cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herbivore host-associated genetic differentiation depends on the scale of plant genetic variation examined.

Herbivore adaptation to plant genetic variation can lead to reproductive isolation and the formation of host-associated lineages (host-associated differentiation, or HAD). Plant genetic variation exists along a scale, ranging from variation among individual plant genotypes to variation among plant species. Along this scale, herbivores may adapt and diverge at any level, yet few studies have examined whether herbivore differentiation exhibits scaling with respect to host variation (e.g., from genotypes to species). Determining at which level(s) herbivore differentiation occurs can provide insight into the importance of plant genetic variation on herbivore evolution. Previous studies have found strong genetic differentiation in the eriophyid mite, Aceria parapopuli, between hybrid Populus hosts and parental Populus species, but minimal neutral-locus differentiation among individual trees of the same species. We tested whether genetic differentiation in A. parapopuli scales with genetic variation in its Populus hosts. Using mite ITS1 sequence data collected among host species and among host populations, two key patterns emerged. (1) We found strong differentiation of A. parapopuli among Populus species, supporting the hypothesis that plant species differences drive reproductive isolation and HAD. (2) We did not find evidence of host-driven genetic differentiation in mites at the level of plant populations, suggesting that this level of plant variation is insufficiently strong to drive differentiation at a neutral locus. In combination with previous studies, we found that HAD occurs at the higher levels of plant genetic variation, but not at lower levels, and conclude that HAD depends on the scale of plant genetic variation examined.
Human Resources Management: Some New Directions

The theory, research, and practice of Human Resource Management (HRM) has evolved considerably over the past century, and experienced a major transformation in form and function primarily within the past two decades. Driven by a number of significant internal and external environmental forces, HRM has progressed from a largely maintenance function, with little if any bottom line impact, to what many scholars and practitioners today regard as the source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations operating in a global economy. In this 25th anniversary Yearly Review issue, we conduct a less comprehensive and more focused review of the field of HRM. In doing so, we attempt to articulate some key concepts and issues that can be productively integrated with HRM to provide some interesting and important directions for future work, and consider ways to bridge the gap between the science and practice of HRM.
Choices in Social Dilemmas Effects of Communication within Subgroups

In a public-goods game, a variant of the social dilemma, 126 subjects made choices. In an attempt to better represent real-world communication possibilities, two conditions were created. In the subgroup communication condition, subjects were divided into subgroups. Discussion was allowed within but not between the subgroups. A control condition allowed no communication. Results showed that cooperation was significantly increased but not to the level at which the public good was absolutely reliably obtained, as had been obtained with full communication by Simmons (1980). Questionnaire data were interpreted as suggestive evidence that one's own choice may affect one's expectations about other people's choices, rather than vice versa.
Activity of 3β-Hydroxy-Δ5-Steroid Dehydrogenase/Δ 5-Δ4-Isomerase in the Ovine Corpus Luteum

The 3j3-hydroxy-�-steroid dehydrogenase/�15-�14-isomerase complex (IISO) is responsible for the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. In the ovine corpus luteum, HSD activity was found to be localized in the microsomal fraction and the activity displayed a broad p11 optimum between pH 6.5 and 8.0. The HSD activity was extremely sensitive to feedback inhibition by its own product, progesterone, and the inhibition appears to be competitive in nature. The inhibition could be relieved and pseudo-zero order kinetics established with the addition of normal serum to the reaction mixture. The steroid binding proteins in serum presumably bound the progesterone as it was produced. The affinity of HSD for progesterone (product) appears to be several fold higher than for pregnenolone (substrate). Testosterone and estradiol were also potent inhibitors of HSD activity. The inhibition of HSD activity by progesterone could be demonstrated in suspensions of isolated luteal cells. Since this phenomenon was observed in preparations of intact cells, the possibility of a local autoregulation of progesterone secretion involving circulating steroids and feedback inhibition was considered. To create locally high concentrations of inhibitory steroids, testosterone was infused into the ovarian arterial circulation. When this was done there was no effect on progesterone secretion, suggesting the absence of feedback regulation of progesterone production by circulating steroids at the ovarian level.
Liberal Integrity and Foreign Entanglement

My aim in this article is to show that there is distinctive normative value to thinking about a liberal polity as an agent with integrity that can be threatened, paralleling the integrity of an individual person. I argue that the idea of liberal integrity organizes and clarifies important moral intuitions concerning the policies of liberal democracies, especially with regard to their global conduct. This idea provides a novel organizing framework for liberal values that currently seem disparate. It also captures important moral intuitions as to how the tainted histories of actual liberal societies should bear on their global conduct. Finally, this idea explains, in a way that a simple appeal to familiar liberal values arguably cannot, why liberal polities have identity-based moral reasons not to entangle themselves in manifestly illiberal practices beyond their borders—reasons whose significance becomes apparent in scenarios and real-world cases that global political theory overlooks.
Response to the American Trader Oil Spill1

ABSTRACT A spill of approximately 9,500 bbl of Alaskan North Slope crude oil (27.5 API gravity) occurred on February 7, 1990, when the 818-foot, 37,768-gross-ton, U.S.-flag tank vessel American Trader grounded on one of her anchors while attempting to maneuver into Golden West Refining Company's Huntington Beach offshore mooring at position 33°37.7’N, 118°00.5’W. Oil flowed from a three-foot-by-five-foot puncture in the No. 1 starboard wing tank, and a 40-square-mile slick developed during the next three days. By February 13, 14 miles of recreational beach along Southern California's heavily populated coast had been affected by the spill. The response mounted by the federal on-scene coordinator (OSC) and the responsible party as a result of this accident became one of the most successful open sea oil recovery operations in U. S. history and has been called a textbook example of shoreline cleanup and interagency cooperation. The relative effectiveness and short duration of the cleanup were due to favorable...
Animal Experiment with a Newly Developed LVAD Pump

Objective A pneumatic left ventricular assist device(Luo-Ye Pump) was developed. The experiment of its effects on hemodynamics,blood visible components,renal and hepatic function,and the feasibility of its clinical application was studied. Methods Twelve healthy goats weighted 29.7～39.4kg(mean 34.1kg) were implanted with Luo-Ye pump the blood was assisted circulating from left atrium to descending aorta with supporting rate 60 PBM and pump flow 2～3L/min.Results After implantation of Luo-ye pump, the mean survival time of goats was 89 hours(the longest was 174 hours). During the circulation of LVAD, their arterial blood pressure and CVP were stable, urine analysis was normal. Hepatic and renal pathologic examination showed no hemorrhage or necrosis. No leakage and thrombus formation was found in Luo-Ye pump. The values of CK-MB, LDH,FHb were significantly increased in 48 hours after LVAD(3 968.70±1 561.24U/L,2 018.00±649.12U/L and 481.12±116.16mg/L respectively), and after 72 hours, the values of CK-MB, LDH,FHb were decreased gradually. Conclusion It is considered that Luo-Ye pump can significantly support blood circulation with stable hemodynamics and provide a sufficient pulsatile flow. It is demonstrated that this device can be further studied in pilot clinical trial.
SU-F-T-59: The Effect of Radiotherapy Dose On Immunoadjuvants

Purpose: Combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy is a promising approach to enhance treatment outcomes for cancer patients. This in-vitro study investigated which radiotherapy doses could adversely affect the function of anti-CD40 mAb, which is one of the key immunoadjuvants under investigations for priming such combination therapy. Methods: Human monocyte derived THP-1 cells were treated with 100ng/mL of PMA in chamber slides to differentiate into macrophage. The THP-1 differentiated macrophages were treated with 2uL/ml of the anti-CD40 mAb and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 24 hours. Anti-CD40 mAb treated cells were then irradiated at different doses of x-rays: (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12) Gy using the Small Animal Radiotherapy Research Platform (SARRP). After radiation, the cells were left at 4°C for 2 hours followed by immunofluorescence assay. A Nikon inverted live-cell imaging system with fluorescence microscope was used to image the cells mounted on a slide fixed with Dapi. For comparison, an ELISA assay was performed with the antibody added to 3mL of PBS in multiple 10mm dishes. The 10mm dishes were irradiated at different x-ray dose: (0, 2, 4, 6, 8. 10, 12, and 15) Gy using the SARRP. Results: The anti-CD40 mAb activating the macrophages starts to lose their viability due to radiation dose between 8Gy to 12Gy as indicated by the immunofluorescence assay. The ELISA assay, also indicated that such high doses could lead to loss of the mAb’s viability. Conclusion: This work suggests that high doses like those employed during Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy may affect the viability of immunoadjuvants such as anti-CD 40. This study avails in-vivo experiments combining radiotherapy with anti-cd40 to get synergistic outcomes, including in the treatment of metastatic disease.
Applied evolutionary theories for engineering of secondary metabolic pathways

An expanded definition of 'secondary metabolism' is emerging. Once the exclusive provenance of naturally occurring organisms, evolved over geological time scales, secondary metabolism increasingly encompasses molecules generated via human engineered biocatalysts and biosynthetic pathways. Many of the tools and strategies for enzyme and pathway engineering can find origins in evolutionary theories. This perspective presents an overview of selected proposed evolutionary strategies in the context of engineering secondary metabolism. In addition to the wealth of biocatalysts provided via secondary metabolic pathways, improving the understanding of biosynthetic pathway evolution will provide rich resources for methods to adapt to applied laboratory evolution.
Moving beyond vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy in renal cell cancer: latest evidence and therapeutic implications

Renal cell cancer (RCC) continues to be among the most lethal malignancies in the USA. Introduction of anti-vascular epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors over a decade ago resulted in improvement in disease outcomes, but further development of new therapies largely stagnated for many years. More recently, a better understanding of disease biology and treatment-resistance patterns has led to a second renaissance in drug development, with the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab, paving the way for additional therapies entering clinical trial testing in the treatment of RCC.
Magnetic bead-based peptide extraction methodology for tissue imaging

MALDI-TOF imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a common technique used for analyzing tissue samples, as it allows the user to detect multiple different analytes simultaneously. However, the detection and analysis of these analytes may sometimes be hampered due to the presence of contaminants in the tissue microenvironment, which leads to ion suppression. This challenge necessitates the development of an active extraction technique to selectively isolate analytes of interest without compromising their spatial localization within a tissue sample. This study proposes a magnetic bead-based active extraction approach to selectively sequester peptides of interest from tissue samples. The technique utilizes a heterobifunctional cross-linker to covalently bind peptides with free primary amine groups to functionalized magnetic beads. The cross-linked peptides can then be collected using a transfer magnet and imaged using MALDI-TOF IMS. We have established that this technique not only successfully isolates peptides both in-solution and on a solid surface, but also extracts peptides from a tissue section without significantly compromising their spatial localization. This novel method provides the means to detect a unique subset of peptides from tissue sections when compared to unextracted tryptically digested tissue, all while minimizing the presence of contaminants and maintaining spatial localization.
Binary compatible graphics support in Android for running iOS apps

Mobile apps make extensive use of GPUs on smartphones and tablets to access Web content. To support pervasive Web content, we introduce three key OS techniques for binary graphics compatibility necessary to build a real-world system to run iOS and Android apps together on the same smartphone or tablet. First diplomat usage patterns manage resources to bridge proprietary iOS and Android graphics implementations. Second, thread impersonation allows a single thread-specific context to be shared amongst multiple threads using multiple iOS and Android personas. Third, dynamic library replication allows multiple, independent instances of the same library to be loaded in a single process to support iOS apps on Android while using multiple graphics API versions at the same time. We use these techniques to build a system prototype, and demonstrate that it runs widely-used iOS apps, including apps such as Safari that use the popular GPU-accelerated WebKit framework, using a Google Nexus tablet running Android.
Bach flow on homogeneous products

Qualitative behavior of Bach flow is established on compact four-dimensional locally homogeneous product manifolds. This is achieved by lifting to the homogeneous universal cover and, in most cases, capitalizing on the resultant group structure. The resulting system of ordinary differential equations is carefully analyzed on a case-by-case basis, with explicit solutions found in some cases. Limiting behavior of the metric and the curvature are determined in all cases. The behavior on quotients of $\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{S}^3$ proves to be the most challenging and interesting.
Abstract 5: The Contribution of Microbiome Alterations to Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression in Mice

Objective: The human microbiome represents an underexplored driver of atherosclerosis. Alterations to the intestinal microbiome are associated with, systemic inflammation and upregulation of M1 macrophages (Mϕ). Our study aims to determine if alterations to the intestinal microbiome by antibiotic treatment interferes with atherosclerotic plaque regression in mice. Methods: ApoE -/- mice were fed a western diet for 16 weeks to develop complex atherosclerosis in aortic arches. These arches were transplanted into the abdominal aorta of wild-type (WT) mice to model clinical aggressive lipid management and promote plaque regression. To assess the contribution of the microbiome to plaque regression, aortic arches were transplanted in WT mice (n=4), and WT mice pulsed with tylosin (antibiotic, n = 4) 3 days pre-transplant and the duration of the experiment (5 days). Arches were also transplanted into ApoE -/- mice as a plaque progression control (n =4). Results: Antibiotic treatment of WT mice with tylosin compared to control WT mice did not change circulating total cholesterol (TC, 57 ± 21 mg/dl vs. 46 ± 24 mg/dl, p = 0.5), or HDL-C (42 ± 8 mg/dl vs. 34 ± 11 mg/dl, p = 0.32). No statistically significant difference in plaque size (117,801 ± 70,921 μm 2 vs. 133,286 ± 19,871 μm 2 vs. 132,976 ± 40,347 μm 2 , p = 0.88) or the absolute Mϕ content (44,672 ± 27,154 μm 2 vs. 32,546 ± 21,226 μm 2 vs. 54,154 ± 22,418 μm 2 , p = 0.47) was observed in WT mice which received tylosin, compared to control WT and ApoE -/- mice, respectively. The composition of the plaques however did change: When compared to the control ApoE -/- mice, WT recipient mice had a 26% reduction in the percent of the plaques occupied by Mϕ, while WT mice receiving tylosin had only a 4% reduction (p = 0.07). There was a 20% difference between the percent of plaque Mϕ content in the WT receiving tylosin, compared to WT controls (38% ± 4.3 vs. 30% ± 6.2, p = 0.07). Conclusion: Tylosin-treated WT mice undergoing regression had Mϕ enrichment in their plaques compared to WT controls. This study suggests that microbiome alterations can negatively influence plaque regression. Intestinal microbiome analysis and further studies are needed to confirm and extend this finding.
Serotonin in Radiation Injury

Paradoxically enough, 5-HT, particularly in the form of hydrochloride 5-HT, in spite of the fact that it exerts pronounced oncostatic influence on certain types of transplanted tumors, also possesses powerful radio-protective properties. This activity of 5-HT has been studied by numerous investigators during the last decade, and the consensus of opinions seem to be uniform in this respect. Yet the intrinsic nature of the radio-protective activity of 5-HT is not defined as yet and some controversy on this subject still exists.
Bretton Woods and Monetary Regimes

This chapter discusses the major types and examples of international monetary regimes, including monetary unions, currency boards, and fixed exchange rate systems. It then analyzes three major periods of multilateral cooperation: the classical gold standard of the late 1800s to 1913; the gold-exchange standard of 1925–31; and, finally, the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, which lasted from 1944 to 1971. For each period, the impact on global finance is discussed.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Non-oral Antiepileptics for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

We developed this brief review on non-oral antiepileptics using drug ­prescribing information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. Assuming a very practical approach, we have divided the non-oral compounds into easy-to-use and not-as-easy-to-use categories. Compounds that are easy to use are those with which we have experience in our facilities that manage adult individuals with intellectual disabilities and can be administered in ways other than intravenous administration. They include diazepam rectal gel, intramuscular lorazepam, and intramuscular phenobarbital. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat epilepsy or need non-oral medications for catatonia or sedation before a procedure in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Rectal Cancer in 2018: A Primer for the Gastroenterologist

The rectum has distinctive anatomic and physiologic features, which increase the risk of local spread and recurrence among rectal cancers as compared to colon cancers. Essential to the management of rectal cancers is accurate endoscopic localization as well as preoperative imaging assessment of local and distant disease. Successful oncologic care is multidisciplinary including input from Gastroenterologists, Surgeons, Medical and Radiation Oncologists, Radiologists, and Pathologists. Extensive planning of curative intent is mandatory as failures of upfront treatment present great long‐term difficulty for patients and caregivers. Local recurrences are frequently associated with major morbidity including bowel and urinary obstruction, severe pain, and significantly diminished quality of life. Distant recurrence is associated with lower survival. Over the last two decades, there have been many advances in diagnostic imaging techniques as well as surgical techniques including transanal endoscopic microsurgery for very early stage cancers. Progress in curative management paradigms includes shorter courses of preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy doublet paradigms for perioperative treatment. This review describes the diagnosis, workup, and multimodality curative intent treatment of rectal cancers. It is emphasized that success begins in the hands and eyes of the gastroenterologist.
¿Importa Dónde Vivimos? How Regional Variation Informs Our Understanding of Diabetes and Hypertension Prevalence Among Older Latino Populations

A substantial body of research has found aging Latinos to be disproportionately affected by diabetes and hypertension. However, less research has examined whether these health conditions vary by region among Latino subgroups. We argue that the health of older Latinos varies considerably by region as each geographical location reflects unique historical, cultural, and demographic contexts that may affect health in later life. Consequently, our study builds on previous research by distinguishing five Latino subgroups by national-origin to examine regional variation in diabetes and hypertension among adults aged 50 and older using data from the 2000–2015 National Health Interview Survey. Our results find region to be an important factor for the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension among older Latinos. Specifically, we find that Mexicans exhibited a higher prevalence of diabetes in the Midwest, South, and West regions compared to their White counterparts, and a higher prevalence of hypertension in the South than Whites. Puerto Ricans have a higher prevalence of diabetes in all regions compared to Whites, and a higher prevalence of hypertension in the Northeast than Whites. Dominicans in the Northeast have a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension than Whites. Central/South Americans in the South and West have a higher prevalence of diabetes than Whites. Conversely, Cubans did not differ from Whites in the prevalence of diabetes or hypertension. Our work shows that for older Latinos, the mechanisms through which geographic context influences health should be at the forefront in unveiling Latino health disparities.
18O Kinetic Isotope Effects Reveal an Associative Transition State for Phosphite Dehydrogenase Catalyzed Phosphoryl Transfer.

Phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) catalyzes an unusual phosphoryl transfer reaction in which water displaces a hydride leaving group. Despite extensive effort, it remains unclear whether PTDH catalysis proceeds via an associative or dissociative mechanism. Here, primary 2H and secondary 18O kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were determined and used together with computation to characterize the transition state (TS) catalyzed by a thermostable PTDH (17X-PTDH). The large, normal 18O KIEs suggest an associative mechanism. Various transition state structures were computed within a model of the enzyme active site and 2H and 18O KIEs were predicted to evaluate the accuracy of each TS. This analysis suggests that 17X-PTDH catalyzes an associative process with little leaving group displacement and extensive nucleophilic participation. This tight TS is likely a consequence of the extremely poor leaving group requiring significant P–O bond formation to expel the hydride. This finding contrasts with the dissociative TSs i...
Report of Committee on Glaciers, 1940–41

The personnel of the Committee is now as follows: Harry Fielding Reid, Professor Emeritus of Geology, Johns Hopkins University, 608 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Maryland; William H. Hobbs, Professor Emeritus of Geology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Lawrence Martin, Chief of the Division of Maps, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; J. E. Church, Professor of Meteorology, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada; Wm. Osgood Field, Jr., Explorer, 18 West Twelfth Street, New York, New York; Oliver Kehrlein, Chairman, Committee on Glacier Studies of Sierra Club, 1050 Mills Tower, 220 Bush Street, San Francisco, California; Kenneth N. Phillips, Associate Hydraulic Engineer, Water Resources Branch, United States Geological Survey, Chairman, Research Committee of the Mazamas, 606 Post-Office Building, Portland, Oregon; William S. Cooper, Professor of Botany, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Gerald Fitzgerald, Senior Topographic Engineer, Alaska Branch, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.; Laurence M. Gould, Professor of Geology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota; Dr. Max Demorest, Department of Geology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Francois E. Matthes (Chairman), Senior Geologist, Section of Glacial Geology, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
Urban energy use modeling methods and tools: A review and an outlook

Abstract Urban energy use modeling is important for understanding and managing energy performance in cities. However, the existing methods and tools have limitations in representing a realistic urban energy model and supporting energy performance evaluation at urban or neighborhood scales. In addition, there is a lack of an integrated approach for modeling and analyzing different components of urban energy use. The existing methods and tools for assessment of urban energy use often reduce the urban energy use definition to operational energy of buildings, ignoring other essential components such as transportation energy, and embodied energy of buildings and infrastructure. In addition, reliable and accurate urban energy prediction remains a challenge as methodological uncertainties that are embedded in the common methods are often not considered. This, in turn, affects the suitability of these approaches for decision-making purposes. The key limitation of data-driven methods stem from the use of aggregate data for energy use estimations and generalizing the status quo. In simulation-based methods, oversimplification of the urban context and failure to account for occupancy and human-related factors, and urban microclimate and inter-building effects are the major limitations. The present article provides a review of the current modeling methods, tools, and techniques in urban energy use modeling. It examines the strengths and limitations of each and presents an outlook for a future urban energy use modeling (UEUM) approach that could capture different components of urban energy use through a bottom-up hybrid data-driven and simulation-based techniques to build upon the strengths of the two methods while reducing the modeling uncertainties.
A Survey of DevOps tools for Networking

DevOps is a new methodology that combines developers and operations team to closely integrate people, processes and technology for an automated software delivery that is agile, scalable and cost-effective. DevOps delivery is a combination of two previous methods; agile software development and the collaboration between developments and operations team by changing the way we think to deploy an infrastructure through the entire product life-cycle, from the design through the production phase, we can deliver consistent and repeatable designs. By abstracting the configuration needed to launch server instances with specific configurations into consistently repeatable recipes or manifests, the entire technology stack becomes converged. In order to do this, both operation and development skills are required. We have GIT as source control tool, Ansible as configuration management, Jenkins as configuration integration, Vagrant as provisioning and Docker as containerization tool. With all these tools we can build an entire Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery pipeline.
Needlestick and sharps injuries in orthopedic surgery residents and fellows.

Objective Needlestick and sharps injury (NSSI) is a common occupational hazard of orthopedic surgery training. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and surrounding circumstances of intraoperative NSSI in orthopedic surgery residents and fellows and to examine postexposure reporting. Design A 35-question cross-sectional survey. Setting The study was conducted by orthopedic surgery residents and faculty at a nonprofit regional hospital. Participants The questionnaire was distributed to US allopathic orthopedic surgery residency and fellowship programs; 300 orthopedic surgery trainees participated in the survey. Results Of 223 trainees who had completed at least 1 year of residency, 172 (77.1%) sustained an NSSI during residency, and 57 of 63 trainees (90.5%) who had completed at least 4 years sustained an NSSI during residency. The most common causes of NSSI were solid needles, followed by solid pins or wires. The surgical activity most associated with NSSI was wound closure, followed by fracture fixation. The type of surgery most frequently associated with NSSI was orthopedic trauma, followed by hip and knee arthroplasty. Of 177 trainees who had sustained a prior NSSI, 99 (55.9%) failed to report all events to their institution's occupational health department. Conclusions The incidence of NSSI during residency training is high, with >90% of trainees in their fifth year or later of training having received an injury during their training, with a mean of >4 separate events. Most trainees with an NSSI did not report all of their events, which implies that changes are needed in the incident reporting process universally.
Digital Holographic Microscopy

Microscopy is one of the main research and application areas of digital holography. Direct access to the phase as well as amplitude profiles makes quantitative phase microscopy by digital holography (DH-QPM) particularly powerful and versatile. A number of techniques of DH are developed especially for microscopy imaging and these are made possible because of the particular imaging characteristics of DH. Digital holographic and interferometric principles are the basis of many other techniques of QPM with novel capabilities. A survey is given of the wide and very active field of research in DHM techniques and applications. We begin with a brief background on optical microscopy.
“Whitewashing and extortion: why human rights-abusing states participate in UN peacekeeping operations”

This paper examines the participation of human rights-abusing countries in UN peacekeeping operations. This seemingly growing occurrence raises questions given the UN’s emphasis in recent decades o...
Air emission impacts of low-level automated vehicle technologies in U.S. metropolitan areas

Abstract Reduction of the transportation sector's air emissions has been an essential goal for decreasing the emissions' externalities and slowing climate change. This study evaluated the emission impacts of low-level automated vehicles (LAVs) in 86 metropolitan areas in the United States, based on county-specific emission costs of morbidity, mortality, and environmental damages. Twelve LAV technologies were investigated to estimate their impacts on CO2, CO, NOx, PM2.5, SOx, NH3, and VOC. The study analyzed the LAV technologies' direct and indirect emission impacts, including accident-related and non-accident-related congestion reductions, aerodynamic force reduction, the operational load of equipment, and traffic rebound. The results show that the LAV technologies could reduce the annual social costs of emissions by between 9 and 20 billion USD2019 in these metropolitan areas. This is equal to approximately 20% of the vehicles' emissions. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the technologies' market penetration rates (MPRs), demonstrating that the rate strongly influences the emission savings. This study revealed that LAVs' savings per vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) vary between areas, with the technologies performing differently in different areas due to both geographical factors (e.g., population) and technological factors (e.g., internal combustion engine performance). The study provides extensive resources for policymakers to develop targeted incentives and maximize the social benefits of the LAV technologies.
Jihad and Death: The Global Appeal of the Islamic State

Olivier Roy is a well-known French political scientist specializing in Islamist issues. Here he examines the influence of the Islamic State (also known as ISIS) on French Muslim youth. He views the...
Intercomparison of In Situ Sensors for Ground-Based Land Surface Temperature Measurements

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key variable in the determination of land surface energy exchange processes from local to global scales. Accurate ground measurements of LST are necessary for a number of applications including validation of satellite LST products or improvement of both climate and numerical weather prediction models. With the objective of assessing the quality of in situ measurements of LST and to evaluate the quantitative uncertainties in the ground-based LST measurements, intensive field experiments were conducted at NOAA’s Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)’s Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, from October 2015 to January 2016. The results of the comparison of LSTs retrieved by three narrow angle broadband infrared temperature sensors (IRT), hemispherical longwave radiation (LWR) measurements by pyrgeometers, forward looking infrared camera with direct LSTs by multiple thermocouples (TC), and near surface air temperature (AT) are presented here. The brightness temperature (BT) measurements by the IRTs agreed well with a bias of 1.1 and RMSE > 1.46 °C). In contrast, the difference between nighttime LSTs by IRTs, TCs, and LWR were 81% of the variance in LST(IRT) with a bias of 2.64 °C and RMSE of 3.6 °C. To evaluate the annual and seasonal differences in LST(IRT), LST(LWR) and AT, the analysis was extended to four grassland sites in the USA. For the annual dataset of LST, the bias between LST (IRT) and LST (LWR) was <0.7 °C, except at the semiarid grassland (1.5 °C), whereas the absolute bias between AT and LST at the four sites were <2 °C. The monthly difference between LST (IRT) and LST (LWR) (or AT) reached up to 2 °C (5 °C), whereas half-hourly differences between LSTs and AT were several degrees in magnitude depending on the site characteristics, time of the day and the season.
Large-scale screening of rare genetic variants in humans reveals frequent splicing disruptions

Pre-mRNA splicing is an important mechanism by which genetic variation influences complex traits. We developed a Multiplexed Functional Assay of Splicing using Sort-seq (MFASS) that allows us to quantify exon inclusion in large libraries of human exons and surrounding intronic contexts. We used MFASS to explore >10,000 designed mutations intended to alter regulatory elements that govern splicing. Many classes of mutations led to large-effect splicing disruptions including mutations far from canonical splice sites, and these effects were not easily predicted. We assayed 29,531 extant variants in the Exome Aggregation Consortium, and found that >1000 variants (3.6%) within or adjacent to 2393 assayed human exons led to almost complete loss of exon recognition. While most variants at the canonical splice site disrupt splicing, they represent <20% of splice-disrupting variants overall because genetic variation elsewhere dominates. Our results indicate that loss of exon recognition caused by rare genetic variation may play a larger role in trait diversity than previously appreciated, and that MFASS may provide a scalable way to functionally test such variants.
A Time to Reflect and a Time to Move Forward

The winter solstice marks the astronomical moment when the sun is aligned over the Tropic of Capricorn. On December 21, those who live in the Northern Hemisphere had the shortest day and longest night of the year. This was accompanied in 2020 by a rare alignment of Jupiter and Saturn, which appeared as a singular bright point of light in the night sky for the first time since the Middle Ages. Although many cultures celebrate the winter solstice, the solstice is mostly overlooked in the United States, largely because of the multitude of other holidays around this time of the year. However, the shortest day and longest night seems like a metaphor of sorts for a year like no other in the memory of most-a fitting end and a pause. From the stillness, we can reflect in the space between the past and the future, reviewing the year behind us while appreciating the challenges to be faced in 2021.
How conflict ‘bleeds over’ for correctional staff: exploring work-family conflict through correctional subculture

In recent decades, researchers have produced a wealth of knowledge on the consequences of working within the prison for correctional staff and have documented an array of negative work-related outc...
Mexican-Origin Adolescent Mothers' Economic Contexts, Educational Re-Engagement, and Their Children's School Readiness.

Drawing on data from a longitudinal study of 204 Mexican-origin adolescent mothers, their mother figures, and their children, the current investigation examined (a) adolescent mothers' educational re-engagement and attainment beginning during their pregnancy and ending when their child was 5 years old; and (b) the influence of the family economic context on adolescent mothers' educational re-engagement and attainment and their children's academic and social-emotional outcomes. Findings detailed adolescent mothers' re-engagement in school after the birth of their child and revealed that family income during adolescents' pregnancies was directly associated with re-engagement and attainment, and also initiated cascade effects that shaped adolescents' economic contexts, their subsequent re-engagement and attainment, and ultimately their children's academic and social-emotional outcomes at age 5.
Ligand-free copper-catalyzed borylative defluorination: access to gem-difluoroallyl boronic acid derivatives

We report a ligand-free copper-catalyzed β-borylation, defluorination of β-substituted, α-trifluoromethyl-α,β-unsaturated esters. The reaction affords geminal-difluoroallyl boronic acid derivatives in moderate to good yield. The reaction was tolerant of various substrates, and the utility of products was demonstrated in the defluorinative functionalization of the difluoroalkene to afford enol ethers.
Determination of Flame-Front Equivalence Ratio During Stratified Combustion

Combustion under stratified operating conditions in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine was investigated using simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of the fuel distribution (via 3-pentanone doped into the fuel) and the combustion products (via OH, which occurs naturally). The simultaneous images allow direct determination of the flame front location under highly stratified conditions where the flame, or product, location is not uniquely identified by the absence of fuel. The 3-pentanone images were quantified, and an edge detection algorithm was developed and applied to the OH data to identify the flame front position. The result was the compilation of local flame-front equivalence ratio probability density functions (PDFs) for engine operating conditions at 600 and 1200 rpm and engine loads varying from equivalence ratios of 0.89 to 0.32 with an unthrottled intake. Homogeneous conditions were used to verify the integrity of the method. Early injection cases were found to give flame-front equivalence ratio PDFs comparable to the homogeneous condition, albeit slightly wider. With late injection timings the flame-front equivalence ratio was found to deviate widely from a homogenous state, ranging from 0 to 2.5. Conditions that exhibited very rich flame-front equivalence ratios were also conditions for which spark plug fouling was observed. The data were found to be strongly affected by the time of image acquisition relative to the overall heat release history, with data acquired near the end of the heat release showing a large fraction of pixels below the lean flammability limit. These results represent the first measurements of the local flame-front equivalence ratio in stratified engine combustion known to these authors.
Analysis of Acid Phosphatase and Esterase/Lipase Mutants of Legionella pneumophila

The identification of a pilD gene in Legionella pneumophila offered new insight into the molecular pathogenesis of legionellosis. Three mutants, NU254, NU255, and NU256, were selected from the screening and further studied. Supernatants from these mutants contained minimal acid phosphatase activity, while possessing normal levels of other pilD-dependent exoproteins. To determine if the map gene was necessary for intracellular replication of Legionella, macrophage-like U937 cells and Hartmannella vermiformis amoebae were infected at multiplicity of infection of 0.1 and 1, respectively. The authors have demonstrated that L. pneumophila has two acid phosphatases that can be differentiated by their different sensitivity to tartrate, and while the tartrate-sensitive Map seems not to be essential for intracellular replication, the role of the tartrate-resistant phosphatase has yet to be determined. The gene that was interrupted by the transposon was determined, and a basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis of the sequence showed that the putative protein shared some homology to lipase enzymes. Supernatants from the mutant presented a defect in its ability to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl (PNP) palmitate (indication of esterase/lipase) and in the liberation of free fatty acid from phosphatidylcholine (indication of phospholipase A).
Studies on the lipids of virus-infected cells: I. Lipid analysis of a soluble hemagglutinin from chorioallantoic membranes infected with vaccinia virus☆

Abstract A soluble hemagglutinin from chorioallantoic membranes infected with vaccinia virus was prepared by the flotation method. The lipid analysis of this hemagglutinin, as well as normal and virus-infected chorioallantoic membranes, is described. The results show that the hemagglutinin has a high neutral lipid (glyceride) content which is reflected as an increase in the triglyceride concentration in infected membranes. The results also indicate that phosphatidylcholine is the major phosphatide of the hemagglutinin, confirming earlier assumptions of its presence. Chorioallantoic membranes infected with vaccinia virus contain less phospholipid than control membranes, a finding in agreement with data obtained from other virus-host cell systems.
Characterization of Ly-6M, a novel member of the Ly-6 family of hematopoietic proteins

The Ly-6 family includes a number of highly homologous, low molecular weight glycophosphatidylinositol-linked proteins expressed on hematopoietic and lymphoid cells. The best characterized family member is Sca-1 (Ly-6A/E), an antigen commonly used for purification of murine pluripotent hematopoietic cells. We sought to characterize the genomic locus surrounding the Sca-1 gene. We identified several overlapping P1 artificial chromosomes containing the Sca-1 gene and mapped one of these to mouse chromosome 15D3.1-3.3, the region previously shown to contain members of the murine Ly-6 gene family. We then mapped this clone and found that the Sca-2 gene lies 35.4 kilobase (kb) downstream of Sca-1 in the opposite transcriptional orientation. This is the first direct demonstration of physical linkage of Ly-6 genes. A novel gene, highly homologous to Sca-1 was identified and localized 13.4 kb downstream of Sca-1. This gene, which we designated Ly-6M, shares several structural features conserved among members of the Ly-6 family. Ly-6M messenger RNA (mRNA) is easily detectable in hematopoietic tissue (bone marrow, spleen, thymus, peritoneal macrophages) as well as kidney and lung. No mRNA expression was detected in heart, stomach, liver, small intestine, brain, or skin. Ly-6M protein is detectable on 10% to 15% of peripheral blood leukocytes, including monocytes and a subpopulation of B220(+) cells. Ly-6M is broadly distributed in the bone marrow, with prominent expression on monocytes and myeloid precursors. The identification and characterization of Ly-6M adds a new member to a complex family of homologous, tightly linked genes that have proven extremely useful reagents for defining populations within the hematopoietic system.
Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae Immunoglobulin A Seropositivity and Risk of Lung Cancer

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen that has also been associated with risk for chronic diseases, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Two recent studies have reported an association between serological evidence of past infection with the organism and lung cancer. To further evaluate this association, we conducted a case-control study among a subgroup of white male smokers identified for a population-based case-control study of lung cancer in western Washington between 1993 and 1995. Serum specimens obtained at study enrollment from 143 cases and 147 controls were tested for C. pneumoniae IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies. In multivariate analysis controlling for smoking variables and educational status, IgA antibody titer 216 was independently associated with risk of lung cancer among subjects <60 years of age [odds ratio (OR), 2.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21-5.89] but not among older subjects (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.34-1.43). Among subjects <60 years of age, there was suggestive evidence of a stronger association among current smokers (OR 4.31; 95% CI, 1.36-13.68) than former smokers (OR 1.50; 95% CI, 0.48-4.75; P for interaction term, 0.26). Additional studies, including prospective serological evaluations, are needed to further assess the possible significance of this association.
Methods in ethnopharmacology

A variety of pharmacological models are utilized in the evaluation of ethnomedicine. Most investigations are focused on developing new leads for therapeutic agents. However, there should be more efforts focused on the development of ethnomedicines because of their accessibility and acceptability in areas where modern medicine is not readily available. Testing methods to identify the active agents must be carefully selected utilizing information from ethnoanthropology, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, toxicology and pharmacology. New pharmacological models focused on cellular and molecular mechanisms can be used for ethnomedical evaluations but with great caution since they are based on known mechanisms of actions and limited by knowledge of the disease state.