cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased Viability of a Strain of Neurospora crassa After Treatment with Ultraviolet Radiation or Other Agents

Abstract A strain of Neurospora crassa with low viability but near normal germination shows a two- to sixfold increase in the number of colonies formed after treatment with ultraviolet radiation, X radiation, nitrous acid, or heat (50 C). Effective dosages of these agents produce moderate killing of the wild type.
Retirement Wealth and Its Adequacy: Assessing the Impact of Changes in the Age of Eligibility for Full Social Security Benefits

Abstract This paper assesses whether the accumulated retirement wealth of pre-retirees willbe adequate to cover needs during retirement, and how variation in age of eligibility forSocial Security benefits affects adequacy. Data from the 1998 Survey of ConsumerFinances are analyzed to assess the adequacy and composition of retirement wealth ofU.S. households, and simulations are used to assess the impact of changes in the SocialSecurity system. Unique contributions of the research include use of household specificinformation on portfolio allocation and planned retirement age, projection of retirementwealth using asset specific growth rates, and estimation of retirement needs based onhousehold expenditure functions. The findings reveal that the average U.S. householdreceives approximately 46% of retirement wealth from Social Security, 39% frompersonal savings, and 14% from pensions. Approximately 56% of U.S. households are ontrack to be able to maintain their pre-retirement consumption level in retirement.However, retirement wealth adequacy rates and retirement wealth to needs ratios bothincrease with planned retirement age of the householder. Based on simulations, theimpact of changes in the age of eligibility for full Social Security benefits on retirementwealth adequacy depends on behavioral responses to these changes. At one extreme, ifincreases in the full retirement age are not accompanied by changes in planned retirementage, retirement wealth adequacy decreases across all households. These decreases arelarger for households that plan to retire at “Social Security eligible ages” (i.e. between theages of 62 and 65) than for households that plan to retire before age 62 or after age 65.Under this scenario, the level of retirement wealth from Social Security declines due tolarger absolute reductions for early retirement and smaller absolute increases for delayedretirement. At the other extreme, if increases in full retirement age are accompanied bypostponement of retirement to age 67 or later, retirement wealth adequacy increases forhouseholds that had previously planned to retire before age 67, but actually declinesslightly for households with planned retirement at age 68 or later. Under this scenario, forhouseholds that had previously planned to retire before age 67, levels of retirementwealth from savings, Social Security, and pensions all increase. However, the increasesare much larger for savings and pensions than for Social Security.
Physics-Based Multiscale Creep Strain and Creep Rupture Modeling for Composite Materials

In this study, a novel multiscale combined creep strain and creep rupture model is proposed. By comparing to experimental data, it was shown that the model provides accurate creep rupture predictions for unidirectional off-axis specimens. The creep strain model provides accurate predictions within the confines of the restrictions used in its development. This coupled model was incorporated into a progressive failure finite-element simulation so that the effects of load redistribution could be considered, which tended to increase the life of the part when strain gradients were present. The finite-element implementation also allowed for the consideration of realistic geometries resulting in complex stress states. By considering a perfectly flat specimen and one containing worst-case thickness variation, experimental open-hole creep rupture data was accurately bounded. This suggests that, by quantifying material defects, realistic lifetime predictions can be made, and an estimate of scatter can be acquired.
Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species

Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. John C. Avise. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000, viii + 447 pp., $49.95, (ISBN 0-674-66638-0). Breakthroughs in DNA sequencing technology in the 1980's revolutionized evolutionary biology, and out of this revolution emerged what has become a highly influential discipline known as phylogeography. Formally introduced a little more than a decade ago by John Avise and his colleagues (Avise et al., 1987), phylogeography is a highly integrative approach used to investigate the relationship between earth history, ecology, and biotic diversification. Phylogeography combines information from population genetics, phylogenetics, geoclimatic history, paleontology, population biology, molecular evolution, and historical biogeography in order to characterize the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages across the geographic landscape (referred to as phylogeographic patterns), and to infer the evolutionary, demographic and biogeographic processes that have shaped these patterns. In this book, Avise provides an overview of the historical development of phylogeography, from its early stages when animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used (almost exclusively) to examine phylogeographic patterns within single species, to today, when an increasingly wider range of additional molecular markers are being used to compare phylogeographic patterns among co-distributed taxa (comparative phylogeography). As the principle founder of the field, no one is better qualified to write a book recounting the history of phylogeography, and Avise excels at providing …
X-ray mirrors for the Astro-E2 mission

The X-Ray telescopes (XRT) for the US/Japan collaborative mission Astro-E2 will be of the same basic design as those built for the original Astro-E mission which failed to reach orbit in Feb. 2000. The NASA/GSFC X-ray Astrophysics Branch will again provide the five lightweight, broad-band mirrors for the mission. X-ray calibrations of the mirrors delivered for the original Astro-E instrument showed spatial resolutions characterized by Half-Power Diameters (HPD) in the range of 1.8 - 2.2 minutes of arc, essentially independent of photon energy in the soft X-ray band. For the mission Astro-E2, both funding constraints and management decisions drastically limit any design modifications, so reflector fabrication and assembly procedures have remained largely unchanged. Nevertheless, in view of the importance in scientific return of attaining even a modest improvement in the spatial resolution of these mirrors, we have carefully considered the various sources of spatial error and, whenever possible, incorporated promising modifications. In this paper, we discuss our current understanding of the various error components as well as the small changes we have been able to implement.
Controlled combustion synthesis in the Ti–B system with ZrO2 addition

Abstract The effects of an addition of monoclinic ZrO 2 into the Ti/2B system were studied in order to control the exothermic reaction. Thermal histories of the phase formation in both Ti/2B and Ti/2B/20 vol.% ZrO 2 system were investigated by High Temperature X-ray Diffraction (HTXRD) accompanied with differential thermal analysis (DTA) under a flowing argon atmosphere. The results indicated that ZrB 2 formation was initiated at about 900°C prior to TiB 2 formation in the ZrO 2 added compositions. A two-step borothermic reduction of ZrO 2 is believed to yield liquid boron oxide as an intermediate phase. Actual combustion synthesis experiments were carried out for the same compositions under a vacuum atmosphere. Ti/2B samples ignited easily and the reaction front propagated quickly while the ZrO 2 added samples were hard to ignite and the propagation was slow. Controlled reactions were achieved due to the formation of glassy B 2 O 3 during the borothermic reduction of ZrO 2 . SEM microstructures showed that B 2 O 3 flowed into the pores thus dissipating the heat away. X-Ray diffraction patterns taken at room temperature after the ignition, showed TiB 2 as the major phase for the Ti/2B composition and ZrB 2 and TiB 2 as the major phases for the ZrO 2 added compositions.
Real-Time Physiconeural Solutions for MOCVD

This paper presents an integrated physiconeural network approach for the modeling and optimization of a vertical MOCVD reactor. The basic concept is to utilize the solutions obtained from a physical model to build an accurate neural network (NN) model. The resulting model has the attractive features of self-adaptiveness and speed of prediction and is an ideal starting tool for process optimization and control. Following this approach, a first-principles physical model for the reactor was solved numerically using the Fluid Dynamics Analysis Package (FIDAP). This transient model included property variation and thermodiffusion effects. Using software developed in house, neural networks were then trained using FIDAP simulations for combinations of process parameters determined by the statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology. The outputs were the average and local deposition rates. It is shown that the trained NN model predicts the behavior of the reactor accurately. Optimum process conditions to obtain a uniform thickness of the deposited film were determined and tested using the physical model. The results demonstrate the power and robustness of NNs for obtaining fast responses to changing input conditions. A procedure for developing equipment models based on physiconeural network models is also described.
Investigation of Subunit Function in ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a key regulatory enzyme in higher plant starch biosynthesis, is composed of a pair of large and small subunits (alpha(2)beta(2)). Current evidence suggests that the large subunit has primarily a regulatory function, while the small subunit has both regulatory and catalytic roles. To define the structure-function relationship of the large subunit (LS), the LS of potato AGPase was subjected to chemical mutagenesis and coexpressed with the wild-type (WT) small subunit (SS) cDNA in an AGPase defective Escherichia coli strain. An LS mutant (M143) was isolated, which accumulated very low levels of glycogen compared to the WT recombinant AGPase, but maintained normal catalytic activity when assayed under saturating conditions. Sequence analysis revealed that M143 has a single amino acid change, V463I, which lies adjacent to the C-terminus. This single mutation had no effect on the Km for ATP and Mg(2+), which were similar to the WT enzyme. The K(m) for glucose 1-P, however, was sixfold higher than the WT enzyme. These results suggest that the LS plays a role in binding glucose 1-P through its interaction with the SS.
Cdx1 or Cdx2 expression activates E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and compaction in human COLO 205 cells.

A mature columnar intestinal epithelium develops late in embryogenesis and is maintained throughout the life of the organism. Although the mechanisms driving intestine-specific gene expression have...
My Journey to Ithaca: Reflections of a Teacher Educator

(1995). My Journey to Ithaca: Reflections of a Teacher Educator. Teaching Education: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 97-101.
Polarimetry of Mars.

A summary of results of observations of the polarization of Mars shows that surface pressure determinations from these data have not yielded satisfactory results in spite of the extensive number of observations available. It is suggested that the difficulty lies mainly in the neglect of radiative components resulting from a combination of diffuse transmission and surface reflection, the effects of an unknown and variable aerosol component of the atmosphere, and the concentration of the observations in the longer visible wavelengths corresponding to very small atmospheric optical thicknesses. Computations of atmospheric effects to be expected from various Rayleigh and aerosol models of the atmosphere show that the polarizing effects of realistic aerosol models can vary widely, depending on particle parameters, and that polarization due to Rayleigh scattering by representative models of the Martian atmosphere can only serve to shift the position of the neutral point to smaller phase angles and to shift the polarization curve in the positive direction from its position for only the surface-reflected radiation. The extent to which the surface of Mars is composed of hydrated iron oxides is still an open question. Polarization measurements show that limonite is one, but by no means unique, possibility for a major constituent of the surface. Guidelines for polarization measurements from space probes are that emphasis be on uv wavelengths for atmospheric determinations, that intensity and polarization gradients be measured on center-to-limb scans of the planet, and that measurements of the position and magnitude of the maximum of the polarizationcurve, expected to be at phase angles of 90 degrees to 120 degrees , be given a high priority.
Attention and the Stages of Pain Processing

Objective. Explore the relationships between the four stages of pain processing and attention in chronic pain sufferers. Design. A cross-sectional, retrospective study of 736 subjects participating in an outpatient university-based tertiary care pain treatment program. Methods. Self-report measures of pain, pain-related unpleasantness, and suffering (Pain Experience Visual Analog Scales) in conjunction with a structured interview assessing illness behavior (adaptation of the Psychosocial Pain Inventory) and attention (Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised) were employed. Outcome Measures. Separate step-wise multiple regression analyses were conducted using variables that measure each of the four stages of pain processing as predictors, with Digit Span being the criterion variable. Results. Multiple regression analyses showed that, of the four pain stages, only suffering and pain behavior were related to attentional performance. Specifically, an individual's perception of lifestyle interference due to pain, level of depression, and the degree of solicitous responses from others each uniquely contributed to Digit Span performance. Conclusions. Treatment interventions specifically targeting suffering and pain behavior may prove efficacious in addressing the attentional problems in chronic pain.
ON BETTER GENERALIZATION BY COMBINING TWO OR MORE MODELS : A QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP EXAMPLE USING NEURAL NETWORKS

Abstract An important problem in statistical modeling (regression or classification) is to build models that generalize well. We propose a method to combine two or more models each obtained using cross-validation (CV), to generate a model that is better at generalization compared to the original ones. Such combinations are especially useful when cross-validation experiments indicate many possible solutions. The basic idea of the procedure described comes from actively making use of the predictions of cross-validation experiments, not just for calculating the CV error. The method is applied and is shown to perform well when building quantitative structure—activity relationships (QSARs) for steroids using neural networks. The proposed method has a much broader applicability than QSAR or neural networks.
New predictive equations for spirometric reference values and comparison with Morris equation in a Korean population.

Background and objective: The clinical importance of the differences between actual and predicted spirometric indices in non-Western populations is poorly defined. This study evaluated the differences between the spirometric values derived from Morris equation, traditionally used in South Korea, and the actual values, in the classification and detection of patients with respiratory diseases, and developed new predictive equations for the calculation of reference spirometric values for healthy Koreans. Methods: Data derived from a subset of the population who completed the initial baseline survey of the Korean Health and Genome Study were used to develop new predictive equations for spirometric reference values, using multiple linear regression. The effects of the new equations relative to those of Morris on the detection and classification of patients with respiratory diseases were then evaluated. Results: In total, 9999 people completed the baseline survey; a subgroup of 1314 met the study inclusion criteria and were used to develop the new predictive equations. Morris equation are 53.8% less accurate in detecting people with restrictive disorders and 15.8% less accurate in estimating the severity of COPD than the newly derived equations, although the differences between values derived from the traditional equations and values from the new equations were as small as 3.3–7.6%. Conclusions: The use of spirometric reference values that underestimate the actual parameters, despite the small differences, may have a significant influence on the detection of patients with restrictive disorders and the staging of COPD.
Muon pair creation via two-photon exchange in charged-particle collisions. II.—Hadron collisions

Muon pair creation via two-photon exchange in charged-hadron collisions is discussed on the basis of a numerical calculation as well as an analytical formula. The form factor and also the large mass of hadrons make this cross-section very small for a large invariant mass of the muon pair at low energies. However, at extremely high energies and for not so massive muon pairs the present process becomes comparable with other semi-leptonic processes. This process may be measurable at NAL energies. We also briefly discuss theq 2 dependence of the missing-mass spectrum in the ordinary deep inelastic process on the basis of a muon-parton analogy.
Evaluating the Risk of Eye Injuries: Intraocular Pressure During High Speed Projectile Impacts

In order to predict and possibly prevent ocular injuries for various impact scenarios, previous research investigated injuries from projectile impacts with known characteristics. Normalized energy was determined as the most significant predictor of injury type and tissue lesion. Although studies have reported the injury risk for projectile impacts to the globe, none have reported the corresponding intraocular pressure [1]. Quantifying intraocular pressure during impacts may provide insight to vision problems such as glaucoma and cataracts. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to determine intraocular pressure during high speed projectile impacts to eyes.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Knowledge management as a competitive asset: a review

Knowledge is the fundamental basis of competition. Although the study of knowledge is as old as human history, it has only been recognized in the last decade as a crucial element of the industrial development of firms. Organizations view knowledge as their most valuable and strategic resource. They believe in managing their intellectual resources and capabilities in order to become and remain competitive. To this end, knowledge management (KM) has become a fundamental concept for those interested in the ever‐changing events of the business world. Organizations invest heavily in building KM systems. They must strategically assess their knowledge resources and capabilities, and need to establish their knowledge strategy to sustain competitive advantages.
Relative influence of various water quality parameters on light attenuation in Indian River Lagoon

Abstract Six synoptic sampling events were conducted in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) between April and June, 1997 to collect TSS (total suspended solids), color (dissolved organic matter), chl a (chlorophyll a ), and light (photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)) data. These data were used to develop our understanding of light attenuation dynamics in the IRL and for verification of a numerical light model. Data from our study show that tripton (non-algal particulate matter calculated from TSS and chl a corrected for pheophytin) has a dominant effect on light attenuation in the IRL. For each synoptic event, there exists a positive correlation between the event-averaged downwelling light attenuation coefficient, K d (PAR), and event-averaged tripton concentration. A negative correlation is found between the event-averaged K d (PAR) and the event-averaged color, while a positive correlation is found between event-averaged K d (PAR) and event-averaged chl a concentration. The correlation between event-averaged tripton and event-averaged K d (PAR) is the only one of the three to show significance at the 0.05 level. Relative contributions of color, chl a , and tripton to light attenuation were found to be 5–25%, 10–26%, and 59–78% of K d (PAR), respectively. These values depend on the method for partitioning K d (PAR) and the method for obtaining average value of relative partitioned K d (PAR) from all the data points. These values show that tripton has a more dominant influence on light attenuation in the IRL than in Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor, but comparable to that in Florida Bay. The effect of suspended chlorophyll on light attenuation in the IRL is less than that in Tampa Bay, comparable to Charlotte Harbor, but more than that in Florida Bay. A numerical process-based light attenuation model has been developed to calculate K d (PAR) based on measured or simulated values of TSS, color, and chl a . The model was found to give reasonable estimates of K d (PAR) throughout the IRL.
Comparison of the biopotencies of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide for broiler chicks.

Abstract 1. Two experiments were conducted with 1056 1‐d‐old Cobb×Cobb feather‐sexed broiler chicks, to determine the relative nicotinic acid biopotencies of nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamide (NAm). 2. Two methods were used: the slope‐ratio technique and the broken‐line model. 3. In experiment 1, using the slope‐ratio technique, NAm was 0.82 as active as NA in promoting growth to 21 d of age. In experiment 2 NAm was 0.96 as bipotent as NA. 4. Applying the broken‐line model to the body weight data at 21 d of age for both NA and NAm in experiment 1, it was found that NAm had approximately 0.82 NA activity. The same analysis applied to the data of experiment 2 indicated that the biopotency of NAm was 1.09. 5. A t‐test of the slope‐ratio values obtained in both experiments indicated that the average (0.89) was not significantly different from 1.0. 6. It was concluded that the relative biopotencies of NA and NAm in broiler chicks fed a maize‐soyabean meal diet were similar.
Chalcogenopyrylium dyes as inhibitors/modulators of P-glycoprotein in multidrug-resistant cells.

Abstract A series of chalcogenopyrylium dyes were evaluated as modulators/inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Their ability to inhibit verapamil (VER)-dependent ATPase activity (IC50 values) in lipid-activated, mouse Cys-less mdr3 Pgp was determined. Their ability to promote calcein-AM (CAM) uptake in MDCKII-MDR1 cells and their capacity to be transported by Pgp in monolayers of MDCKII-MDR1 cells were also evaluated. The chalcogenopyrylium dyes promoted CAM uptake with values of EC50 between 5 × 10−6 and 3.5 × 10−5 M and 7 of the 9 dyes examined in transport studies were substrates for Pgp with efflux ratios (PBA/AB) between 14 and 390. Binding of three compounds (1-S, 3-S, and 4-S) to Pgp was also assessed by fluorescence. These three thiopyrylium dyes showed increased fluorescence upon binding to Pgp, giving apparent binding constants, Kapp, on the order of 10−7 to 10−6 M. Compound 8-Te was particularly intriguing since it appeared to influence Pgp at low micromolar concentrations as evidenced by its influence on VER-stimulated ATPase activity (IC50 of 1.2 × 10−6 M), CAM uptake (EC50 of 5.4 × 10−6 M), as well as [3H]-vinblastine transport by Pgp in cells (IC50 of 4.3 × 10−6 M) and within inside-out membrane vesicles (IC50 of 9.6 × 10−6 M). Yet, Pgp did not influence the distribution of 8-Te in MDCKII-MDR1 monolayers suggesting that 8-Te may bind to an allosteric site.
The atmospheric energy budget and implications for surface fluxes and ocean heat transports

Comprehensive diagnostic comparisons and evaluations have been carried out with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalyses of the vertically integrated atmospheric energy budgets. For 1979 to 1993 the focus is on the monthly means of the divergence of the atmospheric energy transports. For February 1985 to April 1989, when there are reliable top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiation data from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), the implied monthly mean surface fluxes are derived and compared with those from the assimilating models and from the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS), both locally and zonally integrated, to deduce the implied ocean meridional heat transports.
365. Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Genetic Conversion to the Fanconi Anemia Phenotype

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the progressive bone marrow failure, developmental anomalies and cancer susceptibility. Twelve distinct FA complementation groups have been identified (A|[ndash]|C, D1, D2, E|[ndash]|G, I, J, L, M) and 11 cDNAs cloned. A current working model proposes that eight FA proteins (A, B, C, E, F, G, L and M) assemble to form a multi-protein nuclear complex, involved the repair of damaged DNA. The FA complex facilitates the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 protein following exposure to DNA damaging agents. Ubiquinated FANCD2 co-localizes with the key DNA repair proteins RAD51, BRCA2 (know as FANCD1), BRCA1, and FANCJ (BACH1) to promote homologous recombination. The hallmark of FA patients is marrow failure due to defective hematopoietic stem cells. The study of human FA stem cell biology is severely restricted due to the few CD34+ cells that can be isolated from FA patients compared with normal individuals. We set out to create a reusable source of human FA hematopoietic cells by introducing small double strand RNA species to ablate specific FA gene function in human embryonic stem cells (hESC). Human ES cells can then differentiate into human CD34+ cells to investigate human FA hematopoiesis. FANCD2-specific small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were designed and cloned into a self-inactivated lentiviral vector with a GFP cDNA. High titer virus (2|[times]|108 iu/ml) was used for transduction of the hESC line H1. FACS sorted hESC-FANCD2 clones were tested. FANCD2 protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting; FANCD2 shRNA targeted cells expressed 1|[ndash]|2% of the FANCD2 protein compared with control (mock transduced or scrambled shRNA) H1 cells. Functional assessment of the hESC-FANCD2 was performed by incubation with DNA cross-linking agent, mitomycin C (MMC). The hESC-FANCD2 cells were nearly 20 times more sensitive to MMC than untreated or scrambled shRNA ES cells. The effective dose 50 (ED50) of MMC required to induce apoptosis was only 5 ng/ml in hESC-FANCD2 cells compared with 80 ng/ml in mock- infected of scrambled shRNA controls. The expected cytogenetic aberrations were identified in hESC-FAND2 but not control cells confirming the FA phenotype. Differentiation of hESC-FANCD2 cells through a blastocyst intermediate produced a small but discrete number of CD34+/c-kit+ cells that form hematopoietic colonies in methylcellulose culture. In conclusion, we have successfully converted, using shRNAs, hESC H1 cells into cells exhibit the FA phenotype. Generation of hESC-FANCD2 cells provides a ready source of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors and a powerful tool for investigation of FA hematopoiesis. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the genetic conversion of hESCs into a disease phenotype.
The 1990 revision of the FDA total diet study

Abstract Information from the 1987–88 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) was used to revise the food list and diets of the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study. The 1990 Total Diet Study contains 265 core foods that will be used to estimate contaminant and nutrient intakes for 14 age-sex categories. The core foods were selected by aggregating the foods consumed by the selected age-sex categories into 265 groups. A food within each group was selected to represent the group. For each age-sex category, the daily gram weight intake of each food within each group was assigned to the core food. These estimates of daily intakes of the 265 foods represent approximately the same weight and caloric intake of average diets for the 14 age-sex categories using 3,571 foods of the NFCS database. Nutrient intakes of diets calculated on the basis of the 3,571 foods and the 265 Total Diet Study foods were similar.
Wave acceleration of the fast solar wind

Abstract Observations show that the solar wind exhibits two modes of outflow: the slow (∼400 km s −1 ), high density, highly variable wind that emerges from equatorial solar regions, and the high latitude, fast (∼800 km s −1 ), low density, steady solar wind. The bi-modal solar wind outflow is most evident near minima of solar activity. Theoretical studies of the fast solar wind in open magnetic structures motivated by SOHO, Ulysses, and Helios observations indicate that both, high frequency kinetic waves, and low frequency MHD waves play a role in its acceleration and heating. Ion-cyclotron waves have been suggested as the main energy source of the solar wind. However, there are theoretical difficulties with the ion-cyclotron wave heating of the protons, and these waves do not heat electrons. Low frequency MHD waves are still the best candidates to transport momentum and energy far from the Sun, to accelerate the solar wind on large spatial scales. I will present recently developed two-dimensional three-fluid model that includes explicit wave acceleration, and visco-resistive dissipation. The model describes electrons, protons, and minor ions as three coupled fluids that are heated by different heating processes with the parameters constrained by observations. I will present the results of 2.5D three-fluid simulations of the fast solar wind plasma that combine the effects of MHD waves self-consistently, and ion-cyclotron waves parametrically on the acceleration and heating processes. I will present the results of hybrid kinetic models of ion-cyclotron wave heating of the heavy ions in the solar wind plasma.
Suction feeding in orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini)

Energy flux during nectar feeding is maximized at an intermediate sugar concentration, the value of which depends on the morphology of the feeding apparatus and the modality of fluid feeding. Biomechanical models predict that a shift from capillary-based lapping to suction feeding will lead to a decrease in this optimal sugar concentration. Here, I demonstrate that the four major genera of orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini) are suction feeders and provide experimental evidence that the feeding optimum for one species, Euglossa imperialis, falls below the optimum for bee taxa that lap.
Alexander Technique and Dance Technique: Applications in the Studio

Summary Integrating principles from the Alexander Technique into a dance technique class can provide tools for facilitating a more coordinated use of the self. While the methodologies of Alexander Technique and dance technique may present differences, there are ways of applying the principles of Alexander within the context of a dance technique class that open doors to new ways of working. Six themes found in the Alexander work and ways of incorporating these principles in a dance class are presented. The experiential activities provided illustrate the themes, followed by suggestions for reinforcing these principles as they are applied to dance movement.
Ion implantation studies of (SN)x and (CH)x

Abstract We report the results of the initial investigation of the application of ion implantation for the “doping” of the electroactive polymers, (SN) x and (CH) x . Increases in conductivity have been measured for some (CH) x samples after being implanted. Evidence for the formation of a discrete chemical species has been observed in the case of (CH) x implanted with Br + ions. Advantages and drawbacks associated with this technique are discussed.
Investigation of the reduction kinetics of wustite fine powders

The reduction of wustite (FeO) by hydrogen was investigated over the temperature range 723 to 873 K. The reduction mechanism was found to depend on temperature relative to an effective eutectoid decomposition temperature of 803 K. Above this temperature the reaction proceeds directly according to: FeO + H2 = Fe + H2O while below this temperature the reduction is accomplished through the following two sequential steps: 4FeO = Fe + Fe3O4 and Fe + Fe3O4 + 4H2 = 4Fe + 4H2O. Approximate activation energies for reduction above and below 803 K were determined to be 51 and 58 kJ mol−1, respectively. Investigations were also conducted on the oxidation of the iron resulting from the reduction of FeO.
Unfolding and Hydrogen Exchange of Proteins: the Three-dimensional Ising Lattice as a Model

WE have noted a discrepancy between the models which are used to explain two kinds of experimental data related to protein unfolding. On the one hand, recent experiments on the reversible unfolding of the proteins ribonuclease, chymotrypsinogen and myoglobin, as revealed by changes in optical rotation and light absorption as a function of temperature or pH, demonstrate that such transitions can be described by a two state or all-or-none model1–3, in which partly folded molecules are not observed. On the other hand, there are the results on isotopic hydrogen exchange of proteins4,5. This exchange (for example, >NH + D2O→>ND + DHO) is possible only for hydrogen atoms which are exposed to the solvent. Hence a portion of the hydrogen atoms of a protein molecule exchanges more slowly than do exposed hydrogens, and the rate of exchange is equal to the product of the exchange rate for free hydrogens and the degree of unfolding (kobs=ko·θunf). Experimentally one observes an enormous variety of exchange rates among buried peptide group hydrogens, whereas the two state model predicts a single degree of unfolding as well as a single rate of unfolding and hence a single rate of exchange characteristic of all buried hydrogens.
The engineer and automation in the process industries

The word “automation” has become one of the most overused, and probably misused, words in our modern vocabulary. To the electrical engineer, however, it means the advancement of electrical living as we progress from manual methods to mechanization, and thence to automation. To America as a whole it means more goods for more people at less cost.
Ge/Si nanowire heterostructures as high-performance field-effect transistors

Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on semi-conductor nanowires could one day replace standard silicon MOSFETs in miniature electronic circuits. MOSFETs, or metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, are a type of transistor used for high-speed switching and in a computer's integrated circuits. A specially designed nanowire with a germanium shell and silicon core has shown promise as a nanometre-scale field-effect transistor: it has a near-perfect channel for electronic conduction. Now, in transistor configuration, this germanium/silicon nanowire is shown to have properties including high conductance and short switching time delay that are better than state-of-the-art silicon MOSFETs. In a transistor configuration, a new germanium/silicon nanowire has characteristics such as conductance, on-current and switching time delay that are better than those of state-of-the-art silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transitors. Semiconducting carbon nanotubes1,2 and nanowires3 are potential alternatives to planar metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)4 owing, for example, to their unique electronic structure and reduced carrier scattering caused by one-dimensional quantum confinement effects1,5. Studies have demonstrated long carrier mean free paths at room temperature in both carbon nanotubes1,6 and Ge/Si core/shell nanowires7. In the case of carbon nanotube FETs, devices have been fabricated that work close to the ballistic limit8. Applications of high-performance carbon nanotube FETs have been hindered, however, by difficulties in producing uniform semiconducting nanotubes, a factor not limiting nanowires, which have been prepared with reproducible electronic properties in high yield as required for large-scale integrated systems3,9,10. Yet whether nanowire field-effect transistors (NWFETs) can indeed outperform their planar counterparts is still unclear4. Here we report studies on Ge/Si core/shell nanowire heterostructures configured as FETs using high-κ dielectrics in a top-gate geometry. The clean one-dimensional hole-gas in the Ge/Si nanowire heterostructures7 and enhanced gate coupling with high-κ dielectrics give high-performance FETs values of the scaled transconductance (3.3 mS µm-1) and on-current (2.1 mA µm-1) that are three to four times greater than state-of-the-art MOSFETs and are the highest obtained on NWFETs. Furthermore, comparison of the intrinsic switching delay, τ = CV/I, which represents a key metric for device applications4,11, shows that the performance of Ge/Si NWFETs is comparable to similar length carbon nanotube FETs and substantially exceeds the length-dependent scaling of planar silicon MOSFETs.
Hox D3 Expression in Normal and Impaired Wound Healing

Abstract Background. We have previously shown that Hox D3 and Hox B3 can promote angiogenesis. As angiogenesis is essential for wound healing, we examined expression of these genes in the vasculature following wounding in normal and genetically diabetic adult mice with impaired healing. Methods. In situ hybridization was performed on tissues taken 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days following administration of linear wounds in wild-type and genetically diabetic mice. Expression of Hox D3 and Hox B3, angiogenesis, and synthesis of type I collagen were assessed in the wound. Results. Hox B3 was expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) of both medium and small vessels in unwounded tissue, whereas little Hox D3 was detected in resting ECs. Hox D3 expression was significantly upregulated by 1 day after wounding in ECs of vessels immediately adjacent to the wound site, and expression was maintained for at least 7 days. In the diabetic mice, expression of Hox B3 was similar to that of wild-type mice. In contrast, expression of Hox D3 in ECs was significantly lower and delayed during wound repair in diabetic mice. In cultured microvascular ECs, Hox D3 selectively induced high levels of collagen I mRNA expression. Hox D3-deficient wounds of diabetic animals also displayed a reduction in expression and deposition of type I collagen. Conclusions. These results suggest that reduced angiogenesis and type I collagen in diabetic mice with impaired wound healing may be related to deficient Hox D3 expression, and restoring Hox D3 expression may enhance angiogenesis and wound repair.
Examination of the activity of carboxyl-terminal chimeric constructs of human and yeast ferrochelatases.

Insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX is catalyzed by ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1). Human and Schizosaccharomyces pombe forms of ferrochelatase contain a [2Fe-2S] cluster with three of the four coordinating cysteine ligands located within the 30 carboxyl-terminal residues. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferrochelatase contains no cluster, but has comparable activity. Truncation mutants of S. cerevisiae lacking either the last 37 or 16 amino acids have no enzyme activity. Chimeric mutants of human, S. cerevisiae, and Sc. pombe ferrochelatase have been created by switching the terminal 10% of the carboxy end of the enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to introduce the fourth cysteinyl ligand into chimeric mutants that are 90% S. cerevisiae. Activity was assessed by rescue of Δhem H, a ferrochelatase deficient strain of Escherichia coli, and by enzyme assays. UV−visible and EPR spectroscopy were used to investigate the presence or absence of the [2Fe-2S] cluster. Only 2 of the 13 chimeric mut...
Reflections on current research and future challenges in cultural psychiatry.

This special issue of Transcultural Psychiatry evolved from a series of symposia organized by the Transcultural Psychiatry Section of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA-TPS) for the XV World Congress of Psychiatry, held in Buenos Aires in September 2011. WPA-TPS sponsored 10 symposia on the theme “current research in transcultural psychiatry in countries and regions around the world”, as well as an over-arching symposium on “culture and person-centered medical and psychiatric care” at the congress in Buenos Aires. The symposia on current research in transcultural psychiatry around the world, comprising more than 40 individual presentations, focused on developments in Britain, The Netherlands, German-speaking countries, Scandinavian countries, France, Russia, Spanish-speaking countries, Canada, USA, Caribbean countries and Asian-Pacific countries. Presentations at these symposia led to the series of six articles that comprise this special issue, concerning transcultural psychiatry research in Britain, The Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, the Caribbean and Australia. The articles include an assessment of the historical context of the development of cultural psychiatry research in each of the countries, current research themes, their scope and limitations, future directions of research, as well as issues and challenges confronting the future of cultural psychiatry. The history of transcultural psychiatry research has been characterized by efforts to establish the cross-cultural applicability and validity of psychiatric diagnostic categories. These efforts began by using standard “western” descriptive categories and diagnoses, then progressively recognizing the need to take account of the great variation in cultural conceptions of misfortune, illness, symptom expression, acceptance of the sick role, and both functional and social impairment. There is still lively debate in the field about “western diagnostic bias” and its universal, cross-cultural application on one hand, and cultural relativism, the long-term psychopathological effects of colonial exploitation, and the psychological effects of
AUTOMATIC COMPARISON OF SKELETONS BY SHAPE MATCHING METHODS

Whilst the design of skeletonization algorithms has been a very active research area, methodologies for an automatic evaluation of the quality of the results remain to be developed. The difficulty rests on the fact that certain geometric properties considered desirable in skeletons (especially for pattern recognition applications) are not easily quantifiable by means other than human vision. The attempt here is to develop distance measures based on shape matching methods, and to compare skeletons to references in terms of these distances. Three such methods have been adapted for this purpose, and the results are found to be highly correlated for the samples tested.
Urban American Indian Identity Attitudes and Acculturation Styles

SUMMARY Implicit in much of American Indian acculturation research is the erroneous assumption that acculturation is synonymous with identity and, as a result, can be used as a proxy for identity in survey research. This lack of distinction between the two means may partly explain some discrepant findings in American Indian wellness studies. To clarify the conceptual distinction, the current study examined the relationship between urban American Indian identity attitudes and acculturation styles. The findings indicate that although identity attitudes and acculturative behaviors are related they are separate constructs that should not be used as proxies for one another in survey research or mental health studies. Contrary to the assimilationist models, native peoples have survived by taking the best of both worlds, integrating them, maintaining and transforming native cultures, and, ultimately buffering against negative colonizing processes through the internalization of positive identity attitudes and the...
Droplet combustion in the presence of acoustic excitation

Abstract This experimental study focused on droplet combustion characteristics for various liquid fuels during exposure to external acoustical perturbations generated within an acoustic waveguide. The alternative liquid fuels include alcohols, aviation fuel (JP-8), and liquid synthetic fuel derived via the Fischer–Tropsch process. The study examined combustion during excitation conditions in which the droplet was situated in the vicinity of a pressure node (PN). In response to such acoustic excitation, the flame surrounding the droplet was observed to be deflected, on average, with an orientation depending on the droplet’s relative position with respect to the PN. Flame orientation was always found to be consistent with the sign of a theoretical bulk acoustic acceleration, analogous to a gravitational acceleration, acting on the burning system. Yet experimentally measured acoustic accelerations based on mean flame deflection differed quantitatively from that predicted by the theory. Phase-locked OH∗ chemiluminescence imaging revealed temporal oscillations in flame standoff distance from the droplet as well as chemiluminescent intensity; these oscillations were especially pronounced when the droplets were situated close to the PN. Simultaneous imaging and pressure measurements enabled quantification of combustion-acoustic coupling via the Rayleigh index, and hence a more detailed understanding of dynamical phenomena associated with acoustically coupled condensed phase combustion processes.
Continuous Automated Measurement of the Soluble Fraction of Atmospheric Particulate Matter

A new approach is introduced for the quantitative collection of aerosol particles to submicrometer size. The design and construction of a continuously operating system is described. Particles are continuously transferred to a liquid stream utilizing condensation of supersaturated vapor to promote particle growth followed by collection that relies on impaction and the thermophoretic effect. The automated system is simple to construct and operate and provides quantitative collection of aerosol particulate matter even at a flow rate of 10 L/min. Individual measurements of aerosol particles and soluble gases are achieved by combining the system with a wetted wall parallel plate diffusion denuder
Size‐inconsistency effects in molecular properties for states with valence‐Rydberg mixing: The low‐lying π→π* states of ethylene and butadiene

Ab initio results for the low‐lying 1B1u states of ethylene are used to discuss size‐inconsistency effects on calculated molecular properties for states where valence‐Rydberg mixing is important. Results for the expectation value of x2, x being the coordinate perpendicular to the plane of the molecule, are presented from quasidegenerate variational perturbation theory and multireference configuration‐interaction calculations. These results are compared with values from previous studies. It is argued that size inconsistency in configuration‐interaction studies can have a significant effect on estimated molecular properties. Calculations on several low‐lying states of butadiene are also reported where similar size‐inconsistency effects are found.