cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Content, Usability, and Utilization of Plain Language in Breast Cancer Mobile Phone Apps: A Systematic Analysis.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the leading contributors to preventable illness and death among women. Although mobile phone apps provide unprecedented opportunity to engage women along the cancer continuum, little is known about the availability, content, and usability of breast cancer mobile phone apps. Objective: This study analyzed the content and adherence to literate design standards of all breast cancer-related apps available on the App Store and Google Play, as well as the relationship between their content, user ratings, and price. Methods: Following identification and downloading of all available breast cancer mobile phone apps in October 2015, 101 apps were confirmed as focusing on breast cancer. Based on prior research, we adapted and applied a content analysis scheme that was specific to breast cancer apps, including their main purpose, relevance to the cancer care continuum, and adherence to usability standards outlined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Results: The most common aim of apps was educational (73/101, 72.3%), followed by behavior change (24/101, 23.9%), fundraising (20/101, 19.8%), and advocacy (14/101, 13.9%). On the cancer continuum, primary prevention (strategies to prevent cancer cells from occurring) was mentioned in almost one-third of the apps (30/101, 29.7%). Less than half of the apps (46/101, 45.5%) presented information about mammography and/or breast clinical exam, and 53 apps (52.5%) discussed breast self-exam (which is no longer recommended). Symptoms of cancer prediagnosis, such as a lump, were discussed in almost half of the apps (48/101, 47.5%) and a similar number of apps included information about genetic risk for breast cancer (47/101, 46.5%). Information about breast cancer diagnosis was included in 42 apps (41.58%) and 43 (42.6%) apps discussed treatment options. Survivorship issues were addressed in 17 (16.8%) apps. Only one (1.0%) app discussed hospice. Adherence to usability recommendations was low. The median composite score was 3 (mean 2.60, SD 1.20) of the six recommended usability items. With eight plain language items, the median of the composite health literacy score was 5 (mean 5.06, SD 2.00). Most apps did not use easy-to-understand words (44/101, 43.6%) and few (24/101, 23.8%) defined key terms. Conclusions: Current breast cancer apps provide important information about breast cancer, but the most common topic covered is breast self-examination, a non-evidence-based screening strategy. Apps that focus on evidence-based strategies on the cancer continuum are needed, with a notable pressing need for apps that would address survivorship and end of life. Finally, developers of breast cancer apps should adhere to IOM standards to meet the needs of diverse populations and reduce current disparities. [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017;5(3):e20]
Resonances in the Σ-K-π system

A total of 266 cases of SIGMA -K- pi states produced by 2.1 Bev/c pi / sup -/ was observed in a hydrogen bubble chamber. The distribution of these events by charge states is given, and the cross sections are compared to previous results at 1.9 Bev/c. The observed effective mass distributions are shown and the SIGMA -K- pi resonances are discussed. (H.D.R.)
Myoadenylate Deaminase Deficiency: Diagnosis by Forearm Ischemic Exercise Testing

Myoadenylate deaminase (MADA) (EC 3.5.4.6) catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP in skeletal muscle and plays a regulatory role in the purine nucleotide cycle (1). MADA deficiency is associated with a clinical syndrome of easy fatiguability, weakness and post-exercise myalgias (2, 3, 4). Alterations in purine nucleotide content of skeletal muscle 1 may account for these symptoms in MADA deficiency (5).
Electronic vs. paper textbook presentations of the various aspects of mathematics

Based in part on our work in adapting existing paper textbooks for secondary schools for a digital format, this paper discusses paper form and the various electronic platforms with regard to the presentation of five aspects of mathematics that have roles in mathematics learning in all the grades kindergarten-12: symbolization, deduction, modeling, algorithms, and representations. In moving to digital platforms, each of these aspects of mathematics presents its own challenges and opportunities for both curriculum and instruction, that is, for the content goals and how they connect with students for learning. A combination of paper and electronic presentations may be an optimal solution but some difficulties with such a complex solution are presented.
CRISPR Ethics: Moral Considerations for Applications of a Powerful Tool

With the emergence of CRISPR technology, targeted editing of a wide variety of genomes is no longer an abstract hypothetical, but occurs regularly. As application areas of CRISPR are exceeding beyond research and biomedical therapies, new and existing ethical concerns abound throughout the global community about the appropriate scope of the systems' use. Here we review fundamental ethical issues including the following: 1) the extent to which CRISPR use should be permitted; 2) access to CRISPR applications; 3) whether a regulatory framework(s) for clinical research involving human subjects might accommodate all types of human genome editing, including editing of the germline; and 4) whether international regulations governing inappropriate CRISPR utilization should be crafted and publicized. We conclude that moral decision making should evolve as the science of genomic engineering advances and hold that it would be reasonable for national and supranational legislatures to consider evidence-based regulation of certain CRISPR applications for the betterment of human health and progress.
Erythrocytes as Carriers for Recombinant Cloned DNA

The concept of carriers in pharmacology has evolved because various problems complicate the objective of delivering pharmacologically-active substances to the appropriate target in appropriate amounts. One objective achieved by carriers is protection. Small molecular weight drugs for example can be protected from serum enzymes and binding proteins by a carrier. Enzymes and proteins can be protected from circulating antibodies and it is possible that they can be sequestered from the immune system so that an immune response is not initiated. A second objective is carrier-mediated delivery to specific target sites. For example several groups (Alving et al., 1978; Black et al., 1977; New et al., 1978) have shown that liposomes containing antimonial drugs are more effective than the free drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis, presumably because liposomes are specifically taken up by the same reticuloendothelial cells that are infected by the intracellular parasite.
Child’s View of Internal Control

Amy hated today. She had to be at the doctor’s. She didn’t like him. His hands were always cold and his pudgy fingers groped at her body, creating unpleasant sensations. Amy’s mother had told her she was taking her for a checkup only the night before. That made Amy very angry, because she had no time to prepare. Now she had to be frightened all of a sudden.
Sulfur Dioxide Removal from Waste Gases: A Status Report United States: Recovery Processes

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently engaged in the massive job of reviewing from a nationwide viewpoint State implementation plans for control of pollutions to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards by 1975. Although this task is not yet complete, the trends in technology requirements are clear. It is not suprising to find that flue gas desulfurization will be a key approach to the do-ability of SOx control within the necessary time period and for the next decade.
Clinical features of children with both ADHD and mania: does ascertainment source make a difference?

Objective: We evaluated the structural diagnostic results of children ascertained through an ADHD diagnosis with comorbid mania to determine if they have the same phenotype as children ascertained through a mania diagnosis with comorbid ADHD. Method: We compared a sample of children participating in a family genetic study of ADHD to a sample of children ascertained through a study of childhood mania. Results: Similar correlates of ADHD and mania were observed in children satisfying criteria for both disorders irrespective of ascertainment source. Conclusions: Findings suggest that children with mania and ADHD have two disorders, their features not varying with the primary diagnostic focus. Limitations: The results may have been limited by small sample size. Clinical relevance: Because the coexistence of ADHD and mania seriously complicates the course and treatment of children, understanding the compatibility of these disorders has important clinical implications in the management of this population.
Phonetics of Harmony Systems

Phonetic studies have yielded important insights into harmony phenomena. One view is that harmony arises from low level coarticulation effects that listeners fail to parse out of the signal. Another more teleological approach treats harmony as maximization of the perceptual salience of the spreading property. Speech production factors observed in child language and speech error data also appear to play a role in certain consonant harmony systems. Phonetic studies have also investigated whether apparent cases of non-local harmony are truly long distance or whether the propagating feature affects segments intervening between the trigger and target of harmony.
The influence of hydrophilicity on the orientational dynamics and structures of imidazolium-based ionic liquid/water binary mixtures

The orientational dynamics and microscopic structures of imidazolium-based ionic liquids of varying hydrophilicity were investigated using optical heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect (OHD-OKE) spectroscopy and atomistic simulations. Hydrophilicity was tuned via anion selection, cation alkyl chain length, and the addition of a strong hydrogen bond donor on the cation (protic ionic liquid). In the hydrophobic samples, which saturate at relatively low water concentration, OHD-OKE data display Debye Stokes Einstein (DSE) behavior as a function of water concentration. The DSE behavior indicates that the microstructures of the hydrophobic ionic liquid/water mixtures do not fundamentally change as a function of water concentration. The hydrophilic samples have two regimes of different DSE behaviors demonstrating the presence of two structural regimes depending on water concentration. These experimental results indicate that in hydrophilic ionic liquid/water samples, significant structural changes occur to accommodate high water concentrations, while hydrophobic samples become water saturated because the restructuring of local ionic structures is unfavorable. Atomistic simulations show that the local ionic microstructures experience distinct changes in these hydrophilic ionic liquid/water binary samples because of the delicate interplay of intermolecular interactions among imidazolium cations, hydrophilic anions, and water molecules.
Multidimensional approach to formulating a specialized diet for northern corn rootworm larvae

The northern corn rootworm (NCR), Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, is a major pest of maize (Zea mays L.). This pest has developed resistance to insecticides and adapted to crop rotation and may already be in the early stages of adaptation to toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Toxicity bioassays using artificial diet have proven to be valuable for monitoring resistance in many species, but no artificial diet has been developed specifically for NCR larvae. Toward this end, we first evaluated known Diabrotica diets to identify a starting media. We then developed a specialized diet for NCR using an iterative approach. Screening designs including 8 diet components were performed to identify the principal nutritional components contributing to multiple developmental parameters (survival, weight, and molting). We then applied mixture designs coupled with response surface modeling to optimize a blend of those components. Finally, we validated an improved NCR diet formulation that supports approximately 97% survival and molting, and a 150% increase in larval weight after 10 days of feeding compared with the best previously published artificial diet. This formulation appears suitable for use in diet bioassays as a tool for evaluating the resistance of NCR populations to insecticides.
Money Matters: Understanding How Colleges and Universities Use Their Websites to Communicate Information About How to Pay College Costs:

This study uses web sphere analysis to examine the usability and usefulness of information that selected 4-year colleges and universities are providing about the costs of attendance via their net p...
Emerging insights into mu opioid pharmacology

Opioid analgesics, most of which act through mu opioid receptors, have long represented valuable therapeutic agents to treat severe pain. Concerted drug development efforts for over a 100 years have resulted in a large variety of opioid analgesics used in the clinic, but all of them continue to exhibit the side effects, especially respiratory depression, that have long plagued the use of morphine. The recent explosion in fatalities resulting from overdose of prescription and synthetic opioids has dramatically increased the need for safer analgesics, but recent developments in mu receptor research have provided new strategies to develop such drugs. This chapter reviews recent advances in developing novel opioid analgesics from an understanding of mu receptor structure and function. This includes a summary of the mechanism of agonist binding deduced from the crystal structure of mu receptors. It will also highlight the development of novel agonist mechanisms, including biased agonists, bivalent ligands, and allosteric modulators of mu receptor function, and describe how receptor phosphorylation modulates these pathways. Finally, it will summarize research on the alternative pre-mRNA splicing mechanisms that produces a multiplicity of mu receptor isoforms. Many of these isoforms exhibit different pharmacological specificities and brain circuitry localization, thus providing an opportunity to develop novel drugs with increased therapeutic windows.
1185. Impact of Utilizing Drug Resistance in Pneumonia (DRIP) Score on Management of Pneumonia

Background Pneumonia is a leading cause of infection-related admissions and death. It is imperative that appropriate antibiotic therapy is selected. Traditional scoring systems for identifying at-risk persons for drug-resistant pathogens– i.e., Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), have been inaccurate and often lead to inappropriate antibiotic selection. A novel pneumonia scoring system –“Drug Resistance in Pneumonia (DRIP)” was implemented at the Detroit Medical Center (DMC) in January 2018. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the DRIP score in reducing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the impact on key outcomes in patients treated for pneumonia.
To catch a Snitch: Brain potentials reveal variability in the functional organization of (fictional) world knowledge during reading.

Abstract We harnessed the temporal sensitivity of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) alongside individual differences in Harry Potter (HP) knowledge to investigate the extent to which the availability and timing of information relevant for real-time written word processing are influenced by variation in domain knowledge. We manipulated meaningful (category, event) relationships between sentence fragments about HP stories and their sentence final words. During word-by-word reading, N400 amplitudes to (a) linguistically supported and (b) unsupported but meaningfully related, but not to (c) unsupported, unrelated sentence endings varied with HP domain knowledge. Single-trial analyses revealed that only the N400s to linguistically supported (but not to either type of unsupported) sentence-final words varied as a function of whether individuals knew (or could remember) the correct (supported) ending for each HP “fact.” We conclude that the quick availability of information relevant for word understanding in sentences is a function of individuals’ knowledge of both specific facts and the domain to which the facts belong. During written sentence processing, as domain knowledge increases, it is clearly evident that individuals can make use of the relevant knowledge systematically organized around themes, events, and categories in that domain, to the extent they have it.
Longitudinal analysis of depressive symptoms among LGBTQ youth at a social media-free camp

Frequent social media use (SMU) is associated with elevated depressive symptoms (DS) for youth, but the relationship over time is unclear. LGBTQ youth ages 12–18 (N = 214) were surveyed before and ...
Detection of Nitrogen and Neon in the X-Ray Spectrum of GP Comae Berenices with XMM/Newton

We report on X-ray spectroscopic observations with XMM/Newton of the ultracompact, double white dwarf binary GP Com. With the Reflection Grating Spectrometers (RGSs), we detect the Lyα and Lyβ lines of hydrogen-like nitrogen (N VII) and neon (Ne X), as well as the helium-like triplets (N VI and Ne IX) of these same elements. All the emission lines are unresolved. These are the first detections of X-ray emission lines from a double-degenerate, AM CVn system. We detect the resonance (r) and intercombination (i) lines of the N VI triplet, but not the forbidden (f) line. The implied line ratios for N VI, R = f/i < 0.3 and G = (f + i)/r ≈ 1, combined with the strong resonance line are consistent with formation in a dense, collision-dominated plasma. Both the RGS and EPIC/MOS spectra are well fitted by emission from an optically thin thermal plasma with an emission measure proportional to (kT/6.5 keV)0.8 (model cevmkl in XSPEC). Helium, nitrogen, oxygen, and neon are required to adequately model the spectrum; however, the inclusion of sulphur and iron further improves the fit, suggesting that these elements may also be present at low abundance. We confirm in the X-rays the underabundance of both carbon and oxygen relative to nitrogen, first deduced from optical spectroscopy by Marsh et al. The average X-ray luminosity of ≈3 × 1030 ergs s-1 implies a mass accretion rate ≈ 9 × 10-13 M☉ yr-1. The implied temperature and density of the emitting plasma, combined with the presence of narrow emission lines and the low- value, are consistent with production of the X-ray emission in an optically thin boundary layer just above the surface of the white dwarf.
The Additive Effects of Implementing Advanced Tiers of SWPBIS With Fidelity on Disciplinary Exclusions

Schools continue to rely on disciplinary exclusions as a consequence for behavioral rule violations, despite evidence that removing students from instruction for discipline purposes is associated w...
Evaluation of the control effect of SAR inducers against citrus Huanglongbing applied by foliar spray, soil drench or trunk injection

Huanglongbing (HLB) or greening disease, associated with the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), is currently the most devastating citrus disease worldwide and no cure is available. Inducers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) are effective and sustainable to combat various plant diseases. In this study, the SAR inducers acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), imidacloprid (IMI), 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), and salicylic acid (SA), applied individually by foliar spray, soil drench or trunk injection at various rates and frequencies, were evaluated for control of HLB in a 3-year field trial with mature Hamlin sweet orange trees in central Florida, USA in the 2016, 2017, and 2018 crop seasons. Six foliar sprays, six soil applications, and three trunk injections of ASM, IMI, INA, or SA per year were conducted with the untreated as a negative control. HLB disease severity, Las titers, pre-harvest fruit drop, yield and fruit quality were investigated for the treatments. By the end of the 2018 season, all trunk injection treatments at 0.25 g/tree and foliar sprays of INA or SA (but not ASM or IMI) at 0.5 g/tree significantly reduced disease severity, Las population, and fruit drop, and increased fruit yield; whereas all foliar spray treatments at 0.25 g/tree, trunk injection treatments at 0.125 g/tree, and soil drench treatments at 0.25 or 0.5 g/tree did not provide effective control of HLB. Additionally, all trunk injection treatments at 0.25 g/tree had shown a significant decrease in fruit drop and increase of fruit yield starting from 2016 after 1 year of applications, whereas foliar sprays of INA or SA at 0.5 g/tree exhibited similar effects at 2018 after 3 years of applications. None of the SAR inducer treatments had significant effect on fruit quality. Economic analysis suggested that the trunk injection treatments at 0.25 g/tree might produce financial benefits. Overall, this study presents useful information for management of citrus HLB with SAR inducers.
Nonlinear Optics and Collective Excitations

A broad overview of light scattering and nonlinear optical experiments is presented which gives information about the structure and dynamics of collective excitations in condensed matter. The general ideas are illustrated with examples taken from various types of polaritons, from excitons in quantum-well semiconductors, and from excitons in polymers.
Generalizations of Supermodularity: Characterizations and Applications

This paper develops two different generalized classes of supermodular functions and games. The first class called Lambda supermodular functions are stronger than Pseudo-supermodular functions but is weaker than quasi-supermodular functions. The second class called Quasi-pseudosupermodular functions are weaker than the Pseudo-supermodular functions. We prove the corresponding Monotonicity theorem for the optimization involving such functions. As an application, we give generalizations of supermodular games and study the problem of the existence of undominated pure strategy Nash equilibria in this generalized games. We also characterize the general class of functions introduced in this paper in addition to the characterization of Pseudo-supermodular functions.
Changes in self-concept and ideal self-concept after viewing a videotaped speech

Several conclusions can be drawn from this study: 1) At midterm there was no difference in self-concept or ideal self-concept factors clearly attributable to the videotape experience. 2) At midterm there was a significant difference on the Pleasantness factor of self-concept between videotaped males and videotaped females. 3) Females videotaped during the first half of the semester significantly increased on the Strength factor of self-concept during the second half of the semester. 4) At the end of the semester there were no significant differences in self-concept or ideal self-concept scores attributable to the time in the semester of the videotape experience. But there was a sleeper effect for females on the Strength factor that began about seven weeks after self-viewing and led to enhancement of self-concept. 5) At the end of the semester females videotaped early in the term had significantly higher scores on the Pleasantness factor of self-concept than did either group of males. 6) The significant interaction of factor x time x sex X time of videotape on the factors of ideal self-concept could not be explained.
Scheduling Weighted Packets with Deadlines over a Fading Channel

We consider scheduling weighted packets with time constraints over a fading channel. Packets arrive at the transmitter in an online manner. Each packet has a value and a deadline by which it should be sent. The fade state of the channel determines the throughput obtained per time unit and the channel’s quality may change over time. In this paper, we design both offline and online algorithms to maximize weighted throughput, defined as the total value of the packets sent by their respective deadlines. We first present polynomial-time exact offline algorithms for this problem. We then present online algorithms and their competitive analysis. We also show the lower bounds of competitive ratio.
Four years of the Switched Multi-megabit Data Service

Over the last four years BT‘s Switched Multi-megabit Data Service has been a major success for the company. This has been due to a unique combination of features that make it genuinely easy for customers to dimension, manage and grow their wide area data networks cost effectively. This paper outlines how the underlying technology and service performance supports a set of features which translate into major business benefits and contribute to competitive advantage. The technology evolution path for SMDS in an ATM-based multi-service environment is described and service interworking scenarios discussed.
Object-oriented metrics: an overview

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) techniques appear to be at the forefront of software engineering technologies. Nevertheless, as with the introduction of any relatively new technique, there is a tendency for people to attempt to maximize efficiency without always having a corresponding factual basis for their actions. This paper discusses important "bullets of measure" that should be taken into consideration during and after the development of an Object-Oriented System, particularly as it pertains to the static analysis of OO source code. The proposed metrics are consistent with the suggestions of many individuals who are well known for their experience.
Determination of equilibrium constants by titration calorimetry: Part III. Application of method to several chemical systems☆

The determination of equilibrium constants and enthalpy change values from titration calorimetry data has been demonstrated for three chemical systems. It has been known how, starting with the calorimetric data, the computational methods outlined in the previous papers of this series can be used to calculate the heat, Qc, produced, due to the reaction(s) of interest and from these Qc values the K and ΔDH values can be calculated for the interactions occuring in the calorimeter. Source of computer programs used in the calculations have been given.
Genetic variation in HIV-1C: implications for prevention and treatment

HIV-1C of southern Africa shows higher rates of genomic variation than does HIV-1B. Prevalence rates are far higher in this region as compared to elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa or in the world. Enhanced rates of transcriptional activation, presumably related to duplication in the LTR NF-kB enhancer region of the genome, have been well documented. This may in turn be associated with better replication in vaginal and GALT tissues, different patterns of mother/infant transmission, and elevated transmission rates. HIV-1C has also been shown to have higher rates of nevirapine resistance in mothers given labor nevirapine, higher rates of K65R resistance to tenofovir after in vitro selection, different patterns of accumulation of thymide analogue mutations to the nucleoside analogue drugs, and different patterns of mutations to the protease inhibitor drugs. HIV-1C also shows different patterns of immunoselection for immunodominant epitopes to both CTL and antibody responses. With the gag gene epitopes, for example, the p17 region is immunodominant in HIV-1B while the p24 region is immunodominant for HIV-1C. How these responses may be related to differences in major histocompatibility alleles in the people of southern Africa is unclear.
Profile-Driven Compilation

As the size and complexity of software continues to grow, it will be necessary for software construction systems to collect, maintain, and utilize much more information about programs than systems do now. This dissertation explores compiler utilization of profile. Several widely help assumptions about collecting profile data are not true. It is not true that the optimal instrumentation problem has been solved, and it is not true that counting traversals of the arcs of a program flow graph is more expensive and complex than counting executions of basic blocks. There are simple program flow graphs for which finding optimal instrumentations is possibly exponential. An algorithm is presented that computes instrumentations of a program to count are traversals (and therefore basic block counts also). Such instrumentations impose 10% to 20% overhead on the execution of a program, often less than the overhead required for collecting basic block execution counts. An algorithm called Greedy Sewing improves the behavior of programs on machines with instruction caches. By moving basic blocks physically closer together if they are executed close together in time, miss rates in instruction caches can be reduced up to 50%. Arc-count profile data not only allows the compiler to know which basic blocks to move closer together, it also allows those situations that will have little or no effect on the final performance of the reorganized program to be ignored. Such a low-level compiler optimization would be difficult to do without arc-count profile data. The primary contribution of this work is the development of TYPESETTER, a programming system that utilizes profile data to select implementations of program abstractions. The system integrates the development, evaluation, and selection of alternative implementations of programming abstractions into a package that is transparent to the programmer. Unlike previous systems, TYPESETTER does not require programmers to know details of the compiler implementation. Experience indicates that the TYPESETTER approach to system synthesis has considerable benefit, and will continue to be a promising avenue of research.
The Role of Information in Communication: An Assessment/Management Approach

The assumption that communication involves the transfer or withholding of information underlies most current research and interpretation of animal communication. This assumption implies that information plays a causal role in communication. Here we suggest that information, when accorded a central causal role, has limited our understanding of communication.
Sensitivity of residential water consumption to variations in climate: An intraurban analysis of Phoenix, Arizona

[1] Water remains an essential ingredient for the rapid population growth taking place in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Depending upon the municipality, between 60 and 75% of residential water is used outdoors to maintain nonnative, water-intensive landscapes and swimming pools. Residential water use in Phoenix should be especially sensitive to meteorological and climatic variations because of the strong emphasis on outdoor water use. This study explores the intraurban spatial variations in the sensitivity of residential water consumption to atmospheric conditions. For 230 census tracts in the city, we developed times series of monthly water use anomalies and compared them with monthly anomalies of temperature, precipitation, and the Palmer Drought Hydrological Index. We found that one third of census tracts have little to no sensitivity to climate, while one tract had over 70% of its monthly variance in water use explained by atmospheric conditions. Greater sensitivity to atmospheric conditions occurred in census tracts with large lots, many pools, a high proportion of irrigated mesic landscaping, and a high proportion of high-income residents. Low climatic sensitivity occurred in neighborhoods with large families and many Hispanics. Results suggest that more affluent, non-Hispanic neighborhoods will be disproportionately affected by increasing temperatures due to urban heat island effects and the buildup of greenhouse gases.
Monitoring the decline in AM fungus populations and efficacy during a long term bare fallow

Producing nonmycorrhizal plants in the field is a challenge due to the ubiquitous distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] fungi and impacts of chemical treatments upon nontarget organisms. A field plot was covered with ground cover fabric to prohibit plant growth and take advantage of the obligate symbiotic nature of AM fungi to selectively starve and remove them from the soil microbiological community. The decline in the AM fungus population was monitored through spore counts and most probable number bioassays. Response to inoculation experiments were conducted to contrast the response of Allium porrum L. to inoculation with in vitro produced spores of Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith when plants were grown in the AM fungus-depleted soil vs. soil from an adjacent, cropped plot. Data indicated a strongly diminished, yet still viable population of AM fungi after 39 months of bare fallow. Plants grown in cropped soil showed no growth response nor increase in percentage root length colonized as a result of inoculation, while the response to inoculation of plants grown in the covered soil increased as the population of AM fungi declined below 1 propagule cm−3.
Cloning and identification of highly expressed genes in barley lemma and palea

The lemma and palea (lemma/palea) of cereals are photosynthetic organs that supply the developing kernel with carbon and nitrogen. Because of their rigid structure, the lemma/palea can also protect the kernel from pathogens and herbivory. However, very little is known about specific gene expression that enabled the lemma/palea carry out their functions. We have constructed three subtracted cDNA libraries from lemma/palea of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex) at the elongation (between pollination and milky stages) through dough stages of kernel development. Differential screening and northern hybridization showed that the cloned genes were highly expressed in the lemma/palea, compared with the flag leaf. Thus, they contained unique sequences not found in the flag leaf or were expressed in the lemma/palea at much higher levels, appearing as if they were induced. Sequence analysis of 226 clones identified a high proportion of genes for defense, structure, amino acid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. High expression levels of defense-related genes strongly suggest that lemma/palea constitutively accumulate defensive molecules to inhibit invasion of florets and kernels by pathogens. Increased expression of genes involved in cell wall synthesis and structural repair can improve physical barriers to herbivores and pathogens. High expression of genes for amino acid biosynthesis and photosynthesis indicates that the lemma/palea are major sources of nitrogen and carbon for the growing kernel.
Treatment of refractory adult acute lymphocytic leukaemia and acute undifferentiated leukaemia with an anthracycline antibiotic and cytosine arabinoside.

Summary. Ten patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and four patients with acute undifferentiated leukaemia (AUL) in relapse or refractory to conventional therapy were treated with remission induction therapy consisting of an anthracycline antibiotic and cytosine arabinoside. Twelve patients had previously demonstrated resistance to vincristine-prednisone and nine patients had prior anthracycline therapy. Nine patients achieved complete remission after one course of therapy with a median time to remission of 30 d. Of five nonresponders, three died of sepsis with marrow hypocellularity and no evidence of residual leukaemia. Only two patients had unequivocal evidence for resistance to an anthracycline—cytosine arabinoside regimen. Myelosuppression and infection were the most significant complications of therapy. The data presented indicate that marrow ablative chemotherapy with an anthracycline antibiotic and cytosine arabinoside is an effective regimen for remission induction in adults with ALL and AUL refractory to vincristine—prednisone. The use of these agents in remission consolidation therapy may offer the possibility of providing a reduction in residual resistant cells that are present after successful remission induction therapy with conventional agents.
Developing an Open Access Croplands Research Database Through Global Collaboration

This article describes the processes, challenges, and outcomes of a project undertaken by Kansas State University (K-State) Libraries and a global community of researchers. The project, initiated by librarians in the newly created Faculty and Graduate Services Department, involved collaboration with a K-State agronomist. The initial concept was to create an open access database of croplands research submitted by researchers from the Global Research Alliance Croplands Research Group, a consortium of over 30 countries. Due to the project's complexity, it was determined that a more manageable approach would be to pilot the project by including research from only the United States and Australia to resolve problems before scaling up to include all 34 countries in the GRA Croplands Research Group.
The structural chemistry of zeolites as viewed by powder neutron diffraction

The catalytic, separations and ion-exchange behavior of the synthetic zeolites is governed largely by the nature of their framework structures, a detailed knowledge of which is then a prerequisite for an in-depth understanding of their function. Despite the complexity of zeolite crystal structures, powder neutron diffraction is now being applied successfully to several facets of zeolite structural chemistry. The present review considers the study of zeolites by powder neutron diffraction and outlines the information that such studies have, to date, provided on zeolite framework geometries and their sensitivity to framework or nonframework cation substitution, the ordering and partitioning of framework cations, the distributions of the nonframework cations, and the locations and structures of sorbed species. The potential impact of ongoing developments in instrumentation and analysis techniques is also addressed.
Contrast Response Functions for Single Gabor Patches: ROI-Based Analysis Over-Represents Low-Contrast Patches for GE BOLD.

Important for the interpretation of BOLD fMRI data is a linear relationship between the BOLD response and the underlying neural activity: increased BOLD responses should reflect proportionate increases in the underlying neural activity. While previous studies have demonstrated a linear relationship between the peak amplitude of the BOLD response and neural activity in primary visual cortex (V1), these studies have used stimuli that stimulate large areas of cortex, and the linearity of the BOLD response has not been demonstrated when only a small patch of cortex is stimulated. The BOLD response to isolated Gabor patches of increasing contrast was measured with gradient echo (GE) BOLD and spin echo (SE) BOLD at 7 Tesla. Our primary finding is notable spatial heterogeneity of the BOLD contrast response, resulting in a more reliably linear relationship between BOLD data and inferred neural responses in the center of the cortical representations of the individual Gabor patches than near the edges. A control experiment with larger sinusoidal grating patches confirms that the observed sensitivity to voxel selection in the ROI-based analysis is unique to the small stimuli.
Effects of prostaglandins on vesicourethral smooth muscle of rabbit therapeutic implications

Abstract The effects of PGF 2 -alpha and PGE 2 on the vesicourethral smooth muscle of the rabbit were studied in vitro. PGF 2 -alpha had potent contractile effects on the bladder body and comparatively less in the bladder base and the proximal urethra. PGE 2 contractile effects were two times greater than PGF 2 -alpha on the bladder body but minimal or absent on the base and the urethra. The effects of PGF 2 -alpha and PGE 2 seem to be mediated through a prostaglandin receptor as indicated by competitive antagonism of both prostaglandins by N-0164, a synthetic phenyl phosphonate. It also appears that the effects of PGF 2 -alpha and PGE 2 may not be mediated through muscarinic, adrenergic, nicotinic, or histaminic receptors or direct smooth-muscle action. The therapeutic implications of PGE 2 in patients with problems of bladder emptying are discussed.
Engineering an endomorphin-2 gene for use in neuropathic pain therapy.

Endomorphin-2 (EM-2) is a carboxy-amidated tetrapeptide that binds the μ-opioid receptor with high affinity and is analgesic in several animal models of pain. Endomorphin peptides have been isolated from bovine and human brain, but no DNA sequences corresponding to a potential preproendomorphin gene have been identified in human genome sequence databases. In this study we designed a tripartite synthetic gene to direct production, cleavage, and amidation of EM-2, and placed the endomorphin gene expression cassette in a replication defective Herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector (vEM2). Biosynthesis of amidated endomorphin-2 peptide was quantified by radioimmunoassay and the identity confirmed by mass spectroscopy following vEM2 transduction of cultured primary dorsal root ganglion neurons. Subcutaneous inoculation of vEM2 resulted in vector delivery to dorsal root ganglion where expression of EM-2 peptide from the engineered gene was confirmed by ELISA. vEM2 delivery provided an analgesic effect in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain measured by reduction of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The analgesic effect of vEM2 was blocked by intrathecal delivery of the μ-receptor antagonist CTOP. The gene construct design described represents a broadly useful platform for biosynthesis and delivery of carboxy-amidated peptides for therapeutic and experimental purposes, and the results demonstrate that HSV-gene transfer to sensory neurons provides an effective means to achieve local biosynthesis of endomorphin peptides for the treatment of chronic pain.
Bovine sire selection based on maintenance energy affects muscle fiber type and meat color of F1 progeny.

A total of 42 F 1 Red Angus progeny from sires divergent in maintenance energy (ME M ) EPD were analyzed to determine whether selecting for sire ME M would alter end-product meat quality. Data from ani- mals were grouped based on the divergence of the ME M EPD of their sire from the Red Angus Association- reported breed average and defi ned as either high or low, the assumption being that high-ME M cattle are less effi cient because their maintenance requirements rep- resent a larger proportion of their dietary intake. Steer progeny (n = 7) from the high group produced bottom round steaks with a greater a* (redness) color value (P = 0.02) after 5 d in a simulated retail display when com- pared with bottom round steaks from the low group (n = 18). Bottom round steaks from the high group had a greater b* (yellowness) color value at d 1 (P = 0.03) and d 5 (P = 0.01) of retail display. Samples from the biceps femoris were taken at 12 mo (from both steers and heifers) and 15 mo (from steers only) of age for fi ber type proportion analysis. At 12 mo of age, steers from the low group had more type I fi bers (P = 0.02), whereas steers from the high group had more type IIb fi bers (P = 0.01). Furthermore, samples from steers in the low group at 15 mo had more type I fi bers (P = 0.02), and steers from the high group maintained more type IIb fi bers (P = 0.02). No changes in fi ber type proportions were observed between the high- and low-ME M EPD heifers (n = 17). Relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in the synthesis, storage, and breakdown of glycogen were analyzed as a variable important for meat quality, but no statistical differences were observed. At 12 mo age, glycogenin (glyc) was negatively corre- lated with the proportion of type IIa fi bers (r = −0.32 and P = 0.12) as well as with the proportion of type IIb fi bers (r = −0.42 and P = 0.03) in the biceps femoris of the steers. In samples taken from the biceps femoris at 15 mo age, glyc was negatively correlated with the proportion of type IIa fi bers (r = −0.42 and P = 0.03) in the steers. This indicates that relative mRNA expres- sion of glyc may serve as a marker of muscle glycogen storage capacity in steers. Thus, selection for effi cient Red Angus beef cattle based on sire ME M EPD does not adversely affect meat quality in F 1 progeny, based on the variables assessed in this study. Furthermore, selection for progeny from low-ME M EPD sires may improve fresh meat quality within Red Angus beef cattle.
Synaptic Segregation at the Developing Neuromuscular Junction

Throughout the developing nervous system, competition between axons causes the permanent removal of some synaptic connections. In mouse neuromuscular junctions at birth, terminal branches of different axons are intermingled. However, during the several weeks after birth, these branches progressively segregated into nonoverlapping compartments before the complete withdrawal of all but one axon. Segregation was caused by selective branch atrophy, detachment, and withdrawal; the axon branches that were nearest to the competitor's branches were removed before the more distant branches were removed. This progression suggests that the signals that mediate the competitive removal of synapses must decrease in potency over short distances.
ON THE PREDICTION OF FERROMAGNETISM AND METAMAGNETISM IN 4d TRANSITION-METAL OVERLAYERS

We present theoretical evidence for ferromagnetism in Ru and Rh overlayers on Ag(001). These predictions are based on ab-initio, spin-polarized, electronic-structure calculations within the framework of the local spin-density approximation. For Tc, Ru, Rh and Pd overlayers chemisorbed on Ag(001), only Ru and Rh exhibited ferromagnetism. Several metamagnetic spin states were found for the Ru overlayers.
Oxygen Double-Edged Sword in Cardiac Function and Repair

The Oxygen-Rich Postnatal Environment Induces Cardiomyocyte Cell-Cycle Arrest Through DNA Damage Response . Puente et al Cell . 2014;157:565–579 Mammalian hearts transition from a hypoxic in utero environment to an oxygen-rich habitat after birth, coinciding with the rapid postnatal exit of cardiomyocytes out of the cell cycle. A recent article in Cell identified a novel connection between the 2 seminal events, focusing on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes as a major mediator of the critical neonatal cell cycle switch. Among the 11 major organ systems of the human body, only a selected few are capable of regenerating after organ damage, with considerable disparity in efficiency between amphibians, fishes, and mammals. The skin, bone marrow, intestine, and liver regenerate relatively well, and a common gecko restores its tail more effectively than a fish can repair its tailfin.1,2 In humans, skeletal muscle has the ability to heal from injury. In contrast, cardiac muscle, which shares many common features, has limited capacity to regenerate after damage. What determinants account for these differences, and what can we learn from each organ or animal so we can attempt to recapitulate such factors in poorly reparative tissues? Currently, there are ≥2 potential avenues by which the limited amount of cellular replenishment may occur in the mammalian heart. The first involves the proliferation and differentiation of resident cardiac progenitor cells bearing markers, such as cKit, Sca1, and Isl1. Self-renewing progenitor cells expressing some or all of these markers exist in defined microenvironments in vivo and possess properties of clonal expansion and multipotency ex vivo. Incongruent reports have suggested that, although clonal Lin-cKit+ cells isolated from adult mouse hearts can repopulate the myocardium after cardiac injury (myocardial infarction),3,4 the frequency at which this phenomena …