cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE INDUCTION OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL MUTANTS IN THE MOSS PHYSCOMITRELLA PATENS

A B S T R A a T Physcomitrella patens is a monoecious, cleistocarpous moss which completes its life cycle under defined conditions in 7 to 8 weeks. Sexual reproduction is readily obtained by culturing gametophytes at la to 19 C. AMutants were induced by treatment of either spores or protonemal cells with ethyl methane sulfonate, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and X-rays. Thiamine, para-aminobenzoic acid, niacin and yeast extract auxotrophs were obtained. Growth response to various supplements was studied in the auxotrophic mutants. Five yellow mutants and two morphological mutants were induced. The chlorophyll content of the yellow mutants is reduced 35-65% of wild type. The self-sterile, para-aminobenzoic acid-dependent mutant was used as the archegonial parent in crosses with a yellow mutant and a morphological mutant. The selfsterility of the para-aminobenzoic acid-requiring mutant appears to be pleiotropically related to the auxotrophic condition, since self-sterility does not segregate from nutritional dependence in progeny of crosses. On the basis of tests with heterozygous diploids obtained by aposporous regeneration of capsule cells, two mutant alleles were shown to be recessive to their respective wild
Generalized eruptive histiocytosis

The histiocytic disorders can be broadly categorized into histiocytosis X (Langerhans cell-derived) and non-X types. There are several variants of non-X histiocytoses that tend to occur in a generalized distribution on the body; these include xanthoma disseminatum, generalized eruptive histiocytosis (GEH), progressive nodular histiocytosis, and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Clinical and pathologic correlation are required for differentiating among these 4 disorders. We report a case of a middle-aged man in whom small, scattered, symmetrical lesions on the trunk and proximal extremities developed that, after correlating with biopsy specimen and laboratory results, were best classified as a non-X histiocytosis with features of GEH. GEH is a rare generalized non-X histiocytosis that occurs mainly in adults. It is characterized by multiple, scattered, symmetric lesions on the trunk and proximal extremities that are benign in nature and tend to resolve spontaneously. Recent literature has suggested that GEH may be a part of a continuous spectrum of non-X histiocytic disorders.
Reactions of cyanamide, dicyandiamide and related cyclic azines in high temperature water

Abstract Cyanamide, dicyandiamide, and the related cyclic azines (melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) were reacted in water at 100–300 °C in a sealed 316 SS tube (275 bar) for the purpose of characterizing the hydrothermolysis chemistry of cyanamide. The conversion of cyanamide to dicyandiamide dominates at 100–175 °C. At 175–250 °C, when the reaction times are shorter than 15 min, the major pathway is hydrolysis of the cyanamide-dicyandiamide mixture to CO2 and NH3. A minor pathway is cyclization to higher azines (melamine, ammeline, ammelide and cyanuric acid). Above about 225 °C, hydrolysis of these cyclic azines to aqueous NH3 and CO2 occurs in a relative ratio which depends on the particular cyclic azine, and, to an extent, which increases with temperature. At 300 °C the conversion of all compounds to CO2 and NH3 is complete in 10 min. The hydrothermolysis chemistry of cyanamide and urea are compared.
Application of the Pictet-Spengler reaction in combinatorial chemistry

Abstract Reaction of polymer bound tryptophan with a variety of aldehydes and ketones under Pictet-Spengler like conditions was found to produce 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolines in excellent yield. The straightforward, easily automated chemistry and the availability of numerous commercial aldehydes and ketones makes this approach ideal for combinatorial chemistry application.
Pseudofractures of the cervical vertebral body

A lucency traversing obliquely across the inferior-posterior aspect of cervical vertebral bodies may be a normal variant due to osteophytes of the uncinate processes or transverse processes with a resultant Mach band phenomenon. This could be misinterpreted as a fracture of the vertebral body in a patient with a history of cervical injury. A review of normal lateral cervical vertebral films obtained on patients with no traumatic history showed this phenomenon to occur in 27% of adults. It was not observed in children. The proper interpretation is easily made when one considers the location and the fact that a cervical fracture does not occur in such a location as an isolated event.
Glutathione content is altered in Müller cells of monkey eyes with experimental glaucoma

Extracellular levels of glutamate are thought to be increased in glaucoma and thus contribute to retinal damage. An increase in glutamate concentration or duration in the extracellular retinal space is expected to impact glutathione content in Muller cells since glutamate is the rate-limiting constituent in glutathione synthesis. We have investigated whether glutathione content is changed in retinal Muller cells of monkeys with experimental glaucoma using immunocytochemistry and image analysis. Muller cells in glaucomatous retinas showed significantly greater immunoreactivity (27-57%) for glutathione than those in fellow control retinas, increasing with the duration of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). This pattern of labeling was prominent in all four monkeys studied. The presence of more glutathione in Muller cells of glaucomatous retinas is consistent with an increase in extracellular glutamate and an increase in transport and metabolism of glutamate.
Law enforcement: Shortcomings of radar speed measurement: It's based on sound principles, but present systems have practical limitations and may be misused

Well-publicized court rulings have found radar speed readings inadmissible as legal evidence, because the radars were operated in such a way as to cast doubt on the accuracy of the readings. Existing devices are, in fact, quite accurate if used within their limitations by trained operators. The problems can be overcome through better training and tighter equipment standards, while some relatively simple technical improvements in the radars can reduce present limitations significantly.
Resonantly forced, nonlinear gravity waves in a shallow rectangular tank

Abstract Two-dimensional, weakly nonlinear, weakly dispersive, weakly damped gravitywaves are excited in a rectangular tank by an oscillatory translation at a frequency that approximates that of the dominant mode. A Lagrangian formulation, in which the generalized coordinates are the coefficients in a normal-mode expansion of the free-surface displacement and are slowly modulated sinusoids, leads to a set of evolution equations for 2N slowly varying amplitudes, where N is the number of modes retained in the truncated modal expansion. The asymptotic solutions of these evolution equations may be fixed points (harmonic wave motion), limit cycles (periodic exchange of energy between the modes), or chaotic for N = 2, but only fixed-point solutions (which correspond to the steady-state solutions obtained originally by Chester) are obtained for N = 4 and 8. This suggests that the limit cycles and chaotic solutions for N = 2 are artifacts of the truncation. An alternative formulation, based on the superposition of oppositely moving solutions of a forced Korteweg-de Vries equation, is given in an appendix.
Language-specificity of motion event expressions in young Korean children

This paper examines the development of motion expressions in two Korean children. The database consists of bi-weekly to monthly recordings of spontaneous mother–child interaction in their home between ages 1:11 and 4;2. All expressions of motion, both spontaneous and caused, were analyzed following the coding system developed by Hickmann, Hendriks & Champaud 2009). Analyses include form–function relationships between the types of linguistic devices used and the components of Motion expressed (e.g. Path, Manner, Cause), as well as the semantic density of motion-relevant information within the clause. The results were then compared to those of French and English learners reported in Hickmann et al. (2009).verb-framed
UNVEILING ENABLERS AND INHIBITORS OF COLLABORATIVE PLANNING

As part of organizations' drive towards supply chain integration. Collaborative Planning (CP) emerged in the late 1990s. Lack of visibility of demand (in the form of point of sale data) and inventory holding status across the supply chain, together with adversarial relationships between trading partners remain as significant barriers to the goal of supply chain integration. Collaborative planning, originating from the consumer packaged goods industry, is an approach that promises to overcome these barriers, and seeks through joint planning and development of a clearer understanding of the dynamics of the supply chain replenishment process to deliver some of the promised benefits of actual supply chain integration. A case study of six organizations across three tiers of a supply chain in the UK grocery sector identifies many critical enablers and inhibitors at strategic, tactical and operational levels, both between and within the case study organizations.
Neighborhood geographic disparities in heart attack and stroke mortality: comparison of global and local modeling approaches.

Abstract This study investigated neighborhood geographic disparities in myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke mortality risks in middle Tennessee and identified determinants of observed disparities. Descriptive and spatial analyses were performed on MI and stroke mortality data covering the time period 1999–2007. Besag, York and Mollie (BYM) model was used to investigate spatial patterns. Global (BYM) and local models [Poisson Geographically Weighted Generalized Linear Models (GWGLM)] were used to investigate determinants of the identified spatial patterns. Significant ( p
GPR antenna position and orientation estimation using strapdown inertial navigation

This paper discusses the possible use of strapdown inertial navigation for real-time ground penetrating radar (GPR) antenna position and orientation estimation along arbitrary three-dimensional acquisition lines. Strapdown inertial navigation theory has been studied extensively in the literature for aircraft, missile and space navigation. Here, we give an overview of the theory as it applies to the antenna position and orientation problem. This includes the definition of the relevant coordinate frames and attitude parameters, a discussion of the measured acceleration and angular velocity, and a description of the four primary computational tasks pertinent to strapdown inertial navigation. These are the initial alignment of the system, the integration of angular velocity into attitude (attitude updating), the acceleration transformation and integration into velocity (velocity updating) and the integration of velocity into position (position updating). The key elements of using a low-grade versus a high-grade inertial measurement unit (IMU) are pointed out. The actual performance of a commercially available low-grade IMU is evaluated based on a series of navigation experiments. The experimental results show that the tested IMU is far from being accurate enough for completely self-contained antenna positioning and that the precise calibration for scale factors, biases and axis misalignments is vital. The observed orientation accuracy (error of less than 1 degree after 60 seconds) suggests the integration of the tested IMU with odometry, extending the applicability of the latter to environments with topography or where changing of the profile direction due to obstacles is necessary. Another possible use of low-grade IMUs might be for more sophisticated 'rubber sheeting' techniques.
Energy and Centrality Dependence of Rapidity Densities at RHIC Energies

The energy and centrality dependence of the charged multiplicity per participant nucleon is shown to be able to differentiate between final state saturation and fixed scale perturbative QCD models of initial entropy production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The energy dependence is shown to test the nuclear enhancement of the minijet component of the initial conditions, while the centrality dependence provides a key test of whether gluon saturation is reached at RHIC energies. The HIJING model predicts that the rapidity density per participant increases with centrality, while the saturation model prediction is essentially independent of centrality.
Diagnostic Utility of Lactate Dehydrogenase Levels in Patients Receiving Aerosolized Pentamidine

Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are elevated in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). In patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine (AP), PCP may be less severe and present with more localized radiographic infiltrates. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of the serum LDH level in 11 patients developing PCP while receiving AP. Serum LDH levels were increased 72.7 ± 19.0 percent over mean baseline levels and 76.4 ±26 percent over the upper limit of normal value for our laboratory with the development of PCP. An elevated serum LDH value remains a useful diagnostic adjunct in the patient developing PCP while receiving AP. Isolated LDH values must be interpreted with caution given the potential for marked variability in the baseline LDH value.
Formation of a thymine photoproduct in transforming DNA by near ultraviolet irradiation.

Abstract Irradiation at 334 and 365 nm of a highly purified preparation of thymine-labeled transforming DNA from Haemophilus influenzae produced a photo product containing label from thymine but different from the cyclobutane dimer. The photoproduct is soluble in water and in ethanol and R f values in a number of solvents are presented. The photoproduct has properties similar in a number of respects to those of the spore photoproduct, 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine. The near ultraviolet photoproduct is more likely to affect the oxygen independent inactivation of transforming DNA rather than its mutagenesis, as judged by the quantitative relationship between amount of photoproduct and inactivation and mutagenesis.
METHODS FOR CONVEYING ENTREPRENEURIAL KNOWLEDGE: PERCEPTIONS OF TOP EXECUTIVES FROM SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS

Instruction in entrepreneurship often parallels traditional teaching methods. The effectiveness of these methods, given the unique nature of entrepreneurship, has not been investigated fully. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the pedagogical methods currently successful U.S. entrepreneurs feel would be effective for conveying information in university-level entrepreneurship programs. Four areas of development were found to be important in cultivating successful entrepreneurs, including areas of content, skills, mentality, and personality. Pedagogical methods cited by the respondents for imparting knowledge in each of these areas were divided into 47 different categories. Several traditional teaching methodologies were supported in terms of their perceived effectiveness for conveying specific areas of knowledge. The respondents also suggested new active learning approaches such as co-operative education/internships and student-run businesses, which should be given serious consideration in particular circumstances, depending upon instructional goals or objectives.
The spleen is a major site of megakaryopoiesis following transplantation of murine hematopoietic stem cells

The stem cell pool can be fractionated by using the mitochondrial dye, rhodamine-123, into Rholow hematopoietic stem cells and Rhohigh progenitors. Rholow stem cells permanently engraft all lineages, whereas Rhohighprogenitors transiently produce erythrocytes, without substantial platelet or granulocyte production. We hypothesized that the inability of the Rhohigh cells to produce platelets in vivo was due to the fact that these cells preferentially engraft in the spleen and lack marrow engraftment. Initially, we demonstrated that Rhohigh progenitors produced more megakaryocytes in vitro than Rholow stem cells did. To study the activity of the Rholow and Rhohighsubsets in vivo, we used mice allelic at the hemoglobin and glucose phosphate isomerase loci to track donor-derived erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis. Rholow stem cells contributed to robust and long-term erythroid and platelet engraftment, whereas Rhohigh progenitors contributed only to transient erythroid engraftment and produced very low numbers of platelets in vivo. Donor-derived megakaryopoiesis occurred at higher densities in the spleen than in the bone marrow in animals receiving Rholowstem cells and peaked around day 28. Blockade of splenic engraftment using pertussis toxin did not affect the peak of splenic megakaryopoiesis, supporting the hypothesis that these megakaryocytes were derived from progenitors that originated in the bone marrow. These data emphasize that in vitro behavior of hematopoietic progenitor cell subsets does not always predict their behavior following transplantation. This study supports a major role for the spleen in thrombopoiesis following engraftment of transplanted stem cells in irradiated mice.
Acupuncture is all placebo and here is why.

BACKGROUND: Alternative and complementary medicines such as acupuncture remain popular with the general public and many clinicians. The term "integrative medicine" is often now used to describe this type of non-science-based medicine, which has become more of a faith-based method of practice, making it harder to challenge. Acupuncture is commonly used to treat headache along with just about any other symptom and condition known to man. DISCUSSION: Physicians regularly fall into many misunderstandings when erroneously believing a real effect from acupuncture, when there is none. A perfunctory and poorly informed media contribute to the misinformation. Sixteen logical traps are identified which together explain most of the false reasoning behind the alleged effect of acupuncture. CONCLUSION: Practitioners need to do a better job of discerning truth from information and data available on acupuncture. Language: en
Irritable bowel syndrome and sexual/physical abuse history.

There is growing evidence that a history of sexual or physical abuse can affect emotional and physical well-being. Within gastroenterology, attention has focused on the increased frequency of abuse history, particularly for patients with refractory functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Furthermore, regardless of diagnosis, abuse history can impair health status and one's ability to cope with one's medical condition. Especially for patients with painful functional GI disorders resistant to usual treatments, the physician should inquire in a supportive manner about the possibility of a prior abuse history or other psychosocial traumas (e.g., major loss). This can then lead to an appropriate mental health referral (along with continued medical care) and an improved clinical outcome.
Sexual functioning among women with physical disabilities

Abstract Objective: Three a priori hypotheses were tested: (1) There are significant differences in sociosexual behaviors of women with physical disabilities compared with women without disabilities; (2) the sexual functioning of women with disabilities is significantly related to age at onset of disability; (3) psycho logical factors explain more of the variance in the sexual functioning of women with physical disabilities than do disability, social, or environmental factors. Design: Case-comparison study using written survey. Setting: General community. Participants: The questionnaire was mailed to 1,150 women with physical disabilities who were recruited as volunteers or through independent living centers. Each woman gave a second copy of the questionnaire to an able-bodied female friend, which comprised the comparison group. The response rate was 45%, with 475 caused and 425 comparisons eligible to participate. The most common disability type was spinal cord injury (24%), followed by polio (18%), muscular dystrophy (11%), cerebral palsy (11%), multiple sclerosis (10%), joint disorders (7%), and skeletal abnormalities (5%). Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Sexual functioning, consisting of four factors: (1) sexual desire, (2) sexual activity, (3) sexual response, and (4) sexual satisfaction. Results: Highly significant differences were found in level of sexuala ctivity ( p = .000001), response ( p = .000009), and satisfaction ( p = .000001) between women with and without disabilities. No significant differences were found between groups on sexual desire. Severity of disability was not significantly related to level of sexual activity. Conclusion: Psychological and social factors exert a strong impact on the sexual functioning of women with physical disabilities. Further investigation is needed of the effect of social environment on development of self-esteem and sexual self-image, and how these influences affect levels of sexual functioning in women with physical disabilities.
Fischerindole L, a new isonitrile from the terrestrial blue-green alga fischerella muscicola

Abstract Fischerindole L ( 3 ) is a novel octahydroindeno[2,1- b ]indole isonitrile from the terrestrial cyanophyte Fischerella muscicola that possesses the same relative stereochemistry as hapalindole L ( 4 ).
Sensitivity of Cloud and Radiation Parameterizations to Changes in Vertical Resolution

The importance of vertical resolution to the parameterization of cloud‐radiation processes in climate models is examined. Using a one-dimensional single-column model containing a typical suite of physical parameterizations, the authors test 12 different vertical resolutions, ranging from 16 to 60 layers. The model products are evaluated against observational data taken during three intensive observation periods from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. The simulated values of cloud‐radiation variables display a marked sensitivity to changes in vertical resolution. This sensitivity is apparent in all the model variables examined. The cloud fraction varies typically by approximately 10% over the range of resolutions tested, a substantial amount when compared to the typical observed values of about 50%. The outgoing longwave radiation typically changes by approximately 10‐20 W m22 as resolution is varied, which is of the order of 5%‐10% of the observed value. The downwelling shortwave radiation change is somewhat smaller but is still significant. Furthermore, the model results have not converged even at a resolution of 60 layers, and there are systematic differences between model results and observations.
Four lysozymes from latex of Asclepias syriaca

Abstract Four lysozymes have been purified to homogeneity from the latex of Asclepias syriaca (milkweed). They have M r of about 28 000. The amino acid compositions of the four enzymes are different, but two are apparently related. The lysozymes have different sensitivities to the inhibitor histamine; all are relatively insensitive to N -acetyl- d -glucosamine and two have chitinase activity.
CMOS Mini Nuclear Magnetic Resonance System and its Application for Biomolecular Sensing

This paper reports the smallest complete nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system made possible by CMOS integration of a highly sensitive and versatile RF transceiver. The system's functionality is verified through proton NMR measurements in water and biomolecular sensing. The system is 60x more sensitive, 40x smaller, and 60x lighter than a commonly-used, state-of-the- art commercial benchtop NMR system.
Brownian functionals and applications

Hida's theory of generalized Brownian functionals is surveyed with the applications to: (1) stochastic partial differential equations, (2) Feynman integral, (3) an extension of Ito's lemma, and (4) infinite dimensional Fourier transform.
Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Phase Transformation Processes in Rust Layers Formed on Weathering Steels in Bridge Spans

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) was used to study the formation and transformation of rust phases and the weathering characteristics of ASTM A588 weathering steels in bridge spans. The technique enables not only clear differentiation between various rust phases, but also detects various forms of amorphous and not well-crystallized rust phases with clarity. Starting from the amorphous mix (AM), a mixture of γ-, δ-FeOOH, and ferrihydrite (F) in their highly amorphous forms, the rusting proceeds through the formation first of γ-FeOOH or ferrihydrite, depending on atmospheric conditions, evolution of amorphous δ-FeOOH, which slowly crystallizes and final stabilization of δ-FeOOH containing traces of γ-FeOOH. γ-Fe2O3 ⋅ H2O forms in the intermediate stages of transformation of γ-FeOOH going over to γ-FeOOH. α-FeOOH might emerge ultimately as the most stable phase. However, its formation is found to be very slow and heavily dependent on certain prevalent conditions, including very high or very low pH values...
Angiotensin Receptor Agonistic Autoantibodies and Hypertension Preeclampsia and Beyond

Hypertensive disorders are life-threatening diseases with high morbidity and mortality, affecting billions of individuals worldwide. A multitude of underlying conditions may contribute to hypertension, thus the need for a plethora of treatment options to identify the approach that best meets the needs of individual patients. A growing body of evidence indicates that (1) autoantibodies that bind to and activate the major angiotensin II type I (AT₁) receptor exist in the circulation of patients with hypertensive disorders, (2) these autoantibodies contribute to disease pathophysiology, (3) antibody titers correlate to the severity of the disease, and (4) efforts to block or remove these pathogenic autoantibodies have therapeutic potential. These autoantibodies, termed AT₁ agonistic autoantibodies have been extensively characterized in preeclampsia, a life-threatening hypertensive condition of pregnancy. As reviewed here, these autoantibodies cause symptoms of preeclampsia when injected into pregnant mice. Somewhat surprisingly, these auto antibodies also appear in 3 animal models of preeclampsia. However, the occurrence of AT₁ agonistic autoantibodies is not restricted to pregnancy. These autoantibodies are prevalent among kidney transplant recipients who develop severe transplant rejection and malignant hypertension during the first week after transplantation. AT₁ agonistic autoantibodies are also highly abundant among a group of patients with essential hypertension that are refractory to standard therapy. More recently these autoantibodies have been seen in patients with the autoimmune disease, systemic sclerosis. These 3 examples extend the clinical impact of AT₁ agonistic autoantibodies beyond pregnancy. Research reviewed here raises the intriguing possibility that preeclampsia and other hypertensive conditions are autoimmune diseases characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies that activate the major angiotensin receptor, AT₁. These pathogenic autoantibodies could serve as presymptomatic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, thereby providing improved medical management for these conditions.
Oriented Matroids and Hyperplane Transversals

We prove that a finite family A of compact connected sets inRdhas a hyperplane transversal if and only if for somek, 0<k<d, there exists an acyclic oriented matroid of rankk+1 on A such that everyk+2 sets in A have an orientedk-transversal which meets the sets consistently with that oriented matroid.
Exploring the mechanism of plasmid DNA nuclear internalization with polymer-based vehicles.

Cationic polymers are commonly used to transfect mammalian cells, but their mechanisms of DNA delivery are unknown. This study seeks to decipher the mechanism by which plasmid DNA delivered by a class of cationic polymers traffics to and enters the nucleus. While studies have been performed to elucidate the mechanism of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) import into the nuclei of mammalian cells, our objectives were to determine the effects of polymer complexation on pDNA nuclear import and the impact of polymer structure on that import. We have performed studies in whole cells and in isolated nuclei using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to characterize how polymer–DNA complexes (polyplexes) are able to deliver their pDNA cargo to the nuclei of their target cells. The polymers tested herein include (i) linear poly(ethylenimine) (JetPEI), a polyamine, and (ii) two poly(glycoamidoamine)s (PGAAs), polyamines that contain carbohydrate moieties (meso-galactarate, Glycofect (G4), and l-tartarate, T4) within their ...
Parent and Child Perceptions of Chronic Pain Treatments

This study examined parents' and children's perceptions of pain treatments in 297 patients presenting to a multidisciplinary tertiary pain clinic. Parents and children completed questionnaires regarding children's pain, and psychologists assessed patients' use of pain treatments. Medication, rest/sleep, and temperature therapies were the most commonly used treatments but were not expected to be most helpful for treating continued pain. Few parents and children used psychosocial treatments; however, parents cited learning to cope with pain as the treatment expected to be most helpful if children's pain continues. Recommendations for psychological treatment that are framed as coping skills training may be well-received by families.
A cross section from invariant subspaces to inner functions

Beurling's well known theorem connects the study of invariant subspaces to that of inner functions over the unit disc. In this paper, we will further explore this connection and, as a corollary of the result, show a one to one correspondence between the components of the invariant subspace lattice and the components of the space of inner functions.
On the structure of vortex rings from inclined nozzles

We carry out numerical simulations to investigate the vortex dynamics of laminar, impulsively driven flows through inclined nozzles in a piston–cylinder apparatus. Our simulations are motivated by the need to provide a complete description of the intricate vortical structures and governing mechanisms emerging in such flows as documented in the experiments of Webster & Longmire (Phys. Fluids, vol. 10, 1998, pp. 400–416) and Troolin & Longmire (Exp. Fluids, vol. 48, 2010, pp. 409–420). We show that the flow is dominated by the interaction of two main vortical structures: the primary inclined vortex ring at the nozzle exit and the secondary stopping ring that arises due to the entrainment of the flow into the cylinder when the piston stops moving. These two structures are connected together with pairs of vortex tubes, which evolve from the continuous vortex sheet initially connecting the primary vortex ring with the interior cylinder wall. In the exterior of the nozzle the key mechanism responsible for the breakup of the vortical structure is the interaction of the stronger inclined primary ring with the weaker stopping ring near the longest lip of the nozzle. In the interior of the nozzle the dynamics is governed by the axial stretching of the secondary ring and the ultimate impingement of this ring on the cylinder wall. Our simulations also clarify the kinematics of the azimuthal flow along the core of the primary vortex ring documented in the experiments by Lim (Phys. Fluids, vol. 10, 1998, pp. 1666–1671). We show that the azimuthal flow is characterized by a pair of two spiral saddle foci at the long and short lips of the nozzle through which ambient flow enters and exits the primary vortex core.
Electron confinement in quantum nanostructures: Self-consistent Poisson-Schrödinger theory.

We compute the self-consistent electron states and confining potential, V(r,T), for laterally confined cylindrical quantum wires at a temperature T from a numerical solution of the coupled Poisson and Schr\"odinger (PS) equations. Finite-temperature effects are included in the electron density function, n(r,T), via the single-particle density matrix in the grand-canonical ensemble using the self-consistent bound states. We compare our results for a GaAs quantum wire with those obtained previously [J. H. Luscombe and M. Luban, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 61 (1990)] from a finite-temperature Thomas-Fermi (TF) approximation. We find that the TF results agree well with those of the more realistic, but also more computationally intensive PS theory, except for low temperatures or for cases where the quantum wire is almost, but not totally, depleted due to a combination of either small geometry, surface boundary conditions, or low doping concentrations. In the latter situations, the number of subbands that are populated is relatively small, and both n(r,T) and V(r,T) exhibit Friedel-type oscillations. Otherwise the TF theory, which is based on free-particle states, is remarkably accurate. We also present results for the partial electron density functions associated with the angular momentum quantum numbers, and discuss their role in populating the quantum wire.
Metabolic brain networks in neurodegenerative disorders: a functional imaging approach

Network analysis of functional brain imaging data is an innovative approach to study circuit abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, spatial covariance analysis of resting-state metabolic images has identified specific regional patterns associated with motor and cognitive symptoms. With functional imaging, these metabolic networks have recently been used to measure system-related progression and to evaluate novel treatment strategies. Network analysis is also being used to characterize specific functional biomarkers for Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. These networks have been particularly helpful in uncovering compensatory mechanisms in genetically at-risk individuals. Ongoing developments in network applications are likely to enhance the role of functional imaging in the investigation of neurodegenerative disorders.
Calcium Primer: Current Controversies and Common Clinical Questions

The use of calcium supplements has recently come under fire because of studies purportedly showing a relationship to cardiovascular events. Although the conclusions made sensational headlines in the popular press, numerous editorials and convincing scientific evidence to the contrary went unnoticed. This controversy and others, such as the relationship of proton-pump inhibitors and osteoporosis, caffeine consumption and the risk of calciuria, and the effects of loop diuretics on fracture risk, are common clinical queries of both primary care physicians and subspecialists. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to provide a concise review of select literature pertinent to current clinical practice and to provide no-nonsense recommendations for common clinical dilemmas regarding calcium supplementation.
T = 3/2 levels in ^(17)F

T = 3/2 levels in ^(17)F have been seen at excitation energies of 11.195, 12.544 and 13.055 MeV in the reaction ^(15)N(^3He,n). Angular distributions lead to spin assignments of 1/2- for the 11.195 MeV level, and 3/2- or 5/2- for the level at 12.544 MeV.
The chorion defect of the ocelliless mutation caused by abnormal follicle cell function

Homozygous Drosophila females bearing the ocelliless mutation are sterile and produce oocytes with abnormal chorions. It has been possible to determine in which tissues these defects reside by generating ovarian chimeras. Pole cells from ocelliless female embryos can give rise to functional oocytes surrounded by normal chorions when placed in a wild-type environment. Conversely, when wild-type pole cells are placed in homozygous ocelliless females, the oocytes that form from them have abnormal chorions and never give rise to progeny. Thus the chorion defect and sterility of the ocelliless mutation are not germ-line autonomous. Homozygous ocelliless ovaries will attach to the uterus when placed in a wild-type third instar larva, but few eggs are ever laid, and the chorions of stage 14 oocytes remain ocelliless in morphology. Wild-type ovaries continue to produce oocytes with normal chorion morphology when placed into ocelliless hosts, indicating that the ocelliless chorion defect is ovary autonomous. Thus the chorion defect of the ocelliless mutation resides in the ovarian somatic tissue, presumably the follicle cells.
Rupture and entrapment of a balloon catheter in the left anterior descending artery: Fluoroscopic appearance of impending balloon failure

Rupture of an angioplasty balloon in an undilated left anterior descending coronary stenosis resulted in entrapment of the balloon requiring surgical removal. The balloon was found to have a circumferential tear. The fluoroscopic appearance of impending balloon rupture is demonstrated. It is suggested that when faced with an unyielding stenosis, inflation pressure sufficient to cause impending balloon failure should be avoided.
GABAA receptor binding in the aging rat inferior colliculus.

Abstract The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA has been shown to be critically involved in shaping neuronal responses to simple and complex acoustic stimuli in the inferior colliculus. Studies in the rat and human inferior colliculus have suggested significant changes in functions related to GABA neurotransmission occur in the aged. These changes include significant decreases in GABA content, GABA release, GABA neurons, glutamate decar☐ylase enzymatic activity, and GABA B receptor binding. Such changes within the inferior colliculus may affect the ability of elderly listeners to process complex acoustic signals, particularly in the presence of background noise. The present study was designed to examine the regional distribution and effects of aging on GABA A receptor binding sites in the Fischer 344 rat inferior colliculus using in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiography. [ 3 H]GABA binding to GABA A receptors was significantly reduced in the inferior colliculus of young adult (3 months) and aged (18–26 months) rats when compared to 2-month animals. However, no significant changes were observed after 3 months of age. Single concentrations of tritiated GABA A receptor ligands (muscimol, t -butylbicycloorthobenzoate, and flunitrazepam) revealed no significant age-related changes in receptor binding in the inferior colliculus between 3 and 26 months of age. To characterize further the pharmacology of the GABA A receptor in the inferior colliculus, GABA modulation of the picrotoxin binding site was examined using [ 3 H] t -butylbicycloorthobenzoate. When increasing concentrations of GABA were added to the incubation buffer, a significant decrease in binding was observed in the inferior colliculus of rats in each age group. In aged rats, the dose-response curve was shifted to the left, indicating an increase in the potency of GABA to inhibit [ 3 H] t -butylbicycloorthobenzoate binding. Although no changes in GABA A receptor binding were detected in the inferior colliculus after 3 months of age, a significant alteration in interaction between the GABA and picrotoxin binding sites was observed in the inferior colliculus of aged rats when compared to 3-month-old young adults. This difference appears to reflect an increased sensitivity of the receptor to GABA modulation in aged rats and, thus, may serve as a compensatory mechanism to enhance GABA A receptor function in response to a presynaptic loss of inhibition.
Positions, Roles, and Dependencies in a Community Interorganization System*

This study focuses on community structure as a network of interorganizational linkages, with an eye toward (1) generating new conceptual schemes to study the community as a social network and (2) developing a methodology to measure new dimensions of community structure. An analysis of structurally equivalent roles is performed in two communities for three organizational resource networks: money, information, and moral support. Global dependencies on resource generator, consumer, and transmitter roles for the money network are analyzed using loglinear models. Local dependencies within the money network are also examined. Finally, the study examines the perceived influence of organizations in community affairs as a function of the organizations' global positions within the community network.
Bridging live and simulated domains with a common integration approach

A System of Systems (SoS) integration approach enables treating real systems and their simulated counterparts as equals. A tiered process provides operational context and increasingly detailed design including threads and interfaces that mix the live and simulation domains. An integration framework provides standard services such as translation, information management, reliable transport, and display capabilities, allowing independent systems to be used in a broader SoS context. Development and use of the framework over several years enabled true bi-directional data flow between domains this year, expanding the SoS context under study. Maturing individual technologies, comparing live and simulated systems, and validating simulation models are among the presented results. Mixed mode experimentation enables the combination of scaling (via simulation in a high-performance computing environment) and operational execution (via live systems in a realistic field environment) not possible otherwise. The resulting insights further PM C4ISR On-The-Move's campaign goals of supporting the deployment of C4ISR technology within a Network Centric Warfare context. Application beyond this organization is at three levels: 1) the use of the process and methods to general LVC/SoS problems, 2) the integration approach itself to bridge domains and enable system interaction, and 3) the resulting ability to mature component technologies.
Maturing patterns of organ weights in mice selected for rapid postweaning gain.

Correlated responses to selection for increased 3–6 week postweaning gain in male mice were estimated for seven internal organs (testes, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, small intestine (S intest) and stomach) weighed at specific degrees of maturity in body weight (37.5, 50.0, 62.5, 75.0, 87.5 and 100%). Correlated responses in organ weights were generally large, but the magnitude and direction of response depended upon whether 1) comparisons were made at the same age, degree of maturity or body weight and 2) absolute or proportional organ weights were used. The selected line (M16) weighed more and had larger organ weights than controls (ICR) when compared at either the same degree of maturity or the same age, indicating positive genetic correlations between body weight and the respective organ weights. Positive correlated responses were found in spleen weight/body weight at all degrees of maturity and in liver and S intest weights as a proportion of body weight at some degrees of maturity. Testes, kidneys, heart and stomach weights as a proportion of body weight had negative correlated responses, though this was consistent only for kidneys across all degrees of maturity. Correlated responses in organ weights adjusted for body weight by covariance analysis were positive for spleen, S intest and stomach and negative for testes and kidneys. Based on the constrained quadratic model, degree of maturity in organ weight relative to degree of maturity in body weight responded positively for testes, kidneys and S intest and negatively for spleen and liver. Selection for increased growth caused negative correlated responses in allometric growth of testes, kidneys, S intest and stomach.
Construction of phylogenetic trees for proteins and nucleic acids: empirical evaluation of alternative matrix methods.

The methods of Fitch and Margoliash and of Farris for the construction of phylogenetic trees were compared. A phenetic clustering technique - the UPGMA method — was also considered.
The Impact of Endurance Exercise Training on Left Ventricular Torsion

Objectives We sought to examine the effect of endurance exercise training (EET) on peak systolic left ventricular torsion (LVT) and peak early diastolic untwisting rate (UTR). Background Left ventricular (LV) structural adaptations to EET have been well characterized. LVT, a recognized marker of LV function in numerous cardiac diseases, has recently been investigated in the setting of exercise. However, longitudinal data characterizing the impact of sustained exercise training on LVT have not been reported. Methods A prospective, longitudinal study design examined the impact of a 90-day period of training on LV twist mechanics in university male rowers (n = 15, mean age 18.6 ± 0.5 years). Conventional LV structural measurements, LV apical and basal rotation, peak systolic LVT, and peak early diastolic UTR were measured by 2-dimensional and speckle tracking echocardiography before and after the EET study period. Results Participants experienced LV eccentric hypertrophy, characterized by increased LV end-diastolic volume (80.8 ± 8.7 ml/m 2 vs. 91.3 ± 8.0 ml/m 2 , p 2 vs. 115.7 ± 12.6 g/m 2 , p = 0.001). There was a significant increase in peak systolic apical rotation (8.9 ± 4.2° vs. 12.7 ± 3.9°, p = 0.002) but no change in basal rotation. This translated into a highly significant increase in peak systolic LVT after EET (14.1 ± 5.0° vs. 18.0 ± 3.6°, p = 0.002). The impact of EET on LV twist mechanics was not confined to ventricular systole, as peak early diastolic UTR (−110.6 ± 41.8°/s vs. −148.0 ± 29.8°/s, p = 0.003) and the percentage of untwisting that occurred by the end of isovolumic relaxation (31.2 ± 12.0% vs. 39.9 ± 14.9%, p = 0.04) increased. Conclusions Participation in EET was associated with significant changes in LV twist mechanics characterized by increased apical rotation, LVT, and UTR. These findings suggest that LVT and UTR augmentation may be an important and previously unrecognized component of exercise-induced cardiac remodeling.
Sustainability economics, ontology and the capability approach

Abstract The relationship between sustainability economics and the capability approach has recently been explored. Here I shall discuss this relationship, and argue that a study of the ontology underlying the capability approach can help us to see more clearly the interconnections between sustainability economics and the capability approach. In particular, the interpretations of the capability approach as an ontological exercise, which have recently emerged in the literature, enable us to have a better understanding of the essential categories used in the capability approach, and to establish a clearer connection between the capability approach and sustainability economics.
Some complex equations arising in hele shaw flow

Abstract In this note, we treat a two-dimensional moving boundary value problem by a complex differential equation. We obtain an estimate on the Cα norm of the moving boundary.