cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Overall and Mentholated Cigarette Smoking With Headache in a Nationally Representative Sample

Objective The objective of this study was to determine associations between cigarette smoking and the existence of headache in a nationally representative sample, with attention to differences in effect estimates between mentholated and non-mentholated cigarettes smoking. Methods We examined cross-sectional associations between cigarette smoking and headache in 8,399 adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. The existence of headache was determined by an affirmative response to the question “During the past 3 months, did you have severe headaches or migraines?” Further refinement of headache diagnosis was not possible. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between cigarette smoking and headache. Results The current study included 8,399 participants aged 20 years and over, including 68% (n = 5491) never smokers and 32% (n = 2548) current smokers. Among the current smokers, 24% (n = 739) smoked menthol cigarettes, and 76% (n = 1719) smoked non-menthol cigarettes. Compared with never smokers, after adjustment for potential confounding factors, current smokers were more likely to have headache (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.17-1.62; P < .001). With the increase of both the number of cigarettes smoked daily and pack-years of smoking, the likelihood of having headache was significantly increased compared with never smokers (P for linear trend < .001). Compared with non-mentholated smokers, mentholated smokers were not more likely to have headache (P = .302). Conclusions Based on a nationally representative sample, we found that cigarette smoking was associated with headache in an exposure-response manner. Mentholated cigarette smokers were not more likely to have headache compared to non-mentholated cigarette smokers.
Abstract 2155: The origins and functional consequences of ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The purpose of this study is to unravel the cellular mechanisms underlying the oncogenic ETS gene fusions, which are a hallmark of prostate cancer development. Recurrent gene fusions involving the 5’untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 and the ETS family genes are observed in a majority of prostate cancers. Among the ETS family gene fusions, the TMPRSS2-ERG fusions involving the 5’untranslated region of TMPRSS2 with the ERG gene are the most common and found in approximately 50% of prostate cancers. However, the origins and functional consequences of ETS gene fusions are not clear. Using dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we demonstrate that stimulation with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induces proximity between TMPRSS2 and ERG genomic loci in LNCaP cells, which are androgen sensitive and lack the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions. This effect was dependent on androgen receptor (AR). Importantly, androgen did not induce proximity between the TMPRSS2 and ERG loci in DU145 human prostate cancer cells, which are androgen insensitive. Further, a combination of androgen signaling and genotoxic stress that induces DNA double strand breaks results in the formation of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions in LNCaP cells. Interestingly, we observe that the ERG protein formed as a result of gene fusion binds to the promoter of wild type ERG and activates its transcription. The VCaP cell line that endogenously harbors the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion has high levels of wild type ERG. Treatment with androgens induces the expression of both the TMPRSS2-ERG and wild type ERG transcripts in VCaP cells. Lenti virus mediated stable over expression of TMPRSS2-ERG in PC3 cells results in an increase in the expression levels of wild type ERG. This auto-activation of wild type ERG is observed in about 50% of clinically localized and 25% of metastatic prostate cancers harboring the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions, but not in ETS negative prostate cancers. Taken together, our studies provide a mechanistic framework for the up-regulation of ERG transcription in prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2155. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2155
Evaluating glutamate and aspartate binding mechanisms to rutile (α-TiO2) via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations.

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations were used to elucidate the influence of solution chemistry (pH, amino acid concentration) on the binding mechanisms of glutamic and aspartic acid to rutile (α-TiO2). The amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, contain carboxyl and amine groups whose dissociation over a pH range results in changes of molecular charge and reactivity, including reactions with mineral surfaces. At pH 3, a decrease of IR bands corresponding to protonated carboxyl groups is observed upon reaction with TiO2 and indicates involvement of distal carboxyl groups during sorption. In addition, decreased IR bands arising from carboxyl bonds at 1400 cm−1, concomitant to shifts to higher wavenumbers for νas(γ-COO−) and νas(α-COO−) (particularly at low glutamate concentrations), are indicative of inner-sphere coordination of both carboxyl groups and therefore suggest a “lying down” surface species. IR spectra of aspartate reac...
ASSESSING AND MINIMIZING REPRODUCTIVE RISKS OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY

Now that more children and young adults are surviving malignant diseases, a new problem is arising: the reproductive effects of intensive chemotherapy.
Abstract 4265: Derivation and characterization of endometrial cancer cells resistant to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway inhibitors.

Endometrial cancer remains the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States with an estimated 43,000 cases annually. Limited options exist for patients with recurrent endometrial cancer after tumor progression following platinum/taxane combinations, and newer therapies are needed. Endometrial cancers have among the highest rates of oncogenic aberrations in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway with frequencies approaching 75%, and clinical trials targeting components on the PI3K pathway are ongoing. Despite the clinical observation that many responses to PI3K inhibitors are short lived an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance is lacking. We have derived endometrial cancer cell lines resistant to a panel of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in clinical development in an effort to understand molecular mechanisms and signaling changes underlying resistance to PI3K-targeted therapy. All lines have previously undergone mutational analysis of the PI3K and RAS-ERK pathways. Representative compounds inhibiting each node in the canonical class I PI3K signaling cascade have been chosen. These agents have been synthesized base on the published structures and include a pan-p110 inhibitor, an allosteric AKT inhibitor, a dual p110-mTOR, and a MEK inhibitor. Using parallel high-throughput intracellular phospho-kinase and phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) arrays for screening we have identified candidate common resistance mechanisms to inhibition of signaling nodes in the PI3K pathway. The phospho-screening approach has highlighted the interplay between PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways in the development of resistance. We have begun to validate ERK upregulation as an activated escape pathway in patient samples from an AKT inhibitor clinical trial. Conserved resistance profiles may ultimately be used to define a subset of endometrial cancer patients unlikely to respond to PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors and may inform more rational early phase combination strategies. Citation Format: Samuel J. Klempner, Andrea P. Myers, Jane Li, Gordon Mills, Lewis C. Cantley. Derivation and characterization of endometrial cancer cells resistant to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4265. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4265
Unilateral testicular hypertrophy: an apparently benign occurrence without cryptorchidism.

Abstract We report on 4 pubertal boys with benign unilateral testicular enlargement. None had a history of cryptorchidism, although 2 had had previous inguinal or scrotal surgery. Three boys have been followed for more than 2 years uneventfully, although the size discrepancy has persisted in 2.
Addiction and Self-Control

L'A. envisage une strategie du controle de soi fondee sur l'hypothese selon laquelle les desirs se limitent pas a leur caractere irresistible. Definissant le controle de soi comme le contraire de l'akrasia aristotelicienne, l'A. examine la relation entre le controle de soi et le penchant dans leurs rapports au desir, a la motivation, a l'intention, a la croyance, au jugement et a la tentation chez G. Ainslie, d'une part, et chez M. Bratman d'autre part, qui lui oppose l'idee de regles personnelles
The Shadowboxer: The Obama Administration and Foreign Policy Grand Strategy

President Obama's foreign policy grand strategy can be described by the terms shadowboxing or shadowboxer. Shadowboxing is a technique that boxers use to practice, sparring with imaginary opponents or attacking shadows in preparation for the real fight. Similarly, President Obama attacks covert threats but rarely responds to visible or viable threats. Like a practicing boxer, President Obama is fighting the murky shadows while refusing to engage the main stage in the international arena. Obama's foreign policy grand strategy consists of the following five tenets. (1) Modest Retrenchment in Foreign Policy Spending. (2) Rebuilding America's Reputation: The Anti-Thesis of George W. Bush. (3) Multilateralism. (4) Nonintervention and Avoiding “Boots on the Ground.” (5) Assertive Counterterrorism. Related Articles Quinn, Adam. 2007. “The Great Illusion: Chimeras of Isolationism and Realism in Post-Iraq U.S. Foreign Policy.” Politics & Policy 35 (3): 522–547. Haar, Roberta. 2010. “Explaining George W. Bush's Adoption of the Neoconservative Agenda after 9/11.” Politics & Policy 38 (5): 965–990. Farnsworth, Stephen, and S. Robert Lichter. 2013. “An Extended Honeymoon? Coverage of Barack Obama in the New York Times during 2009 and 2010.” Politics & Policy 41 (3): 447–463. Related Media “The Obama Doctrine: American Grand Strategy Today.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4DJalBPNgc “Inside the Mind of a President.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OM8qoXoQhL4 “The New Internationalism: The Case for Restraint – Barry Posen” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGfvVc3UJUo
Introduction: The Etiopathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis – An Integrated Overview

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogeneous chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology. It has global distribution and, like other connective diseases, a strong female predominance. The onset of SSc shows age-dependence and modest familial clustering, but no compelling geographic or temporal clustering. Multiple genes are implicated in SSc susceptibility, and the genetic architecture, dominated by the HLA locus, shows considerable overlap with other autoimmune diseases. The variable disease course, its high burden of mortality and morbidity, and lack of effective therapies make SSc a top research priority in the field of rheumatic diseases. A bird’s-eye view of SSc suggests the following paradigm for disease pathogenesis, supported by current data in the chapters that follow: initial injury in an individual with a permissive genetic background triggers complex and sustained interactions among immune and vascular cells in a variety of tissues. Oxidative stress ensues, and a range of soluble and matrix-associated signals are generated that trigger and maintain mesenchymal cell activation and survival, leading to matrix accumulation and culminating in progressive multi-organ fibrosis.
Infant and Child Development, Theories of

Infants, children, and indeed individuals across their life spans, develop. These changes are interdependent with temporal variations in their families, communities, societies, cultures, and physical ecologies.Development may be conceptualized, then, as involving a developmental system.: The dynamic interaction of variables within and across levels constitutes the key process of development as involving changing relations between developing children and their ecology.The theoretical focus on the process involved in the changing relations between children and their contexts is the predominant conceptual frame for research in the study of human development. However, this current emphasis on theories of the developmental system stands in contrast to the focuses of theories that were predominant in developmental psychology in earlier periods.Accordingly, after discussing past theoretical models of development during infancy and childhood, this article focuses on a presentation and evaluation of contemporary theoretical ideas stressing that the dynamics of individual-contest relations provide the bases of infant and child behavior and developmental change.
Review of computational studies on boiling and condensation

Abstract Developments in many modern applications are encountering rapid escalation in heat dissipation, coupled with a need to decrease the size of thermal management hardware. These developments have spurred unprecedented interest in replacing single-phase hardware with boiling and condensation counterparts. While computational methods have shown tremendous success in modeling single-phase systems, their effectiveness with phase change systems is limited mostly to simple configurations. But, given the complexity of phase change phenomena important to many modern applications, there is an urgent need to greatly enhance the capability of computational tools to tackle such phenomena. This article will review the large pool of published papers on computational simulation of boiling and condensation. In the first part of the article, popular two-phase computational schemes will be discussed and contrasted, which will be followed by discussion of the different methods adopted for implementation of interfacial mass, momentum and energy transfer across the liquid-vapor interface. This article will then review papers addressing computational modeling of bubble nucleation, growth and departure, film boiling, flow boiling, and flow condensation, as well as discuss validation of predictions against experimental data. This review will be concluded with identification of future research needs to improve predictive computational capabilities, as well as crucial phase change phenomena found in modern thermal devices and systems that demand extensive computational modeling.
Proportional Mens Rea and the Future of Criminal Code Reform

This Article argues that the principle of proportional mens rea — roughly, the idea that more blameworthy states of mind should be punished more severely, while less blameworthy states of mind should be punished more leniently — is central to the administration of justice, yet has largely been ignored by American criminal justice policies. I contend that this oversight provides a key justification and source of guidance for future criminal code reform efforts, while explaining how a criminal code reform agenda premised on the principle of proportional mens rea might be realized as a matter of course. The Article is comprised of three parts. Part I sets forth the theory of proportional mens rea and criminal legislation animating this Article. Part II highlights the extent to which American criminal codes, as well as American sentencing policies more generally, fail to live up to this normative benchmark. Part III then concludes with a discussion of the two main models of criminal code reform, what I respectively refer to as the thick model and the thin model, through which efforts to better align criminal codes with the principle of proportional mens rea might proceed.
A fatal review: Exploring how children’s deaths are reported in the United States

Abstract Child death reports are the leading data source used to orchestrate child fatality prevention policy. Therefore, the way in which child death is reported is crucial to how we sustain life. We sought to assess the systematic ways in which death is reported for children. Based on a qualitative analysis of medico-legal investigation reports collected from a medical examiner’s office and a coroner’s office, we examined several indicators of data completeness, quality, site organizational structure, and consistency. We found stark differences between the two sites, as well as issues regarding death diagnosis certainty, and a general lack in consistency in the reports’ content, as well as procedures performed post-mortem. We conclude that there are some flaws in our death reporting system for child populations, which have the potential to hinder reliability and accuracy of these death reports, as well as thwart their overall usefulness in prevention policies.
Are higher blood flow restriction pressures more beneficial when lower loads are used

The application of blood flow restriction during low-load resistance exercise has been shown to induce muscle growth with high or low restriction pressures, however, loads lower than 20% one-repetition maximum (1RM) remain unexplored. Fourteen trained individuals completed six elbow flexion protocols involving three different loads (10%, 15%, and 20% 1RM) each of which was performed with either a low (40% arterial occlusion) or high (80% arterial occlusion) pressure. Pre- and post-measurements of surface electromyography (sEMG), isometric torque, and muscle thickness were analyzed. An interaction was present for torque (p < 0.001) and muscle thickness (p < 0.001) illustrating that all increases in pressure and/or load resulted in a greater fatigue and muscle thickness. There was no interaction for sEMG (p = 0.832); however, there were main effects of condition (p = 0.002) and time (p = 0.019) illustrating greater sEMG in the 20% 1RM conditions. Higher blood flow restriction pressures may be more beneficia...
Color Duplex Ultrasound for Diagnosis of Peripheral Artery Aneurysms (Lower and Upper Extremity)

Duplex ultrasound is uniquely suited for the diagnosis of peripheral artery aneurysms of both the lower and upper extremities. The relatively superficial position of peripheral arteries allows superior imaging by duplex ultrasound. It is readily available, noninvasive, cost-effective, and accurate. This imaging can identify the anatomy of inflow and outflow arteries, the diameter of the aneurysms and adjacent vessels, and the presence or absence of intraluminal thrombus. In addition, the Doppler component can be extremely useful for identifying areas of stenosis, occlusion, associated arteriovenous connections, and associated venous thrombosis or compression. Furthermore, duplex ultrasound can differentiate true aneurysms from pseudoaneurysms or from normal vessels with overlying hematoma. Color duplex can also be used for treatment of peripheral artery pseudoaneurysms.
Duodenal ulcer was healed solely by eradication of Helicobacter pylori

Source Citation Hosking SW, Ling TK, Chung SC, et al. Duodenal ulcer healing by eradication of Helicobacter pylori without anti-acid treatment: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1994 Feb 26;343:...
High performance dental resin composites with hydrolytically stable monomers.

Abstract Objective The objectives of this project were to: 1) develop strong and durable dental resin composites by employing new monomers that are hydrolytically stable, and 2) demonstrate that resin composites based on these monomers perform superiorly to the traditional bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA) composites under testing conditions relevant to clinical applications. Methods New resins comprising hydrolytically stable, ether-based monomer, i.e., triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether (TEG-DVBE), and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) were produced via composition-controlled photo-polymerization. Their composites contained 67.5 wt% of micro and 7.5 wt% of nano-sized filler. The performances of both copolymers and composites were evaluated by a battery of clinically-relevant assessments: degree of vinyl conversion (DC: FTIR and NIR spectroscopy); refractive index ( n : optical microscopy); elastic modulus ( E ), flexural strength ( F ) and fracture toughness ( K IC ) (universal mechanical testing); Knoop hardness ( HK ; indentation); water sorption ( W sp ) and solubility ( W su ) (gravimetry); polymerization shrinkage ( S v ; mercury dilatometry) and polymerization stress (tensometer). The experimental UDMA/TEG-DVBE composites were compared with the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA composites containing the identical filler contents, and with the commercial micro hybrid flowable composite. Results UDMA/TEG-DBVE composites exhibited n , E , W sp , W su and S v equivalent to the controls. They outperformed the controls with respect to F (up to 26.8% increase), K IC (up to 27.7% increase), modulus recovery upon water sorption (full recovery vs. 91.9% recovery), and stress formation (up to 52.7% reduction). In addition, new composites showed up to 27.7% increase in attainable DC compared to the traditional composites. Bis-GMA/TEGDMA controls exceeded the experimental composites with respect to only one property, the composite hardness. Significantly, up to 18.1% lower HK values in the experimental series (0.458 GPa) were still above the clinically required threshold of approx. 0.4 GPa. Significance Hydrolytic stability, composition-controlled polymerization and the overall enhancement in clinically-relevant properties of the new resin composites make them viable candidates to replace traditional resin composites as a new generation of strong and durable dental restoratives.
Metal pollution investigation of Goldman Park, Middletown Ohio: Evidence for steel and coal pollution in a high child use setting

A geochemical investigation of both ballfield sediment and street sediment in a park adjacent to a major steel manufacturing site in Middletown, Ohio revealed Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn exceeded background levels, but in heterogeneous ways and in varying levels of health concern. Pb, Sn, and Zn had geoaccumulation values>2 (moderate to heavy pollutants) in street sediment samples. Cr had a geoaccumulation value>1, while Ni, W, Fe and Mn had geoaccumulation values between 1 and 0 in street sediment. Street sediment contamination factors for respective elements are Zn (10.41), Sn (5.45), Pb (4.70), Sb (3.45), Cr (3.19), W (2.59), and Mn (2.43). The notable elements with the highest factors for ball fields are Zn (1.72), Pb (1.36), Cr (0.99), V (0.95), and Mn (1.00). High correlation coefficients of known constituents of steel, such as Fe and Mo, Ni and Cr, W and Co, W and V, as well as particulate steel and coal spherule fragments found by SEM suggest probable sourcing of some of the metals from the AK Steel facility directly adjacent to the park. However, overall extensive heterogeneity of metal pollutants in the area points to the difficulties in sourcing pollutant metals, with many outside sources likely contributing as well. This study demonstrates that different sediment media can be impacted by significantly different metal pollutants even when in very close proximity to a single source and points to unrecognized complexity in urban pollution processes in the region. This study pertains to large-scale regional importance, as Middletown, Ohio is indicative of a typical post-industrial Midwestern U.S. city where limited investigation has been conducted regarding urban pollution and sourcing of materials.
Ab Initio Study Predicts That Enigmatic Isonitrosyl Fluoride Should Be Stable at Low Temperatures yet Unnoticeable Due to Its Photoreactivity

Isonitrosyl fluoride F–ON remains an undetected molecule despite multiple attempts to generate it and successful identification of other isonitrosyl halides (X–ONs) via phototransformations of corresponding X-NOs. We investigated this problem using ab initio methods and found no evidence of instability of F–ON at low temperatures of 8–10 K. Instead, experimental observation of F–ON is likely challenged by the (1) different nature of photoexcitation of F-NO and its quantum yield being lower than those of other X-NOs and (2) the presence of a bright charge-transfer transition in the F–ON spectrum that likely overlaps with the weak band of F-NO used for photoexcitation. Formation of F–ON via symmetry-prohibited photoexcitation of F-NO is followed by its immediate photodecomposition to the charge-transfer excited state and its conversion to F-NO upon de-excitation. Thus, F–ON should be readily observable using non-photochemistry methods such as microwave spectroscopy.
A study on spherical particles in Al65Cu20Fe15 alloy prepared by arc melting

Abstract Al-Cu-Fe alloys are important due to reports that stable icosahedral quasicrystalline phase with composition in the vicinity of Al65Cu20Fe15 can be prepared. However, it has been widely reported that the as-prepared alloy, very often by arc-melting, is porous, consisting of particles with different morphologies. Among these, one type of particles of a spherical shape is considered as pure cubic β phase in previous reports. In this research, this spherical particle was studied using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Electron Diffraction. It was found that the particles are not single phase, consisting of icosahedral quasicrystalline grains embedded inside single crystal matrix of τ phase. Additionally, there are places where the τ phase appears to have out-most layer enriched in Cu. The surface of the particles is faceted and the facets can be classified to three types according to their detailed structures. A close examination and analysis led to the conclusion that these three types are parallel to the atomic planes of {1 1 0}, {1 1 1}, and {1 0 0}, respectively. A model for the spherical particle formation is suggested and the reasons for the formation of facets are discussed. This report is valuable in clarifying some discrepancies in previous reports, and in understanding the phase development in an Al-Cu-Fe alloy system.
A Brief History of Investment Companies

This chapter provides an overview of the historical evolution of investment companies which date to Europe in the late 1700s. Investment trusts became popular as an investment vehicle in Great Britain during the late 1800s. Subsequently, closed-end funds blossomed in the United States during the 1920s, at which time the first open-end fund appeared. The first hedge fund and exchange-traded fund (ETF) were formed in the late 1940s and 1993, respectively.
Do Patterns of Reconstruction Choices After Mohs Surgery Vary by Specialty? A Pilot Study of Mohs Surgeons and Facial Plastic Surgeons.

Background Differences in approach to repair a specified defect after Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) between specialties have not been previously examined. Objective To assess the difference in frequency of which reconstruction repairs are selected after MMS, among Mohs surgeons and facial plastic surgeons (FPS), and evaluate whether the level of satisfaction with the final repair outcome differed between specialties. Materials and methods The study was approved by the Saint Louis University Institutional Review Board. A link to the survey was distributed to members of American College of Mohs Surgery (ACMS) and American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS), between January and May 2016. Results The reconstructive procedure selected most often ("top choice") was not significantly different between Mohs surgeons and FPS for the majority of the images. There was no material difference in how dermatologists and FPS rate the aesthetic outcome of the 3 presented closure types, with the exception of one closure type-nose with graft. Conclusion Mohs surgeons were found to more likely cluster around a single preference for their reconstruction technique compared with FPS, in which a higher percentage of surgeons also selected other options.
Abstract 363: Role of the SAGA histone acetylation module in lung cancer

Lung cancer causes the highest mortality in cancer-related deaths. Definition of novel molecular targets is needed since these cancers often become resistant to existing therapies. Epigenetic modifications may provide such targets. Recent reports suggest that the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module within the transcriptional coactivator SAGA complex plays a role in cancer, creating a new link between epigenetic regulators and this disease. We are working to define the role of the SAGA HAT protein GCN5 in the regulation and function of oncogenes in lung cancers. Since our prior work indicates that GCN5 serves as a coactivator for MYC target genes, we hypothesize that inhibition of GCN5 will reduce lung oncogenesis by suppressing MYC functions. We also propose that inhibition of GCN5 will reduce lung cancer formation and progression in mouse models of lung cancer. Our preliminary data indicate that both GCN5 and MYC expression levels are upregulated and positively associated in mouse and human lung cancers. Both proteins are also associated with MYC target genes in lung cancer tissues. Inhibition of the GCN5 active site or bromodomain significantly (p Citation Format: Lisa Maria Mustachio, Jason Roszik, Sharon YR Dent. Role of the SAGA histone acetylation module in lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 363.
Diligence, Secrecy, and Intrigue: Guido Cavalcanti and the 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

ABSTRACTThe traditional description of the 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis that marked the end of the Italian Wars is that it was the logical culmination of a generation’s worth of warfare. However, this interpretation dismisses the fact that most contemporaries feared that the 1558–1559 negotiations could produce no peace more permanent than other recent treaties between the Spanish Hapsburgs and French Valois, and that the actual process of negotiation happened along several parallel channels. In particular, the new English government under Queen Elizabeth I used the negotiations, and the services of an unofficial diplomatic agent, to explore the possible terms of peace and to begin establishing relations with both France and Spain.
Changes in Rental Housing Discrimination Since 1989

This study examines the incidence and causes of housing discrimination in qualitative treatment by rental agents, using national audit data sets from the 2000 Housing Discrimination Study (HDS 2000) and the 1989 Housing Discrimination Study (HDS 1989). Using the fixed-effects logit method described by Chamberlain (1980), we control for unobservable factors shared by audit teammates and conduct hypothesis tests for the incidence and causes of discrimination. We find evidence that discrimination is present in HDS 2000 and is caused by both the prejudice of agents and their response to the prejudice of White clients. We also explore changes in discrimination since 1989 and changes in the causes of discrimination since 1989.As did previous studies of HDS 1989 and HDS 2000, we find that rental housing discrimination against Blacks still exists but also that it declined significantly between 1989 and 2000. These studies indicate that, since 1989, discrimination against Hispanics has not declined as much or as consistently as has discrimination against Blacks. Our new analysis yields several hints about changes in the causes of discrimination between 1989 and 2000. We find a significant increase in discrimination against Blacks by large rental housing agencies and by Hispanic rental agents. We also find significant decreases in discrimination against Hispanics by female agents and that Hispanic renters with children face less discrimination in 2000 than they did in 1989.
Longitudinal methods in regional science: a review

This paper provides a review of regional science research employing longitudinal models. Three groups of applications are distinguished. The first group includes studies modeling variations in distance rather than duration. The second group includes studies that focus on spatial behavior in an event history setting. The last group is still in its infancy and casts regional change in a longitudinal perspective. We recommend that methodological advances should focus on designing space–time models that synthesize longitudinal with spatial econometric techniques.
Crowd-Flow Graph Construction and Identification with Spatio-Temporal Signal Feature Fusion

To realize an efficient and flexible urban crowd-flow identification, we propose a new scheme called CFid by fusing fine-grained spatio-temporal smartphone signal features. Considering the abundance of ambient WiFi and geomagnetism, we design and validate several of their fine-grained features and similarity metrics to determine if two individuals belong to the same crowd-flow. We formalize a graph stream clustering problem, where co-flow user pairs are opportunistically identified and fed as a dynamic sequence of edges connecting each other. Given such a flexible form, a fast and accurate algorithm processes the edges and identifies the crowd-flows for further upper-level applications, including urban-flow monitoring and shopping-advertisement/recommendation. Using extensive data-driven analytics and 8-month experimental studies upon 50 users (over 2,500 walking traces at 7 different urban sites), we have validated the accuracy (usually >95%), efficiency (only <5% extra energy-footprint on average than normal usage on mobiles) and flexibility of CFid in identifying large-scale crowd-flows.
A Biologically Motivated Classifier that Preserves Implicit Relationship Information in Layered Networks

A fundamental problem with layered neural networks is the loss of information about the relationships among features in the input space and relationships inferred by higher order classifiers. Information about these relationships is required to solve problems such as discrimination of simultaneously presented objects and discrimination of feature components. We propose a biologically motivated model for a classifier that preserves this information. When composed into classification networks, we show that the classifier propagates and aggregates information about feature relationships. We discuss how the model should be capable of segregating this information for the purpose of object discrimination and aggregating multiple feature components for the purpose of feature component discrimination.
Maintenance ECT is associated with sustained improvement in depression symptoms without adverse cognitive effects in a retrospective cohort of 100 patients each receiving 50 or more ECT treatments.

Abstract Background : Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective acute treatment for depression, but relapse is common following discontinuation. One strategy for prolonging remission is the use of maintenance ECT, but the clinical evidence supporting its efficacy and safety are limited. We examined the effects of maintenance ECT on depression and cognition. Methods : Participants were from a retrospective cohort of 100 patients receiving ECT at a freestanding psychiatric hospital and who received at least 50 treatments during a single treatment series. QIDS, BASIS-24, and MoCA were assessed at baseline and every 10 treatments thereafter during the clinical course. Results : ECT was associated with a rapid decrease in depression symptoms and overall self-reported mental health status within the first 10 treatments, which was sustained throughout a median of 22.1 months of follow-up. There was no change in cognitive functioning as measured by the MoCA. Bilateral and brief pulse treatment parameters were more common by treatment 50 than at the first treatment. Most participants either continued in ECT at the end of the study period or discontinued due to sustained remission. Limitations : retrospective observational study without control group who did not receive ECT. Conclusions : In this ECT cohort with at least 50 treatments, improvement in depression was sustained on QIDS and BASIS-24 and adverse cognitive effects were not detected by serial MoCAs, supporting the utility of maintenance ECT in this cohort.
Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children With Down Syndrome and Williams Syndrome

Research suggests that people with a Williams syndrome (WS) or Down syndrome (DS) diagnosis display an increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when compared to the general population. This study aimed to examine characteristics of ASD in a group of children with DS or WS. Results suggest that children with DS and WS exhibit higher levels of autism symptoms than the general population, particularly in the area of unusual behaviors, and that these elevations are not solely due to deficits in adaptive behavior. There are many possible explanations for these elevations, such as issues with measurement, etiological overlap, or similar behavioral phenotypes. More research is needed to further our understanding of the overlap of ASD symptoms in these populations.
An update on cancer-related fatigue in older adults: A narrative review.

Abstract Up to 70% of older adults report fatigue after a cancer diagnosis. For many of these patients, cancer-related fatigue (CRF) persists for years after cancer treatment and is associated with significant disability. Despite this, little has been written on the diagnosis and management of CRF in older adults. To address this gap, we performed a narrative review of the literature on CRF in older adults and used literature from the general population when evidence was lacking to provide guidance to clinical providers on how to tailor care to this population. We recommend evidence-based options for evaluating CRF and address their limitations in the assessment of older adults. We also provide guidance and a treatment algorithm on evaluating CRF using the Comprehensive Geriatrics Assessment. Lastly, we present evidence for the use of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in the management of CRF in older adults.
Temporomandibular Joint Biomechanics

Summary After more than 75 years of study, general understanding of TMJ biomechanics is good. The notion of compression-free joints has been discredited, and the principles that influence the magnitude of joint forces are well understood: • For a given bite position, joint force increases with increasing bite force. • For a given bite force magnitude, joint force increases as bite position moves posteriorly. • During unilateral bites, balancing side joint force is higher than working side joint force. Because the forces in each joint may differ, and because so many of the factors that contribute to joint forces are not easily measured, the magnitudes of TMJ forces have not been established. Without this important information, design of optimal total joint prostheses continues to rely on trial and error.
Europe at Bay: In The Shadow of US Hegemony

The Crisis of European Union. Transatlantic Dimensions. The Failed Take-off of a "New Economy." The Limits of Euro-Legitimacy. In the Shadow of US Hegemony. Conclusion.
The Shifting Prominence of Emotions in the Moral Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas

In this article, I claim that emotions, as we understand the term today, have a more prominent role in the moral life described by Thomas Aquinas than has been traditionally thought. First, clarity is needed about what exactly the emotions are in Aquinas. Second, clarity is needed about true virtue: specifically, about the relationship of acquired virtue to infused, supernatural virtues. Given a fuller understanding of both these things, I claim that emotions are not only auxiliary to the life of flourishing, specifically with regard to moral motivation and morally relevant knowledge. In fact, at the highest stage of moral development, emotions have a more prominent role than at lower stages. Pointing this out helps us to resist over-intellectualizing interpretations of Aquinas’s moral philosophy.
Sunday Streets SF: An Economic Impact Assessment

Ciclovias, known in the U.S. as Open Streets initiatives, close streets to vehicles to increase open space and recreational opportunities for local communities. In San Francisco, the ciclovia “Sunday Streets” began in 2008 to promote bicycling among residents in neighborhoods underserved for recreational resources and experiencing high disease burden. Initial studies found direct health impacts. In addition, open streets create opportunities for greater economic activity with potential spillover impacts on the health of the urban community. This aspect has been less explored and is the focus of this paper. Direct impacts on the economy of the host community were estimated from data collected using a survey inquiring about revenue, customer activity, and employment. Multiplier effects were then calculated to estimate returns to dollars spent. In most cases there was an increase in economic activity during Sunday Streets including increased revenue, income and employment that demonstrate positive unintended spillovers.
A New Electromagnetic Instrument for Thickness Gauging of Conductive Materials

An instrument, which uses a new electromagnetic NDE sensor, for thickness gauging of nonferromagnetic conductive materials was recently developed. The design, operational and performance characteristics of the instrument along with a detailed analysis of the thickness gauging algorithm used in the device will be discussed. The instrument is a portable hand-held unit which makes single point measurements of the thickness of a sample. The probe is first calibrated on known thicknesses by sweeping through a predetermined frequency range. After calibration the sensor can then make single or continuous thickness measurement over the range of calibration. To obtain better resolution the calibration range can be reduced. The device has been used to measure the thickness of samples ranging from 0.25mm (0.01") to 3mm (0.12") to within a tolerance of 0.013mm (0.0005"). In addition, the sensor is fairly insensitive to lift-off. Thus, measurements made on samples with up to 0.3mm (0.012") of a nonconductive coating, such as paint, on the surface were within 4% of the actual thickness.
Risk, Regulation, and Organizational Structure

Hedge fund investors are exposed to significant risk. There are portfolio-level risks at each hedge fund. In addition, investors are exposed to hedge fund investment–level risks, which include business risks, people risks, investment strategy risks, and systemic risks. This chapter focuses on five incremental risks that are more pronounced in hedge funds than in many other investment funds. These incremental risks relate to leverage, regulation, short selling, transparency, and risk tolerance. Additionally, this chapter examines the hedge fund industry from a regulatory, as well as an organizational, perspective.
Innate host barriers to viral trafficking and population diversity: lessons learned from poliovirus.

Abstract Poliovirus is an error-prone enteric virus spread by the fecal–oral route and rarely invades the central nervous system (CNS). However, in the rare instances when poliovirus invades the CNS, the resulting damage to motor neurons is striking and often permanent. In the prevaccine era, it is likely that most individuals within an epidemic community were infected; however, only 0.5% of infected individuals developed paralytic poliomyelitis. Paralytic poliomyelitis terrified the public and initiated a huge research effort, which was rewarded with two outstanding vaccines. During research to develop the vaccines, many questions were asked: Why did certain people develop paralysis? How does the virus move from the gut to the CNS? What limits viral trafficking to the CNS in the vast majority of infected individuals? Despite over 100 years of poliovirus research, many of these questions remain unanswered. The goal of this chapter is to review our knowledge of how poliovirus moves within and between hosts, how host barriers limit viral movement, how viral population dynamics impact viral fitness and virulence, and to offer hypotheses to explain the rare incidence of paralytic poliovirus disease.
Developmental Changes in Genetic Influences on Alcohol Use and Dependence

— Understanding how genetic influences affect alcohol use and dependence necessitates a developmental perspective. The importance of genetic influences on alcohol use and dependence varies dramatically across development, with environmental influences playing the predominant role early in adolescence and genetic influences assuming increasing importance across adolescence and into young adulthood. In addition, converging lines of evidence suggest that the genetic predisposition to adult alcohol dependence shows heterotypic continuity and is related to conduct problems much earlier in development. It is clear that the genetic susceptibility for alcohol use and dependence unfolds through a complex series of interactions with the environment, with evidence that genetic predispositions influence the selection of environments, such as deviant peers, which further elevate risk for alcohol problems, and that the environment can mitigate or augment the expression of genetic predispositions related to substance use. As genes influencing alcohol dependence are increasingly identified, exciting opportunities exist to integrate these findings with the rich developmental literature in order to map pathways of risk associated with identified genes and their interactions with the environment across development.
Human Growth Hormone Abuse in Male Weightlifters

In a study of performance-enhancing substance use among 231 experienced young male weightlifters, we found that 27 (12%) reported illicit use of human growth hormone (HGH) or its bioactive derivative, insulin-like growth factor-1. All of these 27 men also reported use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and 22 (81%) met criteria for current or past AAS dependence. Fifteen (56%) also reported current or past dependence on opioids, cocaine, and/or ecstasy. These findings suggest that among young male weightlifters, illicit HGH use has become a common form of substance abuse, frequently associated with both AAS dependence and classical substance dependence.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AMONG EMPLOYEES, MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION STYLE, AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION: REPLICATION AND EXTENSION

Portions of three previous studies relating individual differences in employee satisfaction and one study relating Management Communication Style (MCS) to employee satisfaction were replicated across four organizational contexts. Major findings were supportive of the generalizability of the results observed in the previous studies. The interface of superior-subordinate relations and their impact on employee satisfaction were examined through perceptions of employees with regard to the MCS of upper management and the task behaviors (supervision and administration) of their immediate superiors. Results were supportive of the MCS conceptualization and indicated that MCS of immediate superior and MCS of upper management had their primary impact on different dimensions of employee satisfaction. Perceptions of superiors' task behaviors were found to have different impact on employees satisfaction for different organizational contexts. Variability in employee satisfaction predictable from individual employee differences and that predictable from superior-subordinate interface were found to have little overlap. It is recommended that both the individual differences (trait) and superior-subordinate interface (situational) approaches to the study of communication in organizational contexts be continued since the two generate independent predictions of unique variance.