cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causes and consequences of e-prescribing errors in community pharmacies

Major national policy forces are promoting the adoption and use of health information technology (health IT) to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of health care delivery. One such health IT is electronic prescribing (e-prescribing), which is the direct transmission of prescription information from a provider to a pharmacy. Given research showing that handwritten prescriptions are unsafe and associated errors can lead to tremendous inefficiency for patients and pharmacists, e-prescribing has many potential benefits. However, as with the introduction of any new technology, unintended, adverse consequences may result. The purpose of this review is to explore the causes and consequences of e-prescribing errors in community pharmacies, which are pharmacies not affiliated with a hospital or clinic. Many new types of errors - including provider order entry errors, transcription errors, and dispensing errors - appear to result from e-prescribing. These lead to important consequences for pharmacies, including safety threats to patients, reduced efficiency for pharmacists, processing delays, and increased pharmacy cost. Increased attention to system design and pharmacist training, as well as additional research in this area, will be critical to realize the full benefits of e-prescribing.
Effects of g-jitter and Marangoni convection on float zones

The effects of £-jitter on three liquid zone experiments are numerically investigated. The g -level used in the study is composed of a steady component, characterizing the residual acceleration environment, and a timevarying component, characterizing the £-jitter environment. The time-varying component is comprised of either a sinusoidal or impulse disturbance. The response of both unencapsulated and encapsulated zone configurations are examined. The results indicate that complex flow patterns can arise that significantly modify the heat transfer characteristics of the system. The effects are more pronounced at the lowest frequency investigated (10 ~3 Hz), and impulsive accelerations imparted to fluids with large Prandtl numbers were found to have long decay times. Detailed velocity, temperature, average Nusselt number, and temperature sensitivity information are presented for many of the cases investigated.
Breeding system of the threatened endemic Primula cusickiana var. maguirei (Primulaceae)

Maguire primrose (Primula cusickiana var. maguirei) is a threatened, narrow endemic found only along a 20-km section within a single canyon in northern Utah, USA. Here we describe the breeding strategy of this perennial, distylous, primarily cliff-dwelling species to test for reproductive constraints on the plants. Intermorph outcrossing treatments (i.e. between pin and thrum flowers) were the most successful hand pollinations performed, but those were usually inferior to natural pollination. Intramorph out-crossing also was somewhat successful, but was consistently inferior to intermorph outcrossing. Seed-set resulting from autogamy and geitonogamy treatments was least successful. Morph-specific differences in seed set were observed for our hand pollinations, but not in natural pollination conditions. Our results suggest that pollinators play a crucial role by providing the pollen transfer necessary for maximal seed set in this rare and narrowly distributed distylous plant.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Pathway Targeting in Carcinogenesis: Implications for Chemoprevention

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma is one member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that contains in excess of 80 described receptors. PPARgamma activators are a diverse group of agents that range from endogenous fatty acids or derivatives (linolenic, linoleic, and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2)) to Food and Drug Administration-approved thiazolidinedione drugs [pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia)] for the treatment of diabetes. Once activated, PPARgamma will preferentially bind with retinoid X receptor alpha and signal antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and prodifferentiation pathways in several tissue types, thus making it a highly useful target for down-regulation of carcinogenesis. Although PPAR-gamma activators show many anticancer effects on cell lines, their advancement into human advanced cancer clinical trials has met with limited success. This article will review translational findings in PPARgamma activation and targeting in carcinogenesis prevention as they relate to the potential use of PPARgamma activators clinically as cancer chemoprevention strategies.
Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis in a strain expressing perfringolysin O in place of listeriolysin O

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming cytolysin that enables Listeria monocytogenes to escape from a host cell vacuole. The structural gene for the related cytolysin perfringolysin O (pfo) was cloned downstream from the promoter for hly, the gene encoding LLO, both on a plasmid and on the L. monocytogenes chromosome. Both strains secreted active PFO, although regulation was not identical to that of LLO. The chromosomal PFO-expressing strain was characterized for intracellular growth and cell-to-cell spread. It escaped from a host cell vacuole with 64% efficiency compared with the wild type as determined by immunofluorescent staining of bacteria for F-actin, a marker for entry into the cytoplasm. In addition, it replicated intracellularly with a doubling time similar to that of the wild type for 5 h, after which growth was aborted because of a cytotoxic effect on the host cell and influx of extracellular gentamicin. The chromosomal PFO strain was able to plaque in mouse L2 fibroblasts, but it did so at 20% efficiency compared with the wild type and the plaques were significantly smaller. Both strains expressing PFO were completely avirulent in mice. These results indicate that PFO can mediate escape from a host cell vacuole but cannot complement an hly deletion strain for virulence.
Estimating Kapitza resistance between Si-SiO 2 interface using molecular dynamics simulations

The interface between nano-scale films is of relevance in many critical applications. Specifically, recent technological advances in semiconductor industry that utilize Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) devices have given urgency to understanding thermal transport across Si-SiO2 interface. Estimates of interfacial (Kapitza) resistance to thermal transport across Si-SiO2 films do not appear to exist at the present time. In this paper, we develop and carryout reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations by imposing known heat flux to determine the Kapitza resistance between Si-SiO2 thin films. For the Si-SiO2 interface, the average Kapitza resistance for a ~8 Aring thick oxide layer system was 0.503 times 10-9 m K/W and for a ~11.5 Aring thick oxide layer system was 0.518 times 10-9 m K/W. These values were of the same order of magnitude as the Kapitza resistance values determined from the acoustic mismatch model (AMM) and the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) for the Si-SiO2 interface.
Spiral of Decline or "Beacon of Hope": Stories of School Choice in a Dual Language School

Public schools in some areas of the U.S. are as segregated as they were prior to court-ordered busing, in part due to school choice policies that appear to exacerbate extant segregation. In particular, Latina/o students are increasingly isolated in schools characterized as being in cycles of decline. Our case study of one such school is based on a reanalysis of interview, focus group, and survey data from three research and evaluation projects. We constructed accounts of parents’ decisions to leave and remain at Martinez Elementary, a segregated dual language school experiencing increases in Latina/o and low socio-economic student enrollment and decreasing statewide standardized test scores. Interpreting Latina/o and White parents’ accounts through LatCrit theory, we sought to understand their choices to attend this school as counterstories that illustrate conflicting forces influencing Martinez, including high parent satisfaction and interest convergence between White and Latina/o parents. These stories depict a more hopeful account of a school resisting decline, yet only the adoption of managed school choice policies may be powerful enough to counter the school’s segregation.
Urea and Ammonia Metabolism and the Control of Renal Nitrogen Excretion

Renal nitrogen metabolism primarily involves urea and ammonia metabolism, and is essential to normal health. Urea is the largest circulating pool of nitrogen, excluding nitrogen in circulating proteins, and its production changes in parallel to the degradation of dietary and endogenous proteins. In addition to serving as a way to excrete nitrogen, urea transport, mediated through specific urea transport proteins, mediates a central role in the urine concentrating mechanism. Renal ammonia excretion, although often considered only in the context of acid-base homeostasis, accounts for approximately 10% of total renal nitrogen excretion under basal conditions, but can increase substantially in a variety of clinical conditions. Because renal ammonia metabolism requires intrarenal ammoniagenesis from glutamine, changes in factors regulating renal ammonia metabolism can have important effects on glutamine in addition to nitrogen balance. This review covers aspects of protein metabolism and the control of the two major molecules involved in renal nitrogen excretion: urea and ammonia. Both urea and ammonia transport can be altered by glucocorticoids and hypokalemia, two conditions that also affect protein metabolism. Clinical conditions associated with altered urine concentrating ability or water homeostasis can result in changes in urea excretion and urea transporters. Clinical conditions associated with altered ammonia excretion can have important effects on nitrogen balance.
Charles L. Black, Jr.: Commitment, Connection, And The Ceaseless Quest For Justice

The late Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai once said, “A poet’s state of mind is seeing the world with a kind of double exposure, seeing undertones and overtones, seeing the world as it is.” Charles Black, Jr. saw the world as it is. With indomitable flair, his remarkable riffs worked to change it.It is no exaggeration to note that the beauty and importance of language is more evident in Hawai‘i than in the continental United States. And the empathetic power of music that linked and changed the lives of Charles Black, Jr. and Louis Armstrong is also potent and profound within these beautiful islands. Through these and other means, people in Hawai‘i and across the Pacific may be more open than most to sense undertones and overtones and thereby to “see the world as it is.”89 As well as rewarding subtle sensibility, such acute perception imposes a deep obligation, perhaps even more upon lawyers than on most people. We are challenged to delve beneath “false practicality” and instead to perform what Black aptly described as the “tough practical job . . . the bringing down to earth of justice tempered by mercy.”
Stochastic Analysis of Air and Water Temperatures

Water temperature data in streams and lakes are relatively difficult to obtain compared with air temperature data and other related hydrologic and meteorologic data. A procedure is proposed whereby synthetic daily water temperatures in a natural stream can be generated using available real or synthetic daily air temperature data and other physical parameters of the watershed. In addition to the seasonal variations, the short-term variations of the water temperature due to the atmospheric temperature fluctuations are included in this model as well as the purely random fluctuations. The results of the regression analysis of some available data in Minnesota suggest that the response coefficient relating the water temperature fluctuations and the air temperature fluctuations can be estimated using physical parameters of the watershed alone.
Signal transduction events whereby PGF2 alpha inhibits the ammoniagenic response to acute acidosis.

Subconfluent cultures of LLC-PK1 cells were incubated for 1 h in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) of pH 7.4 or 6.8 to investigate the signal transduction events associated with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) inhibition of ammonia metabolism. Exposure of these cultures to PGF2 alpha (0.1 ng/ml) inhibited the acute low pH stimulation of ammonia production and to a lesser degree alanine formation in a manner analogous to the response exhibited with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Pretreatment with an inhibitor of protein kinase C [1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, i.e., H-7] or utilization of cultures with downregulated protein kinase C activity abolished the inhibitory response to PGF2 alpha. Exposure to PGF2 alpha for 10 min in KHB of pH 6.8 resulted in an activation of protein kinase C, as demonstrated by a significant increase in membrane-bound enzyme activity. Incubation of the cells with PGF2 alpha in KHB of pH 6.8 also resulted in a significant increase in inositol trisphosphate formation. Treatment of the cultures with verapamil in calcium-containing medium or removal of calcium from the incubating medium resulted in a significant loss of the PGF2 alpha inhibitory response on both ammonia and alanine production. Furthermore, under conditions of calcium-free incubation, PGF2 alpha had no significant effect on protein kinase C activity. Because both PGF2 alpha- and TPA-induced inhibition of ammoniagenic response to acute acidosis was prevented by amiloride, the underlying mechanism may involve protein kinase C-mediated changes in intracellular pH. These results indicate that the activation of protein kinase C plays a key role in mediating PGF2 alpha inhibition of ammoniagenesis.
Self-assembly of silicate/surfactant mesophases

The synthesis of silicate/surfactant mesophases is driven by cooperative assembly of organic surfactant and inorganic silicate species, and the resultant mesophase morphology can be controlled by synthesis conditions (i.e., CTAB concentration in precursor solution and SiO2- CTAB mole ratio). The self-assembly process of these mesophases is driven complexation of the polyanionic silicate species with several CTAB cations to form a multi-tailed surfactant. One of these mesophases is a novel rippled lamellar phase in which the ripple wavelength and lamellar spacing are similar to the hexagonal mesophase rod center-to-center spacing; each of these dimensions are consistent with the length of two CTAB molecules.
Swelling Behavior of Cross-Linked Rubber: Explanation of the Elusive Peak in the Swelling Activity Parameter (Dilational Modulus)

There is a considerable body of work in the literature that addresses the swelling of cross-linked rubber in the framework of the Frenkel–Flory–Rehner (FFR) hypothesis that the swelling is controlled by the balance of the thermodynamics of mixing and the elasticity of the network, i.e., the mixing and elastic contributions to the free energy are additive. One outcome that contradicts the FFR hypothesis of the experimental aspects of the work is that the swelling activity parameter (or dilational modulus) S = λ ln(ac/au) frequently shows a peak when plotted as a function of the swelling stretch λs2. ac and au are the chemical potentials of cross-linked and un-cross-linked rubber at fixed polymer volume fraction. The focus of the present work is the behavior of S, which has remained elusive of explanation, and that we propose is an artifact of the data treatment used in the determination of the value of S as a function of λs2. This is because the data treatment generally has required curve smoothing of (gen...
Host Specificity of Psylliodes chalcomera, a Candidate for Biological Control of Musk Thistle

The flea beetle, Psylliodes chalcomera Illiger, a candidate for introduction into the United States for biological control of Carduus nutans L., is not known as a pest of artichoke or safflower in Europe. When large numbers of P. chalcomera were released on plantings of artichoke and safflower, the insects left the plants. When the insects were caged with artichoke and safflower, feeding, oviposition and larval development occurred on artichoke and some related weedy thistles, but safflower was not attacked. However, because of the feeding and oviposition of Psylliodes on artichoke in cages, more detailed testing is needed before the insect can be recommended for release in the United States.
Biochemical Effects of Lecithin Administration

Lecithin is being administered in large doses to patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and other disorders involving impaired CNS cholinergic activity with the goal of stimulating the synthesis and release of acetylcholine. However, there are many questions concerning the biochemical effects of lecithin that still have to be examined. Three questions involving lecithin treatment are addressed in this report: 1) Are there any similarities between the effects of lecithin on blood choline levels in rats and human subjects? 2) What are the effects of chronic versus acute treatment with lecithin on the concentrations of choline and acetylcholine? 3) Does lecithin have significant biochemical effects on metabolic processes besides those involving choline utilization? None of these questions can be answered adequately at this time, but recent results, described in this chapter, should help to formulate further research projects aimed at obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the metabolic effects of the administration of large doses of lecithin.
Understanding the ‘therapeutic misconception’ from the research participant’s perspective

Dr Appelbaum's specific criticisms of our study1 rely on two general assertions with which he begins his commentary: that ‘dozens of studies’ have ‘confirmed’ the high prevalence of the therapeutic misconception (TM) and that our current study ‘exemplifies’ our group's overall research programme on TM, going so far as to attribute a non-scientific motive to our efforts. We think the readers deserve a fuller picture of the actual state of TM research as well as a more accurate picture of our overall TM research programme. Such a picture will explain why, in the current study, we used the methods we did and how we interpreted the results. First, we agree that the conventional wisdom takes it as a ‘given’ that TM is ubiquitous. But we disagree that the current evidence base supports that conventional view. Even after decades and ‘dozens’ of studies on TM, there is no widely accepted definition of TM.2 Some definitions in fact incorporate conceptual errors, such as the idea that desire for benefit is inherently an indication of TM,3 ignoring the fact that people volunteer for studies with the hope for benefit but understand perfectly well that the study's primary purpose is not to benefit them. In fact, research subjects quite often respond to interview questions intended to measure TM with answers that both support and contradict the presence of TM,3–5 making it difficult to interpret what they actually believe.6 The desire to understand and clarify this messy state of …
Application of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Diagnosis and Treatment of Recurrent Wheezing in Children

Objective To explore the clinical value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent wheezing in children.Methods Clinical data of 72 pediatric patients with recurrent wheezing were retrospectively analyzed from Department of Respiratory,Guiyang Children′s Hospital,from Apr.2006 to Apr.2011.Under local anesthesia,fiberoptic bronchoscopy was used to identify the pathogeny with the methods of straight inspect,bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examine,and therapy with bronchoalveolar lavage and inject medicine were performed.Results Through bronchofibroscopy,there were 45 cases with inflammation(62.5%),11 cases with bronchial foreign bodies(15.3%),10 cases with bronchomalacia(13.9%),4 cases with tracheal stenosis(4.6%),and 2 cases with endobronchial tuberculosis(2.8%).The positive rate of bronchoalveolar lavage was 11.1%(5/45 cases),1 case with klebsiella pneumoniae,2 cases with mycoplasma pneumoniae,and 2 cases with endobronchial tuberculosis.Optimal effect was acquired after bronchoalveolar lavage and administration of drug.In 11 patients with airway foreign body,foreign body was removed in 9 patients by fiberoptic bronchoscopy.Some transient and mild complications were observed during and 24 hours after fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 12 cases.Meanwhile,most of complications were slight and transient.All adverse reactions were disappeared after symptomatic therapy.Conclusions Inflammation,airway congenital malformation and bronchial foreign bodies were main reasons for recurrent wheezing.Airway congenital malformation and bronchial foreign bodies must be care of in infants who had recurrent wheezing.Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is useful in the etiologic identification of recurrent wheezing in children.
Base J and H3.V Regulate Transcriptional Termination in Trypanosoma brucei.

Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that lacks many transcription factors found in other eukaryotes, such as those whose binding demarcates enhancers. T. brucei retains histone variants and modifications, however, and it is hypothesized that it relies on epigenetic marks to define transcription-related boundaries. The histone H3 variant (H3.V) and an alternate nucleotide, base J (s-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil), are two chromatin marks found at both transcription termination sites (TTSs) and telomeres. Here, we report that the absence of both base J and H3.V result in transcription readthrough and the appearance of antisense transcripts near TTSs. Additionally, we find that maintaining the transcriptional silencing of pol I-transcribed telomeric Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) genes appears to be dependent on deposition of H3.V alone. Our study reveals that gene expression depends on different epigenetic cues depending on chromosomal location and on the transcribing polymerase. This work provides insight into how these signals may have evolved into the more nuanced and fine-tuned gene regulatory mechanisms observed in other model systems.
A Note on the Identifiability of Fixed-Effect 3PL Models.

In this note, we prove that the 3 parameter logistic model with fixed-effect abilities is identified only up to a linear transformation of the ability scale under mild regularity conditions, contrary to the claims in Theorem 2 of San Martin et al. (Psychometrika, 80(2):450–467, 2015a).
Investigating the separate and interactive associations of trauma and depression on neurocognition in urban dwelling adults.

Abstract Background Trauma and depression have each been associated with neurocognitive alterations, but their combined effect on neurocognition is unclear. We investigated the separate and interactive associations of trauma and depression on neurocognition in a sample of ethnically diverse urban dwellers, and explored the impact of age on these effects. Methods 284 adults aged 30–89 were divided into groups based on their current depression and trauma history. Individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for depression were considered Depressed (D+) and individuals rated through diagnostic interview as having trauma history were considered positive for Trauma (T+). Resulting Ns were 73 D+T+, 56 D+T-, 68 D-T+, and 87 D-T-. A principal component analysis of neuropsychological scores resulted in a 3-factor solution representing verbal learning/memory/recognition (VERBAL-LMR), visual learning/memory/recognition, and speeded attention/cognitive flexibility accounting for 70.21% of the variance. Results Multivariable linear regressions adjusting for age revealed that Trauma, regardless of Depression, is associated with worse VERBAL-LMR performance. This Trauma association was driven by verbal list and prose passages learning and memory, but not recognition memory. Age-stratified ( Conclusions Trauma, regardless of Depression, is associated with worse verbal learning and memory, but not recognition performance. These results suggest that trauma exposure may negatively impact neurocognition. Clinicians working with adults in urban settings should query for trauma in addition to depression when considering subjective and objective measures of neurocognitive functioning, particularly in older adults.
Game theoretic and auction-based algorithms towards opportunistic communications in LPWA LoRa networks

Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networks have been the enabling technology for large-scale sensor and actuator networks. Low cost, energy-efficiency and longevity of such networks make them perfect candidates for smart city applications. LoRa is a new LPWA standard based on spread spectrum technology, which is suitable for sensor nodes enabling long battery life and bi-directional communication but with low data rates. In this paper, we will demonstrate a use-case inspired model in which, end-nodes with multiple radio transceivers (LoRa/WiFi/BLE) have the option to interconnect via multiple networks to improve communications resilience under the diverse conditions of a smart city of a billion devices. To facilitate this, each node has the ability to switch radio communications opportunistically and adaptively, and this is based on the application requirements and dynamic radio parameters.
Performance Tests of a Conductive Magnetic Refrigerator using a 4.5 K Heat Sink

Initial performance test results of a prototype, conductive magnetic refrigerator rejecting heat to a 4.5 K heat sink are presented. The prototype uses Gadolinium Gallium Garnet as the working material, operates in a Carnot cycle, uses NbTi magnets and employs conduction heat transfer internally. The data presented are used to validate an analytical model of the device. Performance limitations from circumferential conduction and internal friction are identified and discussed.
The terahertz dynamics of simplest fluids probed by inelastic X-ray scattering

AbstractMore than two decades of inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) studies on noble gases and alkali metals are reviewed to illustrate the advances they prompted in our understanding of the terahertz dynamics of simplest systems. The various literature results outline a remarkably coherent picture of common and distinctive behaviours of liquids and their crystalline counterparts. Furthermore, they draw a consistent and comprehensive picture of the evolution of collective modes at the crossover between the hydrodynamic and the single particle regime, their coupling with fast (sub-ps) relaxation processes and their gradual disappearance upon approaching microscopic scales. The gradual transition of the spectrum towards the single particle limit along with its coupling with collisional relaxations will be discussed in some detail. Finally, less understood emerging topics will be discussed as the occurrence of polyamorphic crossovers, the onset of non-hydrodynamic modes and quantum effects on the spectrum, as ...
A Deep Study into the History of Web Design

Since its ambitious beginnings to create a hyperlinked information system, the web has evolved over 25 years to become our primary means of expression and communication. No longer limited to text, the evolving visual features of websites are important signals of larger societal shifts in humanity's technologies, aesthetics, cultures, and industries. Just as paintings can be analyzed to study an era's social norms and culture, techniques for systematically analyzing large-scale archives of the web could help unpack global changes in the visual appearance of websites and of modern society itself. In this paper, we propose automated techniques for characterizing the visual "style" of websites and use this analysis to discover and visualize shifts over time and across website domains. In particular, we use deep Convolutional Neural Networks to classify websites into 26 subject areas (e.g., technology, news media websites) and 4 design eras. The features produced by this process then allow us to quantitatively characterize the appearance of any given website. We demonstrate how to track changes in these features over time and introduce a technique using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to discover sudden, significant changes in these appearances. Finally, we visualize the features learned by our network to help reveal the distinctive visual elements that were discovered by the network.
Circular dichroism analysis of chromatin and DNA--nuclear protein complexes.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents circular dichroism (CD) analysis of chromatin and DNA–nuclear protein complexes. Of the many physical–chemical probes available to study conformation and conformational transitions, CD is one of the most sensitive and most widely used techniques. The optical activity of nucleic acids is made up of several components. The basic asymmetry of the individual components—for example, deoxyribose, the nature of the anomeric configuration at the C-1' of the pentose—contribute to the overall CD of nucleic acids. It is the interaction among the chromophores, the purine, and pyrimidine bases (as the chain is built through dimer, trimer, etc.) to the final nucleic acid structure, which plays the most significant role in the CD spectra. The chapter discusses the phenomena of CD, optical rotatory dispersion, and circular dichroism spectra of DNA in various complexes or perturbing solvents are illustrated in the chapter. Different aspects of experimental methods such as preparation of solutions, sample concentration, CD measurement, and calibration are discussed in detail.
Uveitis–glaucoma–hyphema syndrome secondary to a Soemmerring ring

We report the case of a patient who developed the uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema (UGH) syndrome secondary to extensive fibrosis (Soemmerring ring) around the haptics of the single-piece intraocular lens (IOL) in the capsular bag. The development of significant capsule fibrosis caused the IOL to tilt out of the iris plane, leading to haptic-iris and haptic-ciliary body chafing. The mechanisms described should prompt clinicians to consider the UGH syndrome even in the setting of a single-piece IOL properly placed in the capsular bag. Anterior segment imaging with ultrasound biomicroscopy can be used to evaluate the position of the IOL haptics in suspected cases.
Scripting a place in time.

Abstract Evidence in many experimental systems supports the idea that non-uniform distributions of morphogen proteins encode positional information in developing tissues. There is also strong evidence that morphogen dispersal is mediated by cytonemes and that morphogen proteins transfer from producing to receiving cells at morphogenetic synapses that form at sites of cytoneme contacts. This essay considers some implications of this mechanism and its relevance to various contexts including large single cells such as the pre-cellular Drosophila embryo and the ciliate Stentor.
Mechanical properties of bulk graphene oxide/poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethylenimine) ternary polyelectrolyte complex

Ternary complexes formed in a single pot process through the mixing of cationic (branched polyethylenimine, BPEI) and anionic (graphene oxide, GO, and poly(acrylic acid), PAA) aqueous solutions exhibit superior mechanical performance in comparison to their binary analogs. The composition of the ternary complex can be simply tuned through the composition of the anionic solution, which influences the water content and mechanical properties of the complex. Increasing the PAA content in the complex decreases the overall water content due to improved charge compensation with the BPEI, but this change also significantly improves the toughness of the complex. Ternary complexes containing ≤32 wt% PAA were too brittle to generate samples for tensile measurements, while extension in excess of 250% could be reached with 57 wt% PAA. From this work, the influence of GO and PAA on the mechanical properties of GO/PAA/BPEI complexes were elucidated with GO sheets acting to restrain the viscous flow and improve the mechanical strength at low loading (<12.6 wt%) and PAA more efficiently complexes with BPEI than GO to generate a less swollen and stronger network. This combination overcomes the brittle nature of GO–BPEI complexes and viscous creep of PAA–BPEI complexes. Ternary nanocomposite complexes appear to provide an effective route to toughen and strengthen bulk polyelectrolyte complexes.
Primary HIV infection: from diagnosis to treatment

Signs and symptoms associated with the acute illness, also referred to as acute retroviral syndrome (ARS), are observed in approximately two-thirds of HIV-infected patients [1, 2]. Similar symptoms have been reported in patients infected through sexual intercourse and through the intravenous route except for mucosal lesions in the genital tract which are more frequently observed in patients contaminated through sexual intercourse. The ARS usually spontaneously resolves within 2 to 3 weeks but may last for months in rare cases. The ARS, originally described as an influenza or mononucleosis like illness is characterized by fever (the most common symptom), sore throat, pharyngitis, arthralgia, myalgia, weight loss and lymphadenopathy [3, 4]. Some signs and symptoms should araise a high degree of suspicion such as generalized lymphadenopathy accompanied by a mononucleosis-like illness and/or a cutaneous rash associated with mucocutaneous ulcers involving the oral cavity (buccal mucosa, gingival, palate) or the genital (penis, vagina) or anal mucosa [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. The cutaneous rash presenting as a maculo-papular rash affecting predominantly the trunk is particularly suggestive and is present in 40 to 80% of persons with acute infection [1, 5, 6]. Some serious but rare complications including hepatitis, respiratory failure, rhabdomyolysis and HIV-1 encephalitis are also observed [6]. Other infections indicative of profound immunosuppression such as oral candidasis, oesophagitis due to candida albicans or cytomegalovirus and multidermal zoster are not uncommon during ARS [7].
Low Rank Approximation of a Hankel Matrix by Structured Total Least Norm

The structure preserving rank reduction problem arises in many important applications. The singular value decomposition (SVD), while giving the closest low rank approximation to a given matrix in matrix L2 norm and Frobenius norm, may not be appropriate for these applications since it does not preserve the given structure. We present a new method for structure preserving low rank approximation of a matrix, which is based on Structured Total Least Norm (STLN). The STLN is an efficient method for obtaining an approximate solution to an overdetermined linear system AX ≈ B, preserving the given linear structure in the perturbation [E F] such that (A + E)X = B + F. The approximate solution can be obtained to minimize the perturbation [E F] in the Lp norm, where p = 1, 2, or ∞. An algorithm is described for Hankel structure preserving low rank approximation using STLN with Lp norm. Computational results are presented, which show performances of the STLN based method for L1 and L2 norms for reduced rank approximation for Hankel matrices.
Introduction: Exploring Future Teacher Characteristics, Knowledge, Beliefs and Opportunities to Learn in the TEDS-M Study

This chapter provides an introduction to Part II of the book, which focuses on the future teachers that participated in the Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M), a cross-national study of teacher education programs that prepare future primary and secondary mathematics teachers. The study collected data from 13,871 future primary teachers and 8,207 future secondary teachers through a novice teacher questionnaire (NTQ), and from assessments of mathematics knowledge (MCK) and mathematics pedagogical content knowledge (MPCK). The chapter includes a brief overview of the characteristics of the future teachers, the methods of data collection, and the challenges encountered when administering the questionnaire and the assessments. The data on background characteristics includes age, gender, previous career, highest level of education reached before teacher education, and highest level of mathematics reached before teacher education. The assessments measured future teachers’ abilities to demonstrate key learning outcomes of teacher education programs, including their knowledge (mathematical content knowledge and mathematical pedagogical content knowledge) and beliefs (about the nature of mathematics, the nature of teaching mathematics, the nature of learning mathematics, self-efficacy, and preparedness to teach). Standing between the characteristics of future teachers and their learning outcomes are the characteristics of teacher education programs, which include the opportunities to learn that they afford future teachers. The chapters explore how key opportunities to learn offered by teacher education programs influence future teachers’ knowledge and beliefs. The first six chapters focus on future primary teachers, whereas the last two chapters include the study of future secondary teachers.
Machine learning for inferring animal behavior from location and movement data

Abstract Movement ecology has rapidly advanced owing to recent developments of animal-attached devices and wide applications of sophisticated statistical and machine learning techniques in analysis of animal movement data. Global Positioning System (GPS) transmitters used for estimating animal locations and tri-axial accelerometers used for measuring the 3-dimensional accelerations of animal's motion aid researchers in collecting location and locomotion data at fine spatial and temporal scales. Machine learning and other advanced statistical methods bridge conceptual models to data, providing insights into ecological and physiological mechanisms underlying animal behavior and movements. This study reviews the general principles and applications of state space models, hidden Markov models, random forests, and support vector machines in the inference of animal behavior from movement data. Unsupervised learning algorithms, including Bayesian state space models implemented for robust correlated random walk models and hidden Markov models, help infer different behavioral modes using GPS location data. State space models can account for measurement error in GPS locations and estimate the true locations of animals; however, without including movement-state switching, state space models do not infer behavioral modes directly. On the contrary, hidden Markov models estimate the probabilities that animals switch between different behavioral modes. Nevertheless, hidden Markov models neither directly estimate animal locations nor account for measurement error explicitly. Supervised learning algorithms integrate data on locations and directional accelerations with synchronized behavioral observations (i.e., labels) to classify behaviors to pre-defined behavioral categories. Unlike unsupervised learning, supervised learning requires behavioral observations to label locations and accelerometer data to train the learning algorithms. However, behavioral observations synchronized with relocations and acceleration records are often missing or unattainable in many species, hindering the applications of supervised learning, making unsupervised learning a suitable tool for behavioral annotation of movement paths in secretive (cryptic) or less studied species. Environmental and behavioral annotations of animal movement paths by machine learning improve understanding the effects of environmental conditions on animal movements and behavioral decisions.
Effect of Polymer Hydrophobicity on the Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions and Supersaturated Solutions of a Hydrophobic Pharmaceutical

Amorphous solid dispersions of pharmaceuticals often show improved solubility over crystalline forms. However, the crystallization of amorphous solid dispersions during storage, or from elevated supersaturation once dissolved, compromise the solubility advantage of delivery in the amorphous phase. To combat this phenomenon, polymer additives are often included in solid dispersions to inhibit crystallization; however, the optimal properties for polymer to stabilize against crystallization are not fully understood, and furthermore, it is not known how inhibition of precipitation from solution is related to the propensity of a polymer to inhibit crystallization from the amorphous phase. Here, polymers of varied hydrophobicity are employed as crystallization inhibitors in supersaturated solutions and amorphous solid dispersions of the BCS Class II pharmaceutical ethenzamide to investigate the chemical features of polymer that lead to long-term stability for a hydrophobic pharmaceutical. A postpolymerization functionalization strategy was employed to alter the hydrophobicity of poly( N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) without changing physical properties such as number-average chain length. It was found that supersaturation maintenance for ethenzamide is improved by increasing the hydrophobicity of dissolved polymer in aqueous solution. Furthermore, amorphous solid dispersions of ethenzamide containing a more hydrophobic polymer showed superior stability compared to those containing a less hydrophobic polymer. This trend of increasing polymer hydrophobicity leading to improved amorphous stability is interpreted by parsing the effects of water absorption in amorphous solid dispersions using intermolecular interaction strengths derived from global structural analysis. By comparing the structure-function relationships, which dictate stability in solution and amorphous solid dispersions, the effect of hydrophobicity can be broadly understood for the design of polymers to impart stability throughout the application of amorphous solid dispersions.
Exploring the Potential of Next Generation Software-Defined in Memory Frameworks

As in-memory data analytics become increasingly important in a wide range of domains, the ability to develop large-scale and sustainable platforms faces significant challenges related to storage latency and memory size constraints. These challenges can be resolved by adopting new and effective formulations and novel architectures such as software-defined infrastructure. This paper investigates the key issue of data persistency for in-memory processing systems by evaluating persistence methods using different storage and memory devices for Apache Spark and the use of Alluxio. It also proposes and evaluates via simulation a Spark execution model for using disaggregated off-rack memory and non-volatile memory targeting next-generation software-defined infrastructure. Experimental results provide better understanding of behaviors and requirements for improving data persistence in current in-memory systems and provide data points to better understand requirements and design choices for next-generation software-defined infrastructure. The findings indicate that in-memory processing systems can benefit from ongoing software-defined infrastructure implementations; however current frameworks need to be enhanced appropriately to run efficiently at scale.
A Matter of Principle? On the Relationship Between Racial Resentment and Ideology

Though most scholars of race and politics agree that old-fashioned racism largely gave way to a new symbolic form of racism over the course of the last half century, there is still disagreement about how to best empirically capture this new form of racism. Racial resentment, perhaps the most popular operationalization of symbolic racism, has been criticized for its overlap with liberal-conservative ideology. Critics argue that racially prejudiced responses to the items that compose the racial resentment scale are observationally equivalent to the responses that conservatives would provide. In this manuscript, I examine the racial resentment scale for differential item functioning (DIF) by level of adherence to ideological principles using the 1992, 2004, and 2016 American National Election Studies. I find that responses to some of the racial resentment items are, indeed, affected by ideology. However, the problem is largely confined to 2016 and more egregious with respect to ideological self-identifications than adherence to ideological principles. Moreover, even after correcting for DIF, the racial resentment scale serves as a strong predictor of attitudes about racial issues.
Exploring options for integrated cryogenic circulation loop of superconducting power devices on electric aircraft

Cryogenic cooling loop requirements for a superconducting electric aircraft are presented. Heat loads of various electrical components were derived using the targeted efficiencies of superconducting generators, motors, power cables, and power electronic components. Thermal network models were developed and used to model the complete cryogenic loop consisting of superconducting generators, motors, power cables, and power electronic components. Hydrogen is used as the cryogen and three separate cases for liquid, gaseous, and two-phase were modeled. For each case, the mass flow rate required for maintaining the necessary operating temperatures for each of the devices was calculated. The effectiveness of the model for design studies and to understand the sensitivities of various parameters is demonstrated.
Demographic Factors Associated with Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Pain Management.

Background Pain control is strongly correlated with the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) quality-of-care domains and overall hospital experience. Prior research implicates several factors in the variability of patients' pain management satisfaction scores, including but not limited to racial diversity, ethnic diversity, gender, socioeconomic status, and other cultural factors. Objective In this study, we examined responses to the HCAHPS survey in order to assess factors associated with patient-reported experiences of pain management. Study design The study design involved a retrospective analysis of patient survey responses. Setting The research took place at a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. Methods The study was conducted in a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. Records for adult patients discharged between October 2015 and June 2017 were included. We obtained all patient responses to the HCAHPS pain management questions. We then performed a systematic statistical analysis to evaluate interactions between demographic factor variables and responses to the HCAHPS pain management questions. Results Between October 2015 and June 2017, 107,287 patients were discharged from the hospital. Of these, 13,026 of the respondents answered at least one of the HCAHPS pain management questions. Among HCAHPS pain-domain respondents, "Hispanic" and "Black or African American" respondents are more likely to report successful Pain Control when compared to "Not Hispanic" and "Caucasian/White," respectively (odds ratios [ORs] 1.60, 1.22). Additionally, among women, "Black or African American" respondents are more likely to report positive Staff Helpfulness than "Caucasian/White" respondents (OR 1.38).However, we also identified corresponding associations among HCAHPS pain-question responding and patient race/ethnicity: "Hispanic" and "Black/African American" patients were each less likely to respond to the HCAHPS pain questions (ORs 2.03, 2.74). Limitations The primary limitation to this study was nonresponse bias; nevertheless, this is likely to be similar to bias experienced at other institutions. Additionally, this is a single institution study; however, given that the institution has a very large catchment area, we believe the results could be generalized to other settings. Conclusion Response rates and responses to HCAHPS pain questions vary by race/ethnicity and sex. It appears likely that Hispanic and Black/African American patients underreport negative experiences. As HCAHPS surveys are used to inform decision-making within the US health care system, demographic biases in the survey data could lead to biases in care and resource allocation. Key words Pain, HCAHPS, patient reported outcome measures, patient satisfaction, ethnicity, race.