cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partially Odious Debts? A Framework for an Optimal Liability Regime

This article argues that the cost of odious debt ought to be borne by the party who is best positioned to prevent the accumulation of such debt. Creditors should bear odious debt liability - be barred from recovering the debt - to the extent that they could have taken measures to reduce the risk of forfeiture or to monitor the use of the money. Such liability would induce better care in funding decisions. At the same time, the magnitude of creditors' liability should reflect only the true social harm of odious debt. Even despotic regimes direct some of the funds to benefit the populace. Accordingly, creditors' liability ought to extend only to the fraction of the debt that served odious purposes. Effectively, liability for odious debt would be shared by the creditors and populace, with the relative shares depending on comparative blameworthiness, assessed from an economic, incentive-oriented perspective. After developing this principle, the paper explores ways in which it can be implemented.
The recognition and interpretation of motion in language

In this paper, we develop a framework for interpreting linguistic descriptions of places and locations as well as objects in motion as found in natural language texts. We present an overview of existing qualitative spatiotemporal models in order to discuss a more dynamic model of motion called Dynamic Interval Temporal Logic (DITL). The resulting static and dynamic descriptions are represented in a spatiotemporal markup language called STML. The STML output then enables a grounding within a metric representation such as Google Earth, through an automatic conversion to KML. Consistent with the STML output, DITL provides a semantics for STML for subsequent reasoning about the text.
A Noninvasive Technique for Blocking Vomeronasal Chemoreception in Rattlesnakes

To examine the effects of vomeronasal deprivation on strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) in rattlesnakes we used a newly developed technique to anesthetize the vomeronasal organs. We compared rate of tongue flicking after striking prey in avomic rattlesnakes to vomic controls. Avomic rattlesnakes exhibited significantly fewer tongue flicks after striking prey than did vomic controls. However, avomic subjects still exhibited a significantly higher rate of tongue flicking (RTF) than did subjects that were presented with prey but not allowed to strike indicating that the increase in RTF seen in avomic snakes reflects a component of predatory behavior that is released by the strike and not dependent upon further vomeronasal activation. A second experiment was conducted to examine the role of the vomeronasal system (VNS) in location of envenomed prey. Disruption of the VNS chemoreception significantly reduced the number of poststrike tongue flicks, significantly increased the latency to locate the prey item and significantly increased the latency to commence swallowing the prey item, indicating that normal expression of these behaviors is dependent upon a functioning vomeronasal system.
Testing concurrent systems: an interpretation of intuitionistic logic

We present a natural confluence of higher-order hereditary Harrop formulas (HH formulas), Constraint Logic Programming (CLP, [JL87]), and Concurrent Constraint Programming (CCP, [Sar93]) as a fragment of (intuitionistic, higher-order) logic. This combination is motivated by the need for a simple executable, logical presentation for static and dynamic semantics of modern programming languages. The power of HH formulas is needed for higher-order abstract syntax, and the power of constraints is needed to naturally abstract the underlying domain of computation. Underpinning the combination is a sound and complete operational interpretation of a two-sided sequent presentation of (a large fragment of) intuitionistic logic in terms of behavioral testing of concurrent systems. Formulas on the left hand side of a sequent style presentation are viewed as a system of concurrent agents, and formulas on the right hand side as tests against this evolving system. The language permits recursive definitions of agents and tests, allows tests to augment the system being tested and allows agents to be contingent on the success of a test. We present a condition on proofs, operational derivability (OD), and show that the operational semantics generates only operationally derivable proofs. We show that a sequent in this logic has a proof iff it has an operationally derivable proof.
Getting an earful : a review of beneficiary assessments of social funds

Social investment funds account for a growing share of the World Bank's portfolio in the social protection and human development areas. Given the demand-driven nature of these social funds, systematic feedback from beneficiaries is an essential evaluation tool. This study reviews the experience to date with beneficiary assessments of social funds. The report is divided into two sections: 1) an evaluation of the use of beneficiary assessments as a monitoring and evaluation tool; and 2) observations on social fund operations based on information from the end-users. The report concludes with recommendations for improving the quality of beneficiary assessments as well as social fund performance across countries.
Clinical Outcome After Percutaneous Transhepatic Obliteration of Esophageal Varices

A 4.5-yr experience with percutaneous transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices in 49 patients is reviewed with respect to technical success, control of active hemorrhage, rebleeding frequency, survival, and complications to better define clinical guidelines regarding its application. The procedure was successfully completed in 94% (46 of 49) of patients, and complete obliteration of all variceal feeder vessels was achieved in approximately onehalf (52%). Variceal hemorrhage was controlled in three-quarters (76%) of actively bleeding patients, and recurrent hemorrhage occurred in 65% of patients at mean follow-up of 33 wk. Complete obliteration of all variceal feeder vessels was found not to be necessary from a technical standpoint, because the frequency of control of active hemorrhage and rebleeding were not significantly different in those patients having partial as compared with complete obliteration. In comparison with the reported outcome following standard medical therapy of bleeding varices, survival after variceal obliteration appears similar, but death from hemorrhage may be reduced. The interval to rebleeding is longer in patients having elective variceal obliteration after medical control of hemorrhage than in actively bleeding patients undergoing urgent obliteration of varices. The complication rate of obliteration was acceptable, but Child's class C patients with uncontrolled hemorrhage were a subgroup that experienced high mortality and derived little benefit from obliteration. Variceal obliteration is most appropriate in the bleeding but medically stabilized patient or the inoperable patient with recurrent bleeding. Active bleeding is most often controlled and recurrent bleeding may be prevented for several months, thus allowing consideration of elective shunt surgery.
Elevated peak plantar pressures in patients who have Charcot arthropathy.

Although diabetes and peripheral neuropathy are perhaps the most important risk factors for neuropathic osteoarthropathy, we hypothesized that peak plantar pressures may also be higher in patients who have this condition. We are unaware of any reports in the medical literature that have specifically addressed this hypothesis. We obtained data from the medical records of 164 diabetic patients who had been managed in a multidisciplinary tertiary-care diabetic foot-specialty clinic. We then divided the patients into four groups: those who had acute Charcot arthropathy, those who had neuropathic ulceration, those who had neuropathy without ulceration, and those who had neither neuropathy nor ulceration. The peak plantar pressures were significantly higher in the patients who had acute Charcot arthropathy and those who had a neuropathic ulcer (p 0.05). However, the mean peak pressure was significantly higher on the ulcerated side than on the contralateral side in the patients who had a neuropathic ulcer (90+/-18.8 compared with 86+/-20.7 newtons per square centimeter; p < 0.02). Although the midfoot was the site of maximum involvement in all patients who had Charcot arthropathy, the peak plantar pressure was on the forefoot, suggesting that the forefoot may function as a lever, forcing collapse in the midfoot.
Identification of a subtype selective human PPARα agonist through parallel-array synthesis

Using solid-phase, parallel-array synthesis, a series of urea-substituted thioisobutyric acids was synthesized and assayed for activity on the human PPAR subtypes. GW7647 (3) was identified as a potent human PPARα agonist with ∼200-fold selectivity over PPARγ and PPARδ, and potent lipid-lowering activity in animal models of dyslipidemia. GW7647 (3) will be a valuable chemical tool for studying the biology of PPARα in human cells and animal models of disease.
Autophagy Gets in on the Regulatory Act

Autophagy down-regulates the Wnt signal transduction pathway via targeted degradation of a key signaling protein. This may provide an explanation for autophagy's role in tumor suppression.
Disclusion time measurement studies: Stability of disclusion time—A 1-year follow-up

Six of seven women were recalled after 1 year to remeasure their right- and left-side working disclusion times. Before the occlusal adjustment technique known as immediate complete anterior guidance development (ICAGD), these patients presented lengthy mean disclusion times (> 1.0 second) and multiple chronic myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) symptoms. After ICAGD, these patients presented with short mean disclusion times (< 0.7 second) and no chronic MPDS symptoms were observed. At 1-year follow-up, there was no statistical difference between present measurements of disclusion time and those of 1 year earlier. In addition, all six posttreatment patients demonstrated no observed chronic MPDS symptoms. However, the symptom of nocturnal bruxism appeared to recur with some chronic regularity. These results suggest that, for this population, disclusion time was stable over the 1-year period of observation, and the short disclusion time appears to allow normal daily muscle function with significantly lessened appearance of chronic myofacial pain dysfunction symptoms.
Affinity selection of epitope-based vaccines using a bacteriophage virus-like particle platform

Display of epitopes on virus-like particles (VLPs) is a highly effective technique for enhancing the immunogenicity of antigens that are poorly immunogenic in their native context. VLP-based vaccines can be used to elicit long-lasting, high-titer antibody responses against diverse target antigens, even self-antigens. Most VLP platform-based vaccines are rationally engineered; specific target epitopes or domains are arrayed so that they are displayed at high-valency on the surface of VLPs. In this review, we describe an alternate technique for vaccine discovery using VLPs. This strategy, analogous to filamentous phage display, allows bacteriophage VLP-based vaccines to be identified from a vast library of potential vaccines by affinity selection. This technology integrates epitope discovery and immunization functions into a single platform.
An example oriented on-line Java tutorial for university students

As the number of Internet users grows exponentially all over the world, Java has become one of the most favored computer languages for Web programming. Java application and Web developers are in high demand. Java courses are offered by almost every university, college, and it even has a presence in high schools. To help students learn Java efficiently, educators have created all kinds of tutorials, short and long courses, white papers, Web help pages, menus, and books. Although there are numerous resources to help students learn Java, we find that there is still at least one important part missing: a set of well organized practical examples that correspond to the kernel elements of Java language. This insufficiency slows down the learning speed and brings frustration to students. In this paper, we present a different Java tutorial which is example oriented instead of explanation oriented. We believe that our tutorial can significantly reduce the above insufficiency.
Synthesis and characterization of FeCo nanowires with high coercivity

Ferromagnetic FeCo nanocrystals with high coercivity have been synthesized using a reductive decomposition method. The sizes and shapes of the nanocrystals were found to be dependent on reaction parameters such as the surfactant ratio, the precursor concentration and the heating rate. Synthesized nanocrystals have a body-centered cubic crystal structure for both particles and nanowires and the (110) crystalline direction is along the long axis of the nanowires. The coercivity and magnetization of the FeCo nanocrystals are found to be dependent on morphology. Nanowires of Fe60Co40 with saturation magnetization of 92 emu g−1 and coercive force of 1.2 kOe have been obtained in this study.
Isoflavone Contents in Germinated Soybean Seeds

The effect of germination on isoflavone contents in two soybean varieties (Hutcheson and Caviness) was investigated. Soybean seeds were soaked at 25 degrees C for 12 h, germinated at 40 degrees C, and freeze-dried. The isoflavone contents of dry, soaked, germinated (hypocotyl length at 0.5, 2.5, and 6.5 mm), and nongerminated seeds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The maximum amount of total isoflavone, genistein, and daidzein with their beta-glucoside conjugates was obtained when hypocotyl length of the germinated-seed from var. Hutcheson was 0.5 mm (2.491, 1.500, and 0.671 mg/g), and from var. Caviness was 2.5 mm (2.78, 1.523, and 0.905 mg/g). A dramatic increase in malonylgenistin and malonyldaidzin (1.305 mg/g and 0.476 mg/g in Hutcheson, and 1.308 mg/g and 0.677 mg/g in Caviness, respectively) was observed at these hypocotyl lengths. A decrease was observed after this stage. Genistein and daidzein contents were highest just after soaking. Glycitein and its beta-glucoside conjugates remained almost the same during germination. Controlled germination can be used to enhance isoflavone content in soybean seed.
Handling of Complex Numbers in the $C^H$ Programming Language

The handling of complex numbers in the $C^H$ programming language will be described in this paper. Complex is a built-in data type in $C^H$. The I/O, arithmetic and relational operations, and built-in mathematical functions are defined for both regular complex numbers and complex metanumbers of ComplexZero, Complexlnf, and ComplexNaN. Due to polymorphism, the syntax of complex arithmetic and relational operations and built-in mathematical functions are the same as those for real numbers. Besides polymorphism, the built-in mathematical functions are implemented with a variable number of arguments that greatly simplify computations of different branches of multiple-valued complex functions. The valid lvalues related to complex numbers are defined. Rationales for the design of complex features in $C^H$ are discussed from language design, implementation, and application points of views. Sample $C^H$ programs show that a computer language that does not distinguish the sign of zeros in complex numbers can also handle the branch cuts of multiple-valued complex functions effectively so long as it is appropriately designed and implemented.
Crystalline Structure and Surface Reactivity Atomistic models are unique tools for dealing with the chemical and physical properties of surfaces

The role of crystalline structure in the surface reactivity of predominantly covalent materials has been examined in terms of chemical bonding concepts. In this context a solid surface can be viewed as a giant lattice defect characterized by dangling bonds. Although it is difficult, at the present stage of development of the quantum mechanical approach to surfaces, to define precisely the perturbations resulting from the abrupt termination of the lattice at the surface, a host of experimental observations can be understood by assuming displacements of surface atoms and distortions of bonding configurations in accordance with simple chemical bonding principles. A purely atomistic approach has been shown to account not only for the chemical behavior but also for certain structural and electrical characteristics of the surfaces considered. A number of phenomena, such as crystal growth and the behavior of certain lattice defects (for example, dislocations), are intimately related to the presence of dangling bonds and the associated distortions of the lattice at the surface (32).
Unusual Properties of Highly Charged Buffers: Large Ionization Volumes and Low Barrier Hydrogen Bonds

Pressure effects on the ionization of various compounds were determined by pressure-modulated fluoresence spectroscopy of buffering solutions containing nanomolar fluorescein as a pH indicator. Two highly pressure-sensitive buffers are described. The second ionization of 1,1-cyclopropane dicarboxylic acid (pK 7.5) has a ΔVion of −29 ± 2 mL/mol, the largest known aqueous ionization volume of any Bronsted acid of pKa below 9. The third ionization of 1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane exhibits a ΔVion of +30 ± 2 mL/mol, the largest positive aqueous ionization volume known for any Bronsted base in water. The 1H NMR spectrum of the tetrabutylammonium salt of 1,1-cyclopropane dicarboxylic acid monoanion in acetone-d6 with 10% H2O at 25 °C had a peak at 19.25 ppm, suggesting that the two carbonyl groups are tethered by a low-barrier hydrogen bond which shields electron density from the solvent and that ionization of this proton leads to a large increase in solvation of the carboxylates. The protonation of 1,4,8,1...
On the Use of GOES Thermal Data to Study Effects of Land Use on Diurnal Temperature Fluctuation

Abstract Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) infrared data were used to study the effect of land use on the diurnal surface temperature fluctuation. Five major land use types in southern Florida: the sandy soil agricultural area; the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA); the conservation areas; the Natural Everglades Area (NEA); and Lake Okeechobee; were observed. The average daytime and nocturnal surface temperatures of sandy soil in agricultural areas was lower than that of organic soil in agricultural areas. The average temperature of organic soil in agricultural areas was lower than that of organic soil in conservation areas. The surface temperature in the wet marsh area was much lower than that in a large water-storage lake. A land use change in the EAA, and an increase in the water storage in Lake Okeechobee and the conservation areas could influence the microclimate.
Make-believe: fashion and Cinelandia in Rizzoli's Lei (1933–38)

Amidst the wide array of women's magazines published in Italy in the 1930s, Lei. Rivista di vita femminile presents a compelling case study of the make-believe effect achieved through fashion and the allure of the silver screen. Published by Angelo Rizzoli between 1933 and 1938, Lei stands out for a cosmopolitan, American-looking lifestyle that champions an Italian ‘new woman’, aware of her own new image and enmeshed in a fantastic world of romantic novels and movie stars. This essay studies the paradoxes and complexities of an Italian illustrated periodical promoting the image of a fashionable woman in the midst of growing imperialism and autarchy, and publishing the work of Leica photographers, Lucio Ridenti and Paul Wolff in particular. Lei reflects the fundamental ambivalence of this time, promoting Italian fashion through Hollywood as a way to counteract the French fashion industry, and inviting women to role-play through the allure of their image.
Outpatient Dobutamine Infusion Using a Totally Implantable Infusion Pump for Refractory Congestive Heart Failure

A patient with refractory congestive heart failure was treated, on an outpatient basis, with intermittent dobutamine using a totally implantable infusion pump. Dobutamine was infused for 48 hours every week and resulted in sustained clinical improvement. Symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure remained well controlled until his death from a stroke eight months after implantation of the pump.
Biogenic amine degradation by homogenates of the bulb mite,Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin) (Acari: Astigmata: Acaridae)

Whole homogenates of bulb mites rapidly metabolized 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) but were appreciably less active against tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and dopamine; no degradation of octopamine was detected. The rate of PEA degradation by bulb mites was dependent upon both substrate and homogenate concentrations. PEA degradation was inhibited by pargyline (pI50, 6.7), tranylcypromine (pI50 6.2), and harmaline (pI50 4.1), but not by 5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyformanilide. These results suggested that PEA metabolism by bulb mite homogenates was catalyzed mainly by Type B monoamine oxidase.
Regional-scale modeling of soil freeze/thaw over the Arctic drainage basin

[1] The freezing and thawing of the active layer of soil in the Arctic terrestrial drainage basin is simulated using a one-dimensional heat conduction model. Main forcing data are surface air temperature and snow thickness. Emphasis is placed on producing a topography-improved temperature data set from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, and a snow height data set compiled from SSM/I satellite data and observed climatological snow density. Soil bulk density, soil type and its relative composition are derived from the SoilData System of the IGBP-DIS. The model is run with 25 km × 25 km resolution and daily time steps for the period September 1998 through December 2000. We compare modeled thaw depths and active layer depths with those measured at Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) field sites. This study shows for the first time the highly variable daily thaw depth over permafrost and seasonally frozen ground depth in nonpermafrost areas, as well as freezing and thawing periods for the whole pan-Arctic landmass.
Winter Monsoon Convection in the Vicinity of North Borneo. Part II: Effects on Large-Scale Fields

Abstract An observational study of the thermodynamic and kinematic structure and properties of monsoon convective systems and their large-scale environment over the southern South China Sea during the field phase (December 1978) of the Winter Monsoon Experiment (WMONEX) has been carried out. The primary observations used are from three Soviet research vessels positioned in a triangular array off the north coast of Borneo during the period 6–28 December. Computations of thermodynamic fields, divergence and vertical motion have been made for the duration of the field phase based on six-hourly rawinsonde releases at the ship sites. Analysis of the data indicates that the degree of convective activity over the southern South China Sea is modulated by long-period synoptic forcing (monsoon surges, easterly waves) and also significantly by diurnal forcing (land-sea breeze circulations). A diurnal cycle of convection persists in the region whether the synoptic-scale forcing is weak or strong. Convection over wate...
On identity assurance in the presence of federated identity management systems

In this paper we address the appropriate management of risk in federated identity management systems by presenting an identity assurance framework and supporting technologies. We start by discussing the risk mitigation framework that should be part of any identity assurance solution. We then demonstrate how our model based assurance technologies can be used to report success of an identity assurance programme. We discuss how this approach can be used to gain trust within a federated identity management solution both by communicating the nature of the assurance framework and that risks are successfully being mitigated. Finally, we show the importance of automation of controls in easing operational costs (and we describe related approaches developed at HP Labs and PRIME project); providing improved audit information and changing the risk mitigation landscape.
Simulation of sea surface temperatures with the surface heat fluxes from an atmospheric circulation model

The global fields of the surface heat fluxes for the December-February period are calculated with the UCLA atmospheric circulation model (ACM). This model operates on a global grid net. The planetary boundary layer (PBL), as the decisive subsystem for the surface fluxes, is parameterized in terms of its bulk properties. For several locations in the north Atlantic, the model heat fluxes are incorporated into the forcing of a simple ocean mixed-layer (OML) model. The OML-model uses a slight generalization of the bulk Kraus-Turner concepts incorporating thermocline contributions to the buoyancy budget of the upper ocean. The remaining components of the OML-forcing are estimated from weather-ship data. The comparison of the sea-surface temperatures (SST), prescribed to the ACM as lower boundary condition, with those obtained from the OML model-integration provides a consistency test for the ACM-fluxes. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1989.tb00364.x
Exchange reactions catalyzed by γ-aminobutyric-glutamic transaminase

Abstract γ-Aminobutyrate-glutamate transaminase catalyzes exchange reactions between γ-aminobutyrate and succinic semialdehyde and between L -glutamate and a -ketoglutarate. Several analogs were tested for inhibition of each of the exchange reactions; for a given analog, approximately equal inhibitions were obtained in both exchange reactions. Glutarate and butyrate were the most effective analogs tested.
Reconstructing Eutrophication and Phosphorus Loading for Lake Volney, Minnesota: Combining Lake Sediments and Land-Use History to Establish ‘Natural’ Baselines for Management and Restoration

ABSTRACT Establishing management targets for lake nutrient inputs remains a major challenge to limnologists and resource managers concerned with the cultural eutrophication of lakes. In this study we used multiple sediment cores to reconstruct pre-Euroamerican (1650–1850) phosphorus (P) loading to Lake Volney, a hypereutrophic lake in Le Sueur County, Minnesota, and compared changes in P inputs to inferred changes in lake productivity based on biogenic silica (bSi). Euroamerican changes in land-use, as abstracted from census and tax records, were also compared with sedimentary proxies for soil erosion – loss-on-ignition and environmental magnetism. Whole-basin P accumulation in Lake Volney ranged from 0.31 – 0.39 g m−2 yr−1 prior to the arrival of Euroamerican agriculture in the 1850s. There-after P accumulation rose nearly three-fold largely due to increased fluxes of organic and non-apatite inorganic P. P inputs were highest (3.9 g m−2 yr−1) when organic, apatite and non-apatite P all peaked. Modern P a...
Age-related changes in mitochondrial respiration and oxidative damage in the cerebral cortex of the Fischer 344 rat

This study probed possible age-related changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics in naive Fischer 344 rats. Synaptic and extrasynaptic mitochondria were isolated from the cortex of one hemisphere of young (3-5 months), middle (12-14 months), or aged (22-24 months) rats. Respiration parameters were obtained using a Clarke-type electrode. Aged rats displayed no significant alterations in respiration, indicating mitochondria must be more resilient to the aging process than previously thought. Synaptic mitochondria displayed lower respiration capacities than the extrasynaptic fraction. Aged F344 rats appear capable of normal electron transport chain function without declines in ability to produce ATP. Markers of cortical oxidative damage (3-nitrotyrosine [3-NT], 4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE], and protein carbonyls [PC]) were collected from the post-mitochondrial supernatant (PMS) from the contralateral hemisphere, and from mitochondrial samples following respiration analysis. Age-related increases in PC and 3-NT levels were found in synaptic mitochondria, whereas significant extrasynaptic elevations were only found in middle aged rats. These findings support an age-related increase in oxidative damage in the cortex, while proposing the two fractions of mitochondria are differentially affected by the aging process. Levels of oxidative damage that accumulates in the cortex with age does not appear to significantly impair cortical mitochondrial respiration of F344 rats.
Demographic characteristics and treatment experiences of women and men who stutter

Abstract This paper reports interview data collected from ten men and ten women who stutter. The responses of the subjects tend to (a) highlight the multidimensionality of stuttering, (b) provide additional support for the conclusion drawn earlier of gender differences in stuttering symptomatology, and (c) raise questions about the manner in which stuttering is treated.
Range Wars: The Plains Frontier of Boys Don't Cry

In the mythology of the American West, range wars pitted ranchers against farmers, insiders versus outsiders, each struggling to control access to land, each fighting to preserve the freedom and opportunities that first drew them to the frontier. The film, Boys Don't Cry (2000), set on the contemporary Plains and based on actual events, tells of insiders and outsiders who attempt to claim a place. The individuals at the center of the film challenge symbolic fences and attempt border-crossings as they struggle to construct and live with their identities. Plains citizens are depicted to erect and police societal fences, denning who belongs in this landscape and who does not, a parallel to the mythic conflict between ranchers and farmers. Common to all these range wars are debates over masculine identity. The film constructs a Plains landscape that is once again frontier, spatially as well as metaphorically. Oh, give me land, lots of land under starry skies above, Don't fence me in. Let me ride through the w...
Exponentially Convergent Method for the First-Order Differential Equation in a Banach Space with Integral Nonlocal Condition

For the first-order differential equation with unbounded operator coefficient in a Banach space, we study the nonlocal problem with integral condition. An exponentially convergent algorithm for the numerical solution of this problem is proposed and justified under the assumption that the operator coefficient A is strongly positive and certain existence and uniqueness conditions are satisfied. The algorithm is based on the representations of operator functions via the Dunford–Cauchy integral along a hyperbola covering the spectrum of A and the quadrature formula containing a small number of resolvents. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by several examples.
A diagnostic approach to educating Minnesota dairy farmers in the prevention and control of bovine mastitis

Abstract Six characteristics of innovations described as influencing their rates of adoption by farmers are their relative advantage, complexity, ability to be tried, visibility of outcome personal contact between the advocate and the farmer, and compatibility with existing values. In this study, these are related to the adoption of mastitis prevention and control procedures. An educational diagnostic method described by Green et al. was adapted from human health education and applied to mastitis prevention and control with a group of farmers form nine Minnesota dairy farms. The method included six phases. A social diagnosis determined farmers' perceived rewards from dairying to be profit-making, enjoyment of working with animals, a desire to see cows achieve their production potential and a desire to raise a family in a farm setting. An epidemiological diagnosis from the literature determined the reduction of new infection rate and increase in the infection elimination rate to be the principal means of reducing mastitis prevalence. Teat dipping, dry period therapy, detection of clinical mastitis, segregating infected cows at milking, correct udder preparation and correct function and use of the milking machine were the main behavioral factors involved in mastitis control. An educational diagnosis identified pre-disposing, enabling and reinforcing factors associated with mastitis control. Their use in a mastitis control education program is illustrated using the teat dipping behavior as an example. Planning implementation was the fifth phase of the method. It involved rating the importance to mastitis control of various possible control behaviors and the likelihood of changing them. A priority order for employing resources was established from these. Planning also involved defining the behavior changes desired of farmers in mastitis control. The final phase was evaluation. Information from a survey of 222 Minnesota dairy farms was also incorporated in the process. The diagnostic method proved valuable in helping the educators view mastitis from the farmers point of view. A practical educational program was produced.
Validation study of a pooled electronic healthcare database: the effect of obesity on the revision rate of total knee arthroplasty

The objective of this study was to validate the use of a software platform (Explorys, Inc., Cleveland, OH) by determining whether the association observed between obesity and revision of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was obtained within this database. Risk of revision in cohorts with a BMI > 30, as well as cohorts with a BMI between 30–35, 35–40 and >40 was compared to patients with a BMI between 18 and 30 (relative risk, RR). Risk in men versus women was examined. From this database, 70,070 patients were identified that had undergone a TKA. Risk of revision increased as a function of BMI; RR achieved significance in the following cohorts: all patients with a BMI > 30, all patients with a BMI > 40, men with a BMI > 30 and men with a BMI > 40. All other subgroups showed increased RR but did not reach significance. In obese patients, RR was greater in men than in women, and the effect was significant in all groups examined except patients with a BMI between 35 and 40. Data from this study contribute to the process of demonstrating the Explorys software platform is a valid and useful method to investigate associations across large populations.
The Distinctive Nature of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease in Diabetes: Pathophysiological and Morphological Insights

As the incidence of diabetes mellitus continues to rise, parallel increases in the rates of diabetic atherosclerotic vascular disease are projected to impart major health and socioeconomic challenges for authorities worldwide. Diabetes results in a proatherogenic phenotype, manifesting in an accelerated, diffuse, polyvascular fashion. In this review, we highlight the pathophysiological and morphological hallmarks of diabetic atherosclerosis.
The thermal decay of the intermediates of rhodopsin in situ.

The half-lives for the thermal decay of several of the intermediates formed in the bleaching of rhodopsin have been studied in the retina of the albino rat using the fast photo voltages produced by the action of light on these intermediates. The rates of decay of Intermediate “A” (meta I), Intermediate “B” (meta II), and Intermediate “C” (P465) have been measured over a range of temperatures and their kinetic parameters calculated. The half-lives of these intermediates at 37°C are 40 microseconds, 140 seconds, and 1100 seconds respectively. Only the decay of Intermediate “A” is rapid enough at physiological temperatures to be possibly involved in visual excitation. The decay of Intermediate “C” is sufficiently slow to perhaps affect the rate of regeneration of rhodopsin. The kinetic (pseudothermodynamic) parameters of these in situ studies, such as the activation energies, ΔF*, ΔH* and ΔS* for the three intermediates, are in agreement, within experimental error, with most of the values reported from the solution data. The quantum efficiency for the photoreversal of Intermediate “A” to rhodopsin was also measured using the fast photo voltages from rhodopsin and was found to be 0.55 ± 0.1.
High‐throughput fluorescence‐activated cell sorting for lipid hyperaccumulating Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants

Summary The genetically tractable microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has many advantages as a model for renewable bioproducts and/or biofuels production. However, one limitation of C. reinhardtii is its relatively low-lipid content compared with some other algal species. To overcome this limitation, we combined ethane methyl sulfonate mutagenesis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of cells stained with the lipophilic stain Nile Red to isolate lipid hyperaccumulating mutants of C. reinhardtii. By manipulating the FACS gates, we sorted mutagenized cells with extremely high Nile Red fluorescence signals that were rarely detected in nonmutagenized populations. This strategy successfully isolated several putative lipid hyperaccumulating mutants exhibiting 23% to 58% (dry weight basis) higher fatty acid contents than their progenitor strains. Significantly, for most mutants, nitrogen starvation was not required to attain high-lipid content nor was there a requirement for a deficiency in starch accumulation. Microscopy of Nile Red stained cells revealed that some mutants exhibit an increase in the number of lipid bodies, which correlated with TLC analysis of triacyglycerol content. Increased lipid content could also arise through increased biomass production. Collectively, our findings highlight the ability to enhance intracellular lipid accumulation in algae using random mutagenesis in conjunction with a robust FACS and lipid yield verification regime. Our lipid hyperaccumulating mutants could serve as a genetic resource for stacking additional desirable traits to further increase lipid production and for identifying genes contributing to lipid hyperaccumulation, without lengthy lipid-induction periods.
Simulation Capability for Dynamics of Two-Body Flexible Satellites

An analysis and computer program were prepared to realistically simulate the dynamic behavior of a class of satellites consisting of two end bodies separated by a connecting structure. The shape and mass distribution of the flexible end bodies are arbitrary; the connecting structure is flexible but massless and is capable of deployment and retraction. Fluid flowing in a piping system and rigid moving masses, representing a cargo elevator or crew members, have been modeled. Connecting structure characteristics, control systems, and externally applied loads are modeled in easily replaced subroutines. Subroutines currently available include a telescopic beam-type connecting structure as well as attitude, deployment, spin and wobble control. In addition, a unique mass balance control system was developed to sense and balance mass shifts due to the motion of a cargo elevator. The mass of the cargo may vary through a large range. Numerical results are discussed for various types of runs.
A Multivariate Analysis of Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome, and Its Relationships With Gender, Urinary Tract Infection and Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children

ABSTRACTPurpose: We explored and quantified the relationships between dysfunctional elimination syndrome (DES), and gender, urinary tract infection (UTI) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children.Materials and Methods: Data on 2,759 pediatric patients treated at a referral practice who underwent renal sonography and voiding cystourethrography were summarized. The patients were children with VUR or normal genitourinary anatomy who presented with UTI or dysfunctional voiding and children screened for genitourinary problems such as hematuria, sibling reflux or bedwetting. A multivariate logistic regression approach was used to model and quantify the associations between DES and other pediatric urology factors.Results: Of the girls 36.0% with unilateral VUR had DES, while 36.1% with bilateral VUR had DES. The corresponding rates for boys were 20.5% and 21.2%. The higher rate of DES in girls was independent of UTI and VUR status. While UTI was not associated with DES in boys or girls without VUR, in patients...
Metabolism of Glycine by the Completely Isolated Mammalian Heart Investigated with Garboxyl-Labeled Glycine.

SummaryGlycine, labeled with heavy carbon in the carboxyl position, was administered to the completely isolated, working, cat heart. Isotopic analysis of the collected respiratory C02 indicated that if splitting of the 2-carbon chain of glycine with conversion of the carbon to C02 was accomplished by the heart muscle, it occurred only to a slight extent.
Improved diagnosis of coexisting types II and III aortic dissection with multiplane transesophageal echocardiography.

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Impact of a motivational intervention on mechanisms of change in low-income pregnant smokers

Abstract Numerous smoking cessation interventions targeting pregnant women have been developed and tested. An overall increase in smoking cessation is indicated, yet quit rates are modest and variable. Although efficacious with other substance abuse populations, motivational interviewing (MI) interventions with pregnant smokers have resulted in marginal outcomes. Examining treatment mechanisms affected by MI interventions may assist in understanding negative results and in developing more innovative and effective interventions. This study assessed the impact of an MI intervention on transtheoretical (TTM)-based mechanisms of change in low-income pregnant smokers ( N =54). Repeated measures analyses indicated that relative to usual care (UC), pregnant smokers who received MI reported a greater increase in confidence to abstain from smoking, a decrease in temptation to smoke, and a decrease in level of depression. However, the MI intervention was not associated with forward progression in the stages of change. More intensive motivational and cognitive–behavioral interventions demonstrated effective in nonpregnant, smoking populations, with more frequent sessions separate from prenatal visits, are recommended to further increase smoking cessation rates among low-income pregnant smokers.
The Soviet Union, East Asia and the West: the Kremlin’s Calculus of Opportunities and Risks

Some eighteen months have now passed since Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union, enough time for him to have left a visible imprint upon Soviet policy in East Asia. In appraising what Gorbachev has done, and what his hopes and intentions are likely to be in the region, four broad questions seem appropriate. First, what lines of policy — military, political, economic — did he inherit? What Soviet vested interests have been created by the momentum of past policies to impinge on Gorbachev’s choices? And what have been the effects of past Soviet behaviour on the Soviet position in the region? Second, what objective changes have been occurring in the Asian-Pacific political environment? To what degree have they been linked with developments in the West? To what extent do trends confronting the Soviet Union threaten to complicate or worsen the Soviet overall position, and to what extent do they open new opportunities for Soviet policy? Third, what has been Gorbachev’s response to date? What aspects of his behaviour in Asia are a continuation of long-established Soviet policies, and what aspects contain innovations? To what extent is he likely to break new ground in the future? Fourth, what are the probable consequences of the present mix of Soviet policies for Western interests?
Neurotoxic effects of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in the mouse: basis of MMT-induced seizure activity.

Abstract Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organic manganese-containing compound which is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline. One neurotoxic effect of MMT in mice is seizure activity. In this study, seizures were observed in mice treated with MMT in propylene glycol or corn oil. The LD 50 associated with seizure activity was lower in mice receiving MMT in propylene glycol (152 mg/kg) than in those receiving MMT in corn oil (999 mg/kg). Manganese concentrations in the brains of mice which showed seizure activity due to MMT were higher than in those that did not (2.45 μg/g vs. 1.14 μg/g for MMT treated in propylene glycol and 3.25 μg/g vs. 1.63 μg/g for MMT in corn oil). Mice treated with manganese chloride (MnCl 2 ) showed increases in brain manganese comparable to those of the mice showing seizure activity due to MMT, but exhibited no sign of seizure activity. MMT in non-lethal seizure-inducing doses had no effect on the accumulation of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mouse brain. However, MMT inhibited the binding of t-[ 3 H] t -butylbicycloorthobenzoate [ 3 H]-TBOB (a ligand for the GABA-A-receptor linked chloride channel) in mouse brain membranes with an IC 50 value of 22.8 μM. The data suggest that MMT (organic manganese) or a closely related metabolite and not elemental manganese itself is responsible for the seizure activity observed. The seizure activity may be the result of an inhibitory effect of MMT at the GABA-A receptor linked chloride channel.