cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic properties of interplanetary matter

Abstract The paper is a review of present estimates of the kinetic and transport properties of the interplanetary medium. It is pointed out that the effective mean free paths of interplanetary ions and electrons are effectively small compared to the scale of the system either because of Coulomb collisions or because of dynamical instability of the gas. Numerical expressions are given for the mean free path for Coulomb collisions, the electrical conductivity, the thermal conductivity, the viscosity, electromagnetic emission rates, recombination and ionization times and the charge exchange cross-sections. The magnetic Reynolds number of the solar wind proves to be large, the Reynolds number is not very large and the Prandtl number is small. All stationary atoms and ions are swept out of the solar system by the solar wind. It is pointed out that the quiet day cosmic ray density in interplanetary space increases the speed of sound beyond the orbit of Earth, reaching 102 km/sec at 50 a.u. if the solar wind should extend that far. Energetic particles from the sun have an effect which may be much larger. The abundance of heavy ions in the solar wind may be significantly below the solar abundance because of diffusion in the solar corona.
Hepatic glucose uptake and disposition during short-term high-fat vs. high-fructose feeding.

In dogs consuming a high-fat and -fructose diet (52 and 17% of total energy, respectively) for 4 wk, hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) in response to hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and portal glucose ...
Note on: A necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the optimal solution of a single-vendor single-buyer integrated production-inventory model with process unreliability consideration

Abstract Chung (2008) discussed the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the optimal solution of an integrated production-inventory model developed by Huang (2004) , which allowed a vendor and a buyer to minimize their expected integrated total cost function with an imperfect production process. The objective of Chung (2008) was to improve the solution procedure presented in Huang (2004) . In this study, we identify three errors, irrelevant conditions, and inappropriate examples used in Chung (2008) . We provide a reformulation of the model and the correct necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality.
Beware the lone wolf radicals

Home-grown killers such as Anders Breivik have a distinct psychology that should make it easier for police to spot them before they strike, says Kathleen Puckett
Wh-questions used as challenges:

This article uses a conversation analytic framework to describe a type of wh-question used to challenge a prior utterance, specifically to challenge the basis for or right to do an action done by the prior utterance. These wh-questions are able to do challenging because, rather than asking for new information, they are used to convey a strong epistemic stance of the questioner, a negative assertion. The utterances are designed as requests for an account for a prior claim or action, but by conveying a negative assertion, they suggest that there is no adequate account available and, thus, that there are no grounds for the prior claim or action. The use of these questions in institutional settings can display participants' orientation to institutional goals, norms and roles, showing that institutional roles can thus be enacted, and goals accomplished, by means of practices of talk which are not, themselves, institutionally specific.
The Return of the Thin White Repressed: Uses of Narcissism in The Stars (Are Out Tonight)

David Bowie is notorious for forging artistic and technical frontiers in video art as an adjunct to his music (Sandford 1996). In ‘The stars (are out tonight)’ (2013), he engages Floria Sigismondi,...
Effects of lithium chloride on the gene expression profiles in Drosophila heads.

Abstract To gain insight into the basic neurobiological processes regulated by lithium—an effective drug for bipolar disorder—we used Affymetrix Genome Arrays to examine lithium-induced changes in genome-wide gene expression profiles of head mRNA from the genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster . First, to identify the individual genes whose transcript levels are most significantly altered by lithium, we analyzed the microarray data with stringent criteria (fold change > 2; p 1.2; FDR Drosophila .
Interposition Ankle Arthroplasty Using Achilles Tendon Allograft (“The AAA Procedure”): A Case Report

Surgical treatment options for end-stage osteoarthritis of the ankle joint typically consist of debridement, distraction arthroplasty, osteochondral allograft transfer system, arthrodesis, or total ankle arthroplasty. Interposition arthroplasty is an additional surgical treatment that may delay or eliminate the need for ankle arthrodesis. We report the use of a free Achilles tendon allograft as interposition arthroplasty for treatment of end-stage ankle osteoarthritis, the Achilles Ankle Arthroplasty or “AAA” procedure. The clinical presentation and course of treatment are described, as well as the surgical technique. This case showed that interposition arthroplasty with tendon allograft is an effective treatment for end-stage ankle arthritis.
Theories of Adult Development for Continuing Education.

An understanding of the professional and personal development of health care professionals is an essential component for providing continuing education. Age and stage theory explains development by a pattern of stages which are related to age in terms of predictable events for most adults. Levinson's imagery of seasons1 describes transitions in which life is questioned and reordered, layered with stable periods in which life is organized to meet new changes. Life span development theory is based on an understanding of sequential changes in the way adults behave. It is sensitive to multidirectional changes which result from the interaction of a group or events. Career development is one force which is important for health professionals. Super, Bennett, and Gould outline ideas about how a career evolves. Adult development forces the question of the role of continuing education as part of the background for more effective continuing education or as a way to change our thinking to understand how we can support health care professionals as they progress in their careers.
Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of thioglycolic acid by hexachloroiridate(IV)

Oxidation of thioglycolic acid (HSCH2CO2H, TGA) by [IrCl6]2− (Ir(IV)) in aqueous solution at 25 °C is highly susceptible to trace metal-ion catalysis. This catalysis can be effectively suppressed by bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate (bathophen), allowing the direct oxidation to be studied. Although the corresponding disulfide is produced quantitatively in the absence of bathophen, a mixture of the disulfide and a species believed to be the sulfonate is produced in its presence. In both cases the Ir(IV) is reduced to [IrCl6]3−. The rate law when catalysis is suppressed is first order in both Ir(IV) and TGA. The pH dependence is complex, owing to the diprotic nature of TGA. At high pH there is a term corresponding to outer-sphere oxidation of −SCH2CO2− with a rate constant of (3.52 ± 0.03) × 106 M−1 s−1 at μ = 0.1 M. A self-exchange rate constant of 1 × 105 M−1 s−1 for the ˙SCH2CO2−/−SCH2CO2− redox couple is derived from the Marcus cross relationship. In order to account for the product mixture, a mechanism is proposed in which RSO3− is produced in a series of steps originating with the oxidation of RS˙ by [IrCl6]2−, while RSSR is produced by association of RS˙ with TGA to generate RSSR˙− and oxidation of RSSR˙− by [IrCl6]2−.
Chemotactic activity of venom from the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa)

Abstract The incubation of whole Loxosceles reclusa venom with complement generated a chemotactic activity for guinea pig neutrophils which had been harvested from peritoneal exudate cells. Venom-guinea pig complement mixtures were 42% more chemotactic than the complement alone and venom-human complement mixtures were 55% more chemotactic than human complement alone. Venom plus diluent was no more chemotactic than diluent alone, although venom plus heat inactivated guinea pig serum was slightly chemotactic. Purified guinea pig or human C3 or C5 incubated with recluse spider venom was not chemotactic nor did venom alter the serologically active quantity of C3 or C5 in human serum. Both C4 deficient and properdin deficient sera were suitable substrates for the chemotaxigen in recluse spider venom.
Optimal parameter estimation of the Izhikevich single neuron model using experimental inter-spike interval (ISI) data

We propose to use the Izhikevich single neuron model to represent a motor cortex neuron for studying a control-theoretic perspective of a neuroprosthetic system. The problem of estimating model parameters is addressed when the only available data from intracortical recordings of a neuron are the Inter-Spike Intervals (ISIs). Non-linear constrained and unconstrained optimization problems are formulated to estimate model parameters as well as synaptic inputs using ISIs data. The primal-dual interior-point method is implemented to solve the constrained optimization problem. Reasonable model parameters are estimated by solving these optimization problems which may serve as a template for studying and developing a model of ensemble cortical neurons for neuroprosthesis applications.
Visceral obesity is associated with outcomes of total mesorectal excision for rectal adenocarcinoma.

Background and Objectives General obesity, measured by the body mass index (BMI), increases the technical difficulty of total mesorectal excision (TME) but does not affect oncologic outcomes. The purpose of this study is to compare visceral and general obesity as predictors of outcomes of TME for rectal adenocarcinoma. Methods Adult patients undergoing TME for rectal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively identified. Preoperative computed tomography scans were used to measure abdominal circumference (AC), visceral (VFA), and subcutaneous fat area (SFA). BMI, AC, VFA, SFA, total fat area (TFA, sum of VFA and SFA), and VFA/SFA ratio were examined for association with operative, postoperative, oncologic, and survival outcomes in a univariate analysis model. Results Between 1999 and 2009, 113 patients met inclusion criteria. Increasing VFA and VFA/SFA ratio were associated with reduced lymph node retrieval (P = 0.03 and P = 0.009, respectively). The association between increasing VFA/SFA ratio with delayed resumption of oral intake (P = 0.05) and prolonged overall survival (P = 0.003) were also significant. Increasing BMI was associated with improved overall (P = 0.02) but not disease-free survival (P = 0.14). Conclusion Visceral obesity, measured by VFA/SFA ratio, is a better predictor of postoperative, oncologic, and survival outcomes after TME for rectal adenocarcinoma than general obesity measured by the BMI. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012;105:365–370. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Erratum to: Making Meaningful Worlds: Role-Playing Subcultures and the Autism Spectrum

Unfortunately, there were errors in the original publication of the article. The corrected text has been presented with this erratum. In the section titled ‘‘Your Princess is in Another Castle: The Broader Ethnographic Study’’, the second paragraph, last sentence should read as, ‘‘These stories sounded a lot like what these youth were also telling me, in our interviews and in casual conversation, about what it was like to be on the autism spectrum.’’ It was erroneously published as, ‘‘about what it was like to be the autism spectrum.’’ In the section titled ‘‘The Need for External Structure in Autism Spectrum Conditions’’, the second paragraph, line 11 should read as, ‘‘People with a locally coherent processing style have trouble making integrated wholes out of the sum of parts and coherent stories out of disconnected strings of events; they have difficulty seeing the forest for the trees.’’
Formulas for Calculating Short-Circuit Forces Between Channels Located Back to Back

IN 1937 Arnold1 published an analytic procedure enabling the designer of a single-phase two conductor bus to determine combinations of conductor spacing and cross section that render the proximity effect zero — hence combinations that render the a-c resistance, and thus the eddy current loss, a minimum. For explicit details the reader is referred to Arnold's paper. For our purpose it suffices to remark that in general the designer is afforded an indefinite number of combinations (of conductor spacing and cross section) from which to choose; that the exact cross sections determined by the theory are not simple in shape; that as the ratio of conductor spacing to perimeter of conductor cross section increases, the equivalent structural shape associated with a particular conductor spacing shifts from rectangular strap to channel to circular or square tubular conductor, that the ac resistance, and hence the eddy-current loss, can be calculated from a given simple formula; and that the accuracy of this formula and the correctness of the general theory are verified by experimental data set forth in the paper.
On Discourse and Power: "Cults" and "Orientals" in Fiji

Essences are not origins, as is made clearer when approaching discourse via methods of Latour rather than Foucault. Tracking the emergence of power in the alignment of heterogeneous agents, institutions, and objects, we contrast the fates of efforts by two British colonial officials in Fiji, one who sought to outlaw a "dangerous" movement in 1887 and a second who sought to thwart union organizing among "orientals" in 1935. Though the second effort fit more closely with an existing grand discourse ("orientalism"), the first aligned changing fields of interest in Fiji and empire. The first gained the power to represent the real, and the second did not. Realities of colonial power contradict Latour's principle of symmetry, but not the rest of his approach to the making of power, [discourse, power, orientalism, cargo cults, colonialism, Latour, Foucault, Fiji]
Talking shop (CIM)

The barrier to growth of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) posed by the difficulty in transmitting information from one machine to another is addressed. The Initial Graphic Exchange Specification (IGES), which was formed in 1979 to facilitate the exchange of product definition data between different CAD/CAM systems, is discussed. The use of a neutral file to reduce the complexity of solving the problem caused by the use of different encoding methods is examined. The use of computer networking to connect computer systems in a highly reliable way is considered. >
Recruitment and Activation of Naive T Cells in the Islets by Lymphotoxin β Receptor-Dependent Tertiary Lymphoid Structure

The development of spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is preceded by the organization of tertiary lymphoid organ (TLO) in situ, but its role in the development of tissue destruction and the cytokines that control such structures have not been fully defined. We have now observed that TNF superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) is upregulated in aged nonobese diabetic (NOD) pancreas with the appearance of TLO. Blockade of TNFSF14 signaling caused a substantial reduction in the expression of lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR)-controlled migration factors within the islets and disrupts organization of tertiary structures, leading to prevention of diabetes. Consistently, enhancing LTbetaR signaling by transgenic expression of TNFSF14 in the islets of NOD mice rapidly promoted de novo formation of local TLO, resulting in diabetes, even in the absence of draining lymph nodes (LN). Thus, the TNFSF14-LTbetaR pathway appears to be critical in the development and maintenance of TLO for the onset of diabetes.
Artifactual lowering of the total bilirubin value

Abstract In occasional jaundiced patients the addition of dyphylline prior to diazo inhibits the formation of azobilirubin. A modification of the Michaelsson-Jendrassik-Grof procedure is recommended to eliminate this artifact. The diazo is permitted to react for 2 min prior to addition of dyphylline in the total bilirubin procedure.
Carbon isotopic ratios of atmospheric CO2 affect the δ13C values of heterotrophic growth in Nicotiana tabacum

Heterotrophic Nicotiana tabacum (L. CV. Wisconsin 38) plants are enriched in 13C relative to the carbon sources in their growth medium. We examined whether carboxylation via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase contributes to the enrichment. Achlorophyllous plants were produced using an inhibitor of carotenoid synthesis and were grown on sucrose with known delta(13)C values. Groups of plants were exposed to air with different delta(13)C values as well as to CO(2)-free air. The delta(13)C values of heterotrophic plants were greater than the sucrose source in all treatments and this enrichment increased as 13CO(2)/12CO(2) ratios increased in the source air. Rubisco activity was ruled out as a cause for the enrichment observed as 13CO(2)/12CO(2) ratios increased because the delta(13)C values of heterotrophic plants were similar when exposed to high 13CO(2) while grown in the light or dark. Neither was enrichment due to the adsorption of 13CO(2) in the high 13CO(2) treatment because dead plants did not exhibit this effect when subjected to the same atmospheric treatments. Carboxylation by PEP carboxylase is a likely mechanism causing the 13C-enriched values of living white tissues relative to their organic carbon sources. These results experimentally support suggestions that the anaplerotic activity of PEP is responsible for the 13C-enrichment commonly observed where heterotrophic inputs to growth are large such as in very young leaves.
Mechanisms of ultrasonic joining of textile materials

Investigates the potential for building smart seams by incorporating optic fibers ultrasonically. The heating and bonding mechanisms of ultrasonic welding process in fabrics were studied. Battle dress uniform (BDU) (50/50 nylon/cotton), 100 percent cotton, 100 percent polyester and Nomex fabrics were used and were bonded ultrasonically with and without polyurethane adhesives. The effects of three important welding parameters, namely weld pressure, weld time and amplitude of vibration, on the joint strength and the temperature profile at the interface were examined. The temperature profiles for different fabrics were measured during ultrasonic welding process. The attenuation degree of signal transition properties of optic fibers incorporated was tested to determine if ultrasonic process provided a possible way of embedding optic fibers into seams and achieving sufficient joint strength while the signal transmission properties of optic fibers incorporated were not changed significantly.
Voice controlled wheelchairs

People without disabilities seamlessly control devices with their hands. Interestingly, their hands can perform coarse and fine control. Implementing smooth control for computerized systems is not straightforward and most of the time it is not intuitive either. Here we offer a solution to that problem: smooth control through humming. Voice commands have become ubiquitous in modern technology. Speech-to-text applications abound. Smooth control, on the other hand, has not been tackled yet. Here we design and implement a humming control technique, and demonstrate a hardware implementation with a powered wheelchair. Once actuated, the speed with which the chair moves will depend on the subtle variation on the fundamental frequency of the user's humming, acquired through an accelerometer measuring vocal cord vibration. We also discuss two signal processing techniques that handle commonly encountered issues when trying to resolve frequencies in real time data. The hardware implementation shows performance of 80% and higher in speech recognition for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) higher than 8dB and 100% in smooth control and frequency detection for all tested SNRs. We also discuss potential applications of smooth humming control to other assistive technology.
Early Mover Advantages: Evidence from the Long-Term Care Insurance Market

Researchers frequently question whether financial firms benefit by developing new products because barriers to entry common to other industries generally do not exist. Studies of early mover advantages for new financial products provide mixed evidence at best. We find evidence of early mover advantages in the relatively young market for long‐term care insurance (LTCI) using data that allow broad testing of financial performance. Product differentiation, individual lines exposure, firm size, and traditional health insurance experience also affect financial performance.
Conformational geometry and vibrational frequencies of nucleic acid chains.

Normal coordinate analysis of diethyl phosphate has been made, which predicts all observed Raman frequencies in the range 170–1300 cm−1. The force constants from this calculation have been transferred to a vibrational calculation for a simplified model of the backbone of nucleic acids, which also involves the OPO2−O phosphate group and the C5′C4′C3′linkage of the ribose. The coordinates of these atoms are those recently given by Arnott and Hukins, which place the ribose ring of B-DNA in a C3′-exo conformation. This simple polymer model appears to be able to describe adequately the frequency-dependent changes observed in the Raman spectra arising from the backbone vibrations of nucleic acid in going from the B- to A-form. The symmetric OPO diester stretch increases in frequency from about 787 cm−1 in the B-form to 807 cm−1 in the A-form. The increased frequency characteristic of the A-form is due to the combining of the diester stretch with vibrations involving the C5′, C4′, and C3′ nuclei. The frequency of the symmetric OPO diester stretch is shown to be very dependent on the conformation of the ribose ring, indicating that in polynucleotides the ribose ring takes on one of two rigid conformations: C3′-endo for A-form or C3′-exo for B-form and “disordered” polynucleotides. The calculation lends confirmation to the atomic coordinates of Arnott and Hukins since the use of other geometries with the same force constants failed to give results in agreement with experimental evidence. The calculations also demonstrate the lowering effect of hydration on the anionic PO stretching frequencies. Experimental results show that the 814-cm−1 band observed in the spectra of 5′GMP gel arises from a different vibrational mode than that of the 814-cm−1 band of A-DNA.
Local and systemic consequences of acute, low-dose ultraviolet B radiation are mediated by different immune regulatory mechanisms.

Acute, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation alters the local skin site such that epicutaneous application of hapten fails to induce contact hypersensitivity (CH), but induces tolerance in UVB-susceptible mice. Although the inability of irradiated skin to support CH induction may be a strictly local effect, there may also be systemic immune consequences of UVB radiation delivered in this manner. To examine this matter, abdominal skin of C57BL/6 mice was exposed to acute, low-dose UVB radiation. Dinitrofluorobenzene was immediately painted directly on the irradiated site, or at a distant (unirradiated) site. In separate experiments, epicutaneous application of the hapten on a distant site was delayed for 1-3 days. The mice were tested for acquisition of CH, and for tolerance, i.e. the capacity to become sensitized when exposed subsequently to hapten via normal body wall skin. It was found that, immediately after completion of the UVB regimen, CH was inducible via unirradiated, but not via irradiated, skin. At 3 days post-UVB exposure, CH was no longer inducible even through unirradiated skin. Mice that first encountered hapten via UVB-exposed skin developed tolerance, as did mice that first encountered hapten via unirradiated skin of UVB-treated mice. Neutralizing anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-alpha antibodies failed (a) to restore the ability of unirradiated skin to support induction of CH, and (b) to interfere with tolerance induction, whether hapten was first painted on irradiated or unirradiates skin. The data indicate that the acute, low-dose regimen of UVB radiation produces effects on the immune system that are manifest locally as well as systemically. By demonstrating that the disruption of CH induction following UVB radiation is TNF-alpha dependent, whereas locally and systemically induced tolerance is not, our findings encourage further search for other UVB-related modulators of systemic immunity and tolerance.
Patients’ views about causes and preferences for the management of cancer-related fatigue—a case for non-congruence with the physicians?

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is frequently overlooked. Adherence to treatment guidelines may be related to the patient’s views about illness. This study aimed at exploring patients’ views about CRF and determining whether they are congruent with best practice treatments. Data were collected in 160 consecutive patients hospitalized in a supportive care setting. Biological, clinical, and psychological variables were assessed using validated questionnaires. Patients were also asked to complete the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) and a questionnaire investigating their main symptoms and views about CRF and its management. Patients were mainly men (60%); median age was 66 years. Various cancer diagnoses were represented; 17.5% had primary local diseases, 40% local recurrences, and 42.5% metastatic diseases. The majority of the patients experienced moderate or severe CRF (76.3%) on the BFI. Fatigue was the most frequently reported symptom (87.5%). Only anxiety, depression, and dimensions of quality of life were significantly related with CRF. Two thirds of the patients associated CRF with cancer-related morbidities. As for the best treatments, patients first stressed control of adverse effects. Over half of the patients were reluctant to report fatigue, mainly because they considered fatigue as an unavoidable side effect, but also because they feared a change towards less active/aggressive treatments. Patients mostly consider that CRF must be tolerated. Guidelines emphasize activity enhancement strategies as beneficial. The patients’ preferences for rest rather than activity may be related to their high level of fatigue, which leads them to disregard activity as a possible treatment.
The contribution of NMDA receptor signaling in the corticobasal ganglia reward network to appetitive pavlovian learning

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) contribute to phasic transmission and synaptic plasticity and are thought to be important for learning. To better understand where NMDAR signaling is necessary for learning, we combined viral genetic strategies with genetic mouse models to investigate the contribution of NMDARs in the dopamine system to appetitive Pavlovian conditioning. NMDAR signaling in dopamine neurons was not required for Pavlovian conditioning; however, NMDARs in D1 dopamine receptor (D1R)-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which receive input from dopamine neurons, were critical for this type of learning. NMDAR signaling was also required in brain regions that project to dopamine neurons, because removing NMDARs from afferent neurons to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) also prevented learning. This effect was likely attributable to loss of NMDAR signaling in the neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), because learning could be restored in these animals by rescuing NMDAR expression in the PFC. Moreover, removing NMDARs exclusively from the PFC also prevented learning. Our findings suggest that NMDARs in neurons that project to and receive projections from the VTA are necessary for Pavlovian conditioning and specifically implicate the PFC and D1R-expressing MSNs in associative learning.
Fixation of distal femoral fractures above total knee arthroplasty utilizing the Less Invasive Stabilization System (L.I.S.S.)

Supracondylar femoral fractures above total knee arthroplasty remain a treatment challenge. Complication rates as high as 30% are associated with both nonoperative and operative treatment. Conventional plate fixation and rigid intramedullary nail fixation has improved the treatment of these fractures. However, problems still exist in the setting of a short distal femoral block and/or significant osteoporosis. Less Invasive Stabilization System (L.I.S.S.) fixation has been utilized for the treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures above total knee arthroplasty. Multiple fixed angle screws give optimal fixation around the femoral component. Advantages appear to include maintenance of distal femoral fixation, low infection, and low need for bone grafting.
Kinship vis-à-vis Myth Contrasts in Lévi-Strauss' Approaches to Cross-Cultural Comparison

The enormous secondary literature which relates Levi-Strauss' comparative studies to different schools of thought has failed sufficiently to emphasize the major discontinuity within his own work. This paper characterizes the basic methodological differences in his approaches to “kinship” and to “myth.” It then suggests how, by concentrating on the kinship/myth distinction, we might constructively refine various structuralist concepts, such as distinctive feature analysis and the logical foundations of the “elementary” kinship structures. Only by concentrating on the few inconsistencies in Levi-Strauss' remarkably coherent corpus of work can an adequate critique of his theories of comparison be commenced.
Vortical patterns behind a tapered cylinder oscillating transversely to a uniform flow

Visualization studies of the flow behind an oscillating tapered cylinder are performed at Reynolds numbers from 400 to 1500. The cylinder has taper ratio 40[ratio ]1 and is moving at constant forward speed U while being forced to oscillate harmonically in the transverse direction. It is shown that within the lock-in region and above a threshold amplitude, no cells form and, instead, a single frequency of response dominates the entire span. Within certain frequency ranges a single mode dominates in the wake, consisting of shedding along the entire span of either two vortices per cycle (‘2S’ mode), or four vortices per cycle (‘2P’ mode); but within specific parametric ranges a hybrid mode is observed, consisting of a ‘2S’ pattern along the part of the span with the larger diameter and a ‘2P’ pattern along the part of the span with the smaller diameter. A distinct vortex split connects the two patterns which are phase-locked and have the same frequency. The hybrid mode is periodic, unlike vortex dislocations, and the location of the vortex split remains stable and repeatable, within one to two diameters, depending on the amplitude and frequency of oscillation and the Reynolds number.
Evidence for a Triplet State of the Self-Trapped Exciton in Alkali-Halide Crystals

The lifetimes and polarizations of intrinsic recombination radiation from alkali-halide crystals at low temperature are interpreted in terms of two self-trapped exciton states, one predominantly singlet, the other triplet in character. This is the first strong evidence for the triplet assignment. The variation with crystal of the triplet-state lifetime is attributed to effects of the different halogen spin-orbit couplings and the varying degrees of axial relaxation in the self-trapped configuration.
Linearly many faults in augmented cubes

The augmented cube was introduced as a better interconnection network than the hypercube. An interconnection network needs to have good structural properties beyond simple measures such as connectivity. There are many different measures of structural integrity of interconnection networks. In this paper we prove that if vertices are deleted from an augmented cube of dimension n where g is a quadratic function, the resulting graph will either be connected or will have a large component and small components having at most vertices in total. Additional results on the cyclic vertex-connectivity and the restricted vertex-connectivity of the augmented cubes will also be given.
R5 HIV env and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Protein Cooperate To Mediate Fusion to Naïve CD4+ T Cells

Naive CD4(4) T cells are resistant to both HIV R5 env and vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G)-mediated fusion. However, viral particles carrying both HIV R5 env and VSV-G infect naive cells by an unexplained mechanism. We show that VSV-G-pseudotyped virus cannot fuse to unstimulated cells because the viral particles cannot be endocytosed. However, virions carrying both HIV R5 env and VSV-G can fuse because CD4 binding allows viral uptake. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism by which R5 HIV env and VSV-G cooperate to allow entry to naive CD4(+) T cells, providing a tool to target naive CD4(+) T cells with R5 HIV to study HIV coreceptor signaling and latency.
Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease.

In community-dwelling elderly persons with Alzheimer disease, survival was shorter than predicted from U.S. population data. Features significantly associated with reduced survival at diagnosis inc...
A TDM wattmeter with a 0.5-MHz carrier frequency

The operating principle and design of a TDM (time-division multiplexer) wattmeter with 0.5-MHz carrier frequency are described. At power frequency the meter was compared with the National Research Council's current-comparator power bridge. The nonlinearity error of the meter was smaller than 100 ppm of full scale over the wide range of inputs and the whole range of power factor. Preliminary results have shown that the frequency dependent errors are below 100 ppm up to 2 kHz in the whole range of power factor. This accuracy is comparable with the accuracy of the standard thermal wattmeters. However, the meter itself is more compact, is relatively simple, and has a faster response time. The design described demonstrates that relatively simple corrections permit a considerable increase in the TDM wattmeter carrier frequency, thus decreasing its systematic frequency errors. >
Differential effect of obesity on bone mineral density in White, Hispanic and African American women: a cross sectional study

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem with low bone mass affecting nearly half the women aged 50 years or older. Evidence from various studies has shown that higher body mass index (BMI) is a protective factor for bone mineral density (BMD). Most of the evidence, however, is from studies with Caucasian women and it is unclear to what extent ethnicity plays a role in modifying the effect of BMI on BMD. A cross sectional study was performed in which records of postmenopausal women who presented for screening for osteoporosis at 2 urban medical centres were reviewed. Using logistic regression, we examined the interaction of race and BMI after adjusting for age, family history of osteoporosis, maternal fracture, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle on BMD. Low BMD was defined as T-score at the lumbar spine < -1. Among 3,206 patients identified, the mean age of the study population was 58.3 ± 0.24 (Years ± SEM) and the BMI was 30.6 kg/m2. 2,417 (75.4%) were African Americans (AA), 441(13.6%) were Whites and 348 (10.9%) were Hispanics. The AA women had lower odds of having low BMD compared to Whites [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.079 (0.03–0.24) (95% CI), p < 0.01]. The odds ratio of low BMD was not statistically significant between White and Hispanic women. We examined the interaction between race and BMD. For White women; as the BMI increases by unity, the odds of low BMD decreases [OR = 0.9 (0.87–0.94), p < 0.01; for every unit increase in BMI]. AA women had slightly but significantly higher odds of low BMD compared to Whites [OR 1.015 (1.007–1.14), p <0.01 for every unit increase in BMI]. This effect was not observed when Hispanic women were compared to Whites. There is thus a race-dependent effect of BMI on BMD. With each unit increase in BMI, BMD increases for White women, while a slight but significant decrease in BMD occurs in African American women.
Supporting range and segment-based hysteresis thresholding in edge detection

One of the important steps in gradient-based edge detection is thresholding, e.g., hysteresis thresholding in the Canny detector. Traditional approaches only use gradient magnitude as the criterion to select edge pixels. We introduce a novel saliency measure called supporting range. It measures the range along the gradient direction of an edge pixel in which its gradient magnitude is a local maximum. As the result, our approach can detect the edge pixels on object boundaries even if they have very low gradient magnitude. In addition, unlike the Canny detector, the proposed hysteresis thresholding approach is based on segments instead of individual pixels. This also makes the approach more robust to detect edge pixels on weak boundaries.
Acetate retention and metabolism in the hyporheic zone of a mountain stream

An in situ acetate injection was used to determine the influence of labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) availability on microbial respiration in the hyporheic zone of a headwater stream. We added bromide as a conservative tracer and acetate as an organic substrate to the hyporheic zone of Rio Calaveras, New Mexico, via an injection well. Tracer was observed in four of eight capture wells. Three of the four wells showed increases in bromide without concurrent increases in acetate concentration, suggesting 100% acetate retention. One well had 38% acetate retention. Pore velocity and acetate retention were negatively correlated, suggesting hydrologic control of acetate retention. Acetate did not significantly sorb to the sandy hyporheic sediments at this site, indicating biological consumption of acetate. Acetate addition stimulated total CO2 production along monitored flowpaths and led to changes in solutes associated with microbial terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs). Dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate significantly decreased, and ferrous iron and methane significantly increased compared to background concentrations in most wells. These results support the hypothesis that microbial respiration in the hyporheic zone is limited by labile DOC availability. Furthermore, we have shown that a suite of metabolic processes, from aerobic respiration to methanogenesis, cooccur and that anaerobic processes dominate heterotrophic metabolism in the hyporheic zone of Rio Calaveras.
Improving Region Selection in Dynamic Optimization Systems

The performance of a dynamic optimization system depends heavily on the code it selects to optimize. Many current systems follow the design of HP Dynamo and select a single interprocedural path, or trace, as the unit of code optimization and code caching. Though this approach to region selection has worked well in practice, we show that it is possible to adapt this basic approach to produce regions with greater locality, less needless code duplication, and fewer profiling counters. In particular, we propose two new region-selection algorithms and evaluate them against Dynamo's selection mechanism, Next-Executing Tail (NET). Our first algorithm, Last-Executed Iteration (LEI), identifies cyclic paths of execution better than NET, improving locality of execution while reducing the size of the code cache. Our second algorithm allows overlapping traces of similar execution frequency to be combined into a single large region. This second technique can be applied to both NET and LEI, and we find that it significantly improves metrics of locality and memory overhead for each.
A Case of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection: Klebsiella pneumoniae Emphysematous Cystitis Presenting as Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department

THIS CASE REPORT DESCRIBES AN ATYPICAL PRESENTATION OF AN ATYPICAL DISEASE ENTITY: Emphysematous Cystitis, a rapidly progressive, ascending urinary tract infection, in an emergency department (ED) patient whose chief complaint was abdominal pain and who had a urinalysis not consistent with the diagnosis of cystitis.
The Crithidia fasciculata RNH1 gene encodes both nuclear and mitochondrial isoforms of RNase H

The Crithidia fasciculata RNH1 gene encodes an RNase H, an enzyme that specifically degrades the RNA strand of RNA–DNA hybrids. The RNH1 gene is contained within an open reading frame (ORF) predicted to encode a protein of 53.7 kDa. Previous work has shown that RNH1 expresses two proteins: a 38 kDa protein and a 45 kDa protein which is enriched in kinetoplast extracts. Epitope tagging of the C-terminus of the RNH1 gene results in localization of the protein to both the kinetoplast and the nucleus. Translation of the ORF beginning at the second in-frame methionine codon predicts a protein of 38 kDa. Insertion of two tandem stop codons between the first ATG codon and the second in-frame ATG codon of the ORF results in expression of only the 38 kDa protein and the protein localizes specifically to the nucleus. Mutation of the second methionine codon to a valine codon prevents expression of the 38 kDa protein and results in exclusive production of the 45 kDa protein and localization of the protein only in the kinetoplast. These results suggest that the kinetoplast enzyme results from processing of the full-length 53.7 kDa protein. The nuclear enzyme appears to result from translation initiation at the second in-frame ATG codon. This is the first example in trypanosomatids of the production of nuclear and mitochondrial isoforms of a protein from a single gene and is the only eukaryotic gene in the RNase HI gene family shown to encode a mitochondrial RNase H.
Covariation in individuals' sensitivities to bitter compounds: evidence supporting multiple receptor/transduction mechanisms.

People vary widely in their sensitivities to bitter compounds, but the intercorrelation of these sensitivities is unknown. Our goal was to investigate correlations as a function of individual sensitivities to several bitter compounds representative of different chemical classes and, from these correlations, infer the number and variety of potential bitterness transduction systems for these compounds. Twenty-six subjects rated and ranked quinine HCl, caffeine, (−)-epicatechin, tetralone, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, magnesium sulfate, urea, sucrose octaacetate (SOA), denatonium benzoate, andn-propylthiouracil (PROP) for bitterness. By examining individual differences, ratings and rankings could be grouped into two general clusters—urea/phenylalanine/tryptophan/epicatechin, and quinine/caffeine/SOA/denatonium benzoate/tetralone/magnesium sulfate—none of which contained PROP. When subjects were grouped into the extremes of sensitivity to PROP, a significant difference was found in the bitterness ratings, but not in the rankings. Therefore, there are also subjects who possess diminished absolute sensitivity to bitter stimuli but do not differ from other subjects in their relative sensitivities to these compounds.
A New Lung Preservation Technique through Bronchial Artery Perfusion on Ex-Vivo Lung

Purpose Airway hypoxia due to microvascular loss may be a predisposing factor for subsequent fibrotic remodeling in allografts, resulting in suboptimal transplant outcomes in lung transplantation. Ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a novel strategy for lung allograft preservation that keeps the organs at physiological protective conditions. Modifying EVLP strategy, we have developed a new lung preservation technique focusing on airway protection through bronchial artery perfusion. Methods and Materials Using heart-lung blocks harvested from Lewis rats, we have developed a model where bronchial circulation (using another cannula from descending aorta, retrogradely) was synchronously perfused in addition to pulmonary circulation with acellular Steen solution on EVLP (the scheme of the model is shown in Fig 1 ). Rat lungs after 1 hour cold preservation, perfused and ventilated on EVLP for 4 hours were evaluated and lungs with bronchial artery perfusion were compared with those without bronchial perfusion on EVLP. The studies were performed based on our rat EVLP protocol that has proven to be reliable with at least 4 hours of duration with stable results. Results At 4 hours on EVLP, bronchial artery perfusion was associated with significantly better preserved oxygenation and better compliance in lung allografts through reduced glucose consumption and increased ATP level as compared to the control group. Conclusions Bronchial artery perfusion on EVLP may be a new lung preservation strategy that breaks through the current major limitation in hypoxic transplant airways after lung transplantation.
The effect of feeder space allocation on behavior of Hy-Line W-36 hens housed in conventional cages

Abstract Insufficient feeder space for laying hens could increase competition at the feed trough, resulting in exclusion of low-ranking hens from the feeder. To test this hypothesis, the effects of feeder space allocation (FSA) on feeding behavior, aggression, feather scores, BW, and mortality were evaluated in a common commercial strain of egg-laying chickens. Beak-trimmed Hy-Line W-36 hens (n = 480) were obtained as pullets at 16.5 wk of age and housed in conventional cages on 4 tiers. Five pullets/cage were housed at a stocking density of 434 cm2/pullet and an FSA of 12.2 cm/pullet. After 1.5 wk of acclimation, baseline measurements were taken for 2 wk and then pullets were given either 5.8, 7.1, 8.4, 9.7, 10.9, or 12.2 cm of feeder space/hen (16 cages/treatment). Feeding behavior was evaluated in each cage over a 24-h period each month. For each hen, percentage of time spent feeding and synchrony (mean number of additional hens feeding at the same time) were determined and scores were averaged for each cage. For each cage, feeder switching (number of observations in which hens changed from feeding to not feeding) and feeder sharing (probability that feeder access was equally distributed among all hens) were calculated. At monthly intervals, individual hens were weighed and their feathers scored using a 5-point scale on 8 body regions. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures GLM incorporating cage, tier, FSA, and age of the hen. Hens with reduced feeder space spent less time feeding (P
Characterization of angle of arrival based on ray-tracing for an indoor wireless communications environment

It is well known that multipaths are clustered in time in indoor environments. Characterization of angle of arrive is especially important for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications systems. To characterize the angle of arrival of radio signals, we propose to use the ray-tracing method. Ray-tracing method is intrinsically angle-of-arrival oriented. This paper presents simulation results of angle of arrival for an office environment. It is found that the ray distribution vs. angle-of-arrival has two peaks: one corresponds to the direction from transmitter to receiver, while the other corresponds to the opposite direction.
Evaluation of a Clostridium perfringens Predictive Model, Developed under Isothermal Conditions in Broth, To Predict Growth in Ground Beef during Cooling

Proper temperature control is essential in minimizing Clostridium perfringens germination, growth, and toxin production. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) offers two options for the cooling of meat products: follow a standard time-temperature schedule or validate that alternative cooling regimens result in no more than a 1-log10 CFU/g increase of C. perfringens and no growth of Clostridium botulinum. A mathematical model developed by Juneja et al. (Food Microbiol. 16:335-349, 1999) may be helpful in determining if the C. perfringens performance standard has been achieved, but this model has not been extensively validated. The objective of this study was to validate the Juneja 1999 model in ground beef under a variety of changing temperature and temperature abuse situations. The Juneja 1999 model consistently underpredicted growth of C. perfringens during exponential cooling of ground beef. The model also underpredicted growth of C. perfringens in ground beef cooled at two different rates. The results presented here show generally good agreement with published data on the growth of C. perfringens in similar products. The model error may be due to faster-than-expected exponential growth rates in ground beef during cooling or an error in the mathematical formulation of the model.