cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does vessel noise affect the use of sound by foraging Orcinus orca (killer whales)

Investigations on the behavioral responses of cetaceans to a variety of anthropogenic sounds are numerous, with a large proportion of these studies focused on responses to vessels (Nowacek et al. 2007; Richardson et al. 1995). Behavioral responses that affect activities associated with survival and reproduction are of particular concern because they have clearer repercussions on life functions. Furthermore, populations that are repeatedly exposed to vessels such as those that frequent urban ports and/or those targeted for vessel-based whale-watching activities also get particular attention given the consistency of the exposure (Clark et al. 2009; Jensen et al. 2009). Behavioral responses of killer whales to vessels include a decrease in foraging activity, an increase in dive duration and swim speed, and an increase in some surface-active behaviors (Lusseau et al. 2009; Noren et al. 2009; Williams et al. 2009). However, it remains unclear whether the physical presence and/or the sound emitted from motorized vessels is associated with the observed behavioral effects because information about received sound levels and other sound exposure variables were not reported in previous investigations.
Representation and scholastic political thought

This article traces the considerable development of a language of representation derived from Cicero's De officiis from late antiquity into early modern scholastic political thought. Cicero turned ...
Molecular layer deposition (MLD) modified SSZ-13 membrane for greatly enhanced H2 separation

Abstract Zeolite membranes with high thermal stability and well-fined pores are attractive for gas separation. However, the defects are almost inevitable in zeolite membranes. Moreover, fine-tuning zeolitic pores for precise molecular separation is challenging. In this study, molecular layer deposition (MLD) was employed to deposit ultrathin microporous coating on SSZ-13 zeolite membrane. The MLD modified SSZ-13 composite membrane was highly selective for H2 separation. With optimized MLD cycles, H2/N2 and H2/CH4 ideal selectivities as high as 35.6 and 427, respectively, were obtained, in strong contrast with approximately 5 for base SSZ-13 membrane. These results suggest that MLD is a very promising technology to precisely modify the pore size of zeolite membranes, while minimizing flow through non-selective defects, for gas separation.
Self-supervised Learning of 3D Object Understanding by Data Association and Landmark Estimation for Image Sequence.

In this paper, we propose a self-supervised learningmethod for multi-object pose estimation. 3D object under-standing from 2D image is a challenging task that infers ad-ditional dimension from reduced-dimensional this http URL particular, the estimation of the 3D localization or orien-tation of an object requires precise reasoning, unlike othersimple clustering tasks such as object classification. There-fore, the scale of the training dataset becomes more cru-cial. However, it is challenging to obtain large amount of3D dataset since achieving 3D annotation is expensive andtime-consuming. If the scale of the training dataset can beincreased by involving the image sequence obtained fromsimple navigation, it is possible to overcome the scale lim-itation of the dataset and to have efficient adaptation tothe new environment. However, when the self annotation isconducted on single image by the network itself, trainingperformance of the network is bounded to the self perfor-mance. Therefore, we propose a strategy to exploit multipleobservations of the object in the image sequence in orderto surpass the self-performance: first, the landmarks for theglobal object map are estimated through network predic-tion and data association, and the corrected annotation fora single frame is obtained. Then, network fine-tuning is con-ducted including the dataset obtained by self-annotation,thereby exceeding the performance boundary of the networkitself. The proposed method was evaluated on the KITTIdriving scene dataset, and we demonstrate the performanceimprovement in the pose estimation of multi-object in 3D space.
Problems: Functions, Algebra of Functions, and Inverse Functions

In this chapter, the basic and advanced problems of functions, algebra of functions, and inverse functions are presented. To help students study the chapter in the most efficient way, the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy, normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large). Moreover, the problems are ordered from the easiest problem with the smallest computations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
The Neurobiology of Executive Function Under Stress and Optimization of Performance

Much basic and clinical research to date has investigated predictors of stress resilience and vulnerability, indicating, for example, that broad impact neurobiological factors, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neuroactive steroids, are mechanistically related to short term stress resilience, as well as longterm patterns of stress-related medical and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. The problem is that we lack good methods for identifying predictors of stress resilience or vulnerability at an individual level, so that human performance and therapeutic interventions can be targeted precisely to underlying points of malfunction for maximum effectiveness. We thus propose modified experimental designs that capitalize on our growing capacities to query and analyze multimodal data across the translational levels of human biology and behavior. We propose that use of these methods in studies of individuals participating in intense military training or returning from deployment could enable better prediction of performance, and development of more effective personalized interventions aimed at optimizing and maintaining stress resilience over time.
Objective Bayesianism and Geometry

We suggest in this paper that the concepts of utility, prior probability and entropy are not independent but must be related through the following formula: “The expected utility of a Theory is an increasing funetion of its entropy.” It follows that associated to each regular class of theories (i.e. parametric statistical model) there is a unique one parameter family of densities able to act as prior distributions. These entropic priors form the exponential family generated by the invariant measure in the class, that has the entropy of each theory as sufficient statistic.
29 – USES OF THE HEAT OF TRANSPORT

The heat of transport is a true thermodynamic quantity capable of experimental determination. This chapter discusses the importance of heat transport in the thermomolecular pressure effect and the thermomechanical effect. Further it shows relationship between the thermomechanical effect and the thermomolecular pressure effect. Because of the relation between them, both effects are always manifested in the same system. The last section deals with the problem of the measurability of mass action in an open system.
Monetary policy's time-varying impact on the US bond markets: Role of financial stress and risks

Abstract This paper provides a novel analysis on the Treasury yield curve's response to monetary policy shocks and the role of financial market volatility and risks in assessment of the monetary policy impact. The results show that unlike the fixed coefficient approach usually used in the literature, the time varying parameter framework of the paper is needed to aptly unveil the latent dynamics of monetary policy impact on the bond markets. Wide time variation exists in the response of bond yields across all the maturities to the Federal Reserve's policy surprises. While the short-term rates respond more widely even the long-term rates show significant variation. Further, these time varying policy effects on interest rates are inversely related with the level of financial risks and economic uncertainty. These results are robust to several alternative aspects of risk and uncertainty.
Guantanamo, Geneva, and Western Values

This paper analyzes the Bush Administration's War on Terror, particularly its treatment of enemy combatants, in light of American, and more generally Western or modern values. The U.S. Constitution, court opinions, and the text of the Geneva Conventions are used as authoritative expositions and applications of these values. Bush Administration arguments that its actions comply with or respect these values are found to be specious, if not ludicrous.
On p -adic L -functions and cyclotomic fields

Let p be a prime. If one adjoins to Q all pn -th roots of unity for n = 1,2,3, …, then the resulting field will contain a unique subfield Q ∞ such that Q ∞ is a Galois extension of Q with Gal ( Q ∞/Q ) Zp , the additive group of p-adic integers. We will denote Gal ( Q ∞/Q ) by Γ. In a previous paper [6], we discussed a conjecture relating p-adic L-functions to certain arithmetically defined representation spaces for Γ. Now by using some results of Iwasawa, one can reformulate that conjecture in terms of certain other representation spaces for Γ. This new conjecture, which we believe may be more susceptible to generalization, will be stated below.
Decision Problems for Cellular Automata and Their Semigroups

We associate to every one-dimensional cellular automaton a finitely presented semigroup. This semigroup is shown to have solvable word problem if and only if the common descendant problem is solvable for the cellular automaton. Connections with Culik and Yu's classification of cellular automata are investigated.
Dopamine, glutamate, and behavioral correlates of striatal neuronal activity.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes a series of experiments that have recorded single-unit activity in the striatum of awake, unrestrained rats to show how dopamine (DA) and glutamate (GLU) alter striatal function under naturally occurring behavioral conditions. The results indicate that although the postsynaptic actions of DA are complex, they must be considered in conjunction with the level of GLU input from cerebrocortical afferents. It is also suggested that DA, applied directly, or released by amphetamine, excites or inhibits striatal neurons, depending on their sensitivity to overt movement. These effects, moreover, occur in conjunction with ongoing cortical input that in the case of amphetamine is critical for the drug-induced excitation. It appears, therefore, that the synaptic action of DA depends, at least in part, on the level of cortical GLU input. The chapter also demonstrates that DA may exert excitatory or inhibitory effects on neurons receiving substantial or little activation respectively, from cerebrocortex. Another aspect of the striatal DA-GLU interaction is the ability of prolonged DA application a t low ejection currents to enhance the magnitude of the GLU-induced excitation relative to the level of background activity. Thus, in a possible role as neuromodulator, DA may enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the GLU signal. Further assessment of this role in ambulant animals is required to identify the mechanisms by which DA alters striatal function under naturally occurring behavioral conditions.
A Correction and Comment on ‘Sacrifice of the Social Outcasts’

C. L. Kieffer incorrectly identified a fused pair of cervical vertebrae in an article published online in May of 2015. This is a correction of the misidentification and a comment on the implications for the author's larger point that the individuals involved may have been physically handicapped and therefore selected by the ancient Maya as victims of human sacrifice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital cardiac left ventricular aneurysm with pericardial effusion: early prenatal diagnosis and intervention.

Congenital left ventricular aneurysm is a rare condition characterized by a protrusion or outpouching of the ventricular wall. The etiology is unknown, and there is a variable prognosis in the current literature. Approximately 20 cases detected by prenatal ultrasonography have been reported, 1 - 1 2 with 4 of these cases indicating the presence of pericardial fluid. 1 , 1 0 , 1 1 We report a case of left ventricular aneurysm with a large pericardial effusion diagnosed at 17 weeks' gestation but retrospectively recognized on imaging at 15 weeks 6 days. To our knowledge, this represents the earliest reported prenatal diagnosis to date and newly reports placement of a pericardial drain catheter in this condition.
Anti-Racism Education: Theory and Practice.

Anti-Racism Education: Theory and Practice. George J. Sefa Dei. Halifax, Canada: Fernwood Publishing, 1996. 160 pp.
La generación de enmedio. Comparación de cohortes de ayuda a padres de edad avanzada dentro de una comunidad estadounidense

The gerontological literature has generally addressed the patterns of support from adult children to elderly parents from a contemporary perspective and limited to a single point in time (Bengtson, Kasshau and Ragan, 1985; Bengston and Treas, 1980 , Shanas, 1979; Antonucci, 1990; Cicirelli, 1981) These studies rarely asked question of how this relationship of care during the course of life formed with certain exceptions, contemporary studies of intergenerational support have not analyzed. how to change the support of adult children over time, nor have children caregivers considered within the context of their historical and social times.
The Tobacco Status Project (TSP): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a Facebook smoking cessation intervention for young adults

Tobacco use remains the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the United States. Young adults are less successful at quitting, use cessation treatment less often than smokers of other ages, and can be a challenge to retain in treatment. Social media, integrated into the lives of many young adults, represents a promising strategy to deliver evidence-based smoking cessation treatment to a large, diverse audience. The goal of this trial is to test the efficacy of a stage-based smoking cessation intervention on Facebook for young adults age 18 to 25 on smoking abstinence, reduction in cigarettes smoked, and thoughts about smoking abstinence.
Preference by Exclusion

DNA methylation is a modification that controls gene expression and contributes to mammalian development, aging, and cancer cell biology ( 1 , 2 ). In mice and humans, the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine within a cytosine-guanine (CG) dinucleotide is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes DNMT3A, DNMT3B, or DNMT1. The latter is the main “maintenance methylase” because it adds a methyl group primarily to double-strand DNA that is already methylated on one strand (hemimethylated). How DNMT1 prefers hemimethylated over unmethylated DNA, in contrast to DNMT3A and DNMT3B, has not been clear. On page 1036 of this issue, Song et al. ( 3 ) present the crystal structures of human and mouse DNMT1 in complex with unmethylated DNA, providing an explanation for the mechanism of substrate selection by this crucial enzyme.
Cooked yields, color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef roasts cooked in an oven with steam generation versus a commercial convection oven to different endpoint temperatures.

A CVap steam generation oven was compared with a Blodgett convection oven to examine effects on yields, cooked color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef Longissimus lumborum (LL), Deep pectoralis (DP), and Biceps femoris (BF) muscles cooked to 1 of 3 temperatures (65.6, 71.1, or 76.7°C). Four roasts were cooked in the CVap for a constant time, and 2 roasts were cooked in the Blodgett until they reached target temperatures (3 replications). Cooking yields were higher (P 0.05) was found for LL roasts. Sensory tenderness for BF roasts in the CVap was higher (P<0.05) than those in the Blodgett. Juiciness was higher (P<0.05) for LL roasts in the Blodgett. The CVap oven offers some tenderization (BF) and cooking yield advantages (BF and DP) over forced-air convection cooking.
WHAT IS ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by an age-inappropriate level of inattention, with or without impulsivity and overactivity, that occurs across settings, causes functional impairment, and cannot be attributed primarily to another disorder. It begins in childhood, and although the observable symptoms change in quality and quantity across development, most individuals with ADHD continue to experience some symptoms as adults. Because of its prevalence, persistence, the functional impairment it causes, and the labor-intensive nature of its management, ADHD is extremely important to affected individuals, their families, our health and educational systems, and for society as a whole. ADHD is a subject that generates strong feelings and much controversy. It is a purely behaviorally defined disorder, without a specific biologic marker, and with characteristics that occur along a continuum across the population. It can occur with or without several commonly associated conditions. It is no wonder that ADHD is a challenge for children, families, educators, clinicians, and researchers alike. The goal of this article is to provide current background for the practicing clinician regarding the clinical, neuropsychological, and neurobiologic correlates of ADHD. This background should provide a base from which to keep abreast of new developments as researchers bring us closer to the answer to the question, "What is ADHD?"
CONGENITAL RENAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION IN PREGNANCY PRESENTING WITH HYPERTENSION

Abstract Congenital renal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare, with approximately50 cases reported in the literature. Typically, they are small (1 to 2 cm) and the majority present with hematuria and symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure. Review of the literature revealed only 4 cases reported in pregnant patients and their presentation was with hematuria and rupture of the AVM. We present a case of a young female patient with a 6 cm congenital renal AVM who was otherwise asymptomatic until her first pregnancy, when she developed and presented with symptoms of hypertension and an abdominal bruit. Her symptoms persisted postpartum. Hematuria and rupture of the AVMs were not part of her clinical course. A partial nephrectomy was curative.
A One-Dimensional Reaction Coordinate for Identification of Transition States from Explicit Solvent Pfold-Like Calculations

A properly identified transition state ensemble (TSE) in a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation can reveal a tremendous amount about how a protein folds and offer a point of comparison to experimentally derived ΦF values, which reflect the degree of structure in these transient states. In one such method of TSE identification, dubbed Pfold, MD simulations of individual protein structures taken from an unfolding trajectory are used to directly assess an input structure's probability of folding before unfolding, and Pfold is, by definition, 0.5 for the TSE. Other, less computationally intensive methods, such as multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the pairwise root mean-squared deviation (RMSD) matrix of the conformations sampled in a thermal unfolding trajectory, have also been used to identify the TSE. Identification of the TSE is made from the original MD simulation without the need to run further simulations. Here we present a Pfold-like study and describe methods for identification of the TSE through the derivation of a high fidelity, bounded, one-dimensional reaction coordinate for protein folding. These methods are applied to the engrailed homeodomain. The TSE identified by this approach is essentially identical to the TSE identified previously by MDS of the pairwise RMSD matrix. However, the cost of performing Pfold, or even our reduced Pfold-like calculations, is at least 36,000 times greater than the MDS method.
Decreased Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background. An increased incidence of reflux esophagitis has been reported after eradication of H. pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer. To determine if H. pylori is associated with lower rates of esophagitis, we studied the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with and without reflux esophagitis and a subgroup of patients with concomitant peptic ulcer disease. Methods. Patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and had diagnostic testing for H. pylori over a 30-month period were studied. H. pylori infection was determined by rapid urease testing, gastric histopathology, or serology. Reflux esophagitis was determined by endoscopic and/or histologic criteria. Results. Of 514 patients, 39.5% had H. pylori infection and 22.2% had reflux esophagitis. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis was 30.7%, compared with 42.0% in patients without esophagitis (p = 0.039). The odds ratio for esophagitis risk with H. pylori infection was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39–0.95). Neither patient age nor gender affected H. pylori prevalence. In patients with duodenal ulcer, H. pylori was present in 36.4% of patients with esophagitis and in 69.2% of patients without esophagitis (p = 0.018). The odds ratio for esophagitis with H. pylori infection in these patients was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.09–0.73). Conclusions. Our study demonstrates that H. pylori infection is significantly less prevalent in patients with reflux esophagitis and may protect against its development. In duodenal ulcer patients, this effect was more dramatic. Further study is required to confirm these findings and elucidate mechanisms underlying possible beneficial effects of H. pylori.
Preoperative evaluation of stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancer

The appropriate preoperative evaluation for occult metastasis in patients with potentially resectable lung cancer remains controversial. The records of 265 patients with stage I and II non-small cell lung cancers who underwent resection with curative intent were reviewed to determine if there was a survival benefit of negative preoperative scanning to detect metastases. A minimum of 5 years of follow-up was possible for all long-term survivors. Patients having preoperative bone scans, brain imaging, and abdominal imaging had no increased survival over those without such evaluation (using Kaplan-Meier survival curves). Additionally, no difference was found in the time to first recurrence between these groups, and the site of recurrence was independent of a negative preoperative scan for that location. These data, using patient outcome as the basis of our conclusion, support a policy of reserving expensive preoperative metastatic evaluations only for those patients with clinical evidence of metastatic disease.
The sources of communitarianism on the American left: Pluralism, republicanism, and participatory democracy

This article considers the nature of communitarian thought in late twentieth century Anglo-American political philosophy. It argues that communitarianism arose out of a critique of modernist theories of justice such as that of John Rawls shared by a group of writers committed to idealist principles that emphasised narrative approaches to the study of political thought, the importance of historical context, and popular participation in political life. It then focuses on one particular American strand of communitarian thought, exemplified by the work of Michael Walzer and Michael Sandel, which draws on a tradition of radical democracy and, in so doing, helps both to create and to transform a new American republicanism. An important connection between Walzer and Sandel is that they share the view that egalitarian politics must draw on shared traditions of social criticism rather than on the abstract individualism that they associate with Rawls. A key difference is that Walzer's vision of American life is plu...
Identification and characterization of the organophosphate acid anhydrase activity of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis

Abstract 1. Digestive gland homogenates of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, were found to degrade the potent neurotoxins diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and N,N'-diisopropylphosphorodiamidofluoridate (mipafox). 2. The DFP hydrolyzing activity was characterized at different temperatures, pHs, substrate concentrations, and in the presence of chelating agents. 3. Gel column chromatography revealed a molecular weight of 24–32,000 for the DFP hydrolyzing OPA anhydrase. A mipafox hydrolyzing activity with about the same molecular weight was also identified. However, it remained unclear if the DFP and mipafox hydrolysis was carried out by one or by two enzymes. 4. Similar to the results obtained for the clam, Rangia cuneata, the DFP hydrolyzing OPA anhydrase of M. edulis was not inhibited by mipafox and showed no stimulation by manganese ions. 5. These similarities suggest that the consideration of phylogenetic relationships could improve the existing OPA anhydrase classification.
DYNAFOLD: A DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO PROTEIN BACKBONE STRUCTURE DETERMINATION FROM MINIMAL SETS OF RESIDUAL DIPOLAR COUPLINGS

Residual Dipolar Couplings (RDCs) are a source of NMR data that can provide a powerful set of constraints on the orientation of inter-nuclear vectors, and are quickly becoming a larger part of the experimental toolset for molecular biologists. However, few reliable protocols exist for the determination of protein backbone structures from small sets of RDCs. DynaFold is a new dynamic programming algorithm designed specifically for this task, using minimal sets of RDCs collected in multiple alignment media. DynaFold was first tested utilizing synthetic data generated for the N--H , C(α)--H(α), and C--N vectors of 1BRF, 1F53, 110M, and 3LAY proteins, with up to ±1 Hz error in three alignment media, and was able to produce structures with less than 1.9 A of the original structures. DynaFold was then tested using experimental data, obtained from the Biological Magnetic Resonance Bank, for proteins PDBID:1P7E and 1D3Z using RDC data from two alignment media. This exercise yielded structures within 1.0 A of their respective published structures in segments with high data density, and less than 1.9 A over the entire protein. The same sets of RDC data were also used in comparisons with traditional methods for analysis of RDCs, which failed to match the accuracy of DynaFold's approach to structure determination.
The establishment of core gender identity in normal girls. II. How meanings are conveyed between parent and child in the first 3 years

Observations of a normal female child from birth to 3 years are selected to illustrate some of the ways early gender identity is established. These and observations of other normal children suggest that meanings conveyed by parents and identification processes contribute to the establishment of significant beginnings of gender identity before the phallic period and before penis envy, castration anxiety, and the oedipal complex contribute their main influence.
Coordination-Induced Reductive Elimination and Titanium(II) Carbenoid Transfer in Reactions of Dialkyltitanium(IV) Complexes with Unsaturated Organic Substrates1

Dialkyltitanium(IV) derivatives, R2TiE2, where E = X, OR, react with unsaturated organic substrates, such as olefins, acetylenes, azoarenes, aldehydes, ketones, and imines, to undergo in high yield epimetalation with TiE2 by transfer. In a general fashion, this finding now permits the stoichiometric generation of these three-membered titanacycles from diverse unsaturated substrates and their transformation into useful, metal-free derivatives by protolysis/deuteriolysis, oxidation, or unsaturated monomer insertion at the C−Ti bond.
A linear stability analysis of a mixed convection plume from a line source: higher order effects

Aiding mixed convection flow resulting from the vertical flow of a uniform stream past a horizontal line source of heat is of importance in many practical situations such as hot-wire anemometry, etc. In this paper, the stability of such a flow to small disturbances is analyzed in terms of the linear stability theory. The analysis treats the presence of the free stream as a perturbation of a natural convection plume generated by the line source of heat. The base flow as well as the disturbance field are determined by means of a systematic perturbation expansion. The results presented here extend the results of an earlier investigation [1], by considering second-order mixed convection effects. The results reveal that the free stream has a stabilizing effect. As expected, consideration of second-order mixed convection effects further enhances the stability of the flow. The reported results are valid at a large distance from the source where the flow field is dominated by buoyancy effects.
Arm and leg exercise versus rowing for evaluation of performance of male and female collegiate rowers

The cardiorespiratory response of 13 male and 9 female members of their respective male and female college crew teams was measured during maximal exercise on both a Schwinn Air‐Dyne ergometer (SA‐ergometer), which involved both upper and lower body musculature, and on a rowing ergometer. The relationlship between the maximal physiological response of the athletes to each type of exercise and to a standard 2500 meter rowing time on an ergometer was examined. Rowing elicited a higher group mean VO2max, 4.23 ± 1.7 vs 3.44 ± 1.5 1/min−1, from the athletes than the SA‐ergometer (p s 0.05). There was no significant difference in VEmax and HRmax. A negative correlation with the standard 2500 m rowing task time was demonstrated for both the male and female rowers, VO2max (males = ‐0.69; females = ‐0.92) and for the female rowers VEmax (‐0.75). When male and female crew members were grouped the same, a significant negative correlation was established for each of the respective variables, VO2max, VEmax, Rmax, betwe...
Results of surgical treatment in children with bladder exstrophy.

Summary A series of 42 children (30 boys and 12 girls) underwent surgery for bladder exstrophy between 1972 and 1989. Primary bladder closure was performed in 11 patients and was successful in 6. Four of these children are about 2 years old and so it is not yet possible to assess their continence. Ureterosigmoidostomy was performed in 35 children, one of whom was converted to cutaneous ureterostomy. Follow-up ranges from 2 to 20 years (average 9 years 3 months) and 50% of the patients are symptom-free. The most frequent problems were acidosis and urinary tract dilatation. Other complications, such as hypokalaemia and pyelonephritis, were seldom seen. Although ureterosigmoidostomy has some disadvantages, our patients have adapted well and lead a normal life.
Design and shipboard operation of a multipurpose ocean bottom seismograph

Ocean bottom seismographs designed to meet the requirements of both seismicity and refraction experiments have been operated extensively on twelve cruises (72 deployments). Signals from a hydrophone, and two geophones (horizontal and vertical) are direct recorded on a modified commercial tape recorder providing 10 day continuous recording at 1/40 ips and a 2–80 Hz band width. The free-fall deployment technique with timed ballast release has yielded a 93% recovery rate (96% over the most recent 24 deployments) despite frequently difficult weather and sea conditions. Emphasis on reliability and operational simplicity has produced an instrument that can be operated in arrays by a single shipboard technician.
Free products and the word problem

An example is given to show that even in a variety whose free word problem (identity problem) is solvable, the free product of two recursive presentations with solvable word problems may have unsolvable word problem. Under some extra conditions on the syntax of the identities defining the variety however, the free product is shown to preserve solvability of the word problem for recursive presentations. The conditions can be checked mechanically, and common varieties such as semigroups and groups satisfy them, as well as many less familiar varieties. The results are obtained by using rewrite-completion techniques.
Palaeontology: respect for stromatolites.

Is it time to stop worrying over whether the ancient structures called stromatolites are of microbial origin? 'Yes' is the answer to emerge from field and lab work on a 3,430-million-year-old marine ecosystem.
Tolerance and Intolerance: Children's and Adolescents' Judgments of Dissenting Beliefs, Speech, Persons, and Conduct

Tolerant and intolerant judgments of different types of dissent were examined. One hundred sixty participants (aged 7,3, 10,4, 13, 6, and 20, 1) made judgments about dissenting beliefs, speech, practices, and people engaged in those practices. Across all ages, participants were more tolerant (1) of the holding of dissenting beliefs than of their expression, (2) of the expression of beliefs than of the persons engaged in acts based on those beliefs, and (3) of the persons than of the acts. Tolerance of dissenting beliefs and speech increased with age. Although, at all ages, participants were intolerant of the practices, they were relatively more tolerant of practices grounded in cultural contexts. Participants were more tolerant of people espousing dissenting information than dissenting values. We concluded that tolerance and intolerance coexist at all ages and hinge on what individuals are asked to tolerate and on the sense in which they are asked to tolerate it.
Yield Ranks of Glyphosate‐Resistant Cotton Cultivars are Unaffected by Herbicide Systems

Official Cultivar Trials (OCTs) evaluate transgenic, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine]-resistant and nonresistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars with a nonglyphosate herbicide regime. Thus, yields of glyphosate-resistant cotton cultivars in OCTs may not reflect cultivar variation in glyphosate resistance or the intended production system because all cultivars are produced under a common herbicide regime. Our objective was to assess in field trials main effects and interaction among glyphosate-resistant cotton cultivars and herbicide systems with and without glyphosate for lint yield. Fourteen glyphosate-resistant cultivars were tested in 1998 while 10 were tested in 1999. Herbicide systems were (i) Standard, preplant soil-applied and postdirect-applied herbicides potentially used in OCTs but no glyphosate; (ii) Residual + Glyphosate, preplant soil-applied and postdirect-applied herbicides including a four-leaf-stage topical glyphosate application; and (iii) Glyphosate Only, a four-leaf-stage topical glyphosate application followed by an eight-leaf directed spray. We found significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively) herbicide system main effects for lint yield but nonsignificant cultivar x herbicide system interactions. Averaged over years and cultivars, the Glyphosate Only herbicide system produced significantly (P < 0.05) greater yields (597 and 839 kg ha -1 for earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively) than the Standard herbicide system (419 and 644 kg ha -1 for earlier- and later-maturity trials, respectively). The lack of cultivar × herbicide system interactions for yield suggests OCTs determine relative yield potential among glyphosate-resistant cultivars. The lower yield in the Standard system suggests OCTs can impose a yield penalty on glyphosate-resistant cultivars; thus, comparisons with non-glyphosate-resistant cultivars may not be valid.
SU-FF-T-93: Analysis of the Impact of Skull Scaling Deviations in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

Purpose: To investigate the impact of variations in skull scaling measurements in Gamma Knife radiosurgery.Method and Materials: We developed an in‐house planning algorithm able to calculate the boundary of the skull directly from an image set. We imported 11 patient plans and obtained the skull contours from the image set. We then manually replicated GammaPlan's skull scaling interpolation directly into our algorithm, and noted the change in times and isodose line distribution produced by such changes. Results: Dipstick measurements on average deviated from our skull measurements on average 8 mm. Prescription isodose lines were not visibly affected by the differences in skull scaling. Time calculations were affected by skull scaling differences; in multi‐shot plans, shot times differed from 0.6% to 2.9%. Prescription isodose lines did not shift significantly despite significant differences in skull scaling. Differences were similar regardless of lesion location. For single shots, times differed depending on the proximity of the shot to large differences in skull boundary; thus shots placed in the frontal region demonstrated discrepancies of approximately 5%, whereas shots placed superiorly (where the interpolation tends to be successful) and centrally (far from skull boundaries) showed differences of less than 1%. Conclusion: For most lesions, skull scaling will not affect the treatment times by more than 3%. Single shots placed near a defective skull interpolation will be the most strongly affected, with discrepancies in time calculations of 5%. It is important to consider the quality of the skull interpolation surrounding the lesion to be treated, as the quality of the treatment could be impacted.
Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Biological Samples. A Review

This article reviews the use of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance thin layer chromatography for the analysis of biological samples of particular interest to biologists, biochemists, hematologists, immunologists, medical diagnosticians, and molecular biologists. Determinations of amino acids, drugs, carbohydrates, lipids, toxins, vitamins, indoles, antibiotics, peptides, pigments, phenols, bile acids, and coumarins in sample matrices such as blood, urine, feces, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, body tissues, and other biologics are considered. The review discusses the advantages of using modern TLC for biological applications and summarizes important information on stationary and mobile phases and methods used for application of standards and samples, plate development, and zone detection, identification, and quantification.
In vitro transformation potential of N-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rat tracheal epithelial cells.

Abstract Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are environmental contaminants and potential human airway carcinogens. Agents of this class show a wide range of potencies for toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity that are associated with the structure of the PAH and the position of the nitro group. In order to evaluate the effect of nitro substitution on in vitro biological activity, the cytotoxicity and transformation potential of two parent PAHs, pyrene and chrysene, and a series of nitro derivatives were examined in the rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cell system. The nitro derivatives, but not pyrene or chrysene, produced dose-dependent decreases in the colony forming efficiency of the RTE cells. The most cytotoxic agents were 1,6-dinitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene with ED50s of 1.6 μ m and 5.9 μ m , respectively, followed by 4-nitropyrene and 1-nitropyrene with ED50s of 26.3 μ m and 44.5 μ m , respectively. These compounds were evaluated for transformation potential at three treatment levels that spanned the cytotoxic range, and the assays were scored for morphologically transformed preneoplastic colonies. The control or spontaneous transformation frequency in this series of experiments was 1.79 ± 0.47 (× 10−4). 6-Nitrochrysene and 1,6-dinitropyrene were the only compounds that produced transformation frequencies (12.17 × 10−4 and 9.68 × 10−4, respectively) that were statistically different from control. The maximum transformation frequencies of the compounds were compared with published data for liver tumorigenicity in the newborn mouse assay. The orders for tumorigenicity and transformation were the same (1,6-dinitropyrene > 4-nitropyrene > 1-nitropyrene ∼- pyrene and 6-nitrochrysene > chrysene), and the relative potencies of the compounds were similar in the two assays. These results suggest that RTE cells are capable of metabolizing nitro-PAHs to reactive products, and that, within this limited class of compounds, in vitro transformation data in the RTE cell system may be correlated with tumorigenicity in animal studies.
Acetic acid production and glass transition concerns with ethylene-vinyl acetate used in photovoltaic devices

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) devices are typically encapsulated using ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) to provide mechanical support, electrical isolation, and protection against environmental exposure. Under exposure to water and/or ultraviolet radiation, EVA will decompose to produce acetic acid that will lower the pH and generally increases surface corrosion rates. This enhanced corrosion is demonstrated in this work using aluminum mirrors deposited on glass. EVA also experiences a glass transition, beginning at about −15 °C, making its use questionable in environments below −15 °C. Despite these shortcomings, EVA has proven to be adequate (in terrestrial environments) for encapsulating silicon wafers based PV devices. Thin-film PV technologies, however, are constructed using layers that are only a few microns thick, making them potentially much more sensitive to surface corrosion than are silicon-wafer-based technologies.
The Design and Implementation of a Counselor-in-Residence Program

Comprehensive—yet cost-effective—provision of psychological care is a timely concern for most college counseling centers. The current review summarizes the components of a program designed to meet such seemingly discordant demands. The Counselor-in-Residence program places live-in, doctoral students in clinical psychology/counselor education, in residence halls in order to provide on-site, easily accessible, and professionally supervised mental health support services for residents and residence life staff. The process of program development and implementation of the Counselor-in-Residence program at a medium-sized Midwestern university is discussed.
1999 Poets House Showcase: suggested titles

In the words of Stanley Kunitz, poetry is not a single nation but a teeming nation of nations. With more than 1,300 new poetry titles to choose from each year, how can librarians make the best acquisitions for their communities? The following resource materials from Poets House – a 35,000‐volume poetry library and literary center – offer a starting point. Highlights a wide variety of selections from Poets House’s annual exhibit of all the year’s new poetry books. The Directory of American Poetry Books provides complete bibliographic information and capsule reviews for more than 7,000 books published since 1991. These materials were originally distributed at the 1999 American Library Association Conference, where Poets House exhibited the entire 1999 Showcase and presented poetry readings and a panel discussion entitled “Making poetry come alive in community libraries”.
Design and Evaluation of a Computer Game to Promote a Healthy Diet for Young Adults

This article reports the development and evaluation of a computer game (RightWay Cafe) as a special medium to promote a healthy diet for young adults. Structural features of computer games, such as interactive tailoring, role playing, the element of fun, and narrative, were operationalized in the RightWay Cafe game to afford behavior rehearsal in a safe and entertaining way. Theories such as the health belief model, social cognitive theory, and theory of reasoned action guided the content design of the game to influence mediators of behavior change, including self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and behavior change intention. A randomized controlled evaluation study with pretest, posttest, and follow-up design demonstrated that this game was effective in teaching nutrition and weight management knowledge and increasing people's self-efficacy and perceived benefits of healthy eating, as well as their intention to be on a healthy diet. Limited long-term effects were also found: participants in the game-playing group had greater self-efficacy than participants in the control group after 1 month. This study validates the computer game-based approach to health promotion for young adults. Limitations and implications are also discussed.
STUDY ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF RABBIT SPERM HEAD.

Histochemical and submicroscopic studies were conducted on the head of the spermatid and of the ejaculated spermatozoon of the rabbit. The histochemical studies have established the fact that acrosome and head cap development in the rabbit spermatid are almost identical with the development of the same structures in the rat and guinea pig. Submicroscopic observations on the spermatid head have shown a changing relation between the acrosome cap and head cap, on the one hand, and the nucleus and cell membrane on the other. Immediately after its appearance the acrosome vesicle was found in the vicinity of the nucleus. However, in the maturation phase a cytoplasmic layer appeared between the nucleus and acrosome and head cap, respectively. Ejaculated spermatozoa were found to be composed of a nucleus surrounded by a cytoplasmic layer containing an apical body, the acrosome, and the head cap. The whole head is ensheathed within a cytoplasmic membrane. After an hour of incubation with a freshly shed ovum in a suspension of physiological saline, the spermia show a knob-like thickening of the acrosome and an elongation of the cone-like apical body. Spermatozoa in the vicinity of the vitelline membrane appeared to be devoid of a cell membrane, acrosome, and head cap and the cone was elongated within a thin cytoplasmic coat.
Medium effects on proton-proton coupling constants: Specific association effects

Abstract The proton—proton coupling constants for the protons on the three-membered ring of styrenimine and N- t -butylstyrenimine have been examined in several solvents. The magnitude of 2 J HH in both compounds is solvent dependent. Contrary to previous results however, the absolute magnitude of 2 J HH in styrenimine is found to increase in d 6 -dimethylsulfoxide relative to carbon tetrachloride. The results are rationalized in terms of the previously described MO theory of coupling constants and indicate that it is possible for specific association effects to override reaction field effects in certain cases to produce either an increase or decrease in 2 J HH , depending upon the type of interaction.