cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classic Optimization Techniques Applied to Stormwater and Nonpoint Source Pollution Management at the Watershed Scale

AbstractLinear and dynamic programming formulations are introduced for optimizing the placement of distributed best management practices (BMPs) at the watershed scale. The results of linear programming optimization of infiltration-based stormwater management BMPs are compared with the results of genetic algorithm (GA)optimization using a nonlinear distributed model. Additionally, linear and dynamic programming optimization of sediment-trapping BMPs are compared with GA optimization using a nonlinear distributed model. The results indicate that the solution to stormwater peak-flow reduction is influenced primarily by distributed-flow arrival time, and a linear programming analog to a nonlinear optimization model can efficiently reproduce much of the same solution structure. Linear and dynamic programming solutions to the storm sediment-management problem indicate natural sediment trapping is an important consideration, and a solution to the sediment-management-optimization problem can be efficiently found ...
Iterated function systems and the global construction of fractals

Iterated function systems (i. f. ss) are introduced as a unified way of generating a broad class of fractals. These fractals are often attractors for i. f. ss and occur as the supports of probability measures associated with functional equations. The existence of certain ‘ p -balanced’ measures for i. f. ss is established, and these measures are uniquely characterized for hyperbolic i. f. ss. The Hausdorff—Besicovitch dimension for some attrac­tors of hyperbolic i. f. ss is estimated with the aid of p -balanced measures. What appears to be the broadest framework for the exactly computable moment theory of p -balanced measures — that of linear i. f. ss and of probabilistic mixtures of iterated Riemann surfaces — is presented. This extensively generalizes earlier work on orthogonal polynomials on Julia sets. An example is given of fractal reconstruction with the use of linear i. f. ss and moment theory.
Shell nouns as cohesive devices in published and ESL student writing

Abstract This paper analyzes the use of a special type of unspecific noun, called shell nouns [Hunston, S., & Francis, G. (1999). Pattern grammar . Amsterdam: Benjamins; Schmid, H. (2000). English abstract nouns as conceptual shells: From corpus to cognition . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter], which are frequently used as cohesive devices, in the written production of published scientists and international graduate students. These nouns act like “shells” because when they are used in this function, they can enclose or anticipate the meaning of the preceding or succeeding discourse. Using a corpus-based methodology and quantitative and qualitative procedures, our study analyzes the frequency of some of these shell nouns, the different lexico-grammatical patterns in which they occur, and the functions associated with these patterns. The result of this study indicates that students used some of these nouns more frequently than published authors and that the functional patterns in which these nouns were used varied between the two groups of writers. These results provide valuable information that can be directly applied to English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instruction.
The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis*

In spite of the traditional legitimacy accorded the market mechanism of the private sector in advanced capitalist nations, governments in those nations have become more influential as providers of social services and income supplements, producers of goods, managers of the economy, and investors of capital. And in order to finance these various activities the revenues of public authorities have increased dramatically–to a point where they are now equivalent to one-third to one-half of a nation's economic product.This growth in governmental activity in advanced capitalist society is examined by considering the causes, and some of the consequences, of the expansion of the public economy–defined, following Schumpeter's discussion of the “tax state,” in terms of the extractive role of government. The primary concern of this article is to discover why some nations have experienced a far greater rate of increase in recent years and, as a result, have a much larger public economy than other nations. Five types of explanation are elaborated to account for the growth of the scope of governmental activity: (1) the level and rate of growth in the economic product; (2) the degree to which the fiscal structure of a nation relies on indirect, or “invisible,” taxes; (3) politics–in particular the partisan composition of government and the frequency of electoral competition; (4) the institutional structure of government; and (5) the degree of exposure of the economy to the international marketplace. The article evaluates the five explanations with data for 18 nations, and concludes by discussing some implications of the analysis.
Thin is good, fat is bad: How early does it begin?

Abstract The existence of negative attitudes toward overweight body builds is demonstrated in two groups of preschool children aged 3 to 5 years (ns = 30 and 83), using four different measures of body size stigmatism. Although this stigmatism was stronger in the older children, it was clearly present in the 3 year olds. There was little support for the position that stigmatism would be greater for out-group members. Rather, the cultural stereotype that ‘fat is bad’ was pervasive across gender, regardless of the child's own body build. In fact, overweight preschoolers demonstrated stronger stigmatism than did those who were not overweight. The findings suggest that efforts to counteract body size stigmatism should begin in the early preschool years.
Overview of foot deformity management in children with cerebral palsy

Foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy are common. The natural history of the deformities of the feet is very variable and very unpredictable in young children less then 5 years old. Treatment for the young children should be primarily with orthotics and manual therapy. Equinus is the most common deformity, with orthotics augmented with botulinum toxin being the primary management in young children. When fixed deformity develops lengthening only the muscle which is contracted is preferred. Varus deformity of the feet is often associated with equinus, and can almost always be managed with orthotics until 8 or 10 years of age. Planovalgus is the most common deformity in children with bilateral lower extremity spasticity. The primary management is orthotics until the child no longer tolerates the orthotic; then surgical management needs to consider all the deformities and all should be corrected. This requires correcting the subtalor subluxation with calcaneal lengthening or fusion, medial midfoot correction with osteotomy or fusion.
A Theory of Multiple‐Case Research

Psychologists have generally neglected the detailed study of lives because it has not seemed to contribute to the formulation of general truths The insistence that each life is unique and therefore incomparable has shaped the modern disciplines of personality and social psychology, segregating them from each other and blocking a clear view of how social facts and psychological processes inform each other In the proposed model of multiple-case study, individual cases, captured through intensive exploratory interviews, are brought into “conversation” with one another This permits shared realities to be reconstructed out of individuals' perspectival images But in daily life such reconstructions often fail to be made because the social conditions favorable to a conversation among those viewing a shared reality from characteristic vantage points (for instance, oppressors and oppressed, or even fellow victims) are not met The resulting silence itself must become a topic of conversation before social knowledge can be created or social problems solved The pertinent epistemological presuppositions are illustrated by reference to sample multiple-case studies
Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) for Benign Pharyngeal Lesions

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) offers a minimally invasive approach to the pharynx with a magnified 3-dimensional view, wristed instruments with 7 degrees of freedom, and tremor filtration. TORS affords an excellent approach to benign lesions of the pharynx. This article is grouped into subsites of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx, addressing patient setup, surgical technique, and postoperative management of each subsite. Although TORS has been described primarily for resection of malignant lesions of the pharynx, the setup, exposure, and anatomy described herein are identical for benign lesions, the difference being the magnitude of resection.
Size- and Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Bismuth Nanoparticles

Near-monodisperse Bi dots in the diameter range of 3−115 nm are synthesized by a simple, solution-based one-step approach by varying the amounts of Bi[N(SiMe3)2]3, Na[N(SiMe3)2], and a polymer surfactant, poly(1-hexadecene)0.67-co-(1-vinylpyrrolidinone)0.33, employed. The reaction conditions are further modified to produce Bi nanorods and nanoplates. Alternatively, near-monodisperse Bi dots in the diameter range of 30−45 nm are synthesized by a secondary-addition technique. With a slight modification of this technique, nanoribbons are obtained. The roles of polymer and Na[N(SiMe3)2] in the size and shape control of these Bi nanoparticles are discussed.
The Use of 25% Glutaraldehyde Solution to Strengthen the Aorta of Patients with Annuloaortic Ectasia, Ascending and Aortic Arch Aneurysms

Aortic friability is a problem of great concern and frustration for those performing operations on patients with ascending and arch aortic aneurysms, and particularly, on patients with annuloaortic ectasia. We have used 25% glutaraldehyde to successfully strengthen the distal aorta of three such patients. After the application, the aorta wall held sutures without tearing. Postoperative bleeding was minimal in each case. No neurological events were noticed, and all of the patients were discharged home within 2 weeks. The application of this tanning solution to such a friable aortic tissue should be considered as a helpful alternative to reduce postoperative bleeding, which is the most common complication after this type of surgery.
Similarity solutions of the Cauchy problem of horizontal flow of water through porous media for experimental determination of diffusivity

Abstract An experimental method for determining diffusivity is studied by using similarity solutions of the Cauchy problem of horizontal flow of water through homogeneous porous media. The theoretical justification of the method is presented by applying a mathematical theorem recently derived by Van Duyn. Some important aspects of data analysis are discussed by using actual experimental data.
Photochemical nano-scale patterning with Rhodamine 6G dye from aqueous phase

Surface relief gratings produced on planar substrates have been widely investigated for their application as a holographic recording medium. Much of this work has concentrated on gratings made in polymer thin films with an azo-benzene group. We describe a novel phenomenon involving surface relief gratings which are formed by deposition of Rhodamine 6G dye on polybutadiene thin film. This deposition as a grating pattern is photo-induced in a dye-solution by holographic interference of low power 488 nm light from an argon-ion laser. Dynamics of this aqueousphase grating deposition is investigated for various concentrations of the dye. A plausible mechanism of grating formation involves photochemical reaction of polybutadiene substrate with the laser-excited dye. Surface relief structure of the grating is characterized with an atomic force microscope.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SCHOOL PERFORMANCE DURING HIGH SCHOOL: Puzzling Patterns and Possible Explanations

While past explanations for sex differences in school performance are heavily geared toward explaining boys' small advantage on standardized math tests, we broaden the focus to include educational ...
A Multicenter Randomized Comparison of the Endocapsule and the Pillcam SB

Background Video capsule endoscopy has been shown to be the single most effective endoscopic procedure for identifying the source of obscure GI bleeding (OGIB). Objective Our purpose was to report on the Food and Drug Administration pivotal trial in which the Endocapsule (EC) (Olympus America, Allentown, Pa) was compared with the Pillcam SB (PSB) (Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel) in patients with OGIB. Design A novel trial design was used in which the EC and the PSB were swallowed by the same patient 40 minutes apart, in randomized order. Setting Four academic medical centers. Patients Patients with OGIB aged 18 to 85 years who had either been transfused or who had a hematocrit of Interventions Both video capsules were swallowed in random order. Videos from the PSB were read locally for patient management. All videos were then read by at least 2 independent readers for normal versus abnormal categorization, a diagnosis, capsule transit time, reading time, and a subjective assessment of image quality. Main Outcome Measurement Categorization of videos as either normal or abnormal. Results Data from 51 of 63 enrolled patients were analyzed. Nine patients were excluded for technical reasons and 3 for protocol violations. Twenty-four videos were read as normal and 14 as abnormal from both capsules. Disagreement occurred in 13. No adverse events were reported for either capsule. Overall agreement was 38 of 51 (74.5%) with a κ of 0.48, P = .008. Limitations Although ingestion order was randomized, the videos could not be read blind owing to a different shape of the image margin. Conclusions (1) Both devices were safe and had a comparable diagnostic yield within the range previously reported. (2) There was a subjective difference in image quality favoring the EC. (3) This study design provided unique information about capsule movement in the small intestine and the lack of electromechanical interference between 2 different capsules.
Capacity of pervasive camera based communication under perspective distortions

Cameras are ubiquitous and increasingly being used not just for capturing images but also for communicating information. For example, the pervasive QR codes can be viewed as communicating a short code to camera-equipped sensors and recent research has explored using screen-to-camera communications for larger data transfers. Such communications could be particularly attractive in pervasive camera based applications, where such camera communications can reuse the existing camera hardware and also leverage from the large pixel array structure for high data-rate communication. While several prototypes have been constructed, the fundamental capacity limits of this novel communication channel in all but the simplest scenarios remains unknown. The visual medium differs from RF in that the information capacity of this channel largely depends on the perspective distortions while multipath becomes negligible. In this paper, we create a model of this communication system to allow predicting the capacity based on receiver perspective (distance and angle to the transmitter). We calibrate and validate this model through lab experiments wherein information is transmitted from a screen and received with a tablet camera. Our capacity estimates indicate that tens of Mbps is possible using a smartphone camera even when the short code on the screen images onto only 15% of the camera frame. Our estimates also indicate that there is room for at least 2.5x improvement in throughput of existing screen - camera communication prototypes.
Computed tomography of the nose

The nose is presented as a roentgenographic entity. The gross anatomy of the nasal fossa is reviewed, and its normal appearance on computed to-mographic scan is described. The roentgenographic appearance of congenital, metabolic, traumatic, and inflammatory nonneoplastic mass lesions and malignant neoplasms is discussed, and an algorithmic approach to the roentgenographic evaluation of nasal masses is suggested.
The Galilean group in $2+1$ space-times and its central extension

The problem of constructing the central extensions, by the circle group, of the group of Galilean transformations in two spatial dimensions; as well as that of its universal covering group, is solved. Also solved is the problem of the central extension of the corresponding Lie algebra. We find that the Lie algebra has a three parameter family of central extensions, as does the simply-connected group corresponding to the Lie algebra. The Galilean group itself has a two parameter family of central extensions. A corollary of our result is the impossibility of the appearance of non-integer-valued angular momentum for systems possessing Galilean invariance.
Nanodelivery strategies in cancer chemotherapy: biological rationale and pharmaceutical perspectives.

Nanotechnology is revolutionizing our approach to drug delivery, a key determinant of drug efficacy. Here, we present cancer drug delivery strategies that exploit nanotechnology, providing first an overview of tumor biology aspects that critically affect the design of drug delivery carriers, namely the enhanced permeability and retention effect, the lower tumor extracellular pH and tumor-specific antigens. In general, nanoscience-based approaches have circumvented limitations in the delivery of cancer therapeutics, related to their poor aqueous solubility and toxicity issues with conventional vehicles and resulted in improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Included in the discussion are promising examples and pharmaceutical perspectives on liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes and magnetic nanoparticles. As the cardinal features of the ideal multifunctional cancer drug nanocarrier are becoming clear, and drug development challenge...
Dual renal grafts: expansion of the donor pool from an overlooked source

This is a review of the emerging practice of dual renal allografting. In the setting of the expanded criteria cadaveric (and usually older) donor with inadequate function to allow single kidney transplantation, both kidneys have been transplanted into a single recipient. The recipient and donor have often been matched for age and size as dictated by the concept of nephron dosing. The reported results of dual grafting are excellent and statistically comparable to contemporaneous single cadaveric grafts. Criteria are evolving regarding when to apply single or dual grafting. Wider acceptance of dual renal grafting could have a significant impact on the cadaver kidney shortage.
Nonexistence theorem for a unified field theory in plane symmetry

We show that the unified field equations used recently by Moffat et al. do not have a solution in plane symmetry with a constant magnetic field in the $x$ direction. This is in contrast to the Einstein-Maxwell equations which have a solution only for a constant magnetic field in the $x$ direction for plane symmetry.
Marijuana withdrawal and craving: influence of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) genes.

Aim To examine whether withdrawal after abstinence and cue-elicited craving were associated with polymorphisms within two genes involved in regulating the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 (rs2023239) and FAAH (rs324420) genes, associated previously with substance abuse and functional changes in cannabinoid regulation, were examined in a sample of daily marijuana smokers.
Accuracy of delivered dose in pelvic irradiation.

Abstract The accuracy of dose delivered to the pelvis in patients undergoing radiation therapy for various pelvic malignancies was checked by the placement of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) in either the rectum or the vagina. The probes were left in place for an entire treatment. Eighty-two measurements in 37 patients were evaluated. The ratio of the TLD measured dose to the calculated dose, D TLD /D calc , was obtained for each measurement. A perfect match would give a ratio of 1.000. The average dose ratio for the measurements was 1.012, indicating an average accuracy of within 2%. No correlation could be shown between the dose ratio and obesity or quantity of pelvic bowel gas. We conclude that pelvic irradiation can be delivered with good precision, and that TLD's are useful in monitoring treatment dose.
Photometry and Spectroscopy of 11 γ Doradus Stars

We have used precise photometric and high-dispersion spectroscopic observations to study 11 γ Doradus stars, 10 of them newly confirmed. Only five of these 11 γ Doradus stars appear to be single; two are primaries of double-lined spectroscopic binaries, one is the secondary of a double-lined binary, two are primaries of visual binaries and, in the case of the double-lined binary (HD 86371), either or both components could be a pulsating γ Doradus star. We have determined a preliminary orbital period of 5.32 days for the double-lined binary HD 41547. Several of the stars show spectroscopic line-profile and low-amplitude radial velocity variability indicative of pulsation. All 11 stars are photometrically variable with amplitudes between 4 and 94 mmag in Johnson B and periods between 0.38 and 1.86 days. The 11 stars have between two and five independent periods. The variability at all periods approximates a sinusoid. We provide a new tabulation of all 66 γ Doradus stars confirmed to date and list some of their properties. All are dwarfs or subgiants and lie within a well-defined region of the H-R diagram that overlaps the cool edge of the δ Scuti instability strip. Four of the new γ Doradus variables from this paper also lie within the δ Scuti instability strip but do not exhibit the additional higher frequency variability typical of δ Scuti stars. Among the 66 confirmed γ Doradus variables, we find no correlation between the period of the strongest pulsation mode and the (B - V) color index, absolute magnitude, or luminosity.
Experimental fetal neurosurgery : effects of in-utero manipulations on somatosensory evoked potentials

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were used to objectively evaluate sensory function in neonatal sheep after experimental fetal surgery. Posterior tibial (PTN) and ulnar (UN) nerves were stimulated electrically and averaged SEP were recorded from scalp electrodes placed over the somatosensory cortex. Animals with experimentally-created myelomeningocele (MMC) showed no SEP to PTN stimulation, but normal SEP to UN stimulation. In-utero repair of the MMC resulted in preservation of neurologic function and normal PTN SEP. In-utero thoracic spinal-cord transection resulted in no regeneration, and no SEP to PTN stimulation. In-utero unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve, even with attempted repair, resulted in little or no regeneration and absent or grossly abnormal PTN SEP from the affected side. In summary, the SEP technique provides valuable information concerning preservation of sensory function in a variety of experimentally created neurologic abnormalities and can aid in functional evaluation of experimental therapeutic fetal interventions.
Effects of fluorine substitution on the structure and dynamics of complexes of dihydrofolate reductase (Escherichia coli)

Fluorine NMR experiments with a protein containing fluorinated amino acid analogs can often be used to probe structure and dynamics of the protein as well as conformational changes produced by binding of small molecules. The relevance of NMR experiments with fluorine-containing materials to characteristics of the corresponding native (nonfluorinated) proteins depends upon the extent to which these characteristics are altered by the presence of fluorine. The present work uses molecular dynamics simulations to explore the effects of replacement of tryptophan by 6-fluorotryptophan in folate and methotrexate complexes of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (Escherichia coli). Simulations of the folate-native enzyme complex produce local correlation times and order parameters that are generally in good agreement with experimental values. Simulations of the corresponding fluorotryptophan-containing system indicate that the structure and dynamics of this complex are scarcely changed by the presence of fluorinated amino acids. Calculations with the pharmacologically important methotrexate-enzyme complex predict dynamical behavior of the protein similar to that of the folate complex for both the fluorinated and native enzyme. It thus appears that, on the time scale sampled by these computer simulations, substitution of 6-fluorotryptophan for tryptophan has little effect on either the structures or dynamics of DHFR in these complexes.
Delivery of intensity-modulated radiation therapy with a conventional multileaf collimator: Comparison of dynamic and segmental methods

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) can be delivered with a conventional multileaf collimator(MLC), either in dynamic mode (DMLC) or in segmental mode (SMLC, also known as “step-and-shoot”). The advantage of DMLC is its ability to deliver the desired intensity profile produced by inverse planning with a high degree of fidelity. The SMLC method, on the other hand, resembles treatment with multiple static fields, and can be more easily verified. However, the use of SMLC requires that the desired profile be approximated by discrete levels of intensity, which may lead to degradation in the delivereddose distribution. Clearly, the results of SMLC delivery depend on the number of levels and the spatial resolution of the intensity distribution. In this work, we compare the DMLC method and the SMLC method employing different numbers of levels and different spatial resolutions. Three disease sites were studied: prostate, nasopharynx, and breast, with three cases for each. In general, a 5- to 10-level SMLC plan produced results comparable to that from a DMLC plan. The target coverage is improved by increasing the number of levels while critical organs are better protected with finer spatial resolutions. The beam-on-time (MUs) requirement for SMLC was approximately 20% less than DMLC, but the delivery time (in minutes) was about twice as long. Thus, the choice depends on many factors including machine capability, quality assurance, target coverage, critical organ protection, beam-on-time, delivery time, and other clinical considerations.
The first Esox (Esocidae: Teleostei) from the Eocene Green River Formation, and a brief review of esocid fishes

ABSTRACT A new species of esocid, †Esox (Kenoza) kronneri sp. nov., is described from the early Eocene Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, southwestern Wyoming. This is the first member of the order Esociformes reported from the Green River Formation. It is also the first articulated fossil esocid from North America identified as a pickerel (=subgenus Kenoza). The new species is known by only a single specimen. Consequently, it was probably not a normal resident of Fossil Lake, considering the hundreds of thousands of fishes that have been excavated from this locality over the last 140 years. Although small (118 millimeters long), the specimen is one of the best-preserved fossil esociforms ever reported. The new species appears to be closely related to the extant species †Esox americanus (which includes two extant subspecies, †E. americanus americanus and †E. americanus vermiculatus), but much work is yet needed to adequately resolve the interrelationships of living and well-preserved fossil...
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for large extremity soft-tissue sarcomas.

Abstract Purpose Treatment of extremity soft-tissue sarcomas yields excellent local control, but distant failure is common with large, high-grade tumors. A regimen of preoperative chemotherapy consisting of mesna, adriamycin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine (MAID) interdigitated with radiotherapy followed by resection and postoperative chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy was designed to improve treatment outcome. We report the mature outcome data on 48 treated patients and compare them with the data of an historical matched control patient population. Methods and materials Adult patients with high-grade extremity soft-tissue sarcomas ≥8 cm were treated with three cycles of preoperative chemotherapy combined with 44 Gy of radiotherapy followed by surgery. Three cycles of postoperative MAID were planned. For patients with positive surgical margins, 16 Gy was delivered postoperatively. Results All 48 patients (M0) received the MAID protocol treatment, and their outcome was superior to that of the historical control patients. The 5-year actuarial local control, freedom from distant metastasis, disease-free survival, and overall survival rate was 92% and 86% ( p = 0.1155), 75% and 44% ( p = 0.0016), 70% and 42% ( p = 0.0002), and 87% and 58% ( p = 0.0003) for the MAID and control patient groups, respectively. Acute hematologic toxicity in the MAID group included febrile neutropenia in 12 patients (25%). Wound healing complications occurred in 14 (29%) of 48 MAID patients. One MAID patient developed late fatal myelodysplasia. Conclusion After aggressive chemoradiation and surgery, these patients showed a significant reduction in distant metastases, with a highly significant gain in disease-free and overall survival compared with a historical control group. On the basis of this experience, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group conducted a multi-institutional trial.
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Activity Associated with Nuclei Is Not Inhibited by Arachidonyl Trifluoromethyl Ketone in Macrophages Stimulated with Receptor-Recognized Forms of α2-Macroglobulin

Abstract We have studied the translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ) to nuclei in macrophages stimulated with receptor-recognized forms of α 2 -macroglobulin (α 2 M*). Translocation of phosphorylated cPLA 2 to nuclei was determined by immunoprecipitation of cPLA 2 in 32 P i -labeled cells. The identity of cPLA 2 was established by comparing its mobility on gels with an authentic cPLA 2 standard. cPLA 2 activity was quantified by measuring the release of [ 14 C]arachidonic acid from the substrate 1-palmitoyl-2-[1- 14 C]arachidonyl- sn -glycerophosphatidylcholine. α 2 M* caused a two- to threefold increase in cPLA 2 phosphorylation and its translocation to nuclei. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, PKC inhibitor chelerythrin, or depletion of intracellular Ca 2+ profoundly decreased cPLA 2 activity in nuclei isolated from agonist-stimulated cells. The requirement for Ca 2+ , PKC, and p38 MAPK activation appears to be of major importance for nuclear cPLA 2 activity. In contrast to cellular cPLA 2 activity, nuclear cPLA 2 activity was not inhibited by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF 3 ) in agonist-stimulated cells. It is concluded that the association of cPLA 2 with nuclear membranes in agonist-stimulated cells modifies the activity and the sensitivity of the enzyme to inhibition by AACOCF 3 in this phospholipid environment.
Psychological type and the matching of cognitive styles

and a practical notion of dealing with individual differences in our schools and classrooms. Although we may be aware of differences, it is not always clear how to translate that awareness into effective ways to get our students to achieve. This article examines Carl Jung's concept of psychological type as it relates to teacher, student, subject matter, and instructional alternatives. We believe Jung's work can serve as a guide to understanding how these factors interrelate and affect teaching and learning.
Sharp Rate of Decay of Solutions to 2-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations

The author is concerned with the optimal rate of decay of global solutions to the initial value problems for two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations u{sub t} + u x {del} u - {triangle}u + {del}p = 0, {del} x u = 0, u(x,0) = u{sub 0}(x), {del} x u{sub 0} = 0, where x = (x{sub 1}, x{sub 2}), t > 0, u = (u{sub 1}(x,t),u{sub 2}(x,t)), p = p(x,t), {del} is the two-dimensional gradient operator, {triangle} is the two-dimensional Laplace operator.
Morphological instability in InAs/GaSb heterostructures

Abstract Using transmission electron microscopy, reflection electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, we have examined InAs layers grown on (1 0 0)GaSb using molecular beam epitaxy at temperatures ranging from 400 to 500°C and at growth rates ranging from 0.03 to 0.09 monolayers/s. We have found that for lower growth rates and higher temperatures, nominally 8 monolayer InAs layers experience long-wavelength (>100 nm) small amplitude (∼1 nm) surface undulations. From linear stability theory, we find that the appearance of these undulations is consistent with large cation surface diffusion lengths that have been measured by other researchers using scanning reflection high-energy electron diffraction. It also appears, however, that there is no kinetic critical thickness for morphological instability of the InAs layer.
Spontaneous Radiative Recombination in Semiconductors

The mechanisms by which electrons and holes recombine with the emission of radiation are examined. Expressions are derived for the radiative recombination lifetimes due to direct and indirect transitions and are applied to Ge and Si. Matrix elements in the transition probability for direct and indirect transitions are obtained from analyses of the cyclotron resonance effective mass data and the optical absorption data close to the band edge, respectively. For indirect transitions the calculated lifetimes were of the order of seconds and agreed within a factor of 3 with lifetimes calculated by the method of Van Roosbroeck and Shockley. It is shown that in Ge at room temperature, while the density of filled states in the conduction band at k=0 is very low, the rate of recombination by direct transitions is nevertheless somewhat greater than that by indirect transitions. This is consistent with the findings of Haynes. The role of radiative recombination in the observed lifetimes of excess carriers is questioned. It is concluded that for those semiconductors which have a rather high absorption constant close to the band edge (InSb), an emitted photon is usually reabsorbed before it can escape from the crystal, producing another hole-electron pair, without contributing to the macroscopically observed lifetime. In the limit of a very high absorption constant, this emission and absorption of photons acts as an additional mechanism for the diffusion of hole-electron pairs.
A new electronic multiplier for power frequencies

THERE are many electrical applications which require alternating current at higher frequencies than those normally obtained from the power lines. These applications include: induction heating, the operation of high-speed motors, and the operation of fog horns and underwater signaling devices. Although motor generators are satisfactory for most of this work, their inherent upper frequency limitations and need for mechanical maintenance have led to the development of several alternative methods of obtaining higher frequencies.
How epicardial electrodes influence the transmembrane potential during a strong shock.

This paper analyzes a possible artifact that may corrupt experiments studying defibrillation of the heart. Our hypothesis is that surface recording electrodes can influence the transmembrane potential during a shock. In the vicinity of an electrode, current leaves the intracellular space to take advantage of the low resistance of the extracellular path, thereby depolarizing the tissue. We calculate the transmembrane potential induced around a circular electrode when exposed to a uniform electric field. The bidomain model represents the electrical behavior of the cardiac tissue, and we account for electrode polarization impedance. Our results show that adjacent regions of depolarization and hyperpolarization exist around the electrode, and that the induced depolarization is greater than 100 mV for a 0.5 mm radius silver–silver chloride electrode in a 500 V/m electric field. We conclude that surface electrodes may produce artifacts during experiments designed to study defibrillation-strength electrical shocks. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society.
INVOLVEMENT OF SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVES IN DDT-POISONING SYNDROME IN ALBINO RATS.

Abstract Investigations were conducted on the roles of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves in the production of symptoms in DDT-poisoned albino rats. Symptoms of poisoning were manifested in hind legs of spinal rats if the spinal reflexes of the hind legs were functional. Tibial nerves excised from these rats showed repetitive discharge in response to faradic stimulation. Where reflexes of the hind legs were not functional, neither symptoms in the hindquarters, nor repetitive discharge in excised tibial nerves appeared as a result of poisoning. The events leading to the production of DDT-tremor in caudal parts of spinal rats parallel those that have been described in the American cockroach ( Periplaneta americana L.).
Islamist Movements and Shari‘a Reasoning

Abstract Islamist appeals to the authority of al‐shari‘a, one of the primary referents for practical judgment in Muslim tradition, present scholars with a significant challenge. Attention to such appeals helps in the identifications of the Islamists’ political goals. As well, such appeals point to the deep historical roots of the Islamist programme. Yet Islamists make a number of innovations in shari‘a reasoning, even as they appeal to its authority. This is particularly so with respect to judgments related to the conduct of war. This contradiction suggests an important weakness in the intellectual aspect of the Islamist programme, to which scholars and policymakers ought to attend.
Infrared and Raman multi-phonon spectra and structure of PbWO4

Abstract Improved Raman spectra of PbWO4 show previously reported spectra contain large polarization and/or orientation errors. New spectroscopic information, obtained from polarized IR reflection and Raman spectra, allowed us to assign the IR and the previously unreported Raman multi-phonon bands. It was also used to show that it determines uniquely the C4h factor group of PbWO4. The use of IR reflection vs. infrared transmission spectra in the vibrational determination of crystal structures is also discussed.
Comparative analysis of neural crest cell death, migration, and function during vertebrate embryogenesis

Cranial neural crest cells are a multipotent, migratory population that generates most of the cartilage, bone, connective tissue and peripheral nervous system in the vertebrate head. Proper neural crest cell patterning is essential for normal craniofacial morphogenesis and is highly conserved among vertebrates. Neural crest cell patterning is intimately connected to the early segmentation of the neural tube, such that neural crest cells migrate in discrete segregated streams. Recent advances in live embryo imaging have begun to reveal the complex behaviour of neural crest cells which involve intricate cell-cell and cell-environment interactions. Despite the overall similarity in neural crest cell migration between distinct vertebrates species there are important mechanistic differences. Apoptosis for example, is important for neural crest cell patterning in chick embryos but not in mouse, frog or fish embryos. In this paper we highlight the potential evolutionary significance of such interspecies differences in jaw development and evolution. Developmental Dynamics 229:14-29, 2004.
Magnetic properties of DyFe3−xCox and HoFe3−xCox

Abstract Magnetic moments, Curie and compensation temperatures were measured for DyFe 3−x Co x and HoFe 3−x Co x compounds. The variation of transition metal moment has been explained on the basis of the rigid band model.
Search for evidence of ancient life on Mars

Because environments on Earth and Mars were quite similar 3.4 - 4 Gyr ago, when life was emerging on Earth, and because terrestrial life emerged very rapidly once conditions permitted, a search for evidence of an extinct martian biota is scientifically credible. However, the criteria to be satisfied for general acceptance of such evidence will be severe. The geochemical, mineralogical and morphological observations recently reported by McKay et al. for the martian meteorite ALH84001 fail to meet those criteria. It is unlikely that study of any known martian meteorites will improve upon this situation. A viable search for evidence of ancient life on Mars will require a sequence of robotic-spacecraft missions, culminating in return of carefully selected samples to Earth. By analogy with the record of early terrestrial life, those samples will be rocks which formed in an aqueous environment and which contain organic matter. Key to successful sample return will be a series of precursor missions capable of, first identifying promising landing sites from orbit, and second identifying promising rocks at such a site. A realistic timeframe for an exobiologically optimized Mars sample return mission is about 2009. Presently unanticipated discoveries may permit an earlier mission, but otherwise an accelerated program would be less likely to succeed scientifically.
Carbenes do react with p-carborane

Abstract Both methylene and carboethoxycarbene react with p-carborane to give the products of boron-hydrogen insertion.
Adaptive Evolution in an Avian Reproductive Protein: ZP3

Proteins involved in reproduction appear to be evolving adaptively across taxa. This rapid evolution is thought to be the result of forces involved in sexual selection. One of the most often suggested of these forces is sexual conflict involving sperm competition and polyspermy avoidance. Bird species offer a unique opportunity to test this hypothesis since the avian egg coat tolerates physiological polyspermy, or the penetration of multiple sperm during fertilization, without negative effects on later development. Despite this, and the extensive amount of data gathered on sexual selection in birds, there are limited studies on the patterns of evolution of avian reproductive proteins. Here we present an analysis of the pattern of evolution of Zona Pellucida 3 (ZP3), a protein present on the avian egg coat. We found that, across several galliform and a single anseriform species, ZP3 appears to be diverging by positive adaptive evolution. In an exploratory analysis of portions of the gene in Callipepla californica we also found evidence of a selective sweep at the putative sperm binding region of the protein. In sum, ZP3 in birds, like reproductive proteins in other species, appears to be adaptively evolving. This result suggests that polyspermy avoidance is not sufficient to explain positive Darwinian selection in reproductive proteins across taxonomic groups. Clearly, the inclusion of bird species in the study of reproductive proteins across taxa promises to add greatly to the discussion of the factors driving the widespread phenomenon of adaptive evolution in reproductive proteins.
Index for fast retrieval of uncertain spatial point data

Location information gathered from a variety of sources in the form of sensor data, video streams, human observations, and so on, is often imprecise and uncertain and needs to be represented approximately. To represent such uncertain location information, the use of a probabilistic model that captures the imprecise location as a probability density function (pdf) has been recently proposed. The pdfs can be arbitrarily complex depending on the type of application and the source of imprecision. Hence, efficiently representing, storing and querying pdfs is a very challenging task. While the current state of the art indexing approaches treat the representation and storage of pdfs as a black box, in this paper, we take the challenge of representing and storing any complex pdf in an efficient way. We further develop techniques to index such pdfs to support the efficient processing of location queries. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that our indexing techniques significantly outperform the best existing solutions.
Laser cooling based on nitride structures

Laser cooling of solids based on anti-Stokes photoluminescence was proposed in 1929 [1]. Indeed, through the light emission based on phonon-assisted anti-Stokes photoluminescence, the average photon energy emitted is larger than that for the absorbed pump photons. The difference between the emitted and absorbed photon energies is made up by the energy of each removed phonon. Since phonons represent collective excitation in solids, the temperature of a material is reduced through the anti-Stokes photoluminescence. Such a concept for laser cooling was realized in ytterbium-doped glass [2]. Nowadays, laser cooling using rare-earth doped materials approaches a cryogenic temperature [3], which has already exceeded the performance of a typical thermoelectric cooler. However, it would be more practical if laser cooling can be implemented in a semiconductor material. A laser-cooling device based on a semiconductor material can be readily integrated with semiconductor devices from high electron mobility transistors to laser diodes. Moreover, it has a potential for reaching much lower temperatures.
“Connectomic surgery”: diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography as a targeting modality for surgical modulation of neural networks

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is being used to treat a growing number of neurological disorders. Until recently, DBS has been thought to act mainly by suppressing local neuronal activity, essentially producing a functional lesion. Numerous studies are now demonstrating that DBS has widespread network effects mediated by white matter pathways. The new science of connectomics aims to map the connectivity between brain regions in health and disease. Targeting DBS specifically to pathways which exhibit pathological connectivity could greatly expand the possibilities for treating brain diseases. This brief review examines the current state of brain imaging for visualization of these networks and describes how DBS might be used to restore normal connectivity in pathological states.
Differential regulation of iron- and manganese-specific MtsABC and heme-specific HtsABC transporters by the metalloregulator MtsR of group A Streptococcus.

The genome of the human pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS) encodes the transporters MtsABC, FtsABCD, and HtsABC to take up ferric and manganese ions, ferric ferrichrome, and heme, respectively. The GAS genome also encodes two metalloregulators PerR and MtsR. To understand the regulation of the expression of these transporters, the mtsR and perR deletion mutants of a GAS serotype M1 strain were generated, and the effects of the deletions and Fe3+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ on the expression of mtsA, htsA, and ftsB were examined. Mn2+ dramatically depresses mtsA transcription and levels of the MtsA protein but does not downregulate the expression of htsA and ftsB. Fe3+ decreases the expression of mtsA and htsA but has no effect on ftsB expression. Zn2+ has no effect on the expression of all three genes. The deletion of mtsR abolishes the Mn2+- and Fe3+-induced depression of mtsA expression and the Fe3+-dependent decrease in htsA expression. The deletion of mtsR does not significantly alter GAS virulence in a mouse model of subcutaneous infection. The deletion of perR does not affect the expression of the genes in response to the metal ions. MtsR binds to the mts promoter region in the presence of Mn2+ or Fe2+. The results indicate that MtsR differentially regulates the expression of mtsABC and htsABC.