cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The immunomodulatory factors of arthropod saliva and the potential for these factors to serve as vaccine targets to prevent pathogen transmission

In general, attempts to develop vaccines for pathogens transmitted by arthropods have met with little or no success. It has been widely observed that the saliva of arthropods that transmit disease enhances the infectivity of pathogens the arthropod transmits to the vertebrate host. Indeed, it has been observed that vaccinating against components of the saliva of arthropods or against antigens expressed in the gut of arthropods can protect the host from infection and decrease the viability of the arthropod. These results suggest that multi-subunit vaccines that target the pathogen itself as well as arthropod salivary gland components and arthropod gut antigens may be the most effective at controlling arthropod-borne pathogens as these vaccines would target several facets of the lifecycle of the pathogen. This review covers known immunomodulators in arthropod salivary glands, instances when arthropod saliva has been shown to enhance infection and a limited number of examples of antiarthropod vaccines, with emphasis on three arthropods: sandflies, mosquitoes and hard ticks.
Effects of Moisture on Radiation-Induced Degradation in CMOS SOI Transistors

The effects of moisture on radiation-induced charge buildup in the oxides of a 0.35 μm SOI technology are explored. Data show no observable effects of moisture-related aging on radiation hardness. These results are in contrast to those of previous work performed on bulk MOS technologies fabricated in the 1980s. The cause of these differences do not appear to be due to differences in final chip passivation layers. Instead, other processing variables (including the use of different implant materials and thicker overlayers) may account for these differences. In any case, the SOI technology results indicate that not all advanced technologies exposed to moisture are necessarily susceptible to significant long-term radiation-induced aging effects.
APlace: a general analytic placement framework

We streamline and extend APlace, the general analytic placement engine based on ideas of Naylor et al. [7] and described in [3, 4, 5]. Previous work explored the adaptability of APlace to multiple contexts with good quality of results. For example, the framework was extended to traditional wirelength-driven standard-cell placement in [3, 5], achieving good results in placed HPWL and routed final wire-length. The framework was also extended to top-down multilevel placement, congestion-directed placement, mixed-size placement, timing-driven placement, I/O-core co-placement and constraint handling for mixed-signal contexts [3, 4, 5]. In this work, we have modified the implementation of APlace for speed and scalability. Improvements have been made in clustering, legalization and detailed placement strategies, as well as via a distributable solution framework for both global and detailed placement phases.
Noise in the Urban Environment

Noise has so permeated and increased in urban environments, that to counter it for the sake of public health, governments and municipalities are limiting the output of the various sources. All means of transportation are being noise regulated, and some progress has already been made; but transportation is the city's circulatory system, and how its net is designed will have much bearing on the urban pattern. Planners are thus confronted with a vital factor entering early schemes of their work, for — if they are to design human environments — consideration must be given to what is basic to them. And noise is an element that must be held in check. New towns separate their activities in a way that some serve as baffles to others. This concept entails as much a horizontal as a vertical distribution, proper stringent land-use zoning, and at the same time, a concerted effort to reduce to a minimum the noise of each causing source.
Students as Teachers in the Community: How Clinic Students Move from Novice to Professional by Leading Workshops for Local Governing Bodies

Introduction: In the Spring of 2009 the Land Use Clinic at the University of Montana School of Law began a workshop series in which clinic students train governing bodies on the legal aspects of issuing land use decisions under local laws. Inspired by the “experiential learning” and “contextual practice” approaches described in the Carnegie Report and Best Practices, the workshop series serves as a direct bridge from classroom to practice by placing the student in the role of both an expert communicator and a professional servant in the community. This workshop model - which supplements more “traditional” clinic work of representing clients in specific land use matters - has quickly grown to be a favorite part of both the students’ and the clients’ clinical experience and produces remarkable student learning in a relatively short time frame. Summary of Workshop Model: In various Montana communities, the clinic students present to planners, scientists, elected officials, and interested citizens, cultivating the skills of gathering legal authority and translating the law to laypersons. Then, the students place the audience in working groups to practice decision making in the context of a hypothetical land use fact pattern that raises legal and factual questions. (The students develop this fact pattern based on real land use cases they have observed in the community, thus synthesizing law and practice). Students move among the groups observing and providing feedback to participants. Because group discussions invariably involve conflicting political perspectives, the students are immersed in on-the-ground mediation and diplomacy skills. Finally, students lead a discussion during which audience members clarify questions and solidify their understanding of the law. This discussion portion helps students gain confidence in listening and thinking on their feet. The students leave the workshop with actual professional experience and established relationships with community leaders in the land use arena. The Clinic Director observes and supports the students during the workshop and provides immediate feedback to each student after the workshop concludes. The workshop model directly supports ideas within the Carnegie Report and Best Practices. In particular, it: (1) furthers the goal of “achieving educational objectives effectively and efficiently,” Best Practices, p. 168; (2) helps students adjust to their professional roles and develop professional skills, Best Practices, p. 170; and (3) engages students in the “formation of a professional identity,” Carnegie Report, p. 158.
Perspectives on Aging Vestibular Function

Much is known about age-related anatomical changes in the vestibular system. Knowledge regarding how vestibular anatomical changes impact behavior for older adults continues to grow, in line with advancements in diagnostic testing. However, despite advancements in clinical diagnostics, much remains unknown about the functional impact that an aging vestibular system has on daily life activities such as standing and walking. Modern diagnostic tests are very good at characterizing neural activity of the isolated vestibular system, but the tests themselves are artificial and do not reflect the multisensory aspects of natural human behavior. Also, the majority of clinical diagnostic tests are passively applied because active behavior can enhance performance. In this perspective paper, we review anatomical and behavioral changes associated with an aging vestibular system and highlight several areas where a more functionally relevant perspective can be taken. For postural control, a multisensory perturbation approach could be used to bring balance rehabilitation into the arena of precision medicine. For walking and complex gaze stability, this may result in less physiologically specific impairments, but the trade-off would be a greater understanding of how the aging vestibular system truly impacts the daily life of older adults.
On the Assessment of Motions and Structural Loads of a High-speed Catamaran

The structural designs of high speed craft are typically based on classification society rules to attest to the owner, designer, crew, passengers, and the public that a minimum level of safety is provided. As the speed and size of the vessels increase, extrapolation of the class rules may not satisfy the designers' need to fully quantify the safety margin in their new design. Application of the first-principles-based analysis of motions, loads and structural responses will aid in the evaluation of safety and raise the level of confidence in the vessel's overall mission. This paper discusses the methodology of a multi-level approach to the assessment of motions and structural loads on a high-speed catamaran, which is designed to operate at 40 knots through sea state 4. This approach includes linear frequency-domain sea keeping analysis, non-linear time domain simulations and comparisons with rule-based assessments. The added values of the direct analysis approach over the conventional rule-based design are discussed.
New Insights into the Influence of Pulsatile Pressure on the Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex

Pulsatile arterial pressure as compared to static pressure has important influences on baroreceptor activation and on the central mediation of the baroreflex. First, the static pressure-baroreceptor activity curve is sigmoid and the slope or gain peaks abruptly at pressures near 100 mmHg. In contrast, the pulsatile pressure-activity curve is linear over a wide range of pressure and the maximum gain is reduced. Second, exposure of baroreceptors to elevated levels of static pressure causes a rapid resetting or desensitization of the receptors within minutes. Baroreceptor resetting is absent or blunted when the elevated pressure is pulsatile. Third, inhibition of sympathetic activity is greater during pulsatile vs. static pressure even when baroreceptor activity per unit time is less. This central facilitation of the baroreflex is related to the lack of adaptation of central neurons to the pulse phasic afferent activity. The results indicate: 1) the extended linear range of the pressure-activity relation during pulsatile pressure may enable the baroreceptors to accurately detect changes in arterial pressure over a wider pressure range than that predicted from experiments using static pressure; and 2) pulsatile pressure can reduce resetting and promote reflex inhibition of sympathetic activity both by sensitizing the baroreceptors and by centrally facilitating the reflex.
Why Dylann Roof is a Terrorist Under Federal Law, and Why it Matters

After white supremacist Dylann Roof killed nine African-Americans at a Charleston, South Carolina church, authorities declined to refer to the attack as terrorism. Many objected to the government’s apparent double standards in its treatment of Muslim versus non-Muslim extremists and called on the government to treat the massacre as terrorism. Yet the government has neither charged him with a terrorist offense nor labelled the attack as terrorism.This Article argues that although the government was unable to charge him with terrorist crimes because of the lack of applicable statutes, the Charleston Massacre still qualifies as terrorism under federal law. Roof’s attack clearly falls under the government’s prevailing definition of domestic terrorism. It also qualifies for a terrorism sentencing enhancement, or at least an upward departure from the sentencing guidelines, as well as for the terrorism aggravating factor considered by juries in deciding whether to impose the death penalty.Labelling Roof’s attack as terrorism could have several important implications, not only in terms of sentencing, but also in terms of government accountability, the prudent allocation of counterterrorism resources, balanced media coverage, and public cooperation in preventing terrorism. For these reasons, the Article contends that the government should treat the Charleston Massacre, and similar ideologically-motivated killings, as terrorism.The Article also makes two policy suggestions meant to facilitate a more consistent use of the term terrorism. First, the Article proposes a new federal terrorism statute mirroring hate crime statutes, which would enable every terrorist to be charged with a terrorist offense. Second, simplifying the definition of terrorism to encompass any murder or attempted murder meant to advance an ideology would avoid the obfuscation invited by current definitions. However, even without such changes, the government still has the authority and responsibility to treat attacks such as Roof’s as terrorism for nearly all purposes.
Reducing Adult Phlebotomy Blood Loss with the Use of Pediatric-Sized Blood Collection Tubes

The feasibility of collecting smaller blood volumes during phlebotomy for diagnostic laboratory testing was evaluated by substituting pediatric-size for adult-size blood collection tubes. The volume of blood drawn with the use of pediatric-size tubes from 41 patients in an intensive care unit (120.2 mL total; 32.2 mL/day) was 46.8% lower than in that of a control population for which adult-size tubes were used (226.1 mL total; 55.6 mL/day). Sufficient blood was available for performance of all laboratory tests ordered at the time of the phlebotomy. Although substituting pediatric-size tubes does not address the problem of excessive use of laboratory tests, smaller tubes may reduce the severity of phlebotomy-induced anemia in adults without compromising laboratory test procedures.
Walden Pond as a Symbol

Thoreau's Walden has often been studied as a symbolic work exemplifying the romantic quest for rebirth. No one, however, has demonstrated that, like many other masterpieces of the period, its title identifies its chief symbol.My purpose is to demonstrate this point and show its significance for the work as a whole.
Well Older Adults within an Urban Context: Strategies to Create and Maintain Social Participation:

Introduction:Social participation has been found to promote health and wellbeing for older adults. In this study, well older adults participated in photovoice to explore how they create and maintain social participation while living alone in an urban community in California.Method:Photovoice is an action research method in which people create and discuss photographs, and then share them with legislators, policy makers and health care providers to generate personal and community change. Photographs convey the participants' points of view directly and show others what life is like for a given group of people.Findings:The study found that social participation is promoted through a sense of belonging, acceptance of differences and change, and healthy and active living. Barriers to social participation included access to safe transportation and costs associated with resources.Conclusion:The results of this study are important and inform occupational therapy intervention, such as advocating for community resour...
Filling the Care Gap Personal Home Care Worker Training Improves Job Skills, Status, and Satisfaction

With an aging population and provider shortages, personal care aides (PCAs) hold potential for providing low-cost, high-quality in-home supports and services. They comprise an unprecedented workfor...
232 OUTCOMES OF CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN REQUIRING CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS.

Acute renal failure (ARF) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is associated with significant morbidity, with mortality greater than 50%, despite advances in dialytic therapies. While use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has become widespread in the pediatric population, there are few published data regarding outcomes for these critically ill children. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with CRRT over the past 5 years in the PICU. We looked at the association of several factors with survival in a retrospective analysis of 76 children with ARF admitted to our institution between 1/2000 and 9/2005. The primary outcome was survival to discharge; secondary outcomes were duration of mechanical ventilation, PICU stay, hospitalization, and time to renal recovery. The median age of the patients was 69 months (range 0.10 to 227), median PRISM II score was 14 (range 0 to 39), median BUN at CRRT initiation was 51.5 mg/dL (range 2 to 220), median creatinine at CRRT initiation was 2.4 mg/dL (range 0.2 to 7.8). Of the 76 patients, 63.2% had multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS, defined as $ 3 organs) as the primary cause of renal failure, 22.4% were oncology patients, and 15.8% were bone marrow transplant patients. Overall PICU survival was 55.3%, similar to that previously described. Several factors were significantly different between those who survived to PICU discharge and those who died. Presence of fluid overload was the stated reason for CRRT initiation 62% of the time in survivors versus 91% of time in non-survivors (p
60-year follow-up of talectomy for congenital talipes equinovarus: brief report.

We report the 60-year follow-up of a patient with unilateral congenital club-foot treated successfully by talectomy
JNK1 Inhibition Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy and Sensitizes to Chemotherapy.

Inhibition of hypoxia-induced stress signaling through JNK potentiates the effects of oxaliplatin. The JNK pathway plays a role in both autophagy and apoptosis; therefore, it was determined how much of the effect of JNK inhibition on oxaliplatin sensitivity is dependent on its effect on autophagy. We studied the impact of JNK isoform downregulation in the HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cell line on hypoxia- and oxaliplatin-induced responses. Electron microscopic analyses demonstrated that both oxaliplatin- and hypoxia-induced formations of autophagosomes were reduced significantly in HT29 cells treated with the JNK inhibitor SP600125. The role of specific JNK isoforms was defined using HT29-derived cell lines stably expressing dominant-negative constructs for JNK1 and JNK2 (HTJ1.3 and HTJ2.2, respectively). These cell lines demonstrated that functional JNK1 is required for hypoxia-induced autophagy and that JNK2 does not substitute for it. Inhibition of autophagy in HTJ1.3 cells also coincided with enhancement of intrinsic apoptosis. Analysis of Bcl2-family proteins revealed hyperphosphorylation of Bcl-XL in the HTJ1.3 cell line, but this did not lead to the expected dissociation from Beclin 1. Consistent with this, knockdown of Bcl-XL in HT29 cells did not significantly affect the induction of autophagy, but abrogated hypoxic resistance to oxaliplatin due to the faster and more robust activation of apoptosis. Implications: These data suggest that balance between autophagy and apoptosis is shifted toward apoptosis by downregulation of JNK1, contributing to oxaliplatin sensitization. These findings further support the investigation of JNK inhibition in colorectal cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Res; 14(8); 753–63. ©2016 AACR.
Synchronization of Estrus in Heifers1

Numerous procedures have been developed to manipulate the estrous cycle of heifers to maximize the number that are in estrus during a short, predefined period with normal fertility-synchronized estrus. Early procedures consisted of synthetic progestins alone [melengestrol acetate; MGA® (Pharmacia and Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI)], prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) alone, and synthetic progestins in combination with PGF2α (7 d of MGA® with PGF2α on the last d) or estradiol valerate [Syncro-Mate B® (Merial Ltd., Iselin, NJ)]. The immediate estrus following MGA® treatment had suppressed fertility, and all of these early procedures resulted in either variability in the interval to estrus, poor results, or inconsistent results. During the past decade a new estrous synchronization procedure consisting of the daily feeding of MGA® (0.5 mg/d per head) for 14 d and an injection of PGF2α 19 d after the last d of MGA® was demonstrated to have pregnancy rates of 50 to 62%. This procedure hastens puberty and is robust; it works in most situations. The CIDR® (Pharmacia and Upjohn), an intravaginal insert containing progesterone, also synchronizes estrus and hastens puberty. Studies using the CIDR® insert for 7 d with an injection of PGF2α on d 6 or 7 to synchronize estrus have reported pregnancy rates similar to heifers synchronized with the MGA®/PGF2αprocedure; however, this procedure has not been as extensively studied as the MGA®/PGF protocol and might not be optimized. Both systems have utility in managing reproduction of beef and dairy heifers.
Fire Protection Engineering Design Brief Template: Hydrogen Refueling Station

Building a hydrogen infrastructure system is critical to supporting the development of alternatefuel vehicles. This report provides a methodology for implementing a performance-based design of an outdoor hydrogen refueling station that does not meet specific prescriptive requirements in NFPA 2, The Hydrogen Technologies Code. Performance-based designs are a code-compliant alternative to meeting prescriptive requirements. Compliance is demonstrated by comparing a prescriptive-based fueling station design with a performance-based design approach using Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) methods and hydrogen risk assessment tools. This template utilizes the Sandia-developed QRA tool, Hydrogen Risk Analysis Models (HyRAM), which combines reduced-order deterministic models that characterize hydrogen release and flame behavior with probabilistic risk models to quantify risk values. Each project is unique and this template is not intended to account for site-specific characteristics. Instead, example content and a methodology are provided for a representative hydrogen refueling site which can be built upon for new hydrogen applications.
DECLARATION OF BRAIN DEATH

SUMMARY It is hard to conceive of a clinical diagnosis more important than the diagnosis of death. Once thought to be a rather simple proposition (“death means breathing and heart beat have stopped”), modern technology has required a reassessment of the definition. Over the past 30 years, a brain-centered rather than a cardiorespiratory-centered definition of death has emerged and now has achieved wide acceptance in medical, legal, ethical and religious circles. Several formal sets of criteria have been published, not so much to define rigidly the diagnosis of brain death, but to provide the medical community with carefully formulated procedures that help establish the standard of care. Such a broadly accepted standard of care supports the clinician's judgment in declaring a patient brain dead and helps reassure the broader community that both the concept and diagnosis of brain death reflect a consensus among medical, legal, and ethical experts. The criteria most commonly applied in the United States today are those generated by the President's Commission. Other criteria are chiefly of historical importance only. Although there is broad consensus, some differences are seen within the medical community. The British definition of brain death, for instance, equates brain stem death with brain death. Theoretically, this could lead to some patients being declared brain dead in Britain who would not fulfill American criteria; however, it is unlikely that there is any difference in ultimate outcome in the two countries. Within the American medical community, there is some debate over the “whole-brain” definition of brain death. Strictly speaking, this definition, espoused by the President's Commission, would not allow even minimal brain function, such as preserved hypothalamic function. Alternatives discussed in the literature include the “higher brain” definition or the concept that brain death is the loss of functioning of the organism as a whole. In spite of these controversies over conceptual details of the definition, the concept of brain death has stood up to challenge within the legal and ethical communities as well as within medicine, and is now an established part of medical practice.
Energy-efficient approaches to coverage holes detection in wireless sensor networks

A Sensor network is a sensing, computing and communication infrastructure that allows us to instrument, observe, and respond to phenomena in the physical and cyber infrastructure. As sensors are typically battery operated, it is important to efficiently use the limited energy of the nodes to extend the lifetime of the sensor network. Several anomalies can occur in wireless sensor networks that impair their desired functionalities resulting in the formation of different kinds of holes such as coverage holes, routing holes, jamming hole, and worm holes. The coverage problem is one of the fundamental issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, the coverage hole problem in sensor networks is rigorously analyzed. We provide distributed as well as centralized algorithms that allow the selection of the set of sensors that are on the boundary of the coverage holes in the region. Holes boundary detection is crucial for optimizing sensor placement and identifying regions of interest for the end user. Mathematical as well as experimental proofs are provided to validate the correctness and efficiency of our algorithms.
The Right Stand by ASM regarding Journal Impact Factors.

We wish to applaud the team of ASM Editors for taking the right step toward applying a fair scientific publication policy at the Journals' Board meeting during ASM Microbe 2016 ([1][1]). Several researchers have acknowledged that “impact factor” (IF) has always been an artificial measure of the
DNNMark: A Deep Neural Network Benchmark Suite for GPUs

Deep learning algorithms have been growing in popularity in the machine learning community based on their ability to accurately perform clustering and classification in a number of domains. One commonly used class of deep learning techniques is deep neural networks (DNNs). They are composed of a massive number of artificial neurons and many hidden layers. As a complex scientific computing problem, deep neural networks encompass a rich set of computing-intensive and data-intensive workloads including convolution, pooling, and inner products. All of these workloads can be used as standalone programs to benchmark hardware performance. As the GPU develops into a popular platform used to run deep learning algorithms, hardware architects should be equipped with a representative set of benchmarks that can be used to explore design tradeoffs. This suite of workloads can be constructed from a number of primitive operations commonly found in deep neural networks. In this paper, we present DNNMark, a GPU benchmark suite that consists of a collection of deep neural network primitives, covering a rich set of GPU computing patterns. This suite is designed to be a highly configurable, extensible, and flexible framework, in which benchmarks can run either individually or collectively. The goal is to provide hardware and software developers with a set of kernels that can be used to develop increasingly complex workload scenarios. We also evaluate selected benchmarks in the suite and showcase their execution behavior on a Nvidia K40 GPU.
Coupled electrical-thermal-fluid simulation for large-scale circuits with integrated microchannels

A coupled electrical-thermal-fluid simulation technique is developed based on the finite element method. The coupled simulation, which integrates the full-wave electromagnetic, fluid, and transient conjugate heat transfer analyses into an iterative scheme, is devised for circuit designs with integrated micro channel cooling. The motion of fluid flow is decoupled from temperature under the assumption of incompressible and fully developed flows. The full-wave electromagnetic and the transient conjugate heat transfer analyses are coupled through temperature-dependent material properties. The efficiency of the coupled simulation is enhanced through several numerical techniques including an adaptive time stepping scheme, a domain decomposition scheme called the finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI), and FETI-enabled parallel computing. The capability and the efficiency of the coupled simulation are demonstrated through a numerical example.
Visual Information and Candidate Evaluations: The Influence of Feminine and Masculine Images on Support for Female Candidates:

Existing research debates the extent to which feminine and masculine stereotypes affect voters’ impressions of female candidates. Current approaches identify how descriptions of female candidates a...
A flipped classroom model for a biostatistics short course

Effective pedagogical strategies are needed to improve statistical literacy within health sciences education. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a highly interactive two-week biostatistics short course using the flipped classroom model in the United States. The course was required for all students at the start of a doctoral degree program with the goal of standardizing student preparation, contextualizing biostatistics to healthcare, and identifying students needing additional help. We focused on basic concepts and methods, their application to healthcare, selection of statistical procedures, and results interpretation. Data indicate that students were actively engaged, perceived the course as useful, and experienced learning gains. After the course, students indicated that they better understood the relevance and applicability of biostatistics and were motivated to learn more. First published November 2017 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy. Donders Lecture: The Netherlands Ophthalmological Society, Maastricht, Holland, June 19, 1992.

Purpose This report describes 13 patients, predominantly young women, with a syndrome characterized by rapid loss of one or more large zones of outer retinal function, photopsia, minimal funduscopic changes, and electroretinographic abnormalities affecting one or both eyes. All patients on follow-up examination had persistent visual field defects, and most had chronic photopsia and zones of pigment epithelial atrophy. Evidence is presented that these patients probably represent part of the spectrum of a single disorder that includes the multiple evanescent white-dot syndrome (MEWDS), acute idiopathic blind-spot-enlargement syndrome (AIBSES), acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN), and the pseudo-presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (P-POHS). Methods The medical records of these 13 patients and 2 additional patients, who developed, in addition to the features of this syndrome, funduscopic changes typical of MEWDS, AMN, and P-POHS, were reviewed and follow-up obtained. Results These patients had extensive unrewarding medical and neurological investigations because of suspected diagnoses, including central nervous system disorders, cancer-associated retinopathy, retinal vasculitis, diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis, and tapetoretinal degenerations. Although most patients retained good visual acuity, all had permanent visual field loss that in some cases was severe. The cause of the disorder was not determined. No effective treatment was found. Conclusions Acute visual loss and photopsia in these patients is probably caused by damage to large zones of the outer retina that appears unaffected ophthalmoscopically. Electroretinography is important in early diagnosis. Future investigations probably will reveal further evidence linking this disorder to MEWDS, AIBSES, AMN, and P-POHS.
CCE IV: El Niño-related zooplankton variability in the southern California Current System

Author(s): Lilly, LE; Ohman, MD | Abstract: We analyzed seven El Nino events (springs 1958–59, 1983, 1992–93, 1998, 2003, 2010, and 2016) and the 2014–15 Pacific Warm Anomaly (spring 2015) for their impacts on zooplankton biomass and community composition in the southern sector of the California Current System (CCS). Although total mesozooplankton carbon biomass was only modestly affected during El Nino springs, community composition changed substantially. Carbon biomass of five major zooplankton taxa correlated negatively with San Diego sea level anomaly (SDSLA), a regional metric of El Nino physical impacts in the CCS. Additional taxa were negatively related to SDSLA via a time-lagged response reflected in an autoregressive-1 (AR-1) model. All five SDSLA-correlated taxa decreased in carbon biomass during most El Nino years compared to the surrounding years; the exception was the mild event of 2003. Principal Component Analysis revealed coherent species-level responses to El Nino within the euphausiids, copepods, and hyperiid amphipods. Percent similarity index (PSI) comparisons showed pronounced changes in the compositions of euphausiid and, to a lesser extent, calanoid copepod communities during El Nino. By grouping El Ninos into Eastern Pacific (EP) versus Central Pacific (CP) events based on their expressions along the equator, we found that CCS zooplankton assemblages showed a tendency toward greater changes in species composition during EP than CP El Ninos, although we had low statistical power for these comparisons. Several species showed consistent biomass changes across La Nina events as well, generally opposite in sign to El Nino responses, but overall community composition showed minimal change during La Nina. Carbon biomass and community composition returned to pre-Nino levels within 1–2 years following almost every event, suggesting high resilience of southern CCS zooplankton to El Nino perturbations to date.
Troubleshooting Transiently-Recurring Errors in Production Systems with Blame-Proportional Logging

Many problems in production systems are transiently recurring— they occur rarely, but when they do, they recur for a short period of time. Troubleshooting these problems is hard as they are rare enough to be missed by sampling techniques, and traditional postmortem analyses of runtime logs suffer either from low-fidelity of logging too little or from the overhead of logging too much. This paper proposes AUDIT, a system specifically designed for troubleshooting transiently-recurring problems in cloud-based production systems. The key idea is to use lightweight triggers to identify the first occurrence of a problem and then to use its recurrences to perform blame-proportional logging. When a problem occurs, AUDIT automatically assigns a blame rank to methods in the application based on their likelihood of being relevant to the root-cause of the problem. Then AUDIT enables heavy-weight logging on highly-ranked methods for a short period of time. Over a period of time, logs generated by a method is proportional to how often it is blamed for various misbehaviors, allowing developers to quickly find the root-cause of the problem. We have implemented AUDIT for cloud applications. We describe how to utilize system events to efficiently implement lightweight triggers and blame ranking algorithm, with negligible to
La diversidad local frente a la «Cultura Chachapoya» en la arquitectura doméstica

Thiis article critiques the notion that pre-Inka societies across Chachapoyas shared a common tradition of domestic architecture that distinguished them from neighboring regions. This notion frequently appears in regional scholarship as a means by which to identify the presence of culturally «Chachapoya» groups, and it has gained special prominence in light of mounting evidence that considerable local variation existed in other forms of material culture in Chachapoyas, such as fineware ceramics and cliff-tomb burials. In terms of domestic architecture, three features in particular—cornices, friezes, and platform bases—are often cited as typifying a «Chachapoya» architectural tradition. Yet a detailed comparison of studies from several major sub-regions—including Luya, the Leymebamba-Chuquibamba districts, and the Sonche Basin—reveals considerable variation in architectural attributes. Indeed, in some areas the typical «Chachapoya» features are absent altogether. In contrast to other forms of material culture in which local variations are, in fact, recognized, the tendency to perceive a supposed homogeneity of domestic architecture reflects common theoretical frameworks in archaeology. Recognizing the local architectural diversity present in Chachapoyas, however, promises to enrich contemporary understandings of the cultural and social diversity that characterized this region prior to Inka conquest, and will help problematize the cultural and analytical construction of the concept of «Chachapoyas» in the past and present.
Moving Image User-Generated Description

This article explores temporal influences on compressive social tagging generation for archival moving image materials through a quasi-experimental study. Forty participants tagged the same video segmented into differing lengths. Analysis of the resulting data found the average number of user-generated tags is influenced by the length of the video within moving image collections. Specifically, the average tagging rate for a short video was higher than its lengthier counterpart.
Social Insurance, Human Development and Social Cohesion†

I would like to begin by expressing my gratitude to the Human Development and Capability Association, and in particular to its outgoing president, Ravi Kanbur, for inviting me to give the Ul Haq Me...
Hepatic sclerosing cavernous haemangioma can mimic the nodular elastosis stage of segmental atrophy.

AIMS Segmental atrophy (SA) of the liver is a recently described pseudotumour that can show a broad spectrum of histological changes. The previously described histological differential diagnosis of SA has included cystic disease of the liver, amyloid, cancer-associated elastosis, and epithelioid haemangioendothelioma. We have observed that sclerosing cavernous haemangiomas (SCHs) can mimic the nodular elastosis stage of SA; the aim of this study was to explore this differential diagnosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 20 SCHs and 12 SAs, excluding haemangiomas with treatment effect. Several clinical and morphologic characteristics were examined, and elastin and CD34 staining was performed on cases with available tissue. SA was always asymptomatic, whereas SCH caused symptoms in 56% of patients (P = 0.026); SCH also tended to be larger (mean size: SCH, 47 mm; SA, 16 mm; P = 0.027). Thick-walled blood vessels were more common in SA than in SCH (92% versus 45%, P = 0.011), as was ductular reaction (50% versus 5%, P = 0.0057). The two lesions had similar rates of border irregularity, residual entrapped hepatocytes, matrix oedema, and at least mild elastic fibrosis as seen on special staining, although staining was typically dense and diffuse in SA. CD34 immunostaining demonstrated at least scattered vessels in all cases of SA and SCH. CONCLUSIONS SCH can mimic SA, although it is generally larger and more often symptomatic. Elastin staining provides a useful adjunct to standard haematoxylin and eosin histological examination in resolving this differential diagnosis.
Outcome of non-small cell lung cancer in females with gefitinib therapy: An experience from eastern India.

e18043 Background: Non-small cell lung carcinoma is usually an incurable disease with average overall survival of 7-9 months. But studies in recent years have shown that adenocarcinoma in nonsmoker...
President Trump and the Presidential Signing Statement: A First Look

The purpose of the paper is to understand how President Trump has used the presidential signing statement by comparing his first two years with the first two years of the Reagan-Obama presidencies, and then look at any emerging trends in the signing statements he has issued.
The interferometric strain gage

The interferometric strain gage consists of two very shallow grooves ruled on a highly polished surface. The grooves are cut with a diamond and are 4×10−5 in. deep and 5×10−3 in. apart. Coherent, monochromatic light from a He−Ne gas laser incident upon these grooves will produce fringe patterns. A fringe pattern with the fringes parallel to the grooves is formed on each side of the impinging beam. The position of these patterns in space is related to the distance between the two grooves. As this distance changes, the fringes shift. Measurement of these fringe shifts enables one to determine the local strain of the specimen.
Selection of reference genes for quantitative PCR: identifying reference genes for airway epithelial cells exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Most quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments report differential expression relative to the expression of one or more reference genes. Therefore, when experimental conditions alter reference gene expression, qPCR results may be compromised. Little is known about the magnitude of this problem in practice. We found that reference gene responses are common and hard to predict and that their stability should be demonstrated in each experiment. Our reanalysis of 15 airway epithelia microarray data sets retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) identified no common reference gene that was reliable in all 15 studies. Reanalysis of published RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data in which human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) were exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed that minor experimental details, including bacterial strain, may alter reference gene responses. Direct measurement of 32 TaqMan reference genes in primary cultures of HBEC exposed to P. aeruginosa (strain PA14) demonstrated that choosing an unstable reference gene could make it impossible to observe statistically significant changes in IL8 gene expression. We found that reference gene instability is a general phenomenon and not limited to studies of airway epithelial cells. In a diverse compendium of 986 human microarray experiments retrieved from the NCBI, reference genes were differentially expressed in 42% of studies. Experimentally induced changes in reference gene expression ranged from 21% to 212%. These results highlight the importance of identifying adequate reference genes for each experimental system and documenting their response to treatment in each experiment. This will enhance experimental rigor and reproducibility in qPCR studies.
Semi-implicit method to solve compressible multiphase fluid flows without acoustic time step restrictions

Abstract A new 3D multiphase numerical capability is presented here for simulating multiphase flow regimes at all Mach numbers (M). The new method is a semi-implicit extension of the finite volume discrete equation method (DEM) of Chinnaya et al. (2004), which originally used explicit time-stepping. The capability is also developed to work with another extension of the DEM to moving grids for arbitrary Lagrangian-Eularian (ALE) methods detailed in Dunn (2011). Rather than solving all phase equations simultaneously, the DEM reduces the equations to a system of single-phase Riemann solves, where each phase has its own velocity and thermodynamic state. Exchanges between the phases are modeled through source terms accounting for the phase interactions. Since the original multiphase scheme uses an explicit time-advancement scheme, it has time step restrictions dictated by the speed of sound, which limits the model's ability to simulate weakly compressible flows which typically need to be integrated for longer time periods. Here, we extend the current multiphase formulation by implementing a pressure-correcting step to enable implicit calculations and remove acoustic time step limitations. The new semi-implicit algorithm allows use of relatively large time steps compared to an explicit method. Validation and benefits of the new implicit time-step method are illustrated using several examples including weakly compressible flows and strong shock waves. The scheme presented here is general and may be used for a variety of applications which require capabilities for handling multiphase flow at a wide range of Mach numbers. However, the goal of this research is to simulate all stages of high energy explosions, including the shock formation (high Mach numbers) and evolution of the buoyant cloud (low Mach numbers).
Associations between symptom severity and treatment burden in people living with HIV.

Aim To examine the association between symptoms severity and treatment burden in people living with HIV. Design Correlational, secondary analysis of data from participants diagnosed with HIV enrolled in a descriptive, cross-sectional study examining physical activity patterns. Methods We analysed data from 103 men and women using self-report data collected between March 2016 - February 2017. Our primary statistical analyses consisted of explanatory multivariate modelling with individual PROMIS-29 scores representing symptom severity and treatment burden measured using the Treatment Burden Questionnaire-13. Results Greater symptom severity was associated with higher levels of cumulative treatment burden as well as higher levels of task-specific medication and physical activity burden. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that fatigue was a risk factor of cumulative treatment burden as well as task-specific medication and physical activity treatment burden. Effect sizes of multivariate models ranged from small (0.11) to medium (0.16). Additionally, post hoc analyses showed strong correlations between fatigue and other measured symptoms. Conclusion Findings support extant treatment burden literature, including the importance of addressing symptom severity in conjunction with treatment burden screening in the clinical setting. Results also suggest clinical interventions focused on the reduction of fatigue could reduce treatment burden in people living with HIV. Strong correlations between fatigue and other symptoms indicate the potential for reducing fatigue by addressing other highly clustered symptoms, such as depression. Impact People living with HIV exhibiting higher levels of fatigue are at high risk for treatment burden and poorer self-management adherence. Clinicians should consider incorporating symptom and treatment burden assessments when developing, tailoring and modifying interventions to improve self-management of HIV and other co-morbid conditions.
COVID - 19 case study in emergency medicine preparedness and response: from personal protective equipment to delivery of care.

In late 2019, a novel new virus appeared in China with reports of a cluster of pneumonia cases in the large city of Wuhan. Current epidemiological theories trace the virus's first appearance to a seafood market in the city. It is there the virus was thought to have passed from animals to humans. Hundreds and then thousands of Chinese nationals developed high fevers, body aches, and pneumonia-like symptoms. Testing to determine cause revealed it wasn't SARS, the coronavirus that spread around the country in 2002, or the deadly Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS; nor was it influenza, bird flu, or the adenoviruses that cause respiratory symptoms.49 All this was unfolding just before China's biggest holiday, Spring Festival, a time when hundreds of millions of Chinese travel to celebrate and be with family.20