cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational aesthetic evaluation: steps towards machine creativity

Programmer and artists have invented a broad range of generative systems that create art and music. These powerful systems sometimes produce results that surprise their human collaborators, but the surprises are not always welcome or useful. Machine creativity needs a computational self-critical function that can guide generative systems toward valuable creative output.This course provides a fast-moving, state-of-the-art overview of computational aesthetic evaluation. Some notable limited successes aside, computational aesthetic evaluation is far from a solved problem, and a "how to" course is not possible at this time. The intent of this course is to identify all of the significant trail heads, to share what previous explorers have found, and to encourage future journeys by artists and researchers along the paths that seem most promising.The course begins with a brief summary of terminology, then reviews classic formulaic and geometric theories of aesthetics that are possibly amenable to digital exploitation, including Birkhoff's "aesthetic measure", the golden ratio, Zipf's law, fractal dimension, basic gestalt design principles, and the rule of thirds. A section on evolutionary art systems focuses on aesthetic evaluation in fitness functions, including interactive systems, strategies for automated evaluation such as performance goals, error measures, complexity measures, multi-objective and Pareto optimization, and biologically inspired methods that produce emergent aesthetic fitness functions such as coevolution, niche construction, swarm behavior, and curious agents. The course concludes with a review of the future of computational aesthetic evaluation, recent developments in the empirical study and psychological modeling of aesthetics, and the nascent field of neuroaesthetics.
Can you hear the dinner bell? Response of cyprinid fishes to environmental acoustic cues

Fishes in the superorder Ostariophysi have excellent hearing due to the presence of a synapomorphic hearing specialization called the Weberian apparatus. This structure connects the swim bladder to the inner ear, and increases both sensitivity and upper hearing range. Although numerous experiments have tested the effects of the Weberian apparatus on hearing, few have provided potential evidence for a current adaptive function for the specialization. We conducted a field-based experiment in which a rock shuffling noise and a white noise were played simultaneously from adjacent speakers in a clear, mountain stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains, U.S.A. Our results indicate that species of Cyprinidae, a family within Ostariophysi, were attracted more to rock shuffling noise than to the white noise. This study provides the first evidence that a broadband environmental sound associated with a potential food source is utilized by a potentially large number of species possessing a hearing specialization.
The quantum limit for electrical amplifiers: Can we reach it?

Any scientific instrument, including an electrical amplifier, necessarily adds noise in the process of performing a measurement. As might be expected from knowledge of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, quantum mechanics sets strict limits on how little noise a measurement can add. There is a great deal of current interest in performing measurements at the quantum limit on such systems as qubits and nanomechanical resonators. Here we introduce the notion of quantum limited electrical measurement, and discuss recent progress made toward this goal.
Epitope mapping of inhibitory antibodies targeting the C2 domain of coagulation factor VIII by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry.

Summary Background The development of anti-factor VIII antibodies (inhibitors) is a significant complication in the management of patients with hemophilia A, leading to significant increases in morbidity and treatment cost. Using a panel of mAbs against different epitopes on FVIII, we have recently shown that epitope specificity, inhibitor kinetics and time to maximum inhibition are more important than inhibitor titer in predicting responses to FVIII and the combination of FVIII and recombinant FVIIa. In particular, a subset of high-titer inhibitors responded to high-dose FVIII, which would not be predicted on the basis of their inhibitor titer alone. Thus, the ability to quickly map the epitope spectrum of patient plasma with a clinically feasible assay may fundamentally change how clinicians approach the treatment of high-titer inhibitor patients. Objectives To map the epitopes of anti-FVIII mAbs, three of which are classic inhibitors and one of which is a non-classic inhibitor, by the use of hydrogen–deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). Methods The binding epitopes of four mAbs targeting the FVIII C2 domain were mapped with HDX-MS. Results The epitopes determined with HDX-MS are consistent with those obtained earlier through structural characterization and antibody competition assays. In addition, classic and non-classic inhibitor epitopes could be distinguished by the use of a limited subset of C2 domain-derived peptic fragments. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the HDX-MS method for epitope mapping, and suggest a potential role of rapid mapping of FVIII inhibitor epitopes in facilitating individualized treatment of inhibitor patients.
Functional and Anatomical Disruption of Apple Roots by the Woolly Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Root galls on apple trees (M. 7A rootstock) created by woolly apple aphid, Erlosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), feeding were collected in the field. Root galls, ungalled roots, and ungalled sections of galled roots were analyzed for water conductivity and nitrogen concentration. Water conductivity was significantly reduced through root gall tissue. Root galls had a significantly higher concentration of nitrogen than ungalled roots. Roots of apple trees in the green house were treated with the plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid and 6-benzyl-aminopurine to induce gall formation. Woolly apple aphid galls were characterized by a proliferation of anomalous nonfunctional xylem. Growth anomalies On roots treated with 6-benzyl-aminopurine had typical xylem with a proliferation of phloem tissue. Very little internal or external deformation of roots was observed after treatment with indole-3-acetic acid. Disruption of root xylem, resulting in resistance to water conduction, is one mechanism by which woolly apple aphids reduce the growth of apple trees.
Plasma Profiles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of the Metalloproteinases Predict Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardioversion

Atrial fibrosis is considered to contribute to atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following cardioversion. This study tested the hypothesis that circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) can predict AF recurrence postcardioversion. Precardioversion plasma samples (n = 82) were assayed for MMPs (eight types), TIMPs (all four types), N-terminus pro B-type natriuretic peptide, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Patients were followed for AF recurrence postcardioversion. Despite 100 % restoration of sinus rhythm, 36 (44 %) reverted to AF within 3 months. Left atrial volume was increased in patients in whom AF recurred. Precardioversion MMP-9 was higher and TIMP-4 lower with AF recurrence. MMP-9, MMP-3, and TIMP-4 independently predicted AF recurrence. In multivariate analysis, combination of MMP-9, MMP-3, and TIMP-4 increased prediction of AF recurrence. Circulating levels of MMPs and TIMPs predict AF recurrence postcardioversion and may be used in a novel biomarker panel to guide AF stratification and therapy.
Computation of Solutions to Nonlinear Equations Under Homotopy Invariance

The problem of finding a solution to nonlinear equations by way of the Homotopy Invariance Theorem is considered, using continuation methods for simplicial mappings.
Breakthroughs in Photonics 2013: Fourier Ptychographic Imaging

Fourier ptychography (FP) is a recently developed computational framework for high-resolution high-throughput imaging. In this paper, we will review the latest development of the Fourier ptychographic imaging scheme. We will demonstrate its applications in wide-field imaging, quantitative phase imaging, and adaptive imaging. We will also discuss its potential applications in X-ray optics and transmission electron microscopy.
Calculations of carrier gas effects in non-dispersive infrared analyzers I. Theory

A theory and method of calculation is presented for determining changes in instrument response and hence apparent gas concentration which arise in non-dispersive infrared gas analyzers when gas mixtures with varying carrier gases are analyzed. The theory is based on variations in pressure-broadening in the sample cell of the analyzer and initial comparisons with experimental values for CO 2 -in-air and CO 2 -in-N 2 indicate good agreement between theory and experiment. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01827.x
Interaction of Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizopus stolonifer Causing Root Rot of Sugar Beet

In recent years, growers in Michigan and other sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production areas of the United States have reported increasing incidence of root rot with little or no crown or foliar symptoms in sugar beet with Rhizoctonia crown and root rot. In addition, Rhizoctonia-resistant beets have been reported with higher levels of disease than expected. In examining beets with Rhizoctonia root rot in Michigan, over 50% of sampled roots had a second potential root rot pathogen, Rhizopus stolonifer. Growing conditions generally were not conducive to disease production by this pathogen alone, so we investigated the potential for interaction between these two pathogens. In greenhouse tests, four of five sugar beet varieties had more severe root rot symptoms when inoculated with both pathogens than when inoculated with either pathogen alone. This synergism occurred under conditions that were not conducive to disease production by R. stolonifer. Host resistance to Rhizoctonia crown and root rot reduced diseases severity, but was insufficient to control the disease when both pathogens were present. This raises concerns about correct disease diagnosis and management practices and indicates that a root rot complex may be important on sugar beet in Michigan.
A Transient Technique for Calibrating Thermochromic Liquid Crystals: The Effects of Surface Preparation, Lighting and Overheat

This paper describes a transient technique for thermochromic liquid crystal hue-temperature calibration and presents results on the effects of surface preparation, lighting and overheat on that calibration. An image acquisition system and calibration test plate were designed for transient measurement and are described. The transient calibration results compare well to steady state calibration results for cooling and heating rates of 0.03 °C/s. Hysteresis occurred when the surface was heated above the play range of the crystals but was not permanent. We found that a poorly prepared liquid crystal surface yielded a “steep” calibration curve, was subject to light ‘warm up’ effects and the hysteresis effect was severe upon overheating.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Ethnicity and Clinical Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer: an Analysis of the SEER Database

We evaluated the differences within various ethnic groups diagnosed with head and neck cancer in the USA with a specific focus on the clinical outcomes of patients of Hispanic ethnicity. We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to examine the clinical outcomes of patients with head and neck cancer by ethnicity, region of origin, place of birth, treatment modality, primary location, age, gender, and SEER tumor stage. For all patients, African American race conferred the worst prognosis for head and neck cancer (1.41; CI 1.361–1.454), while non-US born Hispanics had the best prognosis (0.74; 0.684–0.804). US born Hispanics (0.86; CI 0.823–0.892) had a significantly better prognosis than Whites (ref.). The Hispanic population appears to have a better prognosis compared to their Caucasian peers while both do better than Blacks across all stages and in local and regional disease subsets. Furthermore, non-US born Hispanics had a better prognosis than US born Hispanics. The cause of this disparity is unclear and warrants further investigation.
Business and the Conservatives Ideology, Social Class, and Economic Change

In her efforts to revivify the British economy. Prime minister Margaret Tatcher has been attempting to promote societal values that will support the creation of an "enterprise culture." To do so, she has been doing battle with the consensual economic planning undertaken by business, unions and civil servants known as tripartism and the gentlemanly ethos underpinning such arrangements. Her broadsides against such members of the British gentlemanly culture as the Tory grandees in her own party and members of the higher civil service have been aimed at replacing the British gentleman with a new ideal type more suited to lead her "capitalist revolution."
Circadian Rhythms of Pineal Function in Rats

In pineal glands melatonin is synthesized daily. Melatonin synthesis in rats kept in most light-dark cycles occurs during the subjective night. This rhythm, which persists in constant dark, is a circadian rhythm which may be a consequence of another circadian rhythm in the pineal gland, of N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT). The NAT rhythm has been studied extensively in rats as a possible component of the system timing circadian rhythms. The NAT rhythm is driven by neural signals transmitted to the pineal gland by the sympathetic nervous system. Environmental lighting exerts precise control over the timing of the NAT rhythm. In rats, there is enough data to describe a daily time course of events in the pineal gland and to describe a pineal "life history." Hypothetical schemes for generation of the NAT rhythm and for its control by light are presented.
Effects of sex hormones on autoantibody production by NZB mice and modification by environmental factors

Abstract In this study we have analyzed the effects of sex hormone treatment upon the autoimmune disease of NZB mice with regard to antibody production to single-stranded DNA and mouse erythrocytes, and survival. In addition, we have noted the effects of environmental factors on the natural history and sex hormone effects in NZB mice, and on the production of antinucleic acid antibodies in NZB × NZW F1 mice. NZB mice show a much less marked difference between the sexes with regard to autoantibody production than do NZB × NZW or NZB × DBA 2 mice. Nevertheless, NZB males lagged behind their female littermates with regard to anti-ssDNA and anti-RBC antibodies. This was abolished by castration of the males and restored by androgen therapy, suggesting that androgen production was the factor allowing males slower development of autoantibody production. The delay in autoantibody production associated with androgen therapy was not sufficient to significantly prolong survival in NZB females. A group of NZB mice exposed to Sendai virus failed to demonstrate a sex difference in autoantibody production. It appeared that an environmental agent could abolish the protective effects of androgens in intact males. Similarly, NZB × NZW F1 females exposed to oncogenic viruses developed antibodies to double-stranded RNA before antibodies to native DNA, whereas the reverse was true of mice housed in a conventional animal room. Taken together, these studies suggest that androgens may suppress autoimmune markers, but that environmental factors may mask such effects. Moreover, environmental factors may increase autoantibody production in NZB mice and alter the order of autoantibody production in NZB × NZW F1 mice.
Biventricular cardiac dysfunction after acute massive pulmonary embolism in the rat

Cardiac dysfunction has been documented in vivo after acute massive pulmonary embolism (AMPE). The present study tests whether intrinsic ventricular dysfunction occurs in rat hearts isolated after ...
The use of fertilizer to enhance growth of transplanted seagrasses Zostera marina L. and Halodule wrightii Aschers

Abstract The effect of two slow release fertilizers on the survival and growth of transplants of two seagrasses, Zostera marina L. and Halodule wrightii Aschers was examined. The two fertilizers, an unbalanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium formulation (18-0-0) and a balanced (14-14-14) formulation, were applied to bare root transplant units (PU) of each seagrass at three doses, 10, 90, and 170 g per PU. Survival and growth of the transplants, nutrient release from the fertilizers, and several environmental characteristics of the study sites were examined. Nitrogen enrichment vegetative reproduction, the rate of area covered and leaf growth in a fall transplant of Z. marina , but only moderately stimulated growth in the spring, confirming that nitrogen may limit the rate of development of newly established populations of Z. marina . There was no effect of nitrogen on survival of Z. marina nor on the growth and survival of H. wrightit transplants. No phosphorus was released from the balanced fertilizers in the spring and fall experiments and no nitrogen was released from the unbalanced formulation in the spring Z. marina experiment. Therefore, it was not possible to examine the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus interactions on plant growth and vegetative reproduction. Nitrogen enrichment may be used to stimulate shoot growth of Z. marina transplants, and we suggest alternative procedures of fertilizer application to overcome problems of nutrient release.
Genetic Parameters and Cellularity of Adiposity in Layer-Type Chickens

Abstract Genetic parameters concerning weight of abdominal fat pads were determined for a randombred layer-type population. Progeny by the upper (U) and lower (L) 10% of the sires with respect to weights of fat pads were compared. Cellularity measures were made of the fat pads from random samples of the two groups of progeny. Progeny of U sires had fat pads numerically heavier than those of progeny by all sires. However, progeny of L sires had fat pad weights similar to those of all sires. Heritability estimates of abdominal fat pad weight, as calculated from half-sib correlation and regression of offspring on sires, were .29 ± .36 and .27 ± .06, respectively. Genetic estimates indicated fat pad weight to be highly correlated with growth but essentially uncorrelated with egg production. Progeny of the L and U sires had the same number of adipocytes, but progeny by U sires had larger adipocytes than progeny by L sires.
Mineralogy of the Martian Surface

The past fifteen years of orbital infrared spectroscopy and in situ exploration have led to a new understanding of the composition and history of Mars. Globally, Mars has a basaltic upper crust with regionally variable quantities of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine associated with distinctive terrains. Enrichments in olivine (>20%) are found around the largest basins and within late Noachian–early Hesperian lavas. Alkali volcanics are also locally present, pointing to regional differences in igneous processes. Many materials from ancient Mars bear the mineralogic fingerprints of interaction with water. Clay minerals, found in exposures of Noachian crust across the globe, preserve widespread evidence for early weathering, hydrothermal, and diagenetic aqueous environments. Noachian and Hesperian sediments include paleolake deposits with clays, carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides that are more localized in extent. The late Hesperian to Amazonian mineralogic record of water is sparser, though sulfates and silica in some locations indicate local availability of ground and surface waters even in the most recent geologic epoch.
Where are All the Men? A Conceptual Analysis of the Role of Men in Family Formation

Past fertility studies have focused almost exclusively on surveys of women and adolescents; thus, little is known about the role of adult men in family formation. Because men are underrepresented in national surveys, the literature on young adult men, especially disadvantaged, nonmarital fathers, is particularly lacking. On the basis of a review of past research, this study illustrates men's importance in forming sexual unions and making contraceptive decisions and considers related issues of family formation. In addition, the importance of these processes to fathering children as well as to later paternal involvement is highlighted. Drawing from a life course and structural perspective, a conceptual model is proposed, and a potential research agenda is outlined to address the dearth of research about young adult men's family formation behaviors and early participation in parenting.
Thermoplastic Pipe Deep Burial Study in Ohio: Further Analysis of Field Performance Data

In 2002, the Ohio Research Institute for Transportation and the Environment completed one of the most comprehensive field studies ever undertaken on thermoplastic pipes, involving 18 instrumented test pipes in a variety of installation conditions and subjected to either 6.1-m (20-ft) or 12.2-m (40-ft) high soil cover loading for a prolonged period of time. The ORITE researchers will continue to monitor the field performance of the test pipes for up to five years beyond the end of construction. The field performance data obtained during the initial phase of the project were recently reevaluated. The extensive volume of the data was analyzed further to gain additional insights into the field performance of thermoplastic pipes subjected to relatively deep soil fill. Particular attention was paid to the circumferential shortening behavior of the pipes, which has been rarely monitored by previous researchers. This paper presents the findings made while reviewing their field data. On the basis of these latest f...
Efficient network formation by distributed reinforcement

We consider the problem of efficient network formation in a distributed fashion. Network formation is modeled as an evolutionary process, where agents can form and sever unidirectional links and derive direct and indirect benefits from these links. We formulate and analyze an evolutionary model in which each agent?s choices depend on its own previous links and benefits, and link selections are subject to random perturbations. Agents reinforce the establishment of a link if it was beneficial in the past, and suppress it otherwise. We illustrate the flexibility of the model to incorporate various design criteria, including dynamic cost functions that reflect link establishment and maintenance, and distance-dependent benefit functions.We show that the evolutionary process assigns positive probability to the emergence of multiple stable configurations (i.e., strict Nash networks), which need not emerge under alternative processes such as best-reply dynamics. We analyze the specific case of so-called frictionless benefit flow, and show that a single agent can reinforce the emergence of an efficient network through an enhanced evolutionary process known as dynamic reinforcement.
Insects feeding on desert bighorn sheep, domestic rabbits, and Japanese quail in the Santa Rosa mountains of southern California.

Desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis cremnobates), a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were used as bait animals to collect blood-feeding flies in an area of active bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus transmission. Precipitin tests were used to confirm the blood source where feasible. Eight species of Culicoides, members of the Leptoconops kerteszi group, Simulium spp., Anopheles franciscanus, and Stomoxys calcitrans were collected from the bighorn sheep. Feeding on the bighorn sheep by Culicoides brookmani (n = 25), C. variipennis (n = 6), C. cacticola (n = 1), and Simulium spp. (n = 3) was confirmed by precipitin testing. Primary species attacking the rabbit were C. brookmani, C. variipennis, and the L. kerteszi group. The quail were attacked primarily by members of the C. copiosus group and the L. kerteszi group.
Multiple ontologies for spatial exploration and mapping

Exploration and navigation (human or robot) takes place at two distinct scales of space. Small-scale space is within the sensory horizon of the agent, where the agent can reliably localize itself and can build a metrically accurate map within a local frame of reference. Large-scale space is space whose structure is larger than the sensory horizon of the agent. This is the space of the cognitive map, which must be learned by merging information gathered during exploration.Inspired by the properties of the human cognitive map, the Spatial Semantic Hierarchy (SSH) shows how several different ontologies can be used together to represent knowledge of large-scale and small-scale space. The basic SSH uses hill-climbing and trajectory-following control laws to explore the environment even with very limited prior knowledge of sensor semantics, but its knowledge of local space is quite limited. The Hybrid SSH (HSSH) exploits prior knowledge of the sensors to build local metrical maps of small-scale space. These can be abstracted to capture the qualitative decision structure of local space, making it possible to build a global topological map, which can be used as a skeleton for building a global metrical map when resources permit. Factoring spatial knowledge in this way avoids problems afflicting other approaches to exploration and mapping.Computer vision provides far richer sensor data than the range sensors that were used in the original development of the SSH and HSSH. We have been developing vision-based methods for detecting hazards and identifying the local structure of the environment. The other levels of representation are largely unchanged. The multiple ontologies in the HSSH naturally support robust representation and learning of spatial knowledge, as well as multiple levels of human-robot interaction.
Age and agency: Time work across the life course

Scholars have observed growing variability in life course transitions, such as entry into a full-time job. Life course theorists use the concept of agency to account for increasing diversity and unpredictability in developmental trajectories. In so doing, they presume that agency can only be a source of heterogeneity. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 406 people from all walks of life, I examine a form of temporal agency or ‘time work’ – that is, efforts to modify one’s own experience of time or that of others. The findings suggest that agency does not operate in the way life course theorists envision.
Study of two-phase flow by laser image processing

A new, unobtrusive method for liquid-liquid two-phase flow data collection was proved to be reliable in this research. Drop size distributions and concentration profiles were determined for a dilute water-inkerosene system under horizontal straight pipe flow using this technique, and the Segev model for predicting concentration profiles was tested with the data collected here. The drop size distributions were found to follow a Rosin-Rammler function for a limited droplet diameter range, and the average value of the exponent in the Rosin-Rammler equation was determined to be 2.0. The velocity where the flow regime makes a transition from stratified to adequately dispersed flow was found to be between 2.0 and 2.2 m/s. Concentration profiles predicted by the Segev model were in general agreement with the profiles determined in this work, and using the proper choice of model parameters noticeably improves the model predictions.
Rudolf H. Moos on Steven Sussman's "Perspectives of 'functional failure'" psychosocial processes that help overcome functional failure.

Substance misuse generally is associated with deficits in varied areas of behavioral and psychosocial adaptation or, more broadly, “functional failures.” As Sussman (2012) has noted, functional fai...
The cost-effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemoradiation is superior to a surgery-first approach in the treatment of pancreatic head adenocarcinoma

In treating pancreatic cancer, there is no clearly defined optimal sequence of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. Therefore, cost-effectiveness should be considered. The objective of this study was to compare cost and outcomes between a surgery-first approach versus neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery for resectable pancreatic head cancer. A decision analytic model was constructed to compare the 2 approaches. Data from the National Cancer Database, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, and literature populated the surgery-first arm. Data from our prospectively maintained institutional pancreatic cancer database populated the neoadjuvant arm. Costs were estimated by Medicare payment (2011 U.S. dollars). Survival was reported in quality-adjusted life-months (QALMs). The neoadjuvant chemoradiation arm consisted of 164 patients who completed preoperative therapy. Of these, 36 (22 %) did not proceed to surgery; 12 (7 %) underwent laparotomy but had unresectable disease; and 116 (71 %) underwent definitive resection. The surgery-first approach cost $46,830 and yielded survival of 8.7 QALMs; the neoadjuvant chemoradiation approach cost $36,583 and yielded survival of 18.8 QALMs. In the neoadjuvant arm, costs and survival times for patients not undergoing surgery, those with unresectable disease at laparotomy, and those completing surgery were $12,401 and 7.7 QALMs, $20,380 and 7.1 QALMs, and $45,673 and 23.4 QALMs, respectively. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation for pancreatic cancer identifies patients with early metastases or poor performance status, who can be spared an ineffective or prohibitively morbid operation, and is associated with improved survival at significantly lower cost than a surgery-first approach. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery is a strategy that provides more cost-effective care than a surgery-first approach.
Subsidence, Sea Level Rise, and Seismicity in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

Anthropogenic accommodation space, or that space in the Delta that lies below sea level and is filled neither with sediment nor water, serves as a useful measure of the regional consequences of Delta subsidence and sea level rise. Microbial oxidation and compaction of organic-rich soils due to farming activity is the primary cause of Delta subsidence. During the period 1900-2000, subsidence created approximately 2.5 billion cubic meters of anthropogenic accommodation space in the Delta. From 2000-2050, subsidence rates will slow due to depletion of organic material and better land use practices. However, by 2050 the Delta will contain more than 3 billion cubic meters of anthropogenic accommodation space due to continued subsidence and sea level rise. An Accommodation Space Index, which relates subaqueous accommodation space to anthropogenic accommodation space, provides an indicator of past and projected Delta conditions. While subsidence and sea level rise create increasing anthropogenic accommodation space in the Delta, they also lead to a regional increase in the forces that can cause levee failure. Although these forces take many forms, a Levee Force Index can be calculated that is a proxy for the cumulative forces acting on levees. The Levee Force Index increases significantly over the next 50 years demonstrating regional increases in the potential for island flooding. Based on continuing increases in the Levee Force Index and the Accommodation Space Index, and limited support for Delta levee upgrades, there will be a tendency for increases in and impacts of island flooding, with escalating costs for repairs. Additionally, there is a two-in-three chance that 100-year recurrence interval floods or earthquakes will cause catastrophic flooding and significant change in the Delta by 2050. Currently, the California Bay-Delta Authority has no overarching policy that addresses the consequences of, and potential responses to, gradual or abrupt landscape change in the Delta.
TEGAS2 - Anatomy of a general purpose test generation and simulation system for digital logic

This paper will attempt to consider requirements and problems encountered in the development of digital logic simulation and test generation systems. The procedure for doing this will be to first consider requirements and general considerations for a particular simulation system (TEGAS2(1,2)TEST GENERATION AND SIMULATION) and then to dissect the system into its major constituent parts with a discussion of adopted techniques and experiences. It is obvious that a detailed discussion of this sort would require far more space than permitted in these proceedings. Therefore, an attempt will be made to discuss the most important considerations for system design and development.
Boards of directors and capital structure: Alternative forms of corporate restructuring

This paper discusses a model that combines internal and external control mechanisms in a firm in which assets can have alternative uses that are in some states more profitable than the current one. However, restructuring a firm in order to realize the gains from alternative uses affects managers adversely since they invest in firm-specific human capital. Managers can be motivated to restructure the firm through their compensation scheme. Alternatively, investors can acquire costly information on the firm and interfere with managers' decisions. The main focus is on independent directors, who review and monitor contracts and managers' compensation. If information is not too costly, directors are the optimal institution to check managerial discretion and the degree of managerial entrenchment depends on the compensation of independent directors. However, if directors fail to exercise control over management properly, takeovers or creditor control become second-best solutions. If information is costly to transfer, unchecked managerial control may be optimal.
EVALUATING THE ELASTIC MODULUS OF BONE USING ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN INTERFEROMETRY

The elastic modulus of bovine bone has been measured using a simple inverse approach, which incorporates experimental results obtained using electronic speckle pattern interferometry. The speckle fringe patterns were processed using a two-dimensional Fourier transform to obtain the phase related beam displacement. Assuming that the bone is an isotropic solid, the elastic modulus of the bone was found to be 19.8 ± 1.1 GPa. A calibration procedure suggests that the measurements are within 2% error.
An efficient test data reduction technique through dynamic pattern mixing across multiple fault models

ATPG tool generated patterns are a major component of test data for large SOCs. With increasing sizes of chips, higher integration involving IP cores and the need for patterns targeting multiple fault models for better defect coverage in newer technologies, the issues of adequate coverage and reasonable test data volume and application time dominate the economics of test. We address the problem of generating compact set of test patterns across multiple fault models. Traditional approaches use separate ATPG for each fault models and minimize patterns either during pattern generation through static or dynamic compaction, or after pattern generation by simulating all patterns over all fault models for static compaction. We propose a novel ATPG technique where all fault models of interest are concurrently targeted in a single ATPG run. Patterns are generated in small intervals, each consisting of 16, 32 or 64 patterns. In each interval fault model specific ATPG setups generate separate pattern sets for their respective fault model. An effectiveness criterion then selects exactly one of those pattern sets. The selected set covers untargeted faults that would have required the most additional patterns. Pattern generation intervals are repeated until required coverage for faults of all models of interest is achieved. The sum total of all selected interval pattern sets is the overall test set for the DUT. Experiments on industrial circuits show pattern count reductions of 21% to 68%. The technique is independent of any special ATPG tool or scan compression technique and requires no change or additional support in an existing ATPG system.
Degeneracy in infinite horizon optimization

We consider sequential decision problems over an infinite horizon. The forecast or solution horizon approach to solving such problems requires that the optimal initial decision be unique. We show that multiple optimal initial decisions can exist in general and refer to their existence as degeneracy. We then present a conceptual cost perturbation algorithm for resolving degeneracy and identifying a forecast horizon. We also present a general near-optimal forecast horizon.
Acute effects of soman, sarin, and tabun on microsomal and cytosolic components of the calmodulin system in rat striatum.

Two hours after administration of Soman (120 micrograms/kg, s.c.), Sarin (150 micrograms/kg, s.c.), or Tabun (240 micrograms/kg, s.c.), microsomes and cytosol were prepared from rat striata. Microsomal and cytosolic calmodulin (CaM) levels, microsomal adenylate and guanylate cyclase activities, protein kinase activities, and Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase activities were determined while cytosolic phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities were determined. CaM levels in both cell fractions were significantly increased by Soman and Sarin. Cyclic AMP-PDE and adenylate cyclase activities were decreased by Soman and Sarin. All three agents decreased activities of cyclic GMP-PDE and guanylate cyclase. Sarin and Tabun administration caused significant increases in microsomal protein kinase activity and none of the agents affected activity of divalent cation ATPases. The intensity of effects of the three organophosphates roughly paralleled their observed neurotoxic potencies. The results indicate that components of the CaM system are implicated as either causative or adaptive changes induced by these agents.
Attention-Based Model of Driver Performance in Rear-End Collisions.

Several driver-performance factors contribute to rear-end collisions—driver inattention, perception-reaction time, and limitations of the human visual system. Although many evaluations have examined driver response to various rear-end collision avoidance systems (RECAS) display and algorithm alternatives, little research has been directed at creating a quantitative model of driver performance to evaluate these alternatives. Current considerations of driver behavior in developing warning algorithms tend to ignore the fundamental problem of driver inattention and assume a fixed driver reaction time with no further adjustment after the initial response. A more refined model of driver response to rear-end crash scenarios can identify more appropriate and timely information to be displayed to the driver. An attention-based rear-end collision avoidance model (ARCAM) is introduced that describes the driver's attention distribution, information extraction and judgment process, and the reaction process. ARCAM pred...
Constitutive response of welded HSLA 100 steel

The dynamic mechanical behavior of a welded joint of high-strength, low alloy (HSLA) 100 steel was investigated by both quasistatic (103 s � 1 ) and high strain rate (103 s � 1 ) tension loadings at ambient and low temperatures. The constitutive responses for the microstructurally different weld and base steels, along with the interface, which included the heat-affected zone (HAZ), were analyzed and compared. This response is successfully modeled by the mechanical threshold stress (MTS) constitutive equation for different regions of the welded joint, which shows qualitatively different behavior. The necking and failure occurred uniformly within the weld metal but not in the HAZ. The main mechanism for the failure of the welded joints is void growth. Microstructural characterization revealed that the nucleation of voids occurred mainly at the interface between the base and the weld metal, and initiated at inclusions. Measurements of damage distributions across HAZ were made to evaluate the contribution of porosity variation to the constitutive response. In both the quasi-static and dynamic tests, the deformation localization in the form of necking first appeared in the weld metal. Fractographic observation demonstrates that void evolution is a dominant factor in the macroscopic mechanical response. The Gurson � /Tvergaard model was included in the modeling effort to incorporate the effect of void opening on the mechanical response as well as tensile instability. The MTS constitutive model was successfully implemented to the tensile regime of loading. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Scholasticism, Exegesis, and the Historicization of Mosaic Authorship in Moses Bar Kepha's On Paradise*

The author of the Pentateuch is famously unknown. There are various ancient speculations about the relative roles of God and Moses in the production of the text,1 and there is a plethora of modern investigations into the Bible's constituent documents and the authors responsible for them, but the biblical text itself is silent. The biblical narrator never identifies himself or herself2 and never narrates in the first person; rather he or she speaks “out of the void, in an authoritative voice that masks any authorial presence.”3
Joseph Carpue's file drawer experiment – A murder mystery from 1801

Today unpublished or “file drawer” experiments are the impetus for trial registration and reporting of all results. In 1801, Joseph Carpue, the father of modern plastic surgery, did a file drawer experiment for Benjamin West, who was President of the Royal Academy of Arts. George III had commissioned West to create the largest stained glass window ever created whose theme, the Crucifixion, was based upon Michelangelo's drawing. Subsequently, West suffered a series of political, professional and economic setbacks. In the summer of 1801, West's project was delayed. By the fall, West hoped that independent scientific confirmation of his design could salvage the project. West approached Carpue who obtained a murderer's fresh corpse that he crucified and documented the results with plaster casts created by sculptor Thomas Banks. Carpue's experiment showed that West's window design wrongly depicted the Crucifixion because West had posed the hands and shoulders incorrectly. West died in 1820 without ever being associated with Carpue's experiment. Carpue's obituary in The Lancet in 1846 contained Carpue's handwritten note that described the experiment but not West's Royal commission. As no records or publications associate the cast with West project, this can be considered to be a file drawer experiment. After 1801, West made further drawings of the Crucifixion that showed the figures in the same position as the cast. Nineteenth century auction catalogues suggest that West made a corrected Crucifixion painting, but its current location remains a mystery.
Involvement of condensin-directed gene associations in the organization and regulation of chromosome territories during the cell cycle

Chromosomes are not randomly disposed in the nucleus but instead occupy discrete sub-nuclear domains, referred to as chromosome territories. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of chromosome territories and how they are regulated during the cell cycle remain largely unknown. Here, we have developed two different chromosome-painting approaches to address how chromosome territories are organized in the fission yeast model organism. We show that condensin frequently associates RNA polymerase III-transcribed genes (tRNA and 5S rRNA) that are present on the same chromosomes, and that the disruption of these associations by condensin mutations significantly compromises the chromosome territory arrangement. We also find that condensin-dependent intra-chromosomal gene associations and chromosome territories are co-regulated during the cell cycle. For example, condensin-directed gene associations occur to the least degree during S phase, with the chromosomal overlap becoming largest. In clear contrast, condensin-directed gene associations become tighter in other cell-cycle phases, especially during mitosis, with the overlap between the different chromosomes being smaller. This study suggests that condensin-driven intra-chromosomal gene associations contribute to the organization and regulation of chromosome territories during the cell cycle.
Trust Reciprocity and Interpersonal History: Fool Me Once Shame on You Fool Me Twice Shame on Me

In the investment game subjects in room A decide how much of their $10 show up fee to invest with an anonymous counterpart in room B. Each dollar is known to triple by the time it reached room B. Subjects in room B then decide how much of the tripled money they received to keep and how much to pay back. Subgame perfection predicts that room B subjects will send back zero thus room A subjects should invest zero. Previous studies with sixty pairs of subjects demonstrate the existence of trust i.e. room A subjects invest over $5 on average and reciprocity i.e. room B subjects often send back more than was invested.
Diversity in Textbooks in Nonwestern Comparative Politics: Review of Comparative Politics of the “Third World”: Linking Concepts and Cases and Politics in the Developing World

Diversity, Inclusion, and Inequality Education (DIIE) has an important place in political science education. One method of incorporating DIIE is through course materials such as textbooks (Task For...
The Farm: The Misused Income Expansion Base of Emerging Nations

FOR many thousands of years the productivity of labor and the technical procedures used in agriculture remained unchanged. Agriculture in 1200 A.D. Europe was little different from agriculture in 500 B.C. Egypt or 1500 A.D. Inca Peru or, for that matter, 1961 Viet-Nam.1 Finally, in America and Western Europe of the late 19th century, the ancient methods of producing food and also the institutional organization began to move step by step toward industrial agriculture as it is known today in these sections of the world. The productivity of manpower used in agriculture in the United States2 caught up with the level in industry largely as a result of the extensive experimental and applied work carried out under the great stimulation of our colleges of agriculture. This very fundamental but largely a 20th centrury aspect of the industrial revolution is of utmost importance to the low-per-capita-income countries of the world. Their failure to emphasize it in development programs is explained by many historical, behavioral, and general political and economic considerations. This paper will very briefly point out and analyze these factors while developing an approach for introducing modem industrial agriculture into these economies. As much as 60 to 70, maybe 80 per cent of the people of the emerging nations continue to scratch out a living practicing agriculture as it was practiced in 18th century Europe. These people and their very low productivity form the obvious crux of a development program. The average person of these nations cannot enjoy the minimum requisites of decent food and shelter plus education, some enjoyment of the arts, and a gradual expansion of machine use in his daily life unless productivity of the major industry is expanded.
Task taxonomies and modeling for system performance prediction

The problem of predicting performance of complex human machine systems is a very difficult one. The use of task-oriented simulation models makes this problem more tractable, but by no means converts it to a trivial exercise. The difficulty of determining an appropriate abstract model from analysis of the actual human machine system remains. An approach is suggested for developing a systematic method of analyzing human machine systems and for formulating a task-oriented model from the analysis results. The role of task taxonomies in systematic analysis is discussed. Language: en