cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic Secretory Responses to Intravenous Hyperalimentation and Intraduodenal Elemental and Full Liquid Diets

Intravenous hyperalimentation and enteral elemental diets have both been advocated for the nutritional support of patients with acute pancreatitis, pancreatic fistula, and proximal small bowel fistula. The exocrine pancreatic responses to these nutrients compared to one another and to full liquid diet have been inadequately studied. Therefore, pancreatic protein, volume, and bicarbonate responses to graded doses of (1) intravenous hyperalimentation, (2) intraduodenal elemental diet, and (3) intraduodenal full liquid diet were compared in duplicate experiments in five dogs with chronic pancreatic fistulas. Both intraduodenal elemental and full liquid diets caused comparable and significant dose-related increases in pancreatic protein, volume, and bicarbonate outputs over basal levels (p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no stimulation of pancreatic secretion by intravenous hyperalimentation. It therefore appears that of the methods studied, only intravenous hyperalimentation can provide full nutritional supp...
Type a Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern Relationship to Birth Order and Family Size

The present study was conducted to examine the relationship of birth order and family size to the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Previous research indicates that parents are more likely to set high, but ambiguous, achievement standards for t-heir first-born children, and to push them harder than later borns. These style differences parallel those proposed for parents of Type A children, suggesting that one factor in the development of Type A behavior may be differential treatment of first versus later borns. Results indicated that Type A individuals are more likely to be first born, and more generally earl)' born, but that this relationship is most true in large families.
Seismic Imaging in Enhanced Recovery

Laboratory measurements of seismic velocities and attenuation in fluid saturated rock samples strongly suggest that detectable changes in these properties are anticipated upon steam flooding of heave oil reservoirs, or during other EOR operations. Such changes could be monitored with seismic array of receivers and transmitters situated around the region of enhanced recovery. The array will yield seismic wave travel times and amplitudes and their temporal and spatial changes. Inverting these measured values, it is possible to determine the distribution of velocities and Q within the reservoir. These distributions can uniquely be interpreted in terms of the distribution of a steam phase in the reservoir, using laboratory determined seismic response of reservoir rock samples.
The Role of Other Family Members in Intergenerational Occupational Mobility

The concept of “occupational origin” has traditionally been measured by father's occupation only, especially in studies of occupational mobility. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the occupations of other family members are additional components of men's occupational origins Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Men, the traditional father-son mobility table was expanded to include paternal grandfathers' occupations and mothers' occupations. Log-linear analyses of these expanded mobility tables showed that paternal grandfathers' and mothers' occupations have significant associations with sons' occupations, controlling for level of fathers' occupations. The association between grandfathers' and sons' occupations is stronger than that between mothers' and sons' occupations. It was concluded that, while father's occupation is the main component, it does not fully capture the impact of occupational origin. Consequently, intergenerational mobility may be less frequent than is indicated in traditional father-son mobility analyses.
Moisture effects on eolian particle entrainment

In wind tunnel experiments, we study the effects of soil moisture on the threshold condition to entrain fine grain sand/silt into eolian flow and the near-bed concentration of airborne particles. To study the effect of particle shape on moisture bonding, we use two types of particles nearly equal in size: spherical glass beads $$(d_{50} = 134\,\upmu \mathrm{m})$$ and sieved quartz sand $$(d_{50} = 139 \,\upmu \mathrm{m})$$ . Both are poorly graded soils. We conducted these experiments at low moisture contents $$({<}1\,\%)$$ . We found that the spherical particles were more sensitive to changes in moisture than the sand, attributable to the large differences in specific surface area of the two particles. The larger specific surface area for sand is due to the surface roughness of the angular sand particle. Consequently, sand “stores” more moisture via surface adsorption, requiring higher soil moisture content to form liquid bridges between sand particles. Based on these findings, we extend the concept of a threshold moisture content, $$w^{\prime }$$ —originally proposed for clayey soils—to soils that lack any measureable clay content. This allows application of existing models developed for clayey soils that quantify the moisture effect on the threshold friction velocity to sand and silty soils (i.e., clay content $$=$$ 0). Additionally, we develop a model that quantifies the moisture effects on near-surface airborne particulate concentration, using experimental observations to determine the functional dependence on fluid and particle properties, including soil specific area. These models can be applied to numerical simulation of particulate plume formation and dispersion.
A bootstrap-assisted spectral test of white noise under unknown dependence

Abstract To test for the white noise null hypothesis, we study the Cramer–von Mises test statistic that is based on the sample spectral distribution function. Since the critical values of the test statistic are difficult to obtain, we propose a blockwise wild bootstrap procedure to approximate its asymptotic null distribution. Using a Hilbert space approach, we establish the weak convergence of the difference between the sample spectral distribution function and the true spectral distribution function, as well as the consistency of bootstrap approximation under mild assumptions. Finite sample results from a simulation study and an empirical data analysis are also reported.
Heidegger on overcoming rationalism through transcendental philosophy

Modernity is not only the culmination of the “oblivion of being,” for it also provides, in the form of transcendental thinking, a way to recover the original relation of thought to being. Heidegger develops this account through several lecture courses from 1935–1937, especially the 1935–1936 lecture course on Kant, and the account receives a kind of completion in the 1936–1938 manuscript, Contributions to Philosophy. Kant limits the dominance of rationalistic prejudices by reconnecting thought to the givenness of being. He thereby shows the way to overcome the West’s rationalistic oblivion of being. By returning to Kant and repeating him more fundamentally we prepare ourselves for Heidegger’s non-rationalistic thinking of being. This paper, then, reconsiders Heidegger’s relation to modern philosophy, demonstrating on the basis of his own texts that he appropriates modern philosophy but in a non-rationalistic way. Transcendental philosophy plays an essential though ambiguous transitional role in his thinking.
Historic nutrient loading and recent species invasions caused shifts in water quality and zooplankton demography in two Finger Lakes (New York, USA)

We investigated the paleolimnology of Owasco and Seneca Lakes (New York, USA) and compiled water-quality monitoring data to describe environmental change during the past two centuries. Trophic shifts were detected in the oligotrophic to mesotrophic range and were likely driven by nutrient loading and species invasion. Based on box core reconstructions, primary production increased in both lakes during the last century, which is evidenced by the amount, type and isotopic composition of material preserved in the sediment. Organic matter accumulation and its stable carbon isotopic composition, as well as carbonate abundance, began to increase during the 1960s in Owasco Lake and the 1850s in Seneca Lake. Further, the abundance of phytoplanktivorous cladocera subfossils increased beginning in the 1910s in Seneca Lake and in the 1960s in Owasco Lake. The different timing and magnitude of the trophic shifts likely resulted from contrasts in lake residence time and species assemblages between the two lakes. The increases in primary and secondary production paralleled, and are interpreted to reflect, increased allochthonous nutrient loading. However, nutrient loading was not detected in the water-quality data, perhaps because of strong uptake of phosphates by phytoplankton or due to limited data collection. Rapid changes in cladoceran subfossils and water quality were also detected during the last decade. Concurrent with the establishment of non-native Cercopagis pengoi (fishhook waterflea), phytoplanktivorous cladocera remains declined, and the mucrone length of Bosmina increased, consistent with predictions of increased invertebrate predation. Additionally, the post-1990 decline in sediment carbonate, increased Secchi depth and decreased chlorophyll a concentrations followed the establishment of filter-feeding Dreissena spp. (zebra and quagga mussels). Collectively, paleolimnological data and water-quality monitoring provided a more complete and consistent record of shifts in the productivity of Owasco and Seneca Lakes, which were useful to understand environmental changes over different time scales. Physical, geochemical and biological changes were temporally consistent among three cores collected from different locations in each lake, but differed in magnitude for several variables (e.g., grain size and cladoceran subfossils), which could reflect near-shore to offshore gradients.
Modelling the Residential Sub-market: Breaking the Monocentric Mould

This paper evaluates the performance of a land-rent model which predicts the residential location pattern in a metropolitan centre when suburban land constraints and a polycentric form are incorporated in the household location decision. The model is based on the variables of residential space, accessibility and income and tests different measures for each. Based on different combinations of measures, iterations of the model predict theoretical incomes. These values are compared to actual data over the full study area and by socioeconomic sector. The goodness of fit and the applicability of the measures are assessed using weighted least-squares multiple regression and cluster analysis. Overall, the model performs quite strongly.
Vortex lattices in type-II superconductors studied by small-angle neutron scattering

Here we review recent small-angle scattering studies of the vortex lattice in a range of type-II superconductors carried out by our group. Emphasis is placed on providing examples of the kind of information which can be obtained by such measurements, focusing in particular on studies of the vortex lattice structure and form factor in LuNi2B2C, TmNi2B2C, CeCoIn5 and Ba(Fe0.93Co0.07)2As2.
Expression of the Oct-2 transcription factor in mouse mammary gland and cloning and characterization of a novel Oct-2 isoform

Oct-2 is a member of the POU family of transcription factors, which specifically bind to the octamer DNA motif ATGCAAAT and its closely related sequences. Unlike its ubiquitous counterpart Oct-1, Oct-2 is thought to be expressed only in B lymphocytes and neuronal cells and is mainly involved in immunoglobulin gene expression. We show here that Oct-2 is also expressed in the epithelial cells of mouse mammary gland, and that this expression is developmentally regulated. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends and subsequent cDNA cloning indicate that the mammary gland expresses multiple Oct-2 isoforms, including a novel isoform, named Oct-2.7. Compared with Oct-2 (isoform 2.1), the deduced Oct-2.7 sequence has an additional 22 amino acids close to the N-terminus and a novel 76-amino-acid C-terminus resulting from alternative splicing, with retention of the last intron that is spliced out in all other isoforms. Although Oct-2.7 has intact POU-specific and POU-homeo domains, it is unable to bind to the octamer motif, unlike all other known isoforms. Like Oct-1, both Oct-2.1 and Oct-2.7 can activate basal β-casein gene promoter activity. However, activation by Oct-2.7, which is independent of DNA binding, is significantly lower than that by Oct-2.1. Moreover, deletion of the first 114 amino acids at the N-terminus of Oct-2.1 has no effect on activation; this does not support previous reports of the presence of an inhibitory domain in this region.
Perioperative risks and safety of surgery for severe obesity

The National Bariatric Surgery Registry (NBSR) results reflect low perioperative risk for obesity surgery. Five deaths occurred within 40 d of operation in 5178 patients (0.1%). A subset of 3174 patients with complete information for complication and postoperative hospital stay was further studied. Females comprised 87% of the data set. Median values were determined for age, 37 y (18-70 y); operative weight, 121 kg (77-288 kg); and operative body mass index (BMI), 44 kg/m2 (29-91 kg/m2). Patients with no complications (89.7%) were reported to have a median postoperative stay of 4 d (2-23 d). The most severe complications were deep venous thrombosis (0.3%) and gastrointestinal leak (0.6%), with median postoperative hospital stay of 12 d (ranges 2-27 and 4-59 d, respectively). The most frequent complication reported was respiratory (4.5%), with median postoperative stay of 6 d (3-34 d). Median postoperative hospital stay for wound infection (1.6%) was 5 d.
COPII and COPI Traffic at the ER-Golgi Interface

This review describes the COPII and COPI coating machineries that generate carrier vesicles and the tethers and SNAREs that mediate COPII and COPI vesicle fusion at the ER-Golgi interface.
Observations on a concentric spherical cavity laser oscillator

Experimental results on a number of ruby rods in concentric spherical cavities are presented and discussed. The observations include intensity variations (spiking) as a function of input energy, longitudinal and transverse mode structure, and output energy distribution. The characteristics of flat and concentric cavities are compared using the data presented. The spiking frequencies and decay times are compared with simple rate equation predictions during the quasi-CW time of operation with reasonable agreement. Results indicate that the cavity effects will be similar regardless of the type of laser material used.
Environmental Volunteering and Health Outcomes over a 20-Year Period

Purpose: This study tested the hypothesis that volunteering in environmental organizations in midlife is associated with greater physical activity and improved mental and physical health over a 20-year period. Design and Methods: The study used data from two waves (1974 and 1994) of the Alameda County Study, a longitudinal study of health and mortality that has followed a cohort of 6,928 adults since 1965. Using logistic and multiple regression models, we examined the prospective association between environmental and other volunteerism and three outcomes (physical activity, self-reported health, and depression), with 1974 volunteerism predicting 1994 outcomes, controlling for a number of relevant covariates. Results: Midlife environmental volunteering was significantly associated with physical activity, self-reported health, and depressive symptoms. Implications: This population-based study offers the first epidemiological evidence for a signifi cant positive relationship between environmental volunteering and health and well-being outcomes. Further research, including intervention studies, is needed to confirm and shed additional light on these initial findings.
Datapath cell design strategy for channelless routing

In many advanced microprocessors, including all recent Intel microprocessors, the datapath is implemented in a bit-sliced structure, in which data inputs and control signals are arranged orthogonally. As of today, physical layout of such datapaths is performed manually, and has been shown to be a major productivity bottleneck in many recent designs. In this paper, a methodology is presented for layout generation of such bit-sliced structures using library cells. Special techniques are proposed for layout planning and connectivity of library cells to meet the high density requirements of datapath design. Experiments on real examples have shown very promising results. Significant improvements have been achieved over conventional approaches. >
Impact melting of frozen oceans on the early Earth: Implications for the origin of life

Without sufficient greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the early Earth would have become a permanently frozen planet because the young Sun was less luminous than it is today. Several resolutions to this faint young Sun-frozen Earth paradox have been proposed, with an atmosphere rich in CO2 being the one generally favored. However, these models assume that there were no mechanisms for melting a once frozen ocean. Here we show that bolide impacts between about 3.6 and 4.0 billion years ago could have episodically melted an ice-covered early ocean. Thaw-freeze cycles associated with bolide impacts could have been important for the initiation of abiotic reactions that gave rise to the first living organisms.
Poor utility of serum interleukin-6 levels to predict indolent periprosthetic shoulder infections

Background Infection after shoulder arthroplasty can present a diagnostic challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in diagnosis of periprosthetic infection in patients undergoing revision shoulder arthroplasty. Methods We prospectively enrolled 69 patients who underwent revision shoulder arthroplasty at one institution. All patients underwent a standard preoperative and intraoperative workup for infection, which included shoulder aspirate culture, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level, tissue culture, and frozen section analysis. In addition, serum levels of IL-6 were measured preoperatively in all patients. Infection classification was divided into 4 groups, (1) definite, (2) probable, (3) possible, and (4) no infection, on the basis of previously reported criteria using intraoperative cultures and preoperative and intraoperative findings of infections. Results Of the 69 patients, 24 were classified as having a definite or probable infection. Propionibacterium acnes was the offending organism for the majority of these cases (20 of 24, 83%). IL-6 was not a sensitive marker of infection for these patients (sensitivity: 3 of 24, 12%; specificity: 3 of 45, 93%). The sensitivity of serum IL-6 was lower compared with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sensitivity: 10 of 24, 42%; specificity: 37 of 45, 82%) and C-reactive protein level (sensitivity: 11 of 24, 46%; specificity: 42 of 45, 93%). For the non– P. acnes cases (1 Staphylococcus aureus , 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 2 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species), the sensitivity of IL-6 was 25% (1 of 4). Conclusion Serum IL-6 is not an effective marker for diagnosis of infection in shoulder arthroplasty. On the basis of this large prospective study, we do not recommend its use as a preoperative diagnostic test in patients undergoing revision shoulder arthroplasty.
Teaching and learning in the dual enrollment classroom

This chapter explores how teaching in a dual enrollment program can foster new approaches to classroom pedagogy. Researchers from the Community College Research Center use qualitative data from California's Concurrent Courses Initiative to describe how program faculty implemented research-based pedagogical strategies in order to improve student persistence.
An Approach to Factor Assays in Patients with Strong Lupus Anticoagulants

Higb-titer lupus anticoqgulants (LACs) may present technical and diagnostic dffficulties in the evaluation of patients with specific factor deficiencies or inhibitors. These potent LACS, although i...
Treatment programs for incarcerated women and mother–child communication levels

This study surveyed 200 incarcerated mothers to determine if treatment received in prison is related to communication with children. Emphasis is also placed on the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and treatment. Analyses showed that women who received treatment were more likely to be white. Younger women and women with only one child had the most contact with their children. Further analyses suggest that women who had participated in physical and mental illness treatment programs had more contact with their children. This study suggests the need for more treatment options for incarcerated women, and the need to formulate treatment to best fit the different sociodemographic characteristics of incarcerated women. This study further indicates the need to pursue research to determine specific reasons for differences in contact with children and treatment levels among incarcerated women with different sociodemographic characteristics.
Conservation of tandem stop codons in yeasts

Background It has been long thought that the stop codon in a gene is followed by another stop codon that acts as a backup if the real one is read through by a near-cognate tRNA. The existence of such 'tandem stop codons', however, remains elusive.
A fast and low-cost fractional motion estimation for H.264/AVC HD1080p coding

We present a fast and low-cost fractional motion estimation (FME) and its corresponding VLSI architecture for H.264/AVC. The proposed direction-based FME algorithm just searches 8 points and employs four hadamard transforms to reduce computation time and hardware cost. Additionally, we propose two mode reduction methods to skip most search modes to further reduce computation complexity. Our FME can code a macroblock within 631 cycles on average and quite enough to achieve real-time coding for HD1080p video sequences operating at the frequency of 155 MHz.
Correlates of nutrition label use among college students and young adults: a review

Objective Nutrition labels are an essential source for consumers to obtain nutrition-related information on food products and serve as a population-level intervention with unparalleled reach. The present study systematically reviewed existing evidence on the correlates of nutrition label use among college students and young adults. Design Keyword and reference searches were conducted in PubMed, EBSCO, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included: study design (randomized controlled trial, cohort study, pre-post study or cross-sectional study); population (college students and young adults 18-30 years old); main outcome (nutrition label use); article type (peer-reviewed publication); and language (English). Setting College/university. Subjects College students and young adults. Results Sixteen studies based on data from college surveys in four countries (USA, UK, Canada, South Korea) were identified from keyword and reference search. Reported prevalence of nutrition label use varied substantially across studies; a weighted average calculation showed 36·5 % of college students and young adults reported using labels always or often. Females were more likely to use nutrition labels than males. Nutrition label use was found to be associated with attitudes towards healthy diet, beliefs on the importance of nutrition labels in guiding food selection, self-efficacy, and nutrition knowledge and education. Conclusions The impact of nutrition labelling on food purchase and intake could differ by population subgroups. Nutrition awareness campaigns and education programmes may be important mechanisms for promoting nutrition label use among college students and young adults. Future research is warranted to assess the role of label use on improved dietary decisions.
Class in contemporary China

The emerging middle class in China. That is the term most often heard to describe the social changes that resulted from the political, social, and economic reforms in China since 1978. The emerging...
The use of polyethylene estrogen capsules in the chronic steroid treatment of prepubertal female rats

SummaryA polyethylene capsule suitable for the administration of small amounts of E2 to young ovariectomized rats is described. A 2.5-mm PE capsule diluted 1:1 with cholesterol produced a uterine weight and incidence of vaginal opening comparable to that in the intact animal. Under in vitro conditions, this capsule released 0.78 ng E2/hr, while Silastic capsules of comparable size, containing 100% E2, produced 100 ng E2/hr.
Wind drift currents in deep sea with variable eddy viscosity

The steady wind drift current in an ocean of infinite depth is considered with emphasis on the effects due to the variation of eddy viscosity coefficient with depth. The eddy viscosity increases parabolically from the sea surface downward, reaches a maximum value at a depth near the surface and then decreases exponentially toward the bottom. The exact analytic solution for the steady drift currents is presented. Numerical evaluation of the solution for the model shows substantial differences from those of other existing theories on drift currents.
Oral History and the Japanese American Evacuation

The lines above, appropriated from the essay that launched this section eight years ago, frame and animate the present essay. For more than two decades I have directed the Japanese American Project of the Oral History Program at California State University (csu), Fullerton, which has used oral history to document the Japanese American Evacuation (JAE), the defining historical event for people of Japanese ancestry in the United States. During those decades I have observed a dramatic increase in oral historical activity by academic and community historians on the JAE. Moreover, scholars in this field have lately gone beyond using oral history to fill factual gaps and have begun to tackle extra-empirical questions of the sort Ronald J. Grele delineated.1 This essay consists of three sections. The first takes up the documentation of the JAE through interviews by social scientists during World War II. The next discusses and explains the slow emergence in the 1960s and 1970s of oral history scholarship related to the evacuation. The closing section ponders the expansion and reconfiguration of such scholarship since the early 1980s.
Bioactivity of Plasma Prolactin in Ovariectomized, Diethylstilbestrol-Treated Long-Evans and Holtzman Rats after Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone or Bromocriptine Administration

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and bromocriptine on plasma levels of biologically active prolactin in ovariectomized, diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated rats. Female Long-Evans and Holtzman rats were ovariectomized and each was given a subcutaneous implant of diethylstilbestrol (DES). One week later, groups of DES-treated rats were fitted with indwelling intra-atrial catheters, and 2 days later blood samples were withdrawn before and at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 min after intravenous administration of TRH (250, 500, or 1000 ng/rat). Blood samples were obtained from other groups at 4 weeks of DES treatment by orbital sinus puncture under ether anesthesia before and at 30, 60, and 120 min after bromocriptine administration (2.5 mg/rat sc). Plasma was assayed for prolactin by conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by Nb2 lymphoma bioassay (BA). Holtzman rats released significantly more prolactin following TRH than did Long-Evans rats when the RIA was used to measure prolactin. However, when the BA was used to assay prolactin in the same samples, the Long-Evans rats released more prolactin than did the Holtzman rats. In addition, the ratio of the BA to RIA values was significantly increased in both strains following TRH, but the greatest increase was observed in the Long-Evans rats, in which the ratio was 4.5 at the peak of the TRH-induced rise in plasma prolactin. Gel filtration chromatography of plasma obtained at 5 min after TRH treatment in Long-Evans rats revealed large molecular forms of prolactin with BA to RIA ratios of 4-5. In addition, monomeric prolactin had a BA to RIA ratio of 2. Bromocriptine treatment reduced prolactin levels in both strains, but the effect was more rapid in Holtzman than in Long-Evans rats. In addition, bromocriptine treatment of Holtzman, but not Long-Evans, rats significantly reduced the BA to RIA ratio of plasma prolactin. The results indicate that TRH and bromocriptine affect the release of biologically active prolactin to a greater extent than prolactin detected by antibody in the RIA, and that Long-Evans and Holtzman rats respond to these secretagogues differently with regard to BA to RIA comparisons.
Storage or Recycling Life Support for Mars

Storage of water and oxygen is much simpler, cheaper, and safer than recycling. Storage has much lower life cycle cost. Storage has much lower failure rates. Ultra reliable life support is needed for a Mars mission because it is not possible to provide emergency spare parts or have the crew return quickly if a failure occurs. Current recycling technology would need multiple redundant systems to achieve the required ultra reliability, so recycling would not save cost compared to storage. Storage life support must be used for Mars unless highly reliable recycling is developed and demonstrated. Recycling has been assumed necessary because of the large mass required for storage life support on a human mission to Mars. Developing reliable recycling would greatly aid Mars exploration. If storage must be used for Mars instead of recycling, the mission mass would be significantly increased.
Self-Diffusion and Constraint Release in Isotropic Entangled Rod–Coil Block Copolymers

Understanding dynamic relaxation mechanisms in self-diffusion and constraint release processes of rod–coil block copolymers is important for many technological applications that employ neat melts or concentrated solutions. Using a model system composed of poly(alkoxyphenylenevinylene) rods and polyisoprene coils, reptation theories of entangled rod–coil block copolymers are investigated in the isotropic melt state. Self-diffusion was measured by forced Rayleigh scattering using a red laser line and a new blue photoswitchable dye that allow operation above the bandgap of most semiconducting polymers. In contrast to previous tracer studies where the diffusion of rod–coils through a coil homopolymer matrix is slowed relative to coil homopolymers because of a mismatch in the curvature of the rod and coil entanglement tubes, slowed diffusion is only present in self-diffusion measurements above a critical molecular weight. An activated reptation mechanism with constraint release is proposed as a modification to...
Influence of steam-peeled potato-processing waste inclusion level in beef finishing diets: effects on digestion, feedlot performance, and meat quality.

Inclusion of potato-processing waste (PW) from the frozen potato products industry in high-grain beef cattle finishing diets was evaluated in two studies. In a randomized complete block design, 125 crossbred yearling heifers (365 +/- 0.3 kg initial BW; five pens per treatment; five heifers per pen) were used to evaluate PW level on feedlot performance and meat quality. Heifers were fed for 85 (two blocks) or 104 d (three blocks). In a digestion study, four ruminally, duodenally, and ileally cannulated Holstein steers (474.7 +/- 26.6 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate effects of PW level on ruminal fermentation, site of digestion, and microbial protein synthesis. The control diet for both studies contained 80% corn, 10% alfalfa hay, 5% concentrated separator by-product (CSB), and 5% supplement (DM basis). Potato waste replaced corn and separator by-product (DM basis) in the diet at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% in the feedlot study, and at 0, 13, 27, and 40% in the digestion study. In the feedlot study, DMI decreased (linear; P = 0.007) with increasing inclusion of PW. Increasing PW decreased ADG and feed efficiency from 0 to 30% and then increased at 40% (quadratic; P 0.30). No difference (P > 0.20) was observed for Warner-Bratzler shear force at 0, 10, 20, and 30% PW levels; however, 40% PW resulted in lower (P = 0.05) shear force values. Taste panel scores for juiciness and flavor intensity did not differ with increasing PW (P > 0.30). Steaks from cattle fed 0% were scored less tender than 10 and 40% PW (cubic; P < 0.05). In the digestion study, DMI decreased (quadratic; P < 0.01) with increasing PW. Ruminal pH and total VFA concentration increased (linear; P < 0.05) and true N disappearance from the stomach complex and apparent total-tract N disappearance decreased with increasing level of PW (linear; P < 0.01). Starch intake and ruminal disappearance decreased with increasing level of PW (quadratic; P < 0.05). Inclusion of PW decreased feedlot performance, with little effect on carcass characteristics or meat quality. Optimal inclusion of PW in finishing diets may depend on the cost of transportation and other dietary ingredients.
The Tyranny of Negative Freedom

Negative freedom was the ideological rallying call of the bourgeoisie’s historically progressive period, when it overthrew the economic and political power of the landed aristocracy and gave birth to modern liberalism. Liberal philosophers asserted the moral primacy and autonomy of the individual and advocated the market and representative democracy as forms of association that allowed freedom from externally imposed authority. Only those relations of obligation and authority entered into voluntarily by the individual could have legitimacy.
The Return of Czernowitz: Urban Affect, Nostalgia, and the Politics of Place-making in a European Borderland City

In a borderland city in Ukraine emerging from Soviet socialism on the edge of Europe, a cultivated urban affect of Hapsburg-era Europeanness fosters political orientations and attachments to place that are based on particular visions of the past. Affective emotions of an agentive nature situate individuals in a specific place and potentially create feelings of belonging, making urban space a site of politicized place-making and self-making. Affective experiences of space mediate the twin processes of producing material urban space and constructing the meanings of that space, revealing the extent to which political formations generate affect and how affect is a political form itself. Affectivity and the urban landscape interactively shape politicized subjectivities and considering them together reveals how affect can be transmitted in the course of everyday life. [Affect; Urban; Nostalgia; Cosmopolitanism; Place; Europe; Eurasia]
Phonon-Assisted Tunneling from Z 1/Z 2 in 4H-SiC

n-Type 4H-SiC bulk samples with a net doping concentration of 2.5 × 1017 cm−3 were irradiated at room temperature with 1-MeV electrons. The high doping concentration plus a reverse bias of up to −13 V ensures high electric field in the depletion region. The dependence of the emission rate on the electric field in the depletion region was measured using deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and double-correlation deep-level transient spectroscopy (DDLTS). The experimental data are adequately described by the phonon-assisted tunneling model proposed by Karpus and Pere.
Cd-Free Quantum Dot Dispersion in Polymer and their Film Molds

Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) with luminescence tunable over the entire visible spectrum were prepared by the conventional hot injection method. InP QDs are considered alternatives to Cadmium containing QDs for application in light-emitting devices because of showing similar optical properties to those containing toxic heavy metals. The multishell coating was shown to improve the photoluminescence quantum yield (QY) of InP QDs more strongly than the conventional ZnS shell coating. QY values were more than 60% along with FWHM of 41-73 nm can be routinely achieved, making the optical performance of InP/ZnS/ZnS or InP/ZnS/SiO2 QDs comparable to that of InP/ZnS QDs. These QDs and the polymer dissolved in the appropriate solvent and deposited by casting to give homogeneous films and showed a good level of dispersion of the QDs within the polymer.
Photovoltaic ground fault detection recommendations for array safety and operation

Abstract PV faults have caused rooftop fires in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere in the world. One prominent cause of past electrical fires was the ground fault detection “blind spot” in fuse-based protection systems discovered by the Solar America Board for Codes and Standards (Solar ABCs) steering committee in 2011. Unfortunately, while a number of alternatives to ground fault fuses have been identified, there has been limited adoption or historical use of these technologies in the U.S. Analytical and numerical SPICE simulations were conducted for a wide variety of ground faults and array configurations to understand the limitations of fuse-based ground fault protection in PV systems and determine proper trip settings for alternative GFPDs. Simulation results were compared with experimental measurements on arrays to validate the SPICE model as well as provide direction on proper thresholding of residual current detector (RCD), current sense monitor (CSM) and isolation monitor (Riso) devices based on historical fault current data. We argue the combination of simulation results with historical data indicates robust settings are possible for each of these technologies to minimize unwanted tripping events while maximizing PV fault detection.
The importance of the ortho effect in the solvolyses of 2,6-difluorobenzoyl chloride†

The ortho effect of the chloro substituents in 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride sufficiently hindered attack on the acyl carbon such that an ionization mechanism was observed over the full range of solvents studied. We now compare this behavior with that of 2,6-difluorobenzoyl chloride. The smaller fluoro substituents allow the dominant pathway to be addition–elimination (association–dissociation) in all solvents except those rich in fluoroalcohol, where ionization is dominant. Ranges of operation for both mechanisms had previously been observed for the parent benzoyl chloride but with a wider ionization range than for the 2,6-difluoro derivative. This indicates that, relative to the parent, the electronic destabilizing influence of the fluorines on acyl cation formation outweighs the steric retardation to attack because of the presence of the two ortho-fluorine atoms. An extended (two-term) Grunwald–Winstein equation treatment of the solvolyses of 2,6-difluorobenzoyl chloride is reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of silane/nitrous oxide as bipropellants for space propulsion

As the use of satellites increases for communication and other applications so does the need for higher-performance propellants; particularly ones which are environmentally friendly. Hypergolic propellants based upon nitrous oxide and/or silanes are important avenue for investigation. In this study the theoretical performance of a silane-based propellant incorporating ethane, ethene, and ethyne with the oxidisers LOX, NTO, liquefied air, HNO3, and N2O were determined. The vacuum specific impulse and density vacuum specific impulse of N2O-silane propellants were 2,885 kg-m/s² and 2,977 kg-m/s², respectively. It was additionally shown that the addition of ethyne to silane improves the performance for all oxidisers with the exception of air. The inherently high oxidiser/fuel ratio of nitrous oxide with fuel at stoichiometry was shown to be advantageous for a silane propellant in decreasing the volume of condensed species in the exhaust.
Full Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of 11–50 nm Ultrathin Films: Influence of Network Connectivity on the Poisson’s Ratio

Precise characterization of the mechanical properties of ultrathin films is of paramount importance for both a fundamental understanding of nanoscale materials and for continued scaling and improvement of nanotechnology. In this work, we use coherent extreme ultraviolet beams to characterize the full elastic tensor of isotropic ultrathin films down to 11 nm in thickness. We simultaneously extract the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of low-k a-SiC:H films with varying degrees of hardness and average network connectivity in a single measurement. Contrary to past assumptions, we find that the Poisson’s ratio of such films is not constant but rather can significantly increase from 0.25 to >0.4 for a network connectivity below a critical value of ∼2.5. Physically, the strong hydrogenation required to decrease the dielectric constant k results in bond breaking, lowering the network connectivity, and Young’s modulus of the material but also decreases the compressibility of the film. This new understanding of...
On Height and Happiness

Predicate abstraction provides very simple formal machinery that represents some of the ideas connecting intension and extension. It has been investigated and applied for many years now. Here we do two things with it. First, we present some natural examples, and show how predicate abstraction can be applied to them. Second, we give a formal proof procedure for predicate abstraction, based on nested sequents. Soundness and completeness proofs are sketched.
Thorium copper phosphides: More diverse metal-phosphorus and phosphorus-phosphorus interactions than U analogues

To explore the chemical analogy between thorium and heavier actinides in soft anionic environments, three new thorium phosphides (ThCuP2, β-ThCu2P2, and ThCu5P3) have been prepared through solid-state reactions using CuI as a reaction promoter. The structure of ThCuP2 can be described as a filled UTe2-type with both dimeric P24− and monomeric P3− anions, in which Th is coordinated by eight P atoms in a bicapped trigonal prismatic arrangement and Cu is tetrahedrally coordinated by four P atoms. β-ThCu2P2 contains only P3− anions and is isostructural with BaCu2S2. In this structure, Th is coordinated by seven P atoms in monocapped trigonal prismatic geometry and Cu is tetrahedrally coordinated by four P atoms. ThCu5P3 adopts the YCo5P3-type structure consisting of P3− anions. This structure contains Th atoms coordinated by six P atoms in a trigonal prismatic arrangement and Cu atoms that are either tetrahedrally coordinated by four P atoms or square pyramidally coordinated by five P atoms. Electric resistivity measurements and electronic structure calculations on β-ThCu2P2 indicate a metal. These new compounds may be charge-balanced and formulated as Th4+Cu+(P24−)1/2P3−, Th4+(Cu+)2(P3−)2, and Th4+(Cu+)5(P3−)3, respectively. The structural, bonding, and property relationships between these Th compounds and related actinide and rare-earth phases are discussed. Titled compounds display more diverse ion–ion interactions and different electronic structures from those in UCuP2 and UCu2P2 that were synthesized under similar experimental conditions, suggesting divergence of thorium-phosphide chemistry from uranium-phosphide chemistry.
“He Haunts One for Hours Afterwards”: Demonic Dissonance in Milton’s Satan and Lovecraft’s Nyarlathotep

Milton’s Satan and Lovecraft’s Nyarlathotep share two metaphysical propensities concerning the duality and subterfuge of evil. For Milton, the devil is both a regal principality who insists upon his own inherent dignity, as seen in Paradise Lost, as well as a seething chaos monster, the Beast of the Apocalypse. In this respect, Lovecraft takes his cue from Milton with Nyarlathotep, the most Miltonic of Lovecraft’s pantheon of maniacal gods from Azathoth to Cthulhu. By looking closely at Milton’s two epics, as well as Lovecraft’s three most Luciferean tales, this chapter traces the parallel course of development of both these diabolical forces and explores Milton’s and Lovecraft’s complementary understanding of the Medieval and Renaissance devil—horror conjoined with seduction.
Applications of network analysis to routinely collected health care data: a systematic review

Objective To survey network analyses of datasets collected in the course of routine operations in health care settings and identify driving questions, methods, needs, and potential for future research. Materials and methods A search strategy was designed to find studies that applied network analysis to routinely collected health care datasets and was adapted to 3 bibliographic databases. The results were grouped according to a thematic analysis of their settings, objectives, data, and methods. Each group received a methodological synthesis. Results The search found 189 distinct studies reported before August 2016. We manually partitioned the sample into 4 groups, which investigated institutional exchange, physician collaboration, clinical co-occurrence, and workplace interaction networks. Several robust and ongoing research programs were discerned within (and sometimes across) the groups. Little interaction was observed between these programs, despite conceptual and methodological similarities. Discussion We use the literature sample to inform a discussion of good practice at this methodological interface, including the concordance of motivations, study design, data, and tools and the validation and standardization of techniques. We then highlight instances of positive feedback between methodological development and knowledge domains and assess the overall cohesion of the sample.
Heat treatment control of Bi-2212 coils: I. Unravelling the complex dependence of the critical current density of Bi-2212 wires on heat treatment

Abstract A robust and reliable heat treatment is crucial for developing superconducting magnets from several superconductors especially Bi-2212. An improper heat treatment may significantly reduce the critical current density Jc of a Bi-2212 superconducting coil, even to zero, since the Jc of Bi-2212 wires is sensitive to parameters of its heat treatment (partial melt processing). To provide an essential database for heat treating Bi-2212 coils, the dependence of Jc on heat treatment is studied systematically in 11 industrial Bi-2212 wires, revealing several common traits shared between these wires and outlier behaviors. The dependence of the Jc of Bi-2212 on heat treatment is rather complex, with many processing parameters affecting Jc, including the peak processing temperature Tp, the time at the peak temperature tp, the time in the melt tmelt, the rate at which Bi-2212 melt is initially cooled CR1, the rate at which the solidification of Bi-2212 melt occurs CR2, and the temperature Tq at which the cooling rate switches from CR1 to CR2. The role of these parameters is analyzed and clarified, in the perspective of heat treating a coil. Practical advices on heat treatment design are given. The ability of a Bi-2212 coil to follow the prescribed recipe decreases with increasing coil sizes. The size of a coil that can be properly heat treated is determined.
Air Toxics in Relation to Autism Diagnosis, Phenotype, and Severity in a U.S. Family-Based Study.

Background: Previous studies have reported associations of perinatal exposure to air toxics, including some metals and volatile organic compounds, with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Objectives: O...
Considerations for the governance of gene drive organisms.

Governance is a broader and more flexible concept than statute-driven regulations as it incorporates components outside the latter’s remit. Considerations of governance are critical in the developm...
Variations in Neurospora Crassa

In the year 1896, E. B. Wilson wrote, “Inheritance is the recurrence in successive generations, of like forms of metabolism.” Yet, because of differences in metabolism, there are probably no two individuals of any species completely identical. Although individuals may have exactly the same genetic complement, if that is ever actually possible, as soon as cells divide, the environment determines what limitation of pH, substrate, temperature, competitions, etc., exist for the enzyme systems to act upon.