cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capillary electrophoresis with Orbitrap-Velos mass spectrometry detection.

Abstract Capillary electrophoresis can provide fast and efficient separations of peptides. However, the high speed separation and limited loading capacity of capillary electrophoresis requires the use of a fast and sensitive detector. While laser-induced fluorescence provides exquisite sensitivity and millisecond response time, it inherently generates a low information content signal. In contrast, mass spectrometry provides an information rich signal that is attractive for peptide analysis. The recently introduced Velos-Orbitrap mass spectrometer is capable of fast and sensitive tandem MS acquisition and simultaneous high accuracy MS acquisition, which is well suited for coupling with fast and efficient separation methods for peptide analysis. We evaluated this instrument as a detector for peptide separation by capillary electrophoresis. In MS mode, we observed low attomole detection limits for a number of peptides in a tryptic digest of standard proteins with high mass resolution (30,000 at m/z 400). The response time of the Orbitrap at this resolution was ∼0.70 s, which was adequate to reconstruct the peak shape and area of our electrophoretic peaks. The linear ion-trap successfully recorded tandem MS spectra of tryptic peptides at 20 nM concentration.
Cellular and developmental biological aspects of bovine meiotic maturation, fertilization, and preimplantation embryogenesis in vitro.

Cellular aspects of reinitiated meiosis, fertilization, and early preimplantation embryogenesis in the bovine species were examined under in vitro conditions. An analysis of the cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria, lipid droplets and vesicles in over 5,000 living GV-stage oocytes, with subsequent examination by electron microscopy, indicated that the organization of cytoplasm was pleomorphic and that five distinct cellular phenotypes could be identified. Inspection of oocytes during the resumption of arrested meiosis in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that the subcellular organization of the bovine oocyte cytoplasm remains unchanged during maturation to metaphase II. The influence of culture conditions and media on the frequency of maturation, cytoplasmic organization, fertilizability, and early preimplantation embryogenesis was also determined. The findings indicate that meiotic maturation and fertilization in the bovine species can occur at high frequency under comparatively simple and defined conditions. However, the acquisition of developmental competence for fertilization, and the ability of the egg to develop progressively after fertilization appears to be related to the organization of the cytoplasm at the GV stage. The relationship between cytoplasmic organization and conditions of maturation, fertilization, presence or absence of cumulus cells, and the acquisition of developmental competence is discussed with respect to (1) cell biological aspects of mammalian oocyte maturation, (2) the potential influence of extrinsic factors (e. g., differential intrafollicular biochemistry and morphophysiology) on sub-cellular organization of the GV-stage oocyte, and (3) the finding that morphologically equivalent bovine embryos derived from the in vitro fertilization of in vitro-matured oocytes may be developmentally heterogeneous. The studies also revealed that nuclear and cytoplasmic aberrations which could preclude normal embryogenesis can develop shortly after fertilization. The significance of this finding with respect to cytoplasmic phenotype of the oocyte and conditions of maturation, fertilization, and early embryo culture is discussed.
The osmotic behavior of digestive cells of Chlorohydra viridissima.

Digestive cells of Chlorohydra viridissima undergo reversible volume changes when suspended in varying concentrations of sucrose. The cells are isotonic to 50 mM sucrose. At sucrose concentrations higher than 200 mM volume changes are ideal, and correspond to an osmotically inactive volume of 0.71. Below 200 mM, deviations from ideal behavior occur; these indicate the development of an intracellular hydrostatic pressure, which reaches a maximum at about 50 mM. Below this concentration, the pressure remains constant. When suspended in culture medium these cells assume a prolate spheroid shape with axial ratio 0.75 ± 0.07. In sucrose solutions, the axial ratio undergoes systematic changes; as the sucrose concentration is reduced, the axial ratio slowly increases to a maximum value between 50 and 70 mM. On further dilution of the culture medium it drops rapidly. These shape changes are discussed in terms of the osmotic volume changes observed.
Is Milton Friedman an artist or a scientist

Most economists will agree that Milton Friedman is a brilliant economist. Yet, the majority assessment is that his work is ideologically flawed, and that the Marshallian economics he advocates has been superseded by Walrasian economics. In this paper I argue that the reason for this negative assessment is that Friedman, like Alfred Marshall before him, tried to straddle a fence between policy and logical-deductive theory, combining the artistic science of the historical and institutional school with the logical-deductive science of economics under a single category which Friedman called positive economics. This combination worked for Marshall, but did not work for Friedman, I argue that the profession's criticisms of Friedman stand, if he is viewed as a positive scientist as the profession currently defines positive economics - as logical deductive exercises. But that, I argue, is not how Friedman should be viewed; he should, instead, be viewed as an economic artist - as an applied policy economist extrao...
Psychology and African-American women: Findings from applied research

Abstract The current applied research on African-American women is characterized by a limited focus on primarily poor and single mothers and comparative studies with white women. The resulting research ignores the diversity within African-American women generalizing from noncomparative or restrictive samples to all African-American women and provides narrowly focused and/or inappropriate research models in which to study the development of these women across the life span. This review focuses on some of this research as it relates to social context factors in African-American women's lives: social supports and parenting, work and self-esteem, gender role attitudes and marital life, and mental health. An examination of methodological problems and suggestions for future research is discussed.
Preparation of Biologically Active Messenger RNA from Larvae of the Common Cattle Grub (Diptera: Oestridae)

Messenger RNA was prepared from first instars of the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers). Larvae were excised from esophagi of cattle and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Messenger RNA was extracted by grinding the frozen tissue with hot phenol, partitioning the nucleic acids into an aqueous phase, precipitation with ethanol, and chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. Poly(A)-RNA extracted by this method retained biological activity as demonstrated by in vitro translation using rabbit reticulocyte lysate and [35S]-Met. H. lineatum proteins produced by in vitro translation were analyzed by dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Immunoaffinity isolation of specific H. lineatum proteins demonstrated translational fidelity of the mRNA.
Bonding Social Capital in Entrepreneurial Developing Communities-Survival Networks or Barriers?

This paper focuses on the interaction between social capital and entrepreneurship in Aboriginal communities in Canada. Using statistical and interview data from three First Nations communities in northern Ontario, I examine if and how bonding networks turn into tangible resources for business development. The paper also highlights ways in which community relationships hinder entrepreneurship and turn into barriers to economic development. The paper concludes with examples of how insight into the interaction between public policy and social networks can help understand the barriers and opportunities facing community developers in marginalized communities around the world.
Effects of rim location, rim height, and tip clearance on the tip and near tip region heat transfer of a gas turbine blade

Abstract Effects of the rim height and the tip gap clearance on the heat transfer coefficients on the blade tip and near tip regions were measured with two different rim geometries. The heat transfer coefficient distributions were measured using the transient single color capturing liquid crystals technique. Rims were located along (a) the pressure and the suction side (full-rim case) and (b) the suction side of the blade tip (suction side rim case). The rim heights were (a) 2.1%, (b) 4.2%, and (c) 6.3% and the blade tip gap clearances were (a) 1.0%, (b) 1.5%, and (c) 2.5% of the blade span. Tests were performed on a five-bladed linear cascade placed in a blowdown facility. The overall pressure ratio, inlet total pressure to exit static pressure, was 1.2, and the Reynolds number based on the exit velocity and the axial cord length was 1.1 × 106. The turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet was 9.7%, and the inlet and exit Mach number were 0.25 and 0.59, respectively. It was found that higher rims reduce the heat transfer coefficients on the tip and shroud, but the reduction on the pressure and suction sides was not significant. The suction side rim case provided lower heat transfer coefficients on the blade tip and near tip regions than the full-rim case.
Conserved Telomere Maintenance Component 1 Interacts with STN1 and Maintains Chromosome Ends in Higher Eukaryotes

Summary Orthologs of the yeast telomere protein Stn1 are present in plants, but other components of the Cdc13/Stn1/Ten1 (CST) complex have only been found in fungi. Here we report the identification of conserved telomere maintenance component 1 (CTC1) in plants and vertebrates. CTC1 encodes an ∼140 kDa telomere-associated protein predicted to contain multiple OB-fold domains. Arabidopsis mutants null for CTC1 display a severe telomere deprotection phenotype accompanied by a rapid onset of developmental defects and sterility. Telomeric and subtelomeric tracts are dramatically eroded, and chromosome ends exhibit increased G overhangs, recombination, and end-to-end fusions. AtCTC1 both physically and genetically interacts with AtSTN1. Depletion of human CTC1 by RNAi triggers a DNA damage response, chromatin bridges, increased G overhangs, and sporadic telomere loss. These data indicate that CTC1 participates in telomere maintenance in diverse species and that a CST-like complex is required for telomere integrity in multicellular organisms.
Receptors in (e)motion.

A study finds that recall of fear-provoking memory changes the surface levels of AMPA receptors in the dorsal hippocampus. Inhibition of AMPA receptor trafficking strengthens the memory and results in excessive fear.
Excitatory Amino Acids Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

A large body of experimental evidence indicates that over-activation of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors may mediate irreversible neuronal injury in a variety of pathologic settings including cerebral ischemia, and that the developing brain may be particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of EAA receptor overactivation. In this article, we review current information about EAA receptor pharmacology and EAA neurotoxicity in the immature brain, and summarize recent experimental data indicating that EAA contribute to the pathogenesis of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Lognormal and Moving Window Methods of Estimating Acid Deposition

Abstract The deposition of heightened levels of sulfuric and nitric acid through rainfall in the United States may adversely affect the environment. For example, soils may become toxic to native tree species because of soil acidification. Ecological effects models being built to study these potential problems have a need for regional deposition estimates with associated measures of uncertainty. However, statistical estimation of the deposition process is complicated by a strong spatial trend (mean nonstationarity) and apparently a spatial covariance structure dependent on location (covariance nonstationarity). The available data for calculating deposition estimates consist of several hundred point observations at irregularly spaced sampling locations across the United States. The spatial estimation technique of kriging is the foundation of four deposition estimation methods evaluated in this study. These are lognormal kriging with a single model of the spatial covariance structure (the variogram); single-...
A preliminary study of the hydrolytic products of gentiopicrin by paper chromatography

Abstract Paper chromatography was used to study gentiopicrin and its hydrolytic products. In addition to glucose, four substances are formed during the hydrolysis of gentiopicrin with β‐glucosidase.
Response to Comment on "Large-Scale Sequence Analysis of Avian Influenza Isolates"

We repeated the dN/dS analysis as described by Holmes et al . using the methods and data as described in our original report. We obtained essentially the same results and agree that it cannot be concluded from dN/dS calculations whether PB1-F2 is under positive, negative, or neutral selection.
Differential absorption radiometry for stand-off chemical detection

A passive infrared (IR) sensor of chemical weapon agents (CWA) is being developed using a new approach (patent pending) for differential absorption radiometry (DAR). The sensor can be packaged as a handheld device, unattended sensor, remote imager and more. An agent is detected by its IR absorption (or emission) viewed through a bandpass filter centered at one of its strong spectral lines. A second detector is equipped with a filter centered at a frequency that was optimized to provide near perfect correction for background absorption by at least one atmospheric species, e.g., water vapor. The net absorption by the CWA is obtained by subtracting the reference signal of the background detector from that of the CWA-dedicated detector and normalized by dividing it by the total signal. A simple electronic circuit provides normalized differences to within 1:106. This new approach replaces spectral scanning wiht detection at strong pre-selected spectral bands of chosen species and provides near perfect correction of absorption by pre-selected background species. The DAR is more efficient and thus more sensitive than alternative passive remote sensors. Specificity can be enhanced by integrating multiple DARs into a a single system using detector-filter arrays.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parenteral nutrition offers no benefit over oral supplementation in malnourished hemodialysis patients

Parenteral nutrition offers no benefit over oral supplementation in malnourished hemodialysis patients
A vacuum submillimeter spectrometer

Abstract A single beam, high vacuum, Czemy-Tumer(1, 2) type spectrometer has been designed, built, and operated in the wavelength range between 100 and 1000 μ. The resolving power(2) at 300 μ is 100 with a signal to noise ratio of about 20. Both high and low temperature sample studies are possible with the equipment. Also reflection and transmission measurements can be made for the various sample phases.
Lyotropic Cholesteric and Nematic Phases of Disodium Cromoglycate in Magnetic Fields

Disodium cromoglycate in water (~10-15% by weight) forms a nematic liquid crystalline phase of negative diamagnetic anisotropy which readily orients in a magnetic field. The phase transition temper...
Energy-Linked Calcium Transport in Subcellular Fractions of the Failing Rat Heart

The isolated rat heart perfused without substrate provides a good model in which to study biochemical changes in the failing myocardium. In this preparation, there is a decline in the ability of both the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum to accumulate calcium in the absence of oxalate after 30 minutes of perfusion. Calcium binding by mitochondria fell from control levels of 47 ± 8 mµmoles/mg protein to 17.5 ± 4.9 mµmoles/mg protein and that by microsomes from 29.8 ± 5.1 mµmoles/mg protein to 15.2 ± 4.8 mµmoles/mg protein. This drop coincided with die start of the decline in myocardial contractility. The calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the presence of oxalate decreased from control levels of 534.1 ± 32.0 to 160.5 ± 27.2 mµmoles/mg protein after 2 hours of perfusion, at which time the myocardial contractility had dropped to below 10% of control levels. This change in the calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum is associated with an increase in its ATPase activity from 1.91 ± 0.21 to 3.00 ± 0.31 µmoles P 1 /mg protein/min over 2 hours of perfusion without substrate. This suggests that there is an uncoupling of the microsomal ATP-dependent calcium pump in these late stages of heart failure due to substrate lack. The change in calcium binding to reticulum occurred in association with the onset of contractile failure, whereas changes in calcium uptake in the presence of oxalate were delayed and probably represent irreversible disorganization of the intracellular membranes.
Congenic interval of CD45/Ly-5 congenic mice contains multiple genes that may influence hematopoietic stem cell engraftment

The B6.SJL-Ptprc(d)Pep3(b)/BoyJ (B6.SJL) congenic mouse strain, a valuable and widely used tool in murine bone marrow transplantation studies, has long been considered equivalent to the parental C57B/L6 (B6) strain with the exception of a small congenic interval on chromosome 1 harboring an alternative CD45/Ly-5 alloantigen (Ly-5.1). In this study we compared functional properties of stem and stromal cells between the strains, and delineated the boundary of the B6.SJL congenic interval. We identified a 25% reduction in homing efficiency, 3.8-fold reduction in transplantable long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), a 5-fold reduction in LT-HSCs capable of 24-hour homing, and a cell-intrinsic engraftment defect of 30% to 50% in B6.SJL-derived bone marrow cells relative to B6-derived cells. These functional differences were independent of stem cell number, cycling, or apoptosis. Genotypic analysis revealed a 42.1-mbp congenic interval in B6.SJL including 306 genes, and at least 124 genetic polymorphisms. Moreover, expression profiling revealed 288 genes differentially expressed between nonhematopoietic stromal cells of the 2 strains. These results indicate that polymorphisms between the B6 and SJL genotype within the B6.SJL congenic interval influence HSC engraftment and result in transcriptional variation within bone marrow stroma.
Unifying object-oriented programming with typed functional programming

The wide practice of object-oriented programming in current software construction is evident. Despite extensive studies on typing programming objects, it is still undeniably a challenging research task to design a type system for object-oriented programming that is both effective in capturing program errors and unobtrusive to program construction. In this paper, we present a novel approach to typing objects that makes use of a recently invented notion of guarded dependent datatypes. We show that our approach can address various difficult issues (e.g., handling "self" type, typing binary methods, etc.) in a simple and natural type-theoretical manner, remedying the deficiencies in many existing approaches to typing objects.
INACTIVATION OF DUPONOL-TREATED TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS WITH RABBIT ANTISERUM.

Abstract The common strain of tobacco mosaic virus, Ul, was partly degraded with Duponol (sodium lauryl sulfate). Infectious units surviving the detergent treatment were RNase sensitive as a consequence of having a segment of their RNA exposed. These infectious units displayed no marked change in their sensitivity to ultraviolet light or homologous rabbit antiserum, compared with intact virus, suggesting that the remaining protein coat still functioned during infection in a manner comparable to that of the intact virus.
"Ever Devotedly Yours:" The Whitlock-Howells Correspondence

W. D. Howells is known for his encouragement of other authors.Â This article, largely based upon fifteen manuscript letters in the Rutgers Library, tells us about the relationship between Howells and the American author, Brand Whitlock (1869-1937).
Property Rights Case Law and the Challenge to the Endangered Species Act

Congress is poised to initiate what could be a lengthy debate over the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In anticipation, proponents of strong Fifth Amendment private property rights guarantees have begun an aggressive campaign pitting those rights against those granted other species in the Act. Little case law exists that considers both property rights and wildlife protection, but inference can be drawn from Supreme Court opinions regarding property rights which may provide insight into likely judicial contributions to resolving tension between property rights and endangered species. We review key legislative history, provisions of the Endangered Species Act, relevant case law, and the implications of recent judicial trends that pertain to property and imperiled species. We then make recommendations that may improve implementation of this critical piece of environmental legislation. El Congreso esta preparado para iniciar lo que seria un largo debate sobre el Acta de Especies en Peligro. Anticipandose a este hecho, los proponentes de fuertes garantias para los derechos a la propiedad privada de la Quinta Enmienda han comenzado una campana agresiva confrontando tales derechos contra aquellos concedidos a especies incluidas en el Acta. Existe muy poca jurisprudencia que considere tanto lapropiedad privada como la proteccion de la naturaleza, pero se pueden hacer inferencias a partir de opiniones de la Suprema Corte referentes a los derechos a la propiedad que podrian proveer una mejor comprension de posibles contribuciones judiciales para resolver la tension entre los derechos a la propiedad y las especies en peligro. Revisamos la historia legislativa clave, las provisiones del Acta de Especies en Peligro, la jurisprudencia relevante y las consecuencias de las tendencias judiciales recientes que atanen a los derechos a la propiedad y a las especies en peligro. Luego damos recomendaciones que podrian mejorar la implementacion de esta porcion critica de legislacion ambiental.
Chemical Modification of the Rieske Protein from Thermus thermophilus Using Diethyl Pyrocarbonate Modifies Ligating Histidine 154 and Reduces the [2Fe-2S] Cluster

Rieske proteins are a class of electron transport proteins that are intricately involved in respiratory and photosynthetic processes. One unique property of Rieske proteins is that the reduction potential is pH-dependent. The ionizable groups responding to changes in pH have recently been shown to be the two histidine residues that ligate the [2Fe-2S] cluster. To probe the chemical reactivity toward and the accessibility of the ligating histidines to small molecules, akin to the substrate quinol and the inhibitor stigmatellin, the Thermus thermophilus Rieske protein was reacted with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) over a range of pH values. The modification was followed by UV−visible, circular dichroism, and EPR spectroscopies and the end product analyzed by mass spectrometry. The ligating His154, as well as the two nonligating histidines and surface-exposed lysines, were modified. Interestingly, modification of the protein by DEPC was also found to reduce the metal cluster. The ability to control the redox ...
Campus shuttle: Design of a college campus parking and transportation system

George Mason University is a commuter campus in Fairfax, VA. To meet forecast growth, parking lots are being removed to make space for classroom buildings. The loss of parking slots requires either additional parking garages or mass-transit shuttles to make up for the loss in parking spaces. There are also concerns about traffic congestion and emissions caused by the college's commuters. The Fairfax campus population is predominantly made up of commuters, with 77% of the population living off campus, a vast majority of which drive single occupant vehicles (SOV) to campus due to poor access to mass transit. At present, the GMU Fairfax campus has a parking utilization of 86%, leaving a surplus of approximately 900 parking spaces. Fairfax campus is predicted to start having a parking deficit sometime between 2014 and 2015. Projections out to 2020 show a deficit of 3,800 spaces. To counter that deficit, more than 10,600 current commuters would need to switch from SOV transportation to alternate forms of transit. A reduction of SOV commuters would also lead to lower CO2 emissions from the Fairfax campus. This paper describes the design of a system for addressing transportation and parking demand. This has 3 major parts: (1) identifying surrounding areas of significant Fairfax commuter populations; (2) the ability to predict ridership if a shuttle stop were to be placed in any of those areas by using a decision support tool (DST); and (3) a utility analysis (CO2, parking, and cost) of creating shuttle routes or garages to meet parking needs. In order for GMU to continue growing, both commuter shuttles and parking garages will be needed. If four additional routes are added, GMU can continue to grow through 2016 with a parking utilization of 96%. To continue growth beyond that point will require additional parking garages or bus routes.
Properties of Composite Sampling Procedures

Brown and Fisher (1972) proposed a model for subsampling mixtures of sampled material and used it to analyze an elementary composite sampling procedure. Their results and the results of Rohde (1976) are extended to cover procedures with several finite composites, testing error and within-increment variability. Among the properties of composite sampling procedures derived are the following: (1) the composite sampling estimator of a lot mean (μ x ) is unbiased whether or not the subsampling procedure in unbiased, (2) there is a relative upper bound on the variance of the composite sampling estimator of μ x , and (3) it is not necessary to form more than one composite to check for changes in basic parameters from lot to lot. The impact of these and other properties on the process of choosing a composite sampling procedure is discussed.
Arab and Moslem rhetorical theory and practice

Arab and Moslem rhetorical theory and practice have paralleled in certain respects the cycles of rhetorical theory and practice in the Western world, but due to the physical and cultural milieu of the Moslem world, the latter's rhetorical theory and practice have retained a unique flavor.
Stem cell antigen-1 is necessary for cell-cycle withdrawal and myoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells

Extracellular signaling pathways regulating myoblast differentiation and cell-cycle withdrawal are not completely understood. Stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1/Ly-6A/E) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein known for its role in T-cell activation, and recently described as a marker for regeneration-competent myoblasts. We previously determined that expression of Sca-1/Ly-6A is transiently upregulated during myocyte cell-cycle withdrawal; however, a specific function for Sca-1 in myogenesis has not been described. Here, we show that Sca-1 expression on the surface of a subpopulation of differentiating C2C12 myoblasts is maximal at the time of cell-cycle withdrawal, and that blocking Sca-1 with monoclonal antibodies or downregulating Sca-1 expression by antisense both promotes proliferation and inhibits myotube formation. Downregulating Sca-1 expression derepresses Fyn at the time of myoblast cell-cycle withdrawal, and dominant-negative and constitutively active Fyn mutants rescue and recapitulate the Sca-1 antisense phenotype, respectively. This suggests a Fyn-mediated mechanism for Sca-1 action. Thus, we demonstrate an unprecedented role for Sca-1 in early myogenesis in C2C12 cells, and propose a novel pathway from the myoblast cell surface to intracellular signaling networks controlling proliferation versus differentiation in mammalian muscle. These findings suggest that, beyond its role as a marker for muscle progenitors, Sca-1 may be an important therapeutic target for promoting muscle regeneration.
Outcomes of computer‐provided treatment for aphasia

Background: Computers have become a familiar component of aphasia treatment over the past 20 years. Published research continues to indicate the influence computerised treatment may have on improving language performance of aphasic adults. As a result of the move to develop evidenced‐based clinical guidelines, there is a need to evaluate the research methodology and the level of evidence provided by computerised interventions for aphasia. Aims: The purposes of this paper are to evaluate examples of reports in the computerised treatment for aphasia outcomes research literature by applying precise definitions of the treatment outcome research terminology, placing the examples within the context of the five‐phase treatment outcomes research model, applying a level of evidence scale to rate the evidence provided by the selected examples, and speculating where we are and where we may need to go in demonstrating the influence of computer‐provided treatment on improvement in aphasia. Methods & Procedures: We app...
β-Receptor responsiveness after desipramine treatment

To examine whether a tricyclic antidepressant affects the functional response to a β-receptor agonist in man, the response of heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma cAMP to isoproterenol was measured in 14 normal controls taking 75 mg desipramine daily. Desipramine significantly increased the bolus dose of isoproterenol needed to increase heart rate by 25 bpm at 14–30 days but not at 3–8 days. During infusions of isoproterenol, the increase in systolic blood pressure was blunted at both 3–8 days and 14–30 days, while the decrease in diastolic blood pressure was unaffected. Blood pressure findings were not affected by preadministration of bethanechol. In ten controls, isoproterenol infusions increased plasma cAMP, but this was unaffected by desipramine treatment. These findings suggest a decrease in the functional response of β1, but not β2, receptors after treatment with desipramine.
Exchange collision kernel.

In the analysis of laser-spectroscopic line shapes, velocity-changing collisions are accounted for by adding to the density-matrix equations-of-motion terms involving the direct collision kernel. The direct collision kernel is the probability density per unit time that an atom has a specific velocity after a collision, as a function of its velocity before the collision. If the collision partner's velocity distribution is not thermal, however, the direct collision kernel alone does not completely characterize the effect of collisions. In such cases it is necessary to include terms involving the exchange collision kernel. The exchange kernel is the conditional probability density per unit time that the atom has a specific velocity after the collision as a function of its collision partner's velocity before the collision. Both the direct and the exchange collision kernels are obtained from the linearized Boltzmann equation. We derive an expression for the exchange kernel in terms of the colliding-pair scattering cross section, and calculate the exchange kernel for hard-sphere collisions. Moreover, we propose a phenomenological exchange kernel similar to the Keilson-Storer direct kernel [J. Keilson and K. E. Storer, J. Appl. Math. 10, 243 (1952)] and compare it with the hard-sphere kernel. In an earlier paper [P. R. Berman, J. E. M. Haverkort, and J. P. Woerdman, Phys. Rev. A 34, 4647 (1986)], a connection was made between the collision kernels of laser spectroscopy and the collision integrals of classical transport theory. We expand on this earlier work by including the exchange collision kernel, and indicate how results from classical transport theory might be used in setting the parameters appearing in the phenomenological exchange kernel. We interpret an excitation-transfer experiment in terms of the exchange kernel.
Peak-to-average ratio (PAR) reduction by pulse shaping using a new family of generalized raised cosine filters

A new family of generalized raised cosine filters is formulated in an effort to reduce the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of the baseband signal over that obtained using the conventional raised cosine filter, while maintaining the same excess bandwidth and the zero intersymbol interference condition. The generalized filters contain a new design parameter d, giving an additional degree of freedom to minimize PAR for a given roll-off factor /spl alpha/. It is shown that PAR can be reduced by more than 0.5 dB over most of the /spl alpha/ range. Closed form expressions for the frequency and impulse responses of the generalized raised cosine filters are presented, along with the optimum value of d that yields minimum PAR as a function of /spl alpha/.
Set-associative dynamic random access memory

Static-column dynamic RAMs (random-access memories) offer fast access to successive locations within a single row, a fact which has been used in their implementation in fast cacheless memory systems. Such caches are necessarily nonassociative (direct-mapped), limiting their performance relative to set-associative caches of similar total capacity. The authors describe an architecture for dynamic RAM chips which circumvents this limitation by providing several alternative static row buffers on each chip. Cacheless memory systems utilizing these devices are able to achieve the performance characteristics of relatively expensive set-associative cached memories using only economical high-density RAM parts. Simulation results on set-associate dynamic RAMs (SADRAMs) are presented and some plausible roles for SADRAMs in various architectural contexts are noted. >
Educational video understanding: mapping handwritten text to textbook chapters

Handwritten text frames appear frequently in educational videos and can be used as an important cue for semantic analysis of educational videos. We detect text frames using a motion pattern analyzing algorithm. Then, we extract binary handwritten word images from the text frames in various visual formats: handwritten slides, electronic slides, handwriting on chalkboard, etc. We propose a handwritten word recognition method, using combined dynamic programming stroke-based character segmentation with optimal statistical handwritten character recognition. In parallel, we construct a small vocabulary from topic words taken from table-of-contents of course materials such as the course textbook. We use the handwritten word recognition results to query this table-of-contents structure, implemented as latent semantic analysis matrix operations. We are able to spot the most likely discussed chapters and topic words for each frame. We evaluate the overall approach on 12 videos of two courses, and the results are encouraging.
Short-run Efficiency and the Organization of the Electric Power Industry

I. Introduction, 592. — II. Organization of the U. S. electric power industry, 593. — III. The yardstick, 595. — IV. Short-run optimization problems of electric utilities, 597. — V. Interfirm coordination in New England, 599. — VI. Conclusions, 612.
A Radix Tree Router for Scalable FPGA Networks

Many FPGA based Network-on-Chip (NoC) and directly connected clusters use routers implemented in the FPGA fabric. Existing projects have optimized the routers for low resource utilization, low latency, and high bandwidth, often at the cost of programmability and manageability. Developers using the existing FPGA networks often have no way to specify a source or destination of a message except by using the physical locations of the nodes in the network. This low level of abstraction limits developer productivity and the ability of the network to adapt to changing conditions. We present an FPGA network that resolves these issues by allowing the developer to use familiar 32-bit addresses similar to an IP address and a router that uses a software managed routing table. The implementation presented here demonstrates similar resource utilization and bandwidth with a minimal increase in latency when compared to existing FPGA router implementations.
Presentation and Echocardiographic Markers of Neonatal Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND. Systemic hypertension is a rare but important cause of neonatal heart failure. It is critical that this etiology be recognized and distinguished from other causes of myocardial dysfunction in young infants, because diagnostic studies, treatments, and prognoses are quite different. METHODS. Between 1991 and 2005, 11 neonates were diagnosed as having neonatal cardiomyopathy and systemic hypertension through retrospective review of the Children9s Hospital of Wisconsin database. RESULTS. All infants in the cohort were found to have systemic hypertension (blood pressure of >95th percentile for gestational age and weight). Causes included renovascular disease ( n = 9), aortic obstruction secondary to thrombus ( n = 1), and steroid use ( n = 1). Echocardiography was performed at presentation for all patients because of cardiomegaly and/or hypertension. Echocardiographic findings were consistently striking for (1) left ventricular systolic dysfunction without chamber dilation, (2) concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, (3) left atrial dilation, and (4) aortomegaly. No anatomic aortic arch obstruction was identified, but Doppler findings for the descending thoracic aorta were uniformly consistent with elevated systemic vascular resistance. One patient died as a result of overwhelming thrombotic disease; all other patients responded to afterload reduction therapy with normalization of left ventricular systolic function during infancy. CONCLUSIONS. Hypertensive cardiomyopathy can present in neonates with nonspecific symptoms and systemic hypertension. Because sometimes hypertension in infants is ignored or misinterpreted as agitation, echocardiography can provide critical markers of the disease.
Encoding in verbal, enacted and autobiographical tasks in young and older adults

Young and older adults participated in a task in which they were asked to say items printed on a card out loud (verbal condition), act out a command printed on a card (enactment condition), and retrieve memories associated with a theme or action printed on a card (autobiographical encoding condition). The results indicate that items in the subject-performed task and autobiographical memory condition were remembered equally well, and both were remembered better than verbal stimuli. Age differences were absent in the verbal condition, but present in both the enactment condition and the autobiographical encoding condition. We discuss the results in the context of earlier findings demonstrating a subject-performed task advantage in mixed-presentation lists (Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1997) and age differences in enactment tasks (Kausler & Lichty, 1982).
The Temperature Dependence of the Absorption Edge in Some Amorphous Semiconductors

The implicit and explicit contributions to the temperature dependence of the absorption edge in some amorphous forms of Si, Ge, GaP, and GaAs are reported. The results are used to test a model in which the valence (conduction) band states in amorphous material are a superposition of crystalline valence (conduction) band states of about the same energy. In the case of the III–V compounds, it is concluded that such a model may be invalid owing to the probable existence of “wrong” bonds. Nous presentons une etude des contributions implicites et explicites a la dependence en temperature du seuil d'absorption de certaines formes amorphes de Si, Ge, GaP et GaAs. Les resultats sont utilises pour tester un modele dans lequel les etats de la bande de valence (conduction) de la forme amorphe sont approximativement une superposition d'etats de měme energie de la bande de valence (conduction) de la forme cristalline. Nous concluons qu'il est possible qu'un tel modele ne soit pas applicable au cas des composes III–V a cause de la possibilite d'existence des liaisons “incorrectes”.
Power Aware Wireless Data Collection for BSN Data Repositories

Wearable sensor nodes are highly constrained in terms of size, and, as a result, battery size and capacity. During a real time data collection, sensor nodes can communicate data continuously, however, this may reduce the system lifetime. Hence, we suggest an intelligent data collection algorithm that screens the sensor data and transmits only the segments of sensor data that might be of interest. Additionally, the proposed approach does not require extensive system training, since it is based on a flexible Body Sensor Network(BSN) data repository. User can select movements of interest in a repository, and load the sensor nodes with the relevant meta data. Based on the meta data, sensor nodes can decide whether a specific part of the collected sensor data needs to be transmitted. We extend the idea by exploring the idea of dynamically associating the relevance of the data to the amount of energy available at the sensor node.
Can we maintain turf to customers’ satisfaction with less water?

Science-based, holistic, site-specific water conservation practices can reduce water use on turfgrass sites without adversely affecting turfgrass performance. However, when water use is decreased below a certain threshold, performance declines. Water conservation measures that reduce turfgrass performance essentially decrease its economic, environmental, recreational, and aesthetic values, which can in turn adversely impact many ‘stakeholders’, including the local economy and those affected by increased wind erosion, water erosion, or fire hazard. On larger turfgrass sites, considerable costs are associated with some water conservation strategies, especially when the quality of an alternative irrigation water source is poor or redesign of the landscape and/or irrigation system is involved. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Kenyan pastors’ perspectives on communicating about sexual behaviour and HIV

The article presents an analysis of in-depth interviews with 18 leaders of Christian churches in Nairobi, Kenya, regarding the content and context of messages they disseminate to their congregations about sexual behaviour and HIV. The content of messages was nearly consistent across the different denominations. However, three sorts of tensions were identified within pastoral communication about these topics: the need to discuss sex and HIV versus societal taboos against speaking about those issues from the pulpit; traditional cultural norms versus current lifestyles; and the ideals of abstinence and fidelity versus the reality of congregants’ sexual behaviour. Although some of the religious leaders accepted the idea of condom use, no denominational patterns were noted on that subject, except with respect to Catholic priests. Pentecostal leaders were notable for describing proactive strategies to address both the ideal/real dilemma and the tension between church norms and current media content about sexual...
Actinomyces oris Fimbriae: an Adhesive Principle in Bacterial Biofilms and Tissue Tropism

Among Actinomyces spp., Actinomyces oris is the most abundant species in the human oral cavity. This chapter provides an account of the current knowledge of a key adhesive principle, the fimbriae of A. oris, which are considered to be the main players for the cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions involving the early colonizers of dental plaque. The genome sequence of A. oris has led to the identification and characterization of various fimbrial components and the specific enzymes, called sortases, that are responsible for the ordered assembly of fimbrial subunits into covalently cross-linked polymers and subsequent incorporation into the cell wall. The genome sequence also revealed the presence of an unusually large number of putative cell wall-anchored proteins, some of which must serve as additional adhesive principles facilitating the adherence of bridge organisms and late colonizers. Importantly, not only is the S. aureus srtA mutant defective in cell wall anchoring of LPXTG-containing surface proteins but also it is attenuated in animal models of infection. The Actinomyces fimbrial system is a versatile adhesive principle for promoting bacterial coaggregation and host tissue adherence that leads to the development of one of the most complex biofilms, the dental plaque.
Contemporary Financial Issues in Student Unions and Campus Activities.

Although they vary a great deal in size and scope, student unions and activity programs share several financial constraints and challenges.
An Adaptive Path Delay Fault Diagnosis Methodology

A framework to adaptively perform delay fault diagnosis is introduced. We propose a methodology to perform diagnosis taking into account the effect of test vector on the propagation delay along a path. An ATPG capable of generating test vectors that cannot be invalidated due to process variations in the submicron technology is used for diagnosis purposes. The proposed framework also has the ability to generate tests that can take of care delay faults induced by noise. Experimental results on the ISCAS'85 benchmarks shows the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Spinal ependymomas: benefits of extent of resection for different histological grades

Although the World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes spinal ependymomas into three histological grades, difference in surgical outcomes between WHO grades I and II tumors are unclear. For these benign tumors, prognosis may be best determined by factors other than tumor grade alone, such as extent of resection. To analyze the effects of the extent of resection on different grades of spinal ependymomas, we performed a comprehensive literature review to identify adult spinal ependymoma patients who received surgical resection with a clearly identifiable WHO grade. A total of 175 patients were identified. While grade III tumors carried the worst prognosis as expected (p<0.001), grade I and II tumors did not differ significantly in outcomes following surgery. Overall, gross total resection (GTR, 68.7%, 114/166) provided significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS, p<0.001) and overall survival (OS, p=0.022) compared to the subtotal resection group. Surprisingly, the highest GTR rate was achieved for grade II tumors (78.8%, 78/99; p<0.001) followed by grade I (58.9%, 33/56) and grade III tumors (27.3%, 3/11). Interestingly, PFS was significantly improved by GTR for grade II tumors (p<0.001), but not for grade I (p=0.705). Similar trends, although not statistically significant, were found for OS. Our results show that while GTR provides the best overall outcomes, GTR is most effective for classic grade II ependymomas, but not for grade I ependymomas. Despite having a lower WHO grade, myxopapillary ependymomas have a lower GTR rate, and benefit less from GTR.
Engaged Teaching and Learning With Adult Karen Refugees in a Service‐Learning Site

This article describes a case study of a service-learning project connected to a TESOL (teaching English to speakers of other languages) teacher preparation program. The case study explored the teacher candidates' experiences teaching English to Karen refugees from Myanmar (Burma) in a midwestern city in the United States. The teacher candidates' interviews and written reflections demonstrated that the service-learning experiences contributed to their academic and personal development and enhanced their academic knowledge, civic responsibility, and personal growth. This study demonstrated that service learning is a powerful experience that can enrich a TESOL program by engaging teacher candidates and the community they serve in a mutually beneficial way.