cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance degradation of ferrofluidic feedthroughs in a mixed irradiation field

Abstract Ferrofluidic feedthrough (FF) rotary seals containing either NdFeB or SmCo-type permanent magnets have been considered for use in the target and beam dump systems of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB). To evaluate their performance under irradiation three FF seals were irradiated in a mixed field consisting of fast neutrons, protons and γ-rays to an average absorbed dose of 0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 MGy at the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer facility (BLIP). The radiation types and energy profiles mimic those expected at the FRIB facility. Degradation of the operational performance of these devices due to irradiation is expected to be the result of the de-magnetization of the permanent magnets contained within the seal and the changes in the ferrofluid properties. Post-irradiation performance was evaluated by determining the ferrofluidic seal vacuum tightness and torque under static and dynamic conditions. The study revealed that the ferrofluidic feedthrough seal irradiated to a dose of 0.2 MGy maintained its vacuum tightness under both static and rotational condition while the one irradiated to a dose of 2.0 MGy exhibited signs of ferrofluid damage but no overall performance loss. At 20 MGy dose the effects of irradiation on the ferrofluid properties (viscosity and particle agglomeration) were shown to be severe. Furthermore, limited de-magnetization of the annular shaped Nd 2 Fe 14 B and Sm 2 Co 17 magnets located within the irradiated FFs was observed for doses of 0.2 MGy and 20 MGy respectively.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel®, a Transmission Blocking Vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum: An Open Label Study in Malaria Naïve Adults.

Transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) that target sexual stage parasite development could be an integral part of measures for malaria elimination. Pfs25 is a leading TBV candidate, and previous studies conducted in animals demonstrated an improvement of its functional immunogenicity after conjugation to EPA, a recombinant, detoxified ExoProtein A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this report, we describe results of an open-label, dose-escalating Phase 1 trial to assess the safety and immunogenicity of Pfs25-EPA conjugates formulated with Alhydrogel®. Thirty malaria-naive healthy adults received up to four doses of the conjugate vaccine, with 8, 16, or 47 μg of conjugated Pfs25 mass, at 0, 2, 4, and 10 months. Vaccinations were generally well tolerated. The majority of solicited adverse events were mild in severity with pain at the injection site the most common complaint. Anemia was the most common laboratory abnormality, but was considered possibly related to the study in only a minority of cases. No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred. The peak geometric mean anti-Pfs25 antibody level in the highest dose group was 88 (95% CI 53, 147) μg/mL two weeks after the 4th vaccination, and declined to near baseline one year later. Antibody avidity increased over successive vaccinations. Transmission blocking activity demonstrated in a standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) also increased from the second to the third dose, and correlated with antibody titer and, after the final dose, with antibody avidity. These results support the further evaluation of Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel® in a malaria-endemic population.
Posterior Monteggia Fracture-Dislocations

The Posterior Monteggia fracture-dislocation is an injury pattern involving a diaphyseal or proximal ulnar fracture associated with posterior subluxation or dislocation of the radiocapitellar joint. Additional injury to the radial head and lateral ulnar collateral ligament complex is common. Recognizing the extent and pattern of injury is important so that all components to elbow stability can be addressed. Management is centered upon reconstruction of length and alignment of the ulna, including the appropriate restoration of alignment of the coronoid and olecranon processes to one another if the trochlear notch is involved. Posterior contoured plating of the ulna has shown the most predictable results of maintaining fracture alignment. The need for lateral ulnar collateral ligament repair and management of the radial head should be evaluated on an individual basis, understanding that both are significant contributors to elbow stability. Complications such as arthrosis, heterotopic ossification, and synostosis are common. Although these are difficult and complex injuries to manage, a thorough recognition of the pattern of injury, as well as systematic approach to reconstruction, can maximize patient outcomes.
Organizational Attractiveness and Individual Differences: Are Diverse Applicants Attracted by Different Factors?

Recruiting is a critical staffing activity for organizations, but its impact on the job seeker is poorly understood. Much remains to be learned about individual differences in reactions to recruitment efforts. This paper discusses the results of a study of MBA candidates that examined (a) the relative importance of various job, organizational, diversity, and recruiter characteristics on assessments of organizational attractiveness, and (b) the extent to which these assessments differed when applicant race and gender are taken into account. Results confirmed that relative to organizational, diversity, and recruiter characteristics, job factors were reported as most important to organizational attraction. However, within the job, diversity, and recruiter characteristics categories interesting gender and/or race differences emerged. The implications of these differences for research and for practices are offered.
Nonlinear Elastic Inclusions in Anisotropic Solids

In this paper we study the stress and deformation fields generated by nonlinear inclusions with finite eigenstrains in anisotropic solids. In particular, we consider finite eigenstrains in transversely isotropic spherical balls and orthotropic cylindrical bars made of both compressible and incompressible solids. We show that the stress field in a spherical inclusion with uniform pure dilatational eigenstrain in a spherical ball made of an incompressible transversely isotropic solid such that the material preferred direction is radial at any point is uniform and hydrostatic. Similarly, the stress in a cylindrical inclusion contained in an incompressible orthotropic cylindrical bar is uniform hydrostatic if the radial and circumferential eigenstrains are equal and the axial stretch is equal to a value determined by the axial eigenstrain. We also prove that for a compressible isotropic spherical ball and a cylindrical bar containing a spherical and a cylindrical inclusion, respectively, with uniform eigenstrains the stress in the inclusion is uniform (and hydrostatic for the spherical inclusion) if the radial and circumferential eigenstrains are equal. For compressible transversely isotropic and orthotropic solids, we show that the stress field in an inclusion with uniform eigenstrain is not uniform, in general. Nevertheless, in some special cases the material can be designed in order to maintain a uniform stress field in the inclusion. As particular examples to investigate such special cases, we consider compressible Mooney-Rivlin and Blatz-Ko reinforced models and find analytical expressions for the stress field in the inclusion.
Abstract 343: Bayesian Selection of Modifier Genes in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Through Whole Genome Sequencing

Background: Technological advances have greatly reduced the cost of whole genome sequencing. For single individuals clinical application is apparent, while exome sequencing in tens of thousands of ...
MIMO identification of frequency-domain unreliability in SEAs

We investigate the use of frequency domain identification and convex optimization for obtaining robust models of series elastic actuators. This early work focuses on identifying a lower bound on the ℋ ∞ uncertainty, based on the non-linear behavior of the plant when identified under different conditions. An antagonistic testing apparatus allows the identification of the full two input, two output system. The aim of this work is to find a model which explains all the observed test results, despite physical non-linearity. The approach guarantees that a robust model includes all previously measured behaviors, and thus predicts the stability of never-before-tested controllers. We statistically validate the hypothesis that a single linear model cannot adequately explain the tightly clustered experimental results. And we also develop an optimization problem which finds a lower bound on the ℋ ∞ uncertainty component of the robust models which we use to represent the plant in all the tested conditions.
The Value of CO2-Bulk Energy Storage to Reducing CO2 Emissions

Abstract Carbon-dioxide (CO2) bulk energy storage (CO2-BES) is an emerging CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) approach that stores CO2 that is captured from large point sources (e.g., fossil-fuel power plants) to time-shift electricity generated from variable renewable energy technologies so that it matches demand. Excess electricity can be used to compress and inject CO2 into sedimentary-basin geothermal resources, which stores the excess electricity as pressure and directly reduces CO2 emissions. The stored energy can be produced and used when electricity demand exceeds supply. CO2-BES indirectly reduces CO2 emissions if this time-shifting displaces electricity that would otherwise be produced by power plants that emit CO2. As a result, CO2-BES can have direct and indirect value to reducing CO2 emissions. In this study we applied a linear optimization program that we developed to determine the indirect and direct value that CO2-BES could have to reducing CO2 emissions over a day, and used the Electricity Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) electricity system as a case study. Using a CO2 price of $13/tCO2, we found that CO2-BES has an indirect value of 1.98 tCO2/MWh and reduced CO2 emissions through two mechanisms: (1) enabling a greater utilization of electricity generated by wind energy technologies, and (2) enabling natural gas power plants to displace electricity generated by coal-fired power plants. CO2-BES did not have a direct value to reducing CO2 in this study because a CO2 price of $13/tCO2 is less than the ∼$50/tCO2 to ∼$70/t CO2 cost of directly capturing CO2 from fossil-fueled power plants.
Assessment of commercially available energy-efficient room air conditioners including models with low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants

Author(s): Shah, NK; Park, WY; Gerke, B | Abstract: Improving the energy efficiency of room air conditioners (RACs) while transitioning to low global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerants will be a critical step toward reducing the energy, peak load, and emissions impacts of RACs while keeping costs low. Previous research quantified the benefits of leapfrogging to high efficiency in tandem with the transition to low-GWP refrigerants for RACs (Shah et al., 2015) and identified opportunities for initial action to coordinate energy efficiency with refrigerant transition in economies constituting about 65% of the global RAC market (Shah et al., 2017). This report describes further research performed to identify the best-performing (i.e., most efficient and low-GWP-refrigerant using) RACs on the market, to support an understanding of the best available technology (BAT). Understanding BAT can help support market-transformation programs for high-efficiency and low-GWP equipment such as minimum energy performance standards (MEPS), labeling, procurement, and incentive programs. We studied RACs available in six economies—China, Europe, India, Japan, South Korea, and the United States—that together account for about 70% of global RAC demand, as well as other emerging economies. The following are our key findings: • Highly efficient RACs using low-GWP refrigerants, e.g., HFC-32 (R-32) and HC-290 (R-290), are commercially available today at prices comparable to similar RACs using high-GWP HCFC-22 (R-22) or HFC-410A (R-410A). • High efficiency is typically a feature of high-end products. However, highly efficient, cost-competitive (less than 1,000 or 1,500 U.S. dollars in retail price, depending on size) RACs are available. • Where R-22 is being phased out, high GWP R-410A still dominates RAC sales in most mature markets except Japan, where R-32 dominates. • In all of the economies studied except Japan, only a few models are energy efficient and use low-GWP refrigerants. For example, in Europe, India, and Indonesia, the highest-efficiency RAC models employ the low-GWP refrigerants R-32 or R-290. • RACs are available in most regions and worldwide that surpass the highest efficiency levels recognized by labeling programs. • Fixed-speed RACs using high-GWP and ozone-depleting R-22 refrigerant still dominate the market in many emerging economies. There is significant scope to improve RAC efficiency and transition to low-GWP refrigerants using commercially available technology and to design market-transformation programs for high-efficiency, low-GWP equipment including standards, labeling, procurement, and incentive programs.
An AST-based interface for composing and editing javascript on the phone

Grasshopper is an Android application which teaches people JavaScript through a series of coding puzzles. As part of this application, we developed an AST-based JavaScript editor for the phone. The visual representation of the code is built using the AST as the source of truth, and user actions modify the AST rather than a code string, much like a block code editor. At the same time, we style this visual representation to look as similar as possible to syntax-highlighted, formatted JavaScript code in a text based editor. This paper outlines the system, the reasoning behind this design, and some early observations from users interacting with it.
Sampling Organic Compounds for Marine Pollution Studies

A research program to study pollution of the marine environment by organic compounds contains several critical stages. Among the critical steps are: problem definition and planning, sample acquisition, analytical measurement, and data interpretation. These steps are, of course, interrelated. For example, program goals dictate the type of samples to be collected and the compounds to be analyzed. Analytical procedures and expected analyte concentration place certain restrictions and requirements on sample size and on necessary pre-cautions against contamination. Furthermore, available sampling and analytical technologies guide the initial planning and stated research objectives. Because of the complexity and diversity of analytical techniques for organic compounds, the development and discussion of analytical protocols has received the major emphasis in environmental pollution studies. Indeed, numerous exciting developments have taken place in the field of environmental organic chemistry. However, less emphasis has been given to the problem of obtaining useful samples from the field. The problems of collecting an uncompromised sample from the marine environment is particularly difficult because of the usually low concentration of target organic species and the usually numerous opportunities in sample handling and collection techniques to add artifacts or contaminate the samples.
Model or Muddle? Quantitative Modeling and the Façade of "Modernization" in Law

Once considered fairly exotic, the appearance of mathematical formulae in legal cases and scholarly literature has now become relatively commonplace. One would not have predicted this development from the phenomenon's humble beginnings. The earliest attempts at quantification were nothing more than simple calls to compile more accurate statistics. Such efforts led the Harvard Law Review in 1930 to quote with apparent approval a book editor, who lamented the “absence of current criminal statistics” and argued that “[t]he time is rapidly approaching ... when ... every specialist in educational research must at the same time be a statistician.” Legal academics have since moved beyond arguing for the collection of more accurate quantitative data, calling for such things as more sophisticated uses of statistical methods, the use of statistical methods to determine causation in torts, and the use of quantitative models to assess future risk. In a discipline that was once shaped more by “methods of philosophy” than by the quantitative sciences, terms such as “the null hypothesis” and “statistically significant” have become familiar terms of art. But it is not only statistical methods that have been urged upon American lawyers; approaches based on economics and game theory have also been proposed. We examine the proposed applications of all three of these types of quantitative reasoning to law.
Systems Science in Retrospect and Prospect

No historical reflection upon systems science and its impact on other areas of human endeavor can be definitive at this time since systems science is currently still in the process of forming. It is by far not established as yet to a degree comparable with traditional disciplines of science such as, e.g., physics, chemistry, psychology, or economics. One of the difficulties in examining systems science in this formative stage is the lack of unified terminology. Thus, the very notion of systems science, as conceived in this book, is often discussed in the literature under the names systems research or systems theory, sometimes with the adjective general.
Shedding Light on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: The Post-ILLUMINATE Era

Although age-adjusted mortality rates from coronary heart disease (CHD) have decreased by nearly 70% during the past half-century, cardiovascular disease still remains the number one killer in the U.S. (1). During this time period, numerous public health efforts, pharmacologic advances, and interventional strategies have contributed to the dramatic decline in CHD. In the past 20 years, substantial lipid intervention directed at lowering levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with a statin medication has contributed to the decline in CHD events (2). Continued advancements against CHD, however, will likely require therapeutic targets beyond LDL-C (3).
Introduction: Exploring different dimensions of teacher education programs in the TEDS-M study

This chapter provides an introduction to Part I of the book, which focuses on examining the characteristics of teacher education programs that participated in the Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M), a cross-national study of teacher education programs that prepare future primary and secondary mathematics teachers. The study collected institutional data from 751 programs in 17 countries. In this introduction to Part I, we provide an overview of the characteristics of the teacher education programs studied and of the teacher educators within them, the methods of TEDS-M data collection, and the challenges encountered when collecting program-level data. The overview is followed by an introduction to the chapters in Part I, which explore different aspects of the participating programs. The first chapter looks at the types of strategies used in the pursuit of program quality and their relationship with programs’ outcomes. The following chapter explores the characteristics of the curriculum of mathematics teacher education in programs preparing primary and secondary teachers in the U.S. The penultimate chapter looks at the extent to which teacher education programs are designed to educate diverse populations, and what opportunities are provided to future teachers to learn how to effectively teach diverse groups of students. The last chapter of Part I investigates the views of teacher educators about mathematics teaching and how these are reflected in the views of their future teachers.
Medical therapy for nephrolithiasis: State of the art

The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is increasing worldwide. Understanding and implementing medical therapies for kidney stone prevention are critical to prevent recurrences and decrease the economic burden of this condition. Dietary and pharmacologic therapies require understanding on the part of the patient and the prescribing practitioner in order to promote compliance. Insights into occupational exposures and antibiotic use may help uncover individual risk factors. Follow-up is essential to assess response to treatment and to modify treatment plans to maximize therapeutic benefit.
Oregano Essential Oil and Carvacrol reduce Cryptosporidium parvum infectivity of HCT-8 Cells

Lipid-based nutrition supplements (LNS) are commonly used to treat moderate acute undernutrition in children. However, existing LNS products mainly focus on providing nutrients and do not address o...
Fitness and Musical Taste: Do Physically Fit Listeners Prefer More Stressful Music?

Research suggests that person-based dispositional factors, as well as properties of the music, influence a person's musical taste. In this study, we examined the possibility that the interaction between the stressfulness of the music and a listener's capacity for handling stress contributes to that listener's musical preferences. The key prediction relating fitness to musical preference is that the stressfulness of the music should tend to reflect the person's capacity for handling stress, including his or her physical fitness. The study method made use of an online questionnaire to assess physical fitness, impulsivity and sensation-seeking tendencies, and musical preferences. To create an independent index for estimating musical stressfulness, a parallel study was conducted, where an independent group of judges assessed the stressfulness of the music identified by participants in the main study. The stressfulness of the music was predicted using the survey-based dispositional factors in two regression models, where sex, current age, education, current fitness, and age at the time of musical preference were found to predict the stressfulness of the preferred music. The results suggest that males, younger participants, people with fewer years of education, and those who are more physically fit tend to prefer more stressful music.
Regulation of the Hsf1-dependent transcriptome via conserved bipartite contacts with Hsp70 promotes survival in yeast

Protein homeostasis and cellular fitness in the presence of proteotoxic stress is promoted by heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1), which controls basal and stress-induced expression of molecular chaperones and other targets. The major heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90, in turn, participate in a negative feedback loop that ensures appropriate coordination of the heat shock response with environmental conditions. Features of this regulatory circuit in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been recently defined, most notably regarding direct interaction between Hsf1 and the constitutively expressed Hsp70 protein Ssa1. Here, we sought to further examine the Ssa1/Hsf1 regulation. We found that Ssa1 interacts independently with both the previously defined CE2 site in the Hsf1 C-terminal transcriptional activation domain and with an additional site that we identified within the N-terminal activation domain. Consistent with both sites bearing a recognition signature for Hsp70, we demonstrate that Ssa1 contacts Hsf1 via its substrate-binding domain and that abolishing either regulatory site results in loss of Ssa1 interaction. Removing Hsp70 regulation of Hsf1 globally dysregulated Hsf1 transcriptional activity, with synergistic effects on both gene expression and cellular fitness when both sites are disrupted together. Finally, we report that Hsp70 interacts with both transcriptional activation domains of Hsf1 in the related yeast Lachancea kluyveri. Our findings indicate that Hsf1 transcriptional activity is tightly regulated to ensure cellular fitness and that a general and conserved Hsp70–HSF1 feedback loop regulates cellular proteostasis in yeast.
Divergent carbon cycle response of forest and grass-dominated northern temperate ecosystems to record winter warming

Northern temperate ecosystems are experiencing warmer and more variable winters, trends that are expected to continue into the foreseeable future. Despite this, most studies have focused on climate change impacts during the growing season, particularly when comparing responses across different vegetation cover types. Here we examined how a perennial grassland and adjacent mixed forest ecosystem in New Hampshire, United States, responded to a period of highly variable winters from 2014 through 2017 that included the warmest winter on record to date. In the grassland, record-breaking temperatures in the winter of 2015/2016 led to a February onset of plant growth and the ecosystem became a sustained carbon sink well before winter ended, taking up roughly 90 g/m2 more carbon during the winter to spring transition than in other recorded years. The forest was an unusually large carbon source during the same period. While forest photosynthesis was restricted by leaf-out phenology, warm winter temperatures caused large pulses of ecosystem respiration that released nearly 230 g C/m2 from February through April, more than double the carbon losses during that period in cooler years. These findings suggest that, as winters continue to warm, increases in ecosystem respiration outside the growing season could outpace increases in carbon uptake during a longer growing season, particularly in forests that depend on leaf-out timing to initiate carbon uptake. In ecosystems with a perennial leaf habit, warming winter temperatures are more likely to increase ecosystem carbon uptake through extension of the active growing season. Our results highlight the importance of understanding relationships among antecedent winter conditions and carbon exchange across land-cover types to understand how landscape carbon exchange will change under projected climate warming.
Enhancing Auditory Selective Attention Using a Visually Guided Hearing Aid

Purpose Listeners with hearing loss, as well as many listeners with clinically normal hearing, often experience great difficulty segregating talkers in a multiple-talker sound field and selectively...
An Ultra-Low Power CMOS Integrated Pulse-Width Modulated Temperature Sensor

In this paper an ultra-low power, integrated pulse width modulated (PWM) temperature sensor is presented. The PWM temperature output is generated by the comparing a temperature dependent voltage with another voltage which is temperature independent. The proposed sensor leverages a 2-transistor voltage reference cell that is corrected using feedback through the bulk terminal to provide steady output across temperature. The feedback allows the reference to operate with supply voltages as low as 450 mV. Owing to the low supply voltage and operation in the sub-threshold region, the sensor has a measured power consumption as low as 47.2 nW (@ 27 °C) and 17.6 nW (@ −20 °C). Because of the low voltage required, it is suitable to be powered by harvested energy sources. To realize a robust temperature measurement, the temperature is measured using a ratio of output pulse-widths. A fabricated prototype in 65 nm CMOS has an area of $305\times 220 ~\mu \text{m}^{2}$ . The measured maximum temperature error is +1/−2.5 °C, and requires only a two-point calibration for operation over the temperature range −20–80 °C.
Mass-Produced Original Paintings and an Everyday Aesthetics

Mass-produced original paintings, it is argued, expand conventional views of aesthetics from their typical focus on museum examples and relatively sophisticated audiences by emphasizing a popular, ubiquitous, and appealing popular art. Mass-produced original paintings illustrate several key features of an everyday aesthetics: clarity of sources, highly stimulating, positive affect, cathartic consequences, and holistic. Unique to an everyday aesthetics are mass-produced paintings’ psychic closeness, enhancement of self-esteem, and the resonating effect of landscapes. The overlaps, parallels, and differences between a conventional and an everyday aesthetics are discussed.
Comparison of three-jet events in pp¯ collisions at s=1.8TeV to predictions from a next-to-leading order QCD calculation

The properties of three-,jet events with total transverse energy greater than 320 GeV and individual jet energy greater than 20 GeV have been analyzed and compared to absolute predictions from a next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative QCD calculation. These data, of integrated luminosity 86 pb−1, were recorded by the CDF Experiment for pp¯ collisions at s=1.8TeV. This study tests a model of higher order QCD processes that result in gluon emission and can be used to estimate the magnitude of the contribution of processes higher than NLO. The total cross section is measured to be 466 ± 3(stat.)−70+207 (syst.) pb. The differential cross section is furthermore measured for all kinematically accessible regions of the Dalitz plane, including those for which the theoretical prediction is unreliable. While the measured cross section is consistent with the theoretical prediction in magnitude, the two differ somewhat in shape in the Dalitz plane.
Identifying pre-existing dementia in older adults diagnosed with cancer using a national claims database.

e18678Background: Older adults over the age of 65 represent the majority of patients diagnosed with (60%), among them, 15-30% have a pre-existing Alzheimer’s disease or related dementia (ADRD) that...
Number of arithmetic progressions in dense random subsets of ℤ/nℤ

We examine the behavior of the number of k-term arithmetic progressions in a random subset of ℤ/nℤ. We prove that if a set is chosen by including each element of ℤ/nℤ independently with constant probability p, then the resulting distribution of k-term arithmetic progressions in that set, while obeying a central limit theorem, does not obey a local central limit theorem. The methods involve decomposing the random variable into homogeneous degree d polynomials with respect to the Walsh/Fourier basis. Proving a suitable multivariate central limit theorem for each component of the expansion gives the desired result.
Understanding black landowner’s engagement in forestry in Georgia, United States: a closer look

Black rural land ownership and agriculture in the U.S. South have declined markedly over the past century. The challenges of farming and the rise of off-farm employment mean that forestry is often ...
Environmental Measurements Using Surface Transverse Wave (STW) Biosensors

This chapter elaborates the environmental measurements using surface transverse wave (STW) biosensors. The development of bioanalytical sensors to make chemical measurements rapidly, at low cost, and at the site is described. The biosensors being developed at HP Laboratories derive their specificity, and selectivity using antibodies. The physical transducer that enables the measurement of the selective biological recognition event is an HP proprietary STW device. This biosensor can be configured to be field portable, and is potentially targeted for environmental analysis. The analyte of interest is covalently immobilized to the surface of the STW device, and a sample containing a fixed concentration of antibody is flowed across the surface. It is found that since this is a competitive assay, the response decreases with increasing analyte concentration. The measurement system is fully automated, and controlled by a PC. The performance specifications of the STW Biosensor measurement system were demonstrated using antibodies directed against atrazine, an herbicide. Atrazine was bound to the surface of the STW device using an HP proprietary chemistry.
Magnetic Anisotropy of Ultra-Thin Films and Multilayers

Using in situ polar Kerr effect measurements it is possible to study the magnetic anisotropy of multilayers and ultra-thin films grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) on various crystalline substrates and intermediate layers. This paper reviews some of our recent results.
System for fuzzy document clustering and fast fuzzy classification

The paper introduces uncontrolled fuzzy document clustering and fast fuzzy classification. This system is based on KMART neural network that realizes clustering, and original Fuzzy classification algorithm on the base of Fuzzy ART network that realizes classification. Both algorithms share their weights. Uncontrolled system has two separate flows: by first one we influence structure of categories (plasticity) and second one classifies without possibility to influence defined structure (stability). The paper shows legitimacy of such an approach with regard on quality and speed of classification.
Genetic analysis of yeast spindle pole bodies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetic analysis of yeast spindle pole bodies. The chapter explains the concepts and methods for three powerful genetic screens that have been fruitful in yielding spindle pole body (SPB) components: a dosage-dependent suppressor screen, an extragenic suppressor screen, and a synthetic lethal screen. An advantage of genetic screens is their sensitivity and encompassing nature. Genetic screens can identify components found in low abundance. Moreover, genetic screens may provide a connection between components that do not physically interact with each other but instead function in the same or parallel pathway. Dosage-dependent suppressor screen searches for genes that suppress a mutant phenotype when present in extra copies. The mechanism of suppression may be direct by promoting binding of one protein to another. In an extragenic suppressor screen, one starts with a given mutant phenotype and searches for genes that are able to suppress this phenotype when mutated. This type of screen can reveal a physical interaction among the products of two genes. Moreover, the basis for synthetic lethal screen concerns the interaction of mutations in two separate genes.
Emerging Adulthood : A New Developmental Period in Post‐Industrial Western Societies

This entry reviews Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood, as well as a number of competing perspectives on the transition to adulthood. Arnett's perspective is largely optimistic and focused on the psychological experiences of the individual young person, whereas many of the other perspectives are more pessimistic and focus on the shortage of opportunities—and on the potential for “getting stuck” in the transition to adulthood. This entry proposes an integration and middle ground between Arnett's view and other perspectives on the transition to adulthood. The roots of the emerging-adult age period in social and economic changes, and the changes in workforce entry and relationship formation that have accompanied the extended transition to adulthood, are also reviewed. Keywords: college; emerging adulthood; employment; identity; risky behavior; sexuality; transition to adulthood
Comparative Neurobiology of the Elasmobranch Cerebellum: Theme and Variations on a Sensorimotor Interface

The organization of the vertebrate cerebellum has been thoroughly studied over the past century, but the function of this structure remains poorly understood. In elasmobranch fishes, the cerebellum displays tremendous variation in size and development although the basic and conservative nature of cerebellar circuitry as seen in other vertebrate taxa is largely retained. Large and morphologically complex cerebelli have evolved independently in both sharks and batoids, and the relative development of this structure in both taxa parallels those of birds and mammals. There are relatively few studies of the physiological role of the cerebellum in generating or shaping behaviors, however, and a convincing explanation of cerebellar hypertrophy in elasmobranchs is lacking. The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the structure of the cerebellum in elasmobranch fishes, the physiological responses of cerebellar neurons and the possible role of the cerebellum in behavior. I will also provide a number of hypotheses for future research directions, based upon models that have been suggested by different investigators. These hypotheses include models of cerebellar function as a sensory coincidence detector, a dynamic state estimator and/or a direct modulator of motor programs. Hypotheses concerning the possible organization of cerebellar microcomplexes, the evolution of afferent and efferent cerebellar connections paralleling those observed in mammals and the role of the cerebellum in learning are also suggested.
The bithorax complex: the first fifty years.

Genetics is a discipline that has successfully used abstractions to attack many of the most important problems of biology, including the study of evolution and how animals and plants develop. The power of genetics to benefit mankind was first recognized by the award of the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1933 to T. H. Morgan. In the 23 years that had intervened between the time Morgan introduced Drosophila as a new organism for the study of genetics and the award of the Prize, he and his students, especially, A. H. Sturtevant, C. B. Bridges and H. J. Muller, had vastly extended the laws of Mendel as the result of a host of discoveries, to mention only a few: that the genes (Mendel’s factors) are arranged in a linear order and can be placed on genetic maps, that they mutate in forward and reverse directions, that they can exist in many forms, or alleles, and that their functioning can depend upon their position. Purely on the basis of breeding experiments, these early workers were able to deduce the existence of inversions and duplications, for example, before it became possible to demonstrate them cytologically. The list of their achievements is a long one and one that has been put into historical perspective by Sturtevant in A History of Genetics (1).
Retrospect: deterministic replay of MPI applications for interactive distributed debugging

While high performance computing was eagerly adopted by users as a vehicle for satisfying a growing demand on computational power, some areas are still poorly explored. The MPI paradigm is considered as being the keystone for the large development of the HPC infrastructure over the last decade. However, even today the users have to face the lack of tools able to help increase the stability of the software stack and/or of the applications. In this paper we present and evaluate a tool designed to allow developers to further investigate the execution of parallel applications by enabling them to dynamically move back and forth in the execution timeline of a parallel application. Based on an unobtrusive message logging mechanism, deterministic replay is enforced, leading to a simpler and more efficient way to debug parallel software.
Synthesis, crystal structure, optical and thermal properties of lanthanide hydrogen-polyphosphates Ln[H(PO3)4] (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho)

Lanthanide hydrogen-polyphosphates Ln[H(PO3)4] (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho) were synthesised as colourless (Ln = Tb, Dy) and light pink (Ln = Ho) crystalline powders by reaction of Tb4O7/Dy2O3/Ho2O3 with H3PO3 at 380 °C. All compounds crystallise isotypically (P21/c (no. 14), Z = 4, aTb = 1368.24(4) pm, bTb = 710.42(2) pm, cTb = 965.79(3) pm, βTb = 101.200(1)°, 3112 data, 160 parameters, wR2 = 0.062, aHo = 1363.34(5) pm, bHo = 709.24(3) pm, cHo = 959.07(4) pm, βHo = 101.055(1)°, 1607 data, 158 parameters, wR2 = 0.058). The crystal structure comprises two different infinite helical chains of corner-sharing phosphate tetrahedra. In-between these chains the lanthanide ions are located, coordinated by seven oxygen atoms belonging to four different polyphosphate chains. Vibrational, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra of Ln[H(PO3)4] (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho) as well as Dy[H(PO3)4]:Ln (Ln = Ce, Eu) and the magnetic and thermal behaviour of Tb[H(PO3)4] are reported.
Attachment theory and psychotherapy research.

John Bowlby's1,2 attachment theory has had a profound influence on developmental psychology, but until the past decade it has had a limited influence on psychotherapy research.3 Recent years have seen a great increase in psychotherapy research that draws explicitly from attachment theory. For example, studies of persons with and without serious psychiatric disorders show that attachment states of mind are associated with different approaches to interpersonal relationships.4 Furthermore, individual differences in clinicians' attachment states of mind appear to influence the treatment relationships they form.5 This increased interest among psychotherapy researchers is reflected in two journals' recent special issues dedicated to attachment3,6 and also in the several chapters devoted to psychotherapy in the recently published Handbook of Attachment.7 In part, the recent interest is the product of methodological improvements in measuring and classifying attachment styles.8–12 One classification system that seeks an integration of other models is that of Bartholomew and Horowitz.8,13 They posit two orthogonal dimensions that in combination yield four main attachment styles. One dimension measures self-image along a negative or positive continuum; the other measures one's positive or negative image of others. Individuals with a “secure” attachment (positive self, positive other) are presumed to have internalized a sense of self-worth and a trust that others will be available and supportive; they are autonomous, yet comfortable seeking and expecting support from others. “Preoccupied” individuals (negative self, positive other) are preoccupied with attachment needs and depend overly on others for personal validation, acceptance, and approval. “Fearful” individuals (negative self, negative other) view others as uncaring and unavailable; they view themselves as unlovable. “Dismissing” individuals (positive self, negative other) distance themselves from others, viewing themselves as self-reliant and invulnerable to rejection by others. In this set of research abstracts, I present a selection of the psychotherapy research on attachment that has been published in the last two years. First, a brief summary of attachment theory is in order. John Bowlby posited attachment-seeking as a primary human motivation, rejecting the orthodox psychoanalytic view that attachment is the derivative of sexual or oral instinctual drives. The essence of Bowlby's attachment theory is the proposition that affectional bonds between individuals and patterns of early life interactions between caregivers and children produce internal working models that serve as templates guiding interpersonal expectations and behaviors in later relationships. Caregivers who are stable, consistent, and predictable tend to encourage the development of internal working models of the self as valued and others as trustworthy and reliable sources of nurturance. Unstable, inconsistent, or unpredictable caregiving in early life can produce maladaptive internal working models that are reflected in insecurity and anxious forms of attachment.
Search for D 0 (1865) Mesons Produced in Association with Prompt Muons in Hadronic Interactions

We present the results of a search at Fermilab for the charmed meson, D/sup 0/ (1865), produced in association with a prompt muon by 300-GeV/c neutrons. We observe no significant enhancement in high-mass K/sup + -/..pi../sup + -/systems and report, at the 95% confidence level, an upper limit of 200 nb/nucleon for the production of a pair of charmed particles and their subsequent decay into a K/sup + -/ +- state and a prompt muon.
Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially-Sweetened Beverages in Relation to Obesity Risk

The goal of this review was to critically evaluate the scientific evidence in humans on the potential effect of sweetened beverages on weight gain and risk of obesity in youth and adults. Two categories of these beverages were reviewed. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) include soft drinks, colas, other sweetened carbonated beverages, and fruit drinks with added sugar. Artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), also referred to as non-nutritive sweetened beverages, are marketed and used as a replacement for SSBs for those who want to reduce sugar and caloric intake. The totality of evidence to date demonstrates a pattern across observational and experimental studies of an increased risk of weight gain and obesity with higher intake of SSBs. However, it remains difficult to establish the strength of the association and the independence from other potentially confounding factors. The primary reason for unclear conclusions regarding the robustness of any effect of SSBs is due to the heterogeneity and methodologic limitations of both observational and experimental studies on this topic. Although some observational studies have suggested that ASBs may cause increased risk of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, there is no clear mechanism for this pathway, and the epidemiologic studies are highly inconsistent. An important issue with the observational studies on ASBs and obesity or disease risk is reverse causality bias, with higher-quality studies demonstrating this possibility. The field needs higher-quality experimental studies in humans, with relevant direct comparisons between sweetened beverages and their sweetened solid-food alternatives.
A RE-EXAMINATION OF PENSION FUND INVESTMENT POLICIES*

PENSION FUNDS have become a new financial giant in today's capital markets. These funds are growing at a rate of nearly $4 billion a year and currently aggregate over $30 billion. Public interest in these industrial pension funds centers around their earning power, as this is fundamental to the magnitude of retirement benefits. It is appropriate now, after fifteen years of mushroom growth, to review the principles and accomplishments of pension fund management. This paper is intended to be provocative in questioning the validity of some customarily accepted institutional thinking and so-called "orthodox" practices. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING PENSION FUND INVESTMENT
Stereometric estimation of the area of the freeze‐fractured membrane

Stereo-pair micrographs of freeze-fracture replicas taken at +6 and −6 degrees and enlarged 55,000 diameters were precisely aligned on a digitizing pad linked to a plotter and programmable calculator. A point grid spaced at 0.23 μm was placed over the left photo-pair. Under stereoscopic observation, matching points were placed by hand on the right photo-pair for every point in the applied grid that fell over the membrane surface of interest in the left photo-pair. The x, y coordinates of every point in the two photos were read with the digitizer. These data allowed the calculation of the X, Y, Z coordinates of all points in the untilted object space, 3-D reconstruction of the analyzed surface, and estimation of the membrane surface area.
Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy of advancing wavelike epitheliopathy.

Purpose: To describe a method for treating advancing wavelike epitheliopathy (AWE) with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy spray. Methods: A Brymill® liquid nitrogen cryotherapy canister with a "D" tip was used to freeze AWE in5 cases in 4 patients. Freezing time was approximately 1-2 seconds and was performed twice. The affected limbus and comeal epithelium were treated in this manner. Results: In each case, AWE resolved within 2 weeks, with no recurrence at 1 year. Conclusion: Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy is a safe and effective treatment of advancing wavelike epithelopathy.