cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF HYALURONIDASE

The use of hyaluronidase was observed in 116 infants and children in such procedures as hypodermoclysis, phthalein excretion test and urography. Eight tenths of a milligram (0.8 mg.) of the dry substance dissolved in 1 ml. of distilled water was used as a standard amount of the enzyme for all procedures. Hyaluronidase provided an effective expedient to fluid diffusion in subcutaneous therapy. From clinical observations, the speed of flow in any one case is dependent upon: 1. general development of the patient, 2. state of hydration of the patient, 3. activity of the patient, 4. position of the needles in the skin, 5. original speed of the flow and 6. type and amount of fluid given. There was no significant change either in dye excretion or total renal fluid excretion when hyaluronidase was used in the phthalein excretion test. Hyaluronidase reduced the amount of dye necessary when given subcutaneously to secure adequate visualization in urography. Repeated urinalyses in many of the procedures showed no evidence of renal pathology. There were no instances of thermal reaction, spread of infection, or reactivation of infection that could be attributed to the use of the enzyme.
Separable Concave Optimization Approximately Equals Piecewise Linear Optimization

We show how to approximate a separable concave minimization problem over a general closed ground set by a single piecewise linear minimization problem. The approximation is to arbitrary 1+e precision in optimal cost. For polyhedral ground sets in \(\mathbb{R}^n_+\) and nondecreasing cost functions, the number of pieces is polynomial in the input size and proportional to 1/log(1+e). For general polyhedra, the number of pieces is polynomial in the input size and the size of the zeroes of the concave objective components.
A general solution to the synthesis of 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane unit of Strychnos alkaloids

Abstract The characteristic 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane substructure of Strychnos alkaloids can be constructed rapidly and stereospecifically using an intramolecular Heck reaction.
Apply fuzzy interpolation method to calibrate parallel machine tools

A novel and efficient fuzzy interpolation method is proposed to simplify the calibration process for parallel machine tools (PMTs). Either inverse or forward kinematic models must be used in the traditional PMT calibration methods to perform the identification and compensation of the pose errors for PMTs, which made the calibration process time consuming and inefficient in real applications. Instead of using a model, the proposed method presents a modeless technique combined with the fuzzy interpolation method to obtain high calibration accuracies when a small workspace is adopted. This new approach can significantly reduce the complex in traditional PMT calibration processes and greatly simplify the calibration procedures.
Testing Models of Low‐Frequency Variability

We develop a framework to assess how successfully standard time series models explain low-frequency variability of a data series. The low-frequency information is extracted by computing a finite number of weighted averages of the original data, where the weights are low-frequency trigonometric series. The properties of these weighted averages are then compared to the asymptotic implications of a number of common time series models. We apply the framework to twenty U.S. macroeconomic and financial time series using frequencies lower than the business cycle.
On the First Eigenvalue of Bipartite Graphs

In this paper we study the maximum value of the largest eigenvalue for simple bipartite graphs, where the number of edges is given and the number of vertices on each side of the bipartition is given. We state a conjectured solution, which is an analog of the Brualdi-Hoffman conjecture for general graphs, and prove the conjecture in some special cases.
AN INVERSE MOISTURE DIFFUSION ALGORITHM FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT

The finite difference approximation is applied to estimate the moisture-dependent diffusion coefficient by utilizing test data of isothermal moisture desorption in northern red oak (Quercus rubra). The test data contain moisture distributions at discrete locations across the thickness of specimens, which coincides with the radial direction of northern red oak, and at specified times. Also, the rate of moisture variation at each specified time and location must be known or correctly estimated. The functional form of the diffusion coefficient as well as the boundary conditions at the surfaces are not known a priori. The resulting system of finite difference equations defines an inverse problem, whose solution may be sensitive to small changes of input data. Results indicate that the diffusion coefficient increases with increasing moisture content below the fiber saturation point, which defines the upper limit applied by the diffusion theory. †The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with ...
Extending modern portfolio theory into the domain of corporate diversification: Does it apply?

It is widely held that diversification lowers a firm's unsystematic (business-specific) risk but does not affect its systematic (systemwide) risk. We tested each notion while controlling for other ...
Experiments in multiple criteria selection problems with multiple decision makers

Multiple criteria selection problems deal with ranking alternatives under conflicting criteria. In the resolution of such problems, scaling methods are used to standardise the data and weighting methods are used to assign a preference to each criterion based on the decision maker's assessment. Several methods have been proposed for weighting and scaling but the most favourable combinations of methods are uncertain. This study presents the results of experiments in which data from human decision makers is used to determine the best combination of weighting-scaling methods for single and multiple decision makers using the weighted sum decision making model.
How do individuals adapt their personal travel? Objective and subjective influences on the consideration of travel-related strategies for San Francisco Bay Area commuters

This study operationalizes the conceptual analysis presented in a companion paper, to examine the effects of objective and subjective variables on the consideration of 16 travel-related strategies reflecting a range of individuals’ potential reactions to congestion. Using 1283 commuting respondents to a 1998 survey conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area, binary logit models were developed for the consideration of each individual strategy. The proportion of information explained by these models ranges from 0.18 to 0.63. It was found that the consideration of travel-related strategies is affected not only by the amounts of travel that individuals actually do, but also by their subjective assessments, desires and affinities with respect to travel, as well as their travel attitudes, personality and lifestyle. The previous adoption of these strategies greatly affects their current consideration, demonstrating an effect of past experience. Mobility constraints and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics exhibit distributional effects with respect to the options individuals consider. These findings imply that policies designed to alleviate congestion may be less effective than expected, because individuals’ responses to the travel-related strategies analyzed here—many of them directly tied to public policies intended to reduce vehicle travel—are influenced by a large variety of qualitative and experiential variables that are seldom measured and incorporated into demand models. Therefore, understanding the role of such variables will improve our ability to design effective policies and to accurately forecast the response to policy interventions as well as natural trends. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Quark Matter 2006: High-pT and jets

An overview of new experimental results on high-pT particleproduction and jets in heavy ion collisions from the Quark Matter 2006conference is presented.
Best quadratic spline approximation for hierarchical visualization

We present a method for hierarchical data approximation using quadratic simplicial elements for domain decomposition and field approximation. Higher-order simplicial elements can approximate data better than linear elements. Thus, fewer quadratic elements are required to achieve similar approximation quality. We use quadratic basis functions and compute best quadratic simplicial spline approximations that are C0-continuous everywhere. We adaptively refine a simplicial approximation by identifying and bisecting simplicial elements with largest errors. It is possible to store multiple approximation levels of increasing quality. We have tested the suitability and efficiency of our hierarchical data approximation scheme by applying it to several data sets.
Improving change tolerance through Capabilities-based design: an empirical analysis

We introduce a Capabilities-based approach for constructing large-scale systems such that they are change-tolerant. The inherent complexity of software systems increases their susceptibility to change when subjected to the vagaries of user needs, technology advances, market demands, and other change-inducing factors. Despite the inevitability of change, traditional requirements engineering strives to develop systems based on a fixed solution; a mostly unsuccessful approach as evidenced by the history of system failures. In contrast, we utilize Capabilitiesfunctional abstractions that are neither as amorphous as user needs nor as rigid as system requirementsto architect systems that accommodate change with minimum impact. These entities are designed to exhibit the desirable characteristics of high cohesion, low coupling, and balanced abstraction levels and are generated by a two-phased process called Capabilities Engineering. Phase I mathematically exploits the structural semantics of a function decomposition grapha representation of user needsto formulate change-tolerant Capabilities. Phase II optimizes these Capabilities to comply with schedule and technology constraints. In this paper, we present the overall framework of this process and detail the algorithm to identify Capabilities. In addition, we empirically evaluate the change tolerance of Capabilities resulting from Phase I. For this we examine the ripple effect of needs change on a real-world Course Evaluation System based on the original requirements-based design and the corresponding Capabilities-based design. Our experimental results indicate, with statistical significance, that the Capabilities-based design is less impacted by change and thereby improves the change tolerance of the system when subjected to needs volatility. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exceptions and side-effects in atomic blocks

In recent work we showed how to implement a new atomic keyword as an extension to the Java programming language. It allows a program to perform a series of heap accesses atomically without needing to use mutual exclusion locks. We showed that data structures built using it could perform well and scale to large multi-processor systems. In this paper we extend our system in two ways. Firstly, we show how to provide an explicit 'abort' operation to abandon execution of an atomic block and to automatically undo any updates made within it. Secondly, we show how to perform external I/O within an atomic block. During our work we found that it was surprisingly difficult to support these operations without opening loopholes through which the programmer could subvert language-based security mechanisms. Our final design is based on a 'external action' abstraction, allowing code running within an atomic block to request that a given pre-registered operation be executed outside the block.
Electrodynamics of balanced charges

We introduce here a new “neoclassical” electromagnetic (EM) theory in which elementary charges are represented by wave functions and individual EM fields to account for their EM interactions. We call so defined charges balanced or “b-charges”. We construct the EM theory of b-charges (BEM) based on a relativistic field Lagrangian and show that: (i) the elementary EM fields satisfy the Maxwell equations; (ii) the Newton equations with the Lorentz forces hold approximately when b-charges are well separated and move with non-relativistic velocities. When the BEM theory is applied to atomic scales it yields a hydrogen atom model with a frequency spectrum matching the Schrodinger model with desired accuracy. An important feature of the theory is a mechanism of elementary EM energy absorption established for retarded potentials.
Reactions of N-halosuccinimides with 1,1-bimetallics based on zirconocene and boronic esters: A new synthesis of α-haloboronic esters

Abstract Rapid hydrozirconation of alkenyl boronic esters by zirconocene hydrochloride, followed by addition of N-halosuccinimides leads to the corresponding α-halo boronic esters in high yields.
Equity-Based Compensation for Employees: Firm Performance and Determinants

I examine the effect of employee equity-based compensation (EBC) on firm performance and the determinants of EBC. Using two samples, I find that firms have come to rely more heavily on EBC than in the past. For both samples, I document a significant, positive relation between Tobin's q and the percentage of employee compensation that is equity based. For accounting returns, I find a positive relation with the earlier sample. However, for the later sample I find that greater use of EBC leads to lower levels of future accounting returns. I also find that the determinants of the proportion of EBC are different between the two samples.
Growth and Fluctuations: A Causal Interpretation

I. Introduction, 416. — II. The dynamic input-output system, 420. — III. Stability of the dynamic input-output system: investment policy, 423. — IV. Stability of the dynamic input-output system: output policy, 430. — V. Summary and conclusion, 434.
One-step facile synthesis of deuterium labeled aldehydes from tertiary amides using Cp2Zr(D)Cl

Abstract The synthesis of deuterium labeled aldehydes was accomplished in an expedient and facile manner through the reduction of amides using commercially available Cp2Zr(D)Cl. The reactions proceeded rapidly (ca. 15 min) and in high yields (70–99%).
An Alkoxide‐Directed Intermolecular [2+2+1] Annulation: A Three‐Component Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Lactams

A regio- and stereoselective cross-coupling reaction is described between internal alkynes and imines that provides selective access to allylic amines and γ-lactams.
Preservice Teachers' Ability to Identify Technology Standards: Does Curriculum Matter?.

Both preservice and in-service PK-12 teachers in the United States are expected to create a classroom environment that fosters the creation of digital citizens. However, it is unclear whether or not teacher education programs build this direct instruction, or any other method of introducing students to the International Society for Technology in Education’s Standards for Teachers (ISTE Standards-T; previously known as the National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers), into the curriculum. The data from a mixed-method study was analyzed in order to determine the relationship between the preservice teachers, the ISTE Standards-T, and the role technology plays in the curriculum of the teacher preparation program. Results of the analysis indicate that preservice teachers have a minimum ISTE Standards-T awareness at the Literacy level, indicating that they can use technology skills when prompted and explore technology independently.
Chaotic zone boundary for low free eccentricity particles near an eccentric planet

We consider particles with low free or proper eccentricity that are orbiting near planets on eccentric orbits. Through collisionless particle integration, we numerically find the location of the boundary of the chaotic zone in the planet’s corotation region. We find that the distance in semimajor axis between the planet and boundary depends on the planet mass to the 2/7 power and is independent of the planet eccentricity, at least for planet eccentricities below 0.3. Our integrations reveal a similarity between the dynamics of particles at zero eccentricity near a planet in a circular orbit and with zero free eccentricity particles near an eccentric planet. The 2/7th law has been previously explained by estimating the semimajor at which the first-order mean motion resonances are large enough to overlap. Orbital dynamics near an eccentric planet could differ due to first-order corotation resonances that have strength proportional to the planet’s eccentricity. However, we find that the corotation resonance width at low free eccentricity is small; also the first-order resonance width at zero free eccentricity is the same as that for a zero-eccentricity particle near a planet in a circular orbit. This accounts for insensitivity of the chaotic zone width to planet eccentricity. Particles at zero free eccentricity near an eccentric planet have similar dynamics to those at zero eccentricity near a planet in a circular orbit.
On the Polyphase Decomposition for Design of Generalized Comb Decimation Filters

Generalized comb filters (GCFs) are efficient anti-aliasing decimation filters with improved selectivity and quantization noise (QN) rejection performance around the so called folding bands with respect to classical comb filters. In this paper, we address the design of GCF filters by proposing an efficient partial polyphase architecture with the aim to reduce the data rate as much as possible after the SigmaDelta A/D conversion. We propose a mathematical framework in order to completely characterize the dependence of the frequency response of GCFs on the quantization of the multipliers embedded in the proposed filter architecture. This analysis paves the way to the design of multiplier-less decimation architectures. We also derive the impulse response of a sample third-order GCF filter used as reference scheme throughout the paper.
Microstrip open-end discontinuity on a nonreciprocal ferrite substrate

A full-wave analysis of the microstrip open-end discontinuity on a nonreciprocal ferrite substrate is presented. The moment method is employed to find the current distribution over a semiinfinite microstrip line. The possible asymmetry of the longitudinal current due to nonreciprocity is considered. The length extension due to the fringing field at the open end is found through a nonreciprocal transmission line analysis, In the analysis, the direction of the bias field is either transverse, longitudinal, or normal to the microstrip open end. The effects of the direction and the strength of the bias field are investigated. It is found that the direction of the bias, not its strength, has significant effect on the open-end discontinuity. Also, the asymmetry of the higher-order longitudinal transmission line current is found important in determining the excess length. >
Failure mechanism study of anisotropic conductive film (ACF) packages

Anisotropic conductive film (ACF) consists of an adhesive polymer matrix with dispersed conductive particles. In flip-chip technology, ACF has been used in place of solder and underfill for chip attachment to glass or organic substrates. The filler particles establish the electrical contacts between the interconnecting areas. ACF flip-chip bonding provides finer pitch, higher package density, reduced package size and improved lead-free compatibility. Nevertheless, the interconnection is different from traditional solder joints, the integrity and durability of the ACF interconnects have major concerns. Failures in anisotropic conductive film (ACF) parts have been reported after temperature cycling, moisture preconditioning and autoclave. The failures have not been well understood and have been attributed to a wide variety of causes. This paper investigates the failure mechanism of ACF using finite element simulation. From a failure-initiation point of view, the response of ACF packages to environmental (temperature and humidity) exposure is very different from standard underfilled packages. These differences cause the ACF package to fail in different ways from an underfilled package. Simulation results have shown that moisture-induced ACF swelling and delamination is the major cause of ACF failure. With moisture absorption, the loading condition at the interface is tensile-dominant, which corresponds to lower interface toughness (or fracture resistance). This condition is more prone to interface delamination. Therefore, the reliability of ACF packages is highly dependent on the ACF materials. The paper suggests a new approach toward material selection for reliable ACF packages. This approach has very good correlation with experimental results and reliability testing of various ACF materials.
A Random Utility Model of Environmental Equity

Past attempts to uncover evidence that economically disadvantaged groups are unjustly exposed to environmental disamenities have failed to take into account self-selection behavior of individuals or groups of individuals. For instance, when choosing a place to live, households may be trading environmental quality for other housing, neighborhood, and location characteristics they care about. Previous literature on environmental justice has investigated location choice of polluting industries, but fails to account for consumer self-selection in housing markets. This paper thus focuses on location choice of individuals based on observed housing transactions. From the results of a random utility model, a test is proposed that incorporates the no-envy concept of economic equity. The results support a finding for environmental discrimination with respect to African American households, but do not support the hypothesis that poor households in general are unfairly exposed to environmental disamenities.
Efficient catalytic conversion of pyridine N-oxides to pyridine with an Oxorhenium(V) catalyst

The compound CH3Re(O)(SR)2PPh3, where (SR)2 represents the dianion of 2-(mercaptomethyl)thiophenol, catalyzes the rapid and efficient transfer of an oxygen atom from a wide range of ring-substituted pyridine N-oxides to triphenylphosphine, yielding the pyridines in high yield.
Measuring Transition and Mobility in the Hierarchical World–Economy

This paper provides a temporal stochastic framework that is used to analyze economic transitions of countries in the world-system. As such, it provides a contribution to a general quantitative rendering of the world-systems perspective. State space modeling using Markov chains provides a powerful stochastic instrument for global economic modeling when structure is known but relational uncertainty is present as well as for examining temporal change of geographic phenomena. Two phenomena are exam- ined: (1) country mobility among regional classes within the world-economy; and (2) the stability of the rate of country-level transitions. Results suggest that although a moderate amount of movement has taken place in the period 1960-1990, the overall structure of the world-economy has not changed significantly. Thus, although the developmental hypothe- sis that countries are upwardly mobile has merit, empirical results suggest that very little impact is observed in the world-system because countries moving upward in the world- economy region sequence are nearly balanced by countries moving down the sequence.
Using grammatical evolution for evolving intrusion detection rules

The use of Grammatical Evolution for automating the intrusion detection rules is investigated in this paper. We apply this method to the KDD99 intrusion dataset and demonstrate its usefulness in this context. We achieve favorable results by evolving rules for classifying both normal and abnormal traffic.
Point-of-care detection and real-time monitoring of intravenously delivered drugs via tubing with an integrated SERS sensor.

We demonstrate an approach for detection, identification, and kinetic monitoring of drugs flowing within tubing, through the use of a plasmonic nanodome array (PNA) surface. The PNA structures are fabricated using a low-cost nanoreplica molding process upon a flexible plastic substrate that is subsequently integrated with a flow cell that connects in series with ordinary intravenous (IV) drug delivery tubing. To investigate the potential clinical applications for point-of-care detection and real-time monitoring, we perform SERS detection of ten pharmaceutical compounds (hydrocodone, levorphanol, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, phenobarbital, dopamine, diltiazem, promethazine, and mitoxantrone). We demonstrate dose-dependent SERS signal magnitude, resulting in detection limits (ng ml−1) well below typical administered dosages (mg ml−1). Further, we show that the detected drugs are not permanently attached to the PNA surface, and thus our approach is capable of performing continuous monitoring of drug delivery as materials flow through IV tubing that is connected in series with the sensor. Finally, we demonstrate the potential co-detection of multiple drugs when they are mixed together, and show excellent reproducibility and stability of SERS measurements for periods extending at least five days. The capabilities reported here demonstrate the potential to use PNA SERS surfaces for enhancing the safety of IV drug delivery.
Are superhumps good measures of the mass ratio for AM CVn systems

We extend recent work that included the effect of pressure forces to derive the precession rate of eccentric accretion discs in cataclysmic variables to the case of double degenerate systems. We find that the logical scaling of the pressure force in such systems results in predictions of unrealistically high primary masses. Using the prototype AM CVn as a calibrator for the magnitude of the effect, we find that there is no scaling that applies consistently to all the systems in the class. We discuss the reasons for the lack of a superhump period to mass ratio relationship analogous to that known for SU UMa systems and suggest that this is because these secondaries do not have a single valued mass-radius relationship. We highlight the unreliability of mass-ratios derived by applying the SU UMa expression to the AM CVn binaries.
Restrictions on Scientific Freedom

During the period from 1976 to 1979, the Government of France invested perhaps $200 million in an invention that used the echo from a newly-discovered particle to map petroleum deposits from the air. The device, invented by a Belgian count, appeared to be marvellously successful in its initial tests flying over areas that had already been mapped by conventional geologic techniques. French President Valery Giscard d'Estaing, realizing that such an invention could alter the course of history, ordered tight government secrecy to maintain France's lead in this new technology.
Nanophase glass-ceramics

Future applications for glass-ceramics are likely to capitalize on designed-in, highly specialized properties for the transmission, display, and storage of information. Glass-ceramics with microstructures comprised of uniformly dispersed crystals <100 nm in size offer promise for many potential new applications as well as provide unique attributes for many current products. This paper focuses on two types of nanocrystalline glass-ceramics: transparent glass-ceramics and tough, high-modulus glass-ceramics with precisely engineered surfaces. Transparent glass-ceramics are formed from certain aluminosilicate glasses capable of efficient crystal nucleation and slow growth. The key crystalline phases include β-quartz solid solutions, characterized by low-thermal-expansion behavior; spinel, with high hardness and elastic modulus; and mullite, which shows unique chromium-luminescence behavior.
Extremum-Seeking Control of Subsonic Cavity Flow

An adaptive control system using extremum-seeking optimization is developed to suppress subsonic cavity ∞ow oscillations. The overall control system is developed by following two steps. First, a simple linear control law which uses measurements of wall pressure ∞uctuations at two difierent locations in the cavity is developed, and the efiect on the magnitude of the limit cycle produced by tuning its control parameters, namely a gain K and a phase shift `, is investigated analytically and experimentally. Then, an extremum-seeking algorithm is implemented to optimize the selection of the most critical control parameter, `, in real time, in such a way that the magnitude of the limit cycle is minimized in closedloop. A comparison with a linear-quadratic feedback controller based on a reduced-order model of the ∞ow dynamics is presented and discussed. Experimental results highlight the advantage of parameter adaptation provided by the extremum-seeking algorithm over controllers of flxed structure when operating in ofi-design conditions.
A Highly Efficient Procedure for 3-Sulfenylation of Indole-2-carboxylates

A highly efficient one-pot procedure for 3-sulfenylation of 2-carboxyindoles is described. Treatment of thiols with N-chlorosuccinimide at −78 °C in CH2Cl2 affords sulfenyl chlorides in situ that readily react with 2-carboxyindoles to give 3-thioindoles in high yields. This new method is milder, produces less waste, and is compatible with a wide range of thiol and indole functionality.
The Monopoly of Violence: Evidence from Colombia

Many states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia lack the monopoly of violence, even though this was identified by Max Weber as the foundation of the state, and thus the capacity to govern effectively. In this paper we develop a new perspective on the establishment of the monopoly of violence. We build a model to explain the incentive of central states to eliminate nonstate armed actors (paramilitaries) in a democracy. The model is premised on the idea that paramilitaries may choose to and can influence elections. Since paramilitaries have preferences over policies, this reduces the incentives of the politicians they favor to eliminate them. We then investigate these ideas using data from Colombia between 1991 and 2006. We first present regression and case study evidence supporting our postulate that paramilitary groups can have significant effects on elections for the legislature and the executive. Next, we show that the evidence is also broadly consistent with the implication of the model that paramilitaries tend to persist to the extent that they deliver votes to candidates for the executive whose preferences are close to theirs and that this effect is larger in areas where the presidential candidate would have otherwise not done as well. Finally, we use roll-call votes to illustrate a possible "quid pro quo" between the executive and paramilitaries in Colombia. Language: en
Budget optimization in search-based advertising auctions

Internet search companies sell advertisement slots based on users' search queries via an auction. While there has been previous work onthe auction process and its game-theoretic aspects, most of it focuses on the Internet company. In this work, we focus on the advertisers, who must solve a complex optimization problem to decide how to place bids on keywords to maximize their return (the number of user clicks on their ads) for a given budget. We model the entire process and study this budget optimization problem. While most variants are NP-hard, we show, perhaps surprisingly, that simply randomizing between two uniform strategies that bid equally on all the keywordsworks well. More precisely, this strategy gets at least a 1-1/e fraction of the maximum clicks possible. As our preliminary experiments show, such uniform strategies are likely to be practical. We also present inapproximability results, and optimal algorithms for variants of the budget optimization problem.
A front-end DAQ with buffer and flexible triggers

The data acquisition architecture for the tracking detector of the MECO experiment will consist of a preamplifier/discriminator feeding a buffered digitizer which will be controlled by programmable logic. The digitizer converts the timing and analog waveform into digital storage for later readout. In order to evaluate this conceptual design, a prototype system was assembled using an existing digitizer chip, which had similar characteristics to the one proposed for MECO. In this prototype system, the event readout sequence and trigger was controlled by a Xilinx FPGA, and gated data events were transferred for further processing to higher levels in the data stream. The system contained 64 input channels divided into four groups of 16 channels, and either anode or cathode signals could be processed. It could be operated in either an internal or external trigger mode. Test results are reported in this paper, including the maximum event rate, the system dead time, and the relationship between the system efficiency and the hitmap selection. Based on these test results, some improvements in the digitizer chip are discussed, and the specifications of our proposed digitizer are presented.
Powering Mercury's dynamo

The presence of the global magnetic field of Mercury has implications for the interior structure of the planet and its thermal evolution. We use a thermal evolution model to explore the conditions under which excess entropy is available to drive a convective dynamo. The current state of the core is strongly affected by its sulfur concentration and the viscosity of the overlying mantle. A present-day dynamo is difficult to achieve. The minimum rate of entropy production required to drive a dynamo is attained in only the most optimistic models, and requires present-day mantle convection. An additional entropy source such as the addition of a radiogenic heat source in the core increases the probability of a present-day dynamo. Given the uncertainty, more specific characterization of the planet's interior and magnetic field is required to alleviate ambiguities in the original Mariner 10 observations.
Developing a Strategic Marketing Plan for Physical and Occupational Therapy Services: A Collaborative Project Between a Critical Access Hospital and a Graduate Program in Health Care Management

The purpose of this study was to develop a marketing plan for the Physical and Occupational Therapy (PT/OT) department at a Critical Access Hospital (CAH). We took the approach of understanding and analyzing the rural community and health care environment, problems faced by the PT/OT department, and developing a strategic marketing plan to resolve those problems. We used hospital admissions data, public and physician surveys, a SWOT analysis, and tools to evaluate alternative strategies. Lack of awareness and negative perception were key issues. Recommended strategies included building relationships with physicians, partnering with the school district, and enhancing the wellness program.
A Mechanism for Detecting and Responding to Misbehaving Nodes in Wireless Networks

While mechanisms exist to instantiate common security functionality such as confidentiality and integrity, little has been done to define a mechanism for identification and remediation of devices engaging in behavior deemed inappropriate. This ability is particularly relevant as devices become increasingly adaptive through the development of software- defined and frequency agile radios. Adaptive devices can alter their behavior in a way that is noncompliant to a given set of standards and thus cause problems for other compliant devices. We address this deficiency by developing and assessing a mechanism for detecting misbehaving nodes in wireless systems. While we developed our system on an 802.11 network, the same approach could readily be applied to other wireless networks. Our mechanism is based on a reputation-enabled intrusion detection system, in which a centralized trust authority monitors traffic and collects secondhand information on potentially misbehaving nodes. The system integrates a mixture of alarms and reports to calculate a reputation vector of all nodes in the system. An XML based policy engine is used to detect policy violations. These mechanisms are built to be flexible and extensible in order to deal with the issues arising out of software programmable devices. In extending beyond traditional intrusion detection, our approach will incorporate physical layer information, such as power and frequency use, in determining improper behavior. In evaluating the system, we consider how our mechanism, (1) impacts system performance, (2) correctly identifies misbehaving nodes, (3) addresses "bad mouthing" and (4) resists collusion.
Functionalized base-pairs: versatile scaffolds for self-assembly

This article discusses the development of synthetic supramolecular systems derived from hydrogen bond driven base-pairing, with a focus on the self-assembly of individual nucleobase analogues.
Bounding the effects of food insecurity on children’s health outcomes

Previous research has estimated that food insecure children are more likely to suffer from a wide array of negative health outcomes than food secure children, leading many to claim that alleviating food insecurity would lead to better health outcomes. Identifying the causal impacts is problematic, however, given endogenous selection into food security status and potential mismeasurement of true food security status. Using recently developed nonparametric bounding methods and data from the 2001-2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), we assess what can be identified about the effects of food insecurity on child health outcomes in the presence of nonrandom selection and nonclassical measurement error. Under relatively weak monotonicity assumptions, we can identify that food security has a statistically significant positive impact on favorable general health and being a healthy weight. Our work suggests that previous research has more likely underestimated than overestimated the causal impacts of food insecurity on health.
Using a WRF simulation to examine regions where convection impacts the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone

Abstract. The Asian summer monsoon is a prominent feature of the global circulation that is associated with an upper-level anticyclone (ULAC) that stands out vividly in satellite observations of trace gases. The ULAC also is an important region of troposphere-to-stratosphere transport. We ran the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at convective-permitting scales (4 km grid spacing) between 10 and 20 August 2012 to understand the role of convection in rapidly transporting boundary layer air into the ULAC. Such high-resolution modeling of the Asian ULAC previously has not been documented in the literature. Comparison of our WRF simulation with reanalysis and satellite observations showed that WRF simulated the atmosphere sufficiently well to be used to study convective transport into the ULAC. A back-trajectory analysis based on hourly WRF output showed that > 90% of convectively influenced parcels reaching the ULAC came from the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the southern slope (SS) of the Himalayas. A distinct diurnal cycle is seen in the convective trajectories, with a majority of them crossing the boundary layer between 1600 and 2300 local solar time. This finding highlights the role of "everyday" diurnal convection in transporting boundary layer air into the ULAC. WRF output at 15 min intervals was produced for 16 August to examine the convection in greater detail. This high-temporal output revealed that the weakest convection in the study area occurred over the TP. However, because the TP is at 3000–5000 m a.m.s.l., its convection does not have to be as strong to reach the ULAC as in lower altitude regions. In addition, because the TP's elevated heat source is a major cause of the ULAC, we propose that convection over the TP and the neighboring SS is ideally situated geographically to impact the ULAC. The vertical mass flux of water vapor into the ULAC also was calculated. Results show that the TP and SS regions dominate other Asian regions in transporting moisture vertically into the ULAC. Because convection reaching the ULAC is more widespread over the TP than nearby, we propose that the abundant convection partially explains the TP's dominant water vapor fluxes. In addition, greater outgoing longwave radiation reaches the upper levels of the TP due to its elevated terrain. This creates a warmer ambient upper-level environment, allowing parcels with greater saturation mixing ratios to enter the ULAC. Lakes in the Tibetan Plateau are shown to provide favorable conditions for deep convection during the night.
Impact of Productivity Growth in Crops and Livestock on World Food Trade Patterns

World food trade patterns have changed in the last 40 years with the share of world trade comprised of bulk commodities falling, and the share of world food trade comprised of processed commodities rising. These changes have been driven by a combination of supply and demand forces. On the demand side, world demand for livestock products and more highly processed food products has been rising more rapidly than that for bulk products. This increasing demand can either be met from domestic production or from foreign production – in the latter case resulting in increased international trade. The extent to which the increased demand can be met from domestic production depends importantly on the rate of productivity growth in the various components of the farm and food sector. This is why the relative rates of productivity growth in crops and livestock is also believed to be an important factor in determining the changing composition of trade . This study seeks to understand to what extent productivity growth in crops and livestock has affected world food trade patterns. We do so by first estimating total factor productivity growth in crops and livestock over the past four decades. The results show that productivity growth in crops has been larger in developed countries. However, non-ruminant productivity growth in developing countries has been larger. By incorporating these estimates into a back -casting exercise with the GTAP general equilibrium model, we hope to understand how these differential productivity growth rates have influenced the composition of world food trade.
FFT thermoelastic solutions for moving heat sources

An analytical frequency domain solution is obtained using the spatial Fourier transform for thermal and thermoelastic fields due to an arbitrary heat source or thermal distribution moving at constant speed over the surface of an insulated, traction free elastic half space. Conversions between the space and frequency domains for the input and output are performed efficiently and robustly using FFT techniques. The method is validated by comparison to the analytical result for the moving line heat source in which it is shown that numerical evaluation of the analytical solution is problematic for large speeds or distances from the heat source. The utility of the method is illustrated on the constant patch moving heat source and discretely distributed multiple heat sources known as the hot spot problem. It is shown, through several examples, that the effect of hot spots on surface displacement and tangential stress is small. Finally, this conclusion is generalized by quantifying the frequency domain solution for the moving heat source problem as a low pass filter.
Rh(I)-catalyzed decarbonylation of diynones via C-C activation: Orthogonal synthesis of conjugated diynes

Utilization of C–C bond activation as a unique mode of reactivity for constructing C–C bonds provides new strategies for preparing important organic molecules. Development of a Rh(I)-catalyzed C–C activation of diynones to synthesize symmetrical and unsymmetrical conjugated diynes through decarbonylation is reported. This C–C cleavage strategy takes advantage of the innate reactivity of conjugated ynones without relying on any ring strain or auxiliary directing group. This alkynation method also has orthogonal properties compared to typical cross-coupling reactions.
Effects of Peer Networks on the Social Interactions of High School Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Supporting social interactions and positive peer relationships is an important element of comprehensive secondary education and transition programming. For many adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), such social connections may be fairly limited apart from intentional programming. We examined the efficacy and social validity of peer network interventions as an avenue for promoting social interactions and social skills for two high school students with ASD. The introduction of peer networks was accompanied by substantial increases in peer interactions for both students. Adult facilitators, peer partners, and students with ASD each considered the intervention to be acceptable and feasible to implement. We offer recommendations for designing social-focused interventions for adolescents with ASD and highlight future research directions.
Models of forbidden line emission profiles from axisymmetric stellar winds

A number of strong infrared forbidden lines have been observed in several evolved Wolf-Rayet (WR) star winds, and these are important for deriving metal abundances and testing stellar evolution models. In addition, because these optically thin lines form at large radius in the wind, their resolved profiles carry an imprint of the asymptotic structure of the wind flow. This work presents model forbidden line profile shapes formed in axisymmetric winds. It is well known that an optically thin emission line formed in a spherical wind expanding at constant velocity yields a flat-topped emission profile shape. Simulated forbidden lines are produced for a model stellar wind with an axisymmetric density distribution that treats the latitudinal ionization self-consistently and examines the influence of the ion stage on the profile shape. The resulting line profiles are symmetric about line centre. Within a given atomic species, profile shapes can vary between centrally peaked, doubly peaked, and approximately flat-topped in appearance depending on the ion stage (relative to the dominant ion) and viewing inclination. Although application to WR star winds is emphasized, the concepts are also relevant to other classes of hot stars such as luminous blue variables and Be/B[e] stars.
Fast Context-Free Parsing Requires Fast Boolean Matrix Multiplication

Valiant showed that Boolean matrix multiplication (BMM) can be used for CFG parsing. We prove a dual result: CFG parsers running in time O(|G||w|3-e) on a grammar G and a string w can be used to multiply m x m Boolean matrices in tmie O(m3-e/3). In the process we also provide a formal definition of parsing motivated by an informal notion due to Lang. Our result establishes one of the first limitations on general CFG parsing: a fast, practical CFG parser would yield a fast, practical BMM algorithm, which is not believed to exist.
Rhodium-catalyzed cross-coupling of allyl alcohols with aryl- and vinylboronic acids in ionic liquids.

The direct coupling of aryl- and vinylboronic acids with allylic alcohols has been achieved in ionic liquids using a rhodium catalyst.
Theoretical Tool Movement Required To Diamond Turn An Off-Axis Paraboloid On Axis

Current techniques for manufacturing off-axis paraboloids are both expensive and insufficiently accurate. An alternative method, turning the workpiece about its axis on a diamond-turning machine, is presented, and the equations describing the necessary tool movement are derived. A discussion of a particular case suggests that the proposed technique is feasible.