cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonised Gaze? Guidebooks and Journeying in Colonial India

This article analyses Bengali- and Hindi-language travelogues written by Indian railway travellers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While the authors of these texts were influenced by the literary and interpretative sensibilities of European guidebooks of the period, especially English-language railway guides to India, they did not uncritically adopt their colonial discourses. Rather, Indian authors created a distinct narrative, rejecting or appropriating European ideas with discretion, primarily to suit their specific vision of India. I argue that in their writings, Indian authors, like their European counterparts, participated in a process of creating ‘others’, which had fundamental implications for the imagining of colonial Indian society.
Measuring the benefits of environmental change using a duality approach: The case of ozone and Illinois cash grain farms

Abstract The measurement of the economic effects of a changing environment can be complex and costly. This study uses a duality approach to quantify the relationship between ambient levels of ozone and economic damage on Illinois cash grain farms. Econometric estimates from producers' profit functions indicate a significant negative relationship between ozone and the levels of profit and output. These findings are consistent with results from more traditional ecosystem assessment procedures. Given the data and experimentation costs associated with traditional approaches, this study's results point to duality as a potentially powerful tool for assessing the economic effects of various environmental phenomena.
Aggressive papillary middle ear tumors: A report of two cases with review of the literature

Adenomatous tumors of the middle ear are rare, with only approximately 100 cases reported. A distinct subclass of this tumor demonstrates microscopic papillary architecture and has a propensity to erode the petrous bone and extend intracranially. The term «aggressive papillary middle ear tumor» has recently been proposed to describe this more invasive type of middle ear tumor. Thirty-seven cases of aggressive papillary middle ear tumors have been reported. We present two additional cases and discuss the clinical, radiologic, histologic, and operative features of this locally aggressive neoplasm. The tumor affects adults of both sexes. The clinical prodrome is prolonged. Presenting signs and symptoms most often relate to the involvement of cranial nerves V-VIII
Head and neck irradiation in childhood: increased risk of developing thyroid disease.

A nodule of the thyroid in a patient with a history of prior irradiation to the head and neck area in childhood is more likely to be malignant than a nodule in the general population. Thirty-two of 144 such patients (22%) who came to surgery were found to have a carcinoma of the thyroid. A relative short-term (6 mo) trial with suppressive therapy with a thyroactive agent may be helpful in selecting out those nodules that may be malignant. Although considerable controversy continues to exist as to the proper surgical treatment, our current surgical management involves performing a total extracapsular thyroidectomy.11 references.
The Abundance Scatter in M33 from HII Regions: Is There Any Evidence for Azimuthal Metallicity Variations?

Optical spectra of 25 H II regions in the inner two kpc of the M33 disk have been obtained with the GMOS spectrograph at the Gemini North telescope. The oxygen abundance gradient measured from the detection of the [O III]4363 auroral line displays a scatter of approximately 0.06 dex, a much smaller value than recently reported by Rosolowsky & Simon in this galaxy. The analysis of the abundances for a large sample of H II regions derived from the R23 strong-line indicator confirms that the scatter is small over the full disk of M33, consistent with the measuring uncertainties, and comparable to what is observed in other spiral galaxies. No evidence is therefore found for significant azimuthal variations in the present-day metallicity of the interstellar medium in this galaxy on spatial scales from ~100 pc to a few kpc. A considerable fraction of M33 H II regions with auroral line detections show spectral features revealing sources of hard ionizing radiation (such as He II emission and large [Ne III], [O III] line fluxes). Since R23 is shown to severely underestimate the oxygen abundances in such cases, care must be taken in chemical abundance studies of extragalactic H II regions based on this strong-line indicator.
Inconsistencies in the interpretation of the conservation equations for spin-1/2 fields

A number of inconsistencies are pointed out in the conservation equations that describe the tensor bilinear densities for the conserved properties of spin-1/2 spinor fields. All the inconsistencies are related to the description of the spin density, and the origin of these difficulties is discussed.
Point Mutations (Q19P and N23K) Increase the Operational Solubility of a 2α-O-Benzoyltransferase that Conveys Various Acyl Groups from CoA to a Taxane Acceptor

Two site-directed mutations within the wild-type 2-O-benzoyltransferase (tbt) cDNA, from Taxus cuspidata plants, yielded an encoded protein containing replacement amino acids at Q19P and N23K that map to a solvent-exposed loop region. The likely significant changes in the biophysical properties invoked by these mutations caused the overexpressed, modified TBT (mTBT) to partition into the soluble enzyme fraction about 5-fold greater than the wild-type enzyme. Sufficient protein could now be acquired to examine the scope of the substrate specificity of mTBT by incubation with 7,13-O,O-diacetyl-2-O-debenzoylbaccatin III that was mixed individually with various substituted benzoyls, alkanoyls, and (E)-butenoyl CoA donors. The mTBT catalyzed the conversion of each 7,13-O,O-diacetyl-2-O-debenzoylbaccatin III to several 7,13-O,O-diacetyl-2-O-acyl-2-O-debenzoylbaccatin III analogues. The relative catalytic efficiency of mTBT with the 7,13-O,O-diacetyl-2-O-debenzoyl surrogate substrate and heterole carbonyl CoA substrates was slightly greater than with the natural aroyl substrate benzoyl CoA, while substituted benzoyl CoA thioesters were less productive. Short-chain hydrocarbon carbonyl and cyclohexanoyl CoA thioesters were also productive, where C(4) substrates were transferred by mTBT with approximately 10- to 17-fold greater catalytic efficiency compared to the transfer of benzoyl. The described broad specificity of mTBT suggests that a plethora of 2-O-acyl variants of the antimitotic paclitaxel can be assembled through biocatalytic sequences.
Is NOS uncoupling the missing link between atrial fibrillation and chronic non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy? Reply

We thank Crijns et al. for their positive comments regarding the importance of our recent study in Cardiovascular Research .1 We also appreciate the detailed attention of Crijns et al. to the methodologies presented in our study. We welcome the opportunity to provide additional information that we hope will clarify our approach and conclusions for the readers of Cardiovascular Research . The two issues raised by Crijns et al. generally address nitric oxide synthase (NOS) biochemistry, related analytical methodology, and acquisition and interpretation of findings related to the electrophysiological data. It is important to note that the presence of NOS monomer is not direct evidence of NOS uncoupling and that changes in the dimer/monomer ratio are not directly related to the functional uncoupling of the enzyme. Moreover, only the dimeric form has been shown to be biochemically active and able to generate NO and superoxide.2–4 Several lines of evidence in our manuscript are consistent with iNOS oxidase activity in the atria of heart failure (HF) dogs, including (i) decreased tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels, (ii) reduced NO production, and (iii) increased superoxide production. These alterations occurred in the face …
Early Engineering Writing Textbooks and the Anthropological Complexity of Disciplinary Discourse

The evolution of technical communication conventions in America is more anthropologically complex than the traditional linkage to the scientific plain-style tradition suggests. Analysis of leading ideas in early 20th-century engineering writing textbooks and other primary sources demonstrates that disciplinary discourse conventions develop from an intricate nexus of human motivations, beliefs, and social activity. This article explores currents in American social and intellectual history that explain this complex, sophisticated view of language, which combines a rhetorically sensitive formalism with the ideas of professional literacy and cultural reading to facilitate communication with various audiences and to reinforce the status and dignity of the emerging profession.
Quantification in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography.

This correspondence corrects the description in a recent paper by Mondello et al., “Quantification in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography” [Mondello, L.; Herrero, M.; Kumm, T.; Dugo, P.; Cortes, H.; Dugo, G. Anal. Chem., 2008, 80, 5418−5424], of previous research on peak integration. This correspondence also shows that the peak integration method proposed in that paper is equivalent to, but is less efficient than, simply summing the data values.
The solubilization of membrane-bound (Na+ + K+)--ATPase from rat skeletal muscle.

Abstract A (Na + + K + )-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3.) of skeletal muscle was solubilized by treatment with Lubrol WX. Maximum extraction of this enzyme was obtained at a Lubrol WX:protein ratio of 2.5:1. The supernatant fraction of the Lubrol WX extract obtained by centrifugation at 140,000 g for 45 min after NaI treatment had a higher specific activity and greater ouabain sensitivity than that of the NaI-extracted frozen muscle homogenate, which had not been extracted with Lubrol WX.
3D segmentation and quantification of Magnetic Resonance data : Application to the Osteonecrosis of the femoral head

The general objective of our study is the development of a clinically robust three-dimensional segmentation and quantification technique of Magnetic Resonance (MR) data, for the objective and quantitative evaluation of the osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head. This method will help evaluate the effects of joint preserving treatments for femoral head osteonecrosis from MR data. The disease is characterized by tissue changes (death of bone and marrow cells) within the weight-bearing portion of the femoral head. Due to the fuzzy appearance of lesion tissues and their different intensity patterns in various MR sequences, we proposed a semi-automatic multispectral segmentation of MR data introducing data constraints (anatomical and geometrical) and using a classical K-means unsupervised clustering algorithm. The method was applied on ON patient data. Results of volumetric measurements and configuration of various tissues obtained with the semi- automatic method were compared with quantitative results delineated by a trained radiologist.
Fully ordered copolyhydrazides based upon bisacid A2

The preparation of copolyhydrazides containing equimolar quantities of “bisacetyl A2” and terephthaloyl or isophthaloyl groups is described. The resulting copolymers were found to form clear colorless films which, when immersed in concentrated formic acid, softened but rehardened and turned white after subsequent immersion in water. The formic acid treatment did not bring about a morphological change from the amorphous to the crystalline state, but caused changes in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces which suggest that an α/β transformation had taken place. The possible nature of this transition is discussed. The results of tensile tests on cast film are given.
Application of fuzzy sets to estimate cost savings due to variance reduction

SUMMARYFuzzy set theory and classical statistical methods are used herer to develop three models to estimate cost savings dueto variance reduction. The models address the case of a variable that is evaluated by linguistic terms, the case when anormal distribution does not model the variation in the process, and the case when subjective and objective inspectionmethods are used.Additionally, two financial tools of evaluation are proposed: a quality index, that compares the cost of quality fordifferent manufacturing cells, and a fuzzy future value of the current cost of inspection.Some important topics are presented as material for future work: determination of the minimum cost, and the effectthat different shapes of fuzzy numbers can have on the cost models. 9. REFERENCES (1) Feigenthimi, AV., jaIity Conimi, vkQmw-Hill, New Yx1c N.Y., 1951. (2) Montgomeiy, D.C., "flFcoiuiiic Lgn of Contml Chaits A Review andLitezature Survey", Journal of Quality Technology, 12, j. 75-87,1980. (3)
Uplink soft frequency reuse for self-coexistence of cognitive radio networks operating in white-space spectrum

Recent advances in cognitive radio (CR) technology have brought about a number of wireless standards that support opportunistic access to available white-space spectrum. Addressing the self-coexistence of CR networks in such an environment is very challenging, especially when coexisting networks operate in the same swath of spectrum with little or no direct coordination. In this paper, we study the problem of co-channel self-coexistence of uncoordinated CR networks that employ orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) in the uplink. We frame the self-coexistence problem as a non-cooperative game, and propose an uplink soft frequency reuse (USFR) technique to enable globally power-efficient and locally fair sharing of white-space spectrum. In each network, uplink resource allocation is decoupled into two subproblems: subchannel allocation (SCA) and transmit power control (TPC). We provide a unique optimal solution to the TPC subproblem, and present a low-complexity heuristic for the SCA subproblem. Furthermore, we frame the TPC and SCA games, and integrate them as a heuristic algorithm that achieves the Nash equilibrium in a fully distributed manner. Our simulation results show that the proposed USFR technique significantly improves self-coexistence in several aspects, including spectrum utilization, power consumption, and intra-cell fairness.
Survival and Lung Pathology of Mouse Models of Hermansky- Pudlak Syndrome and Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS), a recessively inherited disease in humans, affects the biosynthesis/processing of the related intracellular organelles: lysosomes, melanosomes, and platelet dense granules. The disease is multigenic in both humans and mice where 14 separate genes have been demonstrated to be causative. Patients often die prematurely with severe lung abnormalities. Patients with the related Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) likewise have significantly reduced life spans. Long-term survival and lung histomorphology were analyzed in a pilot experiment involving several genetically defined singly and doubly mutant mouse HPS mutants and the beige CHS mutant to determine whether these parameters are altered in the mouse models. The mutants differed widely in both longevity and lung architecture. Mice doubly homozygous for the pale ear and ruby eye or for the muted and pearl genes had the shortest life spans with none surviving the two-year experimental duration. Life spans were similarly severely reduced in the beige and gunmetal mutants. Intermediate life spans were apparent in the pearl, pallid, and cocoa mutants whereas minimal effects were noted in ruby eye, muted, light ear, and cocoa mutants. Enlarged air spaces were noted in histologic sections of lungs of several of the mutants. For the most part, the severity of lung abnormalities was inversely proportional to the long-term survival of these various mutants, suggesting that lung pathology may contribute to mortality, as has been suggested for human HPS patients.
Secular trends of 22 body dimensions in four racial/cultural groups of American males.

Data from the recent U.S. Army Anthropometric Survey provide a unique opportunity to assess long-term changes in body dimensions within the Army population. This report considers secular trends for 22 body dimensions within four racial/cultural groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Individuals were grouped by year of birth into 5 year cohorts, spanning 1911 to 1970. Rates of secular change were calculated by regressing age-adjusted dimensions against birth year cohort. Results showed that almost all dimensions sustained statistically significant linear trends, the few exceptions occurring in Asian/Pacific Islanders. The greatest rates of change occurred in dimensions related to soft tissues rather than skeletal dimensions. This pattern is consistent with recent American cultural emphasis on health and physical fitness. The causes of the observed trends, insofar as they have been identified, are related to cultural processes. This suggests that biological forces play a diminished role in shaping the patterns of secular change. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to study secular change in groups that are culturally, rather than biologically, defined.
Endogenous Opioids and Central Cardiovascular Control

A number of endogenous opioid peptides have been identified since the discovery of the pentapeptide enkephalins in 1975. Like exogenous opiates, these substances have potent cardiovascular effects following administration into the central nervous system (CNS). Combined with the observation that endogenous opioids are concentrated in central cardioregulatory sites, such findings have suggested a role for these substances in central cardiovascular regulation. Findings from work in experimental shock and hypertension lend further support for this concept. This review summarizes the recent experimental evidence to support the conclusion that endogenous opioid systems may be important in central cardiovascular control.
Supporting the development of network programs

Programmers who want to do network computing face several challenges: the network and attached systems are shared resources with an unpredictable behavior and network communication primitives are often hard to use. The programming environment developed for the Nectar system addresses both problems. It provides simple and efficient communication primitives, and an efficient monitoring kernel that allows both programmers and programming tools to monitor the behavior of the program in the dynamic network environment. Experience shows that monitoring the progress of applications interactively is both desirable and practical. >
Effect of Linear Aliphatic Polyamines on Copper Removal Rate in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP)

The role of homologous linear aliphatic polyamines as additives in Cu CMP slurries was investigated. We show that, in addition to forming stable complexes with copper ions in solution, the polyamines also interact with the copper metal preventing its corrosion. The latter effect increases with the polyamine chain length making the superior members of the homologues series effective passivating agents. A mechanism that explains the trend in the anticorrosion activity of polyamines is proposed. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0081511jss] All rights reserved.
A practical method for simulating AVHRR-consistent NDVI data series using narrow MODIS channels in the 0.5-1.0 /spl mu/m spectral range

Over the past two decades, a key indicator of climate change has been the long time series of global maps of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), derived from remotely sensed data acquired with a series of NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) instruments from space. These NDVI values are calculated from relatively broad AVHRR channels in the red and near-infrared regions. Continuation of this long term data set is extremely valuable for climate-related research, However, sometime in the coming decade, the AVHRR time series measurements will no longer be continued. Instead, the measurements will be made using newer generation satellite instruments having narrower channels and improved spatial resolution. For example, the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra spacecraft has several narrow channels in the 0.4-1.0 spectral range. The NDVI values derived from the MODIS red channel and near-IR channel will be biased compared to those derived from the broader AVHRR channels because of differences in channel positions and widths for the two instruments. The narrow MODIS near-IR channel is only slightly affected by atmospheric water vapor absorption, while the broad AVHRR near-IR channel is strongly affected by water vapor absorption. As a result, the largest bias comes from the near-IR channels on the two instruments. To a lesser extent, the bias also comes from the differences between the red channel positions and the widths of MODIS and AVHRR instruments. In this paper, the authors describe a practical method for simulating AVHRR NDVI values using several narrower MODIS channels in the 0.4-1.0 /spl mu/m spectral range, including the MODIS green channel and the water vapor absorption channel.
Calculating the Debt Gap

Using the debate over Scottish independence as a case study, this article analyses how calculating creditworthiness—or “sovereign risk”—has increasingly become the investment yardstick used by the political class to chart the limits to national self-determination. In considering other species of predatory lending—municipal debt and household debt-the article also charts the migration of the so-called “debt trap” from Southern countries to the North over the last decade. It assesses the progress of advanced societies towards a state of creditocracy, in which the goal of the creditor class is to wrap debt around every social good, generating long-term income streams and repayment obligations that are unsustainable in a functional democracy. The conclusion argues that debt refusal is a legitimate method of salvaging popular democracy.
Description and evaluation of the FAST-Net smart pixel-based optical interconnection prototype

The design, packaging approach, and experimental evaluation of the free-space accelerator for switching terabit networks (FAST-Net) smart-pixel-based optical interconnection prototype are described. FAST-Net is a high-throughput data-switching concept that uses a reflective optical system to globally interconnect a multichip array of smart pixel devices. The three-dimensional optical system links each chip directly to every other with a dedicated bidirectional parallel data path. in the experiments, several prototype smart-pixel devices were packaged on a common multichip module (MCM) with interchip registration accuracies of 5-10 /spl mu/m. The smart-pixel arrays (SPAs) consist of clusters of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and photodetectors that are solder bump-bonded to Si integrated circuits. The optoelectronic elements are arranged within each cluster on a checkerboard pattern with 125-/spl mu/m pitch. The experimental global optical interconnection module consists of a mirror and lens array that are precisely aligned to achieve the required interchip parallel connections between up to 16 SPAs. Five prototype SPAs were placed on the MCM to allow the evaluation of a variety of interchip links. Measurements verified the global link pattern across several devices on the MCM with high optical resolution and registration. No crosstalk between adjacent channels was observed after alignment. The I/O density and efficiency results suggest that a multi-terabit switch module that incorporates global optical interconnection to overcome conventional interconnection bottlenecks is feasible.
Dopamine and Norepinephrine Responses to Film-Induced Sexual Arousal in Sexually Functional and Sexually Dysfunctional Women

This study was designed to assess potential differences between sexually functional and dysfunctional women in dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) responses to erotic stimuli. Blood levels of homovanillic acid (HVA; the major metabolite of DA) and NE were taken during the showing of a nonsexual and a sexual film from 9 women with female sexual arousal disorder and hypoactive sexual desire disorder and from 13 sexually functional women. We assessed sexual arousal subjectively using a self-report scale and physiologically using a vaginal photoplethysmograph. HVA levels significantly decreased in sexually functional and dysfunctional women during the erotic versus during the neutral film. NE levels were not significantly different for either group of women during the neutral and erotic films. Sexually dysfunctional women had significantly higher levels of NE during both the neutral and erotic films compared with functional women. Subjective or physiological arousal differences between neutral and erotic films were not significantly different between functional and dysfunctional women.
Commentary: The Value of the Clinical Interview

The potential for violence among hospitalized psychiatric patients is not a new phenomenon. Risk prediction in hospitalized psychiatric patients requires, in addition to actuarial tools, a firsthand understanding of the patient's psychiatric disorder, symptoms, personality structure, coping skills, and defense mechanisms. The current state of psychiatric hospital care and treatment of mental illness appears to have arrived at such a point that some hospitals are inadequately staffed and unable to provide sufficient time for clinicians to interview newly admitted patients and gain as much information as possible. If an admission is meant to provide some treatment beyond rapid pharmacological stabilization, then there must be, beginning with admission, someone with the time, interest, and skill who talks with the patient to understand his problems and helps guide the subsequent treatment approach through to discharge. The author suggests that risk assessment and treatment, rather than risk prediction and management, should be the goals of hospitalization.
Trends and Progress in Philosophy

This article is in three parts. The first discusses trends in philosophy. The second defends reliance on intuitions in philosophy from some doubts that have recently been raised. The third discusses Philip Kitcher's contention that contemporary analytic philosophy does not have its priorities straight. While the three parts are independent, there is a common theme. Each part defends what is regarded as orthodoxy from attacks. Of course there are other reasonable challenges to philosophical methodology. The article's aim is just to respond to some charges that have been made.
Iteroparity in complex mating systems of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

This study investigated diverse reproductive types in complex mating systems of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. Postspawned steelhead (kelts) were sampled during attempted downstream migration over Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, U.S.A. Multilocus microsatellite genotypes (14 loci) were used to assign unknown origin, kelt individuals to upstream populations of origin. Results indicated that iteroparity is a life-history trait that remains in several tributaries of the Snake River basin despite strong selection against downstream adult passage because of hydroelectric dams. The largest populations of steelhead in the Snake River, however, were only weakly represented (Clearwater River = 7·5% and Salmon River = 9·4%, respectively) in the kelt steelhead mixture relative to the Grande Ronde River (18·2%), Imnaha River (17·4%), Pahsimeroi Hatchery (25·2%) and Asotin Creek (22·2%). A lack of correlation between population escapement size and kelt proportions (P > 0·05) suggests that iteroparity was not uniformly expressed across populations, but was significantly negatively correlated with body size (P < 0·05). Iteroparity may be a valuable source of genetic variability and a conservation priority, especially in years with poor recruitment or in recently bottlenecked populations.
Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for elastin-binding protein (ebpS) in Staphylococcus aureus

Interactions between staphylococci and components of the extracellular matrix mediate attachment of the bacteria to host tissues and organs and define an important mechanism leading to colonization, invasion, and formation of metastatic abscesses. We have previously demonstrated a specific binding interaction between Staphylococcus aureus and elastin, one of the major protein components of the extracellular matrix. Available evidence suggests that this association is mediated by a 25-kDa elastin-binding protein on the surface of S. aureus (EbpS). To study the molecular structure and function of EbpS, the gene encoding EbpS was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. DNA sequence data indicate that the ebpS open reading frame consists of 606 base pairs and encodes a novel polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 23,345 daltons and pI of 4.9. A polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant EbpS interacted with the native 25-kDa cell surface EbpS and inhibited staphylococcal elastin binding. Furthermore, recombinant EbpS bound specifically to immobilized elastin and inhibited binding of S. aureus to elastin. A degradation product of recombinant EbpS lacking the first 59 amino acids of the molecule and a C-terminal fragment of CNBr-cleaved recombinant EbpS, however, did not interact with elastin. Together, these results confirm that EbpS is the cell surface molecule mediating binding of S. aureus to elastin. The inability of truncated forms of recombinant EbpS to bind to elastin suggests that the elastin binding site in EbpS is contained in the first 59 amino acids of the molecule.
Is response rate relevant to the phase II trial design of targeted agents

Afshin Dowlati, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve and University Hospitals Ireland Cancer Center and the Developmental Therapeutics Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH Pingfu Fu, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Ireland Cancer Center and the Developmental Therapeutics Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION-OF SOLIFLUCTION MACROFABRICS

Summary Statistical analysis of clast orientation in various parts of solifluction lobes demonstrates large departures from uniformity. Although concentration is not homogeneous, the clasts of all samples are strongly oriented parallel to the direction faced by the slope, and dip upslope. This pattern probably reflects operation of both flow and creep processes. Samples are coplanar after rotation of data into the plane of their respective local slopes, and this transformation is suggested as a precursor to statistical analysis in future studies. Three-dimensional fabric analysis is a useful tool for establishing the direction in which movement occurred within fossil solifluction deposits, but should be accompanied by other lines of evidence for establishing the origin of such deposits.
Problems and Mysteries in the Study of Human Language

I would like to distinguish roughly between two kinds of issues that arise in the study of language and mind: those that appear to be within the reach of approaches and concepts that are moderately well understood — what I will call “problems”; and others that remain as obscure to us today as when they were originally formulated — what I will call “mysteries.” The distinction reflects in part a subjective evaluation of what has been achieved or might be achieved in terms of ideas now available. Others see mysteries, incoherence and confusion where to me the issues seem rather clear and straightforward, and conversely.
Child victims of homicide : a portrait of their killers and the circumstances of their deaths

The population of 93 arrestees for homicides committed against children between 1982 and 1986 in Detroit, Michigan, is analyzed in the context of their killings. Analyses include demographic and social characteristics of offenders and victims, demographic and social relationships between offenders and victims, circumstances of offense, and arrest disposition. Where feasible, comparisons are made with general populations and samples of homicide offenders.
Editorial: Introducing this Issue and the Interpretation of Mark’s Gospel

Mark, arguably the least read of the four New Testament Gospels throughout most of the history of Christianity, has been the subject of vigorous discussion and research in the last two centuries. With the emergence of the view that this was the earliest of the Gospels, historical interest in the life and mission of Jesus, apart from dogmatic-theological interpretations, gave this Gospel heightened significance. In more recent scholarship, though, it is especially Mark’s distinctive literary qualities that have drawn interest. In the wake of the pioneering narrative-critical study by Rhoads and Michie (1982), an entire generation of scholarship on Mark’s Gospel pursued synchronic literary analysis of the narrative as a whole.1
Sexual Function after Spinal Cord Injury: Innervation, Assessment, and Treatment

Sexual function is a high priority quality of life issue among the spinal cord injury (SCI) population. Over 12,000 new cases are reported in the USA annually, with males being twice as likely to incur a SCI compared to females. SCI males may suffer from erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction and infertility, while SCI females may suffer from dysfunctions of sexual arousal and orgasm. Assessment of sexual dysfunction in SCI individuals relies on questionnaires and reflex circuitries, highlighting the need for better quantitative assessment and outcome measures. Treatments for SCI males include pharmacotherapy, physical aids, and surgical interventions; however, treatments for SCI females is severely lacking. Advancements in assessments and treatments in both animal models and humans will pave the way for greater sexual dysfunction intervention in SCI individuals.
Possible n–type carrier sources in In2O3(ZnO)k

Homologous compounds with the formula In2O3(ZnO)k, where k is an integer, have potential applications as transparent conducting oxides and high temperature thermoelectric materials. In this study, we focus on the defect properties. Using the k = 3 phase as a prototype, we calculate with the first-principles method the defect formation energies and transition levels of the most probable n-type carrier producers, which include oxygen vacancy (VO), indium antisite on zinc (InZn), indium interstitial (Ini), and zinc interstitial (Zni). The site-preference of these defects has been explored by comparing the total energies of defects at different sites. Under the n-type environment, InZn has a low formation energy and meanwhile a transition energy level close to the conduction band minimum (CBM); VO also has a lower formation energy, however a deep transition energy level in the band gap; the cation interstitials have high formation energies, although their defect transition energy levels are quite shallow. Bes...
All hairstyles are not created equal: What the dermatologist needs to know about black hairstyling practices and the risk of traction alopecia (TA)

Prevalent among black women, traction alopecia (TA) is a type of hair loss that is often attributed to certain hairstyling practices. Although some of the hair care techniques common in the black community can promote ease of everyday hairstyling for black women, many of these practices have been implicated as risk factors for TA. Because of the limited literature on black hairstyling methods, hair loss in this patient population can present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for dermatologists. By increasing the knowledge and understanding of these practices and their risk of causing TA, clinicians can better manage this condition and stop the progression of hair loss before it becomes permanent. This information can be used to develop individualized recommendations for safer styling alternatives and improve patient education by identifying high-risk hairstyling habits. This review stratifies these hair care and styling practices into high-, moderate-, and low-risk categories, in addition to outlining a diagnostic approach for TA and detailed guidelines for conservative management.
Diagnosis of gouty arthritis. 18 months' experience with a pathognomonic test.

It appears justifiable to regard the finding of urate crystals in synovial fluid as pathognomonic of acute gouty arthritis.In a study conducted by the author, urate crystals in the synovial fluid of 10 of 12 patients with clinically suspected gouty arthritis were identified by polarized light microscopy and uricase digestion. This procedure also excluded the disease in 53 patients and established its presence in three patients in whom the diagnosis had been missed clinically.Fluid containing crystals was obtained most frequently from the knee, bunion joint and ankle, in that order. Most identifications were made on fluids aspirated from the site of an acute attack.
I Know God’s Got a Day 4 Me: Violence, Trauma, and Coping Among Gang-Involved Twitter Users

Trauma-based interventions are common in mental health practice, and yet there is a gap in services because social media has created new ways of managing trauma. Practitioners identify treatments f...
Research of Training Object Selection System of Scientific Research Team

In this paper,we analyzed the training situation of scientific research team,put forward the structure of training object selection.The enthusiasm and participation of team group initiation were analyzed applying game knowledge.The countermeasures of effective training selection were advanced from four aspects.
A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor as a potential modulator of cancer therapies

Since several anticancer drugs are known to become more cytotoxic to cells in an acidic milieu, we have attempted to utilize the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Acetazolamide, to acidify the blood and tumor of C3H mice bearing the FSaIIC fibrosarcoma in order to sensitize tumor cells in vivo to CDDP, Melphalan, BCNU, SR4233 or PtCl4 (Fast Black)2 +/- hyperthermia. The direct cytotoxic interactions between the anticancer drugs and Acetazolamide were tested in FSaIIC cells in vitro with the monacidifying diuretic Chlorothrozide as a control. When cells were exposed to CDDP both diuretics protected against cytotoxicity in a dose dependent fashion. In contrast, cells exposed to Melphalan were minimally sensitized and those exposed to BCNU, SR4233, or PtCl4 (Fast Black)2 were essentially unaffected by the presence of the diuretic agents. Both diuretics were essentially non-toxic to cells in vitro, and, interestingly, both drugs markedly protected cells against hyperthermia under low pH conditions. In vitro, however, Acetzolamide produced a tumor growth delay of 2.3 days alone when given at 10 mg/kg i.p. once (the most effective dose) and produced additive growth delays with CDDP and Melphalan, but probably greater than additive delays with SR4233 and PtCl4 (Fast Black)2. When Acetazolamide was given daily for 5 days starting on the day the anticancer drugs were given once (day 7) essentially no further increase in tumor growth delay of nearly 16 days was observed versus only 4,6 days for the drug alone. When hyperthermia (43 degrees C min.) was delivered locally to the tumor after i.p. injection of the drugs, further growth delays were produced for every drug combination which probably were additive in extent. Blood and urine pH determinations revealed that a pH drop of 1 units occurred in the blood and a pH elevation of 1 to 21 units occurred in the urine 1 hr. after i.p. injection of Acetazolamide. These results indicate that this carbonic anhydrase inhibitor can add to the anticancer activity of the drugs tested. The mechanism may involve its ability to acidify the intratumoral environment, but other mechanisms can not be excluded.
Unmanned Aerial System security using real-time autopilot software analysis

Given the proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) for military and commercial purposes, there is a fast-approaching need for comprehensive and robust systems which secure the UAS for public safety and assurance of military goals. This paper puts forth a comprehensive system of protecting UASs against hardware and software attacks, at the lowest and highest semantic levels. This approach monitors the autopilot directly, as well as the lowest level of the operating system on-board the UAS to establish whether or not malicious software has altered the function of the aircraft. Coupled with the other recent work by the authors, this completes a system that also monitors the lowest semantic level of events on the UAS through ob-board sensors, allowing for the detection of hardware failures as well as malicious attacks. After testing a quadcopter testbed with this anomaly detection system against software attacks, it can be seen that the system is successful in the detection of changes to the control flow of the autopilot, as well as the detection of any malicious events on the UAS's computer.
SU-F-T-403: Impact of Dose Reduction for Simulation CT On Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of applying ALARA principles to current treatment planning CT scans. The study aims to quantitatively verify lower dose scans does not alter treatment planning. Method: Gammex 467 tissue characterization phantom with inserts of 14 different materials was scanned at seven different mA levels (30∼300 mA). CT numbers of different inserts were measured. Auto contouring for bone and lung in treatment planning system (Pinnacle) was used to evaluate the effect of CT number accuracy from treatment planning aspect, on the 30 and 300 mA-scanned images. A head CT scan intended for a 3D whole brain radiation treatment was evaluated. Dose calculations were performed on normal scanned images using clinical protocol (120 kVP, Smart mA, maximum 291 mA), and the images with added simulating noise mimicking a 70 mA scan. Plan parameters including isocenter, beam arrangements, block shapes, dose grid size and resolution, and prescriptions were kept the same for these two plans. The calculated monitor units (MUs) for these two plans were compared. Results: No significant degradation of CT number accuracy was found at lower dose levels from both the phantom scans, and the patient images with added noise. The CT numbers kept consistent when mA is higher than 60 mA. The auto contoured volumes for lung and cortical bone show 0.3% and 0.12% of differences between 30 mA and 300 mA respectively. The two forward plans created on regular and low dose images gave the same calculated MU, and 98.3% of points having <1% of dose difference. Conclusion: Both phantom and patient studies quantitatively verified low dose CT provides similar quality for treatment planning at 20–25% of regular scan dose. Therefore, there is the potential to optimize simulation CT scan protocol to fulfil the ALARA principle and limit unnecessary radiation exposure to non-targeted tissues.
Inflammation in cancer: a therapeutic target?

A role for inflammation in cancer initiation and progression has been inferred for a long time, but it has only been in the last 10 to 15 years that the molecular mechanisms have been dissected such that targeting inflammatory pathways for cancer prevention and therapy has become a practical possibility.
A neurocognitive perspective on retrieval interference in L2 sentence processing

Cunnings (Cunnings) offers an interpretation of L2-L1 sentence processing differences in terms of memory principles. We applaud such cross-domain approaches, which seem likely to significantly elucidate the neurocognition of language. Cunnings attributes sentence processing differences between (adult) high proficiency L2 and L1 speakers to an increased susceptibility to similarity-based retrieval interference, rather than to qualitative L2-L1 processing differences (cf. Clahsen & Felser, 2006). On his account, both L1 and L2 sentence processing depend upon a ‘bipartite’ working memory, which involves maintaining items active by focusing attention on long-term memory representations (Cowan, 2001).
Cyclosporine therapy suppresses ocular and lacrimal gland disease in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice.

Purpose. MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, autoantibody production, and ocular and lacrimal gland inflammation. Lacrimal gland lesions in MRL/lpr mice are a model for the human disorder Sjogren's syndrome. The target organ lesions in MRL/ lpr mice, including those in the eye and lacrimal gland, are composed largely of CD4+ T cells, with lesser numbers of CD8+ T cells and B cells. Cyclosporine tfierapy was evaluated for its effect on the autoimmune disease, particularly in the eye and lacrimal gland. Methods. MRL/lpr mice were administered cyclosporine intraperitoneally at a dosage of 2 mg daily from age 1 to 5 months. Animals were killed at 5 mondis and evaluated for the presence of autoimmune disease. Control groups consisted of animals given daily injections with either saline or the cyclosporine diluent. Results. Cyclosporine therapy was effective in reducing the ocular and lacrimal gland disease. Intraocular inflammation was present in 73% of control animals but in only 15% of cyclosporine-treated animals (P < 0.003). Multifocal lacrimal gland inflammatory infiltrates were present in 100% of controls but in only 23% of cyclosporine-treated animals (P < 0.0001). Mean percent area involved by lacrimal gland inflammation was reduced from 19.7% to 4.7% by cyclosporine therapy (P = 0.0003). Systemic autoimmune disease manifestations, including lymphoproliferation, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and serologic abnormalities, also were improved.
Lithium battery chemistries enabled by solid-state electrolytes

Solid-state electrolytes are attracting increasing interest for electrochemical energy storage technologies. In this Review, we provide a background overview and discuss the state of the art, ion-transport mechanisms and fundamental properties of solid-state electrolyte materials of interest for energy storage applications. We focus on recent advances in various classes of battery chemistries and systems that are enabled by solid electrolytes, including all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries and emerging solid-electrolyte lithium batteries that feature cathodes with liquid or gaseous active materials (for example, lithium–air, lithium–sulfur and lithium–bromine systems). A low-cost, safe, aqueous electrochemical energy storage concept with a ‘mediator-ion’ solid electrolyte is also discussed. Advanced battery systems based on solid electrolytes would revitalize the rechargeable battery field because of their safety, excellent stability, long cycle lives and low cost. However, great effort will be needed to implement solid-electrolyte batteries as viable energy storage systems. In this context, we discuss the main issues that must be addressed, such as achieving acceptable ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability and mechanical properties of the solid electrolytes, as well as a compatible electrolyte/electrode interface. This Review details recent advances in battery chemistries and systems enabled by solid electrolytes, including all-solid-state lithium-ion, lithium–air, lithium–sulfur and lithium–bromine batteries, as well as an aqueous battery concept with a mediator-ion solid electrolyte.