cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and immunochemical properties of methoxypolyethylene glycol-coupled and N-carboxymethylated derivatives of ragweed pollen allergen, antigen E.

Abstract A methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG)-coupled and several N-carboxymethylated (N-CM) derivatives of antigen E, the major allergenic protein of ragweed pollen, were prepared. The PEG derivative contained seven residues of PEG groups (residue weight about 2100) per molecule of protein and the groups were linked to the lysyl residues of antigen via the 2,6-positions of 4-hydroxy-triazine nucleus. The maximally N-CM derivative contained, respectively, 10, 6, and 2 residues of mono-CM, di-CM, and unmodified lysyl residues per molecule of protein. The CM groups were introduced reductively on reaction with glyoxylic and sodium cyanoborohydride and the extent of mono- and dicarboxymethylation was controlled more by the concentration of cyanoborohydride than by that of glyoxylic acid. The molar allergenic activities of the PEG and the N-CM derivatives in man were, respectively, 0.02 and 0.5 of that of the native antigen. Rabbits immunized with the PEG derivative gave antibody titers about 1 8 th of those obtained with animals immunized with the native antigen. However, the rabbits preimmunized with the PEG derivative gave a vigorous secondary response on challenge with the native antigen and their titers approached those of rabbits preimmunized with the native antigen. The immunogenicity of the reduced and S-carboxymethylated derivative of antigen E which has the denatured conformation was studied as a control. Rabbits immunized with the S-CM derivative gave antibody titers 1 34 th of those obtained with animals immunized with the native antigen; on secondary challenge with the native antigen, these rabbits gave antibody titers about 1 6 th of those of animals preimmunized with the native antigen.
The dopamine antagonist cis-flupenthixol blocks the expression of the conditioned positive but not the negative effects of cocaine in rats.

Abstract Human cocaine users report that the initial “high” produced by cocaine administration is followed by an anxiogenic “crash”. Given that cocaine has such robust and opposing properties, it is likely that both positive and negative effects of cocaine contribute to an individual's motivation to administer the drug. Despite this likelihood, the neurobiology underlying cocaine's dual processes remains unclear. While much literature supports a role for dopamine (DA) in cocaine reward, it is uncertain if DA also contributes to the drug's negative effects. Our laboratory has extensively utilized a modified conditioned place test to explore cocaine's opponent processes. In this paradigm rats develop conditioned place preferences (CPPs) for an environment paired with the immediate/positive effects of cocaine, and conditioned place aversions (CPAs) for an environment paired with the delayed/negative effects present 15-min after i.v. injection. In the current study rats were conditioned to associate an environment with either the immediate or delayed effects of i.v. cocaine (1 mg/kg/0.1 ml) 3 h after i.p. pre-treatment with either the DA D1/D2 receptor antagonist cis-flupenthixol (0.5 mg/kg/ml) or saline vehicle. As expected, vehicle-treated control animals developed the normal pattern of CPPs for cocaine's immediate effects or CPAs for the delayed effects of cocaine. However, while DA receptor antagonism prevented the expression of cocaine CPPs it did not alter the expression of cocaine-induced CPAs. These data confirm a role for DA transmission in cocaine reward but suggest that different neural pathways mediate the drug's negative/anxiogenic properties.
Alterations in neurotrophin and neurotrophin-receptor localization in Hirschsprung's disease

Abstract Interactions of the trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors with neurotrophins promote growth and differentiation of nervous-system cells during development. Disturbances in neurotrophic signaling could be involved in functional or aganglionic conditions of the intestine such as Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Intestinal resection specimens from 20 children with HD and from 10 normal age-matched controls were evaluated immunocytochemically for the presence of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC protein, and the neurotrophin ligands brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). All three neurotrophin receptors are localized with cellular specificity to the enteric nervous system of normal and proximal ganglionic HD intestine; however, none was detected in the hypertrophic nerve fibers of aganglionic HD segments. Aganglionic HD intestine lacked intense and specific TrkC and BDNF enteric ganglionic immunoreactivity. NT-3, localized to enteric plexuses and basal lamina of ganglionic intestine, was not detected in ganglion cells located at the "transitional zone" of HD intestine. These data suggest that neurotrophic influences may be involved in enteric nervous-system cellular survival and differentiation in functional intestinal disorders such as HD.
The effects of inhaled budesonide and formoterol in combination and alone when given directly after allergen challenge.

Background The use of combination inhaled budesonide and formoterol as maintenance and reliever therapy significantly improves the risk and the time to exacerbations in asthma. Objectives To explore the mechanisms underlying the effect of the reliever dose on exacerbations by examining the effect of combination therapy on the allergen challenge model when given after allergen exposure. Methods In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, single doses of budesonide/formoterol (400/12 μg), formoterol (12 μg), budesonide (400 μg), or placebo were administered during the acute bronchoconstriction response (early airway response) immediately after allergen inhalation in 15 patients with mild asthma. Allergen-induced late airway response (LAR), sputum inflammatory markers, airway hyperresponsiveness, and exhaled nitric oxide were measured. Results All active treatments significantly attenuated the LAR, with budesonide/formoterol significantly better than its monocomponents (maximum FEV 1 fall: placebo, [mean ± SEM] 21.2% ± 3.1%; budesonide/formoterol, 4.2% ± 1.4%; formoterol, 7.5% ± 1.7%; budesonide, 10.4% ± 1.6%). Allergen-induced change in methacholine PC 20 was significantly attenuated by budesonide/formoterol, but not by its monocomponents. Sputum cell counts and exhaled nitric oxide increased significantly after all allergen challenges, with no significant attenuation by any of the treatments. Therapy with combination and formoterol alone, but not budesonide, significantly reduced the early airway response. Conclusion A single dose of budesonide/formoterol was superior to its monocomponents in attenuating the allergen-induced LAR and airway hyperresponsiveness. These effects may represent the contribution of the reliever dose to the budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever regimen. Clinical implications The protective effect against allergic airway responses with a single reliever dose of budesonide/formoterol is predominantly related to greater functional antagonism of airway smooth muscles.
Study of Microbial Evolution through Loss of Biosynthetic Functions: Establishment of “Defective” Mutants

On appropriate media, mutants which have lost a biosynthetic function may exhibit a selective advantage over parental strains. Is this how “parasitism” became established ?
P1-S6.42 HPV vaccine and sexual behaviour among US adolescent and young adult women

Background Monitoring HPV vaccine uptake can identify potential disparities in coverage and guide vaccine implementation efforts. While there are several national estimates of HPV vaccine uptake among US women, there are few data on vaccination status in relation to sexual behaviour. We analysed receipt of HPV vaccine and intent to get vaccinated by demographic and sexual behaviour data from a nationally representative US survey. Methods In 2007–2008, 1243 females aged 15–24 years in a nationally representative US survey answered questions about receipt of at least one dose of HPV vaccine. Unvaccinated women were asked about their intent to get vaccinated in the next 12 months. Demographic and sexual behaviour correlates were evaluated in bivariate and multivariable analyses by age for (a) receipt of HPV vaccine and (b) intention to receive HPV vaccine. Results Overall, 23.1% of respondents reported receiving HPV vaccine; significantly more 15–19 year olds were vaccinated compared to 20–24 year olds (30.3% vs 15.9%, p Conclusions These nationally representative data from the US highlight disparities in HPV vaccine uptake by insurance status among 15–24 year old women and by race/ethnicity among women above age 19. Our data do not suggest that HPV vaccination results in more sexually-risky behaviour, however, further data on timing of vaccination and sexual initiation are needed. Continued efforts are needed to encourage vaccination before initiation of sexual activity when the benefit of vaccination would be greatest.
Pedagogies of Interpretation in Educating Clergy

. In this essay the authors describe how four seminary educators pedagogically engage students in practices of interpretation and explore how the variations in their teaching practices shape the critical thinking they seek to cultivate in their students. The piece is excerpted from an ethnographic study of Jewish and Christian seminary educator teaching practices sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (Educating Clergy: Teaching Practices and Pastoral Imagination, Jossey-Bass Publishers, November 2005). The study explores how the classroom- and community-based teaching practices of seminary educators prepare students to integrate professional knowledge and skill with moral integrity and religious commitment in professional practice. In addition to the pedagogies of interpretation explicated here, we observed pedagogies that engage students in practices of formation, contextualization, and performance. Attention is also given in the study to the influence of pedagogies embedded in the traditions of seminary education on student learning and to the cultivation of spiritual and professional practices beyond the classroom in community worship and through strategies of field education and small groups.
The Impact of Weight Stigma on Caloric Consumption

The present study assessed the influence of exposure to weight stigma on energy intake in both overweight and normal-weight adult women. Seventy-three women (mean age: 31.71 ± 12.72 years), both overweight (n = 34) and normal weight (n = 39), were randomly assigned to view one of two videos depicting either weight stigmatizing material or neutral material, after which they consumed snacks ad libitum. Pre- and post-video measures included blood pressure, attitudes toward overweight individuals, and positive and negative affect. Participants' body weight was measured, as was the number of kilocalories consumed following video exposure. Overweight women who watched the stigmatizing video ate more than three times as many kilocalories as overweight women who watched the neutral video (302.82 vs. 89.00 kcal), and significantly more calories than the normal-weight individuals who watched either the stigmatizing or the neutral video. A two-by-two analysis of covariance revealed that even after adjusting for relevant covariates, there was a significant interaction between video type and weight status in that when overweight, individuals consumed significantly more calories if they were in the stigmatizing condition vs. the neutral condition (F(1,65) = 4.37, P = 0.04, η(2) = 0.03). These findings suggest that among overweight women, exposure to weight stigmatizing material may lead to increased caloric consumption. This directly challenges the notion that pressure to lose weight in the form of weight stigma will have a positive, motivating effect on overweight individuals.
Radiation-induced creep in single crystals of face-centred-cubic materials

Abstract In order to find the dislocation mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced creep, experiments on single crystals are proposed. Three possible mechanisms are considered : stress-induced preferential absorption of interstitials at Frank loops (SIPAL), or at edge dislocations (SIPAD), and climb-controlled glide of dislocations (CCG). dependence of radiation-induced creep on the single crystal orientation is derived for face-centred-cubie materials. It is shown that each mechanism gives rise to a distinct orientation dependence, and specific examples are worked out for uniaxial tension and for torsion of bar specimens. In addition, we discuss briefly the significance of single-crystal irradiation creep to polycrystalline behaviour.
Forcing of resonant modes on a fringing reef during tropical storm Man-Yi

[1] Open basin resonant modes have been observed at tidal frequencies on coastal shelves, but their excitation on coral reef platforms has only been suggested. The topography of and water depth over most fringing reefs correspond to resonant periods that are the order of tens of minutes and fall outside of the energetic part of the wave spectrum. During tropical storm Man-Yi, low frequency near resonant oscillations dominated the variance of the sea surface elevation at the shoreline of Ipan reef, Guam. The excitation of the resonant modes resulted both from a large increase in water level over the reef due to wave setup, which increased the resonant frequencies, and the occurrence of wave group forcing with time scales commensurate with these increased resonant frequencies.
More on computing roots of integers

Recently John Fitch [FITC 74] gave an algorithm for computing [A1/n] where A and n are positive integers. His algorithm, based on the classical Newton method, has the virtue of not only being an extremely simple algorithm but it is also fast - both in practice and in theory. One can hardly hope to improve upon an algorithm with such virtues. In this note I will present and analyze the computing time of a variation of the algorithm presented by Fitch. The variation is superior to Fitch's version in the sense that in some cases the theoretical computing time of the new version is dominated by the theoretical computing time of Fitch's version. I do not know which algorithm is faster in practice. I doubt that there is any significant difference for most problems of interest. Certainly Fitch's version is easier to program.
Universal Ecological Patterns in College Basketball Communities

The rank abundance of common and rare species within ecological communities is remarkably consistent from the tropics to the tundra. This invariant patterning provides one of ecology's most enduring and unified tenets: most species rare and a few very common. Increasingly, attention is focused upon elucidating biological mechanisms that explain these species abundance distributions (SADs), but these evaluations remain controversial. We show that college basketball wins generate SADs just like those observed in ecological communities. Whereas college basketball wins are structured by competitive interactions, the result produces a SAD pattern indistinguishable from random wins. We also show that species abundance data for tropical trees exhibits a significant-digit pattern consistent with data derived from complex structuring forces. These results cast doubt upon the ability of SAD analysis to resolve ecological mechanism, and their patterning may reflect statistical artifact as much as biological processes.
The Early Christological Controversy: Apollinarius, Diodore, and Gregory Nazianzen

This article sheds new light on a crucial moment in the emerging Christological controversy. Among the key developments that occurred between 360 and the early 380s, the Christological debate between Apollinarius of Laodicea and Diodore of Tarsus made a significant, though largely misunderstood, impact on the Christological works of Gregory of Nazianzus. The article first characterizes the main Christological concerns of Apollinarius and Diodore and identifies the points of contention between them. It then gives a new interpretation of Gregory’s relationship to this debate. It argues, finally, that Gregory Nazianzen defines his Christology chiefly in opposition to Diodore, rather than to Apollinarius, as is commonly believed, even as he opposes them both in the end.
Who should get influenza vaccine

(1992). Who Should Get Influenza Vaccine? Journal of American College Health: Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 133-133.
Variation in morphology, ecology, and toxicological responses of Colpoda inflata (stokes) collected from five biogeographic realms

Summary Recent studies have revealed low genetic variation within soil isolates of Colpoda inflata from several biogeographic realms, prompting us to question whether such isolates were equally similar with respect to morphological and ecological variables. We also compared the sensitivity of these isolates to acute exposure to three heavy metals (copper, zinc and cadmium), since toxicological response may reflect differences in morphological or ecological parameters. Multivariate analysis of twelve morphological parameters revealed substantial overlap among the six isolates. Isolates from USA and Canada and isolates from China and Kenya tended to cluster together, respectively. Isolates from Mexico and Russia appeared to be intermediate between these two groups. Isolates from China exhibited the greatest growth rate in contrast to the lowest shown by isolates from USA and Canada. Growth rates following exposure to copper, did not differ among the six isolates, however, the Kenya isolate appeared to be the most sensitive to zinc and cadmium. Aside from the Kenya isolate, variation among the other five isolates was relatively small although they were isolated from soils from four biogeographic realms. Our results indicate that morphological, ecological and toxicological variation within C. inflata isolates is sufficiently low, especially among those from the Northern hemisphere, to allow the use of native populations of this species in screening tests for toxicity assessment.
Empirical Modeling Methodologies for Construction

The paper provides a review of empirical modeling and its application within construction engineering and management. The scope of application and trends in use of this approach are first assessed, and the potential for its further development is identified. This is followed by an examination of the key components of empirical modeling, namely: the structure and operation of the model and the scheme used in its development. The paper then provides a rigorous methodology that must be followed to ensure the validity and value of the end model, covering the steps: strategizing; data collation and assessment; model development; model evaluation and final selection; final validation; and implementation. The methodology is designed to cater for all forms of empirical modeling including the procedurally more demanding development algorithms that have become available in recent years, such as simulated evolution. Overall, the paper is designed to provide researchers embarking on an empirical modeling study with an overview of when it is appropriate to use this approach, what type of system to adopt, and how to ensure development of a successful end product.
Forecasting Non-Stationary Economic Time Series

The purpose of this paper is to show how certain results obtained by Peter Whittle [Whittle, P. 1963. Prediction and Regulation by Linear Least Square Methods. English Universities Press, London.] may be used to derive the results on adaptive forecasting obtained by Wage and Nerlove [Nerlove, M., S. Wage. 1964. On the optimality of adaptive forecasting. Management Sci. 10January 207--24.] and to carry forward the general program of that paper; namely, to study the prediction of those types of non-stationary and non-deterministic series1 which can be reduced to stationary series by a finite linear transformation. For this class of non-stationary series it may be shown in general that the optimal forecast for any future period may be expressed as a linear combination of past values of the series, and past one-step prediction errors; they are, in this sense, “adaptive.” Unfortunately, this class contains series which, when transformed, have infinite moving average representations. For these series the adaptive representation of the optimal forescats will contain an infinite number of terms, and thus, in terms of the original motivation of adaptive forecasting, be less than helpful. Such considerations do, however, suggest what the limits of applicability of the adaptive representation are, and give a criterion for choosing between the autoregressive and adaptive representations in the case of any particular series. The analysis is illustrated by forecasts of unemployment of males, aged 14--19, one, four, and fifteen months ahead.
Mastectomies on the rise for breast cancer: "the tide is changing".

In this issue of the Annals are three articles that describe a substantial increase in the number of therapeutic mastectomies for breast cancer and an increased rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomies. 1–3 These publications reflect a national trend that is most likely the result of multiple factors. Of these, the major influence is a change in patient attitudes and their choices as they contemplate the benefits and risks of an increasing array of surgical options for breast cancer. Simultaneously, they are exposed to better information about future risks of contralateral disease and the increasing trend to have bilateral mastectomies to achieve a cancer treatment benefit, cancer prevention, cosmetically better symmetry of their breasts, and ‘‘peace of mind,’’ all in one surgical procedure. However, these approaches are not for everyone, and it is our burden of responsibility to ensure that patients are properly informed about all their options and know the relative risks and complications so they can be fully informed as we ask them to participate in these complex decisions.
Electrocardiography-inclusive screening strategies for detection of cardiovascular abnormalities in high school athletes

Background The best protocol for cardiovascular preparticipation screening (PPS) in young athletes is uncertain. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the value of integrating electrocardiographic (ECG) testing with standard history and physical examination during PPS to identify potentially serious cardiovascular abnormalities in young athletes. Methods A total of 2017 high school athletes seeking clearance for competitive sports were prospectively evaluated using a standardized history and physical examination, 12-lead ECG, and two-dimensional echocardiogram (echo). Primary outcome measures included the identification of cardiac disorders associated with sudden cardiac death. Secondary outcome measures included identification of abnormal, but nonlethal, cardiac conditions that required medical follow-up. Results Of these athletes, 14.7% had an abnormal history or physical examination and 3.1% had an abnormal ECG based on modern ECG interpretation criteria. Five primary outcomes (1 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 4 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) and four secondary outcomes were identified. History and physical examination detected 40% of primary and 50% of secondary abnormalities. ECG detected all five primary abnormalities but none of the secondary abnormalities. Echo was abnormal in 1.2% and detected one primary and four secondary abnormalities. The false-positive rates for primary and secondary outcomes for history and physical examination and ECG were 14.5% and 2.8%, respectively. Conclusion ECG adds value to PPS through increased detection of arrhythmogenic and structural cardiovascular conditions associated with sudden cardiac death. Use of modern ECG interpretation standards allows a low false-positive rate. Routine echo may detect other clinically important cardiac abnormalities, but its role in PPS remains uncertain.
Predicting pre-service teachers’ opposition to inclusion of students with disabilities: a path analytic study

This study addressed predictors of pre-service teachers’ opposition toward the practice of educating students with disabilities in mainstream classroom settings—a practice known as inclusion. We tested a hypothesized path model that incorporated social dominance orientation (SDO) and contact as distal predictors, and intergroup anxiety, stereotype use, and self-efficacy for including students with disabilities as more proximal predictors of opposition to inclusion in a sample of 229 pre-service teachers from the Southwestern United States. In large part, the predicted relationships among our variables were supported. The effect of SDO on opposition to inclusion was both indirect (via stereotype use and intergroup anxiety) and direct. The effect of close contact with persons with disabilities relevant to inclusion was mediated by intergroup anxiety and, more distally, by stereotype use. Stereotype use and intergroup anxiety were positive predictors of opposition to inclusion. The predicted relationship between self-efficacy and opposition to inclusion was not supported by the data. Rather, the data supported a reverse causal ordering. Implications for future research are addressed.
Synthesis of linear multivariable systems

The optimization of linear multivariable systems often leads to simultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations. In this paper a new method is developed for solving equations of this type. Unlike previous techniques it gives an explicit solution without requiring the spectral factorization of matrices. Examples are given to illustrate applications to control and filtering problems.
Stem cell transplantation for treatment of sickle cell disease: bone marrow versus cord blood transplants.

Purpose The transplantation of stem cells harvested from bone marrow and cord blood for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) is reviewed. Summary Current treatment options have lengthened the lifespan of patients with SCD. Hydroxyurea is the standard of care for the management of SCD, but it does not prevent serious complications in all patients. For those patients with severe disease, stem cell transplantation may be an appropriate curative option. However, less than one third of these patients find an appropriate matched related bone marrow donor. Cord blood offers a more readily available source of stem cells for transplantation. Donor morbidity is eliminated, since the cells come from banked cords, and the harvesting process is noninvasive for the donor. Another advantage of cord blood transplantation is the lower occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). One disadvantage of transplantation with cord blood includes delayed time to engraftment. Due to the mortality associated with stem cell transplantation, it may be most appropriate to reserve the procedure for patients who have a more severe course of SCD. Conclusion Although bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood transplantation has been successfully performed in patients with SCD, data remain limited regarding the optimal preparative regimens, the most appropriate stem cell source, and the type of GVHD prophylaxis to be used after transplantation. More data are warranted before this treatment approach can be recommended as a standard of care for SCD.
Effect of lysyl oxidase inhibition on angiotensin II-induced arterial hypertension, remodeling, and stiffness.

It is well accepted that angiotensin II (Ang II) induces altered vascular stiffness through responses including both structural and material remodeling. Concurrent with remodeling is the induction of the enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) through which ECM proteins are cross-linked. The study objective was to determine the effect of LOX mediated cross-linking on vascular mechanical properties. Three-month old mice were chronically treated with Ang II with or without the LOX blocker, β -aminopropionitrile (BAPN), for 14 days. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) from Doppler measurements of the aortic flow wave was used to quantify in vivo vascular stiffness in terms of an effective Young’s modulus. The increase in effective Young’s modulus with Ang II administration was abolished with the addition of BAPN, suggesting that the material properties are a major controlling element in vascular stiffness. BAPN inhibited the Ang II induced collagen cross-link formation by 2-fold and PWV by 44% (P<0.05). Consistent with this observation, morphometric analysis showed that BAPN did not affect the Ang II mediated increase in medial thickness but significantly reduced the adventitial thickness. Since the hypertensive state contributes to the measured in vivo PWV stiffness, we removed the Ang II infusion pumps on Day 14 and achieved normal arterial blood pressures. With pump removal we observed a decrease of the PWV in the Ang II group to 25% above that of the control values (P=0.002), with a complete return to control values in the Ang II plus BAPN group. In conclusion, we have shown that the increase in vascular stiffness with 14 day Ang II administration results from a combination of hypertension-induced wall strain, adventitial wall thickening and Ang II mediated LOX ECM cross-linking, which is a major material source of vascular stiffening, and that the increased PWV was significantly inhibited with co-administration of BAPN.
Distance-driven projection and backprojection in three dimensions

Projection and backprojection are operations that arise frequently in tomographic imaging. Recently, we proposed a new method for projection and backprojection, which we call distance-driven, and that offers low arithmetic cost and a highly sequential memory access pattern. Furthermore, distance-driven projection and backprojection avoid several artefact-inducing approximations characteristic of some other methods. We have previously demonstrated the application of this method to parallel and fan beam geometries. In this paper, we extend the distance-driven framework to three dimensions and demonstrate its application to cone beam reconstruction. We also present experimental results to demonstrate the computational performance, the artefact characteristics and the noise-resolution characteristics of the distance-driven method in three dimensions.
Immunocytochemical analysis of GABA-positive and calretinin-positive horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina

By using immunocytochemical techniques, we demonstrate that there are two distinct, nonoverlapping populations of horizontal cells (HCs) in the tiger salamander retina: GABA-positive cells account for about 72% and GABA-negative (calretinin-positive) cells account for 28% of the total HC somas. The calretinin-positive HCs have relatively sparse and thick dendrites: soma diameter of 19.72 +/- 0.29 microm, and soma density of 140 +/- 13 cells/mm(2), morphological features very much like the A-type HCs described in the accompanying article. The GABA-positive HCs have thinner dendritic and coarse axon-terminal-like processes of higher density: soma diameter of 18 +/- 0.18 microm, and soma density of 364 +/- 18 cells/mm(2), features that very much resemble the B-type HCs and B-type HC axon terminals in the accompanying article. By using double and triple immunostaining techniques we found that only 18% of the non-GABAergic HC dendritic clusters contact rods, whereas the remaining 82% of the dendritic clusters contact cones. This is consistent with the physiological finding in the accompanying article that the A-type HCs are cone-dominated. On the other hand, 32% of GABAergic HC dendrites contact rod pedicles and 68% contact cone pedicles, consistent with the physiological finding that B-type HCs and B-type HC axon terminals receive mixed rod/cone inputs. Detailed confocal microscope analysis shows that 4% rods, 6% principal double cones/single cones, and 100% accessory double cones contact calretinin-positive HCs, and 79% rods, 100% principal double cones, 14% accessory double cones, and 82% single cones contact GABAergic HCs. These results suggest that GABAergic and non-GABAergic HC input/output synapses differ and they may mediate different functional pathways in the outer retina.
OCLATOR: the one coil low aspect toroidal reactor

Following the general description of OCLATOR (I), more thoughts are presented here. It suggests that the blanket may not be changed for the plant lifetime. Also miniaturization of OCLATOR is discussed, especially if the ripple turbulence could be improved upon the presently set limit which applies to a large number of ripples.
Neuroanatomical correlates of selective downgaze paralysis.

Abstract A 56-year-old woman had the sudden onset of a selective paralysis of downgaze associated with a partial third nerve paralysis on the right. On numerous examinations over the ensuing 3 and 3 4 years, these deficits were observed to persist. At autopsy, bilateral somewhat asymmetrical cavitated lesions were seen in the region of the thalamo-mesencephalic junction. Because this patient's selective downgaze paralysis was permanent, it is concluded that the supranuclear neural elements mediating downgaze are situated within the confines of these lesions. A consideration of the present case together with previous reports of selective vertical gaze paralysis permits the relevant region to be further localized to an area extending from the oculomotor nucleus to the rostral pole of the red nucleus and immediately dorsomedial to the latter. This is likely to be the location of the human analogue of the monkey “nucleus of the prerubral fields”, a supranuclear structure which is thought to mediate vertical gaze and especially downgaze.
Detection of ions by replacement-ion chromatography coupled to a microwave-induced nitrogen discharge at atmospheric pressure

Abstract The capabilities and limitations of replacement-ion chromatography (RIC) using a lithium-based replacement method and a microwave-induced nitrogen discharge at atmospheric pressure as the detector are critically evaluated for the determination of anions and cations. The system, including chromatographic columns, interface, and plasma-emission source, provides detection limits of 30–300 ng for anions and 100–500 ng for cations. Detectability and precision of the instrument are ultimately limited by multiplicative noise sources. The limitations imposed by multiplicative noise on RIC detection are assessed, and guidelines are presented that will allow judicious choice of alternative RIC detectors in the future.
Buffer allocation optimization in ATM switching networks using ALOPEX algorithm

Abstract We describe the use of a stochastic algorithm, called ALOPEX, which could be implemented in VLSI for optimizing the buffer allocation process in ATM switching networks. We present the results of computer simulations for buffer allocation in ATM switching networks using the ALOPEX algorithm. The algorithm uses a scalar cost function which is a measure of global performance. The ALOPEX works by broadcasting the global cost function to all neural processors in the neural network. Since each neural processor solely depends on the global cost function no interaction is needed between the neural processors and the algorithm is more amenable to massively parallel implementation. The application of the ALOPEX algorithm for the buffer allocation optimization in ATM networks assumes limited buffer capacity. The proposed ALOPEX-based approach takes advantage of the favorable control characteristics of the algorithm such as high adaptability and high speed collective computing power for effective buffer utilization. The proposed model uses complete sharing buffer allocation strategy and enhances its performance for high traffic loads by regulating the buffer allocation process dynamically.
Modulation of atherogenesis by chemokines

Migration of leukocytes into the vasculature-which involves the concerted effort of many molecules, including chemokines-is a requisite step for atherogenesis. The three chemokines that have been implicated most strongly in atherogenesis are monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8)/growth-regulated oncogene alpha (Gro-alpha), and fractalkine. Although all three chemokines appear to impact atherogenesis by attenuating monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the lesion, the precise mechanism of action of each of the chemokines, as well as their interactive role in atherosclerosis, have not been elucidated. This review focuses on the latest findings that describe the individual roles of MCP-1, IL-8/Gro-alpha, and fractalkine on macrophage recruitment in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, based on present knowledge of the participation of these three chemokines and their receptors in monocyte/macrophage recruitment, a possible interactive role of these chemokines in atherogenesis is explored.
Seismic signatures of reservoir transport properties and pore fluid distribution

We investigate the effects of permeability, frequency, and fluid distribution on the viscoelastic behavior of rock. The viscoelastic response of rock to seismic waves depends on the relative motion of pore fluid with respect to the solid phase. Fluid motion depends, in part, on the internal wave‐induced pore pressure distribution that relates to the pore micro‐structure of rock and the scales of saturation. We consider wave‐induced squirt fluid flow at two scales: (1) local microscopic flow at the smallest scale of saturation heterogeneity (e.g., within a single pore) and (2) macroscopic flow at a larger scale of fluid‐saturated and dry patches. We explore the circumstances under which each of these mechanisms prevails. We examine such flows under the conditions of uniform confining (bulk) compression and obtain the effective dynamic bulk modulus of rock. The solutions are formulated in terms of generalized frequencies that depend on frequency, saturation, fluid and gas properties, and on the macroscopic ...
Trap it!: A Playful Human-Biology Interaction for a Museum Installation

We developed Trap it!, a human-biology interaction (HBI) medium encompassing a touchscreen interface, microscopy, and light projection. Users can interact with living cells by drawing on a touchscreen displaying the microscope view of the cells. These drawings are projected onto the microscopy field as light patterns, prompting observable movement in phototactic responses. The system design enables stable and robust HBI and a wide variety of programmed activities (art, games, and experiments). We investigated its affordances as an exhibit in a science museum in both facilitated and unfacilitated contexts. Overall, it had a low barrier of entry and fostered rich communication among visitors. Visitors were particularly excited upon realizing that the interaction involved real organisms, an understanding that was facilitated by the eyepiece on the physical system. With the results from user study, we provide our observations, insights and guidelines for designing HBI as a permanent museum exhibit.
The Attachment Frame is the Thing: Emotion-Focused Family Therapy in Adolescence

The current article discusses emotion-focused family therapy (EFFT) with families where adolescents are struggling with symptomatic behaviors. EFFT conceptualizes symptomatic behaviors in a nonpathologizing, developmental framework that focuses on the parent-child bond. The article describes the process of change in EFFT and presents a case study to demonstrate the efficacy of EFFT as a therapeutic intervention. The article also discusses the challenges that the beginning EFFT therapist may encounter, as well as the strengths of EFFT that enable its effective implementation, nonetheless.
Critical assessment of Reynolds stress turbulence models using homogeneous flows

In modeling the rapid part of the pressure correlation term in the Reynolds stress transport equations, extensive use has been made of its exact properties which were first suggested by Rotta. These, for example, have been employed in obtaining the widely used Launder, Reece and Rodi (LRR) model. Some recent proposals have dropped one of these properties to obtain new models. We demonstrate, by computing some simple homogeneous flows, that doing so does not lead to any significant improvements over the LRR model and it is not the right direction in improving the performance of existing models. The reason for this, in our opinion, is that violation of one of the exact properties can not bring in any new physics into the model. We compute thirteen homogeneous flows using LRR (with a recalibrated rapid term constant), IP and SSG models. The flows computed include the flow through axisymmetric contraction; axisymmetric expansion; distortion by plane strain; and homogeneous shear flows with and without rotation. Results show that for most general representation for a model linear in the anisotropic tensor, performs either better or as good as the other two models of the same level.
The M2 Gene Segment Is Involved in the Capacity of Reovirus Type 3 Abney to Induce the Oily Fur Syndrome in Neonatal Mice, a S1 Gene Segment-Associated Phenotype

Oral inoculation of reovirus type 3 Abney (T3A) into neonatal mice induces hepatitis and the biliary atresia-associated oily fur syndrome (OFS), a phenotype previously linked to the S1 gene. We found that following oral inoculation, none of three T3A mutants, JH2, JH3, and JH4, containing different single amino acid substitutions in the M2 gene, induced the OFS or extensive liver necrosis. Similarly, reassortant viruses containing both a JH4-S1 and a JH4-M2 gene segment did not induce the OFS, whereas another reassortant containing a JH4-S1 gene and a M2 gene from reovirus type 3 Dearing fully recovered this capacity. Together, these results constitute the first evidence for the involvement of the M2 gene in the S1 gene-associated capacity of T3A to induce hepatobiliary disease in neonatal mice.
The Temperature Shift of the Transmission Band of Silver

It is shown that by Kronig's quantum theory of dispersion in metals one can account for the shift of the frequency at which maximum transmission is found for silver when the temperature is varied. The calculated rate of shift is in fair agreement with experiment.
Chemical ionzation mass spectra of amino acids and derivatives. Occurrence and fragmentation of ion-molecule reaction products

The Chemical ionization mass spectra of free amino acids, their amides, methyl esters and Na-acetyl derivatgives, using methane as reagent gas, are presented, The occurrence and fragmentation of ion-molecules reaction products are discussed. A preference for a head to tail, configuration of the association complex [2M + 1]+ is postulated to esplain promienent fragmentation pathways of this complex. Interesting fragmentation pathways have been found with onithine, arginine and citrulline.
Preparation of thin-film neutron converter foils for imaging detectors

With the pending delivery of the new Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory,a new generation of highly efficient, position sensitive neutron detectors needs to be developed. One promising prospect for detector development has been the neutron imaging detector, consisting of a conversion foil which produce amongst other things /spl alpha/ and /spl gamma/ particles from incident neutrons, and a position sensitive charge particle detector. Historically the conversion efficiency has been low in these foils. To enhance the conversion efficiency, foils consisting of multiple converters and complex geometries need to be developed. In order to understand the materials chemistry between multiple converters as well as to maximize the production and transmission of the daughter products, we have prepared and characterized a series of thin-films from naturally occurring isotopes of the strong neutron absorbers Li, B and Gd. The films have been created using a combination of sputtering and evaporation techniques. The composition of the resulting films have been investigated using EDS and RBS while the interfacial mixing between the layers has been studied using a combination of RBS and SEM experiments. Experiments studying the aging of the detector films in the detector gas as well as alloying of Li and the film substrate have also been undertaken and the results are reported here.
Children's Self-Perceptions in the Physical Domain: Between- and Within-Age Variability in Level, Accuracy, and Sources of Perceived Competence.

Both level (high vs. low) and accuracy (discrepancy between perceived and actual) of perceived competence are important contributors to domain-specific emotions and motivational processes. Moreover, age differences in level and accuracy of perceived competence have been explained by the sources of information children use to judge their competence. Thus the purpose of our study was to examine simultaneously the interrelationships among age, actual competence, and level, accuracy, and sources of perceived competence. Children (N = 159) completed self-reports while teachers rated their actual competence at a sport camp. Cluster analysis revealed five profiles of children who varied in age, actual competence, perceived competence, and accuracy of perceived competence. These groups were further distinguished by the importance they placed on competence information sources. Results indicate that age, actual ability, and level, accuracy, and sources of perceived competence should be considered simultaneously in ...
Statistical Detection of Congestion in Routers

Detection of congestion plays a key role in numerous networking protocols, including those driving active queue management (AQM) methods used in congestion control in Internet routers. This paper exploits the rich theory of statistical detection theory to develop simple detection mechanisms that can further enhance current AQM methods. The detection of congestion is performed using a maximum-likelihood ratio test (MLRT), which reveals that the likelihood of congestion grows exponentially with the queue occupancy level. Performance evaluation of the likelihood detector shows it is robust to variations of the network parameters. The mathematical expression of the likelihood of congestion depends on the router's current dropping rate, its desired queue occupancy level, and the current queue occupancy. When incorporated into random early marking (REM) and random early detection (RED), the likelihood-ratio-based detection considerably improves their reaction time and reduces the variance of queue occupancy values.
Retinoic acid induces a pattern of digits in anterior half wing buds that lack the zone of polarizing activity

Wing buds whose posterior half is excised, develop into wings lacking distal structures. However, such experimentally generated preaxial half wing buds can be rescued by implanting a retinoic-acid-releasing bead at their anterior margin. The polarity of the pattern that originates from preaxial half wing buds is reversed. For example, instead of a 234 digit pattern typical for normal wings, the order of digits is 432. This result implies that retinoic acid has the capacity to reprogram anterior limb bud tissue, and that the resulting change in cell fate does not depend on the presence of posterior tissue regions such as the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA).