cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Beautiful Blonde: a Nash coordination game ¤

In a memorable scene from the …lm ”A Beautiful Mind,” John Nash explains to his friends how to direct their attentions to women in a bar. Game theorists who have seen the …lm point out that the proposed solution is not a Nash equilibrium. Here we determine the Nash equilibria to the attention game. The symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium has resembles a common property resource problem. It has perverse comparative static properties that are not borne out by experimental data. Finally, we discuss alternative ways of formulating the game.
On the extent of the market: a Monte Carlo study and an application to the United States egg market

This paper investigates the extent of the market, using a switching regimes model similar to those used in stochastic frontiers estimations. We started by performing a Monte Carlo simulation on our model, seeking to evaluate its performance in terms of correctly estimating the probability of integration of two markets. Our Monte Carlo results under the assumption of half-normal and exponential distribution of the errors, revealed that these two distributions predict almost correctly the probability of integration of two markets. The half-normal error distribution model tends to slightly underestimate the true probability of integration, while the exponential error distribution model tends to slightly overestimate the true probability of integration. We, finally, applied the model to the United States egg market using data from three highly productive states and one less productive state. The model predicts that, the markets pairs considered are integrated. That is, the four markets studied belong to the same economic market in the sense of Marshall. Further, based on our Monte Carlo study, we find that the true probability of integration of two given markets lies in between the half-normal model estimates and the exponential distribution model estimates.
Leasing versus selling and firm efficiency in oligopoly

Abstract We examine sales and leasing of a durable good in an asymmetric duopoly. We show that the inefficient firm leases more than the efficient firm, and that an increase in unit costs implies a higher ratio of leased units to sales.
Competition, Corporate Governance, and regulation in Central Asia - Uzbekistan's structural reform challenges

Like many Central Asian republics, Uzbekistan has adopted a gradual, cautious approach in its transition to a market economy. It has had some success attaining macroeconomic stability, but microeconomic reforms have lagged behind. It is time to accelerate structural reform. In Uzbekistan state enterprises are being changed into shareholding companies, and private enterprises account for 45 percent of all registered firms. But business decisions to set prices, output, and investment are often not market-based, nor wholly within the purview of businesses, especially those in commercial manufacturing and services. Lines of authority for corporate governance - from state enterprises to private enterprises - are ill-defined, so there is little discipline on corporate performance and little separation between government and business. Nascent frameworks have been created for competition policy (for firms in the commercial sector) and regulatory policy (governing utilities in the infrastructure monopoly sector). But implementation and enforcement have been hampered by old-style instruments (such as price controls) rooted in central planning, by lack of a strong independent regulatory rule-making authority, by the limited understanding of the basic concepts of competition and regulatory reform, and by weak institutional capabilities for analyzing market structure and business performance. Based on fieldwork in Uzbekistan, Broadman recommends: · Deepening senior policy officials' understanding of, and appreciation of the benefits from, enterprise competition and how it affects economic growth. · Reforming competition policy institutions and legal frameworks in line with the country's goal of strengthening structural reforms and improving macroeconomic policy. · Improving the ability of government and associated institutions to assess Uzbekistan's industrial market structure and the determinants of enterprise conduct and performance. · Making the authority responsible for competition and regulatory policymaking into an independent agency - a champion of competition - answerable directly to the prime minister. · Strengthening incentives and institutions for corporate governance and bringing them in line with international practice. · Subjecting infrastructure monopolies to systemic competitive restructuring and unbundling, where appropriate. For other utilities, depoliticize tariff setting and implementation of regulations; ensure that price, output, and investment decisions by service suppliers are procompetitive (creating a level playing field among users); and increase transparency and accountability to the public. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Regional Office - is part of a larger effort in the region to assess structural reform in Central Asia. The author may be contacted at hbroadman@worldbank.org.
CHEMICAL GRADIENTS IN THE ORION MOLECULAR CLOUD

We are mapping 29 rotational transitions of 21 chemical and isotopic molecular species in the central Orion molecular ridge with Nyquist sampling using the new 15-element focal plane array receiver QUARRY on the FCRAO 14 m telescope. Our goal is to obtain complete, unbiased data sets for a study of the interrelated physics and chemistry in GMC cores.
Private Yet Abuse Resistant Open Publishing (Transcript of Discussion)

Wikipedia, which is quite a major project these days, started blacklisting people who were submitting articles, or modifications to articles, through anonymity systems, because of course the anonymity systems were being abused in order to write all sorts of things in all sorts of articles. So the solution that Wikipedia followed was just to ban everybody who submits anonymously; everybody has to register, and basically be fully identified to submit modifications to the encyclopaedia, and we thought there must be a better way of doing this than just stopping people from submitting stories, or submitting modifications anonymously using Tor.
Evidence Explorer: A Tool for Exploring Model-Checking Proofs

We present the Evidence Explorer (http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~lmc/ee/), a new tool for assisting users in navigating the proof structure, or evidence, produced by a model checker when attempting to verify a system specification for a temporal-logic property. Due to the sheer size of such evidence, single-step traversal is prohibitive and smarter exploration methods are required. The Evidence Explorer enables users to explore evidence through a collection of orthogonal but coordinated views. These views allow one to quickly ascertain the overall perception of evidence through consistent visual cues, and easily locate interesting regions by simple drill-down operations. As described in [3], views are definable in relational graph algebra, a natural extension of relational algebra to graph structures such as model-checking evidence.
Specialization, Economic Development and Aggregate Productivity Differences

Cross-country labor productivity differences are large in agriculture and much smaller in non-agriculture. We argue that these relative productivity differences arise when subsistence consumption needs prevent workers in poor countries from specializing in the sector in which they are most productive. We formalize our theory by embedding the Roy (1951) model of ability into a two-sector general-equilibrium growth model in which the agents’ preferences feature a subsistence food requirement. The model predicts that productivity differences in agriculture will be relatively larger than in non-agriculture, even though countries differ only in a sector-neutral efficiency term. A parameterized version of our model suggests that our theory is quantitatively important in explaining why agriculture productivity differences are so large relative to those in non-agriculture.
SUSY: Theory Status in the Light of Experimental Constraints

Supersymmetry remains compelling theory over 30 years in spite of lack of its discovery. It could be already near the corner our days, therefore present and upcoming experiments are crucial for constraining or even discovery of the supersymmetry.
Linking Customer Knowledge With Successful Service Innovation

In order to satisfy customer needs and wants, the business-to-business service provider must develop and market services that provide value to the customer's organization. Because of the importance and the difficulty of evaluating value from the customer's perspective, a critical need exists for firms to obtain and possess knowledge about what activities create customer value for individual customers. The objective of this study is to explore the activities and knowledge needed to develop and market services that create customer value. Results of a study undertaken on the development and marketing of services and products in the telecommunications industry are provided. The report concludes with a discussion of managerial and research implications.
Advances in the Total Syntheses of Complex Indole Natural Products

Total syntheses of several complex indole alkaloids having potent biological activities are discussed in detail.
A Liouville property for gradient graphs and a Bernstein problem for Hamiltonian stationary equations

Using a rotation of Yuan, we observe that the gradient graph of any semi-convex function is a Liouville manifold, that is, does not admit non-constant bounded harmonic functions. As a corollary, we find that any solution of the fourth order Hamiltonian stationary equation satisfying $$\theta \geq \left( n - 2\right) \frac{\pi}{2} + \delta$$ for some \({\delta > 0}\) must be a quadratic.
Abundances and Behavior of 12CO, 13CO, and C2 in Translucent Sight Lines*

Using UV spectra obtained with FUSE, HST, and/or IUE together with higher resolution optical spectra, we determine interstellar column densities of 12 CO, 13 CO, and/or C2 for 10 Galactic sight lines with E(BV ) ranging from 0.37 to 0.72. The N(CO)/N(H2) ratio varies over a factor of 100 in this sample, due primarily to differences in N(CO). For a given N(H2), published models of diffuse and translucent clouds predict less CO than is observed. The J ¼ 1Y3 rotational levels of 12 CO are subthermally populated in these sight lines, with Tex typically between 3 and 7 K. In general, there appears to be no significant difference between the excitation temperatures of 12 CO and 13 CO. Fits to the higher resolution CO line profiles suggest that CO (like CN) is concentrated in relatively cold, dense gas. WeobtainC2columndensitiesfrom theFYX(0Y0)bandat13418(threesight lines;J ¼ 0Y12), theFYX(1Y0)band at1314 8(one sight line;J ¼ 0Y12), theDYX(0Y0) band at 2313 8(four sight lines; J ¼ 0Y18), and the AYX(3Y0) and (2Y0) bands at 7719 and 8757 8 (seven sight lines; J ¼ 0Y12). Comparisons among those column densities yield a set of mutually consistent band f-values for the UV and optical C2 bands, but also reveal some apparent anomalies within the FYX (0Y0) band. Both the kinetic temperature Tk inferred from the C2 rotational populations and the excitation temperature T02(C2) are generally smaller than the corresponding T01(H2)—suggesting that C2 is concentratedincolder,densergasthanH2.IncorporatingadditionalcolumndensitydataforKi,HD,CH,C2,C3,CN, andCOfromtheliterature(foratotalsampleof 74sightlines),wefindthat(1)COismosttightlycorrelatedwithCN; (2) the ratios 12 CO/H2 and 13 CO/H2 both are fairly tightly correlated with the density indicator CN/CH (but C2/H2 is not);and(3)theratio 12 CO/ 13 COissomewhatanticorrelatedwithbothCN/CHandN(CO).Sightlineswith 12 CO/ 13 CO below the average local Galactic value of 12 C/ 13 C appear to sample colder, denser gas in which isotope exchange re- actions have enhanced 13 CO, relative to 12 CO. Subject headingg ISM: clouds — ISM: molecules — ultraviolet: ISM
Afternoon Subauroral Proton Precipitation Resulting from Ring Current—Plasmasphere Interaction

We investigate the occurrence of arcs of precipitating protons equatorward of and detached from the afternoon proton auroral oval and their relationship with the plasmasphere and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. In a four month study interval including sixteen events, we find that the detached proton arcs are more likely to occur during geomagnetically disturbed periods and specifically at times when enhanced energetic ion densities and temperature anisotropies are observed in the equatorial magnetosphere. The disturbance-time arcs tend to be located at lower magnetic latitudes and are consistently associated with plasmaspheric plumes. Conversely, arcs which occur during quiet times tend to be located at higher latitudes, and their relationship with regions of enhanced cold plasma density remains unclear. Wave data available for two of the detached arc events indicate the presence of strong ion cyclotron waves near the equator in the vicinity of the proton precipitation region.
Picosecond X-Ray Spectral Studies

Temporally and spectrally resolved x-ray emission is an important diagnostic tool for the study of target heating and compression induced by sub-nanosecond laser pulses. In this paper we describe the use of the Livermore 15 psec x-ray streak camera to record x-ray emissions in the 1-10 keV range. In particular, we report significant progress during the past year in defining the camera as a quantitative diagnostic instrument, and its implementation for multi-channel, time resolved K-edge filter measurements. Data will be presented which describe x-ray emission from a laser imploded 87 pm diameter glass shell. Channels centered at 2.6, 4.0 and 5.3 keV provide temporal information which we relate to the absorption and compression phases of laser heating. The relative spectral content is found to be in agreement with standard, time integrated measurements.
Syntheses and single-crystal structures of CsTh(MoO4)2Cl and Na4Th(WO4)4

Colorless crystals of CsTh(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}Cl and Na{sub 4}Th(WO{sub 4}){sub 4} have been synthesized at 993 K by the solid-state reactions of ThO{sub 2}, MoO{sub 3}, CsCl, and ThCl{sub 4} with Na{sub 2}WO{sub 4}. Both compounds have been characterized by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of CsTh(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}Cl is orthorhombic, consisting of two adjacent [Th(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}] layers separated by an ionic CsCl sublattice. It can be considered as an insertion compound of Th(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2} and reformulated as Th(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}.CsCl. The Th atom coordinates to seven monodentate MoO{sub 4} tetrahedra and one Cl atom in a highly distorted square antiprism. Na{sub 4}Th(WO{sub 4}){sub 4} adopts a scheelite superlattice structure. The three-dimensional framework of Na{sub 4}Th(WO{sub 4}){sub 4} is constructed from corner-sharing ThO{sub 8} square antiprisms and WO{sub 4} tetrahedra. The space within the channels is filled by six-coordinate Na ions. Crystal data: CsTh(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}Cl, monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/c, Z=4, a=10.170(1) A, b=10.030(1) A, c=9.649(1) A, {beta}=95.671(2){sup o}, V=979.5(2) A{sup 3}, R(F)=2.65% for I>2{sigma}(I); Na{sub 4}Th(WO{sub 4}){sub 4}, tetragonal, I4{sub 1}/a, Z=4, a=11.437(1) A, c=11.833(2) A, V=1547.7(4) A{sup 3}, R(F)=3.02% for I>2{sigma}(I). -- Graphical abstract: The two-dimensional layered structure of CsTh(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}Cl viewed down the bmore » axis. Display Omitted Research highlights: {yields} Syntheses of CsTh(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}Cl and Na{sub 4}Th(WO{sub 4}){sub 4} from chlorides. {yields} Single-crystal structures of CsTh(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}Cl and Na{sub 4}Th(WO{sub 4}){sub 4}. {yields} CsTh(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}Cl can be considered as an inclusion compound composed of covalent [Th(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}] layer and ionic [CsCl] layers. {yields} Na{sub 4}Th(WO{sub 4}){sub 4} adopts a defect scheelite structure.« less
Finite Bruck loops

Bruck loops are Bol loops satisfying the automorphic inverse property. We prove a structure theorem for finite Bruck loops X, showing that X is essentially the direct product of a Bruck loop of odd order with a 2-element Bruck loop. The former class of loops is well understood. We identify the minimal obstructions to the conjecture that all finite 2-element Bruck loops are 2-loops, leaving open the question of whether such obstructions actually exist.
Differential effects of cigarette price on youth smoking intensity.

Objectives: Data from the 1992, 1993, and 1994 Monitoring the Future Surveys were used to investigate the differential effects of cigarette price on the intensity of youth cigarette smoking. Methods: Respondents are classified into nonsmokers; individuals who smoked less than one cigarette per day; individuals who smoked one to five cigarettes per day; individuals who smoked one-half pack a day; and individuals who smoked one pack or more a day. A Threshold of Change Model was estimated with information on cigarette prices as the main explanatory variables. Results: Dummy variables indicating medium and high prices were found to have varying effects on different levels of smoking intensity, even though higher prices were associated with lower smoking in all cases. The differences are more striking in the high price case. The effects of higher prices are largest at the heaviest smoking levels. Conclusion: Cigarette prices an effective tool to discourage youth smoking. The differential effects of cigarette price on smoking intensity warrant further investigation.
The effects of radicular dentine treated with double antibiotic paste and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the attachment and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells

Aim This study explored the effects of dentine treated with two concentrations of double antibiotic paste (DAP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the attachment and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Materials and Methods Radicular dentine samples were prepared with identical dimensions and randomized into six groups (n = 4). Four groups were treated with double antibiotic paste (DAP) at concentrations of 500 mg ml−1 or 1 mg ml−1 with or without EDTA. The other two groups were treated with EDTA only or received no treatment. DPSCs were seeded on each dentine sample (10 000 cells per sample). Lactate dehydrogenase activity assays were used to calculate the attached DPSCs after 1 day of incubation. Water soluble tetrazolium assays were performed to investigate DPSCs proliferation on the treated dentine samples after three additional days of incubation. Two-way anova followed by Tukey–Kramer tests was used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). Results Dentine treated with 1 or 500 mg ml−1 of DAP followed by EDTA caused significant increases in DPSCs attachment compared to the dentine treated with the DAP alone. The 500 mg ml−1 of DAP with or without EDTA caused significant reductions in DPSCs proliferation. However, the treatment of dentine with 1 mg ml−1 of DAP did not have significant negative effects on DPSCs proliferation regardless of the use of EDTA. Conclusion The use of 1 mg ml−1 of DAP followed by 10 min of irrigation with EDTA in endodontic regeneration procedure may have no negative effects on the attachment and proliferation of DPSCs.
The Boltzmann entropy and randomness tests

In the context of the dynamical systems of classical mechanics, we introduce two new notions called "algorithmic fine-grain and coarse-grain entropy". The fine-grain algorithmic entropy is, on the one hand, a simple variant of the Martin-Lof (and other) randomness tests, and, on the other hand, a connecting link between description (Kolmogorov) complexity, Gibbs entropy and Boltzmann entropy. The coarse-grain entropy is a slight correction to Boltzmann's coarse-grain entropy. Its main advantage is its less partition dependence, due to the fact that algorithmic entropies for different coarse-grainings are approximations of one and the same fine-grain entropy. It has the desirable properties of Boltzmann entropy in a somewhat wider range of systems, including those of interest in the "thermodynamics of computation". >
Prandtl boundary layer expansions of steady Navier-Stokes flows over a moving plate

This paper concerns the validity of the Prandtl boundary layer theory in the inviscid limit for steady incompressible Navier–Stokes flows. The stationary flows, with small viscosity, are considered on $$[0,L]\times \mathbb {R}_{+}$$ , with a no-slip boundary condition over a moving plate at $$y=0$$ . We establish the validity of the Prandtl boundary layer expansion and its error estimates.
The Role Of Growth In Long Term Investment Returns

Stocks with a high valuation compared to fundamental values imply a high growth rate, yet these stocks have typically under-performed in subsequent years supporting Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishney's (1994) contrarian investment strategies. The precise definition of growth and subtle differences of measuring growth are explored in assessing the role of growth in long-term investment decisions and stock valuation. Results from a later period and with additional tests than employed by LSV indicate that growth is a primary valuation factor, and valuation measures such as E/P and B/M, are imperfect proxies for expected growth. Growth appears mean reverting, but investors do not seem able to discern changes in growth rates and this miss-specification of expected growth may help explain the superiority of value versus growth strategies. In addition, investors’ naive extrapolations of past growth provide explanatory power in future holding period returns.
The Mahler Measure of the Rudin–Shapiro Polynomials

Littlewood polynomials are polynomials with each of their coefficients in $$\{-1,1\}$$ . A sequence of Littlewood polynomials that satisfies a remarkable flatness property on the unit circle of the complex plane is given by the Rudin–Shapiro polynomials. It is shown in this paper that the Mahler measure and the maximum modulus of the Rudin–Shapiro polynomials on the unit circle of the complex plane have the same size. It is also shown that the Mahler measure and the maximum norm of the Rudin–Shapiro polynomials have the same size even on not too small subarcs of the unit circle of the complex plane. Not even nontrivial lower bounds for the Mahler measure of the Rudin–Shapiro polynomials have been known before.
GenoWAP: GWAS signal prioritization through integrated analysis of genomic functional annotation.

MOTIVATION Genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been a great success in the past decade. However, significant challenges still remain in both identifying new risk loci and interpreting results. Bonferroni-corrected significance level is known to be conservative, leading to insufficient statistical power when the effect size is moderate at risk locus. Complex structure of linkage disequilibrium also makes it challenging to separate causal variants from nonfunctional ones in large haplotype blocks. Under such circumstances, a computational approach that may increase signal replication rate and identify potential functional sites among correlated markers is urgently needed. RESULTS We describe GenoWAP, a GWAS signal prioritization method that integrates genomic functional annotation and GWAS test statistics. The effectiveness of GenoWAP is demonstrated through its applications to Crohn's disease and schizophrenia using the largest studies available, where highly ranked loci show substantially stronger signals in the whole dataset after prioritization based on a subset of samples. At the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level, top ranked SNPs after prioritization have both higher replication rates and consistently stronger enrichment of eQTLs. Within each risk locus, GenoWAP may be able to distinguish functional sites from groups of correlated SNPs. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION GenoWAP is freely available on the web at http://genocanyon.med.yale.edu/GenoWAP.
Genome-Wide discovery of modulators of transcriptional interactions in human b lymphocytes

Transcriptional interactions in a cell are modulated by a variety of mechanisms that prevent their representation as pure pairwise interactions between a transcription factor and its target(s). These include, among others, transcription factor activation by phosphorylation and acetylation, formation of active complexes with one or more co-factors, and mRNA/protein degradation and stabilization processes. This paper presents a first step towards the systematic, genome-wide computational inference of genes that modulate the interactions of specific transcription factors at the post-transcriptional level. The method uses a statistical test based on changes in the mutual information between a transcription factor and each of its candidate targets, conditional on the expression of a third gene. The approach was first validated on a synthetic network model, and then tested in the context of a mammalian cellular system. By analyzing 254 microarray expression profiles of normal and tumor related human B lymphocytes, we investigated the post transcriptional modulators of the MYC proto-oncogene, an important transcription factor involved in tumorigenesis. Our method discovered a set of 100 putative modulator genes, responsible for modulating 205 regulatory relationships between MYC and its targets. The set is significantly enriched in molecules with function consistent with their activities as modulators of cellular interactions, recapitulates established MYC regulation pathways, and provides a notable repertoire of novel regulators of MYC function. The approach has broad applicability and can be used to discover modulators of any other transcription factor, provided that adequate expression profile data are available.
Pre- and post-contact policy decomposition for planar contact manipulation under uncertainty

We consider the problem of using real-time feedback from contact sensors to create closed-loop pushing actions. To do so, we formulate the problem as a partially observable Markov decision process POMDP with a transition model based on a physics simulator and a reward function that drives the robot towards a successful grasp. We demonstrate that it is intractable to solve the full POMDP with traditional techniques and introduce a novel decomposition of the policy into pre- and post-contact stages to reduce the computational complexity. Our method uses an offline point-based solver on a variable-resolution discretization of the state space to solve for a post-contact policy as a pre-computation step. Then, at runtime, we use an A* search to compute a pre-contact trajectory. We prove that the value of the resulting policy is within a bound of the value of the optimal policy and give intuition about when it performs well. Additionally, we show the policy produced by our algorithm achieves a successful grasp more quickly and with higher probability than a baseline QMDP policy on two different objects in simulation. Finally, we validate our simulation results on a real robot using commercially available tactile sensors.
Negative campaigning, fundraising, and voter turnout: A field experiment

Abstract Why do candidates risk alienating voters by engaging in negative campaigning? One answer may lie in the large empirical literature indicating that negative messages are more effective than positive messages in getting individuals to do many things, including voting and purchasing goods. Few contributions to this literature, however, gather data from a field environment with messages whose tone has been validated. We conduct field experiments in two elections for local office which test the effect of confirmed negative and positive letters sent to candidates’ partisans on two measurable activities: donating to the candidate and turning out to vote. We find that message tone increases partisan support in ways that may help explain the persistence of negative campaigning. Negative messages are no better than positive messages at earning the candidates donations, but negative messages yield significantly higher rates of voter turnout among the candidates’ partisans relative to positive messages. Positive messages, however, are not neutral relative to no message.
What Types of Diversity Benefit Workers? Empirical Evidence on the Effects of Co-worker Dissimilarity on the Performance of Employees

This study explores the consequences of grouping workers into diverse divisions on the performance of employees using a dataset containing the detailed personnel records of a large U.S. firm from 1989 to 1994. In particular, I examine the effects of demographic dissimilarity among co-workers, namely differences in age, gender, and race among employees who work together within divisions, and non-demographic dissimilarity, namely differences in education, work function, firm tenure, division tenure, performance, and wages among employees within divisions. I find evidence that age dissimilarity, dissimilarity in firm tenure, and performance dissimilarity are associated with lower worker performance, while wage differences are associated with higher worker performance. My analysis also reveals that the effects of certain types of dissimilarities get smaller in magnitude the longer a worker is a part of a division. Finally, the paper provides evidence that the relationships between performance and the various measures of dissimilarity vary by occupational area and division size.
Confronting the Food–Energy–Environment Trilemma: Global Land Use in the Long Run

Economic, agronomic, and biophysical drivers affect global land use, so all three influences need to be considered in evaluating economically optimal allocations of the world's land resources. A dynamic, forward-looking optimization framework applied over the course of the coming century shows that although some deforestation is optimal in the near term, in the absence of climate change regulation, the desirability of further deforestation is eliminated by mid-century. Although adverse productivity shocks from climate change have a modest effect on global land use, such shocks combined with rapid growth in energy prices lead to significant deforestation and higher greenhouse gas emissions than in the baseline. Imposition of a global greenhouse gas emissions constraint further heightens the competition for land, as fertilizer use declines and land-based mitigation strategies expand. However, anticipation of the constraint largely dilutes its environmental effectiveness, as deforestation accelerates prior to imposition of the target.
A phase I dose escalation study of oral bexarotene in combination with intravenous decitabine in patients with AML

The response rate of non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to all trans retinoic acid has been limited. Using Affymetrix expression arrays, we found that in diverse AML blasts RXRA was expressed at higher levels than RARA and that mouse Ctsg-PML-RARA leukemia responded to bexarotene, a ligand for RXRA. We therefore performed a phase I study of combination bexarotene and decitabine in elderly and relapsed AML patients. We found that this combination was well tolerated, although outcomes were modest (1 CRi, and 3 PR among 19 patients). Correlative studies found that patients with clinical response had increased differentiation to bexarotene both in vivo and ex vivo, suggesting that pre-treatment analysis might identify a more susceptible subgroup of patients.
Recent trends in the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: analysis of a nationwide inpatient database.

Object Recently updated guidelines failed to reflect significant progress in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Using data from a nationwide hospital database, the authors identified recent trends in therapy and outcomes for ICH, as well as the effect of associated comorbidities and procedures, including surgery. Methods Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample hospital discharge database (Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality) for the period 1993–2005 was retrospectively reviewed. Multiple variables were categorized and subjected to statistical analysis for codes related to ICH from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification. Data linked by the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to associated diagnoses and procedures were also retrieved and analyzed. Results The number of discharges remained constant for ICH. The mortality rate remained unchanged at an average of 31.6%, whereas routine discharges (home) ...
Moldova : A Story of Upward Economic Mobility

During the early 2000s, Moldova experienced strong economic growth and poverty and inequality reductions. This paper aims at uncovering the patterns behind these poverty trends by looking at economic mobility and its associated factors in Moldova. The findings build on the synthetic panel approach and allow for a non-anonymous view of the process of poverty reduction. The data used for this country study on Moldova come from the Household Budget Survey, which is conducted on a yearly basis. The paper presents transition matrices to look at the patterns of economic mobility across selected consumption thresholds, as well as descriptive statistics and a linear probability model aimed at identifying correlates of economic mobility. The findings show that the observed poverty reductions happened with little churning, and highlight the importance of education and employment on upward economic mobility in Moldova in the 2000s, as well as the role of public and private transfers.
Valuing the prevention of elder abuse

We develop a framework for valuing cases of serious elder abuse. We use the preferences of the elderly who are abused, the victims, to help identify: what offenses are of concern, the seriousness of any particular offense and the value of preventing any particular offense. The variable revealing the valuations is the victim’s willingness to prosecute in New York City police complaint reports. Using our framework we found that it took a loss of $38 462 in order to be classed as a serious financial offense. With this monetary magnitude as a benchmark we were able to value nonfinancial serious offenses at up to $50 000 per offense.
Women's access to labor market opportunities, control of household resources, and domestic violence

While there are many positive societal implications of increased female labor force opportunities, some theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that working can increase a woman's risk of suffering domestic violence. Using a dataset collected in peri-urban Dhaka, this analysis documents a positive correlation between work and domestic violence. This correlation is only present among women with less education or who were younger at first marriage. These results are consistent with a theoretical model in which a woman with low bargaining power can face increased risk of domestic violence upon entering the labor force as a husband seeks to counteract her increased bargaining power. By contrast, husbands of women who have higher baseline bargaining power cannot resort to domestic violence since their wives have the ability to leave violent marriages. These findings are inconsistent with the models of assortative matching in the marriage market, expressive violence, work in response to economic shocks, or underreporting of domestic violence. The results on age at marriage are also inconsistent with the implications of a reverse causality model in which women enter the labor force to escape violent situations at home, although the results on education are consistent with that story.
ELEMENTARY SUBGROUPS OF RELATIVELY HYPERBOLIC GROUPS AND BOUNDED GENERATION

Let G be a group hyperbolic relative to a collection of subgroups {Hλ, λ ∈ Λ}. We say that a subgroup Q ≤ G is hyperbolically embedded into G, if G is hyperbolic relative to {Hλ, λ ∈ Λ} ∪ {Q}. In this paper we obtain a characterization of hyperbolically embedded subgroups. In particular, we show that if an element g ∈ G has infinite order and is not conjugate to an element of some Hλ, λ ∈ Λ, then the (unique) maximal elementary subgroup containing g is hyperbolically embedded into G. This allows us to prove that if G is boundedly generated, then G is elementary or Hλ = G for some λ ∈ Λ.
Algorithms for Bernstein--Sato polynomials and multiplier ideals

The Bernstein--Sato polynomial (or global b-function) is an important invariant in singularity theory, which can be computed using symbolic methods in the theory of D-modules. After providing a survey of known algorithms for computing the global b-function, we develop a new method to compute the local b-function for a single polynomial. We then develop algorithms that compute generalized Bernstein--Sato polynomials of Budur--Mustata--Saito and Shibuta for an arbitrary polynomial ideal. These lead to computations of log canonical thresholds, jumping coefficients, and multiplier ideals. Our algorithm for multiplier ideals simplifies that of Shibuta and shares a common subroutine with our local b-function algorithm. The algorithms we present have been implemented in the D-modules package of the computer algebra system Macaulay2.
The 2001 World Trade Center Disaster: Summary and Evaluation of Experiences

Objectives: To collect and analyze data from deaths and injuries, and from evaluation of the responses by medical services and by fire, rescue, and police services 1 year after the terror attack on World Trade Center. Methodology: Epidemiologic data were collected from all involved agencies and analyzed. The authors personal experience from working at the scene during the event and several other personal testimonies were also included in this analysis. Results: Totally 2,762 death certificates were issued by the state of New York for victims of the terror attack. 1,361 (49.9%) of these were issued for victims whose remains could not be identified. All but nine of these victims died at the day of the attack. 77% of the victims were male, medium age 39 years. Of the dead were 342 fire fighters and paramedics and 60 police officers. A total of 1,103 patients were treated during the first 48 days in five key hospitals receiving the majority of the injured. 29% of these were rescue workers. 66% of the injured were male, average age 39 years. The most common injuries were respiratory impairment (49%) and ocular affection (26%), many severe. The most common trauma was lacerations (14%) and sprains (14%). Of those administered to hospital, 19% had trauma and 19% burns. Head injuries were registered in 6% and crush injuries in 4%. With regard to response from involved agencies, communication failure was the most common and difficulties in command operations and scene control were also prevalent. Conclusions: The difficulties encountered were very similar to those commonly seen in major accidents or disasters, although on a great scale. Response plans have to be critically reviewed based on the experi
Multigrid approach to overset grid communication

The nonaligned multigrid method is introduced as an alternative to boundary point interpolation for communication in overset grid systems. The nonaligned multigrid method treats the individual grids as levels in a multigrid solution procedure. This technique was able to converge 69% faster than standard boundary point interpolation for Mach 2 flow over a 5-deg ramp and 28% faster for a more complex reflected shock case. For these test cases, the largest increase in convergence rate came from applying the nonaligned multigrid method to the communication between overset grids. Further coarsening of the global grid was next in effectiveness, and coarsening of local grids gave little improvement.
Effect of Conjugate Heat Transfer on MEMS-Based Thermal Shear Stress Sensor

ABSTRACT The effect of conjugate heat transfer resulting from a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based thermal shear stress is investigated. Due to the length-scale disparity and large solid–fluid thermal conductivity ratio, a two-level computation is used to examine the relevant physical mechanisms and their influences on wall shear stress. The substantial variations in transport properties between the fluid and solid phases and their interplay with regard to heat transfer and near-wall fluid flow structures are investigated. It is demonstrated that for state-of-the-art sensor design, the buoyancy effect can noticeably affect the accuracy of the shear stress measurement.
Cost Function and Its Use for Intergovernmental Educational Transfers in Vietnam.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, although many cost function studies have been done in developed countries, there has been no such study for the developing countries such as Vietnam. This paper will make the first attempt at conducting a cost function analysis for Vietnam. Second, it also demonstrates how the results of the cost function analysis can be used to potentially address two weaknesses of the current norms for intergovernmental educational transfers in Vietnam. These norms neither are relevant for output-based budgeting purposes nor fully account for factors influencing provinces' cost of delivering education. The cost function results can be used for a more output-oriented and more adequate, thus more equitable, distribution of educational transfers.
The appropriate interest rate and scale variable in money demand: results from non-nested tests

______________________________________________________________________________________ The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect official positions of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, the Federal Reserve System, or the Board of Governors. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Papers are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. References in publications to Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Papers (other than an acknowledgment that the writer has had access to unpublished material) should be cleared with the author or authors. Photo courtesy of The Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO. www.gatewayarch.com
Surface charge on polymeric implants and calcified tissues: Interfacial implications

Samples of human bone, dentin, and enamel were analyzed through the technique known as thermally stimulated discharge (TSD). It is possible through this technique to detect current flow resulting from appearance or loss of net polarization in a material. Samples of freshly extracted tissue give rise to well-defined TSD current maximal without having been exposed to external electrical potentials. Calculation of activation energies for these currents and their thermal range suggests the involvement of collagen denaturation in the loss of appearance of a net surface charge on bone and dentin surfaces. In the case of enamel samples, TSD current maxima are possibly the result of dipolar alignment in water or biopolymers by surface charges in the mineral phase. Interfacial implications of surface charge were studied through the measurement of adhesive strength in dentin/acrylic polymer joints. Enhancement of joint strength by a factor of two or higher was observed when powder particles of the experimental adhesive carried externally induced surface charge. It is hypothesized that electrostatic coupling between polarization domains on the tissue surface and the setting implant improves wetting and produces stronger interfaces.
Decentralized State Estimation for Flexible Space Structures

The application of decentralization for the estimation of the state of a large-scale system is detailed. Decentralized estimation requires the global system be decomposed into a set of local models. The local models can have an order less than the global model if uncoupled and weakly coupled dynamics are neglected. Each local model computes a local state estimate, which can be combined to form the global state estimate. A simple system is studied to determine the types of coupling, and to determine the sensitivity of the state estimator to the coupling terms. A technique is presented, based on model reduction theoty, which provides a procedure for generating the local models from a heavily coupled global model. A detailed example is presented with the design of a decentralized state estimator for the Space Intereferometry Mission (SIM) spacecraj?.
Lubrication in helical gears

In this paper, a method to determine elastohydrodynamic film thickness in helical gears is developed by combining the Dowson-Higginson elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) formulation with helical gear geometry and kinematics. Comparisons are made with traditional gear film thickness models. This analysis is then used to characterise the film thickness and lambda ratio in an automotive planetary gearset. Methods to measure surface roughness in fine-pitch gears are described.
Statistical character weighting and similarity stability

Terpenoid data from seven species ofJuniperus were used to examine:1) the effect of using different character weights upon the same set of OTU’s; 2) the effect of the organization of the initial data base by populations, individuals, and averages on statistical weights and the resulting classification; and3) the effect of the use of exemplars on statistical weights and similarity measures. Cophenetic correlation and numerical taxonomy, along with certain relationships well documented for these species, were used to examine these questions. Equal weighting of characters, advocated by most numerical taxonomists, gave the most distorted results. Thiswas followed by the 1/coefficient of variation, then the weighting of {ie305-01} and finallyF andF-1 weighting producing the highest fidelity to the known similarities. The use of either all individuals or random individuals appeared to be better than the use of population averages for some OTU’s and individuals for other OTU’s and much better than the use of population averages only. The use of exemplars has small effects, mostly causing the OTU’s to cluster more loosely when exemplars were included in the computation of the statistical weights. The use of equal weighting is discussed and strongly discouraged in numerical taxonomy in favor of statistically derived weights.
Surgical management of retropharyngeal space infections in children.

Objective To study the perioperative management strategies in a large group of pediatric patients undergoing surgical therapy for suppurative adenitis of the parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces. Study Design Retrospective analysis of all patients treated surgically from January 1, 1989, to December 31, 1998, in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Methods Charts were reviewed for demographic data, duration and nature of symptoms, radiological workup, surgical approach, complications, duration of medical therapy and antibiotic choice, and bacteriological findings. Computed tomography (CT) results were correlated to surgical findings. Results A dramatic increase in the incidence of deep neck space infection was seen during the study period; this increase was congruent with the increase in culture-positive group A β-hemolytic streptococcal abscesses. More than two-thirds of the patients were boys with the peak incidence being in the 3- to 5-year-old group. The duration of symptoms before presentation was less than might be expected, especially in the younger age groups. Seventy of 73 children were treated with a transoral approach. Sixty-eight of 73 were successfully treated with one operative intervention. Irregularity of the abscess wall was found to be a stronger predictor of the presence of pus than the presence of ring enhancement. Conclusions The current study represents the largest series of pediatric retropharyngeal abscesses in the modern medical literature. Changes in the disease process and in management from the first half of the century to today are reviewed, and recommendations for optimal management presented. The data in this series support a transoral approach to these abscesses unless there is extension lateral to the great vessels.