cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating survivin as a potential target in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).

e16171Background: Survivin is an inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP) that is expressed in many human cancers. We explored survivin expression in NETs to test its potential as a therapeutic target ...
Longitudinal associations between attachment quality in infancy, C-reactive protein in early childhood, and BMI in middle childhood: preliminary evidence from a CPS-referred sample.

In the current pilot study, we examined whether insecure or disorganized attachment was associated with elevated inflammation (i.e. C-reactive protein [CRP]) in children with histories of child pro...
A novel cellular structure in the photoreceptors of insectivorous birds

The keen visual systems of birds have been relatively well-studied. The foundations of avian vision rest on their cone and rod photoreceptors. Most birds use four cone photoreceptor types for color vision, a fifth cone for achromatic tasks, and a rod for low-light levels. The cones, along with their oil droplets, and rods are conserved across birds - with the exception of a few shifts in spectral sensitivity - despite taxonomic, behavioral and ecological differences. Here, however, we describe a novel photoreceptor in a group of New World flycatchers (Empidonax spp.) in which the traditional oil droplet is replaced with a complex of electron-dense megamitochondria surrounded by hundreds of small, orange oil droplets. These photoreceptors were unevenly distributed across the retina, being present in the central region (including in the fovea), but absent from the retinal periphery and the area temporalis. Many bird species have had their oil droplets and photoreceptors characterized, but only the two flycatchers described here (E. virescens and E. minimus) possess this unusual structure. We discuss the potential functional significance of the unique sub-cellular structure in these photoreceptors providing an additional visual channel for these small predatory songbirds.
Local and landscape habitat influences on bee diversity in agricultural landscapes in Anolaima, Colombia

Agricultural intensification drives biodiversity loss and is associated with bee declines. Bees are highly sensitive to environmental change, and while their diversity declines in simplified habitats distant from undisturbed areas, bees respond to agricultural practices and habitat configuration at different scales. Mountainous tropical agroecosystems are highly heterogeneous at local and landscape scales, and the responses of bee communities to environmental change in these regions are still underexplored. We examined the local and landscape habitat factors influencing bee abundance and diversity, and changes in bee generic and tribe composition in Anolaima, Colombia. We surveyed bees, measured local habitat features such as flower abundance, tree diversity, ground cover and vegetation structure, and evaluated land cover types and landscape characteristics in seventeen farms. We found that elevation, vertical structure of the vegetation and landscape structure influenced bee community structure. While local factors predicted the response of most individual bee groups, landscape factors influenced the abundance of Apis and Trigona, two genera with disproportionately high abundances across study sites. We also found that human constructions serve as refuges for several bee genera. Our paper suggests a process of biotic homogenization with the loss of bee diversity and concurrent spread of Apis and Trigona in landscapes dominated by pastures, unshaded crops or eroded soils. We also highlight the high sensitivity of native bees to habitat configuration and disturbance, and the importance of traditional farming systems for the conservation of bee communities in mountainous tropical agroecosystems.
Quantified fracture (joint) clustering in Archean basement, Wyoming: application of the normalized correlation count method

We demonstrate statistically significant self-organized clustering over a length scale range from 10−2 to 101 m for north-striking opening-mode fractures (joints) in Late Archean Mount Owen Quartz Monzonite. Spatial arrangement is a critical fracture network attribute that until recently has only been assessed qualitatively. We use normalized fracture intensity plots and the normalized correlation count (NCC) method of Marrett et al. to discriminate clustered from randomly placed or evenly spaced patterns quantitatively over a wide range of length scales and to test the statistical significance of the resulting patterns. We propose a procedure for interpreting cluster patterns on NCC diagrams generated by the freely available spatial analysis software CorrCount. Results illustrate the efficacy of NCC to measure fracture clustering patterns in texturally homogeneous Archean granitic rock in a setting distant (>2 km) from folds or faults. In their current geological setting, these regional fractures are conduits for water flow and their patterns – and the NCC approach to defining clusters – may be useful guides to the spatial arrangement style and clustering magnitude of conductive fractures in other, less accessible fractured basement rocks. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Naturally Fractured Reservoirs collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/naturally-fractured-reservoirs
The British Heart Foundation and the Big Beat Challenge.

Amelia Scholtz spoke with BHF Medical Director Professor Sir Nilesh Samani ( [Figure 1][1] ) about the Foundation’s continuing evolution and its largest award to date—the Big Beat Challenge—of £30 million to a single, international research team. ![Figure 1][2] Figure 1 British
Multifunctional metasurfaces with tailored dispersion

We report metalenses capable of focusing blue and red wavelengths onto two focal planes with tailored focal length shift as a function of incident wavelength. Achromatic, refractive or diffractive focal length shifts can be imparted at will across different design bandwidths of the metalenses.
Meaning and Experience of Food Insecurity

This chapter begins with a discussion on the research sample demographics because who the students are is wrapped tightly with their experiences of food insecurity. Next, I highlight the self-reflective meaning of food insecurity from the perspective of college students experiencing it. The majority of students focus on the emotional aspect of food insecurity or worrying about their next meal. The next section describes the seven non-mutually exclusive profiles of food insecurity experiences in college. This section also emphasizes the overlapping factors that contribute to food insecurity in college. Next, I discuss the different coping strategies utilized by students. The participants described 276 non-mutually exclusive coping strategies that fell into eight broad themes. Finally, I examine students’ experience with food insecurity as children and how those experiences have shaped their experiences in college. Fifty-eight percent of participants reported experience with childhood food insecurity.
Meeting the Sexual Health Needs of Bisexual Men in the Age of Biomedical HIV Prevention: Gaps and Priorities.

The field of HIV/STI prevention has primarily focused on gay men (or “men who have sex with men” [MSM] as a broad category) with limited attention to bisexual men in particular. Although bisexual men are also at increased risk for HIV and other STI, they are less likely to utilize HIV/STI prevention services than gay men, and very few interventions have been developed to address their unique needs. Further, while biomedical advances are changing the field of HIV prevention, bisexual men are also less likely to use biomedical HIV prevention strategies (e.g., pre-exposure prophylaxis [PrEP]) than gay men. In an effort to advance research on bisexual men and their sexual health needs, the goals of this commentary are: (1) to review the empirical literature on the prevalence of HIV/STI among bisexual men, the few existing HIV/STI prevention interventions developed for bisexual men, and the use of biomedical HIV prevention among bisexual men; (2) to describe the ways in which the field of HIV/STI prevention has largely overlooked bisexual men as a population in need of targeted services; and (3) to discuss how researchers can better address the sexual health needs of bisexual men in the age of biomedical HIV prevention.
Coexisting Coronary and Carotid Artery Disease – Which Technique and in Which Order? Case Report and Review of Literature:

Coexisting carotid artery stenosis and coronary artery disease is common and there is currently no consensus in treatment guidelines on the timing, sequence and methods of revascularization. We report a case of a patient with symptomatic triple vessel coronary artery disease as well as asymptomatic severe right internal carotid artery stenosis. Our patient underwent myocardial revascularization first, because she presented with unstable angina and was asymptomatic neurologically. This article summarizes current literature about the approach to carotid and coronary artery revascularization and addresses the decision-making process regarding the timing and sequence of revascularization.
A review of anatomy, pathology, and disease spread in the perisplenic region

The perisplenic region is a complex anatomical area involving multiple peritoneal and subperitoneal structures, which influence the presentation and behavior of various pathologic processes. This review is a comprehensive resource for perisplenic anatomy and pathology with associated clinical presentations and imaging findings. Understanding the pathophysiologic intricacies of the perisplenic region assists the radiologist in building a helpful differential diagnosis and recognizing predictable disease patterns.
Disorders of gut–brain interaction common among outpatients with eating disorders including avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Objective Little research exists on Rome IV disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI; formerly called functional gastrointestinal disorders) in outpatients with eating disorders (EDs). These data are particularly lacking for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), which shares core features with DGBI. We aimed to identify the frequency and nature of DGBI symptoms among outpatients with EDs. Method Consecutively referred pediatric and adult patients diagnosed with an ED (n = 168, 71% female, ages 8-76 years) in our tertiary care ED program between March 2017 and July 2019 completed a modified Rome IV Questionnaire for DGBI and psychopathology measure battery. Results The majority (n = 122, 72%) of participants reported at least one bothersome gastrointestinal symptom. Sixty-six (39%) met criteria for a DBGI, most frequently functional dyspepsia-post-prandial distress syndrome subtype (31%). DGBI were surprisingly less frequent among patients with ARFID (30%) versus EDs that are associated with shape or weight concerns (45%; X2 [1] = 3.61, p = .058, Cramer's V = .147). Among those with ARFID, DGBI presence was associated with the fear of aversive consequences prototype and multiple comorbid prototype presence. Discussion We demonstrated notable overlap between DGBI and EDs, particularly post-prandial distress symptoms. Further research is needed to examine if gastrointestinal symptoms predict or are a result of greater ED pathology, including ARFID prototypes.
Shared genomic segment analysis in a large high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia pedigree implicates CXCR4 in inherited risk.

Aim Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been shown to cluster in families. First-degree relatives of individuals with CLL have an ~8 fold increased risk of developing the malignancy. Strong heritability suggests pedigree studies will have good power to localize pathogenic genes. However, CLL is relatively rare and heterogeneous, complicating ascertainment and analyses. Our goal was to identify CLL risk loci using unique resources available in Utah and methods to address intra-familial heterogeneity. Methods We identified a six-generation high-risk CLL pedigree using the Utah Population Database. This pedigree contains 24 CLL cases connected by a common ancestor. We ascertained and genotyped eight CLL cases using a high-density SNP array, and then performed shared genomic segment (SGS) analysis - a method designed for extended high-risk pedigrees that accounts for heterogeneity. Results We identified a genome-wide significant region (P = 1.9 × 10-7, LOD-equivalent 5.6) at 2q22.1. The 0.9 Mb region was inherited through 26 meioses and shared by seven of the eight genotyped cases. It sits within a ~6.25 Mb locus identified in a previous linkage study of 206 small CLL families. Our narrow region intersects two genes, including CXCR4 which is highly expressed in CLL cells and implicated in maintenance and progression. Conclusion SGS analysis of an extended high-risk CLL pedigree identified the most significant evidence to-date for a 0.9 Mb CLL disease locus at 2q22.1, harboring CXCR4. This discovery contributes to a growing literature implicating CXCR4 in inherited risk to CLL. Investigation of the segregating haplotype in the pedigree will be valuable for elucidating risk variant(s).
Graph Coverings and (Im)primitive Homology: Examples of Low Degree

Given a finite covering of graphs f:Y→X , it is not always the case that H1(Y;C) is spanned by lifts of primitive elements of π1(X) . In this article, we study graphs for which this is not the case...
Repeat Users of Chat Reference: An Exploratory Study

Libraries have long used patrons’ willingness to return as a metric for assessing reference services, but have not measured actual return rates for this service. Knowing if our user base is a small...
Multi-agent Based Intelligent System for Image Fusion

The recent years have seen an increasing interest in developing algorithms for image fusion and several algorithms have been proposed in the literature. However, a process for assessing several fusion algorithms and coming up with the best solution for a given set of images has not been sufficiently explored so far. In this paper, a system is proposed that performs intelligent decision making in image fusion. The system uses the concepts of adaptive learning and inherent knowledge to present the best fusion solution for a given set of images. By automating the selection process, the system can analyze and exhibit intrinsic details of the images and adapt this knowledge to provide better solutions for varying types of images to provide better solutions for varying types of images.
Additional Topics in Cryptography

The emphasis of this book has been on the mathematical underpinnings of public key cryptography. We have developed most of the mathematics from scratch and in sufficient depth to enable the reader to understand both the underlying mathematical principles and how they are applied in cryptographic constructions. Unfortunately, in achieving this laudable goal, we have now reached the end of a hefty textbook with many important cryptographic topics left untouched.
Crohn's fistula: current concepts in management.

Crohn’s disease was described in 1932 in the classic article by Crohn et al., and then subsequently the authors described one of the disease complications, namely perianal fistula. It was originally thought that the perianal disease originated in the inflamed terminal ileum, which extended internally down to the perianal area. In the last 70 years, we have learned much about this disease, as well as the complications of both perianal and internal fistula. Approximately 60%–70% of all patients with Crohn’s disease will eventually need to undergo surgery, which in many cases is related to the development of a perianal fistula, subsequent to an abscess.1 The purpose of this article is to review our current knowledge of Crohn’s fistula, focusing predominantly on the concepts in clinical management.
Testing a Software Product Line

The software product line approach to the development of software intensive systems has been used by organizations to improve quality, increase productivity and reduce cycle time. These gains require different approaches to a number of the practices in the development organization including testing. The planned variability that facilitates some of the benefits of the product line approach poses a challenge for test-related activities. This chapter provides a comprehensive view of testing at various points in the software development process and describes specific techniques for carrying out the various test-related tasks. These techniques are illustrated using a pedagogical product line developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI).
Fixing Students' Fixed Mindsets: Paving the Way for Meaningful Assessment

For decades law professors have remained perplexed about students’ responses to the feedback they give. Some students crave constructive criticism and use it to improve their legal analysis and skills. Other students, however, when given the same feedback react defensively, reject the professor’s suggestions and claim that the assessment was unfair. To address this problem, scholarship has focused on developing different ways to give feedback. But no one has explained the underlying cause of why students respond to feedback so diversely. The explanation of why some students respond well to feedback when others don’t lies in decades of established research in educational psychology. Students respond to feedback in different, yet predictable ways. Students’ reactions to feedback are guided by the implicit beliefs they hold about intelligence - their mindset.Some students have a fixed mindset. They believe that intelligence is a fixed trait and interpret critical feedback as a negative judgment about their intelligence. Other students have an incremental mindset. They believe that intelligence is malleable and see critical feedback as a tool to get smarter. Based on this research, this article explains how students’ mindsets affect their responses to feedback. This article also suggests ways that law professors can induce an incremental mindset in students and increase the likelihood of students using feedback in adaptive ways.
Technological Innovations in Learning: A Focus on MOOC

Technology such as gaming, animations, and interactive problem-solving have been adapted at learning platforms to help explain or illustrate complex concepts, and even make learning fun for the audience. However, such technologies are deployed in limited number of learning environments due to the lack of financial resources, expertise, change agents, and willingness of educational institutions to move beyond traditional practices. The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) phenomenon, started three years ago, could address the above challenges, and create a great technological disruption in education. With millions in venture capital backing, MOOC providers have the expertise and money to incorporate the latest technologies into e-courses and revolutionize learning. But the economic model of MOOCs is still evolving. MOOC organizations such as edX, Coursera, Udacity, Udemy, and NovoEd have yet to figure out a financially viable model. At the current time, most MOOCs are free (or at nominal fees) to the students. Hence, one of our research questions in this paper is how would MOOCs generate sustainable revenue in a few years? Our second research question deals with how MOOC providers plan to facilitate learning and assessments (even with state-of-the-art technologies) for the thousands or tens of thousands of students per course. If partnerships with universities or colleges would be an economically feasible and manageable solution, then how would MOOC providers’ business model change strategically? We discussed a number of financial models on monetizing MOOC, and strategies for MOOC organizations to make MOOC more mainstream and accepted by academe and prospective employers.
The sweet color of an implicit request: Women’s hair color and spontaneous helping behavior

Results of previous researchers’ studies on the effect of blond hair color on helping behavior have been inconsistent. In addition, spontaneous helping behavior has not been examined. In this study, female confederates wearing blond, brown, or dark wigs accidentally dropped a glove while walking in pedestrian streets and then walked away, apparently not aware of their loss. It was found that male and not female pedestrians helped the confederates wearing blond wigs more often. An explanation for these results is that a greater degree of youth and good health is associated with women who have blond hair.
Non-Linear Effects of Glass Composition on Chemical Durability: Physical Stability of Surface Layers

Presented here are results relating to the possible causes for the very strong nonlinearity in the relationship between glass composition and glass durability, as determined by MCC 3 or Product Consistency (PCT) tests. We have previously found a rapid increase in leachate concentrations with small changes in composition (as little as 1 weight percent SiO2 or Al2O3) over some composition ranges near those of interest for nuclear waste disposal. This rapid rise occurs over a narrow transition region in composition space that provides a natural division between more durable and less durable glasses. Our new data on glasses of interest to the West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP) suggest that this effect is not due to phase separation. Results from leach tests conducted with and without constant agitation are compared in an attempt to determine whether the physical integrity of alteration layers plays an essential role, as might be the case if formation-spallation cycles were important in this process. Microstructural data are also presented in order to compare the alteration layers on the more durable and less durable glasses leached with and without agitation.
Oxidation of 1-butene over bismuth molybdates and bismuth iron molybdate

Abstract Bi 3 (FeO 4 )(MoO 4 ) 2 is found to be a highly active and selective catalyst for the oxidation of 1-butene to butadiene over the temperature range of 350–450 °C. Kinetic studies at 430 °C indicate first-order dependence on butene partial pressure and zero-order dependence on oxygen partial pressure. These results are very similar to those obtained with Bi 2 MoO 6 and Bi 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 . ESCA data indicate that the surface and bulk compositions are essentially the same for each catalyst studied.
Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in the age of liver transplantation

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most frequently encountered malignancies worldwide. Its association with cirrhosis increases the difficulty of diagnosis and therapy. Different approaches, ranging from medical treatment to highly complex ablative and surgical therapies, including liver resection and transplantation have significantly improved the outcome of this disease. This article reviews the current diagnostic challenges and the available surveillance and classification protocols. Available therapeutic approaches, indications, contraindications and outcome of liver resection, liver transplantation, living donor liver transplantation, are outlined in detail. Ablative procedures and their role and efficiency as "bridging" methods to liver transplantation are included in the review.
Effect of maternal chronic disease on obstetric complications in twin pregnancies in a United States cohort.

Objective To evaluate the effect of maternal chronic disease on obstetric complications among twin pregnancies. Design Multicenter, retrospective, observational study. Setting Clinical centers (19 hospitals). Patient(s) Twin pregnancies (n = 4,821) delivered ≥23 weeks of gestation and classified by maternal chronic disease (either none or any of the following: asthma, depression, hypertension, diabetes, and heart, thyroid, gastrointestinal or renal disease). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Gestational age at delivery, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, placenta previa, hemorrhage, chorioamnionitis, maternal postpartum fever, premature rupture of membranes, labor onset (spontaneous vs. nonspontaneous), route of delivery, and maternal admission to intensive care unit. Result(s) Women with chronic disease delivered earlier (mean gestational length, 34.1 vs. 34.6 weeks) and were less likely to have term birth (risk ratio 0.80; 95% confidence interval 0.70–0.90). Cesarean delivery after spontaneous labor (risk ratio 1.20; 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.37) was also increased with chronic disease. No statistically significant effects were observed for other complications studied. Women who used assisted reproductive technology were more likely to hemorrhage, independent of chronic disease, but other findings were generally similar to the non–assisted reproductive technology sample. Conclusion(s) Chronic disease was associated with additional risk of earlier delivery and cesarean section after spontaneous labor in a nationwide sample of US twin pregnancies.
A Systems Approach to the Design and Development of Interactive Videodisc Training

This article describes a four-phased process used by the U.S. Navy for the systematic design and development of interactive videodisc (IVD) courseware (ICW). Phase One of the process, Analysis and ...
A decision analytic framework for environmental analysis and simulation modeling

A decision analytic approach is proposed for environmental planning and analysis under scientific uncertainty. This approach begins with the creation of a planning framework that consists of all relevant objectives and attributes, along with all feasible management options; this planning framework defines the inputs and outputs for subsequent work. Decision analysis may then be used to guide the subsequent work, beginning with the selection of predictive models linking management options to objectives. Once these models are identified, decision analysis may again be used, this time to identify environmental research and monitoring priorities. The approach is illustrated with an example concerning the management of eutrophication in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Objectives, attributes, and management options were identified for the planning framework, and a simulation model was selected for a management objective concerned with the reduction in algal blooms. This model could then be used with uncertainty analysis to define specific scientific research and monitoring needs. Finally, once scientific analysis is complete, decision analysis can be used as the framework for decision making.
Game theory with costly computation: formulation and application to protocol security

We develop a general game-theoretic framework for reasoning about strategic agents performing possibly costly computation. In this framework, many traditional game-theoretic results (such as the existence of a Nash equilibrium) no longer hold. Nevertheless, we can use the framework to provide psychologically appealing explanations to observed behavior in well-studied games (such as finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma and rock-paper-scissors). Furthermore, we provide natural conditions on games sufficient to guarantee that equilibria exist. As an application of this framework, we develop a definition of protocol security relying on game-theoretic notions of implementation. We show that a natural special case of this definition is equivalent to a variant of the traditional cryptographic definition of protocol security; this result shows that, when taking computation into account, the two approaches used for dealing with "deviating" players in two different communities-Nash equilibrium in game theory and zero-knowledge "simulation" in cryptography-are intimately related.
Effect of temperature and water stresses on gas exchange, fluorescence kinetics, and solute levels of jojoba

Abstract Seven year old jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid., plants grown under three irrigation treatments, wellwatered, intermediate, and dry, were exposed to controlled temperature treatments of +5, −5, and −10 °C for six hours during February 1991. Following the temperature treatments, gas exchange and fluorescence kinetics were used to evaluate the degree of injury to the plants. Following subfreezing temperatures, gas exchange was depressed, and fluorescence kinetics indicated greater damage to well-watered plants. Amino acid and carbohydrate levels, and osmotic potentials were measured before and after cold treatments to observe the effect of low temperatures on solutes. Freezing temperatures resulted in increased solute concentrations attributed to increases in total carbohydrates and total amino acids. Proline, arginine, aspartate family amino acids, glucose, and fructose increased while phenylalanine, tyrosine/ornithine, glutamate and sucrose decreased in response to freezing temperatures. Lathhouse plants exposed to −5 °C natural frost for seven hours in December 1990 set seed, but, with the exception of dry treatment plants exposed to −5 °C, plants exposed to either −5 or −10 °C in the laboratory in February 1991 did not set seed. Overall, the intermediate irrigation treatment had the least disruption of fluorescence kinetics and photosynthesis, and set the most seed following the controlled low temperature treatments.
An Unknown Acid from Brain Extracts chromatographed on Silica Gel

SINCE partition chromatography on silica gel allows the simultaneous quantitative determination of the individual acids of the polycarboxylic acid cycle1,2, it became of interest to apply this technique to the measurement of the organic acids in brain tissues. Fig. 1 shows the chromatographic pattern of the tertiary amyl alcohol – chloroform (50 per cent v/v) extract of human brain. (Identical patterns were found for these extracts from guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, turtles and chickens.) The first peak of the chromatogram (fractions 15–25), composed of a mixture of free and esterified fatty acids3, was followed by a smaller peak (fractions 40–50) for fumaric acid. Then, there is a large peak (fractions 60–80) representing mainly lactic acid but also small amounts of succinic acid. The lactic acid was identified by measuring the colour produced when concentrated sulphuric acid and P-hydroxydiphenyl were added4. The presence of alpha ketoglutarate is often indicated by the presence of a shoulder to the right of this curve.
Soft photon theorem in potential scattering: Non-local potentials☆

Abstract The soft-photon theorem is proven for non-relativistic bremsstrahlung from a charged particle in an external, non-local potential.
The Impact of Noisy Physics on the Stability and Accuracy of Physics–Dynamics Coupling

The coupling of the dynamical core of a numerical weather prediction model to the physical parameterizations is an important component of model design. This coupling between the physics and the dynamics is explored here from the perspective of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). It will be shown that the basic properties of the impact of noisy physics on the stability and accuracy of common numerical methods may be obtained through the application of the basic principles of SDEs. A conceptual model setting is used that allows the study of the impact of noise whose character may be tuned to be either very red (smooth) or white (noisy). The change in the stability and accuracy of common numerical methods as the character of the noise changes is then studied. Distinct differences are found between the ability of multistage (Runge‐Kutta) schemes as compared with multistep (Adams‐Bashforth/leapfrog) schemes to handle noise of various characters. These differences will be shown to be attributable to the basic philosophy used to design the scheme.Additionalexperiments usingthe decentering ofthe noisyphysics willalsobe shownto leadtostrong sensitivity to the quality of the noise. As an example, the authors find the novel result that noise of a diffusive character may lead to instability whenthe scheme is decentered towardgreater implicitness. These results are confirmed in a nonlinear shear layer simulation using a subgrid-scale mixing parameterization. This subgridscale mixing parameterization is modified stochastically and shown to reproduce the basic principles found here, including the notion that decentering toward implicitness may lead to instability.
Scale, disturbance and productivity control the native-exotic richness relationship

The relationship between native and exotic species richness may be highly context-dependent. Spatial scale, including both plot size (grain) and study area (extent), is likely to influence this relationship, as are environmental conditions such as resource availability and disturbance intensity. We used experimental manipulations of soil fertility and disturbance in a California coastal grassland to directly examine the sensitivity of the native–exotic richness relationship (NERR) to these factors across five grain sizes and two spatial extents. The slope of the NERR was a function of grain size, extent and treatment. Over small spatial extents, native and exotic richness were usually uncorrelated. Across a larger extent, NERRs were negative in control plots, neutral in disturbance plots, and positive in plots with experimentally reduced soil fertility. These patterns were strongest for small grain sizes. We verify the importance of spatial grain in determining the NERR, and emphasize the role of spatial extent.
On 1-truth-table-hard languages

Abstract The polynomial-time 1-tt-hard sets for EXP and RE are polynomial-time many—one-hard
Ultrafast low-power spin-injection devices based on modified ferromagnetic-semiconductor junctions

The authors describe recent theoretical and experimental advances in achieving large accumulated spin polarisation in semiconductors and suggest new classes of low-power ultrafast devices. Tunnelling of electrons between nonmagnetic semiconductors (S) and ferromagnets (FM) through a Schottky barrier modified by a δ-doped layer at the interface is described. It is shown that, in such reverse (forward) biased FM-S junctions, electrons with a certain spin projection can be efficiently injected in (extracted from) S, while electrons with the opposite spin can efficiently accumulate in S near the interface. This occurs due to spin filtering of electrons in the tunnelling process, and the authors found conditions for most efficient accumulation of spin polarisation. Extraction of spin can proceed in degenerate semiconductors at low temperatures. Novel spin-valve ultrafast devices with small dissipated power are described: a magnetic sensor, a spin transistor, an amplifier, a frequency multiplier, a square-law detector and a source of polarised radiation.
Use of Ramping and Equilibrium Water Vapor Sorption Methods to Determine the Critical Relative Humidity at which the Glassy to Rubbery Transition Occurs in Polydextrose

: Recent research has demonstrated that the critical relative humidity (RHc) values, obtained using automatic water vapor sorption instruments, can be used to detect the glassy to rubbery transition. However, reported time dependency of these RHc values suggests that additional research be carried out using equilibrium water vapor sorption methods. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the RHc for amorphous polydextrose at various temperatures using both instrumental (Dynamic Vapor Sorption [DVS] ramping and equilibrium) and saturated salt slurry methods, and (2) compare the RHc values obtained via sorption methods to the glass transition temperature (Tg) values obtained via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). When plotted as a “glass curve” on a state diagram, the RHc values (plotted as a function of temperature) were found to be similar to the Tg values (plotted as a function of relative humidity). Of the 3 sorption methods employed, at 25 °C, the saturated salt slurry exhibited the lowest RHc value (34.3%), followed by the DVS equilibrium method (41.7%), and the DVS ramping method (49.9%). The RHc DVS equilibrium method was closest to the calculated DSC Tg onset RHc value (41.6% at 25 °C). These water sorption methods show promise as practical tools for predicting the quality and stability attributes of amorphous materials by being able to routinely determine the location of the glassy to rubbery transition. Future research applying these sorption methods to more complex amorphous food systems is suggested. Practical Application: Despite its extreme usefulness, the Tg, a key element of the Food Polymer Science approach, remains a challenging parameter to routinely measure in amorphous food materials. Recent research has demonstrated that the RHc values can be used to detect the glassy to rubbery transition. However, reported time dependency of these RHc values suggests that additional research be carried out using equilibrium water vapor sorption methods. Therefore, in this research 2 instrumental (DVS ramping and equilibrium) methods and the traditional saturated salt slurry method were used to obtain RHc values, comparing them to DSC obtained Tg values. The water sorption methods show promise as practical tools for predicting the quality and stability attributes of amorphous materials by being able to routinely determine the location of the glassy to rubbery transition. Future research applying these sorption methods to more complex amorphous food systems is suggested.
Identification of Spermatozoa in Criminological Investigations

(1941). Identification of Spermatozoa in Criminological Investigations. Stain Technology: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 175-176.
Distributional dynamics in Post Keynesian growth models

This paper uses a set of simple Post Keynesian models of growth and distribution to provide a systematic analysis of how growth affects income distribution through a number of alternative channels, thereby making possible a more complete analysis of the interaction between growth and distribution than is possible in simpler models that concentrate on the effect of distributional changes on growth. It draws on Kalecki's discussion of the determinants of changes in the degree of monopoly analyzing, in turn, the influences of capacity utilization, industry characteristics, the importance of overhead costs, and the power of trade unions. It shows that a rich variety of dynamic outcomes can follow from the analysis of growth-distribution interactions and points to the importance of distinguishing between short-term and more long-term dynamics.
Advanced catalyst technology and applications for high quality fuels and lubricants

Abstract Within the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, catalysts provide the opportunity for drop-in solutions for addressing ever more stringent product quality and environmental specifications. Improved catalysts have also been instrumental in debottlenecking many refining and chemical processes. In order to stay competitive, many companies are focused on taking advantage of higher activity and more selective catalysts to facilitate “capacity creep”. Increasingly, these catalyst advances stem from the commitment to develop and nurture active materials platforms. ExxonMobil has focused its platform efforts in several areas including micro- and mesoporous molecular sieves, supported metals, and mixed metal oxides and sulfides. The recently announced alliance between ExxonMobil and Symyx Technologies, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) is a further step in the company's commitment to strengthen its materials platforms.
Learning by teaching with virtual peers and the effects of technological design choices on learning

Advancements in technology have brought about new forms of learning and online instruction that allow communication through virtual representations without physically meeting in person. This study builds on previous work involving recursive feedback that tests the hypothesis that an important facet of learning-by-teaching is the opportunity to watch one's pupil perform. Sixty graduate students examined the value of recursive feedback that occurred when tutors observed their pupil subsequently apply what they had been taught. The study took place in the virtual environment Second Life where adults tutored another adult about human biology through their virtual representations. The tutors who observed their pupil avatar interact with an examiner exhibited superior learning relative to several control conditions that included learning-by-teaching elements but not recursive feedback. The second study examined the effect of popular design choices on recursive feedback during learning-by-teaching (e.g., customization, look-alike features). The customization condition involved tutoring a pupil avatar that the participant customized prior to the study and observing the pupil avatar answer questions. The doppelganger look-alike condition involved tutoring a pupil avatar that looked like the participant and observing the pupil avatar answer questions. Results showed that conscious awareness of look-alike features and the extent to which one customizes the pupil avatar influences learning.
Autocrine fibroblast growth factor 2-mediated interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells and the extracellular matrix under varying oxygen tension.

Human mesenchymal stromal or stem cells (hMSCs) are being investigated for cell therapy in a wide range of diseases. MSCs are a potent source of trophic factors and actively remodel their immediate microenvironment through the secretion of bioactive factors in response to external stimuli such as oxygen tension. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that hypoxia influences hMSC properties in part through the regulation of extracellular milieu characterized by the extracellular matrix (ECM) matrices and the associated fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). The decellularized ECM matrices derived from hMSC culture under both hypoxic (e.g., 2% O2) and the standard culture (e.g., 20% O2) conditions have different binding capacities to the cell-secreted and exogenenous FGF-2. The reduced hMSC proliferation in the presence of FGF-2 inhibitor and the differential capacity of the decellularized ECM matrices in regulating hMSC osteogeneic and adipogenic differentiation suggest an important role of the endogenous FGF-2 in sustaining hMSC proliferation and regulating hMSC fate. Additionally, the combination of the ECM adhesion and hypoxic culture preserved hMSC viability under serum withdrawal. Together, the results suggest the synergistic effect of hypoxia and the ECM matrices in sustaining hMSC ex vivo expansion and preserving their multi-potentiality and viability under nutrient depletion. The results have important implication in optimizing hMSC expansion and delivery strategies to obtain hMSCs in sufficient quantity with required potency and to enhance survival and function upon transplantation. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 716–727, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular approaches to treatments for cocaine abuse

Abstract Cocaine is a potent stimulant of the central nervous system with severe addiction potential. Its abuse is a major problem worldwide. The exact mechanism of action of cocaine is still uncertain but it is known that its reinforcing and stimulant effects are related to its ability to inhibit the membrane bound dopamine transporter (DAT). This paper discusses efforts that are underway to identify ligands for possible use in the treatment of cocaine abuse. Much of this effort has been focussed on understanding cocaine interactions at DAT receptor sites.
Concepts of Competence: Reinventing the Scale?

I appreciate Ms. Bank's letter and her clarification of my statement that the Ombudsman's office is "available to be called on by anyone suspecting elder abuse." That is precisely what 52:27G7.1(c) says. On the other hand, Ms. Banks is quite correct in pointing out that the Ombudsman's authority to act is limited to a statutory definition of "facility" that seems to include everything (nursing homes, special hospitals, veterans' hospitals and mental hospitals) except acute care hospitals. We agree that the statute would be more protective of elderly persons if the Ombudsman did have authority to investigate complaints originating in acute care hospitals as well, and an amendment to this effect is
Project Assignments When Budget Padding Taints Resource Allocation

This paper shows that rotation programs can be an effective response to concerns of employee budget padding. Rotation programs naturally create a “portfolio” of assignments for each manager, and the resulting diversification can reduce the downside of resource rationing. In particular, the production versus rents trade-off linked with adverse selection problems can be more efficiently carried out when the firm faces two managers with average information advantages, rather than one with a large advantage and one with a small advantage. Roughly stated, rotation of project assignments is a way of smoothing information across managers. On the other hand, if a firm places a premium on treating different types of projects in distinct ways, specialized assignments can be preferred due to the ability to confine project types to individual managers.
Management of advanced pancreatic cancer

Each year, approximately 37,000 new patients are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (PC) in the USA. The incidence has been increasing since the 1930s. Prognosis of PC is extremely poor. In the USA, approximately 34,000 patients die from PC each year, making it the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. The 5-year overall survival rate for advanced pancreatic cancer is less than 5%. Poor prognosis has been attributed to the inability to diagnose, while the tumor is resectable and its propensity toward early vascular dissemination and spread to regional lymph nodes. One of the greatest challenges in the treatment of pancreatic cancer remains its inherent lack of beneficial response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. For inoperable PC, gemcitabine is the only cytotoxic agent approved by the US FDA since 1997. Several trials have evaluated whether there is any benefit for gemcitabine-based combinations, including molecular targeted agents, over gemcitabine alone. Although several of these have shown ...
Tunable white light-emission of a CaW 1− x Mo x O 4 :Tm 3+ , Tb 3+ , Eu 3+ phosphor prepared by a Pechini sol–gel method

A white light-emitting CaW1−x Mo x O4:Tm3+, Tb3+, Eu3+ phosphor was prepared by a Pechini sol–gel method. The incorporation of Mo6+ into the CaWO4 host matrix can broaden its excitation range and promote tunability to its emission. When the CaW1−x Mo x O4 system is triply-doped with Tm3+, Tb3+, and Eu3+ ions, energy transfer occurs from both WO4 2− and MoO4 2− groups to Tm3+ and Tb3+ ions. A significant red-shift in the excitation of Eu3+ allows the resulting emission to be tunable between cool, natural, and warm white light by varying the excitation wavelength. The undoped and triply-doped CaW1−x Mo x O4 phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, and CIE chromaticity (x, y) coordinates.
A class of weakly stationary non-Gaussian models

Abstract Two models are developed for real-valued, weakly stationary non-Gaussian processes using the spectral representation X ( t ) = ∫ 0 ∞ [ cos ( ν t ) d M 1 ( ν ) + sin ( ν t ) d M 2 ( ν ) ] . The processes M i , i = 1 , 2 , in this representation are (1) square integrable martingales defined as functions H n ( B i ( ν ) , ν ) , ν ≥ 0 , depending on Hermite polynomials of independent Brownian motions B i , i = 1 , 2 , or (2) have increments d M i ( ν ) = G i ( ν ) d B i ( ν ) , ν ≥ 0 , where G i are processes with finite variance independent of B i , i = 1 , 2 . It is shown that the models can be calibrated to any target spectral density. Efficient methods are developed for calculating their higher order statistics. Features and limitations of the proposed models are illustrated by numerical examples. Monte Carlo algorithms for generating non-Gaussian samples based on the models in the paper resemble classical spectral representation-based algorithms for generating stationary Gaussian samples.