cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the analysis of reflected gradient and splitting methods for monotone stochastic variational inequality problems

Stochastic generalizations of the extragradient method are complicated by a key challenge: the scheme requires two projections on a convex set and two evaluations of the map for every major iteration. We consider two related avenues where every iteration requires a single projection: (i) A projected reflected gradient (PRG) method requiring a single evaluation of the map and a single projection; and (ii) A modified backward-forward splitting (MBFS) method that requires two evaluations of the map and a single projection. We make the following contributions: (a) We prove almost sure convergence of the iterates to a random point in the solution set for the stochastic PRG scheme under a weak sharpness requirement; (b) We prove that the mean of the gap function associated with the averaged sequence diminishes to zero at the optimal rate of O(1/√N) for both schemes where N is the iteration index.
Selective Sampling Versus Attenuation for Interference Mitigation in Broadband Receivers

In a filterless broadband receiver, time selective sampling (SS) is a method for mitigating interference effects by time sampling the amplified input (message plus interference) signal and discarding all samples that are big enough to be distorted. A consequence is that a longer total sampling time is necessary to compensate for the discarded samples. An alternative technique is to reduce amplifier gain and thereby reduce distortion. This also requires a longer total sampling time to make up for lost signal-to-noise. This brief compares the two techniques using a simplified analysis that is verified by comparison to simulation. The analysis provides insight into how the performance of each technique depends on interference power, noise, nonlinearity, and message power. SS takes significantly less time than attenuation to achieve equally accurate message extraction. For large interference levels the difference can be an order of magnitude.
Working My Way Out—The Challenge of Finding a Job

The ability to support ourselves and to provide for our needs is fundamental, and securing legitimate employment is an essential part of any successful assimilation process—in particular, for released offenders who are trying to rehabilitate their lives while reintegrating to the normative, non-criminal society. In fact, obtaining legitimate employment is known to be one of the chief factors in reducing recidivism, while promoting successful reintegration (Uggen, 1999; Uggen, 2000; Uggen & Thompson, 2003), in addition to maintaining and securing normative relations with the community. Engagement in normative employment is crucial as it provides the individual with the ability to provide for himself, family, and also to secure a residence; these, in turn, promote positive self-esteem, which translates into a smoother assimilation in the community as a participating member. According to Petersilia (2003), employment remains one of the most important factors that accelerate reintegration while reducing recidivism (p.40).
The Association of Perioperative Glycemic Control with Deep Postoperative Infection After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in Patients with Diabetes.

Objective To evaluate the association of perioperative hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) level in patients with diabetes with the incidence of infection after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion requiring operative intervention, in addition to determining if a threshold level of HbA 1c above which the risk of infection increases significantly exists. Methods A national administrative database was queried for patients who underwent primary anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with diabetes who had a perioperative HbA 1c level recorded within 3 months of surgery. These patients were stratified based on their HbA 1c level in 0.5-mg/dL increments from 11.5 mg/dL. The incidence of infection requiring operative intervention within 1 year was then identified using Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine a threshold value of the HbA 1c level. Results A total of 3341 patients with a perioperative HbA 1c level were included. The rate of deep infection requiring irrigation and debridement postoperatively stratified by HbA 1c level ranged from a low of 1.5% to a high of 6.4% and was significantly correlated with increasing HbA 1c levels ( P = 0.005). The results of ROC analysis determined that the inflection point of the ROC curve corresponded to an HbA 1c level higher than 7.5 mg/dL ( P = 0.022; area under the curve, 0.67; specificity, 68%; sensitivity, 46%). Conclusions The risk of deep postoperative infection in patients with diabetes mellitus increases as the perioperative HbA 1c level increases. ROC analysis determined that a perioperative HbA 1c level higher than 7.5 mg/dL could serve as a threshold for a significantly increased risk of infection.
Gauge Hierarchy, Decoupling, and Heavy Particle Effects

We deal with the problems of a large gauge hierarchy and decoupling in theories with spontaneously broken symmetry. They are relevant to the current developments of grand unification, in which several vacuum expectation values of scalar fields are introduced, with one of them (V) much larger than all the others. We shall show to all orders in the loop expansion that: (1) Once we make a proper identification of the light particles and of the heavy particles at the tree level, then such a division will be maintained order by order in the loop expansion without the necessity of fine tuning. The correction to the light masses in each order is only logarithmic in V. (2) To v(1) accuracy, there is a local renormalizable effective Lagrangian, composed of light fields only, which can be used to reproduce all the one light particle irreducible Green’s functions for external momenta ≪ V. (3) A set of renormalization group equations can be written down, wherein one stays in the lower energy region to correlate the two sets of parameters in the full and the effective light theories.
Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by Mutant Tat Peptides

The HIV-1 Tat protein is a potent transactivator that is essential for virus replication. We reported previously that chemically synthesized Tat minimal domain peptides and full length Tat (Tat86), in which alanine is substituted for Lys-41, are taken up by cells and antagonize the expression of microinjected HIV-LTR driven CAT gene. We find that several Tat mutant peptides inhibit HIV-1 (HTLV-IIIB) replication. Tat86,41Ala, the most active peptide, inhibits virus replication 95–99% in acutely infected cells when added to the culture medium at concentrations of 10−6 M to 10−7 M; chronically infected cells are also inhibited but to a lesser extent. Tat86,41Ala protects HIV-1 infected cells from virus-induced cytopathogenicity and inhibits syncytia formation. The mechanism of inhibition by Tat mutant peptides is unknown. Unexpectedly, co-transfection of a Tat86 expressing plasmid with plasmids expressing Tat86,41Ala does not inhibit transactivation of endogenous HIV-LTRCAT in HeLa cells. Thus the Tat86,41Ala peptide, when added to cells together with Tat86 can block HIV-LTRCAT transactivation, but not when expressed endogenously from a plasmid. These results imply a novel mechanism of Tat antagonism.
No evaporative cooling of nitric oxide in its ground state

Cold collisions of $^{14}\mathrm{N}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ molecules in the $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{1/2}$ ground state, subject to electric and magnetic fields, are investigated. It is found that elastic collision rates significantly exceed state-changing inelastic rates only at temperatures above 0.5 K at laboratory-strength fields. It is found, however, that in very large fields, $g{10}^{4}$ V/cm, inelastic rates can be somewhat suppressed. Magnetic fields have a negligible influence on scattering for this nearly nonmagnetic state.
Normal Serum Iron and Elevated Total Iron-binding Capacity in Iron-deficiency States

Five nonanemic patients with normal erythrocytic indexes were found to have normal serum iron, elevated total iron-binding capacity, normal percentage of saturation of transferrin, and depleted bone marrow iron stores. These findings suggest that during the development of iron deficiency, an elevation of total iron-binding capacity occurs before the decrease of the serum iron. This may represent a compensatory mechanism to mobilize all traces of tissue iron to maintain normal erythropoiesis.
A 37-year experimental study of the effects of structural alterations on a shrub community in the Mojave Desert, California

1.In 1977 an experiment was initiated in the Mojave Desert to investigate the relationship between shrub interactions and structure in a community dominated by Ambrosia dumosa and Larrea tridentata. Here, as in much of the Mojave, Larrea were regularly distributed, Ambrosia occurred in aggregations, and the two were randomly distributed relative to each other. Pre-dawn xylem pressure potentials (PDXPPs) of single Ambrosia or Larrea in centers of 100m2 circular plots were monitored to assess effects of intraspecific, interspecific, and total removals of neighboring shrubs. Contrary to theory, results over the next two years indicated interspecific interference was more intense than intraspecific interference in both species. 2.These plots were maintained through 2014. Measurements of seedling recruitment from 1980 to 2014, and of PDXPP, aboveground biomass, and canopy senescence from 2003 to 2014 were conducted. 3.Recruitment of both species was substantial immediately after the removals, but declined to very low levels after 1983. Ambrosia recruited into all Ambrosia and Total-Removal plots, but Larrea recruited only into plots that contained mature Ambrosia. 4.PDXPPs of monitored shrubs continued to be enhanced in removal plots for at least 27 years, but this changed from most being due to interspecific removals in both species to intraspecific removals causing most enhancement in Ambrosia and inter- and intraspecific removals causing nearly equal enhancements in Larrea. 5.Aboveground biomasses of monitored Ambrosia and Larrea were 2.1X and 2.8X larger in Total-Removal plots, 1.6X and 1.7X larger in intraspecific removal plots, respectively, and 1.1X larger in interspecific removal plots for both species than those in Control plots, indicating the absence of intraspecific interference had the dominant long-term effect. 6.Canopy senescence differed between Ambrosia and Larrea in extent, timing and effect of specific removal treatments; it was greatest for both species in Controls, averaging 75% and 34%, respectively. 7.Synthesis. Shrub interactions and their relations to community structure are mechanistically and spatially complex. Differences between short-term and long-term responses to removals reveal multi-tiered, temporally dynamic feedback loops between shrub interactions and community structure driven by demographics, species-specific root growth, resource competition, communications, and territoriality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Argument as Non-Discursive Symbolism

A reformulation of the notion of argument from the perspective of constructivism is clarified and defended against the above critique.
Single Image Super Resolution Using Nearest Neighbor Local Gaussian Process Regression

The aim of signal image super resolution is to generate a high-resolution image from a given low-resolution (LR) input. Learning regression for low-high resolution patch pairs show promise in image super resolution. Gaussian process regression (GPR) is a typically probability model, has strong compatibility, but it is time consuming for building large numbers of samples modeling. In this paper, we extend a GPR based method and propose a nearest neighbor local Gaussian process regression (NNLGPR) that learns the function relationship from the low-resolution patch to the corresponding high frequency patch efficiently. At first, we search the nearest neighbor patches in the sample set for each input low resolution patch. Secondly, we establish local Gaussian process regression model from the searched nearest neighbor low-resolution patches to their corresponding high frequency patches for each low resolution patch. And then, the initial high resolution patch is restored by combining the up-scaled low-resolution patch with the high frequency patch. Finally, the non-local similarity and IBP are utilized to improve the quality of reconstruction image. Experimental results show that our approach acquires better results in the peak signal to noise ratio and the visual effects against several state of the arts methods.
Conditions Affecting Accuracy of Peripheral Nerve Reinnervation and Functional Recovery

Abstract For successful regeneration to occur, axons not only need to grow past the lesion, but they also must be targeted to their appropriate synaptic locations. Here we review the basic response of a peripheral neuron to injury, emphasizing the communication of the injury response to the cell body and the initially robust cell body response to injury that often stands in contrast to the injury response of central nervous system neurons. However, despite the high potential for regeneration, patients with peripheral nervous system (PNS) injuries often recover poorly. Failure of PNS regeneration arises not only because of the time and distance over which axon growth must occur but also because of misdirected axon growth even if regenerative potential remains robust. This is more evident with increasing disruption of the nerve integrity by the injury, which progressively decreases the functional outcome. For example, a crush injury shows the highest levels of function recovery, whereas complete transection and nerve excision lesions show the lowest. The low probability of a good outcome after any transection lesion is primarily caused by the misdirected regeneration of motor and sensory axons to inappropriate peripheral targets. However, some preferential re-formation of appropriate synapses after injury exists. Furthermore, modulation of both spinal cord plasticity in response to erroneous motor reinnervation and treatments to increase the specificity of axon regeneration at an injury site have improved regenerative recovery in some cases. Together these observations suggest the possibility of rational strategies to improve recovery of PNS injuries.
Recovery in Openingres

Ingres has been renamed as OpenIngres beyond the releases 6.4. OpenIngres differs substantially from Ingres in recovery, locking, and logging. We begin with a high level overview of OpenIngres Database Management System and then describe their recovery scheme.
Tentacle Retraction in Tracheopulmonata

(1968). Tentacle Retraction in Tracheopulmonata. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia: Vol. 1, No. 11, pp. 62-67.
All-Optical Control of Shape

Photoresponsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a unique class of anisotropic materials capable of undergoing large-scale, macroscopic deformations when exposed to light. Here, surface-aligned, azobenzene-functionalized LCEs are prepared via a radical-mediated, thiol-acrylate chain transfer reaction. A long-lived, macroscopic shape deformation is realized in an LCE composed with an o-fluorinated azobenzene (oF-azo) monomer. Under UV irradiation, the oF-azo LCE exhibits a persistent shape deformation for >72 h. By contrasting the photomechanical response of the oF-azo LCE to analogs prepared from classical and m-fluorinated azobenzene derivatives, the origin of the persistent deformation is clearly attributed to the underlying influence of positional functionalization on the kinetics of cis→trans isomerization. Informed by these studies and enabled by the salient features of light-induced deformations, oF-azo LCEs are demonstrated to undergo all-optical control of shape deformation and shape restoration.
Removal of Eriochrome Black T by sulfate radical generated from Fe-impregnated biochar/persulfate in Fenton-like reaction

Abstract A new heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, Fe-impregnated biochar catalyst (Fe-BC) was synthesized and evaluated in detail for its catalytic activity with sulfate radical under various conditions. The optimum conditions for the removal of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) by Fe-BC were determined as 0.27 g/L K2S2O8 (PS) and 0.5 g/L Fe-BC for 0.1 g/L EBT, and which resulted 85–88% removal efficiency within 2 h. The effective oxidation of EBT was observed over a pH range of 2–4 and temperature of 25–45 °C and maintained EBT removal efficiency of 77.6–92.7%. Under optimum conditions, the catalytic activity was faster in the order of PS > PS + HP > H2O2 (HP) >>Fe-BC (without oxidants). The catalytic activity of Fe-BC for EBT can be identified in two stages, which occur rapidly within 30 min (1st stage) and followed by slow oxidation until 120 min (2nd stage). Catalytic activity by sulfate radical was also dominantly influenced by other pollutant such as iodide, phosphate and humic acid. Overall, the sulfate radical generated from Fe-BC/PS was found more economical with strong oxidation efficiency for use in Fenton-like reaction for treating organic pollutants compared with conventional Fenton reaction with H2O2.
Enhancing Understanding of Moral Distress: The Measure of Moral Distress for Health Care Professionals.

Background: As ongoing research explores the impact of moral distress on health care professionals (HCPs) and organizations and seeks to develop effective interventions, valid and reliable instrume...
The Matter of Attention and Motivation – Understanding Unexpected Results from Auditory Localization Training Using Augmented Reality

We present the results from a seven-week auditory localization training using Microsoft HoloLens. Eight participants were divided into two groups. Both groups showed a generally declining pattern in localization performance over the eight tests, unlike the results from our previous study. The decreasing slope was smaller for the train group than for the control group, which might reflect some mild effect of training. There was a one-time performance improvement after two trainings, which was not observed from subsequent tests. The training program might have been too simple to maintain participants' attention for weeks. Possible extraneous factors such as the academic calendar are discussed that might have had an impact on this decreasing pattern against the hypotheses.
User-oriented cache deletion algorithm in a delayed update-tolerant web cache server for supporting a non-formal education

Abstract In developing countries, it is often difficult to use web content for e-learning because Internet accessing is unavailable or limited. To support education in such a situation, the authors previously proposed a system that uses a delayed update-tolerant web cache server and a wireless LAN. This system stores e-learning webpages requested by free school children in a cache memory, which is then carried to the free school so that the children can access the webpages in an off-line environment. The present paper proposes a cache deletion algorithm that reflects children’s requests for content retention in the cache server. It is called a user-oriented least recently used (LRU) algorithm. We have developed an experimental system that implemented this algorithm and carried out a learning experiment under conditions that simulated actual usage. We compared the proposed algorithm with existing cache deletion algorithms, including the least recently used (LRU), the least frequently used (LFU) and the least frequently recently used (LFRU) algorithms, in terms of the frequently accessed leaning cache retention rate.
Fostering Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory in the Adult Education Classroom: A Critical Review

This critical review builds upon the theoretical and practical debate of Mezirow's transformative learning theory by investigating what 23 empirical studies reveal about the practice of fostering transformative learning in the classroom. The review finds much support for Mezirow's ideals for promoting rational discourse and critical reflection. Findings point to the importance of fostering group ownership and individual agency, providing intense shared experiential activities, capitalizing on the interrelationship of critical reflection and affective learning, developing an awareness of personal and social contextual influences, promoting value-laden course content, and the need for time—all of which reveal a complex and challenging form of teaching. Future research needs to focus on the more subjective elements of fostering transformative learning, such as the role of relationships, how emotions are managed in the classroom to promote critical reflection, and the impact of fostering transformative learning on learning outcomes. Resume Prenant appui sur 23 etudes empiriques, cet examen critique des ecrits s'interesse aux aspects tant theoriques que pratiques du debat qui concerne la theorie de l'apprentissage transformatif «transformative learning» de Mezirow. Cette recension vient appuyer l'ideal de Mezirow en matiere de discours rationnel et de reflexion critique. En effet, les resultats indiquent qu'il est important de mettre l'accent sur l'appartenance au groupe et sur l'initiative individuelle, de favoriser la mise en commun d'activites axees sur l'experience, de prendre en compte les interrelations entre la pensee critique et les aspects plus affectifs de l'apprentissage, de developper une conscience des influences personnelles et de celles liees au contexts, de promouvoir des contenus de cours faisant la promotion de certaines valeurs et d'accorder le temps necessaire a la reflexion. Ce qui precede constitue un defi invitant â penser l'enseignement d'une maniere nouvelle et complexe. Les futures recherches auront a se pencher sur les elements plus subjectifs associes au developpement de l'apprentissage transformatif tels que le role des relations, la maniere de prendre en compte les emotions dans le developpement de la reflexion critique et l'impact de l'encouragement de l'apprentissage transformatif sur les resultats de l'apprentissage.
Early Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in Extreme Prematurity: Mortality and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the survival and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants at 18 to 26 months with early hypoxemic respiratory failure (HRF). We also assessed whether African American infants with early HRF had improved outcomes after exposure to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). METHODS: ELBW infants ≤1000 g and gestational age ≤26 weeks with maximal oxygen ≥60% on either day 1 or day 3 were labeled as “early HRF” and born between 2007 and 2015 in the Neonatal Research Network were included. Using a propensity score regression model, we analyzed outcomes and effects of exposure to iNO overall and separately by race. RESULTS: Among 7639 ELBW infants born ≤26 weeks, 22.7% had early HRF. Early HRF was associated with a mortality of 51.3%. The incidence of moderate-severe NDI among survivors was 41.2% at 18 to 26 months. Mortality among infants treated with iNO was 59.4%. Female sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8–3.3), birth weight ≥720 g (aOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7–3.1) and complete course of antenatal steroids (aOR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.2) were associated with intact survival. African American infants had a similar incidence of early HRF (21.7% vs 23.3%) but lower exposure to iNO (16.4% vs 21.6%). Among infants with HRF exposed to iNO, intact survival (no death or NDI) was not significantly different between African American and other races (aOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.6–3.6). CONCLUSIONS: Early HRF in infants ≤26 weeks’ gestation is associated with high mortality and NDI at 18 to 26 months. Use of iNO did not decrease mortality or NDI. Outcomes following iNO exposure were not different in African American infants.
The night witches: by Garth Ennis, Penciled by Russ Braun, Annapolis, MD, Dead Reckoning, 2019, 256 pp., $24.95 (Paperback), ISBN 978-1682473900

Battles and war have a long history in comic books and graphic novels, dating back to some of their creative origins in the World War II era. As Goodnow and Kimble (2017) have noted, the comic book...
A sticky thicket of glue cells: a comparative morphometric analysis of colloblasts in 20 species of comb jelly (phylum Ctenophora)

Ctenophores in the class Tentaculata are distinct from Cnidarians in that they use sticky, not stinging, tentacles to capture and subdue their prey. The structures that make these tentacles sticky are colloblasts, specialized multicellular adhesive structures for predation. Located on the tentacles, tentacle side-branches (tentilla), or oral tentilla, colloblasts are only found in comb jellies (phylum Ctenophora). To perform comparative anatomy of the diversity of ctenophore colloblasts, specimens were collected from the epi- to bathypelagic zones near the coasts of central California and the Hawaiian Islands using blue-water divers and remotely operated vehicles. Tentacle samples were immediately fixed in a 4% formalin solution at sea, and then prepared in the lab via secondary fixation in 2% OsO4 for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Diversity of ultrastructural characteristics was observed using SEM, and the morphometrics of the collosphere, external secretion granules, and spiral filament were recorded for 20 species, within 9 families and 9 genera, including 13 undescribed species. Morphometry of colloblasts reveals that the shape of the collosphere (the organizational unit of sticky granules) falls into 3 classifications: spherical, ellipsoidal, or non-uniform. External secretion granule deposition falls into 2 categories: clustered or patterned; the cap cell membrane was either present or absent. This morphological variation is summarized graphically and will be useful to describe the functional diversity and feeding ecology of the interesting and controversial phylum Ctenophora.
Structural and molecular biology of hepatitis E virus

Abstract Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis, mainly transmitted by fecal-oral route but has also been linked to fulminant hepatic failure, chronic hepatitis, and extrahepatic neurological and renal diseases. HEV is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range, and strains of HEV from numerous animal species are known to cross species barriers and infect humans. HEV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus in the family Hepeviridae. The genome typically contains three open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes a nonstructural polyprotein for virus replication and transcription, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein that elicits neutralizing antibodies, and ORF3, which partially overlaps ORF2, encodes a multifunctional protein involved in virion morphogenesis and pathogenesis. HEV virions are non-enveloped spherical particles in feces but exist as quasi-enveloped particles in circulating blood. Two types of HEV virus-like particles (VLPs), small T = 1 (270 A) and native virion-sized T = 3 (320–340 A) have been reported. There exist two distinct forms of capsid protein, the secreted form (ORF2S) inhibits antibody neutralization, whereas the capsid-associated form (ORF2C) self-assembles to VLPs. Four cis-reactive elements (CREs) containing stem-loops from secondary RNA structures have been identified in the non-coding regions and are critical for virus replication. This mini-review discusses the current knowledge and gaps regarding the structural and molecular biology of HEV with emphasis on the virion structure, genomic organization, secondary RNA structures, viral proteins and their functions, and life cycle of HEV.
China Can't Stay at Home

For over a decade, academics, policymakers and government officials have been engaged in a relentless debate about Chinese military capabilities and intentions. This debate about current Chinese capabilities and intentions only marginally informs decision makers about China’s future. While the Chinese leadership would prefer to stay focused on internal development and regional issues, facts on the ground will increasingly compel the Party to develop some global operational capabilities. In this article I outline the three most important drivers that will compel Beijing to develop those capabilities, and outline some implications of a more globally capable PLA. Specifically commercial interests create the demand, the Chinese public provides domestic support, and the ‘responsible stakeholder’ concept creates the international approval.
Divergent Stereochemical Outcomes in the Insertion of Donor/Donor Carbenes into the C–H Bonds of Stereogenic Centers

Intramolecular C–H insertions with donor/donor dirhodium carbenes provide a concise and highly stereoselective method to set two contiguous stereocenters in a single step. Herein, we report the insertion of donor/donor carbenes into stereogenic carbon centers allowing access to trisubstituted benzodihydrofurans in a single step. This study illuminates, for the first time, the stereochemical impact on the carbene center and delineates the structural factors that enable control over both stereogenic centers. Sterically bulky, highly activated C–H insertion centers exhibit high substrate control yielding a single diastereomer and a single enantiomer of product regardless of the catalyst used. Less bulky, less activated C–H insertion centers exhibit catalyst control over the diastereomeric ratio (dr) wherein a single enantiomer of each diastereomer is observed. A combination of experimental studies and DFT calculations elucidates the origin of these results. First, hydride transfer from the stereogenic insertion site proceeds with high stereoselectivity to the carbene center, thus determining the absolute configuration of the product. Second, the short lived zwitterionic intermediate can undergo diastereoselective ring-closure by an SE2 mechanism that is either controlled by the substrate or the catalyst. These results demonstrate that donor/donor carbenes exhibit uniquely stereoselective reactions that originate from a stepwise reaction mechanism, in contrast to the analogous concerted reactions of carbenes with one or more electron-withdrawing groups attached.
Anatomopathology and Histopathologic Changes in Chronic Subdural Hematoma

Subdural hematoma (SDH) is a relatively frequent diagnosis in a neurosurgical setting, and can occur with relatively minor cranial trauma, particularly in pediatric patients and elderly populations. While no true subdural space exists under physiologic conditions, SDH occurs most frequently with tearing of bridging veins extending from the arachnoid membrane covering the neocortical surface to the subdural surface, resulting in hemorrhage and expansion of the “potential space” between these two structures. In the neuropathologic setting, SDH is most frequently encountered in autopsy cases, in which full histologic evaluation can be performed, and in the neurosurgical evacuation of the hematoma, where evaluation beyond identification of acute to organized hematoma is frequently impossible. Herein, we detail the anatomopathology associated with subdural hematoma and the histopathologic changes associated with progression from acute subdural hemorrhage, chronic subdural hematoma, and resolution, and discuss specific histologic findings which may be used to classify and date an SDH.
Damage development in cementitious materials exposed to magnesium chloride deicing salt

Abstract Magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) is used in deicing applications due to its capability to depress freezing temperatures to a lower point than other salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl). The constituents of concrete (i.e., pores solution, calcium hydroxide, aluminate phases, and calcium silicate hydrate gel) can alter the MgCl 2 –H 2 O phase diagram when it is used to interpret the performance of concrete. Different chemical reactions may concurrently occur between MgCl 2 and cementitious constituents to form brucite, Friedel’s salts, magnesium silicate hydrate, magnesium oxychloride, and/or secondary calcium oxychloride. In this study, it was observed that MgCl 2 can be entirely consumed in concrete by the chemical reactions and produce CaCl 2 . As such, it was found that MgCl 2 interacts significantly with a cementitious material and it follows a response that is more similar to the Ca(OH) 2 –CaCl 2 –H 2 O phase diagram than that of the MgCl 2 –H 2 O phase diagram. Mortar samples exposed to low concentration MgCl 2 solutions ( 2 and cementitious constituents at room temperature (23 °C). These chemical reactions occurred rapidly (within 5–10 min) and caused a significant decrease in subsequent fluid ingress into exposed concrete.
Clk: Cdc28-like kinase (vertebrates) (Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase, Sty)

Cdc28-like kinase (Clk) was originally isolated in an anti-P-Tyr antibody expression screen for cDNAs encoding tyrosine kinases. Although the function of Clk is unknown, its widespread expression in mouse tissues implies a function basic to many cells. A Drosophila Melanogaster (D. melanogaster) homologue of Clk, Doa, is an essential gene product because D. melanogaster homozygous for loss-of-function doa mutations die during embryogenesis. When expressed in bacteria, Clk auto-phosphorylates on serine, threonine, and tyrosine, suggesting that it is a dual specificity kinase. The N-terminal region is likely to play a regulatory role in the determination of the domain structure. There is a putative nuclear localization sequence (KRKKR) at residues 29–33. The sites of autophosphorylation have not been identified. Clk/Sty has been sequenced from human T cells. Another family member, PskG1, has also been cloned from humans. Other family members have been identified in D. melanogaster (Doa), Caenorhabditis elegans (AFC1, AFC2, AFC3), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Kns1). After bacterial expression, Clk has been assayed via autophosphorylation, and by phosphorylation of the exogenous substrate poly(Glu,Tyr).
Insulin biosynthesis. II. Effect of glucose on ribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated rat islets.

Abstract Studies were designed to determine the effect of glucose on RNA metabolism in isolated Islets of Langerhans. [3H]Uridine incorporation into RNA by isolated islets was linear for 2 hours and was increased 2-fold by raising glucose in the incubation media from 2.8 to 15.3 mm. Previously incubating islets with [3H]uridine at 2.8 mm glucose and then transferring them into 15.3 mm glucose in the absence of [3H]uridine showed that [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA was stimulated by high glucose independent of effects on the intracellular transport of uridine. Glucose also stimulated the uptake and phosphorylation of uridine and increased the islet UTP pool size, but under the conditions of these studies the relative specific activity of the UTP pool was the same at 2.8 or 16.6 mm glucose. Since high glucose did not affect the rate of degradation of islet RNA, it was concluded that increasing the glucose concentration in the incubation medium increased the over-all rate of islet RNA synthesis. Base composition analysis of islet RNA labeled for 1 hour in 32PO4 revealed a guanosine + cytosine content of 29.6% for islets incubated in 2.8 mm glucose and a guanosine + cytosine content of 45.6% for islet RNA synthesized in 16.6 mm glucose. Sucrose gradient analysis indicated that the [3H]RNA synthesized after 1 hour of incubation was heterodisperse (i.e. from 4 S to g45 S), and that glucose stimulated the greater production of large molecular weight RNA. Islets pulsed with [3H]uridine for 1 hour in 16.6 mm glucose and then "chased" with cold uridine for 3 hours showed that much of the large molecular weight RNA was ribosomal precursor. Fractionation of islets into crude nuclear, soluble, and polysomal fractions revealed that glucose increased RNA synthesis in each fraction. After 1 hour of incubation, 65% of the labeled RNA was still in the nucleus. Glucose had no effect on distribution of RNA within these fractions. Sucrose gradient analysis of the RNA extracted from these subcellular fractions revealed a predominant 4 S peak for the soluble fraction, partially degraded RNA in the nuclear fraction, and a prominent 8 to 10 S peak for the polysomal fraction. DNA-RNA hybridization studies showed that RNA synthesized in 16.6 mm glucose hybridized to DNA in greater amounts than RNA labeled in 2.8 mm glucose. Thermal elution profiles showed that the RNA labeled in 16.6 mm glucose dissociated from the DNA at lower temperatures. These results indicate that glucose stimulates the over-all rate of islet RNA synthesis and alters the nature of the RNA species synthesized.
Privatization Trends and Major Deals in 2010

This article details major privatization deals executed during 2010 and the first half of 2011 and surveys trends shaping the privatization landscape worldwide. We document several important facts, including the following: (1) Governments raised a record $213.6 billion (€159.9 billion) through privatization sales of common stock in state owned enterprises during 2010; (2) Share issue privatizations (SIPs) accounted for over three-fourths of this total, and included history’s largest ever stock offering and the largest corporate security offering of any kind - the $70 billion (€52.4 billion) Petrobras seasoned equity offering - and the largest initial public offerings in world and U.S. financial history, the $22.1 billion (€16.5 billion) IPO of Agricultural Bank of China and the $20.1 billion (€15.0 billion) General Motors IPO, respectively; (3) For the second year running, the United States raised more proceeds through privatization sales than any other country, followed by China, Brazil, France, Turkey, Poland, India, and the U.K. and; (4) The €33.1 billion ($44.2 billion) raised by EU governments represented only 20.6% of the worldwide total, far lower than the long-run average EU share of 43.6%, but European sales may well surge during 2011-12 in response to fiscal challenges.
Prisoners of Civil War : Treatment in the Hands of Captors

The prisoners on Rock Island, though some would later describe it in awful, vivid detail, were provided with far more than many prisoners could expect. Aside from proper food, water, shelter, and latrines, the prisoners were given much freedom to do with their time what they so desired. Prisoners were allowed what reading material they received from friends and family, and they formed debate societies, drama clubs, and mock trials. Lastly, beginning in 1864, prisoners at Rock Island who so wished were allowed to enlist in the Union Army. Prisoners who did not want to be exchanged back to the South or who no longer agreed with the Confederacy could take an oath of allegiance to the United States and enlist with the Yankees. This article is available in Constructing the Past: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol9/iss1/5 Constructing the Past 13 Prisoners of Civil War: Treatment In the Hands of Captors Lauren O’Connor In Margaret Mitchell’s famous novel Gone With the Wind, the handsome Ashley Wilkes describes life at the Union prison camp Rock Island Barracks in Rock Island, Illinois. From the viewpoint of this Southern gentleman, conditions at the camp were horrific: “Food was scanty, one blanket did for three men . . . Three-fourths of all the men sent there never came out alive.” 1 Not only is this information untrue, in comparison with Confederate camps, specifically the logistical nightmare of Andersonville, conditions at Rock Island and most other Northern camps appear to be far less dire. Memoirs of soldiers captured in the South paint a foul picture of their imprisonment, as do some diaries and newspapers written at the time, and some authors blame this lack of humane care on Confederate malice. 2 In the tradition Blight addresses in his study of Civil War remembrance, Race and Reunion, the “politics of memory” may have misconstrued interpretations about the treatment of prisoners of war. 3 Although conditions in Southern prison camps were infinitely worse than those experienced by Rebel prisoners in the Union, this unfortunate discrepancy appears to be due much less to Confederate vindictiveness and notions of white Southern “honor” than it is to a severe lack of funding and supplies as well as the economic and social breakdown of Southern society due to the war and emancipation of the slaves. Rather, it 1 Margaret Mitchell, Gone With the Wind (New York: MacMillan, 1936), 286. 2 William Best Hesseltine, Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1930), 175. 3 David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000), 4.
Pharmacosexology update: prescription drugs and sexual function.

(1986). Pharmacosexology Update: Prescription Drugs and Sexual Function. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 97-106.
Paraproteinemia in a child with leukemia.

A four-year-old boy was diagnosed as having lymphoblastic leukemia in January 1967. On immunosuppressive therapy he had several clinical remissions and relapses. In mid-1968 he entered a period of sustained clinical remission. At that time a monoclonal gammaglobulin peak appeared in the electrophoresis pattern of his serum. The paraprotein which was present in concentrations above 44 mg. per ml., was characterized as γG with K-chain specificity. There was no evidence of multiple myeloma, and no urinary Bence-Jones protein was detected. The patient was investigated for cellular and humoral type immunologic responsiveness during the sustained remission period with normal results. The possible relationship between the paraprotein and the favorable clinical course in this patient is discussed.
Purchase Health Insurance or Else: Why Individual Health Insurance Mandates Enacted by the Federal Government are Unconstitutional

On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed comprehensive health care legislation into law. Although historic, attorneys general from twelve states have filed suit against the federal government challenging the constitutionality of the bill. Specifically, the constitutional challenges focus on the individual health insurance mandate included in the bill. The mandate requires that all citizens have health insurance by 2014 or pay a fine. This Comment analyzes the congressional powers provided by the United States Constitution and the Supreme Court's interpretation of those powers to show why the individual health insurance mandate is unconstitutional.
35-YEAR-OLD HIV-POSITIVE WOMAN WITH BASAL FOREBRAIN MASS

A 35-year-old African American woman with HIV/AIDS presented with altered mental status. A CT of the head revealed an infiltrating hypodense intra-axial mass within the basal forebrain. Lumbar puncture showed a lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein and low glucose. PCR analysis of the CSF was negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HSV, VZV, CMV and JC virus. There was low positivity for EBV DNA. Serologic studies were consistent with past infections with EBV and CMV and were negative for toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, Cryptococcus and West Nile virus. VDRL was non-reactive. CSF and blood cultures were negative. She soon expired. Post-mortem examination of the patient's brain showed a poorly delineated area of softening and hemorrhage within the basal forebrain. Histologic examination revealed necrotizing encephalitis with perivascular lymphocytes and glial cells with numerous cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions. Immunohistochemistry was strongly positive for adenovirus and negative for HSV, CMV, SV40 and EBV. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence virions consistent with adenovirus. We conclude that adenovirus is a rare and sometimes unsuspected cause of encephalitis that may present as a forebrain mass lesion.
Ontogenetic changes in innate immune function in captive and wild subspecies of prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido spp.)

The Attwater's prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri), a federally endangered grouse species, is currently experiencing high chick mortality in wild populations and the causes are unknown. We tested 3 indicators of innate immunity (hemaggluttination, serum lysozyme, and total immunoglobulin [IgY] levels) in the Attwater's prairie-chicken and a closely related sub-species, the greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus). Agglutination titers were approximately 25% higher in the juvenile and adult Attwater's prairie-chickens compared to equivalently aged greater prairie-chickens. Additionally, total IgY levels in wild-collected Attwater's prairie-chicken egg samples were 34% higher than IgY levels in captive greater prairie-chickens or Attwater's prairie-chicken eggs. These results suggest that differences in innate immune function exist between these sub-species and also among Attwater's prairie-chicken subpopulations that are exposed to different environmental conditions. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Eating Disorders, Normative Eating Self-Efficacy and Body Image Self-Efficacy: Women in Recovery Homes

Although eating disorders (EDs) and ED symptoms are common among individuals in recovery for substance abuse (SA), long-term SA treatment programmes rarely address these problems. The present study examined the prevalence of EDs among women residing in Oxford Houses--low-cost, self-governed recovery homes for SA. Further, among women both with and without an ED diagnosis, the association between duration of Oxford House residency and eating-related self-efficacy scores was examined as an indicator of potential treatment effects on ED symptoms. During a telephone assessment, participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders and the Eating Disorder Recovery Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Results indicated that 12 of the 31 women analysed met criteria for an ED (bulimia nervosa, 2; ED not otherwise specified, 10). Differential findings were evident for eating-related self-efficacy measures depending on ED diagnostic status and duration of residency. Potential interpretations, limitations and implications are discussed.
DYNAMIC: a new role for training problems in EBL

Most Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) systems construct explanations by directly translating a trace of their problem solver''s search, on training problems, into proofs. This approach makes proof derivation tractable, but can focus EBL on incidental aspects of its training problems, yielding overly-specific control knowledge. Previous work has described the other extreme: STATIC, a system that generates more general control knowledge by statically analyzing problem-space definitions. However, since STATIC does not utilize training problems, it has a number of potential disadvantages compared with EBL. This paper advocates an intermediate approach in which training problems pinpoint learning opportunities but do not determine EBL''s explanations. Based on this design principle, we developed DYNAMIC, a module that learns control rules for the PRODIGY problem solver. In DYNAMIC, choosing what to explain and how to explain it are independent. DYNAMIC utilizes the analysis algorithms introduced by STATIC, but relies on training problems to achieve the distribution-sensitivity of EBL. On a highly skewed problem distribution, DYNAMIC was almost four times as effective as STATIC in speeding up PRODIGY. When tested in PRODIGY/EBL ''s benchmark problem spaces, DYNAMIC ran considerably faster than PRODIGY/EBL and produced control rules that were close to three times as effective. In addition, DYNAMIC required only a fraction of the training problems used by PRODIGY/EBL.