cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medium access control - physical cross-layer design

This article reviewed the various aspects of MAC-PHY cross-layer designs, with the goals of introducing pertinent queuing and stability analysis tools to the SP-oriented readership, and illustrating the advantages of such cross-layer designs using the recently introduced class of xNDMA protocols as an example. The results of queuing analysis show that a jointly designed MAC-PHY layer provides increased throughput and low delay characteristics over a wide range of offered loads. The throughput-delay benefits of xNDMA come at the expense of a moderate increase in receiver complexity and power consumption.
A metric for unsupervised metalearning

We argue the value of unsupervised metalearning and discuss the attendant necessity of suitable similarity, or distance, functions. We leverage the notion of diversity among learners used in ensemble learning to design a distance function for the clustering of learning algorithms. We revisit the most popular measures of diversity and show that only one of them, Classifier Output Difference COD is a metric. We then use COD to produce a clustering of 21 learning algorithms, and show how this clustering differs from a clustering based on accuracy, and how it can be used to highlight interesting, sometimes unexpected, similarities among learning algorithms.
Modeling Mechanical Fasteners in Single-Shear Lap Joints

One central issue in damage tolerance analysis is the evaluation of stress intensity factors for cracks at fastener holes in mechanically fastened joints. Accurate solutions for stress intensity factors may be difficult to determine due to geometric complexity, along with variations in fastener load transfer and fastener interference. Detailed finite element models that include specific aspects of fastener geometry may be developed for lap joint analysis, but such representations are often impractical for large lap joints involving many fasteners. A methodology is derived that efficiently depicts mechanical fasteners in lap joints using finite elements. Fastener material properties are determined, based on an empirical force-displacement relationship, for highly refined fastener models, as well as for idealized spring element representations of fasteners. The two fastener characterizations are used in combination to develop computationally efficient models for determining loads, stresses, and stress intensity factors for cracks in lap joints. Parametric studies involving single-shear lap joints with three rows of fasteners indicate that both fastener representations provide comparable load transfer and relative displacement between mating sheets for a variety of fasteners. These studies also suggest that the particular fastener material has relatively little effect on stress intensity solutions, whereas the fastener diameter has a significant effect. Residual strength predictions are obtained for large bolted lap joints with multiple site damage, which are consistent with experimental results from the literature.
Moving beyond Linear Trajectories of Language Shift and Bilingual Language Socialization

Demographers and sociologists conducting large-scale surveys of the language choices and preferences of different immigrant groups residing in the United States have contributed to the widespread characterization of language shift as following a single trajectory and of bilingualism as a transitory phenomenon. However, researchers studying bilingualism and bilingual language socialization among Latino populations have found variations in the trajectories language shift follows for these groups. Drawing on sociocultural perspectives of language and learning, this article describes the language socialization experiences of Mexican-descent families living in a California community in order to understand how these experiences are implicated in the development and evolution of their bilingualism. In working toward this goal, the findings reported here contribute to a dynamic and multifaceted portrayal of bilingualism.
Colluvial wedge imaging using traveltime and waveform tomography along the Wasatch Fault near Mapleton, Utah

SUMMARY Four high-resolution seismic surveys were conducted across the Wasatch Fault Zone near Mapleton, Utah. The objective was twofold: (1) To use velocity tomograms and reflection images to delineate fault structures and colluvial wedges to more than twice the depth of the Mapleton Megatrench excavated by URS personnel, (2) to assess the strengths and limitations of traveltime and waveform tomography by synthetic studies and comparison of the tomogram to the ground truth seen in the Megatrench log. Four out of the five faults within the trench area are accurately identified in the migrated image and in the tomograms, and the main fault's dip angle is estimated to be between 71 and 80°. Two additional faults are interpreted outside the trench. The faults can be delineated down to 30 m below the surface, which is 20 m deeper than the excavated trench. Five out of six colluvial wedges found in the trench log were seen as low-velocity zones (LVZs) in the tomogram, however the biggest colluvial wedge could not be identified by either tomography method. Waveform tomography prevailed over ray-based traveltime tomography by more clearly recovering the faults and LVZs. A newly discovered LVZ at a depth of 18–21 m below the surface possibly represents a colluvial wedge and is estimated to be less than 21 000 years old. If this LVZ is a colluvial wedge, the earthquake history obtained by trenching can be extended from 13 500 to 21 000 yr with seismic tomography. Our results further demonstrate the capability of tomography in identifying faults, and show that waveform tomography more accurately resolves colluvial wedges compared to traveltime tomography. However, despite the successful recovery of most faults and some, but not all, colluvial wedges, both tomography methods show many more LVZs besides the wedges, so that an unambiguous interpretation cannot be made. A major part of the ambiguity in the tomograms is due to the many major faults, which result in an uneven raypath coverage as our synthetic studies show. Hence, seismic trenching will be more successful at simple fault geometries. However, even under optimal conditions there will be some ambiguity in the interpretation, so that detected LVZs should be drilled, cored, and dated to determine the history of the ancient earthquakes.
Generalizing a neuropsychological model of visual categorization to auditory categorization of vowels

Twelve male listeners categorized 54 synthetic vowel stimuli that varied in second and third formant frequency on a Bark scale into the American English vowel categories [see text]. A neuropsychologically plausible model of categorization in the visual domain, the Striatal Pattern Classifier (SPC; Ashby & Waldron, 1999), is generalized to the auditory domain and applied separately to the data from each observer. Performance of the SPC is compared with that of the successful Normal A Posteriori Probability model (NAPP; Nearey, 1990; Nearey & Hogan, 1986) of auditory categorization. A version of the SPC that assumed piece-wise linear response region partitions provided a better account of the data than the SPC that assumed linear partitions, and was indistinguishable from a version that assumed quadratic response region partitions. A version of the NAPP model that assumed nonlinear response regions was superior to the NAPP model with linear partitions. The best fitting SPC provided a good account of each observer's data but was outperformed by the best fitting NAPP model. Implications for bridging the gap between the domains of visual and auditory categorization are discussed.
Targeting inflammation-induced obesity and metabolic diseases by curcumin and other nutraceuticals.

Extensive research within the past two decades has revealed that obesity, a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and other chronic diseases, is a proinflammatory disease. Several spices have been shown to exhibit activity against obesity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Among them, curcumin, a yellow pigment derived from the spice turmeric (an essential component of curry powder), has been investigated most extensively as a treatment for obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases. Curcumin directly interacts with adipocytes, pancreatic cells, hepatic stellate cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. There, it suppresses the proinflammatory transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B, signal transducer and activators of transcription-3, and Wnt/β-catenin, and it activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and Nrf2 cell-signaling pathways, thus leading to the downregulation of adipokines, including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, resistin, leptin, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and the upregulation of adiponectin and other gene products. These curcumin-induced alterations reverse insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and other symptoms linked to obesity. Other structurally homologous nutraceuticals, derived from red chili, cinnamon, cloves, black pepper, and ginger, also exhibit effects against obesity and insulin resistance.
My Fistulas Are Just Not Healing. What Are You Going to Do About It? Surgical Management of Perianal Crohn’s Disease

The management of fistulas largely depends on the extent of the fistula and the degree of inflammation and infection present. If a large infected fluid collection is present, this is usually drained in the operating room prior to any other intervention. Treatment with antibiotics is also common. At times, a drain called a seton is placed to keep the fluid collection from reforming. It is also important to assess both the internal and external opening of the fistula and the path of the tract between them in order to determine the best treatment option. This may be accomplished by an exam under anesthesia or other radiologic studies such as an MRI or an ultrasound study. The degree of inflammation from Crohn’s disease present in the rectum and anus must also be assessed. If inflammation is present, medical therapy is utilized first with the hopes of improving the degree of inflammation and promoting spontaneous closure of the fistula.
Peer coaches to improve diabetes outcomes in rural Alabama: A cluster randomized trial

PURPOSE It is unclear whether peer coaching is effective in minority populations living with diabetes in hard-to-reach, under-resourced areas such as the rural South. We examined the effect of an innovative peer-coaching intervention plus brief education vs brief education alone on diabetes outcomes. METHODS This was a community-engaged, cluster-randomized, controlled trial with primary care practices and their surrounding communities serving as clusters. The trial enrolled 424 participants, with 360 completing baseline and follow-up data collection (84.9% retention). The primary outcomes were change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (BP), low density lipopro- tein cholesterol (LDL-C), body mass index (BMI), and quality of life, with diabetes distress and patient activation as secondary outcomes. Peer coaches were trained for 2 days in community settings; the training emphasized motivational inter- viewing skills, diabetes basics, and goal setting. All participants received a 1-hour diabetes education class and a personalized diabetes report card at baseline. Intervention arm participants were also paired with peer coaches; the protocol called for telephone interactions weekly for the first 8 weeks, then monthly for a total of 10 months. RESULTS Due to real-world constraints, follow-up was protracted, and interven- tion effects varied over time. The analysis that included the 68% of participants followed up by 15 months showed only a significant increase in patient activation in the intervention group. The analysis that included all participants who eventu- ally completed follow-up revealed that intervention arm participants had signifi - cant differences in changes in systolic BP (P = .047), BMI (P = .02), quality of life (P = .003), diabetes distress (P = .004), and patient activation (P = .03), but not in HbA1c (P = .14) or LDL-C (P = .97). CONCLUSION Telephone-delivered peer coaching holds promise to improve health for individuals with diabetes living in under-resourced areas.
Paediatric emergencies in perspective : guest editorial

Paediatric emergency medicine focuses on the short-term early management of acutely ill children of all ages and is well established as a sub-specialty of paediatrics in many countries, e.g. the USA and Canada, Australia and the UK.
Noise-resilient scaling for wideband distributed beamforming

We consider distributed transmit beamforming from a cluster of cooperating nodes towards a distant destination, over a wideband dispersive channel. We consider explicit aggregate feedback, with the destination broadcasting its feedback to all nodes in the transmit cluster. Explicit feedback allows for frequency division duplex (FDD) operation, since there is no reliance on channel reciprocity. Aggregate feedback enables scalability, since the destination is agnostic to the number and identity of the transmitters. There are two key contributions. First, it is shown in a narrowband setting that, unlike a well-known one bit aggregate feedback scheme, a training-based approach in which each transmitter learns its channel to the destination based on aggregate feedback, is resilient to noise, even when the feedback is heavily quantized. Second, extending the scheme to wideband settings by using OFDM, training on a subset of subcarriers, we show that interpolation across subcarriers using sparse time domain modeling provides accurate channel estimates. In particular, at low SNR per node, our approach, which exploits the correlation across subcarriers, outperforms independent per- subcarrier channel estimates in a hypothetical benchmark system in which training and feedback is applied to all subcarriers. Our simulation results show that the beamforming performance obtained by our approach is a substantial fraction of the ideal beamforming gain, even for typical received SNRs per node as low as −20 dB, and coarse 4-phase feedback quantization. In general, the method requires training time linearly proportional to the number of cooperating nodes and inversely proportional to the per-node SNR.
Effect of Foliar Fungicides on Late-season Anthracnose Stem Blight on Soybean

ABSTRACT Anthracnose stem blight, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum, is responsible for soybean (Glycine max) yield losses in subtropical and tropical growing regions. There are inadequate data re...
Partial Orderings and Moore-Smith Limits

(1952). Partial Orderings and Moore-Smith Limits. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
Longitudinal surveillance on the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control by synthetized measures along valleys of rivers connecting with Yangtze River

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control by synthetized measures along the river courses connecting with the Yangtze River.Methods Rivers connecting with the Yangtze River were measured in synthetized ways,including burying snail-polluted soil,building up concrete banks,continuing to kill snails in tributaries by drugs,checking and curing infected human and livestock synchronously,publicizing health protection and reducing environmental pollution,etc..The Jurong section of Bianmin River was taken as an experimental zone and closely monitored in aspects of the number of infected human and livestock,snails in rivers and human having touched infected water,the effect of mollusciciding by immersion along tributaries of Bianmin River,water infectivity and feces egested in the wild,etc.Results During 1998 to 2005,no infected patients,cattle or "acute schistosomiasis infected" cases were found.In the trunk river,the snail area,the rate of frame with snails and the infection rate decreased 90.73%,57.98% and 94.04% respectively,with no infected snails detected.In the tributaries,the snail area increased 53.14%,as the rate of frame with snails,infection rate and infected snails decreased 75.85%,83.80% and 100% respectively.Since the mollusciciding by immersion was implemented,the upper reaches of Chendian and Dongshan Rivers have been clean of snails for 2 and 4 years respectively while the river water has no infectivity.The average unit dense of feces was 0.75/50 m2;no schistosomiasis miracidium was found.Conclusion The synthesized measures along rivers connecting with the Yangtze River are effective to control schistosomiasis.Concrete banks changed the environment along the river banks,which facilitated the snail killing along inland tributaries,but the transference and diffusion of snails still exist.In order to consolidate the achievements,attention should be given to cleaning deposited soil regularly and intensifying snail monitor.
Residential Instability, Family Support, and Parent–Child Relationships Among Ethnically Diverse Urban Families

From a social disorganization standpoint, neighborhood residential instability potentially brings negative consequences to parent-child relationship qualities, but family social support and racial/ethnic identity may modify this association. Using data (n = 3,116) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, this study examines associations between neighborhood residential instability and parent-child warmth and conflict, whether family social support moderates associations between residential instability and parent-child relationships, and variation by race/ethnicity. Multilevel models reveal that residential instability undermines parent-child relationship qualities, particularly for non-White individuals. Family support is a protective factor for families in less stable neighborhoods, and specifically buffers the association between neighborhood residential instability and reduced parent-child warmth. Among Hispanics, family support mitigates the association between residential instability and heightened parent-child conflict. Findings highlight residential instability as a detriment to parent-child relationships; families in unstable neighborhoods may benefit from family social support.
Lineage-Specific Effector Signatures of Invariant NKT Cells Are Shared amongst γδ T, Innate Lymphoid, and Th Cells

Invariant NKT cells differentiate into three predominant effector lineages in the steady state. To understand these lineages, we sorted undifferentiated invariant NK T progenitor cells and each effector population and analyzed their transcriptional profiles by RNAseq. Bioinformatic comparisons were made to effector subsets among other lymphocytes, specifically Th cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILC), and γδ T cells. Myc-associated signature genes were enriched in NKT progenitors, like in other hematopoietic progenitors. Only NKT1 cells, but not NKT2 and NKT17 cells, had transcriptome similarity to NK cells and were also similar to other IFN-γ-producing lineages such as Th1, ILC1, and intraepithelial γδ T cells. NKT2 and NKT17 cells were similar to their analogous subsets of γδ T cells and ILCs, but surprisingly, not to Th2 and Th17 cells. We identified a set of genes common to each effector lineage regardless of Ag receptor specificity, suggesting the use of conserved regulatory cores for effector function.
Towards a Comparative Christology

This article speculates on opening Christology to categories from the comparative study of religion. First, it describes the taxonomical work of scholars like R. Otto, M. Eliade, and G. Van der Leeuw, suggesting how such might be applied to New Testament data. Next, it studies Jesus as a numinous figure, concluding that he manifests the holy in the peculiar modality of love. “Holy Love” to Jesus' signal relation with God. It concludes that such insights are complementary, if not superior, to those from ontological approaches.
Integrated Clinical View on Long-Term Management of Patients with Osteoporosis

Challenges in the long-term management of osteoporosis include limited time for patient encounters, competing healthcare priorities, under-recognition of patients at high risk for fracture, inaccurate assessment of fracture risk, poor understanding of the balance of benefits and risks with osteoporosis treatment, and poor adherence to therapy. Strategies to reduce the burden of osteoporotic fractures must address these and other challenges, customizing patient care according to clinical circumstances. Treatment decisions should be individualized with consideration of applicable clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and all available clinical information. When pharmacological therapy is indicated, an initial drug must be chosen, treatment monitored, and decisions made on when, if ever, to withhold or change therapy. Effective risk communication and shared treatment decision-making may improve clinical outcomes. Systems-based methods, such as fracture liaison services (FLSs), may be particularly effective at secondary fracture prevention. Development of osteoporosis treatment targets might improve the care of osteoporosis.
Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous CF4 and C2F6 from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

A cylindrical resonator was employed to measure the sound speeds in gaseous CF4 and C2F6. The CF4 measurements span the temperature range 300 to 475 K, while the C2F6 measurements range from 210 to 475 K. For both gases, the pressure range was 0.1 MPa to the lesser of 1.5 MPa or 80% of the sample’s vapor pressure. Typically, the speeds of sound have a relative uncertainty of less than 0.01 % and the ideal-gas heat capacities derived from them have a relative uncertainty of less than 0.1%. The heat capacities agree with those determined from spectroscopic data. The sound speeds were fitted with the virial equation of state to obtain the temperature-dependent density virial coefficients. Two models for the virial coefficients were employed, one based on square-well potentials and the second based on a Kihara spherical-core potential. The resulting virial equations reproduce the sound-speed measurements to within 0.005 % and yield densities with relative uncertainties of 0.1% or less. The viscosity calculated from the Kihara potential is 2 to 11% less than the measured viscosity.
Incision and Drainage of Abscess

Abscess greater than 5 mm in diameter and in accessible areas (e.g., axilla, extremities, trunk)
Mitigating the effects of sensor uncertainties in networked multiagent systems

Networked multiagent systems consist of interacting agents that locally exchange information, energy, or matter. Since they do not in general have a centralized entity to monitor the activity of each agent, resilient distributed control system design for networked multiagent systems is essential in providing high system performance, reliability, and operation in the presence of system uncertainties. An important class of such system uncertainties that can significantly deteriorate the achievable closed-loop system performance is sensor uncertainties, which can arise due to low sensor quality, sensor failure, sensor bias, or detrimental environmental conditions. This paper presents a novel distributed adaptive control architecture for networked multiagent systems to mitigate the effect of sensor uncertainties. Specifically, we consider agents having high-order, linear dynamics with agent interactions corrupted by unknown exogenous disturbances. We show that the proposed adaptive control architecture guarantees asymptotic stability of the closed-loop dynamical system when the exogenous disturbances are time-invariant and uniform ultimate boundedness when the exogenous disturbances are time-varying. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed distributed adaptive control architecture.
A Perfect Campaign: The Role of Money, Organization, and Strategy

Campaigning has three fundamental elements: strategy, organization, and message. On these three elements, Barack Obama ran a perfect campaign. His focused strategy and message, contrasted with John McCain’s lack of discipline and wavering message, showed that cam- paigns can make a difference to election outcomes. Obama’s campaign presented a clear vision to voters about the failing economy, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the opportunity to end the policies and partisan deadlock of the Bush presidency, all key issues in the 2008 campaign. The presidential election of 2008 was a “change election,” and the change campaign theme was used very effectively by Obama. After the historic crowds who gathered to witness Obama’s inaugura- tion, the high approval ratings he has received during his first weeks in office, and the outpourings of support from around the world, it is easy to forget that the outcome of this election was not a foregone conclu- sion in early summer 2008.
A Low Neutrophil CD64 Index Is Associated with Sustained Remission During Infliximab Maintenance Therapy.

Background We have previously shown that CD64 surface expression on circulating neutrophils is significantly elevated in children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease (CD). Our primary aim was to investigate whether elevations in neutrophil CD64 in asymptomatic patients could be used to predict treatment failure during maintenance infliximab. Methods Pediatric CD subjects receiving maintenance infliximab in clinical remission (short pediatric CD activity index [shPCDAI] 15 on 2 consecutive infusions, discontinuation of infliximab, hospitalization, endoscopic ulcerations, or surgery during the following year of maintenance infliximab. Results We enrolled 36 subjects, 22/36 were male and 29/36 were white. Mean (SD) age at study entry was 15 (4) years with a median of 14 (5-20) infusions before study entry. 4/36 were receiving a concurrent immunomodulator. Over 1 year, 15/36 subjects were classified as infliximab failures. Asymptomatic subjects with a neutrophil CD64 index >1 at study entry had a higher probability of treatment failure compared with asymptomatic subjects with a CD64 index 1 and nonwhite race were risk factors for treatment failure by univariate regression analysis. We found no difference in the mean infliximab trough concentration at study entry between treatment failures (2.8 μg/mL, SD, 1.2) and subjects remaining in remission on infliximab (4.2 μg/mL, SD, 3.4; P = 0.17). Conclusions Neutrophil CD64 index >1 is a significant risk factor for treatment failure during infliximab maintenance therapy.
Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Brain Tumors

Neurosurgeons at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, analyzed and classified 1, 866 surgical pathology cases of brain tumors in children under age 19 years, treated 1980-2008.
A 16-Gb/s 14.7-mW Tri-Band Cognitive Serial Link Transmitter With Forwarded Clock to Enable PAM-16/256-QAM and Channel Response Detection

A cognitive tri-band transmitter (TX) with a forwarded clock using multiband signaling and high-order digital signal modulations is presented for serial link applications. The TX features learning an arbitrary channel response by sending a sweep of continuous wave, detecting power level at the receiver side, and then adapting modulation scheme, data bandwidth, and carrier frequencies accordingly based on detected channel information. The supported modulation scheme ranges from nonreturn to zero/Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) to Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) 16/256-Quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM). The proposed highly reconfigurable TX is capable of dealing with low-cost serial channels, such as low-cost connectors, cables, or multidrop buses with deep and narrow notches in the frequency domain (e.g., a 40-dB loss at notches). The adaptive multiband scheme mitigates equalization requirements and enhances the energy efficiency by avoiding frequency notches and utilizing the maximum available signal-to-noise ratio and channel bandwidth. The implemented TX prototype consumes a 14.7-mW power and occupies 0.016 mm2 in a 28-nm CMOS. It achieves a maximum data rate of 16 Gb/s with forwarded clock through one differential pair and the most energy efficient figure of merit of 20.4 $\mu \text{W}$ /Gb/s/dB, which is calculated based on power consumption of transmitting per gigabits per second data and simultaneously overcoming per decibel worst case channel loss within the Nyquist frequency.
Brain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time bidirectional links bet...
Procedural outcomes and long-term survival following lead extraction in octogenarians

BACKGROUND Octogenarians account for a significant percentage of patients with indwelling pacemakers or defibrillators. OBJECTIVES To determine procedural outcomes and long-term survival after lead extraction (LE) in octogenarians. METHODS We retrospectively identified all patients who underwent defibrillator or pacemaker LE at our institution between January 1, 2007 and May 31, 2016. Patients were stratified based on age into two groups: <80 years old (Group 1, n = 674) or ≥80 (Group 2, n = 100). Outcomes were determined by medical records review and query of the Social Security Death Index. RESULTS Patients in Group 2 were more likely to be hypertensive (77% vs 61%, P = 0.02), more like to have coronary artery disease (50% vs 39%, P = 0.049), and more likely to be extracted for infectious indications (47% vs 33%, P = .009). The number of leads extracted per procedure was 2.0 ± 0.8 and the mean dwell time of the oldest extracted lead was 5.6 ± 4.3 years, without significant differences between groups. Extraction procedure success (Group 1: 94.7%, Group 2: 96%, P = 0.808) and procedural deaths (Group 1: 0.9% vs Group 2: 0%, P = 1.0) were similar. There was no significant difference in survival up to 3 years following LE between groups. CONCLUSION At experienced centers, LE can be performed safely in octogenarians with procedural success rates and long-term survival comparable to younger individuals.
De-emphasizing Content to Study the Relationship between Meaning, Messages, and Content in IM Systems

The design of most instant messaging (IM) tools focuses on exchanging content as the meaning and process of communication, a convention that equates content with meaning in a way counter to modern theories of interpersonal communication. We critique these conventions in designing a mobile messaging application, BubbleQ, which de-emphasizes message content and defamiliarizes interaction flows by forbidding users to send content directly. Instead, users send empty "bubbles", blank messages that recipients can fill and return to the sender. Messages are also presented not as per-user threads, but as an aggregation of bubbles across all conversational partners; they are also given a physical form to interact with to further violate common IM design conventions. Interviews with 28 college students who used BubbleQ for two weeks show that these design twists made room for negotiating other meanings, supported playful, mundane interaction, and provided resources for deepening relationships. Further, the aggregate bubbles view led people to reflect holistically on interactions. Together, these findings suggest that IM designers should spend more time addressing the meanings, embodiments, embedding, and cost of messages.
Abstract P007: Hypertension and Myocardial Mechanics in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Introduction: Strain abnormalities in patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is associated with poor prognosis. Our aim was to assess whether the presence of hypertension in HCM altered myocardial mechanics using strain echocardiographic imaging. Hypothesis: Hypertension is a risk factor for diminished deformation in patients with HCM. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing HCM evaluation at our facility between December 2008 and December 2011 was performed. Patients were divided into subsets based on the presence of hypertension as a documented diagnosis. All patients had comprehensive echocardiographic assessments with strain imaging. Clinical data was extracted from the electronic medical record. Comparisons in strain values were made between both subsets. Results: A total of 200 patients was assessed. The average age was 56 years (60% male) and 42.5% of the patients had a diagnosis of hypertension. Global longitudinal strain, Mid strain, Basal strain, Anterior, Lateral, Inferior, Inferolateral strain had no relation to the presence of hypertension. Septal strain (mean without hypertension -14.306 vs with hypertension -16.071, p value: .0069) Inferoseptal strain (mean without hypertension -12.813 vs with hypertension -15, p value: .0018), and Anteroseptal deformation (mean without hypertension -15.301 vs with hypertension -16.784, p value: .0445) however, was increased in patients with hypertension compared to patients with no history of hypertension (See Table) Conclusions: The presence of hypertension is associated with septal strain abnormalities. Thus, future exploration of hypertension control and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy prognosis and outcomes need to be explored.
The Political Economy of Land Speculation in Downtown Phoenix

A case study of property and vacant land speculation in downtown Phoenix over the past 20 years is presented to show the impacts of speculative municipal political economies on development outcomes and urban sustainability. Urban growth regime theory is utilized as a framework for understanding the workings and success of speculative strategies, especially ones that leverage weaknesses in the coordination and bargaining power of development-oriented political coalitions. The study, which presents transactional data on downtown Phoenix properties to confirm widespread property speculation during the mid-2000s, indicates that speculative strategies often rely on public announcements of municipal infrastructure investment or even directly leverage municipal regulatory power for private ends. Utilizing an array of interviews with local stakeholders in addition to a quantitative study, the analysis demonstrates that vacant land speculation seriously impacted public-private efforts to enact infill development on downtown land in line with sustainable development goals. These processes led to an increased transfer of public money to speculator-developers as the local growth regime struggles to shift focus from suburban to urban infill development. Speculative business cycles, shown to have impacted local development repeatedly over the past 50 years, now represent an autonomous force directing property markets that is unwittingly generated by the development actors who invest in anticipation of them. Ultimately, the political economy of property speculation is historically embedded in downtown Phoenix and efforts to promote sustainable urban development outcomes must grapple with this phenomenon at multiple jurisdictional scales of public policy.
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: A Critical Appraisal

In conclusion, the body of research reviewed makes an important contribution to our understanding of trauma among juvenile justice populations. Based on this review, we have offered a critical appraisal and recommendations for future empirical studies on trauma and PTSD among youth in the juvenile justice system. Continued research in this area is imperative for improving practices with this vulnerable population of youth who often are not only misunderstood, but misdiagnosed. The information garnered from research in this area can be used to inform the development or improvement of assessment and intervention efforts for this population. Future research in this area also can be used to develop reform policy and programming that strikes a balance in the justice system that addresses juveniles’ accountability for their offenses, but also treatment when they have been victims.
Intent to quit, quit attempts, and perceived health risk reduction among African American, Latino, and White nondaily and daily smokers in the United States.

ABSTRACTObjective: Ethnic and racial differences in smoking patterns and behaviors have been well documented and most African American and Latino smokers are nondaily or light smokers. However, dif...
Randomized Clinical Trials of Vitamin D for the Primary Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease With a Focus on the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL)

Abstract Whether vitamin D supplementation protects against the development of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is uncertain. The ongoing VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial of vitamin D3 (2000 IU/day) and omega-3 fatty acid (Omacor fish oil, 1 g/day) supplementation for the primary prevention of cancer and CVD in a racially/ethnically diverse population of 25,874 US men aged ≥50 and women aged ≥55. More than 20 well-integrated ancillary studies are examining other outcomes. As the first of only a handful of ongoing or planned large clinical trials of high-dose vitamin D worldwide—and the only such trial with a significant number of black individuals—VITAL is expected to provide results that will clarify the balance of benefits and risks of vitamin D supplementation for primary prevention of cancer or CVD and inform clinical and public health guidelines regarding its use for this purpose. An overview of other ongoing and recently completed large and midsized randomized trials of vitamin D is also presented.
Genetic markers of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in human urine (S42.005)

Objective: Identify minimally invasive biomarkers of disease activity in muscular dystrophies. Background: DM1 results from expression of a pathogenic RNA that contains an expanded CUG repeat (CUGexp) and leads to abnormal regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing. A previous study (Nakamori, 2013) identified DM1-specific slice outcomes in muscle biopsies as biomarkers of disease severity. Some gene deletions causing DMD are amenable to therapeutic modulation of RNA splicing to restore the open reading frame and produce a partially functional dystrophin protein. In clinical trials for DM1 and DMD, serial muscle biopsies are used to monitor therapeutic antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drug effects on splicing outcomes. Extracellular RNA (exRNA) in serum and urine includes mRNA and non-coding RNA that can serve as genetic biomarkers of glioblastoma, prostate cancer, and other disease states. Design/Methods: We isolated exRNA from urine and serum samples of individuals with DM1 (N=18), DMD due to deletion mutations (N=3), and unaffected (UA) controls (N=16), examined RNA integrity by capillary gel electrophoresis, gene expression by qPCR, splicing by RT-PCR, and DMD deletion transcripts by sequencing. Results: In the urine, 11 of 30 transcripts examined show differential splicing in DM1 as compared to DMD and UA subjects, and display the characteristic pattern found muscle biopsies. By contrast, alternative splicing of these transcripts in serum is similar in DM1, DMD, and UA subjects. In DMD subjects, sequencing of urine exRNA confirms the presence of dystrophin gene deletions amenable to therapeutic exon-skipping ASOs. Conclusions: Human urine contains genetic markers of DM1 and DMD. The surprising ability to monitor mRNA splicing outcomes in urine may reduce or eliminate the need for muscle biopsies to follow therapeutic ASO effects in DM1 and DMD. Study Supported by: Slye family fund and NIH (NCIP01CA069246). Disclosure: Dr. Antoury has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Balaj has nothing to disclose. Dr. Breakefield has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wheeler has received (royalty or license fee or contractual rights) payments from Ionis Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Wheeler has received research support from Sanofi Innovative Awards Program.
Who was the first Inventor of the Calculus

(1919). Who was the first Inventor of the Calculus? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 15-20.
Regularity Properties of Schrödinger Operators on Domains of Rn

We extend the study of radial bounds for kernels of resolvents of Schrodinger operators A = −Δ + b( x )· ∇ + q ( x ) on R n to operators on domains of R n , and obtain consequent regularity information. The technique uses elliptic boundary value theory to study a perturbation series consisting of iterated singular integral operators on the boundary. The procedure in this second order case is an illustration of the approach in higher order ones.
The Potential of Librarians to Impact Patient Activation Through Health Information and Health Literacy

It is widely recognized that health information and health literacy outreach play important roles in health care. Libraries, health sciences and hospital in particular, have long been integral in c...
Bounded variation and absolute continuity in Rn

From this point on, our general objective is the study of continuous transformations in Euclidean n-space R n from the point of view of Analysis. As before, we shall deal with transformations given in the form $$ T:D \to {R^n} $$ (1) where D is a bounded domain in R n and T is continuous and bounded in D. The notations and the terminology adopted in II.3.1 will be followed.
Composite materials for electrochemical applications

Electrochemical behavior pertains to chemical processes brought about by the movement of charged species (ions and electrons) under the influence of an electric field. It occurs when there are ions that can move in a medium (liquid or solid) due to an electric field (i.e., a voltage gradient). The positive ions (cations) move toward the negative end of the voltage gradient, while the negative ions (anions) move toward the positive end of the voltage gradient (Figure 10.1). The medium containing the movable ions is called the electrolyte The electrical conductors in contact with the electrolyte for the purpose of applying the electric field are called electrodes. The electrode at the positive end of the voltage gradient is called the positive electrode or anode The electrode at the negative end of the voltage gradient is called the negative electrode or cathode. The electrodes must be sufficiently inert so that they do not react with the electrolyte. In order to apply the electric field, the electrodes are connected to a DC power supply (or a battery) such that the cathode is connected to the negative end of the power supply (so that the cathode becomes negative) and the anode is connected to the positive end of the battery (so that the anode becomes positive). In this way, electrons flow in the electrical leads (the outer circuit) from the anode to the cathode, while ions flow in the electrolyte. The electron flow in the outer circuit and the ion flow in the electrolyte constitute a loop of charge flow. Note that the anions flow from cathode to anode in the electrolyte, while the electrons flow from anode to cathode in the outer circuit and both anions and electrons are negatively charged.
Biology and American Sociology, Part I: the Rise of Evolutionary Thinking, its Rejection, and Potential Resurrection

Despite long-standing prejudices against doing so, it is time for sociology to reconnect with its roots in biological and evolutionary thinking. Sociology emerged as a discipline when the notion of evolution was actively used in biology, geology, and emerging social sciences. Throughout the nineteenth century, many of the most prominent early European sociologists examined the social universe from an evolutionary perspective; and this perspective was borrowed in much of early American sociology in the last decades of the nineteenth century and in the first decades of the twentieth century. By the end of the second decade of the twentieth Century, however, evolutionary analysis was rapidly disappearing in sociology in the United States, and by the 1930s, it was pretty much dead. And for the remainder of the twentieth century, it was viewed with a great suspicion, especially evolutionary approaches that sought to incorporate ideas from biology into the field. Despite the revival of stage models of societal evolution and the emergence of new ecological approaches in the 1960s and 1970s, evolutionary ideas from biology were still rejected by most American sociologists though much of the twentieth century. In this paper, we first present the history of this rejection of evolutionary, with the goal of encouraging sociologists today to recognize the distortions and misrepresentations of Darwinian and Spencerian ideas that fueled intellectual prejudices for so many decades. These prejudices only get in the way of sociology in the twenty-first century, where biological ideas have begun to pervade the social sciences. Thus, American sociologists should now take stock and reconsider how much evolutionary and biological analysis can help sociology and, equally if not more important, how an informed evolutionary sociology can influence those in the other social sciences and even those in the biological sciences.
Abstract P2-02-04: CD73 expression regulated by estrogen signaling associates with poor prognosis in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer

Introduction: CD73, a cell surface enzyme, catalyzes the generation of adenosine from ATP and ADP in the tumor microenvironment along with CD39. Accumulated extracellular adenosine functions as immune-suppressor, and also binds to adenosine receptors which promotes angiogenesis and cell proliferation that results in accelerate cancer progression. However, the clinical significance and molecular function of CD73 expression in breast cancer remains unclear. Methods: Utilizing publicly available breast cancer cohorts of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), clinical significance as well as underlying mechanisms were investigated. Molecular experiments were carried out in MCF7 cells, ER-positive breast cancer cell line, to investigate the role of estrogen signaling on CD73/CD39 expression. Results: In treatment naive TCGA cohort, CD73 expression level was significantly lower in ER-positive breast cancers compared to ER-negative tumors. Higher CD73 expression was associated with worse overall survival in whole cohort (p=0.021) and ER-positive tumors (p=0.003), but not in ER-negative tumors. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that estrogen response gene sets (Early; NES=-1.57, p=0.043, Late; NES=-1.61, p=0.021) were significantly enriched in CD73 low expressing ER-positive tumors, suggesting estrogen signaling may repress CD73 expression. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the expression of CD73 and CD39 in MCF7 cells treated with estrogen, tamoxifen or both. Our data revealed that estrogen treatment suppressed CD73 and CD39 expression, whereas tamoxifen treatment enhanced expression of the genes. These findings suggest that CD73 and CD39 gene expression is suppressed by estrogen signaling, whereas binding of ER antagonists such as tamoxifen can remove the repressive effect on gene expression. On the other hand, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Normalized Enrichment Score; NES=2.41, p Conclusion: Molecular studies revealed that CD73 expression is regulated by estrogen signaling. Increased expression of CD73 significantly correlates with worse outcomes in ER-positive breast cancer patients. This may be due to upregulated pro-metastatic gene signatures such as EMT and angiogenesis as well as less infiltration of anti-cancer immune cells by adenosine generated by CD73 in the tumor microenvironment. Our data reveals an intriguing mechanism which may be responsible for recurrence and metastasis of ER-positive breast cancer. Citation Format: Katsuta E, Anand V, Yan L, Dasgupta S, Takabe K. CD73 expression regulated by estrogen signaling associates with poor prognosis in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-02-04.