cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Northern Hemisphere Flow Regime Transitions, Blocking, and the Onset of Spring in the Central USA

Studies have shown that maxima in the time series of Northern Hemisphere (NH) Integrated Enstrophy (IE) can be associated with large-scale flow regime transitions and often, the onset and decay of blocking events. Studies have also demonstrated that maxima of this quantity can be identified in ensemble model forecasts as much as 10 days in advance. During February and March 2019, strong IE maxima were associated with changes in the NH flow regimes that brought very cold conditions to the central part of the USA. These colder conditions also were associated with very strong Pacific and Atlantic Region blocking events. Using the NCEP re-analyses, three different teleconnection indexes, and surface temperature data from six different cities in the central USA, these IE maxima are identified. The maximum, minimum temperature and precipitation characteristics for these cities during the different large-scale flow regime characteristics are determined. The results will demonstrate that relatively warm conditions persisted through the first part of February before a period of anomalously colder (as much as 20o F below normal) and drier weather, with more snow, persisted into early March. This period was bookended by major changes in the NH IE time series and a strong simultaneous NH blocking episode. Following this period, the temperature regime returned to values that were closer to normal. Finally, these changes were anticipated well by an ensemble model.
Common Complications of Sickle Cell Disease: A Simulation-Based Curriculum.

Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD), the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder worldwide, affects nearly every organ of the body and results in accelerated mortality. Nationally, inte...
Lightweight Frame Scrambling Mechanisms for End-to-End Privacy in Edge Smart Surveillance

As smart surveillance becomes popular in today's smart cities, millions of closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras are ubiquitously deployed that collect huge amount of visual information. All these raw visual data are often transported over a public network to distant video analytic centers. This increases the risk of interception and the spill of individuals' information into the wider cyberspace that causes privacy breaches. The edge computing paradigm allows the enforcement of privacy protection mechanisms at the point where the video frames are created. Nonetheless, existing cryptographic schemes are computationally unaffordable at the resource constrained network edge. Based on chaotic methods we propose three lightweight end-to-end (E2E) privacy-protection mechanisms: (1) a Dynamic Chaotic Image Enciphering (DyCIE) scheme that can run in real time at the edge; (2) a lightweight Regions of Interest (RoI) Masking (RoI-Mask) scheme that ensures the privacy of sensitive attributes on video frames; and (3) a novel lightweight Sinusoidal Chaotic Map (SCM) as a robust and efficient solution for enciphering frames at edge cameras. Design rationales are discussed and extensive experimental analyses substantiate the feasibility and security of the proposed schemes.
Marginal assessment of the cost and benefits of aphasia treatment: Evidence from community-based telerehabilitation treatment for aphasia:

IntroductionFew studies have reported information related to the cost-effectiveness of traditional face-to-face treatments for aphasia. The emergence and demand for telepractice approaches to aphas...
Collaborating to Advocate in Primary Care for Children During COVID-19.

The St Louis Regional Pediatric Learning Collaborative of pediatric primary care providers and infectious diseases specialists formed in March 2020 to address the needs of children and families during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. More than 400 pediatric primary care providers participated, using a listserv to discuss care and organize webinars to provide updates on local and national data and plan next steps. To inform local decision-making about care and testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, 95 providers from 26 practices partnered with the local practice-based research network to rapidly collect and share data about children with COVID-19–like symptoms. Of 2162 children tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, 9% had positive test results. Test result positivity was 33% if a patient was exposed to a confirmed case of COVID-19 and 4% if they had COVID-19–like symptoms and no exposure. School or day care attendance was associated with lower rates of positive test results. Although not originally planned, these findings drove local advocacy efforts by the Collaborative for increased access to testing and contact tracing and safe in-person school. Members communicated directly and collectively with local politicians, provided advice and resources for school boards and superintendent groups, and appeared on various media platforms. In these efforts, they shared local data, highlighting the lower rate of positive test results for children in school to support the idea that schools could be safely open. Outreach from trusted pediatricians sharing prospective, timely, local data sustained in-person school for some districts and aided in future in-person openings for other school districts.
A Fog-and-Tube Scrubber for the Removal of Diesel Particulate Matter from Engine Exhaust

ABSTRACT Diesel particulate matter (DPM), the solid portion of diesel exhaust, has been linked to a range of deleterious health impacts. While a number of control strategies have been effective at reducing DPM in some environments, exposure risks are still high in others such as underground mines. In prior work, a novel scrubber treatment that used fog to remove DPM from engine exhaust was successfully prototyped in bench-scale laboratory experiments. Here, for the first time, the treatment concept was scaled up and field tested in a stone mine. An exhaust blower was used to pull fog, diesel exhaust, and mine air through a 30.5-meter long tube, enabling coagulation of DPM and fog drops resulting in their subsequent removal. Excluding one of the eleven tests, which appeared to be an outlier, the results showed that this fog-and-tube scrubber removed an average of 63% of particles (11.5–154 nm) as compared to 18% in the control case (without fog), yielding an average improvement of 45%. Computer simulations suggest that the observed particle removal is predominantly due to rapid thermal coagulation between the DPM and fog drops, followed by removal of the DPM-laden drops via inertial impaction with the tube walls.
The relative contribution of antibody production and CD8 ˛ T cell function to immune control of Trypanosoma cruzi

The life cycle of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in mammalian hosts includes both non-dividing trypomastigote forms which circulate in the blood and replicating intracellular amastigotes which reside within the cytoplasm of a variety of host cells. In this study we have used mice with induced mutations in genes responsible for either antibody production or cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) function to examine the relative contributions of these effector mechanisms to control of T. cruzi. Mice deficient in the production of antibodies exhibited a delay in the rise in acute phase parasitaemia and an extended time to death relative to mice lacking CD8+ T cells. Nevertheless, B cell deficient mice eventually succumbed to the infection. Prior infection with an avirulent strain of T. cruzi failed to protect either CD8+ T cell-deficient mice or B cell deficient mice from challenge infection with virulent parasites. In contrast, mice with disruptions in the genes controlling perforin- or granzyme B-mediated cytolytic pathways had parasitaemia and mortality rates similar to wild-type mice and were protected from secondary infection by prior exposure to avirulent parasites. These results 1) confirm that antibody production, although secondary in importance to cellular responses, is nevertheless absolutely required and 2) perforin- or granzyme B-mediated lytic pathways are not required for control of T. cruzi infection.
Early Switch from Intravenous to Oral Antibiotics in Hospitalized Patients with Infections: A 6-Month Prospective Study

We assessed what percentage of hospitalized patients treated with intravenous antibiotics would be candidates for early switch to oral therapy, and evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients after the switch. All hospitalized patients in whom an intravenous antibiotic was prescribed for treatment of an infection were prospectively screened to identify candidates for switch in therapy. Of the 655 patients treated with intravenous antibiotics, 300 (46%) were candidates for a switch, and the change was implemented in 262 (40%). Of the 171 evaluable patients, the switch was associated with clinical cure in 167 (98%) and failure in 4 (2%). In hospitalized patients with infections, the duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy can be minimized with early switch to oral therapy. This practice is associated with good patient outcome.
Chapter 1 An Overview of the Global Water Situation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the global water situation. In the United States and Europe, the average individual uses between 200 and 600 liters of water per day. A significant cause of water scarcity is agriculture since crop production requires up to 70 times more water than is used in drinking and other domestic purposes. IWMI approximates that each calorie consumed as food requires about 1 liter of water to produce. Such unsustainable consumption levels have led to localized areas of water scarcity and significantly altered freshwater ecosystems. In many arid and semi-arid areas, providing the large volume of water required for industrial, agricultural, recreational, and potable applications is especially difficult. Through suitable treatment, reclaimed wastewater can meet various water quality requirements for potential wastewater reuse/recycle. Recycled water can be used in numerous applications to satisfy many water demands such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, or replenishing a groundwater basin, depending on the level of treatment.
Shape Reconstruction with Delaunay Complex

The reconstruction of a shape or surface from a finite set of points is a practically significant and theoretically challenging problem. This paper presents a unified view of algorithmic solutions proposed in the computer science literature that are based on the Delaunay complex of the points.
Genetics of differential susceptibility to pneumonic Burkholderia pseudomallei infection (INC7P.424)

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is a pathogenic gram-negative bacterium that causes the severe human disease melioidosis. Bp is listed as a CDC Tier 1 select agent and is considered a potential bioterrorism agent that poses a threat to national security if intentionally released into the human population. Our goal is to use a murine model of Bp infection to gain a better understanding of the interactions between this bacterium and its hosts. We have utilized fully genotyped recombinant inbred BXD mice and a powerful array of complementary computer-based modeling algorithms and databases collectively known as the GeneNetwork. Preliminary studies revealed that Bp infection elicits phenotypically distinct innate immune responses in terms of immune cell recruitment to the lungs, survival and weight loss following pneumonic infection in parental and BXD mice. Preliminary interval mapping of our survival and weight loss phenotypic data using GeneNetwork revealed that survival is a complex trait involving loci on chromosomes 5, 7, and 9 and weight retention involves loci on chromosome 12. Furthermore, we have identified several potential candidate genes within the significant and/or suggestive interval on these chromosomes that appear to correlate with differential susceptibility to Bp infection. These results form the foundation for future work that will significantly increase our understanding of the interactions between Bp and its genetically diverse hosts.
Histamine deficiency promotes accumulation of immunosuppressive immature myeloid cells and growth of murine gliomas

To elucidate mechanisms underlying epidemiological findings of decreased risk of glioma development in patients with allergies and asthma, gliomas were induced in mice deficient for histidine decarboxylase (HDC), the enzyme responsible for histamine production. These mice exhibited shortened survival and enhanced tumor growth compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Previous studies have shown a pivotal role of HDC in maturation of bone marrow (BM)-derived myeloid cells. In our glioma models, brain-infiltrating leukocytes (BIL) demonstrated an increased frequency of CD11b+Gr1+ immature myeloid cells (IMC; both CD11b+Ly6G+ and CD11b+Ly6C+ subpopulations) as well as diminished CD8+ T cell infiltration and their effector functions in HDC-/- mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, HDC-/- IMC demonstrated a more profound immune suppression of CD8+ T cell proliferation and functions associated with increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression levels. Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, which is vital for PGE2 production, abrogated suppressive capabilities of HDC-/- IMC. In addition, glioma-bearing HDC-eGFP mice, in which HDC promoter drives green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression, exhibited decreased HDC promoter activities in CD11b+Gr1+ cells in the BM, spleen, and intracranial tumor site compared with non-tumor bearing HDC-eGFP mice. Additionally, in vitro culture with glioma supernatants decreased GFP expression in CD11b+Gr1+, CD11b+Ly6G+, and CD11b+Ly6C+ IMC. HDC expression levels inversely correlated with suppressive functions of CD11b+Gr1+ IMC, as GFP-CD11b+Gr1+ more profoundly inhibited CD8+ T cell proliferation compared with CD11b+Gr1+GFP+ cells. Taken together, these data show a significant role of HDC in the glioma microenvironment via maturation of myeloid cells and resulting activation of CD8+ T cells.
Classroom-Based Language Assessment and L2 Learning

Over the past decade, there has been a call for an interface between assessment practices and second language (L2) learning, and this call has come from both testing specialists (e.g., Purpura, 2011) and second language acquisition researchers (e.g., Norris & Ortega, 2003). One area where a crossing point seems to have occurred is in classroom-based language assessment and, in specific, formative assessment. Rea-Dickins (2008) writes that a greater alignment of research in the areas of formative assessment and second language acquisition may give theorists, researchers, and practitioners a clearer understanding of language development in the classroom. Phrases such as learning-oriented language assessment (Purpura, 2004), assessment for learning (Black et al., 2003), and assessment as learning (Rea-Dickins, 2008) have been coined to emphasize the formative purposes, and highlight the learning aspect, of these classroom-based assessment practices.
Compartmentation of free amino acids for protein synthesis in rat liver.

The concept that a general intracellular pool serves as the sole precursor of amino acids for protein biosynthesis has been vigorously debated in recent years. To help resolve this controversy, we followed the distribution of intraperitoneally administered [3H]valine in the tRNA and the extracellular and intracellular compartments of rat liver. The specific radioactivity of the valine released from isolated tRNA was 2–3 times higher than that of intracellular valine, suggesting that the intracellular pool cannot be the sole precursor of amino acids used for charging tRNA. In addition, the specific radioactivity of the tRNA was only half that of the extracellular valine. Therefore it is unlikely that the valyl-tRNA is charged exclusively with amino acids derived from the extracellular pool. A model is proposed which stipulates that both extracellular and intracellular amino acids contribute to a restricted compartment that funnels amino acids towards protein biosynthesis.
Field observations of Ostrinia nubilalis eclosion and post-eclosion activity of females around their natal plants

Abstract The early part of the post‐eclosion, pre‐mating period were examined under field conditions for Ostrinia nubilalis. Post‐eclosion behavior of 25 and 21 females during the first and second flight periods were observed until they left their natal site. Summer generation larvae were reared under field conditions and the timing of adult eclosion was observed. Eclosion occurred at two times during the day, peaking before dawn and before dusk; 46% of females and 56% of males eclosed during the morning period and the rest eclosed during the evening period. After eclosion, females spent 30–60 min expanding their wings. Their typical behavior was to remain calmly on their natal site. None of the females exhibited calling behavior before leaving. All females left their natal sites sometime before dawn. The probability of leaving increased with time. Leaving rates were not significantly different between females of the first and second flight. These field observations indicate that females have several possibilities for pre‐mating movement, which might allow females to move out from their natal field before mating. In addition, we also discuss the influence of pre‐mating movements in relation to the rate of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance evolution.
Pushing through solid rock: Words of wisdom for clinicians from four patients with life‐threatening conditions

Four subjects living with profoundly debilitating and life-threatening illnesses reflect on how psychotherapy has contributed to their ability to cope and survive. With frankness and eloquence they address issues related to cancer, heart disease, fibromyalgia, and AIDS.
The metabolism of deoxyribonucleosides in Lactobacillus acidophilus: Regulation of deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine and deoxythymidine kinase activities by nucleotides

Abstract 1. 1. The presence of deoxycytidine kinase, as well as of deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine and thymidine kinase activities, is reported in Lactobacillus acidophilus . 2. 2. Phosphorylation of each deoxynucleoside is inhibited most effectively by its homoogous deoxynucleoside triphosphate. Besides inhibiting deoxycytidine kinase, dCTP also inhibits deoxyguanosine kinase activity, but stimulates deoxyadenosine and deoxythymidine phosphorylation. 3. 3. The inhibition of deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine or deoxyadenosine phosphorylation by the corresponding triphosphate is reversed by UTP and dUTP, but not by dTTP which augmented the inhibition in certain cases. The inhibition of thymidine kinase by dTTP was readily reversed by dCTP. 4. 4. Preliminary purification of the bacterial deoxycytidine kinase is described, and its properties are compared with those of the enzyme from calf thymus. The pH curve is biphasic, with optima at pH 7.6 and 10.5. The mol. wt., as estimated by gel filtration, is only about 35 000. The enzyme is slightly activated by mercurial reagents, apparently without loss of regulatory properties. Initial kinetic experiments yielded linear double-reciprocal plots when either deoxycytidine or ATP-Mg 2− was varied. The end-product inhibitor dCTP apparently is competitive; K i dCTP, 5.0·10 −5 M.
Redesigning physician compensation mechanisms: A fool's errand?

Some view the change in physician compensation from fee-for-service to managed care as merely a technical issue. Systems can switch from paying physicians for what they charge patients to the health maintenance approach in which a physician is paid prospectively and the incentive is to minimize services used. Greater attention should be paid to nonmonetary aspects of motivation—the purpose of the organization in which physicians practice and creating work environments that enhance professional satisfaction.
Routing exploiting multiple heterogeneous wireless interfaces: A TCP performance study

This paper proposes a routing scheme that exploits multiple heterogeneous wireless interfaces on a node: a primary 802.11a interface and a secondary 802.11b (or 802.11) interface. In normal conditions, a TCP flow uses a primary path over the 802.11a interface discovered by a reactive routing protocol. But in presence of route breakage due to node mobility, it resorts to its backup path over the 802.11b interface which is already maintained by a proactive routing protocol and is being used for delivery of control or management packets. The secondary interface exhibits different property than the primary interface (i.e., slower rate but larger transmission range). This helps keep TCP flows alive and preserve the TCP window size, thereby making them more resilient to route breakage induced by mobility. ns-2 implementation and simulations reveal several potential benefits of the proposed routing scheme: (1) recovering packets immediately in the event of link failures, (2) maintaining TCP connections while the higher-rate 802.11a path is not available, and even making the 802.11a path more available, (3) preserving the TCP window size during route breakage, which can lead to preservation of throughput, especially when the round trip delay between a source and a destination is large (e.g., either for long-hop connections or in high queueing delay conditions caused by network congestion, or both).
Effect of fat preload on gastric myoelectrical activity in normal humans

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fat preload on gastric myoelectrical activity in normal humans. The study was performed in 10 normal subjects (five males, five females) fasted for 6h or more. Gastric myoelectrical activity was recorded using surface abdominal electrodes. In the study session the subjects ingested a 40-g liquid fat meal (2 oz of lipomul) after a 30-min baseline recording. A test meal (225 kcal beef stew) was then consumed 15 min after drinking the lipomul, and the recording was continued for 2 h after the test meal. The control session performed on a separate day followed the same procedure except that the lipomul was replaced by 2 oz of water. The order of the study and control sessions was randomized. The cutaneous recording of gastric myoelectrical activity (electrogastrogram or EGG) was digitized and subjected to computerized quantitative data analysis. The peak power and the corresponding frequency of the EGG during every 15-min time interval were computed using spectral analysis. Student's t-test was applied to determine the effect of fat preload on the surface recording of gastric myoelectrical activity. It was found that: (1) the power of the 15-min EGG at the dominant frequency immediately after fat preload was significantly lower than that of the baseline EGG (P = 0.01); (2) the postprandial power increase of the EGG at the dominant frequency was significantly lower with fat preload than with placebo preload (P = 0.002); (3) the dominant frequency of the EGG was not affected by fat preload. It was concluded that fat preload significantly decreases the power of the EGG but does not affect the frequency of the gastric slow wave.
Improving genetic programming classification for binary and multiclass datasets

Genetic Programming (GP) is one of the evolutionary computation techniques that is used for the classification process. GP has shown that good accuracy values especially for binary classifications can be achieved, however, for multiclass classification unfortunately GP does not obtain high accuracy results. In this paper, we propose two approaches in order to improve the GP classification task. One approach (GP-K) uses the K-means clustering technique in order to transform the produced value of GP into class labels. The second approach (GP-D) uses a discretization technique to perform the transformation. A comparison of the original GP, GP-K and GP-D was conducted using binary and multiclass datasets. In addition, a comparison with other state-of-the-art classifiers was performed. The results reveal that GP-K shows good improvement in terms of accuracy compared to the original GP, however, it has a slightly longer execution time. GP-D also achieves higher accuracy values than the original GP as well as GP-K, and the comparison with the state-of-the-art classifiers reveal competitive accuracy values.
Enhancing and Upgrading Records for Video Recordings in OCLC's WorldCat Database: One Participant's Experience at Texas A&M University

In 2002, Texas A&M University (TAMU) Libraries obtained a National Level Enhance authorization for the OCLC visual materials format, allowing TAMU catalogers to upgrade records for video recordings in OCLC's WorldCat database at all encoding levels. This article presents examples of typical changes made by one cataloger to video recording records that were either enhanced or upgraded to full-level at TAMU during the last five years. Common changes included: correcting information in the title and statement of responsibility, correcting date information, adding or correcting information in notes, and creating access points. Issues encountered relating to enhancing and upgrading records in this format are also discussed.
Co-regulation of antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses by type I and type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (cAK)

Abstract While a differential sensitivity to cyclic AMP (cAMP)-mediated signaling between Th1 and Th2 cells has been hypothesized, differential activity of downstream signaling through cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) isoforms remains unexplored. We herein report the effects of type 1- and type 2-specific cAK agonists and antagonists on proliferative responses and cytokine generation from ragweed-driven peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Amb a 1-specific Th1 and Th2 clones. Rp-8-Cl- and Rp-8-CPT-cAMP were utilized as single agent antagonists of cAKI and cAKII, respectively; 8-AHA-cAMP, with and without 8-PIP-cAMP, and 8-CPT-cAMP, with and without 6-Bnz-cAMP, were used as synergistic agonist pairs specific for the cAKI and cAKII, respectively. Activation of either cAKI or cAKII individually was ineffective in down-regulating proliferative responses of PBMCs or T cell clones; concentration–response curves for the Th1 and Th2 clones were identical. Moreover, inhibition of either cAKI or cAKII individually was ineffective in overcoming the down-regulatory effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition. Activation of either cAKI or cAKII individually was ineffective in down-regulating proinflammatory cytokine generation from T cell clones (interleukin-4 from Th2; interferon-γ from Th1). However, concurrent activation of both cAKI and cAKII produced down-regulatory effects equivalent to those of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor on both proliferation and cytokine generation. These data suggest a critical role for concurrent activation of cAKI and cAKII in the functional efficacy of antigen-driven downstream signaling due to elevations of intracellular cAMP and argue against differential regulation of Th1 and Th2 responses by cAK subtypes.
Optical design for a high-etendue imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer

Current hyperspectral imaging cameras are typically limited in throughput either by a slit or other optical geometries requiring small solid angle instantaneous fields of view. The high etendue imaging Fourier transform spectrometer optical design is a new optical geometry for the production of spectral autocorrelation fringe modulation over an image plane defined by a large CCD array. A throughput advantage approaching several hundred appears realizable, with an accompanying increase in signal to noise proportional to 'root N'. THe simple optical implementation of this design will be discussed along with initial experimental results.
Anterograde transport of lucifer yellow-dextran conjugate

Abstract Immunoperoxidase reaction was performed using a very sensitive antisera raised against Lucifer Yellow to demonstrate that dextran amines conjugated to Lucifer Yellow are anterogradely transported by axons.
Learning Portfolio Management by Experience: University Student Investment Funds

In this age of greater cooperation between academia and industry, it is surprising to find a general lack of awareness by both parties as to the progress being made to closely integrate financial theory with practice. This paper is intended to bring colleagues in universities and business up to date in an area where considerable success has been achieved, namely, investments and portfolio management. Through a survey of universities across the country, a comprehensive list of programs that allow students to manage portfolios of real dollars has been compiled. It is hoped that sharing the results of this survey will encourage further cooperation in establishing new innovative programs in all areas of business.
Belonging at work

Given the growing need for workers to work smart, to maximize efficiency, and to be retained within an employer's workforce, it is important to understand the aspects of the work experience that make it meaningful. This phenomenological research study explored the powerful human feeling of belonging as it was experienced at work. Twelve adults, aged 20 to 80, recounted personal experiences ranging from their first jobs up to working for one company for over 39 years. Many types of work were represented. Based on phenomenological research methodology, a structure (Giorgi 1997) of themes based on participant's experience was identified. The structure of belonging at work was composed of six complex constituents or themes. The strongest sense of belonging that emerged was the discovery of self within a job. There were also elements of being invited and learning to be part of a group. Wanting to be included, learning how to connect and doing meaningful work were also important. There were clear components of ...
Methylation patterns of aquatic humic substances determined by13C NMR spectroscopy

13C NMR spectroscopy is used to examine the hydroxyl group functionality of a series of humic and fulvic acids from different aquatic environments. Samples first are methylated with13C-labeled diazomethane. The NMR spectra of the diazomethylated samples allow one to distinguish between methyl esters of car☐ylic acids, methyl ethers of phenolic hydroxyls, and methyl ethers of phenolic hydroxyls adjacent to two substituents. Samples are then permethylated with13C-labeled methyl iodide/NaH.13C NMR spectra of permethylated samples show that a significant fraction of the hydroxyl groups is not methylated with diazomethane alone. In these spectra methyl ethers of carbohydrate and aliphatic hydroxyls overlap with methyl ethers of phenolic hydroxyls. Side reactions of the methyltion procedure including carbon methylation in the CH3I/NaH procedure, are also examined. Humic and fulvic acids from bog, swamp, groundwater, and lake waters showssome differences in their distribution of hydroxyl groups, mainly in the concentrations of phenolic hydroxyls, which may be attributed to their different biogeochemical origins.
RPL29 codes for a non-essential protein of the 60S ribosomal subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and exhibits synthetic lethality with mutations in genes for proteins required for subunit coupling

RPL29 (YFR032c-a) is a non-essential gene that codes for a 60S ribosomal subunit protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of RPL29 leads to a moderate accumulation of half-mer polysomes with little or no change in the amounts of free 60S subunits. In vitro translation and the growth rate are also delayed in the Δrpl29 strain. Such a phenotype is characteristic of mutants defective in 60S to 40S subunit joining. The Δrpl29 strain exhibits synthetic lethality with mutations in RPL10, the gene encoding an essential 60S ribosomal subunit protein that is required for 60S to 40S subunit joining. The Δrpl29 strain also exhibits synthetic lethality with RSA1, a gene encoding a nucleoplasmic protein required for the loading of Rpl10p onto the 60S subunit [1]. Over-expression of RPL10 suppresses the half-mer phenotype of the Δrpl29 strain, but does not correct the growth defect of the deletion strain. We conclude that absence of Rpl29p impairs proper assembly of proteins onto the 60S subunit and that this retards subunit joining and additionally retards protein synthesis subsequent to subunit joining.
Enabling an Enterprise-Wide, Data-Centric Operating Environment

The Policy Machine can execute arbitrary data services and specify and enforce arbitrary but mission-tailored access control policies over those executions.
Acute appendicitis: Plain radiographic considerations

Plain radiographic findings in appendicitis have been neglected somewhat since the advent of cross-sectional imaging studies. Nevertheless, a definitive diagnosis may be made with conventional radiography in selected cases. The most important finding is the recognition of an appendicolith, which, like the appendiceal lumen, may be located far from its expected position in the right lower quadrant. Air in the appendix is a normal finding, except when the lumen is dilated. Ancillary findings, such as cecal dilatation, are nonspecific. Recognition of appendiceal abscess depends upon demonstration of a mass and/or extraluminal air in the form of large lucencies or small bubbles.
Localization of M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor protein in cholinergic and non-cholinergic terminals in rat hippocampus

Abstract The muscarinic receptor family (M 1 –M 4 ) mediates cholinergic modulation of hippocampal transmission. Pharmacological and physiological studies have indicated that a presynaptic receptor on cholinergic terminals plays a key role in regulating ACh release, although the molecular identity of this subtype is uncertain. In this study, the localization of the M 2 receptor is described in detail for the pyramidal cell layer in the CAl region of the hippocampus. Electron microscopic analysis of M 2 immunoreactivity in this area revealed mainly presynaptic expression of this subtype. Double-labeling experiments using antibodies to M 2 and to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, a novel, specific marker of cholinergic terminals, were used to investigate the nature of these presynaptic receptors. These studies have revealed that M 2 is located in cholinergic and non-cholinergic terminals. This is the first direct anatomical evidence that suggests that M 2 may indeed function as a cholinergic autoreceptor in the hippocampus. The distribution of the M 2 receptor in non-cholinergic terminals also suggests functional roles for M 2 as a presynaptic heteroreceptor.
Intoxication with nitromethane-containing fuels: don't be "fueled" by the creatinine.

AbstractBackground: This report describes two patients exposed to nitromethane-containing fuels and the resulting laboratory abnormalities. Patient 1 ingested model airplane fuel on two separate occasions; the second patient had dermal exposure from clothing saturated with fuel in a drag racing accident. After the exposure, both patients had unusually elevated serum creatinine concentrations. Methods: We determined the cause of the increase in serum creatinine to be due to nitromethane interfering with the Jaffe' reaction used to measure this analyte. The interference was determined by both adding increasing quantities of nitromethane to sera and remeasuring the apparent creatinine and by retesting some of the original samples using an enzyme-based creatinine method. Results: We found nitromethane, in the concentrations absorbed or ingested by the patients, increased the apparent creatinine 10- to 20-fold. Conclusions: Nitromethane interferes with the most widely used colorimetric method used to measure c...
LUNG EDEMA FOLLOWING BILATERAL VAGOTOMY : STUDIES ON THE RAT, GUINEA PIG, AND RABBIT

1. Small animals (rat and guinea pig) vagotomized in the neck die within a period of hours, the lungs showing extensive congestion and edema. 2. Tracheotomy permits appreciably longer survival with minimal lung changes approximating those seen in the control animals. 3. Intrathoracic vagotomy (sparing the recurrent laryngeal nerve) on one side, and cervical vagotomy on the other, permits almost indefinite survival (guinea pig and rabbit), unless laryngeal paralysis from the unilateral denervation produces respiratory obstruction (rat, guinea pig, and rabbit). 4. Pulmonary edema following bilateral vagotomy probably results primarily from respiratory obstruction. It is suggested that circulatory failure may also be a factor of some importance. The role of vagotomy itself is considered in relationship to these two phenomena. 5. The reaction of smaller animals to bilateral vagotomy, with regard to lung changes, apparently differs in no way from that of the larger animals, but is less readily demonstrated because of the smaller diameters of the air passages.
Diet of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana): II. Selective grazing in mixed phytoplankton assemblages

Abstract Diatoms, prymnesiophytes, and cryptophytes are the major taxonomic classes of phytoplankton available to Antarctic krill as primary food resources. However, the relative contribution of each class to the diet of krill is unknown. In this study, selectivity for different phytoplankton taxa by Euphausia superba was examined during laboratory experiments with E. superba grazing on mixed phytoplankton assemblages from the wild and from laboratory cultures. Clearance rates and changes in relative concentrations of diatoms, prymnesiophytes and cryptophytes were measured by analysis of taxon-specific accessory photopigments with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). E. superba grazed diatoms at higher rates than Phaeocystis and cryptophytes. Grazing was negligible in cryptophyte-dominated assemblages. Increases of up to 369% in 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (HF)/fucoxanthin (FUCO) (prymnesiophyte/diatom) ratios indicated a high level of selectivity for diatoms over Phaeocystis . This selectivity occurred even for Phaeocystis colonies of similar size to diatoms, and thus cannot be entirely attributed to differential sieving efficiency based on particle size. The results suggest that krill actively select diatoms in phytoplankton mixtures.
1-Hydroxytropacocaine: An abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var. Novogranatense and var. Truxillense

A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropacocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-Hydroxytropacocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropacocaine was <0.01% w/w (relative to dry coca leaf) in suspected Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and Erythroxylum coca var. coca, field-cultivated in Colombia and Bolivia, respectively.
Rapid detection of viable Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 encapsulated spores using novel propidium monoazide-linked fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Abstract The survival of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores to standard industrial clean room sterilization practices necessitates the development of rapid molecular diagnostic tool(s) for detection and enumeration of viable bacterial spores in industrial clean room environments. This is of importance to maintaining the sterility of clean room processing products. This paper describes the effect of propidium monoazide (PMA) on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detecting and enumerating B. pumilus SAFR-032 viable spores having been artificially encapsulated within poly(methylmethacrylate) (Lucite, Plexiglas) and released via an organic solvent (PolyGone-500). The results of the PMA–FISH experiments discussed herein indicate that PMA was able to permeate only the compromised coat layers of non-viable spores, identifying PMA treatment of bacterial spores prior to FISH analysis as a novel method for selecting out the fraction of the spore population that is non-viable from fluorescence detection. The ability of novel PMA–FISH to selectively distinguish and enumerate only the living spores present in a sample is of potential significance for development of improved strategies to minimize spore-specific microbial burden in a given environment.
Methodological issues in assessment of the perceptual component of body image disturbance

An individual's body image consists of both a perceptual and an attitudinal (subjective) component. Methodological issues relative to the measurement of the perceptual component of body image are discussed. Traditionally, research in body image has employed psychophysical techniques and analyses which confound these two components. Psychophysical techniques which allow for a separate measurement of these two components are discussed, including method of constant stimuli, signal detection theory and adaptive probit estimation. The results of research utilizing these techniques are described and the importance of separately measuring perceptual and attitudinal components is discussed.
The dissolution of siliceous microfossils in surface sediments of the eastern tropical Pacific

Abstract Three assemblages of Quaternary siliceous microfossils were dissolved for varying lengths of time in natural seawater. Changes in the relative abundances of certain radiolarians, diatoms, and sponge spicules were measured, and a dissolution index scheme was developed. This scheme allows an objective assessment of the preservation of tropical siliceous microfossil assemblages of Quaternary age. Its application to a study of near-surface sediments in the eastern tropical Pacific shows that the siliceous microfossil preservation pattern roughly reflects surface water productivity. Two second-order features are superimposed upon this pattern. First, preservation is usually better at deeper depositional sites at most latitudes, and this is attributed primarily to sediment redistribution processes. Second, the best preservation is found not in equatorial sediments, but in those obtained from an area near 10°N, 117°W. This is attributed to the unusually high abundance of fragments of the diatom genus Ethmodiscus found in those sediments.
Mass spectrometric measurement of formaldehyde generated in breast cancer cells upon treatment with anthracycline antitumor drugs.

Selected ion flow tube-chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to measure formaldehyde levels in human breast cancer cells in comparison with levels in cells treated with the antitumor drugs doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DAU) and the daunorubicin−formaldehyde conjugate Daunoform (DAUF). The measurement was performed on cell lysates and showed only background levels of formaldehyde in untreated cells and drug-treated resistant cells (MCF-7/Adr cells) but levels above background in DOX- and DAU-treated sensitive cells (MCF-7 cells). The level of formaldehyde above background was a function of drug concentration (0.5−50 μM), treatment time (3−24 h), cell density (0.3 × 106 to 7 × 106 cells/mL), and cell viability (0−100%). Higher levels of formaldehyde were observed in lysates of MCF-7 cells treated at higher drug levels, unless the treatment resulted in low cell viability. Elevated levels were directly related to cell density and were observed even with 0.5 μM drug. A lower limit for excess for...
In-vivo first metatarsophalangeal joint mechanics following cheilectomy: MRI and gait alterations

Cheilectomy surgery has been shown to provide pain relief for patients with hallux rigidus [1], however limited data exists regarding the effectiveness of this surgery in re-establishing normal first metatarsophalangeal (1st MTP) joint kinematics. A recent dynamic gait study has reported only modest improvement in 1st MTP motion following surgery, thus implicating the persistence of altered joint mechanics [2]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo joint motion changes using MRI under 1st MTP loaded conditions in patients who received cheilectomy surgery. These data were compared to dynamic alterations during gait measured in a second cohort of subjects who previously underwent surgery.
Backward cortical projections to primary somatosensory cortex in rats extend long horizontal axons in layer I

We have studied the origin and extent of axons within layer I of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of rats by using retrograde and anterograde tracers with an emphasis on reciprocal connections to layer I of SI from ipsilateral cortical areas that are the target of SI projections. Small crystals of 1,1′,dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) labeled horizontal axons projecting in all directions within layer I, which extended for up to 4 mm with numerous terminal branches. Applications of horseradish peroxidase, Diamidino yellow, or fast blue to the pial surface of SI labeled a characteristic pattern of neurons below the application site that excluded neurons in layer IV of the barrel fields, unless the dye penetrated deeper than layer II. This provided a control for the effective depth of the layer I dye applications. Retrograde transport from layer I of SI was traced to the primary motor area, the lateral parietal areas, including the secondary somatosensory (SII) and agranular insular cortex ipsilaterally, as well as the homotopic areas of SI contralaterally. Injections of the anterograde tracer dextran amine at the same site as the SI surface application labeled dense fiber terminations in middle layers of these same secondary areas in the primary motor cortex (MI) or SII in the midst of cells labeled by retrograde transport from layer I of SI. Injections of dextran amine into these secondary cortical areas labeled fibers that coursed through deep layers to SI, where they ascended to layer I. These reciprocal corticocortical inputs to SI were concentrated in layer I, where they branched and extended horizontally across several SI barrels. J. Comp. Neurol. 388:297–310, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mass spectroscopic fragmentation pathways of 1,8‐nonadiyne

Cleavage α to triple bonds in straight-chain hydrocabons with only one triple bond is a very minor process. The mass spectrum of 1,8-nonadiyne (mol. wt 120) shows strong peaks at around m/z91, which points to a major fragmentation pathway of cleavage α to triple bonds in straight-chain diynes. This study attempts to explain this paradox. Through-space interaction was indicated through the use of carbon-13 labelling of the terminal carbon atoms in 1,8-nonadiyne, 1,2,8,9-13C-1,8-Nonadiyne and 3,7-13C-1,8-nonadiyne were prepared to determine which carbon atoms were lost in the process of [M]+˙ and [M1]+ going to m/z91. These two molecules were chosen for ease of synthesis. Low-resolution mass spectra and low-voltage studies determined that a major portion of carbon atoms being lost were from the middle of the carbon chain. This points to a fragmentation pathway that results from through-space interaction of the two terminal triple bonds. It is likely that ionization enhances this through-space interaction of the two triple bonds.
Academic Decision Making and Prospect Theory

Two studies are reported that investigate the applicability of prospect theory to college students' academic decision making. Exp. 1 failed to provide support for the risk-seeking portion of the fourfold pattern predicted by prospect theory but did find the greater weighting of losses over gains. Using a more sensitive dependent measure, in Exp. 2 the results of the first experiment were replicated in terms of the gain-loss effect and also found some support for the fourfold pattern in the interaction between probabilities and gain versus loss. The greatest risk-seeking was found in the high probability loss condition.
Complete Calculations of the Electronic Energies of Solids

A method is described for the complete calculation of electronic energies in crystalline solids without approximating overlap, electron-repulsion, or exchange contributions. The practicality of the method is confirmed by preliminary results, which also indicate reasons for the considerable success of independent-electron methods.