cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is There a Nativity Gap? New Evidence on the Academic Performance of Immigrant Students.

Public schools across the United States are educating an increasingnumberanddiversityofimmigrantstudents. Unfortunately, little is known about their performance relative to native-born students and the extent to which the “nativity gap” might be explained by school and demographic characteristics. This article takes a step toward filling that void using data from New York City where 17 percent of elementary and middle school students are immigrants. We explore disparities in performance between foreign-born and native-born students on reading and math tests in three ways—using levels (unadjusted scores), “value-added” scores (adjusted for prior performance), and an education production function. While unadjusted levels and value-added measuresoftenindicatesuperiorperformanceamongimmigrants, disparities are substantially explained by student and school characteristics. Further, while the nativity gap differs for students from different world regions, disparities are considerably diminished in fully specified models. We conclude with implications for urban schools in the United States.
Geometry of geometrically finite one-dimensional maps

We study the geometry of certain one-dimensional maps as dynamical systems. We prove the property of bounded and bounded nearby geometry of certainC 1+α one-dimensional maps with finitely many critical points. This property enables us to give the quasisymmetric classification of geometrically finite one-dimensional maps.
Full-Text Databases in Medicine.

The wide variety of full-text databases pertinent to medicine requires classification. The first distinction to be made is between those full-text databases which are full-text retrievable only and those which are both full-text retrievable and full-text searchable. The full-text searchable files may be further divided into four major groups : 1) The electronic version of factual books or directories ; 2) those which reproduce textbooks and reference books ; 3) the hybrid-often mixtures of full-text and bibliographic records ; and 4) the full-text of medical journal articles. The software for searching full-text medical databases varies from vendor to vendor. More than 400 journal titles in full-text were available as of April 1995 but no one system contained all the full-text medical journal titles. Little research has been done on the efficacy of using full-text databases in the biomedical arena. The MEDLINE/Full-Text Project represents a multi-year effort to learn about the heuristics for searching full-text files of medical journal articles.
Quantitative histologic study of the influence of spinal instrumentation on lumbar fusions: a canine model.

UNLABELLED Histomorphometric and microradiographic studies were performed on 28 beagle hounds 1 year of age, followed up for 6 months after an L5-L6 anterior and posterior spinal destabilization procedure--Group I (n = 7), destabilized surgical controls; Group II (n = 7), posterolateral bone grafting after destabilization; Group III (n = 7), Harrington rod instrumentation and posterolateral bone grafting after destabilization; and Group IV (n = 7), Luque instrumentation, and bone grafting after destabilization. Six months postoperatively, device-related osteoporosis occurred in spines treated with spinal instrumentation. Within the L5 vertebral body the mean trabecular width was less for the two groups with instrumentation (Groups III and IV) compared with the two groups without instrumentation (Groups I and II) (p less than 0.001). The bone formation rate [mm3/(mm3 x year)] x 10(3), which is based on the mean distance between sequenced fluorochrome labels, for Group I (destabilized, nonfused, noninstrumented dogs) was more than twice that of the other three groups, which were all equivalent (p less than 0.05). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Stress shielding, or more correctly, device-related osteoporosis, probably can occur within vertebrae in response to rigid spinal instrumentation. However, the overall mechanical properties of vertebrae underlying spinal instrumentation are probably not at increased risk of fracture because the increase in cross-sectional area of the vertebra and incorporated fusion mass more than compensate for the loss of volumetric bone density.
The Virtual Trillium Trail and the empirical effects of Freedom and Fidelity on discovery-based learning

The Virtual Trillium Trail is a new kind of desktop virtual reality application that crosses over into the area of geospatial, educational simulations. Visual fidelity significantly impacts intrinsic learning, activity in situ, and knowledge gained, independent of other factors. The main empirical contribution of this report is on the impact of the user interface design parameters of graphical fidelity and navigational freedom on learning outcomes. A planned orthogonal contrast, Two-way ANOVA with the factors of Visual Fidelity and Navigational Freedom—both scaled, and set to high and low levels—shows significant impacts on the variables of Salient Events, a proxy for discovery-based learning, and Knowledge Gained, as measured between a pre-test and a post-test. Thus, there is strong empirical evidence to support the use of desktop virtual environments, built with high-fidelity, photo-realistic, and free navigational game engine technology, as educational simulations for informal education. The high-level Visual Fidelity combined with the high-level Navigational Freedom condition showed a mean learning gain of 37.44% and is significantly superior to the low-level Visual Fidelity, low-level Navigational Freedom condition, ceteris paribus.
The Equivalence of Parameter Estimates from Growth Curve Models and Seemingly Unrelated Regression Models

Abstract Seemingly unrelated regression models and growth curve models are examples of multivariate models that require special estimation techniques. Parameters in seemingly unrelated regression models can be estimated by using two-stage Aitken estimation based on unrestricted residuals; parameters in growth curve models can be estimated by using a Potthoff-Roy (1964) transformation based on an estimate of the dispersion. With proper choice of the seemingly unrelated regression model, the two multivariate models and corresponding parameter estimates are shown to be equivalent. Recognition of the equivalence simplifies the presentation of these more complicated multivariate models. The connection is also of interest for more flexible growth curve models.
Suggested X-ray pulses with ultrashort risetimes☆

Abstract X-ray pulses with a risetime of 10 −11 s or shorter (e.g. to pump certain X-ray lasers) could be realized by interposing a series of absorbers between the X-ray source and target, and evaporating the absorber (e.g. with the X-ray beam itself). The expected dependence of risetime on absorber material and dimensions, X-ray energy and original pulse shape is discussed.
Chronic Dialysis Treatment: Clinical Outcome and Related Processes of Care

The selection of primary clinical outcome by which to evaluate the success of a therapy is discussed. Outcome should be relevant to the treatment, important to the patient and to the public health, and easy to measure with little associated variance. The odds of death is chosen as the primary outcome by which to evaluate chronic dialysis treatment because the purpose of dialysis is to preserve life. The odds of death is then correlated with the processes of care, which themselves may be measurable and therefore viewed as outcome of other processes. A general model for outcome research using existing data and for evaluating the relationships among processes and outcome is discussed using a large patient cohort analysis as an example. The analysis suggests that two dimensions of the care process account for most of the explainable death odds difference among patients: a dialysis intensity-related dimension and a nutrition-related dimension. Experience has suggested that knowledge of these principles combined with simple measurements has, over time, led dialysis professionals to increase the intensity of the dialysis treatment they deliver. That was not the case for the nutrition-related dimension. We speculate that these professionals understand, from prior knowledge, how to control dialysis intensity but do not possess similar knowledge about nutritional therapeutics for dialysis patients. Therefore, a better understanding of nutritional therapeutics will be required to achieve maximum reduction of mortality rates.
The JAK/STAT pathway regulates proximo-distal patterning in Drosophila.

JAK/STAT signaling is thought to control growth and proliferation. However, here we show a novel role for this pathway in the patterning of Drosophila appendages. Loss of Stat92E function results mainly in ventralizations and multiplications of the proximo-distal axis in leg and antenna, primarily through the ectopic misexpression of wingless. We also show that the pathway ligand Unpaired is expressed in two domains in leg and antenna that abuts those of wingless and decapentaplegic. We report that JAK/STAT signaling represses both wingless and decapentaplegic, restricting them to their respective domains in leg and antenna. In a reciprocal manner, we show that wingless and decapentaplegic restrict unpaired to its two domains. Thus, a main function of the JAK/STAT pathway in leg and antennal development is to promote the formation of a single proximo-distal axis per disc by constraining the intersection of wingless and decapentaplegic to the center of the disc. Developmental Dynamics 236:2721–2730, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermal cyclization of 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines

Abstract Thermolysis of 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles in chlorinated solvents leads to 5-chloroimidazo[1,2- a ]-pyridine products, which are also formed in DMF containing 1 equiv of HCl. Deuterium labeling of the starting dialkynylimidazoles indicates that reaction may proceed by multiple pathways, depending upon conditions and substituents. Dialkynylimidazoles can also give rise to 5-diethylamino-substituted imidazopyridines when the thermolysis is carried out in the presence of diethylamine.
Solving for electromagnetic fields in uniaxial media by scaling fields in isotropic media

A procedure is presented for determining the electromagnetic fields radiated by a charge-current source in a uniaxial medium by scaling the solution of a corresponding radiation problem with a different source radiating in an isotropic medium.
Does Venus breathe

It is speculated that the periodic absorption and desorption of CO2 by the soil of Venus may buffer daily temperature, pressure and wind variations in the lower atmosphere, effectively eliminating the net tidal torque on the atmosphere. The redistribution of mass would still generate a sizable torque, however, which may serve as a balance for that which is caused by the gravitationally induced tide. This novel tidal mechanism represents a somewhat weaker competitor to the atmospheric tides which have previously been studied.
Partial Insertion of the 9-BBN Unit into the nido-B10 Framework: Preparation and Structural Characterization of (9-BBN)B10H13 and [(9-BBN)B10H12]- †

Na[B10H13] reacts with 9-Br-BBN (9-BBN = 9-bora[3.3.1]bicyclononane) in CH2Cl2 to produce (9-BBN)B10H13, 1, in high yield. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the boron atom of the 9-BBN unit in 1 is partially inserted into the nido-B10 structure through a highly asymmetric bridge between B(5) and B(6) on the B10 cluster with distances of B(BBN)−B(5) = 1.740(6) A and B(BBN)−B(6) = 2.079(6) A. There is also an agostic interaction of the terminal H(5b) on B(5) with B(BBN). NMR studies confirm that this interaction is maintained in solution. Compound 1 is unstable in coordinating solvents, resulting in some cases in the cleavage of the 9-BBN unit from the decaborane skeleton. When 1 is placed in Et2O, NMR spectra suggest that (Et2O)(9-BBN)B10H13, 2, is formed in which an Et2O molecule associates with the boron B(BBN) of the 9-BBN unit while the interactions of that boron with B(6) and with H(5b) are eliminated, leaving only a direct bond between B(BBN) and B(5). Reaction of 1 with “Proton Sp...
Linear-quadratic control with general noise processes

In this paper a direct approach is used to obtain explicit optimal controls for control problems for linear systems with general noise processes and quadratic cost functionals. An optimal control is determined by a sum of the well known linear feedback control from the associated deterministic linear-quadratic control problem and a prediction of the response of the dual optimal system to the future noise.
RECONSIDERING RESEARCH ON DIVORCE, FAMILY LIFE CYCLE, AND THE MEANING OF FAMILY

This article analyzes functionalist and normative assumptions about marriage, divorce, family, and gender in developmental models of family life cycle. An interdisciplinary review of the literature in family development, family sociology, and family therapy reveals how a deficit comparison model implicitly informs the discourse in the study of single-parent families, women who are alone, and the adjustment of women and children to divorce. A feminist critique of family life cycle as the prevailing conceptual model in family development and therapy is presented, and postmodern definitions that deconstruct the concept of family are discussed. Future perspectives for research on family life and form are considered in terms of new action theory that considers divorce as a mode of resistance and change for women and families.
Treatment of Symptomatic Ulnar Artery Occlusion

lasHE PATIENT 56-year-old man, a construction worker who moking 4 years ago, has ischemic rest pain and ntolerance in the ulnar 3 digits of his dominant and with a new ulceration at the tip of his righ nger (Fig. 1). These symptoms have progressed ov everal weeks and are worse when the weather is linical examination shows a positive Allen test lnar artery occlusion. All 4 fingers show alterna olor changes. The little finger ulcer is dry and s o signs of infection. An arteriogram obtained by eferring physician shows minimal atherosclerot hanges of the proximal arm and forearm arteries omplete occlusion of the ulnar artery in Guyon’s c ith filling of the superficial palmar arch distal to cclusion. It also reveals a number of short-segm igital artery occlusions in all of the fingers, with isualization of the terminal tuft vessels in the nger.
STAGNATION POINT LANGMUIR PROBE MEASUREMENTS IN AN ARGON ARC JET

EF — probe potential with respect to ground at IT — 0 EW = probe potential with respect to ground Ie = electron current Ii, Sat = saturated ion current IT = total probe current M = Mach number Pox = upstream stagnation pressure (plenum) Poy = body stagnation pressure Px = nozzle exit static pressure R = contamination surface resistance Te = electron temperature T0y = body stagnation temperature r — time
The European directory of Burns Research

The European Directory of Burns Research is a database of research activity in Europe. This ongoing database, established under the auspices of the Research Committee of the European Burns Association (EBA), provides basic information on research studies in progress or completed. The first issue, for the period 1995/1996, present information received after return of 118 questionnaires from researchers working in 27 countries in Europe and its close neighbours. This is not a large number of responses and may reflect problems with access to groups working in burns, but ignorant of the request for information on research activities. The aim is to maintain and update the database annually through distribution and return of a simple questionnaire. Information will be available to EBA members on request but the accuracy and detail of the database will ultimately be influenced by the co-operation of the burns research community.
Glucose metabolism in young rat skin

Abstract Glucose metabolism in young rat skin slices has been studied with the aid of glucose-1-C14, glucose-6-C14, and glucose-U-C14. A balance study showed that after 3 hr. about 36% of the starting glucose was converted to carboxylic acids (lactic, acetic, and formic), about 2% was oxidized to CO2, 5% appeared as amino acids. 5% as phosphorylated compounds, and 28% as residual hexose. Lactic acid accounted for nearly all of the C14 in the acidic material. Lactate degradation results showed the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Glucose-1-C14 was somewhat better as a source of C14O2 than was glucose-6-C14, indicating qualitative evidence, for the presence of a pentose cycle. This is the first report of the presence of formic acid in skin. As glucose carbon is a poor source of formic acid, most of the compound was produced from endogenous sources.
Thermal macromodelling of integrated circuits

Most of the existing macromodels for integrated circuits (ICs) today have characteristics that are independent of temperature. The macromodels usually assume the IC operates at a fixed temperature, frequently taken to be a defined nominal temperature representing room temperature. This is in spite of the fact that IC characteristics are strongly dependent on the temperature of the device. In this paper, we discuss a methodology for thermal macromodelling of ICs to take into account the temperature dependence of the IC being modelled. The methodology may be used to convert a macromodel that models no thermal effects into one that models both thermal and electrothermal effects. The methodology is applied to a positive voltage regulator and is implemented in the circuit simulator PSpice.
BurstMem: A high-performance burst buffer system for scientific applications

The growth of computing power on large-scale systems requires commensurate high-bandwidth I/O systems. Many parallel file systems are designed to provide fast sustainable I/O in response to applications' soaring requirements. To meet this need, a novel system is imperative to temporarily buffer the bursty I/O and gradually flush datasets to long-term parallel file systems. In this paper, we introduce the design of BurstMem, a high-performance burst buffer system. BurstMem provides a storage framework with efficient storage and communication management strategies. Our experiments demonstrate that BurstMem is able to speed up the I/O performance of scientific applications by up to 8.5× on leadership computer systems.
Plasmodium falciparum: Discovery of peroxidase active organelles

Staining with 3,3' diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) is a common method used for the detection of peroxidases. Using this histochemical staining method in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy, we observed oxidation of DAB that was localized to a discrete set of organelles displaying morphological similarity to small (75-90 nm diameter) versions of higher eukaryotic microbodies or peroxisomes. These single membrane bounded organelles were characterized by an asymmetrical matrix capable of oxidizing DAB to an electron dense inclusion. Oxidation of DAB was further found to be dependent upon hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a substrate. Given a lack of peroxisomal import proteins and enzymes, it is unlikely that these represent conventional peroxisomes. Rather, they likely represent specialized organelles containing endogenous peroxidase or pseudo-peroxidase activity.
Effects of Finite Deformation on Extracellular Matrix Production and Mechanical Properties

Abstract With our ability to incorporate viable cells distributed throughout the scaffold, we are provided a unique, controllable platform to develop a generalized finite deformation framework than can be used to gain an understanding of how the evolving extracellular matrix phase contributes to the construct gross mechanical behavior. The biosynthetic response of microintegrated VSMC’s was investigated low (15%), intermediate (30%), and high (50%) strain groups. These magnitudes were chosen as they correspond to a wide range of NAR deformations and physiologically relevant. A constant, quasi-static strain rate as applied sufficient to obtain a 1 Hz cycle duration. Culture durations of 7, 14, and 21 day time points were used for each strain level to quantify the ECM synthesis capacity of VSMC microintegrated in electrospun PEUU. A static group was also preformed at each time period. Results indicate that VSMC biosynthetic behavior is function of global strain with peaked soluble collagen synthesis was observed in specimens exposed to 30% strain. Our primary goal was to elucidate the mechanical behavior characteristics of the de-novo formed ECM. We determined the matrix mechanical contribution by assuming that the total mechanical response is simply the summation of the individual phases and any potential interactions that might arise between them. We thus quantified the collagen mass fraction and utilized an enzymatic technique to remove the ECM from the constructs, then retested them to obtain the degraded scaffold only responses. Results indicated that the newly formed matrix phase exhibit a highly anisotropic biaxial response, and was over 100 fold stiffer than similar ECM formed using stiff scaffolds previously studied in our lab. Moreover, the formed ECM had predicted mechanical properties similar to glutaraldehyde treated pericardium, a common heart valve biomaterial. Interestingly, peak biosynthetic activity correlates well with in vitro principle strain levels observed in PEUU tri-leaflet valves exposed to native ovine right side pressure. This suggests that physiologic hemodynamic conditions are optimal for the development of robust ECM accretion. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study to consider the effects of large deformation and the corresponding outcomes in terms of ECM mechanical integrity. Furthermore, the results reveal interesting insights into the functional role of the matrix accretion process in engineered tissues.
Comparison of several solid wastes on the growth of vegetable crops.

Abstract Properties of pig manure, chicken manure, mixed sludge, fly ash, furnace bottom ash, refuse compost and commercial fertilizer were compared. Pig manare, digested sludge, furnace bottom ash and fertilizer were applied to a sandy soil for the growth of 2 vegetables: Amaranthus tricolo (Chinese spinach) and Brassica chinensis (Chinese white cabbage). Edaphic properties and heavy-metal contents of the waste-amended soils were analysed. Soils treated with pig manure and sludge possessed higher nutrient contents than ash-treated soil. Vegetables treated with pig manure gave the highest productivity and lower heavy metal contents. They also gave higher yields than those receiving fertilizer. This indicated that pig manure has a high potential as a substitute for fertilizer. Vegetables harvested from ash-treated soil had higher yields and lower heavy-metal contents than those treated with sludge. The inferior growth of vegetables harvested from sludge-amended soils seemed to correlate with the lower pH, lower organic matter and higher heavy-metal contents of the soil.
Capillary electrophoresis of Cheddar cheese

Free solution capillary electrophoresis (FSCE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) methods were developed using standard compounds. Each method was examined for its ability to simultaneously resolve caseins, peptides, and various small molecules found in Cheddar cheese. FSCE with phosphate-urea-acetonitrile run buffer separated caseins and large peptides, but this method was not robust with respect to resolution of milk proteins and peptides. Additionally, peak resolution with phosphate-urea buffer degraded after about 50 samples. MECC with borate-SDS run buffer simultaneously separated α- and β-caseins, peptides, several free amino acids, and small aromatic molecules within 25 min. MECC was robust and electropherograms of phosphate-soluble Cheddar cheese fractions suggest that it may be a valuable tool to study the biochemistry of cheese maturation.
Optimization of Ti and Co Self-Aligned Silicide RTP for 0.10 μm CMOS

As CMOS technologies are scaled to 0.10 μm and beyond, self-aligned silicide (salicide) processes find difficult challenges. As junction depths and linewidths are scaled, achieving both low sheet resistance and low contact resistance maintaining low diode leakage becomes increasingly difficult. In this paper we present studies of Ti and Co salicide processes implemented into a 0.10 μm CMOS technology. We show that both for Ti and Co, the optimization of RTP parameters plays a crucial roll in achieving a successful implementation. For Co salicide, optimization of RTP conditions results in elimination of shallow junction leakage (its main scaling problem). Two-step RTP and one-step RTP Ti salicide processes are compared, showing the advantages of one-step RTP. The RTP process windows for low resistance narrow gates (the main scaling issue for Ti salicide) are analyzed. Processes with pre-amorphization, with Mo doping and with a combination of both are compared. An optimal process using Mo and preamorphization implants and one-step RTP is shown to result in excellent device characteristics and low resistance to 0.06 μm gates.
Modeling DIF Effects Using Distractor-Level Invariance Effects: Implications for Understanding the Causes of DIF.

In 2008, Penfield showed that measurement invariance across all response options of a multiple-choice item (correct option and the J distractors) can be modeled using a nominal response model that included a differential distractor functioning (DDF) effect for each of the J distractors. This article extends this concept to consider how the differential item functioning (DIF) effect (i.e., the conditional between-group differences in the probability of correct response) is determined by the J DDF effects. In particular, this article shows how the DIF effect can be modeled as a function of the J DDF effects and thus reveals the conditions that must hold for uniform DIF, nonuniform DIF, and crossing DIF to exist. The results provide insight into the potential item-level properties that lead to uniform, nonuniform, and crossing DIF. The findings may shed light on the etiology of different forms of DIF, which may help analysts target the particular causes of the DIF effect.
Bodily stimulus gradients and precopulatory orientation in the midge, Culicoides melleus

. The male Culicoides melleus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is able to orientate extremely rapidly to the copulatory position on a C. melleus female and, remarkably, assumes an equivalent position on a mosquito female (Aedes taeniorhynchus). To test for possible similarity between the midge and mosquito females, the ability of their different bodily parts to stimulate sexual response from C. melleus males was assayed. Males were known to respond sexually to a contact pheromone. Males showed increasing response posteriorly on both female C. melleus and A. taeniorhynchus, and greater response to ventral positions than dorsal. Experiments involving transpositions of bodily parts of C. melleus females prove that orientation, at least in the later stages of precopulatory behaviour, is to cues on the female abdomen. It is suggested that the orientation behaviour of the C. melleus male is achieved in response to contact pheromone gradients on the female body.
Effects of Dobutamine Stimulation on Myocardial Blood Flow, Glucose Metabolism, and Wall Motion in Normal and Dysfunctional Myocardium

Background This investigation examines the effects of inotropic stimulation on myocardial blood flow (MBF) and glucose metabolism (MRGlc) in dysfunctional myocardium through the use of positron emission tomography (PET). Methods and Results Nineteen patients with chronic coronary artery disease and 12 normal volunteers were studied with 13N-ammonia, 18F-deoxyglucose, and PET and with two-dimensional echocardiography at baseline and during intravenous dobutamine (5 to 10 μg/kg per minute). At rest, MBF in mismatch regions (n=10) averaged 0.53±0.19 mL/g per minute and increased by 41.4±46.6% ( P =.01) during dobutamine, whereas in match regions (n=16) MBF was 0.28±0.09 mL/g per minute at rest without an increase during dobutamine (26.4±47.3%; NS). Myocardium with normal rest MBF was classified as normal remote (normal wall motion, n=8) or abnormal remote (abnormal wall motion, n=11). Dobutamine raised MBF similarly in normal subjects and in normal remote regions (by 82±85% and 84±42%, P <.01) but by only 33±34% in abnormal remote regions. MRGlc declined by 49±28% ( P <.005) with dobutamine in the normal subjects, remained unchanged in normal and abnormal remote regions of the patients, but increased in mismatch and match regions (by 49±74% and 46±77%; P <.05). Wall motion improved with dobutamine only in mismatch and abnormal remote regions but not in match regions. Conclusions Blood flow–metabolism mismatch patterns are not consistently associated with a fixed downregulation of MBF; the increased contractile work in response to dobutamine stimulation is associated with an increase in MBF and a greater reliance on glucose utilization, possibly reflecting acute ischemia or alterations in substrate selection by chronically dysfunctional myocardium. Importantly, functionally impaired though normally perfused myocardium frequently exists in chronic coronary artery disease patients and may represent repetitively stunned or, more likely, remodeled left ventricular myocardium.
Priorities in Children's Expectations about Object Label Reference: Form over Color.

Young children show considerable interest in color similarity; thus we might expect them to use color as a basis for generalizing object labels. However, natural language observations suggest they do not: children tend to overextend labels based on form similarity and rarely, if ever, overextend labels to objects that share only color. Perhaps, then, children give form priority over color in their expectations about object-label reference. This hypothesis was investigated in 2 studies. In a first study, 40 2- and 3-year-olds sorted 10 sets of 3 pictures that contrasted form with color. Children participated in 1 of 2 conditions: half of the children were shown a target object and asked to "find another one" from among the two choice objects, while the other children heard a novel label for the target (e.g., "See this zom?") and were asked to extend the label (e.g., "Can you find another zom?"). 3-year-olds sorted almost exclusively on the basis of form in both conditions, while 2-year-olds performed differently in the 2 conditions: they frequently chose the color match when labels were absent, but selected by form rather than color when asked to extend a novel label. A second study replicated these findings with novel objects that were real rather than pictured. This study also suggested that 3-year-olds grant color some role in their decisions about object-label reference as long as form differences are reduced to a tolerable level. In sum, young children expect form to be more important than color for guiding object-label reference, even though they may find color interesting when not asked to extend labels. This expectation helps explain the speed and relative ease with which children acquire object labels.
DFM flow by using combination between design based metrology system and model based verification at sub-50nm memory device

As the minimum transistor length is getting smaller, the variation and uniformity of transistor length seriously effect device performance. So, the importance of optical proximity effects correction (OPC) and resolution enhancement technology (RET) cannot be overemphasized. However, OPC process is regarded by some as a necessary evil in device performance. In fact, every group which includes process and design, are interested in whole chip CD variation trend and CD uniformity, which represent real wafer. Recently, design based metrology systems are capable of detecting difference between data base to wafer SEM image. Design based metrology systems are able to extract information of whole chip CD variation. According to the results, OPC abnormality was identified and design feedback items are also disclosed. The other approaches are accomplished on EDA companies, like model based OPC verifications. Model based verification will be done for full chip area by using well-calibrated model. The object of model based verification is the prediction of potential weak point on wafer and fast feed back to OPC and design before reticle fabrication. In order to achieve robust design and sufficient device margin, appropriate combination between design based metrology system and model based verification tools is very important. Therefore, we evaluated design based metrology system and matched model based verification system for optimum combination between two systems. In our study, huge amount of data from wafer results are classified and analyzed by statistical method and classified by OPC feedback and design feedback items. Additionally, novel DFM flow would be proposed by using combination of design based metrology and model based verification tools.
Work, welfare and case management services: An analysis of the Missouri FUTURES program

Established by the Family Support Act of 1988, the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Program, known as FUTURES in the State of Missouri, experienced a shift in focus with the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act in 1996. Once a program that emphasized educational opportunities and job skills training, FUTURES has more recently stressed short-term activities aimed at moving the welfare recipient into the workplace as quickly as possible. This study examines the shift in program components that took place with the advent of welfare reform in 1996, and attempts to provide some insight into whether current case management services are helping clients attain self-sufficiency. The analysis concludes that in terms of wages and recidivism, individuals who participated in the FUTURES program did no better than individuals who had not enrolled in the program.
Determination of tin by atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Using high-brightness lamps and a hydrogen—air flame, the determination of tin is as convenient as any other atomic absorption analysis. High-brightness lamps increase the emission of the 2246 A resonance line about seventy times. Hydrogen—air flames increase the sensitivity over acetylene—air flames about 2·5 times. Tin sensitivity is about 1 ppm for 1 percent absorption and the detection limit is about 0·1 ppm in a water solution. Several National Bureau of Standards (NBS) metallurgical samples were analyzed for tin.
DFT Study of Cysteine Adsorption on Au(111)

The adsorption of the cysteine amino acid (H−SCβH2−CαH−NH2−COOH) on the (111) surface of gold is studied by means of periodic density functional calculations. Results for different adsorption sites and molecular configurations show that chemisorption involving S(thiolate)−Au bonds on Au(111) is favored by starting with either cysteine or cystine gas-phase molecular precursors. In the most stable adsorption configuration, the sulfur headgroup sits at the bridge site between two surface Au atoms, and the S−Cβ bond is tilted by 57° with respect to the surface normal, whereas the in-plane orientation of the molecular backbone plays a secondary role. The analysis of the electronic properties shows that the hybridization of the p-like S states with the d-like Au states produces both bonding and antibonding occupied orbitals, and the process is well described by a model for the interaction of localized orbitals with narrow-band dispersive electron states. The bonding orbitals well below the Fermi level contribut...
The role of phonetic processes in letter detection: A reevaluation

Abstract In seven experiments we investigated the finding that subjects often fail to detect the letter f in the word of. This effect was depressed in Experiment 1 when asterisks were inserted between all letters in a passage, suggesting that unitization processes contributed to the effect. Experiment 2 compared detection of the letters o and f and found a significant but much smaller effect for o, indicating that unitization can only provide a partial explanation for the effect with f. In Experiment 3 the effect was maintained for the letter f but not the letter o when subjects searched an auditory version of the passage, which implies that phonetic processes are involved in the effect for f. Experiments 4, 5, and 6 demonstrated that the effect is still observed when subjects are told to search for v as well as f, even with an auditory presentation of the passage and even when instructed to detect the phonemes rather than the letters. These findings are inconsistent with the proposal by Read (1983 , Memory and Cognition, 11, 390–399) that subjects miss the f in of because they are searching only for the phoneme /f/. Experiment 7 showed that the effect can be reduced if subjects are led to interpret the letter sequence of as a misspelled version of the word off and can be eliminated entirely if subjects are also required to write down every letter of the passage. The findings of Experiment 7 provide further evidence that unitization and phonetic processes together contribute to the effect. The results as a whole are taken to imply that both letter and phoneme levels need to be included in models of word identification as well as a cross-checking or communication between the two levels.
Toward the Evaluation of Value Pricing

Value pricing—a form of multiclass service in which the user has the choice of an unpriced standard service or a faster service that is priced—has often been evaluated by comparison with high-occupancy vehicle lanes and also by inclusion of additional capacity as part of the project alternative. From the standpoint of benefit—cost analysis, this is not the right comparison. The question of whether to invest in additional capacity should be kept separate from the best way to operate it. Value pricing should be judged against other ways of using the same physical capacity, specifically, a single-class service either priced or unpriced. In addition, two factors not explicitly included in previous evaluations—partitioning a single facility into separate services diminishes total capacity, and capacity may be further reduced if the traffic flow goes from saturated to oversaturated (hypercongestion)—give multiclass service a significant disadvantage to overcome relative to single-class service. The net benefits...
Organization of corticostriatal projections from the vibrissal representations in the primary motor and somatosensory cortical areas of rodents

To characterize corticostriatal projections from rodent sensorimotor cortex, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluororuby (FR) were injected into the whisker representations of the primary motor (MI) and somatosensory (SI) cortices. Reconstructions of labeled terminals and their beaded varicosities in the neostriatum and thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to determine the degree of labeled overlap in both of these subcortical structures. Corticostriatal projections from the vibrissal representation in MI were more extensive than corresponding projections from SI. Both cortical areas sent dense projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum, but the MI vibrissal representation also projected to regions located more rostrally and medially. Despite these differences, both MI and SI projected to overlapping parts of the dorsolateral neostriatum. Tracer injections in both cortical areas also produced dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the medial sector of the posterior complex of the thalamus (POm). Because POm is somatotopically organized and has reciprocal connections with both SI and MI cortices, the amount of labeled overlap in POm was used to indicate whether the tracers were injected into corresponding whisker representations of MI and SI. We found that the proportion of labeled overlap in the neostriatum was highly correlated with the amount of labeled overlap in POm. These results indicate that the rodent neostriatum receives convergent projections from corresponding regions in MI and SI cortex. Furthermore, the thalamocortical projections of the POm indicate that it may modulate corticostriatal outputs from corresponding representations in MI and SI.
RAISING CONTINGENT CAPITAL: THE CASE OF CEPHALON

In early 1997, Cephalon, Inc., a biotechnology firm, purchased 2.5 million capped call options on its own stock, with a potential value of as much as $45 million, in exchange for $9.8 million worth of its common shares. Cephalon's first major drug, Myotrophin, was under review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and Cephalon's management reasoned that, upon FDA approval, the company's stock would rise in value to reflect the future value of the drug, in which case the call options would pay off and the firm could use the proceeds to help fund commercialization of the drug. The managers thus viewed the call options as a form of “contingent capital,” capital that would be available only if and when the firm needed it. The availability and cost of financing constitute major uncertainties for any company and perhaps even more so for a biotech firm. But was the options transaction a cost-effective way to raise capital? The authors' analysis suggests that the cost of the capped calls—underwriting fees, expenses, underpricing, and market impact—was quite high compared to alternative sources of financing that may have been available to Cephalon in the wake of a favorable decision by the FDA. An equally interesting aspect of this case is that the size of Cephalon's funding requirements was determined in large part by accounting rules and management's desire to report higher (non-cash) earnings.
Atmospheric mercury emissions from substrates and fumaroles associated with three hydrothermal systems in the western United States

[1] This paper quantifies atmospheric mercury (Hg) emissions from substrates and fumaroles associated with three hydrothermal systems: Lassen Volcanic Center, California (LVC); Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming (YC); and Dixie Valley, Nevada (DV). Substrate Hg fluxes were measured using field chamber methods at thermal and nonthermal sites. The highest Hg fluxes (up to 541 ng m−2 h−1) were measured at thermal active areas. Fluxes from altered and unaltered nonthermal sites were 98%). At YC, substrate Hg emissions were dominated (50 to 90%) by acidically altered thermal areas. Substrate emissions at DV were low and primarily from nonthermal areas (66% to 75%). Fumarole emissions at LVC (91–146 kg yr−1) and YC (0.18–1.6 kg yr−1 for Mud Volcano) were estimated by applying Hg:H2O and Hg:CO2 ratios in hydrothermal gas samples to H2O and CO2 emissions. Applying total area-average emissions from substrates and thermal features at LVC, YC, and DV to similar systems across the conterminous United States, yearly atmospheric Hg emissions from active hydrothermal systems are projected to be 1.3–2.1 Mg.
The Effect of Porcine Duodenal Mucosa Extract upon Enzyme Release from Pancreatic Zymogen Granules in Vitro

Factors from porcine duodenal mucosa extract (CHR extract) prepared according to Cricket al. [J Physiol (London) 110: 367, 1949] interacted with isolated suspended rat pancreatic zymogen granules in vitro, resulting in the release of amylase and trypsin-activatable protease from the granule. CHR extract also caused a rapid drop in the turbidity of suspended granules in the pH range within which the granules were otherwise stable. The release of amylase was proportional to both the amount of CHR extract added, and the amount of zymogen granules present. The effects were not due to bile salts, and could not be elicited by equivalent levels of highly purified pancreozymin or pure secretin. Fractionation of CHR extract on Sephadex G-25 led to resolution of two factors, A and B, both of which caused amylase release. Factor A, of apparent higher molecular weight, caused the turbidity loss. Factor B caused no turbidity change, but elicited both enzyme release and activation of previously released amylase. Both f...
Transformer Corona Testing

The progress made to date in corona testing transformers at the factory is reviewed and the importance of sonic detection and location of corona sources is shown. Major improvements in sonic techniques are reported. Test curves of RIV vs. transformer test voltage are given for units having defects. The various corona test proposals being considered by the industry are described and discussed. The best assurance of product quality is stated to be a corona test, using RIV and advanced sonic techniques, made at full transformer induced test voltage with a limit of 1000 microvolts.
From storage to manipulation: How the neural correlates of verbal working memory reflect varying demands on inner speech.

Abstract The ability to store and manipulate online information may be enhanced by an inner speech mechanism that draws upon motor brain regions. Neural correlates of this mechanism were examined using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Sixteen participants completed two conditions of a verbal working memory task. In both conditions, participants viewed one or two target letters. In the “storage” condition, these targets were held in mind across a delay. Then a probe letter was presented, and participants indicated by button press whether the probe matched the targets. In the “manipulation” condition, participants identified new targets by thinking two alphabetical letters forward of each original target (e.g., f → h). Participants subsequently indicated whether the probe matched the newly derived targets. Brain activity during the storage and manipulation conditions was examined specifically during the delay phase in order to directly compare manipulation versus storage processes. Activations that were common to both conditions, yet disproportionately greater with manipulation, were observed in the left inferior frontal cortex, premotor cortex, and anterior insula, bilaterally in the parietal lobes and superior cerebellum, and in the right inferior cerebellum. This network shares substrates with overt speech and may represent an inner speech pathway that increases activity with greater working memory demands. Additionally, an inverse correlation was observed between manipulation-related brain activity (on correct trials) and test accuracy in the left premotor cortex, anterior insula, and bilateral superior cerebellum. This inverse relationship may represent intensification of inner speech as one struggles to maintain performance levels.
A sterile defender morph in a polyembryonic hymenopterous parasite

Early in the development of polyembryonic Encyrtidae, a number of larvae are formed that are morphologically different from their later sibs. These larvae die without pupating. They have been described as asexual1, teratoid2,3 or precocious3, and it has been suggested that they render the host suitable as food and habitation for the later, normal larvae1,4. I now report findings which demonstrate that the precocious larvae constitute a defender morph, eliminating other internal parasites that would otherwise compete with, and potentially preclude the development of, their normal sibs.
Resonant coupled-cavity effects in VCSELs with annular ring contacts

The role of metal apertures in the mechanism of lateral mode confinement in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is clarified by means of a detailed effective-frequency-method analysis of an oxide-confined VCSEL structure with the radius of the oxide window exceeding that of the metal aperture. Ring metal contact layer on top of the VCSEL structure is shown to be able to change the conditions for the lateral waveguiding in VCSELs by significantly modifying the local resonant properties of the VCSEL cavity. The resonant effects are demonstrated in the longitudinal coupled-cavity system consisting of the designed laser cavity, determined by the lower and top DBRs, and a very short cavity formed by the top DBR and semiconductor-metal interface. The conditions for higher-order lateral mode suppression using metal apertures are established.