cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased Hip and Knee Flexion During Landing Decreases Tibiofemoral Compressive Forces in Women Who Have Undergone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Those who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) have been shown to exhibit increased muscle co-contraction, decreased knee flexion, and elevated tibiofemoral compressive forces. Elevated tibiofemoral compressive forces may be associated with the high risk of developing knee osteoarthritis in this population.Purpose:To examine whether muscle co-contraction and tibiofemoral compressive forces in women after undergoing ACLR can be reduced through the use of a landing strategy that emphasizes greater hip and knee flexion.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Ten female recreational athletes who had previously undergone ACLR participated in this study. Participants performed a single-legged drop-land task before and after a training session that encouraged them to use greater hip and knee flexion during landing. Peak tibiofemoral compressive forces before and after training were estimated using an electromyography (EMG)–driven knee model that incorporated joint k...
Dislocation dissociation in the intermetallic compound MoSi2

Abstract The identity of dislocations which contribute to plastic deformation of polycrystalline MoSi2 when compressed at 1400°C has been determined using transmission electron microscopy. It has been confirmed that dislocations with Burgers vectors lying parallel to ⟨ 100 ⟩ and ⟨ 111 ⟩ are activated in response to the applied stress. In addition, the deformation microstructure is characterized by the presence of networks containing dislocations with Burgers vectors parallel to ⟨ 100], ⟨ 110] and ⟨ 111 ⟩. It has been shown that dislocations with Burgers vectors lying parallel to ⟨ 111 ⟩ are dissociated. A simple explanation has been developed to account for the occurrence of dissociation of particular dislocations, and on the basis of this model the dissociation is represented by ½⟨ 111 ⟩→ ½⟨ 111 ⟩+SISF+¼⟨ 111 ⟩ where SISF stands for a superlattice intrinsic stacking fault. The SISF energy has been estimated from the separation of the partial dislocations to be about 261 mJ m−2. Other observations of the ...
Corticosterone Enhances Kainic Acid‐Induced Calcium Elevation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

: Corticosterone, a steroid secreted during stress, increases hippocampal neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxins, hypoxia-ischemia, and antimetabolites. Energy supplementation and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists prevent this corticosterone-enhanced neurotoxicity. Because neuronal calcium regulation is energy dependent and a large calcium influx accompanies N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation, we investigated whether corticosterone exacerbates the elevation of hippocampal neuronal calcium induced by the glutamatergic excitotoxin kainic acid. Corticosterone caused a 23-fold increase in the magnitude of the calcium response to kainic acid, a sevenfold increase in the peak magnitude of the calcium response, and a twofold increase in calcium recovery time. This corticosterone effect may be energetic in nature as corticosterone decreases hippocampal neuronal glucose transport. Glucose supplementation reduced the corticosterone effect on the magnitude and peak magnitude of the calcium response to kainic acid. Glucose reduction, by the approximate magnitude by which corticosterone inhibits glucose transport, mimicked the corticosterone effect on the peak magnitude of the calcium response to kainic acid. Thus, corticosterone increases calcium after kainic acid exposure in hippocampal neurons in an energy-dependent manner. Elevated calcium is strongly implicated in stimulating neurotoxic cascades during other energetic insults and may be the mechanism for the corticosterone-induced hippocampal neuronal vulnerability and toxicity.
In Memoriam: Dorothy Jean Furnish (1921–2011)

Dorothy 1 Jean Furnish was born in Plano, Illinois—daughter of a Methodist pastor's family. Her childhood in the Midwest was lived in the context of the Great Depression and the dust bowl while her...
Competition for university enrollments: The Repercussions of changing U.S. age composition, 1978 to 2001

Abstract The changing age composition of the U.S. population portends renewed enrollment pressures on colleges and universities during the 1990s. This article explores the geographic dimensions of the continued passage of the “baby bust” generation through the prime college-going age. It analyzes trends at the state level in actual and projected numbers of high school graduates. It then models the interstate “state” that takes place in college-bound high school graduates using a simple, constant transition probability assumption and a base-period pattern of interstate student flows. While the focus is national, Arizona serves as the example for a single state.
Language learning: Cues or rules?

Abstract Child language researchers have often taken gender and case paradigms to be interesting test cases for theories of language learning. In this paper we develop a computational model of the acquisition of the gender, number, and case paradigm for the German definite article. The computational formalism used is a connectionist algorithm developed by Rumelhart, Hinton, and Williams (1986. In D. Rumelhart & J. McClelland (Eds.), Parallel Distributed Processing; Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press). Three models are developed. In the first two, various cues to gender studied by Kopcke and Zubin (1983, Zeitschrift fur germanistiche Linguistik, 11, 166–182; 1984, Linguistiche Berichte, 93, 26–50) are entered by hand. In the third, the simulation is given only the raw phonological features of the stem. Despite the elimination of the hand-crafting of the units, the third model outperformed the first two in both training and generalization. All three models showed a good match to the developmental data of Mills (1986, The acquisition of gender: a study of English and German. Berlin: Springer-Verlag) and MacWhinney (1978, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 43, whole No. 1). Advantages of a connectionist approach over older theories are discussed.
Multi-Shaker Random Mode Testing

Abstract : A mode survey test procedure that combines multi-shaker correlated broad-band random excitation of the test article with the mode isolation features of multiple shaker excitation. The procedure takes advantage of multiple shaker excitation to best isolate the target mode response from all other modes. Mode parameters are then established from direct observation of frequency response functions. The proposed test procedure derives from the recognition that response data of a structure, excited at multiple locations by proportional randomly varying forces, can be analyzed such that the results are equivalent to those obtained had the excitation been harmonic. The test procedure is described in detail and demonstrated by analytical simulation. (Author)
Physiology and yield of field‐grown Brassica oleracea L. exposed to acidic fog

SUMMARY Field-grown Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog in open-field plots to examine the effect of fog chemistry on yield and growth, and to determine whether alterations in yield or growth were related to the development of foliar injury and/or the inhibition of net photosynthesis. Simulated fogs (i.e. pH values of 1.76, 2.23, 2.72, 3.22 or 5.48) with a liquid water content of 0.20–0.25 g m−3 were applied twice weekly for 10 weeks. Applications of pH 1.76 fog caused significant yield reductions (37%) relative to pH 5.48. Leaf dry weight responses were more sensitive to fog chemistry than yield. Leaf dry weight was significantly inhibited by 53, 25 and 9% in the pH 1.76, 2.23, and 2.72 fog treatment groups, respectively. The depression of yield by fog of pH 1.76 was closely correlated with the development of foliar injury and the inhibition of net photosynthesis on a percentage basis. Plants exposed to pH 2.23 or 1.76 fog consistently displayed amounts of injury ranging from 5 to 7% or 20 to 31%, respectively, whereas plants exposed to pH 2.72 fog or higher exhibited less than 5% injury throughout the study. Whole-study average rates of net photosynthesis were significantly depressed by pH 1.76 fog (30% lower). The inhibition of net photosynthesis was coincident with increases in both mesophyll and stomatal resistances to CO2, but the ratio of mesophyll to stomatal resistance was not significantly altered. These findings provide evidence that repeated exposures to highly acidic fog (pH 1.76 or 2.23) may cause significant reductions in marketable yield and/or growth of B. oleracea, but substantive adverse effects would not be expected from exposures to fog of lower acidic strength. Although the inhibition of net phososynthesis in B. oleracea by acidic fog was coincident with decreased yield, reduced rates of CO2 assimilation appear to be due to the development of foliar injury (i.e. reduced photosynthetically active leaf area per plant) rather than a specific alteration in mesophyll or stomatal resistance to CO2.
Hybrid Optimal Control Framework for Mission Planning

With the progressive sophistication of future missions, it has become increasingly apparent that a new framework is necessary for efficient planning, analysis, and optimization of various concepts of operations (CONOPS). In recognizing that CONOPS involve categorical variables, we propose a hybrid optimal control framework that mathematically formalizes such problems. Hybrid optimal control theory extends ordinary optimal control theory by including categorical variables in the problem formulation. The proposed formalism frees mission planners to focus on high-level decision making by automating and optimizing the details of the inner loops. The eventual goal of this formalism is to develop efficient tools and techniques to support the objective of increasing autonomy for future systems. In using the pseudospectral knotting method to solve hybrid optimal control problems, we generate a mixed-variable programming (MVP) problem. A simple, feasible integer programming subproblem is identified that reduces the combinatorial complexity of solving the MVP. In addition to developing the framework using various examples from aerospace engineering, we provide details for a two-agent benchmark problem associated with a multiagent launch system. The entire process is illustrated with a numerical example.
Stay green trait in grain sorghum: relationship between visual rating and leaf chlorophyll concentration

Post-flowering drought tolerance is referred to as the stay green trait in sorghum. Plants with stay green resist drought-induced premature plant senescence. In breeding programmes, stay green is evaluated under limited irrigation, post-flowering moisture-stress field conditions and visually scored at or soon after physiological grain maturity. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the stay green rating and total leaf chlorophyll content. The parents B35 and Tx7000, and their 98 F 7 recombinant inbred lines were evaluated in replicated field trials under limited (post-flowering stress) and full-irrigation (non-stress) conditions. After scoring the stay green trait of stressed plants, total leaf chlorophyll contents were measured with a chlorophyll meter (SPAD values) and a spectrophotometer method. The SPAD value had a significant linear relationship with total leaf chlorophyll (R 2 = 0.91) and with visual stay green rating (with R 2 = 0.82). Relative water content in top leaves of the stay green lines was about 81%, much higher than non-stay green lines (38%), indicating that the stay green lines kept the stalk transporting system functioning under severe drought conditions. The results indicate that visual stay green ratings were a reliable indicator of leaf senescence and should be useful to sorghum breeders in evaluating progeny when breeding for drought tolerance.
Real-time visualization and quantification of retrograde cardioplegia delivery using near infrared fluorescent imaging.

Background and aim Homogeneous delivery of cardioplegia is essential for myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. Presently, there exist no established methods to quantitatively assess cardioplegia distribution intraoperatively and determine when retrograde cardioplegia is required. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of near infrared (NIR) imaging for real-time visualization of cardioplegia distribution in a porcine model. Methods A portable, intraoperative, real-time NIR imaging system was utilized. NIR fluorescent cardioplegia solution was developed by incorporating indocyanine green (ICG) into crystalloid cardioplegia solution. Real-time NIR imaging was performed while the fluorescent cardioplegia solution was infused via the retrograde route in five ex vivo normal porcine hearts and in five ex vivo porcine hearts status post left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. Horizontal cross-sections of the hearts were obtained at proximal, middle, and distal LAD levels. Videodensitometry was performed to quantify distribution of fluorophore content. Results The progressive distribution of cardioplegia was clearly visualized with NIR imaging. Complete visualization of retrograde distribution occurred within 4 minutes of infusion. Videodensitometry revealed retrograde cardioplegia, primarily distributed to the left ventricle (LV) and anterior septum. In hearts with LAD ligation, antegrade cardioplegia did not distribute to the anterior LV. This deficiency was compensated for with retrograde cardioplegia supplementation. Conclusions Incorporation of ICG into cardioplegia allows real-time visualization of cardioplegia delivery via NIR imaging. This technology may prove useful in guiding intraoperative decisions pertaining to when retrograde cardioplegia is mandated.
Sensor fusion and nonlinear prediction for anomalous event detection

The authors consider the problem of using the information from various time series, each one characterizing a different physical quantity, to predict the future state of the system and, based on that information, to detect and classify anomalous events. They stress the application of principal components analysis (PCA) to analyze and combine data from different sensors. They construct both linear and nonlinear predictors. In particular, for linear prediction the authors use the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm and for nonlinear prediction they use both backpropagation (BP) networks and fuzzy predictors (FP). As an application, they consider the prediction of gamma counts from past values of electron and gamma counts recorded by the instruments of a high altitude satellite.
The origin of meteorites and the constrained equilibrium condensation theory

Abstract Microscopic examination and microprobe analyses were made in individual chondrules in unequilibrated meteorites. Our observations as well as published data are compared with the predictions and consequences of the “constrained equilibrium” theory of Blander and Katz. The large variety of textures of chondrules is shown to be consistent with the postulate that chondrules were formed as subcooled liquid drops. The distribution and concentrations of oxidized and metallic iron in equilibrated and unequilibrated chondrites are consistent with constraints imposed by nucleation kinetics and the consequent supersaturation of iron vapor during the condensation process. The different contents of volatile elements of different chondrites fits the theory in a simple manner consistent with the calculations of Larimer and Anders by taking into account the relative rates of accretion and rates of cooling of the gas which governed the condensation and incorporation of elements of different volatility. Most of the compositional and textural features in chondrites thus could have been formed during the condensation and accretion processes in a cooling nebula.
Spacebased Estimation of Moisture Transport in Marine Atmosphere Using Support Vector Regression

An improved algorithm is developed based on support vector regression (SVR) to estimate horizonal water vapor transport integrated through the depth of the atmosphere ((Theta)) over the global ocean from observations of surface wind-stress vector by QuikSCAT, cloud drift wind vector derived from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and geostationary satellites, and precipitable water from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). The statistical relation is established between the input parameters (the surface wind stress, the 850 mb wind, the precipitable water, time and location) and the target data ((Theta) calculated from rawinsondes and reanalysis of numerical weather prediction model). The results are validated with independent daily rawinsonde observations, monthly mean reanalysis data, and through regional water balance. This study clearly demonstrates the improvement of (Theta) derived from satellite data using SVR over previous data sets based on linear regression and neural network. The SVR methodology reduces both mean bias and standard deviation comparedwith rawinsonde observations. It agrees better with observations from synoptic to seasonal time scales, and compare more favorably with the reanalysis data on seasonal variations. Only the SVR result can achieve the water balance over South America. The rationale of the advantage by SVR method and the impact of adding the upper level wind will also be discussed.
A system for working with unidentified trauma patients

Problems can occur when trauma centers receive severely injured unidentified patients who require immediate interventions. Most health care facilities rely on computerized databases to keep patient records and to requisition care. Although computerization of records increases accuracy and efficiency, it is a disadvantage in an emergency setting if the database requires complete identification to issue a chart and medical record number. A method that allows for unique identification of unknown patients is presented along with how it is implemented and changed once the patient's identity is found.
Measuring and Modeling Cohabitation: New Perspectives from Qualitative Data

Almost all our knowledge about cohabitation in the United States rests on analysis of nationally representative, large-scale surveys. We move beyond this work by drawing on 115 in-depth interviews with a sample of young men and women with recent cohabitation experience. These data allow us to address two issues of central interest to family studies. First, we use our qualitative data to assess the measurement of cohabitation in surveys and the census. We find that current measurement strategies are probably underestimating cohabitation, and we may need to find new ways to measure cohabitation. Second, we employ qualitative findings to address issues relating to how we empirically model union formation. We find that the movement into cohabitation is not akin to marriage. It is often not a deliberate decision. Couples do not appear to be deciding between cohabitation and marriage; rather, their decision seems to center around whether to remain single or cohabit. These results have important implications for our analysis and understanding of cohabitation.
Harvesting energy from a water flow through ionic polymer metal composites' buckling

This study seeks to investigate the feasibility of energy harvesting from mechanical buckling of ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) induced by a steady ﬂuid ﬂow. In particular, we propose a harvesting device composed of a paddle wheel, a slider-crank mechanism, and two IPMCs clamped at both their ends. We test the system in a water tunnel to estimate the eﬀects of the ﬂow speed and the shunting resistance on power harvesting. The classical post-buckling theory of inextensible rods is utilized, in conjunction with a black-box model for IPMC sensing, to interpret experimental results.
Phenology of the adult stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guenée), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Iowa.

Adult phenology, relative abundance, and reproductive status of feral moths of the stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guenee), were investigated in Iowa, from 1980 to 1983, using collections from blacklight traps. Males constituted 89.2% of trap collections. In all 4 years the first moth was collected between 10 and 21 August and 50% flight occurred between 8 and 14 September. Multiple matings by female moths were common, with the mean number of spermatophores being 2.0, but total numbers ranging from 0 to 7 spermatophores per female. The mean number of spermatophores per female increased throughout the season to 3.0, suggesting that individual female moths are long lived. Although the dates of flights in this study agreed with Illinois dates, the thermal-unit model proposed in previous literature failed to predict satisfactorily adult phenology in Iowa, suggesting that factors other than centigrade degree-day accumulations influence adult stalk borer emergence and subsequent flights.
Coverage, Utilization, and Health Outcomes of the State Children's Health Insurance Program

This paper uses data from the National Survey of America's Families (1997–2002) to explore the links between eligibility for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), health insurance coverage, medical care utilization, and health outcomes. We find that SCHIP significantly increased health insurance coverage rates for American children between 1997 and 2002, with most of the gains in coverage for older children. Higher coverage rates translated into increased utilization of the types of medical care that would be expected to improve children's health, such as well-child doctor visits. The effects of SCHIP eligibility expansions on health outcomes, however, are relatively small.
Free-ranging farm cats: home range size and predation on a livestock unit in Northwest Georgia

This study’s objective was to determine seasonal and diurnal vs. nocturnal home range size, as well as predation for free-ranging farm cats at a livestock unit in Northwest Georgia. Seven adult cats were tracked with attached GPS units for up to two weeks for one spring and two summer seasons from May 2010 through August 2011. Three and five cats were tracked for up to two weeks during the fall and winter seasons, respectively. Feline scat was collected during this entire period. Cats were fed a commercial cat food daily. There was no seasonal effect (P > 0.05) on overall (95% KDE and 90% KDE) or core home range size (50% KDE). Male cats tended (P = 0.08) to have larger diurnal and nocturnal core home ranges (1.09 ha) compared to female cats (0.64 ha). Reproductively intact cats (n = 2) had larger (P < 0.0001) diurnal and nocturnal home ranges as compared to altered cats. Feline scat processing separated scat into prey parts, and of the 210 feline scats collected during the study, 75.24% contained hair. Of these 158 scat samples, 86 contained non-cat hair and 72 contained only cat hair. Other prey components included fragments of bone in 21.43% of scat and teeth in 12.86% of scat. Teeth were used to identify mammalian prey hunted by these cats, of which the Hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) was the primary rodent. Other targeted mammals were Peromyscus sp., Sylvilagus sp. and Microtus sp. Invertebrates and birds were less important as prey, but all mammalian prey identified in this study consisted of native animals. While the free-ranging farm cats in this study did not adjust their home range seasonally, sex and reproductive status did increase diurnal and nocturnal home range size. Ultimately, larger home ranges of free-ranging cats could negatively impact native wildlife.
REDUNDANT MYELIN SHEATHS AND OTHER ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE TOAD CEREBELLUM

Some of the myelin sheaths in the cerebellum of normal adult toads exhibit extensive evaginations of their full thickness. These redundant flaps of myelin are collapsed; i.e., they contain no axon and have no lumen. They extend away from the parent axonal myelin sheaths and tend to enfold other myelinated fibers or granule cell perikarya, producing bizarre configurations of myelin and what appear to be partially or completely myelinated cell bodies. In some instances, only the redundant flap of myelin appears in the plane of section, and its attachment to an axonal myelin sheath in another plane is only inferred. Single lamellae of myelin also tend to invest cerebellar granule cells and other processes, and these too appear to fold on themselves producing two- or four-layered segments. It is suggested that there are two phases of myelinogenesis: an initial "wrapping" phase, followed by a prolonged second phase during which internodes of myelin increase in both length and girth by a process other than wrapping, and that the occurrence of redundant myelin sheaths may reflect overgrowth of myelin during the second phase. Observations on the general organization of the toad cerebellum and on the ultrastructural cytology of its layers are also presented.
Using Instructional Technology with At-Risk Youth: A Primer.

As stated at the beginning of the article, Bill couldn’t and didn’t want to write. By using technology, Bill overcame his negative feelings and replaced them with personal confidence and pride in the writing process. This was a small victory in the dropout war. To improve this acute situation, more teachers need to experiment with the micro and at-risk students. They need to try new, dynamic educational software with these students. They need to experience the excitement of a student, like Bill, discovering new knowledge with a hightech tool. What is needed now and in the future is greater utilization of the microcomputer as an effective tool which can help alleviate the at-risk problem.
Carbon and nitrogen losses through root exudation by Agropyron cristatum, A smithii and Bouteloua gracilis

Abstract C and N released in root exudates throughout a growing season were estimated in Bouteloua gracilis and Agropyron smithii (dominant species in the shortgrass steppe ecosystem) and A. cristatum (dominant species in a 40-yr-old crested wheatgrass ecosystem). The release of C and N exudate was measured with or without the presence of a rhizosphere microflora. These values were used to estimate the potential contribution of root exudates to the N cycle of both ecosystems. Total C released through root exudates by A. cristatum , A. smithii and vB. gracilis was estimated at 8, 17 and 15%, respectively, of C fixed. The contributions of root exudates to the N cycle were estimated to be 11 g N m −2 in the shortgrass steppe ecosystem and 6 g N m −2 in the crested wheatgrass ecosystem. The presence of rhizosphere microorganisms resulted in a significant increase in root exudates of A. cristatum and A. smithii . A. cristatum and A. smithii plants grown under axenic conditions released 60 and 17%, respectively, of the C released via root exudates by inoculated plants. No differences between inoculated and non-inoculated plants were found in vB. gracilis , which indicated that it may be inherently insensitive to the presence of a rhizosphere microflora. These data suggested that an introduced plant species may be markedly different from native species in the shortgrass steppe in terms of exudate releases. These differences may have a significant influence upon the N cycle dynamics of both ecosystems.
Parental perception of child bodyweight and health among Mexican-American children with acanthosis nigricans.

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a cutaneous marker associated with elevated risk of type 2 diabetes. This study assesses mother–father differences in perception of child’s bodyweight and health by Mexican-American parents with AN-positive children. The study used medical records in conjunction with survey data collected between 2011 and 2012 for 309 Mexican-American children with AN in South Texas. Multivariate logit models were estimated to assess mother–father differences in perception of child bodyweight and health controlling for selected child- and parent-level covariates. About 91 % of the children in the sample were obese and 6.5 % were overweight. One fifth of mothers and 38.5 % of fathers in the sample expressed no concern of their children’s bodyweight. After adjusting for selected explanatory variables at both the child and parent level, the odds for fathers, relative to mothers, to be concerned about child’s bodyweight were 82 % lower (OR = 0.18, p < 0.05). Similar findings also hold for parental awareness of child’s AN (OR = 0.19, p < 0.05). Among Mexican-American families with AN-positive children, the lack of concern over child’s bodyweight, unawareness of AN, and misconception of child’s health on the part of many parents, especially of fathers, constitutes a challenge to diabetes prevention. Health education programs targeting Mexican-American families with AN-positive children might be more cost effective to consider mother–father differences in perception of child health and bodyweight.
Heterogeneity of estrogen binding sites in breast cancer: morphologic demonstration and relationship to endocrine response.

Breast cancer specimens from 184 patients were analyzed for estrogen binding by two different histochemical techniques using conjugates of estradiol, bovine serum albumin, and fluorescein. In one conjugate estradiol was bound at position 6, in the other at position 17. Results were in agreement in 64% (p<.001), but obvious differences in ligand distribution were noted. Results were also correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) analysis by dextran-coated charcoal assay (DCC) and were in accord in 65% and 67% of specimens respectively (p<.001). In 114 cases, the tissue samples were also studied with the estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assay (ERICA) of Greene and his colleagues, which employs monoclonal antibodies to ER protein. Results were in accord with DCC in 86% (p<.001). The pattern of staining with ERICA differed from that of either histochemical method. In 43 cases assay results were correlated with clinical endocrine response. Overall, the best statistical prognostic parameters were obtained with ERICA. Analysis of combined assay results revealed that patients with assays positive by all techniques were the most likely to respond to hormonal treatment (p<.001), whereas if one or more assays were negative the chances for a good response were significantly less favorable. These data suggest that DCC and ERICA are both a measure of the same estrogen binding site (type I) while the histochemical methods apparently identify two other separate and distinct sites (putative type II sites). A degree of positive interaction may exist between these multiple estrogen binding sites.
Der kritische Punkt und die Bedeutung der Größe b in der Gleichung von van der Waals

In dieser Arbeit sind die folgenden Tatsachen und ihre Deutungen naher besprochen: 1 Der Wert von b beim Kohlendioxyd muss als veranderlich mit den Versuchsbedingungen betrachtet werden, so zwar, das er unter masigen Drucken ziemlich konstant bleibt, bei sehr hohen Drucken aber sich stark vermindert. 2 Der Wert von b bei Wasserstoff und Kohlendioxyd wird wahrscheinlich von der Temperatur beeinflust; die Art dieses Einflusses ist abhangig von dem fur b angenommenen Werte. VAN DER WAALS scheint gleichfalls ein solches Verhalten als wahrscheinlich betrachtet zu haben. 3 Der Wert von b fur das einatomige Gas Helium besitzt einen ausgesprochen negativen Temperaturkoeffixienten.
Simultaneous heat and mass transport in paper sheets during moisture sorption from humid air

A model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer through a porous material is presented to explain transient moisture sorption by paper sheets from humid air. There are three primary resistances to moisture transport: (1) diffusion through an external boundary layer; (2) diffusion through the pore system and, (3) diffusion from the pore system into the fibers. It is found that diffusion through the fiber phase perpendicular to the plane of the sheet is not significant for the moisture content range considered here. The mass transport model is able to predict the results of transverse moisture gradient experiments which show that moisture content gradients in paper are not as large as previously thought during transient periods. The model shows that the sigmoidal temperature response of paper to a linear change of relative humidity is due to non-linearities of the moisture content isotherm and heat of sorption.
The appearance of endogenous opiates in cerebrospinal fluid following opiate injection in various animal species.

Abstract Phenylquinone writhing, tail-flick, stimulated guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens were used to quantitate opiate-like activity in CSF taken prior to and at various times after the injection of morphine. The injection of various doses of morphine caused a dose responsive increase in opiate-like material in rabbit CSF taken at the peak of activity (60 min later). Morphine also caused an increase in opiate activity in dog CSF. Quantitation of radioactivity in CSF after the injection of radiolabelled morphine, stability studies and other assays were used to rule out the possibility that the increased activity in CSF was due to morphine itself. CSF taken after morphine injection produced a peak on HPLC with a 15 minute retention time which was not present in CSF taken prior to the injection. This peak was not caused by morphine, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, dynorphin 1–13 or β-endorphin which have retention times of 5, 7, 9, 22 and 30 minutes, respectively. Preinjection of the rabbit with naloxone blocked the increased opiate-like effects of CSF taken after morphine and the opiate effects of the CSF were antagonized by naloxone injected into mice or the isolated organ bath.
PREVALENCE OF GALLBLADDER SLUDGE IN DOGS AS ASSESSED BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Ultrasonography of the gallbladder was performed in 3 groups of dogs: 30 clinically healthy dogs, 50 dogs with hepatobiliary disease, and 50 dogs with diseases other than hepatobiliary disease. The gallbladder was evaluated for the presence of sludge (echogenic material without acoustic shadowing). Maximal gallbladder length, width, height, and area were measured as well as the gallbladder wall thickness. The relative sludge area was calculated as the ratio of sludge area over gallbladder area on longitudinal images. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of gallbladder sludge among healthy dogs (53%), dogs with hepatobiliary diseases (62%), and dogs with other diseases (48%). The mean age of dogs with sludge was higher than the mean age of dogs without sludge in dogs with hepatobiliary disease and dogs with other diseases (p < 0.05). The mean relative sludge area did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. A trend to larger gallbladder dimensions in dogs with sludge compared to dogs without sludge was detected within the 3 groups. The gallbladder wall thickness was not different between dogs with and without sludge within the 3 groups. However, the gallbladder wall was more frequently isoechoic than hyperechoic to the liver in dogs with sludge than in dogs without sludge. The results of this study indicate that gallbladder sludge, in dogs, is not particularly associated with hepatobiliary disease and should be considered an incidental finding.
The development of beta-adrenergic receptors in the visual cortex of the rat

Abstract The development of beta-adrenergic receptors in the rat visual cortex was examined and the density of beta-receptors and associated subtypes (beta 1 and beta 2 ) was compared between visual and non-visual or whole cortical tissues using radioreceptor assays employing [ 125 I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol and [ 125 I]iodocyanopindolol as ligands. Saturation assays revealed not only similar affinities of beta-receptors for [ 125 I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol in visual cortical samples at 10, 24 and 160 days after birth but also practically identical saturation curves for visual and non-visual cortical samples at 160 days of age. Displacement of [ 125 I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol with propranolol in visual cortical membranes at various postnatal ages showed a gradual increase in receptor density from day 4 to day 24 with no change thereafter. No significant differences were observed in the overall density of betareceptors or in the distribution and density of beta 1 and beta 2 -receptors between visual and non-visual or whole cortical samples; however, there was a definite decline in the density of beta-receptors in these samples between 40 and 160 days of age. The results indicate that the developmental pattern of beta-receptor density and the distribution of beta 1 and beta 2 -receptors are similar between visual and whole cortical tissues. In addition, the results emphasize the importance of maintaining the dissociation constant at a fixed value when comparing receptor densities between experiments, and also show the utility of employing the high-affinity ligand, [ 125 I]iodocyanopindolol, with a combination of serotoninergic, dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic antagonists to examine beta-adrenergic receptors in a specific region of the brain. Study of betareceptors in the visual cortex may be beneficial in elucidating the role of norepinephrine in this region.
Root cause identification of an hard-to-find on-chip power supply coupling fail

In this paper, we will present a diagnostic test case of a hard-to-find fail condition causing an unexpected partial power on of a chip fabricated in IBM 65 nm bulk technology. In particular, we will describe the fail condition as well as the combined use of electrical testing, optical methodologies, and detailed circuit analysis that were used to reach a successful root cause identification of the problem. In addition, we will show how high resolution mapping of the Light Emission from Off-State Leakage Current (LEOSLC) from the chip was instrumental in leading the investigative effort to the right root cause. The problem was successfully traced to a p-FET used for IDDQ measurement during manufacturing test that caused an undesirable coupling path. Fortunately this specific configuration was unique to this particular design and was easy to fix with a single mask change.
Nephrotic syndrome associated with an Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 19-month-old child developed the nephrotic syndrome coincident with an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. This rare association was confirmed by EBV titers. There was a spontaneous resolution of the nephrotic syndrome temporally related to the abatement of the EBV infection.
Strain partitioning of deformation mechanisms in limestones: examining the relationship of strain and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS)

Abstract In order to investigate the relationship between rock strain and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), strain partitioning and AMS analysis was conducted at 35 sites from two stratigraphically adjacent Paleozoic limestone units in the Patterson Creek and Wills Mountain anticlines in the central Appalachian orogen of West Virginia. In addition, anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM) was conducted on selected samples to examine the role of preferentially oriented magnetite on the AMS fabric. Strain is partitioned into bed-normal shortening due to compaction solution strain (≤35.0% shortening), bed-parallel shortening due to tectonic solution strain (≤13.3% shortening), calcite twinning strain (≤5.8% shortening), and grain-boundary-sliding (≤26.7% shortening). The AMS fabrics in the rocks were found to be a result of a complex interaction between rock lithology, deformation mechanisms, and strain magnitude. Although all the rocks have experienced the same deformation conditions, six different AMS fabrics are exhibited. Each of the different AMS fabrics is a composite fabric resulting from the overprinting of three components: (1) an inherent primary depositional AMS fabric that is attributed to preferentially oriented phyllosilicates in the rock matrix; (2) a diagenetic and/or compaction AMS fabric formed during burial that is due to preferentially oriented phyllosilicates in solution structures and in the rock matrix; and (3) a tectonic AMS fabric that was imparted on the rocks by layer-parallel-shortening deformation prior to folding, and is also attributed to preferentially oriented phyllosilicates in solution structures and in the rock matrix, as well as twinning of ferroan calcite.
Peptide Antagonism and T Cell Receptor Interactions with Peptide-MHC Complexes

Abstract We describe antagonist peptides that specifically inhibit cytolytic activity of T cell clones and lines that express the antigen-specific receptor of CD8 + T lymphocyte clone 2C, which recognizes peptides in association with syngeneic (K b ) and allogeneic (L d ) MHC proteins. Addition of an antagonist peptide that can bind to K b on 2C cells decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3 ζ chains elicited by prior exposure of the cells to an agonist peptide-K b complex. Contrary to previous agonist-antagonist comparisons, the 2C T cell receptor had higher affinity for an antagonist peptide-K b complex than for a weak agonist peptide-K b complex. This difference is considered in light of evidence that antigen-specific receptor affinity values can be substantially higher when determined with the receptor on live cells than with the receptor in cell-free systems.
A combined nuclear magnetic resonance and absorbance stopped-flow apparatus for biochemical studies.

Abstract A combined NMR and absorbance stopped-flow has been developed for monitoring the kinetics of biochemical reactions. We demonstrate its usefulness in following the alkaline denaturation of human hemoglobin. No glassblowing is required in the fabrication of the apparatus. Commercially available valves, syringes, tubing, and tubing connectors are employed whenever possible. Easily fabricated light guides are used to pipe light to and from the optical cell. The stopped-flow uses a 5-mm NMR tube followed by an optical cell with a 0.5-mm optical path length. This allows simultaneous measurements of NMR and absorbance changes. At a terminal flow velocity of 7.5 ml/s, the NMR and optical dead times were 60 and 260 ms, respectively. For the study reported here the oxyhemoglobin was labeled with a 19F probe attached to the β-93 cysteine. The native protein at pH 7 has an NMR spectrum consisting of a singlet, and the fully denatured hemoglobin sample at pH 12 has a spectrum consisting of three singlets. During the denaturation process another NMR peak appears rapidly and then decays away over the time course of the reaction. The absorbance changes at the high concentration employed for the NMR study (2.08 m m in heme) follow very nearly first-order kinetics. The events monitored by NMR, though in the same time frame as the optical changes, are of much greater complexity, and show the utility of multiple probes for monitoring protein unfolding.
Situationism and Confucian Virtue Ethics

Situationist research in social psychology focuses on the situational factors that influence behavior. Doris and Harman argue that this research has powerful implications for ethics, and virtue ethics in particular. First, they claim that situationist research presents an empirical challenge to the moral psychology presumed within virtue ethics. Second, they argue that situationist research supports a theoretical challenge to virtue ethics as a foundation for ethical behavior and moral development. I offer a response from moral psychology using an interpretation of Xunzi—a Confucian virtue ethicist from the Classical period. This Confucian account serves as a foil to the situationist critique in that it uncovers many problematic ontological and normative assumptions at work in this debate regarding the prediction and explanation of behavior, psychological posits, moral development, and moral education. Xunzi’s account of virtue ethics not only responds to the situationist empirical challenge by uncovering problematic assumptions about moral psychology, but also demonstrates that it is not a separate empirical hypothesis. Further, Xunzi’s virtue ethic responds to the theoretical challenge by offering a new account of moral development and a ground for ethical norms that fully attends to situational features while upholding robust character traits.
Theory for position of muonium in α-quartz and associated hyperfine interaction

The electronic structures and hyperfine interactions of muonium and hydrogen in α-quartz are investigated by the unrestricted Hartree-Fock cluster procedure. The muonium is found to be trapped near the center of the line joining two silicon atoms. On including vibrational effects, the muon hyperfine constant comes out as 1.09 times that for free muonium, this ratio being larger than unity and smaller than for protons in trapped hydrogen, both features being in agreement with experiment.
Building a Radiosurgery Program

One of the major trends in medicine over the past decade is the development of minimally invasive techniques for performance of surgical procedures. Patients desire these types of treatments because they are usually associated with less pain and quicker recovery. Insurance companies like these procedures because they are usually associated with short lengths of hospital stay and therefore less cost. Key issues that have had to be established include the development of the needed technologies, identification of appropriate patient profiles and disease processes that lend themselves to these treatments, and education of physicians—both those that treat the disease processes and those who refer patients for such treatments—about the procedures.
Enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA): Use of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin for the detection of α-d-galactopyranosyl end groups

Alkaline phosphatase has been coupled to Griffonia simplicifolia I B4 isolectin using a one-step glutaraldehyde conjugation procedure. This enzyme-lectin conjugate (AP-GS I-B4) has been used to specifically detect plastic-bound natural and synthetic glycoproteins bearing alpha-D-galactopyranosyl end groups. The extent of reactivity of the AP-GS I-B4 with the glycoproteins appears to be proportional to the number of terminal galactosyl residues present. Furthermore, this assay, termed ELLA (enzyme-linked lectin assay), is specifically inhibitable by low-molecular-weight sugars containing terminal alpha-D-galactosyl groups. The ELLA reactions may be assayed rapidly and objectively by the use of commercially available ELISA-plate using standard filters.
Testosterone, Cardiovascular Risk, and Hormonophobia

Introduction A public outcry against testosterone (T) therapy has suddenly occurred based on two reports suggesting treatment was associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risks.
Switching Power: Rupert Murdoch and the Global Business of Media Politics A Sociological Analysis

This article proposes a hypothesis on the nature of power in the network society, the social structure of the Information Age. It argues that the ability to control connection points between different networks (e.g. business, media and economic networks) is a critical source of power in contemporary society. It then tests this hypothesis through a case study of Rupert Murdoch, CEO of NewsCorp. The operational dynamics of Rupert Murdoch and NewsCorp are examined in order to illustrate how corporate media actors negotiate the power dynamics of the network society to serve their overarching business goals. It identifies key strategies used by these actors to penetrate new markets and expand audience share including: political brokering, leveraging public opinion, instituting sensationalist news formulas, customizing media content and diversifying and adapting media holdings in the face of technological and regulatory changes.