cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Film Depositional Model of Permeability for Mineral Reactions in Unsaturated Media

A new modeling approach based on the biofilm models of Taylor et al. (1990, Water Resources Research, 26, 2153-2159) has been developed for modeling changes in porosity and permeability in saturated porous media and implemented in an inorganic reactive transport code. Application of the film depositional models to mineral precipitation and dissolution reactions requires that calculations of mineral films be dynamically changing as a function of time dependent reaction processes. Since calculations of film thicknesses do not consider mineral density, results show that the film porosity model does not adequately describe volumetric changes in the porous medium. These effects can be included in permeability calculations by coupling the film permeability models (Mualem and Childs and Collis-George) to a volumetric model that incorporates both mineral density and reactive surface area. Model simulations demonstrate that an important difference between the biofilm and mineral film models is in the translation of changes in mineral radii to changes in pore space. Including the effect of tortuosity on pore radii changes improves the performance of the Mualem permeability model for both precipitation and dissolution. Results from simulation of simultaneous dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation provides reasonable estimates of porosity and permeability. Moreover, a comparison ofmore » experimental and simulated data show that the model yields qualitatively reasonable results for permeability changes due to solid-aqueous phase reactions.« less
Rapidly progressive sclerosing cholangitis following surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudotumor

Two patients with sclerosing cholangitis presented with a distal stricture of the common bile duct in association with pancreatic pseudotumors. Jaundice resolved following surgery to correct biliary obstruction, but diffuse cholangiographic abnormalities and clinical evidence of sclerosing cholangitis became evident 2 and 4 months later. Rapid progression of symptomatic disease necessitated liver transplantation in one patient, but the other had a complete response to methotrexate therapy. The rapid disease progression in these two patients may have been triggered by surgery that resulted in a generalized fibroproliferative response of the biliary tree, already affected with localized sclerosing cholangitis contiguous to a pancreatic pseudotumor. We suggest that localized sclerosing cholangitis associated with pancreatic pseudotumors may be a unique variant that can progress rapidly but respond dramatically to antiinflammatory therapy.
A Functional Morphospace, Based on Dimensionless Numbers, for a Circumferential, Calcite, Stabilizing Structure in Sand Dollars

Abstract A sand dollar, living on sand in fluctuating flow, is at risk of either sliding downstream or flipping over by rotating about its downstream edge. Stability on the sediment is enhanced by a belt of calcite located peripherally in the sand dollar. While the calcite belt stabilizes, in part, because of its contribution to the weight of the sand dollar, our paper focuses on how the calcite's peripheral distribution increases rotational inertia, which raises the energy and moment required for a destabilizing flow to cause catastrophic dislodgement. We define a dimensionless inertia number as rotational inertia per mass per squared radius of a sand dollar. Inertia per mass is a function of mass distribution, which we describe using two dimensionless numbers—the location number, which is the inner calcite belt radius divided by the sand dollar radius; and the areal density number, which is the relative mass per area of the peripheral and central regions. We plot a functional morphospace in which performance, quantified by the inertia number, is a function of the two morphological parameters, location number and areal density number. The functional morphospace has local maxima and can be interpreted as an adaptive landscape that predicts directions of morphological evolution under circumstances in which rotational inertia is a selected trait. Our model enables future, comparative, evolutionary tests of the function and adaptive importance of this peripheral calcite belt.
Predictors of Individual Knowledge Acquisition Commitment in a Post-Soviet Setting

Drawing upon interdisciplinary literature, particularly institutional theory, we tested Nonaka’s (1994) predictors of individual knowledge acquisition commitment among 1,949 employees from four firms in Ukraine, a transition economy where low absorption of knowledge has slowed economic reforms. Five personality traits explained nearly 44% of the variance in knowledge acquisition commitment, but the results concerning the influence of individuals’ perceptions of the organizational context were mixed. The findings affirm the value of individual level research in international management (IM), and underscore the importance of contextualizing theoretical models of knowledge acquisition rather than assuming universality. The results have practical implications for the performance of international joint ventures and subsidiaries that are dependent on host country labor in this context, and for indigenous firms attempting to transfer knowledge from developed economies.
Relaxin's induction of metalloproteinases is associated with the loss of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in synovial joint fibrocartilaginous explants

Diseases of specific fibrocartilaginous joints are especially common in women of reproductive age, suggesting that female hormones contribute to their etiopathogenesis. Previously, we showed that relaxin dose-dependently induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in isolated joint fibrocartilaginous cells. Here we determined the effects of relaxin with or without β-estradiol on the modulation of MMPs in joint fibrocartilaginous explants, and assessed the contribution of these proteinases to the loss of collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in this tissue. Fibrocartilaginous discs from temporomandibular joints of female rabbits were cultured in medium alone or in medium containing relaxin (0.1 ng/ml) or β-estradiol (20 ng/ml) or relaxin plus β-estradiol. Additional experiments were done in the presence of the MMP inhibitor GM6001 or its control analog. After 48 hours of culture, the medium was assayed for MMPs and the discs were analyzed for collagen and GAG concentrations. Relaxin and β-estradiol plus relaxin induced the MMPs collagenase-1 and stromelysin-1 in fibrocartilaginous explants – a finding similar to that which we observed in pubic symphysis fibrocartilage, but not in articular cartilage explants. The induction of these proteinases by relaxin or β-estradiol plus relaxin was accompanied by a loss of GAGs and collagen in joint fibrocartilage. None of the hormone treatments altered the synthesis of GAGs, suggesting that the loss of this matrix molecule probably resulted from increased matrix degradation. Indeed, fibrocartilaginous explants cultured in the presence of GM6001 showed an inhibition of relaxin-induced and β-estradiol plus relaxin-induced collagenase and stromelysin activities to control baseline levels that were accompanied by the maintenance of collagen or GAG content at control levels. These findings show for the first time that relaxin has degradative effects on non-reproductive synovial joint fibrocartilaginous tissue and provide evidence for a link between relaxin, MMPs, and matrix degradation.
Development of the brain stem in the rat. II. Thymidine-radiographic study of the time of origin of neurons of the upper medulla, excluding the vestibular and auditory nuclei.

Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 12 and 13 (E12 + 13) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). In radiographs from adult progeny of these rats the proportion of neurons generated on specific days was determined in the major nuclei of the upper medulla, with the exception of the vestibular and auditory nuclei. The neurons of the motor nuclei are generated over a brief period. Neurons of the retrofacial nucleus are produced first, with more than 60% of the cells arising on day E11 or earlier. Peak generation time of abducens neurons is day E12 and of the neurons of the facial nucleus is day E13. In contrast, the neurons of the superior salivatory nucleus are produced late, predominantly on day E15 and some on day E16. The generation of the (sensory relay) neurons of the nucleus oralis of the trigeminal complex takes place over an extended period between days E12 and E15; the last generated cells include the largest neurons of this nucleus. Neurons of the raphe magnus are produced between days E11 and E14, the neurons of the rostral medullary reticular formation between days E12 and E15. The latest generated neurons of the upper medulla (excluding the cochlear nuclei) belong to a structure identified as the granular layer of the raphe. Combining these results with those of the preceding paper (Altman and Bayer, ′80a) and with additional data, it is postulated that the laterally and ventrally situated motor nucleus of the trigeminal, the facial nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguus form a single longitudinal zone of branchial motor neurons with a rostral-to-caudal cytogenetic gradient. In contrast, the medially and dorsally situated (juxtaventricular) hypoglossal nucleus and abducens nucleus (together with the other nuclei of the ocular muscles) form a longitudinal somatic motor zone with a caudal-to-rostral gradient. The dorsal nucleus of the vagus and the superior salivatory nucleus may constitute a preganglionic motor zone, also with a caudal-to-rostral cytogenetic gradient.
Temporal trends in ambulance diversion in a mid-sized metropolitan area.

Objectives. To evaluate the amount of ambulance diversion in an emergency medical services (EMS) system and to investigate potential predictive factors. Methods. Ambulance diversion status of hospitals in the four-county metropolitan Portland, Oregon, area has been recorded for approximately 15 years. These data are used by EMS transporting agencies to determine appropriate hospital destination for their patients. The authors calculated the total yearly hospital ambulance diversion time for “Total Ambulance Divert (TAD)” and “Critical Care Divert (CCD)” for the time period between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 1999. Yearly EMS 9-1-1-generated patient transport volume, hospital emergency department (ED) census volume, total population, amount of health maintenance organization (HMO) penetration, and number of licensed and available hospital beds were calculated for each yearly interval. Kendall's tau-b correlation was used to determine significant secular trends. Potential predictive factors for the am...
Hypocretin /orexin preferentially activates caudomedial ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons

The hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) neuropeptide system modulates behavioral state and state-dependent processes via actions on multiple neuromodulatory transmitter systems. Recent studies indicate that HCRT selectively increases dopamine (DA) neurotransmission within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens (NAs), but not the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The circuitry underlying the differential actions of HCRT across distinct DA systems is unclear. The current study examined whether HCRT preferentially activates PFC- and NAs-projecting relative to NAc-projecting DA neurons within the VTA. One week after infusion of the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) into the medial PFC, NAc or NAs, animals received a ventricular infusion of HCRT-1. Subsequent analyses conducted across the rostral-caudal extent of the VTA determined the degree to which: (i) Fos-immunoreactivity (ir) was observed within tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir neurons; (ii) TH-ir was observed within FG-ir neurons; and (iii) Fos-ir was observed within FG-ir neurons. HCRT significantly increased Fos-ir in VTA DA (TH-ir) neurons, primarily in a restricted population of small-to-medium-sized DA neurons located within the caudomedial VTA. Furthermore, within this region of the VTA, PFC- and NAs-projecting TH-ir neurons were more likely to contain Fos-ir than were NAc-projecting TH-ir neurons. These results provide novel evidence that HCRT selectively activates PFC- and NAs-projecting DA neurons within the VTA, and suggest a potential role for HCRT in PFC- and NAs-dependent cognitive and/or affective processes. Moreover, these and other observations suggest that the dysregulation of HCRT-DA interactions could contribute to cognitive/affective dysfunction associated with a variety of behavioral disorders.
Human Cytomegalovirus pUL78 G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homologue Is Required for Timely Cell Entry in Epithelial Cells but Not Fibroblasts

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes four putative G protein-coupled receptors, including pUL78, whose rodent orthologues are known to be important for replication and spread in their hosts. To investigate the mechanism by which pUL78 contributes to viral replication and pathogenesis, we generated a derivative of the TB40/E clinical isolate of HCMV that is unable to express the receptor. Consistent with previous findings using laboratory strains of the virus, the mutant replicated normally in fibroblasts. Although laboratory strains are restricted to growth in fibroblasts, clinical isolates grow in many cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells, in which the pUL78-deficient TB40/E derivative exhibited a growth defect. Infection with the mutant virus resulted in a significant decrease in viral RNA and protein expression. Although there was no difference in binding of the virus to the cell, we detected a delay in the entry and subsequent delivery of virion DNA and protein to the nuclei of epithelial cells following infection with the UL78 mutant virus. Taken together, our results demonstrate that pUL78 supports infection at a point after binding but before entry in epithelial cells, a cell type important for in vivo viral replication and spread.
Concrete creep at variable humidity: constitutive law and mechanism

The previously formulated rate-type aging creep law based on Maxwell chain is generalized to variable humidity and is calibrated by extensive comparisons with test data from the literature. The main object of attention is the Pickett effect, i.e., the apparent increase in creep due to drying simultaneous with loading. This effect is shown to have four sources, in their decreasing order of importance: (1) stress-induced shrinkage, (2) tensile strain softening due to progressive cracking, (3) irreversibility of unloading contraction after tensile strainsoftening, and (4) increase of material stiffness due to aging (hydration). The model, which is a special case of a previously advanced thermodynamic theory, depends on only one hypothesis about the microscopic physical mechanism of creep: The creep rate depends on the magnitude of the flux of microdiffusion of water between the macropores (capillary pores) and the micropores in the cement gel. By assuming this microdiffusion to be infinitely fast, the effect is reduced to a dependence of creep viscosities on the time rate of pore humidity, and this is further shown to be equivalent to stress-induced shrinkage, in which the shrinkage coefficient defining the ratio of the increments of shrinkage strain and pore relative humidity depends on stress. In three dimensions, the shrinkage coefficient thus becomes a tensor. For thermodynamic reasons, there must also exist stress-induced thermal expansion. Although tensile cracking is found to make significant contribution to the Pickett effect, it is far from sufficient to explain in fully. The theory agrees with test data on basic creep, creep of specimens with reduced water content at hygral equilibrium (predried), shrinkage, swelling, and creep at drying under compression, tension, or bending. The strainsoftening model used for tensile cracking is the same as that used previously to fit test data from fracture tests, direct tensile tests, and deflection tests of reinforced beams.
Reciprocal interactions between cells and extracellular matrix during remodeling of tissue constructs

Cells remodel extracellular matrix during tissue development and wound healing. Similar processes occur when cells compress and stiffen collagen gels. An important task for cell biologists, biophysicists, and tissue engineers is to guide these remodeling processes to produce tissue constructs that mimic the structure and mechanical properties of natural tissues. This requires an understanding of the mechanisms by which this remodeling occurs. Quantitative measurements of the contractile force developed by cells and the extent of compression and stiffening of the matrix describe the results of the remodeling processes. Not only do forces exerted by cells influence the structure of the matrix but also external forces exerted on the matrix can modulate the structure and orientation of the cells. The mechanisms of these processes remain largely unknown, but recent studies of the regulation of myosin-dependent contractile force and of cell protrusion driven by actin polymerization provide clues about the regulation of cellular functions during remodeling.
Acute changes in plasma steroids and agonistic behavior in male Japanese quail.

A systematic analysis of the acute (minutes to hours) fluctuations of plasma steroids [androstenedione (A), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), corticosterone (B)] was investigated in relation to the fighting behavior displayed by experienced male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) in short-term (2 min) dyadic encounters. Plasma levels of hormones measured in competitors either 1 hr before, during, or 3 min to 6 hr following a fight related poorly to either the attacking or nonattacking behavior displayed by opponents. However, transient fluctuations measured by the percentage change from prefight levels of plasma DHT, T, and B were identified in individuals following the onset of the fight. Winners demonstrated significantly greater percentage changes than did the losers at 3, 32, and 362 min for DHT and T and at 7 min for B. These differences in hormonal responses to the fight are attributed to the more aggressive behavior displayed by the victorious opponents (winners) over their defeated competitors (losers). Significance of these rapid changes is discussed in relation to the physiology and behavior of aggressive interactions.
Allowed 3h - 1e transition in semiconductor quantum wells

It is shown that the so-called ``forbidden'' 3h-1e transition observed in semiconductor quantum wells is, in general, an allowed transition for symmetric, square, wells with a finite barrier height. Transitions between states in two bands, where both have even, or odd, parity are expected to occur without any consideration of band mixing, or band nonparabolicity. These transitions are allowed primarily because of the large difference in the electron and hole masses. The mass difference affects the spreading of the wave functions outside of the well and allows unexpected interlevel, interband, overlap of the wave functions. In addition, a new, convenient, graphical technique is presented for determination of allowed energy levels in a quantum well.
How do humans affect wildlife nematodes

Human actions can affect wildlife and their nematode parasites. Species introductions and human-facilitated range expansions can create new host–parasite interactions. Novel hosts can introduce parasites and have the potential to both amplify and dilute nematode transmission. Furthermore, humans can alter existing nematode dynamics by changing host densities and the abiotic conditions that affect larval parasite survival. Human impacts on wildlife might impair parasites by reducing the abundance of their hosts; however, domestic animal production and complex life cycles can maintain transmission even when wildlife becomes rare. Although wildlife nematodes have many possible responses to human actions, understanding host and parasite natural history, and the mechanisms behind the changing disease dynamics might improve disease control in the few cases where nematode parasitism impacts wildlife.
Heavy ion irradiation and annealing of lead: atomistic simulations and experimental validation

Abstract We simulated the evolution of the defect microstructure resulting from irradiation of lead with 180 keV Er+ at liquid Nitrogen temperature followed by an isochronal anneal up to 350 K. The results were validated by comparison with experiments. The simulation consists of a coupled molecular dynamics (MD) and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) calculation that follows the production and migration of defects during irradiation and subsequent isochronal annealing. Defect diffusivities and cluster energetics were calculated by MD simulations with and embedded atom-like potential for Pb, or obtained from experiments whenever available. The primary stage of the damage produced by the energetic recoils was also calculated using MD. These calculations show the formation of dense interstitial and vacancy clusters after the cooling of the cascade. The ions are implanted at a temperature of 94 K and the damage is annealed by increasing the temperature on a stepwise fashion by 50 K every 5 min. The time–temperature evolution of the density of point defects and defect clusters is calculated in this simulation. The results are compared with experimental observations for the same irradiation and annealing conditions. The experiments consist of a set of transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs taken at different times during the anneal. The micrographs show the presence of loops after irradiation at 94 K, the increase in loop density with temperature, and the disappearance of all the loops at temperatures of ∼340 K. These results are in good agreement with the simulations, which help us understand the underlying processes occurring during irradiation and annealing.
Performance of micro-PEM fuel cells with different flow fields

Abstract Four designs of flow fields were applied to micro-proton exchange membrane fuel cells (μ-PEMFCs) using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology. The flow fields and membrane electrolyte assembly (MEA) of 2.25 cm 2 active area were assembled to μ-PEMFCs. Electrochemical behaviors of these μ-PEMFCs were investigated by polarization method at reactants flow rates of 15 ml min −1 , 30 ml min −1 and 50 ml min −1 , respectively. This study emphasized the effects of different topologies of flow fields on performance of μ-PEMFCs. Results demonstrated that μ-PEMFCs with different flow fields have similar behavior at reactants flow rates of 50 ml min −1 . However, at reactants flow rates of 15 ml min −1 and 30 ml min −1 , performance of the μ-PEMFC with long and narrow micro-channels rapidly deteriorated due to the flooding in micro-channels. The mixed serpentine design had a good ability to resist the flooding, but it displayed a low maximum power density because of its short effective length of micro-channels. The results in this study suggested that the μ-PEMFC with a mixed multichannel design flow field and long micro-channels yielded the best performance.
Evidence of power-law flow in the Mojave desert mantle

Studies of the Earth's response to large earthquakes can be viewed as large rock deformation experiments in which sudden stress changes induce viscous flow in the lower crust and upper mantle that lead to observable postseismic surface deformation. Laboratory experiments suggest that viscous flow of deforming hot lithospheric rocks is characterized by a power law in which strain rate is proportional to stress raised to a power, n (refs 2, 3). Most geodynamic models of flow in the lower crust and upper mantle, however, resort to newtonian (linear) stress-strain rate relations. Here we show that a power-law model of viscous flow in the mantle with n = 3.5 successfully explains the spatial and temporal evolution of transient surface deformation following the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes in southern California. A power-law rheology implies that viscosity varies spatially with stress causing localization of strain, and varies temporally as stress evolves, rendering newtonian models untenable. Our findings are consistent with laboratory-derived flow law parameters for hot and wet olivine--the most abundant mineral in the upper mantle--and support the contention that, at least beneath the Mojave desert, the upper mantle is weaker than the lower crust.
Polypeptide sequencing: Use of dipeptidylaminopeptidase I and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Summary A new method of sequencing polypeptides has been investigated in which the polypeptide is enzymatically hydrolyzed to dipeptides by the action of dipeptidylaminopeptidase I and the products identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The technique involves two hydrolyses, the original polypeptide and the des N-terminal amino acid polypeptide, providing overlapping dipeptide sequences. The technique is illustrated by the determination of the sequence of porcine insulin A chain, a polypeptide containing 21 amino acids. Methods and procedures using standard dipeptides are also described and the advantages and present limitations of the technique discussed.
Fault-location Observability Analysis on Power Distribution Systems

AbstractMost of the fault-location methods developed in the past employed measurements obtained from a limited number of meters installed in a power system. Optimal meter placement in power systems is to make the best use of a limited number of meters available to keep the entire network observable. This article presents the fault-location observability analysis for distribution systems and proposes a novel optimal meter placement algorithm to keep the system observable in terms of fault-location determination. First, the observability of fault location in power systems is defined. Then analysis of the whole system is performed to determine the fewest number of meters needed and the best locations to place those meters to achieve fault-location observability. Case studies based on a 16-bus distribution system have been carried out to illustrate the proposed algorithms.
Corporate use of derivatives and excess value of diversification.

Abstract We provide a link between diversification discount and corporate use of financial derivatives. We show that diversified firms benefit from financial risk management. Our findings are consistent with the notion that derivative usage lowers information asymmetry and thereby reduces the negative valuation effects of diversification. Our evidence complements the earlier findings of both the risk management literature and diversification discount literature and is robust to controls for endogeneity and information asymmetry levels.
Predictability of the zonal index in a global model

Using the model twin formulation, the predictability of the zonal index, an inherently low-frequency feature of the circulation, is studied in a two-layer, global, zonally homogeneous model. While typical periods for variability in the zonal index are on the order of 100 days, the index is predictable with useful skill only out to 23 days. The predictability of the zonal index shares some behavior with the predictability of time averages. A simple model of the growth of forecast error in the zonal index is constructed. The model demonstrates that the combination of a long timescale with relatively poor predictability is consistent with the behavior of a feature that acts as a dynamical filter of synoptic scale noise. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.t01-3-00005.x
The possibility of a reversal of material flammability ranking from normal gravity to microgravity

The purpose of the discussion is to show, by a theoretical model, that one of the material flammability indices, the flammability limit, can be reversed in proper circumstances. A stagnation-point diffusion flame adjacent to a spherical solid-fuel surface is considered. It is shown that a reversal of the limiting oxygen indices from normal gravity and microgravity is possible. Although the example is based on a particular theoretical model with a particular flame configuration and specifically for an oxygen limit, the flammability-limit reversal phenomenon is believed to be more general.
Isoflurane decreases AMPA-induced dark cell degeneration and edematous damage of Purkinje neurons in the rat cerebellar slices.

This study was designed to investigate whether isoflurane, a commonly used volatile anesthetic with neuroprotective property, reduces alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol propionic acid (AMPA)-induced neurotoxicity in a concentration- and time (when isoflurane was applied in relation to the AMPA exposure)-dependent manner. Cerebellar slices from postnatal 10-14-day-old rats were exposed to 30 microM AMPA for 30 min followed by a 120-min AMPA-free recovery period at 37 degrees C. This protocol resulted in dark cell degeneration (DCD) in the majority of Purkinje neurons (60.8+/-6.9%). Fewer Purkinje neurons (31.6+/-5.2%) had edematous damage (ED) characters. Application of isoflurane (1, 2, or 3%) during both the AMPA exposure and recovery periods significantly increased the percentage of morphologically normal Purkinje neurons (neurons without DCD or ED changes) but the effects were apparently not dose-dependent. Isoflurane (3%) applied before, during or after the AMPA exposure period also significantly increased the percentage of morphologically normal Purkinje neurons. These isoflurane-induced increases in the percentage of morphologically normal Purkinje neurons were mainly due to fewer cells with DCD changes. Isoflurane decreased AMPA-induced ED significantly only when isoflurane (1 or 2%) was present during both the AMPA exposure and recovery periods. Isoflurane applied before, during or after the AMPA exposure period did not significantly affect the percentage of cells with ED changes. These results suggest that isoflurane time-dependently but not concentration-dependently reduce AMPA-induced neurotoxicity. These effects may be one mechanism for the isoflurane-induced neuroprotection demonstrated in previous studies.
Shear-induced fat particle structure variation and the stability of food emulsions: I. Effects of shear history, shear rate and temperature

The shear-induced fat particle structure variation and the stability of food emulsions were investigated by the back-light scattering technique. The effects of temperature, shear rate, and shear history on the fat particle structure and stability of food emulsions were studied. Increasing the shear time initially improves the fat particle structure; afterwards, the fat particle packing structure becomes less ordered. The effect of temperature on the fat particle structure is complicated. It was also found that the optimal temperature, shear rate and shear history exist in order to obtain a well-developed fat particle structure. A qualitative explanation of the experimental results is provided.
A search for high frequency vibrational modes at a stepped surface

Abstract In this paper we present a theory of the vibrations of atoms in the vicinity of a stepped surface on a Bravais crystal. The static relaxations in the positions of the atoms in the crystal are determined, and the atomic force constants are then calculated in the relaxed atomic configuration. The general theory is applied to a simple stepped surface, and the local phonon density of states is carried out for atoms at several points on the stepped surface by the real space continued fraction recursion method. No evidence is found for high frequency surface phonons.
Organized Interests and Campaign Professionals: Insights from the American States

ABSTRACT Scholars have grown increasingly aware of the important role campaign consultants and public relations firms play in the electoral process. We have learned a great deal about these “permanent campaigns.” However, there is still much we do not know. This is particularly true relative to their use by organized interests and their presence in state politics. Using a large-scale mail survey of over 400 interest groups in three states, we investigated the extent to which groups utilized these campaign professionals. We analyzed who used them and for what purposes. We found some evidence to support the notion that wealthier groups are most likely to use political marketing techniques. However, the affiliation with a national group, the existence of a political action committee, and a group's participation in direct democracy are by far the most important indicators of a group's use of outside lobbying strategies.
Identification of Gas-Phase Reactive Species and Chemical Mechanisms Occurring at Plasma−Polymer Surface Interfaces

In the present work, we explore the underlying chemistry occurring on the molecular level during plasma processing of a variety of polymeric membranes, continuing our studies on plasma modification of polymeric membranes for permanent hydrophilicity. Characterization of gas-phase species as well as molecules generated at the membrane surface during plasma modification was performed using optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Plasma−surface interactions of OH radicals were assessed with our direct, nonintrusive radical-imaging experiments based on laser-induced fluorescence. Results show that OH has a moderate reactivity of ∼50% on all membranes studied, regardless of applied plasma power. Alternate reactor designs were employed to examine formation of reactive species and the effects of ions on the surface modification. Collectively, these experiments provide information on the chemical mechanisms responsible for surface modification and, ultimately, afford better process control for plasma...
Intraoperative cell salvage in radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Objectives. To investigate the efficacy and safety of intraoperative cell salvage with autotransfusion using leukocyte reduction filters in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). Methods. Between September 1996 and March 1999, 62 patients (age range 48 to 70 years) with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent RRP with intraoperative cell salvage as the sole blood management technique. Salvaged blood was passed through a leukocyte reduction filter before autotransfusion. The 62 cell salvage patients were compared with a cohort who predonated 1 to 3 U autologous blood (n = 101). The estimated blood loss, preoperative and postoperative hematocrit, need for homologous transfusion, and biochemical recurrence rates were compared between the two groups. The progression-free survival rates were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results. No difference was found in preoperative prostate-specific antigen level, pathologic stage, or estimated blood loss between the cell salvage and autologous predonation groups. The preoperative and postoperative hematocrit levels were higher in the cell salvage group (42.7% versus 39.6% and 31.3% versus 27.9%, respectively; P <0.001 for each). The homologous transfusion rates were lower in the cell salvage group (3% versus 14%, P = 0.04). The incidence of progression-free survival (prostate-specific antigen level 0.4 ng/mL or greater) was no different between the groups (P = 0.41). Conclusions. Intraoperative cell salvage with autotransfusion using leukocyte reduction filters in RRP results in higher perioperative hematocrit levels and low homologous transfusion rates and eliminates the need for autologous predonation. Cell salvage does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of early biochemical progression after RRP.
Computational aspects of the detached shock problem.

32 Wood, A. D., Springfield, J. F., and Pallone, A. J., "Chemical and Vibrational Relaxation of an Inviscid Hypersonic Flow," AIAA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 10, Oct. 1964, pp. 1697-1705. 33 Waldman, G. D., "Inviscid Supersonic Stability Problems," Tech. Memo, Avco Space Systems Div. (to be published). 34 Kang, S. W., Rae, W. J., and Dunn, M. G., "Effects of Mass Injection on Compressible, Three-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layers with Small Secondary Flow," Rept. AI-2187-A-Z, Aug. 1966, Cornell Aeronautical Lab. 35 Eichelbrenner, E. S., "Separation, Reattachment and Stall in Three-Dimensional Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers," American Society of Mechanical Engineers Symposium on Separated Flows, Philadelphia, Pa., May 18-20, 1964. 36 Zakkay, V., "Pressure and Laminar Heat Transfer Results in Three-Dimensional Hypersonic Flow," Wright Air Development Center TN 58-182, ASTIA Doc. 155679, Sept. 1958, Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. 37 Cleary, J. W., "Effects of Angle of Attack and Nose Bluntness on the Hypersonic Flow Over Cones," Paper 66-414, June 1966, AIAA; also TN D-2969, NASA. 38 Cooke, J. C. and Jones, O. K., "The Boundary Layer on a Townend Surface," Aero. Quarterly, Vol. 16, May 1965, pp. 145-158.
Effects of substrate temperature and texturing on the magnetic properties and crystallographic structures of CoCrTa/Cr thin film

Bi-layer CoCrTa/Cr films were deposited on textured aluminium or textured NiP-plated aluminium substrate by d.c. magnetron sputtering. The crystal anisotropy and thereby magnetic properties depending on substrate material, substrate temperature and texturing, were investigated. The magnetic crystal anisotropy induced by the mechanical texture on aluminium or NiP/Al substrates along the texture lines for the film deposited at high temperature, were clearly observed, while the film deposited at low temperature shows less prominent anisotropic behaviour. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates a change in the preferred orientation of the chromium and CoCrTa films sputtered on different substrates at different temperatures. It was found that a high substrate temperature was beneficial to the formation of Cr(002) and therefore epitaxial growth of Co(11¯20) on Cr(002) for either aluminium or NiP/Al substrates.
ALUMINUM-26: A NUCLIDE FOR ALL SEASONS

The long-lived26Al was discovered in a search for a tracer isotope of the last element for which at least one was available, but it has tumed out to have a number of other scientific applications in addition. Discussed will be: discovery and properties of26Al;26Al as a γ-ray standard; cosmic-ray-induced26Al in meteorites, lunar matter, and terrestrial materials; extinct natural radioactivity of26Al in meteorites and live26Al in the early Solar System; 1.81-MeV γ-radiation from26Al in interstellar space; and26Al as a tracer isotope, especially in biology and medicine. Some of these applications are possible because of non-destructive low-level γ-ray spectrometry, and some because of accelerator mass spectrometry of extremely small amounts of the nuclide.
Towards an intelligent storyboarding tool for 3D games

We present an intelligent storyboarding tool that takes as an input abstract annotated action specification to generate camera actions and geometric constraints for executing as a dynamic storyboard.
Challenging the quality of the quality indicator, "depression without treatment".

Objective To assess the validity of the Minimum Data Set (MDS)-based quality indicator, “depression without treatment,” and examine whether a nonphysician-based educational intervention can improve the accuracy of MDS questions regarding depression and its treatment. Subjects All residents of a 538-bed urban, university affiliated, long-term-care (LTC) facility. Nursing and social work staff involved in completing the mood and behavior items on the MDS. Design Two retrospective chart review of psychotropic medications, psychiatric diagnoses, mental health evaluation, and treatment of all residents who were identified as displaying the MDS quality indicator, depression without treatment, before and 2 months after an educational intervention. The education consisted of three 11/2-hour sessions led by a psychiatric clinical nurse specialist to educate registered nurse assessment coordinators and social workers about psychotropic medications, clinical characteristics of psychiatric diagnoses, chart review, and coordination of resident medical care. Results The first MDS identified 66 residents as having depression without treatment. Clinical record review revealed that 11 of these residents were receiving an antidepressant. Twenty-two others were receiving a psychotropic medication consistent with their psychiatric diagnosis. Twenty-five of the remaining residents had not received mental health assessment for greater than 1 year. Two months after the educational intervention, 36 residents were identified as depression without treatment. Four of these residents were receiving an antidepressant; eight others were receiving a psychotropic medication consistent with their psychiatric diagnosis. Thirteen of the remaining residents had not received mental health assessment for greater than 1 year. Conclusions This preliminary study reveals that the presence of the quality indicator, depression without treatment, may not accurately capture clinically depressed LTC residents in need of mental health intervention. An educational intervention may be able to assist staff in more accurately completing MDS questions regarding depression and its treatment.
VALUATION OF HUMAN ASSETS IN A SECURITIES BROKERAGE FIRM: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY.

Abstract When a service firm is acquired by another firm there is often a significant premium paid over the acquired firm's book value. Often a substantial portion of this premium is due to the value of the human assets acquired. This paper presents a methodology by which the value of the human assets may be determined separate and distinct from goodwill. This is then applied to a case study in a securities brokerage firm. Finally, an amortization schedule is set forth so the asset can be amortized for tax purposes.
A Hybrid Key Predistribution Scheme for Sensor Networks Employing Spatial Retreats to Cope with Jamming Attacks

In order to provide security services in wireless sensor networks, a well-known task is to provide cryptographic keys to sensor nodes prior to deployment. It is difficult to assign secret keys for all pairs of sensor node when the number of nodes is large due to the large numbers of keys required and limited memory resources of sensor nodes. One possible solution is to randomly assign a few keys to sensor nodes and have nodes be able to connect to each other with some probability. This scheme has limitations in terms of the tradeoffs between connectivity and memory requirements. Recently, sensor deployment knowledge has been used to improve the level of connectivity while using lesser amounts of memory space. However, deployment based key predistribution schemes may cause a large number of nodes to be cryptographically isolated if nodes move after key pre-distribution. Mobility may be necessitated for reasons depending on applications or scenarios. In this paper, we consider mobility due to spatial retreat of nodes under jamming attacks as an example. Jamming attacks are easy and efficient means for disruption of the connectivity of sensors and thus the operation of a sensor network. One solution for mobile sensor nodes to overcome the impact of jamming is to perform spatial retreats by moving nodes away from jammed regions. Moved nodes may not be able to reconnect to the network because they do not have any shared secret with new neighbors at new locations if strict deployment knowledge based key predistribution is employed. In this paper, we propose a hybrid key predistribution scheme that supports spatial retreat strategies to cope with jamming attacks. Our scheme combines the properties of random and deployment knowledge based key predistribution schemes. In the presence of jamming attacks, our scheme provides high key connectivity (similar to deployment knowledge based schemes) while reducing the number of isolated nodes. We evaluate the performance of our scheme through simulations and analysis.
Asymmetric exchange is associated with P element induced male recombination in Drosophila melanogaster.

Asymmetric exchange is associated with P element induced male recombination in Drosophila melanogaster
System Response Improvement by State Variable Feedback

The technique of applying state variable feedback methods to an existing control system is presented. The system response is improved through a redesign of the feedback elements of the original system having predetermined the desired closed-loop response. This improvement in response results from a reformulation of the system description in a state variable format leading to the feedback gains necessary to yield the desired response. The inaccessibility of some of the state variables required the additional design of shaping networks in order to satisfy the desired specifications. Frequency response and transient response test data taken from an analog model of the system illustrate very clearly the improvement in each response.
The Americanisation of Günther

Tutored by an eccentric former Brooklyn teacher in American language and life, recently returned to his and my home town of Hildesheim, I had a roseate impression of life in America. Some of my imaginings were fulfilled — the excellent high-school teaching, the free performances at the outdoor opera in St. Louis, the rapid acquiring of friends. The bitter experience, caused by the narrownesss of a lawyer, consisted in my inability to gain affidavits for my family, who perished during the Holocaust. But in that year of transition of 1938 I could not foresee my personal tragedy and I became, at least halfways, an American as a seventeen-year-old with the help of my St. Louis neighbourhood, my teachers and the sensitive guidance of a distant relative. And I could enroll, a year after graduating from high school, at a university, because I had found employment as a busboy, then as a waiter at a restaurant near the university. Some of my interests were shaped that year: my love for the American musical, an interest in baseball, and involvement in public education.
Prompting Spontaneity by Means of the Video Camera in the Beginning Foreign Language Class.

This article proposes that the periodic use of the video camera can generate a higher level of student interest, involvement, and productivity in the everyday tasks of the beginning foreign language course. It expands the range of possible uses for the video camera in the classroom as a means of generating guided, spontaneous, and real use of the foreign language in vocabulary expansion and reinforcement and in the presentation and illustration of grammar points. Four techniques for the use of the video camera in the classroom are described as well as possible outcomes and benefits derived from the approach.