cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wrong turns in sudden infant death syndrome research.

The 1995 conviction of Waneta Hoyt in Tioga County, New York, for the murders of her five children between 1965 and 1971 has resulted in considerable publicity.1,2 Much of the notoriety stems from the fact that in a landmark 1972 paper by Alfred Steinschneider published in Pediatrics these same babies were described as having succumbed to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).3 The appellation landmark is warranted because this paper has been quoted more than any other in the SIDS field—404 times between 1974 and 1996 in the journals surveyed by SciSearch4—and led directly to the widespread practice of using cardiorespiratory monitors to prevent SIDS. With justification the public is bewildered at how such a heinous crime could go undetected for so many years, and how a prestigious medical journal could publish a paper that had so much influence and yet turned out to be so wrong. The Hoyt case, along with others where homicide was thought to have been misdiagnosed as SIDS,5 has given new strength to those who have always suspected parents of being responsible for a high proportion of the deaths of infants who die suddenly and unexpectedly. Without intending to minimize the tragedy of innocent lives being taken, the question of undetected homicide should be viewed in the context of what was known about sudden unexpected infant death when these events occurred. The term “battered baby” was first put forth in 1962.6 It took at least a decade before the concept of infants being harmed by their care takers became generally accepted. Munchausen by proxy, of which the Hoyt case is a classic example, was not described until 1977,7 and even now the entity is insufficiently recognized by health professionals, let alone by judges and juries. Etched in …
Characterization of runoff water from coal-waste disposal sites in southwestern Illinois

Coal wastes are the mineral matter rejected from coal during cleaning operations. The refuse consists mainly of shale, clay, pyrite, and waste coal. At many disposal sites in Illinois, considerable quantities of sediment, acidity, sulphate, and dissolved metals have been washed from these sites and have contributed to the degradation in quality of the receiving streams.
The immunodominant site of a synthetic immunogen has a conformational preference in water for a type-II reverse turn

Many short synthetic peptides have now been shown to induce antibodies reactive with their cognate sequences in the intact folded protein. Aside from the usefulness of such antibodies as site-specific reagents, the frequency with which this recognition occurs has raised several theoretical issues, the central one being that of how an antibody to a short synthetic peptide, which represents one of the most disordered states of a site in a protein, can react with the more ordered version of the same sequence in the folded protein. This apparent paradox can be resolved if the target site on the protein approaches disorder or if the peptide in solution or on a carrier adopts, with significant frequency, a conformation compatible with that of the cognate site in the protein. Various studies already suggest that antigenic sites in proteins correspond to regions of high atomic mobility. We now show, using high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, that a nonapeptide selected by several monoclonal antibodies as the immunodominant site of a 36-amino-acid immunogen (residues 75-110 of influenza virus haemagglutinin) adopts a highly populated type-II reverse-turn conformation in water. This suggests that in this case the antibodies have selected a sequence possessing a conformational preference. Apart from helping us to understand immunological recognition, anti-peptide antibodies may provide reagents of sufficient precision for an immunological approach to the problem of protein folding.
Character analysis of the seed coat in Spiranthoideae and Orchidoideae, with special reference to the Diurideae (Orchidaceae)

Previous work on seed types within Orchidaceae has demonstrated that characters associated with the seed coat may have considerable phylogenetic utility. Application of these characters has been complicated in practice by the absence of quantitative descriptors and in some instances by their apparent lack of congruity with the taxa under consideration. Using quantitative descriptors of size and shape, we have demonstrated that some of the existing seed classes do not represent well delimited, discrete entities, and we have proposed new seed classes to meet these criteria. In the spiranthoid-orchidoid complex, the characters yielding the most clearly delimited shape classes are cell number and variability and degree and stochasticity of medial cell elongation. Of lesser, but still appreciable, significance are the presence of varying types and degrees of intercellular gaps, and some, but not all, features of cell walls. Four seed classes are evident on the basis of these characters in Spiranthoideae and Orchidoideae. These seed types are briefly described, and their distribution among the taxa examined for this study is reported. It is hoped that these more strictly delimited seed classes will facilitate phylogenetic analysis in the family.
Trends in computing careers: human factors in MIS

This paper addresses a seemingly irreversible trend that no longer can attention be focused on hardware or even on software—it must be focused on people. This trend reversal or new trend is running particularly strong in management information systems (MIS) where service rendered to people (users) is now the order of the day. It recognizes that good management depends on both technology and the human side of management, but that more often than not the technology “cart” is put before the human services “horse.”Considering the rapid development in both the computer and information systems fields, major managerial considerations arise in managing and controlling change and in recognizing the kernels of knowledge needed for the manager to manage effectively. These considerations include the transition needed when the technician who identifies himself with the “tools of the trade” becomes a manager who must provide services to a larger community.Unfortunately, systems fail even when imbued with advancements in technology if the management of the system does not recognize human needs which are sometimes measured in terms of both user and manager requirements. Technologies and tools are only effective if properly implemented by “people.”The concepts in this paper are based partially on extended study in organizational behavior to include motivation and recent research including a 1986 survey of the Measurement of Computer System/Information System Productivity Performance.Provision must be made for human progress in organizations. Without this, the management and performance evaluation of systems is likely to show some bleak results. This paper offers some practical ideas on how to avoid this and perhaps gives a glimmer of how much better computer systems can be with a dash of human factors.
Design of the labial cuticle in Cenocorixa bifida Hung. (Hemiptera: Corixidae) with reference to ionic transport.

The surface topography and ultrastructure of the labial cuticle of Cenocorixa bifida were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The dorsal wall of the labium consists of seven sclerotized transverse bars each displaying two rows of semicircular grooves and pores. The cuticle is about 20 μm thick and is composed of epicuticle and lamellate exocuticle and endocuticle, the latter separated from the underlying epidermis by subcuticle containing amorphous material. The epicuticle is subdivided into an electron-dense very thin outer epicuticle and a homogenous thick inner epicuticle, which is penetrated by grooves. The exocuticle is filled with electron-dense blocks of material, which may provide mechanical support to the labial wall. The elongate epidermal cells display extensive infoldings of the apical plasma membrane (facing the cuticle) and contain abundant mitochondria in the cytoplasm. The presence of deep epicuticular grooves and pores in the thin labial cuticle and extensive apical membrane infolding and abundant mitochondria in the epidermal cells suggest that the labium in C. bifida is the site of osmoregulatory ionic uptake.
Numerical study of the lateral crushing and re-inflation of stainless steel and aluminum tubes

Abstract The purpose of this numerical study is to investigate the possibility of re-inflating laterally crushed tubes back to their original circular-cylindrical shape, without using a die. This can find applications in a non-conventional tube bending process as well as in the repair of damaged offshore pipelines. Two materials were investigated, aluminum Al-6061-T6 and 304 stainless steel, which have very different ductility and work hardening characteristics. Three models, of increasing complexity were created and used to investigate the nature of the plastic deformation during the crushing and re-inflation, the punch load–displacement and pressure–volume responses and the geometric accuracy of the final tubes. The models demonstrated that for both materials, it is challenging to return the tubes to their original circular-cylindrical shape without using a suitable die for the crushing and re-inflation.
Planning a temperament-based parenting program for inner-city families.

TOPIC The design of a temperament-based parenting program for inner-city families. PROBLEM Selective intervention parenting programs are needed for children who are at high risk for developing behavioral problems. Planning should incorporate cultural considerations to ensure the program meets needs. METHODS A pilot study to assess psychometrics of instruments, obtain preliminary date, test feasibility, and verify appropriateness of the intervention. Reports of child temperament, behavior problems, and maternal distress were obtained from a sample of 244 inner-city mothers of school-age children. FINDINGS The three instruments showed adequate reliability with this sample. Attendance rate was 92% for the 18 mothers who participated in the parenting intervention. Focus groups supported the content of the program. CONCLUSIONS A pilot study can assist nurses to plan an intervention that responds appropriately to the specific strengths and needs of the community.
Low-rank coal slurries for gasification

Abstract An experimental study compared alternate methods for thermal dewatering three low-rank coals from the Western United States. The dewatered coal products were characterized chemically and physically, and their rheological behavior was determined in the form of a coal/water slurry. All coals whose temperature reached 270°C or above exhibited improved “slurryability” as compared to the original (as-received) coal. Raw coals dried with steam and hot water at saturated steam pressure or ion-exchanged (acid leached) coals dried with superheated steam significantly improved the “slurryability” and produced slurries suitable for slurry-fed gasifiers, as determined by their heat content and viscosity.
Abstract SY05-02: Targeting kinases with reversible covalent fragments

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The clinical utility of targeting kinases with covalent drugs has been firmly established, culminating in the recent FDA approval of afatinib and ibrutinib, which irreversibly inhibit the tyrosine kinases, EGFR and BTK. More broadly, chemical probes that form a covalent bond with a nonconserved, noncatalytic cysteine often show enhanced potency, selectivity, and utility in biological studies. Despite these advantages, protein-reactive compounds are usually avoided in high-throughput screening campaigns. Motivated by a desire to explore the chemistry of reactive electrophiles and thiols under physiological conditions, we initiated a study of Michael acceptors bearing substituents with increasing electron withdrawing capacity. We hypothesized that the intrinsically labile nature of the cysteine/cyanoacrylamide bond could be exploited to yield cysteine-targeted, reversible covalent inhibitors. These concepts led to the design of ultra-selective cyanoacrylamide-based RSK inhibitors with picomolar affinity and slow dissociation kinetics, the structural basis of which was revealed by x-ray crystallography. The intrinsically reversible, yet thermodynamically favorable nature of the cysteine/cyanoacrylamide bond suggested that this ‘sweet spot’ in electrophile space could form the basis of a fragment-based approach to ligand discovery. Screening a collection of cyanoacrylamide fragments against three kinases (RSK2, NEK2, and PLK1) containing a structurally equivalent cysteine delivered unique inhibitors for all three kinases with potencies in the submicromolar range. Optimization guided by x-ray crystallography rapidly led to the first dual inhibitor of MSK and RSK, with subnanomolar affinity and >500-fold selectivity over NEK2 and PLK1. In close collaboration with Brian Shoichet and Nir London, we have employed covalent docking methods to screen large virtual libraries of electrophilic fragments. We designed a pilot virtual library of 13,000 cyanoacrylamide fragments that can be synthesized in one simple step from commercially available aldehydes. A virtual screen of this library rapidly led to novel inhibitors of NEK2, PLK-, and MSK/RSK-family kinases. Finally, I will discuss our efforts to discover and design new electrophilic chemotypes that form reversible covalent bonds with cysteine residues. Citation Format: Jack Taunton. Targeting kinases with reversible covalent fragments. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr SY05-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-SY05-02
Ideals and reality in actual regulatory experience

During the past 14 years I have often heard that the purpose of the Food and Drug Administration is to guarantee the purity and safety of America’s foods and drugs. I think that is a pretty accurate expression of what most people expect the FDA to do. Unfortunately, I was asked to become Commissioner of Food and Drugs 143 years ago, before I fully appreciated the meaning of that great expectation of the American people. Nor did I realize that people could become very angry when it was discovered, as it often was, that FDA was not living up to that ideal expectation. In short, I did not realize that I was taking on an impossible job! I gave vent to my resulting frustration in a speech delivered a decade or so ago as we approached another, past, Christmas. Given the season, I suppose I could be forgiven for having entitled that speech, “Great Expectations, or, Giving FDA the Dickens.” It was a pretty good speech, really . . . I am still proud of it. It was widely reprinted and quoted. It was a good speech, as far as it went. But, in retrospect, I am afraid that I missed an important point. In that speech, I described all the products FDA regulated-human foods and drugs and biological products; animal foods and drugs; medical devices, from artificial hearts to tongue blades; things that emitted any kind of radiation, from industrial lasers to light bulbs; cosmetics; pet turtles. Something on the order, at that time, of 30 cents of every consumer dollar. I pointed out that if we were to do what the public expected us to do, we would have to have more resources. My main plea, in that speech, was that the Agency be given the money and manpower needed to do the job it was expected to do. My error, or perhaps better, my omission, was in not being more explicit than I was in that speech that the job many people expected us to do was, in reality, impossible. The public’s ideal, that FDA would guarantee the absolute purity and safety of
Concomitant Coronary and Cerebral Revascularization under Cardiopulmonary Bypass

The question as to whether a staged or a combined surgical approach is safer in the management of patients with coexistent coronary and extracranial cerebrovascular disease has been widely investigated and debated. Advances in myocardial protection techniques have reduced cardiac morbidity and mortality and have rendered a combined approach as safe as a staged approach, if not safer. There have been no similar advances in cerebral protection, particularly for high-risk patients with bilateral disease. In this series, 32 consecutive patients with coexistent advanced coronary and extracranial vascular disease underwent cerebral and coronary revascularization that used the combined approach. Cerebral revascularization was performed under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on 30 of these patients. There was no operative mortality, no hematoma formation, and no reoperation. Blood loss, length of hospital stay, and total cost were similar to those for isolated coronary bypass procedures.
Evidence for an aldehyde intermediate in the catalytic mechanism of thiamine oxidase

Abstract Thiamine oxidase catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of the 5-hydroxyethyl group of thiamine to form thiamine acetic acid via an aldehyde intermediate. Evidence for the formation of this intermediate is derived from a number of kinetic approaches. The rate of thiamine acetic acid formation, as monitored by the rate of proton release, is subject to substrate inhibition and to inhibition by the presence of semicarbazide while the rate of O 2 consumption (due to thiamine oxidation to the aldehyde and subsequently to the carboxylic acid) is unaffected. The transient formation of an intermediate with a maximal absorption at 370 nm in stopped-flow turnover experiments is dependent on the pH and the substrate concentration, and is prevented by the presence of semicarbazide, thus suggesting this transient absorption intermediate to be a result of formation of the aldehyde intermediate. A similar spectral intermediate is observed when hydroxythiamine is the substrate but is not observed with pyrithiamine. In the presence of large concentrations of pyrithiamine, the enzyme undergoes an irreversible inactivation which is not reversed on removal of pyrithiamine or its oxidation products by gel filtration or dialysis. This inhibition is prevented by the presence of thiols or of semicarbazide and is suggested to be due to the release of the aldehyde form of pyrithiamine from the catalytic site, which then reacts with the enzyme in a nonspecific manner. The structure of the 370-nm-absorbing intermediate is currently unknown but is suggested not to be the “yellow form” of thiamine. This suggestion is due to observed differences in absorption spectral properties and to the fact that it can also be formed from hydroxythiamine, which does not form the “yellow form” of thiamine on alkaline treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that, at or below saturating concentrations, thiamine remains bound to the catalytic site during the two sequential two-electron transfer steps, with 2 mol O 2 being reduced to 2 mol H 2 O 2 . At high concentrations (>10 K m ), the intermediate thiamine aldehyde can be displaced from the catalytic site by thiamine simply by a mass-action effect.
Molecular forms of antihaemophilic globulin in plasma, cryoprecipitate and after thrombin activation.

Summary. Sedimentation characteristics of factor VIII were investigated by ultracentrifugation in 10–40% w/v sucrose gradient in pH 7.2 imidazole buffered saline at 65 000 rpm for 6 hr. Following dialysis of fractions for 12 hr against buffered saline, the factor-VIII activity was assayed by a one-stage method and other proteins were identified by immunological techniques. In human citrated plasma, two regions of factor-VIII activity were detected, a main fast sedimenting activity in the region ofγM macroglobulin and a minor slow sedimenting activity in the region of fibrinogen. Cryoprecipitate activity was all of the fast type, while the activity in its supernatant was of the slow type. When plasma was fractionated in a sucrose gradient prepared in 0.4 or 1 M NaCl, the factor-VIII activity was found in the slow fraction, suggesting that fast-sedimenting factor VIII is a non-covalently bound polymer. Incubation of plasma with thrombin (0.035 u/ml for 10 min at 37°C) markedly increased the factor-VIII activity, all of which appeared in the slow fraction. Although this suggests the possibility that the fast fraction represents a factor VIII-fibrinogen complex, immunological analysis of this fraction failed to reveal the presence of any fibrinogen. Alternatively, the fast fraction may be composed of sub-units of factor VIII which are both released and activated by thrombin.
Microsatellite loci for Cherrie's tanager (Ramphocelus costaricensis)

Cherrie's tanager (Ramphocelus costaricensis) is a common woodland bird of the Pacific lowlands of Costa Rica. Males and females have sexually dimorphic plumage and are socially monogamous. As part of a study of sexual selection in this species, we characterized six species-specific polymorphic microsatellite loci and one cross-species locus that works well in Cherrie's tanager to ascertain parentage.
BEHAVIORAL DISCRIMINATION OF CLICK INTENSITY IN CAT1

Avoidance conditioning procedures were used to train cats to discriminate intensity differences between successive clicks. The discriminative behavior was applied in a modified method of adjustment to determine a difference limen (DL) for click intensity. The obtained DLs were consistent within and between subjects, and averaged 4.4 db. This value is greater than previously reported intensity DLs for pure tones in cats.
The role of induction in operant schedule performance.

Baum and Davison (2014b) showed that Baum’s (2012) recasting of reinforcement as induction may be quantified by assuming that induction follows a power function of reinforcer rate. This power-function induction is readily integrated with theory based on the matching law. Herrnstein (1970) originally assumed background activities (BO) and their associated reinforcers ro to be constant, but ro should vary with BO. Further, power-function induction implies that BO should vary with reinforcer rate. Baum (1993) reported performance on a wide range of variable-ratio (VR) and variable-interval (VI) schedules. Pigeons' VR peck rate followed an inverted U-shaped relation, but VI peck rate separated into three ranges of food rate: low-to-moderate, moderate-to-high, and extremely high. As food rate increases, the concave downward relation in the low range reaches an inflection point and gives way to a concave upward relation in the higher range. At the extremes of food rate, VI peck rate decreases. A model based on competition between induced pecking and BO accounted for VI peck rate in the moderate to extreme range of food rates. Further research will account for all three ranges, either by integrating power-function induction with matching theory or with a model based on competition between induced activities.
Governance Hotspots Challenges We Must Confront in the Post-september 11 World

Moving on after September 11 will require more than just eliminating organized terrorist networks and providing humanitarian aid, crucial as these two interventions are. There is a much larger landscape of multiple devastations in the global south that the global north cannot escape. While socio-economic devastation may not cause terrorism directly, it does promote extreme responses, such as trafficking in people, and can facilitate recruitment of young people for terrorist activity, both random and organized. These multiple devastations need to be addressed - by world and country leaders, by the supra-national system, by NGOs, by global civil society, by corporate economic actors. The article confines itself to the need for governments' action through new specialized multilateralisms and internationalisms. It argues that we can even make a narrow utilitarian case that it is in the global north's interest to address these issues. The particular cases through which the argument is developed are the growing hyper-indebtedness in the global south and the accumulation of contradictions in the immigration regime prevalent in the global north. Examining these is a way of dissecting the nature of the challenge and identifying specific governance deficits.
Nontoxic toxins: the energetics of coevolution

I propose that the relative productivity of an organism in its community importantly influences the kinds of predator defences that are most effective relative to their costs. Two classes of defence mechanisms are distinguished: those that give some energy to the predator (tribute defences) and those that do not (non-tribute defences). The pattern of distribution of these two types of defences both geographically and among different taxonomic groups of organisms support the hypothesis that the productivity of a species relative to others in its community is an important determinant of the type ol defence a species adopts.
Conditioned place aversion and self-administration of nitrous oxide in rats.

The rewarding/aversive effects of nitrous oxide (N2O) were evaluated using the place conditioning paradigm. Male Long–Evans rats (N=103) received a daily 40-min gas exposure for 8 consecutive days that alternated between two distinct chambers. A control group received placebo gas in both chamber types, while the N2O groups (8%, 15%, 30%, and 60% N2O) received four consistent pairings of N2O with one chamber type and four pairings of placebo gas with the other. A conditioned place aversion was found for the chambers that had been paired with 30% and 60% N2O. Place aversions were demonstrated during a 20-min test session on Day 9 when placebo gas was delivered to both chambers, and also during a 20-min test session on Day 10 when N2O was delivered to both chambers. A second study evaluated two novel methods of inhalant self-administration, one that used a forced-choice alternating gas environment and one that used a free-choice paradigm. Of four rats tested, two self-administered N2O, one rat avoided N2O, and one rat's behavior was consistent with neither self-administration nor avoidance. Availability of these methods will facilitate research on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the rewarding and reinforcing effects of N2O and other abused inhalants.
Staphylococcus aureus, including community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus, in a level III NICU: 2001 to 2008.

Objective To determine epidemiology and clinical characteristics of infants with methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Study Design All NICU admissions (2001 to 2008) with any positive S. aureus culture were included as cases. Cases were further characterized as either colonized or infected with invasive disease. Results Four thousand three hundred four infants were admitted; 273 (6.3%) had at least one culture positive for S. aureus , including 198 with MSSA and 75 with MRSA. Invasive disease occurred in 23.2% of MSSA cases versus 29.3% MRSA ( p = 0.298). Between the study periods 2001 to 2005 versus 2006 to 2008, the incidence of all MSSA cultures (colonization and invasive disease) decreased from 53.6 to 38.9/1000 admissions ( p = 0.044), and that of MRSA increased from 13.7 to 24.77/1000 admissions ( p = 0.010). The incidence of invasive MSSA ( p = 0.49) and MRSA ( p = 0.38) disease between the two periods remained similar. Infants with invasive MRSA versus MSSA had a longer duration of positive cultures (55 versus 19 days, p = 0.009). None of five available isolates collected prior to 2006 was characterized as USA300, but 11/21 isolates collected subsequently were USA300 ( p = 0.053). Conclusion The incidence of MRSA (colonization and infection) nearly doubled during the study period coinciding with emergence of community-acquired MRSA USA300.
Hormonal Responses of Bone in a Continuous Flow Cultural System

Calvaria from five-day-old mice incubated in a continuous flow system (10 calvaria per culture chamber with 1 ml volume; flow rate, 1 ml/hr.). In 24-hour cultures, calvaria showed less resorption than in stationary culture. Short-term responses to PTH and calcitonin were similar to those observed in vivo.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Prenatal diagnosis, clinical profile, and management

We diagnosed hypoplastic left heart syndrome, generally regarded as a lethal congenital heart defect, by fetal echocardiography in 20 pregnancies in the last 5 years. The clinical profile, management, and outcome of these pregnancies were reviewed. We found a 40% association of karyotype and extracardiac malformations. Elective abortion was performed in nine pregnancies. Two of seven live-born babies had early neonatal assessment and intervention as a result of in utero diagnosis and counseling. Prolonged survival was achieved in both infants. We conclude that prenatal diagnosis of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome necessitates complete evaluation of the fetus for associated genetic and extracardiac malformations. Prenatal diagnosis of this defect provides opportunities for in depth counseling of parents and obtaining informed consent for either postnatal intervention or nonintervention before the medical and emotional complexities associated with the neonatal intensive care setting are encountered.
Modeling stresses on satellites due to nonsynchronous rotation and orbital eccentricity using gravitational potential theory

Abstract The tidal stress at the surface of a satellite is derived from the gravitational potential of the satellite's parent planet, assuming that the satellite is fully differentiated into a silicate core, a global subsurface ocean, and a decoupled, viscoelastic lithospheric shell. We consider two types of time variability for the tidal force acting on the shell: one caused by the satellite's eccentric orbit within the planet's gravitational field (diurnal tides), and one due to nonsynchronous rotation (NSR) of the shell relative to the satellite's core, which is presumed to be tidally locked. In calculating surface stresses, this method allows the Love numbers h and l, describing the satellite's tidal response, to be specified independently; it allows the use of frequency-dependent viscoelastic rheologies (e.g. a Maxwell solid); and its mathematical form is amenable to the inclusion of stresses due to individual tides. The lithosphere can respond to NSR forcing either viscously or elastically depending on the value of the parameter Δ ≡ μ η ω , where μ and η are the shear modulus and viscosity of the shell respectively, and ω is the NSR forcing frequency. Δ is proportional to the ratio of the forcing period to the viscous relaxation time. When Δ ≫ 1 the response is nearly fluid; when Δ ≪ 1 it is nearly elastic. In the elastic case, tensile stresses due to NSR on Europa can be as large as ∼ 3.3 MPa , which dominate the ∼ 50 kPa stresses predicted to result from Europa's diurnal tides. The faster the viscous relaxation the smaller the NSR stresses, such that diurnal stresses dominate when Δ ≳ 100 . Given the uncertainty in current estimates of the NSR period and of the viscosity of Europa's ice shell, it is unclear which tide should be dominant. For Europa, tidal stresses are relatively insensitive both to the rheological structure beneath the ice layer and to the thickness of the icy shell. The phase shift between the tidal potential and the resulting stresses increases with Δ. This shift can displace the NSR stresses longitudinally by as much as 45° in the direction opposite of the satellite's rotation.
Comparison of the Validity of Two Temperament Scales in Predicting College Achievement

THE 32-item temperament scale devided by Gough (4) has been shown to be moderately valid predicting college Quality Point Average (1, 5), but its inter correlations with other scales suggest that it is an impure measure of several independent traits. It correlates positively with the ACE test, and negatively with Taylor's Manifest Anxiety scale, while the ACE and MAS scales are re latively unrelated (5). In addition, both the ACE and Hr scales correlate with QPA while the MAS does not(l). At least two traits appear to be measured by these tests: an achievement related trait that is measured well by the ACE, moderately by the Hr, and not measured by the MAS, and a second achievement unrelated trait that is measured well by the MAS, moderately by the Hr, and is not measured by the ACE to any appreciable extent. The first trait is probably the common verbal factor found in most achievement tests, but the second trait is not necessarily the "anxiety" trait presumably measured by the MAS since we do not know whether the MAS is a unidimensional test. The new Need Achievement scale in Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (3) provides another tool for identifying personality traits that may be related to college achievement. Presumably scores on the Need Achievement scale should be positively related to college achievement, but it is not known whether this scale (a) is valid in predicting QPA, or (b) measures the same tempera ment traits measured by the Hr scale. The present study was designed to provide further information on the traits measured by the Hr and Need Achieve ment scales and the relationship of the traits measured to college achievement.
Energetic variational approaches in modeling vesicle and fluid interactions

In this paper, we establish a hydrodynamic system to study vesicle deformations under external flow fields. The system is in the Eulerian formulation, involving the coupling of the incompressible flow system and a phase field equation. The phase field mixing energy can be viewed as a physical approximation/regularization of the Helfrich energy for an elastic membrane. We derive a self-consistent system of equations describing the dynamic evolution of vesicles immersed in an incompressible, Newtonian fluid, using an energetic variational approach. Numerical simulations of the membrane deformations in flow fields can be conducted based on the developed model.
DESIGN OF A CONFORMABLE ROTOR AIRFOIL USING DISTRIBUTED PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATION

In the present study, a design methodology is developed for determining the optimal distribution of a limited amount of piezoelectric material and optimal skin for a conformable rotor airfoil section. The objective of the design optimization is to generate a conformable airfoil structure that produces significant trailing edge deflection under actuation loads, but minimal airfoil deflection under aerodynamic loads. Energy functions, Mutual Potential Energy (MPE) and Strain Energy (SE), are used as measures of the deflections created by the actuation and aerodynamic loads, respectively. The design objective is achieved by maximizing a multi-criteria objective function that represents a ratio of the MPE to SE. Several design optimization techniques are evaluated including geometry and concurrent geometry-topology optimizations. The results of the study indicate that the optimized conformable airfoil section obtained using the concurrent geometry-topology optimization can produce a significant downward trailing edge deflection, and the airfoil deformation due to the aerodynamic loads alone is small. However, the optimized airfoil design is extremely complex and contains intricate network of actuators, which may be difficult to fabricate. Systematic simplification of the structure is performed to obtain a conformable airfoil design that is simple and may be easy to build. Further parametric optimization is used to find optimal values of the skin axial and bending stiffness for an optimal conformable airfoil design. The airfoil can produce a downward trailing edge deflection equivalent to 3.7° of Effective Flap Angle from the actuation loads, with the peak-to-peak deflection being nearly twice the downward deflection, and the airfoil deformation due to the airload loads is less than 1°. The optimal skin should have less axial stiffness and much more bending stiffness as compared to a conventional skin.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Defects in molecular beam epitaxial GaAs grown at low temperatures

We have utilized a variable energy positron beam and infrared transmission spectroscopy to study defects in GaAs epilayers grown at low temperatures (LT-GaAs) by molecular beam epitaxy. We have measured the Doppler broadening of the positron-electron annihilation gamma ray spectra as a function of positron implantation energy. From these measurements, we have obtained results for the depth profiles of Ga monovacancies in unannealed LT-GaAs and Ga monovacancies and arsenic cluster related defects in annealed LT-GaAs. We have also studied the effects of the Si impurities in annealed LT-GaAs. The infrared transmission measurements on unannealed LT-GaAs furnish a broad defect band, related to As antisites, centered at 0.370 eV below the conduction band.
Sampled-data Linear Parameter Varying control of a turbocharged diesel engine

A parameter varying sampled-data control design is applied to the air handling problem of a turbocharged diesel engine, by using a Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) approach. The method takes the variable sampling time due to the variation of the engine speed into consideration through the controller design. The continuous dynamics are lifted with preserving the induced L2 norm of the closed-loop and a parameter varying controller is obtained by solving an optimization problem subject to Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Numerical example underlines the validity of the proposed approach with respect to tracking performance compared to the traditional discrete design.
Sulfhydryl groups in relation to the structure and catalytic activity of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase from bovine liver.

Abstract Bovine liver 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase (suggested name: 2-oxo-4hydroxyglutarate glyoxylate-lyase catalyzing the reaction: 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate rlhar2 pyruvate + glyoxylate) contains eight to ten sulfhydryl groups as determined by titration of the enzyme with either 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) or p-mercuribenzoate in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. In the absence of a denaturant, all of the cysteinyl residues react with p-mercuribenzoate whereas only four are accessible to titration with Nbs2. No differences in -SH group reactivity can be detected during titration of the aldolase with p-mercuribenzoate. In contrast, two classes of sulfhydryls can be differentiated in the disulfide exchange reaction with Nbs2 in the absence of a denaturant; one -SH group (Class I) reacts rapidly whereas three additional thiols (Class II) titrate at approx. 0.1 the rate of the Class I -SH residue. Both pyruvate and glyoxylate protect one of the three -SH residues in Class II from reaction with Nbs2. Either substrate also prevents titration of one to two thiol groups by p-mercuribenzoate and decreases the rate of reaction of aldolase -SH groups with Nbs2 in 8 M urea. These ligand-induced changes in -SH reactivity provide a sensitive indication that the enzyme exists in an altered conformational state in the presence of either of its cosubstrates. Titration of the enzyme with either Nbs2 or p-mercuribenzoate results in a progressive loss of aldolase activity which is not proportional to the number of -SH groups modified. The enzyme retains 50% of the activity of the native enzyme when Class I and Class II thiols (i.e. four -SH groups total) are modified with Nbs2; 15% residual activity is still observed following titration of all of the cysteinyl residues with p-mercuribenzoate. Pyruvate and glyoxylate provide partial protection against inactivation. It is concluded that inactivation of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase by Nbs2 or p-mercuribenzoate is a consequence of alterations in protein structure which accompany modification of -SH groups. The data argue against the direct participation of an active-site thiol group in the catalytic mechanism of 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase, be that aldol cleavage and condensation or β-decarboxylation.
Chip-firing via open covers

Abstract We investigate chip-firing with respect to open covers of discrete graphs and metric graphs. For the case of metric graphs we show that given an open cover and a sink q , stabilization of a divisor D is unique and that there is a distinguished configuration equivalent to D , which we call the critical configuration. Also, we show that given a double cover of the metric graph by stars, which is the continuous analogue of the sandpile model, the critical configurations are in bijection with reduced divisors. Passing to the discrete case, we interpret open covers of a graph as simplicial complexes on the vertex and observe that chip-firing with respect to a simplicial complex is equivalent to the model introduced by Paoletti [G. Paoletti. July 11 2007: Master in Physics at University of Milan, defending thesis “Abelian sandpile models and sampling of trees and forests”; supervisor: Prof. S. Caracciolo. http://pcteserver.mi.infn.it/caraccio/index.html ]. We generalize this setup for directed graphs using weighted simplicial complexes on the vertex set and show that the fundamental results extend. In the undirected case we present a generalization of the Cori-Le Borgne algorithm for chip-firing models via open covers, giving an explicit bijection between the critical configurations and the spanning trees of a graph. ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/endm )
Ineffectiveness of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors to Induce Apoptosis Involves the Transcriptional Activation of NF-κB through the Akt Pathway *

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are emerging as a new class of anticancer agents for the treatment of solid and hematological malignancies. Although HDAC inhibitors induce cell death through an apoptotic process, little is known about the molecular events that control their effectiveness. In this study, we demonstrate that HDAC inhibitors are limited in their ability to induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines despite their ability to effectively inhibit deacetylase activity. Because the anti-apoptotic transcription factor NF-kappa B has been shown to be under the control of HDAC-mediated repression, we analyzed whether HDAC inhibitors activated NF-kappa B in NSCLC cells. HDAC inhibitors effectively stimulated endogenous NF-kappa B-dependent gene expression by up-regulating IL-8, Bcl-XL, and MMP-9 transcripts. The ability of HDAC inhibitors to increase NF-kappa B transcriptional activity was not associated with signaling events that stimulated nuclear translocation, but rather modulated the transactivation potential of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kappa B. The inhibition of HDAC activity was associated with the recruitment of the p300 transcriptional co-activator to chromatin in an Akt-dependent manner. Moreover, Akt directly phosphorylated p300 in vitro and was required for stimulating the transactivation potential of the co-activator following the addition of HDAC inhibitors. Selective inhibition of either the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, or NF-kappa B itself blocked the ability of HDAC inhibitors to activate NF-kappa B and dramatically sensitized NSCLC cells to apoptosis following of the addition of HDAC inhibitors. Our study indicates that the ineffectiveness of HDAC inhibitors to induce apoptosis in NSCLC cancer cells is associated with the ability of these molecules to stimulate NF-kappa B-dependent transcription and cell survival.
Focus Groups and Methodological Reflections: Conscientious Flexibility in the Field

This article discusses the methodological issues and pragmatic dilemmas confronted by a group of researchers conducting focus groups composed of people with disabilities. As an initial component of a mixed-method, longitudinal research project, the intention was to gather perceptions of the ways in which recent policy initiatives shape the lives and employment experiences of people with disabilities. We present the methodological design issues we encountered in planning and conducting the focus groups with the hope that our reflections inform future qualitative research designs involving people with disabilities.
Post-Processing Of Imagery From Active Optics--Some Pitfalls

There may be pitfalls to watch out for when recording imagery from active phase compensation devices located in the exit pupil of the system. At least three of these pitfalls are identified and each is manifested as a degradation in the imagery. Both nearby and high altitude atmospheric disturbances contribute to the degradation. The first pitfall is identified as residual phase errors caused by measurement and hardware limitations. The second pitfall is identified as non-isoplanatism and it occurs because wave-fronts from different source points experience different high altitude disturbances. The third pitfall is identified as amplitude fluctuations in the exit pupil of the system and it is also caused by the high altitude atmospheric disturbances. The two pitfalls caused by the high altitude disturbances are reduced by applying additional phase compensation in a plane that is the image of the high altitude disturbances. But even this may not be sufficient to eliminate the need for post-processing of the imagery of extended sources.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Text as Daemonic Theater: The Transformative Poetics of The Marquise of O—

Arguing against the idea of a “true, underlying story,” this article proposes using the concept of transformative poetics to understand Heinrich von Kleist's The Marquise of O—. According to this concept, the novella does not narrate an indubitable story, but creates or invents itself as it proceeds, as can be shown in different aspects of the story, such as the way in which the text implicitly treats its characters as actors and the Count's unexpected return after his alleged death. One consequence of this approach to the novella is that the references to biblical or mythological models lend themselves as tropes for the creative, transformative power of the poetic text. The text itself, in its poetic activity, becomes a kind of ironic daemon. Moreover, in this story about an instance of sexual violation, a positive type of violation is suggested—a violation of emptiness and silence—and the text itself is the guilty party.
Inverse Face‐Centered Cubic Thin Film Photonic Crystals

Recent work on a technique for fabricating inverse fcc photonic crystals from a colloidal system of monodisperse microspheres and titania nanoparticles is described. The technique can be used to produce photonic crystals with other background materials that are available as nanoparticles. The Figure shows the Moire pattern of a typical photonic crystal sample.