cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excellent local control with stereotactic radiotherapy boost after external beam radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Purpose To determine long-term outcomes in patients receiving stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) as a boost after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods and Materials Eight-two patients received an SRT boost after EBRT between September 1992 and July 2006. Nine patients had T1, 30 had T2, 12 had T3, and 31 had T4 tumors. Sixteen patients had Stage II, 19 had Stage III, and 47 had Stage IV disease. Patients received 66 Gy of EBRT followed by a single-fraction SRT boost of 7–15 Gy, delivered 2–6 weeks after EBRT. Seventy patients also received cisplatin-based chemotherapy delivered concurrently with and adjuvant to radiotherapy. Results At a median follow-up of 40.7 months (range, 6.5–144.2 months) for living patients, there was only 1 local failure in a patient with a T4 tumor. At 5 years, the freedom from local relapse rate was 98%, freedom from nodal relapse 83%, freedom from distant metastasis 68%, freedom from any relapse 67%, and overall survival 69%. Late toxicity included radiation-related retinopathy in 3, carotid aneurysm in 1, and radiographic temporal lobe necrosis in 10 patients, of whom 2 patients were symptomatic with seizures. Of 10 patients with temporal lobe necrosis, 9 had T4 tumors. Conclusion Stereotactic radiotherapy boost after EBRT provides excellent local control for patients with NPC. Improved target delineation and dose homogeneity of radiation delivery for both EBRT and SRT is important to avoid long-term complications. Better systemic therapies for distant control are needed.
An overview of factors affecting the disposition of intramammary preparations used to treat bovine mastitis

The administration of antimicrobial drugs by the intramammary route offers a convenient option for the treatment of bovine mastitis. The goal of antimicrobial treatment is to achieve effective drug concentrations at the site of infection. Drug concentrations must also decrease to safe levels before the milk is harvested for human consumption. The rate of change of drug concentrations in the milk and udder tissues over time is dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the drug and how these interact with the biological environment, affecting the rate and extent of absorption, distribution and elimination. Studies reported in the literature have identified various pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors that may influence these processes. This review summarizes current understanding of factors affecting the disposition of drugs following intramammary administration. Areas of incomplete knowledge requiring further research have been identified.
Thrust vectoring effect on time-optimal 90 degrees angle of attack pitch up maneuvers of a high alpha fighter aircraft

Using thrust vectoring, the problem of pitching up a high alpha fighter aircraft to 90 degrees angle of attack in minimum time is considered. Pontryagin's maximum principle is used together with a two-point boundary value numerical algorithm to derive open-loop controls for various parameterized limits on thrust vectoring angles. Without thrust vectoring, a high alpha fighter with initial conditions 0.6 Mach number and 15,000 feet requires 7.0 seconds to pitch-up to 90 degrees. However, with 20-degree angle thrust vectoring, the pitch-up takes only 1.5 seconds with a final Mach number of 0.47. Also, the gain in altitude is less than 100 feet. More important, additional thrust vectoring yields litle benefit beyond the 20-degree angles. This paper describes control solutions in detail for thrust vectoring angles between 0 and 90 degrees.
Male predominance among Palauan schizophrenics.

Data gathered in a three-month field study of known schizophrenics in the Palau Islands reveal a 4:1 ratio of males versus females. It is postulated that relatively rapid sociocultural changes over the last two decades have loosened traditional external restraints on behaviour, destabilised male role and gender identities, and created an environment which has been particularly schizophrenogenic for males. Statistical analysis of the age distribution of the schizophrenics is used to support the hypothesis. Evidence is also presented indicating that the gender distribution is not artifactual.
An improved LC-MS/MS method for the detection of classic and low excretor glutaric acidemia type 1

Glutaric acidemia type I (GA1) is associated with elevated glutarylcarnitine (C5DC), typically measured as its butylester by acylcarnitine profile analysis using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and the precursor-product ion pair of m/z 388-85. This method neither distinguishes between C5DC and its isomer 3-hydroxydecanoylcarnitine (C10-OH) nor reliably detects the low-excretor variant of GA1, leading to both false-positive and false-negative results when testing for GA1. To overcome these limitations, we developed an LC-MS/MS method that discriminates C5DC from C10-OH by the use of precursor-product ion pairs specific for butylated C5DC (m/z 388-115) and underivatized C10-OH (m/z 332-85). The C5DC method was validated over the linearity range of 0.025-20 μM with a lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.025 μM. Excellent precision and accuracy were also observed. We tested plasma samples from 10 patients with confirmed GA1 (including 3 with the low-excretor variant), 21 patients with mild elevations of C5DC or C10-OH by routine acylcarnitine analysis for which GA1 ultimately was excluded, and 29 normal controls. By using the m/z 388-115 ion pair, all cases of GA1, including the low-excretor variant, were reliably distinguished from normal controls. By using the m/z 388-85 pair, patients with ambiguous elevations of C5DC or C10-OH demonstrated clearly elevated levels of C10-OH (m/z 332-85) but normal C5DC (m/z 388-115), confirming that the apparent elevation of C5DC is due to interference by C10-OH. Our method results in excellent detection of GA1, including the low-excretor variant, and also provides a means to discriminate C5DC and C10-OH in follow-up testing and routine acylcarnitine studies.
Studying Policing in China: Some personal reflections

Abstract Until very recently, little is known about Chinese policing, especially outside of China. This article makes a case for the study of Chinese policing, with a different—context dependent, bottom's up, facts driven—approach. The article is divided into three sections. Section 1 of the paper provides a brief overview of problems and issues with researching into policing in China, with Chinese sources. Section 2 takes issues with studying Chinese policing from a dominant and exclusive western theoretical perspective and argues for the studying policing in China indigenously and empirically, from inside out and bottom's up. The article concludes (Section 3) with some personal reflection of the author as a veteran China police researcher.
Paternal Work Characteristics and Father-Infant Interactions in Low-Income, Rural Families

To examine the implications of paternal occupational conditions for the quality of father-infant interactions, home visits, including interviews and videotaped observations of father-infant interactions, were conducted with 446 fathers living in six low-income, nonmetropolitan counties in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. When a variety of individual and demographic characteristics were controlled for, a less supportive work environment was associated with lower levels of fathers’ engaged and sensitive parenting. Significant interactions pointed to the importance of understanding combinations of risk factors. Experiencing high levels of workplace stressors, including low levels of self-direction and high levels of care work, in the presence of other individual or demographic risk factors was associated with lower levels of father parenting quality.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is involved in the cytolytic T lymphocyte interaction with a human synovial cell line.

The cell surface molecules involved in the human cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)-synovial cell interaction may play an important role in T cell interactions with connective tissue mesenchymal cells. To examine the molecular basis for the CTL-synovial cell interaction, we immortalized synovial cell explants to establish the cell line SYN.SPP. The SYN.SPP cell line was compared to the established B lymphoblastoid cell line JY. Cell surface immunofluorescence demonstrated significantly different levels of the immunologically relevant cell surface molecules ICAM-1 and LFA-3. Both cell lines were used to stimulate CTL precursors. After several months in culture, CTL lines stimulated by the SYN.SPP and JY cell lines demonstrated HLA class I-directed cytolytic activity. The cell surface molecules utilized by the anti-SYN.SPP and anti-JY CTL lines were identified by monoclonal antibody (MAb) inhibition. MAb recognizing the CTL cell surface molecules CD3, CD8 and LFA-1 (CD11a) significantly inhibited CTL-mediated lysis of both target cells. An interesting observation was that the anti-SYN.SPP CTL line appeared to utilize the ICAM-1 and not the LFA-3 target cell molecule. In contrast, the anti-JY CTL line utilized the LFA-3 and not the ICAM-1 membrane molecule. These results indicate that CTL interactions with connective tissue mesenchymal cells may be regulated by a unique pattern of antigen nonspecific cell-cell interaction molecules.
Minimal rank completions of partial banded matrices

It is proven that the minimal rank of a partial banded matrix equals the maximum of the minimal ranks of all triangular subpatterns. This proves partly the minimal rank conjecture in a paper by N. Cohen, C. R. Johnson, L. Rodman and H. J. Woerdeman (Operator Theory: Advances and Applications 40 (1989), 165-185). The results are applied to the problem of simultaneously completing a matrix and its inverse.
Spontaneous Endless Loop Tachycardia

Pacemaker-mediated endless loop tachicardia is usually caused by a P wave displaced from the physiologic position preceding a QRS complex to a time of atrial channel sensitivity after the QRS. Five cases are described of endless loop tachycardia starting after a normally-timed P wave, either spontaneous and preceding a ventricular stimulus or a P wave produced by an atrial channel stimulus followed by a ventricular stimulus and QRS complex. In each instance, the atrial refractory interval (ARI) was shorter than the retrograde conduction time. In four of the cases, prolongation of the atrial refractory interval after the ventricular event ended the tachycardias. In the fifth, in which the pulse generator could not be so programmed, the ventricular inhibited mode was required.
Discovery of the Biology of the Ubiquitin System

This article, about the discovery of the biology of the ubiquitin system, describes my laboratory’s main contribution to date, and stems, in part, from previous historical summaries. Another antecedent is the interview given in 2006 to Dr Istvan Hargittai, a distinguished Hungarian chemist. It described my life and science, including the early years in Moscow (Russia), the 1977 emigration from the former Soviet Union to the United States, and scientific work that ensued.
Surface fictive temperature of annealed and rate-cooled soda–lime glasses

Abstract The structural uniformity of thin (∼0.55 mm) annealed soda–lime glass samples was investigated using an IR reflection method. The surface layer of annealed soda–lime glasses was found to have an IR reflection structural band with a lower peak wave number than the bulk while no residual stress was observed in the specimens. On the other hand, the IR structural band of specimens that were air-quenched from the glass transition temperature was the same both for the surface and the bulk, indicating a uniform structure. This finding can be attributed to a lower surface fictive temperature of the annealed glasses produced during the slow cooling due to the surface of the glass having a faster structural relaxation than that of the bulk. The surface fictive temperature of rate-cooled specimens was also lower than the bulk fictive temperature; the slower cooled sample having a thicker surface layer with a lower fictive temperature.
Effect of environmental factors on the synthesis of scytonemin, a UV-screening pigment, in a cyanobacterium (Chroococcidiopsis sp.).

The UV-screening pigment scytonemin is found in many species of ensheathed cyanobacteria. Past work has shown that the pigment is synthesized in response to exposure to UV-A irradiance. This study investigated the effect of other correlated stress factors including heat, osmotic and oxidative stress on the synthesis of scytonemin in a clonal cyanobacterial isolate (Chroococcidiopsis sp.) from an epilithic desert crust. Stress experiments were carried out both in conjunction with UV-A irradiance and in isolation. Increases in both temperature and photooxidative conditions in conjunction with UV-A caused a synergistic increase in the rate of scytonemin production. In contrast, increased salt concentration under UV-A irradiance inhibited scytonemin synthesis. However, unlike the responses to temperature and oxidative stress, cells synthesized low levels of scytonemin under osmotic stress in the absence of scytonemin-inducing irradiance. These results suggest that scytonemin induction may be regulated as a part of a complex stress response pathway in which multiple environmental signals affect its synthesis.
Structural characterization of novel sophorolipid biosurfactants from a newly identified species of Candida yeast.

Abstract Sophorolipids are a group of O -acylsophorose-based biosurfactants produced by several yeasts of the Starmerella clade. The known sophorolipids are typically partially acetylated 2- O -β- d -glucopyranosyl- d -glucopyranose (sophorose) O -β-glycosidically linked to 17- l -hydroxy-Δ9-octadecenoic acid, where the acyl carboxyl group often forms a 4″-lactone to the terminal glucosyl residue. In a recent MALDI-TOFMS-based screen for sophorolipid-producing yeasts we identified a new species, Candida sp. NRRL Y-27208, that produces significant amounts of novel sophorolipids. This paper describes the structural characterization of these new compounds, using carbohydrate and lipid analysis, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. Unlike those reported previously, the NRRL Y-27208 sophorolipids contain an ω-hydroxy-linked acyl group (typically 18-hydroxy-Δ9-octadecenoate), and occur predominantly in a non-lactone, anionic form. In addition, 17 dimeric and trimeric sophoroses were identified by MALDI-TOFMS from this strain. The surfactant-like properties of these sophorolipids have value as potential replacements for petroleum-based detergents and emulsifiers.
Adult-onset deletion of Pten increases islet mass and beta cell proliferation in mice

Aims/hypothesis Adult beta cells have a diminished ability to proliferate. Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is a lipid phosphatase that antagonises the function of the mitogenic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. The objective of this study was to understand the role of PTEN and PI3K signalling in the maintenance of beta cells postnatally.
Selective conversion of m-cresol to toluene over bimetallic Ni–Fe catalysts

Abstract The catalytic conversion of m-cresol in the presence of H2 has been investigated on SiO2-supported Ni, Fe, and bimetallic Ni–Fe catalysts at 300 °C and atmospheric pressure. Over the monometallic Ni catalyst, the dominant product is 3-methylcyclohexanone while 3-methylcyclohexanol and toluene appear in smaller amounts, even at high conversions. By contrast, on Fe and Ni–Fe bimetallic catalysts, the dominant product is toluene while the hydrogenation products (3-methylcyclohexanone and 3-methylcyclohexanol) are practically negligible in the entire range of conversions. To explain these differences, we have proposed a deoxygenation path that starts with the tautomerization of m-cresol to an unstable ketone intermediate (3-methyl-3,5-cyclohexadienone). The fate of this intermediate is determined by the ability of the catalyst to either hydrogenate the carbonyl group or the ring. The former would mostly occur on Fe and Ni–Fe catalysts that contain an oxophilic metal (Fe), while the latter would occur on Ni, which has a higher affinity for the aromatic ring. Hydrogenation of the carbonyl group produces a very reactive unsaturated alcohol (3-methyl-3,5-cyclohexadienol), which can be easily dehydrated to toluene. This would explain the high selectivity of Fe and Ni–Fe to toluene. By contrast, hydrogenation of the ring would result in 3-methylcyclohexanone, which can be further hydrogenated to 3-methylcyclohexanol. On supports that contain acid sites, which are active for dehydration, the formation of toluene would occur via dehydration of the alcohol and subsequent dehydrogenation. On the catalysts investigated in this work, dehydration of the corresponding alcohol does not occur, so the only path to toluene is via hydrogenation of the carbonyl of the unstable ketone intermediate. In addition, to the products mentioned above, xylenol is also observed in significant yields, which indicate that transalkylation of m-cresol is another reaction path occurring on these catalysts.
Monoclonal antibody differentiates chicken A system alloantigens.

Summary A monoclonal antibody (ISU-cA) was produced that recognized certain alloantigens of the chicken A blood group locus. Antigens produced by alleles A3, A4 and A8 were positive, and those produced by A2 and A5 were negative, by haemagglutination. The specificity of ISU-cA for chicken A blood group antigens was demonstrated by serologic analyses, genetic crosses and competitive inhibition of binding by anti-A alloantisera. To our knowledge, this is the first reported monoclonal antibody against a chicken blood group alloantigen system other than the B complex.
Nutritional effects on neurotransmitter metabolism in the broiler chicken

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with broiler chickens to determine various nutritional effects on neurotransmitter metabolism. In Experiment 1, 21-day old chickens were fasted for 24 hr, fed on an ad libitum basis, fed a diet containing 450 g crude protein/kg (high-protein) or fed a diet containing 80 g crude protein/kg (high carbohydrate) to examine nutritional regimens that may alter neural factors regulating growth. Chickens were injected (250 mg/kg BWt) with a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyl- dl -π-tyrosine (AMPT), to inhibit catecholamine synthesis and to estimate turnover constants as functions of these treatments. In Experiment 2,7-day old chickens were fed diets containing 120, 180, 240 and 300 g crude protein and 1 mg T3/kg diet for 21 days to determine the effects of both dietary protein and thyroid status on catecholamine concentrations. Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in the brains and NE and DA in the hearts and pancreases were separated by HPLC and determined by electrochemical detection. Fractional turnover of DA in the brains of both fed and fasted chickens was equal but was over twice as great as that of NE. Fractional NE turnover in hearts of both fed and fasted chickens was 12.3%/hr although fractional NE turnover in pancreas was greater (P
Invasive riparian plant litter alters aquatic insect growth

In a laboratory study, we examined growth and survival of the caddisfly, Lepidostoma unicolor, feeding on two types of native leaf litter (Alnus rhombifolia [Alder] and a Salicaceae mix [Salix spp. and Populus fremontii]) and two invasive, non-native species (Tamarix ramosissima [saltcedar] and Arundo donax [giant reed]). Larval survival was high (>85%), and did not differ, among those fed Alnus, Salicaceae, or Tamarix litter, but was much lower (20%) for larvae fed Arundo litter. Mean dry biomass of larvae fed Tamarix was 45% greater than that of larvae fed Alnus, and both were significantly greater than the biomasses of insects fed Salicaceae or Arundo. Although both Alnus and Tamarix increased in percent nitrogen with conditioning, Alnus had a significantly higher nitrogen content (4.9 and 3.6%, respectively). Final C : N-values for Alnus and Tamarix were below 18, while C : N for Arundo and Salicaceae were 56 and 44, respectively. Greater growth of larvae fed Tamarix is likely due to the high nutritive value of the conditioned litter, whereas conditioning of Arundo litter did not result in improved nutritive values. Larvae in the Alnus and Salicaceae treatments fed on the entire surface of the leaves until only the skeletons remained. In contrast, larvae in the Arundo treatments focused feeding activity along the margins and the torn portions of the blades. The low nutritional quality of Arundo and the high quality, but ephemeral nature of Tamarix litter potentially have negative effects on stream invertebrate production owing to the quality and duration of availability of leaf litter, as compared with native riparian vegetation.
Recurrent gestational trophoblastic disease

Abstract A retrospective analysis of all patients treated at Duke University Medical Center for recurrent malignant gestational trophoblastic disease is presented. Four patients (3%) with nonmetastatic disease developed recurrent tumor in the uterus from 1 month to 3 years after achieving primary remission. Eleven patients (26%) in the poor prognostic category developed recurrences from 1 to 12 months after achieving primary remission. Liver metastases, previous chemotherapy, and a significant delay from the antecedent gestational event were identified as risk factors for the development of recurrent disease in this high-risk group. Aggressive initial chemotherapy and continued treatment after a negative titer is achieved are advocated to reduce the likelihood of recurrent disease in these patients.
Probabilistic analysis of disjoint set union algorithms

A number of open questions are settled about the expected costs of two disjoint set Union and Find algorithms raised by Knuth and Schonhage [Theoret. Comput. Sci., 6 (1978), pp. 281–315]. This paper shows that the expected time of the Weighted Quick-Find (QFW) algorithm to perform $(n - 1)$ randomly chosen unions is $cn + o({n / {\log n}})$, where $c = 2.0847 \ldots $ . Through an observation of Tarjan and Van Leeuwen in [J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 22 (1975), pp. 215–225] this implies linear time bounds to perform $O(n)$ unions and finds for a class of other union-find algorithms. It is also proved that the expected time of the Unweighted Quick-Find (QF) algorithm is ${{n^2 } / {8 + O(n(\log n)^2 )}}$. The expected costs of QFW and QF are analyzed when fewer than $(n - 1)$ unions are performed. Among other results, for QFW it is shown that the expected cost of $m = o(n)$ randomly chosen unions is $m(1 + o(1))$. If $m = {{\alpha n} / 2}$, where $\alpha \leqslant e^{ - 2} $, this cost is $m(1 + \epsilon (\alp...
Processing and characterization of solid and microcellular PHBV/PBAT blend and its RWF/nanoclay composites

Abstract Solid and microcellular components made of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend (weight ratio of PHBV:PBAT = 30:70), recycled wood fiber (RWF), and nanoclay (NC) were prepared via a conventional and microcellular-injection molding process, respectively. Morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties were investigated. The addition of 10% RWF (both untreated and silane-treated) reduced the cell size and increased the cell density of the microcellular components. Also, the addition of 10% RWF (both untreated and silane-treated) generally increased the specific Young’s modulus and tensile strength, but decreased the specific toughness and strain-at-break in both solid and microcellular components. Moreover, unlike the neat PHBV/PBAT blend, microcellular PHBV/PBAT/RWF (both untreated and silane-treated) composites showed higher specific toughness and strain-at-break compared to their solid counterparts. In addition, higher specific toughness and strain-at-break was observed in the PHBV/PBAT/untreated-RWF composite compared with the PHBV/PBAT/silane-treated RWF composite, particularly in the microcellular components. The degree of PHBV crystallinity increased significantly in both solid and microcellular PHBV/PBAT/RWF composites although the degree of PHBV crystallinity in the solid components was slightly higher than that of their microcellular counterparts. The effects of adding 2% nanoclay on the properties of the PHBV/PBAT/silane-treated-RWF composite were also investigated. The nanoclays exhibited an intercalated structure in the composites based on XRD analysis and did not induce significant changes in the cell morphology and mechanical properties of the PHBV/PBAT/silane-treated-RWF composite. However, it did improve its thermal stability.
Iron-deficiency chlorosis evaluation of soybean with tissue culture

The objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a tissue culture technique for the evaluation of Fe efficiency in soybean, and (ii) to compare the laboratory technique with field Fe chlorosis scores. Nineteen genotypes that had low and high levels of Fe efficiency were evaluated in the laboratory and at five field locations. Friable callus was induced from epicotyl sections, weighed, and placed on two different modified Murashige and Skoog media; one low in α-naphthaleneacetic acid and the other low in Fe. Callus growth was rated as lack of growth compared to respective controls. As an example, Fe-inefficient cultivars (‘Asgrow A3205’ and ‘Pride B216’) had significantly reduced growth compared to Fe-efficient germ plasm lines (‘All’ and ‘A14’). Correlation between the laboratory and field chlorosis rating was highest for the low auxin medium (r2 = 0.78), although correlation for the low Fe medium was also significant (r2 = 0.72). These results show that in vitro evaluation for Fe efficiency can be a useful tool for plant breeders.
Transitions: exploring the frontier.

End-of-life experiences go by various terms, including near-death experiences (NDEs), deathbed visions, deathbed phenomena, deathbed coincidences, and nearing death awareness. Deathbed escorts is the term applied to the vision of deceased family members or friends who inform the dying person that they will be accompanied in the transition from life. In this article, I examine the subject of NDEs and deathbed escorts, starting with the rich body of work provided by Robert and Beatrice Kastenbaum. A subject of some interest to Robert Kastenbaum, he explored this frontier in his many writings on dying, death, and bereavement. Ever the pioneer and having made the ultimate transition, he may yet be exploring new frontiers.
Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.

Abstract Background For many years, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was considered an effective method of restoring the relative protection from coronary artery disease enjoyed by premenopausal women compared with men of similar age. This view has been supported by a substantial number of basic science and observational studies. Data sources Results of recent randomized controlled trials have seriously challenged the concept of the protective value of HRT by showing that rather than decreasing the risk of coronary artery disease, HRT actually appears to increase it. In addition, it increases the risk for breast cancer, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and cholecystitis. Results Despite some benefits such as increased bone mineral density and decreased risk of fracture and colorectal cancer, these data suggest that the risks of HRT outweigh the benefits. Conclusions HRT is no longer routinely recommended for prevention of chronic disease. We present the current scientific data, benefits, risks, and consequent clinical recommendations regarding HRT use in postmenopausal women.
Round Two: Standards Writing and Implementation in the Social Studies

(2004). Round Two: Standards Writing and Implementation in the Social Studies. The Social Studies: Vol. 95, No. 6, pp. 231-238.
Practical Beauty and the Legacy of Pragmatism: Generating Theory for Community-Engaged Scholarship

In this paper I consider how Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics can complement the pragmatic theory that has informed the field of service-learning, and with its emphasis on community and respect for others, can offer an orientation to further the work of service-learning and community engagement in a mutually satisfying way for scholars, practitioners, and community partners. In keeping with Gadamer’s contention that mythological thinking has its rightful place alongside analytical thinking, I provide an interpretation of the myth of Hermes for emancipatory education practice, and then invite readers to consider some implications of philosophical hermeneutics through traditional philosophical exposition. I posit there is much to be gained by framing community engagement as a civic art or practical beauty with a distinct epistemological foundation that values conversation, participation, and openended, collective processes to work for the common good. This orientation would require us to reconsider the purposes and reorient the values of this field of educational practice.
Calmodulin-dependents stimulation of the NADPH oxidase of human neutrophils

The NADPH oxidase of human neutrophils is highly sensitive to calcium concentration and is inhibited in intact cells and cell-free preparations by various phenothiazine drugs. Addition of calmodulin to preparations of NADPH oxidase stimulates enzymatic rates from 1.4-2.5-fold. Addition of calmodulin and calcium, but not calcium alone, to NADPH oxidase preparations which have been inactivated by EDTA results in the restoration of activity. No activation is observed when membrane preparations containing latent NADPH oxidase are exposed to calcium and calmodulin. These studies suggest a role for calmodulin in the control of NADPH oxidase but that calmodulin alone is not sufficient for activation.
An Approach to Adjusting Climatological Time Series for Discontinuous Inhomogeneities

Abstract A method is described whereby climatological time series of temperature and precipitation can be adjusted for station inhomogeneities using station history information. The adjusted data retains its original scale and is not an anomaly series. The methodology uses the concepts of relative homogeneity and standard parametric (temperature) and nonparametric (precipitation) statistics. The technique has been tested in Monte Carlo simulations, and is shown to product climatological time series more consistent with the concept of a homogeneous climate record than would other be the case. Additionally, the technique provides an estimate of the confidence interval associated with each adjustment. It has been applied to over 1200 stations in the United States. In many instances the adjustments in temperature time series are substantial (as large as actual climate fluctuations during the twentieth century) often leading to a more consistent pattern of regional climate change than would otherwise be surmis...
The presence of cytochrome c1 in the purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium vinosum

Abstract A cytochrome-enriched preparation derived from Chromatium vinosum chromatophores has been used to demonstrate the presence of a previously undetected high potential cytochrome c in C. vinosum . The reduced cytochrome has α, β and Soret band maxima at 552–553, 523 and 422 nm respectively and a probable M r of 31 000. The cytochrome appears to have E m near +245 mV. These properties of the C. vinosum cytochrome suggest that it is similar to cytochrome c 1 .
Shape of large bound polysomes in cultured fibroblasts and thyroid epithelial cells.

Large bound polysomes were observed by conventional electron microscopy in surface or en face views of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in two cultured cell types. Cultured thyroid follicular epithelial cells and dermal fibroblasts, both from rats, were prepared for electron microscopy. Ultrathin sections were cut in the plane of the flattened cells to maximize the incidence of RER surface views. Some observations were also made on tissue sections of rat thyroid. Most of the large, RER-bound polysomes in both cell types appeared as two parallel rows of ribosome, thus resembling the shape of long hairpins, although probably closed at both ends. The two parallel rows of ribosomes were about 14 nm apart, and the center-to-center distance between ribosomes in the strands averaged 25 nm. Most of the large bound polysomes in thyroid epithelial cells were presumably making thyroglobulin subunits (330 kDa), while a majority of those in the fibroblasts were probably making prepro-α chains of collagen I (150 kDa). It was not possible in this material to see complete large polysomes, because their size usually caused them to extend out of the plane of section. In addition to the hairpin polysomes, there were smaller numbers of other forms. A characteristic large spiral polysome was seen occasionally in both cell types and contained as many as 31 ribosomes. One or two dense particles were sometimes seen in the center of spiral or circular polysomes. The consistent hairpin shape of most large bound polysomes observed in this study suggests that their shape is quite stable. Anat Rec 255:116–129, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The frequency of company-sponsored alcohol brand-related sites on Facebook™-2012.

Background: This research provides an estimate of the frequency of company-sponsored alcohol brand-related sites on Facebook™. Objectives: We conducted a systematic overview of the extent of alcohol brand-related sites on Facebook™ in 2012. Methods: We conducted a 2012 Facebook™ search for sites specifically related to 898 alcohol brands across 16 different alcoholic beverage types. Descriptive statistics were produced using Microsoft SQL Server. Results: We identified 1,017 company-sponsored alcohol-brand related sites on Facebook™. Conclusions: Our study advances previous literature by providing a systematic overview of the extent of alcohol brand sites on Facebook™.
Estimating Handling Mortality Due to Air Exposure: Development and Application of Thermal Models for the Bering Sea Snow Crab Fishery

Abstract The fishery for snow crabs Chionoecetes opilio in Alaska occurs during the winter, and handling mortality may be high due to cold-air exposure. Heat budget models that include convection, evaporation, long-wave radiation, and solar radiation were developed for snow crabs. Model performance was evaluated by comparing observed and predicted temperatures of live crabs exposed to cold air. The model performed well, predicting temperatures of the body, legs, and eyes within 1.5°C. Legs and eyes cooled faster than the body and may be more susceptible to cold-air exposure. Weather variables were ranked in the following order of importance: (1) air temperature, (2) solar radiation, (3) wind speed, (4) humidity, and (5) cloud cover. Clear, cold, breezy nights are the most detrimental conditions for crabs. Hourly weather records from a site near the fishing grounds were used in conjunction with the thermal model to estimate cooling rates for crabs every hour during actual and hypothetical seasons. The prob...
Kimura disease of the epiglottis – An unusual cause of upper airway obstruction

Abstract Kimura disease is a rare chronic inflammatory condition of unknown etiology, with a predilection in the head and neck region. Involvement of the epiglottis can cause upper airway obstruction but fortunately this is exceedingly rare. We report a 12-year-old boy who was incidentally found to have Kimura disease involvement of the epiglottis obstructing 80% of the airway in the course of our investigations for his cervical lymphadenopathy. Surprisingly, patient was asymptomatic despite the relative large size of the lesion. To our knowledge this is the youngest patient reported to date. Proposed mechanism for his symptoms and management of the case is discussed.
Current hypopnea scoring criteria underscore pediatric sleep disordered breathing.

Abstract Objective This is a retrospective study comparing 2007 American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) pediatric scoring criteria and Stanford scoring criteria of pediatric polysomnograms to characterize the impact different scoring systems have upon the diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing in children. Methods The diagnostic and post-treatment nocturnal polysomnograms (PSGs) of children (age 2–18 years) consecutively referred to an academic sleep clinic for evaluation of suspected sleep disordered breathing (SDB) for 1 year were independently analyzed by a single researcher using AASM and Stanford scoring criteria in a blinded fashion. Results A total of 209 (83 girls) children with suspected SDB underwent clinical evaluation and diagnostic PSG. Analysis of the diagnostic PSGs using the Stanford and AASM criteria classified 207 and 39 studies as abnormal, respectively. The AASM scoring criteria classified 19% of subjects as having obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) while the Stanford criteria diagnosed 99% of the subjects with OSA who were referred for evaluation of suspected sleep disordered breathing. There was a positive correlation between SDB-related clinical symptoms and anatomic risk factors for SDB. Scatter-plot analyses showed that the AASM apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was not only significantly lower compared to the Stanford AHI but also skewed in distribution. Ninety-nine children were restudied with PSG (9 were initially diagnosed with SDB with AASM criteria, whereas all 99 were diagnosed with SDB with Stanford criteria). All 99 children had been treated and had a post-treatment clinical evaluation and post-treatment PSG during the study period. All 99 children evaluated after treatment showed improvement in clinical presentation, Stanford AHI, and oxygen saturation during sleep. Conclusion The AASM scoring criteria classified 19% of subjects as having OSA while the Stanford criteria diagnosed 99% of the subjects with OSA who were referred for evaluation of suspected sleep disordered breathing. The primary factor differentiating the AASM and Stanford criteria was the scoring of hypopneas. The AASM definition of hypopnea may be detrimental to the recognition of SDB in children.
Evolution of Property and Microstructure of P(VDF-TrFE) Copolymers Modified by Irradiation Introduced Defects

The effect of defects introduced by high-energy electron irradiation on microstructure and properties in poly(vinylidene fluoride- trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] is reported. In studies of the copolymers, it is found that as defect concentration increases, the material can be changed from a normal ferroelectrics to a relaxor ferroelectrics (RFE) and then to a simple relaxor. Correspondingly, the crystalline morphology changes from a coexistence of polar and non-polar phases to a macroscopically uniform non- polar phase, as revealed by x -ray data. It was observed that the dielectric property in the copolymers with a different amount of defects was well described by the Vogel-Fulcher (V-F) relationship. Based on the experimental data, a critical size, which is the smallest size of crystal with ferroelectric phase, of about 5 nm was obtained for the copolymer. The RFE developed here exhibits a massive electrostrictive strain which is very attractive for many actuator and transducer applications and a high dielectric constant which is attractive for development of high- density energy storage capacitors and electronic packaging.
TU-D-201C-03: Monitoring Cancer Treatment with Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Imaging

There is growing interest in evaluating cancer therapies that target tumor vasculature. However, assessing these therapies has been difficult because the conventional approach of measuring tumor size does not indicate microvascular activity. Furthermore, cancer microvessels re‐grow between treatments, requiring continual evaluation during the course of therapy. The goal of our studies is to develop techniques that allow longitudinal imaging of tumor microvascular flow. Towards this goal, techniques that employ Doppler or grayscale ultrasound with microbubble contrast agent to visualizeblood flow through microvessels will be presented. The metrics used for evaluating vascular changes induced by vascular targeting therapies will be reviewed and their efficacy demonstrated in mice tumors. The antivascular action (decrease in tumor microvascular flow) of three different treatments (combretastatin, ionizing radiation and sonication) will be discussed. Before antivascular therapy, contrast agent perfusing vascular tumors is seen in the images as a uniform flush of color filling the entire lesion. After treatment, the images show that contrast medium does not enter several regions of the tumor, indicating that these parts of the tumor are now avascular. The decrease in area enhanced by the contrast agent and the rate of inflow of contrast agent in the image plane are useful endpoints for assessing cancertreatments affecting tumor microvascular flow. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the techniques of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound imaging 2. Understand the issues related to microbubble disruption and ultrasound exposure 3. Understand the issues associated with the use of contrast‐enhanced imaging for monitoring vascular targeted therapies
Genetic testing for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.

Purpose: The Alpha Coded Testing Study investigated the risks, benefits, and psychological impact of home genetic testing for α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Methods: In the study, 996 adult individuals requested and returned a home-administered, confidential, fingerstick blood test. Results: Individuals highly rated the benefits of establishing a diagnosis (82%), helping family members (86%), and anticipating peace of mind (79%). 78% of 239 current smokers reported a high likelihood of smoking cessation if diagnosed with AATD. After testing, more than 60% indicated that they would share the results with family and physicians but < 30% would share results with insurance companies. Conclusions: Confidential home testing for genetic disorders requires a comprehensive program of participant support.
Opinions, influence, and zealotry: a computational study on stubbornness

We present a simple, efficient, and predictive model for opinion dynamics with zealots. Our model captures curvature-driven dynamics (e.g., clear, smooth boundaries separating domains whose curvature decreases over time) through a simple, individual rule, providing a method for rapidly testing basic hypotheses about innovation diffusion, opinion dynamics, and related phenomena. Our model belongs to a class of models called dimer automata, which are asynchronous, graph-based (i.e., non-uniform lattice) variants of cellular automata. Individuals in the model update their states via a dyadic update rule; population opinion dynamics emerge from these pairwise interactions. Zealots are stubborn individuals whose opinion is not susceptible to influence by others. We observe experimentally that a system without zealots usually converges to the majority opinion, but a relatively small number of zealots can sway the opinion of the whole population. The influence of zealots can be further increased by placing zealots at more effective locations within the network. These locations can be determined by rankings from standard social network analysis metrics, or by using a greedy algorithm for influence maximization. We apply the influence maximization technique to a politically polarized social network to explore opinion dynamics in a real-world network and to gain insight about influence and political entrenchment through the zealot model's ability to sway the entire network to one side or the other.
Annual Summary of Vital Statistics: 2009

The number of births in the United States decreased by 3% between 2008 and 2009 to 4 130 665 births. The general fertility rate also declined 3% to 66.7 per 1000 women. The teenage birth rate fell 6% to 39.1 per 1000. Birth rates also declined for women 20 to 39 years and for all 5-year groups, but the rate for women 40 to 44 years continued to rise. The percentage of all births to unmarried women increased to 41.0% in 2009, up from 40.6% in 2008. In 2009, 32.9% of all births occurred by cesarean delivery, continuing its rise. The 2009 preterm birth rate declined for the third year in a row to 12.18%. The low-birth-weight rate was unchanged in 2009 at 8.16%. Both twin and triplet and higher order birth rates increased. The infant mortality rate was 6.42 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2009. The rate is significantly lower than the rate of 6.61 in 2008. Linked birth and infant death data from 2007 showed that non-Hispanic black infants continued to have much higher mortality rates than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic infants. Life expectancy at birth was 78.2 years in 2009. Crude death rates for children and adolescents aged 1 to 19 years decreased by 6.5% between 2008 and 2009. Unintentional injuries and homicide, the first and second leading causes of death jointly accounted for 48.6% of all deaths to children and adolescents in 2009.
Force control of a non-backdrivable robot without a force sensor

Cooperatively controlled robots are used in many kinds of applications, including surgical robot applications where the surgeon can guide the robot end effector to a desired position. Often, a 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) force/torque sensor is installed. However, in some cases, the sensor is only used to impose safety thresholds and to support the robot guidance task. In cases where high guidance accuracy is not required, it can be difficult to justify the added cost of a 6 DOF force sensor. One lower-cost solution is to incorporate a joystick or similar input device, but this requires additional hardware and removes the surgeon's hands from direct interaction with the robot end-effector. This paper presents a method for achieving cooperative force control without a force sensor. The method utilizes motor current feedback and uses a calibrated current value for force estimation. The novelty of this method is that it can be applied to non-backdrivable robots. It is implemented on a 2-DOF XY stage and experiments are conducted to demonstrate accuracy and performance on this non-backdrivable robot.
Bilaterality and recurrence rates for lobular breast cancer: considerations for treatment.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tumor biology with respect to bilaterality and recurrence rates for bilateral infiltrating lobular (IL) breast carcinoma in comparison with other histological types.
GUSTAFSON'S THEOCENTRISM AND SCIENTIFIC NATURALISTIC PHILOSOPHY: A MARRIAGE MADE IN HEAVEN?

. Examining James M. Gustafson's views on the relationships between the sciences, theology, and ethics from a scientifically based naturalistic philosophical perspective, I concur with his rejection of separatist and antagonistic interactionist positions and his adherence to a mutually supportive interactionist position with both descriptive and normative features. I next explore three aspects of this interactionism: religious empiricism, the connections between facts and values, and the centering of objective values in the divine. Here I find much accord between Gustafson's theocentrism and a scientifically based naturalistic philosophical account of the relationships between the sciences, theology, and ethics.
Evolution theory for optimal control of a Couette iceform design model

Abstract The ‘iceformation’ method is a new technique for designing the shape of low-loss flow fixtures and bodies. Optimal selection of the flow and thermal control parameters is based on minimizing energy dissipation when the ice/water interface reaches steady state. A theoretical basis for selecting control parameters is established. An optimal criterion is derived using a Couette iceform model for a point on the ice/water interface and an evolution theory. The evolution process consists of dynamic variation and thermodynamic performance evaluation. The paper provides a theoretical foundation for conducting iceformation experiments and numerical simulation of analogous design processes.