cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dynamin-Related Gtpase, Mgm1p, Is an Intermembrane Space Protein Required for Maintenance of Fusion Competent Mitochondria

Mutations in the dynamin-related GTPase, Mgm1p, have been shown to cause mitochondrial aggregation and mitochondrial DNA loss in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, but Mgm1p's exact role in mitochondrial maintenance is unclear. To study the primary function of MGM1, we characterized new temperature sensitive MGM1 alleles. Examination of mitochondrial morphology in mgm1 cells indicates that fragmentation of mitochondrial reticuli is the primary phenotype associated with loss of MGM1 function, with secondary aggregation of mitochondrial fragments. This mgm1 phenotype is identical to that observed in cells with a conditional mutation in FZO1, which encodes a transmembrane GTPase required for mitochondrial fusion, raising the possibility that Mgm1p is also required for fusion. Consistent with this idea, mitochondrial fusion is blocked in mgm1 cells during mating, and deletion of DNM1, which encodes a dynamin-related GTPase required for mitochondrial fission, blocks mitochondrial fragmentation in mgm1 cells. However, in contrast to fzo1 cells, deletion of DNM1 in mgm1 cells restores mitochondrial fusion during mating. This last observation indicates that despite the phenotypic similarities observed between mgm1 and fzo1 cells, MGM1 does not play a direct role in mitochondrial fusion. Although Mgm1p was recently reported to localize to the mitochondrial outer membrane, our studies indicate that Mgm1p is localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Based on our localization data and Mgm1p's structural homology to dynamin, we postulate that it functions in inner membrane remodeling events. In this context, the observed mgm1 phenotypes suggest that inner and outer membrane fission is coupled and that loss of MGM1 function may stimulate Dnm1p-dependent outer membrane fission, resulting in the formation of mitochondrial fragments that are structurally incompetent for fusion.
Reading inflectionally incogruent texts: The automatic and strategic processes in language performance

Subjects were asked to read out loud at the fastest possible speed texts containing incorrectly inflected verbs exactly as the texts were printed. A control condition (errorfree texts) and two error conditions were used, one with half of the verbs (50%) containing errors, and the other with all the verbs (100%) containing error. Compared with reading correct texts, reading in the 50% condition was slower and more frequently impeded by different kinds of perturbations. This lowered performance was considered to have resulted from interference produced by covert involuntary activation of prior linguistic associations between the contexts and the appropriate verb forms. Performance in the 100% condition improved over the 50% condition. The improvement suggests that a strategic process had been induced to deal with the task demands. The main theoretical point is that complex mental processes such as language performance are automatic, and yet not rigid, unlike what the classic view of automaticity would predict.
Projectile charge-state dependence in K-shell ionization of neon, silicon, and argon gases by lithium projectiles☆

Abstract The ratios of X-ray yields from the K-shells of gaseous 10 Ne, 14 Si, and 18 Ar by 6 3 Li +1,2,3 and protons were measured at projectile velocities comparable to the orbital velocities of the target K-shells. Projectile charge-state dependence is accounted for quantitatively when electron capture by the projectile and screening of the projectile by its electrons are included.
Vocational Interests and Prospective College Majors Among Youth of Color in Poverty

A clear sense of vocational interests may facilitate high school students’ capacity to connect current interests to congruent educational and occupational environments. This is particularly important for youth who experience external constraints on career development and college attendance. This study examined how well vocational interests, operationalized as greater differentiation and strength of interests, predict congruent prospective college majors among high school—aged youth of color in poverty. Multiple regression analyses suggested that vocational interests significantly predicted congruent majors for samples of American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/ Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Black/African American, and Latino/Latina youth. This study suggests that vocational interests may help marginalized youth connect disparate phases of their work lives, extends previous scholarship by examining high school—aged and marginalized youth, and informs vocational and postsecondary counseling and guidance.
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection and Urinary Escherichia coli in Women Ingesting Cranberry Juice Daily: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Objective To compare the time to urinary tract infection (UTI) and the rates of asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary P-fimbriated Escherichia coli during a 6-month period in women ingesting cranberry vs placebo juice daily. Patients and Methods Premenopausal women with a history of recent UTI were enrolled from November 16, 2005, through December 31, 2008, at 2 centers and randomized to 1 of 3 arms: 4 oz of cranberry juice daily, 8 oz of cranberry juice daily, or placebo juice. Time to UTI (symptoms plus pyuria) was the main outcome. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, adherence, and adverse effects were assessed at monthly visits. Results A total of 176 participants were randomized (120 to cranberry juice and 56 to placebo) and followed up for a median of 168 days. The cumulative rate of UTI was 0.29 in the cranberry juice group and 0.37 in the placebo group ( P =.82). The adjusted hazard ratio for UTI in the cranberry juice group vs the placebo group was 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-1.39; P =.29). The proportion of women with P-fimbriated urinary E coli isolates during the intervention phase was 10 of 23 (43.5%) in the cranberry juice group and 8 of 10 (80.0%) in the placebo group ( P =.07). The mean dose adherence was 91.8% and 90.3% in the cranberry juice group vs the placebo group. Minor adverse effects were reported by 24.2% of those in the cranberry juice group and 12.5% in the placebo group ( P =.07). Conclusion Cranberry juice did not significantly reduce UTI risk compared with placebo. The potential protective effect we observed is consistent with previous studies and warrants confirmation in larger, well-powered studies of women with recurrent UTI. The concurrent reduction in urinary P-fimbriated E coli strains supports the biological plausibility of cranberry activity. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00128128
Interpretive research in organizational communication and the rhetorical critic

This paper examines the rhetoric of a large multinational high‐technology organization. Specifically, it focuses on the value‐oriented arguments that emerge from the rhetorical strategies utilized in the organization's recruitment and entry level practices. The author suggests that value analysis, a traditional rhetorical methodology, can be useful as an interpretive approach to organizational research.
Host spatial heterogeneity and the spread of vector-borne infection.

We analyze how spatial heterogeneity in host density affects the advance of vector-borne disease. Infection requires vector infestation. The vector spreads only between hosts occupying the same neighborhood, and the number of hosts varies randomly among neighborhoods. Simulation of a spatially detailed model shows that increasing heterogeneity in host abundance reduces pathogen prevalence. Clumping of hosts can limit the advance of the vector, which inhibits the spread of infection indirectly. Clumping can also increase the chance that the pathogen and vector become physically separated during the initial phase of the epidemic process. The latter limitation on the pathogen's spread, in our simulations, is restricted to small interaction neighborhoods. A mean-field model, which does not maintain spatial correlations between sites, approximates simulation results when hosts are arrayed uniformly, but overestimates infection prevalence when hosts are aggregated. A pair approximation, which includes some of the simulation model's spatial correlations, better describes the vector infestation frequencies across host spatial dispersions.
Nutrient enrichments and phytoplankton growth in the surface waters of the Louisiana bight

Nitrate concentrations have increased twofold in the Mississippi River during the past three decades. The increased nitrogen loading to the Louisiana shelf has been postulated as a factor leading to eutrophication and the subsequent development of hypoxia west of the Mississippi River delta. While ratios of nitrogen:phosphorus and nitrogen:silica are relatively high in surface waters on the western Louisiana shelf, nitrogen has been posed as the ‘limiting’ nutrient in this region. Bioassays were performed with nutrient additions to surface waters collected from the Louisiana shelf to examine the potential for specific nutrient limitation. Experiments were conducted in March and September 1991, and May 1992. The growth responses of natural and cultured phytoplankton populations were determined by measuring the time course of in vivo and 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU)-induced fluorescence, as well as initial and final chlorophylla concentrations. The results suggest that phosphate and silicate potentially limit phytoplankton growth during the winter-spring, particularly at low salinities. In late summer, in contrast, nitrogen limitation may be prominent at higher salinities.
Parental investment and socioeconomic status influences on children's height in Honduras: An analysis of national data

Objectives: This research analyzes variation in children’s height-for-age z-scores from a nationally representative sample of children from Honduras in 2006. This work draws on theoretical perspectives from parental investment theory to describe the mediating effects that parental investment may have on children’s health and nutrition, even in low socioeconomic status households. Methods: This research uses the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey for the country of Honduras. The dependent variable is the child’s height-for-age z-score (HFAZ). Variation in the HFAZ is analyzed using multiple regression and multilevel regression models to incorporate individual, family and higher-level predictors. Results: The findings suggest that children who are more invested in by their parents had better outcomes (HFAZ) than children whose parents did not invest as much. Of the three measures of parental investment used in this study, child wantedness and adequate prenatal care represented significant effects on children’s HFAZ, and breastfeeding duration exhibited an interactive effect with household socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Results suggest that families that can invest more in their children through breastfeeding and sufficient prenatal care can mediate the negative effects of poor socioeconomic status on their children’s health. This suggests that these measures of investment used here may be effective at mediating the negative effects of low socioeconomic status for this particular child health outcome. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 23:80–88, 2011. ' 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Upregulation of Nutrient Transport in Fetal Rabbit Intestine by Transamniotic Substrate Administration

Intrauterine growth retardation complicates 3% to 7% of full-term pregnancies. The developing fetal gastrointestinal tract has the ability to absorb nutrients delivered via the amniotic sac. It is not clear, however, if this nutrient delivery does in fact aid in promoting additional maturation and development of the fetal gut. Sixteen pregnant New Zealand White rabbits underwent celiotomy on gestational day 24. The bicornuate uterus was exposed, and the ovarian-end fetuses were randomly assigned to either a control or a study group. A catheter was placed in the amniotic cavity in each side of the uterus for nutrient infusion and was secured in place. Both catheters were exteriorized; animals were partially restrained but were allowed free access to food and water. Immediately postoperatively, infusion of either a metabolizable carbohydrate (d-galactose; experimental group) or a nonmetabolized, nontransported carbohydrate (mannitol; control group) was carried out. Six days later, each fetus was harvested. ...
Communicating Social Relationships via the Use of Photo-Messaging

The present study applied theories of diffusion, technology acceptance, and uses and gratifications via an exploratory model to explain the photo-messaging behavior of 682 college students. Structural equation modeling results indicate that greater photo-messaging activity within one's social network predicts personal relationship formation and relationship maintenance motives. Relationship maintenance motives had a stronger influence on behavioral intention to adopt photo-messaging than did relationship formation. Technology cluster ownership also predicts perceived ease of use for photo-messaging activity. The technology acceptance model (TAM) conceptualizations were generally supported for photo-messaging.
Agronomic potential of sorghum as a raw material for ethanol production in Central Ohio

Abstract The presence of a finite quantity of fossil fuels has prompted the search for new sources of energy which are readily renewable. The Department of Energy completed a report during 1979 in which a scenario was developed that projected the production of over 40 000 million 1 per year of ethanol by the year 2000. Among the assumptions underlying this projected increase in ethanol production was the development of approximately 5.7 million ha of sweet sorghum for commercial production. This area was expected to be distributed evenly between the Corn Belt and the southeastern United States and an average fermentable sugar (combined sucrose, glucose, and fructose) yield was assumed to be 9.5 t ha −1 (approximately 5500 1 ha − of 100% ethanol assuming a 100% conversion efficiency). Sorghum has been recognized for its significant biological potential, but a number of questions must be addressed prior to commercial production on such an extensive scale. Particularly in the midwestern United States, the length of harvesting/processing season would be critical to the cost of the ethanol. The primary objective of this study was to determine the agronomic potential and feasibility of sorghum production for ethanol in central Ohio or other similar temperate production regions. Additional objectives included: (a) determination of total biomass and potential sugar yields for different types of sorghum; and (b) estimation of the harvesting/processing season length under normal conditions in central Ohio. Among the promising lines of sorghum, the dry matter yields produced in the study ranged from 13.0 to 19.0 t ha −1 with fermentable sugar yields ranging from 2.9 to 3.8 t ha −1 . If hydrolyzed stalk pith and rind were included, potential fermentable sugars yields exceeded 8.0 t ha −1 plus greater than 2.0 t ha −1 of xylose which now can be fermented to ethanol by Pachysolen tannophilus . Because of the rapid deterioration of sorghum stalks following frost, the effective harvest season length in central Ohio was 40–50 days. Sorghum can become a promising raw material for ethanol production only if technologies can be developed to hydrolyze efficiently and convert all sugars from the stalk fiber to ethanol and to extend the length of the processing season.
Finite Sum Expressions for Elastic and Reaction Cross Sections

Abstract Nuclear cross section calculations are often performed by using the partial wave method or the Eikonal method through Glauber theory. The expressions for the total cross section, total elastic cross section, and total reaction cross section in the partial wave method involve infinite sums and do not utilize simplifying approximations. Conversely, the Eikonal method gives these expressions in terms of integrals but utilizes the high energy and small angle approximations. In this paper, by using the fact that the l th partial wave component of the T-matrix can be very accurately approximated by its Born term, the infinite sums in each of the expressions for the differential cross section, total elastic cross section, total cross section, and total reaction cross section are re-written in terms of finite sums plus closed form expressions. The differential cross sections are compared to the Eikonal results for 16 O + 16 O , 12 C + 12 C , and p + 12 C elastic scattering. Total cross sections, total reaction cross sections, and total elastic cross sections are compared to the Eikonal results for 12 C + 12 C scattering.
THE RAPID INVASION OF THE BODY THROUGH THE OLFACTORY MUCOSA

1. Prussian blue particles pass rapidly from the surface of the olfactory mucosa and within 2 minutes are found in the tissue spaces, in blood and lymph vessels, in the perineural spaces of the olfactory nerve fibers and in the subarachnoid space and pia-arachnoid membrane. 2. There is great affinity of pigment particles for the olfactory sensory cells. 3. Preliminary treatment of the olfactory mucosa with tannic acid does not alter the speed with which this absorption occurs. It does, however, cause an inflammation of the mucosa and appears to prevent the pigment from entering the olfactory sensory cells. 4. Both pneumococci and S. enteritidis pass through the olfactory mucosa and reach the tissue spaces, the vessels and the subarachnoid space with the same rapidity as the pigment. This can be demonstrated both microscopically and by distribution tests. They invade by passage between the cells of the mucosa and there is no apparent affinity of the organisms for the olfactory sensory cells. 5. Tannic acid treatment of the olfactory mucosa in no way alters this invasion of organisms through the mucosa. 6. The pantropic virus, equine encephalomyelitis, was detected in the forebrain as promptly as were pigment and bacteria; neurotropic viruses, however,-those of St. Louis encephalitis, rabies and louping ill,-were not demonstrated in less than 24 hours.
Improving Internal Consistency of Standard State Thermodynamic Data for Sulfate Ion, Portlandite, Gypsum, Barite, Celestine, and Associated Ions☆

Abstract Thermochemical measurements in the gypsum-portlandite-water system are actually better than those reflected in the thermodynamic properties of CODATA. It is argued that by careful choice of starting points and pathways and with new data, improvements in standard state properties can achieve improved consistency with solubilities of gypsum, portlandite, barite, witherite, celestine, and strontianite if better entropy estimates of these minerals are made.
Impact of PACS and Voice-Recognition Reporting on the Education of Radiology Residents

Rationale and Objectives: The introduction of picture archiving and communication system (PACS) has decreased the time needed to interpret radiology examinations resulting in an increased workflow. Because of concerns that the increase in exam throughput and the use of voice recognition may have a negative impact upon radiology resident education, a survey was conducted to assess the impact of PACS and voice recognition. Materials and Methods: Residents at four diagnostic radiology training programs were surveyed. Survey topics included resident demographics, didactic and technical issues, and areas for improvement. Results: One hundred thirty-four residents were polled with 42 respondents (42/134, 31.3%). The majority have been using PACS for more than 1 year (29/41, 70.7%) to interpret 75–100% of cases (33/39, 84.6%). A majority believed PACS is a superior teaching tool to printed film (28/38, 73.7%). However, only a minority (9/40, 22.5%) indicated that PACS was always used to contain teaching files and to conduct departmental conferences (5/40, 12.5%). The majority of respondents believed PACS have decreased the time needed to interpret diagnostic examinations (33/41, 80.5%). A majority (80.6%, 25/31) indicated that voice recognition takes more time than the traditional dictation and transcription process, where 51.3% (20/39, 51.3%) felt that voice recognition works well less than 50% of the time. Conclusions: Residents believe that PACS has positively affected their learning experience but indicate that it can be better utilized for resident education. Residents believe that voice recognition is less reliable and more time consuming than the traditional dictation system.
Weighted Compensative Logic With Adjustable Threshold Andness and Orness

The threshold andness is a border between soft and hard partial conjunction (similarly, the threshold orness is a border between soft and hard partial disjunction). This paper presents a weighted compensative logic based on aggregators that use adjustable threshold andness and orness. The adjustability of threshold andness/orness is a new degree of freedom in weighted logics, which is suitable for increasing the precision of evaluation criteria developed by evaluation experts. We investigate the distribution of threshold andness and present a new form of interpolative aggregators that provide adjustable threshold andness and orness. Our goal is to use a new verbalized approach, based on decomposing the perception of overall importance, for designing the generalized conjunction/disjunction (GCD) aggregators. The verbalized approach helps specify parameters that affect both the formal logic properties and the semantic properties of GCD, facilitating the use of soft computing evaluation logic and corresponding evaluation methods.
Robust Capture and Transfer Trajectories for Planetary Satellite Orbiters

The dynamics of temporarily captured trajectories in the Hill three-body problem is studied, with application to orbits about Jupiter's satellite Europa. By the use of a model that includes the tidal force of Jupiter, the phase space of capture trajectories is numerically determined and trajectories are identified that do not impact with the planetary satellite or escape over long periods of time. These safe zones in phase space are mapped out over different energy levels, identifying regions in phase space where an uncontrolled spacecraft would remain in orbit without impact or escape. Finally, transfers from these safe trajectories into long-term stable frozen orbits are identified, and the cost to transfer into these orbits is evaluated. Resulting from this analysis is the identification of robust capture trajectories and criteria on placing them into long-term stable orbits.
Beacon Communities’ Public Health Initiatives: A Case Study Analysis

Introduction: The Beacon Communities for Public Health (BCPH) project was launched in 2011 to gain a better understanding of the range of activities currently being conducted in population- and public health by the Beacon Communities. The project highlighted the successes and challenges of these efforts with the aim of sharing this information broadly among the public health community. Background: The Beacon Community Program, designed to showcase technology-enabled, community-based initiatives to improve outcomes, focused on: building and strengthening health information technology (IT) infrastructure and exchange capabilities; translating investments in health IT to measurable improvements in cost, quality, and population health; and, developing innovative approaches to performance measurement, technology, and care delivery. Methods: Four multimethod case studies were conducted based on a modified sociotechnical framework to learn more about public health initiative implementation and use in the Beacon Communities. Our methodological approach included using document review and semistructured key informant interviews. NACCHO Model Practice Program criteria were used to select the public health initiatives included in the case studies. Findings: Despite differences among the case studies, common barriers and facilitators were found to be present in all areas of the sociotechnical framework application including structure, people, technology, tasks, overarching considerations, and sustainability. Overall, there were many more facilitators (range = 7–14) present for each Beacon compared to barriers (range = 4–6). Discussion: Four influential promising practices were identified through the work: forging strong and sustainable partnerships; ensuring a good task-technology fit and a flexible and iterative design; fostering technology acceptance; and, providing education and demonstrating value. Conclusions: A common weakness was the lack of a framework or model for the Beacon Communities evaluation work. Sharing a framework or approach to evaluation at the beginning of implementation made the work more effective. Supporting evaluation to inform future implementations is important.
Acoustically steered and rotated true-time-delay generator based on wavelength-division multiplexing

The acoustically steered and rotated (ASTRO) true-time-delay (TTD) generator, capable of two-dimensional (2D) multiple beam generation without causing extraneous beams, is described. It is based on wavelength-division multiplexing to encode and decode various linear chirp time delays with wavelengths. An array of equally spaced light stripes with linear chirp time delays among them is formed and is subsequently rotated to a desired angle by use of our nonmechanical acousto-optic dove prism, believed to be novel. Our architecture reduces hardware complexity significantly by avoiding redundancy in conventional TTD generators. Experimental results to prove the concept of 2D multiple beam generation are shown. Also, an extension of the system for bidirectional communications is proposed. Various technical issues for practical applications are discussed.
1177 VENTILATOR MANAGEMENT AND PNEUMOTHORAX IN NEONATES WITH RDS

An apparent doubling of the incidence of pneumothorax in premature neonates mechanically ventilated for RDS prompted a comparison of ventilator therapy in these patients, past and present. In 1973-75, 16 of 16 infants treated for RDS developed pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum/pneumopericardium (PN) after intermittent mandatory ventilation using a Baby Bird respirator, while in 1976-77 the frequency of PN increased to 28 of 54 patients ventilated (p < 0.03). Record review demonstrated no differences in birth weight, severity of disease, age at intubation, interval from intubation to PN or mortality. Ventilator settings immediately prior to clinical evidence of PN showed similar peak pressures, PEEP, and FiO2. However, there were significant differences (p <0.01) in ventilator rates and flow rates: Between these periods a change in ventilator policy to using longer inspiratory times occurred. The association between lower flow and ventilatory rates and a higher incidence of PN suggests that either variable alone or in combination with longer inspiratory times may increase the risk for alveolar rupture and development of pneumothorax.
Can we describe an individual's personality? Agreement on stereotype versus individual attributes.

Group members described other members of their group (known for at least a year) by four different procedures (free-descriptive phrases, free-descriptive adjectives, an adjective checklist, and a rating scale) at weekly intervals. As expected, the agreement between pairs of observers, as measured by overlap of content, increased from the free to the structured tasks. However, observers, agreement by chance and on group stereotypes, assessed by counting overlap between their descriptions of two separate persons, also increased. When chance and stereotype-associated aggreement were subtracted from overall agreement, the remaining, "person-specific" agreement averaged about 5%. Agreement measured separately by a matching procedure averaged 14%. No significant increase in person-specific agreement was foud between the free-descriptive and standard tasks. The findings indicate that agreement on individuating features of a person is very low and is not appreciably improved by providing observers with standard descriptive tasks.
The relationship of birth weight, the speeds of object and word perception, and visual acuity

Summary Birth weight, visual acuity, and the speeds of object and word perception tend to exhibit a higher correspondence in groups whose members weighed less than 5.5 pounds at birth. There is a tendency toward a lower positive relationship among those with birth weights of 5.5 pounds or over as regard the speeds of object and word perception, visual acuity, and birth weight, but little if any real correspondence between birth weight and visual acuity is probable in this group. (Table I.) Physicians, psychologists, and teachers may well consider the history of premature birth in cases involving language disabilities, slowness of object and word perception, and low visual acuity. If prematurity is an important handicap to learning, as the studies so far reported suggest, it poses a problem to pediatricians, ophthalmologists, and neurologists, in whose hands lie the amelioration of developmental deficiencies. Psychologists and teachers, knowing a pupil to have weighed less than 5.5 pounds at birth, should bring the child to the attention of the physician for such treatment as he may deem wise, and at the same time make allowances for the presumed incapacity of the pupil to compete with others. It must be stated that there are individual differences in the response to prematurity just as there are in diseases, learning, and memory. Each child should be studied as an individual.
Solving the Geometric Design Problem of Spatial 3R Robot Manipulators Using Polynomial Homotopy Continuation

In this paper, the geometric design problem of serial-link robot manipulators with three revolute (R) joints is solved using a polynomial homotopy continuation method. Three spatial positions and orientations are defined and the dimensions of the geometric parameters of the 3-R manipulator are computed so that the manipulator will be able to place its end-effector at these three pre-specified locations. Denavit and Hartenberg parameters and 4X4 homogeneous matrices are used to formulate the problem and obtain eighteen design equations in twenty-four design unknowns. Six of the design parameters are set as free choices and their values are selected arbitrarily. Two different cases for selecting the free choices are considered and their design equations are solved using polynomial homotopy continuation. In both cases for free choice selection, eight distinct manipulators are found that will be able to place their end-effector at the three specified spatial positions and orientations.
Generalized vapor pressure behavior of substances between their triple points and critical points

Several approaches are utilized for the estimation of the parameters associated with the normalized vapor pressure equation to develop a capability for the prediction of vapor pressures consistent with the theorem of corresponding states. In this development, conditions and restrictions associated with the critical point and the normal boiling point were used to establish the vapor pressure parameters α, β, γ, and m. For the evaluation of these parameters, five different approaches were applied, and vapor pressures calculated with each of them were compared with corresponding experimental values presented in the literature. These comparisons were further examined using the results of four other well-known vapor pressure equations available in the literature. This evaluation included 138 substances of all types and involved a total of 7,633 literature reported vapor pressure values to show that improved results are possible through the involvement of the generalized vapor pressure equation of this investigation.
Composites with Imperfect Interface

New variational principles and bounds are introduced, describing the effective conductivity tensor for anisotropic two-phase heat conducting composites with interfacial surface resistance between phases. The new upper bound is given in terms of the two-point correlation function, component volume fractions and moment of inertia tensor for the surface of each heterogeneity. The new lower bound is given in terms of the interfacial surface area, component volume fractions and a scale-free matrix of parameters. This matrix corresponds to the effective conductivity associated with the same geometry but with non-conducting inclusions. The bounds are applied to theoretically predict the occurrence of size effect phenomena. We identify a parameter R$\_{\text{cr}}$ that measures the relative importance of interfacial resistance and contrast between phase resistivities. The scale at which size effects occur is determined by this parameter. For isotropic conducting spheres in a less conducting isotropic matrix we show that for monodisperse suspensions of spheres of radius R$\_{\text{cr}}$ the effective conductivity equals that of the matrix. For polydisperse suspensions of spheres it is shown that, when the mean radius lies below R$_{\text{cr}}$, the effective conductivity lies below that of the matrix.
Singlet exciton-trapped carrier interaction in anthracene

Abstract Singlet excitons in anthracene crystal are annihilated by trapped holes near an Au hole-injecting electrode. The efficiency of detrapping is about 1%. The singlet exciton fluorescence can be modulated by means of a varying external electric field.
Parental Influence on Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: I. Relationships Between Parent Behaviors and Child Peer Status

We examined associations between children's peer relationships and (a) their parents' social competence as well as (b) their parents' behaviors during the children's peer interactions. Participants were families of 124 children ages 6-10 (68% male), 62 with ADHD and 62 age- and sex-matched comparison youth. Children's peer relationships were assessed via parent and teacher report, and sociometric nominations in a lab-based playgroup. Parental characteristics were assessed via parent self-report and observations of behavior during their child's playgroup. After statistical control of relevant covariates, parents of children with ADHD reported poorer social skills of their own, arranged fewer playdates for their children, and displayed more criticism during their child's peer interaction than did parents of comparison youth. Parents' socialization with other parents and facilitation of the child's peer interactions predicted their children having good peer relationships as reported by teachers and peers, whereas parental corrective feedback to the child and praise predicted poor peer relationships. Parents' ratings of their child's social skills were positively associated with ratings of their own social skills, but negatively associated with criticism and facilitation of the child's peer interactions. Relationships between parental behaviors and peer relationships were stronger for youth with ADHD than for comparison youth. The relevance of findings to interventions is discussed.
Criteria for recognition of the sea water in ground‐waters

In semiarid regions near the seacoast excessive pumping of wells is liable to cause salt-water intrusion either from the ocean itself or from relatively impervious marine sedimentary rocks surrounding the aquifer which yields ground-water. Since the ground-waters of semiarid regions commonly have a relatively high and variable concentration of dissolved salts, a slight increase in concentration, such as is found by measuring resistivity [see 8 of “References” at and of paper[, may not alone be sufficient to prove the presence of sea water. On the other hand, since ground-waters usually differ widely from sea water in composition, it might be thought that changes in the proportions of different chemical components of well-waters in the direction if sea water could be used to detect the beginnings of admixture. Actually, however, the observed changes in composition of well-waters may be quite different from those that would occur on simple mixing with a small portion of sea water owing to the modifications which sea water itself may undergo as it passes through the ground or through marine and estuarine sediments. The absence of those proportional changes which would result from a direct mixture of sea water and ground-water cannot be taken as a warrant for disregarding other signs of salt-water encroachment.
Uniformity test of bias when the reference value contains experimental error.

The uniformity test of biases for analytical methods must address uncertainties in the reference method. If the uncertainty associated with the estimates of true values is significant but ignored in the test of bias equality, the type I error can exceed the prespecified error rate. In general, when biases at each concentration level are confounded with a random component (confounding bias), the usual test of bias equality tests the uniformity of the combined bias, rather than the uniformity of fixed biasthe bias without the random component. Based on a confounding model that takes both the fixed and the confounding biases into account, the actual type I error rate of the uniformity test can be calculated. To eliminate the impact of confounding bias on the uniformity test of fixed biases, a new F ‘-test is proposed. The new F ‘-test is simply adding a correction factor to the conventional F-test. The correction factor is directly related to the uncertainty associated with the estimates of true values. A si...
Structure and magnetic behavior of transition metal based ionic liquids

A series of ionic liquids containing different paramagnetic anions have been prepared and all show paramagnetic behavior with potential applications for magnetic and electrochromic switching as well as novel magnetic transport; also, the tetraalkylphosphonium-based ionic liquids reveal anomalous magnetic behavior.
An apparatus for electrochemical etching of recoil particle tracks in plastic

Abstract A high voltage, ac power supply is described that was designed for use in studies of the electrochemical etching of recoil particle tracks in plastic foils. It was designed to operate over the frequency range from 40 to 4000 Hz with an output of at least 1000 V (rms) at load currents of at least 4 mA. Improvements in the etching cell to increase the safety of the system are also described.
Synthesis of bright CdSe nanocrystals by optimization of low-temperature reaction parameters

The reaction parameters of low-temperature synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals were investigated. It was found the structural and optical properties of CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots synthesized at 130 °C are particularly sensitive to alkyl-chain lengths of ligands, the cadmium source, and ligand to precursor ratios. Under optimized synthesis conditions CdSe quantum dots with narrow ensemble size distribution and excellent photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of up to 40 percent were obtained.
On the role of genes relative to the environment in carcinogenesis

Age-specific incidence rates for cancers of the female breast, ovary, corpus uteri, testis, prostate and male and female cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, lung, and male and female Hodgkin's disease in 51 worldwide populations in the 1990 era were obtained from a published source. For each cancer in each population, rates were summed over all age-intervals from birth to 84 years to give total incidence. The ages at 1/10th- and 1/2-this total were identified and found to vary among cancers, but, for each cancer except Hodgkin's disease, to be rather invariant with population. Except for Hodgkin's disease, the impact of this population-independent influence is far greater than the impact of the total population-dependent influence. The nature of this population-independent aging influence can be explained as the resultant of two opposing processes. On the one hand, DNA damage accumulates with advancing age and this predisposes to malignant transformation. On the other hand, cellular proliferation rates decline with advancing age and this inhibits malignant transformation. With advancing age, the second process becomes dominant suggesting that beyond some advanced age, the risk of cancer declines with advancing age.
Amino-acid racemizarion in Quaternary shell deposits at Willapa Bay, Washington

Extents of racemization (dl ratios) of amino acids in fossil Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes) and Ostrea lurida Carpenter were measured on shell deposits exposed at 21 sites on the east side of Willapa Bay, Washington. Amino acids from Saxidomus show less variability in dSpl ratios and, therefore, are of greater use in correlation and age estimation than are amino acids from Ostrea. Shells of two different ages, about 120,000 ± 40,000 yr old and about 190,000 ± 40,000 yr old, are present. These ages correspond to Stages 5 and 7 of the marine isotope record defined by Shackleton and Opdyke in 1973 and hence the shell deposits likely formed during two different high stands of sea level. The stratigraphic record at Willapa Bay is consistent with this interpretation.
How cells die: Apoptosis pathways☆☆☆

Generally speaking, there are 2 types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. Necrotic cell death is considered an accidental type of death, caused by gross cell injury, and results in the death of groups of cells within a tissue. In contrast, apoptotic cell death may be induced or is preprogrammed into the cell (eg, during development) and results in the death of the individual cells. Apoptotic cells may be characterized by specific morphologic and biochemical changes orchestrated by a family of cysteine proteases known as caspases. At the molecular level, apoptosis is tightly regulated. There are 2 main pathways to apoptotic cell death. One involves the interaction of a death receptor, such as the TNF receptor-1 or the Fas receptor with its ligand, and the second pathway depends on the participation of mitochondria. Proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family regulate the mitochondrial pathway. The end result of either pathway is caspase activation and the cleavage of specific cellular substrates, resulting in the morphologic and biochemical changes associated with the apoptotic phenotype.
Exact kinetics for ``almost random'' irreversible filling of lattices

A variety of processes can be modeled by the irreversible cooperative filling of lattice sites. We consider here cases where the filling rate is independent of the state of the surrounding sitesexcept when all nearest neighbors are already filled (where a generally different rate operates) and indicate some applications for such choices. Exact solutions are obtained to the hierarchical form of the master equations for subconfiguration probabilities for a lattice of arbitrary dimension or coordination number. Analogous irreversible coadsorption processes and processes with longer-range cooperative effects, also amenable to exact solution, are discussed.
Chemical studies on slow reacting substances/leukotrienes.

The family of eicasanoids, biologically active metabolites of polyunsaturated C20 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, has recently been enlarged by the recognition of a new biosynthetic pathway leading to the leukotrienes, including the compounds described two decades ago as ‘slow reacting substances’. These biologically potent substances are involved in regulation of the immune response and also as mediators in various disease states. This account presents a brief history of this field, an overview of the biological relevance of leukotrienes, and a discussion of the investigations which led to the clarification of the molecular structures, pathway of biosynthesis and total chemical synthesis of the leukotrienes, including leukotrienes A, B, C, D and E (LTA-LET). As a result of the synthetic work these rare substances are available for the first time in pure form and in quantities sufficient for biological and medical studies. Also reviewed are recent discoveries with regard to the development of inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis and anti-leukotrienes.
Stabilization policy, exchange rate expectations, and international transmission

Abstract This paper analyzes the transmission effects of monetary and fiscal policy in a large country on output abroad using a two-country sticky-price monetary model with adjustment lags incorporated into the goods sectors of the countries. In addition, the paper considers alternative models of exchange rate expectations and examines their influence on the transmission process. In the case of monetary expansion in the home country, the general result for all expectations models is that the foreign country may experience either expansion or contraction. The reason is that the foreign country is exposed to two conflicting effects, a positive trade linkage effect coming from the home country and a loss of competitiveness due to the depreciation of home country's currency. Moreover, the final outcome depends critically on the sensitivity of the trade balance to the exchange rate because the lower this sensitivity, the smaller the loss of competitiveness due to the depreciation of home country's currency. In the case of fiscal expansion in the home country, the normal result for all expectations models is that output expands in the foreign country. The reason is that the foreign country experiences a positive trade linkage effect coming from the home country, and in the case of perfect foresight and regressive exchange rate expectations, the home currency normally appreciates, increasing the foreign country's competitiveness. However, if the semi-interest elasticity of money demand is sufficiently larger in the home country, it is possible for the home country's currency to depreciate, causing a loss of competitiveness in the foreign country, and the overall effect on the foreign country could be contractionary. Finally, in the case of adaptive and distributed lag expectations, fiscal expansion in the home country has no impact effect on the exchange rate, and the foreign country experiences only the positive trade linkage effect coming from the home country.
An NMR Study of [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2 Containing an Interstrand Cross-Link Derived from a Distamycin-Pyrrole Conjugate

Minor groove binding compounds related to distamycin A bind DNA with high sequence selectivity, recognizing sites which contain various combinations of A.T and G.C base pairs. These molecules have the potential to deliver cross-linking agents to the minor groove of a target DNA sequence. We have studied the covalent DNA-DNA cross-linked complex of 2,3- bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-distamycin and [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2. The alkylating pyrrole design is based on the pharmacophore of mitomycin C and is similar in substructure to another important class of natural products, the oxidatively activated pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Ligand-DNA NOEs confirm that the tri(pyrrole-carboxamide) unit of the ligand is bound in the minor groove of the central A+T tract. Unexpectedly, it is shifted by 1 bp with respect to the distamycin A binding site on this DNA sequence. The cross-link bridges the 2-amino position of two guanine residues, G4 and G22. The C3.G22 and G4.C21 base pairs exhibit Watson-Crick base pairing, with some local distortion, as evidenced by unusual intensities observed for DNA-DNA NOE cross-peaks. The model is compared with a related structure of a cross-linked mitomycin C:DNA complex.
BEDROCK RIVERS AND THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF ACTIVE OROGENS

■ Abstract Bedrock rivers set much of the relief structure of active orogens and dictate rates and patterns of denudation. Quantitative understanding of the role of climate-driven denudation in the evolution of unglaciated orogens depends first and foremost on knowledge of fluvial erosion processes and the factors that control incision rate. The results of intense research in the past decade are reviewed here, with the aim of highlighting remaining unknowns and suggesting fruitful avenues for further research. This review considers in turn (a) the occurrence and morphology of bedrock channels and their relation to tectonic setting; ( b) the physical processes of fluvial incision into rock; and (c) models of river incision, their implications, and the field and laboratory data needed to test, refine, and extend them.