cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and protocol for Internet accessible mathematical computation

Mathematical computing can become easily accessible and conveniently usable on the Internet. The distributed Internet Accessible Mathematical Computation (IAMC) system can supply mathematical computing powers widely through TCP/IP, the Web, or email. The overall IAMC architecture, a feasibility study, elements of the Mathematical Computation Protocol (MCP), the design of IAMC client and IAMC server, the server interface to compute engine, and the API design for a Java implementation of MCP are presented.
Variability of carotid artery measurements on 3-Tesla MRI and its impact on sample size calculation for clinical research.

Carotid MRI measurements are increasingly being employed in research studies for atherosclerosis imaging. The majority of carotid imaging studies use 1.5 T MRI. Our objective was to investigate intra-observer and inter-observer variability in carotid measurements using high resolution 3 T MRI. We performed 3 T carotid MRI on 10 patients (age 56 ± 8 years, 7 male) with atherosclerosis risk factors and ultrasound intima-media thickness ≥0.6 mm. A total of 20 transverse images of both right and left carotid arteries were acquired using T2 weighted black-blood sequence. The lumen and outer wall of the common carotid and internal carotid arteries were manually traced; vessel wall area, vessel wall volume, and average wall thickness measurements were then assessed for intra-observer and inter-observer variability. Pearson and intraclass correlations were used in these assessments, along with Bland-Altman plots. For inter-observer variability, Pearson correlations ranged from 0.936 to 0.996 and intraclass correlations from 0.927 to 0.991. For intra-observer variability, Pearson correlations ranged from 0.934 to 0.954 and intraclass correlations from 0.831 to 0.948. Calculations showed that inter-observer variability and other sources of error would inflate sample size requirements for a clinical trial by no more than 7.9%, indicating that 3 T MRI is nearly optimal in this respect. In patients with subclinical atherosclerosis, 3 T carotid MRI measurements are highly reproducible and have important implications for clinical trial design.
Stress-induced diffusion and defect chemistry of La0.2Sr0.8Fe0.8Cr0.2O3-δ. 2. Structural, elemental and chemical analysis

Abstract A set of La0.2Sr0.8Fe0.8Cr0.2O3−δ samples was quenched from 1100 °C and pO2 of 0.21, 5.0×10−10 and 1.7×10−13 atm. In addition to this pressureless quench, one sample was rapidly cooled from 1100 °C and 8×10−14 atm while subjected to compressive stress of 30 MPa. The samples are studied by a range of structural, elemental and chemical analysis techniques, as well as microscopy. In addition, the material is subjected to isothermal thermogravimetric and electrical conductivity measurements as a function of oxygen partial pressure. These results are analyzed in view of obtaining more information about the mechanisms responsible for the creep behavior of this compound in controlled oxygen atmosphere.
Inductive anomaly of two-dimensional electrons in the Wigner solid regime

Abstract We have investigated the small-signal frequency response of the GaAs AlGaAs two-dimensional electron system in the reentrant insulating phase around the ν = 1 5 fractional quantum Hall liquid from 0.2 to 2 MHz in the presence of a DC bias. When the sample is DC biased above the nonlinear conduction threshold, the insulating state exhibits an inductive AC response as the imaginary component of the conductivity (Im σxx) becomes negative. Moreover, Im σxx shows a broad minimum near a frequency which increases with increasing DC bias, in a manner consistent with the washboard oscillations of a magnetic-field-induced Wigner crystal.
Detection of cell surface Ig allotypes and isotypes by rosetting with antibody-coated erythrocytes. Most rabbit Ig-bearing cells have surface IgM☆

Abstract Lymphocytes isolated from rabbits homozygous for the a , b , e , f , g and n loci|| were analyzed for the presence of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) ¶ isotopes and allotypes by resetting with erythrocytes coated with purified antibody (Ab-E). Analysis with anti- a (V H region), anti- b (κ light chain) or anti- n (μ chain) allotype Ab-E, as well as with goat anti-light chain (L) or goat anti-μ Ab-E, all gave a similar percentage of rosetted cells. In contrast, analysis with anti- e (γ chain) or anti- f,g (α chain) allotype Ab, as well as goat anti-γ or anti-α chain isotype Ab-E, all gave very low percentages of rosetted cells compared to those obtained with anti- a, -b, -n or L Ab. This suggested that most Ig-bearing lymphoid cells have surface IgM. Additional experiments examining lymphocytes isolated from several organs from rabbits of various genotypes led to a similar conclusion. When lymphocytes were treated with anti- b or anti- a Ab under capping conditions, the a, b, n and L determinants were simultaneously removed, suggesting that these determinants were on the same molecule, i.e. IgM, and thus on the same cell(s).
Efficacy of laparoscopic mesenteric/retroperitoneal lymph node biopsy.

Background Lymphadenopathy-identified incidentally during computed tomography (CT) mandates a tissue diagnosis. When percutaneous techniques are not possible, surgical tissue diagnosis becomes necessary. Laparotomy is the current gold standard; however a laparoscopic approach offers many potential benefits.
Factor Analyses of Two Measures of Attitudes toward Statistics

Principal components analyses were conducted on the combined items of the Statistics Attitude Survey (SAS; Roberts and Bilderback, 1980) and the Attitude Toward Statistics scale (ATS; Wise, 1985) for a sample of 307 students in sections of an introductory statistics course who had taken the scales at the beginning of the course, and for a second sample of 242 students who had taken the scales at the end of the same statistics course. Two oblique factors (factor intercorrelations = -.46 and -.43) representing attitudes toward the field of statistics and attitudes toward the course in statistics were obtained. Coefficients of congruence were .98 for each pair of corresponding factors from the beginning and end of course analyses.
Isoenzyme polymorphism in the genus Thermopsis

Abstract Minimal variation in the leucine aminopeptidase and indophenol oxidase isoenzyme patterns in the genus Thermopsis is reported. Two closely related legume genera. Baptisia and Thermopsis, are compared with respect to isoenzyme variation in natural populations. Observed differences suggest that isoenzyme polymorphism may be a useful measure of evolutionary vitality.
Photoemission by Large Electron Wave Packets Emitted out the Side of a Relativistic Laser Focus

We provide an update on an experimental effort to measure the radiation from individual electron wave packets that are spread over an area on the scale of an optical wavelength.
Positively active: how local anesthetics work.

The action of local anesthetics, containing a tertiary nitrogen, on mammalian nonmyelinated fibers of the rabbit's vagus nerve has been analyzed to determine whether the uncharged or the positively charged form of these compounds is responsible for their ability to block impulse conduction. The compounds studied were dibucaine, tetracaine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, and procaine. Impulse conduction was restored, in fibers in which it had been blocked by pretreatment with a local anesthetic, by increasing the pH of the perfusing solution from approximately 7.0 to 9.5; block was rapidly reestablished when the fibers were again perfused with the solution of pH approximately 7.0. From the way in which the size of the action potential varied with pH in nerve fibers pretreated with a local anesthetic. it has been concluded that the active form of the local anesthetic is the cation.
A Drosophila melanogaster transfer RNA gene cluster at the cytogenetic locus 90BC.

Abstract We report the isolation and characterization of a 31 × 103 base-pair DNA segment containing a cluster of Drosophila melanogaster transfer RNA genes from the oytogenic locus 90BC. Seven distinct coding regions have been identified in a 15 × 103 base-pair DNA segment. These coding regions contain at least ten tRNA structural genes and include sequences encoding the following tRNAs: tRNAVal, tRNAPro, tRNAAla and tRNAThr. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of six of these structural genes and their flanking regions. These genes do not contain intervening sequences nor do they encode the terminal CCA. The tRNA genes from the locus also appear to be functional when assayed in a Xenopus germinal vesicle in vitro transcriptional system.
The novel histone deacetylase inhibitor NVP-LAQ824: an addition to the therapeutic armamentarium in leukemia?

In the current issue of Leukemia, Weisberg et al1 describe the antileukemic properties of a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI), NVP-LAQ824, in leukemia cells expressing the Bcr/Abl kinase as well as in their Bcr/Abl- counterparts. HDACIs represent a diverse group of compounds that block the actions of histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes that, in conjunction with histone acetylases (HATs), reciprocally regulate the acetylation status of histones, large globular proteins that form the core components of nucleosomes.2 Post-translational modifications in histones, including acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, and ADP-ribosylation, comprise the components of an epigenetic mechanism by which gene transcription is regulated, and form what is collectively referred to as the histone code.3 Of the post-translational modifications involved in transcriptional regulation, acetylation of histones has been the most extensively studied. Acetylation of positively charged lysine residues in the N-terminal histone tail results in their neutralization, which allows chromatin to assume a more relaxed, open configuration as a consequence of diminished association with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA. This leads, in most cases, to enhanced gene transcription, although inhibition of gene expression can also result.4 In addition to acetylation of chromatin at specific sites, which modifies protein interactions, HDACs also directly acetylate other proteins, including transcription factors and cell cycle-related proteins. In this way, HDACs exert effects distinct from their actions on chromatin structure and function. Moreover, HDACs are involved in transcriptional repression (eg, through participation in corepressor complexes) by oncogenic fusion proteins such as AML1-ETO, which has been implicated in leukemic transformation in certain subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (eg those associated with the 8:21 translocation; M2).5 For these and other reasons, HDACs represent a very attractive target for pharmacologic intervention, particularly in the case of hematologic malignancies such as AML. Several broad categories of HDACIs have been developed for clinical usage, including short-chain fatty acids (eg, butyrate), hydroxamic acids (eg, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)), cyclic tetrapeptides (eg, depsipeptide), and benzamides (eg, MS-275). Among the many genes whose expression is altered by HDACIs is p21CIP1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor critically involved in G1 arrest accompanying the differentiation process.6
Ein Satz über Gitter und Volumen

Diese Arbeit hat den Zweck, eine Beziehung zu entwiokeln, die besteht zwischen einem Gitter und dem Jordanschen Volumen eines beliebigen, in diesem Gitter ausgebreiteten Gebietes. Dabei wird sich ein neuer Satz ergeben, der in gewissem Sinne die al]gemeinste Aussage darstellt, die sich fiber den Zusammenhang yon Gitter und Volumen machen liiBt. Seine Spezialisierung auf konvexe K6rper mit Mittelpunkt ergibt ohne weiteres den Fundamentalsatz yon NIinkowski. Er ist abet wesentlich allgemeiner als der letztere Satz, und der Natur der Sache nach l~iBt er sich nioht umgekehrt aus diesem ableiten. Um den Gmndgedanken des Beweises zu erl~utern, mSchte ich folgendes bemerken." Rein mathematisch betrachtet erscheint es beim fibliehen Beweise des Satzes yon Minkowski immer noch einigermaf~en paradox, wieso die ganz allgemeine Zahl des Volumens Aussagen fiber Ganzzahlig. keit erlauben soll und diese wiederum nur flit KSrper yon bestimmter Form und Lagerung. Dies fiihrte reich auf die Vermutung, der Grund flit letztere Tatsache liege in dem Umstande, dab in dem Begriff des Volumens derjenige des Gitters schon enthalten ist. Die n~aexe Untersuchung hat dies best~tigt und ergeben, dab der NIinkowskische Satz auf der Verschmelzung einer ganz alIgemeinen Beziehung zwischen Gitter und" Volumen mit speziellen Voraussetzungen fiber Form und Lagerung des betrachteten Gebietes beruht.
Sleep and psychological well-being.

Although many studies have linked sleep problems with symptoms of psychopathology, fewer studies have examined the relationship between sleep and dimensions of psychological health as well as depression. To fill this gap, 502 community residents were surveyed about sleep habits, symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as Ryff’s six dimensions of psychological well-being. Using cut-offs suggested by epidemiological research, participants were classified as either optimal sleepers (those reporting an average of 6 hours or less than 8.5 hours per night) or suboptimal sleepers (those sleeping less than 6 hours or 8.5 or more hours per night). After controlling for demographic differences (i.e., sex, age, education, ethnicity, employment status, marital status, presence of children), the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) suggested that optimal sleepers reported fewer symptoms of depression, and anxiety, and reported higher levels of environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self acceptance. Differences between optimal sleepers and non-optimal sleepers in depressive symptoms, positive relations with others, purpose in life and self-acceptance remained significant when people with mild to moderate symptoms of depression were eliminated from the data set. These results are consistent with a theoretical framework that defines sleep as a resource related to stress management and self-regulation.
Profiling organ donors in Egypt using intelligent modeling techniques

Purpose – This study uses intelligent modeling techniques with the purpose of examining the effect of various demographic, cognitive and psychographic factors on organ donation in Egypt.Design/methodology/approach – Two artificial neural network models (multi‐layer perceptron neural network and probabilistic neural network) are compared to two standard statistical methods (linear discriminant analysis and logistic regression). The variable sets considered are sex, age, educational level, religion, altruistic values, perceived benefits/risks of organ donation, organ donation knowledge, attitudes toward organ donation, and intention to donate organs.Findings – The results show that artificial neural networks outperform traditional statistical techniques in profiling potential organ donors due to their robustness and flexibility of modeling algorithms.Originality/value – The paper shows how it is possible to identify various dimensions of organ donation behavior by uncovering patterns in the dataset, and als...
Classification of human ovarian tumors.

Most human ovarian tumors are classified into one of several categories based on presumed histogenesis and direction of differentiation. Separate categories are reserved for neoplasms composed of c...
Molecular and pharmacological analysis of an octopamine receptor from American cockroach and fruit fly in response to plant essential oils.

Octopamine receptors from American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Pa oa1), and fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (OAMB), were cloned and permanently expressed in HEK-293 cells, and found to activate adenylate cyclase activity and increase [Ca2+]i levels through G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways. Sequencing information (GenBank accession number AY333178) and functional data of Pa oa1 were recently published. Saturation binding analysis with 3H-yohimbine was performed with Pa oa1 and OAMB expressed in COS-7 cells. The Kd values were determined to be 28.4 and 43.0 nM, respectively. Bmax was determined to be 11.8 and 8.04 pmol receptor/mg protein, respectively. Competitive binding data using cell membranes expressing either OAMB or Pa oa1 demonstrated significantly decreased binding activity in binding assays performed in the presence of plant essential oils, eugenol, cinnamic alcohol, and trans-anethole. Eugenol decreased cAMP level in HEK-293 cells expressing Pa oa1, but trans-anethole increased cAMP in HEK-293 cells expressing OAMB. All three chemicals increased [Ca2+]i level in both cell models. Toxicity data against fruit flies and American cockroaches demonstrated species differences in response to treatment with tested plant essential oils. The toxicity of tested chemicals against wild type and octopamine mutant (iav) fly strains suggested that an octopamine receptor mediates the toxicity of cinnamic alcohol, eugenol, trans-antehole, and 2-phenethyl propionate against fruit flies. Collectively, the data suggest a correlation between cellular changes induced by tested plant essential oils and their toxicity against fruit fly and American cockroach. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 59:161–171, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acoustic and perceptual evidence for complete neutralization of manner of articulation in Korean

Abstract While most studies of neutralization have focused on word-final devoicing, the present study investigated a different kind of neutralization, namely that of manner of articulation. Korean has a rule of Coda Neutralization, whereby word-final coronal obstruents (e.g., /t, t h , s/) are all phonetically realized as [t]. Experiment 1 shows that Korean vowels preceding non-final heterosyllabic fricatives are longer than when preceding non-final heterosyllabic oral stops. Making use of this fact, vowel and closure durations of word-final VC sequences were measured in Experiment 2 to determine whether the speech signal contained any acoustic cues to the underlying manner distinction. Data from four speakers suggest that neutralization of manner as reflected in vowel and closure duration is phonetically complete. Moreover, complete neutralization is observed despite the fact that Korean orthography distinguishes between the different underlying consonants. An additional finding is that 83% of all word-final stops in this study were followed by a brief burst. This is of particular interest given the long tradition in Korean phonology of considering coda neutralization to yield unreleased stops. Finally, perceptual results from Experiment 3 show that listeners were unable to reliably determine from which underlying form a given surface form had been derived, thus indicating that other potential cues besides duration had been neutralized. Taken together, the present results suggest that Korean manner neutralization offers a perhaps rare instance of the standard view of neutralization, producing outputs which are not distinguished in either production or perception.
SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS WITHOUT WILLIAMS SYNDROME

Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is the major cardiac lesion of Williams Syndrome (WS). WS also has features of mental retardation (MR), characteristic facies and variable hypercalcemia in infancy. Most cases of WS probably represent new autosomal dominant (AD) mutations. Isolated SVAS ± peripheral pulmonic stenosis can occur sporadically, however, when reported to occur in more than one family member, it has been assumed by some (McKusick #19405) to be a mild expression of WS. This has major implications for genetic counseling, cardiac evaluation and for the prognosis of the patient and family. We evaluated 21 members of a 3-generation, 34-member family in which 12 have SVAS documented by ultrasound (US). Four others have SVAS by report of cardiac US done elsewhere. The pedigree was compatible with AD inheritance with high penetrance and variable expression. In 5 tested individuals, the IQ ranged from 102-107; all other members were of normal intelligence by personal observation and interview. No family member had the characteristic facies or other associated findings of WS. This family study, the largest studied to our knowledge, illustrates that isolated SVAS without WS can be inherited as an AD disorder. Although allelic heterogeneity can not be excluded, this family demonstrates that SVAS and WS are separate clinical entities. Relatives of patients with isolated SVAS should be evaluated for mild signs of disease, and families with SVAS can be reassured that occurrence of MR with WS is unlikely to occur.
Man-machine communication via simplified English

Two specific projects are in process as part of an advanced planning effort for the development of automated techniques for command and control.
Go mediates the coupling of the mu opioid receptor to adenylyl cyclase in cloned neural cells and brain.

Abstract In membranes from SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells differentiated with retinoic acid, the mu-selective agonist Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-N-Me-Phe-Gly-ol (DAMGO) inhibited cAMP formation with an IC50 of 26 nM. Two separate antibodies raised against distinct regions of the Go alpha sequence attenuated the effect of DAMGO by 50-60%, whereas antibodies to Gi alpha 1,2 or Gi alpha 3 reduced the mu-opioid signal insignificantly or to a lesser extent. In contrast, inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by the delta-opioid agonist Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen-OH (DPDPE; Pen = penicillamine) was very sensitive to the Gi alpha 1,2 antibody. In membranes from rat brain striatum, coupling of the mu opioid receptor to adenylyl cyclase was also maximally blocked by antibodies to Go alpha. After long-term treatment of the cells with DAMGO, the content of Go alpha was reduced by 26%, whereas the levels of Gi alpha 1,2, Gi alpha 3, and Gs alpha were unaltered. Addition of Go, purified from bovine brain, to membranes from pertussis toxin-treated SH-SY5Y cells restored the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by DAMGO to 70% of that in toxin-untreated cells. To comparably restore the effect of DPDPE, much higher concentrations of Go were required. By demonstrating mediation of cAMP-dependent signal transduction by Go, these results describe (i) an additional role for this G protein present at a high concentration in brain, (ii) preferential, although not exclusive, interaction of mu and delta opioid receptors with different G protein subtypes in coupling to adenylyl cyclase, and (iii) reduced levels of Go following chronic opioid treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with mu opioids.
Modeling the Spread of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nursing Homes for Elderly

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is endemic in many hospital settings, including nursing homes. It is an important nosocomial pathogen that causes mortality and an economic burden to patients, hospitals, and the community. The epidemiology of the bacteria in nursing homes is both hospital- and community-like. Transmission occurs via hands of health care workers (HCWs) and direct contacts among residents during social activities. In this work, mathematical modeling in both deterministic and stochastic frameworks is used to study dissemination of MRSA among residents and HCWs, persistence and prevalence of MRSA in a population, and possible means of controlling the spread of this pathogen in nursing homes. The model predicts that: without strict screening and decolonization of colonized individuals at admission, MRSA may persist; decolonization of colonized residents, improving hand hygiene in both residents and HCWs, reducing the duration of contamination of HCWs, and decreasing the resident∶staff ratio are possible control strategies; the mean time that a resident remains susceptible since admission may be prolonged by screening and decolonization treatment in colonized individuals; in the stochastic framework, the total number of colonized residents varies and may increase when the admission of colonized residents, the duration of colonization, the average number of contacts among residents, or the average number of contacts that each resident requires from HCWs increases; an introduction of a colonized individual into an MRSA-free nursing home has a much higher probability of leading to a major outbreak taking off than an introduction of a contaminated HCW.
Potent tumorigenicity of 7-chlorobenz[α]anthracene and 7-bromobenz[α]anthracene in the neonatal B6C3F1 male mouse

Abstract The tumorigenicity of 7-chlorobenz[α]anthracene (7-C1-BA), an environmental contaminant, and 7-bromobenz[α]anthracene (7-Br-BA) was determined in the male B6C3F 1 newborn mouse. Mice receiving 7-C1-BA and 7-Br-BA by i.p. injections at a dose of 1600 nmol per mouse on 1, 8, and 15 days after birth developed 92 and 96% hepatocellular adenomas, and 100 and 83% hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Metabolism by liver microsomes of 15-day-old mice each produced the corresponding trans -3,4-dihydrodiol. Analysis by 32 P-postlabeling/HPLC indicated the presence of DNA adducts derived from 7-C1-BA trans -3,4-dihydrodiol and 7-Br-BA trans -3,4-dihydrodiol. Our results indicate that both 7-C1-BA and 7-Br-BA are potent carcinogens and that bay-region diol epoxides are the ultimate metabolites that lead to DNA adduct formation and tumor initiation.
Iron-Porphyrin NO Complexes with Covalently Attached N-Donor Ligands: Formation of a Stable Six-Coordinate Species in Solution

A series of substituted tetraphenylporphyrin type macrocycles (TMP or To-F2PP) with covalently attached N-donor ligands (pyridine or imidazole linker) have been synthesized. Linkers with varying chain lengths and designs have been applied to systematically investigate the effect of chain length and rigidity on the binding affinity of the linker to the corresponding Fe(II)−NO heme complexes. The binding of the linker is monitored in solution using a variety of spectroscopic methods including UV−vis absorption, EPR, and IR spectroscopy. Both the N−O stretching frequency and the imidazole 14N hyperfine coupling constants show a good correlation with the Fe−(N-donor) bond strength in these systems. The complexes with covalently attached pyridyl and alkyl imidazole ligands only exhibit weak interactions of the linker with iron(II). However, the stable six-coordinate complex [Fe(To-F2PP-BzIM)(NO)] (4) is obtained when a rigid benzyl linker is applied. This complex exhibits typical properties of six-coordinate f...
Prolonged hypothermia as a bridge to recovery for cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension associated with fulminant hepatic failure.

Background To review evidence-based treatment options in patients with cerebral edema complicating fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and discuss the potential applications of hypothermia.
The effect of denaturing conditions on the activity of rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/oligo-1,4 → 1,4-glucantransferase

The effects of various denaturing conditions on the activity of purified rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/oligo-1,4 → 1,4-glucantransferase were investigated. The two enzymatic activities were measured independently of each other as well as by their combined action on glycogen phosphorylase limit dextrin. Arrhenius plots, activity measurements in the presence of urea, and activity measurements following preincubation in urea suggest that the single polypeptide protein may undergo conformational changes under these various conditions which could alter the behavior of the two activities.
Phase of the Elastic Scattering Amplitude and the Rate of Decrease of the Total Cross Section at High but Finite Energy

It is shown that there is a definite connection between the sign of $\frac{\mathrm{Re}T(s, t)}{\mathrm{Im}T(s, t)}$ at high but finite energy and the fact that at high energy the total cross section is decreasing to its finite constant limit. Using plausible assumptions, $\frac{\mathrm{Re}T(s, t)}{\mathrm{Im}T(s, t)}$ is shown to be negative at near-forward angles.
On orthogonal polynomials

Abstract : Orthogonal polynomials satisfy a three term recurrence relation. The purpose of the paper is to give estimates for the orthogonal polynomials and the corresponding weight function provided that the coefficients in the recurrence formula behave in a prescribed manner. (Author)
Narrow band active control of sound radiated from a baffled beam using local volume displacement minimization

Abstract Further development of a control technique for reduction of sound radiated from vibrating structures is presented. This control technique is based on minimization of local volume displacement, velocity, or acceleration of a vibrating structure. Multiple, single-input/single-output cancellation devices are used. Each device controller employs a motion sensor and an acoustic actuator (loudspeaker). The motion sensor signal is related to the local volume displacement of the structure which is then reduced by a loudspeaker driven with an equal but opposing volume displacement. Previous work showed the successful implementation of this technique for uniformly vibrating radiators. This paper presents the development of this technique for reduction of sound radiated from a vibrating beam. A PVDF sensor was used for measurement of local volume displacement of the beam. This sensor was used in conjunction with an internal pressure sensor mounted in the loudspeaker enclosure. Sound reductions of up to 20 dB were achieved within a narrow range of vibration frequencies (centered around the first beam mode). Finally, design of a single integrated sensor is suggested for implementation of many PVDF sensors on a beam.
A study of the trapping and rejection of insoluble particles during the freezing of water

Abstract A systematic experimental study has been made to determine the interaction between small inert particles and water freezing with a planar interface. Quantitative results were obtained for four different materials tested as individual spherical particles in seven different sets of conditions. We found first that particles in grain boundary grooves are pushed in steady state to higher velocities than those at grain surfaces. The ratio, V :√2 V :√3V, measured for the critical freezing velocities when trapping of the same type and size of particle occurred at a grain surface, a grain boundary groove and a grain boundary triple point, is apparently related to a diffusion problem; this is a clue to the nature of the interaction. We next established a simple inverse power law between size and critical velocity for smooth particles; this law may be described by a theory which also accounts reasonably for departures from the simple law attributable to irregularities of the particle surface or its spherical shape, and to a macroscopic effect of gravity for bigger particles. The relative influence of thermal conductivities, temperature gradients, adsorbed air, and wetting agents were also studied.
DEAD-box proteins

de la Cruz J, Kressler D, Linder P: Unwinding RNA inSaccharomyces cerevisiae: DEAD-box proteins and related families.Trends Biochem Sci 1999, 24:192-198.Gorbalenya AE, Koonin EV, Donchenko AP, Blinov VM: Two related superfamilies of putative helicases involved in replication, recombination, repair and expression of DNA and RNA genomes.Nucleic Acids Res 1989, 17:4713-4730.Hall MC, Matson SW: Helicase motifs: the engine that powers DNA unwinding.Mol Microbiol 1999, 34:867-877.Kadare G, Haenni AL: Virus-encoded RNA helicases.J Virol 1997, 71:2583-2590.Pazin MJ, Kadonaga JT: SWI2/SNF2 and related proteins: ATP-driven motors that disrupt protein-DNA interactions?Cell 1997, 88:737-740.Staley JP, Guthrie C: Mechanical devices of the spliceosome: motors, clocks, springs, and things.Cell 1998, 92:315-326.RNA helicases in yeast.http://www.expasy.ch/linder/RNA_helicases.htmlThe DExH/D protein family database.http://www.columbia.edu/∼ej67/dbhome.htm
Genetic database optimization: how data inspection and consideration, provides for index compression and record access optimization of genetic databases

With the many advances in computer hardware, the constant and historical challenges of optimization in processing and data storage appeared to have diminished if not disappeared almost entirely. However, even as hard drives grow larger and larger, while prices keep dropping; and the same occurring to memory; computer programs have turned more and more into bloatware - bringing computer usage back to its starting point and original engineering issues of efficiency. [12] Likewise, (CPU) processing speed appeared to have made efficiency and streamlining of program code, virtually a non-issue. Again, however, the relatively new field of genetic research has provided the perfect regeneration of the classical challenges to computer engineers - efficient programming, streamlined code, optimization for processing speed and maximum use of data storage. Genetic research requires maximum optimization of programming and data storage access because, genetic research uses extremely large databases, with extremely large indexes, with complex search criteria, with an extremely large number of inquiries and searches are commonly initiated remotely. Often, search requests are initiated over long geographic distances. [The most commonly used, popular and information rich genetic databases are The National Center for Biotechnology (USA); the EMBL Data Library, European Bioinformatics Institute, UK and; DNA Data Bank of Japan. [19] To improve database performance, indexing access speed, and reduce index size, the author developed a new, genetic database, herein discussed.
Spectra and angular distributions of atmospheric gamma rays from 0.3 to 10 MeV at λ = 40°

Measurements of the spectral and angular distributions of atmospheric gamma sq cm rays in the energy range 0.3-10 MeV over Palestine, Texas, at residual depths of 2.5 and 70 g/sq cm are reported. In confirmation of the general features of a model prediction, the measurements show at 2.5 g/sq cm upward moving fluxes greater than the downward moving fluxes, the effect increasing with energy, and approximate isotropy at 70 g/sq cm. Numerous characteristic gamma-ray lines were observed, most prominently at 0.511, 1.6, 2.3, 4.4, and 6.1 MeV. Their intensities were also compared with model predictions. Observations were made with an actively shielded scintillator counter with two detectors, one of aperture 50 deg FWHM and the other of 120 deg FWHM. Above 1 MeV, contributions to the counting rate from photons penetrating the shield annulus and from neutron interactions were large; they were studied by means of a Monte Carlo code and are extensively discussed.
A dynamic design estimation and exploration environment

The rapid increase in the complexity of systems demands newapproaches to design exploration and trade-off analysis. Thispaper presents an exploration environment that provides a uniformway to perform exploration at the conceptual (pre-specification)stages of design. The environment encapsulates knowledge abouthow to perform estimations in different application domains, andseparates a designer from the mechanics of the estimation process.
Ultrasound Practitioner Master's Degree Curriculum and Questionnaire Response by the SDMS Membership:

Following publication of the ultrasound practitioner (UP) master's degree educational proposal in August 1999, the UP Commission published a questionnaire to obtain feedback from SDMS membership to...
Stereo Vision: Two Alternate Approaches for the Matching Problem

Stereo imaging, a branch of artificial vision, is used to determine objects' locations in three dimensions. The primary computational problem in stereo imaging is the identification of corresponding locations in two images, i.e. the matching problem. Traditionally, matching methods have been of three types: brute force (determining intensity or edge correlation between "sliding windows"), shape based (connectivity analysis yielding geometric features), or region segmentation based on classifiers (texture). We present initial results from the development of two alternate methods of image matching: color and varying camera baseline separation. While monochrome stereopsis must depend primarily on determination and matching of geometric features, color provides an added dimension that can either support geometric feature matching or alleviate stringent geometric matching criteria. Color features, extracted by use of varying color filters and signal separators, are used in the determination of corresponding objects between two images. In addition, in conventional stereo vision systems, the baseline separation of the two cameras is fixed, yielding a compromise between the resolution achievable and the ease with which features can be matched. A varying baseline strategy preserves the correspondence of paired features in each image, while allowing an increase in resolution.
Ionization quenching of a hydrogen atmosphere flame as a detection method for gas chromatography

Abstract A strong ionization-quenching response has been discovered when organometallic compounds combust in a hydrogen atmosphere air diffusion flame. This response can be used to sensitively and selectively detect organometallics after gas chromatography. The detector parameters found to be most important in producing this quenching phenomenon were the concentration of silane in the hydrogen atmosphere, the position at which the hydrogen—silane gas mixture entered the detector and the height of the collecting electrode. Detection limits for tin, lead, and iron were around 1·10 -15 g at.wt./sec with selectivities over alkanes ranging from 10 4 to 10 5 .
Fourier Transform Infrared Studies of Propane Pyrolysis over Calcium Aluminate Melts

Propane pyrolysis over calcium aluminate melts was carried out to evaluate carbon interactions with calcium, aluminum, and oxygen atoms. Infrared emission and attenuated total reflectance spectroscopies indicate that aluminum carbides and carbide oxides were formed early in the reaction as a result of carbon interactions with the melt. Moreover, time step emission spectra indicate that carbide oxides were formed before carbides, and that the carbon-melt reaction product carbon monoxide accompanied carbide formation. Calcium carbide formation was not observed. It is proposed that the initial appearance of carbides and carbide oxides is due to the preferential reaction between carbon and pentahedrally coordinated aluminum atoms. These results suggest that polymerization of alumina polyhedra rather than particle filler effects is responsible for the viscosity buildup and stream stabilization in the formation of calcium aluminate fibers by inviscid melt spinning.
Aspects of R&D Subsidization

It is well-known that the market fails to provide the socially optimal level of R&D expenditure because of the public properties of information (see Arrow [1963] and Usher [1964]). In the frictionless perfectly competitive market, with no barriers to the use of information, the market will provide no R&D investment. One widely used policy approach to deal with this appropriability problem is patent protection, which temporarily assigns the property right to the patented information for some period of time. Investment in R&D can be further stimulated through subsidization. Though issues in patent protection have been extensively discussed in the literature (see Nordhaus [1967, 1972], Scherer [1972], Stiglitz [1969], and Romano [forthcoming]), the economics of R&D subsidization have been largely ignored in spite of its frequent use as a policy tool.1 The purpose of this paper is to explore the usefulness of R&D subsidization in markets where patent protection is available. With the opportunity to secure a patent, firms will have an incentive to invest in R&D. However, only in exceptional circumstances will the market produce the socially optimal R&D outlay. Subsidization can be a useful supplemental policy tool. The usefulness of R&D subsidization depends on a number of variables, including the length of the patent life, the character of competition for the patent, and on the extent of any excess burdens associated with subsidization. Our focus is on how optimal subsidization is affected by these variables. It is shown that, when there is monopoly in the research market, the optimal subsidy is always positive no matter how long is the (finite) patent life or how high is any (finite) excess burden associated with subsidization. In contrast, when there are no barriers to entering the research market, the optimal subsidy is zero if the patent life is "long" or the excess burden is "high." Moreover,
Rural household energy consumption in the millennium villages in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract This paper summarizes the main findings regarding household energy use from nearly 3000 households across 10 different rural agro-ecological locations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The data were collected with a baseline energy survey as part of the Millennium Villages Project, a multi-sectoral development effort. The results document the households' reliance on biomass and other traditional fuels across all project sites. The two most commonly used fuels for cooking were fuelwood and farm residue, representing 74% and 12% of all cooking respectively. Fuelwood was used primarily for cooking, and mostly acquired through collection by women on foot. Eighty-six percent of household cooks reported using kerosene, and 80% of this use was for lighting. Kerosene provided 61% of the lighting hours on average, followed by dry cell batteries, at 18%. Although one site, Ikaram, Nigeria, had extensive household grid electricity access, only 1% of households in all other sites had an electric grid connection. Averaged across all households surveyed, households spent USD 58 per year on fuels and USD 19 per year on batteries. Of these expenses, USD 21 went to cooking-related purchases and USD 48 went to purchases related to lighting and electricity.
Parenting stress in parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and parents of children with learning disabilities

Parenting a child with ADHD can challenge parenting resources and coping. Increasingly, researchers are examining the relationship between the behavior of the child with ADHD and family functioning. While studies have shown inceased parenting stress in parents of children with ADHD, these studies have compared children with ADHD to non-disabled children. This study compares reports of parenting stress among mothers of children with ADHD, mothers of children with learning disabilities and mothers of non-referred children. Results showed that parenting stress was highest for mothers of children with ADHD. Increased parenting stress was associated with child characteristics and, in particular, with externalizing behavior problems.
Adaptation and recovery from adaptation of the auditory nerve neurophonic (ANN) using long duration tones.

Abstract The time course of the interaction between adaptation and the recovery from adaptation of the auditory nerve neurophonic (ANN) responses was examined. The interaction between the process of recovery and the adaptation process of long probe tones which follow a masker, the so called whole tone recovery, was determined for the ANN response for different silent intervals between masker offset and probe onset. The auditory nerve neurophonic (ANN) reflects the ensemble response of phase-locked firing in single auditory nerve fibers to sustained signals. Consequently, neural response properties such as adaptation and recovery from adaptation of these coherent, time-locked responses can be studied. Recovery from adaptation was determined by recording the response of a 290 ms duration probe tone following a 100 ms masker tone, equal in frequency to the probe, ranging from −5 to 20 dB relative to the probe amplitude. Two different time patterns of the whole tone recovery were observed. If short silent intervals and/or loud maskers were used, the time course of the probe tone can be described as an exponential increase in amplitude toward a steady state expressed by the equation: A(tp) = A ss −Y r e (−tp/ τ Rr) −Y s e (−tp/ τ Rs) (‘ascending exponential’). For longer silent intervals and/or fainter maskers, the time course of the probe tone can be described by an exponential decrease expressed by the equation: A(tp) = Y r e (−tp/ τ Rs) + Y s e (−tp/ τ Rs) + A ss (‘declining exponential’).
Ultrafast Scanning of Exchangeable Sites by NMR Spectroscopy

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and magnetization transfer (MT) have become widely popular techniques for generating enhanced MRI contrast in vivo and ex vivo.[1] In order to fully characterize these phenomena, and to investigate suitable candidates for contrast agents, the polarization of the reporter signal (typically water) is measured as a function of the frequency offset of the saturating RF irradiation (Z-spectrum).[2] Here, we present an ultrafast method to obtain a Z-spectrum over a large range of frequency offsets from only two signal excitations. This method can be useful for fast screening of imaging phantoms and para- and diamagnetic CEST contrast agents under different experimental conditions (saturation time, power, etc).
Possibilities and Limits of Integrating Science and Diversity Education in Preservice Elementary Teacher Preparation.

In this paper we present findings from a project that documented the development of preservice teachers’ beliefs and practices in delivering science instruction that considers issues of language and culture. Teacher candidates in the intervention group (n = 65) received a science methods course and teaching practicum experience that provided guidance in teaching science in culturally and linguistically responsive ways. Comparisons between a control group of preservice teachers (n = 45) and those involved in the intervention yielded stronger beliefs about the efficacy in promoting collaboration in science teaching than the intervention group. Observations of these preservice teachers during their teaching practicum revealed differences in favor of the intervention group in: (a) implementing science instruction that addressed the language and literacy involved in science; (b) using questions that elicited higher order thinking and; (c) providing scaffolds (e.g., purposeful feedback, probing student background knowledge) when confronting abstract scientific concepts. Implications for preservice teacher education are addressed.
Frequent monthly use of selected non-prescription and prescription non-narcotic analgesics among U.S. adults.

Purpose Analgesics offer many benefits, however, chronic, long-term use may pose risks of adverse drug events. The objective of this study was to estimate frequent monthly non-narcotic analgesic use among U.S. adults, identifying socio-demographic trends and potentially at-risk groups. Methods Analysis of adult medication use data from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey household interview (n = 4880). Results Some 20% of U.S. adults used non-prescription or prescription non-narcotic analgesics on a frequent basis, that is nearly every day for a month, at some point during their lifetime. Also, 14% of U.S. adults were currently using analgesics frequently. Aspirin was most commonly used (8%), followed by non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAID, 3%) and acetaminophen (3%). Three-quarters of aspirin, 46% of NANSAID and 63% of acetaminophen users were long-term frequent monthly users (1+ years). Seven percent of frequent monthly analgesic users reported using two or more analgesics nearly every day during the month. Frequent analgesic use was most common among older adults and non-Hispanic whites with no differences by gender or education. Use patterns, however, varied by analgesic subgroups. Conclusions Frequent monthly non-narcotic analgesic use, especially of over-the-counter analgesics, is widely prevalent among U.S. adults. Health-care providers should heighten their awareness of this trend, and routinely monitor both non-prescription and prescription analgesic use in their patients to prevent adverse drug effects and inappropriate use. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.