cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solubility of Trans-Stilbene in Binary Alkane + 1-Butanol Solvent Mixtures at 298.2 K

Abstract Experimental solubilities are reported for trans-stilbene dissolved in six binary alkane + 1-butanol solvent mixtures at 25°C. The alkane cosoivents studied were hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Results of these measurements are used to test two mathematical representations based upon the combined Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS)/Redlich-Kister and Modified Wilson equations. For the six systems studied, the Combined NIBS/Redlich-Kister equation was found to provide the better mathematical representation of the experimental data, with overall average absolute deviations between measured and calculated values being approximately ±0.6%. Slightly larger deviations were noted in the case of the Modified Wilson equation.
Novel immunodiagnostics for inflammatory arthritis

Immunodiagnostics play an important role in the differential diagnostics of arthritis but the test results must be interpreted with respect to the clinical context. The detection of antibodies against citrullinated proteins has significantly improved the immunodiagnostics of arthritis, whereas the importance of testing for rheumatoid factor has decreased due to the low specificity. Antibodies against carbamylated or oxidized proteins will expand the immunodiagnostics of arthritis (especially rheumatoid arthritis) in the future. In contrast, the determination of cytokine concentrations in plasma or synovial fluid plays a subordinate role in the differential diagnostics of arthritis. Indirect immunofluorescence continues to be the gold standard in the detection of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and in the case of positive results further testing for antigen specificity should be carried out. The presence of ANA is not necessarily associated with autoimmune diseases. An example of a non-pathogenic ANA is anti-DFS70 antibodies.
An extraction method of pupil and corneal reflection centers based on image processing technology

In order to improve the real-time localization accuracy and anti-jamming capability of the pupil center,an eye-tracking method was used based on the pupil-cornea tracking principle and image processing.As a result,accurate measurements of the centers of the pupil and corneal reflection were obtained.First,under the infrared light,an eye image was captured by a camera.In order to reduce the processing time,the image processing area was acquired by applying an adaptive binarization threshold.Second,the center of the corneal reflection was extracted by using a high threshold value and a low threshold value.Then,the optimum adaptive threshold value was calculated to get the location and size of the pupil.Finally,the feature points of the pupil edge were obtained by applying the gradient method,and the center of the pupil was located by a fitting ellipse.The results show that this algorithm can not only guarantee the accuracy and stability of obtaining the center of the pupil and the center of corneal reflection,but also meet the demands of real-time processing.
Analyzing and modeling toxicity of mixtures of organic chemicals to microorganisms

Inhibition concentrations of 50 organic chemicals acting singly and jointly in different combinations on activated sludge microorganisms and a surrogate test microbial culture, Polytox, were measured using the respirometric technique. The suitability of the surrogate test culture in toxicity studies was evaluated against activated sludge microorganisms. The toxicity correlation between the two organisms was highly significant with coefficient of determination of 0.922. The joint toxic effects of several 2-, 8-, and 10-component mixtures on the surrogate cultures were found to be simply additive. Using the single chemical toxicity data, Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models were developed to relate toxicity to molecular structures of the chemicals. The application of these QSAR models in predicting joint effects in six 2-, six 8-, and ten 10-component mixtures was demonstrated. These predictions agreed with the experimentally measured values with coefficient of determination of 0.866 at p
X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy of photoinduced ferroic superstructures (Conference Presentation)

Complex oxides and strongly correlated electron systems are at the forefront of science due to their exquisite potential for optical, spintronic, transducing/actuating, multiferroic, electrochemical, and superconducting property enhancements. Accordingly, at the nanoscale, engineering of complex oxide compounds is a promising route for discovery of novel quantum functionalities in a vast space of synthesis technique, calling for high-resolution control and visualization of physical properties and their structural basis. The advent of optical pulse techniques and related instrumentation advances is used to access dynamical separation of correlated orders that hide at equilibrium and also to create novel phases, not available via mainstream synthesis techniques. In this this talk, I will discuss resonant and non-resonant spectroscopic manipulation of phase transitions in nanoferroic oxides, focusing on ultrafast optical creation of artificial supercrystals in epitaxial superlattices. While table top nonlinear optical techniques are used to access the ferroic properties, synchrotron based time-resolved structural techniques, including diffraction and spectroscopy are decisive tools for revealing the nature of orderings in superstructures, their symmetries, phase quantification and spatial distribution with sub-micron resolution.
Abstract 1315: High IFNγ and perforin and low GM-CSF and sCD40L production correlate with CD8 TIL growth in breast cancer

Introduction: Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) shows promise in melanoma but has not been developed for breast cancer (BC) because BC-TIL have not demonstrated consistent antitumor potency. This study examined the characteristics and potency of BC-TIL generated by using TIL culture techniques established for our ACT protocol in melanoma. Methods: Clinically annotated fresh specimens of tumor tissue were collected during surgical treatment of 8 patients with breast cancer and 26 patients with melanoma. TIL for each specimen were grown from 3-24 tumor fragments, depending on tumor size. After several weeks of cell growth, the expression of CD3, CD4 and CD8 on TIL was measured by flow cytometry. Then TIL were co-cultured with autologous tumor cells, and IFNγ expression level was measured by ELISA as an indicator of antitumor potency. Luminex assay was used to measure the expression of 18 immune mediators (GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1Rα, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17a, IP-10, sCD40L, MCP-1, TNFβ, sCD137, granzyme-B, and perforin) in the BC-TIL culture supernatant. Mixed effect model with random intercept was used for univariable and multivariable analysis to determine which immune mediators were associated with high CD8 cell percentage in TIL cultures. Results: TIL were successfully grown from 62 of 64 (97%) BC fragments and from 487 of 622 (78%) melanoma fragments (p = 0.004). TIL reached a sufficient number for co-culture in 16±3 days for BC-TIL and in 25±9 days for melanoma-TIL (p Conclusions: Antitumor potency of BC-TIL was less frequently but BC fragments can grow TIL faster than melanoma fragments. The CD4:CD8 cell ratio was higher in BC-TIL than in melanoma-TIL. Blocking antibodies against IL-10, GM-CSF and sCD40L should be investigated to improve CD8 expansion from BC-TIL. In addition, because BC-TIL contained more CD4, it might be possible to promote tumor regression via mediation of a BC antigen by CD4 cells. Citation Format: Hitoe Torisu-Itakura, Yueqin Quan, Myung Shin Sim, Maggie L. DiNome, Peter A. Sieling, Delphine J. Lee, Mark B. Faries. High IFNγ and perforin and low GM-CSF and sCD40L production correlate with CD8 TIL growth in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1315. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1315
Pathways of impending disease flare in African-American systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Immune dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) contributes to increased disease activity. African-American (AA) SLE patients have an increased prevalence of complications from disease flares and end-organ damage that leads to increased morbidity and early mortality. We previously reported alterations in inflammatory and regulatory immune mediator levels prior to disease flare in European American (EA) SLE patients. In the current study, we assessed baseline and follow-up plasma levels of 52 soluble mediators, including innate, adaptive, chemokine, and TNF superfamily members, in AA SLE patients who developed SELENA-SLEDAI defined flare 6 or 12 weeks after baseline assessment. These patients were compared to themselves during a comparable, clinically stable period (SNF, n = 18), or to demographically matched SLE patients without impending disease flare (NF, n = 13 per group). We observed significant (q < 0.05) alterations in 34 soluble mediators at baseline, with increased levels of both innate (IL-1α and type I interferons [IFN]) and adaptive cytokines (Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type), as well as IFN-associated chemokines and soluble TNF superfamily members weeks before clinical disease flare. In contrast, stable SLE patients exhibited increased levels of the regulatory mediators IL-10 (q ≤ 0.0045) and TGF-β (q ≤ 0.0004). Because heterogeneous immune pathways were altered prior to clinical disease flare, we developed a soluble mediator score that encapsulates all mediators tested. This score is the sum of all log transformed, standardized soluble mediator levels assessed at baseline (pre-flare), weighted by their Spearman correlation coefficients for association with the SELENA-SLEDAI score at time of concurrent flare. While baseline SELENA-SLEDAI scores were similar between flare vs. NF (p = 0.7214) and SNF (p = 0.5387), the SMS was significantly higher in pre-flare SLE patients (Flare vs NF or SNF, p < 0.0001). By capturing alterations in the balance between inflammatory and regulatory mediators associated with SLE pathogenesis, the soluble mediator score approximates the immune status of SLE patients and provides a robust, predictive gauge of impending disease flare.
A two-step convolutional neural network based computer-aided detection scheme for automatically segmenting adipose tissue volume depicting on CT images

Accurately assessment of adipose tissue volume inside a human body plays an important role in predicting disease or cancer risk, diagnosis and prognosis. In order to overcome limitation of using only one subjectively selected CT image slice to estimate size of fat areas, this study aims to develop and test a computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme based on deep learning technique to automatically segment subcutaneous fat areas (SFA) and visceral fat areas (VFA) depicting on volumetric CT images. A retrospectively collected CT image dataset was divided into two independent training and testing groups. The proposed CAD framework consisted of two steps with two convolution neural networks (CNNs) namely, Selection-CNN and Segmentation-CNN. The first CNN was trained using 2,240 CT slices to select abdominal CT slices depicting SFA and VFA. The second CNN was trained with 84,000pixel patches and applied to the selected CT slices to identify fat-related pixels and assign them into SFA and VFA classes. Comparing to the manual CT slice selection and fat pixel segmentation results, the accuracy of CT slice selection using the Selection-CNN yielded 95.8%, while the accuracy of fat pixel segmentation using the Segmentation-CNN was 96.8%. This study demonstrated the feasibility of applying a new deep learning based CAD scheme to automatically recognize abdominal section of human body from CT scans and segment SFA and VFA from volumetric CT data with high accuracy or agreement with the manual segmentation results.
Panoptes : a cheap, extensible, open-source multi-camera tracking system: demo abstract

We are developing an extensible, open-source framework that can localize and track rigid bodies using a network of cameras (both RGB and depth). This system is motivated by two design goals - (i) ease of setup, and (ii) ability to be agnostic of individual cameras and recognition algorithms. The goal of this implementation is to be a poor man's motion capture system that can be quickly set up for experimentation and provide accurate 3-D pose of the rigid body and scalable across cameras and the volume of coverage.
A numerical model coupling diffusion and grain growth in nanocrystalline materials

Abstract The optimization of material properties by tailoring nanoscale microstructure is garnering great attention from both material scientists and manufacturing engineers. One promising research direction is to apply conventional diffusion-based techniques such as nitriding, carburizing, coating and sintering to nanocrystalline materials to achieve unprecedented mechanical and chemical properties. Numerical methods to facilitate the experiment endeavor, however, are rare due to the extreme difficulty in dealing with the nanoscale structure evolution. In this work, a numerical scheme considering both grain growth and diffusion in the nanocrystalline structure is proposed. The diffusion along grain boundary and inner grain is modeled by a Cellular Automata (CA) method. The proposed CA method is stable, insensitive to mesh size, and most importantly numerically efficient, making it suitable for the simulation of long-time, large-scale manufacturing processes. This CA model is then integrated with a Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm to model grain growth, which typically accompanies the diffusion process. As a showcase, the integrated model is then applied to simulate the nitriding process in nanocrystalline iron. The results show that grain growth and impurities have an innegligible effect at the elevated temperature for nanocrystalline iron, consistent with experimental observations. The developed method has the potential to serve as a simulation engine for any diffusion-controlled manufacturing processing of nanostructured materials, enabling a numerical framework to establish the processing-microstructure relation.
Structure of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Spikes Bound with CD4 and Monoclonal Antibody 36D5.

ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope spike (Env) mediates viral entry into host cells. The V3 loop of the gp120 component of the Env trimer contributes to the coreceptor binding site and is a target for neutralizing antibodies. We used cryo-electron tomography to visualize the binding of CD4 and the V3 loop monoclonal antibody (MAb) 36D5 to gp120 of the SIV Env trimer. Our results show that 36D5 binds gp120 at the base of the V3 loop and suggest that the antibody exerts its neutralization effect by blocking the coreceptor binding site. The antibody does this without altering the dynamics of the spike motion between closed and open states when CD4 is bound. The interaction between 36D5 and SIV gp120 is similar to the interaction between some broadly neutralizing anti-V3 loop antibodies and HIV-1 gp120. Two conformations of gp120 bound with CD4 are revealed, suggesting an intrinsic dynamic nature of the liganded Env trimer. CD4 binding substantially increases the binding of 36D5 to gp120 in the intact Env trimer, consistent with CD4-induced changes in the conformation of gp120 and the antibody binding site. Binding by MAb 36D5 does not substantially alter the proportions of the two CD4-bound conformations. The position of MAb 36D5 at the V3 base changes little between conformations, indicating that the V3 base serves as a pivot point during the transition between these two states. IMPORTANCE Glycoprotein spikes on the surfaces of SIV and HIV are the sole targets available to the immune system for antibody neutralization. Spikes evade the immune system by a combination of a thick layer of polysaccharide on the surface (the glycan shield) and movement between spike domains that masks the epitope conformation. Using SIV virions whose spikes were “decorated” with the primary cellular receptor (CD4) and an antibody (36D5) at part of the coreceptor binding site, we visualized multiple conformations trapped by the rapid freezing step, which were separated using statistical analysis. Our results show that the CD4-induced conformational dynamics of the spike enhances binding of the antibody.
Biohybrid Membrane Systems for Testing Molecules and Stem Cell Therapy in Neuronal Tissue Engineering

Current research in neural tissue-engineering is focused on the development of advanced biomaterials for the creation of sophisticated neuro-tissue analogues, showing that mimicking the in vivo tissue disposition and functions is a useful tool for the study of brain-related issues in normal and pathological states. In addition, the most common approach for developing new drug therapies is to carry out in vitro investigation before in vivo test, thus, it is increasingly important to develop valuable models that can predict the results of in vivo studies. This review presents the recent state of the art concerning the multifunctional role of biohybrid membrane systems in neuronal tissue engineering as innovative in vitro platforms with a well-controlled microenvironment, that enhance nervous system repair by guiding neuronal growth and differentiation. In vitro membrane-based models of brain tissue, created by combining neurons, membranes and therapeutic molecules, were described highlighting the innovative approaches directed to investigate specific biological phenomena as well as for testing biopharmaceutical compounds in neurodegenerative diseases, and drug delivery to the CNS. Furthermore, several examples of in vivo application of membrane-based stem cell delivery approaches for nerve regeneration were summarized.
Gestational age-dependent relationship between cerebral oxygen extraction and blood pressure.

BackgroundPremature infants may lack mature cerebrovascular autoregulatory function and fail to adapt oxygen extraction to decreasing systemic perfusion.MethodsInfants ≤28 weeks of gestational age (GA) were recruited. Systemic oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and cerebral saturation (near-infrared spectroscopy, SctO2) were measured continuously over the first 72 h. Resulting data underwent error-processing. For each remaining 10 m window, the mean MABP and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (FTOE) were calculated. The infants were divided into two groups (23-25 and 26-28 weeks). The median FTOE at low, medium, and high MABP values (empirically defined within each group based on the 25th and 75th centile) were compared between estimated gestational age (EGA) groups.ResultsSample n=68, mean±SD GA=25.5±1.3 weeks, and birthweight (BW)=823±195 g. The median FTOE in the more preterm group vs. more mature group was statistically different at lower value of MABP (P<0.01) and higher values of MABP (P=0.01), but not at medium values (P=0.55).ConclusionThe more mature group (GA 26-28 weeks) displayed an appropriate increase in oxygen extraction during hypotension, steadily decreasing as MABP increased, suggesting mature autoregulation. An opposite response was noted in the more preterm group, suggesting an inability to mount a compensatory response when BP is outside of the physiologic range.
Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America

* Introduction: Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America Sandor Halebsky and Richard L. Harris. * Rural Latin America: Exclusionary and Uneven Agricultural Development Cristbal Kay. * Urban Transformation and Survival Strategies S. Halebsky. * Demilitarization and Democratic Transition in Latin America Jorge Nef. * The Contemporary Latin American Economies: Neoliberal Reconstruction John Weeks. * Economic Restructuring, Neoliberal Reforms, and the Working Class in Latin America Carlos M. Vilas. * The Riddle of New Social Movements: Who They Are and What They Do Judith Adler Hellman. * Latin American Women and The Search for Social, Political, and Economic Transformation Francesca Miller. * Latin Americas Indigenous Peoples: Changing Identities and Forms of Resistance Michael Kearney and Stefano Varese. * Whither the Catholic Church in the 1990s? John M. Kirk. * Latin America and the Social Ecology of Capitalism Elizabeth W. Dore. * The Global Context of Contemporary Latin American Affairs R. L. Harris.
Glucose dependence of glycolysis, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, energy status, and the polyol pathway in retinas isolated from normal (nondiabetic) rats.

PURPOSE: To measure glucose-dependent metabolic activities and selected parameters of the polyol pathway in retinas isolated from normal rats to test the hypothesis recently proposed by Van den Enden et al that incubation of whole retinas for 2 hours with elevated concentrations of glucose results in activation of the polyol pathway, which is the cause of a redox imbalance, as measured by an increase in the retinal cytosolic lactate-pyruvate ratio and a diabetic-like state. METHODS: Retinas obtained from nondiabetic rats and separated from other ocular tissues were incubated for several hours in incubation medium containing glucose at concentrations ranging from 5 to 30 mM. Measurements were made under aerobic and anaerobic conditions of lactic acid production, retinal adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactic acid content, the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, aldose reductase activity, and levels of sorbitol and galactitol. Morphology was examined by light microscopy at the end of the incubations. RESULTS: Incubation of isolated rat retinas with 20 mM glucose increased lactic acid production by approximately 25% in comparison to the rate observed in 5mM glucose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The content of ATP and lactate in the retinas after a 2-hour incubation in the presence of oxygen and 20 mM glucose was equal to the amounts found in fresh tissues, whereas these metabolites declined, respectively, by 25% and 45% when 5 mM glucose was used. The activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway in isolated rat retinas was not increased increased significantly when the concentration of glucose was raised from 5 to 30 mM. Aldose reductase activity and polyols were below our limits of detection, 0.5 nmol/minute.mg protein and 3.5 nmol/retina, respectively, under all conditions tested. The morphologic appearance of the retina was similar in the presence of normal and high concentrations of glucose. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that incubation of isolated rat retinas, obtained from nondiabetic rats, with elevated concentrations of glucose for 2 hours leads to increases in glycolysis and a higher tissue content of lactic acid and ATP in comparison to values obtained with 5 mM glucose. However, the magnitude of the glucose-dependent increase in the retinal level of lactate in the current study and in that of Van den Enden et al is six to seven times greater than the calculated flux of glucose through the polyol pathway. These results, therefore, do not support the hypothesis of Van den Enden et al. Rather, it is suggested that supranormal concentrations of glucose yield more lactate and ATP in a whole retina because they optimize the supply of this essential nutrient to cells throughout the tissue by overcoming diffusional limitations that result when the retina is separated from its normal choroidal and intraretinal blood supplies.
Clinical assessment of spasticity

Spasticity and rigidity are common neurological findings in movement disorders, and share the characteristic clinical feature of increased muscle tone. In clinical neurology, spasticity is described as increased resistance to passive movement due to a lower threshold of tonic and phasic stretch reflexes (Holmes 1946). Rigidity is a more uniform and continuous resistance of muscle to passive stretching. Unlike spasticity, rigidity is a condition in which muscle tone is increased in both agonist and antagonist muscle groups, and muscle stiffness is manifest throughout the entire range of movements. Two types of rigidity can be distinguished: the plastic type, in which resistance to passive movement is smooth, such as that experienced in bending a piece of lead; and “cogwheel rigidity”, when tremor is superimposed on muscle stiffness.
Effect of Maternal Iron Status on Iron in Human Milk

Iron deficiency anemia is common during infancy and childhood. In some developing countries, the incidence has been reported to be as high as 60–80%1. The effects of this iron deficiency are several; immune function is impaired and recent reports suggest many non-hematological manifestations including changes in level of catecholamines and impairment of carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Prolonged deficiency may affect brain function and learning ability2,3. Breast-feeding has traditionally been thought to protect against iron deficiency anemia. The occurrence of iron deficiency in breast-fed infants in Finland was nil at 4 months of age, while that of infants fed an unsupplemented formula was 4%4. However, the iron provided by breast milk is not sufficient indefinitely. At 9 months of age a similar incidence of anemia, 4%, was observed in breast-fed while at 12 months of age 7% of the breast-fed and 4% of the formula-fed infants were iron deficient. In addition, Siimes et al.5 have shown that although anemia was not found in breast-fed infants at 9 months of age, they had a higher incidence of iron deficiency than iron-supplemented infants. In the U.S. anemia in infancy is uncommon, possibly due to the frequency of breastfeeding and/or the feeding of iron-supplemented formula. Duncan et al.6 have shown adequate iron status of exclusively breast-fed U.S. infants at 6 months of age.
The Master Plan and the Future of California Higher Education: Assessing the Impact of State Policy on Minority-Serving Institutions:

Many argue that the California Master Plan for Higher Education is no longer effective in meeting the needs of students. This policy analysis assesses the impact of California higher education poli...
Book Review of Constitutional Amendment in Canada by Emmett Macfarlane, Ed.

Constitutional Amendment in Canada, edited by political scientist Emmett Macfarlane, seeks “to fill the gap in scholarly analysis of the political and legal implications" of the amendment formulas in the Constitution Act, 1982. In many respects, the book achieves its objective and functions as a sextant with which to navigate the Constitution’s amendment formulas as well as recent Supreme Court of Canada jurisprudence. This review highlights some of the many excellent contributions to the book, explains why constitutional politics is an important dimension that is missing from the analysis, and critically evaluates one of the main claims in the book that the amendment formulas unduly limit important public policy objectives.
The history of urologic pathology: an overview

This article begins with the testis and a legendary figure, Sir Astley Cooper, who wrote an early text on the organ. The early 20th century saw the first major development, the description of the seminoma by the French investigator Maurice Chevassu, but the pace of knowledge did not accelerate until after World War II with a major article from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) by Nathan B. Friedman and Robert A. Moore, soon followed by the first series testis fascicle by Frank J. Dixon and Moore. Other noteworthy contributions were made by two masters of gonadal pathology, Gunnar Teilum and Robert E. Scully. In the 1970s, Niels E. Skakkebaek played a seminal role in elaborating in-situ neoplasia of the testis. The school of British testicular tumour authored, in the mid-1970s, under the editorship of Roger C. B. Pugh, one of the best texts on testicular pathology. Advances in more recent years have been largely spearheaded by Thomas M. Ulbright of the Indiana University School of Medicine. Observations on the prostate gland date back to Andreas Vesalius and William Cheselden, the latter appearing to have introduced the word for the gland. Note is made of contributions on the anatomy and histology of the gland by Oswald Lowsley, L. M. Franks, and John McNeal. Diagnosing carcinoma of the prostate was brought into the modern age in a landmark 1953 article by Robert S. Totten et al. In the 1960s, Donald F. Gleason introduced a grading system that is now in use worldwide. The topic of premalignant lesions has been well established only for approximately three decades, based initially on the work of Dr McNeal and David G. Bostwick. One of the first to write a book on the bladder was the remarkable British surgeon-pathologist Sir Henry Thompson. Workers at the AFIP, including Colonel James E. Ash and Fatallah K. Mostofi, wrote many outstanding articles on bladder pathology. The roles of other institutions, such as Johns Hopkins University, the Mayo Clinic, and St Peter's Hospital Institute of Urology, London, and those who worked there are noted. Knowledge of the pathology of the urachus dates largely back to the remarkable book on the topic in 1916 by the Hopkins investigator Thomas S. Cullen. Information on renal tumours dates largely to the work of Paul Grawitz, but awareness of the many variants of renal cell carcinoma in general was slow to evolve, and has only accelerated in recent years. The AFIP group of Dr Mostofi, ably assisted by Colonel Charles J. Davis and Isabell A. Sesterhenn, has contributed to knowledge of renal neoplasia with articles of note on oncocytoma, metanephric adenoma, and medullary carcinoma. In the mid-1980s, the German workers Wolfgang Thoenes and Stephan Storkel recognised the distinctive tumour known as chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Work on renal tumours in the young owes much to J. Bruce Beckwith. The observational talents of numerous investigators have, in just over a century, advanced our knowledge of diseases of the urinary tract and testis remarkably.
Mitotic Arrest: A possible mechanism for the development of aneuploidy in cancer

4228 Aneuploidy, defined as a chromosome number that is not a multiple of the haploid number, is a hallmark of cancer. We previously showed that epithelial cell strains derived from benign ovarian cystadenomas and further transfected with SV40 Large T Antigen undergo polyploidy followed by aneuploidy as they approach in vitro crisis, providing us with an in vitro model to study the consequences of aneuploidy on cancer development. We sought to determine whether the ploidy changes that precede crisis in this in vitro system are triggered by a cell cycle arrest. To investigate whether an arrest takes place at the G2 checkpoint, we compared the expression levels of the Cdk1/cyclin B1 complex, a mediator of entry into mitosis, and those of the Cdk2/cyclin A complex, a regulator of S phase transition, in cells approaching crisis (primarily aneuploid) versus cells at earlier passages (primarily diploid). Formation of a Cdk1/cyclin B1 complex, and Cdk1 activity were increased in cells approaching crisis, while formation of the Cdk2/cyclin A complex, and Cdk2 activity were decreased in the same cells. A decrease in DNA synthetic activity in cells approaching crisis was also confirmed by comparing the percentage of BrdU incorporation at low versus high passage. These results suggest that fewer cells are transitioning through S phase and undergoing DNA replication as they approach crisis. We further investigated the nature of the cell cycle arrest by comparing the levels of p-histone H3, a marker of nuclear envelope breakdown, in low passage cells versus cells approaching crisis. The levels of this protein were elevated in cells approaching crisis compared to cells undergoing logarithmic growth, further supporting an arrest at the mitotic spindle checkpoint at the time of crisis. Treatment with caffeine, a known abrogator of G2 arrest, caused a decrease in the percentage of cells undergoing G2/M transition, suggesting that this chemical might also be an abrogator of mitotic arrest. These data suggests that crisis in epithelial cells expressing SV40 Large T Antigen is characterized by a cell cycle arrest at the M phase. The near tetraploidy that characterizes cell populations approaching crisis, as well as cell clones that spontaneously recover from crisis to give rise to immortal cell lines is probably the result of cells overcoming the M phase arrest, leading to the initiation of a new cycle before completion of cytoplasmic separation. Given that a large number of human cancers are near polyploid, this could be an important mechanism of aneuploidy development in cancer.
Frequently Missed Fractures in Pediatric Trauma: A Pictorial Review of Plain Film Radiography

Missed fractures are common in pediatric trauma patients. Pediatric bone differs from adult bone in its composition and response to injury, leading to fracture patterns that may be subtle, radiographically unfamiliar, and challenging to distinguish from normal variation. Familiarity with the unique fracture types of the pediatric skeleton and site-specific injury patterns is critical, because prompt diagnosis can significantly alter clinical management and outcome. This article examines the unique features of pediatric bone contributing to missed fractures, the incidence of missed fractures, common injury types of the pediatric skeleton, and frequently missed site-specific fracture patterns, highlighting problem-solving techniques for challenging cases.
Abstract 2493: Disulfide bond disproportionation agents activates the death receptor 5 pathway to kill highly resistant breast cancer

There are significant unmet medical needs among patients who have HER2+ breast cancers that have acquired resistance to targeted agents, and patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancers (TNBCs) that lack therapeutic targets. Novel treatment strategies are needed to target these cancers. Disulfide bond Disproportionation Agents (DDAs) represent a new chemical class of anticancer drugs and show prominent anti-cancer activities both in vitro and in animal model. Blockade of breast tumor growth by DDAs is associated with downregulation of EGFR/HER2/HER3 in parallel, induction of AKT dephosphorylation, and activation of ER stress. However, it is not known how DDAs trigger cancer cell death without affecting non-transformed cells. This study aims to investigate the death pathways involved in the anti-cancer activities of DDAs, and to develop strategies that target drug resistant breast cancer and cancer metastasis. This study demonstrates that DDAs induce breast cancer cell death by activating the Death Receptor 5 (DR5) pathway. DDAs are the first compounds identified that upregulate DR5 via both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms and uniquely cause DR5 accumulation and oligomerization by altering DR5 disulfide bond pattern. This study also shows that the combination of DDAs and Tumor Necrosis Family-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), a natural ligand of DR5, significantly overcomes TRAIL resistance that has been encountered in clinical trials with this ligand. Furthermore, DDAs and TRAIL synergistically kill Lapatinib-resistant breast cancer and cancer metastatic cells, and that this anti-cancer effect is amplified by the overexpression of EGFR/HER2/MYC. Together, this study highlights a promising novel pharmacological approach against drug resistant cancer and cancer metastasis. Citation Format: Mengxiong Wang. Disulfide bond disproportionation agents activates the death receptor 5 pathway to kill highly resistant breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2493.
Exploring Collectivist Approaches for Supporting Young Children’s Narrative Skills

Early narrative skills are predictive of later academic success, and caregivers from different cultural backgrounds use different narrative styles when supporting children’s expressive language skills. Most recommendations for practice have been derived from observations of caregivers from individualistic cultural backgrounds who typically engage in an elaborative style of narrative support. Caregivers from collectivistic cultural backgrounds, however, engage in culturally unique strategies when supporting young children’s narrative skills. This study explored the strategies used by caregivers from collectivistic cultural backgrounds living in the U.S. while promoting narrative skills in young children. The naturalistic conversations of forty (N = 40) children and their caregivers were observed in their home, recorded, and transcribed verbatim. The results of this study have shown that caregivers relied heavily on a participatory style of conversation when engaging young children in narratives. The results have also shown that participatory styles were effective at promoting complex narrative skills in young children. Implications for early childhood educators are discussed.
Gross rearrangement of Fe(II) aggregate structure by replacement of two H+ by two Li+: Visualizing altered structure of acid versus conjugate base

Abstract Double deprotonation of [(H2L)FeCl2]2·FeCl2 with LiN(SiMe3)2 under varying conditions occurs to give the acid [(THF)2LiClFe2L2]2[Fe(OH)2], 1, and the lithium salt of its doubly deprotonated conjugate base Li2([(THF)1.5LiClFe2L2]2[Fe(O)2]), 2. Single crystal X-ray determination of both structures shows that replacement of two protons by two Li+ causes both oxo and chloride ligands to adopt higher connectivity bridging roles. This illustrates the core event of moving towards more closed and higher dimensionality. The added lithium ions bind to various nucleophilic centers in the resulting intimate ion pair, all with general contraction of the metal framework, as an illustration of the general shrinkage towards a compact solid as hydroxide is converted to oxide.
Sociological insight through the history of social thought: A dialogue about Modernity and the Jews in Western Social Thought:

This essay is part of a symposium on Modernity and the Jews in Western Social Thought (University of Chicago Press, 2017) and responds to comments on the book by Angel Adams Parham, Joseph Gerteis,...
Teledermatology Consultation Can Optimize Treatment of Cutaneous Disease by Nondermatologists in Under-Resourced Clinics

Background: Access to dermatologists is limited for disadvantaged patients, who may receive suboptimal dermatologic care from nonspecialists. We assessed if teledermatology could improve primary ca...
Patient factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 in an admitted emergency department population.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus has wide community spread. The aim of this study was to describe patient characteristics and to identify factors associated with COVID-19 among emergency department patients under investigation for COVID-19 who were admitted to the hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study from eight emergency departments within a nine-hospital health system. Patients with COVID-19 testing around the time of hospital admission were included. The primary outcome measure was COVID-19 test result. Patient characteristics were described and a multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with a positive COVID-19 test. Results: During the study period from March 1, 2020 to April 8, 2020, 2,182 admitted patients had a test resulted for COVID-19. Of these patients, 786 (36%) had a positive test result. For COVID positive patients, 63 (8.1%) died during hospitalization. COVID-19 positive patients had lower pulse oximetry (0.91 [95%CI], [0.88-0.94]), higher temperatures (1.36 [1.26-1.47]), and lower leukocyte counts than negative patients (0.78 [0.75-0.82]). Chronic lung disease (OR 0.68, [0.52-0.90]) and histories of alcohol (0.64 [0.42-0.99]) or substance abuse (0.39 [0.25-0.62]) were less likely to be associated with a positive COVID-19 result. Conclusion: We observed a high percentage of positive results among an admitted emergency department cohort under investigation for COVID-19. Patient factors may be useful in early differentiation of patients with COVID-19 from similarly presenting respiratory illnesses although no single factor will serve this purpose. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Abstract IA10: Modeling sensitivity and resistance to systemic therapies in lung cancer

Targeted therapies have transformed the landscape for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Despite their success, targeted therapies are not curative and acquired resistance is a major impediment to cures for patients treated with these therapies. A paradigm for the success of targeted therapies in lung cancer comes from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant lung cancer where mutations in exons encoding the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR confer sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and several TKIs are currently approved for the first-line treatment of EGFR mutant lung cancer. Moreover, there is heterogeneity in the durability and depth of responses between patients and at different metastatic sites within individual patients. Therefore, there is a need to understand the biology of EGFR mutant tumors and identify factors that affect TKI sensitivity. We developed transgenic mouse models of EGFR mutant lung cancer and have used them to study tumor progression and TKI resistance. When we modeled acquired resistance to the TKI osimertinib as a first-line therapy in transgenic mouse models of EGFRL858R-induced lung adenocarcinoma, we found that it is mediated largely through secondary mutations in EGFR—either C797S or L718V/Q or Kras mutations. We also identified a therapeutic approach to prevent the emergence of secondary mutations in EGFR. To determine whether the presence of co-occurring genetic alterations contributes to a more complex spectrum of resistance mechanisms in vivo, we have developed new mouse models to specifically evaluate the consequences of co-occurring tumor suppressor gene alterations on the progression and TKI sensitivity of EGFR mutant tumors. Collectively, our findings highlight how genetically engineered mouse models of lung cancer, including those with complex genotypes, can be leveraged to study tumor progression and drug resistance in vivo. Citation Format: Katerina A. Politi. Modeling sensitivity and resistance to systemic therapies in lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Modeling; 2020 Mar 2-5; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA10.
Management of Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a medical condition that affects approximately 5% of the population, although treatment options of this condition are often not well understood by clinicians. This script will guide the reader through a diagnostic approach and a multifaceted treatment strategy, showing that fibromyalgia can oftentimes be successfully treated by a general internist in the primary care setting.
A semi distributed task allocation strategy for large hypercube supercomputers

The authors present a semi-distributed approach for task scheduling in large parallel and distributed systems which is different from the conventional centralized and fully distributed approaches. The proposed strategy partitions the system into independent regions (spheres) centered at some control points. The central points, called schedulers optimally schedule tasks within their spheres and maintain state information with low overhead. The authors consider hypercube systems for evaluation and, using their algebraic characteristics, show that identification of spheres and their scheduling points is an NP-complete problem. The performance of the proposed strategy was evaluated and compared with an efficient fully distributed strategy. In addition to yielding high performance in terms of response time, better resource utilization, and throughput, the proposed strategy is shown to incur small overhead in terms of network traffic.
Patients characteristics related to screening mammography cancellation and rescheduling rates during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Purpose To identify patient characteristics associated with screening mammography cancellations and rescheduling during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Scheduled screening mammograms during three time periods were retrospectively reviewed: state-mandated shutdown (3/17/2020-6/16/2020) during which screening mammography was cancelled, a period of 2 months immediately after screening mammography resumed (6/17/2020-8/16/2020), and a representative period prior to COVID-19 (6/17/2019-8/16/2019). Relative risk of cancellation before COVID-19 and after reopening was compared for age, race/ethnicity, insurance, history of chronic disease, and exam location, controlling for other collected variables. Risk of failure to reschedule was similarly compared between all 3 time periods. Results Overall cancellation rate after reopening was higher than before shutdown (7663/16595, 46% vs 5807/15792, 37%; p Conclusion Minority race/ethnicity, Medicare insurance, and advanced age were associated with increased risk of screening mammogram cancellation during COVID-19.
Trading Vulnerabilities: Living with Parkinson's Disease before and after Deep Brain Stimulation.

Implanted medical devices—for example, cardiac defibrillators, deep brain stimulators, and insulin pumps—offer users the possibility of regaining some control over an increasingly unruly body, the opportunity to become part “cyborg” in service of addressing pressing health needs. We recognize the value and effectiveness of such devices, but call attention to what may be less clear to potential users—that their vulnerabilities may not entirely disappear but instead shift. We explore the kinds of shifting vulnerabilities experienced by people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) who receive therapeutic deep brain stimulators to help control their tremors and other symptoms of PD.
SNPs Filtered by Allele Frequency Improve the Prediction of Hypertension Subtypes

Hypertension is the leading global cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death. Distinct hypertension subtypes may vary in their prognoses and require different treatments. An individual's risk for hypertension is determined by genetic and environmental factors as well as their interactions. In this work, we studied 911 African Americans and 1,171 European Americans in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) cohort. We built hypertension subtype classification models using both environmental variables and sets of genetic features selected based on different criteria. The fitted prediction models provided insights into the genetic landscape of hypertension subtypes, which may aid personalized diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in the future.
Just Neighbors? Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States, by Telles, E., Sawyer, M. Q., & Rivera-Salgado, G. (Eds.)

In the aftermath of the 2012 presidential election that heralded the rise of the voting booth power of communities of color along with their rise in presence in America, this edited book of researc...
Cutting Edge: Negative Selection of Immature Thymocytes by a Few Peptide-MHC Complexes: Differential Sensitivity of Immature and Mature T Cells

We quantitated the number of peptide-class II MHC complexes required to affect the deletion or activation of 3A9 TCR transgenic thymocytes. Deletion of immature double positive thymocytes was very sensitive, taking place with approximately three peptide-MHC complexes per APC. However, the activation of mature CD4 + thymocytes required 100-fold more complexes per APC. Therefore, a “biochemical margin of safety” exists at the level of the APC. To be activated, autoreactive T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues require a relatively high level of peptide-MHC complexes.
Recipes for Success in Gregg Shorthand

(1976). Recipes for Success in Gregg Shorthand. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 349-351.