cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of spatial planting arrangement of winter rye cover crop on corn seedling disease and corn productivity.

Despite numerous environmental benefits associated with cover crop (CC) use, some farmers are reluctant to include CCs in their production systems because of reported yield declines in corn. There are numerous potential reasons for this yield decline, including seedling disease. A winter rye CC can serve as a 'green bridge' for corn seedling pathogens. We hypothesized that proximity of corn seedling roots to decaying rye CC roots contributes to corn seeding disease. An experimental field plot and an on-farm study were conducted over two years to evaluate growth, development, and disease severity of corn seedlings planted at various distances from decaying winter rye CC plants. The experimental field plot study was conducted in a no-till corn-soybean rotation with five replications of a winter rye CC treatments seeded as (i) no CC control, (ii) broadcast, (iii) 19-cm drilled rows, and (iv) 76-cm drilled rows. The on-farm study was no-till corn-soybean rotation with four replications of a winter rye cover crop seeded as 38-cm drilled rows, 76-cm drilled rows, and no CC control. The corn was planted on 76-cm rows shortly after rye was terminated. With multiple seeding arrangements of winter rye, corn was planted at different distances from winter rye. Corn radicle root rot severity and incidence, shoot height, shoot dry weight, corn height and chlorophyll at VT, ear parameters, and yield were collected. Soil samples were taken in the corn row and the interrow at winter rye termination, corn planting, and corn growth stage V3 to estimate the abundance of Pythium clade B members present in soil samples. Our results showed that increased distance between winter rye residue and corn reduced seedling disease and Pythium clade B populations in the radicles and soil, and increased shoot dry weight, leaf chlorophyll, plant height, and yield. This suggests that physically distancing the corn crop from the winter rye CC is one way to reduce the negative effects of a winter rye CC on corn.
Procedural and Distributive Justice: Examining Equity in a University Setting

The concept of organizational justice is important to understanding and predicting organizational behavior. A significant development in the research literature has been the separation of distributive and procedural justice. While much of the research has focused on negative outcomes, this research attempted to verify the presence of both forms of justice in the context of positive outcomes. Subjects completed an instrument designed to measure their perceptions of distributive and procedural justice. The subjects also reported their satisfaction and sense of fairness with their salary increases, their belief that the procedures to award the increases had been followed, and their level of information and agreement regarding the salary program. These measures, along with size of salary increase and gender were examined to determine their impact on the subjects' perceived level of justice. The data support the existence of the two distinct forms of justice, but suggest that procedural justice may, in turn, branch out into two aspects. One category involves being informed, and a second appears to deal with acceptance of procedures. A series of relationships are then considered. Significant gender effects were non-existent.
Phrases of the kinetic: dynamic physicality as a dimension of the design process

At its core, the concept of Tangible Interfaces leverages the idea of using the movement of the body as an inherent part of the human side of a human-computer interaction, assuming that bodily engagement and tactile manipulation can facilitate deeper understanding and more intuitive experiences. However, as an interaction principle in our era of digital design, motion construction and control has been underutilized and little examined as a design tool, leaving open the possibilities of motion's natural ability to draw our attention, provide physical feedback, and convey information through physical change. This dissertation postulates that the ability to experiment, prototype, and model with programmable kinetic forms is becoming increasingly important as digital technology becomes more readily embedded in our objects and environments and need for tools and systems with which to create, manipulate and finesse motion in response to computational and material input remains an under-developed design area. This thesis aims to establish principles of kinetic design through the exploration of two approaches to motion construction and manipulation: motion prototyping as a methodology for design thinking, learning and communication and physically dynamic state memory as a methodology for organic form finding and transformation in the design process. To demonstrate these aims, I present three interface systems: Topobo, a system for motion construction and dynamics physics education with children; Kinetic Sketchup, a system for motion construction and prototyping in architecture and product design; and Bosu, an augmented textile interface offering an experimental approach to digitally augmented organic form finding in fashion and product design. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Pituitary adenomas are common intracranial tumors. Depending upon the underlying pituitary adenoma type, medical or surgical therapy is typically the initial treatment for patients with pituitary adenomas. However, these patients typically live long enough to require multiple treatments. Stereotactic radiosurgery is an important secondary or adjuvant treatment for these lesions. It can provide a high rate of tumor control and an opportunity for biochemical remission. Radiosurgery conveys a small risk of new or worsening neurological deficit or hypopituitarism.
Transitioning the Adolescent with IBD from Pediatric to Adult Care: A Review of the Literature.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), has increased in pediatric populations over the last decade. Patients diagnosed during childhood often survive well into adulthood, and therefore their healthcare requires transfer to an adult gastroenterologist, usually at age 18 years. Transition has been defined in the literature as the “purposeful planned movement of adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions from child-centered to adult-oriented health care systems” (Blum et al., 1993). The purpose of this review is to establish the current state of knowledge regarding the transition from pediatric to adult care in IBD. This review highlights that developmentally appropriate transitional care is now recognized as a healthcare priority and thoughtful targeted intervention is needed.
Studies on chemical mechanisms of the action of neurotransmitters and hormones. I. Relationship between hormone stimulated 32P incorporation into phosphatidic acid and into phosphatidylinositol in pigeon pancreas slices.

Abstract In pigeon pancreas slices, pancreozymin evoked an increased incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and, to a lesser extent, phosphatidylcholine. The pattern of this response is the same as that observed previously in response to acetylcholine. Pancreozymin or acetylcholine did not significantly affect either the uptake of orthophosphate-32P or the specific activity and levels of nucleotide P in pigeon pancreas slices. Phosphatidic acid is the first phosphatide to show increased 32P incorporation in response to hormone. The kinetics of 32P uptake indicate that a fraction of phosphatidic acid is formed which undergoes continuous turnover. The kinetics of 32P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol are compatible with the interpretation that the fraction of phosphatidic acid which is formed is a pool of intermediate for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in response to hormone in the pancreas. The fraction of phosphatidic acid which is formed in response to hormone disappears on removal of the hormone and appears to be converted to phosphatidylinositol. A new fraction of phosphatidic acid is formed if the tissue is again exposed to hormone. The experimental data are interpreted as indicating that the point of action of pancreozymin and acetylcholine on this aspect of phosphatide metabolism in the pancreas may involve activation of diglyceride kinase.
Mitochondria‐Specific Mouse Gene Array and its Application in Toxicogenomics

In recent years, mitochondria have gained significant attention in toxicology because of their involvement in several drug-induced toxicities and in the pathogenesis of a number of degenerative diseases. Thus far, numerous molecular and biochemical assays have been developed and utilized to understand the association between mitochondria and drug toxicities or disease processes. However, the knowledge gained by these assays is inadequate to obtain a comprehensive outlook of the mitochondrial activity during toxic exposures and the underlying pathologies. High-throughput technologies, such as DNA microarray, have great potential in advancing genomic research in toxicology. This technology allows expression profiling of thousands of genes in a single experiment. Building on this technology, a mitochondria-specific mouse oligonucleotide microarray (MitoChip) was developed, which is described in this review. This review also discusses results generated using the MitoChip in studies that were designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of altered mitochondrial function induced by anti-HIV drugs (zidovudine and lamivudine) and a weight-loss dietary supplement (usnic acid) in mice. The results from these studies clearly demonstrate that the MitoChip is a valuable genomic tool and can help unravel the underlying molecular basis of impaired mitochondrial function in drug-induced toxicities. Keywords: anti-HIV drugs; gene expression profiles; mitochondria; MitoChip; mouse; usnic acid
Programmable bio-nano-chip system: a flexible point-of-care platform for bioscience and clinical measurements

The development of integrated instrumentation for universal bioassay systems serves as a key goal for the lab-on-a-chip community. The programmable bio-nano-chip (p-BNC) system is a versatile multiplexed and multiclass chemical- and bio-sensing system for bioscience and clinical measurements. The system is comprised of two main components, a disposable cartridge and a portable analyzer. The customizable single-use plastic cartridges, which now can be manufactured in high volumes using injection molding, are designed for analytical performance, ease of use, reproducibility, and low cost. These labcard devices implement high surface area nano-structured biomarker capture elements that enable high performance signaling and are index-matched to real-world biological specimens. This detection modality, along with the convenience of on-chip fluid storage in blisters and self-contained waste, represents a standard process to digitize biological signatures at the point-of-care. A companion portable analyzer prototype has been developed to integrate fluid motivation, optical detection, and automated data analysis, and it serves as the human interface for complete assay automation. In this report, we provide a systems-level perspective of the p-BNC universal biosensing platform with an emphasis on flow control, device integration, and automation. To demonstrate the flexibility of the p-BNC, we distinguish diseased and non-case patients across three significant disease applications: prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and acute myocardial infarction. Progress towards developing a rapid 7 minute myoglobin assay is presented using the fully automated p-BNC system.
Herpesvirus Particles in Prostatic Carcinoma Cells

Abstract Herpesvirus particles were found in cancer cells from a human prostate adenocarcinoma. These particles were identified as herpesvirus on the basis of specific immunofluorescence staining, morphology, and size.
Meniscus interface etching of silicon in KOH in a hands-on introductory course in MEMS

We describe a bulk micromachining technique for etching one side of a silicon wafer in KOH without the need for substantial protection of features on the opposite side. The approach uses meniscus properties of the etchant to draw fluid to the surface of a wafer that is suspended above the bath. Complete etching through the wafer is possible. This technique has been developed as part of a new course in MEMS that is also briefly described.
Is exchange-market pressure contagious among transition economies?

The recent financial crisis led to such macroeconomic turmoil in transition economies that the ability of some countries to maintain their euro pegs was called into question. Others, such as Russia and Ukraine, were forced to devalue their currencies. How likely is it that one country's crisis could spread to its neighbours? To answer this question, monthly indices of Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) are constructed for seven transition economies. Impulse–Response functions and other tests show that Russia is a less likely source of a contagious currency crisis than are smaller, more advanced euro candidates such as Hungary.
Distributed Stable Flooding Using Delay Function Based on Redundancy

In this work, we propose a delayed data forwarding scheme using delay function. According to the link status and network topology, each node gives arrived packets some delay before forwarding them so that the packet flows through the most stable route. We first propose conservative delay function from strict end-to-end delay bound and then relax it more and more and finally introduce a SNR based delay function using cross-layer concept between link layer and network layer. We show its performance by some analysis and simulation in mesh networks. This scheme is useful for stable data routing in highly dynamic networks.
X-ray crystallographic studies on octahedral oxo alkylidene complexes of tungsten(VI): W(O)(CHCMe3)(PMe3)2Cl2 and W(O)(CHCMe3)(PEt3)2Cl2

Abstract The reaction of Ta(CHCMe3)(PR3)2Cl3 and W(O)(OCMe3)4 yields mixed oxo-alkylidene complexes of tungsten(VI). Two have been subjected to single- crystal X-ray structural analysis. W(O)(CHCMe3)(PEt3)2Cl2 is disordered, but a full characterization of W(O)(CHCMe3)(PMe3)2Cl2 has been com- pleted. The oxo and alkylidene ligands occupy mutually cis locations with WO 1.701(15)A, WCHCMe3 2.006(15)A and
Reactive chemisorption and methanation of carbon dioxide on rhodium particles approaching atomic dispersion

Abstract The turnover frequency for the CO 2 methanation reaction on a highly dispersed silica-supported rhodium (Rh/SiO 2 ), prepared by cation exchange and characterized by chemisorption, is about fifty times that on a lowdispersion Rh/SiO 2 catalyst and comparable to a high-dispersion Rh/TiO 2 catalyst. The high adsorption stoichiometry and the high catalytic activity for small rhodium clusters are discussed in general in terms of the intrinsic particle size effect due to changes in the cluster work function derived from classical electrostatic concepts and Mulliken's definition of electronegativity. Also discussed are the effects due to the thermodynamic driving force and metal-support electronic interaction peculiar to small metal clusters.
In vitro activity of CI-934, a new quinolone antimicrobial, against gram-positive bacteria

Abstract The in vitro activity of CI-934, a new quinolone antimicrobial, was compared with that of ciprofloxacin against selected gram-positive bacteria. Concentrations of CI-934 required to inhibit 90% of strains (MIC 90 ) were twofold to eightfold lower than those of ciprofloxacin. With the exception of Streptococcusfaecium, all isolates were inhibited by CI-934 at concentrations ⩽1.0 μ g/ml.
Sex Differences in Pain Indices, Exercise, and Use of Analgesics:

To understand better reported sex differences in sensitivity to pain, this study examined daily pain frequency and intensity, use of analgesics, physical activity, and both subjective and physiological response to acute pain in 18 men and 24 women, healthy people who provided information about their daily pain symptoms and physical activity before completing a cold pressor task. Compared to men, women reported more frequent and intense pain symptoms, as well as more frequent use of analgesics and lower physical activity. Women evinced higher physiological arousal during the cold pressor task but similar subjective pain. The findings highlight the different ways men and women cope with pain and the effect on their responses to acute pain.
Acylation of lysophosphatidylcholine by brain membranes

Brain microsomes catalyze the acylation of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) in the presence and absence of added CoA derivatives. The catalytic activity is distributed widely in various subcellular fractions from rat or bovine cerebral cortex as measured by the conversion of 1-[14C] palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to [14C]PtdCho. Analysis of this latter compound revealed that the dipalmitoyl derivative is the predominant molecular species, which is formed in this reaction by transacylation between two [14C]lysoPtdCho molecules. This lysoPtdCho: lysoPtdCho transacylation reaction was enhanced several-fold by the addition of oleoyl-CoA, which also is an effective donor of acyl groups in the acyl-CoA: lysoPtdCho acyltransferase-catalyzed reaction. Measurements of the initial velocity of the transacylation reaction were used to determine kinetic constants. Apparent Km values for lysoPtdCho in the presence and absence of oleoyl-CoA were 29 μM and 104 μM, respectively, and the corresponding maximal velocities were 0.11 and 1.06 nmol min−1 mg−1, respectively. Oleoyl-CoA at 4 μM produced half-maximal stimulation of the transacylation reaction. CoA also stimulated the rate of conversion of [14C]lysoPtdCho to [14C]PtdCho, either in the presence or absence of oleoyl-CoA, with a half-maximal effect of CoA at 80 μM. These results may be important in understanding the regulation of PtdCho synthesis and the mechanism by which acyl group composition of this compound is controlled. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Disruption of the Polar Auxin Transport System in Cotton Seedlings following Treatment with the Defoliant Thidiazuron

The effect of the defoliant thidiazuron (TDZ) on basipetal auxin transport in petiole segments isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv LG102) seedlings was examined using the donor/receiver agar block technique. Treatment of intact seedlings with TDZ at concentrations of 1 micromolar or greater resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of 14C-IAA transport in petiole segments isolated 1 or 2 days after treatment. Using 100 micromolar TDZ, the inhibition was detectable 19 hours after treatment and was complete by 27 hours. Both leaves and petiole segments exhibited a marked increase in ethylene production following treatment with TDZ at concentrations of 0.1 micromolar or greater. The involvement of ethylene in this TDZ response was evaluated by examining the effects of two inhibitors of ethylene action: silver thiosulfate, 2,5-norbornadiene. One day after treatment, both inhibitors effectively antagonized the TDZ-induced inhibition of auxin transport. Two days after TDZ treatment both inhibitors were ineffective. The decrease in IAA transport in TDZ treated tissues was associated with increased metabolism of IAA. The transport of 14C-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was also inhibited by TDZ treatment. This inhibition was not accompanied by increased metabolism. Incorporation of TDZ into the receiver blocks had no effect on auxin transport. The ability of the phytotropin N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid to stimulate IAA uptake from a bathing medium was reduced in TDZ-treated tissues. This reduction is thought to reflect a decline in the auxin efflux system following TDZ treatment.
Bond energies of small metal clusters

Abstract High-temperature equilibrium mass spectrometry has been used to obtain atomization energies of small metal clusters. Recent results for the bond energies of homonuclear and heteronuclear molecules containing group IV elements and of diatomic molecules containing second and third series transition metal atoms will be presented. The application of various empirical models for correlating and predicting bond energies of diatomic metals and small metal clusters will be discussed, and the significance of theoretical calculations for obtaining insight into the nature of bonding illustrated.
Flow Adjustments Across Sea-Surface Temperature Changes

The adjustment of airflow across sea-surface temperature changes is examinedusing aircraft eddy-correlation data. Major features of the observed flow adjustmentare not included in the theory of internal boundary layers. However, the data samplesize and coverage are not sufficient to accurately quantify the additional influences.With flow from warm water over cooler water, substantial turbulence intermittentlydevelops above the newly formed surface inversion layer. The corresponding,spatially-averaged, downward momentum flux is stronger than that close to the surface.With stably stratified flow over modest increases of sea-surface temperature, areduction of stratification can trigger episodic shear generation of turbulence. Inthese cases, the primary role of increasing surface temperature in the downwinddirection is to induce shear generation of turbulence. With larger increases ofsurface temperature, upward heat flux generates turbulence, warms the air and generates a significant horizontal gradient of hydrostatic pressure. This contributionto the pressure field appears to strongly modify the flow. Major inadequacies inexisting data and future needs are noted.
Historical Sources of U.S. Agricultural Productivity: Implications for R&D Policy and Social Science Research

Well over a century of historical evidence has accumulated on U.S. agricultural development. This experience demonstrates the basic principles of a pragmatic, consciously fashioned, science-based industrialization of agriculture. Yet the current debate over agricultural research policy suggests we have learned little from that experience. Perhaps, as Boulding explains with both humor and patience, success is something from which we never recover-and never seem to learn anything. I will first review the broad lessons we
Quark-lepton mass unification at TeV scales

A scenario combining a model of early (TeV) unification of quarks and leptons with the physics of large extra dimensions provides a natural mechanism linking quark and lepton masses at TeV scale. This has been dubbed as early quark-lepton mass unification by one of us (P. Q. H.) in one of the two models of early quark-lepton unification, which are consistent with data, namely $\mathrm{SU}(4{)}_{\mathrm{PS}}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(2{)}_{L}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(2{)}_{R}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(2{)}_{H}$. In particular, it focused on the issue of naturally light Dirac neutrino. The present paper will focus on similar issues in the other model, namely $\mathrm{SU}(4{)}_{\mathrm{PS}}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3{)}_{L}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3{)}_{H}$.
Quaternary glacial, lacustrine, and fluvial interactions in the western Noatak basin, Northwest Alaska

Abstract The 130 km long Noatak basin is surrounded by mountains of the western Brooks Range. Middle and late Pleistocene glaciers flowing southeast into the basin dammed a succession of proglacial lakes defined by shorelines, outlet channels, and upper limits of wave erosion. More than 60 bluffs along the Noatak River and its principal tributaries expose glacial and glaciolacustrine sediments that exhibit cut-and-fill relationships with interglacial and interstadial river-channel and floodplain deposits. This report focuses on the western Noatak basin, where high bluffs created by deep postglacial erosion record four major glacial advances. During the Cutler advance, a floating ice tongue terminated in a large proglacial lake that filled the Noatak basin. The retreating glacier abandoned a trough along the valley center that subsequently filled with about 40 m of sediment during several younger glaciations and probably two major interglacial episodes. Alluvium that formed near the beginning of the younger interglaciation contains the 140,000 yr old Old Crow tephra. The subsequent closely spaced Okak and Makpik advances are clearly younger than the maximum of the last interglaciation, but they preceded a middle Wisconsin (36–30 ka) nonglacial interval in the Noatak basin. The Okak advance terminated in an extensive lake, whereas glaciers of the Makpik and the subsequent Anisak advances flowed into much narrower lakes that filled only the basin center. The Anisak advance, bracketed by radiocarbon ages of about 35 and 13.6 ka, represents the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the western Noatak basin. Correlations with the oldest and youngest glacial deposits of the central Brooks Range are clear, but relationships to events of intermediate age are more tenuous. Early Pleistocene and older glacial advances from the central Brooks Range must have filled the Noatak basin and overflowed northward through Howard Pass. A younger glacial advance, of inferred middle Pleistocene (Sagavanirktok River) age, extended down the Noatak valley into the basin center, but its deposits are deeply buried beneath the basin floor and must be older than the Cutler moraine. The Cutler advance may have been synchronous with the older of two advances of Itkillik I age in the Atongarak Creek area, but other evidence indicates that the Okak-Makpik moraine succession more likely was synchronous with the two Atongarak Creek moraines. Radiocarbon ages, surface morphology, soil and weathering profiles, and lake-level history all support correlation of the last (Anisak) major glacial advance in the western basin with the Douglas Creek moraine farther east and with Itkillik II (late Wisconsin) glaciation of the central Brooks Range.
Sulfur geochemistry and microbial sulfate reduction during low-temperature alteration of uplifted lower oceanic crust: Insights from ODP Hole 735B

Abstract Sulfide petrography plus whole rock contents and isotope ratios of sulfur were measured in a 1.5 km section of oceanic gabbros in order to understand the geochemistry of sulfur cycling during low-temperature seawater alteration of the lower oceanic crust, and to test whether microbial effects may be present. Most samples have low SO4/ΣS values (≤ 0.15), have retained igneous globules of pyrrhotite ± chalcopyrite ± pentlandite, and host secondary aggregates of pyrrhotite and pyrite laths in smectite ± iron-oxyhydroxide ± magnetite ± calcite pseudomorphs of olivine and clinopyroxene. Compared to fresh gabbro containing 100–1800 ppm sulfur our data indicate an overall addition of sulfide to the lower crust. Selection of samples altered only at temperatures ≤ 110 °C constrains microbial sulfate reduction as the only viable mechanism for the observed sulfide addition, which may have been enabled by the production of H2 from oxidation of associated olivine and pyroxene. The wide range in δ34Ssulfide values (− 1.5 to + 16.3‰) and variable additions of sulfide are explained by variable esulfate-sulfide under open system pathways, with a possible progression into closed system pathways. Some samples underwent oxidation related to seawater penetration along permeable fault horizons and have lost sulfur, have high SO4/ΣS (≥ 0.46) and variable δ34Ssulfide (0.7 to 16.9‰). Negative δ34Ssulfate–δ34Ssulfide values for the majority of samples indicate kinetic isotope fractionation during oxidation of sulfide minerals. Depth trends in sulfide–sulfur contents and sulfide mineral assemblages indicate a late-stage downward penetration of seawater into the lower 1 km of Hole 735B. Our results show that under appropriate temperature conditions, a subsurface biosphere can persist in the lower oceanic crust and alter its geochemistry.
Shape Factors for Limit Loads on Square and Rectangular Footings

Earlier proposals for shape factors used in calculations of bearing capacity of square and rectangular footings are examined. These proposals are based on empirical data for small footings, whereas a new suggestion for these factors presented in this paper is based on the elasto-plastic model of the soil and finite element analysis. The earlier factors modifying the contribution of cohesion and overburden were found to be conservative, but acceptable in design. However, the earlier proposals for the shape factor that affects the contribution of the soil weight to the bearing capacity indicate contradictory trends, and the factor calculated in this paper is suggested as an alternative.
Effects of molybdenum and tungsten on induction of nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase in wild type and mutant Paracoccus denitrificans.

Molybdenum is required for induction of nitrate reductase and of NAD-linked formate dehydrogenase activities in suspensions of wild type Paracoccus denitrificans; tungsten prevents the development of these enzyme activities. The wild type forms a membrane protein Mr150,000 when incubated with tungsten and inducers of nitrate reductase and this is presumed to represent an inactive form of the enzyme. Suspensions of mutant M-1 did not develop nitrate reductase or formate dehydrogenase activities but the membrane protein Mr150,000 was formed under all conditions tested, including without inducers and without molybdenum. Analysis of membranes, solubilized with deoxycholate, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions showed that the mutant protein had similar electrophoretic mobility to the active nitrate reductase formed by the wilde type. Autoradiography of preparations from cells incubated with 55Fe showed that the mutant and wild type proteins contained iron. However, in similar experiments with 99Mo, incorporation of molybdenum into the mutant protein was not detectable.
Technical note: A new high-performance liquid chromatography purine assay for quantifying microbial flow.

Abstract An HPLC method was developed to quantify the purines adenine and guanine and their metabolites xanthine and hypoxanthine in hydrolysates of isolated bacteria and omasal digesta and to assess the effect of using either purines only or purines plus metabolites as microbial markers for estimating microbial flow from the rumen. Individual purines and their metabolites were completely resolved on a C18 column using gradient elution with 2 mobile phases. Intraassay coefficient of variation ranged from 0.6 to 3.1%. Hydrolytic recovery of the 4 purine bases from their corresponding nucleosides averaged 101% (control), 103% (when added to bacterial isolates), and 104% (when added to omasal digesta). Mean concentrations of adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine were, respectively, 53, 58, 2.8, and 3.5μmol/g of dry matter in omasal bacteria and 10, 12, 7.5, and 7.5μmol/g of dry matter in omasal digesta, indicating that xanthine plus hypoxanthine represented 5% of total purines in bacterial hydrolysates but 41% of total purines in digesta hydrolysates. A significant negative relationship (R 2 =0.53) between the sum of adenine and guanine and the sum of xanthine and hypoxanthine in digesta samples (but not bacterial isolates) indicated that 89% of the adenine and guanine originally present in ruminal microbes were recovered as xanthine and hypoxanthine. These results suggested that, when total purines are used as the microbial marker, both purines and their metabolites should be quantified and used to compute microbial nonammonia N and organic matter flows.
100 years of rhodopsin

One hundred years after the discovery of rhodopsin we know a good deal about its composition and the ways in which it is changed by light, but we do not know how this change becomes the electrical signal that stimulates vision.
Composition and Microscopy of Reformulated Creams from Reduced‐Cholesterol Butteroil

A reduced-cholesterol butteroil was emulsified with different milk-derived components into three 20% milk fat cream formulations. Electron microscopy showed an oil-in-water emulsion typical of milk lipid globules in natural cream. Heat treatment and homogenization had no effect on cream composition (p > 0.05). Homogenization pressure had no effect on amount of protein associated with lipid globules but more phospholipid was associated with the lipid globules at 13.6/3.4 MPa (p ≤ 0.05). Formulation had significant effects on cream composition and amount of protein and phospholipid associated with lipid globules. Cholesterol was reduced 65 to 76% lower than that of natural cream.
Worker Rights and Financial Stability

In response to increasing financial instabilities in emerging economies, policy makers have focused on possibly stabilizing institutions. Worker rights have the potential to be stabilizing since they may aid in productivity growth and since they may help to allocate economic resources more equitably between labor and capital. As supply and demand become more likely to grow together than apart, the chances for financial crises may be reduced. This article's results confirm that liberalized economies are more likely to experience banking crises and that worker rights may be a stabilizing institution.
Risks and cost-effectiveness of sublaminar wiring in posterior fusion of cervical spine trauma

A report on the use of sublaminar wiring in the fusions of 34 patients with cervical spine injuries is given. No neurologic deficits were incurred in the use of this technique. There were no wire failures nor clinically significant complications. When compared with other forms of instrumentation to achieve similar results, the use of sublaminar wire is the most cost-effective.
Procaine hydrochloride olfactory block eliminates mounting in the male golden hamster.

Abstract Intranasal profusion with procaine hydrochloride eliminated mounting and subsequent mating behavior in both sexually experienced and sexually inexperienced male golden hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ). Mounting behavior of control groups receiving intranasal application of tap water alone or in combination with intraperitoneally injected procaine hydrochloride was not markedly effected. Bouts of vaginal licking and sniffing were depressed by procaine hydrochloride, but not by tap water. These results indicate the elimination of mounting following olfactory bulbectomy in this species need not be explained on the basis of neurological degeneration to more central brain centers.
An infinitary version of the Graham-Leeb-Rothschild theorem

Abstract This paper contains a proof of a conjecture of S. Simpson which is an infinitary version of a conjecture of Rota concerning partitions of finite dimensional vector spaces over a finite field. Rota's conjecture was proved by Graham, Leeb, and Rothschild (Adv. in Math. 8 (1972), 417–433).
Analysis of a hybrid zone in Fundulus majalis in a northeastern Florida ecotone

Fundulus majalis and F. similis are small fish that inhabit the coastal waters of eastern North America. Fundulus majalis occurs from New Hampshire to northeastern Florida where it is replaced by F. similis. Past morphological studies of these species have suggested the existence of a hybrid zone in the Flagler County area of northeast Florida; this location also corresponds to an ecological transition from northern Juncus–Spartina marsh to southern mangrove marsh. We used protein electrophoresis to test the hypothesis that there is a significant barrier to gene flow between the two species in the area of Flagler County, FL. Twenty populations were surveyed electrophoretically for 26 protein producing loci. Significant allozyme variation was observed for five loci: adenosine deaminase, an esterase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase. Allele frequencies at these loci vary clinally from a ‘majalis’-like distribution in more northern localities to a ‘similis’-like distribution in southern localities. The steepest portion of the cline occurs over a 30 km portion of intracoastal salt marsh bordered by the northern and southern boundaries of Flagler County, FL, which led us to examine eight populations from within this area. We speculate that the nominal F. majalis and F. similis were allopatric and in the process of speciation when they recontacted one another, and the process of differentiation broke down and secondary intergradation occurred. The width of the genotypic clines (only sMdh-A is fixed at both ends), Nm estimates, and the absence of significant linkage disequilibria support the hypothesis that the rapid shift in genotypes and morphology in Flagler County is a dispersal-independent cline maintained by selection across the rapid ecological transition of an ecotone.
A discussion of dental homology with reference to primates.

The inconsistencies which exist when the traditional tooth-to-bony-landmark/tooth-to-occlusal-relationship criteria of identification of teeth are maintained are discussed. It is pointed out how these (e.g., "the canine is the tooth behind the premaxillary-maxillary suture") can be falsified. It is also suggested that some mammals, including Tarsius and Homo sapiens, develop homologies of three sets of "teeth," and that the "adult" antemolar dentition of a mammal may be composed of retained deciduous teeth as well as permanent teeth. Following a revision of dental homologies in most primates, an approach to reevaluating dental homologies is proposed, and a model of tooth "loss" presented.
Selected comments on Danton's speech of January 21, 1793

(1960). Selected comments on Danton's speech of January 21, 1793. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 36-44.
EPR study of substitutional-aluminum-related hole centers in synthetic α-quartz☆

Abstract The analysis of the anisotropic EPR spectra at 77°K of three unstable paramagnetic centers with 27Al hyperfine structure in x-irradiated a-quartz is presented. These centers are described by models in which a hole is localized in a nonbonding orbital of an oxygen which is adjacent to an aluminum impurity in a silicon lattice site; there is an interstitial ion H+, Na+, or Li+ associated with this configuration. The structure of these centers is related to the stable compensator-free substitutional-aluminum center reported by Griffiths, Owen, and Ward. Two additional unstable centers with 27Al hyperfine structure, which are observed at lower concentrations after x-irradiation at 77°K, are reported; one of these centers is a second species with H+-compensation while the other is apparently another compensator-free center. The EPR spectra of quartz plates grown on a major rhombohedral seed show a strong nonrandomness in the distribution of aluminum among the three silicon sites of the unit cell. The preferred site was determined by relating the angular dependence of the spectra to the atomic arrangement in the sample. Using the identification of this site, the directions of the principal EPR interactions were related directly to the bond directions at the paramagnetic center.
Biology of rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Homoptera: Aphididae), on its summer hosts in eastern Washington

Abstract In surveys of apple-production areas east of the Cascade Mountains of Washington, broadleaf plantain, Plantago major Linnaeus (Plantaginaceae) was common throughout while narrowleaf plantain, P. lanceolata Linnaeus, was most common south of Orondo, Douglas County (47.7° latitude). Rosy apple aphid was the most common aphid on these two herbaceous plants; however, colonies were scarce, on only 19% of broadleaf and 11% of narrowleaf plantain samples. Colonies were also generally small, fewer than 25 individuals. Adult rosy apple aphid was collected on plantain from late May through October. Adults reached their highest levels in July before declining in August. Colonies increased again in September and October. Relatively few predators (mainly syrphids) and parasitoids (two species of Aphidius) were found on plantain. On apple, the most common predators were the mirid Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dur), earwigs, coccinellids, cecidomyiids and syrphids; the most common primary parasitoid was Lysiphlebu...
A golden opportunity, squandered

Even when used to make products of negligible risk and that contribute significantly to public health, recombinant DNA technology (a.k.a. ‘genetic modification’, or GM) applied to agriculture has a tough row to hoe. ‘Golden Rice’, which has been enriched by the addition of genes that allow rice to synthesize β-carotene (the precursor of vitamin A) in its edible endosperm, has endured resistance from activists and a decade of imposing and gratuitous obstacles to regulatory approval. This is an ominous precedent for other ‘biofortified’ foods made with recombinant DNA technology.
Munchausen by Internet: current perspectives and three new cases.

In factitious disorder (FD), an individual feigns, exaggerates, aggravates, or self-induces physical and/or psychological illness or injury with the goal of assuming the “sick” or “patient” role. In the extreme form of FD known as Munchausen syndrome, individuals engage in chronic and severe care-seeking behavior, which may require frequent relocation to evade suspicion, and pseudolgia fantastica, the creation of elaborate and far-fetched, but still engaging, personal histories. Unlike malingering, factitious illness behavior (FIB) is not primarily motivated by a desire for external rewards, such as economic gain, access to narcotics, or evasion of criminal responsibility. Instead, persons with FD regard the sick role as a means to obtain attention, nurturance, and sympathy from others; to control others; or to express rage. By gaining the opportunity to work with people in the distinguished profession of medicine, and by displaying medical knowledge, patients may also seek to enhance their self-esteem. The sick role is so intrinsically rewarding for these individuals that many undergo painful, extensive, and invasive medical procedures so others will accept and treat them as patients. Access to Internet-based resources, including on-line scientific journals, health organization websites, and electronic medical records and reports, has made it easier for individuals to fabricate or induce illnesses with the high credibility necessary to receive medical treatment. Levenson et al., for instance, reported a case in which a woman who was feigning ovarian cancer downloaded official reports from an oncology-related website and presented them as her own so she could receive treatment. It was only after her physician performed a laparotomy, which disconfirmed the supposed malignancy, that the integrity of her medical records was questioned. Griffiths et al. described a similar case where a patient downloaded a radiograph from the Internet to back
Diffuse fraction correlations

The influence of climatic and geometric variables on the hourly diffuse fraction has been studied, based on a data set with 22,000 hourly measurements from five European and North American locations. The goal is to determine if other predictor variables, in addition to the clearness index, will significantly educe the standard error of Liu- and Jordan-type correlations (IdI = f(k1)). Stepwise regression is used to reduce a set of 28 potential predictor variables down to four significant predictors: the clearness index, solar altitude, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. A piecewise correlation over three ranges of clearness indices is developed to predict the diffuse fraction as a function of these four variables. A second piecewise correlation is developed for predicting the diffuse fraction as a function of the clearness index and solar altitude, for use when temperature and relative humidity are not available. A third piecewise correlation of the Liu- and Jordan-type is developed from the same data set. Comparing this correlation with the new correlations provides a direct measure of the value of added predictor variables. The full diffuse fraction correlation reduced the residual sum squares by 14% when compared to the correlation that is a function of the clearness index only. The correlation including the clearness index and solar altitude diminished the residual sum squares by 9%. The correlations exhibited some degree of location dependence. This is expected, as the climates are quite different. The correlations also showed some seasonal dependence; the errors are higher in the fall and winter than on an annual basis.
Actin-based motility of isolated axoplasmic organelles.

We previously showed that axoplasmic organelles from the squid giant axon move toward the barbed ends of actin filaments and that KI-washed organelles separated from soluble proteins by sucrose density fractionation retain a 235-kDa putative myosin. Here, we examine the myosin-like activities of KI-washed organelles after sucrose density fractionation to address the question whether the myosin on these organelles is functional. By electron microscopy KI-washed organelles bound to actin filaments in the absence of ATP but not in its presence. Analysis of organelle-dependent ATPase activity over time and with varying amounts of organelles revealed a basal activity of 350 (range: 315–384) nmoles Pi/mg/min and an actin-activated activity of 774 (range: 560–988) nmoles/mg/min, a higher specific activity than for the other fractions. By video microscopy washed organelles moved in only one direction on actin filaments with a net velocity of 1.11 ± .03 μm/s and an instantaneous velocity of 1.63 ± 0.29 μm/s. By immunogold electronmicroscopy, 7% of KI-washed organelles were decorated with an anti-myosin antibody as compared to 0.5% with non-immune serum. Thus, some axoplasmic organelles have a tightly associated myosin-like activity.
Activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response does not predict longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) has been linked to lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, Bennett et al. identify negative regulators of the UPRmt and, surprisingly, find that the UPRmt is neither necessary nor sufficient for lifespan extension.
Disruptive effects of naloxone on development of morphine tolerance

Abstract In rats the development of one-trial tolerance to the analgesic actions of morphine is disrupted by the post-administration of naloxone at 5 min, 3 hrs, or 24 hrs. Naloxone injections alone 24 or 48 hrs prior to the analgesic test failed to counteract morphine induced analgesia. It is suggested that naloxone initiates long term biochemical changes that oppose those produced by morphine.
Fibropellins, products of an EGF repeat-containing gene, form a unique extracellular matrix structure that surrounds the sea urchin embryo☆

Abstract The sea urchin SpEGF I gene belongs to a growing family of developmentally important genes which encode proteins that contain repeated epidermal growth factor-like motifs. To characterize the embryonic expression of the protein products of this gene from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , we generated polyclonal antisera from SpEGF I fusion proteins. These antibodies recognize two glycoproteins of 145 and 185 kDa, which we have named fibropellins. These proteins are present in unfertilized oocytes and throughout early development. The fibropellins are stored in cytoplasmic vesicles in the oocyte and are released soon after fertilization in a distinct secretory event following the exocytosis of cortical granule contents. Following secretion the proteins are localized in the basal surface of the hyaline layer. At the blastula stage the fibropellins become organized into distinct fibers which form a mesh-like network over the surface of the embryo. During subsequent development to the pluteus larva stage this network increases in overall morphological complexity and becomes regionally distinct. The molecular weights of the fibropellins and their pattern of embryonic localization indicate that these proteins form a component of the hyaline layer previously described as the apical lamina.