cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of backpropagation neural networks and statistical techniques for analysis of geological features in Landsat imagery

Backpropagation neural networks have been developed for detection of geological lineaments in the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery of the Canadian Shield using edge images as input and digitized lineament maps as the desired output. Lineament detection is a challenging problem for traditional image processing and pattern recognition techniques. Many linear features observable in geological image data do not represent lineaments, and the presence and extent of lineaments must be inferred from contextual information. In order to compare the ability of neural networks and conventional classifiers to recognize lineaments prior to performing edge/line element grouping operations, various gradient and curvature features are extracted from the image data set. Selected features from this group formed the inputs to backpropagation neural networks, linear discriminant classifiers, and nearest-neighbor classifiers. The neural network results were compared with the results obtained using conventional classifiers for sample training and test sets. The trained neural network was then applied to the edge image to mask out those edge points which had been classified as non- lineament points.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stop Preaching to the Choir, Publish Outside the Box: A Discussion.

In this article, I comment on Normand’s, Vyse’s, Friman’s, Schlinger’s, and Reed’s articles on publishing books, journal articles, letters to the editor, and columns outside of behavior analysis, that is, “outside the box,” as well as communicating with editors, authors, and journalists. Among the topics I address are the prerequisite repertoires and these authors’ guidance (e.g., task analyses), as well as technical terms and language and the many opportunities available to us, yet also caveats about how, whether, and when we should publish outside the box. In the process, I include lessons I have learned from submitting my own manuscripts outside the box and suggestions I have gleaned from my failures and successes. In conclusion, if the field values publishing outside the box, then, it should analyze the necessary repertoires and provide systematic instruction in them.
Fold-to-Fault Progression of a Major Thrust Zone Revealed in Horses of the North Mountain Fault Zone, Virginia and West Virginia, USA

The method of emplacement and sequential deformation of major thrust zones may be deciphered by detailed geologic mapping of these important structures. Thrust fault zones may have added complexity when horse blocks are contained within them. However, these horses can be an important indicator of the fault development holding information on fault-propagation folding or fold-to-fault progression. The North Mountain fault zone of the Central Appalachians, USA, was studied in order to better understand the relationships of horse blocks to hanging wall and footwall structures. The North Mountain fault zone in northwestern Virginia and eastern panhandle of West Virginia is the Late Mississippian to Permian Alleghanian structure that developed after regional-scale folding. Evidence for this deformation sequence is a consistent progression of right-side up to overturned strata in horses within the fault zone. Rocks on the southeast side (hinterland) of the zone are almost exclusively right-side up, whereas rocks on the northwest side (foreland) of the zone are almost exclusively overturned. This suggests that the fault zone developed along the overturned southeast limb of a syncline to the northwest and the adjacent upright limb of a faulted anticline to the southeast.
Fibrillation threshold of a patient with myocardial infarction treated with a fixed-rate pacemaker: Case report

Abstract A case is reported of a 45-year-old man with an acute myocardial infarction and third degree A-V block. The patient was treated with a fixed-rate pacemaker, and ventricular fibrillation resulted during competition between the pacemaker rhythm and the patient's sinus rhythm. The current and voltage characteristics of the pacemaker were studied with the catheter electrode in saline and in the right ventricle of a dog. The current ranged from 9.0 Ma. to 14 Ma. This study suggests that the fibrillation threshold of patients with heart disease is considerably lower than that of “normal” laboratory animals.
Visual processing of moving stimuli.

This review covers a period bracketed by two OSA Symposia—“Vision under Stabilized Image Conditions,” held in San Francisco in 1978, and “Motion and Vision in Man and Machine,” held in New Orleans in 1983—during which image stabilization came of age as a standard technique of visual psychophysics. It seems clear that the first spatiotemporal signal-processing step in the visual system depends on image motion; e.g., a constant velocity effectively provides the mathematical convolution of stimulus patterns with retinal receptive fields. Thus the motion of the stimulus pattern at the retina is an important experimental variable over which we have only recently gained full control. We can now replace the haphazard behavior of the subject’s natural eye movements by simpler forms of motion that are known and controlled by the experimenter. Results obtained in our laboratory with such stabilized fixation control include threshold measurements for moving lines and gratings, comparison of contrast sensitivities with natural and artificial eye movements, effects of orientation on moving-grating thresholds, models of the stabilized spatiotemporal threshold surface, and effects of retinal inhomogeneity on selectivity for spatial frequency and velocity. Other experiments, too numerous to include here, have also used these techniques.
Understanding e-mail addresses

Electronic mail, with its gamut of benefits and advantages, can still cause some share of tribulation, especially when one tries to get a message to someone on a seemingly far-out network, or when that someone tries to send mail in return. This is the first in a series of articles designed to help the typical UIUCnet user understand the e-mail address environment.
Bidirectional dpsk transmission of 16 × 10-Gb/s dwdm channels over 80-km SMF-28 using semiconductor optical amplifiers

A constant-intensity modulation format such as differential phase-shift-keying is in principle immune to XGM-induced crosstalk in SOAs. We report the reduction of crosstalk in a bidirectional system and successfully realize 16 × 10-Gb/s DWDM signals transmission over 80-km SMF-28 using a DPSK modulation format for the first time. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 525–527, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21036
Gender and motivation

Abstract The role of gender in shaping achievement motivation has a long history in psychological and educational research. In this review, gender differences in motivation are examined using four contemporary theories of achievement motivation, including attribution, expectancy-value, self-efficacy, and achievement goal perspectives. Across all theories, findings indicate girls' and boys' motivation-related beliefs and behaviors continue to follow gender role stereotypes. Boys report stronger ability and interest beliefs in mathematics and science, whereas girls have more confidence and interest in language arts and writing. Gender effects are moderated by ability, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and classroom context. Additionally, developmental research indicates that gender differences in motivation are evident early in school, and increase for reading and language arts over the course of school. The role of the home and school environment in the development of these gender patterns is examined. Important implications for school professionals are highlighted.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NAD VINYLOGUE, 3-PYRIDYLACRYLOAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE

The vinylogue of NAD, 3-pyridylacryloamide adenine dinucleotide, was prepared from NAD and 3-pyridylacryloamide through the snake venom NADase-catalyzed transglycosidation reaction. The analog, purified by ion-exchange chromatography, was obtained in a 55% yield. The cyanide adduct and reduced form of the analog exhibited absorbance maxima at 358 nm and 378 nm, respectively, with extinction coefficients in each case being 2.3-times higher than those reported for the corresponding NAD derivatives. 3-Pyridylacryloamide adenine dinucleotide served as a coenzyme with bovine liver glutamic dehydrogenase and to a lesser extent with malate and lactate dehydrogenases. The analog was not reduced in reactions catalyzed by yeast and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenases, sheep liver sorbitol dehydrogenase, and rabbit muscle glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Substitution of the pyridylacryloamide analogs for NAD and NADH in the assay of substrates for glutamic dehydrogenase was demonstrated.
Positive exchange bias and upward magnetic relaxation in a Fe-film/CoO- nanoparticle hybrid system

Unusual positive exchange bias found in Fe/CoOx nanoparticle bilayer films is correlated to a characteristic magnetic spin-glass (SG) in CoOx, with the SG magnetization coupled antiparallel with the Fe magnetization upon field cooling. This SG magnetization has strong field- and time-dependence which displays unusual upward magnetic relaxation behavior in thermoremanent magnetization measurements. The antiparallel coupling is shown to result predominantly from the antiferromagnetic superexchange of the Fe2+-O-Co3+ couple, of the oxygen-terminated CoOx at the interface. These experimental results reveal the possibility of manipulating the exchange bias effect via an indirect exchange coupling mechanism.
Recent advances in palaeomycology

summary The fossil record is a long-neglected source of valuable information concerning the diversity, structure, evolution and activities of ancient fungi. However, interest in these organisms has increased in recent years as their importance in a wide variety of interactions with plants, animals and the geological environment has been recognized. Evidence from the fossil record now implicates fungi in such processes as the establishment of terrestrial plants, degradation of lignin in Devonian forests, parasitic relationships with plants and animals, and the development of ancient soils. Although fossil fungi remain difficult to study, their geological record is rich and rewarding. Recent advances in the study of fungi from the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic (exclusive of palynological research) are presented in this review.
9: Promoting Professional Teamwork

Teamwork is the most popular method of treatment design and delivery in child and youth care work. In this chapter several of the structural ingredients and human conditions that are needed to implement teams are outlined. A method for teaching teamwork to students and practitioners is also presented.
The Impact of Congenital Deafblindness on the Struggle to Symbolism

Most children who are congenitally deafblind are severely delayed in their communication development and many will not achieve symbolic understanding and expression. This article discusses developmental markers cited in the research literature as predictive of or facilitative of the development of symbolism. These markers include the growth toward more abstract representations, the rate of intentional communication, joint attention to objects and others, achievement of abstract play, consonantal and interactive vocalisations, distal gesture, varied early vocabulary and categories, use of varied cues for recall, object permanence, 1:1 correspondence, cause–effect, discrimination skills, and imitation. The impact of congenital deafblindness on the achievement of these milestones is presented, along with compensatory strategies to support the child’s development.
Benzodiazepines and hypnotics

Benzodiazepines and so-called ‘Z’ drugs are used as hypnotics. Their mode of action is to enhance the activity of central γ-aminobutyric acid. Adverse effects include anterograde amnesia and paradoxical reactions. Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal symptoms can develop, which can be minimized by intermittent dosing. Concurrent administration with central nervous system (CNS) depressants is not recommended as this produces additive CNS effects. Melatonin is also used as a hypnotic.
Computerlinguistik, Linguistik und künstliche Intelligenz

Als Sprecher des Deutschen kann ich jeden Linguisten, der in einer mir bedeutsam erscheinenden Beziehung zum Computer steht, einen Computerlinguisten nennen. Die Bildung solcher Nominalkomposita gehort ja zu den produktivsten Regeln unserer Morphologie. Dabei kann ich gar bereits eingefuhrte Bedeutungen des Kompositums ubergehen — wer wollte mir schon verbieten, einen Bauernhof an der Bahnstrecke einfach den Bahnhof zu nennen.
Dipsogenic effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in rats.

Abstract The precursor of serotonin, l-5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), is a potent dipsogen in the rat. Peripheral administration of increasing doses of this compound increased water intake in a dosedependent fashion. Peripheral administration of other analogs of tryptophan, including d-tryptophan, l-tryptophan and acetyltryptophan, failed to affect water intake at a dose at which 5HTP induced maximal drinking (25 mg/kg, SC). The dipsogenic effect of melatonin, one of the metabolites of serotonin, was also tested. At any of 6 different doses (0.5 to 50 mg/kg, SC), melatonin failed to affect water intake in the rat. The mechanism by which 5HTP induces drinking is not known with certainty but could involve its conversion to serotonin, a known dipsogenic agent.
A Controllability Criterion for a Class of Linear Systems

A linear system is completely controllable if for any initial state a control can be found to take the state of the system to the origin of the state space. Present criteria for testing linear systems for controllability require knowing the weighting function matrix of the linear system. In this paper a new criterion is presented which is applicable to a broad class of linear systems defined by linear n-dimensional ordinary vector-matrix differential equations; for this criterion only the coefficient matrices of the differential equation need to be known.
Tariff bindings and bilateral cooperation on export cartels

Abstract Despite the negative international externalities that they generate, export cartels are legal in many countries. We use a repeated game approach to analyze cooperation between a low-income country (LIC) and its high-income country (HIC) trade partner where the HIC agrees to prevent its industry from organizing as an export cartel in return for a combination of improved market access (i.e. a tariff reduction) and a transfer from the LIC. If the LIC is subject to a tariff binding (say because of an existing trade agreement), the transfer it pays to the HIC increases and the scope for bilateral cooperation declines.
Why do people seek reassurance and check repeatedly? An investigation of factors involved in compulsive behavior in OCD and depression

Excessive reassurance-seeking (ERS) is a common problem among both obsessive-compulsive and depressed populations. However, the content and cognitive processes involved in ERS may differ in these populations according to the unique cognitive and behavioral characteristics demonstrated by each group. To assess factors involved in the onset, maintenance and termination of ERS and repeated checking, the current investigation employed a semi-structured interview with non-depressed obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) respondents (n=15), clinically depressed individuals without OCD (n=15), and healthy control participants (n=20). Results showed that whereas individuals with OCD reported seeking reassurance primarily about perceived general threats (e.g., fire, theft), the depressed group reported seeking reassurance primarily about perceived social threats (e.g., abandonment, loss of support). Clinical participants reported greater anxiety, sadness and perceived threat in association with ERS and repeated checking than healthy control participants. These findings are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioral models of OCD and depression.
Joint design of routing and medium access control for hybrid mobile ad hoc networks

Efficient routing and medium access control (MAC) are very important for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Most existing routing and MAC protocols consider homogeneous ad hoc networks, in which all nodes are modeled as the same, i.e., they have the same communication capabilities and characteristics. Although a homogeneous network model is simple and easy to analyze, it misses important characteristics of many realistic MANETs such as military battlefield ad hoc networks. In addition, a homogeneous ad hoc network suffers from poor performance and scalability. In many ad hoc networks, multiple types of nodes do co-exist; and some nodes have larger transmission power, higher transmission data rate, and better processing capability, are more reliable and robust than other nodes. Hence, a hybrid network model is more realistic and provides many advantages for designing better routing and MAC protocols. In this paper, we present a new routing protocol called Hybrid Routing, which is specifically designed for hybrid MANETs. In addition, a novel MAC protocol is jointly designed for hybrid MANETs. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed routing MAC protocols have very good performance.
High Resolution Distributed Strain or Temperature Measurements in Single-and Multi-mode Fiber Using Swept-Wavelength Interferometry

We describe use of swept-wavelength interferometry for distributed fiber-optic strain and temperature sensing in single mode and gradient index multimode fiber. The method is used to measure strain in a four-strand multimode cable under twist.
Acculturation, attachment, and psychosocial adjustment of Chinese/Taiwanese international students.

On the basis of a process model of acculturation (Berry, Kim, Minde, & Mok, 1987) and the concept of secure base for interpersonal exploration in adult attachment (Bowlby, 1988), this study hypothesized that sociocultural adjustment difficulties and psychological distress of Chinese international students (N = 104) living in the United States would be positively associated with attachment avoidance and anxiety and negatively associated with both acculturation to the U.S. culture and identification with the home culture. Survey packets contained the Experiences in Close Relationships scale, the Acculturation Index, the Socio-Cultural Adaptation Scale, and the Brief Symptom Inventory-18. Results suggested that attachment anxiety was negatively associated with students' acculturation to U.S. culture, and that attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and acculturation to U.S. culture were significant predictors for students' psychosocial adjustment.
Gray power: Next challenge to business?

The need for the organization to heed early warning signs of social change has become the message of the 1970s. Joseph Nolan, a former senior vice-president of the Chase Manhattan Bank, has told business leaders: "The recent past is littered with examples of business's inability to perceive social and political trends before they become issues of great public concern." His solution? A systematic effort to detect relevant clues.1 This article will examine the early warning signs which give evidence that "seniors" (as the sixty-five-and-over group is now called by professionals in the social services) will be the next group to make demands on the business system. If the specter of white-haired pickets outside his store or factory does not pique the interest of a manager, perhaps the possibility of nationwide retirement clubs spreading the word about a boycot t of his products will. Fantasy? Lunatic fringe? Or future reality? The following review of material from diverse sources may shed some light on the issue of the retirement-age consumer versus business.
Ambient sites: making tangible the subtle, ephemeral and seemingly silent

Ambient Sites are proximal. At our fingertips, under the soles of our feet, along the edge of a cheek, they are characterized by the permeability of boundaries, the sudden awareness of movement, texture, or sound. Commonplace sensory minutiae remain so in part because we perceive them to be diminutive, fleeting or indistinct -- mist upon a window, the raised nap of a towel, momentary contact of heel and toe and cool floor. What happens when we amplify and make tangible our perception of the subtle, the ephemeral and the seemingly silent? In this studio we will explore varied modes of attuning to and making tangible aspects of the everyday that are intimate in scale and inconspicuous in presence. We will use open source technology and everyday materials to prototype a participatory installation and to compose sensory and affective experiences that magnify, amplify and re-scale our perceptions of the sonic, the tactile and the intermittently visible.
Dating late Pleistocene pluvial events and tephras by correlating paleomagnetic secular variation records from the western Great Basin

Abstract Paleomagnetic records are used to correlate sedimentary sequences from pluvial Lakes Chewaucan and Russell in the western Great Basin. This correlation is the basis for age control in the relatively poorly dated sequence from Lake Chewaucan. The resulting chronology supports a lack of sedimentation in Lake Chewaucan during the interval 27,400 to 23,200 yr B.P., an assertion supported by the presence of a lag deposit at the corresponding stratigraphic horizon. Because the Lake Chewaucan outcrop (near Summer Lake, Oregon) is near the bottom of the lake basin, we conclude that Lake Chewaucan was at a lowstand during this time interval. The Chewaucan lowstand is coeval with the lowstand accompanying the Wizard's Beach Recession (isotope stage 3) previously seen in the geologic record from nearby pluvial Lake Lahontan. The ages of six tephra layers, including the Trego Hot Springs tephra, were also estimated using the paleomagnetic correlation. Together, the new age of the Trego Hot Springs tephra (21,800 yr B.P.) and the lake surface level prehistory of Lake Chewaucan imply a revised model for the lake surface level prehistory of Lake Lahontan. The revised model includes a longer duration for the Wizard's Beach Recession and the occurrence of a younger lowstand of short duration soon after the lowstand corresponding to the Wizard's Beach Recession.
Effect of molecular weight distribution and branching on the viscosity of polyethylene melts

The effects of molecular weight distribution and branching on the viscosity of polyethylene melts were studied by making mixtures of paraffin wax with 0 to 100% of various types of high and low density polyethylenes of known weight-average molecular weights, Mw and measuring their Newtonian melt viscosity at 150°C. The range of molecular weights from about 400 to 106 gave about a billionfold range in the viscosities (10−2 to 10+7 poises). The results showed that the melt viscosity did not vary with Mw3.4, since samples with the same Mw might differ by up to 100,000-fold in viscosity. An analysis of the flow process in melts suggested that the viscosity-average molecular weight Mv might be more significant than the Mw. Within the accuracy of our knowledge of the initial molecular weight, the viscosities of all mixtures having viscosities above about 10 poises fit the equation where w1 and w2 are the weight fractions, and M1 and M2 are the molecular weights of the paraffin and polyethylene, respectively, and Mv is a viscosity-average molecular weight of the mixture. Theory and experiment show that the value of α may be obtained without any knowledge of the initial molecular weight, from the slope of the curve for log η0 versus log concentration at small concentrations of wax. Polyethylenes with large amounts of long-chain branching had low values of α (down to about 0.25), while polymers with relatively little long-chain branching had values of α up to about 0.8. Where the comparisons could be made, the value of α determined from a polymer melt was surprisingly close (∼ +0.15) to the value of α in the intrinsic viscosity equation for the same polyethylene dissolved in paraffin wax.
Replication and Extension of P50 Findings in Schizophrenia

In a paired click "conditioning (S1), Testing (S2)" paradigm the amplitudes of responses to (S1) as well as the degree of attenuation of S2 as compared to S1 (S2/S1) were studied in two schizophrenic groups. Thirteen undifferentiated/disorganized (US) and thirteen paranoid (PS) patients were compared to thirteen age and sex matched normal volunteers. The US patients had significantly lower (S1) response amplitudes (P less than 0.001), as well as degree of attenuation of the response to (S2) (P less than 0.001) than the other two groups. No significant differences were found between the PS and N groups. Our data replicates the prior finding of decreased attenuation of the amplitude of the P50 wave in a paired click paradigm in schizophrenia. In addition, we showed that this phenomenon is significant mainly in the disorganized/undifferentiated patients as compared to the paranoid schizophrenics.
Growth And Characterization Of Wide Gap II-VI Heterostructures

At this time there is evident a sharp increase of interest in the II-VI class of semiconducting compounds largely due to recent success in the growth of these materials by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). One of the more important areas for application of high quality II-VI films is infrared imaging where CdTe deposited by MBE onto GaAs substrates is proposed as the substrate for subsequent HgCdTe and HgTe/CdTe superlattice deposition. Moreover, interest in the widegap II-VI compounds is stimulated by the need for electronically addressable flat panel display devices, and for the development of wide gap (blue) LED and injection laser devices. For applications in the blue portion of the visible spec-trum, ZnSe and ZnS have long been favored candidates. Very high quality ZnSe has recently been grown by MBE. The photoluminescence spectra of the MBE-grown ZnSe samples grown at Purdue and elsewhere strongly suggests that, in many cases, the film quality exceeds that obtainable in bulk form. In addition to the conventional II-VI materials, a new class of materials called diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are currently receiving considerable attention. DMS are II-VI semiconductors such as CdTe or ZnSe with a fraction of the group II element substituted by a magnetic transition element such as Mn. The incorporation of Mn leads to very large magneto-optic effects, of the order of several hundred times that exhibited by conventional semiconductors of comparable bandgap. An especially significant feature of II-VI DMS materials is the increase in bandgap resulting from Mn incorporation. The bandgap increases with Mn mole fraction in a manner similar to the effect of Al in the (Ga,A1)As system, and with similar implications to the creation of quantum well structures and superlattices.
Determining Intramolecular Binding Sites on Surface-Bound von Willebrand Factor Under Aqueous Conditions

The results described in this report demonstrate the feasibility of using AFM in combination with immuno-gold labeling to investigate the accessibility of various binding sites on vWF and to localize the binding site within a vWF multimer. With the aid of monoclonal antibodies [5, 11 and 23] it should be possible to use this approach to perform a quantitative assessment of the differential accessibility of various binding sites on vWF. This should allow localization and quantification of binding sites within the observed tertiary structure of the vWF, providing a measure of the accessibility, a point of reference with which the tertiary structure of vWF could be correlated to the primary sequence, and a means to determine the structural features of the antibody binding regions under physiologic buffer conditions. There are a number of obvious questions that are not addressed here: The role of different biologic and artificial surfaces; time-dependent effects; vWF orientation with respect to different thrombogenic surfaces; and the location of critical binding sites, such as for platelet GPIalpha and GPIIb-IIIa binding regions in the hydrated tertiary structure of vWF. Nevertheless, the work described in this report provides essential groundwork that should provide a novel basis on which to explore the molecular steps, both structural and functional, of vWF in thrombus development. In a wider sense, this experimental approach is applicable to structure-function studies on a wide variety of proteins in physiologic environments.
Effects of deposition parameters on residual stresses, hardness and electrical resistivity of nanoscale twinned 330 stainless steel thin films

We have explored the influence of sputtering parameters on the structural, mechanical, and electrical properties of nanoscale twinned 330 stainless steel thin films. As the residual stress in the film is changed from tensile to compressive by varying the growth conditions, the nanoscale twinned structure, the average columnar grain size and texture of the film show little or no change. Hardness of the film in compression reaches 7GPa, compared to about 5.5GPa in films with high residual tension, and an order of magnitude higher than that of bulk 330 stainless steel. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that twin boundaries pose a strong barrier to glide dislocation transmission under applied in-plane biaxial loading, consistent with the GPa level strengths measured in these films. The increase in the room temperature electrical resistivity of these films, compared to bulk 330 stainless steel, is found to be small, indicating that nanoscale twinned structures may provide the best combination of high mec...
Anxious exposure: A cross‐cultural critique of a cross‐cultural treatment

Abstract This paper presents the case of a 9‐year‐old African American male who received psychotherapy from an Anglo‐American social worker. She describes her effort to provide active cross‐cultural treatment. Her colleague, an African American social worker, offers her critique of this work. The authors discuss the challenges of communicating cross‐culturally about treatment and provide a “diary” of the process.
Properties of the Reticuloendothelial System of the Cat

SummaryIntravascular phagocytic clearance of colloidal carbon and a “RE-test-lipid emulsion” was comparable to that reported for the rat, mouse, and dogs. Clearance of′ a RE-test-lipid emulsion 3 hr after injection of an initial dose was markedly depressed. However, preopsonization of the emulsion with normal cat plasma prior to injection significantly prevented this depression. Phagocytosis of cat liver slices in vitro was found to be dependent on the amount of normal cat plasma in the incubation medium. As the concentration of plasma in the incubation medium was increased, the degree of phagocytic uptake of the RE-test-lipid emulsion increased proportionately. Heat treatment of normal cat plasma destroyed its phagocytic supporting property. Finally, it was found that hemorrhagic hypotension results in about a 50% depression in the clearance of colloidal carbon as compared to nonhemorrhaged controls. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that serum opsonins and/or RES-dependent substances may be...
2-Nitroimipramine: A selective irreversible inhibitor of [3H] serotonin uptake and [3H] imipramine binding in platelets

The effect(s) of a new imipramine analogue, 2-nitroimipramine, on high affinity [3H] imipramine binding and [3H] serotonin uptake in human platelets were studied. 2-Nitroimipramine was found not only to be a very potent inhibitor of [3H] imipramine binding and [3H] serotonin uptake but was found to irreversibly inhibit binding and uptake simultaneously. This finding supports previous observations from our laboratory and others that high affinity imipramine binding labels serotonin uptake or transport sites. 2-Nitroimipramine should prove an important tool for subsequent studies of the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the transport of serotonin and the binding of imipramine to platelet and brain membranes.
Studies on the metabolism of acetate by acetate-requiring mutants of Neurospora crassa☆

Abstract 1. 1. Resting cultures of an acetate-requiring mutant accumulate pyruvic acid and acetylmethylcarbinol when shaken in buffer with glucose or acetate. 2. 2. The methyl carbon of acetate is incorporated into the pyruvate and the acetylmethylcarbinol; the carboxyl carbon enters the pyruvate but not the acetylmethylcarbinol. Neurospora can incorporate CO 2 into pyruvic acid. 3. 3. Sodium fluoroacetate inhibits acetate oxidation and mycelial growth. Fluoroacetate-inhibited cultures accumulate citrate. 4. 4. The methyl carbon of acetate appears as CO 2 as readily in acetate-requiring mutants which are unable to oxidize pyruvic acid as in the wild-type. 5. 5. “Succinate” mutants will grow adaptively on much smaller quantities of acetate than required by the “acetate” mutants. 6. 6. It is considered likely that Neurospora ordinarily oxidizes acetate via a tricarboxylic acid cycle, but that a dicarboxylic acid cycle might operate under certain conditions. 7. 7. Acetate inhibits the accumulation of pyruvate from glucose by acetate-requiring mutants.
Efficient nonlinear phase shifts due to cascaded second-order processes in a counterpropagating quasi-phase-matched configuration.

A counterpropagating quasi-phase-matched configuration is examined that is capable of efficiently producing second-order cascaded nonlinear phase shifts with minimal power lost to the second harmonic. For all-optical switching in a nonlinear Mach–Zehnder interferometer, the calculated minimum input power needed for switching (i.e., to yield a ±π/2 phase shift) is 40 times smaller than the power needed in the standard type I copropagating configuration. The throughput of this counterpropagating device is 96% at the optimum switching point.
Progress towards increased understanding and control of internal transport barriers in DIII-D

Substantial progress has been made towards both understanding and control of internal transport barriers (ITBs) on DIII-D, resulting in the discovery of a new sustained high performance operating mode termed the quiescent double barrier (QDB) regime. The QDB regime combines core transport barriers with a quiescent ELM-free H mode edge (termed QH mode), giving rise to separate (double) core and edge transport barriers. The core and edge barriers are mutually compatible and do not merge, resulting in broad core profiles with an edge pedestal. The QH mode edge is characterized by ELM-free behaviour with continuous multiharmonic MHD activity in the pedestal region and has provided density and radiated power control for longer than 3.5 s (25τE) with divertor pumping. QDB plasmas are long pulse high performance candidates, having maintained a βNH89 product of 7 for five energy confinement times (Ti≤16 keV, βN≤2.9, H89≤2.4, τE≤150 ms, DD neutron rate Sn≤4×1015 s-1). The QDB regime has only been obtained in counter-NBI discharges (injection antiparallel to the plasma current) with divertor pumping. Other results include successful expansion of the ITB radius using (separately) both impurity injection and counter-NBI, and the formation of ITBs in the electron thermal channel using both ECH and strong negative central shear (NCS) at high power. These results are interpreted within a theoretical framework in which turbulence suppression is the key to ITB formation and control, and a decrease in core turbulence is observed in all cases of ITB formation.
Cancer cells cultured within collagen I hydrogels exhibit an in vivo solid tumor phenotype

Cells cultured within a 3D environment acquire phenotypes and respond to stimuli analogous to in vivo development. This approach can be applied to the study of tumorigenesis in vitro. In this study, collagen I hydrogels were engineered as a platform for in vitro solid tumor development. Cell seeding density, scaffold thickness, and matrix stiffness were varied to characterize the development of a hypoxic environment and necrotic core as well as the expression of a key angiogenic factor in breast cancer cells cultured within collagen I hydrogels. Limitations in oxygen and nutrient diffusion through the collagen I matrix along with competition among cells resulted in necrosis at the core of the tumor constructs and upregulation of both HIF-1a and VEGF-A gene expression. Constructs with a higher cell seeding density and greater thickness exhibited development of a necrotic core more rapidly than constructs where diffusion and competition were not deterrents. The results presented in this study demonstrate the capacity of collagen I hydrogels for facilitating development of tumor constructs that are representative of in vivo solid tumor progression.
Stomas continent and incontinent.

Urinary diversion is not a subject for dogmatic or didactic teaching. It requires a wide repertoire of management, ranging from non-operative conservative treatment to aggressive major surgical procedures, in dealing with a common urological problem.
Robust Decentralized Control for Nonlinear Interconnected Systems using Optimal Control

A decentralized control law for a class of nonlinear interconnected system is proposed. This control law is derived by solving a local optimal control problem for each isolated subsystem with an appropriate performance index. It is also shown that the proposed decentralized control is the solution of an optimal control problem for the global system with an appropriate performance index.
Cognitive–behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders in clinical practice: A meta-analysis of effectiveness studies.

The efficacy of cognitive– behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety in adults is well established. In the present study, the authors examined whether CBT tested under well-controlled conditions generalizes to less-controlled, real-world circumstances. Fifty-six effectiveness studies of CBT for adult anxiety disorders were located and synthesized. Meta-analytic effect sizes are presented for disorder-specific symptom measures as well as symptoms of generalized anxiety and depression for each disorder, and benchmarked to results from randomized controlled trials. All pretest–posttest effect sizes for disorderspecific symptom measures were large, suggesting that CBT for adult anxiety disorders is effective in clinically representative conditions. Six studies included a control group, and between-groups comparisons yielded large effect sizes for disorder-specific symptoms in favor of CBT. Benchmarking indicated that results from effectiveness studies were in the range of those obtained in selected efficacy trials. To test whether studies that are more representative of clinical settings have smaller effect sizes, the authors coded studies for 9 criteria for clinical representativeness. Results indicate an inverse relationship between clinical representativeness and outcome, but the magnitude of the relationship is quite small.
Glucosamine sulfate for osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE:To characterize the usefulness of glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis (OA).DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION:Pertinent citations were identified via a MEDLINE search (January 1975–March 1997). Only trials available in the English language involving human subjects, OA, and glucosamine sulfate were selected for review.DATA SYNTHESIS:OA is the most common form of arthritis and represents a major cause of morbidity and disability in the elderly. The main symptom of OA is pain and most of the commonly prescribed medications (e.g, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) have been targeted at relieving the pain. Some of these medications have serious adverse effects and do not necessarily change the natural course of the disease. Glucosamine sulfate, a nutritional supplement, has recently emerged as an alternative treatment option for patients with OA. The beneficial effects of this chondroprotective agent have been reported to reverse or at least stop the pr...
An Experimental Study of Consumption of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus by Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides when Alternative Prey Are Available

Fish spines can impede predation by gape-limited predators by increasing the difficulty and danger of swallowing, but do predators avoid dangerous prey in favor of less dangerous species in a choice situation, i.e., Forbes' “dangerous prey” hypothesis? We tested this hypothesis by giving Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides a choice of three species with different degrees of spination: Goldfish (Carassius auratus), Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), and Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). We hypothesized that Largemouth bass predation would be greatest for Goldfish (relatively spineless), less for Bluegills (thin, flexible, and sharp dorsal and anal spines), and least for channel catfish (stout pectoral spines that can be abducted and locked, thus increasing the effective girth of the fish). Prey fish were presented in paired combinations (Experiment 1) or with the three species together (Experiment 2) to individual Largemouth bass in net pens. Fewer Channel catfish were consumed in both experime...
TypeCast: Type-Based Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

Type-based communication is proposed as an effective paradigm to enable group communication in wireless ad-hoc networks (MANETs). In this paradigm, type is used as the fundamental construct for addressing and routing messages. Type hierarchies are used to dynamically control group size; and object-oriented principles such as subtyping and multiple inheritance are utilized to construct new groups from existing ones. We present the design of TypeCast, a routing protocol that directly supports type-based communication. TypeCast leverages efficiency and mobility management provided by MANET multicast protocols and extends them by adding a Bloom filter-based type encoding and routing mechanism. TypeCast is fully decentralized and supports subtyping and type-composition. We implement TypeCast on top of ODMRP and conduct a detailed performance and scalability study of TypeCast through simulation. The results show that TypeCast demonstrates good resiliency to mobility and group size. When the number of types in the network increases, TypeCast achieves good scalability thanks to type aggregation provided by Bloom filters.
High Pressure Low Temperature Studies on 1-2-2 Iron-based Superconductors Using Designer Diamond Cells

High pressure low temperature electrical resistance measurements were carried out on a series of 122 iron-based superconductors using a designer diamond anvil cell. These studies were complemented by image plate x-ray diffraction measurements under high pressures and low temperatures at beamline 16-BM-D, HPCAT, Advanced Photon Source. A common feature of the 1-2-2 iron-based materials is the observation of anomalous compressibility effects under pressure and a Tetragonal (T) to Collapsed Tetragonal (CT) phase transition under high pressures. Specific studies on antiferromagnetic spin-density-wave Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe2As2 and Ba(Fe0.9Ru0.1)2As2 samples are presented to 10 K and 41 GPa. The collapsed tetragonal phase was observed at a pressure of 14 GPa in Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe2As2 at ambient temperature. The highest superconducting transition temperature in Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe2As2 was observed to be at 32 K at a pressure of 4.7 GPa. The superconductivity was observed to be suppressed on transformation to the CT phase in 122 materials.
Influenza, Immune System, and Pregnancy:

Influenza is a major health problem worldwide. Both seasonal influenza and pandemics take a major toll on the health and economy of our country. The present review focuses on the virology and complex immunology of this RNA virus in general and in relation to pregnancy. The goal is to attempt to explain the increased morbidity and mortality seen in infection during pregnancy. We discuss elements of innate and adaptive immunity as well as placental cellular responses to infection. In addition, we delineate findings in animal models as well as human disease. Increased knowledge of maternal and fetal immunologic responses to influenza is needed. However, enhanced understanding of nonimmune, pregnancy-specific factors influencing direct interaction of the virus with host cells is also important for the development of more effective prevention and treatment options in the future.
Teacher expectations on the directiveness continuum in consultation

The study investigated the consultation approaches of collaborative-directive and collaborative-nondirective and the influence of teacher expectations for consultation on their ratings of consultation success. Teachers viewed videotaped consultation sessions of a collaborative-directive or collaborative-nondirective consultation session that either matched or mismatched their expectations. The study found significantly higher ratings for the consultants and interventions when the collaborative-directive approach was used. In addition, teachers in conditions that matched their expectations for consultation rated consultants and interventions significantly higher than did teachers in mismatched conditions. The importance of this line of research lies in its practical application, allowing practitioners of consultation and trainers of school psychologists greater knowledge in selection of the appropriate consultation approach to maximize perceived consultant effectiveness and intervention acceptability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The early-onset torsion dystonia-associated protein, torsinA, is a homeostatic regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress response

Early-onset torsion dystonia is the most severe heritable form of dystonia, a human movement disorder that typically starts during a developmental window in early adolescence. Deletion in the DYT1 gene, encoding the torsinA protein, is responsible for this dominantly inherited disorder, which is non-degenerative and exhibits reduced penetrance among carriers. Here, we explore the hypothesis that deficits in torsinA function result in an increased vulnerability to stress associated with protein folding and processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where torsinA is located. Using an in vivo quantitative readout for the ER stress response, we evaluated the consequences of torsinA mutations in transgenic nematodes expressing variants of human torsinA. This analysis revealed that, normally, torsinA serves a protective function to maintain a homeostatic threshold against ER stress. Furthermore, we show that the buffering capacity of torsinA is greatly diminished by the DYT1-associated deletion or mutations that prevent its translocation to the ER, block ATPase activity, or increase the levels of torsinA in the nuclear envelope versus ER. Combinations of transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans designed to mimic clinically relevant genetic modifiers of disease susceptibility also exhibit a direct functional correlation to changes in the ER stress response. Furthermore, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from torsinA knockout mice, we demonstrated that loss of endogenous torsinA results in enhanced sensitivity to ER stress. This study extends our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying dystonia, and establishes a new functional paradigm to evaluate therapeutic strategies to compensate for reduced torsinA activity in the ER as a means to restore homeostatic balance and neuronal function.