cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Inherently Masculine Practice: Understanding the Sexual Victimization of Queer Women:

Sexual violence is a widespread social issue, and sexual victimization is especially prevalent among queer-identified women. Still, there is little research on queer women's experiences of sexual violence or explanations for the high rate of victimization. This study uses data from 40 open-ended interviews to investigate queer women's experiences with sexual violence and those who perpetrate it. Respondents answered questions about the characteristics of their sexual assaults and perpetrators, as well as connections the survivors perceive between their sexual assaults and sexual identities. Findings indicate that the perpetrators of such sexual assaults invoke an expression of masculinity, regardless of the perpetrator's gender identity at the time of violence. To understand the nuanced role of masculinity in queer assailant's assaults, we develop the concept of "righteous masculinity," which refers to a traditional (and, in this case, violent) masculinity invoked by marginalized people in an attempt to reclaim power. We find that sexual violence against queer women is an especially powerful way to enact masculinity through drawing upon misogyny and homophobia simultaneously, providing an explanation for the high rates of sexual victimization among queer women. We argue that centering masculinity can help scholars and activists better challenge the sexual victimization of queer women and deepen understanding of the links between gender-based violence and masculinity.
The development of a performance hand wear and tools product innovation framework

Humans wear products and use tools that interface with their hands to provide abrasion resistance, impact protection, grip, thermal comfort, and detailed maneuvers. The skills needed to design new and innovative products for the hand are multi-faceted. Academic programs in the US typically focus on soft goods (textile and apparel) or hard goods (industrial and product design/engineering) based design. Therefore, students often do not learn all of the available skills and technologies needed to design hand wear performance products because of the pedagogical split between the different academic disciplines. This case study outlines a three-phase innovation framework, for use by designers throughout the product creation process, specifically for creating performance products and tools for the hand. The phases include strategies for: (1) understanding the hand wear and tool project background, (2) defining the user’s 3D and 2D hand and (3) hand wear and tool product innovation. The paper will also demonstrate how the framework was implemented by students in a graduate level design studio, to create new gloves for athletes. The framework could also be used by students and professionals to design innovative products for other users and to improve safety and overall performance.
Energy from Moving Water: Hydro, Wave, Tidal, and Marine Current Power

The motion of water has played a crucial role in shaping Earth's surface and climate over the 4.5 billion years since the planet's formation. Because Earth's surface temperature is generally in the narrow range between the freezing and boiling points of water, most water on Earth is in liquid form and much of it is in constant motion. Water has a much higher mass density than air – by a factor of nearly 800 – so that moving water has a much higher power density than moving air for comparable flow volumes and velocities. Ocean currents, surface waves, tidal flow, and flow of water in rivers all contain substantial amounts of energy, which can in many cases be extracted at locations where the flow is concentrated. Ocean currents, surface waves, and hydropower are all essentially third-order effects of solar energy. Because all these forms of energy are at some level driven by wind and/or latent heat flux, which are in turn generated by solar energy, the total energy available in these water resources is substantially less than the energy available in Earth's atmosphere. The maximum power potential of each of these water-based resources amounts to no more than a few terawatts. All these forms of water energy are, however, highly concentrated, so that to the extent that they are available they can be tapped more easily and economically for human use than the more diffuse forms of wind and solar energy. Tidal power, unlike essentially all the other sources of energy that we consider in this book, which ultimately arise from nuclear energy processes either in the Sun or on Earth, is produced purely mechanically from gravitational energy. Although most tidal energy is dissipated in the deep ocean, in particular locations this energy source also becomes highly concentrated and can be efficiently harnessed for human use. At the present time, among these resources only hydroelectric power is harvested in significant quantities, with nearly 15 EJ (4000 TWh) produced yearly from over 1TW of installed capacity. In contrast, all ocean-based power sources including tidal, wave, and marine current produced just over 1TWh (4 PJ) of electric power from 0.5GW of installed capacity in 2014 [198].
Membrane protein CAR promotes hematopoietic regeneration upon stress

Adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are quiescent most of the time, and how HSCs switch from quiescence to proliferation following hematopoietic stress is unclear. Here we demonstrate that upon stress the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor CAR (also known as CXADR) is upregulated in HSCs and critical for HSC entry into the cell cycle. WT HSCs were detected more rapid repopulation ability than the CAR cKO counterparts. After 5-FU treatment, CAR cKO HSCs had lower levels of Notch1 expression and elevated protein level of Numb, a Notch antagonist. The Notch signaling inhibitor DAPT, dominant negative form of MAML (a transcriptional coactivator of Notch), or dominant negative mutant of LNX2 (an E3 ligase that acts on Numb and binds to CAR), all were capable of abrogating the function of CAR in HSCs. We conclude that CAR activates Notch1 signaling by downregulating Numb protein expression to facilitate entry of quiescent HSCs into the cell cycle during regeneration.
Disordered eating- and exercise-related behaviors and cognitions during the first year college transition.

During the college transition, vulnerability to disordered eating and exercise behaviors and cognitions may increase. We studied how behaviors and cognitions change differentially over time, in the...
Nursing Home and Market Factors and Risk-Adjusted Hospitalization Rates Among Urban, Micropolitan, and Rural Nursing Homes

Abstract Objectives Hospitalizations are common among long-stay nursing home (NH) residents, but the role of rurality in hospitalization is understudied. This study examines the relationships between rurality, NH, and market characteristics and NH quarterly risk-adjusted hospitalization rates of long-stay residents over 10 quarters (2011 Q2-2013 Q3). Design The longitudinal associations of NH and market factors and hospitalization rates were modeled separately on urban, micropolitan, and rural NHs using generalized estimating equation models and a fully interacted model of all NH and market characteristics with micropolitan and rural indicators to test significance of differences compared with urban NHs. Setting and Participants In total, 14,600 unique NHs. Measures Risk-adjusted hospitalization rates were calculated from 2011 to 2013 national Medicare claims and NH Minimum Data Set 3.0. Rurality was defined based on the 2010 Rural Urban Commuting Area codes. NH and market characteristics were extracted from Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reporting and Area Health Resources File. Results Over the study period, risk-adjusted hospitalization rates averaged 9.8% (standard deviation = 8.2%). No difference was found in the overall hospitalization rates of long-stay NH residents among urban, micropolitan, and rural NHs. Generalized estimating equation models show that urban NHs with higher percentages of Medicare and Medicaid residents and any nurse practitioner/physician assistant were associated with lower rates, but these associations were insignificant in rural settings. Higher registered nurse to total nurses ratio was only associated with lower hospitalization rates in urban settings. Higher median household income was associated with lower hospitalization rates in micropolitan and rural NHs. Conclusions/Implications Rurality is not associated with hospitalization rates of long-stay residents, but NH and market factors (eg, payer distribution, staffing, and population income) may affect hospitalization differently in micropolitan/rural NHs than urban NHs. Future intervention on hospitalization should target factors unique to micropolitan/rural NHs which adopt strategies appropriate to their setting.
Pubectomy and urinary reconstruction provides definitive treatment of urosymphyseal fistula following prostate cancer treatment

Objective To describe the natural history, reconstructive solutions, and functional outcomes of those men undergoing pubectomy and urinary reconstruction after prostate cancer treatment. Patients and methods This study retrospectively identified 25 patients with a diagnosis of urosymphyseal fistula (UF) following prostate cancer therapy who were treated with urinary reconstruction with pubectomy. This study describes the natural history, reconstructive solutions, and functional outcomes of this cohort. Results All 25 patients had a history of pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) time from prostate cancer treatment to diagnosis of UF was 11 (6, 16.5) years. The vast majority of men (24/25; 96%) presented with debilitating groin pain during ambulation. Posterior urethral stenosis was common (20/25; 80%), with 60% having repetitive endoscopic treatments. Culture of pubic bone specimens demonstrated active infection in 80%. Discordance between preoperative urine and intraoperative bone cultures was common, 21/22 (95.5%). After surgery, major 90-day complications (Clavien-Dindo Grade III and IV) occurred in eight (32%) patients. Pain was significantly improved, with resolution of pain (24/25; 96%) and restoration of function, the median (IQR) preoperative Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) was 3 (2, 3) vs median postoperative ECOG PS score of 0 (0, 1). Conclusion Endoscopic urethral manipulation after radiation for prostate cancer is a risk factor for UF. Conservative management will not provide symptom resolution. Fistula decompression, bone resection, and urinary reconstruction effectively treats chronic infection, improves pain and ECOG PS scores.
Perceptions of Psychological Intimate Partner Violence: The Influence of Sexual Minority Stigma and Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence among Bisexual and Lesbian Women

Sexual minority women (SMW; bisexual, lesbian) experience psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) disproportionately more than physical forms and have higher lifetime victimization rates than heterosexual women. This study presents an examination of perceptions of psychological IPV, sexual minority stigma, and childhood exposure to domestic violence among a sample of 183 SMW residing within the U.S. With an emphasis on group differences between bisexual and lesbian women, findings indicate that bisexual women evaluated vignettes depicting psychological IPV occurring among women in same-gender relationships with more negative sentiment than lesbian women. Significant associations between enacted and internalized forms of stigma and perceptions of psychological IPV also varied among bisexual and lesbian women. No significant relationships were found between perceived stigma and perceptions of IPV in either group. Furthermore, no moderation effects were detected for childhood exposure to domestic violence or sexual orientation in the relationship between sexual minority stigma and perceptions of IPV. Implications and suggestions are discussed with particular attention to the heterogeneity of experiences among SMW as a necessary area of further study.
In the shadow of the Trade-Mark Cases: the 1881 Trademark Act and the Supreme Court

In 1879, the US Supreme Court famously struck away federal trademark law in the TradeMark Cases, leading Congress to leap into action and pass a new trademark statute within two years. Much less famously, though, the same thing happened again 24 years later in a largely forgotten case, Warner v. Searle & Hereth, leading to the passage of the 1905 trademark law within two years. This is the story of how a commercial dispute between two early pharmaceutical companies led to the first American trademark law of the 20th Century.
Comparison of strength of milled and conventionally processed PMMA complete-arch implant-supported immediate interim fixed dental prostheses.

Abstract Statement of problem A typical conversion process of a complete-arch immediate loading protocol entails preparing holes in a complete denture for connection to interim copings, which reduces the strength of the prosthesis. The excellent mechanical properties of milled polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) disks may provide interim prostheses with improved strength. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the flexural strength and failure load of simulated acrylic resin immediate implant-supported interim prostheses fabricated by conventional processing and computer-aided manufacturing. Material and methods A master patient model was created with an acrylic resin base and 2 BioHorizons Internal 4.5-mm-diameter implants placed with a 21.5-mm span and multiunit abutments (MUA) tightened to place. Two groups with different prosthodontic designs were used: one represented the standard fixed prosthesis with support at each end (noncantilever, NC), and the other group represented the cantilever portion of the prosthesis (cantilever, C). Two connection designs of prosthesis blocks to MUA abutments were evaluated: one with typical holes in the prosthesis for capturing interim copings and one with a low-profile coping. For the heat-processed PMMA groups (HP/NC and HP/C), wax patterns were milled, and heat-polymerized denture base PMMA prostheses were processed. The milled PMMA groups (M/NC and M/C) were milled from a tooth-shaded PMMA disk for the prosthesis blocks. The milled low-profile groups (Mlp/NC and Mlp/C) had identical dimensions except that connection to the low-profile coping was designed with a cement space and a narrow diameter screw access hole and was milled from a PMMA disk. The failure load (N) of the cantilever prostheses was recorded, and for NC groups, the 3-point flexural strength formula (MPa) was calculated. The Weibull modulus, characteristic strength, and summary statistics were computed, and the groups were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and the post hoc Tukey test (α=.05). Results The mean flexural strengths (MPa) were HP/NC=91.35 ±18.92; M/NC=143.94 ±36.79; Mlp/NC=117.06 ±13.86. Significant differences were found among groups (P Conclusions Implant fixed interim structures milled from high-density PMMA blanks had a 35% higher flexural strength for both the standard prostheses and the cantilever prostheses than heat-processed denture base PMMA. The low-profile coping design was stronger than the heat-processed material, and the failure point was relocated from the lateral walls to the cervical margin area.
Exploration of the Experiences That Shape Engineering Students’ Entrepreneurial Mindset Development:

The overall purpose of this research is to be able to understand how engineering students believe they are developing EM throughout their higher education experiences. Is EM development attributed ...
The Time for Taking Deductions for Losses and Bad Debts for Income Tax Purposes

The present article is concerned solely with the question of when deductions for losses and bad debts can be taken for the purpose of federal or other taxes based upon net income. No consideration is given to the allowable amount of such deductions, or as to whether or not particular sorts of items are deductible at all; except, indeed, in so far as such questions are necessarily involved in the problem of when they may be taken. Otherwise, it is assumed that the deduction can be taken sometime. The problem here presented is in large part correlative with the question of when income is realized for tax purposes.' However, the problem is not quite the same in all respects because of the more limited scope of such deductions. Nevertheless, the primary question as to both income and deductions is normally that of realization by the taxpayer. The importance of this problem is fairly evident under all of the Federal Revenue Acts, including the existing Act of I934. The first reason is because of the rather seriously fluctuating rates of taxation prescribed in the different acts. The government desires to get all income possible into high tax years and to assign the deductions to years when the rates are lower. The interest of the taxpayers is, of course, precisely opposite to this. Fairness to both the government and the taxpayers thus requires that the time element be determined accurately and fairly. Another reason for the great importance of this question of the time for the deduction of losses and bad debts is the effect of the Statute of Limitations, which, as it affects both sides in income tax controversies, is relatively quite short. Here, too, there is possible unfairness to both sides; but on the whole the taxpayers are more likely to lose. Failure to take a deduction in what is later decided to be the proper period, either because he did not then realize that it was presently deductible or perhaps because he did not know of it at all, is likely, through the running of the short statutory period, to deprive a taxpayer of all the benefit from this deduction item.2 It appears that this problem has been under consideration by Congress for some time, and that it is realized that the present situation is often unfair
Validity of Isometric Strength Tests for Predicting the Capacity to Crack, Open, and Close Industrial Valves:

Cracking, opening, and closing valves are physically demanding tasks required of chemical plant process operators. This study determined if isometric strength tests predicted the capacity to: 1) cr...
Acquisition of ‘deep' knowledge from shallow corpus statistics

Many hard problems in natural language processing seem to require knowledge and inference about the real world For example, consider the referent of the pronoun ‘his' in the following sentences: (1) John needed his friends (2) John needed his support (3) John offered his support A human reader would intuitively know that ‘his' in (1) and (3) is likely to refer to John, whereas it must refer to someone else in (2) Since the three sentences have exactly the same syntactic structure, the difference cannot be explained by syntax alone The resolution of the pronoun references in (2) seem to hinges on the fact that one never needs one's own support (since one already has it). I will present a series of knowledge acquisition methods to show that seemingly deep linguistic or even world knowledge may be acquired with rather shallow corpus statistics I will also discuss the evaluation of the acquired knowledge by making use of them in applications.
Patterns of recurrence in extremity liposarcoma: Implications for staging and follow-up

evaluated. RESULTS. During the 13-year study period, 122 patients with intermediate or high grade extremity liposarcoma were identified: 102 patients (84%) with myxoid subtype, 18 patients (15%) with pleomorphic subtype, and 2 patients (2%) with mixed histology. There were no differences between the myxoid and pleomorphic subtype groups in tumor size (T1 vs. T2), depth in relation to the muscular fascia, or anatomic site. The median follow-up was 70 months. The 5-year overall survival rate for all intermediate and high grade extremity liposarcoma patients presenting with primary disease (n 5 85) was 74%; the 5-year local recurrence free survival, distant recurrence free survival, and disease free survival rates were 93%, 78%, and 73%, respectively. Among the 102 patients with myxoid tumors, 33 had distant recurrences; 31 of these were to extrapulmonary soft tissue sites (e.g., the retroperitoneum, chest wall, pleura, pericardium, pelvic sidewall, and soft tissue of the back), and 2 were to the lung only. Among the 18 patients with pleomorphic tumors, 10 had distant recurrences; 3 occurred at extrapulmonary sites, and 7 occurred in the lung only (P , 0.05 for myxoid vs. pleomorphic subtypes). CONCLUSIONS. Myxoid liposarcomas often metastasized to extrapulmonary sites and did so significantly more frequently than pleomorphic tumors. Imaging of the abdomen, retroperitoneum, and extrapleural chest should be performed for accurate staging and posttreatment follow-up of patients with myxoid liposarcoma. Patients presenting with “primary” myxoid liposarcoma of the trunk should be carefully evaluated for an occult primary tumor in an extremity. Cancer 1999;85: 85‐92. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Dissemination of a multilevel evidence-based system of parenting interventions with broad application to child welfare populations.

Parenting interventions are relevant to many touch points of the child welfare system. This paper describes a multilevel system of parenting interventions called "Triple P" that matches intervention intensities to families, builds on a strong scientific base, provides multiple access points for parents, and offers a de-stigmatized, cost-efficient approach. This population approach can simultaneously address child-maltreatment prevention and promotion of child mental health. Language: en
In search of perennial solutions

Wheat, maize and the other grains constitute some 85% of global food production. But these plants are annuals, and they are usually grown in monoculture. The consequences are that harvesting them leaves the earth vulnerable to erosion; extra fertilizers are required for their growth; and they are especially prone to attack by pests and diseases. Could a more natural agricultural system, based on several perennial species, be both productive and avoid some of these problems? The prospects for such systems were discussed at a meeting last month.
Functional dyspepsia is associated with sleep disorders.

Background & Aims Functional dyspepsia (FD) is highly prevalent. We evaluated sleep quality in FD patients, and quantified the relationship between disordered sleep, FD severity, and mental and physical well-being. Methods Study participants were adults who met Rome III criteria for FD. Demographics, tobacco and alcohol use, exercise, level of activity, and FD symptoms were determined based on data collected from 131 patients (mean age 50 ± 15 years; 82% female and 94% Caucasian) who completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) questionnaire, the Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Healthy controls (n = 50; mean age=44 ± 11 years; 92% female) answered the same questions excluding those which focused on FD symptoms. Results The mean duration of FD symptoms was 106 ± 98 months. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression score was higher in FD patients than in controls ( P P Conclusions FD is associated with disordered sleep. Sleep disturbances in FD patients appear to be associated with symptom severity and higher levels of anxiety. Further research is needed to determine whether disordered sleep promotes symptoms of FD.
Automated detection of brain abnormalities in neonatal hypoxia ischemic injury from MR images

We compared the efficacy of three automated brain injury detection methods, namely symmetry-integrated region growing (SIRG), hierarchical region splitting (HRS) and modified watershed segmentation (MWS) in human and animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets for the detection of hypoxic ischemic injuries (HIIs). Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI, 1.5T) data from neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) patients, as well as T2-weighted imaging (T2WI, 11.7T, 4.7T) at seven different time-points (1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days post HII) in rat-pup model of hypoxic ischemic injury were used to assess the temporal efficacy of our computational approaches. Sensitivity, specificity, and similarity were used as performance metrics based on manual ('gold standard') injury detection to quantify comparisons. When compared to the manual gold standard, automated injury location results from SIRG performed the best in 62% of the data, while 29% for HRS and 9% for MWS. Injury severity detection revealed that SIRG performed the best in 67% cases while 33% for HRS. Prior information is required by HRS and MWS, but not by SIRG. However, SIRG is sensitive to parameter-tuning, while HRS and MWS are not. Among these methods, SIRG performs the best in detecting lesion volumes; HRS is the most robust, while MWS lags behind in both respects.
Tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent nitrite oxidation to nitrate in isolated rat hepatocytes.

Abstract We have found that isolated rat hepatocytes and cell extracts catalyze the stoichiometric conversion of nitrite (either as a product of the oxidation of endogenously synthesized nitric oxide or added as sodium nitrite) to nitrate, which in extracts requires the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin and is inhibited by cyanide but apparently not by carbon monoxide. The reaction is sensitive to heat denaturation and does not involve oxidation of NO 2 − by a peroxidative or radical oxygen mechanism. These results indicate the presence of a hitherto undescribed mammalian mechanism of inorganic nitrogen oxide oxidation that may be a protective mechanism against one potentially damaging effect of endogenous 'NO production (NO 2 − formation), and also that assays of NO formation based on NO 2 − determination alone may be an inaccurate measurement of this activity.
Nonsolvents in Rubber Cements

Abstract ETHANOL has long been used for reducing the apparent viscosity of rubber cements. Other rubber nonsolvents, especially acetone and amyl acetate, are sometimes similarly employed. However, there are few data in the literature from which adequate comparisons among nonsolvents may be deduced, nor has any systematic study of the properties of a cement containing nonsolvents been reported. Whitby (2), studying a long list of chemicals as solvents, records comparative swelling power for rubber and nitrocellulose; Whitby and Jane (3) find the viscosity of dilute rubber solutions to be reduced by a number of these materials; and Kawamura and Tanaka (1) obtain the following order of decreasing precipitant value for a 0.25 per cent solution of rubber in xylene—methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, isobutanol. With the exception of the swelling experiments, these results, as is the case with practically all published cement studies, are for dilute solutions only and therefore are of little technical value. The pres...
Implementation of an active-R filter building block in semi-custom VLSI

A universal active-R building block was successfully designed and implemented using semi-custom VLSI (analogue gate-array) technology. The circuit makes use of the inherent charge storage in the low-frequency PNP transistors buffered by high-frequency NPN transistors which eliminates the need for capacitors and results in active-R filters that approximate the desired frequency response at high frequencies better than active-RC filters. A two-chip chip set is proposed for use as a practical building block for the p-plane design approach to active-R filters. The first chip contains two p-plane integrators which can be used to design any active-R filter. The second chip contains the parameter-compensation circuit which monitors the circuit on the first chip and uses this information to adjust the bias point on the integrator transistors in order to maintain constant integrator characteristics over a wide range of conditions including process variations, bias conditions, and temperature changes. As a result, ...
Peculiarities Observed in H-D Exchange Between Perdeuterioisobutane and H-Zeolites

Abstract H-D exchange between perdeuterioisobutane and NaH-Y-zeolites and H-mordenite (H-M) was studied using the pulse technique. Nine of the ten D atoms in the isobutane molecule were exchanged for H on the most acidic Y-zeolites at the lowest temperature (200°C) where H-D exchange was observed, while other transformations of isobutane were not. The reaction is thought to be initiated by protonation of the tertiary C-D bond on the Bronsted acid sites of the catalyst and the exchange to proceed via the t-butyl carbenium ion intermediate. Release of the ion from the surface occurs via hydride transfer conserving the identity of the tertiary position. At higher temperatures and over the more acidic H-mordenite at even lower temperature (125°C) an extensive intermolecular H-D exchange occurs between perdeuterioisobutane and its exchanged products. A more detailed understanding of this reaction chemistry is developed herein.
Up-conversion fiber lasers operating in the visible and ultraviolet

Characteristics of the short wavelength upconversion fiber lasers are reviewed with emphasis on the Nd3+ and Ho3+ transitions. Improved performance of the green Ho3+:ZBLAN upconversion, including threshold incident pump powers < 15 mW for the pump wavelength range 641-645 nm, is discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solution structure of tertiapin determined using nuclear magnetic resonance and distance geometry.

The solution structure of tertiapin, a 21-residue bee venom peptide, has been characterized by circular dichroism (CD), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and distance geometry. A total of 21 lowest error structures were obtained from distance geometry calculations. Superimposition of these structures shows that the backbone of tertiapin is very well defined. One type-I reverse turn from residue 4 to 7 and an α-helix from residue 12 to 19 exist in the structure of tertiapin. The α-helical region is best defined from both conformational analysis and structural superimposition. The overall three-dimensional structure of tertiapin is highly compact resulting from side chain interactions. The structural information obtained from CD and NMR are compared for both tertiapin and apamin (ref. 3), another bee venom peptide. Tertiapin and apamin have some similar secondary structure, but display different tertiary structures. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low-Cycle Fatigue and Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Type 16-8-2 Weld Metal at Elevated Temperature

The low-cycle fatigue behavior of Type 16-8-2 stainless steel weld metal deposited by the automatic submerged-arc process at 593 °C was investigated, and the results are compared with existing data for Type 316 stainless steel base metal. Tests were conducted under axial strain control and at a constant axial strain rate of 4 x 10 - 3 s - 1 for continuous cyclic loadings as well as hold times at peak tensile strain. Uniform-gage specimens were machined longitudinally from the surface and root areas of a 25.4-mm-thick welded plate and tested in the as-welded condition. Results indicate that the low-cycle fatigue resistance of this weld metal is somewhat better than that of the base metal for continuous-cycling conditions and significantly better for tension hold-time tests. This is attributed to the fine duplex delta ferrite-austenite microstructure in the weld metal. The initial monotonic tensile properties and the cyclic stress-strain behavior of this material were also determined. Because the cyclic changes in mechanical properties are strain-history dependent, a unique cyclic stress-strain curve does not exist for this material.
Genetic and molecular dissection of axon pathfinding in the Drosophila nervous system

Abstract Over the past year, several systematic genetic screens designed to identify mutations that specifically disrupt axon pathfinding processes in the Drosophila nervous system have been described. The analysis of mutations isolated in these screens, in concert with ongoing cellular studies and the ever increasing number of identified proteins expresised in the Drosophila nervous system, is providing further insights into the molecular mechanisms of growth cone guidance.
Microstructure and sound velocity of Ti-N-O synthetic inclusions in Ti-6Al-4V

The ultrasonic properties of titanium-nitrogen-oxygen inclusions within Ti-6A1-4V (Ti64) blocks were measured and related to inclusion chemistry. Sound velocities were measured on Ti-N-O alloy samples that had been prepared by powder metallurgy and ingot-melting techniques. The contributions to sound velocity from oxygen and nitrogen contents were determined. Then, Ti64 blocks were hot isostatic pressing (HIP) bonded to contain inclusions of the Ti-N-O alloys. The signal-to-noise ratios of reflections from uncracked inclusions were found to be an increasing function of inclusion interstitial content and were related to changes in sound velocity with inclusion chemistry. Measurements were made of the reflectance of titanium-nitrogen inclusions in titanium and Ti64.
Photoproteins as models of drug receptors

Abstract The calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin has properties that make it well suited for studies of protein-ligand interactions. Its behavior resembles that of classical drug receptors in many ways. A two-state model reproduces many of the properties of aequorin, including two that are not consistent with the conventional occupancy model.
The facial nucleus of cat: antidromic and synaptic activation and peripheral nerve representation.

The facial nucleus (FN) of the cat was studied by electrophysiological method for (1) general characteristics of the FN neurons during antidromic activation, (2) topographical representation of the peripheral branches of the facial nerve and (3) synaptic activities induced in the FN neurons following peripheral facial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of either peripheral branches or the genu of the facial nerve produced negative field potential of 2–3 mV in the FN. The field potential had a latency of less than 1 msec, refractory period of 2–3 msec and a relatively short duration. During double shock testing of the antidromic field potentials, the test potentials were suppressed (after initial recovery from the refractory period) for a duration of up to 80–100 msec. Intracellular analysis revealed that antidromic firing of the FN neuron is composed of M, IS, SD spikes. The rise time of spike potentials ranged from 0.23 msec to 0.53 msec and fall time 0.73 msec to 4.7 msec. The duration of the spike after-hyperpolarization varied from 6 msec to 60 msec with latencies to peak of 1.5 msec to 14 msec. Double shock testing showed that the summation effect of the afterhyperpolarization was greater at shorter time intervals. The latencies of the spike potentials varied from 0.46 msec to 1.1 msec for peripheral nerve stimulation and 0.18 msec to 1 msec for genu stimulation. The conduction velocity of the facial nerve ranged from 25 m/sec to 75 m/sec. These results were compared with the known characteristics of other cranial and spinal motoneurons. Topographical representation of the peripheral branches of the facial nerve was that the PA was represented solely in the medial aspect, TZ mainly in the dorsal aspect of the intermediate portion and BL in the ventral aspect of the intermediate and mainly in the lateral aspect of the nucleus. Stimulation of peripheral facial nerve produced negative field potentials in the FN or induced EPSPs in the FN neurons with latencies of 4–7 msec. The synaptic inputs were found mainly in the medial aspect of the FN by PA stimulation. These synaptic inputs were discussed as being relayed through the trigeminal nucleus.
Surface Detection In Dynamic Tomographic Myocardial Perfusion Images By Relaxation Labelling

A relaxation labelling model was implemented to detect 3-d endo- and epicardial surfaces in ECG gated single photon emission computed tomographic perfusion studies of the heart. The model was tested using studies from normal volunteers and from patients with coronary artery disease. LV volumes calculated from the abnormal patient studies correlated well with those from contrast ventriculography, r=0.82 and r=0.89 for end systole and end diastole, respectively. The ejection fractions correlated well with those from radionuclide ventriculograms (r=0.93.) For normal volunteers, left ventricular endocardial volumes calculated using relaxation labelling correlated to those computed from user-traced surfaces with r-0.98. The correlation between epicardial volumes computed using relaxation labelling and hand-traced edges was also 0.98.
Synthesis and properties of copolymers of ethylene/carbon monoxide with styrene/carbon monoxide

The terpolymerization of ethylene, styrene, and carbon monoxide was accomplished by two different palladium-based catalysts: a phosphine-based ligand system and a nitrogen-based ligand system. The range of possible compositions and the composition dependence of the properties of the resulting polymers were determined. These polymers were essentially carbon monoxide versions of the ethylene styrene interpolymers recently presented by Dow. A comparison between the two families of polymers is attempted. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 752–757, 2000
Pedestrian-inspired sampling-based multi-robot collision avoidance

We present a distributed collision avoidance algorithm for multiple mobile robots that is model-predictive, sampling-based, and intuitive for operation around humans. Unlike purely reactive approaches, the proposed algorithm incorporates arbitrary trajectories as generated by a motion planner running on each navigating robot as well as predicted human trajectories. Our approach, inspired by human navigation in crowded pedestrian environments, draws from the sociology literature on pedestrian interaction. We propose a simple two-phase algorithm in which agents initially cooperate to avoid each other and then initiate civil inattention, thus lessening reactivity and committing to a trajectory. This process entails a pedestrian bargain in which all agents act competently to avoid each other and, once resolution is achieved, to avoid interfering with others' planned trajectories. This approach, being human-inspired, fluidly permits navigational interaction between humans and robots. We report experimental results for the algorithm running on real robots with and without human presence and in simulation.
High-resolution nmr study of yeast tRNACUALeu and the native and denatured conformers of yeast tRNAUUGLeu

The high-resolution nmr spectrum of baker's yeast tRNA, a recently sequenced non-denaturable tRNA, has been compared with the spectra of the native and denatured conformers of the closely related species tRNA. Because of the presence of many common base pairs in the different tRNA's, it is possible to assign most of the low-field resonances to specific secondary-structure base pairs. A comparison of the observed positions of the various resonances with those predicted by a semiempirical ring-current shift theory shows a root-mean-square deviation of 0.14, 0.11, and 0.12 ppm for tRNA (native), and tRNA (denatured), respectively. These results support the ring-current shift theory currently used to interpret the low-field nmr spectra of the tRNA molecules. Differences between the predicted and observed positions of some resonances provide new evidence for higher order effects such as shifts from second nearest neighbors, anomalous shifts exerted by G·U base pairs, and tertiary-structure effects. A model that was previously proposed for the denatured conformer of tRNA is also supported.
Difference without dominance: Children's talk in mixed- and same-sex dyads

This study explores whether third graders verbalize gender differences in dominance in mixed- and same-sex interaction. We tape-recorded the conversations of 43 pairs of Caucasian working-class children playing checkers in same- or mixed-sex conditions. Children appear to develop gender-differentiated speech styles. Boys brag and insult their opponents in both mixed- and same-sex conditions more often than do girls. Girls talk off-topic, interrupt, and laugh more in same-sex dyads than do boys or either, boys or girls in mixed-sex dyads. Gender differences in same-sex interaction were reflected in mixed-sex interaction. Although boys account for a larger proportion of direct requests and self-promoting speech in mixed-sex encounters, we failed to uncover substantial asymmetry in mixed-sex interaction, indicating that boys do not conversationally dominate girls in third grade. However, children were less mutually engaged in mixed-sex than in same-sex interactions, and girls especially showed less positive affect in mixed-sex dyads.
Effect of Liability Limitations On the Level of Care in the Public Sector: the Case of Highway Maintenance

This article investigates the effects of government liability limits on the maintenance of interstate highways. It is found that the quality of highway maintenance varies from state to state in a manner that is related to the degree and nature of government liability for roadway conditions in each state. On the one hand, states that waive sovereign immunity and do not expressly prohibit punitive damages in judgments against the state tend to have roads of higher quality. However, states that waive sovereign immunity and do not specify a maximum dollar amount to limit liability tend to have roads of lower quality. Language: en
Photoemission and scanning-tunneling-microscopy study of GaSb(100)

Angle-resolved and angle-integrated synchrotron-radiation photoemission together with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) were used to study the Sb-stabilized GaSb(100)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3) surface grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Bulk valence bands were mapped out in the \ensuremath{\Gamma}-\ensuremath{\Delta}-X direction. The deconvoluted Sb 4d and Ga 3d core-level line shapes were used to construct a structural model for the surface. STM resolved the individual atomic dimers verifying the proposed model and showed partial disorder inherent on this surface.
Perinatal Outcome of Conservative Management versus Fetal Intervention for Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence with a Small Acardiac Twin

Objective: To examine the outcomes of patients with twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence in which the acardiac twin was ≤50% the weight of the pump twin. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted with institutional review board approval. The records of all patients referred to UCSF for suspected diagnosis of TRAP between 1994 and 2009 were reviewed (n = 76). Patients with pregnancies complicated by TRAP with an acardiac twin ≤50% the weight of the pump twin were included (21 patients). Exclusion criteria were loss to follow-up (1 patient) and syndromic abnormalities in the pump twin (2 patients). Results: Of the 18 patients with viable pregnancies that met the criteria for analysis, 7 (39%) underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the acardiac twin and 11 (61%) underwent conservative management. None of the pump twins in either group had hydrops fetalis. Three of the 11 acardiac twins in the conservative management group did not undergo RFA because they did not have blood flow at presentation to UCSF. Survival to delivery was 100% (7/7) in the RFA group and 91% (10/11) in the conservative management group. When we eliminated from our analysis the 3 pregnancies in the conservative management group without blood flow to the acardiac twin, survival to delivery was 88% (7/8). The single death occurred in 1 of the 3 monochorionic-monoamniotic pregnancies in the conservative management group, all of whom had blood flow to the acardiac twin. There were no statistically significant differences in gestational age at delivery, birth weight or survival between the RFA and conservative management groups, even after stratification by blood flow. Conclusions: Conservative management with close monitoring appears to be a safe option for TRAP pregnancies in which the acardiac twin is ≤50% the weight of the pump twin.
Metallic Conductivity and Magnetic Interactions in Nickel and Copper Phthalocyanine Iodides

Abstract We discuss the charge transport and magnetic properties of the titled molecular metals. Replacement of the diamagnetic Ni(+2) by paramagnetic Cu(+2) introduces a novel coupling between local Cu(+2) spins the mobile charge carriers, and produces a coupled transition at 8 K.
The Birth of New Genes by RNA- and DNA-Mediated Duplication during Mammalian Evolution

Abstract Gene duplication has long been recognized as a major force in genome evolution and has recently been recognized as an important source of individual variation. For many years, the origin of functional gene duplicates was assumed to be whole or partial genome duplication events, but recently retrotransposition has also been shown to contribute new functional protein coding genes and siRNA's. In this study, we utilize pseudogenes to recreate more complete gene family histories, and compare the rates of RNA and DNA-mediated duplication and new functional gene formation in five mammalian genomes. We find that RNA-mediated duplication occurs at a much higher and more variable rate than DNA-mediated duplication, and gives rise to many more duplicated sequences over time. We show that, while the chance of RNA-mediated duplicates becoming functional is much lower than that of their DNA-mediated counterparts, the higher rate of retrotransposition leads to nearly equal contributions of new genes by each me...
Receptor-like kinase activity in membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana

A class of protein kinases in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been identified which has biochemical characteristics similar to those of the animal receptor protein kinases. These plant protein kinases are membrane-associated, glycosylated, exhibit a preference for Mn2+ relative to Mg2+, and range from 115 to 135 kDa when identified by renaturation after protein blotting. Evidence is presented that the TMK1 protein, a receptor-like protein kinase identified in Arabidopsis from its cloned gene, is also glycosylated in its native form, and shows a preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+ when assayed for kinase activity. All of the plant receptor-like protein kinases identified phosphorylate only serine and threonine residues.
The Utility of Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Angiography in the Assessment of Intracranial In-Stent Stenosis

Background and Purpose— Noninvasive screening for intracranial in-stent stenosis is often limited by artifact because of the stent or associated coils. We aimed to determine the utility of quantitative MRA (QMRA) as a screening tool for detecting intracranial in-stent stenosis. Methods— We reviewed 14 patients who had intracranial stent placement with follow-up QMRA and conventional angiography at our institution. Socio-demographic, medical, clinical, and imaging data were abstracted from medical charts. A blinded interventional neurologist reviewed all angiograms for presence of >50% in-stent stenosis. We tested QMRA (mL/min) at varying thresholds as a predictor of angiographic results. Results— Among 14 patients (mean age, 62 years; 12 female, 2 male), 13 patients had Neuroform stents placed for wide-neck cerebral aneurysms and 1 patient had a Wingspan stent placement for atherosclerotic stenosis. Lesions were located in the intracranial internal carotid artery in 57.2% (n=8), the middle cerebral artery...
The photon-driven hydrophilicity of titania: A model study using TiO2(110) and adsorbed trimethyl acetate

The behavior of H2O on clean and trimethyl acetate (TMA)-covered TiO2(110)−(1 × 1), prepared with or without oxygen vacancies and associated Ti3+, reveals the hydrophilic nature of clean surfaces and the hydrophobic nature of TMA-covered surfaces. UV irradiation of a hydrophobic surface in the presence of 10-6 Torr of O2 removes TMA and rapidly restores hydrophilicity. The presence of oxygen atom vacancies does not detectably alter the hydrophilicity of either clean or TMA-covered TiO2(110).