cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Slurm Simulator: Implementation and Parametric Analysis

Slurm is an open-source resource manager for HPC that provides high configurability for inhomogeneous resources and job scheduling. Various Slurm parametric settings can significantly influence HPC resource utilization and job wait time, however in many cases it is hard to judge how these options will affect the overall HPC resource performance. The Slurm simulator can be a very helpful tool to aid parameter selection for a particular HPC resource. Here, we report our implementation of a Slurm simulator and the impact of parameter choice on HPC resource performance. The simulator is based on a real Slurm instance with modifications to allow simulation of historical jobs and to improve the simulation speed. The simulator speed heavily depends on job composition, HPC resource size and Slurm configuration. For an 8000 cores heterogeneous cluster, we achieve about 100 times acceleration, e.g. 20 days can be simulated in 5 h. Several parameters affecting job placement were studied. Disabling node sharing on our 8000 core cluster showed a 45% increase in the time needed to complete the same workload. For a large system (>6000 nodes) comprised of two distinct sub-clusters, two separate Slurm controllers and adding node sharing can cut waiting times nearly in half.
The Piglet with the Wooden Leg: How US Policies Contributed to Disaster Vulnerability in Haiti

This paper examines US and IDB exploitation of its relationship with Haiti through discussion of how aid is used to determine the victor in the conflict between populist demands and neoliberal reforms. The design of conditional aid to Haiti has sought to dominate the Haitian import and export markets and has put US interests above Haiti's. Foreign direct investment and the neoliberal reforms international loans have brought to Haiti have contributed to the state of impoverishment and vulnerability in which most Haitians find themselves today. The 7.0-magnitude earthquake that struck Port-au-Prince in January 2010 is the costliest disaster since the IDB began record-keeping forty years ago and resulted in the death of one in fifty Haitians, as compared to the 8.8-magnitude Chilean earthquake, which killed less than one percent of the number that died in Haiti. Policies this presentation particularly discusses include the withholding of loans for water and sanitation, US rice exports to Haiti, the Creole Pig Eradication Program and the recent extension of the HOPE II textile bill. These show a direct correlation between US and IDB policies, their contribution to ecological and socio-economic damage, and the magnitude of loss experienced from the earthquake. The paper further aims to develop discussion on alternatives for future policy.
CLOSING THE GAP BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

ABSTRACT The gap between active and passive solar could hardly be wider. The reasons for this are discussed and advantages to narrowing the gap are analyzed. Ten years of experience in both active and passive systems are reviewed, including costs, frequent problems, performance prediction, performance modeling, monitoring, and cooling concerns. Trends are analyzed, both for solar space heating and for service water heating. A tendency for the active and passive technologies to be converging is observed. Several recommendations for narrowing the gap are presented.
A cross‐sectional study of non‐attendance among patients at a US hemophilia treatment center 2010‐2014

Introduction Among patients with chronic disease, non-attendance at scheduled healthcare visits is associated with poor outcomes. The impact of non-attendance among patients with bleeding disorders is unknown. Methods Scheduling and medical record data over a 5-year period for all individuals with at least one scheduled appointment during 2010-2014 at a US Hemophilia Treatment Center (HTC) were analysed. Non-attendance rates were calculated as the number of non-attended visits divided by the number of years as a patient during the time period. Consistent non-attenders were patients who did not attend more than one scheduled appointment per person-year on average. Logistic regression determined characteristics associated with consistent non-attendance and Poisson regression estimated adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) describing associations between non-attendance and emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. Results There were 8028 appointments scheduled for 950 individuals; 12% were not attended. Consistent non-attenders (n = 62; 7% of the HTC patient population) accounted for over one-third of non-attended appointments and over one-quarter of hospitalizations. Characteristics associated with consistent non-attendance included public health insurance and black race. Higher non-attendance rates were associated with more ED visits (aIRR 1.78; 95% CI: 1.37-2.30) and hospitalizations (aIRR 2.73; 95% CI: 2.18-3.42). Consistent non-attenders had more ED visits (aIRR 2.49; 95% CI: 1.56-3.96) and hospitalizations (aIRR 4.73; 95% CI: 2.96-7.57) compared with patients who never missed appointments. Conclusions Frequent non-attendance identified a small but at-risk population. Interventions to improve disease management that target them may have an impact on health outcomes and healthcare utilization.
The development of an industrial arts program for the elementary school, K-3

The problem of this study was to plan and articulate an industrial arts program for the elementary school, K-3, To do so, two questions were resolved in the study; to identify a base or rationale for developing the program and to identify the content of such a program. Initially, a rationale for an industrial arts program in the elementary school was developed founded upon the four bases of the curriculum. These included: social forces, the nature of knowledge, the nature of learning and human develop­ ment. It was found that a study of industrial arts in the elementary school could be substantiated and, furthermore, that the content orientation of such a study must revolve about technology. Throughout the remainder of the study, Sarapin's Formative Evaluation Procedural Model (1977) was utilized to specifiy the content of an industrial arts program in the elementary school. Goals, objectives, and instructional materials for the program were first assembled by a four-member Development Committee and then evaluated by a ten-member Expert Review Committee. The instructional materials were then partially field tested in an elementary school.
The Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors Academy for Scholarship Coaching Program: Addressing the Needs of Academic Emergency Medicine Educators

Author(s): Jordan, Jaime; Dorfsman, Michele L.; Wagner, Mary Jo; Wolf, Stephen J | Abstract: Introduction: Didactic lectures remain fundamental in academic medicine; however, many faculty physicians do not receive formal training in instructional delivery. In order to design a program to instill and enhance lecture skills in academic emergency medicine (EM) physicians we must first understand the gap between the current and ideal states.Methods: In 2012 the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) Academy for Scholarship designed a novel coaching program to improve teaching skills and foster career development for medical educators based on literature review and known teaching observation programs. In order to inform the refinement of the program, we performed a needs assessment of participants. Participants’ needs and prior teaching experiences were gathered from self-reflection forms completed prior to engaging in the coaching program. Two independent reviewers qualitatively analyzed data using a thematic approach.Results: We analyzed data from 12 self-reflection forms. Thematic saturation was reached after nine forms. Overall inter-rater agreement was 91.5%. We categorized emerging themes into three domains: participant strengths and weaknesses; prior feedback with attempts to improve; and areas of desired mentorship. Several overlapping themes and subthemes emerged including factors pertaining to the lecturer, the audience/learner, and the content/delivery.Conclusion: This study identified several areas of need from EM educators regarding lecture skills. These results may inform faculty development efforts in this area. The authors employed a three-phase, novel, national coaching program to meet these needs.
Peromyscus acute and anticoagulant dry bait laboratory efficacy test method

A test method has been developed to evaluate the effectiveness of poison baits used against Peromyscus mice. The mice are group-caged and offered the poison bait along with a nonpoisonous field rodent alternate diet. The rationale for the alternate diet is discussed. A Peromyscus mouse bait tested with this method is considered satisfactory if a 90 percent mortality is achieved.
In Vivo Effects of Endothelins in the Lung

The pathophysiologic role of the potent vasoconstrictor/bronchoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) in lung disease is still unclear, but reports of increased expression of ET-1 and/or levels of ET-1 in the airways of patients with asthma [1–8], pulmonary hypertension [9–12] and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [13,14], would suggest a role in these conditions. Nevertheless, conclusive proof of the role of ETs in the pathogenesis of these diseases await clinical trials with appropriate antagonists and inhibitors demonstrating beneficial effects. However, to date much of our current knowledge about the role of ETs in airway disease has been derived from studies in experimental animals. This chapter will attempt to provide a mechanistic understanding of the in vivo effects of the ETs, in particular ET-1, in the lung.
Effects of glassing matrix deuteration on the relaxation properties of hyperpolarized 13 C spins and free radical electrons at cryogenic temperatures

Glassing matrix deuteration could be a beneficial sample preparation method for 13C dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) when large electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) width free radicals are used. However, it could yield the opposite DNP effect when samples are doped with small EPR width free radicals. Herein, we have investigated the influence of solvent deuteration on the 13C nuclear and electron relaxation that go along with the effects on 13C DNP intensities at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. For 13C DNP samples doped with trityl OX063, the 13C DNP signals decreased significantly when the protons are replaced by deuterons in glycerol:water or DMSO:water solvents. Meanwhile, the corresponding solid-state 13C T1 relaxation times of trityl OX063-doped samples generally increased upon solvent deuteration. On the other hand, 13C DNP signals improved by a factor of ∼1.5 to 2 upon solvent deuteration of samples doped with 4-oxo-TEMPO. Despite this 13C DNP increase, there were no significant differences recorded in 13C T1 values of TEMPO-doped samples with nondeuterated or fully deuterated glassing matrices. While solvent deuteration appears to have a negligible effect on the electron T1 relaxation of both free radicals, the electron T2 relaxation times of these two free radicals generally increased upon solvent deuteration. These overall results suggest that while the solid-phase 13C DNP signals are dependent upon the changes in total nuclear Zeeman heat capacity, the 13C relaxation effects are related to 2H/1H nuclear spin diffusion-assisted 13C polarization leakage in addition to the dominant paramagnetic relaxation contribution of free radical centers.
Comprehensive Analysis of Murine and Human RBC Ghost Proteomes.

Abstract Inherited hemolytic anemia (spherocytosis or elliptocytosis) is one of the most common inherited diseases with an incidence of 1:2500 to 1:5000 in populations of Northern European descent. Mild to severe inherited hemolytic anemias can arise from defects in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane skeleton. Genetic knock-out of various components of this apparatus has led to the creation of mouse models which have contributed significantly to our understanding of these disorders in humans. However, the mouse and human RBC protein complements have not been comprehensively compared. Using newly developed proteomic methodology, we conducted a peptide level ‘bottom-up' analysis of the normal mouse and human RBC ghost (i.e., RBC membrane skeleton and associated proteins). RBCs were purified using cellulose acetate chromatography from whole blood taken from three genetically identical mice and two hematologically normal yet genetically diverse humans. The isolated RBCs were lysed to generate RBC ghosts whose protein complements were digested with trypsin and analyzed by shotgun proteomics using microcapillary liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 400 and 491 unique proteins were identified in human samples A and B respectively while 469 proteins were found in common across the three mouse samples. All previously identified membrane skeleton proteins were found in the human and mouse samples. Likewise, well-known RBC membrane proteins were represented. Of interest, a surprising number of proteins were found associated with the RBC ghost involved in processes such as protein repair (15–20), protein degradation (30–43), oxidative stress response (4–6), Ras oncogene biology (28–30), and glycolysis (3–6). Collectively, the two human samples represented 544 unique proteins. These results affirm the usefulness of inherited anemia mouse models given the observed conservation of membrane skeleton components and the inherent challenges with doing normal versus diseased RBC analysis in humans due to genetic variation.
Circadian Profile of an Emergency Medicine Department: Scheduling Practices and Their Effects on Sleep and Performance.

Abstract Background Shiftwork causes circadian disruption and is the primary reason for attrition from Emergency Medicine. Objectives We aimed to develop concrete recommendations to mitigate negative effects of shiftwork based on measures of work, sleep, alertness, and performance in emergency physicians. Methods Thirty-one Emergency Medicine residents were surveyed retrospectively about sleep and alertness on different shifts. Additionally, the sleep, performance, and alertness of 22 Emergency Medicine resident and attending physicians was tracked continuously over 4 weeks via sleep logs, actigraphy, real-time reported sleepiness, and performance on a vigilance task. Schedules were analyzed for circadian disruption. Physicians also predicted their sleep schedules, which were compared with actual schedules; participants tracked extensions of shifts, schedule changes, and shifts in other hospitals. Results Daily rhythms were apparent in real-time performance and alertness data, with peaks at around 4 pm . Sleep difficulty was highest, sleep shortest, and alertness and performance lowest for night shifts. Emergency Medicine residents tended to cluster multiple night shifts in a row, despite evidence of accumulating sleep debt over consecutive shifts. There were many shifts that caused high circadian disruption, which could be avoided by simple amendments to scheduling practices. Conclusions Circadian principles should be applied as suggested by the American College of Emergency Physicians. Chronotype should be considered in scheduling. Night shifts, particularly, should not be extended. Clustering all night shifts in a row should probably be discouraged. The additional vulnerabilities for night shift could be mitigated by adopting napping mid- or post night shift and by providing pay differentials.
Metasurface Cloaks for Decoupling Closely Spaced Phased Antenna Arrays

Here, we propose to apply the concept of electromagnetic invisibility/cloaking for decoupling two closely spaced antenna arrays operating at neighboring frequencies. Array elements used here are strip monopole antennas covered by previously designed conformal and confocal elliptical metasurface cloaks. We demonstrate that by cloaking two closely spaced antenna elements in strongly coupled antenna arrays enables to decouple the entire arrays in the near-field and in the far-field. The simulation results of two overlapping linear arrays operating at f 1 = 2.95 GHz and f 2 = 3.35 GHz are provided as examples.
The European space and intelligence networks

This article argues that transgovernmental networks and epistemic communities have played an important role in contributing to the development of the EU’s internal security capabilities. The author analyzes the role and influence of these networks in three ways: (1) the circumstances under which these networks emerge, (2) the power and influence of these networks on EU member states, and (3) the constraints they face in seeking to operate effectively within their policy realm. Through examining the policy areas of outer space and intelligence sharing, which together comprise the backbone of the EU’s internal security capacity, this article sheds light on the role of informal networks in policy development. As the case studies show, strong epistemic communities can have a direct influence on policy outcomes, but decision-makers may ultimately transform the original policy goals to suit their own political preferences. By contrast, strong transgovernmental networks’ influence largely impacts the network itself in terms of bringing best practices closer in line, but sometimes this influence can spillover into actual policy outcomes, especially in the wake of a crisis.
The Muslim orphan paradox: Muslim Americans negotiating the Islamic law of adoption

While the care of orphans is a much lauded form of giving, precisely what care should look like is highly contested. This is due, in large part, to a consensus among the Islamic legal schools that adoption (tabanni) is prohibited. This article explores contemporary Muslim Americans’ negotiations of Islamic law to find ethical ways to care for non-biological children within their household. Through Muslim American collaborations and contentions over the regulation of orphan care, including the interventions of Islamic scholars and scholar-activists, as well as the intimate reflections of adoptive and foster parents, I demonstrate how Islamic law is not the exclusive domain of jurists, but of Muslim American communities forging new notions of care, kinship, and family as they draw together distinct legal bodies, traditions, and values.
Chapter 2 – Anatomy of Amphibians and Reptiles

: Amphibian and reptile anatomy is summarized from fertilization and development to glands and organ systems. Some of the major topics addressed include 1) the reproductive system, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, regulation of development, and embryonic lifestyles; 2) hatching, metamorphosis, and growth; and 3) organ systems. In addition to describing anatomy, functional aspects of organ systems are emphasized to present a perspective on how these systems work in amphibians and reptiles.
Characterization of kindled VGAT-Cre mice as a new animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE Development of novel therapies for temporal lobe epilepsy is hindered by a lack of models suitable for drug screening. While testing the hypothesis that "inhibiting inhibitory neurons" was sufficient to induce seizures, it was discovered that a mild electrical kindling protocol of VGAT-Cre mice led to spontaneous motor and electrographic seizures. This study characterizes these seizures and investigates the mechanism. METHODS Mice were implanted with electroencephalographic (EEG) headsets that included a stimulating electrode in the hippocampus before being electrically kindled. Seizures were evaluated by review of EEG recordings and behavior. γ-Aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurotransmission was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and electrophysiology. RESULTS Electrical kindling of VGAT-Cre mice induces spontaneous recurring seizures after a short latency (6 days). Seizures occur 1-2 times per day in both male and female mice, with only minimal neuronal death. These mice express Cre recombinase under the control of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), a gene that is specifically expressed in GABAergic inhibitory neurons. The insertion of Cre disrupts the expression of VGAT mRNA and protein, and impairs GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE Kindled VGAT-Cre mice can be used to study the mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis and may be useful for screening novel therapeutics.
Magnetic susceptibility and electron spin resonance of [ ( C H 3 ) 3 NH]Cu Cl 3 · 2 H 2 O

The low-temperature magnetic susceptibilities and electron spin resonance of single crystals of [${(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{3}$NH]Cu${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} 2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O are reported. The crystal orders magnetically at ${T}_{c}=0.157\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ K. Above the transition the susceptibility can be fit to the high-temperature expansion for a two-dimensional ferromagnetic square Heisenberg lattice with $\frac{J}{k}=0.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ K. Below ${T}_{c}$ the crystal exhibits behavior characteristic of weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the ferromagnetic layers.
On explicit discontinuous Galerkin methods for conservation laws

Abstract The concept of projection applied to explicit discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes is investigated. The two explicit DG methods in this study are based on a ‘predictor-corrector’ formulation, the first introduced by Lorcher, Gassner, and Munz called space–time expansion discontinuous Galerkin or STE-DG scheme (Lorcher et al. 2007, Gassner et al. 2008), and the second, introduced independently by the author (Huynh 2006, 2013) called the upwind moment scheme. The predictor step of the two methods is essentially identical using a Cauchy-Kovalevsky procedure, which involves no interaction of the data among neighboring cells. The corrector step also shares the same space-time integration formulation and is where interaction takes place; the two methods differ, however, in the evaluation of the projections in the space-time volume integrals. The STE-DG scheme evaluates these in a straightforward manner, whereas the moment scheme employs a successive procedure with each moment update uses the results by the lower-order updates. The trade-off is that the moment scheme has the disadvantage of a more elaborate corrector step and the significant advantage of a CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy) condition of 1 for all (degree) p and accuracy order of 2 p + 1 (super accuracy property) for one-dimensional (1D) advection. In contrast, the STE-DG method is accurate to only the expected order of p + 1 and has a more restrictive CFL condition. Due to the predictor-corrector formulation that does not involve methods of characteristics, these schemes extend easily to systems of equations in multiple dimensions. Concerning the case of two spatial dimensions (2D), for an advection using a Cartesian grid, when the flow does not align with the axes, especially when it is along a diagonal direction, the CFL conditions for the moment schemes also become restrictive and need improvement as will be shown by Fourier (von Neumann) analyses.
Economics of Southern Pines With and Without Payments for Environmental Amenities in the US South

During the early 1900s, nearly 37 million hectares of land in the Southern United States were under longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) relative to the current area of only 1.6 million hectares. Several initiatives were launched to encourage longleaf pine restoration across southern states. This study compares the economics of southern pines (longleaf, loblolly (Pinus taeda), and slash (Pinus elliottii) to facilitate the decision making of family forest landowners and design suitable financial incentives for increasing the area under longleaf pine in the region. We simulated six growth and yield scenarios for selected southern pines over three site indices in the Lower Coastal Plain of South Georgia. We estimated land expectation values (LEVs) of each scenario for the three cases, i.e., payment for forest products, payment for forest products and net carbon storage, and payment for forest products, net carbon storage, and net water yield. Our findings show that pine straw income significantly increases the LEV of longleaf pine. The financial risk of growing longleaf pine is lower than other southern pines. Existing financial support through various governmental incentives or additional monetary support for ecosystem services provided by longleaf pine ecosystems are needed to increase the area under longleaf pine in the Southern United States, in general, and in South Georgia, in particular. However, a need exists to reevaluate the conservation values provided by longleaf plantations considering expected shorter rotation ages due to the income provided by pine straw markets in the Southern United States.
The ETS transcription factor ERF controls the exit from the naïve pluripotent state in a MAPK-dependent manner.

The naive epiblast transitions to a pluripotent primed state during embryo implantation. Despite the relevance of the FGF pathway during this period, little is known about the downstream effectors ...
Uterine and peripheral blood concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen.

Abstract One hypothesis is that two placental protein hormones (human placental lactogen and human chorionic gonadotropin) are effective immunosuppressive agents that prevent the rejection of a fetus because of their very high concentrations. In patients undergoing elective repeat cesarean sections at term, we measured the concentrations of these hormones in blood obtained simultaneously from draining ovarian veins and peripheral veins, and found no significant differences.
Three paradigms of airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in young guinea pigs.

Evidence for contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) to the hyperresponsiveness of newborn and juvenile airways continues to accumulate. In our laboratory, 3 novel paradigms of hyperresponsiveness of newborn and young ASM have recently emerged using a guinea pig model of maturation in 3 age groups: 1 week (newborn), 3 weeks (juvenile), and 2–3 months (adult). The first paradigm includes evidence for a natural decline after newborn and juvenile life of the velocity of ASM shortening associated with a decrease in regulatory myosin light chain phosphorylation and a parallel decline in the content of myosin light chain kinase. Associated with the decrease in ASM shortening with age is an increase in the internal resistance to shortening. Dynamic stiffness is shown to relate inversely to the expression of myosin light chain kinase. This suggests that developmental changes in shortening relate inversely to the stiffness of the ASM early in shortening, suggesting a dynamic role for the cytoskeleton in facili...
Alias analysis: beyond the code

Though impressive advances have been made in the precision and scalabilty of alias analyses over the last 20 years, their applicability to real-world object-oriented programs has actually decreased. The growth in size of standard libraries and application frameworks has far exceeded scalability improvements in alias analysis--even analyzing a "Hello world" program in Java has become non-trivial due to enormous standard libraries. Precision gains from greater flow and context sensitivity have been countered by greater usage of reflective constructs in programs, leading analyses to either unsoundly ignore reflection or compute very coarse results. Similar complications are emerging for large JavaScript applications, and the lack of static types in such programs can make computing even a basic call graph difficult [7]. Given these trends, it seems unlikely that further incremental improvements to traditional alias analysis algorithms will be sufficient to address the challenges of analyzing current and future real-world codes.
LRTree: A Hybrid technique for Classifying Myocardial Infarction Data Containing Unknown Attribute Values

A common obstacle in using knowledge discovery techniques is the occurence of unknown attribute values in the data. A technique combining aspects of decision trees and logistic regression, named LRTree, has been developed for handling missing data when very few values per case are unknown. Where no values are absent, the model behaves like a traditional decision tree. For cases in which one or more attribute values are unknown, as much of the underlying decision tree as possible is followed.
Chapter 2 NREM–REM sleep

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the salient features of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Sleep is comprised of two distinct states known as NREM and REM sleep. NREM sleep is subdivided into four stages: stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, and stage 4. Stages 3 and 4 are collectively referred to as slow-wave sleep. REM sleep may be subdivided into two stages: phasic and tonic. NREM and REM sleep are associated with dynamic changes in the autonomic nervous system and immune system. The NREM–REM sleep cycle occurs every 90 minutes and approximately 4–6 cycles occur per major sleep episode. The ratio of NREM sleep to REM sleep in each cycle varies during the course of the night. The early cycles are dominated by slow-wave sleep and the later cycles are dominated by REM sleep. The first episode of REM sleep may last only a few minutes and subsequent REM episodes progressively lengthen in duration during the course of the major sleep period.
Enzymes of Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Obligate Autotrophs Thiobacillus thioparus and Thiobacillus neapolitanus

Levels of enzymes operative in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (glycolytic) pathway, pentose phosphate cycle, citric acid cycle, and certain other phases of intermediary carbohydrate metabolism have been compared in Thiobacillus thioparus and T. neapolitanus. All enzymes of the glycolytic pathway except phosphofructokinase were demonstrated in both organisms. There were some striking quantitative differences between the two organisms with respect to the activities of the individual enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and the citric acid cycle. Qualitative differences were also found: the isocitrate dehydrogenase activity of T. thioparus is strictly nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-dependent, whereas that of T. neapolitanus is primarily nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent, activity with NADP being low; the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of T. thioparus is particulate, whereas that of T. neapolitanus is partly soluble and partly particulate; the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase of T. thioparus is soluble, that of T. neapolitanus is partly soluble and partly particulate. All enzymes which function in the carbon reduction cycle were present at very high levels. In contrast, enzymes which operate exclusively in cycles other than the carbon reduction cycle were present at low levels. Of the enzymes not operative in the carbon reduction cycle that were examined, isocitric dehydrogenase had the highest specific activity. Both organisms possessed reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the data are discussed in relation to possible biochemical explanations of obligate autotrophy.
The Role of Plasma Theory in Space Research

The status of several “paradigm” problems of space plasma physics will be reviewed as a way to illustrate what role plasma theory has played in space research.
Verification and Validation of CFD Based Turbulent Flow Experiments

Accurate predictions with quantifiable uncertainty are essential to many practical flow applications exhibiting extreme geometrical complexity and broad ranges of length and time scales. Under-resolved computer studies are typically unavoidable in such applications. Critical issues involved in the flow experiments based on computational fluid dynamics relate to the treatment of unresolved subgrid scale flow features and required initial and boundary condition supergrid scale modeling. Flow characterization issues become very challenging ones in validation exercises based on laboratory data where potential sources of discrepancies between predictions and measurements need to be clearly evaluated and controlled. A special focus of the discussion in this chapter is devoted to turbulent flows. The inherently intrusive nature of numerical and laboratory turbulent flow experiments is noted in this context. Keywords: turbulence; experiments; simulations; subgrid; supergrid; large-eddy simulation; initial and boundary conditions; verification and validation
Diagnostic test for mucopolysaccharidosis. II. Rapid quantification of glycosaminoglycan in urine samples collected on a paper matrix.

The direct 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) method for quantifying sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in urine (Clin Chem 1989; 35:374-9) has been adapted to a convenient means for sample collection and transport as a test to identify individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) storage diseases. Results correlated moderately well (r = 0.85) with those of a commonly used, but more laborious, quantitative method. In studying factors to maximize differentiation of pathological from normal values, we found that GAG excretion (expressed as milligrams GAG per gram creatinine) fits a logarithmic function with respect to age and varies markedly below age five years. This must be considered in developing normative values and forming diagnoses. Of 112 separate urine specimens obtained from 41 MPS patients representing the major MPS diseases, glycosaminoglycan excretion by all exceeded that for age-matched normal individuals. The convenience of this method allowed us to establish the first normative values for three-week-old infants (n = 435) found to have a mean glycosaminoglycan excretion of 179 (SD 86.3) mg of GAG per gram of creatinine. This method improves the diagnostic capability for those MPS diseases that have been particularly difficult to identify (Sanfilippo's syndrome and Morquio's syndrome), and may also provide a test for other disorders with previously unrecognized abnormal excretion of glycosaminoglycan (e.g., mucolipidosis and acromesomelic dysplasia). Most importantly, this MPS diagnostic test is unique in its suitability for mass screening of newborn infants.
A kerfless dual-layer transducer combined with beamforming by spatial matched filtering for high frame rate ultrasound imaging

Dicing is typically required to create elements for array transducers made with piezoelectric ceramics. Kerfs, which are the cutting spaces generated during dicing, are introduced to prevent electrical and mechanical coupling, or cross-talk, between adjacent elements. Unfortunately, this dicing procedure can be very difficult and challenging, especially for high-frequency array transducers (> 30 MHz) because of the fine element spacing and small kerf requirements. In this work, we introduced the design, fabrication, and preliminary imaging using a transducer that does not require dicing of elements. The structure of this transducer is a dual-layer design, which has separate layers for transmit and receive respectively. A piece of un-diced PZT-5H ceramic was used as the transmitter that launched plane waves directly ahead. A sheet of P[VDF-TrFE] copolymer served as the receiver. In addition to simplifying the fabrication procedure, this kerfless dual-layer transducer also enables high frame rate imaging of the system because of the plane wave transmissions. However, the image quality of the transducer was intrinsically degraded due to the loss of transmit focusing capability. In order to compensate for the degradation, beamforming by spatial matched filtering (SMF), which is capable of dynamically focusing both the transmit and receive beams, was implemented to replace the conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming onto the kerfless transducer.
Light- and electron-microscopic characteristics of arterial smooth muscle cell cultures subjected to hypoxia or carbon monoxide

Abstract Smooth muscle cells from the tunica media of piglet aortae grown under hypoxic conditions undergo the following changes: First, they become modified by partial loss of myofilaments and proliferation of organelles, which are characteristics of young primitive cells. Second, an increase in number of pinocytotic vesicles at and below the cell surface, indicating increased extracellular uptake of material, can be detected. This is followed by accumulation of Oil Red O positive intracytoplasmic granules and vacuoles as well as the subsequent formation of mount-like protrusions. The latter consist of a core of extracellular material and necrotic debris covered with a cap of viable cells. A third feature of the cells subjected to hypoxia is a conspicuous rise in the number of lysosomes. This is considered to be a manifestation of a defense mechanism of the cells to remove undesirable material from cytoplasm. Cells exposed to an atmosphere rich in carbon monoxide exhibit basically the same alterations as those grown under hypoxic conditions; however, formation of mound-like aggregates is less prominent, while the rise in the number of lysosomes is more evident than in the hypoxic cells. The above alterations are similar to changes observed in smooth muscle cells of rabbit with experimental atherosclerosis. It is suggested that wherever the arterial smooth muscle cell is subjected to adverse conditions basically the same mechanism, consisting of dedifferentiation, increased permeability and lysosomal defense reaction, takes place.
Identity in Action: Predictors of Feminist Self-Identification and Collective Action

The present study sought to explore how women's life experiences influenced their beliefs, and how those beliefs in turn influenced feminist self-identification. Additionally, we sought to determine whether feminist self-identification led to increased collective action on behalf of women. Female participants (N = 282) from two US college campuses and online listservs completed an online survey assessing feminist self-identification, collective action, and life experiences. Conservative, liberal, and radical beliefs were assessed as were evaluations of feminists. A structural equation model was used to explore these relationships; life experiences were found to influence women's beliefs, which in turn influenced feminist self-identification, which influenced collective action. We found that life experiences may serve as a catalyst for both feminist self-identification and collective action.
The Perceived Effect of Parental Participation on the Academic Achievement of Female English as a Second Language Middle School Students in the Persian Gulf Region

This article provides a description of a correlational study that examined parents’ views on the impact of parental participation on female English as a second language (ESL) middle school students’ academic achievement in the Persian Gulf Region. A Likert-type survey based on the research literature explored the relationship between the 12 patterns of parental participation (e.g., monitoring student grades, parental expectations, etc.) and students’ academic achievement, as measured by parent report of the students' numerical grade averages. Findings showed that although there was no significant correlation between reported parental involvement and students’ academic averages overall, significant correlations were obtained for two subsamples of Saudi and Palestinian parents. Barriers that deter parents from participating in their daughters’ academics were identical to those reported among Hispanic and Asian parents in the United States. The article concludes with a discussion of the results and recommend...
Development of an audience-tailored film

Since every motion picture is intended for a particular audience, every film is audience-tailored according to the perceptions of its designer. However, when a film is to be used in communication research, there are advantages in delineating the procedure employed in the development of the film.
One-dimensional linear coherent processing using a single optical element

A coherent processor is presented which is capable of performing a large class of 1-D linear space-variant operations. The only components of the processor are a 1-D input, a mask whose transmittance is specified by the desired linear operation, and an output plane. Compared with other 1-D processors, this processor has advantages of real space compactness and total elimination of vignetting. Experimental results are presented for the specific operations of convolution and spectrum scaling.
Effect of fiber‐matrix adhesion on the properties of short fiber reinforced ABS

The tensile strength, fracture energy, and impact strength of ABS reinforced with discontinuous crystalline fibers such as Fybex1 can be controlled by manipulating fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. In “good bonding” situations composite tensile strength, thermal expansion coefficient, and elastic moduli are significantly improved over the unfilled resin. The excellent impact strength of unreinforced ABS can be retained by lowering the fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. This results in a corresponding reduction in the improvements in tensile and flexural strength. However, the elastic moduli and thermal expansion coefficients are relatively insensitive to changes in adhesion. Consequently, a material with high modulus (>500,000 psi), high Izod impact resistance (7.0 ft-lb/in.), and low expansion coefficient (3.0 × 10−5 in./in./°F) can be obtained. A material with this unique combination of properties should find use in large parts such as camper tops, truck grilles, and snowmobile bodies. Fiber-matrix adhesion was measured directly by an x-ray analysis technique which could be employed because of the fiber's crystallinity and unique growth habit. This independent measurement allowed a correlation between bonding and composite properties. The interfacial bond strength was manipulated by a variety of fiber coatings and resin additions.
Metalloporphyrins as Oxidation Catalysts: Moving Toward “Greener” Chemistry in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory

Training future chemists to be aware of the environmental impact of their work is of fundamental importance to global society. To convince chemists to embrace sustainability, the integration of green chemistry across the entire chemistry curriculum is a necessary step. This experiment expands the reach of green chemistry techniques into the inorganic laboratory curriculum. Students utilize a metalloporphyrin catalyst with hydrogen peroxide to facilitate the production of cyclooctene oxide eliminating the need for the environmentally harmful iodosylbenzene catalyst. Both chloroiron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin and chloroiron(III) tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin are incorporated into the experiment to allow comparison of catalytic activity. Product characterization includes UV-visible spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Moissanite: A Window for High-Pressure Experiments

We achieved a pressure of 52.1 gigapascals with moissanite anvils, which have optical, thermal, electric, magnetic, and x-ray properties that rival those of diamond. The mode-softening of D 2 O toward the pressure-induced hydrogen bond symmetrization and the Raman shifts of diamond under hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic compressions were studied with moissanite anvils in the spectral regions normally obscured by diamond anvils. Moissanite anvil cells allow maximum sample volumes 1000 times larger than those allowed by diamond anvil cells and may enable the next level of advancement in high-pressure experiments.
Reactive Chlorinating Species Produced during Neutrophil Activation Target Tissue Plasmalogens PRODUCTION OF THE CHEMOATTRACTANT, 2-CHLOROHEXADECANAL

Recently α-chloro fatty aldehydes have been shown to be products of reactive chlorinating species targeting the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens utilizing a cell-free system. Accordingly, the present experiments were designed to show that α-chloro fatty aldehydes are produced by activated neutrophils and to determine their physiologic effects. A sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was developed to detect pentafluorobenzyl oximes of α-chloro fatty aldehydes utilizing negative ion chemical ionization. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate activation of neutrophils resulted in the production of both 2-chlorohexadecanal and 2- chlorooctadecanal through a myeloperoxidase-dependent mechanism that likely involved the targeting of both 16 and 18 carbon vinyl ether-linked aliphatic groups present in the sn-1 position of neutrophil plasmalogens. 2-Chlorohexadecanal was also produced by fMLP-treated neutrophils. Additionally, reactive chlorinating species released from activated neutrophils targeted endothelial cell plasmalogens resulting in 2-chlorohexadecanal production. Physiologically relevant concentrations of 2-chlorohexadecanal induced neutrophil chemotaxisin vitro suggesting that α-chloro fatty aldehydes may have a role in neutrophil recruitment. Taken together, these studies demonstrate for the first time a novel biochemical mechanism that targets the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens during neutrophil activation resulting in the production of α-chloro fatty aldehydes that may enhance the recruitment of neutrophils to areas of active inflammation.
Methods for Desensitizing Tip Clearance Effects in Turbines

This study is an attempt to reduce the effect of the leakage vortex in axial flow turbines. A 3D Navier-Stokes CFD solver with k-e turbulence modeling was used compute the flow through an axial flow turbine with modified blade tip designs. A baseline flat tip case and three modified tip cases were simulated and the leakage flow and vortex for each was analyzed in detail. The three modified blade tip designs each involved adding a chamfer to the tip of the blade, in an attempt to diffuse the leakage flow through the gap and obstruct the leakage flow with the outer casing’s shear layer. Chamfering of the blade tip near the leading edge of the gap and across the entire gap region both failed to reduce the size and strength of the leakage vortex. By chamfering the blade tip near the trailing edge of the gap, the leakage flow inside the gap was turned toward the direction of the blade’s camber. This turning resulted in a decrease in the size and the strength of the leakage vortex and its subsequent losses, while at the same time, did not reduce the blade loading by an appreciable amount.This paper is available in color on the World Wide Web at http://navier.aero.psu.edu/∼jat/research.htmlCopyright © 2001 by ASME
An improved gallium-68 cow

The generator and method for milking (cow) 68-min gallium-68 from its 290-day germanium-68 parent are described. The generator consists of a glass column 25 mm in diameter containing 10 g of chromatographic alumina held on a course fritted glass disc and retained at the top by a piece of filter clotid and a polyethylene split washer. The germanium-68 activity is placed on the column in a solution of 0.005 M EDTA, the pH of which is adjusted to 7 with dilute NaOH. The generator is milked by pouring 25 mil of neutral 0.005 M EDTA solution into the column and allowing it to pass down through the alumina under its own head. This takes about 3 to 4 min. The germanium-68 is retaincd by the alumlna, probably as an anion, while gallium-68 is removed as an EDTA complex. The yield is about 70% of the gallium-68 on the column, and the product is carrier-free. (N.W.R.)