cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations between elementary and middle school teachers' physical activity promoting practices and teacher- and school-level factors.

BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated teacher- and school-level characteristics associated with implementation of recommended physical activity (PA) promoting practices. The purpose of this study is to examine associations between teachers' PA practices and: [1] teacher-level factors, including their own PA, and [2] school-level factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined time spent daily in light PA (LPA) and moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) in association with 7 teacher PA practices among 288 classroom/special area teachers and teaching assistants in 20 urban, suburban and rural schools (recruited through a school wellness trial) in 4 districts. LPA and MVPA was assessed using 24-h ankle accelerometry (up to seven consecutive days). A sum score for teacher PA practices was assessed via survey (7 items; sum score range: 7-35; Cronbach's alpha = 0.73; higher scores indicate more PA promoting practices). Teacher-level factors included gender, race, self-reported height/weight, years teaching, and education. School-level factors included school type, free-and-reduced-price meal eligibility, student racial/ethnic composition, and urbanicity. Analyses included multilevel regression models, accounting for clustering within schools and adjusting for demographic covariates and school district. RESULTS Teachers were 91% female, 63% elementary, 60% white, mean age 43.2 years (SD = 11.3), and 41% obese). Teachers wore accelerometers an average of 5.8 days, spent 399.6 min in LPA (SD = 85.0) per day, 24.1 min in MVPA (SD = 14.4) per day, and the mean teacher PA practices sum score was 22.4 (SD = 5.0). Every 15-min increase in MVPA was related to an increase in teacher PA practices sum score (coeff =1.07; SE = 0.28; p < 0.001). Female gender (versus males; coeff = - 1.95; SE = 0.92, p = 0.034), an obese weight status (versus non-obese; coeff = - 1.38; SE = 0.54, p = 0.010), and teaching in a middle school (versus elementary; coeff = - 3.86; SE = 0.54, p < 0.001) were associated with lower teacher PA practices scores. LPA was not associated with teacher PA promoting practices. CONCLUSIONS Teachers with higher MVPA, but not higher LPA, and those without obesity were more likely to implement PA promoting practices that could positively impact their students' PA. Similar to prior studies, these practices were more commonly implemented in elementary schools and by male teachers. Future studies in schools should explore whether improvement of teacher health behaviors subsequently impacts student health behaviors. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials, NCT03432715 ; Registered on 02/2/2018.
Safe transitions from the hospital to home: A review of the pediatric hospitalist's discharge workflow.

For children to have safe transitions from the hospital to home, inpatient physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, should use a standardized discharge process that focuses on thorough discharge planning, multidisciplinary teamwork, communication, and effective hand-offs of care. Using quality improvement science will help physicians analyze and improve their discharge process and ensure safe discharges.
Faculty Evaluations: Contentious Bothers or Important Tools for Faculty Growth?

ABSTRACTOver the years, there has been an increased call for accountability by legislators, policy makers, and the public for educators at all levels (Arreola, 2007; Fincher, 1983). College and university professors have not traditionally been subjected to much oversight or evaluation, especially after they receive tenure. Nevertheless, there are many models for tenure and posttenure evaluation (Arreola; Buller, 2012; Licata, 1986; Licata & Morreale, 1999). Each model emphasizes a variety of purposes such as encouraging faculty’s development as educators, as scholars, and as members of college communities. Other reasons include making recommendations for retention and/or tenure, evaluating teaching effectiveness, and evaluating overall performance. Provided here is an analysis of administrators’ and faculty members’ differing perceptions of faculty evaluations as well as suggestions for improving faculty performance reviews and implications for further study of faculty evaluation.
Co-constructing beliefs about parental involvement: Rehearsals and reflections in a family literacy program

Abstract This article examines the ways in which participants in a six-week family literacy program—graduate students, immigrant parents, and their children—co-constructed a set of norms for appropriate parental involvement during a role-play activity in which they rehearsed placing and receiving phone calls between parents and school staff. The findings highlight an important tension: on the one hand, the graduate students’ actions and stances during the role-plays reveal a set of normative beliefs about what constitutes competent parental behavior in schooling contexts; on the other hand, the graduate students’ participation in the program was formative in challenging and extending (not simply reproducing) those beliefs. The authors suggest that graduate students’ initial stances, and their shifting beliefs, can be situated along a continuum of understanding—viewing teachers’ beliefs along such a continuum can help teacher educators to support them in developing more culturally-sustaining modes of teaching when working alongside immigrant families.
Infrared refractive indices of LaAlO 3 , LaGaO 3 , and NdGaO 3

We discuss the experimental and theoretical studies of the infrared optical constants of three perovskite materials: LaAlO3, LaGaO3, and NdGaO3. These materials are commonly used as substrates for depositing high-temperature superconducting films. The transmittance and the reflectance are measured with a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. At frequencies from 1000 to 10 000 cm−1, for which the substrates are transparent, the refractive index is extracted directly from the measured transmittance and reflectance. Kramers–Kronig relations are employed to yield the refractive index of these materials at frequencies from 100 to 1000 cm−1. We also use a Lorentz phonon oscillator model to obtain the refractive index by fitting the measured data to the model function. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed. The refractive index for the LaAlO3 substrate is also obtained at 10 and 78 K with a cryogenic accessory. The results are compared with those reported by other research groups. This research provides information necessary for the quantitative study of the optical properties of thin superconducting films.
The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869-1914

The opening of the Suez Canal took place in a century crowded revolutionary changes in the shipping world. In sharp contrast to the slow pace of change and development in the preceding era, major changes occurred in almost every sector of the shipping industry in the nineteenth century. While many of the new departures can be explained, at least in part, by the application of the techniques of the Industrial Revolution to shipping, the opening of Suez went far to accelerate and give direction to these changes. The canal significantly altered shipbuilding techniques and practices and contributed to the precipitous decline in the importance of the sailing ship as a major world carrier. Suez helped to bring about die realignment and relative decline of the European entrepot trade. And the new channel led to significant shifts in the patterns of Eastern and Australasian trade.
Lithospheric magnetic property contrasts within the South American plate derived from damped least-squares inversion of satellite magnetic data

Abstract A ridge regression (or damped least-squares) method has been used in a large-scale equivalent source inversion of South American MAGSAT data. The optimum damping parameter is selected based on percent increase in the sum of squared residual of the observed and the calculated anomaly and on the variance and the range of the solution for a series of damping parameters. Solutions obtained by the damping parameter selected in this manner are numerically stable and geologically meaningful. Consequently, these solutions are used in various applications such as transformation into effective magnetic susceptibility variation, altitude normalization, differential reduction-to-pole, and downward continuation of the data set. The spacing of equivalent sources and the source-observation distance are shown to introduce significant errors in the estimation of the physical property variation from equivalent source solutions for the large source spacing (> 1°) commonly in use. The correction for these geometric factors is essential in estimating the physical property variation from the equivalent source solutions. A continental and an oceanic profile have been analyzed from the South American maps derived from the above techniques. The continental profile transects a variety of geologic/tectonic features, including shields, aulacogens, basins and fold belts, near the north coast of South America. Along the profile, there is a good correlation between the radially polarized MAGSAT magnetic anomalies and other available geologic and geophysical information. In addition, the variation in effective susceptibility obtained from the damped equivalent source inversion is consistent with our present knowledge of continental lithospheric susceptibilities expected from the geologic/tectonic provinces along the profile. The oceanic profile extends from the trailing margin of South America through the Cretaceous normal polarity rocks of the South Atlantic Ocean. The variations in the magnetic properties along this profile can be broadly correlated with the depth anomaly variation, indicating a possible genetic relationship. Two conceptual models requiring undepleted mantle intrusions under the oceanic uplifts appear possible. In the first model, the high magnetization can be accounted for by a (weakly) magnetic upper mantle below the uplifts; in the second model, very highly magnetic rocks are required in the crust of these uplifted regions to account for the observed anomaly values.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Comparison of Amplify-Forward and Direct Link in Wireless Sensor Networks

We compare the signal-to-noise ratio performances of an amplify-forward relay link and a direct link in a wireless sensor network. For a slow Rayleigh fading channel, an exact expression for the probability that the SNR of an amplify-forward relay link exceeds the SNR of a direct link is obtained. For a Rician fading channel, an upper bound for the corresponding probability is obtained. Numerical results indicate that, among the two fading channels considered, Rayleigh fading is more detrimental to the SNR performance of the amplify-forward relaying scheme.
Do minds exist in species other than our own

An answer to the question of animal awareness depends on evidence, not intuition, anecdote, or debate. This paper examines some of the problems inherent in an analysis of animal awareness, and whether animals might be aware of being aware is offered as a more meaningful distinction. A framework is presented which can be used to make a determination about the extent to which other species have experiences similar to ours based on their ability to make inferences and attributions about mental states in others. The evidence from both humans and animals is consistent with the idea that the capacity to use experience to infer the experience of others is a byproduct of self-awareness.
The synthesis of substrates and two assays for the detection of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (uncovering enzyme)

Abstract A method for the synthesis and purification of large quantities of four radiolabeled substrates for quantitation of uncovering enzyme is described. Four substrates, [ 3 H]GlcNAc - α- P - ManαMe, [ 3 H]GlcNAc-α-P-uteroferrin, [ 3 H]GlcNAcα-P-Manα1-2Man- O -Me, and [ 3 H]GlcNAcα-P-Man 9 GlcNAc, were enzymatically synthesized using GlcNAc-phosphotransferase from Acanthamoeba castellanii and uridine diphosphate N -acetyl-[ 3 H]glucosamine and, as acceptor, methyl-α- d -mannopyranoside (ManαMe), uteroferrin, Manα1-2Man- O -methyl, or Man 9 GlcNAc. The isolation of the [ 3 H]GlcNAc-P-modified product of each reaction is detailed. Two assays for the detection of uncovering enzyme activity using [ 3 H]GlcNAc-α-P-uteroferrin and [ 3 H]GlcNAc-α-P-ManαMe are outlined. The ability to easily synthesize four relevant substrates for uncovering enzyme offers flexibility in assaying uncovering enzyme.
The breakage induced by a single grinding ball dropped onto a randomly packed particle bed

Abstract This paper describes some computer simulations of the breakage induced in a two-dimensional particle bed by the descent of a single large grinding ball. These are approximate experiments related to ball-milling that are tractable by the simulation technique (i.e., involve relatively few particles). As a result of the impact of the grinding ball, the particles in the bed are broken and/or scattered away from the grinding ball as it falls. Simulations were performed for four different bed depths and three different frictions. Generally, the deeper the bed, the less the total amount of breakage. The results show also show the dual role that friction plays in the breakage process. On one hand, the majority of the grinding ball's energy is lost to friction so that increasing the friction increases this energy loss. On the other hand, the friction holds the bed together and the larger the friction, the longer the bed stays in place for the grinding ball to do its work. It appears that this latter effect is the stronger of the two in that increasing the particles' coefficients of surface friction greatly increases the amount of breakage; that extra energy for breakage appears to come from a reduced kinetic energy of the scattered fragments.
Intensity Modulated CT implemented with a dynamic bowtie filter

Current advances in CT dose reduction and image quality improvement mechanisms rely on moving towards a more patient / image specific approach. For example, statistical reconstruction algorithms tailor reconstruction weights to patient attenuation values and CT protocols make use of different kVp and mAs settings for different body regions and sizes. In this paper, for the first time to our knowledge, experimental results are presented in which a dynamic bowtie filter was used to tailor the imaging dose during a CT acquisition. The device used to implement a dynamic bowtie is referred to as a digitial beam attenuator (DBA). A non-DBA (non-modulated) CT scan was also performed for comparison. At half of the imaging dose, the noise uniformity of the DBA CT images was 37% better than the non-DBA scan. The use of a dynamic bowtie filter may also prove useful in photon counting CT (PCCT) where high fluence rates and large differences in fluence across projections and from view to view make implementing PCCT difficult. Results are presented in this paper showing dynamic range requirements of 7.9 and 13.8 for DBA and non-DBA scans respectively. The results also show that when using the DBA, the dose delivered can be reduced by 1.9 times for the small phantom used in this study. The differences in dynamic range and dose are somewhat small compared to what would be seen clinically due to the small size of the phantom used in the study. Using a more clinically relevant phantom, dynamic range differences of 22 times and dose reductions on the order of 4 times can be observed in which the effects of the DBA will be more dramatic.
Types of Faith and Emotional Intelligence

In this article, I depict four types of relational faith (functional-cooperative, oppositional-closed, mutual-person, and transcendent) and their relation to emotional intelligence. I begin with a brief definition of emotional intelligence, as well as the research that has supported a shift in understanding the necessity of emotions in cognitive and social development. This sets the stage for describing the types of relational faith, using the notion of emotional intelligence to differentiate between adaptive and maladaptive manifestations of each faith type. This perspective serves as a lens for identifying the varied and complex types of faith-relations manifested in daily life within or outside of the church, synagogue or mosque.
Differential decrease in protein synthesis by microsomes from aging Drosophila melanogaster

The age-related decrease in protein synthesis has been determined in microsomal preparations from head, thorax, and abdomen of Drosophila melanogaster. During 35 days of adult life, protein synthesis by microsomal preparations from whole organisms decreased approximately 75%. However, microsomal preparations from head, thorax, and abdomen exhibited decreases in protein synthesis of 15%, 96%, and 33% respectively, indicating a differential age-related shut-down of protein synthesis in different cells of this organism.
The Duchenne dystrophy gene: a great leap forward on the long march

Abstract Duchenne muscular dystrophy is among the most frequent of all known fatal X-linked diseases in humans. Using a range of recently developed techniques, researchers in several laboratories are making rapid progress towards mapping the disease locus and before long we can expect the gene to have been cloned. An important consequence of this work will be the development of accurate tests to determine the status of potential carriers of the disease and prenatal diagnosis of affected fetuses, However, developing an understanding of how the gene and its products are responsible for the pathophysiology of the disease will remain a long term problem.
Evaluation of survival and pharmacodynamic relationships for five fluoroquinolones in a neutropenic murine model of pneumococcal lung infection.

Study Objective. To compare the antistreptococcal activity of five fluoroquinolone antibiotics, using a neutropenic murine model of pneumococcal pulmonary infection. Design. Animal experiment. Setting. University-affiliated research center. Animals. Neutropenic and control mice weighing 24-29 g. Intervention. After induction of neutropenia, renal failure, and infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the mice received one of five fluoroquinolones twice/day for 72 hours beginning 12 hours after infection. Dosages were selected to approximate 0.1 x AUC 0-24 (area under the concentration-time curve from 0-24 hours) and AUC 0-24 achieved in humans. Control mice received normal saline. Survival was assessed at regular intervals for up to 10 days. At least 10 mice were included in each cohort (range 10-34). Measurements and Main Results. Ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin were studied at subtherapeutic and therapeutic dosages against three quinolone-susceptible isolates of S. pneumoniae that lacked mutations in parC, parE, and gyrA. Pharmacokinetic profile of each agent and dosing regimen was determined. A composite survival curve for all fluoroquinolones and isolates was constructed. Relationships between survival rate at 72 hours and AUC:MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), peak:MIC, time above the MIC (percentage of dosing interval) for total and free drug concentrations were fit by using a sigmoid maximal effect (E max ) model. Survival was significantly better in the higher dosage group than in the lower dosage group. Time above MIC did not display a correlation with outcome. The AUC:MIC showed a greater correlation with outcome (R 2 = 0.56 total, 0.54 free) than did peak:MIC (R 2 = 0.52 total, 0.51 free). With use of composite data, total AUC:MIC ratios associated with 50%, 90%, and 99% of E max were 34:1, 56:1, and 95:1, respectively. Conclusions. In this model, efficacy was achieved with the fluoroquinolone antibiotics at dosages yielding AUC 0-24 comparable to those obtained in humans. One pharmacodynamic parameter (i.e., AUC:MIC) may be applied to various fluoroquinolones and isolates of S. pneumoniae. The AUC:MIC was more predictive of outcome than was time above the MIC or peak:MIC.
Egg formation in a leech

In a leech infesting the Alaskan codfish germinal masses in the ovary proliferate secondary groups, comprising about forty cells in which a follicle and central supporting cell early differentiate. Active division results in approximately 500 cells which apparently develop ductules extending to a point on the surface of the egg. Granules of unknown origin then appear in each nurse cell, and are drawn down the ductules into the egg which can now be distinguished. Reasons are given for the belief that the nutritive material is drained from the nurse cells by amoeboid activity of the egg. In early stages the nutritive mateiral forms a loose reticulum which gradually becomes transformed into a more extensive network, persisting until the maturation divisions. In this latest period the follicle and nurse cells, which become shrunken as the ovum enlarges, usually are stripped off and soon disintegrate.
Relationship between therapist empathy and client-perceived working alliance in China: A multilevel modelling analysis

This naturalistic study examined the relationship between two types of therapist empathy, intellectual empathy and empathic emotion, and client-perceived working alliance (WA) in China. The study adopted the definitions and assessment methods of empathy recommended by Duan and Hill and used the theory of WA by Bordin and WA Inventory-Short by Tracey and Kokotovic. Eighty-six clients and 43 therapists from a university counselling centre at a comprehensive university in China participated in the study. Therapist intellectual empathy and empathic emotion and client-reported WA measured in six consecutive sessions from the second through the seventh session were assessed for each session. The results of multilevel modelling analyses showed that client-perceived WA increased significantly session after session, and therapist empathic emotion significantly predicted Tasks of WA. Moreover, there was significant therapist effect associated with Bond. In the context of empathy and WA research findings reported in...
Development of a Laser -Ignited Actuator

The development and production activities of a laser -ignited actuator will be described in this paper. The laser diode actuator package is comprised of two separate parts, a laser diode assembly and a loaded subassembly. The laser diode assembly is made up of a solid state laser diode, a lens cap with a collimating lens sealed in place, and an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit that is integrated into a cable connector.
Premorbid behaviors produced by cocaine, ethanol and cocaethylene in the mouse

Abstract 1. 1. The premorbid behaviors produced by the administration of cocaine, ethanol, their combination, as well as a metabolite produced by their co-administration, viz. cocaethylene, were defined, determined and quantified in the HS strain of mice. 2. 2. The LD50 for ethanol was 9.71 g/kg in males and 9.45 g/kg in females, whereas the LD50 values in male and female mice for cocaine were 101.55 and 90.00 mg/kg, respectively. 3. 3. The data indicate that clonic-tonic seizures continued into status epilepticus after cocaine administration and prior to cocaine-induced lethality. In contrast, administration of the cocaine-ethanol metabolite cocaethylene produced status epilepticus without producing clonic-tonic seizures yet still resulted in lethality. 4. 4. Thus, both cocaine and cocaethylene may produce their lethal effects in mice through neuro-regulatory mechanisms mediating protracted seizure induction.
Amino acid and amino sugar yields and compositions as indicators of dissolved organic matter diagenesis

Abstract Microbial decomposition experiments were used to characterize changes in the amino acid and amino sugar yields and compositions of natural marine substrates during early diagenesis in seawater. On average, 63% of added carbon and 68% of added nitrogen were removed within the first 30 days of decomposition. In all cases, amino acid utilization accounted for a substantial fraction of the removed C and N. Carbon-normalized amino acid yields decreased to less than 50% of their starting values and most of this change occurred within the first 10 days of decomposition. Increases in the concentrations of amino sugars and decreases in the GlcN:GalN ratio in particulate organic matter (POM) illustrated the significance of microbial production during the decomposition of added substrates. Changes in the mol % composition of amino acids during early diagenesis were substantial but highly variable with substrate. Previous survey data collected from the same region were used in conjunction with the experimental data to investigate the utility of several established amino acid-based indices of organic matter diagenesis. This comparison showed that a combination of these degradation indexes is most effective for describing the diagenetic state of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Carbon-normalized amino acid yields were found to be the most effective indicator for early diagenesis. Relative abundances of amino acids were effective indicators of intermediate stages of diagenesis and the mol % composition of the non-protein amino acid γ-Aba (γ-aminobutyric acid) was an effective indicator of advanced DOM diagenesis.
Controlling Nanocrystal Density and Location on Carbon Nanotube Templates

We have demonstrated a covalent route toward site-selective synthesis of MWNT−nanoparticle conjugates containing two different types of nanoscale species, i.e., Au nanoparticles and CdSe QDs. We have quantitatively probed the effects of varying oxidation treatments, precursor concentrations, and incubation times in order to rationally affect the spatial coverage and distribution of either Au NPs or semiconducting QDs on the MWNT sidewalls and tips. The degree of nanoparticulate coverage was found to primarily vary with the intensity of the oxidation treatment, though the hydrophobicity of the nanotube as well as the chemical and steric characteristics of the nanocrystals also played a role in determining the ultimate architecture. In general, the stronger the oxidation treatment, the denser the coating of nanoparticles and/or quantum dots on the nanotube surface. In addition, the use of larger concentrations of precursor nanocrystals along with longer incubation times was conducive to the observation of h...
A Comparison of Niche Construction Theory and Diet Breadth Models as Explanatory Frameworks for the Initial Domestication of Plants and Animals

The initial domestication of plants and animals and the subsequent emergence of agricultural economies in different world regions represent a major evolutionary transition in human history. Here, two alternative and antithetical explanatory frameworks for initial domestication are compared—one based on diet breadth modeling and the other on niche construction theory. This side-by-side comparison of these two alternative explanations follows them through the basic sequence of stages involved in the scientific method: hypothesis formulation, plausibility consideration, and actual testing of the two hypothetical explanations by measuring their relative strengths with the available archaeological and paleoenvironmental data from two independent centers of domestication in the Americas—eastern North America and the Neotropics. Although focused on the question of initial domestication, this comparative analysis also addresses the broader issues of the appropriate role of theory in the development of hypotheses of past human behavior and the proper use of the scientific method in archaeological inference. Explanations based on diet breadth modeling are found to have a number of conceptual, theoretical, and methodological flaws; approaches based on niche construction theory are far better supported by the available evidence in the two regions considered.
Inventions Intended for Use in Agriculture and Related Industries: International Comparisons

Private firms invest substantial funds in research and development (R&D) to discover and develop inventions intended for use by crop and livestock farmers.' Most of these inventions are granted patent protection, and many inventors obtain patent protection in more than one country for their inventions. Publicly supported agricultural R&D, including research done in the U.S. Department of Agriculture-State Agricultural Experiment Station (USDA-SAES) system, also produces inventions intended for use by farmers, but few of these inventions are granted patent protection.2 A recently completed research project conducted at Yale University provides procedures for assigning patented inventions to "Industries of Use" (IOUs) including agricultural production industries.3 Specifically, the project developed a "concordance" mapping inventions classified by International Patent Class (IPC) into industries classified by Standard Industrial Class (SIC). The concordance can be applied to international patent data sets reporting IPCs and thus provides estimates of inventions by IOU (or by Industries of Manufacture, IOM) by country of origin.4 This paper reports estimates of inventions intended for use in U.S. agricultural production sectors as well as in the input supply and agricultural service sectors. Data for Great Britain, France, and Germany are utilized for international comparisons and for estimates of technology flows between countries. Part 1 discusses the concordance methodol-
Organizational communication: A survey of publications

Members of the organizational communication division of the International Communication Association provide responses to a survey of publications.
Assessment of updated CAD without a new reader study: effect of calibration of computer output on the computer-aided reader performance in CADx

It is very resource-demanding to assess each new version of a CAD system through a new reader study. We conjecture that the aided reader performance on a new version can be predicted by using certain characteristics of the computer output and the reader study conducted when the CAD system was initially introduced. This would likely reduce the need for additional reader studies. However, investigations are needed to develop a sound scientific foundation to test this conjecture. In this work, we consider a CADx system that outputs a disease score to aid the physician in making a diagnostic decision on a located lesion. Our major contribution is to show that calibration, reflected as a change in scale, is a characteristic of the computer output that needs to be considered in order to predict the aided reader performance in a new CADx version without a reader study. We used a bivariate bi-beta distribution to model the joint distribution of the decision variable underlying the reader without aid and the decision variable underlying the version 1 computer output in the initial version. We then applied a monotonic transformation to the computer output to simulate the computer output in a new version, i.e., the scores in the two versions differ only in calibration (specifically a change in scale). By further modeling certain mechanisms that the human reader may use for combining the computer output and the reader-alone scores, we computed the aided reader performance in terms of AUC for the new version of the CADx system. Our results show that the aided reader performance could depend on the degree of calibration difference between the two CAD system outputs. We conclude that for the purpose of predicting the aided reader performance of a new version of the CADx system, ROC performance (or any other rank-based metric) of the stand-alone CADx system may not be sufficient by itself.
A SURFACE OF MINIMUM AREA METRIC FOR THE STRUCTURAL COMPARISON OF PROTEINS

A new method for comparing protein structures, based on a minimal surface metric, is developed. A virtual polypeptide backbone is created by joining consecutive Cαatoms in a protein structure. The minimal surface between the virtual backbones of two proteins (the Area Functional) is determined numerically using an iterative triangulation strategy. The first protein is then rotated and translated in space until the smallest minimal surface is obtained. Such a technique yields the optimal structural superposition between two protein segments. It requires no initial sequence alignment, is relatively insensitive to insertions and deletions, and obviates the need to select a gap penalty. The optimal minimal area can then be converted to the Area-Cαdistance, measured in angstroms, to determine the structural similarity. This technique has been applied to a large class of proteins and is able to detect not only small-scale differences between closely related proteins but also large-scale topological similarities between evolutionary unrelated proteins that lack any obvious sequence homology. To measure the similarity between structurally dissimilar proteins, an additional measure (the Fit Comparison) is developed. This is a scale-invariant measure of a structural similarity that is useful for determining topological similarities between dissimilar proteins with unrelated sequences.
The Regulatory Site of Functional GTP Binding Protein Coupled to the High-Affinity Cholecystokinin Receptor and Phospholipase A2 Pathway Is on the Gβ Subunit of Gq Protein in Pancreatic Acini

A non-hydrolysable guanosine nucleotide analog, GTP[S] at 200 μM, stimicrolated amylase secretion which was inhibited by an anti-phospholipase A2 (PLA2) antibody in permeabilized pancreatic acini, indicating that the PLA2 pathway is linked to the GTP binding protein. A high affinity cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor agonist, CCK-OPE (10 μM), and a low affinity receptor agonist,CCK-8 (0.1 μM), both caused amylase secretion in permeabilized cells. The action of CCK-OPE was abolished by the Gβ antibody but not by the Galpha-q,11 antibody, whereas the opposite was true of the CCK-8 response. Biscoclaurine alkaloid isotetrandrine (10 μM), a specific inhibitor of PLA2-coupled G proteins, abolished Ca2+ oscillations and amylase secretion induced by CCK-OPE (0.1-100 nM), but not by CCK-8 (10 pM) in intact acini. Gp antagonist-2A (10 μM), which inhibits the activation of Gq, also inhibited the actions of CCK-OPE (10 pM-1 μM) in intact acini. These observations indicate that the functional unit of the heterotrimeric G protein coupled to the high affinity CCK receptor appears to be different from that linked to the low affinity CCK receptor/Gq-alpha pathway. The regulatory site of this G protein coupled to the high affinity CCK receptor is on the β subunit of Gq protein which elicits Ca2+ oscillations and monophasic amylase secretion via the PLA2 pathway.
Cellular Energetics: Actin and Myosin Abstain from ATP during Starvation

Summary Energy is required for all cellular functions and diverse mechanisms allow the cell to overcome acute energy starvation. A new study reveals that starved cells inhibit type V myosins and actin depolymerization, measures that may conserve energy while temporarily retaining cell polarity.
The Current Link Between Management Behavior and Ethical Philosophy

The current linkages between ethical theory and management behavior are investigated. The vignettes used in this investigation represent ethical dilemmas in the areas of coercion and control, conflict of interest, physical environment, and personal integrity. Overall, even with heightened ethical awareness the link between ethical philosophy and management behavior remains similar to that of the early 1990s. Generally, practitioners still rely heavily on the utilitarian ethical philosophy when making business decisions. However, more managers are now likely to select ethically appropriate actions either because it is ethical to do so, or because the consequences or risk of not doing so are too great. This shift could positively impact the ethical climate of business decision-making.
The Therapeutic Syncretic Process: Implications for Nursing Care Delivery

Understanding fully the care and healing needs of others has always been within the domain of nursing practice. Therapeutic syncretism holds important applications for the provision of nursing care cross-culturally. Therapeutic syncretism is a process that results in the creation of a unique healing system. This process stems from the bridging of two or more ideologically distinct healing systems. Caring strategies are enhanced by understanding the culturally relevant meanings of the concepts of nursing, person, environment, and health for both patient and care-provider.
Zones of ambiguity and identity politics in Samoa

Here I illustrate a deconstructive practice through which indigenes actively resist colonial identity politics. By creating ‘zones of ambiguity’ in the performing arts, indigenes think through colonial images of gender and race. Bhabha's ‘zones of ambivalence’ characterize contradictions in colonists’ approach to the colonized and self-contradictory identities that colonists force ‘mimic men’ to assume. Zones of ambiguity, in contrast, characterize indigenes’ approach to the hybrid identities that colonists’ ambivalence visits upon them: indigenes purposefully design these zones to transform stereotypic projections and to comment on colonial experience. I explore these ideas through two evening performances in Samoa described in two 1930s travelogues that allude to key figures in Samoan (post)colonial history – the ceremonial virgin (tāupōu) and the male transvestite (fa’afafine). Resume L’auteur illustre ici une pratique deconstructive par laquelle les autochtones resistent activement aux politiques identitaires coloniales. En creant des « zones d’ambiguite» dans les arts du spectacle, les autochtones detournent les images coloniales du genre et de la race. Les « zones d’ambivalence » de Bhabha caracterisent les contradictions dans l’approche par le colonisateur des colonises et les identites entrant en contradiction avec elles-memes qu’il impose aux « mimic men ». En revanche, les zones d’ambiguite caracterisent l’approche par les autochtones des identites hybrides que l’ambivalence des colons leur renvoie : ils concoivent deliberement ces zones de maniere a transformer les projections stereotypees et a commenter l’experience coloniale. L’auteur explore ces idees par l’intermediaire de deux spectacles donnes en soiree aux Samoa, decrites par des voyageurs-conferenciers dans les annees 1930 et faisant reference a des personnages cles de l’histoire (post)coloniale des Samoa : la vierge ceremonielle (tāupōu) et le travesti masculin (fa’afafine).
Operative management of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage

Abstract 1. 1. In the majority of cases of middle meningeal hemorrhage there are neurologic signs implicating the cortex on the effected side. Widely dilated pupil on the same side is seen frequently, although one case in this series had dilated pupil on the opposite side. Pupils equal in size do occur; this was true in two cases in this series. 2. 2. Bloody spinal fluid of varying concentration does not rule out middle meningeal hemorrhage. In this series all punctured cases had bloody spinal fluid. To assume that the condition is one of subarachnoid hemorrhage because of the bloody spinal fluid is a grave mistake in these cases. 3. 3. Lucid interval may be absent in middle meningeal hemorrhage. This was true in more than half of the cases in this series. Lucid interval may be wiped out because of (1) very rapid hemorrhage and (2) associated severe damage of the brain. 4. 4. Lucid interval was seen not only in cases of middle meningeal hemorrhage but also in those with acute subdural hemorrhage, subdural collection of spinal fluid and edema of the brain. 5. 5. Chronic subdural hematoma usually follows slight injury to the head, but in this series its association with severe brain injury and fracture of the skull is brought out. Seven cases had associated fracture of the skull. 6. 6. The association of chronic subdural hematoma and relatively severe brain injury should be suspected in patients who remain unconscious, drowsy or disorientated for several weeks. Particularly if the spinal fluid pressure is high, an exploratory operation is justifiable. 7. 7. When the question of cranial exploration arises, cases of head injury should be treated individually and if certain signs obtain operative intervention should be effected. In the presence of the proper signs exploration is justifiable even though results may not be favorable. In this clinic we are particularly impressed by a combination of all or some of the following signs as indication for exploration: 7.1. A. Dulling of the conscious state leading to unconsciousness or progressive deepening of an unconscious state already present. 7.2. B. Presence and progression of localizing signs rather than neurologic signs implicating the entire nervous system. 7.3. C. Increase in spinal fluid pressure. 7.4. D. Low pulse rate (in some cases).
Trends in disability and related chronic conditions among the forty-and-over population: 1997-2010.

Background Downward trends in activity limitations among the older U.S. population have recently plateaued, while activity limitation among the pre-retirement population has increased.
Determination of optimum aerosol optical thickness ratios for atmospheric correction of coastal zone color scanner data in the Georges Bank-Gulf of Maine Region

Abstract The influence of varying aerosol optical thickness ratios (AOTR) on the precision and accuracy of satellite-derived CZCS pigment was evaluated using 92 full-resolution CZCS scenes collected along the U.S. northeast coast (NEC) from 1979 to 1986. CZCS pigment was estimated using the standard CZCS two channel bio-optical algorithm and seven sets of AOTR values including individual ratios computed interactively for each NEC image using the “clear water” radiance technique (INDIVID); means of the individual NEC ratios (NECAVE, N = 92); means of individual ratios computed from Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) and NEC scenes (NECMAB, N = 276); means of individual ratios computed from South Atlantic Bight (SAB), MAB and NEC scenes (ECOAST, N = 1091); “default” values for global marine aerosols (GLOBAL); and time-varying ratios derived from weak annual signals present in the individual ratios used to compute NECMAB and ECOAST means. Precision was estimated using geometric mean CZCS pigment values computed from the seven sets of images for three 70 × 70 km sub-domains located in the western Gulf of Maine, on southern Georges Bank and over the continental slope. The smallest root mean square difference (RMSD) for geometric mean CZCS pigment ( 0.1 log10 units) was obtained between images processed using GLOBAL and INDIVID ratios. Accuracy was estimated using geometric mean CZCS pigment values computed from the seven sets of images and a sea truth data set. After removal of suspect CZCS pigment values, agreement between CZCS pigment and sea truth data was highest using ECOAST mean ratios and a spatial window diameter (temporal window) of 7 km (±0.5 days) for N = 546, displaying RMSD (log10 units), linear regression slope and correlation coefficient of 0.19, 1.00 and 0.88, respectively. ECOAST “mean” AOTR values resulted in a superior atmospheric correction for computation of CZCS pigment values from the Georges Bank-Gulf of Maine region when compared with values computed using “default” global or individual “interactively determined” ratios. ECOAST mean AOTR values should provide a consistent regional atmospheric correction for all CZCS scenes from the Georges Bank-Gulf of Maine region, including scenes which lack low pigment water and therefore cannot make use of the “clear-water” radiance technique.
Are crustaceans linked to the ciguatera food chain

Adult brine shrimp, Artemia spp., were used as an experimental organism to elucidate the role that crustacea may play in the transference of ciguatera toxins. Some ciguatera-implicated dinoflagellates were highly toxic to brine shrimp that had consumed them. Four clones of Gambierdiscus toxicus were fed in four trials at rates ranging from 2 to 480 cells per adult brine shrimp; the 24 h LD50 for the four clones were 2.8, 33.4, 41.1, and 104.5 cells per brine shrimp. Dinoflagellates Prorocentrum concavum and P. lima were also fed to adult brine shrimp, but minimal mortalities occurred at cell concentrations ranging up to 1000 cells per test animal. Tilapine cichlid (Oreochromis niloticus ×O. mossambicus) young fed brine shrimp containing G. toxicus cells displayed behavioral abnormalities ranging from spiral swimming to loss of equilibrium. The present data suggest that toxins accumulated by dinoflagellate-consuming crustaceans could produce toxicity in zooplanktivorous fish species, or to detritivores in cases where dinoflagellate consumption resulted in crustacean mortalities. Field studies of the ciguatera food chain should be expanded to include examination of crustacean diets to more fully define their role in toxin transfer.
Field studies on ozone inactivation of a Gymnodinium breve toxin.

Abstract Water samples were collected from Boca Ciega Bay (St. Petersburg) during the April, 1974, red tide that occurred on the Florida west coast. The causative agent of this phenomenon was the toxic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve. The toxic red tide samples were treated with ozone gas and rendered non-lethal, as measured by mouse injection.
Priority-Based Geometric Constraint Satisfaction

A well-constrained geometric system seldom occurs in practice, especially at the sketch-based initial conceptual design stage. Usually, it is either under- or overconstrained because design is a progressive process and it is difficult for a designer to specify all involved constraints in a consistent way. This paper presents a priority-based graph-reduction solution, in which each constraint is assigned with a priority to guide the reduction of a geometric constraint graph. The advantage of this method lies in its ability to find the optimal solutions to a geometric constraint system automatically, without requiring interactive intervention from users.
Gradients in phytoplankton stocks and nutrients off Southern California in 1974-76☆

Abstract Standing stocks of phytoplankton and other particulate matter in Southern California coastal waters show an onshore (high) to offshore (low) gradient. Much of the spatial and temporal variability in the standing stocks is related to changes in the vertical concentration gradient of nutrients and is reflected in sea surface temperature anomalies. At shallow inshore stations the nitrate distribution at the bottom of the euphotic zone is in accord with Riley's ‘model of nutrient conditions in coastal waters’.