cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body-Mounted Police Cameras: A Primer on Police Accountability vs. Privacy

Immediately following the shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri and the death of Eric Gardner at the hands of a New York Police Department officer, criminal justice advocates called for greater measures to hold police officers accountable for their actions. For many observers, the failure to secure criminal indictments against the officers involved in each of these deaths of unarmed citizens suggested various shortcomings in the criminal justice system. In the wake of these deaths and others, President Obama signed an order establishing the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing, a body of scholars, practitioners, and policymakers that would examine ways to improve distrust between communities and police. Yet in the weeks following the release of the Task Force's report, a North Charleston police officer fatally shot Walter Scott in the back and protests erupted in Baltimore, Maryland after Freddie Gray died of injuries sustained while in police custody.' These deaths have reignited many debates about myriad reform proposals that experts have discussed throughout history. One of the most hotly contested reform proposals involves requiring police officers to wear body cameras. Body-mounted cameras are not a new technology, and the number of police departments using them is increasing. However, a 2013 study conducted by the Police Executive Research Forum found that less than 25 percent of the 254 departments surveyed were using the cameras. Even many of the agencies that are using the cameras are racing to develop sound policies for their use. Similarly, a number of state legislatures have introduced bills to regulate the use of police body cameras. This essay highlights some of the emerging issues and policy implications with respect to body cameras and raises questions for future study.
Textual self‐authorization

This article examines some of the pragmatic strategies by which certain texts render themselves and are rendered so authoritative as to legitimate representations of reality and the stolidity of the reality that lies behind them. My primary focus is on what I call indexical dramas (i.e. the pragmatic and meta-pragmatic play) that support such self-arrogating texts, particularly Scripture, as read by American Fundamentalists, and, to a lesser extent, the American Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. I argue that performatives and their uptake, including self-arrogation, are dramatic events and that the attention given to their denouement – the performative utterance itself — masks the complex, at times contradictory, play of indexicals that constitute, or at least highlight, the very felicity conditions on which their success depends. In other words, the fragility of performatives is deflected by their denouement. Some of the defensive strategies that mask the fragility of textual self-arrogation are: the establishment of the authority of the author of the performative; legitimation of sources of textual cohesiveness and hermeneutic practices; citationalism; its temporality; and perlocutionary effacement – the forgetting or ignoring, except in moments of crisis, of the fragility of performative acts and their uptake. I ask whether that forgetting enhances the illocutionary force of the target text over its history. I further suggest that Fundamentalists’ insistence on making their lives as biblical as possible gives performative force to their reading of Scripture.
Quasiballistic quantum transport through Ge/Si core/shell nanowires.

We study signatures of ballistic quantum transport of holes through Ge/Si core/shell nanowires at low temperatures. We observe Fabry-Perot interference patterns as well as conductance plateaus at integer multiples of 2e 2/h at zero magnetic field. Magnetic field evolution of these plateaus reveals relatively large effective Lande g-factors. Ballistic effects are observed in nanowires with silicon shell thickness of 1-3 nm, but not in bare germanium wires. These findings inform the future development of spin and topological quantum devices which rely on ballistic sub-band-resolved transport.
Defining the Lethal Triad

Worldwide, trauma leads to millions of deaths and severe injuries each year. Analysis of the leading causes of death in trauma patients reveals that hemorrhage is one of the most common and preventable etiologies in the acute period [1]. For those that survive the initial insult, the cause of both morbidity and late mortality after trauma is, in part, excessive inflammation and a vicious cascade of coagulation abnormalities. Thus, traumatic hemorrhage can be broadly categorized into two groups: (1) early surgical bleeding and (2) coagulopathy. Surgical bleeding is secondary to the injury (e.g., splenic laceration, femur fracture), and treatment often involves mechanical control through surgical or interventional procedures. Coagulopathy following trauma presents in two distinct forms. It is now widely recognized that severe injury is characterized by a unique, endogenous coagulopathy, referred to as the acute traumatic coagulopathy (ATC) that may be present on admission in as many as 30% of injured patients [2]. This devastating condition presents a major obstacle in the care of trauma patients and is an evolving area of active research. The second form of coagulopathy following trauma is a consequence of iatrogenic factors and resuscitation. Previous resuscitation strategies involving large volumes of crystalloid and/or packed red blood cells in isolation (without blood component therapy) led to a dilutional coagulopathy. Although this remains a clinically important challenge, modern resuscitation strategies that limit crystalloid and focus on 1:1:1 ratio-based transfusion have limited this component substantially [3, 4]. In this chapter, we will focus on the previously named “lethal triad” which links coagulopathy with hypothermia and acidosis as major contributors to the ongoing hemorrhage despite control of surgical bleeding.
Dollars for Dixie: Business and the Transformation of Conservatism in the Twentieth Century

Organized in 1933, the Southern States Industrial Council's (SSIC) adherence to the South as a unique political and economic entity limited its members' ability to forge political coalitions against the New Deal. The SSIC's commitment to regional preferences, however, transformed and incorporated conservative thought in the post-World War II era, ultimately complementing the emerging conservative movement in the 1940s and 1950s. In response to New Dealers' attempts to remake the southern economy, the New South industrialists - heirs of C. Vann Woodward's 'new men' of the New South - effectively fused cultural traditionalism and free market economics into a brand of southern free enterprise that shaped the region's reputation and political culture. Dollars for Dixie demonstrates how the South emerged from this refashioning and became a key player in the modern conservative movement, with new ideas regarding free market capitalism, conservative fiscal policy, and limited bureaucracy.
Somatization disorder and stress in teachers: a comprehensive occupational health evaluation

Somatization disorder is a biopsychosocial-based, stress-induced disorder involving multiple physical ailments with no medical explanation. The teaching profession is characterized as very stressful, making teachers at risk of developing somatization disorder. This study examined somatization disorder in a K-12 teacher population. A total of 2,988 teachers from 46 Texas districts responded to a comprehensive online occupational health survey. Somatization disorder was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Univariate analyses were conducted between teachers with and without somatization disorder to identify specific relationships with demographic variables, occupational variables, perceived stress, Axis I psychopathology, and physical health. A logistic regression was developed to identify the variables most strongly associated with the presence of somatization disorder in a teacher population. Analyses showed that female teachers are 3.3 times more likely to develop somatization disorder. Compared to Caucasians, African American teachers are 3.9 times and Hispanic teachers are 2.0 times more likely to develop somatization disorder. Moreover, higher levels of stress, poorer physical quality of life, major depression, panic and anxiety disorder were significantly related with somatization disorder (p < .05). Higher levels of stress and poorer physical and mental health are among the psychosocial and demographic factors associated with somatization disorder in public school teachers.
Population isolation results in unexpectedly high differentiation in Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana), an imperiled southern Appalachian endemic conifer

Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.) is a rare conifer species that exists in small, isolated populations within a limited area of the Southern Appalachian Mountains of the USA. As such, it represents an opportunity to assess whether population size and isolation can affect the genetic diversity and differentiation of a species capable of long-distance gene flow via wind-dispersed pollen and seed. This information is particularly important in a gene conservation context, given that Carolina hemlock is experiencing mortality throughout its range as a result of infestation by hemlock wooly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), an exotic insect. In this study, 439 Carolina hemlock trees from 29 areas (analyzed as populations) were sampled, representing an extensive range-wide sampling of the species. Data from 12 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci were collected and analyzed for these samples. The results show that populations of Carolina hemlock are extremely inbred (F IS = 0.713) and surprisingly highly differentiated from each other (F ST = 0.473) with little gene flow (Nm = 0.740). Additionally, most populations contained at least one unique allele. This level of differentiation is unprecedented for a North American conifer species. Numerous genetic clusters were inferred using two different clustering approaches. The results clearly demonstrate that, existing as a limited number of small and isolated populations, Carolina hemlock has insufficient gene flow to avoid widespread genetic drift and inbreeding, despite having the capacity to disperse pollen and seed relatively long distances by wind. These results have important conservation implications for this imperiled species.
Sloth and slow loris inspired behavioral controller for a robotic agent

We explore the ethologically guided design of a robotic controller, inspired by sloth and slow loris behavior. These animals manage their energy expenditure efficiently under resource constrained environments through a combination of thermoregulatory and behavioral strategies. This has potential implications for the design of energy efficient mobile robots (or Slowbots) for long-term applications such as Precision Agriculture and Surveillance. In this paper, we compare two different behavioral coordination strategies, namely, Action Selection and Behavioral Fusion and evaluate their performances to determine the relative merits of each coordination strategy on the design of the Slowbot and its energy consumption.
Use of adaptive thresholding to improve accuracy of small-aperture acoustic localization in shallow water

Passive acoustic localizing arrays are utilized in shallow water for applications ranging from environmental monitoring to marine security. Although large-aperture hydrophone arrays can provide accurate estimates of source position, they can be costly to deploy and maintain. Small-aperture arrays can be used to estimate the incident azimuth and elevation angles of acoustic sources, but their effectiveness may be hindered by multipath interference when deployed in reverberant environments. Here, a small-aperture hydrophone array is used to estimate the direction of acoustic sources with center frequencies of 69 and 120 kHz and durations less than 5 ms which were deployed at ranges of up to 75 m in a bay with a water depth on the order of 10 m. Time-differences of arrival are determined using an adaptive thresholding algorithm, which is shown to have superior performance to a cross-correlation method due to the prevalence of multipath interference in the signals. Errors in source bearing estimates and in the underlying time-differences of arrival calculations are evaluated by comparing to ground-truth values generated from the GPS position of the source.
Low Temperature and Small Sample Spectra Obtained by FTS with a Large Computer

An RIIC Model 720 Far Infrared Interferometer (without dedicated computer) was adapted to BCD paper tape output for processing via a teletypewriter by a General Electric Model 635 Computer installation. Spectra can be returned to the teletypewriter within minutes after transmission of the tape. A number of sub-programs were developed to remove errors from the experimental data and to allow for both a quick survey of the results and for their most useful final presentation. A quantitative accuracy of about 5% was attained.
Metabolism, Central (Intermediary)

Central metabolic pathways are those biochemical pathways used by organisms to produce utilizable energy and the biosynthetic precursors and intermediates needed by the cell. In microorganisms, these pathways can include the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, and the pentose phosphoketolase pathway. One or more of these pathways are used by microorganisms to catabolize a wide variety of carbon-energy sources depending on the organism and the growth conditions. Pyruvate is a common intermediate formed from the catabolism of sugars and serves as a branch point in metabolism. The continued catabolism of pyruvate is essential for the efficient production of energy and/or the maintenance of oxidation–reduction (O–R) balance in cellular metabolism. How pyruvate is catabolized depends on the microbe and the growth conditions. For microbes capable of aerobic respiration, pyruvate is catabolized to acetyl-CoA for entry into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Catabolism through the TCA cycle generates NADH/H+ and FADH2, which can donate electrons and H+ into the electron transport system. The generation of a proton motive force (pmf; Δp) allows for the concomitant generation of ATP, allowing the cell to gain maximal energy from sugar catabolism. Under anaerobic conditions, microbes have developed pathways for pyruvate catabolism to generate additional energy and/or restore O–R balance to the cell. As a consequence, a variety of different organic molecules and gases are produced as end products.
Control of Heterodera schachtii with foliar application of nematicides.

Foliar applications of ethyl 4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl isopropylphosphoramidate (phenamiphos) or S-methyl 1-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy] thioformimidate (oxamyl) retarded infection of sugarbeets by the sugarbeet nematode, Heterodera schachtii under greenhouse conditions. Maximum nematode control was obtained when treatments were applied previous to, or at the time of, inoculation of plants with the nematode. Consecutive foliar applications inhibited nematode development, with four applications giving greatest inhibition of maturation. A treatment with either phenamiphos or oxamyl at 2,000 [mu]g/ml (ppm) resulted in the greatest increase in plant growth, and 4,000 [mu]g/ml gave the best nematode control. A treatment of 4,000 [mu]g/ml of either phenamiphos or oxamyl was phytotoxic. However, this was due to container confinement of the chemical since phytotoxicity at this rate has not been observed under field conditions. Key words: Beta vulgaris, multiple treatment.
River Channel Stabilization with Submerged Vanes

Submerged vanes are an unobtrusive and cost-effective way for river engineers to address many problems associated with river channel stability and river management in general. The vanes are small flow-training structures designed and installed on the riverbed to modify the near-bed flow pattern and redistribute flow and sediment transport within the channel cross section. The structures are laid out so they create and maintain a flow and bed topography that is consistent with that of a stable channel creating optimum conditions for managing the river. A relatively new technology, submerged vanes are a low-impact method for restoring riverbanks, stabilizing or re-meandering river reaches previously modified (straightened) by humans, increasing flood flow capacity, reducing sediment deposits, and for helping maintain or enhance the ecosystem in and around rivers. Following laboratory research and feedback from field installations, guidelines are now available for designs that are effective and sustainable. These guidelines are described in the book by Odgaard River Training and Sediment Management by Submerged Vanes, ASCE Press, 2009. Following a brief summary of the theory with illustrations from the ASCE book (reprinted with permission of ASCE), this chapter presents the latest feedback from field installations and suggestions for future applications.
The influence of hemoglobin level on radiobiological hypoxia in tumors.

There is little doubt that the success of radiotherapy is limited in some tumor sites by the presence of radioresistant hypoxic cells (Bush et al., 1978). Many strategies have been tested in an attempt to sensitize these cells including the administration of oxygen at high pressures (Churchill-Davidson, 1955; Watson et al., 1978), hydrogen peroxide infusions (Hollcroft et al., 1951; Balla et al., 1968) red blood cell transfusions (Bush et al., 1978) and the use of chemical radiosensitizers of several types (see review by Stratford et al., 1983). It has also been shown clearly that anemic cancer patients respond poorly to radiotherapy (Bush et al., 1978) and yet transfusion with red blood cells has not been universally effective in reversing this effect (Dische et al., 1983).
An update on research examining the implications of stigma for access to and utilization of bariatric surgery.

Purpose of review To summarize recent literature examining the relationship between stigma and utilization of surgical treatments for obesity. Recent findings The stigma of obesity and stigma associated with surgical treatments for obesity can affect both healthcare providers' recommendations of these options and patients' likelihood of considering and choosing these treatments. Presurgical requirements of healthcare and insurance organizations and a lack of postsurgical support reflect the stigmatizing attitudes that bariatric/metabolic surgery is an 'easy fix' and 'last resort' for patients too undisciplined to lose weight in other ways. Summary Here we review the literature published in the last year that addresses the implications of stigma for the utilization and outcomes of surgical treatments for obesity.
Superresolution Diffuse Optical Imaging by Localization of Fluorescence

Diffuse optical imaging has strong potential for $i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ $v\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}v\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o$ and deep-tissue applications in medicine, but has been hampered by low spatial resolution. The authors present a superresolution method for diffuse optical imaging that is based on point localization in a diffusion framework, and they demonstrate an improvement in resolution of over two orders of magnitude when imaging fluorescence. This approach will enable optical imaging through centimeters of tissue, at a resolution of tens of microns.
Promoting cognitive and soft skills acquisition in a disadvantaged public school system: Evidence from the Nurture thru Nature randomized experiment

Abstract It is widely acknowledged that our public schools have failed to produce sufficient levels of high quality STEM education. The mathematics and science performance of minority and disadvantaged students has been especially troubling with blacks and Hispanics substantially underrepresented in the STEM labor market. In this paper we examine the impacts of a STEM enhancement program called Nurture thru Nature (NtN) on the cognitive (academic grades) and soft skills development of 139 elementary school students who attended the program over an eight year period (2010–2017). Utilizing a randomized experimental design or RCT with a control group of 491 elementary school students, we find that NtN slows the deterioration in students’ math and science grades relative to controls and improves soft skills such as conscientiousness, higher order thinking, empathy, and pro-social behavior.
Factors Associated with Student Performance in Cost Accounting II: An Empirical Study at a US Commuter Public University

The grade the student intends to earn in the course, intention to take the CPA or the CMA exam, and intention to attend graduate school are strong motivating factors for the students to perform well in the Cost Accounting II course. The number of work hours, job type, and course load do not have any negative effect on student performance. On the contrary, students carrying higher course loads perform significantly better than students carrying lower course loads. Lastly, Cost accounting I grade and overall GPA are strong predictors of student performance in the Cost Accounting II course.
Brain Hematoma Segmentation Using Active Learning and an Active Contour Model

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a massive public health problem worldwide. Accurate and fast automatic brain hematoma segmentation is important for TBI diagnosis, treatment and outcome prediction. In this study, we developed a fully automated system to detect and segment hematoma regions in head Computed Tomography (CT) images of patients with acute TBI. We first over-segmented brain images into superpixels and then extracted statistical and textural features to capture characteristics of superpixels. To overcome the shortage of annotated data, an uncertainty-based active learning strategy was designed to adaptively and iteratively select the most informative unlabeled data to be annotated for training a Support Vector Machine classifier (SVM). Finally, the coarse segmentation from the SVM classifier was incorporated into an active contour model to improve the accuracy of the segmentation. From our experiments, the proposed active learning strategy can achieve a comparable result with 5 times fewer labeled data compared with regular machine learning. Our proposed automatic hematoma segmentation system achieved an average Dice coefficient of 0.60 on our dataset, where patients are from multiple health centers and at multiple levels of injury. Our results show that the proposed method can effectively overcome the challenge of limited and highly varied dataset.
Data, Information, Evidence, and Knowledge:: A Proposal for Health Informatics and Data Science.

In this commentary , I revisit and modify Ackoff’s data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy. I suggest to de-emphasize the wisdom part and to insert evidence between information and knowledge (DIEK). This framework defines data as raw symbols, which become information when they are contextualized. Information achieves the status of evidence in comparison to relevant standards. Evidence is used to test hypotheses and is transformed into knowledge by success and consensus. As checkpoints for the transition from evidence to knowledge I suggest relevance, robustness, repeatability, and reproducibility.
Anteroposterior balance reactions of children with and without cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional, observational study of children age 5-12 years

ABSTRACT Aim To compare anterior and posterior standing balance reactions, as measured by single-stepping thresholds, of children with and without cerebral palsy (CP). Method Seventeen ambulatory children with CP and 28 typically developing children, all 5-12 years of age, were recruited for this cross-sectional, observational study. Balance reaction skill was quantified as anterior and posterior single-stepping thresholds, or the treadmill-induced perturbations that consistently elicited a step in that direction. In order to understand underlying mechanisms of between-group differences in stepping thresholds, dynamic stability was quantified using the minimum margin of stability. Ankle muscle activation latency, magnitude, and co-contraction were assessed with surface electromyography. Results We observed large between-group differences in anterior, but not posterior, thresholds. Between-group differences were most evident in older children, with typically developing children having larger anterior thresholds than those with CP. In response to near-threshold anterior perturbations, older typically developing children recovered from more instability than their CP peers. Older children had no between-group differences in ankle muscle activity. Interpretation The effects of CP on balance reactions are age- and direction-specific. In response to an anterior perturbation, older typically developing children recovered from more instability than their peers with CP. What this paper adds Children with CP have age- and direction-specific balance-reaction impairments. Impairment was most evident in the anterior reactions of older children (≈11 years). Typically developing children recovered from more anterior instability than those with CP. Graphical Abstract
A Brief History of Early Silica Glass: Impact on Science and Society

Silicon in the form of silica is the basis of common glass and its uses predate recorded history. The production of synthetic glass, however, is thought to date back to no earlier than 3000 BCE. This glass technology was not discovered fully fashioned, but grew slowly through continued development of both chemical composition and techniques for its production, manipulation, and material applications. This development had become fairly advanced by the Roman period, resulting in a wide variety of glass vessels and the initial use of glass windows. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, glass grew to new heights in Venice and Murano, where improvements in composition and production resulted in both more chemically stable and clearer forms. The quality of this new glass ushered in the development of lenses and eyeglasses, as well as the greater use of glass as a material for chemical apparatus, both of which changed society and the pursuit of science. Finally, glass in the North developed along different lines to ultimately result in a new form of glass that eventually replaced Venetian glass. This Bohemian glass became the glass of choice for chemical glassware and dominated the chemical laboratory until the final advent of borosilicate glass in the 1880s. A brief overview of the early history of silica glasses from their origins to the development of borosilicate glasses will be presented.
Codes and standards development for nonconventional and vernacular materials

Abstract Development of construction and materials standards serve technical, social and economic objectives. Most significantly, standards are required for the acceptance of materials by the engineering community. This paper contrasts the characteristics of codes and standards, and their development, for engineered materials and those for nonconventional and vernacular materials. Challenges associated with code and standard development for these materials are highlighted and discussed through case studies. Recommendations for approaches to codes and standards development for nonconventional and vernacular materials are presented.
Dynamic landscape of protein occupancy across the Escherichia coli chromosome

Abstract Free living bacteria adapt to changes in the environment by reprogramming gene expression through precise interactions of hundreds of DNA-binding proteins. Technologies such as ChIP-seq enable targeted characterization of regulatory interactions for individual DNA-binding proteins. However, in order to understand the cell’s global regulatory logic, we need to simultaneously monitor all such interactions in response to diverse genetic and environmental perturbations. To address this challenge, we have developed high-resolution in vivo protein occupancy display (IPOD-HR), a technology that enables rapid, quantitative, and comprehensive monitoring of DNA-protein interactions across a bacterial chromosome. IPOD-HR enables simultaneous activity profiling of all known sequence specific transcription factors, discovery of novel condition-dependent DNA-binding proteins, and systematic inference of binding specificity models for all bound transcription factors. IPOD-HR also reveals many large domains of extended protein occupancy in Escherichia coli that define relatively stable, transcriptionally silent regions with unique sequence and gene functional features.
Design and Evaluation of Coverall for Pesticide Applicators Using an Ergonomic Framework

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate new protective coverall design for pesticide applicators using an ergonomic framework. Specifically, it integrates the needs and concerns of the user (pesticide applicator) imposed by the task (pesticide mixing, loading, spraying, etc.) and the personal protective equipment (PPE) in the environment (greenhouse). The framework was developed based on a data triangulation model proposed by Gordon, Lastovich, Bye, & Labat (2014), that integrates technology, user responses and expert evaluations for assessing coverall designs. The study emphasizes the consideration of factors like environmental challenges, ergonomic task assessment, subjective responses and the significance of using this method to enhance design outcomes.
Polanyi meets Bolsonaro: Reactionary politics and the double movement in twenty-first-century Brazil:

Twenty-first-century Brazil’s political evolution is a window on the dynamics of contemporary political transitions. The inability of Brazil’s Workers’ Party to sustain its social democratic projec...
Hispanic Ethnicity and Breast Cancer: Disaggregating Surgical Management and Mortality by Race.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic women. Unfortunately, few studies disaggregate Hispanic patients by race to understand its implications on treatment and clinical outcomes such as mortality. The aim of this study is to examine surgical management and overall mortality among different subgroups of women who self-identify as Hispanic. Hispanic female patients, ages 18–90, stages I–III, diagnosed with breast cancer between 2010 and 2015 from the National Cancer Data Base were identified. The study cohort was divided into three ethnoracial categories: (1) Hispanic White (HW), 2) Hispanic Black (HB), and 3) Hispanic Other (HO). Descriptive statistics and multivariate models were constructed to determine the relationship between sociodemographic factors, clinical variables, surgical management, and mortality when disaggregated by race. There were 56,675 Hispanic women who met the study criteria. Most where HW (n=50,599, 89.3%) and the rest were HB (n=1,334, 2.4%) and HO (n=4,742, 8.3%). There was no difference between the three groups on receipt of breast conservation therapy (P=0.12). HB (48.5%) and HO (46.6%) women were more likely to undergo reconstruction than those who identified as HW (38.7%) (P<0.001). Additionally, HB (38.3%) women were more likely to undergo tissue-based reconstruction than HW (29.0%) and HO women (30%) (P=0.0008). There was no difference between the groups in the utilization of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) (P=0.078). On multivariable analysis, there was no difference in mortality between HB and HW patients (HR 1.18, 95%CI 0.92–1.51; Ref HW). However, HO women had a 24% relative risk reduction in mortality (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.92; HW ref). Findings from this study suggest there are ethnoracial disparities in reconstruction utilization and mortality among Hispanic women. Future studies should examine how culture, language, healthcare access, and patient preferences contribute to these disparities.
Reorienting climate decision making research for smallholder farming systems through decision science

Research into the social dimensions of climate decision making has proliferated in recent years. This body of work is informed by principles from decision science and addresses questions around when and why people adopt behaviors in response to climate change. The vast majority of this research is based on studies in relatively wealthier populations that are predominantly from industrialized nations, yet those most impacted by climate change are small-scale farmers in areas that also are experiencing the compounding effects of high rates of poverty. In the following article we look at recent findings from decision science to explore why and how research should be reoriented to provide insight into climate related decision making among smallholder farmers in areas with limited infrastructure and few public services.
Frequency of Attendance at Religious Services and Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke.

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with increased risk of disease and death. Reports on ETS and religion are lacking. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to test this association. In 4,712 nonsmokers, serum cotinine level of 0.05–3.99 ng/mL indicated ETS exposure. Frequency of attendance at religious services was categorized as > = weekly or less. In bivariate analysis, ETS exposure occurred in 28.6% of those with > = weekly attendance but 36.4% of less frequent attenders (p = 0.0004). In logistic regression controlling for multiple confounders OR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.61–0.85. ETS exposure was negatively associated with religion.
SARS-CoV-2 infection mediates differential expression of human endogenous retroviruses and long interspersed nuclear elements.

Severe respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) promotes an imbalanced host response which underlies the development and severity of COVID-19. Infections with viruses are known to modulate transposable elements (TEs) which can exert downstream effects by modulating host gene expression, innate immune sensing, or activities encoded by their protein products. We investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on TE expression using RNA-seq data from cell lines and from primary patient samples. Using a bioinformatic tool, Telescope, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection led to up- or down-regulation of TE transcripts, a subset of which differed from cells infected with SARS, MERS, RSV, HPIV3 or IAV. Differential expression of key retroelements specifically identified distinct virus families such as coronaviridae, with unique retroelement expression subdividing viral species. Analysis of ChIP-seq data shows that TEs differentially expressed in SARS-CoV-2 infection are enriched for binding sites for TFs involved in immune responses and for pioneer transcription factors. In COVID-19 patient samples, there was a significant TE overexpression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and downregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thus, while the host gene transcriptome is altered by infection with SARS-CoV-2, the retrotranscriptome may contain the most distinctive features of the cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Women, Children, Families and the Translation of Genomics in Reproductive Medicine

Advances in genomic science and technology have had a significant impact on the delivery of reproductive healthcare. At the same time, these technologies generate a series of unprecedented challenges for patients and healthcare providers alike. Decision-making is at the core of the translational process bringing the use of genomics into reproductive and prenatal medicine. The full potential of these tests can only be realized if patients are able to make informed, values-based decisions about their use. This chapter examines the multi-faceted aspects that affect the translation of genomics in the reproductive context, with an emphasis on decision-making as a key component of this process, and argues that we must continue to invest in the research and development of women’s decision-making around the use of these genomic technologies.
Motorcycle Helmet Laws and Motorcyclist Fatalities

We employ panel data over a 22-year period to study the impact of state laws mandating helmet use by motorcyclists. We find that helmet laws are associated with an average 29–33% decrease in per capita motorcyclist fatalities. However, since voluntary helmet wearing rates are higher in harsher climates, the efficacy of helmet laws varies directly with the warmth of a state's climate. Repeal of helmet laws in the 1970s and subsequent re-adoption in the late 1980s and early 1990s have had roughly symmetrical effects on fatalities. Alcohol consumption and the number of police available to enforce traffic laws also significantly effect motorcyclist fatalities.
Power to the People: The Role of Humans in Interactive Machine Learning

Intelligent systems that learn interactively from their end-users are quickly becoming widespread. Until recently, this progress has been fueled mostly by advances in machine learning; however, more and more researchers are realizing the importance of studying users of these systems. In this article we promote this approach and demonstrate how it can result in better user experiences and more effective learning systems. We present a number of case studies that characterize the impact of interactivity, demonstrate ways in which some existing systems fail to account for the user, and explore new ways for learning systems to interact with their users. We argue that the design process for interactive machine learning systems should involve users at all stages: explorations that reveal human interaction patterns and inspire novel interaction methods, as well as refinement stages to tune details of the interface and choose among alternatives. After giving a glimpse of the progress that has been made so far, we discuss the challenges that we face in moving the field forward.
Perinatal oxygen environment. I. Polarographic determinations of oxygen tension in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid of normal term newborn infants.

Abstract 1. 1. A method of direct polarographic determination of oxygen tension of fetal blood and of amniotic fluid is described. 2. 2. The mean oxygen tension of umbilical fetal blood was found to be 29.5 mm. Hg in 21 umbilical veins and 12.1 mm. Hg in 21 umbilical arteries of normal newborn infants following 21 uncomplicated spontaneous pelvic deliveries without inhalation anesthesia or prophylactic oxygen administration. 3. 3. The mean oxygen tension of amniotic fluid from 19 normal pregnant women at term was 25.5 mm. Hg. 4. 4. The data suggest that the fetal oxygen environment in utero is hypoxic only when compared with adult criteria for extrauterine existence. 5. 5. A suggestion is offered that the fetal capacity to tolerate hypoxia or anoxia may not be a matter of fetal adaptability but an expression metabolically of different biologic needs.
Study of the antiferromagnetic phase in Sm(Mn1−xCrx)2Ge2

Abstract Magnetic and thermal expansion measurements have been carried out on the polycrystalline Sm(Mn 1− x Cr x ) 2 Ge 2 samples to see how the antiferromagnetie (AFMII) region in SmMn 2 Ge 2 is affected by Cr substitution. It is found that the antiferromagnetic region disappears for samples with less than 2 at.% of Cr. Sharp changes in the thermal expansivity (Δ l / l ) at FMI–AFMII and AFMII–FMII transitions are observed, indicating first order transitions. The decrease in relative thermal expansivity at the two transitions with the increase of Cr concentration is related to the decrease in the stability and the temperature-range of the AFMII phase observed in magnetization measurements. A spin reorientation transition ( T SR ) has been observed for x =0, at 148 K. It is found that the T SR increases with the increase of Cr concentration. A magnetic phase diagram as a function of Cr concentration in Sm(Mn 1− x Cr x ) 2 Ge 2 has been constructed.
Silicon symptoms to solutions: applying design for debug techniques

Quick and accurate silicon debug is essential for short time to market schedules. This paper describes several actual silicon debug test cases to illustrate both the range of issues found only after silicon is available as well as the range of design for debug features used in the diagnostic process. Each test case starts with the symptoms found on the silicon and follows through to the problem definition and resolution. The debug test cases cover issues from logic and circuit errors to process issues. The designs in the test cases include Motorola's MPC7410 and MPC7450 advanced microprocessors and DSP56621 digital signal processor.
Platelet Arachidonate Metabolism and Platelet Function in Zinc-Deficient Rats

To determine the effect of zinc status on arachidonate metabolism and the initiation of aggregation by a prostaglandin endoperoxide analog (U-44069), immature rats were fed for 5 days a low zinc (less than 1 ppm) or control (100 ppm Zn) diet based on soybean protein. In vitro production of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) by platelet-rich plasma after stimulation by either arachidonate (0.2 mM) or ADP (0.2 microM) was not changed by dietary zinc deprivation, even though bleeding time was prolonged. Oxygenation of exogenous arachidonate, catalyzed by either the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathway, was not affected by zinc deficiency. Platelet aggregation in response to the prostaglandin endoperoxide analog at both 8 and 16 microM was impaired by dietary zinc deprivation. While short-term zinc deprivation decreased platelet response to minimal levels of aggregating agents, production of arachidonate metabolites was unimpaired. It is postulated that platelet response to the products of arachidonate metabolism is reduced.
Biology of simian virus 40 (SV40) transplantation antigen (TrAg). VIII. Retention of SV40 TrAg sites on purified SV40 large T antigen following denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate

Abstract Simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor (T) antigen was isolated from SV40-infected permissive and -transformed cells by immunoprecipitation with anti-T sera and purified by electrophoresis on solubilizable SDS-polyacrylamide gels. This method proved to be a rapid and efficient procedure for purifying T antigen as 74% of the immunoprecipitated T antigen was subsequently recovered. The purified, SDS-denatured large T antigen retained its ability to react with anti-T antibody and to immunize mice against a challenge of syngeneic SV40 tumor cells, indicating that the antigenic sites present on the large T antigen molecule that induce a tumor rejection response in vivo are resistant to denaturation by SDS.
Intercellular Adhesion: Coconstruction of Contractile Heart Tissue by Cells of Different Species

Dissociated embryonic rat myocardial cells and chick myocardial cells labeled with radioactive isotope coaggregate and establish intercellular junctions. These bispecific cells reconstruct synchronously beating myocardial tissue within 24 hours of culture.
Analysis of pressure waves as a mean of diagnosing vascular obstructions.

A feasibility study was made to examine whether pressure measurements can be used to diagnose vascular obstructions in blood vessels. Distortion of a pressure wave due to an obstruction in an elastic tube was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Linear theory and the method of characteristics were employed in developing mathematical expressions for the distortion of the pressure wave. The quality of the models developed was examined by performing experiments on a latex tube with rigid obstructions. A nonlinear model using the method of characteristics was in good agreement with the experiment data for obstructions with any severity, while a linear model was applicable to small obstructions. The nonlinear model is proposed as a mathematical model for the detection of vascular obstructions by analysing pressure waves.
Participatory sensing: applications and architecture [Internet Predictions]

Participatory sensing is the process whereby individuals and communities use ever more capable mobile phones and cloud services to collect and analyze systematic data for use in discovery. The convergence of technology and analytical innovation with a citizenry that is increasingly comfortable using mobile phones and online social networking sets the stage for this technology to dramatically impact many aspects of daily lives. Ubiquitous data capture, leveraged data processing, and personal data vault are the essential components for these emerging systems. The architecture, usage models,and application of participatory sensing were discussed in this paper.
Exploiting viral natural history for vaccine development.

The partial successes of the Phase 2 gB-based vaccine trials for HCMV highlight the very real likelihood that vaccine-mediated induction of antibodies that neutralize the fusion pathway of fibroblast infection is not sufficient as a singular strategy to confer protective efficacy against primary HCMV infection. Alternative strategies that serve as adjuncts to gB-based vaccines are likely required to target different aspects of the complex lifecycle of HCMV infection. There has been considerable recent interest in targeting the gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131 pentamer complex (gH/gL-PC) to neutralize the endocytic pathway of HCMV infection of epithelial and endothelial cells. Since both cell types are critical during primary mucosal infection, intrahost spread, and shedding of HCMV in an infected host, the gH/gL-PC represents a high-value target for vaccination to interrupt the HCMV lifecycle. The natural history of HCMV is exceedingly complex and incompletely resolved, and the protective efficacy generated by gH/gL-PC remains to be validated in clinical trials. Yet, there are salient aspects of its lifecycle that offer clues about how other novel vaccine strategies can be targeted to especially susceptible parts of the viral proteome to significantly disrupt HCMV’s ability to infect susceptible hosts. In particular, the protracted evolution of Herpesvirales has endowed HCMV with two remarkable properties of its natural history: (1) lifelong persistence within immune hosts that develop extraordinarily large antiviral immune responses and (2) the ability to reinfect those with prior immunity. The latter phenotype strongly implies that, if HCMV can overcome prior immunity to initiate a new infection, it is likely irrelevant whether prior immunity derives from prior infection or prior vaccination. Both phenotypes are unified by the extensive devotion of the HCMV coding repertoire (~50 %) to viral proteins that modulate host cell signaling, trafficking, activation, antigen presentation, and resistance to apoptosis. Collectively, these viral proteins are the likely reason for the high barrier to success for the 4-decade effort to design an HCMV vaccine, and they represent the viral proteins that make HCMV be the virus that it is. James Hanshaw wrote in 1971 that, based on a 15-year retrospective of congenital HCMV cases, “… any thoughtful program designed at prevention or treatment deserves consideration”. Drawing upon natural history data from the nonhuman primate model of HCMV persistence and pathogenesis, a “thoughtful program” is put forth that HCMV immune-modulating proteins should be considered as vaccine candidates.