cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

Atherosclerosis is a disease process that affects the coronary, cerebral and peripheral arterial circulation. While great emphasis has been placed on the aggressive pharmacological management of coronary artery disease, less attention has been paid to the pharmacological management of peripheral vascular disease, despite its significant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of medical management in peripheral arterial disease is to relieve symptoms of claudication and to prevent thrombotic vascular events. These goals are best achieved through aggressive risk factor modification and pharmacotherapy. Risk factor modification includes smoking cessation, adequate control of blood pressure and cholesterol, as well as aggressive glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus. Antiplatelet therapy and relief of claudication is also achieved through pharmacotherapy. With aggressive risk factor modification and adequate pharmacotherapy, patients with peripheral arterial disease can have an improved quality of life as well as prolonged survival.
Photodegradation of metolachlor applying UV and UV/H2O2.

Metolachlor is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world for controlling weeds. It has been detected in both ground and surface waters in the United States, and there are rising concerns in regard to its health risks and in developing effective treatment processes for its removal from water. Degradation of metolachlor via ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and an UV/hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process (AOP) was studied. The quantum yield of metolachlor at 254 nm was found to be 0.302 ± 0.001 mol E-1 through direct UV photolysis in the range of pH 6−8. The second-order rate constant of the reaction between metolachlor and hydroxyl radical was determined to be 9.07 (±0.21) × 109 M-1 s-1 by using a competition kinetics model that utilized nitrobenzene as a reference compound. In addition, these parameters were successfully applied in modeling the kinetics of elimination of metolachlor using an UV/H2O2 process in both laboratory and natural waters. The formation of several photolysis byproducts wa...
Egypt as a Globalist Power: Mapping Military Participation in Decolonizing Internationalism, Repressive Entrepreneurialism, and Humanitarian Globalization Between the Revolutions of 1952 and 2011

By intervening in the 2011 Revolution and moving to assert control over state and society during the subsequent transitional period, the Egyptian military became visible again not just as a defense institution and coercive apparatus operating in domestic space, but as a regional and international actor. Much recent scholarship on and press coverage of Egypt since the uprisings of 2011 have neglected the vibrant and contentious history of the country's participation in globalist politics and international interventions. In this light, this study reflects upon three types of globalism—decolonizing developmentalism, humanitarian militarism, and UN-centered internationalism—articulated by the state, political elites, and transnational social movements in Egypt since the 1950s. This piece describes globalization in Egypt from military and diplomatic history perspectives. Here I begin to develop a theoretical apparatus that aims to identify mechanisms that shape convergence and disjuncture between modes of deve...
STEREOTROPISM AS A FUNCTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR ORGANIZATION

From what has been said concerning the neuromuscular organization of the Asterias ray, it is possible to arrive at certain definite conclusions regarding the nature of the stereotropism of that organ. The righting movements from the start are not haphazard; i.e., they cannot be explained on any hypothesis of "trial and error." The excitation of the sensory cells of the dorsal sheath initiates dorsal flexure of the ray. This movement makes it possible for the tube feet of the tip to touch bottom and start the vigorous action which follows and completes the righting If the "feelers" by chance touch bottom they initiate the reaction de novo. As to the remaining phases, the stereotropic reaction of the ray is referable to the high degree of surface sensitivity of the tube feet disks and the propagation of excitatory and inhibitory impulses, resulting from stimulation, along appropriate paths to the muscles of the ray. In this respect the tube feet may be regarded as playing a role similar to that of tropistic receptors in general. That is, unequal stimulation of the receptors causes a corresponding inequality of tone or of contraction in the musculature which ultimately results in an equilibrium of orientation to the factor involved. It is evident that as a mechanism for righting stereotropism differs in one important respect from other tropisms. The latter depend for their operation upon unilateral effects in organisms which are dynamically bilaterally symmetrical. In stereotropism the sensitivity of the organism is not distributed in bilaterally symmetrical fashion. As a rule only the ventral side is stereosensitive; i.e., the sensitivity is unilaterally distributed. There is a tropistic action in such cases because of the fact that when the sensitive surface is only partially stimulated an unequal contraction of the musculature follows and this as a result brings the sensitive surface into such a position that it is all equally stimulated. Equal muscle tone follows and the organism is in equilibrium with its environment.
Sulfone of the antibiotic, nebularine: synthesis and conversion to novel analogues of nebularlne

Abstract 2-Methylsulfonylnebularine has been synthesized from 2-aminonebularine (lsoadenosine or 2-aminopurine ribonucleoside) by a radical deamination-thioalkylation followed by sulfur oxidation. This sulfone is potentially an intermediate for the synthesis of many new 2-substituted analogues of nebularine as the nucleofugic methylsulfonyl group can be displaced by a variety of nucleophiles. Representative examples Include 2-cyano-, 2-carboxamido-, 2-acetamido-, and 2-bis (carboxamido)methyl- nebularine. Structures of the intermediate and products were confirmed by spectroscopic data, particularly high-field NMR and FAB HRMS data.
Synchronous multiple primary neoplasms of the upper female genital tract

Abstract A case is reported in which there was a simultaneous occurrence of a well-differentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the right ovary, a well-differentiated mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the left ovary, and a rare, moderately differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma with psammoma bodies of the endometrium. A review of the literature failed to reveal the multiple simultaneous occurrence of this particular combination of malignancies of the female genital tract. The diagnosis, histology, and management are discussed. Histogenesis is discussed in relation to theory of area response, to an unknown factor, of embryologically related organs in the development of multiple, multifocal malignancies of the female reproductive system.
A synthetic parvovirus B19 capsid protein can replace viral antigen in antibody-capture enzyme immunoassays

To establish a renewable source of parvovirus B19 antigens for diagnostic tests, gene sequences for the viral capsid proteins, VP1 and VP2, were cloned into baculovirus expression vectors and the recombinant viruses used to infect Sf9 insect cells. Cell lysates examined by immunoblotting demonstrated reactive proteins corresponding to the expected sizes of native VP1 (83 kDa) and VP2 (58 kDa). The VP2 protein was produced efficiently in quantity and self-assembled into empty capsids as shown by density equilibration in a CsCl step gradient. The VP2 protein was purified and used as an antigen in antibody-capture enzyme immunoassays for the detection of B19 IgG and IgM antibodies. Compared to a standard antibody-capture EIA based on whole viral antigen, the VP2-EIA gave a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97% in detection of B19 IgM in 138 patients suspected of B19 infection. No IgM-positive specimens were missed. IgG detection yielded a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96% in the same population. Recombinant VP2 capsid proteins expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells can substitute for serum-derived B19 virus in standard antibody-capture EIA for the detection of B19 IgG and IgM with comparable results.
Changes in ribosomal RNA, poly(A)+ RNA, and collagen α2(I) mRNA synthesis and processing during hypertonic treatment of cultured chick embryo cells

Abstract The effect of hypertonic conditions on RNA synthesis in cultured chick embryo cells was examined. The appearance of newly synthesized 28 S, 18 S, and 4 S and 5 S RNA into the cytoplasm was found to be decreased by hypertonic conditions. The appearance of newly synthesized poly(A) + RNA into the cytoplasm was also found to be depressed. To examine the behavior of a specific mRNA, nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of procollagen α 2 (I) mRNA were measured during high salt treatment. While nuclear levels of this mRNA were found to increase, those of the cytoplasm fell markedly. S1 nuclease digestion studies of an intron flanked by two exons revealed that the pro α 2 (I) collagen nuclear RNA that accumulated under hypertonic conditions was spliced. The nuclear accumulation of mRNA appears therefore to be due to a hypertonic block of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, and not to an inhibition of RNA splicing.
Interference with ingestional aversion learning produced by preexposure to the unconditioned stimulus: Associative and nonassociative aspects

Abstract Preconditioning exposure to a lithium chloride unconditioned stimulus (US) interferes with the subsequent conditioning of a taste aversion. Multiple US preexposures produce a long-lasting or durable interference with aversion learning, whereas a single US exposure produces a transient interference effect. The present experiments demonstrate that the durable US preexposure effect is substantially reduced if the method of drug treatment (infusion versus injection of the drug into the peritoneal cavity) or the spatial cues present during drug treatment (home cage versus a distinctive environment) are changed between the preexposure and taste conditioning phases of the experiment. In contrast, these manipulations do not attenuate the proximal/transient US preexposure effect. These findings indicate that different mechanisms are responsible for the two US preexposure effects. The results are consistent with previous suggestions that the durable effects of lithium preexposure are due to associative interference produced by the exteroceptive stimuli that accompany drug administrations and indicate that the proximal/transient US preexposure effect is mediated by nonassociative mechanisms.
The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels

Undescribed hydrocarbon-seep mussels were collected from the Louisiana Slope, Gulf of Mexico, during March 1986, and the ultrastructure of their gills was examined and compared to Bathymodiolus thermophilus, a mussel collected from the deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the Galapagos Rift in March 1985. These closely related mytilids both contain abundant symbiotic bacteria in their gills. However, the bacteria from the two species are distinctly different in both morphology and biochemistry, and are housed differently within the gills of the two mussels. The symbionts from the seep mussel are larger than the symbionts from B. thermophilus and, unlike the latter, contain stacked intracytoplasmic membranes. In the seep mussel three or fewer symbionts appear to be contained in each host-cell vacuole, while in B. thermophilus there are often more than twenty bacteria visible in a single section through a vacuole. The methanotrophic nature of the seep-mussel symbionts was confirmed in 14C-methane uptake experiments by the appearance of label in both CO2 and acid-stable, non-volatile, organic compounds after a 3 h incubation of isolated gill tissue. Furthermore, methane consumption was correlated with methanol dehydrogenase activity in isolated gill tissue. Activity of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase and 14CO2 assimilation studies indicate the presence of either a second type of symbiont or contaminating bacteria on the gills of freshly captured seep mussels. A reevaluation of the nutrition of the symbionts in B. thermophilus indicates that while the major symbiont is not a methanotroph, its status as a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph, as has been suggested previously, is far from proven.
Why should parasite resistance be costly

Parasite resistance is sometimes associated with fitness costs. Costs of resistance are fundamentally important in epidemiology, and in the ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions. The cost of resistance is often envisioned as the cost of re-allocating limiting resources to resistance machinery from other traits. This popular paradigm has resulted in a spate of research that assumes a fitness cost to resistance. We comment on this trend and propose a working framework of various resistance means and mechanisms. Within these means and mechanisms, we suggest that many are not likely to incur significant fitness costs.
Clinical Anesthesia in Reptiles

The clinical use of anesthetic agents in reptiles presents a number of unique challenges because of the diversity of the class Reptilia with respect to natural history, size, anatomy, and physiology. Reptiles are commonly maintained as companion animals, widely displayed in zoological institutions, and many species serve as subjects in laboratory facilities. Therefore, to become a skillful clinician, developing an understanding of anesthetic efficacy across reptile species is important. The objective of this review is to provide a current perspective on the practical application of anesthetic agents in commonly maintained pet reptile species.
Potentiation of melphalan activity in the KHT sarcoma by the radiosensitizer RSU 1069

The radiation sensitizer misonidazole (MISO) has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxic action of a variety of anti-cancer agents. Even larger enhancement ratios than those observed with MISO have been found with certain other nitroimidazoles. One agent reported to be particularly effective in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan is the sensitizer RSU 1069. The present studies therefore were designed to evaluate the effect of combining these two agents in the treatment of intramuscularly growing KHT sarcomas. Tumor response was assessed using an in vivo to in vitro clonogenic cell survival assay. When given at times ranging from 60 min before to 30 min after melphalan exposure, RSU 1069 was found to increase the tumoricidal activity of the chemotherapeutic agent. Complete dose response curves combining RSU 1069 and a range of melphalan doses then were determined. For comparison the effects of combining MISO or benznidazole (BENZO) with melphalan also were evaluated. All sensitizers were administered i.p. either 30 min before (BENZO) or simultaneously with (MISO, RSU 1069) the chemotherapeutic agent. Survival of clonogenic tumor cells assessed 22 to 24 hr after treatment was used to assay tumor response. When combined with melphalan, doses of RSU 1069 (0.38 mmol/kg), BENZO (0.3 mmol/kg) and MISO (5.0 mmol/kg) were found to yield dose modifying factors of 1.6, 1.5, and 1.4, respectively. These results indicate that potentiation of melphalan activity occurs at RSU 1069 doses which are approximately 10-fold lower than those of MISO, making this sensitizer as effective a potentiator of melphalan as so far tested in the KHT sarcoma.
Patient Care Outside of Office Visits

Author Reply:— Dr. Schattner raises a different issue than what was addressed in our article. The concept of the amount of “time per task” during an office or hospital visit is important and likely contributes to patients’ perception of quality and satisfaction. We attempted to address the quantity and quality of management that takes place outside the patient encounter and the time investment involved in a patient population who are generally chronically ill with multiple active problems. Time management is important in both cases and both may contribute to physician burn out.
A 4.2GHz 0.3mm2 256kb Dual-V/sub cc/ SRAM Building Block in 65nm CMOS

An SRAM macro, implemented in a 65nm CMOS process, uses a dual supply to maximize density while enabling the use of low voltage for the processor core. Measurements of a 256kb block show 4.2GHz operation using 29mW from 1.2V at 85degC, with core logic operating down to 0.7V and a sleep biasing scheme that autonomously compensates for PVT and aging
COGNITIVE IMPULSIVITY AND ROLE-TAKING SKILLS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Summary.-The relationship between cognitive impulsivity and perspective-taking abiliry was examined in 53 fourth-graders. Significant correlations were found between boys' (but not girls') perspective-taking skills (assessed by Chandler's test of egocentrism) and both dimensions of impulsivity, i.e., accuracy and latency, on Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test. Selfregulatory private speech is postulated as a possible construct mediating the development of role-taking skill, accurate matching performance, and a reflective tempo. Implications of the present results for programs attempting to modify cognitive style and future investigations of the development of orher cognitive and personality variables are discussed.
An Analysis for Moving Boundary Diffusion Controlled Growth in a Finite Domain with a Concentration-Dependent Diffusion Coefficient

A moving boundary analysis for diffusion-controlled growth in a finite domain with a concentration dependent diffusion coefficient has been made using a diffusional analog of the heat-balance integral method. The analysis employs a boundary layer formalism and introduces the concept of a critical time, tc , to define the onset of diffusion field impingement in a finite array of competing particles. Solutions have been presented for growth kinetics with a variable diffusivity in both infinite [0 < t < tc ] and finite [t ⩾ tc] domains; a smooth transition in kinetics is ensured by matching the particle size and growth rate at tc from the two domains. A numerically integrable expression is obtained for growth kinetics at t ⩾ tc , whereas a closed form expression is obtained at times t < tc.
Chronic treatment of rats with sodium valproate downregulates frontal cortex NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and COX-2 mRNA.

Objectives: Valproic acid (VPA) is used to treat bipolar disorder, but its mechanism of action is not clear. VPA shares many cellular and molecular targets with lithium, including reducing arachidonic acid turnover in rat brain phospholipids and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein level and activity in rat brain. Methods: We examined the effect of chronic VPA administration (200 mg/kg body weight for 30 days) to produce therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations, on transcription factors (NF-KB, AP-1, AP-2, C/EBP, CREB, and ETS) that are known to regulate the COX-2 gene. Results: Chronic VPA significantly increased AP-1 DNA binding activity and decreased NF-κB DNA binding activity, p50 subunit protein and mRNA expression of COX-2 in frontal cortex compared with untreated control rats. It did not alter AP-2, C/EBP, ETS or CREB DNA binding activity. Conclusions: VPA downregulates NF-KB DNA binding activity, likely by decreasing the p50 protein levels. This effect may explain its downregulation of COX-2 mRNA. The decrease in NF-KB activity by chronic VPA may affect other NF-κB-regulated genes and may be related to VPA's action in bipolar disorder. Chronic VPA may decrease the reported increased brain NF-KB components in bipolar patients. Abbreviations: AP-1 = activator protein 1; AP-2 = activator protein 2; COX = cyclooxygenase; CREB = cAMP response element binding protein; NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa B; VPA = valproic acid.
DESIGN FOR MICRO-ENTERPRISE: AN APPROACH TO PRODUCT DESIGN FOR EMERGING MARKETS

Product design for emerging markets in the developing world is a rapidly growing field due to a steadily increasing market and an interest in profitably transforming consumer quality of life for this population. Economic and cultural barriers as well as other constraints present a daunting challenge for designers working in this area. This study documents current best practices and proposes a framework for future designers with a focus on creating products that foster micro-enterprise. These guidelines are drawn from existing literature and interviews with practicing designers of products for emerging markets. Four case studies are presented ranging across several product categories.
Motivational needs and interdependent utilities

Throughout the history of economic thought, various images of human beings have existed although the motivational and behavioral assumptions underlying them and even the images themselves have not always been made explicit. The most prevalent image of man has been that of the economic man, but this prototype deals only with people or their goods. Welfare analysis based on the economic man prototype is of little help in explaining the observed phenomena of individuals engaging in philanthropic activities. This article incorporates empirically derived motivational variables into economic analysis in order to explain better human economic behavior and to provide economic models with greater explanatory power, especially with regard to altrusitic and selfish behavior. The individual's patterns are incorporated into his/her utility function, and an analysis is made of the optimal level of transfers when various personality types interact.
Evaluation of ZnO(Ga) coatings as alpha particle transducers within a neutron generator

We report investigations and preliminary results from efforts to develop a recoil alpha particle detector for use in a portable neutron generator. The associated particle sealed tube neutron generator (APSTNG) will be used as an interrogation source for the Nuclear Materials Identification System (NMIS). With the emission of 14.1 MeV neutrons produced by the D-T reaction, associated 3.5 MeV alpha particles are emitted. These neutrons and alphas may then be correlated in time and direction, thus effectively ''tagging'' the neutrons of interest for subsequent use as an active nuclear materials interrogation source. The alpha particle detector uses a ZnO(Ga) scintillator coating applied to a fiber optic face plate. Gallium-doped zinc oxide is a fast (1.5 ns decay time), inorganic scintillator with a high melting point (1975C) and an absolute light yield of 1.5% of NaI(Tl). The scintillator is coated with a thin layer of nickel in order to screen out light produced in the tube and scattered deuterons and tritons. This coating also serves to prevent the buildup of charge on the detector surface. Results to date indicate promise as an effective alpha particle detector for the APSTNG for future use in the NMIS.
Measurements of static magnetic fields in homes in the UK and their implication for epidemiological studies of exposure to alternating magnetic fields

The variation of static magnetic fields within and between 55 homes in an area of south east England was measured. In general, fields varied by up to +or-10 mu T from the unperturbed geomagnetic field. They varied more in the corners of rooms (standard deviation 2.6 mu T) than in the centres (1.2 mu T). The field in the bedroom was uncorrelated with the field in the living room of the same home. For this sample of homes, the spread of field within a typical home was greater than the spread between homes. Therefore it is not meaningful to categorise homes by a single value of static field. This finding casts doubt on the suggestion that confusing epidemiological results concerning childhood cancer and power-frequency magnetic fields could be explained by a resonance mechanism involving static fields.
Cost models for evaluating virtual design strategies in multicycle product families

Abstract Rapid technological change and increased competition are forcing firms to compress the time it takes to develop product families and rapidly realize innovations among successive family members (models). Competition in rapidly changing high-variety markets requires effective management of design information across successive generations of products as well as in the same product generation. This paper considers two complementary approaches to design information management: virtual design and modular design. Virtual design describes the abstraction hierarchy used to represent product function. Modular design describes the hierarchy of physical realizations of the product and leads to a group technology approach to manufacturing. An analytical model is used to describe the impact of design management strategy characterized by investment in tools and infrastructure for virtual design and group technology on product development costs. This model provides insight into the impacts on costs of the mix of standard and revised parts in a product family. Virtual design has greatest impact on cost when there is a large proportion of parts revision, while group technology has most impact on cost when large numbers of standard parts are re-used. Effective management strategy for high variety rapidly changing products should combine both of these approaches and emphasize compatible organizational methods and technology integration.
Properties of salt‐extractable proteins of broiler meat

De-boned and homogenised light and dark meat of broilers was used to investigate the emulsification properties of meat and the chromatographic and electrophoretic characteristics of the salt-extractable proteins. The pH of broiler dark meal (6·5) was higher than that of light meat (5·9). Emulsifying capacity of light meat was less than that of dark meat even though in every case the amount of total protein and salt-soluble protein was significantly higher for the light meat. It is suggested that the greater pH of dark meat may alter or intensify certain salt-extractable fractions which are closely related to emulsifying properties. Electrophoresis of salt-extractable proteins from dark and light broiler meat revealed 9 and 10 zones, respectively. Slight differences were visible between light and dark meat patterns; fractions III-X may be associated with differences in emulsifying capacity of light and dark meat. Chromatographic analysis of salt-extractable proteins from light and dark broiler meat resulted in twelve distinct zones. Peak heights of zones VIII-XI are considerably greater in the dark meat samples. These fractions, possibly associated with actin, are related to the greater emulsifying capacity of the dark meat extracts.
The Effects of Music Preference and Exercise Intensity on Psychological Variables

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music preference and exercise intensity on exercise enjoyment, perceived exertion (RPE), and attentional focus. Participants were assigned to 1 of 3 music preference conditions (most preferred, least preferred, or no music) and walked/ran on a treadmill at 1 of 3 exercise intensities (low, moderate, or high) for 20 minutes. Measures of exercise enjoyment, RPE, and attentional focus (association, dissociation, distress) were taken. A 3 x 3 ANOVA on enjoyment revealed that when participants paid attention to the music, music accounted for roughly 5% of the variance in exercise enjoyment (p = .04). Results of a 3 (music) x 3 (intensity) repeated measures ANOVA on RPE showed a main effect of intensity (p < .001) but no main effect for music and no interaction effect. A 3 x 3 ANOVA on attentional focus revealed that those in the high intensity condition reported the greatest association (p < .001) and distress (p < .001). Although not significant, on average, participants in the most preferred music condition reported the highest levels of dissociation.
Parkinson’s Disease and Motor Fluctuations

Many important advances for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been made over the past decade, and quality of life has improved for most patients. Nonetheless, motor fluctuations in the form of wearing off with the re-emergence of parkinsonian symptoms and hyperkinetic movements (dyskinesias) often arise as a complication of long-term dopaminergic therapy and can be disabling. Because treatment of motor fluctuations is difficult, clinicians should attempt to prevent them by using low doses of dopaminergic drugs in early PD, targeting functionally relevant symptoms. Instead of levodopa, dopamine agonists, amantadine, and rasagiline can be used with the aim of delaying the onset of motor fluctuations. Once motor fluctuations arise, off time can initially be addressed with more frequent dosing of levodopa. Later, adjunctive therapy with a dopamine agonist, COMT-inhibitor, or MAO-B inhibitor becomes necessary. For treatment of dyskinesias, reduction of the levodopa dose should be the first step. If this is not tolerated because of increased off time, then adjunctive therapy with levodopa-sparing agents should be attempted. The addition of amantadine (the only currently available antidyskinetic drug) is another useful strategy but is often only a temporary solution. Once medical attempts at treating motor fluctuations fail, deep brain stimulation (DBS) can be considered. Careful patient selection and skilled placement of DBS electrodes are important determinants of the surgical outcome.
Gapless bosonic excitation without symmetry breaking: An algebraic spin liquid with soft gravitons

A quantum ground state of matter is realized in a bosonic model on a three-dimensional fcc lattice with emergent low energy excitations. The phase obtained is a stable gapless boson liquid phase, with algebraic boson density correlations. The stability of this phase is protected against the instanton effect and superfluidity by self-duality and large gauge symmetries on both sides of the duality. The gapless collective excitations of this phase closely resemble the graviton, although they have a soft $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\sim}{k}^{2}$ dispersion relation. There are three branches of gapless excitations in this phase, one of which is gapless scalar trace mode, the other two have the same polarization and gauge symmetries as the gravitons. The dynamics of this phase is described by a set of Maxwell's equations. The defects carrying gauge charges can drive the system into the superfluid order when the defects are condensed; also the topological defects are coupled to the dual gauge field in the same manner as the charge defects couple to the original gauge field, after the condensation of the topological defects, the system is driven into the Mott insulator phase. In the two-dimensional case, the gapless soft graviton as well as the algebraic liquid phase are destroyed by the vertex operators in the dual theory, and the stripe order is most likely to take place close to the two-dimensional quantum critical point at which the vertex operators are tuned to zero.
A New Improved Universally Accepted Official Definition of Biofeedback: Where Did It Come From? Why? Who Did It? Who Is It for? What's Next?

Abstract The Task Force on Nomenclature was commissioned in 2007 by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, the Biofeedback Certification Institute of America, and the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research to develop an updated official definition of biofeedback. The article describes the task force participants and the process and publishes the task force's definition of biofeedback, which was approved by the three participating professional organizations.
CocoreAushell nanoparticles: evolution of magnetic properties in the displacement reaction

Development of simple and reliable protocols for the synthesis of phase-pure core–shell metal nanoparticles is an important problem in nanomaterials synthesis; the synthesis of Co-core Au-shell nanoparticles is described in this paper. The formation of these core–shell nanoparticles is driven by a displacement reaction on the surface of cobalt nanoparticles, where the surface of the cobalt nanoparticle is sacrificed sequentially as the reducing agent for the gold metal deposition on its surface. Hysteretic magnetic properties of nanoparticles depend critically on their size and since, in this displacement reaction, the size of the magnetic core decreases as a function of the displacement reaction time, we utilize it in a unique and systematic way to monitor the formation of the Co@Au core–shell morphology. In addition to magnetic measurements, synthesis of Co@Au core–shell nanoparticles was also followed by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements.
Enrichment using antibody-coated microfluidic chambers in shear flow: model mixtures of human lymphocytes.

Isolation of phenotypically-pure cell sub- populations from heterogeneous cell mixtures such as blood is a difficult yet fundamentally important task. Current techniques such as fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) require pre-incubation with antibodies which lead to processing times of at least 15-60 min. In this study, we explored the use of antibody-coated micro- fluidic chambers to negative deplete undesired cell types, thus obtaining an enriched cell subpopulation at the outlet. We used human lymphocyte cell lines, MOLT-3 and Raji, as a model system to examine the dynamic cell binding behavior on antibody coated surfaces under shear flow. Shear stress ranging between 0.75 and 1.0 dyn/cm 2 was found to provide most efficient separa- tion.Celladhesionwasshowntofollowpseudo-firstorder kinetics, and an anti-CD19 coated (Raji-depletion) device with � 2.6 min residence time was demonstrated to produce 100% pure MOLT-3 cells from 50-50 MOLT-3/Raji mixture. We have developed a mathematical model of the separation device based on the experimentally deter- mined kinetic parameters that can be extended to design future separation modules for other cell mixtures. We conclude that we can design microfluidic devices that exploits the kinetics of dynamic cell adhesion to antibody coated surfaces to provide enriched cell subpopulations within minutes of total processing time. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seasonal and sexual dimorphisms in the green anole forebrain.

During the breeding season, male green anole lizards extend a throat fan (dewlap) in courtship. This behavior is facilitated by testosterone (T). Females extend a much smaller dewlap less often, even with the same dose of T. During the nonbreeding season when T is low, dewlap extension is reduced. To determine if parallels exist between structure and function, we investigated neuron soma size and density in the preoptic area (POA) and ventromedial nucleus of the amygdala (AMY), which are involved in the display behavior, in breeding and nonbreeding males and females. Cells from breeding animals were larger than cells from nonbreeding animals, but they were not sexually dimorphic. No significant effects existed in neuron density. This experiment indicates that portions of the anole forebrain important for sexual behavior are plastic and might be influenced by seasonal changes in steroid hormones. To investigate whether T can reverse the seasonal difference in soma size in both sexes, gonadectomized nonbreeding anoles were implanted with an empty or T propionate-filled capsule; animals were also tested for male-typical courtship behavior. Males and females treated with T had higher rates of dewlap extension, but across treatment groups these rates were greater in males. Neuron soma size in the POA and AMY was larger in males than females, but no effects of treatment were detected. Taken together, the results indicate that T can stimulate behavior in the nonbreeding season and suggest that a dissociation exists between the regulation of the courtship display and soma size of relevant brain regions.
A system for authenticated policy-compliant routing

Internet end users and ISPs alike have little control over how packets are routed outside of their own AS, restricting their ability to achieve levels of performance, reliability, and utility that might otherwise be attained. While researchers have proposed a number of source-routing techniques to combat this limitation, there has thus far been no way for independent ASes to ensure that such traffic does not circumvent local traffic policies, nor to accurately determine the correct party to charge for forwarding the traffic.We present Platypus, an authenticated source routing system built around the concept of network capabilities. Network capabilities allow for accountable, fine-grained path selection by cryptographically attesting to policy compliance at each hop along a source route. Capabilities can be composed to construct routes through multiple ASes and can be delegated to third parties. Platypus caters to the needs of both end users and ISPs: users gain the ability to pool their resources and select routes other than the default, while ISPs maintain control over where, when, and whose packets traverse their networks. We describe how Platypus can be used to address several well-known issues in wide-area routing at both the edge and the core, and evaluate its performance, security, and interactions with existing protocols. Our results show that incremental deployment of Platypus can achieve immediate gains.
Computational aspects of quadratic signal processing

Quadratic signal processing is often computationally more intense than the linear case, and hence attention to concurrent computation is an important concern, particularly in real-time applications. The author addresses the concurrent computation issue in the context of systolic array processors. As a prototype the data processing requirements inherent in the calculation of discrete Wigner distributions (DWD) are considered, extending their focus to bilinear (bipower) functions in general. The author summarizes a class of systolic arrays (cylindrical arrays) that prove to be well matched to the computational needs of the bilinear functions in question. He discusses the synthesis of the DWD and bilinear functions and summarizes the computational speeds of the DWD and the general bilinear case. The study makes use of recent results in fast form algorithms and their implementation by dynamically switchable systolic arrays. >
Microprocessor controlled bioimpedance measurements

This paper describes the measurements made possible by using microprocessor-control to operate a Solartron 1260 Impedance Analyzer. Calibration experiments were able to demonstrate that an apparent two time-constant impedance measurement is really only a one time-constant system. This is due to artifacts introduced by the parasitic capacitance and the source resistance to the reference plane of the measurement system.
The effect of social networks and social support on mental health services use, following a life event, among the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area cohort.

The study examined the association between life events and mental health services use, accounting for social networks and social support. Main and stress-buffering effects were estimated using longitudinal data from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area cohort (1,920 participants in 1993–1996, of whom 1,071 were re-interviewed in 2004–2005). Following a life event, the odds of using general medical services were increased by almost 50% when there was increased social support from spouse/partner (referral function). The odds of using mental health services within general health setup were reduced by 60% when there was increased support from relatives (stress-reduction function). Increased social support from friends and relatives was associated with a 40–60% decreased odds of using specialty psychiatric services after experiencing different life events (stress-reduction function). Overall, social support rather than social networks were more strongly associated with increased mental health service use following a life event. The implications for service delivery and program development are discussed.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PHENOLIC HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE CYCAS REVOLUTA‐ANABAENA SYMBIOSIS

SUMMARY Anabaena showed a seasonal difference in nitrogen storage when growing in Cycas revoluta coralloid roots. In winter Anabaena had numerous cyanophycin granules while in summer there were few cyanophycin granules and many degenerate algal cells. Cellular protrusions were present in the developing algal zone of coralloid roots which may facilitate metabolic exchange between the host and phycobiont. By ferric chloride ultrahistochemistry, phenolic deposits were found in the mucilaginous material of the algal zone. Phenolic deposits were also found in adjacent cells on the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, within plastids, and at the periphery of coralloid roots. The distribution of phenolic constituents could therefore provide a mechanism for excluding micro-organisms and permitting only Anabaena to grow in cycad coralloid roots.
Delivery After Previous Cesarean: Long-Term Maternal Outcomes

Most studies of cesarean morbidity focus on short term, rather than long term complications. However, women undergoing cesarean delivery are at increased risk for a chronic problems as well. These include pain and surgical adhesions, as well as a possible increased risk for infertility or sub-fertility and perinatal complications in subsequent pregnancies. The most serious risk for women undergoing multiple repeat cesarean deliveries is a dramatically increased risk for life threatening hemorrhage and morbidity in the setting of placenta accreta. This chapter outlines these long term risks of cesarean delivery so that they may be factored into the risk:benefit ratio for women considering vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC).
Prevalence of partner violence in same-sex romantic and sexual relationships in a national sample of adolescents

Abstract Purpose To present the first national prevalence estimates of psychological and physical intimate partner violence between adolescents in same-sex relationships. Methods Analyses focus on 117 adolescents aged 12–21 years (50% female) from Wave II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health who reported exclusively same-sex romantic or sexual relationships in the 18 months before interview. Items from the Conflict Tactics Scale were used to measure partner violence victimization. Data analysis included computation of prevalence estimates and a logistic regression analysis to assess associations between sociodemographic characteristics and violence victimization. Results Almost one-quarter of adolescents with same-sex romantic or sexual partners reported some type of partner violence victimization; about 1 in 10 reported physical victimization. Significant sex differences were found (OR = .29, CI=0.08, 1.00), with males being less likely than females to report "any violence." Of six other sociodemographic characteristics examined, importance of religion (OR = .27, CI=0.07–1.07) and school size (OR = .32, CI=0.09–1.11) were associated with victimization at the p Conclusions As with opposite-sex relationships, psychological and minor physical violence victimization is common among adolescents involved in same-sex intimate relationships. Males reporting exclusively same-sex relationships were less likely than females to report experiencing the violence behaviors examined.
Fast calcium sensor proteins for monitoring neural activity

A major goal of the BRAIN Initiative is the development of technologies to monitor neuronal network activity during active information processing. Toward this goal, genetically encoded calcium indicator proteins have become widely used for reporting activity in preparations ranging from invertebrates to awake mammals. However, slow response times, the narrow sensitivity range of Ca2+ and in some cases, poor signal-to-noise ratio still limit their usefulness. Here, we review recent improvements in the field of neural activity-sensitive probe design with a focus on the GCaMP family of calcium indicator proteins. In this context, we present our newly developed Fast-GCaMPs, which have up to 4-fold accelerated off-responses compared with the next-fastest GCaMP, GCaMP6f. Fast-GCaMPs were designed by destabilizing the association of the hydrophobic pocket of calcium-bound calmodulin with the RS20 binding domain, an intramolecular interaction that protects the green fluorescent protein chromophore. Fast-GCaMP6f-RS06 and Fast-GCaMP6f-RS09 have rapid off-responses in stopped-flow fluorimetry, in neocortical brain slices, and in the intact cerebellum in vivo. Fast-GCaMP6f variants should be useful for tracking action potentials closely spaced in time, and for following neural activity in fast-changing compartments, such as axons and dendrites. Finally, we discuss strategies that may allow tracking of a wider range of neuronal firing rates and improve spike detection.
Vascular Remodeling Versus Vasoconstriction in Chronic Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Time for Reappraisal?

See related article, pages 185–191 Chronic or sustained pulmonary hypertension is a complication of residence at high altitudes and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, asthma, and sleep apnea. Alveolar hypoxia is an important (though probably not exclusive) contributor to the pulmonary hypertension observed in these conditions. Further, it is widely accepted that secondary hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is strongly associated with increased morbidity and reduced survival.1,2 These facts have led to intense research efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms contributing to this condition, with the ultimate goal of identifying and developing novel therapeutic interventions. This work has relied heavily on the use of animal models, and one of the most commonly used is exposure of rats to chronic-hypoxic conditions by nitrogen dilution or hypobaria. Observations, predominately in this model, have led to the longstanding and widely accepted theory that chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension results from a combination of sustained vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. It is generally believed that the contribution of vasoconstriction is greatest early in the disease process and that structural remodeling of the pulmonary vascular bed becomes progressively more important over time. That structural change is an important determinant of increased resistance and pressure in chronic pulmonary hypertension is supported by observations that over time of exposure to hypoxia, acute reexposure to normal or even high levels of inspired oxygen becomes progressively less effective in reducing the pulmonary arterial pressure. This lack of responsiveness to oxygen, or even to other pulmonary vasodilators such as Ca2+ channel blockers, has led to the concept that chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is associated with a “fixed” structural component responsible for the increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The structural changes thought to contribute to the increased vascular resistance have been broadly characterized into 2 processes: …
Bending, compression, and shear behavior of woven glass fiber/epoxy composites

The mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of through-the-thickness stitched plain weave glass fabric‐epoxy composites were studied. Unstitched plain weave and biaxial non-crimp fabrics were used for comparison. Composite panels were fabricated using Resin Transfer Molding. Z-directional stitching increased the delamination resistance and lowered the bending strength of the composites. Composites made from through-the-thickness stitched fabrics demonstrated improved compression after impact behavior as compared to the unstitched fabrics. The results presented in this investigation should be useful in tailoring textile composites to achieve specific property goals. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.