cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF POSITRON COLLISION PHYSICS

Abstract I will give a brief history of the field of positronics, both experimental and theoretical, emphasizing what I consider to be the most interesting techniques, results, and processes that have been studied. These include positron and positronium scattering and annihilation in simple and complex systems, positronium formation, resonances, and bound states. Annihilation in astrophysical context will also be mentioned. It will be evident that some of the same questions that engaged the earliest workers in the field are still unanswered, but others have been brilliantly treated and largely resolved. A brief discussion about the future of the subject concludes the overview.
Light-actuated digital microfluidics for large-scale, parallel manipulation of arbitrarily sized droplets

We report on a new light-actuated digital microfluidics device which is capable of using on demand, ‘virtual’ electrodes formed by a data projector to enable large-scale, parallel manipulation of arbitrarily sized droplets. The device features a thin, high-quality Al 2 O 3 film deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) which allows aggressive scaling of the dielectric thickness, while maintaining high device reliability. We demonstrate the splitting, merging and parallel manipulation of droplets at high actuation speeds (2 cm/s). Due to the thin ALD dielectric layer, this high actuation speed is achieved at 85x lower optical power and 5x lower voltage than our previous device.
Possibility of Landau damping of gravitational waves

There is considerable uncertainty in the literature concerning whether or not transverse traceless gravitational waves can Landau damp. Physically, the issue is whether particles of nonzero mass can comove with surfaces of constant wave phase, and therefore, loosely, whether gravitational waves can have phase speeds less than that of light. We approach the question of Landau damping in various ways. We consider first the propagation of small-amplitude gravitational waves in an ideal fluid-filled Robertson-Walker universe of zero spatial curvature. We argue that the principle of equivalence requires those modes to be lightlike. We show that a freely moving particle interacting only with the collective fields cannot comove with such waves if it has nonzero mass. The equation for gravitational waves in collisionless kinetic gases differs from that for fluid media only by terms so small that deviations from lightlike propagation are unmeasurable. Thus, we conclude that Landau damping of small-amplitude, transverse traceless gravitational waves is not possible.
Effect of stress on interleukin-2 receptor expression by bovine mononuclear leukocytes

Holstein calves given three consecutive i.m. injections of dexamethasone (DEX) (0.04 mg kg−1 showed lymphopenia and neutrophilia with increased numbers of mature neutrophils on post-injection Days 1 and 2, but these values returned to normal levels by post-injection Day 3. Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was evaluated by flow cytometry using a monoclonal antibody specific for bovine IL-2Rα. Treatment with DEX significantly decreased expression of IL-2Rα in Concanavalin A (Con A)-activated PBMC on Day 1 (P < 0.02) and on Day 2 (P < 0.1). On Day 3, expression of IL-2Rα by PBMC was similar in control and DEX-treated calves. This decrease in IL-2Rα expression correlated with decreased proliferative responses of PBMC to the T-cell mitogens, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Con A. Following in vitro treatment with recombinant human (rhu) interleukin-12 (IL-12) Con A-induced proliferative responses of PBMC tended to be higher in both groups. However, the rhu IL-12 induced increases of Con A activated proliferative responses were significantly greater in DEX-treated calves than in control calves. IL-2Rα expression by PBMC was found to be less in calves transported 800 km in a truck as compared to that in PBMC from controls. These data suggest that stress-induced immunosuppression in calves may involve decreased IL-2Rα expression and decreased IL-12 production. Serum chemistry results indicated a trend toward higher creatine kinase (CK) levels in DEX-treated calves. This may be due to the lysis of corticosteroid sensitive lymphocytes.
Reduced glandular kallikrein-like activity in the anterior pituitary of the New Zealand genetically hypertensive rat.

Summary Anterior pituitaries of New Zealand genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats were compared for their content of glandular kallikrein-like activity. Anterior pituitary homogenates were assayed for their ability to cleave a chromogenic peptide substrate for glandular kallikrein (H-D-val-leu-arg-p-nitroanilide) at pH 8.0. Anterior pituitaries of both male and female New Zealand genetically hypertensive rats contained significantly less glandular kallikrein-like activity than their normotensive counterparts (-55% for females and -31% for males).
Characterization of a (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase system in the osteoblast plasma membrane.

Abstract A high affinity, calmodulin-sensitive (Ca 2 + Mg 2 )-ATPase was demonstrated in the plasma membrane preparation of three different osteosarcoma cell lines previously demonstrated to respond to parathyroid hormone with an increase in cytosolic calcium and a decrease in pH. The maximal velocity of the ezyme activity in the membrane preparations ranged from 0.83 to 2.42 nmol Pi released per min per mg protein with half-saturation constants of 26 nM of free Ca. The enzyme activity was not affected by Na + , K + , ouabain and azide, and exhibited an absolute requirement for Mg 2+ ions. These results suggest a possible role for a membrane Ca 2 + Mg 2+ -ATPase in initiating and perpetuating the ionic control of osteoblastic function.
Cloning and characterization of the 5' flanking region of the stem cell factor gene in rat Sertoli cells.

Abstract In order to elucidate the molecular basis of stem cell factor (SCF, or steel factor/kit ligand) expression in Sertoli cells of rat testis, 1.5 kb of the 5′ flanking region of the SCF gene was isolated and characterized. The transcriptional start point ( tsp) was identified by primer extension assay and a rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) assay. A TATA box was found 29 base pairs (bp) upstream from the tsp , and a number of transcription factor consensus sequences, including several AP2 and Sp1 sites, were identified. The transcriptional activity of the 1.5 kb 5′ flanking region was analyzed by deletion constructs using a firefly luciferase-encoding gene ( luc ) expression vector transiently transfected into primary rat Sertoli cells and other SCF positive and negative cell lines. For all the cells and cell lines examined, a −119 bp to +43 bp fragment including the tsp was sufficient for SCF promoter activity, and the core promoter activity was not significantly changed by inclusion of upstream sequences as far as −1461 bp. These results indicate that additional sites outside of this promoter region are needed to define the cell-specific regulatory elements of SCF expression. The transcriptional activities of all SCF deletion constructs treated with cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and forskolin were increased two- to threefold, indicating that SCF transcription in Sertoli cells is regulated by a cAMP-dependent pathway in the proximal promoter region.
The role of parent health literacy among urban children with persistent asthma.

Abstract Health literacy (HL) affects adult asthma management, yet less is known about how parent HL affects child asthma care. Objective To examine associations between parent HL and measures related to child asthma. Methods Parents of 499 school-age urban children with persistent asthma in Rochester, New York completed home interviews. Measures : the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) for parent HL; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) criteria for asthma severity, and validated measures of asthma knowledge, beliefs, and experiences. Analyses : bivariate and multivariate analyses of associations between parent HL measures related to child asthma. Results Response rate: 72%, mean child age: 7.0 years. Thirty-two percent had a Hispanic parent; 88% had public insurance. Thirty-three percent had a parent with limited HL. Low parent HL was independently associated with greater parent worry, parent perception of greater asthma burden, and lower parent-reported quality of life. Measures of health care use (e.g., emergency care and preventive medicines) were not associated with parent HL. Conclusions Parents with limited HL worried more and perceived greater overall burden from the child's asthma, even though reported health care use did not vary. Practice implications Improved parent understanding and provider-parent communication about child asthma could reduce parent-perceived asthma burden, alleviate parent worry, and improve parent quality of life.
Localization transition on the Bethe lattice

The critical behavior of disordered single-particle systems without time-reversal invariance is described by a nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model formulated in terms of graded pseudounitary matrices. It is shown that the symmetry-breaking pattern of this model predicts the correct analytical structure of the two-point Green's functions of the disordered system, which are expected to be singular (finite) for localized (extended) states in the limit of vanishing frequency. The main purpose of the paper is to obtain exact solutions for the graded nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model on a Bethe lattice. A combination of analytical and numerical methods is used to determine the critical behavior of all two-point Green's functions. In contrast with other work on the graded nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model, no minimum metallic conductivity is found. Instead, the averaged inverse conductivity has an exponential singularity at the critical point.
Adaptive Tracking Control of an Air Powered Robot Actuator

An adaptive controller is presented for a one-degree-of-freedom pneumatic actuator. The control law uses full-state feedback for simultaneous parameter identification and tracking control. For position control, a pneumatic actuator with high bandwidth is difficult to obtain because of the compressibility of air and the nonlinear characteristics of air flowing through a variable area orifice. Most previous controllers for gas powered actuators were relatively limited fixed gain or on-off type controllers with low tracking accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that tracking performance comparable to electric servomotors can be obtained using the algorithm presented despite the nonlinearities and compressibility of air
Parsimonious regularization using genetic algorithms applied to the analysis of analytical ultracentrifugation experiments

Frequently in the physical sciences experimental data are analyzed to determine model parameters using techniques known as parameter estimation. Eliminating the effects of noise from experimental data often involves Tikhonov or Maximum-Entropy regularization. These methods introduce a bias which smoothes the solution. In the problems considered here, the exact answer is sharp, containing a sparse set of parameters. Therefore, it is desirable to find the simplest set of model parameters for the data with an equivalent goodness-of-fit. This paper explains how to bias the solution towards a parsimonious model with a careful application of Genetic Algorithms. A method of representation, initialization and mutation is introduced to efficiently find this model. The results are compared with results from two other methods on simulated data with known content. Our method is shown to be the only one to achieve the desired results. Analysis of Analytical Ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity experimental data is the primary example application.
Koko: an architecture for affect-aware games

The importance of affect in delivering engaging experiences in entertainment and educational games is well recognized. Yet, current techniques for building affect-aware games are limited, with the maintenance and use of affect in essence being handcrafted for each game. The Koko architecture describes a service-oriented middleware that reduces the burden of incorporating affect recognition into games, thereby enabling developers to concentrate on the functional and creative aspects of their applications. The Koko architecture makes three key contributions: (1) improving developer productivity by creating a reusable and extensible environment; (2) yielding an enhanced user experience by enabling independently developed games and other applications to collaborate and provide a more coherent user experience than currently possible; (3) enabling affective communication in multiplayer and social games. Further, Koko is intended to be used as an extension of existing game architectures. We recognize that complex games require additional third party libraries, such as game engines. To enable the required flexibility we define the interfaces of the Koko architecture in a formal manner, thereby enabling the implementation of those interfaces to readily adapt to the unique requirements of game's other architectural components and requirements.
Effect on serum cholesterol in man of mono-ene fatty acid (oleic acid) in the diet.

Summary1) A controlled dietary experiment was performed on 22 men who subsisted first on a low-fat diet and then, in a switchback arrangement of 2 matched groups of 11 men each, for periods of 2 weeks, on each of 2 diets differing by 67.8 g daily of mono-ene, the difference being matched by simple carbohydrate calories. The 2 diets were identical in all other respects and calorie equilibrium was maintained throughout all 3 dietary periods. 2) Results confirmed a prediction equation in showing no cholesterol difference on the 2 experimental fat diets, in spite of differences in iodine value and oleic acid content. Serum cholesterol rose significantly when the diet was changed from low fat to either of other diets and this change also conformed to that predicted by the equation. Serum phospholipid in general responded in parallel to cholesterol responses.
Look to the clouds and beyond

Research in high-energy physics produces masses of data, demanding extensive computational resources. The scientists responsible for managing these resources are now turning to cloud and high-performance computing.
Plasminogen activator synthesis by cultured human embryonic lung cells: Characterization of the suppressive effect of corticosteroids

The synthesis of plasminogen activator (PA) by cultured human embryonic lung (HuEL) cells has been examined. The production of PA by these cells was found to be reversibly inhibited by physiological levels of glucocorticoids. The suppression of PA synthesis in HuEL cells was not accompanied by an inhibition of cell growth. Moreover, the glucocorticoid induced deinduction of plasminogen activator synthesis occurred in both growing and non-growing cells. The inhibition of PA production by corticosteroids appeared to have a requirement for DNA-dependent RNA synthesis since the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis at the time of exposure of cells to corticosteroids prevented the deinduction of PA.
The effect of dilute silver nitrate and silver protein solutions on the spinal cord and nerve roots. An experimental study on rabbits.

SUMMARY To determine if silver nitrate or silver proteinate can be safely used for sterilizing myelomeningocele sacs, the lumbosacral spinal cords of young rabbits were perfused with solutions of these compounds. All silver solutions produced severe damage to the spinal cord and nerve roots. Control animals treated in the same way with saline were unaffected. It is concluded that the use of silver nitrate and silver proteinate is unsafe if contact with functioning nervous tissue is possible. RESUME L'effet des solutions diluees de nitrate d'argent et d'argent proteinique sur la moelle epiniere et les racines nerveuses. Une etude experimentale chez le lapin En vue de determiner si le nitrate d'argent et le proteinate d'argent peuvent etre utilises sans danger pour steriliser les sacs de myelomeningocele, la moelle epiniere lombo-sacree de jeunes lapins a ete perfusee avec des solutions de ces composes. Toutes les solutions produisent une deterioration marquee de la moelle epiniere et des racines nerveuses. Les animaux-temoins traites de la meme maniere avec de l'eau physiologique n'etaient pas affectes. On en conclut que l'usage du nitrate et du proteinate d'argent n'est pas sans danger s'il y a possibilitye de contact avec le tissu nerveux fonctionnel. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Wirkung von verdunntem Silber-Nitrat und Silber-Proteinlosungen auf die Wirbelsaule und Nervenwurzeln. Eine Versuchsstudie mit Kaninchen Urn festzustellen ob Silber-Nitrat oder Silber-Proteinate gefahrlos zue Sterilisierung von Myelomeningozele-Sacken verwendet werden konnen, wurde die lumbosakraleWirbelsaule von jungen Kaninchen mit Losungen dieser Verbindungen perfusiert. Alle Silberlosungen erzeugten bedeutenden Schaden in der Wirbelsaule und den Nervenwurzeln. Bei Kontroll-Tieren die auf dieselbe Art mit Salinelosungen behandelt wurden, blieb dies ohne Wirking. Es wird gefolgert, dass die Verwendung von Silber-Nitrat und Silber-Proteinaten schadlich ist, wenn die Moglichkeit besteht, dass sie mit tatigem Nervengewebe in Beruhrung kommen. RESUMEN Una investigateon realizada en conejos del efecto del nitrato de plata diluido y de disoluciones de proteina de plata en la medula espinal y las raices nerviosas Para determinar si se puede utilizar sin peligro el nitrato de plata o la proteinata de plata para esterilizar los sacos de mielomeningoceles, se perfundio la medula espinal lumbosacra de jovenes conejos con disoluciones de estos compuestos. Todas las disoluciones de plata causaron mucho dano a la medula espinal y a las raices nerviosas, Otros conejos inyectados del mismo modo con salina no fueron afectos. Se concluye que es peligroso utilizar el nitrato de plata y la proteinata de plata dondequeira que se ponga en contacto con tejidos nerviosos funcionales.
Throughput analysis of production systems: recent advances and future topics

Throughput analysis is important for the design, operation and management of production systems. A substantial amount of research has been devoted to developing analytical methods to estimate the throughput of production systems with unreliable machines and finite buffers. In this paper we summarise the recent studies in this area. In addition to the performance evaluation of serial lines, approximation methods for more complex systems, such as assembly/disassembly systems, parallel lines, split and merge, closed-loop systems, etc., are discussed. Moreover, we propose future research topics from the automotive manufacturing systems perspective.
The α-d-glucopyranosidic linkages of dextrans: comparison of percentages from structural analysis by periodate oxidation and by methylation

Abstract The analyses of 25 dextrans by g.l.c.-m.s., methylation-fragmentation, and periodate-oxidation techniques have been compared. Although in general agreement for slightly branched dextrans, the two techniques yield divergent analyses for highly branched dextrans. Employing the methylation-fragmentation data as the standard, the periodate-oxidation data were examined to establish the extent of deviation for the types of α- d -glucopyranosidic linkages that occur in dextrans, that is, the (1→6)-like, the (1→4)-like, and the (1→3)-like. The unexpected behavior of the dextrans was correlated with whether branching occurs through either C-2 or C-4, or C-3 or both of these types. Possible causes for the effects observed are discussed.
LRFD ORTHOTROPIC PLATE MODEL FOR LIVE LOAD MOMENT IN FILLED GRID DECKS

Due to the orthogonal elastic properties and significant two-way bending action, orthotropic plate theory may best be used to describe the behavior of concrete filled grid bridge decks. The current AASHTO LRFD specification employs an orthotropic plate model with a single patch load to predict live load moment in concrete filled grid bridge decks, which may not be conservative. This paper presents alternative equations to predict maximum moments, based on classical orthotropic plate theory, which include multiple patch loads, both the LRFD design truck and tandem load cases, and the two most common deck orientations. The predicted moments are verified through finite-element analyses.
A Gender Analysis of Theories of Coping with Stress

In this article, various feminist theories are used to critique selected psychological theories of coping with stress, a reformulated coping theory is outlined, and recommendations for future research are made. To date, theories of coping often portray women as less able copers than the samples of men with whom they are compared. A reformulated theory, based on different women's experiences, explicitly examines the role of social forces (sexism, racism) and access to power as variables in the coping process rather than solely focusing on the individual. Selected examples of research that contribute to such a revision are given. Revised theories and methodologies will encourage the more accurate appraisal of women's coping abilities and generate information vital to the creation of more inclusive and representative theories of coping.
Dynamic response of the space station freedom due to a module perforation by a hypervelocity impact

Abstract The perforation of a habitable module that is part of an extended lifetime space structure in earth orbit by an orbital debris particle will result in a thrust normal to the module surface. The thrust is caused by air exhausting through the hole in the module wall created by the hypervelocity debris particle impact. This paper addresses the ensuing global dynamic response of the Space Station Freedom following such a module rupture, assuming that structural integrity is maintained. The truss segments of the Space Station Freedom are idealized as finite beam elements; discrete masses modeling various space station elements are lumped at appropriate discrete coordinates. Duhamel's integral is used to solve the governing equations of motion to obtain displacements and accelerations. By varying the size of the hole through which the module air is allowed to escape, an in-depth study of the dynamic response of the Space Station Freedom to a perforating hypervelocity impact is performed. It is shown that significant displacements and accelerations could result from such an impact, especially if the resulting hole diameter is of the order of 15 cm or more.
Potentiation of locomotor activity by d-amphetamine in infant Swiss-Webster mice

Swiss-Webster mice were tested for locomotor activity in either an electromagnetic field (5, 7, or 9 days of age) or photocell shuttle (9, 11, or 13 days of age) apparatus over a 4-h period following systematic injections of d-amphetamine or saline. While d-amphetamine reliably increased activity at all ages tested, the magnitude of the increase varied both as a function of age and apparatus, with younger mice showing a smaller increment than older mice in each apparatus and the electromagnetic field showing relatively greater increments than the photocell apparatus. In addition, amphetamine-induced hyperactivity for the age groups tested was always of longer duration than that reported for adult mice and rats, regardless of the type of apparatus. The present findings for mice are consistent with those that demonstrated that rats respond to amphetamine at early ages and also indicate that both species show similar age differences in the temporal effects of systematically administered amphetamine.
A logistic diffusion model of political mobilization

Some useful simplification of the theory of political mobilization is achieved by treating the ideology of a mobilizing agent as an innovation. The process of political mobilization is then treated as a process of innovation diffusion. This perspective allows the development of the necessary linkage between the micro and macro level components of the process. The theory is tested using extended time series for seven societies: the United States, Britain, Sweden, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.
Performance of a spectrometer for measuring the earth's radiance near 4.3 microns

Grating spectrometer performance in measuring earth IR radiance determined from balloon flights
Flows on C2 with polynomial time one map

We show that every one parameter holomorphic automorphism group (holomorphic flow) {ψ t : t e R} ⊃ Aut on whose time one map ψ 1 is an affine linear map is conjugate in Aut to Together with the results of Ahern and Forstneric [1] this shows that every holomorphic flow on with polynomial time one map is conjugate in Aut to a polynomial flow with the same time one map.
Volitional Control of Neural Activity Relies on the Natural Motor Repertoire

Background: The results from recent brain-machine interface (BMI) studies suggest that it may be more efficient to use simple arbitrary relationships between individual neuron activity and BMI movements than the complex relationship observed between neuron activity and natural movements. This idea is based on the assumption that individual neurons can be conditioned independently regardless of their natural movement association. Results: We tested this assumption in the parietal reach region (PRR), an important candidate area for BMIs in which neurons encode the target location for reaching movements. Monkeys could learn to elicit arbitrarily assigned activity patterns, but the seemingly arbitrary patterns always belonged to the response set for natural reaching movements. Moreover, neurons that are free from conditioning showed correlated responses with the conditioned neurons as if they encoded common reach targets. Thus, learning was accomplished by finding reach targets (intrinsic variable of PRR neurons) for which the natural response of reach planning could approximate the arbitrary patterns. Conclusions: Our results suggest that animals learn to volitionally control single-neuron activity in PRR by preferentially exploring and exploiting their natural movement repertoire. Thus, for optimal performance, BMIs utilizing neural signals in PRR should harness, not disregard, the activity patterns in the natural sensorimotor repertoire.
Study Of Thin Epitaxial Film Formation By Germanium Segregation In Silicon Oxidation

Thin germanium-rich layers have been formed by the implantation of Ge into Si substrates, followed by a wet oxidation process. We have measured the germanium concentration profile of layers formed by this method for samples initially implanted to a dose of 1 x 1017cm-2. Structural, optical, and electronic probes have been used, all of which yield similar results. The results from Ruth-erford backscattering (RBS), Auger spectroscopy (AES), Raman spectroscopy, and electroreflectance (ER) show that the germanium-rich layer is about 300A thick, and contains an average germanium concentration of 65%. The SiGe/Si interface is not sharp but diffuse, with a decreasing germanium concentration. In addition, the data suggest a thin layer of Si13Ge87 near the Si02/SiGe interface.
Techniques of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia and analgesia

Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anesthesia offers advantages of both spinal and epidural techniques with few of the disadvantages of either. It provides for rapid onset of analgesia/anesthesia, titration of a desired sensory level, variation of the intensity of the block, control of the duration of anesthesia, and delivery of effective postoperative analgesia. When compared to a double space technique, the needle-through-needle technique using a single interspace may reduce trauma, technical difficulties, patient discomfort, and time to surgical incision. Several techniques have been reviewed and none appear to offer significant improvement over the needle-through-needle technique using a long fine gauge pencil-point spinal needle through a conventional epidural needle. A 27-gauge (G) pencil-point spinal needle extending 1.2 to 1.5 cm past the tip of the epidural needle may be optimal for the intrathecal injection. It combines a good sensation of dural puncture, a low incidence of postdural puncture headache (
Thermal Alteration in Mesolithic Assemblages

Presentation des donnees experimentales, analytiques et archeologiques permettant de decrire l'alteration thermique dans les assemblages lithiques mesolithiques du Nord des Pays-Bas. L'experimentation, l'analyse au microscope electronique et la thermoluminescence mettent en evidence differentes phases du pre-traitement thermique. La repartition spatiale des artefacts thermiquement alteres permet de reperer les sources de chaleur sur le sol d'habitat.
Erythropoietic protoporphyria: hepatic cirrhosis.

SUMMARY Observations on liver pathology and function were made on 12 patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). Needle liver biopsies in 3 of 11 patients showed mild portal or periportal fibrosis without evidence of abnormal liver function. One patient (Case 12) died from hepatic cirrhosis and failure at the age of 11 years, the youngest yet reported. He was not suspected of pending liver disease until 3 months before death. The quantity of protoporphyrin present in his liver was approximately 575% of total liver weight. Fatal liver disease in EPP has occurred in 13 patients, 7 male and 6 female, in which the mean age of death was 38 years. The pathology of the liver in EPP is characteristic and is described.
Setting Tolerable Misstatements When Auditing Aggregated Accounts

Generally accepted auditing standards require auditors to plan audits of clients' account balances. If accounts are to be sampled, then part of this planning must include setting the tolerable misstatement for each account or class of transactions to be sampled. Although classical sampling approaches provide certain advantages, they have not been widely used because they are viewed as complex and difficult to implement. We present a remedy to these difficulties in an efficient, easily implemented optimal solution method for the problem of setting tolerable misstatements given constraints on tolerable misstatements for individual account balances as well as the overall audit. Further, our method suggests when the materialities of certain accounts or the materiality of the overall audit are irrelevant to the problem. Several example auditing problems demonstrate both our solution approach and the settings in which our approach provides a more effective or more efficient sampling plan than that provided by monetary unit sampling.
Clk2 and B56β Mediate Insulin-Regulated Assembly of the PP2A Phosphatase Holoenzyme Complex on Akt

Akt mediates important cellular decisions involved in growth, survival, and metabolism. The mechanisms by which Akt is phosphorylated and activated in response to growth factors or insulin have been extensively studied, but the molecular regulatory components and dynamics of Akt attenuation are poorly understood. Here we show that a downstream target of insulin-induced Akt activation, Clk2, triggers Akt dephosphorylation through the PP2A phosphatase complex. Clk2 phosphorylates the PP2A regulatory subunit B56β (PPP2R5B, B'β), which is a critical regulatory step in the assembly of the PP2A holoenzyme complex on Akt leading to dephosphorylation of both S473 and T308 Akt sites. Since Akt plays a pivotal role in cellular signaling, these results have important implications for our understanding of Akt regulation in many biological processes.
Photobiological Hydrogen Production in a Flat Panel Photobioreactor Using Different Nutrient Media

This study reports a factor 5.5 increase in hydrogen production of Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 using Allen-Arnon medium compared with BG-11 and BG-110 media. The results were obtained with a flat panel photobioreactor made of acrylic and operated in two stages at 30°C. Stage 1 aims at converting carbon dioxide into biomass by photosynthesis while Stage 2 aims at producing hydrogen. During Stage 1, the photobioreactor is irradiated with 65 μmol/m2 /s of light and sparged with a mixture of air and carbon dioxide. During Stage 2, irradiance is increased to 150 μmol/m2 /s and the photobioreactor is sparged with pure argon. The parameters continuously monitored are (1) the cyanobacteria concentration, (2) the pH, (3) the dissolved oxygen concentration, (4) the nitrate and (5) the ammonia concentrations in the medium, and (6) the hydrogen concentration in the effluent gas. The three media BG-11, BG-110 , and Allen-Arnon are tested under otherwise similar conditions. The light to biomass energy conversion efficiency varied between 5.5 and 10.5% and was similar for all media. The cyanobacteria concentrations during Stage 2 were 1.10 and 1.17 kg dry cell/m3 with BG-11 and Allen-Arnon media, respectively, while it could not exceed 0.76 kg dry cell/m3 with medium BG-110 . The average specific hydrogen production rates were about 1 and 0.9 L/kg dry cell/h in media BG-11 and BG-110 , respectively. In contrast, it was about 5.6 L/kg dry cell/h in Allen-Arnon medium. The maximum light to hydrogen energy conversion efficiencies achieved were 0.26%, 0.16%, and 1.32% for BG-11, BG-110 , and Allen-Arnon media, respectively. The larger specific hydrogen production rates, efficiencies, and cyanobacteria concentrations achieved using Allen-Arnon medium are attributed to the presence of vanadium, and higher concentrations of molybdenum, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium in the medium.© 2007 ASME
Hydrothermal cement/metal interfaces

We investigated the adherence of two cementitious materials, calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and silica flour-filled class G cement (CGC), to metal substrates, such as cold-rolled steel (CRS), stainless steel (SS), electroplated zinc-coated steel (EZS), and zinc phosphate-coated steel (ZPS) after autoclaving at 200°C. In CPC/metal joints, the γ-AlOOH phase, which segregated from the hydroxyapatite phase of the CPC matrix, was preferentially precipitated on the CRS and SS surfaces and also mixed with the reaction products formed at the interfaces between CPC and EZS or ZPS. Precipitation of γ-AlOOH caused the formation of a weak boundary layer at the interfacial transition zones, thereby resulting in a low shear-bond strength. Although CGC accelerated the rate of corrosion of CRS and SS surfaces, the growth of Fe2O3 clusters, formed as the corrosion products of metals at interfaces, aided the anchoring effect of xonotlite crystals as the major phase of CGC matrix, thereby conferring a high shear-bond strength. The EZS and ZPS surfaces were susceptible to alkali dissolution caused by the attack of the high-pH interstitial fluid of CGC pastes to the Zn and zinc phosphate coatings. Thus, the bond strengths of the CGC/EZS and /ZPS joints were lower than those of the joints made with CRS and SS.
A continuous spectrophotometric assay for angiotensin converting enzyme

Abstract Furanacryloyl tripeptides conforming to the known substrate specificity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, EC 3.4.15.1) have been employed to provide a continuous spectrophotometric assay for this peptidase in the visible region. The assay is based on a blue shift of the absorption spectrum that occurs upon hydrolysis of the substrate to produce a furanacryloyl-blocked amino acid and a dipeptide. Of the various furanacryloyl tripeptides tested, furanacryloyl- l -phenylalanylglyeylglycine exhibits the most suitable characteristics for routine assays of angiotensin converting enzyme.
Photoproduction of large-transverse-momentum hadronic jets

High-${p}_{T}$ jet photoproduction can serve as a source of new information not obtainable with hadron beams alone. The pointlike nature of the photon-quark interaction gives rise to a new class of hard-scattering subprocesses so that the high-${p}_{T}$ events will consist of both three- and four-jet topologies. The separation of these two contributions, which can be done on a purely kinematic basis, leads to new tests of the underlying dynamics. Further, by using quantum chromodynamics it is possible to calculate the parton distribution functions of the photon without any phenomenological input parametrizations. This fact can be exploited in the development of techniques for enhancing the fraction of quark-jet or gluon-jet triggers which, in turn, may be of use in searching for differences between quark and gluon jets. Detailed cross-section predictions together with estimates of backgrounds and sources of theoretical uncertainty are presented.
WEIGHT-FOR-AGE AS AN INDEX OF RISK OF DEATH IN CHILDREN

Between April, 1968, and May, 1973, the Department of International Health of Johns Hopkins University studied the effects of the interaction of nutrition and infection in fourteen villages of Punjab, North India. Serial anthropometric measurements (used as index of nutritional status) and vital statistics of almost 3000 children aged 1-36 months showed that, on average, child mortality doubled with each 10% decline below 80% of the Harvard weight median. The relation between season and mortality showed that mortality-rates were highest just before and during the main (wheat) harvest, reflecting the effects of food scarcity, relative child neglect, and climate on child deaths among those already underweight.
Structural Defects in the Regulatory Particle-Core Particle Interface of the Proteasome Induce a Novel Proteasome Stress Response

Proteasomes consist of a 19-subunit regulatory particle (RP) and 28-subunit core particle (CP), an α7β7β7α7 structure. The RP recognizes substrates and translocates them into the CP for degradation. At the RP-CP interface, a heterohexameric Rpt ring joins to a heteroheptameric CP α ring. Rpt C termini insert individually into the α ring pockets to form a salt bridge with a pocket lysine residue. We report that substitutions of α pocket lysine residues produce an unexpected block to CP assembly, arising from a late stage defect in β ring assembly. Substitutions α5K66A and α6K62A resulted in abundant incorporation of immature CP β subunits, associated with a complete β ring, into proteasome holoenzymes. Incorporation of immature CP into the proteasome depended on a proteasome-associated protein, Ecm29. Using ump1 mutants, we identified Ecm29 as a potent negative regulator of RP assembly and confirmed our previous findings that proper RP assembly requires the CP. Ecm29 was enriched on proteasomes of pocket lysine mutants, as well as those of rpt4-Δ1 and rpt6-Δ1 mutants, in which the C-terminal residue, thought to contact the pocket lysine, is deleted. In both rpt6-Δ1 and α6K62A proteasomes, Ecm29 suppressed opening of the CP substrate translocation channel, which is gated through interactions between Rpt C termini and the α pockets. The ubiquitin ligase Hul5 was recruited to these proteasomes together with Ecm29. Proteasome remodeling through the addition of Ecm29 and Hul5 suggests a new layer of the proteasome stress response and may be a common response to structurally aberrant proteasomes or deficient proteasome function.
Towards an ontogenesis of queerness and divinity: Queer political theology and Terrorist Assemblages

The presumed categorical stability of sexual and national identities fuels a biopolitical phenomenon that Jasbir Puar has termed homonationalism. Critical responses to homonationalism must necessarily challenge the priority of ontological stasis that often characterises scholarly approaches to theorising both god and identity. This essay argues that a monotheistic political theology provides a basis for assuming notions of identity that are ontologically static. Post-secularity is put forth as an analytic for examining the intertwining of theological and cultural logics in the emergence of homonationalisms. Within that post-secular framework, affect theory is applied to analyse religion, nationalism and sexuality not as discrete social positions but as an assemblage of dynamic and interrelated multiplicities. This post-secular, affective approach allows for an expanded field of political and cultural analysis in queer theory and queer theology alike.
Pure maternal overprotection

Summary 1. Pure maternal overprotection or overaffection is a quantitative ratherthan a qualitative deviation in the maternal drive. 2. It is to be distinguished from “guilt” or “compensatory” overprotection where the maternal overprotectiveness represents an effort to conceal a rejecting attitude of which the mother is generally unconscious. 3. An innately determined strong maternal drive is generally reinforced(1) by external circumstances, such as a long period of anticipation, serious illness of the child, a physical or mental handicap, and (2) by maternal emotional privations in childhood. 4. Mothers manifest their overaffection by excessive care of the child, excessivecontact, overprotection against the usual hazards of childhood, and variations in the customary attitude toward training. 5. Behavior of the child depends on whether the mother is indulgent or dominating. If the mother is indulgent the child is demanding, selfish, and tyrannical. If the mother is dominating the child is shy, anxious, fearful, and submissive. 6. The most effective methods of treatment are those which aim at separating mother and child. 7. The outlook for the future adjustment of the overprotected individual is good. Most develop into well-balanced adults. 8. By early recognition of the circumstances which may lead to overprotectionit is possible to institute appropriate measures before the maternal attitude has become fixed.
de Boor—fix functionals and polar forms

Abstract The relationship between the polar form perspective of spline curves [Ramshaw '87a, '87b, '89; de Casteljau '85, '86] and the dual functional viewpoint [de Boor & Fix '73, de Boor & Hollig '87] is explored. An explicit connection between these two formulations is derived, and this link is elaborated further through some examples of spline properties provable by both techniques. The relationship of these techniques to knot insertion is also briefly discussed.
A model for osmotically induced weight transient in the isolated rabbit heart.

Abstract In this paper we present a model for osmotically induced weight transients in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. The model consists of a set of lumped parameter, first-order, ordinary differential equations describing the solute and volume flow across the capillary and cell membranes. The differential equations describing the model have been solved by using a Hewlett-Packard Model HP9830 computer. The results, in terms of weight changes, solute, and solvent flows are given in graphical form. This paper has indicated the importance of diffusion, solvent drag, elastic factors, capillary sieving, interstitial pressure changes, lymph flow, transcellular (myocytal) transport, all as a function of time and related these to simultaneous weight changes. The parameters used for our model are values which have all been experimentally obtained in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Results are presented using two small, water-soluble test molecules, inulin and NaCl, since they elicit different tissue responses to osmotic perturbation. For an inulin transient the main loss of weight occurs in the extracellular compartment. When NaCl is used as the test solute the main loss of weight is from the heart muscle cells. While complete in itself this paper is the starting point for two associated articles on factors important in the estimation of capillary permeability and reflection coefficients.
Effects of renal failure on drug transport and metabolism

Renal failure not only alters the renal elimination, but also the non-renal disposition of drugs that are extensively metabolized by the liver. Although reduced metabolic enzyme activity in some cases can be responsible for the reduced drug clearance, alterations in the transporter systems may also be involved in the process. With the development of renal failure, the renal secretion of organic ions mediated by organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic cation transporters (OCTs) is decreased. 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) and other organic anionic uremic toxins may directly inhibit the renal excretion of various drugs and endogenous organic acids by competitively inhibiting OATs. In addition, the expression of OAT1 and OCT2 was reduced in chronic renal failure (CRF) rats. Renal failure also impairs the liver uptake of drugs and organic anions, such as bromosulphophthalein (BSP), indocyanine green (ICG), and thyroxine, where organic anion transport polypeptides (OATPs) are the major transporters. Most previous studies have been done in animals or cell culture, very often in rat models, but these are presumed to reflect the presentation of advanced renal disease in humans as well. Recent studies demonstrate that the uremic toxins CMPF and indoxyl sulfate (IS) can directly inhibit rOatp2 and hOATP-C in hepatocytes. The protein content of the liver uptake transporters Oatp1, 2, and 4 were significantly decreased in CRF rats. Decreased activity of the intestinal efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), was also observed in CRF rats, with no significant change of protein content, suggesting that uremic toxins may suppress P-gp function. However, increased protein levels of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2 in the kidney and MRP3 in the liver were found in CRF rats, suggesting an adaptive response that may serve as a protective mechanism. Increases in drug areas under the curve (AUCs) in subjects with advanced renal disease for drugs that are not renally excreted are consistent with uremic toxin effects on either intestinal or hepatic cell transporters, metabolizing enzymes, or both. In conclusion, alterations of drug transporters, as well as metabolic enzymes, in patients with renal failure can be responsible for reduced drug clearance.
Explaining Social Movements in Two Oil-Exporting States: Divergent Outcomes in Nigeria and Iran

If one were to survey social movements in the last decade that were inextricably linked to global socioeconomic processes, the significant social movements that have emerged in Islamic oil-producing countries could hardly escape notice. Since nine oil-exporting states possess Muslim majorities, there appears to be an objective relationship between the global consequences of the post–1973 oil-price revolution and the socioeconomic transformation of Muslim populations. Although most Muslim states experienced social movements in this period, it is clear that in the oil-producing Islamic countries, the particular social impact and institutional location of petroleum rents greatly intensified the disruption of urban social networks. Indeed, the cases of Shi‘ite Iran and Muslim northern Nigeria indicate how this disruptive element may have contributed to Islamic revolutionary movements which, though having quite distinct goals, ideologies, and social bases, remain inexplicable without analyzing the consequences of the petroleum boom on the relationship between state and society.
Anesthesiology in the 21st century: Analgesic, sedative and anesthetic focusing

The specialty of anesthesiology is on the verge of a major technological evolution (revolution) which will utilize the computative and logic powers of the computer as well as the recent and rapid advances in magnetic imaging and laser and drug receptor technology to introduce the concept of anesthetic drug focusing by the beginning of the next century. This will result in the need for only a few molecules of future anesthetic compounds because they will only be necessary at a limited number of receptors in a few neurons or nuclei in the brain and/or spinal cord. Analgesic, sedative and anesthetic action may not be dependent on any drug but rather be produced solely by a wave form or energy source focused via a computer on the appropriate receptors in the brain, spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Anesthetic drug focusing will enable anesthetic depth to be ideal, anesthetic action to be localized to only those cells, tissues or organs where it is desired and anesthetic onset and termination to be measured in micro-seconds.