cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common Mode of Deposition for the Sporopollenin of Sexine and Nexine

IN the formation of the exine of the pollen grain, the highly resistant wall polymer, sporopollenin, is laid down in a series of layers. Of these, the outer, the sexine of Erdtman's terminology1, is often strongly sculptured. Sexine pattern may have high taxonomic specificity, and because the sculpturing is executed in so refractory a material, the morphogenetic processes concerned are of considerable interest. Rowley and Southworth2 have shown that in the formation of the inner exine layer near the germinal aperture of the microspore of Anthurium sp., sporopollenin is deposited on lamellae of “unit membrane dimensions”. The superimposition and compaction of these lamellae as the coating of sporopollenin thickens produce the layer corresponding to the nexine 2. Essentially the same process has been described and illustrated by Godwin et al.3 in the growth of this stratum in Ipomoea purpurea. It is clear from various earlier reports4–7 that the inner exine layer may often reveal lamellation even at maturity, indicating this kind of origin. The sexine and nexine 1, formed earlier than the nexine 2, usually reveal no lamellation, and Godwin et al.3 were forced to conclude that these parts of the exine have a different mode of origin. We show in this communication that all strata of the exine of Lilium longiflorum originate through a process involving the association or apposition of lamellae. Because the lamellae are generated near the plasmalemma, the observation re-emphasizes the role of this membrane and the cortical cytoplasm in the determination of exine pattern.
Sporulation-specific translational discrimination in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract The Bacillus subtilis 30 S ribosomal subunit has been probed for sporulationspecific functions. A single site mutant with a streptomycin-resistant 30 S ribsomal subunit has been isolated; this mutation resulted in temperature-sensitive sporulation. The temperature-sensitive mutation was expressed throughout most of the sporulation sequence. Mutant cells grown at the non-permissive temperature failed to accumulate proteolytic activity, antibiotic activity, or alkaline phosphatase activity, and hence were blocked at or near stage 0 in the sporulation sequence. Pulse labeled protein synthesis profiles were deranged during postexponential growth phase in mutant cells incubated at the non-permissive temperature. These results suggest the possibility of sporulation-specific translational control.
Alcohol Interventions for College Students Improves Antecedents of Behavioral Change: Results from a Meta-Analysis of 34 Randomized Controlled Trials.

The current meta-analysis examined the effects of individual-level alcohol interventions on college students' knowledge and psychological outcomes at first post-intervention assessment. Data from 34 randomized-controlled trials published between 1980 and June 2007 (N = 8,569) were included. Independent raters coded participant characteristics, design and methodological features, and intervention content. Weighted mean effect sizes, using both fixed- and random-effects models, were calculated; positive effect sizes indicated greater improvement in alcohol-related knowledge or psychological outcomes. Compared to controls, alcohol interventions improved participants' alcohol-related knowledge, attitudes toward drinking, and descriptive norms (vis-a-vis national college students), and intentions to consume alcohol but did not improve alcohol expectancies or self-efficacy. Several sample, study, and intervention characteristics moderated the knowledge and psychological outcomes. Implications of these findings ...
Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16INK4A Inhibits Phosphorylation of RNA Polymerase II by General Transcription Factor TFIIH

The cell cycle is regulated by various protein kinases, including cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). D-type CDKs, CDK4, and CDK6, phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein and are believed to regulate through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. CDK inhibitor p16INK4A has been characterized as binding CDK4 and CDK6 and as inhibiting phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein by these CDKs. Thus p16INK4A is implicated in regulating the cell cycle at the G1 phase. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (pol II) contains an essential C-terminal domain (CTD). General transcription factor TFIIH, which contains CDK7, phosphorylates the CTD in vitro. The CTD phosphorylation is shown to be involved in transcriptional regulation in vivo and in vitro. Phosphorylation of RNA pol II CTD by TFIIH is thought to play an important role in transcriptional regulation. Here we report that p16INK4A associates with RNA pol II CTD and TFIIH. p16(INK4A) inhibited the CTD phosphorylation by TFIIH. These findings suggest that p16INK4A may regulate transcription via CTD phosphorylation in the cell cycle.
Spectral Characteristics of Type II Solar Radio Bursts

IT has been, recognized for some time that Type II solar radio bursts are due to the excitation of plasma oscillations in the solar corona by some exciting agency which moves through the corona. Roberts1, in reviewing observations and theories of these phenomena, leaves unexplained two salient characteristics: (1) the appearance of radiation at the fundamental and second harmonic at comparable powers and the lack of radiation at all higher harmonics; (2) the frequent splitting of each of these two ‘lines’ into a pair of lines, the fractional splitting of each of these two pairs being the same, typically a few per cent.
Conceptual design of a thermoelectric Edu-Kitchen system

Woodburning kitchen stoves provide a potential source of power to bring electric lighting, pollution control and water sterilization to underprivileged communities around the world. The conceptual design of a thermoelectric power generation system is described. A DC fan powered by a rechargeable battery drives air into the stove, optimizing the fuel-air ratio to improve heat release and reduce smoke, soot and other pollutants. A 5-watt light emitting diode floodlamp provides steady lighting so that a child may learn in the kitchen. A milliwatt LED is used to sterilize drinking water. A 13-watt thermoelectric converter module operating at 225 degrees Celsius recharges the battery using the heat from the fire. Fan power is regulated using a feedback control circuit that uses a thermocouple sensor to maximize the heat release in the stove.
Adenosine triphosphate-induced rapid calcium release from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium efflux from skeletal muscle fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was studied using a dilution technique and Millipore filtration. In the absence of Mg++ and external Ca++, addition of lmM adenosine triphosphate to the suspension resulted in an immediate loss of 26–55% of total vesicular calcium. The amount of calcium released was calculated to be sufficient to effect muscle contraction. After separation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into light, intermediate and heavy vesicles, the light and heavy fractions were found to be only weakly responsive to adenosine triphosphate, whereas the intermediate fraction lost nearly half of its calcium. The significance of these results with respect to excitation-contraction coupling in muscle is discussed.
Naloxone disinhibits magnocellular responses to osmotic and volemic stimuli in chronically hypoosmolar rats.

Normonatremic and chronically hyponatremic rats were pretreated with naloxone (5 mg/kg) or isotonic (1 50 mM) NaCI, then were given i.v. injections of 2 M NaCl (2 ml) or were hemorrhaged (20 ml/kg). Baseline and post-stimulus blood samples were withdrawn through indwelling jugular venous catheters. Baseline levels of plasma vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) were similar in both normonatremic and hyponatremic rats and did not change after naloxone pretreatment. Increases in plasma AVP and OT levels in response to both hypertonic saline and hemorrhage were markedly blunted in the hyponatremic rats compared to the normonatremic rats. Naloxone pretreatment caused augmented AVP and OT secretion in response to hypertonic saline stimulation and hemorrhage in both the normonatremic and hyponatremic rats; the magnitude of the naloxone augmentations in the hyponatremic rats were sufficient to normalize the OT response to hypertonic saline and both the OT and AVP responses to hemorrhage. Our results therefore suggest that endogenous opioids are likely involved in the inhibition of stimulus-induced AVP and OT release that accompanies chronic hypoosmolality.
Post-Electrospinning “Triclick” Functionalization of Degradable Polymer Nanofibers

4-Dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO) was used as an initiator for the ring-opening copolymerization of e-caprolactone and 1,4,8-trioxaspiro[4.6]-9-undecanone (TOSUO) resulting in a series of DIBO end-functionalized copolymers. Following deprotection of the ketone group, the polymers were derivatized with aminooxyl-containing compounds by oxime ligation. Mixtures of keto- and alkyne-derivatized polymers were co-electrospun into well-defined nanofibers containing three separate chemical handles. Strain-promoted azide alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), oxime ligation, and copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) were used to sequentially functionalize the nanofibers first with fluorescent reporters and then separately with bioactive Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS), BMP-2 peptide, and dopamine. This translationally relevant approach facilitates the straightforward derivatization of diverse bioactive molecules that can be controllably tethered to the surface of nanofibers.
An investigation of the effects of traffic induced local dynamics on global damping estimates using operational modal analysis

Abstract Simulations of estimating the modal damping on a bridge from hour-long records of traffic loading were conducted by combining physics-based finite element modeling and signal processing. The finite element method was used to model a bridge consisting of a series of stringer beams resting atop a larger girder. The traffic loads were separated into trains and cars, with the trains modeled as partially distributed moving masses traveling along the girder and the cars modeled as point loads moving along the stringers. From the acceleration time histories, different operational modal analysis (OMA) techniques were used to find estimates for the modal coefficients of damping. The results demonstrated that a quasi-periodic component in the traffic loading introduces significant error to the damping estimates. This error could be observed in the distortion of the peaks for the power spectral densities (PSD) generated from the responses to the traffic simulations. The main OMA technique explored for the damping estimates was Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD), but it could not compensate or correct for any alterations to the PSD. Other techniques such as the Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSID) method and curve-fitting frequency domain analysis were evaluated, but they produced comparable damping ratio estimates to EFDD and similarly resulted in large errors for the distorted modes. The influence of quasi-periodic loads was perceptible, which means that for certain cases, the nature of traffic loads may result in damping estimates that are considerably inaccurate no matter what OMA technique is chosen.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF BANK CAPITALIZATION

DIsCUSSION OF the bank capital problem thrives on confusion and needless complications. The subject has been discussed with such exhaustive attention to detail that students of banking may have lost sight of the central problem. The main issue in connection with bank capital, transcending such peripheral problems as the "correct" ratio or the character of bank assets, is whether or not we are sufficiently concerned about preserving the present unit system of privately owned banks in the United States.
Deterministic optimal maneuver strategy for multi-target missions

This paper presents an optimal strategy for making impulsive correction to a multi-target trajectory by a single maneuver. The concept of an optimal maneuver time is introduced. The choice of suitable weighting functions is explored to enable one to properly translate the subjective desire of mission success into an objective cost function whose minimization yields the optimal strategy. It is shown that a number of strategies previously formulated are derivable from one general expression. A number of other interesting properties of the optimal strategy are described. Numerical results are presented for a typical two-target mission. It is shown that the strategy formulated is optimal. For some perturbations, there exists an optimal maneuver time different from the time of initiation of the perturbation. That is, the physical properties of the trajectory can be exploited to select the optimal time of making a corrective maneuver.
Coexistent chondrosarcoma and transitional-cell carcinoma in kidney

Abstract A case of chondrosarcoma of the kidney associated with papillary transitional-cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter is reported. Chondrosarcoma of the kidney is rare. A few instances of coexisting chondrosarcoma and transitional-cell carcinoma of the urinary tract have been reported previously. The association of sarcoma with transitional-cell carcinoma in these sites may be the result of a response to a common causative factor, or it may be merely coincidental. The nature of coexistent chondrosarcoma and transitional-cell carcinoma should become clearer as more cases are studied and reported.
Computer-Aided Design of High Performance Polymers:

The purpose of this work is to develop a systematic procedure for the design of polymer molecules so as to satisfy a set of specified desired proper ties. An optimization-based approach is developed to synthesize the polymer from a set of chemical groups. The synthesis task is formulated as a mixed- integer nonlinear program which seeks to generate candidate polymers that realize the desired properties along with the constraints on structural feasibil ity and end-use considerations. Group-contribution methods are employed to correlate the performance criteria with the chemical structure of the monomer molecules. New structural feasibility constraints are introduced to ensure the soundness of the designed polymer. An illustrative example is given to demon strate the applicability of the proposed procedure.
Mental rotation and perceptual uprightness

Performance in Cooper and Shepard’s (1973) mental rotation task was examined in the context of a model that defined the extent to which alphabet letters could be tilted from their normal orientation and still be perceptually upright. For letters with a broad range of orientations for which they remain perceptually upright, a nonlinear effect of orientation on reaction time was obtained (as in Cooper and Shepard). However, for letters with a narrow range of orientations for which they remain perceptually upright, reaction time was linearly related to orientation. The results supported the hypothesis that subjects in the Cooper and Shepard task would mentally rotate alphabet letters only when they were presented in orientations for which they were not perceptually upright.
Initial Evidence that OPRM1 Genotype Moderates Ventral and Dorsal Striatum Functional Connectivity During Alcohol Cues

Background: Endogenous opioids and striatal dopamine have been implicated in cue-induced alcohol craving and have been hypothesized to play a role in goal-directed, as opposed to habitual, alcohol use. This initial study examines dorsal and ventral striatal functional connectivity during alcohol-cue processing as a function of the A118G single-nucleotide polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene. Methods: Seventeen individuals with alcohol dependence (6 females; 90% Caucasian; mean age = 29.4) underwent blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging, while performing an alcohol taste-cues task. Psychophysiological interaction analyses investigated associations of the OPRM1 genotype with ventral and dorsal striatum functional connectivity, using the ventral striatum and the caudate as the seed region, respectively. Results: Compared to A-allele homozygotes, G-allele carriers of the OPRM1 gene showed (i) greater activation of the insula and orbitofrontal cortex and (ii) stronger negative fronto-striatal functional connectivity for both ventral and dorsal striatal seed regions during processing of alcohol versus water cues. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that, relative to A-allele homozygotes, G-allele carriers show unstable frontal regulation over reward and/or habit-driven inputs from the striatum resulting from greater reward sensitivity combined with limited self-control resources. © 2013 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.
Effects of the transdermal nicotine patch on normalization of HDL-C and its subfractions.

Background. Smoking reduces HDL-C and its subfractions, and smoking cessation leads to normalization of these lipoproteins. Nicotine replacement therapy is an important weapon employed by those attempting to quit smoking. This study examined the effects of the transdermal nicotine patch (“patch”) on lipoproteins. Methods. Ten male and 17 female smokers refrained from smoking for 77 days. The patch was utilized during the first 35 days and then removed for the remaining 42 days. Seven male and 9 female nonsmokers were controls. Results. HDL-C, HDL2-C, and HDL3-C levels were significantly lower in smokers when compared with controls. These differences were sustained during the initial 35 days when using the patch. Over the following 42 days, however, these lipoproteins normalized to values similar to those of control subjects. Females who quit smoking gained 2.1 kg after the patch was removed. Conclusions. It was concluded that nicotine as administered by the transdermal nicotine patch inhibits normalization of HDL-C, HDL2-C, and HDL3-C in those who have quit smoking. Removal of the patch results in normalization of these lipoproteins. The patch appeared to prevent weight gain among female subjects.
Disentangling Preferences and Expectations in Stated Preference Analysis with Respondent Uncertainty: The Case of Invasive Species Prevention

Abstract Contingent valuation typically involves presenting the respondent with a choice to pay for a program intended to improve future outcomes, such as a program to place parcels into conservation easement, or a program to manage an invasive species. Deducing from these data the value of the good (or bad) at the core of the program – the welfare gain generated by a parcel of conserved land, for instance, or the loss incurred by a species invasion – often is not possible because respondent preferences are conflated with their expectations about future environmental outcomes in the absence of the program. This paper formally demonstrates this conundrum in the context of a standard contingent valuation survey, and examines the use of additional survey data to resolve it. The application is to the prevention of lake invasions by Eurasian Watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ), an invasive aquatic plant that is present in many lakes in the northern U.S. and Canada and a possible threat to many more. Respondents are shoreline property owners on lakes without Eurasian Watermilfoil. The estimated per-property welfare loss of a lake invasion is $30,550 for one model and $23,614 for another, both of which are in reasonable agreement with estimates obtained from a recent hedonic analysis of Eurasian Watermilfoil invasions in the study area [16] , and from a companion contingent valuation survey of shoreline property owners on already-invaded lakes.
Transforming Practices A Primer on Action Research

Action research (AR) is a powerful tool for health education and promotion practitioners who want to focus on improving the quality of their programs and services. In this Tool, we describe the characteristics and controversial aspects of AR, differentiate between traditional and action research, present the benefits of applying AR methods/techniques for investigating problems related to professional practice, and offer a four-phase methodological framework for conducting AR studies. Unlike traditional research, AR is a methodology that links theory, research, and practice; advances new knowledge and understandings via iterative action cycles; employs frontline health practitioners as researchers; and promotes collaborative practitioner–community partnerships. Egalitarian in its approach, AR offers an “insider’s perspective” centered on context-specific problems and issues related to health promotion. AR falls into two categories: largescale community-based research and small-scale practice-based research. Each cycle of the AR framework includes four phases: (a) preplanning/needs assessment, (b) planning/study organization, (c) action and observation/study implementation, and (d) reflection and planning/data analysis and interpretation. Using the AR primer in this Tool has the potential to empower health education/promotion practitioners, encourage collaborative partnerships, enhance practitioners’ knowledge base, and promote social change.
High Telomerase RNA Expression Level Is an Adverse Prognostic Factor for Favorable-Histology Wilms' Tumor

Purpose A primary objective of the fifth National Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS-5) was to identify prognostic indicators for patients with favorable-histology Wilms' tumor. The prognostic significance of telomerase expression level in primary tumor samples was assessed. Patients and Methods A case-cohort study was conducted involving 291 NWTS-5 registrants. Telomerase activity was measured using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). Expression levels of TERT mRNA (encoding the telomerase catalytic component) and TERC/hTR (the telomerase RNA template) were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results After excluding samples because of lack of viable tumor, RNA degradation, or insufficient clinical information, 244 patients remained for the final analysis (96 with relapse and 148 without relapse). Univariate analysis revealed a positive correlation between relative risk (RR) of relapse and levels of TERT mRNA and TERC expression. For each doubling in TERT mRNA and TERC le...
Evolution of scientific computation and its potential impact on teaching of transmission line principles

The dynamic graphic capability of computers has been recognized as an important medium for visualization of natural science phenomena, in particular those that are modeled by partial differential equations. The performance growth of computers has had a great impact on algorithmic approaches. Numeric evaluation of closed-form solutions derived by teachers and scientists has long since given way to more creative participation of computers in research, design, and education. Computers are capable of evolving solutions from differential or rule-based models describing the phenomenon in question without the limitations of infinitesimal calculus. Non-linear partial differential equations of highest order present no challenge to numeric integration by computers, and discontinuities and boundary values are accepted in the most natural way. Yet the steadily growing performance of computers offers the opportunity for taking the next step and to use the computer in the derivation of the model itself. This can be achieved by supplying a computer with the set of first principles which govern nature. By instructing the computer about specific situations and how to apply these principles to it, one can reproduce the natural behaviour in all its detail without any biases injected into the conclusions by the researcher. An example of this approach applied to teaching the concept of transmission lines is discussed and illustrated. >
Statistical Test for Bivariate Uniformity

The purpose of the multidimension uniformity test is to check whether the underlying probability distribution of a multidimensional population differs from the multidimensional uniform distribution. The multidimensional uniformity test has applications in various fields such as biology, astronomy, and computer science. Such a test, however, has received less attention in the literature compared with the univariate case. A new test statistic for checking multidimensional uniformity is proposed in this paper. Some important properties of the proposed test statistic are discussed. As a special case, the bivariate statistic test is discussed in detail in this paper. The Monte Carlo simulation is used to compare the power of the newly proposed test with the distance-to-boundary test, which is a recently published statistical test for multidimensional uniformity. It has been shown that the test proposed in this paper is more powerful than the distance-to-boundary test in some cases.
Teacher agency and professional learning: Rethinking fidelity of implementation as multiplicities of enactment

In this paper we use practice theory, with its focus on the interplay of structure and agency, to theorize about teacher engagement in professional learning and teacher enactment of pedagogical practices as an alternative to framing implementation research in terms of program adherence and fidelity of implementation. Practice theory allowed us to reconsider assumptions about characteristics of effective teacher professional learning, and to rethink our own notions of agency. Using data from our three-year middle school science teacher professional learning project, Language-rich Inquiry Science with English Language Learners (LISELL), we discuss how individual teachers negotiated power structures of schooling and exerted their agency in ways that were influenced by their project participation. Framing our work in terms of engagement and enactment, we theorize about how a structure-agency dialectic challenging assumptions about effective teacher professional learning can support new ways of thinking about implementation research in education. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 489–502, 2015
Positive uncertain systems with one-sided feedback control

We consider a control design problem for a class of uncertain systems. The salient features of the problem are fourfold: 1) the uncertainty is time-varying; 2) the system is nonlinear; 3) the state is constrained to be only positive; and 4) the control input is constrained to be one-sided (i.e. either positive or negative).
In vitro Micropropagation of Datura metel L. through Somatic Embryos from Root Explants

A simple reproducible protocol has been reported from root explants for in vitro micropropagation of Datura metel through somatic embryos. A large number of somatic embryos were developed from these explants on MS supplemented with BAP 4.0 mg/l 15 days after inoculation. Subsequently all embryos developed into plants while they were attached to the explants. Fast shoot elongation and root growth were achieved in MS containing BAP 2.0 mg/l, GA3 1.0 mg/l and IBA 1.0 mg/l. These plantlets had a well developed tap root system and hundreds of plantlets could be easily separated from the initial root explants. The well rooted plantlets were hardened in plastic cups containing sterilized vermiculite, garden soil and farmyard soil (1 : 1 : 1). These plants were successfully transferred and grown in the soil mixture after two weeks with a survival rate of 90%. The protocol developed should prove to be highly promising to produce large quantities of plants in a short period of time. Key words: Somatic embryos, Root explants, Micropropagation, Datura metel D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.3231 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17 (2): 125-130, 2007 (December)
Hammer-impact SH-wave seismic reflection methods in neotectonic investigations: General observations and case histories from the Mississippi Embayment, U.S.A.

Shallow shear-wave seismic reflection imaging, using a sledgehammer and mass energy source and standard processing, has become increasingly common in mapping near-surface geologic features, especially in water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments. Tests of the method in the Mississippi Embayment region of the central United States show interpretable reflection arrivals in the depth range of 100 m with the potential for increased resolution when compared with compressional-wave data. Shear-wave reflection profiles were used to help interpret the significance of neotectonic surface deformation at five sites in the Mississippi Embayment. The interpreted profiles show a range of shallow structural styles that include reverse faulting, fault propagation folding, and reactivated normal faulting, and provide crucial subsurface evidence in support of paleoseismologic trenching and shallow drilling.
Assessment of Phenotypic Variability in Erwinia stewartii Based on Metabolic Profiles

One hundred twenty-four bacterial isolates originating from sweet corn or corn flea beetles in the northeastern, midwestern, and mid-Atlantic United States were verified as Erwinia stewartii (Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii) and characterized phenotypically by their respiratory response to 91 carbon sources. The unweighted pair group method of averages (UPGMA) was used to construct a dendrogram that revealed homogeneous metabolic profiles at 93% similarity. Two-thirds of the isolates formed 18 separate groups, each sharing the same metabolic profile. One-third of the isolates had distinct metabolic profiles. Most groups shared either isolation source, geographical location, and/or year of isolation. Members of some groups persisted through time and had been isolated from diverse geographical locations. Four representative strains of the proposed Pantoea stewartii subsp. indologenes were also characterized; their metabolic profiles were most similar to those of Erwinia herbicola (Pantoea agglomerans).
Development of targeted therapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck

Targeted therapy is a very exciting era in the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. After adding cetuximab to conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, we are strongly considering the role of induction chemotherapy with the addition of docetaxel. At the same time, other new treatments, especially targeted agents and novel combined regimens, are being evaluated in ongoing clinical trials. For example, several trials are attempting to combine docetaxel and cetuximab in chemoradiation or induction settings. However, in the near future we are likely to see a strong presence of targeted agents that have been found to be not only effective, but also less toxic than conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Their toxicity profiles make them eligible for addition to radiation treatment strategies, as well as other chemotherapy agents, or even for replacing these chemotherapy agents. In this article, we are going to review the indications and current role of cetuximab, tyrosine kinase inh...
Development of internet-based traffic simulation framework for transportation education and training

Many traffic simulation software packages are available to help traffic engineers and researchers study and evaluate the potential impact of proposed traffic management strategies and policies. However, the existing tools require a significant investment in time to learn how to create models, perform calibrations, and, finally, analyze the results. This substantial learning curve severely restricts their application and makes it difficult for engineering students, the general public, and policy makers to take advantage of these tools. An Internet-based traffic simulation framework was developed to enhance the learning experience for transportation students and engineers. Pregenerated traffic scenarios were first implemented as part of an undergraduate civil engineering class. An interactive simulation tool was developed to allow users to make changes to the model and examine the impacts on traffic. This now allows students, for example, to minimize the queue length at the traffic signal by changing the cycle length or splits. This interactive traffic simulation tool was deployed and tested in an undergraduate class of 73 students. Feedback was collected from the instructors and the students and will lead to additional enhancements of the laboratory module. This web-based traffic simulation framework can also incorporate larger road networks that allow one to consider a multiplicity of traffic management strategies, thus providing a valuable tool for educating and training transportation professionals.
Comparison of synthetic food-based lures and liquid protein baits for capture of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) adults

ABSTRACT Field tests were conducted in south Florida to compare capture of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), in Multilure traps baited with either of the liquid protein baits torula yeast/borax or Nulure/borax, or with food-based synthetic lures including two-component Biolure (ammonium acetate, putrescine) and three-component Biolure (ammonium acetate, putrescine, trimethylamine). The highest relative proportion of females captured was in traps baited with the two-component Biolure (44–61%), intermediate capture was in traps baited with the three-component Biolure (14–24%) or torula yeast/borax (8–25%), and the lowest capture tended to be in traps baited with Nulure/borax (0–19%). Similar results were obtained for capture of males. Tests of the unipak two-component Biolure, which has a reduced ammonium acetate release rate and is a single package with both ammonium acetate and putrescine sections, captured similar numbers of both females and males as Biolure formulated in 2 individual ...
Spectra Computed from a Limited Area Grid

Abstract A method is presented for determining variance spectra of meteorological fields specified on limited-area grids. Spectra so obtained are compared with global spectra of the same data. An example of scale decomposition (i.e., filtering) using this method is also presented. The method is proposed as an analysis tool for data produced by limited-area models.
Nursing Science An Answer to Lateral Violence

More emphasis on nursing theory in education and practice settings is suggested as an approach to reduce lateral violence in the workplace.
Computer Communication and Organizational Commitment: Tracing the Relationship in a City Government

Various theories and management policies suggest that there should be a positive relationship between communication and commitment to the organization. However, support for that relationship remains equivocal. We report the results of a questionnaire on communication and commitment filled out by 376 employees of a mid-sized city government. They were asked about the mode and frequency of their communications within the organization and about their commitment to the city government. Consistent with our hypotheses about the nature of computer-mediated communication, use of computer mail and bulletin boards predicted organizational commitment, but use of the telephone and paper modes of communication did not. In addition, those most likely to benefit from the immediacy and memory of computer communication—shift workers—evidenced a stronger relationship between computer mail use and commitment than did regular employees. Two mechanisms for mediating the relationship between communication and commitment were evaluated. Evidence supports active participation in communication as a mediating mechanism in the relationship between communication and commitment. The informational value of communication does not appear to be important in this regard.
Is College Financial Aid Equitable and Efficient

Nk reed-based financial aid is often defended both on grounds of equity and efficiency: equity because it provides equality of opportunity, and efficiency because it encourages the formation of productive human capital (James, 1988). However, "need" is now determined in a way that is both inequitable and inefficient. An informal survey of my colleagues (who do not study financial aid) revealed no one who named the financial aid system as a substantial tax on savings. However, once this interpretation was suggested, they quickly revealed their unanimous and disturbing impression that savings are summarily confiscated from parents upon their first child's matriculation at university. Though exaggerated, this impression is not without foundation. Two families with identical earnings paths pay dramatically different amounts for college if one saves more than the other. Thus, while the financial aid system may contribute to vertical equity, since the poor get more aid than the rich, its horizontal inequities are substantial. Moreover, the federal rules for financial aid raise significant efficiency concerns.1 They might conceivably distort many household decisions, including family size and the spacing of children. However, this paper will focus upon the most important incentive distorted by present policies: the incentive to save. Because saving leads to receiving less financial aid, a family's return to saving is substantially below the social return. This may lead to families making inefficient intertemporal choices and correspondingly to an inefficient loss of capital formation.
The Outcomes of Broadcasting Self-Disclosure Using New Communication Technologies Responses to Disclosure Vary Across One’s Social Network

Several new communication technologies have made it relatively easy for individuals to broadcast a single self-disclosure directly to almost everyone with whom they share a relationship—ranging from close friends to little-known acquaintances. Drawing from research on self-disclosure and the negativity effect, two studies were conducted to test the notion that the interpersonal and relational outcomes of broadcasting positive and negative self-disclosures are not uniform. The results of the cross-sectional survey offer evidence that the outcomes of positive and negative broadcasted disclosures vary depending on the receiver’s relationship with the discloser. The results from the experiment largely support the negativity effect explanation for differences in the outcomes of broadcasted disclosures. Relative to positive disclosures, negative broadcasted self-disclosures have a significantly greater impact on acquaintances than on friends’ perceptions of the discloser and their relationship.
Parity nonconservation in /sup 18/F, /sup 19/F, and /sup 21/Ne

Parity nonconservation has been studied in $^{18}\mathrm{F}$, $^{19}\mathrm{F}$, and $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$ for the Weinberg-Salam model. After careful treatment of nuclear structures aspects, values are predicted for the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray asymmetry and circular polarizations in good agreement with experiment provided one employs meson-nucleon coupling constants somewhat weaker than the "best values" recently suggested by Desplanques, Donoghue, and Holstein.
Classroom Talk: Exploring the Sociocultural Structure of Formal ESL Learning

Second and foreign language classroom interaction has attracted much discourse analytic research attention over the last decade or so. Findings from studies of classrooms across age groups, levels,...
Future Developments in Forage Harvesting Machinery and Processing

Forage harvesting, processing and handling equipement research is currently underway which will improve commodity quality, produce «value-added» products from forages, reduce energy and labor requirements of the equipment and improve forage marketability. Technologies are described which could increase forage quality and value by removing it from the field sooner after it is mowed to minimize the risk of weather damage
CLAMP CONNECTIONS IN NORTH AMERICAN ARMILLARIA SPECIES: OCCURRENCE AND POTENTIAL APPLICATION FOR DELIMITING SPECIES

Clamp connections were observed in basidiospore dilutions from each of four North American biological species of Armillaria (A. gallica, A. sinapina, A. ostoyae, and A. calvescens) following spore germination and hyphal anastomosis. The occurrence of clamp connections in intrabasidioma pairings of single-germinated basidiospores and of excised margin-hyphae of Armillaria ostoyae and A. gallica was that expected of a bifactorial incompatibility system. All intraspecific pairings between basidiospores or excised margin-hyphae from actively growing haploid cultures from two different basidiomata of A. ostoyae and of A. gallica produced clamp connections. The development of the crustose colony morphology was almost fully coincident with the formation of clamp connections in compatible matings with either A. ostoyae or A. gallica. Results indicate that clamp connections occur predictably and provide an additional precise and useful criterion for recognizing biological species of Armillaria. For unexplained reasons, haploid isolates paired more than 3 mm apart failed to produce clamp connections.
Progress and the Value of Space: Two Views

In recent years, science fiction is becoming reality. President Reagan has called for a continuously manned orbiting space station, a center for a vast number of scientific projects and possibly for factories manufacturing drugs, alloys, and semi-conductors. The cost of such a space station, pro jected to be assembled in the early 1990's, will be $8 billion or more. Presi dent Reagan's proposal has initiated a heated debate among the experts as to the wisdom of a manned space station. Those who support the idea re mind us of the miraculous opportunities space provides; those who do not, maintain that we do not need a manned space station to take advantage of these opportunities. I do not propose to enter into this debate, which I regard as primarily empirical and technological, rather than philosophical. Another issue, which I put to one side at the outset, is the relative value of space explora tion and development compared to other enterprises, such as feeding the hungry, finding a cure for cancer, and so forth. I put this to one side not because it is unimportant; on the contrary, it is of the greatest importance. However, space enthusiasts impatiently insist that we can solve all of these problems through the development of space technology. Their claim, then, is not that the exploration of space is intrinsically more valuable than the solving of other social problems, but that the best way to go about solving these problems is by spending money on industrial and commercial uses of space. I will therefore address this claim, and argue that such a view is naive. However, the central concern of this paper is not the factual mistakes that space enthusiasts may be making but, rather, a pervasive attitude in their writings about progress and the value of space. The attitude is one I will call, "instrumentalist," and it regards the value of everything, including space, as a function of usefulness. An opposing attitude, which I will call "intrinsicalist," regards the natural environment, including outer space, as having intrinsic value. I will argue that a purely instrumentalist outlook results in a warped view of the value of the natural world, and hence of what counts as progress. The prospects for the commercial and scientific uses of space are mind boggling. Although the "industrialization of space" has been going on for twenty years, including the use of various sorts of satellites to predict weather, plan land use, develop resources, estimate reserves of materials,
Reply to "Comment on the interpretation of the -3.3- and -2.8-eV features observed by Eberhardt and Plummer in Ni(001) photoemission"

In this reply we point out that our error was in the assignment of the final-state symmetry, but the initial-state assignment at $X$ is correct in our previous paper.
Effects of Minimum-Tillage Practices on Spider Activity in Old-Field Swards

Introduction of desirable legume species into old fields for improvement of forage production allows survival of much of the natural old-field fauna. This study used covered pitfall traps at four field locations of minimum-tillage tests to examine the responses of the spider community to physical and chemical disturbances of the habitat. Management involved the introduction of three legume species, herbicide treatment, mowing and raking, insecticide application, and mollusk control treatments. Although spider activity appeared to be lower in the no-till plots than in previous old-field studies or in mature alfalfa field studies, 19 spider species were repeatedly trapped. Carbofuran spray for insect control caused a reduction in the capture rate for the most common species in the treated plots but did not cause permanent extinction. Plots treated with methiocarb for mollusk control did not differ from controls for spider trapping rate. Analysis was complicated by clumped distributions of spiders that could not be associated with any of the pesticide treatments or management practices. This study demonstrated that a diverse spider population survives and is active during the establishment phase of minimum-tillage pasture improvement. For late summer and early fall samples, the numbers of spiders trapped were considerably lower than numbers encountered in other studies for mature legume stands.
Design of a MEMS Piezoresistive Microphone for use in Aeroacoustic Measurements

*† ‡ † A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based piezoresistive microphone optimum design is presented, with a focus on improving the minimum detectable pressure over current technologies without sacrificing bandwidth. This microphone design addresses many of the problems associated with previous piezoresistive microphones. Here, a novel nonlinear circular composite plate mechanical model was employed to determine the stresses in the diaphragm, which was designed to be in the compressive quasi-buckled state. With this model, the inherent in-plane stresses that occur in the microelectronic fabrication process can be used to increase the sensitivity of the device. P-type ion-implanted silicon was chosen for the piezoresistors, and a fabrication recipe was devised that minimizes the inherent noise characteristics of the material. The piezoresistors are arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration with two resistors oriented for tangential current flow and two for radial current flow. A lumped element model was created to describe the dynamic characteristics of the microphone diaphragm and the cavity/vent structure. The geometry of this device was optimized with constraints using a sequential quadratic programming scheme. Results indicate a dynamic range in excess of 120 dB for devices possessing resonant frequencies beyond 120 kHz.
Geometrically unrestricted, topologically constrained control of liquid crystal defects using simultaneous holonomic magnetic and holographic optical manipulation

Despite the recent progress in physical control and manipulation of various condensed matter, atomic, and particle systems, including individual atoms and photons, our ability to control topological defects remains limited. Recently, controlled generation, spatial translation, and stretching of topological point and line defects have been achieved using laser tweezers and liquid crystals as model defect-hosting systems. However, many modes of manipulation remain hindered by limitations inherent to optical trapping. To overcome some of these limitations, we integrate holographic optical tweezers with a magnetic manipulation system, which enables fully holonomic manipulation of defects by means of optically and magnetically controllable colloids used as ``handles'' to transfer forces and torques to various liquid crystal defects. These colloidal handles are magnetically rotated around determined axes and are optically translated along three-dimensional pathways while mechanically attached to defects, which, combined with inducing spatially localized nematic-isotropic phase transitions, allow for geometrically unrestricted control of defects, including previously unrealized modes of noncontact manipulation, such as the twisting of disclination clusters. These manipulation capabilities may allow for probing topological constraints and the nature of defects in unprecedented ways, providing the foundation for a tabletop laboratory to expand our understanding of the role defects play in fields ranging from subatomic particle physics to early-universe cosmology.