cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ownership without control: Toward a theory of backward integration

Abstract Backward integration occurs when a downstream firm acquires equity in an upstream supplier. While equity establishes an ownership claim on residual profit, it does not necessarily change control rights over managerial decisions. When contracts are incomplete, such pure changes in ownership structure nevertheless do affect the incentives of vertically related firms. Specifically, cost sharing associated with the ownership of upstream equity curtails the incentive of the downstream firm to act monopsonistically. At the same time, backward integration undermines the incentive of an upstream owner-manager to reduce production cost. The optimal degree of backward integration depends on the trade-off between these two incentive problems. In the context of a simple principal-agent model, some degree of backward integration is optimal under “normal” circumstances. Moreover, heightened asset specificity might either encourage or discourage backward integration.
Comparison of shear bond strengths of two resin luting systems for a base and a high noble metal alloy bonded to enamel

Researchers are investigating the use of noble metals for the fabrication of resin-bonded prostheses because of concerns about health hazards of nickel and beryllium in base metal alloys. Tin-plating has been advocated to improve the bond of resin luting agents to noble metal alloys. Some manufacturers have suggested that tin-plating is unnecessary to bond noble metal alloys to etched enamel with their products. In this study, Rexillium base metal and Olympia noble metal alloy specimens were bonded to extracted human teeth with the use of two resin luting agents (F21 and Panavia OP). One third of the noble metal specimens were tin-plated, one third were oxidized, and one third were oxidized and sandblasted. Each of the bonded specimens were thermocycled and subjected to a shear force until bond failure. The base metal specimens bonded with Panavia OP luting agent exhibited the greatest mean shear bond strengths. The tin-plating surface treatment significantly increased the mean shear bond strengths of Olympia noble metal specimens.
Regulation of monocyte function by complement activation products

Normal human monocytes, obtained at a mean purity of 60% by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, were found to be chemotactically deactivated to C5a by exposure to low, and biologically significant, concentrations of zymosan-activated serum (ZAS), while retaining their full response to FMLP. C5a was found to be 40X more potent than its metabolite C5adesArg in reducing chemotaxis to activated pooled serum. Conversely, exposure of monocytes to varying concentrations of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) decreased chemotaxis to that attractant, though had no effect on chemotaxis to activated serum. Monocytes were also found to actively absorb C5a from solutions of ZAS, rich in C5a. Our data support the concept that monocytes are specifically regulated by C5a and C5adesArg.
Syntheses of fluorinated ligands to probe binding of antigenic determinants of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotypes Inaba and Ogawa, to antibodies

Abstract Derivatives of methyl α-glycosides of antigenic determinants of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotypes Inaba and Ogawa, specifically fluorinated at position 2′ or 4′ have been synthesized by coupling the appropriately fluorinated derivatives of 3-deoxy- l - glycero -tetronic acid with the methyl α-glycosides of perosamine. The compound having the fluorine atom at position 2 was obtained by electrophilic addition of fluorine to the glycal derived from the parent antigenic determinant, serotypes Inaba, using Selectfluor ™ as a fluorination reagent.
Binding of cytochalasin B to a red cell membrane protein.

Dimethyl maleic anhydride was used to solubilize all of the major membrane proteins of the human red blood cell except band 3, band 7, and glycophorin. The extracted membrane contains all of the sugar transport-related cytochalasin B binding sites of the cell. Binding of cytochalasin B is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate or by p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate and this inhibition is reversed by 2-mercaptoethanol, showing that sulfhydryl groups are involved in the cytochalasin B binding reaction. This result and other observations suggest that the sugar transport-related cytochalasin B binding sites are most likely associated with the band 3 protein.
Cage culture as a mechanical method for controlling reproduction of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner)

Abstract Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) in cages suspended in water produced no fry when mesh size of the enclosing material was 0.6 cm, but fry were produced when mesh size was 0.3 cm. Results were similar in experiments conducted in plastic pools and earthen ponds.
Two new species of chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) in Ascoschoengastia and Microtrombicula from hyrax (Hyracoidea) in Serengeti, Tanzania, Africa

Abstract Two new species of chiggers are described from specimens collected from two different species of hyrax (Hyracoidea: Procaviidae) in the Serengeti of Tanzania, Africa. The species are Ascoschoengastia serengetia n. sp. and Microtrombicula eastoni n. sp. (Trombiculidae). Comments on the genera and recombination of a previously described species are provided.
It training assessment and evaluation: a case study

The purpose of this paper is to examine the "as-is" state of IT staff skills and training at a large pseudo-government utility organization, in order to provide greater context and clarity of the case. This organization will be referred to as the "Company" for the purpose of this paper. The paper looks at the phenomenon in the context of corporate sponsored IT training and education initiatives.This paper presents a descriptive case study and concluding recommendations that focuses on a plan for evaluation of training and education initiatives as well systematic assessment of the results. An expansion of Kirkpatrick's outcomes based model, to include specificity of assessment processes, domains or metrics for measurement, plans for decision-making, and tools as instrument of measurement, is presented. Additional recommendations encouraged training strategies that incorporate the strengths of various learning theories in a way that support real-world workplace experiences. The instructional designs should combine exercises and group activities that create social involvement and encourage team building.
Prevention of Hemorrhagic Cystitis Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant Preparative Regimens With Cyclophosphamide and Busulfan: Role of Continuous Bladder Irrigation

High dose cyclophosphamide and/or busulfan conditioning treatment of recipients of bone marrow transplants proved to be highly effective but associated with substantial and sometimes life threatening hemorrhagic cystitis. To prevent this complication, a prophylactic continuous bladder irrigation program was instituted in patients receiving cyclophosphamide and/or busulfan in preparation for bone marrow transplantation. Retrospective analysis of 199 patients who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation revealed that continuous bladder irrigation significantly decreased the frequency of hemorrhagic cystitis in patients receiving busulfan and cyclophosphamide (continuous bladder irrigation 23% versus no bladder irrigation 53%, p < 0.004). There was no difference in the frequency of hemorrhagic cystitis between the different preparative regimens in patients who underwent continuous bladder irrigation. There was no relationship between the incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis and the severity of graft-versus-host disease or the time to engraftment. The duration of hemorrhagic cystitis and overall survival rates were similar in both groups, and there was no increase in complications related to catheterization. In general, continuous bladder irrigation was well tolerated, decreased the incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis and may be useful in bone marrow transplant patients.
Attention guiding principles in 3D adventure games

Computer game design lacks a language for visual narrative principles in ways similar to those in architecture, film, and theme park design. We develop visual narrative methods in which spatial composition principles enhance goal direction attention within the overarching level structure of computer adventure games. Based on our observation of goal-directed attention game design patterns in existing 3D adventure games, we attempt to define a language that game designers can utilize to prototype levels more efficiently and apply them to a testing scenario.
Full length synthetic surfactant proteins, SP-B and SP-C, reduce surfactant inactivation by serum.

Abstract The failure of some infants with respiratory distress syndrome to respond to therapy with surfactant may be explained in part by inactivation of surfactant caused by leakage of plasma constituents into air spaces. Surfactant-associated proteins (SP-A, SP-B and SP-C) reduce the susceptibility of surfactants to inactivation in vitro. To study this phenomenon further, we used full length synthetic proteins, SP-B [1–78]and SP-C [1–31], mixed with surfactant lipids in different ratios and different concentrations. Equilibrium and minimum surface tensions of these mixtures, with or without serum and calcium, were measured using a pulsating surfactometer. Mixtures containing both SP-B and SP-C had optimal minimum and equilibrium surface tensions of
Studies on Dark Adaptation. VI. Effects on Foveal Dark Adaptation of Series of Alternating Light and Dark Periods

This study investigated the effects on foveal dark adaptation of series of alternating light and dark periods. The purpose of the study was to determine the duration of dark period necessary to avoid the cumulative effects of successive light periods on foveal adaptation. Absolute brightness thresholds were measured monocularly. The test patch which subtended 1 deg diam, and the pre-exposure which subtended 37.5 deg diam were centrally fixated. Foveal dark-adaptation curves were obtained after 10 and 25 presentations of each of the following light and dark period combinations: (1) 1 ft-L for 10 sec with dark periods of 0, 10, and 25 sec, (2) 10 ft-L for 1 sec with dark periods of 0 and 10 sec, (3) 0.1 ft-L for 10 sec with dark periods of 0, 10, and 25 sec, (4) 1 ft-L for 1 sec with dark periods of 0 and 10 sec, and (5) 0.1 ft-L for 1 sec with dark periods of 0 and 10 sec. Curves were also obtained after single presentations of each light period. In most cases, the longest dark period duration tested appeared to minimize or cancel any cumulative effects of the repeated presentations.
A Multi-Faceted Response to an Adolescent's School Failure.

A family-based, multi-system intervention is described as a response to three years of an adolescent's school failure. In a case study describing an unmotivated family, unmotivated school, and systems-oriented helpers, an intervention plan is developed that is directed toward improving the adolescent's school behavior and performance. Family therapy occurred concurrently with those interventions. A family-trained psycho educational consultant is employed to mediate between family and school to avoid disturbing the integrity of the therapists relationship with the family. Short-term effects of these procedures are described.
The effect of subject's race and other's race on judgments of causality for success and failure

This study examined the proposition that blacks and whites make dispositional attributions for an in-group's positive behaviors and an out-group's negative behaviors. The study also examined whether this positive in-group bias was caused by dislike of the out-group or belief in a stereotype. Thus, blacks and whites made attributions to black and white others who succeeded or failed on tasks for which there was either no stereotype or a more negative stereotype of whites than of blacks. An out-group other's failure on both tasks was attributed to lack of ability more than was an in-group other's failure. This finding suggests that the in-group bias is caused by dislike of the out-group. Furthermore, in success conditions subjects' attributions to the in-group or out-group other did not differ. It was suggested that these attributions may result from a combination of an in-group bias and a polarized appraisal.
The effect of interitem associative strength on the acquisition and retention of serial lists

This study investigates the influence of interitem associative strength (IIAS) on the acquisition and retention of serial lists. Degree of IIAS refers to the probability with which the members of a series elicit each other as associates. Lists of high and zero IIAS (Lists H and Lists Z) were compared. Lists Z had an advantage in original learning, whereas recall after 7 days was greater for Lists H; however, Lists H fell below Lists Z in the course of relearning. The pattern of results is attributed to correlated increases in response recall and unit-sequence interference as a function of degree of IIAS.
Unambiguous discrimination between two rank-2 mixed quantum states

In this paper we consider the problem of the optimal quantum unambiguous detection between two mixed quantum states. More specifically, we consider two mixed quantum states of rank 2 which lie in a Hilbert space of dimension 4. Using duality theory we explicitly characterize the optimal measurement operators. Furthermore, as a by-product of our framework we obtain a closed form solution of unambiguous discrimination between a pure and a mixed quantum state.
Genomics: CRISPR engineering turns on genes

The repurposing of a bacterial defence system known as CRISPR into a potent activator of gene expression in human cells enables powerful studies of gene function, as exemplified in cancer cells. See Article p.583
Electrical and metabolic imaging of cardiac ischemia

A high-speed CCD camera-based imaging system employing frequency modulated multi-spectral illumination sources is under development to image intrinsic and exogenous fluorophores. The system will be used to investigate electrical and metabolic function during cardiac ischemia.
IQGAP1 regulates cell motility by linking growth factor signaling to actin assembly

IQGAP1 has been implicated as a regulator of cell motility because its overexpression or underexpression stimulates or inhibits cell migration, respectively, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we present evidence that IQGAP1 stimulates branched actin filament assembly, which provides the force for lamellipodial protrusion, and that this function of IQGAP1 is regulated by binding of type 2 fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) to a cognate receptor, FGFR1. Stimulation of serum-starved MDBK cells with FGF2 promoted IQGAP1-dependent lamellipodial protrusion and cell migration, and intracellular associations of IQGAP1 with FGFR1 – and two other factors – the Arp2/3 complex and its activator N-WASP, that coordinately promote nucleation of branched actin filament networks. FGF2 also induced recruitment of IQGAP1, FGFR1, N-WASP and Arp2/3 complex to lamellipodia. N-WASP was also required for FGF2-stimulated migration of MDBK cells. In vitro, IQGAP1 bound directly to the cytoplasmic tail of FGFR1 and to N-WASP, and stimulated branched actin filament nucleation in the presence of N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex. Based on these observations, we conclude that IQGAP1 links FGF2 signaling to Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin assembly by serving as a binding partner for FGFR1 and as an activator of N-WASP.
Simplified Method for Predicting Onset of Open-Mode Free Edge Delamination

An attempt was made to relate average interlaminar normal stress to interface moment at the free edge for several families of laminates. By establishing a relation between these two variables, the average interlaminar normal stress was obtained by the classical laminated plate theory
Human Immunity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Relationship between Heat-Stable Opsonins and Type-Specific Lipopolysaccharides

The relationship between heat-stable opsonizing antibody in human serum and purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa described in a serologic typing system by Fisher, Devlin, and Gnabasik was assessed by quantitative tests of phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Serum from human volunteers given purified LPS showed significantly increased opsonizing activity paralleled by rises in titers of antibody. These opsonins were type-specific, and purified LPS could block phagocytosis of the parent strain from which each was derived. The opsonizing activity in serum could be removed by absorptions with whole live bacteria, heat-killed intact bacteria, or LPS. These absorptions showed that there was no significant crossantigenicity in the typing system of Fisher, Devlin, and Gnabasik, but wild-type strains of P. aeruginosa commonly contained multiple LPS antigens. Heat-stable, somatic antigens of P. aeruginosa have properties enabling the organisms to resist phagocytosis; this resistance is neutralized by serum containing specific antibodies.
EFFECT OF METOCLOPRAMIDE ON FEEDING INTOLERANCE IN PRETERM INFANTS: A DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY. 726

EFFECT OF METOCLOPRAMIDE ON FEEDING INTOLERANCE IN PRETERM INFANTS: A DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY. 726
FDA Reform: Unintended Outcome?

The political storms raging over the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the destructive financial consequences that follow inevitably in their wake, could not have been more sharply illustrated than in the the two recent letters juxtaposed under the heading “FDA ‘reform’?” (9 Jan., p. [157][1]). One, from five laboratory chiefs in the Division of Viral Products of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), decried the massive reduction in scientific research capacity that CBER faces as a consequence of negotiations surrounding and provisions contained in the recently enacted FDA reform bill, while the other, from a former FDA official, scorched the bill for not going far enough to change the agency's regulatory processes and habits. Last June, I wrote an editorial (13 June, p. [1627][2]) about the report of the FDA Science Board Subcommittee on Research, which I chaired. While critical of much about current research management and practices, the report strongly endorsed the principle that a robust intramural program of well-organized, intelligently managed, rigorously evaluated, mission-focused, top-grade research was essential in support of the FDA's mission. At a time of remarkably rapid advances in the foundational disciplines of biomedicine, information technology, materials science, microelectronics, and other fields, and of an unprecedented rapidity of translation of those advances into entirely new classes of drugs and devices, the need for nimble, responsive, up-to-date intramural science to inform and maintain the currentness and quality of the agency's review processes has never been greater. This principle should be well understood by the agency, the public it serves, and the regulated industry itself. The subcommittee was not charged to review the FDA's regulatory processes and took no position on them. It did highlight, however, the chronic inadequacy of advocacy for FDA science within the agency and the Department of Health and Human Services and warned that the congressional practice of coupling a progressively increasing regulatory workload with insufficient appropriations would inevitably erode, if not cripple, the agency's research base. The minutely negotiated, politically distracted FDA reform bill clearly has satisfied neither the FDA's most vocal critics nor protected the agency's ability to sustain the focus of intramural research that has been the hallmark of the U.S. system of medical, cosmetic, and food products oversight for nearly a century. Worse, it has contributed to the impending collapse of the scientific capacity of CBER and of the scientific research base of the agency. Sadly, an immediate, albeit unintended, outcome of the laborious legislative “FDA reform” process may well be to compromise the ability of the agency to expedite the movement of the newest, most promising technologies from laboratory to marketplace, and ultimately to promote and protect the health of the American public. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.279.5348.155e [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.276.5319.1627
Predicting presence: Constructing the Tendency toward Presence Inventory

We used a rational-empirical approach to construct the Tendency toward Presence Inventory (TPI), constructing scales to measure the individual difference human factors hypothesized to predict a person's tendency to experience the cognitive state of presence. The initial pool of 105 items was administered to 499 undergraduate psychology students at a university in the southeastern United States in order to empirically validate the underlying factor structure associated with this tendency. Six factors were derived, resembling the original conceptual model. Construct validity and reliability evidence are presented. Future empirical work is needed to explore the criterion and predictive validities of the factors constituting this inventory.
Psychotherapy for Schizophrenia in an ACT Team Context

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and assertive community treatment (ACT) are two evidence-based approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia; nevertheless, the two approaches are rarely combined. In the present case study, we discuss the treatment of a man diagnosed with schizophrenia with severe social anxiety. CBT approaches were used and treatment was conducted within the context of ACT services. CBT and ACT were found to be complementary, and the combination of approaches was found to be effective helping to reduce the client’s social anxiety. Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia are discussed.
Quantitative Control over Electrodeposition of Silica Films onto Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Surfaces†

Control over the thickness of a silica coating on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is highly desirable for applications in optics and in biomedicine. Moreover, a silica coating on SWNTs would also aid in avoiding tube−tube contact and bundle formation as well as tube oxidation, a scenario conducive to the use of appropriately functionalized carbon nanotubes as individualized gate dielectric materials in field effect transistors. In this work, we have developed two feasible and reliable means with which to coat SWNTs with various reproducible thicknesses of silica using an electrochemical sol−gel process. In one procedure, a SWNT mat was used as a working electrode for the direct deposition of silica. In the second, nanotubes were dispersed in solution and silica was deposited onto these solubilized nanotubes in the presence of a platinum working electrode. Applying a negative potential results in the condensation of a silica film onto the SWNT surface. The thickness of the silica coating can be cont...
Archean photoautotrophy: Some alternatives and limits

From the Archean geological record, one can infer that photoautotrophy evolved early in earth history; however, the nature of this photosynthesis — whether it was predominantly bacterial or cyanobacterial — is less clearly understood. General agreement that the earth’s atmosphere did not become oxygen rich before the Early Proterozoic era places constraints on theories concerning more ancient biotas. Accommodating this limitation in various ways, different workers have hypothesized (1) that blue-green algae first evolved in the Early Proterozoic; (2) that oxygen producing proto-cyanobacteria existed in the Archean, but had no biochemical mechanism for coping with ambient O2; and (3) that true cyanobacteria flourished in the Archean, but did not oxygenate the atmosphere because of high rates of oxygen consumption caused, in part, by the emanation of reduced gases from widespread Archean volcanoes.
Optimizing lipid management in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Abstract According to the Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), patients with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL should be discharged on lipid-lowering therapy. When LDL cholesterol levels are between 100 and 129 mg/dL, evaluation of ratios of LDL cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol may provide additional insight into a patient’s risk status. Patients who were using statin therapy before admission for an acute coronary syndrome should be continued on lipid-lowering therapy. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2002 guideline update for management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction recommends statin therapy at discharge as a class I indication, level of evidence A. Furthermore, studies confirm that statin therapy begun early during hospitalization can prevent ischemic events in patients who are treated by an invasive strategy and those who are treated only by a medical strategy. However, studies suggest that patient compliance with a statin regimen after discharge is far from optimal. There are 2 programs available to help ensure that appropriate patients receive and continue taking lipid-lowering therapy. These programs are the Cardiac Hospitalization Atherosclerosis Management Program (CHAMP) and the Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP).
Solving Large Scale Phylogenetic Problems using DCM2

In an earlier paper, we described a new method for phylogenetic tree reconstruction called the Disk Covering Method, or DCM. This is a general method which can be used with an)’ existing phylogenetic method in order to improve its performance, lCre showed analytically and experimentally that when DCM is used in conjunction with polynomial time distance-based methods, it improves the accuracy of the trees reconstructed. In this paper, we discuss a variant on DCM, that we call DCM2. DCM2 is designed to be used with phylogenetic methods whose objective is the solution of NP-hard optimization problems. 1Ve show that DCM2 can be used to accelerate searches for Maximum Parsimony trees. We also motivate the need for solutions to NP-hard optimization problems by showing that on some very large and important datasets, the most popular (and presumably best performing) polynomial time distance methods have poor accuracy.
Direct production of a light CP-odd Higgs boson at the Tevatron and LHC

We show that the existing CDF L=630 pb{sup -1} Tevatron data on pp{yields}{mu}{sup +{mu}-}X places substantial limits on a light CP-odd Higgs boson a with m{sub a} 2m{sub {tau}}for which BR(a{yields}{mu}{sup +{mu}-}) is relatively small. Extrapolation of this existing CDF analysis to L=10 fb{sup -1} suggests that Tevatron limits on the abb coupling strength in the region m{sub a}>8 GeV could be comparable to or better than limits from Upsilon decays in the m{sub a}<7 GeV region. We also give rough estimates of future prospects at the LHC, demonstrating that early running will substantially improve limits on a light a (or perhaps discover a signal). In particular, outside the Upsilon peak region, integrated luminosity of only 5 fb{sup -1}-20 fb{sup -1} (depending on m{sub a} and {radical}(s)) could reveal a peak in M{sub {mu}}{sup +}{sub {mu}}{sup -} and will certainly place important new limits on a light a. The importance of such limits in the context of next-to-minimal supersymmetric model Higgs discovery and (g-2){sub {mu}}are outlined.
Working in and with Noise: The Impact of Audio Environment on Attention

This study examined the relationship between audio environment and attention. Although background noise has generally been assumed to be distracting, recent research has suggested that the opposite may be true. Attention was assessed in 27 participants using a continuous performance test under three different noise conditions: exposure to ambient noise (the control), pink noise, and a television audio track. Participants’ attention was significantly improved in pink noise as compared to the ambient noise, whereas no differences were found between the ambient and television conditions. These findings suggest that not all noise is created equal when it comes to paying attention.
“Aren't These Boy Books?”: High School Students' Readings of Gender in Graphic Novels

The author, a former library media specialist, often heard female students describe graphic novels as being “boy books” and sought to examine how a group of high school girls and boys read gender in three graphic novels. Through focus group and individual interviews, the participants indicated that they enjoyed reading graphic novels to varying extents, and they did not feel that graphic novels were geared only toward boys. Despite this conclusion, the students' responses revealed points of contention in terms of how they identified themselves as graphic novel readers and how they considered graphic novels to be forms of school knowledge.
Cultural Conceptions of Conflict and Variability in Conflict Boundaries—A Moroccan Example

Anthropologists and sociologists have long been concerned with the question of finding meaningful boundaries for social situations. This interest, however, has not been extended to the analysis of those highly complex and elusive interactional sequences-conflict situations. In this paper, an analytic unit—the conflict chain of events-and a process-redefinition-are presented as analytic constructs in order to tackle this problem. A more meaningful representation of conflict, one that reflects universal psychosocial processes and one that is responsive to culture-specific tendencies, is sought. Moroccan case material on interpersonal conflict is used to illustrate the approach.
The Black Initiatives in the Middle East

The Black initiatives in the Middle East began as a direct consequence of the resignation of Andrew Young.' On the very day of this event, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was holding its annual meeting in Norfolk, Virginia, and Young, who had been a former Executive Director of this organization, was scheduled to be the main speaker. Young's cancellation of this speaking engagement brought in another member of SCLC, the Reverend Jesse Jackson, as his replacement, and in this setting the SCLC resolved to take steps to support Andrew Young and expose the shallow basis of policy which resulted in his separation from the administration. This resolution led the leadership, President (Reverend) Joseph Lowery and Chairman of the Board Congressman Reverend Walter Fauntroy to seek meetings with representatives of both the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization. These meetings occurred on August 20. Boiled down to their essentials, the proposals set forth by the SCLC as the basis for their meetings with the two parties amounted to appealing to both sides to respect the mutual right of each to state sovereignty and territorial integrity, and appealing for both sides to mutually renounce violence as a method in the solution to their problem. It was in the context of these meetings and the strong support of them voiced by the Black leadership
Social Support, Household Composition, and Health Behaviors as Risk Factors for Four-Year Mortality in an Urban Elderly Cohort

Predictors of mortality were examined by secondary analysis of a prospective, community-based study. In 1984, there were 805 survivors, aged 74 and over, from an original 1975 sample. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 547 of these survivors, representing a response rate of 68%. In 1988, data were collected on deaths (N = 131) that occurred during a 4-yearfollow-up period, 1984 through December 31, 1988. The relationship between social support, household composition, health behaviors, and mortality among urban elderly was examined. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was established to provide a range that would contain (95 times in 100) the true population relative risk. Results revealed that men who reported no exercise were 3.1 times (95% CI = 1.2-7.9) more likely to die than men who reported exercise. Also, elderly women who reported living with children were 2.8 times (95% CI = 1.4-5.7) more likely to die than women who did not live with their adult children.
Commentary: Assessment of chance should be central in investigation of cancer clusters

As a biostatistician who has considerable experience investigating both fixed putative source clusters and general cluster alarms, and developing methodology for these analyses, I feel I should respond to the various points raised by Coory and Jordan. I believe the authors provide a very narrow view of cluster assessment, characterizing it as testing for an excess of incident cases in a given area. A much broader view has developed over the last two decades, as described below.
Calculations on the electronic structure and spectroscopy of C60 and C70 cage structures

A study of the electronic structure and spectroscopy of models of C60 and C70 cage structures has been carried out using the intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) model Hamiltonian. The geometry for these cages was obtained using gradient-driven methods, and at least in the case of C60, where information is available, is in good accord with the calculations of others. Using a small active space of only single excitations, both configuration interaction (CI) and random phase approximations (RPA) yield spectra in excellent agreement with that obtained from recent experiments. The oscillator strength of the band calculated at ∼47000 cm−1, however, dramatically diminishes as the active space is increased, even though the sum rule increases. We discuss this interesting observation as well as the calculated structure and spectrum of C70.
Some Remarks about the Embodiment of God

In two recent articles Grace M. (Dyck) Jantzen has argued that an embodied God could be both a being worthy of worship (in the Judaeo-Christian tradition) and omnipresent. In arguing for neither of these claims has she attempted to prove that God (if he exists) is embodied, or even that God (if he exists) must be embodied. Rather, she has urged acceptance of the more modest claim there is no good reason for denying the possible embodiment of God (if he exists) on grounds either connected with his being a worthy object of worship or in terms of a supposed entailment of incorporeality on God's omnipresence. Yet contemporary thinkers with as radically divergent views about God as Kai Nielsen and Father Copleston forward ‘the argument that an embodied God is inadequate for sophisticated theism’; and, Jantzen avers, there is a ‘widespread belief that if God is indeed omnipresent, as we are clearly taught in Scripture, then that doctrine of omnipresence entails immediately that God must be incorporeal’. The purpose of my remarks in this note is not to dispute Jantzen's conclusions, but to question the strength and/or satisfactoriness of some of her arguments for those conclusions. Perhaps the most pervading misgiving arises over her unquestioned equating of ‘embodiment’ with ‘having a body’. Surely at first blush such synonymy appears both obvious and innocuous. But where the notion of embodiment itself is the crux of the issue, careful reflection needs to be given to just what the notion involves. Yet she simply accepts the synonymy ‘without any further ado, as though it were just obviously true’, just as she accuses Findlay of doing regarding ‘the claim that only a being who exists necessarily would be worthy of our worship’.
Spiritual Development Across the Adult Life Course: Findings from a Longitudinal Study

Longitudinal data spanning early (30s) and older (late 60s/mid-70s) adulthood were used to study spiritual development across the adult life course in a sample of men and women belonging to a younger (born 1928/29) and an older (born 1920/21) age cohort. All participants, irrespective of gender and cohort, increased significantly in spirituality between late middle (mid-50s/early 60s) and older adulthood. Members of the younger cohort increased in spirituality throughout the adult life cycle. In the second half of adulthood, women increased more rapidly in spirituality than men. Spiritual involvement in older age was predicted by religious involvement and personality characteristics in early adulthood and subsequent experiences of negative life events.
The Alzheimer's β-secretase enzyme BACE1 is required for accurate axon guidance of olfactory sensory neurons and normal glomerulus formation in the olfactory bulb.

Background The β-secretase, β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), is a prime therapeutic target for lowering cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical development of BACE1 inhibitors is being intensely pursued. However, little is known about the physiological functions of BACE1, and the possibility exists that BACE1 inhibition may cause mechanism-based side effects. Indeed, BACE1-/- mice exhibit a complex neurological phenotype. Interestingly, BACE1 co-localizes with presynaptic neuronal markers, indicating a role in axons and/or terminals. Moreover, recent studies suggest axon guidance molecules are potential BACE1 substrates. Here, we used a genetic approach to investigate the function of BACE1 in axon guidance of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), a well-studied model of axon targeting in vivo.
Priority-based spectrum allocation for cognitive radio networks employing NC-OFDM transmission

In this paper, we present three novel priority-based spectrum allocation techniques for enabling dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networking for non-contiguous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NC-OFDM) transmission. With each communication link in the network possessing a specified pair of bit error rate (BER) and throughput requirements for supporting a specific application, the proposed technique assigns one or more blocks of wireless spectrum to these applications in an attempt to simultaneously satisfy these requirements. Specifically, the proposed techniques assigns blocks of spectrum possessing aggregate bandwidth that is sufficient for supporting the intended wireless data service over the communication link. Moreover, since several portions of the wireless spectrum may be heavily attenuated due to frequency-selective fading resulting from multipath propagation, communication links requiring high error robustness are assigned frequency bands located further away from these attenuated regions of spectrum. Thus, the proposed spectrum allocation techniques aims at accommodating communication links supporting several wireless services possessing different performance requirements.
Coaching children about sexual abuse: a pilot study of professionals' perceptions.

High stakes are involved in believing or disbelieving children’s assertions that they have been abused by adults. Consequently, children’s statements about possible maltreatment have become an immensely contested issue (e.g., Ceci & Bruck, 1995; Mansell, 1990; Mildred, 2003; Ney, 1995; Oates et al., 2000; Olafson, 2002; Rabinowitz, 1990). Although other types of cases are contested, sexual abuse cases are particularly controversial because evidence is often limited to the child’s account. A hypothesis that might explain away a child’s account of abuse is that the child has been coached. This explanation has been strongly endorsed by those accused (e.g., Butler, Fukurai, Dimitrius, & Krooth, 2001; Freyd, 1993; Goldstein, 1992; Wakefield & Underwager, 1988) and taken at face value by many professionals (e.g., Ceci & Bruck, 1995; Ney, 1995; Poole & Lamb, 1998; White & Quinn, 1988). Despite declarations that coaching must be routinely considered when child abuse is alleged, there is scant research to support coaching as a viable explanation for children’s accounts of abuse. Although relevant studies do not always address directly the coaching of children, they support a conclusion that coached statements and other types of false abuse allegations by children are uncommon. For example, Jones and McGraw (1987) undertook a review of 579 sexual abuse reports made to child protective services in Denver County in 1983, using a team of child abuse experts. The researchers concluded that eight cases were “fictitious” allegations made by five children (three by the same child).
Modal analysis and coupling in metal-insulator-metal waveguides

This paper shows how to analyze plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguides using the full modal structure of these guides. The analysis applies to all frequencies, particularly including the near infrared and visible spectrum, and to a wide range of sizes, including nanometallic structures. We use the approach here specifically to analyze waveguide junctions. We show that the full modal structure of the metal-insulator-metal MIM waveguides—which consists of real and complex discrete eigenvalue spectra, as well as the continuous spectrum—forms a complete basis set. We provide the derivation of these modes using the techniques developed for Sturm-Liouville and generalized eigenvalue equations. We demonstrate the need to include all parts of the spectrum to have a complete set of basis vectors to describe scattering within MIM waveguides with the mode-matching technique. We numerically compare the mode-matching formulation with finite-difference frequency-domain analysis and find very good agreement between the two for modal scattering at symmetric MIM waveguide junctions. We touch upon the similarities between the underlying mathematical structure of the MIM waveguide and the PT symmetric quantum-mechanical pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians. The rich set of modes that the MIM waveguide supports forms a canonical example against which other more complicated geometries can be compared. Our work here encompasses the microwave results but extends also to waveguides with real metals even at infrared and optical frequencies.
The influence of fast secondary electrons on the aromatic structure of polystyrene

The influence of 200 keV electrons on the characteristic 7eV π—π∗ peak in polystyrene was investigated using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope....
Caffeine alleviates the deterioration of Ca(2+) release mechanisms and fragmentation of in vitro-aged mouse eggs.

The developmental competence of mammalian eggs is compromised by postovulatory aging. We and others have found that in these eggs, the intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) responses required for egg activation and initiation of development are altered. Nevertheless, the mechanism(s) underlying this defective Ca(2+) release is not well known. Here, we investigated if the function of IP(3)R1, the major Ca(2+) release channel at fertilization, was undermined in in vitro-aged mouse eggs. We found that in aged eggs, IP(3)R1 displayed reduced function as many of the changes acquired during maturation that enhance IP(3)R1 Ca(2+) conductivity, such as phosphorylation, receptor reorganization and increased Ca(2+) store content ([Ca(2+)](ER)), were lost with increasing postovulatory time. IP(3)R1 fragmentation, possibly associated with the activation of caspase-3, was also observed in these eggs. Many of these changes were prevented when the postovulatory aging of eggs was carried out in the presence of caffeine, which minimized the decline in IP(3)R(1) function and maintained [Ca(2+)](ER) content. Caffeine also maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, as measured by JC-1 fluorescence. We therefore conclude that [Ca(2+)](i) responses in aged eggs are undermined by reduced IP(3)R1 sensitivity, decreased [Ca(2+)](ER) , and compromised mitochondrial function, and that addition of caffeine ameliorates most of these aging-associated changes. Understanding the molecular basis of the protective effects of caffeine will be useful in elucidating, and possibly reversing, the signaling pathway(s) compromised by in vitro culture of eggs.
Identities in Harmony: Gender—Work Identity Integration Moderates Frame Switching in Cognitive Processing:

Professional women's identity integration—the perceived compatibility between work and gender identities—plays a role in how task or relationship information is processed. Seventy female business school students were primed with either their professional or their gender identity. Business women with higher identity integration showed an assimilation effect to the primed cue. Specifically, they showed higher task orientation than relationship orientation in a recognition task when primed with their professional identity, but less so when primed with their gender identity. Business women with lower identity integration showed a contrast effect to the primed cue: Their recognition reflected a task-relationship orientation opposite to the primed cue. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding women's performance at work.
HAVE MALE AND FEMALE GENITALIA COEVOLVED? A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF GENITALIC MORPHOLOGY AND SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM IN WEB-BUILDING SPIDERS (ARANEAE: ARANEOIDEA)

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) can strongly influence the evolution of reproductive strategies and life history. If SSD is extreme, and other characters (e.g., genitalic size) also increase with size, then functional conflicts may arise between the sexes. Spiders offer an excellent opportunity to investigate this issue because of their wide range of SSD. By using modern phylogenetic methods with 16 species of orb-weaving spiders, we provide strong evidence for the "positive genitalic divergence" model, implying that sexual genitalic dimorphism (SGD) increases as SSD increases. This pattern is supported by an evolutionary mismatch between the absolute sizes of male and female genitalia across species. Indeed, our findings reveal a dramatic reversal from male genitalia that are up to 87x larger than female genitalia in size-monomorphic species to female genitalia that are up to 2.8x larger in extremely size-dimorphic species. We infer that divergence in SGD could limit SSD both in spiders, and potentially in other taxa as well. Further, male and female body size, as well as male and female genitalia size, are decoupled evolutionarily. Finally, we show a negative scaling (hypoallometry) of male and female genitalic morphology within sexes. Evolutionary forces specific to each sex, such as larger female size (increased fecundity) or smaller male size (enhanced mate-searching ability), may be balanced by stabilizing selection on relative genitalic size.
A non-local 3D lattice particle framework for elastic solids

Abstract A novel non-local lattice particle method for three-dimensional elasticity and fracture simulation of isotropic solids is proposed in this paper. First, the basic concept and detailed derivation of the proposed model are given. Three cubic lattice packing are investigated using the proposed model and simulation results are compared with classical finite element method solutions. The performance of these lattice structures are assessed using several benchmarks, for both deformation and brittle fracture problems. From the simulation results, good agreements with both analytical solution and experimental data are observed. Conclusions and future work are drawn based on this study.