cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keeping the Commitment Model in the Air during Turbulent Times: Employee Involvement at Delta Air Lines

This study provides a four-decade review and analysis of the commitment model of employment relations at Delta Air Lines and the role played in it by employer-created structures of employee involvement (EI) and voice. The company has undergone wrenching changes, including deregulation, 9/11, bankruptcy, mergers, and entrance of numerous low-cost competitors. This study chronicles the resulting ups and downs in the company's fortunes and its efforts to maintain a positive win-win relationship with its employees despite the burden of management missteps, tens of thousands of layoffs, repeated pay and benefit cuts, and merger with conflict-embittered Northwest Airlines. The fact the company survives today and still has a discernible "spirit of Delta" among employees is not solely or perhaps even principally due to its advanced EI program; on the other hand, without it the company would probably no longer exist.
Determination of the line shapes of atomic nitrogen resonance lines by magnetic scans

A technique is given for calibrating an atomic nitrogen resonance lamp for use in determining column densities of atoms in specific states. A discharge lamp emitting the NI multiplets at 1200 A and 1493 A is studied by obtaining absorption by atoms in a magnetic field (0-2.5 T). This magnetic scanning technique enables the determination of the absorbing atom column density, and an empirical curve of growth is obtained because the atomic f-value is known. Thus, the calibrated lamp can be used in the determination of atomic column densities.
A Strategy for Comparing the Contributions of Environmental Chemicals and Other Risk Factors to Neurodevelopment of Children

Background: The impact of environmental chemicals on children’s neurodevelopment is sometimes dismissed as unimportant because the magnitude of the impairments are considered to be clinically insig...
Manipulation of intracellular calcium in NCB-20 cells.

A number of lines of evidence indicate that the Ca2+ and cyclic AMP signalling systems interact in NCB-20 cells. However, to date, the regulation of [Ca2+]i homeosta-sis has not been studied in this cell line. The present study aimed to clarify our understanding of [Ca2+]i homeostasis in these cells and to evaluate tools that manipulate [Ca2+]i, independently of protein kinase C effects. Bradykinin, by a B2-receptor, elevated [Ca2+]i by a pertussis-toxin-insensitive mechanism. The BK-stimulated [Ca2+]i rise originated from intracellular sources, without a contribution from Ca2+ entry mechanisms. The effect of BK was precluded by pre-treatment with thapsigargin and ionomycin—compounds that elevated [Ca2+]i independent of phospholipase C activation. Both compounds, however, exerted effects in addition to stimulating release of Ca2+ from BK-sensitive stores; the BK-sensitive Ca2+ pool was a subset of the thapsigargin-sensitive pool; ionomycin strongly stimulates Ca2+ entry. Activation of protein kinases A and C attenuated the duration of the BK-induced rise in [Ca2+]i, without affecting the peak [Ca2+]i, suggesting interference with the BK response at a step downstream of the activation of phospholipase C. Application of these approaches should enhance the delineation of the consequences of Ca2+ mobilization on cyclic AMP accumulation.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome occurring after orthotopic liver transplantation

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an infrequent complication of liver cirrhosis. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has gained increasing acceptance as a treatment modality for HPS, although there have been reports of HPS developing after OLT with documented recurrence of cirrhosis. We describe the case of a 9-year-old boy who underwent OLT at 7 months of age because of biliary atresia. He subsequently developed HPS in the setting of chronic rejection without cirrhosis or evidence of portal hypertension. Re-OLT resulted in resolution of HPS and a good clinical outcome.
On the probability of discovering a new species

Assuming that the number of individuals in a multi-species population selected from any single species is a Poisson process, the probability of discovering a new species in one selection can be predicted based on a sample of individuals selected up to a fixed time. The properties of Turing-type predictor are investigated. Alternative methods are indicated when the Turing-type predictor fails. Examples from numismatics and ecology are used as an illustration.
Hensen's Node Provides an Endogenous Limb-Forming Signal

Abstract Acquisition of limb-forming ability by discrete regions of the lateral plate of the chick embryo is thought to depend on a signaling cascade moving sequentially from the area of Hensen's node to the somitic mesoderm, the intermediate mesoderm, and then to the prospective limb-forming regions of the lateral plate (Stephens et al., 1991). In the present study it is demonstrated that grafts of Hensen's node can induce the formation of supernumerary rudimentary limbs from the non-limb-forming flank region of the lateral plate of stage 9–15 chick embryos. The rudimentary limbs that form from the flank in response to Hensen's node grafts often contain elongated, jointed cartilaginous elements arranged in three distinct proximodistal segments resembling the developing stylopod, zeugopod, and autopod and express the limb-characteristic genes Msx-2 and BMP-4. However, the rudimentary limbs are incomplete and nonpolarized in that they do not form girdles or paired skeletal elements and fail to express sonic hedgehog, FGF-4, and FGF-8, signaling molecules that have been implicated in regulating the patterning of the developing limb bud. These results indicate that Hensen's node can provide a limb-forming signal to the lateral mesoderm, but that other signals are necessary to promote the expression of genes required for the complete patterning and morphogenesis of the limb.
Robust immune responses elicited by a fully synthetic three-component vaccine

The overexpression of saccharides such as Globo-H, Lewis(Y) and Tn antigen is a common feature of oncogenic transformed cells. Endeavors to exploit this aberrant glycosylation for cancer vaccine development have been complicated by difficulties in eliciting high titers of IgG antibodies against classical conjugates of tumor-associated carbohydrates to carrier proteins. We have designed, chemically synthesized and immunologically evaluated a number of fully synthetic vaccine candidates to establish strategies to overcome the poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides. We have found that a three-component vaccine composed of a TLR2 agonist, a promiscuous peptide T-helper epitope and a tumor-associated glycopeptide can elicit in mice exceptionally high titers of IgG antibodies that can recognize cancer cells expressing the tumor-associated carbohydrate. The superior properties of the vaccine candidate are attributed to the local production of cytokines, upregulation of co-stimulatory proteins, enhanced uptake by macrophages and dendritic cells and avoidance of epitope suppression.
Gemcitabine and Carboplatin in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Review

Both gemcitabine and carboplatin have demonstrated activity in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin has demonstrated equivalent or superior efficacy to other commonly used agents and two-drug combinations, and a recent Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial suggested that this regimen may have a slight advantage over other regimens in time to progression. The substitution of carboplatin for cisplatin offers the opportunity for a more well-tolerated regimen, and the combination of gemcitabine with carboplatin has now been studied in various clinical phase I and II trials. The administration of gemcitabine on a day-1-and-8 regimen with carboplatin appears to have a more favorable toxicity profile, especially with regard to platelet toxicity. Therefore, a number of ongoing trials, both phase II and phase III, are investigating the activity of this combination in locally advanced and metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer. These trials will help define the role of this active and well-tolerated new regimen and, ultimately, its ability to be incorporated into multimodality therapy as well as with the new biologic agents for the treatment of non–small-cell lung cancer.
The exchange rate and the balance of trade: The Turkish experience

In this article, we examine the responsiveness of Turkey's trade balance to devaluation accompanied by trade liberalisation. Our results show that the trade balance was responsive to changes in the exchange rate that were brought about by the economic reforms introduced in the 1980s, suggesting that exchange rate policy was able to create and maintain a satisfactory balance of trade position in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Triacylglycerols determine the unusual storage physiology of Cuphea seed

Many species within the genus Cuphea (Lythraceae) produce seed with high levels of medium-chain fatty acids. Seeds of some Cuphea species lose viability when placed into storage at −18 °C. These species tolerate significant drying to 0.05 g/g and may, therefore, be intermediate in their storage characteristics. The thermal properties of seed lipids were observed using differential scanning calorimetry. Species with peak lipid melting temperatures ≥27 °C were found to be sensitive to −18 °C exposure while those with melting temperatures <27 °C were able to tolerate low-temperature exposure. This relationship was determined by the triacylglycerol composition of the individual species. Sensitive species have high concentrations of lauric acid (C12) and/or myristic acid (C14). Species with high concentrations of capric (C8) or caprylic acid (C10) or with high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids tolerate low temperature exposure. Potential damage caused by low temperature exposure can be avoided by exposing seeds to a brief heat pulse of 45 °C to melt solidified lipids prior to imbibition. The relationship between the behavior of triacylglycerols in vivo, seed storage behavior and sensitivity to imbibitional damage is previously unreported and may apply to other species with physiologies that make them difficult to store.
Estrogen-associated thromboembolism.

Abstract Most of the linkage of atherosclerosis and thrombosis with estrogens is epidemiologic in origin. Although the effects of estrogens on the mechanisms of hemostasis are wide ranging, many are benign; only a few may account for thrombus formation. Platelet function tests have provided extensive but contradictory data, and interpretation is limited because it is uncertain whether a rise in one or more of these parameters is a primary or secondary effect. The most consistent effects of estrogens on coagulation proteins are elevations of fibrinogen; factors II, VII, IX, X, and XII; protein C; and plasminogen. Although these elevations have been attributed to the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives, the progestogen concentration may also influence these increases. Among other coagulation proteins studied, the following are unaffected by oral contraceptive use: factors V, VIII, and XI; prekallikrein; and high-molecular-weight kininogen. In contrast, protein S values are decreased. The plasma concentration of plasmin inhibitor is unchanged, whereas both proteinase inhibitor and macroglobulin are significantly increased by oral contraceptive use. Cl esterase inhibitor is decreased in women taking oral contraceptives and correlates with the increase in Hageman factor. Antithrombin III is one plasma inhibitor for which a decrease in quantity and activity have been associated with a thrombotic tendency in humans. Although data on estrogen-associated changes in the quantity of antithrombin III have been conflicting, the ability of plasma to inhibit factor Xa is significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner among pre- and postmenopausal estrogen users. Although evidence continues to mount that exogenous estrogen perturbs many parameters of the hemostatic system, the existing clinical and laboratory data are not well correlated and have not yet resolved the issue of whether estrogen's effects on thrombosis and overall cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women are protective or deleterious. This question, however, is central to the problem of both short- and long-term cardiovascular disease in women.
In‐chain functionalization by alternating anionic copolymerization of styrene and 1‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐1‐phenylethylene

Anionic copolymerizations of styrene (M1) with excess 1-(4-dimethyl-aminophenyl)-1-phenylethylene (M2) were conducted in benzene at 25°C for 24h, using sec-butyllithium as initiator. Narrow molecular weight distribution copolymers with M;n = 16.1 × 103 g/mol (Mw/Mn = 1.04) and 38.2 × 103g/mol (Mw/Mn = 1.05), and 24 and 38 moles of M2 per macromolecule, respectively, were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, 1H NMR spectroscopy and DSC. The monomer reactivity ratio, r1 = 5.6, was obtained from the copolymer composition at complete consumption of M1, assuming that the rate constant k22 =0,i.e. r2 =0. The polymers exhibited Tg values of 128 and 119°C, respectively, which correspond to an estimated Tg = 217°C for the hypothetical homopolymer of M2.
Amorphous silica nanohybrids: Synthesis, properties and applications

Hybridized nanomaterials have been extensively investigated due to their superior properties over individual nanomaterials and molecules. Amorphous silica nanoparticles are often employed as a matrix or carrier, along with a functional component, to form a silica-based nanohybrid. The functional component can be a molecule or another type of nanomaterial. These nanohybrids combine the advantages employing both silica and the functional component. So far, a variety of applications of such nanohybrids has been reported. In this review, we have covered several major types of silica nanohybrids. The functional components include regular fluorophores, chemiluminescent molecules, drug molecules, quantum dots, gold nanomaterials, magnetic nanoparticles and nanocatalysts. The synthesis strategies, properties and potential applications of each silica nanohybrid are discussed in detail. A conclusion is drawn based on the current progress and future perspectives of the silica nanohybrids.
A national survey of hypnosis training-its status in psychiatric residency programs : A brief communication

Hypnosis training in psychiatric residency programs has not previously been well documented in the literature. This article examines the extent of such training in residency programs and the attitudes of residency directors to training and the use of hypnosis. A brief survey requesting information on hypnosis training was sent to all psychiatric residency directors in the United States. Sixty-three percent of responding program directors (n = 154) report offering either required or elective coursework in hypnosis. Of programs offering hypnosis training, the mean number of hours was 8, suggesting that many psychiatrists have only limited exposure to hypnosis during residency. The authors conclude that hypnosis training is widely variable within psychiatric residency programs and is dependent on the faculty and training director interests within individual programs.
Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals HIV-1-Mediated Suppression of T Cell Activation and RNA Processing and Regulation of Noncoding RNA Expression in a CD4+ T Cell Line

ABSTRACT Next-generation sequencing (NGS) enables the highly sensitive measurement of whole transcriptomes. We report the first application to our knowledge of this technology to the analysis of RNA from a CD4+ T cell line infected with intact HIV. We sequenced the total mRNA from infected cells and detected differences in the expression of both host and viral mRNA. Viral reads represented a large portion of the total mapped sequencing reads: approximately 20% at 12 h postinfection (hpi) and 40% at 24 hpi. We also detected a small but significant suppression of T cell activation-related genes at 12 hpi. This suppression persisted and expanded by 24 hpi, providing new possible markers of virus-induced T cell cytopathology. By 24 hpi, the expression of over 50% of detectable host loci was also altered, indicating widespread alteration of host processes, including RNA processing, splicing, and transport to an extent not previously reported. In addition, next-generation sequencing provided insights into alternative viral RNA splice events and the expression of noncoding RNAs, including microRNA host genes. IMPORTANCE Recent advances in sequencing technology now allow the measurement of effectively all the RNA in a cell. This approach is especially useful for studying models of virus infection, as it allows the simultaneous measurement of both host and viral RNA. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we measured changes in total mRNA from a HIV-infected T cell line. To our knowledge, this is the first application of this technology to the investigation of HIV-host interactions involving intact HIV. We directly measured the amount of viral mRNA in infected cells and detected novel viral RNA splice variants and changes in the host expression of noncoding RNA species. We also detected small changes in T cell activation and other host processes during the early stages of viral replication that increased near the peak of viral replication, providing new candidate biomarkers of T cell death.
The unment demand for health services: A vital component in planning

Consideration of unmet need as well as effective demand for health services is desirable for planning but frequently ignored. This paper reports an analysis of the findings from a national health survey conducted in Chile to obtain information on both met and unmet demand. The joint analysis proved feasible and highly informative. Total felt need tended to be relatively constant among population groups in comparison with differences in actual services utilization. Moreover, exceptions to this general finding revealed patterns that should improve our insights for health planning.
Cytochrome P-450 in insects: 4. Reconstitution of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activity in the house fly☆

Abstract Two cytochrome P -450-containing fractions were isolated from detergent-solubilized house fly microsomes by hydrophobic chromatography on a tryptamine-Sepharose gel. These fractions (designated P -450-1 and P -450-2) were distinctive in their spectral characteristics and in their profiles following electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Both fractions exhibited NADPH-dependent epoxidase activity when reconstituted with purified house fly cytochrome P -450 reductase and phospholipid. The aldrin epoxidase activity of fraction P -450-1 was twice that of P -450-2 even though heptachlor epoxidase activity of the fractions was equivalent. O -Demethylase activity with 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin was detectable only in the P -450-2 fraction.
A novel flow assay for the detection of cytokine secreting alloreactive T cells : Application to immune monitoring

Abstract The direct and indirect allorecognition pathways play an important role in graft rejection. We hypothesized that the presence of alloreactive memory T cells in the recipient’s circulation increases the risk of rejection after transplantation. The objective of this study was to develop a noninvasive, immune monitoring tool that simultaneously measures donor-specific responses via both the direct and indirect recognition pathways. Our laboratory developed a whole blood flow cytometric cytokine secretion assay to identify interferon (IFN)-γ secreting memory T cells in whole blood of renal transplant patients. The assay readily detected IFN-γ producing CD3+ T cells in response to recall antigens tetanus toxoid, purified protein derivative, and alloantigens in whole blood from healthy controls. Analysis of sequential posttransplant blood samples from 19 renal allograft recipients showed that alloimmune responses were higher in transplant recipients who had undergone acute rejection than in those without acute rejection episodes. In addition, patients showing increased creatinine levels 3 months after transplantation were more likely to exhibit alloimmune responses than recipients with stable graft function. The flow cytokine secretion assay provides a reliable and simple method for identification of patients at risk of acute rejection and early graft dysfunction.
Biodegradation of Mixed Wastes, in Continuously Operated Cyclic Reactors

The problem of simultaneous biodegradation of two dissimilar substrates in a continuously operated cyclic reactor was studied both at the theoretical and experimental levels using a simple model system. The system involved media containing mixtures of glucose and phenol as carbon sources. A pure culture of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 17514) was employed. Independent kinetic experiments have revealed that glucose and phenol are involved in a crossinhibitory uncompetitive kinetic interaction. The dynamics of a cyclically operated reactor were analyzed using the principles of bifurcation theory for forced systems. Experimental results have confirmed the theoretical predictions. Implications of the results for the design of waste-treating facilities are discussed.
Group Effects and Aposematism in Jadera haematoloma (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae)

Nymphs of Jadera haematoloma (Herrich-Schaeffer) form aggregations on soapberry trees, Sapindus saponaria L. var. drummondii (Hook and Arn.) Benson, and goldenrain trees, Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.; in the laboratory, they are more aggregated during the premolting period. Feeding experiments with toads and blue jays, Cyannocitta cristatta Oberholser, indicated that nymphs are distasteful and that their red coloration functions as a warning signal to predators. Adults, which are black and dispersed on the host trees, also appeared to be distasteful. In another laboratory study, nymphs showed group effects typical of gregarious insect larvae. Nymphs reared in groups molted to the third instar significantly earlier and more synchronously than did nymphs isolated before their first molt. Mortality of grouped first and second instars was lower than that of isolated early instars but became much greater after the third instar. Physiological vulnerability of younger instars and an increase in cannibalism among older nymphs may partially explain this pattern. Aggregations in goldenrain tree seed pods were of mixed instar composition; younger instars predominated in the larger groups. Teneral nymphs of every instar constituted a small percentage of pod aggregations. These results suggest that fourth and fifth instars disperse but rejoin pod aggregations to molt.
REFERENCE AND DEFINITE REFERRING EXPRESSIONS

Definite referring expressions have been studied almost exclusively with respect to their ability to uniquely identify objects. Based on examples of NPs with the drawn from naturally occurring texts, I argue that definite referring expressions serve other functions, as well — they indicate the prominence of a referent, the referent's status as a role function (rather than an individual) or the viewpoint from which the referent is presented. All of this information contributes to the construction of discourse referents and is therefore part of the speech act of referring. In general, speakers do not talk about objects in a neutral fashion, but rather attempt to induce addressees to accept them into the discourse under different guises. Thus, the notion of a successful reference cannot be restricted to cases in which an object is uniquely identified.
Thermodynamics of quantum Hall ferromagnets.

A two-dimensional electron system in a strong magnetic field exhibits at certain filling factors ν a non-zero spin magnetization in the ground state. When this even persists for vanishing Zeeman coupling the system is called a quantum Hall ferromagnet. This happens at ν 1 and ν 1/3, but also around these filling factors. For ν 1 we show that the interaction between the electrons is a necessary ingredient of any theory in order to understand the temperature dependent spin magnetization as an example of a thermodynamic quantity. We develop a theory that takes into account spin-wave corrections to the electronic self-energy by going beyond effectively one-particle theories. This leads to an improved magnetization when compared with experimental data. Furthermore, we compare our findings with other theoretical approaches.
Transfection of mutant CREB in the striatum, but not the hippocampus, impairs long-term memory for response learning.

Abstract Extensive research has shown that the striatum is necessary for response learning. We reported previously that rats using a response strategy to solve a cross maze task showed sustained phosphorylation of striatal CREB [Colombo, P. J., Brightwell, J. J., & Countryman, R. A. (2003). Cognitive strategy-specific increases in phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein and c-Fos in the hippocampus and dorsal striatum. Journal of Neuroscience , 23(8), 3547–3554], a transcription factor implicated in long-term memory formation. In the current study, we used viral vector-mediated gene transfer to test the hypothesis that CREB function in the dorsolateral striatum is necessary for the formation of long-term memory for a response strategy. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the striatum and the hippocampus interact in a cooperative or competitive manner during memory formation. CREB function was blocked in the dorsolateral striatum by overexpression of a mutant form of CREB in which Ser133 was replaced with Ala (HSV-mCREB). CREB function was increased or decreased in the dorsal hippocampus by overexpressing wild-type CREB (HSV-CREB) or mutant CREB. Rats were trained to make a consistent turning response in one session to a criterion of 9 out of 10 correct trials in a water version of the cross maze. Experimental subjects and controls were trained 3 days following infusion into the hippocampus or striatum and tested for memory of the strategy 6 days later. There were no significant differences between treatment groups in acquisition of the task. At test, controls showed significant savings whereas rats infused with HSV-mCREB in the striatum did not. Rats receiving intrahippocampal overexpression of HSV-CREB, HSV-mCREB, or vehicle all showed significant savings between training and test. The present results show that long-term memory of a response strategy requires CREB function in the dorsolateral striatum and is independent of CREB function in the dorsal hippocampus.
Chromatographic study of alkanes in silicalite: Equilibrium properties

Variations of perturbation chromatography were used to measure Henry's constants and equilibrium isotherms of various gases on silicalite. Three different adsorbent samples were analyzed (commercial powder and extruded pellets, and laboratory-synthesized crystals), and no discernable differences among the measured parameters were noted. Henry's constants for the linear alkanes were determined from isobaric and nonisobaric chromatography experiments. They were correlated successfully with temperature and the number of carbon atoms per adsorbate molecule. Isotherms were measured from concentration pulse or tracer/concentration pulse chromatography techniques. The Flory-Huggins version of the vacancy solution model was used to correlate pure gas isotherms and predict binary behavior successfully.
Intensity of the stress singularity at the interface corner between a bonded elastic and rigid layer

Abstract A stress singularity of type Kr δ ( δ exists at the interface corner between bonded elastic quarter planes. The intensity of this stress singularity, referred to here as the free-edge stress intensity factory K f , characterizes the magnitude of the stress state in the region of the interface corner. The value of K f has been fully determined for a thin elastic layer (L/h > 20) bonded to rigid adherends and subjected to either transverse tension or a uniform temperature change. Specifically, K f = σ ∗ h 1 −λ A(v) , where σ ∗ is a characteristic stress, 2h is layer thickness, and λ −1 is the order of the stress singularity. The parameters 1 −A , and A depend only on Poisson's ratio v , and their values are tabulated and plotted. The reported relation for K f is applicable to both plane strain and axisymmetric geometries.
Tibial ultrasound velocity measured in situ predicts the material properties of tibial cortical bone

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is currently being investigated as a possible alternative or adjunct to X-ray-based methods for assessing osteoporosis and fracture risk. It has been proposed that QUS may allow measurement of bone "quality," such as bone architecture or material properties. In this study, we used human cadaveric specimens to evaluate whether ultrasound velocity measurements performed in situ at the midtibia were correlated with the mechanical properties of tibial cortical bone. We obtained 26 human lower limbs (10 men and 16 women) with a mean (+/-SD) age of 81 +/- 12 and range of 53-98 years. The longitudinal ultrasound velocity of the cortical bone at the anteromedial midtibia (tUV, meters per second) was assessed in the intact legs (SoundScan 2000, Myriad Ultrasound, Rehovot, Israel). Then a cylinder of cortical bone was removed from the anterior tibia at the site of QUS scanning, scanned using peripheral quantitative computed tomography to determine bone density, and mechanically tested in tension to failure. We found that tUV of the intact legs correlated strongly with bone density of the cortical bone specimens (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.0001). Both bone density (r2 = 0.89, p < 0.0001) and tUV (r2 = 0.84, p < 0.0001) were very strongly correlated with the cortical bone elastic modulus. In addition, both tUV (r2 = 0.75) and bone density (r2 = 0.80) were highly correlated with the ultimate strength of the cortical bone specimens. In summary, tibial ultrasound velocity measured in situ correlated with the material properties of tibial cortical bone nearly as strongly as did bone density. (Bone 21:119-125; 1997).
Mixed methods on quadrilaterals and hexahedra

We describe a new family of discrete spaces suitable for use with mixed methods on certain quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes. The new spaces are natural in the sense of differential geometry, so all the usual mixed method theory, including the hybrid formulation, carries over to these new elements with proofs unchanged. Because transforming general quadrilaterals into squares introduces nonlinearity and because mixed methods involve the divergence operator, the new spaces are more complicated than either the corresponding Raviart-Thomas spaces for rectangles or corresponding finite element spaces for quadrilaterals. The new spaces are also limited to meshes obtained from a rectangular mesh through the application of a single global bilinear transformation. Despite this limitation, the new elements may be useful in certain topologically regular problems, where initially rectangular grids are deformed to match features of the physical region. They also illustrate the difficulties introduced into the theory of mixed methods by nonlinear transformations.
Reversed-phase chromatography

Abstract HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) is an analytical method of great versatility and sensitivity. The use of silica-bonded non-polar stationary phases in place of the traditional polar stationary phases has resulted in the technique of reversed-phase chromatography. This has proved a most useful analytical tool, particularly for the analysis of biological samples. Furthermore the technique has great potential as a means of measuring a number of physicochemical properties.
Maintaining motivation using audio review

Rates of initial health behavior change have not consistently translated into similar rates of behavioral maintenance. Of those who achieve short‐term change, most successfully treated individuals revert back to their old high‐risk behaviors soon after treatment. While motivation for change remains a salient issue throughout the behavior change process, maintenance interventions have neglected to focus on the variability of motivation directly. This article proposes that an audio playback procedure that captures motivational decision‐making themes at their highest, most emotionally laden point and replays that material at later dates, may be an effective way to maintain motivation. Highlighted is the role of motivation in maintaining behavior change, the previous literature on audio and video feedback, and the roles of memory systems, cognitive dysfunction, recall bias, cognitive dissonance, change talk, emotional reprocessing and contextual learning on motivation. Special attention will be paid to addict...
What a Difference a Day Makes: Change in Memory for Newly Learned Word Forms Over 24 Hours

Purpose This study explored the role of time and retrieval experience in the consolidation of word forms. Method Participants were 106 adults trained on 16 novel word-referent pairs, then tested immediately and 24 hr later for recognition and recall of word forms. In the interim, tests were repeated 2 hr or 12 hr after training, or not at all, thus varying the amount and timing of retrieval experience. Results Recognition accuracy was stable and speed improved over the 24-hr period. But these manifestations of consolidation did not depend on interim retrieval experience; in fact, the 2-hr interim test interfered with improvements in speed. In contrast, the number of word forms recalled increased only with interim retrieval experiences, and the 12-hr interim test was more advantageous to recall than the 2-hr test. Conclusions After a word form is encoded, it can become stronger with time. Retrieval experience can also strengthen the trace, but, if retrieval occurs when the memory is still labile, it can be...
TU-C-224A-09: Implementation and Comparison of Several Proton IMRT Algorithms

Purpose: To computationally compare the plan quality provided by 3 different intensity modulation proton therapy (IMPT) techniques: 3D modulation; 2.5D modulation; and distal edge tracking (DET) with optimization. Plan quality, problem size, and efficiency were assessed. Method and Materials: The dose calculation was based a finite sized beamlet model, which was 1×1 cm2 at isocenter. The dose from each beamlet was the superposition/convolution of infinitesimal pencil beams falling within the beamlet. Ray tracing to each voxel was performed for each beamlet to find out the radiological depth to each voxel. In the 3D modulation algorithm, a stack of Bragg peaks were placed between the maximal and minimal radiological depths of targets passed by a beamlet with 2.5 mm spacing. The fluence of each Bragg peak was modulated independently by the optimizer. The placement of the Bragg peaks in the 2.5D algorithm was similar to the 3D algorithm, but the Bragg peaks belong to a beamlet were pre‐optimized to make a spread out Bragg (SOBP) whose dose level was equal to the prescription dose of the target it passed. The weights of SOBPs were optimization variables. In the DET algorithm, the Bragg peaks were set at the distal edge of the targets. Results: The 3D algorithm could produce the best plan with least beams, but the data size was large. The DET was most efficient in dose calculation and fluence map optimization, its plan quality was fair. The advantage of the 2.5D algorithm was in its small data size and efficiency in fluency map optimization.Conclusion: An appropriate algorithm should be selected to meet the trade‐off of plan quality versus computational and delivery efficiency. This work was supported in part by Florida DOH Grant 04‐NIR03.
Format citation patterns and their implications for collection development in research libraries

In this time of rapidly increasing journal subscription costs and shrinking (or stable) acquisition budgets, it is imperative to acquire materials as effectively as possible. One method of doing this is to use citation analysis of the scholarly literature as a guideline. Citation analysis is the analysis of the references from a set of documents (such as an analysis of all of the citations from five years of College & Research Libraries or of all citations from geology dissertations at a university). Information received from the analysis includes: languages of items cited, age of items cited (to calculate a half‐life for the field), and rate of self‐citations. Broadus reviewed citation analysis, its use, validity, and reliability. In the past, citation analysis has been used in collection development to decide on the suitability of specific items (both journals and monographs), such as mentioned in Buzzard and Whaley. The method introduced here is to use the percentage of publication formats cited in the research literature to serve as a guideline for acquisitions budget breakdowns, i.e., percentages allocated to monographs versus that allocated to other formats, for each discipline. The reasoning behind this is that an effective method of acquiring materials is to purchase the materials that the library's clients will use in the formats in which they will use them. The key assumption is that the citations in a scholar's paper reflect the literature the scholar used.
What factors contribute to successful appeals of nursing homes' deficiencies in the informal dispute resolution process?

Abstract Objectives To determine what factors contribute to successful appeals of nursing home deficiencies in the Informal Dispute Resolution (IDR) process. Design We merged Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' data about IDRs with Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting data about nursing home characteristics. We performed multivariate statistical analyses to predict successful appeals as a function of characteristics of the deficiency being appealed, the survey that triggered the deficiency, characteristics of the nursing home, and the state. Setting All nursing homes nationally in the period 2005–2008. Measurements Successful appeals were defined as those in which the deficiency was removed or its severity or scope reduced. Independent variables included the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' measures of severity and scope of deficiency, abuse and neglect, substandard care, total number of deficiencies in the survey, whether the IDR was triggered by a survey or complaint, facility ownership and reputation, and state stringency of regulation. Results Twenty-six percent of submitted IDRs were successful in 2005–2008. Success was more likely for less severe deficiencies, when deficiencies were triggered by a survey rather than a complaint, and when fewer deficiencies were included in the appeal. Facility ownership and state stringency of regulation were not significantly associated with the IDR success. Discussion Overall, 2.6% of deficiencies issued were overturned through the IDR process. Further study is required to determine the appropriateness of these overturned cases and the opportunities they offer to improve the survey process.
DIFFERENCES IN ADENOSINE AND REGADENOSON ON MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION RESERVE INDEX: A REPORT FROM THE WOMEN'S ISCHEMIA SYNDROME EVALUATION-CORONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION (WISE-CVD) STUDY

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) quantitative myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI) has been shown to predict prognosis in women with persistent chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease. A prior study of healthy men revealed that regadenoson produces higher MPRI than
Interchangeability of coupling factors from bacterial and mammalian origin

Abstract Bacterial and mammalian preparations capable of oxidative phosphorylation can be separated into a particulate fraction containing the electron transport chains and a soluble fraction containing coupling proteins necessary for restoration of phosphorylation. The addition of coupling factors of bacterial origin to submitochondrial particles was found to replace the requirement for mammalian coupling factors for restoration of phosphorylation. Coupling factors obtained from light beef heart mitochondria were found to restore phosphorylation to the electron transport particles of Mycobacterium phlei . The level of phosphorylation restored by the heterologus coupling factors was found to be lower than that restored by the native coupling factor; however, the phosphorylation restored by either coupling factor was found to be sensitive to uncoupling agents.
Abstract A145: Atorvastatin (Lipitor) delays progression of PanINs to pancreatic carcinoma through AKT pathway in a conditional LSL‐K‐rasG12D transgenic mice

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) a devastating disease with a dismal prognosis is the most common pancreatic malignancy and is the fourth leading cause of deaths in the U.S. with a 5‐year survival rate of less than 5%. Thus, developing novel strategies to prevent or delay the progression of pancreatic cancer is of intense interest. In the present study, we studied chemopreventive efficacy of atorvastatin on pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) and adenocarcinoma in conditional LSL‐K‐RasG12D transgenic mice. LSL‐K‐RasG12D and P48Cre mice were bred and offspring of activated K‐rasG12D were generated. Six‐week old male KrasG12D (20/group) and wild‐type (12/group) mice were fed (AIN‐76A) diets containing 0, 200, and 400 ppm Atorvastatin for 35 weeks. At the end of experimental feeding, pancreas were collected, weighed, and evaluated histopathologically for PanINs and adenocarcinomas. To understand the mechanisms, expression levels of PCNA, p21, Akt‐1, cdK2, Cav1, cyclin E, survivin, Rho A and p2X7 were determined by IHC, Western blotting or RT‐PCR. Results suggest that control diet fed mice showed 100% incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas; whereas, mice fed with 200 and 400 ppm atorvastatin had significantly reduced (p Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A145.
Location management for mobile devices

Location-awareness, in the form of location information about clients and location-based services provided by servers, is becoming increasingly important for networked communications in general, and wireless and mobile devices in particular. The current fragmented landscape of location concepts and location-awareness, however, is not suitable for handling location information on a Web scale. Providing users with mechanisms which allow them to control how they want to expose their location information, and thus allow control over how to share location information with others and services, is a crucial step for better location management for mobile devices. This paper presents a concept for representing location vocabularies, matching and mapping them, how these vocabularies can be used to support better privacy for users of location-based services, and better location sharing between users and services. The concept is based on a language for describing place name vocabularies, which we call ldquoplace markup language (PlaceML)rdquo, and on various ways how these vocabularies can be used in a location-aware infrastructure of networked devices.
Productivity across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in high latitudes

In low and middle latitudes, the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary is marked by a sudden and pronounced decrease in δ13C values of near-surface-water carbonates and a reduction in the surface-to-bottom δ13C gradient. These isotopic data have been interpreted as evidence of a decline in surface-water productivity that was responsible for the extinction of many planktic foraminiferal species and other marine organisms at or near the K/T boundary. We present planktic and benthic foraminiferal isotopic data from two almost biostratigraphically complete sections at Ocean Drilling Program Site 738 in the antarctic Indian Ocean and at Nye Klov in Denmark. These data suggest that planktic carbonate δ13C values in high latitudes may not have decreased dramatically at the K/T boundary; thus, surface-water productivity may not have been reduced as much as in low and middle latitudes. Comparison of the records of Site 738 with those of ODP Sites 690 and 750 indicates a pronounced decline in δ13C values of planktic and benthic foraminifera and fine-fraction/bulk carbonate ∼200 000 yr after the K/T boundary. This reflects a regional shift in the carbon isotopic composition of oceanic total dissolved carbon (TDC) and correlates with a similar change in benthic foraminiferal δ13C values at mid- and low-latitude Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 527 and 577. This oceanographic event was followed by the ecosystem's global recovery ∼500 000 yr after the K/T boundary. These data suggest that the environmental effects of the K/T boundary may have been less severe in the high-latitude oceans than in tropical and subtropical regions.
Stereochemical aspects of itraconazole metabolism in vitro and in vivo.

Itraconazole (ITZ) has three chiral centers and is administered clinically as a mixture of four stereoisomers. This study evaluated stereoselectivity in ITZ metabolism. In vitro experiments were carried out using heterologously expressed CYP3A4. Only (2R,4S,2′R)-ITZ and (2R,4S,2′S)-ITZ were metabolized by CYP3A4 to hydroxy-ITZ, keto-ITZ, and N-desalkyl-ITZ. When (2S,4R,2′R)-ITZ or (2S,4R,2′S)-ITZ was incubated with CYP3A4, neither metabolites nor substrate depletion were detected. Despite these differences in metabolism, all four ITZ stereoisomers induced a type II binding spectrum with CYP3A4, characteristic of coordination of the triazole nitrogen to the heme iron (Ks 2.2–10.6 nM). All four stereoisomers of ITZ inhibited the CYP3A4-catalyzed hydroxylation of midazolam with high affinity (IC50 3.7–14.8 nM). Stereochemical aspects of ITZ pharmacokinetics were evaluated in six healthy volunteers after single and multiple oral doses. In vivo, after a single dose, ITZ disposition was stereoselective, with a 3-fold difference in Cmax and a 9-fold difference in Cmin between the (2R,4S)-ITZ and the (2S,4R)-ITZ pairs of diastereomers, with the latter reaching higher concentrations. Secondary and tertiary ITZ metabolites (keto-ITZ and N-desalkyl-ITZ) detected in plasma were of the (2R,4S) stereochemistry. After multiple doses of ITZ, the difference in Cmax and Cmin decreased to 1.5- and 3.8-fold, respectively. The initial difference between the stereoisomeric pairs was most likely due to stereoselective metabolism by CYP3A4, including stereoselective first-pass metabolism as well as stereoselective elimination. However, stereoselective elimination was diminished after multiple dosing, presumably as a result of CYP3A4 autoinhibition. In conclusion, the metabolism of ITZ is highly stereoselective in vitro and in vivo.
Multidimensional femtosecond spectroscopies of vibrational motions in liquids: Semiclassical expansion

Fifth- (χ(5)) and seventh- (χ(7)) order electronically off-resonant Raman spectroscopies in molecular liquids are investigated using a new semiclassical expansion of the optical response which applies for weak anharmonicities and low temperatures. The leading contribution can be calculated using classical equations of motion for nuclear wave packets, even when the system itself may be highly nonclassical. Two sources of nonlinearities which generate the signals—the nonlinear dependence of the polarizability on nuclear coordinates and vibrational anharmonicities—are identified. Formal analogy between the present equations and the time-dependent Hartree–Fock equations used in electronic nonlinear spectroscopy suggests specific experimental signatures of the various nonlinearities.
Early stage lung cancer--new approaches to evaluation and treatment: conference summary statement.

“Early Stage Lung Cancer—New Approaches to Evaluation and Treatment,” held in Cambridge, MA, October 1 — 2, 2004, was convened to present and discuss recent study findings on the detection, staging, and treatment of stage I to III non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This small