cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BILINGUALISM

learning differs from first (Ll) in that it is superimposed on, and in potential competition with, an already substan- tially acquired system. Depending on its timing, it may invoke the cognitive skills and strategies proper to a different developmental stage. It may be acquired in a different context and for a different motive. Can all Ll-L2 differences be attributed to such experiential factors, or must differences in brain bases also be involved? People’s ability to learn two languages, and use both with “native” or near-“native” ability, offers an opportunity to test several assumptions about how the brain supports cognitive processes. By comparing language lateralization in bilinguals to lateralization in monolinguals, one can deter- mine whether “more” language uses up more, or different, cerebral territory. By comparing lateralization of first and second language in bilinguals, one can attempt to extend the application of the concept
Sex expression in cucumber plants as affected by 2-chloroethylphosphonic Acid, ethylene, and growth regulators.

The effects of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel), ethylene, and some growth retardants on sex expression of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) were investigated, with the use of a monoecious cultivar (Improved Long Green) which has a strong tendency toward maleness.Ethrel caused increased femaleness when applied at 50 milligrams per liter at the first to the third leaf stage, but when applied at the cotyledon stage it was ineffective. The later the time of application, the higher the node at which the first female flower appeared. The total number of female flowers was about the same regardless of application time. A mixture of gibberellins A(4) and A(7) caused maleness, and Ethrel caused femaleness. However, when applied in combination at the first leaf stage the interaction was not significant. It seems, therefore, that Ethrel and gibberellins are not antagonistic but rather have different sites of action, although they have opposing effects on sex expression.Ethylene caused femaleness but was far less effective than Ethrel. Alar (N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid), CCC((2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride), Phosphon D(2, 4-dichlorobenzyl-tributylphosphonium chloride), and abscisic acid did not affect sex expression of cucumber.
Differential thermal stresses in the Earth

Summary. Rocks have a significant thermal expansion coefficient and a high modulus of elasticity. Small thermal changes can therefore generate very substantial stresses. A convenient idealized example is the mechanically free, cooling thermal boundary layer in a material that suddenly turns from plastic to rigid in cooling through a ‘rigidus’ temperature. This simplified case can be solved analytically for both a linear and an error function temperature profile. A compressed layer develops near the surface, with a logarithmic singularity of stress at the boundary. At a depth of 0.2 of the elastic thickness, the stress changes to tensile, and peaks at 15 per cent of the confined shrinkage stress in the middle of the rigid layer. The situation is similar to the stresses in one half of a piece of tempered glass. Like the tempered glass, both the cooling lithosphere and a plated boundary to a magma chamber are subject to breakage when cracks are induced in the tensile layer. Positive pore (magma) pressure is required to overcome confining pressure at depth in the lithosphere, but cracking could become catastrophic in the plated boundary to a near-surface magma chamber.
The use of polyacrylamide gels for mechanical calibration of cartilage--a combined nanoindentation and unconfined compression study.

Abstract This study investigates polyacrylamide (PA) gel as a calibration material to measure the nanomechanical compressive modulus of cartilage using nanoindentation. Both nanoindentation and unconfined compression testing were performed on PA gel and porcine rib cartilage. The equilibrium moduli measured by the two methods were discernable. Nanoindentation has the advantage of distinguishing between spatially dependent constituent properties that affect tissue mechanical function in heterogeneous and hierarchically structured tissues such as cartilage. Both sets of measurements exhibited similar positive correlation with increasing gel crosslinker concentration. The compressive modulus measurements from compression in the PA gels ranged from 300 kPa–1.4 MPa, whereas those from nanoindentation ranged from 100 kPa–1.1MPa. Using this data, a method for relating nanoindentation measurements to conventional mechanical property measurements is presented for porcine rib cartilage. It is shown that based on this relationship, the local tissue modulus as measured from nanoindentation (1.1–1.4 MPa) was able to predict the overall global modulus of the same sample of rib cartilage (2.2 MPa), as confirmed by experimental measurements from unconfined compression. This study supports the use of nanoindentation for the local characterization of cartilage tissues and may be applied to other soft tissues and constructs.
Endoscopic suspension of vesical neck for urinary incontinence

Surgically curable urinary incontinence in women is achieved by restoration of the vesical neck from a dependent position in the pelvis to one high behind the symphysis pubis. Endoscopic suspension, which accomplishes this by elevating the internal vesical neck on both sides with two permanent buttressed nylon loops is effective for correcting primary or recurrent stress urinary incontinence and even total incontinence in over 90 per cent of patients. Technical advantages over retropubic vesical neck suspensions include less postoperative morbidity, functional measurements and anatomic visualization of a restored vesical neck during the procedure, easy access to the surgically difficult pelvis, and simultaneous repair of significant rectoceles or substantial cystoceles through the same operative field.
Facilitated stent delivery using applied topical lubrication.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to assess the utility of topical lubrication to aid stent delivery in challenging anatomy and its effects on long-term clinical outcome. Background: Failed stent delivery is encountered in up to 5% of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Methods: The effectiveness of topically applied lubrication to facilitate stent delivery after failed stent placement was evaluated in 20 (2.5%) out of 813 consecutive patients undergoing PCI. Initial attempts at stent delivery failed despite balloon predilatation and use of moderate-to-stiff guidewires in all patients. The lubricious solution used was Rotaglide, a phospholipid emulsion originally designed to reduce catheter friction during rotational atherectomy. Following unsuccessful delivery, stents were removed from the guiding catheters, topically saturated with Rotaglide, and deployment immediately reattempted. Procedural efficacy and long-term clinical outcomes were assessed. Results: The study population included 20 patients aged 69 ± 10 years, all of whom had complex lesions (ACC/AHA Class B2 or C). Rotaglide lubricated stents were successfully deployed at the target lesions in 17 of the 20 patients (85%). Patients were followed 19.5 ± 3.2 months after their index procedure. There were no periprocedural complications or subacute stent thromboses. Of the 14 patients with drug-eluting stents, none had clinical restenosis or target vessel revascularization. Target lesion revascularization secondary to restenosis was required in 1 of 3 patients treated with bare-metal stents. Conclusions: Topical lubrication is a simple and effective aid for stent delivery in complex lesions. Rotaglide appears safe and biocompatible with drug-eluting stents. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A low-frequency infrared study of the dodecahedral complexes [M(1,8-naphthyridine)4](ClO4)2 and K4[M(oxalate)4]

Abstract The low-frequency infrared spectra of two series of eight-coordinate dodecahedral complexes [M(1,8-naphthyridine) 4 ](ClO 4 ) 2 and K 4 [M(oxalate) 4 ] · 5H 2 O are assigned using the metal-isotope substitution technique.
A QUASI-NEWTON ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING MULTIPHASE EQUILIBRIUM FLASH PROBLEMS

Abstract A new algorithm has been developed for solving the multicomponent vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium Mash problem. The algorithm is an extension of the “inside-out” approach proposed by Boston and Britt for the vapor-liquid equilibrium flash problem. Conventional flash algorithms use temperature, pressure, composition, and phase fraction as the problem independent variables, In the inside-out approach a new set of independent variables is introduced in place of the conventional variables. The new variables are chosen to be as independent as possible of the conventional variables and as free as possible of mutual interaction. Complex phase equilibrium models are used only to generate parameters for a simple equilibrium ratio model. These parameters become the problem independent variables. The Quasi-Newton method of Broyden is employed to promote convergence of these variables. The algorithm first obtains a solution for the vapor-liquid equilibrium flash. By examining the liquid phase, a heuristic al...
New syndrome decoder for (n,1) convolutional codes

The letter presents a new syndrome decoding algorithm for the (n,1) convolutional codes (CC) that is different and simpler than the previous syndrome decoding algorithm of Schalkwijk and Vinck. The new technique uses the general solution of the polynomial linear Diophantine equation for the error polynomial vector E(D). A recursive, Viterbi-like, algorithm is developed to find the minimum weight error vector E(D). An example is given for the binary non-systematic (2,1) CC.
Multiplicity and Stability of Chemical Reactors with Evaporative Cooling

This work characterizes the dynamic behavior of reactors with evaporative cooling. The process under consideration is a continuous stirred tank reactor used to carry out an exothermic irreversible first-order reaction with heat removal through the wall as well as by partial evaporation of the reacting liquid followed by return of the condensate to the reactor. Bifurcation analysis is used to classify the stability character and the types of multiplicity and oscillatory behavior to be expected. A variety of practical situations is examined, including cases of volatile reactant, volatile or nonvolatile product (liquid or solid), and volatile solvent. For a fixed vapor flowrate to the condenser, the dynamic structure of reactors with evaporative cooling is qualitatively similar to the case with wall cooling alone. Other cases show significantly different structures. Cases with five steady states and two regions of three steady states are found with evaporative cooling operation, and for some conditions even seven steady states may be possible. A rich variety of dynamic behavior is predicted.
A Safavid Poet in the Heart of Darkness: The Indian Poems ofAshraf Mazandarani∗?

(2003). A Safavid Poet in the Heart of Darkness: The Indian Poems ofAshraf Mazandarani? Iranian Studies: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 197-212.
Comparison between regional myocardial blood flow measurements and results of exercise tests.

The relationship between regional myocardial blood flow and the results of exercise tests were evaluated in 54 patients, 40 of whom had angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease (CAD) and 14 had normal angiograms. After 20 patients had 2-step tests, 20 had bicycle ergometry, and 14 had treadmill tests, regional myocardial specific blood flow (RMBF) at rest was determined by selective injections of xenon-133 into the left coronary artery and quadrantic washout measured with an Anger camera. RMBF (ml/min/100 gm, mean +/- SE) was significantly lower in patients with coronary artery disease (72 +/- 3) than in normals (91 +/- 7, p less than .05) but RMBF in 12 CAD patients with negative exercise tests (75 +/- 6) was similar to regional myocardial blood flow in 28 coronary artery disease patients with positive exercise tests (71 +/- 4). Degree of ST depression did not influence results. Although measurement of RMBF and exercise testing are both useful procedures in the evaluation of patients with CAD, the data in the present study indicate the RMBF measurements at rest cannot predict the result of the postexercise ECG and vice versa.
Seizure drawings: insight into the self-image of children with epilepsy

Abstract Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that is associated with numerous psychological challenges, especially in children. Drawings have been underutilized as a method to obtain insight into psychological issues in children with epilepsy. We asked 105 children with epilepsy, ages 5 to 18 years, to draw a picture of what it is like to have a seizure. Across ages and epilepsy syndromes, the drawings showed evidence of impaired self-concept, low self-esteem, and a sense of helplessness and vulnerability. Overall, the drawings of human figures were less developed than expected for chronological age. In some drawings, indicators of underlying depression were found. When considered by epilepsy syndrome or seizure type, some specific artistic features were noted. Children with simple partial (motor) seizures drew distorted body parts, especially limbs. Those with complex partial seizures depicted sensory symptoms and mental status changes such as confusion. Children with generalized tonic–clonic seizures showed shaking extremities. Drawings by children with absence seizures illustrated mainly staring. In conclusion, drawings are a powerful method to examine the self-concept of children with epilepsy and gain insight into their feelings about themselves and their world.
How about a little love for non-thrust manipulation?

In case you may not have noticed, thrust manipulation has been on the positive side of many discussions as of late. If you don’t mind me mimicking an analogy used by Feinstein and Horowitz1 in thei...
Electronic structure of the reconstructed p(2×2)S overlayer on Ni(111)

Abstract It is well established that heating the p(2x2)S overlayer to 900°K produces a change in the observed LEED pattern suggestive of surface reconstruction. The angular resolved photoemission spectra show that before and after heating there are two adsorbate derived bands of well defined symmetry at Γ ; in addition, the observed peak positions are not shifted by the reconstruction. The major manifestation of the structural change is a threefold increase in the intensity of the S(3pz) derived band in the normal emission surface. It is concluded that the reconstructed surface layer is a suitable pseudohexagonal mesh with an appropriate coincidence mesh with the substrate.
Crystal structures of 8-arylethynyl substituted guanosine derivatives: are hydrogen-bonded ribbons a surprise?

Crystal structures of two 8-arylethynyl substituted guanosines reveal twisted hydrogen-bonded ribbon superstructures, contrasting a previous report of guanine quartet formation from 8-aryl derivatives. The structural switch is attributed to the stabilization of the ribbon through intermolecular [π⋯π] stacking between the optimally positioned electron-poor arylethynyl substituents and electron-rich guanine nuclei.
Atomic term symbols via partitioning techniques

Two techniques for obtaining Russell–Saunders term symbols (terms) for equivalent electrons is presented. Both techniques are based on partitioning the n equivalent electrons into a set of α electrons and a set of β electrons. Fundamental tables are presented that give the number of states for the α or β electrons for all possible values M(M) and Sα(Sβ). One interpretation of these tables leads to the total number of states of the n equivalent electrons for values of L and S. From this the number of terms for L and S is easily determined. Another interpretation of the fundamental tables gives the maximum number of terms for n equivalent electrons with values of L and S. From this the actual number of terms is obtained. Examples of equivalent p, d, f, and g electrons are provided. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Smoking for weight control and its associations with eating disorder symptomatology.

Objective This study examined interrelationships between cigarette smoking for weight control and eating disorder symptoms in a community sample of adult female smokers.
EU Policy on Iraq: The collapse and reconstruction of consensus-based foreign policy

At first glance, Europe's discord over the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 was a foreign policy debacle. And when a majority of Member States publicly broke ranks with a tenuously reached common position, skeptics argued that the EU's consultative and consensus-based process of foreign policy making was either fictitious or irrevocably broken. But in fact, the Iraq crisis triggered a normative reframing of security and defense policy and renewed a commitment to consensus decision making. Rather than a lowest common denominator outcome, a compromise position was reached in the form of EU-coordinated economic and humanitarian assistance to rebuilding Iraq that has exceeded 200 million euros per year since 2004. This was possible because normative commitments to develop the EU as a global actor and to promote democracy and the rule of law worldwide legitimated EU action and constrained Member States with ‘do nothing’ and/or ‘let the UN do it’ preferences. The foreign ministers’ ability to reach agreement on coordinated recon aid to Iraq also displays the Union's principled commitment to make decisions in a norm-governed and consensus-based institutional environment of cooperative bargaining.
Mutagenicity and metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine and benzo[α]pyrene in tissue homogenates from inbred syrian hamsters treated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or polychlorinated biphenyls

Abstract There are significant differences between mice and hamsters in polycyclic hydrocarbon and nitrosamine metabolism. Homogenates of liver, lung and intestinal mucosa from 6 strains of Syrian golden hamster were compared for their ability to metabolize benzo[α]pyrene (BP) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to mutagens. Females of strains MHA/SsLak, LSH/SsLak, CB/SsLak, PD4/Lak LHC/Lak and Lak:LVG (SYR) were either untreated or received phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) or polychlorinated biphenyls (AR) to induce drug-metabolizing enzymes. Salmonella typhimurium TA92 and TA98 were used as indicators of the formation of mutagens. Dimethyl-nitrosamine demethylase (DMND) was assayed using 1 mM DMN as substrate. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was measured using benzo[α]pyrene as substrate. MC does not induce AHH activity in hamster liver, but is an excellent inducer of enzymes converting BP to mutagens. This lack of correlation between increased AHH activity and increased metabolism of BP to mutagen in liver is in marked contrast to correlations seen in mice. MC induces AHH in hamster lung and intestinal mucosa. AR induces AHH in liver, lung and intestinal mucosa. Activity of DMND in liver is not affected by treatment of hamsters with BP or AR, but is repressed approx. 30% by treatment with MC.
The distribution and recycling of chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids in the Black Sea

Chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll e (Bchl e), carotenoids and particulate organic carbon were measured in a suite of suspended particulate matter and sediment trap samples collected from three stations in the Black Sea. Vertical profiles of particulate chlorophyll a (Chl a) display well-developed subsurface maxima with concentrations of up to 465 ng 1−1 between 30 and 40 m. Associated with these maxima are the carotenoids 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin from prymnesiophytes and fucoxanthin from diatoms. Subsurface maxima in Bchl e, characteristic of the obligate photoautotroph Clorobium phaeobacteriodes and C. phaeovibriodes, were also observed between 80 and 100 m in all samples. Vertical profiles of Bchl e display maxima at the H2S interface (chemocline) and provide the first evidence for anoxygenic photosynthesis in the Black Sea. Bacteriochlorophyll e was present at stations separated by 450 km, implying a large areal extent to the bacterial plate. Pigments are rapidly recycled with high efficiency in the euphotic zone. The distribution of pigments in our sediment trap samples is considerably different from reported distributions of pigments in sediment trap samples collected from oxic open ocean systems. High concentrations of unaltered algal pigments, originating at the base of the euphotic zone, were measured in sediment trap samples collected in and immedately below the chemocline. The carotenoid 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, abundant in samples collected from depths <35 m, was not detected in any of our trap samples.
A Low Gastric pH Mouse Model to Evaluate Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccines

The low pH of the stomach serves as a barrier to ingested microbes and must be overcome or bypassed when delivering live bacteria for vaccine or probiotic applications. Typically, the impact of stomach acidity on bacterial survival is evaluated in vitro, as there are no small animal models to evaluate these effects in vivo. To better understand the effect of this low pH barrier to live attenuated Salmonella vaccines, which are often very sensitive to low pH, we investigated the value of the histamine mouse model for this application. A low pH gastric compartment was transiently induced in mice by the injection of histamine. This resulted in a gastric compartment of approximately pH 1.5 that was capable of distinguishing between acid-sensitive and acid-resistant microbes. Survival of enteric microbes during gastric transit in this model directly correlated with their in vitro acid resistance. Because many Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi vaccine strains are sensitive to acid, we have been investigating systems to enhance the acid resistance of these bacteria. Using the histamine mouse model, we demonstrate that the in vivo survival of S. Typhi vaccine strains increased approximately 10-fold when they carried a sugar-inducible arginine decarboxylase system. We conclude that this model will be a useful for evaluating live bacterial preparations prior to clinical trials.
Synoptic Circulation and Land Surface Influences on Convection in the Midwest U.S. "Corn Belt" during the Summers of 1999 and 2000. Part II: Role of Vegetation Boundaries

Abstract In Part I of this observational study inquiring into the relative influences of “top down” synoptic atmospheric conditions and “bottom up” land surface mesoscale conditions in deep convection for the humid lowlands of the Midwest U.S. Central Corn Belt (CCB), the composite atmospheric environments for afternoon and evening periods of convection (CV) versus no convection (NC) were determined for two recent summers (1999 and 2000) having contrasting precipitation patterns and amounts. A close spatial correspondence was noted between composite synoptic features representing baroclinity and upward vertical motion with the observed precipitation on CV days when the “background” (i.e., free atmosphere) wind speed exceeded approximately 10 m s−1 at 500 hPa (i.e., “stronger flow”). However, on CV days when wind speeds were <∼10 m s−1 (i.e., “weaker flow”), areas of increased precipitation can be associated with synoptic composites that are not so different from those for corresponding NC days. From these...
The role of mindfulness in entrepreneurial market analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore mindfulness as a cognitive construct that affects the identification and processing of information during market analysis leading to opportunity evaluation. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws from theory on entrepreneurial cognition and introduces the concept of mindfulness in market analysis to better understand the entrepreneurial mindset at the opportunity evaluation stage of the value-creation process. Findings – Based on a review of the literature on entrepreneurial cognition and mindfulness at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface, a detailed description of the concept of mindful market analysis is presented. In addition, propositions are developed regarding the moderating effects of mindful market analysis on the relationships between various personal and psychological factors and information processing outcomes related to opportunity evaluation. Originality/value – Much research exists regarding idea creation, entrepreneurial action,...
Benzene-derived carbon nanothreads

Low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene and diamondoids have extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Compression-induced polymerization of aromatic molecules could provide a viable synthetic route to ordered carbon nanomaterials, but despite almost a century of study this approach has produced only amorphous products. Here we report recovery to ambient pressure of macroscopic quantities of a crystalline one- dimensional sp(3) carbon nanomaterial formed by high-pressure solid-state reaction of benzene. X-ray and neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations reveal close- packed bundles of subnanometre-diameter sp(3)-bonded carbon threads capped with hydrogen, crystalline in two dimensions and short-range ordered in the third. These nanothreads promise extraordinary properties such as strength and stiffness higher than that of sp(2) carbon nanotubes or conventional high-strength polymers. They may be the first member of a new class of ordered sp(3) nanomaterials synthesized by kinetic control of high-pressure solid-state reactions.
A kinetic theory of nucleation in liquids

Abstract A kinetic theory of nucelation is developed in which the rate of dissociation of the nuclei is calculated on the basis of a mean first passage time analysis. In contrast to the classical theory of nucleation, the theory does not employ the macroscopic concept of interfacial tension and the principle of detailed balance. It involves, instead, the interaction between a molecule and a cluster. An equation is derived for the critical radius, which in the limit of large clusters yields the Kelvin equation as well as an expression for the macroscopic surface tension. Numerical calculations assuming an interaction potential between two molecules which combines the dispersive attraction with the rigid core repulsion are performed. The predictions of the theory are consistent with the classical results in the limit of large critical clusters, i.e., for small supersaturations. For small critical clusters the present theory provides much higher rates of nucleation than the classical one. This difference can be attributed to the fact that the classical theory uses the macroscopic interfacial tension, which overpredices the surface energy of small clusters, and consequently provides lower values for the nucelation rate. The present paper extends the approach initiated in the previous paper ( G. Narsimhan and E. Ruckenstein, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 128, 549, 1989 ) to a more realistic interaction potential.
Optimum amino acid complement for protein synthesis by rat mammary cells in tissue culture.

Abstract The amino acid requirement of rat mammary cells for milk protein synthesis was investigated in dispersed cell culture. A three-dimensional central composite design utilizing three variables (X 1 = lysine; X 2 = methionine, valine, and arginine; X 3 = isoleucine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, and histidine) at five concentrations each, was duplicated twice with mammary cells from lactating Sprague-Dawley rats. The optimum combination of amino acids for maximum milk protein synthesis from multiple regression models was X 1 15.0-, X 2 4.5-, and X 3 1.5-fold their quantities in Eagle's minimal essential medium with leucine, tyrosine, cystine, and glutamine at the base 1-fold in the medium.
Nonlinear pressure effect on the electronic density of states of indium

Abstract The pressure dependence of γ of In was determined directly from low temperature measurements of the changes of the critical field under pressure. The observed change of H C under hydrostatic pressure does not follow the predictions of the similarity principle.
Predictors of Immigrant Children's School Achievement: A Comparative Study

Abstract This paper examines the predictors and indicators of immigrant children's school achievement, using the two of the most predominant groups of American immigrants (103 Koreans and 100 Mexicans). Regression analyses were conducted to determine which independent variables (acculturation, parenting school involvement, parenting style, parent education, parent English, family income, length of stay in the United States) were the predictors of children's school achievement. For the total sample, an overall model of four predictors (acculturation, parenting style, parent education, and length of stay in the United States) on school achievement was significant. While acculturation, parenting style, and family income were significant predictors for the Korean sample, parent education and length of stay in the United States were significant predictors for the Mexican sample. Practice implications and suggestions for the intervention were discussed based on the study findings.
Effects of glen canyon dam on colorado river sand deposits used as campsites in grand canyon national park, USA

Glen Canyon Dam, located on the Colorado River 24 km upstream from Grand Canyon National Park, has affected downstream alluvial sand deposits which are used as campsites by recreational boaters. Inventories of campsite numbers and sizes conducted in 1973, 1983 and 1991, and comparison of aerial photograph series taken in 1965, 1973, 1984 and 1990 show that there has been a system-wide decrease in the number and size of campsites. Campsites are unevenly distributed along the river, and availability is regarded as ‘critical’ along reaches comprising 45% of the river, based on interviews with river guides. During the first 10 years of Glen Canyon Dam operations, at least 30% of all campsites decreased in size. During the next 18 years, between 1973 and 1991,32% of all campsites decreased in size, and campsite capacity decreased by 44%. High annual dam releases in excess of power plant capacity in 1983 caused a net system-wide increase in the number of campsites, but decreased campsite capacity in two critical reaches. The ‘benefit’ of sand aggradation due to the 1983 high flow was short-lived, and by 1991 only a few campsites were larger than they had been in 1973. In contrast, other sites, especially in critical reaches, were eroded by the 1983 high flows and have not recovered in size. Options for future dam management must consider the variable response of campsites to high flows in critical and non-critical reaches and the duration over which ‘beneficial’ high flow effects persist.
Retrospective Analysis: Are Fever and Altered Mental Status Indications for Lumbar Puncture in a Hospitalized Patient Who Has Not Undergone Neurosurgery?

Although nosocomial meningitis is rare in nonsurgical patients, lumbar punctures are frequently performed on hospitalized medical patients who develop delirium and/or fever. A retrospective review was undertaken to determine the yield of lumbar puncture in this setting and to compare it with the yield for suspected community-acquired meningitis. Of 232 lumbar punctures studied, 51 (22%) were performed to rule out nosocomial meningitis, while 181 (78%) were done to rule out community-acquired meningitis. No lumbar puncture performed for suspected nosocomial meningitis was positive, while results of 26 (14%) of those done for suspected community-acquired meningitis were abnormal (P < .01). Patients whose lumbar punctures were positive more often had headache or meningeal signs than those whose lumbar punctures were negative, and only 11 patients (22%) who had lumbar punctures performed for suspected nosocomial meningitis had headache or meningeal signs. We conclude that lumbar punctures performed for suspected nosocomial meningitis in nonsurgical patients have a low yield and that in some low-risk patients without headache or meningeal signs, lumbar puncture may be unnecessary.
Sticking a fork in cohesin – it's not done yet!

To identify the products of chromosome replication (termed sister chromatids) from S-phase through M-phase of the cell cycle, each sister pair becomes tethered together by specialized protein complexes termed cohesins. To participate in sister tethering reactions, chromatin-bound cohesins become modified by establishment factors that function during S-phase and bind to DNA replication-fork components. Early models posited that establishment factors might move with replication forks, but that fork progression takes place independently of cohesion pathways. Recent studies now suggest that progression of the replication fork and/or S-phase are slowed in cohesion-deficient cells. These findings have led to speculations that cohesin ring-like structures normally hinder fork progression but coordinate origin firing during replication. Neither model, however, fully explains the diverse effects of cohesion mutation on replication kinetics. I discuss these challenges and then offer alternative views that include cohesin-independent mechanisms for replication-fork destabilization and transcription-based effects on S-phase progression.
Identification of select lymphocyte homing molecules and vascular addressins in lymphotoxin-alpha deficient mice

The transmigration of lymphocytes across vascular endothelium is a critical step for the localization of lymphocytes to lymph nodes in both naive and immune reactive states. Mice deficient in lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-alpha) lack peripheral and gut associated lymph nodes. Lymphocyte function and homing ability are reported to be normal in these mice yet information regarding cell adhesion molecules and counterpart vascular addressins is lacking. The phenotype of peripheral lymphocytes from LT-alpha deficient mice was investigated by the use of fluorescent activated cell sorting and immunohistochemistry. No difference was detected in the splenocyte and tissue expression of L-selectin, alpha4beta7 or its individual integrin components, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), peripheral node addressin (PNAd), or platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) between wild-type and LT-alpha deficient mice. Therefore, impaired expression of these lymphocyte homing and vascular addressin molecules is apparently not included in the phenotype of the LT-alpha deficient mouse.
Continuous Versus Intermittent Photoperiod Under Low Intensity Illumination

Abstract Continuous and intermittent photoperiods of low intensity illumination were compared with respect to their effects on the performance of commercial broilers. Broilers subjected to an intermittent light regime consisting of 1 hr of light and 2 hr of darkness were significantly heavier at 56 days of age when compared to broilers receiving continuous illumination. Feed efficiencies were not significantly affected. The addition of zinc bacitracin or a fermentation product to the diet did not significantly affect body weight or feed efficiency under either light regime.
BTLA expression contributes to septic morbidity and mortality by inducing innate inflammatory cell dysfunction.

A proper innate inflammatory response is essential for prevention of the systemic inflammation associated with sepsis. BTLA is an immune-regulatory receptor demonstrated to be expressed not only on adaptive immune populations and have potent inhibitory effects on CD4 T cells but is also expressed on innate cell populations (CD11c and CD11b cells) and has been shown to diminish pathogen clearance following bacterial and parasite infection. The role of BTLA in sepsis and the mechanisms by which BTLA alters pathogen clearance, however, have not been addressed clearly. Here, we show that following acute experimental sepsis induction in mice (CLP), the number of infiltrating BTLA- and HVEM (the ligand for BTLA)-expressing macrophages, inflammatory monocytes, mature and immature DCs, and neutrophils increased in the peritoneum compared with sham surgery, suggesting that a high level of HVEM:BTLA interactions occurs between these cells at the site of septic insult. Given this, we evaluated BTLA / mice, 24 h post-CLP, and observed a marked increase in the degree of activation on these cell populations, as well as a reduction in peritoneal bacterial burden and IL-10 induction, and most importantly, BTLA / mice exhibited a higher rate of survival and protection from organ injury when compared with WT mice. Such changes were not restricted to experimental mice, as circulating BTLA and HVEM monocytes and HVEM granulocytes were increased in septic ICU patients, supporting a role for BTLA and/or HVEM as potential, novel diagnostic markers of innate immune response/status and as therapeutic targets of sepsis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 92: 000–000; 2012.
Relative Resources: Inequality in Ethnic Wars, Revolutions, and Genocides

Political scientists and economists have exhaustively examined the nexus between economic inequality and political conflict (EI-PC nexus) in aggregated civil wars. This article revisits the nexus a...
Design of a 3R cobot using continuous variable transmissions

Cobots are capable of producing virtual surfaces of high quality, using mechanical transmission elements as their basic element in place of conventional motors. Most cobots built to date have used steerable wheels as their transmission elements. We describe how continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) can be used in this capacity for a cobot with revolute joints. The design of an "arm-like" cobot with a three-dimensional workspace is described . This cobot can implement virtual surfaces and other effects in a spherical workspace approximately 1.5 meters in diameter. Novel elements of this cobot include the use of a power disk that couples three CVTs directly.
On the experience of self-relevant feedback: How self-concept organization influences affective responses and self-evaluations

Abstract We evaluated how self-concepts are represented in memory, testing predictions about how self-relevant feedback influences mood and self-evaluation. Specifically, we view the self as comprised of multiple self-aspects (e.g., daughter, sorority sister), each associated with specific attributes (e.g., shy, philanthropy). Study 1 showed that priming a self-aspect increased the accessibility of attributes idiosyncratically associated with the activated self-aspect. In Studies 2 and 3, positive or negative self-relevant feedback was provided to observe how affect and self-evaluations are mediated by self-concept representation. Study 2 demonstrated that changes in mood were accounted for by how feedback impacted evaluations of the currently activated self-aspect. Moreover, evaluations of other self-aspects shifted as they shared more attributes with the self-aspect implicated by feedback. In Study 3, feedback about an attribute also influenced affect, with stronger mood change revealed for attributes associated with a greater proportion of self-aspects. This work demonstrates that affective experiences resulting from self-relevant feedback are not determined by one’s self-concept representation in its entirety, but rather, by the impact of that feedback on activated self-aspects.
Retention of Airline Pilots' Knowledge and Skill

A current issue for airlines is to determine the appropriate recurrent training schedules for flight crews. The present study offers empirical data on the retention of airline pilots' knowledge and...
Vibration control of flexible beams using sensor averaging and actuator averaging methods

Techniques are developed for the suspension of flexible elements for non-contact handling in manufacturing processes. In support of this work, a magnetic suspension testbed is constructed, using eight actuators and eight sensors to control the flexible modes of a 3-m-long, 6.35-mm-diameter steel tube with varying boundary conditions. A novel approach has been developed for the control of such noncontact suspensions through sensor averaging and actuator averaging. The difficult stability and robustness problems imposed by the flexible dynamics of the workpiece can be overcome by taking a properly weighted average of the outputs of a distributed array of motion sensors (sensor averaging), and/or by applying a properly weighted distributed array of actuating forces (actuator averaging) to the workpiece. These approaches generate spatial filters on a broad range of undesired resonance modes without adversely affecting the phase, and the resulting modal gains are independent of the specific boundary conditions and longitudinal dimensions of the workpiece. The averaging arrangement can also eliminate possible non-collocation problems. These approaches are thus generally applicable to a wide range of structural control problems. In this paper, the averaging methods applied to beams are presented in detail. The experimental results with a beam suspension confirm the value of the averaging techniques, and suggest the wide future application of these ideas in industrial processes that require noncontact handling of workpieces.
USDA Conservation Practices Increase Carbon Storage and Water Quality Improvement Functions: An Example from Ohio

We compared potential denitrification and phosphorus (P) sorption in restored depressional wetlands, restored riparian buffers, and natural riparian buffers of central Ohio to determine to what extent systems restored under the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) provide water quality improvement benefits, and to determine which practice is more effective at nutrient retention. We also measured soil nutrient pools (organic C, N, and P) to evaluate the potential for long-term C sequestration and nutrient accumulation. Depressional wetland soils sorbed twice as much P as riparian soils, but had significantly lower denitrification rates. Phosphorus sorption and denitrification were similar between the restored and natural riparian buffers, although all Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) practices had higher denitrification than agricultural soils. Pools of organic C (2570‐3320 g/m 2 ), total N (216‐243 g/m 2 ), and total P (60‐71 g/m 2 ) were comparable among all three NRCS practices but were greater than nearby agricultural fields and less than natural wetlands in the region. Overall, restored wetlands and restored and natural riparian buffers provide ecosystem services to the landscape that were lost during the conversion to agriculture, but the delivery of services differs among conservation practices, with greater N removal by riparian buffers and greater P removal by wetlands, attributed to differences in landscape position and mineral soil composition. At the landscape, and even global level, wetland and riparian restoration in agricultural landscapes will reintroduce multiple ecosystem services (e.g. C sequestration, water quality improvement, and others) and should be considered in management plans.
Fuzzy ROC curves for unsupervised nonparametric ensemble techniques

This paper explores a novel ensemble technique for unsupervised classification using nonparametric statistics. Multiple classification systems (MCS), or ensemble techniques, involve considering several classification methods or multiple outputs from the same method and devising techniques to reach a decision. The performance of a binary classification system can be measured on a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the curve (AUC) is exactly the Wilcoxon rank sum or Mann-Whitney U statistic, both of which are nonparametric statistics based upon ranked data. Successful performance of an unsupervised ensemble can be measured through the AUC, and the performance of different aggregation techniques for the combination of the multiple classification system decision values, or rankings in this paper, is illustrated. Aggregation techniques are based upon fuzzy logic theory, creating the fuzzy ROC curve. The one-class SVM is utilized for the unsupervised classification.
Immune responses during human Schistosomiasis mansoni. IV. Induction of suppressor cell activity by schistosome antigen preparations and concanavalin A

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection were exposed to concanavalin A (Con A), soluble schistosome egg antigenic preparation (SEA), or soluble adult worm antigenic preparation (SWAP). They were then evaluated for their ability to suppress the phytohemagglutinin response of autologous cells. Significant suppression was reliably obtained by Con A pretreatment of the cells of 15 of 17 patients (88%). Pre-exposure of patient's cells to SEA and SWAP in medium supplemented with normal human serum (NHS) resulted in significant suppression being expressed by 36% and 39% of the patients, respectively. The ability to express suppressor activity in these circumstances did not appear to correlate with the intensity of the patient's S. mansoni infection, or the clinical state of the patient's disease. The capacity to generate schistosomal antigen-induced suppressor activity increased sharply during the second decade of life, in general, correlating with increased duration of infection. Preliminary studies have indicated that the ability to generate schistosome antigen-induced suppressor activity was greatly increased when the cells were exposed to the antigens in the presence of “suppressive” sera from a patient with chronic S. mansoni infection rather than NHS. This information suggests a synergistic relationship, involving antigenic exposure of both the cells and sera of certain chronic patients, which assists in the induction of suppressor activity. The immunoregulatory responses observed could be important in the establishment of a stable chronic infection state by modulating the extent of egg-induced granuloma formation and preventing rejection of the adult worm.
Developmental Aspects of Learning to Spell.

For learning disabled and normally developing children alike, more is being learned about how to teach spelling.
Critical Density for Coverage and Connectivity in Three-Dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks Using Continuum Percolation

Although most of the studies on coverage and connectivity in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) considered two-dimensional (2D) settings, such networks can in reality be accurately modeled in a three-dimensional (3D) space. The concepts of continuum percolation theory best fit the problem of connectivity in WSNs to find out whether the network provides long-distance multihop communication. In this paper, we focus on percolation in coverage and connectivity in 3D WSNs. We say that the network exhibits a coverage percolation (respectively, connectivity percolation) when a giant covered region (respectively, giant connected component) almost surely spans the entire network for the first time. Because of the dependency between coverage and connectivity, the problem is not only a continuum percolation problem but also an integrated continuum percolation problem. Thus, we propose an integrated-concentric-sphere model to address coverage and connectivity in 3D WSNs in an integrated way. First, we compute the critical density lambdaC con above which coverage percolation in 3D WSNs will almost surely occur. Second, we compute the critical density lambdac con above which connectivity percolation in 3D WSNs will almost surely occur. Third, we compute the critical density lambdac cov-con above which both coverage and connectivity percolation in 3D WSNs will almost surely occur. For each of these three problems, we also compute their corresponding critical network degree. Our results can be helpful in the design of energy-efficient topology control protocols for 3D WSNs in terms of coverage and connectivity.