cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inefficiency of sponsored research

Abstract I consider two models of sponsored research — one is the model where researchers get funded until (if ever) a research project experiences the first failure (bad news model), the other one is the model where the winner (if any) of a research race is rewarded (good news model). In either case, the researchers start working on a project of unknown quality. The quality of the project is identified with its ability to generate failures or successes, in the first and second models, respectively. The rate of arrival of success conditioned on the quality of the project is an increasing function of the total time spent on research. I find equilibria in both models and show that in case of two competing researchers, one of the researchers experiments inefficiently long, in the bad news model or in the good news model when either the winner takes all, or the laggard is punished. In the good news model where the laggard is rewarded, the equilibrium outcome is efficient.
A Just Energy Transition: The Social, Political, and Economic Shifts Necessary to Divest from Coal in Colombia

This paper explores the concept of a just transition using a case study of Colombia. Colombia has a prominent coal mining industry and many communities are both harmed by but rely on the industry for their livelihoods. A transition to a renewable energy system is absolutely fundamental to address the dangerously increasing climate change. The purpose is to analyze the political, social, and economic factors that have been hindering a transition in Colombia. An essential component to achieving support to an energy transition is to ensure that the most vulnerable communities are put in the forefront which includes communities which are dependent on the coal industry. The ultimate goal is to create a framework for a just transition that addresses the political, economic, and social implications to transitioning to a new energy system. The concluding finding is that there needs to be a focus on garnering public support for an energy transition through the use of social programs to ensure a just transition for the most coal dependent communities.
Do-It-Yourself Augmented Reality Heads-Up Display (DIY AR-HUD): A Technical Note.

ABSTRACT Background: We present a “Do-It-Yourself” method to build an affordable augmented reality heads-up display system (AR-HUD) capable of displaying intraoperative images. All components are commercially available products, which the surgeons may use in their own practice for educational and research purposes. Methods: Moverio BT 35-E smart glasses were connected to operating room imaging modalities (ie, fluoroscopy and 3D navigation platforms) via a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) converter, allowing for continuous high-definition video transmission. The addition of an HDMI transmitter-receiver makes the AR-HUD system wireless. Results: We used our AR-HUD system in 3 patients undergoing instrumented spinal fusion. AR-HUD projected fluoroscopy images onto the surgical field, eliminating shift of surgeon focus and procedure interruption, with only a 40- to 100-ms delay in transmission, which was not clinically impactful. Conclusions: An affordable AR-HUD capable of displaying real-time information into the surgeon9s view can be easily designed, built, and tested in surgical practice. As wearable heads-up display technology continues to evolve rapidly, individual components presented here may be substituted to improve its functionality and usability. Surgeons are in a unique position to conduct clinical testing in the operating room environment to optimize the augmented reality system for surgical use.
Simulation of Power Electronic Circuits

This section introduces the needs and problems of simulating power electronics circuits. It describes various simulating techniques. Also included are the features of the SPICE software package and illustrations by example of the simulation of a number of power electronic circuits.
Two temperature-sensitive polA mutants: an approach to the role in vivo of DNA polymerase I.

DNA polymerase I (Pol I) purified from a strain carrying polA12 demonstrates a defect primarily in the polymerase portion of the molecule. The mutant enzyme is altered in its structure and template specificity. Pol I isolated from strains carrying polAex1 are primarily defective in 5′→3′ exonuclease. The polAex1 lesion renders strains conditionally lethal.
Portrait of Estelle Degas

A few red flowers among the white in a glass cylinder she arranges without satisfaction. A problem of color and containment. Her hands on the vase or the white and red unfolding of the head. Then it is better to feel nothing at all. Another vodka and tomato juice until the glass is clear and reflected in the mirror behind the bar. I don't remember anymore. Somehow I got home and passed out on the bathroom floor, a black blouse and one black shoe still on. Like a red flower and when pulling the flower to your face with your eyes closed, it smells like nothing.
Inherited Endocrine Diseases Involving G Proteins and G Protein-Coupled Receptors

Naturally occurring mutations in the G protein Gs-α subunit and in a number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified in human diseases. Loss-offunction mutations in GPCRs for vari
Production of organometallic polymers by the interfacial technique. XXII. Synthesis of poly[alkylene(arylene)oxystannanes] using a new modified system

Poly[alkylene(arylene)oxystannanes] of the form below have been synthesized from dichlorostannanes and diols using a modified nonaqueous interfacial system consisting of acetonitrile and hydrocarbons. The products are preferentially capped with alcohol end-groups. Poly[alkylen(arylen)oxystannane] der folgenden Struktur wurden durch Grenzflachenpolykondensation von Dichlorstannen mit Diolen hergestellt. Dabei wurden modifizierte wasserfreie Losungsmittelsysteme aus Acetonitril und Kohlenwasserstoffen verwendet. Die Polymeren haben alkoholische Endgruppen.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: presentation of two patients with unusual affect of terminal ileum and caecum with manifestations of acute abdomen and literature review

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease; the long-term personal history with digestive symptoms and the course of the disease with relapses and remissions is the key for the disease to be suspected. Endoscopy, CT scan and sonographic studies may provide important indirect signs of the disease and in combination with histological examination the diagnosis can be achieved. The administration of corticosteroids is an important factor for the treatment or the remission of the disease. In this study two cases with unusual location of the disease, on the terminal ileum and caecum, are presented and a literature review is attempted. The disease process, clinical and laboratory findings as well as the surgical approach used are described. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a very rare disease with its surgical complications. The disease is a non-surgical disease, thus presurgical diagnosis is important because the entity discussed can be under control by conservative treatment. A high disease suspicious index must be kept in the physicians' mind.
Order Based Analysis Functions in NCR Teradata Parallel RDBMS

The decision-support (OLAP) applications commonly use orderbased analysis functions like Rank, Cumulative Total, Moving Average. In past, the applications were forced to compute these important analysis functions outside the database. This resulted in loss of performance and inconvenience. In the NCR Teradata RDBMS V2R3.0.0, we have taken the lead by providing these functions as part of the extended SQL. In this paper we describe the feature and the algorithms. The feature allows computations on very large data sets and makes it significantly faster than what was previously possible.
Pharmacological Enhancement of Behavioral Therapy: Focus on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Improved efficacy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other anxiety disorders is urgently needed. Traditional anxiety treatments of hypnosis and psychodynamic therapy may be of some help, but uncontrolled studies lead to inconclusive results on the efficacy of these treatment techniques. There is a larger literature supporting the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral procedures with PTSD, including prolonged exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and anxiety management techniques. The cutting-edge technology of virtual reality-based exposure therapy for PTSD is particularly exciting. To further build on effective psychosocial treatments, current pharmacological augmentation approaches to emotional learning are being combined with psychotherapy. In particular, d-cycloserine, a partial NMDA agonist, has shown to be effective in facilitating the exposure/extinction therapy to improve the efficacy of treating anxiety disorders, and may guide the way for new pharmacological enhancements of behavioral therapy.
Improved annotation of antibiotic resistance determinants reveals microbial resistomes cluster by ecology

Antibiotic resistance is a dire clinical problem with important ecological dimensions. While antibiotic resistance in human pathogens continues to rise at alarming rates, the impact of environmental resistance on human health is still unclear. To investigate the relationship between human-associated and environmental resistomes, we analyzed functional metagenomic selections for resistance against 18 clinically relevant antibiotics from soil and human gut microbiota as well as a set of multidrug-resistant cultured soil isolates. These analyses were enabled by Resfams, a new curated database of protein families and associated highly precise and accurate profile hidden Markov models, confirmed for antibiotic resistance function and organized by ontology. We demonstrate that the antibiotic resistance functions that give rise to the resistance profiles observed in environmental and human-associated microbial communities significantly differ between ecologies. Antibiotic resistance functions that most discriminate between ecologies provide resistance to β-lactams and tetracyclines, two of the most widely used classes of antibiotics in the clinic and agriculture. We also analyzed the antibiotic resistance gene composition of over 6000 sequenced microbial genomes, revealing significant enrichment of resistance functions by both ecology and phylogeny. Together, our results indicate that environmental and human-associated microbial communities harbor distinct resistance genes, suggesting that antibiotic resistance functions are largely constrained by ecology.
Predicting particle capture in fibrous filters by a unified trajectory mapping approach

Abstract A unique trajectory mapping approach to predicting particle capture in fibrous filters is presented in which the effects of Brownian diffusion are accounted for using an effective particle radius concept. This effective radius is defined in such a way that the apparent size of the particle being tracked grows in time according to the probability of not finding its centre inside an exclusion sphere. This approach is uniformly applicable to all particle sizes with the diffusion influence diminishing in importance as the physical particle size increases. This methodology has been implemented in a user friendly computer code, FILTER , which has been written to run on micro computers. It uses the Kuwabara flow field to simulate low Reynolds number flow through an array of parallel cylinders. Predictions from this code are compared to single fibre efficiency data from the literature.
Recombination in SV40-infected cells: viral DNA sequences at sites of circularization of transfecting linear DNA.

Abstract When permissive monkey kidney cells are infected with linear SV40 DNA molecules, deletion mutants are generated when the termini of the linear viral DNA molecule join ( C. J. Lai and D. Nathans, 1974 , J. Mol. Biol. , 89 , 179–193). Analysis of the joints in several of these deletion mutants indicates that joining occurs in the presence of little or no homology. In two mutants the joint is formed at a trinucleotide (in dl 1073) or tetranucleotide (in dl 1076) common to the junction of the joining sequences. In two other mutants extraneous bases have been inserted at the joint. Given the same infecting linear DNAs ( Hpa II generated), for which there is no constraint on the selection of deletion mutants, the cell joins the ends of these molecules in different ways suggesting that more than one mechanism is involved in the cell-mediated cyclization of linear DNA.
Regulatory actions of angiotensin II on receptors and steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal glomerulosa cells.

The trophic effects of angiotensin II (AII) on adrenal glomerulosa function were studied by prolonged infusion of the Ile5-octapeptide in intact and 14-day hypophysectomized rats. The administration of a nonnatriuretic dose of AII (50 ng/ min) for 6 days elevated blood levels of AII 3-fold and increased the plasma aldosterone concentration from 9.6 ± 1.2 to 29.7 ± 5.7 ng/dl in intact rats and from 7.5 ± 1.5 to 31.6 ± 7.4 ng/dl in hypophysectomized rats. AII receptors measured in adrenal glomerulosa fractions from hypophysectomized rats were increased 2-fold, from 1408 ± 138 to 2270 ± 324 fmol/mg. Significant increases in enzymes of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway, more marked in hypophysectomized animals, were observed after AII infusion. Mitochondrial cholesterol content and pregnenolone formation were increased by 30% in intact rats and by 100% and 240%, respectively, in hypophysectomized rats. The conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone was also increased, by 100% in intact rats and by 180% in...
A Meta-Analysis of Gender Group Differences for Measures of Job Performance in Field Studies

There are multiple views in human resource management and organizational behavior concerning gender differences in measures of job performance. Some researchers suggest that males generally are evaluated higher than females across a variety of situations that include job performance measurement. At the same time, the presence of specific status cues in expectation states theory (EST; similar to the concept of individuating information) suggests that measures of job performance will be more similar than different for males and females. Previous analyses are unclear in their results for the measurement of the construct of job performance because they have included, and/or focused on, additional constructs (e.g., hiring suitability, leadership performance aggregated with leadership satisfaction) or have used student samples in lab experiments. The authors of this article conducted a meta-analysis of job performance measures from field studies. They found that females generally scored slightly higher than mal...
Absolute line strengths in nu(4), (12)CH(4): a dual-beam diode laser spectrometer with sweep integration.

A tunable diode laser spectrometer with several unique features has been developed for use in the middle IR. The all-reflective optical system has a dual-beam configuration before the dispersive mode selector to eliminate transit-angle errors at the calibration etalon. By maintaining separated beams through the mode selector, beam combiner losses are avoided. Averaging successive sweeps of the current-modulated laser permits stable reproducible spectral integrations, eliminating etalon thermal errors and producing high photometric sensitivity. Line strengths have been measured using this instrument for eleven transitions in nu4 of (C-12)H4. These include R0 and R1 and nine P-branch transitions in the 1202-1263-per cm range. Techniques for measuring strengths with a diode laser are discussed.
The Effect of Glycerol on Molecular Mobility in Amorphous Sucrose Detected by Phosphorescence of Erythrosin B

Luminescence from the triplet probe erythrosin B provides spectroscopic characteristics such as emission energy and lifetime that are sensitive to molecular mobility of the local solvent environment. This study investigated how variation in glycerol content influences the properties of an amorphous sucrose matrix by monitoring phosphorescence of erythrosin B over the temperature range from 5 to 100°C. Emission energy, lifetime, and red-edge excitation data revealed that glycerol affected the mobility of amorphous sucrose matrix primarily through plasticization when the mole ratio of glycerol/sucrose was above 0.27, resulting in a decrease in emission energy (ν p), lifetime (τ) and energy difference (Δν P) with excitation at the absorption peak and red edge and an increase in the nonradiative, collisional quenching rate k TS0. At mole ratios ≤0.27 and at temperatures below the matrix T g, glycerol exhibited an “antiplasticization” effect, as indicated by higher values of emission energy, lifetime, and energy difference and lower values of the matrix collisional quenching rate. Changes in the distribution of emission energy (emission bandwidth) and lifetime, and variation in the emission lifetime vs wavelength showed that glycerol reduced the spectral heterogeneity. These data illustrate the complex effect of a hydrogen bonding solute on the mobility of an amorphous, hydrogen bonded sugar matrix.
SU-DD-A1-04: Monte Carlo Validation of Clinical Brachytherapy Dosimetry Under Partial Scatter Conditions for Neutron-Emitting Sources

Purpose: Monte Carlo (MC) models were generated in support of a clinical trial on the effectiveness of neutron‐based brachytherapy for a patient treated with a plaque containing Cf‐252 sources. Because the AAPM brachytherapydosimetry formalism does not replicate partial scatter conditions of superficial brachytherapy,MC simulations were performed to evaluate treatment time and dose distributions generated using conventional methods. Method and Materials: Clinical calculations employed the AAPM dosimetry formalism with modified parameters for the neutrondose component. MC simulations utilized MCNP5 and track length estimator tallies. Computations applied a rectilinear mesh to tabulate neutron transport, including induced photons, and primary photontransport in a 14×14×5 cm3 volume with 9 mm3 voxels. Patient surface was simulated using a 20 cm radius hemisphere of water, with a corresponding hemisphere of air. For comparison to the AAPM formalism, the air was replaced with water. An RBE of 6 converted results to cGy‐eq for the neutron component. Results were normalized to 0.1 mg Cf‐252 source strength. Results: At the 6 mm prescription depth, calculated dose rates were 186±2 and 205±2 cGy‐eq h−1 at plaque center and 24 mm offset, respectively. The central 4×4 cm2 area received 227±32 cGy‐eq h−1. For comparison, full‐scatter simulations yielded 205±2 cGy‐eq h−1 at plaque center and 244±32 cGy‐eq h−1 over a 4×4 cm2 area; although, computation time increased by a factor of 6.6. Dose ratios of full‐ (4π) to partial‐scatter (2π) environments increased from 1.07 to 1.10 as depth increased from 0.4 to 5 cm. Approximately 90% of the dose‐equivalent was due to neutrons, while neutron physical dose was 68% and 57% of the total at 0.6 and 5.0 cm depths, respectively. Conclusion:Dose can be overestimated upto 10% by assuming full‐scatter conditions for Cf‐252 plaque brachytherapy.MC simulations are recommended to validate treatment plans generated using conventional methods.
Unique metallic glass formability and ultra-high tensile strength in AlNiFeGd alloys

Abstract The metallic glass formability of aluminum-rich AlNiFeGd alloys has been systematically investigated. The critical cooling rate required to form an amorphous state in this system is generally low, and comparable to that of some of the best metallic glass formers, such as PdCuSi. Amorphous ribbons up to 0.25 mm thick can easily be produced by the single-roller melt-spinning technique. Tensile strengths as high as 1280 MPa and Young's modulus of 75 GPa have been obtained. Bulk amorphous alloys with good mechanical properties are optimized in Al 85 Ni 6 Fe 3 Gd 6 . DSC and DTA studies reveal that the glass formability is unique for Al-based alloys because the reduced glass temperature T rg for AlNiFeGd can be as low as 0.44. This is much lower than conventional theory would suggest for easy glass forming systems. A mechanism for the unusual glass formability is suggested.
Symmetry breaking in the non-compact sigma model

Abstract The O(n, 1) non-linear sigma model is analyzed for n = 1 and n→∞. It is shown that above two dimensions the symmetry is always broken, while it remains unbroken for d = 2. In both cases 〈σ〉≠0, and hence there is no mass generation. What distinguishes the symmetric phase from a phase of broken symmetry is that in the former σ = ∞, while it is finite in the latter. This is the way the Mermin-Wagner-Coleman theorem manifests itself. A number of delicate issues connected with this unorthodox mode of symmetry breaking are discussed.
Copulatory behavior of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus).

Copulatory behavior was observed in the laboratory for 14 male-female pairs of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus , in a total of 78 tests. P. leucopus displays a basic copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, multiple intromissions prerequisite to ejaculation, and multiple ejaculations. Irregularly-spaced long intromissions sometimes follow ejaculatory series. Latencies to initiate copulation were long and the number of ejaculations prior to satiety and frequency of intromissions prior to the first ejaculation were low in relation to many other Cricetidae.
Aeration Effects on the Partitioning of a PCB to Anoxic Estuarine Sediment Pore Water Dissolved Organic Matter

Pore water dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the distribution, mobility, and bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in sediment environments. The effect of aeration on the partitioning of 2,2{prime},4,4{prime}-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TeCB) to anoxic pore water DOM from three estuarine sites was investigated. Pore water DOM was fractionated into molecular size and polarity fractions by ultrafiltration and XAD-8 resin chromatography. Total organic carbon analysis was utilized to determine shifts in molecular size and polarity distributions. Changes in functional groups and aromaticity were evaluated for whole and fractionated pore waters by specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA{sub 254}). The solubility enhancement method was used to determine the partitioning of TeCB to whole and fractionated pore water DOM. At two sites, the overall TeCB-DOM distribution coefficient decreased by an order of magnitude after aeration. The higher molecular size and all polarity fractions exhibited a decrease in partitioning behavior upon aeration. The aromaticity and TeCB-DOM distribution coefficient of the lowest molecular size fraction decreased upon aeration. The highest and lowest molecular size fractions contributed the most to overall partitioning. The observed aeration effects in anoxic estuarine sediment pore waters differed significantly from those previously reported in freshwater systems.
An effect of chemisorbing surface reaction poisons on the transition from internal to external oxidation

We consider the effect of a chemisorbing surface reaction poison on the transition from internal to external oxidation for a model binary alloy subject to selective oxidation. We solve the diffusion equations for internal oxidation, using the rate of a surface reaction as a boundary condition. The gas-phase concentration of a strongly chemisorbing poison appears in the analysis through its retarding effect on that surface reaction. It is shown that the slow surface reaction can promote the formation of a protective oxide scale by slowing down the initial uptake of oxygen and allowing metal atoms with the highest oxygen affinity sufficient time to diffuse to the surface. As a result, a larger volume fraction of oxide forms near to the surface (with that volume fraction initially inversely proportional to the rate of the surface reaction), and the critical volume fraction required for the transition to an external scale is more easily exceeded.
Relation between Lactic Acid and Direct Microscopic Counts for Bacteria in Nonfat Dry Milk

Summary About 50 dry milk samples with known direct microscopic counts for bacteria were analyzed for lactic acid by Ion exchange, Golden State, Davidson, and Ling methods. Precision was poor on all but the Ion exchange method. All methods gave correlation coefficients of about .8 between apparent lactic acid and bacteria counts. The Ion exchange method was found to be the most accurate and also the slowest. The Ling method was definitely the fastest. The value of lactic acid content as an estimate of bacteria count was calculated. The expected range of bacteria counts for a given amount of lactic acid was too large for lactic acid to be a satisfactory indicator of bacterial contamination. Roller-dried samples gave unexpectedly high analyses for lactic acid.
Phase I study and pharmacokinetics of caracemide (NSC-253272) administered as a short infusion.

A Phase I study of caracemide evaluating a short intravenous infusion repeated every 21 days is presented. Patients were entered at 85 mg/m2 with subsequent escalation levels of 170, 425, 595, and 795 mg/m2. Mild to moderate nausea and vomiting occurred at all dose levels. An apparent allergic reaction was observed at the 425 mg/m2 level. A “burning pain” originating in the mucosal areas of the head and neck, progressing to the chest and abdomen, was noted at the 425 mg/m2 level. Because of this observation, the infusion time was extended to 4 h. At the 795 mg/m2, this toxicity precluded completion of the 4 h infusion. Pharmacokinetic evaluation disclosed blood levels of 0.74–2.31 μg/ml at the 425 mg/m2 during the 0.5 h infusion. At the same dose for a 4 h infusion time, blood levels were 0.15–0.18 μg/ml. At 595 mg/m2 administered as a 4 h infusion, blood levels increased to 0.33 ± 0.14 μg/ml. The drug was cleared rapidly from the blood compartment with a half-life of 2.5 min and a total body clearance of 11.5 1/min/m2. No partial or complete response was observed. However, an advanced colon carcinoma patient experienced subjective pain relief with a decrease in carcinoembryonic antigen. The dose-limiting toxicity of caracemide using the 4 h infusion was an intolerable “burning pain” with a maximum tolerated dose of 795 mg/m2. Further characterization of this dose-limiting toxicity is required prior to further clinical evaluation of caracemide.
[3H]Spiperone binding in the rat striatum during the development of physical dependence on phencyclidine and after withdrawal.

Binding of [3H]spiperone to dopamine D2 receptors was measured in the striatum of male rats that were infused with phencyclidine (PCP, 45 mg/kg per day) or vehicle (saline) via an intrajugular cannula for 1, 3.5, or 7 days. The 7-day PCP infusion, which was shown previously to induce physical dependence, produced a significant 30% decrease in receptor density (Bmax). Two days after termination of the 7-day PCP infusion, Bmax values were no longer significantly lower than those of saline-infused controls. The acute administration of PCP (20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter receptor density 45 min later.
Complications of Swan-Ganz catheterization for hemodynamic monitoring in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Invasive hemodynamic monitoring has become standard in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. This study is a retrospective analysis of 630 Swan-Ganz catheters placed in 184 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Evaluation of complications demonstrated a 13% incidence of catheter-related sepsis (81 of 630 catheters), a 2% incidence of congestive heart failure (13 of 630 catheters), a 1.3% incidence of subclavian vein thrombosis (8 of 630 catheters), a 1% incidence of pneumothorax (6 of 630 catheters), and a 0% incidence of pulmonary artery rupture. In the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, invasive hemodynamic monitoring continues to be an important tool with acceptable complications.
On the construction of a Jacobi matrix from mixed given data

Abstract It is shown that a n × n Jacobi matrix is uniquely determined by its n eigenvalues and by the selected set of n − 1 entries in the matrix.
Leadership style profiles of retail managers: personal, organizational and managerial characteristics

Using survey data (n = 205) obtained from retail managers and executives of national retail chain store companies, we identified three leadership styles that were based on Quinn’s theoretical model of competing leadership roles. Three leadership clusters, labeled loner/internal‐focused, team builder/goal‐oriented, and conceptual producer/external‐focused, were identified through the use of a clustering technique. These three clusters were then compared on the basis of personal, organizational and managerial characteristics, using multivariate and univariate analyses of variance. The findings indicate that leadership styles are influenced by various factors such as personal values, job characteristics, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, career progression, and personal demographic characteristics. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Immunochemical and biochemical studies demonstrating the identity of a bovine spinal cord protein (SCP) and a basic protein of bovine peripheral myelin (BF).

— A protein extracted from bovine peripheral myelin (BF) and a protein extracted from bovine spinal cord (SCP) have been shown to be identical: the proteins cross-react immunochemicaliy with each other but not with highly purified CNS myelin basic protein. Neither BF nor SCP have anti-encephalitogenic activity. Their electrophoretic behavior is the same at three different pH values. Their apparent molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis is 13,800 ± 550. The amino acid compositions of the proteins are essentially identical. BF and SCP each contain 2 cysteine residues and have valine at the C terminus. The 23 major tryptic peptides are identical on peptide maps. Circular dichroic analyses yield essentially identical curves, which, when computed by best-fit curve analysis, indicate that each has 0%α helix and a large percentage of β structure.
Multimethod Assessment of a Child-Care Demonstration Project for AFDC Recipient Families: The Genesis of an Evaluation.

This article describes the development of a multifaceted evaluative strategy designed to assess the effects of the offer of guaranteed subsidized child care on the subsequent attainment of welfare independence and aggregate welfare expenditures for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients with preschool-age children. The rationale for the evaluation approach ultimately adopted proceeds from the recognition that multimethod, triangulated research designs have the potential to be methodologically superior to single-method approaches. This description of the evaluation design, including a discussion of the presenting issue and the evaluation context, is intended as a catalyst to social scientists to develop more complex and multifaceted evaluation designs in social service research.
Primary and secondary affective disorders in adolescents and young adults.

– The concepts of primary and secondary affective disorders have become widely accepted by researchers of adult psychiatric disorders. They are based on the chronological development of certain specified major affective disorders in relation to diagnosable, non-affective psychiatric disorders. Despite potential etiological implications, little data are currently available on the primary-secondary classification applied to cases with early onset adolescent and young adulthood affective disorders. This study reports on the application and clinical implications of the primary-secondary classification in a sample of 65 adolescent and young adult inpatients who meet Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for an index episode of Major Depressive Disorder.
Generalizing terrorist social networks with K-nearest neighbor and edge betweeness for social network integration and privacy preservation

Social network analysis has been shown to be effective in supporting intelligence and law enforcement force to identify suspects, terrorist or criminal subgroups, and their communication patterns. However, social network data owned by individual law enforcement units contain private information that must be preserved before sharing with other law enforcement units. Such privacy issue tremendously reduces the utility of the social network data since the integration of social networks from different law enforcement units cannot be fully integrated. Without integration of social network data, the effectiveness of terrorist or criminal social network analysis is diminished. In this paper, we introduce the KNN and EBB algorithm for constructing generalized subgraphs and a mechanism to integrate the generalized information to conduct the closeness centrality measures. The result shows that the proposed technique improves the accuracy of closeness centrality measures substantially while protecting the sensitive data.
Social Capital and Welfare Reform: Organizations, Congregations, and Communities by Jo Anne Schneider

Jo Anne Schneider, Social Capital and Welfare Reform: Organizations, Congregations, and Communities (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).Jo Anne Schneider’s book Social Capital and Welfare R...
Technique, Outcomes, and Evolving Role of Extirpative Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma

This article provides an overview of extirpative laparoscopic and robotic procedures used in the management of renal cell carcinoma, including laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, and robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy. The clinical indications and principles of surgical technique for each of these procedures are discussed. The oncologic, renal functional, and perioperative outcomes of these procedures are also assessed and compared, as are complication rates.
Orbitals That Are Unrestricted in Active Pairs for Generalized Valence Bond Coupled Cluster Methods

Spin unrestriction is typically defined as a free variation of the molecular orbitals of different spins in order to lower the molecular energy. When applied to approximate active space electron correlation methods, such as generalized valence bond coupled cluster (GVB-CC) models, this approach often leads to undesirable artifacts. We therefore present an alternative unrestricted in active pairs (UAP) procedure for spin polarization in GVB-CC methods, which resembles the corresponding orbitals of unrestricted Hartree−Fock theory. The UAP procedure permits spin polarization only within the two orbital subspaces describing each electron pair (consisting of one nominally occupied and one virtual orbital). This great reduction to just a linear number of degrees of freedom associated with spin polarization eliminates many of the undesirable artifacts associated with unconstrained spin unrestriction. The UAP procedure is tested on a variety of potential curves for bond breaking and the properties of small radic...
Effect of annealing on room temperature photoluminescence of polymeric precursor derived ZnO thin films on sapphire substrates

Abstract The study of the effect of annealing on the room temperature photoluminescence (PL) of polycrystalline, textured zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on sapphire substrates, synthesized via aqueous polymeric precursors, is presented. ZnO thin films exhibit strong, broad, and asymmetric near band edge ultra-violet (UV) PL peak without deep-level emissions. There is an increase of grain size and texture coefficient along the c-axis for the ZnO thin films with annealing temperature. XRD data reveals the presence of strain in the ZnO annealed films. The near band edge PL peak was deconvoluted using Gaussian approximations into contributions from free exciton recombination (FX) and its longitudinal optical (LO) phonon replicas. Deconvolution of the PL peaks reveals that the PL peak position does not shift with annealing. It is observed that with an increase in texturing, grain growth, and strain in the ZnO films, a first order LO phonon replica (FX–1LO) is present, which is forbidden in bulk ZnO crystals. Annealing of preferentially oriented ZnO films at high temperatures leads to a strain-induced exciton–phonon coupling due to an increase in grain sizes and texturing of films.
Clinical pharmacology of portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in pressure in the portal vein and its tributaries. It is defined as a portal pressure gradient (the difference in pressure between the portal vein and the hepatic veins) greater than 5 mm Hg. Although this gradient defines portal hypertension, a gradient of 10 mm Hg or greater defines clinically significant portal hypertension, because this pressure gradient predicts the development of varices, decompensation of cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The most direct consequence of portal hypertension is the development of gastroesophageal varices that may rupture and lead to the development of variceal hemorrhage. This article reviews the pathophysiologic bases of the different pharmacologic treatments for portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis and places them in the context of the natural history of varices and variceal hemorrhage.
General Attitudes toward and Knowledge about the Importance of Ocean Life

To evaluate the amount of awareness and quality of knowledge about ocean life the average American possesses 100 men and 100 women were asked what they knew about the importance of the oceans, thei...
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Mercury Afterglow

Measurements have been made on the rate of escape of resonance radiation from a slab of mercury vapor 4.0 cm thick. The measurements extended over a range of pressures from 0.133 to 0.720 mm of mercury and over a range of temperature from 390\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 585\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Calculations have also been made of the decay constants on the basis of Kenty's theory of radiation diffusion. The variations of the disagreement between the experimental results and Kenty's theory as affected by both pressure and temperature are hence made available. Some of the difficulties for present theories in the interpretation of the experimental results are pointed out.
Validation of Internal Reference Genes for Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Studies in the Tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Obtaining reliable gene expression data using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is highly dependent on the choice of normalization method. We tested the expression stability of multiple candidate genes in the salivary glands (SG) and synganglia (SYN) of female Ixodes scapularis (Say) ticks in multiple blood-feeding phases. We found that the amount of total RNA in both the SG and SYN increases dramatically during tick feeding, with 34x and 5.8x increases from 62 and 7.1 ng of unfed tick, respectively. We tested candidate genes that were predicted from I. scapularis genome data to encode glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), ribosomal protein L13A (l13a), TATA box-binding protein (tbp), ribosomal protein S4 (rps4), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdh), and beta-glucuronidase (gusb). The geNorm and NormFinder algorithms were used to analyze data from different feeding phases (i.e., daily samples from unfed to fully engorged females over a 7-d period in three replicate experiments). We found that the rps4 and l13a genes showed highly stable expression patterns over the feeding duration in both the SG and SYN. Furthermore, the highly expressed rps4 gene makes it useful as a normalization factor when we perform studies using minute amounts of dissected tissue for qPCR. We conclude that rps4 and l13a, whether individually or as a pair, serve as suitable internal reference genes for qRT-PCR studies in the SG and SYN of I. scapularis.
Local orbital study of bonding in small rings: Cyclopropane, thiirane, oxirane, and aziridine

The nature of the bonding in the three-membered ring molecules cyclopropane, thiirane, oxirane, and aziridine has been investigated throughab initio FSGO calculations. The direct correspondence between floating spherical Gaussian orbitals and specific chemical bonds has been used to study the degree of “bond bending”. In accord with chemical intuition, it is demonstrated that the C-C ring bond becomes progressively more bent as the bond length is reduced. C-C bonds are found to be more flexible than C-N (O, S) bonds. The sizes and locations of carbon-heteroatom bond orbitals and C-H bond orbitals are also discussed.
Single turnover studies of oxidative halophenol dehalogenation by horseradish peroxidase reveal a mechanism involving two consecutive one electron steps: toward a functional halophenol bioremediation catalyst.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzes the oxidative para-dechlorination of the environmental pollutant/carcinogen 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). A possible mechanism for this reaction is a direct oxygen atom transfer from HRP compound I (HRP I) to trichlorophenol to generate 2,6-dichloro 1,4-benzoquinone, a two-electron transfer process. An alternative mechanism involves two consecutive one-electron transfer steps in which HRP I is reduced to compound II (HRP II) and then to the ferric enzyme as first proposed by Wiese et al. [F.W. Wiese, H.C. Chang, R.V. Lloyd, J.P. Freeman, V.M. Samokyszyn, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34 (1998) 217–222]. To probe the mechanism of oxidative halophenol dehalogenation, the reactions between 2,4,6-TCP and HRP compounds I or II have been investigated under single turnover conditions (i.e., without excess H2O2) using rapid scan stopped-flow spectroscopy. Addition of 2,4,6-TCP to HRP I leads rapidly to HRP II and then more slowly to the ferric resting state, consistent with a mechanism involving two consecutive one-electron oxidations of the substrate via a phenoxy radical intermediate. HRP II can also directly dechlorinate 2,4,6-TCP as judged by rapid scan stopped-flow and mass spectrometry. This observation is particularly significant since HRP II can only carry out one-electron oxidations. A more detailed understanding of the mechanism of oxidative halophenol dehalogenation will facilitate the use of HRP as a halophenol bioremediation catalyst.
Replication of tobacco mosaic virus. VIII: Characterization of a third subgenomic TMV RNA

In an earlier study we concluded that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infections engender a third subgenomic RNA in infected tissue (P. Palukaitis, F. Garcia-Arenal, M. A. Sulzinski, and M. Zaitlin (1983), Virology 131, 533-545). This RNA of approximate MW of 1.1 x 10(6), termed I1-RNA, was shown to be polyribosome-associated and thus was presumed to serve as a messenger RNA in vivo. Upon in vitro translation of I1-RNA in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, a major product of MW approximately 50K was generated. When RNA isolated from polyribosomes of infected tissues was analyzed with clones representing distinct regions of the TMV genome, the I1-RNA was shown to be a subset of the TMV genome, representing the 3'-half of the molecule. A TMV-specific DNA fragment (from a phage M13 clone) containing sequences overlapping the 5' end of I1-RNA was used in nuclease S1-mapping experiments with TMV-RNAs isolated from polyribosomes. I1-RNA was thus shown to be a distinct RNA species and not a class of heterogeneous molecules of approximately the same size. The I1-RNA 5' terminus is residue 3405 in the genome. Based on these findings and on consideration of the TMV-RNA sequence, we propose a model for the translation of I1-RNA: after an untranslated sequence of 90 bases, an AUG codon at residues 3495-3497 initiates a protein of MW 54K, terminating at residue 4915. Thus, the amino acid sequence of the 54K protein is coincident with those residues of the carboxy terminus of the well-known 183K TMV protein.
FMRFamide, a Cardioexcitatory Neuropeptide of Molluscs: An Agent in Search of a Mission

Aqueous extracts of molluscan ganglia have cardioexcitatory activity that is not attributable to the usual neurohumors: 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine or dopamine. Morphological, physiological and biochemical studies have suggested that this cardioexcitation is caused by a handful of unidentified neurohormones, mostly polypeptides. One of the active components of extracts of the pooled central ganglia of Macrocallista nimbosa (Bivalvia) has now been isolated, purified, characterized and synthesized. This substance, previously designated peak C, is a tetrapeptide amide: phenylalanyl-methionyl-arginyl-phenylalanine amide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2; FMRFamide). Low concentrations of FMRFamide (threshold: 10−9–10−8M) induce rhythmical activity in isolated quiescent bivalve hearts and augment the force and frequency of contraction of those already beating. The peptide also produces contractures of non-cardiac molluscan muscles, including especially the radula protractor of the whelk, Busycon contrarium , a sensitive assay object. The effects of FMRFamide on Mercenaria mercenaria hearts appear to be mediated by adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cycwic AMP). Peak C activity occurs in all species tested in all the major molluscan classes; but we do not yet know whether all Peak C';s are FMRFamide. That FMRFamide is a neurosecretory product has still to be established, and its normal physiological role in molluscs has yet to be defined. Nevertheless, we suppose that, together with other neuropeptides, FMRFamide is released into the hemolymph to provide long-term maintenance and regulation of tone, rhythmicity and excitability of visceral muscle.
Aspiration, Consumer Culture, and Individualism in Les Belles-Sœurs

The premise of Michel Tremblay’s revolutionary 1968 play, Les Belles-Sœurs, is a working bee. A group of working-class women gather to paste a million trading stamps, won in a sweepstakes, into booklets that once full can be redeemed for household goods. As the guests surreptitiously pilfer what they see as their hostess’s underserved windfall, their actions problematize the links between the individualistic aspects of consumer and material culture and the communal values they share as members of Quebec’s working class. Taking consumer culture and material desire as a starting point, this essay considers the relationship between the individual and the collective inherent in such matters and situates it in relation to the ways in which consumer culture, individual advancement, and national projects of collective betterment, namely the Quiet Revolution, are implicitly treated in the play. It is argued that Tremblay does not resolutely condemn consumer culture as something apart from the monumental social and political changes of the era, but rather sees in the practices of consumerism aspects of collective behavior that trouble interpretations of the accumulation of material goods as selfish or individualistic undertakings.
Supporting Science Reasons, Restrictions, and the Role of Religion

Religion sometimes appears to motivate objections to science and technology. But how and when does religion matter? The author examines this question from a novel perspective. Given the opportunity...
The paradoxical role 0f unexamined documents in the evaluation of retrieval effectiveness

Abstract Traditional measures of retrieval effectiveness, of which the recall ratio is an outstanding example, are strongly influenced by the relevance properties of unexamined documents—documents with which the system user has no direct contact. Such an influence is awkward to explain in traditional terms, but is readily justified within the broader framework of a utility-theoretic approach. The utility-theoretic analysis shows that unexamined documents can be important in theory, but usually are not when it is the statistics of large samples that are of interest. It is concluded that the traditional concern with the relevance or nonrelevance of unexamined documents is misplaced, and that traditional measures of effectiveness should be replaced by estimates of the direct utility of the examined documents.