cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zooarchaeology: Control of Animals Through Domestication

INTRODUCTION The association between humans and domestic animals is one of the closest relationships existing among species. This relationship is considered to be mutualistic because both members benefit. Domestic animals owe their distinctive physical and behavioral characteristics, care, and feeding to the humans who control them. People, in turn, modify their own behavior and technology to manage the breed and provide for the biological needs of their domesticates. If success is measured by the numbers of offspring produced and consequent population increase, clearly the mutualistic relationship between humans and their major domesticated animals is a success (Rindos 1984). The change from a hunting way of life to one incorporating animal husbandry was a profound one. Davis (1987:126) states that animal domestication “ranks in importance alongside the discovery of fire and tools.” Animal husbandry and plant cultivation are the foundations of modern civilization. The effect of domestication on animal and plant populations and on the environment has been, and continues to be, profound. It is not surprising that the origins of domestic animals, their wild progenitors, the region(s) where domestication took place, and the spread of animal husbandry, as well as cultural conditions that promoted these economic changes, are the focus of so much study (e.g., Davis 2005; Vigne et al. 2005). Domestic animals have many characteristics by which we recognize them and that distinguish them from wild animals. The distinctive characteristics of domestic animals include conformation and variability, social behavior, and the contexts within which they occur.
Three Methods Of Guided Growth For Pediatric Lower Extremity Angular Deformity Correction.

BACKGROUND Different methods of guided growth are used for correction of angular deformity in growing children. The differences between these different methods are not well described in the literature. METHODS A retrospective review was undertaken comparing the effectiveness and complication rates of titanium staples, titanium eight-plates, and the stainless steel Pedi-plate at a tertiary pediatric hospital after IRB approval. RESULTS 77 patients were included in the analysis. Average follow up was 18 months after implantation (range 7-22). Stainless steel implants showed significantly lower complication rate compared to the other groups with significantly faster rate of deformity correction when compared to titanium staples. CONCLUSION Our data can be used to guide implant choices for guided growth.
Improving efficiency and safety in external beam radiation therapy treatment delivery using a Kaizen approach

Abstract Introduction Modern external beam radiation therapy treatment delivery processes potentially increase the number of tasks to be performed by therapists and thus opportunities for errors, yet the need to treat a large number of patients daily requires a balanced allocation of time per treatment slot. The goal of this work was to streamline the underlying workflow in such time-interval constrained processes to enhance both execution efficiency and active safety surveillance using a Kaizen approach. Methods and materials A Kaizen project was initiated by mapping the workflow within each treatment slot for 3 Varian TrueBeam linear accelerators. More than 90 steps were identified, and average execution times for each were measured. The time-consuming steps were stratified into a 2 × 2 matrix arranged by potential workflow improvement versus the level of corrective effort required. A work plan was created to launch initiatives with high potential for workflow improvement but modest effort to implement. Time spent on safety surveillance and average durations of treatment slots were used to assess corresponding workflow improvements. Results Three initiatives were implemented to mitigate unnecessary therapist motion, overprocessing of data, and wait time for data transfer defects, respectively. A fourth initiative was implemented to make the division of labor by treating therapists as well as peer review more explicit. The average duration of treatment slots reduced by 6.7% in the 9 months following implementation of the initiatives ( P = .001). A reduction of 21% in duration of treatment slots was observed on 1 of the machines ( P Conclusions The Kaizen approach has the potential to improve operational efficiency and safety with quick turnaround in radiation therapy practice by addressing non–value-adding steps characteristic of individual department workflows. Higher effort opportunities are identified to guide continual downstream quality improvements.
Where science meets art

Fifty years ago on 3 November 1966, after a long stretch of heavy rain, the Levane and La Penna dams in Valdarno, Italy, began to leak, releasing water toward the city of Florence. Fearing that the dams would burst, on 4 November, engineers discharged a massive amount of water that coursed through the city streets at an astonishing 37 miles per hour. The raging waters covered much of Florence, killing dozens of people, displacing thousands more, and damaging countless books and works of art. When the flood hit, scientific technologies were starting to become permanent fixtures in museums and cultural institutions. In the years since, art conservation science has developed into a full-fledged discipline, using state-of-the-art instrumentation to analyze and treat works of art.
IFN-λ: A New Inducer of Local Immunity against Cancer and Infections

IFN-λ is the newly established type III IFN with unique immuno-modulatory functions. In contrast to the IFN- family and to some extent IFN-, IFN-λ acts in specific areas of the body to activate resident immune cells and induce local immunity, and is instrumental in preventing infections and keeping transformed cells under control. Mucosal areas of the lung and gastrointestinal tract are now under scrutiny in the elucidation of the immune mechanisms triggered by IFN-λ. New evidence also indicates the crucial role of IFN-λ in promoting viral protection and inducing innate immunity against solid cancers. Based on its unique biological activities among the members of the IFN system, new immunotherapeutic approaches centered around IFN-λ are now emerging for the treatment of cancer, infection, and autoimmune diseases. In the present review, we highlight the recent advances involving IFN-λ immuno-modulatory functions. We also discuss the potential of utilizing IFN-λ as a therapeutic agent.
Participation of Latino Community-based Organizations in the RWCA Process: A Study of Two Metropolitan Areas

This study examines implementation of the Ryan White CARE Act (RWCA) in two Title I jurisdictions in order to better understand the participation of the Latino community in the Planning Council decision-making and allocation processes. Data were obtained from two Eligible Metropolitan Areas (EMAs) through surveys and a total of 27 in-depth, in-person interviews with executive directors and HIV/AIDS service staff from 14 Latino community­based organizations, Planning Council Chairs, RWCA Title I Administrators, and HRSA Pro­ject Officers. Results provide insight into the factors that facilitate or hinder effective par­ticipation of the Latino community in the RWCA process and highlight the need for support in the building of infrastructure and capacity within Latino agencies. This analysis also con­tributes to the growing literature addressing the processes of coalition-building.
Gene–Environment Correlation as a Source of Stability and Diversity in Development

As free-ranging organisms develop, their phenotype at any particular point is an influence on the selection of future environments. New and more varied environments make once-similar individuals more different, and those increased differences cause even greater differences in environment. Reciprocal effect processes of this kind introduce nonindependence and nonlinearity into developmental models, violating the assumptions of simple linear regression models or the classical twin model. Nevertheless, twins are a crucial laboratory for understanding the environmental differentiation of genetically related individuals, informing developmental science for singletons as well.
Death Qualification in Black and White: Racialized Decision Making and Death-Qualified Juries

Death qualification has been shown to have a number of biasing effects that appear to undermine a capital defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a fair jury. Attitudes toward the death penalty have shifted modestly but consistently over the last several decades in ways that may have changed the overall impact of death qualification. Specifically, the very large gap between black and white Americans' current support for capital punishment raises the question of whether death qualification procedures disproportionately exclude African Americans from capital jury participation. In order to examine this possibility, we conducted two countywide death penalty attitude surveys in the California county that has the highest percentage of African American residents in the state. Results show that death qualification continues to have a number of serious biasing effects—including disproportionately excluding death penalty opponents—which result in the significant underrepresentation of African Americans. This creates a death‐qualified jury pool with the potential to be significantly more likely to ignore and even misuse mitigating factors and to rely more heavily on aggravating factors in their death penalty decision making. The implications of these findings for the fair administration of capital punishment are discussed.
Computer-Aided Drug Discovery: Molecular Docking of Diminazene Ligands to DNA Minor Groove

The reported project-based laboratory unit introduces upper-division undergraduate students to the basics of computer-aided drug discovery as a part of a computational chemistry laboratory course. The students learn to perform model binding of organic molecules (ligands) to the DNA minor groove with computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) tools. The purpose of this laboratory unit is to dock diminazene and its derivatives to DNA, to estimate their binding energies, and to elucidate details of DNA–ligand intermolecular interactions. The computational procedure also helps to screen binding capabilities of DNA ligands.
THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICIUM AND CURIUM

The recognition, in July 1944, that the unknown elements with atomic numbers 95 and 96 should be members of an actinide transition series was the key to their chemical identification following nuclear synthesis, i.e., the breakthrough that led to their discovery. That same month 239Pu was bombarded with 32 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-Inch Cyclotron and sent to the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago where chemical separations led to the identification of 24296, produced in the reaction 239Pu (α,n) Neutron bombardments of 239Pu in the reactors at Clinton Laboratories, Tennessee, and the Hanford Engineer Works, Washington, followed by chemical separations in Chicago, led to the identification, completed in January 1945, of 24095 and 24296 (again), produced by the reactions 239Pu (n,γ) 240Pu (n,γ) \( ^{241}Pu{\text{ }}{\xrightarrow{{{\beta ^ - }}}^{241}}95{(N,\gamma )^{242}}{95_{\xrightarrow{{{\beta ^ - }}}}}^{242}96. \) The names americium (95) and curium (96) were suggested at an ACS annual Spring Meeting in April, 1946.
Studies of streptococcal cell walls. V. Amino acid composition of cell walls of virulent and avirlent group A hemolytic streptococci.

Investigations of the cellular components concerned with the antigenicity and virulence of group A streptococci indicate that the typespecific M protein is the antigen most consistently associated with virulence (Lancefield, 1940). The ability of these organisms to resist phagocytosis is, perhaps, the most important factor in conferring virulence. Wiley and Wilson (1956) have made an extensive study of the phagocytosis of group A streptococci, confirming and extending earlier findings (Lancefield and Todd, 1928; Rothbard, 1945, 1948) that organisms which have M protein resist ingestion by leucocytes, and that little or no M protein is found in strains which are readily phagocytized and are avirulent. However, not all M containing organisms are virulent (Lancefield, 1940), indicating that other factors are important in determining whether a culture can establish infection when inoculated in small numbers. The investigations of Lancefield (1943), which showed that digestion of the streptococci with trypsin removed the M protein without killing the cells, indicated that it is located at or near the cell surface. A serologically active, but poorly antigenic M preparation can be obtained from the streptococcal cell by acid-heat extraction (Lancefield, 1928). More recent investigations have shown that the M protein is located on the cell wall (Salton, 1953) and can be extracted from the cell walls by acid-heat extraction (Barkulis and Jones, 1957). Approximately 40 per cent of the cell wall of group A streptococci is rendered soluble by treatment with trypsin (Barkulis and Jones, 1957), leaving a trypsinresistant residue composed, for the most part, of
Sleep Analysis Using Motion and Head Detection

Videosomnography (VSG) is a range of video-based methods used to record and assess sleep vs. wake states in adults and children. Traditional behavioral-VSG (B-VSG) coding requires almost real-time visual inspection by a trained technicians/coders to determine sleep vs wake states. In this paper we describe an automated VSG sleep detection system (auto-VSG) which employs motion analysis to determine sleep vs. wake states in young children. We used child head size to normalize the motion index and to provide an individual motion maximum for each child. We compared the proposed auto-VSG method to (1) traditional B-VSG codes and (2) actigraphy sleep vs. wake estimates across four sleep parameters: sleep onset time, sleep offset time, awake duration, and sleep duration. In sum, analyses revealed that estimates generated from the proposed auto-VSG method and B-VSG are comparable.
PATIENT PERCEPTIONS OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE AND BARRIERS TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Congestive heart failure (CHF) afflicts around 5.8 million individuals in the U.S. and accounts for one million hospitalizations each year. Standard of care includes regular exercise to relieve symptoms and improve health-related quality of life (hrQOL) but fewer than 10% achieve currently recommended goals. This study aimed to understand patient and caregiver perceptions of CHF and understand patient and caregiver perceptions of challenges to engaging in physical activity (PA). Patients and family members were recruited from the Heart and Vascular Clinic at a university hospital to participate in focus groups discussing their perceptions and expectations of CHF treatment, particularly regarding PA. Transcribed audiotapes were coded and analyzed using a grounded theory framework. Questionnaires gathered information on social support for PA, illness perceptions of CHF and whether/where they remember being counseled in PA. Ten CHF patients and 6 supporting caregivers have completed the study to-date. Patients’ mean age was 72.8 years +/- SD 8.6 years. Themes arising from the focus groups included “insurmountable” fatigue preventing exercise, perseverance needed to exercise despite fatigue, frustration with inability to be as active as they were prior to symptom onset, “embarrassing” lifestyle changes such as utilizing electric scooters, acceptance of physical limitations required to improve outlook and fatalism about CHF-related death. The above themes identify a complex web of patient and caregiver perceptions and expectations that influences patient PA levels. Having a better understanding of perceived barriers in obtaining recommended PA levels will allow targeting of these perceptions in future interventions.
Aligned hydrogel tubes guide regeneration following spinal cord injury.

Directing the organization of cells into a tissue with defined architectures is one use of biomaterials for regenerative medicine. To this end, hydrogels are widely investigated as they have mechanical properties similar to native soft tissues and can be formed in situ to conform to a defect. Herein, we describe the development of porous hydrogel tubes fabricated through a two-step polymerization process with an intermediate microsphere phase that provides macroscale porosity (66.5%) for cell infiltration. These tubes were investigated in a spinal cord injury model, with the tubes assembled to conform to the injury and to provide an orientation that guides axons through the injury. Implanted tubes had good apposition and were integrated with the host tissue due to cell infiltration, with a transient increase in immune cell infiltration at 1 week that resolved by 2 weeks post injury compared to a gelfoam control. The glial scar was significantly reduced relative to control, which enabled robust axon growth along the inner and outer surface of the tubes. Axon density within the hydrogel tubes (1744 axons/mm2) was significantly increased more than 3-fold compared to the control (456 axons/mm2), with approximately 30% of axons within the tube myelinated. Furthermore, implantation of hydrogel tubes enhanced functional recovery relative to control. This modular assembly of porous tubes to fill a defect and directionally orient tissue growth could be extended beyond spinal cord injury to other tissues, such as vascular or musculoskeletal tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue engineering approaches that mimic the native architecture of healthy tissue are needed following injury. Traditionally, pre-molded scaffolds have been implemented but require a priori knowledge of wound geometries. Conversely, hydrogels can conform to any injury, but do not guide bi-directional regeneration. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of a system of modular hydrogel tubes to promote bi-directional regeneration after spinal cord injury. This system allows for tubes to be cut to size during surgery and implanted one-by-one to fill any injury, while providing bi-directional guidance. Moreover, this system of tubes can be broadly applied to tissue engineering approaches that require a modular guidance system, such as repair to vascular or musculoskeletal tissues.
Tracking global trends in the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy using the Drug Resistance Index.

Background Evaluating trends in antibiotic resistance and communicating the results to a broad audience are important for dealing with this global threat. The Drug Resistance Index (DRI), which combines use and resistance into a single measure, was developed as an easy-to-understand measure of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. We demonstrate its utility in communicating differences in the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy across countries. Methods We calculated the DRI for countries with data on antibiotic use and resistance for the disease-causing organisms considered by the WHO as priority pathogens: Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Additionally, we estimated pooled worldwide resistance rates for these pathogens. Results 41 countries had the requisite data and were included in the study. Resistance and use rates were highly variable across countries, but A. baumannii resistance rates were uniformly higher, on average, than other organisms. High-income countries, particularly Sweden, Canada, Norway, Finland and Denmark, had the lowest DRIs; the countries with the highest DRIs, and therefore the lowest effectiveness of antibiotic therapy, were all low-income and middle-income countries. Conclusions The DRI is a useful indicator of the problem of resistance. By combining data on antibiotic use with resistance, it captures a snapshot of how the antibiotics a country typically uses match their resistance profiles. This single measure of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy provides a means of benchmarking against other countries and can, over time, indicate changes in drug effectiveness that can be easily communicated.
Rationale and design of a statewide telestroke registry: Lone Star Stroke Consortium Telestroke Registry (LeSteR).

Introduction The Lone Star Stroke Consortium Telestroke Registry (LeSteR) currently consisting of 3 academic hub centres and 27 partner spokes is a statewide initiative organised by leading academic health centres in the State of Texas to understand practice patterns of acute stroke management via telestroke (TS) in Texas, a state with one of the largest rural populations in the USA. Methods and analysis All patients who had presumed stroke for whom a TS consultation has been obtained in the network are entered into a web-based, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant database from September 2013 to present. Spokes were enrolled into LeSteR in a staggered approach in two data collection phases: a retrospective phase and a prospective phase. Basic clinical, demographic data and relevant time metrics are collected in the retrospective phase. Starting 1 September 2015, additional outcome data including 90-day modified Rankin score, readmission and 90-day disposition are obtained by a standard phone interview. From the registry initiation to 31 December 2017, there are 8089 patients who had suspected stroke in the registry. Over 60% of patients enrolled after 1 September 2015 have reported outcome data. Enrolment is still active for this registry. Ethics and dissemination LeSteR is a statewide TS registry organised by academic health centres that will provide significant insight regarding the impact of TS in the State of Texas. Findings from LeSteR will provide data that can be analysed to improve the allocation of healthcare resources using TS to treat stroke in a state with one of the largest rural populations.
The Role of Feedback in Coaching and Technology-Enabled Coaching Processes

Many forms of coaching are quite popular in organizations, yet it is only very recently that the feedback literature has been linked to the coaching process. In this chapter, we discuss the role of feedback in the coaching process and identify four success factors for coaching: constructive feedback, individual coach and coachee feedback orientation, quality of the coaching relationship, and the feedback environment. We then extend these notions to the technology-enabled coaching interventions of e-coaching and virtual coaching. We identify a particular need to study the way technological applications in coaching can mirror face-to-face coaching processes, and where technology can be leveraged to improve coaching outcomes. Future research and practical applications linking self-feedback to self-determination in coaching are explored.
Comparative study of mechanical properties of additively manufactured aluminum alloy

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) is rapidly growing manufacturing technique. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is most important method in an additive manufacturing. The aim of the research is to analyze the mechanical properties of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg Aluminum alloy and compared with conventional manufacturing. In this work the mechanical properties are investigated of selective laser melting manufactured AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy and compared with sand and gravity die cast AlSi10Mg parts. The results are validated using simufact additive manufacturing software.
Five Years Later: Assessing the Implementation of the Four Priorities of the Sendai Framework for Inclusion of People with Disabilities

Efforts to reduce disaster risk around the world should purposefully consider the needs of potentially vulnerable populations, including people with disabilities. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR) is one of the few global disaster-related frameworks with a focus on people with disabilities. The objective of this article is to assess the inclusion of people with disabilities in disaster risk reduction strategies worldwide since the establishment of SFDRR as gleaned from research. Several studies were reviewed to observe how the four priorities were implemented and operationalized in various countries to reduce the risk for people with disabilities. Findings indicate that initial applications of the SFDRR have compelled purposeful actions, but there is still room for improvement regarding people with disabilities. The results conclude that slight variations on the definitions of disaster or disability may increase marginalization. Three key themes emerged: (1) the intersectionality of disability with other dimensions of vulnerability warrants focused consideration; (2) enhanced disaster preparedness requires more attention in order to empower people with disabilities; and (3) negative cultural attitudes need to shift to enable purposeful inclusion of people with disabilities. Additional studies on the global investments made are encouraged to share lessons learned regarding the integration of people with disabilities.
They only come out at night: Impact of time of day on outcomes after penetrating abdominal trauma.

Background Patients who present at night following penetrating abdominal trauma are thought to have more severe injuries and increased risk for morbidity and mortality. The current literature is at odds regarding this belief. The purpose of this study was to evaluate time of day on outcomes following laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma. Methods Patients undergoing laparotomy following penetrating abdominal trauma over a 12-month period at a level I trauma center were stratified by age, sex, severity of shock, injury, operative complexity, and time of day (DAY = 0700-1900, NIGHT = 1901-0659). Outcomes of damage control laparotomy, ventilator days, intensive care unit length of stay, hospital length of stay, morbidity, and mortality were compared between DAY and NIGHT. Results A total of 210 patients were identified: 145 (69%) comprised NIGHT, and 65 (31%) comprised DAY. Overall mortality was 2.9%. Both injury severity and intraoperative transfusions were increased with NIGHT with no difference in morbidity (37% vs 40%, P = 0.63) or mortality (2.1% vs 4.6%, P = 0.31). Adjusting for sex, time of day, injury severity, and operative complexity, only abdominal abbreviated injury severity (odds ratio 1.46; 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.99, P = .019) and operative transfusions (odds ratio 1.18; 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.28, P < .0001) were identified as independent predictors of damage control laparotomy using multivariable logistic regression (area under the curve 0.96). Conclusion The majority of operative penetrating abdominal trauma occurs at night with increased injury burden, more operative transfusions, and increased use of damage control laparotomy with no difference in morbidity and mortality. Outcomes at a fully staffed and operational trauma center should not be impacted by time of day.
Is Death Different to Federal Judges

Legal commentators have long believed that federal judges treat capital appeals more favorably than noncapital appeals. However, due to the bifurcated nature of capital trials and the complexity of the ensuing appeals, no empirical research to date has proven that the guilt-phase claims of capital defendants are more likely to succeed on federal habeas review than the claims of other defendants. This Note addresses that gap in the literature. The Author analyzed 1,368 votes cast by federal appellate judges between 2013 and 2017 in murder cases heard on habeas review. In each of those cases, the defendant was under a sentence of either death or life in prison. Exploiting this unique dataset, this Note finds that federal appellate judges are significantly more likely to grant guilt-phase relief to capital defendants than they are to similarly situated noncapital defendants. It then rules out alternative explanations for this finding of a “sentencing effect,” such as differential attorney investment or dissimilarity between capital and noncapital defendants. After establishing that federal appellate judges do in fact behave differently in capital cases, the Note considers the normative implications of this finding. It ultimately concludes that the behavior of federal judges on habeas review is consistent with a generally shared principle of capital jurisprudence: preventing the execution of innocents.
Entrepreneurs in the making: Six decisions for fostering entrepreneurship through maker spaces

Abstract Maker spaces—shared production facilities offering access to basic and advanced manufacturing technologies—have quickly become the latest must-have for universities, large corporations, and communities looking to foster entrepreneurship and innovation. While the entrepreneurial and educational prospects of maker spaces are certainly intriguing, questions remain concerning their design and effectiveness. Drawing primarily on case evidence and conversations with five maker spaces located across the U.S., we identify and present six key decisions for maker space leaders looking to foster entrepreneurship in their organizations. We conclude with a decision framework for maker space leaders and a series of questions for entrepreneurs as both groups work to pursue entrepreneurship through and in maker spaces.
Necessary conditions for feedback stabilization and safety

Brockett's necessary condition yields a test to determine whether a system can be made to stabilize about some operating point via continuous, purely state-dependent feedback. For many real-world systems, however, one wants to stabilize sets which are more general than a single point. One also wants to control such systems to operate safely by making obstacles and other "dangerous" sets repelling. We generalize Brockett's necessary condition to the case of stabilizing general compact subsets having a nonzero Euler characteristic. Using this generalization, we also formulate a necessary condition for the existence of "safe" control laws. We illustrate the theory in concrete examples and for some general classes of systems including a broad class of nonholonomically constrained Lagrangian systems. We also show that, for the special case of stabilizing a point, the specialization of our general stabilizability test is stronger than Brockett's.
Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Among Active Component Services Members.

INTRODUCTION e-cigarettes have been touted as a safer alternative to classic cigarettes and other combustible tobacco products. However, a growing body of evidence finds that any risk reduction associated with e-cigarette use is eliminated when individuals use "both" e-cigarettes and other tobacco products. Recent analyses from the Health Related Behaviors Survey suggest that rates of e-cigarette use are higher among active component service members than in the general population. However, little is known about the frequency and health behaviors associated with the dual use of e-cigarettes and other tobacco products among service members. DATA AND METHOD Using data from the 2018 Health Related Behaviors Survey, this paper investigates whether active component service members who use both e-cigarettes and other tobacco products are more likely to engage in other types of substance use or negative health behaviors. RESULTS We find that the dual use of e-cigarettes and other tobacco products is associated with poorer physical and mental health, higher rates of alcohol misuse, and higher rates of insufficient sleep. CONCLUSION The association between the dual use of e-cigarettes and tobacco products suggests that these individuals represent an important target group for health-related resources and attention in DoD.
Giant Ossified Clival Chondrosarcoma Resection: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Chondrosarcomas are a spectrum of tumors with variable clinical behavior, histologically classified as grades I, II, and III.1 Maximal surgical resection with adjuvant radiation is the gold standard for grade III malignant tumors.2,3 Lower-grade skull base chondrosarcomas have a slow progressive local growth pattern with an overall benign profile.1,4 In these grade I and II tumors, radical resection can be sufficient in achieving long-term control of the disease without the need for adjuvant therapy, thus avoiding the long-term side effects of irradiation in relatively young patients.4,5 As a slow-growing tumor, skull base chondrosarcoma might reach a giant size with progressive neurological deficits prior to diagnosis. In these cases, to achieve maximal resection, skull base approaches tailored to the patient's anatomy are essential.4,6 Cranial approach is frequently needed due to the calcified nature of part of the tumor that is not amenable to resection through the endonasal approach. The endoscope is extremely helpful combined with the microscopic resection. We demonstrate these techniques through in the surgery of a 39-yr-old female who presented with progressive neurological deficits from a giant ossified chondrosarcoma and underwent a combined petrosal approach for the resection of her tumor. A postoperative small enhancement remained stable on the 4-yr follow-up exam. The pathology confirmed grade II chondrosarcoma, with the patient recovering from her neurological deficit except the third nerve. The patient consented to the surgery and publication of images. Image at 1:36 reprinted with permission from Al-Mefty O, Operative Atlas of Meningiomas. Vol 1, ©LWW, 1998.
Observability Gramian and Its Role in the Placement of Observations in Dynamic Data Assimilation

A method of data assimilation that is complementary to traditional 4D-Var (4D-Var) has been developed. 4D-Var has appealed to scientists because of the efficiency with which it determines the cost function gradient with respect to control and available observations. Then through use of any of the gradient-based optimization algorithms, the minimum is iteratively found. The alternate methodology does not depend on available observations; rather, the methodology determines placement of observations that avoid flatness of the cost functional about the operating point in control space. Avoidance of flat patches by bounding the norm of the gradient away from zero fundamentally depends on the dynamics of forecast sensitivities to control that are found through differentiation of the governing constraint equations and coupled solution to these equations and the basic constraint equations. These sensitivities are used to define a linear transformation which turns out to be the observability Gramian (symmetric positive semi-definite matrix) G that maps control error (initially unknown) to the cost-function gradient (as a function of space and time and an arbitrary starting operating point). With observations taken at optimal locations defined by (a) the maxima of the diagonal elements of G or (b) that of the trace of G, gradient-based optimization schemes are used to locate cost-function minimum. The methodology is tested on an air-sea interaction model where results indicate that judicious placement of observations avoiding flatness in control space give good results whereas placement that leads to small absolute-valued gradients produce poor results. The theory also gives guidance on the minimum number of observations necessary to achieve success in locating the cost-function minimum.
Nightly vs on‐demand sildenafil for penile rehabilitation after minimally invasive nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy: results of a randomized double‐blind trial with placebo

Objectives To clarify the role of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in post-prostatectomy penile rehabilitation (PPPR). To compare nightly and on-demand use of PDE5 inhibitors after nerve-sparing minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (RP). Patients and Methods We conducted a single-institution, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of nightly vs on-demand 50-mg sildenafil citrate after nerve-sparing minimally invasive RP. A total of 100 preoperatively potent men, aged <65 years, with scores on the Erectile Function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-EF) ≥26, underwent nerve-sparing surgery. The patients were randomized to either nightly sildenafil and on-demand placebo (nightly sildenafil group), or on-demand sildenafil and nightly placebo (on-demand sildenafil group; maximum on-demand dose six tablets/month) for 12 months. Patients then underwent a 1-month washout period. Validated measures of erectile function (IIEF-EF score and the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite [EPIC]) were compared between treatment groups over the entire 13-month time course, using multivariable mixed linear regression models. Results The treatment groups were well matched preoperatively (mean age 54.3 vs 54.6 years, baseline IIEF-EF score 29.4 vs 29.3, for the nightly vs the on-demand sildenafil groups, respectively). No significant differences were found in erectile function between treatments (nightly vs on-demand sildenafil) at any single timepoint after RP, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. When evaluated over all timepoints simultaneously, no significant effects of treatment group (nightly vs on-demand sildenafil) were found on recovery of potency, as assessed by absolute IIEF-EF scores (P = 0.765), on percentage of men returning to an IIEF-EF score >21 (P = 0.830), or on IIEF-EF score recovery to a percentage of baseline value (P = 0.778). When evaluated over all timepoints simultaneously, no significant effects of treatment group were found on secondary endpoints such as assessment of potency (including EPIC item 59 response ‘erections firm enough for intercourse’), attempted intercourse frequency or confidence. Conclusions Erectile recovery up to 1 year after RP does not differ between previously potent men who use sildenafil nightly compared to on-demand. This trial does not support chronic nightly sildenafil as being any better than on-demand sildenafil for use in penile rehabilitation after nerve-sparing minimally invasive RP.
Teacher Effectiveness and Student Achievement: Investigating a Multilevel Cross-Classified Model.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how increasing teacher effectiveness is central to school efforts to improve student outcomes. This study aims to examine successive teachers' effects on student achievement. The premise advanced is that teacher effectiveness is an individual resource that varies across classrooms within schools, as well as a collective resource that varies across schools.Design/methodology/approach – The methods used represent an attempt to expand the scope of previous studies about ways in which schools affect student learning by examining a multilevel constellation of teacher‐related effects (e.g. classroom effectiveness, collective teaching quality, school academic organization) that can be changed to increase educational effectiveness. The sample consisted of 9,196 students, cross‐classified in 511 and 527 classrooms, and nested in 156 elementary schools.Findings – First, the effectiveness of successive teachers was related to student achievement in reading and math. Sec...
Textbooks, Monographs, and Other Volumes on Fetal and Newborn Physiology

For many basic science and clinical investigators, Geoffrey Dawes’ Foetal and Neonatal Physiology (Dawes 1968) has served as the vade mecum par excelance. A number of other such volumes have been published, latter ones of which were stimulated by Dawes’ monograph. In 1920, the first work to appear on the subject, The principles of ante-natal and post-natal child physiology. Pure and Applied, was written by William Moses Feldman (1880–1939), physician and lecturer on child physiology at the Infants Hospital, London. (See Table 17.1). In the preface, Feldman observed that he prepared his work for “… students of physiology, and … pediatric physicians, and all scientific persons interested in the study of children … The task has not been an easy one, for I have had to travel far and wide in search of my material, and have had to cross numerous deep and uncharted oceans of literature…” (Feldman 1920, p. vii). In 41 chapters covering almost 700 pages, Feldman considered essentially every aspect of developmental physiology known at that time. Part I addresses conception, developmental biology, fetal nutrition, respiration, circulation, development of the nervous system, and the physiology of pregnancy. Part II considers the “Natal Stage” with the physiology of birth. In Part III, Feldman reviews the “Post-Natal” stage of life, physiology of the neonatal period, chemical composition of newborn tissues, the physiology of bone and the muscular system, infant metabolism, the circulation, and related topics. Part IV is dedicated to the physiology of the premature infant. Notable in Feldman’s work was his use of mathematics, physics, and chemistry in considering physiological problems (Feldman 1920).
Large angle scanning of laser beam by cascaded electro-optic scanning in a ferroelectric chip

We present the new device concept of cascaded electro-optic scanning. We fabricate this design by domain micropatterning LiTaO/sub 3/. The device scan range is 25.4/spl deg/. Using this design, angles greater than 90/spl deg/ are possible.
Low-cost data uncertainty quantification

The analysis of a huge backload of ever-accumulating data presents a huge challenge in all respects of computing. Inverse covariance matrices in this respect are very important. We target data uncertainty quantification, a very useful measure of which is provided by inverse covariance matrix diagonal entries. In previous work, we introduced a novel method that reduces overall complexity by at least two orders of magnitude. At the same time, a state-of-the-art message-passing interface (MPI) implementation allowed us to reach a sustained performance of up to 73% (730 TFLOPS on the full 72 Blue Gene/P rack configuration at Julich). Thanks to its reduced complexity, this work has attracted significant interest, and thus, we have received numerous requests concerning its exploitation in various fields. A common denominator in these requests is that they almost all came from people with no or, in the best case, limited high-performance computing background. Nevertheless, all interest is in analyzing huge data sets, suitably adapting the method to particular applications. A bottleneck then is that potential users are reluctant to pay for a steep learning curve to get proficient in parallel computing using the de facto standard: MPI. Thus, we turned to the Partitioned Global Address Space programming model and in particular the Unified Parallel C language. In this work, we gave a comprehensive description of the framework and demonstrated the efficiency of the state-of-the-art MPI implementation. In addition, we showed that one can develop an easy-to-follow yet efficient Unified Parallel C implementation, which is also easy to debug and maintain, features that significantly boost overall productivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dorsal-open group gene raw is required for restricted DJNK signaling during closure

During dorsal closure in Drosophila melanogaster, cells of the lateral epidermis migrate over the amnioserosa to encase the embryo. At least three classes of dorsal-open group gene products are necessary for this morphogenetic movement. Class I genes code for structural proteins that effect changes in epidermal cell shape and motility. Class II and III genes code for regulatory components of closure: Class II genes encode Drosophila Jun amino (N)-terminal kinase (DJNK) signaling molecules and Class III genes encode Decapentaplegic-mediated signaling molecules. All characterized dorsal-open group gene products function in the epidermis. Here we report a molecular and genetic characterization of raw, a newly defined member of the Class II dorsal-open group genes. We show that the novel protein encoded by raw is required for restriction of DJNK signaling to leading edge epidermal cells as well as for proper development of the amnioserosa. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for Raw in restriction of epidermal signaling during closure and suggest that this effect may be mediated via the amnioserosa.
Evidence on the cellular source of luteotrophin derived from a study of rat pituitary autografts.

Pituitary autografts placed under the renal capsule of adult female rats in estrus were found to produce luteotrophin. Indirect evidence indicates that autografts in male and female rats which were operated on at puberty probably produce this hormone also. Studies on both the adult and “pubertal” animals indicate that pituitary autografts produce the other anterior lobe hormones either at a very low level or not at all.
SATURATION MAGNETIZATION MEASUREMENTS OF CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES

The saturation magnetization of some carbonaceous chondrites was studied using a Faraday balance. The Faraday balance was shown to be an accurate (± 3%), reliable technique for measuring saturation magnetization by comparison with vibrating-sample magnetometer measurements on the same samples. Hyman and Rowe (1983) previously used these saturation magnetization measurements to measure the magnetite content of the five CI chondrites. Here, we present measurements on the magnetite contents of some CM2, CV3 and a CV5 chondrites. The method was also used to measure the content of metallic nickel-iron in Ornans, 3.4 ± 0.3%. Of the CM2 chondrites examined, only Bells, Essebi and Haripura had magnetite contents over about 1% by weight. A number of CV chondrites have magnetite between 2.3 and 13%, with little or no metallic iron. Leoville and Vigarano contain both magnetite and metallic iron, complicating the saturation magnetization results. Arch and Allende have very little metallic iron or magnetite, probably < 1% of either. This technique measures only ferrimagnetic magnetite; superparamagnetic magnetite with particle size < 300A is ignored.
A puzzle about visualization

Visual imagination (or visualization) is peculiar in being both free, in that what we imagine is up to us, and useful to a wide variety of practical reasoning tasks. How can we rely upon our visualizations in practical reasoning if what we imagine is subject to our whims? The key to answering this puzzle, I argue, is to provide an account of what constrains the sequence in which the representations featured in visualization unfold—an account that is consistent with its freedom. Three different proposals are outlined, building on theories that link visualization to sensorimotor predictive mechanisms (e.g., “efference copies,” “forward models”). Each sees visualization as a kind of reasoning, where its freedom consists in our ability to choose the topic of the reasoning. Of the three options, I argue that the approach many will find most attractive—that visualization is a kind of “off-line” perception, and is therefore in some sense misrepresentational—should be rejected. The two remaining proposals both conceive of visualization as a form of sensorimotor reasoning that is constitutive of one’s commitments concerning the way certain kinds of visuomotor scenarios unfold. According to the first, these commitments impinge on one’s web of belief from without, in the manner of normal perceptual experience; according to the second, these commitments just are one’s (occurrent) beliefs about such generalizations. I conclude that, despite being initially counterintuitive, the view of visualization as a kind of occurrent belief is the most promising.