cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Bias Correction Techniques for Hydrological Simulations of Climate Change

AbstractGlobal climate model (GCM) output typically needs to be bias corrected before it can be used for climate change impact studies. Three existing bias correction methods, and a new one developed here, are applied to daily maximum temperature and precipitation from 21 GCMs to investigate how different methods alter the climate change signal of the GCM. The quantile mapping (QM) and cumulative distribution function transform (CDF-t) bias correction methods can significantly alter the GCM’s mean climate change signal, with differences of up to 2°C and 30% points for monthly mean temperature and precipitation, respectively. Equidistant quantile matching (EDCDFm) bias correction preserves GCM changes in mean daily maximum temperature but not precipitation. An extension to EDCDFm termed PresRat is introduced, which generally preserves the GCM changes in mean precipitation. Another problem is that GCMs can have difficulty simulating variance as a function of frequency. To address this, a frequency-dependent...
Culicoides hypersensitivity in horses

Culicoides hypersensitivity is a common cause of recurrent seasonal pruritus in horses. It is a hereditary condition, caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to the bites of Culicoides midges, presenting typically in a horse's second or third summer and subsequently worsening with age. There is no cure and treatment is aimed at preventing or reducing exposure of the horse to the biting midge and reducing the hypersensitivity reaction.
Hexagonal and tetragonal states of magnesium by first principles

First-principles total-energy calculations on hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) and body-centered-tetragonal (bct) states of bulk elemental magnesium have been made with a full-potential electronic structure program with both the local-density approximation and the generalized gradient approximation. The unique paths [called epitaxial Bain paths (EBP's)] through hexagonal or tetragonal states produced by epitaxial strain on equilibrium states have been found. The hexagonal EBP reveals the existence of an hcp phase with axial ratio $c/a\ensuremath{\sim}0.72$ and about 20 mRy/atom higher energy than the hcp ground state. Structure parameters and elastic constants of both the ground state and the higher-energy state are determined, and the ground-state values are compared to experiment. Tests of the stability of the hcp phase at $c/a\ensuremath{\sim}0.72$ show that this phase is unstable. The tests for stability require calculations of the elastic constants, which in the case of hcp crystals are composed of a homogeneous and an inhomogeneous contribution. We describe a considerably simplified calculation of the inhomogeneous contribution obtained by using a symmetrical orientation of the unit cell and finding all the elastic constants with symmetrical strains. The tetragonal EBP shows the existence of a face-centered-cubic phase of Mg with about 1 mRy/atom higher energy than the hcp ground state. The elastic constants of this phase satisfy the stability conditions: hence, this phase is metastable.
RegG, a CcpA Homolog, Participates in Regulation of Amylase-Binding Protein A Gene (abpA) Expression in Streptococcus gordonii

The amylase-binding protein A (AbpA) of Streptococcus gordonii was found to be undetectable in supernatants of mid-log-phase cultures containing >1% glucose but abundant in supernatants of cultures made with brain heart infusion (BHI), which contains 0.2% glucose. A 10-fold decrease in the level of abpA mRNA in S. gordonii cells cultured in BHI was noted after the addition of glucose to 1%. Analysis of the abpA sequence revealed a potential catabolite responsive element CRE 153 bp downstream of the putative translational start site. A catabolite control protein A gene (ccpA) homolog from S. gordonii, designated regG, was cloned. A regG mutant strain demonstrated moderately less repression of abpA transcription in the presence of 1% glucose. Diauxic growth with glucose and lactose was not affected in the RegG mutant compared to the wild-type parental strain. These results suggest that while RegG plays a role in abpA expression, other mechanisms of catabolite repression are present.
COMPUTATIONAL ISSUES IN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR 1D INTERFACE PROBLEMS

This paper is concerned with the construction of accurate and ecient computational algorithms for the numerical approximation of sensitivities with respect to a parameter dependent interface location. Motivated by sensitivity analysis with respect to piezoelectric actuator placement on an Euler-Bernoulli beam, this work illustrates the key concepts related to sensitivity equation formulation for interface problems where the parameter of interest determines the location of the interface. A fourth order model problem is considered, and a homogenization procedure for sensitivity computation is constructed using standard nite element methods. Numerical results show that proper formulation and approximation of the sensitivity interface conditions is critical to obtaining convergent numerical sensitivity approximations. A second order elliptic interface model problem is also mentioned, and the homogenization procedure is outlined briey for this model.
Mössbauer Scattering: The Quadrupole Interaction in Osmium Metal

The M\"ossbauer scattering of the 137-keV gamma radiation from the first 2+ state of ${\mathrm{Os}}^{186}$ is reported. The effect, i.e., the M\"ossbauer intensity-to-background ratio at zero relative velocity between source and scatterer, is, at 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, approximately 3:1. The full width at half-maximum of the velocity spectrum is 1.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07 times that theoretically expected. The Debye temperature of the osmium scatterer was determined and appears to increase with increasing temperature, from 4.2 to 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The average value of ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}$, assuming it to be the same for source and scatterer, is 375\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The angular distribution of the scattered radiation was measured using a three-detector geometry. Assuming that the attenuation of the correlation is due to an axially symmetric electric field gradient (EFG) acting on the quadrupole moment of the 2+ state, we obtain for the quadrupole interaction, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{E}=(35.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}/sec$. From the $B(E2)$ value of the transition, the value the EFG of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) osmium is deduced to be $q=(3.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.50)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}$ V/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. By comparing this value with the lattice contribution to the EFG as well as to the known EFG of hcp rhenium metal, we conclude that the conduction-electron contribution is significant and probably changes substantially from rhenium to osmium.
Adam Smith on the ‘Natural Principles of Religion’

Smith scholars have become interested of late in his thoughts on religion, and particularly the question of the degree to which Smith's understanding of religion was indebted to the influence of his close friend Hume. Until now this debate has largely focused on three elements of Smith's religious thought: his personal beliefs, his conception of natural religion, and his treatment of revealed religion. Yet largely unexplored has been one of the most important elements of Smith's thinking about religion: namely his treatment of ‘the natural principles of religion’ in TMS 3.5. What follows aims to reconstruct this treatment and thereby shed light on what Smith might have meant by ‘the natural principles of religion’, and how he understood the relationship of religion and morality more generally – an understanding, it is argued, that significantly differs from Hume's, and reveals Smith to have been a critic of Hume's vision of the relationship of religion to morality, for all their agreements on other fronts.
Comparison of the behavior of soluble organic and inorganic nutrients in forest soils

Abstract The mechanisms by which potentially soluble inorganic nutrients are retained and eventually recycled within ecosystems have been characterized by many studies. Substantial amounts of potentially soluble organic nutrients are also released as plants grow, die, and decompose. In this study, a conceptual model was developed which shows the pools and significant processes generating and consuming dissolved organic matter and the associated nutrient elements. Experiments showed that the pool of potentially soluble organic matter in both mineral and organic horizons was much larger than the amount dissolved by any individual leaching event. Adsorption had the effect of buffering concentrations of dissolved organic matter in both mineral and organic horizons. The sorption equilibrium also slows the leaching rate of potentially soluble organic matter. By increasing the residence time of potentially soluble organic matter on solid surfaces, sorption results in a much greater time of exposure of soluble organic matter to decomposers while in the sorbed state. Literature sources indicate a bimodal distribution of decay coefficients of dissolved organic C and N with a refractory fraction dominating. A set of hypotheses comparing the factors controlling retention of inorganic vs. organic nutrients was developed. These hypotheses related to: sources of dissolved nutrients; properties of molecules controlling behavior; biological removal from solution; non-biological removal from solution and major factors allowing loss from the system. The major factor allowing loss of organic nutrients from the ecosystem is hydrologic short circuiting or absence of a mineral soil horizon rich in Fe and Al oxyhydroxides whereas, in the case of inorganic nutrients, it is hydrologic short circuiting or absence of a root network in addition to geochemical factors.
The digital divide's devaluing of local e-government

Despite an abundance of literature on the potential of e-government to improve service delivery and alter the relationship between citizens and government, few scholars have addressed perhaps the most obvious barrier: the digital divide. This proposed research highlights the importance of understanding the complexity of technology and the digital divide as well as users themselves before implementing solutions.
Cardiac denervation and dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease: A review of screening techniques

Parkinson's disease (PD) has classically been characterized by features of motor dysfunction, but these may manifest only after the nigrostriatal system has incurred significant damage. However, recent evidence suggests that cardiac sympathetic denervation occurs early on in PD. This may trigger a shift in physicians' attention to features of cardiovascular dysautonomia and allow for the evolution of earlier screening techniques. MIBG and PET (6F-DA) scans have demonstrated the functional loss of postganglionic sympathetic cardiac neurons, while immunohistochemical stains have revealed signs of morphological degeneration. Given this information, various screening techniques have been proposed, though most are particular to PD patients with orthostatic hypotension (OH). This is a considerable drawback given that the prevalence of OH in PD patients is estimated to be 41%. We present the argument that a shift in focus is needed; investigators should look for other manners by which to screen patients that are not reliant upon blood pressure. In our point of view, the problem with using blood pressure as a measurement is that it can be affected by many other factors unrelated to cardiac denervation. This may be why many patients with PD cannot be detected using these techniques. In order to make further progress on this front, we believe that investigators should start looking for variables that are more purely dependent upon cardiac denervation. We give one possible example of such a variable in this paper using heart transplant patients as a model.
IS BANCASSURANCE A VIABLE MODEL FOR FINANCIAL FIRMS

The bancassurance (i.e., bank and insurance company combinations) model for financial firm architecture has been widely used in Europe and recently has been adopted by U.S. financial firms. We provide evidence regarding the viability of bancassurance combinations for U.S. and non-U.S. mergers between 1997 and 2002. We find positive gains and no significant risk shifts for shareholders of bidding firms, and that higher CEO stock ownership results in less positive gains for shareholders. These and other results suggest that bancassurance firms are viable entities that may play an important role in the future evolution of the U.S. financial system.
"All in one" is the way to go...building a XP professional hardware independent image

Tired of maintaining multiple Windows 2000 images, the Central Connecticut State University, User Support Services team resolved to build an XP image for all supported computer hardware platforms. The focus of this "All in One" image project was development of one image for deployment to any 3 year old or newer computer, including notebooks, regardless of hardware and drivers. This "All in One" software image is used exclusively for the Faculty and Administrative staff, and was not designed for student labs. Maintaining software images for the faculty/staff computing environment was always a challenge because of the large variety computer hardware.Technical requirements for building the Faculty image were defined as: 1) Software modifications and driver additions completed with relative ease. 2) Ease and speed of deployment for student technicians. 3) Protection of client data through out the image process.This paper outlines advantages and lessons learned thru the CCSU specific methods of imaging faculty computers since the initial XP image project two years prior. Some of the questions and issues discussed are: "How has the process evolved up to the present?", "How is the image maintained?", "Should student workers be entrusted with image modification?", and "How were technical snafu's resolved?". The building and use of an "All in One" hardware independent image has saved time and resources for the CCSU User Support Team and this paper provides the "how to" details.
Trichromacy in normally reared and light deprived infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina).

Abstract Infant macaque monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina )were separated from their mothers a few days after birth and individually housed in a specially designed testing cage. Each was taught to discriminate white light from each of several narrow-band wavelengths of light selected from across the visible spectrum. During the first 2 months after birth, each of the infants learned to discriminate all wavelengths tested from white light, regardless of relative luminance. An infant which had been raised in continuous darkness from 2 weeks until 3 months after birth was similarly tested. This dark-reared infant also successfully learned to discriminate all wavelengths tested from white light. It is concluded that infant pigtail monkeys have trichromatic color vision by the age of 2 months, and that their trichromacy remains present following a period ofdark rearing during the first 3 months after birth.
Comments on the sociobiology of ethics and moralizing.

A scientific mediational normative ethics uses knowledge about the world and man to recommend optimal human behavior for the implementation of assumed ultimate goals, such as human survival under humane conditions. Since the wisdom of evolutionary processes is wisdom about past worlds, both normative biologism and normative sociologism must be rejected. Normative biologism must also be rejected because of the problem of group selection and the genetics of altruism. Where there is genetic competition among the cooperators (as for humans and other vertebrates, but not for the social insects), great limitations are placed on the degree of socially useful self-sacrificial altruism that biological evolution can produce. Human urban social complexity is a product of social evolution, and has had to counter with inhibitory moral norms the biological selfishness which genetic competition continually selects.
The nocturnal rise of plasma testosterone in pubertal boys.

ABSTRACT To evaluate the effect on testicular function of the sleep related LH rise in pubertal subjects, identical twin boys (JA-1; JA-2) in stage 2 of puberty were studied for 36 hours using a frequent sampling technique. While each subject was awake the mean ± S.E. testosterone (T) level was 257 ± 41 and 325 ± 31 pg/ml for JA-1 and JA-2 respectively. Each night with the commencement of sleep, sharp increases of T and LH but not FSH levels occurred. The nocturnal elevations of T reached peaks of 1887 and 1833 pg/ml for the same respective subjects and were always preceded by the sleep related LH rises. The interval between the nocturnal LH r i se and the beginning of the subsequent T elevation was 40-80 minutes. This data suggests that in adolescent boys the sleep related LH increase stimulates a nocturnal rise of T. This androgen increase could account for some of the early pubertal changes seen in males.
Orientational ordering of a cesium monolayer on graphite.

Orientational ordering has been observed by low-energy electron diffraction for structures close to (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) in an overlayer of cesium absorbed on the graphite (0001) surface at liquid-nitrogen temperature. The relative orientation of the Cs overlayer to the graphite substrate varies from about 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and the lattice misfit changes from about 27.6% to 0% as the coverage of Cs on the graphite surface is increased. For the same lattice-parameter misfit the rotation angles in the structure are almost half of those in the rare-gas physisorbed systems on graphite (0001), the Na chemisorbed on Ru(001), and the Cs planar layer intercalated in the high-stage graphite intercalation compounds. The (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) family of structures for the Cs-chemisorption-on-graphite system is consistent with the Novaco-McTague theory of orientational ordering, but there is a stronger bond strength between adatoms in the Cs/C overlayer than in the above other three systems.
Theoretical Study of the Solvent Effect on Triiodide Ion in Solutions

The free-energy surfaces of I3- in aqueous, methanol, and acetonitrile solutions as well as in the gas phase are examined in the ground state by means of the ab initio RISM-MCSCF (reference interaction site model-multiconfigurational self-consistent field) method. The X1Σg+ state in the gas phase has a highly symmetrical D∞h geometry as its stable structure. In solution phases, the electronic structure of I3- is strongly affected by the surrounding solvent molecules and the energy profiles are drastically changed. Especially in aqueous solution, the ground-state free-energy surface around the gas-phase equilibrium geometry becomes virtually flat, indicating an increased population of asymmetrical structures due to the solvent effect. It is suggested that this broken symmetry can explain the appearance of transitions in the IR and Raman spectra, which are symmetry-forbidden in the gas phase.
Nonlinear deformation of elastomeric foams

Abstract The nonlinear deformation of a porous foam-type elastomeric material is studied, both theoretically and experimentally. The elastomer is modeled by the neo-Hookean material. The one-dimensional compressive behavior of the foam is analysed by using certain kinematic assumptions. The stress required to compress the foam is predicted by the model in terms of the porosity of the foam and the single constant in the neo-Hookean stress-strain form. A particular silicone foam is used as a test of the theory. The neo-Hookean constant is evaluated from a test of the homogeneous elastomer. Hence the behavior of the corresponding foam is predicted theoretically and compared with experimental results. The general results are applicable to closed-cells foams of intermediate density.
ON THE CONTINUITY EQUATION FOR ELECTRON DENSITY IN THE IONOSPHERE

Abstract The continuity equation for electron density is discussed by considering some representative chemical reactions in the ionospheric regions. Without neglecting the time-dependent and the transport terms, the equation is modified so that the decay term has a form of L = λ [X 2 ] N e + λ α [X 2 ] , where α and λ are the rate coefficients of dissociative recombination and ion-atom interchange reactions, respectively, and the remaining terms are formulated. It is found by rather rough test that these remaining terms are small, and the continuity equation with the decay term of /tl-type function, which is usually used for the discussion of steady state, may be used for the non-steady state cases without serious errors. In some cases, however, these remaining terms may be appreciable, and their effects on the continuity equation for electron density may not be neglected. Finally, some detailed formulations for equilibrium electron density are given.
Designs, Participants, and Measurement Methods in Psychological Research

Critical reviews of psychological scholarship suggest that self-report questionnaires, experimental designs, and college students dominate psychological research. Although researchers within specific subfields of psychology have the requisite knowledge to assess the generality of these concerns, novices of psychological research do not. To provide such knowledge, we surveyed a random sample of 200 journal articles in the PsycINFO database coding for psychological content area, research design, measurement method, and participant type. Results indicate self-report questionnaires, experimental designs, and college students each appeared in a minority of studies and these study characteristics often varied significantly by content area. Results also suggest no single dominant “typical” study in psychological research but rather that the characteristics of such research exhibit remarkable diversity.
Auger transition rates for metastable states of antiprotonic helium He + p̄

The rates of Auger transitions of antiprotonic helium {sup 4}He{sup +}{bar p} and {sup 3}He{sup +}{bar p} are calculated by using a variational scattering method with an elaborate three-body trial function. The shift of the energy levels of these systems due to the coupling with the Auger-decay channels is also obtained from this calculation. Thus an improvement is made over the previously calculated nonrelativistic energies. Together with the relativistic corrections calculated elsewhere, the theoretical transition wavelength between the states (n,l)=(37,34) and (38,33) of {sup 4}He{sup +}{bar p}, for example, is significantly improved to be 713.593 nm, which compares well with the experimental value 713.578{plus_minus}0.006 nm. The calculated Auger lifetime of the level (38,33) is 3.2 ps, as compared with the value 4.1{plus_minus}0.2 ps deduced from the measured line broadening. Auger rates are calculated also using Fermi{close_quote}s golden-rule formula with a regular Coulomb function with no phase shift for the Auger electron. The results agree fairly well with the accurate variational results. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Modeling the Performance of Fire Hazard Detection with Thermal Infrared Cameras

The development of a performance model of fire fighters detecting fire hazards using a thermal infrared camera is explored. The efficacy of a nonlinear statistical approach and a standard infrared model (NV-IPM) are shown.
A bird's eye view of home.

At first glance, the shimmering abstraction on the cover of this issue of EcoHealth is like a memory of something we are not sure if we have seen—an aerial view of an alien landscape. Its ambiguity draws us in. Is it a close-up of an abalone shell or the head of a gilded Buddha? Is it the rough bark of a newly discovered species of tree, or the glittering cuticle of an Asian beetle? Our uncertain but engaged response is exactly what the artist Nok Chhun seeks. The mixed media work is Chhun’s aerial depiction of Koh Kong, a small fishing village in southwest Cambodia where she was born. Once the viewer knows the context, suddenly the rippling waves lapping the shore above the receding depths become apparent. The patinated clumps of plaster are actually the tops of trees caught in the dawn’s rays along the beach, shining golden and yellow plum, with huts and even villagers discernible if we concentrate. Chhun’s visceral but dream-like response to her native land was painted by memory on her return to the USA from Cambodia. This was her family’s first return to their origins some three decades after fleeing from the Khmer Rouge regime and eventually settling in the USA. This outsider, bird’s eye view of her homeland physically resembles Chhun’s first view of Cambodia as her airplane came into land. It also resembles the emotional shock that an immigrant receives when they see the reality of their origins for the first time. Chhun, officially a native Cambodian, is native nowhere. She has that unique immigrant Weltanschauung, living briefly in Cambodia, then being considered foreign in the USA. She is both a resident of, and an outsider to both cultures and geographies. Chhun’s ‘‘Homeland’’ is a reaction to seeing a subsistence culture for the first time— the striking dichotomy of her own life in New York against her relatives’ in the mangrove fishing villages of Cambodia. More than that, it is also a reflection on her own ambiguity: by painting this aerial abstraction that is not just an outsider’s view, but more of a disassociated memory, she raises questions of identity and belonging. Published online: September 25, 2013
Pilot Solar Thermal Power Plant Station in Southwest Louisiana

Solar thermal plants are basically power plants that generate electricity from high-temperature heat. The difference between them and conventional power plants is that instead of deriving energy from gas, coal or oil, the sun provides the energy that drives the turbines. In this paper we will give a brief demonstration of solar thermal power and different system designs of solar thermal power plants. Then we will see the feasibility of implementing solar power plants in Louisiana which currently depends mostly on its conventional power plants which use traditional fuels such as gas, oil, and coal. This study was a part of a proposal that was funded by the US the Department of Energy to construct solar thermal plant near Lafayette, Louisiana. The power plant is currently under the construction and it will be completed by Summer of 2013.
Food Insecurity and Nutritional Outcomes in Latino Preschoolers

Abstract While food insecurity instruments have been validated in the general population, few have examined their applicability to diverse subgroups. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of food insecurity to other nutritional parameters in Latino preschoolers. In California, bilingual staff interviewed 239 low-income Latino families with children aged 3-5yrs. According to the Cornell-Radimer scale, 19.7% of the sample was classified as food secure; 17.8%, household food insecure; 32.2% , individual food insecure; and 30%, severely hungry (i.e. children hungry). The interviewers also completed a 57-item food frequency questionnaire and measured preschooler weights and heights. Overweight was defined as having a weight-for-height Z-score > 1.0, using National Center for Health Statistics reference data. By this definition, 37% of the children were overweight. As the level of food security became more severe, the proportion of children who were overweight decreased (Ma'ntel-Haenszel Chi-Square, p
Manifest anxiety, field dependency, and task performance.

This experiment investigated the effects of manifest anxiety and field dependency upon human perceptual motor performance. 32 female Ss were selected as high-anxious or low-anxious as defined by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and field-dependent or independent as defined by the Hidden Figures Test. These Ss performed 5 tasks differing in difficulty level. The results indicated that manifest anxiety did not affect performance on any of the tasks nor was there an interaction of manifest anxiety and field dependency. However, there was an effect attributable to field dependency for the moderately difficult tasks. These results are discussed in terms of (1) chronic and emotional reactivity hypotheses, (2) response competition, and (3) differences in perception of field-dependent and field-independent persons.
Isolation and characterization of the liponucleotides of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The liponucleotide fraction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from cells grown on tritiated uracil and identified as CDPdiacylglycerol on the basis of (1), its behavior as a single compound upon DEAE-cellulose and thin-layer chromatography; (2), its extreme lability to mild alkaline methanolysis; and (3), its hydrolysis by the CDPdiacylglycerol hydrolase of Escherichia coli to yield tritiated 5'-CMP. At most, only about 5% of yeast liponucleotide could be dCDPdiacylglycerol, in contrast to the presence of nearly equimolar amounts of CDP- and dCDPdiacylglycerols in E. coli . Although no CDPceramide could be detected in the liponucleotide fraction of this organism, the possibility still exists that it may be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids in systems yet to be examined.
Insights into substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1) from vanadate and tungstate-inhibited structures.

Abstract Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1) is a DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond between a tyrosine residue and a DNA 3′-phosphate. The only known example of such a linkage in eukaryotic cells occurs normally as a transient link between a type IB topoisomerase and DNA. Thus human Tdp1 is thought to be responsible for repairing lesions that occur when topoisomerase I becomes stalled on the DNA in the cell. Tdp1 has also been shown to remove glycolate from single-stranded DNA containing a 3′-phosphoglycolate, suggesting a role for Tdp1 in repair of free-radical mediated DNA double-strand breaks. We report the three-dimensional structures of human Tdp1 bound to the phosphate transition state analogs vanadate and tungstate. Each structure shows the inhibitor covalently bound to His263, confirming that this residue is the nucleophile in the first step of the catalytic reaction. Vanadate in the Tdp1-vanadate structure has a trigonal bipyramidal geometry that mimics the transition state for hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond, while Tdp1-tungstate displays unusual octahedral coordination. The presence of low-occupancy tungstate molecules along the narrow groove of the substrate binding cleft is suggestive evidence that this groove binds ssDNA. In both cases, glycerol from the cryoprotectant solution became liganded to the vanadate or tungstate inhibitor molecules in a bidentate 1,2-diol fashion. These structural models allow predictions to be made regarding the specific binding mode of the substrate and the mechanism of catalysis.
Chromosomes in the Rocky Mountains

Abstract Yeast Chromosome Structure, Replication and Segregation , Snowmass, CO, USA, 8–13 August 1998.
Origin and interpretation of knickpoints in the Big South Fork River basin, Kentucky-Tennessee

This study investigates the causes of knickpoints and knickzones in the bedrock-controlled streams of the Big South Fork River basin in Kentucky and Tennessee. Knickpoints in the Big South Fork River area vary in form and apparent origins. While some are likely related to base level change and incision in the Cumberland River drainage system, the locations and drainage relations of the knickpoints are not consistent with transmission of an incision signal throughout the network. Local controls predominate in forming steeper channel segments, with no single factor dominant. Knickpoints in the study area are characterized by polygenesis and multiple causality, though several archetypes can be identified. These include rock fall rapids, created by mass wasting from adjacent valley slopes; structurally controlled headwater cliffs; and lithological knickpoints. A fourth category, local incision knickpoints, may be attributable to a variety of factors influencing force:resistance relationships. These results imply that the simple presence of a knickpoint cannot be attributed to any particular cause or history without consideration of the local controls. This further implies that factors such as the spacing of knickpoints may not be an indication of migration rates or that migration has even occurred. However, the analysis of individual profile convexities can shed light on various controls (such as lithology and structure) and other processes (such as valley side mass wasting and local bed incision) important in evolution of fluvially dissected landscapes.
An expanded family of fungalysin extracellular metallopeptidases of Coprinopsis cinerea

Proteolytic enzymes, particularly secreted proteases of fungal origin, are among the most important of industrial enzymes, yet the biochemical properties and substrate specificities of these proteins have been difficult to characterize. Genomic sequencing offers a powerful tool to identify potentially novel proteases. The genome of the model basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinereus was found to have an unusually high number of metalloproteases that closely match the M36 peptidase family known as fungalysins. The eight predicted C. cinereus fungalysins divide into two groups upon comparison with fungalysins from other fungi. One member, CcMEP1, is most similar to the single representative fungalysins from the basidiomycetes Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Ustilago maydis, and to the fungalysin type-protein from Aspergillus fumigatus. The remaining seven C. cinereus predicted fungalysins form a group with similarity to three predicted M36 peptidases of Laccaria bicolor. All eight of the C. cinereus enzymes contain both the signature M36 Pfam domain and the FTP propeptide domain. All contain large propeptides with considerable sequence conservation near a proposed cleavage site. The predicted mature enzymes range in size from 37-46 kDa and have isoelectric points that are mildly acidic to neutral. The proximity of these genes to telomeres and/or to transposable elements may have contributed to the expansion of this gene family in C. cinereus.
Evaluation of the gravimetric tetraphenylarsonium method for the determination of Tc(VII).

Abstract Solubility losses in the gravimetric tetraphenylarsonium method for determining pertechnetate have been evaluated. Liquid scintillation counting was used to measure the β− activity of 99Tc in the filtrate, and indicated solubility losses of about 1% in analyses yielding 40–50 mg of precipitate. The solubility product Of (C6H5)4AsTcO4 is estimated to be (8.6 ± 0.2) × 10−10 at room temperature (24–25°) and Ksp for (C6H5)4AsReO4 at ∼ 21–23° is estimated at (2.6 ± 0.3) × 10−9. Both values are satisfactory for gravimetric purposes, but to keep solubility losses within 1% at least 40mg of (C6H5)4AsTcO4 or 80 mg of (C6H5)4AsReO4 should be obtained (assuming 20 ml of solution, 20–30% excess of precipitant and 6 or 7 washes with 5-ml portions of distilled water).
Anomalous Electrophoretic Behavior of a Cyanogen Bromide Peptide from Type III Collagen

The relationship between relative mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and the logarithm of molecular weight was linear for peptides derived by CNBr cleavage from purified collagen chains. One striking exception was found: when the CNBr peptide α1(III)CB-8 was subjected to electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide slab gel calibrated with other peptides derived from the type III collagen chain, its relative mobility corresponded to a molecular weight of approximately 8,000. On a gel calibrated with globular proteins, its apparent molecular weight was 12,000. Its actual molecular weight, as determined by gel filtration and by amino acid analysis, is approximately 12,000. The dodecyl sulfate-protein binding ratio for this peptide did not differ from that of other collagenous peptides or globular proteins. Free electrophoretic mobilities and retardation coefficients were determined for selected collagenous peptides and globular proteins by electrophoresis on tube gels of different concentrations ...
Alternative strategies of 2-deoxyglucose resistance and low affinity glucose transport in the ruminal bacteria, Streptococcus bovis and Selenomonas ruminantium.

Abstract Streptococcus bovis and Selenomonas ruminantium grew in the presence of the glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), but the cells no longer had high affinity glucose transport. In S. bovis , 2-DG resistance was correlated with a decrease in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent glucose phosphotransferase (PTS) activity. The 2-DG-selected S. bovis cells relied solely upon a low affinity, facilitated diffusion mechanism of glucose transport and a 2-DG-resistant glucokinase (ATP-dependent). The glucokinase activity of S. ruminantium was competitively inhibited by 2-DG, and the 2-DG selected cells continued to use PEP-dependent PTS as a mechanism of glucose transport. In this latter case, the 2-DG selected cells switched from a mannosephosphotransferase (enzyme II) that phosphorylated glucose, mannose, and 2-DG, but not α-methylglucoside to a glucosephosphotransferase (enzyme II) that phosphorylated glucose and α-methylglucoside but not 2-DG or mannose. The glucosephosphotransferase (enzyme II) had a very low affinity for glucose and the transport kinetics were similar to the facilitated diffusion system of S. bovis .
In Vitro Fluorescence Studies With Hematoporphyrin Derivative

The translocation and localization pattern of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) in human bladder tumor cells (MGH-U1) in culture was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy and interactive laser cytometry. The qualitative and quantitative fluorescence labelling patterns of HpD were compared with other fluorescent dyes specific for subcellular localization sites. Labelling of MGH-U1 cells with HpD initially showed fluorescence at the cell membrane. Later, diffuse perinuclear fluorescence was evident in these cells. This fluorescent staining pattern did not appear to be site-specific to either the mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum but appeared to be generally distibuted to the cytomembranous structures of the cell. Lateral diffusion measurements indicated that the fluorescent components of HpD were bound to cellular lipids. These results suggest that HpD may localize in cells in vitro by a spontaneous diffusion process and be distributed to lipophilic sites within the cell.
A novel method for etching trenches in silicon carbide

In this paper, a novel trench etching technique for silicon carbide is described. In this technique, ion implantation is used to first create an amorphous silicon carbide region. The amorphous layer is then etched away by wet chemical etching. Trenches of 0.3 to 0.8 μ have been obtained using a single implantaion/etching step. It has been demonstrated that deeper trenches can be obtained by repeating the implantation/etching step with platinum as a masking material. The etched surface was found to be smooth when compared with reactive ion etched surfaces reported for silicon carbide.
A Test of the Single-Conformation Hypothesis in the Analysis of NMR Data for Small Polar Molecules: A Force Field Comparison

A tricyclic ketone with seven stereogenic centers produced in >95:5 diastereomeric excess by an asymmetric Diels−Alder reaction has been subjected to a careful 2-D NMR(CDCl3)/MD analysis by Reggelin and co-workers and interpreted in terms of a single conformation in CDCl3 solution. The present work examines the validity of this interpretation. Specifically, the conformational profile of the endo isomer of the tricyclic ketone was examined by Monte Carlo searches with both the MM2* and MMFF force fields in MacroModel using the GB/SA CHCl3 solvent continuum model. The two sets of conformations were then combined and optimized with the MM3(96) force field. The structures of the resulting conformations and the NMR-derived geometric variables were together subjected to a NAMFIS analysis (NMR analysis of molecular flexibility in solution). Ideally, the procedure deconvolutes the thermally averaged NMR data into a small family of conformations that optimally represents the J-derived torsions and the NOE-derived ...
Misfit dislocations in the epitaxial (111) Cu2O/(111) Cu system

Abstract Direct TEM studies on the epitaxial growth of (111) Cu2O on (111) Cu have been made. Flat monocrystalline (111) Cu substrates, approximately 1300 A thick, were formed and annealed in-situ in a U.H.V.-RHEED system on (111) NaCl/mica bilayers using previously published techniques. These Cu films were oxidized at 350°C using partial oxygen pressures ranging from 1 × 10−6 to 5 × 10−5 torr and for times of 1 to 5 min. Electron microscopy shows that a laminar Cu2O growth mode occurs for the shorter exposures along with the previously observed oxide pyramids. The coincidence lattice misfit strain between the laminar overgrowth and the Cu substrate is accommodated partially by edge dislocations lying along the three directions in the (111) interface plane and by elastic strain in the bilayer. The Burgers vectors of these misfit dislocations are found to be α[110], α[101], and α[011], where a is the lattice constant of the Cu2O unit cell.
Applications of the MFSK Acoustic Communications System

Requirements for control and data acquisition from remote subsea wellheads are expected to grow during the 1980s. In this paper, the implementation of an underwater acoustic approach is developed, together with the companion problems-achieving hardware reliability and low power consumption. A companion paper, "MFSK-The Basis for Robust Acoustical Communications," outlines a technique for achieving reliable acoustical communications. The goals that were set included long-range communications, up to 10 kiloyards; dependable communications, 99-percent correct messages under worst-case noise and multipath; secure communications, probability of an undetected error of less than 1 by 10^{-8} ; high reliability, 95-percent probability of successful operation for 5 years; and operation from a practical-sized battery pack. Using acoustical communications hardware together with a microprocessor, a theme of total subsea control capability is developed. Practical examples include sequential hydraulic control with acoustical data acquisition and backup control, as well as electro-hydraulic multiplex BOP control with acoustic backup.
Is the "World Game" an "Ethnic Game" or an "Aussie Game"? Narrating the Nation in Australian Soccer

Through an analysis of recent developments in Australian soccer, I extend Homi Bhabha's work on the nation as a problem of narration in two principal ways. I demonstrate that sport, like literature, is a fertile site for narrating the nation. I also illustrate the value of moving beyond the exclusive study of national narratives to the study of ethnic and transnational narratives as well in order to understand more fully the role of narrative in the construction of identities in an increasingly globalized world. Specifically, I argue that the ambivalence and the power of the nation as narrative is what enables people involved in Australian soccer to use different narratives of the Australian nation—narratives of ethnic nationalism, multiculturalism, and cultural hybridity—to serve their own political and economic interests, [nationalism, multiculturalism, ethnicity, Australia, soccer]
CW and quasi-CW diode-laser-pumped Nd:SSGM

Fiber-coupled laser diodes were used to pump a Nd-doped SGGM slab (Nd: 4at.%) in the Continous Wave (CW) and Quasi-CW (Q-CW) modes of operation. The optical-to-optical and slope efficiencies were determined in both cases.
Correlation of solar wind entropy and oxygen ion charge state ratio

[1] Both proton specific entropy and solar wind composition have been recognized in the past as markers of boundaries between what was originally slow and fast solar wind during the declining phase of the solar cycle, when the solar wind alternates between the two regimes. During the rising phase, when boundaries between regimes are not apparent, ACE SWICS and SWEPAM data from 1998–1999 show that O7+/O6+ and proton specific entropy are well-correlated over the full range of complicated time variations. The correlation holds in spite of the fact that unlike O7+/O6+, entropy is not a constant of the solar wind flow. At solar maximum however, particularly in 2000, the correlation between entropy and O7+/O6+ degrades. While the correlation inside known interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) is much worse throughout 1998–2001, the correlation outside ICMEs also worsens at solar maximum, possibly owing to unidentified transient outflows. Outside ICMEs and shocks, entropy structures have decorrelation times of 5–40 hours and both ln(O7+/O6+) and entropy have Gaussian distributions, consistent with their correlation. We conclude that except at solar maximum, the processes affecting entropy in nontransient solar wind act at time scales much smaller than the scales found here and that entropy is a good a proxy for O7+/O6+.
Markov Chains with Rare Transitions and Simulated Annealing

We consider “approximate stationary” Markov chains in which the entries of the one-step transition probability matrix are known to be of different orders of magnitude and whose structure that is, the orders of magnitude of the transition probabilities does not change with time. For such Markov chains we present a method for generating order of magnitude estimates for the t-step transition probabilities, for any t. We then notice that algorithms of the simulated annealing type may be represented by Markov chains which are approximately stationary over fairly long time intervals. Using our results we obtain a characterization of the convergent “cooling” schedules for the most general class of algorithms of the simulated annealing type.
Current Status and Future Prospects for Electronic Point-of-Care Clinical Decision Support in Diabetes Care

Early efforts to use point-of-care clinical decision support (CDS) were limited to the use of prompts and reminders, which improved test ordering but not intermediate outcomes of care, such as glucose, blood pressure, or lipid levels. More sophisticated diabetes CDS tools are now available that use electronic medical record data to provide patient-specific advice on medication use on the basis of previous treatment, distance from goal, and other clinical data. These tools have shown modest but significant improvement in glucose and blood pressure control. Promising next-generation developments will include prioritizing clinical actions that have maximum benefit to a given patient at the point of care and developing effective methods to communicate CDS information to patients to better incorporate patient preferences in care decisions.
Development of a thermal-neutron double-crystal diffractometer for USANS at NIST

Abstract The design and projected performance of a Bonse-Hart, ultra-high-resolution, small-angle neutron-scattering (USANS) diffractometer of the type that is being developed at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) is described. The instrument is projected to have a minimum Q -value of ⩽ 0.001 nm −1 with a beam current at the sample in excess of 10 5 n/s.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces biocellatus on Peppermint in California.

In August of 2009, powdery mildew was observed on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in several commercial fields in the Fall River Valley of eastern Shasta County, California. Plant growth was appare...