cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What are your goals for peer review? A framework for understanding differing methods.

Radiologist peer review is defined as a process in which similarly qualified radiologists evaluate the product of achother’swork [1].RADPEERTMis the leading method for peer review in theUnitedStates,withACR-registered participation of more than 900 sites in 2011 [2]. Use of RADPEER contribtes to partial fulfillment of multiple hird-party regulations, including those f The Joint Commission for Ongoing rofessional Practice Evaluation, the CR for site accreditation, and the BR for Maintenance of Certificaion Practice Quality Improvement. ADPEER and RADPEER equivaents embody peer-review methods hat have the following core features: riginally interpreted images are reresented to a separate reviewer from he radiologist peer group; the images re randomly selected for review rom a representative sample of the roup’s work; the reviewing radioloist scores the original radiologist’s eport; a score reflecting significant iscrepancy leads to corrective acion; and summary data can be genrated at the radiologist, modality, nd group levels [3]. Increasingly, ADPEER is electronically impleented. For example, vendor softare may display an alert screen interated into routine digital workflow, rompting radiologists in up to 5% f cases to switch from their primary eading role into a temporary reiewer role by scoring agreement ith the prior report. Scores range on scale from 1 (“concur”) to 4 (“misnterpretation”), with further sublassification possible on the basis of linical significance. Although RADPEER provides a entral reference, many methods for eer review described in the literature iverge from RADPEER, in whole or
Cartesian echo planar hybrid scanning with two to eight echoes

A method of fast nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging which uses only square wave gradient shapes and also collects data on Cartesian coordinates in a way similar to the blipped echo planar imaging method (BEPI) is described. The method is a heuristic attempt at finding an optimal data collection strategy for NMR imaging. Its advantages and disadvantages compared to other methods are carefully analyzed. Clinical size anatomical (head and body) images are shown. It is found that the interecho phase-angle discrepancies that are caused bv the B/sub 0/ inhomogeneity and by the gradient wave form distortion can largely be eliminated by using the half Fourier method with full Fourier phase map correction, but one phase map is required for each echo. GRASS/FLASH spoiling techniques are incorporated into the method in order to allow multiecho speed increases for scans which would run under 10 s using a single-echo method. The technique can be applied directly to GRASS/FLASH itself, as is demonstrated by a two-echo GRASS scan. The fastest image was 1.9 s. >
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Growth Hormone in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia

PURPOSE: The cause of fibromyalgia (FM) is not known. Low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a surrogate marker for low growth hormone (GH) secretion, occur in about one third of patients who have many clinical features of growth hormone deficiency, such as diminished energy, dysphoria, impaired cognition, poor general health, reduced exercise capacity, muscle weakness, and cold intolerance. To determine whether suboptimal growth hormone production could be relevant to the symptomatology of fibromyalgia, we assessed the clinical effects of treatment with growth hormone. METHODS: Fifty women with fibromyalgia and low IGF-1 levels were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of 9 months’ duration. They gave themselves daily subcutaneous injections of growth hormone or placebo. Two outcome measures—the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and the number of fibromyalgia tender points—were evaluated at 3-monthly intervals by a blinded investigator. An unblinded investigator reviewed the IGF-1 results monthly and adjusted the growth hormone dose to achieve an IGF-1 level of about 250 ng/mL. RESULTS: Daily growth hormone injections resulted in a prompt and sustained increase in IGF-1 levels. The treatment (n 5 22) group showed a significant improvement over the placebo group (n 5 23) at 9 months in both the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score (P ,0.04) and the tender point score (P ,0.03). Fifteen subjects in the growth hormone group and 6 subjects in the control group experienced a global improvement (P ,0.02). There was a delayed response to therapy, with most patients experiencing improvement at the 6-month mark. After discontinuing growth hormone, patients experienced a worsening of symptoms. Carpal tunnel symptoms were more prevalent in the growth hormone group (7 versus 1); no other adverse events were more common in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Women with fibromyalgia and low IGF-1 levels experienced an improvement in their overall symptomatology and number of tender points after 9 months of daily growth hormone therapy. This suggests that a secondary growth hormone deficiency may be responsible for some of the symptoms of fibromyalgia. Am J Med. 1998;104:227‐231. q1998 by
A mixed-modem approach to data isolation on a broadband local area network

Isolation can be obtained by using equipment from more than one manufacturer to introduce incompatibility between nonassociated users. The basis for isolation is developed and it is postulated that four layers of isolation will exist when the proper equipment is chosen. An experimental broadband local area network (LAN) was constructed to verify isolation. This independent network allowed variations in operating conditions without causing interference in normal broadband operations. The measured results indicate that a broadband LAN can transmit data of varying sensitivity levels without compromising data security. When combined with certain administrative restrictions, the mixed-modem technique provides a cost-effective method of sharing a broadband network while maintaining isolation of data having different sensitivities. >
Natural History of Pancreatic Cancer Recurrence Following “Curative” Resection in Athymic Mice

Objective We present a mouse model of pancreatic cancer recurrence following “curative” resection using a novel technique of implanting red fluorescent protein transfected tumor cells within a hyaluronan-based synthetic extracellular matrix into the distal pancreas of nude mice. Following “curative” pancreatic resection, we demonstrate postoperative disease recurrence by fluorescence imaging. Methods Forty athymic nude mice underwent pancreatic injection with red fluorescent protein transfected MiaPaCa-2 or AsPc-1 cells suspended in a synthetic extracellular matrix. In 20 animals, the distal pancreas and primary tumor were resected at 2 or 5 wk following injection. The remaining 20 mice underwent sham resection. Eight weeks following resection, necropsy and fluorescence imaging were performed to assess disease recurrence. Results At exploration, 39 of 40 mice had primary tumors. Eighteen of 20 mice were eligible for curative resection. Eight weeks following “curative” resection, 10 of 18 mice had recurrent disease. Of these, six developed local recurrence, two had distant metastases, and two had both. Conclusions Using an orthotopic animal model, we are able to reliably develop primary tumors, safely perform “curative” resection, and demonstrate a 56% recurrence rate 8 wk following resection. We confirmed disease-free resection using fluorescence imaging. This model may prove useful for preclinical adjuvant therapeutic trials.
ACG Guidelines on Management of PTEN-Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome: Does the Evidence Support so Much so Young?

ACG Guidelines on Management of PTEN -Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome: Does the Evidence Support so Much so Young?
Fine-Grained Distribution of a Non-Native Resource Can Alter the Population Dynamics of a Native Consumer

New interactions with non-native species can alter selection pressures on native species. Here, we examined the effect of the spatial distribution of a non-native species, a factor that determines ecological and evolutionary outcomes but that is poorly understood, particularly on a fine scale. Specifically, we explored a native butterfly population and a non-native plant on which the butterfly oviposits despite the plant's toxicity to larvae. We developed an individual-based model to describe movement and oviposition behaviors of each butterfly, which were determined by plant distribution and the butterfly's host preference genotype. We estimated the parameter values of the model from rich field data. We simulated various patterns of plant distributions and compared the rates of butterfly population growth and changes in the allele frequency of oviposition preference. Neither the number nor mean area of patches of non-native species affected the butterfly population, whereas plant abundance, patch shape, and distance to the nearest native and non-native patches altered both the population dynamics and genetics. Furthermore, we found a dramatic decrease in population growth rates when we reduced the distance to the nearest native patch from 147 m to 136 m. Thus changes in the non-native resource distribution that are critical to the fate of the native herbivore could only be detected at a fine-grained scale that matched the scale of a female butterfly's movement. In addition, we found that the native butterfly population was unlikely to be rescued by the exclusion of the allele for acceptance of the non-native plant as a host. This study thus highlights the importance of including both ecological and evolutionary dynamics in analyses of the outcome of species interactions and provides insights into habitat management for non-native species.
Observation of Dislocation Glide in Duplex Ti-48at.% Al after Room Temperature Tensile Deformation

In this study we investigated the deformation behavior of the hexagonal ordered phase α2-Ti3Al in Duplex TiAl under tensile loading. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the orientation relation ships (OR) between α2-Ti3Al and the L10 ordered γ-TiAl phase are very different as compared to the OR common in fully lamellar PST TiAl. We observed deformation related dislocation activity on pyramidal slip systems in the α2-phase during post situ TEM analyses. We rationalize this observation by the possible build up of pile up stresses in γ-TiAl due to the different OR with the α2-Ti3Al phase that can possibly lead to the activation of dislocation activity on pyramidal slip systems with similarly resolved stresses in the α2-Ti3Al phase.
LIMIT: Lunar Infrared Modular Interferometric Telescope

The goal to return humans to the Moon by 2020 raises the possibility of leveraging both the transportation architecture currently under development by the Constellation program and the physical presence of humans on the Moon. This paper presents the design of an interferometric telescope array at the lunar south pole that takes advantage of these transportation and deployment capabilities. A permanently shadowed lunar crater provides a stable site for very low temperature observations, ideal for observing extrasolar planets, star formation and active galactic nuclei.
High rate deposition of nickel oxide electrochromic thin films by reactive DC magnetron sputtering

Nickel oxide electrochromic thin films were prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering. As-deposited optical property and electrochromic behavior strongly depended on the target operation mode and the substrate temperature. In the condition of low oxygen flow ratio (∼1%), the deposition rate can be raised up to 40 nm/min at the power of 60 W. The sample with the deposition rate of 30 nm/min exhibited the best electrochromic performance when the substrate temperature was kept to 200°C-300°C during sputtering. The integrated luminous transmittance of the best sample could be controlled from 6.6% to 82.3%.
Clostridium sordellii necrotizing omphalitis: A case report and literature review

Omphalitis is an infrequent neonatal infection of the umbilicus. Necrotizing infections are a rare complication of omphalitis that requires prompt antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement, and supportive care. Here, we present a rare case of Clostridium sordellii necrotizing omphalitis that progressed to severe toxemia characterized by refractory hypotension, massive capillary leak, leukemoid reaction, and absence of fever. These clinical features are common in C. sordellii infections and harbor a poor prognosis with only one reported survivor (out of 12) of C. sordellii omphalitis reported in the literature. Early antibiotic and surgical intervention remain the mainstay of care as no early detection assays or antitoxins are commercially available.
Observation on the Effect of InSurE Technique in the Treatment of Neonatal Hyaline Membrane Disease(NRDS)

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of InSurE technique in the treatment of neonatal hyaline membrane disease(NRDS).Methods Forty children with NRDS in our hospital from March 2011 to April 2013 were selected and the clinical data were analyzed retrospectively.The total effective rate was calculated and the transcutaneous oxygen saturation(SO2),carbon dioxide partial pressure(PCO2)and oxygen partial pressure(PO2)before and after treatment were observed and compared.Results After treatment,30cases were markedly effective,9 cases were effective,and one case failed,with total effective rate of 97.5%.After treatment,the mean transcutaneous oxygen saturation(SO2)was(94.1±1.2)%,the mean carbon dioxide partial pressure(PCO2)was(31.2±1.3)mm Hg,and the mean oxygen partial pressure(PO2)was(86.7±2.1)mm Hg; All of the above indicators were significantly improved compared with those before treatment(all P0.05).Conclusions InSurE technique in the treatment of neonatal hyaline membrane disease has satisfactory clinical effect.
Panic disorder, cardiology patients, and atypical chest pain.

Cardiology patients with atypical chest pain and no heart disease have a high likelihood of having panic disorder as suggested by studies of two separate cardiology populations. That they resemble psychiatric populations with panic is suggested by their positive response to alprazolam.
Compositional and Structural Atomistic Study of Amorphous Si–B–N Networks of Interest for High-Performance Coatings

We explore by computational modeling the effects of boron–nitrogen (BN) composition on the thermal and mechanical properties of amorphous silicon–boron–nitride (Si–B–N), a synthetic ceramic material with superior thermal protection, mechanical attributes, and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. Network-derived Si–B–N models optimized with ab initio molecular dynamics serve as input structures for classical molecular dynamics simulations. Atomistic Green–Kubo simulations on relaxed supercells and structural relaxations on strained cells are used to screen the thermal and mechanical properties of a collection of network structures with low enthalpies of formation. We find that when the material is composed of well-mixed parts rather homogeneously spread within the material, the thermal conductivity and elastic constants are isotropic and exhibit a weak dependence on composition and network structure. In contrast, when separation into BN-rich layers occurs, the material exhibits anisotropic behavior, ...
Characterization, modeling and physical mechanisms of different surface treatment methods at room temperature on the oxide and interfacial quality of the SiO 2 film using the spectroscopic scanning capacitance microscopy

Abstract In this article, a simple, low cost and combined surface treatment method [pre-oxidation immersion of the p-type silicon (Si) substrate in hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and post oxidation ultra-violet (UV) irradiation of the silicon-dioxide (SiO 2 ) film] at room temperature is investigated. The interface trap density at midgap [D it(mg) ] of the resulting SiO 2 film (denoted as sample 1A) is quantified from the full width at half-maximum of the scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) differential capacitance (dC/dV) characteristics by utilizing a previously validated theoretical model. The D it(mg) of sample 1A is significantly lower than the sample without any surface treatments which indicates that it is a viable technique for improving the interfacial quality of the thicker SiO 2 films prepared by wet oxidation. Moreover, the proposed combined surface treatment method may possibly complement the commonly used forming gas anneal process to further improve the interfacial quality of the SiO 2 films. The positive shift of the flatband voltage due to the overall oxide charges (estimated from the probe tip dc bias at the peak dC/dV spectra) of sample 1A suggests the presence of negative oxide fixed charge density (N f ) in the oxide. In addition, an analytical formula is derived to approximate the difference of the N f values between the oxide samples that are immersed in H 2 O 2 and UV irradiated from their measured SCM dC/dV spectra. Conversely, some physical mechanisms are proposed that result in the ionization of the SiO − species (which are converted from the neutral SiOH groups that originate from the pre-oxidation immersion in H 2 O 2 and ensuing wet oxidation) during the UV irradiation as well as the UV photo-injected electrons from the Si substrate (which did not interact with the SiOH groups). They constitute the source of mobile electrons which partially passivate the positively charged empty donor-like interface traps at the Si-SiO 2 interface.
Two-Lane Highways

Two-lane highways, which have one lane per direction, are unique operationally, since they may allow passing through the use of the opposing traffic stream. According to the US Federal Highway Administration [1], two-lane highway facilities represent about 97 % of the total highway system and for more than 65 % of the total nonurban vehicular travel in the USA. Hence, two-lane highways provide most of the primary interurban highway network as well as being the basis of the secondary highway and collector networks.
An update on new and emerging therapies for cystic fibrosis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that results in a multi-organ disease with progressive respiratory decline that ultimately leads to premature death. CF is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which codes for the CFTR anion channel. Established CF treatments target downstream manifestations of the primary genetic defect, including pulmonary and nutritional interventions.Areas covered: CFTR modulators are novel therapies that improve the function of CFTR, and have been approved in the past five years to mitigate the effects of several CF-disease causing mutations. This review summarizes currently approved CFTR modulators and discusses emerging modulator therapies in phase II and III clinical trials described on clinical trials.gov as of April, 2017. Results of relevant trials reported in peer-reviewed journals in Pubmed, scientific conference abstracts and sponsor press releases available as of November, 2017 are include...
In Memory of S. Twareque Ali

We remember a valued colleague and dear friend, S. Twareque Ali, who passed away unexpectedly in January 2016.
Immigration Policy Versus Immigration Politics: Latinos and the Reform Debate

This chapter discusses the Latino dimension of contemporary immigration policy debates. Since the reelection of Barack Obama, the prospects for immigration reform have grown alternatively warm and cold. One of the key issues in this debate is the Latino vote, which was a strong part of the “winning coalition” of President Obama. Republican Party leaders are considering how to attract Latino voters without alienating a restive base, and the contrasting ideas of “immigration politics” (a politicization that indicts all Latinos) versus “immigration policy” (good-faith discussions of policy options) help to explain their dilemma. Avoiding “immigration politics” has not proven easy for the Grand Old Party (GOP) to manage, and the policy status quo may therefore work to the short- and long-term advantage of the Democrats. Unless the Republicans can shift the debate back to “immigration policy,” their best strategy may be to remove the issue from the policy agenda—and the most likely method is by supporting comprehensive reform legislation. In addition, the chapter considers additional dimensions of the immigration reform debate, such as the growing advocacy role of religious evangelicals and the “libertarian turn” in public opinion.
The Effect of Vitamin A, Retinoids and Retinoid Receptors on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

The effects of vitamin A on thyroid hormone production and action have been known for many years. In the 1940s, Simkins demonstrated that patients with hyperthyroidism, were successfully treated with high dose of vitamin A (1) . When treated with vitamin A, these hyperthyroid patients had decreased symptoms of hyperthyroidism as well as decreased metabolic rate. Shadu and Brody studied this effect in euthyroid rats which were fed 30,000 IU of vitamin A per day for 7 days (2). The vitamin A fed rats had a 10% decrease in oxygen consumption and interestingly were found to have a 35% decrease in thyroid weight. The authors hypothesized that vitamin A suppresses pituitary thyrotropic hormone secretion thereby decreasing thyroid hormone production and oxygen consumption. This was the first suggestion that large doses of vitamin A may be affecting thyroid hormone production and function through a central mechanism. Morley and colleagues performed complementary experiments by feeding rats diets that were deficient in vitamin A and pair feeding animals with the same diet plus a supplement of 1,000 IU of vitamin A to normalize the vitamin A level (3). The animals were fed the vitamin A deficient diet until they had early signs of vitamin A deficiency, which included eye lesions and slight weight decrease.
Challenges in Pediatric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Numerous challenges exist in pediatric MR imaging, which, generally speaking, stem from two interacting factors: the subject population and the MR environment. To begin, neonatal and pediatric patients are not more compacted versions of adults. Rather, relative to adults, they demonstrate marked differences in both the structure and function of their central nervous systems.
Features of medical records in community practices and their association with preventive service delivery.

Background Medical records are important for facilitating the process and quality of care. However, little is known about their current state in primary care practices. This article describes features of medical record systems in diverse practices and examines their association with preventive service delivery rates. Methods Medical records were reviewed from a consecutive sample of outpatients seen by 198 family physicians in 79 community-based practices in Northeast Ohio. The physicians were participants in a clinical trial designed to increase preventive service delivery. Research nurses performed baseline medical record reviews and used ethnographic field notes and a practice environment checklist to provide global assessments of features of medical records. Results In 79 practices, 3462 medical records were reviewed. Medical records were rated as highly easy to use in 52% of practices; outpatient visit notes were dictated in 54%. Nine percent of practices grouped individual charts by family. Patient notes were computerized in 1% of practices, although several practices had previously tried and abandoned computerized systems. Flow sheets for immunization, screening, and counseling were present on 71%, 63%, and 16% of charts and were used on 34%, 33%, and 3% of charts, respectively. The presence and use of flow sheets were associated with higher preventive service delivery rates. Conclusion Medical record organization, completeness, and use vary widely, and computerized records remain rare. The association of flow sheet presence and use with preventive service delivery rates shows the potential importance of medical records for enhancing the process and outcome of patient care.
A Behavioral Model of Day Treatment

Day treatment programs for children with psychiatric disorders have been identified by Zimet and Farley (1985) as being based on several theoretical models, including those with primarily psychodynamic, developmental therapy, and behavioral orientations. This chapter focuses on a program based primarily on a behavioral model. The rationale for this model will be presented, and the use of both individual behavioral interventions and comprehensive contingency management systems will be discussed. The specific contingency management systems utilized at Brewer-Porch Children’s Center will be described in detail.
Beta-1 Adrenoceptor

Beta-1 adrenoceptors are activated by the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine, and are members of the adrenoceptor family of the 7-transmembrane superfamily of receptors. There are three beta adrenoceptor subtypes: beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3. Selective beta-1 antagonists include atenolol and betaxolol. Beta-1 adrenoceptors are implicated in diverse physiological functions in the body, especially in the cardiovascular system. Activation of adenylate cyclase through Gs is the classic, but not the only, mechanism of beta-1 adrenoceptor action.The putative beta-4 adrenoceptor appears to be a novel state of the beta-1 adrenoceptor …
Nurse to Nursing Student Barriers and Bias

This chapter contains a case study of a nursing student experiencing implicit racial bias from the professional nurse in the emergency department.
Data Structure for Efficient Line of Sight Queries

Given the great amounts of data being transmitted between devices in the 21st century, existing channels of wireless communication are getting congested. In the wireless space, the focus up to now has been on the microwave frequency range. An alternative for high-speed medium- and long-range communication is the millimeter wave spectrum, which is most effectively used through point-to-point links. In this paper, we develop and compare methods for verifying the Line of Sight (LOS) constraint between two points in a city. To be useful for online wireless network planning systems, the methods must be able to process terabytes of 3D city geolocation data and provide answers in milliseconds. We evaluate our methods using data for the city of San Jose, a major metropolitan area in Silicon Valley, California. Our results indicate that our Hierarchical Polygon Aggregation (HPA) method is able to achieve millisecond-level query times with very little loss of precision.
Direct Mode-Frequency Control for Nonlinear Optics in Photonic-Crystal Ring Resonators

We demonstrate that photonic-crystal modulation enables individual mode-frequency shifting in ring resonators, and high quality factor. Simulation predicts frequency-comb generation in normal-dispersion resonators and spontaneous pulse formation in both dispersion types. © 2019 The Author(s)
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Mucocin

A highly convergent, modular strategy for the total synthesis of the annonaceous acetogenin (−)-mucocin is reported. The remarkable features are the endo-selective formation of the tetrahydropyran ring from an activated epoxide and the stability of the butenolide in the coupling with an organomagnesium compound.
Teaching Dance through Korean Fan Dance

Teaching dance in physical education offers many positive benefits in the psychomotor, affective and cognitive domains. This article introduces Korean fan dance, a traditional form of Korean dance ...
A 72-Year-Old Man With a Violaceous Rash and Sepsis

Case Presentation A 72-year-old man presented to our ED less than 24 hours following the acute onset of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Within 12 hours of symptom onset, he noted bilateral lower extremity pain and swelling. His pain was associated with a new violaceous irregular rash on the anterior aspect of both feet and legs. There was no history of inciting trauma or recent wounds. In addition, there was no history of consumption of raw or undercooked food (including seafood) or recent change in food source. There was accompanying fever and chills for the same duration and painful swelling of his left thumb. His comorbidities included stage IIIb classical Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed 4 months prior. His last dose of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy was 4 days before presentation. He had previously failed anti-CD30 monoclonal therapy resulting from attributed pancolitis.
An examination of non-addictive drug (mis)use and work absenteeism

ABSTRACTThis article mainly examines the effect(s) of legal drug misuse on work absenteeism, which has a connecting influence to work productivity. Also, the analysis compares the effects of legal ...
The grass is always greener: The impact of home and host country CSR reputation signaling on cross-country investments

This study introduces the novel concept of CSR reputation signaling and analyzes its impact on cross-country investments. We combine Diffuse Reciprocity from international relations literature and Institutional Theory to argue that having a home country with high CSR reputation signaling is an advantage that firms can exploit, as it makes these firms more attractive to potential host markets as policymakers contemplate inward foreign direct investment strategies. Moreover, we propose that there are increased cross-country investments between countries with dissimilar levels of CSR reputation signaling, and that firms can benefit from this normative institutional gap; additionally, this relationship is positively moderated by the economic distance between the countries. Analyses of 25,672 country-pair observations across 5,474 country pairs from 153 countries from 2004 to 2011 provide robust support. Overall, our analyses suggest that high country-level CSR reputation signaling imprints on firms as they invest abroad, helping to promote CSR on a global basis, thus supporting policymakers as they pursue sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda.
62 – Factoring Operators

Publisher Summary This chapter describes factoring operators applicable to ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. The method yields a sequence of equations to solve that are of lower order. If the operator representing a differential equation can be “factored” into two or more operators, it may be easier to find a solution. The chapter discusses solving the differential equation Q[u] = 0 for the quantity u(x), where Q[·] is a differential operator. When possible, the differential equation Q[u] = 0 is “factored” as L[H[u]] = 0 where L[·] and H[·] are also differential operators, then the two equations are solved: L[v] = 0 for v, and then H[u] = v. The chapter highlights that it is not true that the number of distinct factorizations is limited by the order of the differential equation. It is possible to write down an “explicit” factorization of any n-th order linear differential equation. To do so, however, requires explicit knowledge of the n linearly independent solutions. Differential resultants can be used to analyze the factoring of operators for linear differential equations.
Clinical and mycological analysis of 241 cases of tinea capitis in Guangzhou region

Objective To make a clinical and mycological analysis of tinea capitis in Guangzhou region. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 241 cases of tinea capitis collected from Feb, 1997 to Aug, 2010 in the Department of Dermatology, Sun Yet-sen Memorial Hospital. Results Among the 241 cases, 179 (74.27%) were tinea alba, 34 (14.11%) tinea kerion, 28 (11.62%) black dot ringworm, and no favus was observed. The dominant pathogenic fungi in decreasing order were Microsporum canis (182,80.89%), Trichophyton violaceum (25, 11.11%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (10, 4.44%), Trichophyton tonsurans (3, 1.33%), Trichophyton rubrum (2, 0.89%), Microsporum gypseum (2, 0.89%) and Trichophyton verrucosum (1, 0.44%). Children were the main population (39.00%) suffering from tinea capitis. Conclusions In Guangzhou region, tinea alba is the most common type of tinea capitis, Microsporum canis is the main causative pathogen, and children are the predominate population affected by tinea capitis.
Student Perspectives of Value Regarding an Experiential Learning Project Set in a Simulated Retail Environment

An Experiential Learning Project Set in a Simulated Retail Environment was designed to provide students with a realistic learning experience. Using a mixed methods convergent parallel research design, quantitative seven-point Likert-Scale survey data and qualitative data from student reflection papers were simultaneously collected from 39 students and analyzed using SPSS and NVivo Qualitative Coding software to examine the perceived reality or concreteness of the simulated project experience. Overall, students felt the project was a valuable learning experience as they found that the hands-on (more concrete, active, realistic) aspects of the project, which included learning and using software programs related to store planning prepared them for a career in retail and were applicable to real-world retail environments. However, the large number of people involved in the project reduced students’ perceived reality of the experience. Therefore, placing a cap of 20 students is recommended in the future.
An Exploration of Five Stages in Faculty Retirement Decision Making

Humans make thousands of decisions each day. Most of the decisions we make are trivial or relatively unimportant in possible consequences. However, there are a few decisions we make in life that ar...
Effect of organic matter concentration and characteristics on mercury mobilization and methylmercury production at an abandoned mine site.

Abstract Thousands of abandoned mines throughout the western region of North America contain elevated total-mercury (THg) concentrations. Mercury is mobilized from these sites primarily due to erosion of particulate-bound Hg (THg-P). Organic matter-based soil amendments can promote vegetation growth on mine tailings, reducing erosion and subsequent loading of THg-P into downstream waterbodies. However, the introduction of a labile carbon source may stimulate microbial activity that can produce methylmercury (MeHg)—the more toxic and bioaccumulative form of Hg. Our objectives were to investigate how additions of different organic matter substrates impact Hg mobilization and methylation using a combination of field observations and controlled experiments. Field measurements of water, sediment, and porewater were collected downstream of the site and multi-year monitoring (and load calculations) were conducted at a downstream gaging station. MeHg production was assessed using stable isotope methylation assays and mesocosm experiments that were conducted using different types of organic carbon soil amendments mixed with materials from the mine site. The results showed that >80% of the THg mobilized from the mine was bound to particles and that >90% of the annual Hg loading occurred during the period of elevated discharge during spring snowmelt. Methylation rates varied between different types of soil amendments and were correlated with the components of excitation emission matrices (EEMs) associated with humic acid fractions of organic matter. The mesocosm experiments showed that under anoxic conditions carbon amendments to tailings could significantly increase porewater MeHg concentrations (up to 13 ± 3 ng/L). In addition, the carbon amendments significantly increased THg partitioning into porewater. Overall, these results indicate that soil amendment applications to reduce surface erosion at abandoned mine sites could be effective at reducing particulate Hg mobilization to downstream waterbodies; however, some types of carbon amendments can significantly increase Hg methylation as well as increase the mobilization of dissolved THg from the site.
Experiential Dual Frame of Reference: Family Consequences after DACA Youth Travel to Mexico through Advanced Parole

Out of 800,000 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) beneficiaries, only 22,000 applied for Advance Parole to travel outside the United States before this benefit was rescinded by the Trump administration. This article sheds light on this DACA benefit that has received less scholarly attention. We conducted 23 in-depth interviews, half with DACA youth who traveled to Mexico for the first time and half with their undocumented parents who witnessed this trip from the United States. Our findings expand on four important bodies of immigration literature, including DACA recipients, mixed-status families, return migration, and transnational family ties. In this article, we show how this brief return to the homeland allowed the DACA youth, and by consequence, their parents, to have temporary healing by closing an old cycle or “cerrar ciclos,” as they said in Spanish. The youth also acquired an experiential dual frame of reference that enabled them to reflect and empathize with their parents and their reasons for immigrating to the United States. The post-trip debriefing with the youth made parents feel vindicated for their decision to bring their children when they were young. Ultimately, Advance Parole helped create stronger family bonds between the DACA youth and their parents and it strengthened transnational family and community ties.
Social-Emotional Functioning

Social-emotional functioning pertains to the manifestations of a youngster’s internal emotional life. Capacity to participate socially, ability to adhere to social norms while engaged with others, and degree of comfort in interpersonal interactions are all important components of the social aspects of this domain. The emotional aspects include the nature, intensity, regulation, and correspondence to the external environment of a youngster’s feelings. Social-emotional functioning can be further understood in relation to the following domains.
A Sensitive Homecage-Based Novel Object Recognition Task for Rodents

The recognition of novel objects is a common cognitive test for rodents, but current paradigms have limitations, such as low sensitivity, possible odor confounds and stress due to being performed outside of the homecage. We have developed a paradigm that takes place in the homecage and utilizes four stimuli per trial, to increase sensitivity. Odor confounds are eliminated because stimuli consist of inexpensive, machined wooden beads purchased in bulk, so each experimental animal has its own set of stimuli. This paradigm consists of three steps. In Step 1, the sampling phase, animals freely explore familiar objects (FO). Novel Objects (NO1 and NO2) are soiled with bedding from the homecage, to acquire odor cues identical to those of the FO. Steps 2 and 3 are test phases. Herein we report results of this paradigm from neurologically intact adult rats and mice of both sexes. Identical procedures were used for both species, except that the stimuli used for the mice were smaller. As expected in Step 2 (NO1 test phase), male and female rats and mice explored NO1 significantly more than FO. In Step 3 (NO2 test phase), rats of both sexes demonstrated a preference for NO2, while this was seen only in female mice. These results indicate robust novelty recognition during Steps 2 and 3 in rats. In mice, this was reliably seen only in Step 2, indicating that Step 3 was difficult for them under the given parameters. This paradigm provides flexibility in that length of the sampling phase, and the delay between test and sampling phases can be adjusted, to tailor task difficulty to the model being tested. In sum, this novel object recognition test is simple to perform, requires no expensive supplies or equipment, is conducted in the homecage (reducing stress), eliminates odor confounds, utilizes 4 stimuli to increase sensitivity, can be performed in both rats and mice, and is highly flexible, as sampling phase and the delay between steps can be adjusted to tailor task difficulty. Collectively, these results indicate that this paradigm can be used to quantify novel object recognition across sex and species.
Dissociation among individuals receiving cancer care: a scoping review

Dissociation is a common presentation of trauma, distinguishable from classic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. While pre-cancer and cancer-related traumatic experiences are prevalent...
Theoretical Insights Reveal Novel Motions in Csk's SH3 Domain That Control Kinase Activation.

The Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) regulate numerous aspects of cell growth and differentiation and are under the principal control of the C-terminal Src Kinase (Csk). Although Csk and SFKs share conserved kinase, SH2 and SH3 domains, they differ considerably in three-dimensional structure, regulatory mechanism, and the intrinsic kinase activities. Although the SH2 and SH3 domains are known to up- or down-regulate tyrosine kinase function, little is known about the global motions in the full-length kinase that govern these catalytic variations. We use a combination of accelerated Molecular Dynamics (aMD) simulations and experimental methods to provide a new view of functional motions in the Csk scaffold. These computational studies suggest that high frequency vibrations in the SH2 domain are coupled through the N-terminal lobe of the kinase domain to motions in the SH3 domain. The effects of these reflexive movements on the kinase domain can be viewed using both Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (DXMS) and steady-state kinetic methods. Removal of several contacts, including a crystallographically unobserved N-terminal segment, between the SH3 and kinase domains short-circuit these coupled motions leading to reduced catalytic efficiency and stability of N-lobe motifs within the kinase domain. The data expands the model of Csk’s activation whereby separate domains productively interact with two diametrically opposed surfaces of the kinase domain. Such reversible transitions may organize the active structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of Csk.
Individual behavioral and neuroendocrine changes are correlated with blood-pressure elevations during conflict alone and combined with high-salt diet in baboons

Blood pressure, behavioral, and neuroendocrine measures were obtained from adult male baboons during consecutive experimental phases consisting of daily food reinforcement sessions (baseline, 3 weeks), daily food/shock conflict sessions (2 weeks), and enhanced dietary salt added to the daily conflict protocol (3 weeks). Within-session systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased by an average of 5% ± 1% above baseline during conflict and was accompanied by increases in plasma renin activity, urinary free Cortisol, urinary catecholamines, water intake and body weight, and by decreases in urinary sodium excretion in most animals. Behavioral performances of escape from aversive discriminative stimuli and pausing during danger portions of conflict trials increased, while earned food reinforcers decreased. A strong correspondence was found between the degree of individual BP increase during conflict stress and the degree of change in individual stress indexes. Daily dietary salt further elevated SBP by 10% ± 3% above baseline. Those animals that displayed the greatest changes in physiological and behavioral stress indexes during conflict alone displayed the greatest SBP response during the added high-salt diet. Individuals who are stress-sensitive across a variety of behavioral and physiological systems may be more susceptible to other hypertensinogenic variables.
Interfacial instability due to electrical forces in double layers

Abstract Instability of fluid interfaces of low tension is discussed. Attributing instability to negative interfacial tension, as has sometimes been done in explaining spontaneous emulsification, is often an oversimplification. For when interfacial tension is low, other factors may contribute significantly to the energy change that accompanies a small deformation of the interface. Electrical double layers near interfaces are prominent among such factors. As background for analyses of asymptotic stability of static states to be presented in subsequent papers the normal mode, energy, and force methods of thermostatic stability analysis are contrasted and conditions are clarified under which they are equivalent; available information on stresses in diffuse double layers is reviewed; and a new solution is reported for potential distribution in a diffuse layer near a wavy interface. Uniform potential, uniform charge density, and intermediate boundary conditions along a wavy interface are considered.
Preparation of mica surfaces for enhanced resolution and cleanliness in the surface forces apparatus

We describe a simple technique for preparing arbitrarily thin mica substrates of unparalleled purity for use in the surface forces apparatus (SFA). Relatively thick mica samples (4–8 μm) are prepared in the conventional way, coated with a sputter deposited layer of silver, and attached (silver side down) to cylindrical lenses with a thick coat of thermosetting epoxy. These surfaces are then placed in a glovebox with the cell of the SFA where they are cleaved once again with a piece of tape, and then mounted and sealed in the SFA for immediate use. With this technique, the surfaces are never exposed to laboratory air, they are insensitive to asperities in the glue/silica support, and may be made arbitrarily thin by removing more mica until the desired thickness is achieved. We find that adhesion between two surfaces cleaved in this manner (∼300 mJ/m2) is significantly larger than for mica prepared in the conventional way (∼200 mJ/m2), and consistent with the adhesion measured in direct cleavage experiments. This suggests a cause for discrepancies in the measured adhesion which have appeared in the literature.
Non-dictatorial, Pareto-monotonic, cooperative bargaining: An impossibility theorem☆

Abstract The only solutions to Nash's (1950) cooperative bargaining problem which are Pareto-monotonic, weakly Pareto-optimal, independent of equivalent utility representations, and individually rational are dictatorial solutions which maximize one agent's utility subject to individual rationality for the other.
A Self‐Categorization Explanation for Opinion Consensus Perceptions

The public expression of opinions (and related communicative activities) hinges upon the perception of opinion consensus. Current explanations for opinion consensus perceptions typically focus on egocentric and other biases, rather than functional cognitions. Using self-categorization theory we showed that opinion consensus perceptions flow from cognitions regarding the fit between issues and group prototypes. Strong normative fit enhanced perceptions of ingroup opinion consensus (Experiments 1 and 2), and consensus perceptions varied as a function of comparison outgroups (Experiment 3), ingroup prototype salience (Experiment 4), and levels of identity threat (Experiment 5). Self-categorization theory has the potential to integrate a variety of cognitive and motivational processes to provide a comprehensive explanation for opinion consensus perceptions.
Studies of Neutral and Ion Transport during Laser Ablation of 1:2:3 Superconductors by Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

Transient optical absorption spectroscopy, a new diagnostic technique for examining the density of ground state neutrals and ions following laser ablation, has been utilized for the first time to study the transport of ground state Y, Ba, Cu, Y+ and Ba+ following laser ablation of Y1Ba2Cu3Ox pellets under film deposition conditions. The technique reveals significantly broadened velocity distributions with a low velocity component which is not observed in velocity distributions inferred from monitoring excited state plume fluorescence. Ion probe measurements confirm this low velocity component. High resolution emission spectroscopy is also utilized to examine the spectral broadening arising from collision processes in the laser plasma as well as obtain estimates of plasma densities.