cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quenching of spin fluctuations in the highly enhanced paramagnets R Co 2 ( R = S c , Y , o r L u )

The low-temperature (1.3-20.0 K) high-magnetic-field (0-10 T) heat capacity and the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility (1.7-300 K) of the strongly Pauli paramagnetic $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$ ($R=\mathrm{S}\mathrm{c},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{Y},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{u}$) compounds with the Mg${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$-type structure were measured. The heat-capacity results for Sc${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$, Y${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$, and Lu${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$ show that the electronic specific-heat constant decreases with increasing magnetic fields (by 7%, 4%, and 10%, respectively, at 10 T). For Y${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$ the coefficient of the ${T}^{3}$ term ($\ensuremath{\beta}$) in the heat capacity is found to increase by 18% at 10 T, but for Sc${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$ and Lu${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$ remains constant within experimental error. Analyses based on several theoretical models of the quenching of spin fluctuations by high magnetic fields suggest that the characteristic spin-fluctuation temperature is \ensuremath{\sim}20 K for Sc${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$, \ensuremath{\sim}35 K for Y${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$, and \ensuremath{\sim}16 K for Lu${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$. The magnetization and the field dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of the same samples as used in the heat-capacity measurements indicate the presence of ferromagnetic impurities in the samples, but the estimated concentrations are sufficiently low that they probably have no effect on the observed heat capacities. Maxwell's thermodynamics relationship between the field dependence of the heat capacity and the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility has been examined.
Genetic allelism and linkage tests of a soybean gene, Rfg1 , controlling nodulation with Rhizobium fredii strain USDA 205

A soybean gene, Rfg1, controlling nodulation with strain USDA 205, the type strain for the fast-growing species Rhizobium fredii, was tested for allelism with the Rj4 gene. The Rj4 gene conditions ineffective nodulation primarily with certain strains of the slow-growing soybean microsymbiont, Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The F2 seeds of the cross of the cultivars Peking, carrying the alleles rfg1, Rj4, i (controlling inhibition of seed coat color) and W1 (controlling flower color), and Kent, carrying the alleles Rfg1, rj4, i-i and w1, were evaluated for nodulation response with strain USDA 205 by planting surface disinfested seeds in sterilized vermiculite in growth trays and inoculating with a stationary phase broth culture of strain USDA 205 at planting. Plants were classified for nodulation response visually after four weeks growth and transplanted to the field for F3 seed production. Flower color, purple (W1) vs white (w1), was determined in the field. The allele present at the i locus was determined by classification of F3 seed coat color. The F3 seeds were planted in growth trays and inoculated with strain USDA 61 of Bradyrhizobium elkanii to determine the genotype for the Rj4 locus. The Rfg1 and Rj4 genes were determined to be located at separate loci. Chi-square analysis for linkage indicated that Rfg1 segregated independently of the Rj4, I and W1 loci.
Involvement of Mast Cells in Adenosine-Mediated Bronchoconstriction and Inflammation in an Allergic Mouse Model

In allergen-induced asthma, activation of lung mast cells leads to bronchial constriction, increased mucus secretion, and an increase in the localization of inflammatory cells to the airways. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of mast cells in adenosine-mediated airway reactivity and inflammation using the mast cell degranulating agent, compound 48/80 (C48/80). Mice were sensitized and challenged with ragweed (or 0.9% saline) followed by C48/80 administration twice a day in increasing doses for 5 days. Dose-responsiveness to the nonspecific adenosine receptor agonist 5′- N -ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) was established, and lung lavage was performed 24 h later for cell differential analysis to evaluate inflammation. At a dose of 375 μg/ml (aerosolized NECA), C48/80 pretreatment resulted in a significant attenuation in airway reactivity when compared with sensitized control mice (330.07 versus 581.57%, respectively). Lung lavage from the C48/80 treated mice showed a decrease in eosinophils (17.7 versus 60.9%, respectively) and an increase in macrophages when compared with the sensitized control group (76.4 versus 30.8%, respectively). These results support the conclusion that mast cell degranulation plays an important role in adenosine receptor-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.
Level of Adjunct Question, Type of Feedback, and Learning Concepts by Reading.

Abstract The effects of level of adjunct question (factual, application) and type of feedback (no feedback, correct answer feedback, self-correction feedback) on learning concepts from prose were examined. Feedback influenced performance on the questions asked during instruction, but did not facilitate concept learning. Adjunct application questions produced better concept learning when there was a 1-day interval between study and test (Experiment 1), but not when the test was immediate (Experiment 2). The results suggest that, contrary to widely held views, feedback does not necessarily facilitate concept learning and that adjunct application questions do not always facilitate the learning of concepts through reading.
Intracardiac Surgery with Extracorporeal Circulation in Infants: Indications and Results

Abstract Experience with intracardiac surgery in infants indicates that for most anomalies the operative and late mortality after primary total correction is lower than the combined mortality after early palliation and delayed correction. In addition, there are secondary benefits of primary total correction in terms of reversal of retarded physical growth and social development and alleviation of parental anxiety. The relative merits of conventional cardiopulmonary bypass versus profound hypothermia, circulatory arrest, and limited cardiopulmonary bypass are as yet incompletely elucidated, particularly regarding the long-term effects of the second method on cerebral function. Indications for the use of each method will undoubtedly become clearer as reports of longer follow-up become available. At the University of Oregon Medical School, intracardiac operation using conventional cardiopulmonary bypass has been carried out in 108 infants under 2 years of age. Late hemodynamic studies and intellectual and social developmental testing indicate gratifying long-term results with this technique.
A strong bout of natural cooling in 2008

[1] A precipitous drop in North American temperature in 2008, commingled with a decade-long fall in global mean temperatures, are generating opinions contrary to the inferences drawn from the science of climate change. We use an extensive suite of model simulations and appraise factors contributing to 2008 temperature conditions over North America. We demonstrate that the anthropogenic impact in 2008 was to warm the region's temperatures, but that it was overwhelmed by a particularly strong bout of naturally-induced cooling resulting from the continent's sensitivity to widespread coolness of the tropical and northeastern Pacific sea surface temperatures. The implication is that the pace of North American warming is likely to resume in coming years, and that climate is unlikely embarking upon a prolonged cooling.
Redescribing the public interest

Abstract Though it is a vague, indeterminate construct, “the public interest” continues to be used in public administration writing. It is suggested that extant substantive, aggregative, and process descriptions pay insufficient attention to the economic and political context, the ability of members of the public to determine what their interests may be, and the temporal dimension of the public interest. A critical redescription of the concept is offered that takes into account societal conditions, public knowledge, and change over time.
Host Stress Response Is Important for the Pathogenesis of the Deadly Amphibian Disease, Chytridiomycosis, in Litoria caerulea

Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has contributed to worldwide amphibian population declines; however, the pathogenesis of this disease is still somewhat unclear. Previous studies suggest that infection disrupts cutaneous sodium transport, which leads to hyponatremia and cardiac failure. However, infection is also correlated with unexplained effects on appetite, skin shedding, and white blood cell profiles. Glucocorticoid hormones may be the biochemical connection between these disparate effects, because they regulate ion homeostasis and can also influence appetite, skin shedding, and white blood cells. During a laboratory outbreak of B. dendrobatidis in Australian Green Tree Frogs, Litoria caerulea, we compared frogs showing clinical signs of chytridiomycosis to infected frogs showing no signs of disease and determined that diseased frogs had elevated baseline corticosterone, decreased plasma sodium and potassium, and altered WBC profiles. Diseased frogs also showed evidence of poorer body condition and elevated metabolic rates compared with frogs showing no signs of disease. Prior to displaying signs of disease, we also observed changes in appetite, body mass, and the presence of shed skin associated with infected but not yet diseased frogs. Collectively, these results suggest that elevated baseline corticosterone is associated with chytridiomycosis and correlates with some of the deleterious effects observed during disease development.
Two Views of Generality

At least two views of generality exist within the research community segment that is concerned with aiding and understanding human judgment and choice, as determined by an NSF-sponsored workshop on the subject of generalization that was held in the summer of 1985 at the University of Colorado. A perspective on how the differences in viewpoints concerning generalization can be exploited best for the benefit of both groups is provided, such that a unified research agenda enhancing support to human decisionmaking ability will result.
Diagnostic Analysis and Spectral Energetics of a Blocking Event in the GLAS Climate Model Simulation

A synoptic and spectral analysis of a blocking event is presented, with attention given to the temporal evolution, maintenance, and decay of the block. The GLAS numerical climate model was used to generate a blocking event by the introduction of SST anomalies. Wavenumbers 2 and 3 became stationary around their climatological locations, and their constructive interference produced persistent blocking ridges over the west coast of North America and the other over western Europe. Time variations of the kinetic and potential energies and energy conversions during the blocking were performed. Spectrally filtered Hovmoller diagrams were developed for the winter of 1976-77, and showed that long waves were stationary over most of the interval, which featured severe weather conditions.
Use of the dipole moment in the assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy

A multi-electrode grid lead system, suited for the measurement of the total outward electromotive force of the heart expressed as a dipole moment, was tested in 64 subjects without heart disease and in 44 patients with left ventricular overload. The normal group showed the maximum dipole moment to the left (L-MDM) to be proportional to body weight, and by inference to left ventricular weight. For the patients with heart disease, the degree of hypertrophy was assessed in terms of LV weight derived from biplane angiocardiograms; for these patients, L-MDM was found to be proportional to LV weight (r = 0.85). The grid allowed for a more accurate assessment of LV weight than parameters obtained from the Frank lead system in the same patients. A substantially improved estimation of LV weight was achieved with both systems when body weight was considered in addition to the electrocardiographic measurements. Among the reasons for the better performance of the grid system are surface potential integration instead of sampling, consideration of individual torso dimensions, and as a result of distributed multiple electrodes, absence of distortion in the local field.
Progress in orientation-patterned GaAs for next-generation nonlinear optical devices

Orientation-patterned GaP is a promising nonlinear material for frequency conversion in the mid and longwave IR (2-5 µm and 8-12 µm) by quasi-phase matching. As an alternative to OPGaAs, OPGaP has the advantage of having lower two-photon absorption in the convenient pumping range 1 – 1.7 µm. We report recent results on development of thick QPM GaP for high power tunable laser sources radiating in the mid IR. Two are the major challenges to producing OPGaP: development of simple techniques for preparation of patterned templates and a technology for fast epitaxial growth of thick, high quality GaP on these templates. The focus was to adapt/simplify the wafer fusion process for OPGaP template preparation. Then increase the growth rate and layer thickness of regrown material, while maintaining vertical domain propagation. The growth experiments were conducted in a horizontal quartz reactor, using a standard hydride vapor phase epitaxial process. The growth was performed on: (i) plain (100) GaP; (ii) half-patterned (HP) and (iii) orientation-patterned (OP) templates, fabricated on (100) GaP. Up to 370 µm thick layers with high crystal and optical quality were reproducibly grown on plain material. Growth on HP templates resulted in up to 470 µm thick layers with rectangular mesa‟s shape. These results were used to determine the optimal substrate and pattern orientations. HVPE growth on OP templates achieved stable growth rates of 50-70 µm/h with domain walls propagating vertically, following the periodicity of the initial pattern, and resulted in the first 350 µm thick device quality OPGaP.
Effect of SN Additions on Superplasticity in Al−Mg−Mn−Sc Alloys

Identical Al-Mg-Mn-Sc alloys without and with 0.034-wt% Sn additions were fabricated, heat-treated, and tensile tested in a fine-grain (d < 6 pm) condition at four strain rates from 10−2 to 10−4 s−1 and at temperatures from 723K to 823K. Alloys with Sn additions exhibited reduced failure strains at 723K but higher failure strains at 823K for the slowest strain rates. The effect of Sn on flow stress, activation energy for flow stress, and strain rate exponent was explored and was found to be small. The main effect of Sn was suggested to be in reducing cavitation by allowing a redistribution of stress at critical hetero-junctions in the alloys.
Structure of the O-Glycans in GlyCAM-1, an Endothelial-derived Ligand for L-selectin

Abstract L-selectin, the leukocyte selectin, mediates the carbohydrate-dependent attachment of circulating leukocytes to endothelium, preceding emigration into tissues. It functions in inflammatory leukocyte trafficking and in lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes. From previous work, the binding of L-selectin to endothelial-associated glycoprotein ligands, GlyCAM-1 and CD34, requires oligosaccharide sialylation, sulfation, and probably fucosylation. We have recently identified a major capping group in GlyCAM-1 as 6′ sulfated sialyl Lewis x, a novel structure which potentially satisfies all of these requirements. In the present study, we define the complete structure of β-eliminated chains of GlyCAM-1 using metabolic radiolabeling, plant lectin binding, and glycosidase digestions in conjunction with high pH anion-exchange chromatography. The majority of the O-glycans in GlyCAM-1 contain the T-antigen, i.e. Galβ13GalNAc, which is incorporated into the core-2 structure, i.e. Galβ13[GlcNAcβ16]GalNAc or larger core structures with additional GlcNAc residues. The structures of two O-glycans, based on core-2, were determined to be: ± Fuc α1 3 ± Fuc α1 3 Siaα2 3Galβ1 4GlcNAcβ1 Siaα2 3Galβ1 4GlcNAcβ1 6 ‖ 6 ‖ SO3 ‖SO3 ‖ 6 6 Siaα 3Galβ1 3GalNAc-OH Siaα2 3Galβ1 3GalNAc-OH The implications of these structures and more complex O-glycans for binding by L-selectin are discussed.
Mechanical memory and dosing influence stem cell fate.

Mechanical cues from the local cellular microenvironment can direct cell fate. Now, experiments with human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on phototunable soft poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels show that the cells remember past physical environments—with the transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ acting as a mechanical rheostat—and therefore that appropriate doses of mechanical cues can be used to manipulate the cells’ fate.
Growing maize in clumps as a strategy for marginal climatic conditions

Abstract Under dryland conditions of the Texas High Plains, maize ( Zea mays ) production is limited by sparse and erratic precipitation that results in severe water stress particularly during grain formation. When plant populations are reduced to 2.0–3.0 plants m −2 to conserve soil water for use during grain filling, tillers often form during the vegetative growth and negate the expected economic benefit. We hypothesized that growing maize in clumps spaced 1.0 m apart would reduce tiller formation, increase mutual shading among the plants, and conserve soil water for grain filling that would result in higher grain yield. Studies were conducted during 2006 and 2007 at Bushland, TX. with two planting geometries (clump vs. equidistant), two irrigation methods (low-energy precision applicator, LEPA, and low-elevation spray applicator, LESA) at three irrigation levels (dryland, 75 mm and 125 mm in 2006; and dryland, 50 mm and 100 mm in 2007). For dryland plots in 2007, clump plants had only 0.17 tillers (0.66 tillers m −2 ) compared with 1.56 tillers per plant (6.08 tillers m −2 ) for equidistant spacing. Tillers accounted for 10% of the stover for the equidistant plants, but less than 3% of the grain. Clump planting produced significantly greater grain yields (321 g m −2 vs. 225 g m −2 and 454 g m −2 vs. 292 g m −2 during 2006 and 2007, respectively) and Harvest Indexes (0.54 vs. 0.49 and 0.52 vs. 0.39 during 2006 and 2007, respectively) compared with equidistant plants in dryland conditions. Water use efficiency (WUE) measurements in 2007 indicated that clumps had a lower evapotranspiration (ET) threshold for initiating grain production, but the production function slopes were 2.5 kg m −3 for equidistant treatments compared to 2.0 kg m −3 for clump treatments. There was no yield difference for method of irrigation on water use efficiency. Our results suggest that growing maize in clumps compared with equidistant spacing reduced the number of tillers, early vegetative growth, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) so that more soil water was available during the grain filling stage. This may be a useful strategy for growing maize with low plant populations in dryland areas where severe water stress is common.
Next Steps to Reduce Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the USA

Maternal mortality is rising in the USA. The pregnancy-related maternal mortality ratio increased from 10/100,000 to 17/100,000 live births from the 1990s to 2012. A large proportion of maternal deaths are preventable. This review highlights a national approach to reduce maternal death and morbidity and discusses multiple efforts to reduce maternal morbidity, death and improve obstetric safety. These efforts include communication and collaboration between all stake holders involved in perinatal health, creation of national bundles addressing key maternal care areas such as hemorrhage management, call for all obstetric hospitals to review and analyze all cases of severe maternal morbidity, and access to contraception. Implementation of interventions based on these efforts is a national imperative to improve obstetric safety.
Testosterone Replacement and Cardiovascular Safety: No Straight and Narrow!

The past decade has seen a tremendous increase in the number of men treated for hypogonadism with the expectation of symptomatic benefit. However, the long-term cardiovascular safety of testosterone replacement remains unknown because retrospective studies of testosterone replacement have been inconsistent, and definitive, prospective, randomized studies are lacking. The purpose of this review is to critically appraise the studies on testosterone replacement and cardiovascular outcomes.
Effect of the probe geometry on dynamics of cavitation

Cavitation bubbles accompany explosive evaporation of water after pulsed energy deposition during endosurgery. Bubbles collapsing at the time of an endo-probe produce a powerful and damaging water jet propagating forward in the axial direction of the probe. We demonstrate that formation of this flow and associated tissue damage can be prevented by application of the concave probes that slow the propagation of the back boundary of the bubble. A similar effect can be achieved by positioning an obstacle to the flow, such as a ring or a pick tip in a close proximity to the back, side or front of the tip. Dependence of the flow dynamics on geometry of the probe was studied using fast flash photography and particle velocimetry. With a flat tip a maximal jet velocity of 80 m/s is achieved at a pulse energy of 0.12 mJ, while with an optimized concave probe the jet is completely stopped. The maximal distance between the probe and the tissue at which cells were affected by the water jet was measured using choriallantoic membrane of a chick embryo and Propidium Iodide staining. Changing the tip geometry from flat or convex to an optimized concave shape resulted in reduction of the damage distance by a factor of 4 with pulse energies varying from 0.02 to 0.75 mJ. Elimination of the water jet dramatically improves precision and safety of the pulsed endosurgery reducing the axial damage zone to a size of the cavitation bubble at its maximal expansion.
Veracity and vicissitude: A critical look at the Milwaukee project

Abstract Recent publication of the long-awaited final report of the controversial but widely heralded Milwaukee Project prompts scrutiny of the project and the report itself. After massive early intervention efforts with 17 black children at risk for mental retardation, follow-up assessment at ages 12 and 14 reveals a difference of fewer than 10 IQ points over the 18 control children. Reports in the 1970s had indicated average IQ gains of as much as 30 points. Reading achievement of experimental children was no better than for the controls, and although the experimental children enjoyed a significant advantage in mathematics achievement, they were functioning well below their measured potential. Numerous methodological problems, such as questionable equivalence experimental and control groups, confusion over subject attrition and replacement, normative obsolescence of assessment devices, and inadequate independent IQ assessment, all cast doubt on the validity of the project's results. The failure of the principal investigator, Howard Garber, to respond to methodological criticisms and questions regarding the impact of Rick Heber's criminal activities on the integrity of the project data does nothing to quell the cloud of suspicion surrounding the research. The Milwaukee Project provides no support for the hypothesis that early intervention for children at risk for mental retardation will result in meaningful and lasting changes in IQ or achievement.
Heterogeneity of Anti-VEGF Aptamer : A Single Molecule Study

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of severe visual loss worldwide. Among the key regulators, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) serves as a promising candidate for controlling angiogenesis in AMD. The emergence of aptamers as anti-VEGF (aV) provides a new pathway for targeting VEGF to control the disease. aV exhibits conformational dynamics and heterogeneity, implying a rugged energy landscape. Characterization of the heterogeneity of aptamers by single molecule fluorescence energy transfer (smFRET) has not been extensively elucidated. smFRET efficiency distributions in single-molecule experiments contain both structural and dynamical information. Extraction of this information from these distributions requires a careful analysis of unwanted contributions from dye-photophysics. We used cross-correlation analysis to characterize each time series trajectory and distinguish it from contributions of unwanted dye photophysics. NMR and analytical centrifugation were used to complement the dynamic smFRET conformational analyses. Wavelet denoising and state-finding algorithms were used to process the smFRET data to remove shot-noise and find among the ensembles of DNA aptamer conformational states. Binding of VEGF was found to induce a shift in the equilibrium conformation of the DNA aptamer to two conformations. Increased ionic strength resulted in a decrease of the binding ability of the aV to the VEGF.
Ludwig's angina following frenuloplasty in an adolescent

Ludwig's angina is a rapidly progressive cellulitis of the submandibular space and has the potential for significant upper airway obstruction. Most reported cases follow an odontogenic infection. We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who underwent a frenuloplasty to correct speech disturbances and subsequently developed a life-threatening infection of the floor of mouth. Immediate intubation, surgical decompression and antibiotic therapy successfully resolved the episode. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an iatrogenic Ludwig's angina attributable to a frenuloplasty performed for ankyloglossia. We briefly review the literature on ankyloglossia, pediatric Ludwig's angina and postoperative infections.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging through turbid medium

Coherent Raman microspectroscopy imaging is an emerging technique for non-invasive, chemically-specific optical imaging. The wealth of information available through hyperspectral imaging potentially allows discriminating and imaging different chemicals in biological tissues, which is important, for example, for stain-free histopathology. One of the advantages of nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy is the ability to achieve high spatial resolution imaging in the presence of light scattering, when conventional confocal microscopy fails. In this report, a commercially available hyperspectral analysis software is utilized for analysis of vibrational spectra collected through highly scattering medium In particular, applications to remote optical sensing of potential biological threats and to imaging through a layer of skin tissue were successfully demonstrated.
Theoretical Analysis of a Magnetic Separator Device for Ex‐Vivo Blood Detoxification

Abstract The feasibility of a magnetic separator device for ex‐vivo blood detoxification was studied. This blood detoxification approach entails administering functionalized magnetic microspheres (FMMSs) into a patient's body by transdermal injection to capture and remove toxins from the blood using highly specific receptors attached to the surface of the FMMSs. These toxin‐loaded FMMSs are then removed from the body using extracorporeal blood circulation through a specially designed magnetic separator, based on high gradient magnetic separation principles. The performance of the magnetic separator, in terms of its collection efficiency (CE) of the FMMSs, was evaluated theoretically using a streamline analysis of a 2‐D model. The effects of blood velocity (1 to 20 cm/s), magnetic field strength (0.1 to 2.0 T), wire size (0.125 to 2.0 mm in radii), separator unit size at a fixed ratio of tube to wire diameter of one, tube length (2.0 to 20 cm), wire material (nickel, SS 430 and wairauite), and magnetic mat...
The child's awareness of adult beliefs concerning the child: The effects of gender and subculture.

Patterns of agreement among mothers' and teachers' beliefs about their children, children's self-beliefs, and children's beliefs about adults' beliefs were investigated among Afro-American inner city matrifocal families. Findings were compared to those previously obtained with Italian-American families. Twenty-four mothers, their 10–12-year-old children, and their children's teachers were administered the Family Belief Interview Schedule assessing adult beliefs about the child and the child's beliefs about adult beliefs. Findings indicated that children were more accurate in predicting teachers' than mothers' beliefs. Among Afro-American children and in the combined Afro-American and Italian-American samples, girls, relative to boys, were more accurate in predicting mothers' beliefs, assumed greater similarity of mothers' beliefs to their own, and assumed greater consistency between mothers' and teachers' beliefs. Among boys, relative to Italian-Americans, Afro-Americans assumed significantly less similarity of mothers' beliefs to their own. These findings are interpreted within a subcultural family socialization framework.
The first example of η8 coordination of lithium cations with a cyclooctatetraene dianion: crystal structure of Li2(dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene)(TMEDA)2

Abstract The reported crystal structure of Li2(dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene)(TMEDA)2 represents the first crystal structure of a dilithio cyclooctatetraene dianion, and the first example of η8 coordination of a lithium cation with the cyclooctatetraene system.
Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution

Abstract The neotropical Heliconius butterflies are famous examples of Mullerian mimicry, due to the diverse array of shared, brightly colored wing patterns that advertise the butterflies' unpalatability. The parallel geographical variation in these patterns within several widespread species has been invoked to support the controversial Pleistocene refugium hypothesis of tropical diversification. However, in no Heliconius species have either evolutionary rates or relationships among geographical races been explicitly examined. I present a phylogenetic hypothesis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences for 14 divergent races of Heliconius erato, which reveals that similar wing patterns have evolved rapidly and convergently within the species. There is a basal split between groups of races from east and west of the Andes, reflecting a vicariant separation at the base of the Pleistocene. Within each of these clades, sequence divergence is very low, and some haplotypes are shared between allopatric races with radically different wing patterns. The topology implies a simultaneous radiation of races in these two areas within the last 200,000 years. Ages for the clades are estimated by comparing sequence divergence to a plot of mitochondrial divergence in several arthropod taxa with independently dated divergence times. This plot is linear and suggests that mitochondrial DNA in arthropods evolves in a clocklike manner, at least initially, when sequence divergence is low.
A route for oxygen isotope enrichment of α-COOH groups in amino acids

Abstract Oxygen-17 was introduced into leucine, proline, phenylalanine and tyrosine. The corresponding tert-butyloxycarbonyl amino acids were first converted to their O-methyl esters. Following saponification with Na17OH, the tert- butyloxycarbonyl group was removed to yield free amino acid enriched with oxygen-17 by approximately 1000-fold. Oxygen-17 NMR revealed well-resolved peaks for the labelled amino acids. The chemical shifts are reported.
The response of four calcium hydroxides on monkey pulps

Dentinal bridge formation and pulpal responses of four calcium hydroxide materials, pulp capping medicaments, MPC, Experimental MPC-12, Dycal and Pulpdent, were evaluated in primary and permanent monkey teeth. A total of 60 primary and 60 permanent teeth were used with each material placed in a Class V cavity exposure in Rhesus monkey teeth. The materials were placed on the exposed pulp tissue and were histologically evaluated at 3 days, 5 weeks and 8 weeks. After perfusion the teeth were processed using routine histological procedures. The 3-day pulpal responses in both primary and permanent teeth were moderate, characterized by disruption of the pulpal tissue directly beneath the exposure site and a zone of acute inflammation and hemorrhage in the underlying pulp. The 5-week response showed histological differences between the four medicaments, with Dycal producing the least amount of pulpal irritation with reparative dentin bridges occurring in 50% of the permanent teeth. Experimental MPC-12 stimulated one reparative dentin bridge, while Pulpdent and MPC showed no evidence of bridge formation. Pulpal responses to Dycal were moderate and moderate to severe for the other calcium hydroxide compounds. No reparative dentin bridges were seen in the primary teeth at 5 weeks with any of the materials, and the pulpal responses were of a moderate degree at that time. Eight-week responses were similar to the 5-week responses Dycal provoked a slight to moderate pulpal response with 50% success at bridging. Experimental MPC-12 initiated pulpal responses in the moderate to severe range with some bridging evident. Pulpdent incited moderate to severe histological responses with three teeth demonstrating bridge formation, and MPC provoked severe pulpal responses with no bridging. Primary teeth showed some bridging for all compounds except those treated with MPC, in which no evidence of bridging occurred, and moderate to severe pulpal responses were present.
Extracellular-regulated kinase controls β-amyloid precursor protein mRNA decay

The precise signaling pathways which contribute to amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene expression remain incompletely characterized. We evaluated the role of protein kinases, calcium and phospholipase C (PLC) in modulating APP mRNA levels. There was a rapid 35-40% reduction in the steady state level of APP mRNA upon stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), A23187 or ionomycin. However the protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase A (PKA) or PLC pathways did not mediate these changes in APP mRNA levels. Rather, PMA or ionophore caused a rapid activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK). This effect was independent of PKC and sensitive to U0126. After 4 h of PMA treatment, the remaining APP mRNA became indefinitely stable. We propose a model for the biphasic decay of APP mRNA in which ERK activation by PMA causes sequential upregulation of two APP mRNA binding proteins, nucleolin and hnRNP C. We attribute the initial rapid loss of APP mRNA to the helicase activity associated with nucleolin and later stabilization to hnRNP C binding to the 29 base instability element in the 3'-UTR of APP mRNA.
Early U.S. Market for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Anticipating Consumer Recharge Potential and Design Priorities

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are proposed as both a near-term technology to achieve energy and environmental goals and as a transitional step toward viable all-electric vehicles. To replace assumptions with observations of potential PHEV drivers' behavior in market and impact analyses, an Internet-based survey of 2,373 new-car-buying households in the United States was conducted. The instrument required households to answer questions, complete a driving and parking diary, and then complete several PHEV design exercises. Three conclusions could be drawn from the resulting data. First, at least half of the target population is already equipped for at-home vehicle recharging but has little opportunity for recharging at the workplace or other locations. Second, the study found that the respondents had widely varied interests in four possible PHEV attributes: fuel economy (in both charge-depleting and charge-sustaining operations), blended versus all-electric operation, the distance over which the vehicle is in the charge-depleting mode, and the recharging speed. Nevertheless, the appeal of increased fuel economy appears to be the highest and that of faster recharging appears to be the lowest. Furthermore, there is little interest in all-electric operation. Third, given the previous two points, it was estimated that about a third of the target population has both the infrastructure to recharge a PHEV and interest in a vehicle with plug-in capabilities. Policy, technology, and energy providers may use this information to understand whether their plans, designs, and goals align with these present understandings or whether it would be collectively beneficial to foster new understandings of PHEVs among U.S. car buyers.
Combativeness in the demented patient

Combative responses in patients with dementia diagnoses pose a major management problem for care-takers. Those individuals who display repeated bouts of combativeness and pose a risk of harm to others often cannot be maintained in a nursing home setting or other less restrictive environment. Factors contributing to combative responses in patients with dementia are discussed. Case studies are provided; these offer a means of understanding why the patient hits in specific situations. Recommended management strtegies ae described.
Current concepts: The use of immunoperoxidase techniques in Mohs micrographic surgery

Abstract Mohs micrographic surgery is used for the removal of certain malignant tumors, both ensuring complete excision by histologic examination of margins as well as minimizing normal tissue loss. Recently, several investigators have incorporated the use of immunoperoxidase techniques to aid in the removal of selected high-risk carcinomas, sarcomas, and melanomas. We describe the basic principles of immunoperoxidase and review recent articles in which immunoperoxidase was used as an adjunct to routine hematoxylin-eosin staining in Mohs micrographic surgery. Additionally, we show examples of selected tumors comparing routine hematoxylin-eosin stains and immunoperoxidase. We believe the use of immunoperoxidase can be of significant value in the removal of certain high-risk tumors. In particular, this technique is useful in "unmasking" malignant cells in areas of dense inflammation, identification of some cases of perineural invasion, identification of pagetoid spread in carcinomas and melanomas, and finally in helping to identify subtle margins in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:66-71.)
Design of potent and selective agonists for the human vasopressin V1b receptor based on modifications of [deamino-cys1]arginine vasopressin at position 4.

The glutamine4 residue in [deamino-Cys1]arginine vasopressin (dAVP) was replaced by a broad series of aliphatic, aromatic, polar, and charged amino acids to give the following peptides: d[Gly4]AVP (1), d[Ala4]AVP (2), d[Abu4]AVP (3), d[Nva4]AVP (4), d[Nle4]AVP (5), d[Leu4]AVP (6), d[Ile4]AVP (7), d[Thi4]AVP (8), d[Phe4]AVP (9), d[Tyr4]AVP (10), d[Trp4]AVP (11), d[Asn4]AVP (12), d[Ser4]AVP (13), d[Thr4]AVP (14), d[Dap4]AVP (15), d[Dab4]AVP (16), d[Orn4]AVP (17), d[Lys4]AVP (18), d[Arg4]AVP (19), d[Har4]AVP (20), and d[Glu4]AVP (21). All peptides were synthesized by solid-phase methods using BOC chemistry for all but one peptide (8), which required the use of Fmoc chemistry. The binding and functional properties of these position 4 substituted analogues of dAVP (d[X4]AVP) and the previously reported d[Cha4]AVP (Derick et al. Endocrinology 2002, 143, 4655−4664) were evaluated on human arginine vasopressin (AVP) V1a, V1b, and V2 receptors and on the human oxytocin (OT) receptor expressed in living Chinese ha...
Analysis of the Engineering and Technology Management (ETM) Educational Programs

This paper presents an analysis of 142 universities offering degree granting programs in Engineering and Technology Management (ETM) worldwide. The data gathered in a study conducted by Portland State University's Department of Engineering and Technology Management in 2003-2004 are used for identifying the similarities and differences among ETM programs based on the academic unit in which they are offered. This paper is a follow-up to previous papers in 1977, 1981, 1984, 1990, 1994 and 2005 [1-6]. Program characteristics such as the number of students, the courses offered, the degrees granted, the faculty, the research areas, geographic location, funding, faculty, and teaching methods are analyzed.
Salton sea minerals

The long-held notion that precious metals, minerals, and other useful substances can be extracted from natural waters is starting to become realized at several locations of geothermal brines. In a recent study by A. Maimoni of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory it was determined that there is a high potential for minerals recovery from the hot brines of a 1000-MWe geothermal power station at the Salton Sea geothermal field in southern California. The study estimated that the revenue from the minerals could substantially exceed that from the power station (Geothermics, 11, 239–258, 1982). According to the study, ‘A 1000-MWe power plant could recover 14–31% of the U.S. demand for manganese.’ In the example of lithium production, such a geothermal plant could produce 5–10 times the annual world output of lithium. Large quantities of lead and zinc could be extracted, as well as significant amounts of gold, platinum, and silver. The chemical composition of the brines is incredibly complex, however, for reasons not currently understood.
The viscosities of liquid uranium, gold and lead

Abstract The viscosity of liquid uranium metal was measured by an absolute method in an oscillating cup viseosirnetor. To verify the accuracy of the viscosimeter, the viscosities of liquid gold and lead metals wore measured for comparison with reported values. The viscosity of the liquid 99.97 % pure lead decreased linearly on a plot of log viscosity as a function of reciprocal absolute temperature from 2.47 centipoises at 337° C to 0.95 centipoiso at 1114° C. The viscosity of molten 99.97 + % pure gold decreased from 4.84 to 3.58 centipoises over a 1063° to 1364° C temperature interval. The viscosity of 99.9 + % pure uranium was measured at five temperatures between 1141° and 1248° C. A least squares analysis of the data showed that the viscosity decreased from 6.5 to 5.4 ± 0.2 centipoises between 1133° and 1248° C with an activation energy for viscous flow ( E vis ) of 7260 cal/g-atom. Liquid self-diffusion, calculated from the viscosity data, increased from 1.92 × 10 −5 cm 2 /see to 2.51 × 10 −5 cm 2 /sec between 1138° and 1248° C. The experimental melting point viscosity and E vis compared favorably with the 5.9 centipoises and 7540 cal/g-atom values predicted from theoretical considerations. The 6.5 centipoises for uranium at its melting temperature is the highest viscosity reported in the literature for a pure liquid metal.
Investigation of Pt/Si/CeO2/Pt MOS Device Structure by Impedance Spectroscopy

Epitaxial growth of dielectric layers on silicon substrates has attracted a great deal of recent interest given their potential applicability in the fabrication of high quality silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures, high density capacitor devices, and stable buffer layers between silicon and other materials. Cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ) appears to be a particularly attractive candidate, given its high dielectric constant and its compatibility with Si. To date, measurements of the electrical properties of CeO 2 films on Si have been largely limited to room temperature. In this study, thin films of CeO 2 were prepared by in situ pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on n-type (100) silicon substrates, with varied deposition conditions. Capacitance-voltage measurements (C-V) were used to characterize the response of the Pt/Si/CeO 2 /Pt MOS capacitor structure. Impedance measurements were performed from room temperature to 350°C. This enabled the independent characterization of the electrical signature of the Pt/Si interface which was found to contribute insignificantly above approximately 150°C. The CeO 2 film conductivity was found to be thermally activated with activation energy of ∼0.45 eV, with its magnitude strongly dependent on film microstructure.
Current assessment of mortality rates in congenital cardiac surgery.

Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether published and widely quoted mortality rates for pediatric cardiac surgery accurately reflect current expectations. Our hypotheses are that (1) mortality rates at high-quality pediatric cardiac programs are lower than published national results despite (2) a change in case mix with a shift away from low complexity operations. Methods We requested data for all pediatric cardiac surgical procedures performed between 2001 and 2004 at 29 Congenital Heart Surgeon's Society (CHSS) member institutions (using CHSS as a surrogate for recognized high quality). Procedures were categorized by Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery, version 1 (RACHS-1) category. In-hospital mortality rates for each category were calculated and compared with those in the 2002 manuscript of Jenkins and colleagues. Results We received data for 16,805 procedures from 11 institutions. In all, 12,672 operations (76%) could be placed into RACHS-1 categories. Overall in-hospital mortality for categorized operations was 2.9% and was most related to case mix. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of category 1 operations, and there were significant increases in category 2, 4, and 6 operations. There were significant decreases in category 2, 3, 4, and 6 mortality rates (Jenkins 2002 [CHSS]): (1) 0.4% [0.7%], (2) 3.8% [0.9%], (3) 8.5% [2.7%], (4) 19.4% [7.7%], (5) not applicable, and (6) 47.7% [17.2%]. There was no significant association between hospital surgical volume and mortality. Conclusions This outcomes "footprint" suggests that we could hold ourselves accountable to higher benchmarks than those reflected by some published standards. Mortality rates declined, despite an increase in case mix complexity. The lack of association between hospital surgical volume and mortality suggests that other factors determine outcomes at high-quality institutions. In addition to continually validating our expectations for treatment, future research needs to identify these factors by understanding the system of care and identifying process measures that influence outcomes.
Activated Levels of rRNA Synthesis in Fission Yeast Are Driven by an Intergenic rDNA Region Positioned over 2500 Nucleotides Upstream of the Initiation Site

RNA polymerase I-catalyzed synthesis of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe approximately 37S pre-rRNAs was shown to be sensitive to regulatory sequences located several kilobases upstream of the initiation site for the rRNA gene. An in vitro transcription system for RNA polymerase I-catalyzed RNA synthesis was established that supports correct and activated transcription from templates bearing a full S. pombe rRNA gene promoter. A 780 bp region starting at -2560 significantly stimulates transcription of ac is-located rDNA promoter and competes with an rDNA promoter in trans, thus displaying some of the activities of rDNA transcriptional enhancers in vitro. Deletion of a 30 bp enhancer-homologous domain in this 780 bp far upstream region blocked its cis-stimulatory effect. The sequence of the S. pombe 3.5 kb intergenic spacer was determined and its organization differs from that of vertebrate, Drosophila, Acanthamoeba and plant intergenic rDNA spacers: it does not contain multiple, imperfect copies of the rRNA gene promoter nor repetitive elements of 140 bp, as are found in vertebrate rDNA enhancers.