cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data archiving in 1x-nm NAND flash memories: Enabling long-term storage using rank modulation and scrubbing

The challenge of using inexpensive and high-density NAND flash for archival storage was posed recently for reducing data center costs. However, such flash memory is becoming more susceptible to noise, and its reliability issues has become the major concern for its adoption by long-term storage systems. This paper studies the system-level reliability of archival storage that uses 1x-nm NAND flash memory. We analyze retention error behavior, and show that 1x-nm MLC and TLC flash do not immediately qualify for long-term storage. We then implement the rank modulation (RM) scheme and memory scrubbing (MS) for retention period (RP) enhancement. The RM scheme provides a new data representation using the relative order of cell voltages, which provides higher reliability against uniform asymmetric threshold voltage shift due to charge leakage. Results show that the new representation reduces raw bit error rate (RBER) by 45% on average, and using RM and MS together provides up to 196, 171, 146 and 121 years of RPs for blocks with 0, 25, 50 and 75 program/erase cycles, respectively.
Hadron Mass Relations for Two Six-Quark Models with Broken SU(12) Symmetry

It is assumed that three new quarks exist along with the usual three. The new hadrons which result are discussed according to two different models and are classified in representations of SU(12). Their masses are assumed to arise from the individual constitutent-quark masses plus two-body quark-quark interactions. Mass relations for both models are obtained. (AIP)
Mechanisms of Fibroblast Activation in the Remodeling Myocardium

Activated fibroblasts are critically implicated in repair and remodeling of the injured heart. This manuscript discusses recent progress in the cell biology of fibroblasts in the infarcted and remodeling myocardium, highlighting advances in understanding the origin, function, and mechanisms of activation of these cells. Following myocardial injury, fibroblasts undergo activation and myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Recently published studies have suggested that most activated myofibroblasts in the infarcted and pressure-overloaded hearts are derived from resident fibroblast populations. In the healing infarct, fibroblasts undergo dynamic phenotypic alterations in response to changes in the cytokine milieu and in the composition of the extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts do not simply serve as matrix-producing cells, but may also regulate inflammation, modulate cardiomyocyte survival and function, mediate angiogenesis, and contribute to phagocytosis of dead cells. In the injured myocardium, fibroblasts are derived predominantly from resident populations and serve a wide range of functions.
Self-similar photonic crystal cavity with ultrasmall mode volume for single-photon nonlinearities

We propose a photonic crystal cavity design with self-similar structure to achieve ultrasmall mode volume. We describe the concept with a silicon-air nanobeam cavity at λ ∼ 1550nm, reaching a mode volume of ∼ 7.01 × 10−5 λ3.
Chapter 5 Setting Up a Laboratory

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some general information on the basic equipment, chemicals, and supplies that should be present in any laboratory undertaking protein purification. Any laboratory engaged in protein purification have many types of equipment, chemicals, and supplies, all these materials basically fall into three categories, those used for fractionation, those needed for detection and assay, and those that are called as supporting materials. The supporting materials (for example, tubes, pipets, baths, stirrers, timers, salts, buffers, and much more) are common to every biochemical laboratory. They are generally the least costly, used most frequently, required in largest numbers, and are the most essential. It is natural in setting up a laboratory to focus on the large, expensive apparatus, but in practice, available funds should first go to ensuring an adequate supply of supporting materials. The most important detection device in the laboratory is the spectrophotometer. It can be used for determining protein concentrations, measuring the growth of bacterial cultures, as well as for a variety of enzymatic and colorimetric assays. Two other detection devices that often come in handy are a conductivity meter and a refractometer.
Acute Pericarditis: Descriptive Study and Etiology Determination in a Predominantly African American Population.

INTRODUCTION ­­­Acute pericarditis is the most commonly encountered manifestation of pericardial disease (incidence: 0.2 percent to 0.5 percent in hospitalized patients). However, data regarding manifestations, workup, and the management of acute pericarditis in the African American population is lacking. This study aims to collect and analyze more clinical data related to acute pericarditis in this understudied population. METHODOLOGY We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients managed for acute pericarditis at a university hospital serving a predominantly African American population. A total of 78 charts were reviewed during the period of study from January 2011 to July 2016. Out of these, nine charts were excluded due to poor data. We descriptively analyzed data regarding presenting symptoms, underlying etiologies, co-morbidities, investigation results, management strategies, and prognoses. RESULTS We found an equal number of males and females in our study population. The most common comorbid conditions were hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus (in order of incidence). The most common presentation of symptomatic pericarditis consisted of chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Electrocardiogram (EKG) findings included diffuse ST elevation (15 percent) and sinus tachycardia (41 percent). Leukocytosis was seen in 15 percent of the patients. The most common etiology noted in our patient population was idiopathic and was treated with NSAIDS. CONCLUSION As compared to other populations, the incidence of uremic pericarditis and pericarditis secondary to cardiac etiologies is slightly higher in the African American population; however, the clinical presentation, examination and laboratory findings, as well as investigations, are remarkably similar.
Protein arginylation targets alpha synuclein, facilitates normal brain health, and prevents neurodegeneration.

Alpha synuclein (α-syn) is a central player in neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms triggering its pathology are not fully understood. Here we found that α-syn is a highly efficient substrate for arginyltransferase ATE1 and is arginylated in vivo by a novel mid-chain mechanism that targets the acidic side chains of E46 and E83. Lack of arginylation leads to increased α-syn aggregation and causes the formation of larger pathological aggregates in neurons, accompanied by impairments in its ability to be cleared via normal degradation pathways. In the mouse brain, lack of arginylation leads to an increase in α-syn’s insoluble fraction, accompanied by behavioral changes characteristic for neurodegenerative pathology. Our data show that lack of arginylation in the brain leads to neurodegeneration, and suggests that α-syn arginylation can be a previously unknown factor that facilitates normal α-syn folding and function in vivo.
The Cost of Retrofitting Steel-Concrete Composite Buildings Against Progressive Collapse With Steel Cables

Steel cables are an attractive means of retrofit with various engineering applications. They have been extensively used to strengthen deficient buildings against gravitational or earthquake-induced loads. This work investigates the use of steel cables as a means of retrofitting steel-concrete composite buildings against progressive collapse. The effect of the building’s characteristics on the total retrofit cost is studied. A fair assessment of designs defined for different requirements is achieved by definition of the most cost-effective solution for each scenario. This is achieved by an optimization algorithm, i.e. the Evolution Strategies, which is employed to define the solution with the desired performance and, at the same time, the minimum cost. For this purpose, a total number of 144 optimizations have been performed. The results yielded reveal the different properties of each retrofit scenario.
Phase II clinical trial of eribulin in advanced or recurrent cervical cancer (CC).

TPS5617 Background: Eribulin (E), a Halichondrin B analog from the marine sponge H. okadai shows anticancer effects via G2/M cell cycle arrest, mitotic spindle disruption, and apoptosis. E has effi...
Safety and efficacy evaluation of tretinoin cream 0.02% for the reduction of photodamage: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND Clinical studies as well as histologic data maintain that tretinoin improves the appearance of photodamage; however, the long-term benefits of tretinoin 0.02% in moderate to severe photodamage have not been established. OBJECTIVE We performed independent assessments to demonstrate the long-term safety and efficacy of tretinoin emollient cream 0.02% for moderate to severe facial photodamage. METHODS A single-center, open-label, single-group observational study followed 19 patients over 52 weeks. Efficacy assessments consisted of the Glogau Photodamage Classification Scale and severity grading of photodamage signs and symptoms. Facial photography and biopsies were taken from three subjects at baseline and final visits. Tolerability was assessed by the investigator. RESULTS Twelve patients completed 52 weeks of treatment. Mean change in Glogau photodamage demonstrated statistically significant differences at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (P<.0005). All patients with moderate to severe photodamage had improved to mild photodamage status by 9 months. Statistically significant improvements (P<.05) were observed at all time points for fine wrinkling, tactile roughness, and mottled hyperpigmentation as well as for lentigines at 6, 9, and 12 months and telangiectasia at 12 months. Biopsy samples revealed microscopic improvement in photodamage. Tretinoin cream 0.02% was generally well-tolerated, with few subjects experiencing adverse events. LIMITATIONS Our pilot study is limited by lack of control and the small study sample. CONCLUSIONS Tretinoin cream 0.02% was safe and effective for moderate to severe photodamage of facial skin and demonstrated sustainable benefits over an entire year based on the clinically validated Glogau classification system and expert visual grading analysis.
The Calculus of Variations: A Historical Perspective

We begin with an introduction to the historical origin of optimal control theory, the calculus of variations. But it is not our intention to give a comprehensive treatment of this topic. Rather, we introduce the fundamental necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality by fully analyzing two of the cornerstone problems of the theory, the brachistochrone problem and the problem of determining surfaces of revolution with minimum surface area, so-called minimal surfaces. Our emphasis is on illustrating the methods and techniques required for getting complete solutions for these problems. More generally, we use the so-called fixed-endpoint problem, the problem of minimizing a functional over all differentiable curves that satisfy given boundary conditions, as a vehicle to introduce the classical results of the theory: (a) the Euler–Lagrange equation as the fundamental first-order necessary condition for optimality, (b) the Legendre and Jacobi conditions, both in the form of necessary and sufficient second-order conditions for local optimality, (c) the Weierstrass condition as additional necessary condition for optimality for so-called strong minima, and (d) its connection with field theory, the fundamental idea in any sufficiency theory. Throughout our presentation, we emphasize geometric constructions and a geometric interpretation of the conditions. For example, we present the connections between envelopes and conjugate points of a fold type and use these arguments to give a full solution for the minimum surfaces of revolution.
A Needs Assessment for an Apparel Augmented Reality Application

Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive technology that integrates computer-generated sensory information to a physical environment in real time (Lee, 2012). Major apparel retailers continually test AR's potential for in-store shopping (Davies, 2015). Since designing such technology requires large amount of investment; developers need to create better fitting applications. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to understand how consumers would use an AR application to make decisions, and their preferences concerning the usability of the AR. We interviewed with 17 female and three male participants. Qualitative data themes were grouped around Usability ,Usefulness, Garment attributes, and Psychological reactions. Females paid more attention to garment details, whereas males were focusing on the entertainment value as well as technical features of the application, and did not care about garment fit. The results of the study can assist technology developers in building better applications for apparel consumers.
‘Trial by fire’: forms of impairment disclosure and implications for disability identity

AbstractThis article examines the ways in which people living with non-apparent impairments, sometimes called ‘invisible disabilities,’ choose to disclose their impairments to friends, colleagues, and supervisors. Drawing on life-history narratives conducted with 12 men and women who acquired non-apparent impairment through accident, injury, or illness, this analysis demonstrates that people who have acquired non-apparent impairment use three primary forms of disclosure – confessional, pragmatic, and validating – serving as mechanisms by which individuals internalize the stigma associated with disability, pragmatically acquire accommodations, or resist and challenge ableist views. This analysis shows the ways that disclosure more broadly, and these forms specifically, play important roles in developing and negotiating disability identity.
(317) Development of a Semi-Structured Interview to Understand VA Treatment Barriers for Clinicians Treating Women Veterans with Fibromyalgia: A Qualitative Pilot Study

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a vexing pain condition that primarily impacts women with a history of trauma. Women veterans experience posttraumatic stress disorder in their lifetime almost twice as often as their civilian counterparts (13.4% vs. 8.0%). Due to their high rates of trauma exposure, women veterans are at an increased risk of developing FM, with rates higher than those in the civilian population (5.1% vs. 2.0%). The present pilot study seeks to identify preferences for care for women veterans with FM at the Boston VA Healthcare System (VABHS) through qualitative interviews with patients and health care providers. Data from patient interviews (n = 13) has identified several themes including a desire for improved multidisciplinary care and provider education on FM. Using this information, we developed a semi-structured interview script for providers who are most likely to serve as a primary care physician for FM patients including neurologists, rheumatologists, pain specialists, and women's health clinicians. The script also includes open-ended questions about provider knowledge of FM, preferred treatment options, utilization of multidisciplinary teams/resources, and successes and difficulties in providing optimal care to FM patients. Provider and patient interview data are expected to reveal details about the VABHS's efficacy in providing adequate care to an expanding population of women veterans. We hope to use this information to create educational materials on FM and methods to improve communication between providers. This project was funded by the Veterans Affairs Central Office. (Wolfe, Arthritis Rheumatol, 1995; Al-Allaf, Rheumatology, 2002; Lehavot, Am J Prev Med, 2018; Mohanty, Med Care, 2015)
Deviant Peer Factors During Early Adolescence: Cause or Consequence of Physical Aggression?

This study investigated reciprocal relations between adolescents' physical aggression and their perceptions of peers' deviant behaviors and attitudes. Analyses were conducted on four waves of data from 2,290 adolescents (ages 10?16) from three urban middle schools. Autoregression models revealed reciprocal relations between peer factors (i.e., friends' problem behavior, peer pressure for fighting, friends' support for fighting) and adolescents' reporting of their aggressive behavior. Bidirectional relations were also found between peer pressure for fighting and adolescents' frequency of physical aggression based on teacher ratings. Findings were consistent across sex, grade, and time. Findings suggest that multiple dimensions of peers' behaviors uniquely play a role in the development of adolescents' aggression and have important implications for interventions to reduce problem behaviors.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on surgical complications in patients undergoing revision total knee arthroplasty: Insulin dependence makes a difference.

Abstract Objectives Assessing the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM), non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) on revision TKA (rTKA) has become increasingly imperative due to the increased rates of revisions associated with DM. This study sought to identify complications in rTKA that were independently associated with NIDDM/IDDM compared to non-diabetic (Non-DM) patients and whether IDDM was associated with specific postoperative complications compared to NIDDM. Methods and materials 16,428 rTKA patients were identified from the ACS-NSQIP database from 2005 to 2016 and stratified into three separate cohorts. 12,922 (78.66%) were Non-DM, 2335 (14.21%) had NIDDM, and 1171 (7.13%) had IDDM. Univariate analyses were utilized to assess for differences in demographics, preoperative comorbidities, and postoperative complication rates. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were then employed to control for significant differences in patients characteristics to assess NIDDM and IDDM as independent risk factors for complications in comparison to Non-DM. IDDM was further analyzed as a risk factor in comparison to NIDDM for the purpose of elucidating the impact of insulin dependence on risk for postoperative complications. Results NIDDM was an independent risk factor for deep incisional surgical site infections (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.477) and urinary tract infections (UTI) (OR 1.862) (p Conclusion Although differences between diabetes and non-diabetes rTKA patients were seen, differences in complication rates between diabetes patients further divided based on insulin dependence status were also noted. Future work examining whether targeting perioperative glucose levels
Quantifying Preexisting Resistant and Persister Populations-Response.

We thank Mistry and colleagues for their careful study and critique of our article ([1][1]). We are convinced that the slightly differing conclusions of the two articles are based on differences in model design and our focus on biological interpretation. Specifically, we agree that a model of only
Explaining complementarity in false memory

Abstract Complementarity is a paradoxical phenomenon in which memory for incompatible reality states (e.g., old vs. new) violates basic logical constraints: Subjects remember certain groups of items as belonging to both of two incompatible states at reliable levels. The theoretical principle that predicts this phenomenon, non-compensatory gist memory, also predicts a more stringent form in which individual items are successively remembered as belonging to each of two incompatible states. In the present experiments, we investigated this within-item form of complementarity and evaluated an alternative theoretical explanation that relies on a selective retrieval principle. The experiments provided evidence of robust within-item complementarity, for both old items and new items that were semantically related to old ones. Logical incompatibility constrained memory for different reality states to only a limited degree. Our experiments provided no support for the selective retrieval explanation of complementarity. That account predicts several effects, some for judgment probabilities and others for latencies, none of which was observed. Thus, non-compensatory gist memory proved to be the more satisfactory of the two explanations.
Corrections to “Electronic Conduction Mechanisms in Insulators”

In the above article, space-charge-limited current (SCLC) was modeled as involving an exponential trap distribution associated with the existence of conduction band tail states. This is no longer believed to be a viable SCLC mechanism; the poor quality of the insulators exhibiting SCLC makes it highly unlikely that the electron quasi-Fermi level can ever be modulated close enough to the conduction band edge that band tail states play any role in establishing SCLC. Instead, SCLC is now being ascribed to a Gaussian distribution of deep traps.
What Demonstrations Are, and What Demonstrations Mean (REVISED)

What is a demonstration? In the midst of the “Black Lives Matter” protests, can we summon up any general understanding of what it is to demonstrate: what is the point of it as a political activity and why do the authorities often seem to be angered or threatened by it? In the past 50 years, questions like this have focused mainly on civil disobedience. But demonstrating as such also deserves our attention. Is it just speech? What sort of speech act is involved — an appeal, a policy proposal, the expression of a grievance, a demand, an admonition, a threat…? A demonstration is not just a speech act and it is not only expressive. It has its own rituals, its dramatics, and its presence and visibility as a public practice. Can anything useful be said about it at an abstract level? I think it can. A demonstration makes a fuss; it puts something on display; it refuses effacement; it won’t calm down; it presents political demands with large numbers of people attached to them (“I Am A Man!”); and it makes it hard for people to look away. A demonstration seeks to disrupt ordinary life and to rivet public attention on a particular set of grievances. In some dramatic cases, it sounds a warning that intimates an upending of business-as-usual in politics. That is why the accommodation of protests in a mature political system is no easy matter.
Peacekeeping and Development in Fragile States: Micro-Level Evidence from Liberia

Using surveys and administrative data from post-war Liberia, the hypothesis that peacekeeping deployments build peace "from the bottom up" through contributions to local security and local economic and social vitality was tested. The hypothesis reflects official thinking about how peacekeeping works via "peacebuilding." A quasi-experiment was created by applying coarsened exact matching to administrative data used in mission planning, identifying sets of communities that were similarly likely to receive peacekeeping bases. The analysis finds nothing to support claims that deployments increase local security and finds only modest effects on economic or social vitality. Nongovernmental organizations tend to work in areas where deployments are not present, contrary to the hypothesis. Thus, it is less likely that peacekeepers build peace from the bottom up, leaving mechanisms such as signaling and deterrence at the level of leaders as worthy of more attention. For policy, peacekeeping missions should reevaluate their methods for providing local security.
Abstract SY31-01: Remodeling of the cell surface proteome in cancer

The cell surface proteome (surfaceome) is the primary hub for cells to communicate with the outside world, and are major targets for immunotherapy. Oncogenes are known to cause huge changes in cells (see Figure 1). Our group has applied state-of-the-art proteomics methods to quantitatively compare the surfaceomes of oncogene transformed (KRAS, HER2, EGFR, BRAF, MEK, AKT and MYC) versus isogenic controls (1-3). Oncogenes lead to large and bi-directional remodeling of the surfaceomes of isogenic cell lines that can be exploited for target ID. Each oncogene has a unique signature that depends on cell line, but broadly similar across cell lines. Differences among related oncogenes converge when viewed at functional level by Geneset analysis. Proliferative oncogenes (EGFR, HER2, KRAS, BRAF, MEK) remodel the surfaceome primarily through MAPK pathway. MYC is much more unique, especially in the large changes induced in solute carrier proteins. We have also recently developed a technology to identify proteolytic cut sites in membrane proteins (4) which also show bi-direction remodeling. We show proteolysis is an orthogonal remodeling event, and the union with expression data offers new neo-epitope markers for immunotherapy. References 1. Martinko A.J., Truillet C., Julien O., Diaz J.E., Horlbeck, M.A., Whiteley G., Blonder J., Weissman J.S., Bandyopadhyay S., Evans M.J., Wells J.A. (2018) "Targeting RAS Driven Human Cancer Cells with Antibodies to Upregulated and Essential Cell-Surface Proteins." eLife. 2018;7:e31098 2. Leung, K. K., Wilson, G. M., Kirkemo, L. L., Riley, N. M., Coon, J. J., & Wells, J. A. (2020). Broad and thematic remodeling of the surfaceome and glycoproteome on isogenic cells transformed with driving proliferative oncogenes. PNAS 117 (14), 7764-7775. 3. Chen, W., Mou, K. Y., Solomon, P., Aggarwal, R., Leung, K. K., & Wells, J. A. (2021). Large remodeling of the Myc-induced cell surface proteome in B cells and prostate cells creates new opportunities for immunotherapy. PNAS, 118(4), 1-11. 4. Weeks, A. M., Byrnes, J. R., Lui, I., & Wells, J. A. (2021). Mapping proteolytic neo-N termini at the surface of living cells. PNAS, 2020.02.23.961904. Citation Format: James A. Wells. Remodeling of the cell surface proteome in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr SY31-01.
Common and Superficial Femoral Vessels

The common and superficial femoral vessels are the workhorse vessels for microsurgical reconstruction of the abdomen and lower extremity. This chapter described the anatomy and surgical exposure of these vessels in regard to their use as recipients in trunk reconstruction.
Clinical Pharmacology in Pediatrics

Pediatric cancer patients differ from adults both in the spectra of their malignancies and in their response to drugs. Our knowledge of the developmental pharmacology of anticancer drugs has increased, and yet we often do not have sufficient understanding to optimally treat pediatric cancer patients, particularly infants and young children. Well-designed clinical pharmacology studies in this group of patients are necessary for the development of novel dosing strategies tailored to children of different ages. The first section of this chapter reviews the basic principles of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination in infants, children, and adolescents. Subsequent sections address the appropriate methods to select drug dosages in children, practical issues associated with clinical pharmacokinetic studies in children with cancer, and the pharmacokinetics of specific anticancer drugs in children. We then review the pharmacokinetics of selected anticancer drugs used in children with cancer.
Jesus the Teacher

One of the strongest portraits of Jesus in the Gospels is that of a teacher (Lee, 1988).1 Other than the title “Lord,” people call Jesus “Teacher” more often than any other epithet in the New Testa...
Reducing the Profitability of Corporate Insider Trading Through Pretrading Disclosure

Over the last six decades, the federal government has constructed an extensive system of civil and criminal laws designed to reduce the ability of corporate insiders to make profits trading on inside information. During the 1980s, the government sought to increase the system's effectiveness by increasing penalties and devoting more resources to enforcement. However, both the volume of trading by corporate insiders and the profits these insiders make from corporate insider trading have increased dramatically since these measures were put into effect. In fact, I calculate that corporate insiders make almost $5 billion per year in insider trading profits. After surveying the evidence that corporate insiders trade on inside information, this Article explains why insiders are able to engage in such trading. The Article then puts forward a simple method for reducing insiders' ability to make profits trading on inside information: requiring insiders to disclose publicly their intended trades shortly before submitting orders to their brokers. The Article shows that this pretrading disclosure rule could substantially reduce aggregate corporate insider trading profits. The Article also explains how adopting a pretrading disclosure rule would enable the government to eliminate some of the existing restrictions on insiders' trading and thereby reduce the overall regulatory burden on insiders.
Professional software engineering education

How might universities organize new lines of business in software engineering professional educationq Professional education enables practicing professionals to achieve defined levels of competence and to be certified according to standards in their professions. This kind of education is offered at very few universities. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for designing professional education programss software engineering is the central example. It suggests a strategy for combining traditional degree programs and professional certificate programs, in any mix suitable for a department and its clientele.
Weak cation‐exchange monolithic column for capillary liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins

A stable poly(2-carboxyethyl acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) monolith was synthesized inside a 75-μm id capillary by direct in situ photo-initiated polymerization in a binary porogenic solvent consisting of methanol and ethyl ether. The resulting monolith was evaluated for weak cation-exchange capillary liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins. A high dynamic binding capacity of 72.7 mg lysozyme per cm3 column volume was measured. Fast mass transfer was demonstrated by steep breakthrough curves. The resulting monolith exhibited negligible hydrophobicity, leading to good separation of peptides and proteins. Peak capacities of 11 for peptides with a 10-min salt gradient and 39 for proteins with a 20-min salt gradient were measured. An efficiency of 37,000 plates/m for proteins was obtained under isocratic conditions. The effects of functional group concentration, porogenic solvent composition, mobile phase pH, salt gradient rate, and hydrophobicity on the retention of analytes were investigated. Good run-to-run relative standard deviation (RSD) <1.93% and column-to-column RSD <4.63% were achieved.
The Marketing Mix: Time for Reconceptualization

Marketing is viewed by AMA's new definition as being the management of the marketing mix. However, the presently popular paradigm of the mix (the Four Ps) may not be adequate to describe the breadth of marketing applications in the 1990s and beyond. This article proposes, as an alternative, that some terms already used independently be grouped and offered as a new marketing mix conceptualization termed "the Four Cs" (concept, channels, costs, and communication).
Precision of a radial basis function neural network tracking method

The precision of a radial basis function (RBF) neural network based tracking method has been assessed against real targets. Intensity profile feature extraction was used to build a model in real time, evolving with the target. Precision was assessed against traditionally measured frame-by-frame measurements from the recorded data set. The results show the potential limit for the technique and reveal intricacies associated with empirical data not necessarily observed in simulations.
A note by Gauss referring to ideals

Summaries In his dissertation Gauss mentions that in some other work he refused to simplify the proofs by using fictitious quantities. This has often been taken as a reference to the use of ideals for the composition of quadratic forms. In fact, however, it refers to the factorization of polynomials modulo a prime number. it|Gauss in dissertatione suo se quantitates fictas etiam in alia disquisitione repudiasse dixit. Non (ut plerique credunt) hic de compositione formarum agitur, sed de resolutione functionum mod p in factores. de|In seiner Dissertation erwahnt Gauss, dass er auch in einer anderen Untersuchung den Gebrauch imaginaren Grossen vermieden habe. Damit meinte er abet nicht, wie des ofteren bahauptet wurde, ideale Faktoren in quadratischen Zahlkorpern, sondern Gleichungswurzeln modulo p .
Fixed interval performance as related to instructions and to subjects’ verbalizations of the contingency

Sixteen female Ss earned a total of 50 reinforcements on a FI 20 sec reinforcement schedule. The reinforcers used were points on a counter. The Ss were instructed that the reinforcement contingency involved either the number of responses, or an interval of time, or Ss were given no information about the schedule. The Ss’ performance was related not only to instructions, but also to Ss’ verbalizations of the reinforcement contingency.
Cross‐well continuity logging for oil and gas field applications

Seismic guided waves have been extensively used to determine coal continuity in coal mines, and guided waves could potentially be used to determine reservoir continuity in oil and gas fields (Krohn 1990, 1992). Presently, our understanding is limited to fairly uniform, flat low-velocity layers (LVL). More research is needed for fields with complex geology. In this paper, data are shown for 4 field sites that demonstrate correlation of LVLs between wells and detection of faults. Guided waves generated from downhole explosives are limited to LVLs with thicknesses less than 50 ft., but ratios of the surrounding rock to LVL velocities can be as low as 1.08. Continuity can be determined for two LVLs close together, and some variation in LVL thickness between the wells is accept able. The availability of strong commercial downhole sources is presently a limitation; however, crosswell continuity logging can be performed at larger well separations than can imaging methods. Source strength issues aside, the best source is an SH source such as an orbital vibrator followed by a vertical source such as a vibrator. Multilevel high-frequency receiver tools are required, and data should be compared for source points within and without the layer. For many surveys, hydrophones are adequate detectors of guided waves, although geophones are more sensitive. Differenced geophone detection is useful at large well separations.
Phenylacetylene on Cu(111) : Adsorption geometry, interfacial electronic structures and thermal chemistry

Phenylacetylene (PA, C8H6) on Cu(111) has been studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray and ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS). Dosed at 100 K, physisorbed and chemisorbed PA are readily distinguished in TPD; the former desorbs at 165 K and the latter as three peaks360 (γ2), 410 (γ1), and 500 K (γd). The most intense, γ1, is attributed to cross-bridged PA with di-σ bonds of the acetylene carbons to Cu. The γ2 peak is attributed to a vinylidene C8H6 species with the terminal carbon of the vinyl group σ-bonded to Cu. Rehydrogenation of a partially dehydrogenated PA, e.g., C8H5, accounts for the highest temperature PA peak, γd. According to XPS, at saturation monolayer coverage, there is one chemisorbed PA for every 4 surface Cu atoms. At this coverage, a local 4 × -rect arrangement of cross-bridged PA adequately accounts for our results. For monolayer PA, the work function at 100 K is 0.75 eV below that of Cu indicating electron density shifts from PA toward Cu. The...
ARE NURSES HOME VISITS A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF EARLY DISCHARGES AMONG INNER CITY DELIVERIES? † 642

In order to contain medical costs many insurance companies have advocated 24 hour discharges of postpartum mothers and newborn infants followed by a nurses home visit within 48 hours of discharge. We hypothesized that such an approach would not work in our inner city population because many of the addresses given by our mothers are false and therefore, these mothers and babies may not be found. We were also concerned about the safety of such visits. In order to test that hypothesis we reviewed the records of all Maternal Child Health Referrals in 1995 to the Visiting Nurse Service of New York for Bronx, N.Y. A total of 8,419 patients were referred and 7,035 visits were successful (84%). Of the 1,384 unsuccessful visits, 480 (35%) were because the patient could not be found, 265 (19%) were because the patient/family refused care, 80 (6%) because the family moved, 3 were because the visit was thought not to be safe and 628 (45%) were because of other technical problems. To evaluate a poor inner city population we reviewed the records for Bronx Lebanon Hospital. Among 1958 patients referred, 1644 were successful (84%) and 314 unsuccessful. 160 (33%) could not be found, 71 (23%) were because of refusal of care, 14 (4%) because the family moved, and 2 because of safety. We conclude that nursing home visits are successful in at least 84% of newborn infants and therefore, early discharges may be possible in the majority of deliveries even in an inner city population. We hypothesize that a single antenatal nursing home visit would help to identify those families who could have a successful post-discharge home visit.
Induction of Hepatic Cytochrome P-450 by Phenobarbital in Semi-aquatic Frog (Rana pipiens)

Abstract Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (equivalent to rat P4502B1 isozymic form, a CYPIIB gene product) can be induced by pentobarbital (PB) in the adults of the semiaquatic frog,Rana pipiens(as in other terrestrial vertebrates), but not in adults of the aquatic frogXenopus laevisor in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). The activity of PB-induced P450 (2B1) towards aldrin and pentoxyresorufin increases respectively by about 2- and 10-fold. This enzyme is not inducible during larval and postlarval stages ofR. pipiens.However, cytochrome P4501A1 (CYPIA1 gene product) is inducible by β-naphthoflavone in all these species. Both CYPIA and CYPIIB genes are expressed, as determined by the catalysis of their protein products, during larval, postlarval, and adult stages ofR. pipiens.The concentration of P450 increases slightly during the postlarval stages until the adult stage, ready to migrate to land, is reached. This increase seems to be mostly due to 2B1-type cytochrome P450 as judged by a large increase in aldrin epoxidase but not of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity. It is hypothesized that the evolution of true terrestrialness, and not the evolution of air-breathing lungs alone, is required for the transcriptional activation of CYPIIB gene by PB.
Complete Types and the Natural Numbers

In this paper it is shown that, for any complete type Σ omitted in the structure , or in any expansion of having only countably many relations and operations, there is a proper elementary extension of (or of ) which omits Σ. This result (which was announced in [2]) is used to answer a question of Malitz on complete -sentences. The result holds also for countable families of types. A type is a countable set of formulas with just the variable υ free. A structure is said to omit a type Σ if no element of satisfies all of the formulas of Σ. For example, omits the type Σ ω = { υ ≠ n : n ∈ ω }, since n fails to satisfy υ ≠ n . (Here n is the constant symbol standing for n .) A type Σ is said to be complete with respect to a theory T if the set of sentences T ∪ Σ( e ) generates a complete theory, where Σ( e ) is the result of replacing υ by the new constant e in all of the formulas of Σ. The type Σ ω is clearly not complete with respect to Th( ). (For any structure Th( ), Th( ) is the set of all sentences true in .)
Crack growth of PZN crystals under cyclic electric field

PZN single crystals are currently under development as actuator materials. They offer high strain and high coupling constants, but the moduli are considerably lower than PZT. Obtaining high energy densities in actuator applications requires that they be driven at high field levels. To accomplish this reliably will involve careful specimen preparation, proper compressive pre-load, and designs that avoid electric field driven fatigue crack growth. This work presents observations of fatigue crack growth under bipolar electric cycling. The crack growth in PZN single crystal is different from that in polycrystalline ceramics.
Safety in grammatical protection systems

In the context of operating system protection mechanisms,safety refers to the ability to decide who can obtained certain rights to resources by some future sequence of command invocations. Harrison, Ruzzo and Ullman have shown that in general safety is undecidable. On the other hand Jones, Lipton and Snyder have analyzed a simple system is which safety is decidable in time linear in the size of the system. This paper presents a large class of operating system protection mechanisms for which a polynomial time decision procedure for the safety question can be given. Extensions are then exhibited that are P-space complete andNP-complete.
Drainage is unnecessary after elective liver resection.

Purpose A prospective, randomized trial was performed to determine if intra-abdominal drainage catheters are necessary after elective liver resection. Patients and methods Between April 1992 and April 1994,120 patients subjected to liver resection, stratified by extent of resection and by surgeon, were randomized to receive or not receive operative closed-suction drainage. Operative blood loss was not an exclusion criteria, and no patient who consented to the study was excluded. Results Eighty-seven patients (73%) had resection of one hepatic lobe or more (27 lobectomies, 54 trisegmentectomies, and 6 bilobar atypical resections) and 33 had less than a lobectomy (8 wedge resections or enucleations, 9 segmentectomles, and 16 bisegmentectomies). Eighty-four patients (70%) had metastatic cancer and 36 patients (30%) had primary liver pathology. There were no differences in outcome, including length of hospital stay (no drain, 13.4 ± 0.9 days; drain, 13.1 ± 0.8 days; P = not significant [NS]), mortality (no drain, 3.3%; drain, 3.3%), complication rate (no drain, 43%; drain, 48%; P = NS), or requirement for subsequent percutaneous drainage (no drain, 18%; drain, 8%; P = NS). All infected collections (n = 3) occurred in operatively drained patients. Two other complications were directly related to the operatively placed drains. One patient developed a subcutaneous abscess at the drain site, and a second developed a subcutaneous drain tract tumor recurrence as the only current site of recurrence. Conclusion In the first 50 consecutive resections performed since the conclusion of this trial, only 4 patients (8%) have required subsequent percutaneous drainage. We conclude that abdominal drainage is unnecessary after elective liver resection.
Disruption of shape-complementarity markers to create cytotoxic variants of ribonuclease A.

Onconase® (ONC), an amphibian member of the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) superfamily, is in phase III clinical trials as a treatment for malignant mesothelioma. RNase A is a far more efficient catalyst of RNA cleavage than ONC but is not cytotoxic. The innate ability of ONC to evade the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) is likely to be a primary reason for its cytotoxicity. In contrast, the non-covalent interaction between RNase A and RI is one of the strongest known, with the RI·RNase A complex having a Kd value in the femtomolar range. Here, we report on the use of the fast atomic density evaluation (FADE) algorithm to identify regions in the molecular interface of the RI·RNase A complex that exhibit a high degree of geometric complementarity. Guided by these “knobs” and “holes”, we designed variants of RNase A that evade RI. The D38R/R39D/N67R/G88R substitution increased the Kd value of the pRI·RNase A complex by 20×106-fold (to 1.4 μM) with little change to catalytic activity or conformational stability. This and two related variants of RNase A were more toxic to human cancer cells than was ONC. Notably, these cytotoxic variants exerted their toxic activity on cancer cells selectively, and more selectively than did ONC. Substitutions that further diminish affinity for RI (which has a cytosolic concentration of 4 μM) are unlikely to produce a substantial increase in cytotoxic activity. These results demonstrate the utility of the FADE algorithm in the examination of protein–protein interfaces and represent a landmark towards the goal of developing chemotherapeutics based on mammalian ribonucleases.
Established cell lines from the beetleDiabrotica undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Two new cell lines, designated IPLB-DU182A and IPLB-DU182E, were developed from embryos of the southern corn rootworm,Diabrotica undecimpunctata. Cells were grown in the lepidopteran cell culture media IPL-52B and IPL-76 in a 3∶1 ratiowith 9% fetal bovine serum. The IPL-52B was modified by deleting CaCl2·2H2O and NaHCO3 out of the formulation. The osmotic pressure was adjusted to the optimal osmolarity of 400 mOsm/kg by the addition of2 g mannitol/100 ml medium. The cells were primarily epithelial-like, but some spindle-shaped cells were also present. The lines were 65% diploid and were characterized with respect to 10 isozymes. Cellscurrently grow with a 5-d doubling time and are subcultured by trypsinization at 1-wk intervals and at a 1∶2 to 1∶5 split ratio.
Effects of L-spin longitudinal quadrupolar relaxation in S{L} heteronuclear recoupling and S-spin magic-angle spinning NMR

In experiments on S-L heteronuclear spin systems with evolution of the S-spin magnetization under the influence of a quadrupolar nucleus (L-spin), effects of longitudinal quadrupolar (T(1Q)) relaxation of the L-spin coherence on the sub-millisecond time scale have been documented and explored, and methods for minimizing their effect have been demonstrated. The longitudinal relaxation results in heteronuclear dephasing even in the reference signal S(0) of S[L] REDOR, REAPDOR, RIDER, or SPIDER experiments, due to T(1Q)-relaxation of the transiently generated S(y)L(z) coherence, reducing or even eliminating the observable dephasing DeltaS. Pulse sequences for measuring an improved reference signal S(00) with minimal heteronuclear recoupling but the same number of pulses as for S(0) and S have been demonstrated. From the observed intensity DeltaS(0)=S(00)-S(0) and the SPIDER signal DeltaS/S(0), T(1Q) can be estimated. Accelerated decays analogous to the dipolar S(0) curves will occur in T(2) measurements for J-coupled S-L spin pairs. Even in the absence of recoupling pulses, fast T(1Q) relaxation of the unobserved nucleus shortens the transverse relaxation time T(2S,MAS) of the observed nucleus, in particular at low spinning frequencies, due to unavoidable heteronuclear dipolar evolution during a rotation period. The observed spinning-frequency dependence of T(2S,MAS) matches the theoretical prediction and may be used to estimate T(1Q). The effects are demonstrated on several (13)C[(14)N] spin systems, including an arginine derivative, the natural N-acetylated polysaccharide chitin, and a model peptide, (POG)(10).