cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Interests and the Adoption of the Income Tax in the United States

Perhaps no single element involved with the rapid assumption of economic power by the federal government was more important than the passage of the income tax, the means by which the increasing role of government was financed. We explain the political and economic interests that came together to successfully pass the income tax, and we provide extensive empirical evidence regarding the determinants of the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
Investigation of micro-channel plates as parallel-bore electron collimators for use in a proximity-focused ultra-fast streak tube

Abstract Micro-channel plates have been investigated for use as parallel-bore electron collimators for energies up to 10 keV. The collimation quality of plates of three aspect ratios has been measured using a dc beam. Measured angular acceptance profiles indicate good collimation. This investigation was carried out as part of a design study of an ultra-fast proximity-focused streak tube using a micro-channel plate for transverse photoelectron velocity selection.
Influence of Cocoa and Sugar in Milk on Dental Caries Incidence

A study of four groups of individuals 9 to 25 years of age showed no statistically significant increases in caries when sugar and cocoa were added to whole milk. Addition to milk of both sugar and cocoa resulted in caries findings that were higher by borderline significance than those with milk that contained cocoa but no sugar.
Modeling employee absenteeism: testing alternative measures and mediated effects based on job satisfaction

Using a sample of hospital employees this study addressed whether job satisfaction mediates the relationship between absenteeism predictors and absenteeism and how well absenteeism predictors explained different measures of absenteeism. The results suggest that job satisfaction is not a mediator and that the independent variables explain more variance in records-based time lost than in self-reported time lost or self-reported absence frequency. Implications are discussed in terms of using job satisfaction as a mediator as well as the viability of alternative measures of absenteeism. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributions on spheres and random variables distributed on the interval (−1,1)

Abstract In this paper, we look at a simple relationship between a random vector having a continuous distribution on the unit m-sphere and m random variables, m−1 of which have a distribution on the interval (−1,1), while the final random variable is a discrete one taking on the values −1 and 1. This relationship can be particularly useful when these m random variables are independently distributed. In this case, it can be used to construct distributions on the unit m-sphere having specific features as well as to generate random vectors having these distributions.
Options for glenoid labral suture anchor fixation

Treatment of glenohumeral instability and capsulolabral pathology continues to evolve as arthroscopic techniques improve. A growing body of biomechanical and clinical research provides an enhanced perspective on results obtained with both arthroscopic and open treatment of these conditions. Labral repair and capsulolabral reconstruction can effectively be treated with suture anchors by both arthroscopic and open methods. Suture anchors are low-profile fixation devices that can minimize articular surface compromise and afford an anatomic reconstruction of the labrum and glenohumeral ligament complex. Although the use of suture anchors has become increasingly common to obtain stable fixation and healing at the bone-tendon interface in rotator cuff repair, critical distinctions exist between this function and their implementation in labral repair and capsulolabral reconstruction. This article examines the technical aspects of labral repair and capsulolabral reconstruction with metallic and bioabsorbable suture anchors. The emphasis is on implant options, technical advantages, potential limitations, and relevant biomechanical considerations to better achieve an optimal outcome.
The Final Proof of the Immortality of the Soul in Plato's Phaedo 102a - 107a

Among the arguments presented by Socrates as proofs for the everlastingness of the human soul the last one has greatly puzzled philosophers because it seems that, in opposition to the earlier arguments,' Plato considered this last argument conclusive. For, whereas earlier in the discussion the partners of the dialogue, Simmias and Cebes, raise objections and Socrates tries to meet their criticism, at the end of the last argument he claims: "Then this is most certain that the soul is immortal and imperishable and that our souls will really exist in Hades" (106e). And at this point Socrates obtains his partners' final consent. For, though Simmias admits that he still entertains doubts, it seems that Plato wants to attribute this to the natural difficulties we encounter when arguments have to overcome fears, not to shortcomings of the argument itself (cf. 107 a/b). For with Socrates' calm reassurance that further scrutiny of its presuppositions would finally lead to a state of conviction as far as this is humanly possible, the argumentative part of the dialogue ends (107 b9) .2 What follows is Socrates' mythical description of the soul's afterlife and, finally, the narrative of Socrates' peaceful death among his friends. Because of Socrates'/Plato's apparent confidence in this last argument it has always attracted special attention. And in recent years there have been various attempts to expose the flaw or flaws in the proof. For, ever since Kant pointed out the unavoidable difficulties that human reason encounters when it tries to transcend the boundaries of sense-experience, the interest of philosophers in arguments of this kind has been mainly a critical one. It is a challenge to a philosopher's skill to expose weaknesses of such arguments, steps which do not follow necessarily or assumptions which one does not have to accept. Furthermore, especially in the case of a philosopher as great as Plato, such a critical investigation promises to be a rewarding task, since one may hope that, if the argument under investigation turns out not to be clearly invalid, one may learn something about those philosophical presuppositions which are not explicitly stated in the argument but tacitly assumed (or argued for earlier in the dialogue), but which are, nevertheless, needed to make the argument go through. In this paper, then, I shall try to defend Plato's argument against those critics who claim that its conclusion is reached by invalid inference and point out
Development and Implementation of Mass Media Campaigns to Delay Sexual Initiation Among African American and White Youth

Reducing new HIV/STD infections among at-risk adolescents requires developing and evaluating evidence-based health communication approaches. Research overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that early sexual initiation is associated with STDs and other negative outcomes in later years (e.g., unintended pregnancy). The authors' research group secured funding from the National Institute of Mental Health to develop, implement, and rigorously evaluate televised mass media campaigns to delay initiation of sexual intercourse among African American and White adolescents in two cities in the Southeastern United States. The focus of the present study is on the development and implementation of the campaigns, including (a) rationale and theoretical underpinnings; (b) collection, screening, and assessment of existing public service announcements; (c) development of new public service announcements; (d) study design and campaign airing plan; and (e) message exposure achieved in the campaigns. Health communication campaigns hold much promise in reaching at-risk adolescent populations with targeted, timely, and relevant risk-reduction messages.
NEUTRON STAR STRUCTURE IN THE PRESENCE OF SCALAR FIELDS

Motivated by the possible presence of scalar fields on cosmological scales, suggested by the recent measurement of the deceleration parameter by supernovae surveys, we present models of neutron star structure under the assumption that a scalar field makes a significant contribution to the stress energy momentum tensor, in addition to that made by the normal matter. To that end we solve the coupled Einstein-scalar field-hydrostatic balance equations to compute the effect of the presence of the scalar field on the neutron star structure. We find that the presence of the scalar field does change the structure of the neutron star, especially in cases of strong coupling between the scalar field and the matter density. We present the neutron star radius as a function of the matter-scalar field coupling constant for different values of the neutron star central density. The presence of the scalar field does affect both the maximum neutron star mass and its radius, the latter increasing with the value of the above coupling constant. Our results can provide limits to the scalar field-matter coupling through spectro-temporal observations of accreting or isolated neutron stars.
A nomological model of RFID privacy concern

Purpose – Radio frequency identification (RFID) can bring a lot of benefits to supply chain management. However, privacy issues caused by RFID surface constantly and can impede widespread implementation of RFID. The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical model to explicate the construct of concern for information privacy (CFIP).Design/methodology/approach – The authors review and synthesize the extant and pertinent literature on RFID and privacy issues. Starting with previous theorization of CFIP, its four constituent dimensions are examined – collection, unauthorized secondary use, improper access, and errors – within the context of RFID‐related privacy issues.Findings – The authors situate CFIP within a nomological model, which advances that: awareness of the RFID technology itself, awareness of information security risks entailed by RFID use, and awareness of privacy protective measures are direct antecedent to CFIP; and CFIP directly influences a person's trust in the RFID technology.Social...
Preventing and Managing HIV Infection in Infants, Children, and Adolescents in the United States

1. George K. Siberry, MD, MPH* 1. *Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD * Abbreviations: ART: : antiretroviral therapy ARV: : antiretroviral cART: : combination antiretroviral therapy CDC: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention EIA: : enzyme-linked immunoassay HIV: : human immunodeficiency virus MAC: : Mycobacterium avium complex MMR: : measles-mumps-rubella MSM: : men who have sex with men MTCT: : maternal-to-child transmission OI: : opportunistic infection PCP: : Pneumocystis pneumonia PCR: : polymerase chain reaction STI: : sexually transmitted infection Effective prevention strategies have reduced the risk of perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to less than 1% to 2% in the United States, but failures to fully implement these strategies result in continued preventable infant HIV infections. In addition, the increasing number of sexually acquired HIV infections in adolescents underscores the important role of the pediatrician in preventing and diagnosing HIV infection in youth. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the important role that the pediatrician plays in the prevention, detection, and care of patients infected with and affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 2. Understand the epidemiology of HIV infection in infants, children, and adolescents. 3. Select the proper HIV diagnostic testing plan for infants, children, and adolescents. 4. Plan the comprehensive management of HIV-exposed infants. 5. Recognize the clinical conditions suggestive of HIV infection, including the major opportunistic infections seen in patients with HIV/AIDS. 6. Understand the principles, monitoring, and complications of HIV treatment in infants, children, and adolescents. Since the first description of infants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the early 1980s, (1)(2) tremendous advances have been made in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of HIV infection. Effective prevention strategies have reduced the risk of perinatal transmission, or maternal-to-child transmission (MTCT), of HIV infection to less than 1% to 2% in the United States, and the World Health Organization has made global elimination of new infant HIV infections a realistic target by 2015. (3) For those children who have HIV infection, the development of potent antiretroviral (ARV) drugs has transformed a once progressive and often fatal infection for children into a chronic condition …
Plasma oxidation of silicon

Abstract In this paper, techniques for the oxidation of silicon in microwave, r.f. and d.c. oxygen plasmas are reviewed. Oxidation of silicon in an r.f. oxygen plasma appears promising as a low temperature oxidation process, since it has been demonstrated for silicon wafers of large diameter. Rapid and uniform oxide growth has been achieved at temperatures as low as 300 °C. The physical and electrical properties of plasma oxides are comparable with those of thermal oxides grown at 1000 °C. Devices fabricated using a plasma oxidation process have characteristics similar to those fabricated using conventional high temperature oxidation.
Beyond persuasion: A proposal for an invitational rhetoric

Most traditional rhetorical theories reflect a patriarchal bias in the positive value they accord to changing and thus dominating others. In this essay, an alternative rhetoric—invitational rhetoric—is proposed, one grounded in the feminist principles of equality, immanent value, and self‐determination. Its purpose is to offer an invitation to understanding, and its communicative modes are the offering of perspectives and the creation of the external conditions of safety, value, and freedom.
THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

▪ Abstract Atrial fibrillation is the most common dysrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. For some patients, satisfactory rate control is not possible by pharmacologic means. This led us to develop a surgical approach to its cure, which in turn has led to a deeper understanding of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial fibrillation and to the development of a surgical procedure that is highly effective in restoring sinus rhythm with an acceptable mortality and morbidity. We review these findings as well as the clinical results obtained with the Maze procedure.
Interface traps induced by hole trapping in metal-oxide semiconductor devices

Abstract Interface traps near the SiSiO 2 interface induced by hole trapping alone are reported. It is found that interface traps are generated directly due to the presence of trapped holes in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices, and that the loss of trapped holes due to annihilation by electron injection is accompanied by a reduction of interface traps. This observation is distinct from previous reports of a ‘conversion’ of trapped holes to interface traps or a process of interface trap generation in which the presence of trapped holes is required in an intermediate step. It is shown that the origin of these interface traps is not the P b center, nor a recombination center in general; thus the phenomenon may help to explain the discrepancy between the density of electrically measured interface traps and P b center densities measured using electron paramagnetic resonance.
Daily Use of Complementary and Other Therapies for Symptoms Among Older Adults: Study Design and Illustrative Results:

Objectives: This article describes research designed to specify complementary therapies used among older adults by obtaining daily use data and the specific purposes for use. Design: Two hundred African American and White participants completed a baseline interview and up to six sets of three daily-diary interviews at monthly intervals. Results: Participants provided retrospective information on complementary therapy use and information on the use of therapies for specific symptoms experienced across 3,070 person days. Retrospective information indicated that most participants used complementary therapies (e.g., 85.0% used home remedies in the past year). The use of complementary or other therapies and the number of days the therapies were used varied for specific symptoms. For example, home remedies were used on 86 (9.1%) of the 944 person days for which joint pain was reported. Discussion: The daily-diary design provides detailed information for delineating how elders include complementary and other the...
The mismatch repair system is required for S-phase checkpoint activation.

Defective S-phase checkpoint activation results in an inability to downregulate DNA replication following genotoxic insult such as exposure to ionizing radiation. This 'radioresistant DNA synthesis' (RDS) is a phenotypic hallmark of ataxia–telangiectasia1, a cancer-prone disorder caused by mutations in ATM2. The mismatch repair system principally corrects nucleotide mismatches that arise during replication3. Here we show that the mismatch repair system is required for activation of the S-phase checkpoint in response to ionizing radiation. Cells deficient in mismatch repair proteins showed RDS, and restoration of mismatch repair function restored normal S-phase checkpoint function. Catalytic activation of ATM and ATM-mediated phosphorylation of the protein NBS1 (also called nibrin) occurred independently of mismatch repair. However, ATM-dependent phosphorylation and activation of the checkpoint kinase CHK2 and subsequent degradation of its downstream target, CDC25A, was abrogated in cells lacking mismatch repair. In vitro and in vivo approaches both show that MSH2 binds to CHK2 and that MLH1 associates with ATM. These findings indicate that the mismatch repair complex formed at the sites of DNA damage facilitates the phosphorylation of CHK2 by ATM, and that defects in this mechanism form the molecular basis for the RDS observed in cells deficient in mismatch repair.
Preparation of high purity BeO powder

Abstract A method is described for the preparation of high purity beryllium oxide in which advantage is taken of the differences in solubility of beryllium basic acetate and other acetates in various solvents. The resulting beryllium acetate is readily hydrolyzed to form a precipitate of spherical beryllium hydroxide agglomerates that can be calcined to high purity beryllium oxide.
Use of actinomycin D to unmask RNA synthesis induced by Newcastle disease virus.

Abstract In several RNA-containing animal virus systems in which changes in host cell RNA metabolism resulting from virus infection have been investigated, it has been difficult to distinguish events directly related to virus synthesis from secondary effects of infection on cell metabolism ( Ackermann et al. , 1959 ; Salzman and Lockart, 1959 ; Martin and Work, 1961 ). In the case of the myxoviruses, moreover, little or no change in RNA synthesis early in the infectious cycle has been observed ( Arnoff and Rafelson, 1959 ; Rosenbergova, 1960 ). If cellular RNA synthesis proceeds at near normal rates following infection, incorporation of isotopically labelled RNA precursors into a virus-induced RNA fraction is necessarily obscured. Recent studies by Simon (1961) , Reich and Franklin (1961) , and Reich et al. (1961) , have shown that several RNA-containing animal viruses can replicate in spite of severe impairment of DNA synthesis and DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, thereby suggesting the approach used in this study. In the experiments to be described, the antibiotic drug, actinomycin D, was used to inhibit DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in avian cells sufficiently to reveal the cycle of RNA synthesis directed by Newcastle disease virus (NDV).
Rocket observations of the vertical distribution of ozone in the polar night and during a mid‐winter stratospheric warming

Rocket ozone soundings have been conducted in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere at high latitudes during winter. The collection of soundings show a high degree of variability when compared to ozone distributions measured during summer and at lower latitudes. The concurrently observed temperature and winds also show large variations which can be qualitatively related to the ozone profiles. Two most unusual ozone profiles were observed in January 1979 over Alaska during a stratospheric warming event. Both ozone profiles were consistent in showing the measured mixing ratios to be higher at 50 km than those measured at 40 km, a feature never reported before. This feature is related to the concurrently observed wind and temperature distributions and the NMC analyses of pressure height fields. The polar night ozone observations in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere suggest some temperature dependence, but transports seem to play an important role.
Virtually Accessible: Empowering Students To Advocate for Accessibility and Support Universal Design.

Students’ professional training often focuses on narrow technical considerations that exclude accessibility concerns and universal design perspectives. This can make them ill‐equipped to understand the importance of accessibility approaches let alone become advocates for them. This article explores how students who design Web sites and work with computer end users in support capacities can be introduced to accessibility approaches and empowered to promote them in organizational contexts. The issues involved can also be used as springboards for examination of larger matters concerning universal design perspectives and humanistic approaches to management.
Osteocalcin and type 2 diabetes risk in Latinos: A life course approach.

Objective To examine associations between circulating levels of the bone-derived protein osteocalcin (OC) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk in Latino children and adults. Methods Serum OC was measured in 136 children and 531 adults who had the following T2D risk factors assessed, body mass index (BMI), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting and 2-hour glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test. Results OC was significantly higher in children than adults (209.0 ± 12.1 vs. 41.0 ± 0.9 ng/ml, p<0.0001). In adults, OC was inversely associated (all p<0.001) with BMI (r=-0.2), HbA1c (r=-0.2), fasting glucose (r=-0.16), and 2-hour glucose (r=-0.21), while there were no significant associations in children. There was a stepwise decrease in OC with increasing dysglycemia in adults, normoglycemic (44.1 ± 1.3 ng/ml), prediabetic (39.3 ± 1.3 ng/ml), and T2D (31.8 ± 1.2 ng/ml), (p<0.0001), whereas there were no differences between normal and prediabetic youth (195.7 ± 16.1 vs. 194.7 ± 25.8 ng/ml, p=0.3). Conclusions OC was inversely associated with T2D risk in Latino adults; however, this pattern was not observed in children. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:859–861, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychosocial factors and smoking cessation behaviors among smokers who have and have not ever tried to quit

Relationships between smoking cessation behaviors and demographic characteristics and attitudes were analyzed among two groups of smokers, those who had and had not ever tried to quit Telephone interviews were completed with 1501 smokers at baseline and at a 3 month follow-up. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors that were associated with planning to quit, attempting to quit and quitting smoking within the two groups of smokers. Different patterns of correlates were found across groups and within the three outcome measures, indicating the potential importance of targeting interventions according to whether or not smokers have made a prior quit attempt These findings also support the value of using multiple outcome measures in the smoking cessation process.
Evaluation and management of heart rhythm disturbances due to cardiac sarcoidosis

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) affects less than 5% of patients with pulmonary or systemic sarcoidosis, but when present is often associated with a spectrum of clinically significant conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias. The cardinal manifestations of CS include conduction disturbances, arrhythmias, or congestive heart failure. Less commonly, there is concealed subclinical disease. The electrophysiologic evaluation for CS includes a history and physical exam, ECG, and echocardiogram for all sarcoidosis patients, along with MRI, PET/nuclear scans, and EPS for certain subsets of patients. Despite variable data to support their efficacy, glucocorticoids should still be considered in the treatment plan of CS. Antiarrhythmics in isolation are often ineffective in controlling ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiac pacemakers have provided important therapy for patients with conduction defects and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy provides the strongest insurance to prevent fatal arrhythmias from CS. A recent consensus statement provides guidance for clinicians on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with CS including indications for ICDs. The use of pacemakers, ICD implantation and early implementation of corticosteroid therapy have led to an improvement in the overall prognosis and clinical outcomes of CS.
Measurements of Ocean Surface Turbulence and Wave–Turbulence Interactions

Abstract The uppermost layers of the ocean, along with the lower atmospheric boundary layer, play a crucial role in the air–sea fluxes of momentum, heat, and mass, thereby providing important boundary conditions for both the atmosphere and the ocean that control the evolution of weather and climate. In particular, the fluxes of heat and gas rely on exchange processes through the molecular layers, which are usually located within the viscous layer, which is in turn modulated by the waves and the turbulence at the free surface. The understanding of the multiple interactions between molecular layers, viscous layers, waves, and turbulence is, therefore, paramount for an adequate parameterization of these fluxes. In this paper, the authors present evidence of a clear coupling between the surface waves and the surface turbulence. When averaged over time scales longer than the wave period, this coupling yields a spatial relationship between surface temperature, divergence, and vorticity fields that is consistent...
Archaisms in the Troizen Decree

The decree of Themistocles, discovered by M. H. Jameson and first published by him in 1960 has given rise to an intense debate centring on the question of the decree's authenticity. This debate has focused to an important extent on supposed archaisms or anachronisms in the text. If a word appears to be used in an ‘archaic’ manner, i.e., in this instance, one peculiar to the early fifth century, it may be an indication of the inscription's authenticity. Conversely, a word employed in a manner proper to a later time may be an indication of the decree's actual period of origination. Thus an early and influential commentator, D. M. Lewis, argued for the decree's authenticity asserting: ‘I see no reason to suspect a forgery. There are too many traces of official and archaic language.’.
Cognitive rigidity in suicide attempters

A number of investigators have reported evidence of cognitive rigidity in suicide attempters (e.g., Levenson & Neuringer, 1971; Neuringer, 1964; Patsiokas, Clum, & Luscomb, 1979). It is important to note, however, that in all of the studies that found suicide attempters to be rigid, the test batteries had been administered to persons during their period of hospitalization immediately following a suicide attempt-thus, presumably, while they were still in the crisis period. The present study was designed as a step toward determining whether cognitive rigidity is a personality trait of suicide attempters or simply a transient characteristic limited to the crisis period. We administered tests for rigidity to persons who had attempted suicide but were well past the crisis period. These persons were less rigid than attempters from previous studies on the Rokeach Map Test (p less than .05) and the Alternate Uses Test (p less than .001). The implication is that if indeed there is a suicidal personality, rigidity is not a defining trait.
Molecular Modeling of Metabolism for Allergen-Free Low Linoleic Acid Peanuts

It is necessary to eliminate linoleic acid and allergenic arachins from peanuts for good health reasons. Virginia-type peanuts, harvested from plots treated with mineral salts combinations that mimic the subunit compositions of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were analyzed for fatty acid and arachin compositions by HPLC and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Fatty acid desaturase and arachin encoding mRNAs were analyzed by Northern hybridization using the homologous RNAs synthesized by peanut GDH as probes. There were 70–80 % sequence similarities between the GDH-synthesized RNAs and the mRNAs encoding arachins, fatty acid desaturases, glutamate synthase, and nitrate reductase, which similarities induced permutation of the metabolic pathways at the mRNA level. Modeling of mRNAs showed there were 210, 3,150, 1,260, 2,520, and 4,200 metabolic permutations in the control, NPKS-, NS-, Pi-, NH4Cl-, and PK-treated peanuts, respectively. The mRNA cross-talks decreased the arachin to almost zero percent in the NPKS- and PK-treated peanuts, and linoleate to ∼18 % in the PK-treated peanut. The mRNA cross-talks may account for the vastly reported environmentally induced variability in the linoleate contents of peanut genotypes. These results have quantitatively unified molecular biology and metabolic pathways into one simple biotechnology for optimizing peanut quality and may encourage small-scale industry to produce arachin-free low linoleate peanuts.
Upper bounds for configurations and polytopes inRd

We give a new upper bound onnd(d+1)n on the number of realizable order types of simple configurations ofn points inRd, and ofn2d2n on the number of realizable combinatorial types of simple configurations. It follows as a corollary of the first result that there are no more thannd(d+1)n combinatorially distinct labeled simplicial polytopes inRd withn vertices, which improves the best previous upper bound ofncnd/2.
A New Explanation for Call Option Overpricing: Theory and Empirical Evidence

A recent empirical study (Constantinides et al, 2011) argues that S&P 500 Index call options are frequently overpriced in the sense that any rational agent can improve her expected utility by writing these calls. Little work has addressed why such apparent mispricing is so common. For the first time in literature, I develop a stylized economic model to show that such overpricing of call options is consistent with equilibrium in an economy where agents have portfolio constraints and heterogeneity in beliefs on both expected return and volatility. Consistently with the well-established “leverage effect,” it is assumed that bearish agents expect higher volatility than bullish agents do. Within my model, an underlying stock buyer has one motive (expectation of higher return) but a call buyer has two motives (expectation of higher return and expectation of higher volatility) so that call options are overpriced relative to the underlying stock when portfolio constraints of call suppliers are binding. Consequently, call option overpricing occurs when beliefs dispersion is large and the capacity of liquidity providers is small. Empirically, I propose a model-free methodology to investigate the determinants of option overpricing and verify my explanation by documenting that option overpricing is more common when cross sectional standard deviations of beliefs are large and options transaction volume is small. The findings are robust to various implementations of the empirical study.
Testing Simple Hypotheses

Pre-experimental Frequentist error probabilities do not summarize adequately the strength of evidence from data. The Conditional Frequentist paradigm overcomes this problem by selecting a “neutral” statistic S to reflect the strength of the evidence and reporting a conditional error probability, given the observed value of S. We introduce a neutral statistic S that makes the Conditional Frequentist error reports identical to Bayesian posterior probabilities of the hypotheses. In symmetrical cases we can show this strategy to be optimal from the Frequentist perspective. A Conditional Frequentist who uses such a strategy can exploit the consistency of the method with the Likelihood Principle — for example, the validity of sequential hypothesis tests even if the stopping rule is informative or is incompletely specified.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, or Broken-Heart Syndrome:

Objective:To report a case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as apical ballooning syndrome or stress cardiomyopathy.Case Summary:A 68-year-old female with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and anxiety presented with symptoms that mimicked acute coronary syndrome (ACS); the chief symptom was chest tightness. An electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm, with minimal ST elevation in the anterior leads. The patient was initially treated for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and symptoms resolved. Coronary angiography ruled out ACS and confirmed a diagnosis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy.Discussion:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is commonly triggered by severe emotional or psychological stress and occurs primarily in postmenopausal women. A reversible contractility abnormality of the left ventricle causes the ventricle to take on a balloon-like appearance; hence the name of tako-tsubo, a Japanese octopus fishing pot that has a narrow neck and a wide midsection. Signs and symptoms of takotsub...
Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI.

A method of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure retinotopic organization within human cortex is described. The method is based on a visual stimulus that creates a traveling wave of neural activity within retinotopically organized visual areas. We measured the fMRI signal caused by this stimulus in visual cortex and represented the results on images of the flattened cortical sheet. We used the method to locate visual areas and to evaluate the spatial precision of fMRI. Specifically, we: (i) identified the borders between several retinotopically organized visual areas in the posterior occipital lobe; (ii) measured the function relating cortical position to visual field eccentricity within area V1; (iii) localized activity to within 1.1 mm of visual cortex; and (iv) estimated the spatial resolution of the fMRI signal and found that signal amplitude falls to 60% at a spatial frequency of 1 cycle per 9 mm of visual cortex. This spatial resolution is consistent with a linespread whose full width at half maximum spreads across 3.5 mm of visual cortex. In a series of experiments, we measured the retinotopic organization of human cortical area V1 and identified the locations of other nearby retinotopically organized visual areas. We also used the retinotopic organization of human primary visual cortex to measure the spatial localization and spatial resolution that can be obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of human visual cortex. Human primary visual cortex (area V1) is located in the
Assessment of adherence with oral anticancer agents in oncology clinical trials: A systematic review.

BackgroundDespite recommendations for adherence reporting in clinical trials involving an oral anticancer agent, the frequency and methods of adherence reporting are inconsistent. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the frequency and type of adherence measures used in oncology and hematology clinical trials of oral anticancer agents and their association with study characteristics including quality, cancer type, stage and treatment type.DesignPubMed was searched of all randomized controlled clinical trials assessing self-administered pharmacological interventions in patients with cancer and published over two years, between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2012 were evaluated.ResultsWe identified 70 publications in the PubMed database, comprising 45,118 total patients. Adherence reporting was present in 14 of 70 trials (20%); quantitative reporting was present in three of 70 trials (4%). Method of adherence assessment varied and included medication count, medication diaries and patient sel...
Sedimentation and sustainability of western American reservoirs

[1] Reservoirs are sustainable only as long as they offer sufficient water storage space to achieve their design objectives. Life expectancy related to sedimentation is a measure of reservoir sustainability. We used data from the Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S. Geological Survey (Reservoir Sedimentation Survey Information System II (RESIS II)) to explore the sustainability of American reservoirs. Sustainability varied by region, with the longest life expectancies in New England and the Tennessee Valley and the shortest in the interior west. In the Missouri and Colorado River basins, sedimentation and rates of loss of reservoir storage capacity were highly variable in time and space. In the Missouri River Basin, the larger reservoirs had the longest life expectancies, with some exceeding 1000 years, while smaller reservoirs in the basin had the shortest life expectancies. In the Colorado River Basin at the site of Glen Canyon Dam, sediment inflow varied with time, declining by half beginning in 1942 because of hydroclimate and upstream geomorphic changes. Because of these changes, the estimated life expectancy of Lake Powell increased from 300 to 700 years. Future surprise changes in sedimentation delivery and reservoir filling area are expected. Even though large western reservoirs were built within a limited period, their demise will not be synchronous because of varying sedimentation rates. Popular literature has incorrectly emphasized the possibility of rapid, synchronous loss of reservoir storage capacity and underestimated the sustainability of the water control infrastructure.
Detecting SEEs in Microprocessors Through a Non-Intrusive Hybrid Technique

This paper presents a hybrid technique based on software signatures and a hardware module with watchdog and decoder characteristics to detect SEU and SET faults in microprocessors. These types of faults have a major influence in the microprocessor's control-flow, affecting the basic blocks and the transitions between them. In order to protect the transitions between basic blocks a light hardware module is implemented in order to spoof the data exchanged between the microprocessor and its memory. Since the hardware alone is not capable of detecting errors inside the basic blocks, it is enhanced to support the new technique and then provide full control-flow protection. A fault injection campaign is performed using a MIPS microprocessor. Simulation results show high detection rates with a small amount of performance degradation and area overhead.
Mortality Associated With Irinotecan Plus Bolus Fluorouracil/Leucovorin: Summary Findings of an Independent Panel

PURPOSE: To review and assign attribution for the causes of early deaths on two National Cancer Institute-sponsored cooperative group studies involving irinotecan and bolus fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (IFL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The inpatient, outpatient, and research records of patients treated on Cancer and Leukemia Group B protocol C89803 and on North Center Cancer Treatment Group protocol N9741 were reviewed by a panel of five medical oncologists not directly involved with either study. Each death was categorized as treatment-induced, treatment-exacerbated, or treatment-unrelated. RESULTS: The records of 44 patients who experienced early deaths on C89803 (21 patients) or N9741 (23 patients) were reviewed. Patients treated with irinotecan plus bolus 5-FU/leucovorin had a three-fold higher rate of treatment-induced or treatment-exacerbated death than patients treated on the other arm(s) of the respective studies. For C89803, these rates were 2.5% (16 of 635) for IFL versus 0.8% (five of 628) for...
Association of calprotectin with leukocyte chemotactic and inflammatory mediators following acute aerobic exercise.

The objective of this study was to examine whether acute aerobic exercise-mediated calprotectin in plasma would be associated with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and...
PROTECTED SPECIES AND NEW ENGLAND FISHERIES: AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES

Protected species issues are an integral part of New England fishery management. Significant interactions of marine mammals and sea turtles with commercial fishing gear have been documented for many years. Statutes and regulations governing commercial fishery/protected species inter- actions provide for conservation and recovery of protected marine species. Some species of marine mammals, sea turtles, and fish are listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and all marine mammals are managed under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Both these statues have provisions linking them to commercial fisheries and provide varied strategies for reaching conservation goals. Interactions of protected species with commercial fishing gear range from direct entanglement, capture, and disruption of normal behav- iors, to adverse modification of critical habitats. For the foreseeable future of New England fisheries, it is likely that wherever protected species and fishing activity co-occur, interactions will continue. Management trends include in- creased stakeholder involvement, close coordination with fishery management, and emphasis on technological solutions to interaction problems.
Tropical Cloud Ensembles

As one proceeds from the west coast of a continent, such as California in North America or Morocco in Northwest Africa, towards the near-equatorial oceanic ITCZ, one notes the following transition in the predominant species of tropical clouds: coastal stratus, stratocumulus, fair weather cumulus, towering cumulus and cumulonimbus. This is a typical scenario over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans of the two hemispheres. The Asian Monsoon carries some of its own cloud features over the Indian Ocean. Figure 11.1 is a collage of cloud types and typical rainfall distributions over the tropics during the northern summer. This identifies precipitation features, such as those from the ITCZ, typhoon, monsoon, and near coastal phenomena. The precipitation illustrated here was estimated from microwave radiances received by the TRMM satellite. A plethora of clouds types abound in the tropics. Dynamics, physics, and microphysics are important interrelated scientific areas for these clouds’ life cycles. Modeling of the life cycle of individual clouds and cloud ensembles and representation of the effects of unresolved clouds in large scale environment are areas of importance for tropical meteorology. The ocean, land surface, and planetary boundary layer large scale wind systems and thermal and humidity stratification have a large control over the nature of evolving clouds.
Fitting Decision Aids to Institutions: Organization Design Issues

A major obstacle to aiding decisions effectively in organizations is that the aid is not adapted to the organization. The appropriate aid to use, if any, and how to use it, varies with the institutional context, including decision processes, interests to be served, reward structure and communication channels. We explore precepts for aid organization based on our consulting experience. We then specify further research to develop and authenticate general guidelines.
PTU-120 Effectiveness Of Nurse Led Hepatitis C Treatment; A Large District General Hospital Audit

Introduction Hepatitis C is the third most common risk factor for liver diseases in the UK. Updated estimates suggest that around 216,000 individuals are chronically infected with hepatitis C. Treatment with combination of pegylated Interferon and ribavarin is well established. Specialist viral hepatitis nurses working collabaratively with clinicians play a major role in delivering excellent clinical outcomes. Methods Evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of chronic hepatitis C treatment that was led by the specialist viral hepatitis nurses under the supervision of gastroenterologists. Data was obtained from a prospectively maintained hepatitis C database over a 5-year period from September 2008 to date. A retrospective analysis of the database was carried out looking at the treatment outcomes. Patients with liver transplant and/or co-infection with hepatitis B or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were excluded. The dedicated viral hepatitis specialist nurses closely followed up all patients. Results A large database of 437 patients who underwent treatment was analysed. There were 128 (29.2%) females and 309 (70.7%) males ranging between 23–84yrs old (mean age of 42). Majority of patients were treated with combination therapy of pegylated interferon α2a and ribavarin whilst a small proportion (28) have received (triple therapy) protease inhibitors. The total number of patients who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) at the end of treatment were 264 (60.41%). 196 (74.42%) of those were genotype 3a, 57 (21.60%) were genotype 1a/1b and 11 (4.17%) were genotype 2b/2a. 43 (9.84%) were considered non-responders. 49 (11.21%) patients were unable to complete treatment due to critical physical or mental illness with 12 of those (24.50%) have achieved SVR. Patients’ feedback for this nurse-led service has been very positive. Conclusion Specialist nurse-led and clinicians supported hepatitis C service has delivered a high quality of care. Our dedicated specialist nurses working closely with clinicians have achieved high successful treatment rates in such a large cohort of patients. Disclosure of Interest None Declared.
Observations of 3P1 to 3P0 Ci emission from molecular clouds and envelopes of evolved stars

The 492 GHz ground-state fine-structure transition of neutral carbon has been observed extensively with the Caltech Submillimeter Telescope since 1990. During this time we have mapped several Galactic molecular clouds, including star-forming regions, photodissociation regions, dark clouds, a shocked region, and the Galactic Center. In addition, we have detected some nearby galaxies and some evolved stars.
Simulation and Treatment Planning

This chapter assesses the radiation therapy student’s knowledge of the simulation and treatment planning process. Questions regarding the CT simulation process are included. In addition, students are assessed on their knowledge of the 2D and 3D treatment planning procedures. Finally, sample monitor unit calculations are provided.
The Importance of the Gender Dimension in the Finance and Economic Development Nexus

Using an open developing economy case, this chapter presents a conceptual framework for understanding the significant gender-related, equity and welfare implications of domestic and international resource mobilization. This conceptual framework builds upon the notion of economic development as a process of structural transformation and changes in production and distribution processes involving the two sectors of the real economy engaged in human provisioning namely, the market and non-market, domestic sectors. It highlights the role of gender, along with class, as an important analytical category; not only does it serve as a basis for fundamental division of labour in societies, but also for socially defining one’s role in economic life. Both class and gender are constitutive bases of power. The chapter also explores the interaction between the financial sector and the real sector in terms of the allocation of resources by governments in order to mobilize foreign savings vis-a-vis foreign investment. It serves to illustrate the underlying power structure of market liberalization policies and current dominant economic growth strategies.