cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted Intracellular Delivery of Antituberculosis Drugs to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages via Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

Delivery of antituberculosis drugs by nanoparticles offers potential advantages over free drug, including the potential to target specifically the tissues and cells that are infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, thereby simultaneously increasing therapeutic efficacy and decreasing systemic toxicity, and the capacity for prolonged release of drug, thereby allowing less-frequent dosing. We have employed mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) drug delivery systems either equipped with a polyethyleneimine (PEI) coating to release rifampin or equipped with cyclodextrin-based pH-operated valves that open only at acidic pH to release isoniazid (INH) into M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. The MSNP are internalized efficiently by human macrophages, traffic to acidified endosomes, and release high concentrations of antituberculosis drugs intracellularly. PEI-coated MSNP show much greater loading of rifampin than uncoated MSNP and much greater efficacy against M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. MSNP were devoid of cytotoxicity at the particle doses employed for drug delivery. Similarly, we have demonstrated that the isoniazid delivered by MSNP equipped with pH-operated nanovalves kill M. tuberculosis within macrophages significantly more effectively than an equivalent amount of free drug. These data demonstrate that MSNP provide a versatile platform that can be functionalized to optimize the loading and intracellular release of specific drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Asynchronous whirl in a rotating cylinder partially filled with liquid

Experimental and analytical results are presented for the self-excited oscillations that occur in a partially filled centrifuge when centrifugal forces interact with shallow-water waves. Periodic and aperiodic modulations of the basic whirl phenomena are both observed and calculated. The surface waves are found to be hydraulic jumps, undular bores or solitary waves.
A Low-Power Compact NQR Based Explosive Detection System

Nuclear quadruple resonance (NQR) has been studied for explosive detection for years. Some prototype NQR-based detection systems have been reported, but were all designed from the laboratory perspective, with bulky sizes and high power consumption. To achieve a portable NQR-based detection system for field applications, a low-power compact system utilizing state-of-the-art semiconductor technologies is presented in this paper. Several novel circuits for the key modules are proposed, including a Class-D type power amplifier, a power multiplexing and matching network, a customized IC with integrated analog signal processing chain, and a microcontroller-based logic control unit. An advanced digital signal processor platform is employed for data collecting and processing. The customized IC is fabricated in 0.18 μm CMOS process. Test results on the prototype system show the effectiveness of the proposed solution and low power consumption as 2.12 W in the receiving state. The power efficiency of the proposed transmitting section is higher than 60%.
Redox-triggered interconversion between piperidine chair conformations in a Cu(I/II) complex.

A redox-induced six-membered ring chair−chair conformational interconversion in a copper-coordinated trans-piperidine tripodal ligand is demonstrated. Each group of the 1,2,3-substituted ring can potentially ligate the metal; two equatorial groups ligate the metal in the CuI state leaving a disassociated, axial group. However, all three groups (two axial and one equatorial) ligate the metal in the CuII state. Exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD) and 2D NMR were used to characterize the structures.
Use of spleen-slice homografts in the study of graft-versus-host reactions.

PRESENT knowledge concerning the graft-versus-host reaction has been derived chiefly from examination of the consequences of injecting homologous adult lymphoid cell suspensions into tolerant hosts1–4. We have attempted further investigation of this phenomenon in so far as it may occur when morphologically intact lymphoid tissue is transplanted.
Innovation and organizational networks : barriers to energy efficiency in the US housing industry

Abstract Models that assume optimizing consumers and rational firms fail to account for market resistance to cost-effective energy-efficiency improvements. This paper looks for clues in social science research on organizations and technology change. An alternative model derived from those literatures is proposed which focuses on the role of organizational networks in shaping and constraining innovation. This perspective is applied to data from a study of residential cooling, in which we find that producer networks routinely limit technology transfer in a variety of ways. Some of the influences of market factors, industry structure, technical knowledge and ancillary network actors (eg architects, appraisers, realtors, lenders, utility managers and code officials) are explored. Non-energy developments that are likely to influence future energy-efficiency choices in these systems are also considered, and research and policy recommendations are offered.
Detection of Cytochrome c in a Single Cell Using an Optical Nanobiosensor

In this work, the intracellular measurement of cytochrome c using an optical nanobiosensor is demonstrated. The nanobiosensor is a unique fiberoptics-based tool which allows the minimally invasive analysis of intracellular components. Cytochrome c is a very important protein to the process which produces cellular energy. In addition, cytochrome c is well-known as the protein involved in apoptosis, or programmed cell death. δ-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) was used to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. 5-ALA, a photodynamic therapy (PDT) drug in cells was activated by a HeNe laser beam. After the PDT photoactivation, the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm in a MCF-7 cell was monitored by the optical nanobiosensor inserted inside the single cell and followed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) outside the cell. The combination of the nanobiosensor with the ELISA immunoassay improved the detection sensitivity of the nanobiosensor due to enzymatic ampl...
Power system security boundary visualization using neural networks

Abstract This paper presents an automatic security boundary visualization procedure using neural networks. A systematic method for data generation is developed to generate a database for neural network training. Neural networks are used to map the relationship between the precontingency operating parameters and the postcontingency performance measure. Genetic algorithms are used to select best subset of precontingency operating parameters to be used as neural network inputs. A visualization algorithm is developed to draw the boundary. The boundary for a sample system is given.
Modeling and systematic analysis of LC-MS proteomics pipeline

Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is a complicated technique used for large-scale protein profiling. While individual components in the system have been studied extensively, little work has been done to integrate various modules and evaluate them from a system point of view. In this work, we put together different modules in a typical proteomics work flow, capture and analyze key factors that may impact the number of identified peptides and quantified proteins, protein quantification error, and differential expression results. The proposed proteomics pipeline model can be used to optimize the work flow as well as to pinpoint critical steps worth to sinking resource into.
Photolysis of O3 at 3130 Å

Abstract The photolysis of O3 at 3130 A and 25°C has been studied in the presence of a large excess of N2O to react with any O(1D) atoms produced. From the N2 produced, the quantum efficiency for O(1D) production was found to be 0.50 ± 0.03.
1090 BRUSH BORDER ANTIGEN (BBAg) OF AUTOLOGOUS IMMUNE COMPLEX GLOMERULONEPHRITIS OF RATS (AIC) IN THE URINE OF VARIOUS SPECIES

Urine from 30 normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, 20 SD rats affected with AIC having marked proteinuria (200-250 mg/day), 8 normal white New Zealand rabbits, a normal human, and from a patient with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN) were examined for the presence of nephritogenic BBAg by the method of repeated immunization of five groups of normal (SD) rats with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) mixed with the test urine which had been dialyzed and lyophilized. Three control groups were: normal SD rats injected with normal saline only, CFA only, and CFA mixed with normal SD rat kidney cortex. Production of auto-antibodies to BBAg and the development of granular immune deposits containing rat IgG and C3 along the glomerular capillary walls in the kidneys of the immunized animal indicated the presence of BBAg in the test urine. The nephritogenic antigen was found in the urine of normal human, a patient with MGN, normal rabbit and rats with AIC. Surprisingly, it was absent in the urine of normal SD rats, a species that is highly susceptible to the development of AIC. It is hypothesized that only those species that do not have BBAg in the urine are susceptible to develop AIC or a similar glomerulonephritis.
BLC expression in pancreatic islets causes B cell recruitment and lymphotoxin-dependent lymphoid neogenesis.

Abstract CXCR5, the receptor for B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), is required for normal development of Peyer's patches, inguinal lymph nodes, and splenic follicles. To test the in vivo activity of BLC in isolation of other lymphoid organizers, transgenic mice were generated expressing BLC in the pancreatic islets. In addition to attracting B cells, BLC expression led to development of lymph node–like structures that contained B and T cell zones, high endothelial venules, stromal cells, and the chemokine SLC. Development of these features was strongly dependent on B lymphocytes and on lymphotoxin α1β2 and could be reversed by blocking lymphotoxin α1β2. These findings establish that BLC is sufficient to activate a pathway of events leading to formation of organized lymphoid tissue.
Some Limiting Cases of Radar Sea Clutter Noise

Radar return from the rough surface of the wind disturbed sea is a source of noise that affects the over-all signal-to-noise ratio of radars operating over water. This paper presents the results of an analysis showing some limiting values of the effective radar scattering area per unit area of the sea surface (?)0) vs radar depression angle (?) for perfectly smooth and perfectly rough surfaces. Available experimental data are shown to be consistent with the theoretical limits.
High-resolution CARS measurements of temperature profiles and pressure in a tungsten lamp

We use high-resolution coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy to measure the temperature profile and pressure in a nitrogen-filled tungsten lamp. Using a modified exponential-gap model for the J-dependent collisional-broadening coefficients, we obtain good fits to the experimental spectra, yielding spatially resolved temperatures and pressures with an accuracy of ±5%.
A precise correspondence between lift-and-project cuts, simple disjunctive cuts, and mixed integer gomory cuts for 0-1 programming

We establish a precise correspondence between lift-and-project cuts for mixed 0-1 programs, simple disjunctive cuts (intersection cuts) and mixed-integer Gomory cuts. The correspondence maps members of one family onto members of the others. It also maps bases of the higher-dimensional cut generating linear program (CGLP) into bases of the linear programming relaxation. It provides new bounds on the number of facets of the elementary closure, and on the rank, of the standard linear programming relaxation of the mixed 0-1 polyhedron with respect to the above families of cutting planes. Based on the above correspondence, we develop an algorithm that solves (CGLP) without explicitly constructing it, by mimicking the pivoting steps of the higher dimensional (CGLP) simplex tableau by certain pivoting steps in the lower dimensional (LP) simplex tableau. In particular, we show how to calculate the reduced costs of the big tableau from the entries of the small tableau and based on this, how to identify a pivot in the small tableau that corresponds to one or several improving pivots in the big tableau. The overall effect is a much improved lift-and-project cut generating procedure, which can also be interpreted as an algorithm for a systematic improvement of mixed integer Gomory cuts from the small tableau.
A review of research in mechanical engineering design. Part II: Representations, analysis, and design for the life cycle

This is the second of a two-part paper summarizing and reviewing research in mechanical engineering design theory and methodology. Part I included 1) descriptive models; 2) prescriptive models; and 3) computer-based models of design processes. Part II includes: 4) languages, representations, and environments for design; 5) analysis in support of design; and 6) design for manufacture and the life cycle. For each area, we discuss the current topics of research and the state of the art, emphasizing recent significant advances. A final section is included that summarizes the six major areas and lists open research issues.
Dependent dual‐record system estimation of number of events: a capture‐mark‐recapture strategy

This paper discusses the use of the capture-mark-recapture (CMR) technique - for the estimation of the total number of individuals or events for bird, fish, animal, or human populations - when data are available from two dependent sources of information (SOIs). Specifically, the CMR stochastic models developed by Jolly and Seber, which assume independent samples, are modified to allow for dependence (source correlation) between SOIs, a reality in most situations. Accordingly, valid estimates regarding the biodiversity for certain species or populations in the environment and the prevalence of rare events, such as environmental insults, can be obtained for better decision-making. Moreover, coverage of various SOIs can be corrected for, thus improving their quality. A numerical application is given in which the proposed estimates of vital events, based on data from the vital registration system and a one-shot survey, are adjusted for dependence between sources and compare favorably to other estimates suggested in the literature.
Parameters governing refuse comminution

Abstract The key parameters controlling the size reduction of refuse have been identified as being flow rate, refuse moisture content, mass of material held within the shredder (the shredder holdup), residence time for material in the shredder, and the physical layout of the shredder. Product particle size distribution is a function of the feed particle size and the mean residence time, while the power requirements of the shredder are a function of the holdup and the moisture content of the refuse. Relations between the governing parameters are quantified and shown to be useful for predictive purposes. Factors influencing the design of shredders are also considered.
Floral Induction of Vegetative Plants Supplied a Purified Fraction of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Stems of Flowering Plants

It has been found that floral induced stems of flowering tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wis. 38) plants contain large amounts of rapidly renaturing DNA, whereas noninduced stems of vegetative plants contain only small amounts. In addition, it has been shown that the striking qualitative difference in DNA between stems of flowering and vegetative plants mimics the over-all quantitative difference in DNA content (on a fresh weight basis). Therefore, the extra DNA in stems of flowering plants seems, at least in part, to represent preferential synthesis of rapidly renaturing DNA. Rapidly renatured DNA (flowering plants) has been purified (cesium chloride gradients) from heated-cooled DNA solution and under noninductive conditions has been tested for floral activity. It has been found that when rapidly renatured DNA in buffer solution is supplied to axillary vegetative buds of vegetative plants and then the axillary buds are defoliated every 4th day for 12 days, the treated buds change into flower buds. On the other hand, control axillary buds supplied buffer solution alone remain vegetative. In stem segments from flowering plants, the concept, discussed in previous reports, that indole-3-acetic acid may modify in vitro bud expression by directly affecting DNA synthesis has been reviewed. On the basis of this report, the concept is elaborated by proposing here that indole-3-acetic acid may act partially in bud expression by directly suppressing synthesis of rapidly renaturing DNA.
General worry and anxiety in children

Working with anxious children and their families presents a number of challenges to the clinician and researcher. Issues related to diagnosis, assessment, and treatment abound. Many of these children present with co-occurring problems of depression, attention, and oppositionality. Furthermore, for many of these children, anxiety is embedded in familial and social contexts and varies across development. As a result, anxiety does not exist solely in the child. Rather, important developmental and contextual factors must be considered both in the assessment and treatment of these children and their families. Toward this end, a wide array of assessment strategies may prove useful, including diagnostic interviews, self-report questionnaires, parent and teacher behavior checklists, and behavioral observation of the child and his or her family in various contexts. Empirically supported treatments have been developed to address these problems, including behavioral and cognitive-behavioral procedures. Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment are illustrated in a case study that illustrates several issues in working with these children and their families. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
H NMR studies of mastoparan binding by calmodulin

Association with the cytoactive tetradecapeptide mastoparan perturbs the downfield 1H NMR spectrum of the calmodulin-Ca42+ complex. Changes occur in the resonances assigned to His-107 and Tyr-138. Composite peaks assigned to Phe-16 and Phe-89 and to Phe-68 and Tyr-99 are also affected. Both the upfield and downfield 1H NMR spectra contain evidence for spectroscopically distinct intermediates in Ca2+ binding by the calmodulin-mastoparan complex.
ßFTZ-F1 and Matrix metalloproteinase 2 are required for fat-body remodeling in Drosophila.

During metamorphosis, holometabolous insects eliminate obsolete larval tissues via programmed cell death. In contrast, tissues required for further development are retained and often remodeled to meet the needs of the adult fly. The larval fat body is involved in fueling metamorphosis, and thus it escapes cell death and is instead remodeled during prepupal development. The molecular mechanisms by which the fat body escapes programmed cell death have not yet been described, but it has been established that fat-body remodeling requires 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling. We have determined that 20E signaling is required within the fat body for the cell-shape changes and cell detachment that are characteristic of fat-body remodeling. We demonstrate that the nuclear hormone receptor sFTZ-F1 is a key modulator of 20E hormonal induction of fat body remodeling and Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression in the fat body. We show that induction of MMP2 expression in the fat body requires 20E signaling, and that MMP2 is necessary and sufficient to induce fat-body remodeling.
Improved electrical and transport characteristics of amorphous silicon by enriching with microcrystalline silicon

The authors have deposited n-i-p diodes with microcrystalline intrinsic layers for radiation detection applications. The diodes show interesting electrical characteristics which have not been reported before. From TOF measurement for their best samples, the authors obtained {mu}{sub e} values which are about 3 times larger than their standard a-Si:H. for {mu}{tau} values approximately a factor of 2 improvement was observed. The N*{sub D} values derived from hole-onset measurements show lower ionized dangling bond density than normal a-Si:H material. The authors propose a simple model which can very well explain the experimental results.
Expanded newborn screening in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands: education and barriers assessment.

Purpose: The implementation of the expanded newborn screening panel of 29 disorders recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics in Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands is still in development or in early stages. Efforts in the territories are complicated by educational and resource barriers that generate a wide gap between the islands and the US mainland. Methods: To meet immediate educational needs, we conducted in-services for local newborn screening professionals. The efficacy of the educational intervention was measured by pre and posttest scores and a seminar evaluation. An assessment was obtained to document local newborn screening needs and barriers, with focus on human resources, intervention, language, social issues, education, and communication. Results: Statistical significance was found (P value ≤0.05) between pre and posttest scores of the educational intervention. Needs and barriers associated with expanded newborn screening were also documented. Conclusion: Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands face different challenges in their implementation of expanded newborn screening. The data obtained in the present study serves as foundation for the development of public policy and long-term educational programs.
Semantic search and a new moore's law effect in knowledge engineering

In history, the Moore's law effect has been used to describe phenomena of exponential improvement in technology when it has a virtuous cycle that makes technology improvement proportional to technology itself. For example, chip performance had doubled every 18-24 months because better processors support the development of better layout tools that support the development of even better processors. I will describe a new Moore's law effect that is being created in knowledge engineering and is driven by the self-reinforcing nature of three trends and technical advancements: big data, machine learning, and Internet economics. I will explain how we can take advantage of this new effect to develop a new generation of semantic and knowledge-based search engines. Specifically, my presentation will cover the following three areas:Knowledge acquisition - our goal is to build a comprehensive entity graph and knowledge graph to complement the web and social graphs. I will introduce techniques for entity extraction and knowledgebase construction through automatic and interactive mining and crowdsourcing.Managing knowledge - our goal is to support advanced analytical queries by combining probabilistic knowledge with a distributed platform. I will focus on technology for both online knowledge serving and offline knowledge inference.Knowledge-empowered search and applications - the knowledge we have acquired and curated enables applications like query understanding, entity-centric search experiences, and answers to natural language queries.
Novel computed tomography scan scoring system predicts the need for intervention after splenic injury

Background:The purpose of this study was to develop a computed tomography (CT) scan screening test to predict the need for intervention in patients with splenic injury.Methods:CT scans of 20 patients with blunt injury to the spleen were reviewed to identify findings that correlated with the need for
Parallel Synthesis and Biocatalytic Amplification of a Cross-Conjugated Cyclopentenone Library

A combination of parallel chemical synthesis and biocatalysis has been used to prepare and amplify a library of cross-conjugated cyclopentenones. A number of marine and terrestrial natural products with antibiotic activity are known to incorporate this pharmacophore. The library was screened for anticancer, antimycobacterial, antifungal, and antibacterial activity. The positive results from the screens provide an indication of the structural features that are associated with activity in the various assays and suggest promising avenues for further inquiry.
An overview of sleep as an experimental variable (1940-1959).

Less than one half of 1 percent of the psychological literature relates to sleep. Although there has been a relative decline in such research, the central nervous system and pathological aspects have recently received increased attention. The United States is producing less than 17 percent of the research on sleep.
A Longitudinal Study of School Belonging and Academic Motivation Across High School

This longitudinal study examined how school belonging changes over the years of high school, and how it is associated with academic achievement and motivation. Students from Latin American, Asian, and European backgrounds participated (N = 572; age span = 13.94–19.15 years). In ninth grade, girls' school belonging was higher than boys'. Over the course of high school, however, girls' school belonging declined, whereas boys' remained stable. Within-person longitudinal analyses indicated that years in which students had higher school belonging were also years in which they felt that school was more enjoyable and more useful, above and beyond their actual level of achievement. Results highlight the importance of belonging for maintaining students' academic engagement during the teenage years.
Coupling semiconductor nanocrystals to a fused-silica microsphere: a quantum-dot microcavity with extremely high Q factors

We demonstrate a quantum-dot microcavity by coupling core–shell semiconductor nanocrystals to a fused-silica microsphere. We show that the composite microcavity can feature Q factors of the order of 108, providing a model system for investigating cavity QED and microlasers at the level of single quantum dots.
Latency features of SafetyNet ground systems architecture for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS)

A key feature of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is the Northrop Grumman Space Technology patent-pending innovative data routing and retrieval architecture called SafetyNetTM. The SafetyNetTM ground system architecture for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), combined with the Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS), will together provide low data latency and high data availability to its customers. The NPOESS will cut the time between observation and delivery by a factor of four when compared with today's space-based weather systems, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and NOAA's Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES). SafetyNetTM will be a key element of the NPOESS architecture, delivering near real-time data over commercial telecommunications networks. Scattered around the globe, the 15 unmanned ground receptors are linked by fiber-optic systems to four central data processing centers in the U. S. known as Weather Centrals. The National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service; Air Force Weather Agency; Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center, and the Naval Oceanographic Office operate the Centrals. In addition, this ground system architecture will have unused capacity attendant with an infrastructure that can accommodate additional users.
The Importance of Hyperkalemia in a Cold Perfusion Solution: A Correlative Study Examining Myocardial Function, Metabolism, Tissue Gases, and Substrates

Abstract Twenty-four pigs were studied to assess the effect of potassium in a cardioplegic solution on the ability of the swine myocardium to maintain functional and metabolic integrity following induced ischemia. The pigs were evaluated on total and right heart bypass with measurement at normothermia and after a one-hour intervention of stroke volume (SV), coronary blood flow (CBF), myocardial oxygen consumption (MV o2 ), and lactate extraction. Myocardial tissue gases (PmO 2 and PmCO 2 ) were continuously monitored and, at the conclusion of the procedure tissues were analyzed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There were five interventions: (1) hypothermic perfusion (28°C) (Group 1); (2) hypothermic ischemia (28°C) (Group 2); and hypothermic ischemia with a cardioplegic solution (nonlactated Ringer's solution, pH 7.4, 4°C) using (3) normokalemia (4 mEq of potassium chloride/L, 300 mOsm/L) (Group 3), (4) hyperkalemia (43 mEq of KC1/L, 390 mOsm/L) (Group 4), and (5) normokalemia with increased osmolality (3.6 mEq of KC1/L, 400 mOsm/L) (Groups 5). A significant decrease in SV and elevation in peak PmCO 2 were seen in all groups subjected to ischemia except those protected with hyperkalemic solution. We conclude that the presence of hyperkalemia in a cold root perfusion solution provides better myocardial protection than cold root perfusion alone. Furthermore, potassium arrest appears to be more protective than coronary perfusion at 28°C.
SU-E-I-108: Simple Approach to Determine Patient's Entrance Skin Exposure for Radiographic.

Purpose: To evaluate a model which can predict patient's Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE) from height and weight and a single kVp mR/mAs measurement for radiographic.Methods: Patient height, weight and post exposure mAs are obtained to assess ESE based on IAEA model. Patient's thickness is obtained by assuming a cylindrical geometry. The validity of this assumption is tested against actual measurements. Source to Skin Distance (SSD) is computed from patient's thickness and the Source‐Image receptor Distance (SID) used during exposure. Entrance Skin Exposure is calculated as a product of post exposure mAs and a single 80 kVp mR/mAs obtained at a reference distance corrected inversely for SSD. Values of mR/mAs at other kVp's are obtained by quadratic variation of output with kVp. Results: The validity of predicting patient thickness will be presented based on numerous measurements performed on test subjects. Deviation between the ESE values using of single kVp, mR/mAs measurement and the ones obtained by the conventional multiple kVp mR/mAs will be presented as well. Conclusions: This work indicates a simple approach to determine the patient's ESE based on the patient's height and weight for radiographic units, which will be very useful for institutions that do not have a dedicated physicist.
Dissemination of evidence-based practice: can we train therapists from a distance?

Although knowledge about the efficacy of behavioral interventions for children with ASD is increasing, studies of effectiveness and transportability to community settings are needed. The current study conducted an effectiveness trial to compare distance learning vs. live instruction for training community-based therapists to implement the Early Start Denver Model. Findings revealed: (a) distance learning and live instruction were equally effective for teaching therapists to both implement the model and to train parents; (b) didactic workshops and team supervision were required to improve therapists’ skill use; (c) significant child gains occurred over time and across teaching modalities; and (d) parents implemented the model more skillfully after coaching. Implications are discussed in relation to the economic and clinical utility of distance learning.
SU‐C‐108‐07: Possible Implications for Skin Toxicity in Large Breasted Women with the Use of Enhance Dynamic‐Wedged (EDW) Tangential Fields

Purpose: It has been reported that women with large breast sizes (>300 cc) may experience increased skin toxicity when undergoing post‐lumpectomy radiation therapy. Studies have shown that skin dose increases with the use of dynamic wedges during chest wall irradiations. This study will evaluate the increase in skin dose due to using hard‐vs. dynamic‐wedged fields for various breast volumes. We hypothesize the use of enhanced dynamic‐wedged tangential radiation fields will Result in clinically important changes in skin toxicity. Methods: Three phantoms were build with breast volumes 300, 400, and 500 cc. The phantoms were CT scanned and the scans were imported to the TPS for planning. For each phantom, two dosimetrically matched plans were created, one with hard wedged tangential fields and the other using enhanced dynamic‐wedges (EDW). EBT film pieces were placed on various areas on the breast surface for dose measurements. The plans were delivered to each phantom using 6x photon beams. Results: The film data showed an increase of 151%, 22%, and 26% in skin dose due to the use of EDW for 300, 400, and 500 cc breast volumes, respectively. This increase in skin dose was between 9% – 13% of the total prescription dose for EDW and 8% – 10% for HW system. The increased skin dose was evaluated by our clinicians. An increase of 26% was deemed too large and likely to Result in clinically relevant implications for skin toxicity. Conclusion: Based on these results the use of EDW for tangential field radiation therapy of patients with large breasts may increase skin toxicity
Does anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induce phosphorus limitation in herbivorous insects

Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition has shifted many ecosystems from nitrogen (N) limitation to phosphorus (P) limitation. Although well documented in plants, no study to date has explored whether N deposition exacerbates P limitation at higher trophic levels, or focused on the effects of induced plant P limitation on trophic interactions. Insect herbivores exhibit strict N : P homeostasis, and should therefore be very sensitive to variations in plant N : P stoichiometry and prone to experiencing deposition-induced P limitation. In the current study, we investigated the effects of N deposition and P availability on a plant-herbivorous insect system. Using common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) and two of its specialist herbivores, the monarch caterpillar (Danaus plexippus) and milkweed aphid (Aphis asclepiadis) as our study system, we found that experimental N deposition caused P limitation in milkweed plants, but not in either insect species. However, the mechanisms for the lack of P limitation were different for each insect species. The body tissues of A. asclepiadis always exhibited higher N : P ratios than that of the host plant, suggesting that the N demand of this species exceeds P demand, even under high N deposition levels. For D. plexippus, P addition increased the production of latex, which is an important defense negatively affecting D. plexippus growth rate. As a result, we illustrate that P limitation of herbivores is not an inevitable consequence of anthropogenic N deposition in terrestrial systems. Rather, species-specific demands for nutrients and the defensive responses of plants combine to determine the responses of herbivores to P availability under N deposition.
A curricula-based comparison of biomedical and health informatics programs in the USA

Objective The field of Biomedical and Health Informatics (BMHI) continues to define itself, and there are many educational programs offering ‘informatics’ degrees with varied foci. The goal of this study was to develop a scheme for systematic comparison of programs across the entire BMHI spectrum and to identify commonalities among informatics curricula. Design Guided by several published competency sets, a grounded theory approach was used to develop a program/curricula categorization scheme based on the descriptions of 636 courses offered by 73 public health, nursing, health, medical, and bioinformatics programs in the USA. The scheme was then used to compare the programs in the aforementioned five informatics disciplines. Results The authors developed a Course-Based Informatics Program Categorization (CBIPC) scheme that can be used both to classify coursework for any BMHI educational program and to compare programs from the same or related disciplines. The application of CBIPC scheme to the analysis of public health, nursing, health, medical, and bioinformatics programs reveals distinct intradisciplinary curricular patterns and a common core of courses across the entire BMHI education domain. Limitations The study is based on descriptions of courses from the university's webpages. Thus, it is limited to sampling courses at one moment in time, and classification for the coding scheme is based primarily on course titles and course descriptions. Conclusion The CBIPC scheme combines empirical data about educational curricula from diverse informatics programs and several published competency sets. It also provides a foundation for discussion of BMHI education as a whole and can help define subdisciplinary competencies.
Nutritional Cues Control Pseudomonas aeruginosa Multicellular Behavior in Cystic Fibrosis Sputum

The sputum (mucus) layer of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung is a complex substrate that provides Pseudomonas aeruginosa with carbon and energy to support high-density growth during chronic colonization. Unfortunately, the CF lung sputum layer has been difficult to mimic in animal models of CF disease, and mechanistic studies of P. aeruginosa physiology during growth in CF sputum are hampered by its complexity. In this study, we performed chromatographic and enzymatic analyses of CF sputum to develop a defined, synthetic CF sputum medium (SCFM) that mimics the nutritional composition of CF sputum. Importantly, P. aeruginosa displays similar phenotypes during growth in CF sputum and in SCFM, including similar growth rates, gene expression profiles, carbon substrate preferences, and cell-cell signaling profiles. Using SCFM, we provide evidence that aromatic amino acids serve as nutritional cues that influence cell-cell signaling and antimicrobial activity of P. aeruginosa during growth in CF sputum.
A heritage of ambiguity: The historical substrate of vernacular multiculturalism in Yucatán, Mexico

Forms of official multiculturalism that many recent scholars have characterized as a reflection of post–Cold War social movements and emergent forms of neoliberal governmentality can be experienced locally in ways that reflect a greater degree of continuity with older institutions and styles of politics. In Yucatan, ambiguities in the meaning of officially sanctioned categories such as “Maya” and “indigenous” have persisted even as local people and representatives of the state collaborate in the consolidation of official cultural institutions. The collective experience of several generations of Maya speakers in negotiating this ambiguous discursive space creates strong parallels between contemporary multiculturalism and older indigenist policies. [Maya, Mexico, Yucatan, multiculturalism, indigenous policy, ambiguity]
Implantation and stability of metallic fiducials within pulmonary lesions.

Purpose To report and describe implantation techniques and stability of metallic fiducials in lung lesions to be treated with external beam radiotherapy. Methods and Materials Patients undergoing radiation therapy for small early-stage lung cancer underwent implantation with small metallic markers. Implantation was either transcutaneous under computed tomographic (CT) or fluoroscopic guidance or transbronchial with the superDimension/Bronchus system (radiofrequency signal–based bronchoscopy guidance related to CT images). Results Implantation was performed transcutaneously in 15 patients and transbronchially in 8 patients. Pneumothorax occurred with eight of the 15 transcutaneous implants, six of which required chest tube placement. None of the patients who underwent transbronchial implantation developed pneumothorax. Successfully inserted markers were all usable during gated image–guided radiotherapy. Marker stability was determined by observing the variation in gross target volume (GTV) centroid relative to the marker on repeated CT scans. Average three-dimensional variation in the GTV center relative to the marker was 2.6 ± 1.3 (SD) mm, and the largest variation along any anatomic axis for any patient was Conclusions Transbronchial marker placement is less invasive than transcutaneous placement, which is associated with high pneumothorax rates. Although marker geometry can be affected by tumor shrinkage, implanted markers are stable within tumors throughout the treatment duration regardless of implantation method.
“I Just Can’t Clean the Bathroom as Well as You Can!”: Communicating Domestic Labor Task Equity-Resistance and Equity-Restoring Strategies Among Married Individuals

Women generally perform the majority of domestic labor despite changes in demographics and household income allocations, contributing to relational conflict and prompting the use of communication strategies to reallocate tasks. This study examines the strategies individuals use to reduce personal or increase partner domestic labor performance. Married individuals (N = 228) responded to a questionnaire assessing perception of hours spent on household tasks, global equity, relationship length, and equity-restoring and equity-resistance strategies specific to domestic labor. Data indicate that perception of time spent on household tasks is related to equity-restoring and equity-resistance strategies. Global assessment of relational underbenefitedness or overbenefitedness was not associated with equity-restoring and equity-resisting strategies when characterized as a continuous variable; however, significant results occurred when equity was characterized categorically, highlighting the importance of methodolo...
AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION FOR THE EQUALITY OF MALE AND FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN THE U.S. LABOR MARKET IN THE LATE 1980s

In the early 1970s, the gap between male and female unemployment rates in the U.S. labor market was significantly large. Several studies raised concerns about this disparity and there was a cry for gender egalitarianism [Barrett and Morgenstern, 1974; Lingle and Jones, 1978; Niemi, 1974]. Using the data from the same period, a number of other studies estimating male-female wage differentials demonstrated that women, in general, also received lower wages than otherwise identical male workers [Oaxaca, 1973; Blau and Beller, 1988; Gill, 1989; Hersch, 1991]. Thus, the 1970s, like the 1960s, experienced both employment and wage trends that in general were unfavorable to women. Several authors attributed the large gender gaps in wages and employment in the U.S. labor market during the 1960s and 1970s partly to the presence of employers’ discrimination against females [Niemi, 1974; Oaxaca, 1973]. Their conclusion is supported in Becker’s [1971] famous theory of taste discrimination, which suggests that in a labor market infused with gender discrimination, a female job applicant would be hired only if the employer’s disutility of having such an employee is fully neutralized by lower costs of hiring her. Thus, gender discrimination, according to Becker’s theory, leads to both lower wages and higher unemployment rates for women. In the presence of widespread labor market discrimination in the 1970s, the conclusion drawn by several authors that the adverse wage-employment scenario facing women during this period may partly be due to employers’ discriminatory attitudes towards female employees seems reasonable. Interestingly, the employment scenario started to change dramatically in favor of women in the early 1980s. The gender gap in female and male unemployment rates started to show a declining trend and during the late 1980s it converged almost to zero [Economic Report of the President, 2001; DeBoer and Seeborg, 1989]. In the 1990s, this gender gap remained close to zero for most part of the decade, and at times, the female unemployment rate even fell below the male unemployment rate. During the same period, however, the male-female wage differential presented a different scenario. Although the differential narrowed throughout the 1980s, it remained well above zero. In fact, the female-male wage ratio, after remaining around 0.6 between 1930 and 1980, increased to .72 by 1990 [O’Neill and Polachek, 1993].
Deformed nuclei in a chiral model

We investigate the deformation properties of atomic nuclei in a hadronic chiral ${\mathrm{SU}}_{\mathrm{flavor}}(3)$ model approach. The parameters are fitted to hadron mass properties and adjustments for spherical finite nuclei have been performed. Using these parameters the deformation of a series of light and heavy nuclei are obtained in a two-dimensional self-consistent calculation. In addition a case of superdeformation in a heavy nucleus is studied.
Wet and Dry Oxidation of Single Crystal β-SiC: Kinetics and Interface Characteristics

Silicon dioxide layers were grown on single crystal (100) β-SiC between 1000°C and 1200°C, in wet O2, dry O2, and wet Ar. All processes demonstrated a linear-parabolic relationship with time. Both wet processes had a slower rate than dry oxidation at 1050°C and below. The activation energies of the linear and parabolic rate constants were calculated for each process. The activation energy of the parabolic rate constant for wet oxidation was found to be inversely dependent on the amount of oxygen present as a carrier gas. The dry oxides exhibited a very flat surface; in contrast, SEM and XTEM reveal that wet oxidation preferentially oxidizes dislocation bands, causing raised lines on the oxide and corresponding grooves in the SiC. It is proposed that the much higher solubility of H2O in SiO2 as compared with that of O2 (103 at 1000°C), allows wet oxidation to be preferential.
Management of anomia.

Anomia is a complex, commonly occurring symptom of aphasia with different underlying causes. A number of behavioral approaches to rehabilitation of anomia have been described. Some are restitutive in nature and attempt to reactivate lexical-semantic or phonological representations to improve word retrieval. Others are intended to reorganize language functions by engaging alternative cognitive systems to mediate word retrieval or by exploiting residual abilities to circumvent the impairment. A better appreciation of the characteristics of an individual’s naming deficit may assist the clinician in selecting appropriate interventions for restitution or substitution of function in the management of this disorder.
Minimum-distance bounds by graph analysis

The parity-check matrix of a linear code is used to define a bipartite code constraint (Tanner) graph in which bit nodes are connected to parity-check nodes. The connectivity properties of this graph are analyzed using both local connectivity and the eigenvalues of the associated adjacency matrix. A simple lower bound on the minimum distance of the code is expressed in terms of the two largest eigenvalues. For a more powerful bound, local properties of the subgraph corresponding to a minimum-weight word in the code are used to create an optimization problem whose solution is a lower bound on the code's minimum distance. Linear programming gives one bound. The technique is illustrated by applying it to sparse block codes with parameters [7,3,4] and [42,23,6].
Seismic response of a cylindrical shell embedded in a layered viscoelastic half-space. II: Validation and numerical results

A procedure to calculate the three-dimensional harmonic response of a infinitely long cylindrical shell of circular cross-section embedded in a layered viscoelastic half-space and subjected to harmonic plane waves impinging at an oblique angle with respect to the axis of the shell is validated by extensive comparisons with previous two- and three-dimensional results for the particular case of a shell embedded in a uniform half-space. New numerical results describing the motion and stresses within a shell embedded in a multilayered half-space and subjected to obliquely incident P-, SV- and SH-waves with different horizontal angles of incidence are presented and discussed.
ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 histidine kinase activity of Arabidopsis promotes plant growth.

ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1) is one of five receptors for the plant hormone ethylene ([Bleecker et al., 1988][1]; [Chang et al., 1993][2]; for review, see [Bleecker and Kende, 2000][3]; [Schaller and Kieber, 2002][4]). ETR1 contains both an N-terminal ligand-binding hydrophobic domain and light