cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical model for predicting the performance of arbitrary size and layout wind farms

A simple engineering model for predicting wind farm performance is presented, which is applicable to wind farms of arbitrary size and turbine layout. For modeling the interaction of wind farm with the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), the wind farm is represented as added roughness elements. The wind speed behind each turbine is calculated using a kinematic model, in which the friction velocity and the wind speed outside the turbine wake, constructed based on the wind farm-ABL interaction model, are employed to estimate the wake expansion rate in the crosswind direction and the maximum wind speed that can be recovered within the turbine wake, respectively. Validation of the model is carried out by comparing the model predictions with the measurements from wind tunnel experiments and the Horns Rev wind farm. For all validation cases, satisfactory agreement is obtained between model predictions and experimental data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the Determinants of Local Service Termination

Objectives In the past, research focusing on local service decisions was dominated by the exploration of make-or-buy choices (i.e., how to produce services). In this article, we extend this venue of research to explore service termination (i.e., whether to provide). In doing so, we adopt four theoretical strands developed in the fields of public policy and management to guide our research: policy termination, political economy, make-or-buy, and policy diffusion. Methods We utilize multiple International City/County Management Association surveys for our analysis. We supplement these data with information gleaned from a variety of other sources, including Census data, to construct a binary logistic regression model examining the determinants of service termination. Results We find that local governments are likely to terminate their services when they were previously outsourced to third-party contractors rather than produced by their own employees. Further, our results indicate that locales tend to drop services more often when they are not commonly provided by peer jurisdictions, supporting the idea of diffusion. Conclusions Our findings suggest that, despite a dearth of research undertaken, service termination is surprisingly common and widespread across service areas.
A dynamical interpretation of temperature

Quantum-mechanical interpretations are sought for tem-temperatureT and Boltzmann’s constantk. Jaynes’ information theory approach to statistical mechanics is used to include the uncertainties in particle energy levels caused by thermal interactions. Incorporating this minor correction reveals that the average energy spread per particle iskT. The energy spread is then related to the lifetime of a particle state with the result thatT can be interpreted as the average transition rate per particle. When this view is adopted, Boltzmann’s constant has units of action and its value is found to be 1/4h, whereh is Planck’s constant. The relativistic behavior of temperature is examined with the dynamical interpretation and it predicts that the temperature of a moving system is lower than that of the system at rest.
Assessing a safe interval for subsequent negative pressure wound therapy change after initial placement in acute, contaminated wounds.

Background. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is empiri- cally expanding across the globe. Yet published data with NPWT in acute, contaminated wounds is limited, and several concerns arise regarding con- temporary acute wound care NPWT practice. Specifically, there are no evidence-based time intervals specifying when NPWT should be changed after initial placement in such cases; therefore, NPWT was studied in acute, contaminated wounds. Methods. The authors retrospectively re- viewed 86 consecutive patients, and a total of 97 contaminated wounds. All wounds were class IV, based on Centers for Disease Control and Pre- vention (CDC) criteria. All patients were managed with NPWT. Patient and wound-specific variables were analyzed. Outcome endpoints included du- rability of wound closure and death. Results. Mean time of subsequent NPWT after initial placement was 2.9 days, median time 3 days, mode 2 days, and standard deviation (SD) 1.24 days. Durability of wound closure was 73/79 (92%). Deaths were noted in 6/86 (7%) of patients. No deaths appeared related to NPWT. Conclusions. Based on the findings in this study, analyzing NPWT in the largest known patient cohort of this type, a time interval of 1.7 days to 4.1 days (mean time 2.9 days, SD 1.24), be- tween initial and subsequent placement of NPWT in acute, contaminated wounds is safe and effective.
Apolipoprotein AIV: a potent endogenous inhibitor of lipid oxidation

Overexpression of apolipoprotein (apo) AIV in transgenic mice confers significant protection against atherosclerosis in apoE knockout animals even in the presence of a more severe atherogenic lipid...
8.2 Fully integrated low-drop-out regulator based on event-driven PI control

Modern SoC designs employ a number of power domains, many of which are often implemented by low-drop-out (LDO) regulators. The key overhead of the existing LDO design is the large off-chip output capacitor (Cout) for compensating a large/fast change in load current (ILOAD). Miniaturizing and thus integrating COUT on a chip is highly desirable and theoretically possible by shortening the control loop latency. This can be achieved by employing a higher sampling frequency (FCLK) in a synchronous time-driven digital LDO [1] and a high-speed amplifier in an analog LDO [2]. However, large power consumption and the resulting low current efficiency are often inevitable. In this work, we aim to break this trade-off between passive size and efficiency by introducing an event-driven (ED) control scheme. We design the level-crossing event detector and the ED PI controller for short latency. The power dissipation is kept small since no event occurs in the steady state. We prototype a 400µA class LDO with typical VIN=0.5V and VOUT=0.45V in 65nm, achieving a small voltage droop (VDROOP) of 40mV (<9% of set-point voltage [VSP] of 450mV) with an on-chip integrated COUT of 0.4nF and the peak current efficiency of 96.3%.
Intrinsic heterogeneity in detection probability and its effect on N-mixture models

Summary Estimating the abundance or density of animal populations is often a fundamental task in ecological research and species conservation. N-mixture models are widely used to estimate the detection probability of individual organisms that thusly leads to more accurate estimates of a species' true abundance. However, individuals likely vary in their probabilities of being detected. During a survey, heterogeneity (variation) in individual detection probability might arise due to conditions of the surveying process; this form of extrinsic heterogeneity can be accounted for by the use of appropriate covariates in the models. In contrast, intrinsic heterogeneity in the detection probabilities of individuals arises when intraspecific variation in behaviour results in individual organisms differing in their latent (inherent) probabilities of being detected. This form of heterogeneity is not tractable by the use of covariates and its possible effects on model performance have not been investigated to date. Using simulated data, we evaluated the performance of Poisson, negative binomial and zero-inflated Poisson versions of N-mixture models under the conditions of intrinsic heterogeneity in individual detection probability. Most versions of N-mixture models performed well in estimating abundance as indicated by relatively low root-mean-square-error values (RMSE 0·5) and heterogeneity was random. Otherwise, with structured heterogeneity (particularly positive density dependence) and low detection probabilities ( 2). The poorest performing model was the zero-inflated Poisson version of N-mixture model applied to data from low survey effort. Our results suggest that N-mixture models are robust to intrinsic heterogeneity in individual detection probabilities except when the detection probabilities are low. When model-estimated detection probabilities are low (<0·5), model users should be aware that estimates of abundance could be erroneous if there was non-random intrinsic heterogeneity in individual detection probabilities during the surveys. Remedying this situation might require redesigning the basic survey protocol such that it does not rely on behavioural traits (as cues to detection) that are intrinsically variable among individuals.
Paying it forward: Mentoring Beyond the Dyad

Organizational mentoring relationships have been theorized as reciprocal relationship where both parties provide a number of benefits and support to each other (Kram, 1985; Ragins, 2011). Social ex...
Bridged DNA Circles: A New Model System To Study DNA Topology

We demonstrate the assembly of two bridged circular DNA molecules. The circles are specially engineered plasmid DNAs a few thousands base pairs in length connected by the synthetic double-stranded linker. The construct represents a very convenient system for studying DNA topology and its enzymatic transformations, since at thermodynamic equilibrium the circles have comparable probability to adopt two different topological states and the exchange between the states is an intramolecular reaction. We obtained the equilibrium distribution of these states, in which the circles form the simplest link or remain unlinked, by opening and closing the long sticky ends made in one of the bridged circles. Separation of the linked and unlinked circles by gel electrophoresis allowed us to determine the fraction of linked circles. The obtained value is in very good agreement with the results of computer simulation.
In vitro Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells by Chemical and Physical Agents.

SummaryRelease of histamine from suspensions of rat peritoneal mast cells under various conditions has been measured directly by a microchemical technic. Compound 48/80 released histamine in a concentration as low as 2 × 10-7M and was the most potent substance investigated. Several other substances released histamine; the effects of compound 1935L, protamine, n-octylamine and stilbamidine were evaluated at several concentrations and compared with those of 48/80. Stilbamidine was considerably less potent than the others. As expected, certain physical changes released histamine, and low temperatures prevented 48/80 histamine release. Qualitative variations in response of these mast cells to different releasers suggested that mechanisms of histamine release vary considerably among the chemical agents now being investigated.
Periprosthetic Infection: Management of Late Acute Hematogenous Infection

Periprosthetic infection is a rare complication, occurring in only 1–2 % of primary joint arthroplasty patients. The sudden onset of infection in a previously well-functioning and painless total knee occurs with even less frequency and has been shown to be related to the number of patient comorbidities as well as hematogenous seeding of the joint. Pulido et al. (Clin Orthop Relat Res 466(7):1710–1715, 2008) analyzed over 9,000 primary total knee and hip arthroplasty patients revealing a total incidence of 0.7 % infection, with late acute hematogenous infection by far the least common presentation at less than 0.1 % incidence and accounting for only 10 % of total knee infections. Clinical recognition combined with elevated laboratory markers and arthrocentesis guides the clinician toward the correct diagnosis and early treatment. Although plagued with poor overall success rates, early irrigation and debridement with component retention and polyethylene exchange is the mainstay of treatment to prevent the morbidity associated with a two-stage revision.
Morphologic response of endometrium to a progesterone receptor antagonist, RU486, in monkeys.

Fifteen castrate cynomolgus monkeys were assigned to one of two groups. All monkeys received estradiol (E2) capsules to mimic follicular phase E 2 levels for development of a proliferative endometrium. In study I, three monkeys received RU486 on day 13 for 3days; two others were given vehicle. On day 16, endometrium was removed. In study II, the remaining ten monkeys received progesterone capsules, beginning on day 12, to form a secretory endometrium. On day 29, six monkeys were given RU486 and four acted as controls. Endometrium was removed after 6, 18, and 32hours. All tissue samples were prepared for light-microscopic evaluation. The results indicated that exogenous E 2 alone stimulated intracellular stromal development; RU486 had weak progestational effect on proliferative endometrium, as evidenced by increase in the area occupied by glands; and RU486 had strong antiptogestational activity on secretory endometrium, illustrated by regression in the upper endometrial zones within 32hours after a single injection of RU486.
Method for the Determination of Ammonia in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Using Ion Chromatography

Ammonia in mainstream smoke is present in both the particulate and vapor phases. The presence of ammonia in the cigarette filler material and smoke is of significance because of the potential role ammonia could have in raising the “smoke pH.” An increased smoke pH could shift a fraction of total nicotine to free-base nicotine, which is reportedly more rapidly absorbed by the smoker. Methods measuring ammonia in smoke typically employ acid filled impingers to trap the smoke. We developed a fast, reliable method to measure ammonia in mainstream smoke without the use of costly and time consuming impingers to examine differences in ammonia delivery. The method uses both a Cambridge filter pad and a Tedlar bag to capture particulate and vapor phases of the smoke. We quantified ammonia levels in the mainstream smoke of 50 cigarette brands from 5 manufacturers. Ammonia levels ranged from approximately 1μg to 23μg per cigarette for ISO smoking conditions and 38μg to 67μg per cigarette for Canadian intense smoking conditions and statistically significance differences were observed between brands and manufacturers. Our findings suggest that ammonia levels vary by brand and are higher under Canadian intense smoking conditions.
Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth Behind the Pay Gap (Book Review)

Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth Behind the Pay Gap -- and What Women Can Do About It. Warren Farrell. 2005. New York: AMACOM. 288 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0814472101. Price: $23.00; hardback.
A Family Man

The argument that the information sector transcended traditional barriers to diverse employee participation was introduced in Chapter 3. In theory, anyone who could get the education could participate in the information economy because it was “brain not brawn” that mattered. But the ideal of a meritocracy is far different from the reality that is embedded in a particular socio-cultural context. In Ireland, family and gender are inextricably intertwined with each other and with the culture of the information sector. There was clear evidence that the emerging information economy was having an impact on both families and female participation in that workforce. However, I also found evidence that the Irish culture was exerting an influence on the makeup and behavior of the information-sector workforce.
The Weapons They Carried: Brutality and Veterans’ Memories of the First World War

This chapter focuses on the emotional and gendered aspects of soldiers’ responses to the war and to emigration. Fidelis Waldvogel and Bruno Richard Hauptmann made decisions based on their emotional reflexes to conditions in their postwar lives. Hauptmann upheld uniquely German expectations of manliness. German First World War historiography includes the “brutalization” theory. This theory held that German soldiers experienced violence on a massive scale. In the context of heightened cultural expectations of them as heroes, the war brutalized them to a degree not seen in other Great War veterans. Waldvogel and Hauptmann both kept and discharged guns in their postwar lives, and neither man could escape the violence of the war.
The Integration and DREs of Rapidly Oscillating Functions

In this chapter, we will discuss the following n-dimensional oscillatory integral $$ \int_0^1 {f\left( {{x_1}, \ldots ,{x_n};\left\langle {{N_1}{x_1}} \right\rangle , \ldots ,\left\langle {{N_n}{x_n}} \right\rangle } \right)d{x_1} \ldots d{x_n}} $$ where, for all i = 1…, n, ‹N i x i ›= N i x i — [N i x i ], the fractional part of N i x i , and N i ≥ 2 are large positive integers. Here, function f in the integral is called a rapidly oscillating function. In this chapter, we will show that an integral of a continuous function f (x1,…, x n ; y1,…, y n ) over a 2n-dimensional sphere or cube can be approximated by a sequence of oscillatory integrals. In particular, if the continuous function f is also periodic in terms of each independent variable in a subset consisting of any n — 2 of 2n variables, then the corresponding 2n-dimensional integral can be reduced to a one-dimensional oscillatory integral with, of course, a remainder. Hence, we need to give approximation expansions of one-dimensional oscillatory integrals. A basic expansion formula is shown as follows (see Section 4).
Malapportionment and Ideological Bias in Chilean Electoral Districts

In 2015, Chile fundamentally reformed the electoral system it had used since 1989. The old system was characterized by high levels of malapportionment, or differences across districts in the ratios of voters to representatives. In the first elections after redemocratization, malapportionment favored the ideological right, but elections since 2000 have yielded no evidence that malapportionment produced ideological bias. The new, postreform electoral system reduces malapportionment in the lower chamber, although it remains pronounced in both chambers. Nevertheless, analysis of results from previous elections, coupled with information about the new districts, suggests that, consistent with recent experience, malapportionment will not produce ideological bias in elections to either chamber.
Meteorites, Ice, and Antarctica: How, and where, in the solar system …?

INTRODUCTION Around 4.57 billion years ago, our part of the Galaxy was approaching a cusp in time and space that, once passed, would see the beginning of an irreversible process of star and planet formation. Our solar system would result. Just before it happened, our cloud of gas and dust had a past but no future – it wasn't quite dense enough on its own to begin gravitational contractions that would result in the birth of a star and associated planets. With no external stimulus it probably would just remain a cloud – formless, highly diffuse and without apparent purpose. But in a very intimate sense it was our cloud – we were all there, represented unknowingly by the atoms of which we are today composed. A cusp is a point defined by the tangential convergence of two curves. The time line of our cloud was converging with the time line of a nearby giant star that had become unstable and was set to collapse inward with unimaginable intensity. This would initiate a supernova and splash part of itself out into space in an ejaculation of cosmic violence. Part of this giant splash was directed toward us (to be). The first signal of the nearby supernova was a flash of electromagnetic radiation, of which the part we call visible light is a tiny segment, washing into and through our cloud; perhaps for the first time illuminating its murky interior for no one to see.
Review of Thermosyphon Solar Water Heaters

The significant advantages of thermosyphon solar water heaters in terms of simplicity, reliability, and cost have long been recognized. In addition, experimental studies have indicated that the thermal performance of thermosyphons is comparable to that of active systems.
CloudSat: The Cloud Profiling Radar Mission

The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), the primary science instrument of the CloudSat Mission, is a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. This instrument will acquire a global time series of vertical cloud structure at 500-m vertical resolution and 1.4-km horizontal resolution. CPR will operate in a short-pulse mode and will yield measurements at a minimum detectable sensitivity of ?28 dBZ.
Long-Lived Intermediates in a Cooperative Two-State Folding Transition

Biomolecular folding often occurs through a cooperative two-state reactant ↔ product transition; the term cooperative does not convey that intermediate structures are nonexistent but rather that these states are not observable by existing experimental techniques. Because of this, few intermediates have been studied and characterized. Recently, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) measurements revealed that the oligomer polyproline-13 (Pro13, which in propanol (PrOH) favors the right-handed helical PPI structure having adjacent pyrrolidine rings in a cis configuration) folds through six sequential long-lived intermediates as it converts to the all-trans-configured PPII structure that is favored in aqueous solutions. Here, we examine the PPIPrOH → PPIIaq folding transition for a HisPro13 sequence, i.e., Pro13 having a single histidine residue added to the N-terminus. Remarkably, the IMS measurements show that, upon addition of histidine, all of the IMS peaks associated with intermediate structures disappear. Ins...
A spatial feature enhanced MMI algorithm for multi-modal wild-fire image registration

The integration of multi-spectral airborne imagery and geographic data for wildfire and emergency response requires 3D multiple view registration. Registration of maps, visible imagery and IR imagery, especially LWIR, is challenging because of the difference in brightness, color and features that are available in the different modalities. We have developed a semi-automated workflow for the registration and exploitation of this imagery and data that can produce quick-turnaround products for research and wildfire management. The technique is based upon an enhancement of the conventional maximization of mutual information. This technique largely overcomes the problems that arise from uncorrelated variations in pixel intensity between visible sensors, LWIR sensors that respond to temperature variations, and artificial colorations present in maps. A measure of registration confidence based upon the kurtosis of search space has been developed to enable operators to be cued to examine suspicious result produced by the semi-automated workflow algorithms. Experiments on real wild-fire imagery demonstrate the performance of the technique.
Landscape Context Affects Use of Restored Grasslands by Mammals in a Dynamic Agroecosystem

Abstract Habitat loss from agricultural expansion is one of the leading causes of endangerment for terrestrial vertebrates. Restoration programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and State Acres for Wildlife Enhancement (SAFE) were initiated in part to ameliorate grassland loss. Previous assessments of grassland restoration efforts have not focused on medium and large mammals because of sampling difficulties. More generally, few assessments of restoration outcomes consider effects of landscape context. We integrated camera trapping with occupancy modeling to assess mammal responses on 30 restored grassland sites in a dynamic agroecosystem in Illinois from 2014 to 2015. We tested hypotheses about the effects of local habitat conditions and landscape context on use of restored grasslands by four focal species: raccoons (Procyon lotor), eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Most species showed seasonal differences in...
Application of Laser Beams to Apple Firmness Measurement

Abstract A laser beam was used as a light source to evaluate finnness of apples nondestructively. Two different varieties of apples were illuminated with laser beams with three different wavelengths at three output power levels. Five features of interest were derived from laser images to estimate the fruit firmness using multiple regression analysis. The actual firmness was measured by an Instron Universal Tester. A multivariate discrimination analysis technique was used to classify apples into various finnness stages.
Cytotoxic and Mutagenic Properties of C3'-Epimeric Lesions of 2'-Deoxyribonucleosides in Escherichia coli Cells.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting from endogenous metabolism and/or environmental exposure, can induce damage to the 2-deoxyribose moiety in DNA. Specifically, a hydrogen atom from each of the five carbon atoms in 2-deoxyribose can be abstracted by hydroxyl radical, and improper chemical repair of the ensuing radicals formed at the C1′, C3′, and C4′ positions can lead to the stereochemical inversion at these sites to yield epimeric 2-deoxyribose lesions. Although ROS-induced single-nucleobase lesions have been well studied, the biological consequences of the C3′-epimeric lesions of 2′-deoxynucleosides, i.e., 2′-deoxyxylonucleosides (dxN), have not been comprehensively investigated. Herein, we assessed the impact of dxN lesions on the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication in Escherichia coli cells by conducting a competitive replication and adduct bypass assay with single-stranded M13 phage containing a site-specifically incorporated dxN. Our results revealed that, of the four dxN lesions, only...
Coupled transmission line array antennas with exceptional points of degeneracy

We explore for the first time a new paradigm for coupled transmission line (CTL)-based array antenna utilizing an exceptional point of degeneracy. An EPD represents a point in the spectrum of eigenmodes of a CTL with both gain and loss at which eigenmodes coalesce and it is a ubiquitous concept that can be applied to a variety of devices. This condition is realized in CTLs loaded with multiple active devices and radiating elements when a gain and loss balance is achieved. We demonstrate the EPD condition in microstrip CTLs and conceive a novel scheme to design low-threshold radiating grid oscillator; where the radiation threshold scales as N−2 where N is the number of antennas. The EPD leads to high power efficiency of operation and with a very stable oscillation frequency. This new operational principle would enhance the efficiency of spatial power combiners and active antennas, robustness of oscillations, as well as the tunability and reconfigurability of antenna arrays for mm-wave and 5G applications.
Factor structure of the NIH toolbox cognition battery in individuals with acquired brain injury

OBJECTIVE The National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) measures reading, vocabulary, episodic memory, working memory, executive functioning, and processing speed. While previous research has validated the factor structure in healthy adults, the factor structure has not been examined in adults with neurological impairments. Thus, this study evaluated the NIHTB-CB factor structure in individuals with acquired brain injury. METHOD A sample of 392 individuals (ages 18-84) with acquired brain injury (n = 182 TBI, n = 210 stroke) completed the NIHTB-CB along with neuropsychological tests as part of a larger, multisite research project. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses supported a 5-factor solution that included reading, vocabulary, episodic memory, working memory, and processing speed/executive functioning. This structure generally held in TBI and stroke subsamples as well as in subsamples of those with severe TBI and stroke injuries. CONCLUSIONS The factor structure of the NIHTB-CB is similar in adults with acquired brain injury to adults from the general population. We discuss the implications of these findings for clinical practice and clinical research. (PsycINFO Database Record
Delineation of the riparian zone in data-scarce regions using fuzzy membership functions: An evaluation based on the case of the Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan

Riparian zones contain important ecosystems with a high biodiversity and relevant ecosystem services. From a process point of view, riparian zones are characterized by the interaction of hydrological, geomorphological and ecological processes. Consequently, their boundary is dynamic and blurred as it depends on not only the local valley morphology but also the hydrological regime. This makes a delineation of riparian zones from digital elevation data a challenging task as it should represent this blurred nature of riparian zone boundaries. While the application of high resolution topography from LIDAR and hydraulic models have become standard in many developed countries, studies and applications in remote areas still commonly rely on the freely available coarse resolution digital elevation models. In this article, we present the delineation of riparian zones from the SRTM-1 elevation model and fuzzy membership functions for the Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan having a length of approximately 700 km. We evaluate the extraction of the underlying channel network as well as different indicator variables. The maximum user's accuracy for the delineation of riparian zones along the entire Naryn River is 82.14% reflecting the uncertainty arising from the heterogeneity of the riverscape as well as from the quality of the underlying elevation data. Despite the uncertainty, the fuzzy membership approach is considered as an appropriate method for riparian zone delineation as it reflects their dynamic, transitional character and can be used as indicator of connectivity within a riverscape.
A comparison of different methods of characterizing EUV photoresist shrinkage

The efficacy of OPC models depends on the ability to determine the physical dimensions of a large variety of photoresist patterns. This ability is impacted by a long observed phenomenon, photoresist shrinkage during CD-SEM metrology. As technology dimensions have scaled, the ability to directly measure the photoresist physical dimensions have diminished, while the need to reduce sources of uncertainty and error have increased. It has therefore become imperative to find other techniques to characterize this effect. In this paper, we compare methods of characterizing photoresist shrinkage of patterns using both etch-based and metrology-based approaches.
Communication Complexity and Lower Bounds for Threshold Circuits

The study of threshold circuits is interesting for several reasons. First, constant-depth threshold circuits are closely related to feed-forward neural networks, a widely studied model. The main difference is that while a threshold gate has Boolean inputs and output, a “neuron” in a neural network can have real numbers as inputs and typically outputs a continuous approximation of a step-function. However, Maass, Schnitger, and Sontag show in [MSS91] that when one considers the computation of Boolean functions the two models are equally powerful (within polynomial factors) (see also Chapter 4).
BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES Research, Clinical, and Training Opportunities

"Behavioral medicine" has sustained dramatic growth during the past five years. Essentially unknown ten years ago, the term is currently being applied to a growing array of centers, institutes, departments, laboratories, units, sections, and other such entities in academic, clinical, research, and bureaucratic settings. This growth has taken place primarily within the United States and Canada, although Great Britain, Eastern and Western Europe, and the Soviet Union have recently developed "biobehavioral" activities in both the clinical and research domains. Although in a formal sense the term behavioral medicine can be dated to the Yale Conference on Behavioral Medicine held early in 1977, the evolution of behavioral medicine spans thousands of years, beginning with the work of Homer, Plato, and Aristotle, who made speculations that are remarkably similar to our current understanding of the relationship between mind and body. Descartes and more recent philosophers added to our understanding of this sometimes elusive relationship (Weiss, 1979). In medicine, concepts of psychosomatic illness did not gain currency until after middle of the 19th century. Sir William Osier observed the association between aggressive behavior and coronary heart disease; and Freud and others used hypnosis to demonstrate the influence of the mind on the body. By 1930, Franz Alexander had developed the concept that conflict could cause identifiable organic disease through prolonged autonomic arousal (Laman & Evans, 1980). And by 1947 the term psychosomatic medicine had gained widespread attention through Flanders DunbarT s publication of Mind and body: Psychosomatic medicine.
CD28 and Cd27 Costimulation of Cd8+ T Cells: A Story of Survival

The role of costimulation in antiviral CD8+ T cells responses is becoming increasingly important as we try to develop adjuvant technologies for therapeutic or vaccine applications. Understanding how costimulation signals work and being able to harness their function to promote robust and protective immune responses is of particular interest. Much of current immunological research is addressing the many costimulatory molecules that are being discovered and characterized in order to elucidate the different mechanisms by which they work. It is becoming clear that multiple costimulation molecules are involved during the different phases of the CD8+ T cell response providing important proliferative and survival signals for these cells. The concept of T cell costimulation has evolved from the initial concept of the single CD28 second signal to an increasingly complex array of costimulation signals that involve multiple members of the B7:CD28 and TNFα/TNFR families. This review will focus on CD28 and CD27 costimulation and examine their involvement in the costimulation of CD8+ T cell responses and the role of such costimulation in the survival of activated, resting, and memory CD8+ T cells. We will also examine the importance of costimulatory-induced survival in antiviral CD8+ T cell responses.
Pion-Nucleus Scattering in the Isobar Formalism

Pion-nucleus interactions play a central role in our attempts to gain a deeper understanding of nuclear systems. In some ways, this role is fulfilled by providing another “conventional” nuclear probe. For example, the pion may be used to measure nuclear matter distributions and, because of considerable variation in the mean free path over the accessible energy range, can be used to emphasize surface or volume effects. Because it comes in three charge states, double charge exchange can be used to study double analog transitions or proton rich nuclei. Because of its quantum numbers JπT = 0-1, reactions such as radiative capture may be used to study isovector Ml states. However, in addition to these, rather more unique opportunities are also presented. These originate in the boson nature of the pion and in its intimate connection to the nuclear force.
Explaining Ethnic Minority Immigrant Women’s Motivation for Informal Entrepreneurship: An Institutional Incongruence Perspective

The informal economy has been a popular subject of research across the wider globe. However, there exists a dearth of literature exploring informal entrepreneurship among ethnic minority immigrant women. Different theoretical frameworks have been employed to explain the competing rationales. This study draws from institutional theory and collective identity. The institutional perspective proposes that informal entrepreneurship arises out of institutional asymmetry. By adopting an intersectional gendered lens, this paper evaluates the formal and informal institutional forces which influence women entrepreneurs to engage in informal business ventures. To do so, it reports findings from 25 face-to-face interviews with Pakistani and Bangladeshi women and representatives of local employment support organisations in Newham borough of London. The findings highlight that majority of these women entrepreneurs are engaged in informal homebased businesses mainly because of an interplay of informal and formal institutional forces whereby the former play a dominant role. The resulting incongruence between the formal and informal institutional forces creates opportunities in the informal sector while the collective identity of immigrant women entrepreneurs helps them recognise and exploit these opportunities. The outcome is a call for a new policy approach based on an institutional approach.
Home-based Upper Extremity Stroke Therapy Using a Multiuser Virtual Reality Environment: A Randomized Trial

Abstract Objective To compare participation and subjective experience of participants in both home-based multiuser virtual reality (VR) therapy and home-based single-user (SU) VR therapy. Design Crossover, randomized trial. Setting Initial training and evaluations occurred in a rehabilitation hospital; the interventions took place in participants’ homes. Participants Survivors of stroke with chronic upper extremity impairment (N=20). Interventions Four weeks of in-home treatment using a custom, multiuser virtual reality system (VERGE): 2 weeks of both multiuser (MU) and SU versions of VERGE. The order of presentation of SU and MU versions was randomized such that participants were divided into 2 groups, First MU and First SU. Main Outcome Measures We measured arm displacement during each session (m) as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures include time participants spent using each MU and SU VERGE and Intrinsic Motivation Inventory scores. Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery After Stroke Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) score and compliance with prescribed training were also evaluated. Measures were recorded before, midway, and after the treatment. Activity and movement were measured during each training session. Results Arm displacement during a session was significantly affected the mode of therapy (MU: 414.6m, SU: 327.0m, P=.019). Compliance was very high (99% compliance for MU mode and 89% for SU mode). Within a given session, participants spent significantly more time training in the MU mode than in the SU mode (P=.04). FMA-UE score improved significantly across all participants (Δ3.2, P=.001). Conclusions Multiuser VR exercises may provide an effective means of extending clinical therapy into the home.
Inpatient Management of Mucocutaneous GVHD

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is an immune mediated disorder affecting 30–70% of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), and is a major cause of morbidity and non-relapse mortality (NRM) as reported by Jagasia, et al. (Blood 119:296-307, •2012). Dermatologists play a critical role in acute and chronic GVHD, as skin involvement is common and often the earliest involved site of disease as reported by MacMillan, et al. (Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 21: 761-7, 2015). GVHD shares clinical and histopathological features with a variety of other skin diseases, requiring thorough consideration of differential diagnoses in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients with lesions suggestive of cutaneous GVHD. Treatment considerations for GVHD are influenced by factors such as disease classification, overall grading, organ involvement, associated symptoms, and immunological anti-tumor effect. Several treatments are available and may be indicated as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy to allow faster withdrawal or tapering of immunosuppression. While corticosteroids are often first-line therapy, oral ruxolitinib has been recently approved for treatment of steroid-refractory acute GVHD (aGVHD), and oral ibrutinib has been approved for steroid-refractory chronic GVHD (cGVHD). This article provides current clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations relevant to the hospitalist for both acute and chronic mucocutaneous GVHD. Optimal inpatient management of these diseases requires an interdisciplinary team.
Viscoelastic behavior of opto-mechanical properties and its application to viscoelastic fracture studies

In experimental fracture studies of viscoelastic polymers presently available optical measurement methods need to be modified to account for the rate sensitivity of the physical properties. Here, photoviscoelastic behavior is examined for the purpose of determining the mechanical state of stress and strain at the tip of a crack moving through a viscoelastic solid. The linearly opto-mechanical constitutive relation is derived from mechanical and dielectric relaxation functions for thermorheologically simple solids via the Clausius-Mosotti-Lorentz-Lorenz (CMLL) relation, which derivation is consistent with the Maxwell-Neumann relation in the limit of elastic behavior; also, approximate functions in place of the CMLL relations are explored.
RECURRENT SYNCOPE AND A FAMILY HISTORY OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH: TWO SIMILAR, YET DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT CASES OF ANDERSEN-TAWIL SYNDROME

Andersen-Tawil Syndrome is a rare genetic multisystem disorder which causes frequent ventricular arrhythmias(bidirectional VT), periodic paralysis as well as dysmorphic features that was first described in 1971 by Dr. Andersen and was again described in 1994 by Dr. Tawil. It has been estimated to
Resilience test of the North American food system

This article assesses the resilience of the North American food system in the context of the coronavirus pandemic in the immediate, medium, and long run Focus is on the United States The immediate consequence is substantial disruption of agricultural markets and falling prices, but systemic breakdown of the system is unlikely Existing farm programs and emergency legislation will support U S farmers Medium term, supply is likely to be strong, while pandemic-related disruptions in the developing world remain uncertain Long term, the path forward under the fragility the pandemic has underscored is stronger international institutions and cooperation © 2020 Canadian Agricultural Economics Society
Hacia una teoría literaria post-secular: repensar la crítica liberal de la religión a través de Flora Tristán, Paul Gauguin y Vargas Llosa en "El paraíso en la otra esquina"

espanolEste articulo postula que la critica a la religion es la tematica central de la novela "El paraiso en la otra esquina", brindando una alternativa al desafio critico de encontrar un factor unificador de las dos historias de la obra, tanto de Flora Tristan como de Paul Gauguin. Utilizando el concepto post-secular de Jurgen Habermas, las tres hipotesis de la secularizacion de Jose Casanova, la critica a una vision esencialista de la religion de Talal Asad y los tres estadios del desarrollo secular de Charles Taylor, este analisis tiene el objetivo de cuestionar la oposicion binaria entre lo secular y lo religioso que permea la obra de Vargas Llosa. A traves de una revision de la narrativa de la secularizacion, eurocentrista y moderna, presente en la novela, se intenta puntualizar la vaguedad de la definicion de lo religioso, la porosidad del cuadro inmanente creado por el autor, y la resistencia del lector a una oposicion binaria transhistorica que sugiere potencialidades humanas naturales, las cuales se realizan al liberarse de la religion. EnglishThis article postulates that the criticism of religion is the central theme of the novel "Paradise in the other corner", providing an alternative to the critical challenge of finding a unifying factor of the two stories of the work, both Flora Tristan and Paul Gauguin. Using the post-secular concept of Jurgen Habermas, the three hypotheses of the secularization of Jose Casanova, the critique of an essentialist vision of the religion of Talal Asad and the three stages of the secular development of Charles Taylor, this analysis has the objective of questioning the binary opposition between the secular and the religious that permeates the work of Vargas Llosa. Through a revision of the narrative of secularization, Eurocentrist and modern, present in the novel, we try to point out the vagueness of the definition of the religious, the porosity of the immanent picture created by the author, and the resistance of the reader to a transhistorical binary opposition that suggests natural human potentialities, which are realized when liberating from religion.
Isolated congenital enterokinase deficiency

Abstract We report a 13-mo-old patient with isolated congenital enterokinase deficiency and review the clinical features, diagnostic approach, and management of all 8 reported patients. Our patient presented with failure to thrive, diarrhea, and hypoproteinemia since birth. A normal sweat chloride with small intestinal histology, and nondetectable trypsin activity in the duodenal fluid should alert the physician to the possibility of isolated enterokinase deficiency. All reprted patients, including our own, responded favorably to pancreatic enzyme replacement. In vitro studies of the small intestinal mucosal biopsy specimen suggest that enterokinase deficiency at least in part is due to altered enzymes with low enterokinase activity.
Anomaly detection in milling tools using acoustic signals and generative adversarial networks

Abstract Acoustic monitoring presents itself as a flexible but under-reported method of tool condition monitoring in milling operations. This paper demonstrates the power of the monitoring paradigm by presenting a method of characterizing milling tool conditions by detecting anomalies in the time-frequency domain of the tools’ acoustic spectrum during cutting operations. This is done by training a generative adversarial neural network on only a single, readily obtained class of acoustic data and then inverting the generator to perform anomaly detection. Anomalous and non-anomalous data are shown to be nearly linearly separable using the proposed method, resulting in 90.56% tool condition classification accuracy and a 24.49% improvement over classification without the method.