cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphate adsorption by ferrihydrite-amended soils.

New technology and approaches for reducing P in runoff from high sediment yield areas are essential due to implementation of increasingly rigorous water quality standards. The objectives of this research were to characterize ferrihydrite (Fe(5)HO(8).4H(2)O) in terms of its ability to adsorb P from soil solutions and relate its P adsorptive capacity to several soil properties that influence P mobility. A naturally occurring ferrihydrite, collected as an Fe oxide sludge by-product from a water treatment facility, was equilibrated with soil samples at equivalent rates of 0, 0.34, 3.36, 16.80, and 33.60 Mg ha(-1) for a 60-d period. Individual 2-g subsamples of each soil were then equilibrated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg(-1) P in 20 mL of 0.01 M CaCl(2) on a reciprocating shaker for 24 h. After 24 h, P in solution was measured by colorimetric methods, and designated as final P concentrations. The data indicated that the unamended soils with a pH of 7.0. The final P concentrations, averaged for all initial P concentrations and ferrihydrite rates, ranged from 0.09 to 4.63 mg kg(-1), and were most highly correlated with pH (r = 0.844; P < or = 0.01), oxalate-extractable Fe (r = -0.699; P < or = 0.10), and dithionite-extractable Fe (r = -0.639; P < or = 0.10) contents of the unamended soils. In terms of individual soils, correlation coefficients (r) for final P concentrations versus ferrihydrite amendment rates indicated a statistically significant (P < or = 0.001) negative relationship at all initial P concentrations for most A horizons. The r values for the high Fe oxide content B horizon soils did not show a statistically significant response to ferrihydrite additions. The results indicate that P adsorption, in soils amended with ferrihydrite, will be greatest under acid pH conditions below the ferrihydrite zero point of charge (pH 5.77), and low incipient Fe oxide contents.
Thermal Conductivity in Mixed Alkali Halides: KCl:Li and KBr:Li

Phonon resonances have been observed in both KCl:Li and KBr:Li through measurements of the low-temperature thermal conductivity between 0.05 and 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Their frequencies are 1.2 and 63 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in KCl, and 3.2 and 39 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in KBr. Static electric fields are used to change the low-frequency resonances and to help in their identification. The 1.2-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ resonance in KCl is ascribed to the tunneling motion of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, very similar to the tunneling of C${\mathrm{N}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ observed earlier. The frequency dependence of the relaxation rate associated with this resonance is best described with a Lorentzian resonance denominator of the form $\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}{{({{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2})}^{2}}$, which varies as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ at low frequencies, in disagreement with existing theories. The 3.2-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ resonance in KBr is ascribed to an oscillation involving the motion of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ plus its six nearest-neighbor ${\mathrm{Br}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions. It is speculated that this Li${\mathrm{Br}}_{6}$ molecule ion has a central instability. The high-frequency resonances are attributed to impurity modes involving the oscillations of the ions surrounding the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$. The 39-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ resonance in KBr does not show an isotope effect. It is not possible to describe the resonant scattering by these high-frequency resonances with the existing theory of elastic scattering. The phonon-defect relaxation rate must contain a temperature dependence. It is believed that inelastic three-quantum processes are important in these two systems.
The matrix valued triangle inequality:quaternion version

The matrix valued triangle inequality is shown to hold for matrices over the quaternions. The history of the inequality and open questions connected with it are described.
A Trust Region Framework for Managing the Use of Approximation Models in Optimization

This paper presents an analytically robust, globally convergent approach to managing the use of approximation models of various fidelity in optimization. By robust global behavior we mean the mathematical assurance that the iterates produced by the optimization algorithm, started at an arbitrary initial iterate, will converge to a stationary point or local optimizer for the original problem. The approach we present is based on the trust region idea from nonlinear programming and is shown to be provably convergent to a solution of the original high-fidelity problem. The proposed method for managing approximations in engineering optimization suggests ways to decide when the fidelity, and thus the cost, of the approximations might be fruitfully increased or decreased in the course of the optimization iterations. The approach is quite general. We make no assumptions on the structure of the original problem, in particular, no assumptions of convexity and separability, and place only mild requirements on the approximations. The approximations used in the framework can be of any nature appropriate to an application; for instance, they can be represented by analyses, simulations, or simple algebraic models. This paper introduces the approach and outlines the convergence analysis.
Fate of coal-sulphur in a laboratory-scale coal gasifier

Abstract This work summarizes several observations concerning the effects of pressure and oxygen-to-coal mass ratio on the fate of coal-sulphur during entrained gasification. A high-volatile bituminous coal was pulverized to a mass mean of near 50μm. The coal was gasified with oxygen in a laboratory-scale entrained-flow gasifier. No steam was used. Test pressures were 1, 5 and 10atm (10, 500, 100 kPa). Oxygen-to-coal mass ratios between 0.60 (SR = 0.30) and 1.10 (SR = 0.56) were investigated. Gas-particulate samples were collected with a water-quenched probe from the gasifier chamber effluent stream. Measurements were made of the sulphur in the char particles and of the levels of H2S, SO2, COS, and CS2 in the product gas. Increasing pressure yielded a significant decrease (about 25%) in net conversion of coal sulphur. This decrease was shown by an increase in the sulphur content of the char samples, and by a decrease in total sulphur concentration in the gas phase. Gas species measurements showed that increased pressure yielded lower SO2 and CS2 concentration, but did not significantly affect H2S and COS concentrations. It was concluded that increased pressure shifted the distribution of sulphur among the gas phase species, yielding higher H2S and lower SO2 and CS2 concentrations. The increase in H2S was not seen in the measurements, because increased pressure also tended to increase the capture of H2S by char. Increasing oxygen-to-coal mass ratio increased sulphur conversion and SO2 and COS levels, while it decreased H2S and CS2 levels.
Consideration of measurements and calculations involved in assessment of the effects of human exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation and other mutagens

Theoretical considerations previously presented are reviewed demonstrating that current methodologies designed to measure environmental mutagenesis contributing to human disease measure only a small fraction of such insults. In the absence of an adequate theoretical approach, a new experimental method has been developed which in the case of X-irradiation demonstrates approximately 100-fold more mutations than are detected by other approaches. There is reason to expect major contributions to preventive medicine from these developments.
Effects of multimedia on document browsing and navigation: an exploratory empirical investigation

As intranets become more widely adopted by business organizations, a growing number of IS are being developed or retrofitted to hypermedia style in order to provide standard Web browsers as the user interface. This allows business documents to be organized and connected by hyperlinks. As a result, the retrieving of information has become easier and more useful in the decision-making process. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of multimedia on decision makers' browsing and navigation behavior. Data was collected using a study group of forty professionals with management responsibilities. To identify possible business threats and opportunities, participants searched and analyzed information stored in an experimental Executive Support System (ESS). Participants' information-browsing and navigation behaviors were recorded for analysis. The results suggest that the use of multimedia: • affects decision makers' browsing and navigation behavior in terms of total browsing time, average browsing time per document, and total number of documents retrieved; • does not affect navigation efficiency; • cognitive styles of users do not affect their navigation efficiency.
Promoting endothelial function by S-nitrosoglutathione through the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway stimulates neurorepair and functional recovery following experimental stroke in rats

Background: For stroke patients, stimulating neurorepair mechanisms is necessary to reduce morbidity and disability. Our previous studies on brain and spinal cord trauma show that exogenous treatment with the S-nitrosylating agent S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) – a nitric oxide and glutathione metabolite of the human body – stimulates neurorepair and aids functional recovery. Using a rat model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (IR) in this study, we tested the hypothesis that GSNO invokes the neurorepair process and improves neurobehavioral functions through the angiogenic HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. Methods: Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion in adult male rats. The injured animals were treated with saline (IR group, n=7), GSNO (0.25 mg/kg, GSNO group, n=7), and GSNO plus the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) (0.25 mg/kg GSNO + 5.0 mg/kg 2-ME, GSNO + 2-ME group, n=7). The groups were studied for either 7 or 14 days to determine neurorepair mediators and functional recovery. Brain capillary endothelial cells were used to show that GSNO promotes angiogenesis and that GSNO-mediated induction of VEGF and the stimulation of angiogenesis are dependent on HIF-1α activity. Results: IR injury increased the expression of neurorepair mediators HIF-1α, VEGF, and PECAM-1 and vessel markers to a limited degree that correlate well with significantly compro mised neurobehavioral functions compared with sham animals. GSNO treatment of IR not only remarkably enhanced further the expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, and PECAM-1 but also improved functioning compared with IR. The GSNO group also had a higher degree of vessel density than the IR group. Increased expression of VEGF and the degree of tube formation (angiogenesis) by GSNO were reduced after the inhibition of HIF-1α by 2-ME in an endothelial cell culture model. 2-ME treatment of the GSNO group also blocked not only GSNO’s effect of reduced infarct volume, decreased neuronal loss, and enhanced expression of PECAM-1 (P0.001), but also its improvement of motor and neurological functions (P0.001). Conclusion: GSNO stimulates the process of neurorepair, promotes angiogenesis, and aids functional recovery through the HIF-1α-dependent pathway, showing therapeutic and translational promise for stroke.
The effect of oppressed group behaviours on the culture of the nursing workplace: a review of the evidence and interventions for change

Aim The aim of the present study was to review the current literature on oppressed group behaviours in nursing, with emphasis on interventions to change the behaviours, and on instruments that have been developed to measure it. Background Oppressed group behaviours have been described in nurses for over two decades and their presence has been related to decreased nurse self-advocacy, and other negative aspects of the nursing workplace. Evaluation Systematic review of the literature on oppressed group behaviour in nursing. Key issues Oppressed group behaviours are frequently found in nurses. Interventions have been created and tested to decrease oppressed group behaviours. Conclusion Oppressed group behaviours are frequently found in nurses. Interventions exist that can decrease oppressed group behaviours and the decrease is related to increased work force performance, satisfaction and retention of nurses in the workplace. Implications for nurse managers Nurse Managers can improve the workplace by measuring oppressed group behaviours and utilizing interventions to break the cycle of oppression in the workplace culture. Utilizing these innovations improve the workplace culture for nursing.
Light of the Night Sky and Active Nitrogen

THE afterglow in the remarkable nitrogen tube described by me1 last year has been photographed in the visible region. A reference to that paper will show that the visible spectrum of the discharge consists of the first-negative and the first-positive bands of nitrogen, with only a trace of the second-positive bands. The normal spectrum of a nitrogen discharge under the pressure and excitation conditions of my experiment consists of the second-positive and the first-positive bands. The striking change in the spectrum of the discharge itself is carried over to the afterglow.
Cosmic ray cutoff prediction using magnetic field from global magnetosphere MHD simulations

Abstract. Relativistic particles entering the Earth's magnetosphere, i.e. cosmic rays and solar energetic particles, are of prime space weather interest because they can affect satellite operations, communications, and the safety of astronauts and airline crews and passengers. In order to mitigate the hazards that originate from such particles one needs to predict the cutoff latitudes of such particles as a function of their energies and the state of the magnetosphere. We present results from a new particle tracing code that is used to determine the cutoff latitudes of 8-15Men-1 alpha particles during the 23/24 April, 1998 geomagnetic storm and the preceding quiet time. The calculations are based on four different geomagnetic field models and compared with SAMPEX observations of alpha particles in the same energy range. The geomagnetic field models under consideration are: (i) the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model, (ii) the Tsyganenko "89" model (T89c), (iii) the Tsyganenko "96" model (T96), and (iv) a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of Earth's magnetosphere. Examining 11 SAMPEX cutoff latitude observations we find that the differences between the observed and the predicted cutoff latitudes are 2.3° ± 2.0° (mean) and 7.9° (maximum difference) for the IGRF model; 3.9° ± 2.4° (mean) and 6.9° (maximum difference) for the T89c model; 4.0° ± 1.4° (mean) and 5.5° (maximum difference) for the T96 model; and 2.5° ± 1.7° (mean) and 7.0° (maximum difference) for the MHD model. All models generally predict cutoff latitudes equatorward of the SAMPEX observations. The MHD model results also show steeper cutoff energy gradients with latitude compared to the empirical models and more structure in the cutoff energy versus latitude function, presumably due to the presence of boundary layers in the MHD model.
THE DATA AVALANCHE IS HERE. SHOULDN’T WE BE DIGGING?

We have access to an unprecedented amount of fine-grained data on cities, transportation, economies, and societies, much of these data referenced in geo-space and time. There is a tremendous opportunity to discover new knowledge about spatial economies that can inform theory and modeling in regional science. However, there is little evidence of computational methods for discovering knowledge from databases in the regional science literature. This paper addresses this gap by clarifying the geospatial knowledge discovery process, its relation to scientific knowledge construction, and identifying challenges to a greater role in regional science.
The hierarchical structural architecture of inflammasomes, supramolecular inflammatory machines.

Inflammasomes are caspase-1 activating, molecular inflammatory machines that proteolytically mature pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce pyroptotic cell death during innate immune responses. Recent structural studies of proteins that constitute inflammasomes have yielded fresh insights into their assembly mechanisms. In particular, these include a crystal structure of the CARD-containing NOD-like receptor NLRC4, the crystallographic and electron microscopy (EM) studies of the dsDNA sensors AIM2 and IFI16, and of the regulatory protein p202, and the cryo-EM filament structure of the PYD domain of the inflammasome adapter ASC. These data suggest inflammasome assembly that starts with ligand recognition and release of autoinhibition followed by step-wise rounds of nucleated polymerization from the sensors to the adapters, then to caspase-1. In this elegant manner, inflammasomes form by an ‘all-or-none’ cooperative mechanism, thereby amplifying the activation of caspase-1. The dense network of filamentous structures predicted by this model has been observed in cells as micron-sized puncta.
Long term clinical outcomes of capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB)

Long term clinical outcomes of capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB)
Impression materials and electrodeposits. Part I: Impression materials

1. When compared to the master die, all five impression material specimens showed a shrinkage of from 0.07% to 0.23%. When used as substrates for electrodeposition, these dimensions partly predetermined the dimensions of the electrodeposits. (This will be discussed in Part II of this study). 2. When polymerized and maintained at room temperature, both President and Polyjel demonstrated a slight polymerization shrinkage then remained stable during a 3-week bench set. 3. When polymerized at higher temperatures, both President and Polyjel demonstrated considerable dimensional changes during the first hour as they cooled to room temperature then remained stable during the 3-week dry bench set. 4. President was little affected by a 5-hour immersion in an acid electroplating bath. 5. Polyjel, during 5 hours of immersion, tended to expand in both acid and alkaline electroplating baths.
Quantitation of Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate, Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, and Progesterone by Reversed-Phase High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

A high-pressure liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and progesterone in pharmaceutical dosage forms was developed. The method gave accurate, precise, and reproducible results. The excipients present in the dosage forms did not interfere with the assay procedure except benzyl benzoate in progesterone injection. The percent relative standard deviations based on six injections were 1.6, 2.5, 2.7% for hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and progesterone, respectively. The stability of progesterone in ethanol--propylene glycol--water (10:50:40) was studied. The loss in potency of progesterone, even after 487 days of storage at 50 degrees, was less than 10%.
Brief ganglioside treatment produces delayed enhancement of functional recovery after medial septal lesions.

Abstract The effects of a 5-day ganglioside (GM1) treatment (30 mg/kg) on body weight and water intake subsequent to medial septal lesions were evaluated for 44 consecutive days. In addition, activity, rearing, and repetitive motor acts were measured on postsurgery days 5, 10, 40, and 60. The rate of increase in the body weights of rats with medial septals lesions treated with GM1 was equivalent to that of controls, while untreated rats with such lesions had reduced body weights. Rats with medial septal lesions treated with GM1 also exhibited movement times and frequency of repetitious motor acts similar to those control rats by postsurgery day 60. No differences were found in water intake between any of the groups. Rats with medial septal lesions, whether treated with GM1 or not, had equivalent frequencies of rearings that were lower than control rats. This study emphasizes that even brief regimes of GM1 administration can exert behavioral changes in brain-damaged rats well after the treatment was administered, i.e. 40–60 days after surgery.
Preliminary report of localization of spinal cord blood supply by hydrogen during aortic operations.

Abstract One source of paraplegia after aortic operations is the failure to reattach the spinal cord blood supply, the origins of which are not evident at operation. This report is concerned with a rapid new method of identifying these vessels intraoperatively. In 9 pigs, a specially designed catheter with platinum and stainless steel electrodes was inserted intrathecally. Saline solution saturated with hydrogen was injected sequentially into arterial ostia at T-15 to L-4 inclusive, and the generated current impulses from the conditioned platinum electrode were recorded. Of 90 potential segmental arteries supplying the spinal cord, 28 gave rise to spinal radicular arteries. Hydrogen-induced current impulses correctly located 25 of the radicular arteries and all those larger than 180 μm in diameter. When injected with indigo carmine, the vessels localized by the hydrogen-induced current impulses filled the entire anterior spinal artery from the low thoracic to the sacral region, whereas injection of the other vessels did not show filling. After refinement and testing for safety, this method has been employed clinically to rapidly localize and reattach routes of critical cord circulation.
Calculation of laser pulse distribution maps for corneal reshaping with a scanning beam

A method for calculating pulse distribution maps for scanning laser corneal surgery is presented. The accuracy, the smoothness of the corneal shape, and the duration of surgery were evaluated for corrections of myopia by using computer simulations. The accuracy and the number of pulses were computed as a function of the beam diameter, the diameter of the treatment zone, and the amount of attempted flattening. The ablation is smooth when the spot overlap is 80% or more. The accuracy does not depend on the beam diameter or on the diameter of the ablation zone when the ablation zone is larger than 5 mm. With an overlap of 80% and an ablation zone larger than 5 mm, the error is 5% of the attempted flattening, and 610 pulses are needed per Diopter of correction with a beam diameter of 1 mm. Pulse maps for the correction of astigmatism were computed and evaluated. The simulations show that with 60% overlap, a beam diameter of 1 mm, and a 5 mm treatment zone, 6 D of astigmatism can be corrected with an accuracy better than 1.8 D. This study shows that smooth and accurate ablations can be produced with a scanning spot.
Functional domains of the gastric HK ATPase.

The gastric H+ + K+ ATPase is a member of the phosphorylating class of transport ATPase. Based on sequence homologies and CHO content, there may be ab subunit associated with the catalytic subunit of the H+ + K+ ATPase. Its function, if present, is unknown. The pump catalyzes a stoichiometric exchange of H+ for K+, but is also able to transport Na+ in the forward direction. This suggests that the transport step involves hydronium rather than protons. The initial binding site is likely to contain a histidine residue to account for the high affinity of the cellular site. The extracellular site probably lacks this histidine, so that a low affinity for hydronium allows release into a solution of pH 0.8. Labelling with positively charge, luminally reactive reagents that block ATPase and pump activity has shown that a region containing H5 and H6 and the intervening luminal loop is involved in necessary conformational changes for normal pump activity. The calculated structure of this loop shows the presence of ana helical,b turn, andb strand sector, with negative charges close to the membrane domain. This sector provides a possible site of interaction of drugs with the H+ + K+ ATPase, and may be part of the K+ pathway in the enzyme.
The influence of the chemical environment on the X-ray rate in the X-ray fluorescence of rock samples

Abstract The K X-ray rate of elements in thick-target rock samples has been measured by photoionization by an 55Fe radioactive source. A problem in determining the concentration of elements in a complex chemical environment by X-ray fluorescence is the influence of the presence of one element on the X-ray rate of another. We are studying this effect for calcium and sulfur in rock samples (thick samples) and thin samples of pure molecules. The apparatus consists of a SiLi detector coupled to a vacuum chamber by a 0.3 mil Be window. The thin sample data are compared to a simple model of X-ray attenuation as a function of sample thickness. The thick sample data are compared with an approximate model which includes second order interactions between the calcium X-ray and the sulfur.
Guiding Sutures to Promote Optimal Contraction of a Large Surgical Defect prior to Delayed Grafting

Background Large surgical defects on the face are often challenging to repair. Objective To describe a method to reduce wound area and promote wound contraction. Materials and Methods Case report. Mohs' excision of a neglected basal cell carcinoma on the cheek left a large defect of 54 cm2. Delayed grafting was selected for the repair due to the size of the wound and the presence of multiple foci of perineural, muscle and parotid invasion. Two 4-0 polyglactin guiding sutures were placed across the inferior half of the wound; the superior half of the wound was allowed to granulate. Results At the time of split-thickness skin grafting 17 days later, the entire wound was 42% smaller than the original defect. The superior half of the wound was reduced by 29%, attributable to granulation. The inferior half of the wound was reduced by 55%, attributable to granulation and the contractile effect of guiding sutures. Conclusions The placement of guiding sutures across large defects is a quick and simple technique that promotes optimal wound contraction with substantial reduction in the size of a wound, improving the final surgical result. HOBART W. WALLING, MD, PHD, PATRICK J. SNIEZEK, MD, AMANDA FRIEDRICHS, BS, DANE R. CHRISTENSEN, MD, AND DUANE C. WHITAKER, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
A probable solution to sequence-analysis problems

Abstract Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids edited by Richard Durbin , Sean R. Eddy , Anders Krogh and Graeme Mitchison , Cambridge University Press, 1998. £55.00/US$80.00 hardback/£19.95/US$34.95 paperback (xi+356 pages) ISBN 0 521 62041 4/0 521 62971 3
Psychological, Cultural and Family Factors in Incest and Family Sexual Abuse.

This paper reviews clinical experience and research evidence about father-daughter incest and family sexual abuse and suggests six factors important in its etiology: 1) the personal characteristics of the offender, 2) the role of the mother, 3) a milieu of abandonment, 4) subcultural isolation, 5) poor family sexual boundaries, and 6) opportunity factors.
The Schwarz inequality in Archimedean f-algebras

Abstract It is shown in this paper in an elementary, intrinsic way that a positive definite quadratic polynomial in an Archimedean f-algebras has a negative discriminant. As a corollary, a Schwarz inequality is obtained for positive linear mappings between Archimedean f-algebras, both real and complex.
Acute porphyria presenting with hyperamylasemia

An elevation of serum amylase and lipase has not been reported previously to occur with porphyria. In this report, we describe a patient who presented with the clinical and laboratory picture of pancreatitis: elevated amylase, lipase, amylase-creatinine clearance ratio, and with abdominal pain. Only after extensive evaluation, was the patient found to have porphyria. On two separate occasions, with hematin therapy, her serum amylase decreased, as did her clinical symptoms of porphyria and her urinary quantitative porphyrins. This suggests an association between elevation of the serum amylase and lipase with acute porphyria. Moreover, this association can lead to delay in establishing the diagnosis of acute porphyria.
Phosphorus concentrations in overland flow from diverse locations on a New York dairy farm.

The National Phosphorus Project rainfall simulator was used to quantify overland flow and P transport from nine sites distributed throughout the watershed of a New York City Watershed Agriculture Program collaborating dairy farm. Observed concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were low (0.007-0.12 mg L -1 ) in flow from deciduous forest, extensively managed pasture, and hillside seeps; moderate (0.18-0.64 mg L -1 ) in flow from intensively managed pastures, a hayfield, and a cow path; and extremely high (11.6 mg L -1 ) in flow from a manured barnyard. Concentrations of TDP from sites without fresh manure were strongly correlated with soil test P (TDP [mg L -1 ] = 0.0056 + 0.0180 × Morgan's soil test phosphorus [STP, mg kg -1 ]; R 2 = 84%). Observed concentrations of suspended solids were low (16-137 mg L -1 ) in flow from vegetated sites, but were higher (375-615 mg L -1 ) in flow from sites with little ground cover (barnyard, cow path, plowed field). Under dry summer conditions the time to observed overland flow was shorter (<18 min) for nonfield areas (seeps, barnyard, cow path) than for field and forest areas (27-93 min), indicating that hydrologically active nonfield areas of minor spatial extent but with high soil P (e.g., cow paths and barnyards) can play a significant role in summertime P loading. When soils started from field capacity (second-day) time to overland flow was uniformly less than 23 min, indicating that under wet watershed conditions low-P source areas can dilute overland flow from concentrated sources.
Conformationally Switchable Water-Soluble Fluorescent Bischolate Foldamers as Membrane-Curvature Sensors

Membrane curvature is an important parameter in biological processes such as cellular movement, division, and vesicle fusion and budding. Traditionally, only proteins and protein-derived peptides have been used as sensors for membrane curvature. Three water-soluble bischolate foldamers were synthesized, all labeled with an environmentally sensitive fluorophore to report their binding with lipid membranes. The orientation and ionic nature of the fluorescent label were found to be particularly important in their performance as membrane-curvature sensors. The bischolate with an NBD group in the hydrophilic α-face of the cholate outperformed the other two analogues as a membrane-curvature sensor and responded additionally to the lipid composition including the amounts of cholesterol and anionic lipids in the membranes.
Hereditary vulnerabilities to post-operative cognitive dysfunction and dementia

In view of multiple prospective investigations reporting an incidence of 10% or greater in elderly patients after cardiac and non-cardiac procedures, it is surprising that no families, twins or even individual cases have been reported with persistent post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) or post-operative dementia (POD) that is otherwise unexplained. As POCD and POD research has shifted in recent years from surgical and anesthetic variables to predictors of intrinsic, patient-specific susceptibility, a number of markers based on DNA sequence variation have been investigated. Nevertheless, no heritable, genomic indices of persistent POCD or post-operative dementia lasting 3 months or longer after surgery have been identified to date. The present manuscript surveys challenges confronting the search for markers of heritable vulnerability to POCD and POD, and proposes steps forward to be taken now, including the addition of surgical and anesthetic descriptors to ongoing longitudinal dementia protocols and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comprising serial psychometric testing, and a fresh focus on phenotypes and genotypes shared between outliers with "extreme" POCD and POD traits.
Comment on "Body of Revolution Comparisons for Axial- and Surface-Singularity Distributions"

I N a recent Note, D'Sa and Dalton present two comparisons of numerical potential flow surface velocity results for a surface source and an axial source singularity method. This work presents useful comparisons between the two techniques and points out the likelihood that axialsingularity methods may yield inaccurate solutions with arbitrary choices of size distribution of the axial-singularity elements. This dependence of solution accuracy on the size distribution of axial-singularity elements appears to be stronger for the higher-order formulations (e.g., quadratic), as seen in Fig. 2 of Ref. 1. Certainly, the general conclusion that surface-singularity methods are as a result more reliable than axial-singularity methods is valid. However, some limitations to this work must be pointed out. These limitations occur in two general areas: the limited usefulness of the ellipsoidal body as a test case for axial-singularity methods, as recently pointed out by Hess, and what appears to be an inadequate, or less than optimal, formulation for the axialsingularity method, especially as applied to the second test geometry of Ref. 1. First, as Hess reminds us in Ref. 2, the axisymmetric potential flow past an ellipsoid may be exactly represented by a line source distribution of linearly varying intensity, located between the foci, independent of body slenderness ratio. Hence, it is most likely that axial line source singularity numerical results for assumed piecewise linear source intensity will be a measure of the influence of finite word length and accumulated truncation error in the calculation, assuming that the proper inset of the axial source distribution is used. Also, based on the presented results for the axial source distributions for the ellipsoid (Fig. 1, Ref. 1), it appears likely that these calculated results were obtained for a nonoptimal inset of the axial source distribution. Similar small oscillating speed or pressure coefficient error distributions were seen by Kuhlman and Shu' for ellipsoids at zero angle of attack, using their axial-singularity formulation if nonoptimal inset was used. As found empirically,' and as shown by Moran, this optimal inset distance is the distance from the near focus to the nose of the ellipsoid. Using the optimal inset, calculated errors in surface pressure coefficient for ellipsoids were found in Ref. 3 to be 0(10~) using 60-bit word length, a flow tangency boundary condition formulation, and 15 linearly varying line source elements in a cosine size distribution to represent each half of the body. o.i
New observations concerning red–green color defects

The majority of research on X-chromosomal defects has been with a 2° field of view. The studies concur in a view of dichromacy as a loss or reduction system, and anomalous trichromacy as an alteration system. According to this view, protanopes have no functional LWS (long-wave-length-sensitive) photopigment; deuteranopes have no functional MWS (middle-wavelength-sensitive) photopigment. With larger fields of view, dichromats show trichromacy which is mediated by rods at low photopic luminances, and by anomalous cones for retinal illuminances above 1000 trolands. These studies suggest that the same (or similar) anomalous (L'WS) photopigment is formed at the protan locus and the same (or similar) anomalous (M'WS) photopigment is formed at the deutan locus for both the anomalous trichromatic and dichromatic forms of the defects. Family studies reveal that intrafamilial variability in chromatic discrimination is less than interfamilial variation. A possible interpretation of such studies is that multiple, rather than three or four, alleles may be involved in X-chromosomal color-vision defects, with the alleles determining the proportion of functional anomalous cones. Language: en
Multiple opioid receptors on immune cells modulate intracellular signaling

In 1979, Joseph Wybran reported his insights into the existence of different opioid receptor subtypes on T-cells. He observed that morphine and methionine enkephalin had different effects on human T-cell rosetting to sheep red blood cells. Since that time, a wide array of laboratories have shown that opiate alkyloids and opioid peptides exert pleiotropic effects on immune cell function. These compounds are immunomodulators, modifying immune responses to extracellular stimuli such as mitogens, antigens, and antibodies that cross-link the T-cell receptor. It has been demonstrated that cells involved in host defense and immunity express mRNA transcripts encoding the various opioid receptors originally described in neuronal tissues. Molecular imaging approaches have demonstrated the regulated expression of both delta and kappa opioid receptors, predominantly on T-cells. Moreover, atypical opiate and opioid binding sites are present on these cells. This review will consider the evidence for both classical and atypical opioid receptors and their effects on signaling within immune cells; our emphasis is the T-cell and its delta opioid receptor.
From Hoes to Hoes: State Policy, Agricultural Mechanization, and Women's Work Under Central Planning

In this paper, I reexamine the finding that the collectivization of agriculture in Eastern Europe resulted in its feminization. Using Bulgarian data, I find that, despite an increase in women's formal labor force participation, women remained concentrated in the least-mechanized, low-wage jobs. I argue that the Bulgarian state did little to break the pattern of women's responsibility for household labor and weak income opportunities. Despite its claim of promoting gender equality, the Bulgarian state incorporated women's subordinate role into a development strategy based on the extraction of surplus from agriculture.
Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and collisionally activated dissociationof peptides in a quadrupole ion trapwith selective IRMPD of phosphopeptides

Dissociation of protonated peptides via infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) provides more extensive sequence information than is obtained with collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) in a quadrupole ion trap due to the lack of the CAD low m/z cutoff and the ability to form secondary and higher order fragments with the non-resonant photoactivation technique. In addition, IRMPD is shown to be useful for the selective dissociation of phosphopeptides over those which are not phosphorylated because the greater photon absorption efficiency of the phosphorylated peptides leads to their more rapid dissociation. Finally, the selectivity of the IRMPD technique for phosphorylated species in complex mixtures is confirmed with the analysis of a mock peptide mixture and a tryptic digest of α-casein.
Philosophy and Performance of Grid Protection - Achieving High Power System Reliability

This article discusses about: system fault dependability index, philosophy for achieving 99%, equipment design, process management, engineering professionalism and skill set, performance statistics and the learning points from 2003.
Magnetic measurements on dilute monocrystalline MgNd

Abstract Dilute MgNd alloys show anisotropy in magnetic susceptibility below 50K due to the crystalline electric field of Mg. A fit to the data by minimizing chi-square indicates a splitting of the 4 I 9 2 ground state of Nd3+ of 75K.
International partnerships: A game theory perspective

This chapter illustrates how shared and divergent partner motivations and outcome expectations in a Sino-U.S. cross-border higher education program have created synergy, but also challenged the implementation of a partnership.
All We Knew Was to Farm: Rural Women in the Upcountry South, 1919-1941

Contents:List of Figures List of Tables AcknowledgementsIntroduction: "All We Knew Was to Farm" 1. Rural Life in the Upcountry South: The Scene in 1920 2. Making Do and Doing Without: Farm Women Cope with the Economic Crisis, 1920-1941 3. "Grandma Would Find Some Way to Make Some Money": Farm Women's Cash Incomes 4. Mixed Messages: Home Extension Work among Upcountry Farm Women in the 1920s and 1930s 5. Government Relocation and Upcountry Women 6. Rural Women and Industrialization 7. Farm Wives and Commercial Farming 8. "The Land of Do Without": The Changing Face of Sevier County, Tennessee, 1908-1940 Epilogue: The Persistence of Rural ValuesAbbreviations Notes Bibliographical Essay Index
Determination of nanogram quantities of gold in biological tissues by nondestructive neutron activation analysis

We describe a method for gold analysis in kidney and liver. The technique is simpler than other methods in that it does not require ashing or acid digestion of the sample. The tissue is dried, placed into a polyethylene vial and diluted with a 2 ml sodium chloride solution. Gold concentration is determined by neutron activation analysis. Samples are irradiated for two hours at a thermal neutron flux of 1012n·cm−2·s−1 and are then allowed to decay for 3–4 days before counting. The detection limit (20 ng Au/ml) and precision (±6.1%) permits the accurate analysis of gold in these tissues. This technique could aid in a re-examination of gold metabolism.
Stage‐specific cohesion of cell ghosts and plasma‐membrane fragments from Dictyostelium discoideum★

Abstract During fruiting-body construction by Dictyostelium discoideum, the formation and subsequent maintenance of the multicellular assembly involve two stage-specific cohesive systems that are acquired sequentially and are distinguishable on serological and genetic grounds. We demonstrated that both systems, termed aggregation related (AR) and postaggregation related (PAR), can function in vitro. Ghosts prepared from cells of the wild-type and of a cohesion-defective mutant that were harvested during growth and at aggregation and postaggregative stages of fruitingbody construction exhibited the same cohesive properties as the cells from which they were derived. Membrane fragments prepared from the ghosts by mechanical disruption retained these cohesive properties.
Impact of POS data sharing on supply chain management: An experimental study

We examine the impact of point of sale (POS) data sharing on ordering decisions in a multi-echelon supply chain. In particular, we focus on how exposure to POS data may help reduce the “bullwhip effect,” the tendency of orders to increase in variability as one moves up a supply chain. Theoretical studies have shown that exposure to POS data can lead to a reduction in the bullwhip effect when suppliers have no prior knowledge of the demand distribution. The benefit of sharing POS data in stable industries, where the demand distribution is commonly known, is less clear. We study this phenomenon from a behavioral perspective in the context of a simple, serial, supply chain subject to information lags and stochastic demand. We find, using a controlled simulation experiment, that sharing POS information does help reduce some components of the bullwhip effect in a stable demand setting, namely the order oscillation of upstream members. We offer one possible explanation for this improvement by examining the relationship between order decisions and demand line information.
Method for In-Use Measurement and Evaluation of the Activity, Fuel Use, Electricity Use, and Emissions of a Plug-In Hybrid Diesel-Electric School Bus

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a methodology for characterizing at high resolution the energy use and emissions of a plug-in parallel-hybrid diesel-electric school bus (PHSB) to support assessments of sensitivity to driving cycles and comparisons to a conventional diesel school bus (CDSB). Data were collected using onboard instruments for a first-of-a-kind prototype PHSB and a CDSB of the same chassis and engine, operated on actual school bus routes. The engine load was estimated on the basis of vehicle specific power (VSP) and an empirically derived relationship between VSP and engine manifold absolute pressure (MAP). VSP depends on speed, acceleration, and road grade. For the PHSB, the observed electrical discharge or recharge to the traction motor battery was characterized on the basis of VSP. The energy use and emission rates of the PHSB from tailpipe and electricity use were estimated for five real-world driving cycles and compared to the engine fuel use and emissions of the CDSB. The PHSB had the greatest advantage on arterial routes and less advantage on highway or local routes. The coupled VSP-MAP modeling approach enables assessment of a wide variety of driving conditions and comparisons of vehicles with different propulsion technologies.
Thermal transfer in turbulent gas streams: Temperature distribution in boundary flows about spheres

A knowledge of the temperature distribution about bodies of revolution, and more particularly about spheres, is of interest in connection with many problems associated with thermal and material transport. The present investigation involved measurements of the temperature distribution in the boundary flows about a 0.5-in. porous sphere and 0.5-in. and 1.0-in. silver spheres. The measurements were made in an air stream at velocities between 4 and 32 ft./sec. under conditions of shear flow, as well as at various positions in the wake of a perforated grid. From these measurements the thickness of the thermal boundary layer was established as a function of polar angle and conditions of flow. The experimental data were correlated upon the assumption that the normalized temperature in the boundary flow is a single-valued function of the position in the thermal boundary layer. It appeared that this simple assumption described the experimental data within the uncertainties of measurement and that the Blasius function provided a reasonable description of the relationship of the normalized temperature to the relative position in the thermal boundary layer.
Identity, Narcissism, and Defence Mechanisms in Late Adolescence

Abstract The relationships among Marcia′s (1980) identity status, the components of narcissism, and three ego defense mechanisms (denial, projection, and identification) were studied in a group of late adolescents as they began college. The results indicated that experiencing an identity crisis (statuses of Moratorium and Diffusion/Moratorium) was associated with the use of all three defenses, but not with narcissism. Commitment to an identity without having experienced a crisis (statuses of Foreclosure and Diffusion/Foreclosure) was associated with defensive narcissism, but not with ego defenses. Commitment to an identity after having experienced a crisis (Achieved status) was associated with both adaptive and defensive narcissism and minimally with the defense of identification.
Experimental transmission of the parasitic flagellates Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli between triatomine bugs or mice and captive neotropical bats

Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli-like trypanosomes have been found in a variety of neotropical bat species. In this study, bats (Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Desmodus rotundus, Glossophaga soricina, Molossus molossus, Phyllostomus hastatus) were maintained under controlled conditions, and experiments were conducted to determine how they might become infected naturally with trypanosomes. All bats were first screened for existing infections by hemoculture and the examination of blood smears, and only apparently uninfected animals were then used in the experiments. Proof was obtained that the triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus would readily feed upon some of the bats, and two species became infected after being bitten by bugs infected with T. rangeli. Some bats also became infected by ingesting R. prolixus carrying T. cruzi, or following subcutaneous or intragastic inoculation with fecal suspensions of R. prolixus containing T. cruzi. P. hastatus became infected after ingesting mice carrying T. cruzi. All of the bats studied inhabit roosts that may be occupied by triatomine bugs and, with the exception of D. rotundus, all also feed to at least some extent upon insects. These findings provide further evidence of how bats may play significant roles in the epidemiology of T. cruzi and T. rangeli in the New World tropics.