cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eddy Current Detection of Cancer in Surgically Excised Tissue

In current clinical practice, a patient usually undergoes a diagnostic computer tomography (CT) scan for evaluation of specific presenting symptoms. The presence of cancer is then confirmed by a diagnostic biopsy or at surgical exploration by histopathologic analysis. Suspicious finding on the diagnostic CT scan may be followed by an 18F FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose radiolabeled with 18F) positron emission tomography (PET) scan. In a majority of cases, these pre-operative CT and PET scans are used to identify the approximate location of the tumor(s) before surgical intervention. Surgery remains the most effective means of treating solid malignancies despite advances in chemotherapy and radiation therapy [1].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
In vivo pharmacodynamics of antifungal drugs in treatment of candidiasis.

The field of antimicrobial pharmacodynamics examines the relationship between drug pharmacokinetics and antimicrobial activity or host toxicity (9). These investigations have been valuable for defining optimal antimicrobial dosing regimens and validating in vitro susceptibility breakpoints (4, 14, 25). The concepts encompassing this discipline were defined initially with antibacterial compounds (9, 34, 35). With the advent of standardized and reproducible antifungal susceptibility testing, similar pharmacodynamic analyses have been undertaken (24). Both in vitro and in vivo models have been able to demonstrate a correlation between drug dose, the MIC for an organism, and outcome (15, 17, 18, 36, 37). These investigations have been important for describing the relative potencies of antifungal drugs against a number of important pathogens. More recent in vivo pharmacodynamic investigations have examined the relationship among drug dose, dosing interval, MIC, and treatment outcome to define the specific pharmacodynamic parameter and parameter magnitude predictive of antifungal drug activity. This minireview summarizes these in vivo antifungal pharmacodynamic investigations.
Problem Solving And Creativity And Design: What Influence Do They Have On Girls' Interest In STEM Subject Areas?

For girls there is a distinct loss in interest, lack of confidence, and decline in positive attitudes toward STEM subject areas that begins early on in their academic experience and increases with age. According to the National Academy of Engineering, students need to begin associating the possibilities in STEM fields with the need for creativity and real world problem solving skills. Recent research has focused on the necessity of emphasizing the use of creativity and design in attracting girls to STEM academic and career fields. Many extra and after school activities (e.g., State Science Fair, math club, environmental club), provide girls with experiential learning that incorporates problem solving and/or creativity and design skills as well as providing investigative opportunities into academic areas that may not be part of the regular school day. Through hierarchical regression analyses, this study examined the extent to which middle and high school girls’ (n = 915) age, and interest and confidence in a) problem solving and b) creativity and design predicted their interest in four STEM subject areas. A follow up analysis identified the extracurricular activities in which girls with higher interests in problem solving and creativity and design were involved. Results revealed that interest in problem solving was a positive predictor for interest in all four STEM subject areas; whereas, interest in creativity and design was a positive predictor for interest in computers and engineering, but a negative predictor for interest in science.
TraderBots : a market-based approach for resource, role, and task allocation in multirobot coordination

Abstract: "The problem of efficient multirobot coordination has risen to the forefront of robotics research in recent years. Interest in this problem is motivated by the wide range of application domains demanding multirobot solutions. In general, multirobot coordination strategies assume either a centralized approach, where a single robot/agent plans for the group, or a distributed approach, where each robot is responsible for its own planning. Inherent to many centralized approaches are several difficulties. The key advantage of centralized approaches is that they can produce globally optimal plans. While most distributed approaches can overcome the obstacles inherent to centralized approaches, they can only produce suboptimal plans. This work presents the philosophy and traces the development of 'TraderBots': a market-based architecture that is inherently distributed, but also capable of opportunistically forming centralized sub-groups to improve efficiency. Robots are self-interested with the primary goal of maximizing individual profits. The revenue/cost models and rules of engagement are designed so that maximizing individual profit has the benevolent effect of moving the team toward the globally optimal solution."
The Various Roles of Animal Models in Understanding Human Development

In this article, the authors take a very conservative view of the contribution of animal models to an understanding of human development. We do not think that homologies can be readily documented with even our most closely related relatives’ behavior and psychological functioning. The major contribution of animal models is their provision of food for thought (hypotheses, not facts) about human development and general principles of development, and we describe some of the more significant and interesting of these at length. We also briefly discuss the other applications of animal research toward understanding the development and evolution of behavior, more generally speaking.
Conditional Random Fields for Integrating Local Discriminative Classifiers

Conditional random fields (CRFs) are a statistical framework that has recently gained in popularity in both the automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language processing communities because of the different nature of assumptions that are made in predicting sequences of labels compared to the more traditional hidden Markov model (HMM). In the ASR community, CRFs have been employed in a method similar to that of HMMs, using the sufficient statistics of input data to compute the probability of label sequences given acoustic input. In this paper, we explore the application of CRFs to combine local posterior estimates provided by multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) corresponding to the frame-level prediction of phone classes and phonological attribute classes. We compare phonetic recognition using CRFs to an HMM system trained on the same input features and show that the monophone label CRF is able to achieve superior performance to a monophone-based HMM and performance comparable to a 16 Gaussian mixture triphone-based HMM; in both of these cases, the CRF obtains these results with far fewer free parameters. The CRF is also able to better combine these posterior estimators, achieving a substantial increase in performance over an HMM-based triphone system by mixing the two highly correlated sets of phone class and phonetic attribute class posteriors.
On the relationship between plateau modulus and shear relaxation time in transient networks

The linear rheology of unentangled Maxwellian transient networks formed from reversibly associating telechelic polymers can be characterized by a plateau modulus and a shear relaxation time. The concentration dependences of both these properties have been modeled using a variety of theories. An expression is introduced here that allows the concentration dependence of shear relaxation time to be determined (to within a constant, the microscopic chain lifetime) directly from the concentration dependence of the plateau modulus, subject to some approximations. This prediction is tested against experimental results for hydrophobic ethoxylated urethane (HEUR) and against results of simple-model simulations. The nature of the approximations needed to derive this relationship and the scope of its applicability are discussed.
Relationship between Herd Management Practices in the Midwest on Milk and Fat Yield

Abstract A dairy management survey was conducted in fall 1985 and spring 1986 in the nine-state area served by the Midstates Dairy Records Processing Center in Ames, IA. The questionnaire, consisting of 57 questions with 254 possible choices, was used to survey dairy producers on DHI testing in Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. The questions covered housing pactices, milking equipment and practices, feeding regimens, calf rearing and feeding, feed additives, various management categories, and artificial insemination usage. The survey responses were merged with the 1985 year end rolling herd production averages from the processing center. A completely fixed model was fit for all 254 potential responses. The greatest differences among solutions were found in the feeding categories with some of the major differences associated with type of grain and forage fed. Feed additives showed the next largest difference among categories with feed ingredients, such as distillers grain, whole cottonseed, and buffers being associated with higher herd averages. There was a positive association between the length of time a producer had been on DHI and herd averages. Herds using a total AI program had herd averages 506kg higher than those using only a beef bull.
Virtual Models for Prediction of Wind Turbine Parameters

In this paper, a data-driven methodology for the development of virtual models of a wind turbine is presented. To demonstrate the proposed methodology, two parameters of the wind turbine have been selected for modeling, namely, power output and rotor speed. A virtual model for each of the two parameters is developed and tested with data collected at a wind farm. Both models consider controllable and noncontrollable parameters of the wind turbine, as well as the delay effect of wind speed and other parameters. To mitigate data bias of each virtual model and ensure its robustness, a training set is assembled from ten randomly selected turbines. The performance of a virtual model is largely determined by the input parameters selected and the data mining algorithms used to extract the model. Several data mining algorithms for parameter selection and model extraction are analyzed. The research presented in the paper is illustrated with computational results.
Retinoic acid-mediated differentiation protects against nitrofen-induced apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Nitrofen is a diphenyl ether that induces a spectrum of birth defects subsequent to administration to pregnant rodents, in which the molecular etiology of these defects are poorly characterized. Because previous reports showed that nitrofen induced apoptosis in undifferentiated P19 teratocarcinoma cells, we hypothesized that undifferentiated fetal cells have greater susceptibility to nitrofen-induced apoptosis than their differentiated derivatives. METHODS: To investigate this hypothesis, cell lines including P19 and F9 were differentiated with retinoic acid into neuronal and endodermal derivatives respectively. Apoptosis was characterized by caspase-3 cleavage and Terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. RESULTS: Both differentiated cell-types had reduced nitrofen-induced caspase-3 cleavage and DNA fragmentation compared with the naive controls, strongly suggesting that differentiation of these cells protects against nitrofen-induced apoptosis. In addition, resistance to apoptotic induction was proportional to the expression levels of the differentiation marker, p27 (kip1) while direct proportionality was not observed for the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS: These studies show that nitrofen may induce its associated birth defects via a mechanism involving apoptosis of undifferentiated fetal cells. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2007. ©2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast

A fundamental goal of cell biology is to define the functions of proteins in the context of compartments that organize them in the cellular environment. Here we describe the construction and analysis of a collection of yeast strains expressing full-length, chromosomally tagged green fluorescent protein fusion proteins. We classify these proteins, representing 75% of the yeast proteome, into 22 distinct subcellular localization categories, and provide localization information for 70% of previously unlocalized proteins. Analysis of this high-resolution, high-coverage localization data set in the context of transcriptional, genetic, and protein-protein interaction data helps reveal the logic of transcriptional co-regulation, and provides a comprehensive view of interactions within and between organelles in eukaryotic cells.
Ethnic Confl ict in the Modern World- System: The Dialectics of Counter-Hegemonic Resistance in an Age of Transition

This article recasts debates about the extent and causes of ethnic con?ict within the world-system framework. Ethni?cation and indigenism are inherent structural contradictions of the modern world-system, and there is the highest incidence of ethnic resistance at the peak of a hegemons ascendancy. Consequently, there has not been a dramatic increase in ethnic con?ict since the end of the Cold War. However, ethnic mobilizations pose an increased challenge to the continued functioning of the world-system during the current age of transition. Ethnic mobilizations erode the capitalist civilizational project and increase costs to the system in ways that exacerbate the growing pro?t squeeze. I identify ?ve ways in which the counter-hegemonic mobilizations of ethnic minorities are costly to the world-system and can push it toward bifurcation and transformation.
Regulation of the gut microbiota and intestinal homeostasis by phagocyte NADPH oxdiase (INC1P.351)

The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) for microbial killing, and its impairment gives rise to Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent infections and granulomatous lesions. Mutations in Nox2 ( Cybb ), a critical subunit of the oxidase, contribute 66% of CGD. In our study, we found spontaneous inflammation in the intestine of naive Cybb -/- mice, indicated by higher levels of IL-1b, IL-6 and TNFα in lamina propria macrophages, as well as increased levels of IFNγ and IL-17A in CD4+ T cells. In addition, Klebsiella pneumoniae, a bacterium frequently found in granulomatous lesions in CGD patients, were detected in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of naive Cybb -/- mice, and IP administration of this pathobiont strain of K. pneumonia led to rapid mortality of wild-type mice. Oral administration of this K. pneumoniae induced intestinal inflammation in wild-type and Cybb -/- mice, but translocation of K. pneumoniae to MLNs was drastically enhanced in Cybb -/- mice and bone marrow chimeras with a neutrophil-specific deficiency in NOX2 . Thus, our results demonstrate the importance of neutrophil-derived ROS in restricting dissemination of pathobionts from the intestine under steady-state conditions. Therefore, our study underscores a critical role for the NADPH oxidase in regulating intestinal homeostasis and provides insights into intestinal complications in CGD patients.
Parallel transport on principal bundles over stacks

Abstract In this paper we introduce a notion of parallel transport for principal bundles with connections over differentiable stacks. We show that principal bundles with connections over stacks can be recovered from their parallel transport thereby extending the results of Barrett, Caetano and Picken, and Schreiber and Waldorf from manifolds to stacks. In the process of proving our main result we simplify Schreiber and Waldorf’s original definition of a transport functor for principal bundles with connections over manifolds and provide a more direct proof of the correspondence between principal bundles with connections and transport functors.
Modular degradable dendrimers enable small RNAs to extend survival in an aggressive liver cancer model

RNA-based cancer therapies are hindered by the lack of delivery vehicles that avoid cancer-induced organ dysfunction, which exacerbates carrier toxicity. We address this issue by reporting modular degradable dendrimers that achieve the required combination of high potency to tumors and low hepatotoxicity to provide a pronounced survival benefit in an aggressive genetic cancer model. More than 1,500 dendrimers were synthesized using sequential, orthogonal reactions where ester degradability was systematically integrated with chemically diversified cores, peripheries, and generations. A lead dendrimer, 5A2-SC8, provided a broad therapeutic window: identified as potent [EC50 75 mg/kg dendrimer repeated dosing). Delivery of let-7g microRNA (miRNA) mimic inhibited tumor growth and dramatically extended survival. Efficacy stemmed from a combination of a small RNA with the dendrimer’s own negligible toxicity, therefore illuminating an underappreciated complication in treating cancer with RNA-based drugs.
Exploring the Effects of Advertising on Audit Markets: A Laboratory Investigation

A series of rule changes in the late 1970's and early 1980's opened the door to advertising in the auditing profession. CPA practitioners have expressed a variety of concerns about the potential impact of permitting advertising. However, the use of advertising as a marketing tool is growing along with its perceived acceptability among auditors. Relatively little empirical evidence is available to evaluate concerns about the impact of advertising on competition in the market for independent audits. The current research uses an experimental markets methodology to investigate the impact of permitting advertising on audit prices. The findings indicate that, when auditors are permitted to purchase a "quality signal", audit prices may decline, and that auditing activity may begin to concentrate among advertisers. The study also finds that the limited ability of purchasers to detect audit quality tends to amplify the effect of advertising on prices.
Measured atomic ground-state polarizabilities of 35 metallic elements

Advanced pulsed cryogenic molecular beam electric deflection methods involving position-sensitive mass spectrometry and 7.87 eV ionizing radiation were used for the first time to measure the polarizabilities of more than half of the metallic elements in the periodic table.
Anthracnose of the Boston Fern

Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where he is experimenting upon the origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis (2, 3), some plants have become attacked by an anthracnose disease. This condition was first noticed by Dr. Benedict in I9I9 and seemed to be confined to certain sporeling strains then under observation. Although serious injury was confined to a few individuals, these infected plants continued to have diseased fronds season after season. A planting of sporelings set out for bed-culture in the fall of I92I were so seriously diseased that they made little growth, each new leaf being killed at its growing tip soon after it began to unroll. Such plants showed a mass of dead and withered stumps of fronds with here and there a straggling leaf which had escaped death, but always showing the anthracnose lesions.
Did the Zurich Consensus create the possibility of future dialogue with Wittenberg

The question considered here will be whether the Zurich Consensus represent Calvin's unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the churches of Wittenberg, Strasburg, Geneva, and Zurich. Calvin expressed the hope throughout his ministry that the divisions in the evangelical movement could be overcome, and claimed to be willing to do all he could to insure that this might happen. He was convinced that the proper way to respond to genuine disagreements between servants of the gospel was not to engage in contentious disputation, but rather to pursue open-ended dialogue in pursuit of the truth. There is no doubt that Calvin followed his proposed method of dialogue in arriving at the consensus between the churches of Geneva and Zurich embodied in the Zurich Consensus. This discussion will show that by this time, Calvin seems to exclude the possibility of any future accord with Wittenberg by both the contentious way the Consensus is formulated and his interactions with Wittenberg theologians.
Development of an Experimental Device for Computer Parallel Port

A practical experiment device for computer parallel port is designed, design of a hardware circuit of the device is also given, a corresponding detection and control software is created by using Visual C++ 6. 0. The result shows that the device can be used to control the input and output of the parallel port as well as to detect the type and working conditions of the parallel port.
The Liquid Level Measurement of Vacuum Doffing Gas Capsule

In this paper a capacitance differential pressure sensor is used to measure the liquid level of vacuum doffing gas capsule and details its principle of work meanwhile the adjustment of it is analyzed and explains the methods of the adjustment.
Interval required for gonadotropin-releasing hormone-agonistinduced down regulation of the pituitary in cynomolgus monkeys and duration of the refractory state *

Objectives To determine the minimal interval of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) administration required to induce pituitary refractoriness to the positive feedback effects of estradiol (E 2 ) and to determine the duration of the induced refractory state in a nonhuman primate model. Setting Research laboratories of The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine. Subjects Cynomolgus monkeys with documented regular menstrual cycles. Interventions Part 1. Groups of four monkeys treated with leuprolide acetate (LA) for increasing intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8days), then challenged with E 2 benzoate to induce a gonadotropin surge. Part 2. Groups of four monkeys treated with LA for the minimal time required to induce pituitary refractoriness (6days), then challenged with E 2 benzoate 2, 4, or 7days after cessation of LA treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s) Pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and E 2 levels were monitored. Results A minimum of 5days of treatment is required for LA to induce pituitary refractoriness to the positive feedback effects of E 2 benzoate. Once the down regulated condition is achieved, the refractory state lasts for at least 4 but not more than 6days. Conclusion The minimal treatment interval required for a GnRH-a to induce pituitary refractoriness to the positive feedback effects of estrogen and the duration of the induced refractory state are determined to be 5days for these primates.
Function of the secretory immune system in bronchogenic carcinoma: Immunoglobulin A levels in respiratory secretions

This study was designed to investigate the association between bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung and elevated immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in respiratory secretions. Sixty-nine patients underwent bronchoscopic examination for evaluation of benign and malignant pulmonary diseases. The concentration of IgA in bronchoscopic washings was determined by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure. The average IgA concentration in 20 washings from patients with benign disease was 171 μg/ml and agreed with reported IgA values in normal human volunteers undergoing bronchoscopic examination. In contrast, the average IgA concentration from patients with non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma was greater than 1,000 μg/ml, and 80% of these patients had values exceeding 300 μg/ml. Furthermore, in 16 of these patients, selectively collected washings had been obtained from the tumor-bearing lung and contralateral normal lung. In this group, elevated levels localized to the tumor-bearing side. In contrast, eight patients with extrathoracic cancer metastatic to the chest had an average IgA value of 160 μg/ml, and seven of eight (87%) had concentrations below 300 μg/ml. Aside from the association of cigarette smoking and pulmonary cancer, we found no clear relationship between smoking history and the concentration of IgA measured in secretions. Finally, biochemical analysis established that the changes in immunoglobulin levels were specific to the secretory immune system. In conclusion, measurement of secretory immune system components may be useful in the early diagnosis of malignant bronchogenic disease. Biological mechanisms and suggested clinical application are discussed.
Smart City—Stupid Countryside

The four year study that is the basis of all of this material led those of us who were members of the original Ministry of Education grant application (see Introduction) and the other writers who joined us later in a variety of different directions, based on our own interests, as well as the central issue, the impact of international universities on their local communities.
VMES: A NETWORK-BASED VERSATILE MAINTENANCE EXPERT SYSTEM.

We are developing a versatile maintenance expert system (VMES) for troubleshooting circuits. Like several other research teams we are using structural and functional descriptions to avoid difficulties of empirical-rule-based diagnosis systems in knowledge acquisition, diagnosis capability, and system generalization. Our diagnosis system has successfully pinpointed the faulty part of a multiplier/adder board, a favorite example for researchers in this field. We have embedded VMES in the SNePS Semantic Network Processing System, using it as a form of expert system tool. A central part of VMES is the “SENDING” graphical interface. While troubleshooting, it displays the given device and dynamically indicates the state of the reasoning process. All knowledge used by “display” is directly retrieved from the semantic network. This operation of “display” is comparable to natural-language generation from a knowledge base. An important aspect of our research is to find a good knowledge-representation scheme to support diagnosis and display.
Philosophy and the Environmental Crisis

Environmental problems are partly the result of conceptions of our relationship to nature. I present a critique of selected beliefs about our relationship to nature that have contributed to the environmental crisis and some others that I believe will help create a more ethically acceptable conception.
“Memorias del ’68: Media, Massacre, and the Construction of Collective Memories”

On October 2, 2013, thousands of citizens converged on the streets of Mexico City in solemn observation of the 45th anniversary of the massacre of hundreds of innocent students and bystanders at the Plaza de Tlatelolco. The 1968 massacre had happened just ten days before the inauguration of the XIX Olympics in Mexico City, the first ever to be held in Latin America.
Modeling fats, oil and grease deposit formation and accumulation in sewer collection systems

Fats, oil and grease (FOG) deposits in sewer systems are responsible for approximately 25% of all annual line blockages in the United States and lead to the release of 3–10 million gallons of untreated wastewater to the surrounding environment. Considerable effort has been made to maintain the conveyance of wastewater by cleaning pipes that have a significant FOG deposit accumulation. Changes in the urban landscape from the addition or deletion of food service establishments (FSEs), however, may pose challenges in determining the location of these high accumulation zones. This research focuses on the development of a sewer collection system model that predicts high FOG deposit accumulation zones. Two collection systems were simulated to test the prediction capabilities of the tool and to assess how changes in the urban landscape affect the location of these accumulation zones. The numerical tool incorporates a mechanistic-based FOG deposit formation kinetic model. Results showed that the model predicts about 65% of the reported high FOG deposit accumulating zones. Simulations also showed significant changes in the location of these high FOG deposit accumulating zones from changes in the number and locations of FSEs and from FSE discharge and background wastewater flow variations.
The Impact of Corruption on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa Oil Rich Countries (SSA) (Combating Corruption Through Inclusive Institution & Policy Designs)

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Eastern Africa resource rich countries are been plagued by what Richard Auty considers “The Resource Curse.” The name resource curse translated into modern economic tragedies means, exploitative extraction and use of a countries resources. This exploitation of extractive resources is meant to salvage the country’s economic development advantages that benefit the citizenry. However, these extractive industry investors are more concern on the exploitative side of the business development which basically benefits the investors leaving out the citizenry who are more deprived of gains from such lucrative businesses.
CEO ability and corporate opacity

Abstract This paper examines the effect of CEO ability on corporate opacity. High-ability CEOs may seek to create greater transparency to convey their ability to the market, while low-ability CEOs may signal-jam the market's inferences about their talent by limiting the available information. An analysis of S&P 500 firms indicates that firms with high-ability CEOs are significantly less opaque than firms with low-ability CEOs, and that corporate opacity decreases value more for firms managed by low-ability CEOs. Low-ability CEOs hiding behind opacity get away with it owing to lack of strong corporate governance, suggesting that corporate governance is critical for hiring and retaining talented CEOs, and also for preventing low-ability CEOs from exploiting corporate opacity. These findings are robust to the use of samples that are propensity score matched on firm complexity and past firm performance, and also to the use of alternative ability proxies and alternative measures of CEOs' choice of transparency.
Influence of UGT2B10 Genotype on Urinary Excretion of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol-N-glucuronide by African American Smokers

At similar smoking levels, African American’s lung cancer risk is as much as twice that of whites. We hypothesized that racial/ethnic differences in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-catalyzed glucuronidation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a detoxication pathway for the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) may contribute to this variable risk. UGT2B10 catalyzes NNAL-N-glucuronidation, and a UGT2B10 splice variant is common among African Americans. Smokers from two independent studies were genotyped for this variant (rs116294140) and an Asp67Tyr variant (rs61750900), and urinary NNAL and NNAL-glucuronide concentrations were quantified. In the first, no significant differences in NNAL-N-glucuronidation between African Americans (n = 257) and whites (n = 354) or between homozygous carriers of UGT2B10 variants (genetic score 2) and noncarriers (score 0) were detected. However, total NNAL glucuronidation by score 2 compared to score 0 s...
Legacy Systems and Integration

This chapter outlines the process of interfacing the new system with preexisting applications called legacies. Issues of product fulfillment, connectivity of legacy databases and processes, and integration of multiple systems architecture are covered. This chapter combines many of the suggested approaches to user interface and application specifications development that are covered in previous chapters. The challenges of how to merge legacy data and process attributes are not trivial. Merging different formats of data alone presents a major milestone toward the objective of eventual replacement of any legacy application. Mainframe applications still remain as major interface challenges for analysts. The chapter offers ways to create mainframe gateways that can operate with more modern applications.
Orthogonal One-Factorizations

There are a number of applications of one-factorizations in the theory of combinatorial designs. In general this topic is too big to discuss here, but we shall explore a couple of examples. In this chapter we look at the applications concerning Latin squares; one-factorizations and block designs are discussed in Chapter 9.
Chapter 21 – What are the Effects of Dietary Supplements (Selenium and Vitamin E) or Aspirin/NSAIDs on Prostate Cancer?

This chapter discusses the effects of different dietary supplements such as selenium and vitamin E or aspirin/NSAIDs on prostate cancer. Selenium and vitamin E supplements have received considerably more attention than probably any other in the area of prostate cancer. Lower serum levels of the mineral selenium have been linked to numerous cancers over the past few decades. There are also some clinical data to suggest that dietary selenium may also prevent and/or slow the progression of prostate cancer. There are some data to suggest that men with low baseline levels of selenium are the ones who could benefit most from selenium supplements or higher intakes of dietary selenium. Higher dietary intakes appear to be safe and may reduce the risk of prostate cancer, while selenium supplements in individuals with normal to high selenium levels may have an adverse effect. Studies of vitamin E supplements to reduce morbidity and mortality from other causes seem pertinent to the issues discussed with prostate cancer. There are some adequate clinical data to suggest a benefit for taking supplemental vitamin E for prostate cancer prevention and progression, for current or recent smokers. Various laboratory studies have noted an increased production of prostaglandins in human prostate cancer tissue, and an overall inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on the cellular growth of both androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive human prostate cancer cell lines. Collectively, these studies suggest that NSAIDs may have a favorable role in the early or latter stages of carcinogenesis.
Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty by the Anterior Approach: Prevention of Complications

Most complications in lower eyelid blepharoplasty by the anterior approach can be prevented if the surgeon has a thorough knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the lower eyelid and anterior orbit, selects the proper procedure to correct the patient's specific problems, is meticulous in his technique, and provides appropriate postoperative management. Particular attention should be paid to hemostasis prior to wound closure and to avoiding postoperative ectropion or retraction of the lower eyelid.
Some Thoughts About the Blazhko Effect for RR Lyrae Variable Pulsations

The amplitude variations in a few RR Lyrae stars seem possible as the beating of the main pulsation mode (a radial variation) and a nonradial l = 1 mode of high radial order with a period very close to the main mode. My report of this beating has been given at the Victoria (1992) and Santa Fe (2009) stellar pulsation conferences, with the first of these suggesting the radial (l = 0) and the l = 1 g4 modes occurring and the radial and the g12 modes not actually predicted to be both self excited. Recent studies show that a nonradial mode might depend on the interior structure, both based on the material opacity an its dependence on temperature and density. Current linear theory for pulsation calculations using my much improved pulsation code show that two beating modes (one radial and another nonradial) may exist for an explanation of those few pulsating RR Lyrae, amplitude varying variable stars.
The Statistical Mechanics of Crumpled Membranes

An enterprise of considerable current interest in theoretical physics is the study of interfaces and membranes. In condensed matter physics, an “interface” usually means a boundary between two phases, whose fluctuations can be studied by methods adapted from equilibrium critical phenomena. The statistical mechanics is typically controlled by a surface tension, which insures that such surfaces are relatively flat. Recently, however, there has been increasing interest in membrane-like surfaces. “Membranes” are composed of molecules different from the medium in which they are imbedded, and they need not separate two distinct phases. Because their microscopic surface tension is small or vanishes altogether, membranes exhibit wild fluctuations. New ideas and new mathematical tools are required to understand them.
Uncovering the neural code using a rat model during a learning control task

How neuronal firing activities encode meaningful behavior is an ultimate challenge to neuroscientists. To make the problem tractable, we use a rat model to elucidate how an ensemble of single neuron firing events leads to conscious, goal-directed movement and control. This study discusses findings based on single unit, multi-channel simultaneous recordings from rats frontal areas while they learned to perform a decision and control task. To study neural firing activities, first and foremost we needed to identify single unit firing action potentials, or perform spike sorting prior to any analysis on the ensemble of neural activities. After that, we studied cortical neural firing rates to characterize their changes as rats learned a directional paddle control task. Single units from the rat's frontal areas were inspected for their possible encoding mechanism of directional and sequential movement parameters. Our results entail both high level statistical snapshots of the neural data and more detailed neuronal roles in relation to rat's learning control behavior.
The morphology of Micrura leidyi (Verrill, 1892) with consequent systematic revaluation

An elongate, pencil-shaped, burrowing heteronemerteanthat fragments readily is commonly encountered in clamflats and sometimes in sandy beaches of the NewEngland states. It is usually a reddish color, bearsa caudal cirrus, and has been routinely recorded asMicrura leidyi. Histological examination ofdeep red to reddish purple individuals proved them tobe intertidal specimens of the normally deep waterTarrhomyos luridus. Living pink to redindividuals could be divided into two groups on thebasis of color pattern, but were indistinguishablehistologically. Comparison with Micrurafasciolata, the type species of the genus,showed morphological differences that do not representinterspecific variation, but indicate a separategeneric placement.
Emerging therapies in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Prognosis is very poor for advanced HCC patients partially due to lack of effective systemic treatment. Sorafenib was the only approved agent for advanced HCC since 2007 until recent breakthroughs. In this article, we will review the newer approved and promising agents in the treatment of advanced HCC in the first line setting and beyond progression. The Food and Drug Administration approved sorafenib as it demonstrated 3 months overall survival benefit compared to placebo in the first line setting over 10 years ago. Multiple single agent and combination therapies have been studied but failed to show benefit. Chemotherapy has limited role in patients with advanced HCC given poor hepatic reserve due to underlying cirrhosis. A new era of treatment for advanced HCC arrived recently with exciting data presented for lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, nivolumab, ramucirumab and several other promising clinical trials. Advanced HCC patients are difficult to treat with poor outcomes. After initial approval of sorafenib in 2007, we recently have multiple new agents that showed benefit and promising activity, and are set to change the landscape of HCC treatment.
Optimal Signaling Scheme and Capacity of Non-Coherent Rician Fading Channels with 1-Bit Output Quantization

Low resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has been considered as a promising solution to save power and cost in communication systems using high bandwidth and/or multiple RF chains. The goal of this work is to address the design of optimal signaling schemes and establish the capacity limit of Rician fading channels with 1- bit output quantization. This fading channel can be used to accurately model a wide range of wireless channels with LOS components, including emerging mmWave communications. The focus is on non-coherent fast fading channels where neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the channel state information (CSI). By first examining the continuity of the input-output mutual information, the existence of the optimal input signal is validated. Moreover, the optimal input is shown to be $\pi/2$ circularly symmetric. A necessary and sufficient condition for an input signal to be optimal, which is referred to as the Kuhn-Tucker condition (KTC), and Lagrangian optimization problem are then established. By exploiting novel log-quadratic bounds on the Gaussian $Q$-function, it is then demonstrated that for a given mass point's amplitude, the corresponding rotated mass points through the phase of LOS component must form a square grid centered at zero. Furthermore, by establishing an upper bound on the KTC coefficient, we show that there are exact four mass points in the optimal distribution. As a result, the capacity-achieving input is a rotated QPSK constellation, and the rotation angle is the phase of the LOS coefficient. By using this input, the channel capacity is finally established in closed-form.
Author Correction: The twilight of immunity: emerging concepts in aging of the immune system

In the version of this Review initially published, the type of cell in the final sentence of the legend to Figure 3 (group 2 innate lymphoid cells) was incorrect. The correct type of cell is group 3 innate lymphoid cells. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
Employing the SI Network Model to Evaluate Network Propagation in Bluetooth MANETs

In any network application, devices must reliably send information to and receive information from other devices on the network. This reliability has proven to be challenging with Bluetooth mobile ad-hoc networks, or MANETs, because the topology of the network can change unpredictably. To provide reliable network propagation, applications must account for the geophysical constraints unique to Bluetooth MANETs, factors such as the geolocation of the devices in the network, limited communication range, and discovery latency. This has led to the development of communication protocols to overcome these challenges. However, no protocol can guarantee reliable network propagation across all network conditions. In this paper, we define a SI model that can predict the network coverage of a Bluetooth MANET with predefined network conditions. The SI model is a weighted, fully-connected, directed graph which contains edge probabilities which represent the likelihood of two devices sharing a message. We construct a virtual simulation which emulates the behavior of a Bluetooth MANET by simulating the discovery processes of the devices, their connection behavior, and their physical movement within a predefined space. The SI model and the simulation are compared across a variety of scenarios, each with their own unique set of initial conditions. The results of this presentation show that a SI model can be used to adequately model the asymptotic percent network coverage of a Bluetooth MANET and that it can model network conditions that would be infeasible to measure with a physical or virtual simulation.
CD70 and ganglioside expression by GBM induce T-cell apoptosis which is protected by desferoxamine

6027 Immunotherapy is an attractive approach to the treatment of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), however, immunosuppression mediated by the tumor microenvironment may impair T cell based immunotherapy. The goal here was to examine the role of gangliosides and CD70 in GBM-induced apoptosis of T cells. Seven GBM lines were co-cultured with peripheral blood T-cells to prior to assessing T cell death. The relevance of GBM-derived gangliosides in T-cell killing was assessed by testing whether blocking ganglioside expression by GBM lines using glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor, PPPP would reduce the apoptogenic activity of the GBM lines. Gangliosides isolated from these cell lines were also tested for their ability to induce T cell death. Two apoptogenic GBM gangliosides were separated by HPLC, and individual fractions tested for their ability to induce T cell death. The GBM cell lines also were evaluated for the expression of CD70. The role of CD70 in stimulating T-cell death was determined using CD70 antibody. Cyclosporine-a, Bongkrekic-acid (BA) and Desferoxamine were used with gangliosides and GBM tumors in the presence of T-cells to assess their protective effects on these lymphocytes. Four cell lines induced T-cell death in resting T cells and five in activated T cells. Three of the apoptogenic cell lines (U87, CCF52 and D54) had a high percentage of CD70 expression, while CCF4 and two non-apoptogenic GBM lines (CCF3 and U138) had minimal detectable CD70 surface expression. High expression of CD70 is involved in tumor-induced T cell death since the addition of CD70 antibody to the co-cultures partially reduced T cell apoptosis by the CD70 expressing GBM lines but not the CD70 negative line (CCF4). Gangliosides expressed by the four apoptogenic GBM lines also participated in T-cell apoptosis. Blocking ganglioside expression by GBM lines with PPPP partially prevented T cell apoptosis. Furthermore, gangliosides isolated from these four GBM lines induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes. HPLC analysis of gangliosides revealed enhanced expression of GM1, GM2 and GD1a by the apoptogenic tumors compared to the non-apoptogenic lines. HPLC separation of GBM derived ganglisodies revealed two major peaks of apoptogenic activity against T cells, one with the elution time of GM2 and the other with an elution time near GD1a. All three drugs achieved some protection; however, desferoxamine, an iron chelator, was most effective against T-cell killing by GBM cell-lines and their purified gangliosides. These findings demonstrate that CD70 and gangliosides expressed by GBM lines participate in mediating T cell death and that the antioxidant desferoxamine may be useful in promoting T cell survival and function.
Are We There Yet? Another Milepost in the Journey to Identify Appropriate Candidates for Aspirin Primary Prevention.

Selak and colleagues reported sex-specific models to predict risk for major bleeding events in adults without cardiovascular disease who are not receiving antiplatelet therapy. The editorialists di...
Tidal inundation modeling within GIS

When conducting ecological research on tidal mudflats, understanding how long any given area is underwater is vitally important. This paper describes a method for calculating the percent inundation time for a single tidal cycle (neap to spring tide) within a GIS environment. The primary variable is elevation, thus, having an accurate digital elevation model (DEM) is critical. Output from the model can then be integrated into existing biological databases to help interpret and understand the ecology of tidal mudflats.
La Santa Muerte: estigma e intercambio

Este ensayo ofrece una perspectiva antropologica sobre la expansion reciente del culto de la Santa Muerte, a partir de un analisis de tres dimensiones: el manejo diverso de las marcas de la Santa Muerte como estigma; la distincion entre formas fuertes y debiles del culto, a partir de la naturaleza del pacto y lazo que se crea entre devotos y deidad; y las diversas formas de reciprocidad que se dan entre la Santa Muerte y sus devotos.
Qatar's Formula for Influence: Wealth, Islamism, Aljazeera and the Arab Spring

The Arab Spring has exposed the fragility of key institutions in Arab societies and revealed the hidden connections between the rulers, religious movements, and the media. The case of Qatari rulers' use of Aljazeera and religion to exert influence around the world is a fascinating example.