cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of ambient gases on the mechanism of [Cs8Nb6O19]-promoted nerve-agent decomposition.

The impact of ambient gas molecules (X), NO2, CO2 and SO2 on the structure, stability and decontamination activity of Cs8Nb6O19 polyoxometalate was studied computationally and experimentally. It was found that Cs8Nb6O19 absorbs these molecules more strongly than it adsorbs water and Sarin (GB) and that these interactions hinder nerve agent decontamination. The impacts of diamagnetic CO2 and SO2 molecules on polyoxoniobate Cs8Nb6O19 were fundamentally different from that of NO2 radical. At ambient temperatures, weak coordination of the first NO2 radical to Cs8Nb6O19 conferred partial radical character on the polyoxoniobate and promoted stronger coordination of the second NO2 adsorbent to form a stable diamagnetic Cs8Nb6O19/(NO2)2 species. Moreover, at low temperatures, NO2 radicals formed stable dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) that weakly interacted with Cs8Nb6O19. It was found that both in the absence and presence of ambient gas molecules, GB decontamination by the Cs8Nb6O19 species proceeds via general base hydrolysis involving: (a) the adsorption of water and the nerve agent on Cs8Nb6O19/(X), (b) concerted hydrolysis of a water molecule on a basic oxygen atom of the polyoxoniobate and nucleophilic addition of the nascent OH group to the phosphorus center of Sarin, and (c) rapid reorganization of the formed pentacoordinated-phosphorus intermediate, followed by dissociation of either HF or isopropanol and formation of POM-bound isopropyl methyl phosphonic acid (i-MPA) or methyl phosphonofluoridic acid (MPFA), respectively. The presence of the ambient gas molecules increases the energy of the intermediate stationary points relative to the asymptote of the reactants and slightly increases the hydrolysis barrier. These changes closely correlate with the Cs8Nb6O19–X complexation energy. The most energetically stable intermediates of the GB hydrolysis and decontamination reaction were found to be Cs8Nb6O19/X-MPFA-(i-POH) and Cs8Nb6O19/X-(i-MPA)-HF both in the absence and presence of ambient gas molecules. The high stability of these intermediates is due to, in part, the strong hydrogen bonding between the adsorbates and the protonated [Cs8Nb6O19/X/H]+-core. Desorption of HF or/and (i-POH) and regeneration of the catalyst required deprotonation of the [Cs8Nb6O19/X/H]+-core and protonation of the phosphonic acids i-MPA and MPFA. This catalyst regeneration is shown to be a highly endothermic process, which is the rate-limiting step of the GB hydrolysis and decontamination reaction both in the absence and presence of ambient gas molecules.
Management of Elbow Dislocations in the National Football League.

Background:Although much literature exists regarding the treatment and management of elbow dislocations in the general population, little information is available regarding management in the athlet...
Preliminary validation of a self‐efficacy scale for pediatric chronic illness

BACKGROUND Tracking self-efficacy may be useful for identifying children at risk for medical noncompliance. We created the Pediatric Rating of Chronic Illness Self-Efficacy (PRCISE) to measure self-efficacy in youth dealing with a chronic illness. METHOD Data were collected from 217 families where one child aged 7-20 (Mage = 13.62, SDage = 2.92; 62.7% Latino, 58.1% female) had a chronic illness. Parent participants provided demographic information. Youth completed a depression measure, the Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents and the PRCISE. To determine the underlying latent structure of the scale, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted using parallel analysis. We also carried out two multiple linear regressions to explore the data and establish preliminary predictive validity. RESULTS The measure was reduced to 15 items, demonstrating a one-factor solution with strong reliability. Predictors of lower self-efficacy included having parents who had not attended college, being African American, and having higher Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents scores, R2 = .23, F(11, 174) = 5.62, p < .001. Main effects were qualified by a two-way interaction, such that the decrease in PRCISE scores associated with depressive symptoms was attenuated in children with less educated parents. In terms of predictive validity, higher PRCISE scores unexpectedly predicted more number of emergency room visits, R2 = .12, F(9, 113) = 2.73, p < .01. CONCLUSIONS The PRCISE appears to be a reliable measure of a single self-efficacy construct. Secondary analyses revealed important health disparities in pediatric chronic illness self-efficacy. Next steps may include validation of the PRCISE using confirmatory factor analysis.
Understanding Diatom Cell Wall Silicification—Moving Forward

The silicified cell walls of diatoms have inspired the interest of researchers for several centuries, and our understanding of their properties and formation has developed in synch with the development of observational and analytical techniques. Over the past 20 years, approaches used to characterize the molecular components involved in cell wall silicification have evolved, and this has provided significant insights into fundamental aspects of silicification, and promises to continue to do so. Diatom cell wall formation is highly dynamic but, apart from microscopic investigations, most previous molecular characterizations have been on completely formed structures, and thus only provide information on a static end point in the process. However, recent studies that monitor when components are made, and how they are transported to the silica deposition vesicle (SDV), indicate that investigation into the true dynamics of the process is possible. Real-time imaging and genetic manipulation offer the promise of elucidating the spatio-temporal dynamics of, and interactions between, components, which will be essential to understand how structure formation is controlled and coordinated. This review is aimed at describing the approaches that have been used to characterize diatom silicification, integrating newer concepts based on results from diverse approaches, and raising questions that still need to be addressed, leveraging the diverse tools and techniques we now have.
Sharing Community Data: Platform Collectivism for Managing Water Quality

We are investigating community data, which is data gathered, analyzed, interpreted, and used by members of a local community. We discuss the ways that developing data literacy could result in more substantive civic participation and decision-making. Community members are already engaged in community data practices. Our goal is to help make these data more visible and accessible throughout the community and to engage the community at large in deliberation and planning with respect to its data. We report high-level outcomes of a community data hackathon that we facilitated along with a group of local water quality stakeholders. In order to design and develop an open community data platform and to build social infrastructure to sustain a long-term community data project, we plan to organize a series of these community-wide hackathon events.
Dietary Cholesterol and the Lack of Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. For years, dietary cholesterol was implicated in increasing blood cholesterol levels leading to the elevated risk of CVD. To date, extensive research did not show evidence to support a role of dietary cholesterol in the development of CVD. As a result, the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans removed the recommendations of restricting dietary cholesterol to 300 mg/day. This review summarizes the current literature regarding dietary cholesterol intake and CVD. It is worth noting that most foods that are rich in cholesterol are also high in saturated fatty acids and thus may increase the risk of CVD due to the saturated fatty acid content. The exceptions are eggs and shrimp. Considering that eggs are affordable and nutrient-dense food items, containing high-quality protein with minimal saturated fatty acids (1.56 gm/egg) and are rich in several micronutrients including vitamins and minerals, it would be worthwhile to include eggs in moderation as a part of a healthy eating pattern. This recommendation is particularly relevant when individual’s intakes of nutrients are suboptimal, or with limited income and food access, and to help ensure dietary intake of sufficient nutrients in growing children and older adults.
MARCINKIEWICZ TYPE LAWS OF LARGE NUMBERS AND CONVERGENCE OF MOMENTS FOR U-STATISTICS

Laws of large numbers for U-statistics which reduce to the (sufficiencypart of the) Marcinkiewicz law of large numbers if m = 1 are proved. Convergence of moments is also considered both for the laws of large numbers and for the central limit theorem.
ZFP932 suppresses cellular Hedgehog response and Patched1 transcription.

Substantial amount of research has been devoted to the understanding of hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction in the past two decades. Although significant progresses have been made on the understanding of individual signaling components of this pathway, the transcriptional regulation of these components is not as well understood. We have recently characterized a novel Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain containing zinc finger transcription factor ZFP932 (formerly known as ZNF431) and showed that it transcriptionally regulates several components of the Hh pathway. ZFP932 is part of the largest KRAB-domain zinc finger transcription factor family in the mammalian genome. However, the in vivo functions for the majority of these transcription factors as well as their downstream targets are not fully understood. ZFP932 is a nuclear KRAB-domain zinc finger transcriptional repressor that recruits HDACs to target promoters. Using the embryonic limb mesenchymal cell line MPLB, we uncovered many potential targets for ZFP932. Among them, Patched1 (Ptch1) was found to be a direct transcriptional target of ZFP932. Promoter analyses using reporter assays as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed three ZFP932 binding sites in the Ptch1 proximal promoter which are bound by ZFP932 in vivo as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Consistently, overexpression of ZFP932 either in MPLB cells or in Xenopus and mouse embryos strongly repressed Ptch1 expression. Conversely, shRNA knockdown of Zfp932 in MPLB cells elevated Ptch1 expression. In addition to regulating Ptch1 transcription, we demonstrated that ZFP932 also regulates hedgehog signaling as Hh pathway readouts are reduced in ZFP932 overexpression and elevated in ZFP932 knockdown MPLB cells. Moreover, perturbation of ZFP932 expression in C3H10T1/2 cells affected Hh-induced osteoblast differentiation. Together, these results implicate ZFP932 in Hh signaling by transcriptionally regulating Hh signal component expression.
Early CPAP use identifies subsequent adherence to CPAP therapy.

Study objectives To explore the relationship between specific factors such as sex and early continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use, and 30-day adherence to CPAP therapy. Design and setting Retrospective study conducted at a single center in southeast Michigan. Patients One hundred patients with obstructive sleep apnea who were recently initiated on CPAP therapy with electronic adherence information relayed from the CPAP device to a laboratory-based computer through telephone modem. Interventions N/A. Measurements and results An empiric threshold value of objective CPAP use of greater than 4 hours per night measured 3 days following CPAP initiation was predictive of level of CPAP adherence measured 30 days later. Furthermore, CPAP adherence was directly proportional to age (R = 0.25, P = .018). There were no sex-related differences in adherence to CPAP therapy. Conclusions Long-term adherence to CPAP therapy can be predicted as early as 3 days following CPAP initiation. The study also demonstrates that younger age and African-American race are independently associated with lower CPAP adherence.
Do state borders matter for U.S. intranational trade? The role of history and internal migration

. Empirical evidence of the impact of borders on international trade flows using the gravity equation approach abounds. This paper examines the empirical relevance of state borders in U.S. interstate trade for various specifications of the gravity equation. We find a large and economically significant subnational border effect for some specifications. However, two model specifications drastically reduce (if not eliminate) the border effect: (i) dynamic panel specifications controlling for past levels of trade and (ii) models conditioning on internal migration. Les resultats empiriques de l'analyse des impacts des frontieres sur les flux de commerce international en utilisant les modeles de gravite sont devenus monnaie courante. Ce texte examine l'impact des frontieres entre etats a l'aide de cette technique. Il s'avere que les effets de frontieres infranationales sont grands et significatifs pour certaines specifications du modele. Cependant, deux specifications du modele reduisent dramatiquement (s'ils n'eliminent pas) l'effet de frontiere: (i) des specifications qui prennent en compte les niveaux anterieurs de commerce, et (ii) des specifications qui dependent de la migration interne.
Vestibular receptors in mammals: afferent discharge characteristics and efferent control.

Publisher Summary In recent years, there have been several studies of the discharge characteristics of mammalian vestibular afferents. This chapter reviews these studies and where possible, draws deductions as to the role of the vestibular end organs in the control of movement and posture. The physiology of the mammalian efferent vestibular system is also considered. Vestibular afferents have a resting discharge. This permits the afferents to respond bidirectionally, it reduces or eliminates the sensory threshold, and it provides a tonic input to central pathways. Thick and thin vestibular axons have different discharge characteristics. Thin afferents, which innervate type II hair cells, are characterized by a regular spacing of action potentials and they are tonic receptors. Thick afferents supply type I hair cells; the spacing of action potentials is irregular and the receptors are more phasic in their behavior. Thick units are also more sensitive to natural stimuli, particularly to those whose spectrum falls within the bandwidth of naturally occurring head movements. Electrical stimulation of the efferent vestibular system (EVS) results in an excitation, which is particularly prominent in irregularly discharging afferents.
Explicating wh-fronting in Mandarin: A scrambling approach

This paper proposes an alternative approach to wh-fronting in Mandarin by analyzing it as a type of regional scrambling. Three main arguments are presented, including the semantic vacuousness of Mandarin wh-fronting, its mixed syntactic properties, and the theoretical plausibility of scrambling in a non-scrambling language. This approach departs from previous treatments in dispensing with stipulation of an explicit uniform driving force for the movement and permits structural alternation without significant meaning changes.
Infant and Preschool Methods

Infant and preschool measures, which are usually associated with the age range of 1 year to 6 years, differ from other intelligence tests in scope. Infant measures in particular are usually multidimensional. Infant tests, for example, frequently assess cognitive and motor domains simultaneously. The McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (McCarthy, 1972), for example, is designed for ages 2 1/2 through 8 and includes a motor domain. Motor domains are even more common for infant measures. Some measures also assess behavioral, temperamental, and emotional status. The Battelle Developmental Inventory (Newborg, Stock, Wnek, Guidubaldi, & Svinicki, 1984) is a broad-based diagnostic measure that assesses personal-social, adaptive, motor, communication, and cognitive skills.
Review of Music Education in an Age of Virtuality and Post-truth

In his book, Music Education in an Age of Virtuality and Post-Truth, Woodford presents a welcomed discussion of the aims of music education in a time of political unrest. This timely text is needed...
Challenges for Catholic schools in contemporary Uruguay

This article reviews and updates a previous work published in 2007 as a chapter in the International Handbook of Catholic Education (Aristimuno, A. 2007. “Challenges for Catholic Schools in Uruguay...
1 Real-Time Digital Simulation of Microgrid Control Strategies

This paper evaluates microgrid control strategies prior to actual implementation using a real-time digital simulator. The microgrid model includes photovoltaic generation, a battery, an emergency generator, loads and a vehicle-to-grid enabled electric vehicle charging station. Three operational scenarios are studied: grid-connected operation; seamless transition to islanded mode with the battery inverter operating in grid-forming mode; and islanded operation using the emergency generator when the battery is discharged.
Rates of Cesarean Conversion and Associated Predictors and Outcomes in Planned Vaginal Twin Deliveries

OBJECTIVE Twin vaginal deliveries (VDs) are often performed in the operating room (OR) given the risk of conversion to cesarean delivery (CD) for the aftercoming twin. We aim to investigate the rates of conversion to CD for planned twin VDs and identify predictors and outcomes of conversion. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of all women who underwent a planned twin VD at two large academic medical centers over 4 years. Demographic and outcome data were chart abstracted. Various statistical tests were used to evaluate the influence of perinatal variables on mode of delivery and identify possible predictors of conversion. RESULTS Eight hundred and eighty-five twin deliveries were identified, of which 725 (81.9%) were possible candidates for VD. Of those, 237 (32.7%) underwent successful VD of twin A. Ninety-five (40.1%) had a nonvertex second twin at time of delivery. Conversion to CD occurred in 10 planned VDs (4.2%). Conversions were higher with spontaneous labor (relative risk [RR]: 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-2.7; p = 0.003), and having an intertwin delivery interval greater than 60 minutes (RR: 5.1; 95% CI: 2.5-10.8; p < 0.001). Nonvertex presentation of twin B, type of delivery provider, or years out in practice of delivery provider were not significantly different between groups. There were no significant differences in neonatal outcomes between VD and conversion groups. There was a significant association between use of forceps for twin B and successful VD (p = 0.02), with 84.6% in the setting of a nonvertex twin B. CONCLUSION Successful VD was achieved in planned VD of twins in 95.8% of cases, and there were no significant differences in maternal and fetal outcomes between successful VD and conversion to CD for twin B. With the optimal clinical scenario and shared decision-making, performing vaginal twin deliveries in labor and delivery rooms should be discussed. KEY POINTS · There is a propensity to perform twin vaginal deliveries in the operating room.. · Rates of conversion to cesarean section are very low.. · There are no significant differences in perinatal outcomes with conversion..
Association of remote traumatic brain injury and military employment with late-life trajectories of depressive symptom severity

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and military service are common lifetime exposures among current older adults that may affect late-life mental health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between TBI with loss of consciousness (LOC) and military employment and late-life depressive symptom severity trajectory. Methods 1445 males and 2096 females adults at least 65 years old without dementia or recent TBI were enrolled and followed biennially for up to 10 years in the Adult Changes in Thought study from Kaiser Permanente Washington in Seattle, Washington. Results Using group-based trajectory modeling, we documented four distinct depressive symptom severity trajectories that followed a similar course in males and females (Minimal, Decreasing, Increasing, and Persistent). In multinomial regression analyses, TBI with LOC in males was associated with greater likelihood of Persistent versus Minimal depressive symptom severity compared to individuals without TBI (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.27; p=0.046). Males reporting past military employment had greater likelihood of Decreasing versus Minimal depressive symptom severity compared to individuals without past military employment (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.31; p=0.035). There was no association between TBI or military employment and depression trajectories in females, and no evidence of effect modification by age or between exposures. Limitations Lifetime history of TBI was ascertained retrospectively and may be subject to recall bias. Also, past military employment does not presuppose combat exposure. Conclusions Remote TBI and past military employment are relevant to late-life trajectories of depressive symptom severity in dementia-free older males.
Adaptive-learning model predictive control for complex physiological systems: Automated insulin delivery in diabetes

Abstract An adaptive-learning model predictive control (AL-MPC) framework is proposed for incorporating disturbance prediction, model uncertainty quantification, pattern learning, and recursive subspace identification for use in controlling complex dynamic systems with periodically recurring large random disturbances. The AL-MPC integrates online learning from historical data to predict the future evolution of the model output over a specified horizon and proactively mitigate significant disturbances. This goal is accomplished using dynamic regularized latent variable regression (DrLVR) approach to quantify disturbances from the past data and forecast their future progression time series. An enveloped path for the future behavior of the model output is extracted to further enhance the robustness of the closed-loop system. The controller set-point, penalty weights of the objective function, and constraints criteria can be modified in advance for the expected periods of the disturbance effects. The proposed AL-MPC is used to regulate glucose concentration in people with Type 1 diabetes by an automated insulin delivery system. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique by improving the performance indices of the closed-loop system. The MPC algorithm integrated with DrLVR disturbance predictor has compared to MPC reinforced with dynamic principal component analysis linked with K-nearest neighbors and hyper-spherical clustering (k-means) technique. The simulation results illustrate that the AL-MPC can regulate the glucose concentrations of people with Type 1 diabetes to stay in the desired range (70–180) mg/dL 84.4% of the time without causing any hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia events.
Spoofing Attacks to Radar Motion Sensors with Portable RF Devices

Radar sensors have shown great potential for surveillance and security authentication applications. However, a thorough analysis of their vulnerability to spoofing or replay attacks has not been performed yet. In this paper, the feasibility of performing spoofing attacks to radar sensor is studied and experimentally verified. First, a simple binary phase-shift keying system was used to generate artificial spectral components in the radar’s demodulated signal. Additionally, an analog phase shifter was driven by an arbitrary signal generator to mimic the human cardio-respiratory motion. Characteristic time and frequency domain cardio-respiratory human signatures were successfully generated, which opens possibilities to perform spoofing attacks to surveillance and security continuous authentication systems based on microwave radar sensors.
Plasticity of the gastrocnemius elastic system in response to decreased work and power demand during growth

Abstract Elastic energy storage and release can enhance performance that would otherwise be limited by the force-velocity constraints of muscle. While functional influence of a biological spring depends on tuning between components of an elastic system (the muscle, spring, driven mass, and lever system), we do not know whether elastic systems systematically adapt to functional demand. To test whether altering work and power generation during maturation alters the morphology of an elastic system, we prevented growing guinea fowl (Numida Meleagris) from jumping. At maturity, we compared the jump performance of our treatment group to that of controls and measured the morphology of the gastrocnemius elastic system. We found that restricted birds jumped with lower jump power and work, yet there were no significant between-group differences in the components of the elastic system. Further, subject-specific models revealed no difference in energy storage capacity between groups, though energy storage was most sensitive to variations in muscle properties (most significantly operating length and least dependent on tendon stiffness). We conclude that the gastrocnemius elastic system in the guinea fowl displays little to no plastic response to decreased demand during growth and hypothesize that neural plasticity may explain performance variation.
Evaluating DTN Routing Performance with Random Contact Misses

For a class of delay-tolerant networks, it is assumed that the future topology changes are predictable and therefore, it is possible to find paths for data bundles by traversing the contact graph. This is the method used by Schedule-Aware Bundle Routing through Contact Graph Routing and the reward shaping method proposed for the Cognitive Space Gateway (CSG). In this work, the performance impact of anticipated contacts that randomly fail to occur is investigated. A queuing model is first formulated to gain insight into the end-to-end bundle delivery performance drop compared to the optimal performance. Then, experimental results provide further indication of the performance impact using an emulated space DTN environment. While a contact miss event can be hard to predict or to avoid, bundle re-routing is investigated for CSG routing as a possible mitigation method and is experimentally tested.
Analysis of Bubble Sizes in Vesicular Basalt

Vertical variation in basalt vesicle size and abundance has traditionally been utilized as a relative-age indicator in deformed volcanic terrains. However, there is more to be learned from vesicles than simply which way is up. Recent study of vesicle size-frequency distributions has resulted in quantification of rates of volatile exsolution in pre-eruption magmas, flow motion and cooling processes, as well as the elevation of lava emplacement. Through analysis of vesicle size-frequency distributions from a series of slabs cut from a single basalt hand-sample, students are introduced to simple rock preparation techniques and subsequent numerical analysis. Additionally, comparison of size-frequencies between sequential slabs allows for introduction of these techniques and the mathematics of bubble growth in fluids. From our example analysis, it was determined that vertical variation in the size-frequency distribution of basalt vesicles over short distances implies multiple processes of bubble growth. In our...
Entropy Generation Minimization in a Ram-Air Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger

This paper presents the constrained thermodynamic optimization of a crossflow heat exchanger with ram air on the cold side. The ram-air stream passes through a diffuser before entering the heat exchanger, and exits through a nozzle. This configuration is used in the environmental control systems of aircraft. In the first part of the study the heat exchanger is optimized alone, subject to fixed total volume and volume fraction occupied by solid walls. Optimized geometric features such as the ratio of channel spacings and flow lengths are reported. It is found that the optimized features are relatively insensitive to changes in other physical parameters of the installation. In the second part of the study the entropy generation rate also accounts for the irreversibility due to discharging the ram-air stream into the atmosphere. The optimized geometric features are relatively insensitive to this additional effect, emphasizing the robustness of the thermodynamic optimum.
Assessment of regional right ventricular velocities, strain, and displacement in normal children using velocity vector imaging

Background: Velocity vector imaging (VVI) is a novel technique to assess regional myocardial mechanics. We evaluated the utility of VVI in the assessment of right ventricular (RV) function in normal children. Methods: RV images (apical 4-chamber view, high frame rate capture) from 30 normal children (mean 8.7 years; range 1.1–18) were selected. Longitudinal myocardial velocities, peak systolic strain (PSS), maximal longitudinal displacement (LD), and times to peak for these parameters were obtained from six RV segments. Simultaneous Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) derived peak systolic and early diastolic velocities were obtained from the free tricuspid annulus. Measurements were made independently by two observers. Results: Qualitative analysis shows dominant longitudinal systolic and diastolic myocardial motion, particularly at the basal segments. Velocities and LD were greatest at the basal segments and decreased from base to apex. PSS values were less consistent between segments and observers, with the greatest PSS generally found in the apical segments. LD and time to peak displacement (TPD) were the most reproducible. TPD in the basal segments were strikingly similar in each patient and correlated with R-R intervals. Peak diastolic velocities in the right base did correlate with corresponding annular DTI velocities; DTI velocities were consistently higher than VVI velocities. Conclusions: RV segmental velocities and LD are reliably obtained by VVI. PSS is less reproducible. LD is a reproducible measure of systolic function and TPD appears to be useful in the assessment of synchrony. Correlation of these findings with children who have known RV pathology is an important next step.
Gilbert West's Dissertation on the Olympick Games (1749): ‘Established upon great Political Views’

Gilbert West's Dissertation on the Olympick Games is the first modern history of the ancient games. The Dissertation incorporates a bibliographic essay, historical conjecture and narrative, and descriptions of the venue, athletes and events at Olympia. West considered the ancient games a political institution foremost, and demonstrated the importance of seeing the games as an elemental institution embedded in and revealing of the larger political culture of ancient Greece. With the Dissertation, West joined British Classical scholars, translators and literary figures who found in ancient Greek liberty, virtue and patriotic valour models for the British nation in the eighteenth century.
Tectonic Evolution of the High Pressure Granulites in the Tetons: The Earliest Record for Himalayan-Style Tectonics in the World

Our field season in August 2005 consisted of mapping an area from Hidden Corral in the S. Fork Bitch Creek (which is not in the Grand Teton National Park) to Moose Basin. In addition to mapping and sampling in Moose Basin area we made an important traverse along the head of the cirque around Camp Lake (which lies just west of the Park).
Detection and analysis of the effect of power frequency magnetic field on cell proliferation

This paper uses a small power frequency pulsed magnetic field stimulator. We stimulated the normal cells and cancer cells by different intensity and time. We used MTT method to detect two kinds of cell proliferation level and analyzed the experimental results. The effects of the frequency of pulse magnetic field on cell proliferation were discussed in detail. This paper provides reference for magnetic stimulation effect on carcinogenesis.
Searching for Harm: Same-Sex Marriage and the Well-Being of Children

For the past two decades, claims related to the welfare and well-being of children have been invoked by those defending same-sex marriage bans. This Article offers a new and fruitful perspective on why courts should seriously question the credibility of these asserted child welfare claims. Many assume that these repeated invocations of child welfare related concerns have remained constant, or at least consistent, over time. A closer examination, however, reveals that while children have remained front and center, the particular proffered interests have continued to mutate over time and that more recent claims are inconsistent or at least in tension with earlier arguments. Drawing upon employment discrimination law, this Article argues that this historical perspective should cause courts to be suspicious of these ever changing rationales for same-sex marriage bans.
Formation process of kaolinite from amorphous calcium silicate and aluminum chloride

The formation process of kaolinite in the hydrothermal reaction of an amorphous calcium silicate with aluminum chloride was studied by XRD, IR, DTA-TG, TEM, and high-resolution solid state 29 Si-MAS/NMR. The amorphous calcium silicate prepared from diatomite and calcium hydroxide was hydrothermally treated with an aluminum chloride solution in a Teflon pressure vessel at 220°C for a reaction period varying from 1 to 144 h. As the first step of the reaction, the Q 2 state component of the starting material changed into an intermediate amorphous with the Q 3 state. The degree of silica-polycondensation of this state is identical to that of the intermedicate phased observed in the kaolinitization from the amorphous mixture of silica and alumina
Judging pain sensitivity with subcutaneous lidocaine injections.

Objective. Pain perception is affected by psychological, social, medical, and environmental conditions, and contributes to the patient's treatment satisfaction and response. Better understanding of pain perception will likely improve pain assessment and treatment selection. The objective of this study was to define a range of verbal and nonverbal pain responses to a clinical stimulus in a clinical population. Design. Subjects were 165 patients with chronic pain conditions. The patients were scheduled for elective interventional pain procedures on the lumbar spine including lumbar interlaminar epidural steroid injections, lumbar transforaminal steroid injections, lumbar facet injections, lumbar medial branch nerve blocks, radiofrequency ablation of lumbar medial branch nerves, and lumbar discography. Intervention. Prior to the procedure, subjects rated anxiety on a numerical rating scale (NRS) from 0 (no anxiety) to 3 (extreme anxiety), and received standardized subcutaneous injections of lidocaine (using 25-G needle to infiltrate 2 cc 1% lidocaine) as local anesthesia. Following the lidocaine injection, pain was rated on an NRS scale. Body movement detected during the injection was rated by an independent observer and recorded as none, less than 1 in., and more than 1 in. Body movement was defined as torso moving away from original prone position. Results. Patients were 37% men and 63% women, with average age of 53 years. The range of pain intensity responses fell within a normal curve ( P < 0.01), with average pain intensity of 4.9 (standard deviation = 2.7). Patients with more body movement reported higher pain ( P < 0.01). Anxiety predicted pain intensity ratings ( P < 0.01). Use of opioids did not predict pain intensity, body movement, or anxiety. Conclusion. This study shows normal distribution of verbal pain response to a clinical pain stimulus in a clinical population. Body movement and anxiety correlated with verbal pain intensity ratings. Subcutaneous injections of lidocaine may be a useful model for exploration of pain sensitivity in a clinical population.
Ethnic/Racial Differences in Depression among U.S. Primary Care Patients: Cultural Considerations in Screening and Detection

Screening and detection are essential building blocks for prevention and early treatment of depression. Despite their critical role in early identification and treatment, primary care physicians fail to recognize depression in about half of their patients. Because depressed patients of color tend to seek treatment in primary care settings, the need for greater attention to, and understanding of, ethnic and racial disparities in general practitioners' ability to detect cases of depression is compelling. The purpose of this article is to discuss the screening and detection of depression among patients from different U.S. ethnic/racial and cultural groups. Specifically, the objective is to identify within- and between-culture factors that may impact on symptom presentation for African-Americans, Asians, Hispanic/Latinos, and Native Americans, and subsequently on the diagnosis of depression in primary care settings. Implications for the role of allied health professionals, especially social workers, in enhanc...
From the Fabulous Baker Boys to the Master of Disaster: The White House Chief of Staff in the Reagan and G.H.W. Bush Administrations

Chiefs of staff in the modern presidency usually assume three major roles during their tenure: administrator, adviser, and guardian. Through original survey data, this article explores these roles by examining six chiefs of staff who served during the Reagan-Bush era: James Baker, Donald Regan, Howard Baker, Kenneth Duberstein, John Sununu, and Samuel Skinner. Based on the evidence, Howard Baker and James Baker were perceived as the most effective chiefs of staff in performing these three major functions. Not surprisingly, the Reagan administration prospered during both Bakers’tenures.
Quantitative real-time monitoring of dryer effluent using fiber optic near-infrared spectroscopy.

Abstract This paper describes a method for real‐time quantitation of the solvents evaporating from a dryer. The vapor stream in the vacuum line of a dryer was monitored in real time using a fiber optic‐coupled acousto‐optic tunable filter near‐infrared (AOTF‐NIR) spectrometer. A balance was placed in the dryer, and mass readings were recorded for every scan of the AOTF‐NIR. A partial least‐squares (PLS) calibration was subsequently built based on change in mass over change in time for solvents typically used in a chemical manufacturing plant. Controlling software for the AOTF‐NIR was developed. The software collects spectra, builds the PLS calibration model, and continuously fits subsequently collected spectra to the calibration, allowing the operator to follow the mass loss of solvent from the dryer. The results indicate that solvent loss can be monitored and quantitated in real time using NIR for the optimization of drying times. These time‐based mass loss values have also been used to calculate “dynamic” vapor density values for the solvents. The values calculated are in agreement with values determined from the ideal gas law and could prove valuable as tools to measure temperature or pressure indirectly. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 89: 1180–1186, 2000
Immunology of adverse drug eruptions.

Abstract An understanding of the immunology of drug eruptions is key to any approach to the problem. Immunologically mediated drug reactions have the greatest significance because of the unique aspects of biologic amplification so characteristic of the immune system. Because of this amplification, reactions are not dose-related and small trace amounts of a drug can result in continuation of the reaction or initiation of a new, more serious reaction such as anaphylaxis. Immunologic mechanisms once initiated are difficult to stop and, in many instances, the only course for relief for the patient is that of symptomatic therapy. Avoidance of future exposure to even minute amounts is essential with serious immunologically mediated adverse drug reactions. An understanding of the various immunologic mechanisms operative is extremely important in the development of a systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment of drug eruptions. Classification of immunologic mechanisms has recently centered on the Coombs and Gell system. 1 These mechanisms—the anaphylactic (I), cytotoxic (II), immune complex (III), and delayed (IV)—include most of the common adverse drug reactions of immunologic nature that are currently understood (Figs. 1–4). Some drugs may act through perturbation of immune mechanisms or activation of late aspects of inflammation, and this will also be covered. Treatment of these reactions, often aimed at relief of symptoms, will be discussed elsewhere.
Evidence for non-equilibrium base transport in Si and SiGe bipolar transistors at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract In this paper we observe discrepancies between measured and simulated values for collector current and transconductance in advanced Si and SiGe bipolar devices at cryogenic temperatures. The deviation of these quantities from values predicted by standard drift-diffusion theory is shown to be consistent with the expected effects of non-equilibrium carrier transport across the neutral base region. A simple model based on non-equilibrium transport theory is used to account for the observed discrepancies in both parameters, resulting in excellent quantitative agreement with measured data over the temperature range 50–300 K.
Missile Defenses in a “Deuces Wild” Context: Proliferation, Terror and Deterrent Disorder

Optimists hoped that the end of the Cold War and the dawn of the twenty-first century would see the marginalization of nuclear weapons as instruments of mass destruction and political coercion. After the attacks of September 11, 2001 on the American homeland, visions of terrorist attacks with nuclear weapons, and the likely destruction attendant to such attacks, haunted Bush administration officials and preoccupied prominent scholars and analysts. In particular, some hoped that after 9–11 the danger of nuclear weapons spreading to terrorists and “states of concern” would mobilize governments in favor of nuclear containment and disarmament.
Transport critical current densities in bulk Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ and polycrystalline-thin-film Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Ca/sub 1/Cu/sub 2/O/sub x/: dependence on microstructure and neutron irradiation damage

The authors report investigations of the dependence of transport critical current density, J/sub c/, upon magnetic field, B, at 4, 64, and 75 K in a bulk ceramic sample of Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ and in a polycrystalline, textured thin film of Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub x/. In ceramic samples of Tl-2223, the authors generally observe the double-step J/sub c/ versus B characteristic, in which J/sub c/ drops from its zero field value to a plateau reached at B approximately 100 Oe. The plateau region then extends to a higher field B*(T) beyond which J/sub c/(B) decreases monotonically. Plateau J/sub c/ (75 K, 1.0 T) values>300 A/cm/sup 2/ with B*(75 K) approximately 1.5 T were achieved. In these samples, a pronounced peak effect is observed in which J/sub c/(B) increases monotonically with increasing B for 100<B(O/sub e/)<B*. After neutron irradiation, B* is observed to be significantly enhanced, suggesting that B* signals the onset of rapid flux creep. The textured polycrystalline film shows enhanced values of J/sub c/ approximately 2*10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 64 K, O T and the absence of weak-link behavior.
Live recombinant vaccines for poultry

Abstract Disease prevention is of major economic concern in the poultry industry. Recombinant virus-based vaccines offer new alternatives and potential advantages for controlling poultry disease.
Analysis and Compensation of the Reaction Lag of Evaluators in Continuous Emotional Annotations

Defining useful emotional descriptors to characterize expressive behaviors is an important research area in affective computing. Recent studies have shown the benefits of using continuous emotional evaluations to annotate spontaneous corpora. Instead of assigning global labels per segments, this approach captures the temporal dynamic evolution of the emotions. A challenge of continuous assessments is the inherent reaction lag of the evaluators. During the annotation process, an observer needs to sense the stimulus, perceive the emotional message, and define his/her judgment, all this in real time. As a result, we expect a reaction lag between the annotation and the underlying emotional content. This paper uses mutual information to quantify and compensate for this reaction lag. Classification experiments on the SEMAINE database demonstrate that the performance of emotion recognition systems improve when the evaluator reaction lag is considered. We explore annotator-dependent and annotator-independent compensation schemes.
Using imagine instructions to induce consumers to generate ad-supporting content☆

Abstract Some recent advertisements attempt to increase persuasiveness by directly asking consumers to imagine arguments supporting the ad's message. This research provides a critical test of the effectiveness of this imagine strategy, while also identifying specific situations in which this technique can be most effective in increasing persuasion. Three studies reveal that imagine instructions are most effective when there is a lack of fit between consumers' regulatory orientation and the ad content, when consumers are dispositionally oriented toward a high need for cognitive closure, and when consumers are at a high construal level. These results are consistent with the possibility that the imagine strategy is most effective when used to enhance the motivation level of otherwise unmotivated consumers.
Hamiltonian formulation of eleven-dimensional supergravity.

The Hamiltonian for eleven-dimensional supergravity is computed. Explicit expressions for the constraint generators of diffeohomorphisms, gauge transformations of the three-index form, local supersymmetry transformations, and boosts of the Cartan local frame are given.
The oxidation of aluminum studied by sims at low energies

The adsorption of oxygen by aluminum was studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry at low primary ion energies (⩽ 500 eV) and low primary ion fluxes (⩽ 5 × 1010ions/cm2/sec) in an ultrahigh vacuum system. The SIMS characteristics of a cleaned aluminum surface were measured and yield changes of positive and negative ions were measured as a function of oxygen exposure. The results strongly support a model of oxygen uptake in two stages, the first monolayer equivalent being mostly incorporated into the aluminum, probably in the second layer and the next half-monolayer equivalent being superficially chemisorbed. Selection of the correct model is important in calculations of the resonances in the electronic (valence band) structure of free-electron-like metals caused by oxygen adsorption.
Are direct developers more locally adapted than planktonic developers

The hypothesis that populations of direct developers exhibit greater geographic differentiation in life history features than populations of planktonic developers, was tested with two species of grazing snails of the genus Littorina from 1986 to 1987. Littorina sitkana (direct developer) and L. scutulata (planktonic developer) coexist on sun- and wave-sheltered beaches from Alaska to Oregon, USA. Seasonal patterns in growth, survival and reproduction were monitored for samples from four geographically separated populations of each species grown in population cages at a common site, Friday Harbor, Washington, USA. The environmental and population effects on growth in the two species were determined in a four-way reciprocal transplant experiment with the same populations. Both the direct and planktonic developers exhibited geographic differentiation in life history features. Differentiation in the direct developer occurred over distances shorter than 30 km, while differentiation in the planktonic developer occurred over the 500 km distance examined (greater than their larvae would likely travel).