cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracking of salinity plumes generated by brine discharges into the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

A nearly continuous discharge of a brine solution was begun in March 1980 through a submerged multiport diffuser to the Gulf of Mexico at a nominal rate of 3.7 \times 10^{4} m^{3} /day. The brine discharge is the result of leaching and filling of storage caverns in the salt dome at the Bryan Mound site of the Department of Energy's Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the results of tracking the salinity plumes. The tracking procedure consists of towing a salinity sensor on the sea floor through the diffuser area. The data are used to construct isohaline contours which are used to evaluate the areal extent of the plume. Vertical salinity profiles are also measured to determine the vertical extent of the plume. The results show the largest areal extent of the +1\permil above ambient contour was 17.9 km2. The highest above ambient contour was +6\permil which covered an area of 0.04 km2. The average vertical extent was 5.4 m directly over the diffuser.
Optimal Leukocyte Removal from Refrigerated Blood with the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor

One hundred forty-six units of two to five-day-old refrigerated blood were washed with the IBM Blood Cell Processor. The ABO and Rh types of the units varied according to available inventory. This study was designed to select the best protocol from the 42 possible combinations utilizing the machine's variable red blood cell override (RCO). A one liter wash program was used. The two parameters selected for study were the per cent red blood cell recovery and the per cent white blood cell removal. The protocol of choice uses a RCO of four seconds in the first and second steps of the program. This protocol yields a washed unit with a mean red blood cell recovery of 82 per cent and a mean white cell removal of 93 per cent. Our studies indicate that the IBM Blood Cell Processor can be used to wash two to five day old refrigerated blood for the preparation of leukocyte-poor blood that would meet the Standards of the AABB.
Closure of the Fe–S–Si liquid miscibility gap at high pressure

Abstract A high pressure investigation of melting relationships in the Fe–S–Si system has been conducted in a multi-anvil apparatus from 10 to 27 GPa and up to 2343 K. At 1 atm, the Fe–S–Si ternary system exhibits a vast miscibility gap [Raghavan, V., 1988. Phase diagrams of ternary iron alloys. Part 2: Ternary systems containing iron and sulphur. Indian Institute of Metals, Calcutta]. Quenched samples from experiments conducted at 10 and 12 GPa show an emulsion of immiscible liquids (an Fe–S melt and an Fe–Si melt). The liquid miscibility gap persists to at least 2343 K at 10 GPa. At 15 GPa, only one liquid is quenched, with a fine homogeneous dendritic texture. The results provide a mechanism to incorporate both S and Si as the light elements into the Earth’s core during a moderately high-pressure differentiation, consistent with geochemical models predicting up to 15 wt.% of light elements in the Earth’s core with 2–5 wt.% S and 7–10 wt.% Si. In contrast, for small planets such as Mars and Ganymede, differentiation took place within the pressure range of the miscibility gap. The composition of these cores is likely to be S-rich but Si-poor.
Potential use of abrasive air‐propelled agricultural residues for weed control

Summary A potential new post-emergence physical weed control tactic is described. It entails plant abrasion and death upon assault from abrasive grits propelled by compressed air. Grit derived from granulated walnut shells was delivered by a sand blaster at 517 kPa at distances of 300–600 mm from seedlings of Chenopodium album in glasshouse pots. Control was influenced by size of plants at time of treatment. Seedlings at the cotyledon to 2-leaf stages of growth were mostly destroyed by a single split-second blast of grit of <1 s duration, but were unaltered by compressed air alone. Plants at the 4- to 6-leaf growth stages required up to 10 blasts of grit to be killed. These results indicate that small weed seedlings of susceptible species might be physically controlled by abrasion from air-propelled grit derived from suitable agricultural residues.
On Physical Adsorption. XVII. Experimental Verification of the Two-Dimensional van der Waals Equation of State Above and Below the Critical Temperature

Adsorption isotherms of carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and fiuorotrichloromethane on a substrate of graphitized carbon are reported at temperatures between 200 and 300 °K. Evidence is presented that at these temperatures the residual heterogeneity of the substrate is not observed: under these conditions the true equation of state of the adsorbed film can be deduced directly from the measured adsorption isotherms. All the data reported are described by the adsorption isotherm equation corresponding to a two-dimensional van der Waals gas; this description continues to apply at temperatures where the isotherms show discontinuities characteristic of first-order phase changes. The two-dimensional critical temperature of each of the adsorbed films is rather less than the value predicted by the two dimensional van der Waals equation; this is taken as evidence for the polarization of the adsorbate molecules by an electric field present at the graphite surface. The results obtained with the isotropic carbon tetrachloride molecule indicate a surface field of 1 x 10 5 e. s. u./cm 2 ; we deduce that the anisotropic adsorbates should be oriented at the interface, with the axis of the permanent dipole alined with the surface field.
Association between violent behaviors and substance use among Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white high school students

Abstract Purpose: To determine the prevalence of violent behaviors among Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white high school students and to explore the associations between violent behaviors and alcohol and illicit drug use. Methods: The Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to 1786 high school students in a biethnic community in Southeast Texas; 65% were Mexican-American, 26% were non-Hispanic white, and 9% were of another ethnicity. Results: There were no significant ethnic differences in prevalence of drinking alcohol, illicit drug use, fighting, carrying a weapon, or planning or attempting suicide. After adjustment for age, carrying a weapon and fighting were significantly associated with alcohol and illicit drug use, with few exceptions, among the four gender- and ethnic-specific subgroups. However, the relationship between suicide (plans and attempts) and substance use among the four subgroups was less consistent and of much lower magnitude than for carrying a weapon and fighting. Conclusions: A substantial percentage of adolescents engage in violent behaviors, and fighting and weapon carrying are associated with substance use among both gender and ethnic groups. A systematic and integrated approach to changing the environment and norms of communities is needed to affect change and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with violent behaviors.
Molecular genetics of gliomas

Diffusely infiltrating gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and oligoastrocytomas of grades II and III and glioblastoma (GBM), grade IV. Histologic classification is increasingly aided by molecular genetic studies, which assist in the diagnosis and provide prognostic and predictive value. Mutations in IDH1 are frequent in grades II and III astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and oligoastrocytomas, as well as secondary GBMs. IDH1-mutated diffuse gliomas are distinct from their IDH1 wild-type counterparts based on clinical features, growth rates, and concurrent genomic alterations. Grades II and III astrocytomas, as well as secondary GBMs are characterized by IDH1, TP53, and ATRX mutations, whereas oligodendrogliomas most frequently harbor codeletion of 1p/19q and mutations in CIC, FUBP1, and the TERT promoter. Primary GBMs frequently show molecular alterations in EGFR, PDGFRA, PTEN, TP53, NF1, and CDKN2A/B, as well as TERT promoter mutations, but not IDH mutations. Pediatric GBMs have a distinctive molecular pathogenesis, as H3F3A and DAXX mutations are frequent, and their gene expression profile is different than adult GBMs. Other lower-grade gliomas of childhood, such as pilocytic astrocytoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, are characterized by BRAF mutations or activating gene rearrangements involving BRAF.
The acetonitrile-aluminium chloride system

Abstract A phase study of the binary system aluminium chloride-acetonitrile establishes the existence of three stable complexes with the empirical formulas AlCl3·2CH3CN, 2AlCl3·3CH3CN and AlCl3·CH3CN. Molecular weight determinations and Raman spectral studies are used to determine the nature of solute species for dilute solutions of aluminium chloride in acetonitrile. The cationic species [Al2Cl5·nCH3CN]+ is proposed.
BENZO(A)PYRENE METABOLISM: ROLE OF BIOALKYLATION

Previous studies of the metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens including benzo(a)pyrene have demonstrated that selected aromatic hydrocarbons can undergo a series of biological substitution reactions in tissue cytosol preparations when in the presence of the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Although identification of the methylated metabolites of carcinogens had been tentatively established using liquid chromatographic techniques, confirmation of the identity of these methylated derivatives has remained elusive. In the present study, the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene was found to undergo methylation reactions in the presence of rat liver cytosol preparations to yield products that were identified as methylated, formyl and hydroxyalkyl derivatives of the parent carcinogen. Identification and confirmation of the identity of the 6-methylbenzo(a)pyrene metabolite was confirmed by both UV detection, gas chromatographic and mass spectral identification, and NMR analysis of metabolic fractions obtained fr...
Hope, Will, Purpose, Competence, and Fidelity: Ego Strengths as Predictors of Career Identity

This correlational study examined the relationships among ego strengths and career identity. Self-report data were collected from a sample of university undergraduates (N = 239). Participants completed the Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths and the Vocational Identity Status Assessment. The results revealed gender differences, primarily in career identity. The findings also showed that the unique variance explained in career identity by each ego strength was modest, indicating that the best predictor of career identity is the overall level of ego strengths. Suggestions for future research, such as longitudinal designs to establish ego strengths as developmental precursors of career identity, are provided.
Protein Conformational Populations and Functionally Relevant Substates

Functioning proteins do not remain fixed in a unique structure, but instead they sample a range of conformations facilitated by motions within the protein. Even in the native state, a protein exists as a collection of interconverting conformations driven by thermodynamic fluctuations. Motions on the fast time scale allow a protein to sample conformations in the nearby area of its conformational landscape, while motions on slower time scales give it access to conformations in distal areas of the landscape.Emerging evidence indicates that protein landscapes contain conformational substates with dynamic and structural features that support the designated function of the protein. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments provide information about conformational ensembles of proteins. X-ray crystallography allows researchers to identify the most populated states along the landscape, and computational simulations give atom-level information about the conformational substates of different proteins. This abili...
Future management of scarring

Future growth and development of plastic and reconstructive surgery will push forward on all fronts, from the prevention of injury to improvements in primary and secondary wound closure, healing, surgical planning, instrumentation, and techniques. Current technology is on the brink of promoting rapid healing and preventing scar formation at the cellular level by affecting the healing process. Tissue engineering has the potential of creating new tissue with the potential to closely approximate missing or damaged tissue from a biopsy of the original. The next generation of reconstructive surgeons may approach traumatic wounds in a completely different fashion, with computers, growth factors, and cell cultures as opposed to a scalpel and suture.
Production response to corn silage produced from normal, brown midrib, or waxy corn hybrids

The objective was to evaluate the nutrient intake and digestibility and milk production response of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on corn silage produced from 3 different types of corn hybrids. Experimental diets contained 36.4% of the dietary dry matter (DM) from corn silage produced from normal (Agratech 1021, AgraTech Seeds Inc., Atlanta, GA), brown midrib (BMR; Mycogen F2F797, Mycogen Seeds, Indianapolis, IN), or waxy (Master's Choice 590, Master's Choice Hybrids, Ullin, IL) hybrids. Thirty-six multiparous and primiparous Holstein cows (66 ± 22 d in milk, 41 ± 8 kg/d of milk) were used in an 11-wk completely randomized design trial during the fall of 2009. All cows were fed a diet containing normal corn silage during the first 2wk of the trial before being assigned to 1 of 3 treatments for the following 9 wk. Data collected during the first 2 wk were used as a covariate in the statistical analysis. No difference was observed in dry matter intake (DMI) among treatments, which averaged 22.6 kg/d. Milk yield was higher for cows fed BMR (37.6 kg/d) compared with waxy (35.2 kg/d) but was similar to that of cows fed control (36.2 kg/d). Milk fat percentage tended to be lower for cows fed control (3.28%) compared with those fed BMR (3.60%) or waxy (3.55%) corn silage. Milk protein percentage tended to be lower for cows fed control (2.79%) compared with waxy (2.89%) but similar to that of those fed BMR (2.85%). No differences were observed in yield of milk components. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield and dairy efficiency (ECM:DMI) did not differ among treatments. Cows fed BMR tended to gain more body weight compared with those fed control and waxy. Results of this trial are consistent with previous reports in which cows fed diets based on corn silage produced from BMR hybrids have higher milk yield compared with those fed other hybrids. Corn silage produced from the waxy hybrid supported a similar yield of ECM because of higher milk components, but milk yield was not improved compared with the control.
Employment change and the role of the medical home for married and single-mother families with children with special health care needs

One in five U.S. households with children has at least one child with a special health care need (USDHHS, 2004). Like most parents, those with children with special health care needs struggle to balance child-rearing responsibilities with employment demands. This research examines factors affecting married parents' and single-mother's employment change decisions focusing specifically on whether having a medical home influences these decisions. This study includes 38,569 children with special health care needs from birth through age 17 surveyed in the 2005-2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. The employment model is estimated using multinomial logistic regression with the choice of a parent to maintain their current level of employment, reduce work hours, or stop working as the dependent variable. Independent variables are those characterizing the needs of the child, the resources of the family, and the socio-demographic characteristics of the family. Components of the medical home variable include: 1) having a usual source of care; 2) care provided is "family centered"; 3) receipt of care coordination services; and 4) receipt of needed referrals. Half of the children in our sample met criteria in all four facets. If the child has a medical home, the relative risk of a parent choosing to cut hours rather than not change hours decreases by 51%. The relative risk of choosing to stop working rather than not change hours decreases by an estimated 64%. Care coordination services significantly reduce the odds of changing employment status. Our results suggest that the medical home is a moderating factor in parental decisions concerning change in employment status.
A framework for the economic evaluation of production system and product design alternatives for robot assembly

The application of robots to industrial assembly processes raises issues of robot selection and product design which are just beginning to be addressed in the research literature. This paper describes a framework of analysis which can assist product designers and production engineers in selecting economic combinations of alternative product designs and assembly robots.
Duration of Rectilinear Events As a Criterion For Distinguishing Signal From Noise

The rectilinearity of particle motion on a three-component seismic record may be used to identify signal events. The leastsquares residual resulting from fitting a line to a series of samples is a measure of rectilinearity; a low residual indicates rectilinear motion. Since a low residual can occur for noise, some other attribute might be helpful in distinguishing signal from noise. The ability to distinguish signals might be improved by measuring the duration of a residual minimum if the durations of signal minima are longer than those for noise. A synthetic three-component seismic record was contaminated by band-limited noise having a Gaussian amplitude distribution, and the residual timerecord was found. Thresholds for the residual value and duration of the residual minimum were chosen from empirical information which would be available on field data. A residual minimum which falls below a chosen value for a particular length of timewould define a signal event. The threshold were then compared with optimum thresholds determined from complete knowledge of the data parameters, and it was found that the empirically chosen thresholds were. acceptably close to the optimum thresholds.
Minimality Condition and Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations

A structure is proposed for the mass matrices of the quarks and leptons that arises in a natural way from the assumption that the breaking of $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ gauge symmetry is achieved by the smallest possible set of vacuum expectation values. This structure explains well many features of the observed spectrum of quarks and leptons. It reproduces the Georgi-Jarlskog mass relations and leads to a charm quark mass in reasonable agreement with data. It also predicts a large mixing angle between ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$, as suggested by atmospheric neutrino data. The mixing angles of the electron neutrino are predicted to be small.
K, Rb, Cs contents and K/Rb, K/Cs ratios of fresh and altered submarine basalts

Abstract High K/Rb and K/Cs ratios appear to be a primary feature of submarine tholeiite magmas, though the trend of decreasing K/Rb with increasing K content is shown to be a probable result of later alteration, both during low grade metamorphism and during exchange with sea water. Sea water exchange results in enrichments of K, Rb and Cs of 2, 5 and 20 times, respectively, in outer altered margins of submarine basalt fragments. Eight relatively unaltered samples give an average K/Rb of 940, and this ratio shows little significant trend over K contents ranging from 430–4500 ppm. The average Cs content of these unaltered samples is 0.024 ppm and the everage K/Cs ratio is 70 000. Averages for K and Rb contents are 1550 ppm and 1.8 ppm, respectively.
Enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger type oxidations of ketones catalyzed by cyclohexanone oxygenase

Cyclohexanone oxygenase (EC 1.14.13.-) produced by Acinetobacter NCIB 9871 is a flavin-containing NADPH-dependent monooxygenase that utilizes dioxygen to convert cyclic ketones into lactones. A variety of ketones were examined in order to determine the substrate specificity, regioselectivity, and enantioselectivity of cyclohexanone oxygenase. Lactones were synthesized using immobilized enzymes. The nicotinamide cofactor required by cyclohexanone oxygenase was regenerated in situ with glucose 6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
Entrepreneurial wisdom: incorporating the ethical and strategic dimensions of entrepreneurial decision-making

Entrepreneurs face particularly ambiguous and complex decision contexts (Busenitz and Barney, 1997). Furthermore, many of the decisions entrepreneurs make are fraught with ethical tensions, given the many moral considerations and consequences that arise from entrepreneurial action (e.g., Dees and Starr, 1992). However, while a growing body of work in entrepreneurial cognition (e.g., Mitchell et al., 2004; Forbes, 1999) has sought to understand how entrepreneurs make decisions despite uncertainty, and various decision-making models have been put forth, to date very little of this work has explored how entrepreneurs address the ethical dimensions of the decisions they make. In this paper, we offer a conceptualisation of entrepreneurial wisdom that we believe addresses the need to better integrate the ethical dimensions into entrepreneurial decision making. Such an approach enables us to adopt an explicitly creative, aesthetic and adaptive perspective that is well suited to the dynamic and complex challenges of the entrepreneurial context.
Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa in 1990 and 2010: Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010

Abstract Background Since 1990, health priorities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSAF) have been set primarily by epidemics of infectious diseases. For future global health efforts, it is important to understand the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods For ten major causes of NCDs, the burden of 357 diseases and sequelae was estimated. Cause-specific death rates were estimated by an ensemble method using vital registration and verbal autopsy data. The number of patients was estimated with DisMod III by mathematical modelling of epidemiological measures of each sequela. Disability weights were estimated by an open-access web-based survey, in addition to population-based surveys in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Peru, and the USA. Findings In 2010, more than 2·06 million deaths due to NCDs occurred in SSAF, a 46% (95% CI 41–59) increase from 1990. The risk in terms of age-standardised death rate has declined by about 12% (95% CI 8–14) from 1990 to 2010, with a negligible decline in central SSAF. The total burden of NCDs in terms of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) showed a similar pattern, with an increase of 45% (95% CI 41–52) in DALYs and a decrease of 9% (7–12) in standardised DALYs per capita. The fraction of burden of cancers remained at 8% in 2010, while cardiovascular and respiratory diseases decreased slightly from 16% and 12% in 1990 to 15% and 10% in 2010, respectively. Mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal diseases, and diabetes and endocrine diseases increased by 3%, 2%, and 1% in 2010, respectively (from 12%, 9%, and 11% in 1990). In southern SSAF, the proportion of DALYs due to infectious diseases increased by 17% between 1990 and 2010, while the proportion of DALYs due to NCDs and injuries declined by about 20% and 15%, respectively. The decline in the burden of NCDs may be due to the pressure of competing infectious disease risks over this period. Interpretation An increasing burden of NCDs in Africa shows a growing health iceberg hidden under epidemics of infectious diseases. The NCDs with an increasing burden of disease in SSAF are mental and behavioural conditions and musculoskeletal diseases. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Cytotoxic triterpenes from a marine sponge, Stelletta sp.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract of a marine sponge, Stelletta sp., has led to the isolation and characterization of four new cytotoxic isomalabaricane triterpenes, named stellettins C (1), D (2), E (3), and F (4). Three known triterpenes (5−7) were also isolated from the same extract. The most sensitive of the tested cell lines (e.g., leukemia, central nervous system, renal) generally responded with GI50 concentrations in the low-to-mid nanomolar range.
Principal components analysis of the short-time Fourier transform

The authors introduce a novel time-frequency representation, the principal short-time Fourier transform (PSTFT), as a reduced-data characterization of the nonstationary spectral content of a sequence. To form the PSTFT, the authors apply principal components analysis to STFT frequency slices and retain only the first principal component information. This information alone allows for exact reconstruction of the original sequence from its PSTFT representation. The PSTFT retains explicit information about the nonstationary spectral content of a sequence, as well as implicit information necessary for reconstruction of the sequence. The results obtained are extended to other time-frequency distributions, which include the Wigner-Ville distribution, the complex energy density, and the radar ambiguity function. >
A Bayesian Procedure for File Linking to Analyze End-of-Life Medical Costs.

End-of-life medical expenses are a significant proportion of all health care expenditures. These costs were studied using costs of services from Medicare claims and cause of death (CoD) from death certificates. In the absence of a unique identifier linking the two datasets, common variables identified unique matches for only 33% of deaths. The remaining cases formed cells with multiple cases (32% in cells with an equal number of cases from each file and 35% in cells with an unequal number). We sampled from the joint posterior distribution of model parameters and the permutations that link cases from the two files within each cell. The linking models included the regression of location of death on CoD and other parameters, and the regression of cost measures with a monotone missing data pattern on CoD and other demographic characteristics. Permutations were sampled by enumerating the exact distribution for small cells and by the Metropolis algorithm for large cells. Sparse matrix data structures enabled ef...
Local origins of some GABAergic projections to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat

Axonal transport and immunohistochemical methods were used to characterize the organization of glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive (GAD-ir) projections to the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat. In line with prior reports, GAD-ir varicosities were found to be densely and quite uniformly distributed throughout the hypothalamus, including the PVH and the SO. Nonetheless, the periventricular part of the PVH was consistently found to contain a disproportionately high density of GAD-ir elements. Small crystalline implants of the retrograde tracer, true blue, into the PVH labeled GAD-ir cells in the anterior perifornical region, portions of the anterior hypothalamic area immediately ventral to the PVH, a region just dorsal to the rostral SO and extending caudomedially over the optic chiasm and tract, and within the anterior one-third of the PVH itself. Because possible uptake of retrograde tracer by local dendritic processes might have yielded false positive filling of nearby GAD-ir cells, anterograde transport, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin, and combined anterograde transport-immunohistochemical methods were used to attempt to confirm these four putative local sources of GAD-ir inputs. Tracer injections in each of the above mentioned regions labeled sparse to moderate axonal projections to the PVH, which ramified preferentially in the parvicellular division of the nucleus. Projections to the magnocellular division of the PVH and the SO were generally sparse and inconsistently observed in this material. A variable, and generally small, proportion of anterogradely labeled axons and terminals in the PVH also displayed GAD-ir. These results suggest that GABAergic projections to visceromotor cell types in the PVH and SO arise, at least in part, from several diffusely distributed local sources. The fact that these afferents were found to terminate preferentially in the parvicellular division of the PVH makes it likely that additional sources of GABAergic projections to the magnocellular neurosecretory system remain to be identified. Peri- and intranuclear GABAergic neurons could provide an intermediary by which documented (and generally inhibitory) limbic system influences on neuroendocrine function are exerted.
Lagrangian measurements of sulfur dioxide to sulfate conversion rates

Abstract On the basis of Project MISTT data and proposed homogeneous gas phase oxidation mechanisms for sulfur dioxide, it has been suggested that the degree of mixing with background air, the chemical composition of the background air, and the intensity of the sunlight available are key factors determining the rate of sulfur dioxide to sulfate conversion. These hypotheses are examined in light of Lagrangian measurements of conversion rates in power plant plumes made during the Tennessee Plume Study and Project Da Vinci. It is found that the Lagrangian conversion rate measurements are consistent with these hypotheses. It has also been suggested that the concentration of ozone may serve as a workable surrogate for the concentrations of the free radicals involved in the homogeneous gas phase mechanism. The night-time Lagrangian data remind one that the gross difference in mean lifetime of ozone and free radicals can lead to situations in which the ozone concentration is not a good surrogate for the free radical concentrations.
Selective Intrapartum Chemoprophylaxis of Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease. III. Interruption of Mother-to-Infant Transmission

The effect of intrapartum ampicillin treatment on vertical transmission of group B streptococci (GBS) was examined in 575 prenatally colonized parturient women and their 580 newborn infants. Eighty women (43 receiving ampicillin) with premature labor and/or prolonged rupture of amniotic membranes were randomized. The other 495 were stratified into groups of 358 (31 receiving ampicillin) with no perinatal risk factors; 119 (28 receiving ampicillin) with premature labor and/or prolonged membrane rupture; and 23 (18 receiving ampicillin) with intrapartum fever. Ampicillin virtually eliminated vertical transmission in the treatment group with no risk factors and in both treatment groups with premature labor and/or prolonged membrane rupture. GBS colonization of neonates was detected only in women with intrapartum fever or brief (less than 1 hr) duration of treatment prior to delivery. Ampicillin treatment was associated with a highly significant reduction in maternal postpartum vaginal colonization by GBS. There were six group B streptococcal early-onset infections in infants of untreated subjects and no cases in treated subjects.
Effects of stenosis on transit-time ultrasound measurements of blood flow

Abstract Measurement of blood flow with transit-time ultrasound near atherosclerotic stenosis sometimes yields anomalous results. The flow-versus-time waveform develops a chaotic pattern obscuring its pulsatile character, and the measured average flow may be less than the real flow thought present. Believing that disturbed flow secondary to atherosclerotic stenosis interferes with transit-time measurements, we investigated the effects of stenosis in a bench model of arterial flow. The average flow measurements and flow-versus-time waveforms produced by the transit-time flowmeter were studied in relation to: (1) the position of the transit-time probe proximal or distal to a stenosis; (2) the choice of filters employed to process the analog output from the flowmeter; and (3) the severity of the stenosis. The results confirm that high grade (>50%) stenosis creates a characteristic chaotic artifact in the transit-time waveform and, when severe, causes an underestimation of flow.
Quantitative stereoscopic depth without binocular correspondence

What features in a stereogram define the disparities that lead to stereoscopic depth? The usual answer is that luminance-defined edges from the two eyes are matched and produce depth perception. But parts of an object may be occluded by other objects and absent from one eye's view. It was suggested that unpaired monocular elements might signal occlusion in depth, and the qualitative perception of depth associated with unmatched elements has been shown to be consistent with the geometry of occlusion. We designed a stereogram that simulates a particular occlusion situation: an opaque white rectangle is stereoscopically in front of a large black rectangle pasted on a white background. The position of the occluder is adjusted so that its left edge obscures the left-hand edge of the black rectangle in the right eye view and its right edge obscures the right-hand edge of the black rectangle in the left eye view. We report here that quantitative stereopsis can be seen from this stereogram, even though there are no binocular corresponding luminance edges to match.
Elastica bend testing of the effective interfacial shear strength and critical deformation strains of brittle coatings on ductile substrates

Abstract An elastica bend test is described that provides a rapid, convenient, and reproducible means for examining the interfacial delamination of brittle coatings on ductile substrates. By bending a coated strip into a half-loop and examining the microscopic cracking that is observed on the sample surface as the loop size decreases, information is obtained about the characteristic initial, mean, and final strains ei, em and ef that describe the distribution in strength of the coating. By measuring the distance between the cracks at high strains, we obtain an estimate of the interfacial shear strength τ.
Pyrethroid toxicology: protective effects of diazepam and phenobarbital in the mouse and the cockroach.

Abstract Diazepam delayed the onset of action of deltamethrin and fenvalerate (pyrethroids producing the Type II syndrome) but not of permethrin and allethrin (pyrethroids producing the Type I syndrome) in both the mouse and cockroach. Phenobarbital was less potent as an anticonvulsant and also less selective since it delayed the onset of signs for both deltamethrin and permethrin in each animal. In vivo extracellular nerve recordings in the cockroach showed differences between deltamethrin and permethrin in the nerves responding, the types of response, and the protective effect of diazepam. A 3 mg/kg ip dose of diazepam protected the mouse against mortality due to a subsequent intracerebroventricular dose of either deltamethrin or permethrin, increasing their LD50 values by six- to ninefold. Possible mechanisms for the Type II pyrethroid syndrome include an action at the GABA receptor complex or a closely linked class of neuroreceptor, or through depolarization of nerve terminals.
Progesterone's effects on the psychology of disease avoidance: Support for the compensatory behavioral prophylaxis hypothesis

In the human menstrual cycle, luteal phase immunomodulation prevents the maternal immune system from attacking the half-foreign blastocyst should conception occur, thereby facilitating implantation and development. However, tolerance of the conceptus comes at the cost of increased vulnerability to infection. The compensatory behavioral prophylaxis hypothesis (Fessler, 2001; Fessler & Navarrete, 2003) holds that evolved psychological mechanisms enhance avoidance of potential contaminants during periods of reproductive immunomodulation so as to decrease the likelihood of infection. Because such immunomodulation is triggered by progesterone, this hormone is predicted to correspondingly enhance behavioral prophylaxis and the motivational states underlying it. We investigated specific domains of disease avoidance psychology in a nonclinical sample of women (n = 120) by measuring salivary progesterone in naturally cycling women. We find that progesterone correlates directly with the degree to which women report emotions, thoughts, and behaviors consonant with enhanced prophylaxis.
A COMMUNITY-BASED CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE ATTENDANDCE OF GROUP DAY CARE AND DISEASE DUE TO HAEMOPHILUS INFLUNZAE TYPE B (Hib)

In an ongoing case-control study to assess the association between the attendance of group day care and the occurrence of Hib disease, active surveillance was used to prospectively identify children ≤60 months of age who had cultures of the blood, CSF, or other normally sterile sites that were positive for Hib and who were seen at either of the two hospitals in New Haven (the cases). Children who were transferred from outside the community were excluded. For each case, two matched controls were selected from the birthlogs of the hospital. The controls were matched to the case by age (±1 month) and their regular pediatric practice. The parents of the subjects were interviewed by telephone. Attendance of group day care was defined as ≥4 hours/week of care within the preceding 3 weeks with one or more children from a different household. Thusfar, 39 cases with Hib disease and 78 matched controls have been enrolled in the study. Their ages ranged from 3 to 51 months (median: 13 months). Of the children, 54% attended private physicians, 23% attended an HMO and 23% attended public clinics. Over-all, 59% of the cases and 42% of the controls attended group day care. The matched odds ratio for this association was 2.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-8.1), X2M-H=4.2;P<0.05. The results were not substantially affected by controlling for gender, race, Hollingshead social class or the number of children in the day care group. There was a trend towards increased risk with increased time spent in group day care. The attendance of group day care does increase the risk of Hib disease.
STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON OF AGGLOMERATION IN THE YEAST SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Agglomeration or “grittiness” is detrimental to bakers' yeast quality. Gritty yeast only partially resuspends when mixed in water, most of it remaining as macroscopic cell aggregates. A macroscopic sedimentation test was developed for measuring agglomeration intensity. Expression of the gritty phenotype was investigated in two strains (N176 and GB1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on a 14-liter scale by varying fermentation conditions of agitation and aeration. Results show that yeast agglomeration is different from yeast flocculation, and is determined by both strain genetic background and environmental factors. The gritty phenotype was expressed in the strain prone to agglomeration (N176) when dissolved oxygen was limiting in the fermenter. Gritty cells had a lower phosphorus and lipid concentration and a higher protein concentration at the surface of the cell, and a higher amount of whole cell and cell wall proteins and calcium than non-gritty cells. Some proteins were also extracted from gritty cells with sodium hydroxide or mercaptoethanol, that were not present in non-gritty cells. Agglomeration did not result in major differences in the structure or composition of the structural cell wall mannoprotein (CWMP). A model for agglomeration is proposed: proteins (cognors) activated by Ca2+ (cofactors) to increase their binding capacity bind the mannans (cognons) of adjoining cells; binding is facilitated by the lower phosphorus and lipid concentration at the surface of gritty cells.
Diverting ileostomy in colorectal surgery: when is it necessary?

Purpose The role of fecal diversion using a loop ileostomy in patients undergoing rectal resection and anastomosis is controversial. There has been conflicting evidence on the perceived benefit vs. the morbidity of a defunctioning stoma. This is a review of the relevant surgical literature evaluating the risks, benefits, and costs of constructing a diverting ileostomy in current colorectal surgical practice.
Chemical aspects of viscous flow in planetary mantles.

A critique is presented of the various mathematical rheological models, and their applications to the mantles of the Earth and the terrestrial planets is discussed. One of the models considered is derived from absolute reaction rate theory of chemical kinetics and allows for automatic transition between Newtonian (strain rate proportional to stress) and non-Newtonian viscous flow depending on the differential stress and the strain rate. A good fit to data is obtained when this model is applied to the post glacial Fennoscandian uplift. The deduced strain rate, as obtained from the assumption of proportionality between strain rate and rate of uplift, is in the range of 10-16 to 10-15sec-1, while the deduced viscosities fall in the range of 1022 and 1023 poises with uncertainties of an order of magnitude. Flow is found to be non-Newtonian but is becoming increasingly Newtonian with time. The various thermodynamic parameters of viscous flow, including pressure and temperature sensitivity, are also discussed and the viscous relaxation times of the different terrestrial planets are compared in terms of their temperatures. From this analysis it is concluded that the relatively low relief and the recently discovered circular depressions on Venus are probably a result of high lithospheric temperatures on this planet. The depressions are probably due to subsidence around basic volcanic centers and correspond to shield volcanos on Earth and Mars. Application of the same theory to terrestrial global plate tectonics leads to the conclusion that there should be viscous accretion of mantle material on the postulated cool descending slab of oceanic crust and that the viscosity of planetary mantles should be increasing with time.
Synthesis of enantiomerically pure backbone alkyl substituted peptide nucleic acids utilizing the Et-DuPHOS-Rh+ hydrogenation of enamido esters

Abstract A series of enantiomerically pure alkyl substituted peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomers were synthesized by incorporating novel α-amino acids produced by the Et-DuPHOS-Rh + catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of enamido esters. Download full-size image
Effects of underwater sound and surface ripples on scattered laser light

The acousto-optic interaction at a water surface perturbed by random waves and by an underwater sound source is studied. The interferometric method is applied to measure the features of the power spectra of the scattered light field. Detection of sound-induced perturbation of the rough surface is performed. The corresponding theory of the scattered light spectra modulation is presented and its results are compared with the data of the experiment.
The efficiency of pulmonary blood transport following single lung transplantation.

Perioperative right ventricular (RV) dysfunction remains a significant problem following single lung transplantation (SLT), especially in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Total RV power (Wt), a determinant of RV function, is the sum of the mean component (Wm) which contributes to actual blood flow and the oscillatory component (Wo) which is the energy expended on arterial pulsation. Calculation of Wo is possible only through harmonic analysis of pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure and flow waveforms, and as much as 33% of RV power is attributed to it. The purpose of this study was to precisely quantify changes in RV power output using Fourier analysis of PA pressure and flow waveforms after SLT. Fourteen dogs (donors) were instrumented with a PA ultrasonic flow probe, PA and left atrial (LA) micromanometers, and LA epicardial pacing leads. Control (Pre-Tx) pressure-flow data were acquired during transient occlusion of the right PA at a heart rate of 140. The PA was cannulated, the lungs were flushed with 1 liter of modified Euro-Collins solution at 4°C, and the left lung was harvested and transplanted to 14 recipienT dogs in a standard manner. After 1 hr of reperfusion. PA (Post-Tx) pressure-flow data were acquired as above. All recipient animals survived SLT with a mean ischemic time of 183 ± 3 min. Following SLT, both the mean, Wm, (69 ± 9 to 161 ± 23 mW) and oscillatory, Wo, (23 ± 3 to 46 ± 10 mW) components of RV power output increased significantly after SLT (P < 0.05). Transpulmonary vascular efficiency was derived by analyzing these data in terms of PA flow per milliwatt expended by the RV. Calculation of this index clearly shows that pulmonary blood transport is much less efficient immediately following SLT (Pre-Tx: 16.1 ± 1.2 vs Post-Tx: 10.3 ± 0.7 ml/min/mW, P < 0.002). This model may be applied to assess therapeutic interventions which improve the efficiency of pulmonary blood transport after SLT.
Coupled hidden markov models for user activity in social networks

We consider the problem of developing data-driven probabilistic models describing the activity profile of users in online social network settings. Previous models of user activities have discarded the potential influence of a user's network structure on his temporal activity patterns. Here we address this shortcoming and suggest an alternative approach based on coupled Hidden Markov Models (HMM), where each user is modeled as a hidden Markov chain, and the coupling between different chains is allowed to account for social influence. We validate the model using a significant corpus of user activity traces on Twitter, and demonstrate that the coupled HMMexplains and predicts the observed activity profile more accurately than a renewal process-based model or a conventional uncoupled HMM, provided that the observations are sufficiently long to ensure accurate model learning.
Neogene development of the Swan Islands restraining-bend complex, Caribbean Sea

We present SeaMARC II and multichannel seismic data describing deformation at an active restraining-bend complex formed along a left-lateral strike-slip fault in the western Caribbean Sea. The bend complex consists of three distinct strike- slip fault traces that form two right-stepping "sharp restraining bends" or "push-ups" at its western end and form a right-stepping "gentle restraining bend" at its eastern end. Deformation at the sharp restraining bends is characterized by local folding between overlapping strike-slip faults. Deformation at the much larger gentle restraining bend consists of a large anticline adjacent to a gently curving strike-slip fault. A small, active accretionary wedge forms the northern flank of the bend complex. We speculate that the 30-km-wide, right-stepping bend complex formed as a consequence of southward propagation of the Mid-Cayman spreading center during Oligocene to early Miocene time. Active faults along the southern edge of the bend complex may have formed after the initial uplift and folding of the complex, and may currently serve to straighten the strike-slip fault by "bypassing" the bend complex.