cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 33 – Risk Assessment for Chronic Exposure to Pesticides: The Triazine Herbicide Cyanazine*

This chapter describes chronic risk assessment for trianize herbicide cyanazine in detail to provide an example of the process for regulating carcinogens in practice. The risks of long-term exposure to cyanazine are estimated by first reviewing the studies defining the toxicity of the chemical, usually conducted on laboratory animals, and determining the no-observed-effect levels (NOELs). Second, possible human exposure is estimated, both in agricultural occupations (mixing, loading, applying), in the diet (food and drinking water), and combined. By quantifying the toxicological end points for acute, subchronic, and chronic exposure, it is possible to estimate the likely margin of safety of the chemical under typical conditions of use. The calculations of margin-of-safety (MOS) values and cancer risk are discussed in terms of uncertainties in the data and also in terms of alternative methods of assessing the data for the determination of cancer risk arising from pesticide use.
A crossed-disciplinary evaluation of parental perceptions surrounding pediatric non-invasive brain stimulation research

Recruitment for pediatric non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) studies is often challenged by low enrollment. Understanding parental perceptions regarding NIBS is crucial to develop new communication strategies to increase enrollment.,Integrating a crossed-disciplinary approach, the authors conducted a survey at the 2018 Minnesota State Fair querying the perception of risk and preferences of current and future parents associated with pediatric NIBS research. The survey consisted of 28 closed-text questions including demographics, photographs portraying NIBS, terminologies and factors related to NIBS studies.,Complete surveys were analyzed from 622 parent participants. A significant number of participants (42.8%) perceived the photographs of NIBS as “risky.” Additionally, 65.43% perceived the term “Non-invasive brain therapy” as not risky, a word combination not currently being used when recruiting potential participants. Over 90% (561/622) of participants chose the photograph of child-friendly MRI suite.,Although this survey identified aspects crucial in recruitment for pediatric NIBS research, there were limitations. For example, the authors did not record the sex or demographic distribution (e.g. rural versus urban setting) of the participants. These factors may also influence recruitment messaging.,For important medical research to impact and improve the lives of the potential remedies, participation by the public in clinical trials is necessary. Often the general public perceives the trials as risky as a result of poor marketing communication recruitment material. This study sought to be understood if how the message is encoded has an impact on the decoding by the receiver.
Acceptance of productivity software as a course management and collaboration tool among student pharmacists

Abstract Introduction The acceleration and availability of digital tools has fundamentally changed the classroom environment, making selecting the correct tools an increasingly important function for instructors. To assist educators seeking to introduce such tools into the classroom, this research describes the acceptance of productivity software as a pharmacy management course and collaboration tool by second-year student pharmacists. Methods A mixed methods approach assessed student pharmacists' acceptance and use of a cloud-based, productivity platform. All students were provided with Evernote Business to manage group-based assignments, facilitate team-based projects, and store course materials. Students were surveyed at three time points throughout the semester using a validated instrument based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Software acceptance and applicability were assessed across time points and structural equation modeling determined UTAUT model fit. Focus groups provided direct student feedback guided by UTAUT. Results Baseline technology acceptance was lower for Evernote than Blackboard. Effort expectancy and attitudes toward technology improved in three of four items each for Evernote and anxiety toward using the new software declined from baseline. Model fit was not ideal, suggesting similar conditions for acceptance of either platform and performance expectancy may not significantly predict intention to use. Student feedback suggested that acceptance may be improved if software has college-wide buy-in and was required. Conclusions Introducing productivity software in the middle of the curriculum is not ideal, but could be impactful if provided earlier, integrated with existing systems, and aligned with observed students' learning needs.
A concept for polarized 3He targets for high luminosity scattering experiments in high magnetic field environments

Abstract We present the conceptual design of a polarized 3 He target to be used for high luminosity scattering experiments within high magnetic field environments. This two-cell target will take advantage of advancements in optical pumping techniques at high magnetic field to create 60% longitudinally polarized 3 He gas in a pumping cell within a uniform magnetic field above 1 T. By transferring the polarized gas to a cryogenic target cell, the gas density is increased to create a target thickness suitable for high luminosity applications. We discuss the general design of this scheme, and plans for its application in Jefferson Lab’s CLAS12 detector.
Digital India as an Innovation System

“Digital India” commonly refers to an initiative of the Government of India, which includes three areas: digital infrastructure as a utility for all citizens, governance and services on demand, and digital empowerment of citizens. This paper broadens the concept of Digital India to an innovation system for the country’s future growth. While the government initiative includes electronics manufacturing, it is too narrow, and too government-centric. Instead, digital technology can be a foundation for broad-based growth, taking advantage of ongoing innovations in hardware, and especially in software. The falling cost of computing, including processing, storage and communications, and devices that provide these functions, means that applications of digital technology no longer need to be restricted to the well-off. Inexpensive smartphones are an obvious example. This paper discusses the components of a possible successful innovation system for digital technology-based growth. These include digital infrastructure, both wired and wireless; basic education; basic and applied research; skilling; development of local language content and applications; and a start-up ecosystem. A digital technology innovation system extends beyond highly-skilled software engineers to include maintenance, repair and technical support for the hardware and software of digital infrastructure and applications. Basic education in a digitally-driven economy includes facility in using a variety of software applications. The paper also considers the impact of digitization on specific sectors such as education, health, agriculture, financial services, and retailing, as well as government. Government policies that may support Digital India as an innovation system are discussed, including tax incentives, spectrum allocation, and education policy.
Wet etch, dry etch, and MacEtch of β-Ga2O3: A review of characteristics and mechanism

β-Ga2O3, a promising ultra-wide bandgap material for future high-power electronics and deep-ultraviolet optoelectronics applications, has drawn tremendous attention in recent years due to its wide bandgap of ~ 4.8 eV, high breakdown electric field, and availability of substrates. However, the reported etch behavior of β-Ga2O3 and the quality of etched surfaces, as well as the associated interface characteristics, could limit the performance of β-Ga2O3 devices. In this article, the etchings of β-Ga2O3, including regular wet etching, photoelectrochemical etching (PEC), reactive ion etching (RIE) and metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch), are reviewed. A comparison of the etch rate, orientation dependence, aspect ratio, etching mechanism, and surface quality for each of these etching methods is presented and the step-by-step reactions in PEC and MacEtch are proposed to elucidate the etch mechanism. The challenges for these etching techniques for β-Ga2O3 are discussed.
Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae , and Other Bacteria

Listeria monocytogenes is a motile Gram-positive bacterium that is a frequent cause of zoonotic infections, most often associated with abortion and meningoencephalitis in cattle and sheep. L. monocytogenes had been described as the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis soon after it was first isolated, but subsequent evidence revealed that the disease manifestations in humans are similar to those observed in animals. Human infections caused by this organism are not common. Neonates, pregnant women, and the elderly or immunocompromised are most at risk for infections caused by L. monocytogenes. Neonatal listeriosis is the most common form of the infection and is divided into early onset (manifesting in the first days of life) and late onset (after the first week of life) disease. The organism is widespread in the environment and is commonly found in soil and decayed matter. Almost all human cases are related to ingestion of contaminated food. Vegetable, meat, and dairy products have all been identified as source items in large outbreaks of listeriosis (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
Destruction of Enteric Bacteria in Liquid Egg with β-Propiolactone

Abstract Liquid whole egg or egg white, inoculated with Escherichia coli 1485, Salmonella senftenberg ATCC 8400, or Salmonella typhimurium 84-I, was treated with concentrations of β-propiolactone ranging from 0.05 to 0.3%. Egg white containing 1 × 103 to 1 × 106 cells of E. coli 1485 per ml was sterilized in 1 hr at 27 C by lactone concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3%. Egg white containing 1 × 105 cells of S. senftenberg ATCC 8400 per ml was sterilized in 12 hr at 10 C by 0.1% lactone and in 2 to 3 hr by 0.3% lactone at the same temperature. Liquid whole egg inoculated with 1 × 105 cells of either species of Salmonella was sterilized in 4 to 5 hr at 10 C with 0.2% lactone or in 2 to 3 hr by 0.3% lactone at this temperature. A mild heat treatment of either 15 min at 37 C or 1 min at 55 C markedly shortened the exposure times required for sterilization by β-propiolactone at 10 C. After disinfection was complete, the lactone-treated liquid whole egg was reinoculated with low cell numbers of either species of Salmonella to determine the presence of residual lactone or toxic products. Liquid whole egg treated with 0.2% lactone would support the growth of salmonellae after 13 to 14 hr at 10 C. A heat treatment of 45 min at 37 C or 10 min at 55 C immediately after addition of 0.2% lactone allowed growth of the salmonellae in the lactone-treated liquid whole egg. No evidence of residual toxicity from the lactone treatment was found. The amount of lactone needed to prevent the outgrowth of low cell numbers of either strain of Salmonella in liquid whole egg was quantitated. Liquid whole egg containing 0.06 to 0.07% lactone would not support salmonellae growth from inocula of 1 to 10 cells per ml of egg. Lactone concentrations above 0.08% prevented outgrowth of salmonellae inocula of 10 to 200 cells per ml of liquid whole egg.
Coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae Negatively Modulates the Size and Composition of the Ongoing Influenza-Specific CD8+ T Cell Response

Infection with influenza A virus can lead to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial infection, often with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Given the substantial modification of the lung environment that occurs following pathogen infection, there is significant potential for modulation of immune responses. In this study, we show that infection of mice with influenza virus, followed by the noninvasive EF3030 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, leads to a significant decrease in the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the lung. Adoptive-transfer studies suggest that this reduction contributes to disease in coinfected animals. The reduced number of lung effector cells in coinfected animals was associated with increased death, as well as a reduction in cytokine production in surviving cells. Further, cells that retained the ability to produce IFN-γ exhibited a decreased potential for coproduction of TNF-α. Reduced cytokine production was directly correlated with a decrease in the level of mRNA. Negative regulation of cells in the mediastinal lymph node was minimal compared with that present in the lung, supporting a model of selective regulation in the tissue harboring high pathogen burden. These results show that entry of a coinfecting pathogen can have profound immunoregulatory effects on an ongoing immune response. Together, these findings reveal a novel dynamic interplay between concurrently infecting pathogens and the adaptive immune system.
Chapter 12 Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence

Abstract This paper reviews, appraises, and critiques theoretical and empirical research on the connections between the operation of the financial system and economic growth. While subject to ample qualifications and countervailing views, the preponderance of evidence suggests that both financial intermediaries and markets matter for growth and that reverse causality alone is not driving this relationship. Furthermore, theory and evidence imply that better developed financial systems ease external financing constraints facing firms, which illuminates one mechanism through which financial development influences economic growth. The paper highlights many areas needing additional research.
Antiretroviral therapy during the neonatal period.

Initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) at 6–9 weeks of age has been shown to reduce early infant mortality by 76% and HIV progression by 75% compared with cART deferred until clinical or CD4 criteria were met. In the landmark Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy (CHER) trial, although the median age of starting cART in the early treatment arm was 7.4 weeks, one-third (10/30) of the overall mortality in the trial occurred in the early treatment arm. In another study, 62% of 403 infants who initiated cART at median 8.4 weeks of age already had advanced HIV disease (CD4 < 25% or < 1500 cells/mm 3 or World Health Organization [WHO] Stage 3 or 4) at initiation.
Oral History and the Archives

There has been a great deal of TALKabout «he role of oral history in archival programs. What is oral history? Who should do it? Where does it belong in the organization of an archives? Is it worth the cost? These are just a few of the questions raised, and they, along with many others, have been posed by the Committee on Oral History of our own Society, in their report in the American Archivist of July 1973. Wisely, the committee chose to formalize matters by questioning professional archivists in a manner designed to broaden the debate and bring into it on a larger scale those most likely to be affected by the burgeoning interest and activity in oral history. Heretofore, our brothers in the historical profession have dominated the arena with their thunderings over the evidential value of the product of the oral history process. Although this controversy still limps along, somewhat muted, the tremendous increase in oral history programs and practitioners renders the whole thing somewhat academic. For archivists there are more concrete problems associated with what can no longer be considered a fad. In the spirit of the committee's call to debate, I wish to take this opportunity to respond directly to some of the major points raised in the report. As an archivist who has participated actively in an oral history program and who presently is responsible for administering the results of that program, I must confess to some bewilderment over the intensity of the debate. What indeed is all the fuss about? It seems to me that while oral history requires some modifications of standard archival management, it is simply another kind of material to administer along with manuscripts, photographs, tapes, films, prints, cartographical materials, and who knows what else. Indeed, oral history is easier to deal with than many of the others. In transcript form it does not differ significantly from other forms of documentation in the care it requires from archivists. But since it is new and archivists are by nature somewhat nervous with things new, we need, I think, to reassure ourselves. Let me strive to reduce the mountain, if not to a mole hill then at least to a rolling hill. Constantly arising is the question of just who should do oral history. Well, the obvious answer seems to me to be that he does it who is qualified. But that would be too simple. The real question is whether or not there are enough technical and theoretical considerations in the process of oral history to warrant establishing a profession of "oral historians." Basing my argument simply on the number of marginal professions now inundating us, I would say a resounding no. More seriously however, I would answer that oral history is best viewed as one of a variety of methods used by those involved in the collection and preservation of historically valuable material; and I would add only the proviso that one doing oral history should first
Facet-reducing cuts of a convex polytope

We construct, for everyd>-4, ad-polytopeP??d, containing two verticesv andw such that no hyperplane of ?d containingv andw has more than one facet ofP in either of its closed half-spaces. The result shows that facet-reducing cuts containing a prespecified pair of vertices of a polytope, do not exist in general.
Reduction of cue-induced craving through realtime neurofeedback in nicotine users: the role of region of interest selection and multiple visits.

This multi-visit, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging feedback study demonstrates that treatment-seeking smokers can effectively modulate their behavioral and brain responses to smoking cues. They are more effective at decreasing activity in functionally defined regions involved in “craving” (e.g. ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC)) rather than increasing activity in regions involved in “resisting” (e.g. dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC)).
Strong Compactness and a Global Version of a Theorem of Ben-David and Magidor

Starting with a model in which κ is the least inaccessible limit of cardinals δ which are δ+ strongly compact, we force and construct a model in which κ remains inaccessible and in which, for every cardinal γ < κ, □γ+ω fails but □γ+ω, ω holds. This generalizes a result of Ben-David and Magidor and provides an analogue in the context of strong compactness to a result of the author and Cummings in the context of supercompactness.
Preparation of acylglycerols and phospholipids with the aid of lipolytic enzymes.

Methods are discussed for the synthesis of some acylglycerols and phospholipids using lipolytic enzymes alone or in combination with chemical procedures. The syntheses are limited to those for which the enzymes are commercially available. The compounds mentioned are tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols, phosphatidyl choline and ethanolamine, an alkyl-acyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysoacyl-phospholipids, phosphatidyl glycerol, sphingomyelin, and sphingosine.
Kathy O'Hara's constructive proof of the unimodality of the Gaussian polynomials

(1989). Kathy O'Hara's Constructive Proof of the Unimodality of the Gaussian Polynomials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 7, pp. 590-602.
Deep UV microsphere nanolithography to achieve sub-100 nm feature size

Nano-fabrication technologies are usually associated with complication, high cost, and limited area of coverage. However, advances in optics and nanophotonics constantly demand novel fabrications for nano-manufacturing systems with extraordinary optical, electrical, mechanical, or thermal responses. While, these properties are vital for health, energy, and information technology applications, proposing new methods of fabricating nanostructures that can be compatible with high throughput and large scale manufacturing is quite desirable. Here, we propose a deep ultra-violet (DUV) photolithography technique that can produce a variety of periodic nanostructure clusters with sub-100 nm feature sizes. The method is based on microsphere nanolithography, which focuses DUV field into a socalled photonic nano-jet – a propagative intensive field underneath the sphere. The position of a photonic nano-jet can be moved by changing the angle of exposure. The DUV microsphere nanolithography is inherently self-aligned, mask-less and optics-less (the bulky optical element such as lens is not required), which makes this method attractive for low-cost and high-throughput nano-manufacturing schemes, such as roll-to-roll production. Here, we present fabricated arrays of nanoscale complex structures to demonstrate the capabilities of this nanolithography method.
A 25-year-old woman with bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric disorder that includes periods of abnormal mood elevation. There are no diagnostic laboratory tests for bipolar disorder. Successful treatment of bipolar disorder usually improves these other conditions. Likewise, successful treatment of these conditions usually improves the symptoms of bipolar disorder. Effective acute phase treatment ameliorates symptoms of the depressive episode, but discontinuation prior to the natural end point is associated with high rates of relapse. The discontinuation phase follows a decision to discontinue a treatment and involves monitoring for recurrence while gradually tapering medication. Drugs approved for labeling for treatment of epilepsy by the US Food and Drug Administration are often used to treat bipolar disorder. The priority for Ms G is to develop a treatment plan that minimizes the risk of recurrence and makes provisions to reduce the harm to her and her family caused by any future episodes.
Palestinian Citizens of Israel and the Discourse on the Right of Return, 1948–59

This article traces the evolving discourse on the "right of refugee return"among the Palestinian citizens of Israel during the first decade of Israeli statehood, with emphasis on the role of the local Arabic press in shaping and reflecting that discourse. More particularly, it focuses on al-Ittihad, the organ of the communist party (MAKI), which paid the greatest attention to the refugee issue. In tracing the party9s shift from a humanistic/anti-imperialist stance on the issue to one emphasizing the refugees9 inalienable right to return, the article sheds light on MAKI9s political strategy vis-a-vis the Palestinian minority. It also illustrates the political vibrancy in the early years of the community, generally viewed simplistically in terms of a pre-1967 quiescence and post-1967 politicization.
Air quality assessment in Bologna by an urban dispersion model

An urban dispersion model (ADMS?Urban) was run to calculate PM10 and NO2 concentration during a one-year period, on a district of Bologna, Italy. Moreover, the exposure of 333 children was estimated using model outputs corrected with observations. The model was able to correctly simulate the long-term statistical properties of roadside observed concentrations (such as annual mean and frequency distribution), but it failed in reproducing instantaneous values. The proposed methodology is of easy implementation, and it could be useful to identify areas with high pollutant levels, to estimate population exposure and to evaluate the benefit of pollution reduction policies.
Blunted Striatal Responses to Favorite Food Cues in Smokers

Background Although tobacco-smoking is associated with relatively leaner body mass and smoking cessation with weight gain, the brain mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood. Smokers compared to non-smokers have shown diminished neural responses to non-tobacco rewarding stimuli (e.g., monetary rewards), but brain responses to favorite-food cues have not been investigated relative to smoking status. We hypothesized that smokers would exhibit diminished neural responses compared to non-smokers in response to favorite-food cues in motivation-reward and emotion-regulating regions of the brain.
Family sense‐making practices in science center conversations

In this paper, we examine the interactional ways that families make meaning from biological exhibits during a visit to an interactive science center. To understand the museum visits from the perspectives of the families, we use ethnographic and discourse analytic methods, including pre- and postvisit interviews, videotaped observations of the museum visits, and coding and analysis of utterances from naturally occurring conversations. We employ an Everyday Expertise framework to understand how families use ideas and materials to make meaning from the scientific content presented in exhibits. We argue that individual and cognitive aspects of learning are fundamentally connected to the social and cultural aspects of learning; therefore, we analyze the intertwining role of individual cognitive resources, situated activities, and cultural toolkit resources that support learning interactions and processes. Findings indicate how families use a variety of knowledge types (epistemic resources) to make sense of exhibit content, how they make sense of biological content by transferring cultural epistemic resources from prior experiences, and how families use two types of scientific epistemic resources—biological facts and perceptual descriptions—as the primary means to make sense of biological exhibits. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:478–505, 2010
Dziewoński receives 2002 William Bowie Medal

Adam Dziewonski was awarded the William Bowie Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 8 December 2002, in San Francisco, California. The medal recognizes outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and unselfish co-operation in research.
Individual differences in children's strategic behaviors: Utilization deficiencies.

Abstract Children at a given age differ not only in their production of memory strategies but also in the effectiveness of their strategies (i.e., payoff for recall). In a utilization deficiency, a strategy has no effect, a weak positive effect, or even a negative effect on recall. This article discusses the nature of, and evidence for, individual differences in utilization deficiencies on memory tasks. It identifies both developmentally- and nondevelopmentally-based sources of these differences. Causes discussed here that are primarily developmental include information-processing capacity, knowledge, strategy-integration, meta-memory, and inhibition. Primarily nondevelopmental causes discussed are intelligence, gender, temperament, and motivation. A conceptual analysis of types of individual differences is followed by a discussion of unresolved issues.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Inhibits the Stress-activated Protein Kinase/c-Jun N-terminal Kinase

Abstract The pathways involved in the cellular responses to the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are numerous and vary according to cell type. Following activation of the IGF-I receptor, the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositide 3′-kinase (PI3′K) pathways are activated and result in cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. In this study, we analyzed the IGF-I effect on the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity using human embryonic kidney 293 cells, 293 cells transiently expressing hemagglutinin-JNK, and 293 cells stably expressing a hemagglutinin-JNK transgene. In all cell types, endogenous or transfected JNK activity was strongly stimulated by anisomycin or tumor necrosis factor-α, and 10 nm IGF-I pretreatment suppressed the induced JNK activity. To determine whether the effect of IGF-I on JNK activity involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase or PI3′K pathway, we used the specific MEK1 inhibitor PD098059 and the PI3′K inhibitor LY 294002. PD098059 did not alter the IGF-I suppressive effect on stressor-induced JNK activity, but LY 294002 suppressed the IGF-I effect. Moreover, in transiently transfected parental 293 cells expressing dominant-negative Akt, anisomycin-increased JNK activity was not suppressed by pretreatment with IGF-I. Our results demonstrate that the action of IGF-I on JNK in these cells is via PI3′K and Akt.
Erythropoietic Substance in the Serum of Anemic Animals.

ConclusionsThese experiments suggest the presence of an erythropoietic substance in the serum of animals which had been rendered anemic by bleeding.
Detection and characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane)s in biological tissues by GC/AED and GC/MS

We have developed a sensitive method for the detection, characterization, and quantitation of low molecular weight silicones using gas chromatography coupled with atomic emission detection (GC/AED) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Using this approach, we have detected 12 distinct silicon-containing peaks in PDMS-V poly(dimethylsiloxane) oil by GC/AED, and we have used GC/MS analysis to identify some of the abundant peaks by MS spectral matching. Polydimethylpolysiloxanes contain 37.8% silicon; therefore, the amount of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in each peak can be calculated from its silicon content. The first three GC peaks from PDMS-V were identified as dodecamethylpentasiloxane, tetradecamethylhexasiloxane, and hexadecamethylheptasiloxane using Wiley Mass Spectral Library match (>90%). Peaks 4−12 could not be matched unequivocally with the spectral library but showed ionic fragments characteristic of PDMS (73, 147, 221, 281, 295, and 369 amu). The detection limit for silicones using GC/AED...
Algorithmic Approach for Improved Mixed-Integer Reformulations of Convex Generalized Disjunctive Programs

In this work, we propose an algorithmic approach to improve mixed-integer models that are originally formulated as convex generalized disjunctive programs (GDPs). The algorithm seeks to obtain an improved continuous relaxation of the mixed-integer linear and mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MILP/MINLP) model reformulation of the GDP while limiting the growth in the problem size. There are three main stages that form the basis of the algorithm. The first one is a presolve, consequence of the logic nature of GDP, which allows us to reduce the problem size, find good relaxation bounds, and identify properties that help us determine where to apply a basic step. The second stage is the iterative application of basic steps, selecting where to apply them and monitoring the improvement of the formulation. Finally, we use a hybrid reformulation of GDP that seeks to exploit both of the advantages attributed to the two common GDP-to-MILP/MINLP transformations, the Big-M, and the Hull reformulation. We illustrate...
Defining oral health: a prerequisite for any health policy.

I would like to applaud Dr. Michael Glick and Dr. Daniel Meyer’s June JADA commentary, “Defining Oral Health: A Prerequisite for Any Health Policy” (JADA 2014;145[6]:519-520). How do we define oral health objectively? My objective list would include the following items: decayed, missing or filled teeth; bone loss around the teeth; issues with salivary flow and composition; problems with occlusion (lack of anterior guidance) and presence of tooth mobility; the presence of any airway restriction that could be improved by jaw repositioning; pain; pathology of soft tissues; problems with speech, swallowing or chewing; unusual wear, chipping or positioning of the teeth; any issues with overall facial appearance and smile; radiographic findings; and mouth odor. The problem comes in objectively defining periodontal disease and gingivitis. Bone loss is not periodontal disease. Is gingivitis a disease or a symptom? How can gingivitis be defined objectively? How do we define periodontal disease objectively? These are important questions that would help define oral health. Good epidemiology requires objective data. With objective data we then can know if oral health influences general health, and if general health influences oral health. We know general health improves with cigarette smoking cessation, but how do we document it with oral health?
A temporal search engine for a massive multi-parameter clinical information database

We describe a novel search engine that is capable of rapid execution of queries concerning changes in the gradients and absolute (and relative) values of multiple irregularly sampled and asynchronous physiological parameters over many time scales. The search engine enables search criteria for multiple physiological parameters using gradient bounds, rates of change, and threshold breeches over various time scales. Multiple signals can be searched and combined in a Boolean manner to form complex queries. Pre-computed ranges and multi-scale gradients are used to significantly reduce the search time for locating temporal events. We have implemented the search engine in MATLAB and tested the algorithm on a massive multi-parameter intensive care unit database (MIMIC II). To illustrate the use of our search approach, a set of numerical search criteria were developed by clinicians to locate evidence for important pathophysiological conditions.
Newborn screening: an overview with an update on recent advances.

Summary Since its inception in the 1960s, newborn screening has provided valuable services with regard to detecting infants afflicted with inherited and sporadic chronic disorders and providing prompt medical intervention to prevent serious short- and long-term consequences. Technologic advances have enabled screening programs to greatly expand the number of disorders that can be detected. However, we are currently in a transitional period in which only a minority of states offer expanded screening. The challenge will be to expand newborn screening for those disorders in which presymptomatic detection and intervention improve outcome. The ability to adapt DNA mutation methods to the screening specimen is likely to result in expanded screening possibilities in the future as the knowledge gained by our understanding of genetic diseases increases. Uniformity of screening protocols from state to state is needed to ensure that all newborns with inherited disorders benefit from early detection. Expansion of newborn screening programs and resources to include patient education and tracking of long-term outcomes is also highly desirable.
A pilot review of the long-term impact of burn injury on sleep architecture in children

Distorted sleep patterns exist in the acutely burned pediatric population. No prior study has used polysomnography to assess sleep proficiency in children years after discharge. The objective of this retrospective, pilot investigation was to examine sleep in children multiple years after burn injury to characterize the long-term impact of burns on sleep. Twenty-two subjects (mean age, 13.0 ± 0.9 years; 9.3 ± 0.7 years after burn; burn, 56.4 ± 6.1% TBSA; full-thickness burn, 52.0 ± 8.9%) whose parents reported disturbed sleep at home or in whom problematic sleep was exhibited during an inpatient stay, underwent overnight polysomnography. The amount of time children spent in various sleep stages, as well as sleep efficiency, were compared with norms. Sleep latency and number of arousals also were reviewed. Patients in the late burn recovery phase experienced significantly increased time in wake (P Language: en
Second-order boundary value problems with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions (II)

Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of solutions of the following nonlinear boundary value problem with nonhomogeneous multi-point boundary condition u″+f(t,u,u′)=0,t∈(0,1),u(0)−∑i=1maiu(ti)=λ1,u(1)−∑i=1mbiu(ti)=λ2. We prove that the whole plane R2 is divided by a “continuous decreasing curve” Γ into two disjoint connected regions ΛE and ΛN such that the above problem has at least one solution for (λ1,λ2)∈Γ, has at least two solutions for (λ1,λ2)∈ΛE∖Γ, and has no solution for (λ1,λ2)∈ΛN. We also find explicit subregions of ΛE where the above problem has at least two solutions and two positive solutions, respectively.
Development of tyrosine aminotransferase in perinatal rat liver: Changes in functional messenger RNA and the role of inducing hormones

Expression of the hepatic enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase was analyzed in the perinatal period of development in the rat, when this expression undergoes significant changes associated with hepatocyte differentiation. In late prenatal liver both enzyme and functional mRNA gene products are present at levels 10- to 15-fold below those in the fully differentiated adult liver. This low level of expression in fetal liver is refractory to induction by glucocorticoids, but both gene products are increased to a limited extent by cyclic AMP. This induction by cyclic AMP (cAMP) does not confer glucocorticoid-responsiveness on expression. By 3 hr after birth both functional mRNA and enzyme levels are significantly increased, an increase which continues until a peak is reached at 12 hr that is appreciably above the adult levels. Both gene products then decline until adult levels are reached by 24 hr. The postnatal shift in aminotransferase expression is accompanied by acquisition of the capacity to respond to glucocorticoids. Treatment of newborns with an antiglucocorticoid steroid or with glucose suppresses the postnatal overshoot of expression, but neither treatment affects the increase from fetal to adult levels of expression. The results indicate that prior to birth, expression of the aminotransferase gene is partially repressed, a repression that is lifted essentially immediately upon birth. The hormones capable of inducing aminotransferase synthesis have no apparent necessary role in this process.
Elastic electron-zirconium scattering

Abstract Electron-zirconium elastic differential cross sections were measured at 300 MeV for the five stable isotopes. The isotopic dependence of several simple charge distributions was found from a phase shift analysis.
97 IMPROVED CRYOPRESERVATION OF DOMESTIC CAT SPERMATOZOA IN A SOY LECITHIN-BASED EXTENDER

Development of a chemically defined, plant-based cryopreservation media would reduce extender variability and the potential for transmission of zoonotic pathogens compared with traditional egg-yolk-based extenders. The objective of this study was to compare effects of egg yolk- and soy lecithin-based cryopreservation media and the temperature of glycerol addition on sperm parameters following freezing and thawing of domestic cat spermatozoa. Fresh semen was collected by manual stimulation on 3 separate occasions from 4 adult male cats. Each ejaculate was washed to remove seminal plasma, divided into 4 equal aliquots, and extended at room temperature in one of the following treatments: 1) TEST-egg yolk (Irvine Scientific Inc., Santa Ana, CA, USA) medium with 4% glycerol (EYG); 2) TEST-egg yolk, with 4% glycerol added after cooling to 5°C (EY); 3) TES-Tris buffer with soy-lecithin (1%) and 4% glycerol (SLG); and 4) TES-Tris buffer with 1% soy-lecithin, and 4% glycerol added after cooling to 5°C (SL). Sperm progressive motility (%) and rate of progressive movement (scale of 0–5) were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h post-thaw. Sperm capacitation (chlortetracycline staining), acrosome integrity (FITC-PNA staining), and DNA integrity (acridine orange staining) were assessed at 15 min post-thaw. Data were exponentially transformed to achieve normal distribution and then subjected to GLM analysis to determine effects of media and temperature of glycerol addition on sperm traits. At 0 and 1 h post-thaw, acrosome integrity, DNA integrity and % sperm motility did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. However, % sperm motility was greater in the soy-based media compared to egg yolk-based media at 3, 6, and 24 h post-thaw (Table 1; P < 0.05). A higher percentage of uncapacitated spermatozoa were present in soy-based compared to egg-yolk based cryopreservation media (63.9 ± 9.3 v. 51.2 ± 11.5, respectively; P < 0.05), regardless of temperature of glycerol addition. Finally, addition of glycerol at 5°C resulted in higher % sperm motility compared to room temperature at 6 and 24 h post-thaw in both medium types (Table 1; P < 0.05). Our results suggest that use of a chemically defined, soy-based medium improves long-term motility and capacitation status of frozen–thawed domestic cat spermatozoa compared with cryopreservation in a traditional egg yolk-based extender. Table 1.Motile spermatazoa and motility score at 3, 6, and 24 h
A physical basis for the chromatic S potentials in color vision.

— The photoelectric response S (photoconduction and the photovoltaic effect) of a β-carotene cell are shown to replicate in detail the photoelectric color responses of animal retina — the chromatic S potentials, In both, short-wavelength light generates a negative current flow with relatively fast time constants; long-wavelength light generates a positive current flow with longer time constants; intermediate wavelength lights generate currents which are superpositions of these two currents and exhibit on/off peaks. A slight modification of the ‘primitive theory of the electroretinogram’ previously suggested, incorporates these color responses in the theory. The correlation between the physical detector and the retinal receptor unit suggested by this theory can explain the facts that agents which enhance the glial membrane potential increase the red response and decrease the blue response of the chromatic 5 potentials. The response changes due to adaptation can also be explained by the theory.
Co-oxidation of acrylonitrile by soybean lipoxygenase and partially purified human lung lipoxygenase.

1. Human lung lipoxygenase (HLLO) was partially purified by concanavalin-A (ConA) affinity chromatography that provided an easy and rapid one-step procedure for the removal (⩾ 96%) of haemoglobin from cytosol. 2. HLLO exhibited dioxygenase activity towards arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA). The dioxygenase activity towards LA varied ∼ 12-fold (48-591 nmol/min /mg protein) among different human lung samples examined. 3. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis of AA metabolites indicated the predominance of 15-lipoxygenase in human lung cytosol. 4. HLLO exhibited co-oxidase activity towards benzidine (BZD) and several other model compounds. The co-oxidase activity towards BZD was significantly inhibited by several lipoxygenase inhibitors. 5. HLLO and soybean lipoxygenase (SLO), used as a model enzyme, metabolized acrylonitrile (ACN) to 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) and ultimately to cyanide. 6. HLLO was a ∼ 6-fold better catalyst than SLO in converting ACN to cyanide. The generation of cyanide by HLLO was depe...
A probability-conserving cross-section biasing mechanism for variance reduction in Monte Carlo particle transport calculations

Abstract In Monte Carlo particle transport codes, it is often important to adjust reaction cross-sections to reduce the variance of calculations of relatively rare events, in a technique known as non-analog Monte Carlo. We present the theory and sample code for a Geant4 process which allows the cross-section of a G4VDiscreteProcess to be scaled, while adjusting track weights so as to mitigate the effects of altered primary beam depletion induced by the cross-section change. This makes it possible to increase the cross-section of nuclear reactions by factors exceeding 10 4 (in appropriate cases), without distorting the results of energy deposition calculations or coincidence rates. The procedure is also valid for bias factors less than unity, which is useful in problems that involve the computation of particle penetration deep into a target (e.g. atmospheric showers or shielding studies).
Dissociation of Regulated Trafficking of TRPC3 Channels to the Plasma Membrane from Their Activation by Phospholipase C

Regulated translocation of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins to the plasma membrane has been proposed as a mechanism of their activation. By using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), we monitored green fluorescent protein-labeled TRPC3 (TRPC3-GFP) movement to the plasma membrane in HEK293 cells stably expressing this fusion protein. We observed no increase in TRPC3-GFP TIRFM in response to the muscarinic receptor agonist methacholine or the synthetic diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, despite activation of TRPC3 by these agents. We did, however, observe a TIRFM response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). This TIRFM response to EGF was accompanied by increased Ba2+ entry and TRPC3 currents. However, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-induced TRPC3 activity was not increased. TIRFM also increased in response to Gd3+, a competitive inhibitor of TRPC3 channels. This may be indicative of constitutive trafficking of TRPC3, with Gd3+ acting to "trap" cycling TRPC3 molecules in the plasma membrane. Consistent with this interpretation, TRPC3-expressing cells exhibited large variance in membrane capacitance, and this variance was decreased by both Gd3+ and EGF. These results indicate the following: (i) trafficking of TRPC3 may play a role in regulating the concentration of channels in the plasma membrane but is not involved in activation through the phospholipase C pathway; (ii) TRPC3 undergoes constitutive cyclical trafficking in the plasma membrane, and the mechanism by which growth factors increase the number of plasma membrane channels may involve stabilizing them in the plasma membrane.
The picture palace: Economic sense or Hollywood nonsense?

(1978). The picture palace: Economic sense or Hollywood nonsense? Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 23-36.
Catalytic and regulatory strategies of thermophilic lactate dehydrogenase: microscopic rate constants from kinetic isotope effects

The lactate dehydrogenase of Bacillus stearothermoohilus exists in dimeric and tetrameric forms, the latter favored by the regulatory effector, fructose-1,6bisphosphate. The kinetic behavior of the two forms is different, the tetramer showing activation relative to the dimer at low pyruvate concentrations, but pyruvate inhibition at high concentrations. Deuterium isotope effects at the transferring hydride site of NADH (primary isotope effect) and the methyl group of pyruvate (secondary isotope effects) allow estimation of the microscopic rate constants for individual processes for both enzyme forms. In the dimer, entrance and exit to and from the active site is slow for pyruvate nd lactate, rapid for NAD. In the tetramer, entrance and exit for pyruvate and lactate are fast while NAD exit is slow. Hydride transfer occurs at similar rates in both forms. This model explains the main features of the kinetics of both forms of the enzyme.