cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of antidepressants by liquid chromatography: a review of current methodology.

Antidepressant measurement by liquid chromatography (LC) has enhanced the therapy of patients who are being treated with some of the first generation tricyclic antidepressants; the merits of routinely monitoring the other antidepressants await further study. Currently, the role of LC is changing from dominant to complementary as a result of the recent availability of monoclonal antibody immunoassays with increased specificity. For successful application of LC, considerations would include designing the sampling protocol and matching assay that together are uniquely suitable for a particular laboratory. The assay should be simple, the sample preparation manual (liquid-liquid, solid-phase extraction columns), semi-automated, or automated. Normal- or reversed-phase columns with functionalities such as C-18, CN, C-8, and phenyl are used. Other useful LC variables include particle size, capping, ion-pairing, and recycling. This survey of LC methods includes the first and second generations, and new antidepressants such as alprazolam, amoxapine, bupropion, maprotiline, trazodone, and selected metabolites. Potential chromatographic interference by (e.g.) benzodiazepines and neuroleptics is addressed, followed by proposed guidelines for their resolution. Future developments are discussed.
Purification of kinases by general ligand affinity chromatography.

Abstract The purification of kinases using four adenine nucleotide columns, 8-azo-ADP-, 8-azoATP-, 8-(6-aminohexylamino)-ATP-, and 3-(aminopyridine)-AD+-Sepharoses, is discussed. Crude extracts were adsorbed at pH 6 and low ionic strength, and the enzymes were eluted with an appropriate ATP gradient. The following enzymes were purified: adenylate kinases and creatine kinases from rabbit muscle, human heart and brain, and chicken heart and muscle; pyruvate kinase, aldolase, and 6-phosphofructokinase from rabbit muscle; adenylate kinases from beef heart mitochondria and fish muscle; hexokinases from rabbit muscle mitochondria and yeast; and pyruvate kinase from rat liver. The main purification was effected in all cases by affinity chromatography. Isoelectric focusing was especially useful as an additional step. A facile method for the synthesis of 8-(6-aminohexylamino)-ATP is also presented.
Estimating statistics for detecting determinism using global dynamical models

Abstract Classification of time series using a dynamical system ansatz is potentially powerful, however assessing performance for noisy experimental data is problematic. Here, we develop a rigorous statistical framework for calculating classification probabilities using global dynamical models, and analytically derive some asymptotic properties. We illustrate the method numerically by attempting to detect “determinism” in a noisy data set.
The long way home: an American journey from Ellis Island to the Great War

As a nation of immigrants, the USA's intertwining historical narratives are enthralling – never more so than in 1917 when the nation entered the Great War. Over four million American soldiers were ...
Sessile Droplet Templating of Miniature Porous Hemispheres from Colloid Crystals

A technique for fabrication of porous hemispherical particle assemblies by drying small droplets on silanized surfaces is presented. The resulting uniform, flat-end porous microidenters are being used in biological research.
Do longer oars row farther

Two recent papers either question (Tanaka et al. [2002]) or support (Purcell et al. [2002]) the lever arm mechanism of myosin.
Chemical Relaxation of Surface Reactions

Abstract The study of the rate of self-adjustment of a homogeneous, chemically reacting system that has been perturbed from its thermostatic equilibrium has received much attention recently, and has been very fruitful in unraveling the details of the molecular encounters underlying chemical changes. Of singular interest has been the study
Stimulation of 'irritant' receptors and afferent C-fibres in the lungs by prostaglandins.

THE lungs are among the many organs that generate, release and destroy prostaglandins (PGs)1. It has been suggested that PCs act as ‘local hormones’2, so that prostaglandins E1 and E2, which relax the smooth muscle of bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels in many species, and F2α, which contracts it, may be implicated in normal regulation of airway and pulmonary vascular calibre3. PGF2α has been proposed as a causal factor in asthma4. The bronchoconstrictor effect of PGF2α is reduced by atropine, hence a reflex component may be involved5. Cough and airway irritation have been reported in clinical trials of PGE1 and PGE2 as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma6,7. Thus PGs may stimulate afferent nerve endings in the lungs, and there has been speculation as to which endings are involved. We have recorded impulse activity from rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch (’irritant‘) receptors8,9 and afferent C-fibre endings10,11 in the lungs of anaesthetised dogs. When PGF2α was injected into the right atrium, lung ‘irritant’ receptors were strongly stimulated. Injection of PGEs, by contrast, caused marked and prolonged stimulation of lung C-fibres.
Minimal ratio spanning trees

Given an undirected graph G: (N;E) with a node set N and an edge set E and numbers Ce and De, e ϵ E, we provide a polynominally bounded algorithm to solve the problem: Find a spanning tree T such that the ratio is minimized. An extension to finding bases in matroids that minimize such ratio functions is immediate. It is shown that an algorithm that is “greedy,” in the sense of Edmonds [2], will not work for this problem.
The thermal decomposition of azomethane on Pt(111)

Abstract The thermal decomposition of azomethane, CH 3 N=NCH 3 , and methylamine, CH 3 NH 2 ,on Pt(111) has been investigated by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). Using the surface dipole selection rule of RAIRS and comparing with the IR and Raman spectra of solid trans -and cis -azomethane, we find that trans -azomethane converts to cis -azomethane upon adsorbing onto the Pt(111) surface at 84 K. Additionally, we propose that the cis -azomethane tautomerizes to formaldehyde methylhydrazone, CH 3 NHN=CH 2 , which subsequently undergoes N-N bond cleavage between 200 and 275 K. Above 300 K aminomethylidyne, CNH 2 , is formed. Aminomethylidyne is also formed on the methylamine dosed surface. Cyanogen, C 2 N 2 (g), formed from the combination of CN ads was also observed by TPRS as a minor reaction product. A comparison of the IR spectra of azomethane and methylamine dosed surfaces indicates the formation of chemisorbed methylamine as one intermediate in the decomposition of azomethane.
Analysis of the yeast genome: Identification of new non-coding and small ORF-containing RNAs

The genome sequences from increasing numbers of organisms allow for rapid and organized examination of gene expression. Yet current computational-based paradigms for gene recognition are limited and likely to miss genes expressing non-coding RNAs or mRNAs with small open reading frames (ORFs). We have utilized two strategies to determine if there are additional transcripts in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that were not identified in previous analyses of the genome. In one approach, we identified strong consensus polymerase III promoters based on sequence, and determined experimentally if these promoters drive the expression of an RNA polymerase III transcript. This approach led to the identification of a new, non-essential 170 nt non-coding RNA. An alternative strategy analyzed RNA expression from large sequence gaps>2 kb between predicted ORFs. Fifteen unique RNA transcripts ranging in size from 161 to 1200 nt were identified from a total of 59 sequence gaps. Several of these RNAs contain unusually small potential ORFs, while one is clearly non-coding and appears to be a small nucleolar RNA. These results suggest that there are likely to be additional previously unidentified non-coding RNAs in yeast, and that new paradigms for gene recognition will be required to identify all expressed genes from an organism.
Observations of secondary carbide precipitation and its relation to high-temperature flow and fracture in HT-9 stainless steel

The martensitic stainless steel HT-9 has been of interest to the advanced nuclear energy community for many years, primarily because of its low swelling properties in the fast neutron environment. We at Argonne have studied this ma-terial in connection with its role as fuel cladding in the integral fast reactor (IFR).[1,2] Very similar steels constitute the metal matrix in dispersion-strengthened alloys proposed for use in Japanese advanced reactor designs, and HT-9 itself is still considered as an option for use in fusion re-actor first wall structures. All of these applications require an understanding of the high-temperature mechanical be-havior of HT-9 over a wide range of loading conditions, including the effects of temperature, stress, and rate. In this
Optimizing Samples for Surveys of Public Libraries: Alternatives and Compromises.

A recent national survey polled the viewpoints of public library directors and local government officials concerning the value of public library services and outlook for local tax support of public libraries over the next five years. The survey had multiple objectives: (1) to compare subgroups of smaller and larger libraries on key survey variables; (2) to obtain estimates within the library subgroups with adequate statistical precision; and (3) to make survey estimates for the total public library population. To determine how to best satisfy these competing requirements, the 1993 Federal-State Cooperative System (FSCS) universe listing was used to model the effect on survey accuracy of alternative sample designs. A compromise was chosen for the survey to insure that the sampling error for each type of estimate would be held within tolerable bounds. FSCS library-universe data are then used to model and compare the efficiency of six alternative sample designs for a national survey of 1,000 public libraries.
Hydrogen atom transfer from iron(II)-tris[2,2'-bi(tetrahydropyrimidine)] to TEMPO: a negative enthalpy of activation predicted by the Marcus equation.

The transfer of a hydrogen atom from iron(II)−tris[2,2‘-bi(tetrahydropyrimidine)], [FeII(H2bip)3]2+, to the stable nitroxide, TEMPO, was studied by stopped-flow UV−vis spectrophotometry. The products are the deprotonated iron(III) complex [FeIII(H2bip)2(Hbip)]2+ and the hydroxylamine, TEMPO−H. This reaction can also be referred to as proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). The equilibrium constant for the reaction is close to 1; thus, the reaction can be driven in either direction. The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions at 298 K are k1 = 260 ± 30 M-1 s-1 and k-1 = 150 ± 20 M-1 s-1. Interestingly, the rate constant for the forward reaction decreases as reaction temperature is increased, implying a negative activation enthalpy: ΔH1⧧ = −2.7 ± 0.4 kcal mol-1, ΔS1⧧ = −57 ± 8 cal mol-1 K-1. Marcus theory predicts this unusual temperature dependence on the basis of independently measured self-exchange rate constants and equilibrium constants: ΔHcalcd⧧ = −3.5 ± 0.5 kcal mol-1, ΔScalcd⧧ = −42 ...
Explicit Causal Recursive Estimators for Continuous-Time Bivariate Markov Chains

A bivariate Markov chain comprises a pair of random processes which are jointly Markov. In this paper, both processes are assumed to be continuous-time with finite state space. One of the two processes is observable, while the other is an underlying process which affects the statistical properties of the observable process. Neither the observable, nor the underlying process , is required to be a Markov chain. Examples of bivariate Markov chains include the Markov modulated Markov process (MMMP), the Markov modulated Poisson process (MMPP), and the batch Markovian arrival process (BMAP). We develop explicit causal recursions for estimating the number of jumps from one state to another, and the total sojourn time in each state, of a general bivariate Markov chain. Explicit causal recursions of these statistics were previously developed for the MMMP and the MMPP using the transformation of measure approach. We argue that this approach cannot be extended to a general bivariate Markov chain. Instead, we modify the approach developed by Ryden for noncausal estimation of the same statistics of an MMPP, and use the state augmentation approach of Zeitouni and Dembo and a matrix recursion from Stiller and Radons, to derive the causal recursions. The new recursions do not require any numerical integration or sampling scheme of the continuous-time bivariate Markov chain.
The effect of workplace spirituality on team effectiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical model aimed at understanding the impact that workplace spirituality (WS) has on team effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach – A literature review uncovers aspects of the implications that WS has for organizations and how it is related to team effectiveness.Findings – A theoretical model aimed at understanding the effect of WS on team effectiveness is presented. It is proposed that workplace spirituality is an element of the organizational culture and that it has an important effect on team effectiveness. In this sense, trust, creativity and respect are hightlighted as being important attributes presented in those organizations in which WS is encouraged.Research limitations/implications – With regard to limitations, other attributes such as communication or cooperation could also be considered for inclusion about spirituality in the workplace. Also, the concept of national culture could introduce important and interesting implications.Origi...
A new synthesis of pentafluorosulfanylbenzene.

A new and convenient three-step synthesis of pentafluorosulfanylbenzene from 1,4-cyclohexadiene with an overall yield of >70% is reported along with a number of derivatization reactions.
The effect of sildenafil on human vascular function, platelet activation, and myocardial ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, on coronary and peripheral vascular function, platelet activation, and myocardial ischemia. BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide vasodilates and inhibits platelet activation by generating cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate, which is metabolized by phosphodiesterase type 5. METHODS: The effect of oral sildenafil on resting coronary vascular tone, endothelium-dependent and -independent function and platelet activation was measured in 24 patients. An additional 24 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemia during exercise, and 12 control subjects received either 100 mg of sildenafil, 10 mg of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) or placebo during exercise on three separate days in a randomized, double-blind manner. Flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery was measured, and CAD patients underwent treadmill exercise testing. RESULTS: Sildenafil (100 mg) vasodilated epicardial coronary arteries (+6.9 +/- 1.3%, p < 0.0001). Coronary epicardial and microvascular responses with acetylcholine and cold-pressor testing improved, with a greater enhancement in patients with CAD and endothelial dysfunction. Verapamil responses were unchanged. Both resting and adenosine diphosphate-stimulated platelet IIb/IIIa receptor activation was inhibited by sildenafil (p < 0.05). Brachial arteries dilated in response to sildenafil in controls. Peak flow-mediated dilation was similar, but the duration of hyperemia was prolonged after sildenafil administration (p < 0.001). Compared with placebo, ISDN improved myocardial ischemia during exercise (p < 0.05), whereas the effect of sildenafil was intermediate between the two. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil dilates epicardial coronary arteries, improves endothelial dysfunction and inhibits platelet activation in patients with CAD. It has an intermediate effect on myocardial ischemia compared with ISDN and placebo.
INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SAXITOXINS IN THE DINOFLAGELLATE GONYAULAX TAMARENSIS1

The potent neurotoxin saxitoxin, and possibly several of its derivatives, are localized in two types of sites within the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour. Immunocytochemical techniques using a polyclonal antibody and epifluorescence microscopy demonstrate toxin localization within the nucleus as well as on the periphery of small granules thought to be starch grains. In the nuclear region, the labelling occurred on or close to the permanently-condensed chromosomes as well as in an area within the two arms of the nucleus in the vicinity of the nucleous. No binding was observed in a closely-related, non-toxic dinoflagellate. Different binding affinities were observed between the nucleus and the grains at high and low antibody dilutions. This may relate to the polyclonal nature of the antiserum and to the presence of multiple toxins within the G. tamarensis isolate studied. Mechanistic interpretations of these labelling patterns remain speculative, especially the localization of the antigen at the outer edge of starch grains, but the distinct labelling in the nuclear region suggests that saxitoxin, with its two positively charged guanidinium groups, may bind to nucleic acids or nuclear proteins in a manner analogous to the polyamines and other cations. The labelling patterns reported here suggest that the saxitoxins may not simply be secondary metabolites but instead could be important compounds involved in the structure and function of the G. tamarensis genome.
Dynamic partitioning of the main memory using the working set concept

An algorithm to divide the main memory among N competing programs with different characteristics, running in a multiprogramming and virtual memory environment, is proposed. The algorithm is based on an optimal allocation policy, which is derived in this paper, using the concept of the working set. A brief description of the hardware implementation of the algorithm is also presented. It is shown that under this optimal allocation policy "the value of a page-frame" (the amount of reduction in the page fault rate if an additional page frame is allocated to that program) to each program is the same.
Conformal anomalies in a general background metric

Abstract By using the dimensional regularization procedure, we explicitly calculate the coefficients of conformal anomalies in a general background metric due to scalar, spin 1 2 fermion, gauge and gravitation fields.
Cyclic adenosine-3′: 5′-mono phosphate: Production and extracellular release from green and blue-green algae

Cellular and extracellular levels of cAMP were analyzed in the blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae, and Synechococcus leopoliensis and the green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Cosmarium botrytis, Pandorina morum, Scenedes-mus communis, and Pediastrum biradiatum. On the basis of chromatographic analyses, and several biochemical assays, each alga produced cAMP and released it into the medium. Cellular cAMP (92–394 pmol g−1) and extracellular cAMP (8–440 pmol liter−1) varied greatly among species.
A hybrid approach combining microCT and fluorescence tomography: imaging workflow and system of coordinate registration

A fluorescence imaging system was designed to interface with a microCT device. We focus on refining the workflow for meshing and the coordinate registration of the two systems. The former is performed by projection imaging in the microCT, reconstructing a volume, segmenting using image processing software, and meshing using the NIRFAST software. The coordinate registration is performed by exploiting the geometry of the fluorescence system. We determine the location of the geometrical center of a subject, which can be used to derive a translation between instruments. The co-registration is validated by imaging optical phantoms.
Increased Protein Oxidation in Human Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta in Comparison with Basal Ganglia and Prefrontal Cortex Measured with an Improved Dinitrophenylhydrazine Assay

The dopaminergic phenotype of neurons in human substantia nigra deteriorates during normal aging, and loss of these neurons is prominent in Parkinson's disease. These degenerative processes are hypothesized to involve oxidative stress. To compare oxidative stress in the nigra and related regions, we measured carbonyl modifications of soluble proteins in postmortem samples of substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex from neurologically normal subjects, using an improved 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine assay. The protein carbonyl content was found to be about twofold higher in substantia nigra pars compacta than in the other regions. To further analyze this oxidative damage, the distribution of carbonyl groups on soluble proteins was determined by western immunoblot analysis. This method revealed that carbonyl content of the major proteins in each region was linearly dependent on molecular weight. This distribution raises the possibility that protein carbonyl content is controlled by a size-dependent mechanism in vivo. Our results suggest that oxidative stress is elevated in human substantia nigra pars compacta in comparison with other regions and that oxidative damage is higher within the dopaminergic neurons. Elevated oxidative damage may contribute to the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in aging and in Parkinson's disease.
A cell type-specific silencer in the human choline acetyltransferase gene requiring two distinct and interactive E boxes.

Abstract We have previously reported that cholinergic neuron-specific expression of the human choline acetyltransferase gene is mediated by two co-operative silencers. We have now localized the proximal silencer to the region from nucleotide −2195 to −2409, which contains two distinct E boxes (CACCTG and CATGTG). Deletion or mutation of either of these E boxes results in a loss of silencer activity. There are specific nuclear proteins in adrenergic cells which bind to each of the two E boxes. However, nuclear proteins from cholinergic cells only bind the 5′ E box not the 3′ E box. It is this interaction which appears to be the cause of the inactivity of this silencer in these cells.
Sibling abuse: another component of domestic violence.

As the issue of domestic violence is explored, components of the problem emerge. Sibling abuse as one component of domesticviolence is described in this case study. The incidence, risk factors, and nursing care for sibling abuse are discussed. Nursing care for sibling abuse occurs in both the hospital and the community setting. The majority of care must occur in the community health setting because of shortened hospital stays. A review of the literature highlights a lack of research despite an indication of the potential magnitude of the problem. Further research in this area of domestic violence is needed.
Goal Programming Approach to Allocate Freight Analysis Framework Mode Flow Data

Several methods have been proposed to disaggregate Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) commodity flows to zonal structures of greater geographical detail. This disaggregation is usually performed on the basis of explanatory variables related to the supply and demand of goods. This paper studied a complementary procedure to determine the mode splits of disaggregated FAF flows. A goal programming approach was proposed to allocate FAF mode flow data on the basis of mode-related variables. The formulated goal programming problem minimized the deviation between the mode flow decision variables and target mode flow values, subject to given FAF mode flow information. The use of mode split models was proposed to define the problem's target values. In a sample application of the procedure, a method to estimate aggregate mode split models with FAF data was discussed. Mode split models could be used by transportation organizations that did not have access to freight mode choice models to define the goal programming pro...
Optimal book embeddings of the FFT, benes, and barrel shifter networks

This paper gives 3-page book embeddings of three important interconnection networks: the FFT network, the Benes rearrangeable permutation network, and the barrel shifter network. Since all three networks are eventually nonplanar, they require three pages and the present embeddings are optimal. Also, the embeddings have pages of comparable widths.
Preparation and Properties of an Alcohol-Precipitated Whey Protein Concentrate

Abstract Aqueous methanol, ethanol, n -propanol, and n -butanol were investigated for precipitating whey proteins from liquid and dried whey to prepare a whey protein concentrate. Ethanol was more satisfactory than the other alcohols; methanol and n -propanol whey protein concentrates were slightly less soluble in water and neutral buffer than ethanol whey protein concentrate, and n -butanol whey protein concentrate contained gross amounts of lactose and was practically insoluble in water. The 72% ethanol treatment precipitated 45 to 60% of the whey proteins and produced a whey protein concentrate with ∼ a fourfold protein enrichment on a solids basis compared to whey. Minimum coprecipitation of minerals and lactose with the protein concentrate was produced by treating calcium-free acid whey with 72% (w/w) ethanol at 0 to 5C. Ethanol extraction of freeze-dried whey was less satisfactory than liquid whey treatments because of substantial coextraction of proteins with the lactose and minerals. Fifty to 70% of the freeze-dried whey protein concentrate was resolubilized at pH 6.6, whereas it was totally soluble at pH 8 to 9. The protein concentrate, which exhibited normal zonal electrophoretic properties at pH 8.6, contained 2 to 3 times as much bovine serum albumin and proportionately less α-lactal-bumin than control whey proteins. Pre-treatments to remove calcium and other minerals from whey and use of≥72% (w/w) ethanol during preparation improved the solubility of the protein concentrates. Possible mechanisms for ethanol-induced whey protein denaturation and precipitation are presented.
Pacemaker activity of the medullary nucleus controlling electric organs in high-frequency gymnotid fish

1. An anatomical and physiological study has been made of the electric organ control nucleus in the weakly electric fish Eigenmania sp., supplemented by some observations on Sternarchus sp. 2. This nucleus, located in the medulla oblongata, consists of two kinds of cell: large cells with descending axons to motor cells in the spinal cord, and small cells with intranuclear axons terminating on each other and on the somata of the large cells. 3. Electric organ discharge is maintained in spino-medullary preparations (neuroaxis transected in mesencephalon) and rhythmic activity of the medullary nucleus cells is not abolished after high spinal cord transection. 4. Rhythmic intracellular activity of the same frequency as the electric organ discharge, was recorded from cells of the medullary nucleus. The form suggests that the activity is spontaneous and that these cells are pacemakers for the organ discharge. 5. Intracellular hyperpolarizing current produced an increase of spike amplitude of up to 60% with a corresponding decrease of frequency of only 6%. Depolarization had no effect. Similar effects were also obtained from a cell when intracellular stimulation was applied to another cell in the nucleus, indicating the existence of intercellular electrotonic bridges. Frequency changes imposed through a single cell provoked identical changes in organ discharge rates. 6. Anodal extracellular D. C. stimulation of the medullary nucleus reduced the frequency of organ discharge, while cathodal stimulation had the opposite but less pronounced effect. 7. Repetitive single shock stimulation of the medullary nucleus stopped the nucleus and organ discharge. Reappearance of organ discharge followed that of the nucleus by from 6 to 150 msec. At the moment of reappearance, the medullary cell discharge frequency was lower (up to 15%) than normal. 8. The functional characteristics of the medullary nucleus as a pacemaker have been discussed. It is concluded that our records are from the small cells only and that they are pacemaker cells. Evidence is presented that these are electrotonically interconnected, and therefore, polarization of a single cell has little effect on the discharge frequency of the whole nucleus (and electric organ), even though spike amplitudes of the single cell are greatly influenced.
Resonance Broadening of the Sodium D Lines

By direct measurement of the contours of the line wings, the resonance broadening of the sodium $D$ lines in absorption was determined for vapor pressures of sodium ranging from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ to 70 mm Hg with negligible amount of foreign gases. Over nearly the entire range, the half-intensity width varied linearly with the density of the absorbing atoms; i.e., $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\frac{1}{2}}}{N}=0.80\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ ${\mathrm{sec}.}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$\char22{}the constant being 1.6 times that predicted by theory but much less than the corresponding experimental results for potassium. Above 5 mm pressure, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ increased slightly faster than $N$; moreover, the contour for the absorption coefficient was more adequately represented by an inverse cube contour than by the inverse square. Somewhat in contradiction to theory, the relative width, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\frac{1}{2},8}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\frac{1}{2},l}}$ was 1.12. No definite evidence of van der Waals force was observed at the higher pressures; likewise no appreciable shifts or asymmetries. The natural width measured was consistent with previous results.
Intratypic serodifferentiation of polioviruses

Abstract The intratypic serodifferentiation technique described by Wecker has been applied to the antigenic analysis of a number of attenuated and virulent strains within the same poliovirus type. By comparison of plaque inhibition produced by strain-specific immune sera, different pools of the same attenuated strain were found to be serologically identical, whereas other attenuated and virulent viruses could be distinguished antigenically from one another. The antigenic character of viruses passed in tissue culture was relatively stable, even when other markers changed considerably. After passage through laboratory animals or in the human intestine, however, some strains were stable while others were not. The applications of this test to studies of vaccination with living attenuated polioviruses are illustrated.
Photoemission studies of reactive diffusion and localized doping at II–VI compound semiconductor-metal interfaces

Soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements reveal strong differences in chemical bonding and diffusion between II–VI and III–V compound semiconductor-metal interfaces which provide a chemical basis for their systematic differences in Schottky barrier formation.
Regulating inducible transcription through controlled localization.

Many signaling pathways regulate the activity of effector transcription factors by controlling their subcellular localization. Until recently, the cytoplasmic retention of inactive transcription factors was mainly attributed to binding partners that mask the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of target proteins. Inactive transcription factors were thought to be exclusively cytoplasmic until their activation, after which the NLSs were unmasked to allow nuclear translocation. There is now a growing body of evidence, however, that challenges this simple model. This Review discusses recent reports that suggest that inducible transcription factors can constantly shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and that their apparent cytoplasmic retention can be achieved by binding partners that mask the NLSs, tether the transcription factor to cytoplasmic structures, or mark the transcription factor for proteasomal degradation. We also discuss the possibility that this more complex model of cytoplasmic retention might be applicable to a broader range of transcription factors and their associated signaling pathways.
Long-term impact of family group conferences on re-offending: the Indianapolis restorative justice experiment

The purpose of the current study is to test the long-term effect of Family Group Conferences (FGCs) on recidivism prevalence and time to first re-offense for first-time youthful offenders. The current study builds on an experiment with a reasonably large sample (n = 782) conducted in Marion County (Indianapolis), Indiana, USA. The current study extends this work by following the cases for an additional 10 years. To examine the empirical relationships among the variables, this study employs a two-step approach. The initial analysis, employing logistic regression, measures prevalence of re-offending based on whether the youth ever was re-arrested during the follow-up period. The second step employs Cox Proportional-Hazards Regression to examine time until first re-offense. The findings revealed that when extended to a 12-year follow-up period, there were no significant differences between the FGC and control groups in re-offending prevalence or time to re-offense. An earlier study suggests that treatment group youths experienced reduced risk in the short-term and there is no evidence in the present study to suggest that youths participating in FGCs were placed at greater risk for re-offending. Given these findings and the body of research suggesting improved outcomes for victims, continued experimentation with FGCs and related restorative processes seems warranted. Future studies would benefit from blocking procedures in the experimental design in order to examine whether treatment effects are moderated by gender, race, and initial type of offense. The lack of such blocking procedures represents a limitation of the current study.
Share repurchases, shareholder rights, and corporate governance provisions

Abstract Grounded in agency theory, this study seeks to explore how repurchase activity is influenced by the strength of shareholder rights. The empirical evidence shows that firms where shareholder rights are weaker tend to repurchase less stock. I argue that this is because managers of firms with weak shareholder rights are better able to exploit the weak shareholder rights and retain more cash within the firm, potentially to extract private benefits as alleged by the free cash flow hypothesis. Managers of firms with strong shareholder rights, on the contrary, are forced to disgorge cash to stockholders in the form of repurchases. In addition, I test the dividend-substitution hypothesis and find no evidence that repurchases substitute for dividends.
Ethnic identity as a moderator against discrimination for transracially and transnationally adopted Korean American adolescents

Discrimination based on race and ethnicity is a common life experience for Asian Americans (Alvarez, Juang, & Liang, 2006). These experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination, in turn, are associated with poor mental and physical health (e.g., Gee, Spencer, Chen, & Takeuchi, 2007; Lee & Ahn, 2011; Paradies, 2006). Despite the detrimental effects of racial/ethnic discrimination, theory and research suggest that individual differences in ethnic identity can modify the strength or direction of the discrimination-adjustment association (Pascoe & Smart Richman, 2009). Though ethnic identity is primarily construed as a protective asset, most research finds that it exacerbates the discrimination-adjustment association among Asian Americans (R. M. Lee, 2005; Noh, Besier, Kaspar, Hou, & Rummens, 1999; Yip, Gee, & Takeuchi, 2008; Yoo & R. M. Lee, 2005, 2008). In the present study, we further explore the role of ethnic identity as a moderator in the association between racial/ethnic discrimination and adjustment among transracially, transnationally adopted Korean American adolescents, whose racial and ethnic experiences are distinct from immigrant and native-born Asian Americans raised in same-race families.
Differential cysteine synthase activity and alachlor susceptibility in five crops and six weed species

Abstract Cysteine synthase (CS; EC 4.2.99.8) activities were compared among crops and grass weeds having different susceptibilities to alachlor. The order of alachlor tolerance of 11 grass species from most to least was: corn ≫ barley=rice=wheat > sorghum=johnsongrass=broadleaf signalgrass > barnyardgrass=large crabgrass > green foxtail=goosegrass, suggesting that corn was tolerant and all other species were susceptible to alachlor. In shoots, rice had the highest extractable CS activity ( 44.3 μmol/min/g fresh weight), and corn, barley, wheat, sorghum, johnsongrass, and broadleaf signalgrass had the second highest activity ranging between 20.6 and 26.4 μmol/min/g fresh weight. CS activity of large crabgrass, green foxtail, and goosegrass was relatively lower (15.5– 18.1 μmol/min/g fresh weight), and barnyardgrass had the lowest CS activity ( 10.9 μmol/min/g fresh weight). Generally, levels of CS activities in roots were similar to those in shoots in each grass species. However, barley had root CS activity lower than that in shoots and green foxtail had root CS activity higher than that in shoots. Alachlor treatment (GR 50 concentrations) had no effect on extractable CS activity in shoots of corn, barley, sorghum, and barnyardgrass. Content of non-protein cysteine in shoots ranged between 60.1 and 131.5 nmol/g fresh weight, and was not largely different among the grass species except for green foxtail where it was high, i.e., 334.6 nmol/g fresh weight. Content of other non-protein thiols was highest in corn (574.7 nmol/g fresh weight), which was tolerant to alachlor, and the contents were relatively low in other grass species which were susceptible. Alachlor susceptibility was more highly correlated to CS activity ( R 2 =0.514) in shoots than to the contents of cysteine ( R 2 =0.309) and to other thiols ( R 2 =0.025) in grass species susceptible to alachlor. In addition, CS activity in roots ( R 2 =0.159) was less correlated to the selectivity than shoots. These results indicate that CS activity in shoots could contribute to alachlor selectivity in grass species.
Biographical Sketch: Otto Heinrich Warburg, PhD, MD

This biographical sketch of Otto Heinrich Warburg corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: The Chemical Constitution of Respiration Ferment (1928), available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1534-y.
Synthesis of pipelined data paths

Abstract The paper presents a scheduling algorithm for pipelined data-path synthesis. The algorithm is generic, in the sense that it can also be used for nonpipelined data paths. The algorithm takes as inputs a dataflow graph representing the behavioural specification of a design, a design library, the required throughput, and the area constraint. It first determines feasible sets of useable function units and their corresponding latencies. Operations on the critical paths are checked so that it can be seen whether they can be scheduled with the chosen function units and latency. In case of a failure, delay operators are inserted into the critical paths to redistribute the load. In the scheduling of the operations on the off-critical paths, the concurrency of operations is balanced. The algorithm is iterative, with one operation being scheduled in each iteration. In each iteration, an operation type is selected first by the use of a priority function. One of the operations that can be placed in the least dense partition (control steps) of the distribution graph of the selected operation type is then scheduled. A 16-point FIR filter is used to illustrate the scheduling algorithm.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The most studied and yet most controversial diagnosis

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has the distinction of being both the most extensively studied mental disorder and the most controversial. There are no pathognomonic measures to diagnose children with ADHD so that the diagnosis remains dependent on the observations of those adults most familiar with the children. In addition, characteristic of all the interventions for children with ADHD, including both stimulant medication and psychosocial interventions, is that they are non-specific. Their effects are similar regardless of a child's diagnosis or lack of diagnosis. These limitations in our current knowledge of the disorder emphasize the importance of researching the services aspect of the conditions, particularly in primary care where most children receive the treatment with medication. Current research suggests that primary clinicians inappropriately diagnose but do not over-diagnose children with ADHD and do not communicate much with educators in coordinating diagnosis and treatment. However, it is important to note that the research is this area is currently very limited, and most is based on physician self-report. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:163–168. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electronic and Structural Evolution and Chemical Bonding in Ditungsten Oxide Clusters: W2On- and W2On (n = 1−6)

We report a systematic and comprehensive investigation of the electronic structures and chemical bonding in a series of ditungsten oxide clusters, W2On- and W2On (n = 1−6), using anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Well-resolved photoelectron spectra were obtained at several photon energies (2.331, 3.496, 4.661, 6.424, and 7.866 eV), and W 5d-based spectral features were clearly observed and distinguished from O 2p-based features. More complicated spectral features were observed for the oxygen-deficient clusters because of the W 5d electrons. With increasing oxygen content in W2On-, the photoelectron spectra were observed to shift gradually to higher binding energies, accompanied by a decreasing number of W 5d-derived features. A behavior of sequential oxidation as a result of charge transfers from W to O was clearly observed. A large energy gap (2.8 eV) was observed in the spectrum of W2O6-, indicating the high electronic stability of the stoichiometric W2O6...
Synthesis of the tetracyclic core of exiguaquinol.

A Diels–Alder reaction, a desymmetrizing aldol reaction, and a reductive Heck cyclization are employed in a short synthesis of a tetracycle relevant to exiguaquinol, a potential antibiotic. Ground-state energies of this advanced model system and the natural product rationalize the incorrect hemiaminal configuration experimentally obtained and point to the importance of the sulfonate in dictating the relative configuration of the natural product.
Wave localization and conversion phenomena in multi-coupled multi-span beams

Abstract The linear dynamics of nearly periodic disordered multi-span beams resting on flexible supports are investigated. A wave transfer matrix methodology is chosen to examine the propagation of waves and the transmission of vibration along the structure. The spans are bi-coupled through the rotation and the transverse displacement at the supports and thus the beam motion is made up of two independent wave types. While for the ordered infinite beam there exists frequency passbands for which the free harmonic waves propagate without attenuation, the introduction of a slight disorder among the span lengths results in the localization of the vibration energy to few spans and in the conversion of the energy from one type of wave to the other. The energy conversion phenomenon renders the mechanism of localization much more complex than in mono-coupled periodic systems. The contribution of each type of wave to the global beam motion is analyzed in terms of frequency. It is observed that the spatial decay of each wave type is mainly governed by an exponential envelope. The corresponding exponential decay constants define a measure of localization for each wave and are found to be equal to the Lyapunov exponents of the product of random wave transfer matrices. It is also found that at frequencies which belong to a passband for both wave types, the decay rate of an incident wave vector is bounded by the two Lyapunov exponents, while at frequencies which belong to a passband for one wave type and a stopband for the other, localization effects are best predicted by the smallest of the two Lyapunov exponents.
Theoretical Investigation of the Binding Free Energies and Key Substrate-Recognition Components of the Replication Fidelity of Human DNA Polymerase β

We present a theoretical study of the selection of right/wrong dNTP substrates by DNA polymerases at the initial binding step, a major component of the DNA replication fidelity. Linear-response analysis (LRA) and molecular dynamics simulations are performed starting from the X-ray crystal structure of a ternary DNA polymerase β . DNA . ddCTP complex. These simulations provide converged structures of ternary complexes containing all four Watson-Crick (W-C) pairs as well as 11 neutral mismatched dNTP-template base pairs in the anti-anti conformations. The signs and overall magnitudes of the calculated relative free energies for binding of each dNTP to pol β . DNA complexes, which contain either correct or incorrect templating bases, agree with the observed universal preference of DNA polymerases for W-C base pairs. Overall, the binding free-energy differences of each dNTP to right versus wrong templates are found to be dominated by electrostatic interactions between templating and dNTP bases. However, about half of the electrostatic contribution can be attributed to the steric preorganization of the polymerase active site that was generated by the protein folding process. The preorganized site maintains optimal W-C pairing for matched bases while forcing mismatched pairs into configurations far from their ideal gas-phase geometries. Consequently, the preorganized site is responsible for large template contributions to fidelity. Individual additive contributions to fidelity are determined for active site residues. Interactions between incoming dNTPs and Asn279 and Tyr262 protein residues contribute significantly to the binding component of fidelity, with the Asn279 residue most effective in destabilizing each of the 15 nucleotide mispairs in neutral anti-anti conformations. Active site amino acids can also exert deleterious effects on fidelity. Tyr262 enhances base substitution fidelity via mispair destabilization, but it also stabilizes slipped mispaired primer template structures that are potential precursors for + 1 frameshift mutations. The inclusion of an extra water molecule in the active cleft was found to stabilize several wobble base pairs. Calculations performed at this level of "fine" detail are used to predict the effects of amino acid substitutions on the fidelity for mutant forms of pol β, thus providing a deeper understanding of the role of the polymerase active site in ensuring replication accuracy.
RACE DIFFERENCES IN TERMINATION AT WORK: THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY

Prior research has demonstrated that race, at least to some extent, is related to employment decisions such as selection and performance appraisals. However, little prior research has addressed the impact of race on employment termination. The current study investigates whether race is related to employment termination and highlights the importance of education, an important component of human capital, in understanding racial differences in termination. Results based on 548 employees from a large hotel chain indicate that race is related to termination; however, race is not predictive of termination when education is included in the regression analysis as a predictor. These findings support the notion that a societal level variable (i.e., education) is an important factor in reducing racial inequality in employment practices.