cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ebola Virus VP24 Proteins Inhibit the Interaction of NPI-1 Subfamily Karyopherin α Proteins with Activated STAT1

The Zaire ebolavirus protein VP24 was previously demonstrated to inhibit alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β)- and IFN-γ-induced nuclear accumulation of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1 (PY-STAT1) and to inhibit IFN-α/β- and IFN-γ-induced gene expression. These properties correlated with the ability of VP24 to interact with the nuclear localization signal receptor for PY-STAT1, karyopherin α1. Here, VP24 is demonstrated to interact not only with overexpressed but also with endogenous karyopherin α1. Mutational analysis demonstrated that VP24 binds within the PY-STAT1 binding region located in the C terminus of karyopherin α1. In addition, VP24 was found to inhibit PY-STAT1 binding to both overexpressed and endogenous karyopherin α1. We assessed the binding of both PY-STAT1 and the VP24 proteins from Zaire, mouse-adapted Zaire, and Reston Ebola viruses for interaction with all six members of the human karyopherin α family. We found, in contrast to previous studies, that PY-STAT1 can interact not only with karyopherin α1 but also with karyopherins α5 and α6, which together comprise the NPI-1 subfamily of karyopherin αs. Similarly, all three VP24s bound and inhibited PY-STAT1 interaction with karyopherins α1, α5, and α6. Consistent with their ability to inhibit the karyopherin-PY-STAT1 interaction, Zaire, mouse-adapted Zaire, and Reston Ebola virus VP24s displayed similar capacities to inhibit IFN-β-induced gene expression in human and mouse cells. These findings suggest that VP24 inhibits interaction of PY-STAT1 with karyopherins α1, α5, or α6 by binding within the PY-STAT1 binding region of the karyopherins and that this function is conserved among the VP24 proteins of different Ebola virus species.
Applications of hormone receptors in obstetrics and gynecology

Abstract Actions of all hormones are predominantly mediated by specific receptors. Progress in understanding the basic mechanisms of hormone-receptor interactions has led to several clinical applications of this receptor technology. Current applications include diagnosis and management of neoplasms of hormone-responsive tissues in the woman, diagnosis of previously inexplicable endocrine disorders, and development of new hormonal therapeutic agents. Our future diagnostic and therapeutic repertoire should continue to expand as these new molecular biology techniques mature.
Great vessel transposition for antegrade delivery of the TAG endoprosthesis in the proximal aortic arch.

PURPOSE To report a technique for antegrade delivery of the TAG stent-graft during repair of lesions in the proximal aortic arch. TECHNIQUE Via an 8-cm median sternotomy, a bifurcated graft, usually 14 or 16 mm in diameter, is anastomosed to the ascending aorta with 4-0 Prolene suture; a 10-mm straight graft is cut obliquely and anastomosed to the heel of the bifurcated graft for delivery of the endograft antegrade across the aortic arch. The great vessels in turn are clamped, transected at the arch, and sutured to the bypass graft. A 9-F sheath is secured in the conduit, and a 250-cm angled hydrophilic guidewire is passed to the desired iliac artery and exteriorized through the femoral sheath. The conduit is clamped, and the TAG's delivery sheath is substituted for the 9-F sheath. A marker is placed on the conduit to assure that the stent-graft is deployed just beyond the limb origins of the bifurcated graft. The conduit is introduced across the aortic arch, followed by the endograft, which is positioned at the marker as the sheath is withdrawn into the conduit. After completion angiography, the delivery sheath is removed, and the conduit is transected and oversewn. Heparinization is reversed, and the incision is closed, with one mediastinal drainage tube in place. CONCLUSIONS This technique allows precise delivery of the endoluminal graft at the proximal aortic arch, thus avoiding problems with retrograde delivery.
Mice Expressing a Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Transgene Driven by a Surfactant Protein C (SPC) Promoter Are More Susceptible to Hyperoxic Lung Injury

Mice Expressing a Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Transgene Driven by a Surfactant Protein C (SPC) Promoter Are More Susceptible to Hyperoxic Lung Injury
Modeling of object movement capability in the spinal cord injured population

Abstract Static biomechanical modeling has revealed that human reaching and object movement capabilities are dependent on both torso and upper extremity muscle strengths, and the ability to maintain balance throughout the movement. This paper describes data and biomechanical models that can be used to understand the dynamic motions of people with and without thoracic level spinal cord injuries (SCIs) while moving objects around in their environments. This paper also discusses how data gathered in the Human Motion Simulation (HUMOSIM) Laboratory from volunteer subjects performing various seated tasks are used in multi-joint inverse biomechanical models to predict both shoulder moments and body center of pressure locations. The results demonstrate that when symptomatic control subjects moved a box from a small table in front of them to a shoulder-high shelf, it was performed in a smooth fashion that could be well modeled and understood with the use of sequential static biomechanical models. The motions of those subjects with thoracic and high lumbar level SCIs, however, contained an additional dynamic component. The dynamic component revealed that healthy, active SCI subjects were quite capable of extending the distance over which they can move objects to rigid shelves by using a ballistic motion technique. This dynamic motion allows them to move objects to shelves located over twice the distance predicted by static models of such motions, but also raises questions of safety due to falling forward if the object being moved does not land securely on the shelf. These types of motions also are shown to cause much higher (by about 30%) shoulder moments, thus raising the risk of injury to shoulder tissues in people with SCIs. Relevance to industry This paper shows that biomechanical models for predicting the capabilities of people to move objects when they have thoracic level spinal cord injuries (SCIs) will require dynamic elements to be carefully considered. It is believed that the results of the data and biomechanical modeling included in this study provide a scientific basis for improving design guides, so that in the future such workplaces will better accommodate people with SCIs.
On the exact non-null distribution of Wilks'LVC criterion and power studies

Letx 1, x2, ..., xNbep×1 random vectors distributed independently asN(u, Σ), Σ>0;u and Σ are unknown. In this paper, we derive the exact non-null distribution of Wilks' likelihood ratio criterion,L VC, for testingH:∑=σ 2[(1−ρ)I+ρee′], σ>0 and ρ are unknown against the alternativeA≠H,e′=(1, 1, …, 1): 1×p. The distribution has been derived in three series forms: (1) a series of Meijer'sG-functions through Mellin transform, (2) an, alternate series using contour, intergration and (3) a series of chi square distributions. Powers have been computed based on these forms of the distribution forp=2 and 3.
An update on the laboratory assessment of male fertility

Contemporary methods of assisted reproduction have undoubtedly enhanced the opportunities for conception in couples suffering from male infertility. The causes of male infertility are multiple, and current therapies do not usually address an aetiological or pathophysiological origin. Consequently, there is a fundamental need to gain knowledge for optimization of the clinical management of male infertility. The correct identification of specific sperm deficiencies is the only rational approach to develop pathophysiologically oriented therapies. Therefore, we strongly advocate a thorough andrological evaluation in all cases with the emphasis on the assessment of sperm quality and quantity. Although no single sperm feature can accurately predict fertilization or pregnancy potential (which is related to the complexity of the sperm capacitation-fertilization-embryo development processes), the examination of multiple sperm characteristics allows the clinician to direct the patient to different therapeutic interventions. This laboratory evaluation should be approached using a sequential, multi-step analysis that includes the basic semen evaluation and, where appropriate, a more advanced assessment of sperm functions, including biochemical tests and bioassays predictive of fertilization outcome. The standardization of the most relevant clinical diagnostic tests should be a major goal of all those involved in the care of the infertile couple.
Introduction to the MULTIBUS II architecture

Abstract The MULTIBUS II architecture is an open system bus architecture for general purpose 8-, 16- or 32-bit microcomputer systems design. The architecture incorporates multiple buses, allowing the designer to configure a system using the various buses to satisfy the cost and performance needs of his particular application. The parallel system bus iPSB contains a variety of advanced bus concepts that aim to enhance performance, reliability and ease of use. This article focuses on the advanced concepts of the iPSB bus.
Factor structure evidence for developmental levels of perceptual processing on the developmental test of visual‐motor integration

Beery's Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration was individually administered to 193 school-age children. Test protocols were factor analyzed by a principal component solution. Four factors were obtained, indicating that the test does not measure a unitary dimension of perceptual-motor development, but rather four distinct levels or stages for the age range of children investigated. The structural features of the designs that make up the test were used to define the factors. It is argued that a more useful interpretation of performance on this test would be one that designates visualmotor processing in terms of levels, not age equivalents.
Gene therapy and bone marrow transplantation for thalassemia: changing of the guard?

Nearly 30 years ago, the initial report of a child with thalassemia major who was treated successfully with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) established the potential to cure this disorder using cellular therapy. The decades that followed witnessed the evolution from a therapy that was restricted initially to those who had a human leukocyte antigen–identical sibling donor and satisfied restrictive eligibility criteria to the current era, in which improved outcomes after unrelated and sibling donor transplantation among high-risk and good-risk recipients have converged. Despite this considerable progress, however, very few individuals with thalassemia major are treated with BMT, and therefore only a small fraction of all patients with thalassemia worldwide have been cured.
Anterior pituitary function in male rats deprived of dietary protein.

Anterior pituitary glands of young and adult male rats deprived of dietary protein for 5 weeks were bio-assayed in hypophysectomized rats for the presence of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH), growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropic hormone (TSH). In adult rats, absence of dietary protein resulted in a moderate decrease in the hypophysial content of FSH and ICSH, whereas anterior lobes of young rats were markedly depleted of both hormones. Hypophysial FSH and ICSH were reduced equally, although in both groups of rats atrophy of the accessory reproductive organs was greater than that of the testes. The anterior pituitaries of all protein-deficient rats contained less growth hormone than those of comparable control animals. Hypophysial TSH remained unchanged from normal in adult rats on protein- free diets but was slightly decreased in young animals. Cytologic changes in the anterior pituitaries of protein-deficient rats confirmed the bio-assay findings of subnormal...
Optimised and pre-emptive strategies for on-load tap changing transformer control relays

The paper presents two strategies that enhance the voltage control of on-load tap changing transformers (OLTC). Simulation results demonstrate improvements in the voltage recovery times following a disturbance and that the schemes do not incur additional tap changes. These schemes also avoid the use of communications between automatic voltage control (AVC) relays associated with the network. The source drop compensation strategy is developed to determine the voltage condition of the upstream feeder to optimise the time grading between series operating OLTCs. This reduces the time delays usually required to eliminate reverse tap changes and hunting between units. The scheme improves voltage recovery times and hence the voltage quality. The duty of responsibility algorithm has been developed to consider the probable cause of the voltage deviation so that it either initiates an early tap change or retains the conventional time grading. This pre-emptive tap changing strategy is used to initiate the early tap change and then grade any successive tap changes with an upstream voltage control relay. It therefore enables an OLTC associated with the load change to make any necessary tap changes without the traditional delays, restoring the voltage deviation faster without compromising OLTC efficiency.
A comparison of irrigation solutions for microanastomoses

Abstract A comparative study of irrigating solutions that contained various clot-active substances and/or vasodilating substances was done using a crush injury model of the rat's femoral artery. A routine microanastomosis was done with one of seven irrigation solutions employed in the study. The patency rate of lactated Ringer's solution (10%) (the control solution) was compared with solutions of heparin (35%) urokinase (50%), phentolamine (35%) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (15%), a combination of urokinase, heparin, and phentolamine (55%), and a combination of tPA, heparin, and phentolamine (42.5%). Statistically significant improvement in patency rates were obtained with heparin ( p p p p p
Evidence Mounts That Nitrite Contributes to Hypoxic Vasodilation in the Human Circulation

Hypoxic vasodilation is a conserved physiological response to hypoxia that matches blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissue metabolic demand. This fundamental physiological process has been characterized for >100 years since the initial description by Roy and Brown1 in 1880. Hypoxic vasodilation requires a sensor mechanism that can detect a divergence in the normal relationship between delivered blood oxygen and tissue oxygen consumption.2 This hypoxic sensor mechanism must be coupled to the feedback generation of vasodilatory effectors that increase blood flow to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation. In short, hypoxic vasodilation requires hypoxia and/or pH sensing coupled to the release of a vasodilating signal. In mammalian species, the set point for hypoxic vasodilation occurs as the hemoglobin desaturates from 60% to 40%, around a partial pressure of oxygen ranging from 40 to 20 mm Hg.3 Despite the fact that the hypoxic vasodilation response was discovered almost 150 years ago, the identities of the oxygen sensor mechanism and the specific feedback vasodilator effectors remain uncertain. Although a number of mediators have been considered, including adenosine, nitric oxide (NO), ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (candidates include CO, H2O2, or ONOO−), and prostacyclin,2,4 the specific blockade of many of these pathways fails to completely inhibit hypoxic vasodilation.2 Article p 670 The present study published by Maher and colleagues5 in this issue of Circulation provides compelling evidence in normal human volunteers that the circulating anion salt nitrite (NO2−) may be an effector of hypoxic vasodilation. They report that nitrite potently vasodilates the venous forearm circulation under resting conditions and potently vasodilates the arteriolar circulation during experimental hypoxia, achieved by systemic breathing of 11% oxygen. Their studies indicate that the vasodilatory effect of nitrite is maximal in the deoxygenated venous …
Utilizing formal assertions for system design of network processors

System level modeling with executable languages such as C/C++ has been crucial in the development of large electronic systems from general processors to application specific designs. To make sure that the executable models behave as they should, the designers often have to "eye-ball" the simulation traces and at best, apply simple "assert" statements or write simple trace checkers in some scripting languages. The problem is the lack of a concise and formal method to specify and check desired properties, whether they be functional or performance in nature. In this paper, we apply assertion checking methodology to the system design of network processors. Functional and performance assertions, based on linear temporal logic and logic of constraints, are written during the design process. Trace checkers and simulation monitors are automatically generated to validate particular simulation runs or to analyze their performance characteristics. Several categories of assertions are checked throughout the design process, such as equivalence, functionality, transaction, and performance. We demonstrate that the assertion-based methodology is very useful for both system level verification and design exploration.
Substantial radiation exposure for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Increasing attention is being paid to the cancer risk conferred by imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT). Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) often are critically ill and require numerous imaging studies. A nonradiating diagnostic modality, transcranial Doppler (TCD), effectively screens for cerebral vasospasm. But when TCD is not available, CT angiography or conventional angiography may be ordered, increasing a patient's total radiation dose. This study investigated the total amount of radiation to which patients with SAH are exposed, and whether that amount was decreased by the availability of TCD. Patients with nontraumatic SAH who were admitted to an intensive care unit within 48 hours of symptom onset and who survived and remained hospitalized for at least 7 days were eligible. TCD was available for one group (TCD group) but not for the other group (no-TCD group). The total radiation dose for each patient was tallied. There were no differences in demographic variables or significant difference in radiation exposure between the 2 groups. Average total radiation exposure was 82.03 mSv in the TCD group and 89.79 mSv in the no-TCD group (P = .60). Head imaging accounted for 97.2% of the total radiation exposure in the TCD group and 90% of that in the no-TCD group. Patients with SAH are exposed to a substantial amount of radiation, almost all of which is centered on the head. Using Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII cancer risk estimates, the average lifetime attributable risk from SAH management was approximately 1 in 125. Methods for decreasing radiation exposure are needed.
Mining Web Logs to Improve WebGIS Application Response Times

Web based geographic information systems (WebGIS) are graphics intensive applications that can overload networks causing delivery delays leading to user dissatisfaction and lost productivity. This work proposes a novel approach to address timely delivery of WebGIS content over the Internet by employing intelligent caching and pre-fetching of images based on a probabilistic model. We demonstrate that such a model can be efficiently created based upon data mined from the log files of WebGIS applications and that such models are effective at eliminating or reducing the waiting times for subsequent WebGIS requests
Regional Differences in Synthesis, Intracellular Transport, and Secretion of Protein in the Mouse Epididymis

The synthesis, intracellular transport, and secretion of proteins were studied in different parts of the mouse epididymis. Adult mice were administered [3Hjleucine, and at subsequent intervals between 10 mm and 12 h two animals were killed. Samples of initial, middle, and terminal segments were prepared for light and electron microscope radioautography. In the initial and middle segments, the proportion of silver grains showed successive peaks over endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, coated vesicles, and the apical cell surface. Labeling of luminal contents increased at the end of this sequence, at 1-2 h after injection of precursor. These events, however, occurred earlier in the middle segment than in the initial segment. Similar structures were labeled in the terminal segment, but radioactivity of the rough endoplasmic reticulum remained relatively high, peaks in labeling of other organdIes were not sharp, and luminal labeling did not rise as much as in the more proximal segments. The results suggest that the synthesis and transport of proteins was more rapid in the middle than in the initial segment. At least in the middle segment, the sparsely granulated reticulum appeared to participate in protein synthesis along with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In both initial and middle segments, coated vesicles may have been involved in transport from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface and lumen. Relatively little protein secretion occurred in the terminal segment, where much newly synthesized protein appeared to be retained within the epithelial cells. The findings are related to the function of sperm maturation in initial and middle segments and of sperm storage in the terminal segment.
Photoluminescence of Wet- and Dry-Etched Gallium Nitride

The photoluminescence (PL) of GaN grown on SiC is studied as a function of etch depth for two types of etches, photoelectrochemical and chemically assisted ion beam. It is found that as the etch proceeds deeper toward the substrate, the PL exhibits an increasing blue-shift and an increase in emission intensity of the donor acceptor pair band, which indicates increasing biaxial compressive stress and increasing impurity concentration near the substrate. The PL spectra of the dry etched GaN tended to have slightly higher intensities than comparably wet etched GaN.
Cloud Microphysical Properties Retrieved from Downwelling Infrared Radiance Measurements Made at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada (2006–09)

AbstractThe radiative properties of clouds are related to cloud microphysical and optical properties, including water path, optical depth, particle size, and thermodynamic phase. Ground-based observations from remote sensors provide high-quality, long-term, continuous measurements that can be used to obtain these properties. In the Arctic, a more comprehensive understanding of cloud microphysics is important because of the sensitivity of the Arctic climate to changes in radiation. Eureka, Nunavut (80°N, 86°25′W, 10 m), Canada, is a research station located on Ellesmere Island. A large suite of ground-based remote sensors at Eureka provides the opportunity to make measurements of cloud microphysics using multiple instruments and methodologies. In this paper, cloud microphysical properties are presented using a retrieval method that utilizes infrared radiances obtained from an infrared spectrometer at Eureka between March 2006 and April 2009. These retrievals provide a characterization of the microphysics o...
Session III: Mechanisms of Age-Related Cognitive Change and Targets for Intervention: Inflammatory, Oxidative, and Metabolic Processes

There is increasing evidence from basic science and human epidemiological studies that inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with age-related cognitive decline and impairment. This article summarizes selected research on these topics presented at the Cognitive Aging Summit II. Speakers in this session presented evidence highlighting the roles of these processes and pathways on age-related cognitive decline, pointing to possible targets for intervention in nondemented older adults. Specific areas discussed included age differences in the production of cytokines following injury or infection, mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-induced changes in memory consolidation, insulin effects on brain signaling and memory, and the association between metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in older adults. These presentations emphasize advances in our understanding of mechanisms and modifiers of age-related cognitive decline and provide insights into potential targets to promote cognitive health in older adults.
Tapestry: a resilient global-scale overlay for service deployment

We present Tapestry, a peer-to-peer overlay routing infrastructure offering efficient, scalable, location-independent routing of messages directly to nearby copies of an object or service using only localized resources. Tapestry supports a generic decentralized object location and routing applications programming interface using a self-repairing, soft-state-based routing layer. The paper presents the Tapestry architecture, algorithms, and implementation. It explores the behavior of a Tapestry deployment on PlanetLab, a global testbed of approximately 100 machines. Experimental results show that Tapestry exhibits stable behavior and performance as an overlay, despite the instability of the underlying network layers. Several widely distributed applications have been implemented on Tapestry, illustrating its utility as a deployment infrastructure.
Improving Learning in Primary Schools of Developing Countries A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Experiments

I gathered 77 randomized experiments (with 111 treatment arms) that evaluated the effects of school-based interventions on learning in developing-country primary schools. On average, monetary grants and deworming treatments had mean effect sizes that were close to zero and not statistically significant. Nutritional treatments, treatments that disseminated information, and treatments that improved school management or supervision, had small mean effect sizes (0.04–0.06) that were not always robust to controls for study moderators. The largest mean effect sizes included treatments with computers or instructional technology (0.15); teacher training (0.12); smaller classes, smaller learning groups within classes, or ability grouping (0.12); contract or volunteer teachers (0.10); student and teacher performance incentives (0.09); and instructional materials (0.08). Metaregressions suggested that the effects of contract teachers and materials were partly accounted for by composite treatments that included train...
Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 2001

The motor of international politics has been war among the leading states. The most developed states in the international system—the United States, Western Europe, and Japan—form what Karl Deutsch called a security community, which is a group of countries among which war is unthinkable. These states are the most powerful ones in the world and, so, are traditional rivals. Thus the change is striking and consequential. Constructivists explain this in terms of changed ideas and identities; liberals point to democracy and economic interest; realists stress the role of nuclear weapons and American hegemony. My own explanation combines the high cost of war, the gains from peace, and the values that are prevalent within the security community. Whatever the cause, the existence of the community will bring with it major changes in international politics and calls into question many traditional theories of war.
A theory of desirable properties for preprocessors for speech recognizers

The design of preprocessors, or front-ends, for a speech recognition system is considered to be critical to the overall performance of the system. A design methodology, which is inspired by and, in some ways, formulated from the theory of time-frequency analysis, is presented. Examples of specific desirable properties for preprocessors are presented, and preliminary results supporting the need for a frequency transform are summarized. The authors propose eight properties for speech preprocessors. The last property, that of frequency analysis, was experimentally confirmed for single short segments of speaker-independent vowels. It is concluded that frequency transforms are needed for the simple case of speaker-independent vowel recognition. >
Is 3D integration the way out of the crossroads

In the past few years, we have witnessed the energy crisis and the financial tsunami that played an unwanted duo, changing the world in many aspects that affect most of us. Like many others, the semiconductor industry is trying to recover from the depression triggered by the duo. While companies are working hard in getting out of the slump, many research organizations are rethinking how their R&D budget should be invested. We consider three-dimensional (3D) integration based on the through-silicon-via (TSV) technology a cost-effective way to explore new applications in the future, alleviating the fast growing development cost of system-on-chip (SOC) products. However, there are technical problems to be solved and business models to be established before the industry is ready for manufacturing TSV-based 3D integrated devices. In this paper, we will first give an overview of the status of the worldwide semiconductor industry, identifying challenges and trends, which somewhat justifies our focus on 3D integration. We will then discuss the design and test issues, and some solutions for 3D integrated devices. We will propose approaches from our work at ITRI and NTHU.
General Versus Specific Predictors of Specialty Choice in Psychology: Holland Codes and Theoretical Orientations

A general measure of vocational personality (Holland codes) as presented in the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI; Holland, 1985) is compared to a more specific measure of preferences (theoretical orientations) with respect to differentiating among specialty areas in psychology—specifically, clinical, counseling, and experimental psychology (Coan, 1979). Counseling and clinical doctoral students differ from experimental doctoral students on both theoretical orientations and vocational personality. The counseling and clinical students do not differ on theoretical orientations, but do differ on vocational personality, with counseling students being more socially oriented than clinical students. These findings are surprising in light of literature that suggests specific preferences should be more predictive of specialty interests. Implications for counseling are suggested, including some cautions about using rational, rather than empirical, measures of Holland three-point codes for psychologists.
Physical and Genetic Mapping of a Human Apical Epithelial Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE3) Isoform to Chromosome 5p15.3

A gene family of Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms has been identified. Characterization of rabbit NHE3 suggests that it is the apical epithelial Na+/H+ exchanger isoform responsible for transepithelial, electroneutral Na+ absorption in intestinal and renal epithelial cells. We have previously isolated from a human kidney cortex library a partial human NHE3 cDNA, clone HKC-3. Using HKC-3 to probe human/rodent somatic cell hybrid mapping panels, the human NHE3 gene was physically mapped to the distal portion of chromosome 5p15.3. Southern analysis of EcoRI-digested human genomic DNAs of CEPH pedigrees probed with HKC-3 detected three polymorphic sites containing a total of nine alleles that segregate in a Mendelian fashion. The observed heterozygosity for the NHE3 locus in unrelated individuals was 71%. Linkage analysis between NHE3 and other markers known to map at 5p15 confirmed the localization of NHE3 to chromosome 5p15.3, making NHE3 the most telomeric gene identified on the short arm of chromosome 5.
In vivo system for characterizing clonal variation and tissue-specific gene regulatory factors based on function

The inducibility of stably transfected alpha-cardiac actin genes differs among L cell clones. We examined the ability of muscle-specific factors to induce the expression of the human muscle alpha-cardiac actin gene promoter when stably transfected into mouse fibroblast L cells. This promoter is transcriptionally active in L cells at a low level, 2-5% of that in transfected muscle cells. Upon fusion with muscle cells to form heterokaryons, expression of the transfected alpha-cardiac actin gene promoter can be induced. However, induction is observed with only 10% of transfected L cell clones and the magnitude of this induction varies between 5- and 50-fold. These properties of the transfected L cell appear to be stably inherited. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that muscle cells contain factors capable of increasing the transcription of the transfected gene, but that differences among L cell clones, possibly in the site of integration in the genome, determine the extent to which the gene can respond. By fusion into heterokaryons, transfectants with responsive genes can be identified. Such clones should prove useful in determining the basis for clonal variation. In addition, they provide an in vivo system for isolating functionally active tissue-specific transcription factors and the genes that encode them.
Relative value of screening tests of hemostasis prior to dental treatment

Identification of potential bleeders is very important prior to any dental treatment. One hundred fifty-three adult patients in the screening population at a dental school were examined by medical history and by determinations of prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and bleeding time to determine if those patients with a negative bleeding history had a significant percentage of elevated laboratory values. This study was performed to see if these three tests would be of value in screening this population for bleeding disorders. The results suggest that proper medical history taking will identify a majority of potential bleeders and that these three tests are of little value in this population.
Trastuzumab in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Is There a Role? Focus on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study 2598

Purpose Multiple non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and 20% to 50% of pathologic specimens express HER-2/neu, the target of trastuzumab, and HER-2/neu expression has proven to be an independent, unfavorable prognostic factor in resected patients with NSCLC. Trastuzumab, in vitro, has demonstrated growth-inhibiting synergy with platinating agents, and additivity with paclitaxel. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group therefore launched a phase II study evaluating combination carboplatin, paclitaxel, and trastuzumab in patients with advanced NSCLC. Materials and Methods Eligibility stipulated the following: measurable tumor, HER-2/neu positivity (1+ to 3+ by Herceptest [Dako Corp, Carpinteria, CA], confirmed by central review), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS 0 to 1, adequate marrow, hepatic and renal function, and left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 45%. Patients received paclitaxel 225 mg/m2/3 hours, and carboplatin (area under the curve, 6) every 3 weeks, and trastuzumab 4 mg/kg intrave...
Constructing Outcomes in Teacher Education

As we enter the twenty-first century, the outcomes, consequences, and results of teacher education have become critical topics in nearly all of the state and national policy debates about teacher preparation and licensure as well as in the development of many of the privately and publicly funded research agendas related to teacher and student learning. In this article, I argue that teacher education reform over the last fifty years has been driven by a series of questions about policy and practice. The question that is currently driving reform and policy in teacher education is what I refer to as "the outcomes question." This question asks how we should conceptualize and define the outcomes of teacher education for teacher learning, professional practice, and student learning, as well as how, by whom, and for what purposes these outcomes should be documented, demonstrated, and/or measured. In this article, I suggest that the outcomes question in teacher education is being conceptualized and constructed in quite different ways depending on the policy, research, and practice contexts in which the question is posed as well as on the political and professional motives of the posers. The article begins with an overview of the policy context, including those reforms and initiatives that have most influenced how outcomes are currently being constructed, debated, and enacted in teacher education. Then I identify and analyze three major "takes" on the outcomes question in teacher educationoutcomes as the long-term or general impacts of teacher education, outcomes as teacher candidates' scores on high stakes teacher tests, and outcomes as the professional performances of teacher candidates, particularly their demonstrated ability to influence student learning. For each of these approaches to outcomes, I examine underlying assumptions about teaching and schooling, the evidence and criteria used for evaluation, units of analysis, and consequences for the profession. I point out that how we construct outcomes in teacher education (including how we make the case that some outcomes matter more than others) legitimizes but also undermines particular points of view about the purposes of schooling, the nature of teaching and learning, and the role of teacher education in educational reform. In the second half of the article, I offer critique across the three constructions of outcomes, exploring the possibilities as well as the pitfalls involved in the outcomes debate. In this section, I focus on the tensions between professional consensus and critique, problems with the inputs-outputs metaphor, the need to get social justice onto the outcomes agenda, problems with the characterization of teachers as either saviors or culprits, and the connection of outcomes to educational reform strategies that are either democratic or market-driven.
The Word Is Mightier than the Throne: Bucking Colonial Education Trends in Manchukuo

Japanese within the Manchukuo education bureaucracy stood out from their contemporaries in other Japanese colonies in their opposition to including militaristic and Japanese emperor-centered materials in the schools. As late as 1943, they published textbooks that focused on the students' daily lives rather than on encouraging respect for the military or reverence for the Japanese imperial family. Here, the author discusses how the congruence of an attempt by Manchukuo authorities at gaining authenticity and the progressive background of leading Japanese educators in the region brought about an education system that was unlike any other in the Japanese empire. Using Manchukuo textbooks, education journals, and postwar memoirs, the author examines a school of thought among Japanese colonial language educators, referred to as “reform optimists,” who held that whole language education could solve the contradiction between Manchukuo's stated ideal of ethnic equality and the reality of Japanese domination.
Expansion of unusual CD4+ T cells in severe rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. The repertoire of T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by clonal expansion of selected CD4+ T cells, which are autoreactive and lack the expression of the functionally important CD28 molecule. The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of these unusual lymphocytes to the disease process. Methods. RA patients (n = 108) and normal controls (n = 53) were examined for the expression of CD4+CD28- T cells by 2-color fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Clinical data were ascertained by retrospective chart review. Results. The frequencies of CD4+CD28- T cells displayed a bimodal distribution, defining carriers and noncarriers in normal subjects and RA patients. In longitudinal studies, the noncarrier and carrier phenotypes were stable over time. Carriers of CD4+CD28- T cells accumulated in the RA population (64% versus 45%; P = 0.02). The expansion of CD4+CD28- T cells correlated with extraarticular involvement, but not with disease duration, antirheumatic treatment, or severity of joint destruction. The patient subsets with nodular disease (P = 0.02) and rheumatoid organ disease (P = 0.04) had the highest proportion of CD4+CD28- T cell carriers. The size of the CD4+CD28- compartment correlated with extraarticular progression of RA (P = 0.001 in nodular RA, P = 0.003 in rheumatoid organ disease). Conclusion. The bimodality of distribution of CD4+CD28- T cell frequencies is compatible with genetic control of the generation of these unusual T cells. In RA patients, CD4+CD28- T cells are not an epiphenomenon of the disease process, but predispose patients to developing inflammatory lesions in extraarticular tissues.
Respiratory Mechanics in Acute Quadriplegia: Lung and Chest Wall Compliance and Dimensional Changes during Respiratory Maneuvers

We measured lung and chest wall compliance as well as rib cage and abdominal dimensions in the supine position in five acute C4-7 quadriplegics. Studies were performed serially from 1 to 12 months after injury. Results were compared with those of control groups of chronic (greater than 1 yr after injury) quadriplegics and normal volunteers. We found that lung compliance was lower in acute and chronic quadriplegics (0.129 +/- 0.023 and 0.176 +/- 0.043 L/mm Hg, respectively) than in normal subjects (0.278 +/- 0.086 L/mm Hg) and that these changes apparently occurred within 1 month of injury. Specific lung compliance appeared to be reduced to a lesser degree, suggesting that the changes in lung compliance were partly due to reduced lung volumes and partly to altered mechanical properties of the lung. During respiratory maneuvers, abdomen and rib cage dimensional changes demonstrated rib cage distortion. This distortion was less severe in chronic than in acute quadriplegics. The improvement in chest wall stability was likely due to increased strength of cervical accessory muscles of respiration and improved coupling of the various rib cage elements in chronic quadriplegics.
Green computing: reducing energy cost and carbon footprint of information processing systems

Digital information management is the key enabler for unprecedented rise in productivity and efficiency gains experienced by the world economies during the 21st century. Information processing systems have thus become essential to the functioning of business, service, academic, and governmental institutions. As institutions increase their offerings of digital information services, the demand for computation and storage capability also increases. Examples include online banking, e-filing of taxes, music and video downloads, online shipment tracking, real-time inventory/supply-chain management, electronic medical recording, insurance database management, surveillance and disaster recovery. It is estimated that, in some industries, the number of records that must be retained is growing at a CAGR of 50 percent or greater. This exponential increase in the digital intensity of human existence is driven by many factors, including ease of use and availability of a rich set of information technology (IT) devices and services. Indeed, it would be difficult to imagine how significant societal transformations that better our world could occur without the productivity and innovation enabled by the IT. Unfortunately, the energy cost and carbon footprint of the IT devices and services has become exorbitant. Moreover, current technological and digital service utilization trends result in a doubling of the energy cost of the IT infrastructure and its carbon footprint in less than five years. In an energy-constrained world, this consumption trend is unsustainable and comes at increasingly unacceptable societal and environmental costs. This presentation will first explain what is meant by green computing and how greenness of information processing may be quantified. Next, energy-efficient computing paradigms which utilize chip multi-processing, multiple-voltage domains, dynamic voltage/frequency scaling, and power/clock gating techniques will be reviewed. Finally, techniques for improving performance per Watt of large-scale information processing and storage systems (e.g., a data center), including hierarchical dynamic power management, task placement and scheduling, energy balancing, resource virtualization, and application optimizations that dynamically configure hardware for higher efficiency will be discussed.
A combined curriculum research and curriculum development approach to software engineering education

Since 1996 the authors have had great success combining software engineering research and software engineering education. This effort introduces new research and experimental areas into the curriculum along with the means to evolve and refine current practices. The curriculum itself becomes a valuable research area with direct applications to "real-world" practice. The approach in particular tries to deal with four fundamental issues within software engineering and software engineering education. There are Exposing students to a "no-surprises" full lifecycle software engineering experience. Dealing with the increasing distribution and diversity of students. Providing students a non-trivial "real-world" customer-based development experience within the constraints of the university. Introducing software engineering research and industry best practices into the curriculum.
A co-located incompressible Navier-Stokes solver with exact mass, momentum and kinetic energy conservation in the inviscid limit

The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations conserve mass, momentum, and kinetic energy in the inviscid limit. Therefore, numerical methods should attempt to mimic these conservation properties as well. There exists many well-established methods with exact conservation properties based on staggered grids, but existing methods based on co-located grids introduce numerical dissipation in order to yield smooth pressure fields. In the present work, a novel method that utilizes null space vectors to yield a smooth pressure field is presented. The method exactly preserves mass, momentum, and kinetic energy on co-located grids.
Seeing Molecules by Eye: Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging at Visible Wavelengths with High Spatial Resolution and Submonolayer Sensitivity

a device form factor that can enable powerfulnew forms of multispectral, spectroscopic, and multiplexedimaging-mode assays.For example, we recently demonstrated one-dimensionalplasmonic imaging with micrometer spatial resolution andmonolayer sensitivity using quasi-three-dimensional (quasi-3D) plasmonic crystals as sensing optic.
Prostatic Urethral Injury

Prostatic urethral injury is one of the major risks of pelvic colorectal surgery, especially when involving reoperative surgery, radiated tissue, bulky tumors, and obese males. Avoiding urethral injury requires a high awareness of the risk as well as prophylactic measures to try to reduce the risk. Such techniques include the use of a large urethral catheter or sound to palpate the urethra. Suspicion for injury can be intraoperatively tested with retrograde instillation of indigo carmine or methylene blue. Furthermore, retrograde urethography remains important both during and after surgery to diagnose the injury. In the unfortunate event of a prostatic urethral injury, a urology consult is highly recommended at the time of diagnosis for optimal management and repair.