cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extent of biodiversity surveys and ranges for endemic species in the Albertine Rift

This article contains data on the estimated ranges of endemic species in the Albertine Rift both currently and under future climate change related to the research article entitled "Conservation of the endemic species of the Albertine Rift under future climate change" (Ayebare et al., 2018) [1]. Biodiversity surveys focused mainly on 5 taxa: birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and plants. A combination of line transects, point counts, recce walks, camera traps, visual encounter surveys, qualitative surveys and appropriate capture methods (mist nets, Sherman traps, pitfall traps) were used to survey the different taxa and provide point location data for each species. The biodiversity surveys were conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society starting in the late 1990s. Additional species data were sourced from individual researchers and institutions. The current and future species ranges were estimated using the Maximum Entropy '(Maxent)' species distribution modeling algorithm. The areas of suitable habitat (current and future) of 162 endemic species for 5 taxa (birds (40), mammals (33), plants (49), reptiles (11), amphibians (29), the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), percentage range contraction due to climate change and to agriculture conversion of suitable habitat for each species are given in Table S1. Threshold geotiffs are also provided for each species modeled and made available at www.albertinerift.org.
Pilot Testing of Radioluminescent Lights for Remote Airfields

Alaska and other far northern areas have special logistic, environmental, and economic problems that make radioluminescent (RL) lighting, particularly at airfields, an attractive alternative to electrical systems and flare pots. Tests and demonstrations of prototype systems conducted in Alaska in recent years have proved the basic technological worth of RL airport lighting systems for civilian and military use. If regulatory issues and other factors identified in these tests can be favorably resolved and if the system and its components can be refined through production engineering, highly useful applications for RL airfield lighting systems in Alaska and other remote locations can result.
The diagnosis and treatment of chronic insomnia in adults.

INSOMNIA, THE MOST COMMON SLEEP COMPLAINT THAT AFFECTS THE LIVES OF MILLIONS, HAS BEEN LEFT “BEHIND” IN TERMS OF RESEARCH FOCUS OVER the last 10-15 years. The National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference Statement is a major step towards recognizing that gap. The following points are offered in the spirit of contributing to a dialogue that is at its very beginning, and I appreciate the opportunity that was made possible by the Editor of SLEEP. One of the proposals included in the Statement is the use of the term “comorbid insomnia” in lieu of terms such as “secondary” or “primary” insomnia. This proposal is based on the recognition that chronic insomnia is usually comorbid with psychiatric and physical conditions and that currently there is limited understanding of the nature of their association or direction of causality. The term “comorbid” suggests the presence of 1 or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder. It does not imply either causality or association. The strong association of insomnia with psychiatric conditions appears to be the single most important association and the most consistent finding across almost all studies in the last 30 years. For example, in a multicenter field trial sponsored by NIMH, insomnia was associated with another diagnosable psychiatric condition in 90-93% of the cases depending on the diagnostic system used (DSM-IV vs. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)). 1 Also, in a recent study in 1741 men and women of a random general population sample, depression was the single strongest variable, followed by female gender. 2 Physical disorders were also associated with insomnia but to a much lesser degree, eg, odds ratio (OR) for depression of 5.5 vs. OR for colitis of 1.3. Sleep apnea, defined as an OHI ≥ 15, was not associated with insomnia, which is consistent with earlier findings from clinical samples. Do these data support any causal link between insomnia and psychiatric conditions? Certainly not, as correctly pointed out in the Statement. Despite the clinical evidence that emotional stress or depression precedes the onset of insomnia and that insomnia is a risk factor for depression, there is a need for long-term prospective studies to understand the nature of the association between insomnia and psychiatric conditions. In the meantime, physicians and the public should be informed about the strong association of insomnia with mental health and appropriate diagnostic evaluation and treatment of insomnia should always include a mental health assessment, even in a brief office visit of a busy practitioner. This message is very important, particularly now that many insomniacs are treated by their primary care physicians, and a large number of sleep specialists have no psychiatric background.
Post-resuscitation Care of the Depressed Newborn

This chapter will review an evidence-based approach to the post-resuscitation care of the depressed newborn. There is a broad differential for neonatal encephalopathy, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Standard protocols are used to identify encephalopathic newborns that have HIE and qualify for its time-sensitive treatment, therapeutic hypothermia. In order for therapeutic hypothermia to be effective, it should be initiated within 6 h of birth. Due to this time constraint, it is vital for the practicing physician to have a standard approach to the diagnosis and stabilization of the depressed newborn. The role of umbilical cord blood gas analysis in the evaluation of the fetal state prior to delivery will be discussed to illustrate how it can serve to guide management. Alternative laboratory evaluations to be considered if umbilical cord gases are not available will also be discussed. The physical exam of the depressed newborn, an essential component of the diagnosis of encephalopathy, will also be reviewed.
Lower extremity arthroplasty

This special section of Annals of Translational Medicine focuses on lower extremity arthroplasty, especially knee and hip pathologies. In this section, a multitude of pertinent topics for orthopaedic surgeons as well as for the general patient population are reviewed.
Cognitive marriage counseling with acutely disturbed in-patients

1980 edition ofThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III suggests that there is a deleterious interaction between Axes I psychiatric disorders and Axes IV psychosocial stressors such as marital disharmony. With acutely disturbed in-patients, marital problems are often found associated with the psychiatric disorder, but they are usually not treated until after the patient has been discharged to out-patient status. Offering concurrent treatment for both the Axes I disorder and the Axes IV stressors would seem to be a move in the direction of a more efficient and a more comprehensive treatment plan. A ten-session “course” of marriage counseling based on cognitive theory is now being offered to hospitalized psychiatric patients in a rural Veterans Administration Medical Center. The model does not propose to resolve all marital problems in therapy. The goal is to teach the hospitalized patient and their spouse cognitive principles that will enable them to more effectively resolve their own problems after the patient is discharged. It is anticipated that the cognitive principles learned in marriage counseling will also apply to the resolution of some of the problems associated with the psychiatric disorder. Thus the treatment for the Axes IV stressor enhances the treatment for the Axes I psychiatric disorder. This approach might well shorten the patients' hospitalization and reduce the risk of relapse after discharge. Preliminary results suggest that this “course” shows promise for both individual and marital adjustment.
BRAF in the cross-hairs.

INTRODUCTION Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by distinctive morphologic features and an indolent clinical course. The discovery of a recurrent activating mutation in BRAF (BRAF V600E) as a disease-defining genetic event in HCL has substantial diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Areas covered: Herein the authors review the role of BRAF V600E and RAF-MEK-ERK signaling in the pathogenesis of HCL, anecdotal clinical reports of BRAF inhibitor monotherapy in management of relapsed or refractory HCL, larger phase 2 trials investigating efficacy of BRAF inhibitor therapy for HCL, adverse effects commonly associated with BRAF inhibitor therapy, including cutaneous toxicity, and mechanisms of therapeutic resistance. Expert opinion: Ongoing and planned studies will help to optimize the use of BRAF inhibitor therapy for HCL by determining the efficacy of BRAF inhibition in combination with other antigen targeted or molecularly targeted therapies, and more broadly, to determine how hematologists can best utilize and sequence emerging diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in the care of patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed or refractory HCL.
Youths as the selling agents and decision makers: A study on the impact of lifestyle advertisements on youth

In the modern democratic society, mass media plays an important role. Advertising, being the primary channel of communication, unconsciously filters through the ideas about how identities are constructed within the society. Advertising is today considered to be necessary for economic growth. Critics have accused it of an array of sins ranging from economic waste to promotion of harmful products, from triviality to intellectual and from sexism to deceit, manipulation & moral pollution. But studies have shown that there is growth in the advertising industry due to advancements in technology
Total or partial assimilation of derivational-*t (ת) in the Biblical Hebrew hitpa c el?

This article responds to a recent proposal made by J S Baden (2010) concerning the morphological and phonetic overlap of hitpacel and nipcal verbs. A developmental process is outlined whereby the derivational-*t of the hitpacel may have assimilated to a number of initial radicals. This process did not originally include total assimilation, but instead partial assimilations with respect to voice, emphatic quality, and possibly mode of articulation. In addition, reanalysis or misanalysis of the resultant consonant cluster and the analogical extension of the resulting anomalous morphology may have contributed to the phonological overlap.
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of an interprofessional workshop between physical therapy and medical students.

Interprofessional education (IPE) is an important component of medical education, preparing students for the collaboration necessary for high-quality patient care. This study aimed to compare IPE readiness in pre-qualification physical therapy (PT) and medical (MD) students before and after an interprofessional workshop and identify factors influencing the workshop's perceived educational value. In two consecutive years, students were surveyed with the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) following a four-hour, case-based workshop. During the second year, students were also surveyed before the workshop and answered open-ended questions about its educational value. PT and MD students had similar mean pre-workshop RIPLS scores (83.0, SD 5.3 vs. 80.7, SD 7.9; p = .27), but post-workshop scores were higher among PT students (86.3, SD 6.5 vs. 80.3, SD 8.8; p < .001). Qualitative thematic analysis of responses to open-ended questions revealed students valued IPE within the workshop. However, MD students in particular identified improvement opportunities in workshop delivery, timing, and content. These factors undermined the perceived educational value for MD students and may have contributed to their lower post-workshop RIPLS scores. This study suggests that a brief workshop can improve readiness for IPE among pre-professional students and highlights the importance of content, delivery, and timing to IPE success.
Acute esophageal necrosis masquerading acute coronary syndrome

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) also known as “black esophagus” or “acute necrotizing esophagus” is a rare entity characterized by striking endoscopic findings of circumferential black coloring of the esophagus. AEN most frequently seen in the distal esophagus and can extend proximally along the entire esophagus. Characteristically, the circumferential black mucosa stops abruptly at the EGJ. AEN tends to present as acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, though other symptoms including dysphagia and epigastric pain have been described. The etiology of AEN is multifactorial including a combination of ischemic insult, mucosal barrier defect, and a backflow injury of gastric secretions. Described is a case of AEN in a patient with history of uncontrolled diabetes who presented with an atypical chest pain mimicking acute coronary syndrome with negative subsequent cardiovascular workup.
Sojourner Truth and Her Contemporary Media: Reports of Truth’s Identity, Intelligence, and Eloquence

Late nineteenth-century news reporters struggled with depictions of Sojourner Truth. There was tension between her obvious influence and dominant ideologies at the time, but the acknowledgments of her power, regardless of how mediated, were enough to solidify her place in American history. People were incredibly fascinated by her, even if they were not quite ready to accept her message. While they were sure to mention her race, gender, and lack of formal education in derogatory ways, the fact that the media reported on her so heavily reveals the novelty status of Truth, and the platform that this gave her in a time when people like her were not readily listened to. Their interest in her might have more to do with the sensationalized aspects of her identity (her status as a former slave, an uneducated black woman, her presumed old age), but that interest made sure her reputation as an effective advocate of abolition and women’s rights lived on long after she did. This says a lot about how people of marginalized identities find a platform from which to speak and are remembered for their insistence on such a platform, despite attempts to mediate their influence. This article examines historical newspapers for how mediated these reports were and explores the impact that mediation may have had on Truth’s reputation in her own time.
ASSESSMENT OF PAIN WITH NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IN THE PRETERM NEONATE

Objective Pain assessment in the preterm neonate ⩽32 weeks post-conceptual age continues to be plagued by confounding factors: the ability to mount a behavioural response, sedation and the use of paralytics and the skill level of the bedside nurse. Reports indicate that the neonate is undermedicated for pain and subject to detrimental physiological stress. Innovations in technology offer the potential for non-invasive reliable methods of pain assessment. Methods Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides cerebral monitoring of tissue oxygenation status (rSO2) and blood volume. Oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin absorb light at different points in the near infrared spectrum, providing bedside data to the clinician on tissue oxygen uptake. Pulsatile flow is not required as in pulse oximetry (SpO2). Results Recent reports indicate that the rSO2 will change before the SpO2 in response to stimuli, providing an early marker for decreased oxygenation of the brain. It is well known that a pain stimulus such as a heel stick will cause a decrease in SpO2, an increase in CO2 and a compensatory response of an increase in cerebral blood flow. Alterations in cerebral peak systolic velocity and resistance have been reported as a pain response. Depending on acuity and gestational age, this response could be marked and potentially put the neonate at risk of a haemorrhagic cerebral event. Conclusions NIRS offers the potential for a new non-invasive method of pain assessment and an early means for intervention before severe alterations in cerebral tissue oxygenation.
The Relationship Between School Start Times and Educational Outcomes

Evidence shows that adolescents need later wake times for sufficient sleep and that starting school later improves sleep outcomes. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the effect of school start times on educational outcomes. We aim to summarize recent studies, evaluate key findings, and identify limitations in the literature. Recent studies examined the relationship of school start times to attendance, discipline, grades, test scores, and other outcomes. Many studies found that later start times improved attendance and grades. The results for test scores and other outcomes were more mixed. Nascent evidence suggests the relationship between start times and educational outcomes exists for younger students as well. While findings suggest that later school start times were associated with better educational outcomes, the methodological approaches employed have limitations. Few studies used rigorous methods to examine within school changes in start times.
Period ratios in multiplanetary systems discovered by Kepler are consistent with planet migration

The Kepler planet candidates are an interesting test bed for planet formation scenarios. We present results from N-body simulations of multiplanetary systems that resemble those observed by Kepler. We add both smooth (Type I/II) and stochastic migration forces. The observed period ratio distribution is inconsistent with either of those two scenarios on its own. However, applying both stochastic and smooth migration forces to the planets simultaneously results in a period ratio distribution that is similar to the observed one. This is a natural scenario if planets form in a turbulent protoplanetary disc where these forces are always present. We show how the observed period ratio and eccentricity distribution can constrain the relative strength of these forces, a parameter which has been notoriously hard to predict for decades. We make the source code of our simulations and the initial conditions freely available to enable the community to expand this study and include effect other than planetary migration.
Virus-Receptor Interactions of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Receptor

SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus uses its highly glycosylated trimeric Spike protein to bind to the cell surface receptor ACE2 glycoprotein and facilitate host cell entry We utilized glycomics-informed glycoproteomics to characterize sitespecific microheterogeneity of glycosylation for a recom-binant trimer Spike mimetic immunogen and for a soluble version of human ACE2 We combined this information with bioinformatic analyses of natural variants and with existing 3D-structures of both glycoproteins to generate molecular dynamics simulations of each glycoprotein alone and interacting with one another Our results highlight roles for glycans in sterically masking polypeptide epitopes and directly modulating Spike-ACE2 interactions Furthermore, our results illustrate the impact of viral evolution and divergence on Spike glycosylation, as well as the influence of natural variants on ACE2 receptor glycosylation Taken together, these data can facilitate immunogen design to achieve antibody neutralization and inform therapeutic strategies to inhibit viral infection
The Rise of Research Teams: Benefits and Costs in Economics

Economics research is increasingly performed in teams, and team-authored work has a large and increasing impact advantage. This article considers the benefits and costs of this "rise of teams." Among its benefits, teamwork allows individuals to aggregate knowledge in productive and novel ways. For example, as knowledge accumulates over time, individuals become narrower in their expertise, and teamwork is a natural organizational approach to aggregating expertise and maintaining one's reach. But teamwork also brings costs. For example, teamwork divides and obscures credit, which is central to the reward system of science. By clouding credit assignment, teamwork can undermine individual career progression and exacerbate issues of bias. In addressing the rise of teamwork, this paper further considers institutional innovations, especially those inspired by the hard sciences, that can help limit the costs teamwork imposes while realizing the benefits.
Analysis of Pressure-Induced Whisker Nucleation and Growth in Thin Sn Films

A recent publication (Jagtap et al. Scr Mat 182:43, 2020) reported real-time observations of stress-driven whisker nucleation and growth in a thin film of Sn subjected to pressure on part of its surface. This paper describes a model of the experiment. Predicted whisker volume in the film adjacent to the loaded area is in good agreement with experimental measurements. The model also predicts correctly the variation of whisker density with distance from the punch at the end of the experiment but underestimates the rate of whisker nucleation during the first 50 h after the film is loaded. Comparison of model predictions with experiments provides clear evidence for a threshold stress for whisker growth, with an initial value of 17 MPa, which increases with whisker length to a saturated value of 22 MPa after whiskers reach a length of 19 µm. Implications for whisker growth in Sn films on Cu substrates are discussed.
Weather-dependent relationships between topographic variables and yield of maize and soybean

Abstract Weather and topography are two important drivers of spatial variability in crop yield, but interactions between these two factors remain poorly understood. To elucidate how spatial yield variability shifts in response to precipitation, we collected data from published literature that examined the yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) or soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) to elevation, slope, planar curvature, or profile curvature. From these studies, we extracted correlations between yield and topographic variables for 86 site-years. We assessed the response of yield–topography correlations to the spring and total growing season precipitation of each site-year. Averaged across all site-years, maize yield was negatively correlated to elevation and planar curvature while soybean yield was negatively correlated to slope. For maize, the correlations between yield and elevation, slope, planar curvature, and profile curvature increased from negative to positive with increasing growing season precipitation, whereas for soybean the correlations between yield and elevation and between yield and slope became more negative with increasing growing season precipitation. Spring precipitation was a better predictor of yield–topography correlations than growing season precipitation for soybean but not for maize. We conclude that maize and soybean generally yield higher in low-elevation and low-slope landscape positions, respectively, but the yield–topography relationships vary with precipitation.
Protein purification by affinity chromatography. Derivatizations of agarose and polyacrylamide beads.

The preparation of a number of agarose and polyacrylamide bead derivatives useful in the purification of proteins by affinity chromatography is described. These techniques permit (a) the attachment of ligands to the gel through extended hydrocarbon chains which place the ligand at varying distances from the gel matrix backbone; (b) the covalent attachment of ligands to agarose or polyacrylamide gels through amino, carboxyl, phenolic, or imidazole groups of the ligand; and (c) the preparation of adsorbents containing ligands attached by bonds which are susceptible to specific chemical cleavage, thus providing means of removing the intact protein-ligand complex from the affinity adsorbent. It is demonstrated that successful application of affinity chromatography in many cases will critically depend on placing the ligand at a considerable distance from the matrix backbone. Techniques are also described which provide important approaches and considerations in the insolubilization of peptides and proteins to agarose and polyacrylamide.
Digital DAC calibration technique for DS and incremental modulators

A new digital nonlinearity calibration and correction technique is proposed for multi-bit DACs in ΔΣ and incremental modulators. By finding the differences between capacitance errors using the ΔΣ modulator, the integral nonlinearity of the DAC can be found, and corrected digitally.
Economic Hard Times and Public Library Use

This research examines the librarians' rule of thumb which suggests that public library use increases during economic hard times. A report of British research by Warr and Payne is men- tioned to show that American response to economic stringency does not mirror British behavior regarding similar stimuli. Research find- ings from the American study indicate that a stringent test of the librarians' axiom reveals no significant relationship between library use and the economy. A more relaxed interpretation of the data sug- gests a positive relationship between library cards in force and local unemployment rates but a negative relationship behveen circulation figures and local inflation rates. Overall, the study uncovers no com- pelling data to support the librarians' axiom.
Role of self carriers in the immune response and tolerance: III. B cell tolerance induced by hapten-modified-self involves both active T cell-mediated suppression and direct blockade☆

The induction of B cell unresponsiveness with hapten-modified syngeneic murine lymphoid cells (hapten-modified self, HMS) can be achieved in vivo and in vitro. Tolerance in vivo in mice required a latent period of 3 to 4 days. Moreover, B cell unresponsiveness could not be induced by HMS in athymic nude mice, although their nu/+ littermates were rendered hyporesponsive by HMS. Pretreatment of normal mice with cyclophosphamide (cyclo) prevented their susceptibility to tolerance induction by haptenated lymphoid cells. Nude mice became sensitive to HMS-induced suppression if they were first reconstituted with spleen cells from normal (but not cyclo-treated) donors. Interestingly, labeling of H-2 antigens was not necessary for tolerance induction by HMS since haptenated teratoma cells (lacking H-2) were tolerogenic in normal recipients. In contrast, suppression of the in vitro response to haptenated flagellin occurred equally well with nude, nu/+ and anti-Ly 2 + C-treated spleen cells. These data suggest that cyclo-sensitive modified self-reactive (T) cells may regulate the immune response and mediate tolerance to HMS in vivo. However, the in vitro “blockade” of B cell reactivity may be directly mediated on hapten-specific PFC precursors.
Sephora Direct: Investing in Social Media, Video, and Mobile

Julie Bornstein, senior vice president of Sephora Direct, is seeking to double her budget for social media and other digital marketing initiatives for 2011. A number of digital efforts implemented in the past two years seem to be bearing fruit, and there is a desire to intensify Sephora's social media, online video, and mobile presence. Bornstein must justify the need for the additional funding, determine how best to allocate the money across the various platforms, and establish effective ways to measure return on investment (ROI) for digital marketing spending . She must also take into account that the funding requested will likely come at the expense of Sephora's traditional marketing programs. Importantly, Bornstein needs to begin thinking about a cohesive long-term strategy that clearly identifies the role digital platforms play and how they help Sephora maintain its leadership position in the prestige beauty care space. The constant emergence of new players, such as Groupon and Shop Socially, the growing power of social media platforms such as Facebook, and the way consumer behavior and user generated content are rapidly evolving in a digital era, make her task all the more challenging.Learning Objective: To explore considerations in developing a digital/social-media marketing strategy and justifying its components.
Are Humans Descended from a Knuckle-Walking Ancestor?

A central topic in human evolution pertains to the emergence of habitual bipedalism [i.e., upright walking (UW)], a behavioural characteristic that defines the human lineage and is unique among primates. To pinpoint the factors that led to the appearance of UW, one has to reconstruct the locomotor behaviour of the last common ancestor of humans and their closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. Chimpanzees and gorillas adopt a peculiar mode of locomotion when travelling on the ground, knuckle-walking (KW). This article evaluates the evidence for and against the hypothesis that humans have descended from a KW ancestor. The conflicting nature of this evidence does not allow firm conclusions, but future avenues of research are proposed. Key Concepts The context for the emergence of habitual bipedalism/upright walking is a key topic in human evolutionary studies. Bipedalism/upright walking is a characteristic that defines the human lineage. Some evidence suggests that the ancestor of the earliest hominins was a knuckle-walker. However, other evidence appears to contradict this possibility. The role of knuckle-walking in human evolution will be better understood as more data about the functional anatomy of knuckle-walking is gathered and as more fossils are described that shed light on the morphology of the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Keywords: knuckle-walking; bipedalism; upright walking; human–chimpanzee last common ancestor; Ardipithecus
Utilization of Separate Surface Control Systems on General Aviation Aircraft

The application of separate surface control systems to general aviation aircraft is discussed. Block diagrams of a conventional control system with autopilot tie-in and of a separate surface control system are presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems are compared. Theoretical descriptions of pilot-in-the-loop operation and operation in the autopilot mode are presented. The application of separate surface stability augmentation in yaw dampers, wing levelers, and static longitudinal stability augmentation is examined. The state-of-the-art of separate control surface technology is summarized.
Are the Fundamental Concepts of Information Systems Mostly About Work Systems

Audience comments about a debate at ICIS200 [Alter et al., 2001] related to ebusiness and the fundamental concepts of information systems noted that the debate was undercut by the lack of agreement about what are the fundamental concepts. As a follow-on to that debate, this article proposes a set of fundamental concepts for information systems. While there is no bullet-proof way to prove that a particular set of concepts captures what is truly fundamental within a diverse and rapidly evolving field, the attempt to identify these concepts challenges the reader to ask “If this isn’t the way to identify fundamental concepts, what is the way to do that? If these aren’t the fundamental concepts, what is a better set of fundamental concepts and why?” This article’s overarching theme is that the fundamental concepts of information systems are mostly fundamental concepts of work systems in general. The article defines “fundamental concept” and discusses various considerations for identifying them. It then proposes a set of fundamental concepts organized in several layers. The first layer concentrates on the elements needed to summarize a work system. The second layer adds concepts that constitute a general vocabulary for describing, understanding, and evaluating work systems. Each concept in the second layer is related to a specific concept in the first layer.
Discreteness in optics

Discrete optics opens up new opportunities in manipulating light flow. We provide an overview of recent experimental and theoretical developments in this area. The effects of discreteness on linear and nonlinear optical interactions are discussed.
Least-Squares Curve Fitting — Regression Analysis

The aim of a least-squares approach is to estimate the parameters that define a known, or hypothetical, physical law. The estimated parameters are those that make the law fit a given set of data points in the least-squares sense. Probably the reader has carried through a least-squares curve fit more than once during his career. But, there is actually a great deal more to this problem than accomplishing the fit.
Antibody Responses to Haemophilus influenzae Type b and Diphtheria Toxin Induced by Conjugates of Oligosaccharides of the Type b Capsule with the Nontoxic Protein CRM197

Oligosaccharides were made from Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide and conjugated to CRM197 by reductive amination. Conjugates were made with a range of lengths and multiplicities of saccharide chains. All elicited a strongly enhanced anti-H. influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide response when injected into weanling rabbits. One series of conjugates also elicited antibodies to diphtheria toxin.
ACUTE ATAXIA IN A TWENTY-MONTH-OLD FEMALE

A case of probable encephalitis in a 20-month-old female infant with bizarre manifestations pointing primarily to involment of the mesencephalon and cerebellum is described. Similarities to the so-called electric chorea of Dubini and Bergeron, the myoclonic and the acute cerebellar forms of encephalitis are discussed.
Complexes of Linear Carbon Clusters with Water

The complexes of linear Cn (n = 4−9) carbon clusters with water have been formed in argon matrices and studied via FTIR spectroscopy. In most complexes, the CC stretching mode bands are shifted to the blue from the respective Cn carbon cluster bands, and the OH stretching frequencies are shifted to the red. The observed shifts compare well with displacements predicted by density functional theory calculations. Isotopic 12C/13C substitution has been used to confirm the vibrational assignments of the C5·H2O and C6·H2O complexes. With higher water concentrations in the matrix, bands appear that are assigned to complexes with more than one water molecule, such as H2O·C3·H2O, C3·(H2O)2, and H2O·C3·(H2O)2. Photolysis of the complexes leads to a number of CnO species, such as C5O, C7O, and C9O, for which band assignments are proposed. The implications of these results for the production of molecules on grains in the interstellar medium are discussed.
Pattern shift visual evoked potentials in abstinent cocaine-dependent, alcohol-dependent, and cross-dependent patients

Abstract The present study evaluated pattern shift visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitudes and latencies in four groups of adult subjects, characterized by the presence/absence of a recent history of alcohol dependence factorially crossed with the presence/absence of a recent history of cocaine dependence. All of the subjects were healthy and uncomplicated by histories of serious head injury, seizures (including drug-related seizures), and major medical, neurological, or psychiatric disorders. The subjects comprising the three patient groups were evaluated after 1–5 months of verified abstinence. Analyses of VEPs evoked by checkerboard reversal indicated a main effect of previous cocaine dependence on P100 latency. No main effect of previous alcohol dependence and no alcohol by cocaine dependence interaction were detected. The increased P100 latencies detected in abstinent, cocaine-dependent subjects are most likely related to cerebrovascular and neurological effects of chronic cocaine use.
Investigation of secondary neutron dose for 18 MV dynamic MLC IMRT delivery

Secondary neutron doses from the delivery of 18 MV conventional and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans were compared. IMRT was delivered using dynamic multileaf collimation (MLC). Additional measurements were made with static MLC using a primary collimated field size of 10 x 10 cm2 and MLC field sizes of 0 x 0, 5 x 5, and 10 x 10 cm2. Neutron spectra were measured and effective doses calculated. The IMRT treatment resulted in a higher neutron fluence and higher dose equivalent. These increases were approximately the ratio of the monitor units. The static MLC measurements were compared to Monte Carlo calculations. The actual component dimensions and materials for the Varian Clinac 2100/2300C including the MLC were modeled with MCNPX to compute the neutron fluence due to neutron production in and around the treatment head. There is excellent agreement between the calculated and measured neutron fluence for the collimated field size of 10 x 10 cm2 with the 0 x 0 cm2 MLC field. Most of the neutrons at the detector location for this geometry are directly from the accelerator head with a small contribution from room scatter. Future studies are needed to investigate the effect of different beam energies used in IMRT incorporating the effects of scattered photon dose as well as secondary neutron dose.
Comparison of Brain Tissue Metabolic Changes During Ischemia at 35° and 18°C

Abstract Background We evaluated brain tissue oxygen pressure (PO2), carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) and pH during ischemia with brain temperature at 35° and 18°C in the same patient. Methods Surgery was performed in a 60-year-old woman to clip a large aneurysm in the left internal carotid artery (ICA). A Paratrend 7 probe measuring PO2, PCO2, and pH was inserted into tissue at risk for ischemia during ICA occlusion and brain protection was provided with 9% desflurane. One week later, hypothermic circulatory arrest with brain temperature at 18°C was performed for aneurysm clipping and tissue measurements were obtained during ischemia and rewarming. Results At 35°C, ICA occlusion for 16 minutes produced tissue hypoxia (PO2 = 0) and acidosis (pH = 6.70). The rate of increase of hydrogen ion (H + ) reached 50 nEq.L −1 .min −1 during ICA occlusion and there was a slow recovery of acidosis at the end of the ischemic period. During hypothermic circulatory arrest, tissue PO2 was sensitive to decreases in blood pressure and decreased rapidly during exsanguination. Although tissue pH decreased to 6.5 with 30 min of no pump flow, the rate of H + increase during hypothermic arrest was one-third of that seen during ischemia at 35°C. During rewarming from profound hypothermia, two phases of recovery from acidosis were observed, one during CO2 clearance and one after tissue reoxygenation. Recovery of acidosis occurred sooner at 18°C than at 35°C. Conclusions These results show that tissue acidosis develops more slowly and recovers more rapidly with hypothermic ischemia. This may be an important mechanism of reduced ischemic injury during hypothermia.
Erbium-oxide-based metal-insulator-semiconductor structures on silicon

Abstract Reactively evaporated and thermally oxidized erbium-oxide-based metal-insulator-semiconductor structures have been studied on p-type silicon. Erbium films of thickness 280 A were deposited by electron beam evaporation in an oxygen atmosphere with the substrate held at room temperature. The oxidation of erbium was performed in an atmosphere of dry oxygen by ramping the furnace from room temperature to a final temperature of 700°C. The surface morphology of the erbium oxide was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and the structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The electrical characterization of the Al/erbium oxide/p-Si was performed using capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements.
Economic impacts of the offshore supply vessel shipbuilding market in the Gulf of Mexico

Offshore support vessels (OSVs) play an important role in the offshore oil and gas industry with significant benefit to the coastal communities that provide the labor and materials to construct, crew and support the logistics network. OSVs connect onshore material and equipment suppliers and offshore operators, and are known as the ‘trucks’ of the ocean. The purpose of this article is to analyze OSV shipbuilding and to estimate the capital, labor and geographic distribution of the industry in order to inform regional economic analysis and debates about the Jones Act and other US policies. OSV construction is heavily concentrated along the Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana and Alabama. From 2003 to 2010, a total of 429 OSVs were delivered by 35 US shipyards valued between US$900 and US$1200 million per year, approximately half of the total US commercial self-propelled newbuilding industry. Four shipyards accounted for about 40 per cent of deliveries and Louisiana captured about 70 per cent of the capital expenditures followed by Alabama (14 per cent), Florida (10 per cent), Washington (3 per cent) and Mississippi (2 per cent). Equipment is a major driver of material costs and links the OSV shipbuilding industry with the US manufacturing sector. Using US shipyard revenue per labor hour and production values, OSV construction employment in the US Gulf Coast from 2007 to 2010 is estimated between 4400 and 5400 people per year. Indirect and induced impacts from OSV construction are estimated using shipbuilding average multipliers between $2.6 billion and $3.5 billion per year.
Tinea capitis: Itraconazole in Trichophyton tonsurans infection

Background: Although griseofulvin is considered the standard treatment of tinea capitis, alternatives are being investigated in hopes of identifying more rapid and better cure rates. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the efficacy of itraconazole as therapy for tinea capitis. Methods: An open label study was performed on three patients who did not respond to or could not tolerate griseofulvin therapy. Results: A 30-day course of 100 mg of itraconazole daily resulted in clinical and mycologic cure in all three patients; no side effects were reported. Conclusion: Although these results need to be confirmed by larger, controlled trials, it appears that itraconazole offers a viable alternative to griseofulvin for the treatment of children with tinea capitis.
Dislocations in yttrium orthovanadate

Abstract Dislocation structures in single crystals of yttrium orthovanadate have been identified by transmission electron microscopy. Electron diffraction was used to predict possible Burgers vectors for the dislocations. Results suggest vectors of the type 1 2 [1 1 1] or 1 4 [0 2 1] . Arguments for the likelihood of each possible vector have been presented.
Adenovirus in Blood Clots from Cases of Infectious Hepatitis

Adenovirus type 5 was isolated from blood clots from 27 of 30 sporadic cases of infectious hepatitis. Only one isolation of virus, also adenovirus 5, was made from blood clots from 70 persons with no known contact with infectious hepatitis.
Effects of glucocorticoids on eosinophil colony growth

Abstract The in vivo and in vitro effects of glucocorticoids on eosinophilopoiesis were examined with soft agar cultures of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells. Prednisone, 10 mg four times daily for three days, administered to normal volunteers, caused a significant drop in circulating eosinophil numbers ( p −4 mol/L, or with postinfusion plasma from volunteers administered intravenous hydrocortisone, plasma levels to 1.6 × 10 −5 mol/L, did not decrease the numbers of eosinophil colonies. At a concentration of 3.3 × 10 −6 mol/L of hydrocortisone, there was a slight but statistically significant stimulation of eosinophil colony numbers. In contrast, incubation with high concentrations of dexamethasone, 3.3 × 10 −4 mol/L or 3.3 × 10 −6 mol/L, significantly reduced eosinophil colony numbers. Prednisone caused a significant reduction in plasma levels of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein but not of eosinophil granule major basic protein. The results indicate that (1) soft agar assay of eosinophil colony growth by blood or bone marrow cells cannot be used to model the in vivo eosinopenic effect of glucocorticoids, (2) levels of dexamethasone in excess of levels commonly administered in clinical practice are required to inhibit eosinophilopoiesis in vitro, and (3) patients with peripheral blood eosinophilia may be more susceptible to the eosinopenic effects of glucocorticoids than normal subjects.
Ionising radiation-free whole-body MRI versus 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans for children and young adults with cancer: A prospective, non-randomised, single-centre study

Summary Background Imaging tests are essential for staging of children with cancer. However, CT and radiotracer-based imaging procedures are associated with substantial exposure to ionising radiation and risk of secondary cancer development later in life. Our aim was to create a highly effective, clinically feasible, ionising radiation-free staging method based on whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI and the iron supplement ferumoxytol, used off-label as a contrast agent. Methods We compared whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI with standard clinical 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) PET/CT scans in children and young adults with malignant lymphomas and sarcomas. Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images were generated by coregistration of colour-encoded ferumoxytol-enhanced whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI scans for tumour detection with ferumoxytol-enhanced T1-weighted MRI scans for anatomical orientation, similar to the concept of integrated 18 F-FDG PET/CT scans. Tumour staging results were compared using Cohen's κ statistics. Histopathology and follow-up imaging served as the standard of reference. Data was assessed in the per-protocol population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01542879. Findings 22 of 23 recruited patients were analysed because one patient discontinued before completion of the whole-body scan. Mean exposure to ionising radiation was 12·5 mSv (SD 4·1) for 18 F-FDG PET/CT compared with zero for whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI. 18 F-FDG PET/CT detected 163 of 174 malignant lesions at 1325 anatomical regions and whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI detected 158. Comparing 18 F-FDG PET/CT to whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI, sensitivities were 93·7% (95% CI 89·0–96·8) versus 90·8% (85·5–94·7); specificities 97·7% (95% CI 96·7–98·5) versus 99·5% (98·9–99·8); and diagnostic accuracies 97·2% (93·6–99·4) versus 98·3% (97·4–99·2). Tumour staging results showed very good agreement between both imaging modalities with a κ of 0·93 (0·81–1·00). No adverse events after administration of ferumoxytol were recorded. Interpretation Ferumoxytol-enhanced whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI could be an alternative to 18 F-FDG PET/CT for staging of children and young adults with cancer that is free of ionising radiation. This new imaging test might help to prevent long-term side-effects from radiographic staging procedures. Funding Thrasher Research Fund and Clinical Health Research Institute at Stanford University.
Effects of verbal and spatial questions on initial gaze shifts.

Abstract The direction of subjects' first gaze shift following questions designed to elicit verbal-linguistic or visuo-spatial processing was examined in three experiments under video camera and face-to-face conditions. In each experiment, verbal questions elicited significantly more downward gaze shifts than spatial questions. Previous findings that verbal questions elicited more rightward gaze shifts than spatial questions were not replicated. These results appear to be incompatible with theories linking direction of gaze shifts with the functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres. It was also observed that trials on which no gaze shifts were elicited occurred more often for spatial than verbal questions.