cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on tissue interactions in development and disease.

From the morphogenetic movements of the three germ layers during development to the reactive stromal microenvironment in cancer, tissue interactions are vital to maintaining healthy organ morphologic architecture and function. The stromal compartment is thought to be complicit in tumor progression and, as such, represents an opportune target for disease therapies. However, recent developments in our understanding of the diversity of the stromal compartment and the lack of appropriate models to study its relevance in human disease have limited our further understanding of the role of tissue interactions in tumor progression. The failure of any model to fully recapitulate the complexities of systemic biology continues to create a higher imperative for incorporating various perspectives into a broader understanding for the ultimate goal of designing interventional therapies. Understanding this potential, this review examines the biological models used to study stromal-epithelial interactions and includes an attempt to incorporate behavioral terminology to define and mathematically model ecological relationships in stromal-epithelial interactions. In addition, the current attempt to incorporate these diverse ecological perspectives into in silico mathematical models through cross-disciplinary coordination is reviewed, which will provide a fresh perspective on defining cell group behavior and tissue ecology in disease and hopefully lead to the generation of new hypotheses to be empirically validated.
Estimating the fertility effect of expansions of publicly funded family planning services in California.

Abstract Objective To estimate the number of unintended pregnancies averted through the provision of family planning services to low income women in Family PACT, California's Medicaid waiver program. Study Design We use a Markov model to estimate the number of pregnancies in the absence of Family PACT based on the contraceptive method mix used before program enrollment, and pregnancies in the presence of the program, based on method dispensing claims. Results Nearly 1 million (998,084) women were provided with contraceptives in Family PACT in 2007. Contraceptive services averted over an estimated 286,700 unintended pregnancies including 122,000 abortions, 133,000 unintended births, and over 40,000 births among teens. Conclusion This conservative measure of the effect of Family PACT on unintended pregnancies indicates the benefit of expanding access to contraceptive services, an example for other states considering expanding access to family planning services through a state plan amendment under health care reform.
An examination of the determinants of entertainment vacationers' intentions to revisit.

This study investigated the relationship of entertainment travelers’ past vacation behavior, vacation satisfaction, perceived vacation value, and intentions to revisit and repurchase. Subjects were inquirers for the purchase of an entertainment package that visited the destination and were systematically selected over a 12-month period. Results suggest that past behavior, satisfaction, and perceived value are good predictors of entertainment vacationers’ intentions to revisit the destination. It was further found that the variables of past behavior, satisfaction, and perceived value are poor predictors of intentions to visit and attend live theater entertainment or book an entertainment package during a visit. Given the relationships between past behavior, satisfaction, perceived value, and intentions to revisit, results of the present study provide important theoretical implications and direction for entertainment destination management.
ENZYMATIC INCORPORATION OF AMINO ACID FROM AMINOACYL SOLUBLE RIBONUCLEIC ACID INTO RIBOSOMAL RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN.

The incorporation of amino acids into ribonucleic acid associated with cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles has been observed in incubations with intact and cell-free systems from ascitcs cells (1, 2) and cell-free preparations from rat liver (3). Further studies in this laboratory demonstrated that amino acid incorporation into the RNA component of ribonucleoprotein occurs when microsomes or ribosomes are incubated with free 14C-amino acids or aminoacyl sRNA1 in the presence of the appropriate enzyme preparations (4). “Pulse labeling” techniques (2) and time-rate studies (3) suggested that ribosomal RNA may play an intermediary role in amino acid incorporation into proteins. These results and others indicating that the polynucleotide portion of aminoacyl sRNA is reversibly incorporated into ribonucleoprotein (58) are consistent with this suggestion. The incorporation of amino acid or aminoacyl sRNA into ribosomal RNA might therefore represent a stage in the formation of template-bound intermediates in the biological polymerization of amino acids. It appeared important to investigate the nature of the radioactive nonprotein material bound to ribosomes and to determine whether an interaction between aminoacyl sRNA and RNA of the ribosome could be demonstrated. This communication describes studies on the factors required for the formation of ribosomal RNA-bound amino acids, some of the properties of the product or products formed, and their possible participation as particle-bound intermediates in amino acid incorporation. The evidence presented below suggests the existence of a complex involving low molecular weight ribosomal RNA and prptides.
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

CRC handbook of chemistry and physics , CRC handbook of chemistry and physics , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) in a patient with Crohn's disease and exposure to infliximab: a rare clinical presentation and review of the literature

With the introduction of potent immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic medications for various diseases, there is an increased incidence of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. They are the result of mutational rearrangement and historically, have a grave prognosis compared with de novo myeloid neoplasms. We did a short review on various types of myeloid leukaemias reported after therapy with antitumour necrosis factor and also report, to the best of our knowledge, one among the very few cases of therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukaemia in a patient on infliximab therapy for refractory Crohn9s disease. The patient responded well to the traditional treatment and is in complete remission for more than 5 years.
Dual Control of sbo-alb Operon Expression by the Spo0 and ResDE Systems of Signal Transduction under Anaerobic Conditions in Bacillus subtilis

The Bacillus subtilis sbo-alb operon contains sboA, the structural gene for the bacteriocin subtilosin, and the alb genes required for subtilosin production. Transcription from the sbo-alb promoter is highly induced by oxygen limitation. The transcriptional regulation of the sbo-alb operon is under dual control involving the transition state regulator AbrB and the two-component regulatory proteins ResD and ResE.
Robust motion planning using a maneuver automation with built-in uncertainties

In this paper, we extend a recently introduced motion planning framework for autonomous vehicles based on a maneuver automation representation of the vehicle dynamics. We bring robustness into the guidance system by accounting for the uncertainties in the motion primitives used by the maneuver automation. The uncertainties are taken into account in the offline computation of a guidance function, as well as in a real-time planning policy. We illustrate our approach using a high-fidelity simulation model of MIT's autonomous X-Cell miniature helicopter, and present an example that highlights the performance improvement over the original framework. We demonstrate that, when uncertainties are present, a nominal planning policy generates suboptimal trajectories in both open- and closed-loop guidance, and that trajectories obtained by applying the robust policy are less sensitive to perturbations in the motion primitives.
Nested auto-regressive processes for MPEG-encoded video traffic modeling

This paper presents a new traffic model for MPEG-encoded video sequences. The hybrid gamma/Pareto distribution is used for all three types of frames in MPEG-encoded video sequences, and the present model takes scene changes into account. The autocorrelation structure is modeled using two second-order auto-regressive (AR) processes nested with each other. One AR process is used to generate the mean frame size of the scenes to model the long-range dependence, and another AR process is used to generate the fluctuations within the scenes to model the short range dependence. The parameters of the AR processes are estimated from measurements of empirical video sequences. Simulation results show that the present model captures the autocorrelation structure in the empirical traces at both small and large lags. The MPEG traffic model presented in this paper is used to predict the queueing performance of single and multiplexed MPEG video sequences at an asynchronous transfer mode multiplexer. Comparison study shows that the present model provides accurate prediction for quality of service measures, such as cell-loss ratio under different traffic loads and various buffer sizes.
The Drought Calculator: Decision Support Tool for Predicting Forage Growth During Drought

The Drought Calculator (DC), a spreadsheet-based decision support tool, was developed to help ranchers and range managers predict reductions in forage production due to drought. Forage growth potential (FGP), the fraction of historical average production, is predicted as a weighted average of monthly precipitation from January through June. We calibrated and evaluated the DC tool in the Great Plains of the United States, using FGP and precipitation data from Colorado (CO), North Dakota (ND), and Wyoming (WY). In CO, FGP was most sensitive to precipitation in April and May, in ND to precipitation in April and June, and in WY to precipitation in April, May, and June. Weights in these months ranged from 0.16 to 0.52. Prediction was better for CO and WY than for ND. When January–June precipitation was used, the tool correctly predicted 83% of the years with FGP reduced by drought for CO, 82% for WY, and only 67% for ND. Positive values of the True Skill Statistic (0.53 for CO, 0.42 for WY, and 0.17 for ND) indicate that FGP was classified as above or below average better than random selection. Predicting FGP earlier than April in CO and WY will require accurate forecasts of April–June precipitation. Use of the DC is most limited by insufficient forage data to determine the site-specific relationships between FGP and monthly precipitation. Even so, the decision tool is useful for discriminating drought effects on FGP classification being above or below the long-term average, and it provides a quantitative prediction to producers for their destocking decisions in drought years.
Puerto Rican Phenotype Understanding Its Historical Underpinnings and Psychological Associations

The following is a historically informed review of Puerto Rican phenotype. Geared toward educating psychologists, this review discusses how various psychological issues associated with phenotype may have arisen as a result of historical legacies and policies associated with race and racial mixing. It discusses how these policies used various markers to demarcate an “authentic” Puerto Rican identity, and how we continue to reference these variables when defining Puerto Rican identity, despite the fact that identity is contextual and fluid. In reviewing the historical underpinnings and contextual nature of phenotype, it is hoped that the reader will gain a greater appreciation of the role of phenotype in the lives of Puerto Ricans and understand how phenotype, and, most importantly, historical trauma can be related to a host of psychological concerns.
Ensuring reliability of outcome measures in multicenter clinical trials of treatments for acute ischemic stroke : the program developed for the trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST)

Background and Purpose Ensuring the reliability and validity of outcome measures used in clinical trials is essential to the success of the trial. The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) is a multicenter clinical trial that is recruiting patients with acute ischemic stroke seen at medical centers across the United States. Methods This paper describes an approach to train physicians to use three clinical measures: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale, a supplemental motor examination, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The program included education, certification, remediation when needed, monitoring, and reliability assessment. The goal was to ensure that interrater assessments were as equivalent to one another as possible. Results Of the first 95 clinicians who began the certification process, 75 passed during the first evaluation. Eighteen of the
Anomalous voltage overshoot during turn-off of thin-film n-channel SOI MOSFETs

An anomalous output voltage overshoot observed during the turn-off of single short-channel thin-film silicon-on-insulator SOI n-MOSFETs is reported. The parasitic floating-base bipolar device, triggered by impact ionization, is shown to be responsible for this effect. Because switching occurs over a subnanosecond time scale, the charge dynamics related to the bipolar action are essential to explain this voltage overshoot. >
Computer-assisted phalangeal analysis in skeletal age assessment

A computerized approach to the problem of the assessment of skeletal maturity in pediatric radiology is presented. A CR (computed radiography) hand image to be analyzed is first standardized to obtain a left hand, upright, PA view. Then the phalangeal region of interest is defined and thresholded. After the separation of the third finger, the lengths of the distal, middle, and proximal phalanx are measured automatically. Using the standard phalangeal length table, the skeletal age is estimated. The assessed age has been compared to the estimates obtained by a radiologist using the atlas matching method as well as the chronological age. >
Towards a Reflective Practicum of Embodied Conversational Agent Experiences

A reflective practicum is a low-pressure, low-risk learning environment. In a reflective practicum a learner is educated in a professional practice and how to use reflection in the setting of that professional practice. An example of a low-pressure and low-risk learning environment is the use of embodied conversational agents (ECAs) in medicine to provide training for interviewing and diagnostic skills. However, such ECA experiences have not been used to teach how to use reflection in the setting of a professional practice. In this paper we present a framework that supports explicit reflective learning for ECA experiences. Using this framework, ECA experiences become a reflective practicum. This framework was applied to an ECA experience called the Neurological Examination Rehearsal Virtual Environment (NERVE), and created a sample experience called the NERVE Reflective Practicum (NERVE-RP). We conducted a user study in which second-year medical students (n = 76) used NERVE-RP and engaged in reflection based on the experience. The results of the user study show that students engage in valuable reflections during the experience including instances of critical reflection.
The stability of a layer of binary gas mixture heated below

This paper investigates the Benard problem in a binary mixture of dilute gases in which an imposed vertical temperature gradient induces a concentration gradient owing to the thermal diffusion effect. The transfer equations are derived by first-order perturbation theory which leads to instability criteria. Numerical results indicate that instability will set in only as stationary convection. This is distinctly different from the cases of liquids and concentrated gases, in which the thermal diffusion (or Soret) effect gives rise to oscillatory instability. It is disclosed in the study that the destabilization of the dilute gas-mixture layer is enhanced by an increase in the thermal diffusion ratio and/or the molecular weight ratio of the species.
Study of oblique whistlers in the low-latitude ionosphere, jointly with the C/NOFS satellite and the World-Wide Lightning Location Network

We use the C/NOFS satellite's Vector Electric Field Instrument (VEFI) to study the relationship of impul- sive electron whistlers in the low-latitude ionosphere to light- ning strokes located by the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). In order to systematize this work, we develop an automated algorithm for recognizing and select- ing the signatures of electron whistlers amongst many Very Low Frequency (VLF) recordings provided by VEFI. We demonstrate the application of this whistler-detection algo- rithm to data mining of a two-year archive of VEFI record- ings. It is shown that the relatively simple oblique electron whistler adequately accounts of the great majority of low- latitude oscillatory VLF waves seen in this study. been called the "penetrating mode" (for an insightful full- wave treatment, see e.g., Piggott et al., 1965; Pitteway, 1965). The penetrating mode becomes the oblique electron whistler in the ionosphere, where a WKB description is valid. The oblique whistler at ionospheric heights, as opposed to whistlers in the outer magnetosphere, propagates nearly ver- tically, with horizontal wavevector constrained (by Snell's Law) to match that of the underlying sferic, and with the much stronger vertical wavenumber given by the Appleton- Hartree dispersion relation (see, e.g., Sect. 4.9 in Krall and Trivelpiece, 1973).
Adhesion Regulation of Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1 Activation of ERK in Lymphocytes by Phosphatases

We have investigated whether chemokine signaling to the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was regulated by β1-integrin-mediated adhesion in B- and T-cell lines. Activation of ERK by the chemokine SDF-1 can be regulated by adhesion to β1-integrin substrates in the T-cell lines MOLT-3, Jurkat, and H9 and in the Daudi B-cell line. In Jurkat T-cells, adhesion to the immobilized α4β1-integrin ligand VCAM-1 or to the α5β1-integrin ligand fibronectin regulated stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) activation of ERK. Adhesion control of SDF-1 signaling was a rapid event, occurring as early as 10 min after adhesion, and loss of signaling occurred within 10 min of deadhesion. In contrast, SDF-1 activation of the ERK kinase MEK was independent of adhesion. Partial restoration of signaling to ERK in suspension was accomplished by pretreatment with pharmacological inhibitors of serine/threonine or protein-tyrosine phosphatases. In addition, we used a non-radioactive phosphatase assay using phosphorylated ERK as the substrate to determine relative ERK dephosphorylation in whole cell extracts. These results showed greater relative ERK dephosphorylation in extracts from Jurkat cells treated in suspension, as compared with adherent cells. Therefore, these data suggest that adhesion influences SDF-1 activation of ERK by regulating the activity of ERK phosphatases. This identifies a novel locus of adhesion regulation of the ERK cascade.
Election night 1972: TV network coverage

Nearly all of us watch at least some of the election night television news spectacular, but few stop and analyse what is broadcast in all those hours of predictions, interviews, analysis, and just plain talk. Robert Pepper, completing his Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison, offers the following study of the 1972 coverage as but a part of a larger study of election nights. For an analysis of the various 1972 primary election night reports see his paper in Educational Broadcasting Review 7:159–166 (June 1973).
Energy dissipation in the course of the fatigue degradation: Mathematical derivation and experimental quantification

Abstract This paper is concerned with a continuum formulation for irreversible energy dissipation that accounts for generated acoustic emissions during the loading of the materials. Within a thermodynamically consistent framework, the coupling between the mechanical, thermal and acoustic fields is formulated. The evolution of the dissipative energy is experimentally measured as the material is degraded. A statistically similar behavior is observed in different forms of the dissipated energy as the material degrades.
Interpreting the Market Price of Risk

When a set of securities' returns are jointly influenced by n common shocks (factors), and their markets are integrated to the degree that riskless arbitrage opportunities are exhausted, the associated ``market price'' vector of these risks linearly transforms the securities' volatilities into their mean excess returns, a.k.a. risk premia. It is also a parameter of the associated equivalent martingale measures used to price derivative securities. But as Richard Feynmann has written: "There is a pleasure in recognizing old things from a new point of view." A simple but powerful result from the theory of large deviations is used to provide the following interpretation of the market price vector of risks: when the vector is nonnegative, the probability of observing nonpositive sample risk premia goes to zero at an exponential rate equal to half the sum of the squared market prices of risks. Thus, the norm of the market price vector of risks is inversely related to the difficulty of measuring risk premia from time series data. Perhaps more importantly, byproducts of the calculations include a new, extremely simple derivation of the equivalent martingale measure for the Black-Scholes model, and a volatility correction to that model needed to more accurately price U.S. stock index options.
Effects of arterial pressure on drinking and urinary responses to intracerebroventricular angiotensin II

These experiments examined the dipsogenic responses of rats to intracerebroventricularly administered angiotensin II (ANG II) under normotensive and hypotensive conditions. Intravenous infusion of the vasodilator drug minoxidil (25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), combined with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (0.33 mg/min), both reduced blood pressure and prevented endogenous ANG II formation. Central infusions with ANG II (4 or 16 ng/h) began 60 min later, and the intravenous and intracerebroventricular infusions ran concurrently for another 90 min. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), water intake, urine volume (UV) and electrolyte excretion were measured throughout. Water intakes to both doses of intracerebroventricular ANG II were increased, and UV and electrolyte excretion were reduced during hypotensive conditions compared with normotensive conditions. Thus the increased water intakes occurred despite increased fluid retention. It is concluded that arterial hypotension enhances the dipsogenic effects of centrally administered ANG II, possibly through baroreceptor-mediated mechanisms.
Overview of airborne oceanic survey capabilities of the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center

The NOAA Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) operates a fleet of nine aircraft based in Tampa, FL at MacDill AFB. These aircraft can be configured to meet specific scientific requirements and have been successfully used to conduct a full range of airborne oceanic research around the globe. While best known for its role as “Hurricane Hunters”, AOC deploys its planes from the Arctic Ocean to the Tropics in a wide variety of missions. The two WP-3D Orion aircraft have played a key role in oceanic research for nearly four decades. This presentation will provide an overview of the types of oceanic research missions conducted by the four engine turboprop WP-3D, with an emphasis on the capabilities of the Orion as an airborne platform to exploit emerging technologies supporting advances in oceanic survey techniques. Additionally, AOC operates three types of light aircraft that perform a wide range of remote sensing roles (both overland and overwater) along with several experimental unmanned aerial systems (UASs).
Some peculiarities of Shelley's rhythm.

The most striking quality of Shelley's poetry meets our attention once, in the play of ever-changing emotion through his lines. When he called himself "A pard-like Spirit beautiful and swift," he characterized the spirit of his poetry, with its ever-shifting imagery, and its pulsing, leaping rhythms continually falling into new and unexpected adjustments of difficult stresses, but always resolving themselves into a wonderful coherency of thought and form which produces the effect of strange and beautiful music. He builds up large rhythm-forms in what we may call the phrasing of his lines, using the term in a musical sense, and over these large waves play the verse-waves in a vast variety of subtle adjustments. As striking an illustration as we could find of this, lies in that magnificently descriptive line from Alastor – Of wave ruining on wave, and Blast on blast. 327.
Ancient Algorithms Adapted to Modern Computers

(1964). Ancient Algorithms Adapted to Modern Computers. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 159-165.
Bronchoalveolar lavage cell differential in the diagnosis of sarcoid interstitial lung disease. Likelihood ratios based on computerized data base.

With the use of a microcomputer, the authors prospectively stored the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell differential counts from 208 patients undergoing initial evaluation for chronic interstitial lung disease. Sarcoidosis subsequently was diagnosed in 46% of these patients; the remainder had several other etiologies of their lung disease. The BAL lymphocyte count did not allow for clear separation between these two groups. To facilitate the interpretation of the BAL percent lymphocyte data, the authors applied a modification of Bayes’ theorem to calculate likelihood ratios for the differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis versus other interstitial lung disease. These values ranged from 0.15 for patients with less than 6% lymphocytes to 3.5 when more than 40% lymphocytes were found. Similar results were obtained with a subsequent, independently analyzed group of 46 patients. To provide a more meaningful interpretation of the BAL fluid lymphocyte count, the authors designed a reporting scheme that includes both a written description and a graphic representation of the likehood ratio. Prospective collection of data using microcomputers should extend this useful form of reporting to additional laboratory studies.
COMPARISON OF DISAPPEARANCE FROM PLASMA OF INSULIN I-131 AND OF INSULIN-LIKE ACTIVITY.

SummaryPlasma decay curves were determined in diabetics and normals after the injection of a mixture of insulin I131 and crystalline insulin. The general forms of the curves as determined by bioassay and assay of radioactivity were similar, consisting of an initial rapid component and a late slower component. Insulin I131 tended to overestimate the half life of disappearance determined by bioassay of insulin-like activity.
Mental and physical health outcomes following the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program (3RP) in a clinical practice setting

Abstract Introduction The Relaxation Response Resiliency Program (3RP) is a novel mind-body program aimed at reducing stress-related symptoms. There is growing evidence that this treatment reduces mental and physical health symptoms, however, no research has evaluated whether the 3RP is equally effective in reducing symptoms in patients with co-occurring versus individual mental-physical health concerns. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the 3RP for reducing mental and physical health symptoms among patients with versus without co-occurring mental-physical health concerns. Methods Participants (N = 222 physician referred patients) completed the 3RP in an academic medical setting. Participants were categorized based on their primary self-reported health concern(s): mental problems alone (N = 42), physical problems alone (N = 118), or comorbid mental-physical problems (N = 62). The Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) was used to assess mental health symptoms and the Medical Symptoms Check List (MSCL) was used to assess physical health symptoms. Results Pre-post paired sample t -tests were conducted to assess changes in mental and physical health symptoms. Patients in all three groups reported moderate to large improvements on most SCL-90-R subscales including anxiety, depression and somatization symptoms (Cohen’s d range = 0.26-0.87). Significant reductions in the frequency of symptoms on the MSCL were also observed (Cohen’s d range = 0.21-0.94). Conclusions The 3RP is an effective treatment for improving both mental and physical health symptoms. Results also suggest that patients with comorbid mental-physical health symptoms respond equally well to the 3RP as those presenting with either physical or mental health concerns alone.
Nutritional guidelines and the labeling of foods.

The Food and Drug Administration is proposing a radical departure in revising its food labeling policies — described here. With it, the author suggests that new nutritional guidelines by food class and nutritional labeling offer a first step in a badly needed, comprehensive nutrition education program for the populace.
Sentinel lymph node mapping for carcinoma of the colon: a pilot study.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has evolved into the standard of care for melanoma and may replace routine node dissection in the treatment of breast cancer. There are few data evaluating sentinel node mapping in patients with cancer of the colon. This trial represents our initial experience with SLN mapping for carcinoma of the colon. SLN mapping was performed in 22 patients most of whom had biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the colon. One milliliter of isosulfan blue was injected with a 25-gauge needle into the subserosa at four sites around the edge of the palpable tumor. The SLN was identified visually and excised. A standard lymphadenectomy was then performed. The SLN was analyzed with standard hematoxylin and eosin evaluation. Immunohistochemical techniques for carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin (Imm) were performed if the HE thus this patient was upstaged. SLN mapping is feasible and safe and can readily be performed in patients with colonic cancer. In conjunction with SLN mapping, Imm techniques may upstage a subset of patients likely to be at increased risk for metastatic disease. Consequently SLN mapping of colon cancer should be evaluated in large prospective trials.
Ionic regulation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase expression.

F OR NEARLY 20 years, it has been known that exposure of cultured cells to sublethal concentrations of cardiac glycosides results in an increase in pump abundance. In a series of articles published in Journal of Physiology starting in 1972, Joseph Lamb and his colleagues described an increase in the number of glycoside-binding sites in HeLa cells and human heart cells after chronic treatment with low doses of ouabain.lm3 About that same time, Gerald Vaughan, working in the laboratory of John Cook, confirmed these results and noted that exposure of the cells to reduced concentrations of external K+ also seemed to produce an up-regulation in pump abundance.4 Over the next 15 years, these observations were refined and extended to include many experimental treatments that produce a partial dissipation of the Na+ and K+ gradients across the plasma membrane. Collectively, the up-regulation in pump number in response to these treatments is called ionic regulation. In a recent review,5 I summarized progress in the field, including the research efforts of myself and others in the laboratory of Isidore Edelman. As part of this series of articles honoring Dr Edelman, I will provide a more detailed account of our experiments. Dr Edelman’s contributions to the investigation of ionic regulation came as a natural offshoot of his laboratory’s interest in thyroid hormone and its effects on Na,K-pump abundance. When I joined the laboratory as a postdoctoral fellow in the early 1980s efforts were underway to determine the mechanisms by which triiodothyronine regulated Na+,K+-ATPase activity in cultured cells. Dr Edelman encouraged me to develop additional experimental models that might complement the hormone research. I was familiar with the use of low external K+ to augment pump abundance from the work of my graduate advisor, James Graves6 so it was natural for me to explore this possibility in the same cells that were used for the thyroid work, a rat liverderived cell line known as ARL 15. Eventually, Faramarz Ismail-Beigi, Richard Haber, John Loeb, and Gregory Gick would also contribute to the project. LOW K+ AND ITS EFFECTS ON INTRACELLULAR CATIONS
Dead Hand Proxy Puts, Hedge Fund Activism, and the Cost of Capital

We investigate Dead Hand Proxy Puts, a contractual innovation in corporate debt agreements designed to deter hedge fund activism. We show that the provision has proliferated as hedge fund activism has become more common and provide evidence linking adoption of the term to the risk of activist attack. In addition, we measure the effect of Dead Hand Proxy Puts on the cost of capital. Drawing on a sample of bank loans from 1994 through 2014, we compare spreads for loans with and without Dead Hand Proxy Puts and find that Dead Hand Proxy Puts significantly reduce the cost of debt. The Dead Hand provision reduces the average cost of corporate debt by as much as 60 basis points. Dead Hand Proxy Puts thus create an important firm-level benefit, which may serve to offset the costs of weakened hedge fund activism.
A Passive Approach to Unauthorized Sensor Node Identification

As access to power becomes less of a concern [4] (solar powered devices, wind powered devices, longer battery life, AC), the desire for higher bandwidth communication, and a desire for easy deployment, sensor networks are increasingly using the 802.11 medium access control (MAC) protocol. Further, some sensor deployment schemes [3] are heterogeneous, using smaller low-powered sensors for traffic routing, but use higher-powered devices that use 802.11 to improve overall performance of the network. Accordingly, in this chapter we discuss security concerns that apply to sensor networks, but extend to any network using the 802.11 MAC, including wireless local area networks (WLANs) and ad hoc networks.
Influence of accelerated crucible rotation on defect distribution and detector characteristics of melt grown CdZnTe(Conference Presentation)

Non-stoichiometry related extended defects in CdTe/CZT, such as tellurium inclusions and precipitates are known to be detrimental bulk defects in detector grade cadmium zinc telluride. In our attempt to minimize the size of tellurium inclusions we have employed accelerated crucible rotation technique in modified vertical Bridgman growth configuration. Acceleration and deceleration rate as high as 900 rpm2 was successfully applied during superheated melt mixing and growth. By comparing growths with and without ACRT under otherwise identical growth conditions, it was observed that the average inclusion size reduced by more than 50 percent due to ACRT. Additionally, we will discuss the effect of forced melt convection on the axial zinc and dopant segregation profile. Electrical characterization, spectrometric performance and purity analysis of the grown crystals will be presented.
Supraregulatory agreements and unconventional energy development: Learning from citizen concerns, enforceability and participation in Colorado

Abstract Controversies surrounding hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas in Colorado’s Front Range have led some communities to embrace industrial development and others to block such development through widely-publicized bans and moratoriums. In contrast, some municipalities and county governments have adopted Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) as a strategy to exert some local control over the shape of oil and gas development. Adapting studies of similar supraregulatory agreements in the mining industry to the unique context of hydraulic fracturing in suburban Colorado, our mixed-methods research in one community analyzes the effectiveness of these agreements on three key counts: inclusion of community concerns, enforceability, and community engagement. Our analysis of how the agreements changed over time sheds light on why local opinion about the agreements in Erie was ambivalent, offering scholars and practitioners a critical assessment of a policy tool that is expanding from the mining to the unconventional energy industry.
Targeting metastatic tumor cell functions by inhibition of Src signaling using the small molecule Src inhibitor, AZD0530

B187 Introduction: Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is frequently overexpressed in malignances, and increased Src activity (regulated by Src phosphorylation) may be associated with poor patient prognosis. Src is involved in many signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and Met that regulate cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Since these cellular functions are key components of the metastatic cascade, Src may be a novel target for cancer therapy. In the present study, Src inhibition by AZD0530, a potent, selective and orally available Src inhibitor with Bcr-Abl activity, was evaluated in the highly metastatic rodent KHT sarcoma cell line. Methods: The effect of AZD0530 treatment on expression of total and phosphorylated Src, FAK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and Met protein was determined by Western blot. Src and FAK cellular distribution were evaluated by immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy. Tumor cell functions, including viability, cell cycle, and migration, were examined by trypan blue exclusion, flow cytometry, and migration assays (wound healing and transwell), respectively. Results: At the molecular level, AZD0530 doses greater than 2.5 µM significantly reduced Src phosphorylation at tyrosine 418 in KHT cells. Reductions in Src phosphorylation occurred within 2 hours of treatment (~80% at 10 µM). Met and phosphorylated ERK were also decreased at this dose. AZD0530 treatment also altered the localization of phosphorylated Src and phosphorylated FAK within the tumor cells from focal adhesion to cytoplasm. Functionally, AZD0530 significantly reduced the ability of KHT sarcoma cells to migrate into a denuded area or through a transwell membrane (0.5-2.5 µM), and increased the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Conclusions: These results indicate that AZD0530 treatment inhibits functional tumor cell characteristics associated with a metastatic phenotype in the KHT sarcoma cell line. These data serve as a basis for future studies aiming to evaluate the in vivo antimetastatic efficacy of this Src inhibitor.
Technology in the Newsroom

The telephone and other news-gathering technologies had been present in US newsrooms since the late 1800s. But increasing access to them by the mid-1930s meant more agency and autonomy for news workers, freed from having to either share phones with colleagues in the newsroom or fight for access to phones outside of it (at least not as much). Granted, not every newsroom was awash in phones. Increasingly, however, after 1920 reporters and their phones became as common a vocational association as reporters and typewriters. The car closely followed, and soon the two technologies were united, via radio, on an experimental basis in the “radio car.” This latter technology allowed the reporter to increase his or her reach (and independence) beyond the newsroom. This study briefly explores the adoption of these disruptive technologies on newsroom relationships and news workers during the decades after the First World War.
Corporate Criminal Responsibility for Human Rights Violations: Jurisdiction and Reparations

Modern prosecutions at international criminal courts and tribunals have demonstrated that the resources available for reparations and restitution from individuals convicted of core international crimes is grossly insufficient to meet even basic restitutionary needs. Most of the wealth that might exist as a result of international crimes is likely to be in the hands of corporations or other artificial persons who have gained property and income through human rights violations. None of the international criminal courts and tribunals (ICCTs) has adjudicative jurisdiction over artificial persons of any sort, so that any progress on restitution and restorative justice must come through national tribunals. This applies to both core international crimes and the broader category of human rights treaty crimes which are outside the authority of ICCTs. Many obstacles to reparations for human rights violations related to business activities arise from the international and national laws of jurisdiction. Rules of prescriptive, adjudicative, and enforcement jurisdiction combine with substantive rules of criminal law to make adequate reparations for human rights related business crimes difficult to achieve. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (the “Ruggie Principles”), adopted by the United Nations Human Rights Council, address prevention, monitoring, and remediation of business participation in human rights abuses of all kinds. Application of several of the Principles can help states provide a jurisdictional framework for reparations for business-related human rights violations. There are some signs of progress in recent decades. More states are now willing to exercise criminal jurisdiction over corporations in the past. New human rights treaties require states to hold artificial persons liable for violations, criminally or otherwise. Objective territorial jurisdiction (sometimes called “effects” jurisdiction) is ever more clearly permissible when outside activity directly causes criminal results in states. Finally, the rule against enforcing criminal law judgments across borders is beginning to decline, making the shielding of assets from claims for restitution and restorative justice through criminal proceedings much more difficult. Nonetheless, many obstacles to transnational enforcement of criminal judgments remain. Given trends in the international law of jurisdiction, it may turn out that civil judgments of restitution and reparation will be easier to obtain and enforce than criminal judgments. This is a Report for “Prosecuting Corporations for Violations of International Criminal Law: Jurisdictional Issues,” Section 4 of the XXth Association Internationale de Droit Penal/International Association of Penal Law Congress.
Exercise evaluation using wrist sensors

Exercises are effective and efficient for both major disease recovery and prevention. Home-based exercises significantly reduce the cost of the exercise, the quality of the home-based exercises, however, needs to be monitored and evaluated to guarantee the effectiveness of the exercises. This work proposes a lightweight algorithm to evaluate the accuracy of the performed exercise by analyzing the data collected from sensors attached to the wrist of the exercisers. When the exercise is performed at home, features that model exercise are extracted from the collected sensor data. Then these features are compared with a pre-stored true model defined by exercise coaches, and exercise accuracy evaluation is generated.
Modeling sand fines erosion in elbows mounted in series

Abstract A comprehensive CFD-based erosion prediction procedure is applied to predict erosion in two elbows mounted in series. First, different CFD models are evaluated with sand fines (28 μ m ) erosion data from Kumar et al. [1] for two horizontal-horizontal 2 in. short radius elbows mounted in series. The effects of turbulence model and particle rebound model are examined to obtain the most appropriate model combination for running erosion simulation. A systematic grid refinement study is also conducted for the geometry with application to sand fines (28 μ m ) erosion prediction. In the process, it is found that erosion prediction for sand fines can be significantly affected by grid configuration due to current limitations of CFD codes. Finally, the paper proposes a meshing strategy that is capable of capturing sand fines dispersion and transport which is highly recommended for use to run erosion simulations especially for predicting small particle erosion using current commercial CFD codes.
Dismantling the Myths of the Eastern Front: The Role of the Wehrmacht in the War of Annihilation

The English-language historiography of the Eastern Front of World War II is notably sparse until the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the first couple of post-war decades, memoirs written by former generals in the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of the Third Reich, dominated the historical conversation. These memoirs created the myth of the clean and apolitical Wehrmacht, where military operations and genocidal policy were separate. According to this narrative, it was the Nazi leadership and the SS that committed large-scale atrocities on the Eastern Front while the Wehrmacht focused only on winning the war. Anglo-American historians largely accepted these accounts, mainly because of Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union. The experiences of German generals were invaluable insights into Soviet doctrine, and therefore the generals’ tendency to downplay their own complicity in Nazi war crimes was largely accepted. Increasing access to German and later Soviet archives in the 1980s and 1990s revealed that this was far from the truth. Recent historical works have demonstrated that genocidal policy and war strategy were inextricably linked. The question of why the Wehrmacht accepted Nazi ideology is more difficult to answer. Historians have applied this question to both the High Command and to the everyday soldiers, with differing conclusions.
Regional Admittivity Spectra with Mammograms in Breast Biopsy Patients

Electrical Impedance Imaging (EII) is the technology to make images of the electrical properties of the interior of a body from measurements of voltage and current made at electrodes applied to the body’s surface. When these measurements are made across a wide spectrum of frequencies, the term “impedance spectroscopy” is used. EII offers promise as a screening tool and diagnostic adjuvant to detect breast cancer. Several investigators have reported clear distinctions between carcinoma, benign lesions and normal tissues in freshly-obtained mastectomy tissue samples. The objective of this study is to find whether these distinctions seen in excised tissue can be found transcutaneously by EII. The approach is to apply EII simultaneously with X-ray mammography in patients about to undergo breast biopsy. In the present study, a digital x-ray technique capable of making multi-slice 3-dimensional images of the breast, called tomosynthesis, was used to obtain in-register 3-D images of each breast.
Elastic Burst Detection

Burst detection is the activity of rinding abnormal aggregates in data streams. Such aggregates are based on sliding windows over data streams. In some applications, we want to monitor many sliding window sizes simultaneously and to report those windows with aggregates significantly different from other periods. We will present a general data structure and system called OmniBurst [104] for detecting interesting aggregates over such elastic windows in near linear time. We present applications of the algorithm to detecting Gamma Ray Bursts in large-scale astrophysical data. Detection of periods with high volumes of trading activities and high stock price volatility is also demonstrated using real time Trade and Quote (TAQ) data from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Our algorithm filters out periods of non-bursts in linear time, so beats the quadratic direct computation approach (of testing all window sizes individually) by several orders of magnitude.