cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The exposure of murine macrophages to α2-macroglobulin 'fast' forms results in the rapid secretion of eicosanoids

Abstract The exposure of [3H]arachidonate-radiolabelled murine peritoneal macrophages to α2-macroglobulin-methylamine or α2-macroglobulin-trypsin but not native α2-macroglobulin (α2M) results in the rapid secretion of [3H]eicosanoids. Resident peritoneal macrophages stimulated with 0.1 μM α2-M-methylamine exhibited an enhanced secretion within 10 min. The ability of α2M ‘fast’ forms to stimulate secretion of [3H]eicosanoids was similar to that observed in the presence of the murine macrophage chemoattractant platelet-activating factor. As observed for total [3H]eicosanoid secretion, α2M ‘fast’ forms also rapidly enhanced the secretion of the cAMP-elevating prostanoid, prostaglandin E2, from resident peritoneal macrophages. Stimulated secretion of prostaglandin E2 in response to 0.1 μM α2M-methylamine was less rapid than that observed using 0.1 μM platelet-activating factor. Similar amounts of secreted prostaglandin E2 were present in media of macrophage cultures after 1 h exposure to the two stimuli. In the presence of 0.1 μM α2-M-methylamine, secreted prostaglandin E2 remained elevated, compared to the appropriate buffer control, for at least 24 h. The present results indicate that receptor recognition of α2M ‘fast’ forms by macrophages results in the rapid stimulation of eicosanoid secretion and suggest that secretion ofprostaglandin E2 and other eicosanoids may be involved in the ability of α2M ‘fast’ forms to regulate various macrophage functional responses.
Reverse Wenckebach periods: five cases of an unstable form of partial auriculoventricular block.

A URICULOVENTRICULAR block intermediate between first degree prolongation of conduction time and 2:l block usually follows the classical pattern of Wenckebach periods.‘J Less commonly A-V block of this grade may exhibit dropped beats following no change in the P-R interva13s4 These forms of partial block can be described as basic 1:l conduction between the auricles and ventricles with recurring dropped beats producing occasional 2:l conduction. In the typical Wenckebach period the P-R intervals increase before the dropped beat. The type of heart block described in this paper is basically a 2:l block usually associated with a decreasing P-R interval ending in an occasional 1:l conducted beat with a prolonged P-R interva1. This description suggested the expression “Reverse Wenckebach period” since it is so closely opposite to the Wenckebach period. There are several reports of diminishing P-R intervals in partial A-V heart block. Solinas and Sardo5 have described variations in which the P-R intervals increase and decrease without the Wenckebach phenomenon. Mack and associates” have reported a type of partial A-V block with basic 1:l conduction and diminishing P-R intervals ending in a nonconducted beat. They have interpreted this phenomenon as an example of the supernormal phase of recovery of conduction.7 Scherf and Schott8 have also reported such a case. Another type of shortening of the P-R interval appeared in the unique case of Pallini and associates9 in which the orderly course of a classical Wenckebach pattern was interrupted by a shortening of the P-R interval and a single beat with a wide QRS, the Wolff-Parkinson-White phenomenon. Alternation of the P-R interval has also been recognized in 2:l block in a case of SegerslO in which the P-R interval in the conducted beat varied from 0.14 to 0.21 sec. Simonson and Berman” reported diminishing P-R intervals in a case of paroxysmal auricular tachycardia with partial A-V block. This communication deals with five cases of partial A-V block, four of which were of 2:l grade with periods of diminishing P-R intervals ending in a 1:l conducted beat with prolonged conduction time: “Reverse Wenckebach” periods. A fifth case is included for reasons described in the discussion. Four had recent posterior myocardial infarction of which two died in the acute phase. One other death occurred due to rheumatic carditis with aortic insufficiency.
A Methodology for Creating Shape Rules During Product Design

Shape grammars provide the means to represent the physical embodiment of a class of products in a set of generative rules. Once developed, the shape grammar can be used to generate new forms through automated synthesis or interaction by one or more designers. Creating the shape rules has been most often performed after the design process by examining existing designs. Furthermore, the approach to create a set of rules from an existing set of products was usually an ad hoc process of generalizing form, identifying feature options, and classifying logical subdivisions of the complete product geometry. This paper proposes a more explicit method of shape grammar creation, that is, aligned with well-known design methodologies in order to enable the creation of a shape grammar during the new product development process. The established methodology for function first design and design exploration provides many of the requisite steps for creating a shape grammar, connecting customer requirements and constraints to product form and provides a skeleton onto which a rule creation approach is mapped. An example is included in which the proposed methodology is used to create a shape grammar that represents the internal components of a bladeless slurry pump in order to support design exploration driven by simulation and experimentation.
Contribution of individual histidines to the global stability of human prolactin

A member of the family of hematopoietic cytokines human prolactin (hPRL) is a 23k kDa polypeptide hormone, which displays pH dependence in its structural and functional properties. The binding affinity of hPRL for the extracellular domain of its receptor decreases 500-fold over the relatively narrow, physiologic pH range from 8 to 6; whereas, the affinity of human growth hormone (hGH), its closest evolutionary cousin, does not. Similarly, the structural stability of hPRL decreases from 7.6 to 5.6 kcal/mol from pH 8 to 6, respectively, whereas the stability of hGH is slightly increased over this same pH range. hPRL contains nine histidines, compared with hGH's three, and they are likely responsible for hPRL's pH-dependent behavior. We have systematically mutated each of hPRL's histidines to alanine and measured the effect on pH-dependent global stability. Surprisingly, a vast majority of these mutations stabilize the native protein, by as much as 2-3 kcal/mol. Changes in the overall pH dependence to hPRL global stability can be rationalized according to the predominant structural interactions of individual histidines in the hPRL tertiary structure. Using double mutant cycles, we detect large interaction free energies within a cluster of nearby histidines, which are both stabilizing and destabilizing to the native state. Finally, by comparing the structural locations of hPRL's nine histidines with their homologous residues in hGH, we speculate on the evolutionary role of replacing structurally stabilizing residues with histidine to introduce pH dependence to cytokine function.
A portable static discharge totalizer

Simple equipment for totalizing the number of static discharges through a neon glow tube or similar intermittent illuminations is here outlined, with salient constructional features.
Computer–Based Procedures for Nuclear Power Plant Field Workers Preliminary Results from Two Evaluation Studies

The Idaho National Laboratory and participants from the U.S. nuclear industry are collaborating on a research effort aimed to augment the existing guidance on computer-based procedure (CBP) design with specific guidance on how to design CBP user interfaces such that they support procedure execution in ways that exceed the capabilities of paper-based procedures (PBPs) without introducing new errors. Researchers are employing an iterative process where the human factors issues and interface design principles related to CBP usage are systematically addressed and evaluated in realistic settings. This paper describes the process of developing a CBP prototype and the two studies conducted to evaluate the prototype. The results indicate that CBPs may improve performance by reducing errors, but may also increase the time it takes to complete procedural tasks.
Discovery of The Male of Neopyrochroa Californica (Horn, 1891) (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae)

For more than 100 years, Neopyrochroa californica (Horn 1891) has been known solely from the female holotype. The male has now been discovered in Santa Barbara County, CA. It is described and salient anatomical features compared to congeners.
Carbon dioxide modulation of hydroxylation and nitration of phenol by peroxynitrite

We have examined the formation of hydroxyphenols, nitrophenols, and the minor products 4-nitrosophenol, benzoquinone, 2,2'-biphenol, and 4,4'-biphenol from the reaction of peroxynitrite with phenol in the presence and absence of added carbonate. In the absence of added carbonate, the product yields of nitrophenols and hydroxyphenols have different pH profiles. The rates of nitration and hydroxylation also have different pH profiles and match the trends observed for the product yields. At a given pH, the sum of the rate constants for nitration and hydroxylation is nearly identical to the rate constant for the spontaneous decomposition of peroxynitrite. The reaction of peroxynitrite with phenol is zero-order in phenol, both in the presence and absence of added carbonate. In the presence of added carbonate, hydroxylation is inhibited, whereas the rate of formation and yield of nitrophenols increase. The combined maximum yield of o- and p-nitrophenols is 20 mol% (based on the initial concentration of peroxynitrite) and is about fourfold higher than the maximal yield obtained in the absence of added carbonate. The o/p ratio of nitrophenols is the same in the presence and absence of added carbonate. These results demonstrate that hydroxylation and nitration occur via two different intermediates. We suggest that the activated intermediate formed in the isomerization of peroxynitrous acid to nitrate, ONOOH*, is the hydroxylating species. We propose that intermediate 1, O=N-OO-CO2-, or secondary products derived from it, is (are) responsible for the nitration of phenol. The possible mechanisms responsible for nitration are discussed.
Correlating S&P 500 stocks with Twitter data

Twitter is a widely used online social media. One important characteristic of Twitter is its real-time nature. In this paper, we investigate whether the daily number of tweets that mention Standard & Poor 500 (S&P 500) stocks is correlated with S&P 500 stock indicators (stock price and traded volume) at three different levels, from the stock market to industry sector and individual company stocks. We further apply a linear regression with exogenous input model to predict stock market indicators, using Twitter data as exogenous input. Our preliminary results demonstrate that daily number of tweets is correlated with certain stock market indicators at each level. Furthermore, it appears that Twitter is helpful to predict stock market. Specifically, at the stock market level, we find that whether S&P 500 closing price will go up or down can be predicted more accurately when including Twitter data in the model.
The impact of hospice care on families.

The impact of a hospital-based Hospice service for late-stage cancer patients, on the families of fifty-eight bereaved spouses was studied, retrospectively. Hospice care in general was rated signif...
The State of Undergraduate Education in Statistics

Every five years since 1965 the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences (CBMS), with the support of the National Science Foundation, has conducted a national survey of undergraduate education in the mathematical sciences in the United States. The survey collects information on undergraduate enrollments in courses in the mathematical sciences and on the demographics of faculty members. It also asks about the undergraduate curriculum to determine what is taught, who teaches it, and how it is taught. The 2000 CBMS survey, for the first time, sampled departments of statistics separately and asked questions about the educational backgrounds of those teaching statistics in departments of mathematics. This article presents a summary of the 2000 CBMS survey results of particular interest to statisticians.
Hepatic and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity and Diabetes Remission at 1 Month After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery in Patients Randomized to Omentectomy

OBJECTIVE Early after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), there is improvement in type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance. We determined the acute effects of RYGB, with and without omentectomy, on hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. We also investigated whether preoperative diabetes or postoperative diabetes remission influenced tissue-specific insulin sensitivity after RYGB. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 40 obese (BMI 48 ± 8 kg/m 2 ) participants, 17 with diabetes. Participants were randomized to RYGB alone or in conjunction with omentectomy. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with isotopic-tracer infusion were completed at baseline and at 1 month postoperatively to assess insulin sensitivity. RESULTS Participants lost 11 ± 4% of body weight at 1 month after RYGB, without an improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity; these outcomes were not affected by omentectomy, preoperative diabetes, or remission of diabetes. Hepatic glucose production (HGP) and the hepatic insulin sensitivity index improved in all subjects, irrespective of omentectomy ( P ≤ 0.001). Participants with diabetes had higher baseline HGP values ( P = 0.003) that improved to a greater extent after RYGB ( P = 0.006). Of the 17 participants with diabetes, 10 (59%) had remission at 1 month. Diabetes remission had a group × time effect ( P = 0.041) on HGP; those with diabetes remission had lower preoperative and postoperative HGP. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral insulin sensitivity did not improve 1 month after RYGB, irrespective of omentectomy, diabetes, or diabetes remission. Hepatic insulin sensitivity improved at 1 month after RYGB and was more pronounced in patients with diabetes. Improvement in HGP may influence diabetes remission early after RYGB.
Awareness and utilization of a prescription monitoring program among physicians.

In 2011, 5 years after the implementation of a statewide prescription monitoring program (PMP) in Ohio, a survey was distributed to physicians in five specialty areas. During the study period, 95 of 156 surveys were returned, for a 61% response rate. The purpose of the questionnaire was to assess utilization rates as well as reasons for accessing the PMP database and any influence the database may have had on prescribing practices. Over 84% of respondents were aware of the existence of the state PMP. However less than 59% of the respondents who were aware of the program had ever used it. Medical specialty was found to have a significant impact on both awareness and utilization of the system, with pediatric physicians least likely, and emergency physicians most likely, to be aware of and utilize the state PMP. Recommendations based on the authors’ survey results include targeting pediatric and internal medicine providers for increased education regarding awareness and benefits of PMP utilization.
Functional properties of neurons in the monkey superior colliculus: coupling of neuronal activity and saccade onset.

Abstract One class of superior colliculus neuron was isolated which meets two criteria for participation in the initiation of visually elicited saccades. First, the pulse of spike activity recorded from these neurons was tightly coupled to saccade onset, preceding the onset of eye movements by approximately 20 msec. Secondly, if a visual stimulus sometimes elicited a saccade and sometimes failed to elicit a saccade, the occurrence of the spike pulse was highly correlated with saccade occurrence. For these neurons, there was a clear distinction between the most vigorous neuronal activity occuring in the absence of a saccade and the least vigorous activity accompanying appropriate saccades. These findings are consistent with views which attribute to the superior colliculus a role in the initiation of visually elicited saccades.
Molecular cloning and sequencing of a cDNA for a carbohydrate binding receptor unique to rat Kupffer cells

cDNA comprising the entire length of the rat Kupffer cell receptor (Mr = 88,000 and 77,000) for carbohydrates with an affinity for fucose and galactose was isolated, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. Receptor cDNA encoded a protein containing 550 amino acid residues with a Mr = 61,104. This Mr was consistent with the size of the deglycosylated receptor which was found to contain two polypeptides by gel electrophoresis with Mr = 58,000 and 52,000, respectively. Edman degradation of the receptor yielded a sequence which corresponded to amino acid residues 83-104 of the sequence derived from the cDNA. This confirmed that the cDNA which had been isolated corresponded to mRNA for the receptor and suggested that the smaller polypeptide in receptor preparations arises by proteolysis of the intact receptor. Amino acid composition of the receptor was nearly identical to that predicted by the cDNA. The Kupffer cell receptor was found to be homologous to other carbohydrate binding proteins including the hepatic receptors with different binding specificities. The Kupffer cell receptor also contained a series of 18 contiguous, homologous sequences with an average length of 14 residues.
Spontaneous twin anemia-polycythemia sequence complicated by recipient placental vascular thrombosis and hydrops fetalis.

Twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is an atypical form of twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) that presents as a large intertwin hemoglobin difference with one twin developing anemia and the other developing polycythemia, without oligohydramnios–polyhydramnios sequence (Lopriore et al., Placenta 2007;28:47–51). The prenatal diagnostic criteria for TAPS require that the middle cerebral artery-peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) measure greater than 1.5 multiples of median (MoM) in the donor twin and less than 0.8 MoM in the recipient twin (Robyr et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:796–803; Klaritsch et al., Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009;34:149–154; Mari et al., N Engl Med 2000;342:9–14). The presumed etiology of TAPS involves the presence of small caliber arteriovenous anastomoses, which generate a slow transfusional process allowing for hemodynamic compensation (Lopriore et al., Placenta 2007;28:47–51; Lopriore et al., Placenta 2009;30:223–225; Lewi et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:790–795; Lop...
Requirements and constraints in MPEG-4 binary shape decoder at main profile

The MPEG4 video standard allows for the specification of the binary shape information of a video object using binary alpha blocks. The binary alpha blocks are 16/spl times/16 blocks of binary pixel data that are co-located with the regular texture macroblocks. These binary alpha blocks are coded using context-based arithmetic coding techniques. Decoding is essentially a serial operation and not particularly amenable to parallelism in hardware implementations. This paper analyzes the computational requirements of the binary shape decoder. Synthetic binary video sequences were generated to analyze the computational complexities. Based on these simulation results, we have identified the worst case throughput constraints of a hardware implementation.
Inelastic buckling of steel frames

A building frame that is not braced to prevent lateral displacement may buckle into a sidesway configuration when the critical condition is reached. For frames of practical proportions, this phenomenon usually occurs after the applied load has caused yielding in some part of the members. Thus, the maximum load-carrying capacity of such structures is determined by the inelastic buckling strength. A numerical procedure for determining the buckling load of partially yielded frames is developed and its use is illustrated with reference to a simple portal frame. The study represents the first attempt to determine theoretically the inelastic buckling strength of unbraced frames. Tests on steel models fabricated from a small wide-flange shape were conducted and the results show satisfactory agreement with the theoretical solutions. Based on the results of the theoretical and experimental studies, the validity of a currently (1965) used column design rule is examined and a new method is proposed.
Bayesian Estimation of Spatial Autoregressive Models

Spatial econometrics has relied extensively on spatial autoregressive models. Anselin (1988) developed a taxonomy of these models using a regression model framework and maximum likelihood estimation methods. A Bayesian approach to estimating these models based on Gibbs sampling is introduced here. It allows for non-constant variance over space taking an unspecified form and outliers in the sample data. In addition, estimates of the non-constant variance at each point in space allow inferences regarding the spatial nature of heteroskedasticity and the position of outliers.
Toward a smarter prostate cancer screening program.

current suboptimal guidelines. Given these limitations, a large-scale prospective trial likely will not move forward. At Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the screening guidelines have been updated to reflect the current literature supporting PSA-based screening intervals. Further adoption of these principles throughout the urologic community will clearly lead to improvement in the manner in which men are screened. With the availability of highquality PSA screening trial data coupled with data on the natural course of prostate cancer in unscreened populations, there is no reason to delay the acceptance of smarter PSA screening.
Countertransference in Court Interpreters

Transference and countertransference are important concepts in the therapist-patient relationship in psychiatry. They are also important elements of the courtroom setting and the court interpreter's verbalizations. Transference and countertransference are defined and illustrated in both the psychotherapeutic setting and the courtroom setting with interpreters. The role of the forensic psychiatrist as consultant in interpreter countertransference is discussed in this article.
Use of Urban Adolescent Natural Language to Access Sexual Health Information and Education

Sexual health information could be more accessible to urban adolescents. Many of the sexual health information Web sites are indexed using medical terms instead of slang terms that are typically used by teenagers. Many Americans have poor health literacy; sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, are affecting more and more young people. Actively indexing and mapping natural language terms to the more commonly used terms, by using a database, might enhance access to sexual health information and education. With easier access to this information, young people can learn more and protect themselves.
Mating tactics of male Cape ground squirrels,Xerus inauris: consequences of year-round breeding ☆

The Cape ground squirrel is a highly social, tropical ground squirrel that does not hibernate, suggesting that female receptivity could be scattered throughout the year. Males in this species are very social, living in all-male bands. I studied the mating tactics of male Cape ground squirrels to examine the effects of year-round female receptivity and male grouping on these tactics and on the degree of intrasexual competition. Female breeding was highly irregular and unpredictable, and the average operational sex ratio during oestrus was 10:1 (males to females). However, the predicted high rates of aggression were not observed. Instead, competition among males was manifested by competitive searching, repeated copulations and disruptions of copulations. Dominant males had more copulations with more females, first access to females and were more likely to copulate below-ground where disruptions were unlikely to occur. I conclude that the mating patterns of males in this species are a product of the asynchrony of female oestrus, year-round breeding and the survival benefits of grouping.
Modulation of Electronic Properties of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes by the Presence of an Ionic Shell

We report the change to the band structure of two types of carbon nanotubes due to the presence of an isolated, non-conducting, uniformly charged shell held at a fixed distance above their surfaces. We find that, depending on the chirality of the nanotube, the strain on the lattice causes the dispersion relationships to change. This change can result in a modification of the band structure which can induce a metal-semiconductor transition. We consider these effects as a possible mechanism for heavy-metal ion sensing by functionalized carbon-nanotubes.
Steps toward gene therapy: 1. The initial trials

Hopes for correcting the instruction tape in patients with genetic disease are being intensively explored. Initial efforts centered on monogenic immunodeficiency states, but in a pattern not wholly expected by researchers, the "acquired genetic diseases" of cancer and AIDS account for most ongoing clinical trials. Experience with adenosine deaminase deficiency shows the difficulties encountered in creating practical gene therapies.
Absence of sodium chloride preference in Fischer-344 rats

Preference for NaCl solutions as a function of concentration was examined in three inbred strains of rats (Munich-Wistar, Buffalo, and Fischer-344) and outbred Wistar rats. Fischer-344 rats were found to differ markedly from the other strains in that they failed to prefer any concentration of NaCl solution to water. This difference did not appear to be due to an insensitivity to the taste of NaCl since they significantly avoided solutions at concentrations (greater than 0.7%) that were strongly preferred by other rat strains. Differences between Fischer-344 and other rat strains also did not appear to be due to a generally anomalous taste system since their intake and preference for prototypes of other basic tastes (sweet, sour, and bitter) were generally similar to those of other strains. Although Fischer-344 rats were somewhat slower than Wistar to excrete a sodium load, it is unlikely that this difference can provide a direct explanation of the aversion of Fischer-344 rats for NaCl.
Fake Arbitration: Why Florida's Nonbinding Arbitration Proceudre is Not Arbitration Within the Scope of the Federal Arbitration Act

Does the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) govern Florida’s nonbinding arbitration procedure? At present, this question is unresolved. As its name suggests, the FAA generally governs arbitration agreements. But the FAA does not define “arbitration,” and the U.S. Courts of Appeals have different standards for what constitutes arbitration under the FAA. This Note discusses those different standards and argues that the Eleventh Circuit provides the most logical test for determining whether a particular dispute resolution procedure is FAA arbitration. Finally, this Note argues that, under the Eleventh Circuit’s standard, Florida’s nonbinding arbitration procedure is not FAA arbitration. INTRODUCTION 1282 I. WHAT IS THE FEDERAL ARBITRATION ACT? 1283 II. WHAT CONSTITUTES “FAA ARBITRATION”? 1284 A. Judicial Interpretations of FAA Arbitration 1285 1. The Eastern District of New York 1286 2. The Third Circuit 1287 3. The Ninth Circuit 1288 4. The Fourth Circuit 1289 5. The Third Circuit Strikes Again 1290 6. The Tenth Circuit 1291 7. The Eleventh Circuit 1291 B. The Plain Meaning of “Arbitration” 1293 C. The Correct Interpretation of FAA Arbitration 1294 III. DOES THE FAA GOVERN FLORIDA’S NONBINDING ARBITRATION? 1295 A. Florida’s Nonbinding Arbitration Procedure 1296 B. The FAA Does Not Govern Florida’s Nonbinding Arbitration Procedure 1298 C. Why All of This Matters 1302 * J.D. 2015, University of Florida Levin College of Law; B.S. 2008, University of Florida. I would like to thank the staff and student editors of the Florida Law Review for their hard work in publishing this Note. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their support in all of my academic endeavors. 1 Daeschsel: Fake Arbitration: Why Florida's Nonbinding Arbitration Proceudre Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2016 1282 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 67 1. The Prevalence of Nonbinding Arbitration in Florida 1302 2. The FAA’s Impact on Enforceability 1303 CONCLUSION 1305
Crystallography of Tetracalcium Phosphate.

Tetracalcium phosphate, Ca4O(PO4)2, has a monoclinic modification with the parameters a= 11.99, b = 9.48, and c = 6.97 A, α = 90.8°, z = 4, and space group P21 or P21/m. From a comparison with the work of Tromel and Zaminer, it is concluded that this salt has monoclinic and orthorhombic modifications with the most probable space groups being P21 and P21221, respectively. The results support the view that tetracalcium phosphate has a layer-type structural relationship to hydroxyapatite, Ca5(OH)(PO4)3. This would account, in part, for variations in the compositions of apatitic materials in which the ratio Ca/P is greater than 10/6, and it suggests that tetracalcium phosphate may be present in the mineral of tooth and bone.
A Study of Suicide in the United States

ternal and international propaganda and censorship methods of the Soviet government, together with the anti-Russian campaign conducted by other nations. The sessions on the Negro in the South were introduced by the sociologist, who emphasized racial consciousness and interracial attitudes; later the economist focussed upon Negro employment and income problems; the political scientist dwelt upon the Negro franchise, with special reference to the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments; and the subject was concluded by an analysis of the kinds of news printed about Negroes in the southern press. The other two topics were divided similarly. While most of the meetings have been crowded with a superabundance of materials and while the need for more time has been obvious, it appears that a further reduction of the number of topics would seriously alter the basic objectives of the course. Instead of limiting the present number of subjects, it is possible that Modern Trends would gain in force and direction if the topics were grouped about a single general theme such as the presentday South, the present status of democracy, or the revolutionary world; but such an arrangement might over-complicate the course and expose it to the danger of a somewhat artificial structure.
Exploration and Suggestion for Introduction of Rice Germplasm from Foreign Countries

Since 1949, about 23,890 cultivated varieties (lines) and 2,201 entries of wild rice have been introduced into China and evaluated most being used directly and/or indirectly in rice breeding and production. Among of them, 23 and 75 introduced varieties were cultivated annually over 66,700 hm2 and 6,670-66,700 hm2 in some years, respectively. The restorer lines (R lines), introduced directly and/or bred with foreign R descents, have occupied 95. 7% of total R lines used in hybrid rice. A large number of foreign rice materials have been utilized as crossing parentages in various breeding programs for high yield, good quality and pest resistance in China. Thus, strengthening introduction and utilization of foreign rice germplasm is significant to increase genetic-diversity and to enrich germplasm, which is also one of chinese national strategies to respond to strong competition for bio-genetic resources in the world. According to the newly changing situation, we propose the regularities, direction and ways for strengthening introduction of foreign rice germplasm suitable to China.
Cold Collisions of OH(2Π) Molecules with He Atoms in External Fields

We present rigorous quantum calculations for low-temperature collisions of OH(2Π) molecules with He atoms in the presence of external electric and magnetic fields. We show that electric fields of l...
Examining the relationship between home literacy environment and neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with and without a familial risk for dyslexia: an fMRI study.

Developmental dyslexia is a language-based learning disability characterized by persistent difficulty in learning to read. While an understanding of genetic contributions is emerging, the ways the environment affects brain functioning in children with developmental dyslexia are poorly understood. A relationship between the home literacy environment (HLE) and neural correlates of reading has been identified in typically developing children, yet it remains unclear whether similar effects are observable in children with a genetic predisposition for dyslexia. Understanding environmental contributions is important given that we do not understand why some genetically at-risk children do not develop dyslexia. Here, we investigate for the first time the relationship between HLE and the neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with (FHD+, n = 29) and without (FHD−, n = 21) a family history of developmental dyslexia. We further controlled for socioeconomic status to isolate the neurobiological mechanism by which HLE affects reading development. Group differences revealed stronger correlation of HLE with brain activation in the left inferior/middle frontal and right fusiform gyri in FHD− compared to FHD+ children, suggesting greater impact of HLE on manipulation of phonological codes and recruitment of orthographic representations in typically developing children. In contrast, activation in the right precentral gyrus showed a significantly stronger correlation with HLE in FHD+ compared to FHD− children, suggesting emerging compensatory networks in genetically at-risk children. Overall, our results suggest that genetic predisposition for dyslexia alters contributions of HLE to early reading skills before formal reading instruction, which has important implications for educational practice and intervention models.
Testing Longitudinal Relationships Between Binge Drinking, Marijuana Use, and Depressive Symptoms and Moderation by Sex.

Abstract Purpose Both substance use and depression are common in adolescence and often comorbid. Past research has produced conflicting results on whether there is a temporal relationship, and if so, in which direction it operates and how it may vary by sex. We examined the longitudinal associations between substance use frequency and depressive symptoms from adolescence into young adulthood and whether the associations were moderated by sex. Methods With data from Waves I, III, and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 9,816), we used growth curve models to test if depressive symptoms predicted marijuana use or binge drinking frequency (Self-Medication Model) or if substance use frequency predicted depressive symptoms (Stress Model). Moderation by sex and age was tested for both potential pathways. Results Increases in adolescent depressive symptoms, compared to no symptoms, were associated with a steeper predicted increase in marijuana use frequency from adolescence to young adulthood. Increases in persistent binge drinking or marijuana use frequency had concurrent positive associations with depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood, and these associations were significantly stronger for females compared to males. Conclusions The results not only support the Self-Medication Model for marijuana use but also provide modest support for the Stress Model, that substance use is associated with depressive symptoms, especially for females.
Abstractions for Modeling Complex Systems

The ever increasing popularity of model-based system- and software engineering has resulted in more and more systems—and more and more complex systems—being modeled. Hence, the problem of managing the complexity of the models themselves has gained importance. This paper introduces three abstractions that are specifically targeted at improving the scalability of the modeling process and the system models themselves.
Development and Validation of KASP Markers for Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Resistance Gene Wsm2

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) can cause significant yield loss in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains of North America. A recently identified WSMV resistance gene, Wsm2, was mapped to chromosome 3BS in germplasm line ‘CO960293–2’. Effective genetic markers tightly linked to the gene will enhance the selection of WSMV-resistant lines through marker-assisted selection. We have mapped Wsm2 using a high-density map developed from the wheat 90K Infinium iSelect single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array with recombinant inbred lines from the cross between CO960293–2 and susceptible cultivar ‘TAM 111’. Array-based SNPs that mapped within 4 cM of Wsm2 on chromosome 3BS were converted to Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (KASP) assays in this study. Six KASP SNPs were validated in two doubled haploid populations developed from crosses of ‘RonL’ × ‘Ripper’ and ‘Snowmass’ × ‘Antero’. RonL and Snowmass possess the Wsm2 gene from CO960293–2. Three closely linked KASP SNPs, converted from IAAV6442, BS00018764_51, and wsnp_Ra_c16264_24873670, showed high sensitivity and specificity (0.83 ≤ sensitivity ≤ 0.97, 0.89 ≤ specificity ≤ 0.99). The latter two were also validated in six F₂ breeding populations. These three KASP SNPs were effective in differentiating resistant and susceptible genotypes. Comparative mapping was performed using sequences of SNPs flanking Wsm2 and identified candidate genes and regions in Brachypodium and rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). The KASP SNPs developed in this study should be useful for marker-assisted selection of Wsm2 in wheat breeding programs, and the newly constructed map will also facilitate map based cloning of Wsm2.
Response to Therapy Status Is an Excellent Predictor of Pregnancy-Associated Structural Disease Progression in Patients Previously Treated for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Background: Pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk of recurrence/progression of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, it is unclear if the impact of pregnancy would differ based on pre-pregnancy response to therapy status. The objective of this study was to investigate the risk of recurrence/progression of DTC, applying the response to therapy assessments to pre-pregnancy status as recommended by the 2015 American Thyroid Association thyroid cancer guidelines. Methods: This was a retrospective review of 235 women followed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center for DTC who had a term pregnancy after initial treatment for DTC between 1997 and 2015. Results: Structural disease recurrence/progression after pregnancy was documented in 5% (11/235) of the patients. When evaluated 3–12 months after delivery, patients who had an excellent, indeterminate, or biochemical incomplete response before pregnancy continued to show no evidence of structurally identifiable disease. Conversely, in wome...
Effect of Blood Transfusion On Serum Haptoglobin.

Abstract 3138 Poster Board III-75 Introduction Haptoglobin, an alpha2 globulin, is an acute phase reactant, which functions to bind the globin portion of free hemoglobin in the blood. The half-life of serum haptoglobin is approximately five days, but in the presence of free hemoglobin, the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex is rapidly cleared from the system causing a decrease in the measured serum haptoglobin (normal levels 36-195mg/dl). The measurement of serum haptoglobin is used as one of the laboratory markers for the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia. Since stored blood contains a variable amount of free hemoglobin, transfusion of this blood may affect haptoglobin levels and thereby negate the usefulness of haptoglobin measurement when hemolysis is suspected in recently transfused patients. Patients and methods Twenty-0ne patients, who were being transfused with more than one unit of packed red blood cells (PRBC), for non-hemolytic indications, were enrolled in the study and their serum haptoglobin levels were recorded before, immediately after, 24 hours after and 48 hours after PRBC transfusion. Observations and results A total of twenty-one patients were enrolled in the study and these patients received a total of forty-seven units of PRBC. The most common indication for transfusion was anemia secondary to blood loss. Eighteen patients received two units, one patient received three units, and two patients received four units of PRBC. Four patients received PRBC9s that were more than 30 days old. When blood less than 30 days old was transfused there was a decrease to below normal in the haptoglobin level of only one patient, and this patient had a low normal serum haptoglobin level prior to transfusion. However, in four patients who received blood that was more than 30 days old, two (fifty percent) had a decrease in serum haptoglobin levels to below normal. Conclusion Serum haptoglobin can be used in the diagnosis of hemolysis in patients receiving multiple units of PRBC transfusions when the age of the transfused blood is less than thirty days. However, when PRBC9s more than thirty days old are transfused measurement of serum haptoglobin might not prove to be a reliable indicator of hemolysis. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Potent inhibition of human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) by β-carboline alkaloids.

1. Beta-carbolines are indole alkaloids with a wide range of pharmacological and toxicological activities. Beta-carbolines are structurally related to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a known substrate of organic cation transporters (OCTs). The goal of this study is to determine the interaction of β-carbolines with human OCT1, 2, and 3 (SLC22A1-3). 2. Dose-dependent inhibition studies were performed for five commercially available β-carbolines using a fluorescent substrate assay in HEK293 cells stably expressing hOCT1-3. The substrate potential was evaluated by uptake assays and the impact of active transport on cellular toxicity examined. 3. All tested β-carbolines potently inhibited hOCT2 with IC50 values in the sub- or low micromolar range. Harmaline is the most potent hOCT2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.50 ± 0.08 μM). hOCT1 and hOCT3 are less sensitive to β-carboline inhibition. Harmaline, norharmanium, and 2,9-dimethyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-β-carbolinium accumulated 2- to 7-fold higher in cells expressing hOCT1-3. HEK293 cells expressing hOCT1-3 were 6.5- to 13-fold more sensitive to harmane and norharmanium toxicity. 4. Our data support a significant role of hOCT1-3 in tissue uptake and disposition of β-carbolines. Importantly, the potent inhibition of hOCT2 by β-carbolines also raises the concern of potential drug interactions between naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids and drugs eliminated by hOCT2.
Cortisol in Neonatal Mother's Milk Predicts Later Infant Social and Cognitive Functioning in Rhesus Monkeys.

Milk provides not only the building blocks for somatic development but also the hormonal signals that contribute to the biopsychological organization of the infant. Among mammals, glucocorticoids (GCs) in mother's milk have been associated with infant temperament. This study extended prior work to investigate rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) mother–infant dyads (N = 34) from birth through 8 months postpartum. Regression analysis revealed that cortisol concentrations in milk during the neonatal period predicted impulsivity on a cognitive task, but not global social behaviors, months later. During this time period, sex-differentiated social behavior emerged. For female infants, milk cortisol concentrations predicted total frequency of play. Collectively, these findings support and extend the “lactational programming” hypothesis on the impact of maternal-origin hormones ingested via milk.
Legal Complexities of Global Vaccine Compensation Systems-Reply.

Ms Mastroianni and Dr Henry question statements in our Viewpoint justifying no-fault compensation schemes for injuries associated with vaccines administered as part of routine clinical practice and in nonemergency situations while using as examples experimental vaccines available during times of public health emergencies. They further suggest that we have not addressed the legal complexities involved in the case of maternal immunization. Our proposal was intended to apply only to recommended, not experimental vaccines, and we regret any confusion the use of examples of vaccines still in development may have caused. Mastroianni and Henry argue this distinction is important because “research-related injuries are rarely covered by any no-fault compensation scheme.” We disagree to the extent the writers suggest that there is not a compensation system to address injuries occurring during clinical trials. As Henry has written elsewhere: “almost every developed country in the world [except the United States] relies on [self-insurance or clinical trial insurance] to meet the needs of injured research subjects,” and clinical trial sponsors in the United States routinely purchase insurance to cover research-related injuries.1 The far larger gap in protecting against serious adverse events globally is for populations immunized after vaccines are recommended and delivered. In the influenza A H1N1 context, for example, recommended vaccines were supported by trials enrolling between 721 and 2768 adults, whereas 61 million persons were vaccinated against the virus after approval.2 Mastroianni and Henry explain the emergency and nonemergency no-fault compensation statutes in the United States. A similar system would not only be possible but welcomed under the complementary global system we advocated. However, other approaches are possible. Some countries may unify their statutory approaches to compensation for routine and emergency vaccinations or give greater authority to certain administrative authorities to declare qualifying vaccines eligible for no-fault compensation during public health emergencies.
Linking Planning with Budgeting: Examining Linkages between General Plans and Capital Improvement Plans:

Scholars and practitioners in the United States have paid significant attention to the need for consistency in urban planning documents. However, consistency between general plans (GPs) and capital...
The Influence of Patient Gender on Morbidity Following Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Little research has focused on the influence of gender on postoperative morbidity following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to compare operative time, length of stay, 30-day complications, and readmissions based on patient gender. Methods The prospectively collected National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry from 2005 to 2014 was queried to identify primary elective THA and TKA patients. Multivariate regression was used to compare the rates of 30-day adverse events, rates of readmission, operative time, and postoperative length of stay between men and women. Multivariate analyses were controlled for baseline patient characteristics and procedure type. Results A total of 173,777 patients were included (63.5% TKA and 36.5% THA). Male gender increased the risk of multiple adverse events, including death (relative risk [RR] 1.1, P P P P P P P P P P P Conclusion Men had increased risk of multiple individual adverse events including death, surgical site infection, cardiac arrest, return to the operating room, and readmission. Conversely, women had increased risk of urinary tract infection and blood transfusion.