cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pomegranate juice exacerbates oxidative stress and nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson’s disease

Numerous factors contribute to the death of substantia nigra (SN) dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Compelling evidence implicates mitochondrial deficiency, oxidative stress, and inflammation as important pathogenic factors in PD. Chronic exposure of rats to rotenone causes a PD-like syndrome, in part by causing oxidative damage and inflammation in substantia nigra. Pomegranate juice (PJ) has the greatest composite antioxidant potency index among beverages, and it has been demonstrated to have protective effects in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. The present study was designed to examine the potential neuroprotective effects of PJ in the rotenone model of PD. Oral administration of PJ did not mitigate or prevent experimental PD but instead increased nigrostriatal terminal depletion, DA neuron loss, the inflammatory response, and caspase activation, thereby heightening neurodegeneration. The mechanisms underlying this effect are uncertain, but the finding that PJ per se enhanced nitrotyrosine, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and activated caspase-3 expression in nigral DA neurons is consistent with its potential pro-oxidant activity.
DNA Nanotechnology for Precise Control over Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy

Nanomedicine has been growing exponentially due to its enhanced drug targeting and reduced drug toxicity. It uses the interactions where nanotechnological components and biological systems communicate with each other to facilitate the delivery performance. At this scale, the physiochemical properties of delivery systems strongly affect their capacities. Among current delivery systems, DNA nanotechnology shows many advantages because of its unprecedented engineering abilities. Through molecular recognition, DNA nanotechnology can be used to construct a variety of nanostructures with precisely controllable size, shape, and surface chemistry, which can be appreciated in the delivery process. In this review, different approaches that are currently used for the construction of DNA nanostructures are reported. Further, the utilization of these DNA nanostructures with the well-defined parameters for the precise control in drug delivery and gene therapy is discussed.
Raman Optical Activity Spectra for Large Molecules through Molecules-in-Molecules Fragment-Based Approach

We present an efficient method for the calculation of the Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra for large molecules through the molecules-in-molecules (MIM) fragment-based method. The relevant higher energy derivatives from smaller fragments are used to build the property tensors of the parent molecule to enable the extension of the MIM method for evaluating ROA spectra (MIM-ROA). Two factors were found to be particularly important in yielding accurate results. First, the link-atom tensor components are projected back onto the corresponding host and supporting atoms through the Jacobian projection method, yielding a mathematically rigorous method. Second, the long-range interactions between fragments are taken into account by using a less computationally expensive lower level of theory. The performance of the MIM-ROA model is calibrated on the enantiomeric pairs of 10 carbohydrate benchmark molecules, with strong intramolecular interactions. The vibrational frequencies and ROA intensities are accurately reproduced relative to the full, unfragmented, results for these systems. In addition, the MIM-ROA method is employed to predict the ROA spectra of d-maltose, α-D-cyclodextrin, and cryptophane-A, yielding spectra in excellent agreement with experiment. The accuracy and performance of the benchmark systems validate the MIM-ROA model for exploring ROA spectra of large molecules.
Accounting Valuation, Market Expectation, and the Book-to-Market Effect

Accounting-based valuation theory suggests that a firm's value (V) is a combination of its book value (B) and market expectations of future earnings. We empirically evaluate the ability of this model to explain the book-to-market (B/P) effect. We find that our empirical proxies of V dominate B in cross-sectional correlations with price, and that the resulting V/P ratios also predict cross-sectional returns. In addition, we find that errors in analyst consensus forecasts are predictable, and that returns from trading on these predictable errors account for much of the B/P effect.
Inferences Made Easy: Partisan Voting in Congress, Voter Awareness, and Senator Approval

This article investigates whether constituents are able to accurately infer their senators’ votes when the senator frequently votes against the party line. We find that when senators repeatedly vote against the party line, constituents’ ability to correctly identify their senators’ votes drops precipitously while levels of misinformation rise. We then show that citizens represented by senators who tend to vote against the party line are also less able to connect their policy positions with their evaluations of those senators. These findings indicate that there is substantial variation across senators in the ability of their constituents to hold them accountable for their votes while in office. Constituents simply know less about the positions taken by moderate senators and have a harder time aligning their levels of policy agreement with a senator with their evaluation of that senator if she frequently votes against her party.
Passive interferometer for wideband and linear transmitter leakage cancellation

This paper presents a new passive approach, interferometer, to cancel transmitter leakage to the receiver with > 600MHz tuneable bandwidth and high linearity (16.9 dBm IP1dB). The interferometer consists of two lumped reflective type phase shifters (RTPS) and a transformer-based current combiner. Facilitated by the two RTPS, the interferometer can provide ±90° phase difference to cover different coupling conditions and process, voltage and temperature (PVT) changes. The interferometer is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS technology and demonstrates a wide tuneable bandwidth of > 0.6 GHz centred at 10.2 GHz even when the two inputs deviate from differential by +90° with the effective cancellation over 20 dB. The passive approach delivers great linearity, with IP1dB of 16.9 dBm without DC power consumption. The chip size is 0.95×1.05mm2 including all pads.
Same-day discharge after coronary stenting and femoral artery device closure: A randomized study in stable and low-risk acute coronary syndrome patients ☆

Abstract Objective To compare same-day (SD) vs. delayed hospital discharge (DD) after single and multivessel coronary stenting facilitated by femoral closure device in patients with stable angina and low-risk acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods University of Southern California patients were screened and coronary stenting was performed in 2480 patients. Four hundred ninety-three patients met screening criteria and consented. Four hours after percutaneous coronary intervention, 100 were randomized to SD (n=50) or DD (n=50). Patients were followed for one year; outcomes-, patient satisfaction-, and cost analyses were performed. Results Groups were well distributed, with similar baseline demographic and angiographic characteristics. Mean age was 58.1±8.8years and 86% were male. Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina were the clinical presentations in 30% and 44% of the SD and DD groups, respectively (p=0.2). Multivessel stenting was performed in 36% and 30% of SD and DD groups, respectively (p=0.14). At one year, two patients from each group (4%) required unplanned revascularization and one patient in the SD group had a gastrointestinal bleed that required a blood transfusion. Six SD and four DD patients required repeat hospitalization (p=0.74). There were no femoral artery vascular complications in either group. Patient satisfaction scores were equivalent. SD discharge was associated with $1200 savings per patient. Conclusions SD discharge after uncomplicated single and multivessel coronary stenting of patients with stable, low-risk ACS, via the femoral approach facilitated by a closure device, is associated with similar clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost savings compared to overnight (DD) hospital stay.
Resisting or Embracing Reform? South Africa's Democratic Transition and NGK-State Relations

The world eagerly anticipated South Africa's dramatic change in the 1990s. In May 1994, Nelson Mandela became the country's first black president, a long-awaited moment for many South Africans, a much-feared event for others. Significant events in the 1980s pre ceded the end of white minority rule in South Africa, including the effective protest of apartheid laws by the masses, the intensification of international pressure, and the initiation of political change by P.W. Botha. In 1990, President F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela ar ranged a multiparty negotiating forum that led to the first fully demo cratic election from 26 April to 29 April 1994. Although the main participants in South Africa's democratic transi tion were political institutions such as the African National Congress (ANC) and the National Party (NP), societal organizations such as the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK), otherwise known as the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), also played an important role in the democratic transition. This essay focuses on the relationship between the South African State and the NGK from 1979 to 1994.1 During that period, the NGK and the state exhibited a relationship of mutual en gagement in which the two entities held similar opinions on the major ity of policy issues. Most of the time, the NGK continued to give its
Immediate procedural outcomes in 44 consecutive Pipeline Flex cases: the first North American single-center series

Background Flow diversion is an established technique for treatment of cerebral aneurysms. The Pipeline embolization device (PED) is the only FDA-approved flow diverting stent in the USA. A second-generation device, PED Flex, has recently been released with modifications to the delivery system. Published reports of experience with this new device are limited. Objective To describe the initial outcomes from the first North American series using the PED Flex—a single-center experience of 44 cases. Methods All patients consecutively treated with the PED Flex embolization device from February 2015 through April 2015 were included in the study. Data were collected for patient demographics, aneurysm characteristics, technical procedural details, and early outcomes. Results PED Flex treatment was attempted in 42 patients (mean 56.6±2.0 years) with 44 aneurysms (mean size 6.5±0.6 mm), 41/44 (93%) of which were anterior circulation and 3/44 (7%) were posterior circulation. PED Flex was successfully implanted in 43/44 cases (98%). A single device was used in 41/43 cases (95%), with a mean of 1.07±0.05 devices implanted per case. Resheathing was performed in 4/44 cases (9%). Mean postprocedure hospital length of stay was 1.3±0.2 days. One significant neurological complication (2.3%) occurred, which was a stroke in a patient non-compliant with the prescribed antiplatelet regimen. Conclusions Pipeline Flex is a second-generation flow diverter with enhanced features compared with the first-generation PED. These modifications allow for more reliable deployment with continued improvements in procedural safety.
A Unopette Test for the Coulter Counter Model S

Unopettes have been widely used for rout ine hematology, platelet determinations, and more recently, circulating eosinophils. The Unopette (Becton-Dickinson and Company, Rutherford, N.J.) used with the Coulter Counter Model S (Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, Fla.) is a diluting device that consists of a reservoir which contains 10 ml. of stable modified Eagle's solution and is supplied with a self-measuring, self-fi l l ing 44.7 microliter pipette wh ich , when used in conjunction with the diluent reservoir, renders a 1:224.7 dilution. Details of the procedure are as follows: 1. Blood is drawn in the usual manner by either finger puncture technique using the 44.7 microliter pipette or by taking this same aliquot from a blood specimen anticoagulated with EDTA. 2. The outside port ion of the pipette is wiped free of excess blood
Beyond the god particle.

In this article the author discusses particle physics research in the U.S. Topics include the discovery of a subatomic particle, called the Higgs boson, by physicists working with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, which included several U.S. physicists, the economic reasons for shifting particle physics research from the U.S. to Europe, and the future of U.S. particle physic research.
A Cognitive Analysis of Structural Dichotomies

L'A. examine la portee de la distinction perception/conceptualisation pour les analyses linguistiques, en la reformulant dans des attributs plus specifiques, tels que le contenu de l'information, l'implication du locuteur, le mode de traitement et la temporalite. Il montre ainsi comment des dichotomies strucurales comme les complementeurs, les existeniels et les verbes copulatifs peuvent etre expliques a travers plusieurs langues en incorporant ces paires d'attributs. Il tente ensuite de determiner la maniere dont ces 4 attributs sont correlies entre eux dans chaque notion, alors qu'au depart ils semblent ne posseder aucun rapport entre eux
Recap of the 2016 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED 2016)

Presents information on the 2016 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED 2016).
Status and Future of Neutron Scattering in North America

The Neutron Scattering Society of America (NSSA, http://neutronscattering.org) was formed in 1992 with the purpose to stimulate, promote, and broaden neutron research in North America. Since its in...
Robust Control of a Flapping-Wing MAV by Differentiable Wingbeat Modulation

Abstract: We present in this paper the design of a nonlinear controller for robust control of a flapping-wing Micro Air Vehicle in the longitudinal plane. Control of both pitch and hover dynamics are performed by a single means of actuation, the flapping motion of the wing. This is accomplished through continuous manipulation of two parameters of the wingbeat waveform, namely a frequency shift and a wing bias. Differentiability of the wingbeat function with respect to these parameters allows a theoretically sound application of averaging techniques, an issue that has been frequently overlooked in the literature. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in dealing with parametric and dynamic model uncertainty.
Antenna Systems for Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR) Applications

Abstract Several novel wideband co-polarized circulator-less monostatic antenna and array designs for co-channel simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) applications are presented. The monostatic STAR apertures are demonstrated first by utilizing multi-arm spiral antennas where a set of arms is used for transmitting (TX) and the other set for receiving (RX). Then, square and hexagonal broadside STAR arrays utilizing closely-spaced spiral antennas are introduced. Finally, (quasi) omnidirectional circular STAR arrays based on phase modes orthogonality principles are realized using four wideband monocone antenna elements. The studied configurations are integrated with the proper beamforming networks to excite the desired modes of TX/RX operations leading to theoretically infinite isolation between TX and RX ports. Practically, the achieved isolation is limited by the electrical asymmetries of the used components. Overall, consistent wideband operation, high isolation, and decent far-field performance are ac...
Critically Teaching Criticality?: Modeling Social and Pedagogical Inquiry with Literary Texts

AbstractWithin US teacher preparation programs, critical pedagogy and a desire for social change can lead teacher educators to prioritize transformation of prospective teachers’ beliefs through sel...
Modification of Photoluminescence via Strong Coupling of Vibronic Transitions in Organic Molecules to Surface Plasmons

We demonstrate redistribution of the spectral intensities of the luminescence associated with different vibronic transitions in organic molecule, Diindenoperylene through strong coupling of excitons to surface plasmons.
Probability, disposition, and the inconsistency of attitudes and behavior

Inconsistency of attitudes and behavior is due to the probabilistic connection between responses or actions and the (not directly observable) dispositions on which they depend. Latent variable models provide criteria for recognizing when attitude and behavior depend on the same disposition. Statistical tests of such models and techniques of parameter estimation are described. The viewpoint proposed here and illustrated with empirical examples contrasts with the prevalent reliance on correlational models and methods.
Hubbard Models for Bosons and Fermions

The concepts of the Hubbard model have largely shaped the way we think about atoms in optical lattices. Originally, the Hubbard model has been developed in theoretical condensed matter physics [1]. It constitutes the simplest model system that describes the competition between the kinetic energy and interactions of electrons in the lattice potential of an ionic crystal [2]. This competition gives rise to a quantum phase transition from a metallic state of delocalized atoms to an insulating state—the famous Mott insulator transition. Nevertheless, many ground state properties of the Hubbard model are yet unknown even after decades of theoretical research.
Modification of Thiophosphorylated Proteins with Extrinsic Probes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the modification of thiophosphorylated proteins with extrinsic probes. It presents a study to devise a new highly specific protein labeling technique, which does not rely upon cysteine chemistry. The technique is useful to label the wide variety of proteins that can be specifically thiophosphorylated by protein kinases and ATPγS2. These thiophosphorylated proteins contain a phosphorothioate group with a nucleophilic sulfur, which can be reacted with haloacetates. This approach to labeling of proteins is generally useful because of the ubiquity of protein phosphorylation, the site specificity afforded by the kinases, and the stability of the linkage between the extrinsic probe and the protein. The chapter presents an extension of the utility of the labeling method by further characterizing some potentially useful chemical aspects of the labeling approach.
Computer-Assisted Methods

There are relatively few applications in which completely automatic computer-based methods are easily employed to perform the various counting and measuring operations that yield stereological data. In practically all cases some human effort is required at least to oversee the image processing operations that make it ready for automatic measurement, to verify that the features that are of interest are actually extracted from the more complex image that is acquired. In quite a few cases, the computer is used only to tally human counting operations (e.g., mouse clicks) while the human powers of recognition are used (or sometimes misused) to identify the features of interest. Even in this mode, the use of the computer is often worthwhile for image acquisition and processing to enhance visibility of the structure, and to keep the records accurately for later analysis. This chapter discusses the use of a computer to aid manual analysis, while the next one deals with computer-based measurements.
Multilevel Covariance Modeling

Health services researchers have to deal with the complex nature of hierarchical data compiled from administrative and clinical data collection systems. The records of patients in health care facilities offer multiple measurements of their physical health and functional outcomes. These outcomes are directly influenced by patients’ personal characteristics or risk factors. Statistical analysis of the effects of patients’ personal factors on patient outcomes is considered a micro-level analysis, or individual-level analysis. If an investigator is interested in understanding the effects on patient outcomes of such organizational factors as size, complexity, staffing, and provider characteristics, then personal data are aggregated at the organizational level. Thus, the individual-level analysis is nested within the organizational units. In multivariate statistical analysis, the hierarchical structure of personal and organizational levels of data must be carefully considered. Otherwise, the effects of individual and of organizational characteristics on patient outcomes may be inappropriately estimated.
Carbazole–triazine based donor–acceptor porous organic frameworks for efficient visible-light photocatalytic aerobic oxidation reactions

We report the synthesis of a series of carbazole–triazine based donor–acceptor (D–A) POFs and their photocatalytic activities for aerobic oxidation reactions. The simultaneous introduction of a carbazole-based electron donor and a triazine-based electron acceptor in D–A POFs stabilizes the charge transfer state and enables an efficient triplet–triplet energy transfer to generate 1O2. Meanwhile, systematic variation of the D–A distance results in the tunable photoredox properties and consequently the efficiency for generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Upon visible light excitation, all three D–A POFs exhibit excellent capability to promote three aerobic oxidations: sulfide oxidation, oxidative amine coupling, and Mannich reactions. This systematic study validates the design principle of D–A POFs as high-performance photo-oxidation catalysts with wide substrate scope and excellent stability and recyclability.
Against the Flow

I n THE DAYS FOLLOWING my encounter with the right whales, I spent a lot of time doing very little—very little, that is, other than staring out over the waters of Cobscook Bay from the deck of my friends' home in Lubec, Maine. Silvery-gray terns flew back and forth, carrying little fish they had caught to some distant islet where their insatiable chicks were waiting to be fed. Simultaneously, crews of men buzzed across the bay each morning in motor- boats, tending to a dozen or so cages anchored in the water. Each cage contained tens of thousands of Atlantic salmon. These fish farmers were working hard to provide fresh salmon to a growing human population with a growing appetite for seafood. It eventually dawned on me: both they and the terns were in the same business.
Histopathology and Grading of Breast Cancer

Carcinoma of the breast is the most common non-skin malignancy in women. It is now understood that breast cancer is not a single disease but rather many different diseases, each with its own clinical, morphologic, and molecular characteristics. Greater than 95 % of breast malignancies are adenocarcinomas, which are divided into in situ carcinomas and invasive carcinomas. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to a neoplastic proliferation that is limited to ducts and lobules by the basement membrane. Invasive carcinoma (synonymous with “infiltrating” carcinoma) has penetrated through the basement membrane into stroma. Here, the cells have the potential to invade into the vasculature and thereby reach regional lymph nodes and distant sites.
Picking the PAD Lock: Chemical and Biological Approaches to Identify PAD Substrates and Inhibitors

In this chapter, we first introduce the protein arginine deiminases (PADs) and then highlight several chemical and biological tools and methods that have greatly enhanced our understanding of the role of the human PADs in health and disease. While the detection of citrullinated proteins has classically proven difficult, new chemical probes that expand our detection capabilities past the realm of antibodies are proving pivotal in identifying new PAD substrates. The continued discovery of the role PADs play in multiple inflammatory diseases and cancer makes them viable therapeutic targets and drives the continued structure-based development of potent and specific inhibitors and chemical probes for this enzyme family.
Heat Transfer Fundamentals

Heat transfer describes the exchange of energy between materials as a consequence of a difference in temperature. Heat is transmitted by three distinct physical mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. Although heat transfer analysis makes a clear distinction among these three mechanisms, in nature it is common that more than one mechanism occurs simultaneously. Thus, the solution of real problems often involves dealing with more than just a single mechanism. It is convenient for pedagogical purposes to consider the mechanisms of conduction, convection, and radiation separately, and it is important to learn how to identify and solve for the combined effects of these mechanisms.
Ketamine and NMDA-Receptor Antagonists

The NMDA receptor plays a significant role in development and maintenance of pain. It is implicated in the development of neuropathic pain, reduced opioid responsiveness, hyperalgesia, and the transition from acute to chronic pain. Hence the NMDA receptor presents an attractive analgesic target for both acute and chronic pain states. This chapter discusses the molecular neurophysiologic mechanisms that mediate the significance of the NMDA receptor. It describes the potential analgesic role of NMDA-receptor antagonists such as ketamine, memantine, amantadine, dextromethorphan, and methadone. The mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy of NMDA-receptor antagonists are reviewed in detail. Clinical pearls for the practical use of the NMDA-receptor antagonists are also provided.
Realizing High Refractive Index Thiol-X Materials: A General and Scalable Synthetic Approach

Photopolymers formed from the family of thiol-X “click” reactions notably form sulfur-containing thioether linkages. While sulfur-containing materials are conventionally expected to result in high ...
Tuning Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer Properties through the Integration of Conversion Reaction.

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer plays an important role in altering the ion transport and modifying the structural evolution of the Li metal anode during repeated cycling. While the fu...
Management of the Academic Emergency Department

Academic emergency departments (EDs) play a vital role in provision of emergency care and contribute to training of resident physicians. Academic EDs also generate innovations and discoveries through clinical research within academic medical centers. However, academic EDs face challenges when initiating operational process improvement efforts because of the medical complexity of patients, academic culture within academic medical centers, and variability in productivity and specialty training of trainees. To optimize operations within academic EDs, it is critical to understand characteristics shared by academic EDs, how to implement process improvement initiatives, trainee impact on ED operations, and how to promote operational research.
A Critical Role for N-ethylmaleimide–Sensitive Fusion Protein (NSF) in Platelet Granule SecretionPresented in part in abstract form at the 1998 national meeting of the American Heart Association in Dallas, TX.

The molecular mechanisms that regulate membrane targeting/fusion during platelet granule secretion are not yet understood.N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF), soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs), and SNAREs (SNAP receptors) are elements of a conserved molecular machinery for membrane targeting/fusion that have been detected in platelets. We examined whether NSF, an ATPase that has been shown to play a critical role in membrane targeting/fusion in many cell types, is necessary for platelet granule secretion. Peptides that mimic NSF sequence motifs inhibited both -granule and dense-granule secretion in permeabilized human platelets. This inhibitory effect was sequence-specific, because neither proteinase K-digested peptides nor peptides containing similar amino acids in a scrambled sequence inhibited platelet secretion. The peptides that inhibited platelet granule secretion also inhibited the human recombinant -SNAP–stimulated ATPase activity of recombinant NSF. It was also found that anti-NSF antibodies, which inhibited recombinant -SNAP–stimulated ATPase activity of NSF, inhibited platelet granule secretion in permeabilized cells. The inhibition by anti-NSF antibodies was abolished by the addition of recombinant NSF. These data provide the first functional evidence that NSF plays an important role in platelet granule secretion.
Defining and estimating underground and informal economies: The new institutional economics approach

Abstract A taxonomy of underground economies is elaborated based on the new institutional approach to economic development. Members of formal sectors confront different sets of transformation and transaction costs than do members of informal sectors, and these differences are regarded as crucial to the development process. The paper distinguishes illegal, unreported, unrecorded and informal economies and examines the conceptual and empirical linkages among them. Alternative micro and macro methodologies for measuring underground activities are reviewed and evaluated including census and survey procedures, discrepancy and monetary methods. When you cannot measure, your knowledge is meager and unsatisfactory—Lord Kelvin (Inscription at Harper Library—University of Chicago).
The Evaluation Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the Post-Anesthesia Unit-A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study.

Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is the most rapidly growing imaging modality for acute care. Despite increased use, there is still wide variability and less evidence regarding its clinical utility for the perioperative setting compared to other acute care settings. This study sought to demonstrate the impact of POCUS examinations for acute hypoxia and hypotension occurring in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) versus traditional bedside examinations. Methods: This study was designed as a multi-center prospective observational study. Adult patients who experienced a reduced mean arterial blood pressure (MAP < 60mmHG) and/or a reduced oxygen saturation (SpO2 < 88%) in the PACU from 7AM to 4PM were targeted. POCUS was available or not for patient assessment based on PACU team training. All providers who performed POCUS exams received standardized training on cardiac and pulmonary POCUS. All POCUS exam findings were recorded on a standardized form and the number of suspected mechanisms to trigger the acute event were captured before and after the POCUS exam. PACU length of stay (minutes) across groups was the primary outcome. Results: In total, 128 patients were included in the study, with 92 patients receiving a POCUS exam. Comparison of PACU time between the POCUS group (median = 96.5 min) and no-POCUS groups (median = 120.5 min) demonstrated a reduction for the POCUS group, p = 0.019. Hospital length of stay and 30-day hospital readmission did not show a significant difference between groups. Finally, there was a reduction in the number of suspected diagnoses from before to after the POCUS examination for both pulmonary and cardiac exams, p-values < 0.001. Conclusions: Implementation of POCUS for assessment of acute hypotension and hypoxia in the PACU setting is associated with a reduced PACU length of stay and a reduction in suspected number of diagnoses.
Designing a Multi-Agent Occupant Simulation System to Support Facility Planning and Analysis for COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic changed our lives, forcing us to reconsider our built environment, architectural designs, and even behaviours. Multiple stakeholders, including designers, building facility managers, and policy makers, are making decisions to reduce SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission and make our environment safer; however, systems to effectively and interactively evaluate virus transmission in physical spaces are lacking. To help fill this gap, we propose OccSim, a system that automatically generates occupancy behaviours in a 3D model of a building and helps users analyze the potential effect of virus transmission from a large-scale and longitudinal perspective. Our participatory evaluation with four groups of stakeholders revealed that OccSim could enhance their decision making processes by identifying specific risks of virus transmission in advance, and illuminating how each risk relates to complex human-building interactions. We reflect on our design and discuss OccSim’s potential implications in the domains of ‘design evaluation,’ ‘generative design,’ and ‘digital twins.’
Estate and Gift Taxes: Economic Issues

The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA, P.L. 107-16) repeals the estate tax in 2010. During the phase-out period, the new law increases the exempt amount to $3.5 million by 2009 ($1.5 million in 2005), lowers the top rate to 45% by 2007 (the top rate in 2005 is 47%), and repeals the federal credit for state death taxes in 2005. The federal gift tax remains though the rate is reduced to the top personal income tax rate (35% in 2005). After repeal of the estate tax, carryover basis replaces step-up in basis for assets transferred at death. The legislation includes an exemption from carryover basis for capital gains of $1.3 million (and an additional $3 million for a surviving spouse). However, the estate tax provision in EGTRRA automatically sunsets December 31, 2010.
Oxygen Isotope Proxies in Tree‐Ring Cellulose: Tropical Cyclones, Drought, and Climate Oscillations

Publisher Summary In the absence of an instrumental record, a long-term temporal and spatial record of hurricane activity must be developed through geological, biological, and written documentary evidence. This is the challenge of the emerging field of paleotempestology. Stable isotopic records captured in biological and geological materials which grow incrementally through time, such as tree rings, speleothems, and coral skeletons, potentially provide higher resolution proxies to examine multidecadal variation in tropical cyclone occurrence. This chapter describes the development of a proxy for tropical cyclone occurrence based on the oxygen isotope compositions of tree-ring cellulose and demonstrates the potential use of tree-ring isotope time series to elucidate the relationship between tropical cyclone occurrence and climate-forcing mechanisms operating at semi- to multidecadal scales, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and El Ni n o Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The approach can be applied to create a seasonally resolved record of hurricanes, extending up to 500 years across a wide region of the southeastern US coast. Such proxy-derived data are necessary to clarify the relationship between tropical cyclone frequency and global climate change and to improve predictive modeling of tropical cyclone development.
SOVEREIGNTY THROUGH WELFARE REFORM? A CASE STUDY OF THE KLAMATH TRIBES OF OREGON

nized American Indian tribes and Native American Organizations (NAOs) the opportunity to administer their own Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) programs. The transition of control over welfare programs from the Federal government to states and tribal entities is consistent with the tenet that local municipalities have more insight into the needs of their citizens than does the Federal government. For decades American Indian tribes have invoked this concept as sovereign nations to increase control over tribal resources and decision-making. In tribal TANF Indian nations potentially exercise this sovereignty. But, for American Indian tribes, welfare reform is a double-edged sword. With tribal TANF comes the heavy burden of transitioning individuals from welfare to work and responsibility for those who do not, or cannot, find work. Many American Indian TANF clients face substantial barriers to formal labor force participation and paid employment. Additionally, a large percent of the American Indian TANF caseload consists of children living with non-needy relative adult caretakers. Unlike adult clients, these children are not expected to gain self-sufficiency through gainful employment. Since the passage of PRWORA, states' caseload figures have been watched carefully to determine whether the reform has been a success.1 However, the same cannot be said for tribal TANF programs. Indeed, many people are unaware that separate tribal programs exist. Little has been written about tribal programs and their performances, and data collection is both newly instituted and not yet enforced.2 Despite a lack of consistent tribal caseload data there is other information that lends to our understanding of tribal programs and the special issues tribes face in meeting the goals of self-sufficiency and employment. Within the framework of Indian economic development in general, this paper bears light on these issues, first by characterizing tribal TANF program rules, and second by presenting a case study of the Klamath Tribes of Oregon TANF program [Native American Families Assistance (NAFA)].
Hibernation in Mammals: Central Nervous System Function

The sections in this article are: 1 The Hibernation Cycle and Maintenance of Homeostatic Mechanisms 2 Sensory and Higher-Order Processing During Hibernation 3 The Orderly Sequence of Events During Arousal from and Entrance Into Hibernation 4 Neuroactive Agents and Hibernation 5 Unanswered Questions
Contributions to the theory of practical quantified boolean formula solving

Recent solvers for quantified boolean formulas (QBFs) use a clause learning method based on a procedure proposed by Giunchiglia et al. (JAIR 2006), which avoids creating tautological clauses. The underlying proof system is Q-resolution. This paper shows an exponential worst case for the clause-learning procedure. This finding confirms empirical observations that some formulas take mysteriously long times to solve, compared to other apparently similar formulas. Q-resolution is known to be refutation complete for QBF, but not all logically implied clauses can be derived with it. A stronger proof system called QU-resolution is introduced, and shown to be complete in this stronger sense. A new procedure called QPUP for clause learning without tautologies is also described. A generalization of pure literals is introduced, called effectively depth-monotonic literals. In general, the variable-elimination resolution operation, as used by Quantor, sQueezeBF, and Bloqqer is unsound if the existential variable being eliminated is not at innermost scope. It is shown that variable-elimination resolution is sound for effectively depth-monotonic literals even when they are not at innermost scope.
Monte Carlo simulation of temperature-programmed desorption of molecules from solid surfaces

Abstract A Monte Carlo simulation method is used to study thermal desorption of gas molecules from mixed adlayers containing two species. The effects of lateral interactions among adatoms on the desorption spectra are discussed. It is shown that attractive lateral interactions lead to sharper peaks and that desorption occurs at high temperatures, whereas repulsive interactions lead to multiple peak spectra. It is found that interactions between unlike molecules affect the spectra for species with lower desorption energy only, and that the two species desorb together only in certain cases. Lateral interactions also affect the desorption kinetics significantly and very different behaviour for the two species may be obtained.
Characterizing and predicting the robustness of power-law networks

Abstract Power-law networks such as the Internet, terrorist cells, species relationships, and cellular metabolic interactions are susceptible to node failures, yet maintaining network connectivity is essential for network functionality. Disconnection of the network leads to fragmentation and, in some cases, collapse of the underlying system. However, the influences of the topology of networks on their ability to withstand node failures are poorly understood. Based on a study of the response of 2000 randomly-generated power-law networks to node failures, we find that networks with higher nodal degree and clustering coefficient, lower betweenness centrality, and lower variability in path length and clustering coefficient maintain their cohesion better during such events. We also find that network robustness, i.e., the ability to withstand node failures, can be accurately predicted a priori for power-law networks across many fields. These results provide a basis for designing new, more robust networks, improving the robustness of existing networks such as the Internet and cellular metabolic pathways, and efficiently degrading networks such as terrorist cells.
Science Breakthroughs with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Results and Opportunities

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey represents a new paradigm for optical astronomy. It is a consortium involving several hundred astronomers from the US, Japan, and Germany, and aims to obtain basic photometric and spectroscopic data of a large representative region of the high Galactic latitude sky. Using a dedicated wide-field 2.5m telescope and unique instrumentation and software, it is imaging the sky in five photometric bands, and obtaining high-quality spectra of magnitude-limited samples of galaxies and quasars. Although the original survey goals are oriented towards large-scale structure studies, the survey is yielding major results in fields ranging from high-redshift quasars to Galactic structure, from studies of galaxy properties to asteroids, from brown dwarfs to fluctuations in the Earth’s atmosphere. I will give you a broad overview of some of these results and give thoughts on some of the types of results we can look forward to in the future of the survey.
The role of physicians' knowledge and attitudes in effective diabetes management

We examined the role of physicians' knowledge and attitudes in effective diabetes management among internal medicine house staff. We examined the extent to which (1) knowledge of common diabetes management strategies and (2) beliefs about the efficacy of, and intentions to engage in, such strategies predict success in their management of patients with diabetes. Successful managers are those house staff whose ambulatory diabetes patients' fasting blood sugar levels were lower than the clinic median. Knowledge was assessed with a written case simulation of an obese noninsulin-dependent woman; beliefs and intentions were surveyed through a self-administered questionnaire. The data suggest that knowledge was unable to discriminate physicians who are relatively successful in controlling their patient's blood sugar levels from those who are less successful. However using intentions related to initial and follow-up management strategies and beliefs about the benefits of achieving euglycemia, there was discrimination between the two physician groups (P less than 0.001). These findings suggest that beliefs are important in understanding why some physicians are successful managers. Further, if beliefs are mutable, continuing medical education courses could be more effective by fostering critical beliefs rather than depending solely upon the transfer of new medical information.
Is Time Ripe for Fabric on a Chip

At the heart of any switch or router is a packet-switching fabric subsystem. Broadly speaking, the switch fabric facilitates the exchange of data packets from the input ports to the output ports. Fabrics range in size from hand-sized, four-port boxes to rack-mounted chassis that require forklifts to reposition. Port density and data rates strongly dictate fabric complexity. Advances in point-to-point communication technologies necessitate continuous scalability of fabric sub systems. Implementations of these subsystems range from shared-memory designs to fully distributed, multistage architectures
London penetration depth and pair breaking

The London penetration depth is evaluated for isotropic materials for any transport and pair-breaking Born scattering rates. Besides known results, a number of features are found. The slope $|d\ensuremath{\rho}/d\ensuremath{\theta}|$ of the normalized superfluid density $\ensuremath{\rho}={\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}(0)/{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ at the transition $\ensuremath{\theta}=T/{T}_{c}=1$ has a minimum near the value of the pair-breaking parameter separating gapped and gapless states. The low-$T$ exponentially flat part of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ for the $s$-wave materials is suppressed by increasing pair breaking. For strong ${T}_{c}$ suppression by magnetic impurities the ``Homes scaling'' ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(0)\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\sigma}{T}_{c}$ with $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ being the normal conductivity gives way to ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(0)\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\sigma}{T}_{c}^{2}$. For the $d$-wave order parameter, the transport and spin-flip Born scattering rates enter the theory only as a sum; in particular, they affect the ${T}_{c}$ depression in the same manner. We confirm that the linear low-temperature behavior of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ in a broad range of the combined scattering parameter turns to the ${T}^{2}$ behavior only when the critical temperature is suppressed at least by a factor of 3 relative to the clean limit ${T}_{c0}$. Moreover, in this range, $\ensuremath{\rho}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ is only weakly dependent on the scattering parameter, i.e., it is nearly universal.
Knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy and compliance with medical regimen, number of emergency department visits, and hospitalizations in adults with asthma.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy and compliance with prescribed medical regimen, number of emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations in adults with asthma. Method: The sample consisted of 29 adults with a diagnosis of asthma. The relationship among knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and compliance with medical regimen was explored through use of a survey design. The Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Efficacy Asthma Questionnaire and the Asthma Management Questionnaire that measured compliance were mailed to subjects’ homes. Once completed, questionnaires were returned, and demographic data and number of ED visits and hospitalizations were obtained through a retrospective chart review. Results: There was a significant correlation between knowledge and attitudes and knowledge and self-efficacy. The more positive persons’ attitudes toward their asthma, the higher their knowledge and self-efficacy scores. There were significant correlations between select demographic variables and knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy. Women scored higher on attitudes, persons with a college education scored higher on knowledge and attitudes, and persons with mild asthma scored highest on the self-efficacy scale. Compliance with use of peak-flow meters correlated with higher scores on the attitude and self-efficacy scales. The higher total compliance score group had significantly higher self-efficacy scores. In addition, higher self-efficacy scores correlated with lower numbers of hospitalizations. Conclusion: Attitudes and self-efficacy rather than knowledge had the most significant impact on compliance and number of ED visits and hospitalizations. The Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Efficacy Asthma Questionnaire provides a means for nurses to assess patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy regarding their asthma. Patients with low scores could be channeled into programs that would help them improve their ability to manage their asthma. (Heart Lung® 2001;30:250-7.)
The determination of resorcinol in pastes and ointments

The official method for the determination of resorcinol in N. F. pastes of resorcinol presents mechanical difficulties. A method of analysis is described which eliminates these difficulties and which is applicable to certain nonofficial preparations to which the official method of analysis is not suited.