cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication-avoiding algorithms for linear algebra and beyond

Algorithms have two costs: arithmetic and communication, i.e. moving data between levels of a memory hierarchy or processors over a network. Communication costs (measured in time or energy per operation) already greatly exceed arithmetic costs, and the gap is growing over time following technological trends. Thus our goal is to design algorithms that minimize communication. We present algorithms that attain provable lower bounds on communication, and show large speedups compared to their conventional counterparts. These algorithms are for direct and iterative linear algebra, for dense and sparse matrices, as well as direct n-body simulations. Several of these algorithms exhibit perfect strong scaling, in both time and energy: run time (resp. energy) for a fixed problem size drops proportionally to p (resp. is independent of p). Finally, we describe extensions to algorithms involving arbitrary loop nests and array accesses, assuming only that array subscripts are linear functions of the loop indices.
Slavery and Theology: The Emergence of Black Christian Consciousness in Nineteenth-Century America

Extensive discussion of the origin and nature of Black Christianity in America has in recent years linked together two issues which are logically distinct: the degree of uniqueness attributable to the beliefs of Afro-Americans, and whether or to what extent their faith sustained resistance to the system of slavery. Abundant evidence that slaveowners hoped Christian instruction would persuade Black people to asquiesce in their bondage has been readily taken for proof that acquiescence was in fact the usual result of their conversion. This questionable conclusion has sometimes led to another: that such religious notions as occasionally inspired resistance were brought from Africa and were uniquely the heritage of Black men. According to this view, the biblical rationales for revolt such as Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner appear to have employed were merely a gloss upon ideas of freedom and justice which they and their people had long held.
Errors in the application of the JWKB method to calculating the survival factor in dissociative electron attachment using the local complex potential.

The accuracy of the JWKB method for determining the survival factor defined for dissociative electron attachment (DEA) processes is examined for a range of electronic resonance lifetimes within the local complex potential approximation. The author concludes that the accuracy is inadequate for molecules with properties commonly found for shape resonance induced DEA. More accurate methods using the uniform Airy function approximation give much better results, but the direct numerical integration of Schrodinger’s equation appears simpler still.
Photoinduced electron transfer to C60 across extended 3- and 11-bond hydrocarbon bridges: Creation of a long-lived charge separated state

Two new, rigid donor−bridge−C60(acceptor) dyads are presented. In one system (C60[3]TMPD) a 3-σ-bond bridge separates the fullerene from a powerful tetraalkyl-p-phenylenediamine donor; in the other (C60[11]DMA) the bridge comprises an extended array of 11 bonds, while the donor unit is a dimethylaniline group. Photoexcitation of the 3-bond system induces fast (kcs ≥ 1.6 × 1010 s-1) and virtually complete intramolecular charge separation, irrespective of solvent polarity. It is concluded that this charge separation occurs under nearly “optimal” conditions. Charge recombination, however, is also very fast, preventing the detection of the charge-separated state on a nanosecond time scale. For the 11-bond system, photoinduced charge separation only occurs in polar solvents, reaching kcs = 5.5 × 109 s-1 in benzonitrile, which still implies a charge separation yield of ∼90%. Interestingly, charge recombination is now slowed down considerably, thereby allowing easy detection of the “giant dipolar” charge-separat...
Enhancing static source code search with dynamic data

Developers frequently try to locate references to particular program elements within their systems; however, these queries often return an overwhelming number of results. The result sets for these queries tend to be large because integrated development environments locate matches using static search approaches; however, the developer may be more interested in which references actually happened for a particular execution, instead of which references could happen in a hypothetical execution. We posit that dynamic search approaches can complement customary static search approaches in the same ways dynamic analysis complements static analysis. Specifically, in this paper, we hypothesize that filtering static reference queries with dynamic trace data can reduce the number of results a developer must consider when performing a query, helping them to focus on a subset of the static query results. To test our hypothesis, we filtered the results of the Eclipse find references query with dynamic trace data for three different projects; our preliminary evidence demonstrates that dynamic trace data can be used to effectively filter the result sets of static source code queries.
Pronuclear stage cryopreservation after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and conventional IVF: implications for timing of the freeze.

Abstract Objective: To compare clinical outcomes of frozen embryo transfers using cryopreserved pronuclear stage oocytes that had undergone either intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or conventional IVF. Design: Observational. Setting: A tertiary referral reproductive medicine unit. Patient(s): Couples undergoing either ICSI or conventional IVF from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1997. Intervention(s): Patients underwent a standard controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocol and transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval. All normally fertilized (2PN) oocytes exceeding a specified embryo number designated for fresh transfer were immediately cryopreserved at the pronuclear stage. Our cryopreservation method included timing of the freeze according to pronuclear morphology. Subsequent frozen embryo thaw-transfer cycles were usually performed by thawing only the intended number of embryos for transfer. Main Outcome Measure(s): Thaw survival rate, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, delivery rate. Result(s): Ninety-six thaw-transfer cycles (n = 72) and 93 thaw-transfer cycles (n = 67) were undertaken in patients who had previously undergone conventional IVF or ICSI, respectively. Embryo thaw survival rates (IVF, 90.4%; ICSI, 91.1%) were similar. Clinical pregnancy (IVF, 40.6%; ICSI, 44.1%) and delivery (IVF, 36.4%; ICSI, 39.8%) rates per transfer, as well as implantation (IVF, 19.1%; ICSI, 19.9%) rates, were also similar. There were only four clinical pregnancy losses in both groups. Conclusion(s): Embryo thaw survival is similar for cryopreserved pronuclear stage oocytes derived from ICSI and conventional IVF. Clinical pregnancy, implantation and delivery rates were also similar for the two groups. In addition, there was no increase in the rate of pregnancy loss in ICSI patients after frozen embryo transfers.
Evaluation of a novel therapeutic approach to treating severe pneumococcal infection using a mouse model.

P4, a 28-amino-acid peptide, is a eukaryotic cellular activator that enhances specific in vitro opsonophagocytic killing of multiple bacterial pathogens. In a previous study, we successfully recreated this phenomenon in mice in vivo by using a two-dose regimen of P4 and pathogen-specific antibodies, which significantly reduced moribundity in mice. For the present study, we hypothesized that the inclusion of a low-dose antibiotic would make it possible to treat the infected mice with a single dose containing a mixture of P4 and a pathogen-specific antibody. A single dose consisting of P4, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and ceftriaxone effectively reduced moribundity compared to that of untreated controls (n = 10) by 75% (P 80% over the control level; P < 0.05). This finding supports our hypothesis that PMN are activated by P4 during opsonophagocytosis and the recovery of mice from pneumococcal infection. P4 peptide-based combination therapy may offer an alternative and rapid immunotherapy to treat fulminant pneumococcal infection.
Phospholipid Metabolism and Membrane Synthesis During Sporulation in Bacillus megaterium

In view of previously published reports of localized membrane growth in exponentially growing Bacillus megaterium and in sporulating Bacillus cereus, an attempt was made to describe phospholipid metabolism and the topology of membrane synthesis during sporulation in B. megaterium. The cells were pulsed with radioactive glycerol or acetate at the time of septum formation, and the specific activity of the lipid fraction was measured at various times through the free spore stage. The bulk of the material labeled during septation could not be recovered in the spore. Rather, it was found that the labeled lipid fraction underwent considerable turnover during spore development. Additionally, other experiments revealed that the lipid made before the initiation of sporulation was also subject to extensive turnover. In order to minimize both the confounding effects of lipid turnover and the possible presence of lateral diffusion of labeled lipid in the membrane, autoradiography of cells pulse labeled with radioactive glycerol at the time of septation was performed; a symmetrical grain distribution resulted. Thus, despite previously published suggestions to the contrary, the current experimental techniques could not demonstrate the existence of localized membrane synthesis in B. megaterium during sporulation.
Reactive locomotion control of articulated-tracked mobile robots for obstacle negotiation

This paper describes a reactive obstacle negotiating algorithm for articulated-tracked robots and demonstrates a working system by presenting the simulation, animation, and control methodologies for an articulated-tracked mobile robot with a manipulator and sensory modules. Developing the motion planning strategies for robots with articulated-tracked locomotin is much different from path planning techniques developed for wheeled robots traveling on a planar surface, as the problems are not limited to solving the obstacle avoidance only, but involve finding the obstacle negotiating strategy as well. The authors have been developing tracked mobile-manipulator systems for applications in hazardous environments. A simulation, animation, visualization and interactive control (SAVIC) environment has been developed for the design and operation of a integrated robotic manipulator system.
Indium-111 bleomycin tumor scanning in lymphoma.

A new radiopharmaceutical, indium-111 labeled bleomycin (IB), was evaluated as a tumor-imaging agent in 55 patients with lymphoma. Overall disease activity was correctly identified in 79% of 75 whole-body scans obtained 48 hours after intravenous administration of IB. Serial scans in 19 patients accurately reflected changes in their disease status. Lymphatic and soft tissue sites of involvement both above and below the diaphragm were most readily identified by scanning. Bone marrow and hepatic involvements were more difficult to detect because of normal tissue background in the considered organs. Five patients manifested diffuse pulmonary uptake of IB and only in one case was it explained. To determine the accuracy of scanning with IB, we evaluated 731 individual sites of potential tumor involvement with these results: true positives 90%, false negatives 10%, false positives 4%, and true negatives 96%. Thus, tumor scanning with indium-111 bleomycin is an important new technique for the initial staging and serial evaluation of patients with lymphoma.
A novel laser-liquid-solid interaction technique for synthesis of silver, nickel and immiscible silver-nickel alloys from liquid precursors

Silver, nickel, nickel oxide and silver-nickel alloys have been produced from their inexpensive liquid precursors using CO2 and Nd-YAG lasers. Ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and 2-ethoxyethanol were used as reductants in the synthesis reactions. Spherical and faceted silver particles of high purity were formed by laser interaction between the precursor solution and a rotating substrate, while porous dual phase nickel and nickel oxide particles were produced when nickel nitrate was used as a precursor. The composition and morphology of the alloy particles was dependent on laser parameters and chemical composition of the precursor solution. The product composition was dependent only upon the chemistry of the precursors used. The mean particle size was dependent upon the temperature generated by irradition and the duration of exposure to the laser beam. The synthesis of nano-particles and metastable alloys is proposed to occur primarily at the laser-liquid-solid interface by a nucleation and growth mechanism.
Microwave Processing of Planetary Surfaces for the Extraction of Volatiles

In-Situ Resource Utilization will be necessary for sustained exploration of space. Volatiles are present in planetary soils, but water by far has the most potential for effective utilization. The presence of water at the lunar poles, Mars, and possibly on Phobos opens the possibility of producing LOX for propellant. Water is also a useful radiation shielding material , and valuable to replenish expendables (water and oxygen) required for habitation in space. Because of the strong function of water vapor pressure with temperature, heating soil effectively liberates water vapor by sublimation. Microwave energy will penetrate soil and heat from within much more efficiently than heating from the surface with radiant heat. This is especially true under vacuum conditions since the heat transfer rate is very low. The depth of microwave penetration is a strong function of the microwave frequency and to a lesser extent on soil dielectric properties. Methods for complex electric permittivity and magnetic permeability measurement are being developed and used for measurements of lunar soil simulants. A new method for delivery of microwaves deep into a planetary surface is being prototyped with laboratory experiments and modeled with COMSOL MultiPhysics. We are planning to set up a planetary testbed in a large vacuum chamber in the coming year. Recent results are discussed.
Anatomy of striae

The histopathology of striae distensae is disputed; different authorities give contradictory accounts of the microscopic changes, especially in elastic fibres. We re-evaluated the problem by taking eight elliptical biopsies across striae. Six were examined by light microscopy with appropriate stains for elastin and collagen. Two were prepared for scanning electronmicroscopy (s.e.m.), using a procedure which removes collagen, enabling the elastic network to be seen in its native form. By light microscopy, striae were sharply demarcated from normal skin, consisting mainly of fine, straight bundles of collagen arranged parallel to the surface. Fine elastic fibres were disposed similarly without fragmentation, fraying or curling. By s.e.m., the elastic network was found to be extraordinarily dense and well developed with many fine, curled fibres in random array. It was evident that the routine stains for elastin greatly underestimated the abundance of elastic fibres, probably because immature fibres contain insufficient protein matrix. The horizontal packing of collagen bundles was confirmed by s.e.m. These findings support the view that striae distensae are scars. There is no evidence that they form by stress-induced rupture of the connective tissue.
Ligament material behavior is nonlinear, viscoelastic and rate-independent under shear loading

The material behavior of ligament is determined by its constituents, their organization and their interaction with each other. To elucidate the origins of the multiaxial material behavior of ligaments, we investigated ligament response to shear loading under both quasi-static and rate-dependent loading conditions. Stress relaxation tests demonstrated that the tissue was highly viscoelastic in shear, with peak loads dropping over 40% during 30 min of stress relaxation. The stress relaxation response was unaffected by three decades of change in shear strain rate (1.3, 13 and 130%/s). A novel parameter estimation technique was developed to determine material coefficients that best described the experimental response of each test specimen to shear. The experimentally measured clamp displacements and reaction forces from the simple shear tests were used with a nonlinear optimization strategy based around function evaluations from a finite element program. A transversely isotropic material with an exponential matrix strain energy provided an excellent fit to experimental load-displacement curves. The shear modulus of human MCL showed a significant increase with increasing shear strain (p<0.001), reaching a maximum of 1.72+/-0.4871 MPa. The results obtained from this study suggest that viscoelasticity in shear does not likely result from fluid flow. Gradual loading of transversely oriented microstructural features such as intermolecular collagen crosslinks or collagen-proteoglycan crosslinking may be responsible for the stiffening response under shear loading.
Measuring cognitive universals and cultural particulars

A reanalysis of Atran's data is presented in which the comparison between Itzaj and Michigan animal names is represented in spatial rather than taxonomic form. Similarity among all subjects is also represented in spatial terms. Finally, culturally shared knowledge between the two cultures is shown to be about ten times larger than the culture-specific component unique to each culture.
Reversing the affective congruency effect: The role of target word frequency of occurrence

In this research the outcome of an aVective priming experiment is shown to critically depend on the frequency of occurrence of the target words used. Low frequency target words (5.7 occurrences per million words) resulted in an aVective congruency eVect, i.e., faster responses following aVectively congruent than incongruent primes. High frequency target words (32.6 occurrences per million) resulted in a reverse priming eVect, i.e., faster responses following incongruent than congruent primes. The size of the congruency eVect was larger than the size of the reverse priming eVect, thus masking its emergence when word frequency was not taken into account. We propose that target word frequency has its inXuence via an accessibility-related mechanism having to do with diVerences in observed changes in aVect between prime and target.
Cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent protein kinases and protein phosphorylation in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells induced to differentiate by retinoic acid.

The human leukemia cell line HL60 which resembles promyelocytes can be induced to differentiate to cells displaying features of the mature myeloid phenotype by a variety of agents including retinoic acid (RA) and agents that elevate intracellular adenosine 3:5 cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels, e.g., 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine 3:5 monophosphate (8-Br-cyclic AMP), cholera toxin. Since most, if not all the effects of cyclic AMP, are mediated by adenosine 3:5 cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (cyclic AMP-dPK), we investigated the role of cyclic AMP-dPK and adenosine 3:5 cyclic monophosphate-independent protein kinase (cyclic AMP-iPK) in the induced differentiation of HL60 cells. Marked stimulation of cyclic AMP-dPK and cyclic AMP-iPK appears to be intimately involved with and specific for HL60 myeloid differentiation as evidenced by: (1) Stimulation of cyclic AMP-dPK and cyclic AMP-iPK early during HL60 myeloid differentiation and prior to phenotypic changes. (2) RA and dimethylformamide (DMF), agents that induce differentiation along the myeloid pathway, cause a marked increase in the type l cytosolic cyclic AMP-dPK and cyclic AMP-iPK (protamine kinase) while no such increases are noted in cells treated with 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) which induces differentiation along the monocyte/macrophage pathway. (3) Both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as well as photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido-cyclic AMP demonstrate marked increases in type l cyclic AMP-dPK in the cytosols of cells exposed to agents that induce myeloid differentiation but no increase in TPA-differentiated cells. (4) The appearance and disappearance of specific cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent protein phosphorylations are associated with the induced myeloid differentiated state.
On the Impact of Process Variations for Carbon Nanotube Bundles for VLSI Interconnect

Bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been proposed as a possible replacement for on-chip copper interconnect due to their large conductivity and current-carrying capabilities. Given the manufacturing challenges associated with future nanotube-based interconnect solutions, determining the impact of process variations on this new technology relative to standard copper interconnect is vital for predicting the reliability of nanotube-based interconnect. In this paper, we investigate the impact of process variations on future interconnect solutions based on carbon nanotube bundles. Leveraging an equivalent RLC model for SWCNT bundle interconnect, we calculate the relative impact of ten potential sources of variation in SWCNT bundle interconnect on resistance, capacitance, inductance, and delay. We compare the relative impact of variation for SWCNT bundles and standard copper wires as process technology scales and find that SWCNT bundle interconnect will typically have larger overall three-sigma variations in delay. In order to achieve the same percentage variation in both SWCNT bundles and copper interconnect, the percentage variation in bundle dimensions must be reduced by up to 63% in 22-nm process technology
Medical and surgical treatment of chronic venous ulcers

Venous ulcer of the lower extremity is a common vascular condition and is associated with decreased quality of life, reduced mobility, and social isolation. Treatment of chronic venous ulcer (CVU) includes compression therapy, debridement of the ulcer when necessary, and wound care. Collagen and antimicrobial dressings can improve the proportion of ulcers healed compared with compression alone. Acellular skin equivalents are not superior to compression, but cellular human skin equivalents can promote more rapid healing, particularly in patients with longstanding ulcers. Current vascular surgical practice is to eliminate documented reflux or obstruction in patients with CVU that have failed a 3-month period of compression dressing, debridement, and local wound care. We found that surgical treatment of the superficial venous system can decrease the time to healing of CVUs compared with compression therapy alone, but does not increase the proportion of ulcers healed.
Optimization of a Stimulation Train based on a Predictive Model of Muscle Force and Fatigue

Abstract Optimizing stimulation frequency based on a mathematical model that can predict skeletal muscle force and fatigue may improve the effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation systems. Potentially, optimal stimulation patterns can maximize muscle force production while also delaying the onset of muscle fatigue. In this paper, dynamic optimization was used to generate an optimal, frequency varying pulse train that maintains a desired isometric knee extension without unnecessarily fatiguing the muscle. The optimization method employed a predictive mathematical model of muscle force and fatigue. Knee extension experiments were conducted on an able-bodied participant to identify the model parameters. To test the effectiveness of the optimized train to delay muscle fatigue, a second knee extension experiment was conducted to compare the performance of the optimized stimulation train and a 50Hz constant frequency train. The peak force and the force time integral of the optimized stimulation train were found to be higher than the 50Hz constant frequency train. These preliminary results show that optimizing stimulation patterns, based on a subject specific predictive mathematical model, may potentially delay the onset of muscle fatigue while obtaining desired force profiles.
Improvements in the Oxidized Gasoline Resistance of NBR Elastomers

Abstract Nitrile compounds have been developed which have excellent sour gasoline resistance. The compounds are cured with a mixed urethane/sulfur (80/20) crosslinking system. After 6 weeks aging in sour gasoline, the physical properties of the urethane cured nitriles were still superior to the best sulfur-cured nitrile and epichlorohydrin compounds which had been tested for 3 weeks. Heat resistance of the urethane-cured compounds is not as good as the sulfur-cured compounds; however, it is anticipated that the new compounds can meet the current temperature requirements for the fuel hose tube.
Hijacking the Cellular Mail: Exosome Mediated Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bone transplantation is one of the most widely performed clinical procedures. Consequently, bone regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and tissue engineering strategies is one of the most widely researched fields in regenerative medicine. Recent scientific consensus indicates that a biomimetic approach is required to achieve proper regeneration of any tissue. Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by cells that act as messengers that influence cell fate. Although exosomal function has been studied with respect to cancer and immunology, the role of exosomes as inducers of stem cell differentiation has not been explored. We hypothesized that exosomes can be used as biomimetic tools for regenerative medicine. In this study we have explored the use of cell-generated exosomes as tools to induce lineage specific differentiation of stem cells. Our results indicate that proosteogenic exosomes isolated from cell cultures can induce lineage specific differentiation of naive MSCs in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, exosomes can also bind to matrix proteins such as type I collagen and fibronectin enabling them to be tethered to biomaterials. Overall, the results from this study show the potential of cell derived exosomes in bone regenerative medicine and opens up new avenues for future research.
Somatic embryogenesis in cell suspension cultures of Prunus persica (L.)

SummaryCell suspension cultures were derived from adventitious somatic embryos induced on cotyledons of rescued peach embryos. Embryogenie calli were induced and established on modified MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D, BAP, KN and inositol. Development of embryos during suspension cultures was identified by growth pattern and by histological and cytological examination, using acetocarmine stain. More embryogenic calli were produced using 2,4-D (5 (µM) than NAA. A gradual reduction of 2,4-D increased the recovery of globular embryos. Heart-stage embryos were developed on high-nitrogen salt medium, with added Ca(N03)2 (1000 mg I"1) and 6% sucrose. Somatic embryos turned green and sometimes red under white light. Embryo viability was highest when subculturing every 14 days. Viability of cells and differentiating embryos was assessed, microscopically, with Alexander’s stain. Viable embryos reacted pink to red while non- viable embryos reacted green to blue. Embryogenic cell suspension cultures were maintain...
Likelihood estimation for exchangeable multinomial data

In this article, maximum likelihood estimates of an exchangeable multinomial distribution using a parametric form to model the parameters as functions of covariates are derived. The non linearity o...
Sampling the Proton Transfer Reaction Coordinate in Mixed Quantum-Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations

An umbrella sampling approach based on the vibrational energy gap is presented and examined for exploring the reaction coordinate for a proton transfer (PT) reaction. The technique exploits the fact that for a PT reaction the energy gap between the vibrational ground and excited states of the transferring proton reaches a minimum at the transition state. Umbrella sampling is used within mixed quantum-classical simulations to identify the transition state configurations and explore the reaction free energy curve and vibrationally nonadiabatic coupling. The method is illustrated by application to a model phenol–amine proton transfer reaction complex in a nanoconfined solvent. The results from this new umbrella sampling approach are consistent with those obtained from previous umbrella sampling calculations based on a collective solvent coordinate. This sampling approach further provides insight into the vibrationally nonadiabatic coupling for the proton transfer reaction and has potential for simulating vib...
Monitoring status of radioactivity level of drinking-water in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in China

From the beginning of development of nuclear power in China,the health department has always attached great importance to the health and hygiene baseline data and its change trend about the residents in the vicinity of nuclear power plants,and carry out monitoring on the residents health and hygiene,including drinking-water monitoring.Concerned agencies in some provinces where the nuclear power plants situated,gradually in the development or have carried out the drinking-water radioactivity monitoring and accumulated data.These data provides strong technical support to correctly evaluate the impact of operation of the nuclear power plant on the surrounding environment and human health.Although in monitoring results,the radioactive levels of drinking-water are lower than the national standard limit and will not do harm to human health,this work must adhere to for a long time.
Radiotherapy for Prostatic Carcinoma: Post-Irradiation Prostatic Biopsy and Recurrence Patterns With Long-term Followup

AbstractFrom 1968 through 1975, 159 patients with stages A, B and C adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated with supervoltage radiation therapy. A median dose of 7,200 rad was given. The influence upon survival of grade, stage and a positive biopsy result after irradiation is analyzed. Over-all survival is a patently imprecise test of local treatment because patients die of intercurrent disease and are alive with metastases for significant intervals. The classification of survival with no evidence of recurrent disease excluded those patients dying of intercurrent disease. Therefore, the rate of survival free of disease always will be greater than the over-all survival rate in these patients, and a certain percentage of the patients without evidence of cancer will harbor subclinical disease.The 5 and 10-year survival rates free of disease were 80 and 69 per cent, respectively, in 51 patients with stages A and B cancer, and 66 and 47 per cent, respectively, in 108 with stage C disease. The 5 and 10-year...
Policing immigrants or policing immigration? Understanding local law enforcement participation in immigration control

As the United States has expanded its immigration control strategies, police participation in immigration enforcement has increased in scope and intensity. Local law enforcement agencies contribute to immigration enforcement in three key ways: through the direct enforcement of immigration law, through cooperation with federal immigration authorities, and through the everyday policing of immigrant communities. These enforcement approaches have consequences for unauthorized immigrants, and for the agencies and officers tasked with providing them police services. This article reviews local law enforcement practices and argues that future research should move away from an exclusive examination of police policies towards immigrants, to consider how the policing of immigrants actually occurs on the ground. Moreover, we argue that as long as discretionary arrests funnel removable immigrants into the deportation system, some immigrant communities will perceive policing as fundamentally unfair and discriminatory.
Discovery and Development of Artemisinin and Related Compounds

Artemisinin is isolated from the plant Artemisia annua, sweet wormwood, an herb employed in traditional Chinese medicine. Prof. You-you Tu discovered artemisinin in the 1960s, so she was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Artemisinin and its semi-synthetic derivatives are a group of drugs that possess the most rapid action of all current drugs against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In this review, the author investigated history on discovery of artemisinin, ethnopharmacology of Artemisia plants, chemistry and pharmacological activities of the relative compounds, and introduced Tu and other Chinese and world scientists' contribution, development of artemisinin and the related compounds and registered and marketed artemisinin drugs in China, UK, and USA. The author also recalled the studies on the mechanism of action of artemisinins and artemisinin combination therapies and summed up the resistance issues. In Current Recommendations and the Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management in Malaria Vectors (GPIRM), that the WHO prevents the development and manages the spread of insecticide resistance is summarized in the technical basis for coordinated action against insecticide resistance: preserving the effectiveness of modern malaria vector control. Prof. Tu re-emphasized the artemisinin resistant on five principles to the WHO. She called on the world's scientists to pay attention to the study of drug resistance, and hopes scientists to contribute to break resistance of artemisinins.
Uncertain spatiotemporal data modeling and algebraic operations based on XML

The problem of modeling and operating spatiotemporal data has received a great deal of interest, due to its various applications in the real world such as GIS and sensor database. A wide range of work covering spatial data, temporal data and spatiotemporal data assumes that the data is known, accurate and complete. But in reality, information is often imprecise and imperfect. In addition, traditional data models which are investigating in the context of traditional database suffer from some inadequacy of necessary semantics such as inability to handle imprecise and uncertain information. Consequently, the advent of XML, which has the advantages of simplicity, readability and extensibility, seems to provide an opportunity for modeling and operating uncertain spatiotemporal data. Hence, the new problem that emerges is how to model and operate uncertain spatiotemporal data in XML. Therefore, in this paper, we establish an uncertain spatiotemporal data model based on XML. Then, on the basis of the model we provide a set of algebraic operations for capturing and handling uncertain spatiotemporal data. By employing algebraic operations, we demonstrate how to translate queries expressed in XQuery to our algebra. A translation example shows that our algebraic operations are full of expressive power and illustrates that our algebra can be applied to general data. Apart from this, we also propose a set of equivalence rules to optimize the process of query and give an example to show how the optimization approach works.
Stepping In: My Experience of Embodied Power Through the Relational-Cultural Framework

This qualitative embodied artistic inquiry self-study explored how I used my embodied power in an ethical and intentional way as a dance/movement therapist and illustrated how I experienced my embodied power as informed by relational-cultural theory and racial identity development theory. This led to an exploration of my racial identity as a White, second-year dance/movement therapy and counseling graduate student, who also identifies with other dominate cultural groups. Data were collected through five authentic movement sessions with a trained authentic movement practitioner. Data analysis took the form of creative synthesis through embodied writing passages following each authentic movement session. Results included a journey of self-compassion through a growing movement repertoire, which developed into three themes: self-acceptance, ownership of the past, and choice. Implications demonstrated the importance of therapists exploring theoretical frameworks that align with or challenge one’s worldview, and continuously engaging in introspective exploration of one’s racial identity.
On the Discriminant of Grunert’s System of Algebraic Equations and Related Topics

Grunert’s system of equations is commonly used as a basis for mathematical investigations into the Perspective 3-Point Pose Problem, for camera resectioning and tracking. This consists of three quadratic equations involving three unknown distances. The discriminant of this system helps to determine the number of real-valued solutions, in terms of the system’s parameters. In its raw form, this is a very complicated and seemingly unintelligible polynomial. However, through a series of algebraic manipulations, this article manages to bring this polynomial into a far more sensible form. In addition, by making substitutions suggested by the system of equations, the discriminant is realized as a rational function of the Cartesian coordinates of the ambient space containing the control points. Moving perpendicular to the plane containing the control points, and moving away from this plane, cross sections of the surface on which this rational function vanishes approach a deltoid curve, together with the deltoid’s inscribed circle (a cross section of the danger cylinder). As long as such a cross section of the surface is not too close to the control points plane, it is homeomorphic to a union of the deltoid and its inscribed circle. The orthogonal projection of the deltoid onto the control points plane contains in its interior, the control points triangle’s orthocenter.
The Moment Preservation Method of Cluster Analysis

A technique for cluster analysis, known as the moment preservation method is found primarily in the engineering literature. The method appears to be motivated by mixture models. A brief description of this technique is as follows. If q clusters are to be determined, then 2q − 1 linearly independent functions of the data are calculated. (In many of the applications that I have encountered, these are the first 2q − 1 sample moments.) For univariate data, the values of these functions are used to determine thresholds. The thresholds are chosen so that these moments are preserved. For multivariate data, the thresholds are replaced by their natural analogue, linear manifolds. The theoretical properties of this process can be determined from a substantial body of mathematical analysis, known as the “Reduced Moment Problem”. These properties facilitate determining the solutions sets and their properties, including the determination of optimal solutions.
Blockade of Leukocyte Adhesion in in Vivo Models of Inflammation

The study of leukocyte-endothelial interaction has become one of the most active areas in biology in the past decade, as the molecules involved in leukocyte adherence to endothelium have been identified. Three families of adhesion molecules that participate in leukocyte-endothelial interactions have been identified: integrin receptors, selectin receptors, and members of the immunoglobulin supergene family. There are two subfamilies of the integrins that participate in leukocyte-endothelial cell adherence, the β1 and β2 integrin families. Only one member of the β1 integrin subfamily, VLA-4 (CD49d/CD29), is involved in leukocyte-endothelial cell adherence. VLA-4 is found on mononuclear cells and eosinophils, but not on neutrophils. The β2 subfamily consists of three receptors designated LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), and p150,95 (CD11c/CD18). One or more of the β2 integrin receptors are found on all leukocytes. The known counterstructures for these integrin receptors are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family. CD11a/CD18 recognizes intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) 1 and 2. ICAM-1 is also a ligand for CD11b/CD18. Little is known about the role that CD11c/CD18 plays in leukocyte adherence to endothelium, and its counterstructure has not been identified. The selectin family consists of L-selectin (LAM-1, Leu 8), P-selectin (GMP-140, PAPGEM, CD62), and E-selectin (ELAM-1). L-selectin is found on leukocytes, while P- and E-selectin are found on endothelial cells.
Oxalic Acid: Absorption, Excretion, and Metabolism

The incidence of renal stone disease in this country is estimated to be approximately 0.1% of the population. Thus, nephrolithiasis represents one of the most common renal disorders in the United States. It has been documented in a number of previous studies that approximately two thirds of stones collected from patients with nephrolithiasis are composed of calcium oxalate, usually in the monohydrate form, and sometimes mixed with calcium phosphate in the form of apatite. Thus, an understanding of this particular crystalline compound is of importance in defining the pathogenesis of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. This discussion will focus on oxalic acid, its physicochemical characteristics, and some of the disorders associated with excess oxalate excretion.
Robert J. Gordon: ‘the rise and fall of American growth: the U.S. standard of living since the civil war’

The Rise and Fall of American Growth (Gordon 2017) is a book well worth reading in which Robert J. Gordon uses technological history and powerful arguments to buttress his thesis. It consists of tw...
Synthesis, 45Sc NMR characterization, and interconversion of structurally diverse scandium chloride hydrates

Abstract The dissolution of scandium metal (Sc°) in concentrated hydrochloric acid was found to generate a wide variety of products based on the reaction/processing conditions. The compounds [Sc(H2O)6]3[Cl] (1) and [ScCl2(H2O)4][Cl]·H2O (2) were isolated from the above reaction when an ice bath is used. If the reaction was allowed to warm uncontrolled during synthesis, [Sc(μ-OH)(H2O)5]24[Cl]·2H2O (termed OH) was produced. If 1 or 2 were heated (130 °C) in toluene or H2O, [ScCl2(H2O)4][ScCl4(H2O)2] (3) crystallized. Interconversion of the various hydrates and OH structure were studied via 45Sc NMR spectroscopy studies. Efforts to easily dehydrate 2 through the addition of a Lewis base led to the characterization of monohydrate solvates: [ScCl3(THF)2(H2O)]·THF (4·THF) or [ScCl3(κ2-DME)(H2O)] (5) where THF = tetrahydrofuran and DME = dimethoxyethane. In contrast, the use of pyridine formed [Sc(μ-OH)(Cl)2(py)2]2·py (6) where py = pyridine. The formation of the OH moiety is attributed to the higher reaction temperatures achieved using py as the solvent. These compounds were also characterized using 45Sc NMR spectroscopy and compared to commercial ScCl3 dissolved in the parent solvent.
High-Intensity Functional Training Shows Promise for Improving Physical Functioning and Activity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Pilot Study.

Background and purpose Healthy aging allows older adults to remain active in their communities; however, sedentary behaviors can lead to physical deconditioning and decreased physical function. Structured exercise programs are recommended to facilitate activity engagement and prevent muscle atrophy due to aging to facilitate older adults' abilities to complete activities of daily living. In particular, high-intensity functional training (HIFT) is a multicomponent group exercise program that has previously been shown to increase physical function for middle-age cancer survivors. This study examined the preliminary feasibility and effectiveness of HIFT for improving physical function and participation in physical activity for community-dwelling older adults. Methods The 8-week pilot study included two 60-minute HIFT sessions per week. Participants (n = 8) were 75% female with a mean age of 71 (6) years. Study initiation, adherence, and acceptability were assessed to determine feasibility. Effectiveness was assessed via 5 physical function measures conducted during sessions 1 and 16 and included the Timed Up and Go, lift and carry test, chair stand test, a repeated stair climb test, and the 6-minute walk test. Participants also self-reported confidence and difficulty for activities of daily living via the Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Assessment Log and physical activity participation via the Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors questionnaire. Results and discussion The study recruitment rate was 88.9% and 87.5% of participants adhered. Intervention acceptability was promising, as 4 participants reported liking multiple aspects of the intervention (eg, coaching/supervision and similar age peers). Intervention effectiveness was promising with significant improvement in 1 of 5 physical function measures, although clinical effects were most likely trivial. Participants reported increased participation in both leisure and structured physical activities. Conclusions HIFT appeared feasible and showed promise for counteracting the loss of physical function and sedentary behaviors associated with aging. Results should be confirmed in a longer, fully powered study.
Digital Transformations: Integrating Ethnographic Video into a Multimodal Platform

This chapter is an examination into the process of creating a digital ethnography using ethnographic videos combined with visualized datasets and textual information. The focus on process is a means to discuss the various considerations that emerge while contending with new forms of digital data. Throughout the chapter I trace how my dual goals, to use the material for ethnographic insights and to use the material as part of my collaboration with participants, drove my efforts, but how at the same time the technological realities of dealing with the materials pushed back, shaping not only what I created but also the questions and insights that emerged. These three considerations—the anthropological, participatory, and technological—each continuously influenced my decisions at each stage of gathering, manipulating, and presenting digital materials. This project is still a work in progress, so I have not resolved the tensions between these three forces. In this chapter I aim to outline my process of working through and contending with these forces at different stages in the project.
Simulation of Cu precipitation in Fe-Cu dilute alloys with cluster mobility

Abstract Cu-rich precipitates formation is associated with the precipitation hardening of Fe-Cu based steels and the embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel steels under neutron irradiation. The accurate modeling of the time evolution of Cu-rich precipitates is therefore of fundamental importance for the design of Fe-Cu based steels and the prediction of the irradiation induced shift of the ductile to brittle transition temperature of reactor pressure vessels. This work applies cluster dynamics with mobile Cu monomers and clusters to model Cu precipitation in dilute Fe-Cu alloys at several temperatures. Optimized model parameters can be used to simulate the mean radius, number density, volume fraction, and matrix composition evolution during isothermal annealing with reasonable accuracy. The possible reduction of the mobility of Cu-rich clusters due to additional alloying elements in Fe-Cu based steels is discussed.