cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of lipids in plastid protein transport

The elaborate compartmentalization of plant cells requires multiple mechanisms of protein targeting and trafficking. In addition to the organelles found in all eukaryotes, the plant cell contains a semi-autonomous organelle, the plastid. The plastid is not only the most active site of protein transport in the cell, but with its three membranes and three aqueous compartments, it also represents the most topologically complex organelle in the cell. The chloroplast contains both a protein import system in the envelope and multiple protein export systems in the thylakoid. Although significant advances have identified several proteinaceous components of the protein import and export apparatuses, the lipids found within plastid membranes are also emerging as important players in the targeting, insertion, and assembly of proteins in plastid membranes. The apparent affinity of chloroplast transit peptides for chloroplast lipids and the tendency for unsaturated MGDG to adopt a hexagonal II phase organization are discussed as possible mechanisms for initiating the binding and/or translocation of precursors to plastid membranes. Other important roles for lipids in plastid biogenesis are addressed, including the spontaneous insertion of proteins into the outer envelope and thylakoid, the role of cubic lipid structures in targeting and assembly of proteins to the prolamellar body, and the repair process of D1 after photoinhibition. The current progress in the identification of the genes and their associated mutations in galactolipid biosynthesis is discussed. Finally, the potential role of plastid-derived tubules in facilitating macromolecular transport between plastids and other cellular organelles is discussed.
Probing the necessity of the lipoate cofactor in Plasmodium

Lipoate is an organosulfur cofactor that participates in several, well-conserved metabolic pathways in malaria parasites. The mitochondrial proteins of Plasmodium are lipoylated through the uptake ...
Two-Dimensional Echocardiography for Catheter Location and Placement in Infants and Children

This paper presents our experience with two-dimensional echocardiography in the detection of 61 intravascular catheters or wires in a series of 39 infants and children. It was possible to identify intravascular wires as small as 0.5 mm in diameter and intravascular catheters as small as 0.9 mm in diameter. In no instance, was an intravascular catheter not detected. The two-dimensional echocardiogram is demonstrated to be a tool to assist the physician in placement of intravascular catheters. In the catheterization laboratory, the two-dimensional echocardiogram is useful in determining catheter location, particularly in the presence of complex congenital defects. Two-dimensional echocardiographic guidance of catheters minimizes exposure to ionizing radiation.
How good is my test

Instructors must appraise the quality of their examinations, laboratory ratings, and any other test data upon which grade decisions are made. The basic concepts of test theory are reviewed to provide some support for making these appraisals. Four types of validity are discussed. The concept of reliability is presented along with a summary of various reliability coefficients and limitations on the interpretation of reliability. Practical suggestions are offered for instructors seeking to gauge the quality of their tests. The use of the standard error of measurement for estimating the likelihood of misgrading a student is demonstrated.
High degree efficient symmetrical Gaussian quadrature rules for the triangle

Gaussian quadrature is required for the computation of matrices based on the isoparametric formulztion of the finite element method. A brief review of existing quadrature rules for the triangle is given, and the method for the determination of high degree efficient symmetrical rules for the triangle is discussed. New quadrature rules of degree 12–20 are presented, and a short FORTRAN program is included.
Induction of Mitotic Cell Death by Overriding G2/M Checkpoint in Endometrial Cancer Cells with Non-functional p53

Abstract Objective Endometrial tumors with non-functional p53, such as serous uterine endometrial carcinomas, are aggressive malignancies with a poor outcome, yet they have an Achilles' heel: due to loss of p53 function, these tumors may be sensitive to treatments which abrogate the G2/M checkpoint. Our objective was to exploit this weakness to induce mitotic cell death using two strategies: (1) EGFR inhibitor gefitinib combined with paclitaxel to arrest cells at mitosis, or (2) BI2536, an inhibitor of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), to block PLK1 activity. Methods We examined the impact of combining gefitinib and paclitaxel or PLK1 inhibitor on expression of G2/M checkpoint controllers, cell viability, and cell cycle progression in endometrial cancer cells with mutant p53. Results In cells lacking normal p53 activity, each treatment activated CDC25C and inactivated Wee1, which in turn activated cdc2 and sent cells rapidly through the G2/M checkpoint and into mitosis. Live cell imaging demonstrated irreversible mitotic arrest and eventual cell death. Combinatorial therapy with paclitaxel and gefitinib was highly synergistic and resulted in a 10-fold reduction in the IC50 for paclitaxel, from 14nM as a single agent to 1.3nM in the presence of gefitinib. However, BI2536 alone at low concentrations (5nM) was the most effective treatment and resulted in massive mitotic cell death. In a xenograft mouse model with p53-deficient cells, low dose BI2536 significantly inhibited tumor growth. Conclusions These findings reveal induction of mitotic cell death as a therapeutic strategy for endometrial tumors lacking functional p53.
Children's influence in family decision-making: Examining the impact of the changing American family

Abstract Over the past thirty years, the structure of the traditional American family has changed markedly. Significant trends include older parents, delayed marriages, postponed childbearing, single-parent families, and stepfamilies. These profound social changes have had a significant impact on the lives of children and have conspired to change the child influence patterns often cited in the family decision-making literature. Results from two contemporary samples of 1463 families suggest that consideration should be given to the changing structure of the family and the type of product when identifying the characteristics which moderate children's influence.
Adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate: enzymatic spectrophotometric determination

Determination enzymatique et spectrophotometrique de l'adenosine diphosphate (ADP) et de l'adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Phosphorylation de l'ADP par une pyruvate kinase puis reduction du pyruvate en presence de NADH. Mesure de la consommation de NADH au spectrophotometre a 340 nm. Meme reaction pour l'AMP en ajoutant une myokinase
Complete three-dimensional multiparameter mapping of a supersonic ramp fuel injector flowfield

Planar laser-induced iodine fluorescence is used to map out the nonreacting mixing flowfield of an unswept ramp fuel injector using air injected at Mach 2.0 into a Mach 2.9 freestream. A fully automated test setup is used to measure time-averaged pressure, temperature, velocity, and injectant mole fraction on 21 crossflow planes and 7 axial planes. The measurement uncertainties are 5-8% for temperature, 4-10% for pressure, 10-20 m/s for velocity, and 2-3% for injectant mole fraction depending on the thermodynamic conditions. The measurements allow any desired gasdynamic quantity to be determined on a three-dimensional grid that spans the entire wind-tunnel test section. The experimental data set is comparable to the completeness of results normally available only from a computational fluid dynamics simulation. Results showing detailed flow features on specific planes, as well as overall quantities, such as global conservation checks, mixing performance, and flowfield losses, are presented. Mass, momentum, and energy flux, determined at the crossflow plane locations of the data set, show about a 2% standard deviation. The results are compared to a simulation using a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver. Agreement is reasonable with the exception of measurements in regions very close to walls, where the intensity of scattered light is high or where optical access is limited. The ability to generate extensive data sets, such as the one presented here, demonstrates that the planar laser-induced iodine fluorescence technique can be used 1) to generate detailed test cases for the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes and 2) as an alternative to computational fluid dynamics for performing design studies and performance evaluation in complex compressible flows.
Significance of the computed tomography finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis in liver transplantation.

Background: To evaluate the clinical significance of the computed tomographic finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis following liver transplantation. Methods: 105 computed tomography scans performed in 50 allografts, 6 days to 4 years following transplantation, were retrospectively reviewed and divided into two groups: those with and those without the computed tomographic finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis. Extrahepatic fluid, biliary dilatation, circumcaval rings, periportal collar, biochemistry, and random biopsies were correlated with the computed tomographic finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis. Results: Computed tomographic finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis was demonstrated at some point in 21 (42%) patients and was never demonstrated in 29 (58%) patients. The association of periportal collar with the computed tomographic finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis was significant; there was no significant association with other computed tomographic findings. There was no significant difference in serum transaminases between the two groups. There was no significant difference in necrosis on biopsy between the two groups; however, the association of acute cellular rejection with the computed tomographic finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis was significant. Conclusions: Computed tomographic finding of subcapsular hepatic necrosis is a common finding following liver transplantation, which has little clinical prognostic significance.
DOMAIN SWITCHING IN IRRADIATED FERROELECTRIC KH$sub 2$PO$sub 4$ OBSERVED BY ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE.

The first direct observation of domain switching in radiation damaged ferroelectric K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ using electron spin resonance is reported. This switching is demonstrated by the observation of a reversal in orientation for the \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} OP${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ free-radical ions during polarization of the damaged crystal by an electric field. The reversal is accomplished by an intramolecular charge transfer which permits reversal of the damage sites on the microscopic level.
Transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy: development and feasibility in the porcine model.

Abstract Objectives. To assess feasibility of laparoscopic nephrectomy completed entirely by way of the vagina in the porcine model. Methods. Six transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomies were performed in female farm pigs. Two acute and two 1-week survival animals were used for the study. Before killing the survival animals, a second transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed on the remaining renal unit. For one renal unit, the laparoscopic nephrectomy was completed entirely by way of the vagina. In five renal units, a single, 5-mm transabdominal trocar for the laparoscope was required to facilitate visualization. Results. The operative time for the procedure completed entirely by way of the vagina was 360 minutes, and the mean operative time for the procedures requiring placement of a single 5-mm transabdominal trocar was 210 minutes. In 5 cases, dissection, control of the renal pedicle, and extraction of the kidney were successfully completed using a transvaginal approach. In 1 acute case, an uncontrollable vascular injury occurred during placement of the Endo-GIA stapler, resulting in exsanguination. In all other cases, the mean blood loss was less than 30 mL, and no significant perioperative complications were noted. Both survival pigs had normal bowel and bladder function before being killed. Conclusions. Complete transvaginal laparoscopic dissection and nephrectomy is feasible in the porcine model using a single, 5-mm abdominal trocar for visualization. A completely transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed once, but limitations imposed by the porcine anatomy and by the currently available instrumentation made the procedure very cumbersome. Additional development of this technique in animal models and improved instrumentation is needed before clinical assessment is warranted.
Appalachian Hole Site Survey

Federal funding is expected to be officially approved soon for a 2-year, $2 million proposal to conduct the initial site survey for the proposed Appalachian continental drill hole as part of the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP), according to Robert Hatcher of the University of South Carolina and project director for the proposal. Three federal organizations—the Department of Energy, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the National Science Foundation—are participating jointly in CSDP.
Covariant statistical treatment of antiproton annihilation

Low-energy experimental results for antiproton-proton annihilation are used to determine interaction volumes for pions and kaons. The information so obtained is utilised to make predictions for production of elementary particles, excluding isobars, for antiproton momenta 3GeV/c, 6GeV/c, 9.14GeV/c.
The Differential Diagnosis of Levo-Transposed or Malposed Aorta An Angiocardiographic Study

The levo-transposed aorta has previously been considered diagnostic of corrected transposition of the great arteries and hence ventricular inversion in situs solitus. Increasing experience with conotruncal abnormalities has shown that an abnormally leftward aorta may be found in patients with normally related ventricles (D-ventricular loop) and hemodynamically complete transposition of the great arteries; anatomically corrected L-malposition of the great arteries; and rarely in patients with D-ventricular loop, double outlet right and left ventricles. Thus the levo-positioned aorta should suggest a wider spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities than previously thought. The specific angiocardiographic features of levo-transposition, anatomically corrected malpositions, and D-ventricular loop with levo-transposed aorta are presented in detail; and their differential diagnosis from the very uncommon D-loop, double outlet right and left ventricles with an L-malposed aorta is considered. The role of selective ...
State Estimator Measurement System Reliability Evaluation -- An Efficient Algorithm Based on Topological Observability Theory

This paper extends the authors' topological theory of network observability to develop an algorithm for the evaluation of the reliability of a measurement system for state estimation. This reliability evaluation algorithm is designed both to meet the demands of life-size systems and to provide information necessary for measurement system design improvement. The algorithm is applied to a 137-bus, 200-line system to demonstrate its effectiveness.
A study of the relationship between blood flow and bacterial inoculation in musculocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps

Regional nutrient blood flow to musculocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps was studied in dogs using 15-microns radiolabeled microspheres, and correlations to bacterial inoculation into closed wound spaces were sought. During the 6-day study period, no differences were found between blood flow to noinoculated versus inoculated flaps. Comparisons of blood flow to the deep surfaces of the flaps showed that blood flow to muscle in musculocutaneous flaps increased rapidly during the first 24 hours and then plateaued, while that to subcutaneous tissue plus fascia in fasciocutaneous flaps demonstrated a gradual and steady increase. The most rapid decline in bacterial counts at the undersurface of both flaps occurred within 24 hours, dropping significantly lower within musculocutaneous flaps. In addition to such surface properties of muscle as tissue ingrowth, rapid early augmentation of muscle blood flow may be largely responsible for superior bacterial suppression observed beneath musculocutaneous flaps.
Hypophysiotropic Role and Hypothalamic Gene Expression of Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor and Vasopressin in Rats Injected with Interleukin‐1β Systemically or into the Brain Ventricles

Intact adult male rats were injected intravenously (i.v., 400 ng/kg), intraperitoneally (i.p., 400 ng/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v., 100 ng/kg) with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or its vehicle. In comparison with vehicle-treated animals, IL-1β induced significant (P<0.01) increases in plasma ACTH levels measured 30 min later regardless of the route of cytokine administration. These changes were markedly blunted in rats administered specific antibodies directed against corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). In contrast, vasopressin (VP) antibodies significantly blunted ACTH released by the i.c.v. injection of IL-1β, but only modestly altered the effect of the systemic injection of the cytokine. We then used semi-quantitative in situ hybridization analysis to measure changes in steady-state mRNA levels, as they might occur in response to these same doses of IL-1β. Following administration of the vehicle, measurement of gene expression in the paraventricular (PVN) portion of the hypothalamus indicated a measurable amount of hybridization signals for both CRF and VP. No detectable changes in either CRF or VP gene expression were observed in rats injected with IL-1β i.v. or i.p. 5 h earlier. In contrast, the i.c.v. administration of the cytokine significantly (P<0.01) increased both CRF and VP mRNA levels measured 5 h later. These results suggest that while endogenous CRF modulates the response of the corticotrophs to this cytokine regardless of the route of administration, the role of VP is more important in rats injected centrally than in those injected peripherally. The observation that at the dose tested and over the time-course studied, systemic injection of IL-1β failed to alter CRF or VP gene expression, supports our earlier hypothesis that blood-born IL-1β acts primarily at the level of nerve terminals in the median eminence.
Connoisseur's Choice: Grossular, Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Les Sources Municipalité Régional de Comté Estrie, Québec, Canada

Although most rock-forming minerals elicit a “meh” attitude from many collectors, one important group of these minerals makes collectors sit up and take notice. The garnet group has great popularit...
Parents' Perceptions of Teacher Outreach and Parent Involvement in Children's Education

SUMMARY The present study investigated associations between parents' perceptions of various teacher outreach practices and self-reported parent involvement both at home and at school. A survey was administered to 246 parents whose children attended one of three inner-city schools in a Midwestern city. Overall, large percentages of parents reported helping their children with schoolwork at home, whereas smaller percentages reported engaging in ongoing school communication with classroom teachers. Results also indicated that, even after controlling for diverse sociodemographic variables (e.g., the educational and employment levels of both parents, child's grade, gender, and race) the strongest predictor of parent involvement was the parents' perceptions of teacher outreach. Specifically, the more parents perceived their child's teacher as valuing their contribution to their child's education, trying to keep them informed about their child's strengths and weaknesses, and providing them with specific suggesti...
Variations In The Conductive And Superconductive Properties Of {[tise2](l)[nbse2](m)}(n) Superlattices As A Function Of Superlattice Structure

An extensive set of {[TiSe2]l[NbSe2]m}n superlattices has been prepared through controlled annealing of elementally modulated reactants. Electrical conductances were measured from 1.5 K to room temperature. The room temperature conductances are linearly dependent on the number (m) of NbSe2 layers per repeat layer, and independent of the number (l) of semimetallic TiSe2 layers per repeat layer, suggesting that the electronic transport is dominated by the metallic NbSe2 layers. For small l, a positive temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is observed, indicative of normal metallic behavior. In general, increasing l reduces the TCR, and for smaller m, the TCR becomes negative at larger l. These samples exhibit a √T temperature dependence to the resistivity variation at low temperatures, characteristic of both weak localization and electron−electron interaction effects for three-dimensional electron flow in strongly disordered systems. Superconducting critical temperatures were also observed to depend s...
Epidemiologic analysis of an urban, public emergency department's frequent users.

Abstract. Objectives: To determine how the demographic, clinical, and utilization characteristics of emergency department (ED) frequent users differ from those of other ED patients. Methods: A cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study was performed using a database of all 348,858 visits to the San Francisco General Hospital ED during a five-year period (July 1, 1993, to June 30, 1998). A “frequent user” visited the ED five or more times in a 12-month period. Results: Frequent users constituted 3.9% of ED patients but accounted for 20.5% of ED visits. The relative risk (RR) of frequent use was high among patients who were homeless (RR = 4.5), African American (RR = 1.8), and Medi-Cal sponsored (RR = 2.1). Frequent users were more likely to be seen for alcohol withdrawal (RR = 4.4), alcohol dependence (RR = 3.4), and alcohol intoxication (RR = 2.4). Frequent users were also more likely to visit for exacerbations of chronic conditions, including sickle cell anemia (RR = 8.0), renal failure (RR = 3.6), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR = 3.3). They were less likely to visit for all forms of trauma (RR = 0.43). Survival analysis showed that only 38% of frequent users for one year remained frequent users the next year. However, 56% of frequent users for two consecutive years remained frequent users in the third year. Conclusions: Frequent use of the ED reflects the urban social problems of homelessness, poverty, alcohol abuse, and chronic illness. Frequent use of the ED shows a high rate of decline from one year to the next. This rate of decline slows after the first year and suggests the existence of a smaller group of chronic frequent users.
Electron Donors as Colorimetric Indicators of Protic Impurity Removal in Living Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene

Abstract Various tertiary amines including octyl-p-(dimethylamino)benzoate, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, ethyl-p-(dimethylamino)benzoate, and quinoline were examined as external electron donors in the living cationic polymerization of isobutylene using a 1,3-bis(2-chloro-2-propyl)-5-tert-butylbenzene (t-Bu-m-DCC)/ED/TiCl4 initiating system in hexane/methyl chloride cosolvents. These aromatic amines were observed to retard the rate of polymerization and, when added to the polymerization reaction in excess of the concentration of protic impurities, were observed to form vividly colored complexes with TiCl4. Under these conditions, initiation by protic impurities was suppressed, and the polymerizations were living as demonstrated by linearity of first-order kinetic and M n vs conversion plots, and absence of unsaturation at the polyisobutylene chain ends. When the concentration of amine was below that of protic impurities, the polymerizations were colorless and nonliving; thus these amines yield a colorimetric ...
A numerical method for the kinematic analysis of planar higher pairs in rolling contact

Abstract In this paper, a general mathematical model describing the planar motion of higher pairs in rolling contact has been used to derive a system of five nonlinear algebric equations. An iterative, but simple and efficient, numerical algorithm for solving these equations is presented. The computer code that implements this method is futher combined with the KINANL package to analyze complex planar mechanisms with embedded rolling-contact pairs. One complete example is used to illustrate the accuracy of this numerical method.
Dynamic Analysis of Rigid-Body Mechanisms Mounted on Flexible Support Structures — Planar Case

Computer-aided analysis of rigid-body mechanisms is combined with the finite element analysis of flexible structures to develop a computer model and derive the equation of motion, incorporating the Lagrange multiplier, to be used in the dynamic analysis of multi-rigid-body mechanisms mounted on flexible support structures. The resulting equations are solved by numerical integration. Predicting and analyzing the performance of the full system, including the motion of the system components and the forcing condition, during the engineering design process will promote the success of the entire system. Finally, a machine gun system with a flexible mount is given as a numerical example. The results reveal that the interaction between the rigid-body mechanisms and its flexible support structures importantly determines the performance of whole system. This study considers only the planar case. Our future work will propose a more complicated fully three-dimensional model.
Leaf respiration (GlobResp) - global trait database supports Earth System Models

Here we detail how Atkin and his colleagues compiled a global database (GlobResp) that details rates of leaf dark respiration and associated traits from sites that span Arctic tundra to tropical forests. This compilation builds upon earlier research (Reich et al., 1998; Wright et al., 2006) and was supplemented by recent field campaigns and unpublished data.In keeping with other trait databases, GlobResp provides insights on how physiological traits, especially rates of dark respiration, vary as a function of environment and how that variation can be used to inform terrestrial biosphere models and land surface components of Earth System Models. Although an important component of plant and ecosystem carbon (C) budgets (Wythers et al., 2013), respiration has only limited representation in models. Seen through the eyes of a plant scientist, Atkin et al. (2015) give readers a unique perspective on the climatic controls on respiration, thermal acclimation and evolutionary adaptation of dark respiration, and insights into the covariation of respiration with other leaf traits. We find there is ample evidence that once large databases are compiled, like GlobResp, they can reveal new knowledge of plant function and provide a valuable resource for hypothesis testing and model development.
A variable-free logic for mass terms.

This paper presents a logic appropriate for mass terms, that is, a logic that does not presuppose interpretation in discrete models. Models may range from atomistic to atomless. This logic is a generalization of the author's work on natural language reasoning. The following claims are made for this logic. First, absence of variables makes it simpler than more conventional formalizations based on predicate logic. Second, capability to deal effectively with discrete terms, and in particular with singular terms, can be added to the logic, making it possible to reason about discrete entities and mass entities in a uniform manner. Third, this logic is similar to surface English, in that the formal language and English are "well-translatable," making it particularly suitable for natural language applications. Fourth, deduction performed in this logic is similar to syllogistic, and therefore captures an essential characteristic of human reasoning.
NiTi with 3D-interconnected microchannels produced by liquid phase sintering and electrochemical dissolution of steel tubes

Abstract A process was developed for fabricating 3D fully interconnected microchannels in superelastic NiTi-Nb for bone implant applications by combining spaceholder powder metallurgy and liquid-phase sintering. Prealloyed NiTi powders were blended with 3.1 at.% Nb and cold-pressed around a 3D scaffold of carburized steel tubes acting as space-holders. The tubes were then electrochemically dissolved to form orthogonally interconnected microchannels with 400 μm diameter and ∼34% volume fraction. Finally, the powder preform was heated to 1185 °C to form a quasi-binary NiTi-Nb eutectic liquid, which liquid-phase-sintered the NiTi powders without filling the microchannels. The resulting continuously bonded matrix contains an additional 16% porosity, for a total structure porosity of ∼50%. NiTi-Nb micro-architectured structures have excellent potential as bone implant scaffolds due to the high versatility in channel size, fraction, and spatial arrangement. Fully interconnected 3D microchannels also increase fluid transport within the scaffold, assisting in nutrient delivery and waste transport to and from cells deep within the scaffold.
Decentralized control of the Tennessee Eastman Challenge Process

A decentralized control system is developed for the Tennessee Eastman Challenge Process (TE problem). The design procedure begins with the selection of the method for production-rate control, to which inventory controls and other functions are then coordinated. Results show that production rate can be maximized at any of the three standard product compositions, even when the feed of reactant A is lost. All specifications of the challenge problem are satisfied despite large disturbances in feed composition and reaction kinetics. Variability in product rate and quality is less than that seen in previous studies. The process can operate on-spec for long periods without feedback from composition measurements. Setpoints for certain variables (such as reactor temperature and concentrations of A and C in the reactor feed) must be chosen a priori, and the effect on operating cost is estimated. The performance of the proposed decentralized control is compared to that of a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) developed previously. There appears to be little, if any, advantage to the use of NMPC in this application. In particular, the decentralized strategy does a better job of handling constraints - an area in which NMPC is reputed to excel. Reasons for this are discussed.
Recall and recognition as a function of primary rehearsal.

Three flee-recall experiments were motivated by the common-sense notion that an item should be better remembered and less easily forgotten the greater the rehearsal devoted to the item. In each experiment, four lists of words were presented and a cue to remember or to forget was presented after each word in a list in turn. Before each cue was presented, however, there was a variable blank period during which subjects were required to hold the current word in memory. Immediate and final recall of to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten words were essentially independent of amount of rehearsal, whereas final recognition increased systematically with rehearsal. The results suggest the need for a distinction between rehearsal as a maintenance activity and rehearsal as a constructive activity.
Analysis of Constrained Damping Layers, Including Normal-Strain Effects

A beam partially covered with a constrained damping layer is analyzed. The longitudinal normal strain and shear strain in the viscoelastic layer are considered. Hamilton's principle is used to derive equations of motion and boundary conditions. A sixth-order equation is used to describe the portion of the beam covered with a constrained damping layer. The characteristic equations are solved numerically to determine normalized natural frequency and loss factor values. The loss parameter (normalized loss factor) is shown to be a function of the shear parameter gr; the geometric parameter Y T ; the normalized coverage length L c /L; dimensionless coefficients B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 ; and the core loss factor n 2 .It is shown that traditional constrained-layer damping theory that includes only shearing in the damping layer is inadequate for very small or very large values of the shear parameter. Optimal shear-parameter and coverage-length values are determined for a variety of boundary conditions. Results demonstrate the optimal values for the shear parameter and coverage length to obtain maximum damping levels. Plots are derived to determine the optimal coverage length for any shear-parameter value for maximum loss factor.
On the Odds of Catching Fish with Angling Gear

Abstract We have developed a probabilistic theory of angling for fish by which specific stochastic models of fishing are derived for the situation where encounter of baits (lures) by fish is random and where the fish are randomly distributed on the fishing ground. We have also developed maximum likelihood and moment estimators of population density which support the use of catch per unit soak time as an index of abundance. Methodology is presented for fishing depletion experiments and then applied to experimental data obtained from multispecies fishing near the Mariana Islands, western Pacific Ocean. We show that abundance estimates obtained with our methodology differ significantly (P < 0.05) from those obtained with a standard Leslie depletion morphology.
Paramutation and related allelic interactions

Paramutation is an allelic interaction that results in meiotically heritable changes in gene expression. Until recently, the few documented cases in higher plants seemed unusual and rare. This perception is rapidly fading because of the discovery of related examples and the growing recognition of epigenetic changes in a wide variety of biological systems.
Performance analysis and optimization for ARQ decode-and-forward relaying protocol in fast fading channels

In this paper, a new analytical approach is developed for the evaluation of the outage probability of decode-and-forward (DF) automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) relaying under packet-rate fading (fast fading) channels. Based on this approach, a closed-form asymptotically tight (as SNR → ∞) approximation of the outage probability is derived, and the diversity order of the DF cooperative ARQ relay scheme is shown to be equal to 2L - 1, where L is the maximum number of ARQ retransmissions. The closed-form expression clearly shows that the achieved diversity is partially due to the DF cooperative relaying and partially due to the fast fading nature of the channels (temporal diversity). Numerical and simulation studies illustrate the theoretical developments.
The Necessity of Multiple Test Methods in Conducting Assessments: The Role of the Rorschach and Self-Report

This article presents a logical and empirical argument for the necessity of a multi-method approach to psychological assessment. Both in clinical and forensic psychology, self-report methods such as questionnaires and interviews are popular. The Rorschach is presented in this article as an additional test method. The article describes recent meta-analyses that evaluate the construct validity of individual Rorschach scales and that serve as major guideposts in the development of a new Rorschach system (Rorschach Performance Assessment System). The combination of self-report and Rorschach methods is used to discuss the importance of multi-method assessment in the context of incremental validity and dissimulation. Practically speaking, the assessor should consider the test method as an indispensable part of the formula when choosing tests, writing reports, and generally understanding the client.
Adsorption behavior of Cu species in Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalysts

Abstract We have applied temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy (TPD) to resolve various adsorption sites present on co-precipitated Cu/ZnO catalysts. The TPD spectrum of CO shows a range of low energy binding states with heats of adsorption 12 ≤ Ed ≤ 18 kcal/mol. These adsorption sites are assigned to Zn cations, metallic Cu clusters, and dissolved Cu cations, in order of increasing adsorption energy. The H2 desorption spectrum shows two binding state with desorption energies of 21 and 30 kcal/mol. These states complete with CO adsorbed on dissolved Cu cations, but do not interfere with CO adsorption on Zn cations or metallic Cu. The relative population of the two H2 adsorption states changes during co-adsorption with CO, which suggests that the low- and high-energy H2 states can be assigned to Cu sites in oxidized or reduced form, respectively.
Durchstimmbarer, zweidimensionaler Supraleiter

Seit der Entdeckung der Hochtemperatur-Supraleitung im Jahr 1986 werden kristalline Schichten aus komplexen Oxiden intensiv erforscht. Diese Materialien zeigen neuartige und bisweilen unerwartete physikalische Eigenschaften, die zukunftige elektronische Schaltkreise revolutionieren konnten. Ein aktuelles Beispiel ist die Doppelschicht der Isolatoren Lanthanaluminat (LaAlO3) und Strontiumtitanat (SrTiO3) (Abbildung 1), an deren Grenzflache sich erstaunlicherweise ein zweidimensionales Elektronengas bildet, das bei tiefen Temperaturen sogar supraleitend wird.
The Comparable Interests of the Old Moral Philosophy and the Modern Social Sciences

I W HEN it is said so often that the social sciences had their origin in philosophy it is surprising to find that no historian of any one of them has yet analyzed the particular kind of philosophy from which they came, namely, moral philosophy. Whatever the reasons for the neglect, these questions are fair: How can a political scientist interpret Grotius correctly if he extracts from Grotius' work only those chapters which deal with government and international law specifically? How much of Adam Smith's economics do we know if we neglect the background of The Wealth of Nations? Why in a definitive way should Adam Ferguson be called a sociologist when he can with equal right be called psychologist, political scientist, economist, jurist, anthropologist, and teacher of ethics and aesthetics as well? These men were moral philosophers, with interests as wide as the customs and institutions of man. To be a moral philosopher was to be an analyst and interpreter of the current mores, and at the same time a protagonist of new relationships thought by the philosopher to be more highly ethical and advantageous. Not only do we put a false light on the moral philosopher when we claim him in one of the social sciences as if he had no other affiliations, but we also fail to see the separate social sciences themselves in true historical perspective when we forget that they once had a very definite pattern of belonging together and of inhering as one mass in a common set of presuppositions. Twentieth century social scientists, and even twentieth century philosophers it is suspected, are in the habit of too completely equating moral philosophy with ethics. It is true that the ultimate aim of that discipline was to bring about human relationships which would be in advance, ethically, of current practice. In the course of argument, however, the moralists' material included discussions of human nature, social forces, progress, marriage and family relationships, economic processes, maintenance of government, international relations, elementary jurisprudence, primitive customs, history of institutions, religion, ethics, aesthetics -all topics of import in the social sciences of our day. This comprehensive table of contents has been consistently characteristic of moral philosophy since the days when the discussions of Socrates were transcribed. Within such a mass of material there was a definite pattern of arrangement of the different sections. Usually in the beginning the moralist would take the reader into his confidence somewhat by setting forth his aims, his starting points and his methods. Here occur those definitions of science and scientific procedure which still rise up to confront an investigator and which should be intensely interesting to students of methodology and to historians of ideas. After setting out in view his working tools the writer would next lay what he considered his foundation stone, his discussion of the "facts" of human nature. This discussion was the requirement of most importance, to his
Maternal perspectives on the return of genetic results: context matters.

The objectives of this study were to study maternal preferences for the return of their child’s genetic results and to describe the experiences, perceptions, attitudes and values that are brought to bear when individuals from different racial and cultural backgrounds consider participating in genetic research. We recruited women with diverse sociodemographic profiles to participate in seven focus groups. Twenty-eight percent of participants self-identified as Hispanic; 49% as White, Non-Hispanic; and 21% as Asian or Asian American. Focus groups were conducted in English or Spanish and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic methods. Results indicated that preferences and decisions regarding the return of results may depend on both research and individual contextual factors. Participants understood the return of results as a complex issue, where individual and cultural differences in preferences are certain to arise. Another key finding was that participants desired an interpersonal, dynamic, flexible process that accommodated individual preferences and contextual differences for returning results. Our findings indicate a need to have well-developed systems for allowing participants to make and change over time their choices regarding the return of their child’s genetic results.
Past, Present, and Future of the Dairy Herd Improvement Section

Summary In this discussion I have tried to review for you the past, present, and future activity and interest of the Division in the National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Program as carried forward by our organizational unit known as the Dairy Herd Improvement Section. We sincerely believe that this is a most important research and service program of benefit to the dairy industry. Our leadership is committed to carry forward as efficiently as possible the Department's part of this program in a truly cooperative venture with the State Extension Services, farmer participants, and other interested groups. We look forward to an active growth in this program and an increasing impact it will have on the economical improvements in milk production.
Four principles for designing instructions

This paper gives four principles for preparing multimedia instructional sequences and experimental methods for applying the principles. It also describes the empirical experiments on which the principles are based. Principle 1 is a criterion for good terminology for unfamiliar objects, actions, and situations, with methods for deriving such terminology. Principle 2 tells how to overlap visual and spoken elements in time (as in a movie or a lecture with slides) to form good associations. Principle 3 states that division of instructions into conceptual units should agree with people's natural conceptualization. A method is presented for finding the natural conceptualization. Principle 4 treats mixing audiovisual instruction with hands-on practice in learning a procedure.
Estimating the economic benefits of positive shifts in fibromyalgia severity: an exploratory analysis based on modeling of clinical trial data of pregabalin.

AbstractObjective:To estimate the annualized differences in direct medical and indirect costs associated with improvement in fibromyalgia (FM) severity among pregabalin-treated patients.Methods:Data from three clinical trials of pregabalin in patients with FM were modeled; efficacy results were extrapolated. Mean annual costs (direct and indirect) were assigned based on FM severity levels (mild: $10,219; moderate: $26,217; severe: $42,456). FM severity levels were defined using established cut-points on the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). Mean annualized costs at end-point were estimated for all patients within each cohort and the mean differences in costs were compared using a regression model.Results:Relative to placebo, there was a significantly higher proportion of subjects with mild FM at end-point with pregabalin 450 mg and a significantly lower proportion of subjects with severe FM. Mean total costs were lower with pregabalin (300 mg, $25,721; 450 mg, $24,103) than placebo ($26,162). The d...
Endogenous and ectopic gland induction by FGF-10.

FGF-10, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, is expressed in mesodermally derived cell populations during embryogenesis. During normal ocular development, FGF-10 is expressed in the perioptic mesenchyme adjacent to the Harderian and lacrimal gland primordia. In this report, we provide evidence that FGF-10 is both necessary and sufficient to initiate glandular morphogenesis. Lens-specific expression of FGF-10 was sufficient to induce ectopic ocular glands within the cornea. In addition, lacrimal and Harderian glands were not seen in FGF-10 null fetuses. Based on these results we propose that FGF-10 is an inductive signal that initiates ocular gland morphogenesis.
Determination of the γ - π - ρ coupling constant from the −/+ ratio for photoproduction from deuterium

Gamma rays from a Ta radiator were allowed to fall on a liquid D target. The pions emitted were selected by a magnet spectrometer and were detected with a counter telescope. The ratio of pi⁻/ pi⁺ produced was determined, and corrections were made for p-p and pi -p coulomb interactions in the final state and for the n-p mass difference. This gave the ratio of the cross sections gamma + n yields pi⁻+ p and gamma + p yields pi⁺ n from which DELTA , the gamma - pi -p coupling constant, was estimated to be 0.1 plus or minus 0.3. (D.C.W.)
A review of empirical rape research: Victim reactions and response to treatment

Abstract The purpose of the following paper is to review results of recent empirical studies on victim reactions following rape and response to treatment. Results focus on three major research projects run concurrently in Atlanta, Pittsburgh and Charleston, as well as several smaller studies. The Atlanta study is described in detail and sampling bias is discussed. Short-term reactions are described and defined as those occurring during the first 3 months post-assault. During this time, most symptoms return to normal levels in most victims. Intermediate reactions, 3 months to one year post-assault, are described under four headings: depression, social adjustment, sexual functioning, and fear and anxiety. At the end of this interval, victims still score significantly higher than nonvictims on measures of fear and anxiety. Long-term reactions, defined as those continuing longer than one year post-assault, are discussed under four headings. No firm conclusions can be drawn as to the long-term symptoms experienced by victims versus nonvictims. Section IV reviews factors associated with adjustment to the assault. Factors within the rape situation are not clearly predictive of adjustment, but psychiatric history prior to the assault and amount of social support following the assault are predictive. In section V, empirical studies of behavior therapy with rape victims are reviewed. While all these studies were successful, they suffer from methodological flaws. Difficulties in doing rape research are discussed. Lastly, section VI offers a theoretical explication which draws on crisis theory to account for short-term and intermediate reactions and differential rates of recovery, and which draws on classical conditioning theory to account for continued high levels of fear and anxiety and selective anhedonia.