cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Performance of Open-Hole, Perforated and Fractured Water Injection Wells

The performance, i.e., the half-life of water injectors, is very important to the economics of water injection projects. A simulator is presented to predict the decline in injectivity of water injection wells. Equations are presented that allow one to model open-hole and perforated completions as well as fractured wells. The mechanism of injectivity decline can be determined by comparing core flow test data with one of four type curves. The transition time is used to determine when external filtration becomes dominant so that the appropriate models can be used for early and late time. The simulator can be used whether or not core flow data is available. Empirical equations are provided to estimate the filtration parameters if core flow test data is not available. The simulator is easy to use, has interactive input and output and is available for PCs and Unix workstations. Examples are provided to show how the simulator can be used to predict the performance of injectors in a variety of cases. The simulator predictions are compared with experimental data. The simulation results are then used to suggest the optimum water quality that will minimize the total cost of water treatment and periodic well stimulation.
Structural and Functional Studies Suggest a Catalytic Mechanism for the Phosphotransacetylase from Methanosarcina thermophila

Phosphotransacetylase (EC 2.3.1.8) catalyzes reversible transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl phosphate to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate. Two crystal structures of phosphotransacetylase from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila in complex with the substrate CoA revealed one CoA (CoA1) bound in the proposed active site cleft and an additional CoA (CoA2) bound at the periphery of the cleft. The results of isothermal titration calorimetry experiments are described, and they support the hypothesis that there are distinct high-affinity (equilibrium dissociation constant [KD], 20 μM) and low-affinity (KD, 2 mM) CoA binding sites. The crystal structures indicated that binding of CoA1 is mediated by a series of hydrogen bonds and extensive van der Waals interactions with the enzyme and that there are fewer of these interactions between CoA2 and the enzyme. Different conformations of the protein observed in the crystal structures suggest that domain movements which alter the geometry of the active site cleft may contribute to catalysis. Kinetic and calorimetric analyses of site-specific replacement variants indicated that there are catalytic roles for Ser309 and Arg310, which are proximal to the reactive sulfhydryl of CoA1. The reaction is hypothesized to proceed through base-catalyzed abstraction of the thiol proton of CoA by the adjacent and invariant residue Asp316, followed by nucleophilic attack of the thiolate anion of CoA on the carbonyl carbon of acetyl phosphate. We propose that Arg310 binds acetyl phosphate and orients it for optimal nucleophilic attack. The hypothesized mechanism proceeds through a negatively charged transition state stabilized by hydrogen bond donation from Ser309.
Synthesis and oxidation behavior of platinum-enriched γ + γ′ bond coatings on Ni-based superalloys

Abstract Simple Pt-enriched γ + γ′ coatings were synthesized on Rene 142 and Rene N5 Ni-based superalloys by electroplating a thin layer of Pt followed by a diffusion treatment at 1150–1175 °C. The Al content in the resulting γ + γ′ coating was in the range of 16–19 at.% on superalloys with 13–14 at.% Al. After oxidation testing, alumina scale adherence to these γ + γ′ coatings was not as uniform as to the β-(Ni,Pt)Al coatings on the same superalloy substrates. To better understand the effect of Al, Pt and Hf concentrations on coating oxidation resistance, a number of Ni–Pt–Al cast alloys with γ + γ′ or β phase were cyclically oxidized at 1100 °C. The Hf-containing γ + γ′ alloys with 22 at.% Al and 10–30 at.% Pt exhibited similar oxidation resistance to the β alloys with 50 at.% Al. An initial effort was made to increase the Al content in the Pt-enriched γ + γ′ coatings by introducing a short-term aluminizing process via chemical vapor deposition or pack cementation. However, too much Al was deposited, leading to the formation of β or martensitic phase on the coating surface.
African Americans and Obama’s Domestic Policy Agenda: A Closer Look at Deracialization, the Federal Stimulus Bill, and the Affordable Care Act

To assess President Obama's deracialized agenda-setting strategy, this article draws from two Gallup Organization polls and a 2010 survey of political behaviors and racial attitudes by the University of Arkansas Diane D. Blair Center of Southern Politics and Society and the Winthrop Rockefeller Institute. We extend the debate about deracialization by focusing on two of Obama's most important policy initiatives: the American Recovery and Reinvestment (ARRA) and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also referred to as the Affordable Care Act). The debates over ARRA and the Affordable Care Act placed Obama in an unenviable position. The study will show that many African Americans supported these policies despite Obama's use of deracialized rhetoric. This support was not necessarily due to blind faith or racial loyalty. African Americans believed these laws would improve their own vulnerable situations and reinforce the federal government's commitment to remedying racial inequities.
Clinical studies of 5-fluorouracil + premarin in the treatment of breast cancer

Sixty patients with metastatic or primary inoperable breast cancer not suitable for hormone alteration therapy were blindly randomized between weekly 5-fluorouracil, intravenously, and daily physiologic doses of conjugated estrogens by mouth against weekly 5-fluorouracil, intravenously, and placebo. There was no difference in the survival or the effect on the tumor in the two groups. Numerous factors were analyzed as to their effect on the course of the disease. The number of organ sites of tumor involvement, age of the host, and previous treatment for the disseminated disease were not shown to influence the survival or the results of therapy of either group. However, the duration of the clinical cancer-free period from primary treatment to recurrence, the sites of organ involvement, and the performance status of the patients at the time of entry into the study significantly did influence the survival. There is no evidence in this study that physiologic doses of conjugated estrogens deleteriously influenced the course of the disease.
DNA-Small Molecule Chimera with Responsive Protein-Binding Ability

In this communication, we disclose a generalizable strategy for developing agents with regulable protein-binding ability. In particular, a responsive DNA-small molecule chimera (DC) 1 consisting of two synthetic protein-binding arms and a core oligonucleotide (ODN) domain is discussed. DC 1 can be cycled from a bidentate intramolecular quadruplex form to a monodentate duplex structure, via addition of external ODN stimuli. Importantly, these distinct secondary structures of 1 lead to significantly different protein-binding abilities, with the bidentate conformation showing a 20-fold enhancement (with a 0.8 μM dissociation constant, Kd) in trypsin-binding potency.
Biological Responsiveness to Pheromones Provides Fundamental and Unique Insight into Olfactory Function

When exposed to the odor of conspecifics, most organisms exhibit an adaptive behavioral response, particularly if the individuals are sexually mature. Evidence increasingly suggests that behavioral responsiveness to these odors, which are termed 'pheromones', reflects neuroethological mechanisms associated with olfactory function. Reproductive pheromones, which are the best understood, are commonly used by both invertebrates and vertebrates. In both instances they are generally comprised of mixtures of compounds and behavioral responsiveness to them is largely instinctual, sexually-dimorphic, and attributable to a specialized component(s) of the olfactory system. While pheromonal responsiveness in some systems (e.g. moths) appears highly stereotypic and symptomatic of a relatively simple 'labeled line', behavioral responsiveness of other animals (e.g. rodents) can be modified by experience, suggesting a more complex underlying central mechanism. In any case, our understanding of these fascinating systems is progressing only because of an active dialogue between behavioral and neurological investigations. This review briefly examines how behavioral studies have provided fundamental insight into the neuroethology of olfactory function by drawing comparisons between some of the better understood sex pheromone systems which have been described in heliothine moths, the goldfish, and the pig. Many similarities between invertebrate and vertebrate pheromone systems are noted.
Effect of continuous milking and prostaglandin E2 on milk production and mammary epithelial cell turnover, ultrastructure, and gene expression.

Mammary epithelial cell (ME C) growth is reduced in continuously milked (CM) mammary glands, and administration of a mammogenic compound such as prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) at parturition might improve MEC growth in CM tissue. The objectives were to 1) compare MEC turnover, ultrastructure, and gene expression in CM and involuting mammary tissue, and 2) evaluate the effects of CM and intramammary infusion of PGE 2 on early lactation MEC turnover, ultrastructure, mammary gene expression, milk yield, and composition. First- and second-lactation cows (n = 8) were used in a half-udder model, in which one-half was dry for 60 d (CTL) and the other was CM. Udder halves (n = 16) were assigned to a postpartum (PP) treatment of PGE 2 (+PGE 2 ; 875 μg/10 mL of medium-chain triglyceride oil) or no PGE 2 (-PGE 2 ) treatment at parturition and at 72 h PP. Biopsies of CM and CTL quarters were obtained during milk stasis (MS) of the CTL half at 3 and 7 d after dry-off of the CTL half (3d-MS; 7d-MS) and postpartum (PP) at 2 and 4 d (2d-PP; 4d-PP). Milk yield was reduced (P 0.2). Apoptosis was elevated in early lactation regardless of treatment. Ultrastructure was unchanged by dry period length or PGE 2 . In prepartum tissue, involution in CTL halves increased (P 0.1) gene expression. The results confirm that CM reduced milk yield of cows with a mammary growth requirement. Reduced MEC turnover and milk yield were not alleviated by IMI of PGE 2 , which indicates that peripartum PGE 2 concentrations in CM glands are not limiting mammary growth or milk synthesis.
Surge Tunnels in Quarries as Potential Hibernacula for Bats

Abstract We document use of surge tunnels at an abandoned quarry as hibernacula for bats and suggest that other such tunnels may be easily modified to create new hibernacula. Surge tunnels in Alpena County, MI, made possible a 230-km range extension for Perimyotis subflavus (Eastern Pipistrelle).
Memory Constraints on Infant Learning From Picture Books, Television, and Touchscreens

The past 15 years have seen an explosion of educational books, television, and touchscreen applications developed specifically for infants. Although infants interact with these symbolic artifacts on a daily basis, they have difficulty going beyond the symbolic source and transferring learning to real-world situations. Infants imitate fewer actions and recognize fewer words following demonstrations depicted in picture books and on televisions and touchscreens than they do following face-to-face interactions, a phenomenon termed the transfer deficit. Age-related constraints on memory flexibility contribute to this deficit. Learning can be enhanced when such constraints are considered. Specifically, repeating content and adding visual and auditory cues reduce the transfer deficit. Given the widespread availability of educational media for infants, understanding memory constraints on learning from media has practical implications for the creation and effective use of infant-directed media in early education.
Pentecostal and Charismatic Reshaping of the African Religious Landscape in the 1990s

In this arcticle, Nigerian Ogbu Kalu utilizes two broad models that emphasize how religion reinvents daily life and culture, and how it does so by utilizing signals of transcendence in the sphere of human existence. Kalu argues that religion needs to be examined as a central category of cultural practice in which lived lives embody an evolving religious understanding of the ultimate meaning of life. Sociologists of religion may miss the driving force of religious power in religious movements by paying too much attention to functions of such movements in social structures. In all these, culture is the contested space. Kalu develops his argument by highlighting seven areas to illustrate the salience of the Penteocstal movement in reshaping cultures and religious landscapes: re-invention of self and life journey, daily life in the domestic domain, arts and aesthetics, communication, the individual and community at the social domain, religious life and public space.
Effects of selective doses of x-irradiation on the levels of several amino acids in the cerebellum of the rat.

The cerebella of rats were exposed to selective doses of low levels of x-irradiation beginning on day 4, 8, or 12 following birth. The doses of x-irradiation given on days 12, 13, and 15 (12–15X group) resulted in a 24% reduction in the wet weight of the cerebella; the doses given on days 8, 9, 11, 13, and 15 (8–15X group) resulted in a 57% weight reduction; the doses given on days 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 (4–15X group) resulted in a 67% weight reduction. The schedule of x-irradiation begun on day 12, which prevented the acquisition of the late-forming granule cells, reduced the levels (nmole/mg dry tissue weight) of alanine (22%) and glutamate (10%), and increased the levels of glycine (15%), GABA (13%), and taurine (71%), with respect to control values. The schedule begun on day 8, which prevented the acquisition of stellate and granule cells, reduced the levels of alanine (15%), glutamate (12%), and taurine (21%), and increased the levels of glycine (102%) and GABA (56%). The schedule begun on day 4, which prevented the acquisition of basket, stellate, and granule cells, reduced the level of glutamate (15%) and increased the levels of glycine (186%) and GABA (78%). The levels of alanine and taurine in the cerebella of the 4–15X group were the same as control values. The level of aspartate in the cerebella of the 3 groups of x-irradiated animals was not significantly different from control values. The consistent reduction in the level of glutamate as a function of the number of doses of x-irradiation is suggestive that glutamate may have a higher level in the granule cells than in other cells in the cerebellum, and that the higher level may be a reflection of a possible excitatory transmitter role for glutamate. In addition, the data are interpreted in terms of taurine being associated with the stellate cells and possibly serving as a transmitter for these inhibitory interneurons.
Disorderly Progress on the Frontiers of Policy Evaluation

Cantankerous conflicts and debilitating debates characterize the disorderly development of policy evaluation. The clashes over methods, paradigms, and purposes have been so severe that no approach or idea has avoided criticism. This article reviews the turbulent history of evaluation from its multiple roots to its acceptance as an essential tool of contemporary public management. Next, the article examines the war between constructivists and positivists over methodology as well as the puzzling games played in the search for consensus over the purpose(s) of evaluation. The article concludes with a discussion of the future of policy evaluation from the perspective of democratic public management. Several vital issues glossed over by the previous debates are identified. The article ends with an appeal for evaluators to devote less time to methodological and paradigmatic infighting and more time to the solution of these other problems more directly related to the administration and improvement of public programs.
Field evidence for a protistan role in an organically-contaminated aquifer.

The association between protists, bacteria, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in an oxygen-depleted, 6 km-long wastewater contaminant plume within a sandy aquifer (Cape Cod, MA) was investigated by comparing abundance patterns along longitudinal and vertical transects and at a control site. Strong linear correlations were observed between unattached bacterial abundance and DOC for much of the upgradient-half of the plume (0.1−2.5 km downgradient from the source) that is characterized by quasi-steady state chemistry. However, a logarithmic decrease was observed between the number of protists supported per mg of DOC and the estimated age of the DOC within the plume. The relatively labile dissolved organic contaminants that characterize the groundwater sampled from the plume ≤0.1 km downgradient from the contaminant source appeared to indirectly support 3−4 times as many protists (per mg of DOC) as the older, more recalcitrant DOC in the alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS)-contaminated zone at 3 km downgradient (∼...
European Budget Institutions

n 1992, the member countries of the European Community signed the Maastricht Treaty, which included provisions to harmonize fiscal policies in support of a new common currency, the euro. The signatories were inspired enough to pledge themselves to budgets that were "close to balance or in surplus." But following further negotiations that produced the Stability and Growth Pact, the countries' fiscal policies were targeted to two reference values: deficits not to exceed 3 percent of gross domestic product and debts not to exceed 60 percent of gross domestic product. By 1998, the European Union (EU) decided that all but one of the countries interested in joining the European Monetary Union (EMU) had met these targets or had made sufficient progress toward the debt ceiling. By 2000, the median balance of the EMU countries' budgets was in surplus rather than deficit, though much of this result was probably the result of boom-time economic growth.
P02.06. The effect of massage therapy for breast surgery patients

Methods A 3-month pilot was performed offering massage therapy to postoperative breast surgical patients. A certified massage therapist approached patients the day after surgery. Massage duration was determined by discussion between the therapist and patient. Massage was offered at a fee of $1/minute and billed through the institutional billing system. Pain, anxiety and tension levels were documented pre and post massage. Patients completed an anonymous survey regarding their experience.
Role of Etiology on the Clinical and Nutritional Outcomes of Acute Diarrhea

244 male infants were admitted for studies on dietary therapy of acute diarrhea. All patients had complete history and physical exams, anthropometrics, and extensive laboratory tests, including stool studies for virus, bacteria and parasites and metabolic balance studies. Rehydration and replacement of ongoing losses were carried out following WHO guidelines. Feeding was started after 4-8 hours rehydration. Antibiotics were given for proven Shigella or Campylobacter. Giardia was treated on day 7. Treatment failures defined as recurrence of dehydration, and severe or prolonged diarrhea, were treated individually. Patients were grouped by etiological agent to compare initial presentation and clinical and nutritional outcomes. Covariance analysis was used to correct the effect of confounding variables not associated to etiology; then discrete and continuous variables were compared by chi square and ANOVA, respectively. Patients were divided in 6 groups: ETEC: 31(13%), EPEC: 29(12%), RV: 23(9%), other bacteria: 24(10%), mixed infections: 70(29%) and no pathogens: 67 (27%). Diarrhea duration before admission was longer in the EPEC group and shorter in RV patients, who also had more vomiting, dehydration and acidosis. There were no differences in frequency of failures according to etiology. Diarrhea duration was shorter for the RV group and longer with the ETEC group. Stool output was higher for the RV and mixed groups and lower for the “none” group on the first 2 days. Likewise, nitrogen, fat, carbohydrate and energy absorption and nitrogen retention were lower for the RV, other, and mixed groups during the first 2 days. Begining on day 3 there were no differences among the etiological groups regarding stool volume and nutrient absorption. Neither there were differences regarding changes in weight, skin fold thickness or serum albumin, from day 1 to day 7. Conversely, weight and skin folds increments correlated strongly with total energy intake.
Resonant sideband instabilities in wave propagation in fluidized beds

We consider possible mechanisms for the observed secondary instability of travelling instability waves in liquid fluidized beds. The resonance conditions for quadratic nonlinear interaction are solved in the long-wave limit by perturbation theory. The estimated horizontal wavenumber of the resonant sideband agrees well with experiment and supports the proposed mechanism.
Long-range interaction of two metastable rare-gas atoms

We present semiempirical calculations of long-range van der Waals interactions for two interacting metastable rare-gas atoms Ne through Xe. Dispersion coefficients ${C}_{6}$ are obtained for homonuclear molecular potentials asymptotically connecting to the ${\mathrm{ns}(3/2)}_{2}{+ns(3/2)}_{2}$ atomic states. The estimated uncertainty of the calculated ${C}_{6}$ dispersion coefficients is 4%.
Loss-Tuning of Coupled-Resonator Delay Lines Allows Light-Stopping of Large Bandwidth Signal

We introduce a novel light-stopping process using dynamic loss tuning. The system allows a ~1THz bandwidth signal to be delayed for ~12ps. We present an analysis of the system during the dynamic loss tuning.
The identification of urban employment subcenters

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to propose empirical criteria for the identification of urban employment subcenters. It is suggested that gross employment density (employment divided by total land area) and the employment-population ratio are the best measures to identify an urban zone as an employment subcenter. These measures are used to identify employment subcenters in the Chicago SMSA in 1970, and previous studies of housing and land prices in Chicago are reviewed.
Lymphoceles following second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer

In patients treated for ovarian cancer it is crucial to distinguish recurrent malignancy from a benign process. Presented herein is a patient who developed bilateral pelvic lymphoceles following a second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer. Indications for surgical intervention are discussed and the preferred surgical approach is outlined.
Improved predictive model for pre-symptomatic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Objective: Delineation of gray matter (GM) structures on brain MRI scans is termed segmentation. Accuracy of segmentation is a key factor in the valid comparison of GM density and volume between individuals and groups. Previously, it was demonstrated that a group of normal subjects who later developed mild cognitive impairment (MCI) had decreased GM volume in the medial temporal lobe compared to other normal subjects who remained normal an average 5.4 years after the scan. The objective of this study was to show whether accuracy of this predictive model was increased using an advanced segmentation technique. Methods: Structural MRI was performed on 74 longitudinally examined normal aged subjects. All subjects were cognitively normal at the time of their scan, but 18 later developed MCI, and six of these 18 went on from MCI to an AD diagnosis. We independently delineated GM using both a standard segmentation technique and a local Gaussian active contour (LGAC) technique. We compared the contributi...
Inhibition of plaque formation in humans by octenidine mouthrinse.

Octenidine, a new bispyridine antimicrobial compound, has significant antiplaque activity in animals. The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of this agent in inhibiting plaque formation in humans. Sixty males (age 22–36 years) were randomly assigned 4 formulations which included 1) 0.1% octenidine in vehicle, 2) 0.1% octenidine in aqueous solution, 3) 0.05% octenidine in vehicle, and 4) vehicle only. After establishment of minimal levels of plaque and gingivitis, each subject rinsed twice daily under supervision with his assigned test agent. Over the next seven days, the subjects were not permitted any other means of tooth cleaning. Plaque accumulation was measured daily and gingival fluid and stain levels determined on days 0 and 7. Analysis of the data showed that both formulations of 0.1% octenidine almost completely inhibited plaque formation over the 7 day period. The vehicle had no effect on the agent's activity. The 0.05% concentration allowed some plaque accumulation, but all octenidine groups had significantly less plaque than the control group. Gingival fluid flow was significantly lower in all octenidine groups than in the control group. Tooth stain increased in all groups using the agent but remained unchanged in the group using the vehicle alone. Results of this short term clinical trial suggest that octenidine may be a useful topical antiplaque agent.
Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort difference on the children's depression inventory: A meta-analysis.

A within-scale meta-analysis was performed on 310 samples of children (ages 8-16; N = 61,424) responding to the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Girls' depression scores stayed steady from ages 8 to 11 and then increased between ages 12 and 16. Boys' CDI scores were stable from ages 8 to 16 except for a high CDI score at age 12. Girls' scores were slightly lower than boys' during childhood, but girls scored higher beginning at age 13. There were no socioeconomic status effects and no differences between White and Black samples. However, Hispanic samples scored significantly higher on the CDI. Analyses for birth cohort showed a slight decrease in boys' CDI scores over time and no change for girls. Longitudinal studies demonstrated a marked testing effect.
Effects of electric field on alamethicin bound at the lipid-water interface: a molecular mechanics study.

A systematic molecular mechanics study of the alamethicin molecule was made to determine a set of low-energy conformers in vacuo and in aqueous environment. The behavior of these conformers was investigated at the phase boundary which was modeled as a plane dividing two compartments with solvation properties of water and octanol with a constant electric field applied normal to the boundary. The calculations were performed with a molecular mechanics program for calculation of stable conformations at the phase boundary utilizing the Empiric Conformational Energy Program for Peptides force field and the Hopfinger-Scheraga solvation model. 371 minimum energy conformers of alamethicin, determined in vacuo with the build-up procedure, were used as starting conformations for energy minimization in aqueous environment and at the phase boundary. Only 49 interphase-bound structures were within 12 kcal/mol of the minima which was found. No helical structures having values close to the canonical parameters for an alpha- or 3(10)-helix were found despite the presence of eight alpha-methylalanine residues which favor the formation of these helices; four helix-like structures were found, having all negative phi, psi values. All the helical conformers have very high energies in water (approximately 14 kcal/mol), but are quite stable at the phase boundary (3.7–6.8 kcal/mol above the lowest minima found). The implications of these results for proposed mechanisms for membrane-binding and voltage-dependent gating are considered.
Analysis of carcinogen-exposed Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) for mutations in K-ras and p53 genes

Abstract One of the best developed laboratory models for comparative carcinogenesis studies is the Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ). The medaka has been used for carcinogenicity testing for well over a decade. Our laboratory has been addressing the molecular basis of tumorigenesis in this fish model. Cellular oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes regulate normal cell growth and differentiation. Mutations which affect their expression and/or protein structure may contribute to multistage carcinogenesis. We have exposed medaka to the known carcinogens: diethylnitrosamine (DEN), methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMAc), N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine and methylene chloride. We are examining tumors induced by these chemicals for mutations in the K -ras cellular oncogene and p53 tumor suppressor gene. We have cloned and sequenced both the medaka K- ras and p53 genes. We have observed mutations at the 12th codon in K- ras in DEN- and MAMAc-exposed medaka. We are using a rapid mutation screening method based on the nonisotopic RNase cleavage assay to screen for other mutations in both K- ras and p53 .
Libration point stationkeeping using the θ- D technique

Unstable orbits about the collinear libration points require stationkeeping maneuvers to maintain the nominal path. A new method for stationkeeping such unstable orbits is proposed here using continuous thrust. The stationkeeping challenge is formulated as a nonlinear optimal control problem in the framework of the circular restricted three-body problem with the Sun and Earth/Moon center of mass as the two primaries. A recently developed control technique known as the “θ-D controller” is employed to provide a closed-form suboptimal feedback solution to this nonlinear control problem. In this approach an approximate solution to the Hamiltonian-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation is found by adding perturbation terms to the cost function. The controller is designed such that the actual (numerically integrated) trajectory tracks a predetermined Lissajous reference orbit with good accuracy. Numerical results employing this method demonstrate the potential of this approach with stationkeeping costs varying between 0.52 ∼ 0.68 m/s per year (the range depending on the particular simulation parameters used), which is of the same order of magnitude as other methods using discrete maneuvers with halo orbits. The costs are modest and the method provides flexibility in selecting the “tightness” of the control versus fuel consumption. The algorithm is well-suited for integration with onboard flight software, as the nonlinear optimal control law is solved in closed-form and the Riccati equation must only be solved once, resulting in a computationally efficient controller.
Résultats de la réparation chirurgicale des anévrysmes de la veine porte extra-hépatique

Les anevrysmes de la veine porte extra-hepatique sont rares. Les deux sites les plus communs sont le confluent entre la veine mesenterique superieure (SMV) et la veine splenique, et le tronc principal de la veine porte, juste au-dessus du confluent SMV-veine splenique. Dans cet article, deux cas d'anevrysme extra-hepatique de la veine porte et leur traitement chirurgical sont presentes. Un etait un anevrysme sacculaire situe sur le tronc de la veine porte ; l'autre etait un anevrysme fusiforme du confluent de la veine mesenterique superieure et de la veine splenique.
On-line stable isotope gas exchange reveals an inducible but leaky carbon concentrating mechanism in Nannochloropsis salina

Carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) are common among microalgae, but their regulation and even existence in some of the most promising biofuel production strains is poorly understood. This is partly because screening for new strains does not commonly include assessment of CCM function or regulation despite its fundamental role in primary carbon metabolism. In addition, the inducible nature of many microalgal CCMs means that environmental conditions should be considered when assessing CCM function and its potential impact on biofuels. In this study, we address the effect of environmental conditions by combining novel, high frequency, on-line 13CO2 gas exchange screen with microscope-based lipid characterization to assess CCM function in Nannochloropsis salina and its interaction with lipid production. Regulation of CCM function was explored by changing the concentration of CO2 provided to continuous cultures in airlift bioreactors where cell density was kept constant across conditions by controlling the rate of media supply. Our isotopic gas exchange results were consistent with N. salina having an inducible “pump-leak” style CCM similar to that of Nannochloropsis gaditana. Though cells grew faster at high CO2 and had higher rates of net CO2 uptake, we did not observe significant differences in lipid content between conditions. Since the rate of CO2 supply was much higher for the high CO2 conditions, we calculated that growing cells bubbled with low CO2 is about 40 % more efficient for carbon capture than bubbling with high CO2. We attribute this higher efficiency to the activity of a CCM under low CO2 conditions.
Component fatty acids of some cruciferae oils

The oils from yellow mustard seed (Brassica alba), black mustard seed (Brassica nigra) of Indian origin, and rapeseed (Brassica Compestris) of unknown origin have been analyzed for their fatty acid composition without preliminary resolution of fatty acids by lead-salt-alcohol or fractional crystallization methods. The results compare very favorably with those determined by other recently developed methods. It may be concluded therefore that this method can be favorably employed for the determination of fatty acid composition of fats containing higher unsaturated acids.
Determination of the vibrational energy relaxation time of the azide ion in protic solvents by two-color transient infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The vibrational energy relaxation times (T1) of the antisymmetric stretch (ν3) of the azide ion (N−3) in various protic solvents have been measured to be 3 ps using transient two-color infrared spectroscopy.
Numerical experiments on the residence time distributions of heterogeneous groundwatersheds

Groundwater residence time distributions are important when studying the impacts of non-point source pollution in shallow groundwatersheds (aquifer-stream systems) on stream water quality. The theoretical residence time distribution F(T) for unstratified groundwatersheds that are homogeneous with respect to porosity, recharge and aquifer thickness is a simple exponential function. This function F(T) is insensitive to watershed size, stream network and spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity. It has been found that certain of the conditions previously presented as necessary for the validity of F(T) can be somewhat relaxed. In this paper, we explore the behavior of residence time distributions when these assumptions used in the development of F(T) are no longer met, and test the robustness of the theoretical distribution F(T) in such cases. Numerical experiments suggest that F(T) provides a suitable approximation to many groundwatersheds' residence time distributions, except when aquifer heterogeneities are few and distinct. Additionally, a new residence time distribution F(T) is derived for a class of semi-confined stratified aquifers.
Improved extreme wind prediction for the United States

Abstract An investigation of sampling error due to short data records was investigated for the fastest mile of wind records used to form design wind speeds for the U.S. The data for 29 stations in the midwest were checked for statistical independence and for trend over the geographical area. A superstation was formed from the stations containing 924 station-years of record, and 10,000 years of record with the same Type I distribution were generated by random function generator. The simulated data was shown to have the same distribution of predicted 50-years speeds, if divided into 25-year long records, as occurred for the 29 real stations. The analysis showed that the major variation in predicted 50-year wind speed from station to station is the sampling error. It also showed a method for effectively removing most of the sampling error.
Aging with HIV: clinical considerations for an emerging population.

With HIV becoming a chronic condition, nurses will be providing care to growing numbers of patients aging with this disease. After the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in 1996 and 1997, the idea of growing older with this disease has moved from the theoretical to the actual. In fact, HIV is becoming a chronic condition much like diabetes and lupus; all of which are serious life threatening conditions that can also be stabilized with proper adherence to medical treatments. Given this improved prognosis, the age composition of this clinical population has also changed and nurses and allied healthcare professionals are scrambling to know what the clinical characteristics of this emerging population are and what they need to know in order to provide the best evidence-based care for them. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States approximately 1.1 million adolescents and adults are infected with HIV.1 In 2005, of those infected, adults 50 years old or older comprised 15% of all new diagnoses, 24% and 29% of individuals living with a diagnosis of HIV and AIDS, respectively, and 35% of AIDS-related deaths.2 This trend is expected to grow as we see more later-life infections and an aging of the general population.
Temperature-Compensated Bandpass Filters in Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic

For low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) modules targeting radio frequency applications, a near 0 ppm/°C temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) ensures temperature stability of embedded filters. The base dielectrics of most commercial LTCC systems have a τf in the range −50 to −80 ppm/°C. By integrating co-fireable compensating dielectrics with an opposite τf to that of the host dielectric, we demonstrated multilayer stripline (SL) bandpass filters with a τf approaching 0 ppm/°C using DuPont 951 LTCC. The effective dielectric constant of the SL in multilayer LTCC with dissimilar layered dielectrics was calculated using a variational method with transmission-line technique.
Allocating Scarce Healthcare Resources in Developing Countries: A Case for Malaria Prevention

Decisions regarding the best use of scarce health resources become increasingly complex in developing countries due to high disease incidence, poor healthcare system infrastructure, and other societal factors. We develop a resource allocation model for the design of an Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) program for malaria prevention in developing countries. Due to the seasonal nature of malaria risk factors, the model addresses dynamic resource allocation based on the risk characteristics. Using the model as a framework, a decision support tool for IRS operations is constructed. With a small numerical example we demonstrate the value of the tool for evaluating complexities and tradeoffs in the allocation of limited resources for an IRS program and the impact of heuristic decision making.
Rice GROWTH UNDER DROUGHT KINASE Is Required for Drought Tolerance and Grain Yield under Normal and Drought Stress Conditions

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the primary food source for more than one-half of the world's population. Because rice cultivation is dependent on water availability, drought during flowering severely affects grain yield. Here, we show that the function of a drought-inducible receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, named GROWTH UNDER DROUGHT KINASE (GUDK), is required for grain yield under drought and well-watered conditions. Loss-of-function gudk mutant lines exhibit sensitivity to salinity, osmotic stress, and abscisic acid treatment at the seedling stage, and a reduction in photosynthesis and plant biomass under controlled drought stress at the vegetative stage. The gudk mutants interestingly showed a significant reduction in grain yield, both under normal well-watered conditions and under drought stress at the reproductive stage. Phosphoproteome profiling of the mutant followed by in vitro assays identified the transcription factor APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR OsAP37 as a phosphorylation target of GUDK. The involvement of OsAP37 in regulating grain yield under drought through activation of several stress genes was previously shown. Our transactivation assays confirmed that GUDK is required for activation of stress genes by OsAP37. We propose that GUDK mediates drought stress signaling through phosphorylation and activation of OsAP37, resulting in transcriptional activation of stress-regulated genes, which impart tolerance and improve yield under drought. Our study reveals insights around drought stress signaling mediated by receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, and also identifies a primary regulator of grain yield in rice that offers the opportunity to improve and stabilize rice grain yield under normal and drought stress conditions.
Compatibility requirements for yield-line mechanisms

Yield-line analysis proves a powerful and convenient method for establishing the peak load capacity of reinforced concrete slabs. Its application requires compatible mechanisms to be postulated, comprising rigid regions intersecting at yield-lines where relative rotations may occur. A systematic procedure is described for checking the compatibility of postulated yield-line mechanisms. The similarity between this method and equilibrium requirements in a plane pin-jointed truss is highlighted, and an analogy between yield-line mechanism compatibility and statical determinacy in pin-jointed trusses is established.
The anatomic location of pancreatic cancer is a prognostic factor for survival.

Background. Pancreatic cancers of the body and tail (BT) appear to have poorer survival compared with head (HD) lesions. We hypothesized that potential disparities in outcome may be related to tumor location. Our objective was to examine the relationship between tumor location and survival. Methods. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry identified 33,752 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and 6443 patients who underwent cancer-directed surgery between 1988 and 2004. Differences in survival and relationships between tumor location and clinical factors were assessed. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the prognostic significance of tumor location. Results. Median survival for the entire cohort was five months and was significantly lower for BT compared to HD lesions (four vs. six months, p<0.001). Distant metastases (67% vs. 36%, p<0.001) were greater and cancer-directed surgery (16% vs. 30%, p<0.001) was lower for BT tumors. Of 6443 resected patients, HD patients (n=5118) were younger, had a greater number of harvested lymph nodes, were more likely to be lymph node-positive, and had a higher proportion of T3/T4 lesions. Significant univariate predictors of survival included age, T-stage, number of positive and harvested lymph nodes. On multivariate analysis, BT location was a significant prognostic factor for decreased survival (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.23, p=0.05). Discussion. Pancreatic BT cancers have a lower rate of resectability and poorer overall survival compared to HD lesions. Prospective large-cohort studies may definitively prove that tumor location is a prognostic factor for survival in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Synthesis and NMR study of ethyl- and perfluoroethyltin vinyl and hydride derivatives

Abstract The syntheses of four perfluoroethyltin compounds, (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Sn(C 2 F 5 ) 2 , (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Sn(I)C 2 F 5 , (CH 2 CH) 2 Sn(C 2 F 5 ) 2 and (CH 2 CH) 3 SnC 2 F 5 , are reported for the first time via a Barbier reaction from the corresponding ethyl- and vinyltin bromides. The synthetic reactions resulted in the iodide transhalogenation product in the ethyltin case and the vinyl group redistribution product in the vinyltin case as well as the expected products. The new compounds were characterized by infrared and mass spectral data, and studied by proton and fluorine-19 nmr. Analyses of these data yielded the v A , v B , v E and |J AB |, |J AC |, |J BC parameters. The four ethylstannane compounds, (C 2 H 5 ) n SnH 4−n were synthesized and utilized in comparison nmr studies.
Generative Uncle and Nephew Relationships

This study investigates generativity, or a concern for future generations, in the relationships between uncles and nephews. Using in-depth interviews, 21 uncles and 31 nephews were interviewed in Wellington, New Zealand and Bangor, Maine. Uncles describe themselves as supplements to parents, as friends, or as surrogate parents. Uncles act as mentors by providing nephews with advice and sometimes criticism. They act as intergenerational buffers and family historians by engaging in family work with nephews, providing insights into the behavior of parents or siblings. In turn, nephews provide uncles with insights into the behavior of family members. This study contributes to the literatures on generativity, men and caregiving, and more broadly third-party influences in family relationships.
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their clinical potential in the treatment of B-cell malignancies: focus on ibrutinib

Aberrant signaling of the B-cell receptor pathway has been linked to the development and maintenance of B-cell malignancies. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), a protein early in this pathway, has emerged as a new therapeutic target in a variety of such malignancies. Ibrutinib, the most clinically advanced small molecule inhibitor of BTK, has demonstrated impressive tolerability and activity in a range of B-cell lymphomas which led to its recent approval for relapsed mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical development of ibrutinib and discusses its therapeutic potential.
Synthesis and stereochemistry of a saturated tricyclic taxane model

Abstract The construction through an A-ring annulation strategy of a fully B-ring methylated saturated tricyclic taxane model and the demonstration of its preference for trans BC ring junction stereochemistry are described.
Quantifying nutrient and suspended solids fluxes in a constructed tidal marsh following rainfall: The value of capturing the rapid changes in flow and concentrations

Abstract Coastal tidal wetlands are perceived to provide nutrient dissipation services and serve as the final buffer between excess nutrient loads coming from nearby upland watersheds and sensitive estuarine waters. The construction and restoration of tidal marshes has the potential to benefit coastal waters. However, the water quality services of tidal wetlands have yet to be established with any certainty. This is in part due to the difficulty of monitoring these systems where flow and concentrations vary widely with tidal ebb and flood along with rainfall events mobilizing nutrients in pulses from upstream watersheds. In this article, we show over a period of 10 days following a rainfall event, the value of high temporal resolution data to characterize the complex nutrient and flow dynamics and to reliably calculate material balances in a created coastal marsh in North Carolina. Ultraviolet–visible spectrometers were used to obtain 15-min concentration data for nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, total suspended solids, phosphate, and total phosphorus. Our results show that a pulse of nitrate moved through the marsh from upstream agricultural production following the rainfall event and 25% (13 kg of 53 kg) of the nitrate was retained in the marsh over a period of 10 days. No other material showed a clear pulse from the upstream agricultural production. The marsh acted as a sink for total suspended solids (40 kg) and had near neutral mass balances for dissolved organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and phosphate. Subsequent simulations indicated that different and erroneous results would have been obtained from 2-, 6- or 12-h sampling intervals. These results demonstrate, even on a short term basis, why high-frequency data acquisition is necessary in these tidal marsh systems to truly quantify their impact on water quality ecosystem services.