cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics around solutes and solute–solvent complexes in mixed solvents

Ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo experiments, IR pump-probe experiments, and FT-IR spectroscopy of the hydroxyl stretch of phenol-OD in three solvents, CCl4, mesitylene (1, 3, 5 trimethylbenzene), and the mixed solvent of mesitylene and CCl4 (0.83 mole fraction CCl4), are used to study solute-solvent dynamics via observation of spectral diffusion. Phenol forms a complex with Mesitylene. In the mesitylene solution, there is only complexed phenol; in the CCl4 solution, there is only uncomplexed phenol; and in the mixed solvent, both phenol species are present. Dynamics of the free phenol in CCl4 or the mixed solvent are very similar, and dynamics of the complex in mesitylene and in the mixed solvent are very similar. However, there are differences in the slowest time scale dynamics between the pure solvents and the mixed solvents. The mixed solvent produces slower dynamics that are attributed to first solvent shell solvent composition variations. The composition variations require a longer time to randomize than is required in the pure solvents, where only density variations occur. The experimental results and recent MD simulations indicate that the solvent structure around the solute may be different from the mixed solvent's mole fraction.
Neutralization of lymphocyte immortalization by different strains of Epstein-Barr virus with a murine monoclonal antibody.

A murine monoclonal antibody was raised against the B95-8 strain of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which was isolated from a case of mononucleosis after blood transfusion (Hoffman et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:2979, 1980). We provide evidence that neutralization of immortalization by this monoclonal antibody is virus specific, since its potency was inversely related to the dose of challenge virus. Furthermore, the monoclonal antibody recognized antigens on viruses grown in human as well as in marmoset cells. We show that this monoclonal antibody neutralized three other transforming strains of EBV originating, respectively, from American patients with mononucleosis and fatal polyclonal lymphoma and from an African child with Burkitt lymphoma. However the antibody did not neutralize or detect antigens by immunofluorescence in the W91 strain of EBV. The hybridoma antibody did neutralize other EBV strains derived from the same Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Nyevu), as was the case with the W91 strain. This monoclonal antibody provides clear evidence of antigenic differences on the surface of EBVs and will ultimately prove useful in defining the antigenic site on EBV which elicits neutralizing antibody.
Impact of livestock management on water quality and streambank structure in a semi-arid, African ecosystem.

Natural resource management may change local and regional ecosystems, especially in drought-prone environments. Livestock are commonly kept as a source of capital in agriculturally dominated communities in Southern Africa, but the mis-management of available forage and water resources has led to significant land and water degradation. In Northwest Zimbabwe, to reverse trends in environmental degradation a community-based conservation program was established that uses intensive Holistic Management Planned Grazing (HMPG) to restore lost habitat and re-establish natural vegetation. We examined riparian ecosystem structure and water quality to compare the environmental impact of this management to nearby communal lands during a drought. The results demonstrate that concentrating livestock on ephemeral stream standing pools results in reduced water quality and altered riparian ecosystem structure. These results were not significantly different from what was observed when wildlife utilized similar water resources without livestock influence. When water is scarce, as during extreme droughts, livestock usage of surface water resources must be weighted against community water needs. The long-term regional benefits of HMPG may prevail over short-term reductions in local water quality but more research is needed to assess all the consequences of such management.
A Nobel Sport: The Racial Football Rhetoric of Mandela, Obama, and Martin Luther King Jr.

This article advances a twofold argument regarding the intersection of globalization, sport, and race. Such is world football’s popularity, first, that the sport itself is now a rhetoric in its own right. So freighted is football with internationalist associations that this rhetoric has been enlisted in support of various political invocations of the global from the middle decades of the 20th century forward, as the following abbreviated case studies of Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr., and Barack Obama will demonstrate. Second, football’s unique transnational reach has simultaneously yielded a self-negating rhetoric of race. The global paradigm by which the sport is typically referenced has eroded race as a category of cultural analysis—this, despite football’s obvious dependence on racially heterogeneous modes of production and reception. Football has overcome the color line in neither society nor sport as a result. The color line instead has been reified through transnational abstraction, obscure...
A Review of Optical Data-processing Techniques

Various optical data-processing techniques are reviewed in this article. Both coherent and incoherent optical systems are considered. Coherent systems are described in terms of spatial filtering concepts and two principal methods for implementing a general linear integral operator are discussed: one using space-domain reference function masks and one using frequency-domain spatial filters. Incoherent systems are described in terms of geometrical optics.
Simulation of Two-Phase Flow Past a Vertical Surface-Piercing Circular Cylinder

Large-eddy simulation of the flow past a surface-piercing circular cylinder is performed to investigate the effects of Reynolds and Froude numbers using a high fidelity orthogonal curvilinear grid solver. The present study extends and supports the conclusions of the precursory work for medium Reynolds and Froude numbers. Organized periodic vortex shedding is observed in deep flow. At the interface, the organized periodic vortex shedding is attenuated and replaced by small-scale vortices. The streamwise vorticity and outward transverse velocity generated at the edge of the separated region cause the weakened vortex shedding at the interface. The main source of the streamwise vorticity and the outward transverse velocity at the interface is the lateral gradient of the difference between the vertical and transverse Reynolds normal stresses.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Sample-Size Requirements for Comparisons of Two Groups on Repeated Observations of a Binary Outcome

When preparing a research protocol, an investigator must be as careful in projecting sample-size requirements as in specifying hypotheses. In this article, tables are presented that provide estimates of sample-size requirements for statistical power of 0.80 with two-tailed alpha-levels of 0.05 in studies with a balanced design that plan to compare two groups on time-averaged, repeated observations of a binary outcome. The estimates, which are based on the algorithm of Diggle, Heagerty, Liang, and Zeger, are a function of several features of the study, including the response rates for each group, the number of repeated observations per participant, and the strength of the association among observations within participants as quantified with an intraclass correlation coefficient.
Play to test

Testing tasks can be viewed (and organized!) as games against nature. We study reachability games in the context of testing. Such games are ubiquitous. A single industrial test suite may involve many instances of a reachability game. Hence the importance of optimal or near optimal strategies for reachability games. One can use linear programming or the value iteration method of Markov decision process theory to find optimal strategies. Both methods have been implemented in an industrial model-based testing tool, Spec Explorer, developed at Microsoft Research.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after exposure to gadolinium in patients with renal failure

Background. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a debilitating disease occurring exclusively in patients with renal failure. The aetiology of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is unclear, but recent reports suggest that exposure to gadolinium for enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging may play a role. In the present study, we assessed the association of exposure to gadolinium with the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with various stages of chronic kidney disease. Methods. We analysed the exposure to gadolinium and development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in 849 patients on renal replacement therapy over 5 years. We also performed inquiry of development of the nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in 592 patients exposed to gadolinium and estimated to be in stages 3 and 4 of chronic kidney disease. Results. In 849 patients undergoing chronic dialysis from 2001 through 2006 time period, four of the 261 who had received gadolinium (1.5%) and none of the 588 not exposed to gadolinium developed clinically apparent disease. The odds ratio for developing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis was 6.671 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.537–53.97] in patients with a single gadolinium exposure compared to patients without gadolinium exposure. This ratio increased to 44.5 (95% CI 2.362–2913) in patients with multiple gadolinium exposures compared to patients not receiving gadolinium. None of the 592 patients estimated to be in stage 3 or 4 of chronic kidney disease developed nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after exposure to gadolinium. Conclusion. Gadolinium exposure is associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients on chronic renal replacement therapy at a low rate. This association appears to increase with repeated exposure to gadolinium. Since nephrogenic systemic fibrosis may be clinically occult, its prevalence may be higher than reported. Despite this association, it is unclear if gadolinium is the sole or most important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Parents’ Experiences Following Children’s Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury A Clash of Cultures

Little is understood about parents' experiences following children's moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using descriptive phenomenology, we explored common experiences of parents whose children were diagnosed with moderate to severe TBI. Parents from across the United States (N = 42, from 37 families) participated in two semistructured interviews (~ 90 minutes in length and 12 to 15 months apart) in the first 5 years following children's TBI. First interviews were in person. Second interviews, done in person or by phone, facilitated updating parents' experiences and garnering their critique of the descriptive model. Parent themes were (a) grateful to still have my child, (b) grieving for the child I knew, (c) running on nerves, and (d) grappling to get what my child and family need. Parents reported cultural barriers because of others' misunderstandings. More qualitative inquiry is needed to understand how the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and culture-based expectations of others influence parents' interactions and the family's adjustment and well-being.
Detecting highlights in sports videos: Cricket as a test case

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for detecting highlights in sports videos. The videos are temporally decomposed into a series of events based on an unsupervised event discovery and detection framework. The framework solely depends on easy-to-extract low-level visual features such as color histogram (CH) or histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), which can potentially be generalized to different sports. The unigram and bigram statistics of the detected events are then used to provide a compact representation of the video. The effectiveness of the proposed representation is demonstrated on cricket video classification: Highlight vs. Non-Highlight for individual video clips (7000 training and 7000 test instances). We achieve a low equal error rate of 12.1% using event statistics based on CH and HOG features.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced down-regulation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ currents (ICRAC) but not Ca2+-activated TRPM4-like currents (ICAN) in cultured mouse microglial cells

Microglia are the main immunocompetent cells of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Activation of cultured microglial cells and subsequent release of nitric oxide and cytokines critically depends on intracellular calcium levels. Since microglia undergo dramatic morphological, biochemical and electrophysiological changes in response to pathological events in the CNS, we investigated temporal changes in expression levels of ion channels involved in cellular calcium homeostasis in mouse cortical microglial cells in culture. Specifically, we assessed the inward and delayed outward rectifier potassium currents (IIRK and IDRK), calcium (Ca2+) release-activated Ca2+ currents (ICRAC) and Ca2+-activated TRPM4-like currents (ICAN) in non-activated microglia and cells that were activated by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) between 3 and 48 h. Unstimulated microglial cells, subcultured from an astrocyte coculture, typically exhibited a ramified, rod-shaped morphology. During the first 3 days of culture cell size and shape were maintained, but the percentage of cells showing prominent IIRK went up and those expressing IDRK went down. Cells retaining IDRK exhibited smaller amplitudes, whereas those of IIRK and ICRAC were not affected. However, after 24 h of exposure to 1 μg ml−1 LPS, most cells showed an amoeboid (‘fried egg’-shaped) morphology with a 62% increase in cell capacitance. At that point in time, only 14% of the cells revealed IIRK and 3% had IDRK exclusively, whereas the majority of cells expressed both currents. The amplitudes of ICRAC and IIRK progressively decreased after stimulation, whereas IDRK transiently reached a maximum after 6 h of LPS exposure and then returned to pre-stimulation expression levels. Cultured microglia also revealed TRPM4-like, Ca2+-activated non-selective currents (ICAN) with an EC50 of 1.2 μm[Ca2+]i. The expression levels of this current did not change significantly during and after 24 h of LPS exposure. We propose that LPS-induced down-regulation of IIRK and ICRAC will reduce the cell's capacity to produce significant calcium influx upon receptor activation and result in decreased sensitivity to exogenous stimulation. In this scenario, ICAN expression would remain constant, although its activity would automatically be reduced due to the diminished calcium influx capacity of the cell.
From Mirror Neurons to Computational Neurolinguistics

The Mirror System Hypothesis for the evolution of the language-ready brain (e.g., [1, 2]) suggests a path for evolution of brain mechanisms atop the mirror system for grasping, with new processes supporting simple imitation, complex imitation, gesture, pantomime and finally protosign and protospeech. The present talk will briefly summarize the evolutionary story as background for a suggested program of research in neurolinguistics, with modeling challenges at the levels both of schemas and neural networks to make contact with data from psycholinguistics, neurophysiology, and neurology.
Posthemorrhagic shock in the newborn.

Abstract The literature on placenta previa and abruptio placentae, and other causes of occult bleeding from placental or umbilical vessels in the last trimester, impresses one with the lack of emphasis on the role of severe anemia due to blood loss as an important factor in the death of some of the newborn, and the lack of specific directions on exactly what is to be done about such an emergency. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the various causes of severe post-hemorrhagic anemia in the newborn, and to present cases which exemplify the differential diagnosis and treatment of the condition.
Demonstration of low resistance ohmic contacts to p-type (202̄1̄) GaN

We demonstrate low resistance Ohmic contacts to ( semipolar p-type GaN using a thin p++–GaN contact layer. This layer was optimized by varying the V/III ratio, Cp2Mg flow, thickness, and growth rate which produced low forward voltage devices with specific contact resistivities estimated to be 4 × 10−4 Ω cm2 and 5 × 10−4 Ω cm2 for palladium contacts and indium tin oxide (ITO) contacts respectively. Forward voltages of 2.89 V and 3.47 V were obtained at 20 A cm−2 and 800 A cm−2 respectively for light emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting at 435 nm with palladium contacts. LEDs with ITO contacts had forward voltages of 2.94 V and 3.55 V at 20 A cm−2 and 800 A cm−2 respectively.
The architecture of a eukaryotic replisome

At the eukaryotic DNA replication fork, it is widely believed that the Cdc45-Mcm2-7-GINS (CMG) helicase is positioned in front to unwind DNA and that DNA polymerases trail behind the helicase. Here we used single-particle EM to directly image a Saccharomyces cerevisiae replisome. Contrary to expectations, the leading strand Pol ɛ is positioned ahead of CMG helicase, whereas Ctf4 and the lagging-strand polymerase (Pol) α-primase are behind the helicase. This unexpected architecture indicates that the leading-strand DNA travels a long distance before reaching Pol ɛ, first threading through the Mcm2-7 ring and then making a U-turn at the bottom and reaching Pol ɛ at the top of CMG. Our work reveals an unexpected configuration of the eukaryotic replisome, suggests possible reasons for this architecture and provides a basis for further structural and biochemical replisome studies.
Third Amendment Penumbras: Some Preliminary Observations

In the landmark case of Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court told us that the Third Amendment casts a penumbra. This Essay, part of a Tennessee Law Review symposium on the Third Amendment, looks at the Third Amendment, and its construction in such cases as Griswold and Engblom v. Carey, to conclude that the Third Amendment's penumbral protections may extend to protect areas of domestic concern against state interference in the form of things like "affirmative consent" laws, regulation of childrearing practices, and invasions of electronic privacy. It concludes with some thoughts on how the Third Amendment should be read together with other protections contained within the Bill of Rights.
Carbon—Silica Dual Phase Filler: Part III. ESCA and IR Characterization

Abstract A series of carbon—silica dual phase fillers have been analyzed using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). These techniques reveal that the silicon in these materials is consistent with that in silica, and the predominant carbon in the carbon phase is similar to the predominant carbon in carbon black. ESCA and IR experiments demonstrate that the carbon—silica dual phase fillers are comprised of composite aggregates, each containing carbon and silica phases. In these dual phase aggregates the silica phase is intimately distributed with the carbon phase. Quantitative ESCA reveals that these dual phase fillers have excess oxygen over the expected stoichiometric amount for the silica present. This excess oxygen is likely due to oxygen groups on the carbon phase. Analysis of the ESCA oxygen Auger lines in combination with various chemical treatments substantiate the presence of carbon phase oxygen groups on the dual phase fillers. Quantitative ESCA in comb...
Some Further Thoughts on Emotions and Natural Kinds

In this brief reply, which cannot do justice to all of the valuable points my commentators have raised, I defend the view that the notion of natural kind I have introduced satisfies the ontological...
InVis: An Interactive Visualization Tool for Exploring Interaction Networks.

We introduce InVis, a novel visualization technique and tool for exploring, navigating, and understanding user interaction data. InVis creates a interaction network from student-interaction data extracted from large numbers of students using educational systems, and enables instructors to make new insights and discoveries about student learning. Here we present our novel interaction network model and InVis tool. We also demonstrate that InVis is an effective tool for providing instructors with useful and meaningful insights to how students solve problems.
Internalizing/Externalizing Problems: Review and Recommendations for Clinical and Research Applications

Objective More than 75,000 articles have been published on internalizing and externalizing problems. To advance clinical and research applications of internalizing/externalizing concepts and data, our objectives were as follows: to provide an overview of recent research on internalizing/externalizing problems assessed at ages 1½ to 18 years; to identify issues raised by methods for assessing such problems; and to develop recommendations for more precise, consistent, informative, and productive assessment of such problems. Method A total of 4,870 peer-reviewed articles published from January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2014 were systematically reviewed and identified by the search terms "internalizing" or "externalizing," followed by detailed coding of 693 articles that reported use of measures meeting criteria for methodologically sound assessment of internalizing/externalizing problems. Results Many articles reported data based on measures that did not meet criteria for methodologically sound assessment of internalizing/externalizing problems. The 693 articles that used measures meeting criteria for methodological soundness and that qualified for detailed coding reported findings for 649,457 children living in 65 societies on all inhabited continents. Data were obtained from parents, teachers, children, clinicians, caregivers, and others. Samples included general population, clinical, school, at-risk, multicultural, welfare, and various ethnic/racial and socioeconomic groups. Many analytic methods were used to test associations of diverse variables with internalizing/externalizing problems. Conclusion The diverse procedures used to assess internalizing/externalizing problems pose challenges for clinical and research applications. To meet the challenges, recommendations are provided for using assessment instruments supported by published standardization, reliability, validity, and normative data to advance clinical services and research.
Urn Models in Physics and Genetics

Urn models conceptualize general allocation problems in which we distribute, withdraw, and redistribute certain objects or units into a specified number of categories. We think of the categories as urns and the objects as balls. Depending on the specific urn model, the balls may be of different colors and distinguishable or indistinguishable. Urn models are special because they can be successfully used to model real phenomena in diverse areas such as physics, ecology, genetics, economics, clinical trials, modeling of networks, and many others. The aim is to understand the evolution of the content of the urns as distribution and redistribution according to some prespecified scheme progresses. There are many urn models in probability, and the allocation scheme depends on exactly which model one wishes to study. We introduce and provide basic information on some key urn models in this chapter. Classic references are Feller (1968) and Johnson and Kotz (1977). Bernoulli (1713) and Whitworth (1901) are two historically important monographs on urn models. More recent references include Gani (2004), Lange (2003), and Ivchenko and Medvedev (1997). Other specific references are given in the various sections of this chapter.
Surgical management of the patient with a thyroid disorder.

In this article, fundamental thyroid physiology and diagnostic procedures in the elderly patient are described. Emphasis is placed on performing nonthyroid surgery in elderly patients with hypo- or hyperthyroidism. The management of the thyroid nodule in the elderly patient is also described with a detailed algorithmic approach. Preoperative and intraoperative cardiac risk assessment and monitoring in elderly patients undergoing nonthyroid as well as thyroid surgery are also described
Creating Constitutional Conservatism

Although “constitutional conservatism” has become commonplace among American conservatives, its meaning has proven elusive. Revisionist historians and political scientists have looked to its origins in the early twentieth century, when Republican Party elites constructed a conservative interpretation of the Constitution and put it into practice in the era of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. Yet these revisionists have told only part of the story, because constitutional conservatism was also the creation of a network of activists and groups who in the 1920s constructed a nationwide campaign to instill a conservative understanding of the Constitution in the American public. This study examines how they built their campaign, defined its purpose, framed a conservative reading of constitutional history and theory, and conveyed it to the public in a bitterly contested political process. By telling this fuller story, it provides a more complete understanding of constitutional conservatism, both in the past and today.
David Hunter Hubel. 27 February 1926 — 22 September 2013

David Hunter Hubel was one of the great neuroscientists of the twentieth century. His experiments revolutionized our understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying vision. His 25-year collaboration with Torsten N. Wiesel revealed the beautifully ordered activity of single neurons in the visual cortex, how innate and learned factors shape its development, and how these neurons might be assembled to ultimately produce vision. Their work ushered in the current era of analyses of neurons at multiple levels of the cerebral cortex that seek to parse out the functional brain circuits underlying behaviour. For these achievements, Hubel and Wiesel, along with Roger W. Sperry, shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1981.
Modeling autonomous agents' behavior using neuro-immune networks

Autonomous robots are expected to interact with their dynamic changing environment. This interactions requires certain level of behavior based Intelligence, which facilitates the dynamic adaptation of the robot behavior accordingly with his surrounding environment. Many researches have been done in biological information processing systems to model the behavior of an autonomous robot. The Artificial Immune System (AIS) provides new paradigm suitable for dynamic problem dealing with unknown environment rather than a static problem. The immune system has some features such as memory, tolerance, diversity and more features that can be used in engineering applications. The immune system has an important feature called meta-dynamics in which new species of antibodies are produced continuously from the bone marrow. If the B-Cell (robot) cannot deal with the current situation, new behaviors (antibodies) should be generated by the meta dynamics function. This behavior should be incorporated into the existing immune system to gain immunity against new environmental changes. We decided to use a feed forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to simulate this problem, and to build the AIS memory. Many researchers have tried to tackle different points in mimicking the biological immune system, but no one previously has proposed such an acquired memory. This contribution is made as a "proof of concept" to the field of biological immune system simulation as a start of further research efforts in this direction. Many applications can potentially use our designed Neuro-Immune Network (NIN), especially in the area of autonomous robotics. We demonstrated the use of the designed NIN to control a robot arm in an unknown environment. As the system encounters new cases, it will increase its ability to deal with old and new situations encountered. This novel technique can be applied to many robotics applications in industry, where autonomous robots are required to have adaptive behavior in response to their environmental changes. Regarding future work, the use of VLSI neural networks to enhance the speed of the system for real time applications can be investigated along with possible methods of design and implementation of a similar VLSI chip for the AIN.
High Dose Therapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Primary Refractory Diffuse Large Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Abstract The efficacy of high dose therapy (HDT) and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) for patients with diffuse large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who never achieve a first complete remission (CR) with conventional chemotherapy have been addressed by few published studies. We retrospectively analyzed outcomes for 43 consecutive patients with chemotherapy-sensitive primary refractory diffuse large cell NHL treated with HDT and AHCT at our center between November 1988 and January 2002. The median age at transplant was 43 years (range: 18 – 64). At diagnosis 26 patients (60%) had stage IV disease, 28 patients (65%) had extranodal involvement, and bulky disease was present in 17 patients (40%). The age-adjusted NHL international prognostic index (IPI) score was low in 4 patients (9%), low-intermediate in 18 patients (42%), high or high-intermediate in 12 patients (28%), and not available in 9 patients (21%). All patients failed to achieve a first CR following CHOP (n = 31, 72%), R-CHOP (n = 6, 14%), and other anthracycline-containing regimens (n = 6, 14%). Fourteen patients (33%) did not receive additional conventional chemotherapy before proceeding to HDT and AHCT. The remaining 29 patients (67%) received in addition between 1 – 6 cycles of salvage chemotherapy. None of the 43 patients had achieved a CR at any time point before HDT and AHCT and all patients had measurable disease at the start of the HDT regimen. The median interval from diagnosis to HDT was 8.9 months (range: 2.4 – 15.5). The HDT regimen consisted of total body irradiation, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide in 15 patients (35%); BCNU, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide in 26 patients (60%); and CCNU, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide in 2 patients (5%). All but three patients (7%) were rescued with peripheral blood stem cells mobilized with cyclophosphamide 4 gm/m2 plus G-CSF and purged with monoclonal antibodies and complement. With a median follow-up of 5.8 years (range: 0.2 – 15.8) among surviving patients, the 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimates for overall survival was 67.4% (95% CI: 52.4 – 82.4), freedom from progression was 60.1% (95% CI: 43.7 – 76.6), and event-free survival was 55.8% (95% CI: 39.2 – 72.4). Two patients with relapse post-AHCT proceeded to non-myeloablative allogeneic HCT and were censored at the time of second transplant. By univariate analyses the following characteristics were not prognostically significant for overall survival: disease stage at diagnosis (I–II versus III–IV), prior radiotherapy, age-adjusted IPI score (low versus high) in evaluable patients, and the HDT regimen (TBI versus non-TBI). These results demonstrate that HDT and AHCT is effective treatment for chemotherapy-sensitive primary refractory diffuse large cell NHL. Download : Download high-res image (55KB) Download : Download full-size image
Flowthrough pretreatment with very dilute acid provides insights into high lignin contribution to biomass recalcitrance.

Flowthrough pretreatment is capable of removing much higher quantities of hemicellulose and lignin from lignocellulosic biomass than batch pretreatment performed at otherwise similar conditions. Comparison of these two pretreatment configurations for sugar yields and lignin removal can provide insights into lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction. Therefore, we applied liquid hot water (LHW) and extremely dilute acid (EDA, 0.05%) flowthrough and batch pretreatments of poplar at two temperatures and the same pretreatment severity for the solids. Composition of solids, sugar mass distribution with pretreatment, sugar yields, and lignin removal from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were measured. Flowthrough aqueous pretreatment of poplar showed between 63 and 69% lignin removal at both 140 and 180 °C, while batch pretreatments showed about 20 to 33% lignin removal at similar conditions. Extremely dilute acid slightly enhanced lignin removal from solids with flowthrough pretreatment at both pretreatment temperatures. However, extremely dilute acid batch pretreatment did realize greater than 70% xylan yields largely in the form of monomeric xylose. Close to 100% total sugar yields were measured from LHW and EDA flowthrough pretreatments and one batch EDA pretreatment at 180 °C. The high lignin removal by flowthrough pretreatment enhanced cellulose digestibility compared to batch pretreatment, consistent with lignin being a key contributor to biomass recalcitrance. Furthermore, solids from 180 °C flowthrough pretreatment were much more digestible than solids pretreated at 140 °C despite similar lignin and extensive hemicellulose removal. Results with flowthrough pretreatment show that about 65–70% of the lignin is solubilized and removed before it can react further to form low solubility lignin rich fragments that deposit on the biomass surface in batch operations and hinder enzyme action. The leftover 30–35% lignin in poplar was a key player in biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction and it might be more difficult to dislodge from biomass with lower temperature of pretreatment. These results also point to the possibility that hemicellulose removal is more important as an indicator of lignin disruption than in playing a direct role in reducing biomass recalcitrance.
Necroptosis of a Small Subset of Hematopoietic Progenitors Induces Autoimmune Bone Marrow Failure

Acquired aplastic anemia (AAA) is an autoimmune-mediated bone marrow failure (BMF) syndrome. Cryptic clonal genetic lesions were commonly detected in a small subset of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in most patients9 BM samples. The mechanism by which the autoimmune reaction is initiated is unknown. Whether and how these cryptic clonal genetic lesions might cause autoimmune BMF have not yet been determined. We found that mice with spontaneous deletion of the TGFβ-activated kinase-1 ( Tak1 ) gene in a small subset of HSPCs (1-3%) developed BMF which resembled the clinical manifestations of AAA patients. BMF in such mice could be reversed by depletion of CD4 + T lymphocytes or treatment with IFN-γ, suggesting a Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune mechanism. Interestingly, the disease onset and progression of BMF in such mice were significantly accelerated by inactivation of TNF-α signaling, indicating that TNF-α might restrict the progression of autoimmune BMF. Furthermore, we determined that the necroptosis of a small subset of hematopoietic cells is the cause of autoimmune BMF because such BMF can be completely prevented by deletion of Rip3 , a key necroptotic mediator. Our study suggested that the necroptosis of a small subset of hematopoietic cells induces autoimmune BMF, and that elevated TNF-α restricts the progression of such autoimmune BMF. We believe that, in addition to inhibiting T-cell-mediated autoimmune reactions to induce disease remission, repression of the necroptosis of mutant HSPCs might be necessary to prevent disease relapse and progression of autoimmune BM failure. Disclosures Stiff: Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Fate Therapeutics: Research Funding; Plasmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Eisai: Research Funding.
The Accuracy of Digital Templating for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: Is There a Difference Between Direct Anterior and Posterior Approaches?

Abstract Background The direct anterior approach (DAA) has gained recent popularity for total hip arthroplasty (THA), as it provides immediate feedback on cup position and limb length using fluoroscopy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate any differences in the accuracy of digital templating for preoperative planning of THA, performed with 2 different surgical approaches: DAA using a radiolucent table with intraoperative fluoroscopy and the posterior approach (PA). Methods One hundred thirty-one consecutive patients (148 hips) underwent a THA by a single surgeon, using the same cup and stem designs. Seventy-five hips were performed using the DAA using a fracture table and fluoroscopy. Seventy-three hips were performed using the PA with the patient positioned in lateral decubitus using standard positioners without fluoroscopy. Preoperative radiographs were digitally templated by the same surgeon. Results The PA patients had a higher mean body mass index and were more likely to have a preoperative diagnosis of avascular necrosis. The accuracy of templating for predicting the cup size to be within 2 mm was 91% for DAA vs 88% for PA ( P = .61). For stem size, the accuracy was 85% (to within 1 size) for the DAA vs 77% for the PA ( P = .71). Likewise, there was no significant difference in predicting the final stem's neck angle or femoral offset. Conclusion Digital templating was found to be a reliable and highly accurate method for predicting component sizes and offset for THA, regardless of using either the PA or the DAA with fluoroscopy.
In situ characterization of wettability alteration and displacement mechanisms governing recovery enhancement due to low-salinity waterflooding

A series of micro-scale core-flooding experiments were performed on reservoir core samples at elevated temperature and pressure conditions to develop better insights into wettability alteration and pore-scale displacement mechanisms taking place during low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF). Two individual miniature core samples were cut from a preserved reservoir whole core, saturated to establish initial reservoir fluid saturation conditions, and subsequently waterflooded with low-salinity and high-salinity brines. A third miniature sister core sample was also cut, solvent-cleaned, and subjected to a dynamic wettability restoration process (to reestablish native state wettability) and then a low-salinity waterflood. All samples were imaged during the experiments using a micro-CT scanner to obtain fluid occupancy maps and measure in situ oil-water contact angles. The results of the experiments performed on the preserved core samples show a significantly improved performance of low-salinity waterflooding compared to that of high-salinity waterflooding (HSWF). Pore-scale contact angle measurements provide direct evidence of wettability alteration from weakly oil-wet toward weakly water-wet conditions during LSWF, whereas contact angles measured during HSWF remain unchanged. We believe that the reduction in oil-water contact angles toward increased water-wetness lowers the threshold water pressure needed to displace oil from some medium-sized pore elements. Contact angles measured during the dynamic wettability restoration process show an equilibrium wettability state very similar to the initial one observed in the preserved samples. This indicates that drilling fluid contaminants had a negligible effect on the reservoir rock wettability. The experimental results also reveal similarities between saturation trends for the preserved-LSWF and restored-LSWF tests.
Why are Asian-Americans educationally hyper-selected? The case of Taiwan

ABSTRACTSeveral Asian-American groups are more educated than their non-migrant compatriots in Asia and their native-born white competitors in America. Lee and Zhou show that this “educational hyper-selectivity” has significant implications for the socio-economic success of Asian immigrants and their children. But they devote relatively little attention to its causes. This paper develops an answer in the Taiwan case. Using interviews and statistics, it shows that the Taiwanese secured an educational advantage because those arriving before 1965 consisted almost entirely of graduate students. Although they entered on student visas, prevailing political and economic conditions led them to settle in the U.S. After the passage of the Hart–Celler Act, these movers reproduced their advantage by sponsoring the arrival of kin, most of whom were also well-educated. The paper’s conclusion assesses the ability of American immigration law to foster the formation of hyper-selected groups.
Abstract 21054: Hematopoietic Factors Are Sufficient to Increase AF in Aged, Atherosclerotic Mice

Rationale: Aging is a strong risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained arrhythmia in the clinical practice. Atrial inflammation correlates with increased AF susceptibility...
Rape Myths in the Media: A Content Analysis of Local Newspaper Reporting in the United States

ABSTRACTPrevious research has shown that rape myths are often found in the media reporting of sexual assault. These studies have utilized national newspapers, magazines and television coverage of sexual assault in their examination of sexual assault, very often using celebrity cases as a focal point of the research. In the current study, a content analysis, we utilized one local newspaper from each of the nine geographical regions designated by the Census Bureau to examine how local media report on sexual assault. We included articles from a one-year time period from January 2011 to January 2012, culminating in a total sample of 386 articles. We examined descriptive statistics and conducted a series of chi-square analyses. Initially, we found very little evidence of direct rape myth reporting by local newspapers, though a further analysis revealed that local media’s reporting on sexual assault might indirectly reinforce some of the commonly known rape myths.
Colopancreatic Fistula: An Uncommon Complication of Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis

Colonic complications, including colopancreatic fistulas (CPFs), are uncommon after acute and chronic pancreatitis. However, they have been reported and are serious. CPFs are less likely to close spontaneously and are associated with a higher risk of complications. Therefore, more definitive treatment is required that includes surgical and endoscopic options. We present a case of a 62-year-old male patient with a history of heavy alcohol intake and recurrent acute pancreatitis who presented with a 6-month history of watery diarrhea and abdominal pain. His abdominal imaging showed a possible connection between the colon and the pancreas. A further multidisciplinary workup by the gastroenterology and surgery teams, including endoscopic ultrasound, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and colonoscopy, resulted in a diagnosis of CPF. A distal pancreatectomy and left hemicolectomy were performed, and the diagnosis of CPF was confirmed intraoperatively. The patient showed improvement afterward.
African Agency and the World Bank in the Twenty-First Century

The field of International Relations (IR) continues to grapple with its treatment of Sub-Saharan Africa. The continent and its individual countries are often as a peripheral actor in both global politics.
Subject "Small Business" at the Agricultural faculty at South Bohemian University

Management of Agricultural faculty is aware of the importance of small business for the national economy. Therefore "Small Business" as a subject has been introduced into the curriculum. In this article the importance of the subject “Small business”, its characteristics and a practice application of acquired knowledge are evaluated. The marketing research was done among students of above-mentioned subject in winter term 2000/2001. These students themselves processed the business plans. The attention was given for example to the sphere of business, required financial resources, and realization of their business plans in practice.
Management of dry retinal folds.

Background: To describe the surgical technique used in the management of two cases of dry retinal folds which occurred following retinal detachment surgery. Methods: Two patients with persistent dry retinal folds. Results: Patients underwent complete vitrectomy and membrane peeling, followed by injection of perfluorocarbon liquid. The retina was prodded and massaged flat with a silicone-tipped cannula under the perfluorocarbon liquid. The folds disappeared and the retina remained flat. Conclusion: The use of gentle manipulation under heavy perfluorocarbon liquids is an effective strategy for managing longstanding dry posterior retinal folds.
Spontaneous Remission of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Immunological Correlates

AbstractSpontaneous remission of renal cell carcinoma is a rare occurrence for which immunological factors have been implicated as a possible mechanism. We report a case of spontaneous remission of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in which we assayed various immune parameters. At remission we found no enhancement of natural killer cell, lymphokine-activated killer cell or lymphocyte proliferative response.
Are (linguists') propositions (topos) propositions?

Lambek([22]) proposed a categorial achitecture for natural language grammars, whereby syntax and semantics are modelled by a biclosed monoidal category (bmc) and a cartesian closed category (ccc) respectively, and semantic interpretation by a functor from syntax to semantics that preserves the biclosed monoidal structure; essentially this same architecture underlies the framework of abstract categorial grammar (ACG, de Groote [12]), except that the bmc is now symmetric, in keeping with the collapsing of Lambek's directional implications / and \ into the linear implication -. At the same time, Lambek proposed that the semantic ccc bears the additional structure of a topos, and that the meanings of declarative sentences--linguist's propositions--can be identified with propositions in the sense of topos theory, i.e. morphisms from the terminal object 1 to the subobject classifier Ω. Here we show (1) that this proposal as it stands is untenable, and (2) that a serviceable framework results if a preboolean algebra object distinct from Ω is employed instead. Additionally we show that the resulting categorial structure provides 'for free', via Stone duality, an account of the relationship between fine-grained 'hyperintensional' semantics ([6],[33],[27],[28]) and the familiar coarse-grained intensional semantics of Carnap ([2]) and Montague ([26]).
Biotechnological Responses to Food Security Needs

This chapter begins by explaining the development of biotechnology, including motivation for China’s aggressive pursuit of it, organization and funding of agricultural biotechnology research, role of the private sector, and importation of GMOs (the case of soybeans). It features the “success story” of Bt cotton, narrating its development, initial impacts, and recent problems in production. The chapter discusses other crop and plant species approved for commercialization. It then introduces the special case of genetically-modified rice, including development and testing of Bt rice, and its promise as well as resistance to its commercialization. The next section considers biosafety concerns about GMOs in China. The recent context is global controversy, because of European Union resistance to GMOs and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. In China, the elite is divided on whether to approve commercialization of Bt rice, while the general public is not well informed on the issue. The final substantive section discusses the biosafety regime in China: its origin, structure, and how biosafety currently is being implemented.