cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photographic Method of Recording the Activity of Small Animals using Repetitive Electronic Flash

REPETITIVE or strobed electronic flash has been commonly used in techniques for the analysis of animal locomotion. Some of the methods involved several flashes on to a single photograph, notably in connexion with work on the flight of birds and bats. Dryl1,2 has described a ‘photomacrographic’ method for recording the activity of mobile protozoans. This utilized a time exposure to a continuous source of light illuminating the animals against a dark background. His method was developed from similar ‘photomicrographic’ techniques for activity recording used by other workers3–6.
Damage accumulation and fracture initiation in uncracked ductile solids subject to triaxial loading

A damage plasticity model for ductile fracture is proposed. This model is established on the cylindrical coordinate system of principal stress space. Experimental results show that fracture initiation in uncracked ductile solids is sensitive to the hydrostatic pressure and dependent on the Lode angle. The joint effects of pressure and Lode angle define a fracture envelope in principal stress space. Plastic deformation induced damage is calculated by an integral of the damage rate measured at current loading and deformation status with respect to the fracture envelope. A power law damage rule is proposed to characterize the nonlinearity in damage accumulation. A damage-related weakening factor is adopted to describe the material deterioration. The material parameters are calibrated from standard laboratory tests. The proposed model is numerically implemented. Four simulations with emphasis on crack path prediction are presented.
Structure evolution and SERS activation of cuprous oxide microcrystals via chemical etching

The morphology, composition, and structure of semiconductor nanomaterials play important roles in tuning their unique physical and chemical properties for a variety of applications. We report a facile chemical method to etch cuprous oxide microcrystals which resulted in excellent performance in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Microscopic and spectroscopic tools were utilized to investigate the cuprous oxide structures with the chemical etching, as well as the assessment of the SERS sensitivity. The increasing SERS sensitivity can be attributed to the generation of Raman hot spots related to the etching-induced rough surface, sharp tips and edges, as well as the strong chemical interactions between the probe molecules and the SERS substrates. Our work introduced a simple method to modify the semiconductor nanomaterials and induce SERS activity, thus expanding the application area of cuprous oxide microcrystals.
Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are antagonists at the thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor in human platelets

The present study investigated the mechanism by which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibit platelet activation induced by thromboxane A2. DHA was found to be more potent than EPA in blocking platelet aggregation induced by the stable thromboxane A2 mimetic, U46619. Furthermore, this inhibition by DHA or EPA was competitive. Binding studies using 3H-U46619 demonstrated that both EPA and DHA interact with the platelet thromboxane receptor. The potency of the inhibition of binding corresponded with that seen for the inhibition of aggregation. These results suggest that thromboxane receptor antagonism may be an important mechanism by which EPA and DHA modulate platelet reactivity in vivo.
On Thrust Estimates for Flapping Foils

Abstract The average thrust developed by flapping foils seen among the birds and fast swimming marine animals is often estimated experimentally from the time-averaged velocity profile in the wake. We present a parametric investigation of the error due to neglect of the unsteady terms, under the assumption of two-dimensional ideal flow. A numerical simuation algorithm allows comparison of exact average thrust and mean-flow momentum flux in the wake, and two simple models for the wake, based on linear foil theory and the Karman vortex street, provide further insight into the problem. The main observation is that mean-flow wake surveys tend to overestimate the thrust force, most severely for high reduced frequencies and low values of the proportional feathering parameter. We also find that a thrust estimate based on the Karman vortex street model yields surprisingly accurate results over the entire range of tested parameters. The linear theory predicts thrust well for all but the highest Strouhal number.
Executive and Motivational Control of Performance Task Behavior, and Autonomic Heart-rate Regulation in Children: Physiologic Validation of Two-factor Solution Inhibitory Control

Forty-two (42) children (mean age 10.6 years) from mainstream public (N = 22) and therapeutic schools (N = 20) completed performance tasks assessing executive and motivational influences on motor responses. In a separate protocol, children underwent physiologic challenges of paced breathing and supine to standing postural change, while heart rate was continuously monitored. Executive control was associated with vagal modulation of respiratory driven, high-frequency heart-rate variability (t = 2.20, p < .03), whereas motivational control was associated with sympathetic modulation of posturally driven, low-frequency heart-rate variability (t = -2.22, p < .03). These findings supported a two-factor solution of inhibitory control derived in a previous study.
Enzymatic isolation of cells from aquatic macrophytes

Abstract Cells were isolated by enzymic digestion from a number of aquatic macrophytes and their photosynthetic activities were determined. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Myriophyllum spicatum L. and M. brasiliense Cambess provided photosynthetically-active cells after digestion with commercial pectinase. Cells from emergent leaves of M. brasiliense were approximately 3 times more active than cells from submersed leaves (56.1 vs. 17.4 μmoles CO2 mg−2 Chl h−1). Cells could be isolated from E. crassipes by grinding as well as by digestion, but the former were less active (3.1 vs. 24.2 μmoles CO2 mg Chl h−1). Attempts to isolate cells from Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle or Potamogeton pectinatus L. were not successful.
Postnatal reorganization of cortical projections: the role of collateral elimination

Recent studies of the development of callosal and pyramidal tract projections suggest that there is a widespread reorganization of cortical projections shortly after birth and that this reorganization is largely brought about by the selective elimination of certain early-formed axonal collaterals. Evidence for this derives mainly from experiments involving retrograde-labeling procedures using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fluorescent dyes. These experiments indicate that both callosal and pyramidal tract neurons are more widely distributed in the tangential plane of the cortex during the immediate postnatal period than they are in the adult and that they achieve their adult distribution during the first few weeks of postnatal life. Long-term labeling with certain fluorescent dyes which are not degraded within neurons and apparently are not injurious to the labeled cells make it clear that the restriction of the distribution of these populations of projection neurons is largely, if not exclusively, due to the elimination of certain early-formed axonal collaterals.
Hahn, Jacobi, and Krawtchouk polynomials of several variables

Hahn polynomials of several variables can be defined by using the Jacobi polynomials on the simplex as a generating function. Starting from this connection, a number of properties for these two families of orthogonal polynomials are derived. It is shown that the Hahn polynomials appear as connection coefficients between several families of orthogonal polynomials on the simplex. Closed-form formulas are derived for the reproducing kernels of the Hahn polynomials and Krawtchouk polynomials. As an application, the Poisson kernels for the Hahn polynomials and the Krawtchouk polynomials are shown to be nonnegative.
Hand in glove: brain and skull in development and dysmorphogenesis

The brain originates relatively early in development from differentiated ectoderm that forms a hollow tube and takes on an exceedingly complex shape with development. The skull is made up of individual bony elements that form from neural crest- and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme that unite to provide support and protection for soft tissues and spaces of the head. The meninges provide a protective and permeable membrane between brain and skull. Across evolutionary and developmental time, dynamic changes in brain and skull shape track one another so that their integration is evidenced in two structures that fit soundly regardless of changes in biomechanical and physiologic functions. Evidence for this tight correspondence is also seen in diseases of the craniofacial complex that are often classified as diseases of the skull (e.g., craniosynostosis) or diseases of the brain (e.g., holoprosencephaly) even when both tissues are affected. Our review suggests a model that links brain and skull morphogenesis through coordinated integration of signaling pathways (e.g., FGF, TGFβ, Wnt) via processes that are not currently understood, perhaps involving the meninges. Differences in the earliest signaling of biological structure establish divergent designs that will be enhanced during morphogenesis. Signaling systems that pattern the developing brain are also active in patterning required for growth and assembly of the skull and some members of these signaling families have been indicated as causal for craniofacial diseases. Because cells of early brain and skull are sensitive to similar signaling families, variation in the strength or timing of signals or shifts in patterning boundaries that affect one system (neural or skull) could also affect the other system and appropriate co-adjustments in development would be made. Interactions of these signaling systems and of the tissues that they pattern are fundamental to the consistent but labile functional and structural association of brain and skull conserved over evolutionary time obvious in the study of development and disease.
X-space MPI relaxometry: methods and initial data

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a new imaging modality promising high sensitivity and high-resolution imaging of ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles.1 A new mathematical theory for MPI based on x-space was recently developed that indicates the spatial resolution of MPI improves with the cube of the USPIO iron core diameter.2 A system that can accurately measure the USPIO point spread function and relaxation time constants would enable MPI researchers to decouple magnetic particle development and imaging system development. This system would enable magnetic nanoparticle manufacturers and MPI researchers to measure the intrinsic spatial resolution of the USPIOs to be used in the imaging system without an imager. Therefore, we have developed a magnetic nanoparticle relaxometer that estimates nanoparticle diameter and relaxation constant using a modified form of the x-space theory of MPI. Fitting of the measured signal to the theoretical signal uses nonnegative least squares with an optimal Tikhonov regularization fitting scheme. The technique estimates magnetic nanoparticle diameter, relaxation time constants from the nanoparticle signal. Our measurements have excellent sensitivity and change little with independent, repeated measurements. While more experiments are necessary, our data lends the first experimental evidence to support the cubic dependence of spatial resolution on magnetic nanoparticle diameter.
Conception and Implementation of a Dual Data Acquisition System on an Eight-Axis High-Speed Tube Cutting CNC Machine

Precise and fast position measurement has been a challenging problem in computerized numerical controller (CNC) machines where parts need to be processed at a high speed. This paper inspects data acquisition and processing on a high-speed tube cutting Siemens 840D CNC machine with Windows NT.40 operating system and analyzes the constraints of the old procedure on the production speed. The more efficient technical tactics are proposed and implemented. The laser is added to the system to perform the same data acquisition while the function of the capacitive sensor is kept. A dual data acquisition system is thus created and the old one functions as a backup. In the retrofit, the affordable and practical data communication method is used, the sensor physical movement is avoided, the algorithm is optimized with requirement of less data, and computation of the algorithm is moved from numerical controller unit (NCU) to personal computer unit (PCU). For every tube part, the laser approach reduces the data acquisition and processing time to 4 seconds, compared to 12 seconds with a capacitive sensor.
Wee Guppies Pack an Evolutionary Punch

Magurran, Anne E. 2005. Evolutionary ecology: the Trinidadian guppy. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York. xi + 206 p. $49.50, ISBN: 0-19-852786-1 (acid-free paper).
Entropy transport in high- T c superconductors in the fluctuation regime

Making use of the expression for the heat current associated with the space-time-dependent order parameter for the s-wave superconductor, we calculate, in the clean limit, the heat current induced by an electric field. In the absence of a magnetic field we find an extra Peltier coefficient associated with the fluctuations, which diverges logarithmically as the temperature T approaches the transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. In the presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to the ab plane, the fluctuation gives rise to the Ettingshausen effect. In a small magnetic field, the corresponding entropy transported by magnetic flux is calculated: 〈${\mathit{S}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{f}}$=[2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{3}$\ensuremath{\tau}T/21\ensuremath{\zeta}(3)d](h/\ensuremath{\varepsilon})(1 +2\ensuremath{\alpha}${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ where \ensuremath{\tau} and d are the transport lifetime and the interlayer spacing, \ensuremath{\zeta}(3)=1.202. . ., h=2e${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathit{a}}^{2}$B, \ensuremath{\varepsilon}=ln(T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$), and \ensuremath{\alpha}=2(${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathit{c}}$/d${)}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The result is compared with a recent observation of the Ettinghausen effect in a single crystal of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$.
Loxoribine pretreatment reduces Salmonella Enteritidis organ invasion in 1-day-old chickens

Young poultry exhibit a transient colonization by some food-borne pathogens, including Salmonella, during the first week of life that stems from immature innate and acquired defense mechanisms. Consequently, modulation of the hosts' natural immune response is emerging as an important area of interest for food animal producers, including the poultry industry. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been shown to boost the innate immune response in young chickens and increase their resistance to colonization by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. The objective of the present study was to determine if pretreatment with loxoribine, a TLR7 agonist and immune modulator, protects young chicks from Salmonella Enteritidis organ invasion. Loxoribine (0-100 μg) was administered intra-abdominally to 1-d-old broiler chicks, and 4 h later, the birds were challenged orally with Salmonella Enteritidis. Twenty-four hours postchallenge, birds were euthanized and the liver and spleen aseptically removed and cultured for Salmonella Enteritidis. This was carried out on 3 separate occasions using 26 to 50 chicks per dose per experiment. Pretreatment of chicks with loxoribine (6.25-25 μg) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced liver and spleen organ invasion by Salmonella Enteritidis. Higher doses (50-100 μg) of loxoribine had no effect. The results obtained in this study indicate that there is a potential application for using loxoribine to increase protection of young chicks when they are most susceptible to infections with Salmonella.
Keeping fingers crossed: heterochromatin spreading through interdigitation of nucleosome arrays

Interphase eukaryotic nuclei contain diffuse euchromatin and condensed heterochromatin. Current textbook models suggest that chromatin condensation occurs via accordion-type compaction of nucleosome zigzag chains. Recent studies have revealed several structural aspects that distinguish the highly compact state of condensed heterochromatin. These include an extensive lateral self-association of chromatin fibers, prominent nucleosome linker ‘stems’, and special protein factors that promote chromatin self-association. Here I review the molecular and structural determinants of chromatin compaction and discuss how heterochromatin spreading may be mediated by lateral self-association of zigzag nucleosome arrays.
Brillouin scattering and rotation translation coupling of (KCN)xX1−x mixed crystals

Abstract Brillouin scattering is used to study the concentration and temperature dependence of longitudinal and transverse phonon frequencies of KCNχBr1−χ, KCNχC11−χ, and KCN0.85I0.15 mixed crystals. Unlike pure KCN, mixed crystals with χ
Lagrangian Wind and Current Vectors Very Close to a Short-Fetch Wind-Swept Surface

Abstract Drag used in aeronautics and wind stress used in oceanography are essentially equivalent under short-fetch conditions, where the wind velocity substantially exceeds the water velocity. Likewise, lift and wave height are related under the same conditions. An average short fetch wind velocity of 10 m s−1 shows the properties of increasing drag and lift from the trough to the skewed downwind peak. Immediately after the peak the drag and lift drop to a low value corresponding to a region of aerodynamic stall. Recovery is rapid and the process is repeated for the next wave. In spite of the similarities, short-fetch water waves are not well designed air foils. They are somewhat like flying an airfoil backward.
Annular Ligament Reconstruction Using the Distal Tendon of the Superficial Head of the Brachialis Muscle: An Anatomical Feasibility Study

Purpose To evaluate the potential use of the longer tendinous insertion of the superficial head of the brachialis as a local graft source for elbow annular ligament reconstruction. Methods The tendon of the superficial head of the brachialis muscle was harvested as a distally based graft in 24 unmatched, fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens. The tendon insertion on the proximal ulna was preserved, and the graft was passed around the proximal radius to recreate the annular ligament. We measured the total length of the graft, the length of graft required to approximate the posterior insertion of the annular ligament reconstruction, and the length of excess graft. Results The average length of the superficial head of the brachialis muscle tendon available for use in reconstruction was 81 mm. The average length of tendon required to approximate the posterior anatomical insertion of the annular ligament was 69 mm. The average length of excess tendon was 12 mm. The tendon graft of the superficial head permitted potential annular ligament reconstruction in all specimens. Conclusions A distally based tendon graft reconstruction of the annular ligament of the elbow using the tendon of the superficial head of the brachialis muscle would be feasible in most patients, based on this anatomic study. Future studies should consider the biomechanical stability of this ligament reconstruction, choices of optimal posterior graft fixation, and clinical outcomes. Clinical relevance Incompetence of the annular ligament may cause persisting instability of the proximal radius requiring ligament reconstruction. The anatomic feasibility of using the distal tendon of the superficial head of the brachialis muscle as a distally based graft source is evaluated for annular ligament reconstruction.
Bioremediation treatability studies of contaminated soils at wood preserving sites

Bioremediation has been used frequently at sites contaminated with organic hazardous chemicals where releases from processing vessels and the mismanagement of reagents and generated waste have contributed to significant impairment of the environment. At wood treater sites, process reagents such as pentachlorophenol (PCP), and creosote have adversely impacted the surrounding soil and groundwater. When PCP has been used at these sites, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are typically found. Where creosote has been used as the wood preservative of choice, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commonly found. Many of these compounds are considered to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) and are particularly recalcitrant.
Studies of Ethnicity in North American Historical Archaeology

This article concerns recent approaches in North American historical archaeology to studying issues of ethnicity. It begins with a consideration of fundamental concepts and definitions. Next, discu...
Soluble fiber dextrin enhances the satiating power of beverages.

Abstract This study compared the effects of four types of fiber on satiety and energy intakes at the next meal using a standard double-blinded preload study design. Study participants (14 men and 22 women) each took part in 6 study sessions. Study preloads were a combination of a solid snack and a liquid beverage (energy range 0.78–0.83 MJ) containing four different types of fiber: soluble fiber dextrin (12 g), soluble corn fiber (11.8 g), polydextrose (11.8 g), and resistant starch (11.2 g). All four fibers were compared to two control conditions of equal volume: an isoenergetic, low-fiber preload and a lower-energy, low-fiber preload. All preloads were presented twice for a total of 0.35–1.65 MJ and 1–24 g fiber. Satiety ratings were collected for 20 min intervals for 220 min during the morning testing session. A test meal was served at 1200 h and plate waste measured. The five higher-energy preloads led to higher fullness and lower hunger ratings compared to the low-energy control but were not significantly different from each other. Relative to the isoenergetic control, only soluble fiber dextrin significantly suppressed energy intakes (p = 0.023). Supplementing beverages with soluble fiber dextrin affects short term energy intake and may have implications for weight control.
Globalization, Water, and Health: Resource Management in Times of Scarcity

Globalization, Water, and Health: Resource Management in Times of Scarcity. Linda Whiteford and Scott Whiteford, eds. Santa Fe: School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, 2005. 322 pp.
Modular term-long CS2 projects

We present a model for a term-long computer science CS2 project which emphasizes modular code development and code-reuse while providing the opportunity to cover many traditional CS2 concepts. The project focuses on the construction of a simplified database system. The project is composed of a series of smaller assignments; each assignment requires students to replace or enhance work completed in previous assignments, thereby allowing students to experience the benefits of good modular design. Each project is of manageable size and complexity for both student and instructor, the final product is a program of non-trivial size and substantial functionality. The project can be easily varied from term to term in order to combat plagiarism, yet remains similar enough to administer reliably. We have successfully used this model over the last three years.
Rethinking the spread of agriculture to the Tibetan Plateau

New data from the Tibetan Plateau allow us to understand how populations dealt with the challenges of moving crops into altitudinally constrained environments. Despite the interest in explaining the timing and the mechanisms via which agricultural products spread to the roof of the world, current models for the spread of agriculture to this region have been simplistic and the presence of crop domesticates is often straightforwardly interpreted as indicating the existence of an agricultural system at the site. This is largely due to a fundamental lack of understanding of where crops could be grown in prehistory on the Plateau. Although it has generally been assumed that moving agriculture into this area was challenging, little work has specifically addressed the constraints imposed on humans as they moved crops into this area. Employing an agro-ecological niche model, I formally model the constraints that were faced by humans as they moved a series of crops into the Tibetan Plateau between the 4th and 1st millennium cal. BC. Based on the results of this analysis, I argue that the end of the climatic optimum meant that millet agriculture was no longer a viable strategy in many parts of the Eastern Himalayas. The arrival of frost tolerant crops in the 2nd millennium BC provided new opportunities in the cooler post climatic optimum world. These models further reveal that sites that have been previously considered as engaged directly in agricultural production may have been more distantly connected to an agricultural lifestyle than previously thought.
Time-Average Holographic Interferometry of a Circular Plate Vibrating Simultaneously in Two Rationally Related Modes*

This paper presents the results of time-average holographic interferometry of a circular metal plate vibrating simultaneously in two unique modes whose frequencies are rationally related. Rational and irrational frequency ratios are presented for comparison. The rational and irrational results differ significantly, and these differences are explained by use of their respective characteristic functions.
Effect of Non-Specific Protein (Aolan) upon Twelve-Hour Nocturnal Gastric Secretion in Man,∗

SummaryThe output of hydrochloric acid in the 12-hour nocturnal gastric secretion of 10 patients with peptic ulcer, following the intramuscular injection of 20 cc of a sterile lactalbumin solution, was unchanged in 3 cases, decreased slightly in 1 and increased in 6 patients. These results suggest that the temporary reduction in gastric secretion occasionally observed during the administration of enterogastrone is not attributable to a nonspecific action of the proteins present in the concentrate.
Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava *: Case report and review of the literature

Abstract Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava is reported with increasing frequency but remains a rare lesion. In this article we report one case and review 69 cases. The disease affects mainly women approximately 50 years of age. The symptoms vary according to the location of the tumor; Budd-Chiari syndrome and leg edema occur in the more centrally located tumors and abdominal pain and swelling are seen in the more peripherally located ones. In 40% of the cases distant metastases are evident at the time of the patients' first presentation and are found most commonly in the liver and/or lungs. After resection the majority of the patients eventually die of metastatic disease with a mean survival of approximately 40 months. (J VASC SURG 1986;3:652-6.)
Dimensionality reduction using kernel pooled local discriminant information

We study the use of kernel subspace methods for learning low-dimensional representations for classification. We propose a kernel pooled local discriminant subspace method and compare it against several competing techniques: generalized Fisher discriminant analysis (GDA) and kernel principal components analysis (KPCA) in classification problems. We evaluate the classification performance of the nearest-neighbor rule with each subspace representation. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the kernel pooled local subspace method and the potential for substantial improvements over competing methods such as KPCA in some classification problems.
A novel long-term undergraduate research team experience

This paper describes the establishment and management of an undergraduate research team. The team includes representatives from each year of the undergraduate curriculum, and new members are recruited from the second-semester freshman class. Members agree to stay through their senior year. Students are paid for 10 h/wk as research assistants, except in their senior year, when each conducts an independent research project for course credit. Leadership is shared by graduate students who benefit from the research assistance provided. Weekly meetings provide a forum for research reports and topic sessions. Marked increases in student confidence and interest in independent learning have been reported and observed. Success has required careful shaping and guidance of graduate student expectations and leadership skills. Other benefits and lessons learned after the first full academic year cycle are described.
Chemical characterization and biologic properties of lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides gingivalis strains W50, W83, and ATCC 33277.

The chemistry and selected biological activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bacteroides gingivalis strains W50, W83, and ATCC 33277 were compared, as well as the role of this molecule as a mediator of selected inflammatory responses. Chemically, the LPSs consisted of 47-58% Lipid A, 5-10% carbohydrate, 0.05% 3-deoxy 2-octulosonic acid, 0.3% heptose, 3.8-5.2% hexosamine, and 2% phosphate. Rhamnose represented the dominant sugar (26-36%), with lesser amounts of glucose (18-34%), galactose (18-25%), mannose (9-12%), glucosamine (7-11%), and galactosamine (2-5%). The major fatty acids were: 13-methyl-tetradecanoate (42-45%), 3-OH-heptadecanoate (21-23%), hexadecanoate (16-19%), and 12-methyl-tetradecanoate (6-8%). SDS-PAGE and sodium deoxycholate-PAGE revealed the LPS to be a smooth chemotype. Differences in migration patterns between the virulent and avirulent strain LPSs also occurred. C3H/HeN macrophages (Mo) exposed to 1 microgram/ml of LPS released 3.2-4.2 ng of prostaglandin E (PGE)/ml of supernatant, representing 236-278% of control. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ Mo exposed to 50 micrograms of LPS/ml was 382-724% and 270-300% of control, respectively; similar Mo exposed to 10 micrograms of LPS/ml released 1.6-2.0 ng and 0.3-0.5 ng of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/ml of supernatant, respectively. Maximum TNF release in C3H/HeN Mo occurred in response to 50 micrograms of LPS/ml, and was sustained for up to 96 hours. These results suggest that LPS from the B. gingivalis strains stimulate cytokine production from Mo which, in turn, may play a role in orchestrating the inflammatory response for the development of periodontal diseases.
Heightened Cytotoxic Responses and Impaired Biogenesis Contribute to Early Pathogenesis in the Oral Mucosa of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection disseminated into the oropharyngeal tissues of rhesus macaques 6 weeks following intravenous inoculation. Severe local CD4+ T-cell depletion coincided with increases in NK cell and proinflammatory biomarkers and the disruption of growth-associated gene transcription, demonstrating the rapid establishment of pathogenesis in the oral mucosa.
Cardiac tamponade. A clinical or an echocardiographic diagnosis

In most patients, cardiac tamponade should be diagnosed by a clinical examination that shows elevated systemic venous pressure, tachycardia, dyspnea, and paradoxical arterial pulse. Systemic blood pressure may be normal, decreased, or even elevated. The diagnosis is confirmed by echocardiographic demonstration of moderately large or large circumferential pericardial effusion and in most instances, of right atrial compression, abnormal respiratory variation in right and left ventricular dimensions, and in tricuspid and mitral valve flow velocities. Pulsus paradoxus may be absent with left ventricular dysfunction, atrial septal defect, regional tamponade, and positive-pressure breathing. Systemic venous pressure may be normal with localized tamponade of the left atrium or ventricle. Patients with moderately large or large pericardial effusions may have echocardiographic evidence of right atrial compression without clinical signs of elevated venous pressure or pulsus paradoxus. The majority of these patients have mild or moderate tamponade and if not subjected to pericardial drainage, should be observed closely. In some of these patients, when the etiology is known and the disease can be treated effectively with medication, e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or adrenal corticosteroids in Dressler's syndrome or relapsing pericarditis, pericardial drainage may not be necessary.
Sampling ‘Hard to Reach’ Populations in Qualitative Research: The Case of Incarcerated Youth

Sampling is an integral component of all research designs. Several qualitative research texts offer practical guides on how to theorize, recruit, and retain a sample to fulfill the aims of a given ...
The post-ovulatory follicles of blackbirds (Agelaius).

Post-ovulatory follicles of tricolored blackbirds (Agelaius tricolor) and redwinged blackbirds (A. phoeniceus) regress from 6.0 to 3.0 mm in length by two days after ovulation and remain less than 3.0 mm during incubation. The follicles of females feeding young average less than 1.0 mm. Serial sections of ovaries of birds in all stages of the nesting cycle show distinct post-ovulatory follicles up to 25 days after ovulation. Lymphocytes, granular polymorphonuclear leucocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts invade the sloughed granulosa and the hemorrhaged theca interna after ovulation. Granulosa cells, epithelioid cells in the theca interna, and connective tissue cells in the theca externa are lipoidal and cholesterol-positive for at least ten days after ovulation. The rapid regression and histological evidence of degenerating tissue and the invasion of cell types characteristic of the inflammatory response suggest that the ovulated follicles are degenerating rather than secretory organs.
Anxiety and depressive symptom identification using the Duke Health Profile

Duke Health Profile (DUKE) subscales were compared for their ability to identify anxiety and depressive symptoms as measured by the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in 413 primary care patients. The seven-item Duke Anxiety-Depression Scale (DUKE-AD) was the best symptom identifier, with sensitivities and specificities greater than 70% for high scores on both the SAI and CES-D. Also, baseline DUKE-AD scores predicted five clinical outcomes during an 18-month follow-up period, with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve areas ranging from 57.1 to 58.7%. Patients shown by DUKE-AD scores to be at high risk (>30, scale 0-100) for symptoms of anxiety and/or depression were more often women, less well-educated, not working, and with lower socioeconomic status. The severity of illness was higher than that of low-risk patients. Although the providers did not know which patients were at high risk, they made a clinical diagnosis of anxiety or depression more often in high-risk patients.
By foot, bus or car: children's school travel and school choice policy

Many school districts in the United States allow parents to choose which school their child attends ('school choice' or 'magnet schools') while other school districts require students to attend their nearest ('neighborhood') school. Such policies influence children's transportation. We survey elementary-school parents in St. Paul and Roseville, Minnesota, to discover how children travel to school and underlying factors influencing parent's choice of their child's travel mode. From this information we develop a statistical model of travel mode choice. We find that children's commute mode and parental attitudes towards school selection differ by school type (magnet versus neighborhood), income, and race. Relative to neighborhood schools, magnet schools draw from broader geographic regions, have lower rates of walking, bicycling, and commuting by automobile, and higher busing rates. Parent attitudes towards transportation also differ by race and school type. For example, parents of nonwhite and magnet school students placed greater-than-average importance on bus service and quality. This paper highlights the potentially unintended influence of school district policy on school commute mode. KW: SR2S Language: en
Venture capital growing pains: Should the market diet?

Abstract This paper examines recent trends in the venture capital market and current research that explores the impact of these trends. High returns in the venture capital industry caused by the surging market for venture-backed initial public offerings and recent reductions in the capital gains tax rate have led to dramatic increases in venture capital commitments. This rise in fundraising has had dramatic effects on various segments of the venture capital market which may indicate overheating. The terms and conditions of venture capital limited partnerships have changed reflecting the growth in demand for venture capital services. The share of profits retained by venture capitalists has increased while the restrictiveness of the partnership agreements has eased. Venture firms are raising substantially larger funds with increasing pressure to find investments, thereby moving to later stage investments. The price of investments has also responded to the growing desire to increase investment. Finally, institutional investors are increasingly looking internationally for new investment opportunities in venture capital to avoid potential market excesses.
Commons management and ecotourism: Ethnographic evidence from the Amazon

The paper evaluates the relationship between ecotourism and commons management. Social and economic impacts of ecotourism in an indigenous village in the Peruvian Amazon are considered in relation to opportunities for collective action to manage common pool resources, including wildlife, forests, and river habitats. Longitudinal, ethnographic data gathered over 12 years about a joint venture ecotourism project between a private company and a local community show three outcomes that support commons management and three outcomes that challenge it. The outcomes in favor of commons management include: direct economic returns that act as conservation incentives, strengthened organization resulting from participatory management of ecotourism, and expanded networks of support from outside actors. Outcomes that are challenging the potential for collective action include: direct economic returns that enable expanded individual production and extraction, a new spirit of individual entrepreneurship that threatens to debilitate traditional social relations and institutions, and a conservation ethic that fosters dualistic thinking about people and nature and the zoning of places where resources are used vs. where they are preserved.
Anti-jamming Strategies: A Stochastic Game Approach

Due to their shared and open-access design, wireless networks are very vulnerable to many malicious attacks, ranging from passive eavesdropping to active interfering. In this paper, using stochastic game modeling we study anti-jamming strategies and their effectiveness against two types of interference attacks: (i) a random jammer, where the malicious user combines jamming modes with sleep modes; and (ii) a sophisticated jammer, where the malicious user uses the network for a two-fold purpose: law-obedient communication with other users and non-obedient jamming against a specific (primary) user. We focus our research on constructing the optimal maxmin anti-jamming transmission strategy and an optimal strategy against a selfish malicious user. Further, employing the suggested models we demonstrate that incorporating silent modes into the anti-jamming transmission protocol, where the primary user does not transmit signals for the purpose of helping an intrusion detection system identify the source of a jamming attack, can improve communication reliability. Further, since the equilibrium strategies are obtained explicitly, we identify several interesting properties that can guide designing such anti-jamming transmission protocols.
Pulmonary Artery Interventions in Children

Pulmonary arteriography is an uncommon procedure in children. While there are no controlled studies in children comparing the efficacy of pulmonary arteriography versus CT angiography (CTA), data from the adult literature has been extrapolated and CTA has essentially replaced catheter arteriography for diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) (AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:1246–1252, 2009; AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:888–894, 2009). Most pulmonary arteriography at this time is performed for a planned intervention, particularly in the setting of an embolized foreign body (usually a catheter fragment), for attempted thrombolysis of a pulmonary embolism, or for the treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.
Economy and Climate: A Preliminary Framework for Microeconomic Analysis

The climate is an important economic resource. The Carribean economies would be a lot less prosperous with London’s climate. The same would be true if the midwestern United States had Algeria’s climate. Climate is taken for granted, but, as these examples show, it shapes a country’s economy in ways so fundamental that it tends to be overlooked.
Finding Common Language around Educational Equity in a Neoliberal Context.

The old story states that there was once an emperor so fond of his new clothes that he spent many an hour and occasion showing off his clothes. This emperor cared not for his duties as emperor, except as those duties would allow him to flaunt his new clothing. One day two swindlers arrived and promised the emperor that they would sew the emperor new clothes that were so fine that the emperor would be able to decipher unfit or unintelligent subjects because the fabric would be invisible to those subjects.
The Konno-Rastan Procedure for Anterior Aortic Annular Enlargement

An anterior aortoventriculoplasty, known as the Konno-Rastan procedure, is a useful tool for the cardiac surgeon. Originally, described for congenital aortic stenosis secondary to small annular size, it relieves subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar stenosis. We show a step by step, illustrated, and safe approach to perform this operation. Although this is unusual anatomy outside the congenital arena, it is a relatively safe and straight-forward procedure. When compared with a homograft or xenograft root replacement, the Konno-Rastan has the benefit of not having to mobilize the coronaries as well as ease of valve replacement.
A migraine management training program for primary care providers: An overview of a survey and pilot study findings, lessons learned, and considerations for further research.

Background There are five to nine million primary care office visits a year for migraine in the United States. However, migraine care is often suboptimal in the primary care setting. A prior study indicated that primary care physicians (PCPs) wanted direct contact with headache specialists to improve the migraine care they provide. Objective We sought to further examine PCPs' knowledge of migraine management and assess the feasibility of a multimodal migraine education program for PCPs. Methods We conducted a survey assessing PCPs' knowledge about migraine. We then held three live educational sessions and developed an email consultative service for PCPs to submit questions they had about migraine. We report both quantitative and qualitative findings. Results Twenty-one PCPs completed the survey. They were generally familiar with the epidemiology of migraine (mean prevalence of migraine reported was 12.6%±10.1), the psychiatric comorbidities (mean prevalence of comorbid depression was 24.5% ± 16.7, mean prevalence of comorbid anxiety was 24.6% ± 18.3), and evidence-based behavioral treatments. Fifty-six percent cited cognitive behavioral therapy, 78% cited biofeedback, and 61% cited relaxation therapy as evidence based treatments. Though most were aware of the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities, they did not routinely assess for them (43% did not routinely assess for anxiety, 29% did not routinely assess for depression). PCPs reported frequently referring patients for non-level A evidence based treatments: special diets (60%), acupuncture (50%), physical therapy (30%), and psychoanalysis (20%). Relaxation therapy was a therapy recommended by 40% of the PCPs. Only 10% reported referring for cognitive behavioral therapy or biofeedback. Nineteen percent made minimal or no use of migraine preventive medications. Seventy-two percent were unaware of or only slightly aware of the American Academy of Neurology guidelines for migraine. There was variable attendance at the educational sessions (N=22 at 1st session, 6 at 2nd session, 15 at 3rd session). Very few PCPs used the email consultative service (N=4). Conclusions Though PCPs are familiar with many aspects of migraine care, there is a need and opportunity for improvement. The three live sessions were poorly attended and the email consultative service was rarely used. We provide an in depth discussion of targeted areas for educational intervention, of the challenges in developing a migraine educational program for PCPs, and areas for future study.
CN-09POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME AND PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS.

BACKGROUND: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurotoxic encephalopathic state associated with reversible cerebral vasogenic edema. It is an increasingly recognized occurrence in the oncology population. However, it is very uncommon in patients with primary brain tumors (PBT). The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical manifestations, radiological features and report clinical outcomes of PRES in PBT patients. METHODS: In this retrospective review, we identified 4 patients with PBTs who developed PRES at MDACC between 2012 and 2014. Clinical and radiographic data were abstracted from their records. In addition, we also solicited 2 cases from the literature. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis of PRES was 47 years (range 5-62), the male:female ratio was 1:5 and occurred in patients with glioblastoma (N = 3), diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (N = 1), anaplastic ependymoma (N = 1) and atypical meningioma (N = 1). The two cases from literature review had received bevacizumab, and only one case received chemotherapy (cisplatin/etoposide/temozolomide) before the symptoms onset. Clinical presentation included seizures (N = 3), altered mental status (N = 3), headache (N = 2) and focal neurologic deficits (N = 2). All of the patients presented with elevated blood pressure. Three patients had atypical imaging findings, one of them also developed infarctions in those areas. Three of our MDACC patients recovered completely in 3 to 4 weeks after the symptoms onset. One patient died due to active cancer and several comorbidities including PRES. CONCLUSIONS: HTN seems to be the most important co-existent risk factor for development of PRES. The clinical and radiological course of PRES in PBT patients did not vary from the classical descriptions of PRES found in other causes. Resolution of PRES was an independent process even to that of tumor progression. PRES distribution did not correlate with the brain tumor location. Delay in diagnosis can result in permanent residual deficits.