuitry as well. The current-resistance (I/R) analysis is the one. This paper introduces the debugging methodology used in performing failure analysis and fault isolation for 90-nanometer technology gigabit at-speed functional failure. Current-resistance (I/R) analysis is the exact approach to tackle the challenge of debugging the performance of gigabit high-speed signal due to the fluctuation characteristic of the passive components. Accurate result was obtained with the aid of SQUID equipment.
Stochastic analysis of acid shocks generated by mixed hydrological processes

High H+ concentration of stream flow events were analyzed in terms of the probability of magnitude, frequency, duration, and time of occurrence. Simple methods of representing the timing and duration of high H+ concentration flows as stochastic variables are presented. Existing stochastic models are applied to the probability distributions of the annual frequency of high H' ion concentration flows and their magnitudes. A consideration of the statistical properties of the above stochastic variables leads to the development of a technique with which higher H+ concentration flow events exceeding any higher level of interest may be investigated without resorting to re-analysis of the historical data. The proposed methodology was applied to the daily H+ concentration flow records of two watersheds located in diverse hydrological and geochemical environments in Canada.
Creation and healing: an empowering relationship for women artists.

Abstract Healing has conventionally been discussed in the disciplines of the medical sciences. Yet, everyone speaks of the ‘art of healing’. Today women artists in many media of expression are reclaiming their legitimacy as artists and as healers. Symbolically, through the creative arts, they are wresting healing away from the professionalization of the sciences and returning it to the arts where it once belonged when women were midwives and shamans, holistic healers of the mind-body totality.
The concentration and distribution of mercury in Lake Michigan

Abstract Total and particulate mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined for the water column of Lake Michigan as part of the EPA Lake Michigan Mass Balance Project. Concentrations for total Hg averaged 1.60±0.25 pM while the particulate was 0.60±0.18 pM (20–50% of the total). Overall, fluctuations in total Hg both spatially and vertically showed no consistent trends, while particulate Hg may have been affected by calcium carbonate precipitation in late summer and sediment resuspension late in the season. Dissolved methylmercury (MMHg) concentrations ranged from the detection limit (25 fM) to 210 fM and the particulate fraction was from 5 fM (DL) to 45 fM (2% of total Hg). Dissolved gaseous Hg (DGHg) concentrations during one cruise averaged 140±85 fM. Incubation experiments suggest that biotic processes are primarily responsible for elemental Hg production (2.6–6.5% per day) in Lake Michigan. Overall, the cycling and speciation of Hg in Lake Michigan is more akin to that of the open ocean, than smaller lakes in the mid-western USA.
Experience with a macronutrient source influences subsequent macronutrient selection.

Abstract We examined the influence of experience with a macronutrient on subsequent macronutrient selection. For 4 days, rats ate chow, or chow and a single macronutrient source. They then had simultaneous access to protein, carbohydrate (CHO) and fat sources, according to a standard macronutrient self-selection paradigm. When selecting among the macronutrient sources, rats pre-exposed to CHO ate more CHO, and those pre-exposed to fat ate more fat, relative to the other groups. Rats pre-exposed to protein ate more protein than did those pre-exposed to CHO or fat but not more than those that received no macronutrient pre-exposure. These selection patterns persisted for at least 12 days, when the test was ended because of the low protein intakes and poor growth of the rats pre-exposed to the CHO and fat sources. After 34 days of recovery with only chow to eat, the rats were again allowed to choose among the three macronutrients, and their patterns of selection were essentially unchanged. Similar results were found in a second experiment in which a 5-day interval was interposed between macronutrient pre-exposure and macronutrient selection. These findings show that experience with the macronutrients typically used in self-selection experiments can have a large, long-lasting and sometimes detrimental effect on subsequent food selection by rats. Prior experience can be a more powerful influence than nutritional wisdom in determining the rat's food choice.
Redox Chemistry of Gold(I) Phosphine Thiolates: Sulfur-BasedOxidation

The redox chemistry of mononuclear and dinuclear gold(I) phosphine arylthiolate complexes was recently investigated by using electrochemical, chemical, and photochemical techniques. We now report the redox chemistry of dinuclear gold(I) phosphine complexes containing aliphatic dithiolate ligands. These molecules differ from previously studied gold(I) phosphine thiolate complexes in that they are cyclic and contain aliphatic thiolates. Cyclic voltammetry experiments of Au2 (LL)(pdt) [pdt = propanedithiol; LL = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ethane (dppe), 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb), 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane (dpppn)] in 0.1 M TBAH/CH3CN or CH2Cl2 solutions at 50 to 500 mV/sec using glassy carbon or platinum electrodes, show two irreversible anodic processes at ca. +0.6 and +1.1 V (vs. SCE). Bulk electrolyses at +0.9 V and +1.4 V result in n values of 0.95 and 3.7, respectively. Chemical oxidation of Au2(dppp)(pdt) using one equivalent of Br2 (2 oxidizing equivalents) yields 1,2-dithiolane and Au2(dppp)Br2. The reactivity seen upon mild oxidation ≤ +1.0 V is consistent with formal oxidation of a thiolate ligand, followed by a fast chemical reaction that results in cleavage of a second gold-sulfur bond. Oxidation at higher potentials (≥ +1.3 V) is consistent with oxidation of gold(I) to gold(III). Structural and electrochemical differences between gold(I) aromatic and aliphatic thiolate oxidation processes are discussed.
Parent Involvement in Elementary Problem Solving

Parental involvement has been a cornerstone of education for generations. In elementary mathematics, however, it has often been difficult to get parents involved in problem-solving activities. This article describes how process problems were integrated into a Parent-Teacher Organization newsletter as a means of getting families involved in problem solving. Methods of generating problems and preparing solutions are discussed. The ideas presented worked well for parental involvement and are also applicable to classroom instruction.
Integration of nanocrystal quantum dots with crystalline semiconductor substrates: Structure, Stability, and Optical response

Integration of epitaxical and colloidal semiconductor nanostructures into hybrid structures can potentially open unprecedented functionalities and applications. We present here some results of a study of the structural and optical nature of adsorbed InAs nanocrystal quantum dots (NCQDs) on GaAs(001) substrates containing buried nanostructures, providing the first evidence of excitation transfer from NCQDs to the substrate. Results are also presented for the overgrowth of GaAs on the InAs NCQDs, addressing the all important issue of approach to removal of the chemical contamination left behind by the solvent during adsorption of the NCQDS. It is shown that high structural and optical quality buried integrated structures are feasible, thus opening a new field of investigation.
Oncocytoma of kidney

Oncocytoma is a rare, benign tumor of the kidney of which only 20 cases have been reported previously in the literature. We document 2 additional cases of renal oncocytoma and review the salient gross and microscopic features which characterize this tumor.
Photo-transformations of C60, C70, C60O, and C60O2

Abstract Photo-transformation of C 60 , C 70 , C 60 O, and C 60 O 2 in toluene results in destruction of these species. C 60 and C 70 are transformed with equal rates to form C 60 O and C 70 O. No higher oxides of these fullerenes are formed. C 60 O is destroyed twice as fast and C 60 O 2 approximately 40–50 times faster than C 60 . Products do not include C 60 or C 60 O. C 60 O n ( n > 1) oxides can form from C 60 even when the solution is UV irradiated provided that the O 3 concentration of gas phase or solution is sufficiently high.
Greedy path planning for maximizing value of information in underwater sensor networks

Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) face specific challenges due to the transmission properties in the underwater environment. Radio waves propagate only for short distances under water, and acoustic transmissions have limited data rate and relatively high latency. One of the possible solutions to these challenges involves the use of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to visit and offload data from the individual sensor nodes. We consider an underwater sensor network visually monitoring an offshore oil platform for hazards such as oil spills from pipes and blowups. To each observation chunk (image or video) we attach a numerical value of information (VoI). This value monotonically decreases in time with a speeed which depends on the urgency of the captured data. An AUV visits different nodes along a specific path and collects data to be transmitted to the customer. Our objective is to develop path planners for the movement of the AUV which maximizes the total VoI collected. We consider three different path planners: the lawn mower path planner (LPP), the greedy planner (GPP) and the random planner (RPP). In a simulation study we compare the total VoI collected by these algorithms and show that the GPP outperforms the other two proposed algorithms on the studied scenarios.
Role of Intrathyroidal Calcifications Detected on Ultrasound as a Marker of Malignancy

Objectives: Clinically palpable thyroid nodules are present in between 4% and 7% of the population, with only a small percentage of those harboring malignancy. Thus, it is important to find a cost-effective way to determine which nodules are more likely to be malignant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of intrathyroidal calcifications detected on ultrasound as a risk factor for malignancy. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: One hundred fifty-nine patients with thyroid disease were included in this study. Patients were selected from a thyroid ultrasound (TUS) database. Charts were then reviewed, and only those patients who had a preoperative TUS and underwent surgery for tissue diagnosis were included. Results: Of the 159 patients, 66 (41.5%) were diagnosed with cancer. Of those with malignancy, 52 (78.8%) had calcifications noted on TUS. Ninety-three of the patients were diagnosed with benign pathology. Of those 93 patients, 36 (38.7%) had TUS findings consistent with calcifications, whereas 57 (61.3%) did not. Statistical analysis using a chi-square test showed a strong association between cancer status and calcification, with P < .001. In our study, calcifications on TUS had a sensitivity of 78.8% and a specificity of 61.3%, with an odds ratio of 5.88. Conclusion: The presence of calcifications detected on TUS should alert the physician for the possibility of malignancy, and further work-up should be pursued. This information may be used to improve the sensitivity of other diagnostic tests such as fine needle aspiration biopsies. Given the relatively low sensitivity and specificity of the test, its use alone as a marker of malignancy is limited, but it may be used in combination with other known risk factors and tests to decide on the most appropriate treatment plan.
Photon yield of 148.9‐keV gamma of 123Xe

A direct measurement of the photon yield of the 148.9‐keV gamma of 123Xe has been made. The value obtained: 48.0±1.0 photons of 148.9‐keV emitted per 100 decays of 123Xe. The advantage of the present method is that it is a direct measurement and does not rely upon conversion coefficient measurements in 123Xe and the summing of many gamma intensities. The half life of 123Xe was measured and found to be 2.23±0.02 h.
Terminal complement complexes concomitantly stimulate proliferation and rescue of Schwann cells from apoptosis

The consequences of sublytic terminal complement complex (TCC) assembly on Schwann cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by using purified complement proteins (C5*-9) or antibody-sensitized Schwann cells in the presence of a serum that was depleted of the seventh component of complement (C7dHS) and reconstituted with purified C7. Stimulation of cultured Schwann cells with antibody plus 10% C7dHS and C7 or C5*-9 induced DNA synthesis over antibody plus 10% C7dHS alone or in Schwann cells in which C5*-9 insertion was inhibited by heat inactivation, respectively. Cell cycle analysis with propidium iodide showed that, at 24 h, viable Schwann cells in defined medium were synchronized in G1/G0 phase. C5*-9 shifted 64% of these cells into S or G2/M phases in a manner similar to beta-neuregulin (beta-NRG), a known Schwann cell mitogen. Furthermore, antibody with 10% C7dHS and C7 or purified C5*-9 induced proliferation of viable Schwann cells. These effects were mediated by signal-transduction pathways involving p44 ERK1 (extracellular-regulated kinase 1), Gi proteins, and protein kinase C. Culturing in defined medium for 24 h resulted in apoptosis of up to 50% of Schwann cells that was prevented by treatment with beta-NRG or TCC. Sublytic C5*-9 significantly inhibited apoptosis 41% by 24 h, as determined by a terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling assay, and also decreased annexin-V binding at 4 h. Collectively, these data suggest that sublytic TCC, like beta-NRG, is a potent Schwann cell trophic factor that is capable of stimulating mitogenesis and apoptotic rescue. TCC assembly on Schwann cells during inflammatory demyelination of peripheral nerves may promote survival of mature cells to enhance repair and remyelination processes.
Serum concentration of an inflammatory glycotoxin, methylglyoxal, is associated with increased cognitive decline in elderly individuals.

Background Advanced glycations end products increase oxidant stress, inflammation, and neurotoxicity. Serum levels are increased in diabetes and aging. We examined the relationship between serum methylglyoxal derivatives (sMG), and cognitive decline, in 267 non-demented elderly.
Two Ethylenediamine-Templated Zeolite-Type Structures in Zinc Arsenate and Cobalt Phosphate Systems

Hydrothermal syntheses and X-ray crystal structures of two zeolite-type structures encapsulating protonated ethylenediamine and consisting of three-dimensional 8-ring channels are presented. UCSB-3 and ACP-3 are isostructural and have zeolite-type topologies. The framework consists of cross-linked bifurcated hexagonal-square (bhs) chains, similar to that found in the zeolite-type structure, AlPO 4 -D. Alternatively, like a number of zeolite structures such as ABW, gismondine, merlinoite, and phillipsite, the framework can be considered as superimposed 4.8 2 nets. UCSB-3 is the only amine-templated arsenate with a zeolite-type topology. Crystal data for (H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 3 ) 0.5 . ZnAsO 4 (UCSB-3): M =235.35, space group P 4 2 / n , a =10.7598(1) A, c =9.1015(1) A, V =1053.71(2) A 3 , Z =8, D c =2.967 g cm −3 , Mo Kα , λ =0.71073 A, μ =10.815 mm −1 , 2 θ max =56.26°, R ( F )=2.67% for 84 parameters and 1262 reflections with I >2 σ ( I ). Crystal data for (H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 3 ) 0.5(1− x ) . Al x Co 1− x PO 4 ( x ≈0.15, ACP-3): space group P 4 2 / n , a =10.4236(1) A, c =8.9487(1) A, V =972.29(2) A 3 , Z =8, Mo Kα , 2 θ max =56.52°, R ( F )=3.59% for 92 parameters and 1108 reflections with I >2 σ ( I ).
Competition for water: The issue of Native American Water Rights

A quantification process has evolved for evaluating Indian reserved water right claims. Court decisions have held that the economic feasibility criterion is to be used in determining “practicably irrigable acreage.” There are enormous potential impacts associated with the quantification of these reserved rights. Standards for reserved rights quantification are advocated which are consistent with economic welfare principles and in harmony with political and legal precedents.
Identification, a complicating factor in the inpatient treatment of adolescent girls.

The inpatient treatment of adolescents presents problems which are unique for that age group. Data are presented which illustrate how identification interferes with an ongoing ward program. There is a need for close supervision of staff members and the encouragement of open communication to maintain a therapeutic environment.
Interpolymer complexes of some vinyl copolymers in a solution and on the boundary of two liquid phases

Abstract By electrochemical and spectroscopic methods the interaction of acrylic acid and vinylbutyl ether, acrylic acid and styrene, vinyl ether of monoethanol amine and styrene copolymers with some anionic (polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids) and cationic (polyvinyl ether of monoethanol amine and poly-N-methyl-4-vinylethynyl piperidole-4) polymers have been investigated in a solution and on the boundary of two non-mixing liquids. The formation of interpolymer complexes with exact composition occurs. Upon realization of complexation on the liquid–liquid boundary the complex formation reaction has some time, caused obviously by diffusion of interacting macromolecules to the interface layer where the interaction takes place.
Mechanisms for Absence of Inverse Relationship Between Coupling Intervals of Premature Impulses Initiating Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia and Intervals Between Premature and First Tachycardia Impulses

Background During initiation of tachycardias by programmed stimulation (PES), an inverse relationship between the coupling interval of the premature impulse (V1V2) and the interval between the premature impulse and the first impulse of tachycardia (V2T1) has been proposed to be a specific indicator of reentry. However, an inverse relationship has not always been observed during initiation of clinical reentrant ventricular tachycardias (VTs). Methods and Results Reentrant VT was initiated by PES in twelve 4-day-old infarcted dog hearts. The relationship between V1V2 and V2T1 was always direct. Mapping of the epicardial border zone (EBZ) indicated that initiation of VT was secondary to functional orthodromic block of V2, propagation of V2 around the line of block, and antidromic propagation through the original location of the block. In 7 dogs, the line of orthodromic block and the pathway of orthodromic propagation were similar for different V1V2 coupling intervals. Orthodromic conduction time around the line to its distal side was longer at shorter V1V2 intervals, but a shorter antidromic delay in the area of unidirectional block for shorter V1V2 intervals, possibly reflecting small changes in the conduction pathway involving deeper layers of the EBZ, resulted in shorter V2T1 intervals. In the other 5 dogs, the orthodromic conduction pathway of V2 around the line of block changed markedly, with a shorter pathway for shorter V1V2 intervals resulting in shorter V2T1 intervals. Conclusions An inverse relationship between V1V2 and V2T1 is not a specific indicator of functional reentry.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Rare cause of hemoptysis.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a frequent manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It commonly presents with nonproductive cough, fever, and dyspnea. We report this case of P carinii pneumonia presenting with hemoptysis, since to the best of our knowledge, hemoptysis has not been reported to be a presenting manifestation of P carinii pneumonia. Autopsy revealed multiple lung cavities. (Chest 1991; 99:251–53)
Insights into PM10 sources in Houston, Texas: Role of petroleum refineries in enriching lanthanoid metals during episodic emission events

Abstract Petroleum refineries may emit large quantities of pollutants during non-routine operations that include start-ups and shutdowns, planned maintenance, and unplanned equipment failures. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) tracks such events by requiring industries to self-report estimates of these emissions because they often have a detrimental impact on local air quality and potentially, public health. An inventory of non-routine episodic emission events is available via TCEQ's website. However, there is on-going concern that such episodic emissions are sometimes under-reported or even not cataloged. Herein, we present concentrations of 42 main group, transition, and lanthanoid elements in 114 time-resolved (3 or 6 h) samples collected over a 1-month period. We also develop strategies to identify aerosol sources using elemental tracers and compare source apportionment (performed by positive matrix factorization) based on ambient measurements to inventoried non-routine emission events. Through interpretation of key marker elements, five sources impacting concentrations of metals in PM 10 were identified and calculated to contribute 73% of the measured PM 10 mass. On average, primary emissions from fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) units negligibly contributed to apportioned PM 10 mass. However, 35 samples were identified as impacted by transient PM 10 emissions from FCC units because of elevated levels of lanthanoid metals and their ratios. Only 31 of these 35 samples coincided with self-reported non-routine emission events. Further, roughly half of the emission event self-reports detailed only emissions of gaseous pollutants. Based on this, we posit that not all PM 10 emission events are reported and even self-reported emission events are incomplete – those that only catalog gaseous pollutants may also include unreported PM emissions.
Limitations of roby'stheorem

Roby'stheorem establishes that, under certain conditions, electron interaction matrix elements over symmetrically orthogonalized (Lowdin) orbitals may be obtained from those over the ordinary nonorthogonal basis by simply discarding all integrals containing products of orbitals centered on different atoms (nddo approximation). We present evidence of the existence of many important cases where the error of this approximation, in practice, varies so rapidly with internuclear distance as to constitute a serious problem.
Patterns of polymorphism in Wheat streak mosaic virus: Sequence space explored by a Clade of closely related viral genotypes rivals that between the most divergent strains

Nucleotide (nt) sequence polymorphism within a collection of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) isolates was examined. An approximately 1267-nt region encompassing the coat protein (CP) cistron and flanking sequences was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for each of 49 isolates not previously sequenced. Consensus sequences were compiled for each isolate based on sequences derived from three clones per RT-PCR product. Among 59 consensus sequences examined, only two were identical. Clades A-C contained divergent isolates from Mexico (Clade A); the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia (Clade B); and Iran (Clade C). Fifty-four closely related consensus sequences of isolates from the U.S. (51 sequences), Canada (1 sequence), and Turkey (2 sequences) comprised Clade D. Pair-wise nt divergence between two of the most distantly related sequences (Sidney 81 of Clade D and El Batan 3 of Clade A) was 20%, representing over half of the variable sites (34.1%) in the entire WSMV data set. Maximum pairwise nt divergence within Clade D was 3.6%, yet the proportion of all variable sites within Clade D (21.4%) was similar to that of the Sidney 81-El Batan 3 pair. Patterns of polymorphism within Clade D and the Sidney 81-El Batan 3 pair were remarkably similar with respect to synonymous, nonsynonymous, and noncoding substitutions, as were the proportions of substitutions as a function of nt position within codons. The majority of substitutions within Clade D were synonymous and randomly distributed throughout the coding region examined, whereas nonsynonymous substitutions exhibited a clumped distribution and mostly occurred within the 5'-proximal portion of the CP cistron. Because over half of the polymorphic sites within Clade D were of allele size class 1, the isolates appear to be evolving independently and in a nondeterministic manner, within the constraints of selection. These results indicate that Clade D has undergone substantial and, most likely, recent divergence with the majority of consensus sequence substitutions potentially neutral with respect to fitness. An estimate of evolution rate suggests that the present diversity within the U.S. population arose in about a century, a timeframe corresponding to the establishment of wheat monoculture in the Great Plains.
Crystal structure of an uncleaved serpin reveals the conformation of an inhibitory reactive loop

The three–dimensional structure of an uncleaved serpin, a variant of human antichymotrypsin engineered to be an inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase, has been determined by X–ray crystallographic methods and is currently being refined at 2.5 A resolution. It contains an intact reactive loop in a distorted helical conformation. A comparison of the current model with that of its cleaved counterpart suggests that the conformational ‘stress’ of the serpin in its uncleaved and uncomplexed state may not be confined solely to the reactive loop or β–sheet A. It is intriguing that strand s4A is not pre–inserted into β–sheet A of the native serpin, and this has profound implications for the mechanism of serpin function.
Transient failure analysis of liquid-filled shells Part I: Theory

Abstract In this paper, the governing equations which consider dynamic fluid-structure interaction, modal coupling in both axial and circumferential directions, and dynamic buckling are derived. The various pressure components acting on the shell wall due to a seismic event are also analyzed. The matrix equation of motion for liquid-filled shells is obtained through a Galerkin/Finite Element discretization procedure. The modal coupling among the various combinations of axial and circumferential modes are identified with a particular reference to the fluid-structure system under seismic excitation. Finally, the equations for the dynamic stability analysis of liquid-filled shells are presented.
Effects of a pharmacist-led pediatrics medication safety team on medication-error reporting.

Purpose. The effects of a pharmacist-led pediatrics medication safety team (PMST) on the frequency and severity of medication errors reported were studied. Methods. This study was conducted in a pediatric critical care center (PCCC) in three phases. Phase 1 consisted of retrospective collection of medication-error reports before any interventions were made. Phases 2 and 3 included prospective collection of medication-error reports after several interventions. Phase 2 introduced a pediatrics clinical pharmacist to the PCCC. A pediatrics clinical pharmacist-led PMST (including a pediatrics critical care nurse and pediatrics intensivist), a new reporting form, and educational forums were added during phase 3 of the study. In addition, education focus groups were held for all intensive care unit staff. Outcomes for all phases were measured by the number of medication-error reports processed, the number of incidents, error severity, and the specialty of the reporter. Results. Medication-error reporting increased twofold, threefold, and sixfold between phases 1 and 2, phases 2 and 3, and phases 1 and 3, respectively. Error severity decreased over the three time periods. In phases 1, 2, and 3, 46%, 8%, and 0% of the errors were classified as category D or E, respectively. Conversely, the reporting of near-miss errors increased from 9% in phase 1 to 38% in phase 2 and to 51% in phase 3. Conclusion. An increase in the number of medication errors reported and a decrease in the severity of errors reported were observed in a PCCC after implementation of a PMST, provision of education to health care providers, and addition of a clinical pharmacist.
Both heat-shock and cold-shock influence trehalose metabolism in an entomopathogenic nematode.

Heat-shock response is highly conserved in animals and microorganisms, and it results in the synthesis of heat-shock proteins. In yeast, heat-shock response has also been reported to induce trehalose accumulation. We explored the relationship between heat- (35 C) or cold-shock (1 and 10 C) and trehalose metabolism in the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Because both heat- and cold-shocks may precede desiccation stress in natural soil environments, we hypothesized that nematodes may accumulate a general desiccation protectant, trehalose, under both situations. Indeed, both heat- and cold-shocks influenced trehalose accumulation and activities of enzymes of trehalose metabolism in H. bacteriophora. Trehalose increased by 5- and 6-fold in heat- and cold-shocked infective juveniles, respectively, within 3 hr of exposure, compared with the nematodes maintained at 25 C (culture temperature). The activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (T6PS), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of tr...
Load partitioning in aluminum syntactic foams containing ceramic microspheres

Syntactic foams were fabricated by pressure-infiltrating liquid aluminum (commercial purity and 7075-Al) into a packed preform of silica–mullite hollow microspheres. These foams were subjected to a series of uniaxial compression stresses while neutron or synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements of elastic strains in the matrix and the microspheres were obtained. As for metal matrix composites with monolithic ceramic reinforcement, load transfer in the pure aluminum foams is apparent between the two phases during elastic deformation, and is affected at higher stresses by matrix plasticity. Calculating effective stresses from the lattice strains shows that the microspheres unload the pure aluminum matrix by a factor of about 2. In the aluminum alloy foams, an in situ reaction between silica and the melt leads to the conversion of silica to alumina in the microsphere walls and the precipitation of silicon particles in the matrix. This affects the load transfer between the matrix and the reinforcement (microspheres and particles), and increases the macroscopic foam stiffness by over 40%, as compared to the pure aluminum foams. Composite micromechanical modeling provides good predictions of the elastic moduli of the syntactic foams, capturing the effects of load transfer and suggesting that significant stiffness improvements can be achieved in syntactic foams by the use of microspheres with stiff walls and/or by the incorporation of a stiff reinforcing phase within the metallic matrix.
Recent developments in multivariable controller performance monitoring

Abstract In this paper, we give a critical overview of recent development in MIMO control performance monitoring. We discuss a number of MIMO control benchmarks including minimum variance, LQG, and user selected benchmarks. Performance measures are extended from variance based measures in SISO control to covariance based measures in MIMO control. Pros and cons of various benchmarks are discussed. The diagnosis of poor control performance relative to a benchmark is a major focus of the paper. We argue that in the MIMO setting, the worst performance directions should be analyzed from data to yield meaningful diagnosis information. Therefore, multivariate statistics should be applied for the diagnosis of the worst performance directions, rather than one loop at a time, much like its use in multivariate process monitoring.
Effects of a warning stimulus on reflex elicitation and reflex inhibition.

Human subjects (n = 14) were given a discriminated reaction time task in which the imperative stimulus (IS), a puff of air to the face, was both a signal for a voluntary response and an elicitor of a reflex eyeblink. On one-half of the trials IS was preceded with a lead time of 100 msec by a stimulus (DS) which both inhibited the reflex blink and served as a signal to refrain from the voluntary response. On one-half of the trials within each DS-IS and IS-alone condition a warning stimulus (WS) led IS by 3000 msec. WS produced a decrease in HR and a faster RT, and WS-IS trials gave greater reflex amplitudes than IS-alone trials. Eyeblinks were inhibited by DS and reflex inhibition was more pronounced following the warning stimulus. These data suggest that warning stimuli initiate an attentional process oriented to significant stimuli, thus enhancing both the eliciting and inhibiting functions of these stimuli.
Global Gene Expression Profiling of Endothelium Exposed to Heme Reveals an Organ-Specific Induction of Cytoprotective Enzymes in Sickle Cell Disease

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by hemolysis, vaso-occlusion and ischemia reperfusion injury. These events cause endothelial dysfunction and vasculopathies in multiple systems. However, the lack of atherosclerotic lesions has led to the idea that there are adaptive mechanisms that protect the endothelium from major vascular insults in SCD patients. The molecular bases for this phenomenon are poorly defined. This study was designed to identify the global profile of genes induced by heme in the endothelium, and assess expression of the heme-inducible cytoprotective enzymes in major organs impacted by SCD. Methods and Findings Total RNA isolated from heme-treated endothelial monolayers was screened with the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 chip, and the microarray data analyzed using multiple bioinformatics software. Hierarchical cluster analysis of significantly differentially expressed genes successfully segregated heme and vehicle-treated endothelium. Validation studies showed that the induction of cytoprotective enzymes by heme was influenced by the origin of endothelial cells, the duration of treatment, as well as the magnitude of induction of individual enzymes. In agreement with these heterogeneities, we found that induction of two major Nrf2-regulated cytoprotective enzymes, heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 is organ-specific in two transgenic mouse models of SCD. This data was confirmed in the endothelium of post-mortem lung tissues of SCD patients. Conclusions Individual organ systems induce unique profiles of cytoprotective enzymes to neutralize heme in SCD. Understanding this heterogeneity may help to develop effective therapies to manage vasculopathies of individual systems.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and dementia: two amyloids are worse than one.

Although senile dementia is often considered primarily a disease of plaques and tangles, research over the past decade has pointed to cerebrovascular dysfunction as another major contributor to its pathogenesis. The Nun Study,1 for example, showed that even seemingly trivial infarctions in the deep white matter or basal ganglia occurring in the setting of AD pathology were associated with markedly worse cognitive performance during life. Vascular factors implicated in the generation of dementia include atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperhomocysteinemia.2-4⇓⇓ Infarction, and possibly less severe forms of cerebral ischemia or vascular dysfunction, may thus act synergistically with AD to produce greater cognitive impairment than either process on its own. In this issue of Neurology , Pfeifer et al.5 report data from the population-based Honolulu–Asia Aging Study autopsy sample, adding cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) …
Another potential pitfall in computerized tomography of the body.

Abstract The authors present a case in which the abdominal aorta was to the right of midline and the inferior vena cave was to the left. The latter was thought to possibly be a periaortic mass until its true identity became known. Tortuosity of vessels and scoliosis vs transposition of the inferior vena cava probably accounted for their reversal in position. One should be aware of this acquired or congenital anatomic variant in order not to make an incorrect diagnosis.
In situ hybridization for creatine kinase-B messenger RNA in rat uterus and brain

Creatine kinase-B (CKB) is present in both uterus and brain, and in uterus its synthesis (protein and mRNA) is regulated by estrogen. In the present study we have used in situ hybridization to detect CKB mRNA in uterus and brain, and to determine whether there is cell type specific induction of CKB by estrogen in these tissues. Tissue was taken from ovariectomized (ovx) rats that had been injected with either estrogen (17 beta-estradiol-3-benzoate and/or 17 beta-estradiol) or vehicle alone, 2, 8, 24 and 72 h previously. The brains and uteri were removed, frozen, cryostat-sectioned, and processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry. The uterine and brain sections were incubated with a tritiated DNA probe complementary to a 3' fragment of CKB mRNA, or a control sense probe to the same 3' fragment. In uterine smooth muscle cells, a 2.5- and 3.5-fold induction of CKB mRNA was observed 2 and 24 h after estrogen administration, respectively, and levels approached ovx controls at 72 h. A smaller induction (1.9-fold, 2 h) was observed in uterine epithelium, with little induction of CKB mRNA in stroma. In the brain CKB mRNA was detected in neurons, but not in clearly identified glia, and only occasionally in ependymal cells. In brain regions containing estrogen receptors there was no evidence of a significant estrogen effect on CKB mRNA levels. Some brain regions had higher neuronal expression than others (e.g. medial septum vs. preoptic area), but expression was widespread and not limited to neuroendocrine sites.
Organochlorine Pesticides, PBBs, And Mercury in Round Whitefish Fillets from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, 1977–1978

Successful development of a commercial, small-mesh trap net fishery for round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, prompted analysis of round whitefish fillets for selected contaminants [dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and metabolites (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), chlordane, methyl mercury, and total mercury] to determine the fish's suitability for human consumption. Concentrations of all contaminants measured in 1977–1978 were below U. S. Food and Drug Administration action guidelines for fish; PBBs were below detection limits (0.001 mg/kg) for all fillets analyzed. Only PCBs and total DDT residues displayed a strong direct relationship with fish length. Fillets from males consistently exhibited higher mean concentrations of contaminants than did females. No changes in contaminant levels with season were observed.
Jet Li: Chinese masculinity and transnational film stardom, by Sabrina Qiong Yu

Jet Li: Chinese Masculinity and Transnational Film Stardom exemplifies a sensitive and nuanced study of action star Jet Li’s national and transnational stardom. To parse out what Dyer (1979, p. 3) ...
The Texaco incident

The topic of this paper concerns corporate responsibility and worker safety. In particular it focuses on the notions of willing and intending and how these relate to risk-taking in the workplace. I discuss the metaphysical status of the corporation, the distinction between willing and intending and the motivations of each, and Austin's distinction between accidents and mistakes in light of a single industrial accident which occurred at the Texaco Oil Refinery, Port Arthur, Texas, in October, 1982. My aim is to argue that corporations do not alleviate themselves from moral responsibility in the workplace solely because they might not intend to produce harm in a given situation.
SYSTEMATICS OF X-RAY TRANSITION ENERGIES FOR HIGH-Z ATOMS

Experimental and theoretical x-ray transition energies are precisely estimated and compared for 40
Effect of phencyclidine on [3H]QNB binding.

Abstract Intraperitoneal injection of phencyclidine before intravenous injection of [3H] Quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNE, 1.6 μg/kg) significantly increased the amount of radioactivity found in the brains of female C57BL/6J mice one hour after the 3H-QNB administration. This effect was found in hypothalamus, cortex, hippocampus and striatum and was decreased by pretreatment of the animal with atropine. The magnitude of the enhancement varied as a function of dose but did not change across the time span studied. These data are in contrast to our findings and those of others of inhibition of the specific binding of 3H-QNB to muscarinic cholinergic receptors by PCP in vitro . When atropine or PCP was administered in vivo and the tissue later analyzed in vitro , no effects of the drugs were observed on 3H-QNB binding. The reasons for the differences remain a matter of speculation.
Micronuclei induced in peripheral blood of Eμ-PIM-1 transgenic mice by chronic oral treatment with 2-acetylaminofluorene or benzene but not with diethyl-nitrosamine or 1,2-dichloroethane

Abstract Micronucleus induction in peripheral blood was examined during carcinogenicity assays of the genotoxic carcinogens 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), benzene, diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) in lymphoma prone Eμ-PIM-1 transgenic mice. In both sexes, micronuclei were increased in polychormatic (PCE) and normochromatic (NCE) erythrocytes after 14 weeks of oral treatment with 75 mg/kg 2-AAF or 50 and 100 mg/kg benzene. The micronucleus frequencies induced by benzene were higher in males than in females. There was no apparent treatment related suppression of erythropoiesis by 2-AAF or by benzene. Blood micronucleus frequencies induced by benzene were similar in transgenic mice and their non-transgenic litter mates. There was no micronucleus induction or PCE suppression detected in the blood of either sex after treatment with 1 and 3 mg/kg DEN or 100 to 300 mg/kg 1,2-DCE. At 40 weeks bone marrow was sampled from mice given 100 mg/kg benzene, and it was confirmed that micronucleated PCE frequencies in blood were an accurate reflection of those induced in bone marrow. However, the spontaneous and induced frequencies of micronucleated cells in blood were slightly higher in PCE than in NCE suggesting that a small degree of selective removal of micronucleated cells occurs in this mouse strain. Control micronucleus frequencies in Eμ-PIM-1 mice appeared comparable to those in other, non-transgenic mouse strains. Thus micronuclei are readily detectable in blood during chronic exposure to the bone-marrow clastogens 2-AAF and benzene, but not to DEN and 1,2-DCE, probably because active species do not reach the bone marrow in sufficient concentrations to induce increases in micronuclei.
Contacts to GaAs, InP, and GaP for high-temperature and high-power applications

There is a significant interest in the area of improving high temperature stable contacts to III-V semiconductors. Two attractive materials that offer promise in this area are dysprosium phosphide (DyP) and dysprosium arsenide (DyAs). This paper reports the electrical characterization of MBE-grown DyP and DyAs on GaAs, GaP, and InP substrates. The characterization methods include Hall and I-V measurements. DyP is lattice matched to GaAs, with a room temperature mismatch of less than 0.01% and is stable in air with no sign of oxidation, even after months of ambient exposure. DyP forms Schottky contacts to i-GaAs, n- and p-GaP, and p-InP with barrier heights of 0.81, 0.9, 0.8, and 0.74 eV, respectively. DyP on n-InP and p-GaAs is found to have ohmic behavior with the specific contact resistance of 1×10 -4 and 2.9×10 -5 Ω.cm 2 , respectively. DyAs also forms Schottky contacts to n-GaAs, p-GaP, and p-InP and forms ohmic contacts to n-InP.
Successful treatment of lupus erythematosus cystitis with DMSO

Systemic lupus erythematosus patients sometimes present with pathologically confirmed lupus interstitial cystitis. Treatment with prednisone has not been observed to be successful. Two patients are presented who were successfully treated with intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
Effect of Hydration on Healthy Intervertebral Disk Mechanical Stiffness

The intervertebral disk has an excellent swelling capacity to absorb water, which is thought to be largely due to the high proteoglycan composition. Injury, aging, degeneration, and diurnal loading are all noted by a significant decrease in water content and tissue hydration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydration, through osmotic loading, on tissue swelling and compressive stiffness of healthy intervertebral disks. The wet weight of nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) explants following swelling was 50% or greater, demonstrating significant ability to absorb water under all osmotic loading conditions (0.015 M-3.0 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS)). Estimated NP residual strains, calculated from the swelling ratio, were approximately 1.5 × greater than AF residual strains. Compressive stiffness increased with hyperosmotic loading, which is thought to be due to material compaction from osmotic-loading and the nonlinear mechanical behavior. Importantly, this study demonstrated that residual strains and material properties are greatly dependent on osmotic loading. The findings of this study support the notion that swelling properties from osmotic loading will be important for accurately describing the effect of degeneration and injury on disk mechanics. Furthermore, the tissue swelling will be an important consideration for developing biological repair strategies aimed at restoring mechanical behavior toward a healthy disk.