cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical capacitance as a proxy measurement of miscanthus bulk density, and the influence of moisture content and particle size

Electrical capacitance was measured during compression of miscanthus biomass.A quasi linear relationship between biomass bulk density and capacitance was found.Three distinct material behavior phases were observed during biomass compression.Moisture and particle size both were found proportional to electrical capacitance. This research aimed at measuring the electrical capacitance of miscanthus biomass as a potential proxy measure of bulk density. The experimental arrangement allowed for continuous variation of bulk density through compression, whereas moisture content was varied at two levels, being air-dried (<5%) and oven dried (14.5%), and particle size was varied by using material that passed milling screen aperture sizes of 6.35, 9.53, 12.7, and 25.4mm. A chamber was constructed containing the biomass, which was compressed using a hydraulic cylinder, causing the biomass bulk density to increase during the experiment. During the compression, the pressure applied vertically onto the biomass was inferred from the measured fluid pressure in the hydraulic cylinder. In addition, the displacement of the cylinder was measured using a linear encoder, allowing for instantaneous bulk density calculations.Two capacitors, each comprising dual parallel flat copper plates, were fitted inside the chamber, where the biomass under compression acted as the dielectric medium. The conjecture was made that the force with which the biomass is pushed against the capacitor plates would highly influence the measured capacitance value, and therefore, one capacitor was placed in a longitudinal direction to capture vertical forces, and a second in the lateral direction to capture transverse forces.The results showed a quasi-linear relationship between capacitance and bulk density. A proportional relationship was found between electrical capacitance and moisture content as well as between electrical capacitance and particle size. A comparison between vertical capacitance versus bulk density and the applied pressure versus bulk density showed that they are independent measurements. Therefore, the initial conjecture being that the force with which the biomass is pushed against the capacitance plates would have a large effect on the capacitance was deemed false; instead, the internal reorganization of biomass particles seems responsible for the variation in capacitance as observed.The results imply that electrical capacitance may serve as a proxy for the measurement of miscanthus bulk density, but since moisture content and particle size have a marked effect on the capacitance, they must be determined separately or calibrated for. Currently, to determine the instantaneous moisture content of field crops, capacitor plates are already an integral part of yield monitoring systems. However, the method as investigated, adds the potential simultaneous measurement of the instantaneous bulk density of a biomass flow.
Recruiters' Intention to Adopt Social Information Systems

Social information systems are widely used by many human resources (HR) departments; however, research on HR in the context of social information systems is limited especially from the recruiters’ perspective. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the recruiters’ intention to adopt social information systems. To achieve this goal, institutional theory and innovation adoption literature are adopted to propose a model and suggest seven hypotheses. A survey with a random sample of Saudi Arabian organizations is used to examine the proposed hypotheses, and a PLS structural equation modelling tool is used to analyse the research model. The findings confirm that mimetic pressures, coercive pressures, relative advantage, and top management support have positive influence, while complexity has negative influence, on the intention to adopt social information systems in HR departments. Also, the findings show that normative pressures and compatibility do not have statistical influence on the intention to adopt social information systems.
Example of Case Implementation and Author’s DDSC Website

This chapter explains how to use author’s website to perform regular (e.g., annually) assessments in light of DDSC, and also provides practical examples of opportunities identified after applying the proposed methodology in a global CPG company. A framework is also presented to support the development of annual supply chain strategy to support company’s progress towards DDSC concepts.
Borylene: eine aufstrebende Verbindungsklasse

Freie Borylene (R-B:) konnten bislang lediglich spektroskopisch in der Gasphase oder in Tieftemperatur-Matrices charakterisiert werden. In der letzten Zeit gelang es jedoch, einige Mono- und Di(Lewis-Base)-stabilisierte Borylene zu isolieren. In beiden Verbindungen ist das Boratom durch die formale Oxidationsstufe +I gekennzeichnet, wahrend es sich in klassischen Organoborverbindungen in der Oxidationsstufe +III befindet. Mono(Lewis-Base)-stabilisierte Borylene sind isoelektronisch zu Singulett-Carbenen, und ihre Reaktivitat ahnelt teilweise der von Ubergangsmetallen, etwa bei der Aktivierung kleiner Molekule (wie H2) und der Koordination weiterer Liganden. Di(Lewis-Base)-Borylen-Addukte sind isoelektronisch zu Aminen und Phosphanen. Im Unterschied zu Boranen, die als Elektronenakzeptoren fungieren, sind diese Spezies elektronenreich und eignen sich als Liganden fur Ubergangsmetalle.
The other U.S. Border? Techno-cultural-rationalities and fortification in Southern Mexico:

This article proposes the concept of techno-cultural-rationalities to understand how border security is enacted and “technified” along the historically porous boundary between Mexico and Guatemala....
Asynchronous Circuit Stacking for Simplified Power Management

The increasingly complex digital integrated circuits (ICs) often incorporate multiple power domains, thereby requiring multiple voltage converters to produce the corresponding supply voltages. These converters not only take substantial on-chip layout area or off-chip space, but also aggregate the power loss during the voltage conversions. In order to alleviate this problem by reducing the number of voltage converters needed, an asynchronous Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) “stacked” circuit architecture is presented in this paper. By stacking multiple MTNCL circuits between power and ground, multiple of $V_{DD}$ can be supplied to the entire stack. With simple control mechanisms, the dynamic range fluctuation problem can be mitigated. A 130nm Bulk CMOS process and a 32nm SOI CMOS process are used to evaluate the effect of stacking different circuitry while running different workloads. Results and physical implementations are discussed for demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of the proposed MTNCL stacking architecture.
Kinase Substrate Profiling Using a Proteome-wide Serine-Oriented Human Peptide Library.

The human proteome encodes >500 protein kinases and hundreds of thousands of potential phosphorylation sites. However, the identification of kinase–substrate pairs remains an active area of research because the relationships between individual kinases and these phosphorylation sites remain largely unknown. Many techniques have been established to discover kinase substrates but are often technically challenging to perform. Moreover, these methods frequently rely on substrate reagent pools that do not reflect human protein sequences or are biased by human cell line protein expression profiles. Here, we describe a new approach called SERIOHL-KILR (serine-oriented human library–kinase library reactions) to profile kinase substrate specificity and to identify candidate substrates for serine kinases. Using a purified library of >100000 serine-oriented human peptides expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli, we perform in vitro kinase reactions to identify phosphorylated human peptide sequences by liquid chr...
“This is not to be a regular autobiography”: A Crip Reading of JANE EYRE

Throughout Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte represents bodies across various states of health, ability, and aging. Although scholars today continue to unravel the Victorian preoccupation with the body’s...
Thickness Measurements and Thickness Maps

Thickness has multiple definitions, the choice of which depends on the purpose and the data available (Fig. 4.1). The true stratigraphic thickness (TST) is always the distance between the top and base of a unit measured perpendicular to the top. In a completely exposed outcrop, bed thickness can be measured directly across the bed. In a well that is perpendicular to bedding, the measured thickness in the well (MD) is the true stratigraphic thickness. Commonly, however, thicknesses must be determined from oblique traverses across beds or from wells that are not perpendicular to the bed boundaries. The measured thickness in a vertical well (or along a vertical traverse) is the true vertical thickness (TVT). The measured thickness in any other direction is here termed a slant thickness. A “thickness” measurement that is easily derived from well data is the TVD or true vertical depth thickness, and is the difference in elevation between the top and base of a unit in a well log. This “thickness” is more related to the orientation of the well, however, and for a horizontal traverse or a horizontal well, the TVD is zero. In the following sections the true stratigraphic thickness is found first and then other thickness determined from it, as needed.
Cell Disruption of Chaetoceros calcitrans by Microwave and Ultrasound in Lipid Extraction

Downstream processing, such as cell disruption and extraction, constitutes a key step in microalgal-based industrial bioprocesses, mainly due to high costs and environmental impact. In this context, extraction technologies need to be improved, including the use of nonconventional cell disruption techniques suitable for scale-up, such as microwave and ultrasound. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the effects of different methods of cell disruption (microwave and ultrasound) on lipid extraction from biomass of the diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans cultured in mixotrophic conditions in a medium with natural sea water and residual glycerol, with different treatment times. Both techniques applied to the biomass were efficient; that is, the results were 24.6 ± 1.3% lipids (ultrasound for 5 min) and 24.2 ± 0.9% lipids (microwave for 40 s), with no significant differences between them ( ). Likewise, there was no significant difference regarding the chemical disruption with hydrochloric acid 2 M as control (24.2 ± 1.0%). The ultrasound method consumed less energy than the microwave method. Both cell disruption methods applied to the biomass resulted in changes in the fatty acid profiles, that is, percentages of saturated fatty acids increased from 7.7% (control) to 16.6% (microwave) and 15.5% (ultrasound), whereas polyunsaturated ones increased from 12.8% (control) to 22.8% (microwave) and 21.8% (ultrasound). Concerning monounsaturated fatty acids, percentages decreased from 79.5% (control) to 60.6% (microwave) and 62.7% (ultrasound).
Work tasks and occupations as risk factors for asthma in a sample of urban healthcare workers

Background: Prior studies have reported increased asthma risk in healthcare workers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of asthma-related outcomes with work tasks and occupations in a sample of urban healthcare workers in the United States. Methods: We invited workers from nine occupations–environmental service workers (ESWs, or housekeepers) and various nursing and technical occupations–to complete a questionnaire. The four work tasks evaluated were clean fixed surfaces (CLEAN), sterilize medical equipment (STERILIZE), administer aerosolized medications (AEROMED), and use chemicals on patients. The asthma outcomes included current asthma (CurAsthma), asthma exacerbation, and a symptom algorithm for bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR status). Regression models of outcomes had covariates for exposure and confounders, and weights to adjust for potential participation bias. Results: The 2,030 participants were 76% female, 62% African American, and a mean age of 48 years. The task CLEAN stood out because it had an elevated odds ratio (OR) for several outcomes, including CurAsthma, OR=1.84 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.68), moderate exacerbation, OR=3.07 (95% CI 1.25-7.59), and BHR status, OR=1.38 (95% CI 1.08-1.77). The task AEROMED was associated with CurAsthma and moderate exacerbation, and STERILIZE with BHR status. Among occupations, ESWs and registered nurses were associated with CurAsthma, and licensed practical nurses with moderate exacerbation. Conclusion: This study adds to the growing body of evidence for the association of asthma and related symptoms with cleaning and other activities in healthcare, and helps to inform strategies for prevention.
Smack down: copyright cases head to court (part 2)

Purpose – This paper aims to highlight the recent copyright lawsuit filed by Viacom against YouTube and parent company, Google.Design/methodology/approach – The paper focuses on the claims of Viacom, and Google's response to these claims.Findings – The paper illustrates that the case may hinge on Google's compliance with Digital Millennium Copyright Act requirements.Originality/value – This paper reviews an important copyright case that may have a chilling effect on media sharing sites.
Cowpea Mosaic Virus Immunotherapy Combined with Cyclophosphamide Reduces Breast Cancer Tumor Burden and Inhibits Lung Metastasis

Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have a poor prognosis, so new therapies or drug combinations that achieve more effective and durable responses are urgently needed. Here, a combination therapy using cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and low doses of cyclophosphamide (CPA) is developed with remarkable synergistic efficacy against 4T1 mouse tumors in vivo. The combination therapy not only attenuates the growth of primary tumor and increases survival, but also suppresses distant tumor growth and reduces lung metastasis. Mechanistic analysis indicates that the combination of CPMV and CPA increases the secretion of several cytokines, activates antigen-presenting cells, increases the abundance of tumor infiltrating T cells, and systematically reverses the immunosuppression. These results show that the combination of CPMV in situ vaccination with chemotherapy may become a potent new strategy for the treatment of TNBC.
Food-related routines, product characteristics, and household food waste in the United States: A refrigerator-based pilot study

Abstract U.S. households waste a substantial quantity of food and are advised to better manage purchasing and storage of perishable foods as a means to reduce food waste. However, little research exists concerning the contents and management of home refrigerators, which are central to most advice regarding home food waste reduction. We survey U.S. consumers about their home refrigerator inventories to assess the relationship between food-related routines and important considerations in the food discarding decision process, as well as the influence of food-related routines and product characteristics on the utilization of refrigerated foods. Our pilot study reveals that physical and institutional signals of food safety and quality drive consumer decision making about discarding food. We also find that refrigerator cleaning frequency, grocery shopping duration and frequently checking nutrition labels are among food-related routines that affect the utilization of refrigerated food. Additionally, “best by”, “use by” and ambiguous date labeling significantly decrease the odds that food items are fully utilized.
Smart cook: making cooking easier with multimodal learning

Learning how to cook presents at least two significant challenges. First, it can be difficult for novices to find appropriate recipes based on the ingredients available in one's pantry and/or refrigerator. Second, it can be difficult to focus on cooking tasks and following a recipe at the same time. In this poster, we present the design process and implementation of a system that uses deep learning to address the first of these two problems. Our initial design work focuses on streamlining the process of entering and tracking potential ingredients on hand and determining appropriate recommendations for recipes that utilize these ingredients. Here, we present the current state of our project, explaining in particular our contributions to minimizing the overhead of tracking kitchen ingredients and converting this inventory information into effective recipe recommendations using a multimodal machine learning approach.
Unravelling Proximity-Driven Synergetic Effect within CIZO–SAPO Bifunctional Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation to DME

Dimethyl ether (DME) production has been attracting significant research attention for its broad uses as an important chemical feedstock as well as a promising fuel. Herein we report CO2 direct hyd...
The Relational Burden of Objectification: Exploring How Past Experiences of Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Are Related to Relationship Competencies

The present study examines the associations between past experiences of interpersonal sexual objectification (ISO) on relationship initiation, social withdrawal, and positive relationships (which we refer to as relationship competencies). Consistent with objectification theory, we predicted that ISO would be associated with self-objectification, which would then be associated with body shame, appearance anxiety, and stress. In turn, these negative affect variables would be negatively associated with relationship competencies. Data were collected from 392 U.S. college students (M = 21.42 years, SD = 4.03; 32.9% male, 66.8% female). Results show that men and women’s ISO was consistently associated with self-objectification, which was associated with negative affect; direct effects revealed that men’s and women’s ISO was positively associated with relationship initiation. For women, self-objectification, appearance anxiety, and stress serially mediated the associations between ISO and all relationship competencies. For men, self-objectification and appearance anxiety serially mediated the associations between ISO and relationship initiation and social withdrawal whereas self-objectification and stress serially mediated the associations between ISO and social withdrawal and positive relationships. For both women and men, evidence did not support body shame being a link in the serial mediation from ISO to relationship competencies. Results are unpacked illustrating the relational burden of objectification.
The pricing of delivery services

. Due to spatial separation between points of distribution and consumption, a vital feature of retailing is the provision of delivery services by customers, retailers, or transport intermediaries. Some store retailers, many Internet retailers, and most transport intermediaries use a multizone pricing plan or a generalized N-zone menu plan. We extend spatial pricing theory to encompass multizone plans. We prove that the optimal number of zones varies with the level of demand relative to the spatial dispersion of customers, and with the cost of implementing a zonal plan. We show that a small number of zones capture almost all the profit attainable with a spatially discriminatory plan.
Effects of Campaign‐to‐User and Text‐Based Interactivity in Political Candidate Campaign Web sites

This study examined the effects on users of two forms of interactivity commonly found on political candidate campaign Web sites in the 2002 U.S. House election cycle. The first form, campaign-to-user interactivity, focuses on features or mechanisms used to enable or facilitate communication between site users and the campaign. The second form, text-based interactivity, focuses on how site content is verbally and visually expressed. Study participants viewed one of four versions of either a Democratic or Republican campaign website. Both text-based and campaign-to-user interactivity increased the amount of time users spent on the site and their accurate recall of candidates' issue stances. The co-occurrence of both forms of interactivity, however, showed a noticeably lower level of issue recall, confirming earlier findings that too much interactivity can interfere with user recall of site content.
What moderates salivary markers of inflammation reactivity to stress? A descriptive report and meta-regression.

As the assessment of salivary markers of inflammation gains popularity in stress research, understanding factors that influence these markers’ reactivity to stress is important. A recent meta-analy...
Revenue-Maximizing Number of Ads per Page in the Presence of Market Externalities

Firms use advertising as a medium to gain a competitive advantage, which is negatively affected if the ad appears alongside their rival's ad---a form of externality. The multiple ad display setting on search engines, such as Google and Yahoo!, introduces such externalities in the market. In this paper, I estimate a structural model based on a novel data set of Yahoo! ads to (i) quantify the effect of externality on an advertiser's willingness to pay and (ii) simulate the revenue-maximizing number of ads for a search engine. First, I find that externality depends on the quality and quantity of competing ads. Second, the counterfactual results suggest that the revenue-maximizing number of ads per page differs across the ad product category, with the average being five ads per page, and implementing the suggested number of ads would lead to a 4.5 percent increase in revenue, on average. These results provide evidence in support of recent changes in the online advertising market; for example, Microsoft introduced a service called R.A.I.S. that provides advertisers with an option of an exclusive ad display.
Improvement of Safety and Quality Measures With Pre-Simulation Checklist.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Reduction of medical errors and tracking the impact of a safety checklist on decreasing treatment delays and unplanned radiation treatment breaks. MATERIALS/METHODS Between 2018 and 2020, a pre-simulation patient checklist was crosschecked by the nurse, physician, therapist, dosimetrist, and physicist teams on all patients after initial consultation. Example items included presence of pacemaker, complete lab and pregnancy testing, revised pathology, correct laterality, consent completion, the accuracy of CT simulation orders/dose prescription and their concordance in the electronic medical record The reported errors and their severity were compared before (2018) and after (2020) implementation of the check list. Data was pulled from 485 new starts a year before the checklist initiation (2018) and 667 new starts a year after checklist implementation (2020). The reported errors were compared both before and after the checklist implementation. Errors were graded by Radiation Error Scoring System (J ACR 2009: 6 45-50) with grade 1/2 classified as near misses and grade 3/4 errors as those that caused harm to the patient to evaluate if the new safety measures impacted treatment delays or quality. Three quality measures were calculated both before and after checklist: 1- if the "checklist" delayed the patient's start or slowed down the treatment planning process, 2- if the "checklist" prevented treatment plan reworks at peer review, 3- if the checklist had any impact on the number of patients with unplanned breaks exceeding 5 or more consecutive days. The chi-squared test was performed to compare the results both before and after checklist implementation. RESULTS There were no level 3 and 4 errors before or after implementing the checklist; however, the number of level 2 errors dropped from 10 to 1, and level 1 errors from 138 to 34 after implementing the checklist. Thus, the checklist reduced the number and severity of errors caught in the treatment process significantly (P < 0.001). The number of treatment delays due to plans not ready was 4% in the year before, and was down to 1% after the checklist showing that it did not delay the start time for patients, and improved the planning process (P < 0.001). On weekly peer review, the number of replans required due to changes recommended by peer feedback decreased from 2% in the year before to 1% after implementation (P = 0.15). Radiation breaks exceeding 5 days was 3% in the year before dropping to 2% after the implementation due to pre-treatment lab checks and management of medical issues before treatment initiation (P = 0.2). CONCLUSION Initiation of a pre-simulation checklist had positive impacts on patient care in both quality and safety parameters. The checklist improved the safety by significantly reducing the number and severity of medical errors, and improved quality by reducing the number of treatment delays, the proportion of patients with unplanned treatment breaks and plan reworks at peer review.
Latent Profiles of Internal and External Consent During a Recent Sexual Encounter.

Understanding how individuals conceptualize and communicate sexual consent is critical to sexual health and has important implications for the prevention of sexual assault. This study used a data-driven (vs. a theoretical) approach to understand how students’ internal feelings of willingness (i.e., internal consent) and behavioral communication of consent (i.e., external consent) cluster together within sexual encounters. Using data from 610 college students (72% female) who reported on their most recent sexual encounter, latent profile analysis revealed five distinct consent profiles. Most students reported willing encounters that involved the use of several external consent cues (68.9%), a small group reported low levels of both internal and external consent (3.8%), and three groups (27.3% altogether) reported encounters with complex patterns of internal and external consent. Demographic and encounter-level differences were observed across profiles. Programming that trains students to attend to their own internal desires in addition to external consent behaviors could improve emotional health and shift social norms about sexual communication.
Expectation and Suffering With LVAD Deactivation.

This case raises a number of ethical flags related to the meaning of left ventricular assistance device (LVAD) deactivation, the quality of the consent and physician–patient relationship, how to re...
Programmable dynamics in an analog VLSI neuromorph

The architecture of an analog VLSI neuromorph which can receive and process large numbers of pulsatile inputs via a spatially extensive artificial dendritic tree is described. The artificial dendritic tree is a hybrid VLSI circuit which has distributed over its length synapses of three types: hyperpolarizing, depolarizing, and shunting. Because of the distributed nature of the circuit and its natural dynamics, input signals are segregated both spatially and temporally. In addition, neuromorph dynamics is programmable over a wide range which permits one to match neuromorph dynamical response with application dynamics. Experimental results are presented that show "membrane" response of a directionally selective neuromorph preserved over four orders of magnitude in target speed as neuromorph dynamics is correspondingly changed. >
Ponderomotive optical lattices: a method for trapping Rydberg atoms

Summary form only given. Cooling and trapping in atomic systems have ushered in a revolution in the fields of opto-mechanical control, high precision spectroscopy, quantum electrodynamics and quantum information; to date, however, these advances have been restricted almost exclusively to near-ground state atoms. Highly excited atoms, or Rydberg atoms, have been explored for decades as testing grounds for quantum mechanics, quantum chaos, wavepacket manipulation and, more recently, quantum computing. Though the cooling of Rydberg atoms has been proposed and the generation of cold Rydberg atoms from cold ground state atoms has been achieved, the ability to trap cold Rydberg atoms remains an important and unaddressed milestone. We present a method to trap Rydberg atoms in any electronic state based on the weakly-bound nature of the Rydberg electron.
On the impossibility of min-process non-blocking checkpointing and an efficient checkpointing algorithm for mobile computing systems

Mobile computing raises many new issues, such as lack of stable storage, low bandwidth of wireless channel, high mobility, and limited battery life. These new issues make traditional checkpointing algorithms unsuitable. R. Prakash and M. Singhal (1996) proposed the first coordinated checkpointing algorithm for mobile computing systems. However we showed that their algorithm may result in an inconsistency. In this paper, we prove a more general result about coordinated checkpointing: there does not exist a non-blocking algorithm that forces only a minimum number of processes to take their checkpoints. Based on the proof, we propose an efficient algorithm for mobile computing systems, which forces only a minimum number of processes to take checkpoints and dramatically reduces the blocking time during the checkpointing process. Correctness proofs and performance analysis of the algorithm are provided.
An efficient feature descriptor based on synthetic basis functions and uniqueness matching strategy

SYBA is built on the basis of the compressed sensing theory.The descriptor is robust, simple and computationally efficient.Evaluated the descriptor performance statistically on BYU feature matching dataset. Feature matching is an important step for many computer vision applications. This paper introduces the development of a new feature descriptor, called SYnthetic BAsis (SYBA), for feature point description and matching. SYBA is built on the basis of the compressed sensing theory that uses synthetic basis functions to encode or reconstruct a signal. It is a compact and efficient binary descriptor that performs a number of similarity tests between a feature image region and a selected number of synthetic basis images and uses their similarity test results as the feature descriptors. SYBA is compared with four well-known binary descriptors using three benchmarking datasets as well as a newly created dataset that was designed specifically for a more thorough statistical T-test. SYBA is less computationally complex and produces better feature matching results than other binary descriptors. It is hardware-friendly and suitable for embedded vision applications. Display Omitted
Effects of Information About Validity Scales on Underreporting of Symptoms on the MMPI-2: An Analogue Investigation

The effects of two levels of information about the validity scales of the MMPI-2 on underreporting of symptoms were investigated in a college-student population. Subjects who were instructed and of...
Codeswitching and Compromise Strategies: Implications for Lexical Structure

This paper deals with two compromise strategies: 1) “Embedded Language Islands” and 2) “bare forms” in codeswitching (CS) within the CP (projection of Complementizer). These elements are discussed within the framework of the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF model), a model explicated in Myers-Scotton (1993) and extended in Myers-Scotton and Jake (1995). While both EL Islands and bare forms are compromise strategies in CS, both are permissible options under the provisions of the MLF model; this paper shows how the MLF model provides an explanatory account for their occurrence. However, more importantly, the analysis of compromise strategies in CS has implications for how linguists should approach 1) differences across languages and 2) the nature of linguistic structure within a language–in particular, what levels of linguistic structure (i.e., lexical vs. S-structure) seem to be the most significant in regard to contributing to grammatical structure.
Supernova 1987a and the secret interactions of neutrinos

By using SN 1987a as a 'source' of neutrinos with energy approx.10 MeV we place limits on the couplings of neutrinos with cosmic background particles. Specifically, we find that the Majoron-electron neutrino coupling must be less than about 10/sup -3/; if neutrinos couple to a massless vector particle, its dimensionless coupling must be less than about 10/sup -3/; and if neutrinos couple with strength g to a massive boson of mass M, then g/M must be less than 12 MeV/sup -1/. 11 refs., 3 tabs.
Regret in Cancer-Related Decisions

Decision-related regret is a negative emotion associated with thinking about a past or future choice. The thinking component generally takes the form of a wish that things were otherwise and involves a comparison of what actually did or will take place with some better alternative--a "counterfactual thought." For predecisional (anticipated) regret, the thinking involves a mental simulation of the outcomes that might result from different choice options. Prior research has focused on regret associated with decision outcomes, addressing especially (a) the comparison outcome selected and (b) whether the outcome resulted from action or inaction. More recent research examines regret associated with the choice itself and with the preceding decision process. Interest here has focused on the justifiability of the choice made or the process used. In this article, the authors review current regret research and propose directions for extending it to cancer-related decisions.
The Discourses of Post-Communist Democratization

Post-Communist Democratization: Political Discourses across Thirteen Countries. By John S. Dryzek, Leslie T. Holmes Cambridge University Press, 2002. 312 pp., $65.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-80664-X), $23.00 paper (ISBN: 0-521-00138-2). Over the past several years, scholars have increasingly recognized that the vast literature on transitions to democracy, or “transitology,” has tended to oversimplify the conception of “democracy” that was posited as the outcome of the democratization process. Indeed, despite some important exceptions (Linz and Stepan 1996; Diamond 1999), many scholars treated democracy as a single institutional phenomenon. Moreover, such basic—but widely used—measures of democracy as the Freedom House scores (see, for example, Karatnycky, Motyl, and Schnetzer 2002) continue to present a crude representation of both democratic and nondemocratic regimes, thus missing much of the interesting and important variation that cannot be reduced to a number on a seven-point scale. John Dryzek and Leslie Holmes' Post-Communist Democratization provides a much needed and refreshing new perspective on democratization through its geographically broad, methodologically innovative, and theoretically rich account of the many meanings of democracy as experienced in the hearts and minds of ordinary citizens. The book applies a common methodological framework to an uncommonly wide set of postcommunist countries, including not only the usual suspects in central and eastern Europe, but also such pretransition countries as China and Yugoslavia, and war-torn countries like Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova. Dryzek and Holmes also introduce an object of inquiry that has been relatively unexplored by social scientists, namely, an analysis of the discourses of democracy that exist within societies. These discourses often get ignored or overlooked by scholars who focus on elites and institutions or rely on public opinion surveys. In justifying their attention to discourse, Dryzek and Holmes make the case that democratization depends not just on the institutional “hardware” of constitutions and elections, but also on the “software” (p. 4) of ordinary citizens and their own understandings of democracy, which may differ quite widely …
Aerial transport of pesticides over the Northern Indian ocean and adjacent seas

Abstract Between 1976 and 1978 airborne organochlorines were measured over the northern Indian Ocean and the North Atlantic. Shipboard measurements in the Indian Ocean were made in the equatorial and northern Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. In the North Atlantic samples were collected at Barbados, the southern tip of Newfoundland, and from shipboard on a cruise across the trades region. Collections were made by pulling air through a glass fiber filter followed by a column of polyurethane foam. Analyses were done by packed and glass capillary gas chromatography using electron capture detection. The most striking difference in organochlorine patterns between the two oceans is the much higher DDT concentrations over the eastern seas. Average DDT levels in the Arabian Sea-Persian Gulf-Red Sea area were 25–40 times the 3.0 pg m−3 North Atlantic background value. These higher levels most likely result from the continued use of DDT in countries bordering these areas. By contrast, DDT use in the United States, Canada and most northern European countries has ceased. The most prevalent chlorinated pesticides over the North Atlantic were chlordane and polychloroterpenes, both of which are still used in the United States.
Cyclodextrin Complexed Flavors Retention in Extruded Starches

Corn starch (25% amylose) was blended with cyclodextrin-complexed cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, nonanoic acid or 3-octanone and extruded in a C. W. Brabender twin screw extruder. Radial expansion ratios, specific mechanical energy (SME) and flavor retained compound were influenced by flavor type. Comparisons of blending flavors prior to extrusion and injection of flavors during extrusion were made with cyclodextrin-complexed flavors. Radial expansion ratio and SME were affected by method of flavor addition. Recoveries of 70 to 100% were obtained in extradates using cyclodextrin-complexed flavors.
Human factors in the development of a family of plant data communication terminals

Developing a set of terminals for users who had no computer experience and whose normal jobs could not be subject to interference involved human factors. Most of the design work focused on the keyboard and display interfaces of the terminals. Studies were made, alternative designs were considered, and tests were performed to ensure that the equipment was easy to use and provided acceptable speed and accuracy.
A solution of the random eigenvalue problem by crossing theory

Abstract A method is developed for finding probabilistic descriptors of the eigenvalues of stochastic real-valued symmetric matrices. The method is based on the mean rate at which the characteristic polynomial of a stochastic matrix crosses level zero. The proposed approach can also be applied when additional information is available on the value of the first or the first few eigenvalues. Several examples are presented in the paper to demonstrate the application and usefulness of the method.
Shelf water entrainment by Gulf Stream warm-core rings between 75°W and 50°W during 1978–1999

Abstract Previous work concerning Gulf Stream warm-core rings (WCRs) and their associated shelf water entrainments have been based upon single surveys or time series from individual WCRs. To date, estimates of annual shelf water volume entrained into the Slope Sea by WCRs and its interannual variability have not been made. Using a long time series of satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) observations of Slope Sea WCRs, we have completed an analysis of 22 years of WCR data (1978–1999) between 75°W and 50°W to understand the interannual variability of WCRs and their role in entraining shelf water. Satellite-derived SST data digitized at Bedford Institute of Oceanography are analyzed using an ellipse-fitting feature model to determine key WCR characteristics including WCR center position, radius and orientation. Key characteristics are then used to compute WCR swirl velocity by finite-differencing WCR orientations ( θ ) obtained from the feature model time series. Global mean WCR-edge swirl velocity calculated from all observations is 105.72±10.7 km day −1 (122.36±12.4 cm s −1 ), and global mean WCR radius is 64.8±6.2 km. Primary and derived WCR data are incorporated into a two-dimensional ring entrainment model (RM) using the quasi-geostrophic approximation of the potential vorticity equation. The RM defines ambient water as entrained by a WCR only if the gradient of relative vorticity term (horizontal shear) dominates the potential vorticity. Proximity of a WCR to the position of the shelf-slope front (SSF) is then used to determine whether the ambient water is entrained from the outer continental shelf. WCR-induced shelf entrainment derived from the RM displays considerable spatial variability, with maximum entrainment occurring offshore of Georges Bank, advecting a mean total annual shelf water volume of 7500 km 3 year −1 from the region. Estimates of shelf water fluxes display significant interannual variability, which may be in part due to the observed covariance between WCR occurrences and the state of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Increased (decreased) occurrences of WCRs are evidenced during positive (negative) phases of the NAO. The total mean annual shelf-wide WCR-induced shelf water transport is estimated to be 23,700 km 3 year −1 (0.75 Sv), accounting for nearly 25% of the total transport in the Slope Sea region neighboring the outer continental shelf.
Stationary Rossby wave propagation through easterly layers

The zonal mean basic state sensitivity of the steady response to midlatitude mountain forcing is examined through the numerical solution of linearized shallow water equations on a sphere. The zonal mean basic state consists of meridionally varying zonal winds and meridional winds. Attention is given to cases in which the former are westerly everywhere, except within a tropical region in which they are easterly. A zonal wavenumber three mountain confined to the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes provides the forcing. It is concluded that critical latitude effects on wave propagation are sensitive to mean meridional circulation structure in the critical latitude region of the model.
Extracellular characteristics of putative cholinergic neurons in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus.

Abstract The extracellular electrophysiological properties of neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT), a major source of cholinergic afferents to the thalamus, were studied in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. A combination of antidromic activation from the thalamus and histological verification of recording sites was used to correlate the identity of extracellular recordings in the rat LDT with cholinergic neurons in that region. All neurons antidromically activated by stimulation of the anteroventral thalamus were histologically verified to be within clusters of cholinergic (NADPH-d-positive) cells in the LDT or in the adjacent nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The thalamically projecting LDT neurons had a homogeneous neurophysiological profile consisting of long duration action potentials (mean= 2.5 ms), slow conduction velocities (mean= 0.78 m/s), and lengthy chronaxie values (mean= 0.725 ms). The appearance and axonal characteristics of these neurons resembled those of noradrenergic LC neurons, but the two populations exhibited substantially different spontaneous activity patterns and sensory responsiveness. These characteristics may be useful in the preliminary identification of putative cholinergic neurons in vivo, and thereby provide a foundation for exploring the neuropharmacology, afferent modulation, sensory responsiveness and behavioral correlates of the brainstem cholinergic system.
Emerging roles for the Ro 60 kDa autoantigen in noncoding RNA metabolism

All cells contain an enormous variety of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that function in diverse processes. Although the mechanisms by which many of these RNPs contribute to cell metabolism are well understood, the roles of others are only now beginning to be revealed. A member of this latter category, the Ro 60-kDa protein and its associated noncoding Y RNAs, was discovered because the protein component is a frequent target of the autoimmune response in patients with the rheumatic diseases systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome. Recent studies have shown that Ro is ring shaped, binds the single-stranded ends of misfolded noncoding RNAs in its central cavity, and may function in noncoding RNA quality control. Although Ro is not present in yeast, many bacterial genomes contain potential Ro orthologs. In the radiation-resistant eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, the Ro ortholog functions with exoribonucleases during stress-induced changes in RNA metabolism. Moreover, in both D. radiodurans and animal cells, Ro is involved in the response to multiple types of environmental stress. Finally, Y RNAs can influence the subcellular location of Ro, inhibit access of the central cavity to other RNAs, and may also act as binding sites for proteins that influence Ro function. WIREs RNA 2011 2 686-699 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.85 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
π − − p Scattering Below 1 Bev

Messurements of pi --p total and differential elastic cross sections in the energy range 400 to 800 Mev were carried out. This work was done by exposing a propane bubble chamber in a pion beam at the Brooknaven Cos motron. Results are showa for a total of 60,000 pictures. (W.D.M.)
Cuticular hydrocarbons and soldier defense secretions of Reticulitermes in southern California: a critical analysis of the taxonomy of the genus in North America.

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) and soldier defense secretions (SDS) were characterized for collections of Reticulitermes from six counties (Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Santa Barbara) in southern California. Collection sites included the type locality for R. hesperus, Lake Arrowhead (formerly known as Little Bear Lake) in the San Bernardino Mountains. In southern California, there are two CHC phenotypes, SC-A and SC-B, which are easily distinguished by the presence or absence of 5-methyl pentacosane, 5-methyl heptacosane, 5,17-dimethyl pentacosane, and 5,17-dimethyl heptacosane. These phenotypes are similar, but not identical, to previously designated phenotypes of Reticulitermes from northern California. The SDS of termites collected from southern California were characterized; (—)-germacrene A was abundant in all but the four samples from Lake Arrowhead. Soldiers of phenotype SC-A produced >79% germacrene A. The four samples from Lake Arrowhead produced no germacrene A, but contained >78% γ-cadinene. The SDS from the Lake Arrowhead samples were more similar to those of CA-A/CA-A′ from northern California than to any of the CHC phenotypes from southern California. Soldiers of CHC phenotype SC-B produced germacrene A, with the proportion varying from 16.2 to 98.7%. The SDS of SC-B were more similar to those of SC-A than to any of the phenotypes from northern California. The CHC phenotype SC-A found in southern California likely represents R. hesperus and SC-B appears to be a new, as yet undescribed species. We discuss the state of current taxonomic research on Reticulitermes.