cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shoreside Facilities for Special-Purpose Ships

History and current situation regarding special purpose vessel operations and proposed ship construction program, layout and design criteria; technical analyses covering roll-on roll-off, lift-on lift-off, container, and conveyor terminals for trailer berths and pier facilities, transfer bridges, receiving and delivery areas.
THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN CAPITAL: MEASUREMENT OF CONTRIBUTING MECHANISMS

This paper investigates how the geographic distribution of human capital—measured as college attainment—evolves over time. With U.S. data, I decompose generation-to-generation changes in local human capital into three factors: the previous generation's human capital, intergenerational transmission of skills from parents to their children, and migration of the children. I find significant persistence of local skills at the commuting zone (local labor market) level. Labor market size, climate, and local colleges affect local skill measures. Skills move from urban-to-rural labor markets through intergenerational transmission but from rural-to-urban labor markets through migration.
Informality, innovation, and aggregate productivity growth

This paper investigates how the ability to innovate affects firms' decisions to operate informally and the aggregate consequences of their sectoral choice. I embed a sectoral choice model, where firms choose to operate in the formal or informal economy, into a richer general equilibrium environment to analyze the aggregate effects of firm-level decisions in response to government taxation. I calibrate the model and conduct simulations to quantify the impacts on the aggregate economy. I find that a change in tax rates from 50% to 60% leads to a 20.9% reduction in the size of the formal sector. This change is accompanied by a 0.07 percentage point reduction in TFP growth per year. Given that countries like Mali, Mexico, and Sri Lanka impose total tax rates near 50%, these findings have significant and applicable policy implications across a broad range of lesser developed countries. Even at lower tax rates, for instance 10%, a 10% increase, decreases the size of the formal sector by more than 7.7%.
A Field Guide to Personalized Reserve Prices

We study the question of setting and testing reserve prices in single item auctions when the bidders are not identical. At a high level, there are two generalizations of the standard second price auction: in the lazy version we first determine the winner, and then apply reserve prices; in the eager version we first discard the bidders not meeting their reserves, and then determine the winner among the rest. We show that the two versions have dramatically different properties: lazy reserves are easy to optimize, and A/B test in production, whereas eager reserves always lead to higher welfare, but their optimization is NP-complete, and naive A/B testing will lead to incorrect conclusions. Despite their different characteristics, we show that the overall revenue for the two scenarios is always within a factor of 2 of each other, even in the presence of correlated bids. Moreover, we prove that the eager auction dominates the lazy auction on revenue whenever the bidders are independent or symmetric. We complement our theoretical results with simulations on real world data that show that even suboptimally set eager reserve prices are preferred from a revenue standpoint.
A Low Reabsorbing Luminescent Solar Concentrator Employing π‐Conjugated Polymers

A highly efficient thin-film luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) utilizing two π-conjugated polymers as antennae for small amounts of the valued perylene bisimide Lumogen F Red 305 is presented. The LSC exhibits high photoluminescence quantum yield, low reabsorption, and relatively low refractive indices for waveguide matching. A Monte Carlo simulation predicts the LSC to possess exceptionally high optical efficiencies on large scales.
A Direct Test of the Free Cash Flow Hypothesis: Evidence from Real Estate Transactions

This paper tests (Jensen The American Economic Review, 76, 323–329 1986) free cash flow hypothesis using data on real estate transactions. We find that firms with either higher free cash flow or higher cash reserve pay more fore real estate, which is consistent with the free cash flow hypothesis. We also find that the agency costs of free cash flow associated with real estate transactions are more severe when firms have lower Tobin’s Q. Furthermore, we find that among the commonly used corporate governance measures, only equity compensation is effective in mitigating the agency problem of free cash flow.
Risk management and firm value: recent theory and evidence

Purpose – This paper aims to provide an update to the risk management literature, as it compiles a survey of 65 recent theoretical and empirical studies on the topic. Design/methodology/approach – This is a survey paper that summarizes recent theoretical and empirical research regarding the relationship between risk management and firm value. Findings – Recent empirical evidence provides support for theoretical propositions in the literature that risk management increases firm value and returns, while reducing return and cash flow volatility. The results are largely consistent with early findings, and there have been significant empirical advances that address concerns regarding the endogeneity of risk management practices relative to corporate financial decisions. The literature has become broader and deeper, as there are now studies with larger sample sizes across more industries and geographic areas. Practical implications – Firms that use sound risk management practices obtain higher valuations, achie...
The 3D Genome as Moderator of Chromosomal Communication

Proper expression of genes requires communication with their regulatory elements that can be located elsewhere along the chromosome. The physics of chromatin fibers imposes a range of constraints on such communication. The molecular and biophysical mechanisms by which chromosomal communication is established, or prevented, have become a topic of intense study, and important roles for the spatial organization of chromosomes are being discovered. Here we present a view of the interphase 3D genome characterized by extensive physical compartmentalization and insulation on the one hand and facilitated long-range interactions on the other. We propose the existence of topological machines dedicated to set up and to exploit a 3D genome organization to both promote and censor communication along and between chromosomes.
Optimal static 2-dimensional screen subdivision for parallel rasterization architectures

Abstract Designers of computer graphics hardware have used increasing device counts available from IC manufacturers to increase parallelism using techniques such as putting a longer pipeline of data path elements on integrated circuits, or developing designs which use an array of processors. Pixel-Planes 1–5 and PixelFlow ‡ are examples of architectures which use an array of pixel processors for rasterization. Early generations of Pixel-Planes attempted to make these arrays as large as the display providing one processor for each display pixel. Later generations improved performance by grouping processors into multiple smaller arrays, subdividing the screen into sections of a corresponding size and having the arrays independently process the screen subdivisions. This paper describes simulations which were performed to determine the optimum size subdivision for a graphics computer which uses Pixel-Planes type parallelism, i.e. static two dimensional screen subdivision parallel polygon rasterization. We then develop a mathematical approach to determining the optimal subdivision size and show that it agrees well with the experimental data. For special purpose architectures we show that the optimal size depends not only on the polygon size but also on the silicon area consumed by the rasterizer overhead. The mathematical approach can be directly applied to special purpose architectures, and we show how it can be modified for use in analyzing algorithms developed for general purpose architectures such as the Intel Touchstone or Paragon, or the Thinking Machines CM-5.
Stock acquisitions, investor recognition, and announcement returns

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that relative to a cash acquisition, a stock acquisition would increase the bidder’s investor base and lower Merton’s (1987) shadow cost, which in turn contributes positively to the bidder announcement return. Design/methodology/approach – Using the number of registered shareholders and measures of institutional ownership as the proxies for investor base and investor recognition, this paper compares their changes and the changes in shadow cost between bidders using different methods of payment. The authors examine the relation between the shadow cost reduction and bidder announcement return in a multivariate framework. Findings – This paper finds that given the target type, bidders using stocks experience significantly larger increases in their investor bases and investor recognition than bidders using cash. Additionally, only bidders using stocks experience significant decreases in their shadow costs. In a multivariate framework, the change in...
Genetic variants in anti-Mullerian hormone and anti-Mullerian hormone receptor genes and breast cancer risk in Caucasians and African Americans.

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) regulates ovarian folliculogenesis by signaling via its receptors, and elevated serum AMH levels are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. No previous studies have examined the effects of genetic variants in AMH-related genes on breast cancer risk. We evaluated the associations of 62 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AMH and its receptor genes, including AMH type 1 receptor (ACVR1) and AMH type 2 receptor (AMHR2), with the risk of breast cancer in the Women’s Insights and Shared Experiences (WISE) Study of Caucasians (346 cases and 442 controls), as well as African Americans (149 cases and 246 controls). Of the 62 SNPs evaluated, two showed a nominal significant association (P for trend < 0.05) with breast cancer risk among Caucasians, and another two among African Americans. The age-adjusted additive odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) of those two SNPs (ACVR1 rs12694937[C] and ACVR1 rs2883605[T]) for the risk of breast cancer among Caucasian women were 2.33 (1.20-4.52) and 0.68 (0.47-0.98), respectively. The age-adjusted additive ORs (95% CI) of those two SNPs (ACVR1 rs1146031[G] and AMHR2 functional SNP rs2002555[G]) for the risk of breast cancer among African American women were 0.63 (0.44-0.92) and 1.67 (1.10-2.53), respectively. However, these SNPs did not show significant associations after correction for multiple testing. Our findings do not provide strong supportive evidence for the contribution of genetic variants in AMH-related genes to the risk of developing breast cancer in either Caucasians or African Americans.
Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Nanoplates by Spray Pyrolysis: A Metathesis Route to Bi2WO6

Here, a solid-state metathesis reaction has been coupled with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) for the first time, yielding single-crystalline Bi2WO6 nanoplates. USP typically produces polycrystalline spherical particles, but by selecting precursors that yield Bi2WO6 and non-transient byproducts (e.g., NaCl), particles that are both single-crystalline and shape-controlled are achieved. This unprecedented result is directly correlated to the metathesis route employed to synthesize Bi2WO6 and contrasts with the results obtained when conventional precursors are used, which yields Bi2WO6 microspheres. Both the Bi2WO6 nanoplates and microspheres were extensively characterized. This comparative analysis found that the samples also differ in their surface terminations and hydrophilicity. Significantly, the integration of metathesis chemistry into spray pyrolysis may be generally applicable to the synthesis of a range of compositionally complex solids as single-crystalline samples.
Novel method for assessing age-related differences in the temporal summation of pain.

Temporal summation (TS) of pain protocols typically involve the delivery of brief repetitive noxious stimuli held at a constant intensity and measuring the consequent increase in the perceived intensity of pain sensations. To date, no studies have examined the effect of a TS protocol on the perceived spatial dimensions of the pain experience and its interaction with age. This study used a new TS protocol that examined changes in the perceived size of the painful area in 22 younger adults and 20 older adults. Four trials of ten brief heat pulses delivered at a constant intensity were administered on the volar forearm. Interpulse intervals (IPIs) were 2.5 seconds or 3.5 seconds. Subjects rated the peak pain intensity (trials 1 and 3) or the size of the painful area (trials 2 and 4) after each pulse on a 0–100 scale. The magnitude of summation was calculated for each trial. Three seconds and 6 seconds after delivering the last heat pulse, the subjects rated the intensity or the size of any remaining pain (aftersensations). The results indicated that older adults compared to younger adults exhibited significantly greater summation of size ratings for the 2.5-second and 3.5-second IPI trials and size of pain aftersensations at 3 seconds following the 2.5-second IPI TS trial. These results suggest that aging is associated with enhanced endogenous facilitation of the perceived size of pain. The potential clinical and mechanistic implications of enhanced TS of size of pain remain unknown and warrant further investigation.
Serum Albumin Concentration and Waiting List Mortality in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia.

Background Hypoalbuminemia is a reliable predictor of mortality in patients with various illnesses as well as a predictor of disability and mortality in healthy older adults. The association between hypoalbuminemia and mortality in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia remains unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between serum albumin concentration and mortality in a large cohort of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia listed for lung transplantation. Methods In patients classified as having idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who were listed for lung transplantation with the United Network for Organ Sharing between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2006 (n = 1,269), we studied the relationship between serum albumin concentration at the time of listing and mortality while awaiting transplantation. Results Lower serum albumin was associated with increased mortality rate. Patients with lower categories of serum albumin had increased mortality rates before and after multivariable adjustment (p value for linear trend Conclusions Lower serum albumin is strongly and independently associated with higher mortality in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia on transplant waiting lists.
Note on the spectrum of Brorsen's Comet

(1879). Note on the spectrum of Brorsen's comet. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 8, No. 47, pp. 178-179.
What the Third World Wants: An Interpretation of the Development and Meaning of the New International Economic Order Ideology

This article proposes one answer to the question of ‘why Third World governments have adopted and supported the ideology underlying their proposals for a New International Economic Order’. While it may seem ambitious to try to assess what the Third World wants (many others have already tried), this attempt differs from some others in that it is particularly concerned with the ways beliefs (and beliefs about beliefs) affect conflict resolution.
Sodium-Catalyzed Copolymerization of 1,3-Butadiene and Styrene

Butadiene and styrene have been copolymerized by the use of sodium sand as a catalyst. The copolymers containing 75 parts of butadiene and 25 parts of styrene and made at 30° and 50° are soluble in benzene and have intrinsic viscosities ranging from 2.5 to 7.5. The copolymers has a very nearly constant composition throughout the course of the polymerization. The amount of butadiene which has entered the chain by 1,2 addition is greater than in the case of the emulsion copolymer.
Beyond matroids: secretary problem and prophet inequality with general constraints

We study generalizations of the ``Prophet Inequality'' and ``Secretary Problem'', where the algorithm is restricted to an arbitrary downward-closed set system. For 0,1 values, we give O(n)-competitive algorithms for both problems. This is close to the Omega(n/log n) lower bound due to Babaioff, Immorlica, and Kleinberg. For general values, our results translate to O(log(n) log(r))-competitive algorithms, where r is the cardinality of the largest feasible set. This resolves (up to the O(loglog(n) log(r)) factor) an open question posed to us by Bobby Kleinberg.
RISK HORIZON AND REBALANCING HORIZON IN PORTFOLIO RISK MEASUREMENT

This paper analyzes portfolio risk and volatility in the presence of constraints on portfoliorebalancingfrequency. Thisinvestigationismotivatedbytheincremental risk charge (IRC) introduced by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. In contrast to the standard market risk measure based on a 10-day value-at-risk calculated at 99% confidence, the IRC considers more extreme losses and is measured over a 1year horizon. More importantly, whereas 10-day VaR is ordinarily calculated with a portfolio’s holdings held fixed, the IRC assumes a portfolio is managed dynamically to a target level of risk, with constraints on rebalancing frequency. The IRC uses discrete rebalancing intervals (e.g., monthly or quarterly) as a rough measure of potential illiquidity in underlying assets. We analyze the effect of these rebalancing intervals on the portfolio’s profit and loss distribution over a risk-measurement horizon. We derive limiting results, as the rebalancing frequency increases, for the difference between discretely and continuously rebalanced portfolios; we use these to approximate the loss distribution for the discretely rebalanced portfolio relative to the continuously rebalanced portfolio. Our analysis leads to explicit measures of the impact of discrete rebalancing under a simple model of asset dynamics.
Main-chain organometallic polymers: synthetic strategies, applications, and perspectives

Main-chain organometallic polymers utilize transition metal-organic ligand complexes as primary components of their backbones. These hybrid materials effectively integrate the physical and electronic properties of organic polymers with the physical, electronic, optical, and catalytic properties of organometallic complexes. Combined with the rich and continuously growing array of ligands for transition metals, these materials have outstanding potential for use in a broad range of applications. This tutorial review discusses the major classes of main-chain organometallic polymers, including coordination polymers, poly(metal acetylide)s, and poly(metallocene)s. Emphasis is placed on their synthesis, characterization, physical properties, and applications, as well as ongoing challenges and limitations. These discussions are supplemented with highlights from the recent literature. The review concludes with perspectives on the current status of the field, as well as opportunities that lie just beyond its frontier.
Some conditions affecting thyroid activity

1. Gentle massage of the thyroid gland in the cat for two or three minutes will cause an increased rate of the denervated heart amounting in some instances to 33 per cent. over the basal rate. The development of the maximal increase of rate is usually slow, requiring from thirty to sixty minutes and passing off in a similarly slow manner.2. Massage of another gland, e.g., the submaxillary, does not cause this effect.3. The augmentation of heart rate caused by thyroid massage occurs in the absence of the adrenal glands.4. Stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk as it leaves the stellate ganglion induces a similar augmentation of the rate of the denervated heart: this does not occur if the thyroid gland has previously been removed.5. If the cardiac fibers from the stellate ganglia are severed, as well as the vagus nerves, and an afferent nerve such as the sciatic or brachial is stimulated under a degree of anesthesia which will permit reflex retraction of the nictitating membrane and dilation of the p...
Special Lagrangian fibrations, wall-crossing, and mirror symmetry

In this survey paper, we briefly review various aspects of the SYZ approach to mirror symmetry for non-Calabi-Yau varieties, focusing in particular on Lagrangian fibrations and wall-crossing phenomena in Floer homology. Various examples are presented, some of them new.
Rapid genotype refinement for whole-genome sequencing data using multi-variate normal distributions.

Motivation: Whole-genome low-coverage sequencing has been combined with linkage-disequilibrium (LD)-based genotype refinement to accurately and cost-effectively infer genotypes in large cohorts of individuals. Most genotype refinement methods are based on hidden Markov models, which are accurate but computationally expensive. We introduce an algorithm that models LD using a simple multivariate Gaussian distribution. The key feature of our algorithm is its speed. Results: Our method is hundreds of times faster than other methods on the same data set and its scaling behaviour is linear in the number of samples. We demonstrate the performance of the method on both low- and high-coverage samples. Availability and implementation: The source code is available at https://github.com/illumina/marvin Contact: rarthur@illumina.com Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Outpatient treatment of low-risk venous thromboembolism with monotherapy oral anticoagulation: patient quality of life outcomes and clinician acceptance.

Background Oral monotherapy anticoagulation has facilitated home treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in outpatients. Objectives The aim of this study was to measure efficacy, safety, as well as patient and physician perceptions produced by a protocol that selected VTE patients as low-risk patients by the Hestia criteria, and initiated home anticoagulation with an oral factor Xa antagonist. Methods Patients were administered the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study Quality of life/Symptoms questionnaire [VEINEs QoL/Sym] and the physical component summary [PCS] from the Rand 36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF36]). The primary outcomes were VTE recurrence and hemorrhage at 30 days. Secondary outcomes compared psychometric test scores between patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to those with pulmonary embolism (PE). Patient perceptions were abstracted from written comments and physician perceptions specific to PE outpatient treatment obtained from structured survey. Results From April 2013 to September 2015, 253 patients were treated, including 67 with PE. Within 30 days, 2/253 patients had recurrent DVT and 2/253 had major hemorrhage; all four had DVT at enrollment. The initial PCS scores did not differ between DVT and PE patients (37.2±13.9 and 38.0±12.1, respectively) and both DVT and PE patients had similar improvement over the treatment period (42.2±12.9 and 43.4±12.7, respectively), consistent with prior literature. The most common adverse event was menorrhagia, present in 15% of women. Themes from patient-written responses reflected satisfaction with increased autonomy. Physicians' (N=116) before-to-after protocol comfort level with home treatment of PE increased 48% on visual analog scale. Conclusion Hestia-negative VTE patients treated with oral monotherapy at home had low rates of VTE recurrence and bleeding, as well as quality of life measurements similar to prior reports.
An examination of athermal photonic effects on boron diffusion and activation during microwave rapid thermal processing.

This work examines the role of 672 nm optical illumination on the diffusion and activation of B in Si as a function of various factors. The factors studied include length of anneal, maximum temperature of anneal, type of co-implanted and pre-amorphizing species and ambient oxygen concentration. The anneal conditions fell into one of three categories: (1) high-temperature (>900°C) spike and 10-second anneals; (2) low temperature (550°C) 30-minute anneals; and (3) room-temperature long-term “anneals”. Implanted species included BF2 implants, pre-amorphized B-only implants, and pre-amorphized BF2 implants. Finally, the ambient oxygen concentration was varied from atmospheric pressure to 100 ppm.The results show that illumination: (1) affects the diffusion of B on spike anneal time frames; (2) has limited effect on diffusion over 10-second time frames; and (3) fails to enhance the activation of B during low-temperature solid phase epitaxy and at room temperature. Additionally, illumination has no effect on B-...
Pathway-based network modeling finds hidden genes in shRNA screen for regulators of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Data integration stands to improve interpretation of RNAi screens which, as a result of off-target effects, typically yield numerous gene hits of which only a few validate. These off-target effects can result from seed matches to unintended gene targets (reagent-based) or cellular pathways, which can compensate for gene perturbations (biology-based). We focus on the biology-based effects and use network modeling tools to discover pathways de novo around RNAi hits. By looking at hits in a functional context, we can uncover novel biology not identified from any individual 'omics measurement. We leverage multiple 'omic measurements using the Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Networks (SAMNet) computational framework to model a genome scale shRNA screen investigating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) progression in vivo. Our network model is enriched for cellular processes associated with hematopoietic differentiation and homeostasis even though none of the individual 'omic sets showed this enrichment. The model identifies genes associated with the TGF-beta pathway and predicts a role in ALL progression for many genes without this functional annotation. We further experimentally validate the hidden genes - Wwp1, a ubiquitin ligase, and Hgs, a multi-vesicular body associated protein - for their role in ALL progression. Our ALL pathway model includes genes with roles in multiple types of leukemia and roles in hematological development. We identify a tumor suppressor role for Wwp1 in ALL progression. This work demonstrates that network integration approaches can compensate for off-target effects, and that these methods can uncover novel biology retroactively on existing screening data. We anticipate that this framework will be valuable to multiple functional genomic technologies - siRNA, shRNA, and CRISPR - generally, and will improve the utility of functional genomic studies.
Molecular and Genetic Insights into Thoracic Aortic Dilation in Conotruncal Heart Defects.

Thoracic aortic dilation (AD) has commonly been described in conotruncal defects (CTD), such as tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and transposition of the great arteries (TGA), and truncus arteriosus. Several theories for this have been devised, but fairly recent data indicates that there is likely an underlying histologic abnormality, similar to that seen in Marfan and other connective tissue disease. The majority of aortic dissection in the general population occurs after age 45 years, and there have been very few case reports of aortic dissection in CTD. Given advances in cardiac surgery and increasing survival over the past several decades, there has been rising concern that as patients who have survived surgical correction of these defects age, there may be increased morbidity and mortality due to aortic dissection and aortic regurgitation. This review discusses the most recent developments in research into AD in CTD, including associated genetic mutations.
Bring climate change back from the future

The ‘shock’ over an Australian extinction shows that we still don’t accept that global warming is a problem for now, says James Watson.
Tweet2Vec: Learning Tweet Embeddings Using Character-level CNN-LSTM Encoder-Decoder

We present Tweet2Vec, a novel method for generating general-purpose vector representation of tweets. The model learns tweet embeddings using character-level CNN-LSTM encoder-decoder. We trained our model on 3 million, randomly selected English-language tweets. The model was evaluated using two methods: tweet semantic similarity and tweet sentiment categorization, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art in both tasks. The evaluations demonstrate the power of the tweet embeddings generated by our model for various tweet categorization tasks. The vector representations generated by our model are generic, and hence can be applied to a variety of tasks. Though the model presented in this paper is trained on English-language tweets, the method presented can be used to learn tweet embeddings for different languages.
Hybrid fuzzy logic PID controller

This paper investigates the design of a fuzzy logic PID controller that uses a simplified design scheme. Fuzzy logic PD and PI controllers are effective for many control problems but lack the advantages of the fuzzy PID controller. Fuzzy controllers use a rule base to describe relationships between the input variables. Implementation of a detailed rule base, such as a PID controller, increases in complexity as the number of input variables grow and the ranges of operation for the variables become more defined. We propose a hybrid fuzzy PID controller which takes advantage of the properties of the fuzzy PI and PD controllers. The effectiveness of the PID fuzzy controller implementation is illustrated with an example. >
A Discontinuous Potential Model for Protein-Protein Interactions.

Protein–protein interactions play an important role in many biologic and industrial processes. In this work, we develop a two-bead-per-residue model that enables us to account for protein–protein interactions in a multi-protein system using discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations. This model deploys discontinuous potentials to describe the non-bonded interactions and virtual bonds to keep proteins in their native state. The geometric and energetic parameters are derived from the potentials of mean force between sidechain–sidechain, sidechain–backbone, and backbone–backbone pairs. The energetic parameters are scaled with the aim of matching the second virial coefficient of lysozyme reported in experiment. We also investigate the performance of several bond-building strategies.
Online and Offline Information for Omnichannel Retailing

This paper studies how retailers can effectively deliver online and offline information to omnichannel consumers who strategically choose whether to gather information online or offline and whether to buy products online or offline. Information resolves two types of uncertainty: product value uncertainty i.e., consumers realize valuations when they inspect the product in store, but may end up returning the product when they purchase online and availability uncertainty i.e., store visits are futile when consumers encounter stockouts. We consider three information mechanisms: physical showrooms allow consumers to learn valuations anytime they visit the store, even during stockouts; virtual showrooms give consumers online access to an imperfect signal of their valuations; availability information provides real-time information about whether the store has a product in stock. Our main results follow. First, physical showrooms may prompt retailers to reduce store inventory, which increases availability risk and discourages store patronage. Second, virtual showrooms may increase online returns and hurt profits, if they induce excessive customer migration from store to online channels. Third, availability information may be redundant when availability risk is low and may render physical showrooms ineffective when implemented jointly. Finally, when customers are homogeneous, these mechanisms may not exhibit significant complementarities and the optimal information structure may involve choosing only one of the three.
Romeo: A system for more flexible binding-safe programming

Current languages for safely manipulating values with names only support term languages with simple binding syntax. As a result, no tools exist to safely manipulate code written in those languages for which name problems are the most challenging. We address this problem with Romeo, a language that respects α-equivalence on its values, and which has access to a rich specification language for binding, inspired by attribute grammars. Our work has the complex-binding support of David Herman's λm, but is a full-fledged binding-safe language like Pure FreshML.
Rubrics and corrective feedback in ESL writing: A longitudinal case study of an L2 writer

Abstract In teaching and assessing L2 writing, the ideal combination of Corrective Feedback (CF) and rubric use is yet to be determined. When rubrics are used with multiple drafts and assignments, teachers may wonder if other forms of CF are still necessary or useful. This longitudinal case study follows a learner’s progress over the course of one year in order to explore the relationship between CF and rubrics as complementary parts of a repertoire of pedagogical instruments that together support students’ development as language learners and writers. The study takes place in a context where rubrics are institutionally mandated and additional CF is optional. This classroom-based, teacher-led, action-research study finds that, when institutions require the use of form-focused CF and rubrics, it is possible that they discourage teacher written comments, thus depriving the student of personalized feedback. The learner improved her accuracy after receiving both form-focused CF and rubrics, but she valued marginal and end comments more, although she received these sparingly. It appears that institutionally mandated rubrics have some limiting effects on addressing aspects of writing other than form and can leave learners unsatisfied. We recommend supplementing rubrics with individualized comments when responding to and assessing L2 writing.
The effects of school desegregation on mixed-race births

We find a strong positive raw correlation between black exposure to whites in their school district and the prevalence of later mixed-race (black-white) births, consistent with the literature on residential segregation and endogamy. However, that relationship is significantly attenuated by the addition of a few control variables, suggesting that individuals with higher propensities to have mixed-race births are more likely to live in desegregated school districts. We exploit quasi-random variation from court-ordered school desegregation to estimate causal effects of school desegregation on mixed-race childbearing, finding small to moderate effects that are largely statistically insignificant. Because the upward trend across cohorts in mixed-race childbearing was substantial, separating the effects of desegregation plans from secular cohort trends is difficult; results are sensitive to how we specify the cohort trends and to the inclusion of Chicago/Cook County in the sample. The fact that the addition of a few control variables substantially weakens the cross-sectional relationship between lower levels of school segregation and higher rates of mixed-race childbearing suggests that a substantial portion of the observed correlation is likely due to who chooses to live in places with desegregated schools. Researchers should be cautious about interpreting raw correlations between segregation—whether residential or school—and other outcomes as causal. Our results also point to the need to carefully explore specification of cohort effects in quasi-experimental designs for treatments where cumulative exposure is important.
Search for dynamical origin of social networks

challenge of this work is to re-define the concept of intelligent agent as a building block of social networks by presenting it as a physical particle with additional non-Newtonian properties. The proposed model of an intelligent agent described by a system of ODE coupled with their Liouville equation has been introduced and discussed. Following the Madelung equation that belongs to this class, non-Newtonian properties such as superposition, entanglement, and probability interference typical for quantum systems have been described. Special attention was paid to the capability to violate the second law of thermodynamics, which makes these systems neither Newtonian, nor quantum. It has been shown that the proposed model can be linked to mathematical models of livings as well as to models of AI. The model is presented in two modifications. The first one is illustrated by the discovery of a stochastic attractor approached by the social network; as an application, it was demonstrated that any statistics can be represented by an attractor of the solution to the corresponding system of ODE coupled with its Liouville equation. It was emphasized that evolution to the attractor reveals possible micro-mechanisms driving random events to the final distribution of the corresponding statistical law. Special attention is concentrated upon the power law and its dynamical interpretation: it is demonstrated that the underlying micro- dynamics supports a "violent reputation" of the power-law statistics. The second modification of the model of social network associated with a decision-making process and applied to solution of NP-complete problems known as being unsolvable neither by classical nor by quantum algorithms. The approach is illustrated by solving a search in unsorted database in polynomial time by resonance between external force representing the address of a required item and the response representing the location of this item.
Estimation of demand elasticities: A reflection on the issues

Abstract This paper focuses on the general nature of demand analysis and the notion of demand elasticity as applied to energy. Examples are drawn from the models used by the Office of Applied Analysis of the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy. In the context of the prevailing economic theory, the issue of whether the models approximate closely enough the requisite conditions to give any substance to the belief that the estimated elasticities are true reflections of the magnitude of the response of the quantity of energy demanded by consumers to variations in price is examined. The conclusions are not particularly encouraging!
The Effects of Pre-Trial Detention on Conviction, Future Crime, and Employment: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges

Abstract Over 20 percent of prison and jail inmates in the United States are currently awaiting trial, but little is known about the impact of pretrial detention on defendants. This paper uses the detention tendencies of quasi-randomly assigned bail judges to estimate the causal effects of pretrial detention on subsequent defendant outcomes. Using data from administrative court and tax records, we find that pretrial detention significantly increases the probability of conviction, primarily through an increase in guilty pleas. Pretrial detention has no net effect on future crime, but decreases formal sector employment and the receipt of employment- and tax-related government benefits. These results are consistent with (i) pretrial detention weakening defendants' bargaining positions during plea negotiations and (ii) a criminal conviction lowering defendants' prospects in the formal labor market. (JEL J23, J31, J65, K41, K42)
Policing and public health: Not quite the right analogy

ABSTRACTPolicing matters to public health, and it makes sense to consider how greater cooperation and even integration between health and law enforcement systems might lead to new and better approaches to chronic problems at the intersection of health and security. The fact that policing is important to public health does not mean, however, that police work is ‘like’ public health work, let alone that police agencies and public health agencies share important features in culture and methods that might support better alignment. It may be more useful to focus on the similarities between policing and medicine. Medicine and policing devote most of their energies to addressing the acute needs of individuals, and have relatively little capacity to change upstream structural factors. Each is a source of considerable incidental harm. Past and current efforts to align public health and medicine provide useful insights into work at the intersection of policing and public health. In this paper, we pursue analogies b...
Converting Basic D3 Charts into Reusable Style Templates

We present a technique for converting a basic D3 chart into a reusable style template. Then, given a new data source we can apply the style template to generate a chart that depicts the new data, but in the style of the template. To construct the style template we first deconstruct the input D3 chart to recover its underlying structure: the data, the marks and the mappings that describe how the marks encode the data. We then rank the perceptual effectiveness of the deconstructed mappings. To apply the resulting style template to a new data source we first obtain importance ranks for each new data field. We then adjust the template mappings to depict the source data by matching the most important data fields to the most perceptually effective mappings. We show how the style templates can be applied to source data in the form of either a data table or another D3 chart. While our implementation focuses on generating templates for basic chart types (e.g., variants of bar charts, line charts, dot plots, scatterplots, etc.), these are the most commonly used chart types today. Users can easily find such basic D3 charts on the Web, turn them into templates, and immediately see how their own data would look in the visual style (e.g., colors, shapes, fonts, etc.) of the templates. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by applying a diverse set of style templates to a variety of source datasets.
What is the surface temperature of a solid irradiated by a Petawatt laser

When a solid target is irradiated by a Petawatt laser pulse, its surface is heated to tens of millions of degrees within a few femtoseconds, facilitating a diffusive heat wave and the acceleration of electrons to MeV energies into the target. Using numerically converged collisional particle-in-cell simulations, we observe a competition between two surface heating mechanisms–inverse bremsstrahlung in solid density on the one hand and electron scattering on turbulent electric fields on the other. Collisionless heating effectively dominates above the relativistic intensity threshold. Our numerical results show that a high-contrast 40 fs, f/5 laser pulse with 1 J energy will heat the skin layer to 5 keV, and the inside of the target over several microns deep to bulk temperatures in the range of 10–100 eV at solid density.
A Teleconnection between the West Siberian Plain and the ENSO Region

AbstractThe Walker circulation is linked to extratropical waves that are deflected from the Northern Hemisphere polar regions and travel southeastward over central Asia toward the western Pacific warm pool during northern winter. The wave pattern resembles the east Atlantic–west Russia pattern and influences the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) region. A tripole pattern between the West Siberian Plain and the two centers of action of ENSO indicates that the background state of ENSO with respect to global sea level pressure (SLP) has a significant negative correlation to the West Siberian Plain. The correlation with the background state, which is defined by the sum of the two centers of action of ENSO, is higher than each of the pairwise correlations with either of the ENSO centers alone. The centers are defined with a clustering algorithm that detects regions with similar characteristics. The normalized monthly SLP time series for the two centers of ENSO (around Darwin, Australia, and Tahiti) are area ...
Solvent Environment Revealed by Positively Chirped Pulses

The spectroscopy of large organic molecules and biomolecules in solution has been investigated using various time-resolved and frequency-resolved techniques. Of particular interest is the early response of the molecule and the solvent, which is difficult to study due to the ambiguity in assigning and differentiating inter- and intramolecular contributions to the electronic and vibrational populations and coherence. Our measurements compare the yield of fluorescence and stimulated emission for two laser dyes IR144 and IR125 as a function of chirp. While negatively chirped pulses are insensitive to solvent viscosity, positively chirped pulses are found to be uniquely sensitive probes of solvent viscosity. The fluorescence maximum for IR125 is observed near transform-limited pulses; however, for IR144, it is observed for positively chirped pulses once the pulses have been stretched to hundreds of femtoseconds. We conclude that chirped pulse spectroscopy is a simple one-beam method that is sensitive to early solvation dynamics.
Measurement of cardiovascular function using a novel view-sharing PET reconstruction method and tracer kinetic analysis

Recent advancements in PET instrumentation have made the non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular function in small animals a reality. The majority of small animal PET systems use stationary detector gantries, thus affording high temporal resolution imaging of cardiac function. Systems designed to maximize spatial resolution and detection sensitivity employing rotating gantry designs are suboptimal when high temporal resolution imaging is needed. To overcome this limitation, the current work developed a novel view-sharing data analysis scheme suitable for dynamic cardiac PET imaging using 18F-NaF as the tracer and tracer kinetic model analysis. This scheme was tested in a rat model of cardiovascular function where the relationship between direct transonic flow measures of cardiac output were highly correlated (f(x) = 1.0216x − 24.233, R = 0.9158, p < 0.001) with the new model. Similarly, derived measures of stroke volume were also highly correlated (f(x) = 0.9655x − 0.0428, R = 0.9453, p < 0.001) with the current approach. Administration of xylazine caused a statistically significant increase in stroke volume (0.32 ± 0.07 ml, p = 0.003, n = 4) and a significant decrease in both heart rate (−155 ± 7.1 beats/min, p < 0.001, n = 4) and cardiac output (−75.9 ± 23.0 ml/kg min, p = 0.01, n = 4). These findings suggest that the new sinogram binning and kinetic modeling methods produce reliable cardiac function measures suitable for longitudinal monitoring of cardiovascular function.
Knowledge on sexual and reproductive health of teen-age immigrants in Finland

Background Finnish teen-age students’ knowledge on sexual and reproductive health has decreased in recent years. The knowledge of immigrant teenagers is poorly known. The purpose of this study was to find out the level of knowledge on sexual and reproductive health of teen-age immigrants in Finland. Methods Data are based on a national School Health Promotion Study carried out at three different levels of schools in …