cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Male Counselor and the Female Rape Victim

Because rape represents a sexualized form of aggression directed most frequently against women, it is not surprising that female mental health professionals have assumed leadership both in studying the phenomena and in developing methods to assist victims in the posttraumatic period (Bassuk, Savitz, McCombie, & Pell, 1975). Clinical experience indicates that female rape victims may prefer to relate to women counselors during the acute phases of the crisis, perhaps because the victims assume that a woman can offer them empathy and understanding in this situation. However, the reality of crisis intervention work, whether carried out in the setting of the general hospital emergency ward, an acute psychiatric service unit, the local mental health center, or similar facilities, often dictates that male counselors, mental health workers, psychiatric residents, or physicians may be the first or only persons available to the female victims of rape. It is the purpose of this chapter to consider some of the possible difficulties inherent in being a male helping person assisting women in crisis following rape. It is hoped that these speculations will encourage others to share their impressions and experiences in this clinical area and that increased awareness of these problems may reduce the likelihood that they will interfere with potentially helpful intervention efforts.
Analyses of a genic male-sterile mutant in soybean

Genetic and cytological studies were conducted with a new male-sterile, femalefertile soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutant. This mutant was completely male sterile and was inherited as a single-recessive gene. No differences in female or male gamete transmission of the recessive allele were observed between reciprocal cross-pollinations in the Fi or Fa generations. This mutant was not allelic to any previously identified soybean genie male-sterile mutants: ms1, ms2, ms3, ' Reprinted with permission of journal Sexual Plant Reproduction, 1997, 10:13-21. Joint contribution; Journal Paper J-16663 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa (Project 3352) and from the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Field Crops Research Unit ^Graduate student and professor, respectively, Interdepartmental Plant Physiology Program, Department of Botany, Iowa State University ^Primary researcher and author ^Author for correspondence ^Geneticist and professor, USDA ARS FCR and Departments of Agronomy, and of Zoology & Genetics, Iowa State University.
Faith and Finance: Felice Brancacci’s Visit to the Sultan and Masaccio’s Tribute Money

This introductory and historiographical essay contextualizes Felice Brancacci’s mission to Egypt in fifteenth-century Mediterranean commerce and finance. Felice’s mission not only served to inaugurate the Florentine galley’s presence in the Mediterranean, but also played a role in the transformation of mercantile culture in Renaissance Florence. The essay relates Felice’s Egyptian mission to his patronage of one of the most celebrated and enigmatic frescoes of Renaissance Florence—Masaccio’s Tribute Money—in the Brancacci Chapel of the Carmine Church in Florence.
Curriculum-Based Readers Theatre as an Approach to Literacy and Content Area Instruction for English Language Learners

This mixed-methods study investigated elementary teachers’ perceptions of curriculum-based readers theatre (CBRT) as a relevant approach for teaching English language learners (ELLs). I collected q...
High-risk human papilloma virus testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma at a university-based cancer center: A quality improvement project.

21Background: Although traditionally linked to smoking and alcohol, high-risk (HR) human papilloma virus (HPV) associated head and neck cancers are becoming increasingly common in non-smokers. HR H...
Mobile phone data reveals the importance of pre-disaster inter-city social ties for recovery after Hurricane Maria

Recent disasters have shown the existence of large variance in recovery trajectories across cities that have experienced similar damage levels. Case studies of such events reveal the high complexity of the recovery process of cities, where inter-city dependencies and intra-city coupling of social and physical systems may affect the outcomes in unforeseen ways. Despite the large implications of understanding the recovery processes of cities after disasters for many domains including critical services, disaster management, and public health, little work have been performed to unravel this complexity. Rather, works are limited to analyzing and modeling cities as independent entities, and have largely neglected the effect that inter-city connectivity may have on the recovery of each city. Large scale mobility data (e.g. mobile phone data, social media data) have enabled us to observe human mobility patterns within and across cities with high spatial and temporal granularity. In this paper, we investigate how inter-city dependencies in both physical as well as social forms contribute to the recovery performances of cities after disasters, through a case study of the population recovery patterns of 78 Puerto Rican counties after Hurricane Maria using mobile phone location data. Various network metrics are used to quantify the types of inter-city dependencies that play an important role for effective post-disaster recovery. We find that inter-city social connectivity, which is measured by pre-disaster mobility patterns, is crucial for quicker recovery after Hurricane Maria. More specifically, counties that had more influx and outflux of people prior to the hurricane, were able to recover faster. Our findings highlight the importance of fostering the social connectivity between cities to prepare effectively for future disasters. This paper introduces a new perspective in the community resilience literature, where we take into account the inter-city dependencies in the recovery process rather than analyzing each community as independent entities.
Metabolic Dysfunction in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a segmental premature aging disease causing patient death by early teenage years from cardiovascular dysfunction. Although HGPS does not totally recapitulate normal aging, it does harbor many similarities to the normal aging process, with patients also developing cardiovascular disease, alopecia, bone and joint abnormalities, and adipose changes. It is unsurprising, then, that as physicians and scientists have searched for treatments for HGPS, they have targeted many pathways known to be involved in normal aging, including inflammation, DNA damage, epigenetic changes, and stem cell exhaustion. Although less studied at a mechanistic level, severe metabolic problems are observed in HGPS patients. Interestingly, new research in animal models of HGPS has demonstrated impressive lifespan improvements secondary to metabolic interventions. As such, further understanding metabolism, its contribution to HGPS, and its therapeutic potential has far-reaching ramifications for this disease still lacking a robust treatment strategy.
On the Need to Interpret Insects: An Always Small but Gargantuan Opportunity:

This position paper makes explicit what can be gained by increasing interpretive naturalists’ focus on interpreting insects and their close relatives, particularly in local and regional settings. I...
A Previously Healthy 37-Year-Old Man With Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure and Fevers.

Case Presentation A previously healthy 37-year-old man initially presented to a hospital near his home with persistent cough after failing outpatient azithromycin for empiric treatment of pneumonia. He was newly employed as a bulldozer operator burying trash in a landfill in Virginia, which he continued throughout his illness. He owned two healthy dogs, had never traveled outside the state, and denied a history of cigarette smoking, alcohol, and substance use. His WBC count was 13.4 × 109/L (11% eosinophils). CT scan of the chest showed ground glass opacities. Subsequent bronchoscopy with BAL of the right middle lobe showed eosinophilic predominance (46%); transbronchial biopsy of right lower lobe was performed. Infectious and autoimmune work up that was negative included blood, urine, and BAL cultures, BAL Pneumocystis pneumonia direct immunofluorescence assay, urine legionella antigen, serum HIV antibody, antinuclear antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and angiotensin converting enzyme. After improvement in hypoxia with inpatient corticosteroid therapy, he was discharged home with a two week course of prednisone for a presumptive diagnosis of acute eosinophilic pneumonia. He subsequently experienced worsening fever and difficulty breathing; six weeks after his symptoms began, he was admitted to our hospital.
Verification of quantitative infrared thermography heat-flux measurements

Abstract Stagnation-point heat flux was measured on 7° half-angle circular cones with spherical nose diameters of 5, 10, and 25 mm using infrared thermography in hypersonic flow. All models were machined from polyether ether ketone (PEEK). A nominal freestream Mach number of 6 with varying initial stagnation conditions allowed for testing at length Reynolds numbers based on nose diameter ranging from 5 × 10 4 – 5 × 10 5 . Fay & Riddell’s theory for calculating heat flux at the stagnation point provided a comparison to verify experimental data-reduction methods. Excellent agreement was obtained. Sources of deviation were investigated and best practices for obtaining heat-flux values most similar to theory are presented. Heat flux calculated using a one-dimensional assumption had a mean error of 8.9% from the theoretical expectation. To improve upon this, an implicit, finite-difference approximation was used to solve the axisymmetric heat equation in spherical coordinates, assuming a known surface temperature and isothermal back face. The axisymmetric calculation yielded steady-state heat-flux magnitudes 1–10% greater than the one-dimensional approach, as expected. Correcting for longitudinal heat transfer yielded heat fluxes more nearly proportional to 1 / D , and the mean error decreased to 4.8%.
Does Cognitive Dysfunction Correlate With Dizziness Severity in Meniére's Disease Patients.

OBJECTIVE Characterize the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and the dizziness severity in Meniere's disease (MD) patients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING University-based tertiary medical center. PATIENTS Three hundred patients were evaluated for MD from 2015 to 2019. Excluding comorbid or alternative vestibular disorders, 29 patients with definite MD and available pre- and postintervention data were included for analysis. INTERVENTIONS A progressive protocol of salt restriction, diuretics, steroid and/or gentamycin injection, and endolymphatic sac decompression for those refractory to medical therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quality of life measured with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and cognitive function measured with the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). Pre- and posttreatment DHI and DHI subscale scores and change in these scores were correlated with pre- and posttreatment CFQ scores and change in CFQ with therapy. RESULTS Analysis showed a number of limited associations between improvement in DHI and improvement in CFQ. Total DHI scores failed to correlate scores or variation in scores with change in CFQ (p = 0.091 and p = 0.085, respectively). Improvement in the CFQ false-triggering domain was significantly associated with improvement in the DHI physical subscale (r = 0.491, p = 0.007) and was nonsignificantly associated with improvement in total DHI and DHI emotional subscale scores (r = 0.422, p = 0.016 and r = 0.399, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS The DHI correlates with several pre- and posttreatment measures of cognitive dysfunction (CFQ) in MD patients. However, change in DHI and CFQ with therapy correlate poorly. Overall, the commonly used DHI may fail to adequately assess cognitive dysfunction in MD patients possibly due to factors not directly implicated by measures of vestibular dysfunction, such as central nervous system or cognitive dysfunction; however, the specific physical and emotional subscales may offer helpful insight into cognitive dysfunction change/improvement with treatment.
Follow-Up Care Barriers for Patients with Orofacial Clefts.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether a patient with a cleft's age, associated syndrome, cleft phenotype or travel distance affects their follow-up rate.DesignThis study is a retro...
Fostering Human-Agent Team Leadership by Leveraging Human Teaming Principles

With human-agent teams beginning to enter the workforce, it is important that humans are well equipped to lead their future teams. Due to the addition of artificial intelligence to teams, the behavioral functions of leaders need to be critically examined to determine their fit with the future of human-agent teamwork. This paper identifies these functional behaviors as resource management behaviors and information behaviors based on past research in teamwork. These behaviors are reviewed within the context of human-human teamwork to define human-oriented leadership behaviors. Based on the review of humanhuman teamwork along with recent research in human-agent teamwork, an adaptable framework is created for leadership behaviors that will help guide human leaders in human-agent teams. This framework provides a foundation for future human-agent teams to empower and guide human leaders of human-agent teams who need to mediate the integration of agents alongside humans.
Libération capsulaire arthroscopique : quelle est l’importance nécessaire de la libération?

Abstract Purpose This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide consensus regarding the degree of optimal extended arthroscopic capsular release in addition to a standard rotator interval release in the treatment of idiopathic frozen shoulder. Materials and methods The systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. All articles that reported the outcomes of capsular release in idiopathic frozen shoulder were included. A total of 18 articles with 629 patients and 811 shoulders were included. Clinical outcomes analysed include differences between pre- and postoperative ranges of motion (ROM), Visual Analog Score (VAS) reduction, Simple Shoulder Test (SST) scores and Constant scores. Patients were grouped by technique: anterior–inferior capsular release (group 1), anterior–inferior–posterior capsular release (group 2), and 360-degree capsular release (group 3) at follow-up points 3,6 and 12 months. Results Comparing ROM, group 1 had greater early abduction (p Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that less extensive releases may result in better functional and pain scores. Addition of a posterior release offers increased early internal rotation, which was not sustained over time, but provides early and sustained flexion improvements. A complete 360 release may not provide any further benefit. There were no significant differences in the complication rates amongst the 3 techniques. Level of study II; Meta-analysis and systematic review.
Historical, Theoretical and Methodological Works

This section includes presentations of theoretical positions and models, historical accounts of the field, discussions of its relations to psychology as a whole as well as to other disciplines, and selective, integrative reviews of literature.
Why Proof? A Historian’s Perspective

The history of mathematics provides evidence that proofs let mathematicians distinguish between true results and merely plausible ones; that the careful formulation of arguments allows them to see how individual mathematical results relate to broader mathematical ideas; and that the process of proving teaches logical reasoning. This paper presents key historical examples, including the origin of logical proof in Greek geometry, Aristotle’s proof-based model for science, the classical uses of visual demonstration, the developing power of abstraction and symbolism, the role of the principles of optimisation and symmetry, the changing standards of rigour between the algorithmic calculus of the eighteenth century and the proof-based version of the nineteenth, the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry, the modern reciprocal influences between philosophy and proof-based mathematics, and the current importance to society of understanding logic. We conclude that observing and teaching this history also helps us teach proof and proving.
Superoxide Dismutase from Escherichia coli B: A NEW MANGANESE-CONTAINING ENZYME

Superoxide dismutase, which catalyzes the disproportionation of univalently reduced oxygen (O2.- + O2.- + 2H+ → O2 + H2O2) and which has previously been demonstrated in a variety of mammalian sources, has now been purified from Escherichia coli. Whereas the mammalian enzyme is blue and contains copper and zinc, the bacterial superoxide dismutase is red-purple and was found to contain manganese. The molecular weight of the E. coli enzyme was found to be 39,500 by sedimentation equilibrium and was shown, by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, to be composed of two subunits of equal size. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry and chemical analysis demonstrated between 1.6 and 1.8 atoms of manganese per molecule of enzyme. The enzyme contains no significant amounts of copper or zinc. The ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra of the enzyme are presented, as are the results of amino acid analysis.
Education reduces unnecessary diagnostic blood sampling in the intensive care unit (ICU)

Diagnostic blood sampling is an indispensable and effective tool for assessing critically ill patients. It has been demonstrated that a substantial blood volume is drawn daily from these patients [1]. A recent review of UK practice suggested a number of measures to reduce this [2]. Furthermore the recent introduction of an integrated electronic record-keeping system in our unit ensured that maximum information could be derived from each sample. In order to assess whether it is possible to optimise the amount of blood sampled, we performed a prospective cohort controlled study to compare blood volumes used for sampling before and after a 2 month education period.
Unethical Protection? Model Rule 1.8(h) and Plan Releases of Professional Liability

The American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct address the propriety of attorneys obtaining releases from their clients of either past claims or future claims against themselves. Under the applicable Model Rule, both types of releases require the involvement, or the opportunity for involvement, of independent counsel to review and advise the client on the issue. Releases in chapter 11 plans typically cover insiders, members of the creditors’ committee, and the debtor’s and committee’s counsel. Few courts or disciplinary bodies of the various state bars have addressed the ethical issues that arise when counsel insert into a plan of reorganization a lengthy provision that releases counsel from all past claims and all future claims arising out of the chapter 11 case or the plan of reorganization. This article examines the interaction of Model Rule 1.8(h) and plan release practice, concludes there is a conflict between practice and the Model Rule, and suggests a solution: making inclusion of a third-party release covering estate-compensated counsel an issue to be negotiated, reviewed, and approved as part of the process of retention of professionals early in the case, before parties rely on the availability of a release when rendering services. If the proper scope of a permissible release of professional liability is confronted early in the chapter 11 process, the Model Rule (or, more accurately, its locally-enacted analogue) can be complied with, and the effect of the release’s availability or non-availability on fee structures and other elements of compensation can be made explicit.
Health disparity in black women: lack of pharmaceutical advertising in black vs. white-oriented magazines

CONTEXT: Racial disparities in health care between black women and white women may be attributed in part to socioeconomic status and lack of insurance, but also may be due to lack of the dissemination of health information in black communities via black popular magazines. OBJECTIVE: Comparison of the number and type of pharmaceutical advertisements between black-oriented magazines and white-oriented magazines. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Morehouse School of Medicine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Recording of the type and number of over-the-counter and prescription drug advertisements. RESULTS: Five black-oriented magazines (Black Woman, Black Elegance, Essence, Ebony, and Upscale) and 5 white-oriented magazines (Family Circle, Working Mother, Good Housekeeping, Ladies' Home Journal, Women's Day) were evaluated for 3 months from June-August, 2000. White-oriented magazines had four to eight times more pharmaceutical ads than black-oriented magazines. Types of medications advertised in the white-oriented magazines and not the black-oriented magazines were, for example, cholinesterase inhibitors, calcium supplements, COX II-inhibitors, intranasal steroids, anorexiants, proton pump inhibitors, and smoking deterrent agents. Conversely, medications advertised in the black-oriented magazines and not the white-oriented magazines were antiviral agents and oral contraceptives. Pharmaceutical companies gave several reasons for the disparity, including the explanation that their particular company was advertising about HIV in the black community. CONCLUSIONS: A barrier to equitable health care for black women may be a low prioritization for health prevention and health management. This low prioritization or disinterest may be a reflection of the black magazine that she is reading due to the lack of pharmaceutical advertisements in black-oriented magazines. The result of this disinterest of black females may be seen in the increased morbidity and mortality for selected diseases.
Significantly reduced cytochrome P450 3A4 expression and activity in liver from humans with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with diabetes mellitus require pharmacotherapy with numerous medications. However, the effect of diabetes on drug biotransformation is not well understood. Our goal was to investigate the effect of diabetes on liver cytochrome P450 3As, the most abundant phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes in humans. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human liver microsomal fractions (HLMs) were prepared from diabetic (n= 12) and demographically matched nondiabetic (n= 12) donors, genotyped for CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms. Cytochrome P450 3A4, 3A5 and 2E1 mRNA expression, protein level and enzymatic activity were compared between the two groups. KEY RESULTS Midazolam 1′- or 4-hydroxylation and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, catalyzed by P450 3A, were markedly reduced in diabetic HLMs, irrespective of genotype. Significantly lower P450 3A4 protein and comparable mRNA levels were observed in diabetic HLMs. In contrast, neither P450 3A5 protein level nor mRNA expression differed significantly between the two groups. Concurrently, we have observed increased P450 2E1 protein level and higher chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation activity in diabetic HLMs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These studies indicate that diabetes is associated with a significant decrease in hepatic P450 3A4 enzymatic activity and protein level. This finding could be clinically relevant for diabetic patients who have additional comorbidities and are receiving multiple medications. To further characterize the effect of diabetes on P450 3A4 activity, a well-controlled clinical study in diabetic patients is warranted.
Pulsed Gas Lasers

Part 1 Binocular vision and stereopsis, Thomas V. Papathomas: cyclopean riches - cooperativity, meurontropy, hysteresis, stereoattention, hyperglobality, and hypercyclopean processes in random-dot stereopsis, Christopher W. Tyler psychoanatomical strategies for studying human visual perception, Randolph Blake demonstration of binocular fusion of colour and texture, Janus J. Kulikowski and Vincent Walsh review of computational models of stereopsis, Daphna Weinshall and Jitendra Malik stereocopic processing in monkey visual cortex - a review, Gian F. Poggio. Part 2 Visual texture, Andrei Gorea: some peculation on the role of texture processing in visual perception, Roger J. Watt the psychophysics of texture segmentation, Dov Sagi a brief overview of texture processing in machine vision, Terry Caelli two-dimensional and three-dimensional texture processing in visual cortex of the Macaque monkey, Jack L. Gallant et al isodipole textures - a window on cortical mechanisms of form processing, Jonathan D. Victor et al. Part 3 Motion perception, Charles Chubb: is there low-level motion processing for non-luminance-based stimuli?, Patrick Cavanagh spatial structure and the perceived motion of objects of different colours, Bart Farell depth from motion, George Sperling and Barbara Anne Dosher spatial primitives for seeing three-dimensional shape from motion, Joseph S. Lappin et al of models and men - mechanisms of human motion perception, Johannes M. Zanker visual processing in the primate extrastriate cortex, Peter H. Schiller. Part 4 Attention, Eileen Kowler: attention to surfaces - beyond a Cartesian understanding of focal attention, Ken Nakayama and Zijiang J. He making use of texton gradients - visual search and perceptual grouping processes in different ways, Jeremy M. Wolfe et al how early is early vision? evidence form perceptual learning, Merav Ahissar and Shaul Hochstein toward a computational model of visual attention, John K. Tsotsos neuronal mechanisms of visual attention, Robert Desimone et al perceptual correlates of neural plastcity in the adult human brain, V. S. Ramachanran.
CHANCE, PURPOSE, AND PROGRESS IN EVOLUTION AND CHRISTIANITY

Evolutionary biology has a complex relationship with ideas of chance, purpose, and progress. Probability plays a subtle role; strikingly, founding figures in statistics were motivated by evolutionary questions. The findings of evolutionary biology have been used both in support of narratives of progress, and in their deconstruction. Likewise, professional biologists bring to their scientific work a set of preconceptions about chance and progress, grounded in their philosophical, religious, and/or political views. From the religious side, questions of purpose are ever-present. We explore this interplay in five broad categories: chance, progress, intelligence, eugenics, and the evolution of religious practices, each the subject of a semester long symposium. The intellectual influence of evolutionary biology has had a broad societal impact in these areas. Based on our experience, we draw attention to a number of relevant facts that, while accepted by experts in their respective fields, may be unfamiliar outside them. We list common areas of miscommunication, including specific examples and discussing causes: sometimes semantics and sometimes more substantive knowledge barriers. We also make recommendations for those attempting similar dialogue.
Measuring Membrane Receptor Interactions Using Single Quantum Dot Tracking

Short Abstract — Imaging technologies and biological tools have developed to a point where many fundamental biological questions can now be addressed at the molecular level. In particular, single particle tracking (SPT) using bright and photostable quantum dots (QDs) provides information about protein dynamics with high spatial (~10 nm) and temporal (>30 Hz) resolution. Using these techniques, we have examined the interaction dynamics of the erbB receptors on living cells, revealing new insights into the roles of receptor dynamics and membrane partitioning in the regulation of receptor interactions.
Measurement of peptide aggregation with pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Interactions between hydrophobic patches in proteins are often a driving force for denaturation and aggregation. The aggregation of the beta-amyloid peptide fragment, VHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK (beta(12-28)), has been investigated in aqueous solution at low pH. This peptide contains a central hydrophobic patch spanning residues 17-21. Diffusion coefficients measured with pulsed-field gradient NMR as a function of peptide solution concentration were used to assess the extent of aggregation. Following the hypothesis that hydrophobic interactions are an important driving force in the aggregation of this peptide at low pH, a non-aggregating analog of the beta(12-28) peptide, [Gly19,20]beta(12-28) was synthesized. In the [Gly19,20]beta(12-28) peptide, the replacement of the two phenylalanine residues disrupts the hydrophobic interactions which drive the aggregation of beta(12-28). The diffusion coefficient of the [Gly19,20]beta(12-28) peptide is invariant over the concentration range studied and provides a good estimate of the monomeric diffusion coefficient of beta(12-28). A second peptide analog was synthesized in which the phenylalanine at position 20 was replaced with a cysteine residue. The disulfide-linked dimer, ([Cys20]beta(12-28))2, was formed upon air oxidation of this peptide. The diffusion coefficient of the ([Cys20]beta(12-28))2 peptide was measured and used to estimate the diffusion coefficient of the beta(12-28) dimer. Using the monomeric and dimeric diffusion coefficients measured for the glycine and cysteine analogs, the concentration dependence of the beta(12-28) diffusion coefficient was found to be consistent with a monomer-dimer aggregation model.
A numerical variational method for extracting 3D singularities

Abstract A finite element procedure is developed for calculating the order and mode of singularities at 3D vertices in anisotropic linear elastic solids and composites. It is an extension of the method of Bazant and Estenssoro. although it differs from the latter in some essential aspects. It is based on a variational principle derived from the statement of virtual work on the surface of the unit sphere surrounding the singularity. The sphere is divided into six-node spherical triangles. The singularities of the spherical coordinates at the poles are avoided by coordinate transformations. The three matrices of the quadratic eigenvalue problem are explicitly evaluated and used to advantage. Real and complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors arc calculated by inverse treppen iteration. With a relatively small mesh, accuracy is to two decimal places. The method is capable of solving any 3D and any 2D vertex singularity problem with reasonable accuracy and without any assumptions with regard to the behavior of displacements in the neighborhood of line singularities. It is quite robust and stable. Several examples and applications to practical problems are given. A procedure to handle the incompressible case is discussed.
Virus transmission through compromised synthetic barriers : Part I-Effect of unsteady driving pressures

Although synthetic membranes such as gloves, condoms, and instrument sheaths are used in environments with highly time-varying stresses, their effectiveness as barriers to virus transmission is almost always tested under static conditions. In this paper it is shown how a previously developed mathematical model can be used to transform information from static barrier tests into predictions for more realistic use conditions. Using a rate constant measured for herpes adsorption to latex in saline, and an oscillatory trans-membrane pressure representative of coitus, the amount of virus transmitted through a hole (2 microm diameter) in a condom is computed. Just beyond the exit orifice of the pore, transport is dominated by the rapidly dissipating viscous jet of virus suspension, which results in an accumulation of viruses roughly 20 pore radii from the barrier surface during each cycle. Due to virus adsorption to the barrier surfaces, the simulations reveal a gradual decrease in virus flow with increasing number of cycles, and thus a slow divergence from predictions based upon steady-state conditions. Still, over the 500 cycles simulated, steady-state predictions approximate the net number of viruses transmitted to within 25 percent error.
Conformational Heterogeneity of α-Synuclein in Membrane

Abstract α-Synuclein (αS) is a natively disordered protein in solution, thought to be involved in the fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles to cellular membranes during neurotransmission. Monomeric αS has been previously characterized in two distinct membrane-associated conformations: a broken-helix structure, and an extended helix. By employing atomistic molecular dynamics and a novel membrane representation with significantly enhanced lipid mobility (HMMM), we investigate the process of spontaneous membrane binding of αS and the conformational dynamics of monomeric αS in its membrane-bound form. By repeatedly placing helical αS monomers in solution above a planar lipid bilayer and observing their spontaneous association and its spontaneous insertion into the membrane during twenty independent unbiased simulations, we are able to characterize αS in its membrane-bound state, suggesting that αS has a highly variable membrane insertion depth at equilibrium. Our simulations also capture two distinct states of αS, the starting broken-helix conformation seen in the micelle bound NMR structures, and a semi-extended helix. Analysis of lipid distributions near αS monomers indicates that the transition to a semi-extended helix is facilitated by concentration of phosphatidyl-serine headgroups along the inner edge of the protein. Such a lipid-mediated transition between helix–turn–helix and extended conformations of αS may also occur in vivo, and may be important for the physiological function of αS.
Using the theory of planned behavior to predict two types of snack food consumption among Midwestern upper elementary children: implications for practice.

This study examined the extent to which constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) can predict the consumption of two types of snack foods among elementary school children. A 15-item instrument tested for validity and reliability measuring TPB constructs was developed and administered to 167 children. Snack foods were evaluated using a modified 24-hour recall method. On average, children consumed 302 calories from snack foods per day. Stepwise multiple regression found that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control accounted for 44.7% of the variance for intentions. Concurrently, intentions accounted for 11.3% of the variance for caloricallydense snack food consumption and 8.9% of the variance for fruit and vegetable snack consumption. Results suggest that the theory of planned behavior is an efficacious theory for these two behaviors. Future interventions should consider using this theoretical framework and aim to enhance children's attitudes, perceived control, and subjective norms towa...
LIGHT, IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES, AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

Many diverse behaviors exhibit clear circadian rhythms in their expression. In mammals, these rhythms originate from a neural circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Recently, signaling pathways activated by light in the SCN have begun to be identified. A specific set of immediate-early genes is induced by light in the SCN, and their expression is correlated with the resetting of circadian behavioral rhythms. These light-regulated immediate-early genes offer multiple inroads into the biology of the SCN: first, they are functional markers for the activation of SCN neurons by light; second, they can direct us to the upstream light-activated (and clock-regulated) signal transduction pathways which mediate their induction; and finally, they encode transcription factor proteins which may play a role in the molecular mechanism of resetting the circadian clock.
Persistence and change: Criticism at work and play

THEATRE CRITICISM. By Irving Wardle. London & New York: Routledge, 1992; pp. vii‐142; $39.95; paper $12.95. PINTER IN PLAY: CRITICAL STRATEGIES AND THE PLAYS OF HAROLD PINTER. By Susan Hollis Merritt. Durham: Duke University Press, 1990; pp. xv‐343; $39.95. UPSTAGING BIG DADDY: DIRECTING THEATRE AS IF GENDER AND RACE MATTER. Edited by Ellen Donkin and Susan Clement. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993; $42.50; paper $16.95.
Surface energetics analysis of artificial blood substitutes

The surface and interfacial tensions for fluorocarbon aqueous emulsions used in artificial blood substitutes are evaluated over a wide range of surfactant concentrations. The surface tension of the nonionic surfactant in water is directly correlated to the interfacial tension between aqueous and fluorocarbon phases by a surface energetics model of isolated dispersion and polar contributions to interfactial work of adhesion and interfacial tension. This study shows that the polymeric surfactant which is an A-B-A triblock copolymer, where A is polyethylene oxide and B is polypropylene oxide, displays prominent surface and interfacial tension transitions at c=1×10−7 and c=0·10 weight fraction detergent in water. The c=10−7 transition is shown to produce a prominent change in the extensibility of the fluorocarbon to water interface and formation of a strong interfacial film that enhances emulsion stabilisation.
The complex cepstrum applied to two-dimensional images

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical understanding of the two-dimensional (2D) complex cepstrum and to apply the cepstrum in image processing. The analytical cepstrum is first developed in one dimension for the single echo case. This is followed by a more valuable analytical derivation for multiple echoes in one and two dimensions. The 2D, digital implementation of the forward and inverse cepstrum is then described. Three key applications are presented for 2D images: echo removal, automatic intensity control, and enhancement of repetitive features. A significant recommendation for future research is to investigate optimal filtering techniques based on the described analytical results.
Perineural spread of squamous cell carcinoma involving the spinal accessory nerve in an immunocompromised organ transplant recipient

BACKGROUND. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common cutaneous malignancy in humans, affecting approximately 200,000 people in the United States each year. In immunocompromised patients, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer, and it also tends to behave more aggressively than in immunocompetent patients. OBJECTIVE. We describe an immunocompromised patient, previously treated for a squamous cell carcinoma of the left posterior shoulder, who subsequently developed a cord-like, intraneural metastasis of the spinal accessory nerve. RESULTS. The patient presented with a 3-month history of lancinating pain of the left neck and shoulder. He had been treated previously for a squamous cell carcinoma of the left posterior shoulder, which subsequently recurred twice. On examination, a cord-like mass was palpable along the path of the spinal accessory nerve. Given the aggressive nature of this patient's squamous cell carcinoma, surgical exploration was performed. Frozen-section analysis of the spinal accessory nerve and of the multiple supraclavicular nerves revealed perineural and intraneural squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the trunk or extremity metastasizing to a cranial nerve.
Evaluation of scalar dissipation rate sub-models for modeling unsteady reacting jets in engines

Abstract The filtered scalar dissipation rate is an important variable required in many turbulent combustion models used in large eddy simulations (LES). In the present study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) of reacting and non-reacting turbulent mixing layers are used to evaluate different models for the filtered scalar dissipation rate. This study is conducted at elevated temperature and pressure conditions relevant to engine applications. The models evaluated are the turbulent diffusivity model, k–e model, the strain rate tensor (SRT) model and the subfilter kinetic energy (SKE) model. It is found that the SRT model is the best choice when considering the performance and ease of implementation in LES codes. DNS results are also used to evaluate the marginal PDF for scalar dissipation rate. It is found that an exponential PDF works well for low values of scalar dissipation rate and smaller filter sizes whereas a lognormal PDF works well for larger values of scalar dissipation rate and larger filter sizes. A model is also formulated for the variance of the scalar dissipation rate to be used when employing the lognormal PDF by relating it to the mean and variance of the mixture fraction.
Interwar movements of dollars to Europe and the US currency supply

Abstract This paper compiles evidence on the stocks and flows of dollar currency in Europe during the interwar period. Since foreigners held significant quantities of dollars, it is necessary to account for this stock in computing the US monetary base. Since it ignores paper currency flows, the Friedman–Schwartz base money series uses inconsistent methods to compute the US coin and paper currency stocks. The Friedman– Schwartz base money series should be treated as the resultant of an arbitrary locational theory rather than as the fundamental point of departure for interpreting the events of the 1920s and 1930s.
Simple, rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of rat osteocalcin.

Determination of the concentration of osteocalcin in rat serum is frequently performed using a commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA). However, this assay takes 3 days to complete, uses radioactive material, and has a narrow linear range. The limited range of the RIA makes it necessary to test multiple dilutions of the sample which frequently results in values that differ, depending on the dilution. In order to overcome these limitations, we have developed an ELISA that utilizes the same standards and anti-rat osteocalcin antiserum, as is used in the RIA. The principle of the ELISA is that the osteocalcin in the sample competes with osteocalcin previously immobilized on a microtiter plate to bind to the available anti-rat osteocalcin antibodies. The amount of antibody bound to the immobilized osteocalcin is determined colorimetrically using a secondary antibody coupled to alkaline phosphatase. This ELISA has a three-log linear response with a sensitivity of 0.1–0.15 ng/ml and intra- and interassay coefficient of variance (CV) values of less than 10%. Most importantly, the assay is rapid and only requires a 2-hour incubation of the sample with the antiserum. The incubation time is important since we and others have observed a significant decrease in the osteocalcin level from serum samples incubated for long periods of time with the antiserum, presumably due to degradation of the osteocalcin. In general, the commercially available RIA gives osteocalcin values that are one-half to one-fourth that of the ELISA because the RIA requires a 48-hour incubation time.
Nuclear shapes from alpha-gamma-ray angular correlations.

The angular distribution of alpha particles with respect to the spin direction of the residual nuclei is used to probe the shapes of the emitting systems. Two compound systems have been studied: $^{170}\mathrm{Yb}$ and $^{110}\mathrm{Sn}$. Deformed emission shapes are required in order to understand the alpha-gamma correlations in the $^{170}\mathrm{Yb}$ system, but not for the $^{110}\mathrm{Sn}$ compound system. These conclusions are identical to those reached by the study of giant resonances built on excited states for very similar systems.
Polysilicon gate functional failure mechanism

One of the most widespread uses of polysilicon in MOS devices is as the gate electrode for transistors. The gates described in this paper were processed via a two-stage polysilicon deposition. The first deposition stage grew a thin gate polysilicon, which was used as a screen for transistor threshold adjust implants. This was followed by a thick gate polysilicon deposition. All polysilicon depositions described in this paper were deposited in a vertical furnace. It was observed that production wafers in the top position of the polysilicon furnace and directly under dummy wafers displayed unusually high failure frequencies, called functional failures. This is a general failure mode, usually associated with defectivity. Similarities were noted between this failure mode and another failure mode for QBD (charge to breakdown of gate oxide). Both failure modes occurred whenever the production wafers were loaded directly underneath dummy wafers at the thin polysilicon deposition. Atomic Force Microscopy or AFM was used to measure the surface roughness and maximum peak-to-valley height on test wafers that mimicked production wafers. The surface roughness and peak-to-valley measurements were greatest at the top positions of the polysilicon furnace, indicating rougher polysilicon. By removing the dummy wafer directly above the top production wafer, it was found that the production wafers had smoother polysilicon growth. In this paper a mechanism for these functional failures is described that explains the relationship between functional failures and wafer position in the polysilicon furnace. It is demonstrated that when a product wafer is placed under a dummy wafer more silane reacts on the dummy wafer surface than on the production wafer. This is evidenced by the larger RMS surface roughness on the production wafer, as measured by AFM. Production wafers with polysilicon deposited at positions away from dummy wafers had lower RMS surface roughness. During subsequent HF treatments, the HF etched the valleys and underlying gate oxide, which produced oxide pinholes and caused the functional failures.
Engineering process and cost model for a conventional corn wet milling facility

Conventional wet milling of corn is a process designed for the recovery and purification of starch and several coproducts (germ, gluten, fiber and steep liquor). The total starch produced by the wet milling industry in the USA in 2004 equaled 21.5 billion kg, including modified starches and starches used for sweeteners and ethanol production. Process engineering and cost models for a corn wet milling process (for steeping and milling facilities) have been developed for a “generic” processing plant with a capacity of 2.54 million kg of corn per day (100,000 bu/day). The process includes grain cleaning, steeping, germ separation and recovery, fiber separation and recovery, gluten separation and recovery and starch separation. Information for the development of the models was obtained from a variety of technical sources including commercial wet milling companies, industry experts and equipment suppliers. The models were developed using process and cost simulation software (SuperPro Designer®) and include processing information such as composition and flow rates of the various process streams, descriptions of the various unit operations and detailed breakdowns of the operating and capital cost of the facility. Based on the information from the model, we can estimate the cost of production per kilogram of starch using the input prices for corn and other wet milling coproducts. We have also used the model to conduct a variety of sensitivity studies utilizing modifications such as feedstock costs, corn compositional variations, and the sale of wet corn gluten feed. The model is also being used as a base-case for the development of models to test alternative processing technologies and to help in the scale-up and commercialization of new wet milling technologies. This model is available upon request from the authors for educational, non-commercial and research uses.