cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Electrophoresis of Rigid Polyions. Inclusion of Ion Relaxation

A numerical algorithm is developed to calculate electrophoretic mobilities of rigid model polyions that includes the effect of ion relaxation. The Navier−Stokes, Poisson, and ion transport equations are cast into forms that are amenable to numerical solution by boundary element procedures. The three equations are solved simultaneously by an iterative procedure. It is applied first to a spherical polyion containing a centrosymmetric charge distribution and double layer that is not thin compared to the radius of the sphere. Resulting mobilities compare favorably (to within 10%) with independent theory. The algorithm is then applied to spherical polyions containing noncentrosymmetric charge distributions. Although the present calculations are restricted to spherical polyions, there is no formal difficulty in extending them to nonspherical polyions.
Faith and Finance

This paper uses the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Visiting Nurse Service (1909-1953) as a case study to illustrate that the balance of cost and care issues is a recurring theme in nursing. Hoping to decrease mortality rates, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company joined with trained nurses from the Henry Street Settlement House to provide home care and health teaching to industrial insurance policyholders. From the onset in 1909, nursing and business shared a faith in the humanitarian spirit of the project. Despite this mutuality of good intentions, the values of nursing and business differed. When values and priorities clashed, conflict erupted over patient care policy.
Actinomycin D and Hydrocortisone: Intracellular Binding in Rat Liver

DNA was found to be the major intracellular binding site for labeled actinomycin D administered in vivo. In analogous studies, hydrocortisone did not bind to nuclear structures. Furthermore, following the administration of actinomycin D, a highly positive correlation was found between the RNA content of the nucleus and the ability of the nucleus to synthesize RNA.
LANDSAT-4 MSS And Thematic Mapper Data Quality And Information Content Analysis

Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner data were analyzed to obtain information on data quality and information content. Geometric evaluations were performed to test band-to-band registration accuracy. Thematic Mapper overall system resolution was evaluated using scene objects which demonstrated sharp high contrast edge responses. Radiometric evaluation included detector relative calibration, effects of resampling, and coherent noise effects. Information content evaluation was carried out using clustering, principal components, transformed divergence separability measure, and numerous supervised classifiers on data from Iowa and Illinois. A detailed spectral class analysis (multispectral classification) was carried out on data from the Des Moines, Iowa area to compare the information content of the MSS and TM for a large number of scene classes.
EFFECTS OF TREE AGE ON SECONDARY XYLEM AND PHLOEM ANATOMY IN STEMS OF GREAT BASIN BRISTLECONE PINE (PINUS LONGAEVA)

Xylem and phloem tissue samples were collected from various-aged Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D. K. Bailey) stems in southern Utah and southeastern California to determine whether the vascular cambia of older trees produce fewer xylem rays, shorter-lived xylem and phloem ray cells, fewer phloem sieve cells, and a thinner phloem. Increment cores were examined to determine whether 'aged' cambia produced narrower tracheids that might reduce water translocation. Sapwood thickness was measured and sapwood growth layers were counted on these cores. Regression and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses of sample data found no age-related changes in cambial products. Phloem and xylem production appeared normal at all ages, with no evidence of cambial malfunction. AS A TREE ages, its vascular cambium continues to form xylem and phloem elements. Xylem cells formed by young and mature cambia have been compared anatomically (Dinwoodie,
Some sequential tests reducing the maximum expected sample size

A hypothesis test is converted into a sequential test on a Bernoulli parameter, and the test on the Bernoulli parameter is carried out using a procedure which approximately minimizes the maximum expected sample size. Several cases are exhibited in which this technique results in a considerable decrease in the maximum expected sample size compared to standard tests for the original problem.
Organic light-emitting devices with laminated top contacts

We demonstrate the fabrication of organic light-emitting devices based on a ruthenium complex with indium tin oxide anodes and laminated Au cathodes. Light emission was uniform over the whole device area, indicating a high-quality mechanical and electrical contact. The devices showed no rectification, indicating that the laminated contact was ohmic and caused no damage to the ruthenium complex. Comparison with devices using evaporated Au cathodes confirmed the quality of the lamination process.
Epistatic Interaction Maps Relative to Multiple Metabolic Phenotypes

An epistatic interaction between two genes occurs when the phenotypic impact of one gene depends on another gene, often exposing a functional association between them. Due to experimental scalability and to evolutionary significance, abundant work has been focused on studying how epistasis affects cellular growth rate, most notably in yeast. However, epistasis likely influences many different phenotypes, affecting our capacity to understand cellular functions, biochemical networks adaptation, and genetic diseases. Despite its broad significance, the extent and nature of epistasis relative to different phenotypes remain fundamentally unexplored. Here we use genome-scale metabolic network modeling to investigate the extent and properties of epistatic interactions relative to multiple phenotypes. Specifically, using an experimentally refined stoichiometric model for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we computed a three-dimensional matrix of epistatic interactions between any two enzyme gene deletions, with respect to all metabolic flux phenotypes. We found that the total number of epistatic interactions between enzymes increases rapidly as phenotypes are added, plateauing at approximately 80 phenotypes, to an overall connectivity that is roughly 8-fold larger than the one observed relative to growth alone. Looking at interactions across all phenotypes, we found that gene pairs interact incoherently relative to different phenotypes, i.e. antagonistically relative to some phenotypes and synergistically relative to others. Specific deletion-deletion-phenotype triplets can be explained metabolically, suggesting a highly informative role of multi-phenotype epistasis in mapping cellular functions. Finally, we found that genes involved in many interactions across multiple phenotypes are more highly expressed, evolve slower, and tend to be associated with diseases, indicating that the importance of genes is hidden in their total phenotypic impact. Our predictions indicate a pervasiveness of nonlinear effects in how genetic perturbations affect multiple metabolic phenotypes. The approaches and results reported could influence future efforts in understanding metabolic diseases and the role of biochemical regulation in the cell.
Task-oriented EMG activity recorded from partitions in human lateral gastrocnemius muscle.

Abstract Twenty normal human subjects (mean age: 25.9, range: 22–40) performed specific lower extremity functional tasks while integrated electromyographic (IEMG) activity was recorded from the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscle. The electrode placements used corresponded with sites known to have distinct patterns of innervation based upon previous anatomical microdissections. These sites were defined as proximal medial, proximal lateral, distal medial, and distal lateral. Myoelectric activity from each site was normalized against maximal voluntary efforts. Quantitative analyses of records made from these distinct sites, which we call ‘partitions’, revealed significant differences both within and across specific tasks. The distal lateral site showed greatest activity during a step-up task with the test leg in knee flexion while the proximal lateral site tended to show the least activity for most tasks. No consistent pattern was observed across all eight leg tasks at any one site thus suggesting that motor units contributing to total electromyographic (EMG) activity in each partition did so differentially. Spike triggered averages were obtained from motor units within partitions of these muscles. Little synchrony could be demonstrated between units and averaged electrical activity in other partitions. This observation implies some degree of electromyographic isolation. Collectively these data suggest that partitions within a human two-joint muscle display selectively different levels of muscle activity depending upon the motor task. While these observations require further explanation, they also indicate that a more comprehensive understanding of the organization of muscles and their outputs is a necessary prerequisite to the establishment of therapeutic regimens.
A drop to save lives: analysing the Global Polio Eradication Initiative and disease eradication as a public good

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) presents a unique opportunity to assess global public goods theory and the inner dynamics of global public–private partnerships (PPPs) for health. Drawing on interviews with officials in the GPEI, this study evaluates the global public goods (GPG) concept as it relates to polio eradication. The findings from this analysis emphasise the connection between polio eradication, crucial cases, and levels of public goods distribution. Collectively, these findings suggest an added dimension to the ongoing and contested conversation regarding the GPG concept and GPG theory. These findings also confirm certain public goods criticisms as they relate to the rational choice leanings of public goods theory. In addition, while much has been written about the nature and purpose of global PPPs, such research remains abstract and intangible. This ambiguousness has contributed to an inadequate understanding of the inner dynamics of global PPPs. Thus, this study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the GPEI and provides the reader with a deep understanding of what makes this partnership work and what hurdles it has overcome since its inception. The relative success of the GPEI makes it a PPP that future health collaborations may choose to emulate.
Genre: Concepts and applications in rhetorical criticism

(1980). Genre: Concepts and applications in rhetorical criticism. Western Journal of Speech Communication: Vol. 44, Rhetorical Criticism: The State of the Art, pp. 288-299.
Transport through crossed nanotubes

Abstract In order to study the electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotube junctions we have fabricated several devices consisting of two crossed nanotubes with electrical leads attached to each end of each nanotube. We correlate the properties of the junctions with the properties of the individual nanotubes: metal–metal, metal–semiconductor, and semiconductor–semiconductor junctions are all formed. We find that metal–metal SWNT junctions exhibit surprisingly high conductances of 0.1– 0.2 e 2 /h . Semiconductor–semiconductor junctions also show significant linear response conductance. Metal–semiconductor junctions behave as p-type Schottky diodes. All the junction types can reliably pass currents of hundreds of nanoamps.
More Powerful Communication: From the Language of Prizes and Praising to the Language of Ongoing Regard

The management literature is replete with exhortations to managers to praise good workers. And, while praise may well beat the no-news-is-good-news management style, there is a more effective level of communication. The authors explain and illustrate here the way direct, specific, and nonattributive communications empower both the receiver and the giver. © 2001 by the authors. Reprinted by permission of Jossey-Bass, Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wide field nulling imager for TPF: the Boeing-SVS hypertelescope concept

The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) mission is aimed at providing direct images of Earth-like planets orbiting nearby stars and characterizing their atmospheres (low resolution spectroscopy). The BOEING/SVS hypertelescope concept, NRLA (Non-Redundant Linear Array), uses a 35m baseline interferometric rotating array of six 2.3-meter telescopes operating in the infrared (7 to 12 microns) to produce wide field images of exoplanetary systems. The full (u,v) plane coverage of the array offers very good imaging capabilities, which is essential to unambiguously confirm the detection of planets, and also provides an outstanding capability for high resolution/high dynamic range imaging for general astrophysics. Thanks to a novel approach combining pupil densification, phase mask coronagraphy and pupil redilution, this concept combines wide field of view imaging and interferometric nulling of the central star. We first briefly present the techniques used by this concept (phase mask coronagraphy, pupil densification and redilution, aperture synthesis imaging) and demonstrate how they can be used to overcome the limitations commonly encountered by interferometers (low (u,v) plane coverage, small field of view, low dynamical range). A complete computer simulation of the concept has been written and is used to study the performance of the array for exoplanet imaging and spectroscopy. We show that with this concept, detection (S/N=5) of Earth-like planets at 10pc with a 5 microns spectral bandwidth can be achieved in less than an hour (for a 100% quantum efficiency).
A time-resolved spectral study of the K and KL intermediates of bacteriorhodopsin

Nanosecond time-resolved absorption measurements on the photolysis products of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in intact membranes are reported. At room temperature in fluid solution a single intermediate (KL) is seen 10 ns after excitation. Both spectral and kinetic results are consistent with the KL intermediate converting to the L intermediate by a single first order reaction. The observed temperature-dependent rate has the Arrhenius parameters: Ea = 10.5 kcal/mol, A = 5 x 10(13) s-1. The precursor to the KL intermediate is also observed. Its spectral character is consistent with the K intermediate which has been previously reported. The current data is consistent with a linear sequence in the BR photocycle for K, KL, and L in room temperature fluid solution. Differences in the spectral characteristics of the K intermediates described here and elsewhere are discussed in terms of differences in the microenvironment around the retinal moiety and the affect this may have on the conformation of the chromophore.
Imaging of light emission from the expression of luciferases in living cells and organisms: a review.

Luciferases are enzymes that emit light in the presence of oxygen and a substrate (luciferin) and which have been used for real-time, low-light imaging of gene expression in cell cultures, individual cells, whole organisms, and transgenic organisms. Such luciferin-luciferase systems include, among others, the bacterial lux genes of terrestrial Photorhabdus luminescens and marine Vibrio harveyi bacteria, as well as eukaryotic luciferase luc and ruc genes from firefly species (Photinus) and the sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), respectively. In various vectors and in fusion constructs with other gene products such as green fluorescence protein (GFP; from the jellyfish Aequorea), luciferases have served as reporters in a number of promoter search and targeted gene expression experiments over the last two decades. Luciferase imaging has also been used to trace bacterial and viral infection in vivo and to visualize the proliferation of tumour cells in animal models.
SU-FF-J-118: A Method for Defining Segmentation Surfaces Using Nonparallel Contours

Purpose: Segmentation of anatomical structures from CTimages for treatment planning has typically involved the process of manual delineation of contours on image slices. However, the original image slices are not always the best planes that allow accurate delineation of structures, and as a result, software tools that permit drawing of contours on oblique or even non‐parallel planes are gradually becoming available. Unfortunately, what is missing still is the accompanying computational method for extracting surfaces from such contours. We investigate a novel approach for automatically generating a triangular surface mesh from contour lines defined on arbitrary, possibly intersecting planes. Method and Materials: Using contour delineation programs, we first obtain the defining equations of each contour plane as well as contour line segments delineated on each plane. The contour planes partition the entire space into convex sub‐spaces. We compute a surface mesh within each subspace by extending our previously developed method for surface extraction from contours defined on two parallel planes. The entire surface is then constructed by merging surfaces within each subspace. Finally, a normal smoothing step is employed to fair the appearance of the surface. This has been implemented in CERR. Results:Testing the initial implementation on synthetic data reveals that our method is capable of extracting smooth, water‐tight surface meshes from complex contour curves with arbitrary shape (e.g., either convex or non‐convex) and arbitrary topology (e.g., consisting of either a single loop or multiple loops) that reside on arbitrarily oriented planes. Conclusion: We have developed a novel computational approach for extracting surfaces from contours delineated on planes that may have nonuniform spacing and may have arbitrary orientations. Our method meets the critical need for segmentation of anatomical structures in treatment planning systems using contours delineated from oblique or non‐parallel planes.
Distribution of cosmic rays and magnetic field in the galaxy as deduced from synchrotron radio and gamma-ray observations

The large-scale galactic synchrotron emissivity, produced by cosmic-ray electrons interacting with the interstellar magnetic field, is compared with the large-scale ..gamma..-ray emissivity assumed to be due to cosmic-ray electrons and nuclei interacting with the interstellar gas, to determine the structure of both the cosmic-ray intensity and the magnetic field strength. Because of the uncertainties involved in the determination of the cosmic-ray spectra from radio and ..gamma..-ray intensities, only large-scale gradients in the cosmic rays and magnetic field strengths were obtained. Spiral arms can contribute a small fraction of the emission in the galactic plane, approx.15%, particularly in the region 270/sup 0/
Perioperative smoking cessation and anesthesia: A review

Perioperative smoking causes acute changes in cardiopulmonary function that can have unfavorable implications for patients undergoing anesthesia. These cardiopulmonary effects are carbon monoxide and nicotine mediated changes in oxygen (O2) delivery and myocardial O2 balance. Smokers also are at increased risk for postoperative pulmonary complications that are secondary to chronic changes in lung function. Smoking-induced acute changes in cardiopulmonary function can be largely avoided by a brief period of preoperative smoking abstinence. Bringing about a decrease in postoperative pulmonary complications requires a much longer period of preoperative abstinence. Because the perioperative period is in many ways an ideal time to abandon the smoking habit permanently, anesthesiologists, in cooperation with other health professionals, can perhaps play a more active role in facilitating this process.
III.—The Work of Prof. Henry Carvill Lewis in Glacial Geology

The recent notice of the life and work of Prof. Henry Carvill Lewis, whose lamented death occurred in Manchester, July 21st, 1888, in his thirty-fifth year, well indicates the wide range of his scientific labours. He published valuable results of investigations in astronomy, mineralogy and petrology, and especially in glacial geology, the last being based on his exploration of the drift and its terminal moraines in the United States, and later in Ireland, Wales and England. The present article reviews his contributions to our knowledge of these drift formations and of the history of the Ice Age, bringing into comparison and correlation the glacial records of America and Europe. Comprehensive as were Professor Lewis' observations and studies in this field, he was planning yet more thorough and extensive exploration of the drift in Britain, Germany and Scandinavia, when he was taken from us.
Formation and sustainment of a 250 kA tokamak by coaxial helicity injection

Summary form only given. Steady-state tokamak fusion reactors require an efficient method of current drive. Proposed tokamak current-drive methods (neutral beam, electron cyclotron, and lower hybrid) drive tail particles and have reactor power efficiencies of approximately 10/sup -3/. Coaxial helicity injection (CHI) current drive utilizes plasma relaxation processes to drive current carried by the bulk population, allowing the reactor efficiency to remain near ohmic. The Helicity Injected Tokamak (HIT) produces a steady-state toroidal current by driving an edge current and allowing relaxation to drive current throughout the plasma. Magnetic helicity is proportional to the product of linked flux, which in a tokamak is the toroidal flux (generated by external coils) times the poloidal flux (generated by plasma current). Relaxation occurs on reconnection time scales where helicity is approximately constant. Helicity (plasma current) decays on resistive time scales, and is replenished by CHI. No Ohmic transformer is required, thus HIT is constructed with a low aspect ratio, R/sub 0/=0.3 m, a=0.2 m, (A=1.5), with an on axis field up to B/sub 0/=0.67 T. Diagnostics include magnetic probes, FIR interferometry, Thomson scattering, XUV photodiode arrays, and VUV spectroscopy. CHI is used to produce low-aspect-ratio tokamaks with toroidal currents reaching 250 kA and sustained over 140 kA for many resistive diffusion times.
The empirical relationship between ownership characteristics and audit fees

The present study examines the empirical relationship between ownership characteristics and audit fees. The basic premise is that the level of ownership sophistication and the extent to which ownership is large and substantial impact the effectiveness of stockholder monitoring on corporate affairs including the financial reporting process. Furthermore, high managerial ownership firms may experience a decline in agency problems in financial reporting due to a decrease in managerial propensity to misreport financial results. By employing a cross-sectional least squares regression analysis for a sample of 358 New York Stock Exchange-listed firms audited by the Big Five auditors, we find evidence of a significantly positive relationship between diffused institutional stock ownership (i.e., having less than 5% individual shareholding) and audit fees, and a significantly negative relationship between institutional blockholder ownership (i.e., having 5% or more individual shareholding) and audit fees. Finally, we document that managerial stock ownership is negatively associated with audit fees. We do not, however, find evidence of any relationship between noninstitutional blockholder ownership (with at least 5% individual stock ownership) and audit fees. The study's main results hold in various specification tests including when the effects of board-related and audit committee variables are factored in the analysis. Based on the observed relationship between the ownership variables and audit fees, we suggest that the ownership characteristics of a firm as a part of its governance mechanism constitute an important determinant of audit fees.
Magnetic resonance imaging of nasopharyngeal and paranasal sinus melanoma

Malignant melanoma of the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses is relatively rare. We retrospectively reviewed the magnetic resonance appearance of five cases and correlated this with the histopathological appearance. In all cases, the magnetic resonance (MR) images clearly demonstrated the precise anatomic extent of the tumor and were sensitive in assessing intracranial extension and invasion into surrounding structures, including the skull base. Three cases were reviewed for histopathological evidence of melanin, hemosiderin, and acute hemorrhage. One case was reviewed for melanin and hemorrhage only. The findings in this series suggest that melanoma of the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses have extremely variable amounts of paramagnetic substances, both melanin and products of hemorrhage. T1 shortening appears to be more often a reflection of the paramagnetic effects associated with products of hemorrhage rather than the presence of melanin.
Goethe and the Russian and Polish Romantics

There exists in both Russia and Poland a rich literature on Goethe including innumerable special monographs and translations of Werther, the lyrics, Wilhelm Meister, and especially Faust.1 I may say without exaggeration that in Poland and Russia each generation down to the present has had its own Polish or Russian Faust.
Property directed invariant refinement for program verification

We present a novel, sound, and complete algorithm for deciding safety properties in programs with static memory allocation. The new algorithm extends the program verification paradigm using loop invariants presented in [1] with a counterexample guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) loop [2] where the refinement is achieved by strengthening loop invariants using the QF_BV generalization of Property Directed Reachability (PDR) discussed in [3, 4]. We compare the algorithm with other approaches to program verification and report experimental results.
Evidence that the 5′-Monodeiodinases for Thyroxine and 3,3′,5′-Triiodothyronine in the Rat Pituitary Are Separate Enzymes*

Studies were directed at the question of whether the enzyme that mediates the 5′- or outer ring monodeiodination of T4 is the same as that which mediates the 5′-monodeiodination of rT3. Advantage was taken of previous observations which indicated that T3) when administered to the hypothyroid rat, acutely inhibits the 5′-monodeiodination of T4 to yield T3 in hemipituitaries in vitro. In the present experiments, these effects of T3 on the generation of T3 from T4 were confirmed in both hemipituitaries and homogenates, indicating that they were not due to an effect of T3 on the cellular penetration of the [125I]T4 used as substrate. In contrast, in separate experiments with both hemipituitaries and homogenates, T3 had no effect on the metabolism of [125I]rT3, including its 5′-monodeiodination to yield 3,3′-diiodothyronine. In other experiments, the divergent effects of T3 on the metabolism of T4 and rT3 were also observed when the two substrates were studied in paired hemipituitaries and paired aliquots of t...
The Use of Ground Carobs in Chicken Diets

Abstract The carob tree (Ceralonia siliqua) thrives on semiarid regions of Mediterranean countries and is a valuable source of locust gum which is separated from its seeds. The average composition of carob pods is as follows (Binder et al., 1959): total sugar as glucose, 43.3%; crude protein, 4.6%; crude fat, 0.7%; pectin, 1.43%; fiber, 7.2%; and ash, 1.95%. Various attempts have been made to use seed-free ground carob pods for feeding chickens. When levels of 5% to 40% of ground carobs are used to replace an equivalent amount of cereals, a marked depression in the growth of chickens has been observed (Kratzer and Williams, 1951; Vlachakis, 1959; Bornstein et al., 1963). The autoclaving of the carobs overcame this growth inhibition only to a slight extent in some reports (Kratzer and Williams, 1951; Valachakis, 1959) but failed in other cases (Bornstein et al., 1963). Contrary to the observations of Vlachakis (1959), Bornstein…
A parallel ICI cancellation technique for OFDM systems

Carrier frequency offset, time variations due to Doppler shift or phase noise lead to a loss in the orthogonality between subcarriers of Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems and results in inter-carrier interference (ICI). Further developing the parallel cancellation (PC) scheme to mitigate the ICI of OFDM systems, we investigate the characteristics of this two-branch OFDM symbol-based PC scheme in details. Moreover, with known channel state information, we show that this PC scheme is the same as the optimal maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique for transmitter diversity, but with ICI mitigation capability. Additionally, we integrate this PC scheme into a space-time (ST) coded system to form a simple space-time parallel cancellation (STPC) scheme. This STPC scheme not only inherits advantages of the conventional PC scheme, such as backward compatibility with the existing OFDM systems, low receiver complexity, and two-branch diversity, but also provides better bit error rate (BER) performance with lower error floor, especially in slow and fast frequency selective fading channels at a high signal-noise-ratio (SNR) without increasing computational load.
Optical Radiation Measurements and Instrumentation

Accurate measurement of optical radiation is required when sources of optical radiation are used in biological research. Such measurement of broad-band noncoherent optical radiations usually must be performed by a highly trained specialist using sophisticated, complex, and expensive instruments. Presentation of the results of such measurement requires correct use of quantities and units with which many biological researchers are unfamiliar. The measurement process, quantities, units, measurement systems and instruments, and uncertainties associated with optical radiation measurements are reviewed in this paper. A conventional technique for evaluating the potential hazards associated with broad-band sources of optical radiation and a spectroradiometer developed to measure spectral quantities is described. A new prototype ultraviolet radiation hazard monitor which has recently been developed is also presented. This new instrument utilizes a spectrograph and a spectral weighting mechanical mask and provides a direct reading of the effective irradiance for wavelengths less than 315 nm.
Legally Speaking: The Dead Souls of the Google Booksearch Settlement

This short article argues that the proposed settlement of the Authors Guild v. Google lawsuit is a privately negotiated compulsory license primarily designed to monetize millions of orphan works. It will benefit Google and certain authors and publishers, but it is questionable whether the authors of most books in the corpus (the “dead souls” to which the title refers) would agree that the settling authors and publishers will truly represent their interests when setting terms for access to the Book Search corpus.
The induction of long-term immunological tolerance☆

Abstract CBA mice were rendered tolerant by a prolonged course of antilymphocyte serum and the subsequent injection of allogeneic or xenogeneic lymphoid cells. Control mice received no other therapy. Experimental mice were grafted with allogeneic or xenogeneic lymph nodes prior to the administration of the cellular inocula. The survival pattern of tail-skin grafts was assessed in all mice. Those animals that were grafted with lymph node transplants failed to reject the skin grafts with the same rapidity or pattern as mice that were treated with ALS and cells alone. Furthermore, graft-v.-host disease was not noted in either the allogeneic or xenogeneic chimeras. The possible mechanisms of this durable chimerism are discussed. The experiments are still preliminary and others are in progress to evaluate the survival patterns of lymphoid cells in their heterotopic but syngeneic environment.
A restraint system for the psychophysiological study of dogs

The present report describes a system for continuous psychophysiological study of the dog in a relatively flexible restraint harness that maintains the animal in a constant directional orientation, but allows him to assume any of a number of standing, sitting, or lying positions. The system permits the concurrent monitoring of behavioral and physiological processes under both acute and chronic conditions. A harness consisting of a leather collar and two body yokes is suspended from a pivoting metal hanger assembly. The harness is integrated with an isolation hamber equipped with automatic food, ater, stimulus, and response devices. Techniques for installing and maintaining dogs in the harness are described. A system for the continuous monitoring of cardiovascular functions and some experimental uses of the restraint system are suggested.
Size‐Selective Predation on Daphnia by Neomysis Mercedis

Predation on different-sized Daphnia by the crustacean Neomysis mercedis was examined in the laboratory and in the field. Small mysids select the smallest prey available, while adult mysids can consume Daphnia as large as 3.0 mm. Laboratory observations and frequencies of injured Daphnia in the lake indicate that difficulty in handling prey sets the upper limit to the size of Daphnia ingested. The pattern of electivity over the manageable size range of prey is variable for large Neomysis, suggesting that the mysids may alter their feeding behavior in response to changing availability of prey. Freshwater mysids apparently consume prey of a broader size range than most other invertebrate planktivores. The opportunities for evolutionary adjustment of body size and morphology in response to mysid predation are relatively limited for zooplankton prey, especially in lakes where visual pred- ators restrict the sizes that can be attained. This limitation may help to explain the apparent effec- tiveness of mysids in controlling Daphnia populations.
Electron loss spectroscopy of water adsorption on aluminum (111) and (100)

Abstract Electron loss spectroscopy (ELS) data for the room temperature interaction of water vapor with Al(lll) and Al(lOO) are reported. At greater exposures, both Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and ELS data exhibit changes in spectral features indicative of oxygen incorporation into the near-surface region. Differences in reactivity between the (111) and (100) surfaces are observed. The two H 2 O adsorption stages on these surfaces cannot be distinguished in the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) data. Oxidized Al shows only one prominent ELS feature, at loss energy 20.8 eV. This loss is assigned to an electronic transition from 02 p to the maximum in the density of states of the conduction band of Al 2 O 3 . The transition from dissociative chemisorption to oxidation of aluminum is clearly seen in the ELS and AES data.
Effects of Premilking Udder Preparation Practices on Bacterial Counts in Milk and on Teats

Abstract Udder preparations using premilking teat disinfectants, premilking teat dipping procedures, and types of paper towels were evaluated to determine their effects on bacterial counts in milk and on teats. Iodophor, sodium hypochlorite, and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid teat disinfectant dips significantly reduced total bacteria in milk with no significant differences among disinfectants. Teats dipped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid had higher coliform counts, which may be attributed to the physical properties interfering with effective drying. Manual drying of teats with a paper towel further reduced bacterial counts in milk; length of manual drying time did not significantly change bacterial counts. Also, types of paper towels did not affect bacterial counts on teat ends. Data suggest that the benefit of manual drying in assuring dry teats is of primary importance compared with duration of manual drying and type of towel.
Nicotine self-administration in rats: estrous cycle effects, sex differences and nicotinic receptor binding.

Rationale: Research on smoking behavior and responsiveness to nicotine suggests that nicotine's effects may depend on the sex of the organism. Objective: The present study addressed four questions: 1) Will female rats self-administer nicotine? 2) Does self-administration by females vary as a function of estrous cycle? 3) Does self-administration by females differ from that of males? 4) Does self-administration of nicotine result in up-regulation of nicotinic receptor binding and are these changes similar in males and females? Methods: Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed to self-administer nicotine at one of four doses (0.02–0.09 mg/kg, free base) on both fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. Results: Females acquired nicotine self-administration across the entire range of doses. Acquisition of self-administration at the lowest dose was faster in females than males. However, few sex differences were found in the number of active responses, number of infusions, or total intake of nicotine during stable fixed ratio self-administration. In contrast, females reached higher break points on a progressive ratio. For both schedules, females had shorter latencies to earn their first infusion of each session and demonstrated higher rates of both inactive and timeout responding. There was no effect of estrous cycle on self-administration during either fixed or progressive ratio sessions. Self-administered nicotine resulted in average arterial plasma nicotine levels between 53 and 193 ng/ml and left hemi-brain levels between 174 and 655 ng/g, depending on dose. Nicotine self-administration produced similar up-regulation of nicotinic receptor binding sites in males and females, as reflected by increased right hemi-brain binding of [3H]-epibatidine, when compared to the brains of untreated control rats. Conclusions: These results suggest that while males and females may regulate their intake of nicotine similarly under limited access conditions, the motivation to obtain nicotine is higher in females.
Differential block of nicotinic synapses on B versus C neurones in sympathetic ganglia of frog by α-conotoxins MII and ImI

The effects of two new acetylcholine receptor antagonists, α-conotoxin MII and α-conotoxin ImI, on nicotinic synaptic transmission in the 10th paravertebral sympathetic ganglion of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) were examined. The preganglionic nerve was electrically stimulated (at low frequency, 1 min−1, to avoid use-dependent changes) while compound action potentials of B and C neurones were monitored from the postganglionic nerve. α-Conotoxins MII and ImI, at low micromolar concentrations, reversibly blocked both B and C waves. α-Conotoxin MII blocked the C wave more effectively than the B wave, whereas the potency of α-conotoxin ImI was opposite that of MII. The observation that nicotinic antagonists can differentially block synaptic transmission of B versus C neurones with opposite selectivities strongly suggests that these neurones possess distinct nicotinic receptors. In addition to fast and slow B waves described by others, C waves with two temporally distinguishable components were present in our recordings. Each α-conotoxin affected fast and slow B waves similarly. Likewise, toxins did not discriminate between the two components of C waves. This suggests that all neurones within each major class (B or C) may have the same nicotinic receptors. Synthetic forms of α-conotoxins MII and ImI were used in the present study. Their ease of synthesis and their specificities should make these toxins useful probes to investigate the various subtypes of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 995–1000; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700993
Abstract PL07-02: Genome sequencing of triple-negative breast cancer in African American women.

It is universally accepted that somatic alterations (i.e., point mutations, small insertions and deletions, rearrangements, gains and losses) occur at the DNA level in cancer. These somatic events can drive tumorigenesis, metastatic progression, and/or drug resistance. More importantly, specific somatic alterations are intimately tied to companion targeted therapeutics. Recent technological advances in the form of Next Generation Sequencing technologies now provide us with platforms to interrogate entire human genomes at a fraction of the time and cost compared to more traditional sequencing technologies. These technologies are already being used to survey the global somatic landscape of tumors across large cohorts. As many cancer types disproportionately affect underrepresented populations, this session will highlight new findings from deep genomic profiling of tumors from individuals from diverse populations. Ultimately it is our hope to glean new insights into the possible role of somatic events. Citation Format: John D. Carpten. Genome sequencing of triple-negative breast cancer in African American women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PL07-02.
Preface to the Special Issue on the Sandia Fracture Challenge

Despite many advances in fracture mechanics and computational analysis methods over the past several decades, there are still certain classes of problems in failure of structural materials that are difficult to predict. One such class of problems can be generally categorized as ductile tearing of metals and alloys. Ductile tearing has been an enduring challenge in the metal forming industry, where certain rubrics like forming limit diagrams provide utilitarian solutions, but are limited in applicability. The 2012 Sandia Fracture Challenge was pursued as a means to evaluate the ‘state-ofthe-art’ in prediction of ductile tearing. As a precursor to the Sandia Fracture Challenge, a series of internal blindprediction assessmentswere performed at Sandia National Laboratories. These efforts, some of which were documented in a 2011 report [Report number SAND2011-6801], demonstrated the difficulty in accurate computational prediction of ductile tearing failures. Several deficiencies were highlighted: (a) the need for an accurate assessment of finite deformation as a prerequisite for accurate failure modeling, (b) the limitations of a tensile test as the sole
Are Section 8 housing subsidies too high

Abstract The Section 8 Existing Housing Program, currently the largest housing program administered by HUD, provides subsidies to low-income families living in privately-owned rental units of their own choosing. Under current rules and budgets, funds have not been sufficient to serve all eligible families willing to participate in the program, and public housing agencies have not limited assistance to the poorest eligible families. Instead, they serve many families above the poverty line while denying assistance to the majority of those below it. A simple proposal for targeting more assistance to the poorest families and eliminating the horizontal inequity resulting from offering assistance to some, but not all, families with the same characteristics is to decrease the subsidy at each income level by the same amount while continuing to spend the program's current budget. One objection to this proposal is that the poorest eligible families would not be able to find units meeting the program's space and quality standards if subsidies were lower. This paper finds that the program's subsidy to the poorest eligible families greatly exceeds the minimum rent of units meeting the program's standards. It also shows that the most common objections to reducing subsidy levels under the program are inconsistent with existing evidence or standard economic theory. Finally, it argues for converting the Section 8 Existing Housing Program into an entitlement program for the poorest eligible families.
Predicting premorbid functioning in crack-cocaine abusers

The Wide Range Achievement Test (Revised) (WRAT-R) reading test, demographic variables and drug use severity were used to develop prediction equations to estimate premorbid ability in 92 cocaine abusers. WRAT-R reading was correlated significantly with full scale, verbal and performance IQ. Stepwise regression indicated that only WRAT-R reading score and age accounted for 23% of the variance in Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) and 28% in Verbal IQ (VIQ). Abstinence and severity of use variables did not correlate with nor predict IQ. Actual and predicted IQ scores were correlated significantly and did not differ based on within group t-tests. Thus, these formulas accurately estimate premorbid functioning in cocaine-dependent research patients with FSIQs in the average to low average range, replicating the results in normal adults with average IQs.
Selection of a Port for Use in Laparoendoscopic Single-siteSurgery

Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) is a novel technique that aims to perform abdominal surgery through a single incision. Various access techniques and ports exist. This review will attempt to describe the currently available ports as well as highlight their advantages and disadvantages.
An archean impact layer from the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons

The Barberton greenstone belt of South Africa and the eastern Pilbara block of Western Australia provide information about Earth9s surface environments between 3.2 and 3.5 billion years ago, including evidence for four large bolide impacts that likely created large craters, deformed the target rocks, and altered the environment. We have obtained identical single-zircon uranium-lead ages of 3470 ± 2 million years ago for the oldest impact events from each craton. These deposits represent a single global fallout layer that is associated with sedimentation by an impact-generated tsunami and in Western Australia is represented by a major erosional unconformity.
SURVEY OF NATIONALLY CERTIFIED SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS’ ROLES AND TRAINING IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

A randomly selected group of Nationally Certified School Psychologists (NCSPs; n = 817) were mailed the 42-item School Psychopharmacology Roles and Training Evaluation (SPRTE) which inquired about their caseloads, practice roles as proposed by DuPaul and Carlson (2005), and prior training in psychopharmacology. A modified Tailored Design Methodology (TDM; Dillman, Smyth, & Christian, 2009), involving four mail-based contacts, was used to yield a 74% survey return rate (n = 607). Of the returned surveys, a 72% (n = 548) usable response rate was obtained and used in the present study. Consistent with prior literature, nearly all (99.6%) school psychologists reported serving at least one student taking psychotropic medication. Primary direct servicerolesincludedmonitoringbehavioralresponsetopsychotropictreatment(28%),monitoring treatment side-effects (23%), and developing psychotropic treatment goals from direct assessment measures (14%). Primary indirect service roles included providing behavior management consultation to teachers of students taking medication (96%), implementing adjunctive psychosocial supports (87%), and providing assessment data to physicians for diagnostic purposes (84%). Despite differencesin established psychopharmacologicaltraining standards, actual practiceroles and training received did not differ between NCSPs from APA-accredited programs and those from National Association ofSchoolPsychologists (NASP)-approvedprograms.Implications forschool psychopharmacology practice, training and research are addressed. C � 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.