cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of protein synthesis in mouse embryos. I. Extensive reprogramming at the one- and two-cell stages

A quantitative, high-resolution, two-dimensional gel protein database has been constructed for the mouse embryo. This database has been used to obtain a detailed accounting of the amount and relative timing of changes in protein synthesis that occur during the 1-, 2-, and 4-cell stages along with a description of the most prevalent developmentally regulated patterns of synthesis. We find that during these early stages of development the pattern of proteins synthesized changes to a much greater extent than previously appreciated. During the 1- and 2-cell stages, the majority (60% and 85%, respectively) of the analyzed proteins exhibit twofold or greater changes in their rates of synthesis. The periods of greatest change are the late 1-cell and mid 2-cell stages, during which an extensive remodelling of protein synthetic pattern occurs that is largely complete by 15 h following the first cleavage. Once this reprogramming is complete, very little change is observed during the late 2-cell and 4-cell stages. Cluster analysis of individual protein synthesis patterns reveals a limited number of coordinately regulated protein sets that are responsible for most of the changes observed during the 1- and 2-cell stages. During the 2-cell stage, one third of the proteins increase by an average of fivefold, another third decrease by an average of sevenfold, and 10% undergo transient changes in rates of synthesis. These patterns reflect the switch from zygotic to maternal mRNA utilization following transcriptional activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Arthrographic studies of the shoulder joint.

1. Arthrography of the shoulder is a simple, safe, easily interpreted clinical test which is unusually accurate and which provides information that would otherwise be unavailable without an exploratory operation. 2. An arthrographic study is indicated in any case in which the diagnosis is doubtful. 3. The pain-obliteration, abduction-strength test provides an excellent method of selecting candidates for arthrographic study. 4. Capsulitis is an inflammatory condition infrequently, if ever, associated with rupture of the rotator-cuff mechanism. 5. Coexistence of lesions of the biceps tendon and rotator cuff is common. 6. Rupture of the supraspinatus tendon is a common complication of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder and should be looked for by arthrography or at operation. 7. Coexistence of calcification of the subacromial tissues and rupture of the rotatorcuff mechanism is not uncommon in the presence of reduced abduction strength.
Phase I dose-escalation study of AGS-PSCA, an anti-PSCA human antibody, in castration-resistant prostate cancer

A62 Background: AGS-PSCA is a fully human monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed to Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA), an antigen expressed on tumor cells in patients with prostate, pancreatic and bladder cancers. In xenograft mouse models AGS-PSCA significantly inhibits both tumor growth and metastases. Methods: Patients with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer, with or without metastases, were treated. AGS-PSCA was administered by IV infusion over 1-2 hours every 3 weeks for four doses in cohorts of 3-6 patients at doses of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. Toxicities were assessed using CTC version 3. The primary endpoints of the study were safety and pharmacokinetics (PK). Secondary endpoints included immunogenicity and anti-tumor activity. Disease assessments were performed every 12 weeks. Patients with stable disease (SD) were eligible to receive extended treatment at the same dose and schedule. SD was defined as no new onset or worsening of bone metastases, symptoms, or measurable disease (per RECIST). Results: Of the 29 patients who received AGS-PSCA, 26 completed the scheduled 4 doses. No deaths or grade 3-4 treatment-related events, infusion-related toxicities, or anti AGS-PSCA antibodies have been reported. PK results from doses up to 40 mg/kg indicate linear PK. Decline in serum concentration of AGS-PSCA was biphasic with serum concentrations declining with termination of infusion. After an initial decline (T1/2 α of 22.1 ± 10.6 hours), a slower elimination phase was observed with a terminal half-life (T1/2 β) of almost 3 weeks (19.1 ± 3.1 days). Dose normalized mean AUC(0-∞) and Cmax values (per mg/kg) were 7.9 ± 1.6 kg-h/mL and 23.8 ± 2.3 g/mL, respectively. The target trough serum antibody concentration of 200 μg/ml, based on xenograft models, was reached after the first dose of 40 mg/kg and was maintained with subsequent dosing. SD was reported in 11 (38%) of 29 patients (7 of 11 were at the 20 and 40 mg/kg dose levels) and 7 received extended dosing with total treatment duration of up to 24 weeks (median 24, range 18-24). No PSA responses (≥ 50% decline from baseline) were observed. Conclusions: AGS-PSCA was well tolerated at all dose levels. Radiographic SD was noted in 38% of the patients, including those with bone metastases. Modeling of PK data has identified a 40 mg/kg loading dose followed by 20 mg/kg every 3 weeks would achieve and maintain a trough serum antibody concentration above 200 μg/ml and should be used in Phase 2 studies. Based on the results of this study, Phase 2 studies in advanced prostate cancer and other relevant tumor types will be considered. Current word count: 421 Current character count: 2, 212 w/o spaces AACR character count limit: 3000 w/o spaces
A Versatile Program for the Analysis of Electromyographic Data

Ergonomists and researchers often utilize electromyographic (EMG) recordings to produce estimates of muscular work load in occupational exposure assessment. Prolonged measurements, possible with recent technological advances in portable data acquisition and compact memory storage technologies, require efficient data reduction methods not always available in commercial software packages. The Iowa EMG Analysis Program (IEAP) was created to provide researchers the means to incorporate multiple processing techniques suited for the analysis of prolonged EMG measurements. IEAP currently includes subroutines to calculate the amplitude probability distribution function, exposure variation analysis, clustered exposure variation analysis, and gaps analysis profiles for up to four channels of root-mean-square processed EMG data. Data management functions include the creation of customized hypertext markup language (HTML) documentation and text files able to seamlessly incorporate analysis results into existing stati...
Determinants of Clutch Size and Seed Preference in a Seed Beetle, Stator beali (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Many insects lay their eggs in clutches on discrete patches of resource that represent the only food available to progeny. The ability of females to distinguish resource patches of variable size and adjust their clutch size accordingly may enable these insects to reduce sibling conflict and exploit resources optimally. Stator beali Johnson is an unusual seed beetle because it lays eggs in clutches rather than singly.Within a natural population, clutch size varied from 1 egg to >19 eggs on seeds of Texasebony, Chloroleucon ebano (Berlandier). We examined the heritability of clutch size in S. beali , and then determined the extent to which females can adjust clutch size in response to seed size.We obtained conflicting evidence as to whether clutch size variation is heritable; a standard parent–offspring regression analysis suggested that the heritability of clutch size was not different from 0 (h2 = 0.10 ± SEM 0.18), whereas an analysis of full sibs suggested that it was substantially greater than 0 (h2 = 0.33 ± 0.12). This discrepancy is likely the result of large nongenetic effects on clutch size. When presented with both a large and a small C. ebano seed, females preferentially laid eggs on the large seed. When forced to lay eggs on seeds of a specific size, females presented with 5 large seeds laid larger clutches (mean ± SEM, 6.7 ± 0.4 eggs) than those presented with 5 small seeds (5.2 ± 0.5 eggs). Females also actively avoided superparasitism in the laboratory when alternative, nonparasitized seeds were available. However, most seeds collected in the field (56%) were superparasitized, and many (15%) had >2 clutches on them, suggestingthat seeds are a limited resource for ovipositing females.
Enhanced direct ambient analysis by differential mobility-filtered desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is rapidly becoming established as one of the most powerful ionization techniques allowing direct surface analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) in the ambient environment. DESI provides a significant number of unique analytical capabilities for a broad range of applications, both quantitative and qualitative in nature including biological tissue imaging, pharmaceutical quality control, in vivo analysis, proteomics, metabolomics, forensics, and explosives detection. Despite its growing adoption as a powerful high throughput analysis tool, DESI-MS analysis at trace levels often suffers from background chemical interferences generated during the electrospray ionization processes. In order to improve sensitivity and selectivity, a differential mobility (DM) ion separation cell was successfully interfaced to a custom-built DESI ion source. This new hybrid platform can be operated in two modes: the “DM-off” mode for standard DESI analysis and “DM-on mode” where DESI-genera...
Crystalline Mixed Phase (Anatase/Rutile) Mesoporous Titanium Dioxides for Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity

The high photocatalytic activity of mixed phase (80% anatase and 20% rutile) titanium dioxide (Degussa P25) has attracted a great deal of interest in recent years. However, its low efficiency in visible light and nonporous nature limits the potential use and capabilities. Here, we report a novel preparation method for crystalline, thermally stable (up to 800 °C) TiO2 materials with tunable anatase/rutile phase compositions (0–100%) and monomodal mesoporosity. The control of the phase compositions was achieved by framework vanadium doping and various applied heat treatments. Vanadium (0% to 10% doping) decreased the anatase–rutile transformation temperature (from 1000 to 600 °C) and shifted the absorption band to the visible light region (narrowed the band gap). The mesopore structure was preserved in mixed phase TiO2. These materials are members of the recently discovered University of Connecticut (UCT) mesoporous materials family. The UCT materials are randomly packed nanoparticle aggregates and mesopore...
The environmental transformation of carbon nanomaterials

Carbon nanomaterials(CNMs) mainly include fullerenes,carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and graphenes.Mass production of CNMs is rapidly growing,and their entry to the environment is inevitable.Such releases of CNMs may cause undesired / unforeseen risks to the environment and human / wildlife health.A scientific assessment of such risks requires a thorough understanding of the environmental behaviors of CNMs,such as their fate,transport and transformation.This review focused on the environmentally relevant transformation of CNMs,especially those that can change the properties of CNMs and thus influence their behaviors in and impacts to the environment.As a category of carbon-based material,whether they can fit in the carbon cycle is also an important aspect in assessing their long-term effect.Therefore,in this review we summarized the possible transformation of CNMs in natural conditions or waste treatment conditions,either biotic or abiotic.Meanwhile,the factors influencing the transformation were analyzed.
ENTHALPIES OF MIXING FOR PbCl_2-NaCl-BaCl_2 TERNARY MOLTEN SALT MIXTURES

The enthalpies of mixing for the PbCl_2-NaCl-BaCl_2 ternary molten salt mix- tures have been measured along four iso-α_(PbCl_2) lines by using a SETARAM calorimeter at 873 K. The results show that the molar enthalpy of mixing between iso-α(PbCl_2) liquid binary subsystems PbCl_2-NaCl and PbCl_2-BaCl_2 is near zero, i. e., approximately fitting the partial ideal solution model.
RecTE Psy -Mediated Recombineering in Pseudomonas syringae

A recently developed Pseudomonas syringae recombineering system simplifies the procedure for installing specific mutations at a chosen genomic locus. The procedure involves transforming P. syringae cells expressing recombineering functions with a PCR product that contains desired changes flanked by sequences homologous to a target location. Cells transformed with the substrate undergo homologous recombination between the genomic DNA and the recombineering substrate. The recombinants are found by selection for traits carried by the recombineering substrate, usually antibiotic resistance.
Parameter Estimation Using Divide-and-Conquer Methods for Differential Equation Models.

In systems biology, a key topic is the elucidation of the dynamic behavior of biological processes that are made up of complex biochemical networks. Statistical modeling is an important to capture the dynamics of biochemical networks such as metabolic networks, signal transduction pathways, and gene regulatory networks. These biochemical models have a set of parameters that represent the physical properties of the systems, such as kinetic constants and reaction rates. In general, the development of these models requires two steps: model structure construction and parameter estimation. The models are often constructed with time derivative expressions, such as ordinary differential equations (ODEs), to describe the change of certain quantities of interest over time [1,2]. The model parameters are then estimated by simulating the actual processes obtained from experimental analyses [3–5]. However, because the differential equation model has many uncertain parameters and limited measurement data, parameter estimation is a major bottleneck in the development of useful biochemical models [6,7].
Examining Post-Racial Ideology in Higher Education

In this chapter, the author explores connections between post-racial ideology and exclusionary practices in higher education. Post-racialists contend that race-conscious practices and policies in h...
Conclusion: Revolution or Rebellion?

The student protests that rocked the Italian peninsula in 1968 have provoked a lively, popular, and academic debate. Most studies of the Sessantotto have focused on the motives and goals of the activists paying little attention to the targets of the students’ wrath. Many of these previous works stress the global quality of the 1968 unrest and focus upon the similarities that the Italian student movement had with other student movements in Western Europe and the United States. This study diverges from and enriches the previous work on the 1968 student rebellion by its unique focus and methodological approach. By concentrating first on the city of Turin, this work investigates the potential allies and targets of the student activists from a local perspective. Moving to the national level, it then analyzes the response of Italy’s politicians and the effect of the popular press on both the students and their opponents. Thus, it differs from other inquiries by focusing on the objects of the student rebellion, the so-called establishment.1
Distinct Cell Stress Responses Induced by ATP Restriction in Quiescent Human Fibroblasts

Quiescence is the prevailing state of many cell types under homeostatic conditions. Yet, surprisingly little is known about how quiescent cells respond to energetic and metabolic challenges. To better understand compensatory responses of quiescent cells to metabolic stress, we established, in human primary dermal fibroblasts, an experimental ‘energy restriction’ model. Quiescence was achieved by short-term culture in serum-deprived media and ATP supply restricted using a combination of glucose transport inhibitors and mitochondrial uncouplers. In aggregate, these measures led to markedly reduced intracellular ATP levels while not compromising cell viability over the observation period of 48 h. Analysis of the transcription factor landscape induced by this treatment revealed alterations in several signal transduction nodes beyond the expected biosynthetic adaptations. These included increased abundance of NF-κB regulated transcription factors and altered transcription factor subsets regulated by Akt and p53. The observed changes in gene regulation and corresponding alterations in key signaling nodes are likely to contribute to cell survival at intracellular ATP concentrations substantially below those achieved by growth factor deprivation alone. This experimental model provides a benchmark for the investigation of cell survival pathways and related molecular targets that are associated with restricted energy supply associated with biological aging and metabolic diseases.
Treatment of Atypical Hernias

Hernias abutting the bony landmarks of the abdominal wall represent unique repair challenges due to difficulty in obtaining wide mesh overlap, durable prosthetic fixation, and a tension-free fascial closure. While the basic principles of repairing these defects are no different than those for midline hernias, the surgeon addressing such atypical hernias must have a firm grasp of relevant anatomy and additional technical expertise to safely implement a durable herniorrhaphy. This chapter reviews the pertinent anatomy, describes necessary technical steps, and reviews repair results (when available) for “atypical hernias,” including subxiphoid, suprapubic, subcostal, and flank locations. Particular emphasis is placed on options for obtaining wide mesh overlap with bony prominences and options for securing the mesh, including the use of sutures, bone anchors, and tissue sealants.
Tactile Experience-based Robotic Grasping

We propose an experience-based approach to the problem of blind grasping, stable robotic grasping using tactile sensing and hand kinematic feedback. We fi rst collect a set of stable grasps to build a tactile experience database which contains tactile contacts for each stable grasp. Using the tactile experience database, we propose an algorithm to synthesize local hand adjustment that controls the hand pose and improves the grasp based on tactile sensor readings. Simulation experiments show that local adjustment of the hand improves the grasping performance.
Structural and electrostatic effects at the surfaces of size- and charge-selected aqueous nanodrops.

The effects of ion charge, polarity and size on the surface morphology of size-selected aqueous nanodrops containing a single ion and up to 550 water molecules are investigated with infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and theory. IRPD spectra of M(H2O) n where M = La3+, Ca2+, Na+, Li+, I-, SO42- and supporting molecular dynamics simulations indicate that strong interactions between multiply charged ions and water molecules can disrupt optimal hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) at the nanodrop surface. The IRPD spectra also reveal that "free" OH stretching frequencies of surface-bound water molecules are highly sensitive to the ion's identity and the OH bond's local H-bond environment. The measured frequency shifts are qualitatively reproduced by a computationally inexpensive point-charge model that shows the frequency shifts are consistent with a Stark shift from the ion's electric field. For multiply charged cations, pronounced Stark shifting is observed for clusters containing ∼100 or fewer water molecules. This is attributed to ion-induced solvent patterning that extends to the nanodrop surface, and serves as a spectroscopic signature for a cation's ability to influence the H-bond network of water located remotely from the ion. The Stark shifts measured for the larger nanodrops are extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain the free OH stretching frequency of a surface-bound water molecule at the bulk air-water interface (3696.5-3701.0 cm-1), well within the relatively wide range of values obtained from SFG measurements. These cluster measurements also indicate that surface curvature effects can influence the free OH stretching frequency, and that even nanodrops without an ion have a surface potential that depends on cluster size.
Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy with Immediate Breast Reconstruction Increases Healthcare Utilization and Cost.

The rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) in women with unilateral breast cancer continue to rise, especially in women undergoing immediate breast reconstruction (IBR). We utilized administrative claims data from a large US commercial insurance database (OptumLabs) to identify women age 18–64 years who underwent IBR between January 2004 and December 2013. We compared 2-year unadjusted utilization rates and total costs of care between unilateral mastectomy (UM) and bilateral mastectomy (BM) for implant-based and autologous reconstruction. Comparisons were tested using t-test and differences in cost were estimated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Overall, 11,235 women undergoing mastectomy with IBR were identified; 7319 with implant reconstruction [1923 UM (26%) and 5396 BM (74%)] and 3916 with autologous reconstruction [1687 UM (43%) and 2229 BM (57%)]. The overall rate of office visits (2386 vs. 2391 per 100 women, p = 0.42) and hospital readmission rate (29.1 per 100 women vs. 27.4, p = 0.06) were similar between BM + IBR and UM + IBR. Women undergoing BM + IBR had a higher emergency room (ER) visit rate (34.1 per 100 women vs. 29.8, p < 0.0001). The total 2-year cost of care was higher for BM + IBR than UM + IBR for implant reconstruction ($106,711 vs. $97,218, p < 0.0001) and for autologous reconstruction ($114,725 vs. $87,874, p < 0.0001). BM + IBR (autologous or implant) was associated with increased ER visits and higher total cost of care over 2 years compared with UM + IBR. Patients considering CPM should be counseled on the additional risks and costs associated with BM + IBR.
Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization increases myofascial trigger point pain threshold

Abstract Background A myofascial trigger point (MTrP) has been defined as a hyperirritable, palpable nodule in a skeletal muscle. The signs and symptoms of a MTrP include muscle pain, weakness, and dysfunction. MTrPs are common problems associated with soft tissue pathology. Having an intervention to decrease MTrP pain can be clinically valuable. Purpose To determine if a series of six instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) treatments rendered over three weeks would influence the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of a myofascial trigger point (MTrP). Methods Randomized, control trial of healthy individuals (n = 29) with MTrPs in the upper trapezius muscle. The intervention was six IASTM treatments rendered over three weeks. Each treatment included 1 min of sweeping with the GT-1/HG-2 (handle bar), 1 min of swivel with the knob of the GT-1/HG-2 directly over the MTrP, 2 min of fanning with the GT-4/HG-8 (convex single bevel), and concluded with 1 min of sweeping with GT-1/HG-2. The outcome measure used a dolorimeter to compare PPT before and after three weeks in both the treatment and control groups. Results Paired t -test for PPT pre-test and post-test of the control and treatment groups were p = 0.42159 and p = 0.00003, respectively. A one-way ANOVA of the control and IASTM groups revealed a statistically significant difference (p Conclusions A 5-min intervention using three IASTM techniques can effectively increase the PPT of a MTrP in six treatments over a three-week period of time.
Are high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I values stable between preoperative visit and day of non-cardiac surgery?

Abstract Background It is unclear if cardiac troponin values are stable in patients prior to undergoing non-cardiac surgery, or if they tend to rise towards the day of surgery. Methods In this small pilot study (n = 18) among patients with cardiac risk undergoing non-cardiac surgery, we determined if high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hscTnI) changes between the preoperative clinic visit and the day of surgery. HscTnI was measured on an Abbott Architect STAT (Abbott Laboratories, USA) platform. Results The mean duration between preoperative clinic visit and day of surgery was 8.7 ± 2.8 (SD) days. Median hscTnI was 3.4 ng/L [2.0–4.8, IQR] at the preoperative visit and 2.8 ng/L [2.3–4.4] on the day of surgery (mean difference − 0.24 ng/L, 95% CI - 0.73 to 0.24 ng/L, p = 0.30). Only one patient had a large change (> 50%) along with symptoms. Discussion Evidence from this small study suggests that cardiac troponin values are stable in most high-risk patients, absent clinical events, within 10 days prior to non-cardiac surgery.
L'educazione di un "Architetto-Urbanista". Manuel Solà-Morales e la Pedagogia Urbana all'ETSAB

As professor and founding director of the Laboratori d’Urbanisme at the ETSAB from 1969 to 2012, Manuel Sola-Morales oversaw the pivotal reform of urban pedagogy in the Barcelona school. Determined to overcome the technocratic tendency that marked Spanish architecture and planning in the final decade of Franco’s regime, Sola-Morales’ mission was to educate what he defined as the ‘architect-urbanist’ through a foundational program that unified architecture and studies of urban form as a single discipline. Under the aegis of urban morphology, the new course of Urbanistica taught by LUB’s team instituted the study of the city and its history as the primary ground for every architectural and urban project.
Self-esteem moderates the influence of self-presentation style on Facebook users’ sense of subjective well-being

Abstract This study examines the extent to which self-esteem moderates the influence of self-presentation style (true self versus strategic self) on Facebook users' subjective well-being, including measures of self-reported happiness and subjective vitality. To investigate this relationship, we conducted two experimental tests involving actual Facebook users recruited from Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk platform. The results of Experiment 1 indicate that the use of a true self-presentation style leads to greater self-reported happiness for high self-esteem users compared to low self-esteem users. By contrast, the use of a strategic self-presentation style results in more self-reported happiness for both high- and low-self-esteem users. Following self-determination theory, which emphasizes the importance of feeling effective in one's environment, a mediation test was further conducted in Experiment 2, demonstrating that revealing a true self on Facebook effectively satisfies the high self-esteem user's need for competence, thus explaining greater degrees of self-reported happiness.
Association of Cannabis With Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance Substantial shifts in perception and policy regarding cannabis have recently occurred, with use of cannabis increasing while its perceived harm decreases. One possible risk of increased cannabis use is poorer cognitive functioning, especially in youth. Objective To provide the first quantitative synthesis of the literature examining cannabis and cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults (with a mean age of 26 years and younger). Data Sources PubMed, PsycInfo, Academic Search Premier, Scopus, and bibliographies of relevant reviews were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language studies from the date the databases began through May 2017. Study Selection Consensus criteria were used to determine study inclusion through abstract and manuscript review. Data Extraction and Synthesis This study followed Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Effect size estimates were calculated using multivariate mixed-effects models for cognitive functioning outcomes classified into 10 domains. Main Outcomes and Measures Results from neurocognitive tests administered in cross-sectional studies were primary outcomes, and we examined the influence of a priori explanatory variables on variability in effect size. Results Sixty-nine studies of 2152 cannabis users (mean [SD] age, 20.6 [2.8] years; 1472 [68.4%] male) and 6575 comparison participants with minimal cannabis exposure were included (mean [SD] age, 20.8 [3.4]; 3669 [55.8%] male). Results indicated a small overall effect size (presented as meand) for reduced cognitive functioning associated with frequent or heavy cannabis use (d, −0.25; 95% CI, −0.32 to −0.17;P Conclusions and Relevance Associations between cannabis use and cognitive functioning in cross-sectional studies of adolescents and young adults are small and may be of questionable clinical importance for most individuals. Furthermore, abstinence of longer than 72 hours diminishes cognitive deficits associated with cannabis use. Although other outcomes (eg, psychosis) were not examined in the included studies, results indicate that previous studies of cannabis in youth may have overstated the magnitude and persistence of cognitive deficits associated with use. Reported deficits may reflect residual effects from acute use or withdrawal. Future studies should examine individual differences in susceptibility to cannabis-associated cognitive dysfunction.
The Unequal Impact of Food Insecurity on Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes Among 5-Year-Old Urban Children

Abstract Objective To examine the associations of food insecurity with children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes using quantile regression. Design Secondary analysis of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study dataset. Participants A total of 2,046 children aged 5 years. Main Outcome Measures Child behavioral outcomes were measured using externalizing (aggressive) and internalizing (emotional) behavior problems. Child cognitive outcomes were measured using the Peabody Vocabulary test and the Woodcock–Johnson letter–word identification test. Food insecurity was measured using the US Department of Agriculture's Food Security Module. Analysis Unconditional quantile regressions were employed. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. Results Negative associations between food insecurity and child behavior problems (externalizing and internalizing) were largest for children with the most behavior problems. For Peabody Vocabulary scores, the negative association with food insecurity was statistically significant only for children in the top half of the distribution (≥50th percentile). The analysis found mixed evidence of an association between food insecurity and the Woodcock–Johnson letter–word identification test. These associations were similar for boys and girls. Conclusions and Implications Because children's cognitive skills and behavioral problems have long-lasting implications and effects later in life, reducing the risk of food insecurity might particularly benefit children with greater externalizing and internalizing behavior problems.
Extraction of Radiative and Nonradiative Rate Constants of Super-Radiant J-Aggregates from Emission Spectra

Equations relating the radiative and nonradiative decay rate constants of singlet excitons in super-radiant aggregates to the relative intensities of the 0–0 and 0–1 peaks in the emission spectrum were derived and tested against experimental data. In many instances, these equations eliminate the need for a time-dependent fluorescence decay measurement. They can also be useful in determining the fluorescence quantum yield.
Effect of foliar application of Boron and Magnesium on growth and yield of green chilli ( Capsicum annum L.)

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar application of boron (B) and magnesium (Mg) on growth and yield of green chilli (Capsicum annum L.) cv. MIPC-1. Foliar application of Boron and Magnesium (T0) Control; (T1) B = 50 ppm; (T2) B = 100 ppm; (T3) B = 150 ppm; (T4) Mg = 50 ppm; (T5) Mg= 100 ppm; (T6) Mg = 150 ppm; (T7) B (50 ppm) + Mg (50 ppm); (T8) B (100 ppm) + Mg (100 ppm); (T9) B (150 ppm) + Mg(150 ppm) was done. The sources of Boron and Magnesium were boric acid (H3BO3) and Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O).The treatments were laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated four times. All the agronomic practices were carried out in accordance with Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka. Maximum plant height (98 cm), number of branches (18 plant-1), number of leaves (25 plant-1), number of flowers (29 plant-1), total dry weight (66 plant-1), number of fruits (24 plant-1), and unripe fruit yield (333 plant-1) were observed with the foliar application of Boron (H3BO3) +Magnesium (MgSO4.7H2O) at 100 ppm and minimum was found in the control treatment. Foliar application of Boron (H3BO3) + Magnesium (MgSO4.7H2O) at 100 ppm increased yield by three-fold than that of control treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that combined application of B +Mg at 100 ppm was found to be effective in enhancing plant growth and fruit yield of chilli.
Work with Families

Increasingly, clinicians have become aware of the sociocultural factors that intertwine and affect the healthy growth and development of family life. For many years, family work in clinical practice has been dominated by individually oriented models grounded in traditional psychological and psychiatric knowledge and skills (Swan, 1994). Primarily psychological and psychiatric treatment approaches have focused on the intrapsychic issues of individuals. These approaches rarely consider that the problems of individuals are best understood as rooted in the relationships among family members and how these relationships are also influenced by social interactions external to the family.
A Critical Review of Social Referencing in Infancy

One of the most common things that human beings do is gather information about the environment, and then utilize that information in formulating interpretation and action. In this information and action process, once the individual has become interested in some environmental event, she then becomes receptive to information about that event and pays attention to it when it is provided. Finally, this input is incorporated into the individual’s understanding of the environmental event, and is the basis upon which action is founded (Feinman, 1986). This general sequence of informational receipt, reality construction, and action is what occurs when an infant first meets (face to face sometimes) the new puppy that mom and dad have brought home, when a teenager goes out on a blind date, and when an adult travels to a foreign country.
A Plea for More Representative Government

Although we can accept Lawrence Susskind’s claim that citizens should share in community decision making, “the public” is legally represented by elected legislators. Citizen participation in administrative proceedings cannot substitute for reform of a poorly functioning representative system in which special interests dominate and bureaucracy has grown too powerful. Indeed, such participation may further legitimate bureaucratic control and does not assure that the right people will have influence, even if we could readily say who those people are. Territorial representatives are to be preferred to interest representation because they are in a position to weigh the many interests of the members of their constituencies in making decisions. Although the idea of citizen participation is a healthy reaction against deficiencies in the political system, the goal should be to reform the system itself.
Intranuclear inclusions in a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: an ultrastructural study.

Two types of intranuclear inclusions were described in a brain biopsy from a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The first type of intranuclear inclusion was papova virus-like and was observed within 20% of the nuclei of all astrocytes and neurons examined. The particles measured 32 nm in diameter and consisted of a dense core surrounded by a multilayered shell. The second type of intranuclear inclusion was a granulo-fibrillar nuclear body found within the nuclei of astrocytes and neurons. The possible significance of these inclusions to the etiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is discussed.
Examining critical and near-critical paths: an Excel-based classroom exercise

AbstractThe author’s goals in this exercise were to use an Excel project to teach students about the effects of changing states of nature on critical path emergence as well as compare the impact of...
Mandatory minimum sentencing policies and cocaine use in the U.S., 1985–2013

As of May 2017, the United States federal government renewed its prioritization for the enforcement of mandatory minimum sentences for illicit drug offenses. While the effect of such policies on racial disparities in incarceration is well-documented, less is known about the extent to which these laws are associated with decreased drug use. This study aims to identify changes in cocaine use associated with mandatory minimum sentencing policies by examining differential sentences for powder and crack cocaine set by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act (ADAA) (100:1) and the Fair Sentencing Act (FSA), which reduced the disparate sentencing to 18:1. Using data from National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we examined past-year cocaine use before and after implementation of the ADAA (1985–1990, N = 21,296) and FSA (2009–2013, N = 130,574). We used weighted logistic regressions and Z-tests across models to identify differential change in use between crack and powder cocaine. Prescription drug misuse, or use outside prescribed indication or dose, was modeled as a negative control to identify underlying drug trends not related to sentencing policies. Despite harsher ADAA penalties for crack compared to powder cocaine, there was no decrease in crack use following implementation of sentencing policies (odds ratio (OR): 0.72, p = 0.13), although both powder cocaine use and misuse of prescription drugs (the negative control) decreased (OR: 0.59, p < 0.01; OR: 0.42, p < 0.01 respectively). Furthermore, there was no change in crack use following the FSA, but powder cocaine use decreased, despite no changes to powder cocaine sentences (OR: 0.81, p = 0.02), suggesting that drug use is driven by factors not associated with sentencing policy. Despite harsher penalties for crack versus powder cocaine, crack use declined less than powder cocaine and even less than drugs not included in sentencing policies. These findings suggest that mandatory minimum sentencing may not be an effective method of deterring cocaine use.
Introduction to Consumer Health Informatics and Digital Inclusion

Consumer health informatics emerged in an effort to better address consumers’ articulated needs with managing their health concerns. Although developers initially focused on developing stand-alone tools, devices, and platforms, widespread deployment and adoption of broadband networks is enabling the creation of consumer health ecosystems that work automatically in the background to support patient needs. To ensure universal benefit from these tools, it will be important to maximize broadband deployment and adoption, enhance the design of emerging systems, and address privacy and security concerns. As this occurs, consumer health informatics tools will help create a radically different future healthcare system that will improve health outcomes and substantially reduce health disparities in ways that were not previously possible.
A Key Theorem in Transformation Geometry.

TRANSFORMATION geometry is in the news nowadays, and it is to be ex pected that a number of articles should appear in the Mathematics Teacher on this alleged panacea for the troubles that beset the teaching of geometry. On a recent lecture tour of Australia and New Zealand, I found a great interest in school geometry, and especially in trans formation geometry. But first let me point out that the Australian and New Zealand scenes differ from the American in certain fundamental respects. University entrance is by examination, and these examinations have definite syl labi. These syllabi are drawn up by mixed panels of university and high school teachers. (Incidentally, there is far more cooperation between high schools and uni versities than can be detected in the ma jority of American states.) Finally, transformation geometry is a recognized part of the New Zealand syl labus. An aspect of the syllabus that I found intriguing is the rule that problems set in the examination must be solvable either by the methods of Euclidean geom etry or by the methods of transformation geometry. This is because schools are not compelled to teach transformation geom etry at present. Transformation geometry, of course, is not a new subject. Some of the papers being published that produce neat proofs of Euclidean theorems by transformation geometry are, perhaps unconsciously, re producing the content of books that have been in print for many years. I have noticed that books and articles on transformation geometry that have appeared recently stop short of theorems and problems involving rotations. I want to suggest that transformation geometry begins to blossom as a new and powerful mathematical creation only when rotations are introduced. We shall write the effect of a transfor mation on the point as (P)T. If this is followed by the transformation T\ and [P)T = P', then
Soil moisture gradients and climate change: predicting growth of a critical boreal tree species

Understanding the complex relationships among climate, tree growth, and water availability is key for predicting the performance of environmentally and economically salient tree species like Pinus ...
COVID-19: A Multipeak SIR Based Model for Learning Waves and Optimizing Testing

One of the greatest challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic has been the way evolving regulation, information and sentiment has driven waves of the disease. Traditional epidemiology models, such as the SIR model, are not equipped to handle these behavioral based changes. We propose a novel multipeak SIR model, which can detect and model the waves of the disease. We bring together the SIR model’s compartmental structure with a change-point detection martingale process to identify new waves. We create a dynamic process where new waves can be flagged and learned in real time. We use this approach to extend the traditional SEIRD model into a multipeak SEIRD model and test it on forecasting COVID-19 cases from the John Hopkins University dataset for states in the United States. We found that compared to the traditional SEIRD model, the multipeak SEIRD model improves MAPE by 10%-15% for the United States, and by 25%-40% in the specific regions that were hit by the multiple waves. We then pair this model with an optimization model for testing, which is critical in managing the epidemic and which significantly outperforms alternative testing strategies (more than 57% in detection rate). We show how to prioritize symptomatic, asymptomatic and contact tracing populations, most interestingly when balancing testing early to reach contact tracers and saving tests for later when the epidemic is worse.
Nucleate- and Film-Boiling Studies with Liquid Hydrogen

Proposals for space vehicles using high-energy cryogenic propellants have always included considerations of the benefits to be gained by the heat-sink capabilities of liquid hydrogen for use as a coolant in rocket engines, nuclear reactors, and other heat exchangers. For specific applications, the maximum nucleate-boiling and film-boiling heat transfer rates are required in terms of flow conditions and passage geometry. Many studies of boiling heat transfer have been made using more or less conventional fluids; however, few data are available for cryogenic fluids.
Generic and discipline-specific information literacy competencies: The case of the sciences

SUMMARY The Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Educationengage in a complex balancing of generality/universality and discipline-specificity in both their intended application and constituent competencies, the implications of which for library instruction have largely been unexplored. This article explores some of the tensions between discipline-specific and generic information literacy (IL) competencies as they relate to the sciences and suggests that disciplinary needs can largely be addressed through the application of generic standards. More problematic for IL in the sciences is the ahistorical and decontextualized nature of “general” discussions of IL and library instruction; misconceptions that the sciences are unreceptive to library instruction; and some of the rhetoric generally surrounding IL.
Motional Effects on Protein Structure: Acyl Carriers

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Effects of Rapid Internal Motions 3 Effects of Slower Internal Motions 4 Initial Work on Acyl Carrier Protein 5 A Two-State Model for Acyl Carrier Protein 6 Supporting Evidence for a Multiple State Model 7 Overview 8 Acknowledgements 9 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Synthesis of 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins in sorghum occurs independent of light

Abstract Aetiolated mesocotyls of sorghum were inoculated with the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum sublineolum, and placed in the light or in the dark for 120 h. A time course study showed that each of the four known 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins accumulated regardless of whether seedlings had been incubated in the light or the dark. Analyses of extracts by high performance liquid chromatography and plasma desorption mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of each of the phytoalexins. The phytoalexins were never detected in the control, uninoculated plants, regardless of the light treatment. Total RNA was extracted from the mesocotyls, and a time course of RNA hybridization revealed accumulation of transcripts for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase at times consistent with those expected to be required for phytoalexin synthesis. PAL transcripts accumulated to higher levels in light-grown than in dark-grown seedlings. Importantly, chalcone synthase transcripts accumulated in response to inoculation and accumulation was independent of light. The accumulation of phytoalexins in the dark and the increase of RNA transcripts question the assumption that light is always required to initiate phenolic compound synthesis at the level of PAL. The results suggest that in sorghum the induction of the synthesis of PAL transcripts and the resultant synthesis of the 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins occurs as a response to fungal infection and probably is separate from the induction of PAL and phenolic compound synthesis which occurs as a response to light.