cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling the "memory wall"

DRAM has been the technology for computer main memory since Intel released the first commercial DRAM chip (i1103) in 1970. As technology scales and demand for memory performance, it seems DRAM is facing several challenges. Many other memory technologies are anticipated to replace it but none has emerged as a clear winner thus far. In this paper we post the question. Is it possible to re-examine the design of DRAM to continue its life for another decade at least?
Tumour-promoting effect of excessively large doses of oral griseofulvin on tumours induced in mice by methylcholanthrene.

LARGE intravenous doses of griseofulvin in rats have been found to arrest mitosis in metaphase in certain organs, for example, bone marrow, seminal epithelium and intestinal epithelium. We postulated that since griseofulvin taken orally is soon found in the keratin layer of the skin, there might be an antimitotic effect with a delay in the production, and a reduction in the number, of tumours that would be produced by applications of methylcholanthrene to the epidermis of mice. A pilot experiment was performed which gave quite unexpected results.
Initially Stressed Mindlin Plates

Equations of motion for a transversely isotropic plate in a general state of nonuniform initial stress where the effects of transverse shear and rotary inertia are included are derived by two methods. The first method is to perturb the nonlinear equations of elasticity by an incremental deformation. The resulting equations are linearized and integrated through the thickness of the plate to obtain the plate equations. The second method is to derive nonlinear equations of motion for a thick plate variationally by Hamilton's principle. These equations are then perturbed and suitably linearized to obtain the same equations as were obtained by the first method. A reduced set of equations for a thin plate are also given. Finally, the thick plate equations are solved for a simply supported rectangular plate in a state of uniform compressive stress plus a uniform bending stress both acting in the same direction.
T c suppression and critical fields in thin superconducting Nb films

Thin Nb films from 30 to 150 A-circle thick have been electron-beam evaporated onto sapphire substrates with aluminum overlayers, then deposited to protect the surface. T-italic/sub c-italic/'s and magnetoresistance were found to be consistent with localization models and measured parallel critical fields fit a generalized Ginzburg-Landau theory. Perpendicular critical fields, however, were found to have an anomalous curvature near T-italic/sub c-italic/. These results, we believe, are due to the disorder of the film and have also been seen in other systems.
Regulation of mucosal IgA production in vitro by autoreactive immunoregulatory T cells from murine Peyer's patches

In this study, we investigated whether Peyer's patch-derived T-cell subsets participate in vitro in self major histocompatibility (MHC) class II antigen (Ag)-mediated immunoregulatory circuits for gut-mucosal IgA isotype selection in the presence of Peyer's patch (PP)-derived syngeneic surface immunoglobulin M (sIgM)-bearing B cells. When fresh (in vitro unstimulated) sIgM-bearing B cells were cocultured with fresh, PP-derived L3T4+ Vicia villosa-nonadherent (VV-) T cells (T helper (Th) cells), the production of all class-specific immunoglobulins (Ig), but, in particular, IgA, was enhanced two- to sixfold. This augmented Ig production was, however, reduced by nearly 50% when fresh PP-derived Lyt2+ VV-T cells (suppressor T cells) were added. Furthermore, addition of PP-derived L3T4+ VV+ and Lyt 2+ VV+ T cells abrogated, by nearly 100%, the suppression induced by the Lyt 2+ VV-T cells (contrasuppression). When lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated, PP-derived sIgM-bearing B cells were cocultured with the Th cells, the production of each class-specific Ig was similarly enhanced, but Ig levels exceeded those obtained with cultures of the unstimulated B cells (P less than 0.001). Anti-I-A or anti-I-E monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibited the induction of each immunoregulatory T-cell effector activity (P less than 0.001), and anti-I-A/E inhibited it synergistically. Thus, unstimulated fresh PP-derived T cells appear to be activated and then to exert T-cell effector functions in the sequential development of helper, suppressor, and contrasuppressor immunoregulatory networks in the presence of PP-derived sIgM B cells and, particularly, LPS-preactivated sIgM B cells. Based on the blocking effect of anti-I-A and/or anti-I-E mAb on the induction of each T-cell-mediated immunoregulatory function in class-specific Ig production, it appears that the autoreactive (self MHC class II Ag-reactive) activation of PP T cells evoked by Ia Ag on PP sIgM B cells largely controls mucosal IgA production by the latter cells. Furthermore, this immunoregulation by autoreactive effector T cells, especially the L3T4+ VV- helper T cell, may play a significant role in vivo in gut-mucosal IgA isotype production.
Experimental determination of the spatial scale of a prey patch from the predator's perspective

Foraging theory predicts that predators should prefer foraging in habitat patches with higher prey densities. However, density depends on the spatial scale at which a “patch” is defined by an observer. Ecologists strive to measure prey densities at the same scale that predators do, but many natural landscapes lack obvious, well-defined prey patches. Thus one must determine the scale at which predators define patches of prey. We estimated the scale at which guppies, Poecilia reticulata, selected patches of zooplankton prey using a behavioral assay. Guppies could choose between two prey arrays, each manipulated to have a density that depended on the spatial scale at which density was calculated. We estimated the scale of guppy foraging by comparing guppy preferences across a series of trials in which we systematically varied the scale associated with “high” prey density. This approach enables the application of foraging theory to non-discrete habitats and prey landscapes.
CONTEXTUALIST RESOLUTIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATES

: Despite all the critical scrutiny they have received recently, contextualist views in philosophy are still not well understood. Neither contextualists nor their opponents have been entirely clear about what contextualist theses amount to and what they are based on. In this article I show that there are actually two kinds of contextualist view that rest on two very different semantic phenomena, namely, semantic incompleteness and semantic indeterminacy. I explain how contextualist approaches can be used to dissolve certain debates in philosophy. According to such approaches, the same philosophical thesis can be correctly endorsed in some contexts and correctly denied in others: it is thus pointless to seek a context-independent solution to debates about this thesis. My purpose is not to defend particular contextualist views but to lay out the general framework on which they rest: this allows us to see more clearly the similarities and differences among contextualist views defended in various areas of philosophy.
Cooperative Role of Arg45 and His64 in the Spectroscopic A3 State of Carbonmonoxy Myoglobin: Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Multivariate Analysis, and Quantum Mechanical Computations

The structural, dynamic, and electronic origin of the spectroscopically observed carbonmonoxy myoglobin (MbCO) A states has been investigated by using molecular dynamics to sample conformational sp...
Proton Magnetic Resonance Studies of Molecular Interactions in Polymer Solutions

Abstract Proton, magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy has become a well-recognized method for the study of polymers during the past 15 years. Generally, one can categorize PMR polymer studies into three main areas: (1) wide-line and pulsed PMR of bulk polymers [1–6]; (2) wide-line and high-resolution PMR of biopolymers [7–10]; and (3) high-resolution PMR studies of synthetic polymers in solution [5,6,11–25].
Conversion of Intensity-Averaged Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Measurements to Number-Averaged Particle Size Distributions. 1. Theoretical Development

Formulas for converting the intensity-averaged particle diameter and polydispersity obtained from quadratic cumulants (QC) analysis of photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) data to the number-weighted mean and variance of assumed particle size distribution (PSD) forms are derived. The approach of Thomas16 for log−normal PSDs is used to derive expressions for normal and Schultz−Zimm particle size distributions (PSDs) assuming Rayleigh scattering. Additionally, expressions for the opposite conversion (from the mean and variance of a number-weighted PSD to an intensity-averaged diameter and polydispersity) are derived for normal PSDs using the Guinier approximation of the Rayleigh−Debye−Gans (RDG) form factor for spheres. Heuristics are developed for correcting the PCS-QC-measured polydispersity Q (known to be strongly affected by experimental and data analysis error) to facilitate the application of the conversion formulas. The conversion formulas and corrective heuristics are then used to re-examine previo...
Discreteness conditions for the spectrum of ordinary differential operators

It is well known (61 that the expression M determines a minimal operator T, in the weighted Hilbert space Li(O, co) which is closed, symmetric, densely defined and has self-adjoint extensions. All self-adjoint extensions of T0 are known [6] to have the same essential spectrum. (Although these results are established in [6] only for the case w(f) = 1 and under stronger hypotheses on the coefficients pj, they can be extended to the results mentioned above by the same methods.) Here we are interested in finding conditions on w andpj which ensure that the spectrum of every self-adjoint extension of r,, is discrete, i.e., the essential spectrum is empty. Such conditions have been found by many authors including Berkowitz [l], Brinck (21, Friedrichs [4,5], Glazman [6j, Ismagilov [ll], Hinton [9], Hinton and Lewis [8, lo], Lewis [12], MtillerPfeiffer [18], Molchanov [17], Read [ 191, Rollins [2Oj, Tkachenko (see 161). This list is not intended to be comprehensive-the literature on this problem is voluminous.
Transport properties in weak and strong localization regime of Nb0.53Ti0.47/Ge superlattices

Multilayer Nb0.53Ti0.47/Ge superlattices with varying Nb0.53Ti0.47 and Ge layer thickness were sputter deposited on sapphire substrates at 200°C. The physical properties of these superlattices depend on the Nb0.53Ti0.47 layer thickness which is in turn related to the degree of disorder of the metal layer. The spectrum of samples can be subdivided roughly into three regions according to their different transport properties—a superconducting region, a weak localization region and a strong localization region. The sheet resistance, R□ of films in the weak localization region is in the range of 300ω The magnetoresistance is anisotropic for both the weakly and strongly localized films with the perpendicular magnetoresistance always larger than the parallel values. The weak localization to strong localization transition is consistent with the theoretically predicted mobility edge near R□≂ħ/0.12e2≅30kω.
Green's equivalences in finite semigroups of binary relations

This paper contains an algorithm which, given a set of generators of a semigroupS of binary relations on a finite set, computes the structure ofS in terms of Green's equivalences. The algorithm is a generalization to semigroups of binary relations of an algorithm obtained by Lallement and McFadden for semigroups of transformations.
A Method for Evaluating Abundances in Long Neutron Capture and Nuclear Decay Chains

The Maclaurin expansion and algebraic addition formula for abundances in long neutron capture reaction chains are given. These permit the calculation of abundances without the numerical difficulties which occur with the use of the well-known Bateman solution.
Air-Void Distribution Analysis of Asphalt Mixture Using Discrete Element Method

Heterogeneous air void distribution is a common phenomenon in asphalt mixtures and is intimately related to the behavior of the asphalt mixture. Air void distribution within an asphalt mixture specimen is related to several factors, such as compaction effort, method of compaction (equipment), and aggregate gradation. In this study, virtual digital specimens generated by an open source discrete element method (DEM) program were utilized to investigate the effect of compaction factors on air void distribution. The compaction processes of a Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) and a vibratory compactor were simulated by DEM. Effects of aggregate gradation, specimen height, mold size, mold shape, and compaction method on the inhomogeneous distributions of air voids were studied through statistical analyses. The results from DEM simulation were in good agreements with laboratory test results as well as those found in the literature. This research demonstrated that DEM simulation could be a potentially helpful tool for analyzing asphalt mix compaction and selecting appropriate aggregates for asphalt mix design.
Large deviations and estimation in infinite-dimensional models

Consider a random sample from a statistical model with an unknown, and possibly infinite-dimensional, parameter - e.g., a nonparametric or semiparametric model - and a real-valued functional T of this parameter which is to be estimated. The objective is to develop bounds on the (negative) exponential rate at which consistent estimates converge in probability to T, or, equivalently, lower bounds for the asymptotic effective standard deviation of such estimates - that is, to extend work of R.R. Bahadur from parametric models to more general (semiparametric and nonparametric) models. The approach is to define a finite-dimensional submodel, determine Bahadur's bounds for a finite-dimensional model, and then ‘sup’ or ‘inf’ the bounds with respect to ways of defining the submodels; this can be construed as a ‘directional approach’, the submodels being in a specified ‘direction’ from a specific model. Extension is made to the estimation of vector-valued and infinite-dimensional functionals T, by expressing consistency in terms of a distance, or, alternatively, by treating classes of real functionals of T. Several examples are presented.
Identifiability bounds for bilinear inverse problems

A number of important inverse problems in signal processing, including blind deconvolution, dictionary learning and matrix factorization, are instances of bilinear inverse problems. This paper shows that bilinear inverse problems are identifiable with probability close to one for random inputs provided that the number of rank-2 matrices in the null space grows as o(mn) for key applications.
Cloning, high-level expression, single-step purification, and binding activity of His6-tagged recombinant type B botulinum neurotoxin heavy chain transmembrane and binding domain

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly potent toxins that inhibit neurotransmitter release from peripheral cholinergic synapses and associate with infant botulism. BoNT is a approximately 150kDa protein, consisting of a binding/translocating heavy chain (HC; 100kDa) and a toxifying light chain (LC; 50kDa) linked through a disulfide bond. C-terminal half of the heavy chain is binding domain, and N-terminal half of the heavy chain is translocation domain that includes transmembrane domain. A functional botulinum neurotoxin type B heavy chain transmembrane and binding domain (Ile 624-Glu 1291) has been cloned into a bacterial expression vector pET 15b and produced as an N-terminally six-histidine-tagged fusion protein (BoNT/B HC TBD). (His(6))-BoNT/B HC TBD was highly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RIL and isolated from the E. coli inclusion bodies. After solubilizing the purified inclusion bodies with 6M guanidine-HCl in the presence of 10mM beta-mercaptoethanol, the protein was purified and refolded in a single step on Ni(2+) affinity column by removing beta-mercaptoethanol first, followed by the removal of urea. The purified protein was determined to be 98% pure as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel. (His(6))-BoNT/B HC TBD retained binding to synaptotagmin II, the receptor of BoNT/B, which was confirmed by immunological dot blot assay, also to ganglioside, which was investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Controlled alignment of multiple proteins and nanoparticles with nanometer resolution via backbone-modified phosphorothioate DNA and bifunctional linkers.

Controlled alignment of streptavidin (STV), myoglobin, and nanoparticles with nanometer resolution has been achieved via backbone-modified phosphorothioate DNA and biotin- and maleimide-containing bifunctional linkers. Introducing triplet biotin modifications in three adjacent PSs significantly increased the STV conjugation yield. By placing phosphorothioate modifications at multiple positions of a double stranded DNA template, monomer, dimer, and trimer STV−DNA assemblies were formed with the STVs placed at controlled positions. The activity of the conjugated protein has been demonstrated by binding biotinylated AuNPs onto STV−DNA complexes, indicating the use of the system as a template for the formation of AuNP dimers and trimers with STVs separated by distances of 10−30 nm. Furthermore, a melting temperature experiment carried out with an STV−dsDNA assembly showed that the bifunctional-linker-modified PS−DNA system is much more stable than base-modified conjugation systems. This method allows for high...
Lectin binding of solubilized opiate receptors: evidence for their glycoprotein nature.

Abstract Lectin affinity chromatography was used to demonstrate that digitonin-solubilized opiate receptors contain a carbohydrate moiety. Receptors solubilized from toad, rat, chicken, bovine and human brains were retained on columns of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-agarose and eluted specifically with N-acetylglucosamine. The fraction retained and subsequently eluted ranged from 40–60% of the applied receptors. The eluted receptor was enriched approx. 30-fold. Evidence is presented which shows that the site of lectin interaction is functionally independent of the opiate binding site.
Fuel-lean and fuel-rich start-up and shut-down processes in an autothermal reformer

Abstract The start-up and shut-down procedures of an autothermal reformer were investigated to understand the issues affecting catalyst degradation. This investigation gives insight into the transient response using fuel-lean and fuel-rich start-up and shut-down methodologies. Sudden repeated temperature changes on the top surface of the catalyst caused by oxidation show a gradual loss of catalytic activity. A number of start-up and shut-down cycles were repeated for both fuel-lean and fuel-rich methodologies to and from a fixed steady state O2/CH3OH ratio. The experimental results gathered can provide insight in order to develop adequate start-up and shut-down procedures using autothermal reformation.
Comparison of density functional approximations and the finite-temperature Hartree-Fock approximation in warm dense lithium

We compare the behavior of the finite-temperature Hartree-Fock model with that of thermal density functional theory using both ground-state and temperature-dependent approximate exchange functionals. The test system is bcc Li in the temperature-density regime of warm dense matter (WDM). In this exchange-only case, there are significant qualitative differences in results from the three approaches. Those differences may be important for Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics studies of WDM with ground-state approximate density functionals and thermal occupancies. Such calculations require reliable regularized potentials over a demanding range of temperatures and densities. By comparison of pseudopotential and all-electron results at $T=0$ K for small Li clusters of local bcc symmetry and bond lengths equivalent to high density bulk Li, we determine the density ranges for which standard projector augmented wave (PAW) and norm-conserving pseudopotentials are reliable. Then, we construct and use all-electron PAW data sets with a small cutoff radius that are valid for lithium densities up to at least 80 g/cm${}^{3}$.
Low-normal systolic blood pressure and secondary stroke risk.

A recent observational study of >20,000 patients with recent ischemic stroke suggested that systolic blood pressure (SBP) maintained in a low-normal range may be associated with increased risk of recurrent stroke, especially within the first 6 months after the first stroke. Using a distinct cohort, the current study aimed to independently evaluate the relationship between low-normal SBP levels and risk of recurrent stroke through analysis of a trial dataset involving 3680 patients with recent noncardioembolic ischemic stroke aged ≥ 35 years recruited from 56 centers between September 1996 and May 2003 and followed for 2 years. Subjects were categorized based on their mean in-trial SBP value as low-normal ( 140 mm Hg). The primary outcome was stroke. Multivariate analyses used competing-risks Cox regression models. The rate of recurrent stroke was 9.1% in the low-normal group, 6.7% in the high-normal group, and 10% in the high group. The difference in recurrent stroke rate between the low-normal and high-normal groups was more prominent within the first 6 months (low-normal, 4.5%; high-normal, 2.5%; high, 3.4%) than after 6 months (low-normal, 4.6%; high-normal, 4.2%; high, 6.6%). Over the study period, compared with the high-normal group, the risk of the primary outcome trended higher in the low-normal group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-2.29; P = .09) and was higher in the high group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.79; P = .01). These results support the recently described pattern of increased risk of recurrent stroke in patients with low-normal SBP levels, especially within the first 6 months after first stroke. However, this study likely was not sufficiently powered to detect more than a strong statistical trend underlying this relationship.
Anomalous behaviour of a passive tracer in wave turbulence

We consider the behaviour of a passive tracer in multiscale velocity field, when there is no separation of scales; the energy spectrum of the velocity field extends into the region of long waves and even can be singular there. We suppose that the velocity field is a superposition of random waves. The turbulence of various ocean or atmospheric waves provides examples. We find anomalous diffusion (sub- and super-diffusion), anomalous drift (super-drift), and anomalous spreading of a passive tracer cloud. For the latter we find the existence of two regimes: (i) 'close' passive tracer particles diverge sub- or supper-exponentially in time, and (ii) a 'large' passive tracer cloud spreads as a power-law in time. The exponents, as well as the corresponding pre-factors, are found. The theory is confirmed by numerical simulations.
The fine localization of nucleoside triphosphatase activity in the retina of the frog.

Nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) activity was demonstrated at the submicroscopic level in the frog retina by the Wachstein-Meisel method utilizing various purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. Under the electron microscope magnesium-activated NTPase was localized in the outer and inner segments, and in the plexiform layers. NTPase active sites in the cones were localized diffusely in the 70 to 80 A interspaces between the double membranes of the stacked lamellae and in the investing cytoplasm. In the rods, on the other hand, sites of activity were observed at the periphery of the stacked lamellae as discrete electron opaque deposits measuring 1000 to 1500 A which interdigitated between the lamellae for short distances. Deposits of reaction product appeared more numerous in rods of dark-adapted frogs stimulated with monochromatic light with a wave length of 510 mµ. Enzyme activity was also observed in mitochondria of the rod and cone ellipsoids. In the outer and inner plexiform layers NTPase active sites were present on and between the membranes of axons and the plasma membranes of some of the neurons.
Perovskite‐Type Oxides—the New Approach to High—Tc Superconductivity

The review dwells on the problems of high-temperature superconductivity. Ideas encouraging the search for high-temperature superconductivity are elucidated. The way from cubical alloys, containing niobium, to laminated copper-containing oxides with the perovskite-type structure is shown. Properties of new laminated oxide superconductors are described.
Neural roles of immunophilins and their ligands

The immunophilins are a family of proteins that are receptors for immunosuppressant drugs, such as cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. They occur in two classes, the FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), which bind FK506 and rapamycin, and the cyclophilins, which bind cyclosporin A. Immunosuppressant actions of cyclosporin A and FK506 derive from the drug-immunophilin complex binding to and inhibiting the phosphatase calcineurin. Rapamycin binds to FKBP and the complex binds to Rapamycin And FKBP-12 Target (RAFT). RAFT affects protein translation by phosphorylating p70-S6 kinase, which phosphorylates the ribosomal S6 protein, and 4E-BP1, a repressor of protein translation initiation. Immunophilin levels are much higher in the brain than in immune tissues, and levels of FKBP12 increase in regenerating neurons in parallel with GAP-43. Immunophilin ligands, including nonimmunosuppressants that do not inhibit calcineurin, stimulate regrowth of damaged peripheral and central neurons, including dopamine, serotonin, and cholinergic neurons in intact animals. FKPB12 is physiologically associated with the ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors and regulates their calcium flux. By influencing phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, FKBP12 regulates nitric oxide formation, which is reduced by FK506.
Reverse Bargaining: Some Oddities that Illustrate the “Rules”

Unions striking for lower wages? Buyers seeking higher prices? Such cases of counter-intuitive or paradoxical bargaining strategy and behavior prove useful in refining the concepts and statement of negotiation theory. Examination of four such instances of apparently nonsensical negotiation reveals the underlying soundness of the distinction between position and interest, once these concepts are specified appropriately. The resulting enrichment of theory, in turn, leads to improved practice, underlining the importance of exploring interests. The argument emphasizes the value of examining the unexpected.
Neurokinin B Causes Acute GnRH Secretion and Repression of GnRH Transcription in GT1–7 GnRH Neurons

Genetic studies in human patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) identified mutations in the genes that encode neurokinin B (NKB) and the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R). However, determining the mechanism whereby NKB regulates gonadotropin secretion has been difficult because of conflicting results from in vivo studies investigating the luteinizing hormone (LH) response to senktide, a NK3R agonist. NK3R is expressed in a subset of GnRH neurons and in kisspeptin neurons that are known to regulate GnRH secretion. Thus, one potential source of inconsistency is that NKB could produce opposing direct and indirect effects on GnRH secretion. Here, we employ the GT1-7 cell model to elucidate the direct effects of NKB on GnRH neuron function. We find that GT1-7 cells express NK3R and respond to acute senktide treatment with c-Fos induction and increased GnRH secretion. In contrast, long-term senktide treatment decreased GnRH secretion. Next, we focus on the examination of the mechanism underlying the long-term decrease in secretion and determine that senktide treatment represses transcription of GnRH. We further show that this repression of GnRH transcription may involve enhanced c-Fos protein binding at novel activator protein-1 (AP-1) half-sites identified in enhancer 1 and the promoter, as well as chromatin remodeling at the promoter of the GnRH gene. These data indicate that NKB could directly regulate secretion from NK3R-expressing GnRH neurons. Furthermore, whether the response is inhibitory or stimulatory toward GnRH secretion could depend on the history or length of exposure to NKB because of a repressive effect on GnRH transcription.
Solid phase synthesis of 3-(5-arylpyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxycoumarins

A solid phase strategy has been developed for the synthesis of 3-(5-arylpyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxycoumarins. The key transformation is an intramolecular ipso substitution reaction which forms the coumarin heterocycle and culminates with cleavage of product from the polymer support. The pyridine moiety at C3 can be further modified with Suzuki coupling. A sample library with two diversity elements has been synthesized to demonstrate this ipso substation-based cyclo-elimination strategy.
Fringe visibility and phase noise in superluminescent diodes

A Michelson interferometer has been used to characterize fringe visibility and noise due to phase fluctuations in a GaAlAs superluminescent diode. The superluminescent diode was chosen to have very little longitudinal mode structure. The fringe visibility decreases from unity at zero path-length difference (PLD) to 50 percent at 13 μm PLD and 10 percent for a PLD of 26 μm. Noise in the interferometer increases monotonically with PLD until a level 9 dB above that for zero PLD is reached at a total photodetector current of 60 μA. An expression relating this limiting noise level and the fringe visibility data to an amplitude correlation function is derived. A numerical value of 0.74 is determined for this correlation function in the limit of large PLD.
Spinal serotonin receptors mediate descending facilitation of a nociceptive reflex from the nuclei reticularis gigantocellularis and gigantocellularis pars alpha in the rat.

Abstract Electrical stimulation in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NGC) and gigantocellularis pars alpha (NGCα) produces facilitation and/or inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission in behavioral and electrophysiological studies. The present study examined spinal neurotransmitter receptors mediating descending facilitation from the NGC/NGCα. As previously demonstrated, electrical stimulation in the NGC/NGCα at low intensities(≊10 μA) produced facilitation and at greater intensitis (≊38 μA) inhibition of the tail-flick (TF) reflex. Intrathecal pretreatment with the non-selective serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonist methysergide attenuated or completely abolished facilitation of th TF reflex produced by electrical stimulation in the NGC/NGCα; intrathecal pretreatment with atropine, phentolamine, naloxone or mecamylamine was without effect on stimulation-produced facilitation. Descendinginhibition from the NGC/NGCα produced by electrical stimulation was attenuated or completely abolished by bilateral transection of the dorsolateral funiculi (DLF) of the cervical spinal cord. Descending facilitation produced by electrical stimulation, however, was unaffected or enhanced following DLF transections. Glutamate microinjections (1.7 nmol/0.17 μl) into the NGC/NGCα produced a rapid, repeatable and short-duration facilitation of the TF reflex in rats with bilateral DLF transections and such facilitation was attenuated by intrathecal pretreatment with methysergide, but not atropine, xylamidine (5-HT2 selective receptor antagonist) or MDL-72222 (5-HT3 selective receptor antagonist). These findings suggest that facilitation of the TF reflex from the activation of the cell bodies in the NGC/NGCα is mediated by a descending serotonergic pathway traveling in the ventrolateral funiculi and by spinal 5-HT1 receptors.
Retransmission in slotted optical networks

We consider an all-optical slotted network with contention-based operation where optical switches have neither an electronic buffer nor an optical buffer inside them. Since retransmission could be the cheapest contention resolution scheme in this network, we study and compare both the conventional and prioritized retransmission schemes. In the former technique, traffic retransmission continues until traffic passes the core switch. In the latter technique, dropped traffic is prioritized when retransmitted from edge switches. On the other hand, the core switch processes the prioritized traffic with a higher priority. Thus, the number of retransmissions is significantly limited. We present the analysis of both techniques, and demonstrate via simulation that the prioritized scheme can achieve a better network performance than the conventional retransmission scheme.
Validation study of large-eddy simulations of wake stabilized reacting flows using artificial flame thickening approaches

Wake flows are the preferred mode of flame stabilization in lean premixed combustion in gas turbine engines, low NOx burners, afterburners etc. These flows exhibit inherent unsteadiness and for their numerical modeling and simulations, large eddy simulation (LES) techniques with an appropriate combustion model and reaction mechanism afford a balance between computational complexity and predictive accuracy. Before using them in practical systems, these techniques must be validated against experimental measurements in a number of canonical cases. In this work, results from LES of non-reacting and reacting flows are compared to data from a number of experiments, corresponding to the following configurations: a triangular bluff body in a rectangular duct, a backward facing step, and a cylindrical sudden expansion with swirl. The artificial flame thickening approach is applied for modeling turbulence-combustion interactions at small scales. Algebraic and equationbased efficiency function models are implemented, along with an appropriate reduced chemistry mechanism. A novel dynamic formulation for the efficiency function based on the flame-wrinkling equation that explicitly incorporates the influence of strain and time-history effects is proposed, and a detailed combustion chemistry mechanism is also used. Results show that the approaches are effective in simulating turbulent premixed combustion.
THE PRO‐LIFE ARGUMENT FROM SUBSTANTIAL IDENTITY AND THE PRO‐CHOICE ARGUMENT FROM ASYMMETRIC VALUE: A REPLY TO PATRICK LEE

Lee claims that foetuses and adult humans are phases of the same identical substance, and thus have the same moral status because: first, foetuses and adults are the same physical organism, and second, the development from foetus to adult is quantitative and thus not a change of substance. Versus the first argument, I contend that the fact that foetuses and adults are the same physical organism implies only that they are the same thing but not the same substance, much as living adults and their corpses are the same thing (same body) but not the same substance. Against Lee's second argument, I contend that Lee confuses the nature of a process with the nature of its result. A process of quantitative change can produce a change in substance. Lee also fails to show that foetuses are rational and thus have all the essential properties of adults, as required for them to be the same substance. Against the pro-choice argument from asymmetric value (that only the fact that a human has become conscious of its life and begun to count on its continuing can explain human life's asymmetric moral value, i.e. that it is vastly worse to kill a human than not to produce one), Lee claims that foetus's lives are asymmetrically valuable to them before consciousness. This leads to counterintuitive outcomes, and it confuses the goodness of life (a symmetric value that cannot account for why it is worse to kill a human than not produce one) with asymmetric value.
Therapy with azanucleosides for myelodysplastic syndromes

Azanucleosides constitute the core therapy in the management of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and have altered the treatment paradigm of MDS, previously dominated by supportive care strategies. DNA methylation regulates gene transcription in MDS, and it is hypothesized that azanucleoside therapy induces DNA hypomethylation and re-expression of aberrantly silenced genes in patients with these disorders. A series of clinical trials conducted over the past 5 years has demonstrated the activity of these therapies. Two agents, 5-azacitidine and decitabine, have been approved by the FDA for treatment of MDS. Recently, 5-azacitidine therapy has been shown, for the first time, to prolong survival in patients with MDS. Because the targeting of biologic pathways in MDS is best accomplished by combining agents with complementary mechanisms of action, combinations of azanucleosides with other drugs are being investigated. In this article, we critically appraise the most relevant clinical data reported on the use of azanucleosides for the treatment of patients with MDS.
Food of King Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, in Onslow Bay, North Carolina

Abstract The stomachs of 205 king mackerel, Scomberomorus caralla (Cuvier), collected in Ohslow Bay, North Carolina were examined for food items. The stomach contents of the 113 stomachs containing food were composed mainly of fish. The dominant fishes were Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (35% occurrence) and Atlantic thread herring, Opisthonema oglinum (28% occurrence). Other fishes and invertehrates ranked from 14% to less than 1% in occurrence. Atlantic menhaden and Atlantic thread herring were primarily dominant in the stomachs of king mackerel collected during the spring and summer months. Those collected during the fall months had ingested a wider variety of forage with Atlantic menhaden and Atlantic thread herring being of minor importance.
Efficient Control of PTZ Cameras in Automated Video Surveillance Systems

This paper deals with the camera control problem in automated video surveillance. We develop a solution that seeks to optimize the overall subject recognition probability by controlling the pan, tilt, and zoom of various deployed Pan/Tilt/Zoom (PTZ) cameras. Since the number of subjects is usually much larger than the number of video cameras, the problem to be addressed is how to assign subjects to these cameras. This control of cameras is based on the direction of the subject's movement and its location, distances from the cameras, occlusion, overall recognition probability so far, and the expected time to leave the site, as well as the movements of cameras and their capabilities and limitations. The developed solution works with realistic 3D environments and not just 2D scenes. We analyze the effectiveness of the proposed solution through extensive simulation.
Impact of crude glycerol on feed milling characteristics of swine diets

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of crude glycerol on feed processing of nursery and finisher diets for pigs. In Exp. 1, complex nursery pig diets were mixed in a double ribbon mixer with glycerol levels of 0, 25, and 50 g/kg replacing maize on a weight basis and pelleted (74 °C conditioning temperature (CT) and 4.4 mm × 29 mm die size). In Exp. 2, finisher diets (maize–soybean meal based with 30 g/kg added fat) were mixed in a double ribbon mixer with glycerol included at 0, 25, and 50 g/kg replacing maize on a weight basis and pelleted (74 °C CT; 4.4 mm × 29 mm die size). A second control feed was pelleted at a standard CT of 85 °C. There were three replications per treatment for Exp. 1 and 2. In Exp. 1, flowability of mash nursery diets improved linearly (P
Review: capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and abnormal respiratory pattern help to detect dehydration in children

Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS. Is this child dehydrated? JAMA 2004;291:2746–54. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q In children, what is the accuracy of signs, symptoms, and laboratory tests for detecting dehydration? Clinical impact ratings GP/FP/Primary care ★★★★★★☆ GP/FP/Emergency Medicine ★★★★★★☆ Emergency Medicine (Specialist) ★★★★★★☆ Paediatrics ★★★★★★☆ ### ![Graphic][5] Data sources: Medline (January 1966 to April 2003), the Cochrane Library, reference lists, and experts in the field. ### ![Graphic][6] Study selection and assessment: studies in any language that compared signs, symptoms, and laboratory values with a recognised gold standard for diagnosing dehydration in children (age 0–18 y). Study quality was ranked from highest quality (level 1 = independent, blind comparisons of test with a valid gold standard) to lowest quality (level 5 = non-independent comparison of test with an uncertain standard of validity, which may incorporate the test result into the gold standard). ### ![Graphic][7] Outcomes: sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LRs). 13 studies (n = 1246) met the selection criteria (4 intermediate quality and 9 low quality). Clinically useful signs for detecting 5% dehydration were capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.aulast%253DSteiner%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D291%26rft.issue%253D22%26rft.spage%253D2746%26rft.epage%253D2754%26rft.atitle%253DIs%2BThis%2BChild%2BDehydrated%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.291.22.2746%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15187057%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15187057&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F10%2F1%2F24.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000221862300030&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Paired accelerated frames: The perfect interferometer with everywhere smooth wave amplitudes

Rindler's acceleration-induced partitioning of spacetime leads to a nature-given interferometer. It accomodates quantum mechanical and wave mechanical processes in spacetime which in (Euclidean) optics correspond to wave processes in a ``Mach-Zehnder'' interferometer: amplitude splitting, reflection, and interference. These processes are described in terms of amplitudes which behave smoothly across the event horizons of all four Rindler sectors. In this context there arises quite naturally a complete set of orthonormal wave packet histories, one of whose key properties is their "explosivity index". In the limit of low index values the wave packets trace out fuzzy world lines. By contrast, in the asymptotic limit of high index values, there are no world lines, not even fuzzy ones. Instead, the wave packet histories are those of entities with non-trivial internal collapse and explosion dynamics. Their details are described by the wave processes in the above-mentioned Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Each one of them is a double slit interference process. These wave processes are applied to elucidate the amplification of waves in an accelerated inhomogeneous dielectric. Also discussed are the properties and relationships among the transition amplitudes of an accelerated finite-time detector.
Differential response of methionine-enkephalin in basal hypothalamus and preoptic area following hypothalamic deafferentation

Following identification and characterization of naturally occurring opiate peptides from the brain and pituitary gland 4,5 several investigators have examined the precise distribution of fl-endorphin and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the neurons of the rat brain 1,9,11-13. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity has been localized by radioimmunoassays and by immunocytochemical means in various nuclei of the diencephalon 11-13. Of particular significance are the demonstrations of enkephalin containing neurons in the preoptic-tuberal pathway 11-13, and the ability of methionine-enkephalin (Met-enkephalin) administration to influence LH and prolactin secretion in the rat 2,3,10. In this communication we report the effects of disruption by surgical means of the preoptic-tuberal pathway on the Met-enkephalin levels in the basal tuberal regions and the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area (AHPOA). Adult Charles River (CD) rats were maintained in air-conditioned rooms (76 ° F) with controlled light/dark cycle (lights on between 0500 and 1900 h). The rats were ovaliectomized under pentabarbitol anesthesia (40 mg/kg, i.p.) and underwent hypothalamic deafferentation with the help of Halasz-type knife which was lowered 1.6 mm behind the bregma when the rats were held in a stereotaxic instrument with the nosebar 7 mm below the ear bar. Two types of deafferentations were performed 6,7; for anterior hypothalamic deafferentation (AHD, knife dimensions, width -2.8 mm and height --: 2.2 ram) the knife was lowered to the base of the brain and rotated 90 ° to either side to transect anterolateral inputs to the medial-basal hypothalamus (MBH) along the caudal border of optic-chiasm; for complete hypothalamic deafferentation (CHD) the MBH was isolated from the rest of the brain by rotating the knife (width 3 mm, height -2.5 mm) full 360 °. The cut extended anteriorly along the caudal border of the optic-chiasm and caudally through the mammillary bodies. In sham deafferentation controls the knife was lowered to the base of the brain and lifted up without
European Union at the Crossroads: A Framing Comment

In a framing comment embracing the preceding four papers devoted to the enlargement of the European Union in 2004, a prominent American geographer reviews some of the major problems confronting the European continent. The paper, which begins with the author's view of Europe's dilemma in late 2006, covers a number of geographic implications of the May 2004 expansion. Noted are Russia's overland access to Kaliningrad, the addition of ca. 8 million underprivileged Roma (presently the Union's largest minority population), the potentially divisive new boundary with Russia, the future candidate states emerging from the former Yugoslavia, the prospects of Ukraine's possible membership, and the challenge of Turkey's quest for admission to the EU. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F02, F20, P20. 2 figures, 34 references.
Influence of graphite substrate on analytical signals in electothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract This paper describes a series of electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) experiments for vaporization of Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, V, Mn, Ni, Cu, Ga, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, W, Au and Pb in single element and mixed element solutions; using both pyrocoated and oxygenated pyrocoated graphite substrates. During these experiments several species originating from the graphite surface ( 13 C + , CO + and C + 2 ) were monitored. When samples were vaporized from a pyrocoated graphite surface, precisions of about 20% for Ar + 2 , 200% for 13 C + and 60% for CO + were observed in their integrated ion intensities. For vaporization from an oxygenated pyrocoated graphite surface, the variation in integrated ion intensities was significantly reduced; less than 5% for Ar + 2 , less than 20% for 13 C + and 40% for CO + . The results obtained from these experiments indicate that ETV-ICP-MS can be used effectively for trace and ultratrace quantitative analysis. For best analytical results with ETV-ICP-MS, it is prudent that a new oxygenated graphite surface be used along with matrix modifiers and the method additions technique. Surface origin of the C + 2 ion was also investigated. The results indicate that the surface species responsible for the C + 2 ion are not the major analyte carrier species from the ETV to the ICP-MS. This was substantiated by the observation that the C + 2 signal appears as a well behaved peak, regardless of the surface condition or the analyte used. There is evidence to suggest that the C + 2 comes from an aldehyde-type molecular surface species. The C + 2 signal is only observed when metals were present in acidic sample solutions or when the graphite surface was oxygen treated. Metal catalyzed surface oxidation is one possible explanation for the production mechanism of the species leading to the C + 2 ion. The origin of 13 C + and CO + ions is also explained.