cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A COMMENTARY ON THE RECOGNITION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE METALLIC GLASS STATE

The ideas and experience relevant to the possible existence and formation of metallic glasses, prior to their discovery by Duwez and students, is surveyed. An essential condition for forming a metallic, or any other type, glass in melt quenching is that the resistance of the liquid to homogeneous crystal nucleation remain high to deep undercooling. It was known well before the Duwez et al. discovery that this resistance actually was very great in pure molten metals and it was thought that such resistance was indicative that crystal nucleation was reconstructive. Following their discovery it was established that metallic glasses exhibited all the accepted manifestations of the glass ↔ melt transition as well as structural relaxation and transformation behavior which were generally quite parallel to that which had been well established for the common nonmetallic glasses. Indeed, the structural models, and the issues concerning their applicability, advanced for metallic glass are closely analogous to those which had emerged from studies of the other glasses. Metallic glasses differ from the common bulk glasses in that their glass temperature, Tg, when scaled with their liquidus temperature, Tl, (Trg = Tg/Tl) rarely exceeds 0.6 so that their exposure requires extremely high melt quenching rates. However, some of the few metallic glasses with Trg >0.6 have been formed at quite low quench rates, e.g. < 102 °/sec. Also formation of metal glass, in contrast with that of many other glasses, apparently requires certain impurity admixtures. The admixture must be such that it will enforce some impurity redistribution during crystallization so that crystal growth will be thermally activated and thereby suppressible by rapid quenching. In addition to their necessary growth restraining role, impurity admixtures may facilitate glass formation by increasing Trg. Since Tg seems to be not strongly dependent on composition, such increase probably is effected mainly through admixture depression of Tl. Metallic glasses have exhibited some quite unique physical behavior such as high mechanical strength, in combination with some ductility and toughness, and when ferromagnetically based, exceptionally soft magnetic responses. However, the emphasis in this presentation is on those properties thought to be generally characteristic of the glassy state of matter.
A bound on the roof-duality gap

Zero-one maximization of a quadratic function f(x) is NP-hard. In [4] several equivalent polynomially solvable relaxations are described whose common optimal value, w, yields an upper bound of f*, the zero-one maximum of f(x). One of these relaxations is the maximization of a piecewise linear concave function, R(x), over the full unit hypercube. Using this relaxation we obtain a bound on (w−f*). In the special case where the off-diagonal elements of the Hessian matrix are nonnegative, we show that R(x) coincides with the concave envelope.
Primary Mediastinal Seminoma

The histologic appearance of primary mediastinal and testicular seminomas is identical; therefore it is always important to rule out metastatic testicular disease in patients with suspected primary mediastinal seminoma. The histogenic origin of extragonadal germ cell tumors has been a matter of controversy. In 1946 Schlumberger proposed that these tumors were of thymic origin and were the result of disordered somatic cell development [1], This theory failed to explain the presence of germinomatous elements in mixed tumors which could not have arisen from somatic tissue [2]. Others have argued that mediastinal seminoma represents metastatic disease, and that the primary testicular tumor is either occult or has undergone spontaneous regression. Clinical and postmortem studies do not support the theory of metastatic mediastinal disease from an occult testicular primary. In addition the theory does not explain the finding of mediastinal seminoma in women. In 1951, Friedman proposed a theory supporting the existence of primary extragonadal germ cell tumors which has become generally accepted [3]. The theory states that displaced primordial germ cells, which are located along the midline, are the origin for all extragonadal germ cell tumors. In this theory, the different morphologic patterns of germ cell tumors resulted from different stages of tumor differentiation.
A model scheme of hematopoietic cell differentiation based on multiple marker analysis of leukemia-lymphomas: T cell lineage.

The analysis of human leukocyte differentiation antigens has been greatly facilitated by studies of leukemia and lymphoma cells [1]. Because of the two characteristics common to both leukemia and lymphoma, i. e., single clonal cell population of respective hematopoietic cell type and arrested differentiation profile in each case, studies of multiple marker analysis and in vitro induced cellular differentiation system by a variety of chemical and natural inducers have continued to provide steady progress in this area of knowledge. Furthermore, recent advances in molecular biology relative to cytogenetic nonrandom abnormalities in the hematopoietic malignancies provide further insight into pathophysiology of these diseases [2].
Coordination of Care Around Surgery for Colon Cancer: Insights From National Patterns of Physician Encounters With Medicare Beneficiaries.

PURPOSE:To improve care coordination for complex cancers, it is critical to establish a more nuanced understanding of the types of providers involved. As the number of provider types increases, str...
Shellfish Aquaculture Map Viewers: An Assessment of Design, Data, and Functions to Inform Planning and Siting in the United States

Shellfish aquaculture in the United States contributes to the global seafood supply, provides habitat and restoration opportunities, and enhances the economic sustainability of coastal communities. Most marine aquaculture production (two-thirds by value) in the United States comprises bivalve shellfish (oysters, clams, and mussels). As the marine aquaculture footprint grows, so too does the potential for negative environmental and space–use interactions. To streamline shellfish aquaculture permitting, many states have developed web-based aquaculture map viewers to communicate critical regulatory, space–use, and natural resource information. In this study, 18 state-level shellfish aquaculture map viewers were reviewed for common design approaches, important data considerations, and useful tools and functions. Key characteristics of a successful shellfish aquaculture map viewer include a user-friendly interface, instructional guidance, the ability to assess both opportunity and risk, inclusion of authoritative data, and a long-term maintenance plan for the viewer and data. The most common design approaches reviewed were Esri Web AppBuilder and Google. Viewers ranged from having 3–27 layers, with “view orthoimagery” (94%) as the most commonly occurring function. This review provides valuable information on using map viewers and technological innovation to communicate shellfish aquaculture planning and permitting information to a variety of stakeholders.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN DEMENTIA CAREGIVER WELL-BEING

Studies comparing racial/ethnic differences on psychological and physical outcomes of dementia caregivers have often reported differences in well-being for minority groups compared to Whites. However, due to issues with enrolling minorities into studies, recruitment methods often differ for minority and White participants and may lead to biased comparisons. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine racial/ethnic differences in dementia caregiver outcomes and to determine whether any differences vary among studies with population-based samples compared to convenience samples. We systematically reviewed articles with primary data from PubMed, Google Scholar and PsycINFO, and included studies comparing either African American (AA) or Hispanic/Latino dementia caregivers to White caregivers on measures of psychological health (e.g. depression, anxiety, burden) and physical health (e.g. self-rated health, cardiovascular measures, stress biomarkers). Reviewers screened titles and abstracts, reviewed full texts and conducted risk-of-bias assessments. A total of 207 effects were extracted from 40 studies. Random-effects models showed that Hispanics/Latinos reported significantly lower levels of well-being than Whites (ps < .05) for both psychological outcomes (37 effects) and physical outcomes (15 effects), while AAs were not significantly different from Whites in either domain. No differences were observed for population-based studies (N=3; 23 effects) or convenience-sample studies (N=37; 184 effects). Although some previous studies with convenience samples found better psychological well-being in AA caregivers, that pattern was not confirmed in our meta-analysis. Additional analyses for the different indicators of well-being and the relationship of quality ratings to effect sizes will be discussed along with implications for future research.
High dimensional characterization of the longitudinal phase space formed in a radio frequency quadrupole

Modern accelerator front ends almost exclusively include radio-frequency quadrupoles for initial capture and focusing of the low-energy beam. Dynamics in the RFQ define the longitudinal bunch parameters. Simulation of the SNS RFQ with PARMTEQ seeded with a realistic LEBT distribution produces a 2.5 MeV, 40 mA H- beam with root-mean-square emittance of 130 deg keV. In measurement, a detailed characterization of the longitudinal phase space is made, including a novel study of the dependence of longitudinal emittance on transverse coordinates. This work introduces a new virtual slit technique that provides subslit resolution in an energy spectrometer as well as an approach for visualizing 4D phase space data. Through simulation and measurement, the RFQ-formed bunch is confirmed to have significant internal correlated structure. The high-dimensional features are shown to be in qualitative agreement. However, the measured rms emittances are up to 30% lower than predicted, closer to the design value of 95 deg keV.
Cerebrospinal fluid in COVID-19: A systematic review of the literature.

Abstract Objective We sought to review the literature on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing in patients with COVID-19 for evidence of viral neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2. Methods We performed a systematic review of Medline and Embase between December 1, 2019 and November 18, 2020 to identify case reports or series of patients who had COVID-19 diagnosed based on positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serologic testing and had CSF testing due to a neurologic symptom. Results We identified 242 relevant documents which included 430 patients with COVID-19 who had acute neurological symptoms prompting CSF testing. Of those, 321 (75%) patients had symptoms that localized to the central nervous system (CNS). Of 304 patients whose CSF was tested for SARS-CoV-2 PCR, there were 17 (6%) whose test was positive, all of whom had symptoms that localized to the central nervous system (CNS). The majority (13/17, 76%) of these patients were admitted to the hospital because of neurological symptoms. Of 58 patients whose CSF was tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, 7 (12%) had positive antibodies with evidence of intrathecal synthesis, all of whom had symptoms that localized to the CNS. Of 132 patients who had oligoclonal bands evaluated, 3 (2%) had evidence of intrathecal antibody synthesis. Of 77 patients tested for autoimmune antibodies in the CSF, 4 (5%) had positive findings. Conclusion Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in CSF via PCR or evaluation for intrathecal antibody synthesis appears to be rare. Most neurological complications associated with SARS- CoV-2 are unlikely to be related to direct viral neuroinvasion.
The Benefits and Risks of Policymakers' Use of Smart City Technology

The term smart cities refers to the intersection of connected devices (also known as the Internet of Things), big data, the urban environment, and city dwellers. Smart city innovations have been widely lauded for their potential to improve government services and government transparency. Sensor technology creates the potential for congestion pricing, which could make government services more efficient. Access to big data can give policymakers the information they need to improve infrastructure maintenance. However, smart city innovations also carry considerable risk, including expansion of the surveillance state. Risks to citizens rights are greatest when law enforcement agencies use smart city tools. Using a public choice framework, I explore the potential for smart cities to improve urban life and analyze the potential risks these technologies carry to violate citizens rights.
Major Vascular Injury During Gynecologic Surgery

Vascular injury is a rare but potentially fatal complication of gynecologic surgery. Reported risk factors for vascular injury during abdominal surgery include obesity, adhesions, vascular aberrati...
Radical Uncertainty Is Not Enough: (In)Justice Matters of Post-Qualitative Research:

How can (post-)qualitative inquiry do justice in uncertain times? Post-qualitative inquiry, in its embrace of radical uncertainty, held promise for ethical and political responsibility in an entang...
Credit Contagion Between Greece and Systemically Important Banks: Lessons for the Euro Area

This paper dissects the dynamic interdependencies between Greece’s sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads with the CDS spreads of global systemically important banks (G-SIB) across various credit risk regimes. It seeks to map credit risk transmission channels between Greece and each of the sampled banks to determine whether contagion actually disperses from Greece to banks or vice versa. The findings herein show Greece’s credit risk was contagious for banks during the 2008–09 financial crisis but less contagious during the 2011–13 so-called ‘Greek debt crisis.’ In fact, it is shown herein that there is an increase in credit risk transmissions from G-SIBs to Greece during 2011–13. The regulatory implications of this paper are that too-big-to-fail banks significantly reduced their exposure to Greece following 2008–09 and, to some extent, may have transferred this risk to the European Central Bank (ECB). If this is the case, banks and fiscally troubled European nations, such as Greece, will become more reliant on the ECB and this may lead to a more fragile and dependent global economy. The asset pricing implications of this paper are broadly as follows. First, Greece’s CDS spreads do not exhibit a long-run cointegrating relation with bank CDS spreads and, second, credit risk transmission channels are heterogeneous across credit regimes. Finally, from a behavioral finance perspective, it can be shown that despite salacious news headlines of a ‘Grexit,’ it cannot be empirically shown that Greece was the catalyst for credit risk transmissions to the global commercial banking system during the height of the euro-area debt crisis.
NTP Caps and Possible Phase Changes at Polymer Ends

The principal topic in Chapter 7 was a treatment of aggregation of NTP subunits accompanied by fast NTPase activity at the polymer tips. Actin and microtubules were believed, at one time, to behave in this relatively simple way. As of this writing, it seems clear that, in both cases, NTP subunits actually penetrate (or survive) into the polymer ends by virtue of addition of subsequent subunits: conversion of an added NTP subunit into an NDP subunit is in fact not fast compared to on-off transitions.1 Thus there may be a collection or “cap” of surviving NTP subunits at each polymer end. Though this much seems clear, further details are in the process of being worked out and are by no means generally agreed upon. For this reason, in this chapter we bypass biochemical details (except for illustrative examples in Section 24) and devote the bulk of the chapter to a consideration of two-phase behavior at the polymer ends. The two phases referred to are a polymer end either with or without an NTP cap. This subject can be dealt with without a commitment to a particular detailed biochemical model; we merely assume that some unspecified biochemical mechanism exists that generates two-phase activity (see Section 24 for examples). Actually, so far there is evidence for two-phase activity in microtubules2–4 but not in actin.
Points of Truth

The SPOT (Single Point of Truth) principle says that developers should specify key pieces of information in one and only one place in their code. Unfortunately, they frequently violate this principle.
The isolated perfused porcine skin flap: III. Percutaneous absorption pharmacokinetics of organophosphates, steroids, benzoic acid, and caffeine

The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) has been developed as an alternative in vitro tool for examining the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of percutaneous absorption. In this study, dosing solutions of seven 14C-radiolabeled compounds representing three chemical classes--organic acid/base [benzoic acid (B), caffeine (C)], organophosphate (OP) pesticides (diisopropylfluorophosphidate, malathion, parathion), and steroid hormones (progesterone, testosterone)--were prepared in ethanol and applied topically at a surface concentration of 40 micrograms cm-2 to the IPPSF. A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model used to stimulate mass transfer from the surface (C1), diffusion through epidermis and dermis (C2), and transfer into the capillary perfusate (C3), was developed based on flux through the IPPSF from 0 to 8 hr. This basic model accurately stimulated measured IPPSF fluxes for five of seven compounds, including the OPs and steroids. The model was modified to simulate the shunting of drug to fast and slow release pathways, which occurred for B 3-4 hr postapplication, and to account for flow-dependent flux increases seen for C at 6 hr postapplication. The latter may be due to a direct pharmacologic effect, since C is a known vasodilator. Extrapolated (to 6 days) areas under the curve from the model simulations were compared with in vivo percutaneous absorption estimates, obtained from 6-day excretion studies in pigs. The in vivo-in vitro correlation, based on simple linear regression across compounds, was excellent (R2 = 0.88, R = 0.94, p less than 0.002). These results suggest that xenobiotic penetration in the 8-hr IPPSF experiments is highly predictive of in vivo absorption totals (6-day studies). In addition, since pig and human skin are similar physiologically and pharmacologically, the IPPSF may eventually have applications in formulating human dermal risk assessment models.
Theoretical Frameworks and Mechanistic Aspects of Alcohol Addiction: Alcohol Addiction as a Reward Deficit Disorder

Alcoholism can be defined by a compulsion to seek and take drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented. Alcoholism impacts multiple motivational mechanisms and can be conceptualized as a disorder that includes a progression from impulsivity (positive reinforcement) to compulsivity (negative reinforcement). The compulsive drug seeking associated with alcoholism can be derived from multiple neuroadaptations, but the thesis argued here is that a key component involves the construct of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is defined as drug taking that alleviates a negative emotional state. The negative emotional state that drives such negative reinforcement is hypothesized to derive from dysregulation of specific neurochemical elements involved in reward and stress within the basal forebrain structures involving the ventral striatum and extended amygdala, respectively. Specific neurochemical elements in these structures include not only decreases in reward neurotransmission, such as decreased dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid function in the ventral striatum, but also recruitment of brain stress systems, such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), in the extended amygdala. Acute withdrawal from chronic alcohol, sufficient to produce dependence, increases reward thresholds, increases anxiety-like responses, decreases dopamine system function, and increases extracellular levels of CRF in the central nucleus of the amygdala. CRF receptor antagonists also block excessive drug intake produced by dependence. A brain stress response system is hypothesized to be activated by acute excessive drug intake, to be sensitized during repeated withdrawal, to persist into protracted abstinence, and to contribute to the compulsivity of alcoholism. Other components of brain stress systems in the extended amygdala that interact with CRF and that may contribute to the negative motivational state of withdrawal include norepinephrine, dynorphin, and neuropeptide Y. The combination of loss of reward function and recruitment of brain stress systems provides a powerful neurochemical basis for a negative emotional state that is responsible for the negative reinforcement driving, at least partially, the compulsivity of alcoholism.
Una nueva coral falsa del género Scaphiodontophis (Serpentes: Colubridae) de Colombia

Scaphiodontophis dugandi new species is described from northwestern Colombia. It differs from all the other species of this genus in having the grayish (buffy to light ochraceous in life) coloration intercalated between the banded patterns on the anterior part of the body and on the tail, and in having a low number of maxillary teeth: 39 to 41 (as compared to 43 to 56 in the others). A provisional key for the recognized forms of the genus Scaphiodontophis is offered although the relationships of several forms are unclear at this stage.
Unilateral preoperative chest wall irradiation in bilateral tissue expander breast reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix: a prospective outcomes analysis.

Background Prior breast irradiation increases the rate of postoperative complications, including capsular contracture, in tissue expander/implant reconstruction. Acellular dermal matrix is heralded to decrease capsular contracture, but recent evidence suggests a possible increase in postoperative complications. The authors evaluated outcomes in patients undergoing bilateral tissue expander/implant reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix in the setting of prior unilateral irradiation. Methods A case-control study was conducted on all patients undergoing bilateral, acellular dermal matrix-assisted, tissue expander/implant reconstruction with a history of previous unilateral irradiation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Complication rates were compared. Results Twenty-three patients met inclusion criteria and had an average follow-up of 19 months (range, 4 to 60 months). The perioperative infection rate was 21.7 percent (n = 5) in irradiated breasts and 4.3 percent (n = 1) in control breasts (p = 0.079). Mastectomy skin flap necrosis, explantation, hematoma, and seroma rates were not significantly different between the groups. Sixty percent of patients had irradiated breast contracture that was one Baker grade greater than that in the nonirradiated breast. Body mass index greater than 25 and smoking history were significant independent risk factors for early postoperative complications in univariate analysis (p = 0.01). Conclusions Previous irradiation does not appear to increase the risk of early postoperative complications associated with acellular dermal matrix use in tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction. However, body mass index greater than 25 and smoking history are cause for caution. In addition, acellular dermal matrix does not appear to affect the degree of capsular contracture formation in the setting of prior irradiation. Clinical question/level of evidence : Therapeutic, III.
The Tertiary and the Quaternary are here to stay

In 1989 and 2000, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) published geologic time scales in which the term Tertiary had been eliminated. In the time scales published by the ICS in 2004, the term Quaternary was also eliminated, the Cenozoic shown as composed of two systems, the Paleogene and the Neogene, the Neogene extending to the present. Was there any logical basis for these changes? A review of the geologic literature since 1980 (19 journals of extensive distribution and a considerable number of geologic maps, time scales, and stratigraphy textbooks as well as the GeoRef) clearly indicates that the Tertiary and the Quaternary have long been (and are now) in widespread use by geologists the world over, and that their use has not declined at all during the last 25 yr. They are very useful terms in geologic work, essential for clear communication among geologists. Paleogene and Neogene have received increasing use during the last 10 yr because they are also useful terms. Quaternary is probably the stratigraphic term most frequently used in the geologic literature. Tertiary is used as the pre-Quaternary part of the Cenozoic by most geologists; some, however, prefer to use Paleogene and Neogene instead of Tertiary. But it should not be a question of either Tertiary or Paleogene and Neogene; all three are needed, as are Cenozoic, Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene, to express various degrees of precision in stratigraphic assignation and dating. All should be recognized as units of a standard geologic time scale. Geologists should retain a choice of what they think better fits their needs. The preferred time scale, therefore, should have the Cenozoic Erathem comprising the Tertiary and Quaternary systems, and the Tertiary including the Paleogene and Neogene subsystems. Past attempts to eliminate the Tertiary and Quaternary have been ignored. Recent attempts will not succeed either. The Tertiary and the Quaternary are here to stay, certainly as long as geologists continue to use them, as they have, and continue to oppose the ill-advised efforts to discard them from the geologic time scale.
Marginal fit of porcelain-fused-to-metal and two types of ceramic crown

The marginal fit of Dicor, Cerestore, and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns was evaluated. Ten premolars free of caries were prepared for each type of restoration and crowns were made. The vertical marginal openings were measured before cementation, after cementation, and after thermocycling. There were statistically significant differences between all three test conditions in each type of crown, between Dicor and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns after cementation and after thermocycling, and between Cerestore and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns after thermocycling. All 30 cemented crowns were then embedded in acrylic resin for serial sections for measurement of absolute marginal openings. Statistically significant differences between Dicor and Cerestore crowns and between Cerestore and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns were found. It was concluded that marginal openings increased after cementation and after thermocycling, and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns had significantly better marginal fit than that of Dicor and Cerestore crowns.
Intrinsic kinetics determine the time course of neuronal synaptic transporter currents.

Efficient clearance of synaptically released glutamate from the extracellular space is an absolute requirement for maintaining information processing in the central nervous system. In the cerebellum, clearance of glutamate relies on uptake by Bergmann glial cells and Purkinje cells (PCs). Uptake by PCs can be monitored by recording the synaptic transport current (STC) mediated by the PC-specific transporter excitatory amino acid transporter 4 (EAAT4). The slow time course of the PC STC has been used to argue that glutamate clearance is protracted. We find, however, that the time course of the STC is not affected by altering the amount of glutamate released at individual synapses or by partial transporter blockade, manipulations that would be expected to change the duration of the extracellular glutamate transient. Ion substitution experiments and kinetic modeling of the PC transporter current suggest that physiological levels of intracellular Na+ and glutamate slow the cycling rate of transporters and thereby lengthen the time course of STCs. The model predicts that PC transporters bind glutamate quickly but that the actual cycling rate of EAAT4 in physiological conditions is slow; therefore, the STC reflects the intrinsic kinetics of the glutamate transporter, not the rate of glutamate clearance.
TurboSMARTS: accurate microarchitecture simulation sampling in minutes

Recent research proposes accelerating processor microarchitecture simulation through statistical sampling. Prior simulation sampling approaches construct accurate model state for each measurement by continuously warming large microarchitectural structures (e.g., caches and the branch predictor) while emulating the billions of instructions between measurements. This approach, called functional warming, occupies hours of runtime while the detailed simulation that is measured requires mere minutes.To eliminate the functional warming bottleneck, we propose TurboSMARTS, a simulation framework that stores functionally-warmed state in a library of small, reusable checkpoints. TurboSMARTS enables the creation of the thousands of checkpoints necessary for accurate sampling by storing only the subset of warmed state accessed during simulation of each brief execution window. TurboSMARTS matches the accuracy of prior simulation sampling techniques (i.e., ±3% error with 99.7% confidence), while estimating the performance of an 8-way out-of-order super-scalar processor running SPEC CPU2000 in 91 seconds per benchmark, on average, using a 12 GB checkpoint library.
Health insurance and treatment of adolescents with co-occurring major depression and substance use disorders.

Objective The goals of this study were to identify treatment rates among adolescents with co-occurring major depressive episode (MDE) and substance use disorder (SUD), and to examine the role of health insurance in the treatment of these disorders. Method Seven years of cross-sectional data (2004–2010) were pooled from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to derive a nationally representative sample of 2,111 adolescents who had both a past-year MDE and SUD and whose insurance status was known. The associations of public and private insurance with MDE and SUD treatment were examined using multinomial logistic regressions that controlled for health status and sociodemographic variables. Results Less than one-half (48%) of adolescents received any form of MDE treatment in the past year, and only 10% received any form of SUD treatment. Only 16% of adolescents who received MDE treatment also received SUD treatment. Relative to no insurance, public insurance was associated with an increased likelihood of receiving MDE treatment alone, but not with an increased likelihood of receiving both MDE and SUD treatment. Involvement in the criminal justice system was the major factor affecting the likelihood that an adolescent would receive both MDE and SUD treatment, as opposed to either no treatment or treatment for MDE alone. Conclusions Exceptionally low rates of SUD treatment were observed in this high-risk sample. Study findings highlight a missed opportunity to assess and to treat SUD among adolescents with co-occurring MDE and SUD who have received some form of MDE treatment in the past year.
Botticelli: A Supply Chain Management Agent

The paper describes the architecture of Brown Universityýs agent, Botticelli, a finalist in the 2003 Trading Agent Competition in Supply Chain Management (TAC SCM). In TAC SCM, a simulated computer manufacturing scenario, Botticelli competes with other agents to win customer orders and negotiates with suppliers to procure the components necessary to complete its orders. In this paper, two subproblems that dictate Botticelliýs behavior are formalized: bidding and scheduling. Mathematical programming approaches are applied in attempt to solve these problems optimally. In addition, greedy methods that yield useful approximations are described. Test results compare the performance and computational efficiency of these alternative techniques.
Review of “Introduction to BioMEMS” by Albert Folch

This article is a review of the book “Introduction to BioMEMS” by Albert Folch which is published by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. It will review the contents of the book and discuss it suitability as textbook, highlights of the book, and comparison to other textbooks on BioMEMS.
Workload and compensation among criminal justice faculty members: A national survey

This article reports the results of a nationwide survey of ASC and ACJS members conducted in spring 1991. The respondents first were asked to describe their current academic position, their department, and the nature of their teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities in the course of a typical academic year. Respondents then were asked about various salary and compensation issues. ANOVA was used to explore the impact of various structural and demographic factors (e.g., type of appointment, academic rank, gender, region, department, and university size) on salary levels.
The relation between CEO control and the risk of CEO compensation

Abstract Optimal ownership structure is an important issue in corporate governance debates. This study uses piece-wise regression analysis to examine the impact of ownership structure on the risk of CEO compensation. We show that when the CEO and the board of directors control low levels of voting stock (i.e., below 13% of total shares) increases in ownership are positively related to CEO compensation risk. For ownership levels above 13% but below 22%, increases in ownership are negatively related to CEO compensation risk. This evidence provides a partial explanation for the non-monotonic relationship between Tobin's Q and management ownership observed by Morck et al. (1988) [Morck, R., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R., 1988. Management ownership and market valuation: an empirical analysis, Journal of Financial Economics 20 (1988) 293–316.].
An investigation of the growth of Au and Cu on the van der waals surfaces of MoTe2 and WTe2

Abstract We have used XPS, LEED, STM, and SEM to investigate the growth of Au and Cu on the van der Waals surfaces of MoTe 2 and WTe 2 . XPS shows that while Au deposited onto these surfaces results in an abrupt, nonreactive interface, Cu deposited onto these surfaces exhibits an interfacial reaction accompanied by Te outdiffusion. LEED and STM show that on either surface Au forms a (111) oriented overlayer while Cu forms an amorphous overlayer, but at low coverages Au exhibits different nucleation behavior on MoTe 2 versus WTe 2 . On the planar MoTe 2 surface Au displays isotropic nucleation behavior while on the buckled WTe 2 surface the nuclei are elongated parallel to the surface troughs. The different nucleation behavior results in different film morphologies at higer coverages, as seen by SEM. This is the first study investigating the diferent nucleation behavior caused by structural differences between chemically similar van der Waals surfaces.
Multisample preparation methods for the solvent-free MALDI-MS analysis of synthetic polymers.

A limitation of any current approach using solvent-free MALDI mass spectrometry is that only one sample at a time can be prepared and transferred to the MALDI-plate. For this reason, multiple-sample preparation approaches for solvent-free MALDI MS analysis of synthetic polymers were developed that are simple and practical. One approach multiplexed sample preparation by simultaneously preparing multiple samples. With this approach, as many as 384 samples could be prepared by addition of analyte, matrix, salt, and 1-mm metal beads to each well of a 384-well disposable bacti plate, capping the plate with the lid and homogenizing all samples simultaneously using a common laboratory vortex device. Besides the time savings achieved by a single vortex step for multiple samples, an additional advantage of this method relative to previously reported solvent-free preparation methods is that the mixing volume per sample is reduced, which allows a reduction in the amount of analyte required. This method, however, still requires the transfer of each homogenized sample to the MALDI plate for subsequent analysis. Here we report a novel approach that combines multiple simultaneous solvent-free sample preparation with automatic sample transfer to the MALDI target plate. This approach reduces the possibility of cross-contamination, the amount of sample and matrix consumed for an analysis, and the time required for preparation of multiple samples. These methods were shown to provide high-quality mass spectra for various synthetic polymer standards with Mn values to 10 kDa. The methods are efficient in that small sample amounts are required, the sample/salt/matrix ratio is not critical, and the time necessary to achieve sufficient homogenization of multiple samples is less than 5 min.
Radio and optical connected

With instruments of striking diversity and precision, observational cosmologists translate the whispers of distant galaxies into clues to cosmic history. But the same corner of Universe is not often probed with more than one instrument, so we are left to piece together that history like the proverbial blind men examining an elephant. When two probes do intersect, the result is something akin to a Rosetta Stone, where observations at various wavelengths can be woven together to yield a hitherto unseen picture.
Cosmology: Gravity tested on large scales

Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity has passed a rigorous test on the scale of galaxy clusters. But the test does not rule out a popular alternative model of gravity. See Letter p.567 Testing general relativity on the large scales of the Universe remains a fundamental challenge to modern cosmology. The theoretical framework of cosmology is defined by gravity, for which general relativity is the current model. Wojtak et al. now show that a classical test of general relativity — the gravitational redshift experienced by photons propagating outwards from a gravitational potential well — provides a direct means of testing gravity on scales of several megaparsecs, independent of cosmology. Their observations of the gravitational redshift of light coming from galaxies in clusters at the 99% confidence level agree with the predictions of general relativity, and are inconsistent with alternative models designed to avoid the presence of dark matter.
Testing unsuccessfully: A specification of the underlying mechanisms supporting its influence on retention

Five experiments were conducted to examine how unsuccessful retrieval influences learning and subsequent memory. We used a cued-recall paradigm that produces many unsuccessful retrieval attempts (followed by feedback) and allows comparisons to be made between later memory for these trials and trials that only required reading or studying the pairs. On read trials participants studied cue–target pairs that were either weakly associated (DOOR–EXIT) or unrelated but identical in length (DOOR–SHOE). On test trials participants were given only the cue (either without [Exps. 1–3] or with [Exps. 4–5] prior experience with the pair items) and asked to guess the target which they were told was either semantically related or identical in length to the cue; then they received the correct cue–target pair to study. Unsuccessful retrieval attempts (i.e., guessing) relative to studying benefited retention for weakly associated pairs but impaired retention for unrelated pairs. This pattern of results occurred regardless of study duration (Experiments 1A and 1B), level of processing of the cue (Experiment 2), whether relatedness was manipulated between or within subjects (Experiment 5), and when guessing involved episodic as opposed to semantic retrieval (Experiments 4 and 5). However, this pattern was partly mediated by the ability to retrieve incorrect guesses during a final cued-recall test which may provide a link between the cue and target (Experiment 3). The current study demonstrates that unsuccessful retrieval attempts with immediate feedback not only enhance, but also can impair learning. This effect is robust and depends on elaborative semantic activation related to the answer and the effectiveness of incorrect guesses as mediating cues.
Abnormal PFA-100 closure time is associated with increased platelet aggregation in patients presenting with chest pain

Antiplatelet therapy has been proven to be effective for both primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. However, a significant proportion of patients treated with aspirin experience ischemic events. A number of prospective studies have demonstrated that decreased responsiveness to antiplatelet therapy as measured by various methods, is strongly associated with an increase in clinical events. Our objective was to characterize platelet function in patients presenting with chest pain using a point-of-care assay, PFA-100® and correlating results to traditional platelet aggregometry to determine if patients with aspirin non-responsiveness have increased clinical sequelae. Platelet function was assessed using PFA-100®, flow cytometry, and optical aggregometry in 94 patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. All patients were on aspirin 81–325 mg daily. Clinical events occurring during the index hospitalization were documented. Forty-seven patients (50%) were defined as aspirin non-responders by PFA-100® (collagen-epinephrine closure time ≤ 193). Compared to aspirin responders, aspirin non-responders had higher levels of mean platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (P = 0.004) and high dose epinephrine (P = 0.03). Furthermore, expression of PAC-1 was significantly increased in patients with aspirin nonresponse as compared to aspirin responders (P = 0.003 and P = 0.0006 respectively). No significant difference in clinical events during the index hospitalization was noted between aspirin non-responders and aspirin responders. Patients presenting with chest pain who have abnormal PFA-100 closure times have increased platelet aggregation and activation however this aspirin non-responsiveness does not correlate with increased clinical events in the index hospitalization.
Structural brain imaging in schizophrenia: a selective review

Structural neuroimaging studies have provided some of the most consistent evidence for brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Since the initial computed tomography study by Johnstone and co-workers, which reported lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia, advances in brain imaging technology have enabled further and more refined characterization of abnormal brain structure in schizophrenia in vivo. This selective review discusses the major issues and findings in structural neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia. Among these are evidence for generalized and regional brain volume abnormalities, the specificity of anatomic findings to schizophrenia and to men versus women with schizophrenia, the contribution of genetic influences, and the timing of neuroanatomic pathology in schizophrenia. The second section reviews new approaches for examining brain structure in schizophrenia and their applications to studies on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Search for free quarks produced at 800 GeV/c using a new concentration technique.

A high-sensitivity experiment was performed to detect free quarks produced in collisions of 800-GeV/c protons with a heavy target at Fermilab. Two quite different, high-concentration methods were used to obtain a small drop of Hg containing any produced quarks which stopped in a large amount of material. Using a new technique, secondaries were stopped in Hg tanks and the Hg was then distilled to small drops. In a second method, secondaries were stopped in liquid-nitrogen tanks, and charged atoms were collected electrostatically on Au-coated electrodes. The Au coatings were dissolved in Hg. The Hg drops from both techniques were then tested for quarks in the San Francisco State University automated Millikan apparatus. These results show that charged 1/3 quarks are produced below levels of 1.2 x 10/sup -10/ at 90% C.L. for both methods. Upper limits are also presented for charged 2/3 quarks. The distillation technique should prove useful in performing high-sensitivity quark searches in future beam-dump experiments.
Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Soluble Platinum Nanoparticles Protected by a Thiol Monolayer

Several new platinum monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) have been synthesized and characterized. Two methods of platinum reduction were used depending on the solubility of the thiol: sodium borohydride for the water-soluble thiols and lithium triethylborohydride for the organic soluble thiols. In general, reactant solutions containing a 1:1 thiol/Pt ratio yielded the best particles in a single-phase reaction. Higher thiol/Pt ratios produced lower yields of MPCs, while much lower ratios produced gray-black precipitates. The Pt MPCs were used as catalysts to hydrogenate allyl alcohol to propanol by reducing the carbon−carbon double bond. The Pt−mercaptoammonium MPCs were also used as catalysts in the hydrogenation of maleic acid to succinic acid. Differences in the catalytic hydrogenation rates among the various monolayer coatings for MPCs are attributed to the variations in ligand chain length, branching, charged functional groups, packing density, and core size.
Image Authentication Using Distributed Source Coding

We present a novel approach using distributed source coding for image authentication. The key idea is to provide a Slepian-Wolf encoded quantized image projection as authentication data. This version can be correctly decoded with the help of an authentic image as side information. Distributed source coding provides the desired robustness against legitimate variations while detecting illegitimate modification. The decoder incorporating expectation maximization algorithms can authenticate images which have undergone contrast, brightness, and affine warping adjustments. Our authentication system also offers tampering localization by using the sum-product algorithm.
Fluidic Flexible Matrix Composite Vibration Absorber for a Cantilever Beam

Fluidic flexible matrix composite (F2MC) tubes with resonant fluidic circuits can absorb vibration at a specific frequency when bonded to flexible structures. The transverse structural vibration applies cyclic axial strain to the F2MC tubes. The anisotropic elastic properties of the composite tube amplify the axial strain to produce large internal volume change. The volume change forces fluid through a flow port and into an external accumulator. The fluid inertance in the flow port (inertia track) and the stiffness of the accumulator are analogous to the vibration absorbing mass and stiffness in a conventional tuned vibration absorber. An analytical model of an F2MC-integrated cantilever beam is developed based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and Lekhnitskii's solution for anisotropic layered tubes. The collocated tip force to tip displacement analytical transfer function of the coupled system is derived. Experimental testing is conducted on a laboratory-scale F2MC beam structure that uses miniature tubes and fluidic components. The resonant peak becomes an absorber notch in the frequency response function (FRF) if the inertia track length is properly tuned. Tuning the fluid bulk modulus and total flow resistance in the theoretical model produces results that match the experiment well, predicting a magnitude reduction of 35 dB at the first resonance using an F2MC absorber. Based on the experimentally validated model, analysis results show that the cantilever beam vibration can be reduced by more than 99% with optimally designed tube attachment points and flow port geometry.