cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical review of: “Making or breaking climate targets — the AMPERE study on staged accession scenarios for climate policy”

This critical review of the integrated assessment modeling (IAM) research underlying the AMPERE study is also relevant to many other IAM-based model comparison papers. One of the main symptoms of the serious methodological problems of these studies is that the results produced by different models for what are portrayed as the “same” scenarios differ quite substantially from each other. While the authors of the AMPERE study correctly raise the important question of whether these differences are due primarily to differences in model structures, or to differences in the sets of input assumptions for the “same” scenario used by different research teams, they never address this question in a logically systematic and credible way. In fact, they cannot and do not arrive at an answer, since each modeling team generally relies on a single but different set of most input assumptions for the same scenario. Finally, the research teams involved in the AMPERE project, and other similar projects, fail to understand the fundamental impossibility of forecasting net mitigation costs or benefits over the long run given both the practical and deep uncertainties implicit in both the equations comprising these IAMs, and the input assumptions on which they rely.
The effect of radial osteotomy on the position of the posterior interosseous nerve.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a radial shaft fracture would decrease the protection provided to the posterior interosseous nerve by the pronation maneuver during posterolateral exploration. The position of the nerve in 14 cadaveric elbows, before and after a radial osteotomy, was determined using CT scans in full supination and full pronation after injection of the nerve with radio-opaque dye. The angle formed by the olecranon, radial head and posterior interosseous nerve, and the distance between the nerve and the most lateral aspect of the radial head were measured.Pronation increased the distance between the lateral radial head and the nerve by a mean of 6.5 mm (range 3.6–10.7). After radial osteotomy, the mean increase was 4.2 mm (range 1.0–8.3), difference 2.3 mm (p = 0.044, 95% CI 0.10 to 3.33). The posterolateral approach requires additional care in the presence of a radial shaft fracture, but pronation is still beneficial.
Cushing's syndrome in infancy.

Three infants and one 3-year-old child with Cushing's syndrome are reported, and the published cases of Cushing's syndrome in infancy are reviewed. One infant had a congenital form of Cushing's syndrome, in another the disorder was associated with hemihypertrophy, and the 2 remaining patients had similar multiple congenital anomalies. Three of the patients had hyperplasia of the adrenal glands; the fourth had bilateral carcinoma. The clinical presentation of marked obesity, growth failure, and hypertension was uniform in the 4 patients. None was virilized. The urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and the concentrations of cortisol in the plasma were increased. In the older patient the normal circadian pattern of adrenal secretion was absent, and the administration of dexamethasone failed to decrease the level of cortisol in the plasma.
Total synthesis of (-)-platensimycin, a novel antibacterial agent.

An enantioselective synthesis of platensimycin, a novel antibiotic natural product that inhibits bacterial β-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase (FabF), is described. Our synthetic strategy for the construction of the oxatetracyclic core involved an intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction. Our preliminary studies provided a complex tetracyclic product by first undergoing an interesting 1,5-hydride shift followed by a Diels−Alder reaction. Further optimization of the diene’s electronic properties, by incorporation of a methoxy group, led to the oxatetracyclic core of platensimycin. The three required chiral centers, including two all-carbon quaternary chiral centers, were built in the intramolecular Diels−Alder step. The synthesis utilized natural (+)-carvone as the key chiral starting material, which determined the stereochemistry of the final product. The synthesis also featured an efficient Petasis olefination, a hydroboration sequence, a Gais’s asymmetric Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons reaction, and a mercur...
Apparent discontinuous transcription of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface antigen genes

The repeated mini-exon sequence that encodes the first 35 base pairs of all variant surface antigen mRNAs of Trypanosoma brucei directs the synthesis of a discrete 137-nucleotide transcript. It thus seems that variant surface antigen mRNAs are transcribed discontinuously, and we present two alternative models for how this might occur.
Strengthening the Atlantic political order

(2000). Strengthening the Atlantic political order. The International Spectator: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 57-68.
Effect of solvents on the catalytic activity of firefly luciferase

Abstract Various solvents stimulate the catalytic activity of firefly luciferase, up to sevenfold. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols, and nonionic detergents such as Triton X-100 were the most effective stimulators of the enzyme. Both peak light and total light emission were enhanced in the presence of these solvents indicating an increased turnover of the enzyme. The primary effect of the solvents is on the oxidative reaction rather than the activation reaction. All the experimental data support the hypothesis that the presence of solvent promotes the dissociation of the inhibitory product from the enzyme.
Roles of Pathway-Specific and Inhibitory Smads in Activin Receptor Signaling

Activins and other members of the transforming growth factor-β-like superfamily of growth factors transduce their signals by interacting with two types of receptor serine/threonine kinases. The Smad proteins, a new family of intracellular mediators are involved in the signaling pathways of these receptors, but the initial stages of their activation as well as their specific functions remain to be defined. We report here that the pathway-specific Smad2 and 3 can form a complex with the activin receptor in a ligand-dependent manner. This complex formation is rapid but also transient. Indeed, soon after their association with the activin receptor, Smad2 and Smad3 are released into the cytoplasm where they interact with the common partner Smad4. These Smad complexes then mediate activin-induced transcription. Finally, we show that the inhibitory Smad7 can prevent the association of the two pathway-specific Smads with the activin receptor complex, thereby blocking the activin signal.
A geometric characterization of inner product spaces

A normed linear spaceE is an inner product space if (and only if) there is a nontrivial closed bounded setD inE such that each translate ofD which misses the origin is taken by the inversion ofE to a convex set.
What should be the standard of care for cancer surveillance, diagnosis of dysplasia, and the decision for colectomy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease?

What should be the standard of care for cancer surveillance, diagnosis of dysplasia, and the decision for colectomy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease?
Uncomplicated E. coli urinary tract infection in college women: a follow-up study of E. coli sensitivities to commonly prescribed antibiotics.

To determine the sensitivity of Escherichia coli organisms to various antibiotics, the authors conducted a 4-month retrospective chart study of 95 patients with urinary tract infection (UTI). They found great variation in sensitivity of E coli to the different antibiotics and concluded that amoxicillin and the cephalosporins are no longer effective first-line UTI treatments. Of the antibiotics evaluated, ciprofloxacin was the best choice, but both nitrofurantoin and TMP/SMX are less expensive and are effective for about 90% of uncomplicated UTIs.
Coherent interference of nonlinearities in nanoscale silicon waveguides: The interplay between Kerr, free-carrier dispersion, and Brillouin nonlinear responses

The nonlinear of a nanoscale Brillouin-active silicon waveguide is examined through heterodyne four-wave mixing experiments. The interference between Brillouin scattering, Kerr, and dispersive free-carrier nonlinearities are analytically described to explain the characteristic line-shapes observed.
Hydrogen enrichment for improved lean flame stability

The stability characteristics of a premixed, swirl-stabilized flame were studied to determine the effects of hydrogen addition on flame stability under fuel-lean conditions. The burner configuration consisted of a centerbody with an annular, premixed methane/air jet introduced through five, 45° swirl vanes. Flame stability was studied over a range of operating conditions. Under fuel-rich conditions the flame was lifted from the burner surface due to the mixing with entrained ambient air that was needed to form a flammable mixture. As the fuel/air mixture ratio was decreased toward stoichiometric, the resulting increase in flame speed allowed the flame to propagate upstream through the low-velocity wake region and attach to the centerbody face. The maximum blowout velocity occurred at stoichiometric conditions, and decreased as the mixture became leaner. OH PLIF measurements were used to study the behavior of OH mole fraction as the lean stability limit was approached. Near the lean stability limit the overall OH mole fraction decreased, the flame decreased in size and the high OH region took on a more shredded appearance. The addition of up to 20% hydrogen to the methane/air mixture resulted in a significant increase in the OH concentration and extended the lean stability limits of the burner.
They Sent Me Here

“Lung mass?” the patient said slowly. “What are you talking about?” In this essay, Dr. Danielle Ofri describes how a “routine visit” atmosphere was suddenly annihilated by the specter of cancer, and how the pleasantries of a getting-to-know-you meeting dissipated with austere efficiency.
Formation of phenytoin nanoparticles using rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS-SC) process

Abstract Nanoparticles are of significant importance in drug delivery. Rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process can produce pure and high-quality drug particles. However, due to extremely low solubility of polar drugs in supercritical CO2 (sc CO2), RESS has limited commercial applicability. To overcome this major limitation, a modified process rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS-SC) is proposed which uses a solid cosolvent. Here, the new process is tested for phenytoin drug using menthol solid cosolvent. Phenytoin solubility in pure sc CO2 is only 3 μmol/mol but when menthol solid cosolvent is used the solubility is enhanced to 1302 μmol/mol, at 196 bar and 45 °C. This 400-fold increase in the solubility can be attributed to the interaction between phenytoin and menthol. Particle agglomeration in expansion zone is another major issue with conventional RESS process. In proposed RESS-SC process solid cosolvent hinders the particle growth resulting in the formation of small nanoparticles. For example, the average particle size of phenytoin in conventional RESS process is 200 nm whereas, with RESS-SC process, the average particle size is 120 nm, at 96 bar and 45 °C. Similarly at 196 bar and 45 °C, 105 nm average particles were obatined by RESS and 75 nm average particles were obtained in RESS-SC process. The particles obtained were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) analyses. Phenytoin nanoparticle production rate in RESS-SC is about 400-fold more in comparision to that in RESS process.
Securing inductively-coupled communication

Communication over inductively-coupled links is becoming prevalent in service delivery for medical, financial, and physical security applications and so there is a growing need to prevent eavesdropping. This paper presents circuit-theoretic and communication-theoretic models of inductively-coupled communication systems. Due to coupling, the presence of an eavesdropper detunes the transfer function between the legitimate users. It is shown this detuning can be detected to reveal the presence of the eavesdropper. Further, if capacity-approaching codes are employed, neither the eavesdropper nor the legitimate receiver are able to reconstruct the transmitted message with low error probability, effectively destroying the message. Building on this insight, a coding-based secure communication protocol for inductively-coupled communication, inspired by quantum key distribution, is developed. The notion of security is defined operationally in terms of probabilities rather than through traditional notions of equivocation.
Population policy and models of human nature.

Models of human nature are seldom clearly expressed by individuals; nevertheless, they are rooted deeply and may be crucial in the formulation and success of population policies. It appears that, for purposes of population policy, a few deep-rooted models can be distinguished and that these models are closely related to the developmental status of countries. Questions of political feasibility and program effectiveness could be analyzed within this framework and the classification proposed here could contribute to this goal.
Registration of PSI 113 and PSI 425 Germplasm Lines of Pima Cotton Possessing Superior Fiber Quality Traits

Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) germplasm lines PSI 113 (Reg. No. GP-916, PI 655939) and PSI 425 (Reg. No. GP-917, PI 655940) were jointly developed and released by the USDA-ARS and New Mexico State Agricultural Experiment Station in 2008. The purpose of the release was to provide public and private breeders with agronomically improved resources for genetic improvement of fiber quality and to serve as genetic resources for broadening the germplasm base of Pima germplasm in the United States. Lines PSI 113 and PSI 425 originated from a cross made at New Mexico State University in 1997 of germplasm line 8810 and the Sea Island breeding line NMSI1601, followed by individual plant selection within the F 2 , F 3 , and F 4 generations and progeny selection in the F 5 generation. Eight progeny lines, along with two commercial check cultivars and two high fiber quality check lines, were selected for evaluation in replicated tests at Maricopa, AZ, Shafter, CA, Westside, CA, and Las Cruces, NM, in 2005 and 2006. Across locations, lines PSI 113 and PSI 425 exhibited fiber lengths and strengths superior to commercial check cultivars and fiber yields not differing from the commercial cultivars. Lines PSI 113 and PSI 425 were selected for release from among the eight progeny lines on the basis of their overall agronomic performance and improved fiber characteristics across locations.
Fragrance material review on trans-β-damascone

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of trans-β-damascone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Neural stem cells, scaffolds, and chaperones

Two reports on immortalized neural precursor cells, seeded in a biodegradable polymer scaffold or directly injected in the injured brain, offer insights into the repair of damage from stroke and Parkinson's disease.
OXYGEN UPTAKE IN RELATION TO WATER BALANCE OF A MITE (ECHINOLAELAPS ECHIDNINUS) IN UNSATURATED AIR.

Abstract Both hydrating and desiccating, standardized females of Echinolaelaps echidninus (Berlese, 1887) were found to consume approximately 0·17 μl of O2/mite/hr at 80°F. The minimum amount of energy required for the observed sorption of water was calculated to be equivalent to 0·0006 μl/mite/hr. Thus the normal metabolism of the mite produces sufficient energy for the observed sorption of water to be accomplished by the utilization of an undetectable fraction of a per cent of the total energy. Measurements of O2 consumption were made with a Cartesian diver modified for use with small arthropods. Mites that were trapped in the lower seal of the Cartesian diver had high respiratory rates and high loss of water.
Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer—the stable evidence

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is the molecular fingerprint of a deficient mismatch repair system. Approximately 15% of colorectal cancers (CRC) display MSI owing either to epigenetic silencing of MLH1 or a germline mutation in one of the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2. Methods to detect MSI are well established and routinely incorporated into clinical practice. A clinical and molecular profile of MSI tumors has been described, leading to the concept of an MSI phenotype in CRC. Studies have confirmed that MSI tumors have a better prognosis than microsatellite stable CRC, but MSI cancers do not necessarily have the same response to the chemotherapeutic strategies used to treat microsatellite stable tumors. Specifically, stage II MSI tumors might not benefit from 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. New data suggest possible advantages of irinotecan-based regimens, but these findings require further clarification. Characterization of the molecular basis of MSI in CRC is underway and initial results show that mutations in genes encoding kinases and candidate genes with microsatellite tracts are over-represented in MSI tumors. Transcriptome expression profiles of MSI tumors and systems biology approaches are providing the opportunity to develop targeted therapeutics for MSI CRC.
A MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY FOR RAPID DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7, LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES, SALMONELLATYPHIMURIUM AND CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI IN ARTIFICIALLY CONTAMINATED FOOD SAMPLES

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was evaluated for simultaneously detecting four major food-borne pathogens – Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni directly from 10 different artificially contaminated food samples. All food samples, including meat (ground beef, ground turkey and chicken wash solutions), ready-to-eat vegetables (fresh-cut lettuce, broccoli and mushrooms), fruits (watermelon and grapes) and dairy products (cottage cheese and yogurt), were inoculated with the four pathogens at various concentrations. The inocula were allowed to set for 1 h at room temperature and then stomached with a 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.5) solution. A 50-mL sample of each wash solution was centrifuged and the bacterial template DNA was extracted. Primers for the four pathogens were added to a single PCR super-mix, the DNA was amplified at selected conditions (35 cycles, 52C for annealing temperature which fit all primers) and the products were visualized by ethidium bromide staining. Results indicate that all four pathogens in food samples tested can be detected in one reaction tube in a total test time of 6 h. The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR assay in the detection of all four bacteria in food samples is 104 cfu/PCR reaction. The multiplex PCR method is rapid and cost-effective for food-borne pathogen detection and can detect these four target pathogens in any combination by using only one assay.
Host Specificity of Hypena opulenta: A Potential Biological Control Agent of Vincetoxicum in North America

A biological control program has been initiated against the European swallow-worts Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench and V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. (Family Apocynaceae) that have become invasive in North America. The leaf-feeding moth, Hypena opulenta Christoph (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), originating from eastern Europe, has been under measurement as a potential biological control agent of swallow-worts since 2006. In this study we measured the host range of H. opulenta by screening 82 potential host plant species for larval development under no-choice conditions. In addition, we also monitored female fecundity, longevity, and oviposition preference among suitable larval hosts. Successful larval development occurs only on Vincetoxicum spp. Partial larval development by one larva was observed on Boehmeria cyclindrica (L.) Sw. (Urticaceae) to the final instar, but this individual failed to pupate. Exploratory feeding occurred on Gonolobus stephanotrichus Griseb. (Apocynaceae) and Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae), but all larvae failed to develop past the first and second instar, respectively. Additional testing with mature larvae on a subset of the plant species demonstrates that no species outside the genus Vincetoxicum are suitable for complete larval development of H. opulenta. The longevity and fecundity of females raised on each target weed are similar and gravid females do not display an oviposition preference among Vincetoxicum spp. Hypena opulenta does not present a risk to any native plant species or species of economic importance in North America. Petitions have been submitted for experimental open-field releases of H. opulenta in the United States and Canada.
Psychotic children's free-choice selection of natural and distorted speech

Abstract The relative preferences of psychotic, language-handicapped, and linguistically normal children for natural intelligible or various forms of distorted speech were assessed by a two-choice operant procedure. The stimulus preferences of the psychotic group were found to be qualitatively different from those of either nonpsychotic group. The nonpsychotic children preferred natural intelligible speech in every case, although the language-handicapped children were less sensitive than the normals to the distinctions between communicative speech and unintelligible speech. In contrast, the psychotic group showed an overall preference for unnatural, distorted speech. They apparently attended primarily to the acoustic novelty of the stimuli and had little regard for linguistic intelligibility. These results suggest that speech and language may have distinctly different functional significance for these psychotic children than for normals.
Transglutaminase II: A New Class of GTP-Binding Protein with New Biological Functions

Tissue type transglutaminase (TGase II) is historically a member of the transglutaminase family, which covalently cross-links cellular proteins and polyamines. A recent new finding in the TGase II field is that the enzyme functions as a signal mediator from receptors to an effector in transmembrane signaling. This review will discuss the recent development of TGase II. This new signal transducer was termed Gh when initially discovered and was recently found to be TGase II. To help the reader understand the role of Gh as a signal mediator, the role of heterotrimeric G-proteins in hormone-mediated transmembrane signaling is briefly discussed. We have highlighted how Gh transmits the alpha 1-adrenoceptor signal to the phospholipase C-delta 1 and how Gh is activated and deactivated compared to the prototype of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Recent developments regarding the structure-function of Gh and other biological functions of Gh are discussed to facilitate understanding the impact of Gh in cells.
A Composite Study of the Quasi-Periodic Subtropical Wind Maxima over the South Pacific during November 1984-April 1985

Abstract A composite of 10 cases of zonal wind maxima at 200 hPa over the subtropical region stretching from Australia to the central Pacific is examined for the six-month period, November 1984-April 1985. This region is unique in that distinct westerly jets frequently form and propagate eastward at latitudes between 20° and 35°S in the summer season. Some statistical tests were applied and suggest that the flow patterns are quasi periodic, consisting of a tendency for new jet streaks to develop over the eastern Australian region approximately every one to two weeks. These jets then take about 10 days to propagate across the western Pacific before dissipating or, perhaps, moving toward higher latitudes. Their average propagation speed is approximately 4 m s−1. An examination of the case-to-case variability of the jets provides additional evidence that they are significant features. A diagnosis of the trough/ridge systems at 200 and 850 hPa, together with calculations of the vertically integrated mean and ...
Nursing home characteristics related to medicare costs for residents with and without dementia.

Objectives. To evaluate the relationship of nursing home characteristics to Medicare costs overall and by dementia status. Design. New admissions followed for 2 years. Setting. Random stratified sample of 55 Maryland nursing homes. Participants. Sample of 1257 residents. Measures. Records, interview, and observation. Results. Medicare costs were lower in facilities that have a better environmental quality, hospice beds, and more food service workers; costs were higher in hospital-based facilities and those that have a higher Medicaid case mix, X-ray, and some specified types of staff. Across all characteristics, costs for residents with dementia were consistently two-thirds the cost of other residents. Discussion. In terms of dementia status, resident characteristics drive Medicare costs, as opposed to facility characteristics. Using alternative residential settings for individuals with dementia may increase Medicare costs of nursing home residents and Medicare costs of residents with dementia who are car...
A multimeasure approach to investigating affective appraisal of social information in Williams syndrome

People with Williams syndrome (WS) have been consistently described as showing heightened sociability, gregariousness, and interest in people, in conjunction with an uneven cognitive profile and mild to moderate intellectual or learning disability. To explore the mechanisms underlying this unusual social–behavioral phenotype, we investigated whether individuals with WS show an atypical appraisal style and autonomic responsiveness to emotionally laden images with social or nonsocial content. Adolescents and adults with WS were compared to chronological age-matched and nonverbal mental age-matched groups in their responses to positive and negative images with or without social content, using measures of self-selected viewing time (SSVT), autonomic arousal reflected in pupil dilation measures, and likeability ratings. The participants with WS looked significantly longer at the social images compared to images without social content and had reduced arousal to the negative social images compared to the control groups. In contrast to the comparison groups, the explicit ratings of likeability in the WS group did not correlate with their SSVT; instead, they reflected an appraisal style of more extreme ratings. This distinctive pattern of viewing interest, likeability ratings, and autonomic arousal to images with social content in the WS group suggests that their heightened social drive may be related to atypical functioning of reward-related brain systems reflected in SSVT and autonomic reactivity measures, but not in explicit ratings.
Simultaneous presence of p47(phox) and flavocytochrome b-245 are required for the activation of NADPH oxidase by anionic amphiphiles. Evidence for an intermediate state of oxidase activation.

We have examined the kinetics of NADPH oxidase activation induced by arachidonic acid or SDS in a cell-free system using mixtures of recombinant Phox proteins and purified flavocytochrome b −245. Activation of oxidase activity required the simultaneous presence of p47 phox, flavocytochrome b −245, and the anionic amphiphile. The activation of electron transfer reactions was much more rapid when iodonitrotetrazolium violet was used as electron acceptor than when oxygen alone was the acceptor. We propose that this difference represents an intermediate activation state of NADPH oxidase in which electron flow can proceed from NADPH to enzyme flavin (and hence to iodonitrotetrazolium violet) but not from flavin to heme (or not between the hemes). A model for NADPH oxidase activation is presented that is consistent with these observations.
Sex Differences in the Differential Recall of Taboo and Neutral Words

(1966). Sex Differences in the Differential Recall of Taboo and Neutral Words. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 219-227.
Excited-state complexes of conjugated polymers†

Abstract : Recent research on the role of supramolecular structure and morphology on the photophysics of conjugated polymers has resulted in the discovery of their excited-state complexes. Intermolecular excimers are found to play a central role in the photophysics of conjugated polymers. Exciplexes of conjugated polymers are suggested to hold potential for more efficient optoelectronic devices through the ready regulation of luminescence, charge transport, and charge photogeneration. jg
Reversible adsorption of C'2 by EAC'4: role of Mg2+, enumeration of competent SAC'4, two-step nature of C'2a fixation and estimation of its efficiency.

Abstract Sensitized erythrocytes or antigen-antibody complexes carrying C′4 sites adsorb C′2 reversibly, and evidence is presented which suggests that the receptor group for fixation of C′2a is located on the C′4 molecule. Adsorption is favored by increase of pH, or temperature, and by decrease of ionic strength. Mg 2+ is essential and adsorption reaches a maximum at a concentration of about 1 or 2 m mm . This finding explains the Mg 2+ requirement in immune hemolysis. By use of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm for quantitative analysis of adsorption data, the C′4 multiplicity of EAC′4 and the binding constant have been measured. A comparison of adsorption of C′2 on EAC′1a, 4 and EAC′4, at 0°, ionic strength 0·06, pH 7·35 and 1 m m Mg 2+ , yielded binding constants of 3·3 and 1·×10 −11 ml/SFU, respectively.
Seminal soviet works

from an Independent Research Tradition Sputnik shocked American scientists and science educators out of their complacent assumption that all good things are invented here to be disseminated to a grateful world. Have the Russians done it again? Two hefty books (1094 pages of text plus extensive bibliographies) by Russian educational technologist L. N. Landa suggest by their titles alone that we have been once more upstaged, that what is often an admitted promissory note in American writings on the potential of technology for educational improvement is an actuality in Russian education.
An open system framework for integrating critical zone structure and function

The ''critical zone'' includes the coupled earth surface systems of vegetation, regolith and groundwater that are essential to sustaining life on the planet. The function of this zone is the result of complex interactions among physical, chemical and biological processes and understanding these interac- tions remains a major challenge to earth system sciences. Here we develop an integrated framework based on thermodynamic theory to characterize the critical zone as a system open to energy and mass fluxes that are forced by radiant, geochemical, and elevational gradients. We derive a statement that demonstrates the relative importance of solar radia- tion, water, carbon, and physical/chemical denudation mass fluxes to the critical zone energy balance. Within this framework we use rates of effective energy and mass transfer (EEMT; W m -2 ) to quantify the relevant flux-gradient relations. Synthesis of existing data demonstrates that variation in energetics associ- ated with primary production and effective precipita- tion explains substantial variance in critical zone structure and function. Furthermore, we observe threshold behavior in systems that transition to primary production predominance of the energy flux term. The proposed framework provides a first order approximation of non-linearity in critical zone pro- cesses that may be coupled with physical and numerical models to constrain landscape evolution.
Stability and Sugar Recognition Ability of Ricin-like Carbohydrate Binding Domains

Lectins are a class of proteins known for their novel binding to saccharides. Understanding this sugar recognition process can be crucial in creating structure-based designs of proteins with various biological roles. We focus on the sugar binding of a particular lectin, ricin, which has two β-trefoil carbohydrate-binding domains (CRDs) found in several plant protein toxins. The binding ability of possible sites of ricin-like CRD has been puzzling. The apo and various (multiple) ligand-bound forms of the sugar-binding domains of ricin were studied by molecular dynamics simulations. By evaluating structural stability, hydrogen bond dynamics, flexibility, and binding energy, we obtained a detailed picture of the sugar recognition of the ricin-like CRD. Unlike what was previously believed, we found that the binding abilities of the two known sites are not independent of each other. The binding ability of one site is positively affected by the other site. While the mean positions of different binding scenarios are not altered significantly, the flexibility of the binding pockets visibly decreases upon multiple ligand binding. This change in flexibility seems to be the origin of the binding cooperativity. All the hydrogen bonds that are strong in the monoligand state are also strong in the double-ligand complex, although the stability is much higher in the latter form due to cooperativity. These strong hydrogen bonds in a monoligand state are deemed to be the essential hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, by examining the structural correlation matrix, the two domains are structurally one entity. Galactose hydroxyl groups, OH4 and OH3, are the most critical parts in both site 1α and site 2γ recognition.
Predictors of positive axillary lymph nodes after sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that predict the presence of metastasis in nonsentinel lymph nodes (SLN) when the SLN is positive. Methods: A prospective database was analyzed and included patients who underwent SLN biopsy for invasive breast cancer from July 1997 to August 2000 (n = 442). One hundred (22.6%) patients had one or more positive SLNs, and were analyzed to determine factors that predicted additional positive axillary nodes. Results: Of the 100 patients with a positive SLN, 40 patients (40%) had additional metastasis in non-SLNs. The only significant variables that predicted non-SLN metastasis were tumor lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.004), extranodal extension (P 2mm, 92% were found to have additional positive nodes. Conclusions: In patients with invasive breast cancer and a positive sentinel lymph node, lymphovascular invasion, extranodal extension, and increasing size of the metastasis all significantly increase the frequency of additional positive nodes.
The electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporter

Cet article de synthese fait le point sur les systemes de transport du bicarbonate dans les cellules animales; (epithelium du rein et de la cornee et dans les cellules non epitheliales; cellules musculaires et nerveuses). Description des echangeurs Cl-HCO 3 dependants et independants du sodium. Sensibilite aux inhibiteurs. Stœchiometrie. Cinetique. Role biologique
Galdós, Pérez-Reverte, and the Graphic-Lexical Palimpsest of War of Independence Narratives

The underlying surface of the palimpsest in question is not physical. Instead, it is constituted by the events and persons of the Spanish War of Independence from Napoleonic France. Although this period officially extends from 1808 to 1814, the epoch-making Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 initiates the period for many historians as well as for the novelists Benito Perez Galdos and Arturo Perez-Reverte. Onto this surface, then, from 1805 to our own days, narratives have been and continue to be created: some in words (lexical representations), some in images (graphic representations), and some in hybrid graphic-lexical, as well as in filmic, versions. Commonly those who come later in the process are very familiar with earlier representations. Over both them and the underlying historical events and persons these later “painters” create their own narratives of all or part of the 1805–14 period. This article centers on the narratives of Galdos and Perez-Reverte as especially prominent layers of the palimpsest of t...
One Neighborhood, Two Communities: The Public Archaeology of Class in a Gentrifying Urban Neighborhood

The Hampden Community Archaeology Project (HCAP) is a public archaeology project in a former textile mill neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland. Since the early 1990s the area has been transformed by gentrification. There are now two distinct communities (an older, working-class community and a newer, upper-middle-class community) in the neighborhood. The goal of HCAP is to create a critical public dialogue on issues of class and economic inequality relevant to the current issues facing the neighborhood. After three years of public archaeology in Hampden-Woodberry, the project has achieved some notable successes but has also run up against several roadblocks.
Theory of hydrogen pairing in metals

Abstract The nature of hydrogen-hydrogen interaction in simple lithium, aluminum and transition (yttrium, palladium) metals has been studied by calculating, self-consistently, the energetics and electronic structure of hydrogen pairs as a function of their interatomic separation. While the formation of molecular bonds between hydrogen atoms in metals is possible, it is shown that hydrogen prefers to optimize its bonds with metal atoms, and in some cases, such as rare earth metals, hydrogen pairing mediated by the metal atom may be energetically preferable. The metal-hydrogen bond is characterized by charge transfer from metal atoms to hydrogen while the hydrogen atoms involved in the molecular bond in the metal are neutral. The energy barrier between the two kinds of bonding minima is found to be dependent on the number of metal atoms in the embedding medium. The consequences of this observation in explaining the temperature dependence of proton spin-lattice relaxation time in metals vs. organometallic complexes are discussed.
Ex Vivo Stability Loss of Irradiated and Melted Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene

Background: Radiation crosslinking reduces wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), and subsequent annealing or melting increases oxidative stability. Little is known about the oxidative stability of polyethylene total joint components after in vivo service and subsequent shelf storage in air. Methods: We analyzed thirty-four surgically retrieved, radiation crosslinked acetabular liners to determine their oxidative stability after in vivo service (range, 0.5 to 84.0 months). Oxidation was determined at the time of explantation. After shelf storage in air (range, 7.0 to 72.0 months), oxidation, crosslink density, and thermal properties were determined. Oxidation of one control liner that was shelf-aged in air (for eighty-four months) was also determined. Results: At the time of explantation, all components showed minimal oxidation; however, oxidation levels increased during shelf storage, with a concomitant decrease in crosslink density and increase in crystallinity. Increasing oxidation, increasing crystallinity, and decreasing crosslink density correlated with the duration of ex vivo storage. The shelf-aged control liner showed no detectable oxidation. Conclusions: The oxidation and loss of crosslink density of the irradiated and melted UHMWPE was surprising. Two potential mechanisms that might alter the oxidative stability of UHMWPE in vivo are cyclic loading and absorption of lipids. Both of these mechanisms can generate new free radicals in UHMWPE and can initiate and propagate its oxidation. Clinical Relevance: It is not known if the ex vivo instability reported here will occur in vivo in the long term and, therefore, further investigation of surgical explants is warranted.
The Flagellar Regulator fliT Represses Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 through flhDC and fliZ

Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), comprising a type III section system that translocates effector proteins into host cells, is essential for the enteric pathogen Salmonella to penetrate the intestinal epithelium and subsequently to cause disease. Using random transposon mutagenesis, we found that a Tn10 disruption in the flagellar fliDST operon induced SPI1 expression when the strain was grown under conditions designed to repress SPI1, by mimicking the environment of the large intestine through the use of the intestinal fatty acid butyrate. Our genetic studies showed that only fliT within this operon was required for this effect, and that exogenous over-expression of fliT alone significantly reduced the expression of SPI1 genes, including the invasion regulator hilA and the sipBCDA operon, encoding type III section system effector proteins, and Salmonella invasion of cultured epithelial cells. fliT has been known to inhibit the flagellar machinery through repression of the flagellar master regulator flhDC. We found that the repressive effect of fliT on invasion genes was completely abolished in the absence of flhDC or fliZ, the latter previously shown to induce SPI1, indicating that this regulatory pathway is required for invasion control by fliT. Although this flhDC-fliZ pathway was necessary for fliT to negatively control invasion genes, fliZ was not essential for the repressive effect of fliT on motility, placing fliT high in the regulatory cascade for both invasion and motility.
Correlation and Interpolation Networks for Real-time Expression Analysis/Synthesis

We describe a framework for real-time tracking of facial expressions that uses neurally-inspired correlation and interpolation methods. A distributed view-based representation is used to characterize facial state, and is computed using a replicated correlation network. The ensemble response of the set of view correlation scores is input to a network based interpolation method, which maps perceptual state to motor control states for a simulated 3-D face model. Activation levels of the motor state correspond to muscle activations in an anatomically derived model. By integrating fast and robust 2-D processing with 3-D models, we obtain a system that is able to quickly track and interpret complex facial motions in real-time.
Distribution of C-Peptide and Its Determinants in North American Children at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To determine basal and stimulated C-peptide percentiles in North American children and adolescents at risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to examine factors associated with this distribution in the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 582 subjects aged 4–18 years at randomization in the DPT-1 trials. A 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at baseline and every 6 months during the 5-year follow-up period. The percentile values of C-peptide after baseline OGTT were estimated according to age, BMI Z score (BMIZ), and/or sex categories. Conditional quantile regression was used to examine the relationship between C-peptide percentiles and various independent variables. RESULTS The basal and stimulated C-peptide levels increased significantly as age and BMIZ increased ( P P CONCLUSIONS Age-, sex-, and BMIZ-specific C-peptide percentiles can be estimated for North American children and adolescents at risk for T1D. They can be used as an assessment tool that could impact the recommendations in T1D prevention trials.
MLS observations of stratospheric waves in temperature and O3 during the 1992 southern winter

The Microwave Limb Sounder observed waves in stratospheric temperature and O3 during the 1992 southern winter. Wave 1 intensifies three times from mid August through mid September, when a 9 day eastward traveling wave becomes in phase with the stationary wave 1. During the periods of wave intensification, minor sudden warmings and increased zonal mean O3 are observed. The waves have a westward phase tilt which results in an intensified baroclinic zone when the waves are in phase. Waves in T and O3 are positively correlated near 5 - 10 hPa, implying transport by planetary waves; this is supported by larger O3 wave amplitudes than expected from photochemistry alone.
Correspondence re: Q-R. Chen et al., Liposomes complexed to plasmids encoding angiostatin and endostatin inhibit breast cancer in nude mice. Cancer Res., 59: 3308-3312, 1999.

Chen et al. [(1)][1] , in a recent issue of Cancer Research , report on liposomal gene transfer of endostatin and angiostatin to tumor-bearing animals. In this study, the authors measured serum endostatin levels (two animals per time point) 24 and 48 h after i.v. injection of liposomes complexed to
Expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoforms (NCX1 and NCX3) and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase during osteoblast differentiation

The ability to deliver calcium to the osteoid is critical to osteoblast function as a regulator of bone calcification. There are two known transmembrane proteins capable of translocating calcium out of the osteoblast, the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) and the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA). In this study, we reveal the presence of the NCX3 isoform in primary osteoblasts and examine the expression of NCX1, NCX3, and PMCA1 during osteoblast differentiation. The predominant NCX isoform expressed by osteoblasts is NCX3. NCX1 also is expressed, but at low levels. Both NCX isoforms are expressed at nearly static levels throughout differentiation. In contrast, PMCA expression peaks at 8 days of culture, early in osteoblast differentiation, but declines thereafter. Immunocytochemical co-detection of NCX and PMCA reveal that NCX is positioned along surfaces of the osteoblast adjacent to osteoid, while PMCA is localized to plasma membrane sites distal to the osteoid. The expression pattern and spatial distribution of NCX support a role as a regulator of calcium efflux from osteoblasts required for calcification. The expression pattern and spatial distribution of PMCA makes its role in the mineralization process unlikely and suggests a role in calcium homeostasis following signaling events.
Health Counseling With Individuals, Couples, and Families: Three Perspectives on Ethical and Professional Practice

Whether working with individuals, couples, or families, counselors and therapists espouse at least three different views or perspectives on the relationship of professional ethics and professional ...
An enhanced Greitzer compressor model with pipeline dynamics included

The modeling of a centrifugal compressor system with exhaust piping acoustics is presented in this paper. For a centrifugal compressor test rig with modular inlet and exhaust piping, a mathematical model is derived based on the Greitzer compression system model. In order to include the dynamics of the piping acoustics, a transmission line model is added to the original compressor equations, and different compressor-piping configurations are tested. The simulation of the resulting mathematical models of the compression system are compared to the measured response. Employing active magnetic bearings to perturb the axial impeller tip clearance of the compressor, the compression system is excited over a wide frequency range and the input-output response from the impeller disturbance to the plenum pressure rise is analyzed. A good agreement is observed between the experimental and theoretical Bode plots.