cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
JNK2 enhances mammary carcinoma cell migration by regulating EPS8 expression and localization.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #2050 Cell migration is a tightly regulated event critical for normal development and adult wound healing, but it is also a key step in the tumor metastasis cascade. Growth factors initiate intra-cellular signaling pathways that stimulate cell movement by virtue of remodeling the actin cytoskeleton. Fine regulation of this process renders a degree of polarity to the cells, altering their cytoskeleton and providing the requisite mechanical torsion to move forward. Breast cancer cells extravasate from their primary site and travel to other organs forming metastatic colonies.Various signaling molecules including members of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) such as c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) have been implicated in regulating cancer cell migration. How growth factors transmit signals to form dorsal ruffles and filopodia for cell migration is not precisely understood. Additionally, JNK is encoded by three genes, resulting in 10 isoforms, hence its role in metastasis is complicated. Here, we used the Polyoma Virus Middle T Antigen (PyVMT) transgenic mouse model where wildtype jnk2 was expressed or knocked out. In tumors we found that PyVMT jnk2-/- tumors express higher Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Substrate 8 (EPS8) mRNA and protein. EPS8 was originally identified as a substrate for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), and was recently reported to have an actin capping function. Hence, EPS8 is a prime candidate for connecting the EGFR signaling to actin cytoskeletion remodeling, and therefore mediate cell migration. In vitro using Boyden Chamber based migration assays, we found that the PyV MT jnk2+/+ cells migrated fivefold more than the PyV MT/jnk2-/- cells. Pan inhibition of JNK using a small peptide inhibitor TAT-JIP VII significantly reduced migration of the PyV MT/jnk2+/+ cells but was ineffective at further reducing PyVMT jnk2-/- cell migration, suggesting that the JNK2 is the major isoform to convey this function. Furthermore, shRNA mediated knock down of EPS8 in the PYVMT jnk2-/- cells, increased migration of these cells to levels comparable with the wild type counterparts. We subsequently undertook immunocytochemistry studies to evaluate EPS8 localization and cytoskeletal changes upon serum stimulation. Cells expressing JNK2 showed more dorsal ruffles upon serum stimulation, and EPS8 localized to the plasma membrane and in dorsal ruffles. In contrast, EPS8 was predominantly localized in focal adhesions in the PyVMT jnk2-/- cells, which may explain their reduced migration potential. Together our model supports an integral role for JNK2 regulation of EPS8 expression and localization to facilitate cell migration. Our current studies are aimed at further deciphering the JNK/EPS8 pathway to understand the exact molecular mechanism by which these proteins regulate a critical step in mammary cancer cell metastasis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2050.
Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties of Dicopper(I) Metallocyclophanes

Electronic properties have been calculated for derivatives of long lived Cu(I) metallocyclophanes, which are self-assembling coordination complexes that have metal-ligand charge-transfer excited states. The molecules studied here are not the typical linear push-pull type with electron withdrawing and donating substituents at either end. The central C2 axis is preserved by putting the same type of substituent on one end of the cylindrical molecule. In theory, a pseudo-octupolar species can be obtained by a proper balance of substituents at either end of the cylinder. DFT/PBE0 geometry optimizations of the quinoxaline/pyridine derivatives show a preference for the enantiomeric C2 isomer over the centrosymmetric Ci one. Geometry optimizations of the first excited state using TD-DFT indicate loss of C2 symmetry and return to the ground state. First order hyperpolarizabilities were calculated using analytic gradients. Gas phase hyperpolarizabilities were enhanced by an order of magnitude when recalculated using a Polarized Continuum Model for the polar solvent acetonitrile. Electron withdrawing groups gave positive total b and donating groups gave negative b, both approximately 400 � 10 � 30 esu. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 110: 3061-3071, 2010
Melting about a Horizontal Row of Heating Cylinders

Melting coefficients are obtained for an array of heating cylinders embedded in a eutectic mixture of NaNO/sub 4/ and NaOH. (AIP)
Lunar Landing Guidance Using Cross-Product Steering

An application of the latitude coverage thus determined is shown in Fig. 3. The curves given in Fig. 3 represent the cross range required to assure at least one and two landing opportunities each day, respectively, for a landing site located at a latitude of 35° (Edwards Air Force Base) as a function of orbital inclination. Generation of such curves requires the determination of the orbit trace spacing, at the landing site latitude, produced within the time period in which the landing opportunities are to be assured. Detailed procedures for this step are outlined in Ref. 3.
A Parity Structure for Large Remotely Located Replicated Data Files

This paper proposes a parity structure for large remotely located replicated data files. The parity structure can accomplish the following objectives. 1) Ascertain with a high degree of confidence whether two or more files are identical, using a very small amount of communication. 2) If there is disagreement between two files, the disagreeing portion can be located simply and with a small amount of communication. 3) Memory faults within each individual file can be detected simply and with high probability.
Ligand‐independent Regulation of the hairless Promoter by Vitamin D Receptor

The characteristic alopecia associated with mutations in the hairless (hr) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes defines the resulting genetic disorders, known as atrichia and VDRRIIa rickets, as phenocopies. In both cases, the separation of the dermal papilla from the regressing hair follicle at the onset of the first catagen phase of the hair cycle and the development of dermal cysts and utricules subsequent to mutation of either gene suggests that their activities affect the same regulatory pathways. VDR functions as a hormonally activated transcription factor, and a role in transcription has been postulated for Hr due in part to its nuclear localization and homology with the GATA-1 zinc-finger domain. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that VDR and Hr have a direct regulatory effect on each other via a transcriptional mechanism. Ectopic expression of the VDR repressed hr promoter activity in HaCaT cells and primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). While this repression occurs in the absence of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3), the addition of ligand greatly augments the effect. However, we also demonstrate the rare phenomenon of ligand-independent promoter transactivation by VDR. We show that the full-length promoter is transactivated by VDR in a ligand-independent and cell type-specific manner, suggesting that direct transcriptional regulation of hr by the VDR accounts in part for the phenotypic overlap between atrichia and VDRRIIa rickets.
Effect of a nearby solid surface on a five-hole pressure probe

On etalonne puis on teste deux sondes de geometrie similaire mais d'echelles differentes au voisinage d'une surface solide
Nonlinear analysis of longitudinal-mode liquid propellant rocket combustion instability

A computational technique for the nonlinear analysis of longitudinal-mode liquid propellant rocket combustion instability is examined based on the unsteady, quasi-one-dimensional Euler equations with appropriate source terms introduced to account for interphase transport coupling with the spray. The method is first assessed for unsteady, nonreacting, isentropic duct flow with specified admittances at the outflow and inflow boundaries. For small amplitude disturbances, numerical results based on a sufficient number of grid points compare favorably with predictions from a small-disturbance linearized analysis.
Preconditioning myocardium with ischemia

Preconditioning and stunning are the chief adaptive changes induced in myocardium by a brief episode of reversible ischemia followed by arterial reperfusion. In the dog heart, both coexist for a period of at least 20 minutes of reperfusion, but after 120 minutes of reflow, preconditioning is much diminished, while stunning remains fully developed. Preconditioned, stunned, myocardium differs from control “virgin” myocardium in that adenine nucleotide content is reduced to about 50–70% of control, whereas creatine phosphate (CP) greatly exceeds normal — the so-called CP overshoot. When preconditioned myocardium is subjected to sustained ischemia, ATP utilization and anaerobic glycolysis occur at much slower rates than those observed in virgin myocardium. As a result of the early difference in metabolic rate, a longer period of ischemia is required for the ATP and lactate of the preconditioned tissue to reach the levels associated with irreversible injury. Associated with this change is a delay in myocyte death.
K+-dependent regulation of matrix volume improves mitochondrial function under conditions mimicking ischemia-reperfusion

To delineate the role of mitochondrial K+ fluxes in cardioprotection, we investigated the effect of extramitochondrial K+ on the ability of mitochondria to support membrane potential (ΔΨ), regulate...
Lost ecosystem services as a measure of oil spill damages: a conceptual analysis of the importance of baselines.

The assessment and quantification of damages resulting from marine oil spills is typically coordinated by NOAA, and has historically utilized Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) to estimate damages. Resource economists and others have called for the damage assessment process to instead estimate injuries through the valuation of lost ecosystem services. Our conceptual analysis explores ecosystem service valuation from the perspective of "baselines," which are a fundamental component of both primary and compensatory restoration activities. In practice, baselines have been defined in ecological terms, with minimal consideration of the socioeconomic side of ecosystem service provision. We argue that, for the purposes of scaling compensatory restoration, it is more appropriate to characterize baselines in value terms, thereby integrating non-market valuation approaches from the onset of the damage assessment process. Benefits and challenges of this approach are discussed, along with guidelines for practitioners to identify circumstances in which socioeconomic variables are likely to be important for baseline characterization.
A New Look at Adaptation.

Adaptation is a dynamic diffusion of innovations process in which adopters change innovations according to their individual needs. Adaptation may be explained by three factors: (a) the differing interpretation of innovation components by individual adopters, (b) an individual's level of adopter innovativeness or readiness to accept change, and (c) the generative learning process whereby an individual relates new information to prior knowledge and experience. Adaptation may occur unconsciously at the beginning of the diffusion process. Those who study the adaptation process should begin at the initial awareness stage when potential adopters are forming their opinions and ideas about an innovation.
Multiple responses to heat stress by the basidiomyceteSchizophyllum commune

Temperatures in excess of 45°C are required to stop the growth ofSchizophyllum commune colonies. Transfer of colonies from normal growth conditions (21°C) to 55°C, while halting mycelial expansion and increasing the production of aerial hyphae, was not lethal. Shortterm heat shock (3h) resulted in the appearance of nine proteins resolvable by SDS-PAGE that were newly synthesized or had their synthesis increased. The molecular weights of these proteins qualify two of them as being members of the hsp90 and hsp 70 families of heat shock proteins. Heat shock also affected proteolytic processes in the colonies. Changes in the pattern of ubiquitinated protein conjugates occurred; fewer high-molecular-weight conjugates were found in heat-shocked colonies, and the appearance of a ladder of lower-molecular-weight conjugates was noted. Protease enzymes detected by gelatin-gel PAGE showed a general decrease in activity. One of these proteases, which was up-regulated during nitrogen deprivation, showed an intermediate response during the combined stresses of heat shock and nitrogen starvation.
Some oxidation reactions of N-benzyl-1, 4-dihydronicotinamide.

The oxidation of N -benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BzNH) by 2,5-dihydroxy-benzoquinone (Q(OH) 2 ) in the presence of air has been studied as a possible enzyme model. The rate of disappearance of the dihydropyridine was found to depend on both the concentration of quinone and the concentration and nature of the buffer added. The latter effect appeared to be primarily exerted on the spontaneous oxidation of the dihydropyridine by air. In phosphate buffer at 37° and a constant ionic strength, the empirical rate law was shown to be − d [BzNH]/ dt =[BzNH] ( k 1 ′[phosphate]/( K + [phosphate]) + k 2 ′[Q(OH) 2 ]). The experimentally determined values for the various constants in this expression were: k 1 ′ = 25 ± 5 × 10 −5 sec. −1 ; k 2 ′ = 5.0 ± .5 × 10 −2 M −1 sec. −1 ; K = 0.12 ± 0.2 M . A mechanism which postulated the reversible formation of a stoichiometric complex of BzNH and phosphate was presented and shown to give rise to the observed rate law.
Longitudinal and transverse relaxation in spin polarized hydrogen

Abstract The longitudinal and transverse relaxation times (T1 and T2) for magnetic resonance between the two lowest hyperfine states of H↓ were calculated at low temperatures (T
Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation of Propylene on Pt(111) Studied by Sum Frequency Generation from UHV to Atmospheric Pressure

The reactions of adsorbed propylene on Pt(111) in the presence and absence of hydrogen have been studied over 13 orders of magnitude in pressure using infrared−visible sum frequency generation. In the presence of near ambient pressures of hydrogen and propylene at 295 K, propylene hydrogenation was observed to proceed from a physisorbed intermediate (π-bonded propylene) through a 2-propyl species (Pt-CH(CH3)2) to propane. Under UHV conditions in the absence of hydrogen, di-σ-bonded propylene was found to dehydrogenate to propylidyne just below room temperature and then to vinylmethylidyne (M⋮CCHCH2) at 450 K on the way to graphite formation.
The econometrics of indeterminacy: an applied study*

Abstract This paper presents evidence from the US economy on the propagation mechanism and on the impulses that have been responsible for business cycles in the United States over the period from 1929 through 1988. Our results support the view, advanced in earlier work, that a general equilibrium model with an indeterminate steady state does a good job of accounting for the propagation mechanism in US data. In addition to suggesting a novel explanation for the propagation mechanism of business fluctuations, the method by which we estimate our model is able to measure the relative importance of different sources of fluctuations by identifying different shocks with the residuals to our estimated equations. We divide the impulses to the business cycle into supply shocks (shocks that affect productivity) and demand shocks (unexplained fluctuations in private and government consumption). We find that demand shocks are roughly twice as important as supply shocks in the US data over the period from 1929 through 1988; in the postwar period, however, supply shocks and demand shocks have both been of roughly equal magnitude and the variances of both kinds of disturbances have been five times lower than in the prewar period.
An operational near‐real‐time global temperature index

To capture the global land surface temperature signal in a timely way, a blend of traditional long-term in situ climatic data sets, combined with real time Global Telecommunications System monthly CLIMAT summaries is employed. For the global sea surface, long-term ship data climatologies are combined with a blend of ship, buoy, and satellite data to provide the greatest possible coverage over the oceans. The result is a global century-scale surface temperature index that closely parallels other widely published global surface temperature measurements and can be updated monthly a week or two after the end of a month.
Parallel micromanipulation method for microassembly

Microassembly deals with micron or millimeter scale objects where the tolerance requirements are in the micron range. Typical applications include electronics components (silicon fabricated circuits), optoelectronics components (photo detectors, emitters, amplifiers, optical fibers, microlenses, etc.), and MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) dies. The assembly processes generally require not only high precision but also high throughput at low manufacturing cost. While conventional macroscale assembly methods have been utilized in scaled down versions for microassembly applications, they exhibit limitations on throughput and cost due to the inherently serialized process. Since the assembly process depends heavily on the manipulation performance, an efficient manipulation method for small parts will have a significant impact on the manufacturing of miniaturized products. The objective of this study on 'parallel micromanipulation' is to achieve these three requirements through the handling of multiple small parts simultaneously (in parallel) with high precision (micromanipulation). As a step toward this objective, a new manipulation method is introduced. The method uses a distributed actuation array for gripper free and parallel manipulation, and a centralized, shared actuator for simplified controls. The method has been implemented on a testbed 'Piezo Active Surface (PAS)' in which an actively generated friction force field is the driving force for part manipulation. Basic motion primitives, such as translation and rotation of objects, are made possible with the proposed method. This study discusses the design of the proposed manipulation method PAS, and the corresponding manipulation mechanism. The PAS consists of two piezoelectric actuators for X and Y motion, two linear motion guides, two sets of nozzle arrays, and solenoid valves to switch the pneumatic suction force on and off in individual nozzles. One array of nozzles is fixed relative to the surface on which the objects are placed, while the other set is actuated by the actuator relative to this surface. The combination of piezoactuation and pneumatic force generates a friction force that can manipulate multiple objects simultaneously, without grippers. We model the manipulation as the quasistatic motion with an approximation of limit surface. Also an experiment was carried to validate the proposed idea and the design of the prototype. The object manipulated in the experiments was a small piece of silicon wafer (1 mm X 4 mm) with 10 Hz of 10 micrometers stroke of the piezoelectric actuation system. The method is being extended to the parallel manipulation of small objects such as v-groove fiber assemblies and MEMS dies. The combined precision of piezoelectric actuation and speed of parallel manipulation is expected to yield a low cost microassembly method.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Social Studies Teachers' Use of Classroom-Based and Web-Based Historical Primary Sources

A limited body of research examines the extent to which social studies teachers are actually utilizing primary sources that are accessible in traditional classroom-based formats versus web-based fo...
Introducing rotation invariance into the Neocognitron model for target recognition

Abstract This model introduces rotation invariance into the Neocognitron model by way of rotation layers. The most likely orientation of the target is detected and used for further pattern classification using an algorithm similar to that for the Neocognitron model. The visual target recognition capability of this model is demonstrated.
Caries Incidence in Intact Rats Infected with Streptococcus sobrinus via Transmission from Desalivated Cagemates

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of caging desalivated S. sobrinus-infected rats on the caries incidence in intact, previously uninfected cagemates. Weanlings were divided as follows: Stage I: Twenty desalivated animals paired with 20 intact animals (Group I); 20 intact animals paired with 20 intact animals (Group II). Animals were infected with S. sobrinus and fed diet 2000 and 10% sucrose water. After five weeks, ten paired animals from each group were killed. Desalivated animals had statistically higher (p<0.05) caries scores than did other animals. Stage II: The remaining Stage I infected animals from Groups I and II were paired with 40 new uninfected animals 15 days of age and fed cariogenic diets. After five weeks, new intact animals paired with Stage I desalivated animals had significantly higher smooth-surface enamel caries scores (38.0; SE 7.84) than new intact animals paired with Stage I intact animals (11.15 ; SE 3.69). Moreover, new intact animals caged for only five we...
Teaching internal control through active learning

Abstract This teaching note presents the use of an in-class competition that actively engages students in learning about the basics of internal control in an organization. Student feedback and instructor’s observation suggest that this active learning approach is effective for three primary reasons: (1) it focuses on the student’s own personal experience resulting in the fact that students can more easily relate to the examples created by their peers; (2) it empowers the student; and (3) it creates a competitive, active-learning environment. This article provides a detailed description of an interactive lesson that innovatively guides introductory accounting students toward understanding the basic principles of internal control, a topic getting more and more important in AIS education in post-SOX era. Furthermore, the detailed materials at the end of the article provide ready-to-use teaching materials and related instructions to facilitate implementation.
The Living Textbook of Nuclear Chemistry

A Summer School in Nuclear Chemistry sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy and the American Chemical Society has been held at San Jose State University for the past 20 years. The intent of the program is to introduce outstanding college students to the field of nuclear and radiochemistry with the goal that some of these students will consider careers on nuclear science. The program features radiochemistry experiments along with radiation safety training, guest lectures by well known nuclear scientists and field trips to nuclear chemistry facilities in the San Francisco area.
Oxygen diffusion limitation in autoxidation of polypropylene

The induction period for the autoxidation of polypropylene increases with increasing sample thickness (from 1 to 75 mils) and with decreasing oxygen pressure. The rate of oxidation shows the opposite dependences. In contrast, neither the rate nor the induction period in well stirred oxidations of squalane is oxygen pressure-dependent. It is concluded that autoxidation of polypropylene is controlled by diffusion of oxygen into the sample.
Life in hot acid: pathway analyses in extremely thermoacidophilic archaea.

The extremely thermoacidophilic archaea are a particularly intriguing group of microorganisms that must simultaneously cope with biologically extreme pHs ( or = 60 degrees C) in their natural environments. Their expanding biotechnological significance relates to their role in biomining of base and precious metals and their unique mechanisms of survival in hot acid, at both the cellular and biomolecular levels. Recent developments, such as advances in understanding of heavy metal tolerance mechanisms, implementation of a genetic system, and discovery of a new carbon fixation pathway, have been facilitated by the availability of genome sequence data and molecular genetic systems. As a result, new insights into the metabolic pathways and physiological features that define extreme thermoacidophily have been obtained, in some cases suggesting prospects for biotechnological opportunities.
The electronic medical record.

1. Mark Simonian, MD* 1. *Chair, Council on Clinical Information Technology, American Academy of Pediatrics In 1991, the Institute of Medicine's “Report on the Computer-based Patient Record” addressed the value of the electronic record. Many basic elements were highlighted and included legible and sortable patient information, access to support for clinical decisions, entry of orders and data, enhanced communication from consultants, clinical studies about the epidemiology of medical injuries, and access to administrative data. All of these elements are expected to improve workflow, reduce errors, and provide cost savings. (1) President Bush has said in addresses to Congress that all patients will have electronic health records by 2014. (2) His administration, with bipartisan support, has established a National Health Information Technology Coordinator Office to advise the Secretary of Health and Human Services. (3) That group helps promote development and establishes standards to make health records digital and interoperable and assures that the privacy and security of the records are protected. (4) The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) first addressed the uniqueness of a pediatric electronic medical record when it published a policy statement in 2001. (5) In 2007, the policy statement was updated as a clinical report, describing additional pediatric-focused details. (6) This report is much more useful in assisting electronic medical record (EMR) vendors and organizations that establish standards to design systems that have elements critical to pediatrics and brings better value to a pediatric practice. Many elements are functionally important in pediatrics, such as immunization management, growth tracking, medication dosing, and patient identification. Pediatric norms need to address data elements such as numeric and non-numeric information, complex normative relationships, gestational age, adoption, guardianship, and emergency treatment. Privacy status and sensitive information have unique ramifications in pediatrics and include elements relating to adolescent privacy, children of foster or custodial care, and consent for proxy. Pediatric terminology is of paramount importance when relating …
Treatment with the neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone promotes recovery of motor behavior after moderate contusive spinal cord injury in the mouse

The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has neuroprotective properties after ischemic and excitatory insults to the brain. In the developing embryo, it is produced in discrete regions of the central nervous system (CNS), where it specifically promotes axonal growth of differentiated neurons. To test if DHEA could be beneficial after spinal cord injury (SCI), we used a model of moderate contusive SCI developed and characterized in the mouse. Immediately after surgery, we applied treatment with DHEA or with vehicle only and compared treatment groups (n = 12 in each group) over a 42-day period. Locomotor recovery was assessed in an open field using a standardized 21-point scale, according to gait analysis on paw print recordings and using foot fault analyses on an inclined ladder beam. The DHEA-treated group showed improved function compared to vehicle-treated animals in these tests. More strikingly, DHEA enhanced recovery of left-right coordination and fine motor control. In an attempt to correlate functional recovery with spinal cord neuropathology in the different experimental groups, we studied the area of spared white matter at the epicenter and reactive gliosis/scar formation 42 days post-injury (DPI). DHEA significantly increased the area of white matter spared at the epicenter and reduced the area of reactive gliosis surrounding the lesion. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of DHEA in promoting functional recovery in the adult murine injured spinal cord.
Distribution of tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dairy and nondairy farm soils.

The prevalence of selected tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae (n = 80) isolated from dairy farm soil and nondairy soils was evaluated. Among 56 bacteria isolated from dairy farm soils, 36 (64.3%) were resistant to tetracycline, and 17 (30.4%) were resistant to streptomycin. Lower frequencies of tetracycline (9 of 24 or 37.5%) and streptomycin (1 of 24 or 4.2%) resistance were observed in bacteria isolated from nondairy soils. Bacteria (n = 56) isolated from dairy farm soil had a higher frequency of tetracycline resistance genes including tetM (28.6%), tetA (21.4%), tetW (8.9%), tetB (5.4%), tetS (5.4%), tetG (3.6%), and tetO (1.8%). Among 24 bacteria isolated from nondairy soils, four isolates carried tetM, tetO, tetS, and tetW in different combinations; whereas tetA, tetB, and tetG were not detected. Similarly, a higher prevalence of streptomycin resistance genes including strA (12.5%), strB (12.5%), ant(3″) (12.5), aph(6)-1c (12.5%), aph(3″) (10.8%), and addA (5.4%) was detected in bacteria isolated from dairy farm soils than in nondairy soils. None of the nondairy soil isolates carried aadA gene. Other tetracycline (tetC, tetD, tetE, tetK, tetL, tetQ, and tetT) and streptomycin (aph(6)-1c and ant(6)) resistance genes were not detected in both dairy and nondairy soil isolates. A higher distribution of multiple resistance genes was observed in bacteria isolated from dairy farm soil than in nondairy soil. Among 36 tetracycline- and 17 streptomycin-resistant isolates from dairy farm soils, 11 (30.6%) and 9 (52.9%) isolates carried multiple resistance genes encoding resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin, respectively, which was higher than in bacteria isolated from nondairy soils. One strain each of Citrobacter freundii and C. youngae isolated from dairy farm soils carried class 1 integrons with different inserted gene cassettes. Results of this small study suggest that the presence of multiple resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae in dairy farm soil may act as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes and could play a role in the dissemination of these antimicrobial resistance genes to other commensal and indigenous microbial communities in soil. However, additional longer-term studies conducted in more locations are needed to validate this hypothesis.
Dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) deletion in mice does not affect operant responding for food or cocaine

In this study we examined the genetic contribution of the D4R in food and cocaine self-administration using D4R mice. Mice were examined for operant responding to food pellets or intravenous cocaine. Compared to wild-type mice (D4R+/+), both heterozygous (D4R+/−) and knockout (D4R−/−) mice showed no difference in responding for food or cocaine. Our findings suggest that the D4R is not directly involved in mediating operant response behaviors for food or cocaine. Published by Elsevier B.V.
U.S. High-Performance Work Practices at Century's End

This study examines the incidence, industry differences, and economic environment of work practices in the United States in 1994 and 1997 using census data from a nationally representative random sample of establishments. Self-managed work teams were used by a majority of workers in some sites. Work-related meetings had higher incidence. A high-performance work organization is used in about 1 percent of establishments. There were significant industry differences associated with globalization, namely, imports and exports.
Isochromosome 5p, a novel recurrent abnormality in breast cancer: is it a common abnormality in cancer?

Background: The detection of recurring genetic changes in breast cancer can be extremely difficult. The tumors display very complex structural chromosomal rearrangements the origin of which are often very difficult to estsablish. The identification of recurrent chromosomal changes is a useful strategy for understanding tumorigenesis and specific chromosomal associations. Isochromosome i(5p) is a frequent finding in several types of cancer but it has been rarely described in breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of i(5p) in primary breast tumors. Materials and Methods: Sixteen cases of breast cancer were cytogenetically studied by direct culture of cancerous cells and G-banding technique. We focused on structural aberrations of chromosome 5 in order to identify the presence of i(5p) in breast cancer. Results: All the cases presented complex chromosomal changes with hyperploidization and various unidentified marker chromosomes being the prominent finding. Among 16 cases studied 6 cases presented an i(5p). No other structural abnormalities of chromosome 5 could be identified. Conclusion: The presence of i(5p) in breast tumors suggests that this chromosomal abnormality plays an important role in the development of breast cancer. Isochromosome 5p needs to be further molecularly analyzed as a candidate region for the isolation of genes related to carcinogenesis. Moreover, the fact that i(5p) has been described in several different tumor types suggests that there are no fundamental tissue-specific differences in the genetic mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis.
Betaine improves nonalcoholic fatty liver and associated hepatic insulin resistance: a potential mechanism for hepatoprotection by betaine

Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is a common liver disease, associated with insulin resistance. Betaine has been tested as a treatment for NAFL in animal models and in small clinical trials, with mixed results. The present study aims to determine whether betaine treatment would prevent or treat NAFL in mice and to understand how betaine reverses hepatic insulin resistance. Male mice were fed a moderate high-fat diet (mHF) containing 20% of calories from fat for 7 (mHF) or 8 (mHF8) mo without betaine, with betaine (mHFB), or with betaine for the last 6 wk (mHF8B). Control mice were fed standard chow containing 9% of calories from fat for 7 mo (SF) or 8 mo (SF8). HepG2 cells were made insulin resistant and then studied with or without betaine. mHF mice had higher body weight, fasting glucose, insulin, and triglycerides and greater hepatic fat than SF mice. Betaine reduced fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and hepatic fat. In the mHF8B group, betaine treatment significantly improved insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Hepatic betaine content significantly decreased in mHF and increased significantly in mHFB. Betaine treatment reversed the inhibition of hepatic insulin signaling in mHF and in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, including normalization of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) phosphorylation and of downstream signaling pathways for gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. Betaine treatment prevents and treats fatty liver in a moderate high-dietary-fat model of NAFL in mice. Betaine also reverses hepatic insulin resistance in part by increasing the activation of IRS1, with resultant improvement in downstream signaling pathways.
Acceptability of Corn Dried Steep Liquor Concentrate for Laying Hens and Turkeys

Abstract DRIED steep liquor concentrate (D.S.L.C.) is a blend of fractions from the wet milling of corn, and includes corn germ meal, corn bran, corn gluten meal, and dried condensed fermented corn extractives. A previous communication from this laboratory (Waldroup et al., 1970) noted that this material was acceptable in high energy broiler feeds at levels up to 15 percent of the diet. A typical analysis of this feedstuff indicates that it contains 31.5% crude protein, 2750 M.E. Kcal./kg., 12.5 mg./kg. xanthophyll, 2.0% salt, 1.13% methionine plus cystine and 1.27% lysine. Studies were conducted at this laboratory to evaluate this by-product blend as a major ingredient in the diet of egg-production type hens and for turkey breeders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of corn dried steep liquor concentrate (D.S.L.C). The first two studies were done with egg-production type hens and the third with turkey breeder…
Reversing Property Rights: Practice-Based Approaches for Controlling Agricultural Nonpoint-source Water Pollution When Emissions Aggregate Nonlinearly

Nonpoint-source water pollution remains a major issue despite decades of research and sizable conservation programs. We suggest that by taking advantage of contemporary modeling and optimization approaches, good approximations to physical relationships can be constructed so that even in the presence of unobservable field emissions and nonlinear fate and transport relationships, standard economic tools of command-and-control requirements, performance standards, and trading can be implemented. The Boone River Watershed in the U.S. state of Iowa is used for empirical demonstration. Although the approach can be used to construct voluntary conservation policies, the described policies involve imposing requirements on agricultural polluters rather than relying on voluntary actions alone.
Enhanced Knowledge and Skills for Elementary Mainstream Teachers of English Language Learners

The placement of English language learners (ELLs) in mainstream classrooms raises important questions about the preparation of mainstream teachers to work with ELLs. Grounded by the conviction that well-prepared teachers can make a difference in student learning, and informed by current views on teacher learning and by teacher preparation research, this article conceptualizes ELL teacher expertise as enhanced expertise. It describes this expertise along 3 primary dimensions, along with examples of practices and implications for teacher preparation. The three dimensions are: (a) understanding ELLs from a bilingual and bicultural perspective; (b) understanding how language and culture shape school experiences and inform pedagogy for bilingual learners; and (c) ability to mediate a range of contextual factors in the schools and classrooms where they teach.
Plx1 is the 3F3/2 kinase responsible for targeting spindle checkpoint proteins to kinetochores.

Dynamic attachment of microtubules to kinetochores during mitosis generates pulling force, or tension, required for the high fidelity of chromosome separation. A lack of tension activates the spindle checkpoint and delays the anaphase onset. A key step in the tension–response pathway involves the phosphorylation of the 3F3/2 epitope by an unknown kinase on untensed kinetochores. Using a rephosphorylation assay in Xenopus laevis extracts, we identified the kinetochore-associated Polo-like kinase Plx1 as the kinase both necessary and sufficient for this phosphorylation. Indeed, Plx1 is the physiological 3F3/2 kinase involved in checkpoint response, as immunodepletion of Plx1 from checkpoint extracts abolished the 3F3/2 signal and blocked association of xMad2, xBubR1, xNdc80, and xNuf2 with kinetochores. Interestingly, the kinetochore localization of Plx1 is under the control of the checkpoint protein xMps1, as immunodepletion of xMps1 prevents binding of Plx1 to kinetochores. Thus, Plx1 couples the tension signal to cellular responses through phosphorylating the 3F3/2 epitope and targeting structural and checkpoint proteins to kinetochores.
Hybrid-ARQ Reed-Solomon coding in an adaptive rate system

The performance of a channel estimation procedure based on retransmission statistics is examined for a two-state channel. Throughput performance is derived from the ability of the estimation mechanism to determine which of the two states the channel is in at any given moment. The throughput analysis is then used to derive a simple rule for maximizing throughput through careful selection of the code set. The performance of Reed-Solomon codes in type-I hybrid-ARQ protocols is considered. The tradeoff between throughput and reliability is derived for the general case and plotted for several specific examples. An example is presented in which a pair of Reed-Solomon codes is used in an adaptive rate coding system on a two-state channel. >
Analysis of Work in an American Coffee Shop in Honduras

The purpose of this study was to conduct a human factors and ergonomics exploratory evaluation of an American international coffee shop located in the developing country of Honduras. Task analysis and ethnography techniques were utilized, observing and interviewing workers to determine basic tasks, task performance, and any issues encountered in the workplace. Analyses revealed aspects that may potentially affect task performance including multitasking, overload, and environmental factors (e.g., lighting, workspace layout, and signage). Recommendations are then provided to enhance the interaction between workers and coffee shop environments in the developing world.
Antigens for CD4 and CD8 T Cells in Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide for which an improved vaccine and immunodiagnostics are urgently needed. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells play an important role in host defense to TB. Definition of the antigens recognized by these T cells is critical for improved understanding of the immunobiology of TB and for development of vaccines and diagnostics. Herein, the antigens and epitopes recognized by classically HLA class I- and II-restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in humans infected with MTB are reviewed. Immunodominant antigens and epitopes have been defined using approaches targeting particular TB proteins or classes of proteins and by genome-wide discovery approaches. Antigens and epitopes recognized by classically restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells show extensive breadth and diversity in MTB-infected humans.
Introducing Co-Teaching and Co-Generative Dialogues in a Pre-Service Teaching Practicum: Stepping in and Remaining Contradictions

This article reports on collaborative teaching practices and co-generative dialogues incorporated into a Master of Arts (MA) in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) practicum at a large northeastern U.S. university with a focus on uncovering the processes associated with learning-to-teach. The paper describes the contents of the existing pre-service teaching practicum as well as the supplementary activities that were introduced. The article presents two main findings: (1) Co-teaching opportunities provided critical support to the pre-service teachers as they began teaching, and (2) Although the co-generative dialogues were set up to mediate a reflexive dialogue around the nature of teaching, we found that the pre-service teachers retained some teaching beliefs that were in conflict with those of the mentors even at the end of the practicum. Despite the extended opportunities to discuss their respective teaching beliefs, the mentors were not prepared to deal with the pre-service teachers’ unresolved concerns, which bears important implications for how to prepare mentors to work with novices in the context of an MA TESL practicum.
The cell Reynolds number myth

The commonly accepted linear stability analysis for the forward-time centred-space (FTCS) algorithm applied to the transport equation has led to the concept of a cell Reynolds number restriction on the spatial grid size. This paper shows where the commonly accepted original analysis is in error and presents the correct stability restrictions, which are restrictions on the time step, not the spatial grid size. There is no cell Reynolds number restriction. The results are confirmed by numerical computations for the two-dimensional driven cavity problem.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY : A. CHICKEN EMBRYOS. VI. DIFFERENTIATION IN THE CHICKEN EMBRYO HEART FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF STIMULUS PRODUCTION.

In these experiments we have shown that, with the technique adopted, differences in behavior are exhibited by fragments of the heart taken from different localities. The different localities behave in a more or less uniform manner. The pace-making function, for instance, is found at first throughout the cardiac tube but later it is restricted and comes to reside in a special small area at the back of the right auricle near the center. The pace-making system is able to develop a rate comparable to that shown by the whole intact heart, irrespective of the size of the fragment in which it is contained. Later, under the circumstances of the study, the ventricular structures lose the power of spontaneous contraction, and later still, the auricular ones also. It need scarcely be pointed out, however, that this loss refers only to the function of pace making. In its place, the various localities of the heart undoubtedly take on other capabilities. This is what is meant after all by differentiation. The question whether the pace-making and conduction systems reside in the remains of primitive portions of the cardiac tube in an undifferentiated form, or whether on the other hand these primitive portions develop into differentiated structures which preside over these functions may be reviewed afresh. Obviously the tube in its early state possesses these functions; obviously also the major part of the heart loses them during the course of development. A knowledge of the changes in form paralleling changes in function would have great interest. On this phase of the problem we hope to report later. On the basis of these observations, differentiation from the point of view of stimulus production may be viewed perhaps in this manner. Pace making, the conduction of impulses, and contraction are the primitive functions of the tube. As the tube develops into the adult structure, pace making and conduction are supposedly served by tissues resembling in structure the original ones. Whether as a matter of fact a structural change takes place is an interesting and important problem. Those portions of the heart which require to develop greater degrees of energy lose the primitive functions of pace making and conduction, and, in the transformation, take on a differentiated structure. It is, then, not the structures in which the primitive functions of pace making and conduction reside which are differentiated, but the greater mass of ventricular muscle. These reflections have their origin not only from our own work but they grow out of observations to be found in the writings of those (A. Keith and I. Mc-Kenzie) who call the nodal and conduction tissues in the heart, embryonic. But whether from the point of view developed here the use of this term is completely descriptive remains an interesting problem.
Strategising prevention: a critical review of local initiatives to prevent female sex trafficking

This article reviews prevention strategies initiated and implemented by NGOs across the globe to address female sex trafficking. It sets out the conceptual bases for anti-trafficking measures in general, and prevention measures in particular, before presenting a representative cross-section of programmes and approaches that are currently underway. The authors identify some of the gaps apparent in these responses, and offer recommendations to improve the implementation of prevention strategies. The article concludes that anti-trafficking prevention measures must be skilfully integrated into current community-development practices, and that for this reason local and global development planners must become more aware of this issue and the strategic actions necessary to address it.