cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of Siderophores in Microbial Interactions in the Rhizosphere

Plants, animals, and microorganisms require iron for oxidation-reduction and other cellular reactions and have evolved mechanisms to acquire it from the environment. With animal pathogens, siderophore synthesis plays a direct role in the infection process (Weinberg, this book). Growth of numerous bacterial genera is stimulated by excess iron in body fluids and tissues of vertebrate hosts. Conversely, host defense mechanisms include withholding iron from the pathogen. It is not surprising, therefore, that the activities of microorganisms affecting plant health also would be influenced by the availability of iron in the environment and their competitive abilities to sequester it.
A Bedroom of One's Own: Law and Sexual Morality after Lawrence V. Texas

Lawrence v. Texas, which gave constitutional protection to same-sex adult sodomy, is the latest signpost on the Court's sexual privacy trail. The Supreme Court's opinion avoids formulating a specific rule to guide discretion, opting instead to focus on overruling Bowers. Nevertheless, Justice Scalia's dissent, with its ominous prophecy that Lawrence will be the death of legislation banning sex aids and other morality crimes, provides a tantalizing promise of a potentially broad application. This article considers that potential in the context of various state laws banning sex aids. Alabama's law, for example, banning such devices, is based on Alabama's claim that the pursuit of orgasms by artificial means for their own sake is detrimental to the health and morality of the State.Part I of this Article details and critiques generally the Supreme Court's past precedent limiting constitutional privacy and liberty rights. By using history and tradition in interpreting the limits of substantive due process, the Court allowed gender discrimination to infect constitutional interpretation. A lack of concern about women's health issues has fueled a history and tradition that is oblivious to the realities of women's sexual selves. Part II discusses the history of sex aids - specifically devices intended to allow women to achieve orgasm - in the context of their history and tradition. Surprisingly, vibrators have a history and tradition of non-regulation. Part III examines the interaction between gender bias in legal and medical applications, specifically in the case of sex aids. Ultimately, medical stereotypes can infect case law, and medical bias can reinforce gender stereotypes in the law. Part IV details how states enforce statutes outlawing such devices. These laws are not just quaint artifacts of an earlier time and place - Alabama's law was passed in 1998 - and prosecution under these laws results in convictions and jail sentences. Part V reviews the Lawrence majority opinion and searches for clues as to what the decision means for sexual privacy generally, and for sex aids specifically. This article concludes that the change in focus is a narrow victory for liberty and privacy interests, at most shifting the burden to the government to justify its reasons for impinging those interests whose application, not surprisingly, will depend upon the proclivities of the Court that applies it in the next case. When considering sex aid cases after Lawrence, however, the courts should not view the situation from a male-centered definition of sexuality that reduces women's normal needs to pathologies or diseases or that ignores sexuality unrelated to procreation. Rather, courts should examine whether it is constitutionally permissible for a state to outlaw the sale of sexual devices that are used in the privacy of an adult's own bedroom. They should rationally conclude that the government has no such power.
Decreased beige adipocyte number and mitochondrial respiration coincide with increased histone methyl transferase (G9a) and reduced FGF21 gene expression in Sprague–Dawley rats fed prenatal low protein and postnatal high-fat diets

We have shown that prenatal low-protein (LP) followed by postnatal high-fat (HF) diets result in a rapid increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue (subc-AT) mass in the offspring, contributing to development of obesity and insulin resistance. Studies have shown that a key transcription factor, PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are involved in conversion of precursor cells into mitochondria (mt)-enriched beige adipocytes (BA). Our hypothesis is that a maternal LP and postnatal HF diets increase the risk of obesity and insulin resistance in offspring, in part, by reducing the conversion of precursor cell into BA in the subc-AT of offspring. Using obese-prone Sprague-Dawley rats fed 8% LP or 20% normal-protein (NP) diets for 3 weeks prior to conception and throughout pregnancy and lactation followed by 12 weeks of 10% normal-fat (NF) or 45% HF diet feeding, we investigated whether prenatal LP and postnatal HF diets affect BA number and oxidative respiratory function in subc-AT. Results showed that subc-AT and liver FGF21, PRDM16 and BA marker CD137 mRNA increase with postnatal HF diet in maternal NP group rats. In contrast, rats fed maternal LP and postnatal HF diets showed no increase in subc-AT mt copy number, oxygen consumption rate, FGF21, PRDM16 and CD137 mRNA, whereas protein expression of an inhibitor for FGF21 transcription (histone methyltransferase, G9a) increased. These findings suggest that LPHF diets cause offspring metabolic alterations by reduced BA and FGF21 mRNA and increased G9a protein expression in subc-AT.
Abstract B232: PIM1 kinase is essential for the growth of MYC-overexpressing triple-negative breast tumors and is an efficacious therapeutic target.

While de-regulated MYC signaling has been identified in a wide variety of human malignancies, no targeted therapeutic strategies have been established to target tumors with elevated MYC expression. We have previously reported that receptor “triple negative” (TN) breast cancers, which lack predictive biomarkers of response (i.e., estrogen/progesterone receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), exhibit significantly elevated MYC expression as well as MYC pathway activation (Horiuchi, D., et al. 2012 JEM). In an effort to uncover the potential Achilles’ heels of TN tumors, we performed a kinome, synthetic-lethal shRNA screen in human mammary epithelial cells in which MYC activity can be controlled (i.e., HMEC-MycER cells). The screen yielded 13 potential synthetic lethal partners of MYC, including recently described AMPK-related kinase 5 (Liu, L., et al. 2012. Nature). One of our top hits is the proto-oncogene PIM1, previously shown by others to be a genetic enhancer of MYC in transgenic mouse models of lymphomas and prostate cancer. Our bioinformatics studies performed on four independent clinical cohorts (n: 146 ∼ 683 patients each) show that in all the cohorts both MYC and PIM1 are significantly enriched in the TN populations. MYC and PIM1 expression are correlated in three out of the four cohorts. Furthermore, we find that PIM1 overexpression is a poor prognostic factor associated with diminished recurrence-free survival. Our in vivo efficacy studies using conventional as well as novel “human-in-mouse” orthotopic xenograft models demonstrate that PIM1 is required for the growth of MYC-overexpressing human TN tumors. We are currently investigating the cellular mechanisms by which PIM kinase inhibition causes such growth defects. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B232. Citation Format: Dai Horiuchi, Alicia Y. Zhou, Alexandra N. Corella, Christina Yau, Devon A. Lawson, Alexey V. Bazarov, Paul Yaswen, Michael T. McManus, Alana L. Welm, Zena Werb, Andrei Goga. PIM1 kinase is essential for the growth of MYC-overexpressing triple-negative breast tumors and is an efficacious therapeutic target. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B232.
Multilevel assessment of the neurobiological threat system in depressed adolescents: interplay between the limbic system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Integrative, multilevel approaches investigating neurobiological systems relevant to threat detection promise to advance understanding of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study we considered key neuronal and hormonal systems in adolescents with MDD and healthy controls (HC). The goals of this study were to identify group differences and to examine the association of neuronal and hormonal systems. MDD and HC adolescents (N = 79) aged 12–19 years were enrolled. Key brain measures included amygdala volume and amygdala activation to an emotion face-viewing task. Key hormone measures included cortisol levels during a social stress task and during the brain scan. MDD and HC adolescents showed group differences on amygdala functioning and patterns of cortisol levels. Amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli was positively associated with cortisol responses. In addition, amygdala volume was correlated with cortisol responses, but the pattern differed in depressed versus healthy adolescents, most notably for unmedicated MDD adolescents. The findings highlight the value of using multilevel assessment strategies to enhance understanding of pathophysiology of adolescent MDD, particularly regarding how closely related biological threat systems function together while undergoing significant developmental shifts.
Single-cell genome-wide bisulfite sequencing uncovers extensive heterogeneity in the mouse liver methylome

Transmission fidelity of CpG DNA methylation patterns is not foolproof, with error rates from less than 1 to well over 10 % per CpG site, dependent on preservation of the methylated or unmethylated state and the type of sequence. This suggests a fairly high chance of errors. However, the consequences of such errors in terms of cell-to-cell variation have never been demonstrated by experimentally measuring intra-tissue heterogeneity in an adult organism. We employ single-cell DNA methylomics to analyze heterogeneity of genome-wide 5-methylcytosine (5mC) patterns within mouse liver. Our results indicate a surprisingly high level of heterogeneity, corresponding to an average epivariation frequency of approximately 3.3 %, with regions containing H3K4me1 being the most variable and promoters and CpG islands the most stable. Our data also indicate that the level of 5mC heterogeneity is dependent on genomic features. We find that non-functional sites such as repeat elements and introns are mostly unstable and potentially functional sites such as gene promoters are mostly stable. By employing a protocol for whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of single cells, we show that the liver epigenome is highly unstable with an epivariation frequency in DNA methylation patterns of at least two orders of magnitude higher than somatic mutation frequencies.
Intensifiers and image schemas: Schema type determines intensifier type

This paper develops a theory whereby the type of intensifier that a source word grammaticalizes as is determined by the semantics of the source word. Three intensifiers ( way, thoroughly, and overly ) are looked at in-depth and it is shown that their semantics as intensifiers follow from certain features, namely path and endpoint, of the image schemas depicting the meanings of their source words. It is possible that this theory can be extended to all intensifiers, especially given that many intensifiers grammaticalize out of source words that have spatial interpretations.
Safety and Efficacy of Ferumoxytol for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in a Community Based Hematology Clinic

Background Although oral iron therapy is often the initial approach for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) many patients fail to respond and tolerate. Approved parenteral iron treatment options have inconvenient dosing schedules, safety warnings and require an infusion center. Since the availability of parenteral Ferumoxytol (FER) more and more patients have been treated with this drug in the community setting. Methods Efficacy and safety data of FER treatment in general IDA population at Saint Francis Cancer Treatment Center, a community based hematology/oncology clinic in Grand Island Nebraska, were analyzed. Patients received one dose, one course (i.e. 2x 510 mg iv 1 week apart) or more than one course of FER. For patients with persistent or recurrent IDA (defined as hemoglobin (Hgb) Results A total of 140 patients with IDA treated with FER were identified. Sixty patients had one course and eight patients had more than one course, while seventy-two patients had only one dose of FER. CKD was present in 46 (33%) patients and prior iron therapy was given to 93 (66 %) patients. Underlying causes of IDA were gastrointestinal in 73(52%) patients, genitourinary in 17(12%), gynecological in 14(10%) and were unclear in 36(26%) patients. Overall, 63(45%) patients had more than 2 g/dL increase in Hgb. Mean changes in Hgb, MCV, RDW, and TSAT from baseline to week five were 1.76 g/dL, 5.42 fL, 2.74%, and 10%, respectively. FER treatment increased Hgb (p=0.02) and TSAT (p=0.01) significantly only in CKD patients with prior iron treatment. There were no significant improvements in other settings and other anemia parameters, (Table 1). Adverse events were mild and transient and included nausea, myalgia, headache, dizziness. Conclusion FER was well tolerated and safe but showed only modest activity in general IDA patients in the community setting. Improvements in IDA parameters did not reach statistical significance between the groups of patients given one versus more doses of the drug and between the groups of patients without CKD with or without prior iron treatment. FER treatment seemed to be effective in raising Hgb and TSAT only in CKD patients with prior iron treatment. Prospective controlled studies of this drug in various IDA settings, dose and frequency are needed to better evaluate and define the optimal use. Disclosures Off Label Use: Ferumoxytol is labeled for iron deficiency anemia of chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this abstract is to provide efficacy and safety data of ferumoxytol in anemia of iron deficiency patients with or without chronic kidney disease. .
A flood of information from drops of blood.

In this issue of Blood, Rossi et al demonstrate that the “liquid biopsy” has a future in the management of patients with lymphoma.1
‘Is it because I’m a woman?’ Gender-based attributional ambiguity in higher education administration

ABSTRACTThis study examines gender-based attributional ambiguity among higher education administrators in the US, specifically academic deans. Attributional ambiguity involves situations in which members of underrepresented groups cannot determine whether interactions both negative and positive have occurred because of their minority status or for some unrelated yet plausible reason. A conceptual model of attributional ambiguity in higher education administration is presented highlighting the types of situations that produce this ambiguity, two variants of attributional ambiguity (i.e. cognitive and social), and the psychological and organizational consequences of such ambiguity. Reasons that attributional ambiguity is inherent to higher education administration are examined including the fluidity of gender roles, the culture of academia, and leaders’ minimization of discriminatory experiences. Implications for professional practice are also presented such as the need for curricula, trainings, mentoring, ...
Abstract P63: BRIDGE Clinic: A Novel Approach to the Hospital-to-Home Transition

Background: Unplanned 30-day rehospitalization rates for AMI (19.9%) and CHF (24.4%) represent a huge health care burden for patients and providers. Delays in follow-up and lack of adherence to sta...
Evaluating Sermons: The Function of Grades in Teaching Preaching.

What are grades doing in a homiletics classroom? This article traces the function of grades through the broader history of the educational system in the United States and then makes suggestions for how grades can be used more effectively in teaching preaching. Beginning in the nineteenth century, teachers used grades to rank and motivate students, as well as communicate across institutions. With the more recent assessment movement, educators have conceptualized grading as the larger process of evaluating the success of learning objectives. The commission on accreditation for the Association of Theological Schools does not view grades as part of its assessment, but it evaluates theological schools on whether they achieve intended learning outcomes. Theological educators need to be able to evaluate whether their teaching fulfills their schools' mission and learning objectives. For homiletics, the author measures learning through pre- and post-preaching feedback and incorporates professor- and student-crafted rubrics.
Transcriptome analysis reveals the differences between cellular response to ribosomal stress and translational stress

Ribosome biogenesis is an essential metabolic process of a growing cell. Cells need to continuously synthesize new ribosomes in order to make new proteins than can support building biomass and cell division. It is obvious that in the absence of ribosome biogenesis, cell growth will stop and cell division will stall. However, it is not clear whether cell growth stops due to reduced protein synthesis capacity (translational stress) or due to activation of signaling specific to ribosome biogenesis abnormalities (ribosomal stress). To understand the signaling pathways leading to cell cycle arrest under ribosomal and translational stress conditions, we performed time series RNA-seq experiments of cells at different time of ribosomal and translational stress. We found that expression of ribosomal protein genes follow different course over the time of these two stress types. In addition, ribosomal stress is sensed early in the cell, as early as 2hr. Up-regulation of genes responsive to oxidative stress and over representation of mRNAs for transcription factors responsive to stress was detected in cell at 2hr of ribosomal protein depletion. Even though, we detected phenotypic similarities in terms of cell separation and accumulation in G1 phase cells during inhibition of ribosome formation and ribosome function, different gene expression patterns underlie these phenotypes, indicating a difference in causalities of these phenotypes. Both ribosomal and translational stress show common increased expression of stress responsive gene expression, like Crz1 target gene expression, signature of oxidative stress response and finally membrane or cell wall instability. We speculate that cell membrane and cell wall acts as major stress sensor in the cell and adjust cellular metabolism accordingly. Any change in membrane lipid composition, or membrane protein oxidation, or decrease or increase in intracellular turgor pressure causes stress in cell membrane. Cell membrane or cell wall stress activates and/or inactivates specific signaling pathway which triggers stress responsive gene expression and adaptation of cellular behavior accordingly.
Abstract 418: Co-Culture of Endothelial Cells, Smooth Muscle Cells and Monocytes in Collagen Scaffold: A Novel in vitro Model of Atherosclerosis

Objectives: To develop and validate a 3D in-vitro model of atherosclerosis that enables direct interaction between various cell types and/or extracellular matrix. Methods and Results: Type I collag...
From Rambo to Jack Bauer: Neoliberal Masculinity in an Age of Terror

While “tough guy” masculinity continues to hold sway in certain contexts and as a foil for critics, a more managerial style has become steadily more obvious and lauded, with presidents claiming their C.E.O. leadership credentials and the media and public using boardroom idioms for rating presidential accomplishments. The military, long a bastion of sanctioned masculine aggression, to an increasing extent has begun to resemble larger forces that position soldiers as calculating, ambitious, and yet vulnerable to the ongoing crisis of masculine dominance in the face of significant female, gay, and lesbian service.
A closer examination of how human resource management systems impact social and human capital in organisations

This research aims to develop an organisational-level theoretical model that links two ubiquitous kinds of HR systems with two different forms of social capital emergence in organisations, which consequently influence human capital. Our conceptual model shows that commitment HR systems that draw more on collaborative work and employee involvement facilitate generation of social capital as a public good (i.e., public social capital). Conversely, cost reduction HR systems with less reliance on employee collaboration and involvement facilitate generation of social capital as a private good (i.e., private social capital). In turn, these two forms of social capital differentially impact the level, distribution, and nature of human capital in organisations.
CRISPR-Cas Systems Regulate Quorum Sensing Genes and Alter Virulence in Bacteria

Although understanding how CRISPR and its associated systems are controlled is at the infant stages, recent studies present exciting discoveries in this fast-moving field. A number of studies find that CRISPR-Cas systems regulate quorum sensing (QS) genes by targeting and degrading lasR mRNA, while QS systems can also modulate the CRISPR-Cas as revealed in more recent reports. The importance of the QS system for bacterial pathogenicity is well recognized and the indispensable features of CRISPR-Cas in adaptive immunity and biotechnology application are gaining great attention. Analyzing interaction between QS and CRISPR-Cas systems represents an interesting field as CRISPR-Cas systems are not only the adaptive immunity of bacteria, but also the regulators of their own genes. Undoubtedly, the continued understanding of molecular basis of CRISPR-Cas action and regulation may indicate novel strategies for treatment of bacterial infections.
Capítulo 11 - Preguntas y respuestas

1-10. Empareje el deficit neurologico (1-10) con la arteria que puede ser el origen del infarto (a-k).
A Multifaceted Role for Thymosin and its Composite Peptides in T-Cell Regulation

The thymus synthesizes and secretes several biochemically distinct hormone-like products. A number of these factors with thymic hormone-like activity have been isolated from thymus tissue and blood. These preparations are in various stages of characterization and include: thymosin fraction 5, thymosin α1, thymosin α7, thymosin β3 and thymosin β4, thymopoietin II (TP), thymic humoral factor (THF), facteur thymique serique (FTS), thymic factor (TF), and a number of other thymosin fraction 5-like preparations such as TFX and TP-1. Thymosin fraction 5 has been found to contain a number of active peptides with molecular weights ranging from 1,000 to 15,000. Several of these peptides have now been purified to homogeneity, sequenced, chemically synthesized and, in the case of thymosin α1, cloned. The demonstration that different peptides are produced by the thymus raises the question of whether a single thymic hormone can elicit all of the potential biological functions of the thymus gland or whether a variety of hormones act to regulate selective aspects of T-cell differentiation. This last possibility would not only explain the diverse nature of the products that have been reported to have thymic hormone-like activity, but also have significance for the future development of precise practical applications of these substances for the amelioration of impaired immunological states in a number of clinical conditions. In this paper, we summarize the status of the chemistry and biology of thymosin and its component peptides.
Molecular Biology of Kidney Cancer

Our understanding of the molecular biology of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has rapidly expanded in the past 20 years. From the discovery of the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene in 2003 to the recent efforts at deep sequencing of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cancer genome, we have made significant advances in the elucidation of the disrupted molecules and pathways leading to oncogenesis. The major focus has been on the angiogenic pathway, due to the observation that VHL is a key regulator of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), with resultant modulation of a number of proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). An entire industry has arisen to exploit these findings. Yet, clinical research demonstrates that VEGF pathway modulation may be insufficient to achieve cure. This chapter explores the alternate pathways regulated by VHL, potential druggable targets, and the recent discovery of frequently mutated genes in RCC that may have significant impact on tumor biology in addition to VHL. The chapter ends with an exploration of newer approaches to immunotherapy with specific antibodies against key regulatory molecules in the T-cell, CTLA-4 and PD-1.
Lymphoproliferations of Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficient patients are at an increased risk for developing lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD), including lymphomas. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification recognizes four clinical settings associated with the development of immunodeficiency-related LPDs: (1) primary immune disorders, (2) HIV infection, (3) iatrogenic immunosuppression following solid organ or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder [PTLD]), and (4) methotrexate therapy, usually for an autoimmune disorder.1 These lesions are highly heterogeneous, largely due to the various underlying causes of the different immunodeficiencies; however, they share several features (see Table 34-1). In most instances, the LPD are related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4) infection, and thus, in situations where immunocompetence can be reestablished, these EBV-driven proliferations may regress. However, the development of secondary genetic structural alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, not all of which have been defined, results in transformation to a neoplastic process that is no longer responsive to immune modulation.
Periodontal Disease in Women and Men

This manuscript will present a narrative review of the distribution of periodontitis in women and men based on recent epidemiological studies. Large, global, population-based surveys provide continued evidence that a sexual dimorphism in prevalence of periodontitis exists between women and men. Based on included studies, the prevalence of severe periodontitis is greater in men compared to women by between 4.6 to 12.7%. Environmental or behavioral factors that exhibit a sex differential between women and men do not adequately account for the aforementioned observation. A sex dimorphism in host immune response remains a plausible explanation and requires further investigation. There is a sexual dimorphism in susceptibility to periodontitis, reflecting a higher prevalence of destructive periodontal disease in men than women.
Resources for handling event names in indexes

Linda Dunn follows up her advice on names and the indexer in the September and December 2015 Indexers with further resources on the formulation of event names in indexes and databases.
Advancements in the treatment of degenerative disc disease

Low back pain is number one reason for disability in patients under the age of 45 year and the number two reason to see a doctor after flue in the USA. Early intervention for the treatment of patients with Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) using regenerative medicine or ultra-minimal invasive approaches have gained traction over the past 20 years as alternatives to invasive, costly, and complicated surgical interventions. This review article discusses the pathophysiology of DDD and summarizes the literature encompassing the use of biologic-based therapies for DDD. Articles and patents published in the past 40 years were reviewed, cell-based, bimolecular or gene therapies, as well as companies investigating the utility of allogeneic and tissue-engineered intervertebral discs were included. Additionally, published and unpublished ongoing clinical trials were also included. These exciting non-invasive therapies have encouraging initial positive results across multiple strategies paving the road for a potentially thriving regenerative techniques and increase in the number of DDD clinical trials.
Detroit’s lines of desire: Footpaths and vacant land in the Motor City

Abstract Informal footpaths known as desire lines crisscross the city of Detroit and are visible from space. Despite their prevalence, especially in postindustrial cities, no comprehensive study of desire lines exists for any urban area. How extensive are these lines, how do people use them, and how are they changing over time? What is their potential to reinvigorate the fabric of neighborhoods and communities? We conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of desire lines in Detroit by combining remote sensing and spatial analysis with physical audits and interviews. Our results show that Detroit has more than 5680 of these footpaths, totaling more than 150 miles (>240 km). Transportation planners may value desire lines for their efficiency, reducing travel time and distance. Urban theorists and community activists, however, view desire lines as a form of resistance and reclamation of space for a public poorly served by urban institutions. The results of our mixed-methods approach demonstrate how these two perspectives can co-exist. Desire lines are creative attempts to expand urban possibilities, enhance efficiency, and reaffirm agency in increasingly regulated cities. Desire lines in Detroit, however, are rapidly disappearing. From 2010 to 2016, the Lower Eastside region of the city witnessed a 70 percent reduction in the total length of these lines. Our analysis shows that this correlates with changes in land ownership, management practices, and population dynamics. The loss of desire lines exposes the limits of informal practices and indicates the need for connections to broader relationships of power and governance. Creative engagements with the state can formalize lines and help residents realize their rights to the city.
Magnetic inhibition of convection in O-star envelopes

It has been suggested that the absence of macroturbulence in the atmosphere of NGC 1624 - 2 is due its strong magnetic field (the strongest known for a massive O star) suppressing convection in its outer layers, removing the mechanism thought responsible for the observed macroturbulence in stars with lower field strengths. Here, we develop and apply a criterion for a uniform magnetic field to suppress convection in stellar envelopes in which radiation pressure is a significant contributor to hydrostatic balance. We find upper mass limits of ~55 Msun and ~30 Msun for magnetic suppression to be possible in Zero Age Main Sequence and Terminal Age Main Sequence stars, respectively. For evolved stars, magnetic suppression of convection can significantly alter the stars' evolution. For NGC 1624 - 2, we find a polar dipole strength of 16.5 +/- 5.9 kG is required to suppress convection, in good agreement with the value ~20 kG measured by spectropolarimetry.
Development and Testing of Improved Models to Predict Payment Using Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Claims Data.

Importance Predicting payments for particular conditions or populations is essential for research, benchmarking, public reporting, and calculations for population-based programs. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) models often group codes into disease categories, but using single, rather than grouped, diagnostic codes and leveraging present on admission (POA) codes may enhance these models. Objective To determine whether changes to the candidate variables in CMS models would improve risk models predicting patient total payment within 30 days of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and pneumonia. Design, Setting, and Participants This comparative effectiveness research study used data from Medicare fee-for-service hospitalizations for AMI, HF, and pneumonia at acute care hospitals from July 1, 2013, through September 30, 2015. Payments across multiple care settings, services, and supplies were included and adjusted for geographic and policy variations, corrected for inflation, and winsorized. The same data source was used but varied for the candidate variables and their selection, and the method used by CMS for public reporting that used grouped codes was compared with variations that used POA codes and single diagnostic codes. Combinations of use of POA codes, separation of index admission diagnoses from those in the previous 12 months, and use of individualInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modificationcodes instead of grouped diagnostic categories were tested. Data analysis was performed from December 4, 2017, to June 10, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures The models’ goodness of fit was compared using root mean square error (RMSE) and the McFadden pseudoR2. Results Among the 1 943 049 total hospitalizations of the study participants, 343 116 admissions were for AMI (52.5% male; 37.4% aged ≤74 years), 677 044 for HF (45.5% male; 25.9% aged ≤74 years), and 922 889 for pneumonia (46.4% male; 28.2% aged ≤74 years). The mean (SD) 30-day payment was $23 103 ($18 221) for AMI, $16 365 ($12 527) for HF, and $17 097 ($12 087) for pneumonia. Each incremental model change improved the pseudoR2and RMSE. Incorporating all 3 changes improved the pseudoR2of the patient-level models from 0.077 to 0.129 for AMI, from 0.042 to 0.129 for HF, and from 0.114 to 0.237 for pneumonia. Parallel improvements in RMSE were found for all 3 conditions. Conclusions and Relevance Leveraging POA codes, separating index from previous diagnoses, and using single diagnostic codes improved payment models. Better models can potentially improve research, benchmarking, public reporting, and calculations for population-based programs.
Morphological and functional evidence for sexual dimorphism in neurokinin B signalling in the retrochiasmatic area of sheep.

Neurokinin B (NKB) is critical for fertility in humans and stimulates gonadotrophin-releasing hormone/luteinising hormone (LH) secretion in several species, including sheep. There is increasing evidence that the actions of NKB in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) contribute to the induction of the preovulatory LH surge in sheep. In the present study, we determined whether there are sex differences in the response to RCh administration of senktide, an agonist to the NKB receptor (neurokinin receptor-3 [NK3R]), and in NKB and NK3R expression in the RCh of sheep. To normalise endogenous hormone concentrations, animals were gonadectomised and given implants to mimic the pattern of ovarian steroids seen in the oestrous cycle. In females, senktide microimplants in the RCh produced an increase in LH concentrations that lasted for at least 8 hours after the start of treatment, whereas a much shorter increment (approximately 2 hours) was seen in males. We next collected tissue from gonadectomised lambs 18 hours after the insertion of oestradiol implants that produce an LH surge in female, but not male, sheep for immunohistochemical analysis of NKB and NK3R expression. As expected, there were more NKB-containing neurones in the arcuate nucleus of females than males. Interestingly, there was a similar sexual dimorphism in NK3R-containing neurones in the RCh, NKB-containing close contacts onto these RCh NK3R neurones, and overall NKB-positive fibres in this region. These data demonstrate that there are both functional and morphological sex differences in NKB-NK3R signalling in the RCh and raise the possibility that this dimorphism contributes to the sex-dependent ability of oestradiol to induce an LH surge in female sheep.
The Impact of Anosognosia on Clinical and Patient-Reported Assessments of Psychiatric Symptoms in Huntington's Disease.

Background Psychiatric symptoms are widely prevalent in Huntington's disease (HD) and exert greater impact on quality of life than motor manifestations. Despite this, psychiatric symptoms are frequently underrecognized and undertreated. Lack of awareness, or anosognosia, has been observed at all stages of HD and may contribute to diminished patient self-reporting of psychiatric symptoms. Objective We sought to evaluate the impact of anosognosia on performance of commonly used clinical rating scales for psychiatric manifestations of HD. Methods We recruited 50 HD patients to undergo a formal psychiatrist evaluation, the Problem Behavior Assessment-Short Form (PBA-s), and validated self-report rating scales for depression, anxiety, and anger. Motor impairment, cognitive function, and total functional capacity were assessed as part of clinical exam. Patient awareness of motor, cognitive, emotional, and functional capacities was quantified using the Anosognosia Rating Scale. Convergent validity, discriminant validity, classification accuracy, and anosognosia effect was determined for each psychiatric symptom rating scale. Results Anosognosia was identified in one-third of patients, and these patients underrated the severity of depression and anxiety when completing self-report instruments. Anosognosia did not clearly influence self-reported anger, but this result may have been confounded by the sub-optimal discriminant validity of anger rating scales. Conclusion Anosognosia undermines reliability of self-reported depression and anxiety in HD. Self-report rating scales for depression and anxiety may have a role in screening, but results must be corroborated by provider and caregiver input when anosognosia is present. HD clinical trials utilizing patient-reported outcomes as study endpoints should routinely evaluate participants for anosognosia.
Incidental Otolaryngologic Pathology Noted Upon Esophagogastroduodenoscopy: Case Series and Review of Literature.

OBJECTIVES We report and analyze eight cases in which patients were referred from gastroenterology (GI) to otolaryngology following esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). We aim to provide specific examples of head and neck pathology encountered by gastroenterologists during upper endoscopy. METHODS A series of eight cases between 2016 and 2019 were analyzed by chart review. In each case, otolaryngology consultation was requested after an abnormality was noticed by a gastroenterologist during EGD. Subsequent laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy was performed in all cases allowing for image comparison. Select images comparing EGD to laryngoscopy findings are included as well as a literature review concerning the nature of communication between the two specialties. RESULTS Eight adult patients were referred to otolaryngology for abnormalities noted by a gastroenterologist during EGD at the following anatomic sites: soft palate (n=1), base of tongue (n=2), glottis (n=3), and interarytenoid mucosa (n=1). Additionally, a potential airway foreign body was noted on EGD which was ultimately determined to represent normal subglottic anatomy by bronchoscopy. Some 5/8 (63%) cases were considered true pathology while 3/8 (37%) represented normal anatomy or anatomic variants upon subsequent otolaryngologic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS There is minimal literature regarding the nature of referrals from GI to otolaryngology following EGD. Our findings suggest that EGD offers a unique opportunity for early detection of otolaryngologic pathology. However, certain inter-specialty anatomic knowledge gaps were noted which contributed to occasional unnecessary referrals, procedures, and associated patient anxiety. We hope that the results of this study can inform future research aimed at improving communication and collaboration between the two specialties.
Revascularization of a Crushed Foot and Ankle Mortis.

Foot crush injury is a difficult problem both from the complexity of the injury pattern standpoint and also the significant clinical and socioeconomic burden that it represents to the patient. Scoring systems exist to predict limb salvage, but the accuracy and implementation of these are varied, and thus clinical judgment must always be employed when attempting limb salvage. This case report describes the first use of a reversed saphenous interposition graft repair of a transected dorsalis pedis in a patient after sustaining crush injuries to the distal lower extremity. The patient was able to undergo partial limb salvage with the use of revascularization and judicious fasciotomies.
Towards Zero-shot Cross-lingual Image Retrieval.

There has been a recent spike in interest in multi-modal Language and Vision problems. On the language side, most of these models primarily focus on English since most multi-modal datasets are monolingual. We try to bridge this gap with a zero-shot approach for learning multi-modal representations using cross-lingual pre-training on the text side. We present a simple yet practical approach for building a cross-lingual image retrieval model which trains on a monolingual training dataset but can be used in a zero-shot cross-lingual fashion during inference. We also introduce a new objective function which tightens the text embedding clusters by pushing dissimilar texts from each other. Finally, we introduce a new 1K multi-lingual MSCOCO2014 caption test dataset (XTD10) in 7 languages that we collected using a crowdsourcing platform. We use this as the test set for evaluating zero-shot model performance across languages. XTD10 dataset is made publicly available here: this https URL
Influence of Pregnancy on Hemorrhage Risk in Women With Cerebral and Spinal Cavernous Malformations.

Background and Purpose: Pregnancy as a hemorrhage risk factor in women with cavernous malformations (CMs) is controversial. We describe prospective hemorrhage risk in women who become pregnant afte...
Creating Electronic-Literacy Based Behavioral Interventions

Literacy based behavioral interventions (LBBIs) have been used to teach numerous skills, such as requesting an accommodation, engaging in self-regulation, and remaining on-task, to children and ado...
Objective measures of viewing behaviour in children during near tasks.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE Objective assessment of near viewing behaviours performed in a laboratory setting showed that children demonstrate differing viewing distances and angles based on the type of task. Findings will contribute to our understanding of how near work influences myopia. BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that near working distance and viewing breaks are associated with myopia. The purpose of this study was to use an objective, continuously measuring range finding device to examine these viewing behaviours in children. METHODS Viewing distance, number of breaks, and head and eye angles were assessed in 16 non-myopic and 19 myopic children (ages 13.38 ± 4.14 years) using the Clouclip, an objective rangefinder, during five 15-minute near tasks, including (a) passive reading and (b) active writing on printed material, (c) passive viewing and (d) active engagement on an iPad, and (e) active engagement on a cell phone. Height and Harmon distance were measured. Viewing behaviours were analysed by task, refractive error group, and gender. RESULTS Mean viewing distances significantly differed by task (P 0.05). Viewing distances did not differ by gender or refractive error group. During each task, mean number of viewing breaks was 2.6 ± 4.1 and did not vary between task (P = 0.92) or refractive error group (P = 0.65). Head declination and total viewing angle varied by type of near task (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION Children demonstrated differing viewing distances and viewing angles based on the type of near task they were performing. Viewing behaviours did not vary between myopic and non-myopic children. Findings will contribute to a better understanding of how near viewing behaviours can be quantified objectively and relationships with myopia.
A Deep Learning-based Traffic Event Detection From Social Media

Traffic events, such as congestion and accidents, lead to driver frustration, longer travel times, blocked emergency vehicles, and increased fuel consumption. Timely detection of traffic events is necessary for trip planning and restoring smooth operating conditions. Social media platforms allow users to post about their interests and experiences. Traffic is one of the topics for which users generate freely and publicly available content. Thus, extracting and analyzing such user-generated content can yield valuable traffic information. Detecting traffic information from social media data using machine learning, in the literature, is mostly limited to detecting whether or not they contain traffic-related information. This study goes one step further to detect specific traffic-related information from social media, such as accidents, congestion, disabled vehicle, road closure, road hazard, work/construction zone, and traffic condition information. To this aim, by adjusting kernel size and the number of filters, the experimental results showed that, with the proper setting of the kernel size and number filters, convolutional neural network outperforms bidirectional long-short term memory network, multi-layer perceptron, random forest, and support vector machines, in terms of F1 score and generalization accuracy.
Swidden agriculture in developing countries: An Ecological-economic analysis of the fallow period and its length

Small farmers in many tropical developing countries practice swidden agriculture. A key aspect of swidden agriculture is the time period during which the land is left fallow. This paper uses a new ecological-economic approach to study the fallow period and to determine the optimal length of this period in swidden agriculture. We first construct a theoretical model of a parcel of forest land that has been cleared for swidden agriculture. We then show how the dynamic and the stochastic properties of this cleared land can be used to derive two objective functions for a small farmer that are ecologically meaningful. Finally, using these two objectives, we discuss a probabilistic approach to the determination of the optimal length of the fallow period. In this approach, the focus of the small farmer is on maintaining the ecological and the economic sustainability of swidden agriculture on the cleared parcel of forest land (CPFL).
Computing within limits and ICTD

Computing research today is fixated on high performance and large scale, but computing can be tremendously powerful even at low power and small scale. In this article we present a perspective on promising directions for research on computing within limits, where concerns about limits overshadow performance and scale. Despite coming from different motivations, computing within limits has very similar considerations as Information Communication Technology for Development (ICTD). We discuss where the two research areas intersect and where they may diverge. We draw parallels between computing within limits and ICTD in terms of technical constraints, designing for context, and goals. We hope to help stimulate computing within limits with ideas from ICTD and highlight research synergies.
Automatic heterogeneous video summarization in temporal profile

Numerous videos are uploaded on video websites; most of them employ several kinds of camera operations for expanding FOV, emphasizing events, and expressing cinematic effect. To generate a profile of heterogeneous types of videos, an automatic video profiling method has been proposed to include both spatial and temporal information in a 2D image scroll. In this paper, we propose a uniformed scheme to segment video clips and sections, compute major optical flow and convergence factor, and then sample video volume across the major flow for the profiles. A video profile shows an intrinsic scene space less influenced by the camera ego-motion. It is also a finegrained temporal representation that can be displayed in a video track to guide the access to frames, help video editing and visual archiving of environment, video retrieval, and browsing.