cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical training issues and solutions: perspectives of a DSP chip manufacturer

A description of current practices for teaching digital signal processing (DSP) technical courses to hardware and software engineers is presented. Current practices along with a discussion of the issues and tradeoffs are presented. The pedagogical concerns, issues, and solutions are discussed. An instructional design model is presented that allows the instructor to cover the material and meet the course objectives, yet allows for individual learner needs and alternative topics. A set of rules for designing a successfully technical workshop is presented. The outlook for the future is discussed in terms of computer-based training, remote-site learning, and satellite-based training. >
Formation of a new aluminum oxide with the composition AlO2 by interfacial reaction between Pt and α-Al2O3

Abstract A new aluminum oxide, with the nominal composition AlO 2 , very likely in aluminum peroxide oxide, was formed at the interface between Pt and α-Al 2 O 3 diffusion-bonded in a reducing atmosphere at 1200°C. The structure, chemistry and kinetics of formation of AlO 2 were characterized by X-ray fluorescence microanalysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, forward recoil spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron spin resonance, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Near bulk quantities of AlO 2 were obtained for long bonding times; a 13 μm thick interlayer after 96 h at 1200°C. The thickness of the interlayer increased linearly with time indicating that the kinetics of the reaction are interface controlled. Based on electron diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction observations the structure of AlO 2 was shown to be orthorhombic. It is suggested that a metastable oxide can form in direct contact with α-Al 2 O 3 under a special set of conditions where the dissolution of Al into Pt provides a sufficient decrease in free energy to allow the oxidation of α-Al 2 O 3 , with very slow transport of oxygen away from the reaction front along the Pt-Al 2 O 3 interface.
Line-Drop Compensator Settings for Automatic Parallel Operation of Load-Tap-Changing Transformers

From these calculations, a load voltage with an error of approximately 0.12% can be maintained at the expense of increasing the circulating current from 10.2% to 10.62%.
Towards microwave photon counting via frequency up-conversion

We have demonstrated nonlinear optical up-conversion of 100 GHz signal into optical range using high-Q whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators with quadratic nonlinearity. This approach has allowed us to achieve the record power conversion efficiency of 0.5% with as low as 16 mW of CW optical pump power. We furthermore show that by implementing the WGM resonator for the microwave as well as for the optical modes, the unity photon-number conversion efficiency can be in principle achieved. Combining such a converter with a state-of-the-art optical photon counter it will be possible to count the microwave photons whose frequency is as low as 0.1 THz, at room temperature.
Viscoelastic modeling of nanoindentation experiments: A multicurve method

Nanoindentation is an increasingly used method of extracting surface mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials, especially polymers. Recently, Hutcheson and McKenna used a viscoelastic contact mechanics model to analyze the contact problem between a nanosphere and polystyrene surface. In nanoindentation experiments, the ramp loading test is a similar problem to the particle embedment experiment except that the indentation load function differs. The motivation in this work is to expand the Hutcheson and McKenna analysis to the nanoindentation problem. In particular, we illustrate the limitations of analyzing only a single load-indentation curve, which does not provide enough information to determine the full range of the viscoelastic response of a polymer, and we show that performing a test sequence that includes multiple loading rates or indentation rates spanning two or more orders of magnitude greatly improves the extracted viscoelastic properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 633–639
Characteristics of high- and low-vigor lodgepole pine trees in old-growth stands.

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) trees in an old stand differed widely in appearance. Some appeared healthy, with deep crowns, high leaf areas, nearly conical-shaped crown tops, and branches with live needles extending well back from the tip. Others with similar-sized boles appeared to be in a state of decline, having much shallower crowns, lower leaf areas, crowns that were flattened at the top, and "tufted" branches with needles only near the ends of the branches. Ten trees, five each in these two apparent vigor classes, were selected from a one-hectare area of a mature stand. Trees in the two groups were found to have similar height, diameter at breast height, age, and total volume. As expected from the selection criteria, high-vigor trees had much deeper crowns (P = 0.01) and higher leaf areas (P = 0.10). The volume of heartwood in the bole was higher in the low-vigor trees (P = 0.08), and the volume of the sapwood was higher in the high-vigor trees (P = 0.13). Sapwood and heartwood ages were similar in both classes. This suggests that, in earlier years, low-vigor trees reached a larger volume, represented by the present heartwood, than did the high-vigor trees (i.e., the current vigor rankings are the reverse of what they had been). The ratio of sapwood volume to total leaf area was not significantly higher in the low-vigor trees (P = 0.24), although this ratio varied tenfold among the data. Results suggest that a physiological basis for assessing vigor involving leaf area, sapwood, heartwood, age, and incremental growth data would identify a continuum of response from high- to low-vigor trees rather than discrete groups based on visual appearance.
Social Dominance and Productivity in Caged Female Japanese Quail

Abstract The relationships between social dominance and various egg production measurements were determined for Japanese quail females housed in six bird hierarchies. Dominant birds laid significantly more eggs than their subordinates due to the shortened interval until the first egg was laid and the longer egg sequence length of the higher ranking birds. Rank had no influence on adrenal gland weights, but a negative relationship between rank and body weight gain was found.
Long-term administration of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine to patients with AIDS-related neurological disease.

3′-Azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) has been administered to 7 patients with human immunodeficiency virus associated neurological disease: 3 with dementia, 2 with peripheral neuropathy, 1 with dementia and peripheral neuropathy, and 1 with T-10 paraplegia. Six of the patients showed improvement in their neurological dysfunction on being administered AZT, as assessed by clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, nerve conduction studies, and/or positron emission tomographic scans. Three of these 6 patients showed sustained improvement 5 to 18 months after the initiation of AZT therapy. These results suggest that certain human immunodeficiency virus–associated neurological abnormalities are at least partially reversible following the administration of antiretroviral therapy and provide a rationale for further studies using antiretroviral chemotherapy.
Immunonutrition in surgery and critical care

■ Abstract The benefits of specialty supplemented enteral diets administered to critically ill and critically injured patients and those undergoing major surgical procedures have been documented in a number of randomized prospective studies. It is unclear which nutrient or combination of nutrients causes the beneficial effects, but there are significant reductions in infectious complications depending upon the patient populations studied. It is imperative that the data be interpreted in the context of individual patient risk since specialty formulas appear most beneficial in patients at risk of subsequent complications or in those with significant pre-existing malnutrition. Although controversy exists regarding the use of specialty supplemented enteral diets in critically ill patients, they have been administered safely with minimal risk of adverse outcome in malnourished patients and in the critically ill and critically injured.
Novel biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, targeted therapy and clinical trials

A biomarker, as defined by Wikipedia, “is an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.”
Susceptibility of the Lesser Peachtree Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) to Entomopathogenic Nematodes Under Laboratory Conditions

Abstract The lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson), is an important pest of Prunus spp. We determined the susceptibility of S. pictipes to six entomopathogenic nematode species: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, H. indica Poinar, Karunakar and David, H. marelatus Liu and Berry, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), S. feltiae (Filipjev), and S. riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston. Nematode virulence in S. pictipes was compared with virulence in two known susceptible hosts, Galleria mellonella L. and Tenebrio molitor L. In S. pictipes, the steinernematids were more virulent than the heterorhabditids, the virulence of S. carpocapsae was greater than S. riobrave, with S. feltiae being intermediate between the two, and no differences in virulence were detected among the heterorhabditids. Each nematode exhibited similar or greater virulence to S. pictipes than to T. molitor, and the steinernematids’ virulence to S. pictipes was greater or similar to H. bacteriophora or H. marel...
Personality Traits and Privacy Perceptions: An Empirical Study in the Context of Location-Based Services

Location-based services (LBS) are services that take into account the geographic location of a user. While LBS promise efficiency and effectiveness gains, their use also raises fundamental privacy issues. In this study we propose the development of a theoretical model for examining the role of personality traits in perceptions of privacy in reference to LBS. More specifically, we will develop a model that incorporates the Big Five personality traits (agreeableness, extraversion, emotional stability, openness to experience, conscientiousness), the most widely accepted framework for personality research in psychology, as well as perceptions of privacy, usefulness, risk, and trust as mediators in our model to explain behavioral intentions towards adopting LBS. We empirically test our model using a survey-based approach sampling 470 undergraduate business students.
Probabilistic Uncertainty and Technological Risks

New applications of science and technology are typically saddled with high levels of uncertainty. Whether one is dealing with genetically engineered organisms, hazardous chemicals, or energy facilities, new applications of science and technology have not withstood the test of time. Safe periods of operating experience have not been established because, by defmition, the applications are new, and many of their risks are unknown.
Multifaceted correctional healthcare

Jennifer Nelson is a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist in Psychiatry at the Dallas County Jail. Dr. Nelson discusses the prevalence of mental illness in the jail system and describes how multidisciplinary healthcare including a psychiatric clinical pharmacy specialist can contribute to the care of patients.
Melatonin formation in mammals: In vivo perspectives

Melatonin is a hormone secreted from the pineal gland specifically at night and contributes to a wide array of physiological functions in mammals. Melatonin is one of the most well understood output of the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Melatonin synthesis is controlled distally via the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and proximally regulated by norepinephrine released in response to the circadian clock signals. To understand melatonin synthesis in vivo, we have performed microdialysis analysis of the pineal gland, which monitors melatonin as well as the precursor (serotonin) and intermediate (N-acetylserotonin) of melatonin synthesis in freely moving animals in realtime at high resolution. Our data revealed a number of novel features of melatonin production undetected using conventional techniques, which include (1) large inter-individual variations of melatonin onset timing; (2) circadian regulation of serotonin synthesis and secretion in the pineal gland; and (3) a revised view on the rate-limiting step of melatonin formation in vivo. This article will summarize the main findings from our laboratory regarding melatonin formation in mammals.
Continuous positive airway pressure deepens sleep in patients with Alzheimer's disease and obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Objective Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) experience disrupted sleep. This study examined the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on sleep parameters in AD patients with OSA. Methods A randomized placebo-controlled trial of 3 weeks of therapeutic CPAP (tCPAP) vs. 3 weeks placebo CPAP (pCPAP) followed by 3 weeks tCPAP in patients with AD and OSA. Polysomnography data from screening after one night and after 3 weeks of treatment were analyzed. Records were scored for percent of each sleep stage, total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), sleep period (SP), time in bed (TIB), sleep onset (SO), wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and arousals. A randomized design comparing one night of pCPAP to tCPAP and a paired analysis combining 3 weeks of tCPAP were performed. Results Fifty-two participants (mean age = 77.8 years, SD = 7.3) with AD and OSA were included. After one treatment night, the tCPAP group had significantly less % Stage 1 ( p = 0.04) and more % Stage 2 sleep ( p = 0.02) when compared to the pCPAP group. In the paired analysis, 3 weeks of tCPAP resulted in significant decreases in WASO ( p = 0.005), % Stage 1 ( p = 0.001), arousals ( p = 0.005), and an increase in % Stage 3 ( p = 0.006). Conclusion In mild to moderate AD patients with OSA, the use of tCPAP resulted in deeper sleep after just one night, with improvements maintained for 3 weeks.
Genes associated with RSV lower respiratory tract infection and asthma: the application of genetic epidemiological methods to understand causality

Infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) are at increased risk for childhood asthma. The objectives of this article are to review the genes associated with both RSV LRI and asthma, review analytic approaches to assessing shared genetic risk and propose a future perspective on how these approaches can help us to understand the role of infant RSV infection as both an important risk factor for asthma and marker of shared genetic etiology between the two conditions. The review of shared genes and thus pathways associated with severity of response to RSV infection and asthma risk can help us to understand mechanisms of disease and ultimately propose new and novel targets for primary prevention of both diseases.
Role of the anion nitrite in ischemia-reperfusion cytoprotection and therapeutics

The anion nitrite (NO2−) constitutes a biochemical reservoir for nitric oxide (NO). Nitrite reduction to NO may be catalyzed by hemoglobin, myoglobin or other metal-containing enzymes and occurs at increasing rates under conditions of physiologic hypoxia or ischemia. A number of laboratories have now demonstrated in animal models the ability of nitrite to provide potent cytoprotection following focal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury of the heart, liver, brain, and kidney. While the mechanism of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection remains to be fully characterized, the release of nitrite-derived NO following IR appears to be central to this mechanism. The evidence of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection against IR injury in multiple animal models opens the door to potential therapeutic opportunities in human disease. Here we review the mechanisms for nitrite formation in blood and tissue, its metabolic equilibrium with NO, nitrate, and NO-modified proteins, the evidence supporting nitrite-mediated cytoprotection, and the potential mechanisms driving cytoprotection, and we explore the opportunities for the therapeutic application of nitrite for human disease.
Short communication: Rate of propionate infusion within meals does not influence feeding behavior.

Propionate has been shown to depress the feed intake of ruminants, but whether the rate of propionate infusion influences this response is unknown. To test this possibility, the rate of propionate infused within meals was altered while the total amount of propionate infused was held constant. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (51 ± 19 d in milk, 44.0 ± 4.8 kg/d of milk; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to the treatment sequence in a crossover experiment with a 10-d diet adaptation period, 24-h treatment periods, and 3 d between treatments. Treatments were intraruminal infusion of 1.26 mol of Na propionate (2.33 ± 0.06 L, 0.54 M, pH 6.0) over the course of either 5 min (fast) or 15 min (slow) at each spontaneous meal. The experimental diet included high-moisture corn and was formulated for 27% neutral detergent fiber, 36% starch, and 17.5% crude protein. Feeding behavior was monitored by a computerized data acquisition system that triggered infusion pumps at the initiation of meals, and consecutive infusions began at least 15 min apart under both treatment protocols. Feeding behavior data were analyzed to quantify the number, size, length, and time between all meals. Compared with pretreatment intake, propionate infusions depressed feed intake by 20 and 23%, respectively, for the slow and fast treatments. However, the rate of propionate infusion did not significantly alter dry matter intake, meals/day, meal size, meal length, or intermeal interval. We found no evidence that the rate of infusion, within the range of typical meal lengths, determines the extent of hypophagia from propionate.
Social Network Placement of Rural Secondary Students with Disabilities: Affiliation and Centrality:

This study examined social network centrality (i.e., social salience, peer group linkages) and peer affiliations in 20 rural high schools across the United States. The total sample consisted of 1,672 students in Grades 9 to 12, including 164 students with disabilities (69 females). In comparison to their peers without disabilities, students with disabilities were more likely to be identified as isolated, peripheral, or secondary in their school social structures. This finding suggested that they had lower levels of social visibility and social connections. Further, peer associates of students with disabilities tended to have less favorable interpersonal characteristics; and the peer groups in which they were members tended to be characterized by risk configurations that are associated with poor educational outcomes.
Complement inhibits immune responses: C3 preparations inhibit the generation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

C3 fragments have been shown to inhibit mitogen- and antigen-induced human lymphocyte blastogenesis. In this study, C3 preparations and a small fragment of C3 (contained in a preparation called Fraction 2) were examined for their capacity to regulate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and proliferative mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR). We found that both preparations inhibited the generation of allogeneic human CTL as well as MLR in a dose-related manner. In contrast, Fraction 1, which contained native C3 and C3b, did not inhibit the generation of CTL nor did it inhibit the MLR. The kinetics of inhibition of proliferation were divergent from the kinetics of inhibition of CTL generation; the active preparations inhibited proliferation significantly when added as late as day 5 of a 6-day culture, whereas no inhibition of CTL generation was seen when these preparations were added after day 3 of culture. Cultures in which C3 preparations caused complete inhibition of CTL generation had normal levels of the nonspecific, anomalous killer cell activity, as assayed on K 562 target cells. Furthermore, C3 preparations and Fraction 2 had no effect on the lytic function of differentiated CTL, on “spontaneous” natural killer cell activity or on interferon-induced augmentation of natural killer cell activity. These findings indicate that C3 fragments may play a negative role in the regulation of CTL responses.
Interfacial adhesion of nano-particle silver interconnects for electronics packaging application

Rapid package prototyping (RPP) technology based on a data-driven chip-first approach using nano-particle silver (NPS) interconnects has been developed to promptly assess novel package designs, new packaging materials, and performance of new devices. A potential limitation of rapid package prototyping with NPS interconnects is the adhesion between NPS and polymer substrates such as LCP, Polyimide, and BCB. Improving the adhesion strength of NPS is a key issue for reliable package prototypes with NPS interconnect. Qualitative measurement of the adhesion strength of NPS is necessary to investigate the adhesion improvements of NPS. A new adhesion test method is developed to estimate the interfacial fracture energy of NPS films. It has been found that most of the existing adhesion test methods are not directly applicable to NPS films. The newly developed adhesion test method is called Modified Button Shear Test (MBST) because it modifies the conventional button shear test and integrates the generally known die shear test. The MBST is used for measuring the interfacial fracture energy of NPS interconnect material. The interfacial fracture energy varies depending on physical, mechanical, and chemical states of the interface between NPS and polymer substrates. A mechanical interlocking adhesion model will be validated using MBST to demonstrate that the contribution of surface roughness to the interfacial fracture energy can be identified. It will show that the Yao's model is an applicable mechanical interlocking model for NPS film adhesion model.
A New Static Var Compensator for an Arc Furnace

This paper presents the design of an electronic compensator that can compensate the reactive current drawn by an arc furnace. Consisting of three independent single-phase pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverters, the proposed compensator responds quickly to any sudden load changes and compensates both the fundamental displacement current and the harmonic distortion current drawn by the load. Unlike conventional static var compensators, the electronic compensator can also supply the active current demanded by the load if an energy source independent of the utility is available. Simulations are conducted, including the modelling of the furnace current and voltage waveforms during the early stage of scrap melting, in order to determine the effectiveness of several suggested detection methods that can be used to separate the active and reactive components of the furnace current. Actual waveforms observed on a local furnace are included that corroborate the computer modelling. Experimental results indicate that the electronic compensator equipped with a suitable detection circuit can accurately compensate an arc furnace.
Iron acts as a second signal during coinfection with M. tuberculosis and N. brasiliensis leading to exacerbated M. tuberculosis disease outcome (MPF1P.769)

Previously, our laboratory has demonstrated that N. brasiliensis (Nb), an intestinal helminth, is able to exacerbate Mtb burden in coinfected Balb/c mice through generation of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). To examine the role of host genetic background in infection we performed coinfection experiments in C57Bl/6 mice. In contrast to Balb/c, coinfected C57Bl/6 mice were able to control Mtb burden comparable to mice infected with Mtb alone, despite mounting a Th2 response. This led us to hypothesize that a factor in addition to the generation of AAMs was responsible for the increased Mtb burden seen in the coinfection model. Concurrent experiments designed to understand Mtb survival within in vitro derived AAMs showed that IL-4 and IL-13 treatment was insufficient to cause differences in Mtb growth, compared to untreated macrophages. However the addition of iron significantly increased Mtb growth in AAMs. Iron, besides being important for Mtb growth; is also present in the lungs following tissue damage caused by Nb larval migration. To determine the role of iron during Nb infection we evaluated the expression of iron responsive genes in the murine lungs at 3, 5, and 7 days post infection. Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice exhibited distinct profiles in response to Nb infection consistent with iron recycling and iron sequestration, respectively. Future studies aim to further understand the role of iron as important cofactor in regulating bacterial burden during coinfection.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN I. Some Factors Influencing the Measurement of Alpha-Hemolysin

Marucci, Americo A. (Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, N.Y.). Mechanism of action of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. I. Some factors influencing the measurement of alpha-hemolysin. J. Bacteriol. 86:1182-1188. 1963.-A kinetic method for the accurate and reproducible measurement of the action of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin on rabbit erythrocytes is described. The activity of the alpha-hemolysin depends upon the temperature used for measurement. At 37 C the hemolysin lyses cells faster, but it in turn is rather quickly inactivated. At 0 C there is no inactivation, but the rate of lysis is greatly decreased. There is no change in the activity with change in total reaction volume, providing that the concentrations of cells and hemolysin are kept constant. The fraction of rabbit red cells lysed by a given amount of hemolysin in a given time is constant and independent of the total number of cells in the reaction mixture.
Evolution of resistance to Bt crops: directional selection in structured environments

Widespread use of transgenic crops that express an insecticidal endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis increases the risk of evolution of resistance by the European corn borer and other insect pests. To delay resistance evolution, the high-dose ⁄ refuge strategy is being implemented for Bt maize and Bt cotton. We develop a general modelling framework to understand the invasion and spread of alleles conferring resistance. We show that at least three processes are involved in explaining the effectiveness of the high-dose ⁄ refuge strategy: the intensity of selection, assortative (non-random) mating due to spatial subdivision, and variation in male mating success also due to spatial subdivision. Understanding these processes leads to a greater range of possible resistance management tactics. For example, efforts to encourage adults to leave their natal fields may have the unwanted effect of speeding rather than slowing resistance evolution. Furthermore, when Bt maize causes high mortality to susceptible target pests, spraying insecticides in refuges to reduce pest populations may not greatly disrupt resistance management.
Evaluation and Management of Acne

Acne is a common complaint in the primary care clinics. It has not only physical implications but also psychological. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and criteria for making the diagnosis. It also discusses endocrine disorders that may be the cause of acne. Treatment and management are discussed by subtype. Acne mechanica or sports-related acne is also discussed.
RNA complexity during seed formation and germination.

ABSTRACT The sequence composition and quantity of cotton cotyledon mRNAs present after 24 h of germination were evaluated by physical techniques, in vitro translation in wheat germ extracts, and hybridization with complementary DNA. The results indicate that most of the 25,000 individual mRNAs exist in both the poly(A)plus mRNA and the poly(A)minus mRNA populations in similar concentrations. Polysomal and nonpolysomal mRNA populations also appear to be virtually identical. The cotyledon mRNAs present during cotyledon development were compared by hybridization of poly(A)plus mRNA from each of three stages with DNA complementary to RNAs present in the other stages. Dramatic changes in the concentration of most of the abundant mRNA sequences and many of the less abundant mRNA sequences occur during cotyledon development. Most of the about 25,000 rare mRNA sequences appear to be common to all three stage mRNAs. A summary is presented of the mRNA sequences in other plant issues, as reported from other laborato...
Abstract WP278: Is Prophylactic Anticoagulation For Deep Venous Thrombosis Common Practice After Intracerebral Hemorrhage?

Background: Prior studies suggest that early initiation of prophylactic anticoagulation for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is safe after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Current guidelines recommend considering prophylactic anticoagulation after cessation of hematoma growth and as early as 2 days after onset. Methods: From the Premier database, a representative sample of approximately 15% of US hospital discharges and containing pharmacy records, we identified adult patients with ICH (primary/admitting ICD-9 code 431) who survived to day 2. We excluded those who underwent craniotomy or angiography. We abstracted type of anticoagulant used and date of first administration. We employed univariable statistics and multivariable logistic regression to assess patient and hospital factors associated with receiving prophylactic anticoagulation after ICH. Results: From 2006 to 2010, 33,858 patients met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 6,018 (17.8%) received any prophylactic anticoagulation during the hospital stay. Among these patients, 66% received prophylactic anticoagulation by day 2 and 76% had received an initial dose by day 6. The most commonly used agents were as follows: heparin (70.2%), enoxaparin (28.6%), and dalteparin (1.3%). The proportion of patients receiving prophylactic anticoagulation and the proportion of those receiving it within 2 days did not change over the study period. Use of prophylactic anticoagulation varied by geographic region (P Conclusions: Less than 20% of ICH patients receive anticoagulation for DVT in the United States. When utilized, the time to initiation is
Locked plating versus cephalomedullary nailing of unstable intertrochanteric femur fractures

Proximal femur locking plates (PFLP) have received increased attention as an alternative for the treatment of proximal femur fractures. However, recent clinical data on these implants has raised concern about higher than expected failure rates. The purpose of the present study was to compare outcomes of unstable pertrochanteric femur fractures (AO/OTA 31A3) treated at a level-1 trauma center using either PFLP or cephalomedullary nailing (CMN). Sixty-two patients (31 PFLP and 31 CMN, 55 % female, average age 63 years, range 21–94) with 64 OTA 31A3 fractures (32 PFLP and 32 CMN) treated between 2003 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. No differences were found with regard to gender, BMI, diabetes and time to surgery. One patient (5 %) in the CMN group underwent a reoperation (debridement with hardware removal), while eight PFLP patients (25 %) did (two debridements, two hardware removals, four nonunion repairs). One mechanical failure (5 %) occurred in the CMN group and 12 (38 %) in the PFLP group (p = 0.007). One nonunion (5 %) was observed in the CMN group, while 6 (19 %) occurred in the PFLP group. A higher rate of reoperation and mechanical failure can be expected for unstable intertrochanteric femur fracture when treated with PFLP than with CMN.
Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business

By Jeff Howe, Published by the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., 1745 Broadway, New York, NY 10019, 2008. vii + 311 p. Price $27. A new concept has emerged that is changing the way the business world operates. Many research and development (R&D) problems in a particular
Abstract IA19: The evolutionary landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Clonal evolution is a key feature of cancer progression and relapse. Recent studies across cancers have demonstrated the extensive degree of intratumoral heterogeneity present within individual cancers. We hypothesized that evolutionary dynamics contribute to the variations in disease tempo and response to therapy that are highly characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We have recently investigated this phenomenon by developing a pipeline that estimates the fraction of cancer cells harboring each somatic mutation within a tumor through integration of whole-exome sequence (WES) and local copy number data (Landau et al., Cell 2013). By applying this analysis approach to 149 CLL cases, we discovered earlier and later cancer drivers, uncovered patterns of clonal evolution in CLL and linked the presence of subclones harboring driver mutations with adverse clinical outcome. Thus, our study, generated from a heterogeneous sample cohort, strongly supports the concept that CLL clonal evolution arises from mass extinction and therapeutic bottlenecks which lead to the emergence of highly fit (and treatment resistant) subclones. We further hypothesize that epigenetic heterogeneity also shapes CLL clonal evolution through interrelation with genetic heterogeneity. Indeed, in recent work, we have uncovered stochastic methylation disorder as the primary cause of methylation changes in CLL and cancer in general, and that this phenomena impacts gene transcription, genetic evolution and clinical outcome. Ongoing studies focus on establishing a framework for understanding the stepwise transformation of B cells, and elucidating the role of the dynamic evolutionary landscape of CLL on its diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Citation Format: Catherine J. Wu. The evolutionary landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.
Overcoming barriers to exercise among parents: a social cognitive theory perspective

Parents face numerous barriers to exercise and exhibit high levels of inactivity. Examining theory-based determinants of exercise among parents may inform interventions for this population. The purpose of this study was to test a social-cognitive model of parental exercise participation over a 12-month period. Mothers (n = 226) and fathers (n = 70) of children <16 completed measures of exercise, barriers self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and exercise planning at baseline and 1 year later. Panel analyses were used to test the hypothesized relationships. Barriers self-efficacy was related to exercise directly and indirectly through perceived barriers and prioritization/planning. Prioritization and planning also mediated the relationship between perceived barriers and exercise. These paths remained significant at 12 months. These results suggest efforts to increase exercise in parents should focus on improving confidence to overcome exercise barriers, reducing perceptions of barriers, and helping parents make specific plans for prioritizing and engaging in exercise.
Problems Urgently Need Public Policy to Reply in the Development of Science and Technology

The relationship between science-technology and public policy is a challenging problem.With respect to the development of science and technology,the issues which badly need response by public policy refer to the nation-sponsored system,the guarantee of academic freedom,the coordination between administrative power and academic right,the collusive or decoupling relationship between knowledge and power,the inconsistent coexistence of utility and publicity in scientific and technological achievements,and the appropriate operation of academic norm.Among them,the theoretical and realistic aspects should be paid much attention to.
Geriatric neurorehabilitation in the new millenium.

Rehabilitation interventions have changed little in the last few decades, aside from improvements in materials and medical care. Most neurorehabilitation research involves geriatric patients since most disabling neurologic disease occurs in older populations. Proving rehabilitation intervention efficacy is difficult for methodological reasons. New technologies and neuroscience advances allow us to foresee development of evidence-based neurorehabilitation interventions improving functional outcomes. The need for such interventions will increase as the population ages. Developing patient-specific rehabilitation programs using selected tools at selected times during recovery now seems within reach.
Tragedy and the transistor

William Bradford Shockley was a scientist to the extreme. He was also a genius. His invention of the transistor changed the world, opening up new areas of science and technology, and he is even credited with the establishment of Silicon Valley. He successfully attacked problem after problem with the conviction that any question – whether from science or society – could be answered using the scientific method. But he ended his life friendless and discredited for his opinions on race and eugenics. Joel Shurkin, a Pulitzer Prize-winning science writer, is the first to trace this controversial life.
East meets west to cure healthcare ills using information technology

Although a half-world apart, the United States and the People's Republic of China share many of the same challenges in the delivery of health care to their citizens. Both healthcare systems suffer from inefficiencies, ever-increasing costs, and inequities in access to care. Public health surveillance and response are challenges for both countries, individually and in dealing with global outbreaks. The governments of both countries are taking actions to address their nations' healthcare problems, and they see information technology as a remedy for their healthcare ills - in particular, advanced networking, Electronic health record systems, and mobile computing devices. However, a number of challenges must be met before pervasive, quality health care enabled through technology can be realized. Meeting these challenges presents a good opportunity for China and the U.S. to work together toward effective IT solutions.
Tripartite motif 16 inhibits the migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cells.

Abstract Tripartite motif 16 (TRIM16), a member of the RING B-box coiled-coil (RBCC)/tripartite totif (TRIM) protein family, has been shown to play a role in tumor development and progression. However, the role of TRIM16 in ovarian cancer has never been revealed. Thus, in this study, we investigated the roles and mechanisms of TRIM16 in ovarian cancer. Our results demonstrated that TRIM16 expression was low in ovarian cancer cell lines. In addition, overexpression of TRIM16 significantly inhibited the migration and invasion in vitro, as well as suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, overexpression of TRIM16 greatly inhibited the protein expression levels of Shh, Smo, Ptc, Gli-1, MMP2, and MMP9 in ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that TRIM16 inhibits the migration and invasion via suppressing the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in ovarian cancer cells. Thus, TRIM16 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
Provably-correct coordination of large collections of agents with counting temporal logic constraints

In this paper, we consider the problem of coordinating a large collection of homogeneous agents subject to a novel class of constraints: counting temporal logic constraints. Counting constraints arise naturally in many multi-agent planning problems where the identity of the agents is not important for the task to be completed. We introduce a formal language to capture such tasks and present an optimization-based technique to synthesize plans for large collections of agents in a way to guarantee the satisfaction of tasks specified in this formalism.
Treatment of Juvenile Offenders: Diversion and Formal Processing

In this chapter, various means used to process juvenile offenders are considered. The juvenile court was created with the specific philosophy of serving as a parent substitute for those children in need of supervision and parental care. The underlying approach to the processing of juvenile offenders centers on the concept of minimizing the penetration of juvenile offenders into the juvenile justice system. Community-based diversion programs such as police diversion, teen youth courts, school resource officer programs, and specialized treatment programs for juveniles with problems related to substance abuse, sex offenses, and family violence have been created. Counseling programs for those juveniles housed in residential facilities are also considered.
Curvature interference characteristic of conical surface enveloping conical worm

The theory to distinguish whether the curvature interference happens or not is well established for the enveloping conical worm. Some important results, such as the meshing function, the equation of the enveloping conical worm helicoid, and the curvature interference limit function, are all obtained. The foundation of computing the curvature interference limit line is to solve the system of nonlinear equations. A technique based on the elimination method and the geometric construction is proposed, which can be employed to study the existence of the solution of a system of nonlinear equations and to solve all the solutions of this system within the given solving domain. By means of the theory and technique brought forward, it is discovered that there usually are two curvature interference limit lines separately on each side of a tooth of an enveloping conical worm. When the number of the enveloping conical worm threads is smaller, the curvature interference in general does not happen on the both sides of a tooth. The avoiding mechanism of the curvature interference is that the limit line does not exist during the real cutting mesh because the limit line is inside the entity of the enveloping conical worm and its conjugate line is outside the entity of the grinding wheel. The numerical outcome shows that, the toe on the $$e$$ flank has the greatest potential risk to be subjected to the undercutting.
Regulation of cell apoptosis by insulin-like growth factor I.

Correct temporal and spatial regulation of apoptosis is critical for normal mammary gland development and lactation. Previous work with a strain of trans-genic mice that overexpress des(1-3)hIGF-I during pregnancy and lactation suggested that this growth factor inhibits apoptosis. The hypothesis tested within these studies is that overexpression of des(1-3)hIGF-I within the mammary gland inhibits apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-associated genes that are known to be activated by the transcription factor AP-1. This inhibition of apoptosis was further posited to predispose the tissue to carcinogenesis. TUNEL analysis of mammary tissue from transgenic mice that overexpress des(1-3)hIGF-I under control of the rat whey acidic protein promoter showed only 25% (P < 0.05) of the number of apoptotic cells found in nontransgenic mice at the same stage of lactation. Northern analysis of RNA from these animals showed a 75% (P = 0.08) reduction in c-Jun mRNA abundance. Histological analysis of mammary tissue from nonlactating multiparous WAP-DES mice ranging in age from 13 to 25 months showed a variety of hyper-plastic lesions. These lesions aberrantly expressed the transgene. At 23 months of age 50% of the transgenic mice within this study developed adenocarcinomas. These results support the conclusion that inhibition of apoptosis within the mammary gland by IGF-I involves decreased activity of AP-1 and predisposes the tissue to tumors.
On variational methods to non-instantaneous impulsive fractional differential equation

Abstract In this paper by using the variational methods for a class of impulsive differential equation of fractional order with non-instantaneous impulses, we setup sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions. The problem is reduced to an equivalent form such that the weak solutions of the problem are defined as the critical points of a functional. Main results of the present work are established by using Lax–Milgram Theorem.
An Exploratory Study of Pilot Observations, Decisions, and Actions During Traffic Pattern Approach Operations

Design enhancements are often aligned with system requirements and human-systems integration user needs. With respect to general aviation (GA), there is limited human-systems integration (HSI) data when considering traffic pattern approach operations. The simplest and most fundamental beginning to the understanding of optimal pilot-aircraft integration is a mapping of pilot observations, decisions, and actions, for all legs of a typical rectangular pattern. The use of understanding these elements related to pilot attention and actions is directly related to the development of a new flight test method to map pilot cognition with aircraft dynamics. The exploratory study described in this paper reports the subjective results of six knowledge elicitation sessions with expert pilots using the critical decision method (CDM) and abstraction decomposition (protocol analysis). For the purposes of this study, expert pilots in general aviation have been identified as certified flight instructors. The results obtained from this exploratory effort provide insight into cognitive patterns that integrate observations, decisions, and actions (ODAs) made by the experts. Illustrations as concept maps are provided to describe various cognitive functions and processes present during the different pattern legs. These maps are compared among knowledge elicitation participants. It has been found in fact, that certain cues are not present, but rather embodied by routine operations within naturalized socio-complex interactions. The paper includes a table will all reported ODAs for future research purposes.
Toward a methodology for agent-based data mining and visualization

We explore the notion of agent-based data mining and visualization as a means for exploring large, multi-dimensional data sets. In Reynolds' classic flocking algorithm (1987), individuals move in a 2-dimensional space and emulate the behavior of a flock of birds (or "boids", as Reynolds refers to them). Each individual in the simulated flock exhibits specific behaviors that dictate how it moves and how it interacts with other boids in its "neighborhood". We are interested in using this approach as a way of visualizing large multi-dimensional data sets. In particular, we are focused on data sets in which records contain time-tagged information about people (e.g., a student in an educational data set or a patient in a medical records data set). We present a system in which individuals in the data set are represented as agents, or "data boids". The flocking exhibited by our boids is driven not by observation and emulation of creatures in nature, but rather by features inherent in the data set. The visualization quickly shows separation of data boids into clusters, where members are attracted to each other by common feature values.