cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebroside galactosidase: a method for determination and a comparison with other lysosomal enzymes in developing rat brain.

A method is described for assaying brain for cerebroside galactosidase activity. The enzyme was liberated by sonication and addition of sodium taurocholate, then by digestion with pancreatic enzymes. It was further purified by precipitation at pH 3. The enzyme was then incubated with an emulsion of galactose-labelled cerebroside in tauro- cholate and oleate at pH 4.5, and the liberated galactose was determined by scintillation counting. (2) The content of cerebroside galactosidase in rat brain at various ages has been determined. The enzyme was present before cerebroside appears in noticeable amounts (4 days) and the amount rose considerably during the period of active cerebroside deposition and myelination. The amount then remained at a high concentration even in the adult. (3) Comparison with other lysosomal brain enzymes was made in the age study. Nitro- phenyl galactoside hydrolase also increased during myelination but levelled off earlier; its activity paralleled the amount of ganglioside. Nitrophenyl glucoside hydrolase started at a lower level and decreased with age. Sulphatase activity rose during myelination, then decreased somewhat after 15 days. Ceramidase followed a pattern similar to that of nitro- phenyl galactoside hydrolase; it is suggested that both of these enzymes reflect ganglioside metabolism. (4) The relative amounts of brain enzymes in different states were determined as a function of age in the case of cerebrosidase, nitrophenyl galactoside hydrolase and sul- phatase. The proportion found in the high speed supernatant fraction was low but increased after myelination. The proportion that could be 'solubilized' by sonication decreased after myelination but the values differed greatly for the three enzymes. This treatment solubilized one-seventh of the cerebrosidase, half the nitrophenyl galactosidase and three-quarters of the sulphatase. IN THE course of developing a method for purification of rat brain cerebroside galactosidase (cerebrosidase), we observed that there was a positive correlation be- tween the concentration of enzyme and the concentration of cerebroside (BOWEN and RADIN, 1968a). The subcortical region of rat brain contained more of both than did the cortex, and older rats contained more of both than did younger rats. It seemed of interest to obtain further details on the changes with age, especially with regard to the question whether or not cerebrosidase appears in brain before the appearance of cerebroside. This lipid is essentially indetectable before 9 days in rat brain, then increases rapidly (KISHIMOTO, DAVIES and RADIN, 1965).
Contingency of consequences and type of incentive in interdependent escape

Abstract Two experiments were conducted on the effects of contingency and type of incentive on collective incoordination in an interdependent escape situation. The purpose was to examine two alternative explanations for the incoordination phenomena: (1) a rational evaluation hypothesis, that incoordination stems from a “rational” perception of the interdependence which under certain circumstances could dictate highly individualistic behavior; (2) an emotional arousal hypothesis, that incoordination reflects response interference from arousal created by anticipation of the task outcome. The outcomes of the escape situation were presented to groups of five subjects as being either (a) contingent on each subject's escape, or (b) noncontingent—arbitrarily assigned to subjects regardless of their performance. In one experiment, a comparison was made within each contingency condition between shock and reward as task incentives. A “no outcome” condition served as a control treatment. It was reasoned that the rational evaluation hypothesis implies high incoordination only under contingent conditions (regardless of kind of incentive) whereas the emotional arousal hypothesis implies high inco-ordination under both contingent and noncontingent conditions (though with different patterns depending on the incentives involved). The results indicated that the noncontingent outcome conditon produced an amount of incoordination intermediate between the contingent and control conditions, and this was the case in both incentive conditions. Thus, each hypothesis received some support.
Putting GamerGate in context: how group documentation informs social media activity

In this paper, I begin the process of examining the value of organizational documentation in evaluating social media activism. I take a rhetorical analysis approach to some of the documentation associated with the GamerGate movement and compare traits within the documentation to social media artifacts and metadata to determine how well the documents reflect the active network in regards to desired behavior and goals. Additionally, I examine the challenges in this approach given the anonymity and diffusion of authorship. Finally, I look at how documentation analysis can help inform big data analysis in online activism.
Effects of heavy colored Higgs scalars on SU(5) predictions

Abstract We show that the inclusion in the renormalization group equations of heavy colored Higgs scalars present in the grand unified model of SU(5) can affect the predictions of the model. If only the 24 and 5 of Higgs are present, the effects on the predictions are small. However, if a 45 of Higgs were present, it will lead to large uncertainties in the values of sin 2 θ W and the lifetime of the proton due to unknown parameters in the Higgs potential; the uncertaity in the latter due to colored Higgs is a factor of 60. The effect on the b-quark mass prediction is also discussed.
Apoptosis and its clinical impact.

Background Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an orderly cascade that can be regulated and ultimately results in the demise of the cell. Induction of apoptosis can occur by various chemical and biologic agents. Initiation of apoptosis leads to activation of effector molecules particularly caspases. These proteases cleave distinct protein substrates, resulting in the morphologic changes seen in apoptosis. This form of cell death is involved in almost every physiologic and pathogenic process in the body. For this reason the ability to control apoptosis has important therapeutic ramifications. Results This article reviews the history of the investigation of apoptosis and summarizes the most important pathways and regulatory molecules involved in this process. The major regulators of apoptosis, including the Bcl-2, caspase, and inhibitor of apoptosis families, are examined. The two major apoptotic pathways, including the extrinsic/cell surface death receptor and the intrinsic/mitochondrial pathways, are discussed. A major emphasis is given to examining the relationship between apoptosis and certain disease processes. This review specifically focuses on the importance of apoptosis research in the development of new methods of management of cancer with an emphasis in head and neck oncology. Conclusions Apoptosis is a rapidly growing field. The understanding of the mechanisms and effector molecules controlling this form of cell death is evolving. On the basis of increasing knowledge of how programmed cell death is regulated and the improvements in designing and developing gene therapies and chemicals that are more accurate in targeting specific molecules, the control of apoptosis will become more important in the clinical setting. This possibility will open the door for new therapeutic endeavors in many areas of medicine and specifically in the area of oncology. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 409–425, 2001.
Closing Volume as a Simple, Sensitive Test for the Detection of Peripheral Airway Disease

1973;63;29S-30S Chest A. Sonia Buist and Benjamin B. Ross the Detection of Peripheral Airway Disease Closing Volume as a Simple, Sensitive Test for http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/63/4_Supplement/29S.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1973by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Home reliner ruins dentures and causes shrinkage.

A 35-year-old patient was a healthy, intelligent, handsome salesman. He had had immediate dentures made about six years previously. He remembers returning only once for a sore spot adjustment. When he called the dentist a second time about a sore spot, he was instructed to remove his dentures and suck on ice to cure the trouble. He said this treatment worked all right. When his dentures became loose several months later, he tried using denture powder to help retain them, but he soon found this to be messy and had to use more powder with each application to do the same job of keeping the teeth in place. When the powder material failed, he tried Poly Grip.? He said this was squeezed out of a tube and had a pasty composition, The Poly Grip had a noticeable taste and leaked from under the denture creating what he described as a “constant discomfort within the mouth.” This man then tried using Cushion Grip$ home reliner and thought that the pressures he felt constantly from this material inside his denture were good to stimulate his tissues and keep them healthy. The plastic was firm and, when trimmed, stayed where it had been placed. The newly applied plastic caused a burning sensation and anxiety to the patient. This burning sensation was so severe that it caused his eyes to water. To relieve this, he lay on his back with ice or ice water in his mouth. After the material had set and hardened, he said there were short periods of general nervousness and “hot spots.” At times, a genuine “toothache” was experienced. The patient said that once the burning sensation from a fresh application of Cushion Grip had subsided fairly well (after several hours), if he drank a cup of hot coffee the unpleasantness would begin all over again and last for several minutes. He noticed, after a few applications of the home reliner (each application lasting for from 6 to 10 weeks), that a greater thickness or quan-
Post‐traumatic migration and emergence of a novel cell line upon the ependymal surface of the third cerebral ventricle in the adult mammalian brain

This investigation describes the migration and emergence of significant numbers of what appear to be neuron-like cells upon the surface of the median eminence of the adult rodent neurohypophyseal system of the endocrine hypothalamus following the trauma of hypophysectomy. These cells appear to migrate through the neuropil of the underlying median eminence and emerge in large numbers upon the surface of the third cerebral ventricle within 7 days following hypophysectomy (axotomy) of supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular neurites (PVN) of the adult neurohypophyseal system. Previous investigations have demonstrated regeneration of the neural stem and neural lobe in a variety of mammalian species (Adams et al., J Comp Neurol, 1969;135:121–144; Beck et al., Neuroendocrinology, 1969;5:161–182; Scott et al., Exp Neurol, 1995;131–1:23–39; Scott and Hansen, Vir Med 1997;124:249–261). It also has been demonstrated that the process of regeneration is invariably accompanied by the up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme that catalyzes arginine to nitric oxide (NO) and that both neurohypophyseal regeneration, as well as migration and emergence of neuron-like cells upon the surface of the adjacent third cerebral ventricle, is associated with the up-regulation of NOS and increased expression of NO. It also has been amply demonstrated that this entire process of neurohypophyseal regeneration and cell migration is completely inhibited by the introduction of the antagonist of nitric oxide, namely, nitroarginine (Scott et al., Exp Neurol, 1995;131–1:23–39; Scott and Hansen, Vir Med, 1997;124:249–261). The emergence and migratory dynamics of this novel cell line upon the floor of the rodent third cerebral ventricle are discussed with respect to the role of the ubiquitous free radical NO and the implications and potential clinical applications of neuronal migration following trauma in the human central nervous system (CNS). Anat Rec 256:233–241, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regulation of CD30 antigen expression and its potential significance for human disease.

CD30 antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, 1-3 was originally identified as a cell surface antigen on primary and cultured Hodgkin’s and Reed-Sternberg cells by use of the monoclonal antibody Ki-1. 4,5 CD30 antigen normally is expressed by a subset (15–20%) of CD45RO+ T cells after activation by a variety of stimuli. 6 Its expression is stimulated by interleukin (IL)-4 during lineage commitment of human naive T cells 7,8 and is augmented by the presence of CD28 costimulatory signals. 9 CD30 also is expressed at variable levels in different non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) as well as in several virally transformed T and B cell lines. 5,10 In particular, CD30 is a specific marker of a subset of peripheral T cell NHLs known as anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL). 5 More recently, CD30 preferential expression has been detected on a subset of tissue and circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing mainly Th2 cytokines in immunoreactive conditions. 11-14
Conflict management strategies of principals in site‐based managed schools

Site‐based management depends on collaboration and teamwork among teachers, administrators, and parents. Collaborative decision making in educational systems is frequently characterized by conflict and disagreement, given differing perspectives and opinions among participants, and differing interests in the status quo. School principals, charged with facilitator roles in locally managed schools, are challenged to address resulting conflicts in ways that yield functional synergies and constructive outcomes which enable schools to respond to community needs. The purpose of this study is to develop a profile of preferred conflict management behaviors and strategies of a sample of principals in a large, urban school district who work in site‐based managed schools. Results reflect these principals’ preference for solution‐oriented conflict strategies. Findings are discussed in terms of the changing leadership responsibilities of principals in site‐based managed schools.
Promoting cognitive and ego development of African–American rural youth: a program of deliberate psychological education

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a role-taking, action learning program on the cognitive and ego development of African-American rural high school students. The program employed instruction in scientific problem-solving in relation to past and current contributions of African-American scientists. There were two experimental and two comparison groups during the one semester program. The main effects were assessed in two related domains: (1) concrete to abstract thinking (a Piagetian measure); and (2) self-concept development (Loevinger's Ego Stages). The results indicated statistically significant gains in both abstract thinking and ego stage. Implications for school curriculum modification are also detailed.
The effect of porous infusion balloon-delivered angiopeptin on myointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in the rabbit.

BACKGROUND Angiopeptin, a synthetic somatostatin analogue, reduces myointimal hyperplasia after experimental balloon angioplasty when given subcutaneously. The feasibility and efficacy of a single dose of angiopeptin delivered locally via the Wolinsky porous balloon on myointimal hyperplasia were studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Three rabbits received 125I-angiopeptin in the mid abdominal aorta via the Wolinsky balloon at 5 atm for 1 minute after balloon injury. Thirty minutes later, autoradiography demonstrated radioactivity in the media and the adventitia. Forty rabbits were divided equally into one control group receiving saline and three angiopeptin groups receiving 1, 10, or 100 micrograms/mL of angiopeptin delivered locally at 5 atm for 1 minute via the Wolinsky balloon into the mid abdominal aorta after balloon injury of the entire abdominal aorta. On day 21, the abdominal aortas were fixed in situ and harvested. There was no statistical difference in the amount of myointimal hyperplasia in the locally treated aorta in the angiopeptin groups compared with the control group. However, in the lower abdominal aorta, where balloon injury without local delivery was performed, there was a significant reduction of myointimal hyperplasia in the highest-concentration angiopeptin group (P < .001 versus the control group). Electron microscopy showed that the control animals had a pseudointima of smooth muscle cells throughout the aorta, whereas in all the angiopeptin-treated animals, endothelial cells were present at both locations. CONCLUSIONS Angiopeptin can be delivered intramurally via the Wolinsky porous balloon and reduces myointimal hyperplasia only in the area distal to the local drug delivery site (downstream effect), possibly by healing the injured endothelium, by transport via the vasa vasora, and/or by systemic effect.
Enhancement and inhibition of avian sarcoma viruses by polycations and polyanions.

Abstract Polycations enhance the infectivity of avian sarcoma viruses for chick embryo fibroblast cultures up to 80-fold. The enhancement is restricted to members of avian tumor virus subgroups B, C, and D and to RSV(O). Subgroup A viruses are either unaffected or inhibited by polycations. The polycation-mediated enhancement is at least in part due to an increased adsorption rate of virus to cell, but may also involve penetration. Viral growth rates are not influenced by cationic polymers. Polyanions reduce the infectivity of avian sarcoma viruses and are also able to neutralize the virus-enhancing activity of polycations. An exception is dextran sulfate which causes virus inhibition only at low concentrations (less than 4 μg/ml), but enhances viral infectivity at higher concentrations. Extracts from normal or leukosis virus-infected chick embryo fibroblasts also enhance focus formation by certain avian sarcoma viruses. The characteristics of this enhancement are similar to that mediated by polycations.
Improving Optical Control of Protein Activity by Light-Induced Fluorescent Protein Dissociation

Fluorescent proteins have been widely used for imaging while other light-absorbing domains have been used for optical control of protein localization or activity. We recently discovered that a tetrameric variant of the photochromic green fluorescent protein Dronpa exhibits light-mediated dissociation and association, and demonstrated that fluorescent proteins can also be used for reversible optical control of protein activity. We also developed a general design for fluorescent light-inducible proteins (FLiPs) in which a protein domain of interest is fused to two copies of Dronpa (one on each end), so that formation of the Dronpa tetramer occludes the domain of interest at baseline. To simplify the design, we now aim to develop a dimeric form of Dronpa that also exhibits light-mediated dissociation and association. Through structure-guided rational mutagenesis, we have created two dimeric mutants that show robust light-mediated dissociation and reassociation. We compare dimeric and tetrameric forms of Dronpa in photoswitching kinetics and in performance in optical control of protein activity. Using biochemical assays, we also confirm that protein domains of interest within FLiP constructs are occluded from their interaction partners in the pre-illuminated state and this occlusion is relieved by illumination. Our light-regulated Dronpa dimer confirms the utility of fluorescent proteins as optical control elements and the mechanism of action of the FLiP design.
WAVE DAMPING BY MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE AND ITS EFFECT ON COSMIC-RAY PROPAGATION IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

Cosmic rays scatter off magnetic irregularities (Alfven waves) with which they are resonant, that is, waves of wavelength comparable to their gyroradii. These waves may be generated either by the cosmic rays themselves, if they stream faster than the Alfven speed, or by sources of MHD turbulence. Waves excited by streaming cosmic rays are ideally shaped for scattering, whereas the scattering efficiency of MHD turbulence is severely diminished by its anisotropy. We show that MHD turbulence has an indirect effect on cosmic-ray propagation by acting as a damping mechanism for cosmic-ray-generated waves. The hot ("coronal") phase of the interstellar medium is the best candidate location for cosmic-ray confinement by scattering from self-generated waves. We relate the streaming velocity of cosmic rays to the rate of turbulent dissipation in this medium for the case in which turbulent damping is the dominant damping mechanism. We conclude that cosmic rays with up to 10^2 GeV could not stream much faster than the Alfven speed but 10^6 GeV cosmic rays would stream unimpeded by self-generated waves, unless the coronal gas were remarkably turbulence-free.
Pre-equilibrium particle emission and critical exponent analysis.

In two different phase transition models of nuclear fragmentation we show that the emission of pre-equilibrium particles and mixing of events from different classes cannot be ignored in the analysis of nuclear fragmentation data in terms of critical exponents, and we show how the apparent values of the extracted exponents are affected.
Visual mining of neuro-metaspaces

Large scale neuroimaging data archival protocols are gradually becoming ubiquitous in both research as well as clinical settings. Current user-database interfaces are limited to textual searches and often require data-specific knowledge for performing queries. This is proving to be an obstacle for researchers who wish to obtain a holistic view of the data before designing pilot neuroscientific studies or even formulating statistical hypotheses. Instead of providing a restricted, unidimensional view of the data, we seek to place a multi-dimensional view of the entire neurodatabase at the user's disposal. With the aim of visual navigation of complete neuro-repositories, we introduce the concept of brain meta-spaces. The meta-space models the implicit nonlinear manifold where the neurological data resides, and encodes pair-wise dissimilarities between all individuals in a population. Additionally, the novelty in our approach lies in the user ability to simultaneously view and interact with many brains at once but doing so in a vast meta-space that encodes (dis)similarity in morphometry.
Teacher Beliefs and Practices in Schools Serving Communities That Differ in Socioeconomic Level

AbstractAttitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and classroom practices of teachers in 24 urban and suburban elementary schools throughout the United States were assessed with teacher questionnaires and classroom observations during a single school year. Teachers in schools serving students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds put greater emphasis on teacher authority and control and less on student autonomy and constructivist approaches than teachers in other schools did. Teachers in schools serving students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds also were less trusting of students and more skeptical about their abilities. Teachers’ beliefs were generally consistent with their practices, even when school poverty level and students’ mean achievement levels were statistically controlled.
Partially flipped: experiences using POGIL

Flipped learning is a general term used to describe several kinds of teaching techniques designed to engage students and inspire deep learning. Flipped learning often means that the lecture is provided in a format available outside of the classroom while the homework or other activities are done in the classroom where students get help from the Instructor or fellow students. [1] When educators decide to start to flip a class, they discover that recording all of the lectures so that they can be streamed online is a daunting task. Many begin by flipping only one or two lectures, creating a partially flipped class to test how well it works. A teaching technique promoted by the National Science Foundation is Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL). POGIL organizes students into teams of four or five team members. Each team member has a well-defined role to play while the team works through a POGIL activity. IT3510 is an Advanced Linux Administration class where POGIL activities were used as a partially flipped teaching technique. Several lessons were learned about implementing POGIL activities in an upper-division Information Technology (IT) course.
Evaluation of finite-element-based simulation model of photoacoustics in biological tissues

A finite element (FE)-based simulation model for photoacoustic (PA) has been developed incorporating light propagation, PA signal generation, and sound wave propagation in soft tissues using a commercial FE simulation package, COMSOL Multiphysics. The developed simulation model is evaluated by comparing with other known simulation models such as Monte Carlo method and heat-pressure model. In this in silico simulation, FE model is composed of three parts of 1) homogeneous background soft tissues submerged in water, 2) target tissue inclusion (or PA contrast agents), and 3) short pulsed laser source (pulse length of 5-10 ns). The laser point source is placed right above the tissues submerged in water. This laser source light propagation through the multi-layer tissues using the diffusion equation is compared with Monte Carlo solution. Photoacoustic signal generation by the target tissue inclusion is simulated using bioheat equation for temperature change, and resultant stress and strain. With stress-strain model, the process of the PA signal generation can be simulated further in details step by step to understand and analyze the photothermal properties of the target tissues or PA contrast agents. The created wide-band acoustic pressure (band width > 150 MHz) propagates through the background tissues to the ultrasound detector located at the tissue surface, governed by sound wave equation. Acoustic scattering and absorption in soft tissues also have been considered. Accuracy and computational time of the developed FE-based simulation model of photoacoustics have been quantitatively analyzed.
Does sex matter? Effect of screener sex in intimate partner violence screening ☆

Abstract Study Hypothesis The sex of the individual performing screening affects the willingness of adult male and female ED patients to disclose incidents of intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods We performed a prospective cross-sectional survey at an urban academic medical center. A consecutive sample of adults who presented to the ED from 7:00 am to 00:00 am , 7 days/wk, over an 8-week period, were screened for IPV by 26 trained research assistants (42.3% female; mean age 23 years; 3.8% African American, 53.8% white). Intimate partner violence was detected using a 4-item tool to measure both physical and psychological abuse within the past 6 months. Comparison of medical history and disposition was performed using χ 2 tests and t tests. Regression analysis was performed to determine the association of sex and screening outcomes, controlling for patient and screener age and race. Results A total of 2853 patients participated (63.0% female; mean age, 36 years; 67.5% African American, 22.9% white). During the study 48 female patients (2.7%) and 21 male patients (2.0%) reported incidents of IPV within the past 6 months. The sex of the screener was not associated with the screening outcomes for male (odds ratio, 0.98; CI, 0.35-2.72) or female patients (odds ratio, 0.90; CI, 0.45-1.82). Conclusions Sex of the screener does not appear to affect disclosure of IPV. These results support the continuation of existing screening practices and call for IPV detection at multiple stages throughout patient care.
Genetic immunization with LYT1 or a pool of trans-sialidase genes protects mice from lethal Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

Genetic immunization with a limited set of genes has been demonstrated to be an effective means of protecting mice from a normally lethal challenge of Trypanosoma cruzi. The goal of this study was to expand the diversity of genes assessed as genetic vaccine candidates. Screening a T. cruzi amastigote cDNA expression library with anti-amastigote monoclonal antibodies resulted in the identification of two genes, the previously identified flagellar Ca2+ binding protein, FCaBP, and a novel homologue of the adaptin AP-3 complex β3 subunit, Tcβ3. A third gene, LYT1, recently identified as a secreted T. cruzi protein involved in cell lysis and infectivity, and was selected. Although peptides from all three genes were found to be targets of cytotoxic T cell responses in chronically infected mice, only immunization with LYT1 protected mice from a normally lethal challenge of T. cruzi. As an alternative to testing individual T. cruzi genes as vaccines, pools of genes from the trans-sialidase (TS) and mucin families were assessed in vaccination studies. Immunization with pools of TS but not mucin genes provided protection against a normally lethal challenge of T. cruzi. This study demonstrates that the ability of T. cruzi proteins to elicit immune responses in infected hosts does not necessarily associate with the ability to induce protection and that both the products of single genes and multi-gene families may serve as effective vaccines.
Assessment of air space size and surface area.

to the editor: Dr. Knudsen and colleagues (1) are to be congratulated for a very important paper, comparing two different approaches for quantifying air space chord lengths in fixed lungs. The ability to make these measurements in an unbiased manner is very important in assessing pathological changes in emphysema models. The paper also highlights the relation between mean air space chord length (Lm; with either method) and lung volume, which is often overlooked by many investigators. However, with regard to this latter point, there is an issue in the data that is not entirely clear. In the rabbit model, the lung is inflated such that the lung air volume at 80% of total lung capacity (D80) is increased by a factor of 2 compared with that at 40% of total lung capacity (D40) (Table 1, 72 vs. 36 ml). Such a doubling of volume would be consistent with a ≈25% increase in any linear dimension of similar structures. However, the reported measurements of Lm show increases of 80% with the direct method and 64% with the indirect method. Thinking in the other direction, an 80% increase in linear dimension would be consistent with over a fivefold increase in air volume, but this is not even close to what was measured. It is not clear what accounts for this large discrepancy, but it clearly will also lead to a substantial underestimate of the calculated internal surface area. Since the surface area calculation assumes a similar shape, perhaps the shifting volume between alveoli and ducts observed contributes to an error of this magnitude. However, a similar error is present in the treated and untreated surfactant protein-D null mice, which show a smaller change in duct/alveoli partitioning. We hope that the authors may be able to clarify why there is such a discrepancy between the Lm and lung volume measurements, and when it is appropriate to use Eq. 1 [Lm = 4·(V/S), where V/S is volume-to-surface ratio] to calculate surface area in other experimental models with pathophysiological changes in the lung parenchyma. If the surface area calculation is so exquisitely sensitive to the duct/alveoli partitioning, then is it still useful to use it as a reliable index of pathological changes in structure?
The augmented anastomotic urethroplasty: indications and outcome in 29 patients

Purpose: A short bulbar stricture of 1 cm. or less is best managed by stricture excision and primary anastomosis. However, a dilemma exists when the total length of the stricture is too great for excision and anastomosis. Options include stricture incision and flap-graft onlay or stricture excision with roof or floor strip anastomosis augmented by an onlay. We report our results with the latter type of augmented anastomotic urethroplasty.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 29 patients who underwent augmented anastomotic urethroplasty between 1990 and 1999. Retrograde urethrography was performed 3 weeks and 3 months postoperatively, and later if the patient was symptomatic. When possible, followup clinic notes and x-rays from referring physicians were obtained and patients were contacted directly to assess the long-term outcome.Results: The stricture was in the bulbar urethra in all cases. Six patients had a completely obliterative stricture. Mean stricture length was 1.5 cm. o...
A model driven XML transformation framework for business performance management

As XML formats have been widely adopted for representing business documents both within and across enterprises, XML to XML translation becomes a common and critical component for business process integration. Due to limitations of popular approaches such as XSLT for XML translations, we designed a model driven development framework for XML to XML translation with the additional benefits of code re-use and strong built-in model validation. We further applied this framework to the domain of business performance management, converting documents from human-readable XML format to machine-readable XMI format
An Introduction to Syntax

This comprehensive textbook is an engaging introduction to syntax. Clearly organized and accessible, it provides students with a thorough grounding in the analysis of syntactic structure using data from a typologically wide variety of languages. The book guides students through the basic concepts involved in syntactic analysis and goes on to prepare them for further work in any syntactic theory, using examples from a range of phenomena in human languages. It also includes a chapter on theories of syntax. Each chapter includes generous exercises and recommendations for further study. The emphasis on languages and data sets this book apart from other introductions to syntax. This book is an essential text for undergraduate and graduate students on courses devoted to the study of syntax. It will also be very valuable to students in other cognitive science fields who are interested in language.
Geometrical aspects of interpreting images as a three-dimensional scene

One of the fundamental aspects of vision is three-dimensional geometry referring to the relationship between the scene which is depicted and the images which are projections of that scene. This paper presents computational theories which deal with geometrical aspects of interpreting images as a three-dimensional (3D) scene. The presentation covers three levels of descriptions: micro-surface level, volumetric-object level, and scene level. The micro-surface level concerns the relationship between surface orientations of small surface patches and image properties. Theories are presented which provide computational constraints for recovering surface orientations from geometrical image properties, such as symmetry, texture, shadows, and perspective distortions. The volumetric-object level handles shape representations of primitive objects: the relationship between 3D shape of an object and its projections onto images must be understood. The generalized cylinder is a popular volumetric shape representation in vision. We will discuss its formal properties. Finally, the scene level aims at constructing and maintaining the 3D description of the whole scene. We will present the Incremental 3D Mosaic system under development at CMU, which incrementally constructs the total 3D scene description of the task area from aerial photographs.
The asymmetric sinistral/dextral Markov-Dubins problem

We consider a variation of the classical Markov-Dubins problem dealing with curvature-constrained, shortest paths in the plane with prescribed initial and terminal positions and tangents, when the lower and upper bounds of the curvature are not necessarily equal. The motivation for this problem stems from vehicle navigation applications when the vehicle may be biased in taking turns at a particular direction due to hardware failures or environmental conditions. We employ optimal control to characterize the structure of the shortest path and we resort to geometric techniques to provide sufficient conditions for optimality of the resulting path.
Nondeterministic exponential time has two-prover interactive protocols

The exact power of two-prover interactive proof systems (MIP) introduced by M. Ben-Or et al. (Proc. 20th Symp. on Theory of Computing, 1988, p.113-31) is determined. In this system, two all-powerful noncommunicating provers convince a randomizing polynomial-time verifier in polynomial time that the input x belongs to the language L. It was previously suspected (and proved in a relativized sense) that coNP-complete languages do not admit such proof systems. In sharp contrast, it is shown that the class of languages having two-prover interactive proof systems is computable in nondeterministic exponential time (NEXP). This represents a further step demonstrating the unexpectedly immense power for randomization and interaction in efficient provability. >
Transcranial Doppler Detection of Cerebral Fat Emboli and Relation to Paradoxical Embolism A Pilot Study

Background—The fat embolism syndrome is clinically characterized by dyspnea, skin petechiae, and neurological dysfunction. It is associated mainly with long bone fracture and bone marrow fat passage to the systemic circulation. An intracardiac right-to-left shunt (RLS) could allow larger fat particles to reach the systemic circulation. Transcranial Doppler can be a useful tool to detect both RLS and the fat particles reaching the brain. Methods and Results—We prospectively studied patients with femur shaft fracture with RLS evaluation, daily transcranial Doppler with embolus detection studies, and neurological examinations to evaluate the relation of RLS and microembolic signals to the development of fat embolism syndrome. Forty-two patients were included; 14 had an RLS detected. Seven patients developed neurological symptoms; all of them had a positive RLS (P=<0.001). The patients with an RLS showed higher counts and higher intensities of microembolic signals (P=<0.05 and P=<0.01, respectively) compared ...
In Vitro Characterization of the Bioconversion of Pomaglumetad Methionil, a Novel Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Receptor Agonist Peptide Prodrug

To characterize the hydrolysis of the peptide prodrug pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023; (1R,4S,5S,6S)-4-(L-methionylamino)-2-thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid 2,2-dioxide), to the active drug LY404039 [(1R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-2-thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid 2,2-dioxide], a series of in vitro studies were performed in various matrices, including human intestinal, liver, kidney homogenate, and human plasma. The studies were performed to determine the tissue(s) and enzyme(s) responsible for the conversion of the prodrug to the active molecule. This could enable an assessment of the risk for drug interactions, an evaluation of pharmacogenomic implications, as well as the development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for formation of the active drug. Of the matrices examined, hydrolysis of pomaglumetad methionil was observed in intestinal and kidney homogenate preparations and plasma, but not in liver homogenate. Clearance values calculated after applying standard scaling factors suggest the intestine and kidney as primary sites of hydrolysis. Studies with peptidase inhibitors were performed in an attempt to identify the enzyme(s) catalyzing the conversion. Near complete inhibition of LY404039 formation was observed in intestinal and kidney homogenate and human plasma with the selective dehydropeptidase1 (DPEP1) inhibitor cilastatin. Human recombinant DPEP1 was expressed and shown to catalyze the hydrolysis, which was completely inhibited by cilastatin. These studies demonstrate pomaglumetad methionil can be converted to LY404039 via one or multiple enzymes completely inhibited by cilastatin, likely DPEP1, in plasma, the intestine, and the kidney, with the plasma and kidney involved in the clearance of the circulating prodrug. These experiments define a strategy for the characterization of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of other peptide-like compounds.
Ultrahigh-speed reconfigurable logic gates based on four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier

We have demonstrated simple reconfigurable all-optical logic operations based on four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier and encoding information in the polarization of the input signals. Experimental implementation of six logic functions (including XOR, XNOR, AND, NOR, etc.) operating at 10 Gb/s were realized by simply adjusting two polarization controllers in the setup
Nature of Materials in Serum That Interfere in the Glucose Oxidase—Peroxidase—o-Dianisidine Method for Glucose, and Their Mode of Action

Separation of blood serum on Sephadex G-100 reveals three fractions that interfere with the glucose oxidase— peroxidase method for serum glucose when o -dianisidine is used as the chromogen. A low-molecular-weight fraction containing primarily uric acid, a fraction containing protein with a molecular weight of about 40 000, and a fraction of even higher molecular weight (∼ 500 000) each interfered with glucose recovery when glucose was measured by this procedure. The uric acid fraction and the isolated 40 000 molecular weight fraction interfere by competing with o -dianisidine for hydrogen peroxide in the peroxidase-catalyzed color-formation step. The high-molecular-weight fraction not only interferes with the peroxidase reaction, but also with the glucose oxidase reaction itself. These agents cause values to be low by as much as 20% in the manual determination of glucose in normal serum if their interference is not recognized.
A New Species of Penichrolucanus Deyrolle, 1863 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) from the Philippines

Penichrolucanus alleni Bartolozzi, new species from the Philippines is described and compared to the more closely related species of the genus. The new taxon belongs to the “copricephalus group” having an eight-segmented antenna but possesses a distinctive two-articulated club. A key to all the known species of the genus is also provided.
Degree of inhibition of cortical acetylcholinesterase activity and cognitive effects by donepezil treatment in Alzheimer’s disease

Objectives: To determine in vivo cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and cognitive effects in subjects with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 14) prior to and after 12 weeks of donepezil therapy. Methods: Cognitive and N -[ 11 C]methyl-piperidin-4-yl propionate ([ 11 C]PMP) AChE positron emission tomography (PET) assessments before and after donepezil therapy. Results: Analysis of the PET data revealed mean (temporal, parietal, and frontal) cortical donepezil induced AChE inhibition of 19.1% (SD 9.4%) ( t = −7.9; p t = −14.1; p R 2 = 0.59, p 22.2%) had improved scores on the Stroop Color Word Test compared with subjects with less inhibition who had stable to worsening scores ( t = −2.7; p Conclusions: Donepezil induced inhibition of cortical AChE enzyme activity is modest in patients with mild AD. The degree of cortical enzyme inhibition correlates with changes in executive and attentional functions.
CFIE MM solution for TE and TM incidence on a 2-D conducting body with dielectric filled cavity

The problem of determining the scattering cross section of an arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional conducting body with an arbitrarily shaped dielectric filled cavity is considered. The problem is solved using a method-of-moments solution for the combined field integral equations. The particular form of the method of moments solution used here uses a minimum number of expansion coefficients. Results are given for transverse electric and transverse magnetic incident waves. >
Using the Curriculum Vita to Study the Career Paths of Scientists and Engineers: An Exploratory Assessment

In this paper we assess the utility of the curriculum vita (CV) as a data source for examining the career paths of scientists and engineers. CVs were obtained in response to an email message sent to researchers working in the areas of biotechnology and microelectronics. In addition, a number of CVs were obtained "passively" from a search of the Internet. We discuss the methodological issues and problems of this data collection strategy and the results from an exploratory analysis using OLS regression and event history analysis. In sum, despite difficulties with coding and variation in CV formats, this collection strategy seems to us to hold much promise.
Global survey of canonical Aspergillus flavus G protein-coupled receptors

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptors that relay signals from the external environment inside the cell, allowing an organism to adapt to its surroundings. They are known to detect a vast array of ligands, including sugars, amino acids, pheromone peptides, nitrogen sources, oxylipins, and light. Despite their prevalence in fungal genomes, very little is known about the functions of filamentous fungal GPCRs. Here we present the first full-genome assessment of fungal GPCRs through characterization of null mutants of all 15 GPCRs encoded by the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus. All strains were assessed for growth, development, ability to produce aflatoxin, and response to carbon sources, nitrogen sources, stress agents, and lipids. Most GPCR mutants were aberrant in one or more response processes, possibly indicative of cross talk in downstream signaling pathways. Interestingly, the biological defects of the mutants did not correspond with assignment to established GPCR classes; this is likely due to the paucity of data for characterized fungal GPCRs. Many of the GPCR transcripts were differentially regulated under various conditions as well. The data presented here provide an extensive overview of the full set of GPCRs encoded by A. flavus and provide a framework for analysis in other fungal species. Importance: Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen of crops and animals, including humans, and it produces a carcinogenic toxin called aflatoxin. Because of this, A. flavus accounts for food shortages and economic losses in addition to sickness and death. Effective means of combating this pathogen are needed to mitigate its deleterious effects. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are often used as therapeutic targets due to their signal specificity, and it is estimated that half of all drugs target GPCRs. In fungi such as A. flavus, GPCRs are likely necessary for sensing the changes in the environment, including food sources, developmental signals, stress agents, and signals from other organisms. Therefore, elucidating their functions in A. flavus could identify ideal receptors against which to develop antagonists.