cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The establishment and continuous subculturing of normal human adult hepatocytes: expression of differentiated liver functions.

The use of normal adult liver hepatocytes in cell culture for biochemical, toxicological and pharmacological studies has been greatly limited owing to the loss of replicative capacity and differentiated liver function. This is contrary to the ability of the liver to regenerate following injury in vivo. This suggests that liver “stem” or “transitional” hepatocytes exist that upon proper stimulus divide and differentiate into mature hepatocytes. In this study we report the establishment and culture of hepatocytes from normal human adult liver, which: (1) possess replicative capacity sufficient to subpassage 12–15 times (27–37 cumulative population doublings); (2) can be cryopreserved for subsequent use without loss of replica five capacity; and (3) upon differentiation in culture synthesize albumin and keratin 18 and metabolize benzo[a]pyrene. The ability of these cells to divide or express differentia tedfunctions appears to be due to a number of cellular, biochemical and physical characteristics that are present during the primary establishment and subsequent growth phases of the cell cultures. Disassociation of cells ffom excess liver tissue was best achieved by combining the mechanical action of the Stomacher@ with very low amounts of proteolytic enzymes and EGTA. The cell lines appeared to grow best when established and subpassaged in an rnALPHA medium supplemented with insulin, hydrocortisone, transferrin, epithelial growth factor and fetal bovine serum ® rescreened for human hepatocyte cell growth). The seeding density and cell-cell contact in culture appeared to be important for both cell division and expression of liver function. When cells were seeded at a low density and subpassaged before confluency, the cells continued to divide. Albumin and keratin 18 synthesis occurred primarily in tightly packed cell clusters. When cells were seeded at a high density, near confluency, albumin and keratin 18 synthesis occurred uniformly in all of the cells of the culture and the culture metabolized benzo[a]pyrene to water-soluble metabolites, which covalently bound to cellular DNA. This appearance of liver functions was consistent with the “transition” of hepatocytes to a terminally differentiated state. Nonhepatic markers, i.e., α-fetoprotein, factor VIII and ψ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity were not expressed in cells cultured at either low or high density. Thus, the data presented here indicate that normal human adult liver hepatocytes, once established in culture, can be subpassaged to a high number of population doublings, cryopreserved for later use, and modulated to express differentiated liver functions.bl]References
Rent, Differentiation, and the Development of Capitalism among Peasants

This essay examines some processual implications of the incorporation of peasant production within the capitalist economic system. It contends that rent, the primary means by which nonpeasants appropriate the surplus product of peasants, is an inefficient method of appropriation. The implications of that inefficiency for differentiation and capitalist development within peasant communities are then examined.
Industrial Engineering: A Productivity Improvement Discipline Underutilized by Government

A survey of the members of the primary association of industrial engineers (IEs) confirms that relatively few IEs work in government, especially for state and local governments. Underutilization exists despite evidence that IEs can improve governmental productivity through a variety of analytic techniques. More wide-spread use of IEs in government would be encouraged by forging stronger interdisciplinary ties between public administration and industrial engineering.
The Effects of Strangers On Rhesus Monkey Groups

Observations were made of behaviour in each of 3 different laboratory groups of rhesus monkey adult females and infants for 5-6 replications of conditions in which either: (l) a group was undisturbed for at least a week, (2) a stranger adult male was present for 2 weeks, or a stranger adult female was present for 1/3 day in either (3) the group witltout a stranger male, or (4) the group with a stranger male. Groups behaviourally discriminated between their own members and strangers and between strangers of different sex. Strangers discriminated between other strangers and core group members. The presence of a stranger affected behaviour among core animals, the type of effect differing with the stranger's sex, and a stranger also affected behaviour between core animals and another stranger. These consequences of the presence of strangers were complex, but all could be explained by assuming that: (I) when more than two adult monkeys are together they are likely to have or attempt to form alliances, with high rates of affiliative and aggressive behaviour within an alliance, and cooperative aggression directed at non-alliance members, and that (2) females tend to prefer as alliance partners, in order, males most, then familiar females, and unfamiliar females least, while males tend to prefer less familiar over more familiar females. The latter preference may be a reason for inter-troop transfer by males in free-living troops. There was decreased tolerance among females, especially unfamiliar ones, in the presence of males. Such a mechanism might be a contriltitor to the stability of troop affiliation in free-living females. Various effects seen led to the viewpoint that while behaviour is determined by both individual characteristics and by the overall context of the group, these factors are quite interrelated, in that each contributes to the other. Group context "effects" may account for behavioural differences between the groups studied.
Stability study of a third-order servomechanism with multiplicative feedback control

IN HIS PREVIOUS PAPERS1?3 the first author has given a general analysis of nonlinear coupled circuits and applied the method to the analysis of servomechanisms with nonlinear feedback control. This paper reports the results of a stability study of a third-order servomechanism with multiplicative feedback control. The nonlinearities in the control system, and hence the differential equations representing the system, are introduced by the multiplication of certain quantities, or variables, of the system. For example, if the actuating signal e is multiplied by itself, one obtains e2, which in turn introduces a nonlinear term in the final differential equation representing the feedback control system.
A new class of highly accurate solvers for ordinary differential equations

We introduce a new class of predictor-corrector schemes for the numerical solution of the Cauchy problem for non-stiff ordinary differential equations (ODEs), obtained via the decomposition of the solutions into combinations of appropriately chosen exponentials; historically, such techniques have been known as exponentially fitted methods. The proposed algorithms differ from the classical ones both in the selection of exponentials and in the design of the quadrature formulae used by the predictor-corrector process. The resulting schemes have the advantage of significantly faster convergence, given fixed lengths of predictor and corrector vectors. The performance of the approach is illustrated via a number of numerical examples.
Mobility of intermediate sized aqueous ions in a neutral gas

Abstract A mobility versus size relationship is calculated for aqueous ions of intermediate size in an argon gas. The method is based on the Chapman-Enskog transport theory. It involves the microscopic interaction potential between the aqueous ion and the neutral gas molecules. A model potential is used that accounts for the water molecules in the cluster-ion as well as its finite size. The results agree with the Langevin small ion theory at the small end of the size spectrum, give a lower mobility for intermediate sized ions, and then agree with the Stokes viscosity theory at the large end of the size spectrum. An explicit function containing adjustable parameters is fitted to the numerical results in the intermediate size region. The results are applied to data from a Wilson cloud chamber ion mobility experiment.
15-Lipoxygenase Metabolites of Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibit Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation and Survival

A 15-LOX, it is proposed, suppresses the growth of prostate cancer in part by converting arachidonic, eicosatrienoic, and/or eicosapentaenoic acids to n-6 hydroxy metabolites. These metabolites inhibit the proliferation of PC3, LNCaP, and DU145 prostate cancer cells but only at ≥1–10 µM. We show here that the 15-LOX metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 17-hydroperoxy-, 17-hydroxy-, 10,17-dihydroxy-, and 7,17-dihydroxy-DHA inhibit the proliferation of these cells at ≥0.001, 0.01, 1, and 1 µM, respectively. By comparison, the corresponding 15-hydroperoxy, 15-hydroxy, 8,15-dihydroxy, and 5,15-dihydroxy metabolites of arachidonic acid as well as DHA itself require ≥10–100 µM to do this. Like DHA, the DHA metabolites a) induce PC3 cells to activate a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) reporter, express syndecan-1, and become apoptotic and b) are blocked from slowing cell proliferation by pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of PPARγ or syndecan-1. The DHA metabolites thus slow prostate cancer cell proliferation by engaging the PPARγ/syndecan-1 pathway of apoptosis and thereby may contribute to the prostate cancer-suppressing effects of not only 15-LOX but also dietary DHA.
Alteration in auxin levels in selected southern pines inoculated with the fusiform rust fungus

Abstract Compounds with auxin-like activity were extracted from 3- and 6-month-old stem and needle tissues from uninoculated and inoculated southern pine trees susceptible, tolerant and resistant to the fusiform rust fungus, Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme . Compared to uninoculated seedlings, auxin-like activity increased in susceptible, but decreased in tolerant and resistant seedlings. Both qualitative differences and transitions in substances with auxin activity were found in extracts from seedlings of the three reaction groups, sampling periods and inoculated and uninoculated treatments.
Calixarenes. 23. the complexation and catalytic properties of water soluble calixarenes

Abstract A series of-water-soluble calixarenes containing dialkylamino groups and carboxyl groups have been prepared by the p-quinonemethide route of functionalization. The formation of host-guest complexes between these calixarenes and nine aromatic hydrocarbons ranging in size from durene to decacyclene has been investigated, and a correlation between the dimensions of the hydrocarbons and the “lower rim” of the calixarene, containing the array of OH groups, has been made. A study of the effect on the acid-catalyzed hydration of N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide by p-(carboxy-ethyl) calix[n]arenes (n = 4,5,6,7,8) has shown that the calix[6]arene is more effective than either its larger or smaller analogs.
Biology of colorectal cancer

Significant advances have been made in understanding the biology of colorectal cancer. In this chapter, we review the key signaling pathways that play key roles in maintaining the growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer. The pathways that will be discussed include Wnt/beta-catenin, TGF-beta/SMAD, Notch, Hedgehog, epidermal growth factor receptor, Ras, and PI3K/Akt. In addition, we review the growing role of colon cancer stem cells in mediating cellular drug resistance and cancer recurrence. This enhanced understanding of cancer biology provides important insights for developing novel therapies that target specific growth factor receptors and/or certain critical signal transduction pathways. These targeted therapies can then be used alone or in combination with standard cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens.
Occurrence of alkaline phosphatase-positive fibers in experimental muscle disorders

The alkaline phosphatase (AP) reaction was carried out on muscle sections from a large series of rats under various experimental neuromuscular disorders. Only denervated and non-innervated muscle fibers stained positively with the AP reaction. In other conditions including degenerating, regenerating, tenotomized and immature muscles the AP reaction was negative. This suggests that the presence of AP-positive fibers in human neuromuscular disorders reflects a concomitant denervation process.
Hepatitis C Virus Infection—Pathobiology and Implications for New Therapeutic Options

Despite progress in therapeutic approaches for the elimination of hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis C virus infection remains an important cause of liver disease. Therapeutic intervention with the currently available interferon-based treatment regimens is quite successful, but treatment is difficult to tolerate and is contraindicated in many patients. A better understanding of the HCV biology, immunopathology, and liver disease will help to design better therapeutic strategies. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases sponsored a single-topic conference on hepatitis C virus infection on March 4 and 5, 2005, to enhance our current knowledge in the areas of basic and clinical research related to antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies in hepatitis C disease. The faculty consisted of 23 invited experts in the field of viral hepatitis. The program was divided into four sections including: (a) replicative mechanisms and models; (b) viral-host interactions; and (c) antiviral drug development and new strategies; and (d) back to the bedside-current issues. This report summarizes each of the presentations sections.
Water and Empire – Germany, Bavaria and the Danube in World War I

Water and Empire uses canal construction and river regulation on the Danube to study the development of German imperial ambitions in South East Europe. Pre-war Bavarian plans to link the Danube with the Main were refashioned after the conquest of Serbia, becoming a plan to link the Black Sea and the Rhine and making the whole course accessible to large river shipping. The substantial costs associated with this plan and the regional advantages it would engender for Bavaria created resistance in the Reich and in Austria-Hungary, demonstrating some of the limits of the Mitteleuropa project.
Multiscale analysis of the core nanotube in a nanocomposite system

Abstract Carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites have novel properties that make them useful in a wide variety of applications and there has been numerous studies to predict the overall bulk properties of these nanocomposites. Theoretical studies to understand the properties of these nanomaterials consider the nanometer dimension of a nanotube and attempt to understand its interaction with a polymer chain thereby coupling the various length scales and time scales. In this paper, we estimate the properties of the central nanotube (neat or functionalized) which is embedded in a matrix material. The investigation of mechanical behavior of nanostructure materials is carried out using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and these interactions are subsequently idealized into a homogenized model. The interactions of the molecules of the nanotube with the matrix usually creates an interphase layer which has reduced mobility. This paper also discusses the variation of the effective properties of the interphase region in a carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposite system.
Short-term memory in deaf and hearing children in relation to stimulus characteristics

Abstract Experiment 1 examined short-term memory with a serial probe task in 20 younger (mean age: 6 years, 3 months) and 20 older (mean age: 8 years, 8 months) deaf children. Four sets of stimuli were used: familiar animals, unfamiliar nonsense forms, fingerspelled letters, and lower-case print. In contrast to earlier research with hearing children, strong primacy effects were found with all stimuli at both ages, with frequent gestural and/or oral labeling but little cumulative rehearsal evident. To determine whether results were uniquely tied to deafness, identical procedures were used in Experiment 2 with 20 younger (4 years, 9 months) and 20 older (5 years, 10 months) hearing children. Again, overt activity was common, with strong primacy effects on animals and nonsense forms in the older group and on animals in the younger group. Contrasts between present and earlier findings suggest the need to consider the degree to which stimulus labels are overlearned, the role of nonverbal mediators in rehearsal, and the effects of changing educational experiences.
Persistence and adherence of medications for chronic overactive bladder/urinary incontinence in the california medicaid program

Abstract Objectives To investigate persistence and adherence of medication treatment in chronic overactive bladder/urinary incontinence (OAB/UI) patients, and to evaluate OAB/UI-related comorbidity events associated with persistence. Methods Pharmaceutical outcomes research with a health-care provider perspective was conducted on a California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) chronic OAB/UI population. The primary end point was medication possession ratio (MPR), which was used to measure refill adherence. Secondary end points measuring persistence patterns included discontinuation of OAB drug therapy (medication-uncovered interval > 30 days) and time to discontinuation (period from the index date until the first discontinuation date). Significant factors on nonpersistence were found by using a Cox Proportional Hazards model. Factors contributing to nonadherence (MPR Results Of 2496 eligible patients, 36.9% had only one OAB/UI prescription. The mean MPR was 0.34 (SD 0.21) and the median was 0.3, indicating that on average only about one-third of period of time since medication initiation was covered by the therapy. Only 122 patients exhibited > 80% adherence during the 6-month follow-up-period. Significant predictors of higher persistence included: white ethnicity, previous hospitalization length, starting with tolterodine or oxybutynin extended-release, and previous use of topical drugs or antipsychotics. Nevertheless, previous depression or urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis, polypharmacy, significantly increased the odds of early discontinuation. Treatment discontinuation increased the risk of UTI diagnosis by 37% in the post-treatment period ( P = 0.03; OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.03–1.84), but had no significant effect on other OAB/UI-related comorbidities. Conclusions For chronic OAB/UI patients identified in this study, both persistence and adherence with medication treatment were suboptimal. These results suggest that persistence and treatment discontinuation remains problematic for the OAB/UI population.
The repair-deficient mei-9a drosophila female potentiates chromosome loss induced in the paternal genome by diethylnitrosamine

Abstract Following matings of DEN-treated X c2 / B S Y y + males with repair-deficient mei -9 a females and ordinary females, significant increases in complete and partial sex chromosome loss as well as dramatic shifts in sex ratio were found with mei -9 a but not ordinary females. Accordingly, the mei -9 a female enhances the detection of chromosome lesions leading to chromosome loss induced in the male genome by DEN. To date, the 4 compounds tested in this way (DMN, DEN, MMS and procarbazine) exhibit strong potentiation of chromosome loss with mei -9 a females suggesting the possibility that a protocol involving treatment (or not) of X c2 / B s Y y + males mated with mei -9 a females may hold promise as an alternative to traditional tests for chromosome loss using repair-proficient females. Comparison with published translocation data on the 4 compounds indicated above suggests an overall greater sensitivity of the described mei -9 a chromosome-loss test compared with the traditional translocation test in the detection of chemically induced chromosome lesions.
Non-isothermal inertial Brownian motion

Abstract The stationary distribution of a dilute gas of Brownian particles in an inhomogeneous thermal bath and in the presence of a force field is considered. Our aim is to understand the dynamics of the Brownian particles in cases when inertial effects are non-negligible and in conditions of zero mass current. We restrict the analysis to the one-dimensional case. Beyond the requirement that there is no mass transport, the temperature and force fields are arbitrary. The statistical description of this processes is governed by the Kramers equation, whose solution we find as an expansion in powers of the inverse of the friction coefficient. The resulting expressions for the position and velocity distribution, heat flux, etc., are tested against numerical simulations of the corresponding Langevin equation. We show that the appropriate interpretation of the Langevin equations, as inertia becomes less important (overdamped limit), is the Ito interpretation. For sufficiently large friction, the heat flux is linear in the temperature gradient, and the system can be analyzed using the tools of irreversible thermodynamics. We show that the entropy production is never negative, vanishing only at thermodynamic equilibrium.
Photorefractive damage thresholds in Ti:LiNbO 3 channel waveguides

The photorefractive effect in titanium-in-diffused LiNbO3 waveguides is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Measurements of mode size and transmitted optical power as a function of input optical power are presented. The diffusion constants in the diffusion model and the unknown parameters in Kukhtarev’s model are determined from measurements of the near-field intensity profiles at low and at high intensity levels. These parameters can then be used to predict waveguide behavior as a function of the input power level. The simulated behavior closely resembles that observed experimentally. Calculated corrections for thermally induced index perturbation show that the thermal effects are higher-order corrections to the dominant photorefractive effect.
PEO-like plasma polymerized tetraglyme surface interactions with leukocytes and proteins: in vitro and in vivo studies

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) surfaces reduce non-specific protein and cell interactions with implanted biomaterials and may improve their biocompatibility. PEO-like polymerized tetraglyme surfaces were made by glow discharge plasma deposition onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) substrates and were shown to adsorb less than 10 ng/cm2 of fibrinogen in vitro. The ability of the polymerized tetraglyme surfaces to resist leukocyte adhesion was studied in vitro and in vivo. Polymerized tetraglyme and FEP were implanted subcutaneously in mice and removed after 1 day or 4 weeks. Histological analysis showed a similar degree of fibrous encapsulation around all of the 4-week implants. Darkly stained wells were present in the fibrous tissues at the tissue-material interface of both FEP and tetraglyme. Scanning electron micrographs showed that in vivo macrophage adhesion to polymerized tetraglyme was much higher than to FEP. After 2-hour contact with heparinized whole blood, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (P...
Future CMOS scaling and reliability

The goals and constraints of MOSFET scaling are reviewed, and the role of reliability constraints is highlighted. It is concluded that judicial shrinking of MOSFET device dimensions can sustain the historical trend of scaling through the 0.09- mu m (4-Gb SRAM) generation of technology, which may be used for IC production in the year 2010. Power supply voltage reduction plus the desire for large transistor current will create a demand for ever thinner gate oxides that can withstand ever higher electric field. Built-in reliability must replace the traditional end-of-the-line reliability testing for future complex circuits. Circuit reliability simulation may be one of the necessary tools for achieving built-in reliability. >
The science of visitor management in parks and protected areas: from verbal reports to simulation models

Abstract Visitor management in parks, wilderness and other protected areas requires information about visitor-environment interactions and, particularly, the distribution and flow of visitors in space and time. Such information is usually sketchy and based largely on the verbal reports of visitors. A review of recent psychological and neurological research and theory suggests that traditional verbal survey methods cannot in principle provide an adequate basis for models of human landscape navigation. We argue for more use of direct observation of visitor movements and the utility of travel simulation models. Simulation modelling of visitor flow can be helpful in making monitoring programs more efficient, in fine-tuning existing management programs, and in assessing the likely consequences of alternative future scenarios We review early efforts to simulate the flow of recreation use, describe several current modelling efforts and conclude with suggestions for a research and development effort.
Microwave nondestructive detection and evaluation of disbonding and delamination in layered-dielectric slabs

A microwave nondestructive technique for the detection and evaluation of disbonding and delamination in layered-dielectric-slabs backed by a conducting plate is discussed. The theoretical development of the technique is given. An incident wave illuminating such a medium is first considered, and the characteristics of the wave reflected by the metal plate are then formulated. An effective reflection coefficient whose phase characteristics are used in the detection and evaluation of delaminations in the media is determined in this way. The characteristics of this phase as a function of several parameters, such as delamination dielectric constant and thickness, slab dielectric constant, and thickness and the frequency of operation are investigated. The experimental apparatus is described. It was used to perform several experiments to test and verify the theory. Very good agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental results. In general, it was concluded that higher frequencies, thicker dielectric plates, and lower values of delamination dielectric constants tend to produce better results for evaluating the nature of a delaminated layer. This technique is simple and easily applicable to environments where these types of layered-slab are used. >
Methods for the Detection of Census Error in Palaeodemography

Recent dramatic improvements of archaeological technique have been accompanied by renewed interest in demographic variables deducible from skeletal populations. Although such data will provide meaningful insight into changes in population biology and structure resulting from significant socio-economic shifts, such conclusions must be subjected to more sophisticated methods of treatment and analysis. Techniques are suggested for the detection of intra-population census error and also for examination of the reliability and meaningfulness of extra-population comparisons. Employment of these should minimize census error and serve to establish the reliability of demographic inferences based on comparison of discrete skeletal samples.
Radial thickness variation in impact crater ejecta - Implications for lunar basin deposits

An expression is proposed for radial thickness variations in lunar impact crater ejecta. The expression was inferred from available cratering data and semi-empirical calculations for approximate modeling of variations in ejecta thickness with the increasing range of lunar craters. A table of predicted stratigraphic sections for the Apollo Landing sites is included. The predictions were made by using this expression. The results suggest that the pre-Nubium crustal material at upland Apollo sites lies at depths of above 280 up to 1940 m.
Variational Analysis of Oversampled Dual-Doppler Radial Velocity Data and Application to the Analysis of Tornado Circulations

Abstract For the detection of severe weather phenomena such as tornados, mesocyclones, and strong wind shear, the azimuthal resolution of radial velocity measurements is more important. The typical azimuthal resolutions of 1° for the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radars and of 2° for the planned Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of Atmosphere (CASA) radars are not sufficient for this purpose, especially at far ranges. Oversampling is one strategy that can potentially provide more details about the azimuthal structures of flows, and can be achieved by processing raw data at azimuthal increments smaller than the radar beamwidth. In the presence of dual-Doppler observations, the variational method can be used to effectively recover subbeamwidth structures from these oversampled data, which, combined with the typically higher range resolutions, can provide high-resolution wind analyses that are valuable for, for example, tornado detection. This idea is tested in this paper using si...
The enthalpies of combustion and formation of n-octane and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane☆☆☆

Abstract The enthalpies of combustion of n-octane and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane were measured by precision oxygen-bomb combustion calorimetry. The following values, based on the mass of carbon dioxide produced, are reported for the standard enthalpy of combustion ΔHoo(298.15 K)/kcalth mol−1 of these compounds in the condensed state: n-octane (1), −(1307.43 ± 0.39); 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane (c), −(1302.93 ± 0.26). The difference in the enthalpies of combustion of n-octane and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane, important in the assessment of correlation procedures, was the same as reported in the earlier literature.
"You Just Type in What You Are Looking for": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia.

This study presents findings from one-on-one interviews with 21 undergraduate students at a large public research university in the southeastern United States. While the preliminary focus of the study was to be students' opinions about and use of Wikipedia as a resource for course-related research, many of the interviews evolved into discussion about the relative merits of freely-available web-based resources as compared with subscription databases. In addition to providing illuminating information about respondents' relationships with Wikipedia and Google, these interviews offered an unexpected glimpse into participants' understanding of the nature of information creation, presentation, and retrieval in the free web-based environment. Additionally, respondents provided valuable insight into the question of why some students rely heavily on library resources while others avoid visiting the physical and virtual library.
Effectiveness of self-identified and self-reported environmental regulations for industry: The case of stormwater runoff in the US

Abstract US environmental controls for industry include numerous regulations that rely on the regulated community to self-identify, monitor, report, or complete other requirements on their own recognizance. These include state- and federal-issued general permits for stormwater discharges associated with industrial activities, effective in 1992, with known incomplete compliance by 2004. Results demonstrate highly incomplete compliance with variation in effectiveness among studied states and urbanized regions. Texas and Oklahoma, administered by US EPA during the research period, have attained higher compliance rates than California, administered by a state agency, or Florida, also administered by US EPA. Specific program designs and implementation strategies employed by states are evaluated for impacts on states' compliance effectiveness.
Perfectionism and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescence.

The Adaptive/Maladaptive Perfectionism Scale (AMPS; K.G. Rice & K.J. Preusser, 2002) was developed on samples of 9- to 11-year-old children. A primary purpose of the current research was to examine whether the AMPS could be useful in studies of adolescents, and in particular, studies of adolescent depression. This study of 145 early adolescents revealed (1) a somewhat different AMPS factor structure than has been evident in studies of younger children; (2) no significant mean differences between boys and girls on perfectionism, although girls were significantly more depressed than boys; (3) a pattern of perfectionism-depression correlations that differed somewhat between boys and girls; and (4) several interactions of different dimensions of perfectionism in accounting for depression. Results are discussed by addressing differences between children and adolescents in school cultures, physical and psychological changes from childhood to adolescence, and the importance of considering the positive as well as the negative aspects of perfectionism among school-age children. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 139–156, 2007.
Effect of predamage from low cycle fatigue on high cycle fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract Effects of prior low cycle fatigue (LCF) cycling on the subsequent high cycle fatigue (HCF) limit stress corresponding to a life of 10 7 cycles are investigated for Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature. Tests are conducted at 420 Hz on an electrodynamic shaker-based system at several different LCF maximum loads and under subsequent HCF at R =0.1, 0.5 and 0.8 using a step loading procedure. Under these load combinations, which include the possibility of overload or underload effects if cracks form, there is no statistically significant effect of the prior LCF on the subsequent HCF limit stress. While LCF loading at a high stress of 900 MPa is seen to result in strain ratcheting, no distinct features on the fracture surface and different mechanisms of crack propagation from those obtained at lower maximum loads were observed. LCF loading up to 50% of expected life did not produce any indications of crack formation from either the stress limit data or the fracture surfaces.
Measurement of the negative differential mobility of electron in GaAs

Abstract The decrease of electron drift velocity with increasing electric field has been measured for GaAs. The value of the negative differential mobility is found to be about −300 cm2 V−1 sec−1.
Cloning and expression of a human endothelin receptor: subtype A.

The polymerase chain reaction, employing degenerate primers specific for the intramembrane domains III and VI of G-coupled receptors, was used to generate partial clones encoding those receptors carried by cultured rat aorta smooth muscle cells. One clone, spanning the intramembrane domains IV–VI of a receptor specific for endothelin-1 (ET-R[A]), was used as a probe to screen a human placental cDNA library. The clone pL4-3, encoding a selective type of human endothelin receptor (ET-R[A]), has an open reading frame encoding a protein 427 amino acids in length, with a relative molecular weight of 48, 625 daltons. The sequence analysis suggests the presence of a signal peptide, two potential sites for glycosylation in the N terminal extracellular domain, the seven transmembrane domains typical of G-protein receptors, and several potential sites for phosphorylation in the C terminal cytoplasmic domain. At the amino acid level, the human ET-R(A) shows 91% and 94% identity with the rat and bovine ET-R(A)s, respectively, and 59% similarity with the human ET-R(B). Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with the cloned cDNA express binding sites specific for endothelin-1. Expression of the message in COS 7 cells gave a membrane-bound product to which binding of the [125I]-ET-1 was inhibited by peptide analogues specific for ET-R(A).
A medium-grain reconfigurable processing unit

In this paper the components required to implement a central processing unit (CPU) and its arithmetic logic unit (ALU) are presented using a novel medium grain reconfigurable hardware architecture. The CPU can be configured to match the application's requirements in terms of word-size, number and type of units, and instruction set. The MIPS instruction set has been used to show the potential of the processing unit. The clock for this implementation is calculated to be in the order of 2GHz for current technologies.
Age-related differences in asthma outcomes in the United States, 1988-2006

Abstract Background Relatively little is known about the effect of age on asthma outcomes in adults, particularly at a national level. Objective To investigate age-related differences in asthma outcomes in a nationally representative, longitudinal study. Methods We analyzed data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) with linked mortality files through 2006. Adults with physician-diagnosed asthma were identified and were divided into 2 age groups: younger adults (17-54 years of age) and older adults (55 years or older). The outcome measures were both cross-sectional (health care use, comorbidity, and lung function) and longitudinal (all-cause mortality). Results There were an estimated 9,566,000 adults with current asthma. Of these, 73% were younger adults and 27% older adults. Compared with younger adults, older adults had more hospitalizations in the past year, more comorbidities, and poorer lung function (eg, lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second) ( P Conclusion Older adults with asthma have a substantial burden of morbidity and increased mortality. The ethnic differences in asthma mortality and the vitamin D–mortality link merit further investigation.
Reovirus Type 2-Infection, Cycloheximide, and Cell Death.

SummaryThe antibiotic cycloheximide, an antagonist of protein synthesis, when added early in the infectious cycle has been found to inhibit the production of the two kinds of virus-specific ribonucleic acids found in HeLa cells infected with reovirus-type 2. When added at later periods, the antibiotic selectively inhibits the formation of the double-stranded form of viral RNA. It was also noted that the addition of virus-inhibiting concentrations of the antibiotic to infected HeLa cells results in the accelerated appearance of extensive cytopathology of the monolayers. In contrast, during the same period normal cell cultures treated with the antibiotic and infected cell cultures without cycloheximide did not exhibit any morphologic changes.
Optimal conditions for the iodination of fibrinogen using immobilized lactoperoxidase

Abstract Conditions have been optimized for the radioiodination of purified bovine fibrinogen with immobilized lactoperoxidase (LP). Reactions containing fibrinogen (6.4 mg/ml), LP (18.6 μg protein/ml), [ 125 I]Na (2 mCi/ml), 5 × 10 −3 m Kl, 6 × 10 −4 m H 2 O 2 , ∼0.15 m KCl, and PBS (pH 7.0) were incubated for 60 min at room temperature. Although the incorporation of I into fibrinogen was found to vary between approximately 2 and 5 atoms per molecule, this variation in iodination had no effect on the ability of the fibrin formed to serve as a substrate for the proteolytic enzyme plasmin.
Imaging transforming growth factor-β signaling dynamics and therapeutic response in breast cancer bone metastasis

Although the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway has been implicated in breast cancer metastasis, its in vivo dynamics and temporal-spatial involvement in organ-specific metastasis have not been investigated. Here we engineered a xenograft model system with a conditional control of the TGF-beta-SMAD signaling pathway and a dual-luciferase reporter system for tracing both metastatic burden and TGF-beta signaling activity in vivo. Strong TGF-beta signaling in osteolytic bone lesions is suppressed directly by genetic and pharmacological disruption of the TGF-beta-SMAD pathway and indirectly by inhibition of osteoclast function with bisphosphonates. Notably, disruption of TGF-beta signaling early in metastasis can substantially reduce metastasis burden but becomes less effective when bone lesions are well established. Our in vivo system for real-time manipulation and detection of TGF-beta signaling provides a proof of principle for using similar strategies to analyze the in vivo dynamics of other metastasis-associated signaling pathways and will expedite the development and characterization of therapeutic agents.
Inscription of photonic devices on the tip of a chalcogenide glass fiber

We demonstrate a method for lithographic inscription of photonic devices on the tip of a multi-material chalcogenide glass fiber. A modified photolithography approach is used to etch a Fresnel lens on an As 2 Se 3 core.
Generalized quantile processes based on multivariate depth function, with applications in nonparametric multivariate analysis

Statistical depth functions are being used increasingly in nonparametric multivariate data analysis. In a broad treatment of depth-based methods, Liu, Parelius, and Singh ("Multivariate analysis by date depth: Descriptive statistics, graphics and inference (with discussion)," 1999) include several devices for visualizing selected multivariate distributional characteristics by one-dimensional curves constructed in terms of given depth functions. Here we show how these tools may be represented as special depth-based cases of generalized quantile functions introduced by J. H. J. Einmahl and D. M. Mason (1992, Ann. Statist. 20, 1062-1078). By specializing results of the latter authors to the depth-based case, we develop an easily applied general result on convergence of sample depth-based generalized quantile processes to a Brownian bridge. As applications, we obtain the asymptotic behavior of sample versions of depth-based curves for "scale" and "kurtosis" introduced by Liu, Parelius and Singh. The kurtosis curve is actually a Lorenz curve designed to measure heaviness of tails of a multivariate distribution. We also obtain the asymptotic distribution of the quantile process of the sample depth values.
Microscale geochemical gradients in Hanford 300 Area sediment biofilms and influence of uranium.

Abstract The presence and importance of microenvironments in the subsurface at contaminated sites were suggested by previous geochemical studies. However, no direct quantitative characterization of the geochemical microenvironments had been reported. We quantitatively characterized microscale geochemical gradients (dissolved oxygen (DO), H2, pH, and redox potential) in Hanford 300A subsurface sediment biofilms. Our results revealed significant differences in geochemical parameters across the sediment biofilm/water interface in the presence and absence of U(VI) under oxic and anoxic conditions. While the pH was relatively constant within the sediment biofilm, the redox potential and the DO and H2 concentrations were heterogeneous at the microscale (
Photon structure functions from lattice QCD

Abstract We calculate the first moment of the photon structure function, 〈x〉− = ∫01 dx, Q2), on the lattice using the formalism developed by the authors. Different lattice spacings and volumes are studied to estimate the systematic errors present in lattice simulations. Also, theNf = 2 dynamical configurations, generated by SESAM collaboration, are studied for the effect of quark loops on (x)λ.
Hidden Consumer Motives in Supermarket Selection

HE structure of the retail food industry has undergone significant changes since the Korean War period. At that time there were three major groups in the industry. Today there are only two significant groups, the corporate chains and the affiliated independents. The latter behave much as corporate chains in that the stores operate with common management or supervision. This fact alone accounts for much of the attention and concern of many in our economy about the competitive behavior of food distribution firms.
Prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal malignancy

Data collected from review of 99 patients with carcinoma of the nasopharynx was submitted for statistical analysis. The purpose of the analysis was to determine patient, tumor and treatment factors that influence survival. The only patient factor observed to influence survival was patient age (P = 0.05). Greatest survival was noted for patients in the age group 0 to 20 years (44%), while poorest survival rates were in patients over 60 years of age (14%). Tumor factors influencing survival included the location of regional metastases (P = 0.05). Homolateral cervical metastases was associated with survival rates approximating 30% compared with 10% when bilateral metastases were present. Survival decreased markedly as cervical metastases progressed from the upper third of the neck to involvement of the middle and lower thirds. Survival was 20% when nodal involvement was confined to the upper neck compared with 8% when metastases extended to lower cervical regions. The only treatment factor apparently influencing survival was duration of therapy (P = 0.08). Longer treatment periods offered better five-year control rates. Higher dosage levels of radiotherapy were associated with improved survival, but not significantly so.
The cross-cultural generalizability of personality types: A Philippine study.

Research on personality types was extended to a non-Western culture, the Philippines. In two large samples of Filipino college students, cluster analyses of self-rated trait adjectives revealed interpretable three-cluster solutions (i.e. types) for each gender. The types differed on indigenous measures of ego resiliency and ego control and exhibited sensible configurations of Big Five traits, indigenous Filipino traits, and behavioural indicators. Most types were interpretable in terms of the concepts of ego resiliency and ego control of Block and Block (1980) and resembled types identified in other cultures. Two of three male and female types were fairly comparable and some types replicated across data sets. The results provided some support for the cross-cultural comparability of personality types and for typological research in general. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autoregulation of tubulin synthesis.

In many mammalian cell types, increases in the level of nonpolymerized tubulin cause an inhibition in tubulin synthesis which is accompanied by a decrease in tubulin mRNA levels. To see whether inhibition is caused by nuclear or cytoplasmic events, two groups have recently examined the ability of enucleated cells to autoregulate tubulin synthesis.1,2 These experiments have demonstrated that transcription, processing, and transport of tubulin mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm are not major sites of autoregulation. Instead, monomeric tubulin must reduce, either directly or indirectly, the translatability of its own message.
Experimental assessment of fractal scale similarity in turbulent flows. Part 3. Multifractal scaling

Earlier experimental assessments of fractal scale similarity in geometric properties of turbulent flows are extended to assess the applicability of multifractal scale-similarity in the conserved scalar field ζ(x, t) and in the true scalar energy dissipation rate field ∇ζ·∇ζ(x, t). Fully resolved four-dimensional spatio-temporal measurements from a turbulent flow at Reλ≈41 and Reδ≈3000 are analysed. The utility of various classical constructs for identifying multifractal scale similarity in data records of finite length is examined. An objective statistical criterion based on the maximum allowable scale-to-scale variation L1(e) in multiplier distributions 〈P(Me)〉 obtained from multifractal gauge fields is developed to allow accurate discrimination between multifractal and non-multifractal scaling in finite-length experimental data records. Results from analyses of temporal intersections show that for scales greater than 0.03 λν/u, corresponding to 1.4 λD/u, the scalar dissipation field clearly demonstrates a scale-invariant similarity consistent with a multiplicative cascade process that can be modelled with a bilinear multiplier distribution. However, the conserved scalar field from precisely the same data does not follow any scale similarity consistent with a multiplicative cascade at scales below 0.5 λν/u. At larger scales, there are indications of a possible scale-invariant similarity in the scalar field, but with a fundamentally different multiplier distribution.