cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cause and effect in population declines of migratory birds

-Population declines have been reported for nearly one-third of all Nearctic migrant birds that winter in the Neotropics. Speculative explanations for these reports have been presented emphasizing the importance of events occurring during one portion of the annual cycle versus another. These explanations are difficult to test directly. However, certain predictions can be made regarding the characteristics of populations controlled by breedingground factors as opposed to those associated with migration or wintering-ground phenomena. These characteristics can be measured for and tested experimentally on a species-byspecies basis. We present 14 such predictions, and review data currently available to assess their relevance to observed declines. Based on these data, populations of many species of Nearctic migrants appear to be controlled by wintering-ground events. Received 30 September 1993, accepted 5 January 1994. DECLINES IN AT LEAST 109 species of Nearctic migrants have been reported by one or more survey methods (Droege and Sauer 1989, Morton and Greenberg 1989, Terborgh 1989, Robbins et al. 1989a, Askins et al. 1990, DeGraaf and Rappole in press). These figures are cause for concern despite conflicting regional population trends (Sauer and Droege 1992), and despite arguments that at least some purported evidence of decline may be the result of procedural errors (e.g. survey design and analysis flaws; Hutto 1988, James et al. 1990, 1992, Rappole et al. 1993a). If the declines are real, what are the
Germline genetic determinants of immunotherapy response in metastatic melanoma.

3004 Background: Ipilimumab-based immunotherapy has substantially increased survival for patients with advanced melanoma, however, the benefit is observed only in a small portion of treated patients. It is highly plausible, yet completely unexplored, that germline genetic factors modulate immunotherapy outcome. In this study we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to discover novel germline determinants of response to ipilimumab. Methods: Blood samples were collected from >60 metastatic melanoma patients treated by ipilimumab at the New York University Langone Medical Center. WES was performed on objective responders (OR) and non-responders (NR), defined by immune-related response criteria, using the Nextera platform (Illumina) at average 30x coverage. We have implemented a novel modified method for testing the association between OR and NR by variant, gene and enrichment of molecular networks. Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis and Pathway Studio were used to test the pathway associations. Results: The preli...
Chapter 9 The Logic of Exchange Sex Among Women Living in Poverty

Exchange sex, defined as having sex in exchange for money or for commodities such as food, shelter or drugs, is linked to poverty and HIV risk. Drawing on data from HPTN 064, this chapter outlines participants’ perspectives on exchange sex and the economic and practical logic behind decisions regarding exchange sex. Women who engage in exchange sex often do so out of a need for money, food, and shelter for themselves and their children, and some engage in exchange sex for drugs and personal gain. Despite the many potential adverse outcomes, for those who live in poverty, lack alternatives for income generation, or are involved in drugs, exchange sex is a logical way to meet immediate needs or obtain basic life necessities.
Ambiguity in the causes for decadal trends in atmospheric methane and hydroxyl

Methane is the second strongest anthropogenic greenhouse gas and its atmospheric burden has more than doubled since 1850. Methane concentrations stabilized in the early 2000s and began increasing again in 2007. Neither the stabilization nor the recent growth are well understood, as evidenced by multiple competing hypotheses in recent literature. Here we use a multispecies two-box model inversion to jointly constrain 36 y of methane sources and sinks, using ground-based measurements of methane, methyl chloroform, and the C13/C12 ratio in atmospheric methane (δ13CH4) from 1983 through 2015. We find that the problem, as currently formulated, is underdetermined and solutions obtained in previous work are strongly dependent on prior assumptions. Based on our analysis, the mathematically most likely explanation for the renewed growth in atmospheric methane, counterintuitively, involves a 25-Tg/y decrease in methane emissions from 2003 to 2016 that is offset by a 7% decrease in global mean hydroxyl (OH) concentrations, the primary sink for atmospheric methane, over the same period. However, we are still able to fit the observations if we assume that OH concentrations are time invariant (as much of the previous work has assumed) and we then find solutions that are largely consistent with other proposed hypotheses for the renewed growth of atmospheric methane since 2007. We conclude that the current surface observing system does not allow unambiguous attribution of the decadal trends in methane without robust constraints on OH variability, which currently rely purely on methyl chloroform data and its uncertain emissions estimates.
Molecular dynamics studies of defect formation during heteroepitaxial growth of InGaN alloys on (0001) GaN surfaces

We investigate the formation of extended defects during molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of GaN and InGaN growth on (0001) and ([Formula: see text]) wurtzite-GaN surfaces. The simulated growths are conducted on an atypically large scale by sequentially injecting nearly a million individual vapor-phase atoms towards a fixed GaN surface; we apply time-and-position-dependent boundary constraints that vary the ensemble treatments of the vapor-phase, the near-surface solid-phase, and the bulk-like regions of the growing layer. The simulations employ newly optimized Stillinger-Weber In-Ga-N-system potentials, wherein multiple binary and ternary structures are included in the underlying density-functional-theory training sets, allowing improved treatment of In-Ga-related atomic interactions. To examine the effect of growth conditions, we study a matrix of >30 different MD-growth simulations for a range of In x Ga 1-x N-alloy compositions (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) and homologous growth temperatures [0.50 ≤ T/T*m (x) ≤ 0.90], where T*m (x) is the simulated melting point. Growths conducted on polar (0001) GaN substrates exhibit the formation of various extended defects including stacking faults/polymorphism, associated domain boundaries, surface roughness, dislocations, and voids. In contrast, selected growths conducted on semi-polar ([Formula: see text]) GaN, where the wurtzite-phase stacking sequence is revealed at the surface, exhibit the formation of far fewer stacking faults. We discuss variations in the defect formation with the MD growth conditions, and we compare the resulting simulated films to existing experimental observations in InGaN/GaN. While the palette of defects observed by MD closely resembles those observed in the past experiments, further work is needed to achieve truly predictive large-scale simulations of InGaN/GaN crystal growth using MD methodologies.
Education for Urban Design

(1962). Education for Urban Design. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 17, The Architect and The City, pp. 100-101.
Provision of Mental Health Services to Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Mental health is quickly becoming a major topic of concern in education, particularly as it relates to the provision of services for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. In this study, state policies related to the provision of mental health services were reviewed, with specific attention paid to the capacity of services and relationships between state policies and the educational environment. Open coding was used to determine the variables and services provided within each state’s policies. Axial coding was used to determine relationships between codes and ensure alignment and accuracy of findings. Interrater reliability, using a 7-point rubric, was conducted to ensure accuracy of coding. Findings indicate that the majority of states have policies related to the provision of mental health services, but the structure and implementation of these services differ vastly by state. Similarities were found in the provision of mental health services within the educational environment, which typicall...
Advances in the local and targeted delivery of anti-infective agents for management of osteomyelitis.

Introduction: Osteomyelitis, a common and debilitating invasive infection of bone, is a frequent complication following orthopedic surgery and causes pathologic destruction of skeletal tissues. Bon...
Maternal educational status at birth, maternal educational advancement, and neurocognitive outcomes at age 10 years among children born extremely preterm

To determine if a key marker of socioeconomic status, maternal education, is associated with later neurocognitive and academic outcomes among children born extremely preterm (EP). Eight hundred and seventy-three children born at 23 to 27 weeks of gestation were assessed for cognitive and academic ability at age 10 years. With adjustments for gestational age (GA) and potential confounders, outcomes of children whose mothers had fewer years of education at the time of delivery and children whose mother advanced in education between birth and 10 years were examined. Children of mothers in the lowest education stratum at birth were significantly more likely to score ≥2 SDs below normative expectation on 17 of 18 tests administered. Children of mothers who advanced in education (n=199) were at reduced risk for scoring ≥2 SDs on 15 of 18 measures, but this reduction was statistically significant on only 2 of 18 measures. Among EP children, socioeconomic disadvantage at birth, indexed by maternal education, is associated with significantly poorer neurocognitive and academic outcomes at 10 years of age, independently of GA. Maternal educational advancement during the child’s first 10 years of life is associated with modestly improved neurocognitive outcomes.
Inhibition of MDM2 by a Rhein-Derived Compound AQ-101 Suppresses Cancer Development in SCID Mice

A novel small-molecule anthraquinone (AQ) analog, AQ-101, which was synthesized through chemical modification of the core structures of rhein, exhibited potent anticancer activity. In the present study, we evaluated the cancer-inhibiting mechanism of AQ-101 and tested the therapeutic potential of this compound for treating cancer in mice. We found that AQ-101 was able to induce MDM2 protein degradation through a self-ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated mechanism. This AQ-101-induced MDM2 downregulation led to activation of p53, which contributed to apoptosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), especially those with a wild-type p53 phenotype and MDM2 expression in vitro and in vivo. When given for a period of 2 weeks (20mg/kg/day, 3x/week), AQ-101 inhibited development of ALL in nude or SCID mice with a human ALL xenograft and achieved cure by the end of the 5-month experiment. Importantly, AQ-101 showed minimal or no inhibitory effect on normal human hematopoiesis in vitro and was well tolerated in vivo in animal models. Given that MDM2-overexpressing cancers are commonly refractory to current treatment options, our study results suggest that further development of AQ-101 is warranted, as it represents a potentially new, safe anticancer drug with a novel strategy for targeting MDM2.
Organizational Response to Emergencies: Italian Civil Protection and Civil Defence Service

This chapter describes the evolution of the Italian Civil Protection Service and its theoretical and operative frameworks through the consideration and analysis of laws and decrees that established the actions, skills, roles, and competencies for this fundamental system. In particular, since the end of World War II, the Civil Protection Service was considered the main operative and methodological service in terms of crisis and emergency response: in this period civil protection actions were aimed at response and recovery activities. During the past few decades there has been a change of perspective, and attention became focused on the peculiarities and communication needs during the prevention, preparedness, and warning phases. The Italian Civil Protection Service also is presented according to the institutional framework of the vertical and horizontal principle of subsidiarity. With regard to this organizational structure, all civil protection activities are related to four contexts of application: local, provincial, regional, and national. A last feature of this system is the presence of civil defense and the fire service within the same organizational framework as the Italian Civil Protection Service.
YIELDS OF HYDROGEN, CARBON MONOXIDE, AND CARBON BLACK PRODUCTION FROM COAL

This paper discusses the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide synthesis gas and carbon black in a process which is being developed at Ohio University. Instead of the traditional feedstock such as petroleum or natural gas, this new process produces pure carbon black from high ash coal. As a result, the conversion to carbon black was about half that of the traditional process and more synthesis gas was available. Predesign capital cost for this process is similar to that for the traditional process. However, the operating cost for this process is only one quarter that for the traditional process because coal is cheaper than petroleum or natural gas.
Instrumental Effects on Quantitative Analysis by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

In developing methods for quantitative analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), most attention has been paid to the problems of correcting for the large matrix (chemical) effects on secondary ion intensities in order to obtain accurate compositional values. [1,2] The possible influence of instrumental parameters on relative secondary ion intensities has often been neglected or else presumed to cancel through the measurement of selected ion intensities to serve as internal standards. Recent studies show that instrumental effects can actually exert a strong influence on relative as well as absolute secondary ion intensities, which can significantly affect the result in a quantitative analysis.
The Swapping Constraint

Triviality arguments against the computational theory of mind claim that computational implementation is trivial and thus does not serve as an adequate metaphysical basis for mental states. It is common to take computational implementation to consist in a mapping from physical states to abstract computational states. In this paper, I propose a novel constraint on the kinds of physical states that can implement computational states, which helps to specify what it is for two physical states to non-trivially implement the same computational state.
Environmental Exposures, the Epigenome, and African American Women’s Health

Stress is a common feature of modern life, but both the extent of exposure to stressors and the downstream effects of these stress exposures can vary considerably among individuals, communities, and populations. When individuals are exposed to repeated or chronic stress, wear and tear on the body can accumulate and manifest in many ways. The term "allostatic load" represents the physiological consequences of repeated or chronic exposure to environmental stressors and is linked to fluctuating and/or heightened neural or neuroendocrine responses. African American women are one population subgroup that has been identified as potentially having both an elevated allostatic load and an enhanced resilience to external factors. One mechanism by which environmental stressors may impact human health is via epigenetic remodeling of the genome. This review will focus on what is known about how different types of environmental stressors may affect the epigenome and explore links between epigenetic reprogramming and altered allostatic load and resilience as it pertains to African American women's health.
Assignment of backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances of the SH2 domain of human Grb14.

The 1H, 13C, and 15N backbone resonance assignments have been made for the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the human molecular adapter protein Grb14. The assignments, along with the majority of the non-aromatic side-chain 1H and 13C resonances are reported. The SH2 domain has been complexed with a phosphotyrosine-containing peptide (pY766) corresponding to the putative binding site in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1). Chemical shift changes upon binding are also reported.
Restrictive feeding and excessive hunger in young children with obesity: A case series.

Treatment recommendations for childhood obesity include guidance to reduce portions and the consumption of high-energy-dense foods. These messages may unintentionally promote restrictive feeding among parents of children with obesity with excessive hunger. Clinical guidance may benefit from framing treatment messages to parents in the context of a nonrestrictive feeding style.
Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Objective To elucidate current understanding on the pathophysiologic mechanism of genital lichen sclerosus (LS), urologic manifestations, and treatment options. Materials and Methods The MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases were systematically reviewed for publications pertaining to LS. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, references were assessed for relevance to the pathophysiology, presentation, and treatment of LS by title and abstract review by two independent reviewers, yielding 186 articles for assessment. Results The contemporary understanding of the epidemiology and histology of LS is reviewed herein. Additionally, we explore in detail the three hypotheses regarding the pathophysiologic mechanism contributing to disease presentation: infectious etiology, primary immune dysregulation, and the isotraumatopic response. We summarize the available biological evidence supporting each hypothesis. This discussion provides context for understanding LS morbidity and may spur new avenues of research. For the clinician, we review the clinical presentation of disease, including the risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma. The current medical and surgical treatment options are also detailed. Conclusions LS remains a potentially insidious disease which may lead to debilitating urinary and sexual dysfunction. Cross disciplinary research should aim for earlier detection, as well as more effective and durable treatment. The exact cause of LS remains unknown.
Pediatric Aphakic Contact Lenses

Uncorrected aphakia is as capable as the original lens opacity to limit visual potential. There exist situations where the best and safest option for a patient is to not place an intraocular lens (IOL). In these circumstances, aphakic contact lens fitting after lensectomy can be the preferred means of optical correction. With contact lens correction of aphakia, the image projected on the retina is of normal size and lacks the aberrations and distortion seen with high plus aphakic glasses. Additionally, high plus spectacles can induce a prismatic effect, decrease peripheral vision, and cause anisometropic diplopia. The weight and the thickness of the lenses can render aphakic glasses challenging for babies or children with flat nasal bridges to wear comfortably. With the advent of more materials, better education, and scientific studies, the outcomes with contact lenses are more predictable than a few decades ago. Another advantage of aphakic contact lenses is ease of replacement, especially when needing to adjust the power. Especially in a young eye with rapid axial length elongation, contact lens power adjustments can be made far more readily than new aphakic spectacles. Aphakic rehabilitation requires that the physician, the caregiver, and the patient work together to overcome hurdles leading to amblyopia. The ultimate goal is to provide the child with usable vision and prevent or limit amblyopia by eliminating sight-threatening blur.
Assessing the impact of social determinants of health on predictive models for potentially avoidable 30-day readmission or death

Objectives Early hospital readmissions or deaths are key healthcare quality measures in pay-for-performance programs. Predictive models could identify patients at higher risk of readmission or death and target interventions. However, existing models usually do not incorporate social determinants of health (SDH) information, although this information is of great importance to address health disparities related to social risk factors. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of social determinants of health on predictive models for potentially avoidable 30-day readmission. Methods We extracted electronic health record data for 19,941 hospital admissions between January 2015 and November 2017 at an academic medical center in New York City. We applied the Simplified HOSPITAL score model to predict potentially avoidable 30-day readmission or death and examined if incorporating individual- and community-level SDH could improve the prediction using cross-validation. We calculated the C-statistic for discrimination, Brier score for accuracy, and Hosmer-Lemeshow test for calibration for each model using logistic regression. Analysis was conducted for all patients and three subgroups that may be disproportionately affected by social risk factors, namely Medicaid patients, patients who are 65 or older, and obese patients. Results The Simplified HOSPITAL score model achieved similar performance in our sample compared to previous studies. Adding SDH did not improve the prediction among all patients. However, adding individual- and community-level SDH at the US census tract level significantly improved the prediction for all three subgroups. Specifically, C-statistics improved from 0.70 to 0.73 for Medicaid patients, from 0.66 to 0.68 for patients 65 or older, and from 0.70 to 0.73 for obese patients. Conclusions Patients from certain subgroups may be more likely to be affected by social risk factors. Incorporating SDH into predictive models may be helpful to identify these patients and reduce health disparities associated with vulnerable social conditions.
Airlines use of social media to communicate sustainability

Stakeholders in the airline industry are operating in a digital world. Social media has drastically changed the marketing landscape allowing for two-way communication between businesses and stakeholders. American Airlines, Delta Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and United Airlines together hold about 80% of the US passenger airline market. Each is working towards improving environmental sustainability and reducing their carbon footprint. This study looked at the social media channels used by these airlines to communicate environmental sustainability efforts. YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter were examined to determine their use by the airlines in communicating efforts on recycling, carbon offsetting, alternative fuels, and fuel efficiency. As an oligopoly, it was expected that each airline would be responsive to the activities of their competitors. This was not always the case. The airlines did address environmental sustainability issues but only in postings and never in the relationship building two-way conversation opportunity provided by social media.
Target and Nontarget Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoralkyl Substances in Wastewater from Electronics Fabrication Facilities.

The goals of this study were to improve our understanding of the types of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that occur in wastewater from electronics fabrication facilities (fabs) and to assess the relative concentrations of PFAS species. We collected wastewater samples from three fabs in the United States, analyzed the samples by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry, and implemented complementary target and nontarget analyses. Twelve of 25 target PFASs were quantified in at least one sample, and five perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were quantified in all samples. PFBS was quantified at the highest concentration among the samples (8040 ng L-1) and we expect that its presence is related to the use of photoacid generators during photolithography. The sum concentrations of the target PFASs in the diluted discharge samples from each fab were 623, 394, and 376 ng L-1. Nontarget analysis revealed the presence of 41 homologous series of PFASs comprising 133 homologues. We proposed structures for 15 homologous series of nontarget PFASs, six of which are reported here for the first time. Using an approach for semiquantification of nontarget PFASs, we estimated that the sum concentrations of target and nontarget PFASs in the diluted discharge samples from each fab were 1490, 78 700, and 2170 ng L-1. Our findings are essential for developing alternative photolithography chemicals or informing the implementation of advanced wastewater treatment technologies at fabs.
Survey Design, Order Effects, and Causal Mediation Analysis

Causal mediation analysis requires measurement of an outcome variable (O) with and without treatment, plus a set of mediator variables (M) that constitute possible pathways for the treatment effect...
TabFairGAN: Fair Tabular Data Generation with Generative Adversarial Networks

With the increasing reliance on automated decision making, the issue of algorithmic fairness has gained increasing importance. In this paper, we propose a Generative Adversarial Network for tabular data generation. The model includes two phases of training. In the first phase, the model is trained to accurately generate synthetic data similar to the reference dataset. In the second phase we modify the value function to add fairness constraint, and continue training the network to generate data that is both accurate and fair. We test our results in both cases of unconstrained, and constrained fair data generation. In the unconstrained case, i.e. when the model is only trained in the first phase and is only meant to generate accurate data following the same joint probability distribution of the real data, the results show that the model beats state-of-the-art GANs proposed in the literature to produce synthetic tabular data. Also, in the constrained case in which the first phase of training is followed by the second phase, we train the network and test it on four datasets studied in the fairness literature and compare our results with another state-of-the-art pre-processing method, and present the promising results that it achieves. Comparing to other studies utilizing GANs for fair data generation, our model is comparably more stable by using only one critic, and also by avoiding major problems of original GAN model, such as mode-dropping and non-convergence, by implementing a Wasserstein GAN.
Covalency of Trivalent Actinide Ions with Different Donor Ligands: Do Density Functional and Multiconfigurational Wavefunction Calculations Corroborate the Observed "Breaks"?

A comprehensive ab initio study of periodic actinide-ligand bonding trends for trivalent actinides is performed. Relativistic density functional theory (DFT) and complete active-space (CAS) self-consistent field wavefunction calculations are used to dissect the chemical bonding in the [AnCl6]3-, [An(CN)6]3-, [An(NCS)6]3-, [An(S2PMe2)3], [An(DPA)3]3-, and [An(HOPO)]- series of actinide (An = U-Es) complexes. Except for some differences for the early actinide complexes with DPA, bond orders and excess 5f-shell populations from donation bonding show qualitatively similar trends in 5f n active-space CAS vs DFT calculations. The influence of spin-orbit coupling on donation bonding is small for the tested systems. Along the actinide series, chemically soft vs chemically harder ligands exhibit clear differences in bonding trends. There are pronounced changes in the 5f populations when moving from Pu to Am or Cm, which correlate with previously noted "breaks" in chemical trends. Bonding involving 5f becomes very weak beyond Cm/Bk. We propose that Cm(III) is a borderline case among the trivalent actinides that can be meaningfully considered to be involved in ground-state 5f covalent bonding.
Social Dominance: “Let's Both Agree That You're Really Stupid”: The Power of Consensual Ideology

There are two primary means by which dominant groups maintain their hegemonic position over subordinate groups: the threat or actual exercise of naked force, and control over ideology and the contents of “legitimate” social discourse. Of these two mechanisms, control over discourse and ideology are much to be preferred. Maintaining hegemonic control by the use of violence alone carries at least two critical dangers. First, use of naked force can further stiffen resistance and resentment within subordinate groups. If deemed “excessive,” the use of force will only delegitimize the dominant group's right to rule in the eyes of subordinates and dominants alike. The more illegitimate the dominants' power is seen to be, the more violence dominants will be required to use, leading to even greater delegitimation and thus into an ever spiraling downward cycle. For example, France's loss of Algeria in 1962 was not actually the result of military defeat, but rather the result of the inability of certain critical segments of the French elite to morally justify further slaughter in the service of continued French hegemony Second, if the level of violence inflicted on subordinates is too severe, their psychological and economic usefulness to dominants can be severely impaired. Rather than resort to naked force, group-based social hegemony is more efficiently and safely maintained by the exercise of power over ideology and discourse. The exercise of power over discourse has gone by different labels by different scholars.
Case 41: Difficulty in Ventilation in the Postinduction Period

A 16-year-old boy (115 kg, 165 cm) is admitted for investigation of hematuria. Other than his obesity, he has no medical problems. There is no history of drug allergy or previous general anesthesia, nor any adverse family history of anesthetic complications. On examination, the child is found to be otherwise healthy. His chest is clear. The patient is transported to the operating room after an intravenous (IV) line is placed in his right arm. He moves himself over to the operating room table, taking care to bring his gown with him. He does not want to have his gown removed due to shyness. You assess the airway as a Mallampati grade 2 with good neck mobility. A rapid-sequence induction with propfol and succinylcholine is performed. The vocal cords are seen and a size 8 oral, disposable, high-volume, low-pressure cuff is inserted into the trachea and secured. Bilateral air entry is heard and the capnogram shows end-tidal CO2. Further muscle relaxation is given with mivacurium 0.05 mg/kg. Anesthesia is maintained with fentanyl and isoflurane (1.5 %) in nitrous oxide (70 %) in oxygen. Automatic ventilation commences with a tidal volume of 1,000 ml and respiratory rate of 8. This generates a peak pressure of 25 cm H2O. He is pulled down the operating table and placed in lithotomy position. His buttocks lie on the edge of the table. You notice that the airway pressure has risen to 60 cm H2O. You attempt to ventilate by hand, but it is difficult to get air into his lungs. The other vital signs remain stable, but you are concerned and ask the surgeon to put the legs down on the operating table. There is minimal improvement in peak pressures. The nerve stimulator shows that the patient is relaxed. (You check the nerve stimulator on yourself with good effect.) You pass a suction catheter down the whole length of the endotracheal tube (ETT) without any problem. The cuff on the ETT is let down with no improvement. You ascertain that your ventilator is working adequately with normal peak pressure using a “dummy lung.” You exclude bronchoconstriction anaphylaxis and pneumothorax. In desperation, you change the ETT with no improvement. Throughout this whole procedure, the oxygen saturation is 94 %.
Mechanisms of hypothermic protection against anoxia.

About 10 p.m. one night some years ago, a junior in a southern medical school was directed to place a just-delivered stillborn infant in the refrigerated storage pending the arrival of the mortician on the following morning. Twelve hr later, when he pulled out the tray and unwrapped the child he was confronted by a cold but pink, very-jnuch-alive infant. The infant was placed immediately in a warm incubator; almost as quickly developed respiratory problems, and within 2 hr was dead (Stallings, personal communication). Similar types of experiences can be recalled by almost any obstetrician who has had wide experience. Are these merely clinical observations for which no explanations can be offered or do they constitute evidence that there may be a neglected approach to the problem of resuscitation of the asphyxiated neonate?
Recovery of Histoplasma capsulatum from blood in a commercial radiometric Mycobacterium medium.

We report the recovery of Histoplasma capsulatum from blood specimens cultured for Mycobacterium sp. in BACTEC 13A radiometric medium. H. capsulatum was recovered from six of eight blood specimens submitted for mycobacterial cultures from five human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals. Initial positive metabolic signals occurred at a mean of 11 days, but no organisms were detected with acid-fast stains. The bottles remained positive, and after an additional incubation (mean, 8 days), yeast cells morphologically compatible with H. capsulatum were detected when aliquots were stained with acridine orange. Therefore, when radiometric mycobacterial blood cultures with persistent positive metabolic signals and negative acid-fast stains are encountered, acridine orange staining and subculturing for a variety of microorganisms, including fungi, e.g., H. capsulatum, should be considered.
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite and Star Formation

As a successful NASA explorer mission, SWAS makes first detections of the H2O emission at a ground-state transition (110 → 101). The general range of the fractional water abundance ([H2O] /[H2] 6×10-10 3 × 10-8), established through SWAS observations, are lower than those predicted by pure gas-phase chemistry by two orders of magnitude. SWAS does not detect O2 with one possible exception. The sensitive limits on O2 abundance, combined with measured H2O abundances, strongly suggest a critical role being played by dust grains in altering chemistry of relatively cold gas.
The quantitative significance of the lymphatic pathway in transport of absorbed fatty acids.

The claim that the major portion of absorbed fat passes into the lymph stream is based on the classical experiment of Munk and Rosenstein carried out more than 50 years ago on a patient suffering from elephantiasis, in whom a lymphatic fistula developed in the left leg (1). From such a fistula, these workers were able to recover as much as 60 per cent of the fat of an ingested meal. Such a high recovery was not observed by later investigators in animal experiments. Eckstein, working with dogs fed emulsified olive oil, reported recoveries in thoracic duct lymph as high as 21 per cent in 12 hours, and 17 per cent in 6 hours (2). When he fed the dogs oleic and pahnitic acids, the recoveries were much lower. Since the dogs were anesthetized throughout the entire period of lymph collection, Eckstein was careful to point out that he did not expect fat absorption to be as good as it would have been under more normal conditions. Such low recoveries of absorbed fat in thoracic duct lymph of the dog were also observed by Little and Robinson (3). The availability of C14-labeled fatty acids, together with the development by Bolhnan et al. (4) of a method for collecting lymph from the ununesthetized rat, made possible a reinvestigation of this problem.
HCV synergizes with body weight in the promotion of insulin resistance

Summary. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection appears to contribute to the development of insulin resistance (IR). Among the multiple determinants of IR, body mass index (BMI) is the most important. We investigated the contribution of HCV to BMI-associated IR using a transgenic mouse model expressing HCV core protein. Eight transgenic and five nontransgenic littermate controls were evaluated. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed on two separate occasions. Multivariate linear mixed modelling was used to evaluate and compare the effect of weight on IR between HCV core transgenic and nontransgenic controls. There were no statistically significant differences in glucose or ITT (P = 0.58 and P = 0.59, respectively) between the two groups, and no difference in median weights between transgenic and control mice (P = 0.11). However, there was greater variance in the distributions of Tg when compared to nontransgenic mice for both glucose and insulin tolerance. When evaluating this closely, a differential contribution of weight to IR curves between these groups was noted (P = 0.05). Among nontransgenic mice, IR curves for mice of different weights were comparable, however, for transgenic mice, higher weights resulted in larger levels of IR curves with slower decay. In all animals, steatosis was absent or minimal. We conclude that weight has a greater effect on IR in HCV core expressing transgenic mice than littermate controls. HCV therefore synergizes with weight in the promotion of IR. Steatosis was not a prerequisite for the development of IR, implying that HCV’s effects on IR may be independent of steatosis.
SINR improvement in airborne/spaceborne STAP radars using a priori platform knowledge

It is shown that partial a priori information about the airborne/spacebased clutter covariance matrix (CCM) can be used effectively to enhance significantly the convergence performance of a block-processed space/time adaptive processor (STAP) in a clutter and jamming environment. The partial knowledge of the CCM is based upon the simplified general clutter model (GCM) which has been developed by the airborne radar community. A priori knowledge of parameters which should be readily measurable (but not necessarily accurate) by the radar platform associated with this model is assumed. The GCM generates an assumed CCM. The assumed CCM along with exact knowledge of the thermal noise covariance matrix is used to form a maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of the unknown interference covariance matrix which is used by the STAP. The new algorithm that employs the a priori clutter and thermal noise covariance information is evaluated using two clutter models: (1) a mismatched GCM and (2) the high-fidelity Research Laboratory Space Time Adaptive Processing (RLSTAP) clutter model. For both clutter models, the new algorithm performed significantly better than the sample matrix inversion (SMI) and fast maximum likelihood (FML) STAP algorithms, the latter of which uses only information about the thermal noise covariance matrix.
Interactive Proofs for Quantum Computation

It is by now well established that quantum machines can solve certain computational problems much faster than the best algorithms known in the standard Turing machine model. The complexity question of which problems can be feasibly computed by quantum machines has also been extensively investigated in recent years, both in the context of one machine models (quantum polynomial classes) and various flavors of multi-machine models (single and multiple prover quantum interactive proofs). In this talk we examine the more general (but less theoretically investigated) question of which quantum states can be feasibly computed. Specifically, we will focus on the question of what quantum states can be generated by quantum interactive proofs. We will show that several classical interactive proof theorems have analogs in such models. For example, we show that any quantum state computable in quantum polynomial space has a 2-prover quantum interactive proof. Open questions will be discussed.
Symbol of Perfect Proportions

The Golden Ratio The Story of Phi, the World9s Most Astonishing Number. Mario Livio. Broadway Books, New York, 2002. 304 pp. $24.95. C$37.95. ISBN 0-7679-0815-5. Discussing the appearances (actual or imagined) of phi in an astonishing variety of places, Livio explores the relation between mathematics and the physical world.
An alternative method for making an explicit FDTD unconditionally stable

A new explicit and unconditionally stable FDTD method is developed for general electromagnetic analysis. In this new method, for any given time step, we upfront deduct the root cause of the instability from the system matrix (discretized curl curl operator) resulting from the space discretization, and perform the explicit FDTD marching based on the updated system matrix. As a result, the explicit FDTD marching is absolutely stable for the given time step no matter how large it is. Its accuracy is also guaranteed when the time step is chosen based on accuracy. Numerical experiments have demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed new explicit and unconditionally stable FDTD method.
Usability, expectation, confirmation, and continuance intentions to use electronic textbooks

A trend in education is the use of electronic textbooks e-textbook, [Stone, R. W., and L. Baker-Eveleth. 2013. “Students’ Expectation, Confirmation, and Continuance Intention to Use Electronic Textbooks.” Computers in Human Behavior 29 3: 984–990.]. A variety of research has examined the motivations for e-textbook adoption as well as continuance intentions of e-textbooks after an initial adoption. This research extends the continuance intentions literature using the expectation–confirmation model [Bhattacherjee, A. 2001. “Understanding Information Systems Continuance: An Expectation–Confirmation Model.” MIS Quarterly 25 3: 351–370.] and including the constructs of e-textbook usability and its dimensions. The data were responses to an online questionnaire by students at a medium-sized USA university. A total of 1434 responses were received for a 12.52% response rate. These responses were partitioned to include only complete responses from students who had previously used an e-textbook. This produced a sample of 639 questionnaire responses for empirical analysis. The analysis was performed using structural equation modelling i.e. Procedure Calis in PC SAS version 9.2. The results showed that students' continuance intentions of e-textbooks are driven by students' satisfaction with e-textbooks and perceived usefulness. Additionally, students' expectation–confirmation and e-textbook usability positively influence both students' satisfaction and perceived usefulness and hence the intentions for continued e-textbook adoptions. Finally, the usability dimensions of efficiency and effectiveness significantly influence e-textbook usability.
Locations of spinothalamic tract axons in cervical and thoracic spinal cord white matter in monkeys.

The spinothalamic tract (STT) is the primary pathway carrying nociceptive information from the spinal cord to the brain in humans. The aim of this study was to understand better the organization of...
Federal School Improvement Grants (SIGs): How Capacity and Local Conditions Matter.

In 2009, the federal government committed over $3 billion nationwide to help states and districts turn around their worst-performing schools. The U.S. Department of Education intended for the School Improvement Grants (SIGs) to spur dramatic change.This report looks at the results of a field study of the first-year implementation of those grants in Washington State, which received $50 million in SIG funding over three years. Researchers hoped to see what school-level changes were underway, how they compared to the intent of the grants, and the early role that districts played in SIG implementation.The report provides findings from the state, district, and school level. Researchers found that, with some exceptions, districts and schools in Washington State are approaching the turnaround work in ways only marginally different from past school improvement efforts. Despite the hard work of administrators, principals, and especially teachers, the majority of schools studied show little evidence of the type of ...
Pseudoaneurysm after penetrating trauma in children and adolescents.

Abstract Background: Although skin lacerations are common in children and adolescents, the complication of pseudoaneurysm (PA) has rarely been reported. Methods: The author reports a series of four cases of patients in whom PA developed after lacerations. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the history and clinical findings in all cases. Doppler ultrasound confirmed the diagnosis in two cases. Resection of the aneurysm was the treatment in each. Results: Each of the patients had successful removal of his lesion. One patient with a radial artery PA underwent resection without reconstruction; he remains free of claudication and has symmetrical upper extremities. Conclusions: Pseudoaneurysms are uncommon sequella of lacerations. In children, resection is satisfactory treatment when adequate collateral flow can be demonstrated.
Lipid Peroxidation in Ethylene Glycol Induced Hyperoxaluria and Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis

ABSTRACTPurpose: To determine if lipid peroxidation plays a role in renal injury associated with experimental nephrolithiasis.Materials and Methods: Hyperoxaluria was produced in rats by ethylene glycol in drinking water. At 15, 30 and 60 days of treatment, urinary oxalate, lipid peroxide, calcium oxalate crystals, enzymes and tissue lipid peroxide were measured.Results: Urinary oxalate increased significantly at all time periods and was associated with crystalluria. Lipid peroxides in kidney tissue and urine increased at all time periods. Tissue calcium oxalate crystal deposits from 0 to 1+ were present on day 15, but present in all animals on days 30 and 60. Renal tubular cell damage was confirmed by an increase in urinary marker enzymes.Conclusions: Renal cell damage is associated with lipid peroxide production indicating cell injury due to the production of free radicals. The damage appears due primarily to hyperoxaluria and is augmented by crystal deposition in the renal tubules.
Ectopic pregnancy in a preexisting hydrosalpinx during a spontaneous pregnancy

Objective To discuss the possible role of abnormal embryo migration as a cause of ectopic pregnancy during IVF with hydrosalpinges. Design Case report. Setting University-based reproductive endocrinology and fertility clinic. Patient(s) A patient presenting with a tubal ectopic pregnancy after spontaneous conception in a preexisting hydrosalpinx. Intervention(s) Laparoscopic salpingectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Ultrasound and operative findings. Result(s) Case demonstration of abnormal embryo migration into a surgically documented preexisting hydrosalpinx during a spontaneous conception. Conclusion(s) The mechanism of increased tubal ectopic pregnancy rates during IVF with hydrosalpinges remains unexplained. This case supports abnormal embryo migration due to the hydrosalpinx as a contributing factor.
Collaboration rules for autonomous software agents

Abstract Can autonomous software agents that are distributed over a computer network collaborate effectively? Both empirical evidence and theory suggest that they can. Moreover, there seem to be simple rules for designing problem-solving organizations in which collaboration among such agents is automatic and scale-effective (adding agents tends to improve solution-quality; adding computers tends to improve solution-speed). This paper develops some of these rules for off-line problems and argues that they can be extended for the on-line (real-time) control of power systems.