cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUBMILLIMETER LINE SEARCH IN JUPITER AND SATURN

Abstract A Fourier transform spectrometer was used to search for the rotational transitions of a number of molecular species in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn in all available submillimeter atmospheric windows between 300 and 1000 GHz (1000 and 300 μm). The molecules which were searched for include the saturated molecules PH 3 and H 2 S, the hydrogen halides HCl and HBr, and the alkali hydrides LiH and NaH, as well as HCN and HCP. A strong absorption feature at 800.5 GHz corresponding to the J = 3–2 transition of PH 3 was detected in both Jupiter and Saturn, but the detailed analysis of these results will be presented elsewhere. A feature coincident with the J = 1–0 transition of HCl was also tentatively observed in Saturn. No other molecules were detected in either planet, setting stringent limits on most of the species listed above. Our measurements set an upper limit of 0.3 ppb on the HCN mole fraction in Jupiter if HCN is distributed with a constant mixing ratio. This concentration is significantly lower than the purported infrared detection of Tokunaga et al. (1981). A conservative upper limit of 0.4 ppb is obtained for Saturn, although the molecule may actually be present in Saturn at this abundance. If condensation of HCN is included, the deep tropospheric HCN limits are increased to 2 ppb for Jupiter and ∼15 ppb for Saturn. We set a tropospheric HCl upper limit of 5 ppb in Jupiter, and have tentatively detected this molecule at a mole fraction of 1.1 ppb in Saturn. We set HBr upper limits of 7 ppb in Jupiter and 1.1 ppb in Saturn. To our knowledge, these are the first spectroscopic limits on the halides in any jovian planet. They indicate that Cl is strongly depleted relative to the solar abundance in the upper tropospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, but the tentative detection of HCl in Saturn suggests that vertical transport is rapid compared to the chemical lifetime of HCl. We also obtain upper limits of 29 ppb (Jupiter) and 16 ppb (Saturn) for H 2 S (the latter is an order of magnitude improvement over existing measurements), and 22 ppb (Jupiter) and 5 ppb (Saturn) for HCP. For Saturn, this is nearly a factor of 2 smaller than the value suggested by photochemical models of Kaye and Strobel (1984). Finally, we obtain upper limits of 11 ppt (Jupiter) and 12 ppt (Saturn) for LiH, and 8 ppt (Jupiter) and 5 ppt (Saturn) for NaH. These are the first tropospheric upper limits to be placed on alkali metals in the troposphere of the Jovian planets, and indicate that both Li and Na are strongly depleted relative to meteoritic abundances. All limits are 3σ values.
Electrical stimulation of the midbrain central gray facilitates lateral vestibulospinal activation of back muscle EMG in the rat

Electrical stimulation in the midbrain central gray in urethane-anesthetized female rats increased responses of the deep back muscles lateral longissimus and medial longissimus to stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN). During central gray stimulation, LVN stimuli led to larger muscle responses, recruitment of new motor units, and decreased latency of muscle response. Effective central gray sites are hypothesized to act through axons descending to medullary reticular formation. Results are consistent with participation of these neuronal groups in the activation of lordosis behavior, a vertebral dorsiflexion that requires deep back muscle contraction, but these electromyographic results could also be relevant for other behaviors that require vertebral postural adjustments.
The spatial distribution of euphausiid aggregations in the Northern California Current during August 2000

Abstract The location and size of euphausiid aggregations (patches) were identified using acoustic volume backscattering strength at 38 and 120 kHz and vertically stratified MOCNESS sampling during a US GLOBEC cruise off southern Oregon and northern California in August 2000. Euphausiid patches were clustered inshore of Heceta Bank (44.0°N) and off Cape Blanco (42.8°N), but were not common elsewhere. The distribution of euphausiid patches throughout the study area was correlated with that of near-surface chlorophyll. We suggest that Heceta Bank and Cape Blanco were zones of plankton retention and concentration along the shelf and slope, and also that large offshore meanders in the equatorward upwelling jet carried upwelled water, chlorophyll, and euphausiids offshore. In particular, the complex interaction of mesoscale physical features, shoaling bottom topography, and diel vertical migration created large patches of euphausiids. These euphausiid patches, probably persisting on timescales of days to weeks, could function as relatively large and persistent resources for euphausiid predators.
The joint influence of mood and a cognitively demanding task on risk-taking

This study investigates a mood regulation-based reconciliation of prior findings in the mood maintenance and information processes literatures about the impact of negative mood state on risktaking judgment. Participants were administered a negative mood state induction using a standardized film clip procedure and subsequently completed a measure of risk-taking judgment under one of three conditions: (1) immediately following the mood induction, (2) following a 5 min no-task delay period, or (3) following performance of a cognitively demanding task. As expected, participants who made risk judgments after the performance of the cognitively demanding task showed higher level of recovery from the negative mood induction (i.e., increased positive mood and decreased negative mood) and lower levels of risk-taking judgment than participants in the delayed condition. Additional analyses showed the risk-taking judgments were explained by mood change after the interpolated task. These findings reconcile previous inconsistencies between the two perspectives. Implications for future research on the restorative role of cognitive task performance as a mood regulation strategy are discussed.
Magnetic Field Splitting of the Density of States of Thin Superconductors

Using Green's-function techniques, we present a theoretical calculation of the behavior of the density of states, free energy, and order parameter of very thin superconductors in a high magnetic field as a function of spin-orhit and spin-flip impurity scattering. In very thin superconducting films without spin scattering, the upper critical field is determined by the Pauli paramagnetism of the nomnal-metal electrons. Tunneling measurements by Meservey and Tedrow have shown a spin splitting by 2 mu /sub B/H in energy space of the BCS peak in the density of states. Zero-temperature calculations of the separate up- and down-spin Green's function for a superconductor show that spin-orbit impurities destroy the magnetic field separation of the peaks in the density of states but do not destroy the energy gap. Spin-flip scattering is much more destructivc and destroys both the separation oi the peaks and the energy gap. We generalize the calculation to T plus or minus 0 and calculate and plot the critical field versus temperature and the magnetic field dependence of the free energy and order parameter for the various values of the spin-orbit and spin-flip parameter. We also use the theoretical calculations to obtain a fit to the low- temperature tunnelingmore » data of Meservey and Tedrow between thin Al and a normal metal and the spin-polarized tunneling between thin Al and ferromagnetic metals. (auth)« less
N-acetylaspartate complexes with calcium and lanthanide ions

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is the one of the most prominent resonances observed in the solvent-suppressed NMR spectrum of the human brain. Although it is present in the brain at about 10 mM, its precise metabolic function is still unclear, We have examined the NAA as a potential chelator for divalent metal ions such as Ca2+. We have employed the perturbations induced by Ln3+ ions in the 1H and 13C NMR spectrum of NAA to monitor formation of NAA complexes. 1H NMR measurements showed that the dissociation constants for the formation of Eu(3+)-NAA, Yb(3+)-NAA, and Ca(2+)-NAA complexes were 0.07, 0.13, and 0.86 mM, respectively. Scatchard analysis of the results indicates the formation of a 1:1 metal-ligand complex. We also inferred the structure of the NAA-metal ion complex from an analysis of paramagnetic perturbations induced in the 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of NAA. The structural analysis of the NAA-metal ion complex indicates that the two carboxylic groups participate in chelating the metal ion, forming the binding site for the metal ion.
Putting the brakes on lactotrope hyperplasia.

Although much is known about the mechanisms by which dopamine, the major regulator of lactotrope function, controls hormone production and secretion, its growth inhibiting actions have remained less well characterized. Recent research has uncovered an important role for endogenously produced transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and TGFβ receptors in dopamine's ability to put the brakes on lactotrope proliferation. These novel findings promise increased knowledge of the genesis and potential therapeutic control of human prolactinomas.
The coverage-dependent ordering of chemisorbed hydrogen on the (110) surface of nickel

Abstract The dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on Ni(110) at low temperatures has been studied in great detail with He diffraction. With increasing hydrogen exposure, a c(2 × 6), a c(2 × 4), two different c(2 × 6) and a (2 × 1) phase corresponding to coverages of θ = 1 3 , 1 2 , 2 3 , 5 6 and 1 monolayers (ML) have been identified. The corrugation functions of all phases have been determined by intensity analyses of He-diffraction spectra using the hard-wall approximation. The analyses were performed in a model-free manner using symmetry-compatible Fourier representations of the corrugations, and the results were underpinned by additional calculations with the adatoms modeled as Gaussian hills. The best-fit corrugations of all phases up to 1 ML deliver direct pictures of the adatom configurations, and allow an absolute coverage determination on purely crystallographic grounds in good agreement with the relative coverages determined by flash-desorption measurements. The most important structural elements are long H-zig-zag chains along the close-packed Ni rows with the hydrogen atom sites near threefold coordination. The rather long-ranged lateral interaction between the hydrogen chains favors alternation of zig-zag with zig-zag elements in all submonolayer phases. The c(2 × 6) phase with θ = 5 6 ML constitutes an interesting intermediate as 1 6 ML H-adatoms are obviously forced into twofold coordinated sites to form a distorted close-packed hexagonal pattern of H atoms. Thus, the phase jump of 2.5 A of all zig-zag chains necessary to form the (2 × 1) where all close-packed Ni rows are covered with parallel zig-zag chains seems to become feasible via a compression of the c(2 × 6) with θ = 5 6 ML . Further hydrogen can subsequently be accommodated via an adsorbate-induced reconstruction of the Ni substrate. Improved diffraction experiments provide the full two-dimensional corrugation function for the final (1 × 2) structure which corresponds to a saturation coverage of ≅ 1.5 ML whereby probably 1 2 ML hydrogen is adsorbed on the second Ni layer.
Magnetic Deflection of Cosmic-Ray Mesons Using Nuclear Plates

An experiment has been carried out in which two nuclear plates, secured with an air gap separating their parallel emulsion surfaces in a perpendicular magnetic field, were used to obtain magnetic deflection measurements on cosmic-ray mesons near the top of the atmosphere. Details of the experimental procedure are given and sources of error are discussed. The signs of the charges of particles were determined, and confirmation obtained for the negative charge of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-(star-producing) mesons, positive charge for $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ (observed disintegration), while both signs were observed for $\ensuremath{\rho}$-mesons (stopping without visible interaction). The relative abundances of the different meson types were investigated. For particles which stopped in the emulsion, range and magnetic curvature measurements allowed mass determinations which in the most favorable case of long path length gave, for an individual meson, a probable error of 15 percent in the mass determination. The values obtained were, for $\ensuremath{\pi}$- and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-mesons, 270\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20; for $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}$, 226\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15. No evidence for light or very heavy mesons has been found so far.
Light-stimulated Oxygen Uptake and Glycolic Acid Oxidase in Typha latifolia L. Leaf Disks

THE relationship between light and green plant respiration has been the subject of a considerable debate1 which has been carried over into recent literature2. Investigations using simultaneous monitoring of water and oxygen-17 indicated that light-stimulated oxygen may occur in some species but not in others3–6. Similar results were obtained in experiments monitoring carbon dioxide absorption and evolution7.
Identification of the Mouse Liver 44-kDa Acetaminophen-Binding Protein as a Subunit of Glutamine Synthetase

Identification of proteins that covalently bind acetaminophen (APAP) is essential for a clearer understanding of the hepatotoxicity that results after an APAP overdose. Birge et al. (1991) have reported that in our mouse model system a membrane-associated 44-kDa acetaminophen-binding protein is the earliest target detected immunochemically following administration of an hepatoxic dose of APAP. To identify this 44-kDa protein, liver microsomes from mice administered 600 mg APAP/kg were extracted with Triton X-114 and the resulting aqueous fraction was adsorbed to DEAE-cellulose. Further purification of the DEAE eluate by reverse-phase HPLC and by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis indicated that four proteins of approximately 44 kDa with pIs ranging from 6.7-7.0 were targeted by APAP. The most highly arylated of these 44-kDa isoforms (pI 7.0) was excised from 2D gels, digested with trypsin, and the resulting peptides were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The two best resolved peptides were sequenced and 14 of the 15 amino acids detected were found to be identical to subunits of mouse liver glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2). Purification of glutamine synthetase from APAP-treated mice confirmed that the enzyme is indeed targeted by APAP in vivo. Since the intracellular activity of glutamine synthetase is significantly decreased after the administration of APAP to hepatocytes in culture, it is likely that the arylation of this enzyme may be involved in the ensuing hepatotoxicity.
Is body composition associated with an increased risk of developing anterior knee pain in adolescent female athletes

AbstractObjective: To determine the relationship between relative body composition and body mass to height, anterior knee pain, or patellofemoral pain (PFP) in adolescent female athletes.Background: Patellofemoral pain is common in female athletes and has an undefined etiology. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there was an association among higher body mass index (BMI), BMI z-scores, and relative body fat percentage in the development of PFP in an adolescent female athlete population. We hypothesized that female athletes who developed PFP over the course of a competitive basketball season had higher relative body mass or body fat percentage compared with those who did not develop PFP.Methods: Fifteen middle school basketball teams that consisted of 248 basketball players (mean age, 12.76 ± 1.13 years; height, 158.43 ± 7.78 cm; body mass, 52.35 ± 12.31 kg; BMI, 20.73 ± 3.88 kg/m2) agreed to participate in this study over the course of 2 basketball seasons, resulting in 262 athlete-seasons. ...
Does umbilical cord care in preterm infants influence cord bacterial colonization or detachment

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to compare alcohol versus natural drying for umbilical cord care in preterm infants and to examine its effects on bacterial colonization and cord detachment. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Eligible infants <34 weeks gestation admitted to the NICU were randomized to receive either umbilical cleansing with 70% isopropyl alcohol at each diaper change or natural drying. Umbilical stump cultures were performed at 12 to 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 days of age. RESULTS: A total of 109 infants were enrolled; 102 completed the study. Analyses revealed that the median cord detachment time was significantly shorter in the natural drying group compared to the alcohol group (13.0 versus 16.0 days; p=0.003). There were no cases of local umbilical infection in either group. CONCLUSION: Based on the present study, it appears that natural drying is a safe and effective means of umbilical cord care in preterm infants.
Star Polymers via Cross-Linking Amphiphilic Macroinitiators by AGET ATRP in Aqueous Media

Amphiphilic star polymers with low polydispersity (PDI) and high molecular weight were synthesized by an activator generated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP) in aqueous dispersed media using a simple “arm-first” method and linear block copolymers poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene (PEO-PS-Cl) as arm precursors. The amphiphilic block copolymers PEO-PS-Cl with halogen chain-end functionality formed micelles in water and then were cross-linked by the divinyl cross-linkers. Due to the formation of cross-linker swollen micelles before the polymerization was initiated, star−star or star−linear chain reactions were not required for the star formation. The suppressed star−star coupling reactions resulted in the formation of star polymers with low PDI (Mw/Mn < 1.1) but still high molecular weight (over 1000 kg/mol).
Instability due to wettability alteration in displacements through porous media

Abstract Wettability of some petroleum reservoir rocks can be altered by changing the brine composition, e.g., lowering salinity or adding surfactants. Wettability alteration can mobilize stranded oil and enhance oil recovery. Analytical solutions for 1D tertiary low-salinity floods show two saturation shocks one of which is associated with an adverse mobility ratio. The adverse mobility ratio across this shock is not very large, about 1.5–3 in the cases considered. As the viscosity ratio increases, the width of the oil bank decreases and one of the shocks disappears at a high viscosity ratio ( > 10 ) . The remaining shock at high viscosity ratio is stable. A viscous fingering model is applied to describe the flow instability in relatively homogeneous multi-dimensional porous media. It shows that the viscous fingering is mild and the breakthrough of low-salinity injectant is only 11–31% faster than in the 1D flow. Numerical simulation of these displacements in 2D permeability fields show that the fingering model approximates the average saturation profile if the standard deviation in permeability heterogeneity is low. Fingering behavior depends mostly on permeability standard deviation, but not on correlation length for the spherical variogram model used in this study. Low-salinity floods are expected to be mildly unstable due to the low mobility ratio at adverse saturation shocks.
Vascular complications after splenectomy for hematologic disorders

The most widely recognized long-term risk of splenectomy is overwhelming bacterial infection. More recently, thrombosis has become appreciated as another potential complication of the procedure. Because of these long-term risks, the indications for and timing of splenectomy are debated in the medical community. Accordingly, the adverse effects and benefits of splenectomy for hematologic disorders and other conditions demand further study. This comprehensive review summarizes the existing literature pertaining to vascular complications after splenectomy for hematologic conditions and attempts to define the potential pathophysiologic mechanisms involved. This complex topic encompasses diverse underlying conditions for which splenectomy is performed, diverse thrombotic complications, and multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms.
The Mass-Damped Riemann Problem and the Aerodynamic Surface Force Calculation for an Accelerating Body

We consider an extension of the ordinary Riemann problem and present an efficient approximate solution that can be used to improve the calculations of aerodynamic forces on an accelerating body. The method is demonstrated with one-dimensional examples where the Euler equations and the body motion are solved in the non-inertial co-ordinate frame fixed to the accelerating body.
“Safe in Old Ireland”: Frederick Douglass’s Tour, 1845–1846

(2002). “Safe in Old Ireland”: Frederick Douglass’s Tour, 1845–1846. The Historian: Vol. 64, No. 3-4, pp. 535-550.
A Flexible VLSI Architecture for Extracting Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing Gains in MIMO Channels

The sphere decoding algorithm is able to approach maximum likelihood (ML) detection with significantly reduced computational complexity for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communications. The computational reduction makes it attractive for hardware implementation. This paper presents a unified sphere decoder architecture that deploys diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in MIMO channels by taking advantage of the flexibility in the number of antennas and modulation schemes. Several signal processing and circuit techniques are constructively combined to reduce the hardware complexity: a 20 times area reduction is achieved even without interleaving of sub-carriers compared to the direct-mapped architecture. The proposed flexible architecture supports antenna arrays from 2x2 to 16x16, modulations from BPSK to 64-QAM, over 16 to 128 sub-carriers. The peak estimated data rate exceeds 1.5 Gbps over a 16 MHz bandwidth in just 0.55 mm2 in a standard 90 nm CMOS process.
Transcription of the defense response genes chitinase IIb, PAL and peroxidase is induced by the barley powdery mildew fungus and is only indirectly modulated by R genes.

Barley powdery mildew resistance (PM-R) genes control different infection phenotypes against avirulent strains of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). A subset of seven Pallas isolines, containing the PM-R genes Mla1, Mla12, Mlg, Mlk, Mlp and mlo5, revealed fast-, intermediate- and slow-acting infection phenotypes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the extent of Bgh development on each genotype through 72 hai. Quantitative RNA blot analysis of chitinase IIb, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase transcription at 0 – 24 hai revealed similar patterns and levels of transcripts in all isolines including the susceptible parent Pallas. At 36 – 72 hai transcript accumulation was suppressed on the susceptible parent Pallas, where Bgh grew unimpeded. In resistant isolines transcript accumulation varied according to whether their PM-R genes were fast, intermediate or slow-acting. Transcript accumulation decreased at 36– 72 hai in isolines with fast-acting PM-R genes (Mla1, Mlg, and mlo5), and this corresponded with arrested Bgh development. Transcript accumulation at 36 – 72 hai in isolines with intermediate or slow-acting PM-R genes (Mla12 and Mlk, Mlp) remained elevated and correlated with continued Bgh development and contact. These results suggest that defense response genes are transcriptionally activated by Bgh contact, which probably involves a general elicitor(s) from Bgh. Thus, PM-R genes appear to only modulate defense response gene transcription indirectly by limiting fungal development and contact. Fast-acting PM-R genes halt Bgh development before 24 hai, while slow-acting R genes allow Bgh development throughout 72 hai. Differences in infection phenotypes due to differing PM-R genes may be due to temporal differences in interactions between R genes and avirulence gene product(s); alternatively, slow-acting PM-R genes or required partner genes may be non-constitutive and need time to be induced.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and unstable rare-earth magnetism in CeAl3.

$^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been studied in the unstable-moment rare-earth (RE) compound ${\mathrm{CeAl}}_{3}$ to obtain information on local magnetic behavior. The experiments were carried out at temperatures well above a characteristic temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{ch}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sim}}0.5}$ K, below which the system can be described as a degenerate Fermi fluid. A change of slope in the relation between the $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ isotropic frequency shift ${K}_{i}$ and the bulk susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi} is found below \ensuremath{\sim}10 K, and is attributed to a temperature-dependent transferred hyperfine field in this temperature range. This hyperfine-field anomaly is probably not the same as that previously noted at T\ensuremath{\simeq}${T}_{\mathrm{ch}}$ in other RE compounds (${\mathrm{CeSn}}_{3}$, YbCuAl), where the moment instability is associated with intermediate valence. The temperature range is more nearly characteristic of crystalline electric field (CEF) splittings. In ${\mathrm{CeAl}}_{2}$ an anisotropic hyperfine interaction in the presence of CEF splitting has been invoked to explain a similar shift anomaly. The temperature dependence of the effective Ce-spin fluctuation rate, obtained from measured spin-lattice relaxation rates 1/${T}_{1}$, indicates the onset of near-neighbor spatial correlations between dynamic Ce-spin fluctuations at low temperatures, but the nature of these correlations cannot be elucidated from NMR data alone. An effective near-neighbor number ${n}_{\mathrm{eff}=7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2}$ is obtained at 300 K. The Korringa product (${K}_{i}^{2}$${T}_{1}$T${)}_{4f}$ is not strongly enhanced at low temperatures, which is strong evidence against the applicability of a paramagnonlike model to explain the paramagnetism of this compound.
Effect of corona preionization on the nitrogen laser energy

Most configurations of the nitrogen laser suffer from a relatively low energy output and poor stability. A corona plate on top of the laser electrodes improved energy output and the stability to a certain extent. A coaxial Blumlein concept was incorporated in the laser electrodes to minimize the electromagnetic interference associated with the fast transit discharge. Distance between the corona plate and the laser electrodes was optimized to obtain maximum energy from the nitrogen laser. >
Differences in worker caste behaviour of Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in response to larvae of Anthene emolus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

The larvae of Anthene emolus (Lycaenidae) cannot survive in the wild without their associated ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Formicidae). The ants groom the lycaenid larvae for secretions and, in turn, protect them from parasitoids and predators. Both major and minor worker ants tend larvae, although, in the present study, the frequencies of tending by different castes proved to be significantly different. Ants also tended late instars significantly more than young larvae. O. smaragdina ants of the same colony were observed fighting when A. emolus larvae were present. Aggression was exhibited by the major workers against the minor workers that tried to tend secreting larvae. Major ants precluded the minors from the most nutritious secretions, leaving minors to tend the less productive, early instars. On a few occasions, aggression was unchecked and major workers killed the larvae they were tending (presumably accidentally). When larvae were experimentally reared with only one caste of ant, the resulting butterflies showed no differences in dry weight. Mortality was high when larvae were reared with only minor ants or in the absence of ants.
Effects of cycloheximide on thermotolerance expression, heat shock protein synthesis, and heat shock protein mRNA accumulation in rat fibroblasts.

Abstract A single hyperthermic exposure can render cells transiently resistant to subsequent high temperature stresses. Treatment of rat embryonic fibroblasts with cycloheximide for 6 h after a 20-min interval at 45 degrees C inhibits protein synthesis, including heat shock protein (hsp) synthesis, and results in an accumulation of hsp 70 mRNA, but has no effect on subsequent survival responses to 45 degrees C hyperthermia. hsp 70 mRNA levels decreased within 1 h after removal of cycloheximide but then appeared to stabilize during the next 2 h (3 h after drug removal and 9 h after heat shock). hsp 70 mRNA accumulation could be further increased by a second heat shock at 45 degrees C for 20 min 6 h after the first hyperthermic exposure in cycloheximide-treated cells. Both normal protein and hsp synthesis appeared increased during the 6-h interval after hyperthermia in cultures which received two exposures to 45 degrees C for 20 min compared with those which received only one treatment. No increased hsp synthesis was observed in cultures treated with cycloheximide, even though hsp 70 mRNA levels appeared elevated. These data indicate that, although heat shock induces the accumulation of hsp 70 mRNA in both normal and thermotolerant cells, neither general protein synthesis nor hsp synthesis is required during the interval between two hyperthermic stresses for Rat-1 cells to express either thermotolerance (survival resistance) or resistance to heat shock-induced inhibition of protein synthesis.
Molecular restoration of archived transcriptional profiles by complementary-template reverse-transcription (CT-RT)

Gene expression profiling of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens, banked from completed clinical trials and routine clinical care, has the potential to yield valuable information implicating and linking genes with clinical parameters. In order to prepare high-quality cDNA from highly fragmented FFPE-RNA, previously precluded from high-throughput analyses, we have designed a novel strategy based on the nucleic acid restoration of incomplete cDNA sequences prior to T7 in vitro transcription (IVT) amplification. We describe this strategy as complementary-template reversetranscription (CT-RT) because short single-stranded T7-oligo-dT24-VN-DNA sequences, obtained from FFPE-RNA, are used as primers for the RT of complementary RNA templates contained in a sense-RNA library. We validated our assay by determining the correlation between expression profiles of a matched 10-year-old frozen and FFPE breast cancer sample. We show that T7 IVTamplification of cDNA transcripts restored by CT-RT is a specific and reliable process that allows recovery of transcriptional features undetectable by direct T7 IVT-amplification of FFPE-RNA. Furthermore, CT-RT restored 35–41% of the transcripts from archived breast and cervical specimens when compared to matched frozen tissue; and profiles included tissue-specific transcripts. Our results indicate that CT-RT allows microarray profiling of severely degraded RNA that could not be analyzed by previous methods.
Linear algebraic groups and countable Borel equivalence relations

This paper is a contribution to the study of Borel equivalence relations on standard Borel spaces (i.e., Polish spaces equipped with their Borel structure). In mathematics one often deals with problems of classification of objects up to some notion of equivalence by invariants. Frequently these objects can be viewed as elements of a standard Borel space X and the equivalence turns out to be a Borel equivalence relation E on X. A complete classification of X up to E consists of finding a set of invariants I and a map c : X → I such that xEy ⇔ c(x) = c(y). For this to be of any interest both I and c must be explicit or definable and as simple and concrete as possible. The theory of Borel equivalence relations studies the set-theoretic nature of possible invariants and develops a mathematical framework for measuring the complexity of such classification problems.
A Simulated Spectrum of Convectively Generated Gravity Waves: Propagation from the Tropopause to the Mesopause and Effects on the Middle Atmosphere

This work evaluates the interaction of a simulated spectrum of convectively generated gravity waves with realistic middle atmosphere mean winds. The wave spectrum is derived from the nonlinear convection model described by Alexander et al. [1995] that simulated a two-dimensional midlatitude squall line. This spectrum becomes input to a linear ray tracing model for evaluation of wave propagation as a function of height through climatological background wind and buoyancy frequency profiles. The energy defined by the spectrum as a function of wavenumber and frequency is distributed spatially and temporally into wave packets for the purpose of estimating wave amplitudes at the lower boundary of the ray tracing model. A wavelet analysis provides an estimate of these wave packet widths in space and time. Without this redistribution of energies into wave packets the Fourier analysis alone inaccurately assumes the energy is evenly distributed throughout the storm model domain. The growth with height of wave amplitudes is derived from wave action flux conservation coupled to a convective instability saturation condition. Mean flow accelerations and wave energy dissipation profiles are derived from this analysis and compared to parameterized estimates of gravity wave forcing, providing a measure of the importance of the storm source to global gravity wave forcing. The results suggest that a single large convective storm system like the simulated squall line could provide a significant fraction of the zonal mean gravity wave forcing at some levels, particularly in the mesosphere. The vertical distributions of mean flow acceleration and energy dissipation do not much resemble the parameterized profiles in form because of the peculiarities of the spectral properties of the waves from the storm source. The ray tracing model developed herein provides a tool for examining the role of convectively generated waves in middle atmosphere physics.
Conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs) in higher plants.

Plant conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs)—a specific category of phylogenetic footprint—have been shown experimentally to function. No plant CNS is conserved to the extent that ultraconserved noncoding sequences are conserved in vertebrates. Plant CNSs are enriched in known transcription factor or other cis-acting binding sites, and are usually clustered around genes. Genes that encode transcription factors and/or those that respond to stimuli are particularly CNS-rich. Only rarely could this function involve small RNA binding. Some transcribed CNSs encode short translation products as a form of negative control. Approximately 4% of Arabidopsis gene content is estimated to be both CNS-rich and occupies a relatively long stretch of chromosome: Bigfoot genes (long phylogenetic footprints). We discuss a ‘DNA-templated protein assembly’ idea that might help explain Bigfoot gene CNSs.
Testability preserving Boolean transforms for logic synthesis

Synthesis proceeds through local transformations with various objectives. If testability is a concern, these transformations are limited to those that preserve or enhance testability. Such transformations are called testability preserving transformations. The fault model used is pivotal to the analysis of any such transformation. In this paper, the authors chose single-path-propagating hazard-free robust delay fault testability to qualify them. This model was chosen because it disambiguates results of delay testing which are often inconclusive (the presence of a fault can neither be ascertained nor be denied) and ensures stuck-at fault testability as well. Unfortunately, only a few transformations are known to obey testability requirements. This limitation is a serious handicap in attaining other synthesis goals such as area and performance optimization. In this paper the authors establish a relationship between testability properties of logic transformations and their Boolean duals, the application of which enlarges the existing number of testability preserving transforms. They demonstrate further that some of the new transformations thus achieved may actually enhance testability. >
Location of the neurons innervating tendon spindles of masticator muscles.

Abstract Spontaneous and evoked unitary potentials were recorded from the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of cats under chloralose anesthesia. The abundant spontaneous activity in the nucleus was ascribed primarily to the potentials arising from muscle spindles. These potentials were silenced by contraction of the muscles of mastication and resumed firing as the muscles relaxed. During the silent period of the muscle spindles, potentials arising from the tendon spindles were identified. These latter potentials were activated by increased tension in the muscles and occurred most frequently during the rising phase of the tension. Potentials from both the muscle spindles and tendon spindles were recorded from single loci in the nucleus. I conclude that cell bodies of the afferent neurons from the tendon spindles of the muscles of mastication are located in the mesencephalic nucleus in the cat.
The helpfulness of three counseling models as perceived by institutionalized adolescent males

The use of advice-giving, Adlerian interpretation, and analytically derived interpretation with regard to their perceived helpfulness was investigated by having subjects view a videotape of eight role-played counseling segments. The videotape presented problem statements by a role-playing adolescent followed by a role-playing counselor who made three separate responses to the statements. Subjects were 20 internally and 20 externally controlled incarcerated youth who ranked the three counselor responses of each segment from most helpful to least helpful. Both internally and externally controlled subjects tended to rank Adlerian interpretation and analytically derived interpretation as less helpful than advice-giving in this quasi-counseling situation. Cautions concerning the use of the two types of interpretation with this type of subject are made. Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en
Middle Holocene Drought on the Southern High Plains

The climate of the Southern High Plains during the middle Holocene is indicated by data from a variety of sources. Stratigraphic, geomorphic, and pedologic research at six localities in draws, several dune sites, and one playa-lake basin show that widespread eolian erosion and sedimentation began in some areas by 9000 yr B.P. and culminated 6000-4500 yr B.P., probably because of warmer, drier conditions that reduced the vegetative cover. Archaeological investigations at three sites provide evidence for the excavation of wells at this time, apparently because of a declining water table. Studies of a few vertebrate and invertebrate faunas also indicate warming and drying in the middle Holocene. Climate models and very limited isotopic data from Bison bone suggest that summers in the middle Holocene were warmer than present, with reduced effective precipitation. All lines of evidence indicate that the Southern High Plains was subjected to prolonged drought in the middle Holocene with a maximum between 6500 and 4500 yr B.P., conforming climatically and chronologically to the Altithermal.
The Making of an Ottoman Port: The Quay of Izmir in the Nineteenth Century

The quay of Izmir (Smyrna) remains one of the most important engineering feats of the nineteenth century in the Middle East and was the first of its kind in the Ottoman Empire. Its scale and modernity placed Izmir, already one of the great ports of the Near East, in the front rank of Mediterranean ports and changed its urban landscape for ever. The vicissitudes of the construction of the quay and harbour complex strikingly illustrate the dilemmas and problems as much of ottoman urban policy as of modern urbanization. As a struggle between the British and the French to dominate the local infrastructure, the harbour of Izmir is also one of the earliest examples of imperialist rivalry in the Ottoman Empire, of the role of European Diplomacy in finance and of European investment in the region
Durable complete remission from castration-resistant prostate cancer with sipuleucel-T after estrogen withdrawal.

Sipuleucel-T has been shown to prolong overall survival, without commonly affecting prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or inducing objective disease regression; however, objective responses do occur. The need to continue androgen deprivation after complete response to sipuleucel-T is uncertain. Withdrawal of hormonal therapies has been associated with PSA and objective responses in men with prostate cancer; the optimal sequence for introduction and withdrawal of androgen-targeted agents and sipuleucel-T should be explored.
Analysis of the tapered slot antenna

A method for calculating the radiation pattern of end-fire tapered slot antennas with or without dielectric substrate is presented. The method involves a two-step procedure: 1) determine the field distribution of a traveling wave along the tapered slot, and 2) compute the radiation from this slot field by using the half-plane Green's function to account for termination effects. Acceptable estimates of the slot field usually can be obtained from a stepped approximation to the tapered geometry. The method has been verified by comparisons to measured patterns for various dielectric substrates and antenna dimensions. However, the effect of lateral truncation has not yet been successfully modeled. Experimental patterns showing this effect are presented.
A Homogeneous, Nonradioactive High-Throughput Fluorogenic Protein Phosphatase Assay

Protein phosphatases are critical components in cellular regulation; they do not only act as antioncogenes by antagonizing protein kinases, but they also play a positive regulatory role in a variety of cellular processes that require dephosphorylation. Thus, assessing the function of these enzymes necessitates the need for a robust, sensitive assay that accurately measures their activities. The authors present a novel, homogeneous, and nonradioactive assay to measure the enzyme activity of low concentrations of several protein phosphatases (phosphoserine/phosphothreonine phosphatases and phosphotyrosine phosphatases). The assay is based on the use of fluorogenic peptide substrates (rhodamine 110, bis-phosphopeptide amide) that do not fluoresce in their conjugated form, which is resistant to cleavage by aminopeptidases. However, upon dephosphorylation by the phosphatase of interest, the peptides become cleavable by the protease and release the highly fluorescent-free rhodamine 110. The assay is rapid, can ...
Effects of Accountability on Symbolic Information Search and Information Analysis by Organizational Buyers

Most studies of the organizational buying process assume that buyers acquire and use information “prosocially”—to make better decisions and promote their company’s welfare. The authors propose, however, that demands to account for their behavior causes organizational buyers to also gather and use information for political purposes—to protect their own self-interest. The authors present the results of an empirical study that investigates the extent to which four types of accountability—informal, official, process, and decision accountability—result in political (or symbolic) information search and prosocial information analysis by organizational buyers. Study findings suggest that buyers accountable to superiors and those accountable to subordinates or peers engage in more symbolic information search. Buyers accountable for their decision-making process analyze information more extensively. Surprisingly, buyers accountable for decision outcomes neither search for symbolic information nor analyze information more extensively.
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Manifestations of Hypertension in the Elderly

Aging in industrialized societies is associated with an increasing prevalence of hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, renal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease. This increase in chronic disease processes in industrialized societies is related, in part, to increasing obesity, reduced physical activity, medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and other environmental influences. Hypertension in the elderly is characterized by high peripheral vascular resistance, reduced baroreflex sensitivity, a low renin state with reduced cardiac output / increased hypertrophy, reduced intravascular volume, and an increased propensity to salt-sensitivity. Type II diabetes commonly accompanies hypertension in the elderly, in part related to reduction in lean body mass and relative increase in adiposity. Lipid abnormalities are also relatively common in the elderly and should generally be treated in a similar fashion to those in the middle-aged individual.
The Mechanism of Alternating Current Corrosion of API Grade X65 Pipeline Steel

In the present work, corrosion rates of API grade X65 pipeline steel in sodium chloride solutions with and without alternating currents (AC) at different direct current (DC) potentials were measured using weight loss analysis. The results show that the effect of AC is most pronounced near the open-circuit potential; at more positive potentials, the rates approach those of the ohmic drop/mass transport-limited DC rates. Correspondingly, at negative potentials the rates decrease. Surprisingly, it was found that at all potentials, the AC corrosion rate was equal to the average AC current in the system. The data generated from weight loss experiments were compared with the results from a model for AC corrosion that was developed using a modified Butler-Volmer approach. The model considers the anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes, diffusion limited oxygen transport, interfacial capacitance, and solution resistance. Both experimental and model results showed the importance of the interfacial capacitance on the rate...
High-Efficiency BODIPY-Based Organic Photovoltaics

A benzannulated boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY, bDIP) molecule exhibiting strong absorption at 640 nm was synthesized. The organic dye was used in an organic solar cell as the electron donor with C60 as the acceptor. The BODIPY dye demonstrated the best performance in lamellar architecture (indium tin oxide (ITO)/bDIP/C60/bathocuproine/Al), giving power conversion efficiency up to 4.5% with short-circuit current (JSC) of 8.7 mA/cm2 and an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.81 V. Neutron reflectivity experiments were performed on the bilayer film to investigate the thickness dependence of JSC. A 13 nm mixed layer was found to be present at the donor/acceptor interface in the bilayer device, formed when the C60 was deposited onto a room temperature bDIP film. Planar-mixed heterojunction devices were fabricated to understand the extent of spontaneous mixing between the donor and acceptor materials. The native mixed region in the bilayer device was shown to most resemble 1:3 bDIP:C60 layer in the structure: (ITO/b...
In-situ Rapid Isiheial Pocessing of Thin Epitaxial Dieleciric Films on Silicon and Compound Semi Semiconductors

We have developed a new rapid isothermal processing technique for the deposition of epitaxial dielectric films (II–VIa fluorides and their mixtures) on silicon and compound semiconductors. In this process, epitaxial dielectric films are deposited in an e-beam system at room temperature and subsequently subjected to in-situ rapid isothermal annealing by using incoherent light sources incorporated in the e-beam system. Epitaxial dielectric films of CaF2 and CaXSr1−XF2 have been deposited on Si, GaAs and InP. In this paper, preliminary results of electrical and structural characteristics of. epitaxial dielectric films on Si and compound semiconductors are presented.