cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconciling the Paradoxical Findings of Choice Overload Through an Analytical Lens

Too much of a good thing can be harmful. Choice overload, a compelling paradox in consumer psychology, exemplifies this notion with the idea that offering more product options could impede rather than improve consumer satisfaction, even when consumers are free to ignore any available option. After attracting intense interests in the past decades from multiple disciplines, research on choice overload produced voluminous yet paradoxical findings that are widely perceived as inconsistent even at the meta-analytic level. This paper launches an interdisciplinary inquiry to resolve the inconsistencies at both conceptual and empirical fronts. Specifically, we identified a surprising yet robust pattern among the existing empirical evidence for choice overload, and demonstrated through mathematical analysis and extensive simulation studies that the pattern would only likely emerge from one specific type of latent mechanism underlying the moderated choice-overload effect. The paper discusses the research and practical implications of our findings, the broad promise of analytical meta-analysis, an emerging area for using data analytics and machine learning to address the widely recognized inconsistencies in social and behavioral sciences, and the unique yet salient role of the Information Systems community in developing this new era of meta-analysis.
Topology and Shape Optimization of Ultrathin Composite Self-Deployable Shell Structures with Cutouts

This paper presents two methods to design cutouts that allow damage-free folding of the stiffest possible composite self-deployable thin shell structures of complex shapes. The first method uses le...
Viscoelastic characterization of porcine brain tissue mechanical properties under indentation loading

Abstract The goal of this study was to measure the mechanical properties of porcine brain tissue and determine if they were dependent on anatomical region or direction. Multistep stress relaxation indentations with a cylindrical probe were performed at 10, 20, and 30% nominal strain on multiple regions in the sagittal, horizontal, and coronal planes. Linear and nonlinear (using the quasilinear theory of viscoelasticity [QLV]) constitutive formulations were applied to extract parameters to capture the mechanical behavior of brain tissue. The linear viscoelastic analytic approach provided the best fit to the experimental data of the models tested. Within each directional plane there were region-dependent differences. The cerebellum was the softest region within each loading direction. Although the majority of the regions were isotropic, the cerebellum white matter and thalamus were anisotropic. The characterization of these mechanical properties can be used to inform finite element models of the pig brain to help predict a more biofidelic response in animal models of traumatic brain injury.
Intubating with Video Laryngoscope

Video laryngoscopes have become increasingly popular for out of OR intubations. The most common types include the Glidescope and C-MAC, which can be assembled with straight (Miller) and curved (Mac) blades. Benefits to video laryngoscopy are that a view of the vocal cords can be obtained with less tension on the soft tissues. With a shared screen, other providers can also visualize the vocal cords and larynx, which may provide valuable information and enable other providers to better assist the intubating anesthesiologist. However, the video laryngoscope also poses several challenges and requires practice in a controlled setting to hone one’s dexterity. The most common challenge is that a view of the vocal cords is obtained, but the vocal cords remain relatively anterior and difficult to reach when trying to advance the ETT toward the glottic opening.
Software system for data management and distributed processing of multichannel biomedical signals

The presented software is designed for efficient utilization of cluster of PC computers for signal analysis of multichannel physiological data. The system consists of three main components: 1) a library of input and output procedures, 2) a database storing additional information about location in a storage system, 3) a user interface for selecting data for analysis, choosing programs for analysis, and distributing computing and output data on cluster nodes. The system allows for processing multichannel time series data in multiple binary formats. The description of data format, channels and time of recording are included in separate text files. Definition and selection of multiple channel montages is possible. Epochs for analysis can be selected both manually and automatically. Implementation of a new signal processing procedures is possible with a minimal programming overhead for the input/output processing and user interface. The number of nodes in cluster used for computations and amount of storage can be changed with no major modification to software. Current implementations include the time-frequency analysis of multiday, multichannel recordings of intracranial EEG of epileptic patients as well as evoked response analyses of repeated cognitive tasks.
Why "Or" Really Means "Or": In Defense of the Plain Meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act's Safe Harbor Provision

Structural features of the class action securities litigation system have allowed plaintiffs’ attorneys to extort settlements from risk-averse corporations. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”) of 1995 attempted to address these structural failings by implementing wideranging reforms. Perhaps most significantly, the PSLRA created a safe harbor provision to immunize the type of statements typically used as ammunition in these frivolous litigations—forward-looking statements. The plain language of the safe harbor provision renders inactionable statements that are not made with actual knowledge of their falsity, or are accompanied by meaningful cautionary language. Although many courts have read this provision literally and thus determined that a forwardlooking statement is immunized if it meets either of these two prongs, a minority of courts have looked beyond the plain language and determined that a statement is only immunized if it meets both prongs of the provision. This Note argues that the text, legislative history, and conceptual framework of the safe harbor provision necessitate a literal reading of its text: “or” means “or.” Additionally, it counters the chief criticism of such an approach, specifically that a literal reading produces absurd or internally inconsistent results.
Preparation of highly structured V-MCM-41 and determination of its acidic properties

Vanadium substituted mesoporous molecular sieves (MCM-41) were prepared and the effects of water: Si ratio and anti-foaming agent addition to synthesis solution were investigated. The anti-foaming agent was very effective in improving the reproductibility of sample structure. The amount of V substitution into the silica framework was increased with increasing water amount and surfactant chain length. All of the incorporated V was tetrahedrally coordinated in the silica framework. The density of Lewis acid sites was constant for all samples but exceeds that in a pure silica sample.
Was ``V'' for Victory or Votes? A Public Choice Analysis of World War II Federal Spending

Several studies on the New Deal have found that politicalfactors played a significant role in determining 1930s federalspending. This suggests that federal spending was not capturedby special interest groups and self-interested politiciansrecently, but rather, that it has been affected by thesefactors since the ``era of big government'' began. We examinethe military emergency of the 1940s to determine whetherfederal spending during this crisis was similarly affected bypolitics.
Giant lysosomes and their associated structures in the normal human endometrium

Abstract The giant lysosomes of the normal human endometrium are spherical or approximately spherical structures reaching diameters of 7 μ or more. Giant lysosomes are present only during the proliferative stage of the menstrual cycle and may be of at least three origins, leukocytophagic, isocytophagic, and autophagocytic. Leukocytophagic giant lysosomes occur as an extension of the process known as emperipolesis. Isocytophagic giant lysosomes occur when portions of isogenic epithelial cells are the phagocytized elements and autophagocytic lysosomes are the result of segregation and digestion of a large portion of the cells own structures. Giant lysosomes seem to be an intermediate stage preceded by formation of a phagosome and followed by a state in which incorporation by the cell of the digested lysosomal contents occurs. A working classification of the giant lysosomes and their associated structures in the normal endometrium is presented.
Workshop: IPv6 address planning

The objective of this tutorial workshop is to provide a concise review of the most optimal operational practices and the current best practices and guidelines for developing an IPv6 addressing plan. This workshop will greatly benefit educators and industry practitioners whom desire to obtain knowledge in the fundamentals of IPv6 addressing and IPv6 network addressing design. This workshop is especially important for educators teaching in the information technology and computer science fields. It would be unacceptable for students in these fields to enter the work-force without a fundamental knowledge of IPv4 - the same is now equally true of IPv6. Attendees will receive practical knowledge of IPv6, complete hands-on exercises, and receive examples of hands-on labs and projects that can be incorporated into the classroom to supplement the current curriculum.
Regulation of Endotoxin-Induced Proinflammatory Activation in Human Coronary Artery Cells: Expression of Functional Membrane-Bound CD14 by Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells

Low-level endotoxemia has been identified as a powerful risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate endotoxin responsiveness in vascular cells. We conducted experiments to compare the relative responses of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) to very low levels of endotoxin, and to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate endotoxin responsiveness in vascular cells. Endotoxin (≤1 ng/ml) caused production of chemotactic cytokines in HCAEC. Endotoxin-induced cytokine production was maximal at LPS-binding protein:soluble CD14 ratios 10-fold higher in magnitude at >10-fold lower threshold concentrations (10–30 pg/ml) compared with HCAEC. This remarkable sensitivity of HCASMC to very low endotoxin concentrations, comparable to that found in circulating monocytes, was not due to differential expression of TLR4, which was detected in HCAEC, HCASMC, and intact coronary arteries. Surprisingly, membrane-bound CD14 was detected in seven different lines of HCASMC, conferring responsiveness to endotoxin and to lipoteichoic acid, a product of Gram-positive bacteria, in these cells. These results suggest that the low levels of endotoxin associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis are sufficient to produce inflammatory responses in coronary artery cells. Because CD14 recognizes a diverse array of inflammatory mediators and functions as a pattern recognition molecule in inflammatory cells, expression of membrane-bound CD14 in HCASMC implies a potentially broader role for these cells in transducing innate immune responses in the vasculature.
Case report: paradoxical ventricular septal motion in the setting of primary right ventricular myocardial failure

In this report, a case of right ventricular (RV) failure, hemodynamic instability, and systemic organ failure is described to highlight how paradoxical ventricular systolic septal motion (PVSM), or a rightward systolic displacement of the interventricular septum, may contribute to RV ejection. Multiple inotropic medications and vasopressors were administered to treat right heart failure and systemic hypotension in a patient following combined aortic and mitral valve replacement. In the early postoperative period, echocardiographic evaluation revealed adequate left ventricular systolic function, akinesis of the RV myocardial tissues, and PVSM. In the presence of PVSM, RV fractional area of contraction was ≥35% despite akinesis of the primary RV myocardial walls. The PVSM appeared to contribute toward RV ejection. As a result, the need for multiple inotropes was re-evaluated, in considering that end-organ dysfunction was the result of systemic hypotension and prolonged vasopressor administration. After discontinuation of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, native vascular tone returned and the need for vasopressors declined. This was followed by recovery of systemic organ function. Echocardiographic re-evaluation two years later, revealed persistent akinesis of the RV myocardial tissues and PVSM, the latter appearing to contribute toward RV ejection. This case highlights the importance of left to RV interactions, and how PVSM may mediate these hemodynamic interactions.
Agonist Interactions with Chimeric and Mutant β1- and β3-Adrenergic Receptors: Involvement of the Seventh Transmembrane Region in Conferring Subtype Specificity

beta1- and beta3-adrenergic receptors (AR) are the predominant beta-AR subtypes in adipocytes, and analysis of native and recombinant beta-AR has revealed several pharmacological and biochemical differences between these subtypes. This study used chimeric and mutated rat beta-AR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells to examine the basis of certain characteristic differences in the agonist properties of catecholamines and prototypic beta3-AR agonists. The exchange of sequence beyond transmembrane (TM) region 6 between the beta-AR subtypes had dramatic and reciprocal effects on the affinity and efficacy of the prototypic beta3-AR agonists BRL 37,344 and CL 316,243, without affecting the interactions with catecholamines. Mutation of Phe350 and Phe351 in TM7 of the beta1-AR to Ala and Leu found in the beta3-AR was sufficient to allow activation by prototypic beta3-AR agonists. Interestingly, this mutation did not affect catecholamine action and it did not impair the ability of propranolol to block the actions of isoproterenol or the selective beta3-AR agonists. beta1-AR containing beta3-AR sequence from predicted TM5 through TM6 exhibited reduced affinity for catecholamines without altering agonist potency, suggesting enhanced coupling efficiency. Inclusion of the homologous beta1-AR sequence in the beta3-AR, however, did not produce reciprocal effects. These results are the first to define a major determinant of beta3-AR subtype-selective agonism in TM7 and demonstrate that the determinants of selective phenethanolamines, catecholamines, and propranolol action are distinct.
A longitudinal investigation of gender differences in language and reading development

A four-year longitudinal investigation of gender differences in highly specified linguistic and reading operations in 87 children was con ducted in the period before, during, and after reading acquisition. A central focus is the development of automatization within these operations. Results indicate a clear distinction between a sustained male advantage in vocabulary and semantic processess and an early female advantage in rate for basic language and reading processing. The findings point to different, gender-influenced sequences in reading acquisition by some females and males. The relationship between these findings and the predominance of males with early reading failure is hypothesized.
Growth and properties of Hg 1- x Cd x Te on GaAs with x – 0.27

The organometallic vapor phase epitaxy of HgCdTe onto (100)2°-(110) GaAs substrates is described in this paper. A buffer layer of CdTe has been grown prior to the growth of HgCdTe, to take up the large lattice mismatch with the GaAs. Considerations for the thickness of this buffer layer are outlined, and it is shown by quantitative Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy that there is negligible diffusion of gallium from the GaAs substrate for the growth conditions described. Hall effect measurements give mobilities comparable to those reported for bulk grown crystals. An extrinsicn-type carrier concentration of 2 × 1016/cm3 is obtained, and is mainly due to residual impurities in the starting chemicals. The alloy composition has been determined at 298 K by Fourier transform infrared transmission (FTIR) spectrometry; this is found to be extremely uniform over a 15 × 7 mm area, as evidenced by an overlapping of FTIR plots taken over this area. HgCdTe layers have been grown on buffer layers varying in thickness from 0.1 to 1.9μm. It is found that a buffer thickness of about 1.9μm or larger is required to obtain high quality HgCdTe, both in terms of the electrical characteristics (mobility and carrier concentration) and the infrared transmission curves (peak transmission).
The AMPIX electrochemical cell: a versatile apparatus for in situ X-ray scattering and spectroscopic measurements

This article presents a versatile easy-to-use electrochemical cell suitable for in operando, in situ measurements of battery materials during electrochemical cycling using a variety of X-ray techniques. Argonne's multi-purpose in situ X-ray (AMPIX) cell provides reliable electrochemical cycling over extended periods owing to the uniform stack pressure applied by rigid X-ray windows and the formation of a high-fidelity hermetic seal. The suitability of the AMPIX cell for a broad range of synchrotron-based X-ray scattering and spectroscopic measurements has been demonstrated with studies at eight Advanced Photon Source beamlines to date. Compatible techniques include pair distribution function analysis, high-resolution powder diffraction, small-angle scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. These techniques probe a broad range of electronic, structural and morphological features relevant to battery materials. The AMPIX cell enables experiments providing greater insight into the complex processes that occur in operating batteries by allowing the electrochemical reactions to be probed at fine reaction intervals with greater consistency (within the charge–discharge cycle and between different methodologies) with potential for new time-dependent kinetic studies or studies of transient species. Representative X-ray and electrochemical data to demonstrate the functionality of the AMPIX cell are presented.
Thiolates Chemically Induce Redox Activation of BTZ043 and Related Potent Nitroaromatic Anti-Tuberculosis Agents

The development of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) forms of tuberculosis (TB) has stimulated research efforts globally to expand the new drug pipeline. Nitroaromatic compounds, including 1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones (BTZs) and related agents, are a promising new class for the treatment of TB. Research has shown that the nitroso intermediates of BTZs that are generated in vivo cause suicide inhibition of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2′ oxidase (DprE1), which is responsible for cell wall arabinogalactan biosynthesis. We have designed and synthesized novel anti-TB agents inspired from BTZs and other nitroaromatic compounds. Computational studies indicated that the unsubstituted aromatic carbons of BTZ043 and related nitroaromatic compounds are the most electron-deficient and might be prone to nucleophilic attack. Our chemical studies on BTZ043 and the additional nitroaromatic compounds synthesized by us and others confirmed the postulated reactivity. The results indicate that nuc...
Putting the Community Back into Community Networks: A Content Analysis.

This study examines the role that community networks can take in fulfilling McQuail's call for a more democratic-participant form of mass media. Community networks, which are online grassroots organizations designed to promote local community initiatives, increased their Internet presence in the 1990s. However, their number has declined in recent years. Earlier research has suggested that community networks fail because they lack a unified identity, have not determined their specific purpose on the Web, and do not provide relevant information to network members. Findings suggest that community networks wishing to achieve sustainability should concentrate their efforts on developing social capital and fostering strong democracy. This study examines the extent to which those existing community networks are working toward developing such content on their sites. Findings suggest that community networks are currently working toward developing content that promotes social capital but that far fewer networks are...
An Optimal Partition Problem for Eigenvalues

In this paper, we studied an optimal partition problem for the Dirichlet eigenvalue. We established the existence of classical solutions to such problems as well as the regularity of free interfaces.
Oil content and composition of the seed in the world collection of sesame introductions

The quantity and quality of oil was studied in 721 introductions of sesame seed. The mean oil content was 53.1% and the iodine value 117.4. The mean per cent fatty acid composition was: palmitic 9.5, stearic 4.4, oleic 39.6 and linoleic 46.0. The oil was clear, colorless in 47.4% of the samples and light green in 37.2%. The remainder of the oil samples were dark green or brown. Short plants tended to have colorless oil while tall plants had light green oil. Early plants had a higher seed oil content. Earliness, yellow seed color and large seed size were associated with lower iodine value. A significant negative correlation was found between oleic and linoleic acid content. There was no correlation between oil content and iodine value of the oil.
The discrete moment problem with fractional moments

Discrete moment problems (DMP) with integer moments were first introduced by Prekopa to provide sharp lower and upper bounds for functions of discrete random variables. Prekopa also developed fast and stable dual type linear programming methods for the numerical solutions of the problem. In this paper, we assume that some fractional moments are also available and propose basic theory and a solution method for the bounding problems. Numerical experiments show significant improvement in the tightness of the bounds.
Microcantilever with integrated light-emitting Schottky barrier avalanche breakdown diodes

The design, fabrication and characterisation of a microcantilever having two back-to-back light-emitting Pt–Si Schottky diodes fabricated near the cantilever free end is reported. Visible light is emitted from the Schottky barrier junctions under reverse bias. The diodes breakdown at a voltage of 100 V and during breakdown the diodes emit light with a peak wavelength near 710 nm. This approach for integrating a light-emitting Schottky diode onto a microcantilever could be used to introduce light into scanning probe or sensing measurements.
Conversational exercitives: Something else we do with our words

In this paper, I present a new (i.e., previouslyoverlooked) breed of exercitivespeech act (the conversational exercitive). Iestablish that any conversationalcontribution that invokes a rule of accommodationchanges the bounds ofconversational permissibility and is thereforean (indirect) exercitive speechact. Such utterances enact permissibility factswithout expressing the contentof such facts, without the speaker intending tobe enacting such facts andwithout the hearer recognizing that it is so.Because of the peculiar nature ofthe rules of accommodation that generate them,conversational exercitives haveimportantly different felicity conditions andtherefore constitute a new breed ofexercitive speech act.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes from the equine nematode, Parascaris equorum, and the canine cestode, Dipylidium caninum, helminths exhibiting anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) has been purified to apparent homogeneity from 2 parasitic helminths exhibiting anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism, the equine nematode, Parascaris equorum, and the canine cestode, Dipylidium caninum. The P. equorum PDC yielded 7 major bands when separated by SDS-PAGE. The bands of 72, 55-53.5, 41 and 36 kDa corresponded to E2, E3, E1 alpha and E1 beta, respectively. The complex also contained additional unidentified proteins of 43 and 45 kDa. Incubation of the complex with [2-14C]pyruvate resulted in the acetylation of only E2. These results suggest that the P. equorum PDC lacks protein X and exhibits an altered subunit composition, as has been described previously for the PDC of the related nematode, Ascaris suum. In contrast, the D. caninum PDC yielded only four major bands after SDS-PAGE of 59, 58, 39 and 34 kDa, which corresponded to E3, E2, E1 alpha and E1 beta, respectively. Incubation of the D. caninum complex with [2-14C]pyruvate resulted in the acetylation of E2 and a second protein which comigrated with E3, suggesting that the D. caninum complex contained protein X and had a subunit composition similar to PDCs from other eukaryotic organisms. Both helminth complexes appeared less sensitive to inhibition by elevated NADH/NAD+ ratios than complexes isolated from aerobic organisms, as would be predicted for PDCs from organisms exploiting microaerobic habitats. These results suggest that although these helminths have similar anaerobic mitochondrial pathways, they contain significantly different PDCs.
Changes in nasal airflow and heat transfer correlate with symptom improvement after surgery for nasal obstruction

Surgeries to correct nasal airway obstruction (NAO) often have less than desirable outcomes, partly due to the absence of an objective tool to select the most appropriate surgical approach for each patient. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models can be used to investigate nasal airflow, but variables need to be identified that can detect surgical changes and correlate with patient symptoms. CFD models were constructed from pre- and post-surgery computed tomography scans for 10 NAO patients showing no evidence of nasal cycling. Steady-state inspiratory airflow, nasal resistance, wall shear stress, and heat flux were computed for the main nasal cavity from nostrils to posterior nasal septum both bilaterally and unilaterally. Paired t-tests indicated that all CFD variables were significantly changed by surgery when calculated on the most obstructed side, and that airflow, nasal resistance, and heat flux were significantly changed bilaterally as well. Moderate linear correlations with patient-reported symptoms were found for airflow, heat flux, unilateral allocation of airflow, and unilateral nasal resistance as a fraction of bilateral nasal resistance when calculated on the most obstructed nasal side, suggesting that these variables may be useful for evaluating the efficacy of nasal surgery objectively. Similarity in the strengths of these correlations suggests that patient-reported symptoms may represent a constellation of effects and that these variables should be tracked concurrently during future virtual surgery planning.
The minimum wage and poverty among full-time workers

V. Conclusions The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed, the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty. It also suggests that the minimum wage does not even lower poverty for the one group that, almost by definition, one would expect to be helped: full-time, year-round workers. While the empirical results suggest minimum wages do not achieve what is ostensibly their primary goal — relieving poverty among the working poor — minimum wages do seem to impose a real cost on society in terms of lost income and output. The empirical evidence on work hours suggests that a $1 increase in the minimum wage, far from being almost costless, could conceivably impose income losses to American workers in the $12-15 billion range per year — an amount equal to the “income deficit” of millions of persons counted as poor by the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Anti-fluorescein antibody of high affinity and restricted heterogeneity as characterized by fluorescence polarization and quenching equilibrium techniques.

Summary An unusually high affinity constant (K = 6 × 1010M−1) together with a lack of heterogeneity (a = 1. 0) has been found in an antifluorescein antibody, using extremely sensitive instrumentation in connection with fluorescence polarization and quenching techniques. No systematic variation of the K and a values could be detected over a range of antibody concentrations differing more than 60-fold. A simple method for estimating titers of high-affinity antibodies from polarization titration curves is also described.
Secondary nonresponsiveness to botulinum toxin type A in patients with oromandibular dystonia

Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin type A is the treatment of choice for most cases of oromandibular dystonia. We report on five patients with oromandibular dystonia that developed secondary nonresponsiveness to botulinum toxin type A following multiple injections over a 6-year period.
Remarkable Lewis acid effects on polymerization of functionalized alkenes by metallocene and lithium ester enolates

Abstract Drastic effects of Lewis acids E(C6F5)3 (E = Al, B) on polymerization of functionalized alkenes such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA) mediated by metallocene and lithium ester enolates, Cp2Zr[OC(OiPr) CMe2]2 (1) and Me2C C(OiPr)OLi, are documented as well as elucidated. In the case of metallocene bis(ester enolate) 1, when combined with 2 equiv. of Al(C6F5)3, it effects highly active ion-pairing polymerization of MMA and DMAA; the living nature of this polymerization system allows for the synthesis of well-defined diblock and triblock copolymers of MMA with longer-chain alkyl methacrylates. In sharp contrast, the 1/2B(C6F5)3 combination exhibits low to negligible polymerization activity due to the formation of ineffective adduct Cp2Zr[OC(OiPr) CMe2]+[O C(OiPr)CMe2B(C6F5)3]− (2). Such a profound Al vs. B Lewis acid effect has also been observed for the lithium ester enolate; while the Me2C C(OiPr)OLi/2Al(C6F5)3 system is highly active for MMA polymerization, the seemingly analogous Me2C C(OiPr)OLi/2B(C6F5)3 system is inactive. Structure analyses of the resulting lithium enolaluminate and enolborate adducts, Li+[Me2C C(OiPr)OAl(C6F5)3]− (3) and Li+[Me2C C(OiPr)OB(C6F5)3]− (4), coupled with polymerization studies, show that the remarkable differences observed for Al vs. B are due to the inability of the lithium enolborate/borane pair to effect the bimolecular, activated-monomer anionic polymerization as does the lithium enolaluminate/alane pair.
Myocardial infarction in the newborn infant

Summary Two cases of myocardial infarction occurring in the neonatal period are presented. This condition has not been previously described in newborn infants. It is possible that such a lesion may be present and yet be unnoticed at autopsy examination.
Fast pyrolysis of muconic acid and formic acid salt mixtures

Abstract Lignocellulosic feedstocks are a potential renewable resource for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals. As a major by-product of the pulping industry, lignin is an underutilized source of organic carbon in lignocellulosic biomass. Residual lignin remaining in pulp after cooking of lignocellulosic biomass is typically removed during the bleaching stage of a pulping operation. This stage is composed of a sequence of steps including oxidation and alkaline extraction. Given that muconic acid and formic acid are formed during oxygen treatment of alkaline solutions of lignin, fast pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS) of alkali/alkaline earth salt mixtures of muconic acid and formic acid was employed to produce significantly deoxygenated products, such as cyclic ketones, hydrocarbons, aromatics, and phenolics. The cations investigated in this study were sodium, calcium, and magnesium to observe the difference in product distribution, volatile formation, and the formation of carbonaceous residue. The compounds observed after pyrolysis of the various salts suggest that along with the expected intramolecular condensation reactions, free radical reactions are likely occurring at the temperatures investigated explaining the observed alkylation and hydrogenation of the vapor products beyond deoxygenation which can be expected from reactive hydrogen formed by formate decomposition. Hydrogenation may also be occurring as a result of catalytic effects of the metal cations on the pyrolysis vapors. Pyrolysis of calcium muconate favors cyclic ketone formation almost exclusively, and when formate is added a 61 wt% reduction in carbonaceous residue formation is observed at 550 °C in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) equipped with an evolved gas analyzer furnace (EGA). The highest yields of gaseous species were observed for the magnesium muconate–formate mixture, approximately 47 wt%, while the least amount of carbonaceous residue was formed upon pyrolysis of the sodium muconate–formate mixture, both at 550 °C in a TGA. The data suggests that pyrolysis at 550 °C of sodium formate and oxidized lignin mixtures may be of interest for the production of aromatic compounds.
Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008, Part 1: Introducing a Bibliographic Essay in Five Parts

This is the first in a series of five articles that cover one aspect of a debate in biblical and ancient Near Eastern studies. In question is the historical reliability of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). Historical/biblical minimalism, the side in the debate that finds the Hebrew Bible almost completely unreliable as a source for history, has already received substantial bibliographic treatment. Therefore, this series attempts to provide balance by covering the literature in support of historical reliability. These articles focus not on modern histories of ancient Israel, but rather, on publications related to the historicity of the nonmiraculous assertions and references in the biblical text. Because of the nature of the debate, the series treats works in English from 1992 through 2008 on the historicity of the biblical content regarding the periods preceding the return from exile (itself disputed) soon after 539 BCE. The other planned articles are Part 2, the literature of critique, methodology, and p...
Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This work was conducted with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (www.cavd.org) and the Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative (www.grandchallenges.org). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Experimental Characterization of Direct Assembly Process Based Ionic Polymer Transducers in Sensing

Ionic Polymer Transducers (IPTs) are electroactive ion exchange membranes that are plated with metals which provide a capacitive property appropriate for sensor/actuator applications. IPTs bend when a voltage difference is applied across the surfaces of the transducer performing actuation behavior and produce current when they are deformed exhibiting sensing behavior. However, the response of the IPT as an actuator or as a sensor differs from each other since the mechanism responsible from actuation and sensing are different. Existing research in this field is mostly focused on actuation behavior. Therefore, in this study emphasis is on sensing where the IPTs have been prepared via the Direct Assembly Process (DAP). The DAP is selected because it enables experimental control over the electrode architecture, which may ultimately be exercised to explore the underlying physics responsible for sensing. Five lithium exchanged transducers are prepared with 1-ethyl-3 methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EmI-Tf) ionic liquid as the diluent, and high surface area RuO2 as the metallic powder. The IPTs are then cantilevered and subject to step displacements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Low-temperature results of the statistical theory of noninteracting spin waves

Low-temperature predictions of a free-spin-wave theory that includes the correct spin-wave kinematics for theS=1/2, quantum Heisenberg ferromagnet, as described in a previous paper, are obtained for three dimensions using analytic and Monte Carlo techniques. The low-temperature propagator is found to be of boson form, and the low-temperature magnetization goes asT3/2, which agrees with the interacting theory at lowest order inT.
FAK regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of CAS, paxillin, and PYK2 in cells expressing v-Src, but is not a critical determinant of v-Src transformation.

FAK (focal adhesion kinase) is a nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase activated by tyrosine phosphorylation following integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Oncogenic Src promotes enhanced and deregulated FAK tyrosine phosphorylation which has been proposed to contribute to altered cell growth and/or morphological properties associated with transformation. In this study, an inducible FAK expression system was used to study the potential role of FAK in v-Src transformation. Our results portray FAK as a major v-Src substrate that also plays a role in recruiting v-Src to phosphorylate substrates CAS (Crk-associated substrate) and paxillin. The FAK Tyr-397 autophosphorylation site was necessary for this scaffolding function, but was not required for v-Src to stably interact with and phosphorylate FAK. FAK was also shown to negatively regulate v-Src mediated phosphorylation of the FAK-related kinase PYK2. Despite these effects, FAK does not play an essential role in targeting v-Src to major cellular substrates including CAS and paxillin. Nor is FAK strictly required to achieve the altered morphological and growth characteristics of v-Src transformed cells.
Pelagic capture of the epibenthic rattail Coryphaenoides rupestris

Abstract Forty-nine specimens of the macrourid fish Coryphaenoides rupestris were captured in the Denmark Strait in large pelagic nets fished from F.R.S. Walther Herwig at depths between 1000 and 2100 m, and 270–1440 m off the bottom. Such capture confirms suspected pelagic excursions, presumed since pelagic organisms are common prey, by this bottom-living animal. Other members of the genus also feed on pelagic organisms. Thus Coryphaenoides may be an important agent in the transfer of food energy from the pelagial to the deep sea floor.
Comparison of the functional differences for the homologous residues within the carboxy phosphate and carbamate domains of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from two molecules of MgATP, bicarbonate, and glutamine. It has been previously shown that the amino- and carboxy-terminal halves of the large subunit of this protein are homologous. A working model for the active site structure of the carboxy-terminal domain of the large subunit of CPS was constructed based upon amino acid sequence alignments and the previously determined three-dimensional structures of two mechanistically related proteins, biotin carboxylase and D-alanine:D-alanine ligase. The model was tested by mutation of ten amino acid residues predicted to be important for binding and/or catalysis. The mutated residues were as follows: R571, R675, R715, D753, E761, N827, Q829, E841, N843, and R845. The mutant proteins were expressed, purified to homogeneity and the catalytic properties determined for a variety of assay formats. The mutants E761A, E841Q, N843D, and R845Q were diminished in their ability to synthesize carbamoyl phosphate. The R715A, Q829A, and R675A mutants displayed elevated Michaelis constants for MgADP in the partial back reaction. The mutants E761A, N827A, E841Q, N843D, and R845Q showed significant increases in the Michaelis constants for either bicarbonate or carbamoyl phosphate. No significant alterations were noted upon mutation of either R571 or D753 to an alanine residue and thus these amino acids do not appear essential for structure or catalytic activity. These results have been utilized to further support the proposal that the C-terminal half of the large subunit of CPS is primarily responsible for the phosphorylation of the carbamate intermediate during the final formation of carbamoyl phosphate. The measured effects on the catalyic activities displayed by these mutations were found to be comparable to the previously determined effects after mutation of the homologous residues located on the N-terminal half of CPS and also for those residues mutated within D-alanine:D-alanine ligase [Shi, Y., & Walsh, C.T. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 2768-2776].
Approximate factorization with an elliptic pressure solver for incompressible flow

Two-dimensional curvilinear coordinates are used to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, in conjunction with approximate factorization for the solution of the momentum equation and the successive overrelaxation by lines method for the solution of a Poisson equation for the pressure. The combined algorithm, although not fully explicit, is marginally stable at Reynolds numbers lower than 10,000 and time increments of 0.01. Pressure distributions calculated for attack angles of zero and 6 deg are of the same shape as the experimental curves, but are shifted to one side.
Image Coregistration: Quantitative Processing Framework for the Assessment of Brain Lesions

The quantitative, multiparametric assessment of brain lesions requires coregistering different parameters derived from MRI sequences. This will be followed by analysis of the voxel values of the ROI within the sequences and calculated parametric maps, and deriving multiparametric models to classify imaging data. There is a need for an intuitive, automated quantitative processing framework that is generalized and adaptable to different clinical and research questions. As such flexible frameworks have not been previously described, we proceeded to construct a quantitative post-processing framework with commonly available software components. Matlab was chosen as the programming/integration environment, and SPM was chosen as the coregistration component. Matlab routines were created to extract and concatenate the coregistration transforms, take the coregistered MRI sequences as inputs to the process, allow specification of the ROI, and store the voxel values to the database for statistical analysis. The functionality of the framework was validated using brain tumor MRI cases. The implementation of this quantitative post-processing framework enables intuitive creation of multiple parameters for each voxel, facilitating near real-time in-depth voxel-wise analysis. Our initial empirical evaluation of the framework is an increased usage of analysis requiring post-processing and increased number of simultaneous research activities by clinicians and researchers with non-technical backgrounds. We show that common software components can be utilized to implement an intuitive real-time quantitative post-processing framework, resulting in improved scalability and increased adoption of post-processing needed to answer important diagnostic questions.
Analysis of some integrals arising in the atomic three-electron problem

A detailed analysis is presented for the evaluation of atomic integrals of the form F${\mathit{r}}_{1}^{\mathit{i}}$${\mathit{r}}_{2}^{\mathit{j}}$${\mathit{r}}_{3}^{\mathit{k}}$${\mathit{r}}_{23}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$${\mathit{r}}_{31}^{\mathit{m}}$${\mathit{r}}_{12}$ $^{\mathit{n}}$${\mathit{e}}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\mathit{r}}$-\ensuremath{\beta}${\mathit{r}}_{2}$-\ensuremath{\gamma}${\mathit{r}}_{3}$d${\mathbf{r}}_{1}$ d${\mathbf{r}}_{2}$ d${\mathbf{r}}_{3}$, which arise in several contexts of the three-electron atomic problem. All convergent integrals with i\ensuremath{\ge}-2, j\ensuremath{\ge}-2, k\ensuremath{\ge}-2, m\ensuremath{\ge}-1, and n\ensuremath{\ge}-1 are examined. These integrals are solved by two distinct procedures. A majority of the integrals can be evaluated by a reduction of the three-electron integrals to integrals arising in the atomic two-electron integral problem. A second approach allows all integrals with the aforementioned indices to be evaluated by the use of Sack's expansion [J. Math. Phys. 5, 245 (1964)] of the interelectronic separation, which leads to a reduction of the above nine-dimensional integrals to a set of three-dimensional integrals. A discussion is given for the numerical evaluation of the three-dimensional integrals that arise.
Iodine monofluoride resonant energy transfer chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescence on the IF(B3Π)0+ → X1Σ+ band system was observed in a flame composed of fluorine atoms, HN3 and either I2 or CF3. It was found that the chemiluminescence is due to near gas kinetic resonant energy transfer from NF(b1Σ+) to ground-state IF molecules.
Hydrolysis of ATP by aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferases: an unexpected cost to bacteria for harboring an antibiotic resistance enzyme.

Aminoglycoside 3′-phosphotransferases (APH(3′)s) are common bacterial resistance enzymes to aminoglycoside antibiotics. These enzymes transfer the γ-phosphoryl group of ATP to the 3′-hydroxyl of the antibiotics, whereby the biological activity of the drugs is lost. Pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics with two of these enzymes from Gram-negative bacteria, APH(3′)-Ia and APH(3′)-IIa, were performed. It is demonstrated that these enzymes in both ternary and binary complexes facilitate an ATP hydrolase activity (ATPase), which is competitive with the transfer of phosphate to the antibiotics. Because these enzymes are expressed constitutively in resistant bacteria, the turnover of ATP is continuous during the lifetime of the organism both in the absence and the presence of aminoglycosides. Concentrations of the enzyme in vivo were determined, and it was estimated that in a single generation of bacterial growth there exists the potential that this activity would consume as much as severalfold of the total existing ATP. Studies with bacteria harboring the aph(3′)-Ia gene revealed that bacteria are able to absorb the cost of this ATP turnover, as ATP is recycled. However, the cost burden of this adventitious activity manifests a selection pressure against maintenance of the plasmids that harbor the aph(3′)-Ia gene, such that ∼50% of the plasmid is lost in 1500 bacterial generations in the absence of antibiotics. The implication is that, in the absence of selection, bacteria harboring an enzyme that catalyzes the consumption of key metabolites could experience the loss of the plasmid that encodes for the given enzyme.