cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proliferation control of kidney interstitial cells

Expansion of interstitial cells in the adult kidney is a hallmark of chronic disease, whereas their proliferation during fetal development is necessary for organ formation. An intriguing difference between adult and neonatal kidneys is that the neonatal kidney has the capacity to control interstitial cell proliferation when the target number has been reached. In this study, we define the consequences of inactivating the TGF{beta}/Smad response in the interstitial cell lineage. We find that pathway inactivation through loss of Smad4 leads to over-proliferation of interstitial cells regionally in the kidney medulla. Genetic and molecular interaction studies showed that Smad3/4 participates in the Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway, which is responsible for promoting proliferation of interstitial cells. Specifically, Smad4 is required for the expression of the Wnt feedback inhibitor Apcdd1, and based on these findings we propose a model for interstitial cell proliferation control in which the Wnt/{beta}-catenin proliferative signal is attenuated by TGF{beta}/Smad signaling to ensure that proliferation ceases when the target number of interstitial cells has been reached in the neonatal medulla. Summary statementThis study describes a novel function for TGF{beta} signaling in the developing renal interstitium. Mice with Foxd1-Cre-mediated deletion of Smad4 have interstitial expansion and activated Wnt signaling.
Microbiota-independent antiviral effects of antibiotics on poliovirus and coxsackievirus

Coxsackieviruses primarily infect the gastrointestinal tract of humans, but they can disseminate systemically and cause severe disease. Using antibiotic treatment regimens to deplete intestinal microbes in mice, several groups have shown that bacteria promote oral infection with a variety of enteric viruses. However, it is unknown whether antibiotics have microbiota-independent antiviral effects for enteric viruses or whether antibiotics influence extra-intestinal, systemic infection. Here, we examined the effects of antibiotics on systemic enteric virus infection by performing intraperitoneal injections of either coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or poliovirus followed by quantification of viral titers. We found that antibiotic treatment reduced systemic infection for both viruses. Interestingly, antibiotics reduced CVB3 titers in germ-free mice, suggesting that antibiotic treatment alters CVB3 infection through a microbiota-independent mechanism. Overall, these data provide further evidence that antibiotics can have noncanonical effects on viral infection.
Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of hyperthyroidism in children

Graves′ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children, its clinical manifestations includes goiter, eye diseases (orbital diseases) and systemic hypermetabolism.Diagnosis includes thyroid function and etiological examinations.Treatment options includes anti-thyroid medications (ATDs), radioactive iodine therapy, and thyroid surgery.ATDs are the preferred treatment for children with hyperthyroidism, and attention should be paid to the adverse reactions associated with ATDs.Now, the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of hyperthyroidism in children are reviewed. Key words: Hyperthyroidism; Diagnosis; Treatment; Child
Eric rohmer’s film theory (1948-1953): from ‘école schérer’ to ‘politique des auteurs’: MARCO GROSOLI, 2018 amsterdam, amsterdam university press pp. 301, index, £40.95 (paper)

An entry in Amsterdam University Press’s Film Theory in Media History series, Marc Grosoli’s Eric Rohmer’s Film Theory (1948–1953): From ‘ecole Scherer’ to ‘Politique des auteurs’ comes at a key po...
Conformational entropy limits the transition from nucleation to elongation in amyloid aggregation

The formation of amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer9s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders is limited by a slow nucleation step due to the entropic cost to initiate the ordered cross-beta structure. While the barrier can be lowered if the molecules maintain conformational disorder, poorly ordered clusters provide a poor binding surface for new molecules. To understand these opposing factors, we used all-atom simulations to parameterize a lattice model that treats each amino acid as a binary variable with beta-sheet and non-beta states. We find that the optimal degree of order in a nucleus depends on protein concentration. Low concentration systems require more ordered nuclei to capture infrequent monomer attachments. The nucleation phase transitions to the elongation phase when the beta-sheet core becomes large enough to overcome the initiation cost, at which point further ordering becomes favorable and the nascent fibril efficiently captures new molecules.
Recommendations for positive psychology interventions in school settings

As positive psychologists learn more about what makes people feel happier, more productive, and more connected, it is natural to wonder how these lessons can be applied to our younger citizens. In ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) as a key enabling technology for next generation mixed reality (MR) experiences leading to mass adoption in enterprise and consumer spaces

Augmented, mixed and virtual Reality (AR/MR) headsets as well as smart glasses have the potential to revolutionize how we work, communicate, travel, learn, teach, shop and get entertained [1],[2]. An MR headset places virtual content into the user’s view of the real world, either via an optical see-through mode (AR/MR) or video-pass-through mode (VR/MR). Today, the return on investment for MR use has been demonstrated widely for the enterprise and defense sectors, but only partially for consumer. In order to meet the high market expectations especially for the upcoming consumer field, several challenges must be addressed, in a variety of fields: optics, display, imaging, sensing, rendering, and MR content. Across each of these fields, artificial intelligence and deep learning techniques can offer important gains in optimization of key performance criteria, allowing for systems to be more performant on more constrained resources.
Global Land Temperature Forecasting Using Long Short-Term Memory Network

Based on NASA’s 40 years of satellite data, earth has experienced drastic climatic changes in the form of sea-level rise, an increase in oceanic and atmospheric temperatures, depletion of the Ozone layer, and decrease in sea ice and snow cover. These observations point to the fact that the world is getting warmer, which significantly impacts humans and ecological systems. Forecasting global land temperature could help to identify the extent of devasting consequences on the natural habitat and shed light on the impact of policies, designed to mitigate them. Previous studies have attempted to forecast regional temperatures using traditional machine learning models. This paper uses a standard multi-layer perceptron, a simple Recurrent Neural Network, and a Long Short-Term Memory network to forecast next month’s global land temperature. Our results show that deep learning outperforms traditional machine learning models, including decision tree, random forest, and ridge regression.
Engendering Revolution: Women, Unpaid Labor, and Maternalism in Bolivarian Venezuela: by Rachel Elfenbein, Austin, TX, University of Texas Press, 2019, 288 pp., $34.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-4773-1914-7

In this well executed book, Rachel Elfenbein examines Venezuela’s Madres del Barrio (Mothers of the Neighborhood) and Article 88, the world’s first constitutional article to recognize the value of ...
Goblet cell adenocarcinoma: concepts and updates

Abstract Appendiceal goblet cell adenocarcinoma, previously called goblet cell carcinoid and adenocarcinoma ex goblet cell carcinoid, is a rare neoplasm that occurs almost exclusively in the appendix. Several classification and grading systems have been proposed that can separate patients into prognostic groups. This review will provide an update on various classification systems with emphasis on the newly published 2019 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors, which proposed a 3-tiered grading system for appendiceal goblet cell adenocarcinoma based on the extent of low and high-grade patterns.
The fight against human viruses: how NMR can help.

BACKGROUND COVID-19 has brought the world to its knees, and there is an urgent need for new strategies to identify molecules capable of fighting the pandemic. During the last few decades, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy has emerged as an intriguing structural biology instrument in the antiviral drug discovery field. OBJECTIVE The review highlights how a variety of NMR-based tools can be employed to better understand viral machineries, develop anti-viral agents and set-up diagnostic and therapeutic routes. METHODS Works summarized herein were searched through PubMed database and the Web. RESULTS The review focuses on a subset of human viruses that have been largely studied through NMR techniques. Indeed, NMR solid- or solution-state methodologies allow to gain structural information on viral proteins and viral genomes either in isolation or bound to diverse binding partners. NMR data can be employed to set up structure-based approaches to design efficient antiviral agents inhibiting crucial steps of viral life cycle. In addition, NMR-based metabolomics analyses of biofluids from virus-infected patients let identify metabolites biomarkers of the disease and follow changes in metabolic profiles associated with antiviral therapy thus paving the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. CONCLUSION Considering the NMR-based work conducted on different viruses, we believe that in the near future, much more NMR efforts will be devoted to discovering novel anti SARS-CoV-2 agents.
FPGA-based Edge Inferencing for Fall Detection

In the geriatric population, physical injuries sustained by an unintentional or an unpredictable fall on a hard surface is the leading cause of injury related morbidity and sometimes mortality. Each year, close to 30% of adults around the age group of 65 fall down at least once. In the year 2015, close to 2.9 million falls were reported, resulting in 33,000 deaths. As much as 61% of elderly nursing home residents fell at some point during their first year of residence. These falls may aggravate the situation leading to bone fracture, concussion, internal bleeding or traumatic brain injury when immediate medical attention is not offered to the person. Delay in course of the event may sometimes lead to death as well. Recently, many studies have come up with wearable devices. These devices that are now commercially available in the market are small, compact, wireless, battery operated and power efficient. This study discusses the findings that the optimal location for a Fall Detection Sensor on the human body is in front of the Shin bone. This is based on the 183 features collected from Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors placed on 16 human body locations and trained-tested using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) machine learning paradigm. The ultimate goal is to develop a mobile, wireless, wearable, low-power medical device that uses a small Lattice iCE40 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) integrated with gyro and accelerometer sensors which detects whether the device wearer has fallen or not. This FPGA is capable of realizing the Neural Network model implemented in it. This Insitu or Edge inferencing wearable device is capable of providing real-time classifications without any Transmitting or Receiving capabilities over a wireless communication channel.
Sheer Misery: Soldiers in Battle in World War II,

In this slender volume, Mary Louise Roberts, the WARF Distinguished Lucie Aubrac Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, takes on the task of exploring combat realities for Wes...
Modulation of 5-Fluorouracil Toxicity via Estrogen Receptor

Modulation of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) metabolism and toxicity by methotrexate (MTX) and other antimetabolites occurs in many cultured tumor cell lines, including the estrogen receptor positive human mammary carcinoma, 47-DN. The growth rate of this cell line depends on exogenously administered insulin and estradiol, and can be reversibly inhibited by the antiestrogen, tamoxifen (TAM).
The Second Amendment in Context: The Case of the Vanishing Predicate

Analyzes Supreme Court case law of Second Amendment. Traces the historical foundations of the Second Amendment in 17th and 18th century Anglo-American political thought, stressing the anti-standing-army trope in republican discourse. Explores the role of army and militia ideology in the American Revolution, and examines the drafting history of the Second Amendment. Explains that the militia of the framers - perhaps always more an ideal than an operating reality - disappeared in the early decades of the nineteenth century, and argues that the constitutionally described right to arms is largely without meaning absent the universal, compulsory privately armed state sponsored militia on which it was premised. Engages theories of constitutional construction and interpretation, and debates the interpretations of the right to arms developed by Akhil Amar, Carl Bogus, Sanford Levinson, and William Van Alstyne.
Training Multicultural Sales Managers

Today’s sales managers need comprehensive multicultural training to successfully prepare their sales forces to sell in increasingly diverse domestic and foreign markets. Yet, the sparse literature on sales management training indicates that most sales managers do not receive any training for their multicultural roles. Unless sales managers begin receiving multicultural training, their sales forces and their companies will have difficulty competing in the 21st Century.
Enforcing time domain specifications through the robust performance and H/sub /spl infin// optimization problem

This paper presents a method in which the performance weights W/sub 1/(s) and W/sub 1/(s) of the robust performance problem and/or the H/sub /spl infin// optimization problem can be chosen to enforce hard time domain constraints. The class of systems addressed are single-input-single-output (SISO) regulating systems required to maintain the output within a prespecified time domain tolerance despite: i) plant uncertainty, ii) an external step disturbance, and iii) actuator limitations (i.e., output saturation and bandwidth). The performance weights are constructed from the feedback configuration and facilitate disturbance maximization.
Chapter 9 Application of Quartz Microresonators to Uncooled Infrared Imaging Arrays

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the potential of microresonator arrays as IR sensors. It shows combining the low noise characteristics of quartz crystal oscillators, the steep frequency versus temperature characteristics of resonators made of certain cuts of quartz, and the small thermal mass and high thermal isolation capability of microresonators can result in high-performance IR sensors and sensor arrays. Calculations based on the properties of quartz resonators indicate that high-frequency microresonator arrays can potentially result in high-performance sensors. In optimizing the performance of a microresonator sensor array, one must find the proper balance between the thermal conductance from each microresonator to a heat sink and the heat capacity of the resonator (which is determined by the frequency of the resonator). Another important balance that needs to be found is between the drive level of the resonator (and the resulting self-heating) and the noise characteristics (i.e., the optimum frequency measurement method). Although the design and fabrication of microresonator arrays present many challenges, if the obstacles can be overcome, microresonator arrays can potentially result in high-performance sensors.
Mass-Forming Inflammatory Lesions of the Orbit

Inflammatory pathology, ranging from simple foreign body granuloma, to the most complex vasculitis of a collagen tissue disease, may develop space-occupying mass lesions in the orbit and present with proptosis owing to volume increase in the bony chamber. The majority of these disorders present with specific ocular/orbital signs and symptoms and systemic manifestations which would differentiate them from neoplastic conditions. This chapter details the salient clinical features of the common, mass-forming inflammatory lesions, which can be confused with primary, secondary, and metastatic orbital neoplasms.
Computational aspects of high-throughput crystallographic macromolecular structure determination.

Chapter 4 Computational aspects of high-throughput crystallographic macromolecular structure determination Paul D. Adams, Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve and Axel T. Brunger Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, BLDG 64R0121, Berkeley CA 94720, USA. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Structural Biology, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, J. H. Clark Center E300-C, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
In vivo swine kidney viscoelasticity during acute gradual decrease in renal blood flow: pilot study (Viscoelasticidad renal durante la disminución gradual de flujo sanguíneo en un modelo porcino in vivo: estudio piloto)

Elasticity imaging methods have been used to study kidney mechanical properties and have demonstrated that the kidney elastic modulus increases with disease state. However, studies in swine suggest that kidney elastic modulus is also affected by hemodynamic variables. A newly emerging method called Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) offers a tool to determine renal elasticity and viscosity in vivo. The purpose of this study was directed toward evaluating the feasibility of SDUV for in vivo measurements of healthy swine kidney during acute gradual decease of renal blood flow. In this study in vivo SDUV measurements were made on a group of 5 normal swine kidneys at baseline renal blood flow (RBF) and 25, 50, 75 and 100% decrease in RBF. The shear elastic modulus at full baseline was 7.04 ± 0.92 kPa and 3.48 ± 0.20 kPa at 100% decrease in RBF. The viscosity did not change between baseline (2.23 ± 0.33 Pa•s) and 100% decrease in RBF (2.03 ± 0.32 Pa•s). The data from this study indicates that other variables such as local blood flow, pressure and volume as well as method accuracy need to be measured to illustrate the relationship between shear elasticity and viscosity associated with acute kidney processes. Resumen: Metodos de imagenes de elasticidad se han utilizado para estudiar las propiedades mecanicas renales y han demostrado que el modulo elastico de los rinones del aumenta con el estado de enfermedades renales. Sin embargo, estudios en cerdos sugieren que el rinon modulo elastico tambien se ve afectada por las variables hemodinamicas. Un metodo emergente llamado Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) ofrece una herramienta para determinar la elasticidad y la viscosidad renal. El proposito de este estudio se dirige a la evaluacion de la viabilidad de SDUV para mediciones las propiedades viscoelasticas del rinon saludable durante variacion aguda del flujo sanguineo renal. En este estudio el metodo SDUV se realizo en un grupo de 5 rinones porcinos normales al inicio del flujo sanguineo renal (RBF) basal y 25, 50, 75 y 100% de disminucion en el RBF. El modulo elastico basal fue de 7,04 ± 0,92 kPa y 3,48 ± 0,20 kPa a 100% de disminucion del RBF. La viscosidad no cambio entre el momento basal (2,23 ± 0,33 Pa • s) y el 100% de disminucion del RBF (2,03 ± 0,32 Pa • s). Los datos de este estudio indican que variables tales como el flujo local de sangre, la presion y el volumen asi como el metodo exactitud deben ser medidos para ilustrar la relacion entre la elasticidad y la viscosidad asociada con los procesos renales agudos.
Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antioxidant effects in healthy postmenopausal women

Background: Controversy exists about the ability of soy protein and isoflavones to modulate vascular reactivity and biochemical cardiovascular disease risk markers in healthy, normolipidemic postmenopausal women. Objective: The objective was to investigate whether the consumption of soy protein with isoflavones would result in improved vascular reactivity and decreased biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, independent of enhanced lipid and antioxidant effects. Design: Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 28) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, and they consumed 25 g of 3 protein products/d for 6 wk each, with intervening washout periods. The products were isolated soy protein with isoflavones, ethanol-washed isolated soy protein with trace isoflavones, and total milk protein, which supplied 107, 2, and 0 mg total isoflavone (aglycone) units/d, respectively. We studied vascular function by using brachial artery reactivity values, plasma concentrations of vasoactive factors, endothelial inflammatory markers, and plasma isoflavone concentrations. The resistance of whole plasma and isolated LDL to copper-mediated oxidation was measured by conjugated diene formation. Results: Postocclusion peak flow velocity of the brachial artery was significantly (P = 0.03) lower after treatment with isolated soy protein with isoflavones, which is consistent with a vasodilatory response, than after treatment with total milk protein. Plasma isoflavones and metabolites were significantly (P < 0.01) higher after treatment with isolated soy protein with isoflavones. There were no significant changes in biochemical cardiovascular disease risk markers or conjugated diene formation between the 3 dietary groups. Conclusion: Daily consumption of soy protein with isoflavones can result in positive vascular effects that are independent of lipid and antioxidant effects in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:123‐30.
High-intensity inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severely reduced function.

PURPOSE This study examined the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with high-intensity inspiratory pressure loads on respiratory muscle performance and exertional dyspnea. METHODS This was a randomized single-blind clinical trial. Twenty-seven patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (18 men, 9 women) with severe to very severe airflow obstruction and severely limited functional performance were assigned randomly to an IMT group (n = 12) or an educational control group (n = 15). The IMT group trained with a threshold loaded device for 30 minutes a day for 16 weeks using interval training techniques. Training was initiated with inspiratory pressure loads equal to 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure (Plmax) and increased as tolerated to 60% of Plmax. Dependent variables were measured before and after 4 months of IMT: inspiratory muscle strength (Plmax), respiratory muscle endurance (discontinuous incremental threshold loading test [DC-ITL]), dyspnea (Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire [CRQ]), and the Borg Category-Ratio Scale ratings of perceived breathing difficulty (RPBD) at equal loads during the DC-ITL. RESULTS In the IMT group, Plmax increased from 64 +/- 15 to 75 +/- 17 cm H2O (P < .05), performance on the DC-ITL test increased from a maximal load of 37 +/- 12 to 53 +/- 13 cm H2O (P < .05), RPBD decreased from 5.5 +/- 2.5 to 3.8 +/- 2.6 for equal loads on the DC-ITL (P < .05) and the CRQ Dyspnea Scale improved from 18.1 +/- 5.1 to 22.4 +/- 5.2 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Inspiratory muscle training at high-intensity loads significantly improved inspiratory muscle strength, respiratory muscle endurance, and respiratory symptoms during daily activities and respiratory exertion.
Ritz series analysis of rotating shaft system: Validation, convergence, mode functions, and unbalance response

A shaft with attached rigid disks is modeled as a rotating Timoshenko beam supported by nonconservative, flexible bearing supports. The continuous shaft-disk system is described with kinetic and potential energy functionals that fully account for transverse shear, translational and rotatory inertia, and gyroscopic coupling. Ritz series expansions are used to describe the flexural displacements and cross-sectional rotations about orthogonal fixed axes. The equations of motion are derived from Lagrange's equations and placed in a state-space form that preserves the skew-symmetric gyroscopic matrix as well as the full effects of the bearings. Both the general and adjoint eigenproblems for the nonsymmetric equations are solved. Bi-orthogonality conditions lead to the ability to evaluate dynamic response via modal analysis. Whirl speeds and logarithmic decrements calculated with the present model are verified with a finite element analysis. The present work provides two ways of evaluating the convergence of results to demonstrate an advantage of the Ritz method over other discretization methods. Natural mode functions and unbalance response are calculated for an example system.
Measurements of potassium ion activity in the cytoplasm of the Characeae as a test of the sorption theory.

THE recent measurements of the potassium ion activity in the cytoplasm of cells of Chara australis1 are of greater significance than the author suggests, because measurements of the ionic concentrations in the cytoplasm of other fresh water Characeae have already been made2,3. Comparison of activities and concentrations provides information about the state of the ions in the cytoplasm which may be used to test the “membrane” and “sorption”4,5 theories of ion transport.
Theory and Performance of AIMS for Active Interrogation

A hybrid Monte Carlo and deterministic methodology has been developed for application to active interrogation systems. The methodology consists of four steps: i) determination of neutron flux distribution due to neutron source transport and subcritical multiplication; ii) generation of gamma source distribution from (n, γ ) interactions; iii) determination of gamma current at a detector window; iv) detection of gammas by the detector. This paper discusses the theory and results of the first three steps for the case of a cargo container with a sphere of HEU in third-density water. In the first step, a response-function formulation has been developed to calculate the subcritical multiplication and neutron flux distribution. Response coefficients are pre-calculated using the MCNP5 Monte Carlo code. The second step uses the calculated neutron flux distribution and Bugle-96 (n, γ ) cross sections to find the resulting gamma source distribution. Finally, in the third step the gamma source distribution is coupled with a pre-calculated adjoint function to determine the gamma flux at a detector window. A code, AIMS (Active Interrogation for Monitoring Special-Nuclear-materials), has been written to output the gamma current for an source-detector assembly scanning across the cargo using the pre-calculated values and takes significantly less time than a reference MCNP5 calculation.
Ellipsometry of rough surfaces

Ellipsometry measurements on several different kinds of rough surfaces were compared with stylus measurements of the surface texture. For steeply sloped periodic surfaces, the ellipsometric angles Δ and ψ varied rapidly as the angle of incidence was varied near a diffraction minimum. This effect is interpreted in terms of the Kirchhoff theory and is ascribed to interference between singly and doubly reflected light waves. For a set of Ni replicas of machined surfaces with random surface profiles, Δ and ψ varied systematically with surface texture. These variations persisted even after the surface composition was changed by evaporating first Al then Au on the surfaces. The systematic effects due to surface roughness are in disagreement with those of a previous experiment and are not readily explainable in terms of the Kirchhoff theory. The possible reasons for this are discussed along with the prospects for using ellipsometry as a tool for measuring surface roughness.
Wordsworth’s “System,” the Critical Reviews, and the Reconstruction of Literary Authority

This essay examines the critical reviews’ responses to Wordsworth’s 1807 Poems in Two Volumes, 1814 Excursion, and 1815 Poems, and specifically the repeated charge that he has constructed a “system,” in relation to Wordsworth’s attempt to reconstruct his relationship to the reading public and authorize himself a poet. Many reviewers identified Wordsworth’s “system”—his rejection of traditional poetic diction and subject matter for his own highly theorized poems of simple and rustic speech and rustic life—as a challenge to traditional poetic authority and the cultural and social hierarchy that defined literature, hence as politically and socially dangerous. Although Wordsworth’s poetry and theory did have systematic ambitions, this essay argues that he was primarily concerned with constructing an author‐centered poetics to justify his own professional autonomy, independent from traditional mediating structures of authority. The figure of the Pedlar in the Excursion, together with critics’ responses, provid...
INFERENCE VERSUS IMPRINT IN CLIMATE MODELING

A statistical inference method known as e-machine reconstruction is introduced as a modeling procedure for turbulent transport processes in a climate model. Observational data on the atmospheric boundary layer obtained with a radar wind profiler, a radio-acoustic sounding system, and a Raman lidar system was assembled to construct this type of model for use within the unresolved (sub-grid) scales of a numerical climate model. An ensemble of 500 single-column model runs using the inferred sub-grid turbulent transport models demonstrated comparable performance to an identical ensemble of runs using the standard, eddy-diffusivity parametrizations for the turbulent transport. The primary advantages of the e-machine models are that they are a less biased modeling framework for complex processes such as turbulent transport, and that they are more memory efficient.
Optical properties and carrier dynamics of ensembles of InP nanowires grown on non-single-crystal platforms

Optically active InP nanowires were grown on a quartz substrate covered with a layer (100 nm) of hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si:H) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), demonstrating that single-crystal semiconductor nanowires can be formed on non-single-crystal surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence (CL), and photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterize the structural and optical properties of the nanowires. The nanowires on a-Si:H grew in random directions with high density. The XRD suggests that nanowires having either hexagonal-close-packed or face-centered cubic lattices co-exist. The Raman spectrum shows peaks associated with transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) branches of InP. The CL intensity does not vary significantly along the growth direction and appears to be originated from the entire structure of the nanowire when probed at various positions. The CL data suggests that recombination is slow enough to allow the carriers to diffuse the complete length of the nanowires (~2 um in length) before recombining. The PL spectrum suggested the nanowire tip which has a size close to Bohr radius 8.52 nm contributed to the observed blue shift while the root part had nearly bulk feature in their structure.
Shadowing effects on the nuclear suppression factor, R sub dAu, in d +Au interactions

We explore how nuclear modifications to the nucleon parton distributions affect production of high transverse momentum hadrons in deuteron-nucleus collisions. We calculate the charged hadron spectra to leading order using standard fragmentation functions and shadowing parameterizations. We obtain the d+Au to pp ratio both in minimum bias collisions and as a function of centrality. The minimum bias results agree reasonably well with the BRAHMS data while the calculated centrality dependence underestimates the data and is a stronger function of p{sub T} than the data indicate.
TrapEase™ Vena Cava Filter: A Case of Filter Migration and Pulmonary Embolism After Placement

Inferior vena cava filters provide an alternative method of protection against pulmonary embolism in situations where anticoagulation either fails or is contraindicated. These filters are easily placed, with a relatively minor risk of complications. Currently, we know of only one reported case of filter migration using the TrapEase™ filter. We present a case report of a migrating TrapEase filter, as well as pulmonary embolism after TrapEase filter placement. This complication developed in a 31-year-old trauma patient who developed bilateral popliteal deep vein thromboses and an initial pulmonary embolus while on low molecular weight heparin.
Clock gating effectiveness metrics: Applications to power optimization

Effective implementation and efficient utilization of clock gating logic is a critical element for dynamic power optimization. In this paper we propose three new clock gating effectiveness metrics to assess the quality of clock gating. We then propose applications of these metrics combined with RT level activity profiles, that enable accurate power estimation at downstream physical design stages. The approach apart from providing power optimization quality assessment, also provides 10X improvement in power estimation cycle time. Results on a 65 nm design have been presented to prove the claim.
Identification and characterization of Eutypa leptoplaca, a new pathogen of grapevine in Northern California.

Although Eutypa lata is the main agent of Eutypa dieback of grapevine, another species of Eutypa has been isolated from diseased grapevines in Northern California. Stromata of this recently discovered Eutypa were also collected from Acer macrophyllum, A. negundo, and Fraxinus latifolia in the vicinity of vineyards, and appeared commonly on Umbellularia californica in some mixed-evergreen forests of Napa and Sonoma counties. This second species of Eutypa was distinguished from E. lata because of the sulcate ostiole of the perithecium and smaller ascospores. A morphological comparison with type specimens revealed identical features between the Californian isolates and E. leptoplaca sensu Rappaz (1987). This identification was confirmed through phylogenetic analyses of Eutypa spp. based on the complete sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rDNA and partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene. These analyses also separated collections of E. maura, E. sparsa, E. lejoplaca, E. tetragona, E. leptoplaca and E. lata, confirming the previously proposed species concepts. The pathogenicity of E. leptoplaca on grapevine was established using isolates collected from Vitis vinifera, U. californica, and A. macrophyllum. The importance of E. leptoplaca in relation to Eutypa dieback and its role as a necrotrophic pathogen are discussed.
Book Review: Bringing Science into Focus

Microscopes are among the most recognizable and ubiquitous of all scientific tools. Yet few people outside of science or engineering are familiar with how microscopes work or feel comfortable using one. This perception is illustrated clearly in one of Gary Larson's well-known cartoons, which features a “yussie” (young urban scientist) showing off his new car microscope. The message is clear: Microscopes are part of a separate world that has different values and different “toys.”
Reaching the limits: A geographic approach for understanding food insecurity and household hunger mitigation strategies in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, USA

Research on hunger and food security in the Global South and the Global North has often emphasized different factors and scales of analyses. Unlike newer monitoring systems in the Global South, which evolved substantially following critiques by Amartya Sen, US food security research has rarely combined the two dimensions of food availability and food access. Furthermore, this research has paid scant attention to household coping strategies. This study responds to this lacuna in US hunger research by developing a spatial model for predicting risk to food insecurity based on proxy measures for access (three demographic variables) and availability (grocery store density). The study then employs qualitative methodologies (surveys and semi-structured interviews) to understand household coping strategies in two ethnically distinct areas in Minneapolis-Saint Paul at risk to food insecurity. One neighborhood is dominated by Southeast Asian and East African immigrants and the other by African-Americans. This approach should allow for better targeting of food aid and programs that help alleviate food insecurity.
Therapeutic targets in subependymoma

Subependymomas are usually treated with surgical resection; however, no standard, defined alternative medical therapy is recommended for patients who are not surgical candidates, owing to a paucity of molecular, immunological, and genetic characterization. To address this, an ex vivo functional analysis of the immune microenvironment in subependymoma was conducted, a subependymoma cytokine/chemokine microarray was constructed for the evaluation of operational immune and molecular pathways, and a subependymoma cell line was derived and used to test a variety of cytotoxic agents that target operational pathways identified in subependymoma. We found that immune effectors are detectable within the microenvironment of subependymoma; however, marked immune suppression is not observed. The subependymoma tissue microarrays demonstrated tumor expression of p53, MDM2, HIF-1α, topoisomerase II-β, p-STAT3, and nucleolin, but not EGFRvIII, EphA2, IL-13RA2, CMV, CTLA-4, FoxP3, PD-1, PD-L1, EGFR, PDGF-α, PDGF-β, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, PTEN, IGFBP2, PI3K, MDM4, IDH1, mTOR, or Jak2. A topoisomerase inhibitor (WP744, IC50=0.83 μM) and a p-STAT3/HIF-1α inhibitor (WP1066, IC50=3.15 μM) demonstrated a growth inhibition of the subependymoma cell proliferation. Cumulatively, these data suggest that those agents that interfere with oncogenes operational in subependymoma may have clinical impact.
HOUSING POLICY IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES: Evaluating the Macroeconomic Impacts*

This paper presents a view of the role of the housing sector in developing countries which emphasizes the potentially high macroeconomic costs of inappropriate housing policies. Traditional public finance perspectives on the role of housing in the economy focus on the efficiency and equity implications of the rather modest levels of government spending in the housing sector. The paper points out that this traditional approach is misleading in that it is less government's spending in the sector than its role in defining regulatory frameworks, pricing policies, and policies affecting the financial sector that comprise the major instruments for influencing the performance of the housing sector and, in turn, the way its performance affects macroeconomy. The paper presents a simplified framework for analyzing how housing policies influence the housing sector and the macroeconomy. Simple applications of the framework suggest that the macroeconomic implications of housing policy choices can be of major importance. This is emphasized by two case studies, one in Argentina and one in Poland, where recent policies appear to have had major impacts on broad macroeconomic aggregates such as levels of investment, price and wage levels, and savings rates.
High-school smoking prevention: Results of a three-year longitudinal study

This study compared two strategies for preventing cigarette smoking among high-school students. One strategy emphasized social-pressure resistance skills, while the other focused on education about health concerns which are relevant to high-school students. Additionally, the use of same-age peer leaders and the use of familiar models in media presentations were investigated. The results suggest that social-influences resistance training was efficacious in reducing transitions to higher use by those who had previously experimented with cigarettes. Health education was most effective in preventing initial experimentation among those who had not smoked prior to the beginning of the study. Neither program was effective in limiting transitions among those who had gone beyond the experimental stage of smoking, and neither had any effect on encouraging cessation. There were no differences which could be attributed to peer leaders or to familiar media models. During later adolescence, a combined health education and social skills training approach is advocated. It is suggested that while there are some gains by implementing programs during late adolescence, prevention programs targeted at younger students may be more effective generally.
Adipose tissue-derived tumor necrosis factor activity correlates with fat cell size but not insulin action in aging rats.

Adipose tissue-derived tumor necrosis factor (AT-TNF) protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) has been shown to correlate with insulin resistance in some studies. However, in a study using different aged Fischer 344 rats, AT-TNF activity correlated more strongly with cell size than with fasting plasma insulin. The present study was undertaken to more carefully examine the relationship among AT-TNF, adipose cell size, and insulin action using more precise measures of insulin action. Basal and hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamps were performed in male Sprague Dawley rats at four different ages (8, 13, 21, and 61 weeks old). [3-3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-d-[1-14C]glucose were used to assess glucose kinetics and tissue-specific glucose uptake. Because TNF activity represents the summation of TNF synthesis, secretion, and the amount of soluble inhibitors present, TNF activity was measured using a bioassay, in addition to measuring TNF protein and mRNA levels. AT-TNF activity increased significantly with age, as did the g...
Evidence-Based Practice in Social Work: Challenges and Opportunities for Clinicians and Organizations

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is increasingly emphasized in social work, yet effective approaches for translating research evidence into social work practice remain elusive. Despite a growing body of evidence describing effective interventions with a variety of populations, social workers continue to encounter substantial challenges with incorporating knowledge gained from these intervention studies into their routine practice with clients. This paper presents the current research outlining the known barriers and promoters to using EBP in social work clinical practice. Because social workers practice within the context of organizations, we consider the barriers that exist at both the individual and organizational levels that affect clinical social work practice. In addition to addressing the various challenges to incorporating research evidence into practice, we will also discuss a variety of emergent opportunities accompanying the move toward EBP that can be leveraged by clinicians in their social work practice with clients.
The Underwater Sound Reference Division-a national resource for the underwater acoustics community

The Underwater Sound Reference Division (USRD) is the only organization sanctioned by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to provide traceable underwater acoustic transducer and hydrophone calibrations for the U.S. Navy, industry, research, and education. Initially conceived as a result of the successful operation of German U-boats leading up to WWII, the USRD continues to maintain a principal role in the numerous and varied facets of underwater acoustic measurements, calibrations and testing. As a government organization, the USRD mission is to ensure the accuracy of acoustic measurements through our USRD facilities, measurement methodology, and transducer standards. The USRD provides access to measurement facilities and a wide range of calibrated transducer types within the U.S. and internationally. The USRD maintains a complex of six measurement facilities that provide a broad range of frequency, temperature, and hydrostatic pressures. Also maintained is an inventory of calibrated underwater transducers and reference standards that can be used to verify acoustic measurements at different facilities. Ongoing research in underwater acoustic measurement metrology results in added facilities for specific applications and enhanced capabilities to existing facilities. Reference transducers and acoustic sources are updated and modernized as new technologies emerge. Moved from its initial location in Orlando, FL, it is currently located in Newport, RI and continues to accomplish its original mission to provide measurement facilities, measurement methodology research, technical consulting, and calibrated transducer standards within the U.S. and overseas.
Testing for non-target effects of spinosad on twospotted spider mites and their predator Phytoseiulus persimilis under greenhouse conditions.

The compatibility of the selective insecticide spinosad (Conserve SC®), at rates recommended for thrips control in greenhouses, with release of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to control spider mites, was investigated in a crop of ivy geranium Pelargonium peltatum, cultivar ‘Amethyst 96.’ Plants were inoculated with twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), 2 weeks before treatments were applied. There were three treatment variables, each at two levels: predators (released or not), spray application (water or Conserve SC® at 2 ml/3.79 l), and timing of spray (1 day before or after predators were released). Twospotted spider mite populations then were sampled twice each week over a three-week period. The application or timing of spinosad had no effect on the ability of the predator to reduce the population of spider mites. Spider mite populations in the no-predator treatment continued to expand over the course of the experiment, while those in the predator-release treatment declined. We conclude that P. persimilis can be used in conjunction with spinosad on ivy geraniums without causing obvious detrimental effects to this predator or leading to a reduction in biological control.
Population Ecology of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Grain Sorghum in Central Missouri

The population ecology of Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) was investigated in Missouri during the summers of 1979 and 1980. Population numbers of S. graminum were sampled and correlated with various biotic and abiotic factors, namely, numbers of predators and parasites, days after planting, daily ambient air temperature means and extremes, microhabitat air temperature means and extremes, daily relative humidity and weekly rainfall. Stepwise regression and life-table analysis methods were used. In 1979, the number of after planting and coccinellid predators were of greatest significance in influencing S. graminum numbers, whereas during 1980, numbers of coccinellid and Chrysopa larvae correlated significantly with S. graminum densities
Personality and the enactment of emotion.

The meaning of personality traits for social interaction was investigated by exploring the personality correlates of abilities to pose emotions. This framework focuses on individual differences in socio-emotional skills. Thirty one males and 37 females were videotaped while attempting to communicate seven basic emotions nonverbally (i.e., using standard content communications), and sending success was measured by showing edited videotapes to judges. Hypothesized relationships between “acting” ability and scores on the Jackson Personality Research Form and the Eysenck Personality Inventory were then examined. The findings were seen to have implications for predicting individual strengths and weaknesses in social interaction as a function of certain personality traits and for understanding person perception.