cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note from the Editors: Toxicogenomics Update

EHP is continually evolving to meet the needs of our readership. Our intention in publishing a separate section in toxicogenomics for the past 2 years has been to feature research in this emerging field and to use our news articles as an educational tool to explain basic toxicogenomics principles to our general readership. Feedback from our readership and the editorial board has indicated that our current coverage of the field of toxicogenomics might not be achieving the intended goals. After careful deliberations with stakeholders, the editors have decided that a better way to meet the needs of our readership and the field of toxicogenomics is to incorporate the Toxicogenomics section into the monthly issues. This change will be implemented beginning this month. The major advantage of this approach is that we can print toxicogenomics articles shortly after acceptance rather than holding them for publication in a quarterly section. In addition, published articles will gain wider exposure among the general readership, helping to better fold toxicogenomics into the environmental health research portfolio. Another advantage is that we will able to more efficiently achieve our educational goals by making the field more accessible to our general readership. What does the change mean for coverage? A toxicogenomics research section will be included within each monthly issue when research papers are available. EHP will continue news coverage through a variety of formats including updates, investigative articles, and policy discussions as warranted. To meet our educational goals, we have compiled all toxicogenomics feature articles (Focus articles) in a Toxicogenomics Primer that will be placed on a CD to be included with the March issue and made available at various toxicogenomics meetings. We will incorporate the toxicogenomics calendar, fellowships and grants, new books, and book reviews within the monthly sections. We are working to enhance the Toxicogenomics section of the EHP website by adding a compilation of news and research articles, “Notes from the Field,” and Resources. Editorials on toxicogenomics will continue to be solicited. We look forward to your continued support of EHP and the Toxicogenomics section.
Calcium uptake by two preparations of mitochondria from heart

Abstract Ca 2+ transport and respiratory characteristics of two preparations of cardiac mitochondria (Palmer, J.W., Tandler, B. and Hoppel, C.L. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 8731–8739) isolated using polytron homogenization (subsarcolemmal mitochondria) and limited Nagarse exposure (intermyofibrillar mitochondria) are described. The Nagarse procedure yields mitochondria with 50% higher rates of oxidative phosphorylation than the polytron-prepared mitochondria in both rat and dog. Rat hear intermyofibrillar mitochondria contain 50% more cytochrome aa 3 than the polytron preparation, whereas in the dog, cytochrome aa 3 content is not significantly different. Cytochrome oxidase activities and cytochrome c , c 1 and b contents were comparable in both populations of rat and dog heart mitochondria. The V of succinate-supported Ca 2+ accumulation for Nagarse-prepared mitochondria from rat heart was 1.8-fold higher than the polytron-prepared mitochondria. In dog heart, the Nagarse preparation showed a 3.0-fold higher V for Ca 2+ uptake compared to the polytron preparation. A lower apparent affinity for Ca 2+ was demonstrated in the intermyofibrillar mitochondria for both species ( K m is 2–2.5-fold higher). The Hill coefficient was 1 both mitochondrial types. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria from both species were treated with Nagarse to determine the role of this treatment on the observed differences. Nagarse did not alter any kinetic parameter of Ca 2+ uptake. The properties of these mitochondria with reference to their presumed intracellular location may pertain to the role of mitochondria as an intracellular Ca 2+ buffering mechanism in contractile tissue.
Interpersonal Distance, Body Orientation, and Touch: Effects of Culture, Gender, and Age

Video recordings of naturally occurring interactions in England, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Greece, Scotland, and Ireland were coded and analyzed to examine the effects of culture, gender, and age on interpersonal distance, body orientation, and touch. Results partially supported expected differences between contact cultures of southern Europe and noncontact cultures of northern Europe with respect to touch. More touch was observed among Italian and Greek dyads than among English, French, and Dutch dyads. In addition, an interaction effect between age and gender for body orientation suggested opposite developmental trends for mixed-sex dyads and male dyads. Whereas mixed dyads tended to maintain less direct orientations as they aged, male dyads maintained more direct orientations.
Cationic Hybrid Hydrogels from Amino‐Acid‐Based Poly(ester amide): Fabrication, Characterization, and Biological Properties

A family of biodegradable, biocompatible, water soluble cationic polymer precursor, arginine-based unsaturated poly (ester amide) (Arg-UPEA), is reported. Its incorporation into conventional Pluronic diacrylate (Pluronic-DA) to form hybrid hydrogels for a significant improvement of the biological performance of current synthetic hydrogels is shown. The gel fraction (Gf), equilibrium swelling ratio (Qeq), compressive modulus, and interior morphology of the hybrid hydrogels as well as their interactions with human fibroblasts and bovine endothelial cells are fully investigated. It is found that the incorporation of Arg-UPEA into Pluronic-DA hydrogels significantly changes their Qeq, mechanical strength, and interior morphology. The structure–property relationship of the newly fabricated hybrid hydrogels is studied in terms of the chemical structure of the Arg-UPEA precursor, i.e., the number of methylene groups in the Arg-UPEA repeating unit. The results indicate that increasing methylene groups in the Arg-UPEA repeating unit increases Qeq and decreases the compressive modulus of hydrogels. When compared with a pure Pluronic hydrogel, the cationic Arg-UPEAs/Pluronic hybrid hydrogels greatly improve the attachment and proliferation of human fibroblasts on hydrogel surfaces. A bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) viability test in the interior of the hydrogels shows that the positively charged hybrid hydrogels can significantly improve the viability of the encapsulated endothelial cell over a 2 week study period when compared with a pure Pluronic hydrogel.
Socialization processes and pathways to healthy financial development for emerging young adults

Abstract Using a two-time longitudinal survey, we studied a cohort of college students ( N = 1511) to develop a socialization model of the proposed pathways leading to healthy financial development. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 21 years at Wave 1 and 20 to 24 years at Wave 2. After controlling for gender, ethnicity, SES, and negative financial events, our path analysis revealed a cascading pattern of co-occurring change: positive change in individuals' perceived parental socialization had the strongest associations with positive change in financial attitude, financial controllability, and financial efficacy. In addition, both formal and informal financial education played a significant role. In turn, positive change in attitude had the greatest effect on positive change in behaviors, followed by financial efficacy and financial controllability, respectively. We discuss the process whereby positive financial socialization factors may contribute to positive change in the ways that young people think and behave with respect to managing their finances.
Separation of film thickness and grain boundary strengthening effects in Al thin films on Si

We have measured stress variations with temperature as a function of film thickness and a given grain size in pure Al and Al–0.5% Cu films on Si substrates. The variation in thickness for a given grain size is brought about by using the same film and the repeated controlled growth and dissolution of a barrier anodic oxide which can be grown uniformly on the film. Stress measurements were made as a function of temperature by measuring wafer curvature after successively removing each 0.1 μm of Al film. The components of strengthening due to the film thickness and the presence of grain boundaries were separated by assuming that the flow stress of the film is simply the sum of these two components. It is found that strengthening due to film thickness varies inversely with the thickness, which is consistent with results obtained by us using laser-reflowed films in an earlier work. The Hall–Petch coefficients calculated from the strengthening due to the grain boundaries are slightly higher than those reported for bulk Al. However, it is also recognized that the variation of the flow stress as g−1, where g is the grain size, is more plausible than that predicted by the Hall–Petch relation (i.e., as g−1/2). The variations of these two components with temperature, and under tension and compression, are discussed.
Evaluation of air-conditioning compressor performance for assessment of load management potential

Residential air-conditioning contributes heavily to the electrical utilities' summer peak demand. Cycling programs in which utilities turn off air-conditioning compressors a certain percentage of each hour through remotely-controlled switches can help reduce this high electrical demand. The normal duty cycle, or run-time of a compressor must be greater than the controlled run-time otherwise there would be no effective reduction in the average hourly compressor demand.The Tennessee Valley Authority conducted a field test in which continuous electrical demand of air-conditioning compressors was recorded on magnetic tape. Duty cycles were computed from one-minute readings provided by some specialized magnetic tape translation equipment and software and then correlated with hourly electrical demand, area temperatures and cycling schedules.Statistical Analysis System (SAS) computer procedures were then used to perform the analysis of the data and to prepare tables of compressor operating statistics by hour-of-day and temperature.Results of the analysis indicated that the majority of air-conditioning compressors were running enough at peak demand times to be effective in significantly reducing the average hourly compressor demand if cycling had been implemented. The conclusions of this evaluation were used to develop operating strategies in TVA's air-conditioner and water heater load management program, Cycle & Save.
Multivariate geometry as an approach to algal community analysis

Multivariate analyses are put in the context of more usual approaches to phycological investigations. The intuitive common-sense involved in methods of ordination, classification and discrimination are emphasised by simple geometric accounts which avoid jargon and matrix algebra. Warnings are given that artifacts result from technique abuses by the naive or over-enthusiastic. An analysis of a simple periphyton data set is presented as an example of the approach. Suggestions are made as to situations in phycological investigations, where the techniques could be appropriate. The discipline is reprimanded for its neglect of the multivariate approach.
Microwave spectrum of GeF2: quadrupole coupling and centrifugal distortion

The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of 73GeF2 have been determined and are χaa = 17.2 ± 1., χbb 121.7 ± 1., χcc = −138.9 ± 1 MHz. These constants are interpreted in terms of the bonding. The effects of centrifugal distortion on the microwave spectrum of GeF2 have been investigated. It is found that for J < 10 the rotational transitions can be well fitted using centrifugal distortion constants calculated from the force field obtained from the infrared frequencies and the inertial defect. For higher J, however, the fits become progressively poorer. Even using all rotational transitions measured (44 lines) the centrifugal distortion fitting alone is not sufficient to determine the harmonic force constants. If the additional constraints that the infrared frequencies must have the experimental values are introduced, the force constants are well determined and are slightly different from those obtained from the infrared frequencies and inertial defect. The rotational constants in vibrational states (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1) and (0,2,0) of 74GeF2, 72GeF2, and 70GeF2 have been determined using low J lines (J < 10) and the centrifugal distortion constants calculated from the infrared frequencies and inertial defect. The resulting equilibrium structures for the three isotopic species are in excellent agreement and average to r(GeF) = 1.73209 A and ∠FGeF = 97.148°.
Actin- and microtubule-dependent organelle motors: interrelationships between the two motility systems

Membranous organelles move on both actin filaments and microtubules. Evidence for the presence of myosin and microtubule-based motors on the same organelle has raised the question of the interrelationship between the two motility systems. Functional studies of unconventional myosins are beginning to provide insights into this question and the important roles these motors play in membrane trafficking and organelle movement.
Epidermal growth factor. 3. The stimulation of polysome formation in chick embryo epidermis.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) on ribosomal distribution and function in cultured chick embryo epidermis have been examined. 2. 2. In the presence of EGF there is a conversion of pre-existing ribosomal monomers into functional polysomal structures. Accompanying this alteration is an increase in protein synthesis and an increase in the synthesis of all of the classes of cytoplasmic RNA detectable on sucrose gradients. 3. 3. The ribosomal monomer-polysome conversion and the stimulation of RNA synthesis induced by EGF do not appear to require the synthesis of new protein or an increased transport of amino acids and glucose.
Component based shape retrieval using differential profiles

In this paper, we describe the use of differential profiles, which are computed from 2D shapes smoothed with Gaussian functions, as the shape features for building a shape retrieval system. We build a global shape component dictionary from all the shape descriptors collected from shapes available in a database and then represent each shape as a probabilistic mixture of elements from such a dictionary. Finally, shape retrieval from a given database is simply done by comparing the mixing coefficients of the model of a query shape and those of known shapes. Our retrieval experiments are done on both object contour and line drawing collections and show promising results.
Developmental and neurochemical specificity of neuronal deficits produced by electrical impulse blockade in dissociated spinal cord cultures

Blockade of spontaneous electrical activity in dissociated fetal spinal cord cultures produced neuronal deficits as measured by biochemical and morphological techniques. Spinal cord cultures exhibited an age-dependent vulnerability to impulse blockade with tetrodotoxin (TTX) or xylocaine. Neuronal cell counts, [125I]tetanus toxin fixation and [125I]scorpion toxin binding indicated that TTX application produced neuronal deficits during the second or third week in culture. Application of TTX during the first or fourth week did not produce a difference in tetanus toxin fixation from controls. Radioautography of [125I]tetanus toxin revealed no obvious change in the label distribution after TTX treatment. Suppression of electrical activity during the first 6 days in culture had no effect on choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and no apparent effect on the appearance of the cultures. Application of TTX during the seventh day in culture decreased CAT activity to 68% of control. Chronic electrical blockade produced a progressively greater loss of CAT activity through 21 days in culture. GABAergic neurons, as indicated by high-affinity GABA uptake, glutamic acid decarboxylase activity and [3H]GABA radioautography, were not affected by electrical blockade. These data indicate that there is developmental and neurochemical specificity in the neuronal death produced by blocking spontaneous electrical activity in dissociated spinal cord cultures.
Nonlinear genotypic response to macro- and microenvironments.

Environmental variation can be due to macro- and microenvironments. Whereas macroenvironments, such as climate, density, and nutritional levels, are distinguishable, microenvironments including external random errors or internal “accidents” of an organism cannot be well specified. A quantitative genetic model is proposed to estimate the genetic control of response of genotypes to these two kinds of environments. The model extends Gimelfarb’s additive-multiplicative model for genotype×environment interaction by considering both macro- and microenvironmental variation and the mechanistic basis of genotypic response to a particular macroenvironmental factor. It is further extended to estimate genetic correlations between quantitative traits under the additive-multiplicative model. An example from a forest tree was used to illustrate the application and power of the new model. In many aspects, the model displays remarkable advantages over the traditional analysis of variance used to study genotype×environment interaction.
Matched field processing localization with random sensor topologies

One of the largest challenges for multichannel localization systems is developing methodologies that are robust to interference. Unlike noise, interference is not random and often has characteristics resembling the true signals of interest. Interference often originates from multipath propagation, jamming signals, or other sources. In this paper, we demonstrate that we can significantly improve localization performance in the presence of interference through the use of a random sensor topology and matched field processing. To show this, we apply concepts and results from random matrix theory and compressed sensing. We demonstrate theoretically that random sensor topologies allow us to achieve performance characteristics similar to those of random noise. Specifically, we show that the localization performance improves, with a high probability, at a rate proportional to the number of sensors in the system. We verify these results through simulation.
Autoradiographic studies of the commissural and ipsilateral association connections of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. I. The commissural connections

The commissural connections of the two major cytoarchitectonic fields of the hippocampus (fields CA1 and CA3) and of the dentate gyrus of the rat have been studied autoradiographically following injections of 3H-leucine into the contralateral hippocampal formation. The commissural projection to the dentate gyrus has its origin in the hilar region of the gyrus of the opposite side (probably from the pyramidal cells of subfield CA3c) and the majority of its fibers terminate upon a restricted segment of the granule cell dendrites (about 30 μ wide) in the inner one-third of the molecular layer. Like the ipsilateral association pathway to this region, the commissural projection has an extensive distribution along the septo-temporal axis of the gyrus. The commissural connections of field CA3 appear to be organized homotopically in the sense that each of its subfields seems to be related principally (if not exclusively) to the corresponding subfield on the opposite side. However, along the septo-temporal axis of the hippocampal formation the commissural projection seems to be much more widespread, so that isotope injections into this field at any one level always give rise to transported label over a considerable rostro-caudal extent on the opposite side. Within field CA3 the commissural terminals are confined to the region of the basal dendrites in the stratum oriens, and the middle portion of the apical dendrites in the stratum radiatum. Field CA1 does not appear to contribute to the commissural system: this is certainly true of its anterior portion which projects into the dorsal fornix rather than the fimbria, and may also hold for the posterior part of the field. Most, if not all, of the commissural fibers to field CA1 have their origin in field CA3 of the opposite side. After crossing the midline in the ventral hippocampal commissure, these fibers follow an intrahippocampal course which appears to parallel that of the Schaffer collateral system. Within field CA1 the crossed fibers terminate in relation to the basal dendrites and the proximal three-fourths of the apical dendrites in the stratum oriens and the stratum radiatum.
Pulsed-inductive-plasma thruster

Summary form only given. The Flux-Coil-Generated, Field-Reversed Configuration Experiment (RFDX) at Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. (TAE) requires an initial source of plasma, from which an FRC is formed diamagnetically, using a central, flux-coil solenoid. Pulsed-Inductive-Plasma Thrusters (PIPTs) have been used previously on the TAE C-1 Experiment. This paper details the simulation, design, and measured performance for a new set of PIPTs developed for the RFDX. The simulation involves coupled differential equations for the circuit and plasma parameters, including acceleration. Plasma measurements made at the surface of the thruster indicate that the density is in the range, n = 1014-1015 cm-3, temperature, Ti ~ 30 eV, axialion velocity, Vi ~ 100 eV, and 1-m downstream, at the center of the confinement vessel, n = 1012-1014 cm-3, temperature, T ~ 10 eV, and total plasma energy content, Wp ~ 30 J: the ion temperature was measured spectroscopically, the density by an IR laser interferometer, the axial velocity by Doppler spectroscopy, the energy content by a foil-calorimeter. The construction for each thruster involves: 5 gas valves, a 2-stage Marx capacitor bank, parallel-plate transmission line, and H.V. feedthrough, routinely delivering a 2.5 μs 1/4 period rise time pulse and 1 Ω impedance (35 kV and 37 kA). The performance of the PIPTs are adequate for the RFDX.
Copyright suit partly settled

Amidst continuing confusion on what constitutes ‘fair use’ photocopying of copyrighted material, the first legal action taken against an academic institution and individual professors for alleged violations of copyright law has been partly settled. Nine book publishers charged last December that New York University (NYU), several of its faculty, and an off-campus commercial photocopying establishment had violated copyright law. The action against NYU and its faculty was settled out of court. The portion of the lawsuit directed against Unique Copy Center will continue, however.
Countercurrent chromatography with the flow-through centrifuge without rotating seals.

Abstract The seal-free centrifuge device is applied to helix countercurrent chromatography. Capability of the scheme is demonstrated on DNP-amino acid separation on a CHCl3/CH3COOH/0.1 n HCl (2/2/1) phase system.
RBP-J in FOXD1+ renal stromal progenitors is crucial for the proper development and assembly of the kidney vasculature and glomerular mesangial cells

The mechanisms underlying the establishment, development, and maintenance of the renal vasculature are poorly understood. Here, we propose that the transcription factor “recombination signal bindin...
Heat transfer in thermal barrier coated rods with circumferential and radial temperature gradients

To study the heat transfer in ceramic coatings applied to the heated side of internally cooled hot section components of the gas turbine engine, a mathematical model is developed for the thermal response of plasma-sprayed ZrO2-Y2O3 ceramic materials with a Ni-Cr-AL-Y bond coat on a Rene 41 rod substrate subject to thermal cycling. This multilayered cylinder with temperature dependent thermal properties is heated in a cross-flow by a high velocity flame and then cooled by ambient air. Due to high temperature and high velocity of the flame, both gas radiation and forced convection are taken into consideration. Furthermore, the local turbulent heat transfer coefficient is employed which varies with angular position as well as the surface temperature. The transient two-dimensional (heat transfer along axial direction is neglected) temperature distribution of the composite cylinder is determined numerically.
Evaluación de la embriotoxicidad de misoprostol utilizando el ensayo cultivo de embriones postimplantación

Background: Approximately 15% of misoprostol-induced-abortions may not be successful, leading to in utero exposure to the drug and to the induction of a series of defects including central nervous system, limb and visceral defects. A commonproposal is that the drug causes disruption of the fetal vasculature leading to embryonic or fetal hypoxia. Aim: To evaluate the teratogenicity of misoprostol using the rat post-implantation embryo culture. Material and Methods: Rat embryos were collected at the beginning of organogenesis and cultured in rat serum containing misoprostol at concentrations of 200, 2,000 or 20,000 pg/ml. Functionality, morphology and morphometry parameters were evaluated. Results: Misoprostol induced a dose-dependent embryotoxic effect causing a decrease in embryo viability and function (poor vascular development and survival) and morphometry (alterations in branchial arches, heart and cephalic portions of the neural tube, among others). Conclusions: All the manifestations observed are indicative of the ability of misoprostol to directly induce developmental retardation and alterations.
29.3: A New Fringe‐Field‐Switching LCD Using Trapezoid Electrodes

A new trapezoid fringe field switching (T-FFS) LCD is proposed. Simulation results indicate that the T-FFS mode exhibits a high transmittance, wide viewing angle, and low operation voltage, regardless a positive or a negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal material is employed. with optimized compensation films, the 100:1 contrast ratio exceeds the ±85 ° viewing cone.
Selected Quality Characteristics of Fresh‐Cut Sweet Potatoes Coated with Chitosan during 17‐Day Refrigerated Storage

Selected quality characteristics of fresh-cut sweet potatoes (FCSP) coated with chitosan were evaluated during 17-d refrigerated storage. The FCSP cubes were coated with a solution (1%, w/v) of chitosan having 470 or 1110 kDa. Color (L*, a*, b*) values of uncoated and chitosan-coated FCSP during storage were generally affected by storage time as well as coating treatments (P < 0.05). No significant changes in color lightness (L*) of 470 kDa-coated FCSP were observed during the 17-d storage. During days 3 to 17, 470 kDa-coated FCSP had significantly higher redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values than did uncoated and 1110 kDa-coated FCSP. Texture firmness of uncoated and chitosan-coated FCSP exhibited minimal changes during the 17-d storage. Although actual weight loss values (%) of uncoated and chitosan-coated FCSP were not significantly different at day 17, the weight loss difference (%) between day 3 and day 17 for uncoated FCSP (3.02%) was slightly higher compared to those (2.24% to 2.26%) of chitosan-coated FCSP. The initial total aerobic count was 4.7 log(10) CFU/g which then gradually increased to 8.54 and 9.67 log(10) CFU/g after 17 d of storage for 470 kDa-coated and uncoated FCSP, respectively. After day 6, the total aerobic counts of uncoated FCSP were higher than those of 470 kDa-coated FCSP. The yeast and mold count of chitosan-coated FCSP was about 2.5 log(10) CFU/g at day 17. Overall, consumers could not differentiate between 470 kDa-coated FCSP at day 17 and uncoated FCSP at day 0.
The Contemporary Relevance of Early Experiments with Supermax Reform

Prison conditions similar to those of supermax prisons have been instituted on several occasions in the past, in the course of early experiments with prison design. In several instances, supermax-l...
Temperature-dependent interactions explain unexpected responses to environmental warming in communities of competitors

Summary 1 Predictions about how species will respond to climate warming are based commonly on eco-physiological models or niche models. One critique of this practice is that it ignores interspecific interactions. 2 We examined how resource competition affects the responses of two ciliate species, Colpidium striatum Stein and Paramecium tetraurelia Sonneborn, to warming in laboratory microcosms. 3 We found that warming had a negative effect on Colpidium abundance and a negligible effect on Paramecium abundance in the absence of interspecific competition. When Colpidium and Paramecium competed, however, Paramecium coexisted with Colpidium at low and high temperatures, and was competitively excluded at intermediate temperatures. 4 Temperature-dependent strength of the interaction between Colpidium and Paramecium may explain the unexpected responses of Paramecium, which were inconsistent with its response to temperature in the absence of Colpidium. 5 Our results provide further support for the important role of species interactions in understanding how species respond to environmental warming, and suggest that the complex interplay between species interactions and climate may make it extremely difficult to predict accurately how species embedded in complex communities will respond to climate warming.
Rapid pyrolysis of eastern Canadian coals by free fall reactors

Abstract The effect of temperature was investigated on the rapid pyrolysis of Prince, Lingan and No. 26 coals in the temperature range of 525° to 750°C using a 600 cm high stainless-steel free fall reactor at atmospheric pressure. The yields of char, condensibles and gaseous products were determined at 25°C intervals. Gaseous products were analysed for H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and C2+. Volatile product (condensible and gas) yields exceeded the volatile product in the A.S.T.M. methods at and above 700°C. Some experiments using Prince coal were repeated at reduced pressure (50 mm mercury) in both the 600 cm height stainless-steel and a 140 cm height quartz reactor in order to find out the effect of pressure and retention time. The experimental results indicated that the condensable yield was higher at the lower pressure and at the shorter retention time. The effect of retention time was far more pronounced.
Toward sub-0.1-um CD measurements using scatterometry

Scatterometry, defined as the angle resolved characterization of light scattered from a surface, is an attractive tool for the metrology of semiconductor devices. It is simple, rapid, non destructive, relatively inexpensive and can be used in-situ. This paper illustrates the use of scatterometry to characterize fine pitch gratings having linewidths less than or equal to 0.1 micrometer. These gratings diffract light only in the zeroth order as their pitch-to-wavelength ratio is much smaller than one, hence they are also known as 0-order gratings. Metrology of 0-order gratings brings forth new issues, chiefly (1) lack of diffraction sensitivity to variation in the grating parameters, and (2) non-uniqueness of the 'diffraction signatures.' We use the gratings in conical mounting to enhance the diffraction sensitivity and have circumvented the non-uniqueness issue in two ways: (1) limiting the parameter space of the search algorithm and (2) using different incident field polarizations. We employ constrained optimization techniques to efficiently scan the parameter space. Our results agree well with cross-sectional SEM measurements and demonstrate the feasibility of scatterometry for these structures. We are also using shorter wavelengths for the metrology of 0-order gratings, and preliminary results using (lambda) equals 442 nm demonstrate that the diffraction is more sensitive to the variation in grating linewidth and etch depth.
A Scalar Product Model for the Multidimensional Scaling of Choice.

A multidimensional scaling analysis is presented for replicated layouts of pairwise choice responses. In most applications the replicates will represent individuals who respond to all pairs in some set of objects. The replicates and the objects are scaled in a joint space by means of an inner product model which assigns weights to each of the dimensions of the space. Least squares estimates of the replicates' and objects' coordinates, and of unscalability parameters, are obtained through a manipulation of the error sum of squares for fitting the model. The solution involves the reduction of a three-way least squares problem to two subproblems, one trivial and the other solvable by classical least squares matrix factorization. The analytic technique is illustrated with political preference data and is contrasted with multidimensional unfolding in the domain of preferential choice.
Growth of SiC on silicon in a low pressure vertical reactor

Abstract The growth of SiC on silicon using the SiH4, C3H8 and H2 system in a vertical reactor is reported. Computer simulations predict that for the vertical geometry investigated, high flow velocities are necessary to prevent forced convection. Experimental results verify the computer prediction and under optimal conditions highly uniform growths are achieved. Thickness variations less than 7% are obtained for growth thicknesses greater than 20 μm.
Electrophysiological evidence for early interaction between talker and linguistic information during speech perception.

This study combined behavioral and electrophysiological measurements to investigate interactions during speech perception between native phonemes and talker's voice. In a Garner selective attention task, participants either classified each sound as one of two native vowels ([e] and [ae]), ignoring the talker, or as one of two male talkers, ignoring the vowel. The dimension to be ignored was held constant in baseline tasks and changed randomly across trials in filtering tasks. Irrelevant variation in talker produced as much filtering interference (i.e., poorer performance in filtering relative to baseline) in classifying vowels as vice versa, suggesting that the two dimensions strongly interact. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to identify the processing origin of the interference: an early disruption in extracting dimension-specific information or a later disruption in selecting appropriate responses. Processing in the filtering task was characterized by a sustained negativity starting 100 ms after stimulus onset and peaking 200 ms later. The early onset of this negativity suggests that interference originates in the cognitive effort required by listeners to extract dimension-specific information, a process that precedes response selection. In agreement with these findings, our results revealed numerous dimension-specific effects, most prominently in the filtering tasks.
Switching roles: The process of mental weighing

Abstract In this article I use a unique theoretical lens that incorporates work from sociology and cognitive psychology in order to address the question of how various forces (both institutional and internal) propel actors to “switch” from one role performance to another. I present data from in-depth interviews with 60 working parents from a variety of occupations to illustrate a process I call “mental weighing”. Through mental weighing, actors sort and sift through various contextual cues and internal indicators to focus on (i.e., give weight to) those factors that are in line with the desired role performance. I itemize two different weighing activities: voluntary pushes and involuntary pulls. In describing these activities, I note the various ways that culture both enables and constrains the social actor. In this way, the study addresses the important question of what gives culture its pervasive influence while providing much called-for empirical evidence of sociocognitive practices in action.
Unique determination of the -CN group tilt angle in Langmuir monolayers using sum-frequency polarization null angle and phase

Abstract The relative phase and amplitude ratio between the ssp and ppp polarization combinations of the vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) response can be uniquely and accurately determined by the polarization null angle (PNA) method for orientational analysis. With PNA measurement we show that the –CN group in the 4-n-pentyl-4′-cyanoterphenyl (5CT) Langmuir monolayer is tilted around 25° ± 2° from the interface normal, while that in the 4-n-octyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) is tilted around 57° ± 2°, consistent with the significant differences in the phase diagrams and hydrogen bonding SFG spectra of the two Langmuir monolayers reported in the literature.
A Test for Randomness in Three Dimensions

A mathematical method based on a nearest neighbor spatial Poisson process is described for assessing stochastic randomness in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The classical central limit theorem ...
Changing students' perception of Economics by facilitating their transition to university

Universities in Australia are encouraging initiatives and developing strategies to assist students in the transition stage of their studies. In addition, Economics as an area of university study in Australia and in major industrial countries confronts the problem of the decline in student enrollments and degrees awarded. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the introduction of an Economics Orientation Tutorial incorporated in the Transition Program as a means of dealing with general transition issues and in altering the negative perception of Economics, which influences enrollments beyond the compulsory first year Economics courses. Using questionnaire responses by students in evaluating the transition program it is demonstrated that the Orientation Tutorial, not only assisted in general transition issues but also has made some inroads in reducing the negative perception of Economics. This study's relevance to other disciplines is also investigated.
Dental occlusion in patients with muscular dystrophy

A T THE Children’s Hospital in Boston an attempt is made to correlate whenever possible changes in the mouth with diseases which affect the body generally. Usually, positive correlations of this nature are established only after observations of large numbers of cases. This is true because local manifestations are not always clear, nor are they present in all cases. But if one were to see ten or twelve cases of the same disease group and in that series observe abnormalities of similar nature in three-quarters of them, he would surely be led to believe there was some relation between the deformity and the disease condition. It is such a situation that we will discuss. There are many references in the literature to the relation between muscle function and the development of the bones. In 1892 Wolff, concluded, after studying bones affected by altered function with resulting changes in stresses, that the internal and external architecture of bone depends upon the function to which it is subjected. This view is upheld by most workers today, but it is pointed out that function is not the only factor in producing changes in the form of bones. Murray1 considers “the form and structure of ‘bone is a compromise between many factors.” He goes on to say, “Among all these factors it is clear that one, the direct or indirect influence of mechanical stressing, is predominant in the second phase of development and in later reconstructions, but the multiplicities of factors modifying the influence of this should prevent us from expecting a precise theoretically perfect adaptation to the demands of this single determinant. ” Whatever the other factors are, it is known that bone will change in form as a result of variations in pressure and tension. The rationale of treatment in many orthopedic cases and in orthodontics is based on such knowledge of the physiology of bone. Carey2 states that structural scoliosis is the result of an imbalance between muscle and bone growth. He says ‘ ( Chronic infantile inanition and malnutrition may lead to an asymmetrical decrease in muscle weight and a persistence in the skeletal growth in length. This results in an unequal pull on the spine and the striking of an abnormal muscle-bone balance, which in time results in deformity of the spine, and function is correspondingly diminished.” In paralytic conditions it is a common observation that the bones affected are smaller, weaker, and show evidence of other degenerative changes when compared with corresponding bones in the same patient.
Angular distributions of pion-proton bremsstrahlung at 298 MeV

We report new measurements of ..pi../sup plus-or-minus/p ..-->.. ..pi../sup plus-or-minus/p..gamma.. at 18 photon angles for 298-MeV incident pions. At all angles, the photon spectrum falls monotonically with increasing E/sub gamma/, and lacks the predicted structure due to the ..delta.. (1232) resonance. The soft-photon approximation agrees with the data for E/sub gamma/ < 50 MeV only. For higher E/sub gamma/, the simple external-emission-dominance calculation provides an acceptable but imperfect description of all of results. (AIP)
AGRICULTURAL EXPOSURES IN PATIENTS WITH COPD IN HEALTH SYSTEMS SERVING RURAL AREAS

Background: Agricultural exposure is a risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there are no good estimates of the number of COPD patients with a hi...
Dendritic cell-activated CD44hiCD8+ T cells are defective in mediating acute graft-versus-host disease but retain graft-versus-leukemia activity.

Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is triggered by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that activate donor T cells to proliferate and differentiate, but which APC-activated donor T-cell subsets mediate GVHD versus beneficial antitumor effects is not known. Using a CD8+ T cell–dependent mouse model of human GVHD, we found that host dendritic cell (DC)–induced CD44hiCD8+ effector/memory T cells were functionally defective in inducing GVHD, whereas CD44loCD8+ naive phenotype T cells were extremely potent GVHD inducers. Depletion of CD44loCD8+ T cells from host DC-stimulated T cells before transplantation prevented GVHD without impairing their antitumor activity in vivo. Compared with CD44loCD8+ T cells, CD44hiCD8+ T cells expressed high levels of Fas and were efficiently deleted in vivo following transplantation. These results suggest that ex vivo allogeneic DC stimulation of donor CD8+ T cells may be useful for the prevention of GVHD and for optimizing antitumor therapies in vivo.
Visualizing collaboration: Central authors and strong ties in evolutionary game theory

Co-authorship patterns in 753 articles with two or more authors in the literature of Evolutionary Game Theory (1973–2009), were examined using social network analysis tools. There were 246 separate components in the data set; the main component included 386 authors, 1/3 of the complete author list. Network visualizations focusing on the number of co-authors linked to a given author (degree centrality=collaboration breadth) did not distinguish well between authors who published a few articles with many co-authors and those publishing more articles with one or two co-authors each. Adding a minimum publication requirement of two articles per co-author (tie strength=collaboration persistence) fragmented the main component (and other networks) but allowed more substantial patterns of collaboration to appear. The combination of collaboration breadth (degree centrality) and persistence (tie strength) is a simple way to identify co- author network structures worthy of additional investigation.
Racial differences in body fat distribution among reproductive-aged women

We examined the influence of race/ethnicity on body fat distribution for a given body mass index (BMI) among reproductive-aged women. Body weight, height, and body fat distribution were measured with a digital scale, wall-mounted stadiometer, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, respectively, on 708 healthy black, white, and Hispanic women 16 to 33 years of age. Multiple linear regression was used to model the relationship between race/ethnicity and different body fat distribution variables after adjusting for BMI, age at menarche, and demographic and lifestyle variables. For a given BMI, white women had the highest total fat mass (FM(total)), trunk fat mass (FM(trunk)), and leg fat mass (FM(leg)), whereas Hispanic women had the highest percentage of FM(trunk) (%FM(trunk)) and trunk-to-limb fat mass ratio (FMR(trunk-to-limb)). Conversely, black women had the lowest FM(total), FM(trunk), percentage body fat mass (%FM), %FM(trunk), and FMR(trunk-to-limb), and the highest percentage of FM(leg). The %FM was similar in whites and Hispanics and lower in blacks. The race x BMI interactions were significant for almost all of the body fat distribution variables. Increasing in differences with increasing BMI were apparent between blacks and whites in FM(trunk), %FM(trunk), FMR(trunk-to-limb), %FM(leg), and %FM, and between blacks and Hispanics in FM(trunk), %FM(trunk), FMR(trunk-to-limb), and FM(leg). In summary, the distribution of body fat for a given BMI differs by race among reproductive-aged women. These findings raise questions regarding universally applied BMI-based guidelines for obesity and have implications for patient education regarding individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic complications.
Original paper: Development of a web-based disease forecasting system for strawberries

Abstract: Florida produces about 16 million flats of strawberries every year, 15% of berries produced in the U.S. and virtually all the berries grown in the winter. Fungicides are applied on a weekly schedule to control Anthracnose and Botrytis fruit rot from December through March. Different predictive models for these diseases were evaluated and systems developed to time fungicide applications that reduced the number of sprays by about 50%. The models utilized leaf wetness and temperature during the wet period to predict disease outbreaks. The most effective models were embedded in a web-based tool developed for use by growers to schedule their fungicide applications. This internet-based forecasting system to predict these diseases, the Strawberry Advisory System (SAS), was implemented on the AgroClimate website using weather data from the Florida Agricultural Weather Network. Growers can select the location closest to their plantings and SAS will provide a prediction of disease incidence and recommendations for fungicide applications. Users can also be provided warnings of the need to spray via email or text messages. In preliminary trials, SAS has been successful in eliminating many unnecessary fungicide applications and has proven user friendly.
A Bayesian account of reconstructive memory.

It is well established that prior knowledge influences reconstruction from memory, but the specific interactions of memory and knowledge are unclear. Extending work by Huttenlocher et al. (Psychological Review, 98 [1991] 352; Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129 [2000] 220), we propose a Bayesian model of reconstructive memory in which prior knowledge interacts with episodic memory at multiple levels of abstraction. The combination of prior knowledge and noisy memory representations is dependent on familiarity. We present empirical evidence of the influences of prior knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction, showing that the reconstruction of familiar objects is influenced toward the specific prior for that object, while unfamiliar objects are influenced toward the overall category.