cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wicking of a liquid bridge connected to a moving porous surface

We study the coupled problem of a liquid bridge connected to a porous surface and an impermeable surface, where the gap between the surfaces is an externally controlled function of time. The relative motion between the surfaces influences the pressure distribution and geometry of the liquid bridge, thus affecting the shape of liquid penetration into the porous material. Utilizing the lubrication approximation and Darcy’s phenomenological law, we obtain an implicit integral relation between the relative motion between the surfaces and the shape of liquid penetration. A method to control the shape of liquid penetration is suggested and illustrated for the case of conical penetration shapes with an arbitrary cone opening angle. We obtain explicit analytic expressions for the case of constant relative speed of the surfaces as well as for the relative motion between the surfaces required to create conical penetration shapes. Our theoretical results are compared with experiments and reasonable agreement between the analytical and experimental data is observed.
Characterization of novel borides in Ti–Nb–Zr–Ta + 2B metal-matrix composites

Abstract Metal-matrix composites consisting of a complex quaternary Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta alloy reinforced by borides have been successfully deposited from a powder feedstock consisting of a blend of elemental titanium, niobium, zirconium, tantalum, and, titanium diboride (TiB2) powders, using the laser engineered net-shaping (LENS™) 1 process. The microstructures of the as-deposited composites have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, orientation microscopy, and, transmission electron microscopy. Both primary and eutectic boride precipitates, exhibiting the orthorhombic B27 structure, are observed in these as-deposited composites. The complex primary borides exhibit an unusual compositional variation within the same precipitate, which has been investigated in detail using site-specific characterization with a transmission electron microscope. The ability to form near-net shape components using the Laser Engineered Net Shaping process makes these laser-deposited composites promising candidates for wear-resistant applications in biomedical implants.
A syntax-directed logic simulator

A syntax directed compiler to simulate digital systems is described. The compiler has been written in Fortran IV for the IBM 7044, and is capable of simulating digital systems containing up to approximately 2500 logic elements. It is a two pass compiler. During the first pass it scans the source statements by using the Backus Normal Form definition of allowed syntax. From this a coded description of the program is constructed. During the second pass this coded program description is used to generate machine code in an order suitable for system simulation. The system being simulated is then evaluated on the basis of its cost and ability to satisfy predetermined input-output requirements.
Spectra and structure of small ring compounds. LXVII vibrational spectra, variable temperature FT-IR spectra of krypton solutions, conformational stability and ab initio calculations of 1-bromosilacyclobutane.

Abstract The infrared (3200–30 cm−1) spectra of gaseous and solid 1-bromosilacyclobutane, c-C3H6SiBrH, have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectra of the liquid (3200–30 cm−1) with quantitative depolarization values and the solid have been recorded. Both the equatorial and the axial conformers have been identified in the fluid phases. Variable temperature (−105 to −150°C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton have been carried out. From these data the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 182±18 cm−1 (2.18±0.22 kJ/mol) with the equatorial conformer the more stable rotamer and only conformer remaining in the annealing solid. At ambient temperature there is ∼22% of the axial conformer present in the vapor phase. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both conformers based on infrared contours, relative intensities, depolarization values and group frequencies. The vibrational assignments are supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing the force constants from ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. From the frequencies of the Si–H stretch, the Si–H bond distance of 1.483 A has been determined for both the equatorial and the axial conformers. Complete equilibrium geometries have been determined for both rotamers by ab initio calculations employing the 6-31G(d) and 6-311+G(d,p) basis sets at levels of Hartree–Fock (RHF) and/or Moller–Plesset with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to the second order (MP2). The results are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
Prospective Study Examining Clinical Outcomes Associated with a Negative Pressure Wound Therapy System and Barker’s Vacuum Packing Technique

Background The open abdomen has become a common procedure in the management of complex abdominal problems and has improved patient survival. The method of temporary abdominal closure (TAC) may play a role in patient outcome.
Analytic Procedures for Selecting a General Psychology Textbook.

This article reports an attempt to rationalize and systematize the selection of texts to match the objectives of the instructor.
3D Reconstruction of Periodic Motion from a Single View

Periodicity has been recognized as an important cue for tasks like activity recognition and gait analysis. However, most existing techniques analyze periodic motions only in image coordinates, making them very dependent on the viewing angle. In this paper we show that it is possible to reconstruct a periodic trajectory in 3D given only its appearance in image coordinates from a single camera view. We draw a strong analogy between this problem and that of reconstructing an object from multiple views, which allows us to rely on well-known theoretical results from the multi-view geometry domain and obtain significant guarantees regarding the solvability of the estimation problem. We present two different formulations of the problem, along with techniques for performing the reconstruction in both cases, and an algorithm for estimating the period of motion from its image-coordinate trajectory. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed techniques.
Transient and steady behavior of an open, symmetrically-heated, free convection loop

Abstract Experiments and analyses are reported for an open, free convection loop. The loop is U-shaped with the lower segment heated; the vertical legs are adiabatic and are connected to an isothermal reservoir. The loop is filled with water or a water-saturated porous medium. Experimental results include the starting transients and the friction factors and heat transfer rates at steady state for flow Reynolds numbers from 4 to 1000. Oscillations are observed with the onset of boiling. Single-phase stability analyses confirm the unstable rest states and the stable steady-states observed in the experiments, and reveal a conditional instability of the steady states. Numerical simulations of the starting transients are obtained and are compared with experiment. Results are applicable to geothermal, solar, and industrial open-loop thermosyphons.
Surface Charge Properties of and Cu(II) Adsorption by Spores of the Marine Bacillus sp. Strain SG-1

Spores of marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1 are capable of oxidizing Mn(II) and Co(II), which results in the precipitation of Mn(III, IV) and Co(III) oxides and hydroxides on the spore surface. The spores also bind other heavy metals; however, little is known about the mechanism and capacity of this metal binding. In this study the characteristics of the spore surface and Cu(II) adsorption to this surface were investigated. The specific surface area of wet SG-1 spores was 74.7 m2 per g of dry weight as measured by the methylene blue adsorption method. This surface area is 11-fold greater than the surface area of dried spores, as determined with an N2 adsorption surface area analyzer or as calculated from the spore dimensions, suggesting that the spore surface is porous. The surface exchange capacity as measured by the proton exchange method was found to be 30.6 μmol m−2, which is equal to a surface site density of 18.3 sites nm−2. The SG-1 spore surface charge characteristics were obtained from acid-base titration data. The surface charge density varied with pH, and the zero point of charge was pH 4.5. The titration curves suggest that the spore surface is dominated by negatively charged sites that are largely carboxylate groups but also phosphate groups. Copper adsorption by SG-1 spores was rapid and complete within minutes. The spores exhibited a high affinity for Cu(II). The amounts of copper adsorbed increased from negligible at pH 3 to maximum levels at pH >6. Their great surface area, site density, and affinity give SG-1 spores a high capability for binding metals on their surfaces, as demonstrated by our experiments with Cu(II).
A Study of Discriminative Training for HMM-Based Online Handwritten Chinese/Japanese Character Recognition

We present a study of discriminative training of classifiers using both maximum mutual information (MMI) and minimum classification error (MCE) criteria for online handwritten Chinese/Japanese character recognition based on continuous-density hidden Markov models. It is observed that MCE-trained classifiers can achieve a much higher recognition accuracy than that of MMI-trained ones. Benchmark results of MCE-trained classifiers for simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese and Japanese characters are reported on three recognition tasks with a vocabulary of 9119, 20924, and 12333 characters respectively.
Prognostics and life beyond 60 years for nuclear power plants

Safe, secure, reliable, and sustainable energy supply is vital for advanced and industrialized life styles. To meet growing energy demand there is interest in longer-term operation for the existing nuclear power plant fleet and enhancing capabilities in new build. There is increasing use of condition-based maintenance for active components and growing interest in deploying on-line monitoring instead of periodic in-service inspection for passive systems. Opportunities exist to move beyond monitoring and diagnosis based on pattern recognition and anomaly detection to prognostics with the ability to provide an estimate of remaining useful life. The adoption of digital I&C systems provides a framework within which added functionality including on-line monitoring can be deployed, and used to maintain and even potentially enhance safety, while at the same time improving planning and reducing both operations and maintenance costs.
Stock Options and Credit Default Swaps: A Joint Framework for Valuation and Estimation

We propose a dynamically consistent framework that allows joint valuation and estimation of stock options and credit default swaps written on the same reference company. We model default as controlled by a Poisson process with a stochastic default arrival rate. When default occurs, the stock price drops to zero. Prior to default, the stock price follows a continuous process with stochastic volatility. The instantaneous default rate and instantaneous diffusion variance rate follow a bivariate continuous Markov process, with its dynamics specified to capture the empirical evidence on stock option prices and credit default swap spreads. Under this joint specification, we derive tractable pricing solutions for stock options and credit default swaps. We estimate the joint dynamics using stock option prices and credit default swap spreads for four of the most actively traded reference companies. The estimation highlights the interaction between market risk (diffusion variance) and credit risk (default arrival) in pricing stock options and credit default swaps. While the credit risk factor dominates credit spreads at long maturities, the stock return volatility also enters credit spreads at short maturities due to positive co-movements between the diffusion variance rate and the default arrival rate. Furthermore, while the diffusion variance rate influences the implied volatility uniformly across moneyness, the impact of the credit risk factor becomes much larger on options at lower strikes. The impact of the credit risk factor on stock options also increases with option maturity. For options maturing in six months, the contribution of the credit risk factor to option pricing is comparable in magnitude to the contribution of the diffusion variance rate.
9 Village-State Cooperation: Modern Community Schools and Their Funding, Haicheng County, Fengtian, 1905–1931

This chapter draws on archival materials on educational reform in Haicheng county, Fengtian province, in the late Qing and early Republic to examine how rural communities funded and established the new community primary schools and how villagers and the state coped with problems encountered in launching them. In North China, rural communities played an active role in implementing educational reform. They derived school funding from a range of sources, lightened the economic burden on families by offsetting tuition fees, and, when resources were scant, cooperated with other villages to set up schools. While these observations are preliminary, they indicate the strong likelihood that in the early twentieth century, rural communities across China, like those in Haicheng county, enthusiastically participated in educational reform activities, thereby playing an important role in China's modernization. Keywords: community primary schools; educational reform; Haicheng county; Northeast China; rural communities; tuition fees
Social anxiety moderates memory conformity in adolescents

When two people view the same event and later try to remember it together, what one person says affects what the other person reports. A model is presented which predicts that this memory conformity effect will be moderated, in different ways, by two components of social anxiety. People with higher fear of negative evaluation should be more influenced by their peers than others, but those with higher social anxiety related to avoiding social situations may be less influenced by their peers than others. Pairs of adolescent-aged participants took part in a face recognition study. For each trial one person responded and then the next person responded. The effect of what the first person said on the second person's response was measured; the size of the effect was moderated by the social anxiety measures as predicted by the model. This is the first study showing the relationship between social anxiety and memory suggestibility. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the representation of contact states between curved objects

Information of high-level, topological contact states is useful and even necessary for a wide range of applications, including many robotic applications. A contact state between two polyhedral objects can be effectively represented as a contact formation in terms of a set of principal contacts between faces, edges, and vertices of the two objects. However, little is done to characterize and represent contact states between curved objects. In order to facilitate the representation of contact states between such objects, we introduce a novel approach to segment the boundary of curved objects based on monotonic changes of curvatures, which we call the curvature monotonic segmentation. We specifically apply this approach to curved 2D and 3D objects with boundary curves or surfaces represented by algebraic polynomials of degrees up to 2. The segmentation yields curvature monotonic faces and edges (or pseudo edges), and vertices (or pseudo vertices). With these faces, (pseudo) edges, and (pseudo) vertices, we effectively extend the concept of contact formation to curved objects to represent high-level, topological contact states between such objects with the same desirable characteristics as the contact formations between polyhedral objects.
An Enhanced Flexible Color Filter Via Imprint Lithography and Inkjet Deposition Methods

We identify new methods for the roll-to-roll production of flexible color filter arrays (CFA) for electronic displays. Through the use of imprint lithography to define “color wells” we have enabled inkjet deposition as a means to generate CFAs, despite the modest precision attainable with liquid drop placement. In this paper, we outline the imprint lithography process and color well design for template production. The advantage of printing the filter array within a predetermined template is demonstrated, and analysis of their structure and optical properties is presented. CFAs, produced by this technique, provide one means to realize color reflective displays. Application of filters produced by the new process to a 3.8'' color VGA (120 micron sub pixel pitch) E-ink based display platform is discussed.
Very low forward drop JBS rectifiers fabricated using submicron technology

Summary form only given. The impact of using submicron technology (0.5- mu m design rules) on JBS (junction barrier controlled Schottky) rectifiers is examined. Two-dimensional numerical simulations demonstrate that decreasing P/sup +/-junction width and depth improves the on-state voltage drop. This is due to the improved utilization of the active area for the Schottky region and improved spreading of majority carrier current from the Schottky contact. However, a junction depth of less than 0.3 mu m results in an undesirable high electric field at the Schottky interface during reverse bias, leading to barrier height lowering, which produces a large leakage current. A large reduction in the spreading resistance is possible by increasing the N-epitaxial layer doping and by reducing the cell pitch in order to achieve the same pinch-off voltage. However, increasing the doping above 2*10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/ reduces the breakdown voltage below 25 V (which is required for 5 V power supplies). The simulations showed that, by using a proper choice of N-doping and P/sup +/-linewidth, one can reduce the leakage by one to two orders of magnitude as compared to a conventional Schottky buried diode. Experiments conducted to verify the simulations clearly demonstrate that the use of submicron technology can lead to significant improvement in JBS rectifier characteristics. >
Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics guided warfarin dosing

Aim of the Review To assess the state of the literature concerning pharmacogenomic testing in patients requiring vitamin K antagonists, specifically warfarin. Method We conducted a literature search of MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts using the following words: warfarin, pharmacogenetic, and pharmacogenomic. The search results were reviewed by the authors and papers concerning pharmacogenomic testing in warfarin dosing were procured and reviewed. Additionally bibliographies of papers procured were also examined for other studies. The authors focused on clinical trials concerning the use of pharmacogenomic testing in warfarin dosing. Results Although numerous studies have demonstrated that a significant portion of warfarin dosing variability can be explained by genetic polymorphisms, few prospective studies have been conducted that examine the integration of this information in practical dosing situations. Those that have, have shown that using pharmacogenomic information improves initial dosing estimates and decreases the need for frequent clinic visits and laboratory testing. Data showing a reduction in serious bleeding events is sparse. Cost-effectiveness analyses have generally shown a small but positive effect with pharmacogenomic testing in patients receiving warfarin. Conclusion Several studies have shown that pharmacogenomic testing for warfarin dosing is more accurate that other dosing schemes. Pharmacogenomic testing improves time to a therapeutic international normalized ratio while requiring fewer dosing adjustments. Patients who require higher or lower than usual doses seem to benefit the most. The cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomic testing as well as preventing of outcomes such as bleeding or thrombosis are not yet elucidated. Pharmacists, especially those in a community setting can play a role in this new technology by educating prescribers and patients concerning pharmacogenomic testing, and by developing and using dosing protocols that incorporate its use.
Acute on chronic pulmonary autograft dissection

We report a case of combined acute and chronic dissection limited to the pulmonary autograft 10 years after a Ross procedure, managed by replacement with a stentless porcine bioprosthesis. Implications for timing and technique of reintervention for pulmonary autograft dilatation are discussed.
Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster

Although intensively studied, the biological purpose of sleep is not known. To identify candidate genes affecting sleep, we assayed 136 isogenic P-element insertion lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Since sleep has been negatively correlated with energy reserves across taxa, we measured energy stores (whole-body protein, glycogen, and triglycerides) in these lines as well. Twenty-one insertions with known effects on physiology, development, and behavior affect 24-hr sleep time. Thirty-two candidate insertions significantly impact energy stores. Mutational genetic correlations among sleep parameters revealed that the genetic basis of the transition between sleep and waking states in males and females may be different. Furthermore, sleep bout number can be decoupled from waking activity in males, but not in females. Significant genetic correlations are present between sleep phenotypes and glycogen stores in males, while sleep phenotypes are correlated with triglycerides in females. Differences observed in male and female sleep behavior in flies may therefore be related to sex-specific differences in metabolic needs. Sleep thus emerges as a complex trait that exhibits extensive pleiotropy and sex specificity. The large mutational target that we observed implicates genes functioning in a variety of biological processes, suggesting that sleep may serve a number of different functions rather than a single purpose.
Sensitivity Analysis of NOx Formation Kinetics in Pilot-Ignited Natural Gas Engines

A sensitivity analysis of NOx formation in pilot-ignited natural gas dual fuel engines is performed based on a phenomenological combustion model. The NOx formation mechanism employed in this study incorporates a super-extended Zel’dovich mechanism (up to 43 reactions). The sensitivity analysis compares the contribution of each major reaction to NOx formation, and identifies the rate-controlling NOx formation reactions in different high-temperature regions—the burning pilot spray, the premixed flame associated with the gaseous fuel-air mixture, and the burned combustion products. The formation rates for reactions involving NOx are also investigated to reveal the primary NOx formation paths. Results show two main NOx formation paths both in the pilot spray (also called the packets zone) and the burned zone. The rate-limiting reactions for the packets zone are O+N2=NO+N and N2+HO2=NO+HNO. Rate-limiting reactions for the burned zone are N2O+M=N2+O+M and N2+HO2=NO+HNO. Since the aforementioned reactions significantly influence the net NOx prediction, it is important that the corresponding reaction rates be determined accurately. Finally, because the quasi-steady-state assumption is commonly used for certain species in NOx modeling, a transient relative error is estimated to evaluate the validity of the assumption. The relative error in NOx prediction with and without the use of the steady-state assumption is small, of the order of 2%. This work also confirms that sensitivity analysis can provide valuable insight into the possible NOx formation pathways in engines and improve the ability of current prediction tools to obtain more reliable predictions.
8-13 µm spectroscopy of NGC 253: a spatially resolved starburst

NGC 253 is a nearby spiral galaxy that is currently undergoing a nuclear burst of star formation in a 100 pc diameter region. We present spatially resolved 8--13 μm low-resolution spectra at four positions along the ridge of 8--13 μm emission. We find that the relative strengths of the ionic and dust emission features, and dust continuum emission vary with position in the galaxy, but can be accounted for everywhere without recourse to extinction by silicates. The brightest mid-infrared peak (which is displaced from the nucleus) has elevated levels of both continuum and 11.1--12.9 μm `plateau' emission, indicative of dust heated within a photodissociation region. Spectra obtained over the course of 3 yr at the position of the brightest mid-infrared peak show no significant time variation.
Principles of Treatment of Cutaneous Drug Eruptions

Cutaneous drug eruptions are a major health concern and may affect up to 1 % of patients taking systemic medications, and are seen in 2–3 % of hospitalized patients. Most reactions are mild and self-limited upon discontinuation of the medication, but severe and life-threatening reactions are also possible. Appropriate management of patients requires a thorough knowledge of the spectrum of drug reactions, the culpability of suspected medications based on reaction type and timing, patient-specific risk factors for drug reactions, and treatment options to limit mortality and sequelae of drug reactions. Drug reactions can be either acute (e.g., urticaria, exanthematous eruptions, and Stevens Johnson syndrome) or chronic (e.g., acneiform, pigmentary, and psoriasiform eruptions). This chapter will focus on the treatment principles of the acute cutaneous drug eruptions.
Observational Evidence of Changes in Global Snow and Ice Cover

Abstract Sources of observational data on recent variations in the seasonal extent of snow cover and sea ice, of the terminal position and volume of alpine glaciers, and of ground temperature profiles in areas of permafrost are briefly reviewed. Recent evidence of changes in these variables is then examined. The extent of seasonal snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and of sea ice in both hemispheres has fluctuated irregularly over the last 15–20 years with a range of about 10–15 percent in each case. There is no clear evidence of any recent trends, despite general global warming. In contrast, most glaciers retreated and thinned from before the turn of the century until the 1960s and Alaskan permafrost temperatures have risen 2°-4°C per century. Recently, glacier advances have been noted, perhaps in response to increased accumulation. Problems of linking climate forcing and snow/ice responses are discussed.
Über den Selbstmord in der Nachkriegszeit

Es wurde uber 1205 Personen berichtet, die in der Nachkriegszeit (von 1944–53) in einer suddeutschen Grosstadt Hand an sich gelegt haben. In 478 Fallen fuhrte die Selbsttotungsabsicht zum Tode. Zur Zeit des Kriegsendes ereigneten sich auffallend wenig Selbstmorde (SM). Die SM-Kurve erreichte einen in der Vorkriegs- bzw. Friedenszeit nie beobachteten Tiefpunkt. Innerhalb von etwa 6 Jahren naherte sie sich wieder dem Vorkriegsniveau. Die Verminderung der SM-Haufigkeit war bei den Mannern starker ausgepragt als bei den Frauen. Die Zunahme der SM-Neigung erfolgte parallel mit dem wirtschaftlichen Wiederaufstieg durch eine Vermehrung vorwiegend jener Falle, bei denen als Motiv „familiare Streitigkeiten“ angegeben waren. Die Jahre der Umwalzungen (1945 und 48) selbst zeigten nur auffallend niedrige SM-Ziffern. Jedoch in den anschliesenden Jahren lies die SM-Kurve leichte Gipfel erkennen. Diese waren infolge vermehrter SM vorwiegend alterer Menschen entstanden. Im ganzen nahm die Entwicklung den gleichen Verlauf wie nach dem ersten Weltkrieg. Die bekannten die SM-Haufigkeit modifizierenden Bedingungen liesen sich bestatigen. Gegen Ende der Beobachtungszeit hatten sich die Vorkriegsverhaltnisse wiedereingestellt. Der SM-vermindernde Einflus der katholischen Religion ist — in Fortsetzung einer schon seit Jahrzehnten beobachteten Entwicklung—weiter zuruckgegangen. Die SM-Ziffer der Fluchtlinge war groser als die der Einheimischen. Diese Differenz lies sich auf den relativ grosen Anteil der vermehrt SM-gefahrdeten Protestanten unter den Fluchtlingen zuruckfuhren. Daruberhinaus stammten die meisten Fluchtlinge aus Gebieten, fur die eine hohere SM-Ziffer als fur das Aufnahmegebiet charakteristisch ist. Somit last sich der gefundene Unterschied zwischen Einheimischen und Fluchtlingen nicht durch die Folgen der Vertreibung allein erklaren. Vielmehr durfte er sich im Rahmen dessen halten, was nach der Stammes- und Heimatzugehorigkeit zu erwarten gewesen ware.
Ludecke's Lengthening Shadow: Limits on the War Powers When Wars Don't End

Courts have traditionally had excessively little to do with adjudicating inter-branch debates over the temporal extent of the war power, the starkest example of which is the Supreme Court's 1948 decision in Ludecke v. Watkins. Ludecke stands for the proposition that, regardless of the situation on the ground, a "war" does not "end" until the political branches say that it does. This paper seeks to explain both the dubious doctrinal origins of this principle, and how it has manifested itself in the various cases arising out of the Bush Administration's response to the September 11 terrorist attacks, most notably the Supreme Court's decision last Term in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. As the paper argues, although it is undeniable that terrorism will pose a threat to our national security continuously over the coming years and decades, the war powers the Constitution vests in Congress and the President were never meant to have indefinite operation. Nevertheless, in light of the broad deference-based principles at the heart of Ludecke, and the Supreme Court's complete unwillingness to confront the potential indefiniteness of the struggle against terrorism in Hamdi, this paper suggests that an alternative, non-judicial remedy to the indefinite war problem is necessary, and explores legislative sunsets as one possible solution. Terrorism may indeed be a new kind of war, but if that is so, then the response should be a new kind of war powers - and most pointedly not the permanent exercise of the President's traditional, temporary authority to conduct traditional, temporary wars.
Damage Threshold of Borosilicate Glass Under Plate Impact

Symmetric plate-impact tests of borosilicate glass projectiles into borosilicate glass targets were performed at stress levels from 0.7 to 2 GPa (impact velocities from 116 to 351 m/s). As far as the authors know this range of velocities has not been explored in the literature previously. The tests used an ultra-high-speed camera to record shock and failure propagation. The velocity of the back of the target was also recorded with a photon Doppler velocimeter (PDV). The images clearly show the shock wave and its propagation at the speed expected. The reflected tensile wave is also apparent. What the authors interpret as the failure wave/front is clearly observed and appears at stress levels of 0.8 GPa (velocities as low as 130 m/s). The images apparently show failure nucleation sites that trail the shock wave. These seem to be closer to the shock wave for higher speeds. A possibility is that the defects open faster at higher impact velocity while at lower velocities they are still present but remain undetected. Interestingly, even though the failure wave is clearly seen, the PDV never detected the expected recompression wave. The reason might be that at these low impact velocities the recompression wave is too small to be seen and is lost in the noise. This, in the past, may have confused researchers by thinking that the failure wave was not present at these low impact velocities. This work also presents a new way to interpret the signals from the PDV. By letting part of the signal travel through the target and reflect on the impact side, it is possible to see the PDV signal decrease in intensity with time. This would be consistent with having damage in the interior of the specimen, something not straightforward to confirm through just high-speed photography.
Charge Transport Properties of a Partially Reduced V2O5 Xerogel Intercalated with a Polymer Electrolyte

Recently, there has been considerable interest in advanced materials and processing techniques for practical applications. V2O5 xerogels have generated much attention because they are layered materials that undergo reversible redox intercalation with lithium. The sol-gel process has been used to intercalate V2O5 xerogels with the polymer electrolyte, oxymethylene linked poly(ethylene oxide) - lithium triflate [(a-PEO)n(LiCF3SO3)]. The resulting nanocomposite is a mixed ionic-electronic conductor in which the ionic charge carriers in the polymer electrolyte are in intimate contact with the electronic charge carriers in the V205 xerogel. Variable-temperature electronic conductivity and thermoelectric power measurements have been performed to examine the charge transport properties.
On Young's Inequality

(1971). On Young's Inequality. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 781-783.
A Tale of Two Typos

This piece recommends amendments to deportability grounds that cause virtually mandatory removal for very minor offenses – in large part because they are one day out of step with criminal sentencing practices. The provisions render certain crimes with sentences of one year or more “aggravated felonies” under immigration law, while the criminal justice system treats crimes with sentences of one year or less as misdemeanors.
Determination of Pesticide Residues in Tea by Accelerated Solvent Extraction-Gas Chromatography

Objective To determine multi-residues of organochlorines pesticides (OCPs) and pyrethroid pesticides in tea by accelerated solvent extraction-gas chromatography ( ASE-GC ) method. Method Samples were extracted with thiacyclohexane-ethyl acetate (1 ∶ 1,V /V). The extracts were purified by solid-phase extraction by using florisil as a adsorbent and were detected by gas chromatography-electron capture detection ( GC-ECD). Results The recoveries of standard addition at the levels of 0. 01,0. 05 and 0. 25 mg /kg were more than 90% ,the relative standard deviations (RSD) were in the range of 0. 3% -3. 8% . Conclusion The method of ASE-GC is fast,low cost and in good reproducibility,which can be used for the determination of multi-residues of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in tea.
Fat suppression imaging in epidural lipomatosis: case report.

Abstract A case of epidural lipomatosis associated with steroid use in rheumatoid arthritis is presented to describe the role of fat suppression imaging as a diagnostic tool. The plain radiographs revealed several vertebral compression fractures and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a large extradural mass. A fat suppression MRI was obtained, which confirmed the diagnosis of epidural lipomatosis. A fat suppression MRI scan is a special imaging technique that is used in particular to either suppress the signal from adipose tissue or detect adipose tissue. An MRI scan is the imaging tool of choice to examine soft tissue lesions of the spine, and fat suppression imaging will provide additional information about any fatty soft tissue lesion, as in the case of epidural lipomatosis. This imaging modality is particularly useful in those patients who are morbidly obese or taking exogenous corticosteroids, because these conditions can proliferate adipose tissue leading to epidural lipomatosis.
In Vivo Dual Fluorescence Imaging to Detect Joint Destruction

Diagnosis of cartilage damage in early stages of arthritis is vital to impede the progression of disease. In this regard, considerable progress has been made in near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) optical imaging technique. Arthritis can develop due to various mechanisms but one of the main contributors is the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that can degrade components of the extracellular matrix. Especially, MMP-1 and MMP-13 have main roles in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis because they enhance collagen degradation in the process of arthritis. We present here a novel NIRF imaging strategy that can be used to determine the activity of MMPs and cartilage damage simultaneously by detection of exposed type II collagen in cartilage tissue. In this study, retro-orbital injection of mixed fluorescent dyes, MMPSense 750 FAST (MMP750) dye and Alexa Fluor 680 conjugated monoclonal mouse antibody immune-reactive to type II collagen, was administered in the arthritic mice. Both dyes were detected with different intensity according to degree of joint destruction in the animal. Thus, our dual fluorescence imaging method can be used to detect cartilage damage as well as MMP activity simultaneously in early stage arthritis.
Eccentric contraction-induced injury in normal and hindlimb-suspended mouse soleus and EDL muscles

The primary objective of this study was to compare the magnitude of injury in mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles induced by high-force eccentric contractions. A second objecti...
Thiol-ene-Enabled Detection of Thiophosphorylation as a Labeling Strategy for Phosphoproteins

The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analogue adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) has been applied as a tool to study kinase-substrate phosphorylation. Not only does the transfer of a thiophosphate group represent a unique modification amid the phosphoproteome, but it can also be stable to phosphatase activity. However, detection of this species is complicated due to the similar chemical reactivity of thiophosphate and proteinaceous thiols. Here, we describe a novel method for detection of protein thiophosphorylation utilizing the thiol-ene reaction. By first chemoselectively capping protein thiols through radical chemistry, kinase-catalyzed thiophosphorylation can be visualized specifically.
Therapeutic challenges posed by critical drug-drug interactions in cystic fibrosis.

Summary This review seeks to re-introduce cystic fibrosis (CF) clinicians to the pharmacology of drug–drug interactions among medications commonly used in CF and provide a framework for understanding these interactions among medications outside the scope of this discussion. We here focus on drugs impacted by the cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzyme system and on interactions involving antimicrobials, psychotropic medications, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators. Particular attention is needed when prescribing rifampin, azole antifungals and the CFTR modulators, ivacaftor, and lumacaftor/ivacaftor, in combination with other medications. The complexities of these interactions provide a strong rationale for case management by pharmacists and pharmacologists as a routine part of CF care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:S61–S70. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracting fundamental transverse mode operation in broad area quantum cascade lasers

Power scaling in broad area quantum cascade lasers results in the operation of high order transverse modes with a far-field profile consisting of two lobes propagating at large angles relative to the optical axis. We report a method of suppressing the high order transverse modes that can extract the fundamental mode and provide emission along the optical axis. By generating a lateral constriction in the waveguide in the form of short trenches defined by the focused ion beam milling technique, we report broad area devices in which most of the power is contained in a near diffraction-limited beam that provides high brightness.
New identities for Weak KAM theory

This paper records for the Hamiltonian H = 1/2 |p|2 + W(x) some old and new identities relevant for the PDE/variational approach to weak KAM theory.
Disciplining Queerness: A Queer Argument about Same-Sex Marriage

The debate surrounding same-sex marriage has taken on new importance in light of recent Supreme Court cases that have advocated a more tolerant treatment of homosexuals. The issue becomes even more cogent and heated when one considers that three states have legalized same-sex unions in the span of just ten years. While the legalization of same-sex marriages is an important step towards the goal of securing rights and recognition for homosexuals, the rhetoric and discourse surrounding the issue remains problematic from a theoretical point of view. This paper will briefly survey some of the arguments provided by both liberal and conservative thinkers in support of same-sex marriage. Some of the problematic assumptions and failings of these justifications will then be explored and a more tenable and ultimately better alternative provided.
Oropharyngeal Decontamination with Antiseptics to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Rethinking the Benefits of Chlorhexidine

Daily oral care with chlorhexidine for mechanically ventilated patients is ubiquitous in contemporary intensive care practice. The practice is predicated upon meta-analyses suggesting that adding chlorhexidine to daily oral care regimens can reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates by up to 40%. Close analysis, however, raises three concerns: (1) the meta-analyses are dominated by studies in cardiac surgery patients in whom average duration of mechanical ventilation is
A Retrospective Study of a Scientist in the Classroom Partnership Program

The Scientist in the Classroom Partnership (SCP) is a unique, long-term program that partners STEM fellows with K-12 teachers. The SCP was adapted from the original NSF GK-12 model, with fellows and teachers working in the summer and academic year to build their partnership and design and coteach inquiry-based STEM curricula. The current study is a retrospective investigation of the first 10 years of the program to determine the impacts on university fellows and K-12 teachers and the implications for students in the participating classrooms. Results from surveys and focus groups showed that fellows gained communication, mentoring, and pedagogical skills and served as role models for students. Teachers gained STEM content knowledge, increased use of inquiry, and greater confidence in teaching science. The SCP represents an innovative model that enhances hands-on and inquiry-based teaching and learning of science through a unique partnership that brings together the university and K-12 systems.
Recent Studies on the Structure and Function of Leucocytes and Macrophages

In this article we will review selected aspects of the physiology of granulocytes and macrophages as related to the formation of cytoplasmic organelles, endocytic activity and the process of intracellular digestion. Both cell types, which are richly endowed in digestive enzymes, have as their primary role the uptake and degradation of exogenous molecules. Although the overall picture of the function of these cells was described by Metchnikoff it is only in the past decade that the detailed mechanisms have been examined.
Enhancing toxicity of topoisomerase II inhibitors using a c-Myc inhibiting polypeptide

4946 Topoisomerase II inhibitors are widely used in cancer chemotherapy. However, their use is limited by severe adverse effects to normal tissues, including cardiotoxicity. One approach to reduce the cytotoxicity in normal tissues may be to sensitize cancer cells to the toxicity of these agents, allowing them to be administered in a lower and safer dose. Here, we report that pretreatment of cells with a polypeptide which inhibits c-Myc transcriptional function causes cells to be more susceptible to the topoisomerase II inhibitors doxorubicin and etoposide. Inhibition of c-Myc and Max dimerization by this polypeptide leads to as much as a two-fold reduction in the doxorubicin and etoposide IC 50 in three different cell lines tested. Furthermore, the c-Myc inhibitor enhances doxorubicin or etoposide induced accumulation in G2 or M phase of the cell cycle. We have shown that this effect is not due to enhanced drug accumulation or inhibited drug efflux. Rather, it is likely due to inhibition of c-Myc transcriptional activity, which results in reduction in the levels of the polyamine synthesizing enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. Polypeptides which inhibit c-Myc transcriptional function may prove to be a useful tool in combination therapy with topoisomerase II inhibiting drugs.
Defining University Anchor Institution Strategies: Comparing Theory to Practice

Since the 1990s, some urban universities have served as neighborhood anchors with an interest in revitalization. Current theory suggests anchors adopt ‘shared value’ approaches, leveraging resource...
Reduced Access to Liver Transplantation in Women: Role of Height, MELD Exception Scores, and Renal Function Underestimation.

BackgroundSex-based disparities in liver transplantation (LT) are incompletely understood. We assessed the role of height, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), MELD-Na, and exception points in the disparate access to LT.MethodsAdults waitlisted for LT at Organ Procurement and Transplantation Ne
Extraesophageal Manifestations of Reflux Disease and Dysphagia

Extraesophageal manifestations of reflux disease refer to a variety of symptoms that lead patients to present to gastroenterology, ear nose and throat, and allergy clinics. Patients may present with laryngitis, asthma, cough, globus, dysphagia, or other symptoms that may be attributed to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The diagnosis and management of these conditions can be challenging. We review the prevalence and mechanism of these various disorders, and highlight the current diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas surrounding these conditions. Gastroenterology and otolaryngology specialty societies have released various guidelines in recent years addressing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to some of these prevalent and often difficult to treat conditions.
Socioeconomic and particulate air pollution correlates of heart disease risk.

How does risk of heart disease depend on age, sex, smoking, income, education, marital status, and outdoor concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5)? We join data available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance (BRFSS) System for years 2008-2012 to US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) data on county-specific concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to quantify associations among these variables and to explore possible causal interpretations. Low income is identified as a direct cause of increased heart disease risk in this data set. The effect depends on age and sex: it is most pronounced for men under age 70 and for women under age 80. Income is significantly associated with all of the other variables examined and confounds the association between PM2.5 and heart disease risk. This association is significant in regression models that exclude income, but not in regression models that include it, both in the data set as a whole and in the subset of observations with PM2.5 < 15 μg/m3. Causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) models and non-parametric model ensemble partial dependence plots confirm that higher incomes reduce heart disease risk, consistent with previous observations of socioeconomic gradients in health risks. They support interpretation of this as a robust causal relation apparent in non-parametric analyses, and hence independent of any specific parametric modeling assumptions.