cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of a rotary regenerative heat exchanger on energy efficiency of an air cooled data center

With the rise of acceptable operating temperatures for information technology (IT) equipment, using ambient air has been a growing trend for data centers. In this computational study, a thermal wheel is used as a rotary air-to-air heat exchanger extracting heat from IT equipment and dissipating it to the ambient. The wheel is made of a metallic honeycomb material that enables air to pass through while convectively transferring heat. A computational model has been developed to calculate the volumetric air flow rate required for an assigned cooling load. When the ambient temperature is too high, direct expansion cooling is used as a secondary approach and modeled in building energy usage estimation software, EnergyPlus. The integrated computational model calculates overall power usage effectiveness (PUE) for data centers. Using weather data for a specific location, PUEs for several different climates can be obtained. Even without considering the energy savings that is produced through less air quality and humidity control, for a cooling load of 400 kW, it was found that overall PUE can be as low as 1.10 in Helsinki, Finland and 1.20 in Atlanta, Georgia. The presented model can be used to determine the system performance with varying location, cooling load, and regenerative heat exchanger parameters.
Laser Assisted Tape Winding of Thermoplastic Composites: A New Process for Fabricating a Variety of Ceramic Parts

(1996). Laser Assisted Tape Winding of Thermoplastic Composites: A New Process for Fabricating a Variety of Ceramic Parts. Materials Technology: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 101-103.
Compositional modeling of nanoparticle-reduced-fine-migration

Abstract During waterflooding, formation fines migration is a recognized reason for well injectivity and productivity reduction in sandstone reservoirs. Permeability decrease due to fines migration is one of the major issues in the application of low salinity enhanced oil recovery techniques. Recently, nanoparticles injection is found to reduce the fines release in sandstone cores through adsorption on the pore surface. In this research, a numerical model is developed to explore the coupling processes of nanoparticle transport, fine attachment and release, aqueous species reactive transport, and multiphase flow. Components including oil, water, salt, fine particles and nanoparticles are considered in this model. Both fluid dynamics and physical interactions are integrated in the coupled simulation approach. The nanoparticles exist in aqueous phase during injection, and can be attached to the solid surfaces to decrease surface energy. The formation fines can be suspended in aqueous phase, or retained by pore throats that decrease the permeability. The fines retention is modeled as a dynamic process where the retention rate is a function of salinity, nanoparticle adsorption, and flow velocity. The wettability alteration due to nanoparticle and low salinity is also included. A compositional simulator is developed based on implicit pressure explicit composition to include the detailed mathematical description of the complex processes. This paper provides detailed procedures of building a nanoparticle and fines transport and interaction model. To calibrate the diffusion/dispersion and adsorption isotherm constants, lab core flow experiments with nanoparticle injection are simulated. The fines migration experiments are simulated with and without nanoparticle injection at varying salinity. Simulation results demonstrate that the nanoparticle injection can effectively reduce the fine release and prevent permeability decrease at different salinity. In addition, the heterogeneous field scale simulation was performed. The oil recoveries with and without nanoparticle injection are compared for low salinity water injection. The simulation results indicate that using nanoparticles in low salinity waterflooding can improve oil recovery with mitigated formation damage. This work demonstrates a compositional model that can be used to simulate nanoparticle technology enhancing waterflooding performance. It is believed to be the first numerical model that explicitly includes the nanoparticle transport and its effect on fines migration. This paper will improve the understanding of geochemical conditions and spatial distribution of fines retention and whether the sweep efficiency will be improved.
Slow Activism: Listening to the Pain and Praise of Others

For what is needed is a philosophy of listening. But is this a possibility? If philosophy has its very roots intertwined with a secret vision of Being that has resulted in the present state of visualism, can it listen with equal profundity? What is called for is an ontology of the auditory.
Evaluation of a Research Experiences for Undergraduates Program in ChE indicates benefit from a collaborative model

This study examined how a collaborative research environment in a structured research experience impacts undergraduate student outcomes. Students demonstrated significant gains in research skills and provided positive appraisals of their collaborative experiences. Emphasis on collaboration among students in an undergraduate research program appears to yield a number of benefits, including helping participants to acclimate to the research setting, facilitating problem solving and idea generation during research, and enhancing the overall research experience for students.
Automated Pipeline Transformations with Fluid Pipelines

In this chapter, we propose the concept of Fluid Pipelines, an evolution in the chip design process that allows for efficient late pipeline transformations. In a regular chip design process, pipeline depth and cycle time are fixed early in the design flow. However, their impact can only be assessed when the implementation is mostly done and any change in the pipeline design is impractical. Although Elastic Systems are latency insensitive and allow changes in the pipeline depth late in the design process with little design effort, they have significant throughput penalty when new stages are added in the presence of pipeline loops. Fluid Pipelines allow for pipeline transformations without a throughput penalty. Formally, we introduce “or-causality” in addition to the already existing “and-causality” in Elastic Systems. It gives more flexibility than previously possible at the cost of having the designer to specify the intended behavior of the circuit. In an Out-of-Order core benchmark, Fluid Pipelines improve the optimal energy-delay point by shifting both performance (by 17%) and energy (by 13%). We envision a scenario where tools would be able to generate different pipeline configurations from the same RTL, e.g., low power, high performance.
Tula Sverdlovsk Chelyabinsk Magnitogorsk…Key Russian steel plants

In the course of a three-week visit to the USSR in June and July of 1957, professors Grant and Chipman of MIT were fortunate to have been invited to visit four Soviet steel plants, traveling as guests of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Globalization and Firms'Financing Choices - Evidence from Emerging Economies

Social capital - including membership in an association such as an agrarian syndicate - reduces the probability of being poor in Bolivia. The returns to household investment in social capital are generally greater for the poor than for the rich, and greater for households with little land than for those with more land. Returns to such membership for Bolivia's poorest exceed returns to education and other assets. Grootaert and Narayan empirically estimate the impact of social capital on household welfare in Bolivia - where they found 67 different types of local associations. They focus on household memberships in local associations as being especially relevant to daily decisions that affect household welfare and consumption. On average, households belong to 1.4 groups and associations: 62 percent belong to agrarian syndicates, 16 percent to production groups, 13 percent to social service groups, and 10 percent to education and health groups. Smaller numbers belong to religious and government groups. Agrarian syndicates, created by government decree in 1952, are now viewed mainly as community-initiated institutions to manage communal resources. They have been registered as legal entities to work closely with municipalities to represent the interests and priorities of local people in municipal decisionmaking. The effects of social capital operate through (at least) three mechanisms: sharing of information among association members; the reduction of opportunistic behavior; and better collective decisionmaking. The effect of social capital on household welfare was found to be 2.5 times that of human capital. Increasing the average educational endowment of each adult in the household by one year (about a 25-percent increase) would increase per capita household spending 4.2 percent; a similar increase in the social capital endowment would increase spending 9 to 10.5 percent. They measured social capital along six dimensions: density of memberships, internal heterogeneity of associations (by gender, age, education, religion, etc.), meeting attendance, active participation in decisionmaking, payment of dues (in cash and in kind), and community orientation. The strongest effect came from number of memberships. Active membership in an agrarian syndicate is associated with an average 11.5 percent increase in household spending. Membership in another local association is associated with a 5.3-percent higher spending level. Empirical results partly confirm the hypothesis that social capital provides long-term benefits such as better access to credit and a higher level of trust in the community as a source of assistance in case of need. This paper - a joint product of the Social Development Department and the Poverty Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand better the role of local institutions, and social capital in general, for poverty reduction.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulation results in phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein through activation of pp90RSK.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) activates several kinases and transcription factors through interaction with a heterodimeric receptor complex. We previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein, CREB, occurs through a protein kinase A-independent pathway and is required for GM-CSF‐ induced transcriptional activation of the immediate early gene, early growth response-1 (egr-1). Recent reports indicate that receptor tyrosine kinases can induce CREB phosphorylation through activation of pp90RSK. We performed immune complex kinase assays in the human myeloid leukemic cell line, TF-1, which revealed that GM-CSF induced pp90RSK activation and phosphorylation of CREB within 5 minutes of stimulation. Transfection with the kinase-defective pp90RSK expression plasmid demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in transcriptional activation of a 2116 CAT/egr-1 promoter construct in response to GMCSF. Furthermore, activation of pp90RSK, CREB and egr-1 in GM-CSF‐treated cells was inhibited by the presence of the inhibitor, PD98059. In this study, we report that GM-CSF induces CREB phosphorylation and egr-1 transcription by activating pp90RSK through an MEKdependent signaling pathway. (Blood. 2000;95:2552-2558)
Contralateral Intralobar Nephrogenic Rests: Possible Confusion with Bilateral Wilms Tumor

We report 2 cases of unilateral Wilms tumor associated with contralateral intralobar nephrogenic rests. This disease complex may be confused with bilateral Wilms tumor, which may alter therapeutic decision-making.
NEUROGENESIS | Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus and its Potential Role in Epileptogenesis

In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), a great deal of attention has been paid to the granule cells of the dentate gyrus, because many structural and functional changes develop in the dentate gyrus that suggest a role for this region in the disease. In addition, it is now widely accepted that granule cells continue to be born throughout adulthood, and seizures increased the rate of postnatal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Therefore, the potential importance of adult-born dentate gyrus granule cells to TLE is of significant interest. Diverse hypotheses have been proposed that suggest ways that newly born granule cells might contribute to TLE. For example, it has been proposed that some neuroanatomical hallmarks of TLE – e.g., granule cell dispersion and mossy fiber sprouting – are generated by new granule cells rather than by mature granule cells. It has also been suggested that some neurons that are born after seizures have greater excitability than mature cells, and can migrate incorrectly, potentially contributing to abnormal excitatory circuits that lead to seizures. Currently, it is unclear that exactly what role adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus plays in TLE. Although some of the new neurons, particularly those that migrate into the hilar region, may contribute to abnormal excitability, the same cells may also play a compensatory or restorative role by replacing hilar neurons that are damaged or those that die after the insult or injury that ultimately leads to TLE. New granule cells could actually have little net effect on seizures in TLE because some do not appear to have increased excitability at all, and may have increased inhibition. Nevertheless, new granule cells in the dentate gyrus may still have an influence in the disorder, because they may alter information processing, leading to cognitive deficits or depression that often accompanies TLE.
Chapter 9 Properties and Uses of the Carbonates

Summary Carbonate rocks are raw materials indispensable to industrial development. In recent years, limestone, dolomite, and marble constituted more than 70% of all rocks quarried in the United States. Statistics on production and dollar value for 1961, 1962, and 1963 are presented, by uses. The uses to which carbonate rocks and minerals can be put is a function of their physical and/or chemical properties. This chapter contains listings of selected chemical analyses and important physical properties of carbonate rocks. More than one hundred uses for carbonate rocks and minerals are given together with the users' general chemical and physical requirements. Because of space limitations, only three of the many areas of active research on carbonate properties are discussed: solid solution and subsolidus relations, thermoluminescence, and infrared absorption.
Evoked electrical and cerebral vascular responses during sleep and following sleep deprivation.

Abstract Neuronal activity elicits vascular dilation, delivering additional blood and metabolites to the activated region. With increasing neural activity, vessels stretch and may become less compliant. Most functional imaging studies assume that limits to vascular expansion are not normally reached except under pathological conditions, with the possibility that metabolism could outpace supply. However, we previously demonstrated that evoked hemodynamic responses were larger during quiet sleep when compared to both waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, suggesting that high basal activity during wake may elicit blunted evoked hemodynamic responses due to vascular expansion limits. We hypothesized that extended brain activity through sleep deprivation will further dilate blood vessels and exacerbate the blunted evoked hemodynamic responses observed during wake, and dampen responses in subsequent sleep. We measured evoked electrical and hemodynamic responses from rats using auditory clicks (0.5 s, 10 Hz, 2–13 s random ISIs) for 1 h following 2, 4, or 6 h of sleep deprivation. Time-of-day matched controls were recorded continuously for 7 h. Within quiet sleep periods following deprivation, evoked response potential (ERP) amplitude did not differ; however, the evoked vascular response was smaller with longer sleep deprivation periods. These results suggest that prolonged neural activity periods through sleep deprivation may diminish vascular compliance as indicated by the blunted vascular response. Subsequent sleep may allow vessels to relax, restoring their ability to deliver blood. These results also suggest that severe sleep deprivation or chronic sleep disturbances could push the vasculature to critical limits, leading to metabolic deficit and the potential for tissue trauma.
Development of Composite Sandwich Bonded Longitudinal Joints for Space Launch Vehicle Structures

The NASA Composite Technology for Exploration (CTE) Project is developing and demonstrating critical composite technologies with a focus on composite bonded joints; incorporating materials, design/analysis, manufacturing, and tests that utilize NASA’s expertise and capabilities. The project has goals of advancing composite technologies and providing lightweight structures to support future NASA exploration missions. In particular, the CTE project will demonstrate weight-saving, performance-enhancing composite bonded joint technology for Space Launch System (SLS)-scale composite hardware. Advancements from the CTE project may be incorporated as future block upgrades for SLS structural components. This paper discusses the details of the development of a composite sandwich bonded longitudinal joint for a generic space launch vehicle structure called the CTE Point Design. The paper includes details of the design, analysis, materials, manufacturing, and testing of sub-element joint test articles to test the capability of the joint design. The test results show that the composite longitudinal bonded joint design significantly exceeds the design loads with a 2.0 factor of safety. Analysis pre-test failure predictions for all sub-element bonded joint test coupons were all within 10% of the average test coupon failure load. This testing and analysis provides confidence in the potential use of composite bonded joints for future launch vehicle structures.
Private blog reflections connecting course content with field experiences: preservice teachers grapple with teacher identity

A challenge experienced within teacher preparation programs is the ability to help preservice teachers connect educational theory with teaching practice. Guided by Dewey's phases of reflective thin...
A Case of Metastatic Prostate Cancer to the Urethra That Resolved After Androgen Deprivation Therapy.

ABSTRACT An 83 year-old male with Gleason score 4+3 prostatic adenocarcinoma status post brachytherapy developed obstructive voiding symptoms 9 years after brachytherapy. Prostate-specific antigen was 0.67. Cystoscopy noted multiple papillary urethral tumors concerning for primary urethral carcinoma. Immunophenotype of biopsies supported diagnosis of Gleason score 4+4 prostatic adenocarcinoma. Androgen deprivation therapy was started. Cystoscopy performed 4 years later, for microhematuria workup, noted complete resolution of the urethral tumors. We present a patient with little serum Prostate-specific antigen change with urethral prostatic adenocarcinoma metastasis that resolved after androgen deprivation therapy.
Two dependent probabilistic chip-collecting games

Abstract Alice and Bob take turns to collect chips in the following manner. In each turn, Alice tosses a fair coin, which decides whether she collects a or b chips, where a and b are positive integers. If Alice collects a chips, then Bob collects b chips, and vice versa. We consider two variants of game play that have different rules in determining the winner. Namely, the winner of Game 1 is the first player to collect at least n chips, while the winner of Game 2 is the first player to collect a positive number of chips congruent to 0 modulo n . We fully determine the formula for the winning probabilities of each player in Game 1, and determine the best and worst case scenarios in terms of winning probabilities in Game 2.
Examining Racial Differences in Access to Primary Care for People Living with Lupus: Use of Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions to Measure Access.

Background: People living with lupus may experience poor access to primary care and delayed specialty care. Purpose: To identify characteristics that lead to increased odds of poor access to primary care for minorities hospitalized with lupus. Methods: Cross-sectional design with 2011-2012 hospitalization data from South Carolina, North Carolina, and Florida. We used ICD-9 codes to identify lupus hospi­talizations. Ambulatory care sensitive condi­tions were used to identify preventable lupus hospitalizations and measure access to primary care. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for the association between predictors and having poor access to primary care. Sensitivity analysis excluded patients aged >65 years. Results: There were 23,154 total lupus hospitalizations, and 2,094 (9.04%) were preventable. An adjusted model showed minorities aged ≥65 years (OR 2.501, CI 1.501, 4.169), minorities aged 40-64 years (OR 2.248, CI: 1.394, 3.627), minori­ties with Medicare insurance (OR 1.669, CI:1.353,2.059) and minorities with Medicaid (OR 1.662,CI:1.321, 2.092) had the highest odds for a preventable lupus hospitalization. Minorities with Medicare had significantly higher odds for ≥3 hospital days (OR 1.275, CI: 1.149, 1.415). Whites with Medicare (OR 1.291, CI: 1.164, 1.432) had the highest odds for ≥3 days. Conclusions: Our data show that middle-aged minorities living with lupus and on public health insurance have a higher likelihood of poor access to primary care. Health care workers and policymakers should develop plans to identify patients, explore issues affecting access, and place patients with a community health worker or social worker to promote better access to primary care. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(4):611- 620; doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.611
Resident Macrophages in Cystic Kidney Disease.

Interstitial inflammation is an important feature of cystic kidney disease. Renal macrophages are the most well-studied inflammatory cell in the kidney, and their involvement in cyst formation has been reported in different animal models and patients with cystic kidney disease. Originally, it was believed that renal macrophages were maintained from a constant supply of bone marrow–derived circulating monocytes, and could be recruited to the kidney in response to local inflammation. However, this idea has been challenged using fate-mapping methods, by showing that at least two distinct developmental origins of macrophages are present in the adult mouse kidney. The first type, infiltrating macrophages, are recruited from circulating monocytes and gradually develop macrophage properties on entering the kidney. The second, resident macrophages, predominantly originate from embryonic precursors, colonize the kidney during its development, and proliferate in situ to maintain their population throughout adulthood. Infiltrating and resident macrophages work together to maintain homeostasis and properly respond to pathologic conditions, such as AKI, cystic kidney disease, or infection. This review will briefly summarize current knowledge of resident macrophages in cystic kidney disease.
Mission Control: The Development and Centralization of an Integrated Communication Center to Facilitate Intra-Facility and Inter-Facility Patient Flow

Background: Patient flow is an inherently challenging process exacerbated by the demands of a busy pediatric academic center and seasonal illnesses. When patient flow is not optimized, it leads to delays in patient care, patient and staff dissatisfaction, and potential financial loss. There are multiple stakeholders involved in this logistically complex process. As our institution grew and expanded to multiple campuses, the need for a multidisciplinary, centralized hub to oversee and coordinate real-time patient movement focusing on inbound critical care transports became evident. Methods: Our institution proposed a centralized, physical space to …
Effortful control moderates relationships between worry and symptoms of depression and anxious arousal

OBJECTIVES Findings are inconsistent regarding the relationship between worry and anxious arousal (AA). Effortful control (EC) capacity may explain these inconsistent findings, such that only high worriers with higher EC are able to suppress autonomic arousal through worrying. The current study investigated these main and interactive effects of worry and EC on AA as well as depression. METHODS Participants (N = 1210, 779 females) were recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk website and completed self-report measures assessing worry, EC, AA, depression, and negative affect intensity. RESULTS Regression models revealed that EC moderated the relationship between worry and AA, with individuals lower in EC demonstrating a stronger positive relationship between worry and AA. EC also moderated the relationship between worry and depression, with individuals lower in EC demonstrating a stronger positive relationship between worry and depression. Results remained the same when controlling for age, gender, and negative affect intensity. CONCLUSIONS Results support the idea that low EC may help to explain a range of comorbid psychiatric symptoms. PRACTITIONER POINTS Individuals low in effortful control demonstrate a stronger association between worry and anxious arousal, as well as between worry and depression Those low in effortful control may be especially vulnerable to comorbid worry and depression High worriers who are high in effortful control may be motivated to continue worrying due to their ability to reduce anxious arousal during worry.
Predicting Clinical Improvement for Patients With Low Back Pain: Keeping It Simple for Patients Seeking Physical Therapy Care.

OBJECTIVE This study sought to develop and validate an original prediction formula that estimated the probability of success for patients with low back pain (LBP) to achieve a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on the Modified Low Back Disability Questionnaire (MDQ). METHODS Patients were 10 to 90 years old in this retrospective cohort study. Data were extracted from Intermountain Healthcare's registry, Rehabilitation Outcomes Management System: 62,858 patients admitted to physical therapy from 2002 to 2013 formed the training dataset, and 15,128 patients admitted 2015 to 2016 formed the verification dataset. Predicted probability to achieve MCID was compared with the actual percentage who succeeded. Two models were developed: 6-point improvement and 30% improvement. MDQ assessed disability, and numeric pain score assessed pain intensity. Predictive models used restricted cubic splines on age, initial pain, and disability scores for non-linear effects. Sex, symptom duration, and payer type were included as indicator variables. Predicted chance of success was compared with the actual percentage of patients that succeeded. Relative change in R-squared was calculated to assess variable importance in predicting success. Odds ratios for duration of injury and payer were calculated. RESULTS A positive trend was observed in both models between predicted and actual success achieved. Both "verification" models appear accurate and closely approximate the "training dataset." Baseline MDQ score was the most important factor to predict a 6-point improvement. Payer type and injury duration were important factors to predict 30% improvement. Best odds to achieve an MCID was having a workers compensation insurance payer and seeking care within 14 days. CONCLUSION The 2 models demonstrated an accurate visualization of the chance of patients achieving significant improvement compared with the usual representation of the average rate of improvement for all patients. IMPACT Enhancing physical therapists' understanding of the probability of a patient achieving significant clinical improvement can enhance decision-making processes and help physical therapists manage a patient's care more effectively.
An Overview of the Effects of the Minimum Wage on the Brazilian Labor Market

This article presents an overview of the principal results of research on the impact of the minimum wage on the Brazilian labor market. The effects of the minimum wage on employment, wage levels, and poverty are analyzed, as is the relationship between the minimum wage and the government deficit. Also presented is a brief history of minimum wage policy in Brazil, as well as a description of the profile of workers who earn the minimum wage in this country. Our critical analysis of the results found in literature identifies both their limitations and their principal contributions to the debate. Special attention is paid to the various methodologies and databases used to analyze the impact of the minimum wage on employment, wage levels, and poverty. The overview is comprehensive and is intended to aid discussions about the future of minimum wage policy in Brazil. In general, we found a certain degree of consensus among the studies we reviewed. They tend to indicate that the minimum wage has a negative effect on employment in the formal sector, only a limited ability to affect wages higher than the minimum wage, insignificant effects in terms of poverty reduction, and a significant impact on the deficit in the social security system.
Metastable Alloy Phases Prepared by Solid State Reactions and Ball Milling

ABSTRACT The main methods of synthesis of amorphous metallic alloys are based on (a) the rapid solidification of alloys from the liquid or vapor phase, (b) solid state interdiffusion reactions between pure metals having negative heats of mixing, and (c) mechanical attrition of crystalline intermetallics. The first method received a major impetus in 1960 with the experiments of Pol Duwez and co-workers. We describe methods (b) and (c), developed around 1983, and we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the glass forming ranges for the three methods of synthesis.
Nuclear RNA in sea urchin embryos. I. Some characteristics of ribonucleoprotein complexes.

Using cesium chloride gradient analysis, we have examined the kinetics of labeling and some physical properties of nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes in sea urchins. Our results strongly indicate that these complexes are not artifacts of procedure but are definite members of chromatin that are readily distinguishable from cytoplasmic RNP complexes. The nuclear complexes can be separated into two major classes: (1) A class in which the protein to RNA ratio is at least 4:1; (2) a second class in which the protein to RNA ratio is much less. Using [3H]uridine, long-term labeling and short pulses of [32P], we have studied the labeling kinetics of RNA in the two classes. The nuclear RNA which is associated to a high degree with protein turns over very rapidly; over 70% of the nuclear RNA labeled in a short pulse appears in this fraction, whereas the nuclear RNA synthesized in long-term pulses is present to a greater extent in complexes containing a much smaller proportion of protein. The difference in the rate of turnover of RNA in these two classes may be significant in the regulation of RNA processing in the nucleus.
Unsupervised Discovery of Compound Entities for Relationship Extraction

In this paper we investigate unsupervised population of a biomedical ontology via information extraction from biomedical literature. Relationships in text seldom connect simple entities. We therefore focus on identifying compound entities rather than mentions of simple entities. We present a method based on rules over grammatical dependency structures for unsupervised segmentation of sentences into compound entities and relationships. We complement the rule-based approach with a statistical component that prunes structures with low information content, thereby reducing false positives in the prediction of compound entities, their constituents and relationships. The extraction is manually evaluated with respect to the UMLS Semantic Network by analyzing the conformance of the extracted triples with the corresponding UMLS relationship type definitions.
Cyber security as an emergent infrastructure

When I began studying computer security in late 1972 as a Ph.D. student at Purdue University, the field was in its infancy. There were few academics working in the area, no research conferences or journals devoted to the field, and no professional societies to join. Security papers were presented at conferences and published in journals that covered more established areas of computer science, such as operating systems, or that treated computing and telecommunications broadly. The number of publications and Ph.D. theses relating to computer security was small enough that it was possible to read the entire literature. If there was any security industry at all, I was not aware of it.
Quiet time observations of equatorially trapped megaelectronvolt radiation belt ions with nuclear charge Z greater than or equal to 4

Data from the equatorial satellite Explorer 45 were used to study ion fluxes during the geomagnetically quiescent period June 1-15, 1972. A heavy-ion solid-state ion detector system obtained count rates close to the equatorial plane in the energy passband 1.82-4.8 MeV per ion during a single satellite pass through the radiation belts. Fluxes of these ions are interpreted as oxygen ions and are found to maximize in the L shell range 3-3.5 with peak equatorially mirroring flux of 0.38 ions/(sq cm s sr keV). This peak is not as sharply confined in L shell as is the helium ion peak.
Operations management system for continuous flow manufacturing

Semiconductor manufacturing, like other industries, has to manage quality, cost, throughput and serviceability to continuously satisfy its customers and improve its performance. We have devised with the help of IBM Consulting Group a fully operational and practical operations management system based on ranges (i.e. one day sections of our production line). We have used novel approaches (modelling, design of experiments) directly derived from the field of quality engineering to improve the management rules of our logistic system. We have defined prospects for future improvements to our system which will enable us to sustain the growth and success of our fab.
Device and package level thermal modeling of GaAs Power Amplifiers

In this paper an accurate finite element modeling methodology for Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Power Amplifier (PA) modules is presented. A device level finite element model is developed to simulate the thermal performance of a single HBT device accurately. This model can be used to evaluate the effects of different device parameters on thermal performance. The effect of metallization thickness on a device is presented with excellent measurement correlation. This model is also utilized as a super element used in package level simulations. Two different power amplifier designs, one on a Metal Lead Frame (MLF) package and another on a 4/spl times/4 mm Multi Chip Module (MCM) package are used as examples to illustrate the package level simulations. The simulation results for these two packages show good agreement with the experimental measurements.
History and Social Causation

Historians are not so prone as their brethren of the social studies to lengthy disputation concerning the function, the objective, the method, the locus and the limit of their subject. They tell us freely enough and often enough and variably enough what history is and does, but they seldom justify their pronouncements by elaborate argument. They rarely seek to place the other social disciplines in relation to their own. Not uncommonly their own proceeds as though these others did not exist or as though they existed on another level of communication altogether. History takes so free an amplitude that these others become angles of incidence to its main highroad. It is presumptively concerned with the concrete reality, the wholeness of things, while these others attach to abstractions such as law and government and economics and morals. The other social disciplines vex themselves with the ambition to be entitled sciences and cast aspiring and emulous eyes on the physicist and the mathematician, but history loses no sleep over such aspirationsâ€”untroubled by the inferiority complex of its associates it is even ready to reject the title of science when offered.
Metal-support interaction: A theoretical approach

Metal support effects in catalysis are poorly understood, but are important because they have been shown to profoundly affect catalytic rates and selectivity. Density functional calculations have been done to model the isolated single metal atom system rhodium gem-dicarbonyl on silica for which there is experiment infrared data. The systems were modeled by calculations for RhCO, Rh4CO, (CO)RhOSiH3, (CO)2RhOSiH3 and fragments thereof. Very good agreement was found between calculated and experimental infrared frequencies. Support effects include an upward shift of the CO frequency and charge transfer from Rh to the support. Per qualitative ideas the Rh Charge, CO frequency and π backbonding correlate. The second CO on a supported Rh(1) atom is almost as strongly bonded as the first and the binding energy of Rh to the support is not affected by the adsorption of the CO molecules. Further the adsorption of a single CO on isolated Rh(1) could contribute to an observed infrared band in the 2040 to 2070 cm−1 region which is normally assigned to CO on Rh clusters.
Olivine as an in situ piezometer in high pressure apparatus

The deviatoric stress produced in a large-volume, high-pressure apparatus of the girdle-anvil type has been estimated from the density of free dislocations induced in natural olivine single crystals (initial density of 2×106 cm−2). Experiments at maximum pressure P=40 kbar and temperature T=1050°C for t=1 h in NaCl cell assemblies and various P-T paths yield specimens whose dislocation densities are unchanged from this initial value, implying that the deviatoric stress was less than 140 bar. In BN cell assemblies, the recovered specimen from high P-T experiments exhibit much higher densities of dislocations (∼109 cm−2) which have been produced by steady-state plastic deformation of the olivine crystals under a deviatoric stress of ∼3 kbar. This value of deviatoric stress in BN has been corroborated by observations of the subgrain size and recrystallized grain size in specimens of longer run duration (3 h).
Binary matroids with no PG(3, 2)-minor

We show that a binary rank-r matroid with more than 15r(r + 1)/4 points contains a minor isomorphic to the rank-4 binary projective geometry PG(3, 2).
Conformational changes in four regions of the Escherichia coli ArsA ATPase link ATP hydrolysis to ion translocation.

Structures of ArsA with ATP, AMP-PNP, or ADP.AlF(3) bound at the A2 nucleotide binding site were determined. Binding of different nucleotides modifies the coordination sphere of Mg(2+). In particular, the changes elicited by ADP.AlF(3) provide insights into the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis. In-line attack by water onto the gamma-phosphate of ATP would be followed first by formation of a trigonal intermediate and then by breaking of the scissile bond between the beta- and gamma-phosphates. Motions of amino acid side chains at the A2 nucleotide binding site during ATP binding and hydrolysis propagate at a distance, producing conformational changes in four different regions of the protein corresponding to helices H4-H5, helices H9-H10, helices H13-H15, and to the S1-H2-S2 region. These elements are extensions of, respectively, the Switch I and Switch II regions, the A-loop (a small loop near the nucleotide adenine moiety), and the P-loop. Based on the observed conformational changes, it is proposed that ArsA functions as a reciprocating engine that hydrolyzes 2 mol of ATP per each cycle of ion translocation across the membrane.
Cough syncope in children with asthma.

The syndrome of cough syncope is characterized by paroxysmal cough, facial congestion, turgidity, and cyanosis. Unconsciousness occurs within seconds followed by recovery within seconds to minutes. Only 7 cases in childhood have been recorded since the initial description in 1876. In the 10 cases reported here, asthma was the inciting stimulus to cough. Pulmonary function studies consistently showed severe bronchospasm correctable by bronchodilator therapy. Electroencephalogram abnormalities in a few patients were consistent with chronic hypoxia. The relative fixation of the chest in expiration and the loss of pulmonary compliance may intensify the physiologic events which produce cough syncope. Cough syncope in children with asthma may cause considerable concern but is not generally a serious problem.
Review and meta‐analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents

Objective: Using predetermined criteria for study quality and methods, a literature review and meta-analysis of seven reports about pediatric bipolar disorder (BPD) was conducted to determine if there is a consistent picture of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of BPD in children and adolescents. Methods: Searches were conducted in MedLine and PsycINFO using the terms mania, BPD, children and adolescents, and was limited to published articles in peer-reviewed journals. Seven reports were selected that met the following criteria: a systematic method for the elicitation and reporting of symptoms and clinical characteristics of subjects; subjects were interviewed by a trained researcher or clinician; ages 5–18 years; use of a diagnostic system, either DSM or RDC for categorization; a consensus method for the establishment of the diagnosis of BPD. Results: Most DSM-IV symptoms of mania were common in the children and adolescents with BPD with the most common symptoms being increased energy, distractibility, and pressured speech. On average, four of five bipolar cases also showed threshold levels of irritable mood and grandiosity, and more than 70% of all cases showed elated/euphoric mood, decreased need for sleep, or racing thoughts. Roughly 69% of cases also showed poor judgment, whereas only half of bipolar cases demonstrated flight of ideas, and slightly more than one-third showed hypersexuality or psychotic features. Conclusions: The clinical picture that emerges is that of children or adolescents with periods of increased energy (mania or hypomania), accompanied by distractibility, pressured speech, irritability, grandiosity, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep and euphoria/elation.
GPI-anchoring of GM-CSF results in active membrane-bound and partially shed cytokine

Abstract Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can induce the generation and activation of dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Tumors secreting GM-CSF have been shown to induce strong anti-tumor immune responses. In this report, we have constructed a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored form of GM-CSF (GPI-GM-CSF). This protein subsequently was found expressed on the cell membrane and sensitive to phosphatidyl-inositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC), confirming that it is GPI-anchored. However, GM-CSF was also found in the culture supernatant of cells expressing GPI-GM-CSF. Inhibition studies using brefeldin A and para -formaldehyde fixation revealed that GM-CSF found in the supernatant was not secreted, but due to shedding or proteolytic cleavage. Accumulation of GM-CSF in the media from isolated membranes was time and temperature-dependent. The released portion represented 10–15% of all membrane-bound GM-CSF after 72 h under culture conditions. GPI-GM-CSF retained functional activity to induce bone marrow cell proliferation and administration of GPI-GM-CSF expressing membranes induced the generation of DCs in vivo. These results demonstrate that GPI-anchored GM-CSF retains all functional activity of native GM-CSF while gaining the ability to attach to cell membranes. The ability of GPI-GM-CSF to be expressed on membranes and be partially released, can possibly lead to formation of a cytokine gradient, while retaining ability to target associated membrane antigens to DCs. This novel form of GM-CSF may have wide range of clinical applicability.
Conservation implications of dietary dilution from debris ingestion: sublethal effects in post-hatchling loggerhead sea turtles

: Ingestion of anthropogenic debris by marine species has been documented extensively; fewer studies have attempted to quantify the sublethal effects caused by debris ingestion. One potential sublethal effect is reduced nutrient gains from diets diluted by consumption of debris. Post-hatchling and juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) consume substantial quantities of debris. We evaluated the effects of dietary dilution on voluntary intake in post-hatchling loggerheads to assess their ability to compensate for the presence of inert diluents in their diet by increasing dry mass intakes to maintain nutrient gains. Mean daily intakes of dry mass did not increase significantly with dietary dilution, so intakes of energy and nitrogen on a 50% dilution diet were significantly lower than on a 10% dilution diet. Therefore, post-hatchling loggerheads have an extremely limited ability to compensate for dietary dilution and would experience sublethal effects from decreased energy and nitrogen gains on dilute diets. Decreased nutrient intakes have serious conservation implications because of possible decreased growth rates, longer developmental periods at sizes most vulnerable to predation, depleted energy reserves, reduced reproductive output, and decreased survivorship. Resumen: La ingestion de desperdicios de origen antropogenico por especies marinas ha sido documentada extensivamente; pocos estudios han atentado cuantificar los efectos subletales ocasionados por la ingestion de basura. Un posible efecto subletal es la reduccion en la ganancia de nutrientes por dietas diluidas debido a el consumo de basura. Las crias y juveniles de la tortuga marina Caretta caretta consumen cantidades considerables de basura. Los efectos de la dilucion dietetica por consumo involuntario fueron evaluados en crias para determinar su habilidad para compensar por la presencia de diluyentes inertes en la dieta, mediante un incremento en la captura de materia seca para mantener la ganacia de nutrientes. El consumo promedio diario de materia seca no se incremento significativamente con una dilucion dietetica; la captura de energia y nitrogeno en una dieta con un 50% de dilucion fue significativamente mas baja que una dieta con un 10% de dilucion. Asi pues, las crias de Caretta caretta tienen una habilidad estremadamente limitada para compensar por dilucion de dieta y podria experimentar efectos subletales por disminuciones en la ganacia de energia y nitrogeno en dietas diluidas. La disminucion en la captura de nutrientes tiene serias implicaciones de conservacion debido a una posible disminucion en tasas de crecimiento, periodos de desarrollo mas largos a tamanos vulnerables a la depredacion, agotamiento de reservas de energia, reduccion de la reproduccion y disminucion en la supervivencia.