cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results on limiting sets of Markov set chains

Abstract This paper provides two results on Markov set chains. The first establishes a condition number for a Markov set chain. The second determines a bound on the size of the limiting set of a Markov set chain.
The effect of d(+)- and l(-)-practolol on ouabain-induced arrhythmia

Abstract The l(-)-isomer of practolol significantly increased the i.v. dose of ouabain necessary to produce premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in dial-urethane anesthetized cats while the d(+)-isomer failed to influence the dose of ouabain necessary to produce these ventricular rhythm disturbances. Both isomers of practolol reduced the heart rate but did not influence the reduction in heart rate produced by ouabain. Levo practocol significantly reduced that the maximum rate of ventricular tachycardia by ouabain whereas dextro practolol was ineffective in this regard.
Leading Where it Counts: An Investigation of the Leadership Styles and Behaviors that Define College and University Presidents as Successful Fundraisers

This paper provides presidents and academic leadership with a body of literature that will strengthen the leaders’ understanding of the unique behaviors and characteristics that are paramount to successful fund raising in the academic arena. A better understanding of transformational, transactional, and transformative leadership theory, and the attributes that are associated with them, can not only help leaders shape and mold their approach to fund raising but also enable them to infuse a greater sense of meaning into their respective institutions while increasing the amount of financial support they garner.
Wurtzite to rocksalt phase transformation of cadmium selenide nanocrystals via laser-induced shock waves: transition from single to multiple nucleation.

The behavior of CdSe nanocrystals shocked to stresses of 2--3.75 GPa has been studied. Above 3 GPa a near-complete disappearance of the first excitonic feature and broadening of the low-energy absorption edge were observed, consistent with a wurtzite to rocksalt structural transformation. The transformation pressure is reduced relative to hydrostatic compression in a diamond anvil cell, and the rate increases, attributed to shock induced shear stress along the reaction coordinate. The especially rapid rate observed for a 3.75 GPa shock suggests multiple nucleation events per particle.
Stories and metaphors in cognitive-behavior therapy

The use of stories and metaphors in cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) provides a method to enhance information processing in sessions and thereafter. The goal is to help transform therapeutic information into a form that is easy to remember, provides useful guidance, and can be applied in relevant moments in a patient's life. The purpose of this article is to exemplify commonsense strategies, including vivid stories and metaphors, to help patients translate session material into behavior change.
Attitudes and Bureaucrats: Assessing the Representativeness of Local Officials in New Hampshire1

Since the late 1950s and 1960s, New Hampshire has experienced unprecedented growth. During the past two decades, this growth has begun to be felt in the state's North Country, particularly among its many small communities. As a result of developmental pressures in this region, numerous local problems related to the environment and socioeconomic conditions surfaced. The responsibility for meeting the challenges of such growth and development often fell on amateur bureaucrats. Relatively little is known about how representative such officials are of their local citizenry in terms of attitudes and opinions or sociodemograph-ics. This paper presents the results of a study comparing demographic characteristics and assesses the congruence of attitudes of citizens and local government officials in the North Country of New Hampshire.
The pattern of depression screening results across successive pregnancies.

Objective: Determine whether depression screen results are consistent across successive pregnancies.
Through the Glass Wall: Lessons Learned From Changing Technology for Knowledge Transfer in Kansas Children's Community-Based Services

Technology is well suited to information management, but a glass wall separates data from data users. Directors of Kansas community-based mental health services for children had limited access to their data in the state's automated information management system. A researcher collaborated with a field test group of directors, to develop online reporting software for improved data access. The study's data consisted of transcripts from interviews and member checking with field testers, about the software's effect on data utilization. Qualitative analysis of transcripts indicated that software supported data entry and reports for local questions, but that the glass wall is not yet fully permeated.
Light harvesting in organic solar cells using a nanostructured ITO grating

Nanostructured ITO gratings have been used in organic solar cells to enhance light absorption in a thin active layer of PCBM:P3HT via light harvesting. An additional peak at 680-700 nm in the absorption spectrum of the active layer appears, resulting in enhanced broadband absorption compared to the planar counterpart. FDTD simulation of the cell supports the experimental results and shows the grating effectively increases the electric field in the active layer.
UPTAKE AND ABSORPTION OF ZINC IN PERFUSED RAT JEJUNUM: THE ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS FACTORS IN THE LUMEN

Abstract These studies tested whether jejunal uptake and absorption of zinc in the rat occurs in the absence of soluble endogenous factors (including putative Zn-binding ligands) in the lumen. Using isolated segments of the adult rat proximal jejunum in situ, washed free of luminal contents and perfused with a recirculating glucose-saline medium containing 20 μM Zn+ 65 Zn, we observed rapid mucosal uptake and efficient transmural transport of 65 Zn. Similar experiments using a non-recirculating single-pass perfusion actually revealed a somewhat greater uptake of 65 Zn making it unlikely that a factor essential for 65 Zn uptake was being secreted into the lumen by the tissue itself. The uptake and absorption of 65 Zn, 67 Cu, and 109 Cd in this system were all consistent with in vivo studies. We conclude that endogenous luminal factors are not an essential component of the Zn uptake system. The enhancement of Zn absorption in the intact animal by some low molecular weight Zn-binding ligands may therefore be due to their interaction with dietary Zn resulting in a more absorbable form of the metal, rather than due to replacement of a missing component of the uptake system.
Purification and characterization of an aminopeptidase fromcucurbita maxima cotyledons

Abstract An aminopeptidase has been isolated from Cucurbita maxima Duch. “Chicago Warted Hubbard” cotyledons and purified 500 fold. Glycylglycylglycine was used as the principal substrate. This enzyme required a free amino group next to the bond cleaved. The terminal amino acid with the free amino group was split off leaving a dipeptide. This enzyme preparation exhibited no activity towards dipeptides, but did exhibit a low rate of hydrolysis on l -leucine amide, l -phenylalanine amide and l -tyrosine amide. Chloroacetylglycylglycine, hippuryl- l -leucine amide, and the carobxypeptidase substrate hippuryl- dl -phenyllactic acid were not hydrolyzed by this aminotripeptidase preparation. Tetraglycine was readily hydrolyzed, but pentaglycine was hydrolyzed much less and polyglycine hydrolysis was not detectable. There were no indication of activation of glycylglycylglycine hydrolysis by Mg 2+ and inhibition was indicated by Mn 2+ , CO 2+ , Zn 2+ , EDTA and cysteine. The loss in activity by dialysis or EDTA was not recoverable by the above metal ions. The pH optima was 8·0 for glycylglycylglycine with as a substrate. The peptidase activity was stable to a 5 min heat treatment up to 45° but decreased rapidly above this temperature. The K m for glycylglycylglycine was 7·3 × 10 −3 M at pH 7·6. This aminopeptidase appeared to be the same enzyme as the amino-peptidase contaminant in the previously reported leucine aminopeptidase, and was distinctly different from the purified dipeptidase, as well as the two proteinases. All five of these proteolytic enzymes are present in 3-day-old squash cotyledons.
The dependence of gust factor probabilities on convective activity: Analysis conducted for Eurotunnel

The ratio of the maximum gust in an hour to the mean wind for the how is the ‘gust factor’. Extreme value analysis of gust factors was conducted as part of the design studies for Eurotunnel's Wind Alert System. This analysis indicated that the population of gust factors was mixed, suggesting that two different types of mechanism cause hourly gust maxima. Various investigations confirmed this indication and identified the two mechanisms. During the majority of hours the gust factor is a measure of the maximum gust due to the turbulent fluctuations of the atmospheric boundary layer. However, during a substantial minority of hours it is a measure of a gust caused by a ‘convective’ meteorological event such as a thunderstorm, squall line or heavy shower. The latter mechanism causes occasional exceptional gust factors, which can be of dominating importance for a transport system which must react when there is a risk of severe gusts.
Transcatheter, valve-in-valve transapical aortic and mitral valve implantation, in a high risk patient with aortic and mitral prosthetic valve stenoses

Transcatheter valve implantation continues to grow worldwide and has been used principally for the nonsurgical management of native aortic valvular disease-as a potentially less invasive method of valve replacement in high-risk and inoperable patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. Given the burden of valvular heart disease in the general population and the increasing numbers of patients who have had previous valve operations, we are now seeing a growing number of high-risk patients presenting with prosthetic valve stenosis, who are not potential surgical candidates. For this high-risk subset transcatheter valve delivery may be the only option. Here, we present an inoperable patient with severe, prosthetic valve aortic and mitral stenosis who was successfully treated with a trans catheter based approach, with a valve-in-valve implantation procedure of both aortic and mitral valves.
Economic and weather influences on soybean planting strategies on heavy soils

Abstract Experiment station field trial results were used to recommend soybean planting strategies on the basis of yield, net returns and breakeven prices using average as well as range of performance information. These field trial recommendations were subsequently also evaluated for operational scale implications by utilizing historical weather data to analyze timely completion of pre-plant and planting field tasks using a simulation model and constrained maximization. Planting practices analyzed were seedbed preparation (no-till vs. tilled), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] cultivar (different times to maturity and planting seasons by selecting maturity group IV, V or VI) and planting equipment (planter vs. grain drill). The analysis demonstrates that recommendations made without regard to weather driven operational scale implications may overlook factors important to crop producers with large and growing operations. For example, producers may choose a less profitable planting strategy in order to be able to plant more acreage or to reduce their risk of foregoing potential profit by not completing field tasks on time. The results suggest that spatial differences are important in this decision and that more flexibility in the timing of operations affected operational scale dramatically. In addition, cultivar choice impacted economic feasibility more than seedbed preparation when evaluated using yield, net return, and breakeven price. Once the impact of weather on timely planting and scale of operation was included, seedbed preparation became dominant in influencing planting strategy. Planting equipment choice was least significant for operational scale implications.
An implicit deflation method for ill-conditioned Sylvester and Lyapunov equations

This paper describes an effective algorithm for solving ill-conditioned Sylvester or Lyapunov equations. These equations can be solved by conventional methods for ill-conditioned linear systems. However, such methods are not efficient since they require on the order of n 6 arithmetic operations on order n 2 data. For these ill-conditioned matrix equations, an implicit deflation algorithm is proposed to implement a certain SVD-based minimum norm least-squares approximate solution. The method is practical since it relies only on the ability to solve a Sylvester or Lyapunov equation. Certain practical details are also discussed.
Examining Prosocial Organizational Behavior Among Correctional Officers

Prosocial Organizational Behavior is defined by Brief and Motowidlo (1986) as “behavior which is (a) performed by a member of an organization, (b) directed toward an individual, group, or organizat...
The effect of coupled nonreactive modes on laser control of quantum wave packet dynamics

The laser control of reactions in solution has recently been a topic of growing interest. The theoretical possibility for such control has now been established. This paper investigates two closely related issues regarding potential practical implementation of condensed phase control schemes. A previous study from our group was able to demonstrate control assuming that a laser field coupled only to a reaction coordinate. The assumption that the laser will not couple to the condensed phase environment is a drastic simplification, and we investigate in this paper how relaxing this simplification may affect the possibility of control. To investigate this phenomenon, we study two cases: that of a laser coupled only to a reaction coordinate which is in turn coupled to a “bath” mode, as compared to the case in which the laser is coupled both to the reaction coordinate and the environmental mode. In another closely related investigation, we study the effect of uncertainty introduced into the controlling pulse. The exact potential of a chemical reaction in solution cannot be known to perfect accuracy. Our results give insights into the challenges which will face attempts at condensed phase chemical reaction control, and point strongly to the need for adaptive algorithms for laser control pulse generation.
WPPSI reliability and predictive validity with disadvantaged Mexican-American children

Abstract The reliability and predictive validity of the WPPSI was investigated with a sample of lower SES Mexican-American children. Reliability was determined using split-half procedures parallel to those reported in the test manual. Predictive validity was determined by correlating WPPSI scores with scores from the Metropolitan Reading Test. The results revealed that the WPPSI has high reliability, as determined by internal consistency procedures, but validity coefficients were not significant. These results suggest that the WPPSI may be inappropriate for special program placement purposes with this population.
Psychological differentiation and schizotypal traits: negative results with the Group Embedded Figures Test.

Research on psychological differentiation and psychopathology has indicated that both extremes of differentiation are found in clinical populations. Previous research found that subjects with over-ideational or delusional symptomatology are likely to be field-independent. It was predicted that college students with high scores on measures of Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation, particularly those also high on Impulsive Nonconformity, would receive higher scores than control subjects on the Group Embedded Figures Test, a measure of differentiation. It was also predicted that subjects receiving high scores on Physical Anhedonia would show lower differentiation than controls. The results did not support these predictions, calling into question the relevance of the field dependence/independence construct to schizotypal symptoms. Findings are also discussed in terms of the possible heterogeneity of the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation groups, restriction of range in samples of nonclinical subj...
Electrocardiographic predictors of adverse cardiovascular events in suspected poisoning.

Poisoning is the second leading cause of injury-related fatality in the USA and the leading cause of cardiac arrest in victims under 40 years of age. The study objective was to define the electrocardiographic (ECG) predictors of adverse cardiovascular events (ACVE) complicating suspected acute poisoning (SAP). This was a case-control study in adults at three tertiary-care hospitals and one regional Poison Control Center. We compared 34 cases of SAP complicated by ACVE to 101 consecutive control patients with uncomplicated SAP. The initial ECG was analyzed for rhythm, intervals, QT dispersion, ischemia, and infarction. ECGs were interpreted by a cardiologist, blinded to study hypothesis and case data. Subjects were 48% male, with mean age 42 ± 19 years. In addition to clinical suspicion of poisoning in 100% of patients, routine toxicology screens were positive in 77%, most commonly for benzodiazepines, opioids, and/or acetaminophen. Neither the ventricular rate, the QRS duration, nor the presence of infarction predicted the risk of ACVE. However, the rhythm, QTc, QT dispersion, and presence of ischemia correlated with the risk of ACVE. Independent predictors of ACVE based on multivariable logistic regression were prolonged QTc, any non-sinus rhythm, ventricular ectopy, and ischemia. Recursive partitioning analysis identified very low risk criteria (94.1% sensitivity, 96.2% NPV) and high risk criteria (95% specificity). Among patients with SAP, the presence of QTc prolongation, QT dispersion, ventricular ectopy, any non-sinus rhythm, and evidence of ischemia on the initial ECG are strongly associated with ACVE.
Recreation and large mammal activity in an urban nature reserve

Abstract Human recreation has immediate and long-term impacts on wildlife, and exposure to recreational activities might be particularly high in urban systems. We investigated the relationship between human recreation and the spatial and temporal activity patterns of large mammals in an urban nature reserve. Data from remotely triggered infra-red cameras (1999–2001) were used to assess activity for bobcat, coyote, mule deer, humans, and domestic dogs along paths in the Nature Reserve of Orange County (NROC), California. Forty-nine camera sites established across the NROC yielded 16,722 images of humans, dogs, and our three target large mammal species during 4232 observation nights. Results suggest that bobcats, and to a lesser degree coyotes, exhibited both spatial and temporal displacement in response to human recreation. Bobcats were not only detected less frequently along trails with higher human activity, but also appeared to shift their daily activity patterns to become more nocturnal in high human use areas; negative associations between bobcat and human activity were particularly evident for bikers, hikers, and domestic dogs. In general, both bobcats and coyotes displayed a relatively wide range of activity levels at sites with low human use, but a lower and markedly restricted range of activity at those sites with the highest levels of recreation. Although we did not find a clear and consistent pattern of avoidance of human recreation by deer, the probability of detecting deer during the day was lower with increasing levels of human recreation. Future studies that experimentally investigate the impacts of recreationists on wildlife, as well as relate behavioral responses to survival and reproduction, will allow further insight of the effects of urban recreation on large mammal populations.
Glomerular deposition of complement-control proteins in acute and chronic glomerulonephritis

Glomerular deposition of complement-control proteins in acute and chronic glomerulonephritis. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) differed from membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and lupus nephritis (SLE) in that two of the proteins that control the C3b-dependent convertase, β1H and the C3bC4b-inactivator cofactor (C3bC4bICo), were frequently absent from the glomerular deposits. In addition, factor B was distributed with C3 in the capillary walls in hypocomplementemic AGN patients. From this, it can be assumed that C3bBb is in the deposits, uninhibited by control proteins as would be predicted for alternative pathway activation. Factor B could not be found in normocomplementemic AGN, was rarely present in MPGN, but was usually present in SLE, most often in the mesangium. In MPGN and SLE, the control proteins were nearly always present in the glomeruli in a distribution like that of C3; in MPGN they were particularly abundant. Complement profiles indicated an occasional transient reduction in serum C4 level early in AGN. Thus, although there is occasional evidence of early classical activation in AGN, more characteristic is a long period of alternative activation. Serum levels of control proteins did not deviate greatly from normal except for reduced serum β1H levels in MPGN type I. Depots glomerulaires de proteines de controle du complement au cours des glomerulonephrites aigues et chroniques. La glomerulonephrite aigue post streptococcique (AGN) differe de la glomerulonephrite membranoproliferative (MPGN) et de la nephrite lupique (SLE) en ce que deux des proteines qui controlent la convertase C3b dependante, β1H et le cofacteur inactivateur de C3bC4b (C3bC4bICo), sont frequemment absentes des depots glomerulaires. De plus le facteur B est est distribue comme le C3 dans les parois capillaires chez les malades atteints d'AGN hypocomplementemiques. De cela il peut etre deduit que C3bBb est dans les depots, non inhibe par les proteines de controle comme pourrait le laisser prevoir l'activation par la voie alterne. Le facteur B n'a pas ete trouve dans les AGN normocomplementemiques, etait rarement present dans les MPGN, mais etait habituellement observe dans la SLE, le plus souvent dans le mesangium. Dans la MPGN et la SLE, les proteines de controle etaient presque toujours presentes dans le glomerule avec une distribution semblable a celle de C3. Elles etaient particulierement abondantes dans la MPGN. Les profils complementaires indiquaient parfois une diminution transitoire du C4 serique precocement dans G AGN. Ainsi, bien qu'il y ait parfois la preuve d'une activation precoce par la voie classique dans l'AGN, une longue periode d'activation par la voie alterne est plus caracteristique. Les concentrations seriques des proteines de controle ne se sont pas beaucoup ecartees des valeurs normales, une diminution de la concentration serique de β1H dans la MPGN de type I mise a part.
A new FDTD stencil for reduced numerical anisotropy in the computer modeling of wave phenomena

An isotropic finite difference scheme is utilized for the development of a new stencil for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation. The key attribute of the new stencil is the improved isotropy of the numerical phase velocity at fairly moderate spatial sampling of the fields. More specifically, for a given phase velocity anisotropy error, the new stencil requires a much coarser grid than the one required by the standard, second-order accurate FDTD stencil. This, in turn, amounts to gains in computational resources when transient electromagnetic interactions in electrically-large domains are being modeled. The numerical attributes of the proposed stencil, namely, its dispersion, anisotropy and stability, are presented in the context of its application to the numerical simulation of two-dimensional transient electromagnetic wave propagation. Through a series of numerical studies, the enhanced isotropy provided by the proposed scheme is demonstrated and contrasted in a quantitative manner to that of the standard FDTD stencil. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007.
MIS education in the U.S.: Private sector experiences and public sector needs

Abstract Private sector experience with management information systems (MIS) education points to the need for a formalized educational curriculum to train those going into systems management in the public sector. Current studies indicate that systems management personnel lack a balanced combination of technical and organizational skills. It is revealed that college and business school curriculum requirements are inadequate in preparing students for the organizational aspects of the systems analyst's job. Suggestions are made to implement a system laboratory approach that will prepare students for both technical and organizational problems in the ‘real world’ of the public sector.
The neurobiology of middle-age has arrived

1 l a n In the featured report “When does age-related cognitive ecline begin” and in his many prior publications, Tim Saltouse has helped to establish early adult age declines in ognitive performance which can be distinguished from the onfounds of cohort differences in cross-sectional studies nd from the retest effects of longitudinal studies (Salthouse, 008). This report may be the most detailed examination of etest effects reported so far, in which three different tests ere used for each of the four main domains of memory, easoning, speed, and spatial visualization. There are slightly ifferent trajectories of age change, e.g. in this sample, spaial visualization declines before age 25, while processing peed may not decline until after 30 years. I fully support althouse’s conclusion that cognitive declines begin by the 0s and 30s in healthy highly educated adults and continue nto later ages independent of known pathology. This sample f 729 were local respondents to an advertisement, with 15 ears of education and sex ratio of 2:1 female:male. Simiar early age findings were found a nationally representative ample (Fig. 1). The average profile shows that the cognitive unction maximum in the early twenties has a short plateau, nded by definitive cognitive declines after age 26 that coninue monotonically into later ages (McArdle et al., 2002). oreover, the rate of decline is faster for ‘fluid’ intelligence Gf) than for crystallized intelligence (Gf). Multi-tasking of ognitive and motor functions (“walking-while memorizing” aradigm) also declines during middle-age (Li et al., 2001). t almost every level examined, brain functions begin to hange in the “prime of life” when most of us are just launchng professional and family life.
3+1 formulation of general-relativistic perfect magnetohydrodynamics.

The laws of perfect general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) are rewritten in 3+1 language in a general spacetime. The laws are expressed in terms of quantities (magnetic field, flow velocity, ...) that would be measured by the "fiducial observers" whose world lines are orthogonal to the hypersurfaces of constant time. This 3+1 formalism of GRMHD should be of interest in numerical relativity, numerical astrophysics, and the membrane paradigm for black holes. The GRMHD equations are also specialized to a stationary spacetime and a stationary MHD flow with one arbitrary spatial symmetry (e.g., a stationary MHD magnetosphere for a rotating Kerr black hole); and the general features of stationary, symmetric GRMHD solutions are discussed.
Situational and extended attitude models as predictors of marijuana intentions and reported behavior.

The relative abilities of Fishbein's extended model and Rokeach's situational attitude model to predict and explain marijuana intentions and reported behavior were assessed for 251 male and female ...
Mechanics of porous elastic materials containing multiphase fluid

Abstract A continuum theory of mixtures for a porous elastic solid saturated by immiscible viscous fluids is presented. The theory includes micro-inertial effects for the local fluctuation in volume fractions of the solid and fluid constituents. Gradients of volume fraction of both the elastic solid and fluid constituents are included in the constitutive variables. Equations governing the macroscopic motion are developed and show that the present theory contains both Biot's equations and multiphase Darcy flow through porous media as special cases.
College students' perceptions, myths, and stereotypes about African American athleticism: a qualitative investigation

Examining the ‘natural’ athlete myth and utilizing the recent literature on cultural/social factors in athleticism, this study through survey research examines the myth of the ‘natural’ African American athlete. Participants consist of 301 university students from a large, traditionally White, midwest institution. The primary research question is to determine the attitudes of college students in terms of how they perceive the success of the African American athlete in certain sports. The purpose is to assess participants' perceptions of the African American athlete and their opinion as to whether or not African American athletes are superior in certain sports (football, basketball, and track and field). Seven major themes emerged which are descriptive of the participants' (n=301) perceptions, thoughts, and feelings concerning the debate of African American athleticism: Black physical advantage, Black work ethic, Black cultural factors, race disregard, societal factors, Black limited opportunity, and unawa...
The neutralization site on the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (TC-83) virus is composed of multiple conformationally stable epitopes.

Abstract The neutralization (N) site on the gp56 (E2) surface glycoprotein of the TC-83 vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus has been characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Five new epitopes (E2 d-h ) were identified three of which could be mapped into the critical N site by using a competitive binding assay (CBA). Antibodies reactive with these three epitopes had either N or N and hemagglutination-inhibition activity. All epitopes contained within this N site elicited monoclonal antibodies that could protect mice from peripheral virus challenge. Antibodies reactive with the N site on other subtypes of VEE virus (IC and II) bound to, but failed to neutralize, TC-83 virus. Epitopes defined by these antibodies could be located outside of the N site on TC-83 virus by CBA. Antigenic activity of all epitopes except E2 d was resistant to treatment with 2% SDS, 3% β-mercaptoethanol, or cleavage with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Those antibodies which defined epitopes located within the N site of TC-83 with CBA bound the same V8 fragments in immunoblots. Those antibodies which defined epitopes not located within the N site bound a different set of fragments than neutralizing antibodies. These results indicate that there is a specific N site on the E2 of VEE virus which undergoes significant antigenic drift while maintaining structural and functional integrity.
Effect of water on metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements: a high pressure and temperature terrestrial magma ocean and core formation

Recent proposals of metal-silicate equilibrium at the base of a deep hydrous magma ocean are based on experimental data obtained under anhydrous conditions. We have undertaken a series of experiments at 10 kbar and 1300°C, designed to isolate the effect of dissolved water on the partitioning of the siderophile elements Ni, Co, Mo, W, and P between metal and hydrous silicate liquid. These experiments show that partition coefficients for Ni, Co, Mo and W remain unchanged under hydrous conditions up to ∼4.0 wt.% dissolved H2O, whereas those for P remain unchanged only up to ∼1.5 wt.% dissolved H2O, above which they increase. Such results indicate that the proposal of a deep hydrous magma ocean for the early Earth is robust across a range of water contents, but the highly charged cation, P, becomes more siderophile at high water contents. Predictive expressions for metal-silicate partitioning from our earlier studies have been augmented with new metal-silicate partition coefficient data. Earlier conclusions that terrestrial upper mantle abundances of Ni, Co, Mo, W, and P are consistent with metal-silicate equilibrium at the base of a deep hydrous magma ocean remain robust with the addition of these new data. These results have two implications for the earliest history of the Earth and its subsequent evolution. First, the high temperature and pressure conditions for both the Earth and the Moon are consistent with the thermal state of the early Earth expected in a giant impactor scenario for the origin of the Moon. Second, wet accretion of the Earth provides an alternative source of Earth's current atmosphere and hydrosphere, and would allow oxidation of originally reduced planetary building blocks.
Effects of food restriction and refeeding on adipocyte glucose metabolism in Zucker rats

Abstract Chronic food restriction has been shown to enhance glucose metabolism in adipocytes from lean Zucker rats at 10, 26, and 52 weeks of age compared to ad libitum -fed lean rats. Only adipocytes from food restricted 10-week-old obese rats demonstrated this response. In this study, lean and obese rats were food restricted from 5 until 14 weeks of age to determine the age at which adipocytes from obese rats were no longer affected by this intervention. Effects of 1 week of refeeding were also determined. When the rats were killed, body weights were highest in control rats followed by restricted/refed and then restricted rats within each genotype. Epididymal pad weights of lean rats were resistant to dietary intervention, while those of obese-restricted and obese-restricted/refed rats weighed less than pads of obese-control rats. Retroperitoneal pad weight was lowered by food restriction in both genotypes; but only that of lean-restricted/refed rats totally recovered with refeeding. Adipocytes of lean-restricted rats had the highest conversion of glucose to CO 2 . Glyceride-glycerol production was higher in obese compared to lean rats, but restricted rats had elevated conversion of glucose to fatty acids. In general, these results indicate that by 14 weeks of age obese Zucker rats no longer respond to food restriction with an elevated rate of glucose metabolism in adipocytes.
Regional differences in gender—role attitudes: Variations by gender and race

In this paper, we use data from the General Social Survey (1985–1998) to examine the effects of region on gender-role attitudes, focusing on variations across time by gender and race. Regional differences in gender-role attitudes persisted into the 1990s for white men and women, with southern whites holding more traditional attitudes than those held by whites in other parts of the country. For white men and women and for black men, the effect of region changed little between the 1980s and 1990s. However, for black women, region was a prominent factor affecting their gender-role attitudes in the 1980s, but by the 1990s its effect had diminished considerably.
A survey on computer science K-12 outreach: Teacher training programs

The decline of student enrollment in computer science (CS) is a pressing issue for computing educators. One of the solutions is to provide K-12 teachers with CS related training. K-12 teachers play an important role in preparing students for college and helping them thrive in the 21st-century global workforce. This paper presents a comprehensive study of K-12 teacher training programs that target improving CS education. These outreach programs are provided by universities, mostly by computer science faculties. The paper first describes each individual training program with highlights for its particularities and contributions. Then it provides a side-by-side comparison of the programs based on different categories such as targeted K-12 teachers, workshop durations, curriculum development information, training tools, etc. At the end, summaries of these programs are presented. The successful strategies and lessons learned from these programs could be beneficial for future K-12 teacher training program development.
A long‐term decrease in Arctic haze at Barrow, Alaska

Surface aerosol scattering measurements have been conducted at Barrow, Alaska, from May 1976 to the present using a four-wavelength nephelometer. Total column aerosol optical depth measurements have been obtained over the same time period. Both data sets show a maximum in 1982 and then a decreasing trend to the present. This decreasing trend is apparent, and statistically significant, only in March–April. Arctic haze, caused by long-range transport from midlatitude industrial regions, is most evident in the vicinity of Barrow during this time of year. We suggest that the decrease in Arctic haze at Barrow, as observed in the aerosol light scattering and optical depth records, is due to decreased anthropogenic pollution emissions in Europe and the former Soviet Union, the primary source regions for the springtime aerosol at Barrow. Volcanic effects in the stratosphere have been subtracted from the optical depth data, and are not believed to be significant in the surface-based data.
Predictive value of computerized tomography in the presurgical evaluation of primary carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract To determine the predictive value of abdominal-pelvic CT scan in assessing pelvic and paraaortic node metastases in untreated cervical carcinoma, the preoperative CT scans of 61 patients were compared with the gross and microscopic surgical findings. Although 75% of enlarged pelvic nodes on CT contained metastases, and 97% of patients with negative pelvic nodes had negative CT scans (specificity = 97%), histologically positive pelvic nodes were often missed on CT scan (sensitivity = 25%). For paraaortic nodes the CT scan had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 67%. No paraaortic nodes were enlarged in stages I–IIA (0/51). CT scans are recommended for routine evaluation of paraaortic nodes in stages II–IV, but are not warranted in pretreatment evaluation of the pelvic nodes in Stage I.
Antisense inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 reduces serum LDL in hyperlipidemic mice

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a member of a family of proteases that is thought to promote the degradation of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) through an as yet undefined mechanism. We developed second generation antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) inhibitors targeting murine PCSK9 to determine their potential as lipid-lowering agents. Administration of a PCSK9 ASO to high fat-fed mice for 6 weeks reduced total cholesterol and LDL by 53% and 38%, respectively. Moreover, inhibition of PCSK9 expression resulted in a 2-fold increase in hepatic LDLR protein levels. This phenotype closely resembles that reported previously in Pcsk9-deficient mice. The absence of cholesterol lowering in Ldlr-deficient mice effectively demonstrated a critical role for this receptor in mediating the lipid-lowering effects of PCSK9 inhibition. Antisense inhibition of PCSK9 is an attractive and novel therapeutic approach for treating hypercholesterolemia in human.
Lowfat Ice Creams from Freeze-Concentrated Versus Heat-Concentrated Nonfat Milk Solids

Lowfat vanilla ice creams made from freeze- or heat-concentrated nonfat milk solids were compared in sensory and physical tests. Results did not support the hypothesis that lowfat ice cream made from freeze-concentrated nonfat milk solids would be smoother, firmer, slower to melt, lower in cooked flavor, and higher in vanilla flavor than lowfat ice cream made from heat-concentrated nonfat milk solids. Nonfat dry milk solids imparted slightly more smoothness than did dried freeze-concentrated nonfat milk solids. Otherwise, heat-concentrated versus freeze-concentrated products had no effects on sensory attributes when comparisons of liquid and dried forms of the products were made separately. Products from both liquid and dry sources of both types of nonfat milk solids differed little in sensory quality. Apparent viscosity of the mixes and the hardness and melting rate of the frozen products were affected by the source of nonfat milk solids.
Thermal decomposition of 1,2 butadiene

The thermal decomposition of 1,2 butadiene has been studied behind reflected shock waves over the temperature and total pressure ranges of 1300–2000 K and 0.20–0.55 atm using mixtures of 3% and 4.3% 1,2 butadiene in Ne. The major products of the pyrolysis are C2H2, C4H2, C2H4, CH4 and C6H6. Toluene was observed as a minor product in a narrow temperature range of 1500–1700 K. In order to model successfully the product profiles which were obtained by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, it was necessary to include the isomerization reaction of 1,2 to 1,3 butadiene. A reaction mechanism consisting of 74 reaction steps and 28 species was formulated to model the time and temperature dependence of major products obtained during the course of decomposition. The importance of C3H3 in the formation of benzene is demonstrated.
An electromagnetoacoustic method of measuring electric conductivity and ζ-potential

Abstract A nonsteady filtration theory combined with electromagnetism by means of common physical principles of hydrodynamic description of condensed media is constructed. Based on the linear version of the theory, an electromagnetic method for measuring ζ-potential is suggested.
ATP-induced calcium mobilization and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation in H-35 hepatoma cells

Addition of ATP (but not epinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin, or platelet-activating factor) to H-35 hepatoma cells whose cellular lipids have been pre-labelled with [3H]inositol, causes a rapid increase in [3H]inositol trisphosphate. In H-35 cells pre-incubated in the presence of 45Ca2+, ATP causes a similarly rapid release of 45Ca2+. The concentration-effect relationships for inositol trisphosphate formation and Ca2+ efflux are similar to those reported previously for differentiated hepatocytes. These results demonstrate that at least one of the Ca2+-mobilizing receptors normally found on hepatocytes is functionally retained in the H-35 hepatoma cell line and thus could provide a useful model for the study of these receptor mechanisms in liver.
Looking for ‘tribals’ without politics, ‘warlords’ without history: the drug economy, development and political power in Afghanistan

The post-September 11 narrative of the drug economy attempts to isolate this ‘problem’ to the space of Afghanistan locally by stressing the tropes of tribalism and warlordism. In this narrative, these two phenomena are framed as obstacles in building a strong state and its institutions and ensuring development in Afghanistan. In contrast, I propose to understand tribalism and warlordism as political and historical categories, both in the sense of their discursive use as well as their function in Afghan social and political life, as Afghans organized themselves, but were also organized by others – though not in isolation, but in continuous engagement with these others. I place this analysis within the broader discussion of understanding how the Cold War interventions affected the organizing of political power in Afghanistan.
Self-aligned rim-type phase-shift mask fabrication by backside exposure

A novel technique to fabricate a rim-type phase-shifting mask has been developed by exposing the back side of the mask with light. Such a mask requires no significant modification to conventional design layouts and improves aerial image contrast and depth of focus over that of a conventional reticle. The technique is self-aligning, and requires only one data writing level. Results for the simple and highly controllable process are presented, characterizing rim size versus dose and rim image uniformity, linearity, fidelity, and controllability.
A study of mobility and order in model membranes using 2H NMR relaxation rates and quadrupole splittings of specifically deuterated lipids.

Abstract 2 H NMR spectra have been observed for several selectively deuterated phospholipid and fatty acid probes intercalated in the liquid crystalline phase of egg phosphatidylcholine in aqueous dispersion. For unsonicated lamellar dispersions and planar multibilayers, quadrupole splittings may be observed which lead directly to a value for the order parameter for the carbon-deuterium bond. Sonicated dispersions yield high-resolution spectra, from which spin-lattice relaxation rates and correlation times for rotational diffusion can be obtained. The presence of cholesterol in the dispersion has no effect on the quadrupole splittings and relaxation rates for 2 H in the choline methyl groups, in contrast to its profound effect on the spectra for 2 H in the hydrocarbon chains.
Survival among non-small cell lung cancer patients with poor performance status after first line chemotherapy

Background Performance status (PS) is a commonly used factor in determining the appropriateness for chemotherapy of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The prevalence of poor PS and impact of chemotherapy on survival among NSCLC patients has not been studied in community populations.
Turbulence in phase-separating binary mixtures

When a turbulent binary fluid mixture is quenched below its consolute point, turbulent mixing competes with an instability toward phase separation. A linear stability analysis in the viscous-convective range of concentration fluctuations shows that spinodal decomposition can be suppressed entirely by sufficiently strong stirring. An instability reappears, however, for deep quenches, when the injection rate of concentration fluctuations exceeds the rate of turbulent mixing. The growing concentration fluctuations which result appear to be confined to the viscous-convective range.
Safety of the Blood Supply in the United States: Opportunities and Controversies

The risk for viral transmission by transfusion has been reduced dramatically through improved techniques for selecting and testing blood donors. Initiatives to further improve the safety of the blood supply, including more stringent donor qualifications, additional testing for infectious disease markers, viral inactivation processes, and refinement of transfusion decisions, are possible. However, because the risk for viral transmission by allogeneic transfusion is already low, additional measures will have limited yield and poor cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, unexpected side effects of some of these "improvements" may reduce the safety of the blood supply by introducing new risks. Cost-effectiveness analyses of blood safety initiatives have highlighted such successes as the introduction of virus-specific assays for screening donated blood and have identified other interventions that have poor cost-effectiveness estimates. They have also quantitated the threshold level at which the risks of an intervention outweigh its benefits. These analyses have had little effect on decisions about blood safety, possibly because of overwhelming fear of AIDS and difficulties in applying cost-effectiveness estimates to a politically and emotionally charged issue. Future interventions for improving blood supply safety must be evaluated thoroughly and chosen carefully so that the intended goals are met. Communication with the public should be undertaken so that the public understands that some of the desired measures may result in inefficient allocation of health care resources.