cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tests of vector-dominance in e+e− collisions above 1 GeV

Abstract We propose tests of various aspects of the vector-meson-dominance hypothesis that can be made by studying the reactions e + e − → ππ, K K , πϱ, πω and πφ above 1 GeV in the c.m.
Psychology's pet subject

Good reads in this year's Autumn Books special include Lisa Jardine's review of Descartes' Bones, in which Russell Shorto tracks the philosopher's remains across Europe and down the centuries. As well as a route map for body parts, Shorto sees a map of the creation of the modern mind in the resulting patterns. Will Self's Liver: A Fictional Organ with a Surface Anatomy of Four Lobes, is an extended hepatic metaphor. A four-part satire on modern life, it is sometimes nauseating but almost always on the nail, says our reviewer. But what of scientists' lives? Good question, says Georgina Ferry.
Kinetics of Disease Progression and Host Response in a Rat Model of Bubonic Plague

Plague, caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, primarily affects rodents but is also an important zoonotic disease of humans. Bubonic plague in humans follows transmission by infected fleas and is characterized by an acute, necrotizing lymphadenitis in the regional lymph nodes that drain the intradermal flea bite site. Septicemia rapidly follows with spread to spleen, liver, and other organs. We developed a model of bubonic plague using the inbred Brown Norway strain of Rattus norvegicus to characterize the progression and kinetics of infection and the host immune response after intradermal inoculation of Y. pestis. The clinical signs and pathology in the rat closely resembled descriptions of human bubonic plague. The bacteriology; histopathology; host cellular response in infected lymph nodes, blood, and spleen; and serum cytokine levels were analyzed at various times after infection to determine the kinetics and route of disease progression and to evaluate hypothesized Y. pestis pathogenic mechanisms. Understanding disease progression in this rat infection model should facilitate further investigations into the molecular pathogenesis of bubonic plague and the immune response to Y. pestis at different stages of the disease.
Host–Guest Complexes of Pentiptycene Receptors Display Edge-to-Face Interaction

The pentiptycene receptors form edge-to-face complexes with a variety of aromatic guests including nitroaromatics. X-ray diffractometry revealed that compounds 1, 2, and 3 form host–guest assemblies with a thienyl fragment (from a neightboring molecule of 1), benzene and nitrobenzene, respectively. X-ray studies of the three crystal structures reported here strongly suggest the edge-to-face to be a predominant binding mode between the aromatic guests and electron-rich faces of the pentiptycene aromatic cavity.
Residues 1–20 of IRBP and Whole IRBP Elicit Different Uveitogenic and Immunological Responses in Interferon Gamma Deficient Mice

Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease induced by immunization with uveitogenic retinal antigens, or by the adoptive transfer of uveitogenic T-cells of the Th-1-like phenotype. We have previously shown that IFN-gamma-deficient mice (GKO) on the C57BL/6 background are equally susceptible to interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP)-induced EAU as the wild type (WT). In the present study, we evaluated EAU induction in GKO mice by the newly described H-2(b)epitope contained in residues 1-20 of human IRBP, and compared it to the response to the whole IRBP molecule. Similarly to previous observations with IRBP-induced EAU, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and lymphocyte proliferation responses were elevated in GKO mice, as was production of IL-5 and TNF-alpha. However, unlike the responses induced by whole IRBP, there was no detectable IL-10 production to the peptide. Histopathology on day 21 after immunization, revealed that both GKO and WT mice developed retinal lesions, including damage to the photoreceptor cell layer, vasculitis and inflammatory cellular infiltration, but disease scores were significantly higher in GKO, and retinal detachment was observed only in GKO mice. In contrast to the wild type, the cellular infiltrate in eyes of GKO mice contained a prominent component of eosinophils, although of lower proportion in peptide-induced than in IRBP-induced EAU. We conclude that the cytokine and inflammatory responses to human peptide 1-20 differ perceptibly from the responses to whole bovine IRBP, and may explain the elevated EAU scores of GKO mice compared to wild type.
Thermionic emission currents in bulk-barrier heterojunctions

Cette note concerne l'analyse des courants d'emission thermoionique dans une diode qui est formee par insertion d'une zone d'impuretes ionisees a l'interface de l'heterojonction
Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of behavioral marital therapy with and without relapse prevention sessions for alcoholics and their spouses

Fifty-nine couples with a newly abstinent alcoholic husband, after participating in weekly behavioral marital therapy (BMT) couples sessions for 5 to 6 months, were randomly assigned to receive or not to receive 15 additional conjoint couples relapse prevention (RP) sessions over the next 12 months. Costs of treatment delivery and health and legal service utilization were measured for the 12 months before and 12 months after BMT. Cost-benefit analysis results for both standard BMT and for the longer and more costly form of BMT with the additional RP sessions showed (a) decreases in health care and legal costs after, as compared to before, treatment, (b) positive cost offsets, and (c) benefit to cost ratios greater than 1, indicating that health and legal system cost savings (i.e., benefits) exceeded the costs of delivering the BMT treatments. In fact, cost savings from reduced utilization were more than 5 times greater than the cost of delivering the standard 5- to 6-month BMT program. Although adding RP to BMT led to less drinking and better marital adjustment, it did not lead to greater cost savings in health and legal service utilization. A trend for subjects with higher baseline costs to incur lower costs at follow-up if they received BMT plus RP suggested additional cost savings from RP may come only for more severe problem patients who have a history of high utilization of services. Cost-effectiveness analyses indicated that BMT only was more cost-effective than BMT plus RP in producing abstinence from drinking, but the 2 treatments were equally cost-effective when marital adjustment outcomes were considered. Since BMT only was actually less effective than BMT plus RP in producing abstinent days, it was the lower cost of BMT only that produced its greater cost-effectiveness in relation to abstinence. Study limitations are discussed.
A history of the isolation and identification of folic acid (folate)

In the 1930s, Lucy Wills identified a 'new hemopoietic factor' in yeast and liver which cured tropical macrocytic anemia in humans and experimental anemia in monkeys. Janet Watson and William B. Castle named the unknown substance, which would ultimately become a form of folate, 'Wills' factor'. Further studies with this unknown substance showed that it was active against nutritional pancytopenia in monkeys and experimental anemia in chicks, leading to various designations such as vitamin M (monkey) and vitamin B(c) (chick). Other factors with growth-promoting activity for microorganisms such as Lactobacillus casei were given the interim names including folic acid - in recognition of extracts from leafy greens. Competing pharmaceutical research groups headed by Robert Stokstad at Lederle Laboratories and Joseph John Pfiffner at Parke-Davis Research Laboratory independently isolated factors bearing the biological properties of Wills' factor and other unknown related factors including folic acid, Lederle Laboratories from a bacterial culture and Parke-Davis Laboratory from yeast and liver as a conjugate of folate. The new vitamin then was crystallized, chemically identified, and synthesized as pteroylglutamic acid and named folic acid between 1943 and 1945. Further studies of the monoglutamic folic acid and the yeast isolate polyglutamyl folate followed through the 1950s and to the present.
Ineffectiveness of Winter Fertilization of Sport‐Fish Ponds

Abstract Winter applications of liquid commercial fertilizer to sport-fish ponds in Alabama failed to prevent infestations by filamentous algae and did not significantly influence production of sunfish (Lepomis spp.). Once phytoplankton blooms developed in May and June, filamentous algae disappeared.
Bone Ultrasound Velocity in Neonates With Intrauterine Growth Deficit Reflects a Growth Continuum

Abstract Both bone mass by densitometry and speed of sound (SOS) from quantitative ultrasound of the bone (QUS) are directly related to bone strength. However, reports of lower bone mass but higher SOS in neonates with intrauterine growth deficit lead to apparent contradictory conclusions on bone strength. Three groups of infants were studied: small for gestation (SGA) with birth weights ≤10th percentile for gestation and 2 control groups with appropriate birth weights (11th to 90th percentile) for gestation (AGA): matched to SGA group for gestation and birth weight, respectively. SOS was measured with a commercial QUS instrument (Sunlight Omnisense 7000, Sunlight Medical Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel) and 2 manufacturer supplied ultrasound probes (CS and CR) for small bones. The SGA group had significantly ( p
Landscape-scale disturbance and protected areas: long-term dynamics of populations of the shrimp, Macrobrachium olfersi in lowland Neotropical streams, Costa Rica

Freshwater migratory shrimps, an important component of tropical aquatic ecosystems, are vulnerable to land-use change during their upstream and downstream migrations. At La Selva Biological Station in the Sarapiqui region of Costa Rica, shrimp population data were collected between 1988 and 1989, before massive land-use change occurred downstream that could potentially affect shrimp recruitment upstream. Using generalized linear models and a Bayesian inference framework, the relative abundance of Macrobrachium olfersi between recent (2008–2011) and historical time periods (1988–1989) was compared in three stream reaches. Shrimp relative abundance in two stream reaches within the protected area of La Selva was relatively constant yearly and between recent post-disturbance (2008–2011) and historical pre-disturbance (1988–89) time periods. In contrast, a stream reach bordered by pasture accessible to fishermen, showed an 87% decrease in relative abundance between recent and historical time periods suggesting site-level disturbance, possibly from fishing. The lack of change between historical and contemporary sampling periods within interior-forest stream reaches suggests that shrimp populations in protected forested reaches are resistant or resilient to certain land-use changes occurring downstream.
Register aware scheduling for distributed cache clustered architecture

Increasing wire delays have become a serious problem for sophisticated VLSI designs. Clustered architecture offers a promising alternative to alleviate the problem. In the clustered architecture, the cache, register file and function units are all partitioned into clusters such that short CPU cycle time can be achieved. A key challenge is the arrangement of inter-cluster communication. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for scheduling inter-cluster communication operations. Our algorithm achieves better register resource utilization than the previous methods. By judiciously putting the selected spilled variables into their corresponding consumer's local cache, the costly cross-cache transfer is minimized. Therefore, the distributed caches are used more efficiently and the register constraint can be satisfied without compromising the schedule performance. The experiments shows that our technique outperforms the existing cluster-oriented schedulers.
Campus Community Involvement in an Experimental Food Research Project Increases Students' Motivation and Improves Perceived Learning Outcomes

Although the effects of pedagogical strategies using collaborative learning on students' perceived learning outcomes have been studied, little has been examined about possible benefits and challenges in collaborating with the campus community in a food science research project conducted by nutrition majors. We examined the effects of involving foodservice staff and student consumers on perceived learning outcomes of students in nutrition and food sciences. A survey consisting of both quantitative and qualitative questions regarding the students' perceived learning outcomes was conducted with 58 undergraduate nutrition majors who conducted experimental food research as part of their food science course work. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data were coded and analyzed using Nvivo. Approximately 90% of the study participants perceived that contributing to the health of students/faculty on campus positively enhanced their motivation toward their research project. The practical aspect of the research project, developing food that is/can be offered on campus, was also considered to be an important factor affecting students' motivation. These factors seemed to contribute to the quality of the project and their perceived learning outcomes. On the other hand, some challenges related to collaborating with the campus community, including insufficient communication between the student researchers and panelists, were also identified. Involving the campus community in experimental food research appeared to greatly benefit students' learning. At the same time, a more strategic pedagogical design before, during, and after the course work may be required for successful learning outcomes resulting from collaborating with the campus community.
Na-Si Clathrates Are High-Pressure Phases: A Melt-Based Route to Control Stoichiometry and Properties

Three different sodium-silicon clathrate compounds–Na8Si46 (sI), Na24Si136 (sII), and a new structure, NaSi6–were obtained for the first time using high-pressure techniques. Experimental and theoretical results unambiguously indicate that Na-intercalated clathrates are only thermodynamically stable under high-pressure conditions. The sI clathrate can be synthesized directly from the elements at pressures from 2 to 6 GPa in the 900–1100 K range. Over the range of conditions studied, sII clathrate only forms as an intermediate compound prior to the crystallization of sI. At higher pressures, we observed the formation of a new intercalated compound, metallic NaSi6, which crystallizes in the orthorhombic Eu4Ga8Ge16 structure. High-pressure crystallization from Na-Si melts provides significant improvements in the electrical properties of bulk clathrate materials (residual resistance ratio RRR = 24 for sI and > 13 for NaSi6), compared to the typical characteristics achieved for single crystals obtained by conve...
Effects of Temperature on Production Characteristics of Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

Abstract Red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus fingerlings cultured in recirculating systems for 56 days at 18, 22, 26, 30, or 34° C in salinities of 5 and 10 ppt exhibited best growth at 30.4 °C in 5 ppt and 31.1 °C in 10 ppt. Growth ranged from 7 to 125%. Survival and condition factor were not affected by temperature. The results of this study indicate that optimization of temperature in red drum culture systems will have profound effects on productivity.
Blacks in dystopia: 1969–1971

Abstract This article tests Tom Moylan’s notion of the critical utopia against science fiction works published at the height of America’s 20th century racial conflict, 1969–1971. The notion of utopia is an inherently political concept since it uses fantasy to suggest solutions to problems of the day. Traditional American utopias paid scant attention to racial difference. In critical utopia, race and inter-racial conflict is acknowledged and solutions are proposed. Texts analyzed here acknowledge the conflict but pose no solutions. Rather, they exhibit fear of the change in the racial order then underway.
Middle Atmosphere Aerosols and Their Effects

The middle atmosphere holds a rich variety of particulate matter, ranging from meteoritic debris to sulfate aerosols to polar stratospheric ice clouds. Volcanic eruptions strongly perturb the stratospheric sulfate (JUNGE) layer. High-altitude “noctilucent” ice clouds condense at the cold menopause. The properties of these particles—including composition, size and geographical distribution—are discussed, and their global effects—including chemical, radiative and climatic roles—are surveyed. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) catalyze reactions of chlorine compounds that “activate” otherwise inert chlorine reservoirs, leading to severe ozone depletions in the southern polar stratosphere during austral spring. PSCs also modify the composition of the polar stratosphere through complex physicochemical processes, including dehydration and denitrification. The sulfate aerosol layer can reflect solar radiation and increase the planetary albedo, thereby cooling the surface and altering the climate. Major volcanic eruptions, which enhance the stratospheric sulfate aerosol burden by a factor of 100 or more, may cause significant global climatic anomalies. Sulfate aerosols also appear capable of activating stratospheric chlorine reservoirs on a global scale. Accordingly, if atmospheric concentrations of chlorine (associated with anthropogenic use of chlorocarbons) increase by a factor of two or more in future decades, significant worldwide ozone depletions could occur.
Modeling and Analysis of a Vibratory Micro-Pin Feeder Using Impulse-Based Simulation

A variety of methods exist for the assembly of microscale devices. One such strategy uses microscale force-fit pin insertion to assemble LIGA parts together. One of the challenges associated with this strategy is the handling of small pins which are 170 microns in diameter and with lengths ranging from 500 to 1000 microns. In preparation for insertion, a vibratory micro-pin feeder has been used to successfully singulate and manipulate the pins into a pin storage magazine. This paper presents the development of a deterministic model, simulation tool, and methodology in order to identify and analyze key performance attributes of the vibratory micro-pin feeder system. A brief parametric study was conducted to identify the effects of changing certain system parameters on the bulk behavior of the system, namely the capture rate of the pins. Results showing trends have been obtained for a few specific cases. These results indicate that different system parameters can be chosen to yield better system performance.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Temperature sensitive peptides: Engineering hyperthermia-directed therapeutics

Purpose. Recent progress suggests that short peptide motifs can be engineered into biopolymers with specific temperature dependent behavior. This review discusses peptide motifs capable of thermo-responsive behavior, and broadly summarizes design approaches that exploit these peptides as drug carriers. This review focuses on one class of thermally responsive peptide-based biopolymers, elastin-like polypeptides in greater detail.Analysis. Four peptide motifs are presented based on leucine zippers, human collagen, human elastin, and silkworm silk that are potential building blocks for thermally responsive biopolymers. When these short motifs (<7 amino acids) are repeated many times, they generate biopolymers with higher order structure and complex temperature triggered behaviors. These structures are thermodynamically modulated, making them intrinsically temperature sensitive. These four motifs can be categorized by the directionality and reversibility of association. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are on...
A particle filter algorithm for the multi-target probability hypothesis density

This algorithm provides a method for non-linear multiple target tracking that does not require association of targets. This is done by recursive Bayesian estimation of the density corresponding to the expected number of targets in each measurable set -- the Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) . Efficient Monte Carlo estimation is achieved by giving this density the role of the single target state probability density in the conventional particle filter. The problem setup for our algorithm includes (1) a bounded region of interest containing a changing number of targets, (2) independent observations each accompanied by estimates of false alarm probability and the probability that the observation represents something new, (3) an estimate of the Poisson rate at which targets leave the region of interest. The prototype application of this filter is to aid in short range acoustic contact detection and alertment for submarine systems. The filter uses as input passive acoustic detections from a fully automated process, which generates a large numbers of valid and false detections. The filter does not require specific target classification. Although the mathematical theory of Probability Hypothesis Density estimation has been developed in the context of modern Random Set Theory, our development relies on elementary methods instead. The principal tools are conditioning on the expected number of targets and identification of the PHD with the density for the proposition that at least one target is present.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recent astrophysical measurements at NSCL

The A1200 projectile fragment separator at the NSCL has been used to produce secondary beams for a series of experiments with astrophysically interesting nuclei far from stability. Studies of A ≤ 20 nuclei include measurements of the β-decay branching ratios of 15B, β-delayed neutron emission from 18N and 17,18C, and β-delayed proton emission from 20Mg. In the 60 < A < 100 region, several experiments have been performed to map out the proton drip-line. By measuring the half-lives and binding energies of nuclei such as 65As and 69Br, the path and extent of the rapid proton capture (rp) process can be determined. Recently the performance of the A1200 separator was enhanced by installing a quadrupole doublet just upstream of the target position. The smaller beam spot size provides a larger brightness for secondary beams and a higher resolution for the chromatic modes. A summary of some recent experiments and a description of the separator upgrade will be presented.
HEPATOTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF DANTROLENE SODIUM

ABSTRACTThe clinical use of dantrolene has been associated with hepatotoxicity, thus the toxicity of dantrolene in Swiss-Webster mice was characterized. Animals were treated orally (po) with single or multiple doses of up to 400 mg/kg of D without any increases in SGPT or alterations in hepato-cellular architecture. To possibly enhance the hepatotoxicity of dantrolene, its biotransformation was altered by inhibiting acetylation, depleting glutathione, inducing biotransformation, and promoting reductive metabolism. None of the metabolic alterations elicited any toxicity of dantrolene. Hepatic microsomal incubations were used to detect the possible bioactivation and covalent binding of 14C-dantrolene. Analysis for covalent adducts found only 20–30 pmol bound/mg microsomal protein. Thus the suspected hepatotoxicity of dantrolene does not appear to be linked to its biotransformation or bioactivation. Additional studies will be necessary to clarify if other parameters are necessary for dantrolene to be a hepat...
Mean squared errors of estimators of the intensity function of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process

Abstract This article contains the derivations of expressions for the mean squared errors for two estimators of the intensity function of the power law process, a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with intensity function (β/θ)( t /θ) β−1 .
Correlation of Relative Abundance Ratios Derived from Peptide Ion Chromatograms and Spectrum Counting for Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Using Stable Isotope Labeling

In this study, S. cerevisiae crude membrane fractions were prepared using the acid-labile detergent RapiGest from cells grown under rich and minimal media conditions using 14N and 15N ammonium sulfate as the sole nitrogen source. Four independent MudPIT analyses of 1:1 mixtures of sample were prepared and analyzed via quantitative multidimensional protein identification technology on a two-dimensional ion trap mass spectrometer. Using the method described in this study, low-abundance integral membrane proteins with up to 14 transmembrane domains were identified and their protein expression determined when sufficient spectrum counting and ion chromatogram information was generated. We demonstrate that spectrum counting and mass spectrometry derived ion chromatograms strongly correlate for determining quantitative changes in protein expression. Spectrum counting proved more reproducible and has a wider dynamic range contributing to the deviation of the two quantitative approaches from a perfect positive cor...
Anticipation vs recall in the paired-associate learning of intellectually average and retarded subjects.

A P-A (visual materials) study was conducted with 24 intellectually average and 24 educable mentally retarded individuals of high school age. Each S received 2 equivalent tasks, one in the anticipation method of presentation and the other in the recall method. The learning speed of the average Ss was significantly superior to that of the retardates. Method of presentation did not influence the learning of the average Ss but learning in the recall presentation was superior for retarded Ss.
Contextualizing community violence and its effects : An ecological model of parent-child interdependent coping

This article presents an integrated conceptual framework that contextualizes exposure to community violence and the interpersonal and interdependent processes of parent and child response to community violence. This model posits that parental distress, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, is a significant mediator of child distress symptomatology and behavior problems. The model advances understanding of the impact of community violence in the lives of parents and children through various mechanisms, including social capital. This article underscores the need for a fundamental shift in the study of community violence, in the delivery of mental health services, and in prevention efforts from focusing on the individual child to concentrating on the parent, family, and community-level factors and processes. This article highlights important areas to address in future research, including investigation and specification of the mechanisms and processes by which neighborhoods affect and influence human development outcomes.
The Reconfiguration Problem in Sensor Networks: An Optimization Approach

The objective of reconfiguration in sensor networks is to maximize the overall network lifetime while maintaining a minimum quality of service. This is performed by turning some of the nodes off whenever they are not needed to maintain the required quality of service. This requires a way of detecting node failures to reconfigure accordingly. The reconfiguration problem can be formulated as an integer linear programming optimization problem. A solution to this problem consists of a binary vector, where a "0" in position k means that the corresponding node can turn itself off in the next reconfiguration period, while a "1" means that the node is required to remain active. A centralized solution to this problem is designed and implemented. However, this solution suffers high energy costs and long delays. In addition, it does not scale well with the network size. A cluster-based solution is derived, and we are currently working on a localized solution where nodes interact only with neighbors to decide whether to turn off or remain active.
Responses of transpiration and hydraulic conductance to root temperature in nitrogen- and phosphorus-deficient cotton seedlings.

Suboptimal N or P availability and cool temperatures all decrease apparent hydraulic conductance (L) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots. The interaction between nutrient status and root temperature was tested in seedlings grown in nutrient solutions. The depression of L (calculated as the ratio of transpiration rate to absolute value of leaf water potential [Ψw]) by nutrient stress depended strongly on root temperature, and was minimized at high temperatures. In fully nourished plants, L was high at all temperatures ≥20°C, but it decreased greatly as root temperature approached the chilling threshold of 15°C. Decreasing temperature lowered Ψw first, followed by transpiration rate. In N- or P-deficient plants, L approached the value for fully nourished plants at root temperatures ≥30°C, but it decreased almost linearly with temperature as roots were cooled. Nutrient effects on L were mediated only by differences in transpiration, and Ψw was unaffected. The responses of Ψw and transpiration to root cooling and nutrient stress imply that if a messenger is transmitted from cooled roots to stomata, the messenger is effective only in nutrient-stressed plants.
QUANTIFICATION OF THE COMFORT VARIABLE

Abstract Recent travel demand models and particularly mode-choice models have used a probabilistic disaggregate approach. That is, such models determine choice probabilities at the individual level. It is in this framework that one might be able to include qualitative measures affecting the individual's choice of a travel mode. The objective of this work is to develop a set of quantitative measures of comfort. This is achieved by use of modern psychometric techniques. Principal factors of comfort are defined and various travel modes are represented as a set of points in this comport space. From the positioning of each point as well as from the variability of an individual's perception, an index of comfort is defined which describes the level of comfort of a particular travel mode to the particular individual.
Solution‐Processed, Alkali Metal‐Salt‐Doped, Electron‐Transport Layers for High‐Performance Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

High-performance, blue, phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) are achieved by orthogonal solution-processing of small-molecule electron-transport material doped with an alkali metal salt, including cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) or lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). Blue PhOLEDs with solution-processed 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen) electron-transport layer (ETL) doped with Cs2CO3 show a luminous efficiency (LE) of 35.1 cd A−1 with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 17.9%, which are two-fold higher efficiency than a BPhen ETL without a dopant. These solution-processed blue PhOLEDs are much superior compared to devices with vacuum-deposited BPhen ETL/alkali metal salt cathode interfacial layer. Blue PhOLEDs with solution-processed 1,3,5-tris(m-pyrid-3-yl-phenyl)benzene (TmPyPB) ETL doped with Cs2CO3 have a luminous efficiency of 37.7 cd A−1 with an EQE of 19.0%, which is the best performance observed to date in all-solution-processed blue PhOLEDs. The results show that a small-molecule ETL doped with alkali metal salt can be realized by solution-processing to enhance overall device performance. The solution-processed metal salt-doped ETLs exhibit a unique rough surface morphology that facilitates enhanced charge-injection and transport in the devices. These results demonstrate that orthogonal solution-processing of metal salt-doped electron-transport materials is a promising strategy for applications in various solution-processed multilayered organic electronic devices.
The framework of quantum field theory

A summary of lectures is presented to give an account of a particular approach to quantum field theory. This approach is being incorporated in some areas as an "approach from basic principles." The principles discussed, which lead to the systematic analysis approach, are: the basic mathematics of quantum physics; the invariance of the theory under inhomogeneous Lorentz transformations; and the fact that all the states of the system described correspond to collision processes between particles, the number of which may be arbitrarily large but never infinite. This third postulate serves to select that particular type of representation of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group which is of interest in the quantum field theory. By assuming that the basic quantities in which all previously defined notions have to be expressed are operator fields with a certain set of properties, the connection between the described S-matrix frame and the quantum field theory is established.
Linkage mapping of two mutations that reduce phytic acid content of barley grain

This study describes the inheritance and linkage map positions of two low phytic acid barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutations, lpa1-1 and lpa2-1, that dramatically reduce grain phytic acid content and increase inorganic seed phosphorus (P). Wide-cross, F2 mapping populations were constructed by mating six-rowed varieties, ‘Steptoe’ and/or ‘Morex’, with two-rowed ‘Harrington’lpa donor lines homozygous for either lpa1-1 or lpa2-1. The barley lpa1-1 mutation showed normal inheritance patterns, whereas a deficiency of homozygous lpa2-1/lpa2-1 F2 plants was observed. We identified a codominant, STS-PCR marker (aMSU21) that cosegregated with lpa1-1 in a population of 41 F2 plants. The aMSU21 marker was then mapped to a locus on barley chromosome 2H, using a North American Barley Genome Mapping Project (NABGMP) doubled haploid population (‘Harrington’×‘Morex’). We determined that lpa2-1 is located within a recombination interval of approximately 30 cM between two AFLP markers that were subsequently mapped to barley chromosome 7H by integration with the same NABGMP population. Recent comparative mapping studies indicate conserved genetic map orders of several homologous molecular marker loci in maize and the Triticeae species that also show corresponding linkage to the biochemically similar lpa2 mutations of maize and barley. This observation suggests that barley and maize lpa2 mutations may affect orthologous genes. No such evidence for correspondence of the phenotypically similar lpa1 mutations of barley and maize has been revealed.
Log-normal size distributions of ultrafine metal particles

Abstract We have produced particles with median diameters well below 5 nm of Al, Fe, Co and Sn, using inert gas evaporation. The logarithm of the particle volume has a Gaussian distribution which can be explained by a theoretical model for coalescence of liquid particles. The standard deviations of these log-normal distributions, as inferred from electron microscopy, always lie close to a common value regardless of the kind of metal or method of evaporation.
Maximum likelihood estimation of direction-of-arrival and detection for broad-band sources via dynamic programming

An analysis is presented to estimate the number of broadband sources by sensor arrays and to compute the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of their direction-of-arrival (DOA) based on the dynamic programming algorithm. The approach is devised in the frequency domain. With proper selection of the number of elements, the distance between elements, and the step size, the global maximum for the log-likelihood function can be obtained. Otherwise, the global maximum is not guaranteed. Simulation results for broadband sources that demonstrate the performance of the proposed method are presented and compared with that of the MUSIC algorithm which employs coherent signal-subspace processing. >
Histopathological Study of Intrahepatic Islets Transplanted in the Nonhuman Primate Model Using Edmonton Protocol Immunosuppression

While islet cell transplantation is a promising way to restore insulin independence to patients with type I diabetes mellitus, a detailed histological analysis of the transplanted, intraportal islets has not yet been reported. Rhesus macaques underwent total pancreatectomy, then had allogeneic isolated islets infused into their portal vein, followed by daclizumab, tacrolimus, and sirolimus to prevent islet rejection. Islets were evenly distributed among the liver lobes. Liver sections from a primate given allogeneic islets 5 d earlier did not display any islet capillary formation, whereas intrahepatic islets transplanted 30 and 90 d before euthanasia showed an abundant capillary supply. Localized hepatocellular glycogenosis was observed surrounding the islets in a primate with functioning islets 7 months post transplant. Liver sections from a primate that rejected islets transplanted 2 months prior displayed only islet remnants with prominent local lymphohistiocytic inflammation and an occasional capillary. We conclude that islets develop an abundant vascular supply within 30 d following transplant and because capillaries persist even following rejection, that the vascular cells are likely from the recipient. While transplanted islets were not vascularized early post transplant, the primates remained insulin independent. The long-term consequence of islets in the liver, marked by the glycogenosis, remains unknown and warrants further study.
Activated satellite cells are present in uninjured extraocular muscles of mature mice.

PURPOSE: We recently demonstrated that there is a continuous process of myonuclear addition into normal, uninjured adult myofibers in rabbit extraocular muscles (EOM). This phenomenon is not seen in skeletal muscles from normal, adult limbs. These features may explain the selective involvement of the EOM in progressive external ophthalmoplegia and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy due to an accumulation of damaged DNA in mitochondria and nuclei within the EOM as a result of repeated cycling of the muscle satellite cells. Many testable hypotheses flow from these observations. We investigated whether continuous myonuclear addition is present in normal mouse EOM so that mouse models of genetic disorders can be used to study the pathogenic mechanisms and to test potential therapies for human muscle disorders. METHODS: Bromodeoxyuridine (brdU) was injected intraperitoneally into C57 adult mice every 2 hours for 12 hours. Twenty-four hours later the animals were sacrificed, and the globes with the muscles attached were prepared for immunohistochemical localization of brdU-positive nuclei within the EOM. All cross sections were immunostained for both brdU and either dystrophin or laminin. RESULTS: All the rectus muscles from the mouse EOM examined contained both satellite cells and myonuclei that were positive for brdU. This demonstrates the division of satellite cells and the fusion of their daughter cells with existing adult EOM myofibers in mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the process of continuous myonuclear addition is also active in mouse EOM. These findings will allow various mutant mouse models to be used to study the pathogenesis and treatment of various muscle disorders. The existence of continuous myonuclear addition in adult, uninjured EOM fundamentally changes the accepted notion that EOM myofibers are postmitotic.
Contract Payment Provisions and Project Performance: An Analysis of Municipal Water and Wastewater Facilities

In a continued effort to provide water and wastewater facilities, owners have been using a variety of contract pricing methods for the construction of new facilities. Increasing use of cost-plus-fee with a guaranteed maximum price (GMP) contract payment provisions along with the more traditional lump sum contract payment provisions has created a need to measure the effectiveness of these contract pricing methods. Through a detailed survey of public water and wastewater facility owners, performance data were collected to compare project performance based on schedule and cost growth measures. The results of this study indicate that contracts using cost-plus-fee with a GMP contract pricing provisions are more likely to have no schedule or cost growth as compared to projects with lump-sum provisions. Overall, the results of this study provide new data for water and wastewater projects that can be used by owners to improve future project performance.
Occurrence and progression of gastritis in patients operated on for peptic ulcer.

A group of 31 patients, operated on for gastric or duodenal ulcer, had sequential gastric biopsies. Before the operation 47% of the duodenal ulcer patients and 71.4% of the gastric ulcer patients had different forms of gastritis. A year after the operation 72.5% of the duodenal ulcer patients and all patients with gastric ulcer had gastritis. The gastritis process had progressed in 67.7% of the whole group. Maximal acid output after HistalogR stimulation was, on an average, 24.1 mEq/h before operation and 7.7 mEq/h, on an average, 9 months after operation. The occurrence of gastritis was correlated both pre- and postoperatively with low maximal acid output values. The slowest progression of gastritis was seen in duodenal ulcer patients with vagotomy and pyloroplasty as the operative procedure. A significant proportion of the patients developed antibodies to parietal cells, but the low titres and transient occurrence indicated that antibody production was not the cause of the gastritic process.
GSEA-P

Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) is a computational method that assesses whether an a priori defined set of genes shows statistically significant, concordant differences between two biological states. We report the availability of a new version of the Java based software (GSEA-P 2.0) that represents a major improvement on the previous release through the addition of a leading edge analysis component, seamless integration with the Molecular Signature Database (MSigDB) and an embedded browser that allows users to search for gene sets and map them to a variety of microarray platform formats. This functionality makes it possible for users to directly import gene sets from MSigDB for analysis with GSEA. We have also improved the visualizations in GSEA-P 2.0 and added links to a new form of concise gene set annotations called Gene Set Cards. These additions, as well as other improvements suggested by over 3500 users who have downloaded the software over the past year have been incorporated into this new release of the GSEA-P Java desktop program. Availability:GSEA-P 2.0 is freely available for academic and commercial users and can be downloaded from http://www.broad.mit.edu/GSEA Contact: mesirov@broad.mit.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Integer and floating point matrix-vector multiplication on the reconfigurable mesh

This paper presents the following results for matrix-vector multiplication on the reconfigurable mesh (R-Mesh). Multiplication of an N/spl times/N matrix and an N/spl times/1 vector (each element of which is an integer of w bits) can be performed in O(logw) time on a two-dimensional O(Nw/(logw)log/sup 2/N)/spl times/O(Nw/(logw)log/sup 2/N) R-Mesh or a three-dimensional N/spl times/N/spl times/(w/(logw)log/sup 2/N) R-Mesh; in both cases inputs and outputs are stored as w-bit integers. A natural extension of this problem is for floating point inputs. Floating point numbers have not been handled before on any reconfigurable bus-based model. Matrix-vector multiplication with floating point inputs can be performed in O(max{loglogN,logw}) time on an N/spl times/N/spl times/max {/spl radic/[N/(loglogN)],w/(logw)log/sup 2/N} three-dimensional R-Mesh, with the inputs and outputs stored as w-bit floating point numbers.
Polarimetric SAR imaging of buried landmines

If the fields incident on a buried body of revolution are polarized vertically or horizontally (relative to the ground), the backscattered fields are exclusively copolarized (i.e., there are no cross-polarized backscattered fields). After substantiating this theoretically, measured ultrawideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are used for corroboration, considering real, buried landmines that approximate bodies of revolution.
Functional neuromuscular stimulator for short-distance ambulation by certain thoracic-level spinal-cord-injured paraplegics

BACKGROUND Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation (FNS) for unbraced short-distance ambulation by traumatic complete/near-complete T4 to T12 paraplegics is based on work by Graupe et al (1982), Kralj et al (1980), Liberson et al (1961), and others. This paper discusses methodology, performance, training, admissibility criteria, and medical observations for FNS-ambulation using the Parastep-I system, which is the first and only such system to have received FDA approval (1994) and which emanated from these previous works. METHOD The Parastep system is a transcutaneous non-invasive and microcomputerized electrical stimulation system built into a Walkman-size unit powered by eight AA batteries that is controlled by finger-touch buttons located on a walker's handbars for manual selection of stimulation menus. The microcomputer shapes, controls, and distributes trains of stimulation signals that trigger action potentials in selected peripheral nerves. Walker support is used for balance. The patient can don the system in under 10 minutes. At least 32 training sessions are required. RESULTS Approximately 400 patients have used the Parastep system, essentially all achieving standing and at least 30 feet of ambulation, with a few reaching as much as 1 mile at a time. Recent literature presents data on the medical benefits of using the Parastep system-beyond the exercise benefits of short distance ambulation at will-such as increased blood flow to the lower extremities, lower HR at subpeak work intensities, increased peak work capability, reduced spasticity, and psychological benefits. CONCLUSIONS We believe that the Parastep FNS system, which is presently commercially available by prescription, is easily usable for independent short-distance ambulation. We believe that its exercise benefits and its other medical and psychological benefits, as discussed, make it an important option for thoracic-level traumatic paraplegics.
Lipidation of an FlrC-Dependent Protein Is Required for Enhanced Intestinal Colonization by Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has a sheathed, polar flagellum, and motility has been linked to virulence. An operon with two genes, flgO and flgP (VC2207 and VC2206), is positively regulated by FlrC, the activator of class III flagellar genes. Deletion of flgP results in a nonmotile phenotype, demonstrating the requirement of this gene for V. cholerae motility. V. cholerae delta flgP cells synthesize fragile and defective flagella but transcribe flagellar genes similar to the wild-type strain. PhoA fusion analysis indicated that the putative lipoprotein FlgP is localized external to the cytoplasm, and fractionation demonstrated that it was localized to the outer membrane. Mutagenesis of the site of lipidation of FlgP (C18G) prevented [3H]palmitate incorporation and outer membrane localization. Interestingly, FlgP with the mutation C18G [FlgP(C18G)] could complement the delta flgP mutant for motility, and the cells synthesized wild-type flagella. The delta flgP mutant strain was defective for intestinal colonization (approximately 20-fold), but FlgP(C18G) was unable to complement this defect, demonstrating that lipidation of FlgP is essential for its role in intestinal colonization but not flagellar synthesis. FlgP thus represents a novel V. cholerae intestinal colonization factor that is regulated by the flagellar transcription hierarchy.