cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the mechanisms of instability of a circular plate under a rotating spring-mass-dashpot system

Abstract The response of a stationary, undamped, asymmetric, classical, circular plate subjected to a rotating spring-mass-dashpot system is formulated in a co-ordinate system fixed to the plate. Use of an eigenfunction expansion reduces the equation of motion to a set of coupled Hill's equations. Techniques for analytical solution of the Hill's equations are illustrated on axisymmetric plates. It is found that a spring rotating at supercritical speed will parametrically excite the plate to single mode and combination resonances. A rotating mass will destabilize the plate above a speed greater than the critical speed at which the inertia force of the rotating mass exceeds the elastic restoring force of the plate. A viscous dashpot destabilizes the plate when it rotates at supercritical speed by negatively damping the backward-travelling wave components of the plate eigenmodes.
Media induced alterations of the membrane associated particles of the guinea pig sperm tail.

The guinea pig sperm tail was examined by freeze-etching and other techniques to determine changes in structure resulting from in vitro capacitation. Fresh epididymal sperm display profuse strands composed of small particles uniquely associated with the middle piece plasmalemma. Deep-etching shows these strands to be intramembranous structures, whereas a regular double row of particles aligned along the axis of the principle piece is demonstrated as residing on the surface of the cell membrane. The strands of small particles enveloping the middle piece are seen to dissociate during long term incubation in capacitating media and this structural change is correlated with a modification of flagellar pattern as recorded with cine techniques. Acrosomal disruption appears not to be a prerequisite for either the loss of middle piece strands or the change in motility pattern. The possible sequence of events involved in the observed changes as they might relate to the process of capacitation is discussed.
Generation of Propagating Bessel Beams Using Leaky-Wave Modes: Experimental Validation

We present the experimental generation of Bessel beams using a leaky radial waveguide. The radial waveguide consists of a capacitive sheet over a ground plane. The capacitive sheet is composed of patch elements printed on both sides of a dielectric substrate. The radial waveguide is coaxially fed and supports an azimuthally invariant leaky-wave mode whose normal electric-field component is a truncated, zeroth-order Bessel function. Two prototypes are presented with the same propagation constant and lateral extent, but different attenuation constants. 2D electric field measurements and their respective Fourier transforms validate the operation of the prototypes as Bessel-beam launchers at two frequency bands. Cleaner patterns are achieved by the prototype with lower attenuation constant. The dual-band capability and associated frequency dependent resolution can be useful in near-field planar focusing systems. The proposed structure can be used for generating arbitrary zeroth-order propagating Bessel beams at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies.
Sarah Palin, A Nation Object(ifie)s: The Role of Appearance Focus in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election

In 2008, Republican John McCain and his running mate, Sarah Palin, lost the U.S. presidential election to Barack Obama and his vice presidential candidate, Joe Biden. During the campaign, Palin’s physical appearance, including her reported $150,000 makeover, received extensive media coverage. But, could the focus on her appearance have impacted the outcome of the election? Several lines of laboratory research suggest that this focus may have been detrimental to the Republican ticket because 1) it likely undermined perceptions of Palin’s competence, warmth and morality, and 2) it may have increased Palin’s focus on her own appearance, which, consistent with research on self-objectification, likely impaired the competency of her actual performance. Voting research supports the importance of candidates’ perceived competence and character. Thus, while acknowledging the diverse influences on an election’s outcome, a strong empirical case can be made that people objected to Sarah Palin (and therefore, John McCain), in part, because she was objectified. In contrast, there is no evidence to suggest that men suffer these same consequences when others, or they themselves, focus on their appearance. Therefore, it is not likely that the Democratic Obama-Biden ticket was hurt by these same factors.
Adaptive imaging system for phase-distorted extended source and multiple-distance objects

We introduce an incoherent adaptive imaging system based on optimization of an image quality metric measured using a coherent optical system. Experimental results and numerical simulations are presented that demonstrate adaptive correction of phase-distorted extended source images containing objects located at multiple distances.
Predicting Political Discussion in a Censored Virtual Environment

Contrary to the optimistic view that the Internet would promote democracy in authoritarian countries like China, the pervasive political apathy among younger generations calls for a closer examination of micro-level individual political participation. This study contributes to the nascent body of empirical literature probing Chinese Internet users' political participation online by examining related behavioral and attitudinal factors. We argue that Chinese netizens' online participatory behaviors are determined by their political attitudes, trust in the media, and, chiefly, trust in the social system. Importantly, the current political and social environment in China seems to truncate any liberalizing potential of the Internet, as evidenced by the limited online political discussion and strong presence of government regulation. This dynamic implies that any utopian predictions concerning political participation online need to be reformulated in light of these external contextual factors.
Robust Probabilistic Multivariate Calibration Model

In this article we propose a robust probabilistic multivariate calibration (RPMC) model in an attempt to identify linear relationships between two sets of observed variables contaminated with outliers. Instead of the Gaussian assumptions that predominate in classical statistical models, RPMC is closely related with the multivariate Student t-distribution over noises and latent variables. Thus RPMC diminishes the effect of outlying data points by regulating the thickness of the distribution tails. RPMC is essentially a robustified version of the supervised probabilistic principal component analysis (SPPCA) that has emerged recently. We show that RPMC encompasses probabilistic principal component analysis and SPPCA as limiting cases. We also derive an efficient EM algorithm for parameter estimation in RPMC. Based on a probabilistic description of latent variables, we present a procedure for the detection of outliers. The experimental results from both simulated examples and real life data sets demonstrate t...
Empathy, Ways of Knowing, and Interdependence as Mediators of Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech:

Women are more intolerant of hate speech than men. This study examined relationality measures as mediators of gender differences in the perception of the harm of hate speech and the importance of f...
Lipase Systems Used in the Manufacture of Italian Cheese. I. General Characteristics

Summary The general characteristics of the lipase systems of ten preparations used in the manufacture of Italian cheese were investigated in respect to activity at various temperatures, pH levels, and substrate concentrations. The results of pH and substrate concentration studies revealed that each of these preparations probably contained a multiple lipase system and that these systems were the same for products from the same animal source. The calf products were found to have three lipases with pH optima at 5.3, 6.1, and 7.5; the kid products had three lipases with pH optima of 8.6, 6.2, and between 5 and 6; the one lamb preparation exhibited two lipases with optimum activity at pH 5.9 and 6.6.
Monte Carlo analysis and Bayesian decision theory for assessing the effects of waste sites on groundwater, I: Theory

Abstract A sequential Bayesian risk methodology is outlined for addressing the problem of permitting waste sites under conditions of imperfect information. Topics covered include use of preposterior analysis to evaluate candidate sampling plans and prior/posterior analysis of risk. The algorithm is sufficiently general that it can be adapted to accommodate any specific groundwater contaminant transport model or site configuration. In the following paper an example is provided to show the details of application to a numerical groundwater transport model. The methodology described here is being incorporated into an advisory computer system for North Carolina groundwater quality modeling and management needs.
Plasmonic nanoparticle arrays with nanometer separation for high-performance SERS substrates.

We demonstrate a method for fabricating arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles with separations on the order of 1 nm using an angle evaporation technique. Samples fabricated on thin SiN membranes are imaged with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to resolve the small separations achieved between nanoparticles. When irradiated with laser light, these nearly touching metal nanoparticles produce extremely high electric field intensities, which result in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) signals. We quantify these enhancements by depositing a p-aminothiophenol dye molecule on the nanoparticle arrays and spatially mapping their Raman intensities using confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy. Our results show significant enhancement when the incident laser is polarized parallel to the axis of the nanoparticle pairs, whereas no enhancement is observed for the perpendicular polarization. These results demonstrate proof-of-principle of this fabrication technique. Finite difference time domain s...
What is New in our Understanding of Multifocal Breast Cancer

Because of the increasing frequency of breast conserving surgery, the significance of multifocal breast carcinoma has been reexamined. Multifocal breast carcinoma can be detected in at least 30% of radical mastectomy specimens, even if the index tumor is small and non-palpable. The actual percentage depends on the method of examination of the breast. Simulated tylectomy performed on mastectomy specimens has revealed potential foci of residual tumor in up to 80% of cases. However, the majority of these are close to the index tumor and are generally included within the usual margin of normal tissue removed along with the carcinoma. The difference in the recurrence rate following tylectomy with and without post-operative irradiation (approximately 25% vs 5%) indicates that these foci are clinically important. Most of the "recurrences" occur in the vicinity of the index tumor and within 4 years of the initial treatment. Beyond 5 years, "recurrences" tend to occur at sites remote from the index tumor and at a steady but much lower rate over the next decade; a rate that approximates to that of new primaries in the contralateral breast (1% per year). These late "recurrences" carry a relatively good prognosis. This biphasic pattern of recurrence emphasizes that multifocal breast cancer is a significant factor in both the short- and long-term management of patients treated by breast conserving surgery.
A Middle Devonian lichid Trilobite from South-Eastern Australia

A new lichid trilobite belonging to the subgenusMephiarges is described from delicately silicified fragments present in a massive Middle Devonian limestone in South-eastern Australia. Previously this subgenus was limited to one species of which only the cephalon is known.
Event-based state estimation algorithm using Markov chain approximation

This paper presents an algorithm for event-based state estimation, where the evolution of the state is governed by a set of Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs). From the event-based sampling, measurements are generated only when predefined events happen rather than at each regular sampling time. The state estimation problem is then formulated to compute the probability density of the state of a given system, with the sequence of noisy measurements obtained by the event-based sampling. In this research, a general framework for the event-based state estimation problem is developed and a numerical algorithm based on Markov chain approximation method is proposed.
Female and male adult brush mice (Peromyscus boylii) use ultrasonic vocalizations in the wild

We examined the individual context of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) produced by free-living wild male and female adult brush mice (Peromyscus boylii). We tested the hypothesis that USV production is dependent on behavioral context, and is important during both adult male and female interactions. Our methods included a 12-channel microphone array, radio-telemetry and thermal imaging that allowed us to determine: (1) who produced USVs, (2) characteristics of USVs, (3) type of USVs, (4) behavioral context of USVs and (5) the identity of the second mouse if an individual was not alone when a USV was produced. Females vocalized as much as males and produced the same types of USVs as males. There were no differences between spectral characteristics of male and female USVs. Females and males vocalized in the presence of one another. Importantly, when females were together they vocalized more than expected based on the proportion of time they spent together. Our results suggest that, in addition to facilitating courtship and mating, USVs are general territorial calls for neighbors because females vocalized in the presence of their neighbors. Despite a large literature on laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) USVs, studies are heavily biased towards males. Our results on brush mice, a species with a similar breeding system to the lab mouse and other rodents, suggest that female-female communication is an important and underappreciated component of the evolution and maintenance of mouse USVs.
Personal and government regulation of nutritional supplements: what we want and what we should expect.

A dietary supplement has been defined as a product “intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance or use by man to supplement the diet by increasing total dietary intake, or a concentrate, a metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination.” Therefore, like drugs— and for the most part, food additives—dietary supplements are exempt from regulation.
Nutrition support in the obese, diabetic patient: the role of hypocaloric feeding.

Purpose of review It has previously been thought that meeting estimated caloric needs with nutrition support improves outcomes in critically ill, obese patients with diabetes. Recent data suggests that intentionally failing to match caloric expenditure may actually result in better outcomes than eucaloric feeding. This review will evaluate recent studies exploring the relationship between caloric intake and outcomes in obese patients with underlying insulin resistance or diabetes. Recent findings Obese patients who receive 33–70% of their estimated caloric needs during critical illness have better clinical outcomes than patients fed eucalorically. The reasons for this are not clear, however, they do not appear to be due to improved glycemic control. It is possible that caloric restriction acts by improving insulin sensitivity in protein and glucose metabolism, reducing the risk of infection without causing severe hypoglycemia. Patients who are unable to achieve goal-feeding rates have poorer clinical outcomes but this is most likely due to severity of illness rather than caloric intake itself. Summary It is better to err on the side of hypocaloric nutrition support in obese, diabetic patients rather than overfeeding. Hypocaloric feeding may result in improved outcomes, however, the optimal duration of hypocaloric nutrition support is not known.
Electronics and data acquisition

Abstract High energy physics detectors span a wide range of applications with greatly differing requirements. Although the detector configurations are very different, the application of only a few basic signal acquisition principles is required. The LHC required novel designs, but built on a wide range of previous developments that had been completed for other experiments. The high luminosity drove up the event rates, but multiple interactions per bunch crossing also made occupancy a major challenge. The large scale of detector subsystems imposed efficient designs where cost was a major consideration, but the difficulty of accessing detector components added reliability to the list of more severe requirements. Radiation damage, especially in the inner detectors, added additional crucial constraints. This paper will discuss electronics requirements, the configurations of major LHC detectors, and the readout systems. After a discussion of front-end implementations and radiation effects, systems with extreme performance requirements are described in more detail, i.e. silicon strip and pixel systems.
Intimate partner violence: a review for nurses.

Intimate partner violence, also called domestic violence, is a health care problem that physically and mentally traumatizes women, men and children, and leads to chronic health problems for the victims. Nurses are in an ideal position to screen for this condition. Readers may earn two CNE contact hours for this learning activity by completing the post-test and participant feedback form at http://JournalsCNE.awhonn.org.
Charge exchange cross sections for hydrogen and deuterium ions incident on a Cs vapor target

Abstract The total charge exchange cross section, η+0, has been measured for H+, D+, H2+, and D3+ incident on Cs in the energy range 1 to 30 keV. The cross sections are found to decrease with increasing energy. For a given velocity of the incident ion, the cross sections for the atomic, diatomic, and triatomic ions of hydrogen and deuterium are observed to be the same. Measurements of the equilibrium fractions when D3+ is incident on Cs are also reported.
Research Activities to Support SMR Licensing

Small Module Reactors (SMRs) face a number of licensing issues due to the fact that existing regulations were designed for large units. The move toward smaller cores, more reliance on passive safety, and modular construction will require new research to meet existing regulations and possibly regulatory change that would be more appropriate to and cost effective for this technology. The Department of Energy is funding a number of research projects to address SMR licensing issues, including both regulatory framework and design-related issues. Near term priorities include Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) sizing, operations & staffing, and physical security integration. The recent accident in Japan only heightens the need for thorough analysis of these issues. The purpose of these activities is to provide research support to assist SMR vendors with licensing and to assist the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in any data needs that might be required for these unique designs. These research activities will be described with attention to how they will address the SMR licensing needs.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Multicomponent Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of reshocked Richtmyer–Meshkov instability-induced mixing

Abstract A third-order weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) finite-difference implementation of a two-equation K–e multicomponent Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model is used to simulate reshocked Richtmyer–Meshkov turbulent mixing of air and sulfur hexafluoride at incident shock Mach numbers Mas = 1.24, 1.50, 1.98 with Atwood number At = 0.67 and Mas = 1.45 with At = −0.67. The predicted mixing layer width evolutions are compared with experimental measurements of the width before and after reshock [M. Vetter, B. Sturtevant, Shock Waves 4 (1995) 247; F. Poggi, M.H. Thorembey, G. Rodriguez, Phys. Fluids 10 (1998) 2698] and with the analytical self-similar power-law solution of the simplified model equations before reshock. A new procedure is introduced for the specification of the initial turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, in which these quantities are related by the linear instability growth rate. The predicted mixing layer widths before reshock are shown to be sensitive to changes in the initial turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, while the widths after reshock are sensitive to changes in the model coefficients Ce0 and σρ appearing in the buoyancy (shock) production terms in the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate equations. A set of model coefficients and initial conditions is shown to predict mixing layer widths in generally good agreement with the pre-reshock experimental data, and very good agreement with the post-reshock data for all cases. Budgets of the turbulent kinetic energy equation just before and after reshock for the Mas = 1.24 case are used to identify the principal physical mechanisms generating turbulence in reshocked Richtmyer–Meshkov instability: buoyancy production (pressure work) and shear production. Numerical convergence of the mixing layer widths under spatial grid refinement is also demonstrated for each of the Mach numbers considered.
Ultralow Drive Voltage Substrate Removed GaAs/AlGaAs Electro-Optic Modulators at 1550 nm

This study reports ultralow drive voltage Mach-Zehnder modulators in highly confined substrate removed GaAs/AlGaAs optical guides with buried doped QW electrodes. Separation between the doped QW electrodes, which is the electrode gap, is only 0.15 μm. Such a small electrode gap results in very high electric fields overlapping very well with the optical mode. A careful analysis of the physical effects contributing to index change is presented and techniques to use these index changes efficiently are described. Fabrication details are given. Results of careful characterization of phase and Mach-Zehnder intensity modulators are presented. Variation of propagation loss and extinction ratio with applied voltage are investigated. Intensity modulators with 7-mm-long electrodes have 0.3 V Vπ under push-pull operation with 15 dB extinction ratio. This corresponds to a 0.21 V·cm modulation efficiency in bulk compound semiconductors.
Mutations in RAD3, MSH2, and RAD52 affect the rate of gene amplification in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We report here the use of the ADH4:CUP1 amplification detection system to identify five high amplification rate (HAR) strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that display 40- to 600-fold higher amplification rates than those of parental strains. We have identified a mutation in RAD3 DNA repair helicase gene in HAR strain B9-40 that results in a 40-fold increase in amplification rate. RAD3 is the functional homolog of the human XPD gene, suggesting that this model system will provide important candidates for genes that affect gene amplification in human cells. Isolation of the HAR strains has allowed us to test whether RAD52, which is essential for recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks, is also essential for amplification. Deletion of RAD52 in HAR strains B3-10 and B11-60 decreases amplification approximately 100-fold. In contrast, deletion of MSH2, which increases recombination between sequences with limited similarity, increases the amplification rate about 10-fold. These results suggest that recombination is an important step in amplification. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 36:325–334, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maxwell eigenvalues and discrete compactness in two dimensions

Abstract We present an elementary proof of the discrete compactness result for a general class of hp finite elements introduced in [1,2]. We discuss h-convergence of 2D elements only, and in this context, the results are not new as the analysis of H(curl-conforming elements for Maxwell's equations can be reduced to the long-known results for Raviart-Thomas elements [3]. The work is based on the result of Kikuchi [4,5] for Nedelec's edge triangular elements of the lowest order and presents an alternative to techniques presented in [3,6]. In particular, the present version does not use an inverse inequality argument, and therefore, is valid for h-adaptive meshes. We conclude the presentation with a number of 2D computational experiments, including nonconvex domains.
Random oracles are practical: a paradigm for designing efficient protocols

We argue that the random oracle model—where all parties have access to a public random oracle—provides a bridge between cryptographic theory and cryptographic practice. In the paradigm we suggest, a practical protocol P is produced by first devising and proving correct a protocol PR for the random oracle model, and then replacing oracle accesses by the computation of an “appropriately chosen” function h. This paradigm yields protocols much more efficient than standard ones while retaining many of the advantages of provable security. We illustrate these gains for problems including encryption, signatures, and zero-knowledge proofs.
Confidence intervals on a difference of expected mean squares

Abstract A theorem is provided that extends approximate confidence intervals on a positive difference of expected mean squares to the case where the sign is unknown. Numerical integration is used to illustrate the performance of the extension based on a method proposed by Howe (1974).
A Continuous-Discrete Finite Element Model of Angiogenesis That Couples Vessel Growth With Matrix Deformation

Recent developments in tissue engineering have created demand for the ability to create microvascular networks with specific topologies in vitro. During angiogenesis, sprouting endothelial cells apply traction forces and migrate along components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in neovessel elongation [1]. The fibrillar structure of the ECM serves as the major pathway for mechanotransduction between contact-dependent cells. Using a three-dimensional (3D) organ culture model of microvessel fragments within a type-I collagen gel, we have shown that subjecting the culture to different boundary conditions during angiogenesis can lead to drastically different vascular topologies [2]. Fragments cultured in a rectangular gel that were free to contract grew into a randomly oriented network [3, 4]. When the long-axis of the gel was constrained as to prevent contraction, microvessels and collagen fibers were found aligned along the constrained axis (Fig. 1) [4].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Tobacco control environment in the United States and individual consumer characteristics in relation to continued smoking: differential responses among menthol smokers?

Abstract Objective We used a consumer panel augmented with state-specific measures of tobacco control activities to examine the main effects and interactions among consumer behaviors, particularly menthol cigarette smoking, and tobacco control environment on cessation over a six-year period. Methods We used the Nielson Homescan Panel, which tracks consumer purchasing behaviors, and tobacco control information matched to panelist zip code. We focused on 1582 households purchasing ≥ 20 packs from 2004 to 2009. Our analysis included demographics; purchasing behavior including menthol versus nonmenthol use (≥ 80% of cigarettes purchased being menthol), quality preferences (average price/pack), purchase recency, and nicotine intake (nicotine levels of cigarettes purchased); and tobacco control metrics (taxation, anti-tobacco advertising, smoke-free policies). Results Menthol smoking (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.79, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.64, 0.99), being African American (HR = 0.67, CI 0.46, 0.98), being male (HR = 0.46, CI 0.28, 0.74), higher quality premium preferences (HR = 0.80, CI 0.77, 0.91), lower recency (HR = 1.04, CI 1.02, 1.05), and higher nicotine intake rates (HR = 0.99, CI 0.99, 0.99) were related to continued smoking. No significant interactions were found. Conclusion While there were no interactions between menthol use and effects of tobacco control activities, we did find additional support for the decreased cessation rates among menthol cigarette smokers, particularly in the African American population.
Visual evoked potentials in the Great Apes

Abstract Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to flash stimuli were recorded from occipital and central-scalp electrodes in the chimpanzee and gorilla. The most notable occipital component of the VEP was a surface-positive wave (P90), the latency of which decreased with development. Central scalp responses, apparent only in older animals, included a characteristic long-latency ‘vertex wave’ (N125-P225). Observed responses are similar to those reported for humans and monkeys, but appear to share more specific features of human VEPs.
MODSIM III—a tutorial with advances in database access and HLA support

MODSIM III is an object oriented discrete event simulation language featuring extensive run time libraries, graphical user interface and results presentation tools, database access, and hooks to HLA. The article introduces the MODSIM III language. It shows how MODSIM III's simulation "world view", together with its object oriented architecture, built-in graphics, and interoperability contribute to successful simulation application building.
Air film system for handling semiconductor wafers

In an automated fabrication facility, the thin, fragile silicon wafers in which semiconductor circuits are formed must be transported to and from processing stations with a minimum of contact with other solid objects so as to minimize damage, contamination, and consequent lowering of product yield. This task has been undertaken for some time now, in IBM and elsewhere, by systems based on a lubricating film of air as a means for levitating and moving wafers. However, due to inherent motion instabilities and specific control needs, some solid contact is typically involved in effecting prescribed wafer motion. The need for solid contact control is greatly reduced by the air film system described in this paper. It is based on a surface configuration that combines two fluid mechanics phenomena to generate a supporting air film that provides and guides wafer motion. Wafer transportation and positioning are achieved with the air film operating in conjunction with special control device techniques.
Partitioning behavior of silica in the Triton X-100/dextran/water aqueous biphasic system

The partitioning behavior of silica particles was investigated in the Triton X-100/dextran/water system. It was found that both electrostatic effects and interactions between phase-component species and the solid surface played important roles in determining the distribution of solids. Silica partition was highly pH-dependent, which was interpreted in terms of the pH dependence of the Triton X-100/SiO(2) interaction and the weak acidity of dextran. The presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) moved the particles from the top surfactant-rich phase to the interface and the bottom phase, while dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) had the opposite effect. These trends are attributable to the electrostatic interaction between the charged mixed micelles in the top phase and the particles and to the fact that the ionic surfactants modified the adsorption density of the nonionic surfactant on silica.
Acute prenatal exposure to ethanol and social behavior: effects of age, sex, and timing of exposure.

During development of the central nervous system, neurons pass through critical periods of vulnerability to environmental factors. Exposure to ethanol during gastrulation or during neuronal generation results in a permanent reduction in the number of neurons in trigeminal-associated cranial nerve nuclei. Normal functioning of the trigeminal system is required for social behavior, the present study examined the effects of acute prenatal exposure to ethanol on social interactions across ontogeny. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were injected with 2.9 g/kg ethanol (i.p., 20% v/v solution; peak blood ethanol concentrations of ~300 mg/dl) or an equivalent volume of saline on gestational day (G) 7 (gastrulation) or G12 (neuronal generation). Subsequently, social investigation, play fighting, contact behavior, social motivation, and overall locomotor activity in the social context were assessed in male and female offspring during early adolescence, late adolescence, or adulthood, on postnatal day (P) 28, P42, or P75, respectively, using a modified social interaction test. Ethanol exposure on G7 resulted in mild changes of social behavior evident in young adolescents only. In contrast, animals exposed to ethanol on G12 demonstrated pronounced behavioral deficits throughout ontogeny, with deficits being most robust in male offspring. Males exposed to ethanol on G12 showed decreases in social investigation, contact behavior, and play fighting, whereas a decrease in social motivation, i.e., transformation of social preference into social avoidance, was evident at P42 and P75 regardless of sex. These findings show that acute exposure to ethanol alters social behavior, and that the timing of the exposure defines the behavioral outcome.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN NONEXCRETORY ORGANS OF THE MALE RAT AFTER INJECTION OF TESTOSTERONE-4-C14123

After the subcutaneous injection of physiologic amounts (about 0.1 mg.) of testosterone-4-C14 of high specific activity, significant concentrations of radioactivity were found in several non-excretory tissues of pubescent rats. The concentrations of radioactivity localized in ventral prostates and other accessory sex glands averaged about two and a half times as great as that in muscle. The average prostatic concentration of radioactivity in recently castrated animals was not significantly different from that detected in intact pubescent rats, but the levels were more variable from animal to animal in the castrates. The localization of radioactivity after testosterone-4-C14 administration was not influenced by the presence of biliary fistulae. It is suggested that the radioactivity detected in the tissues probably represented androgen or a derivative.
The Significance of Socialization and Cohesion in Contemporary Society — Military Transitions

The author has observed that a common social background assists members of military organizations to develop as a cohesive unit. Similarities in previous social experiences such as social class, regional origin and age appears to contribute toward solidification of the primary group. This paper briefly examines the factors which contribute to the development of socialization and cohesion in an organization. One vehicle to assist the reader in understanding the cohesion concept is the discussion of the German Wehrmacht model and its impact on the issue.
Multi-objective optimization of integrated solar absorption cooling and heating systems for medium-sized office buildings

Abstract Integrated solar absorption cooling and heating (SACH) systems, which use solar energy to provide space heating, space cooling, and water heating, represent a promising substitute to reduce the earth's carbon emissions. SACH systems currently are designed based on engineering experience for the most part and few systematic methodologies are available to identify the key optimal parameters for SACH systems, such as the slope of the solar collectors, the area of the solar collectors, and the volume of the storage tanks. As a result, the established systems usually are not capable of yielding the greatest returns on investment. Motivated by the above facts, this study investigates a formal method for SACH system optimization by incorporating simultaneously a system's performance related to its economic, energy, and environmental aspects. The proposed method includes central composite design, regression, and multi-objective optimization. Central composite design (CCD) is used to select the significant experimental data generated by energy system simulation and life cycle analysis. Linear regression models are used to predict the functional relationship between system performance and the key system parameters using data sets. A multi-objective optimization model is then formulated and solved based on the Weighted-Tchebycheff metric approach. The proposed approach is applied to medium-sized office buildings located in Phoenix, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago; and the results suggest that the approach can provide a systematic mechanism to optimally design SACH systems.
Failed States and the Spread of Terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa

Plagued by systematic state failure, sub-Saharan Africa's failed states have helped facilitate internationally sponsored terrorist networks and operations. However, until recently, this type of activity was primarily relegated to North Africa and the Horn. But that has begun to change. Now, what was once a seemingly benign terrorist presence in sub-Saharan Africa is starting to transform into a movement, with states such as Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) now lending arms, financial support, and radical militants to the extremist jihadist movement of internationally sponsored terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda. Further, with the recent bombings in Kenya and Somalia, and the failed bombing attempt on a U.S. airliner by a Nigerian national, it is becoming increasingly evident that internationally sponsored terrorist networks have found a permanent home in sub-Saharan Africa and within the hearts and minds of its people, which poses significant challenges ...
The lack of pulpal pathosis in rice rats with the periodontal syndrome

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine in the rice rat model whether a relationship exists between the severity of periodontal disease and the presence and severity of pulpal lesions. The results indicated that, even in the presence of severe loss of alveolar bone, extending close to the root apices, there were no detectable changes in the pulpal tissues as compared to the pulps of teeth in which there was no loss of alveolar bone. The scarcity of accessory pulp canals in the rice rat may be related to our findings.
On Varieties of Information

The word “information” bears a heavy burden of theory and facts of wide range. It invokes associated notions of messages, communication, computation, complexity, knowledge, semantics (significant meanings), intelligence, and memory and languages, among many others. A tour through its domain requires many major stops, often having the form of a question. They include the following: What are the chief kinds of information? Does nature necessarily consist of matter, energy, and information? Is Shannon (selective) Information theory the best primitive (syntactic) form? Is the universe a computer, and if so, analog, digital, or quantum? Are information (message, communication) entropy and thermodynamic entropy closely related concepts? How do our perceptions relate to information? How do we reconcile the apparent causal decoupling between brains and minds? Are some mental processes in principle computationally not simulatable by a Turing machine? This article addresses each question in turn and offers some sug...
Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment Attractiveness in Asia

There have been debates on how political corruption may affect foreign direct investment (FDI) attractiveness. Some scholars argue that corruption increases economic uncertainty due to arbitrariness and thereby affects FDI negatively. On the other hand, another group of scholars contends that corruption leads to greater FDI because it can create a business environment that is more friendly to foreign investors. In this article, we empirically test the relationship between the level of corruption and FDI attractiveness in eight non-OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) using data for the perceived corruption level (according to the International Country Risk Guide data set) available from Political Risk Services, a private international investment risk service company, for 1984–2004. The analysis reveals that corruption in non-OECD countries in Asia generally harms FDI attractiveness.
A Historical View of the Role of Ion-Implantation Defects in PN Junction Formation for Devices

The early use of ion bombardment of semiconductors for forming doped regions was viewed as a room-temperature process by solid-state scientists. Many interesting, but relatively useless devices were made by implanting species such as Na and Cs ions to form pn junctions from radiation damage or interstitial impurities. The revolutionary idea that one could implant Group III and V dopants into semiconductors and then heat the implanted substrate to above 800C didn’t appear until 10 years after Shockley’s 1954 patent. At that time, implantation damage became relatively unimportant as processes evolved with high temperature, long time diffusions. With the advent of rapid thermal processing, the attention shifted back to implantation-induced defects to explain transient-enhanced-diffusion effects. Today’s challenges in forming ultra-shallow junctions by ion-implantation are in controlling and minimizing the damage structures that dominate junction activation and diffusion. Low-energy implants have been effective in this regard.
Modeling experimental time series with ordinary differential equations

Recently some methods have been presented to extract ordinary differential equations (ODE) directly from an experimental time series. Here, we introduce a new method to find an ODE which models both the short time and the long time dynamics. The experimental data are represented in a state space and the corresponding flow vectors are approximated by polynomials of the state vector components. We apply these methods both to simulated data and experimental data from human limb movements, which like many other biological systems can exhibit limit cycle dynamics. In systems with only one oscillator there is excellent agreement between the limit cycling displayed by the experimental system and the reconstructed model, even if the data are very noisy. Furthermore, we study systems of two coupled limit cycle oscillators. There, a reconstruction was only successful for data with a sufficiently long transient trajectory and relatively low noise level.
How States, Markets and Globalization Shape the News The French and US National Press, 1965-97

This article presents a comparative content analysis of the US and French national press in the 1960s and 1990s to test hypotheses about the influence of media structure on journalistic discourse. The US and French press are presented as strongly contrasting models, with the US press more commercialized, and the French press more closely tied to the political field. Using a variety of story- and paragraph-level content indicators, this studyshows that the French press (Le Monde and Le Figaro) offers relatively more critical coverage, a greater representation of civil society viewpoints, a stronger emphasis on both the ideological and strategic ‘game’ aspects of politics, and a higher proportion of interpretation and opinion mixed with factual reporting. Representing the US national press, The New York Times is shown to ‘index’ its coverage more closely to political elite viewpoints. Despite globalizing pressures, French-US differences have not diminished over time.
Risk Management and Aspirational Ethics for Parenting Coordinators

ABSTRACT This paper reviews areas of risk management and aspirational ethics as related to the relatively new practice of court-appointed parenting coordinators. Risk management and aspirational ethics are defined and related to this area of post-divorce professional activity. Incidence data concerning licensure board complaints and civil lawsuits are reviewed. Guidelines which incorporate risk management and aspirational ethics regarding parenting coordinating are reviewed.
Oral Spindle Cell Lipoma

Lipoma is an uncommon benign, oral, soft-tissue neoplasm commonly found on the buccal mucosa. It is predominantly composed of mature fat with or without other mesenchymal tissue elements, showing a variety of histologic subtypes, one of which is the rare "spindle cell variant" with only nine previously reported cases in the English literature. In this report, we review clinical and histomorphologic data of 164 cases of oral lipomas retrieved from the files of Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Department of Dental Medicine (New Hyde Park, NY). Of these, only two cases were diagnosed as the spindle cell variant, further confirming the rarity of this histologic subtype. A review of oral lipoma with particular reference to the spindle cell variant is also presented.
Effects of Habituation to Fear on the Exploratory Behaviour of Rats

I PROPOSED earlier1,2 that mild fear facilitates exploratory behaviour whereas strong fear inhibits it. If an animal is placed in a maze, with time it becomes habituated to the fear aroused by the maze stimuli. It is therefore to be expected that, at first, strong fear will inhibit the exploratory behaviour of rats, but with time the fear should become milder and exploratory behaviour will be facilitated. Eventually the level of fear of the rats should be minimal and exploratory behaviour of the rats will sink to some base level.
E-commerce and the undulating distribution channel

Understanding the role of e-commerce in restructuring distribution channels by examining the factors influencing the collapse, shift, and expansion of channels.
Results on inquiry and truth possession

Abstract Some results are described in this paper which arise from the philosophical study of the relationship between scientific activity and truth acquisition. A definition of truth possession is given and it is shown that, under a certain assumption, every scientific experiment increases on the average the amount of truth possession. Experiments are compared for their average contribution to the increase in truth possession. It is postulated that scientists choose their activities with the aim of obtaining professional credit and the relation between credit-worthiness and truth-worthiness is explored.