cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circular binary star and an interstellar interloper: The analytical solution

Abstract We consider an interstellar interloper moving at a relatively large distance from a circular binary star. We use the analytical method of separating rapid and slow subsystems, the rapid subsystem being the binary and the slow subsystem being the interstellar interloper. We show that due to the higher than geometrical symmetry of the problem, in addition to the conservation of the energy and the projection of the angular momentum on the axis of the rotation of the binary, the square of the angular momentum is also conserved. In the course of the time evolution, the vector of the angular momentum rotates about that axis at the constant angle to the axis. After obtaining this general counterintuitive result, we focus at the case where the interstellar interloper is coplanar with the binary. We provide an explicit equation of the motion of the interloper. Then we calculate analytically the angle of deflection of the interloper from the straight line. We analyze the difference in the angle of deflection between this three-body problem and the corresponding two-body problem: we show that this difference remains almost constant (a negative constant) at the range of the eccentricities of the interloper trajectory relatively close to unity and linearly increases (by the absolute value, remaining negative) with the eccentricity as the latter becomes much greater than unity.
Differentiating Achilles Insertional Calcific Tendinosis and Haglund’s Deformity

Calcification of the posterior portion of the calcaneus has numerous terms that refer to this pathology. Given the number of names, there can be confusion when discussing the different pathologies involving calcification at the insertion of the Achilles tendon at the calcaneus. Two of the diagnosis that can be confused with each other are Haglund's deformity and Achilles insertional calcific tendinosis. This article discusses how these 2 entities are differentiated clinically and how their surgical management is different.
Trekking Poles to Aid Multiple Sclerosis Walking Impairment : An Exploratory Comparison of the Effects of Assistive Devices on Psychosocial Impact and Walking

Background Walking dysfunction is reported by two-thirds of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Assistive devices are frequently recommended to improve walking; however, it is uncommon to consider their psychosocial impact, although many users abandon their assistive devices. The psychosocial impact, walking, balance, and fatigue associated with three assistive devices were compared to guide clinical decision making. Methods Twenty-five persons with MS (median Expanded Disability Status Scale score, 4.0; range, 2.5-6.0) who reported walking difficulty were trained in the use of three assistive devices-a single-point cane (SPC), a four-point cane (FPC), and a trekking pole (TP)-at 1- to 2-week intervals, then used the assistive device for their usual activities. Outcome measures included the Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale (PIADS), the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), walking speed, cadence, stride length, stride time, the 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12), the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, the 5-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-5), and a visual analogue scale of fatigue (VAS-F). Results The SPC and TP were more positive in the PIADS adaptability, competence, and self-esteem subscales. The SPC and TP resulted in higher 6MWT, walking speed, cadence, stride length, stride time, and MSWS-12 scores compared with the FPC. No differences were found in ABC scale, MFIS-5, or VAS-F scores. Conclusions Participants reported more positive psychosocial impact, and walked faster and with higher quality, with the SPC and TP than with the FPC. Clinicians should consider suggesting an SPC or TP to patients who may benefit from assistive device use and for whom psychosocial impact is an important consideration.
Creating an MCH Pipeline for Disadvantaged Undergraduate Students

To address minority health disparities in maternal and child health (MCH), increasing the diversity of the MCH workforce is an important strategy. Guided by the MCH Leadership Competencies, we developed an undergraduate pipeline program for disadvantaged students. Our target population is minority undergraduates who are interested in entering health professions but have academic challenges. We identify these students early in their undergraduate careers and expose them to the field of MCH through a 4-unit course, summer field practicum at an MCH community-based organization or agency, and volunteer experience in a student-run organization focused on helping children and families. We also provide academic advising and personal counseling by a faculty mentor and leadership training opportunities. Since 2006, 75 students have participated in our program, of which 36 are still enrolled and 39 have graduated. Among the graduates, three (8 %) have completed graduate school and are working in a health field; 11 (28 %) are enrolled in graduate school; and 13 (33 %) are currently applying to graduate school. Of the remaining graduates, seven (18 %) are employed in a health field, and five (13 %) are working in an unrelated field. Pipeline programs should attempt to reach students as early as possible in their undergraduate careers to more effectively influence their academic trajectories. Many minority students face academic and personal challenges; therefore, intensive academic advising and one-on-one faculty mentoring are important components of pipeline programs.
Law in the Digital Age: How Visual Communication Technologies are Transforming the Practice, Theory, and Teaching of Law

Law today has entered the digital age. The way law is practiced - how truth and justice are represented and assessed - is increasingly dependent on what appears on electronic screens in courtrooms, law offices, government agencies, and elsewhere. Practicing lawyers know this and are rapidly adapting to the new era of digital visual rhetoric. Legal theory and education, however, have yet to catch up. This article is the first systematic effort to theorize law's transformation by new visual and multimedia technologies and to set out the changes in legal pedagogy that are needed to prepare law students for practice in the new environment. The article explores the consequences for legal theory and practice of the shift from an objectivist to a constructivist approach to human knowledge, using an expanded, multidisciplinary understanding of rhetoric to analyze the elusiveness of evidentiary truth and the nature and ethics of persuasion in the digital era.
A real-time policy for performing setup changes in a manufacturing system

A method for scheduling setup changes in a simplified manufacturing system is proposed. A deterministic model is used to address the setup problem under transient conditions. A system with one machine processing two part types is considered. To construct a heuristic policy the authors make use of results on deterministic flexible systems, and consider the special case when the cost of positive surplus is infinite. The heuristic finds boundaries in the surplus space which indicate when to change setups. Examples confirm that the heuristic generates a setup policy which is consistent with anticipated optimal behavior. >
The biosynthesis of patulin. II. The general physiology of several strains of Penicillium patulum.

Abstract The sequence of appearance of aromatic intermediates on the pathway toward patulin biosynthesis in several closely related strains of Penicillium patulum has been examined. Both growing cultures and the replacement method have been used in these experiments. A scheme whereby glucose gives rise to patulin via 6-methylsalicylic acid, 6-formylsalicylic acid, the gentisic series, and “pre-patulin” has been proposed. Based upon the finding of pyrogallol in the growth media, and on the fact that shikimic acid yields p -hydroxybenzoate in replacement cultures, it is suggested that two pathways toward aromatization coexist in these microorganisms.
Creating and Maintaining Staff Morale: The Personnel Administrator's Role in a Time of Ferment in Education

(1986). Creating and Maintaining Staff Morale. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 104-106.
Analysis of mosquito vitellogenin cDNA. Similarity with vertebrate phosvitins and arthropod serum proteins.

Abstract The cDNA coding for vitellogenin of the mosquito Aedes aegypti was cloned and sequenced. An immunological analysis of expressed deletions from the 5′-end of the vitellogenin cDNA clones using vitellogenin subunit-specific antibodies showed that the small vitellogenin subunit is located at the N terminus and the large one at the carboxy-portion of the pre-pro-vitellogenin. The position of the cleavage between the vitellogenin subunits in the pre-pro-vitellogenin was identified by locating the N terminus of the large subunit. The cleavage site has a consensus RXRR for the subtilisin-processing endoprotease. Mosquito vitellogenin is highly hydrophilic with 17 putative N-linked glycosylation sites and 13 potential tyrosine sulfation sites. In contrast to known invertebrate vitellogenins, mosquito vitellogenin contains three polyserine domains that are similar to those of phosvitins in vertebrate vitellogenins. These polyserine domains, originally presumed to be vertebrate-specific, have several phosphorylation consensus sites in their sequences. Unlike other known vitellogenins, mosquito vitellogenin is rich in aromatic amino acid residues, tyrosine and phenylalanine, and in this respect is similar to insect serum proteins, arylphorins. This similarity suggests that mosquito vitellogenin may supply aromatic amino acids to the cuticle of rapidly developing embryos.
(ω‐2,ω‐2,ω‐3,ω‐3)‐Tetradeuterio‐fatty acids for mechanistic studies of enzyme‐catalyzed hydroxylation reactions

Among the thousands of cytochrome P450 enzymes known, many selectively hydroxylate the hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids at the terminal (ω) position and the ω-1, ω-2, and ω-3 positions. A general method for synthesis of (ω-2,ω-2,ω-3,ω-3)-tetradeuterio-fatty acids that can be used in mechanistic studies of cytochromes P450 is illustrated by the synthesis of 9,9,10,10-tetradueteriododecanoic (lauric) acid and 13,13,14,14-tetradeuteriohexadecanoic (palmitic) acid. Deuterium is introduced early in the synthesis by reduction of the THP ether of 4-heptyn-1-ol with deuterium gas to give a common labeled intermediate, 4,4,5,5-tetradeuterioheptan-1-ol. This alcohol is converted to the corresponding tosylate that is used to alkylate O-protected (ω-1)-alkyn-1-ols to give, eventually, long-chain alcohols that are oxidized to the corresponding fatty acids. An important experimental detail is that relatively large amounts of Wilkinson's catalyst were used to limit isotopic scrambling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Top 10 Responses to the Commentaries on Dixon, Reed, Smith et al. (2015)

In a previous article (Dixon et al. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 8(1), 7–15, 2015), we put forward data suggesting that most behavior analytic faculty do not publish in major behavior analytic journals, and in only about 50 % of behavior analysis programs have faculty combined to produce ten or more empirical articles. Several commentaries followed the release of our article, with content that ranged from supporting our endeavors and confirming the dangerous position our field may be in to highlighting the need for further refinement in procedures used to rank the quality of behavior analysis graduate training programs. Presented in the present article are our “top 10” responses to these commentaries.
Consumer satisfaction with primary care provider choice and associated trust

Development of managed care, characterized by limited provider choice, is believed to undermine trust. Provider choice has been identified as strongly associated with physician trust. Stakeholders in a competitive healthcare market have competing agendas related to choice. The purpose of this study is to analyze variables associated with consumer's satisfaction that they have enough choice when selecting their primary care provider (PCP), and to analyze the importance of these variables on provider trust. A 1999 randomized national cross-sectional telephone survey conducted of United States residential households, who had a telephone, had seen a medical professional at least twice in the past two years, and aged ≥ 20 years was selected for secondary data analyses. Among 1,117 households interviewed, 564 were selected as the final sample. Subjects responded to a core set of questions related to provider trust, and a subset of questions related to trust in the insurer. A previously developed conceptual framework was adopted. Linear and logistic regressions were performed based on this framework. Results affirmed 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' was significantly (p < .001) associated with provider trust. 'PCP's care being extremely effective' was strongly associated with 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' and 'provider trust'. Having sought a second opinion(s) was associated with lower trust. 'Spoke to the PCP outside the medical office,' 'satisfaction with the insurer' and 'insurer charges less if PCP within network' were all variables associated with 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' (all p < .05). This study confirmed the association of 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' with provider trust. Results affirmed 'enough PCP choice' was a strong predictor of provider trust. 'Second opinion on PCP' may indicate distrust in the provider. Data such as 'trust in providers in general' and 'the role of provider performance information' in choice, though import in PCP choice, were not available for analysis and should be explored in future studies. Results have implications for rethinking the relationships among consumer choice, consumer behaviors in making trade-offs in PCP choice, and the role of healthcare experiences in 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' or 'provider trust.'
Scaffolded support systems: examining a multi‐tiered support plan protocol for struggling teacher candidates

Teacher candidates train in an educational world that has changed dramatically. The tensions and challenges that preservice teachers experience are a reality for teacher education programs and must be planned for. The authors from a teacher preparation program describe the steps they have taken to support more authentic and integrated work with teacher candidates who struggle in their performance during their licensure program. After implementing a program‐wide support plan protocol and professional action plan tool, we examined the issues that signaled the need for intervention, the types of supports provided, and the resulting program decision. We captured staff perspectives regarding the effectiveness of the support plan protocol and conclude with recommendations to support teacher candidates in acquiring the conceptual and technical knowledge, skills, and disposition needed to teach in today’s classrooms.
An agent based model of integrin clustering: Exploring the role of ligand clustering, integrin homo-oligomerization, integrin-ligand affinity, membrane crowdedness and ligand mobility

Integrins are cell-surface protein heterodimers that coordinate cellular responses to mechanochemical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) and stimulate the assembly of small adhesion complexes, which are the initial sites of cell-ECM adhesion. Clustering of integrins is known to mediate signaling through a variety of signal transduction pathways. Yet, the molecular mechanisms of integrin clustering are poorly understood. In this paper, we develop computational models, using agent based modeling (ABM) techniques, to explore two key underlying mechanisms of integrin clustering, namely ligand organization and integrin homo-oligomerization. Our models help to shed light on the potential roles ligand clustering and integrin homo-oligomerization may play in controlling integrin clustering. A potential mechanism for the clustering of integrin is discussed and the effects of other parameters such as integrin-ligand affinity, membrane crowdedness and ligand mobility on integrin clustering are examined.
Determination of parameters of a method for predicting alloy properties.

Recently, a semiempirical method for alloys based on equivalent crystal theory was introduced. The method successfully predicts the concentration dependence of the heat of formation and lattice parameter of binary alloys. A study of the parameters of the method is presented, along with new results for (gamma)Fe-Pd and (gamma)Fe-Ni alloys.
Role of purinergic signaling pathways in V-ATPase recruitment to apical membrane of acidifying epididymal clear cells.

Extracellular purinergic agonists regulate a broad range of physiological functions via P1 and P2 receptors. Using the epididymis as a model system in which luminal acidification is essential for s...
The Attending Physician as Teacher

THE task faced by the clinical teacher "is unique in the entire realm of teaching. In no other field does the nature of the material demand of the teacher this degree of preparedness without preparation. We suggest that the problem of learning how to teach as a clinician deserves much thoughtful study...."1 Despite the obvious value of this suggestion by Reichsman et al., relatively few pertinent studies have been conducted.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Although these studies have been useful in identifying several general problems in clinical teaching, we have yet to develop and validate specific recommendations that will help attending physicians improve instruction . . .
Spasmodic dysphonia and vocal fold paralysis:Outcomes of voice problems on work-related functioning

Patients at a university voice disorder clinic diagnosed with spasmodic dysphonia (SD, n = 68) or vocal fold paralysis (VFP, n = 57) reported vocal symptoms and adverse work outcomes in contrast to a nondisordered group (ND, n = 68). Patients with SD most frequently cited symptoms of effortfulness (57%) and weakness (54%), VFP cited hoarseness (70%) and weakness (60%), while the nondisordered reported hoarseness (28%). SD and VFP produced greater (p< .05) adverse work outcomes than the nondisordered in the past (SD: 65%, VFP: 41%, ND: 3%), potential future (SD: 78%, VFP: 65%, ND: 19%), and current job performance (SD: 64%, VFP: 46%, ND: 2%). These disorders significantly disrupt socioeconomic outcomes and research is needed to improve functional ability and quality of life.
Object-oriented databases and their impact on future business database applications

Abstract The relational data model cannot handle the increasingly complex data management requirements imposed by many of today's applications. The object-oriented database concept provides greater capabilities through the support of user defined abstract data types, complex data objects that may contain other objects, procedural attachment to attributes, inheritance, and a more flexible means of deriving values and representing constraints. Existing object-oriented development projects, besides developing systems from scratch, are extending relational systems to include user defined data types or expanding object-oriented languages to allow storage of complex objects on mass storage devices. They are, however, still evolving. An application involving product configuration and sales quotation generation is presented. It illustrates the advantages of using the object-oriented approach.
Some products of the degradation of blood group substances by alkaline borohydride.

Abstract : Alkaline borohydride produces fragments frnm blood group substances, some of which appear to contain the entire antigenic determinants. From the immunochemical and analytical properties of these partially purified fragments possible structures for these determinants were suggested. For example, A3 was thought to be a hexa or hepta-saccharide consisting of 1 mole each of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, 2 moles of L-fucose, and a reduced end group. Some of these fractions have now been further purified and the action of alkaline borohydride on hog mucin (A+H) substance studied. A fucose containing oligosaccharide was obtained from A substance. (Author)
Effect of a Very Low-Protein Diet on Outcomes: Long-term Follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study

Background The long-term effect of a very low-protein diet on the progression of kidney disease is unknown. We examined the effect of a very low-protein diet on the development of kidney failure and death during long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study. Study Design Long-term follow-up of study B of the MDRD Study (1989-1993). Setting & Participants The MDRD Study examined the effects of dietary protein restriction and blood pressure control on progression of kidney disease. This analysis includes 255 trial participants with predominantly stage 4 nondiabetic chronic kidney disease. Intervention A low-protein diet (0.58 g/kg/d) versus a very low-protein diet (0.28 g/kg/d) supplemented with a mixture of essential keto acids and amino acids (0.28 g/kg/d). Outcomes Kidney failure (initiation of dialysis therapy or transplantation) and all-cause mortality until December 31, 2000. Results Kidney failure developed in 227 (89%) participants, 79 (30.9%) died, and 244 (95.7%) reached the composite outcome of either kidney failure or death. Median duration of follow-up until kidney failure, death, or administrative censoring was 3.2 years, and median time to death was 10.6 years. In the low-protein group, 117 (90.7%) participants developed kidney failure, 30 (23.3%) died, and 124 (96.1%) reached the composite outcome. In the very low-protein group, 110 (87.3%) participants developed kidney failure, 49 (38.9%) died, and 120 (95.2%) reached the composite outcome. After adjustment for a priori–specified covariates, hazard ratios were 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.62 to 1.12) for kidney failure, 1.92 (95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 3.20) for death, and 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.18) for the composite outcome in the very low-protein diet group compared with the low-protein diet group. Limitations Lack of dietary protein measurements during follow-up. Conclusion In long-term follow-up of the MDRD Study, assignment to a very low-protein diet did not delay progression to kidney failure, but appeared to increase the risk of death.
Important Safety Information or Important Risk Information? A Question of Framing in Prescription Drug Advertisements:

The summary of risks in a prescription drug print advertisement is typically headlined either “Important Safety Information” or “Important Risk Information.” Research has shown that words used to frame information can influence interpretation of the information. We examined the impact of headline framing on risk perception among consumers viewing prescription drug ads. Participants (N = 2000) were randomly assigned to see the title “Important Safety Information” or “Important Risk Information” before reading a description of risks for a fictitious drug. Participants then answered questions about the perceived risk of the drug, attempted to recall the section heading, and reported demographic characteristics. Results revealed no differences between participants in the 2 conditions, suggesting that framing drug risk information in terms of its safety or risk does not differentially affect consumer risk perception.
Renal vein leiomyosarcoma: imaging and clinical features of a renal cell carcinoma mimic

Renal vein leiomyosarcoma is a rare tumor whose clinical and imaging features can significantly overlap with those of advanced primary renal neoplasms, particularly renal cell carcinoma. IRB approval was obtained for a retrospective review of clinical and imaging information for five patients with the pathologically proven diagnosis of renal vein leiomyosarcoma at two institutions. Among the five patients, two were female and three male; average age 58.6 (range 42–77). Three patients presented with flank or abdominal pain, one with pulmonary embolism, and one with weight loss and fatigue. Mass size ranged from 4 to 10 cm. Four masses were left-sided and one right-sided. Tumors involved and expanded the renal vein in all cases, with tumor extension to the renal hilum in one case, through the renal hilum into renal parenchyma in two cases, and into inferior vena cava in two cases. All masses demonstrated contrast enhancement, which was solely peripheral in one case. In all cases, extrarenal tumor volume was greater than renal parenchymal tumor volume. When renal masses are predominantly or exclusively intravascular, consideration should be given to the diagnosis of renal vein leiomyosarcoma because preoperative biopsy results could significantly alter management.
The University in Contemporary Society

The paradox currently facing higher education can be stated in terms of the inherent elements of competition between the autonomous and popular functions of the university. Land-grant universities and academic agricultural economists are inevitably caught up in this competition and need to come to terms with it. In coming to terms with this conflict, academic people will find it helpful to recognize and admit the social consequences of their mission-oriented research and service. They also need to recognize internal threats to academic freedom; not all such threats come from irate citizens or the corrupting impact of the establishment. The federal-state relationship in research is undergoing significant change. Management techniques are "in"; individual freedom in choice of research project and procedure is "out". The implications of this for the traditional and autonomous functions of the university has been neither widely recognized nor discussed.
Recognition of semantically incorrect rules: a neural-network approach

A novel technique that applies the neural-network learning strategy of back-propagation to recognize semantically incorrect rules is presented. When the rule strengths of most rules are semantically correct, semantically incorrect rules can be recognized if their strengths are weakened or change signs after training with correct samples. In each training cycle, the discrepancies in the belief values of goal hypotheses are propagated backward and the strengths of rules responsible for such discrepancies are modified appropriately. A function called consistent-shift is defined for measuring the shift of a rule strength in the direction consistent with the strength assigned before training and is a critical component of this technique. The viability of this technique has been demonstrated in a practical domain.
Docking of a Specialized PIP Box onto Chromatin-Bound PCNA Creates a Degron for the Ubiquitin Ligase CRL4Cdt2

Summary Substrates of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4 Cdt2 , including Cdt1 and p21, contain a PCNA-binding motif called a PIP box. Upon binding of the PIP box to PCNA on chromatin, CRL4 Cdt2 is recruited and the substrate is ubiquitylated. Importantly, a PIP box cannot be sufficient for destruction, as most PIP box proteins are stable. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we identify two sequence elements in CRL4 Cdt2 substrates that promote their proteolysis: a specialized PIP box that confers exceptionally efficient PCNA binding and a basic amino acid 4 residues downstream of the PIP box, which recruits CRL4 Cdt2 to the substrate-PCNA complex. We also identify two mechanisms that couple CRL4 Cdt2 -dependent proteolysis to the chromatin-bound form of PCNA, ensuring that this proteolysis pathway is active only in S phase or after DNA damage. Thus, CRL4 Cdt2 recognizes an unusual degron, which is assembled specifically on chromatin via the binding of a specialized PIP box to PCNA.
Temperature-independent porous nanocontainers for single-molecule fluorescence studies.

In this work, we demonstrate the capability of using lipid vesicles biofunctionalized with protein channels to perform single-molecule fluorescence measurements over a biologically relevant temperature range. Lipid vesicles can serve as an ideal nanocontainer for single-molecule fluorescence measurements of biomacromolecules. One serious limitation of the vesicle encapsulation method has been that the lipid membrane is practically impermeable to most ions and small molecules, limiting its application to observing reactions in equilibrium with the initial buffer condition. To permeabilize the barrier, Staphylococcus aureus toxin α-hemolysin (aHL) channels have been incorporated into the membrane. These aHL channels have been characterized using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer signals from vesicle-encapsulated guanine-rich DNA that folds in a G-quadruplex motif as well as from the Rep helicase−DNA system. We show that these aHL channels are permeable to monovalent ions and small molec...
Properties of complete sets of mutually equiorthogonal frequency hypercubes

A complete set of mutually equiorthogonal frequency hypercubes (MEFH) of ordern and dimensiond, usingm distinct symbols, has (n−1) d /(m−1) hypercubes. In this article, we explore the properties of complete sets of MEFH. As a consequence of these properties, we show that existence of such a set implies that the number of symbolsm is a prime power. We also establish an equivalence between existence of a complete set of MEFH and existence of a certain complete set of Latin hypercubes and a certain complete orthogonal array.
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fossil Energy Requirement of Bioplastics from Cradle to Gate of a Biomass Refinery

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are promising eco-friendly bioplastics that can be produced from cellulosic ethanol biorefineries as value-added coproducts. A cradle-to-factory-gate life cycle assessment is performed with two important categories: the greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and fossil energy requirement per kg of bioplastics produced. The analysis indicates that PHA bioplastics contribute clearly to the goal of mitigating GHG emissions with only 0.49 kg CO(2-e) being emitted from production of 1 kg of resin. Compared with 2-3 kg CO(2-e) of petrochemical counterparts, it is about 80% reduction of the global warming potential. The fossil energy requirement per kg of bioplastics is 44 MJ, lowerthan those of petrochemical counterparts (78-88 MJ/kg resin). About 62% of fossil energy is used for processing utilities and wastewater treatment, and the rest is required for raw materials in different life cycle stages.
Effects of Dietary Protein Level and Feeding Regimen on Growth and on Fattiness of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of (I) high-protein (38%) finisher feed fed to satiation for 30,45,60, or 90 days prior to harvest and (2) dietary protein (32 vs. 38%) and feeding regimen (satiation or restricted) on growth and fattiness of channel catfish. Each study was conducted for two years in earthen ponds stocked with channel catfish at a rate of 13,590 fish/ha (35 to 40 g initial weight) for year 1 and 6,800 fish/ha (0.45 to 0.6 kg initial weight) for year 2. Years refer to year of experiment and not fish age class. There were no significant differences in total yield, dressed yield, or muscle fat, regardless of diet or feeding regimen within year. Year-one fish (study 2) fed to satiation tended to gain more weight and appeared to convert feed better than fish fed at a restricted rate. In study 2 there were significant interactions between year and feed, and between year and feeding regimen. Percentage visceral fat was reduced by feeding a high-protein feed during year 1 (study ...
Immunopathological studies in herpes gestationis

SUMMARY Four cases of herpes gestationis are reported and the immunopathological findings in these patients described. Complement deposition at the basement membrane zone of the patients' peri-bullous skin was seen in all patients, immunoglobulin deposition in two. A circulating factor capable of fixing complement on the basement membrane zone of normal human skin was present in three patients. These findings are discussed and compared with the immunopathological findings in bullous pemphigoid.
How do generalist consumers coexist over evolutionary time? An explanation with nutrition and tradeoffs

Generalist consumers commonly coexist in many ecosystems. Yet, eco-evolutionary theory poses a problem with this observation: generalist consumers (usually) cannot coexist stably. To provide a solution to this theory-observation dissonance, we analyzed a simple eco-evolutionary consumer resource model. We modeled consumption of two nutritionally interactive resources by species which evolve their resource encounter rates subject to a tradeoff. As shown previously, consumers can ecologically coexist through tradeoffs in resource encounter rates; however, this coexistence is evolutionary unstable. Here, we find that nutritional interactions between resources and the shape of acquisition tradeoffs produce very similar evolutionary outcomes in isolation. Specifically, they produce evolutionarily stable communities composed either of two specialists (concave acquisition tradeoff or antagonistic nutrition) or a single generalist (convex acquisition tradeoff or complementary nutrition). Thus, the generalist-coexistence problem remains. However, the combination of nonlinear resource acquisition tradeoffs with nonlinear resource nutritional relationships creates selection forces that can push and pull against each other. Ultimately, this push-pull dynamic can stabilize the coexistence of two competing generalist consumers—but only when we coupled a convex acquisition tradeoff with antagonistic nutrition. Thus, our model here offers some resolution to the generalist-coexistence problem in eco-evolutionary, consumer-resource theory.
No woman should die giving life

Of all health indicators maternal mortality reveals the greatest gap between rich and poor women both between and within countries. Each year 536 000 women die from complications of pregnancy and childbirth-99% in the developing world-and another 10-20 million women have severe health problems including obstetric fistula. In 2005 women in developed countries had a one in 7300 lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes compared with a one in 75 risk in developing countries. In Africa the lifetime risk is one in 26. Little change has been seen in the hardest hit areas and the gap is widening. At the midpoint in the timeline to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) the absence of progress in reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity is unacceptable. The urgent and life-threatening circumstances of millions of women call for quick concerted and decisive actions to be taken now and sustained through 2015 and beyond. The new MDG 5 target to achieve universal access to reproductive health in line with the International Conference on Population and Development paves the way for faster progress. (excerpt)
Overlay measurement using the low voltage scanning electron microscope

Abstract Accurate and precise overlay metrology is essential for the successful fabrication of integrated circuits with sub-micron critical dimensions. We have investigated the use of the low voltage scanning electron microscope (SEM) to measure overlay at the device level and to calibrate the measurements made with optics-based systems. A study of the fundamental aspects of SEM overlay metrology was made on resist/etched silicon as well as resist/silicon test wafers. It was found to be critical to optimize the SEM accelerating voltage, scanning technique, mark design, detector design, and measurement algorithm. 3σ measurement precisions better than 0.010 μm were easily obtained on a variety of samples. SEM tool-induced shift 1 (TIS), when present, was found to be of the same order as the 3σ precision and was negligible in the absence of charging. Finally, a comparison of automated optically-based measurements to SEM overlay measurements was made on advanced integrated circuit production wafers. Agreement was quite good with the average difference less than 0.01 μm and 3σ variation of the difference better than 0.04 μm for marks in resist.
Nonsurgical management of childhood intussusception: retrospective comparison between sonographic and fluoroscopic guidance.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of sonography and fluoroscopy in guiding intussusception reduction and evaluate possible complications for each procedure. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed by reviewing 31 cases of intussusception diagnosed and managed between January 2009 and January 2014 at the University of California, Davis Children's Hospital, after obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board. To eliminate other confounding factors related to technique and experience, only cases performed by 2 pediatric radiologists who exclusively used either fluoroscopy or sonography were compared. Results Fourteen patients (age range, 6–35 months) were treated by sonographic guidance using saline, and another 17 patients (age range, 2–57 months) were treated by fluoroscopy using either air or a water-soluble contrast agent. All 14 patients (100%) who underwent sonographically guided reduction were successfully treated without complications. Fourteen of the 17 patients (82%) who underwent fluoroscopic guidance had successful reductions. One complication of perforation was documented. Conclusions Sonography and fluoroscopy are equally effective in the nonsurgical management of childhood intussusception. The absence of ionizing radiation and better visualization of possible pathologic lead points makes sonography the ideal method.
Three-Dimensional Rendering Of Medical Images: Surface And Volume Approach

We have compared the volume-based and the surface-based algorithms for 3D rendering of the human skull as applied to planning of craniofacial surgery. Both methods were applied to a selected sample of 12 CT studies exhibiting a variety of clinical problems. The number of slices ranged from 24 to 72 and the slice thickness from 1.5 to 6.2 mm. In general, volume renderings capture the anatomy in greater detail but are more prone to interpolation and thin bone artifacts. The surface based and the volume based techniques have complimentary roles in medical imaging. Surface extraction is needed in applications involving pattern recognition and fabrication of prostheses. Volumetric rendering excel in imaging multiple tissue and in handling diffuse edges.
Conformational stability, ab initio calculations, and r0 structural parameters of 3-methyl-1-butene and dimethylvinylsilane

Abstract The infrared spectra (3500–400 cm −1 ) of 3-methyl-1-butene, CH 2 CHCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and dimethylvinylsilane, CH 2 CHSiH(CH 3 ) 2 , dissolved in liquid xenon and krypton, respectively, have been recorded. From temperature (−55 to −110 °C) dependent FT–IR spectra of xenon solutions, it is shown that the cis conformer (hydrogen atom eclipsing the double bond) of 3-methyl-1-butene is the more stable form with an enthalpy difference of 65±8 cm −1 (0.78±0.10 kJ/mol) which agrees with all of the theoretical predictions. Similar studies for dimethylvinylsilane in krypton solutions (−105 to −150 °C) give an enthalpy difference of 55±5 cm −1 (0.66±0.06 kJ/mol) with the gauche conformer (methyl group eclipsing the double bond) the more stable rotamer which is consistent with the ab initio calculations except with the largest basis set MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p) utilized. Both ab initio calculations with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to the second order (MP2) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations by the B3LYP method have been carried out with a variety of basis sets up to 6-311G(2d,2p) with and without diffuse functions for both molecules to predict the optimized geometries and conformation stabilities. Utilizing previously reported microwave rotational constants for both conformers of 3-methyl-1-butene along with ab initio predictions, adjusted r 0 parameters have been obtained. The r 0 Si–H bond distances of 1.489 and 1.490 A have been obtained for the cis and gauche conformers, respectively, from the silicon-hydrogen stretching frequencies and the remaining parameters are estimated from the MP2/6-311+G(d,p) ab initio calculations.
Oxidation effects on the electrokinetic behavior of urania sols

Abstract Test by ultracentrifugation and moving boundary electrophoresis of the effects of incremental oxidation on urania sols showed that the resulting U (VI) (at least from 14 to 25% oxidation of 0.02 M sol) neither diffuses throughout the U02 crystallites nor forms a surface layer on them, but goes into the aqueous solution. Changes in ionic strength, due mainly to changing U(VI) concentration in solution produced either by the oxidation of U(IV) or by addition of U(VI), were calculated and found to correlate well with the zeta potentials determined from the electrophoretic mobilities of the colloid particles. Comparisons with a theoretical model of colloid particle interaction showed that the range of zeta potentials is consistent with the observed effects on viscosity and stability of the sols.
Secondary organic aerosol formation and source apportionment in Southeast Texas

Abstract The latest version of US EPA’s Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ v4.7) model with the most recent update on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathways was adapted into a source-oriented modeling framework to determine the contributions of different emission sources to SOA concentrations from a carbon source perspective in Southeast Texas during the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS 2000) from August 25 to September 5, 2000. A comparison of the VOC and SOA predictions with observations shows that anthropogenic emissions of long chain alkanes and aromatics are likely underestimated in the EPA’s Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) inventory and the current SOA mechanism in CMAQ still under-predicts SOA. The peak SOA concentrations measured at La Porte are more accurately predicted by increasing the emissions of the anthropogenic SOA precursors by a factor of 5 although the overall precursor concentrations are better predicted by increasing the emissions by a factor of 2. A linear correlation between SOA and odd oxygen (ΔSOA/ΔO x = 23.0–28.4 μg m −3 /ppm O x ) can be found when they are formed simultaneously in the air masses passing the urban Houston area on high SOA days. Based on the adjusted emissions (a factor of 2 increase in the alkane and aromatics precursor emissions), approximately 20% of the total SOA in the Houston–Galveston Bay area is due to anthropogenic sources. Solvent utilization and gasoline engines are the main anthropogenic sources. SOA from alkanes and aromatics accounts for approximately 2–4% and 5–9% of total SOA, respectively. The predicted overall anthropogenic SOA concentrations are not sensitive to the half-life time used to calculate the conversion rate of semi-volatile organic compounds to non-volatile oligomers in the particle phase. The main precursors of biogenic SOA are sesquiterpenes, which contribute to approximately 12–35% of total SOA. Monoterpenes contribute to 3–14% and isoprene accounts for approximately 6–9% of the total SOA. Oligomers from biogenic SOA account for approximately 30–58% of the total SOA, indicating that long range transport is an important source of SOA in this region.
1-alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 plus 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 reduces parturient paresis in dairy cows fed high dietary calcium

The effectiveness of a combination of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 for reducing incidence of parturient paresis in aged Holstein cows was tested. Intramuscular injection of .5 mg of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 plus 4 mg of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 increased plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations through parturition. Treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 plus 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 raised prepartum serum Ca approximately 2 mg/dl and prepartum serum P approximately 4 to 5 mg/dl higher than untreated controls. Both treated and control cows had approximately a 2-mg/dl decrease in serum Ca following parturition. The prepartum diet of alfalfa silage and hay was supplemented with a grain mixture supplying 100 g of Ca/d from ground limestone. Under these dietary conditions, incidence of parturient paresis was reduced from 33 to 8%. In a separate experiment, treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 plus 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 did not reduce incidence of parturient paresis when cows consumed mixed diets of different feed-stuff composition. Further experiments are required to determine specifically the factor or factors responsible for the difference in response to active vitamin D compound administration between the two experiments. Prepartum dietary Ca intake may be one such factor.
The Adult Male Undergraduate Student Experience: Real Men Do Return to School

(1999). The Adult Male Undergraduate Student Experience: Real Men Do Return to School. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 15-24.
Twinning-induced dynamic recrystallization in a magnesium alloy extruded at 450 °C

A novel and interesting dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanism was observed in a Mg–Al–Zn–Mn magnesium alloy (AZ61) extruded at 450 °C. The misorientation distribution of the dynamically recrystallized grains was measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that a portion of the grains from DRX satisfy the { 10 1 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 0 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 〉 twin orientation relationship and indicate that twinning plays an important role in DRX. The EBSD image-quality maps show that the morphologies of the twin boundaries are rough and incoherent.
New Equipment for Measuring Envelope Delay

The envelope delay characteristic is an extremely important factor in television systems. The effect of improper envelope delay is quite pronounced in color television, but a properly corrected system is also necessary for monochrome transmission if the optimum in picture quality is to be obtained. A new measuring technique has been developed which provides a low frequency reference to properly relate the envelope delay of the high and low frequency components of the video signal. The RCA BW-8A Envelope Delay Measuring Set utilizes this new technique, and is designed for television station use. This paper highlights the importance of the envelope delay characteristic and describes the new measurement technique.
On Coronal Streamers with T-Type Neutral Points

The gas-magnetic field interaction of an isothermal axisymmetric corona is considered. A method is suggested for solving the MHD equations in the case when a uniform gas pressure and the radial component of the magnetic field (as in a dipole) are specified at the Sun's surface. The flux of open field lines (φ) can be given arbitrarily, and no reconnection or opening of field lines can take place. If configurations in hydrostatic equilibrium between the regions of open and closed field lines can be found, then the method of solution converges. The equation of hydrostatic equilibrium at the neutral point (assumed to be of the T-type) is written in a simple form, and it is shown that if φ is smaller than a certain φmin, this equation cannot be satisfied. Configurations in hydrostatic equilibrium between the regions of open and closed field lines are expected to exist for any value of φ larger than φmin.
Direct MBE growth of SiGe dots on ordered mesoporous glass-coated Si substrate

Abstract In this paper, we propose a new method for preparing high-density nanometer-scale SiGe quantum dots on ordered mesoporous sol gel silica-coated Si substrate. It was found that a SiGe dot matrix has formed in the porous silica media, and a second layer of bigger over-grown SiGe dots was also observable. X-Ray diffraction measurements suggest the formation of the buried dots. Preliminary photoluminescence experiments show promising emission related to the buried dots.