cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural Convection Heat Transfer in a Square Cavity with Sinusoidal Roughness Elements

Abstract Natural convection in a two-dimensional square cavity in the presence of roughness on vertical walls was studied numerically. A single relaxation time Bhatnagar–Gross and Krook (BGK) model of Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was utilized to solve coupled momentum and energy equations. Validation of computational algorithm was performed against benchmark solutions, and a good agreement was found. Numerical study was performed for a range of the Rayleigh number from 103 to 106 for a Newtonian fluid of the Prandtl number 1.0. The sinusoidal roughness elements were located on a hot, and both the hot and cold walls simultaneously with varying number of elements and the dimensionless amplitude. Hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of fluid in the presence of roughness was analyzed in form of isotherms, velocity streamlines, and the average heat transfer. Results based on this numerical study showed that the sinusoidal roughness considerably affect the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of fluid in a square cavity. A dimensionless amplitude of sinusoidal roughness elements approximately equal to 0.025 has no significant effects on the average heat transfer. The maximum reduction in the average heat transfer was calculated to be 28% when the sinusoidal roughness elements were located on both the hot and cold walls simultaneously.
NIEHS/FDA CLARITY-BPA research program update

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used in the production of numerous consumer products resulting in potential daily human exposure to this chemical. The FDA previously evaluated the body of BPA toxicology data and determined that BPA is safe at current exposure levels. Although consistent with the assessment of some other regulatory agencies around the world, this determination of BPA safety continues to be debated in scientific and popular publications, resulting in conflicting messages to the public. Thus, the National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a consortium-based research program to link more effectively a variety of hypothesis-based research investigations and guideline-compliant safety testing with BPA. This collaboration is known as the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA). This paper provides a detailed description of the conduct of the study and a midterm update on progress of the CLARITY-BPA research program.
The Relationship of System a Product Specifications and Evaluations

This panel will address present and future approaches to these determinations. Following panelist's opening statements the moderator will ask important provocative questions and accept questions from the audience.
A flexible model of consumer country‐of‐origin perceptions: A cross‐cultural investigation

There is much research suggesting that the image consumers hold about a product’s country of origin can influence their purchase decision, but little empirical work has focused on the underlying cognitive processing. A flexible model is devised and tested to represent country image processing, using data from large samples of US and Japanese consumers. In addition to strongly supporting the validity of the model, results suggest that country image cognitive processing is significantly more complex than previously thought, and that culture appears to play an important role in purchase decisions. The flexible model represents a substantive improvement in the depiction of cognitive processing regarding country‐of‐origin image.
Evaluation of 3D interest point detection techniques

In this paper, we compare the results of five 3D interest point detection techniques to the interest points marked by human subjects. This comparison is used to quantitatively evaluate the interest point detection algorithms. We asked human subjects to look at a number of 3D models, and mark interest points on the models via a web-based interface. We propose a voting-based method to construct ground truth out of humans' selections of interest points. Evaluation measures, namely False Positive and False Negative Errors, are then defined based on the geodesic distance between the interest points detected by a particular algorithm and the human-generated ground truth.
Supercritical-fluid chromatography—mass spectrometry of high-molecular-weight biopolymers : Instrumental considerations and recent progress

Abstract Interest in supercriticla-fluid chromatographyy (SFC) of biological samples has recently increased. The following is a summery of recent progress in SFC—mass spectrometry interfacing and its application to the analysis of high-molecular-weight biopolymers. The approaches taken in several interface designs and results obtained with each are presented and compared. Areas which are of special concern in working with high mass, thermally labile, or polar analytes include interface heating and flow restrictor design. These topics are discussed in light of previous work, and directions for further study are suggested.
Quantification of CO2 flow and transport in the subsurface: Uncertainty due to equations of state algorithms

The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate uncertainty and variability generated from equations of state (EOSs) algorithms and to investigate how small errors generated from EOS algorithms propagate into evaluation of CO 2 trapping mechanisms. In a previous study, we developed two integrated EOSs algorithms assembled for calculating thermophysical properties of multiphase CO 2 in deep brine reservoirs, including density, fugacity coefficient, enthalpy, viscosity, and solubility. In this chapter, we extended this previous work and focused on the uncertainty and variability associated with the choice of EOSs algorithms, using these two specific EOSs algorithms as an example case. For sake of example, we focused this uncertainty evaluation on a specific case study of the SACROC oil field in western Texas, a site notorious for 35 years of CO 2 injection activity for enhanced oil recovery. For the work described in this chapter, we adapted a 3-D high-resolution geocellular model of a specific section in the SACROC oil field, developed using 3-D seismic data and extensive well logging data. Comparison of these EOSs algorithms using the 3-D SACROC model indicates that thermodynamic properties (fugacity coefficient and solubility) are strongly coupled with transport properties (e.g., fluid density and saturation) in numerical codes. While differences in CO 2 solubility estimated by these two integrated EOSs algorithms are very small, the cumulative dissolved mass of CO 2 ultimately predicted by the two EOSs algorithms is extremely different. In simulations of SACROC oil field, for example, the total dissolved CO 2 mass differed by almost 90,000 tons over 2000 years.
Enzyme architecture affects DNA topoisomerase I activity and sensitivity to camptothecin.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5527 DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1) catalyzes the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during DNA replication and transcription. Top1 is also the cellular target of camptothecin (CPT), FDA approved analogs of which are effective new agents in the treatment of human cancers. A conserved central domain of Top1 forms a protein clamp, which is tethered to the active site tyrosine domain by an extended pair of alpha helices (linker domain). This Tyr cleaves one DNA strand to form a covalent enzyme-DNA complex. CPT binding stabilizes the covalent complex, while the collision of replication forks with CPT-Top1-DNA adducts produces DNA lesions that induce cell death. Yeast and human Top1 (yTop1 and hTop1, respectively) exhibit significant sequence and structural similarities, yet CPT toxicity is enhanced in yeast cells expressing hTop versus yTop1. Moreover, in structures of a 70kDa C-terminal fragment of hTop1 covalently linked to DNA, binding of CPT coincides with restricted linker domain movement. These results led us to consider the effects that enzyme architecture and active site mutations have on linker flexibility and CPT sensitivity. A PCR-based method generated y/h Top1 chimeras bearing reciprocal swaps of the non-conserved N-terminal and linker domains. Our findings indicate that in vivo differences in CPT sensitivity are unlikely due to altered protein-protein interactions, dictated by the N-terminus. Rather, introducing a longer yeast linker into hTop1 induced yeast cell lethality. However, when the yeast N-terminus was combined with the yeast linker in hTop1, cell viability and CPT sensitivity were restored. Thus, the functional interaction of these domains modulates enzyme activity and CPT sensitivity. Yet, independent of composition, linker flexibility is also a major determinant of CPT sensitivity. A conserved Gly (721 in yeast and 717 in human) lies in a loop that connects the conserved active site Tyr domain with the flexible linker domain. Mutations of this residue induce a spectrum of CPT sensitivities, without affecting enzyme activity. In yTop1, mutating Gly721 to polar residues (Gln or Asn) increased enzyme sensitivity to CPT, while acidic residues (Asp or Glu) further enhanced this effect. Moreover, these effects were also observed in vivo. In contrast, introducing Gln or Glu at the adjacent position (Leu720) induced CPT resistance. Studies of Leu716 and Gly717 mutations indicate similar effects on hTop1 function. These results suggest alterations in linker structure and flexibility affect Top1 sensitivity to CPT and support a model whereby the conserved Gly provides the flexible hinge that enables linker movement, while the geometry and hydrophobicity of the preceding Leu constrain linker movement to facilitate CPT binding. Supported by ALSAC and NIH CA58755
Who owns your computer? [digital rights management]

Sony's much-debated choice to use rootkit-like technology to protect intellectual property highlights the increasingly blurry line between who can, should, or does control interactions among computational devices, algorithms embodied in software, and data upon which they act. With respect to policy and defense, two key questions emerge: When systems or computational elements are combined, whose policy and expectation dominates? What sorts of defenses are appropriate, and in which situations? The challenge to educators is to provide the experiences, and seek the understanding, that let others make better choices when such conflicts arise in the future
Who is Surfing the Net?: An Analysis of Web Measurement, Rating, and Auditing Services

Abstract Unlike the traditional print and broadcast media, which have long-established advertising measurement standards, Web advertising is still in its infancy and lacks widely accepted standards of measurement. This article looks at the major firms offering Web measurement and auditing services for advertisers. It also discusses recent attempts by several industry groups to devise universally accepted standards. By the millennium it is expected that the Web advertising measurement industry will have grown up and will be delivering the audited numbers that clients and agencies will be demanding.
More Law than Politics: The Chief, the “Mandate,” Legality, and Statesmanship

This chapter in a forthcoming book on NFIB v. Sebelius asks whether the various parts of Chief Justice Roberts’s opinion on the minimum coverage provision are legally justifiable. I focus on what Roberts decided, not why he decided it that way. Law is fully adequate to explain the Chief Justice’s vote to uphold the minimum coverage provision as within the scope of Congress’s tax power. Roberts embraced the soundest constitutional understanding of the Taxing Clause. He also showed fidelity to the law by applying — and not just giving lip service to — the deeply entrenched presumption of constitutionality that judges are supposed to apply when federal laws are challenged on federalism grounds. Robert’s opinion was unpersuasive in concluding that the minimum coverage provision was beyond the scope of the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses. Roberts failed to apply the modern doctrine of “constitutional avoidance,” thereby needlessly deciding these questions. What is more, he decided them wrongly. Fortunately, the doctrinal consequences of this portion of his opinion will likely (although by no means certainly) prove insignificant. In the final part of this chapter, I move from the internal perspective of the faithful legal practitioner to the external perspective of the system analyst. I ask what Roberts may have accomplished in responding to NFIB as he did. By prohibiting Congress from requiring Americans to purchase products against their will, Roberts partially expressed new popular and professional constitutional arguments — arguments developed by those who had mobilized against the prevailing view among legal experts that the minimum coverage provision is constitutional. By upholding the minimum coverage provision under the Taxing Clause, he validated the values of the ACA’s supporters and respected the post-New Deal convention that the Court should uphold momentous social welfare legislation. By partially validating the sincerely held moral beliefs of both sides, Roberts may have succeeded in sustaining some measure of social solidarity amidst intense disagreement over health care reform, thereby enhancing the public legitimacy of constitutional law. Roberts may or may not have intended to practice judicial statesmanship, and his statesmanship may not be enough to justify his contradictions of sound legal reasoning. But statesmanship probably provides the most persuasive way to try to justify his analyses of the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses. Such a defense, however, would require the application of criteria that are difficult to justify as legal from the internal point of view.
A prospective randomized trial of perioperative seizure prophylaxis in patients with intraparenchymal brain tumors

Object Seizures are a potentially devastating complication of resection of brain tumors. Consequently, many neurosurgeons administer prophylactic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the perioperative period. However, it is currently unclear whether perioperative AEDs should be routinely administered to patients with brain tumors who have never had a seizure. Therefore, the authors conducted a prospective, randomized trial examining the use of phenytoin for postoperative seizure prophylaxis in patients undergoing resection for supratentorial brain metastases or gliomas. Methods Patients with brain tumors (metastases or gliomas) who did not have seizures and who were undergoing craniotomy for tumor resection were randomized to receive either phenytoin for 7 days after tumor resection (prophylaxis group) or no seizure prophylaxis (observation group). Phenytoin levels were monitored daily. Primary outcomes were seizures and adverse events. Using an estimated seizure incidence of 30% in the observation arm and 10% i...
Assessment of Myocardial Collateral Blood Flow with Contrast Echocardiography

Humans have pre-formed collateral vessels that enlarge with ischemia. In addition, new vessels can be formed within ischemic zones from pre-formed endocardial arcades of vessels providing rich collateral flow. Collateral flow under resting conditions (if >25% of normal) is enough to maintain myocardial viability, but may be insufficient to prevent myocardial ischemia under stress. Coronary angiography is a poor tool for collateral flow assessment. Myocardial contrast echocardiography is arguably the gold standard for experimental and clinical measurement of collateral flow. This review describes several experimental and clinical studies that highlight the importance of the collateral circulation in coronary artery disease.
Phenomenological dispersive effects in scalar, pseudoscalar, electromagnetic propagation

Abstract By assuming a general Lagrangian for the interaction of scalar and pseudoscalar fields with the electromagnetic field, we calculate the dispersion in frequency of scalar, pseudoscalar electromagnetic waves in an external magnetic field.
Factors and Outcomes Associated with Mentoring among Health-Care Professionals

Abstract On the basis of a model developed by Hunt and Michael (1983), this study showed that protege characteristics (ethnicity and education), group characteristics (intragroup trust and leader approachability), and the gender and racial composition of the mentoring pair had significant effects on psychosocial mentoring among a sample of working professionals from a large, private hospital. Psychosocial mentoring was associated with increased job involvement and self-esteem at work and a decreased propensity to leave the organization.
Metabolomics reveals differential levels of oral metabolites in HIV-infected patients: toward novel diagnostic targets.

Abstract The objective of the current study was to characterize the profile of oral metabolites in HIV-infected patients using metabolomics. Oral wash samples were collected from 12 HIV-infected and 12 healthy individuals (matched for age, sex, and ethnicity), processed, and analyzed by metabolomics. We detected 198 identifiable and 85 nonidentifiable metabolites; 27 identifiable metabolites were differentially present (12 increased, 15 decreased) in HIV-infected patients. Elevated metabolites included p-cresol sulfate, nucleotides (e.g., allantoin), and amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine, tryptophan), whereas decreased oral metabolites included fucose, fumarate, and N-acetylglucosamine. Pathway network analysis revealed the largest multinode network in healthy versus HIV-infected patients to involve carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation. HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) showed the largest number (12) of statistically significant metabolite correlation differences compared with heal...
Risk of embarrassment and helping

To examine the effects of one kind of cost on helping behavior, 32 males and 32 females were provided with an opportunity to offer help spontaneously in a nonemergency situation. In one condition persons risked a somewhat embarrassing encounter by helping, while the other involved little or no risk of embarrassment. Helping was more frequent in the non-embarrassing condition; there was no overall sex difference in helping, but sex interacted with the experimental treatment to produce a strong interaction. The results support contentions that potential embarrassment deters helping in nonemergency situations and thatt person-situation interactions ought to be more carefully studied by social psychologists.
Conversion of methylallyl alcohol into C2-methyl-1,2-di-O-hexadecylglycerophosphocholine, a conformationally restricted phospholipid.

Abstract The synthesis of C 2-methyl-1,2-di- O -Hexadecylglycerophosphocholine from methylallyl alcohol is described and the 13 C-NMR assignments of all glycerol backbone and headgroup resonances are provided. Bond rotations in the glycerol backbone of this diether phospholipid derivative are impeded by steric hindrance exerted by the methyl group. We discuss the utility of this conformationally restricted C 2-alkyl phospholipid analog for study of the influence of conformational changes at the lipid-water interface of bilayers on the interactions between lipids and other membrane components.
Stochastic resonance and crises

Stochastic resonance is a phenomenon seen in multistable systems where the addition of noise to the system can amplify small periodic signals. We show in an experiment with a circuit that many of the concepts used to describe crises may also be used to describe stochastic resonance. We speculate that stochastic resonance may be an example of a crisis. This would allow the use of dynamical concepts to describe a process that is usually considered statistically.
Tunable frequency-controlled isolated attosecond pulses characterized by either 750 nm or 400 nm wavelength streak fields

A compact and robust Mach-Zehnder type interferometer coupled with the double optical gating technique provides tunable isolated attosecond pulses and streak field detection with fields centered at either 750 nm or 400 nm. Isolated attosecond pulses produced at 45 eV (with measured pulse duration of 114 ± 4 as) and 20 eV (with measured pulse duration of 395 ± 6 as) are temporally characterized with a 750 nm wavelength streak field. In addition, an isolated 118 ± 10 as pulse at 45 eV is measured with a 400 nm wavelength streak field. The interferometer design used herein provides broad flexibility for attosecond streak experiments, allowing pump and probe pulses to be specified independently. This capability is important for studying selected electronic transitions in atoms and molecules.
Characterizing Dynamics of Anion/Pi Interactions through Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Proteins are not static structures, but undergo dynamical variations at room temperature that can lead to changes in the number and strength of different non-covalent interactions. The negatively charged (Asp/Glu) and aromatic (Phe/Trp/Tyr) amino acid groups in proteins can form anion/pi interactions, that have been shown to have a distance and angle dependency. This study characterizes the dynamic stability of these interactions in RmlC (PDB-1EP0), a homodimeric epimerase showing a cluster of six anion/pi pairs in crystal structure, as a function of time using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. The dynamic variations found in these interactions correspond to a potential of mean force (PMF) that exhibits a relatively wide range of distances (∼4.5 to∼8.5A) and angles (0 to∼45deg) sampled by these anion/pi pairs. The corresponding PMF indicates an associated free energy change that can be more stabilizing (up to −5kcal/mol) than the ab initio-calculated interaction energy for the pairs in the crystal structure (−2.2kcal/mol). Possible anion/pi pairs and triplets (anion/anion/pi or anion/pi/pi) not seen in the crystal structure are also observed in other conformations sampled by the protein- both at the dimer interface and active site of the protein, forming an extensive network of anion/pi interactions covering most of the protein structure. Initial site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) experiments targeting one of these pairs, Asp84-Phe112, show that the single Phe/Met mutation decreases the stability of the protein compared to the wild type. Together these results suggest that anion-pi interactions can play an important role in maintaining both the structural stability and function of the proteins.
Non-family-members in the family business management team: a multinational investigation

The purpose of this study was to investigate, in a multi-country context, the inclusion of family-member managers and non-family-member managers in family businesses, and the relationship of this variable to certain management activities, styles and characteristics. A large sample (N = 593) of family businesses was generated from six countries (Croatia, Egypt, France, India, Kuwait and the United States), countries with significant differences in cultures, economies, levels of entrepreneurial activity, and family business demographics. Correlation and then Regression results indicate that, as the percentage of non-family-managers in the management team increases, there is an increase in the use of outside assistance, the use of sophisticated financial management, and the consideration of going public; but a decrease in family member conflict, in the original founder’s influence, and in the formulation of succession plans. Implications of these findings, for practitioners, consultants and researchers, are presented.
A task analysis-linked approach for integrating the human factor in reliability assessments of nuclear power plants

Abstract This paper describes an emerging Task Analysis-Linked Evaluation Technique (TALENT) for assessing the contributions of human error to nuclear power plant systems unreliability and risk. Techniques such as TALENT are emerging as a recognition that human error is a primary contributor to plant safety, however, it has been a peripheral consideration to date in plant reliability evaluations. TALENT also recognizes that involvement of persons with behavioral science expertise is required to support plant reliability and risk analyses. A number of state-of-knowledge human reliability analysis tools are also discussed which support the TALENT process. The core of TALENT is comprised of task, timeline and interface analysis data which provide the technology base for event and fault tree development, serve as criteria for selecting and evaluating performance shaping factors, and which provide a basis for auditing TALENT results. Finally, programs and case studies used to refine the TALENT process are described along with future research needs in the area.
The Army and Chemical Weapons Destruction: Implementation in a Changing Context

In 1985, Congress directed the Army to destroy the nation's stockpile of chemical weapons. The estimate was that this task could be accomplished by 1994 at a cost of $1.7 billion. By 1998, only a portion of the stockpile has been destroyed, the deadline extended to 2007 and the estimated cost had risen to approximately $16 billion. This paper discusses the factors underlying cost escalation and missed deadlines. It examines the diffusion of control over the implementation process surrounding the chemical weapons demilitarization (Chem Demil) program in the United States. Focusing on the role of the Army and its difficulties in adjusting strategies in the face of political change from the Cold War to the post-Cold War setting, it analyzes the course of implementation through three converging “streams of political activity.” What differentiates the federal, intergovernmental, and international stream are the nature an number of actors, and the type of pressures with which the Army must deal.
RISK TAKING AND TEST-WISENESS OF CHINESE STUDENTS

Eighty-six male and forty-five female 12th grade Chinese students took the Standard Educational Intelligence Test which contains measures of risk-taking and test-wiseness. The reliability (.88) and the mean (.68) of the risk measure were the same magnitudes as that reported for 12th grade American students. Further analysis of the data indicated that sex and risk-taking, and penalty-experience and risk-taking were not related, but that the test-taking experience and risk were weakly related. The Kuder-Richardson number 20 values for the four TW subscales were low. The mean scores for all four TW subscales were lower for Chinese Ss than for American Ss. Furthermore, the mean score for the stem-option scale was essentially equal to chance, and the mean score for the specific-determiner scale was even less than chance. In two separate sex by test-experience and sex by penalty-experience multivariate analyses of variance, none of the relationships appeared to be significant.
Energetics of phase transformations in polyethylene

The molecular mechanisms involved in the orthorhombic-to-monoclinic phase transformation in polyethylene were investigated by the computer simulation of a structure–energy map based on empirically justified intermolecular potential functions. Stable packing structures for the orthorhombic and monoclinic form were isolated as relative minima, cohesive energies were determined from the energy minima, specific chain motions involved in the transformation were identified by the minimum energy path connecting the packing minima, and the activation energy for the transformation was determined from the energy barrier along the minimum energy transformation path. The packing structure parameters predicted from the energy map were in excellent agreement with unit cell dimensions observed near 0°K. The activation energy predicted for the transformation is relatively low (∼0.5 kcal/mole of ethylene at 0°K and 0.25 kcal/mole of ethylene near the melting point, 411°K). Monoclinic packing was predicted to be slightly more stable than orthorhombic. Since this result is inconsistent with a large body of observations, we propose that the intramolecular energy of chain folds plays a dominant role in establishing chain-packing geometry. The inclusion of fold-transition energetics could give rise to transformation mechanisms which differ in details from those proposed in this work.
The Erosion of the Liberal Economic Order

Our lesson for the day is from Adam Ferguson [1792], one of the principals, along with David Hume and Adam Smith of the Scottish Enlightenment: "Liberty or Freedom is not, as the origin of the name may seem to imply, an exemption from all restraints, but rather the most effectual application of every just restraint to all members of a free society whether they be magistrates or subjects." My brief remarks make four simple points. (1) A social order is best defined as a group of people who live by the same rules. At any place and time, thus, each person lives in a number of social orders, depending on the extent of shared rules. Over time, in turn, the size and composition of a social order changes in response to the effects of the shared rules. (2) The personal, social, and political rules that contribute most to a social order cannot be derived by deductive reasoning but may be inferred from the relative success of different orders. The laws of physics, for example, are presumably constant but are only sequentially revealed by experiment and evaluation. The rules of just conduct, I contend, have the same objective character. Sometimes history provides dramatic natural experiments, such as the division of Europe and Asia between capitalist and socialist economies after World War II, from which the lessons are, or should be, obvious. More often, sorting out the rules that contribute most to a social order requires a more discriminating analysis and any conclusions will be subject to more dispute. At this stage, I must acknowledge my own cranky perspective on this issue. My judgement is that the rules of the bourgeois liberal social order (in Europe, the U.S., and a few other countries through about 1914), with a few important exceptions, are our best guide to the rules of just conduct. My focus is on the economic order but it is important to recognize that the social and political orders involve the same people. The German liberal Wilhelm Ropke [1954] may have best summarized the personal rules that best contribute to the economic order: "... a minimum of natural trust, confidence in the stability and reliability of the legal-institutional framework (including money), contractual loyalty, honesty, fair play, professional honor and that pride which makes us consider it unworthy of us to cheat, to bribe, or to misuse the authority of the State for egoistic purposes." To that, I would add only that the condition that most distinguishes an extended-market order from an oriental bazaar is the mutual desire for continued relations. The rules that contribute to the "evolution of cooperation" over time are subtle but simple: a mutual commitment to exchange (rather than threat) as the primary instrument to coordinate economic activity, the self-restraint to leave something on the table for the other party in
Pressure dependent phonon properties of cubic group III-nitrides

By constructing rigid-ion models (RIMs) at ambient and high pressures we present a comprehensive study of lattice-dynamics and thermodynamical properties in cubic III-nitrides. Murnaghan's equation of state is adopted for relating the volume dependence to pressure. The force constants in the RIM scheme are optimized using non-linear least square fitting procedures with constrained parameters and weighting of the data on critical-point phonons, lattice and elastic constants. Theoretical results for the phonon dispersions, density of states, mode Gruneisen parameters, specific heat, and thermal expansion coefficients are compared and discussed with the existing experimental and ab initio data.
Brain interneurons in noctuid moths: Differential suppression by high sound intensities

Abstract The brain neuropile of noctuid moths was searched with a metallic microelectrode for extracellular signals related to acoustic stimulation of one tympanic organ. Spike complexes were found that behaved in the following manner. Ultrasonic pulses (40 kHz, 30 msec in duration repeated 1/sec) delivered at intensities just detectable (0 dB) by the tympanic organ elicited tonic trains of spikes in several brain neurons. A unit producing large spikes commonly increased its response up to intensities of +20 dB. At higher intensities large spikes began to drop from the response, which was almost entirely suppressed at +40 dB. Smaller tonic spikes were observed simultaneously and in the same preparation. These increased in number in quasilinear relation to increasing stimulus intensity up to +50 dB. A mechanism is proposed whereby the A1 and A2 tympanic sense cell response would be able to produce this differential suppression at higher intensities. An hypothesis is put forward to account for the significance of this arrangement in the avoidance behaviour shown by moths in the presence of echo-locating bats.
Obsessive compulsive symptoms and sleep difficulties: Exploring the unique relationship between insomnia and obsessions

Abstract Background Sleep complaints have been linked with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), though there is a dearth of research exploring the association between a range of disturbed sleep indicators and obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS). Two separate studies were conducted to rigorously investigate this relationship in further detail, considering a number of different sleep indices and also the heterogeneous nature of OCS. Methods Study 1 (n = 167) examined the relationship between OCS and the gold standard self-report assessments for delayed bedtime, sleep quality, nightmares, and insomnia symptoms. Study 2 (n = 352) replicated the primary findings from Study 1 in an independent sample and with an alternative measure of OCD, which takes into account the different OCS dimensions. Results Results revealed a significant, independent link between obsessions and insomnia symptoms, but not between insomnia and compulsions. When examining the different OCS dimensions, insomnia was again found to bear a specific relationship to obsessions, above and beyond that with the other dimensions. Although depression is often highly comorbid with both OCD and sleep disturbances, depressive symptoms did not explain the OCS-sleep relationship in either study, suggesting a unique association between obsessions and insomnia. Conclusions Findings indicate that high levels of intrusive thoughts exhibit a specific association with insomnia symptoms–one that is not observed with other OCS. Future research may help elucidate the mechanisms and causal nature of this relationship.
Under Threat: Responses to and the Consequences of Threats to Individuals' Identities

I review and reconceptualize identity threat, defining it as an experience appraised as indicating potential harm to the value, meanings, or enactment of an identity. I also develop a theoretical model and propositions that generate insights into how individuals respond to identity threats originating from a range of sources. I use this theory to explore individual and organizational consequences of different identity threat responses and their implications for research on identity dynamics within organizations.
Electroencephalographic changes and hyperammonemia

Resume Sept patients souffrants de differentes maladies et dont l'etat de conscience variait entre un etat de vigilance normale jusqu'au coma profond ont montre des ondes ⪡ triphasiques ⪢ dans leur trace EEG. Tous les 7 malades avaient une perturbation commune, c'est-a-dire une elevation de l'ammonium sanguin. L'auteur tire les conclusions suivantes: chez des malades souffrant d'une elevation de l'ammonium sanguin l'EEG parfois montre des ondes triphasiques. La presence d'ondes triphasiques, cependant, montre une correlation plus constante avec une elevation de l'ammonium sanguin que vice versa. L'elevation de l'ammonium sanguin n'est qu'une seule des variables dans le syndrome d'une perturbation metabolique generalisee et pour cette raison il n'y a aucune correlation entre la presence et la frequence des ondes triphasiques et la valeur absolue de la concentration de l'ammonium sanguin. Les ondes triphasiques ne semblent pas etre en correlation directe avec l'etat de conscience ni avec la presence ou l'absence de troubles hepatiques ou de perturbations de l'equilibre des electrolytes. L'hypothese est proposee que les ondes triphasiques et l'elevation de l'ammonium sanguin sont l'expression commune d'une perturbation metabolique encore inconnue qui est capable d'alterer l'activite du systeme reticulaire du tronc cerebral et de ses connections diencephalo-corticales.
Risk Screening for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Latino Migrant Farmworkers: A Role for the Community Health Worker

Diabetes and heart disease are two of the leading causes of death for Hispanics living in the United States (American Heart Association [AHA] in Circulation 123:e18-e209. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182009701 , 2010). As the Hispanic population continues to grow, the need for low-cost, non-invasive methods to detect at risk populations for such diseases becomes more important. Once at risk individuals are detected, prevention strategies can be implemented. Studies have shown that Latino community health workers (CHWs) are effective educators, patient advocates and health promotion motivators for patients with known heart disease or diabetes. This pilot study examined the accuracy with which Latino CHWs could determine migrant farmworkers at risk for diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural Virginia. This quasi-experimental study supports the hypothesis that Latino CHWs can use non-invasive diabetes and CVD screening tools with similar accuracy as a registered nurse. The screening tools used were the American Diabetes Association's diabetes risk calculator and a non-laboratory screening tool for CVD risk designed by Gaziano et al. (Lancet 371:923-931, 2008). The terms Latino and Hispanic will be used interchangeably.
Stimulation of a subpopulation of hamster lymphoid cells by trypsin and chymotrypsin.

Abstract Hamster lymph node and spleen cells can be stimulated to incorporate tritiated thymidine ([ 3 H]TdR) in vitro under serum-free conditions by the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin. Under similar conditions, thymocytes could be stimulated by concanavalin A (ConA) but not lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the proteases. The subpopulation of cells responding to the proteases correlated with the cells responding to LPS on fractionation of spleen and lymph node cells on discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients or on nylon-wool columns. The stimulation induced by trypsin was completely blocked by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) while that induced by chymotrypsin was only partially blocked. The inhibition by SBTI of protease activation was not effective when added 24 h after initiation of stimulation. On the other hand, addition of clarified isologous serum to protease activated cultures after 24 h still lead to greater than 50% inhibition of [ 3 H]TdR incorporation.
Management perception of the link between product quality and customers’ view of product quality

With a global drive towards implementing total quality management (TQM), the number of TQM failures is also increasing. One of the major reasons cited for these failures is lack of management commitment. However, no attempt has been made to diagnose why it occurs. Examines one possible determinant of this lack of commitment. Claims that if managers perceive a link between their firm’s product quality and the customers’ view of their product quality, then they will be motivated to improve product quality. Tests this argument empirically using a sample of 248 purchasing managers. Finds that there is a strong relationship between managers’ perception of the quality of their product and managers’ perception of customers’ view of the firm’s product quality, and provides some evidence that management’s lack of recognition of the importance of product quality in serving the customers is probably not a reason for lack of management commitment to quality. Represents an early attempt to diagnose the underlying causes of the determinants of TQM failures.
Decision Making in Industrial Marketing

In industrial marketing, decision making has been moving from “intuitive judgment” to “considered opinion” to “scientific decisions.” Some examples are developed here of the scientific approach in ...
Undulator background in the final focus test beam experiment with polarized positrons

In the proposed E-166 experiment at SLAC, 50 GeV electrons pass through a helical undulator, and produce circularly polarized photons, which interact with a tungsten target and generate longitudinally polarized positrons. The background is an important issue for an experiment under consideration. To address this issue, simulations were performed with the code GEANT3 to model the production of secondary particles from high-energy electrons hitting an undulator. The energy density of photons generated at the target has been analyzed. Results of the simulations are presented and discussed.
Tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves safety in large-volume liposuction.

The tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves the safety of large-volume liposuction (≥1500 ml of'fat) by virtually eliminating surgical blood loss and by completely eliminating the risks of general anesthesia. Results of two prospective studies of large-volume liposuction using the tumescent technique are reported. In 112 patients, the mean lidocaine dosage was 33.3 mg/kg, the mean volume of aspirated material was 2657 ml, and the mean volume of supranatant fat was 1945 ml. The mean volume of whole blood aspirated by liposuction was 18.5 ml. For each 1000 ml of fat removed, 9. 7 ml of whole blood was suctioned. In 31 large-volume liposuction patients treated in 1991, the mean difference between preoperative and 1-week postoperative hematocrits was -1.9 percent
The loss in efficiency from using grouped data to estimate coefficients of group level variables

We derive the efficiency loss from using grouped data to estimate coefficients of variables that vary across groups but not individuals within a group (e.g., state unemployment rates) when micro data are unavailable on the dependent variable. We present an empirical example of our theoretical results, and show that the efficiency loss in this application is small. JEL Classification Number C10.
Microtubule-induced focal adhesion disassembly is mediated by dynamin and focal adhesion kinase

Imaging studies implicate microtubule targeting of focal adhesions in focal adhesion disassembly, although the molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we develop a model system of focal adhesion disassembly based on the finding that microtubule regrowth after nocodazole washout induces disassembly of focal adhesions, and that this disassembly occurs independently of Rho and Rac, but depends on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and dynamin. During disassembly, dynamin interacts with FAK and colocalizes with focal adhesions. Inhibition of dynamin prevents migration of cells with a focal adhesion phenotype. Our results show that focal adhesion disassembly involves microtubules, dynamin and FAK, and is not simply the reversal of focal adhesion formation.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate-Dependent Loss of Growth Hormone Binding in Rat Adipocytes*

GH exerts a number of metabolic effects on adipose tissue. Depending on the circumstances, it may increase or decrease glucose metabolism and lipolysis. These effects appear to be mediated by a single class of receptors, which bind GH with high affinity. Incubation of isolated rat adipocytes with a variety of lipolytic agents, including catecholamines, forskolin, or (Bu)2cAMP, decreased the specific binding of [125I]human (h) GH within 10 min. In the presence of 10 nM forskolin, GH binding declined to less than 20% of the control value within 50 min. Cholera and pertussis toxins, which increase cAMP secondary to ADP ribosylation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins associated with hormone receptors, also decreased the binding of GH. None of these agents affected the rate of loss of cell-associated 125I when added to cells that had previously equilibrated with [125I]hGH. The inhibitory effects of forskolin and (Bu)2cAMP were at least as great when binding was measured in the presence of the protease inhi...
Growth, defect formation, and morphology control of germanium-silicon semiconductor nanowire heterostructures.

By the virtue of the nature of the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth process in semiconductor nanowires (NWs) and their small size, the nucleation, propagation, and termination of stacking defects in NWs are dramatically different from that in thin films. We demonstrate germanium–silicon axial NW heterostructure growth by the VLS method with 100% composition modulation and use these structures as a platform to understand how defects in stacking sequence force the ledge nucleation site to be moved along or pinned at a single point on the triple-phase circumference, which in turn determines the NW morphology. Combining structural analysis and atomistic simulation of the nucleation and propagation of stacking defects, we explain these observations based on preferred nucleation sites during NW growth. The stacking defects are found to provide a fingerprint of the layer-by-layer growth process and reveal how the 19.5° kinking in semiconductor NWs observed at high Si growth rates results from a stacking-induced t...
Mg2+‐induced triplex formation of an equimolar mixture of poly(rA) and poly(rU)

Magnesium ions strongly influence the structure and biochemical activity of RNA. The interaction of Mg2+ with an equimolar mixture of poly(rA) and poly(rU) has been investigated by UV spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, ultrasound velocimetry and densimetry. Measurements in dilute aqueous solutions at 20 degrees C revealed two differ ent processes: (i) Mg2+ binding to unfolded poly(rA)*poly(rU) up to [Mg2+]/[phosphate] = 0.25; and (ii) poly(rA)*2poly(rU) triplex formation at [Mg2+]/[phosphate] between 0.25 and 0.5. The enthalpies of these two different processes are favorable and similar to each other, approximately -1.6 kcal x mol(-1) of base pairs. Volume and compressibility effects of the first process are positive, 8 cm3 x mol(-1) and 24 x 10(-4) cm3 x mol(-1) x bar(-1), respectively, and correspond to the release of water molecules from the hydration shells of Mg2+ and the polynucleotides. The triplex formation is also accompanied by a positive change in compressibility, 14 x 10(-4) cm3 x mol(-1) x bar(-1), but only a small change in volume, 1 cm3 x mol(-1). A phase diagram has been constructed from the melting experiments of poly(rA)*poly(rU) at a constant K+ concentration, 140 mM, and various amounts of Mg2+. Three discrete regions were observed, corresponding to single-, double- and triple-stranded complexes. The phase boundary corresponding to the transition between double and triple helical conformations lies near physiological salt concentrations and temperature.