cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical philosophy and the philosophy of intellectual history : a critical comparison and interpretation

Abstract This article argues that the relationship between analytical philosophy and the philosophy of intellectual history is conceptually uneasy and even antagonistic once the general philosophical viewpoints, and some particular topics, of the two perspectives are drawn out and compared. The article critically compares the philosophies of Quentin Skinner and Mark Bevir with the philosophies of Ludwig Wittgenstein, J.L. Austin, W.V.O. Quine and Donald Davidson. Section I compares the way in which these two perspectives view the task of philosophy. Section II points to a critical difficulty in Bevir and Skinner’s use of analytical philosophy in their discussions on objectivity. In section III, another such critical juncture is identified in the topic of explanation. Finally, section IV suggests an interpretation for the character of the comparison.
Restenosis after carotid endarterectomy in a multicenter regional registry

Background Level I evidence shows conventional carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with patch angioplasty results in lower rates of restenosis. However, whether this information has affected practice patterns and outcomes in real-world vascular surgery settings is unclear. Methods Within the Vascular Study Group of New England (VSGNE), we studied 2981 patients undergoing 2981 first-time CEAs between January 1, 2003, and June 31, 2008. Rates of restenosis (defined by duplex ultrasound imaging at the 1-year follow-up) were estimated using life-table analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify multivariable predictors of postoperative restenosis ≤1 year. Results Across 58 surgeons and 11 hospitals, we studied 2611 conventional CEAs (88% of all CEAs) and 370 eversion CEAs (12% of all CEAs). Median follow-up was 12.8 months (range, 1-35 months). The proportion of conventional CEAs performed with patching increased from 87% to 96% ( P P P P P 80% (HR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.4-11.5), and dialysis dependence (HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.2-9.8) were independently associated with a higher risk of an 80% to 100% restenosis. Of the 51 patients with 80% to 99% restenosis, 14 underwent reintervention ≤1 year, comprising 4 reoperations and 10 carotid artery stent procedures. Of the 15 patients with a carotid occlusion ≤1 year, transient ischemic attacks occurred in 2 and a disabling stroke in 1. Conclusions In our region, restenosis after CEA, especially clinically significant restenosis ≤1 year after surgery, decreased slightly over time. This improvement in outcome was associated with several factors, including an increase in patching after conventional CEA, a process of care that was studied and encouraged within our vascular study group. These results highlight the utility of regional quality-improvement efforts in improving outcomes in vascular surgery.
Introducing Contemporary Anthropology: A Team-Taught Course for Large Classes.

The author describes a method of teaching large sections of introductory anthropology by members of the anthropology faculty giving their best lectures. Initiating, operating, and evaluating the course is discussed.
Induction of Epidermal Growth Factor-Related Polypeptides by 17β-Estradiol in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

MCF-7 human breast cancer cells release polypeptides related to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) into serum-free culture medium (CM). Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 17β-estradiol, which is required in vivo for MCF-7 tumor growth in the nude mouse and stimulates the MCF-7 growth rate in vitro, resulted in selectively enhanced growth factor activities in CM. Autostimulatory growth-promoting activity was elevated at least 2-fold, and EGFlike polypeptides were elevated 5-fold but IGF-I immunoreactivity was not elevated. Several species of estrogen-induced receptor- reactive EGF-like polypeptides, suggestive of high molecular weight transforming growth factorα, were detected after gel exclusion chromatography of CM extracted with 1 M acetic acid. A 30,000 mol wt peak of EGF receptor competing activity comigrated with a peak of autostimulatory and fibroblast-transforming activity. It is possible that estradiol stimulation of MCF- 7 growth and/or tumor formation may depend on...
Machine vision for alignment and inspection in die bonder

Machine vision is widely used in die bonders to provide perfect alignment between the wafer or leadframe and the die pickup tip during pick and place operations respectively. This also results in better detection of bad ink-dotted dies and accurate placing of epoxy resin on the die bond pads of the leadframe. Pattern matching using Pattern Recognition techniques and area alignment using edge detection techniques are the two most widely used methods in providing die and leadframe pad alignment. The increased emphasis on quality improvement on semiconductor assembly has results in the use of machine vision for quality inspection in addition to alignment. The inspection is usually, done at two points in the die bond cycle, one just after epoxy application on the leadframe pad (pre-bond inspection) and the other after the die is bonded to the leadframe pad. The post bond inspect confirms if the placement of the die on the leadframe pad is within the required specification. It also looks for angular die placement as well as for epoxy spills on top of the die.
Activity of hexokinase preparations from rat muscle.

SummaryThe activity of apyrase systems and extraneous phosphate formation interfere with the determination of hexokinase activity in rat muscle homogenates. Hexokinase activity in rat muscle extracts is best calculated from changes in the P7 values during incubation, a procedure which avoids the complication of the inhibition of apyrases by hexokinase activity.
Vibro-acoustics for Space Station applications

An analytical procedure has been developed to study noise generation in a double wall and single wall cylindrical shell due to mechanical point loads. The objective of this study is to develop theoretical procedures for parametetric evaluation of noise generation andd noise transmission for the habitability modules of the proposed Space Station operation. The solutions of the governing acoustic-structural equations are obtained utilizing modal decomposition. The numerical results include modal frequencies, deflection response spectral densities and interior noise sound pressure levels.
Actinomyces meyeri osteomyelitis of the symphysis pubis following pubovaginal sling

Previous reports of pubic osteomyelitis associated with bone anchors describe symptoms presenting 10 days to 12 months postoperatively with typical pathogens including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas (Fitzgerald et al., Int Urogynecol J 10:346–348, 1999 Enzler et al., J Bone Jt Surg Am 81-A(12):1736–1740, 1999; Graham and Dmochowski, J Urol 168:2055–2058, 2004; Fialkow et al., Urology 64(6):1127–1132, 2004; Matkov et al., J Urol 160(4):1427, 1998). This case illustrates the potential for protracted symptoms and delayed diagnosis of pubic osteomyelitis with the fastidious pathogen of Actinomyces meyeri.
The epidemiological appraisal instrument (EAI): a brief overview

The objective of this paper is to report an overview of the ‘Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument’ that was used in the assessment of the systematic reviews conducted in this special issue of Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Sciences.
Curvilinear immersed boundary method for simulating coupled flow and bed morphodynamic interactions due to sediment transport phenomena

Abstract The fluid–structure interaction curvilinear immersed boundary (FSI-CURVIB) numerical method of Borazjani et al. [3] is extended to simulate coupled flow and sediment transport phenomena in turbulent open-channel flows. The mobile channel bed is discretized with an unstructured triangular mesh and is treated as a sharp-interface immersed boundary embedded in a background curvilinear mesh used to discretize the general channel outline. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations closed with the k − ω turbulence model are solved numerically on a hybrid staggered/non-staggered grid using a second-order accurate fractional step method. The bed deformation is calculated by solving the sediment continuity equation in the bed-load layer using an unstructured, finite-volume formulation that is consistent with the CURVIB framework. Both the first-order upwind and the higher-order hybrid GAMMA schemes [12] are implemented to discretize the bed-load flux gradients and their relative accuracy is evaluated through a systematic grid refinement study. The GAMMA scheme is employed in conjunction with a sand-slide algorithm for limiting the bed slope at locations where the material angle of repose condition is violated. The flow and bed deformation equations are coupled using the partitioned loose-coupling FSI-CURVIB approach [3] . The hydrodynamic module of the method is validated by applying it to simulate the flow in an 180° open-channel bend with fixed bed. To demonstrate the ability of the model to simulate bed morphodynamics and evaluate its accuracy, we apply it to calculate turbulent flow through two mobile-bed open channels, with 90° and 135° bends, respectively, for which experimental measurements are available.
Monitoring Integrity and Performance: An Assessment of the Independent Private Sector Inspector General

Improving the connection between performance and integrity is an ongoing project in public administration. A template for bringing performance and integrity together is provided by the innovation of independent private sector inspectors general (IPSIGs). This article traces the literature on corruption control and assesses the role of IPSIGs in preventing or reducing corruption, while ensuring effective performance in public procurement.
The Symington Collection

Marchand describes the Symington Collections of nineteenth and early twentieth century British literature, previously owned by J. Alex. Symington and acquired by the Library.Â He summarizes the contents in the following groups: The Brontes, George Borrow, Swinburne and His Circle, The Rossettis, Early Nineteenth Century, the Mid-Victorians, and Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.Â It contains original letters, draft literary manuscripts and contemporary publications of the period. The Symington Collection is Rutgers Special Collections most important single, literary collection.
Control of surface structure of graphite fibres for improved composite interfacial properties

Abstract The properties of carbon fibres modified by aqueous electrochemical synthesis of pyrrole have been determined by using a dynamic contact angle analyser, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical process parameters such as initial pyrrole concentration, electrolyte concentration, applied voltage, electrolyte type, and reaction time were systematically varied and their impacts on the polypyrrole–carbon fibre interphase surface free energy and morphology ascertained. The surface free energies of the polypyrrole–carbon fibre interphases were obtained using single fibre filaments. SEM analysis of the interphases revealed several distinct surface structures, including smooth, porous, granular, microspheroidal, and plateletlike morphologies. Non-coated, commercially surface oxidised carbon fibres have smooth surface morphology with occasional longitudinal striations. FTIR analysis of the polypyrrole interphases confirmed that the counterions derive...
Block codes for a class of constrained noiseless channels

A class of discrete noiseless channels having upper and lower bounds on the separation between adjacent nonzero input symbols is considered. Recursion relations are derived for determining the number of input sequences which satisfy the constraints for all block lengths, and the asymptotic information rate is calculated. Applications to compaction and synchronization are discussed. An optimal algebraic block coding scheme for such channels is developed.
Health status after myocardial revascularization: inferior results in women.

We followed up 1,335 patients (287 female, 1,048 male) for 2 to 18 years (mean, 4.3 years) after they had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. A health status index was calculated on the basis of their responses to annual questionnaires. The female patients were older (64.1 ± 0.3 versus 60.4 ± 0.3 years) and had a higher incidence of diabetes (28.6% versus 16.1%). The risk profile of women was otherwise similar to that of men. The hospital mortality was significantly higher in the women, particularly in those younger than age 60. The probability of survival (Kaplan-Meier) at 5, 10, and 15 years was lower in female patients at each interval. The mean health status index was also lower in women at 5, 10, and 15 years, and also lower in all subsets. In nondiabetic patients, the hospital mortality and probability of survival at 10 years did not differ between the female and male patients. In the diabetic patients, the hospital mortality was 11.0% (women) and 3.6% (men); the survival at 10 years was 0.42 (women) and 0.56 (men) ( p
Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis mimicking an intracranial neoplasm: Clinicopathologic features and review of the literature

We present a unique case of biopsy-proven necrotizing sarcoidosis involving the central nervous system (CNS) in a 52-year-old woman. The patient presented with a 3-month history of left-sided headache and sharp, shooting pains on the left side of her face. She also has a previous history of sarcoidosis, histopathologically confirmed on parotid gland biopsy 24 years before. Imaging studies of the present lesion revealed a 1.8 x 1.4-cm mass in the left temporal lobe with signal intensity suggestive of meningioma or low-grade glial neoplasm. Surgical resection was initiated, and intraoperative consultation with frozen sections revealed granulomata. The lesion was biopsied, and surgical intervention was terminated. Permanent sections failed to reveal bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, or foreign bodies. A diagnosis of necrotizing neurosarcoidosis was rendered. The patient was administered steroid therapy and clinically responded favorably. At the most recent follow-up almost 2 years later, there was no evidence of recurrence or progression. Necrotizing sarcoidosis has been reported most commonly in the lungs and rarely in other organ systems. We report the first histologically proven case involving the CNS as well as a rare example of sarcoidosis and necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis in the same patient. Sarcoidosis and its necrotizing variant should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a granulomatous mass lesion involving the CNS, particularly in the context of a history of systemic disease.
Preoperative performance status impacts perioperative morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation.

Background. The aim of this study was to determine which factors predict poor postoperative performance and to evaluate the impact of these variables on 1-year mortality. Methods. The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried for adult patients undergoing lung transplantation (LTx) from 2007 to 2011. Patients were divided based on their preoperative Karnofsky Performance Status score (KPS) into 3 groups. Regression analysis was conducted to determine which factors predicted poor postoperative performance. Cox modeling was utilized to identify which of these factors was associated with an increased risk of mortality after LTx. Results. Of the 7,832 patients included in this study, 30.1% required complete assistance, 57.7% required partial assistance, and 12.3% needed no assistance preoperatively. Postoperative KPS was assessed at a mean of 2.6 ± 1.5 years after transplant. A number of factors, including primary graft failure, redo and single LTx, and intensive care unit status prior to LTx independently predicted poor performance; whereas a body mass index 18.5 kg/m 2 or greater and some degree of preoperative functional independence were protective. Age greater than 60 years, donor tobacco use, and intensive care unit status, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, and mechanical ventilation prior to LTx were associated with an increased risk 1-year mortality, while preoperative functional independence and a body mass index 18.5 to 30 kg/ m 2 were protective. Conclusions. This is the largest known study to examine the issue of disability in LTx and its relationship to mortality. Preoperative performance status significantly impacts post-LTx mortality. Patient optimization may improve outcomes and should alter decisions regarding graft selection and allocation.
The Quest for Extraterrestrial Life: What About the Viruses?

Abstract Recently, viruses have been recognized as the most numerous entities and the primary drivers of evolution on Earth. Historically, viruses have been mostly ignored in the field of astrobiology due to the view that they are not alive in the classical sense and if encountered would not present risk due to their host-specific nature. What we currently know of viruses is that we are most likely to encounter them on other life-bearing planets; that while some are exquisitely host-specific, many viruses can utilize hundreds of different host species; that viruses are known to exist in our planet's most extreme environments; and that while many do not survive long outside their hosts, some can survive for extended periods, especially in the cold. In our quest for extraterrestrial life, we should be looking for viruses; and while any encountered may pose no risk, the possibility of an encounter with a virus capable of accessing multiple cell types exists, and any prospective contact with such an organism ...
Linoleic Acid Induces Relaxation and Hyperpolarization of the Pig Coronary Artery

Linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated C18 fatty acid, is one of the major fatty acids in the coronary arterial wall. Although diets rich in linoleic acid reduce blood pressure and prevent coronary artery disease in both humans and animals, very little is known about its mechanism of action. We believed that its beneficial effects might be mediated by changes in vascular tone. We investigated whether linoleic acid induces relaxation of porcine coronary artery rings and the mechanism involved in this process. Linoleic acid and two of its metabolites, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE), induced dose-dependent relaxation of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha-precontracted rings that was not affected by indomethacin (10[-5] mol/L), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, or cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-cyanocinnamate (CDC; 10[-5] mol/L), a lipoxygenase inhibitor. Removal of endothelial cells had no effect on vasorelaxation, suggesting a direct effect on the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). When rings were contracted with KCl, linoleic acid failed to induce relaxation. Although tetrabutylammonium (5 x 10[-3] mol/L), a nonselective K+ channel blocker, slightly inhibited the relaxation caused by linoleic acid, glibenclamide (10[-6] mol/L), an ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker, and charybdotoxin (7.5x10[-8] mol/L) or tetraethylammonium (5x10[-3] mol/L), two different Ca2+-activated K+ channel blockers, had no effect. However, relaxation was completely blocked by ouabain (5x10[-7] mol/L), a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, or by a K+-free solution. In addition, linoleic acid (10[-6] mol/L) caused sustained hyperpolarization of porcine coronary VSMC (from -49.5+/-2.0 to -60.7+/-4.2 mV), which was also abolished by ouabain. We concluded that linoleic acid induces relaxation and hyperpolarization of porcine coronary VSMC via a mechanism that involves activation of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump.
The dipole moment of carbonyl oxides

Abstract Carbonyl oxides, generated by reaction of carbenes with oxygen, have been studied in time-resolved dielectric loss experiments. The dipole moments of the oxides from benzophenone and dibenzosurberone are 4.0 and 3.8 D, respectively.
Dosage Applied and Concentration Obtained in the Fumigation of Various Commodities with Methyl Bromide

Results are given of the sorption of methyl bromide by 15 different commodities at three different moisture contents fumigated under intermittent recirculation. The CL-50 was obtained by noting the time required for a concentration loss of 50% of the dosage applied for each commodity. The c. t. (concentration-time factor) was determined by calculating the mean average concentration in mg./l.× time in hours. The rate of sorption of methyl bromide by commodities such as barley, rice, and whole kernel wheat was much less in comparison with commodities such as flax and milo. Correlated mortalities of adult Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are given. Under the conditions of these experiments complete mortality of T. confusum adults could be expected regardless of commodity present if c.t. was greater than 75, or if the concentration remained above 50% of the dosage applied for more than 4 hours (CL-50= > 4 hrs.). Similarly complete mortality of S. oryzae adults could be expected if c.t. was greater than 31 or if the CL-50 was>; 2.5 hours.
The effect of EurepGAP standards on energy input use: A comparative analysis between certified and uncertified greenhouse tomato producers in Turkey

The aim of this study was to compare the energy use on greenhouse tomato production between EurepGAP certified and uncertified producer groups in Turkey in terms of energy ratio, benefit/cost ratio and amount of renewable energy use. Total energy requirement on EurepGAP certified producers group was 90,288.5 MJ/ha whereas 126,311.5 MJ/ha was consumed on uncertified producers group i.e. 29% higher energy input was used on uncertified producers than that of certified ones. The energy ratio of 0.79 and 0.72 were achieved on EurepGAP certified and uncertified tomato producer groups, respectively.
Source parameters of two rift-associated intraplate earthquakes in peninsular India: the Bhadrachalam earthquake of April 13, 1969 and the Broach earthquake of March 23, 1970

Abstract The Bhadrachalam earthquake of April 13, 1969 and the Broach earthquake of March 23, 1970 are two major intraplate earthquakes associated with paleorift zones in the stable continental region of peninsular India. These two events shook very large portions of the peninsula, and casualties were reported for the Broach earthquake. Ancient rifts have recently been identified as a major seismogenic tectonic feature for intraplate seismicity in stable continental regions. P-wave first motions and waveforms of long-period teleseismic P and SH waves have been modeled to constrain the focal mechanisms and to determine the source parameters for the earthquakes. Previous investigators proposed multiple fault-plane solutions for each of the events. In this paper, some of the early solutions are eliminated and the best source mechanism is derived for each earthquake. For the Bhadrachalam earthquake, the focal mechanism determined is predominantly strike-slip (strike = 245°, dip = 72°, rake = 358°). The strike direction of the NE-SW-trending nodal plane is in good agreement with the trend of the observed isoseismals and is probably the fault plane. The seismic moment is 4.59 × 1024 dyne-cm and the moment magnitude Mw is determined to be 5.7. The focal depth and the static stress drop are estimated to be 10 km and 17 bar, respectively. The strike-slip motion represents a reactivated fault motion under the present-day stress field. For the Broach earthquake, the focal mechanism determined is reverse faulting with a strike-slip component (strike = 273°, dip = 58°, rake = 130°). The direction of the E-W-striking nodal plane is in good agreement with the mapped Narmada fault, dislocation direction of fissures, and the trend of the isoseismals. The seismic moment and moment magnitude are determined to be 1.39 × 1024 dyne-cm and 5.4, respectivety. The focal depth and the stress drop are estimated to be 11 km and 9 bar, respectively. The reverse motion of this event represents an inverted slip or tectonic inversion within a rift zone under the present-day compressional stress field. Some rift-associated earthquakes are characterized by large multiple shocks with significant strike-slip motions. The two Indian earthquakes, however, occurred as regular main shock-aftershock sequences-and represent a different mode of strain release. These two earthquakes also represent events with low stress drops and relatively long recurrence intervals. The interpretation of this last observation is uncertain and needs more study in the future.
Relational Diagnosis: Potential Advantages and Drawbacks Associated with a Universal System for the Classification of Couple and Family Difficulties:

This article discusses the potential utility and difficulties presented by the development of a universal relational diagnostic system (RDS). The history and current status of diagnostic concepts within the general mental health field are reviewed to provide a context for discussing the range of factors involved in the RDS movement and to highlight the practical and conceptual implications from such a system. Considerations and recommendations are provided to enhance the utility and compatibility of the RDS with contemporary clinical and counseling practice.
Caffeine knowledge, attitudes and consumption in adult women

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between caffeine knowledge, attitudes and consumption in 47 adult women between 45 and 80 years of age. Caffeine intake was estimated through both food frequency questionnaires and three-day diet diaries. A questionnaire was completed by the subjects to determine caffeine knowledge and attitudes. The strongest indicator of caffeine intake was the attitude that “caffeine is difficult to limit.” Caffeine knowledge scores were negatively correlated with the attitude scores that “caffeine is safe to consume” and that “caffeine is difficult to limit.” The attitude score that “caffeine is safe to consume” was negatively correlated with the attitude score that “nutrition is important.” There was no relationship seen between caffeine consumption and caffeine knowledge scores. This sample of women consumed close to Recommended Dietary Allowance levels of Calcium. This intake was not affected by the amount of caffeine consumed.
Using chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the fraction of absorbed light allocated to thermal dissipation of excess excitation

In the present study we explored the possibility of assessing the allocation of photons absorbed by photosystem II (PSII) antennae to thermal energy dissipation and photosynthetic electron transport in leaves of several plant species under field conditions. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined in situ over the course of an entire day in the field in sun-exposed leaves of two species with different maximal rates of photosynthesis, Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Vinca major. Leaves of Vinca minor (periwinkle) growing in a deeply shaded location were also monitored. We propose using diurnal changes in the efficiency of open PSII centers (F′v/F′m) in these sun and shade leaves to (a) assess diurnal changes in the allocation of absorbed light to photochemistry and thermal energy dissipation and, furthermore, (b) make an estimate of changes in the rate of thermal energy dissipation, an analogous expression to the rate of photochemistry. The fraction of light absorbed in PSII antennae that is dissipated thermally (D) is proposed to be estimated from D = 1-F′v/F′m, in analogy to the widely used estimation of the fraction of light absorbed in PSII antennae (P) that is utilized in PSII photochemistry from P = F′v/F′m× qP (where qP is the coefficient for photochemical quenching; Genty, B., Briantais, J.-M. & Baker, N. R. 1989. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 990: 87-92). The rate of thermal dissipation is consequently given by D × PFD (photon flux density), again in analogy to the rate of photochemistry P × PFD, both assuming a matching behavior of photosystems I and II. Characterization of energy dissipation from the efficiency of open PSII centers allows an assessment from a single set of measurements at any time of day; this is particularly useful under field conditions where the fully relaxed reference values of variable or maximal fluorescence needed for the computation of nonphotochemical quenching may not be available. The usefulness of the assessment described above is compared with other currently used parameters to quantify nonphotochemical and photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching.
Silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuit (SOI-PIC) technology

This paper describes the application of the silicon-on- insulator (SOI) technology as a platform for low cost guided-wave optics. Recent progress in material and device technologies are reviewed and results on multimode interference couplers, thermo-optics switches, and phased array wavelength filters in SOI are presented.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE EXCITATION OF ELECTROACOUSTIC WAVES BY ANTENNAS IN THE IONOSPHERE

Measurements of the impedance at 7.75 Mc/s of an electrically short antenna in the ionosphere indicate that power is absorbed by some mechanism other than electromagnetic radiation. The importance of the radiation of energy as an electron pressure (electroacoustic) wave generated near the antenna is discussed, and it is shown that the calculated power radiated by this mechanism yields results in good agreement with the observations.
A representation for super Brownian motion

Abstract A representation is obtained for super Brownian motion in terms of its support process.
Contributions of the kidneys and intestines to water conservation, and plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone, during dehydration in house sparrows (Passer domesticus).

The contributions of the kidneys, the small intestine and the lower intestine (rectum plus cloaca) to water conservation during dehydration in unanaesthetized, unrestrained house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were assessed. Thirty hours of acute dehydration resulted in a 12% loss in body mass and a significant increase in plasma osmolality. Glomerular filtration rate declined by 55%, from 7.7 to 3.5 ml/h, and urine flow rate delined by more than 80%, from 0.2 to 0.03 ml/h. These changes are likely attributable to a large increase in plasma levels of arginine vasotocin during dehydration, from <26 pg/ml in hydrated birds to greater than 200 pg/ml after 30 h dehydration. Flow of water from the ileum to the lower intestine was reduced during dehydration, primarily because of a reduced flow of dry matter (with no significant reduction in water content). The rate of water loss in the excreta declined from 0.2 ml/h in hydrated birds to 0.04 ml/h in dehydrated birds. The rate of water reabsorption in the lower intestine (equal to the rate of water loss in the excreta minus the combined rates of inflow into the lower intestine from the urine and the ileal contents) slightly exceeded the rate of water flow from the ileum in both hydrated and dehydrated birds. We suggest that much of the water reabsorbed in the lower intestine of hydrated birds derives from the urine, but that primarily water from ileal contents is reabsorbed in dehydrated birds. That is, urine undergoes significant post-renal modification in hydrated but not dehydrated house sparrows.
The role of sublingual sufentanil nanotabs for pain relief

Introduction: The authors discuss a novel patient controlled analgesia system utilizing a preprogrammed device that delivers a small submucosal tablet of sufentanil.Areas covered: This submucosal sufentanil system is not yet commercially available. A literature review of the current patient controlled analgesia systems and current information of this device are discussed.Expert opinion: This novel device has the potential to enhance patient safety as it is preprogrammed and delivers a standard dose of sufentanil, a rapidly acting opioid devoid of active metabolites.
Electromagnetic effects and weak form factors

A simple "renormalization" of nuclear form factors is shown to account for the major effects of induced Coulomb corrections to weak decays. Application to present experiments indicates that these effects are at the edge of detectability.RADIOACTIVITY Induced Coulomb corrections to weak decays.
Access to care issues and the role of EDs in the wake of the Affordable Care Act.

Abstract Context Americans who received public insurance under the Affordable Care Act use the emergency department (ED) more frequently than before they were insured. If newly enrolled patients cannot access primary care and instead rely on the ED, they may not enjoy the full benefits of health care services. Objective The objective of the study is to characterize reasons for ED utilization among American adults by insurance status and usual source of care. Design, setting, and participants Cross-sectional analysis of adult sample respondents to the 2013 National Health Interview Survey reporting 1 or more ED visits in the preceding 12 months. Main outcomes and measures Among American ED users that reported no usual source of care and who reported relying on the ED, 27.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.6%-32.2%) and 35.1% (95% CI, 28.0%-43.0%) noted at least 1 issue of access and none of acuity as a reason for their last ED visit, as compared to 17.7% (95% CI, 16.3%-19.2%) among those with a stable usual source of care. Conclusions and relevance Although past research has shown that those who lack a stable usual source of care use the ED more often, this is the first population-level study to demonstrate their propensity for lack of access-based utilization. In the wake of the Affordable Care Act, EDs will need to evolve into outlets that service a wider range of health care needs rather than function in their current capacity, which is largely to address acute issues in isolation.
Enhanced platelet aggregability in dogs following myocardial infarction

Abstract Coronary artery ligation in beagle dogs led to an abnormal platelet response that may be similar to that observed in patients with ischemic heart disease. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) obtained from these animals was markedly more responsive to collagen induced platelet aggregation than was PRP obtained from control animals which had undergone similar surgery but without having had a coronary artery ligated. Platelet sensitivity was followed after ligation for periods up to four months. The peak response to collagen occurred three weeks following surgery, remained high for three additional weeks and then gradually returned toward normal over the ensuing ten weeks. Crossover experiments employing platelets and platelet poor plasma (PPP) from ligated and control animals demonstrated that this observation was due to a plasma factor abnormality. Further studies established that BL-3459 and certain other inhibitors of platelet aggregation were capable of normalizing this exaggerated response to collagen.
The induction of fibrillar nucleoli in rat liver cells by d-galactosamine and their subsequent re-formation into normal nucleoli

Changes in the fine structure of rat liver cell nucleoli after a single intraperitoneal injection of d -galactosamine are reported. Galactosamine induces extensive fragmentation of nucleoli within 2 hours. This is followed by disappearance of the fragments and the appearance of small, spherical, fibrillar bodies. The altered nucleoli begin to re-form a normal structure between 12 and 24 hours. The reformation seems to involve the fibrillar nucleoli with the appearance of granular material and the formation of small rod-like nucleolonema. The administration of uridine simulataneously with galactosamine completely protects against the induction of nucleolar alterations. Uridine also reverses the galactosamine-induced lesions when given several hours after the galactosamine. These results support the conclusion that the galactosamine-induced disturbance of RNA metabolism and the accompanying nucleolar fragmentation is mediated by the intracellular deficiency of uridine nucleotides. Fibrillar nucleoli like those induced by galactosamine may represent a common morphological manifestation of the absence of ribosomal RNA synthesis.
Conducting Generalizable Research in the Age of the Field Study

Over the past 10 years or so, cognitive engineering researchers, especially those working within an ecological orientation, have become increasingly skeptical of any abstractions of task environments made for research purposes. Misidentifying ecological research with field research, I suggest, misses the cental insight underlying ecological theory and method: the need for scientific descriptions and theories of the behavioral, cognitive and social environment on a par with those of internal psychological processes. We realize that for theory of internal cognition to be generalizable, it must be abstract, and we must recognize that the same holds for the need to abstractly model the environment. While ecologically-oriented research should originate in the field, it cannot end there as well, if it hopes to make good on its promise of providing more generalizable accounts of human-machine interaction than the laboratory-bound human factors methods of the 1970s-80s.
Quantitative proteomic profiling studies of pancreatic cancer stem cells.

Analyzing subpopulations of tumor cells in tissue is a challenging subject in proteomic studies. Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) are such a group of cells that only constitute 0.2-0.8% of the total tumor cells but have been found to be the origin of pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis. Global proteome profiling of pancreatic CSCs from xenograft tumors in mice is a promising way to unveil the molecular machinery underlying the signaling pathways. However, the extremely low availability of pancreatic tissue CSCs (around 10,000 cells per xenograft tumor or patient sample) has limited the utilization of currently standard proteomic approaches which do not work effectively with such a small amount of material. Herein, we describe the profiling of the proteome of pancreatic CSCs using a capillary scale shotgun technique by coupling offline capillary isoelectric focusing(cIEF) with nano reversed phase liquid chromatography(RPLC) followed by spectral counting peptide quantification. A whole cell lysate from 10,000 cells which corresponds to ∼1ug protein material is equally divided for three repeated cIEF separations where around 300ng peptide material is used in each run. In comparison with a non-tumorigenic tumor cell sample, among 1159 distinct proteins identified with FDR less than 0.2%, 169 differentially expressed proteins are identified after multiple testing corrections where 24% of the proteins are upregulated in the CSCs group. Ingenuity Pathway analysis of these differential expression signatures further suggests significant involvement of signaling pathways related to apoptosis, cell proliferation, inflammation and metastasis.
A current-integrating gamma absorptiometer and data logger for routine uranium analysis

Uranium concentrations in aqueous and organic solutions are determined by gamma absorptiometry. A 241Am source which emits photons of 60 keV is used with a scintillation detector. The output current from the phototube is integrated for 1 min to give a 2–10 V d.c. signal which is recorded by a data logging system. A unique method requiring aqueous standards only is used to calibrate the system for both aqueous and organic uranium solutions. Detailed statistical analysis of the experimental data is included. A deviation noted from Beer's law is explained by inclusion of scattering effects into the describing model. Solution analyses made using this model result in values accurate to better than +-0-5 gl. over the range of uranium concentrations from 0 to 120 gl.
Croosability of 24-chromosome potato hybrids with 48-chromosome cultivars

The crossability of 24-chromosome (2x) hybrids with 48-chromosome (4x) cultivars of the potato was examined through reciprocal matings utilizing one-hundred and seven 24-chromosome hybrids and twenty-one 48-chromosome cultivars. Approximately 14,000 pollinations were made which resulted in 6,863 seeds from 3,525 fruits of which 1,461 were seedless. The cultivars averaged 2.10 seeds/fruit and 0.55 seeds/pollination as males and 1.76 seeds/fruit and 0.45 seeds/pollination as females. Eleven of the 15 cultivars used reciporcally gave more seeds/fruit as females than as males. Based on data from reciprocal crosses, about 75% of the 24-chromomsome clone averaged 56 seeds/ fruit when used as a male. The seedling populatons are vigorous and predominantly tetraploid. The simplicity and efficiency of this breeding technique warrants its use in grem plasm transfer from the diploid to the tetrapoid level.
Natural killer cell depletion confounds the antitumor mechanism of endogenous IL-12 overexpression

IL-12 gene transfer to hepatocytes using a recombinant adenovirus vector (AdIL-12) has been shown to protect against primary and metastatic liver tumors in mice. However, the mechanism of protection has been elusive and studies using depleting monoclonal antibodies or transgenic mice have purported it to be independent of T and NK cells. We postulated that depletion of NK cells may distort the experimental model and misrepresent the antitumor mechanism by altering the magnitude and duration of transgene expression. We show in mice treated with AdIL-12 that NK depletion increased serum IL-12 levels by more than 250-fold and prolonged transgene expression by nearly 2 weeks compared to nondepleted mice. To determine the contribution of NK cells to tumor protection after AdIL-12 treatment, we analyzed NK cells from treated animals. Isolated NK cells were markedly activated in terms of their lytic activity and IFN-γ secretion. Adoptive transfer of NK cells from mice that had been treated with AdIL-12 to naive mice was sufficient to confer protection against colorectal hepatic metastases. This protection was mediated in part by NK-cell production of IFN-γ. Our findings indicate that NK-cell depletion distorts the model of systemic AdIL-12 administration by markedly altering transgene expression, which then may potentiate other antitumor mechanisms, and that endogenous IL-12 overexpression activates NK cells, rendering them sufficient to protect against liver metastases. These data have critical implications for investigating the immunologic mechanisms of experimental models that utilize gene transfer. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In situ removal of Cephalexin by supported liquid membrane with strip dispersion

Abstract Cephalexin is an important and widely used semi-synthetic antibiotic. Cephalexin is traditionally produced by a 10-step chemical synthesis. An enzymatic synthesis for Cephalexin has been developed, and offers several advantages over the classical route. 7-Amino-3-desacetoxicephalosporanic acid and d -phenylglycine amide were used as initial substrates for the enzymatic synthesis of Cephalexin with liquid penicillin G acylase. In situ extraction was achieved with a supported liquid membrane (SLM) with strip dispersion system that used commercially available hollow fiber modules and the carrier Aliquat 336. The maximum yield of Cephalexin was increased from 32% to 42% when in situ removal was conducted using two hollow-fiber modules and an organic membrane solution containing 10 wt% Aliquat 336. Enzyme stability experiments were preformed and showed that the organic membrane solution did not significantly deactivate the enzyme. The final recovery of Cephalexin from aqueous stripping solutions was achieved using complexing agents. The combination of SLM and complexation can prevent enzyme deactivation, which commonly occurs when complexation is conducted in enzymatic reaction mixtures.
Geometric and algorithmic developments for a hierarchical planning problem

Abstract This paper presents a new model for multiobjective planning in hierarchical systems that explicitly takes into consideration the order in which decisions are made. Interactions and conflicts that normally exist among the levels are introduced by specifying jointly controlled feasible regions and interdependent objective functions. At each level in the system, planners attempt to maximize net benefits in light of all higher-level decisions, and thus may influence but not control the behavior of others. The resultant formulation leads to the multilevel programming problem. The geometry of an all linear case is first examined wherein it is shown that the optimal solution must lie at a vertex of the original polyhedral constraint region. Next, a set of first order optimality conditions is derived for the general case and used as the basis of an algorithm for the linear problem. A number of examples are given to highlight the results.
Reliability solution for the stochastic fatigue crack growth problem

Abstract A two-state stochastic model for fatigue crack growth problems is presented and solutions are given which will, for the first time, provide the distribution of the random time to reach a critical crack size directly. Two extensive fatigue data sets are then employed to verify the model. Several fatigue crack growth laws which account for the stress ratio are examined and the results show that the concept of crack closure will best describe the influence of stress ratio on fatigue crack growth. A detailed description of the procedure of parameter estimation is also given.
Carbon‐13 NMR spectra of 3‐aryl‐2‐thioxo‐4‐imidazolidinones. Conformational isomerism and substituent effects

A 13C NMR study of a series of 3-aryl-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinones, which are capable of existing as enantiomeric or diastereomeric rotational isomers about the aryl CN bond, shows that rates of internal rotation are slow at the probe temperature. The effects of hetero- and aryl-ring substituents on hetero-ring carbon atoms have been established.
Strain Measurements from FBGs Embedded in Rotating Composite Propeller Blades

Fiber optic sensors are routinely touted as being perfect for embedding in composite materials to create smart materials. In spite of this, there are few published reports where fiber sensors were embedded in a commercially manufactured composite structure and interrogated during the normal operation of that structure. This report describes our efforts to embed arrays of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in composite propeller blades and record the dynamic strains experienced by those blades during water tunnel testing. The results show large changes in strain that depend on the location of the blade in an unsteady flow field and how those strains vary with distance along the midchord of the blade.
Effect of chlorpropamide treatment on insulin secretion in diabetics: its relationship to the hypoglycemic effect.

Abstract We have studied the effect of chronic chlorpropamide treatment on insulin secretion in response to intravenous glucose. With treatment, the mean insulin level 5 min after glucose infusion increased significantly in 1 wk and reached its highest level in 1 mo. The increment over the fasting level increased similarly. The mean levels 20, 30, and 60 min after infusion did not change with treatment. All the diabetics, except one, with a fasting blood glucose level greater than 160 mg 100 ml had little or no insulin secretion 5 min after glucose infusion either before or during chlorpropamide treatment. The mean blood glucose levels decreased during treatment more in those with higher initial glucose levels. The increase in early (5 min) insulin secretion was not related to the hypoglycemic effect. These data indicate that with chlorpropamide treatment early insulin secretion usually improves. Since a decrease in blood glucose may occur without any change in insulin secretion in some patients, it is suggested that the improvement in early insulin secretion may be secondary to a general improvement in carbohydrate metabolism.