cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aircraft profiles of aerosol microphysics and optical properties over North America: Aerosol optical depth and its association with PM2.5 and water uptake

[1] Aerosol column optical depth (AOD) is related to the aerosol direct radiative effect and readily available as a satellite product. The mass of dry aerosol up to 2.5 μm aerodynamic, or PM2.5, is a common measure of surface aerosol pollution at selected regional sites. A link between these two parameters would provide a way to infer PM2.5 and its change over extensive regions observed by satellites. This requires determination of the response of aerosol dry mass to the widely variable influence of ambient humidity and its optical contribution to column AOD. During the INTEX-North America aircraft campaign, we obtained 72 profiles of visible aerosol light scattering up to 10 km and its response to water uptake. The ambient AODs determined from these measurements, and confirmed for three profiles near surface AERONET, were generally below 0.4 except in the presence of a humid boundary layer with high aerosol loading. The fraction of ambient AOD due to water uptake, Wf, was found to be 37 ± 15% (average and standard deviation). Boundary layer PM2.5 was estimated (PM2.5proxy) from low-altitude size distributions measured from the aircraft. Despite the large variety of vertical aerosol structure, the ambient AOD was found correlated with the PM2.5proxy with R2 = 0.77, after 4% of data with AOD > 0.8 for >90% RH were removed. Our results support the application of remote sensing to retrievals of surface PM2.5 mass. The wavelength dependence of ambient AOD was found to be less effective in stratifying the mass versus extinction relationship on the column integral basis than on a layer by layer basis.
Maintaining Quality of Fresh-cut Tomato Slices through Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Low Temperature Storage

Quality of fresh-cut tomato slices was compared during cold storage under various modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Chilling injury of slices in containers sealed with Film A was higher than with Film B; these films had oxygen transmission rates of 87.4 and 60.0 ml.h -1 .m -2 .atm -1 at 5°C and 99% RH, respectively. While slices in containers with an initial atmospheric composition of air, 4% CO 2 + 1 or 20% O 2 , 8% CO 2 + 1 or 20% O 2 , or 12% CO 2 + 20% O 2 showed fungal growth, slices in containers with 12% CO 2 + 1% O 2 did not. Low ethylene in containers enhanced chilling injury. Modified atmosphere packaging provided good quality tomato slices with a shelf life of 2 w or more at 5 °C. La demande du consommateur en produits fraichement coupes s'accroit notamment pour les tomates. L'objectif de cette etude est de determiner l'effet des differentes conditions d'atmosphere modifiee, de films et de temperatures, sur la qualite, la duree de conservation et le developpement de symptomes de degradation due au froid dans des tranches de tomate fraichement coupees. Les resultats montrent que le conditionnement avec un film plastic, un nombre de tranches et une composition atmospherique appropries, la duree de conservation de ce produit peut etre portee a 2 semaines ou plus a 5°C.
Can intranasal drug use reduce HCV infection among injecting drug users

Abstract Background Preventing HCV infection among people who inject drugs is a difficult public health challenge. We examined the potential role of intranasal drug use in reducing HCV acquisition. Methods Subjects were recruited from IDUs entering the Beth Israel drug detoxification program from 2005 to 2010. A structured interview was administered and serum samples were collected for HCV testing. Results 726 active injecting drug users were recruited from 2005 to 2010. HCV prevalence was 71%, 90% reported recent heroin injection and 44% reported recent intranasal heroin use. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, being HCV seropositive was associated with more years injecting, Latino ethnicity, previous testing for HCV, and recent injection of speedball, and negatively associated with recent intranasal use of heroin (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.33–0.82) and intranasal use of speedball (AOR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.31–0.80). The association between intranasal heroin use and lower HCV seroprevalance was observed among both new injectors and persons with long injecting histories (16+ years since first injection). Conclusion Encouraging intranasal use as an alternative to injection among persons currently injecting drugs may be a viable strategy for reducing HCV transmission.
Performance Analysis of MR-1, a Clustered Shared-Memory Multiprocessor

Clustered shared-memory multiprocessors represent an attractive alternative to single-level bus-based systems. By using knowledge about the privacy of data variables, a compiler can reduce run-time contention for shared resources, such as a global memory, by relocating data to processors? local memory and shared cluster memory. This paper introduces the architecture of the MR-1 multiprocessor, a clustered, shared-memory multiprocessor architecture. A performance analysis of the architecture is performed using both queueing and nonqueueing models. Subsequent simulation reveals the accuracy of each model under certain conditions. We deal with issues of cost, performance, and scalability by comparing the MR-1 communication architecture with two alternatives.
Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: comparisons of outcomes in surgical Stage I patients with and without adjuvant therapy.

Abstract Objective Our aim was to determine the outcomes of Stage I uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) patients with and without adjuvant therapy after comprehensive surgical staging. Methods Patients with FIGO Stage I UPSC diagnosed from 1987 to 2000 were identified from tumor registry databases at four institutions. A retrospective chart review identified 60 women who underwent comprehensive surgical staging, including a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic/para-aortic lymphadenectomy, and peritoneal cytology. Fisher's exact, χ 2 , and log-rank tests were used for the statistical analyses. Results Of the 60 Stage I patients, 40 (66%) patients received no adjuvant therapy, 12 (20%) received adjuvant radiation therapy (XRT), 7 (12%) received adjuvant chemotherapy (CHM), and 1 (2%) received both XRT and CHM. There were seven recurrences in the observation group versus two recurrences in the XRT group (17% vs 16%, P = 0.9). No recurrences or deaths were observed in the CHM group. The mean disease-free survival rates for the observation and the XRT groups were 31 and 41 months, respectively. The mean overall survival rates for the observation and XRT groups were 39 and 40 months, respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival rates for the observation and XRT groups were 65 and 60%, respectively; the 5-year overall survival rates for observation and XRT groups were 66 and 59%. There was no statistical difference in overall survival among the three groups. Conclusions In this largest reported series of surgical Stage I UPSC patients, recurrence rates were lower than those published in previous studies, suggesting a potential benefit of comprehensive surgical staging in these patients. The risk of recurrence and the mean overall survival were similar between surgical Stage I UPSC patients who were managed conservatively and those treated with adjuvant radiation therapy. These data question the benefit of radiation therapy in UPSC patients with disease confined to the uterus. Finally, given the absence of recurrences and disease-related deaths for adjuvant chemotherapy in these patients, a Phase II/III trial evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy in surgical Stage I UPSC patients should be considered.
Studies of minority carrier transport in ZnO

Abstract The temperature dependence of the minority carrier diffusion length and lifetime in bulk n-type ZnO was studied using Electron-Beam-Induced Current (EBIC) and cathodoluminescence (CL) techniques. The diffusion length was observed to increase exponentially over the temperature range from 25 to 125 ∘C, yielding an activation energy of 45 ± 2 meV. A concomitant decrease of the cathodoluminescence intensity for the near-band-edge transition was also observed. The activation energy determined by optical measurements was 58 ± 7 meV. The larger minority carrier diffusion length and smaller luminescence intensity are attributed to the increased lifetime of non-equilibrium holes in the valence band at elevated temperatures. Carrier trapping on Li-related levels with activation energy 283 ± 9 meV is also addressed.
How are agonistic encounters among black-capped chickadees resolved?

The sequence of behaviour used during agonistic encounters among black-capped chickadees, Parus atricapillus, was investigated by videotaping encounters at a winter feeding station in southeastern Wisconsin. Lower-ranking individuals were more likely than higher-ranking ones to depart immediately upon the arrival of a second bird at the feeder, while higher-ranking birds were more likely to supplant birds immediately on arrival at the feeder. Two displays, one vocal (the Gargle) and one visual (the Head-up) were used by the bird, but these displays appeared to have only limited roles in resolving encounters. Dominant birds were more likely than subordinates to use Head-ups and Gargles. Most encounters ended either after supplanting or after a series of movements that involved changes in orientation between the contestants (Ballet). During Ballet, losers tended to face away from their opponents, while winners tended to face their opponents. These differences between winners and losers became apparent only as encounters progressed. Ballet may provide an opportunity for opponents to assess each other's physical conditions or provide an opportunity for individuals to determine their opponents' identities.
Influence of cultivar and harvest method on postharvest storage quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit

The principal physiological factors that negatively impact pepper fruit during shipment and storage and subsequent marketing are water loss and chilling injury. The current study evaluated the effect of harvest methodology on postharvest water loss from sweet bell pepper fruit and the potential relationship between water loss and chilling injury in cold-stored fruit. The influence of cultivar, epicuticular wax, and AOX gene expression on water loss and chilling injury were examined. Our results demonstrated that the degree of water loss in pepper fruit is subject to effects of genotype and pre- and postharvest environments as evidenced by year to year variation in fruit storage attributes. A comparison of pepper fruit harvest methods, wherein peduncles were either torn or cut, showed that harvest method had little effect on percent water loss. Observations on fruit water loss in relation to fruit size suggested that fruit cuticles are the primary barrier to water loss. A clear relationship between epicuticular wax content and fruit water loss was not evident. Cultivars varied in their susceptibility to chilling injury and fruit water loss was positively correlated with the severity of chilling injury. No correlation was found between endogenous AOX transcript levels and cultivar-specific susceptibility to chilling injury. The results illustrate the difficulty of identifying indices correlated with water loss that could be used to develop or identify cultivars with improved storability. We did, however, find that there are significant differences in storage attributes of pepper cultivars and that routine screening for water loss and chilling injury are advantageous for selection of cultivars most suitable for cold-storage.
Therapeutic Effect of Anthracene-Based Anticancer Agent Ethonafide in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis

The side effects of cancer chemotherapeutic agents such as mitoxantrone (MIT) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients justify the search for less toxic drugs. Ethonafide is an anthracene-based antineoplastic drug similar to MIT. With reference to MIT, we examined the effect of ethonafide on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice, an animal model of human MS. We demonstrated that ethonafide is effective in preventing development of EAE as well as in ameliorating the severity of EAE when disease is ongoing. In relatively higher dosages, the effects of ethonafide and MIT on EAE were identical, whereas in lower dosages, MIT seemed more effective. Therapeutic effects of ethonafide were associated with the initial reduction in cellular counts of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , B220 + , CD11b + , NK cells, and NKT cells, followed by recovery of these cells from the bone marrow. Interestingly, the recovered autoreactive T cells in ethonafide-treated animals have reduced capacity to expand and produce cytokines in response to myelin Ag stimulation. Furthermore, CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells were relatively resistant to depletion and/or recovered faster than T effector cells. The ability of regulatory T cells to resist depletion and replenish quickly during cell ablation therapy may provide an opportunity to reprogram the immune system. Moreover, we provided evidences that ethonafide has less cardiac toxicity compared with MIT. The effectiveness and the low cardiotoxicity of ethonafide might make it a promising immunosuppressive agent for clinical use in treating MS patients.
Surveillance for Influenza during the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic–United States, April 2009–March 2010

The emergence in April 2009 and subsequent spread of the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. This historic event was associated with unusual patterns of influenza activity in terms of the timing and persons affected in the United States throughout the summer and fall months of 2009 and the winter of 2010. The US Influenza Surveillance System identified 2 distinct waves of pandemic influenza H1N1 activity--the first peaking in June 2009, followed by a second peak in October 2009. All influenza surveillance components showed levels of influenza activity above that typically seen during late summer and early fall. During this period, influenza activity reached its highest level during the week ending 24 October 2009. This report summarizes US influenza surveillance data from 12 April 2009 through 27 March 2010.
Fumonisin Toxicity in Broiler Chicks

The effects of dietary fumonisin B1 were evaluated in young broiler chicks. The experimental design consisted of 5 treatments each with 9 randomly allotted male broiler chicks. Day-old chicks were fed diets containing 0 (feed control), 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg fumonisin B1/kg feed for 21 days. Response variables measured were chick performance, organ weights, serum biochemistry, and histologic parameters. Body weights and average daily gain dramatically decreased with increasing dietary fumonisin B1, and liver, proventriculus, and gizzard weights increased. Diarrhea, thymic cortical atrophy, multifocal hepatic necrosis, biliary hyperplasia, and rickets were present in chicks fed diets containing fumonisin B1. Serum calcium, cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase levels all increased at higher fumonisin dietary levels. Results indicate that fumonisin, from Fusarium moniliforme culture material, is toxic in young chicks.
Home Range Defense in the Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes L.

This paper describes the home range defense behavior observed when nonresident male red foxes were introduced into established home ranges of resident male-female pairs. In 12 observation periods, four intruders were introduced to each of three mated pairs which had been given three weeks to acclimate to a 4.05-hectare, fenced enclosure. The residents centered their activities around a natural den and the frequency of intruder-resident encounters decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the den. The primary home range defense was continual harassment of the intruders by the resident males through agonistic displays and chases. Physical contact was rare. Even though the resident males were dominant in less than a majority of the interactions observed, they were usually successful in displacing the intruders within a few hours. The resident females seldom interacted with the intruders.
Tracking analysis of an ARMA parameter estimation algorithm

The problem of adaptively estimating parameters of a time-varying autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) process using a constant-step-size Gauss-Newton algorithm is studied. Using weak convergence theory and the concept of prescaling, it is shown that an ordinary differential equation can be used to describe the mean behavior of the adaptive filter coefficients. Computer simulations are provided to substantiate the analysis. >
Role of siglecs and related glycan-binding proteins in immune responses and immunoregulation

Virtually all cells and extracellular material are heavily decorated by various glycans, yet our understanding of the structure and function of these moieties lags behind the understanding of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Recent years have seen a tremendous acceleration of knowledge in the field of glycobiology, revealing many intricacies and functional contributions that were previously poorly appreciated or even unrecognized. This review highlights several topics relevant to glycoimmunology in which mammalian and pathogen-derived glycans displayed on glycoproteins and other scaffolds are recognized by specific glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), leading to a variety of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cellular responses. The focus for this review is mainly on 2 families of GBPs, sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) and selectins, that are involved in multiple steps of the immune response, including distinguishing pathogens from self, cell trafficking to sites of inflammation, fine-tuning of immune responses leading to activation or tolerance, and regulation of cell survival. Importantly for the clinician, accelerated rates of discovery in the field of glycoimmunology are being translated into innovative medical approaches that harness the interaction of glycans and GBPs to the benefit of the host and might soon lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
Optical and electronic characterization of a-SiGe:H thin films prepared by a novel hollow cathode deposition technique

Using a novel hollow cathode plasma-jet reactive sputtering system in which an intense plasma, ignited in an Ar/H2 flow, is directed through silicon and germanium nozzles, a series of a-SiGe:H thin films have been prepared on silicon and glass substrates. These films have been optically characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry (335–1000nm). Total hydrogen concentrations, as determined by FTIR, varied with deposition conditions and ranged from 2.5 × 1021 to 1.6 × 1022 atom cm−3 and correlated with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) elemental analyses to within 10%. Conductivity measurements in the dark and under simulated AM1 solar illumination have indicated that the films properties are very good. The light to dark conductivity ratio has consistently been greater than 1000 for films with band gaps down to 1.3 eV.
Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Protein Kinase Cδ in the Epidermis Are Resistant to Skin Tumor Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

To determine the role of protein kinase Cδ in mouse skin carcinogenesis, we have developed transgenic FVB/N mouse lines expressing in the epidermis an epitope-tagged protein kinase Cδ (T7-PKCδ) regulated by the human keratin 14 promoter. The untreated T7-PKCδ mice displayed excessive dryness in the skin of the tail with a variable penetrance over time. Histologically, the tail skin showed hyperplasia with evidence of hyperkeratosis. The epidermis of the rest of the T7-PKCδ mouse was unremarkable. Despite this mild phenotype, the effects of PKCδ overexpression on mouse skin tumor promotion by 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were dramatic. Two independent lines of T7-PKCδ mice (16 and 37) expressing the T7-PKCδ transgene were examined for responsiveness to skin tumor promotion by 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene and TPA. By immunoblot analysis, the T7-PKCδ-16 and T7-PKCδ-37 mice showed an 8- and 2-fold increase of PKCδ protein. The T7-PKCδ-16 mice averaged 300% more T7-PKCδ activity than the T7-PKCδ-37 mice did. The T7-PKCδ-37 mice did not manifest any difference in tumor burden or incidence. However, the reduction in papilloma burden at 25 weeks of promotion for the T7-PKCδ-16 mice relative to wild-type mice averaged 72 and 74% for males and females, respectively. The T7-PKCδ-16 mice reached 50% papilloma incidence between 12 and 13 weeks of promotion compared with 8 weeks for wild-type mice. Furthermore, the carcinoma incidence was also reduced in T7-PKCδ-16 mice. Carcinoma incidence at 25 weeks of promotion treatment was: wild-type females, 78%; T7-PKCδ-16 females, 37%; wild-type males, 45%; and T7-PKCδ-16 males, 7%. Thus, PKCδ when expressed at sufficient levels can suppress skin tumor promotion by TPA.
Does allowing adolescents to smoke at home affect their consumption and dependence

Negative parental attitudes towards smoking decrease adolescent smoking initiation but limited research explores the relationship between parental attitudes and degree of adolescent smoking among established smokers. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between parental allowance of smoking in the home and adolescent smoking behavior and level of dependence. Interviews from 408 youths seeking assistance to quit smoking showed that adolescents who were allowed to smoke at home smoked more cigarettes per day and had higher scores on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence than those not allowed to smoke at home. Studies that additionally evaluate parental smoking status and the temporal relationship of parental allowance of smoking with changes in adolescent smoking behavior are warranted to clarify public health implications of parental smoking interdictions.
Allelic Melanism in American and British Peppered Moths

Parallel evolutionary changes in the incidence of melanism are well documented in widely geographically separated subspecies of the peppered moth (Biston betularia). The British melanic phenotype (f. carbonaria) and the American melanic phenotype (f. swettaria) are indistinguishable in appearance, and previous genetic analysis has established that both are inherited as autosomal dominants. This report demonstrates through hybridizations of the subspecies and Mendelian testcrosses of melanic progeny that carbonaria and swettaria are phenotypes produced by alleles (isoalleles) at a single locus. The possibility of close linkage at two loci remains, but the simpler one-locus model cannot be rejected in the absence of contrary evidence.
THE POLITICS OF COURT STRUCTURE: The Addition of New Federal Judges, 1949–1978

This article analyzes the effects of party control of the Presidency and Congress, and timing during the President's term on the success of proposals to add new federal judges. Proposals for new judges are more likely to pass if the same party controls the Presidency and Congress than if different parties are in power, and proposals are more likely to pass during the first two years of the President's term than during the second two years. Party control exerts a stronger influence than timing. We also find that the variables interact to produce their influence—the only real chance of adding new judges occurs if the same party controls the Presidency and Congress, and the proposal comes early in the President's term. Under all other conditions, the probability of success is small.
Effects of H2O on Phase Relations during Crystallization of Gabbros in the Kap Edvard Holm Complex, East Greenland

In the Kap Edvard Holm Complex of East Greenland, layered monly results in the formation of discordant igneous bodies within crystallizing cumulus sequences. In some olivine gabbros host numerous small, discordant bodies of ultramafic cases, partially molten cumulates appear to have reacted rock and magnetite gabbro that formed by late-magmatic metasomatic with liquids or fluids that originated within the cumulus replacement of partially solidified gabbroic cumulates. Similar repile, resulting in resorption of cumulus minerals, crysplacive rocks are also present as large semi-conformable sheet-like tallization of intrusive or replacive bodies, and rebodies within the layered gabbro sequence. Replacive bodies of all distribution of mass within the intrusion (e.g. Robins, sizes are spatially associated with xenoliths of metabasaltic lava: 1982; Butcher, 1985; Butcher et al., 1985; Helz, 1987; the small bodies cluster around xenoliths, and the large bodies host Irvine, 1987; Boudreau, 1988; McBirney & Sonnenthal, swarms of xenoliths. The replacive bodies are inferred to have formed 1990; Larsen & Brooks, 1994; Scoon & Mitchell, 1994; by reaction of gabbroic cumulates with pore liquids that were Mathez, 1995; Meurer et al., 1997; Boudreau, 1999). In enriched in H2O by degassing or dehydration melting of the other cases, partially molten cumulates are inferred to metabasalts. As these liquids migrated through the cumulus pile, have reacted with externally derived magmas that inthey resorbed plagioclase and produced ultramafic bodies. Where the truded the cumulus pile, resulting in the development liquids came to rest, they reacted with gabbroic cumulates to produce of discordant replacive bodies via the reaction of the bodies of magnetite-rich gabbro. The most evolved pore liquids cumulates with intruding magmas (e.g. Morse et al., 1987; segregated to form hornblende-rich pegmatitic dikes of roughly dacitic Bedard et al., 1988; Tegner & Wilson, 1993; Tegner & composition, suggesting that hydration and possibly oxidation of the Robins, 1996). Because cumulus rocks preserve records magma shifted the liquid line of descent from a tholeiitic trend toward of magmatic fractionation and replenishment in large a calc-alkaline trend. These inferences imply that contamination of mafic intrusions, recognizing and understanding postmagmas by dehydration of hydrothermally altered crustal rocks may cumulus processes such as these can provide insights significantly influence the evolution of mafic magma systems. into the evolution of mafic magma chambers and the differentiation of basaltic magmas within the crust. Near the western margin of the Kap Edvard Holm
Vav1/Rac-dependent actin cytoskeleton reorganization is required for lipid raft clustering in T cells

Formation of the immunological synapse (IS) in T cells involves large scale molecular movements that are mediated, at least in part, by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Various signaling proteins accumulate at the IS and are localized in specialized membrane microdomains, known as lipid rafts. We have shown previously that lipid rafts cluster and localize at the IS in antigen-stimulated T cells. Here, we provide evidence that lipid raft polarization to the IS depends on an intracellular pathway that involves Vav1, Rac, and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Thus, lipid rafts did not translocate to the IS in Vav1-deficient (Vav1−/−) T cells upon antigen stimulation. Similarly, T cell receptor transgenic Jurkat T cells also failed to translocate lipid rafts to the IS when transfected with dominant negative Vav1 mutants. Raft polarization induced by membrane-bound cholera toxin cross-linking was also abolished in Jurkat T cells expressing dominant negative Vav1 or Rac mutants and in cells treated with inhibitors of actin polymerization. However, Vav overexpression that induced F-actin polymerization failed to induce lipid rafts clustering. Therefore, Vav is necessary, but not sufficient, to regulate lipid rafts clustering and polarization at the IS, suggesting that additional signals are required.
Schizophrenic Deficits: Neuroleptics and the Prefrontal Cortex

Modern techniques have been applied to brain modeling, based on recent approaches in the artificial intelligence field that use brain-like "connectionistic" computational architectures. The model proposed by Cohen and Servan-Schreiber uses a gain parameter which they identify with dopamine function. They apply their model to neuroleptical ly treated schizophrenia patients who show improved task performance which they link to increased dopamine function and increased gain in the prefrontal cortex. However, evidence indicates that antipsychotic medications block dopamine (especially D2) receptors, decreasing mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine function. If therapeutic dosages of neuroleptics diminish dopamine function, this would decrease gain in context modules needed for adequate task performance. Schizophrenia patients would perform more poorly by further reducing gain in their already compromised context modules. The current investigators suggest three possible ways to resolve this difficulty, to explain why normals perform more poorly when taking neuroleptics, although acute schizophrenia patients' performance may be enhanced in several areas. Evidence would suggest that multiple processes occur simultaneously in neuroleptical ly treated patients with some processes counterbalancing others. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20(3): 413-416, 1994.
Rhododendron Decline in the Great Smoky Mountains and Surrounding Areas: Intensive Site Study of Biotic and Abiotic Parameters Associated with the Decline

Abstract Rhododendron dieback was continuously observed with increasing frequency on Rhododendron maximum (Rosebay Rhododendron) during the last 20 years in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The dieback was especially evident following several years of drought from 2004 to 2008 recorded in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM). With the concern that a disease epidemic could occur, a holistic study evaluated site factors including tree health, number of clonal units, aspect, slope, depth to bedrock, and rhizosphere microbes. This study was conducted at two locations: Laurel Falls in GRSM and Albert Mountain in Nantahala National Forest (NNF). Yearly sampling for nematodes showed no differences in frequencies across or between years. A total of 11 species were identified from replicated healthy and dieback plots with no significant trends observed. Criconemella xenophus, Helicotylenchus sp., and Meloidogyne sp. were the species most commonly found. Belonolaimus sp. occurred at the NNF site at below 1...
Basic Principles of Mechanical Ventilation

The ventilatory needs of a patient depend largely on the mechanical properties of the respiratory system and the type of abnormality in gas exchange.
A Role for Network Science in Social Norms Intervention

Abstract Social norms theory has provided a foundation for public health interventions on critical issues such as alcohol and substance use, sexual violence, and risky sexual behavior. We assert that modern social norms interventions can be better informed with the use of network science methods. Social norms can be seen as complex contagions on a social network, and their propagation as an information diffusion process. We observe instances where the recommendations of social norms theory match up to theoretical predictions from information diffusion models. Conversely, the network science viewpoint highlights aspects of intervention design not addressed by the existing theory. Information about network structure and dynamics are often not used in existing social norms interventions; we argue that these factors may be contributing to the lack of efficacy of social norms interventions delivered via online social networks. Further, delivery via online social networks may enable novel intervention designs employing realtime feedback.
Hidden Persuaders

Just as software hides the details of engineering, corporations tend to cloak the role of engineers from the public. The Web extra at https://youtu.be/igigwYr9-Dw is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he talks about how just as software hides the details of engineering, corporations tend to cloak the role of engineers from the public.
Ethnic–Racial Identity of Black Emerging Adults: The Role of Parenting and Ethnic–Racial Socialization:

Ethnic–racial identity (ERI) development is important for ethnic–racial minority youth because of its association with their positive adjustment. Guided by Garcia Coll’s ecocultural framework and using survey data from 729 Black college students, we examined the associations between relationships with parents (i.e., disrespect, psychological control, nurturance, and connection), ethnic–racial socialization (ERS), and ERI in hopes of understanding ways to promote ERI formation. Findings from two multiple group models suggested that, among men, nurturance from mothers and fathers was associated with ERI and these associations were mediated by ERS. For women, connection with mothers was associated with ERI through ERS and nurturance from fathers was indirectly and positively associated with ERI through ERS. Contrary to our hypothesis, disrespect from fathers was positively associated with ERI via ERS, but only for women. Findings suggest that both ERS and the parent–child relationship are important for ERI f...
Limit Theorems of Probability Theory and Optimality in Linear Stochastic Evolution Systems

A survey of some methods and results for the adaptive control of infinite dimensional stochastic systems is given. Adaptive control includes the identification of unknown parameters and the construction of an adaptive control law that is optimal for an ergodic cost criterion. Some approaches to identification are given that yield a family of strongly consistent estimates. The ergodic cost criterion is a quadratic functional of the state and the control. The behavior of such a quadratic functional is investigated using various measures of convergence to the optimal cost.
Jupiter entry simulation with the ANAA shock tube

An annular arc accelerator (ANAA) shock tube has been built which produces shock velocities and pressures that simulate entry into the atmosphere of Jupiter. The ANAA driver deposits the energy of an arc discharge into a flowing gas, which then expands and cools without any delay for the opening of a diaphragm. A flow transducer, trigger system, and spark gap switches have been developed to coordinate the flow from a high-pressure helium driver with the discharge from a 300-kJ capacitor bank. Shock velocities up to 47 km/sec have been produced in 1.0 torr of hydrogen with the ANAA shock tube, compared with 35 km/sec velocity produced in a conical arc driver with three times the available energy. Attenuation with the ANAA shock tube is comparable to that of a conical arc driver shock tube, and initial spectroscopic measurements indicate that an impurity-free test slug is formed behind the shock wave.
Is traumatic brain injury associated with reduced inter-hemispheric functional connectivity? A study of large-scale resting state networks following traumatic brain injury

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often has long-term debilitating sequelae in cognitive and behavioral domains. Understanding how TBI impacts functional integrity of brain networks that underlie these domains is key to guiding future approaches to TBI rehabilitation. In the current study, we investigated the differences in inter-hemispheric functional connectivity (FC) of resting state networks (RSNs) between chronic mild-to-severe TBI patients and normal comparisons (NC), focusing on two externally oriented networks (i.e., the fronto-parietal network [FPN] and the executive control network [ECN]), one internally oriented network (i.e., the default mode network [DMN]), and one somato-motor network (SMN). Seed voxel correlation analysis revealed that TBI patients displayed significantly less FC between lateralized seeds and both homologous and non-homologous regions in the opposite hemisphere for externally oriented networks but not for DMN or SMN; conversely, TBI patients showed increased FC within r...
Picosecond Resolution Studies of Ground State Quantum Beats and Rapid Collisional Relaxation Processes in Sodium Vapor

We report experimental studies of coherent transients and collisional relaxation processes in Na vapor, using degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) with picosecond pulses. These include investigation of the quantum beat modulation (due to the hyperfine splitting of the ground state) of the intensity of the DFWM signal as a function of excitation pulse separation. The picosecond resolution obtained by varying the pulse delay in our DFWM experiments has resulted in the first observation of harmonic structure in the quantum beat modulation, and in the observation of an anomalously rapid (e−1 decay time <50 psec) collisional relaxation process at increased temperatures.
Into Print: Limits and Legacies of the Enlightenment; Essays in Honor of Robert Darnton. Ed. Charles Walton. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011. xvii, 244p. ISBN 978-0-271-05012-6. $49.95

Appearing as a title in the Penn State Series in the History of the Book, Into Print is a collection of twelve essays demonstrating a debt to Robert Darnton’s ground-breaking scholarship on the social history of ideas (Walton, vii; Pasta, 82). Divided into five thematic parts (“Making News,” “Print, Paper, Markets, and States,” “Police and Opinion,” “Enlightenment in Revolution,” and “Enlightenment Universalism and Cultural Difference”), it includes contributions from scholars, primarily historians, who studied under Darnton. Editor Charles Walton points out in his superb preface that, while topics covered are diverse, each essay exhibits Darnton’s influence by “analyzing the dynamic . . .
Three-dimensional Nasolabial Morphologic Alterations Following Le Fort I.

BACKGROUND Le Fort I osteotomy imparts significant changes to the nasolabial region. Past studies have relied on 2-dimensional data and have not delineated differences among various Le Fort I subtypes. The purpose of this study is to 3-dimensionally analyze Le Fort I-induced nasal and lip changes comparing advancement alone versus widening alone [surgically assisted maxillary expansion (SAME)] versus advancement and widening. We hypothesize that the combination of maxillary advancement with widening will result in the most profound changes. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed. Included Le Fort I patients were grouped as: (1) nonsegmental straight advancement, (2) widening without advancement, and (3) segmental advancement and widening. Pre- and postoperative 3-dimensional photogrammetry (Canfield) were analyzed. Anthropometric landmarks were placed and measured by 2 independent observers. Statistics involved both paired and unpaired t tests (significance = P < 0.05). RESULTS One hundred eight photogrammetric data sets were analyzed, including 46 single-piece, 26 SAME, and 36 segmental. Significant postoperative nasal changes were observed within each intragroup analysis. The most dramatic changes were seen after segmental Le Fort I with advancement and widening, which included alar base width, alar width, nostril width, and soft triangle angle, all P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Le Fort I osteotomy results in significant alteration of the nasolabial morphology. This is the first study to 3-dimensionally analyze nasal changes that occur comparing maxillary advancement alone versus widening alone (SAME) versus advancement with widening. These objective data permit improved patient counseling and surgical planning.
Mechanistic figures of merit for die-attach materials

Delamination and/or rupture of the die-attach layer are among the primary failure mechanisms in plastic IC packages and often lower the threshold for other mechanical, as well as electrical, failure mechanisms. Die-attach failure is generally caused by the thermal expansion (contraction) mismatch of dissimilar materials and the consequent development of axial and shear stresses in the adhesive and along the material interfaces. To enhance the reliability of plastic packaging it is thus desirable to select the most reliable and cost-effective die-attach material. Analysis of an ideal tri-material structure, using a force and momentum balance, makes it possible to derive analytical relations for the axial and shear stresses in a die-attach layer. Based on these analytical relations, which are validated against FEM results, the critical material properties can be selected and used for the development of Figures-of-Merit (FOM) for material selection. These FOMs are then used to evaluate the effects of moisture on the selection of the die-attach materials.
General expressions for R1ρ relaxation for N-site chemical exchange and the special case of linear chains

Exploration of dynamic processes in proteins and nucleic acids by spin-locking NMR experiments has been facilitated by the development of theoretical expressions for the R1ρ relaxation rate constant covering a variety of kinetic situations. Herein, we present a generalized approximation to the chemical exchange, Rex, component of R1ρ for arbitrary kinetic schemes, assuming the presence of a dominant major site population, derived from the negative reciprocal trace of the inverse Bloch-McConnell evolution matrix. This approximation is equivalent to first-order truncation of the characteristic polynomial derived from the Bloch-McConnell evolution matrix. For three- and four-site chemical exchange, the first-order approximations are sufficient to distinguish different kinetic schemes. We also introduce an approach to calculate R1ρ for linear N-site schemes, using the matrix determinant lemma to reduce the corresponding 3N×3N Bloch-McConnell evolution matrix to a 3×3 matrix. The first- and second order-expansions of the determinant of this 3×3 matrix are closely related to previously derived equations for two-site exchange. The second-order approximations for linear N-site schemes can be used to obtain more accurate approximations for non-linear N-site schemes, such as triangular three-site or star four-site topologies. The expressions presented herein provide powerful means for the estimation of Rex contributions for both low (CEST-limit) and high (R1ρ-limit) radiofrequency field strengths, provided that the population of one state is dominant. The general nature of the new expressions allows for consideration of complex kinetic situations in the analysis of NMR spin relaxation data.
Analysis of the ITER Central Solenoid (CS) by the US Participant Team (PT)

The ITER CS is in an advanced state of design. Detailed analysis continues. In this paper, finite element analyses done by the US PT are presented. These analyses relate to a few issues still requiring some resolution. Finite element analyses by the ITER international team (IT) and other US PT analyses are cited for comparison with the finite element results. The degree of preload required to offset vertical tensions in the coils are discussed. Parametric analyses of different preloads and friction coefficients have been performed which point to a lower preload than that specified by the project. Lateral loading on the CS due to postulated off center electromagnetic loads are quantified. Lateral seismic loads are applied, and the existing and proposed restraint systems are discussed. Behavior of the upper flex supports is also available from the simulation model and will be compared with previous work. The coil leads are supported by the preload system tie-plates. Radial differential motion between the tie-plates and coils is quantified for the case where there is no radial coupling between the coils and tie-plates. Support provisions for the leads are discussed in the context of both load capacity and displacement absorbing ability
Barriers and Pitfalls in Quality Improvement

Quality improvement (QI) is complex and often challenging. While the aim of QI is to create meaningful and sustained improvements in patient care, projects routinely fall short of this goal. These failures are typically due to several frequently encountered pitfalls that may occur throughout the QI process. The intent of this chapter is to examine some of the common reasons for QI project failure and to determine how these problems can be avoided. We shall use examples from our own experiences, incorporating lessons learned when overcoming barriers.
Effect of CMX001 on Levels of DNA Virus In Patients After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Abstract Abstract 4550 Latent viral infections occurring in the post bone marrow transplant period remain a significant clinical problem. New and effective antiviral drugs (AVD) are needed to provide adequate therapy for infected patients. We report the use of a new oral AVD, CMX001 (Chimerix Inc. Durham, NC) to treat DNA virus infections in six severely ill patients. Pt # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Adeno Blood (PCR Cycles) Pre: 30.6 Pre: 33.1 Post: 37.3 Post: Neg BK polyoma virus Urine (log copies/mL) Pre: 4.89 Pre: 4.86 Pre: 6.54 Pre: 9.06 Post: 7.88 Post: 5.99 Post: 7.55 Post: 7.16 BKV Blood Cleared after 1 dose Pre: No value Cleared at 6 doses; Post: detectable HHV6 Blood (PCR Cycles) Pre: 42 Post: 39.9 Dose (mg/kg) biw 2 2 4 4 4 reduced to 3 2 Status Died GVHD Died GVHD Died GVHD + Sepsis Died GVHD Alive Alive All patients had grade 2 or greater gut graft versus host disease (GVHD) during or after CMX001 treatment. The Table shows viral levels before and after treatment with CMX001 twice/wk. Pt 1's AV cycle number fluctuated and never cleared. A higher cycle number indicates less virus. Pt 2 cleared AV from blood after first dose, but urine, stool, gut biopsies remained AV positive. Pt 3's HHV6 plasma PCR levels fluctuated, but the pericardial fluid levels had cleared at autopsy. Pt 4 did not have pre dosing blood BKV PCR levels taken and his subsequent blood BKV low level was measurable (below the positive limit level). Interestingly, however, the patient's BKV related hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) symptoms resolved after 4 doses of CMX001. Pt 5's BKV HC symptoms also resolved after 4 doses of drug, and his positive blood viral level cleared after 6 doses. Pt 6 discontinued drug because of abdominal pain and the need for NPO, but his hemorrhagic cystitis symptoms had abated. No specific toxicities were documented in these severely ill patients with gut GVHD, but gut pain and transient thrombocytopenia were observed. In summary, one of 2 pts with AV cleared their blood. BKV was not cleared from urine, but 2/4 cleared BKV from blood. One patient with HHV6 did not clear blood DNA viral levels, but did clear pericardial fluid. In both cases of HC, symptoms resolved. Thus, CMX001 shows promise as new antiviral drug given its ability to decrease DNA viral levels in this small group of critically ill patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Statistical Framework for Pathway and Gene Identification from Integrative Analysis.

Abstract In the era of big data, integrative analyses that pool data from different sources are now extensively conducted in order to improve performance. Among many interesting applications, genomics research is an area where integrative methods become popular tools to identify prognostic biomarkers for various diseases. In this paper, we propose such a framework for pathway and gene identification. Our method employs a hierarchical decomposition on genes’ effects followed by a proper regularization to identify important pathways and genes across multiple studies. Asymptotic theories are provided to show that our method is both pathway and gene selection consistent. More importantly, we explicitly show that pathway selection consistency needs milder statistical conditions than gene selection consistency, as it would allow false positives and negatives at the gene selection level. Finite-sample performance of our method is shown to be superior than other ad hoc methods in various simulation studies. We further apply our method to analyze five cardiovascular disease studies. Our method is intrinsically a general method on group-wise and element-wise selections from integrative analysis, which can have other applications beyond genomic research.