cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AlInAs/GaInAs HBT IC technology

CML ring-oscillators and static frequency divider circuits implemented with AlInAs/GaInAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) lattice matched to InP substrates are demonstrated. A cutoff frequency (f/sub t/) and a maximum frequency of oscillation of 90 GHz and 70 GHz, respectively, have been achieved with a 2*5- mu m/sup 2/ emitter. The ring oscillators demonstrated a 15.8 ps gate delay. The divide-by-two and divide-by-four circuits operated at 22 GHz and 24.8 GHz, respectively. >
Comparison of Lateral Flow Assay, Kidney Inhibition Swab, and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Penicillin G Residues in Sow Urine.

Sows (n = 126) were administered penicillin G; urine, collected at slaughter, was screened by kidney inhibition swab (KIS; 4 h testing time) and then stored at −80 °C (∼1200 days) until analysis by lateral flow assay (LF, ∼5 min testing time) and tandem quadrupole LC-MS/MS (TQ) analysis. The stability of penicillin in urine during storage was verified using TQ analyses. Quantitative results were well-correlated (R2 = 0.98) with only a ∼10% decrease in penicillin concentration during the 3-year storage period. KIS retesting of stored samples returned results consistent with the original analyses. Lateral flow assay results were highly correlated with the KIS and TQ results. A KIS positive sample, which was not confirmed by TQ or LF, was assayed by Triple-TOF LC-MS to determine the cause of the apparent false positive. This study suggests LF can be used to quickly and efficiently screen for penicillin G residues before slaughter.
STEROID SYNTHESIS IN ABNORMAL OVARIES. 3. POLYCYSTIC OVARIES.

Abstract 1. 1. Three cases of the polycystic ovary syndrome are presented and the steroid production of wedge resected ovarian tissues incubated in vitro is discussed. The biosynthetic processes exhibited by these tissues are noted to be qualitatively similar to those of the normal ovarian follicle. 2. 2. This study suggests that excess production of the androgens, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and Δ4-androstene-3, 17-dione noted in the polycystic tissue may be due to the number of active follicles available for steroidogenesis rather than a reflection of a biosynthetic enzyme “block”. 3. 3. The clinical problem of differentiating adrenal and ovarian variants of this syndrome is noted and discussed. A diagnostic plan, utilizing specific androgen excretion studies under various conditions of adrenal and ovarian stimulation and suppression, is proposed.
Outcome of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma

Introduction: Despite the introduction of highly effective novel agents, the outcome of patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) remains poor, particularly in those with disease refractory to both proteasome inhibitors (PI) and immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs). Limited available data suggests that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT) may be an effective therapy in this patient population. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all patients with RRMM who underwent first auto-HCT at our center between March 2000 and October 2015. RRMM was defined as never achieving a response (stable disease [SD]) or having progressed while on therapy or within 60 days after discontinuation of therapy. Patients with disease refractory to at least one PI and at least one IMiD either in combination or administered separately were classified as double refractory (DR-MM). Results: 233 patients with RRMM were identified. Of these, 105 (45%) had DR-MM. The remaining 128 (55%) patients were classified as refractory (R)-MM and included all patients with RRMM but without history of being double refractory. Median age at auto-HCT was 59 years (DR-MM 60 vs. 56 years in R-MM, p=0.005). High-risk cytogenetics (IMWG criteria) were noticed in 67 of 140 (48%) patients (DR-MM, 35/89 [39%] vs. R-MM, 32/51 [63%], p=0.009). Median number of prior lines of therapy was 2 (range 1 - 7) (DR-MM, 2 (1 - 7) vs. R-MM, 1 (1 - 5), p Conclusions: Our findings highlight that auto-HCT is an effective and safe therapy in patients with RRMM including those who are refractory to an IMiD and PI Disclosures Ciurea:Cyto-Sen Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; Spectrum Pharmaceuticals: Other: Advisory Board.
Early-life adversity, epigenetics, and visceral hypersensitivity.

Abdominal pain is associated with many gastrointestinal dysfunctions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Visceral hypersensitivity is a key reason for development of abdominal pain that presents in these gastrointestinal disorders/diseases. The pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity is complex and still far from being fully understood. In animal studies, visceral hypersensitivity has been linked to several early-life adverse (ELA) events. In humans, IBD, functional dyspepsia, and IBS can have adult onset, though the adverse events that lead to visceral hypersensitivity are largely uncharacterized. In this issue of the journal, Aguirre et al. report the interesting finding that epigenetics underlies the effects of ELA events on visceral hypersensitivity. This mini-review examines models of ELA events leading to visceral hypersensitivity and the potential role of epigenetics, as reported by Aguirre et al. and others.
Diet in the epidemiology of oral cancer.

In this comparison of 425 oral cancer patients and 588 controls, it was found that risk increased in dose‐response fashion as vitamin A or vitamin C intake decreased. This elevation of relative risk persisted with control for smoking and alcohol ingestion.
The Poincaré Map

We begin by recalling the definition of the Poincare map. In doing this, one has to prove that the mapping exists and is differentiable. In fact, one can do this in the context of C0 flows Ft(x) such that for each t, Ft is Ck, as was the case for the center manifold theorem for flows, but here with the additional assumption that Ft(x) is smooth in t as well for t > 0. Again, this is the appropriate hypothesis needed so that the results will be applicable to partial differential equations. However, let us stick with the ordinary differential equation case where Ft is the flow of a Ck vector field X at first.
Stochastic Population Models

In each person’s life, certain events occur randomly. The sexes of one’s future children are chance events. Probabilistic occurrences affect the size of one’s family. The sizes of future generations from a specific couple are random variables. We will investigate the problem of finding the probability of extinction of a male line of descent. After a brief introduction to the needed mathematical concepts, we will study problems of the following type: If a newly married couple decided to have children until they have one of each sex, what is an estimate of the size of their completed family?
Important Approaches to Enhance Reverse Osmosis (RO) Thin Film Composite (TFC) Membranes Performance

Thin film composite (TFC) membrane, which consists of polyamide (PA) active film rests on porous support layer, has been the major type of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane since its development by Cadotte in the 1970s, and has been remarkably used to produce clean water for human consumption and domestic utilization. In the past 30 years, different approaches have been exploited to produce the TFC membrane with high water flux, excellent salt rejection, and better chlorine/fouling resistance. In this brief review, we classify the techniques that have been utilized to improve the RO-TFC membrane properties into four categories: (1) Using alternative monomers to prepare the active layer; (2) modification of membrane surface; (3) optimization of polymerization reactions; and (4) incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) into the membrane PA layer. This review can provide insights to guide future research and further propel the RO TFN membrane.
The Effect of Understanding Issues of Personal Finance on the Well-being of Physicians in Training.

BACKGROUND This study assessed trends in personal financial issues among physical medicine and rehabilitation resident physicians and their impact on resident well-being. METHODS A 25-question cross-sectional survey was sent to 18 physical medicine and rehabilitation residents. RESULTS A total of 17 residents completed the survey (94% response rate), with 82% (14 of 17) endorsing personal finances as a contributor to their personal health. Residents also endorsed minimal previous financial education and an interest in more formal education on related topics. DISCUSSION This study revealed personal financial issues are a factor in resident well-being and garner high levels of interest. Despite this, residents have received little financial education. These results have motivated us to address this deficit in our education program.
Risk of Invasive Anal Cancer in HIV-Infected Patients With High-Grade Anal Dysplasia: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background The progression rate and predictors of anal dysplastic lesions to squamous cell carcinoma of the anus remain unclear. Characterizing these parameters may help refine anal cancer screening guidelines. Objective This study aimed to determine the rate of progression of high-grade anal dysplasia to invasive carcinoma in HIV-infected persons. Design Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database linked to Medicare claims from 2000 to 2011, we identified HIV-infected subjects with incident anal intraepithelial neoplasia III. To estimate the rate of progression of anal intraepithelial neoplasia III to invasive cancer, we calculated the cumulative incidence of anal cancer in this cohort. We then fitted Poisson models to evaluate the potential risk factors for incident anal cancer. Settings This is a population-based study. Patients Included were 592 HIV-infected subjects with incident anal intraepithelial neoplasia III. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measured was incident squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Results Study subjects were largely male (95%) with a median age of 45.7 years. Within the median follow-up period of 69 months, 33 subjects progressed to anal cancer. The incidence of anal cancer was 1.2% (95% CI, 0.7%-2.5%) and 5.7% (95% CI, 4.0%-8.1%) at 1 and 5 years, following a diagnosis of anal intraepithelial neoplasia III. Risk of progression did not differ by anal intraepithelial neoplasia III treatment status. On unadjusted analysis, black race (p = 0.02) and a history of anogenital condylomata (p = 0.03) were associated with an increased risk of anal cancer incidence, whereas prior anal cytology screening was associated with a decreased risk (p = 0.04). Limitations The identification of some incident cancer episodes used surrogate measures. Conclusions In our population-based cohort of HIV-infected subjects with long-term follow-up, the risk of progression from anal intraepithelial neoplasia III to anal squamous cell carcinoma was higher than reported in other studies and was not associated with the receipt of anal intraepithelial neoplasia III treatment. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A933.
Linked fate over time and across generations

Linked fate and group consciousness have helped scholars explain and predict the political attitudes, participatory behavior, and policy preferences of people of color (see Gay, Hochschild, and Whi...
Comorbid coal: Fýlð and desaise from thirteenth-century England to contemporary Appalachia

This study unites disparate historical, poetic, encyclopedic, and filmic sources by their shared project to situate coal on a continuum of forces ranging from life-ending to life-sustaining: on one hand, filth and disease; on the other, energy and employment. When burned sea coal gained popularity as a fuel source in thirteenth-century England, it catalyzed a stream of opposition to its pollution. Chroniclers, poets, encyclopedists, and physicians in medieval and early modern England and France identified its danger to humans as an agent of and metaphor for disease, race, and socio-economic position. These notions of coal as a trans-corporeal link between humanity and the environment in turn illuminate its identification of disease, racial alterity, and socio-economic exploitation in Barbara Kopple’s (1976) documentary, Harlan County, USA. Kopple presents a neomedieval view of coal as the quintessential ecological other, one which makes and unmakes bodies, communities, and environments.
Underrating the Social Aspects of Social Interaction

Successful social interaction requires a sophisticated understanding of what others think, feel, and want. Here, we demonstrate systematic errors people make during social interaction. Across a wid...
Assessing effects of dissolved organic carbon and water hardness on metal toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT).

We evaluated the ability of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to assess the effects of water hardness and dissolved organic carbon (DOC consisting of humic acids) on Cu and Zn toxicity (i.e., 48 h LC50s) to Ceriodaphnia dubia. When DOC was high, Cu concentrations measured by DGT (DGT Cu) were significantly lower than Cu concentrations in water (dissolved Cu), and DGT LC50s were significantly lower than LC50s based on dissolved concentrations. When DOC was low, differences between dissolved Cu and DGT Cu were small, as were differences between dissolved LC50s and DGT LC50s. Differences between DGT and dissolved measurements of Zn were small compared with the differences observed for Cu, and DGT Zn LC50s were relatively similar to dissolved Zn LC50s. Humic acids formed strong organic-Cu complexes that were both inaccessible for biological uptake and excluded by DGT, which selected for free or weakly bound Cu. In contrast, Zn did not form strong complexes with DOC that greatly affected either toxicity or the measurement of Zn by DGT. The effects of hardness on DGT measurements of Cu and Zn were smaller and more complex than the effects of DOC. Large, statistically significant differences between DGT measurements of Cu in low and high DOC water accurately reflected the strong effects of DOC on Cu toxicity. However, the effects of DOC were inconsistent for Zn, and DGT provided less information about the toxic fraction of this metal.
Algae-Powered Sustainable Community Design Life Cycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis

Microalgae as a feedstock source for biofuels have been researched extensively over the last decade as the renewable energy community strives to find an environmentally responsible and economically...
What the differences in conflict between online and face-to-face work groups mean for hybrid groups: A state-of-the-art review

Conflict has been a topic widely studied in communication and management studies literature. How groups handle conflict can affect group performance, satisfaction, and commitment (Martinez-Moreno, Gonzalez-Navarro, Zornoza, & Ripoll, 2009; Pazos 2012; Staples & Webster, 2007; Workman, 2007). Much of this literature focuses on online, task-oriented, work groups and how these groups differ from face-to-face (F2F) groups. However, hybrid groups (i.e., those that work both F2F and online) are increasingly common. To better understand conflict in hybrid groups, we review 68 articles regarding online, hybrid, and F2F groups that highlight the differences between F2F and online groups and consider what these differences mean for hybrid groups. In doing so, we identify several emergent themes related to how conflict is managed in online and hybrid groups. The literature suggests that there are many benefits to online and hybrid groups, such as the ability to assemble more diverse teams and work asynchronously, but that conflict is also more common in online than F2F groups. Strong norms and leadership behaviors that encourage trust and cohesion appear to reduce conflict and its effects on group performance and decision making, especially in online groups. These findings suggest that in hybrid groups, F2F meetings might be used to quickly establish group norms, trust, and cohesion can then improve online interactions in the groups. However, more research is needed to understand how conflict occurs and is managed in hybrid groups. Future communication research should focus on examining conflict management in hybrid groups using computer-mediated communication perspectives.
Chapter 2 – Vector Spaces

In this chapter, general concepts connected with abstract vector spaces are presented. After introducing the axioms of a vector space, a number of specific examples are given, including both familiar cases of Euclidean spaces, and a number of function spaces which are extensively used in the remainder of the book. Subsequently a number of standard definitions are given and illustrated with examples, including that of subspace, linear combination, linear dependence and independence, basis, dimension, linear transformation between vector spaces, kernel, and image of a linear transformation. Some elementary properties are established.
Validating a six-degrees-of-freedom maneuvering in irregular-waves code for extreme conditions—The practical aspects

Abstract This paper focuses on issues related to Validation, i.e., determining for a computational tool that predicts the motions of a vessel in extreme seas if the theory and the code that implements the theory accurately models the relevant physical problem of interest. The challenge of this validation is the fact that the excitation process – waves – are stochastic and that as a consequence, the responses are in turn stochastic. Therefore, there are three aspects of the problem that must be dealt with: how much data is sufficient; what statistical techniques should be used to analyze the data; and how should the data be compared? Possible answers to these questions are provided.
Pareto Optimal Multirobot Motion Planning

This article studies a class of multirobot coordination problems where a team of robots aim to reach their goal regions with minimum time and avoid collisions with obstacles and other robots. A novel numerical algorithm is proposed to identify the Pareto optimal solutions where no robot can unilaterally reduce its traveling time without extending others’. The consistent approximation of the algorithm in the epigraphical profile sense is guaranteed using set-valued numerical analysis. Experiments on an indoor multirobot platform and computer simulations show the anytime property of the proposed algorithm, i.e., it is able to quickly return a feasible control policy that safely steers the robots to their goal regions and it keeps improving policy optimality if more time is given.
VI-SLAM for Subterranean Environments

Among the most challenging of environments in which an autonomous mobile robot might be required to serve is the subterranean environment. The complete lack of ambient light, unavailability of GPS, and geometric ambiguity make subterranean simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) exceptionally difficult. While there are many possible solutions to this problem, a visual-inertial framework has the potential to be fielded on a variety of robotic platforms which can operate in the spatially constrained and hazardous environments presented by the subterranean domain. In this work, we present an evaluation of visual-inertial SLAM in the subterranean environment with onboard lighting and show that it can consistently perform quite well, with less than 4% translational drift. However, this performance is dependent on including some modifications that depart from the typical formulation of VI-SLAM, as well as careful tuning of the system’s visual tracking parameters. We discuss the sometimes counter-intuitive effects of these parameters and provide insight into how they affect the system’s overall performance.
Measuring Progress and Productivity in Model-Driven Engineering for Capital Project Delivery

AbstractA key underlying challenge in today’s model-driven approach to engineering is how progress and level of effort are being measured and reported. Recent definitions such as level of developme...
Emerging Roles of Dyslipidemia and Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Retinopathy: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant cause of vision loss and a research subject that is constantly being explored for new mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic options. There are many mechanisms and pathways that provide numerous options for therapeutic interventions to halt disease progression. The purpose of the present literature review is to explore both basic science research and clinical research for proposed mechanisms of damage in diabetic retinopathy to understand the role of triglyceride and cholesterol dysmetabolism in DR progression. This review delineates mechanisms of damage secondary to triglyceride and cholesterol dysmetabolism vs. mechanisms secondary to diabetes to add clarity to the pathogenesis behind each proposed mechanism. We then analyze mechanisms utilized by both triglyceride and cholesterol dysmetabolism and diabetes to elucidate the synergistic, additive, and common mechanisms of damage in diabetic retinopathy. Gathering this research adds clarity to the role dyslipidemia has in DR and an evaluation of the current peer-reviewed basic science and clinical evidence provides a basis to discern new potential therapeutic targets.
Brain Abscesses in Crohn's Disease as a Complication of Infliximab Therapy.

Infliximab therapy is highly effective in the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Infliximab-induced immunosuppression increases the risk for various infections, including opportunistic infections. We describe a case of brain abscesses as a complication of infliximab therapy in a 65-year-old man. It was elucidated that the brain abscesses developed from the presumed hematogenous spread of bacteria from recently treated paraspinal abscesses. Close attention should be given to patients on infliximab therapy presenting with any neurological sign or symptom to allow for timely diagnosis and prompt management of a potential central nervous system infection.
Runtime Fault Injection Detection for FPGA-based DNN Execution Using Siamese Path Verification

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been deployed on FPGAs to achieve improved performance, power efficiency, and design flexibility. However, the FPGA-based DNNs are vulnerable to fault injection attacks that aim to compromise the original functionality. The existing defense methods either duplicate the models and check the consistency of the results at runtime, or strengthen the robustness of the models by adding additional neurons. However, these existing methods could introduce huge overhead or require retraining the models. In this paper, we develop a runtime verification method, namely Siamese path verification (SPV), to detect fault injection attacks for FPGA-based DNN execution. By leveraging the computing features of the DNN and designing the weight parameters, SPV adds neurons to check the integrity of the model without impacting the original functionality and, therefore, model retraining is not required. We evaluate the proposed SPV approach on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA using the MNIST dataset. The evaluation results show that SPV achieves the security goal with low overhead.
Global high-throughput genotyping of organellar genomes reveals insights into the origin and spread of invasive starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa)

Aquatic invasive species are damaging to native ecosystems. Preventing their spread and achieving comprehensive control measures requires an understanding of the genetic structure of an invasive population. Organellar genomes (plastid and mitochondrial) are useful for population level analyses of invasive plant distributions. In this study we generate complete organellar reference genomes using PacBio sequencing, then use these reference sequences for SNP calling of high-throughput, multiplexed, Illumina based organellar sequencing of fresh and historical samples from across the native and invasive range of Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv. in Loisel.) J.Groves, an invasive macroalgae. The data generated by the analytical pipeline we develop indicate introduction to North America from Western Europe. A single nucleotide transversion in the plastid genome separates a group of five samples from Michigan and Wisconsin that either resulted from introductions of two closely related genotypes or a mutation that has arisen in the invasive range. This transversion will serve as a useful tool to understand how Nitellopsis obtusa moves across the landscape. The methods and analyses described here are broadly applicable to invasive and native plant and algae species, and allow efficient genotyping of variable quality samples, including 100-year-old herbarium specimens, to determine population structure and geographic distributions.
Terahertz spectroscopy of semiconductor microcavity lasers: Photon lasers

Semiconductor microcavities can exhibit various macroscopic quantum phenomena, including Bose-Einstein condensation of polaritons, Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) states of polaritons, and photon lasing (lasing with negligible Coulombic exciton effects). An important aspect of possible experimental identification of these states is a gap in the excitation spectrum (the BCS gap in the case of a polaritonic BCS state). Similar to the polaritonic BCS gap, a light-induced gap can exist in photon lasers. Although polaritonic BCS states have been observed on the basis of spectroscopy in the vicinity of the laser frequency, the direct observation of polaritonic BCS gaps using light spectrally centered at or around the emission frequency has not been achieved. It has been conjectured that low-frequency (terahertz) spectroscopy should be able to identify such gaps. In this first of two studies, a theory aimed at identifying features of light-induced gaps in the linear terahertz spectroscopy of photon lasers is developed and numerically evaluated. It is shown that spectral features in the intraband conductivity, and therefore in the system's transmissivity and absorptivity, can be related to the light-induced gap. For sufficiently small Drude damping this includes spectral regions of THz gain. A future study will generalize the present formalism to include Coulomb effects.
SEM analysis of pop-ins manifested in layered porous geological material

Nanoindentation pop-ins in composite source shale were characterized as Type I and Type II, where the slopes on load–displacement (p–h) curves are defined as Δp/Δh = 0 or Δp/Δh > 0, respectively. Type I were associated with sudden instantaneous failure as elastic perfectly plastic “Coulomb-type” and sudden grain dislodging, while Type II were related to shear band progressive failure and/or grain sliding or progressive pile-up. Pop-ins were primarily observed when indenting perpendicular to the shale layers. Estimating magnitudes of pop-in energy dissipation varied widely with shale matrix phases. Meanwhile, Type III pop-ins defined by Δp/Δh < 0, were never observed.
Immunologic Considerations in Renal Transplantation

Renal transplantation has been shown to be an effective form of therapy for end-stage renal disease in children (1). The major cause of renal allograft loss in children, as in adults, is immumologic rejection. In an effort to decrease irreversible renal allograft rejection, a large number of innovative tests, procedures and new drugs have been utilized. It is impossible to detail here all of the immunologic research presently being conducted in clinical renal transplantation. However, research areas receiving a great deal of interest include: 1) matching for the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens including a) HLA A and B and b) HLA DR; 2) the significance of antibodies directed against B lymphocyte antigens; and 3) the effect of blood transfusions.
PULSED LASER EVAPORATION AND EPITAXY

The application of pulsed 1asers for vaporization (ablation) of solid targets appears to be the most natural way to produce high purity fluxes of atoms/ions suitable for epitaxial growth of thin films. Since the early 1960's this unique approach has been the subject of steadily growing interest in the deposition of metals, dielectrics, semiconductors and since 1987, high-T c superconductors. Laser induced target surface morphology changes, properties of laser induced vapours and pulsed deposition rate associated with the use of a pulsed 1aser for vacuum epitaxy are discussed. A pulsed 1aser evaporation and epitaxy (PLEE) system is described and the results of PLEE application for the growth of
Data mining and exploration techniques

Publisher Summary The data mining and exploration methods introduce algorithms that automate predictor and equation selections. This chapter describes three methods: artificial neural networks, group method of data handling (GMDH), and the regression tree that have recently been used in the pedotransfer function (PTF) development. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the advantage of regression trees is the transparency of results, whereas the advantage of neural networks is the ability to mimic practically any relationship. The disadvantage of all these techniques as compared to statistical regression is the heuristic element involved so that the rigorous statistical judgment is hard to make. The three techniques practically produce identical PTF accuracy. The database exploration is a useful step that may generate PTFs that are either sufficient for the intended application or may suggest further applications of more rigorous or more flexible PTF-building techniques.
Free riders or easy riders?: An examination of the voluntary provision of public radio

This paper tests the widely accepted hypothesis that when a pure public good is voluntarily provided incentives to free ride increase with the number of individuals consuming the good. Specifically, I use unique data on the number of listeners and contributors to public radio to test two hypotheses. First I test whether the proportion of contributors falls as group size increases and second I test whether contributions per contributor falls as group size increases. I find that increases in group size result in significantly more free riding. However, I also find that group size has no effect on contributions per contributor.
Single-Agent Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide as Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis after Human Leukocyte Antigen–Matched Related Bone Marrow Transplantation for Pediatric and Young Adult Patients with Hematologic Malignancies

Abstract High-dose cyclophosphamide given after HLA-matched related and unrelated allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for patients with hematologic malignancies is effective single-agent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in adults. Data describing outcomes for pediatric and young adult patients have not been reported. Between the years 2007 and 2013, 29 pediatric and young adult patients ages ≤21 years of age treated at our institution for high-risk hematologic malignancies underwent myeloablative HLA-matched related T cell–replete BMT. Eleven patients received post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as single-agent GVHD prophylaxis and were followed prospectively. Eighteen patients received calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)–based standard GVHD prophylaxis and were studied retrospectively as a control group. No acute GVHD (aGVHD) developed in patients receiving PTCy, whereas patients receiving CNI-based GVHD prophylaxis had cumulative incidences of grades II to IV and grades III and IV aGVHD of 27% and 5%, respectively. No patients receiving PTCy developed chronic GHVD, compared to 1 in the control group. Two-year overall survival was similar between the 2 groups (54% PTCy versus 58% CNI-based prophylaxis), as was event-free survival (42% PTCy versus 47% CNI-based). The 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 58% for PTCy and 42% for CNI-based GVHD prophylaxis (P = .45). These results suggest that PTCy is a safe and efficacious method of GVHD prophylaxis after an HLA-matched related BMT in the pediatric and young adult population that affords patients to be off all post-transplantation immunosuppression on day +5.
Carcinoma of the breast.

After careful consideration of all evidence that has been brought forward on the varying treatments for carcinoma of the breast, thorough radical mastectomy followed by appropriate radiation therapy, if axillary nodes are involved, still seems to me to be the best treatment available at the present time. The results are essentially similar in most reported surgical experience, with a 5-year survival rate of about 50 to 60 per cent. for all patients treated, and of 75 to 80 per cent. for patients operated on before axillary nodes are involved. These results have been accomplished with a surgical mortality rate of a fraction of 1 per cent. and with little morbidity or permanent disability. I doubt very much if more radical operation will improve these results materially, and I am sure mortality rates and morbidity would be increased. The evidence is clear that simple mastectomy and irradiation are less effective in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast than is radical mastectomy. A method which is more effective than radical mastectomy for the treatment of carcinoma of the breast would be welcome. I do not want to be the last to recognise and accept a better method of treatment when it is discovered. As yet, however, no better treatment than radical mastectomy has been developed.
Melancholic nostalgia, collective memories, and the cinematic representations of nationalistic identities in indochine

This essay provides a rhetorical analysis of the French film, Indochine. The authors argue that this cinematic representation constitutes a good example of “melancholic nostalgia,” where producers and viewers used archetypal characters and romantic entanglements as a way of explaining the strengths and weaknesses of various French and “Indo‐Chinese” colonial relationships. The essay argues that the producers of the film tapped into collective longings for symbolic pasts that may never have existed. The authors conclude that Indochine should be considered as a negotiated compromise that tells us more about the needs of modern Western, French and Vietnamese audiences than it does about any “real” colonial past.
Children's performance on the intermediate-size transposition problem as a function of two different training procedures☆

Abstract This study was a comparison of Gonzalez and Ross's “stimulus equivalence” hypothesis and Johnson and Zara's “learning set” explanation for evidence that 4-year-old children can learn to transpose in a far test on the intermediate-size problem if two sets of training stimuli are used. The Ss were 50 nursery school children between 3.9 and 4.6 years. A series of 16 blocks in successive area ratios of 1:13 served as stimuli. Condition I was trained on one set; Condition II was trained on two separate training sets which bounded the test set in the stimulus dimension; and Condition III was trained on two separate training sets which were adjacent in the stimulus dimension at the small end of the size continuum. Random and fixed orders of stimulus set presentation were also varied in Conditions II and III. The Ss in Condition II transposed in the far test significantly more than did Ss in Conditions I and III, which did not differ in this respect, supporting Gonzalez and Ross's “stimulus equivalence” hypothesis. Presentation order did not affect original learning or transposition.
Purine salvage enzymes of parasites as targets for structure-based inhibitor design

Nearly 30 years have passed since purine salvage enzymes were first proposed as targets of drugs in the chemotherapeutic treatment of diseases caused by parasites. The rationale behind a structure-based approach to the design of chemotherapeutic agents involves the use of information about substrate preference and the three-dimensional structure of a target enzyme to design potent selective inhibitors of that enzyme. This approach is outlined here by Syd Craig and Ann Eakin, as it applies to the possible design of inhibitors of a purine salvage enzyme, the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.
Phosphatidic Acid Binds and Stimulates Arabidopsis Sphingosine Kinases

Phosphatidic acid (PA) and phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (phyto-S1P) have both been identified as lipid messengers mediating plant response to abscisic acid (ABA). To determine the relationship of these messengers, we investigated the direct interaction of PA with Arabidopsis sphingosine kinases (SPHKs) that phosphorylate phytosphingosine to generate phyto-S1P. Two unique SPHK cDNAs were cloned from the annotated At4g21540 locus of Arabidopsis, and the two transcripts are differentially expressed in Arabidopsis tissues. Both SPHKs are catalytically active, phosphorylating various long-chain sphingoid bases (LCBs) and are associated with the tonoplast. They both interact with PA as demonstrated by lipid-filter binding, liposome binding, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPHK1 and SPHK2 exhibited strong binding to 18:1/18:1, 16:0/18:1, and 16:0/18:2 PA, but poor binding to 16:0/16:0, 8:0/8:0, 18:0/18:0, and 18:2/18:2 PA. Surface dilution kinetics analysis indicates that PA stimulates SPHK activity by increasing the specificity constant through decreasing KmB. The results show that the annotated At4g21540 locus is actually comprised of two separate SPHK genes. PA binds to both SPHKs, and the interaction promotes lipid substrate binding to the catalytic site of the enzyme. The PA-SPHK interaction depends on the PA molecular species. The data suggest that these two Arabidopsis SPHKs are molecular targets of PA, and the PA stimulation of SPHK is part of the signaling networks in Arabidopsis.
Effect of an atherosclerotic diet on the uptake and metabolism of norepinephrine 14C in the rat.

Abstract The authors studied the uptake and metabolism of norepinephrine 14 C in rats fed a highfat diet with the addition of Vitamin D 3 and neomercazole for 20 weeks, compared with a group of control rats. The animals, anaesthetized with urethane, were given intravenously 10 μCi/kg DL-norepinephrine 14 C acetate, of a specific activity of 48 mCi/mM/CEA, France/. After 2 minutes, the heart, liver, kidneys, intestine and plasma were taken for investigation; the total radioactivity, and also the amounts of norepinephrine 14 C and normetanephrine 14 C, were determined. Biochemical determinations of the total lipids and cholesterol in the liver and plasma were made. The results indicate that in rats fed on atherosclerogenic diet, the amount of 14 C norepinephrine/g wet tissue/2 minutes after i.v. injection/ was unchanged in plasma, heart intestine, kidney and liver. In heart and liver of atherosclerotic animals was a decrease of 14 C-metabolites whereas the values in plasma, intestine, kidney did not differ significantly. The amount of 14 C-normetanephrine / 14 C-metanephrine/ /g fresh liver and kidney decreased in rats fed the atherosclerotic diet.
Process sensitivity and optimization with full and simplified resist models

While numerical simulation is generally regarded as indispensable for wavefront engineering tasks such as OPC decoration and phase-shift mask design, full resist models are rarely used for this purpose. By "full resist models", we mean models derived from a physical, mechanistic description of the chemical response of the photoresist to exposure and the subsequent PEB and develop processes. More often, simplified models such as an aerial image threshold model or the Lumped Parameter Model (LPM) are used because these models are much faster and make optimization of optical extension technology more tractable. In a previous study, we examined the differences between the process windows calculated with full and simplified models, and we showed that the aerial image threshold model was not capable of describing even the qualitative shape of the process window calculated with the LPM and the full physical models in PROLITH. However, the comparison in our previous study was for an isolated line resist, and this class of resists typically has low contrast in order to improve depth of focus. In the current study, we compare the aerial image threshold model, the aerial image threshold with resist bias model, and the Lumped Parameter Model with the full physical models in PROLITH. All of the models are evaluated for simulating the response of both high and low contrast resists, and then we compare the resulting models' ability to predict process windows, line end shortening and defect printability.
Nano-holes and Slot Effect

We study a novel structure constituting of slots inside nanoholes in a freestanding metallized Si membrane to create an ultra-small mode volume for use in fluorescence enhancement for single particle detection.
D2 dopamine receptor-mediated mechanisms in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus regulate affective defense behavior in the cat

The role of the dopaminergic innervation of the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (mPO-AH) in regulating the expression of affective defense behavior in the cat has been investigated in the present study. Feline affective defense behavior, characterized mainly by autonomic arousal, ear retraction, growling, hissing and paw striking, was elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventromedical hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). Following the establishment of a stable threshold current for eliciting the hissing response of the behavior, the effect of injecting various DAergic agonists and antagonists into the mPO-AH on the hissing threshold was determined. The microinjection of the non-selective DA agonist apomorphine (0.03, 0.16, 0.33, 0.66, 1.56 and 3.3 nmol) into the mPO-AH facilitated hissing in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This effect was mimicked by the D2-selective agonist LY 171555 (0.2 and 1.0 nmol) but not by the D1-selective agonist SKF 38393 (1.7 and 17 nmol), and was blocked by the non-selective and the D2-selective antagonists haloperidol (1.3 nmol) and sulpiride (14.5 nmol), respectively. The injection of the D1-selective antagonist SCH 23390 (0.3 nmol), however, did not inhibit apomorphine-induced facilitation of hissing. In addition, the injection of haloperidol (1.3 nmol) and sulpiride (14.5 nmol), but not SCH 23390 (0.3 nmol), alone inhibited the behavior. It was therefore concluded that dopaminergic stimulation of the mPO-AH may facilitate the expression of affective defense behavior in the cat via a D2 receptor-mediated mechanism. The physiological significance of this effect and the interaction between dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic innervation of the mPO-AH in modulating the expression of affective defense behavior in response to threatening stimuli are discussed.
LIMITING FACTORS AND GROWTH INHIBITORS IN THE GROWTH OF THE AVENA COLEOPTILE

IN AN EARLIER paper (Bonner, 1933) it has been shown that excised sections of Avena coleoptiles elongate vigorously provided that they are floated on solutions containing an active auxin. It has also been found that addition of sugar to the solution further increases this growth (Bonner, 1934; Sehneider, 1938). The present investigation is concerned primarily with substances which when added to the nutrient in which excised Avena coleoptile sections are grown increase or decrease the level of growth compared with that attained with sucrose and indoleacetic acid alone. The long term objective of the work is to find in such substances possible metabolites or antagonists which by interaction wit}l auxin may be involved in the reactions leading to growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Avena seedlings for this work were grown in quartz sand or vermiculite contained in flats and ineubated in darkness (occasional orange light, corning Filter #348) at a temperature of 26?C. When the seedlings had attained a height of approximately 2 cm. they were cut from the roots, decapitated, and sections 5.0 mm. long cut from the apical end of each coleoptile with a double bladed cutting tool. These sections were pooled and thoroughly mixed. Each solution to be tested was dispensed into a Petri dish 20 cc. of solution per dish, and twenty sections allowed to float on the surface of the solution. Combs (Bonner, 1933; Schneider, 1938) were not used in these experiments since their use was found to decrease growth somewhat. The sections were incubated in the dark at 25?C. and were measured under an eyepiece micrometer in a dissecting microscope after the desired incubation period. For all of the preliminary experiments described below, indoleacetic acid (IAA) was used at a concentration of I mg./l. and sucrose at a concentration of 10 g.jl. In later experiments the IAA was raised to 3 mg./l. and the sucrose to 20 g./l. on the basis of redetermination of the optimum concentration of these substances. VARIABILITY OF AVENA COLEOPTILE EXPERIMENTS. -For the determination of the variability in section growth measurements under the conditions used experiments were set up in which 10 replicate lots of 19-20 sections were allowed to grow for 20 hr. at 25?C. The growth of each section was then measured. Table 1 gives the mean growth of each lot together with its standard error. The best estimate of the standard error of 20 sections as derived from the data of table 1 is 1.10 mm. per 10 sections or approximately 5 per cent of the mean growth in this case. The best estimate of the difference in growth between two means based on 20 sections each needed 1Received for publication August 28, 1948. Report of work supported in part bv the Herman Frasch Foundation. TABLE 1. Growth of replicate lots of Avena coleoptile sections during 20 hr. at 250C. in a solution containing 1 mg. IAA and 10 mg. sucrose/l. Exp. Y-187. Each section was initially 5.0 mm. long. Twenty sections per lot.
Questioning the relative virtues of dynamic lot sizing rules

Abstract This paper begins by relating a brief history of lot sizing to a review of current educational literature, identifying the patterns and inconsistencies concerning which rules are used for demonstration. To independently establish the relative virtues of this broad range of techniques, nine such rules are selected and subjected to 3060 rolling horizon simulation tests each. The results of this comprehensive deterministic study are succinctly summarized, demonstrating not only that various published lot sizing rules vary in terms of cost performance, they also possess distinct strengths and weaknesses with respect to sparse demand patterns, short versus longer planning horizons, and degree of nervousness. In the case of nervousness, some rules are found vulnerable to an intriguing harmonic effect created by the apparent interaction between order cycle length and planning horizon. The study also found that one of the most impressive lot sizing techniques with respect to all these factors is a simple rule published in 1981 but remarkably overlooked in lot sizing literature since. Scope and purpose Dynamic lot sizing rules have been a feature of inventory management literature for several decades. These techniques determine economical replenishment schedules, serve as components of more complex planning algorithms, and demonstrate a range of valuable concepts to the student of inventory management. Yet the diversity of such rules now available is subject to remarkable inconsistency in textbook coverage, perpetuating the impression that they are largely equivalent. The purpose of this study is to document this inconsistency in a survey of current texts and educational material, and then definitively refute the truism that distinctions between these rules are unimportant. The relative virtues of nine published rules are scrutinized in a comprehensive simulation study of 27, 540 experiments, yielding more than one surprise from this long-established field of literature.