cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of autopsy in the intensive care unit.

Objective: To identify the frequency and spectrum of clinically relevant diagnoses found at autopsy but not determined before death in adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and autopsy reports of patients admitted to ICUs from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2000. Disagreements between autopsy and antemortem diagnoses were classified as type I or type II errors. A new major diagnosis with potential for directly impacting therapy was considered a type I error. Type II errors included important findings that would not have likely changed therapy. Results: Of 1597 deaths in all ICUs during the study period, autopsies were performed in 527 patients (33%). Autopsy reports were available in 455 patients, of whom 19 (4%) had type I errors and 78 (17%) had type II errors. The most common type I error was cardiac tamponade. There were no significant differences in age, sex, or length of stay in the ICU or hospital among patients with and without diagnostic errors or among patients with type I and II errors. Seventy-eight patients had 81 type II errors. Organ transplant recipients had more type I or II errors than did nontransplant patients (35% vs 20%; P =.04). Conclusions: Diagnoses with impact on therapy and outcome are missed in approximately 4% of deaths of adult patients admitted to the ICU. Transplant recipients are especially likely to have occult conditions for which additional therapy might be indicated.
γδ T cell response induced by vaginal Herpes simplex 2 infection

The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether acute vaginal infection with Herpes virus 2 altered the vaginal population of γδ T cells, and whether γδ T cells influenced the vaginal clearance of HSV-2. BALB/c mice were infected intravaginally with the progressively lethal wild type 333 strain, or the non-lethal thymidine kinase deficient (ΔTK−-HSV-2) mutant strain of HSV-2 virus. Changes in vaginal T cell composition were examined by FACS analysis 4 days after infection. Clearance of vaginal ΔTK−-HSV-2 infection was compared between mice with normal γδ T cell populations (BALB/c) and transgenic mice in which all the γδ T cells express a receptor that is specific for the b allotype of MHC class Ib T10 antigen (G8/BALB/c). In HSV-2 infected BALB/c mice, but not G8/BALB/c, a subset of γδ T cells that express a Vγ2 TCR accumulated in the vaginal mucosa by the fourth day after infection. Unexpectedly, we found that γδ TCR transgenic mice exhibited a more rapid clearance of the virus than control mice (P<0.05). These findings argue against the hypothesis that the normal populations of vaginal intraepithelial γδ T cells play a direct role in the elimination of virally infected epithelial cells.
Recreating cheers: an analysis of relationship marketing as an effective marketing technique for quick‐service restaurants

Purpose – This paper reviews brand equity and customer satisfaction as they relate to customer loyalty and relationship marketing in an effort to understand and mitigate some of the challenges facing quick‐service restaurants (QSRs) today.Design/methodology/approach – The authors reviewed over 30 articles on the subjects of brand equity, customer equity, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, communal relationships, relationship marketing, and pseudo‐relationship marketing, as well as researched and evaluated current marketing techniques used by selected QSRs.Findings – It is concluded by the authors that customer satisfaction, brand equity, and loyalty are invaluable to the formation of customer loyalty, as is the understanding that customers' relationships with companies need to be treated with the same respect as personal relationships.Practical implications – Customer loyalty has been shown to be beneficial to a company, both tangibly and intangibly. Companies are cautioned in their use of relations...
Emotional Skillfulness as a Key Mediator of Aggression

Psychological research has documented several predictors of aggression, including adherence to hegemonic masculinity, trauma symptoms, and insecure attachment. However, at present, little is known about why these variables predict aggression. This study used acceptance theory to introduce the concept of emotional skillfulness as a counterpoint to emotion dysregulation. In an effort to better understand the pathways through which these variables predict aggression, this study used a clinical sample to test three mediational models which hold that emotional skillfulness functions as a common link between the aforementioned predictors and aggression in both men and women. Results indicated that emotional skillfulness is a mediator of aggression for both men and women, but that the predictors of aggression differed by gender.
EFFECTS OF SENSITIVITY, CRITERION SHIFTS, AND SUBJECTIVE CONFIDENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATICITY IN AIRLINE LUGGAGE SCREENING

We examined the effect of cognitive factors on the development of automaticity in a complex task. Participants (n = 24) performed a luggage screening task where we manipulated stimulus mapping (consistent vs. varied), frame size (small vs. large), memory set size (1 vs. 4) and time constraint, and examined their effects on participants' sensitivities, criterion shifts and confidence. Results revealed that the highest cognitive advantage in terms of high sensitivities and minimal deviations from optimal beta was afforded by the combination of small memory sets and consistent mapping of targets, after extended practice. Varied mapping of stimuli under high memory loads exerted a negative effect on sensitivities and induced a greater shift from optimal beta. The concurrence of high memory loads with varied mapping also led to decreases in confidence that hindered automatic detection of targets. The results have implications for training individuals to develop appropriate decision-making strategies in complex...
Kalman filter estimation of monthly U.S. oil imports

Abstract The Kalman filter technique was used to forecast U.S. monthly oil imports with a two-month lead. The state equation used was an ARIMA (1, 1, 0) model, and the observation equation was a regression of the revised, estimated and company-forecasted values on the true values. Results indicate that the Kalman filter estimates are superior to the company-provided values. The total forecasts are in agreement with true values and lie within the 95% confidence bounds. The incorporation of an econometrically derived observation equation is recommended. A detailed example of the Kalman filter estimate calculation is presented in the Appendix.
Extended open inflationary universes

In this paper we study a type of one-field model for open inflationary universe models in the context of the Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory. In the scenario of a one-bubble universe model we determine and characterize the existence of the Coleman-De Lucia instanton, together with the period of inflation after tunnelling has occurred. Our results are analogous to those found in the Einstein General Relativity models.
All Politics Are Local: Local Losses and Individual Attitudes toward the Vietnam War

Inquiries into the domestic determinants of international behavior, including democratic peace arguments, build on the pioneering work of Mueller by presupposing that individuals in a democracy are...
Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiles Determined with an Escherichia coli Gene Knockout Collection: Generating an Antibiotic Bar Code

We have defined a sensitivity profile for 22 antibiotics by extending previous work testing the entire KEIO collection of close to 4,000 single-gene knockouts in Escherichia coli for increased susceptibility to 1 of 14 different antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, rifampin [rifampicin], vancomycin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, metronidazole, streptomycin, fusidic acid, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin, and triclosan). We screened one or more subinhibitory concentrations of each antibiotic, generating more than 80,000 data points and allowing a reduction of the entire collection to a set of 283 strains that display significantly increased sensitivity to at least one of the antibiotics. We used this reduced set of strains to determine a profile for eight additional antibiotics (spectinomycin, cephradine, aztreonem, colistin, neomycin, enoxacin, tobramycin, and cefoxitin). The profiles for the 22 antibiotics represent a growing catalog of sensitivity fingerprints that can be separated into two components, multidrug-resistant mutants and those mutants that confer relatively specific sensitivity to the antibiotic or type of antibiotic tested. The latter group can be represented by a set of 20 to 60 strains that can be used for the rapid typing of antibiotics by generating a virtual bar code readout of the specific sensitivities. Taken together, these data reveal the complexity of intrinsic resistance and provide additional targets for the design of codrugs (or combinations of drugs) that potentiate existing antibiotics.
Genome-wide mutational diversity in an evolving population of Escherichia coli.

The level of genetic variation in a population is the result of a dynamic tension between evolutionary forces. Mutations create variation, certain frequency-dependent interactions may preserve diversity, and natural selection purges variation. New sequencing technologies offer unprecedented opportunities to discover and characterize the diversity present in evolving microbial populations on a whole-genome scale. By sequencing mixed-population samples, we have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present at various points in the history of an Escherichia colipopulation that has evolved for almost 20 years from a founding clone. With 50-fold genome coverage, we were able to catch beneficial mutations as they swept to fixation, discover contending beneficial alleles that were eliminated by clonal interference, and detect other minor variants possibly adapted to a new ecological niche. Additionally, there was a dramatic increase in genetic diversity late in the experiment after a mutator phenotype evolved. Still finer-resolution details of the structure of genetic variation and how it changes over time in microbial evolution experiments will enable new applications and quantitative tests of population genetic theory.
From Skinner to Satori? Toward a Social Learning Analysis of Encounter Group Behavior Change:

How can encounter group behavior, and behavior change following such groups, be understood most fruitfully? This article reviews social factors, inside and outside the encounter group setting, that may influence behavior change, maintenance, and generalization. The rudiments of social learning theory (SLT) are outlined, and it is argued that a cognitive social learning?nodel has distinct applied, heuristic, and sociopolitical value when used in conceptualizing encounter group processes and outcomes. It is proposed that a number of grotup-facilitated motor, affective, cognitive, and verbal behavior changes noted in the literature are a function of specific social learning processes.
Excitation, observation, and ELF-MD: optimization criteria for high quality test sets

In previous work, we have shown that optimizing the number of site observations leads to more defect detection. However, for increasingly difficult defects, optimizing patterns for balanced random excitation also enhances test effectiveness. We can also reduce the effect of undetected defects by choosing tests that minimize the likelihood of field failures.
Beyond Distraction: Virtual Reality Graded Exposure Therapy as Treatment for Pain-Related Fear and Disability in Chronic Pain

The current review describes a novel virtual reality (VR) paradigm intended to optimize graded exposure treatment for pain-related fear and associated disability in chronic musculoskeletal pain, focusing on chronic low back pain. By combining an established treatment protocol with the innovative Kinect system by Microsoft, virtual reality graded exposure therapy (VRGET) addresses several central limitations of traditional exposure and VR approaches to pain/disability treatment. In addition to mitigating costs associated with traditional exposure protocols, the VRGET platform facilitates patient treatment engagement, provides real-time assessment of valuable outcome variables such as affective response and kinematic adaptation, and promotes generalizability of treatment gains across clinical and home environments. The current review provides an overview of current and future clinical directions for this new technology.
Demystifying the dark side of the middle: a field study of middlebox failures in datacenters

Network appliances or middleboxes such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), load balancers, and VPNs form an integral part of datacenters and enterprise networks. Realizing their importance and shortcomings, the research community has proposed software implementations, policy-aware switching, consolidation appliances, moving middlebox processing to VMs, end hosts, and even offloading it to the cloud. While such efforts can use middlebox failure characteristics to improve their reliability, management, and cost-effectiveness, little has been reported on these failures in the field. In this paper, we make one of the first attempts to perform a large-scale empirical study of middlebox failures over two years in a service provider network comprising thousands of middleboxes across tens of datacenters. We find that middlebox failures are prevalent and they can significantly impact hosted services. Several of our findings differ in key aspects from commonly held views: (1) Most failures are grey dominated by connectivity errors and link flaps that exhibit intermittent connectivity, (2) Hardware faults and overload problems are present but they are not in majority, (3) Middleboxes experience a variety of misconfigurations such as incorrect rules, VLAN misallocation and mismatched keys, and (4) Middlebox failover is ineffective in about 33\% of the cases for load balancers and firewalls due to configuration bugs, faulty failovers and software version mismatch. Finally, we analyze current middlebox proposals based on our study and discuss directions for future research.
SCREENING AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR DIABETES AND RELATED CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT Purpose To discuss perspectives on screening and diagnostic testing relevant to formulation of guidelines for glycemic control. Findings The central issue in screening and testing for diabetes is ultimately to improve patient safety and health. These goals can best be achieved by early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for the type and stage of glycemic disorder of the patient. In my opinion, the current American Diabetes Association guidelines require some modifications to be consistent with the currently available evidence—particularly regarding the earliest recommended age for screening and the use of the fasting plasma glucose as a single value in diagnostic testing. New evidence from several studies supports the adjustment of screening and testing recommendations for diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in cardiovascular disease, hyperglycemia in critical care, gestational diabetes and pregnancy, and diabetes in children. Conclusion For prevention of diabetes and improved outcomes for patients with diabetes, early screening and intervention are critical.
R2D: A Bridge between the Semantic Web and Relational Visualization Tools

The widespread deployment of Resource Description Framework has resulted in the emergence of a new data storage paradigm, the RDF Graph Model, which, in turn, requires a rich suite of modeling and visualization tools to aid with data management. This paper presents R2D (RDF-to-Database), an effort whose goal is to enable reusability of relational tools on RDF data. R2D aims to transform RDF data, at run-time, into an equivalent normalized relational schema, thereby bridging the gap between RDF and RDBMS concepts and making the abundance of existing relational tools available to RDF Stores. The work in this paper extends our earlier work by including the ability to map blank nodes, which are used to represent complex relationships between entities, and to perform pattern matching and aggregation functions on data. The R2D system architecture and mapping constructs, with particular emphasis on blank node handling, are presented along with descriptions of the algorithms comprising R2D. Performance graphs and screen-shots of a relational visualization tool that uses R2D to access RDF data are presented as evidence of the feasibility of our research.
Origins and Evolution in the Aspidoscelis cozumela Complex of Parthenogenetic Teiid Lizards: Morphological and Karyotypic Evidence and Paradoxes

Abstract The Aspidoscelis cozumela complex of parthenogenetic lizards of the Yucatan Peninsula originated from hybridization between individuals of Aspidoscelis angusticeps (maternal) and Aspidoscelis deppii deppii (paternal) followed by postorigin clonal divergence. A previous report of histocompatibility between two members of the complex, Aspidoscelis maslini and Aspidoscelis cozumela, is reliable evidence that they share a single hybridization event. However, evidence from mitochondrial DNA and histoincompatibility has been used to conclude that another member of the complex, Aspidoscelis rodecki, originated from a separate hybridization event. Although future evidence might tip the balance in favor of a two-hybridization model, we provide examples where evidence from mtDNA and histoincompatibility probably led to incorrect predictions of the number of hybridization events in parthenogenetic Aspidoscelis. In this study, we compared correspondence between patterns of morphological and karyotypic diverg...
Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is an agonist in equine cells

Endotoxemia is associated with the principal causes of death in adult horses and equine neonates and, therefore, veterinary researchers are expending efforts to identify new therapeutic interventions that might be beneficial in these animals. Endotoxin antagonists inhibit interaction of endotoxin with cellular receptors and may be beneficial in the treatment of endotoxemia and sepsis. Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsDPLA) is a potent antagonist of enteric LPS in human cells, but is an agonist in hamster cells. In this study, the effect of lipopolysaccharide from R. sphaeroides (RsLPS) on equine whole blood and isolated monocyte preparations was investigated by comparing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in response to RsLPS and Escherichia coli O55:B5 LPS. Our results indicate that RsLPS is a potent agonist in equine cells, which precludes therapeutic use of this agent in equine patients. In contrast to the results in equine cells, RsLPS did not elicit TNF production by itself, and inhibited the response to E. coli O55:B5 LPS in a human monocytic cell line.
Altered porphyrin metabolism as a biomarker of mercury exposure and toxicity

Changes in urinary porphyrin excretion patterns (porphyrin profiles) have been described in response to a variety of drugs and chemicals. The present studies were conducted to define the specific changes in the urinary porphyrin profile associated with prolonged exposure to mercury and mercury compounds. In rats, exposure for a prolonged period to mercury as methyl mercury hydroxide was associated with urinary porphyrin changes, which were uniquely characterized by highly elevated levels of 4- and 5-carboxyl porphyrins and by the expression of an atypical porphyrin ("precoproporphyrin") not found in urine of unexposed animals. These distinct changes in urinary porphyrin concentrations were observed as early as 1-2 weeks after initiation of mercury exposure, and increased in a dose- and time-related fashion with the concentration of mercury in the kidney, a principal target organ of mercury compounds. Following cessation of mercury exposure, urinary porphyrin concentrations reverted to normal levels, consistent with renal mercury clearance. In human studies, a comparable change in the urinary porphyrin profile was observed among subjects with occupational exposure to mercury as mercury vapor sufficient to elicit urinary mercury levels greater than 20 micrograms/L. Urinary porphyrin profiles were also shown to correlate significantly with mercury body burden and with specific neurobehavioral deficits associated with low level mercury exposure. These findings support the utility of urinary porphyrin profiles as a useful biomarker of mercury exposure and potential health effects in human subjects.
Geothermal heating of greenhouses and aquaculture facilties

There are at least 44 greenhouse and 60 aquaculture sites using geothermal energy in the United States. The installed capacity is 93 and 140 MWt respectively. The annual energy use is 724 and 2,729 TJ (201 and 833 GWh/yr) respectively. Aquaculture has the largest use of geothermal energy in the U.S. at 33%, and greenhouses amounts to slightly over 8.5% of the total energy use, if geothermal heat pumps are not considered. The Geo-Heat Center in Klamath Falls has a technical assistance program to provide advice and preliminary engineering and economic analysis of projects for potential greenhouse and aquaculture developers. In response to numerous requests for information from prospective developers of greenhouse and aquaculture projects using geothermal energy, we prepared two comprehensive documents to assist these developers (Boyd and Rafferty 1997a; Boyd and Rafferty, 2006b). The documents have been updated this year and the contents of these are outlined below.
Fracture analysis of randomized implant-supported fixed dental prostheses.

Abstract Objective Fractures of posterior fixed dental all-ceramic prostheses can be caused by one or more factors including prosthesis design, flaw distribution, direction and magnitude of occlusal loading, nature of supporting infrastructure (tooth root/implant), and presence of adjacent teeth. This clinical study of implant-supported, all-ceramic fixed dental prostheses, determined the effects of (1) presence of a tooth distal to the most distal retainer; (2) prosthesis loading either along the non-load bearing or load bearing areas; (3) presence of excursive contacts or maximum intercuspation contacts in the prosthesis; and (4) magnitude of bite force on the occurrence of veneer ceramic fracture. Methods 89 implant-supported FDPs were randomized as either a three-unit posterior metal–ceramic (Au–Pd–Ag alloy and InLine POM, Ivoclar, Vivadent) FDP or a ceramic–ceramic (ZirCAD and ZirPress, Ivoclar, Vivadent) FDP. Two implants (Osseospeed, Dentsply) and custom abutments (Atlantis, Dentsply) supported these FDPs, which were cemented with resin cement (RelyX Universal Cement). Baseline photographs were made with markings of teeth from maximum intercuspation (MI) and excursive function. Patients were recalled at 6 months and 1–3 years. Fractures were observed, their locations recorded, and images compared with baseline photographs of occlusal contacts. Conclusion No significant relationship existed between the occurrence of fracture and: (1) the magnitude of bite force; (2) a tooth distal to the most distal retainer; and (3) contacts in load-bearing or non-load-bearing areas. However, there was a significantly higher likelihood of fracture in areas with MI contacts only. Clinical significance Because of the absence of a periodontal ligament, this clinical study demonstrates that there is a need to evaluate occlusion differently with implant-supported prostheses than with natural tooth supported prostheses. Implant supported prostheses should have minimal occlusion and lighter contacts than those supported by natural dentition. Clinical Trials.gov No K23 D2007-46.
Generalized XY/XX/XXY chromosomal mosaicism in a male hermaphrodite

Abstract A patient with generalized XY/XX/XXY sex chromosome mosaicism confirmed by chromosome studies in several different tissues, autoradiography and sex chromatin studies is presented. This mosaicism is believed to have probably resulted from a double mitotic loss of an X and a Y chromosome from an initial XXY zygote. The predominant influence of the XY cell line is reflected by the male internal genitals, the evidence of androgen effect, hormonal studies, and masculine dermatoglyphics. The patient is classified as a male hermaphrodite of the nontesticular feminization type on the basis of her generally masculine appearance, the lack of breast development, ambiguous external genitals, hirsutism, and the presence of bilateral testes.
Impression management concerns and support-seeking behavior on social network sites

This study investigates whether and how impression management concerns shape ways people seek social support on social network sites (SNS). The data from a laboratory experiment (N?=?176) show that the importance of impression management goals change depending on the publicity of the message, and that the amount of effort in message composition increases as the severity of the problem increases. This relationship becomes greater when people use a public as opposed to a private SNS channel to communicate a stressful situation. The more effort people put into message composition, the more likely they are to produce a sophisticated support-seeking message that serves an additional goal of impression management. This study contributes to understanding supportive communication occurring on social network sites. We investigated whether impression management shapes support seeking on SNS.A laboratory experiment was conducted using a two by two between-subjects design.Communication goals changed depending on the publicity of the message.Problem severity and message publicity influenced message composition time.Message composition time was related to production of a sophisticated message.
Continuity Amidst Disruption: The Spirit and Apostolic Succession at the Reformation.

What light might a greater attentiveness to the role of the Holy Spirit radiate over the tangled question of apostolic succession and the validity of orders? Here I have in mind the question of orders in the Protestant communities, as understood from a Roman Catholic perspective, although the question is relevant to some of the Eastern Orthodox and other Eastern Christian churches as well. For although it is commonly held, given the teaching of Vatican II ( Unitatis Redintegratio , Decree on Ecumenism, no. 15) and later papal teaching (John Paul II, Ut Unum Sint , no. 50), that Catholics recognize the validity of orders of the Orthodox, the recognition is not always mutual. The typical Roman Catholic view of the “Protestant question,” if I may abbreviate it in this way, is that an unbridgeable break—a radical disruption—occurred at the Reformation in both the form and the matter of apostolic succession. That is, the teaching (or doctrine) about orders, as well as the concrete, institutionalized forms of its presence in the threefold diaconate-priesthood-episcopacy, were fatally disrupted at the Reformation. Apostolic succession was thereby fatally flawed, at least as regards ordained ministry. And this fatal flaw was in turn reflected in the liturgical rites and larger ecclesial institutional forms of the Protestant communities.
Failure Analysis of Large Septic Tank Systems

The differences in design criteria between single residence on-site sewage disposal systems and large on-site systems were evaluated. The allowed loading for large systems on coarse sand is 45% higher, while the actual loading based on 1970 Census data may be 213% higher, as compared to household systems. Surveys in the state of Washington show that most system failures are associated with impervious soil type, underdesign and age of the system. Calculations indicate a serious under-reporting of the number of failures of both small and large on-site systems, thereby underestimating a major public-health risk.
The role of TNFRSF25:TNFSF15 in disease… and health?

TNFRSF25 (DR3) is one of the most recently discovered TNF superfamily receptors and includes an intracellular death domain required to initiate signaling. Over the past decade significant progress has been made in defining the characteristics of this receptor, including the identification of its ligand, TNFSF15 (TL1A). Although TL1A can be provided from a number of sources, signaling through TNFRSF25 is primarily concentrated on T cells. TNFRSF25 signaling can lower the threshold for TCR-induced cell proliferation or cytokine production in an IL-2-dependent manner as well as amplify cytokine production initiated by IL-12 and IL-18. In vivo, TNFRSF25:TL1A signaling has been associated with a number of autoinflammatory conditions including allergic asthma, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Here we discuss the short history of TL1A:TNFRSF25 in health and disease states, including several exciting new observations reported at the 12th international TNF conference, 2009.
A Generalized Data-Driven Energy Prediction Model With Uncertainty for a Milling Machine Tool Using Gaussian Process

Using a machine learning approach, this study investigates the effects of machining parameters on the energy consumption of a milling machine tool, which would allow selection of optimal operational strategies to machine a part with minimum energy. Data-driven prediction models, built upon a nonlinear regression approach, can be used to gain an understanding of the effects of machining parameters on energy consumption. In this study, we use the Gaussian Process to construct the energy prediction model for a computer numerical control (CNC) milling machine tool. Energy prediction models for different machining operations are constructed based on collected data. With the collected data sets, optimum input features for model selection are identified. We demonstrate how the energy prediction models can be used to compare the energy consumption for the different operations and to estimate the total energy usage for machining a generic part. We also present an uncertainty analysis to develop confidence bounds for the prediction model and to provide insight into the vast parameter space and training required to improve the accuracy of the model. Generic parts are machined to test and validate the prediction model constructed using the Gaussian Process and we consistently achieve an accuracy of over 95 % on the total predicted energy.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Probability error in diagnosis: the conjunction fallacy among beginning medical students.

OBJECTIVE Incorrectly concluding that the probability of a joint event (such as a combination of clinical findings) is greater than the probability of any one of these events alone is known as the conjunction fallacy. It is one type of cognitive error in estimation of probability to which physicians are known to be prone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether beginning medical students are also prone to the conjunction fallacy. METHODS A total of 134 beginning medical students completed a written exercise in which they assigned percent probabilities to symptoms and combinations of symptoms based on a case vignette of a young woman with the common cold. Rates of violation of the conjunction rule were calculated for the entire sample and calculated and compared for the subsets of men, women, and those with different prior educational and statistics backgrounds. RESULTS The conjunction rule was violated by 47.8% of the students. Rates of violation did not differ significantly between men and women, among students with different types of prior education, or between students who had and had not taken at least one statistics course. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of medical students were prone to the conjunction fallacy. This proportion, however, was lower than that reported previously for practicing physicians, who may rely more upon "representativeness" to make probability judgments. Teaching medical students about the conjunction fallacy has the potential to reduce the predisposition to this error that may develop during medical training.
Insightful Solution of a Geometry Problem with Instructional Cues: II. Individual Studies

As a sequel to a group experiment, this paper reports a study of the effects of instructional cues on individuals' insightful solutions to a problem in geometry. 96 college freshmen, 28 men and 68 women, were selected from hundreds of volunteers, carefully matched for mathematical background and divided into four equal groups who were given varying graded amounts of suggestive instructional cues. Group I, a control without cues, yielded the lowest percentage of insightful solutions but consumed the longest time; Group II, with an unworkable equation, gave more solutions in shorter time upon stratified analysis, but seemed to show some detrimental effect of the misleading cue on the whole group's gross mean time; Group III, with a solvable equation, produced still better scores both in amount and speed as well as four correct answers by computation; Group IV, with a direct cue that diagonals of a rectangle are equal, achieved the best performance. By manipulating the variables of sampling and procedure, th...
Thermal, Viscoplastic Analysis of Composite Laminates

For the modeling of ply deformation behavior the orthotropic, thermal viscoplasticity theory based on overstress is used. It can represent creep, relaxation and rate sensitivity as well as monotonic and cyclic loadings. The theory is “unified” since creep and plasticity are not separately modeled. No yield surfaces and loading/unloading conditions are employed. The laminate theory for in-plane loading maintains the geometric assumptions of classical laminate theory. The elasticity law, however, is replaced by the thermal, orthotropic viscoplasticity law. Numerical experiments illustrate the predictions of the theory for an angle-ply and a cross-ply laminate subjected to a temperature increase, temperature hold and subsequent return to the original temperature. The ply and laminate stresses are calculated as a function of time for unconstrained and constrained conditions using postulated properties close to a real metal matrix composite. Redistribution of ply stresses and relaxation are found. In some cases, nearly permanent residual ply stresses are present after completion of the temperature cycle.
Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on supported cobalt: Effect of temperature on CO and H2 partial pressure dependencies

Abstract Kinetic data were measured for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) on a cobalt catalyst supported on silica-modified alumina at various partial pressures of CO and H 2 and at four different temperatures (210, 220, 230, and 240 °C). The data were sufficient to determine power law rate expressions at each of the four temperatures which indicate that the dependence of rate on P H2 increases with increasing temperature while the rate coefficient for P CO decreases with temperature going from positive order (+0.3) at 210 °C to negative order (−0.6) at 240 °C. Several mechanisms were explored and Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) rate models derived in an attempt to explain the data trends. Traditional FT rate expressions have a denominator term, K CO *P CO which, since the denominator is squared in LH expressions, can allow for an overall negative order P CO dependence. However, since K CO is the equilibrium constant for the adsorption of CO, its value decreases with increasing temperature which causes the overall P CO dependence to become more positive with increasing temperature instead of more negative. In this work we propose a mechanism based on parallel hydrogen-assisted mechanistic pathways that leads to a LH model with the denominator term, k’ CO *P CO where k’ CO is effectively an activated rate constant instead of an equilibrium constant and therefore increases with increasing temperature instead of decreasing. This model, which fits the data extremely well, also explains the presence of atomic carbon on the surface of the catalyst.
Observation for dynamic histopathology of brain in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii Prugniaud strain

In order to observe the dynamic histopathology change of the mice brain and the cyst formation after the mice infected by Toxoplasma gondii Prugniaud strain.40 ICR mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10 cysts each(0.5mL),and 22 mice were injectedby PBS partes aequales.Incidence of the mice was observed.The mice were killed and the brains were detected by using histopathology and immunohistochemistry.DNA was extracted of brain tissue,and then the special sequence of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene was amptified by PCR at 5-day(5d),10d,15d,20d,25d,30d,60d,90d,120d,150d and 180d post-infection.The results showed that the mice infected with the cysts began to fall ill at 6d post-infection,and to recover at 20d post-infection.Symptoms contained decreased food appetite,lofty fur,sloth,buffeting and diarrhea,and the mortality rate was 15 percent.Microscopic examination from HE staining didn't find obvious histopathology changes at 5d post-infection.Neuronal degeneration,satellitosis and neruonophagia were found since 10d post-infection.We found some neuroglial cell tubercle and a small Toxoplasma gondii cyst since 15d post-infection.Inflammatory cells infiltration could be seen on cavitas subarachnoidealis since 20d post-infection.Sleeve cuffing could be seen since 25d post-infection.Granulation tissue could be seen on cavitas subarachnoidealis at 90d post-infection.Cysts,neuroglial cell tubercle and lesser inflammatory cell infiltration on cavitas subarachnoidealis coexist from 120d to 180d post-infection.Toxoplasma gondii or Toxoplasma antigen particle could be seen in endochylema or nucleus of brain tissue since 10d post-infection by immunohistochemistry,and then cyst began to increase with decrease of antigen.Specificity sequence of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene could be detected by PCR from 10 days to 180 days post infection.Those results indicated that tachyzoite of Toxoplasma gondii Prugniaud strain would invade the brain after several days post-infection,but the cyst would be found until 15 days post-infection.The strain could lead to some pathology changes,including degeneration and necrosis of brain cells,and non-specificity meningoencephalitis.It's suggested that Pathological changes would relieve gradually with the cyst formation after 15d post-infection,but the cyst would exist the brain until 180d post-infection.
Single optical fibre transducer for pressure measurement

In a single optical fibre transducer, light is injected into a fibre through a fibre optic coupler, located at some distance from the distal end of the fibre. Injected light travels toward the front face of the fibre, where it exits in the shape of a cone. then, after reflection from a reflective surface, it is readmitted into the same fibre. The reflected beam of light travels back through the coupler, exits through the distal end of the fibre and illuminates the photosensitive area of a photo diode, where it is converted to an electrical current. Depending on which one of the parameters is allowed to vary the amount of the returning light, one can build a variety of different sensors. Among them are: linear/angular displacement sensors and their derivatives such as pressure or force sensors; transmittance sensors such as turbidity and chemical sensors; reflectance sensors such as temperature sensors, optical encoders and scanners, colourometric and other types of chemical sensors. In the case of the single optic fibre transducer (SOFT) made by Pearl Instruments (Chicago, II, USA), the reflective surface is made of a thin metal foil with 6 microns thickness and 1.25 mm diameter. Optical fibres are pf the multimode type with 55 microns diameter. Their numerical aperture is equal to 0.66. The SOFT head is 1.25 mm in diameter and has an overall length of 50 cm. The disposable part of the system contains the head, fibre, protective sheathing and plug. Its operating range is -15 to +300 mmHg, and +25 to +45 degrees C, and its resolution is +/- 1 mmHg.
The Longitudinal Effect of Emotion Regulation Strategies on Anxiety Levels in Children and Adolescents.

There is growing evidence linking emotion dysregulation to anxiety. However, few studies have examined this relationship longitudinally or developmentally. Additionally, no studies have specifically examined the predictive relevance of the emotion regulation skills taught in mindfulness- and acceptance-based therapies. We explore whether specific emotion regulation processes differentially predict specific anxiety symptoms over time among children and adolescents. Methods: Initial emotion non-awareness, nonacceptance, and difficulties with goal-directed behavior were assessed in a community sample (n = 312, age range = 8–16, mean age = 11.68, 59% female, 69% Caucasian). Social anxiety, separation anxiety, and physical anxiety symptoms were assessed every 3 months for 3 years. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the concurrent and longitudinal effects of emotion dysregulation assessed at baseline or 18 months on anxiety. Results: After controlling for depression, age, and gender, all three pro...
Phytogeography and potential economic use of the guayule rubber plant on Chihuahuan Desert limestone geologic formations

Geobotanical studies reveal that native Parthenium argentatum (guayule) occurs almost exclusively on Cretaceous limestone rock formations in the Chihuahuan Desert of the Big Bend, Texas, U.S.A. This specific area was chosen for study, because a complete set of 7·5 minute topographic base maps covered the region. With the aid of geologic maps, new stands of pure guayule shrub have been pinpointed and sampled. The most recent published survey of P. argentatum underestimates stand size within the United States of America. Peculiar edaphic endemism exhibited by pure guayule shrub indicates that factors relative to geologic substrate must be important for the growth of vegetatively produced clones and the production of natural rubber. Concomitantly, potential exists for the re-establishment of P. argentatum within the prime, Cretaceous limestone habitat. Areas of prime habitat are defined and identified.
So schätzen Sie Synkopen richtig ein

Manche Patienten sturzen plotzlich wie ein gefallter Baum, andere spuren Vorboten und sacken dann schlaff in sich zusammen. Bei der Synkope gibt schon die Sturzart wichtige Hinweise auf die Ursache. Rhythmogen oder vasovagal — um das zu klaren, helfen standardisierte Fragen, ein einfacher Score und eine gezielte Medikamentenanamnese. Lesen Sie, welche Patienten Sie mit Tipps zur Pravention entlassen konnen, und bei wem Kipptisch und kardiologische Tests angezeigt sind.
Kinetics of prebiotic depsipeptide formation from the ester–amide exchange reaction

In this work, we introduce a kinetic model to study the effectiveness of ester-mediated amide bond formation under prebiotic conditions. In our previous work, we found that a simple system composed of α-hydroxy acids and α-amino acids is capable of forming peptide bonds via esterification followed by the ester-amide exchange reaction. To further understand the kinetic behavior of this copolymerization, we first tracked the growth of initial species from a valine/lactic acid mixture in a closed system reactor. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the reactions and evaluate the rate constants at different temperatures. We found these reactions can be described by the empirical Arrhenius equation even when reaction occurred in the solid (dry) state. Further calculations for activation parameters showed that the ester-mediated pathway facilitates amide bond formation by lowering activation entropies. These results provide a theoretical framework that illustrates why the ester-mediated pathway for peptide bond formation is efficient and why it would have been more favorable on the early Earth, compared to peptide bond formation without the aid of hydroxy acids.
Synchronization of chaos in simultaneous time-frequency domain

Abstract Synchronization of chaos presents many challenges for controller design. The novel notion of exerting concurrent control in the joint time-frequency domain is applied to formulate a chaos synchronization scheme that requires no linearization or heuristic trial-and-errors for nonlinear controller design. The concept is conceived through recognizing the basic attributes inherent of all chaotic systems, including the simultaneous deterioration of dynamics in both the time and frequency domains when bifurcates, nonstationarity, and sensitivity to initial conditions. Having its philosophical bases established in simultaneous time-frequency control, on-line system identification, and adaptive control, the chaos synchronization scheme incorporates multiresolution analysis, adaptive filters, and filtered-x Least Mean Square algorithm as its physical features. Without A priori knowledge of the driven system parameters, synchronization is invariably achieved regardless of the initial and forcing conditions the response system is subjected to. In addition, driving and driven trajectories are seen robustly synchronized with negligible errors in spite of the infliction of high frequency noise.
Textile technologies for 3D scaffold engineering

This chapter reviews textile-engineering techniques as versatile platform technologies for biomedical applications and how these approaches could be adapted to develop functional, 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. Given the vast differences in the physical and structural properties of diverse tissue such as heart, skin, ligaments, bone, etc., it is important to select both suitable scaffolding materials as well as to engineer the nano- and micro-structural multiscale architecture of the ensuing scaffolds according to the specific tissues under consideration. Textile engineering is also discussed, as it provides critical platform technologies for creating “smart” fiber-based scaffolds that mimic some of the structural and functional properties of the extracellular matrix found in target tissues, and thus can assist in organ repair or regeneration.
Counterclockwise and Clockwise Rotation of QRS Transitional Zone: Prospective Correlates of Change and Time-Varying Associations With Cardiovascular Outcomes.

BackgroundA few studies have recently reported clockwise and counterclockwise rotations of QRS transition zone as predictors of mortality. However, their prospective correlates and associations wit...
The Hermeneutic Foundations of a Cosmopolitan Public Sphere

The chapter reconstructs the basic agent-based capabilities required for a democratically defined public sphere under conditions of globalization. Making capabilities central is intended to correct a certain overemphasis regarding institutional macro-structures in the discourse on globalization and cosmopolitanism. In the first part, a notion of hermeneutic agency is introduced that avoids a social reduction of agency to power structures, while thoroughly situating agency in a symbolically mediated social context. The symbolic mediation of agency is, in the second part, taken as a ground of potentiality for reflexive capabilities that, once actualized and enacted, allow for a normatively satisfying process of public deliberation. The aim of the analysis is to relate a normative model of value orientation to the linguistically grounded empirical resources of social agents. The core argument lays out as basic capabilities (a) to be able to normatively orient oneself at contextually defined yet universally open post-conventional commitments, (b) to be able to engage in an interpretive and dialogical perspective-taking vis-a-vis differently situated agents and backgrounds and (c) to be able to critically distance oneself from one’s taken-for-granted assumptions and background structures via a power-alert social reflexivity.