cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-launch analysis of data from the High Energy Astrophysical Observatory Heavy Nuclei Experiment (HEAO-C3)

The Final Report on the continuing analysis of data from the Heavy Nuclei Experiment (HNE), flown on the HEAO-3 mission, is presented. The HNE was designed to measure the elemental abundances of relativistic cosmic ray nuclei covering the charge range 17 is less than or equal to Z is less than or equal to 130. The result of these measurements is significant to the study of nucleosynthesis, the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic ray nuclei, and the properties of the interstellar medium.
Credit Constraints and the Demand for Higher Education in Latin America

This paper presents information about a theoretical model that provides different interpretations for the correlation between family wealth and tertiary education enrollment; the empirical model; a description of data sources and the main variables used in the analysis.
A Prospective Study of Management and Litter Variables Associated with Cellulitis in California Broiler Flocks

Abstract Cellulitis has emerged as an economically important disease of broiler chickens. The impact of environmental risk factors on the incidence of cellulitis has not been evaluated in the United States. Escherichia coli (E. coli), the causative agent, is introduced through skin scratches during the grow out. Our previous work suggested that the litter was an important reservoir for cellulitis-associated E. coli. We hypothesized that factors contributing to a positive environment for E. coli growth would increase the opportunity for exposure of a broiler to an infectious dose of E. coli, capable of initiating a cellulitis lesion. This prospective study of 304 flocks on five farms from two integrated broiler companies was conducted to determine the effect of environmental factors on the prevalence of cellulitis in California broiler flocks. Environmental variables included temperature, wind velocity, and relative humidity (RH) at the litter surface. Litter variables measured included E. coli and total g...
The predictive power of the term structure of interest rates in Europe and the United States: Implications for the European Central Bank

Abstract This paper examines the relationship of the term structure of interest rates to monetary policy instruments and to subsequent real activity and inflation in both Europe and the United States. The results show that monetary policy is an important determinant of the term structure spread, but is unlikely to be the only determinant. In addition, there is significant predictive power for both real activity and inflation. The yield curve is thus a simple and accurate measure that should be viewed as one piece of useful information which, along with other information, can be used to help guide European monetary policy.
Normal extensions of regular local rings

Abstract The main purpose of this article in some sense is to illustrate the manner in which the classical methods of Galois descent work to impose constraints on the algebraic behavior of local rings (for contrast, see A. Grothendieck, “Seminaire de Geometrie Algebrique” 1962 I.H.E.S., fasc. I and II, 1963) . By way of example, we show in Section 2 that a factorial local domain which arises as a normal extension (see definition) of a regular local ring is necessarily a complete intersection. This is in sharp contrast to the situation for general normal domains (e.g., see M.-J, Bertin, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 264 (1967) , 653–656; P. Griffith, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 7 (1976) , 303–315; and R. Fossum and P. Griffith, Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup. (4) 8 (1974) , 189–200).
Utilization of repair capability in a stochastic dynamic system

Abstract This paper considers the quadratic-optimal control of a linear system subject to subsystem failures. The inoperative subsystems are replaced or repaired by workers whose competence varies according to the amount of their prior experience in repair tasks of a similar sort. It is shown that under suitable hypotheses, the best policy of worker allocation is to always use the most skillful workers available.
Feasibility Trial of Electroacupuncture for Aromatase Inhibitor—Related Arthralgia in Breast Cancer Survivors

Background. Arthralgia affects postmenopausal women receiving aromatase inhibitors (AIs) for breast cancer. Given the existing evidence for electroacupuncture (EA) for treatment of osteoarthritis in the general population, this study aims to establish the feasibility of studying EA for treating AI-related arthralgia. Patients and Methods. Postmenopausal women with stage I-III breast cancer who reported AI-related arthral gia were enrolled in a single-arm feasibility trial. EA was provided twice a week for 2 weeks followed by 6 weekly treatments. The protocol was based on Chinese medicine diagnosis of “Bi” syndrome with electrostimulation of needles around the painful joint(s). Pain severity of the modified Brief Pain Inventory was used as the primary outcome. Joint stiffness, joint interference, and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) were secondary outcomes. Paired t tests were used for analysis. Results. Twelve women were enrolled and all provided data for analysis. From baseline to the end of in...
Contributions to a revision of the earthworm family Eudrilidae. I. Libyodrilus Beddard

(1961). Contributions to a revision of the earthworm family Eudrilidae. I. Libyodrilus Beddard. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 4, No. 46, pp. 579-585.
Concussions Experienced by Major League Baseball Catchers and Umpires: Field Data and Experimental Baseball Impacts

Some reports have shown that head injuries in baseball may comprise up to 18.5% of all competitive sports-related head injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of catcher and umpire masks to impacts at these different regions to discover the impact conditions that represent the greatest risk of injury. A series of 10 events in which a catcher or umpire in Major League Baseball, who experienced a foul ball to the mask that resulted in a concussion, were analyzed through video and data on pitch characteristics. It was found that the impacts were distributed across the face, and the median plate speed was approximately 38 m/s (84 mph). To determine the relative severity of each identified impact location, an instrumented Hybrid III head outfitted with a catcher or umpire mask was impacted with baseballs. Testing at 27 and 38 m/s (60 and 84 mph) suggested that impacts to the center-eyebrow and chin locations were the most severe. Peak linear and rotational accelerations were found to be lower than the suggested injury thresholds. While impacts to a mask result in head accelerations which are near or below levels commonly associated with the lower limits for head injury, the exact injury mechanism is unclear, as concussions are still experienced by the mask wearers.
0027 Life Events and Psychological Distress among Police Officers Six Years Post Hurricane Katrina

Objectives To investigate if organisational support modifies associations between life events and psychological symptomatology among police officers post Hurricane Katrina. Method Complete data on depression [Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D)], PTSD [Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian version (PCL-C)] and life change events [Recent Life Changes Questionnaire] were available for 98 police officers assessed 6 years after Katrina. The Survey of Perceived Organisational Support scale was used to assess organisational and supervisory support. Linear regression and ANOVA/ANCOVA were used to compare mean levels of depression and PTSD across quartiles of total life change events score. Results Mean age was 42.5 years; 27% were female. Mean levels of CES-D and PCL-C did not differ significantly between male and female officers. Total life events score was positively and significantly associated with depression and PTSD in both unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models (p Conclusions Our findings suggest that a higher number of life change events is significantly associated with increasing symptoms of depression and PTSD among officers, and these associations are modified by organisational support. Previous studies suggest that stressful life events are associated with chronic depression. Future studies are warranted to investigate independent contributions of individual life events in associations involving depression, PTSD and support.
Sum rules for forward elastic pion-nucleon scattering

Abstract A number of energy weighted sum rules relating amplitudes and differential cross sections for forward elastic and charge exchange scattering to the total pion-nucleon cross section are derived from dispersion relations.
Classification and ordination of limnological data: a comparison of analytical tools

Abstract In this paper we compare the differences between principal components analysis, hierarchical clustering, correspondence analysis and conceptual clustering to show their effectiveness for identifying patterns in a large limnological data set. The data for this comparison come from a multi-year study of Lake Whatcom, a large lake located in the Puget Sound lowlands of the state of Washington. The data include both physical and chemical parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, turbidity, conductivity, and nutrients) as well as biological parameters (Secchi depth, chlorophyll a , and phytoplankton species and total counts). The patterns we expected to find include (a) temperature and dissolved oxygen interactions, (b) ordination by algal bloom sequences, and (c) clustering due to the effects of stratification. Principal components analysis was somewhat useful for confirming known water quality trends, but did not successfully identify large-scale patterns such as stratification and seasonal plankton changes. Correspondence analysis proved to be superior to principal components analysis for detecting phytoplankton trends, but was not as good for interpreting water quality changes. Hierarchical clustering produced highly unbalanced trees for both the water quality and phytoplankton data, and was useless as an exploratory tool. A new approach to clustering, implemented in the computer program riffle , is introduced here. This clustering algorithm outperformed the other exploratory tools in clustering and parameter ordination, and successfully identified a number of expected and unexpected patterns in the limnological data.
Antigenic Properties of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Gp120 on Virions Bound to Target Cells

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, undergoes multiple molecular interactions and structural rearrangements during the course of host cell attachment and viral entry, which are being increasingly defined at the atomic level using isolated proteins. In comparison, antigenic markers of these dynamic changes are essentially unknown for single HIV-1 particles bound to target cells. Such markers should indicate how neutralizing and/or non-neutralizing antibodies might interdict infection by either blocking infection or sensitizing host cells for elimination by Fc-mediated effector function. Here we address this deficit by imaging fluorescently labeled CCR5-tropic HIV-1 pseudoviruses using confocal and superresolution microscopy to track the exposure of neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes as they appear on single HIV-1 particles bound to target cells. Epitope exposure was followed under conditions permissive or non-permissive for viral entry to delimit changes associated with virion binding from those associated with post-attachment events. We find that a previously unexpected array of gp120 epitopes is exposed rapidly upon target cell binding. This array comprises both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes, the latter being hidden on free virions yet capable of serving as potent targets for Fc-mediated effector function. Under non-permissive conditions for viral entry, both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitope exposures were relatively static over time for the majority of bound virions. Under entry-permissive conditions, epitope exposure patterns changed over time on subsets of virions that exhibited concurrent variations in virion contents. These studies reveal that bound virions are distinguished by a broad array of both neutralizing and non-neutralizing gp120 epitopes that potentially sensitize a freshly engaged target cell for destruction by Fc-mediated effector function and/or for direct neutralization at a post-binding step. The elucidation of these epitope exposure patterns during viral entry will help clarify antibody-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 as it is measured in vitro and in vivo.
Observation of an inefficient photocyclization with a holographic method

Abstract The holographic photochemical signal from triphenylimidazole in a polyvinylbutyral film, using the ultraviolet lines of an argon ion laser arises from its cyclization to 2-phenyl-9,10-phenanthroimidazole. An irreversible ultraviolet active holographic photochemical system is illustrated for which the final photoproduct appears to be stable.
Stable chasing algorithms for modifying complete and partial singular value decompositions

Methods for updating and downdating singular value decompositions (SVDs) and partially reduced bidiagonal forms (partial SVDs) are introduced. The methods are based upon chasing procedures for updating the SVD and downdating procedures for orthogonal decompositions. The main feature of these methods is the ability to separate the singular values into `large' and `small' sets and then obtain an updated bidiagonal form with corresponding `large' and `small' columns. This makes for a more accurate update or dosndate.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the crossover exponent for anisotropic bond percolation

Abstract We show that the exponent which describes crossover between d -and ( d −1)-dimensional percolation in an anisotropic system equals the mean-size exponent of the ( d -dimensional system. This situation is analogous to crossover behaviour in anisotropic thermal critical phenomena.
Phosphorylation of cbl after Stimulation of Nb2 Cells with Prolactin and Its Association with Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

Stimulation of Nb2 cells with PRL results in the rapid phosphorylation of a 120-kDa protein identified as the adapter protein cbl on tyrosine residues. Maximal phosphorylation of cbl occurs at 20 min after PRL stimulation and declines thereafter. Stimulation with as little as 5 nm PRL resulted in the phosphorylation of cbl; increasing the concentration of PRL to 100 nm had only a minimal effect upon the phosphorylation of cbl. The cbl protein appears to be constitutively associated with grb2 and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). The constitutive association of cbl with the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase was observed in Nb2 cells as well as in 32Dcl3 cells transfected with either the rat Nb2 (intermediate) form of the PRL receptor or the long form of the human PRL receptor. A glutathione S-transferase fusion protein encoding the SH3 domain of the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase bound to cbl in lysates of both unstimulated and PRL-stimulated Nb2 cells; however, neither of the SH2 domain...
Laser vibrometry measurements of rotating blade vibrations

One of the most important design factors in modern turbomachinery is the vibration of turbomachinery blading. There is a need for developing an in-service, noncontacting, noninterfering method for the measurement and monitoring of gas turbine, jet engine, and steam turbine blade vibrations and stresses. Such a technique would also be useful for monitoring rotating helicopter blades. In the power generation industry, blade failures can result in millions of dollars of downtime. The measurement of blade vibrations and dynamic stresses is an important guide for preventive maintenance, which can be a major contributor to the availability of steam turbine, gas turbine, and helicopter operations. An experiment is designed to verify the feasibility of such a vibration monitoring system using the reference beam on-axis laser-Doppler technique. The experimental setup consists of two flat, cantilever blades mounted on a hub attached to the shaft of a dc motor. The motor rests on a linear bearing permitting motion only in the direction of the motor shaft. The motor and blade assembly is then excited via an electrodynamic shaker at the first natural frequency of the blades. The resulting blade vibration is then detected using a laser vibrometer. The vibration frequencies and amplitudes of the two rotating blades are successfully measured.
Implementing International Human Rights Law at Home: Domestic Politics and the European Court of Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) boasts one of the strongest oversight systems in international human rights law, but implementing the ECtHR’s rulings is an inherently domestic and political process. This article begins to bridge the gap between the Court in Strasbourg and the domestic process of implementing the Court’s rulings by looking at the domestic institutions and politics that surround the execution of the ECtHR’s judgments. Using case studies from the UK and Russia, this article identifies two factors that are critical for the domestic implementation of the Court’s rulings: strong domestic, democratic institutions dedicated to implementing the ECtHR’s judgments and an overarching sense of responsibility to set a good example at home and abroad for respecting human rights and the rule of law. This article concludes with a discussion of the steps necessary to facilitate better implementation of the ECtHR’s rulings.
Delivery Systems Can Determine Therapy Cost, and Effectiveness, More Than Type of Therapy

We should go further than Kazdin and Blase (2011) in emphasizing the importance of the costs and effectiveness of alternative delivery systems for therapies. I propose that the manner in which therapy is delivered often determines its cost, and its effectiveness, more than the type of therapy delivered. In this article, I illustrate this argument through compiled research and describe several inexpensive delivery systems with the aid of metaphors.
Standards-compliant EPON sleep control for energy efficiency: Design and analysis

This paper focuses on reducing energy consumptions of optical network units (ONUs) in Ethernet passive optical network (EPON). In EPON, optical line terminal (OLT) located at the central office broadcasts the downstream traffic to all ONUs, each of which checks all arrival downstream packets so as to obtain the downstream packets destined to itself. Thus, receivers at ONUs have to always stay in the awake status and consume a large amount of energy. To address the downstream challenge, we propose a novel sleep control scheme which can efficiently put ONU receivers into sleep without extending the standardized EPON MAC protocol. We also theoretically analyze the impacts of different parameters in the sleep control scheme on the delay and energy saving performances by using semi-Markov chains. It is shown that, with proper settings of sleep control parameters, the proposed scheme can save as high as 70% of the ONU receiver energy.
Characterization of titanium dopants in sodium alanate by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra were obtained for samples of Ti-doped NaAlH4 subjected to different numbers of cycles of dehydrogenation/re-hydrogenation. Ti is observed to evolve from its initial Ti(III) state through a series of Ti(0) species during the first 5 cycles. Although the conversion of Ti(III) to Ti(0) occurs much more readily for TiCl3-doped samples than those prepared with TiF3, in both cases the evolution of Ti follows the same sequence that involves 3 distinguishable Ti(0) species and ends in the predominance of the same single Ti(0) species. The spectrum of a sample of NaAlH4 containing 2 mol% of cubic Al3Ti is distinctly different than any of those observed for the Ti(0) species that arise during the hydrogen cycling of the hydride. The major changes in the nature of the predominant Ti species have little if any effect on the dehydrogenation kinetics, which strongly suggests that the profoundly enhanced hydrogen cycling kinetics of Ti-doped NaAlH4 are due to a Ti species present in only a relatively minor amount.
ATG for cord blood transplant: yes or no?

In this issue of Blood , Lindemans et al report on the impact of thymoglobulin (antithymocyte globulin [ATG]) during the preparative regimen for pediatric unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT). Survival and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were similar whether or not patients
Relativity of GPS measurement

The relativity of Global Positioning System (GPS) pseudorange measurements is explored within the geometrical optics approximation in the curved space-time near Earth. A space-time grid for navigation is created by the discontinuities introduced in the electromagnetic field amplitude by the P-code broadcast by the GPS satellites. We compute the world function of space-time near Earth, and we use it to define a scalar phase function that describes the space-time grid. We use this scalar phase function to define the measured pseudorange, which turns out to be a two-point space-time scalar under generalized coordinate transformations. Though the measured pseudorange is an invariant, it depends on the world lines of the receiver and satellite. While two colocated receivers measure two different pseudoranges to the same satellite, they obtain the correct position and time, independent of their velocity. We relate the measured pseudorange to the geometry of space-time and find corrections to the conventional model of the pseudorange that are on the order of the gravitational radius of the Earth.
Training, Supervising, and Evaluating Student Information Assistants

Training, supervision, and evaluation of student assistants is not a topic covered in most library school curricula; it is a skill that it is assumed one will have or acquire through on-the-job experience. This article focuses on the hiring, supervision, training, and evaluation of student information assistants in the reference/electronic resource setting. Student Information Assistants are known by many names-reference assistants, peer counselors, research assistants, and database assistants, to name a few-but within this article I will use the name Student Information Assistants (SIAs).
Temporary inhibition by progesterone of sexual behavior in intact male mice

Abstract Administration of 0.50 mg or 1.00 mg progesterone (P) daily resulted in suppression of portions of the male sexual repertoire. Mice treated with 0.25 mg P daily behaved like control subjects. Sexual behavior of mice treated with the higher P doses resembled that of controls three weeks after cessation of P treatment. No lasting effects of P on total body weight or on weights of testes or seminal vesicles were detected.
Exploiting variable grain parallelism at runtime

Currently, almost all parallel implementations of programs fix the granularity at which parallelism is exploited at design time. Depending on the application structure and the parallel hardware structure, the programmer decides to exploit parallelism at a fine granularity or coarse granularity or some intermediate granularity, but this granularity is not changed at runtime. In this paper we argue that for many applications fixing the granularity in advance is not a good strategy. Instead it is advantageous to decide the granularity at which parallelism is exploited at runtime, as a function of the available hardware resources and as a function of the overheads associated with going to a finer granularity. We present experimental results from a parallel implementation of a geometric constraint satisfaction system to support our thesis. Our results show a significant advantage in using adaptive parallelism.
Active thermochemical tables: water and water dimer.

A new partition function for water dimer in the temperature range 200–500 K was developed by exploiting the equations of state for real water vapor, liquid water, and ice, and demonstrated to be significantly more accurate than any proposed so far in the literature. The new partition function allows the Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) approach to be applied on the available experimental and theoretical data relating to water dimer thermochemistry, leading to accurate water dimer enthalpies of formation of −499.115 ± 0.052 kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K and −491.075 ± 0.080 kJ mol–1 at 0 K. With the current ATcT enthalpy of formation of the water monomer, −241.831 ± 0.026 kJ mol–1 at 298.15 K (−238.928 kJ mol–1 at 0 K), this leads to the dimer bond dissociation enthalpy at 298.15 K of 15.454 ± 0.074 kJ mol–1 and a 0 K bond dissociation energy of 13.220 ± 0.096 kJ mol–1 (1105 ± 8 cm–1), the latter being in perfect agreement with recent experimental and theoretical determinations. The new partition function of wat...
Response of the Summer Marine Layer Flow to an Extreme California Coastal Bend

Abstract A summer wind speed maximum extending more than 200 km occurs over water around Point Conception, California, the most extreme bend along the U.S. West Coast. The following several causes were investigated for this wind speed maximum: 1) synoptic conditions, 2) marine layer hydraulic flow effects, 3) diurnal variations, 4) mountain leeside downslope flow, 5) sea surface temperature structure, and 6) island influence. Synoptic conditions set the general wind speed around Point Conception, and these winds are classified as strong, moderate, or weak. The strong wind condition extends about Point Conception, reaching well offshore toward the southwest, and the highest speeds are within 20 km to the south. Moderate wind cases do not extend as far offshore, and they have a moderate maximum wind speed that occurs over a smaller area in the western mouth of the Santa Barbara Channel. The weak wind speed case consists of light and variable winds about Point Conception. Each category occurs about one-third...
The Mosaic of Surface Charge in Contact Electrification

When dielectric materials are brought into contact and then separated, they develop static electricity. For centuries, it has been assumed that such contact charging derives from the spatially homogeneous material properties (along the material's surface) and that within a given pair of materials, one charges uniformly positively and the other negatively. We demonstrate that this picture of contact charging is incorrect. Whereas each contact-electrified piece develops a net charge of either positive or negative polarity, each surface supports a random "mosaic" of oppositely charged regions of nanoscopic dimensions. These mosaics of surface charge have the same topological characteristics for different types of electrified dielectrics and accommodate significantly more charge per unit area than previously thought.
Intraoperative ultrasonography in urologic oncology

Ultrasonography is a powerful nonionizing imaging modality that has generally been underused by American Urologists in the past. Innovative investigators and clinicians, however, are realizing the great potential of ultrasonography and are applying it increasingly not only in the clinic but in the operating room. In this commentary we outline some of the current and future uses of intraoperative ultrasonography in urologic oncology.
Examining serotonin function: A modified technique for rapid tryptophan depletion

Tryptophan (TRP) depletion was used to study serotonin because the ratio of TRP to large neutral amino acids (TRP/ LNAA) determines the quantity of TRP that enters the brain. Because TRP is not universally available, a modified technique of TRP depletion was developed where a 1/4 strength preparation of an amino acid mixture (AAM) replaces TRP as the placebo. Seven healthy subjects could not differentiate between the preparations in this double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-MS) was monitored as a biochemical marker of serotonin. The TRP/LNAA ratio (GG = 0.0001) and 6-MS secretion (GG = 0.024) were decreased, but placebo TRP levels (GG = 0.062) were not altered significantly. This modified technique facilitates the sue of TRP depletion in clinical research.
New York: Transportation Connections Along the Erie Canal Route

Important transportation routes pass through New York State using lowlands and rivers. Students will examine a route that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes and learn what factors inf...
Degradation of free-standing air plasma sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings by vanadium and phosphorus pentoxides

Abstract Use of alternative and/or low-cost fuels such as syngas, petcoke and coal/petcoke blend in gas turbine engines requires a thorough understanding in high temperature degradation of protective coatings. Deleterious combustion by-products can deposit, adhere, melt and degrade the protective coatings and underlying structural substrates. In this investigation, degradation of air plasma sprayed (APS) free-standing CoNiCrAlY coatings in contact with two different corrosive oxide contaminants, namely V 2 O 5 and P 2 O 5 were examined at high temperature. Different degradation mechanisms were observed from V 2 O 5 melt interaction with CoNiCrAlY at 700 °C and 900 °C. At 700 °C, formation of chromium–aluminum orthovanadate (Cr,Al)VO 4 was observed with no evidence of severe degradation. However, at 900 °C, extensive dissolution of CoNiCrAlY constituents by V 2 O 5 was found with reaction products such as nickel–cobalt orthovanadate (Ni,Co) 3 (VO 4 ) 2 and (Ni,Co)(Al,Cr) 2 O 4 spinel. Interaction of P 2 O 5 melt with CoNiCrAlY at 350 °C for 2 h revealed the extensive consumption of constituents through formation of polyphosphate compounds such as (Ni,Co)(PO 3 ) 2 and (Cr,Al)(PO 3 ) 3 .
APPLICATION OF THE SEQUENTIAL OPTIMIZATION AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT METHOD TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROBLEMS

The use of probabilistic optimization in structural design applications is hindered by the huge computational cost associated with evaluating probabilistic characteristics, where the computationally expensive finite element method (FEM) is often used for simulating design performance. In this paper, a Sequential Optimization and Reliability Assessment (SORA) method with analytical derivatives is applied to improve the efficiency of probabilistic structural optimization. With the SORA method, a single loop strategy that decouples the optimization and the reliability assessment is used to significantly reduce the computational demand of probabilistic optimization. Analytical sensitivities of displacement and stress functionals derived from finite element formulations are incorporated into the probability analysis without recurring excessive cost. The benefits of our proposed methods are demonstrated through two truss design problems by comparing the results with using conventional approaches. Results show that the SORA method with analytical derivatives is the most efficient with satisfactory accuracy.
Comparison of X-rays from Comets LINEAR (C/1999 S4) and McNaught–Hartley (C/1999 T1)

Abstract The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) observations of Comets McNaught–Hartley (MH) and LINEAR S4 (S4) have been processed in the same way to compare X-rays from those comets. The X-ray isophotes are crescent-like in S4 and more circular in MH because of the different phase angles (98° and 44°, respectively). The peak X-ray brightness is greater in S4 than that in MH by a factor of 1.5 and smaller by a factor of 1.7 after the correction for heliocentric distance. The X-ray luminosities of MH and S4 are equal to 8.6 and 1.4×10 15 erg s −1 inside the apertures of ρ =1.5 and 0.5×10 4 km, respectively. (Brightness is 20% of the peak value at these ρ .) Efficiencies of X-ray excitation corrected to the solar wind flow are similar and equal to 4.3×10 −14 erg AU 3/2 in both comets. This confirms the solar wind excitation of X-rays in comets. Spectra of the comets were extracted with a special care of the background correction and using an energy-dependent spectral resolution code. The MH spectrum consists of ten emissions instead of nine emissions in the previously published spectrum. The new emission at 307 eV fills in a strong minimum in the previous spectrum and removes the major difference between that spectrum and the synthetic spectrum. This emission is assigned to the C +4 and Mg +9 lines. The positions of the other emissions and their identification are similar to those in the previous spectrum. The S4 spectrum consists of eight emissions, and four emissions are the same as in MH. The line identification is given. Ion ratios in the solar wind have been extracted from the spectra. O +8 /O +7 is equal to 0.29±0.04 and 0.14±0.02 in MH and S4, and this difference correlates with the higher solar wind speed in S4. Ne +9 /O +7 is (15±6)×10 −3 and (19±7)×10 −3 , and these are the first data on Ne +9 in the solar wind. C +6 /O +7 is 0.7±0.2 in both MH and S4. X-ray spectroscopy of comets may be used as a diagnostic tool to study the solar wind composition.
Heart transplantation with donors fifty years of age and older.

Abstract Objective: Limited availability of donor organs has led to the progressive expansion of the criteria for donor selection, particularly a higher age limit of potential donors. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of patients who underwent heart transplantation using cardiac allografts 50 years of age and older and compared them with patients who had donor organs younger than 50 years. Method: Between September 1989 and May 2000, 20 patients underwent orthotopic heart transplantation using donor hearts 50 years of age and older (range 50-56 years, mean 52.7 ± 1.8 years) and were compared with 267 patients who received donor organs less than 50 years of age (range 9-49.9 years, mean 27.2 ± 8.6 years). Patient and donor criteria were identical in both groups. Follow-up was 4 to 128 months with a mean of 37.4 ± 2.8 months in the older donor group and 52.6 ± 2.4 months in the younger donor group. Results: There were no differences between these 2 cohorts of patients regarding age, sex, cardiomyopathy, preoperative cytomegalovirus status, New York Heart Association class, and transplant status at transplantation. Donor characteristics, including sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, diabetes, cytomegalovirus status, and allograft ischemic times, were also similar in the 2 groups. Donor/recipient cytomegalovirus matching showed no differences as well. Thirty-day or to discharge operative mortality was similar in the older and younger donor groups (5% ± 4.8% vs 3.5% ± 1.1%; P =.84). Actuarial survival at 1 and 5 years was also similar in both groups (89.7% ± 6.9% vs 91% ± 1.8% and 53.1% ± 14.7% vs 71.0% ± 3.1%, respectively; P =.59). No patient in the older donor group required coronary artery bypass grafting or retransplantation during the follow-up period, whereas 2 patients in the younger donor group required coronary artery bypass, and 5 patients underwent retransplantation ( P ≥.50). Two patients in the older donor group died of nonspecific allograft failure, whereas 3 patients in the younger donor group experienced similar posttransplant complication ( P ≥.50). Conclusions: Carefully selected donor hearts 50 years of age and older can be used for heart transplantation with long-term survival and related outcomes similar to those of younger donor organs. This use of selective cardiac allografts maximizes donor organ usage and expands the donor pool effectively without an adverse impact on long-term results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:810-5
Material symmetries of elasticity tensors

We prove that there are eight subgroups of the orthogonal group O(3) that determine all symmetry classes of an elasticity tensor. Then, we provide the necessary and sufficient conditions that allow us to determine the symmetry class to which a given elasticity tensor belongs. We also give a method to determine the natural coordinate system for each symmetry class.
The processor identity problem

Abstract This paper investigates the problem of assigning unique identifiers to processors that communicate through shared memory. Solutions to fundamental multiprocessor coordination problems such as the Mutual Exclusion Problem and the Choice Coordination Problem often rely on unique identifiers. We present a probabilistic protocol that solves this Processor Identiy Problem for asynchronous processors that communicate through a common shared memory. This protocol requires no central arbiter, and all processors start in exactly the same state. The use of our protocol simplifies shared memory processor design by eliminating the need to encode processor identifiers in system hardware or software structures.
Rates of Trace Mineral-Catalyzed Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

Rapid hydrogen peroxide ( H2 O2 ) decomposition is a significant limitation of catalyzed H2 O2 propagations (i.e., modified Fenton’s reagent) for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater by in situ chemical oxidation. Rates of H2 O2 decomposition mediated by seven trace minerals and four iron and manganese oxides were evaluated in batch reactors containing slurries of H2 O2 and each of 11 minerals. At pH 3, the dominant catalysts in the decomposition of H2 O2 on a per surface area basis were the manganese and iron oxides pyrolusite, goethite, and hematite, while decomposition rates in the presence of the manganese oxyhydroxide manganite and the trace mineral siderite were one to two orders of magnitude lower. At pH 7, the dominant catalysts were hematite and pyrolusite, and decomposition rates were one to two orders of magnitude lower in the presence of goethite, manganite, and siderite. The trace minerals anatase, bauxite, cuprite, ilmenite, magnesite, and willemite provided the least activit...
Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis with Gene Therapy

A recent target of cancer gene therapy is tumor angiogenesis. An appealing feature of gene therapy targeting the tumor vasculature is that it is readily accessible, particularly when the carrier and its gene are administered systemically. Several gene-based viral and nonviral therapies that target tumor angiogenesis have demonstrated the "proof of principle" of antiangiogenic therapy in preclinical models. The utility of antiangiogenic gene therapy in a clinical setting will depend in large part on developing vectors with minimal toxicity and with increased in vivo transfection efficiency. In this review, we discuss the current status and future directions of antiangiogenic gene therapy.
Entanglement and the power of one qubit

The ``power of one qubit'' refers to a computational model that has access to only one pure bit of quantum information, along with $n$ qubits in the totally mixed state. This model, though not as powerful as a pure-state quantum computer, is capable of performing some computational tasks exponentially faster than any known classical algorithm. One such task is to estimate with fixed accuracy the normalized trace of a unitary operator that can be implemented efficiently in a quantum circuit. We show that circuits of this type generally lead to entangled states, and we investigate the amount of entanglement possible in such circuits, as measured by the multiplicative negativity. We show that the multiplicative negativity is bounded by a constant, independent of $n$, for all bipartite divisions of the $n+1$ qubits, and so becomes, when $n$ is large, a vanishingly small fraction of the maximum possible multiplicative negativity for roughly equal divisions. This suggests that the global nature of entanglement is a more important resource for quantum computation than the magnitude of the entanglement.
Climate variations and the Appalachians from the late paleozoic to the present: Results from model simulations

Abstract A series of climate model simulations are utilized to examine the climate evolution of the Appalachians from the Carboniferous to the Present through consideration of large scale changes in paleogeography and potential variations in carbon dioxide on long time scales. The model simulations predict considerable variations in temperature and precipitation through time. In addition, a number of shorter time scale phenomena may influence the climatic record of the Appalachians. In particular Milankovitch orbital variations can produce rhythmic climate and weathering. Particular geographic configurations since the Carboniferous tend to promote sensitivity to orbital variations. Although far from comprehensive, the model simulations provide independent predictions of climate which can be utilized to investigate the evolution of the Appalachians deductively.
Cortical projections to the paramedian tegmental and basilar pons in the monkey.

The efferent connections of the cerebral cortex to paramedial tegmental and basilar pons were studied in the monkey by using the retrograde and orthograde capabilities of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Six capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) received transcannular pontine HRP gel implants to retrogradely label the cells of origin of corticopontine projections. Four additional capuchin monkeys, one rhesus (Macaca mulatta), and one cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkey, received HRP gel implants in premotor (area 6), frontal eye field (FEF, area 8), superior (area 5), and inferior (area 7) parietal lobules to orthogradely label the course and termination of corticopontine projections, and thus to confirm the retrograde studies. The brains were processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) protocol of Mesulam ('78) and studied with darkfield microscopy. Premotor (area 6) frontal cortex and FEF (area 8) were found to be the main sources of cortical inputs to the ipsilateral paramedian basilar pons, whereas FEF, dorsal prefrontal convexity, and dorsal medial prefrontal (granular frontal association) cortex, were the main sources of bilateral projections to the paramedian pontine tegmentum. The medial portion of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), considered to be a tegmental extension of the basilar pontine gray, also received its principal cortical input from the frontal lobe. Parietal cortex, on the other hand, was observed to project to lateral NRTP and lateral basilar pons. Although the possibility exists of convergence of frontal and parietal eye field efferents in the NRTP, the frontal eye field and prefrontal cortex appear to be the principal source of cortical projections to the paramedian pontine tegmentum, which contains the physiologically defined PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation), an important preoculomotor center. The results are discussed primarily with regard to their significance for potential cortical influence on the oculomotor system.
Czochralski crystal growth of Zn2Te3O8

Abstract Crystal growth in the ZnO–TeO2 system was investigated using Czochralski technique in a 2.5 kHz induction heating system. Several runs and experiments helped optimize the Zn2Te3O8 growth process, which was limited by quite a few difficulties. These difficulties include the evaporation of TeO2 material above 700 °C, the formation of more than one phase during the growth, and the lack of a Zn2Te3O8 single crystal to initiate the growth. The main and most persisting problem is that there is no stable phase in the system that forms a line compound at which the crystal growth should be attempted. The resulting material was formed of many single crystals and a mixture of other phases. Single Zn2Te3O8 crystals of sizes ranging between 50 and 200 mm3 resulted when the pulling rate was 1.1 mm/h and the rotation speed was 12 rpm. These single crystals were extracted and their optical and electrical properties were studied for the first time. Using other pulling rates and rotation speeds returned smaller crystals with sizes ranging between 15 and 35 mm3.
Performance of low-upper-shelf material under pressurized-thermal-shock loading

Abstract The second pressurized-thermal-shock experiment (PTSE-2) of the Heavy-Section Steel Technology Program was conceived to investigate fracture behavior of steel with low ductile-tearing resistance. The experiment was performed in the pressurized-thermal-shock test facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. PTSE-2 was designed primarily to reveal the interaction of ductile and brittle modes of fracture and secondarily to investigates the effects of warm prestressing, A test vessel was prepared by inserting a cracklike flaw of well-defined geometry on the outside surface of the vessel. The flaw was 1 m long by ≈ 15 mm deep. The instrumented vessel was placed in the test facility in which it was initially heated to a uniform temperature and was then concurrently cooled on the outside and pressurized on the inside. These actions produced an evolution of temperature, toughness, and stress gradients relative to the prepared flaw that was appropriate to the planned objectives. The experiment was conducted in twoseparate transients, each one starting with the vessel nearly isothermal. The first transient induced a warm-prestressed state, during which K I , first exceeded K Ic . This was followed by repressurization until a cleavage fracture propagated and arrested. The final transient was designed to produce and investigate a cleavage crack propagation followed by unstable tearing. During this transient, the fracture events occurred as had been planned.
Investigations into the physical phenomena and mechanisms that effect direct containment heating loads

Abstract Integral direct containment heating (DCH) experiment results are presented. The results are analyzed and discussed for the insights they have given into understanding the important physical phenomena and mechanisms that effect DCH loads to the containment. Particular attention is paid to (1) debris dispersal from the cavity and containment structure trapping, (2) hydrogen production and combustion, (3) the importance of difference in corium simulants used in integral DCH experiments and (4) corium debris quenching by flooded cavities. It is found that much has been learned about DCH phenomena that can be used for modeling and assessing potential containment loads.
45 EMOTIONAL IMPACT ON FAMILIES OF LESS THAN 1,000 GRAM BABY IN A NICU

A study of the emotional impact on 164 parents of 94 infants weighing less than 1,000 grams, admitted to an NICU from Jan.1, 1975, through June 30, 1977, revealed a difference in feelings of sadness, helplessness and self blame between mothers and fathers, with mothers more often labeling these emotions as extreme and fathers more often labeling them as not present.The ability to carry out regular activities (care of other children, personal appearance, household chores and employment) was stated as not affected by 66% when the baby died, 54% indicated no effect when the baby lived. Family relationships: 97% were married at the time of birth, 93% are now. When the baby lived, 43% now plan on fewer children than were planned prior to the birth, 16% when the baby died. When the baby lived, 60% viewed their spouses adjustment as very good, 16% when the baby died. 63% of parents, when the baby lived, reported the experience made their relationship closer, 57% when the baby died. Parents stated there was no significance of changed behavior in siblings. Parents most frequently looked to spouse for support than to others. Results indicate that (1) the experience is traumatic, (2) there is a difference between partners responses, and (3) responses varied according to whether the baby lived or died.