cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Failure of an ergot preparation to shorten coagulation time in hemophilia.

Summary and conclusionsThree hemophilics were treated with Hydergine according to a regimen reported to effect a marked reduction of clotting time. A fourth patient received twice the amount of drug stated by Vodopivec to be effective upon intravenous administration. No important acceleration of coagulation was noted. Only in the patient who received an excessive dose and became ill were there any impressive changes. These consisted of a transient decrease in recalcification time and a gradual decline in serum prothrombin, as well as fibrinolysis in vitro. Since the Hydergine used in this study is believed to be identical to that administered by Vodopivec, we are unable to explain our inability to confirm his findings.
The composition of the boranes

Abstract A simple theory of the number of hydrogen atoms in stable borane molecules is formulated. It is assumed that the boron atoms lie at or near the most compact set of corners of a regular icosahedron, that each boron-boron bond requires one valence electron (that is, it is a half-bond), and that each hydrogen atom is bonded to the boron core by one or two bonds requiring a total of 1·75 electrons. In B 5 H 9 and B 10 H 16 groups of five boron atoms are distorted from the icosahedral structure, to form a aquare prism. In some borane molecules one or two boron-boron bonds are stronger or weaker than half-bonds.
Influence of Salinomycin on the Performance of Broiler Chicks

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of graded levels of salinomycin on the performance of broiler chicks. Cobb feather-sexed chicks were fed experimental diets from 1 to 21 days of age. A significant depression in body weight and feed consumption was obtained when the feed contained 77 ppm of salinomycin. Body weight and feed consumption was decreased approximately 10 and 13%, respectively, when the diet contained 88 ppm of salinomycin.
Gender, Rhetoric, and Print Culture in French Renaissance Writing

Introduction 1. Discourses of misogyny 2. Irony and the sexual other 3. Anonymity and the poetics of regendering 4. The women in Montaigne's life 5. Sexual marginality Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.
Interactions of acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol and oxybarbiturates affecting mitochondrial functions

Abstract The effects of combinations of acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol and an oxybarbiturate on the rate of oxygen consumption, the ADP/O ratio and energy-dependent swelling by rat liver mitochondria have been investigated. The effects of similar combinations on the rate of oxygen uptake by submitochondrial preparations, oxidizing several different substrates, have also been studied. Acetaldehyde at millimolar levels increased the rate of oxygen consumption by rat liver mitochondria which had been preincubated with ADP, inhibited NAD + -linked oxidations by mitochondrial and submitochondrial preparations, and increased the rate of the energy-dependent swelling of rat liver mitochondria with suceinate as substrate. Combinations of acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol and an oxybarbiturate interacted to reduce the rate of oxygen consumption by rat liver mitochondria and the energy-dependent swelling of rat liver mitochondria when dl -3-hydroxybutyrate was the substrate. Ethyl alcohol was not involved in these interactions. The effects of all combinations tested could be ascribed to interactions) between acetaldehyde and an oxybarbiturate or to activities of acetaldehyde or the oxybarbiturate only. In the case of state 3 respiration and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration, acetaldehyde and the tested oxybarbiturates behaved as additive inhibitors. All of the results are consistent with the view that the NADH-ubiquinone segment (Complex 1) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is the site of an acetaldehyde-oxybarbiturate interaction to inhibit electron transport.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE CONTENT OF MARINE BACTERIA1

The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of seven selected cultures of marine bacteria, representing five genera, has been determined during growth in chemostats and during the various growth phases in batch cultures. The range of ATP content in chemostat-grown cells was 0.5–6.5 × 10−0 µg ATP/cell, or 0.3 to 1.1% of the cell carbon. The ATP content of senescent cells in batch cultures and in starved cells was generally about one-fifth the concentration found in logarithmically growing cells. The average content of ATP in all the bacteria examined was 0.4% of cell carbon. It is concluded that ATP data can provide a useful estimate of heterotrophic biomass in the oceans.
Molecular mechanisms of the effect of ultrasound on the fibrinolysis of clots

Summary Background Ultrasound accelerates tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)–induced fibrinolysis of clots in vitro and in vivo. Objective To identify mechanisms for the enhancement of t-PA–induced fibrinolysis of clots. Methods Turbidity is an accurate and convenient method, not previously used, to follow the effects of ultrasound. Deconvolution microscopy was used to determine changes in structure, while fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to characterize the kinetics of binding/unbinding and transport. Results The ultrasound pulse repetition frequency affected clot lysis times, but there were no thermal effects. Ultrasound in the absence of t-PA produced a slight but consistent decrease in turbidity, suggesting a decrease in fibrin diameter due solely to the action of the ultrasound, likely caused by an increase in protofibril tension because of vibration from ultrasound. Changes in fibrin network structure during lysis with ultrasound were visualized in real time by deconvolution microscopy, revealing that the network becomes unstable when 30–40% of the protein in the network was digested, whereas without ultrasound, the fibrin network was digested gradually and retained structural integrity. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching during lysis revealed that the off-rate of oligomers from digesting fibers was little affected, but the number of binding/unbinding sites was increased. Conclusions Ultrasound causes a decrease in the diameter of the fibers due to tension as a result of vibration, leading to increased binding sites for plasmin(ogen)/t-PA. The positive feedback of this structural change together with increased mixing/transport of t-PA/plasmin(ogen) is likely to account for the observed enhancement of fibrinolysis by ultrasound.
Plasma soluble endoglin concentration in pre-eclampsia is associated with an increased impedance to flow in the maternal and fetal circulations.

Objectives To examine the relationship between abnormalities in uterine (UtA) and/or umbilical artery (UA) Doppler velocimetry and maternal plasma concentrations of soluble endoglin (sEng) in patients with pre-eclampsia (PE). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 135 normal pregnant women and 69 patients with PE. Patients with PE were subclassified into four groups: those who had Doppler abnormalities in both the UtA and UA, patients who had Doppler abnormalities in the UtA alone, those who had Doppler abnormalities in the UA alone, and patients without Doppler abnormalities in either vessel. Plasma concentrations of sEng were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Among patients with PE, those with abnormal UtA and UA Doppler velocimetry had the highest median plasma concentration of sEng compared with any other group (P < 0.001, Kruskal–Wallis test). Women with PE with normal Doppler velocimetry in both vessels had the lowest median plasma concentration of sEng. There was a significant relationship between plasma concentrations of sEng and mean UtA resistance index (Spearman Rho = 0.5, P < 0.001) as well as UA pulsatility index (Spearman Rho = 0.4, P = 0.002). Multiple regression analysis suggested that Doppler abnormalities in the UtA and UA as well as gestational age at blood sampling contributed to plasma sEng concentrations (P < 0.001). Conclusions Abnormalities of impedance to blood flow in the UtA and UA are associated with an excess of sEng in the circulation of mothers with PE. These findings suggest that the ‘antiangiogenic state’ in PE is partially reflected in abnormalities of Doppler velocimetry. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free radical polymerization and lipid binding of lysozyme reacted with peroxidizing linoleic acid

Insolubilization and polymerization of proteins exposed to peroxidizing lipids may be due either to cross-linking with incorporation of fragments of the lipid oxidation products, or to free radical transfer from lipid to protein and subsequent free radical polymerization of protein. The second mechanism which has been proposed was inferred from measurements of electron spin resonance signals in proteins. In this study, uniformly labeled linoleic acid, [14C(U)] LA, was reacted with lysozyme. Volatile oxidation products of LA were also used in some experiments. Incubation was done in the absence of water. Oligomers of lysozyme, as well as the monomer, were isolated after incubation, and the [14C] label incorporated into each fraction was determined. The results show that the dominant mechanism of protein polymerization after exposure to peroxidizing linoleic acid is the transfer of free radical from lipid to protein, and subsequent free radical polymerization.
Partial-product generation and addition for multiplication in FPGAs with 6-input LUTs

Multiplication is the dominant operation for many applications implemented on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Although most current FPGA families have embedded hard multipliers, soft multipliers using lookup tables (LUTs) in the logic fabric remain important. This paper presents a novel circuit that combines radix-4 partial-product generation with addition (patent pending) and shows how it can be used to implement two's-complement multipliers. Single-cycle and pipelined designs for 8×8, 10×10, 12×12, 14×14 and 16×16 multipliers are compared to Xilinx LogiCORE IP multipliers. Proposed single-cycle parallel-tree multipliers use 35% to 45% fewer LUTs and have 9% to 22% less delay than LogiCORE IP multipliers. Proposed pipelined parallel-tree multipliers use 32% to 40% fewer LUTs than LogiCORE IP multipliers. Proposed parallel-array multipliers use even fewer LUTs than parallel-tree multipliers at the expense of increased delay.
Epitaxial Growth of fee Fe and Cu Films on Diamond

The growth of iron and copper films and multilayers on the (100) face of diamond has been achieved and studied by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), and SQUID magnetometry. RHEED and AES studies show that 2–3 atomic layers (AL) of Fe on C(100) forms a continuous film. The films as deposited at room temperature are disordered, and after a 350° C anneal displays a face-centered cubic structure. Subsequent layers of Cu on this epitaxial Fe film grow as an oriented, single crystal fee film. FMR and SQUID signals have been observed from the Fe films, showing that they are ferromagnetic.
Long-Term Reproductive Effects of a Single Long Day in the Siberian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus

Testicular regression was prevented or attenuated in Siberian hamsters exposed to a single 1- to 4-h extension of the 16-h photophase at 18 days of age and subsequently maintained in a short photoperiod (8L:16D) through Day 35. Testicular weights on Day 35 were not correlated with the duration of the active phase of wheel running or with the time of activity onset after transfer to the 8L:16D photoperiod. Wheel-running activity was not stably entrained to the light-dark cycle by 35 days of age. Progonadal effects of a single 33-h light pulse were greatest at 18 days of age, still evident at 30 days, but undetectable in older hamsters. In female hamsters, a single longer day at weaning was associated with increased fecundity several weeks later. Long photoperiods accelerated development of antral ovarian follicles, but exposure to males was necessary to induce ovulation before 60 days of age. The interval beginning shortly after weaning is one of heightened responsiveness to changes in day length (DL); exposure to increasing DL at this time may prolong the breeding season when DL decreases after the summer solstice. We suggest that the long-term effects of acute light treatments on reproduction are mediated by sustained changes in melatonin secretion induced by reprogramming of circadian oscillators.
Isoelectric heterogeneity of the cofactor protein for lipoprotein lipase in human blood plasma.

Abstract Several of the protein componets of lipoproteins in mammalian blood plasma exhibit charge polymorphism (1–7). In some cases, polymorphism in gel electrophoretograms is clearly evident only upon isoelectric focusing (2,3,6,7). In the case of the human apolipoprotein R-ala (apo C-III), variable sialylation accounts for the polymorphism (4,5), but in other cases the basis for polymorphism is unknown. Deficiency of one of the polymorphic components of the arginine-rich apolipoprotein (apo E) is associated with one genetically determined human hyperlipoproteinemia, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (6,7). We have isolated a new component of the “C” group of apoproteins of human VLDL and have found it to be an isoelectric variant of the cofactor protein for lipoprotein lipase (R-glu; apo C-II).
Multi-vehicle circular formation flight in an unknown time-varying flow-field

This paper presents a coordination technique for circular formation flight of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to circle around a ground target when a wind with an unknown velocity and direction is blowing. The guidance law is based on the line-of-sight (LOS) method which has the ability to transfer UAVs to different formation patterns through a single parameter change. An optimal control law is applied to a linear dynamic model employing a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control technique. A leader-follower coordination model is adopted for encirclement around the ground target. In order to verify the performance of the proposed system, a numerical simulation is demonstrated.
Probabilistic branching node detection using AdaBoost and hybrid local features

Probabilistic branching node inference is an important step for analyzing branching patterns involved in many anatomic structures. Based on an approach we have developed previously, we investigate combining machine learning techniques and hybrid image statistics for probabilistic branching node inference, using adaptive boosting as a probabilistic inference framework. Then, we use local image statistics at different image scales for feature representation, including the Harris cornerness, Laplacian, eigenvalues of the Hessian, and Harralick texture features. The proposed approach is applied to a breast imaging dataset consisting of 30 images, 7 of which were previously reported. The use of boosting and the Harralick texture feature further improves upon our previous results, highlighting the role of texture in the analysis of the breast ducts and other branching structures.
Chemical bonding topology of superconductors. 5. The similarities between magnesium diboride and cuprate superconductors and the role of subvalent magnesium

Abstract The chemical bonding topology in the MgB2 superconductor is similar to that in the high Tc cuprates. Thus the conducting skeleton of MgB2 consists of the hexagonal boron layers, which are isoelectronic with graphite if the Mg is oxidized completely to Mg2+. However, comparison of the MgMg distances in MgB2 with those in several ternary hydrides (Mg2RuH4, Mg3RuH3, and Mg4IrH5), assumed to contain subvalent magnesium as Mg22+, suggests similar subvalent magnesium in MgB2. This incomplete oxidation of Mg to Mg2+ generates the holes in the valence band of the hexagonal boron layers leading to the experimentally observed hole superconductivity in MgB2.
Testimony to Theo: Vincent van Gogh's Witness of Faith

Between May 1875 and December 1879, Vincent van Gogh's life was marked by a devout evangelical piety, distinctly different from what had gone before. Although raised in a religious family, his father a Dutch Reformed minister in the Groningen tradition, van Gogh barely mentions religion in his early letters.l His religious fervor deepened considerably, however, sometime during 1875, while he was living in Paris. Van Gogh's letters dating from May 1875 are increasingly filled with biblical quotations and religious reflections.2 His sister-in-law, Jo van Gogh-Bonger, in describing van Gogh's character during this period wrote, "that was Vincent's aim-to humble himself, to forget himself, 'mourir a soi-meme,' (to sacrifice every personal desire), that was the ideal he tried to reach as long as he sought his refuge in religion, and he never did a thing by halves."3 She argues that this change in van Gogh's character occurred when he returned home from London in July, 1874. "From that time on there was a change in his character: he inclined more and more toward religious fanaticism and led a secluded life."4 Van Gogh's sister-in-law attributed this change to an unrequited love for Ursula (actually Eugenie) Loyer, in whose boarding house van Gogh lived while in London. Most of van Gogh's biographers,
Endoproteolysis of presenilin in vitro: Inhibition by γ-secretase inhibitors

The final proteolytic step to generate the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is achieved by presenilin (PS)-dependent gamma-secretase cleavage. AD-causing mutations in PS1 and PS2 result in a selective and significant increase in production of the more amyloidogenic Abeta42 peptide. PS1 and PS2 undergo endoproteolysis by an unknown enzyme termed presenilinase to generate the functional complex of N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF/CTF). To investigate the endoproteolytic activity that generates active PS, we used a mammalian cell-free system that allows de novo human PS NTF and CTF generation. PS NTF and CTF generation in vitro was observed in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-enriched fractions of membrane vesicles and to a lesser extent in Golgi/trans-Golgi-network (TGN)-enriched fractions. AD-causing mutations in PS1 and PS2 did not alter de novo generation of PS fragments. Removal of peripheral membrane-associated and cytosolic proteins did not prevent de novo generation of fragments, indicating that presenilinase activity corresponds to an integral membrane protein. Among several general inhibitors of different protease classes that blocked the presenilinase activity, pepstatin A was the most potent inhibitor. Screening available transition state analogue gamma-secretase inhibitors led to the identification of two compounds that were able to prevent the de novo generation of PS fragments, with an expected inhibition of Abeta generation. Our studies provide a biochemical approach to characterize and identify this elusive presenilinase.
A Suppressor Analysis of Residues Involved in Cation Transport in the Lactose Permease: Identification of a Coupling Sensor

Four amino acids critical for lactose permease function were altered using site-directed mutagenesis. The resulting Quad mutant (E269Q/R302L/H322Q/E325Q) was expressed at 60% of wild-type levels but found to have negligible transport activity. The Quad mutant was used as a parental strain to isolate suppressors that regained the ability to ferment the α-galactoside melibiose. Six different suppressors were identified involving five discrete amino acid changes and one amino acid deletion (Q60L, V229G, Y236D, S306L, K319N and ΔI298). All of the suppressors transported α-galactosides at substantial rates. In addition, the Q60L, ΔI298 and K319N suppressors regained a small but detectable amount of lactose transport. Assays of sugar-driven cation transport showed that both the Q60L and K319N suppressors couple the influx of melibiose with cations (H+ or H3O+). Taken together, the data show that the cation-binding domain in the lactose permease is not a fixed structure as proposed in previous models. Rather, the data are consistent with a model in which several ionizable residues form a dynamic coupling sensor that also may interact directly with the cation and lactose.
Low Temperature Magnetic and Thermal Properties NiSnCl6:6H2O.

NiSn${\mathrm{Cl}}_{6}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O forms rhombohedral (trigonal) crystals containing one axially distorted octahedral ${[\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{6}]}^{++}$ complex per unit cell. Measurements of (a) the magnetic susceptibility, (b) isothermal magnetization, and (c) magnetic heat capacity between \ensuremath{\sim} 0.35 and 4.2 K can be described by the spin Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}=D{S}_{z}^{2}+g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ for $S=1$ with $\frac{D}{k}=+0.64$ K and $g=2.25$. The ground-state triplet is thus split in zero field into a lower singlet and an upper doublet. There is also evidence of antiferromagnetic coupling among ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$ ions which is weak in comparison with this splitting. A system of this type should exhibit unusual properties for $Tl\frac{D}{k}$. Exploratory magnetocaloric observations with $H\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathrm{trigonal}\mathrm{axis}$ reveal cooling by adiabatic magnetization for $H\ensuremath{\le}\frac{D}{g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}}$. They also suggest the establishment of spin order at sufficiently low temperatures for $H\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{D}{g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}}$.
Tactical Utilization Of Digital Imagery

Recent advances in sensor technology present a heretofore unobtainable opportunity to collect and process imagery in a real or near-real time mode. Since this imagery is transmitted and displayed in a digital format, the imagery can be manipulated by a computer prior to display, permitting many functions to be automated. Coupled with this new technology are newly emerging concepts on how to satisfy tactical commander's intelligence information requirements. The process to exploit digital imagery will be considerably different than what we have been used to. To optimize the design of digital imagery exploitation equipment, it is vital that the purpose and use for it be thoroughly understood.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
IL-6-induced Enhancement of c-Myc Translation in Multiple Myeloma Cells CRITICAL ROLE OF CYTOPLASMIC LOCALIZATION OF THE RNA-BINDING PROTEIN hnRNP A1

Prior work indicates that IL-6 can stimulate c-Myc expression in multiple myeloma (MM) cells, which is independent of effects on transcription and due to enhanced translation mediated by an internal ribosome entry site in the 5′-UTR of the c-Myc RNA. The RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1 (A1) was also critical to IL-6-stimulated translation. Because A1 shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm, we investigated whether the ability of IL-6 to enhance Myc translation was mediated by stimulation of A1 shuttling. In MM cell lines and primary specimens, IL-6 increased A1 cytoplasmic localization. In contrast, there was no effect on the total cellular levels of A1. Use of a dominant negative A1 construct, which prevents endogenous A1 from nucleus-to-cytoplasm transit, prevented the ability of IL-6 to enhance Myc internal ribosome entry site activity, Myc protein expression, and MM cell growth. IL-6-stimulated cytoplasmic localization was mediated by alterations in the C-terminal M9 peptide of A1, and this correlated with the ability of IL-6 to induce serine phosphorylation of this domain. A p38 kinase inhibitor prevented IL-6-induced A1 phosphorylation. Thus, IL-6 activates c-Myc translation in MM cells by inducing A1 phosphorylation and cytoplasmic localization in a p38-dependent fashion. These data suggest A1 as a potential therapeutic target in MM.
Implementation of an accelerated mobilization protocol following primary total hip arthroplasty: impact on length of stay and disposition

With improvements in surgical techniques, implant design, and patient caremaps, surgeons have sought to accelerate early rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty. Many authors have reported results of fundamentally similar protocols to achieve this end. These protocols focus on multi-modal pain management, early therapy, tissue-preserving surgical technique, and careful blood management. We present the implementation and results of such a protocol involving a different surgical approach, and highlight the published literature on this topic.
A study on diffusion couples of Ti and polysynthetically twinned (PST) Ti–Al: I. Microstructure characterization

Abstract The microstructural evolution in multi-phase diffusion couples of polycrystalline Ti and polysynthetically twinned (PST) Ti–49.3 at.% Al is studied, with the diffusion direction parallel to the lamellar planes. A reaction layer or reaction zone (RZ) of polycrystalline α2-Ti3Al phase, having a wavy interface with the PST Ti–Al crystal, forms along the PST/Ti bonding interface and exhibits a deeper penetration in the α2 lamellae, consisting of fine α2 and secondary γ laths, than in the primary γ lamellae. Furthermore, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations reveal that the RZ/PST interface at the fine α2 and secondary γ lathes is microscopically flat. The lamellar thickness and the mass balance across the RZ/PST interface are believed to be the major factors that lead to these different behaviors in the penetration depth of the RZ.
Experimental Measurement of Electron Heat Diffusivity in a Tokamak

Electron temperature perturbations produced by internal disruptions in the center of the Oak Ridge Tokamak (ORMAK) are followed with a multichord soft-x-ray detector array. The space-time evolution is found to be diffusive in character, but the conduction coefficient determined from a heat-pulse-propagation model is larger by a factor of 2.5-15 than that implied by the measured gross energy-containment time.
Negative-ion and electron emission from surfaces at low impact energies

Negative-ion and electron yields for collisions of positive alkali-metal ions with a gas-covered heterogeneous molybdenum surface have been measured for impact energies ranging from below threshold up to 300 eV. It is observed that the threshold energies are identical for the sputtering of negative ions and the emission of secondary electrons. The sputtered negative ions are found to be predominantly ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ for collision energies in the near-threshold region. It is suggested that near threshold the mechanism for secondary-electron emission involves sputtering an unstable negative ion which subsequently decays, producing a free electron.
Counting binary functions with certain cryptographic properties

This paper investigates the connections between three properties of a binary function. These properties are important in cryptography and are the Strict Avalanche Criterion, balance, and correlation immunity. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for a function to possess various combinations of these properties, and count the number of such functions.
Geomorphic controls on biological soil crust distribution: A conceptual model from the Mojave Desert (USA)

Abstract Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are bio-sedimentary features that play critical geomorphic and ecological roles in arid environments. Extensive mapping, surface characterization, GIS overlays, and statistical analyses explored relationships among BSCs, geomorphology, and soil characteristics in a portion of the Mojave Desert (USA). These results were used to develop a conceptual model that explains the spatial distribution of BSCs. In this model, geologic and geomorphic processes control the ratio of fine sand to rocks, which constrains the development of three surface cover types and biogeomorphic feedbacks across intermontane basins. (1) Cyanobacteria crusts grow where abundant fine sand and negligible rocks form saltating sand sheets. Cyanobacteria facilitate moderate sand sheet activity that reduces growth potential of mosses and lichens. (2) Extensive tall moss–lichen pinnacled crusts are favored on early to late Holocene surfaces composed of mixed rock and fine sand. Moss–lichen crusts induce a dust capture feedback mechanism that promotes further crust propagation and forms biologically-mediated vesicular (Av) horizons. The presence of thick biogenic vesicular horizons supports the interpretation that BSCs are long-lived surface features. (3) Low to moderate density moss–lichen crusts grow on early Holocene and older geomorphic surfaces that display high rock cover and negligible surficial fine sand. Desert pavement processes and abiotic vesicular horizon formation dominate these surfaces and minimize bioturbation potential. The biogeomorphic interactions that sustain these three surface cover trajectories support unique biological communities and soil conditions, thereby sustaining ecological stability. The proposed conceptual model helps predict BSC distribution within intermontane basins to identify biologically sensitive areas, set reference conditions for ecological restoration, and potentially enhance arid landscape models, as scientists address impacts of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances.
Optimal regulation of left ventricular ejection pattern

The optimal left ventricular ejection pattern which minimizes the total power required for a given level of cardiac output is derived. Theoretical predictions were based on a three element model of left ventricular load. The trajectory of the optimal aortic root flow pulse was found to be highly sensitive to changes in cardiac output and vascular parameter values. Results are consistent with physiological observations except for the initial portion of systole.
Familial influences on television viewing and aggression: A sibling study

Familial influences on aggressive behavior and TV viewing were investigated in a survey of adolescent siblings. Same-sex siblings resembled one another in aggression (brothers, r = 0.59; sisters, r = 0.52) and in their exposure to violent TV programs; opposite-sex siblings were dissimilar. Within individuals, the frequency of watching crime and action programs correlated nonsignificantly with aggression. Two other variables, however, were associated with aggression: identification with aggression and aggression consequences. These relationships also held up between families (BF, covariance of sibling' averages) and within families (WF, covariance of sibling' differences). The latter WF relationship indicated that one sibling was typically the more extreme on both aggression and its correlate than a brother or sister. These results were interpreted in light of behavioral genetic data that suggest substantial genetic influences, few common environmental influences, and large within-family environmental influences on personality development.
In-hospital management of patients with atrial flutter.

Background Little is known about the use of drugs or procedures for management of atrial flutter (AFl) in routine clinical practice. We describe the extent of use of conversion therapies during AFl hospitalizations. Methods We examined hospitalizations for primary diagnoses of AFl using hospital claims from January 2000 to December 2004. Patients who received antiarrhythmic drugs, ablation, and/or electrical cardioversion for AFl were categorized as receiving a conversion therapy. Characteristics associated with use of conversion therapy versus no conversion therapy were determined. Results The study cohort included 19,825 hospitalizations. Of these, 13,059 (65.9%) included in-hospital use of ≥1 conversion therapies. Care by a noncardiologist (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.37, 95% CI 0.33-0.41), female sex (adjusted OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.79-0.90), nonwhite race (adjusted OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.92), and increasing age >70 years (adjusted OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.85-0.91) were associated with lower odds of conversion versus no-conversion therapy. Cardiomyopathy (adjusted OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.17-1.51), heart failure (adjusted OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.28), coronary artery disease (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.22), secondary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (adjusted OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.18-1.38), and hospitalization in 2000 or 2001 versus later years (adjusted OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.12-1.33) were associated with greater odds of conversion therapy versus no conversion therapy. Conclusion One or more methods of conversion to sinus rhythm were used in two thirds of the hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of AFl. Greater use of conversion therapies in patients with other heart disease were expected; however, lower use among elderly persons, females, and racial minorities may indicate some disparities in use and warrant further study.
HABITAT SATURATION DRIVES THRESHOLDS IN STREAM SUBSIDIES

Understanding how abundance regulates the effects of organisms on their ecosystems remains a critical goal of ecology, especially for understanding inter-ecosystem transfers of energy and nutrients. Here we examined how territoriality and nest-digging by anadromous salmon mediate trophic subsidies to stream fishes. Salmon eggs become available for consumption primarily by the digging of salmon that superimpose their nests on previous nests. An individual-based model of spawning salmon predicted that territoriality and habitat saturation produce a nonlinear effect of salmon density on numbers of available eggs to resident predators. Field studies in Alaskan streams found that higher densities of salmon produce disproportionately more eggs in stream drift and in diets of resident fishes (Arctic grayling and rainbow trout). Bioenergetics model simulations indicated that these subsidies produce substantially enhanced growth rates of trout. These results demonstrate that small changes in salmon abundance can drive large changes in subsidies to stream food webs. Thus, the ecological consequences of population declines of keystone species, such as salmon, will be exacerbated when behavior generates nonlinear impacts.
Optimized Quantum Gate Library for Various Physical Machine Descriptions

Quantum logic circuits consist of a cascade of quantum gates. These gates are realized using primitive quantum operations that are supported by a quantum physical machine description (PMD). Since different quantum systems are associated with different Hamiltonians, a specific quantum operation may be more easily realizable in one quantum system than another. Thus, different quantum systems have different PMDs. Also, the quantum cost for implementing a quantum operation may differ from one PMD to another. Thus, a quantum logic circuit needs to be realized with and optimized for only the set of primitive quantum operations supported by the given PMD. Quantum logic design that can be targeted at multiple PMDs has not been attempted before, to the best of our knowledge. In this paper, we target quantum logic design with respect to the set of primitive quantum operations that are supported by six different PMDs: quantum dot, superconducting, ion trap, neutral atom, and two photonics systems. Our aim is to build a quantum gate library that targets these PMDs. This is akin to a cell library in traditional logic design that enables logic gates to be mapped to cells realizable in an underlying technology. To make our quantum gate library efficient in terms of the number of primitive quantum operations involved and the associated delay, we explore one- and two-qubit quantum identity rules that can help remove redundancies in the quantum gate implementation. We show that, using these identities, each gate in the library can be efficiently mapped to just the set of primitive operations supported by each of the six PMDs. Each mapping results in a different circuit structure and quantum cost, which is measured in terms of the number of primitive quantum operations and the number of execution cycles required. Thus, such a library provides the foundation for quantum logic synthesis, just like a cell library provides the foundation for technology-dependent logic synthesis (i.e., technology mapping) in traditional synthesis.
Fluid shear stress in prosthetic heart valves

A semiempirical approach has been developed to estimate the fluid shear stress developing between the valve seat and moving poppet during the opening sequence of an aortic ball valve and a disk valve prosthesis. The assumption of laminar quasi-steady flow is shown to be conservative. The laminar shear stresses calculated by this method are large, and exceed threshold levels for incipient hemolysis. Results are compared to a circular-orifice valve, for which much lower shear stresses are evident. Paravalvular leaks are considered as well, and shear stresses derived from a turbulent free-jet analysis indicate that such leaks could lead to incipient hemolysis if significant pressure drops occur across the leak. The overall results indicate that prosthetic heart valves tend to generate a condition of mild chronic hemolysis, a condition that may not be as innocuous as has been assumed in the past.
Monolithically Integrated Ge-on-Si Active Photonics

Monolithically integrated, active photonic devices on Si are key components in Si-based large-scale electronic-photonic integration for future generations of high-performance, low-power computation and communication systems. Ge has become an interesting candidate for active photonic devices in Si photonics due to its pseudo-direct gap behavior and compatibility with Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing. In this paper, we present a review of the recent progress in Ge-on-Si active photonics materials and devices for photon detection, modulation, and generation. We first discuss the band engineering of Ge using tensile strain, n-type doping, Sn alloying, and separate confinement of Γ vs. L electrons in quantum well (QW) structures to transform the material towards a direct band gap semiconductor for enhancing optoelectronic properties. We then give a brief overview of epitaxial Ge-on-Si materials growth, followed by a summary of recent investigations towards low-temperature, direct growth of high crystallinity Ge and GeSn alloys on dielectric layers for 3D photonic integration. Finally, we review the most recent studies on waveguide-integrated Ge-on-Si photodetectors (PDs), electroabsorption modulators (EAMs), and laser diodes (LDs), and suggest possible future research directions for large-scale monolithic electronic-photonic integrated circuits on a Si platform.
Conduction in rectangular plates with boundary temperatures specified

Steady-state components of heat conduction solutions may have very slowly convergent series for temperatures and non-convergent heat fluxes for temperature boundary conditions. Previous papers have proposed methods to remove these convergence problems. However, even more effective procedures based on insights of Morse and Feshbach are given herein. In some cases it is possible to replace poorly-convergent or non-convergent series by closed-form algebraic solutions. Examples are given.
Quantification of the morphine reversal activity of opioid agonists/antagonists and naloxone by using a rabbit tooth pulp procedure

The rabbit tooth pulp procedure was used to determine the potencies and durations of morphine reversal by naloxone, buprenorphine, nalbuphine, butorphanol, and pentazocine. Cumulative doses (mg/kg) required to double the number of morphine-depressed respirations per minute (RPM) (ED 2 X) and to reduce morphine-elevated lick/chew (L/C) volts by one-half (ED 1/2) were determined. These doses were naloxone 0.003, 0.013; buprenorphine 0.030, 0.130; nalbuphine 0.130, 0.520; butorphanol 0.120, 0.630; pentazocine 1.10, 0.150. The antinociceptive effects of these compounds were compared by determining the cumulative dose required to achieve the highest percentage maximum possible effect (% MPE) as determined by the elevation of lick/chew threshold volts from control volts in morphine-free rabbits: naloxone 6% at 0.0005 mg/kg; buprenorphine 69% at 0.075 mg/kg; nalbuphine 32% at 0.150 mg/kg; butorphanol 32% at 0.150 mg/kg, and pentazocine 12% at 1.55 mg/kg. The durations (min) of reversal of morphine RPM and morphine L/C volts were also determined: naloxone 33, 30; buprenorphine 240, 240; nalbuphine 120, 120; butorphanol 90, 45; pentazocine 60, 15. It is suggested that the rabbit tooth pulp assay is a sensitive and reliable assay to evaluate and quantitate compounds for opioid agonist/antagonist activity.
Vacancy-buckling model for the (2×2) GaAs (111) surface

Le modele est confirme par une etude par diffraction d'electrons lents et explique les periodicites (2×2) et (1×1) observees respectivement sur les surfaces (111) et (110)
Monoclonal antibodies to chromaffin cells can distinguish proteins specific to or specifically excluded from chromaffin granules

Abstract I have prepared a number of monoclonal antibodies to chromaffin cell membranes. One of these antibodies recognizes a number of antigenically related proteins that are present in all tissues examined. In the adrenal, these proteins are completely excluded from chromaffin granules but are present in other subcellular membrane fractions. This non-granule membrane-specific antibody has been designated NG3. A second antibody, CG7, binds to a single protein which segregates specifically into chromaffin granules. The protein recognized by CG7 is cytochrome b 561 , or chromomembrin B, one of the major protein components of chromaffin granule membranes. CG7 also labels a protein (the identical cytochrome b 561 ) in bovine posterior pituitary neurosecretory vesicle membranes indicating that it functions in both peptidergic and catecholaminergic secretory granules. These two monoclonal antibodies provide useful probes of both granule and extra-granule membrane proteins for studies of membrane trafficking in chromaffin cells
Through the looking glass: A decade of Red Cross crisis response and situational crisis communication theory

Abstract Crisis communication has emerged as a hot topic in public relations literature. However, little attention has been paid to nonprofit organizations (NPOs), one of the largest sectors of public relations practice. In particular, few studies have examined that the crisis response strategy NPOs can employ to repair their reputations. For the Red Cross and other NPOs, when faced with a crisis, communicating with their publics is critical to restore a positive reputation and, ultimately, to the continued success of the organization once the crisis has passed. The study was based on the work done by Coombs [Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review,10, 163–176] to develop and refine what he has called the situational crisis communication theory (SCCT). The theory posits that certain public relations’ crisis situations are better resolved if organizations adopt specific crisis response strategies. The study presented in this paper examined the crisis response strategies of the American Red Cross through the lens of the SCCT.
Orientation effects in biaxially stretched linear polyethylene

The literature on polymer morphology contains many studies of structural and orientation changes occurring upon uniaxial stretching of films and fibers, but it has only an occasional reference to such studies on biaxially stretched film. This paper presents data on a structural change due to simultaneous biaxial stretching up to 6 × 6 stretch ratio of quenched linear polyethylene slightly below the melting temperature. At low stretch ratios the b axis of the orthorhombic unit cell orients predominantly in the biaxial plane of stretching or film plane. At higher than 4 × 4 stretch ratio, a second crystal orientation appears which is a (110) orientation in the film plane. Differential scanning calorimetry scans show two melting peaks occurring concurrently with diffraction effects of two crystal orientations. The evidence for two populations of crystals differing in orientation are discussed in the light of current concepts of folded-chain lamellae and their fragmentation with elongation.
Chemical Stabilization of VHMS for Disaster Recovery Applications

AbstractVery high moisture content fine grained soils (abbreviated as VHMS for very high moisture soils) have been studied from many perspectives, yet their role in disaster recovery has not been heavily investigated. This paper’s primary objective is to present material properties of portland cement stabilized VHMS and discuss its immediate reuse for disaster recovery. The paper focuses on laboratory properties that can be achieved by combinations of three soils with differing plasticity, seven portland cements at varying dosages, and two very high moisture levels. Approximately 1,200 unconfined compression tests were performed. Laboratory test results indicated shear strengths of 0.1–3.8 kg/cm2 could be achieved after 1–7 days of room temperature curing. Literature and practice review indicated chemically stabilized VHMS (i.e., emergency construction material) could be mixed with pugmills or concrete ready-mix trucks, pumped 1–3.2 km, and placed without mechanical compaction. Beneficial reuse after dis...
Alkali Atom - SbCl(5) Reactions: Blue-Green Chemiluminescence from an Inverted Population in SbCl.

Abstract The gas-phase reaction between alkali atoms and SbCl5 produces SbCl(A1 → X1) chemiluminescence from v′ > 4 to v″ > 6.
Acidosis and hypoxic medullary injury in the isolated perfused kidney.

Acidosis and hypoxic medullary injury in the isolated perfused kidney. The effects of acidosis on renal function and morphology were examined in the isolated perfused rat kidney (IPK). Kidneys were perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit-albumin medium for 60 minutes at pH 7.4 or pH 7.0. At the lower pH, GFR was reduced by 25%, TR Na by 32% and oxygen consumption by 41% as compared to perfusion at pH 7.4 (all P 2 delivery was actually slightly reduced at pH 7.0 compared to pH 7.4. Furthermore, acidosis was protective even after perfusion with non-oxygenated media (42% tubules damaged at pH 7.0 vs. 95% of tubules damaged at pH 7.4; P
Soliton spectral coherence during fission

The spectral coherence of solitons generated in a PCF is experimentally characterized. A strong dependence of coherence on the soliton's center wavelength is observed, and we suggest that cross phase modulation during the soliton fission process may be responsible for the coherence variation.
Introduction of glass/GaAs interfaces for all-optical and hybrid switch fabrics

This paper promotes glass/GaAs interfaces as effective photonic switch media. All-optical and hybrid red laser reflection modulations have been achieved by altering the electronic state of the interface with a green laser. The concept straightforwardly enables the flip from negative to positive logics by solely applying an electric field. Furthermore, reflective femtosecond operations of the interface are demonstrated with pump-probe experiments.
Electrical properties of CdTe/CdS solar cells investigated with conductive atomic force microscopy

Abstract We report on the application of conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) for studying the electrical properties of CdTe/CdS solar cells, and discuss the advantages and limitations of this technique. C-AFM is a new technique that uses the tip of an AFM to apply a potential between the tip and the sample, resulting in high spatial-resolution current images, as well as current versus voltage curves. The analyses were made before and after the standard vapor CdCl2 treatment, as well as two etching processes, using solutions of bromine/methanol and nitric-phosphoric acids. The current images from the untreated and CdCl2-treated samples showed grains with different contrasts, due to differences in electrical conductivity or a nonuniform surface. The bromine/methanol etch resulted in more conductive grain boundaries as compared to intragrain material, while the nitric/phosphoric etch increased the conductivity of the whole film close to the surface and resulted in films with significant photocurrent.