cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Better, Dual Theory of Human Rights

Human rights theory and practice have long been stuck in a rut. Although disagreement is the norm in philosophy and social-political practice, the sheer depth and breadth of disagreement about human rights is truly unusual. Human rights theorists and practitioners disagree – wildly in many cases – over just about every issue: what human rights are, what they are for, how many of them there are, how they are justified, what human interests or capacities they are supposed to protect, what they require of persons and institutions, etc. Disagreement about human rights is so profound, in fact, that several prominent theorists have remarked that the very concept of a “human right” appears nearly criterionless. In my 2012 article, “Reconceptualizing Human Rights”, I diagnosed the root cause of these problems. Theorists and practitioners have falsely supposed that the concept of “human right” picks out a single, unified class of moral entitlements. However, the concept actually refers to two fundamentally different types of moral entitlements: (A) international human rights, which are universal human moral entitlements to coercive international protections, and (B) domestic human rights, which are universal human moral entitlements to coercive domestic protections. Accordingly, I argue, an adequate “theory of human rights” must be a dual theory. The present paper provides the first such theory. First, I show that almost every justificatory ground given for “human rights” in the literature – such as the notion of a “minimally decent human life”, “urgent human interests”, and “human needs” – faces at least one of two fatal problems. Second, I show that after some revisions, James Griffin’s conception of “personhood” provides a compelling justificatory ground for international human rights. Third, I show that the account entails that there are very few international human rights – far fewer than existing human rights theories and practices suggest. Fourth, I show that there are reasons to find my very short list of international human rights compelling: “human rights justifications” for coercive international and foreign policy actions over the past several decades have consistently overstepped what can be morally justified, and my account reveals precisely how existing human rights theories and practices have failed to adequately grapple with these moral hazards. Finally, I outline an account of domestic human rights which fits well with many existing human rights beliefs and practices, vindicating those beliefs and practices, but only at a domestic level.
Joint estimation of multiple graphical models from high dimensional time series

In this manuscript we consider the problem of jointly estimating multiple graphical models in high dimensions. We assume that the data are collected from n subjects, each of which consists of T possibly dependent observations. The graphical models of subjects vary, but are assumed to change smoothly corresponding to a measure of closeness between subjects. We propose a kernel based method for jointly estimating all graphical models. Theoretically, under a double asymptotic framework, where both (T, n) and the dimension d can increase, we provide the explicit rate of convergence in parameter estimation. It characterizes the strength one can borrow across different individuals and the impact of data dependence on parameter estimation. Empirically, experiments on both synthetic and real resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Dynamic network models for forecasting

We have developed a probabilistic forecasting methodology through a synthesis of belief-network models and classical time-series analysis. We present the dynamic network model (DNM) and describe methods for constructing, refining, and performing inference with this representation of temporal probabilistic knowledge. The DNM representation extends static belief-network models to more general dynamic forecasting models by integrating and iteratively refining contemporaneous and time-lagged dependencies. We discuss key concepts in terms of a model for forecasting U.S. car sales in Japan.
Fast Algorithms for Computing the Smallest k -Enclosing Disc

We consider the problem of finding, for a given n point set P in the plane and an integer k ≤ n, the smallest circle enclosing at least k points of P. We present a randomized algorithm that computes in O( nk ) expected time such a circle, improving over all previously known algorithms. Since this problem is believed to require Ω(nk) time, we present a linear time δ-approximation algorithm that outputs a circle that contains at least k points of P, and of radius less than (1 + δ)r opt (P,K), where r opt (P,K) is the radius of the minimal disk containing at least k points of P. The expected running time of this approximation algorithm is \(O (n + n \cdot {\rm min}(\frac{1}{k\delta^3}{\rm log^2}\frac{1}{\delta},k))\).
Dark matter searches with a mono-Z′ jet

We study collider signatures of a class of dark matter models with a GeV-scale dark Z ′. At hadron colliders, the production of dark matter particles naturally leads to associated production of the Z ′, which can appear as a narrow jet after it decays hadronically. Contrary to the usual mono-jet signal from initial state radiation, the final state radiation of dark matter can generate the signature of a mono-Z ′ jet plus missing transverse energy. Performing a jet-substructure analysis to tag the Z ′ jet, we show that these Z ′ jets can be distinguished from QCD jets at high significance. Compared to mono-jets, a dedicated search for mono-Z ′ jet events can lead to over an order of magnitude stronger bounds on the interpreted dark matter-nucleon scattering cross sections.
Fractional Gaussian fields: A survey

We discuss a family of random fields indexed by a parameter $s\in\mathbb{R} $ which we call the fractional Gaussian fields, given by \[\mathrm{FGF}_{s}(\mathbb{R} ^{d})=(-\Delta)^{-s/2}W, \] where $W$ is a white noise on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and $(-\Delta)^{-s/2}$ is the fractional Laplacian. These fields can also be parameterized by their Hurst parameter $H=s-d/2$. In one dimension, examples of $\mathrm{FGF}_{s}$ processes include Brownian motion ($s=1$) and fractional Brownian motion ($1/2<s<3/2$). Examples in arbitrary dimension include white noise ($s=0$), the Gaussian free field ($s=1$), the bi-Laplacian Gaussian field ($s=2$), the log-correlated Gaussian field ($s=d/2$), Levy’s Brownian motion ($s=d/2+1/2$), and multidimensional fractional Brownian motion ($d/2<s<d/2+1$). These fields have applications to statistical physics, early-universe cosmology, finance, quantum field theory, image processing, and other disciplines. We present an overview of fractional Gaussian fields including covariance formulas, Gibbs properties, spherical coordinate decompositions, restrictions to linear subspaces, local set theorems, and other basic results. We also define a discrete fractional Gaussian field and explain how the $\mathrm{FGF}_{s}$ with $s\in(0,1)$ can be understood as a long range Gaussian free field in which the potential theory of Brownian motion is replaced by that of an isotropic $2s$-stable Levy process.
Issues with exception handling in object-oriented systems

The goals of exception handling mechanisms are to make programs more reliable and robust. The integration of exception handling mechanisms with object-oriented languages raises some unique issues. The requirements of exception handling often conflict with some of the goals of object-oriented designs, such as supporting design evolution, functional specialization, and abstraction for implementation transparency. This paper demonstrates these conflicts, illustrates that the use of exception handling in object-oriented systems poses potential pitfalls, and suggests that their resolution is one of the first steps necessary to make exception handling robust in object-oriented designs and languages.
Development of an optimization-based atomistic-to-continuum coupling method

Atomistic-to-Continuum (AtC) coupling methods are a novel means of computing the properties of a discrete crystal structure, such as those containing defects, that combine the accuracy of an atomistic (fully discrete) model with the efficiency of a continuum model. In this note we extend the optimization-based AtC, formulated in [17] for linear, one-dimensional problems to multi-dimensional settings and arbitrary interatomic potentials. We conjecture optimal error estimates for the multidimensional AtC, outline an implementation procedure, and provide numerical results to corroborate the conjecture for a 1D Lennard-Jones system with next-nearest neighbor interactions.
Generalized series imaging with multiple references

Many imaging applications require the acquisition of a time series of images. In conventional Fourier transform based imaging methods, each of these images is acquired independently. As a result, one often has to sacrifice spatial resolution for temporal resolution. To address this problem, this paper extends a generalized series imaging method so that multiple references can be used to achieve high spatiotemporal resolution. Application results are also presented to illustrate its effectiveness for high-resolution dynamic imaging.
On parabolic equations in one space dimension

ABSTRACTSeveral negative results are presented concerning the solvability in Sobolev classes of the Cauchy problem for the inhomogeneous second-order uniformly parabolic equations without lower order terms in one space dimension. The main coefficient is assumed to be a bounded measurable function of (t, x) bounded away from 0. We also discuss upper and lower estimates of certain kind on the fundamental solutions of such equations.
Overview -- the urban imperative : toward shared prosperity

Urbanization is undoubtedly a key driver of development -- cities provide the national platform for prosperity, job creation, and poverty reduction. But urbanization also poses enormous challenges that one is familiar with: congestion, air pollution, social divisions, crime, the breakdown of public services and infrastructure, and the slums that one billion urban resident's call home. Urbanization is perhaps the single most important question in development today. It is clear that cities have not performed as well as can be expected in their transformative role for more livable, inclusive, people-centered, and sustainable development. But they have enormous potential as growth escalators, offering the opportunity to lift millions out of poverty, and serve as centers of knowledge, innovations, and entrepreneurship. Cities in both the developed and developing world want to attract more entrepreneurs and create more jobs. Cities also need to be resilient to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change. If these are left unaddressed, cities will become part of the problem rather than the solution.
Theory of the structural glass transition: a pedagogical review

The random first-order transition theory of the structural glass transition is reviewed in a pedagogical fashion. The rigidity that emerges in crystals and glassy liquids is of the same fundamental origin. In both cases, it corresponds with a breaking of the translational symmetry; analogies with freezing transitions in spin systems can also be made. The common aspect of these seemingly distinct phenomena is a spontaneous emergence of the molecular field, a venerable and well-understood concept. In crucial distinction from periodic crystallisation, the free energy landscape of a glassy liquid is vastly degenerate, which gives rise to new length and time scales while rendering the emergence of rigidity gradual. We obviate the standard notion that to be mechanically stable a structure must be essentially unique; instead, we show that bulk degeneracy is perfectly allowed but should not exceed a certain value. The present microscopic description thus explains both crystallisation and the emergence of the land...
Knowledge-Based Synthesis of Distributed Systems Using Event Structures

To produce a program guaranteed to satisfy a given specification one can synthesize it from a formal constructive proof that a computation satisfying that specification exists. This process is particularly effective if the specifications are written in a high-level language that makes it easy for designers to specify their goals. We consider a high-level specification language that results from adding knowledge to a fragment of Nuprl specifically tailored for specifying distributed protocols, called event theory. We then show how high-level knowledge-based programs can be synthesized from the knowledge-based specifications using a proof development system such as Nuprl. Methods of Halpern and Zuck [15] then apply to convert these knowledge-based protocols to ordinary protocols. These methods can be expressed as heuristic transformation tactics in Nuprl.
Canadian Copyright: History, Change, and Potential

ABSTRACT The first part of this article reviews Canada’s international copyright history and the role Canada has played in international copyright from the nineteenth century to the present day. In part two, the author asks whether we can be optimistic or pessimistic about Canada’s role, and the role of international institutions more generally, in promoting solutions to the social policy and social justice concerns raised by the expansion of intellectual property. The author argues that Canada’s history, while demonstrating Canada’s potential to support progressive change, has not borne out certain middle power ideals. RESUME Dans la premiere partie de cet article, je passe en revue l’histoire du Canada, le droit d’auteur international et le role qu’a joue le Canada dans le droit d’auteur international du XIXe siecle a nos jours. Dans la deuxieme partie, je me demande si nous pouvons etre optimistes ou pessimistes en ce qui concerne le role du Canada dans la promotion des solutions face aux preoccupations par rapport aux politiques sociales dans le domaine du droit d’auteur international. Je soutiens que l’histoire du Canada, tout en demontrant le potentiel du Canada pour appuyer le changement progressif, n’a pas demontree certains des ideaux d’une puissance moyenne.
Bayesian Classification and Feature Selection from Finite Data Sets

Feature selection aims to select the smallest subset of features for a specified level of performance. The optimal achievable classification performance on a feature subset is summarized by its Receiver Operating Curve (ROC). When infinite data is available, the Neyman-Pearson (NP) design procedure provides the most efficient way of obtaining this curve. In practice the design procedure is applied to density estimates from finite data sets. We perform a detailed statistical analysis of the resulting error propagation on finite alphabets. We show that the estimated performance curve (EPC) produced by the design procedure is arbitrarily accurate given sufficient data, independent of the size of the feature set. However, the underlying likelihood ranking procedure is highly sensitive to errors that reduces the probability that the EPC is in fact the ROC. In the worst case, guaranteeing that the EPC is equal to the ROC may require data sizes exponential in the size of the feature set. These results imply that in theory the NP design approach may only be valid for characterizing relatively small feature subsets, even when the performance of any given classifier can be estimated very accurately. We discuss the practical limitations for on-line methods that ensures that the NP procedure operates in a statistically valid region.
Policy Surveillance in the G-20 Fossil Fuel Subsidies Agreement: Lessons for Climate Policy

Inadequate policy surveillance has undermined the effectiveness of multilateral climate agreements. To illustrate an alternative approach to transparency, I evaluate policy surveillance under the 2009 G-20 fossil fuel subsidies agreement. The Leaders of the Group of 20 nations tasked their energy and finance ministers to identify and phase-out fossil fuel subsidies. The G-20 leaders agreed to submit their subsidy reform strategies to peer review and to independent expert review conducted by international organizations. This process of developed and developing countries pledging to pursue the same policy objective, designing and publicizing implementation plans, and subjecting plans and performance to review by international organizations differs considerably from the historic approach under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. This paper draws lessons from the fossil fuel subsidies agreement for climate policy surveillance.
A new approach to improve ill-conditioned parabolic optimal control problem via time domain decomposition

In this paper we present a new steepest-descent type algorithm for convex optimization problems. Our algorithm pieces the unknown into sub-blocs of unknowns and considers a partial optimization over each sub-bloc. In quadratic optimization, our method involves Newton technique to compute the step-lengths for the sub-blocs resulting descent directions. Our optimization method is fully parallel and easily implementable, we first presents it in a general linear algebra setting, then we highlight its applicability to a parabolic optimal control problem, where we consider the blocs of unknowns with respect to the time dependency of the control variable. The parallel tasks, in the last problem, turn "on" the control during a specific time-window and turn it "off" elsewhere. We show that our algorithm significantly improves the computational time compared with recognized methods. Convergence analysis of the new optimal control algorithm is provided for an arbitrary choice of partition. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the efficiency and the rapid convergence of the method.
Longer-Term Economic Impacts of Self-Help Groups in India

Despite the popularity and unique nature of women's self-help groups in India, evidence of their economic impacts is scant. Based on two rounds of a 2,400 household panel, the authors use double differences, propensity score matching, and pipeline comparison to assess economic impacts of longer (2.5-3 years) exposure of a program that promoted and strengthened self-help programs in Andhra Pradesh in India. The analysis finds that longer program exposure has positive impacts on consumption, nutritional intake, and asset accumulation. Investigating heterogeneity of the impacts suggests that even the poorest households were able to benefit from the program. Furthermore, overall benefits would exceed program cost by a significant margin even under conservative assumptions.
Unsticking the Flypaper Effect in an Uncertain World

Abstract We provide a novel explanation for the flypaper effect based on insurance arguments. In our model, the flypaper effect arises due to the differential response of precautionary savings to private income or fiscal transfers shocks in an uncertain world with incomplete markets. The model generates two testable implications: (i) the flypaper effect is a decreasing function of the correlation between fiscal transfers and private income, and (ii) such relationship is stronger the higher is the volatility of fiscal transfers and/or private income. An empirical analysis of Argentinean provinces for the period 1963–2006 finds strong support for the model's implications.
Homological methods for hypergeometric families

We analyze the behavior of the holonomic rank in families of holonomic systems over complex algebraic varieties by providing homological criteria for rank-jumps in this general setting. Then we investigate rank-jump behavior for hypergeometric systems H_A(\beta) arising from a d x n integer matrix A and a parameter \beta \in \CC^d. To do so we introduce an Euler-Koszul functor for hypergeometric families over \CC^d, whose homology generalizes the notion of a hypergeometric system, and we prove a homology isomorphism with our general homological construction above. We show that a parameter \beta is rank-jumping for H_A(\beta) if and only if \beta lies in the Zariski closure of the set of \ZZ^d-graded degrees \alpha where the local cohomology \bigoplus_{i<d}H^i_\frakm(\CC[\NN A])_\alpha of the semigroup ring \CC[\NN A] supported at its maximal graded ideal \frakm is nonzero. Consequently, H_A(\beta) has no rank-jumps over \CC^d if and only if \CC[\NN A] is Cohen-Macaulay of dimension d.
Employment growth patterns in South Asia : some evidence from interim enterprise survey data

This paper analyzes firm growth patterns in South Asia, using establishment level data from an Interim Enterprise Survey. The survey was conducted by the World Bank in 2009 and 2010 and covers seven countries in the region. The first finding suggests that size in the base year gains importance for employment growth and firm age is statistically insignificant for growth. This contradicts the thought that young and small firms are the bearers of growth. Second, establishments in larger localities expanded faster, confirming the observation of urban centers as growth poles. Third, establishments in areas of severe conflict performed worse than establishments in other areas. Interestingly, the distribution of growth rates shows that both firm growth and fast-growing firms exist in conflict regions.
Emancipatory Racial Humor as Critical Public Pedagogy: Subverting Hegemonic Racism

This essay identifies emancipatory racial humor as a disarming critical public pedagogy that confronts racial hegemony. Acknowledging the interpretive quandaries of humor and the possibilities of racist humor, this essay tells an often overlooked story of the comic “heroes” who struggle against dominant racial meanings, power relationships, and identity constructions. The essay analyzes the pedagogical possibilities of critical humorists who creatively confront hegemonic racism and whose work participates in critical projects of social, political, and cultural transformation. Such emancipatory racial humor serves as a critical public pedagogy that exposes dominant public pedagogies, injects counternarratives into the struggle over hegemony, and subverts naturalized racial meanings and privileges.
Can we rely on cash transfers to protect dietary diversity during food crises ? estimates from Indonesia

The 2008 "food price crisis" and more recent spikes in food prices have led to a greater focus on policies and programs to cushion their impact on poverty and malnutrition. Estimating the income elasticity of micro-nutrients and assessing how they change during such crises is an important part of the policy debate as it affects the effectiveness of cash transfer and nutritional supplementation programs. This paper assesses these issues using data from two cross-sectional household surveys in Indonesia carried out before and soon after the 1997/98 economic crisis, which led to a sharp increase in food prices. First, the authors examine how the income elasticity of the starchy staple ratio differs between the two survey rounds using non-parametric as well as regression methods. Second, they provide updated estimates of the income elasticity for important nutrients in Indonesia. The analysis finds that (i) summary measures such as the income elasticity of the starchy staple ratio may not change during crises but this masks important differences across specific nutrients; (ii) methods matter -- the ordinary least squares estimates for the income elasticity of micro-nutrients are likely to be misleading due to measurement error bias; (iii) controlling for measurement error, the income elasticity of some key micro-nutrients, such as iron, calcium, and vitamin B1, is significantly higher in the crisis year compared with a normal year; and (iv) the income elasticity for certain micro-nutrients -- vitamin C in this case -- remains close to zero. These results suggest that cash transfer programs may be even more effective during crises to protect the consumption of many essential micro-nutrients compared with non-crisis periods but in order to ensure that all micro-nutrients are consumed, specific nutritional supplementation programs are also likely to be required.
Keep Your Friends Close? Supply Chain Design and Disruption Risk

In this article, we evaluate the relationship between supply chain design decisions and supply chain disruption risk. We explore two supply chain design strategies: (i) the dispersion of supply chain partners to reduce supply chain disruption risk versus (ii) the co-location of supply chain partners to reduce supply chain disruption risk. In addition, we assess supply chain disruption risk from three perspectives: the inbound material flow from the supplier (supply side), the internal production processes (internal), and the outbound material flow to the customer (customer side) as a disruption can occur at any of these locations. We measure disruption risk in terms of stoppages in flows, reductions in flow, close calls (disruptions that were prevented at the last minute), disruption duration (time until normal operation flow was restored), and the spread of disruptions all the way through the supply chain. We use seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) to analyze our data, finding that lead times, especially supply side lead times, are significantly associated with higher levels of supply chain disruption risk. We find co-location with suppliers appears to have beneficial effects to the reduction of disruption duration, and, overall supply side factors have a higher impact when it comes to supply chain disruption risk than comparable customer side factors.
Catalysis Involving Fluorous Phases: Fundamentals and Directions for Greener Methodologies

This article briefly reviews the fundamentals of fluorous chemistry, with an emphasis on aspects most relevant to catalysis. The development of “greener” fluorous solvents and ponytails (phase tags) is described. Protocols that minimize the use of fluorous solvents are emphasized. Some of these exploit the highly temperature dependent solubilites of fluorous compounds in organic solvents, which can be fine-tuned by varying the length and number of the (CF2)n segments in the ponytails. Suitably designed fluorous catalysts can thus be employed under homogeneous conditions at elevated temperatures, and recovered by solid/liquid phase separation at lower temperatures. Fluorous solid supports such as fluoropolymers and fluorous silica gel can be used to aid the recovery of small catalyst quantities, and render phase separation more efficient. The use of CO2 pressure as a non-thermal solubility trigger, and catalyst recovery by solid phase extraction using non-fluorous solvents, are also detailed. Keywords: fluorous phases; fluorine; ponytail; homogeneous catalysis; green chemistry
Multidimensional auctions for public energy efficiency projects : evidence from the Japanese ESCO market

Competitive bidding is an important policy tool to procure goods and services from the market at the lowest possible cost. Under traditional public procurement systems, however, it may be difficult to purchase highly customized objects, such as energy efficiency services. This is because not only prices but also other nonmonetary aspects need to be taken into account. Multidimensional auctions are often used to evaluate multidimensional bids. This paper examines the bidding strategy in multidimensional auctions, using data from public energy service company projects in Japan. It shows that multidimensional auctions work well, as theory predicts. The competition effect is significant. In addition, strategic information disclosure, including walk-through and preannouncement of reserve prices, can also promote energy savings and investment. Risk sharing arrangements are critical in the energy service company market. In particular, the public sector should take regulatory risk.
Emission Spectrum of a Dressed Exciton-Biexciton Complex in a Semiconductor Quantum Dot

The photoluminescence spectrum of a single quantum dot was recorded as a secondary resonant laser optically dressed either the vacuum-to-exciton or the exciton-to-biexciton transitions. High-resolution polarization-resolved measurements using a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer reveal splittings of the linearly polarized fine-structure states that are nondegenerate in an asymmetric quantum dot. These splittings manifest as either triplets or doublets and depend sensitively on laser intensity and detuning. Our approach realizes complete resonant control of a multiexcitonic system in emission, which can be either pulsed or continuous wave, and offers direct access to the emitted photons.
Lower Bounds for Simplicial Covers and Triangulations of Cubes

We show that the size of a minimal simplicial cover of a polytope P is a lower bound for the size of a minimal triangulation of P, including ones with extra vertices. We then use this fact to study minimal triangulations of cubes, and we improve lower bounds for covers and triangulations in dimensions 4 through at least 12 (and possibly more dimensions as well). Important ingredients are an analysis of the number of exterior faces that a simplex in the cube can have of a specified dimension and volume, and a characterization of corner simplices in terms of their exterior faces.
Field-theoretic simulations of polyelectrolyte complexation

This viewpoint article is intended as a brief introduction to the emerging subject of field-theoretic simulations (FTS) of charged polymers. While the direct numerical simulation of field theory models has begun to impact several traditional areas of polymer science, including blends and block copolymers, polyelectrolytes have hitherto not been the subject of field-theoretic simulations. Herewe report on a preliminaryFTS study of polyelectrolyte complexation that demonstrates the potential of this novel numerical approach. Polyelectrolytes are ubiquitous in nature and in applications ranging from personal care products to paints, coatings, and processed foods. Indeed, practically all biopolymers are polyelectrolytes. In the application context, the introduction of dissociable groups is one of the most powerful ways to confer water solubility on a polymeric material. Scientifically, the polymer bound charges, which are compensated by a sea of oppositely charged counterions, produce a coupling between chain conformations and electrostatics that leads to an incredible richness of polyelectrolyte phenomena. However, this richness comeswith a price: charged polymers are among the most difficult polymer systems to study theoretically or to simulate on the computer.1–4 The explanation lies in the long
BAXTER ALGEBRAS AND DIFFERENTIAL ALGEBRAS

A Baxter algebra is a commutative algebra A that carries a generalized integral operator. In the first part of this paper we review past work of Baxter, Miller, Rota and Cartier in this area and explain more recent work on explicit constructions of free Baxter algebras that extended the constructions of Rota and Cartier. In the second part of the paper we will use these explicit constructions to relate Baxter algebras to Hopf algebras and give applications of Baxter algebras to the umbral calculus in combinatorics.
A comparison of the effects of active immunization of female rhesus monkeys to estradiol-17 or progesterone-20-protein conjugates.

Abstract Eleven out of 14 female monkeys were successfully immunized against estradiol-17 hemisuccinyl-BSA. The elicited antibodies were highly specific for phenolsteroids. Intervals between uterine bleedings were lengthened and anovulation occurred consistently in animals with titers above 25% binding. Circulatory estrogens were extremely elevated throughout immunization, reaching levels of 10 ng/ml or more. The disappearance rate of injected 3 H-estradiol was significantly prolonged in comparison to non-immunized controls. Four out of 5 monkeys developed high titers after immunization against progesterone-20-O-carboxymethyl-oxime-BSA. These antibodies cross-reacted significantly with a number of 4-ene-3 keto steroids, e.g. 20-dihydroprogesterone, testosterone and 4-androstene dione. The length of the menstrual cycle remained unchanged in 3 out of 4 animals. More than half of the cycles remained ovulatory, as evidenced by the presence of fresh corpora lutea and increases in plasma progestins during the luteal phase. These results indicate that estrogens are causatively related to the midcycle LH ovulatory surge, while progesterone appears not to be essential in this event. The occurrence of anovulatory cycles in monkeys immunized to progesterone-20-BSA may be explained by the lack of specificity of the antiserum.
Highly (E)-Selective BF3·Et2O Promoted Allylboration of Chiral Nonracemic α-Substituted Allylboronates and Analysis of the Origin of Stereocontrol

δ-Methyl-substituted homoallylic alcohols 2 were prepared in 71−88% yield, E:Z >30:1 and 93% to >95% ee via BF3·Et2O-promoted allylboration with α-Me-allylboronate 1. The origin of high (E)-selectivity is proposed.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Aryl Azides and Alkynes

The formation of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from aryl azides and alkynes was readily accomplished using [Cp*RuCl]4 catalyst in dimethylformamide. It was also demonstrated that the reaction provided higher yields, cleaner product, and shorter reaction times when carried out under microwave irradiation.
A note on twisted discrete singular Radon transforms

In this paper we consider three types of discrete operators stemming from singular Radon transforms. We first extend an $\ell^p$ result for translation invariant discrete singular Radon transforms to a class of twisted operators including an additional oscillatory component, via a simple method of descent argument. Second, we note an $\ell^2$ bound for quasi-translation invariant discrete twisted Radon transforms. Finally, we extend an existing $\ell^2$ bound for a closely related non-translation invariant discrete oscillatory integral operator with singular kernel to an $\ell^p$ bound for all $1< p< \infty$. This requires an intricate induction argument involving layers of decompositions of the operator according to the Diophantine properties of the coefficients of its polynomial phase function.
Spiral Disk Opacity from Occulting Galaxy Pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

A spiral galaxy partially overlapping a more distant elliptical offers a unique opportunity to measure the dust extinction in the foreground spiral. From the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR4 spectroscopic sample, we selected 83 occulting galaxy pairs and measured disk opacity over the redshift range z = 0.0-0.2 with the goal of determining the recent evolution of disk dust opacity. The enrichment of the ISM changes over the lifetime of a disk, and it is reasonable to expect the dust extinction properties of spiral disks as a whole to change over their lifetime. When they do, the change will affect our measurements of galaxies over the observable universe. From the SDSS pairs we conclude that spiral disks show evidence of extinction to ~2 effective radii. However, no evidence for recent evolution of disk opacity is evident, due to the limited redshift range and our inability to distinguish other factors on disk opacity such as the presence of spiral arms and Hubble type. Such effects also mask any relation between surface brightness and optical depth that has been found in nearby galaxies. Hence, we conclude that the SDSS spectral catalog is an excellent way to find occulting pairs and construct a uniform local sample. However, a higher resolution than that of the SDSS images is needed to disentangle the effects of spiral arms and Hubble type from evolution since z = 0.2.
Structural phase transition path-following and stable phase scouting through a coupled DFT–BFB algorithm

This work formulates a new computational scheme to efficiently explore the configuration space of materials and to identify a material's stable equilibrium structures. This computational tool is obtained by coupling quantum-based density functional theory (DFT) calculations (employing periodic boundary conditions) with branch-following and bifurcation (BFB) techniques. BFB is used to map equilibrium paths (stable and unstable) on the DFT energy landscape as a function of the applied load and ultimately creates 'bifurcation maps' that identify the material's stable structures and connections between them, including: soft deformation directions, transition states, transformation mechanisms, etc. This new approach has been used to study structural transitions in Si and Fe under pressure loading. The results obtained so far indicate that the new DFT–BFB methodology has the potential to provide a significant new insight into the mechanisms that drive structural phase transitions in a wide range of technologically important materials.
Catalytic Decomposition of Nitric Oxide on Zirconia by Electrolytic Removal of Oxygen

Zirconia stabilized with 8 mole per cent of scandia has a very high oxygen ion conductivity and can "pump" oxygen from oxygen‐bearing gases thus decomposing them. In this study the rate of decomposition of the air‐pollutant species, nitric oxide, to harmless species (via the reaction: ) was found to be markedly catalyzed when a potential above 1V was applied across a zirconia disk coated with either a porous platinum or porous gold electrode. It is known that platinum can both form oxides and catalyze the decomposition of ; whereas, gold does neither. The catalytic decomposition of on platinum metal is inhibited by , such behavior being attributed to preferential chemisorption of over as well as the possible formation of an inhibiting platinum oxide surface. The original rationale for this investigation was the possibility that the decomposition of might be enhanced if were electrolytically "pumped" away from a platinum electrode deposited on zirconia, keeping the platinum oxygen‐free. However it was not anticipated that at high potentials dissociation rates a thousandfold that on nonporous platinum electrodes occur in the presence of either a platinum or gold porous electrode. No reactivity at all was observed on a nonporous gold electrode. These results suggest that catalysis occurs mainly on a surface other than the platinum or gold, namely, on the zirconia surface itself. It is proposed that F‐centers on the zirconia surface formed by the applied potential are primarily responsible for the observed enhanced catalysis.
Languages of the future

This paper explores a new point in the design space of formal reasoning systems - part programming language, part logical framework. The system is built on a programming language where the user expresses equality constraints between types and the type checker then enforces these constraints. This simple extension to the type system allows the programmer to describe properties of his program in the types of witness objects which can be thought of as concrete evidence that the program has the property desired. These techniques and two other rich typing mechanisms, rank-N polymorphism and extensible kinds, create a powerful new programming idiom for writing programs whose types enforce semantic properties. This kind of synthesis between a practical programming language and a logic creates a foundation for the design of languages of the future.
Collapsing in the L 2 Curvature Flow

We show some results for the L2 curvature flow linked by the theme of addressing collapsing phenomena. First we show long time existence and convergence of the flow for SO(3)-invariant initial data on S3, as well as a long time existence and convergence statement for three-manifolds with initial L2 norm of curvature chosen small with respect only to the diameter and volume, which are both necessary dependencies for a result of this kind. In the critical dimension n = 4 we show a related low-energy convergence statement with an additional hypothesis. Finally we exhibit some finite time singularities in dimension n ≥ 5, and show examples of finite time singularities in dimension n ≥ 6 which are collapsed on the scale of curvature.
Linking Proteomic and Transcriptional Data through the Interactome and Epigenome Reveals a Map of Oncogene-induced Signaling

Cellular signal transduction generally involves cascades of post-translational protein modifications that rapidly catalyze changes in protein-DNA interactions and gene expression. High-throughput measurements are improving our ability to study each of these stages individually, but do not capture the connections between them. Here we present an approach for building a network of physical links among these data that can be used to prioritize targets for pharmacological intervention. Our method recovers the critical missing links between proteomic and transcriptional data by relating changes in chromatin accessibility to changes in expression and then uses these links to connect proteomic and transcriptome data. We applied our approach to integrate epigenomic, phosphoproteomic and transcriptome changes induced by the variant III mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) in a cell line model of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). To test the relevance of the network, we used small molecules to target highly connected nodes implicated by the network model that were not detected by the experimental data in isolation and we found that a large fraction of these agents alter cell viability. Among these are two compounds, ICG-001, targeting CREB binding protein (CREBBP), and PKF118–310, targeting β-catenin (CTNNB1), which have not been tested previously for effectiveness against GBM. At the level of transcriptional regulation, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to experimentally determine the genome-wide binding locations of p300, a transcriptional co-regulator highly connected in the network. Analysis of p300 target genes suggested its role in tumorigenesis. We propose that this general method, in which experimental measurements are used as constraints for building regulatory networks from the interactome while taking into account noise and missing data, should be applicable to a wide range of high-throughput datasets.
A Two-Fluid Thermally Stable Cooling Flow Model

A new model for cooling flows in X-ray clusters, capable of naturally explaining some salient features observed, is proposed. The only requirement is that a significant relativistic component, in the form of cosmic rays (CRs), be present in the intracluster medium and significantly frozen to the thermal gas. Such an addition qualitatively alters the conventional isobaric thermal instability criterion, such that a fluid parcel becomes thermally stable when its thermal pressure drops below a threshold fraction of its CR pressure. Consequently, the lowest possible temperature at any radius is about one-third of the ambient temperature, as observed, for X-ray clusters with temperatures greater than about 1.5 keV. An overall heating process is still required to balance the cooling lost to X-rays, but the temperature floor produced by this mechanism applies regardless of the nature of the heating process as long as the heating rate per unit mass is nearly independent of density. Completely separately, we suggest that dissipation of internal gravity waves, excited by radial oscillatory motions of inward-drifting cooling clouds about their radial equilibrium positions, may be responsible for heating up cooling gas. Because the ultimate energy source for powering the cooling X-ray luminosity and heating up cooling gas is gravitational, generated by inward-drifting cooling clouds as well as the general inward flow, heating is spatially distributed and energetically matched with cooling. One desirable property of this heating mechanism is that heating energy is strongly centrally concentrated, providing the required heating for emission-line nebulae.
Digital Simulation of the Chemical Control of Ventilation

Abstract Previous models of ventilatory control have been concerned either with O and CO inhalation or with the response to perfusion of the surface of the medulla with mock cerebrospinal fluid having a high Pco. Simulation of both types of responses with the same model has not been attempted. The purpose of the present study was twofold: first, to develop such a model, and second, to obtain experimental data from human subjects for both developing this model and for evaluating this and future models. The experimental studies will be presented first.
The coupling of Yang-Mills to extended objects

Abstract The coupling of Yang-Mills fields to the heterotic string in bosonic formulation is generalized to extended objects of higher dimension (p-branes). For odd p, the Bianchi identities obeyed by the field strengths of the (p+1)-forms receive Chern-Simons corrections which, in the case of the five-brane, are consistent with an earlier conjecture based on string/five-brane duality.
C−H Bond Activation of Hydrocarbons by an Imidozirconocene Complex

Monomeric imidozirconocene complexes of the type Cp2(L)ZrNCMe3 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, L = Lewis base) have been shown to activate the carbon−hydrogen bonds of benzene, but not the C−H bonds of saturated hydrocarbons. To our knowledge, this singularly important class of C−H activation reactions has heretofore not been observed in imidometallocene systems. The MNR bond formed on heating the racemic ethylenebis(tetrahydro)indenyl methyl tert-butyl amide complex, however, cleanly and quantitatively activates a wide range of n-alkane, alkene, and arene C−H bonds. Mechanistic experiments support the proposal of intramolecular elimination of methane followed by a concerted addition of the hydrocarbon C−H bond. Products formed by activation of sp2 C−H bonds are generally more thermodynamically stable than those formed by activation of sp3 C−H bonds, and those resulting from reaction at primary C−H bonds are preferred over secondary sp3 C−H activation products. There is also evidence that thermodynamic selectivit...
Lung transplant waitlist mortality: Height as a predictor of poor outcomes

The LAS was designed to minimize pretransplant mortality while maximizing post-transplant outcome. Recipients 12, but not <12, suggesting this population may be disadvantaged. To identify predictors of waitlist mortality, a retrospective analysis of the UNOS database was performed since implementation of the LAS. There were 16,973 patients listed for lung transplant in the United States; 12,070 (71.1%) were transplanted, and 2498 (14.7%) patients died or were removed from the wait list. Significantly more pediatric patients died or were removed compared with adults (22.0% vs. 14.4%, p < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, in addition to higher LAS at time of listing (adj. HR1.058, 1.055-1.060), shorter height (1.008, 1.006-1.010), male gender (1.210, 1.110-1.319), and requiring ECMO (1.613, 1.202-2.163) were associated with pretransplant mortality. Post-transplant survival was not affected by height. The current age cutoff may impose limitations within the current lung allocation system in the United States. Height is an independent predictor of waitlist mortality and may be a valuable factor for the development of a comprehensive lung allocation system.