cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstitution of dynein arms in vitro.

Publisher Summary Reconstitution experiments have been used in studies of Tetrahymena cilia and Chlamydomonas flagella to begin answering questions of dynein function and regulation, as well as dynein assembly onto doublet microtubules. For these two organisms, reconstitution is difficult as both inner and outer dynein arms are extracted in high-salt buffers. For Chlamydomonas flagella, this difficulty is overcome with the aid of mutants lacking subsets of inner and/or outer dynein arms. This chapter describes the strategies for designing reconstitution experiments and focuses on methods of assessing experimental success. The chapter discusses in detail the methods for isolating axonemes, extracted axonemes, and dynein. Although both outer and inner dynein arms are extracted in high-salt-containing buffers, using mutants that are lacking outer dynein arms and/or subsets of inner dynein arms allows for diversity in experimental design. Similar protocols can be adapted for isolating axonemes and dyneins from other organisms for use in reconstitution. There is discussion on assessing reconstitution—biochemical methods, structural analysis, and functional analysis. The sliding disintegration assay can be employed to assess functional reconstitution in axonemes. Sliding method has been used to assess inner-dynein-arm binding to mutant or extracted axonemes and to determine that dynein is regulated by the radial spokes. For Chlamydomonas , inner dynein arms return only to inner-dynein-arm positions even in excess of inner dynein arms. However, excess dynein added back to extracted axonemes from Tetrahymena binds to both the A- and B-subfibers of doublet microtubules as well as the central pair of microtubules. Inner dynein arms and outer dynein arms of Chlamydomonas return to the original positions, but the inner dynein arms do not rebind if the outer dynein arms are present on the axoneme. For this reason, when reconstituting inner dynein arms, it is necessary to extract the outer dynein arms or make use of outer-dynein-arm-less mutants.
Fourier plane imaging microscopy

Super-resolution images were obtained using a simple microscope formed by an ultrathin condenser and an objective lens. This was because the Fourier plane images carried more information about the object than real plane images do.
Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas.

Purpose To characterize fully all the major and minor carotenoids and their metabolites in human retina and probe for the presence of the oxidative metabolites of lutein and zeaxanthin. Methods Carotenoids of a composite of 58 pairs of human retinas and a monkey retina were elucidated by comparing their high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrophotometry (UV/Vis)-mass spectrometry (MS) profile with those of authentic standards prepared by organic synthesis. Results In addition to lutein and zeaxanthin, several oxidation products of these compounds were present in the extracts from human retina. A major carotenoid resulting from direct oxidation of lutein was identified as 3-hydroxy-beta, epsilon-caroten-3'-one. Minor carotenoids were identified as: 3'-epilutein, epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol, epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-dione, 3'-hydroxy-epsilon,epsilon-caroten-3-one, and 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol. Several of the geometric isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin were also detected at low concentrations. These were as follows: 9-cis-lutein, 9'-cislutein, 13-cis-lutein, 13'-cis-lutein, 9-cis-zeaxanthin, and 13-cis-zeaxanthin. Similar results were also obtained from HPLC analysis of a freshly dissected monkey retina. Conclusions Lutein, zeaxanthin, 3'-epilutein, and 3-hydroxy-beta,epsilon-caroten-3'-one in human retina may be interconverted through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions similar to our earlier proposed metabolic transformation of these compounds in humans. The presence of the direct oxidation product of lutein and 3'-epilutein (metabolite of lutein and zeaxanthin) in human retina suggests that lutein and zeaxanthin may act as antioxidants to protect the macula against short-wavelength visible light. The proposed oxidative-reductive pathways for lutein and zeaxanthin in human retina, may therefore play an important role in prevention of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.
A Wideband Wavelet Based Estimator Correlator and its Properties

Maximum likelihood detectors of narrowband, non-stationary random echos in Gaussian noise can be efficiently implemented in the time-frequency domain. When the transmitted signals have large time-bandwidth products, the natural implementation of estimators and detectors is in the time-scale or wavelet transform domain. This paper presents a wideband wavelet transform domain implementation of an estimator-correlator (EC) detector and details the components of this processor, including weighted wavelet transforms and cascaded scattering functions. Key properties associated with this wavelet based wideband EC are also presented. The theoretical developments of the processor are based on group theory which provides a unified approach to detector development for both narrowband and wideband processors. The group theoretic concepts provide a powerful analysis tool for complex signal processing problems.
Abelian groups with layered tiles and the sumset phenomenon

We prove a generalization of the main theorem in [4] about the sumset phenomenon in the setting of an abelian group with layered tiles of cell measures. Then we give some applications of the theorem for multi–dimensional cases of the sumset phenomenon. Several examples are given in order to show that the applications obtained are not vacuous and cannot be improved in various direc[ : + ":
A systematic approach to biochemical profiling

Sequencing of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome is complete. The analytical tools for determining gene function by altering and monitoring gene expression are relatively well developed, and are generating large volumes of valuable data. Recent advances in techniques for the analysis of small molecules allow researchers to apply biochemical profiling as another powerful approach to functional genomics and metabolic research.
Obesity Drug Outcome Measures: Results of a Multi-Stakeholder Critical Dialogue

There has been great interest in what role drugs should play in the treatment of obesity. Given the complex and multifactorial nature of obesity, drugs represent a valuable adjunct to traditional obesity treatments. However, obesity drugs present specific regulatory challenges, due to the sheer number of individuals affected, the heterogeneity of how obesity affects individuals differently, and the potential for drugs to be misused, especially by those seeking or profiting from cosmetic weight loss. There is a need to refine the characterization of the individuals most at risk from obesity to better assess the balance of benefits versus risks and determine appropriate candidates for drug therapy. As obesity affects feeling, functioning, and survival, outcome measures that reflect improvement in these domains should be explicitly incorporated into regulatory guidance. Regulators could benefit from mechanisms that limit or closely monitor off-label use and thereby allow approval of drugs for narrowly indicated populations.
The American Cancer Society's professional education conferences. An historical review

The American Cancer Society attempts 1) to communicate information about cancer control and the American Cancer Society 2) to develop an understanding of the cancer problem 3) to assist physicians in acquiring skills needed for early detection and prompt management of cancer and 4) to cultivate an interest in the cancer problem. An important part of the Professional Education program is the organization of medical and scientific conferences. The landmark meeting was in 1924 when a symposium was held where perspectives in cancer research were outlined. In 1969 the 1st National Conference on Cancer of the Breast was held; another was held in 1971. These conferences and symposiums have been invaluable to the American Cancer Society.
R-loop formation is a distinctive characteristic of unmethylated human CpG island promoters

CpG islands (CGIs) function as promoters for approximately 60% of human genes. Most of these elements remain protected from CpG methylation, a prevalent epigenetic modification associated with transcriptional silencing. Here, we report that methylation-resistant CGI promoters are characterized by significant strand asymmetry in the distribution of guanines and cytosines (GC skew) immediately downstream from their transcription start sites. Using innovative genomics methodologies, we show that transcription through regions of GC skew leads to the formation of long R loop structures. Furthermore, we show that GC skew and R loop formation potential is correlated with and predictive of the unmethylated state of CGIs. Finally, we provide evidence that R loop formation protects from DNMT3B1, the primary de novo DNA methyltransferase in early development. Altogether, these results suggest that protection from DNA methylation is a built-in characteristic of the DNA sequence of CGI promoters that is revealed by the cotranscriptional formation of R loop structures.
Hadronic Resonances from STAR

The results of resonance particle productions (ρ 0 , ω, K ∗ , φ, Σ ∗ , and Λ ∗ ) mea- sured by the STAR collaboration at RHIC from various colliding systems and energies are presented. Measured mass, width, � pT � , and yield of those resonances are reviewed. No significant mass shifts or width broadening beyond the experiment uncertainties are observed. New measurements of φ and ω from leptonic decay channels are presented. The yields from leptonic decay channels are compared with the measurements from hadronic decay channels and the two results are consistent with each other.
Interleukin-3 and encephalitogenic activity of SJL/J myelin basic protein-specific T cell lines

Myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific SJL/J T cells were cultured in normal growth medium or growth medium supplemented with 10% culture supernatant from WEHI-3 cells, a source of interleukin-3 (IL-3), or with recombinant IL-3. T cell lines cultured with IL-3 supplementation were more encephalitogenic compared to parallel lines cultured without this supplement. There was little difference in antigen-specific proliferative response or expression of cell surface markers CD3, CD4, CD8, IL-2R, or alpha/beta TCR in the parallel lines. Supernatant fluids from antigen-stimulated T cells from each cycle were tested for the presence of IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha/beta) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta). No significant difference in IL-2, IL-4, GM-CSF, TNF alpha/beta, or TGF beta levels were seen when supplemented and unsupplemented cultures were compared. Supernatant culture fluids contained an activity that was highly stimulatory for the IL-3-dependent mouse mast cell line, MC/9. This activity was attributable to a combination of at least three factors that varied in relative concentrations throughout the course of the experiments. Based on neutralization by monoclonal antibodies, MC/9 stimulating activity in early passage lines was attributable entirely to IL-3 and GM-CSF. The fraction of the MC/9 stimulatory activity that could be neutralized by monoclonal antibody to IL-3 decreased with increasing stimulation cycle while the fraction neutralized by anti-GM-CSF antibodies remained relatively constant. At the time that the lines lost encephalitogenicity, the activity neutralizable by anti-IL-3 had dropped to low levels in the culture supernatants; however, MC/9 stimulatory activity remained present in the supernatants. This was due to GM-CSF and a third unidentified factor.
The Gendered Human of Humanitarianism: Medicalising and Politicising Sexual Violence

This article examines the relationship between gender and the human through the lens of humanitarianism, whose key mission is to protect ‘humanity’. More specifically, it traces the recent history of the entry of gender-based violence into the medical humanitarian portfolio, quickly becoming the poster-child for humanitarian aid. The article argues that this unprecedented attention to gender-based violence, and its incorporation into the mandate of humanitarians and their mission to protect a universal humanity, works to medicalise and depoliticise the issue, limiting the ability to address violence in all its manifestations. The article also suggests that paying attention to the details of this attempted incorporation, and its ultimate failure, actually offers us something more important and interesting to think with: it opens the way to new possibilities for the political, and hence for addressing such forms of violence and inequality.
Measurement of mass, momentum and energy distributions in a quasi-steady MPD discharge.

Piezoelectric impact pressure measurements in the exhaust flow of a quasi-steady MPD accelerator are used to compute the profile of momentum flux 25.4 cm downstream of a 2.8 MW discharge. The integral of this profile is in good agreement with the sum of calculated electromagnetic and measured electrothermal thrust components. Velocity vector profiles obtained by a time-of-flight technique reveal a radial variation of velocity ranging from 31,000 m/sec on the centerline to 11,000 m/sec at a radius of 20 cm. When combined with the momentum flux profiles, these velocities yield information on the distribution of mass and energy in the plasma exhaust.
Electronically tunable color filter with surface plasmon waves

Last year, we reported a novel phenomenon of voltage-induced color-selective absorption with surface plasmons. When a white light is incident on a metal/EO material interface, in certain condition, surface plasmon waves can be excited; those photons in surface plasmon resonance wavelength range would be totally absorbed and these photons out of the surface plasmon resonance wavelength range would be almost totally reflected. This surface plasmon resonance depends on the dielectric constants of both the metal and the EO material. If a voltage is added on the EO material to change its dielectric constant,the surface plasmon resonance spectrum can be shifted from one wavelength to the other, and this is a tunable notch filter. If coupled surface plasmon waves are used, a tunable bandpass filter can be built. A prototype mode has been built using liquid crystal as the EO material. Experiment results, which has excellent agreement with theory, has shown that the wavelength tunable range can cover almost all of the visible when 30-v voltage is applied. Theoretical calculation has shown that this tunable filter can also work in IR range up to at least 10 micrometers .
A pilot study of a test for visual recognition memory in adults with moderate to severe intellectual disability

Objective assessment of memory functioning is an important part of evaluation for Dementia of Alzheimer Type (DAT). The revised Picture Recognition Memory Test (r-PRMT) is a test for visual recognition memory to assess memory functioning of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID), specifically targeting moderate to severe ID. A pilot study was performed to investigate whether the r-PRMT could differentiate DAT-related memory decline from pre-existing poor memory functioning of persons with moderate to severe ID. The r-PRMT scores were compared between 26 participants with DAT and moderate to severe ID and 33 controls with similar levels of ID. The results revealed that the controls with DS showed uniformly high scores in contrast to those with DAT on the r-PRMT and the score distributions of two groups were distinctly different with no overlap. On the other hand, the controls with non-DS etiologies scored much lower with a wider score spread, resulting in significant overlap with the score distribution of the participants with DAT. In conclusion, the r-PRMT may be effective in identifying persons with DAT among persons with moderate to severe ID from DS. However, the r-PRMT may result in a high false positive error rate in discriminating those with DAT among persons with moderate to severe ID from non-DS etiologies, if the judgment is based on a single point assessment.
Isolation and characterization of nuclear-encoded microsatellite DNA primers for the African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus

We report the development of nine polymorphic nuclear-encoded microsatellite DNA loci for the African bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus), the only species of the osteoglossiform family Arapaimidae distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere. We describe the process to isolate these loci, and the primers and conditions for amplifying them using the polymerase chain reaction. We tested these primers with a sample of 40 individuals from two natural populations in Benin, West Africa. The number of alleles for the nine microsatellites ranged from 2 to 9, observed heterozygosity from 0.125 to 0.882, and expected heterozygosity from 0.156 to 0.810. No significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium or linkage disequilibrium were observed, and there is no indication of null alleles.
Matrix vesicle enzymes in human osteoarthritis

The enzymatic activities and in vitro calcification properties of matrix vesicle fractions isolated from normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human articular cartilage were compared to determine the essential conditions for calcification in these tissues. Four groups of human cartilage were examined, I, normal articular cartilage from aged, nonOA joints; II, discolored or fibrillated cartilage from OA joints; III, osteophytic cartilage from OA joints; IV, loose body cartilage from OA joints. Fetal bovine growth plate cartilage was also studied. Both ATP- and 5′-AMP-dependent in vitro matrix vesicle calcification occurs in all cartilage groups examined and, for human articular cartilage, these activities increase progressively from Groups I to II to III. Calcification does not occur in the absence of either phosphate or pyrophosphate. Alkaline phosphatase, 5′-AMPase, and ATP:pyrophosphohydrolase activities are increased in Groups III and IV cartilage compared with Group I and are detected at high levels in fetal bovine growth plate cartilage. Pyrophosphatase activity occurs in only those cartilage groups juxtaposed to areas of new bone formation (osteophytic, loose body, and bovine growth plate). These results suggest that OA, growth plate, and even normal articular cartilage all have the potential to undergo calcification as long as both phosphate and pyrophosphate ions can be generated at sufficiently high levels. However, the capacity for cartilage to deposit hydroxyapatite, as it does during bone formation, may depend on the presence of pyrophosphatase activity.
ORGANIZATIONAL POLICY INNOVATION RE-EXAMINED

One problem plaguing the analysis of policy innovation is that few of the determinants have proven reliable. Measuring policy innovation as both a rate and amount, this paper investigates the ability of four theoretical perspectives to explain land use policy innovation (adoption) by local governments: political culture, community integration, extra-local environment, and organizational characteristics. The sample consists of seventy-nine (79) communities in Colorado ranging in population size from 1,000 to 100,000. Certain organizational characteristics proved to have the greatest influence on policy innovation.
Opening the discussion through challenging companion meanings and pedagogical approaches that de-center

Many aspects of the paper “What if we were in a test tube?: students’ gendered meaning making during a biology lesson about the basic facts of the human genitals” intrigue and warrant further exploration. This forum will focus on two particular areas: (1) An expansion of the companion meanings by examining how they resonate with themes forwarded by other feminist scholars who critiqued biology and reproduction. (2) A proposal of some pedagogical approaches that might provide solutions to de-center the prioritization of heterosexual male genitals and of facts over complexities in science.
DNA damage by gliotoxin from Aspergillus fumigatus. An occupational and environmental propagule : Adduct detection as measured by 32P DNA radiolabelling and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography

Gliotoxin is produced by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus is widespread in the environment and this ubiquitous nature results in disease and co-carcinogenesis to be distributed world-wide. Gliotoxin contains an epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) ring that is believed to be involved in redox reactions. The reactive oxygen species produced interact with DNA to form hydroxylated and other altered DNA products. To measure DNA adduct formation, we used 32P radiolabelling and, after enzymatic DNA digestion, separated adducts in two dimensions using thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC), with ultimate autoradiography and densitometry. HeLa DNA was incubated with 0.1 mmol l-1 and 0.3 mmol l-1 of gliotoxin (and necessary redox agents) for 1 and 20 h. We found an increase in 6-hydro-5,6-dihydroxythymidine (thymine glycol) monophosphate [d(TG)MP] from 0.0% to 30.4%, an increase in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanidine monophosphate [8(OH)dGMP] from 0.0% to 4.2%, an increase in deoxynucleotide diphosphate (dNDP) from zero adducts to six DNA adducts, as well as an increase of other as yet unidentified adducts. Also, time exposure may have a greater effect than concentration based on a 20-h incubation with 0.3 mmol l-1 gliotoxin that completely obliterates the pyrimidines deoxythymidine 3'-monophosphate (dTMP) and deoxycytidine 3'-monophosphate (dCMP).
Separation of α‐acid glycoprotein glycoforms using affinity‐based reversed micellar extraction and separation

A new method for the preparation of the glycoforms of bovine alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is described relying on affinity-reversed micellar extraction and separation (ARMES). This method has proven effective in separating structurally similar glycoproteins and separating glycoproteins from nonglycosylated proteins from natural sources. In this method, individual glycoforms complex with the lectin, concanavalin A (ConA) are extracted into an organic-phase reversed micellar solution formed by Aerosol OT (AOT). The purity of three AGP glycoforms isolated was assessed by hydroxyapatite high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gel-permeation chromatography and SDS-PAGE. The glycan structure of the pure glycoforms was analyzed. Oligosaccharide mapping using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and PAGE showed the glycans obtained from each glycoform to be distinctly different. ARMES can be used for the semi-preparative scale resolution of the glycoforms of bovine AGP or other therapeutic glycoproteins.
Educating Teachers with Emotional Disabilities: A Balance of Private and Public Interests

Section 504 of the Rehabilitatin Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination against individuals with handicapping conditions who are otherwise qualified for education or employment. The Act applies to all institutions of higher education receiving federal financial assistance, and apparently protects individuals with emotional or behavioral disabilities if they apply for admission to or enroll in teacher education programs. Standards of ethical practice also appear to compel special education professionals to advocate for these individuals if they wish to pursue teaching as a career. Close inspection of the law and its interpretations reveals, however, that other legal and moral issues must be considered in protecting the public interest, especially the education of children and youth with disabilities. Recommendations for action are suggested for teacher educators who know or suspect that a trainee has a serious emotional-behavioral problem.
Transmission function for infrared radiative transfer in an inhomogeneous atmosphere

Calculations of the transmission of infrared radiation through the atmosphere must take into account inhomogeneities in the path due to variations of temperature, pressure and absorbing matter. For ozone absorption the method due to Curtis and Godson does not seem to yield results that are sufficiently precise. In this paper an improved approximation is developed that yields an analytic expression for the transmission function and this is compared with the exact results obtained from the Goody random model.
Analysis of single-photon and linear amplifier detectors for microwave cavity dark matter axion searches

We show that at higher frequencies, and thus higher axion masses, single-photon detectors become competitive and ultimately favored, when compared to quantum-limited linear amplifiers, as the detector technology in microwave cavity experimental searches for galactic halo dark matter axions. The cross-over point in this comparison is of order 10 GHz ($\sim 40\ \mu$eV), not far above the frequencies of current searches.
Instrumental and sensory assessment of oatmeal and chocolate chip cookies modified with sugar and fat replacers

ABSTRACT Sensory texture and flavor parameters of three formulations of two popular cookies were evaluated by a trained descriptive panel. Probing, a puncture test, was used to assess texture instrumentally. Other physical tests included water activity, cookie spread, and specific gravity. Chocolate chip and oatmeal cookies were prepared using a nonsucrose sweetener blend (dextrose/acesulfame-K) or prune puree, following manufacturers' recommendations, to replace 50% of the sugar or fat, respectively. The three formulations differed in ratios of flour, sugar, fat, and water. Instrumental and sensory evaluations occurred the day after baking. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and means separation tests (P < 0.05). Relationships between sensory and instrumental assessments were identified with correlations. According to the trained panel, sugar and fat replacement had a greater effect on texture than on flavor. Probing was successfully used to assess textural attributes of cookies. Correlations ...
Endothelial‐like cells derived directly from human tumor xenografts

Tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) harboring various genomic abnormalities have been described in human cancers although their origins remain obscure. We generated 4 human cancer cell lines tagged with multiple markers, grew them as xenografts, and characterized their TAECs. Depending on their tumor of origin, 5-40% of TAECs reproducibly expressed all tags. Tagged TAECs (tTAECS) were morphologically, immunologically and functionally similar, although not identical, to normal endothelial cells (ECs) and contained only human chromosomes. tTAECs underwent a senescent-like proliferative arrest after several in vitro passages, but could be immortalized by telomerase, thus allowing us to show that the retention of the EC phenotype was of long-term duration. In contrast, nonimmortalized tTAECs could be propagated in vivo where they incorporated into the tumor neo-vasculature. Although consistent with previous reports that some tumor cells may undergo "vasculogenic mimicry" (VM), the tumor-derived endothelial-like cells described here appear distinctly different. Moreover, their properties and behaviors are more durable than expected for cells undergoing VM, are not the result of fusions between ECs and tumor cells, and are cell autonomous. These findings could have significant implications for therapies that target tumor angiogenesis.
Remarkably High Reactivity of Pd(OAc)2/Pyridine Catalysts: Nondirected CH Oxygenation of Arenes†

Over the past eight years there has been tremendous progress in the development of Pd-catalyzed ligand-directed C H oxidation reactions to form C O, C N, C S, C halogen, and C C bonds. In marked contrast, analogous C H oxidation reactions of substrates that do not contain directing groups remain challenging. The lack of a directing group typically renders these transformations (as exemplified by C H oxygenation) kinetically slow, particularly with electron-deficient arene substrates. The palladium-catalyzed C H oxygenation of simple arenes is also plagued by low turnover numbers and competing biaryl formation, which often leads to catalyst decomposition through precipitation of palladium black. Furthermore, with substituted aromatic substrates, the site selectivity is typically low and difficult to control. As part of a program aimed at developing efficient, selective, and robust catalysts for nondirected C H functionalization reactions, we sought to identify supporting ligands that would address these limitations and promote the Pdcatalyzed C H acetoxylation of arenes. The vast majority of palladium-catalyzed arene C H oxygenations utilize simple palladium salts (e.g., Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2), [3–5] and literature studies have provided conflicting data about the influence of added ligands on these reactions. Several reports have shown that most common ligands (e.g., 2,2’-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, pyridine, triphenylphosphine oxide, etc.) inhibit the palladium-catalyzed C H acetoxylation of arenes. In contrast, in a few related systems bidentate sp N-donor ligands (e.g., 2,2’-bipyridine and/or 1,10-phenanthroline) were shown to provide modest enhancement of catalytic activity. However, these latter reactions exhibited low turnover numbers (typically < 10); furthermore, the origin of the observed effects was not explored in detail. Herein we describe the use of careful mechanistic analysis to identify new, efficient, and general palladium catalysts for the C H acetoxylation of benzene derivatives. Remarkably, these catalysts can be formed in situ from Pd(OAc)2 and the simple ligand pyridine (pyr). Furthermore, their catalytic activities and site selectivities can be dramatically modulated through variation of the palladium/ pyridine ratio. Inspired by recent reports of Pd-catalyzed C H functionalizations, our initial explorations focused on pyridine as a ligand for the Pd-catalyzed C H acetoxylation of benzene with [PhI(OAc)2]. As shown in Figure 1, the Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed transformation proceeded to completion after 24 hours at 100 8C. However, in marked contrast, [(pyr)2Pd(OAc)2] (generated in situ from 1 equiv of Pd(OAc)2 and 2 equiv of pyr) performed very poorly, providing less than 20% yield under the same reaction conditions (Figure 1).
Serum‐free culture of rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes: Proliferative response

We have formulated a serum-free medium capable of supporting DNA synthesis in rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes at a level equivalent to 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The medium consists of a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium and Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with transferrin (1 microgram/ml), selenium (1 pg/ml), trace metal mix (1:100), dexamethasone (100 ng/ml), insulin-like growth factors I and II (50 ng/ml each), pituitary fibroblast growth factor (100 ng/ml), and lactalbumin hydrolysate (2 micrograms/ml). Endothelial cell growth supplement could be substituted for lactalbumin hydrolysate to obtain similar results. Ventrex PC-1, a commercially available, low-protein, serum-free medium, was found to support proliferation of fibrochondrocytes but not as well as 10% FBS or our medium formulation. Lipid supplements, which are known to support the serum-free growth of hyaline chondrocytes, were found to be either of no value or antagonistic for the culture of fibrochondrocytes. Likewise, vitamin E alone, progesterone, putrescine, and hydrocortisone were also without benefit in our culture system. The cells had a more chondrocytic morphology when grown in defined medium as opposed to 10% FBS. The results of this study should now make it possible to identify and quantitate those factors necessary to affect meniscal repair by utilizing further techniques in vitro.
The Other Uses of Oral History

It is a great pleasure to be here in Anchorage and to hear what you in Alaska have done already and plan to do in the next few years. I was here for the how-to-do-it workshop in 1974, when Alaska was just getting involved with oral history. Part of my personal goal in coming here is to get up to Fairbanks to see the Oral History & Traditions Program of the Alaska and Polar Regions Department at the University of Alaska library and especially its statewide index of oral history. Over the telephone, as we discussed my coming to this conference, I told Bill Schneider I was disappointed in our 1974 oral history workshop because, despite a tremendous turnout and most attentive audience, no Alaska oral history network had come out of it, nor much oral history. I see now that was a wrong impression. There has been a burst of oral history in Alaska, more than in most states, though not necessarily as a result of the workshop in 1974. As Allan Nevins said when he was called "the father of oral history" at the first Oral History Association meeting in 1966, he couldn't claim fatherhood; it was just an idea whose time had come. From this workshop I hope there will emerge an oral history network, a newsletter, and continuing meetings like this. I see also why I thought there was little oral history being done in Alaska. Few of you belong to the Oral History Association, few attend the national meetings so your projects are not reported in our Oral History Association Newsletter. That can be remedied at next year's OHA meeting in Seattle; Margot Knight, the program chairman, is here. Plan with her a program
Semen of Perca fluviatilis L.: Sperm volume and density, seminal plasma indices and effects of dilution ratio, ions and osmolality on sperm motility

The objectives of the present study were to characterize sperm volume and density, seminal plasma indices (ionic contents and osmolality) and to study the effects of dilution ratio, ions and osmolality on sperm motility parameters (percentage of motile sperm and sperm velocity) in farmed European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). The means of sperm volume (ml), sperm density (x10(9)spermml(-1)) and total number of sperm (volumexdensity) per fish were 2.75+/-0.51, 29.19+/-3.15 and 82.19+/-15.26. The seminal plasma osmolality (mOsmkg(-1)), sodium, chloride, potassium and calcium ions concentrations (mM) were measured to be 298.07+/-5.09, 130.97+/-2.19, 106.75+/-2.37, 10.70+/-0.61 and 2.41+/-0.09, respectively. At 15s post-activation of stripped sperm, the percentage of motile sperm (%) and sperm velocity (mums(-1)) were 91.90+/-1.27 and 115.54+/-1.25, respectively, and decreased significantly following sperm activation (P<0.05). The optimal sperm motility was observed when the sperm was prediluted in immobilizing solution (IS) at a ratio 1:50. Prediluted sperm showed the maximum velocity when activated in 2.5mM Ca(2+), 50mM K(+) and sucrose with osmolality 100mOsmkg(-1). Neither Ca(2+) nor K(+) showed a significant effect on the percentage of motile sperm at 15s post-activation. Osmolality higher than 200mOsmkg(-1) significantly decreased the percentage of motile sperm, while osmolality of 300mOsmkg(-1) or above totally suppressed sperm motility.
Implementing brief cognitive behavioral therapy in primary care: A pilot study

Effective implementation strategies are needed to improve the adoption of evidence-based psychotherapy in primary care settings. This study provides pilot data on the test of an implementation strategy conducted as part of a multisite randomized controlled trial examining a brief cognitive-behavioral therapy versus usual care for medically ill patients in primary care, using a hybrid (type II) effectiveness/implementation design. The implementation strategy was multifaceted and included (1) modular-based online clinician training, (2) treatment fidelity auditing with expert feedback, and (3) internal and external facilitation to provide ongoing consultation and support of practice. Outcomes included descriptive and qualitative data on the feasibility and acceptability of the implementation strategy, as well as initial indicators of clinician adoption and treatment fidelity. Results suggest that a comprehensive implementation strategy to improve clinician adoption of a brief cognitive-behavioral therapy in primary care is feasible and effective for reaching high levels of adoption and fidelity.
An asymptotic evaluation of the cycle index of a symmetric group

Let Z(S, ; f(x )) denote the polynomial obtained from the cycle Index of the symmetric group Z(S,) by replacing each variable s, by f{x’), Let f(x) have a Taylor series with radius of convergence p of the form f(x)= .Y’ + a,,,~~*‘+ ak,,:xk~‘+ a.. <with every a, 20. F,inally, Itr o< x < 1 and let x G p. We prove that This limit is used to estimate the probabihty (far n and p both large} that a point [chosen at random from a random p-point tree has degree n + 1. These limitilng probabilities are independent of p and decrease geometrically in n. contrasring with the labe!ecl limiting probabilities of l/n!e. In order to prove the main the<?rem, an appealing generalization o/r the principle of inclusion and exclusion is presented. 1. htroductiou In the paper [(u] we examined the probability that a point chosen at random in a large random tree has degree k = n -F- 1. Following the notation of Hararr [2] and of Harary and Palmer 131, we let t(x) and L?(x) denote the generating functions for ordinary and nvoted trees. These functions have the common radius of convergence p, Similarly, we defined G!‘“‘(X) and D’“‘(x) to be the generating functions for the total number o.f points with degree k amcjng all ordinary and all planted trees. We then found an asymptotic formula for the probability that a point has degree k :
Clinical practice guidelines and performance measures in ESRD

Abstract There is considerable variation in process or outcome measures in dialysis centers across the United States. Continuous quality improvement (CQI) techniques help multidisciplinary care teams assess current care and design strategies to improve outcomes. Evidence-based medicine facilitates the use of the current best evidence from clinical care research to improve patient care. Clinical practice guidelines, which are systematic statements that assist practitioner and patient decisions, are helpful in framing strategies to improve care. Clinical performance measures will provide measurement tools to CQI teams. Clinical decisions depend not only on research evidence in the literature, but also on clinical expertise, patient preferences, and constraints, such as policies, community standards, and budgetary limitations. As care teams use practice guidelines to improve outcomes, results of the CQI process may allow for the refinement of practice guidelines. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Dec;32(6 Suppl 4):S173-6)
Time-varying transmission lines (TVTL) - A new pathway to non-reciprocal and intelligent RF front-ends

Non-reciprocity is achieved with time-varying transmission line (TVTL) whose capacitance is modulated by a traveling wave carrier. Such a structure translates the difference in the propagating directions of the signals to the difference in modulation frequencies. By taking advantages of the low noise, broadband and frequency translation capability of TVTL, non-reciprocal RF front-ends capable of full-duplex communications can be constructed with a single antenna. Such front-ends pave the way for software defined radios as their operations are no longer subjected to the constraints of frequency diplexers.
EMG power spectra of intercollegiate athletes and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in females.

Purpose: Females have a disproportionately high incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries compared with males in analogous sports. Although the pathogenesis of this higher frequency has not been elucidated, gender differences in neuromuscular control of the knee may play an important role. This study evaluates EMG power spectra of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles during dynamic, fatiguing exercise to examine differences between male and female intercollegiate athletes. Methods: Fifty-one collegiate basketball and soccer players (25 female, 26 male) were studied. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was determined for knee flexion and extension. Three consecutive 2-min bouts of isokinetic knee flexion and extension exercise were performed at 40% MVC. EMG activity in the biceps femoris and vastus medialis obliquus was recorded using bipolar surface electrodes. Results: MVC normalized to body weight was significantly greater in males than in females for the quadriceps (P < 0.01). Quadriceps coactivation ratios were significantly higher in females than in males during knee flexion exercises (P < 0.01). Conclusions: This study demonstrates differences in the EMG power spectra for females when compared with a matched group of males. Increased quadriceps coactivation in females may increase anterior tibial loads under dynamic conditions, thus placing the ACL at higher risk for injury in the female athlete.
Remote subscription management of M2M terminals in 4G cellular wireless networks

Machine to Machine (M2M) communication is the backbone of large-scale urban sensing, one of the enabling technologies of the Smart City. Some smart grids are already using M2M for efficient energy management and residential smart meters. The 4th Generation (4G) wireless networks are expected to be used for the majority of the M2M traffic. M2M communication over 4G networks faces some deployment challenges. One of the challenges is the difficulty of managing the subscription of M2M terminals. The challenge is how can an M2M operator, like a utility company, activate or change the subscription of an M2M terminal, like a smart meter, remotely, without requiring a person be at the equipment location. The current subscription management scheme that has been used for human subscribers is based on using the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) application to store subscriber information in a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC). An operator change requires a new UICC from the new operator. This scheme is not suitable for M2M terminals due to the large number of terminals and the nature of their deployment in remote areas. The UICC in the M2M terminals are, in some cases, permanently sealed to prevent tampering and are thus not removable. This paper discusses the challenges of subscription management of M2M terminals communicating over the 4G networks. We present a solution to remotely manage the M2M subscription. The solution which is based on the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) of the 4G cellular network facilitates Over-The-Air (OTA) subscription activation or change for M2M terminals.
Flash kinetics and light intensity dependence of oxygen evolution in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans.

Abstract Patterns of oxygen evolution in flashing light for the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans are compared with those for broken spinach chloroplasts and whole cells of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa . The oscillations of oxygen yield with flash number that occur in both Anacystis and Chlorella , display a greater degree of damping than do those of isolated spinach chloroplasts. The increase in damping results from a two- to threefold increase in the fraction (α) of reaction centers “missed” by a flash. The increase in α cannot be explained by non-saturating flash intensities or by the dark reduction of the oxidized intermediates formed by the flash. Anaerobic conditions markedly increase α in Anacystis and Chlorella but have no effect on α in broken spinach chloroplasts. The results signify that the mechanism of charge separation and water oxidation involved in all three organisms is the same, but that the pool of secondary electron acceptors between Photosystem II and Photosystem I is more reduced in the dark, in the algal cells, than in the isolated spinach chloroplasts. Oxygen evolution in flashing light for Anacystis and Chlorella show light saturation curves for the oxygen yield of the third flash ( Y 3 ) that differ markedly from those of the steady-state flashes ( Y s ). In experiments in which all flashes are uniformly attenuated, Y 3 requires nearly twice as much light as Y s to reach half-saturation. Under these conditions Y 3 has a sigmoidal dependence on intensity, while that of Y s is hyperbolic. These differences depend on the number of flashes attenuated. When any one of the first three flashes is attenuated, the variation of Y 3 with intensity resembles that of Y s . When two of the first three flashes are attenuated, Y 3 is intermediate in shape between the two extremes. A quantitative interpretation of these results based on the model of Kok et al. (Kok, B., Forbush, B. and McGloin, M. (1970) Photochem. Photobiol. 11, 457–475, and Forbush, B., Kok, B. and McGloin, M. P. (1971) Photochem. Photobiol. 14, 307–321) fits the experimental data.
A randomized controlled trial of telephone motivational interviewing to enhance mental health treatment engagement in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans

Abstract Objective To test the efficacy of telephone-administered motivational interviewing (MI) to enhance treatment engagement in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with mental health (MH) problems. Method Between April 23, 2008, and February 25, 2011, 73 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who screened positive for ≥1 MH problem(s) on telephone-administered psychometric assessment, but were not engaged in treatment, were randomized to either personalized referral for MH services and four sessions of telephone MI or standard referral and four neutral telephone check-in sessions (control) at baseline, 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Blinded assessment occurred at 8 and 16 weeks. Results In intent-to-treat analyses, 62% assigned to telephone MI engaged in MH treatment compared to 26% of controls [relative risk (RR)=2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.33–4.37, P =.004], which represented a large effect size (Cohen's h =0.74). Participants in the MI group also demonstrated significantly greater retention in MH treatment than controls [MI mean visits (S.D.)=1.68 (2.73) and control mean visits (S.D.)=0.38 (0.81), incidence rate ratio (IRR)=4.36, 95% CI=1.96–9.68, P P Conclusions Telephone MI enhances MH treatment engagement in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with MH problems.
An efficient dynamic multiple-candidate motion vector approach for GPU-based hierarchical motion estimation

Hierarchical or pyramid search is a widely used approach in motion estimation, a most expensive function in video encoding, for its low computational complexity and high efficiency. In this approach, multiple down-sampled resolutions from video frames are created. An initial motion estimation is quickly made at a lowest resolution. The final motion estimation result is achieved by propagating the initial estimation towards the original resolution. GPU or General purpose GPU embedded hundreds of number of SIMD-based cores is best suitable for motion estimation, especially with full-search-based approaches as the process can be efficiently parallelized. However, a common fundamental drawback of the hierarchical search is the erroneous estimation from the reduced resolutions may cause the final motion estimation inaccurate. Multiple-candidate motion vector approaches are proposed, however, they lack a mechanism to select the best multiple-candidate schemes considering diverse video encoding characteristics. In this paper we analyse and verify the computational complexity of the hierarchical search using NVIDIA's GPU with realistic workloads. Based on this analysis, we propose an efficient dynamic multiple-candidate motion vector approach to dynamically select best multiple-candidate motion vector schemes at runtime. This approach can achieve highest possible speedups and satisfy a desire motion estimation efficiency. Experiments on realistic workloads show the dynamic scheme selection outperforms the fixed scheme selection based on profiling.