cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus stearothermophilus tryptophanyi tRNA synthetase gene

Abstract The Bacillus stearothermophilus NCA1503 tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase (WTS; EC 6.1.1.2) gene has been cloned in Escherichia coli and the amino acid (aa) sequence of the enzyme deduced unequivocally from the DNA sequence of the cloned gene. The predicted aa sequence of the WTS enzyme agrees with the previously determined aa sequence except that the DNA sequence indicates a third Arg residue at the C terminus of the enzyme over the two Arg residues indicated by sequencing the protein itself. The trpS gene consists of a 984-bp open reading frame commencing with an ATG start codon and ending with a TAA stop codon. Putative transcriptional promoters, a Shine-Dalgamo sequence and a transcription terminator have been identified. Thus the trpS gene probably constitutes a single transcriptional unit.
Predicting the molecular complexity of sequencing libraries

Predicting the molecular complexity of a genomic sequencing library is a critical but difficult problem in modern sequencing applications. Methods to determine how deeply to sequence to achieve complete coverage or to predict the benefits of additional sequencing are lacking. We introduce an empirical bayesian method to accurately characterize the molecular complexity of a DNA sample for almost any sequencing application on the basis of limited preliminary sequencing.
Profit Maximizing Pricing Strategies for Dynamic Spectrum Allocation

We consider a system where one service provider (SP) allocates spectrum to users subscribed to his network. The SP charges a two part tariff from the users comprising of a fixed subscription price and price per unit spectrum used. We formulate the spectrum allocation problem from the SP profit maximization framework and calculate the resulting expressions for prices and spectrum allocated for different user utilities and SP power allocation strategies.
Sensible Heating and Boiling Incipience in Free-Falling Dielectric Liquid Films

Controlling boiling incipience is of paramount importance for reliable operation of liquid-cooled microelectronic heat sources during power transients. This study focuses on heat transfer from a simulated multichip module to a falling film. Ex­ periments have been performed to develop an understanding of the influence of sur­ face tension and wetting characteristics on sensible heat transfer and boiling inci­ pience in free-falling dielectric (FC-72) liquid films. The boiling results reveal that the vanishingly small contact angle of FC-72 precludes the application of correla­ tions currently employed to predict incipience. Also, the temperature excursion commonly encountered upon boiling incipience in wetting fluids was nonexistent in all the experimental runs.
Purchasing and personality: a review of the literature and a case for further research

When we picture the purchasing process, we typically imagine physical products, prices, deliveries and information systems managing it all. We often forget about the buyers and sellers, i.e., the people engaged in the process. Like much of supply chain management, purchasing involves interpersonal relationships between the people engaged in the process. Each of these people have unique ways of communicating, taking in information, making decisions and structuring their life and work; i.e., they each have different personality types. This article reviews the literature to explore current research uncovering possible connections between personality and the purchasing process, while also making suggestions for further research in this little-studied area.
Glassy ratchets for collectively interacting particles

We show that ratchet effects can occur in a glassy media of interacting particles where there is no quenched substrate. We consider simulations of a disordered binary assembly of colloids in which only one species responds to a drive. We apply an asymmetric ac drive that would produce no net dc drift of an isolated overdamped particle. When interacting particles are present, the asymmetric ac drive produces a ratchet effect. A simple model captures many of the results from simulations, including flux reversals as a function of density and temperature.
Effects of cooling and rewarming on the meiotic spindle and chromosomes of in vitro-matured bovine oocytes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of cooling and rewarming on the meiotic spindle apparatus of bovine oocytes. In experiment 1, in vitro-matured bovine oocytes were either maintained at 39 degrees C or cooled abruptly to 4 degrees C or approximately 25 degrees C. Immunohistochemical and DNA staining for visualization of microtubules and chromosomes, respectively, revealed an anastral, barrel-shaped spindle in bovine oocytes. Exposure to 4 degrees C for 10-20 min caused complete disappearance of the spindle. Some chromosome dispersion occurred after 60 min at 4 degrees C. After exposure to approximately 25 degrees C for 30 min, 90% of oocytes appeared abnormal, having either an abnormal spindle or no spindle. In experiment 2, oocytes cooled to either approximately 25 degrees C or 4 degrees C for 30 min were rewarmed directly or in steps for 15 or 60 min. Spindles did not return to normal in most oocytes regardless of cooling temperature or rewarming scheme. Step-wise rewarming was no more beneficial than direct rewarming. More of the oocytes rewarmed directly contained dispersed chromosomes as time at 39 degrees C increased.
Interstellar carbon dioxide

The possibility is considered that the reaction CO + OH yields CO2 + H may lead to a significant concentration of CO2 in dense clouds where both CO and OH have been found to be present. Experimental measurements and observational data are discussed which indicate a formation rate of 8 x 10 to the -15th per cu cm/s for CO2 by the cited reaction under conditions typical of dense interstellar clouds. Other CO2 formation mechanisms and some loss processes for CO2 are examined. It is concluded that an appreciable concentration of CO2 produced by the cited reaction is possible in dense clouds.
“These Aren’t Very Good Times”: Financial Uncertainty Experienced by Romantic Partners in the Wake of an Economic Downturn

In the wake of the economic downturn, economic uncertainty is roughly double that of the past 23 years. Research indicates married couples are uncertain about finances and financial uncertainty can adversely affect individual and relational outcomes, yet little is known about the nature of financial uncertainty and how it is manifested. Thus, this investigation relied on face-to-face interviews to uncover the financial uncertainty experienced by 40 individuals in married or cohabiting relationships. The study found financial uncertainty was largely universal regardless of participant age, marital or socioeconomic status, sex, or family background. Five types of financial uncertainty emerged from the interviews: (1) economic uncertainty; (2) management uncertainty; (3) personal uncertainty; (4) communication uncertainty; and (5) chronic uncertainty, underscoring the importance of financial communication.
Inflammation: Planning for a Source of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Variability in Translational Studies

The impact of inflammation on variability in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of drugs should be considered in the design, analysis, and interpretation of clinical pharmacology studies. Data suggest that the metabolism and transport of drugs, as well as the expression of receptors, may change in the presence of inflammation. The clinical implications of these changes are not straightforward; they may vary depending on whether the inflammation is active or controlled and may change with time and successful treatment of the inflammation.
Observation of Optically Trapped Cold Cesium Molecules

We report the first observation of optically trapped cold neutral molecules. Cesium dimers in the elect ronic ground state are produced directly in a magneto-optical trap and transferred to a dipole trap formed at the focus of a ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ laser beam ( $\ensuremath{\lambda}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}10.6\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$). These neutral molecules were detected using photoionization and time-of-flight spectroscopy. Initial experiments indicate a cold molecule trap lifetime on the order of half a second.
Poor Head Growth as a Presenting Sign of a Cortisol-Secreting Adrenal Adenoma in a 2-Year-Old Boy

Typical signs of glucocorticoid excess in children are weight gain and poor linear growth. We describe a 2-year-old boy with a cortisol-secreting adenoma who presented with a dramatic decline in head growth. This case underscores concern of adverse effects of excess glucocorticoid on brain growth in very young children.
Relative contributions of occlusion, maximum bite force, and chewing cycle kinematics to masticatory performance.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to explore the contributions of occlusion, maximum bite force, and chewing cycle kinematics to masticatory performance. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was performed on 30 subjects with Class I occlusion. Masticatory performance was measured with the test food Cuttersil (Heraeus Kulzer, South Bend, Ind) and the fractional-sieve technique. Blu-Mousse (Parkell Biomaterials, Farmingdale, NY) bite registrations were used to measure occlusal contact areas. The American Board of Orthodontics occlusal discrepancies were measured on the subjects' dental models. Maximum bite forces were recorded with a custom transducer, and 3-dimensional chewing cycle kinematics were tracked with an opto-electric computer system and Optotrak software (Northern Digital, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada). Results Masticatory performance was most closely correlated with occlusal contact area, indicating larger contact areas in subjects with better performance. Occlusal contact area and occlusal discrepancies were also related to bite force and chewing cycle kinematics. Maximum bite force was positively related with masticatory performance. Conclusions Although masticatory performance is related, both directly and indirectly, to a number of morphologic and functional factors, it is most closely related to occlusal factors.
A framework for evaluating international cooperation in space exploration

Abstract Today's spacefaring nations lack a systematic framework for evaluating international cooperation proposals that takes both political and technical concerns into account. By simultaneously considering technology and policy, a more informed decision may be made about how best to cooperate. An original framework is set forth for identifying and evaluating different cooperative schemes for their impact on technical and political concerns. The strength of this framework is then illustrated using a case study of US and Italian cooperation.
An approximate method for soil-structure interaction for sh-waves—the born approximation

An approximate method is proposed for the scattering of SH-waves by foundations of irregular shape and the resulting soil-structure interaction problems. The scattering of elastic waves by the rigid foundation embedded in half-space is solved approximately by using integral representation of the wave equation. The procedure is the Born approximation which has been widely used in quantum mechanics for collision and scattering theory though not well-known in elastodynamics. This paper extends the previous work of the authors on the scattering of waves to account for soil-structure interaction. The motion of the foundation is evaluated by the balance of momentum under stresses due to the incident waves as well as the waves generated by its own motion and the forces coming from the superstructure. The model investigated consists of an infinitely long elastic shear wall of height H and thickness h erected on a rigid infinitely long foundation. Results are presented for the cases with circular, elliptical and rectangular foundations. For a circular foundation, excellent agreement is found with the exact solutions for the foundation displacement and the relative displacement between the top and bottom of the structure for the entire range of wave numbers. For an elliptical foundation, accuracy decreases with increasing wave numbers. Foundation displacements are compared for foundation shapes that are shallow elliptical, deep elliptical, rectangular and circular. It is observed that foundation displacements are dependent on the angle of incidence except for a semi-circle. The results on the details of the scattered field are, however, not as accurate.
Adequate Anticoagulation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Determined by Activated Clotting Time and the Appearance of Fibrin Monomer

Abstract The adequacy of anticoagulation during 2 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass at 30° in 9 rhesus monkeys was determined by measuring the whole-blood activated clotting time (ACT) and by noting the appearance of thrombin-altered fibrin (fibrin monomer) and the relative consumption of clotting factors. Factors V and VIII, the heparin cofactor, antithrombin III, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, ACT, platelets, hematocrit, fibrinogen, and fibrin monomer were determined prior to heparinization and after protamine. In 6 of 9 experiments, fibrin monomer became positive in the plasma during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), indicating that active coagulation was occurring. In 5 of the 6 animals, initial ACT was less than 400 seconds, and fibrin monomer appeared within the first 30 minutes of bypass. In 1 animal with an initial ACT of 439 seconds, fibrin monomer appeared after 60 minutes of bypass, at which time the ACT was less than 400 seconds. An abnormal level of fibrin monomer was not detected in 5 pediatric patients with an ACT greater than 450 seconds during CPB. Our experimental study and clinical data suggest that the lower limit, as measured by the ACT, for anticoagulant effect to provide coagulation-free CPB is at least 400 seconds.
Infinitely Many Solutions of Strongly Indefinite Semilinear Elliptic Systems

We proved a multiplicity result for strongly indefinite semilinear elliptic systems in , in where and are positive numbers which are in the range we shall specify later.
Three-channel electroencephalogram montage in neonatal seizure detection and quantification.

We compared three-channel montage with 21-channel neonatal minimal placement montage for the detection of neonatal seizures and quantification of seizure burden. Thirty-five neonatal electroencephalograms were retrospectively and blindly reviewed by two independent readers. Tracings were analyzed in the three-channel montage for seizure number, duration, and quantification of seizure burden before reanalysis with the full 21-channel neonatal minimal placement montage. Seizures were identified using standard definitions of electroencephalographic seizure. Sensitivity, specificity, and interrater reliability were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity of three-channel montage for detecting seizures >10 seconds were 91% and 100% for reader 1, respectively, and 82% and 96% for reader 2, respectively. The interrater agreement for detection of seizures was excellent (κ = 0.86, 94% percent overall agreement). For quantification of seizure burden, strong, positive correlation existed between assessments by full montage and three-channel montage (for reader 1, r = 0.945, n = 11, P < 0.0001; for reader 2, r = 0.902, n = 11, P < 0.0001), and strong correlation existed between the readers for three-channel montage (r = 0.879, n = 11, P < 0.0001). Despite its limitations, three-channel montage is useful in the detection of neonatal seizures and quantification of seizure burden.
Getting to Know the Global Economy Model and Its Philosophy

This paper provides a nontechnical introduction to the IMF's Global Economy Model (GEM). GEM is a modern dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model that has been designed for studying a range of issues that cannot be adequately addressed with reduced-form econometric models or an earlier generation of macromodels whose dynamic equations were not based on strong choice-theoretic foundations. Unlike earlier models, which were viewed as black boxes by many outsiders, GEM's theoretical structure is much better connected with work in the academic community, making it considerably easier for outside researchers to apply it and extend it for their own work. To understand the basic philosophy behind GEM, we start by using the issue of exchange rate pass-through to understand how adding additional features to the model allows one to better understand issues related to the magnitude of exchange rate pass-through. We then provide a nontechnical introduction to what needs to be known to develop a steady-state calibration of the model. Finally, we end by summarizing other work on DSGE modeling at the IMF and lay out a few major priorities for the future.
Composite material mechanics: Inelasticity and failure

Abstract The thermoelastic micromechanics of composite material mechanics has been surveyed by Chamis and Sendeckyj. 1 The objective of the present survey is to extend their survey to cover static inelasticity and failure of such materials. A major difference between composite materials and monolithic metals is the greater complexity of the micromechanics of failure in composites. Even though metallic alloys can be considered as composite materials in a restricted sense due to their often quite complicated microstructures, there is a considerable body of empirical metallurgical knowledge, at least for the major alloy systems. In contrast, since high-strength filamentary composite materials are relatively new, there has not been time to develop an adequate statistical sample of knowledge about their micromechanical modes of failure in addition to knowledge on such practical aspects as structural joints. No survey or list of references can even approach complete coverage of such a wide field as composite inelasticity and failure. The references cited here afford only a glimpse of the extensive literature in this field. The writers apologise for not citing a number of important contributions to this growing field.
Functional group analysis of Suwannee River fulvic acid with reactive fluorescent probes

The reactive functional group content of Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) was determined by reaction with fluorescent probes. Reaction with a triflate (R-SO2CF3) provided the total reactive group content in SRFA, and pyrene butanoic acid was used to determine the hydroxyl and amino groups. After purification of the product, standard addition analysis was used for quantification. The total reactive site content of SRFA was found to be 13.9 mmol/g, of which 57% were carboxylic acids, and 43% hydroxyl and amino groups. These values compare well with those obtained by other methods.
Soil O2 and CO2 Effects on Apparent Cell Viability for Roots of Desert Succulents

Roots of desert succulents occupy the upper layers of porous, well-aerated soils. However, roots of Agave deserti, Ferocactus acanthodes, and Opuntia ficus-indica all tolerated many days of soil anoxia; 0% 02 in the soil gas phase for 30 d reduced the fraction of cells taking up the vital stain neutral red, an average of only 18% for the cortex and 6% for parenchyma cells within the stele of perennial established roots. Ephemeral rain roots, induced by watering as branches on the established roots, were more susceptible to 0% 02 in the soil gas phase; 19 d abolished stain uptake for cortical cells and 32 d for stelar parenchyma cells. Soil C02 levels above the 0-1% observed in the root zone in the field rapidly reduced uptake of neutral red; the fraction of cortical cells taking up the stain decreased 30% in 10 h at 0-5% C02 and was abolished in 9 h at 2% and 7 h at 10% C02 averaged for the three species. Rain roots were somewhat more susceptible than established roots to elevated soil C02 levels, and stelar parenchyma cells were much less susceptible than were cortical cells. When uptake of the vital stain was abolished by elevated soil C02, no anatomical evidence of cellular damage was observed. For A. deserti exposed to 2% C02, the pH of macerated root tissue decreased about 0-35 pH unit over 10 h; C02 apparently entered the cells, lowered the intracellular and/or cell wall pH, and prevented the accumulation of neutral red. Elevated soil C02 also inhibits root respiration for the three desert succulents considered. Hence, the restriction of such species to porous soils may reflect the relatively rapid inhibiting effects of elevated soil C02 levels rather than a requirement for high soil 02 levels, consistent with the observation that desert soils tend to have low gas-phase C02 levels near 01% compared with 1% or more in the root zone of non-desert species.
The E-State as an Extended Free Valence

The relationship between the electrotopological state index (E-state) and the molecular orbital based index of free valence is examined. The dependence of both on electronegativity and topology are developed from comparative values. Calculations of both indices for a diverse set of conjugated carbons reveal a significant correlation. Since the E-state index is calculated for heteroatoms and all σ bonded atoms, it represents an extention of the concept of free valence applied to all atoms in a molecule.
Molecular weight distribution of commercial PVC

The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of commercial suspension grade poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins with K values from 50 to 93 and mass grade PVC resins with K values from 58 to 68 has been determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), using literature Mark-Houwink coefficients. The MWD is character ized by the number average molecular weight (M n ), the weight average molecular weight (M w ) and the polydispersity (M w /M n ). Our results for M w are consistent with recently published data, but we find different results for M n and consequently for M w /M n . The polydispersity of PVC increases with increasing K value. This effect can be explained by two mechanisms. The first mechanism is a reduced terminating reaction rate between two growing polymer chains (disproportionation) at higher molecular weight owing to the reduced mobility of the polymer chains. The second mechanism is long-chain branching of molecules with high molecular weight which lets the molecules grow at two ends. For two examples graphs of the measured MWD are compared with the theoretically expected MWD.
Teacher Assessment of Young Children Learning with Technology in Early Childhood Education

Technology integration into the early childhood curriculum has seen some improvement. Many teachers now report using technology in instruction and providing young children the opportunity to use technology as a learning resource or tool in the classroom. While there has been some development in providing children with technological tools, research shows very little is known about how teachers assess what students know and can do with the technology. The current study examines teacher assessment of young children's learning with technology using early childhood teachers from a Midwestern school district. The study shows a general lack of teacher understanding of assessment strategies and assessment data, hence the inability to verify the progress young children are making with technology in early childhood programs. Recommendations are made regarding how technology-related data may be effectively gathered and interpreted by early childhood educators.
Sign, Sign, Everywhere a Sign!

For Millikan, purpose pervades the biological order, including the genes and genetically encoded traits of every living thing, the unconditioned reflexes and conditioned behavior of every animal, artifacts produced by humans or non-humans. There are also the conscious, explicit purposes and intentions of human beings. These are purposes in "a quite univocal sense," Millikan insists. "In all cases," she says, "the thing's purpose is ... what it was selected for doing" Moreover, "...the purposes we attribute to whole persons ... are composed of no more than the purposes of [their] parts and aspects, and of the ways these have been designed to work together." (13) The chain of purposes forms a double helix with another great chain the great chain of signs. At the bottom of the great chain, sit locally recurrent natural signs. These are wholly natural occurrences or states of affairs that carry "local information." Locally recurrent natural signs are not yet intentional signs but they are the ground on which intentionality ultimately rests. Local natural signs are "basic" representations in the following sense:
Idioms, mixed marking in nominalization, and the base-generation hypothesis for ditransitives in Japanese

This paper replies to Kishimoto’s (2008, J East Asian Linguist 17: 141–179) challenge to Miyagawa and Tsujioka (2004, J East Asian Linguist 13: 1–38) on the use of idioms as evidence for the base-generation hypothesis for Japanese ditransitives. I will point out problems with Kishimoto’s proposal, then present alternative analyses of Kishimoto’s data. I will argue that a closer look at a wider range of data including mixed marking cases of sa-nominalization in both idiomatic and non-idiomatic contexts lends further support for Miyagawa and Tsujioka (2004). In so doing, I will present data that support Watanabe (2009, J East Asian Linguist 19:61–74) to posit dual status of no.
Effective Raman theory for a three-level atom in the Lambda configuration.

It is shown that the system of a three-level atom coupled with two modes of quantized cavity fields in the V-configuration with arbitrary detunings can be exactly reduced to a two-level system with a nonsingular effective coupling which depends nonlinearly on the intensity of the two cavity fields. By performing a unitary transformation, we obtain an exact transformed Hamiltonian in which one of the three levels is decoupled for all values of the detunings including the zero-detuning. We also present the analytical expressions of energy eigenvalues and eigenvectors, evolution operator, time-varying atomic inversion operator and photon number operators of the two modes for the effective two-level model.
Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian miogeoclinal rocks of Snow Lake pendant, Yosemite-Emigrant Wilderness, Sierra Nevada, California: Evidence for major Early Cretaceous dextral translation

Detailed stratigraphic and structural studies at Snow Lake pendant have established new evidence for the presence of uppermost Precambrian and Lower Cambrian miogeoclinal strata within the axial region of the Sierra Nevada batholith. Lithologic and stratigraphic data along with trace fossils, a distinctive Triassic overlap sequence (Fairview Valley Formation?), dikes probably related to the Jurassic Independence dike swarm, and structural history suggest that the older rocks of Snow Lake pendant correlate with the Stirling Quartzite, Wood Canyon Formation, Zabriskie Quartzite, and Carrara Formation in the western Mojave Desert and San Bernardino Mountains. This correlation implies approximately 500 km of dextral transport of the rocks of Snow Lake pendant along the proposed Mojave-Snow Lake fault. Movement on the fault probably took place after 148 Ma, the age of the Independence dike swarm, and prior to 110 Ma, the age of plutons in the central part of the Sierra Nevada batholith.
Caustic substance injuries

Caustic and corrosive substance ingestions are a significant cause of early and late morbidity and may cause esophageal carcinoma after a long latent period. Initial management should be directed at the assurance of adequate ventilation and cardiovascular stability as well as the prevention of vomiting. Early esophagoscopy (to the level of first lesion, if present) is useful to identify those patients who do not need hospitalization or treatment. Esophagoscopy and contrast esophagram are useful to define the full extent of esophageal injury, but should be withheld until after the acute phase. Glucocorticoids are probably useful in limiting the extent and severity of esophageal stricture, the most frequent and significant long-term sequela. Colon interposition is used in those situations in which dilation of a stricture has been unsuccessful, and may prevent the subsequent development of esophageal carcinoma.
Comparison of an extract of hypericum (LI 160) and sertraline in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot study.

Abstract Background Hypericum (St. John's wort) has been shown to be as efficacious and well tolerated as standard antidepressants in the treatment of depression but has not been compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Objective This study compared hypericum and the SSRI sertraline in the treatment of depression. Methods In a double-blind, randomized study conducted in a community hospital, 30 male and female outpatients (19 women, 11 men; mean age, 45.5 years) with mild to moderate depression received 600 mg/d of a standardized extract of hypericum (LI 160) or 50 mg/d sertraline for 1 week, followed by hypericum 900 mg/d or sertraline 75 mg/d for 6 weeks. Results The severity of symptoms, as assessed by scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and the Clinical Global Impression scale, was significantly reduced in both treatment groups ( P Conclusion The hypericum extract was at least as effective as sertraline in the treatment of mild to moderate depression in a small group of outpatients.
General convergence results for constrained and unconstrained stochastic approximations

The paper treats general convergence conditions for a class of algorithms for finding the minima of a function f(x) when f(x) is of unknown (or partly unknown) form - and when only noise corrupted observations can be taken. Such problems occur frequently in adaptive processes, and in many applications to statistics and estimation. The algorithms are of the stochastic approximation type. Several forms are dealt with - for estimation in either discrete or continuous time, with and without side constraints. The algorithms can be considered as sequential Monte Carlo methods for systems optimization. The main purpose of the paper is to show how the theory of weak convergence of a sequence of probability measures can be used to reduce the convergence problem to "basic" elements, and to yield, quickly and efficiently, a convergence theorem under rather general conditions on the noise. Many extensions are possible, and only a few applications are considered here. The ideas are useful for establishing deeper (than the usual) results on rates of convergence [17]. Extensions to problems where the parameters are abstract valued is also possible. We mention also that a study of the numerical properties of several algorithms for constrained SA (stochastic approximation) appear in [18].
Group Size, Heterogeneity, and Intergroup Conflict: A Test of Blau's Inequality and Heterogeneity

Two theorems derived from Blau's recent macrosociological theory of social structure are tested with data on intergroup criminal victimization in the United States. The data base is taken from the National Crime Survey (Ncs) national samplefor the years 1973 to 1978. The theoretical predictions tested are that (1) the relative size of the same group in different neighborhood contexts is inversely related to extent of outgroup victimization; and (2) neighborhood heterogeneity is positively related to rates of intergroup victimization. These predictions are tested with data on the interpersonal crimes of rape, robbery, assault, and larceny for two major parameters in Blau's theory-race and age. The results support the hypotheses and show that while ingroup victimization is highly prevalent in the United States, interracial and interage criminal encounters are strongly and positively related to neighborhood heterogeneity.
The Relation Between Script Complexity and Commercial Memorability

The relation between script complexity and commercial memorability was assessed using scripts and field data from a copytesting firm. The scripts were coded using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula. In Study 1 (field study), regression analyses revealed that complexity contributes independently (negatively) to advertising recall and recognition (controlling for executional variables). In Study 2, a laboratory experiment replicated the main effects of complexity on recall and recognition, but also showed that product category involvement moderated this effect. Complexity adversely affected a variety of memory measures, but only for those who were less involved with the product category. These findings provide further evidence that psycholinguistic factors should be taken into consideration when developing effective advertising.
Predictors of Psychosis Remission in Psychotic Disorders That Co-occur With Substance Use

Objective: To examine rates and predictors of psychosis remission at 1-year follow-up for emergency admissions diagnosed with primary psychotic disorders and substance-induced psychoses. Method: A total of 319 patients with comorbid psychosis and substance use, representing 83% of the original referred sample, were rediagnosed at 1 year postintake employing a research diagnostic assessment. Remission of psychosis was defined as the absence of positive and negative symptoms for at least 6 months. Likelihood ratio chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were the main means of analysis. Results: Of those with a baseline diagnosis of primary psychotic disorder, 50% were in remission at 1 year postintake, while of those with a baseline diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis, 77% were in remission at this time point. Lower Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) symptom levels at baseline, better premorbid functioning, greater insight into psychosis, and a shorter duration of untreated psychosis predicted remission at 1 year in both diagnostic groups. No interaction effects of baseline predictors and diagnosis type were observed. A stepwise multivariate logistic regression holding baseline diagnosis constant revealed the duration of untreated psychosis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95, 0.997), total PANSS score (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97, 0.987), Premorbid Adjustment Scale score (OR = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.02, 0.88), and Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorders unawareness score (OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.71, 0.993) as key predictors of psychosis remission. Conclusions: The association of better premorbid adjustment, a shorter duration of untreated psychosis, better insight into psychotic symptoms, and lower severity of psychotic symptoms with improved clinical outcome, reported previously in studies of schizophrenia, generalizes to psychosis remission in psychotic disorders that are substance induced.
Pathogenetic Factors in Sjögren's Syndrome: Recent Developments

The study of pathogenetic factors in Sjogren's syndrome [SS] has been problematic, given the overall paucity of coherent data that integrate basic research with clinical findings. The presumed auto...
Countering Terrorism: The Development of an Instructional Model for Appropriate Military Involvement

Terrorism has received considerable media and law enforcement attention during the past decade. However, part of the concern over terrorism by the general public and police officials may have been the result of sensationalist media practices.' Although research indicates that international terrorism in the United States has not increased significantly in recent years-, terrorism remains a dominant social and political concern of the American public. Much of this concern focuses upon (and rightfully so) the impact of an ambiguously defined concept — "terrorism" — and its implications for the maintenance of democratic society. Consequently, although the actual harm from terrorism has not reached proportions comparable to the harm from other criminal acts, the implications for its prevention and appropriate response to actual terrorist incidents pose significant problems for criminal justice officials. Public fear regarding terrorism and the lack of clearly defined preventive and response measures may produce "inordinate overreactions which may bring about stricter laws to combat terrorism and even repressive measures that threaten democratic institutions".' This paper describes the development of the United States Army Military Police School's Counterterrorism Course, its primary foci, and implications for criminal justice educators faced with the problem of developing appropriate plans for prevention and response to acts of terrorism.
A maximal entropy digital chaotic circuit

This paper introduces a novel digital chaotic circuit that is capable of supporting both the maximum entropy requirements of a chaotic communication system and the hardware efficiency requirements of practical implementations. Moreover, since the circuits implement a discrete-time discrete-amplitude chaotic mapping, the circuit is capable of overcoming the traditional “hard” problem of chaotic circuit synchronization in communication systems by mapping it to the well understood problem of timing synchronization. The efficiency gains of this circuit come from extrapolation of the traditional chaotic properties to closed Galois fields, finite residue number system (RNS) arithmetic, and truncated conversion to a weighted number system.
Interoceptive Sd of the large intestine established by mechanical stimulation.

Summary.-A rhesus macaque monkey, surgically prepared with a ThiryVella large intestinal loop, was trained to press a lever for sugar pills on an FR 24 schedule of reinforcement. Operant discrimination was then established through differential reinforcement of the response in the presence of an interoceptive stimulus. The SD consisted of rhythmic inflation-deflation (with air at 120 mm. Hg pressure) of a small latex balloon situated in the loop. The onset of the visceral srimulus was quickly discriminated but its termination was not immediately discriminable. Extended training did not diminish the continued responding or oversbool beyond the SD termination, thus confirming our previous results, obtained by stimulating the small intestine. In a previous study, we (Slucki, Adam, & Porter, 1965) established an interoceptive SD, consisting of a mechanical stimulus to the jejunal portion of the small intestine, by reinforclog responses in its presence and extinguishing them in its absence. The present research, an extension of out earlier work, was designed to establish an SD similarly, using as a stimulation site mechanoreceptors of the descending colon.
The patterns of protein synthesis during foetal and neonatal organ development in the mouse are remarkably similar

SUMMARY The extent to which differential gene expressions can be correlated with organ development was examined at the level of protein synthesis during pre- and postnatal development in the mouse. High resolution, equilibrium, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis detected, for each of five to ten successive stages for each of seven organ systems, between 850 and 1000 separate newly synthesized proteins. The possibility that the 1000 detectable proteins synthesized at any one time during organ development represent a sampling bias was contra-indicated (a) because a different and larger population of [ 14 C]amino acid-incorporating protein syntheses gave similar results and {b) because nonequilibrium isoelectricfocusing, electrophoresis, isoelectric points between pH 5-5 and 8-7, confirmed the results from yet a different population of protein syntheses. Within limits of the sampling of protein syntheses, the entire period of organ development examined proceeds with altered expression of small proportion of the total proteins being synthesized. While all protein changes were stage specific, approximately three organ-specific protein syntheses were detected per organ system. One family of five protein syntheses seen in 16-day foetuses had homologous primary structures and presumably are keratins derived from a single genomic expression. These selected stage-specific protein syntheses examined by electrophoresis of partial proteolytic digests disclosed a programme for post-translational changes in protein syntheses. The current observations indicate that the examined pre- and postnatal organ development of the seven organs occurs in the presence of greater than 99% similarity among proteins synthesized in the same and different organ systems. Functional differentiation during organogenesis, therefore, occurs in the presence of less than 1 % change in qualitative or quantitative switch in protein syntheses. Evidence is presented to indicate that even this remarkably small number of changes in protein syntheses during functional organ differentiation may be derived from an even smaller subset of gene expressions. Collectively, the data suggest that explanatory mechanisms for molecular organogenesis must encompass both selective gene expressions along with post-translational programmed events.
African‐American Pioneers in Anthropology

African-American Pioneers in Anthropology. Ira E. Harrison and Faye V. Harrison (eds.).Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999. [vi]. 296pp. (Cloth USS49.95; Paper USS21.95)
Neurobiology of TRPC2: from gene to behavior

The mammalian vomeronasal organ (VNO), a part of the accessory olfactory system, plays an essential role in the sensing of pheromonal signals. The VNO has emerged as an excellent model to investigate the functional role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in intact neurons and intact physiological systems. TRPC2, a member of the (canonical) TRPC subfamily, is highly localized to the dendritic tip of vomeronasal sensory neurons. Phenotypic analysis of mice exhibiting a targeted deletion in the TRPC2 gene has established that TRPC2 occupies a fundamental role in the transduction machinery underlying the detection of pheromone signals by the VNO. TRPC2-deficient mice exhibit striking behavioral defects in the regulation of sexual and social behaviors. A previously unknown Ca2+-permeable, diacylglycerol (DAG)-activated cation channel found at the dendritic tip of vomeronasal neurons is severely defective in TRPC2 mutants, providing the first clear example for the existence of native DAG-gated cation channels in the mammalian nervous system. The experimental strategy employed in the mouse VNO now serves as a powerful model for examining the native functions of other TRP genes.
Pharmacokinetic Studies in Healthy Subjects for the Development of an Extended-Release Tablet Formulation of Guaifenesin: A 505(b)(2) New Drug Application Approval.

Guaifenesin is an expectorant used to improve mucociliary clearance (MCC) and relieve chest congestion from upper respiratory tract infections. Immediate-release (IR) guaifenesin requires dosing every 4 hours to maintain efficacy because of the drug's short half-life. Extended-release (ER) guaifenesin has been developed to prolong efficacy and reduce dosing frequency. As part of the 505(b)(2) new drug application (NDA), the pharmacokinetics (PK) of an ER bi-layer tablet formulation of guaifenesin (Mucinex®) and bioequivalence to an over-the-counter (OTC) monograph IR formulation were evaluated in healthy subjects. In one study, subjects received 1,200 mg ER guaifenesin every 12 hours or 400 mg IR guaifenesin every 4 hours for 6 days. Steady-state exposures were equivalent between the two products, as demonstrated by AUC and Cmax . In another study, subjects received a single dose of 600 mg (fasted) or 1,200 mg (fasted or fed) ER bi-layer tablet formulations. AUC and Cmax were equivalent between both states for the 1,200 mg ER dose. However, Tmax of 1,200 mg ER guaifenesin was later in the fed than the fasted state. ER guaifenesin is bioequivalent to corresponding OTC monograph doses of IR guaifenesin. ER guaifenesin offers a convenient 12-hour dosing alternative to 4-hour dosing of IR guaifenesin.
Development of Deaf Bicultural Identity.

Based on Epstein's model of self-theory, the importance of providing deaf children with opportunities to develop a solid deaf identity at an early age is discussed. Seven categories of possible identities for deaf people are outlined and the stages of developing a bicultural awareness presented. Case studies detailing these stages are discussed.
Risk optimization: siting of nuclear power electricity generating units

Radiological doses from nuclear power plant accidents can extend to great distances away from the site. These technical and perceived risks of nuclear power generation are addressed in an optimization of the siting of additional nuclear units primarily in the middle Atlantic and northeastern United States of America. This study relies on a constrained optimization of long-term latent cancer and early fatality effects from probable severe accident releases to the public. The results provide policy perspectives that would benefit from nuclear power, but provide an inherent safety margin in the selection of sites for future generating units of electricity. The selection of sites from among the best is aided by these calculations for minimizing fatality risks at 17 existing sites. The mathematical model minimizes a linear function represented as the number of 1000 MWe units multiplied by the estimated severe accident site risk at existing sites assuming constraints on: the allowed percentage increase in total societal latent cancer risk as well as allowed percentage increase in early fatality risk; lower bounds for existing units at the sites; and an upper bound of doubling the units and risks. The early fatality risk was also varied for several levels of increase in latent cancer risk.
Effect of Roughness on Frictional Energy Dissipation in Presliding Contacts

A finite element model (FEM) is used to investigate the effect of roughness on the frictional energy dissipation for an elastic contact subjected to simultaneous normal and tangential oscillations. Frictional energy losses are correlated against the maximum tangential load as a power-law where the exponents show the degree of nonlinearity. Individual asperity is shown to undergo similar stick–slip cycles during a loading period. Taller asperities are found to contribute significantly to the total energy dissipation and dominate the trends in the total energy dissipation. The authors' observations for spherical contacts are extended to the rough surface contact, which shows that power-law exponent depends on stick durations individual asperity contacts experience. A theoretical model for energy dissipation is then validated with the FEM, for both spherical and rough surface contacts. The model is used to study the influence of roughness parameters (asperity density, height distribution, and fractal dimension) on magnitude of energy dissipation and power-law exponents. Roughness parameters do not influence the power-law exponents. For a phase difference of π/2 between normal and tangential oscillations, the frictional energy dissipation shows quadratic dependence on the tangential fluctuation amplitude, irrespective of the roughness parameters. The magnitude of energy dissipation is governed by the real area of contact and, hence, depends on the surface roughness parameters. Larger real area of contact results in more energy under similar loading conditions.