cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional cellular microarray for high-throughput toxicology assays.

We have developed a miniaturized 3D cell-culture array (the Data Analysis Toxicology Assay Chip or DataChip) for high-throughput toxicity screening of drug candidates and their cytochrome P450-generated metabolites. The DataChip consists of human cells encapsulated in collagen or alginate gels (as small as 20 nl) arrayed on a functionalized glass slide for spatially addressable screening against multiple compounds. A single DataChip containing 1,080 individual cell cultures, used in conjunction with the complementary human P450-containing microarray (the Metabolizing Enzyme Toxicology Assay Chip or MetaChip), simultaneously provided IC 50 values for nine compounds and their metabolites from CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 and a mixture of the three P450s designed to emulate the human liver. Similar responses were obtained with the DataChip and conventional 96-well plate assays, demonstrating that the near 2,000-fold miniaturization does not influence the cytotoxicity response. The DataChip may therefore enable toxicity analyses of drug candidates and their metabolites at throughputs compatible with the availability of compounds at early-stage drug discovery.
Evolved navigation theory and the descent illusion.

Researchers often assume that height perception results from all of the same mechanisms as does other distance perception (Avraamides, Loomis, Klatzky, & Golledge, 2004; Foley, Ribeiro-Filho, & Da Silva, 2004; Wu, Ooi, & He, 2004). Evolved navigation theory (ENT) proposes that natural selection has differentiated some psychological processes, including height perception, in response to the navigational outcome of falling. We tested predictions from three theories in two experiments. Only ENT predicted greater height perceived from the top than from the bottom of a vertical surface (because descent results in falls more often than does ascent). Participants across experiments perceived an average of 32% greater vertical distance when viewing from the top than when viewing from the bottom. We discuss selected implications and suggest ENT for uniting isolated findings, including the vertical-horizontal illusion.
Chemical markers of human waste contamination: Analysis of urobilin and pharmaceuticals in source waters

Giving public water authorities another tool to monitor and measure levels of human waste contamination of waters simply and rapidly would enhance public protection. Most of the methods used today detect such contamination by quantifying microbes occurring in feces in high enough densities that they can be measured easily. However, most of these microbes, for example E. coli, do not serve as specific markers for any one host species and many can have origins other than feces. As an alternative, chemicals shed in feces and urine might be used to detect human waste contamination of environmental waters. One potential chemical marker of human waste is the compound urobilin. Urobilin is one of the final by-products of hemoglobin breakdown. Urobilin is excreted in both the urine and feces from many mammals, particularly humans. Source waters from 21 sites in New England, Nevada, and Michigan were extracted using hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridges and then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC–ES-MS). As a marker of human waste, urobilin was detected in many of the source waters at concentrations ranging from not detectable to 300 ng L−1. Besides urobilin, azithromycin, an antibiotic widely prescribed for human use only in the US, was also detected in many of these waters, with concentrations ranging from not detectable to 77 ng L−1. This methodology, using both urobilin and azithromycin (or any other human-use pharmaceutical) could be used to give public water authorities a definitive method for tracing the sources of human waste contamination. The analysis and detection of urobilin in surface waters by HPLC–ES-MS has not been previously reported in the peer-reviewed literature.
Does matching matter? Examining matches and mismatches between patient attributes and therapy techniques in alcoholism treatment.

Aims This study assessed the predictive validity of the level of matching and mismatching between patients’ personal attributes and aspects of outpatient psychotherapy they received. Design and participants On the basis of patientby-treatment interactions observed for this sample in previous research, patients with alcohol abuse or dependence (n = 137) were designated retrospectively as being matched, unmatched or mismatched on each of four patient and treatment variable pairings. These pairings included (1) patient depressive symptoms and therapy emotion focus, (2) patient trait anger and therapy confrontation, (3) patient interpersonal reactance and therapy confrontation and (4) patient interpersonal reactance and therapy structure. Measurements Analyses of variance and logistic regression were used to assess the individual and additive effects of being matched and mismatched on the percentage of abstinent days (PDA) and recovery status in the year after treatment. Findings Being mismatched on any of the four patient– treatment pairings was a significant predictor of more frequent alcohol use post-treatment. Being matched on only two pairings predicted less frequent alcohol use, namely matches on therapy emotion focus with patient depressive symptoms and therapy structure with patient reactance. Matches appeared to optimize otherwise good outcomes, while mismatches had larger effect sizes and tended to predict relatively poor outcomes. The data supported the presence of an additive effect for mismatches on post-treatment PDA. The group with the most mismatches fared considerably worse than a group with fewer mismatches. Several matches and mismatches also predicted recovery status, with some support found for additive effects. Conclusions Mismatches between patient attributes and treatment appear to have serious consequences, and this effect is magnified with multiple mismatches. Matches, on the other hand, while beneficial, may not be necessary to achieve good outcomes.
A new technique for measuring the constitutive parameters of planar materials

A technique for measuring the constitutive parameters of materials over a broad range of frequencies is developed. The technique is specifically designed for planar samples. Planar samples can be placed in the measurement fixture without any special preparation; this makes the technique more convenient than other techniques which require that the sample has to be machined to fit into a measurement fixture. Using fourth-order elements, the finite-element method provides a general, very accurate solution. The technique is experimentally verified by measuring the constitutive parameters of two materials with known properties. The measured results are compared to those of other investigators and are shown to be in good agreement. >
Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Conserved Sequence Motifs between Helices E and H: Prediction of Critical Motifs and Residues in Enzyme Functions.

Rational approaches have been extensively used to investigate the role of active site residues in cytochrome P450 (CYP) functions. However, recent studies using random mutagenesis suggest an important role for nonactive site residues in CYP functions. Meta-analysis of the random mutants showed that 75% of the functionally importantnon-active site residues are present in 20% of the entire protein between helices E and H (E-H) and conserved sequence motif (CSM) between 7 and 11. The CSM approach was developed recently to investigate the functional role of non-active site residues in CYP2B4. Furthermore, we identified and analyzed the CSM in multiple CYP families and subfamilies in the E-H region. Results from CSM analysis showed that CSM 7, 8, 10, and 11 are conserved in CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 families, while CSM 9 is conserved only in CYP2 family. Analysis of different CYP2 subfamilies showed that CYP2B and CYP2C have similar characteristics in the CSM, while the characteristics of CYP2A and CYP2D subfamilies are different.Finally, we analyzed CSM 7, 8, 10, and 11, which are common in all the CYP families/subfamilies analyzed, in fifteen important drug-metabolizing CYPs. The results showed that while CSM 8 is most conserved among these CYPs, CSM 7, 9, and 10 have significant variations. We suggest that CSM8 has a common role in all the CYPs that have been analyzed, while CSM 7, 10, and 11 may have relatively specific role within the subfamily. We further suggest that these CSM play important role in opening and closing of the substrate access/egress channel by modulating the flexible/plastic region of the protein. Thus, site-directed mutagenesis of these CSM can be used to study structure-function and dynamic/plasticity-function relationships and to design CYP biocatalysts.
Thermomechanical optimization of thermally actuated cantilever arrays

Scanning probe lithography (SPL) is an emerging method of producing sub 50-nm features for semiconductor applications. A new variation of this process known as Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) expands the range of SPL capabilities to include depositing organic and biological macromolecules with nanometer precision. Recent work has been underway to implement DPN as parallel process by employing close packed arrays of individually thermally actuated DPN probes (TA-DPN arrays). In these types of devices, it is not necessary to have feedback control of the height of individual tips during operation. This simplifies the control system and probe structure but complicates array design because of the uncontrolled mechanical interaction between the tip and surface. We have found that TA-DPN arrays are subject to several failure modes that make optimization difficult, including surface scratching, excess tip angle, and problems resulting from inadequate actuation. In this paper, these performance issues are outlined and resolved with the creation of a multi-parameter simulator. The simulation predicts array behavior by employing engineering beam theory, Hertz contact mechanics, and capillary adhesion theory. Using the new insights gained from this simulation method, TA-DPN arrays can be quickly optimized based on any desired criteria.
Forced and Natural Convection Effects on the Shape Evolution of Cavities during Wet Chemical Etching

The effect of forced and natural convection on the shape evolution of deep cavities during wet chemical etching was investigated. Etching was assumed to be limited by removal of the dissolution products away from the vicinity of the active surface. Finite element methods were employed to solve for the fluid velocity and product concentration distributions in cavities of irregular geometries resulting from etching. Forced convection was found very ineffective for rinsing deep cavities. The etching rate decreased sharply with time as the cavity became deeper during etching. At the same time, the etching rate distribution along the active surface became nearly uniform, degrading etch anisotropy. In contrast, natural convection was effective for rinsing the dissolution products out of the cavity. Both the etching rate and the etch factor remained at relatively high values throughout etching, even at later times when the cavity became deeper. The cavity wall profiles and the corresponding flow and concentration fields showed some interesting features, especially for the case of natural convection. The results have important implications for deep anisotropic etching and other related processes.
Application of the Transtheoretical Model to substance abuse: historical development and future directions

As a growing literature has documented applications of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to substance abuse, the utility or futility of such an application has been debated widely. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the TTM, and its conceptual and empirical applications to the field of substance abuse. This review focuses not only on the stage of change dimension of the TTM, but also the processes, decisional balance, and self-efficacy dimensions, which have received less attention in earlier reviews. Particular emphasis is placed on the measurement and conceptualization of the stage of change construct. Unanswered questions and directions for future research are identified. It is concluded that, to effectively determine the TTM's applicability to substance abuse, all dimensions must be more fully developed, validated and evaluated across a range of substance abuse problems. Further, prospective studies are needed to determine the predictive utility of the TTM, and evaluation of TTM-matched interventions will help to address the model's specificity.
Where is it? The utility of biopsy-site photography.

BACKGROUND With wrong-site surgery being one of the major causes of medical lawsuits in the United States, tools to confirm location are essential. A previous survey of 300 Mohs surgeons revealed that 14% of malpractice cases were due to wrong-site surgery. In dermatologic surgery, photography is helpful in precisely locating biopsy sites. OBJECTIVES We present a case series of 34 biopsy-proven cutaneous head and neck malignancies performed in our university-based dermatology clinic, comparing the reliability of patient and blinded dermatologist identification with that of biopsy-site photography. RESULTS Of 34 biopsy sites, the patient and the blinded dermatologist incorrectly identified four (12%). The patient alone incorrectly identified an additional six biopsy sites, resulting in a total of 10 (29%) cases incorrectly identified by the patient. There were no instances in which the patient correctly identified the biopsy site and the blinded dermatologist incorrectly identified it. CONCLUSION In our current medical environment, in which more than 90% of health care is delivered in a clinic setting, wrong-site surgery is certainly underreported. In adopting a zero-tolerance policy for wrong-site surgeries, biopsy-site photography saves time, money, and potential frustration, hopefully eliminating the number of excisions performed on the wrong site.
Transform-invariant Image Decomposition with Similarity Templates

Recent work has shown impressive transform-invariant modeling and clustering for sets of images of objects with similar appearance. We seek to expand these capabilities to sets of images of an object class that show considerable variation across individual instances (e.g. pedestrian images) using a representation based on pixel-wise similarities, similarity templates. Because of its invariance to the colors of particular components of an object, this representation enables detection of instances of an object class and enables alignment of those instances. Further, this model implicitly represents the regions of color regularity in the class-specific image set enabling a decomposition of that object class into component regions.
Change tolerant indexing for constantly evolving data

Index structures are designed to optimize search performance, while at the same time supporting efficient data updates. Although not explicit, existing index structures are typically based upon the assumption that the rate of updates will be small compared to the rate of querying. This assumption is not valid in streaming data environments such as sensor and moving object databases, where updates are received incessantly. In fact, for many applications, the rate of updates may well exceed the rate of querying. In such environments, index structures suffer from poor performance due to the large overhead of keeping the index updated with the latest data. Recent efforts at indexing moving object data assume objects move in a restrictive manner (e.g. in straight lines with constant velocity). In this paper, we propose an index structure explicitly designed to perform well for both querying and updating. We assume a more relaxed model of object movement. In particular, we observe that objects often stay in a region (e.g., building) for an extended amount of time, and exploit this phenomenon to optimize an index for both updates and queries. The paper is developed with the example of R-trees, but the ideas can be extended to other index structures as well. We present the design of the change tolerant R-tree, and an experimental evaluation.
An integrated method for video shot boundary detection

Video shot boundary detection, which segments a video by detecting boundaries between camera shots, is usually the first and important step for content-based video retrieval. This paper investigates methods which are effective in detecting abrupt transitions and gradual transitions, respectively, and proposes an integration scheme to combine their results, aiming to detect both types of transitions.
The consequences of subtracting the mean pattern in fMRI multivariate correlation analyses

Copyright © 2013 Garrido, Vaziri-Pashkam, Nakayama and Wilmer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
No Safety in Numbers Persistence of Biases and Their Effects on Team Risk Perception and Team Decision Making

Because individuals can have cognitive biases that lower their perceptions of decision risk, some suggest that teams, not individuals, should make decisions. Prior research, however, has not explored whether a team’s risk perception is affected by information-processing biases that are similar to the cognitive biases that individuals exhibit. This study examines whether three biases—the law of small numbers bias, illusion of control, and overconfidence—influence perception of risk of a first move at the team and individual levels. It was found that the law of small numbers and illusion of control decreased the risk perception at both levels and that the law of small numbers had a significantly greater effect on team risk perception than on individual risk perception. In contrast, the effect of overconfidence was not significant at any level. Implications of the findings are discussed and future research directions are offered.
Effect of cisplatin resistance on cellular radiation response

Cisplatin-resistant tumors of the head and neck are generally resistant to irradiation. To determine whether the association between cisplatin (DDP) resistance and radiation resistance is a cellular phenomenon, we developed DDP-resistant Chinese hamster fibroblasts and studied their response to radiation. DDP resistance did not confer cross resistance to radiation. DDP-resistant cells did not demonstrate altered ability to repair sublethal or potentially lethal radiation damage. However, an isodose concentration of DDP did not inhibit repair of radiation damage in drug-resistant cells as readily as it did in drug-sensitive cells. The results suggest that cross resistance of tumors between DDP and radiation may be a result of the tumor microenvironment, rather than being a cellular phenomenon. Additionally, DDP may not inhibit the repair of radiation damage in DDP-resistant tumors.
Pavement materials property databases for pavement management applications

Pavement layer structure and layer material property data play a key role in the development of pavement performance models, pavement design and analysis procedures, diagnostic evaluation of premature pavement deterioration, and selection of cost-effective maintenance/rehabilitation alternatives. This paper describes system design considerations for the end user interface and analysis requirements related to pavement material property database management. Case studies of material database development and implementation include the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) studies of the Strategic Highway Research Program, network-level pavement management applications on the state level, and a recent United Nations highway maintenance management project. Reference is made to the steps taken to ensure quality assurance, database integrity, and database security. Relational database tools provide an excellent facility for system development that should consider a number of key identifiers. The most important property data are the historical material data of all layers at the time of construction. For pavement management applications, the scope and data categories are limited and dictated by the end users and economic considerations.
The Americans with Disabilities Act: Costly Mandates or Civil Rights?

ABSTRACT Some persons in the US view the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) as a civil rights act. Others view it as an intrusive and costly mandate imposed upon the state and local governments by the federal government. In an attempt to resolve the issue, the question of costs versus civil rights in the ADA is reviewed. The argument that the ADA is intrusive and costly is analyzed showing that it fails in terms of logic and fiscal impact. A conclusion about costs and civil rights is offered.
Multiple cellular proteins are recognized by the adeno-associated virus Rep78 major regulatory protein and the amino-half of Rep78 is required for many of these interactions

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoded Rep78 is a multi-functional protein which is required for AAV DNA replication, is able to regulate both AAV and heterologous gene expression at the transcriptional level, and appears necessary for site specific integration of AAV DNA into human chromosome 19. By comparison with the analogous replication protein of the polyomaviruses, large T antigen, it seemed likely that Rep78 would interact with cellular proteins to carry out at least some its functions. This study demonstrates that Rep78 is able to interact with multiple cellular proteins, from cellular extracts as measured by West(far)-western, coimmunoprecipitation, and Rep78-affinity chromatography analysis. Eight cellular proteins of approximately 180, 140, 120, 95, 75, 55, 45, and 35 kDa (+/- 10%), were observed to bind Rep78 in all three assay systems. Two others, of 30 and 24 kDa, were observed in two of three assay systems. Furthermore, using truncated Rep78 proteins, it is demonstrated that the amino-terminus is required for most Rep78-cellular protein interactions. However, the extreme carboxy-terminus of Rep78 was found to be all that is required for binding to the 55 kDa cellular protein.
Addiction Treatment Professionals Are Not the Gatekeepers of Recovery

Addiction treatment is beneficial to many individuals who have substance use disorders. However, only a minority of individuals who recover from addiction receive it. Despite this, addiction treatment is sometimes granted the status of the “gatekeeper of recovery.” The myth that treatment is necessary for recovery has no empirical support. It also undermines the confidence of individuals in their ability to change on their own and is unduly dismissive of the efforts of nonprofessional helpers.
The Conditional Reasoning Measurement System for Aggression: An Overview

The Conditional Reasoning Measurement System is described. This procedure focuses on how people solve what on the surface appear to be inductive reasoning problems. The true intent of the problems is to determine if solutions based on implicit biases are logically attractive to a respondent. In this article, we focus on the types of implicit biases that underlie aggressive individuals' attempts to justify aggressive behavior. People who consistently select solutions based on these types of biases are scored as being potentially aggressive because they are cognitively prepared to rationalize aggression. Scores on the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT-A) have been shown to have acceptable psychometric properties and an average, uncorrected validity of .44 against behavorial criteria (in 10 studies).
Size analysis of acid aerosols by a metal film technique.

Abstract A technique for size determination of acid aerosol droplets by use of vacuum-evaporated metal films is described. The films, ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 micron thick, develop reaction spots on exposure to acid aerosols. Films were used in several size-classifying collection devices to detect and size laboratory-generated acid aerosols. Evaluation of the reaction spots was by light or electron microscopy. Preliminary results of atmospheric sampling with iron films in the Goetz aerosol spectrometer are presented. Extension of the method for detection and sizing of acid droplets with diameters less than 0.1 micron by electron microscopy is described. Requirements for increasing resolution to permit the detection and size analysis of acid aerosols with diameters of 0.01 micron are discussed.
A Fully Integrated Auto-Calibrated Super-Regenerative Receiver in 0.13- $\mu{\hbox {m}}$ CMOS

Super-regeneration is re-examined for its simplicity and power efficiency for low-power, short-range communication. A fully integrated super-regenerative receiver in 0.13-mum CMOS is designed to operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. A frequency synthesizer scheme tunes the passband. Successive approximation register (SAR) logic driving a current digital-to-analog converter (DAC) calibrates the quench signal to enhance the selectivity of a Q-enhanced filter and the sensitivity of super-regeneration. A single-chip prototype receiver occupies less than 1 mm2, has a turn-on time of 83.6 mus, a channel spacing of 10 MHz, and a sensitivity of -90 dBm. A data rate of 500 kb/s is achieved with a power consumption of 2.8 mW, corresponding to energy consumption of 5.6 nJ per received bit.
A multiple-cathode arc-discharge plasma source

A plasma source for obtaining a 1-cm length of high-fractional ionized plasmas with electron densities in the range of 10/sup 15/-10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ is described. The source consists of a capacitive discharge between a metal anode and an array of small metal cathodes embedded in epoxy, each with a current-limiting resistor. The effect is to have an array of sources which merge into each other, producing the plasma as a whole. The design and performance of the plasma source are presented. The entire system consists of the main electrode and shielding structures, the preionization circuit, and the main discharge circuit. Each of these components is described and the operating parameters and results are given. >
The associations between state veteran population rates, handgun legislation, and statewide suicide rates

Abstract Background Within the US, veterans exhibit an elevated suicide rate, with firearms serving as the most common method. Research has demonstrated that several state laws regulating handgun ownership are associated with lower suicide rates. Method Publically available databases were utilized to extract relevant data. Results Statewide veteran population rates (per 100,000) predicted overall suicide rates, firearm suicide rates, and the proportion of suicides by firearms. Furthermore, the association between veteran population and overall suicide rate was largely explained by the elevated proportion of suicides by firearms in states with higher veteran populations. Lastly, results demonstrated states without handgun legislation in place exhibited higher veteran populations. Conclusions Findings indicate veterans may impact statewide suicide rates through their propensity to use firearms as their method and that the tendency for veterans to live in states without handgun legislation may exacerbate this phenomenon.
Erythropoietin enhances recovery from cisplatin-induced acute renal failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) is associated with erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency anemia. The present study was designed to determine whether the course of ARF can be altered by preventing EPO deficiency and the associated anemia. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with a single dose of cisplatin (CP), 7 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and randomized into recombinant EPO-treated (EPO), placebo-treated (control), recombinant EPO-treated pair-fed (EPO-PF), and EPO-treated anemic (EPO-anemic) groups. They were then treated with daily injections of recombinant EPO, 100 U/kg, or placebo for 9 days. Animals in the EPO-anemic group received daily phlebotomies gauged to maintain hematocrits equal to those in the control group. Rats in the EPO-PF group were pair fed with the controls. The control and EPO-anemic groups showed a fall, whereas the EPO and EPO-PF groups showed a rise in hematocrit on day 9. Although blood volume on day 9 was significantly greater in the EPO group than in either the EPO-anemic group or the control group, it was comparable in the latter groups. An equally severe reduction in creatinine clearance (CCr) was found in all groups on day 4. However, measurements of CCr and inulin clearance on day 9 revealed a significantly greater functional recovery in the EPO, EPO-PF, and EPO-anemic groups than in the controls. The enhanced functional recovery with EPO administration was accompanied by an increased tubular regeneration and [3H]thymidine incorporation in the cortical tissue. No significant difference was found in either cortical tissue iron content or arterial blood pressure in the study groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Buccaneer as Cultural Metaphor: Pirate Coverage in Nineteenth-Century American Periodicals

Abstract Daring pirates-of-old hold a place of honor in collective public imagination, and the American press has passed along their romantic tales, amplifying and legitimizing them for a mass audience. This study traces the progression of buccaneer legendry in nineteenth-century American magazine articles, examining: (1) uses of history and memory, (2) pirate actions, (3) pirate attributes, and (4) deaths of the pirates. Each offers clues into a changing American press and culture.
Gödel's Third Incompleteness Theorem

In a note appended to the translation of “On consistency and completeness” (1967), Godel reexamined the problem of the unprovability of consistency. Godel here focuses on an alternative means of expressing the consistency of a formal system, in terms of what would now be called a ‘reflection principle’, roughly, the assertion that a formula of a certain class is provable in the system only if it is true. Godel suggests that it is this alternative means of expressing consistency that we should be interested in from a foundational point of view, and he gives a result that shows certain reflection principles to be underivable in extensions of elementary number theory under conditions significantly weaker than the Hilbert-Bernays derivability conditions. In this paper I shall discuss the background to Godel's result and the foundational significance he claims for it. Along the way, I shall present a new proof of the result which places it in an even more general context than the one considered by Godel in the 1960s.
Stresses in Structural Tie Rods in a Large Penstock Bifurcation: Combining Theory, Prototype Measurements, and Numerical Modeling

A multifaceted approach to solving a problem can often lead to a more complete solution. This approach can also be confounded by interpretation of data that many times are difficult to collect and troublesome to validate. The use of theory, mathematical modeling, and prototype testing was used in the evaluation of fluctuating stresses in the structural tie rods at the penstock-lateral bifurcations at Hoover Dam, Nevada. As this structure ages, condition of critical elements throughout the dam and powerplant are being evaluated through a risk assessment procedure with further studies recommended if warranted. This paper will discuss one such special study with a major emphasis on the experimental methods as well as the instrumentation used in this difficult measurement environment.
Reproduction of Some Poorly Known Species of Blattaria

Reproductive data for the following species of Blaberidae are reported: Eublaberus posticus (Erichson), E. distanti (Kirby), Blaberus discoidalis Serville, and Phortiocca phoraspoides (Walker)- E. posticus can withstand starvation for as long as 9 months and is capable of reproducing during starvation. The effects of mating and starvation on reproduction vary considerably in different species of false ovoviviparous Blaberidae. Several species of Oxyhaloinae were found to have stridulating structures on the tegmina and pronotum
Adjudicating Refugee and Asylum Status: Expert as Aid and Impediment: Navigating Barriers to Effective Asylum Representation

This chapter opens by explaining the importance of expert testimony in asylum representation given adjudicators’ increasing demands for corroboration in recent years. It then addresses the sometimes-conflicting perspectives of experts and attorneys, and the need for increased transparency and communication among experts and attorneys about their roles and responsibilities. It concludes by arguing that explicit protocols must be adopted in order to improve collaboration between experts and attorneys in the asylum process and to mediate the divide between objectivity and advocacy that is often at issue in these cases.
Investigation on Internet addiction among middle school students in Lucheng District of Wenzhou City and its influencing factors

Objective To investigate the use of Internet by middle school students in Lucheng District of Wenzhou City,to survey the students' Internet addiction-related behavior,and to provide a basis for formulating the Internet addiction prevention measures.Methods Altogether 1,023 students in 2009 and 599 students in 2013 selected by cluster-stratified sampling were investigated by self-designed risk behavior questionnaires.Results The tendency rate of Internet addiction was significantly higher in the students in 2013 than that in 2009(20.5% vs.5.6%,P 0.01).The univariate analysis showed that the year of2013 as the investigation time,high school students,boys,parents separated,non-only child,living with relatives,having a computer at home,with Internet online experience in the past 12 months,surfing in the Internet bar or at home,being rejected to enter Internet bars due to the age less than 18 years in the past 12 months and playing games as the main purpose of surfing were associated with the high tendency rate of Internet addiction,and the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05).The multivariate analysis showed that surfing in the Internet bar or at home and being rejected to enter Internet bars due to the age less than18 years in the past 12 months were the risk factors affecting Internet addition,while never entering the Internet bar was a protective factor.Conclusions The tendency rate of Internet addiction among the middle school students in Lucheng District of Wenzhou City is higher in 2013 than in 2009;and hence,special attention should be paid to it by the whole society.It is necessary to guide middle school students to use the Internet rationally and to keep away from online games,to forbid students from entering Internet bars and to reasonably manage computers at home so as to prevent the students' Internet addiction.
Effect of a reduced luminal pH in the proximal small intestine on fat absorption in the hamster.

Lipid absorption was assessed in hamsters whose proximal luminal pH was acidified by the intragastric infusion of 1 n HC1. The pH of luminal contents in the distal half of the small intestine was 7.5; a value identical with that observed throughout the entire intestine of paired control animals infused with physiological saline. Acid-perfused animals absorbed a considerably smaller proportion of the fat presented to their small intestine than hamsters perfused with saline. Furthermore, measurements of mucosal triglyceride content demonstrated not only a marked decrease but also an altered distribution pattern of triglyceride content along the entire small intestinal length of acid-perfused hamsters. From these observations, it appeared that the distal half of the small intestine represented the maximal site of fat absorption in acid-perfused hamsters, whereas the reverse occurred during saline perfusion. The rate of incorporation of palmitate-14C into triglyceride-14C by mucosal homogenates obtained from the proximal quarter of the small intestine of acid-perfused hamsters was normal. In contrast, luminal lipolysis of lipid was markedly altered in vivo and in vitro. Duodenal fluid collected from experimental animals for 3 hr after the intragastric administration of corn oil had a markedly reduced fatty acid content. In vitro assay of this fluid for lipolytic activity revealed that lipolysis was compromised to an extent which depended upon the degree of acidity. Furthermore, partition of the products of lipolysis into the aqueous phase of centrifuged duodenal contents was decreased in acid-perfused animals. The concentration of triglyceride-14C was increased in the mucosa of the distal relative to the proximal small intestine of acid-perfused hamsters, suggesting recovery of lipid absorption in this region where luminal pH was consistently 7.5. Support for this thesis was obtained from the demonstrated ability to restore significantly lipolytic activity in vitro.
Degradation of tylosin residues in honey

SUMMARYHoney containing tylosin was studied to determine the stability of residues over time. Residues were isolated from diluted honey samples by solid-phase extraction followed by quantification using high performance liquid chromatography. Oasis HLB cartridge isolation allowed the concentration of tylosin and desmycosin to be determined separately on the same sample. Oasis MCX extraction gave a single compound (apparently desmycosin dimethyl acetal) from both tylosin and desmycosin, with HPLC peak area proportional to the sum of the two. Tylosin converted to desmycosin with a half-life of approximately 4 months at 34 °C. The desmycosin seemed to be quite stable in honey, and the sum of the two antibiotics, determined by either method, decreased only slightly over 9 months. Use of tylosin for treatment of American foulbrood requires caution to prevent persistent residues in honey.
Tissue Engineering and the Role of Biomaterial Scaffolds: The Evolution of Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of medicine, biology, and engineering. Tissue-engineering approaches utilize biomaterials, cells, and bioactive moieties such as growth factors with the goal of replacing, repairing, or augmenting tissues and organs in the human body. Advances in stem cell technology have widened the scope of tissue engineering, and a diverse range of biomaterials have been used as acellular, cellular, and growth factor delivery scaffolds. This chapter outlines the history and progress of tissue engineering, introduces general concepts, and then discusses the advances made within the specific area of cardiac tissue engineering.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Autograft and a Medial Parapatellar Portal

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most extensively studied surgical procedures in orthopaedics. The importance of this ligament for knee function and stability has been widely studied. For athletes who participate in activities involving cutting, twisting, and running, surgical reconstruction of the ACL has become the standard of care. However, there is much debate regarding the techniques involved in ACL reconstruction, including graft choice, technique of drilling the femoral tunnel, and single- versus double-bundle reconstruction. In recent studies, ACL femoral tunnel drilling via a medial parapatellar or accessory anteromedial portal provides a more anatomic graft placement than transtibial femoral drilling. Long-term outcomes of these techniques have not been widely studied. This article details our technique for ACL reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft and a medial parapatellar portal.
Transparent-to-Dark Electrochromic Behavior in Naphthalene-Diimide-Based Mesoporous MOF-74 Analogs

Summary The deliberate insertion of redox-active naphthalene diimide ligands into the versatile family of metal-organic frameworks known as MOF-74 (CPO-27) gives rise to a mesoporous electrochromic MOF that can be switched from transparent to dark, a desirable feature in electrochromic devices such as smart windows. Specifically, we report two new materials that have the MOF-74 topology and display redox activity stemming from a naphthalene diimide salicylic acid (NDISA) ligand. We show that these materials can be deposited as thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. The surprisingly different morphologies of MOF films obtained from Mg 2+ and Ni 2+ ions is likely controlled by the nucleation kinetics of Mg 2 (NDISA) and Ni 2 (NDISA), respectively. Both materials exhibit well-behaved quasi-reversible redox events associated with the [NDI]/[NDI] ·– and [NDI] ·– /[NDI] 2– redox couples, which are also responsible for the electrochromic switching.
Using semantic technologies to mine vehicular context for security

The number of sensors, actuators and electronic control units present in cars have increased in the last few years. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) model has transformed modern vehicles into a co-engineered interacting network of physical and computational components. Vehicles have become a complex cyber-physical system where context detection has become a challenge. In this paper, we present a rule based approach for context detection in vehicles. We also discuss various attack surfaces and vulnerabilities in vehicular IoT. We propose a system which collects data from the CAN bus and uses it to generate SWRL rules. We then reason over these rules to mine vehicular context. We also showcase a few use-cases as examples where our system can detect if a vehicle is in an unsafe/anomalous state.
Biotin Responsive Encephalopathy

A case of biotin responsive infantile encephalopathy is reported from the Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Verona, Italy; and Hopital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
Abstract 18619: All Advanced Lipid Tests are Not Equal: Prospective Analysis of Discordance Between LDL-P, Small Dense LDL (or Subfractions), and HDL-P (or Subfractions) as Determined by NMR, Ion Mobility, and VAP in Treated Patients

Introduction: LDL-P has been shown to be a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL-C (Framingham Offspring, Jupiter, and MESA). HDL-P has been reported as a better predictor than HDL-C (Ju...
Sex, Survival, and Scandal: A Comparison of How Men and Women Exit Presidential Cabinets

The process of selecting cabinet ministers often takes place behind closed doors, including weighing the need to balance or manage factions within the president's party and/or coalition partners; addressing demands for diversity in the cabinet, such as appointment of women or other historically underrepresented groups; sending signals about the administration's policy agenda; and enabling the president to have people he or she trusts close at hand. On the other hand, ministerial exits are usually less private affairs. In some cases they come after weeks of public or congressional scrutiny and criticism of ministers for policy failures or follow extended speculation about who will lose their seat when the president reshuffles the cabinet. Some ministers depart to pursue lucrative private-sector opportunities. Other ministers switch posts but stay in government. How ministers exit can have implications for the administration since a president who is frequently forced to shuffle the cabinet or sack ministers looks ineffective, and comparisons to rats and sinking ships are difficult to avoid in the wake of excessive changes. At the same time, an administration with zero turnover may also not be healthy, as it would suggest that presidents are staidly bound to their initial course of action and unable (or unwilling) to adapt to changing circumstances.
Maternal alcohol exposure during mid-pregnancy dilates fetal cerebral arteries via endocannabinoid receptors.

Prenatal alcohol exposure often results in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Mechanisms of fetal brain damage by alcohol remain unclear. We used baboons (Papio spp.) to study alcohol-driven changes in the fetal cerebral artery endocannabinoid system. Pregnant baboons were subjected to binge alcohol exposure via gastric infusion three times during a period equivalent to the second trimester of human pregnancy. A control group was infused with orange-flavored drink that was isocaloric to the alcohol-containing solution. Cesarean sections were performed at a time equivalent to the end of the second trimester of human pregnancy. Fetal cerebral arteries were harvested and subjected to in vitro pressurization followed by pharmacological profiling. During each alcohol-infusion episode, maternal blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) reached 80 mg/dL, that is, equivalent to the BAC considered legal intoxication in humans. Circulating anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) remained unchanged. Ultrasound studies on pregnant mothers revealed that fetal alcohol exposure decreased peak systolic blood velocity in middle cerebral arteries when compared to pre-alcohol levels. Moreover, ethanol-induced dilation was observed in fetal cerebral arteries pressurized in vitro. This dilation was abolished by the mixture of AM251 and AM630, which block cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, respectively. In the presence of AM251, the cannabinoid receptor agonist AEA evoked a higher, concentration-dependent dilation of cerebral arteries from alcohol-exposed fetuses. The difference in AEA-induced cerebral artery dilation vanished in the presence of AM630. CB1 and CB2 receptor mRNA and protein levels were similar in cerebral arteries from alcohol-exposed and control-exposed fetuses. In summary, alcohol exposure dilates fetal cerebral arteries via endocannabinoid receptors and results in an increased function of CB2.
Recent advances in the management of ventricular tachyarrhythmias

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, particularly in those with structural heart disease, inherited cardiomyopathies, and channelopathies. The goals of ventricular arrhythmia management include symptom relief, improving quality of life, reducing implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks, preventing deterioration of left ventricular function, reducing risk of arrhythmic death, and potentially improving overall survival. Guideline-directed medical therapy and implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation remain the mainstay of therapy to prevent sudden cardiac death in patients with ventricular arrhythmias in the setting of structural heart disease. Recent advances in imaging modalities and commercial availability of genetic testing panels have enhanced our mechanistic understanding of the disease processes and, along with significant progress in catheter-based ablative therapies, have enabled a tailored and more effective management of drug-refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Several gaps in our knowledge remain and require further research. In this article, we review the recent advances in the diagnosis and management of ventricular arrhythmias.
No Asylum for the Innocent: Gendered Representations of Salvadoran Refugees in the 1980s:

During the 1980s, El Salvador was engaged in a brutal civil war; massacres, torture, and rape pervaded the countryside. This social and economic upheaval created approximately 1.5 million refugees ...
From Mourning to Action: African American Women's Grief, Pain, and Activism

ABSTRACTThe Movement for Black Lives has brought particular attention to the experience of grief in the lives of African American mothers and its use in their advocacy for social reform. Grief-inspired activism is historically significant in the African American community. By highlighting the historical connections between Mamie Bradley Till and present-day African American mothers’ grief over their deceased children, we will discuss the role of grief and mourning in the lives of African American mothers and the way in which their grief is pivotal in shaping their involvement in social justice movements. Furthermore, we will provide suggestions on how to promote social activism among African American mothers.