cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress stability and thermo-mechanical properties of reactively sputtered alumina films

The stability of residual stress inherent on deposition in reactively sputtered alumina films is studied during thermal cycling and annealing, simulating temperature excursions experienced by the films during device fabrication and subsequent operation. Increasing the magnitude of substrate bias applied during deposition acts to reduce the amount of argon incorporated in the films; more incorporated argon corresponds to smaller values of modulus and hardness and a larger coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Large, irreversible changes in film stress develop on heating, acting to decrease the compressive residual stress of films deposited on silicon substrates to a smaller, equilibrium value, whereas films deposited on Al2O3-TiC substrates behave differently. Thermal cycling and annealing have little effect on the modulus and CTE, but the hardness increases significantly and the threshold load for indentation crack initiation decreases precipitously during heat treatment. Possible mechanisms of irreversible stress development and mechanical property modifications are discussed.
HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein subverts the cellular DNA damage response via binding to DNA-dependent protein kinase.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia. Previous research has established that the viral oncoprotein Tax mediates the transformation process by impairing cell cycle control and cellular response to DNA damage. We showed previously that Tax sequesters huChk2 within chromatin and impairs the response to ionizing radiation. Here we demonstrate that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a member of the Tax·Chk2 nuclear complex. The catalytic subunit, DNA-PKcs, and the regulatory subunit, Ku70, were present. Tax-containing nuclear extracts showed increased DNA-PK activity, and specific inhibition of DNA-PK prevented Tax-induced activation of Chk2 kinase activity. Expression of Tax induced foci formation and phosphorylation of H2AX. However, Tax-induced constitutive signaling of the DNA-PK pathway impaired cellular response to new damage, as reflected in suppression of ionizing radiation-induced DNA-PK phosphorylation and γH2AX stabilization. Tax co-localized with phospho-DNA-PK into nuclear speckles and a nuclear excluded Tax mutant sequestered endogenous phospho-DNA-PK into the cytoplasm, suggesting that Tax interaction with DNA-PK is an initiating event. We also describe a novel interaction between DNA-PK and Chk2 that requires Tax. We propose that Tax binds to and stabilizes a protein complex with DNA-PK and Chk2, resulting in a saturation of DNA-PK-mediated damage repair response.
Food allergy. Part 2: Diagnosis and management

Abstract Patients with food-induced allergic disorders may be first seen with a variety of symptoms affecting the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and/or cardiovascular system. The skin and respiratory tract are most often affected by IgE-mediated food-induced allergic reactions, whereas isolated gastrointestinal disorders are most often caused by non-IgE-mediated reactions. When evaluating possible food-induced allergic disorders, it is often useful to categorize disorders into IgE- and non-IgE-mediated syndromes. The initial history and physical examination are essentially identical for IgE- and non-IgE-mediated disorders, but the subsequent evaluation differs substantially. Proper diagnoses often require screening tests for evidence of food-specific IgE and proof of reactivity through elimination diets and oral food challenges. Once properly diagnosed, strict avoidance of the implicated food or foods is the only proven form of treatment. Clinical tolerance to food allergens will develop in many patients over time, and therefore follow-up food challenges are often indicated. However, a number of novel immunomodulatory strategies are in the developmental stage and should provide more definitive treatment for some of these food-induced allergic disorders in the next several years. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:981-9.)
Singular Minkowski and Euclidean solutions forSU(2) Yang-Mills theory

In this paper we examine a solution to theSU(2) Yang-Mills-Higgs system, which is a trivial mathematical extension of recently dicovered Schwarzschild-like solutions (Singleton D.,Phys. Rev. D,51 (1955) 5911). Physically, however, this new solution has drastically different properties from the Schwarzschild-like solutions. We also study a new classical solution for EuclideanSU(2) Yang-Mills theory. Again this new solution is a mathematically trivial extension of the Belavin-Polyakov-Schwartz-Tyupkin (BPST) (Belavin A. A.et al., Phys. Lett. B,59 (1975) 85) instanton, but is physically very different. Unlike the usual instanton solution, the present solution is singular on a sphere of arbitrary radius in Euclidean space. Both of these solutions are infinite-energy solutions, so their practical value is somewhat unclear. However, they may be useful in exploring some of the mathematical aspects of classical Yang-Mills theory.
The switching mechanisms in amorphous chalcogenide memory devices

Abstract Measurements of the resistance of chalcogenide memory devices switched with pulses which have a long or very short trailing edge, showed no significant difference. This contradicts the switching model as proposed by Cohen et al. Experimental data is presented and a discussion of the complexity of crystallization suggests a modification in which the inner zone of the filament is usually quenched below the crystallization temperature during the set pulse, as a result of current redistribution. Further modifications to the model for the reset event take account of an annulus around the reset filament which is at the optimum temperature for crystallization. Crystallization in that annulus results in shifting of the filament axis. The use of multiple-pulse resetting reduces the chance of crystal growth in the annulus.
Estimating stress and strain in end-pumped laser crystals: the case of Cr:LiCAF rod

The ability of the laser crystal to withstand the damaging effects of thermal stresses and strain is an important factor in the design of high power solid state laser systems. To compute these effects, a set of cylindrical coordinates differential equations relating 3-dimensional thermal stresses and strains relevant to a Cr:LiCAF rod was derived. The c-axis of the end-pumped rod was assumed to be perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the cylindrical crystal. Expressions for spatial temperature rise in such a configuration was obtained and the approach of stress calculations was presented.
Response of plasma arginine vasopressin to nicotine in normal man

The response of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) to nicotine administered by chewing gum (Nicorette, 2 mg) was examined in nine healthy volunteers. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, serum osmolality, plasma AVP level, and plasma nicotine level were measured at baseline (control) and at 30, 45, and 60 minutes after initial administration of the gum. There were small increases in heart rate (72 ± 6.3 to 82 ± 5.1 beats/min, p < 0.05) and mean arterial pressure (88 ± 8.2 to 93 ± 10 mm Hg, p = NS), while the plasma nicotine level increased to a maximum of 16 ± 2.0 ng/ml (p < 0.001). No changes were seen in either osmolality (283 ± 3.4 mOsm/kg) or AVP level (4.3 ± 2.0 pg/ml) in eight of the nine subjects who remained asymptomatic. In one subject whose hemodynamic and plasma nicotine responses were similar to the others but who became nauseated, the plasma AVP level increased from 4.2 to 26 pg/ml. These data suggest that nicotine at the plasma concentrations achieved in this study is not associated with stimulation of plasma AVP secretion in normal man. Other factors in association with nicotine use, in this case nausea, may be required for AVP stimulation to occur. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 478–481; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.182
Relaxation of stable RNA synthesis by a plasmid-borne locus.

The plasmid pMY3, which was constructed so as to express the Su+7 amber suppressor tRNA gene, also relaxes control of stable RNA synthesis in stringent cells. The relaxation is not growth medium or strain-dependent and does not occur in the presence of the vehicle alone. When expression of the effective sequence is diminished, in a lysogen of ϕ80d3ilv+Su+7, the sequence no longer affects RNA synthesis. The relaxation is general, extending to all or almost all tRNA loci, including tRNAs located in the ribosomal spacer regions, and to all ribosomal RNAs. Relaxed plasmid-carrying strains are still able to elevate guanosine tetra- and penta-phosphate levels in response to amino acid starvation, but steady state levels are somewhat diminished. Aminoacyl-tRNA falls to control levels when the plasmid-carrying strain is deprived of amino acid. Therefore, the relaxed strain perceives amino acid starvation, but does not respond normally. These properties define a novel locus which relaxes stringent control.
Fitting Manova Models with Missing Continuous or Ordinal Data Using Reference Priors

We present hierarchical MANOVA models for use with continuous or ordinal data in which missing values are readily handled. Full conditional distributions needed for Gibbs sampling are provided and we present two data analyses demonstrating the types of inferences obtainable from these models. The models are fit to an anthropologic data set for the purposes of estimating the Mahalanobis distance between groups of human males based on skeletal measurements, and a bivariate ordinal MANOVA model is fit to cross-classified data describing drinking behavior in healthy adults.
The temperature-dependent enzymatic breakdown of rRNA of reticulocytes.

The influence of temperature on the enzymatic breakdown of rRNA and ribosomal particles from rabbit reticulocytes by ribosomal ribonuclease and phosphatase was studied. Nucleosides were formed after the initial attack of ribonuclease on single-stranded regions of the RNA. The following conclusions were reached for free RNA: U and C were distributed in a random manner in the single-stranded loops at 20 °C. Short (A-U)-rich sequences were liberated at 37 °C, the relative share of which appeared to be higher in the 28-S RNA. It contained correspondingly longer G-C sequences. Clusters of A-U sequences of greater length than at 37 °C were melted at 50 °C. It was proved that only -U-U-U- sequences were split, by analysis of of the 3′ and 5′ terminal nucleotides of the primary split products of ribonuclease. The behaviour of the particle-bound RNA was modified considerably by interactions with proteins. Some of the cytosines appear to be protected against enzymatic attack at 20 °C. The 60-S subunit shows a strongly predominant melting of short U-A sequences at 37 °C. The reduction of the effective length of the U-A clusters may be due to interaction of the RNA with proteins. The 40-S subunit on the other hand would appear to exhibit a reduction of the effective length of G-C sequences. The interaction of the subunits with each other in an 80-S ribosome does not modify the behaviour of the subunits.
Thin films cadmium telluride solar cells

Abstract Cadmium telluride has long been recognized as a promising thin film photovoltaic material. Polycrystalline thin film CdS/CdTe heterojunction solar cells have been prepared by several techniques with various degrees of success. In this work the inverted configuration p-CdTe/CdS/SnO 2 :F/glass were prepared by the deposition of p-CdTe films onto CdS/SnO 2 :F/glass substrates using chemical vapor deposition and close-spaced sublimation (CSS). Chemical vapor deposition has the advantage of controlling the electrical resistivity of p-CdTe films whereas the CSS technique is capable of depositing p-CdTe films at high rates. The CdTe films deposited by the two techniques have significantly different microstructures. The CSS process is simpler in operation, and the cleanness of the substrate surface is an important parameter in determining the electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of the heterojunctions. Solar cells of area 1 cm 2 or larger with an air mass 1.5 (global) efficiency of 10.5% were prepared and their junction properties were characterized.
Engineering psychophysiology: Issues and applications, edited by Richard W. Backs and Wolfram Bousein. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000. 385 pp.

Advancing technology changes the very nature of the world in which we interact. Often these changes introduce unintended stresses and strains on the individual attempting to interact with this new technology. The objective of this 17-chapter edited volume is to promote engineering psychophysiology as a discipline that uses a variety of psychophysiological measures to understand and potentially improve the nature of our interactions in the real world. The target audience for the book is the researcher who is new to the use of psychophysiological measures in engineering applications.
Novel electron-diffraction transistor

Recent reports of very long electron mean free paths have raised the prospect of electronic devices operating on the basis of wave principles standard in physical optics. Such "optical" electron devices could be created within the 2DEG of a HEMT structure. We report here modeling of a proposed device which utilizes electron diffraction to perform several interesting functions, underscoring the potential multifunctionailty of quantum devices.
Infrared array camera for interferometry with the cophased Multiple Mirror Telescope

ABSTRACT An infrared camera has been developed for mterferometric imaging on large telescopes. Observations obtained with the6.86 m aperture of the cophased Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) demonstrate the ease with which future 8 m telescopescan achieve diffraction-limited performance from 1 to 5.5 jxm. With the MMT, the infrared camera has imaged astronomi-cal sources at 3.5 p.m with a diffraction-limited resolution of 0.10 arcsec. The camera uses a 58x62 pixel InSb focal planearray built by Santa Barbara Research Center (SBRC) to obtain high quantum efficiency (—80%) and low readout noise (300 electrons per picture). An excess noise from the SBRC detector is related to the resetting process and can be removed through proper readout methods and data processing. Interchangeable optics, ifiters, an internal focal plane shutter, and a coronagraphic mask are cooled inside the dewar to reduce the thermal background. Adjustable exposures as short as4 msec are obtained at a maximum rate of 10 Hz to freeze atmospheric turbulence. A VMEbus, 68020-based computersystem digitizes and records raw data, displays data frames in real-time, and computes the coadded power spectra and
Effective Static Analysis to Find Concurrency Bugs in Java

Multithreading and concurrency are core features of the Java language. However, writing a correct concurrent program is notoriously difficult and error prone. Therefore, developing effective techniques to find concurrency bugs is very important. Existing static analysis techniques for finding concurrency bugs either sacrifice precision for performance, leading to many false positives, or require sophisticated analysis that incur significant overhead. In this paper, we present a precise and efficient static concurrency bugs detector building upon the Eclipse JDT and the open source WALA toolkit (which provides advanced static analysis capabilities). Our detector uses different implementation strategies to consider different types of concurrency bugs. We either utilize JDT to syntactically examine source code, or leverage WALA to perform interprocedural data flow analysis. We describe a variety of novel heuristics and enhancements to existing analysis techniques which make our detector more practical, in terms of accuracy and performance. We also present an effective approach to create inter-procedural data flow analysis using WALA for complex analysis. Finally we justify our claims by presenting the results of applying our detector to a range of real-world applications and comparing our detector with other tools.
Renorenal reflex responses to renal sensory receptor stimulation in normotension and hypertension.

The renorenal reflex responses to renal mechano-(MR) and chemoreceptor (CR) stimulation have been examined in anesthetized dogs, cats, and rats. Renal MR were stimulated by increased ureteral pressure and renal CR by retrograde ureteropelvic perfusion with 0.9 M NaCl at unchanged ureteral pressure. In the dog, renal MR stimulation results in an increase in ipsilateral afferent renal nerve activity (ARNA) and contralateral efferent RNA (ERNA) and a contralateral renal vasoconstriction. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is unchanged. Renal CR stimulation is without effect. In the cat, renal MR and CR stimulation increases MAP and either increases or decreases contralateral urine flow rate and urinary sodium excretion at unchanged renal perfusion pressure. In the rat, renal MR and CR stimulation increases ipsilateral ARNA, decreases contralateral ERNA and increases contralateral urine flow rate and urinary sodium excretion. The magnitude of the renorenal reflex responses is related to the magnitude of the stimula...
Hydrogen trapping in high-strength steels

Abstract Hydrogen trapping in three high-strength steels—AerMet 100 and AISI 4340 and H11—was studied using a potentiostatic pulse technique. Irreversible trapping constants ( k ) and hydrogen entry fluxes were determined for these alloys in 1 mol/l acetic acid/1 mol/l sodium acetate. The order of the k values for the three steels and two 18Ni maraging steels previously studied inversely parallels their threshold stress intensities for stress corrosion cracking ( K ISCC ). Irreversible trapping in AerMet 100 varies with aging temperature and appears to depend on the type of carbide (Fe 3 C or M 2 C) present. For 4340 steel, k can be correlated with K ISCC over a range of yield strengths. The change in k is consistent with a change in the principal type of irreversible trap from matrix boundaries to incoherent Fe 3 C. The principal irreversible traps in H11 at high yield strengths are thought to be similar to those in 4340 steel.
Use of somatostatin analog in management of carcinoid syndrome.

Carcinoid tumors are the most frequent gut neuroendocrine tumors accounting for more than 50% of all tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) axis. These tumors appear to derive from a stem cell line capable of differentiating into a variety of malignant cells that secrete many different peptides and amines. The symptoms of carcinoid tumors are often non-specific, vague abdominal pain that may precede the diagnosis by a median of 9 years. Carcinoid syndrome occurs in <10% of patients. We evaluated the effects of SMS 201-995 in 14 such patients, 12 with diarrhea, 8 with flushing, 3 with wheezing, one with tricuspid valve incompetence, 6 with facial teleangiectasia, 3 with a pellagra type dermatosis and one with myopathy. Diarrhea was abolished or significantly reduced in 83%, flushing in 100%, wheezing in 100%, and myopathy improved in the one patient. Blood serotonin was resistant to change, urine 5HIAA fell in 75%, and most gut neuropeptide hormones apart from somatostatin were suppressed. Tumor growth appeared to be slowed in 2/3 of cases treated for up to 4 years. The analog of somatostatin appears to be a useful addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for carcinoid tumors and the symptom complex.
Iron Losses in Elliptically Rotating Fields

Power frequency losses in silicon iron alloys due to an elliptically rotating magnetic field have been measured by a calorimetric technique and predicted approximately using a simple model. Previously reported experiments for measuring these losses fail to approach saturation and have doubtful field unformities. A thin disk-shaped specimen is placed in the elliptically rotating field of a set of two phase air-cored rectangular Helmholtz-type coils. The 60-cps rotational loss is calculated from the initial rate of specimen temperature rise sensed by a copper-Constantan thermocouple attached to the disk. The thermocouple output is amplified and recorded with an accuracy of 10−3°C. The field coil system produces fields uniform to 2% in a 1.0-in.-diam. region and of strengths up to 250 oe, which is sufficient to approach saturation in 0.005-in. thick by 0.875-in.-diam disks. The losses have been measured for grain oriented and single-crystal materials with all materials showing a decrease in loss for an increase in flux density for large, nearly circular fields. The losses for elliptical magnetization may be approximated with a simple model composed of a mixture of lossless domain rotation, eddy current loss, and alternating hysteresis loss proportional to an alternating flux. This model is intended only for the calculation of rotational hysteresis losses and not to explain the origin of these losses. The calculated and experimental losses agree for all amplitudes and eccentricities of magnetization to within 40% for rotation in the (100) plane with the worst discrepancy for circularly rotating magnetization.
Decontamination of materials contaminated with Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam spores using PES-Solid, a solid source of peracetic acid

Aims To develop test methods and evaluate survival of Bacillus anthracis Ames, B. anthracis ∆Sterne and B. thuringiensis Al Hakam spores after exposure to PES-Solid (a solid source of peracetic acid), including PES-Solid formulations with bacteriostatic surfactants. Methods and Results Spores (≥7 logs) were dried on seven different test materials and treated with three different PES-Solid formulations (or preneutralized controls) at room temperature for 15 min. There was either no spore survival or less than 1 log (<10 spores) of spore survival in 56 of 63 test combinations (strain, formulation and substrate). Less than 2·7 logs (<180 spores) survived in the remaining seven test combinations. The highest spore survival rates were seen on water-dispersible chemical agent resistant coating (CARC-W) and Naval ship topcoat (NTC). Electron microscopy and Coulter analysis showed that all spore structures were intact after spore inactivation with PES-Solid. Conclusions Three PES-Solid formulations inactivated Bacillus spores that were dried on seven different materials. Significance and Impact of the Study A test method was developed to show that PES-Solid formulations effectively inactivate Bacillus spores on different materials.
A unified approach to polynomially solvable cases of integer “non-separable” quadratic optimization

Abstract A recent paper by Hochbaum and Shanthikumar presented “a general-purpose algorithm for converting procedures that solve linear programming problems with … integer variables, to procedures for solving … separable [non-linear] problems”. 1 Their work showed that “convex separable optimization is not much harder than linear optimization”. In contrast, polynomial algorithms in the literature for “non-separable” integer quadratic problems use qualitatively different techniques. By linearly transforming these problems so that the objective is separable in the transformed reference frame, we provide alternative algorithms for these problems based on Hochbaum and Shanthikumar's algorithms. Inter alia we introduce a new class of polynomially solvable integer quadratic optimization problems. We also show that a slight generalization of integer linear programming having a non-separable, non-linear objective and totally unimodular constraints in NP-hard.
Clinical Translation of Nitrite Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases

The anion nitrite is an oxidative breakdown product of nitric oxide (NO) that has traditionally been viewed as a diagnostic marker of NO formation in biological systems. In this regard, nitrite has long been considered an inert oxidation product of NO metabolism. More recently, this view has changed with the discovery that nitrite represents a physiologically relevant storage reservoir of NO in blood and tissues that can readily be reduced to NO under pathological conditions. This has sparked a renewed interest in the biological role of nitrite and has led to an extensive amount of work investigating its therapeutic potential. As a result, nitrite therapy has now been shown to be cytoprotective in numerous animal models of disease. Given the very robust preclinical data regarding the cytoprotective effects of nitrite therapy it is very logical to consider the clinical translation of nitrite-based therapies. This article will review some of this preclinical data and will discuss the potential use of nitrite therapy as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases including: ischemia-reperfusion injury (i.e. acute myocardial infarction and stroke), hypertension, angiogenesis, and as an adjunctive therapy for transplantation of various organs (i.e. liver and lung).
Seasonal, latitudinal, and secular variations in temperature trend: Evidence for influence of anthropogenic sulfate

Tropospheric aerosols increase the shortwave reflectivity of the Earth-atmosphere system both by scattering light directly, in the absence of clouds, and by enhancing cloud reflectivity. The radiative forcing of climate exerted by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, derived mainly from SO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion, is opposite that due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases and is estimated to be of comparable average magnitude in Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. However, persuasive evidence of climate response to this forcing has thus far been lacking. Here we examine patterns of seasonal and latitudinal variations in temperature anomaly trend for evidence of such a response. Pronounced minima in the rate of temperature increase in summer months in Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes are consistent with the latitudinal distribution of anthropogenic sulfate and changes in the rate of SO2 emissions over the industrial era.
Removable singularities of solutions of linear partial differential equations

Suppose P(x, D) is a linear partial differential operator on an open set ~ contained in R ~ and that A is a closed subset of ~. Given a class ~(~) of distributions on ~, the set A is said to be removable for ~(~) if e ach /E ~(~), which satisfies P(x, D ) / = 0 in ~ A , also satisfies P(x, D)/= 0 in ~. The problem considered in this paper is the following. Given a class ~(~) of distributions on ~, what restriction on the size of A will ensure that A is removable for ~(~). We obtain results for Lroc (~) (p ~< ~ ) , C(~), and Lipa (~). The first result of this kind was the Riemann removable singularity theorem: if a function / is holomorphic in the punctured unit disk a n d / ( z ) = o ( H -1) as z approaches zero, then / is holomorphic in the whole disk. Bochner [1] generalized Riemann's result by considering the class ~(~) of functions f on ~ such that ](x)=o(d(x, A) -q) uniformly for x in compact subsets of ~, and giving a condition on the size of A which insures tha t A is removable for ~(~) (Theorem 2.5 below). Bochner's theorem is remarkable in that the condition on the size of A only depends on the order of the operator P(x, D). The theorem applies, therefore, to systems of differential operators, such as exterior differentiation in R n and ~ (the Cauchy-Riemann operator) in C n. The same can be said for the other results in this paper. The proof of Bochner's theorem provided the motivation for our results. I t is interesting to note tha t a very general result (Corollary 2.4) f o r / ~ (~) (due to Li t tman [7]) is an easy corollary of Bochner's work. Here the condition on the singular set A is expressed in terms of Minkowski content. In section 4 the case of Ll~oc(~) is studied again, and results in section 2 are improved by replacing Minkowski content with Hausdorff measure. In addition, the cases C(~)
Effect of oxygen on fouling behavior in lead–bismuth coolant systems

Abstract This experimental research investigates the effects of the oxygen in lead–bismuth eutectic on fouling. The analysis was carried out by performing three tests with different oxygen concentration on the recuperator where the heat transfer rate is susceptible to fouling, and introducing a correlation for the fouling factor. The comparison of fouling factors obtained with each oxygen level is presented, the relationship between fouling factors and oxygen concentrations is correlated, and the effects of oxidation on heat transfer are demonstrated qualitatively by wetting conditions of the samples.
Structure of the stacked disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein.

Abstract The coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus is known to form three different classes of aggregate, depending on environmental conditions, namely helical, disk, and A-protein. Among the disk aggregates, there are four-layer, six-layer, and long stacks, which can be obtained by varying the ionic strength and temperature conditions during the association process. The four-layer aggregate has been crystallized, and its structure solved to atomic resolution. The stacked disk aggregate had been presumed to be built of a polar two-layer disk related to the crystalline A and B rings. A study using monoclonal antibodies specific to the bottom surface of TMV protein demonstrated that the stacked disk aggregate is bipolar, and suggested that the repeating two-layer unit might be similar to the dihedrally symmetrical A-ring pair in the disk crystal. In this paper we present a three-dimensional reconstruction of the stacked disk aggregate obtained by electron microscopy of ice-embedded samples. After modeling of the structure, we found the ring pairs to have the same quaternary structure as the A-ring pair of the four-layer aggregate. The resolution achieved in the image processing of the electron micrographs is on the order of 9A in the meridional direction and 12A in the equatorial. The identification of the structure of the stacked disk with the A-ring pair of the disk crystal provides an explanation of the observation that the axial periodicity of the disk pair, which is ∼53A when fully hydrated, can shrink to ∼43A in the dry state.
A connectionist learning algorithm with provable generalization and scaling bounds

Abstract A connectionist learning algorithm, the bounded, randomized, distributed (BRD) algorithm, is presented and formally analyzed within the framework of computational learning theory. From a neural network viewpoint this framework gives clear definitions to commonly used terms such as “generalization” and “scaling up,” and addresses the following questions: • • What class of functions is being learned? • • How many training examples should be used? • • How many iterations are required? • • With what certainty can we be assured of learning a good model? From a computational learning theory perspective, a new class of connectionist concepts is shown to be polynomially learnable using the BRD algorithm. Since a variant of the BRD algorithm is in current use for tasks such as pattern recognition, this makes it one of the few learning algorithms shown to be polynomial within the computational learning theory framework that is close to an “industrial strength” algorithm. The algorithm can fail for several reasons: (a) noisy inputs; (b) underestimation of the difficulty of the concept being learned (i.e., larger concept class required); or (c) bad luck. Whenever the algorithm fails, there are several “fallback bounds” available. Finally, the Appendix gives a learnable class of network functions that strictly enlarges a class of learnable functions, Rivest's k-decision lists.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTRODUCTORY GERONTOLOGY TELECOURSE

The development and uses of a gerontology telecourse entitled Growing Old in a New Age are described. Produced by the Center on Aging at the University of Hawaii at Manoa under a grant from the Annenberg ICPB Project of Washington, DC, the telecourse involves an instructional design with three essential components: television programs, printed support materials, and local faculty participation. The methodology for creating the telecourse included grant writing, instructional design, content and video treatment development, interviewing, narration and scriptwriting, student and faculty guide development, expert reviews, formative evaluations, pretesting of video and guide elements, studio production, and promotion skills. The usefulness of formative evaluation and pretesting in telecourse development is highlighted, and a methodology is outlined that can serve as a model for the planning and implementation of telecourse projects.
Optimal induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses requires bystander cell participation

Efficient activation of specific immune responses requires a concerted interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. A requirement for bystander participation of CD4 T cells for expansion and maintenance of memory CD8 T cells has been noted in several models, but a role with regard to effector CD8 T responses has not been well-defined. In this report, the requirement of bystander participation for optimal induction of antigen-specific CD8 T cell effector function was determined by directly quantitating antigen-specific interferon- (IFN-) CD8 T cell responses by enzyme-linked immunospot assays, and by indirectly evaluating induction of the chemokine monokine induced by IFN- as a marker for IFN--mediated effector function. Our results demonstrate that bystander cell participation, mediated by CD4 T cell and natural killer (NK) cells, is required for optimal induction of antigen-specific CD8 T cell effector responses. Our data further establish a novel role for NK cells in the activation of antigen-specific immune responses. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72: 1164–1171; 2002.
Optimal planning for autonomous air vehicle battle management

We formulate a dynamic air vehicle assignment problem to sequentially determine the optimal allocation of air vehicle and ammunition resources to threat clusters in an air to ground campaign. A threat cluster includes a number of different types of threats, which are assumed to cooperate among themselves when they are engaged by a team of air vehicles. The objective is to efficiently allocate the assets to eliminate as many valuable threats as possible while minimizing the air vehicle attrition. This problem is formulated as an optimal control problem, whose exact solution can be obtained for small size problems by dynamic programming. For larger more realistic problems, we investigate hierarchical control and potential function methods to solve the optimal control problem in a computationally efficient manner.
Toward Specifying a Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise:

This article builds upon the illuminating thinking of Dwight Smith (1980) to proffer aframeworkfor understanding criminal enterprise. For too long social scientists, law enforcement officers, and l...
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines for Lung Cancer Screening

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), a not-for-profit alliance of 25 of the world's leading cancer centers devoted to patient care, research, and education, is dedicated to improving the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of cancer care so that patients can live better lives. The intent of the NCCN Guidelines is to assist in the decision-making process of individuals involved in cancer care-including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, payers, patients, and their families-with the ultimate goal of advancing patient care in the fight against cancer.
Mobile software engineering in mobile computing curriculum

Recent advances in mobile technology, mobile networks and mobile computing introduced new capabilities, functionality, and applications for software systems on mobile devices. On the other hand, those sounding achievements generated reasonable concerns regarding applications of traditional software engineering methodology (concepts, methods, tools, models, programming styles) to mobile software systems. Requirements of highly mobile users, limited computing power of mobile devices, security issues in mobile Web and networks, and various types of mobile communication technology stimulate a growth of emerging area - software engineering of mobile software systems, or mobile software engineering (MSE). Faculty and graduate students at the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems at Bradley University (Peoria, Il, USA) are involved into collaborative “student-faculty” research, design and development project aimed at design and development of pioneering MSE curriculum. This project is aimed at 1) research of MSE-focused programming methodologies, 2) analysis models in MSE, 3) design and development models in MSE, including architectural models, information models, functional models, interaction models, navigation models, graphic user interface (GUI) hierarchical models, 4) analysis of integrated development environments (IDEs) for various mobile platforms (Android, Windows Phone, etc.), 5) testing strategies and techniques for mobile software systems, 6) mobile software quality management, 7) security issues of mobile software systems, and 8) MSE-focused implementation methods. This paper focuses on main MSE topics in Mobile Computing curriculum.
Design, Development, and Applications of Novel Techniques for Studying Surface Mechanical Properties

Research is reviewed for the adhesion, friction, and micromechanical properties of materials and examples of the results presented. The ceramic and metallic materials studied include silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, and iron-base amorphous alloys. The design and operation of a torsion balance adapted for study of adhesion from the Cavendish balance are discussed first. The pull-off force (adhesion) and shear force (friction) required to break the interfacial junctions between contacting surfaces of the materials were examined at various temperatures in a vacuum. The surface chemistry of the materials was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Properties and environmental conditions of the surface regions which affect adhesion and friction-such as surface segregation, composition, crystal structure, surface chemistry, and temperature were also studied.
Analysis of Durability in Lithium Nickel Oxide Electrochromic Materials and Devices

Thin films of lithium nickel oxide were deposited by sputtering and laser ablation from targets of pressed nickel oxide and lithium oxide powders. These films were assembled into electrochromic test devices with tungsten oxide as the opposite electrode and a polymer electrolyte. Analysis of the failure modes was carried out at several levels: The composition and structure of the films were examined before and after cycling using a variety of techniques, such as infrared spectroscopy, nuclear-reaction analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Absorption of water vapor was found to be a major factor determining the cyclic stability of the films. A new technique is described for incorporating reference electrodes made from an electronically isolated corner into devices. This structure enabled identification of potential problems associated with a particular interface. Finally, some of the devices were disassembled and the components examined. For example, a small quantity of the polymer was extracted and studied by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Small organic fragments were discovered which correspond to expected weak points in the polymer structures.
Regulation of protein kinases; controlling activity through activation segment conformation.

There are currently at least forty-six unique protein kinase crystal structures, twenty-four of which are available in an active state. Here we examine these structures using a structural bioinformatics approach to understand how the confromation of the activation segment controls kinase activity.
Surface Optical Modes of Vibration in Cubic Crystals

Theoretical treatments of surface optical modes of vibration have been given by a number of workers,(1–4) but to date explicit results have not yet been reported for wave vectors (parallel to the surface) significantly different from zero using three-dimensional models which are rotationally invariant. In the present paper such results are obtained for a model of a NaCl-type lattice with nearest and next-nearest neighbor central forces. Surface optical modes are also investigated for a continuum model for which assumptions of short-range interactions are unnecessary.
The level of DAL80 expression down-regulates GATA factor-mediated transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Nitrogen-catabolic gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by the action of four GATA family transcription factors: Gln3p and Gat1p/Nil1p are transcriptional activators, and Dal80 and Deh1p/Gzf3p are repressors. In addition to the GATA sequences situated upstream of all nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive genes that encode enzyme and transport proteins, the promoters of the GAT1, DAL80, and DEH1 genes all contain multiple GATA sequences as well. These GATA sequences are the binding sites of the GATA family transcription factors and are hypothesized to mediate their autogenous and cross regulation. Here we show, using DAL80 fused to the carbon-regulated GAL1,10 or copper-regulated CUP1 promoter, that GAT1 expression is inversely regulated by the level of DAL80 expression, i.e., as DAL80 expression increases, GAT1 expression decreases. The amount of DAL80 expression also dictates the level at which DAL3, a gene activated almost exclusively by Gln3p, is transcribed. Gat1p was found to partially substitute for Gln3p in transcription. These data support the contention that regulation of GATA-factor gene expression is tightly and dynamically coupled. Finally, we suggest that the complicated regulatory circuit in which the GATA family transcription factors participate is probably most beneficial as cells make the transition from excess to limited nitrogen availability.
Badfellas: Crime, Tradition, and New Masculinities

Badfellas: Crime, Tradition, and New Masculinities. Simon Winlow. Oxford: Berg, 2001. ix+ 192 pp., bibliography, index.
Scattered-light imaging in vivo tracks fast and slow processes of neurophysiological activation

We imaged fast optical changes associated with evoked neural activation in the dorsal brainstem of anesthetized rats, using a novel imaging device. The imager consisted of a gradient-index (GRIN) lens, a microscope objective, and a miniature charged-coupled device (CCD) video camera. We placed the probe in contact with tissue above cardiorespiratory areas of the nucleus of the solitary tract and illuminated the tissue with 780-nm light through flexible fibers around the probe perimeter. The focus depth was adjusted by moving the camera and microscope objective relative to the fixed GRIN lens. Back-scattered light images were relayed through the GRIN lens to the CCD camera. Video frames were digitized at 100 frames per second, along with tracheal pressure, arterial blood pressure, and electrocardiogram signals recorded at 1 kHz per channel. A macroelectrode placed under the GRIN lens recorded field potentials from the imaged area. Aortic, vagal, and superior laryngeal nerves were dissected free of surrounding tissue within the neck. Separate shocks to each dissected nerve elicited evoked electrical responses and caused localized optical activity patterns. The optical response was modeled by four distinct temporal components corresponding to putative physical mechanisms underlying scattered light changes. Region-of-interest analysis revealed image areas which were dominated by one or more of the different time-course components, some of which were also optimally recorded at different tissue depths. Two slow optical components appear to correspond to hemodynamic responses to metabolic demand associated with activation. Two fast optical components paralleled electrical evoked responses.
The S-Space Package: An Open Source Package for Word Space Models

We present the S-Space Package, an open source framework for developing and evaluating word space algorithms. The package implements well-known word space algorithms, such as LSA, and provides a comprehensive set of matrix utilities and data structures for extending new or existing models. The package also includes word space benchmarks for evaluation. Both algorithms and libraries are designed for high concurrency and scalability. We demonstrate the efficiency of the reference implementations and also provide their results on six benchmarks.
Modeling a Dynamic Decision Process: Supporting the Decisions of Caregivers of Family Members with Dementia:

One contributor to caregiving burden is the stress of making decisions. Family caregivers need support to consider and implement decisions. Support is likely to result in informed decisions and decreased guilt. The purpose of the study described in this article was to understand the decision processes of family caregivers of people with dementia using a multiple case study approach that would result in a model of their decision processes, with emphasis on support needs. The proposed model, based on control theory, charts the caregiving experiences over time and documents decisions made to maintain tolerable situations. This model is the first step toward developing interventions to provide the support needed to take on the role of decision maker, plan for the future, and make informed decisions.
Injuries and outcome of three horses hospitalised in the aftermath of Hurricane Isaac

Summary This case series describes 3 horses rescued from flooded areas, hospitalised and treated at the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital in the wake of Hurricane Isaac. The purpose of the paper is to familiarise practitioners with the injuries that may be found in flood-afflicted horses and livestock. Case 1 presented with a degloving injury of the right hindlimb. The gelding developed neurological signs and was subjected to euthanasia; necropsy was consistent with Salmonella sepsis and disseminated mycosis due to Candida krusei, the first case reported in a horse. Case 2 presented with dermatitis attributable to chemical exposure and pneumonia and was subjected to euthanasia due to severe bilateral laminitis. Case 3 sustained a degloving injury of the left hindlimb and was subjected to euthanasia due to intractable pain. This case series illustrates the need for preparation and evacuation to avoid life-threatening injuries in equids and livestock caused by hurricanes and their aftermath.
Rehabilitation of bedrock stream channels: the effects of boulder weir placement on aquatic habitat and biota

The placement of boulder weirs is a popular method to improve fish habitat, though little is known about the effectiveness of these structures at increasing fish and biota abundance. We examined the effectiveness of boulder weir placement by comparing physical habitat, chemical and biotic metrics in 13 paired treatment (boulder weir placement) and control reaches in seven southwest Oregon watersheds in the summer of 2002 and 2003. Pool area, the number of boulders, total large woody debris (LWD) and LWD forming pools were all significantly higher in treatment than control reaches (p 0.20). Both coho salmon and trout response to boulder weir placement were positively correlated with difference in pool area; p 100 mm). Based on our results and previous studies on bedrock and incised channels, we suggest that the placement of boulder structures is a useful first step in attempting to restore these types of stream channels. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.