cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P158 Development and Validation of a Self-Efficacy in Garden Education Survey

Background Head Start centers across the nation are encouraged to incorporate outdoor teaching into playground landscapes and preschool gardens; however, no validated measurement tool exists to assess teachers’ self-efficacy for garden education. Objective Researchers collected data and developed an online 18 statement self-efficacy in garden education survey utilizing a multiphase process to achieve both reliability and validity. Study Design, Settings, Participants This scale validation process included two online expert reviews and telephone cognitive interviews before it was administered to 357 preschool teacher participants who completed the survey. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Exploratory factor analysis was completed on the six-point forced response likert style scale using principle axis factoring. An iterative factor analysis process to confirm the most appropriate number of factors and the correlated statements within each factor by analyzing the loading tables. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for each of the identified factors. Results Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure with an overall correlation of .915 and acceptable to good reliability within each factor (Cronbach's alpha Factor 1 = .866, Factor 2 = .822, and Factor 3 = .788). Factor 1 related to planning and preparing, Factor 2 related to comfort in teaching in the alternative outdoor setting, and Factor 3 related to nature orientation and gardening. Conclusion Having a valid and reliable tool could reveal teachers’ areas of greatest training need and better utilize program training funds into purposeful in-service sessions, continuing education seminars, and one-on-one or team barrier troubleshooting. Funding None.
Roles, Collaboration, and the Development of Computational Thinking in a Robotics Learning Environment

Robotics is a robust vehicle for supporting the development of computational thinking in students. Educational robotics activities unfold in a multidimensional problem space that requires the integration of programming, building, and environmental aspects of the activity. Students working collaboratively with robotics have the opportunity to adopt roles within the group that are aligned to these multiple dimensions (e.g., programmer, builder, and analyst). Group roles are an important element of all collaborative learning, but especially in a Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) environment, as the roles help to regulate group activity and learning. In this observational, microgenetic case study, we investigated the relationship of the roles middle school-aged girls adopted to the collaborative interactions they engaged in, and, ultimately to the development of computational thinking evidenced as a result of role participation. The video and audiotaped data used in this study were collected at a 1-day introduction to robotics workshop for girls. Our mixed methods approach included sequential and qualitative analysis of the behavioral and verbal interactions of two groups of girls (n = 6) who participated in the workshop. Our results indicate that the emergence of distinct roles correlates with periods of collaboration and periods of parallel solo work, which, in turn, had an impact on student’s engagement in computational thinking including solution planning, algorithmic and debugging operations, and the design of the robotic device. Moreover, students who engaged in greater levels of collaboration selected more difficult challenges to solve within the robotics environment. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Men's migration and women's mortality in rural Mozambique.

Abstract Labor migration is widespread and growing across the world. As migration grows, the economic outcomes of migration increasingly diversify, and so do its consequences for the well-being and health of both migrants and non-migrating household members. A considerable body of scholarship has examined the effects of migration on the physical and mental health of ‘left-behind’ household members. The impact of migration on mortality, particularly of non-migrating marital partners, is less well understood. Addressing this gap, we use data from a longitudinal survey of married women conducted over twelve years in rural Mozambique to examine the association between men's labor out-migration and their non-migrating wives' mortality. The analyses detect no significant differences when comparing non-migrants' wives to migrants' wives in the aggregate but point to instructive variation among migrants' wives according to the economic success of migration, as measured by the effects of migration on the household's material well-being. Specifically, women married to less successful migrants had higher mortality risks over the project span than women married to more successful migrants, regardless of other individual and household-level factors. Importantly for this setting with high HIV prevalence, the advantage of wives of more successful migrants is significant for HIV/AIDS-unrelated deaths but not for HIV/AIDS-related deaths. We situate these findings within the cross-national scholarship on migration and health.
Nucleosome structural variations in interphase and metaphase chromosomes

Summary Structural heterogeneity of nucleosomes in functional chromosomes is unknown. Here we report cryo-EM structures of nucleosomes isolated from interphase and metaphase chromosomes at up to 3.4 A resolution. Averaged chromosomal nucleosome structures are highly similar to canonical left-handed recombinant nucleosome crystal structures, with DNA being selectively stabilized at two defined locations. Compared to free mono-nucleosomes, which exhibit diverse linker DNA angles and large structural variations in H3 and H4, chromosomal nucleosome structures are much more uniform, characterized by a closed linker DNA angle with interactions between the H2A C-terminal tail and DNA. Exclusively for metaphase nucleosomes, structures of the linker histone H1.8 at the on-dyad position of nucleosomes can be reconstituted at 4.4 A resolution. We also report diverse minor nucleosome structural variants with rearranged core histone configurations, which are more prevalent in metaphase than in interphase chromosomes. This study presents structural characteristics of nucleosomes in interphase and mitotic chromosomes. Highlights 3.4~ A resolution nucleosome structures from interphase and metaphase chromosomes Nucleosome structures in chromosomes are more uniform than in free mono-nucleosomes Histone H1.8 binds to the nucleosome dyad axis in metaphase chromosomes Nucleosome structural variants are more prevalent in metaphase than in interphase NOTES TO READERS We would like to emphasize the importance of supplemental movies S1-S3, which should greatly help readers to understand characteristics of the nucleosome structural variants that we report in this study.
Flexible attention allocation dynamically impacts incidental encoding in prospective memory

Remembering to fulfill an intention at a later time often requires people to monitor the environment for cues that it is time to act. This monitoring involves the strategic allocation of attentional resources, ramping attention up more in some contexts than others. In addition to interfering with ongoing task performance, flexibly shifting attention may affect whether task-irrelevant information is later remembered. In the present investigation, we manipulated contextual expectations in event-related prospective memory (PM) to examine the consequences of flexible attention allocation on incidental memory. Across two experiments, participants completed a color-matching task while monitoring for ill-defined (Experiment 1) or specific (Experiment 2) PM targets. To manipulate contextual expectations, some participants were explicitly told about the trial types in which PM targets could (or not) appear, while others were given less precise or no expectations. Across experiments, participants’ color-matching decisions were slower in high-expectation trials, relative to trials when targets were not expected. Additionally, participants had better incidental memory for PM-irrelevant items from high-expectation trials, but only when they received explicit contextual expectations. These results confirm that participants flexibly allocate attention based on explicit trial-by-trial expectations. Furthermore, the present study indicates that greater attention to item identity yields better incidental memory even for PM-irrelevant items, irrespective of processing time.
Resilience and Depression in Military Service: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health).

INTRODUCTION Research indicates that military service involves stressors that may be related to depression. However, the military provides financial, educational, psychological, and social advantages that may help to mitigate the effects of service-related stressors. Because most prior research was based on cross-sectional data or small clinical samples, we explored individual-level trajectories of depression over time. METHODS Data came from the restricted-use version of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) in four survey waves from 1994 to 2008, with a total of 1,112 service members, of whom 231 were female, and a total sample size of 13,544. Statistical estimation employed the multilevel growth curve modeling approach. RESULTS Individuals who later served in the military had lower rates of depression than their civilian counterparts at year 1 of the study, and rates of depression decreased consistently for both groups throughout the study. Service members ended up with the same level of depression compared to civilians (year 14). Sex, race and parental education were unrelated to depression, and no evidence was found for the hypothesis that the military functions as a "bridging environment" to reduce depression by providing a more attractive alternative compared to civilian life. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who were less depressed at year 1 of the study were more likely to enlist into the military. While both civilians and service members displayed decreasing depression over the years of the study, military members had less decrease in depression over time beginning at a lower level of depression than civilian. Taken together, the minor differences in depression between the civilian and military samples and the lower level of depression among military members at the beginning of the study suggest that military service selects against higher levels of depression at the start of service and, given the known stressors related to the military, membership in the service may be associated with resilience to depression.
Ostia in Late Antiquity

Part I. Background: 1. New approaches to daily life in Late Antique Ostia 2. The new urban image of Rome's ancient harbor Part II. Foreground: 3. The third century: Roman religions and the long reach of the emperor 4. The fourth century: proud temples and resilient traditions 5. The fifth century: history seen from the spaces in between 6. The sixth and seventh centuries: a city in motion, shifting traditions.
Human genome structure

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the human genome structure. The diploid human genome is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes of which 22 pairs are autosomes and one pair is the sex chromosomes. Molecular analysis of the structure and organization of the eukaryotic genome revealed the presence of large amounts of repetitive DNA sequences. Molecular genetics also revealed the presence of noncoding, intervening sequences, or introns in almost all eukaryotic genes. The chapter attempts to depict a general framework of the subject and to bring out certain significant features for discussion. Satellite DNA is a class of highly repeated DNA sequences that has different buoyant density from the bulk DNA. Four major classes of satellite DNA—designated I, II, III, and IV—have been identified in the human genome. The DNA sequences organized in inverted repeats have been found in all higher organisms that have been examined, including man. The class of middle repetitive sequences is very heterogeneous both in length and in copy number. The chapter offers information on other repetitives sequence families, such as the poly (dT-dG) family, the A36Fc family, and the 12-11 2.2-kb family.
Shock and patient-centered outcomes research: is an ICD shock still a critical event?

examiningtheeffectsofICDshockandsuggestthat that shock is less impactful on quality of life (QOL) than previously hypothesized. The authors’ raw empirical examination is a critical contribution to the ongoing dialogue and literature related to maximizing the QOL outcomes and patient experience of living with potentially life-threatening arrhythmias treated with ICDs. However, the existing research review may be premature to form conclusions. The findings cannot dismiss the clinical reality of the importance of shock and may need further refinement before the final answer on the impact of shock is delivered. An ICD shock remains a critical event for ICD patients. The experience of ICD shock is unique to ICD patients and continues to be a source of significant research due to the long suspected negative psychosocial consequences. Both the aversive stimulus of shock and its possible symbolism as an occurrence of a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia can be interpreted as signs of poor health, poor prognosis, or poor QOL by patients. An ICD shock experience has been defined as a “critical event” 2 and its status is not changed by the current research review. Critical events for pa
MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF PLUTONIUM AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS MOBILITY.

The current state of knowledge of the effect of plutonium on microorganisms and microbial activity is reviewed, and also the microbial processes affecting its mobilization and immobilization. The dissolution of plutonium is predominantly due to their production of extracellular metabolic products, organic acids, such as citric acid, and sequestering agents, such as siderophores. Plutonium may be immobilized by the indirect actions of microorganisms resulting in changes in Eh and its reduction from a higher to lower oxidation state, with the precipitation of Pu, its bioaccumulation by biomass, and bioprecipitation reactions. In addition, the abundance of microorganisms in Pu-contaminated soils, wastes, natural analog sites, and backfill materials that will be used for isolating the waste and role of microbes as biocolloids in the transport of Pu is discussed.
Thermal-expansion materials not so new

Robert Cahnin News and Views1 discusses work by Sleight's group2,3 demonstrating that the phase ZrW2O8 has a negative thermal expansion. But the conclusion is not novel: this phase is one of many known for decades to exhibit the phenomenon. (Three relevant reviews4,5,6 were not cited in the News and Views article.) Further, Sleight's group and Cahn both fail to note the discovery of the very significant, incredibly large NZP-CTP (NaZr2P3O12or Ca0.5Ti2P3O12) structural family first found by us7, subsequently studied by many groups and now commercialized. (Individual references to other relevant publications can be found in refs 4-6. A bibliography containing 100 articles on the NZP family, including references to the examples mentioned below, is available on request from the authors.)
Wafer Cooling and Photoresist Masking Problems in Ion Implantation

A review of wafer cooling considerations in ion implantation systems is given, with emphasis on figures of merit for the various schemes. Estimates of maximum wafer temperature are determined for practical cases of interest, where negligible heat transfer, radiation cooling, or conduction cooling takes place. Modeled and measured wafer temperatures are presented for both one wafer at a time X-Y scanning and large batch pre-dep systems. Problems with the use of photoresist masking at high dose levels and high beam powers include degradation of photoresist, outgassing in the implanter, and difficulty in stripping ion implanted photoresist. A simple model for photoresist damage relates some of these effects to the implant parameters (ion, energy and dose) through the width of a carbonized region which is formed as a result of damage to the photoresist.
Vascular endothelial cell Toll-like receptor pathways in sepsis

The endothelium forms a vast network that dynamically regulates vascular barrier function, coagulation pathways and vasomotor tone. Microvascular endothelial cells are uniquely situated to play key roles during infection and injury, owing to their widespread distribution throughout the body and their constant interaction with circulating blood. While not viewed as classical immune cells, endothelial cells express innate immune receptors, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which activate intracellular inflammatory pathways mediated through NF-κB and the MAP kinases. TLR agonists, including LPS and bacterial lipopeptides, directly upregulate microvascular endothelial cell expression of inflammatory mediators. Intriguingly, TLR activation also modulates microvascular endothelial cell permeability and the expression of coagulation pathway intermediaries. Microvascular thrombi have been hypothesized to trap microorganisms thereby limiting the spread of infection. However, dysregulated activation of endothelial inflammatory pathways is also believed to lead to coagulopathy and increased vascular permeability, which together promote sepsis-induced organ failure. This article reviews vascular endothelial cell innate immune pathways mediated through the TLRs as they pertain to sepsis, highlighting links between TLRs and coagulation and permeability pathways, and their role in healthy and pathologic responses to infection and sepsis.
Inversion of extracellular current and axial voltage profile in Chara and Nitella.

Reducing the pH of the bathing solution from 8.2 to pH 6 can induce an inversion of the extracellular current pattern that develops at the surface ofChara corallina internodal cells. A similar result can be obtained on some cells by changing the medium to a pH value of 10. In noninvertingChara cells the currents were strongly reduced when the pH value of the medium was changed between 3 and 11. Simultaneous measurements of theChara transmembrane potential in the acid and alkaline regions revealed that a light-induced electrical potential gradient of approximately 24 mV was present in the axial (or longitudinal) direction. Correlated to the external current pattern inversion was an inversion of this internal longitudinal voltage gradient. Reillumination ofNitella cells, after a period of darkness, often resulted in a complete inversion of the extracellular current pattern. These results are discussed in terms of spatial and temporal control of membrane transport processes, and in particular the control of current loops that pass through these cells.
The attitude determination system of the RAX satellite

Abstract The Radio Aurora Explorer (RAX) is a triple CubeSat that launched on November 19, 2010. RAX was designed to study plasma irregularities in the polar lower ionosphere (80–300 km), and is the first CubeSat mission funded by the United States National Science Foundation. The scientific mission requires attitude knowledge within 5° ( 1 − σ ), and a custom attitude determination subsystem was developed for the mission. The subsystem utilizes rate gyros, magnetometers, coarse sun sensors, and an extended Kalman filter, and was designed to be a simple, low cost solution to meet the attitude determination requirements. In this paper, we describe the design, implementation, and testing of the RAX attitude determination subsystem, including derivation of the determination requirements, sensor selection, the integrated hardware design, pre-flight sensor calibration, and attitude estimation algorithms. The paper is meant to serve as a resource for others in the small satellite and nanosatellite communities, as well as a critical reference for those analyzing RAX data. Lessons learned from the design and performance of the RAX determination subsystem will be used in future designs of attitude determination systems for small satellites and similar platforms, such as high altitude balloons and autonomous aerial vehicles.
Congestive heart failure in the newborn infant in the absence of primary cardiac disease

Abstract Management of newborn infants with congestive heart failure or severe cyanosis requires an aggressive diagnostic approach since surgical and medical treatment can be successful. Such an approach has led to the occasional discovery of a newborn child with severe congestive failure but no primary cardiac defect. In turn, this has led to a greater understanding of how newborn infants adjust to extracardiac stresses such as intravascular volume or pressure overloading and anoxia. Thus, hemodynamic studies are indicated even when the presence of primary cardiac disease is doubtful, although institution of therapy often requires detailed delineation of the disordered circulation. This paper presents the hemodynamic data in 2 cases and classifies the known causes of congestive heart failure in the newborn infant without primary intracardiac problems.
Behavior assessment and visualization tool

This paper introduces our work on a new Tablet PC-based tool that allows near-real-time coding (a technique of classification) of video-recorded or live behavior. The tool also allows the user to create and manipulate simple interactive visualizations of the coding results. This tool has been designed both to advance behavioral research and to support applied uses, for instance in professional coaching. We envision that this tool will be extremely versatile as users will be able to classify in near-real-time individual and team-behavior occurring in many research domains including HCI. This paper describes the salient design and interaction aspects of this tool, and the improvements it has over existing systems.
Chiral silylation reagents: determining configuration via NMR-spectroscopic coanalysis.

Derivatization with (+)- and (−)-chloromenthoxydiphenylsilane was used to determine the absolute configuration of the insect defensive agent pinoresinol (1). Although the 1H NMR chemical shift differences of the resulting two diastereomers are small, 1H NMR spectroscopy provided for the unambiguous assignment of the natural product's configuration. For this purpose, a new approach involving NMR spectra of mixtures of diastereomers was used. Our method resembles coinjecting mixtures of samples of known and unknown configuration in GC and HPLC.
Drug findings in driving under the influence of drugs cases: a problem of illicit drug use

Abstract Drug findings in 137 drug positive cases of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID) occurring in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. from June 1983 through May 1986 are presented. Thirty-two different drugs were detected. A single agent was detected in only 34% (47/137) of cases. The most frequently encountered drugs, expressed as percent of positive cases, were: phencyclidine, 47%; marijuana, 47%; benzodiazepines, 22%; barbiturates, 15%; opiates, 11%; and cocaine, 9%. Most multiple drug cases involved popular illicit drug mixtures, such as cocaine and morphine (speedballs) or phencyclidine on marjuana (whack). All the drivers in this survey had displayed inappropriate or impaired operation of a motor vehicle to the extent that a law enforcement oficer had stopped and charged them for DUID. In at least 81% of the drug positive cases, persons impaired in the operation of a motor vehicle from a drug or drugs other than alcohol, were impaired not as the result of side effects of therapeutic drug use, but as the result of deliberate self intoxication with illicit or controlled substances.
Regional Treatment Strategies for In-transit Melanoma Metastasis

For in-transit melanoma confined to the extremities, regional chemotherapy in the form of hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion and isolated limb infusion are effective treatment modalities carrying superior response rates to current standard systemic therapy. Despite high response rates, most patients will eventually recur, supporting the role for novel research aimed at improving durable responses and minimizing toxicity. Although the standard cytotoxic agent for regional chemotherapy is melphalan, alternative agents such as temozolomide are currently being tested, with promising preliminary results. Current strategies for improving chemosensitivity to regional chemotherapy are aimed at overcoming classic resistance mechanisms such as drug metabolism and DNA repair, increasing drug delivery, inhibiting tumor-specific angiogenesis, and decreasing the apoptotic threshold of melanoma cells. Concurrent with development and testing of these agents, genomic profiling and biomolecular analysis of acquired tumor tissue may define patterns of tumor resistance and sensitivity from which personalized treatment may be tailored to optimize efficacy. In this article rational strategies for treatment of in-transit melanoma are outlined, with special emphasis on current translational and clinical research efforts.
Superabsorbers and invisible sensors

Summary form only given. The optimal properties of receiving antennas and sensors have been the subject of extensive debate for many years and there has been recent renewed interest in several fundamental questions on the constraints on absorbed and scattered power of an arbitrary receiving antenna. In general, an antenna designed to receive power in an efficient way is expected to produce large scattering, significantly perturbing the signal under measurement. Bach Andersen and Frandsen [J. Bach Andersen, A. Frandsen, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 53, 2843 (2005)] theoretically showed that there is in principle no limit to the ratio between scattered and absorbed powers, yet a methodology to design a minimum-scattering receiver with specific absorption ratio does not exist. In this talk, we provide comprehensive theoretical limits on the ratio between absorbed and scattered powers in arbitrarily shaped receiving antennas and sensors of most general form, as well as a roadmap to design invisible sensors with strong absorption properties. We will discuss how strongly a sensor can interact with the electromagnetic wave without significantly perturbing it. Using the general Mie solution, we demonstrate that in principle there is no upper limit neither on the amount of absorption nor on the ratio between absorbed and scattered powers. Our studies interestingly indicate that the only parameter that may limit the efficiency of an absorber is its size, and we show that balanced non-resonant scattering modes are required to access the maximum attainable efficiency for a fixed amount of absorption and size of sensor. We show how plasmonic cloaking can be used specifically at small size limits to achieve the theoretical boundaries presented. Unlike previous studies on low-scattering absorbers, our theory also indicates a simple roadmap to design minimum-scattering sensors. To illustrate the application of our theory, we present the design of an optical sub-wavelength absorber with transverse cross-section smaller than 0.3λ0, an absorbed power equal to the one of a resonant dipole antenna, and a total scattering cross-section reduced by 8 folds. Our theory is applicable to broad frequency ranges from microwaves to the optical regime, of interest for many exciting applications from biomedical engineering and imaging to security and radar technology.
Is It Important How One Dies? Questions for Planning Future Revascularization Trials

The randomized trials of angioplasty versus coronary bypass surgery conducted to date have not shown a difference in survival, either individually or collectively.1 2 3 Although total mortality in the largest trial, BARI, remains nonsignificant at 5 years, for the first time a difference in cardiac mortality has emerged. In this issue of Circulation , the BARI investigators report excess mortality in the angioplasty randomized cohort (8.0% versus 4.9% for the surgical group, for a relative risk of 1.55; P =.022).4 The authors also report the occurrence of MI and speculate on the impact of MI on cardiac mortality. Clearly, the most striking finding in this study is the superiority of freedom from cardiac death in the surgery group without excess noncardiac death. Further analysis of this landmark study shows that the difference in cardiac deaths is completely explained by an excess of cardiac deaths in the diabetic patients in the trial. There are more than three times as many cardiac deaths in the diabetic patients treated with angioplasty as in those patients treated with surgery. The present study concentrates on the 81% of BARI patients who did not have treated diabetes in whom no difference in cardiac mortality rate was found (4.6% for PTCA versus 4.2% for CABG; P =.09). Two questions regarding cardiac mortality come to mind. Should cardiac mortality replace total mortality as the primary end point in comparative revascularization trials? What is the explanation for the high cardiac mortality rate in the diabetic patients? The question of whether it is important how one dies is not one for patients. Their concern is for longevity and quality of life while they are alive. Perhaps patients would choose a cardiac death over a death from cancer. No, the real reason to explore cardiac death as a …
Dual‐mode sorption of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate in polystyrene studied via high‐resolution solid‐state 31P‐NMR spectroscopy

The static 31 P static and MAS NMR spectra are in basic agreement as to the nature of the sorbed tributyl phosphate molecule. The results are consistent with a dual-mode sorption mechanism and indicate that some of the penetrant molecules are in regions whose backbone micro-Brownian motion is completely frozen out
Gender differences in geographical knowledge

In five experiments involving more than 1800 undergraduate students, males more accurately located places on maps of the United States or its various regions than did females. These gender differences could not be attributed to education, travel history, desire to travel, or in the amount of incidental exposure to several potential sources of geographic information in everyday life. Males performed more accurately than females on measures of egocentric and allocentric spatial orientation, but performance on these tasks was only weakly predictive of accuracy on tests of geographical knowledge. Since males and females learned the locations of places on an unfamiliar map at similar rates, regardless of whether such learning occurred under intentional or incidental instructions, gender differences in geographical knowledge cannot be attributed to differences in capacity to learn place locations on maps. An attentional hypothesis is proposed to account for the more accurate performance of males on tests of geographical knowledge.
Association of mortality risk with high serum digoxin concentrations

Background: There are data suggesting a possible association of serum digoxin concentrations (SDC) and risk of mortality in patients treated with digoxin.Objective: To determine whether SDCs in the therapeutic range of 1.2 to 2 ng/mL increase the risk of mortality when compared to a lower range of 0.5 to 1.1 ng/mL.Methods: Retrospective cohort study to compare the risk of mortality in male patients with SDCs less than 1.2 ng/mL to patients with SDCs of 1.2 to 2 ng/mL.Results: A total of 261 male patients were included, 191 (73%) had SDCs in the low range (0.5 to 1.1 ng/mL), and 70 (27%) had SDCs in the high range (at least 1.2 to 2 ng/mL). A high SDC showed a significant increase in risk for mortality with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.656; 95 % HR confidence interval, 1.153 to 2.38; P = 0.0063.Conclusion: Our results showed an increased risk of mortality in the high SDC group (1.2 to 2 ng/mL). This study’s findings are consistent with the results of a post hoc evaluation of SDC in male patients in the DIG tri...
Mössbauer Analysis of Iron in Clay Minerals

Mossbauer absorption spectrography can be used to establish the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in clay minerals. In the sheet structure silicates, octahedrally coordinated iron can be distinguished from tetrahedrally coordinated iron. Siderite and goethite, common contaminants of the clay minerals, can usually be detected. Goethite has a well-organized structure, though, owing to its fine grain size, it may appear to be amorphous to x-rays. The various families of clay minerals show minor differences in isomer shift and quadrupole splitting values, caused by variations in the character of the octahedral layer.
Infrared spectroscopic characterization of molecular complexes of dimethylcadmium with Group V and VI hydrides in inert matrices and cryogenic thin films

Abstract Molecular complexes of (CH3)2Cd with H2S, H2Se, NH3, PH3 and AsH3 have been formed, isolated and characterized in argon matrices and cryogenic thin films. Infrared spectra of the 1:1 and, in some cases, the 1:2 complexes showed perturbations to a number of vibrational modes of the acid ((CH3)2Cd) and base subunits. Shifts between 6 and 22 cm−1 to the red of the CdC2 antisymmetric stretch were noted, suggesting that these complexes are someewhat less strongly bound than analogous complexes of (CH3)2Zn. This conclusion is supported by the relatively small shift of the symmetric deformation mode of NH3 complexes to (CH3)2Cd compared with many known complexes of NH3. Nonetheless, the magnitudes of the shifts correlate well with the proton affinities of the bases employed here. Cryogenic thin film experiments involving (CH3)2Cd and NH3 permitted initial formation and trapping of the 1:1 complex, and warming the film from 14 K towards room temperature led to formation of the 1:2 complex and then ultimately dissociation. The dissociation temperature correlated well with the shift of the CdC2 antisymmetric stretch, suggesting that both are related to the bond strength in the complex.
Binding of 9-aminoacridine to bulged-base DNA oligomers from a frame-shift hot spot.

Complexes of 9-aminoacridine and two derivatives with oligomers based on the sequence of a hot spot for frame-shift mutations, 5'dGATGGGGCAG, are investigated by proton NMR and equilibrium dialysis. Competition dialysis experiments show that the drug binds bulge-containing oligomers more strongly than regular duplexes of similar sequence and length, with one apparent strong site. A duplex containing an extra cytidine in a run of C's has the highest affinity for 9-aminoacridine among the sequences tested. An oligomer containing five consecutive G.C pairs shows cooperative drug binding, indicating that G tracts of this length may have an altered helical structure. Complexes of a regular 8-mer and a 9-mer containing a bulged guanosine are examined in detail by two-dimensional NMR techniques. 9-Aminoacridine preferentially binds at TpG sites in the 8-mer but binds primarily at the bulged guanosine in the G-bulge 9-mer. Drug-DNA NOE's in the 8-mer complex are compared with the crystal structure of 9-aminoacridine and 5-iodo-CpG [Sakore et al. (1979) J. Mol. Biol. 135, 763-785]. The NMR data suggest that the drug intercalates across the base pairs of both strands with the amino group projecting into the minor groove.
Beyond Kiddie Libbers and Child Savers

Abstract The law of childhood is complex, but in general, children have less liberty than adults and are often held less accountable. The traditional allocation ‐ with parents having the primary power to decide ‐ is now being questioned, both from the perspective of child liberators and from the perspective of child savers. Using examples relating to a) custody disputes; b) when, if ever, life sustaining treatment for severely handicapped newborns should be discontinued; c) medical experimentation on children; and d) the institutionalization of disturbed or handicapped children, this article suggests that in many critical areas what is best for an individual child or for children in general is usually indeterminate or speculative, and is not demonstrable by scientific proof, but instead is fundamentally a matter of values. This article points out three ways psychologists can help move policy debates concerning children's rights. First, systematic research in psychology. Second, clinical psychologists can ...
Electrospray mass spectrometry of isomeric tetrakis(N-alkylpyridyl)porphyrins and their manganese(III) and iron(III) complexes

Manganese(III) complexes of isomeric tetrakis(N-alkylpyridyl)porphyrins (N-alkyl = N-methyl, M or N-ethyl, E), MnTM(E)-2(3,4)-PyP5+, are being developed as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics. Simultaneously, techniques for their purification, identification and characterization are being pursued. Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) proved to be an excellent method for identification and characterization of this group of water-soluble cationic porphyrins. The multiply charged parent ion is observed for both the metal-free ligands and their corresponding manganese complexes. The other major peaks in the mass spectra result from loss of N-alkyl groups, reduction of the metal center, axial coordination of chloride or hydroxo ion in the case of the Fe porphyrin, loss of metal and deprotonation of pyrrolic nitrogens. As a result of inductive and resonance effects, which stabilize the ortho isomer, almost no loss of N-alkyl groups from the manganese complex or from its parent ligand was observed. The relative intensity of the multiply charged molecular ion MnIIITM-3(4)-PyP5+/5 was 100% in the case of the meta and para isomers. Although manganese porphyrins display a low preference toward axial ligation, favorable electrostatics at the metal center of the ortho isomer gives rise to 100% relative intensity of the species that has chloride axially ligated at the manganese site, MnIIITM(E)-2-PyPCl4+/4. When the stronger preference of iron porphyrins toward axial ligation combines with the ortho effect, the monohydroxo iron porphyrin FeIIITM-2-PyP(OH)4+/4 dominates the ESMS of an aqueous acetonitrile solution at pH 7.8.
Protective effects of calcium channel blockers against free radical-impaired endothelial cell proliferation

Abstract We have shown previously that the lipophilic calcium channel blockers exhibit membrane antioxidant activity. In the present study, when attached bovine aortic endothelial cells were exposed for 20 min to a low concentration of oxy-radicals generated from dihydroxyfumarate + Fe-ADP, no loss of glutathione or viability was detected; however, cell number, determined 48 hr later by the tetrazolium salt MTT assay, decreased to 45% of controls. Treatment of the cells for 1 hr with the calcium blockers (2–20 μM) prior to free radical exposure protected against the impaired cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of potency was ricardipine ⩾ nifedipine ⩾ verapamil > diltiazem, which appears to parallel their antioxidant potency. In addition, (+)-nicardipine, and its pharmacologically inactive isomer, (−)-nicardipine, were similarly effective. We conclude that it was the antioxidant activity of the calcium channel blockers that preserved the cell growth capacity against free-radical damage; such protective effects may contribute to their antiatherogenic effects.
Protocols for two- and three-color fluorescent RNA in situ hybridization of the main and accessory olfactory epithelia in mouse

The main and accessory olfactory epithelia of the mouse are composed of many cell populations. Each sensory neuron is thought to express one allele of one of the approximately 1000 odorant or approximately 300 vomeronasal receptor genes. Sensory neurons die and are replaced by new neurons that differentiate from precursor cells throughout the lifetime of the individual. Neuronal replacement is asynchronous, resulting in the co-existence of cells at various stages of differentiation. Receptor gene diversity and ongoing neuronal differentiation produce complex mosaics of gene expression within these epithelia. Accurate description of gene expression patterns will facilitate the understanding of mechanisms of gene choice and differentiation. Here we report a detailed protocol for two- and three-color fluorescent RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and its combination with immunohistochemistry, or detection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-incorporated DNA after labeling. The protocol is applied to cryosections of the main and accessory olfactory epithelia in mouse.
A quantitative review comparing the yields of two candidate C4 perennial biomass crops in relation to nitrogen, temperature and water

Abstract C 4 herbaceous rhizomatous perennials have many positive attributes as potential and actual biomass energy crops on agricultural land. Two species from this group have become widely planted. Miscanthus × giganteus has been extensively studied and planted in Europe, and Panicum virgatum in N. America. To date, side-by-side comparisons of mature stands of these crops have not been reported in the peer-reviewed literature. We examined all peer-reviewed articles describing productivity of these species and extracted dry matter yields, nitrogen fertilization (N), temperature (growing degree days) and precipitation/irrigation. Only yields reported 3 or more years after planting were included. Despite being on different continents, trials spanned similar temperature, N and water ranges. Miscanthus × giganteus (97 observations) yielded an average 22 Mg ha −1 compared to 10 Mg ha −1 for P. virgatum (77 observations). Both crops showed a significant positive response to water and N, but not to temperature. Miscanthus × giganteus yielded significantly more biomass than P. virgatum across the range of all three variables. There were differences between the species in their apparent responses to these variables. Miscanthus × giganteus showed a stronger response to water, while P. virgatum showed a significantly stronger response to nitrogen. Since energetic viability, and profitability, of biomass crops hinges critically on high outputs of biomass energy for low inputs of money and fossil fuels, these results suggest that M . × giganteus holds greater promise for biomass energy cropping than does P. virgatum across the range of trial conditions undertaken to date.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the head and neck.

Summary Malignant fibrous histiocytomas are now recognized as the most common soft tissue sarcomas in adults. These tumors involve the head and neck region in 1 to 3% of cases. In this report we describe our experience with two typical and one unusual case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the head and neck region. In addition we review the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of these tumors.
Neural regulation of mucosal function.

Nociceptive, parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves play critical roles in regulating glandular, vascular and other processes in airway mucosa. These functions are vital for cleaning and humidifying ambient air before it is inhaled into the lungs. Recent identification of subsets of nociceptive nerves has tipped the donkey cart of dogma and led to the discovery of new receptor and ion channel families that respond to culinary odorants (“aromatherapy”), inhaled irritants, temperature and other “humors”; a new interpretation of airway nociceptive nerve axon responses; and an understanding of the neural plasticity induced by inflammation and different neurotrophic factors.
Design for manufacture and assembly: Case studies in its implementation

This paper reviews the rapid and successful implementation of design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) at Ingersoll-Rand. The relationship of DFMA to simultaneous engineering is discussed.
Theology in a Subjunctive Mood: Reflections on Charles Taylor's A Secular Age

Charles Taylor's A Secular Age is by any account a monumental work. It has spawned a cottage industry of comment which should not abate for a long time to come. While social theorists have engaged Taylor's arguments from the very moment the book appeared, theologians seem to have been slower to comment. Recently, however, two important theological assessments have appeared in the Journal of Religion and Modern Theology.
Proton-induced fission of U238

Abstract A compilation is presented of fission product cross sections for U238 bombarded by protons of 7·1, 9·4 and 12·0 MeV energy. All results have been obtained by standard radiochemical techniques. Cumulative fission yields have been obtained for approximately twenty-five nuclides in order to analyse the mass distribution as a function of energy. Using Ford's analysis, the mass yields are found to be consistent with the two-mode-of-fission hypothesis with a confidence level of 69 per cent. In addition, primary fission yields have been obtained for six shielded or quasi-shielded nuclei to study the distribution of nuclear charge. The data is in better agreement with the postulate of equal charge distribution.
News from the CDC: Integrating Behavioral Health into the Patient-Centered Medical Home.

Persons with mental illness are at higher risk of developing life-threatening physical conditions or dying prematurely [1], and several studies have reported improvements in health status when patients received integrated services. By integrating behavioral health services with primary care services, we can improve health care quality, preventive care practices, and health outcomes and reduce fragmented health care delivery for people who have mental illness or addictions and physical health problems [2, 3]. An emerging model for improving health care quality in the USA is the patient-centered medical home (PCMH). This model may provide an ideal way to integrate behavioral health and primary care services [4], particularly for persons with chronic conditions such as diabetes [5, 6] and hypertension [7, 8]. Already, some federal programs and state policies are supporting this approach as a way to integrate and improve health care services for persons with behavioral and physical health problems.
Using Pencil Code to Bridge the Gap between Visual and Text-Based Coding (Abstract Only)

This workshop introduces a new educational programming environment Pencil Code, which helps bridge the learning gap between visual programming and text-based coding. The free open-source online tool allows students to work with programs using either blocks or Coffeescript or Javascript text code. Students can switch between visual and text modes at any time.The workshop will begin with a collaborative discussion of the opportunities, challenges, and differences presented when learning with block code and moving to text code. Then we will give a short presentation of how Pencil Code is used in classrooms, with some preliminary findings.The main part of the workshop is a hands-on activity where participants gain experience with Pencil Code. Participants will use the tool with lessons in a curriculum framework, for teaching functions and interactivity using both text code and block code. Finally, there will be a discussion of best practices for teaching students in the transition, and an opportunity to create your own lessons using Pencil Code or other tools.Attendees will come away with an understanding the issues faced by students transitioning to text code for the first time, and they will gain practical experience with teaching lessons with Pencil Code. Participants will receive curriculum material appropriate for middle-school and high-school classrooms. The tool is open-source and free to use at http://pencilcode.net/.