cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GROWTH AND ACROHEGALOID FEATURES IN A HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED (HY) MALE: THE ROLE OF PRANDIAL HYPERINSULINISM (HI)

Normal growth as well as acromegaloid features have been described in patients after HY for craniopharyngioma. This growth has been attributed to multiple factors including prolactin, ICF-I, insulin and anti-GH receptor antibodies. We have followed for 18 y a now 22 year old male who was HY for a craniopharyngioma at age 4. Subsequently he was replaced with thyroid, cortisone DDAVP and low dose halotestin. He grew normally and attained a final height of 179.5 cm (+2 S.D. for T.H.; + 0.4 SD for C.A.); weight 96 kg, 30 % above IBU, BMI 30 kg/m2. He had coarse features, large hands and feet, and a calcaneal heal pad of 25 mm, consistent with acromegaly. GH response to arginine, L-dopa, GRF and sleep were 400 mu/l) basal insulin and glucose tolerance were normal, consistent with insulin resistance. We postulate two mechanisms by which insulin induced the growth promotion and acromegaloid features in the presence of very low GH, IGF-I and Prl: the frequent and strikingly elevated concentrations of plasma insulin in response to feeding 1) act on the IGF-1 receptor to produce an ICF-I effect and 2) the hyperinsulinemia increases local IGF-I production in cartilage (Alarid et al Endocrinology 130: 2305, 1992). He suggest the combination of these two effects of HI account for the growth pattern and acromegaloid features of this and similar patients.
SQL DOM: compile time checking of dynamic SQL statements

Most object oriented applications that involve persistent data interact with a relational database. The most common interaction mechanism is a call level interface (CLI) such as ODBC or JDBC. While there are many advantages to using a CLI -- expressive power and performance being two of the most key -- there are also drawbacks. Applications communicate through a CLI by constructing strings that contain SQL statements. These SQL statements are only checked for correctness at runtime, tend to be fragile and are vulnerable to SQL injection attacks. To solve these and other problems, we present the SQL DOM: a set of classes that are strongly-typed to a database schema. Instead of string manipulation, these classes are used to generate SQL statements. We show how to extract the SQL DOM automatically from an existing database schema, demonstrate its applicability to solve the mentioned problems, and evaluate its performance.
Thyroxine: Conversion to Triiodothyronine by Isolated Perfused Rat Heart

Thyroxine labeled with carbon-14 and iodine-125 was perfused through surviving rat hearts. Only when unlabeled triiodothyronine was added as a carrier could the newly formed doubly labeled triiodothyronine be isolated. The fact that this triiodothyronine was labeled with the correct ratio of carbon-14 to iodine-125 indicated that it originated from thyroxine. Approximately 5 percent of the initial carbon-14 radioactivity was found in the recovered triiodothyronine.
Electrical and optical properties of parabolic semiconducting quantum wells

Abstract We investigate theoretically the optical and electrical properties of parabolic semiconducting quantum well structures. In our calculations, we assume that the confinement of the carriers is in an infinite parabolic well. We show that the carrier mobility in the plane perpendicular to the direction of confinements is directly proportional to the harmonic oscillator length λ whose value depends upon the partitioning of the band gap discontinuity between the conduction and valence bands. We have also calculated the linewidth for intra-subband resonances which should occur for electromagnetic radiation polarized in the direction of carrier confinement and show that the linewidth is inversely proportional to λ and directly proportional to the temperature when the linewidth is dominated by acoustic phonon scattering. The absorption coefficient for interband optical transitions shows equally spaced steps as a function of photon energy where the value of the spacing between adjacent steps depends upon the partitioning of the band gap discontinuity. Carrier freeze-out in the intrinsic conduction occurs due to the presence of zero point energies in the conduction and valence bands arising from the carrier confinement. These zero point energies also are found to depend upon the partitioning of the band gap discontinuities. Therefore, information about the partitioning of the energy band gap discontinuity between the conduction and valence bands can be obtained by measuring these various optical and electrical transport properties of a parabolic quantum well semiconducting structure under those conditions when the model of an infinite parabolic well approximates the real system.
Optimization of a biomimetic model for tooth regeneration

Our goal is to create biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) tooth constructs as novel regenerative tools and models for bioengineered replacement teeth in humans. We use natural tooth development as a template to guide our biomimetic design, aiming to overcome disadvantages of artificial dental implants. Our biomimetic 3D tooth models are designed to facilitate the reciprocal interactions between the dental epithelium (DE) and dental mesenchyme (DM) that are required for dental cell differentiation and mineralized tooth formation. In this study we utilized tunable Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel as a scaffold material for dental cell encapsulation. We hypothesized that GelMA formulas could be optimized to closely resemble the physiological properties of the natural tooth bud environment, thus facilitating bioengineered tooth formation. To test this, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the elasticity of dental cell seeded GelMA constructs of three hydrogel formulas in order to identify those most closely resembling natural tooth bud tissues. Analysis of in vitro cultured DE/DM encapsulated GelMA constructs using bright field microscopy, metabolic assays, histology and immunofluorescent histochemisty, revealed distinct DE and DM cell behaviors in each GelMA formula. Subcutaneous implantation of dental cell seeded bilayered GelMA constructs resulted in mineralized tissue formation. We conclude that GelMA hydrogel formulas support dental cell differentiation, validating GelMA as a suitable platform for further development of a biomimetic tooth model.
Anomalous head posture with early-onset homonymous hemianopia.

Abstract Purpose: We have noted the frequent finding of an ipsilateral head turn in children with early-onset homonymous hemianopia. We report a series of patients with these findings and propose a theory to explain this association. Methods: Ten patients with early-onset homonymous hemianopia and anomalous head posture were examined. Head computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a cerebral lesion as the cause of the hemianopia in all patients. Results: All patients had onset of central nervous system disease prenatally or before age 18 months. A head turn toward the visual field defect with a gaze preference contralateral to the visual field defect was present in all patients. Conclusions: Early-onset homonymous hemianopia should be included in the differential diagnosis of anomalous head posture.
Shape coefficients for polygons

Functions are derived which quantify the shape of rectifiable simple closed curves, which form boundaries of black objects in a white background. The functions are products of coefficients in a Fourier series which defines a tracing of the curve. The functions are useful in describing the shape of a polygon which approximates a component of the boundary. They map curves into complex n-shape in such a way that commonly used descriptors such as “round”, “square”, “rectangular”, “symmetric” correspond to particular regions in n-space. The shape functions are all continuous in each corner of the polygon, so that polygons that are nearly identical are mapped into near-by points in n-space. Although there are a countably infinite set of shape functions, only a few are needed to recognize reasonably simple figures. Numerals can be recognized by evaluating three of the shape coefficients.
Flow volumes for interactive vector field visualization

Flow volumes are the volumetric equivalent of stream lines. They provide more information about the vector field being visualized than do stream lines or ribbons. Presented is an efficient method for producing flow volumes, composed of transparently rendered tetrahedra, for use in an interactive system. The problems of rendering, subdivision, sorting, composing artifacts, and user interaction are dealt with. Efficiency comes from rendering only the volume of the smoke, and using hardware texturing and compositing. >
Off-hull radio frequency emissions from below-deck spaces in ships

Measurement results and model analyses are presented for off-hull RF emissions caused by intentional transmitters radiating at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz in enclosed, reflective spaces typically found within ships and aircraft. These transmissions can originate from shipboard wireless local area networks, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and readers, handheld radios, and telemetry sources. Reverberant below-deck spaces with direct access to open air through windows and hatches exhibit surprisingly large off-hull signals detectable at substantial distances from the ship or aircraft. This situation occurs for total radiated power from the (multiple) transmitters at levels as low as 10 – 25 mW inside the below-deck space.
Dimension and Stable Rank in the K‐Theory of C*‐Algebras

In topological K-theory, which can be viewed as the algebraic side of the theory of vector bundles, some of the interesting properties which one investigates are, for example, the conditions under which bundles must possess trivial direct summands, or the extent to which the cancellation property for direct (Whitney) sums of bundles holds. Such properties turn out to be controlled in part by the dimension of the base space, and results describing the nature of this control are among what are frequently called stability results [17]. During the past few years there has been a sudden flowering of a /^-theory for C*algebras. (See surveys [35, 36, 37].) Since C*-algebras are profitably thought of as 'non-commutative locally compact spaces', with the finitely generated projective modules being the appropriate generalization of vector bundles according to Swan's theorem [40], it would be natural to look for stability results for C*-algebras. But until now the theory has been focussed on the /C-groups of C*-algebras, and there has been little discussion of stability properties, presumably in part for lack of an appropriate concept of dimension for C*-algebras. One of the main objectives of this paper is to introduce a concept of dimension for C*-algebras which directly generalizes the classical concept of dimension for compact spaces [16, 20, 22], and to develop some techniques for calculating it, notably for C*algebras which are obtained as crossed-product algebras for an action of the group of integers. In algebraic K-theory, which is the generalization of topological /C-theory to rings, a substantial number of stability properties have been discovered [2, 39, 42-48]. Within that theory the concept which has played a role most analogous to that of dimension is the Bass stable rank. But despite its many successes, the Bass stable rank has often been difficult to calculate even for relatively uncomplicated rings. Another main objective of the present paper is to make accessible for application to C*algebras some of the stability results from algebraic /C-theory. This comes about from the fact that the concept of dimension which we introduce dominates the Bass stable rank. I was led to seek stability results for C*-algebras by my desire to determine whether the cancellation property for projective modules holds for the irrational rotation C*algebras discussed in [30] (which, as Elliott [11] has suggested, can appropriately be called 2-dimensional 'non-commutative tori'). In more concrete terms, the question is whether two projections in such an algebra which have the same trace must be unitarily equivalent. The present paper provides the general theory which is needed for the affirmative answer which I obtained. In a subsequent paper I will derive the
Phonon transport manipulation and control in graphene for energy applications

Graphene has attracted significant attention due to its extraordinary electronic and thermal properties and the great application potential in nanoelectronics and renewable energy harvesting/conversion. This talk will cover the experimental and theoretical work that has been conducted in the Micro/Nanoscale Thermal Science Laboratory at ISU on phonon energy transport in graphene and novel approaches to manipulating/tailoring it to meet the need in energy applications. For phonon transport, the research is focused on the dynamic transient response of graphene to thermal impulse to reveal the phonon energy coupling and the distinctive behavior of the three phonon modes in transferring energy. For graphene applications, the phonon behavior across the structure-bent area is studied in detail to reveal the local mode- conservation and evaluate the local bending resistance. The energy transport in graphene- substrate interfaces is studied by combined experiment and modeling to understand the local energy dissipation that will be involved in graphene-based nanoelectronics. Our most recent work has made two new discoveries about energy manipulation in graphene: 1) the phonon energy can be inversed mode-wide to achieve energy separation, conversion, and ps-scale energy storage, 2) through careful phonon manipulation, graphene can conduct heat in two opposite directions simultaneously, proposing a novel way for energy conversion in space.
A model of microenvironments in deep‐sea sediments: Formation and effects on porewater profiles1

The influence of suboxic microenvironments on the deep-ocean porewater nitrogen system is investigated via a porewater-sediment model in which respiration is confined exclusively to discrete sedimentary particles. The formation of suboxic zones within particles that are surrounded by oxygenated porewaters is favored by large particle size, rapid rates of oxygen consumption, and slow internal diffusivity. Of these parameters, the retardation of diffusion due to the presence of organic membranes and organism tests and the increase in respiration rates by the concentration of oxygen consumption into a small proportion of the total particles present represent the most likely mechanisms by which microenvironments form. Once present, however, the main influence of suboxic microzones is to decrease the magnitude of the nitrate maximum, shift the depth of the maximum to a shallower sediment horizon, and decrease the buildup of nitrogen gas in the porewaters. Surface sediments in the deep sea are ma
A novel phospholipase C- and cAMP-independent positive inotropic mechanism via a P2 purinoceptor

Although ATP, acting through a P2 purinoceptor, can stimulate a pronounced positive inotropic effect in cardiac ventricular myocytes, the receptor-effector mechanism that underlies this stimulatory...
Rejected Posits, Realism, and the History of Science

Responding to Laudan’s skeptical reading of history, an influential group of realists claim that the seriously wrong claims that past successful theories licensed were not properly implicated in the predictions that once singled them out as successful. For example, in the case of Fresnel’s theory of light, it is said that although he appealed to the ether he didn’t actually need to in order to derive his famous experimental predictions—as far as the latter were concerned the ether concept was “idle,” “dispensable” or worse. This view, developed by Philip Kitcher in the 1980s and subsequently supplemented by Jarrett Leplin and by Stathis Psillos, has received critical attention over the last decade, but more needs to be said on the subject—or so I suggest in this paper. I bring forward four converging argumentative lines to show how and why, from the days of Fresnel to at least two decades after the Michelson-Morley experiments, the ether functioned and was understood as an “indispensable” posit in physics. My first line draws from Fresnel’s actual deployment of the ether concept and the way he and his circle understood his theory’s achievements. The second line draws from the rise of surprising implication as an epistemological value and its impact on leading theorists in the last two-thirds of the century. The third line draws from discussions of the optical ether in end-of-century reports around 1900. The fourth focuses on entrenched metaphysical assumptions that persisted in the practice of physics until the advent of Special Relativity. Pulling these four lines together shows why attempts at synchronic identification of sound theory-parts (as advocated by Kitcher, Leplin and Psillos) are bound to fail, but also how realists might try to meet the challenge this creates.
The Golden Marshalltown: A Parable for the Archeology of the 1980s

THIS IS A STORY about archeological goals and rewards, and no one should look for anything too profound in it. It’s really just the story of a ride I took on an airplane from San Diego to Detroit. That may not sound very exciting to those of you who fly a lot, but this particular trip was memorable for me. For one thing, it was my first time on a 747. For another, I met someone on that plane who became one of the most unforgettable characters I’ve ever run across. The flight was taking me home to Ann Arbor after the Society for American Archaeology meetings in May of 1981. I was leaving San Diego a day early because I had endured all the physical stress I could stand. I didn’t particularly feel like watching the movie, so as soon as the plane was airborne and the seat belt sign had been turned off, I went forward to the lounge area of the plane. There were only two people there, both archeologists, and both recognized me from the meetings. So I had no choice but to sit down and have a beer with them. I want to begin by telling you a little about my two companions, but you have to understand, I’m not going to give their actual names. Besides, their real identities aren’t important, because each considers himself the spokesman for a large group of people. The first guy, I suppose, came out of graduate school in the late 1960s, and he teaches now at a major department in the western United States. He began as a traditional archeologist, interested in Pueblo ruins and Southwestern prehistory, and he went on digs and surveys like the rest of us. Unlike the rest of us, he saw those digs and surveys not as an end in themselves, but as a means to an end, and a means that proved to be too slow. After a few years of dusty holes in hot, dreary valleys he was no closer to the top than when he had started, and in fact, he was showing signs of lamentable fallibility. In 50 tries at laying out a 5-ft square, he had never come closer than 4 ft 10 in by 5 ft 3 in, and he’d missed more floors than the elevator in the World Trade Center. And then, just when all seemed darkest, he discovered Philosophy of Science, and was born again. Suddenly he found the world would beat a path to his door if he criticized everyone else’s epistemology. Suddenly he discovered that so long as his research design was superb, he never had to do the research: just publish the design, and it would be held up as a model, a brass ring hanging unattainable beyond the clumsy fingers of those who ac-
Epithelial heating rates with topical ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ofloxacin with artificial tears after photorefractive keratectomy

Abstract Purpose To determine whether corneal epithelial healing differs after the use of topical ciprofloxacin alone, topical ofloxacin alone, or topical ofloxacin with artificial tears in patients having photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Setting Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods Eighteen patients (6 women, 12 men) with moderate myopia (−1.50 to −6.00 diopters [D]) had standardized PRK. Patient age ranged from 25 to 62 years. The 28 eyes (16 right, 12 left) were randomized into 3 treatment groups: ofloxacin alone, n=9 eyes; ciprofloxacin, n=9 eyes; and ofloxacin with Refresh Plus®, n=10 eyes. The drugs were administered immediately after surgery and then every 6 hours. Video recordings of the corneal wounds stained with fluorescein were performed at 8:00 am and 4:00 pm using a video slitlamp camera with a cobalt-blue light until the wound completely healed. The videotaped images were recorded and analyzed by a computer planimetry program. Wound areas were recorded and compared among the 3 drugs. The square-root transformation was applied to the wound area to obtain a constant healing rate. Statistical comparisons were analyzed using an analysis of variance test. Results Mean recovery time was 82.67 hours ± 14.42 (SD) in the ofloxacin eyes, 120.89 ± 34.05 hours in the ciprofloxacin eyes, and 76.80 ± 19.30 hours in the ofloxacin with Refresh Plus eyes. Mean healing rate was 0.66 ± 0.17 hours, 0.54 ± 0.16 hours, and 0.67 ± 0.15 hours, respectively. The healing rate was significantly higher in the ofloxacin with Refresh Plus eyes than in the ciprofloxacin eyes ( P P = .42). Conclusion Ofloxacin with Refresh Plus and ofloxacin alone had a more positive effect on epithelial healing than ciprofloxacin. The ciprofloxacin eyes were significantly more prone to impaired or delayed wound healing and to the development of corneal haze.
Symbiogenesis. A new principle of evolution rediscovery of Boris Mikhaylovich Kozo-Polyansky (1890–1957)

The following is a heavily edited transcript of my illustrated lecture, that included our 14 minute video (with a 2 minute animation model) that shows each step in live organisms hypothesized in the origin of nucleated cells from bacteria (“eukaryosis”). New observations presented with modern examples of live phenomena make us virtually certain that B.M. Kozo-Polyansky’s “new principle” (1924) of the importance of symbiogenesis in the evolutionary process of at least 2000 million years of life on Earth is correct. The widely touted but undocumented explanation of the origin of evolutionary novelty by “gradual accumulation of random mutations” will be considered an erroneous early 20th century hunch proffered primarily by Englishmen, North Americans and other anglophones. They (Neodarwinist “explanations”) will be replaced by the details of symbiogenesis: genetic mergers especially speciation by genome acquisition, karyotypic fissions (neocentromere formation, related chromosome change) and D.I. Williamson’s larval transfer concept for animals. Although ignored and dismissed in his life time, Kozo-Polyansky’s brilliant work will be lauded for symbiogenesis in the same style that Gregor Mendel’s studies of inheritance of “factors” in peas was for recognition of his establishment of diploid organism genetic principles by the beginning of the 20th century. My talk, photographs and moving pictures were presented at the Darwin conference, St. Petersburg, on September 23, 2009 introduced by E. Kolchinsky.
Porcine insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein blocks IGF-I action on porcine adipose tissue.

A growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP) purified from porcine serum specifically blocked the acute insulin-like effects of IGF-I on lipogenesis and glucose oxidation in porcine adipose tissue. This inhibition was dose dependent with half-maximal effective concentrations of IGFBP of 530 ng/ml for lipogenesis and 590 ng/ml for glucose oxidation in the presence of lO-'M IGF-I. The IGFBP also caused decreased rates of lipogenesis following a 1-hr preincubation of tissue with IGF-I (lo-' M). The IGFBP had no effect on insulin action on porcine adipose tissue. These findings demonstrate the inhibitory effects of a highly purified porcine serum IGFBP on the biologic effects of IGF-I in vitro, and provide evidence that the growth hormone-dependent IGFBP blocks the acute insulin-like actions of IGF-I in vivo. (P.S.E.B.M. 1989, Vol 1901
Can Accruals Quality Explain Auditors' Decision Making? The Impact of Accruals Quality on Audit Fees, Going Concern Opinions and Auditor Change

In this paper we investigate whether auditors' decisions can be explained by accruals quality. Using alternative measures of accruals quality developed by prior researchers, we find that a firm with poorer accruals quality is associated with higher audit fees, a greater likelihood of receiving a going concern audit opinion and a greater likelihood of auditor turnover. Recent studies have used accruals quality to proxy for a firm's information risk. Our study contributes to the literature by showing that information risk can be useful in explaining auditors' decisions. Accruals quality measures have also been suggested as a means of identifying earnings management. Existing studies exploring the effects of earnings management on auditors' decisions primarily use discretionary accruals and provide conflicting results. In contrast we find fairly consistent evidence that the likelihood of earnings management affects auditors' decisions adversely.
The Mycorrhizal Status of Selected Plant Species from Connecticut Wetlands and Transition Zones

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were investigated in the roots of flowering plants and ferns obtained from a variety of Connecticut freshwater wetland habitats. We sampled 290 plants from 89 species of 75 genera disposed among 42 families of flowering plants. All species of mature plants as well as selected young plants on developing shorelines were colonized by mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that this phenomenon is common in the development of vegetation associated with fluctuating water, nutrient, and oxygen conditions. The purpose of this report is to make soil conservationists, wetland agents, and others concerned with wetlands aware of this relationship as they select plants for use in restoration, and to point out the widespread nature of the endomycorrhizal phenomenon.
Laser-printed thick-film electrodes for solid-state rechargeable Li-ion microbatteries

Abstract Laser-printed thick-film electrodes (LiCoO2 cathode and carbon anode) are deposited onto metallic current collectors for fabricating Li-ion microbatteries. These microbatteries demonstrate a significantly higher discharge capacity, power and energy densities than those made by sputter-deposited thin-film techniques. This increased performance is attributed to the porous structure of the laser-printed electrodes, which allows improved ionic and electronic transport through the thick electrodes (∼100 μm) without a significant increase in internal resistance. These laser-printed electrodes are separated by a laser-cut porous membrane impregnated with a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) in order to build mm-size scale solid-state rechargeable Li-ion microbatteries (LiCoO2/GPE/carbon). The resulting packaged microbatteries exhibit a power density of ∼38 mW cm−2 with a discharge capacity of ∼102 μAh cm−2 at a high discharge rate of 10 mA cm−2. The laser-printed microbatteries also exhibit discharge capacities in excess of 2500 μAh cm−2 at a current density of 100 μA cm−2. This is over an order of magnitude higher than that observed for sputter-deposited thin-film microbatteries (∼160 μAh cm−2).
Developmental changes in the multisensory temporal binding window persist into adolescence

We live in a world rich in sensory information, and consequently the brain is challenged with deciphering which cues from the various sensory modalities belong together. Determinations regarding the relatedness of sensory information appear to be based, at least in part, on the spatial and temporal relationships between the stimuli. Stimuli that are presented in close spatial and temporal correspondence are more likely to be associated with one another and thus ‘bound’ into a single perceptual entity. While there is a robust literature delineating behavioral changes in perception induced by multisensory stimuli, maturational changes in multisensory processing, particularly in the temporal realm, are poorly understood. The current study examines the developmental progression of multisensory temporal function by analyzing responses on an audiovisual simultaneity judgment task in 6- to 23-year-old participants. The overarching hypothesis for the study was that multisensory temporal function will mature with increasing age, with the developmental trajectory for this change being the primary point of inquiry. Results indeed reveal an age-dependent decrease in the size of the ‘multisensory temporal binding window’, the temporal interval within which multisensory stimuli are likely to be perceptually bound, with changes occurring over a surprisingly protracted time course that extends into adolescence.
ITS and faculty recruiting, a strategic view

One aspect of the strategic mission for any institution of higher education is the recruitment and retention of top-flight faculty. At New York University (NYU) School of Law, Information Technology Services (ITS) has been collaborating with the Dean's Office over the past few years to make sure that technology is integrated into and supports various aspects of the faculty recruitment process.This paper will explore how and why ITS was able to achieve the desired level of collaboration. Particular attention will be focused on identifying the business needs and technical challenges that resulted in the development of new processes, and the customer services/user support objectives that were identified and incorporated into the support operations. As a result, the mission of ITS has been aligned to support and strengthen this particular strategic mission of the school.
Faith‐Based Decisions? The Consequences of Heightened Religious Salience in Social Service Referral Decisions

Previous research suggests that clergy members are often an initial contact for people seeking advice or social services and clergy often refer such individuals in need to outside agencies. Recent “faith-based initiatives” seek to engage churches and religious groups more deeply in social service delivery, potentially changing the mix of organizations to which clergy might refer people in need. In addition, public debates about faith-based social services have drawn attention to religion, often in politically divisive ways. Using semi-structured interviews and vignettes in which key characteristics of outside agencies are experimentally varied, we explore the implications of this heightened attention to religion on clergy referrals. We find that increasing the salience of religion affects clergy referral choices, with some clergy even willing to sacrifice quality care and resources for an individual in need when religious options are available as referral choices. We argue that this occurs at least in part because making religion salient in policy and referrals makes religious differences salient as well. When an individual is at a loss, facing a problem she simply cannot handle alone, it is likely that the first person she will turn to for help or advice is a clergy member (Chalfant et al. 1990; Milstein 2003). Because the majority of churches, synagogues, mosques, and other religious organizations in the United States are too small to have resources to deal with congregants’ problems directly (Chaves 2004), religious leaders often refer individuals in need to external agencies. Recent “faith-based initiatives” at all levels of government seek to engage churches and religious groups more deeply in social service delivery, increasing the financial resources available to such groups, and potentially altering clergy referral options. 1 These initiatives, along with ongoing attention to religion’s role in politics, have heightened public awareness about religion and religious activity in the public sphere. In this research note we explore the possibility that the increased salience of religion in the public sphere may itself have consequences, whatever the ultimate influence religion or religious organizations may have in social services or politics. Specifically, we examine what religion’s increased salience might mean for clergy members who are faced with a church member in need. In a study of pastors, we find that religion figures importantly, and in somewhat surprising ways, into pastors’ thinking about where to send people for social services.
An alternative proof of Diestel's theorem

We show that Diestel's theorem on weak compactness of subsets of L 1 ,(μ, X) can be derived as a simple corollary of James's theorem. It is a pleasure to acknowledge several stimulating conserversations with Dave Emmons and the remarks of an anonymous referee. Errors are, of course, solely mine.
Ship waves in a stratified ocean

The velocity potential for a simple source moving in a straight line at constant depth in a two-layer ocean is obtained by the Fourier transform method. It is used to develop a formula for the wave-making resistance of a ‘thin’ ship for both surface and internal waves. An asymptotic expansion is used to delineate quantitatively the internal wave system. It is shown that at speeds less than the critical speed transverse and divergent wave systems are excited, while at speeds greater than the critical internal wave speed only the divergent wave system is excited. Examples of the shape of wave crests and of wave heights are given.
Secure Bit: Transparent, Hardware Buffer-Overflow Protection

We propose a minimalist, architectural approach, Secure Bit (patent pending), to protect against buffer overflow attacks on control data (return-address and function-pointer attacks in particular). Secure Bit provides a hardware bit to protect the integrity of addresses for the purpose of preventing such buffer-overflow attacks. Secure Bit is transparent to user software: it provides backward compatibility with legacy user code. It can detect and prevent all address-corrupting buffer-overflow attacks with little runtime performance penalty. Addresses passed in buffers between processes are marked insecure, and control instructions using those addresses as targets will raise an exception. An important differentiating aspect of our protocol is that, once an address has been marked as insecure, there is no instruction to remark it as secure. Robustness and transparency are demonstrated by emulating the hardware, booting Linux on the emulator, running application software on that Linux, and performing known attacks
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: is there an effect on penile growth?

AbstractPurpose: Experimental evidence in rodents suggests that prepubertal exposure to excess androgens may prematurely down regulate the penile androgen receptor and cause micropenis in adulthood. To evaluate the effect of prepubertal androgens on human penile growth we reviewed phallic development in male patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 12 patients with hydroxylase deficiency. Stretched penile length was recorded at diagnosis and at last followup. Bone age, height and weight were recorded at each visit.Results: At diagnosis mean z-score for stretched penile length (z-score equals the number of standard deviations above or below the mean, that is z-score for micropenis equals -2.5) was 2.95 (1.23 to 4.88). Final mean z-score for stretched penile length in adulthood was -1.70 (-2.96 to 1.87). Mean decrease in z-score from diagnosis until the last followup was -4.68 (-1.08 to -6.82). Only 2 of the 12 patients (17 percent) had m...
Development of a Simple and Rapid Fluorogenic Procedure for Identification of Vibrionaceae Family Members

We describe a simple colony overlay procedure for peptidases (COPP) for the rapid fluorogenic detection and quantification of Vibrionaceae from seawater, shellfish, sewage, and clinical samples. The assay detects phosphoglucose isomerase with a lysyl aminopeptidase activity that is produced by Vibrionaceae family members. Overnight cultures are overlaid for 10 min with membranes containing a synthetic substrate, and the membranes are examined for fluorescent foci under UV illumination. Fluorescent foci were produced by all the Vibrionaceae tested, including Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., and Plesiomonas spp. Fluorescence was not produced by non-Vibrionaceae pathogens. Vibrio cholerae strains O1, O139, O22, and O155 were strongly positive. Seawater and oysters were assayed, and 87 of 93 (93.5%) of the positive isolates were identified biochemically as Vibrionaceae, principally Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Photobacterium damselae, and Shewanella putrefaciens. None of 50 nonfluorescent isolates were Vibrionaceae. No Vibrionaceae were detected in soil, and only A. hydrophila was detected in sewage. The COPP technique may be particularly valuable in environmental and food-testing laboratories and for monitoring water quality in the aquaculture industry.
Disgust sensitivity and meat consumption: a test of an emotivist account of moral vegetarianism.

Emotivist perspectives on moral reasoning hold that emotional reactions precede propositional reasoning. Published findings indicate that, compared with health vegetarians, those who avoid meat on moral grounds are more disgusted by meat [Psychol. Sci. 8 (1997) 67]. If, as per emotivist perspectives, such disgust precedes moral rationales for meat avoidance, then the personality trait of disgust sensitivity should generally be inversely related to meat eating. We surveyed 945 adults regarding meat consumption, reasons for meat avoidance, and disgust sensitivity. Contrary to the emotivist prediction, (a) meat consumption was positively correlated with disgust sensitivity, and (b) individuals who reported avoiding meat for moral reasons were not more sensitive to disgust than those who avoided meat for other reasons. We conclude that moral vegetarianism conforms to traditional explanations of moral reasoning, i.e. moral vegetarians' disgust reactions to meat are caused by, rather than causal of, their moral beliefs.
Λ+c/Λ-c asymmetry in hadroproduction from heavy-quark recombination

Asymmetries in the hadroproduction of charm particles directly probe power corrections to the QCD factorization theorems. In this paper, the heavy-quark recombination mechanism, a power correction that explains charm meson asymmetries, is extended to charm baryons. In this mechanism, a light quark participates in the hard-scattering that creates a charm quark and they hadronize together into a charm baryon. This provides a natural and economical explanation for the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{+}/{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ asymmetries measured in $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ and $pN$ collisions.
Aging: An Etiological Factor in The Development of Intestinal Tumorigenesis

Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) occurs in people who have essentially no family history of the disease. Many probable reasons have been suggested for the age-related rise in sporadic CRC, including altered carcinogen metabolism and the cumulative effects of long-term exposure to cancer-causing agents. In this review article we have discussed the current evidence that implicates aging as an etiological factor in the initiation and progression of CRCs, with particular reference to the involvement of colon cancer stem/stem-like cells (CSCs/CSLCs), a small sub-population of self-renewing tumor cells, in these processes. In addition, the role of EGFR and as well as miRNAs, specifically microRNA 21 in regulating CSCs/CSLCs in the colon during aging is discussed.
Uranium Isotopic Ratio Measurements of U3O8 Reference Materials by Atom Probe Tomography

We report results of measurements of isotopic ratios obtained with atom probe tomography on U3O8 reference materials certified for their isotopic abundances of uranium. The results show good agreement with the certified values. High backgrounds due to tails from adjacent peaks complicate the measurement of the integrated peak areas as well as the fact that only oxides of uranium appear in the spectrum, the most intense of which is doubly charged. In addition, lack of knowledge of other instrumental parameters, such as the dead time, may bias the results. Isotopic ratio measurements can be performed at the nanometer-scale with the expectation of sensible results. The abundance sensitivity and mass resolving power of the mass spectrometer are not sufficient to compete with magnetic-sector instruments but are not far from measurements made by ToF-SIMS of other isotopic systems. The agreement of the major isotope ratios is more than sufficient to distinguish most anthropogenic compositions from natural.
Social Emergency Medicine: Embracing the Dual Role of the Emergency Department in Acute Care and Population Health

INTRODUCTION Mr. Henry (a pseudonym) has visited our emergency department (ED) an average of 3 times a week for the past 5 years. He has a medical history of AIDS and end-stage renal disease, is addicted to cocaine and prescription opioids, and is intermittently homeless. His dialysis access is a frequent issue because, without stable housing, he is prone to frequent skin and soft tissue infections, complicating both fistulas and indwelling catheters. Despite receiving regular dialysis, he often visits the ED for urgent dialysis at least in part because he has access only to fast food in his neighborhood, which wreaks havoc on his fluid status and electrolyte levels. On a slow Thanksgiving Day shift this past year, he reflected on the role the ED plays in his life beyond addressing his medical needs: refuge from the cold, a social support system, a food kitchen, and even a place to get a jacket without holes. Mr. Henry’s experience is not unique; it represents a reality in EDs all across the country. In 1999, Gordon wrote that vulnerable and disadvantaged patients “define us as a specialty—as much, or more so, than the medical procedures we perform” and that “given the importance of social factors to health, emergency physicians who work daily at the interface of medicine and society have a special obligation to broaden their scope of practice.” In the modern ED, homelessness, substance abuse, and violence are as pervasive as coronary artery disease, diabetes, and hypertension, each with a clinical significance. In this environment, where does the responsibility of an ED begin and end? This question is as relevant to our daily practice as any clinical decision that we make. Social emergency medicine is an approach to our specialty that emphasizes, enriches, and creates a framework for emergency medicine as society’s medical and social safety net. This view of emergency medicine considers the
Intraoperative Image Guidance Improves Outcomes in Complex Orbital Reconstruction by Novice Surgeons.

Purpose This study aims to describe the utility of surgical navigation in improving operative outcomes in complex orbital reconstruction by novice compared with experienced surgical trainees. Materials and Methods A randomized, controlled cadaveric study was conducted at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine with otolaryngology and ophthalmology residents and fellows. Participants were divided into novice (postgraduate year 2-4 residents) and experienced (postgraduate year 5 residents and fellows) groups. Ten cadaveric specimens with pre-dissection computed tomography images underwent endoscopic resection of the orbital floor and lamina papyracea bilaterally. Participants performed reconstruction with or without the use of surgical navigation, randomized by laterality and order of the use of navigation. Post-dissection imaging was obtained after reconstruction and compared with pre-dissection imaging. The primary outcome was orbital volume; secondary outcomes included the participant's operative time and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index score, a subjective workload assessment measure. Matched-pair t tests and 2-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. Results Novice participants (n = 6) had improved outcomes with respect to orbital volume when using surgical navigation compared with experienced participants (n = 4). There were no differences in operative times or National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index scores when using surgical navigation. Conclusions In a cadaveric setting, use of surgical navigation by novice surgeons improves post-dissection orbital volume in complex orbital reconstruction. Surgical navigation should be considered as an adjunct to surgical training and simulation curricula.
Online Courses The Real Challenge Is Motivation

Among the academic disciplines, business has led the way in offering Internet courses to its students. While online classes give students more opportunity and flexibility to integrate courses into their daily schedules, many concerns have developed from this form of distance education. Research on distance education indicates that the keys to effective online versus traditional classes includes the development of new teaching methods, frequent and timely interaction through e-mail, weekly discussion boards, the use of collaborative student groups, and an appreciation for students with multiple backgrounds and experiences. All of these keys are practical; however, when you consider the old adage you can take a horse to the water, but you cant make him drink, the researcher believes that intrinsic motivation can play a key role in online student success. This research paper was designed to 1) exam literature related to online courses, 2) discuss some indicators that support the notion that intrinsic motivation is attributable to student success; and 3) provide some strategies that may be used to increase intrinsic motivation in online courses.
Improved De-icing of an Inclined Windshield Surface

The removal of ice from the vehicle windshield is necessary to ensure adequate driver visibility. The presence of more than one phase and the complex interaction of fluid thermal processes necessitate an efficient numerical simulation for its complete understanding and optimization. We present a deicing simulation for a three-dimensional shield-cabin assembly. Jets issuing from a defroster nozzle flushed at the bottom of this cabin impinge upon the inclined glass surface. Steady state heat transfer analysis for varying flow and heat transfer characteristics inside this geometry was reported earlier. Here the unsteady process of defrosting on the windshield is investigated using solidification and melting model. The main goal of the paper is to study the melting process and to arrive at an effective design based on traditional control parameters like jet impingement angles for minimum defrosting time. Correlations for defrosting as functions of Nusselt number and impingement angle have been found.
Coupling of the angular momentum density with magnetic moments explains the intrinsic anomalous Hall effect

A recent article [A. Raeliarijaona et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 137205 (2013)] demonstrated the existence of a physical energy resulting from the coupling between the angular momentum density and magnetic moment. Here, we show that the force associated with such energy naturally explains, in a straightforward and simple manner, the occurrence of the intrinsic anomalous Hall effect (AHE). Connections between our model and previous theories of AHE are also drawn. Our model further leads to the prediction of another effect, namely, the formation of an electric field along the direction of the magnetic field. This electric field is directly proportional to the magnetic field and to the scalar product between the components of the electric field and magnetization that are transverse to the magnetic field.