cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irritable bowel syndrome subtypes: constipation, diarrhea…and mixed bowel pattern: tertium datur.

The study by Su et al. published in this issue of NGM provides helpful insight into a relatively large, yet understudied, subgroup of IBS known as IBS with mixed bowel pattern (IBS-M). These investigators found among their 289 IBS subjects who underwent detailed assessment the IBS-M subtype to be particularly common. Interestingly, prior use of laxatives or antidiarrheal agents was found to potentially explain the mixed bowel pattern in approximately 30% of patients. These IBS-M patients tended to report more severe IBS symptoms. IBS-M patients had bowel symptoms more similar to IBS-D than IBS-C, particularly with regard to the rectal urgency. Hopefully many more studies will be forthcoming to further our understanding of IBS-M.
CRT-30 Prediction Of Multivessel Disease In STEMI Patients

Although early loading of antiplatelet therapy is beneficial for STEMI patients, it may cause bleeding complications in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) requiring coronary artery bypass surgery. The identification of MVD in STEMI patients using the initial electrocardiogram (
Revitalizing Communication Between Split Identities and Psychotic Processes in a South-Asian Treatment Dyad

A unique interchange occurs when psychotherapy is conducted in a language that represents early attachment experiences. The treatment narrative of a South Asian woman diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia is embedded within the framework of intersectionality and presented from the perspective of a bilingual clinician of South Asian descent. Different dimensions of self and intersecting social identity processes emerged through transference, countertransference, impasses and enactments occurring in the relationship. These dimensions are contextualized in the conceptual scaffolding of feminist, multicultural, psychodynamic, and family systems perspectives. Ethical issues in culturally responsive treatment with South Asian women with severe mental illness are discussed.
On Conformal Mappings onto Quasidisks

In this paper, we prove a distortion theorem for conformal mappings whose images are quasidisks. As an application, we construct a quasicon-formal reflection with bounded partial derivatives near the reflection boundary based on the Douady-Earle extension.
Effectiveness of Community based Correctional Programs: A Case Study

Community-based alternatives to prison claim to be more effective in reducing recidivism than are traditional prisons, to be cheaper than prisons, and to reduce overcrowding in prisons and jails. This study uses a case study approach of a community based program in the Midwest United States to determine if those community corrections alternatives achieve those results. The findings from this case study show that the recidivism rates of community corrections are lower than those of the prison inmates only in some cases and that the costs are cheaper only in some cases. It also shows that community corrections serve as a true alternative to prison in some instances but more often only widens the net and increases the state's control over criminal offenders.
Toward TeV Conformality

We study the chiral properties of an $SU(3)$ gauge theory with ${N}_{f}$ massless Dirac fermions in the fundamental representation when ${N}_{f}$ is increased from 2 to 6. For ${N}_{f}=2$, our lattice simulations lead to a value of $⟨\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\psi}⟩/{F}^{3}$, where $F$ is the Nambu-Goldstone-boson decay constant and $⟨\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\psi}⟩$ is the chiral condensate, which agrees with the measured QCD value. For ${N}_{f}=6$, this ratio shows significant enhancement, presaging an even larger enhancement anticipated as ${N}_{f}$ increases further, toward the critical value for transition from confinement to infrared conformality.
Assessing the risks of genotoxicity in the therapeutic development of induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have great potential for regenerative medicine as well as for basic and translational research. However, following the initial excitement over the enormous prospects of this technology, several reports uncovered serious concerns regarding its safety for clinical applications and reproducibility for laboratory applications such as disease modeling or drug screening. In particular, the genomic integrity of iPSCs is the focus of extensive research. Epigenetic remodeling, aberrant expression of reprogramming factors, clonal selection, and prolonged in vitro culture are potential pathways for acquiring genomic alterations. In this review, we will critically discuss current reprogramming technologies particularly in the context of genotoxicity, and the consequences of these alternations for the potential applications of reprogrammed cells. In addition, current strategies of genetic modification of iPSCs, as well as applicable suicide strategies to control the risk of iPSC-based therapies will be introduced.
Secondary Electron Emission Studies of Diamond Surfaces

Diamond exhibits high secondary-electron yields which vary strongly with sample preparation and sample treatment. In this study, we identify some of the factors that govern the secondary-electron emission yield of diamond. Comparative studies are made with polycrystalline diamond films having different dopants (boron or nitrogen), dopant concentrations and surface conditions (hydrogen-terminated or oxidized). In these studies, the total electron yield as a function of the incident-electron energy and the energy distribution of the secondary emitted electrons are measured. The results show that both electrical conductivity and hydrogen-termination play essential roles in the secondary-electron emission process. For hydrogen-terminated samples, the energy distribution shows a large and narrow peak at the onset of electron emission. The long mean-free path of the secondary electrons and the low or negative electron affinity are essential to the exceedingly high electron yield of diamond.
Influence of the site of conjugation on the specificity of antibodies to progesterone

Abstract In order to determine how the site on the molecule used for conjugation influences the specificty of the resulting antiserum, progesterone was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) through substituents on the A(C3), B(C6), C(C11), and D(C20) rings for use as a hapten to elicit antibody formation in rabbits. Specificty of the antisera was determined by testing the ability of 24 representative steroids to displace radioactive progesterone in a radioimmunoassay procedure. Progesterone-tyrosine methyl ester (TME) conjugates were radioiodinated and used as the radioactive form of the hormone and radioactivity bound to antibody was separated from free radioactivity by a double antibody procedure. Immunization with progesterone conjugated at C20 resulted in the formation of antibodies which could not distinguish between progesterone and other Δ4-3-ketosteroids with structures similar in the A, B, and C ring (namely 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 20α and 20β-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one, deoxycorticosterne and testosterone). Immunization with progesterone-3-BSA resulted in the formation of antisera which were fairly specific for progesterone while immunization with progesterone conjugated at the 11 or 6 positions resulted in antisera which were very specific for progesterone. It was concluded that steroid hormones should be conjugated to protein at sites on the B or C ring of the molecule for the production of specific antisera.
Cryptanalysis of the Shpilrain–Ushakov Protocol for Thompson’s Group

This paper shows that an eavesdropper can always recover efficiently the private key of one of the two parts of the public key cryptography protocol introduced by Shpilrain and Ushakov (ACNS 2005, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 3531, pp. 151–163, 2005). Thus an eavesdropper can always recover the shared secret key, making the protocol insecure.
Tamoxifen therapy reduced platelet counts without change in platelet function

Background/Aims Tamoxifen therapy can cause a 4% decrease in platelet count, yet increases risk of thrombosis. We hypothesized that this decrease was influenced by concentrations of tamoxifen or its metabolites that may lead to changes in platelet function. Methods Candidates for tamoxifen therapy (n=88) participated in a prospective, observational trial. Before and 4 months after tamoxifen treatment, we measured platelet counts (N=88), platelet aggregation (N=17), and plasma concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites (N=41). Results Tamoxifen therapy led to a 4% decrease in platelet counts (P= 0.039) in our cohort. This decrease was negatively correlated with plasma concentrations of endoxifen (R2= 0.27, P=0.0006) and 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (R2= 0.22, P=0.003), but not with tamoxifen and N-desmethyl tamoxifen. There were no significant changes in either ADP (13.33±12.3 Ω vs 11.6±11.5 Ω, P= 0.12) or arachadonic acid (9.6±46.1 vs 7.0±37.6 Ω, P=0.19) induced platelet aggregation. Conclusion Decrease in platelet counts after tamoxifen was negatively correlated with endoxifen and 4-hydroxy tamoxifen concentrations, and did not lead to changes in platelet function. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P63–P63; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.133
Determining Passivity Using Linearization for Systems With Feedthrough Terms

In this technical note, we consider the following problem: what passivity properties for a nonlinear system can be inferred when its linearization around an equilibrium point is known to be passive. We consider both continuous-time and discrete-time systems with feedthrough terms. Our main results show that when the linearized model is simultaneously strictly passive and strictly input passive, the nonlinear system is passive as well within a neighborhood of the equilibrium point around which the linearization is done.
Cell detection in phase-contrast images used for alpha-particle track-etch dosimetry: a semi-automated approach

A novel alpha-particle irradiator has recently been developed that provides the ability to characterize cell response. The irradiator is comprised of a collimated, planar alpha-particle source which, from below, irradiates cells cultured on a track-etch material. Cells are imaged using phase-contrast microscopy before and following irradiation to obtain geometric information and survival rates; these can be used with data from alpha-particle track images to assess cell response. A key step in this process is determining cell location within the pre-irradiation images. Although this can be done completely by a human observer, the number of images requiring analysis makes the process time-consuming and tedious. To reduce the potential human error and decrease user interaction time, a semi-automated, computer-aided method of cell detection has been developed. The method employs a two-level adaptive thresholding technique to obtain size and position information about potential cell cytoplasms and nuclei. Proximity and geometry-based thresholds are then used to mark structures as cells. False-positive detections from the automated algorithm are due mostly to imperfections in the track-etch background, camera effects and cellular residue. To correct for these, a human observer reviews all detected structures, discarding false positives. When analysing two randomly selected cell dish image databases, the semi-automated method detected 92-94% of all cells and 94-97% of cells with a well-defined cytoplasm and nucleus while reducing human workload by 32-83%.
Stress‐induced upper crustal anisotropy in southern California

[1] We use an automated method to analyze shear wave splitting from local earthquakes recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network between 2000 and 2005. The observed fast directions of upper crustal anisotropy generally are consistent with the direction of maximum horizontal compression σHmax, suggesting that one major mechanism of anisotropy in the top 20 km of crust under southern California is regional stress. However, at other stations, fast directions are aligned with the trends of regional faulting and local alignment of anisotropic bedrock. Splitting delay times range widely within 0.2 s. These upper crustal anisotropy observations, together with previous studies of SKS shear wave splitting, surface waves, and receiver functions, suggest different mechanisms of anisotropy at different depths under southern California. Anisotropy in the upper crust appears to be in response to the current horizontal maximum compression σHmax, which differs from the cause of anisotropy in the lower crust and mantle. We also explore possible temporal variations in upper crustal anisotropy associated with preearthquake stress changes or stress changes excited by surface waves of great earthquakes but do not observe any clear temporal variations in fast directions or time delays.
Measurement of the impact of psychotherapy sessions.

The Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ), which consists of 22 bipolaradjective scales in semantic differential format, was completed by boththerapists and their adult clients following 113 individual psychotherapysessions. Factor analysis of session ratings (the first half of the SEQ) showedtwo distinct factors, called depth/value and smoothness/ease, in both clientand therapist data. Clients and therapists tended to agree on their session'sposition on these two dimensions. Clients' postsession feelings (measured bythe second half of the SEQ) were more positive following smooth, easysessions; therapists' postsession feelings were more positive following deep,valuable sessions. The SEQ is proposed as a measure of session impact andhence as a useful bridge between psychotherapy process and outcome.Whereas direct comparisons of specific interaction processes with long-termoutcome are seldom feasible, comparisons of process measures with theimpact of single sessions and comparisons of the impact of many sessionswith measures of eventual outcome are feasible and may permit in-ferences about which interventions or techniques contribute to therapeuticbenefit.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for human neutrophil elastase: A sensitive method for determining secreted and cell-associated enzyme

A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for measuring neutrophil elastase in the range 0.08-4 ng/ml has been developed. A monospecific, precipitating antibody capable of inhibiting elastinolysis was produced by repeated immunizations of a goat. The IgG fraction and affinity-purified antibodies of this serum were then obtained and used to develop this radioimmunoassay. There was no cross-reactivity in binding of the radiolabeled antisera with lactoferrin, cathepsin G, or serine proteinases with amino-terminal amino acid sequence homology. Although serum influences the measurement of catalytically active neutrophil elastase when compared to diisopropylfluorophosphate-treated neutrophil elastase, antigenic elastase may still be measured in body fluids. Furthermore, this assay is more sensitive than commercially available substrates used for quantitating neutrophil elastase by functional activity. We have found this quantitative assay extremely useful in balance studies to measure secreted and cell-associated elastase and in screening of biological fluids for the presence of the enzyme.
Mutational analysis clopidogrel resistance and platelet function in patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting

Clopidogrel is an oral antiplatelet pro-drug prescribed to 40 million patients worldwide who are at risk for thrombotic events or receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However about a fifth of patients treated with clopidogrel do not respond adequately to the drug. From a cohort of 105 patients on whom we had functional data on clopidogrel response, we used ultra-high throughput sequencing to assay mutations in CYP2C19 and ABCB1, the two genes genetically linked to respond. Testing for mutations in CYP2C19, as recommended by the FDA, only correctly predicted if a patient would respond to clopidogrel 52.4% of the time. Similarly, testing of the ABCB1 gene only correctly foretold response in 51 (48.6%) patients. These results are clinically relevant and suggest that until additional genetic factors are discovered that predict response more completely, functional assays are more appropriate for clinical use.
The influence of the thermal and mechanical properties of optical materials in thin film form on their damage resistance to pulsed lasers

Abstract The influence of the thermal and mechanical properties of thin films on the damage threshold for pulsed-laser-induced damage is studied using the impurity-dominated breakdown model. This model consists of an inclusion embedded in a thin film. The cross section for the absorption of radiation by the inclusion is calculated using Mie scattering theory and found to be proportional to the geometric cross section in some cases. The geometric cross section is thus used when applicable for simplification. In a previous work the dependence of the damage threshold on the thermal and optical properties of the materials in the system was shown to be a strong function of the size of the imaginary part of the index of refraction of the inclusion. This led to a set of scaling laws that depended on the properties of the film, the inclusion and the incident laser pulse. The present work is an extension of that specifically including the thin film aspects. The thin film aspects of the problem are included by using a cylindrical impurity embedded within the film. Justification for this geometry is presented. Experimental data are also presented which support some of the major predictions of this model. The primary conclusion relating to the mechanical properties of the materials is that a thorough understanding of the absorption mechanism and thermal diffusion is required before the effect of mechanical properties can be realized.
Fatal Pulmonary Barotrauma due to Obstruction of the Central Circulation with Air

Cardiac arrest in cases of barotraumatic arterial gas embolism (AGE) is usually ascribed to reflex dysrhythmias secondary to brainstem embolization or secondary to coronary artery embolization. Several case reports suggest that obstruction of the central circulation (i.e., the heart, pulmonary arteries, aorta, and arteries to the head and neck) may play a role in the pathogenesis of sudden death in victims of pulmonary barotrauma. We report three consecutive cases of fatal AGE in patients in whom chest roentgenograms demonstrated confluent air lucencies filling the central vascular bed, the heart, and great vessels. In none of the victims was there evidence by history or at autopsy that the intravascular gas was iatrogenically introduced. Total occlusion of the central vascular bed with air is a mechanism of death in some victims of AGE, and resuscitation efforts for such patients should take this possibility into consideration.
Studies on the mechanism of action of α-phenylbutyrate

Abstract 1. 1. α-Phenylbutyrate inhibits the acetylation of sulfanilamide in a pigeon-liver system. This inhibition is reversed by higher concentrations of coenzyme A but is independent of acetate concentration over a wide range. 2. 2. α-Phenylbutyrate is without effect on the metabolism of butyrate by dried cells of Cl. kluyveri indicating that the enzymes catalyzing fatty acid degradation, including β-ketothiolase, are not inhibited. 3. 3. Studies utilizing the aceto-CoA-kinase of baker's yeast demonstrate directly that α-phenyl-butyrate inhibits the activation of acetate to acetyl-coenzyme A. 4. 4. The incorporation of glucose-U-14C and pyruvate-2-14C into cholesterol by rat-liver slices was unaffected in some experiments in which the incorporation of 1-14C-acetate was depressed. In other experiments, however, there was significant inhibition. 5. 5. A major site of action of α-phenylbutyrate is in the activation of acetate but additional sites of action are not ruled out.
Zinc uptake by rice as affected by iron and a chelator of ferrous iron

Iron competitively inhibited Zn absorption by rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Earlirose) grown in solution culture. The effect was more marked for shoots since Fe had also a competitive effect on Zn translocation from roots to shoots. The chelating agent baptholphenanthrolinesulfonate (BPDS), which has great ability to chelate Fe++, alleviated the inhibitory effect of Fe to a large extent. re]19750516
Interfacial interactions of pectin with bovine serum albumin studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring: effect of ionic strength

The effect of ionic strength ( I) on the interfacial interactions between pectin and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) surface has been investigated using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). As I increases from 0.01 to 0.02 M, the frequency shift (Delta F) decreases, whereas the energy dissipation shift (Delta D) changes toward a higher value. Further increase of I from 0.02 to 0.5 M causes both Delta F and Delta D to gradually return to almost zero. The adsorbed mass and thickness of the pectin adlayer estimated from the Voigt model confirm that the adsorption of pectin and the formation of thicker pectin adlayers on a BSA surface are favored by the increase of ionic strength at I = 0.01 approximately 0.02 M. An increase of I above 0.02 M hinders pectin adsorption and causes the formation of a thinner pectin adlayer. The ionic strength-enhanced effect at I values lower than 0.02 M is explained as an increase of ionic strength that can screen the electrostatic repulsion to a larger extent than the electrostatic attraction between pectin and BSA. However, when I is higher than 0.02 M, both electrostatic repulsion and attraction can be significantly screened by the increasing ionic strength, resulting in the ionic strength-reduced effect. On the other hand, the high viscoelasticity of the pectin adlayer revealed by the Voigt model suggests the formation of a network-structured pectin adlayer on the BSA surface, which contains two steps for higher pectin adsorptions at I = 0.0125 approximately 0.1 M by the indication of two slopes in Delta D-Delta F plots.
Segmentation Analysis of the Volunteering Preferences of University Students

The purpose of this article is to explore how universities can increase volunteering among their students. To accomplish this objective, conjoint anlaysis was undertaken to determine the different underlying needs and preferences that drive the volunteering behavior of students. From this data, four need‐based segments are identified and discussed. Strategies are then formulated to meet the needs and preferences of each segment as a means to increase volunteering on campuses.
Review: positive psychological well-being reduces the risk of mortality in both ill and healthy populations.

psychological well-being reduced the risk of mortality in both healthy population studies (n = 36 598; HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.89, p,0.001) and disease population studies (n = 15 711; HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.00, p,0.05). The results were similar when a positive affect was considered separately from positive trait-like disposition in the healthy population but the results became non-significant in the disease population (positive affect: healthy population HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.95 and disease population HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.01; positive trait-like disposition: healthy population HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.92 and disease population HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.03). Positive psychological well-being was more protective in healthy populations over 60 years of age compared with the total sample (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.85, p,0.001). CONCLUSIONS Positive psychological well-being is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in both healthy populations and those already ill at baseline.
Microarray analysis of chitin elicitation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Summary Chitin oligomers, released from fungal cell walls by endochitinase, induce defence and related cellular responses in many plants. However, little is known about chitin responses in the model plant Arabidopsis. We describe here a large-scale characterization of gene expression patterns in Arabidopsis in response to chitin treatment using an Arabidopsis microarray consisting of 2375 EST clones representing putative defence-related and regulatory genes. Transcript levels for 71 ESTs, representing 61 genes, were altered three-fold or more in chitin-treated seedlings relative to control seedlings. A number of transcripts exhibited altered accumulation as early as 10 min after exposure to chitin, representing some of the earliest changes in gene expression observed in chitin-treated plants. Included among the 61 genes were those that have been reported to be elicited by various pathogen-related stimuli in other plants. Additional genes, including genes of unknown function, were also identified, broadening our understanding of chitin-elicited responses. Among transcripts with enhanced accumulation, one cluster was enriched in genes with both the W-box promoter element and a novel regulatory element. In addition, a number of transcripts had decreased abundance, encoding several proteins involved in cell wall strengthening and wall deposition. The chalcone synthase promoter element was identified in the upstream regions of these genes, suggesting that pathogen signals may suppress the expression of some genes. These data indicate that Arabidopsis should be an excellent model to elucidate the mechanisms of chitin elicitation in plant defence.
Clinical potentials of neuropeptide Y family of hormones

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of hormones exhibits a wide spectrum of central and peripheral activities mediated by six G-protein coupled receptor subtypes denoted as Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, and y6. Investigations to date have implicated NPY in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases including feeding disorders, seizures, anxiety, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure and intestinal disorders. These observations suggest that long-acting, potent NPY receptor selective agonists and antagonists developed could be used to treat a variety of diseases. These possibilities are discussed in this paper.
Welfare and adolescent sex: The effects of family history, benefit levels, and community context

To examine whether welfare serves as an incentive to early childbearing, this article explores the first steps in the process of becoming a teenage parent: risk of first voluntary sexual intercourse at an early age and, among teens having sex, contraceptive use at first intercourse. Alternative operationalizations of welfare include the AFDC benefit level in the state of residence, the ratio of the benefit level to family income, community-level welfare receipt, and family history of welfare receipt. Results do not support the hypothesis that higher welfare benefits provide an incentive that hastens sex or reduces contraceptive use. Analyses provide moderate support for a culture of poverty perspective among girls. Intergenerational welfare receipt has a borderline significant effect on the timing of first sex, and maternal welfare receipt predicts nonuse of contraception at first sex for girls. Strong support is found for a stressful life experiences perspective, in which both parental marital disruption and nonvoluntary sex predict earlier voluntary sex.
Ferroelectrically driven spatial carrier density modulation in graphene

The next technological leap forward will be enabled by new materials and inventive means of manipulating them. Among the array of candidate materials, graphene has garnered much attention; however, due to the absence of a semiconducting gap, the realization of graphene-based devices often requires complex processing and design. Spatially controlled local potentials, for example, achieved through lithographically defined split-gate configurations, present a possible route to take advantage of this exciting two-dimensional material. Here we demonstrate carrier density modulation in graphene through coupling to an adjacent ferroelectric polarization to create spatially defined potential steps at 180°-domain walls rather than fabrication of local gate electrodes. Periodic arrays of p-i junctions are demonstrated in air (gate tunable to p-n junctions) and density functional theory reveals that the origin of the potential steps is a complex interplay between polarization, chemistry, and defect structures in the graphene/ferroelectric couple.
Fabrication of SiCN ceramic MEMS using injectable polymer-precursor technique

In this paper, a novel and cost-effective technology for the fabrication of high-temperature MEMS based on injectable polymer-derived ceramics is described. Micro-molds are fabricated out of SU-8 photoresist using standard UV-photolithographic processes. Liquid-phase polymers are then cast into the molds and converted into monolithic, fully-dense ceramics by thermal decomposition. The resultant ceramic, based on the amorphous alloys of silicon, carbon and nitrogen, possess excellent mechanical and physical properties for high-temperature applications. This capability for micro-casting is demonstrated in the fabrication of simple single-layered, high aspect ratio SiCN microstructures. A polymer-based bonding technique for creating more complex three-dimensional structures is also presented.
Cumulative social risk exposure, infant birth weight, and cognitive delay in infancy.

Abstract Objective To determine the effect of exposure to multiple social risks on cognitive delay at 9 months of age; and whether obstetric factors mediate the relationship between cumulative social risk and cognitive delay. Methods Data were from 8950 mother–child dyads participating in the first wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. Cognitive delay was defined as falling in the lowest 10% of mental scale scores from the Bayley Short Form–Research Edition. Five social risk factors were combined and categorized into a social risk index. Staged multivariable logistic regressions were used to investigate whether obstetric factors mediated the impact of social risk on the odds of cognitive delay. Results Infants with cognitive delay were more likely to live with social risks than infants without cognitive delay. The percentage of infants with cognitive delay increased with the number of social risks. In adjusted analyses, exposure to multiple social risk factors was associated with higher odds of cognitive delay at 9 months of age (adjusted odds ratio 2.11; 95% confidence interval 1.18–3.78 for 4 or more risks vs no risks). Accounting for birth weight attenuated this relationship (P Conclusions This population-based study investigated the independent and cumulative effects of social risk factors on cognitive delay in infancy. Findings revealed a significant cumulative relationship between exposure to social risk and cognitive delay, which was partly mediated by birth weight. Programs that address the social context of US infants are needed to improve their developmental trajectories.
Territory quality, male quality, courtship intrusions, and female nest-choice in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

Abstract In a recent study ( Sargent & Gebler 1980 ), we allowed male sticklebacks to compete for a limited number of clay flowerpots as nest sites in circular wading pools. Although the males who nested in post enjoyed higher reproductive success ( Sargent & Gebler 1980 ), a further analysis of these data revealed the males in these two classes did not differ significantly with regard to territory size, total courtships, and female rejections of the nest. In the present study, for the first half of the experiment, flowerpots were assigned randomly to half of the males nesting in wading pools; the pots were later taken from those males who first had them and were given to the remaining males for the second half of the experiment. Using paired comparisons, each male's performance was examined with and without a flowerpot. The males received more female nest-choices, and fewer intrusions from other males, when their nests were in flowerpots; however, the females appeared to engage in courtships with males independently of the males' nest site concealment. For the two classes of nest site concealment, the males were not significantly heterogeneous for the number of nest-choices that they received: thus male quality did not appear to directly affect female nest-choice. These results suggest that territory quality, in the form of nest site concealment, was the most important determinant of female nest-choice and male reproductive success in the experiments of Sargent & Gebler (1980) . Females appear to minimize the risk of egg-cannibalism by spawning with those males who experience the least amount of courtship interference.
The impact of inpatient rehabilitation on function and survival of newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma.

Objective To examine the impact of an inpatient rehabilitation program on functional improvement and survival among patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who underwent surgical resection of the brain tumor. Design A retrospective cohort study of newly diagnosed patients with GBM between 2003 and 2010, with survival data updated through January 23, 2013. Setting An urban academic nonprofit medical center that included acute medical and inpatient rehabilitation. Participants Data for newly diagnosed patients with GBM were examined; of these patients, 100 underwent inpatient rehabilitation after resection, and 312 did not undergo inpatient rehabilitation. Main Outcome Measurements Overall functional improvement and survival time for patients who participated in the inpatient rehabilitation program. Results A total of 89 patients (93.7%) who underwent inpatient rehabilitation improved in functional status from admission to discharge, with the highest gain observed in mobility (96.8%), followed by self-care (88.4%), communication/social cognition (75.8%), and sphincter control (50.5%). The median overall survival among inpatient rehabilitation patients was 14.3 versus 17.9 months for patients who did not undergo inpatient rehabilitation ( P = .03). However, after we adjusted for age, extent of resection, and Karnofsky Performance Status Scale scores, we found no statistical difference in the survival rate between patients who did and did not undergo inpatient rehabilitation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; P = .16). Among the patients who underwent inpatient rehabilitation, older age (HR, 2.24; P = .0006), a low degree of resection (HR, 1.67; P = .02), and lack of a Stupp regimen (HR, 1.71; P = .05) were associated with greater hazard of mortality. Conclusions Patients who undergo inpatient rehabilitation demonstrate significant functional improvements, primarily in the mobility domain. Confounder adjusted multivariate analysis showed no survival difference between patients who did and did not undergo inpatient rehabilitation; this finding suggests that a structured inpatient rehabilitation program may level the survival field in lower-functioning patients who otherwise may be faced with a dismal prognosis.
Recurrent chromosomal defects are found in most patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

Using a methotrexate cell synchronization technique, we have successfully studied chromosome preparations of bone marrow biopsies from 49 of 51 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Clonal chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 46 patients, and one of eight types of recurrent chromosomal aberrations were found in 31 patients. One of these types represents a new chromosome defect [inv(16)(p13.1q22)], found in four patients with ANLL-M2, -M4. Chromosome preparations from cultured lymphocytes of two of the four patients were analyzed for the presence of chromosome fragile sites. Both cases showed a frequent break at band 16q22, an intriguing finding that suggests a possible correlation between a fragile site and predisposition to chromosomal rearrangement in human neoplasia.
Assessment of the efficiency of cotransformation of the T-DNA of disarmed binary vectors derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the T-DNA of A. rhizogenes.

Co-transfer of Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA and T-DNA from the A. tumefaciens binary vector pBin19 (Bevan, 1984) was studied in detail using Nicotiana rustica. High frequencies of co-transfer of T-DNA's were observed, even when no selection pressure was exerted. Increased levels of pBin19 T-DNA were found in hairy root cultures with selection at higher levels of kanamycin sulphate (50–200 μg ml−1). Several other species were also transformed by A. rhizogenes carrying pBin19 and A. rhizogenes harbouring a different binary factor, pAGS125 (Van den Elzen et al., 1985), was used to transform N. rustica hairy roots to confer hygromycin B resistance.
917-95 Reduced LDL-Cholesterol Levels are Associated with Reduced Levels of Hemostatic Risk Factors in the Framingham Offspring Study

The recent findings that lipid lowering therapy reduces clinical events to a greater degree than it reduces stenosis severity suggest beneficial effects other than plaque regression. To determine if a favorable lipid profile is associated with decreased thrombotic tendency, we determined the relationship between two hemostatic risk factors, fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-l), and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in 1,878 subjects free of cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. The subjects studied ranged from those with hypobetalipoproteinemia, a condition characterized by LDL-C ≤ 70 mg/dl, and a low incidence of thrombosis and coronary heart disease, to other LDL-C levels grouped by NCEP guidelines. LDL-C (mg/dl) l 70 70–99 100 129 g 130 * p-value Number subjects 41 389 653 795 Fibrinogen (mg/dl) 264 ± 54 287 ± 59 297 ± 57 303 ± 55 l 0.0001 PAI-l antigen (ng/ml) 14 ± 9 27 ± 18 22 ± 17 23 ± 46 l 0.0001 * p-value for linear effect of LDL-C These findings were similar in men and women. Multivariate adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, diabetes, smoking, alcohol intake, and use of antihypertensive medication did not alter the results. Conclusion Decreasing LDL-C levels are associated with decreasing levels of hemostatic risk factors. These findings support the hypothesis that lipid lowering therapy may reduce clinical events by reducing thrombotic tendency.
THE EFFECT OF EQUILIBRATION TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON DROP-DROP COALESCENCE OF WILMINGTON CRUDE OIL IN A WEAKLY ALKALINE BRINE

Abstract The interfacial behavior of a Wilmington crude oil was studied as part of our investigations of enhanced oil recovery by weakly alkaline solutions. For some systems, the spinning drop apparatus can be used to measure transient interfacial tension (IFT) effects, coalescence times of oil drops, and film rigidity simultaneously, for rapid screening of chemical slug composition for the potential of improving oil recovery by the mechanisms of oil mobilization and oil bank formation. The experimental results presented include the effects of temperature, surface age, salinity, added surfactant, and polymer on coalescence time, film rigidity, and IFT behavior. Oil displacement tests were performed using surfactant-enhanced bicarbonate solutions formulated for improved mobility control and for improved oil mobilization and oil drop coalescence. The most significant result of this work was that we were able to measure the dynamics in IFT between 2 coalescing oil drops as perturbations in the equilibrium co...
Spatio-temporal temperature variation influences juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) use of thermal refuges

Thermal refuges form potentially critical habitat for species at the limits of their thermal tolerance, especially given large-scale habitat degradation and rising temperatures across ecosystems. The Klamath River is a highly altered system where summer mainstem temperatures reach levels that are physiologically stressful to threatened Pacific salmonid populations, making thermal refuges critical for over-summer survival when temperatures near upper thermal thresholds. Small changes in water temperature can have a large effect on salmonid growth and survival, and therefore fine-scale spatio-temporal temperature variation could influence when and where refuges are important for both individual survival and population persistence. In this study, we combined monitoring of environmental variables with measures of fish temperature (a proxy for refuge use) to quantify juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) use of thermal refuges. We used a logistic mixed effects model to determine the relative influence of instantaneous mainstem temperature and flow, sub-daily temperature variation, body size, and time of day on steelhead refuge use. Mainstem temperature was the strongest predictor of refuge use; the majority (>80%) of juvenile steelhead moved into refuges when mainstem temperatures reached 22–23°C, and all fish moved in by 25°C. Fish were more likely to use refuges with increased diel mainstem temperature variation and larger temperature differential between the mainstem and tributary. In addition, steelhead exhibited a distinct diel behavioral shift in refuge use that varied with body size; smaller juveniles (∼160 mm) were much more likely to use refuges during the night than day, whereas larger juveniles (∼210 mm) exhibited a much less pronounced diel behavioral shift. Given impacts of watershed alteration and climate change and the growing importance of refuge habitat, these findings suggest that species persistence may depend on extremely fine-scale spatial and temporal temperature dynamics.
A study of the silanolysis of triphenylsilane and p-methoxyphenol catalysed by (PMe3)4RuH2 and the stoichiometric reactions of (PMe3)4Ru(H)(OC6H4-p-X) (X = Me, OMe) with Ph3SiH

Abstract The ruthenium dihydride cis-(PMe3)4Ru(H)2 (1) catalytically converts Ph3SiH and HOC6H4-p-OMe to the alcoholysis products Ph3SiOC6H4-p-OMe and H2. This reaction was studied kinetically and the rate was found to be first-order in [1], first-order in [HOC6H4-p-OMe], and independent of [Ph3SiH]. The stoichiometric reactions of cis-(PMe3)4Ru(H)(OC6H4-p-X) (X  Me, 2; OMe, 3) with Ph3SiH were also studied in the presence of varying amounts of free para-substituted phenol. In the absence of the free phenol, compounds 2 and 3 reacted with Ph3SiH to give Ph3SiOC6H4-p-X and a compound we believe to be (PMe3)3Ru(H)3(SiPh3) (4). In the presence of large amounts of phenol ( > 10 equiv.), (PMe3)4Ru(H)2 (1) was formed. However, at intermediate concentrations of free phenol, compounds 2 and 3 exhibited divergent behavior. Complex 2 gave dihydride 1 in a reaction whose rate was found to be first-order in the concentration of the starting aryloxy hydride 2, first-order in phenol and independent of [Ph3SiH]. In contrast, complex 3 reacted with less than 0.5 equiv. of p-methoxyphenol to form 1, but when approximately 1 equiv. of p-methoxyphenol was added to the solution of 3 and Ph3SiH a mixture of trihydride 4 and dihydride 1 were formed. The mechanisms of these complicated transformations, and their potential relationship to the dihydride-catalyzed silanolysis reaction, are discussed.
Distribution of Microbial Physiologic Types in an Aquifer Contaminated by Crude Oil.

> Abstract We conducted a plume-scale study of the microbial ecology in the anaerobic portion of an aquifer contaminated by crude-oil compounds. The data provide insight into the patterns of ecological succession, microbial nutrient demands, and the relative importance of free-living versus attached microbial populations. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to characterize the spatial distribution of six physiologic types: aerobes, denitrifiers, iron-reducers, heterotrophic fermenters, sulfate-reducers, and methanogens. Both free-living and attached numbers were determined over a broad cross-section of the aquifer extending horizontally from the source of the plume at a nonaqueous oil body to 66 m downgradient, and vertically from above the water table to the base of the plume below the water table. Point samples from widely spaced locations were combined with three closely spaced vertical profiles to create a map of physiologic zones for a cross-section of the plume. Although some estimates suggest that less than 1% of the subsurface microbial population can be grown in laboratory cultures, the MPN results presented here provide a comprehensive qualitative picture of the microbial ecology at the plume scale. Areas in the plume that are evolving from iron-reducing to methanogenic conditions are clearly delineated and generally occupy 25-50% of the plume thickness. Lower microbial numbers below the water table compared to the unsaturated zone suggest that nutrient limitations may be important in limiting growth in the saturated zone. Finally, the data indicate that an average of 15% of the total population is suspended.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00248/bibs/37n4p263.html
Early-Life Outdoor Experiences and an Individual's Environmental Attitudes

This study investigated the effects of early-life experiences on an individual's environmental beliefs. Data from a survey of 533 university undergraduate students from 20 areas of academic study were analyzed using sequential regression to determine the degree to which current environmental beliefs could be explained by early childhood experiences. Results showed that four of the seven independent variables (appreciative outdoor activities, consumptive outdoor activities, media exposure, and witnessing negative environmental events) explained 14% of the variance in the eco-centric/anthropocentric beliefs. Three of the independent variables (early-life participation in mechanized outdoor activities, education, and involvement with organizations) were not significant predictors of eco-centric/anthropocentric beliefs. Implications for research and practice were discussed.
Employer-based patient-centered medication therapy management program: Evidence and recommendations for future programs

Objective To evaluate a patient-centered employer-based medication therapy management (MTM) program. Design Randomized controlled study. Setting Health promotion program at the University of Michigan from June 2009 to December 2011. Participants Employees, retirees, and their dependents taking seven or more prescription medications. Intervention Focus on Medicines (FOM) was a two-visit, patient-centered service with a 4-month follow-up. A comprehensive medication review occurred during the first visit. Pharmacists provided recommendations and a medication action plan at the second visit. The MAP incorporated patient preferences for problem resolution. Main outcome measures Patient uptake, medication cost, medication adherence, patient satisfaction with treatment, patient reasons for participation, patient satisfaction with the FOM program, drug-related problems, pharmacist recommendations, implementation of recommendations. Results The FOM program attracted 128 individuals wanting information about their medications and an individualized drug regimen assessment to ensure that their therapy was safe and effective and that all medications were necessary. On average, 3.3 medication therapy problems were identified per patient; most were safety related. Overall, 63% of pharmacist recommendations were implemented. When a prescriber was contacted, 83% of pharmacist recommendations were implemented. A reduction in drug cost for patients and the employer was shown. Patients reported improved convenience in taking medications and rated the program favorably. Conclusion A personalized dialogue about medication use appears to meet a need among individuals taking large numbers of medications. Understanding why patients participate in MTM programs and what program features patients appreciate is useful in designing quality MTM programs.