cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modular organization of protein interaction networks

Motivation: Accumulating evidence suggests that biological systems are composed of interacting, separable, functional modules. Identifying these modules is essential to understand the organization of biological systems. Result: In this paper, we present a framework to identify modules within biological networks. In this approach, the concept of degree is extended from the single vertex to the sub-graph, and a formal definition of module in a network is used. A new agglomerative algorithm was developed to identify modules from the network by combining the new module definition with the relative edge order generated by the Girvan-Newman (G-N) algorithm. A JAVA program, MoNet, was developed to implement the algorithm. Applying MoNet to the yeast core protein interaction network from the database of interacting proteins (DIP) identified 86 simple modules with sizes larger than three proteins. The modules obtained are significantly enriched in proteins with related biological process Gene Ontology terms. A comparison between the MoNet modules and modules defined by Radicchi et al. (2004) indicates that MoNet modules show stronger co-clustering of related genes and are more robust to ties in betweenness values. Further, the MoNet output retains the adjacent relationships between modules and allows the construction of an interaction web of modules providing insight regarding the relationships between different functional modules. Thus, MoNet provides an objective approach to understand the organization and interactions of biological processes in cellular systems. Availability: MoNet is available upon request from the authors. Contact: luofeng@cs.clemson.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Towards role-based administration in network information services

Client-server networks have grown tremendously since the mid-1980s. The information they store changes much more rapidly than it did during the time at beginning. The size and complexity of these networks required new, autonomous administration practices. Network Information Services was designed to address these requirements. As one of the network information services, NIS+ is a widely used network protocol. It allows networked machines to have a common interface regardless of the workstation that a user logs into. NIS+ keeps all information into tables to support a common interface between networked machines. In the most of case these information are controlled by centralized manner. Centralized management of NIS+ tables in large systems is a tedious and costly task. An appealing possibility is to use role and role hierarchy to facilitate decentralized administration of NIS+ tables which has not been previously recognized in the literature. This paper presents decentralized administration of NIS+ tables using the notion of role and also shows how to simulate role hierarchy in NIS+ groups.
The Lymphocyte Function–associated Antigen 1 I Domain Is a Transient Binding Module for Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-3 in Hydrodynamic Flow

The I domain of lymphocyte function–associated antigen (LFA)-1 contains an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-3 binding site, but the relationship of this site to regulated adhesion is unknown. To study the adhesive properties of the LFA-1 I domain, we stably expressed a GPI-anchored form of this I domain (I-GPI) on the surface of baby hamster kidney cells. I-GPI cells bound soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) with a low avidity and affinity. Flow cell experiments demonstrated a specific rolling interaction of I-GPI cells on bilayers containing purified full length ICAM-1 or ICAM-3. The LFA-1 activating antibody MEM-83, or its Fab fragment, decreased the rolling velocity of I-GPI cells on ICAM-1–containing membranes. In contrast, the interaction of I-GPI cells with ICAM-3 was blocked by MEM-83. Rolling of I-GPI cells was dependent on the presence of Mg2+. Mn2+ only partially substituted for Mg2+, giving rise to a small fraction of rolling cells and increased rolling velocity. This suggests that the I domain acts as a transient, Mg2+-dependent binding module that cooperates with another Mn2+-stimulated site in LFA-1 to give rise to the stable interaction of intact LFA-1 with ICAM-1.
Changes in diet and physical activity in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes over time

Background: Diet and physical activity (PA) are fundamental aspects of care in type 1 diabetes, but scant longitudinal data exist on these behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, especially compared to non-diabetic controls. Methods: Data in 211 adolescents with type 1 diabetes (baseline age = 15.3 ± 2.2 years, diabetes duration = 8.8 ± 3.1 years, A1c = 9.0 ± 1.5%, 51% male) and 67 non-diabetic (age = 14.9 ± 1.7 years, 52% male) controls were collected at baseline (V1) and again at 2-year follow-up (V2) (mean follow up=2.2±0.4 years). Diet data (meals/day, snacks/day, and weekly consumption of breakfast, fruit, vegetables and fried foods), and PA were collected using interviewer administered questionnaires. T-tests and chi-squared tests were used for comparisons. Results: Both adolescents with type 1 diabetes and non-diabetic controls reported increased vegetable (2.8 v. 3.6 and 3.1 v. 3.8 times weekly, respectively, p <0.0001) and fruit (2.9 v. 3.8, both groups, p <0.0001) intake (times per week) and increased PA (hours/day; 1.8 v. 2.2, p =0.005 and 1.5 v. 1.9, p =0.008, respectively) from V1 to V2. Adolescents with type 1 diabetes reported eating breakfast (3.3 v. 3.8 weekly, p = 0.0002) but also fried foods (1.9 v. 2.3, p =0.0005) weekly more often from V1 to V2. Adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes met PA recommendations of 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-hard PA daily at both V1 (74% v. 70%, respectively, p =0.58) and V2 (70% v. 78%, respectively, p =0.78). Conclusions: Over 2 years, adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes had a healthier diet with increased fruit and vegetable intake and increased PA. However, neither group met the guidelines of daily breakfast, fruit and vegetable intake. Some diet and PA improvements were seen in adolescents with type 1 diabetes over a 2-year period. Therefore, adolescence could be a beneficial time to target diet and lifestyle interventions to take advantage of this time period when behaviors are being modified.
Advanced numerical simulations of temperature anisotropy instabilities and collective interaction processes in high-intensity bunched ion beams

The δf particle-in-cell simulation method has been extended to allow the perturbation to be defined relative to any reference state, and a switching algorithm that can smoothly switch between the δf and total-f methods has been developed. The improved δf method has been successfully applied to simulate the collective dynamics of high-intensity bunched beams. Systematic studies of the influence of finite bunch length on the spectra of collective excitations in high-intensity ion beams, and the linear and nonlinear evolution of the temperature anisotropy instability has been carried out.
SiGe HBT Microprocessor Core Test Vehicle

A major impediment to the continuation of Moore's Law in the years to come is the performance of interconnections in ICs at high frequencies. Microprocessors are using a greater portion of their clock cycle charging and discharging interconnections. Silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) provide a fast track technology for the exploration of the effect of interconnections on high-speed computer design. Industry has pursued low-k dielectrics to decrease wire capacitance. Cu metallization has been used to reduce wire resistance which becomes important as the wire dimensions are scaled down. These are not the only issues for high-frequency interconnections. Some other high-frequency issues include coupling, transmission line propagation, skin effects, and dielectric and substrate loss. These phenomena cause signal attenuation, noise, and dispersion in addition to delay. In the limit of zero device delay, interconnection delay will remain in addition to these problems. Wire shortening has been possible using more layers of interconnections, but this approach may be reaching its limit. An unconventional approach, three-dimensional (3-D) integration, attempts to shorten wiring through increased circuit component placement flexibility. The approach considered here for 3-D integration uses wafer-to-wafer aligning and bonding, wafer thinning and deep, high-aspect-ratio Cu via formation. This provides an intimate interconnection between CPU components and an extremely wide path to memory that would be infeasible in conventional or multichip module packaging. This combination of SiGe HBT BiCMOS and 3-D chip stack technologies enables small computing engines in the 16-32-GHz range.
Exact and numerically stable closed-form expressions for potential coefficients of rectangular conductors

Existing exact closed-form expressions for the scalar mutual and self-potential coefficients for rectangular conductors may be ill-conditioned for certain geometries. We propose new, exact, closed-form expressions for potential coefficients that are much better-conditioned. The basic idea is to express all potential coefficients as weighted sums of mutual and self-potential coefficients of suitably defined virtual plates. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the improved numerical stability of the new formulas
Orosensory Perception of Dietary Fat

a variety of medical conditions, in cluding obesity, diabetes, cardio vascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and gallbladder disease (Kuller, 1997). National guidelines urge Americans to lower the fat in their diets (from the current aver age of 34% of calories from fat) in order to reduce the prevalence of these chronic conditions. Dietary recommendations of leading health organizations recommend that the percentage of calories from fat should not exceed 30%, with 20% to 25% of calories from fat as the
Forward shift of feeding buzz components of dolphins and belugas during associative learning reveals a likely connection to reward expectation, pleasure and brain dopamine activation

For many years, we heard sounds associated with reward from dolphins and belugas. We named these pulsed sounds victory squeals (VS), as they remind us of a child's squeal of delight. Here we put these sounds in context with natural and learned behavior. Like bats, echolocating cetaceans produce feeding buzzes as they approach and catch prey. Unlike bats, cetaceans continue their feeding buzzes after prey capture and the after portion is what we call the VS. Prior to training (or conditioning), the VS comes after the fish reward; with repeated trials it moves to before the reward. During training, we use a whistle or other sound to signal a correct response by the animal. This sound signal, named a secondary reinforcer (SR), leads to the primary reinforcer, fish. Trainers usually name their whistle or other SR a bridge, as it bridges the time gap between the correct response and reward delivery. During learning, the SR becomes associated with reward and the VS comes after the SR rather than after the fish. By following the SR, the VS confirms that the animal expects a reward. Results of early brain stimulation work suggest to us that SR stimulates brain dopamine release, which leads to the VS. Although there are no direct studies of dopamine release in cetaceans, we found that the timing of our VS is consistent with a response after dopamine release. We compared trained vocal responses to auditory stimuli with VS responses to SR sounds. Auditory stimuli that did not signal reward resulted in faster responses by a mean of 151 ms for dolphins and 250 ms for belugas. In laboratory animals, there is a 100 to 200 ms delay for dopamine release. VS delay in our animals is similar and consistent with vocalization after dopamine release. Our novel observation suggests that the dopamine reward system is active in cetacean brains.
A physical basis formulation for the electromagnetic backscattering by a finite-length rectangular trough in a ground plane

The electromagnetic backscattering from a finite-length rectangular trough in an infinite ground plane is examined. A physical basis formulation is used to express the unknown currents in the trough aperture in terms of a forced wave resulting from the incident plane wave, and one or more pairs of oppositely directed traveling waves propagating along the trough. A Galerkin solution is employed to solve a very small system of equations to determine the weights of the postulated aperture currents, and then radiated to compute the radar cross section (RCS). These results are then compared with a measurement of a trough in a finite ground. >
245 RISK OF TRANSMISSION OF BOVINE LEUKOSIS VIRUS (BLV) USING SEROPOSITIVE BULLS FOR IN VITRO FERTILIZATION EMBRYO PRODUCTION

Bovine leukosis virus (BLV) is a pathogen that affects the bovine immune system and leads to lymphosarcoma, leukemia, decreased milk production, and increased culling rates in cattle. BLV-infected cattle herds can be found worldwide; in the United States, specifically, 38% of beef herds, 84% of all dairy herds, and 100% of large-scale dairy operation herds are infected (Buehring et al. 2014 Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 772–782). The main transmission between cattle in herds is affected leukocytes in blood. Several farm practices, such as dehorning, rectal palpation, and vaccinating can lead to the pathogen transmission. Due to international trade laws and biosecurity concerns, semen from a BLV-positive bull is illegal to sell within certain countries. Prior studies have looked at use of seropositive bulls in AI with little risk in affecting the dam (Burger et al. 2000 AVJR 60, 819). Other studies used semen that was artificially infected with the virus then used for IVF (Bielanski et al. 2000 Vet. Rec. 146, 255–256). The aim of this research was to evaluate naturally infected BLV donor semen using abattoir-derived oocytes and the possible contamination of in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos. Semen was collected and frozen by a private company. Three seropositive bulls and 1 negative control bull were selected. All positive bulls were selected based on availability of seropositive BLV status. Prior to the experiment, all bulls used were evaluated for motility, concentration, and morphology. The negative control was used in prior IVF experiments that produced acceptable results for use in this experiment. Frozen sperm were thawed at 37°C for 40 s and pelleted by centrifugation (25 min at 300 × g) on a Percoll discontinuous gradient (45–80% in Tyrode’s modified medium without glucose and BSA). The matured oocytes were purchased from DeSoto Biosciences (Seymour, TN, USA) and were IVF according to standard procedures (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–1355). Using 200 oocytes per replicate, the 3 positive bulls and 1 control bull were allocated 50 oocytes per bull in each replicate. After 20 to 22 h of gametes co-incubation, zygotes were denuded and cultured for 7 days in SOF, followed by the evaluation of embryos (from tight morula until hatching blastocyst). Positive bull #1 produced and tested 48 embryos. Positive bull #2 produced and tested 41 embryos. Positive bull #3 produced and tested 46 embryos. The negative control produced and tested 55 embryos. Embryonic DNA extraction was performed using standard procedures (Sattar et al. 2011 Reprod. Domest. Anim. 46, 1090–1097). Nested PCR followed the Fechner evaluations methods (Fechner et al. 1996 J. Vet. Med. B 43, 621–630). To detect BLV presence, electrophoresis was used with a 2% agarose gel containing 0.1% ethidium bromide. A total of 190 embryos were evaluated that were produced in 3 replicates. All samples analysed showed no evidence of BLV. In conclusion, use of BLV seropositive donor semen showed no transmission of the virus upon IVF of the oocytes.
A clinical review of 3 cases of children with bronchial tumor

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of bronchial tumors in 3 children to improve the diagnosis of pediatric bronchial tumor. Methods Three cases of children bronchial malignant tumors diagnosed by rigid bronchoscopy were analyzed retrospectively. Results The 3 children were males, aged from 6 to 10 years old, and presented with cough, sputum, and fever symptoms for 1 day to 3 months. Chest CT scan and airway remodeling examinations indicated the children's main bronchi were blocked and then the diagnoses of bronchial foreign bodies were made. However bronchial tumors were found in the 3 children by rigid bronchoscopy and were determined as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, large cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, respectively. Conclusions Children with bronchial tumor often present with cough, wheezing and other respiratory symptoms that are not specific to bronchial tumor. When a child complaint of repeated cough and wheezing symptoms with unknown cause, not only bronchial foreign body and also bronchial tumor should be considered. Key words: Bronchial neoplasms; Bronchoscopy; Child
Effect of Outflow Tract Banding on Embryonic Cardiac Hemodynamics

We analyzed heart wall motion and blood flow dynamics in chicken embryos using in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) embryo-specific modeling. We focused on the heart outflow tract (OFT) region of day 3 embryos, and compared normal (control) conditions to conditions after performing an OFT banding intervention, which alters hemodynamics in the embryonic heart and vasculature. We found that hemodynamics and cardiac wall motion in the OFT are affected by banding in ways that might not be intuitive a priori. In addition to the expected increase in ventricular blood pressure, and increase blood flow velocity and, thus, wall shear stress (WSS) at the band site, the characteristic peristaltic-like motion of the OFT was altered, further affecting flow and WSS. Myocardial contractility, however, was affected only close to the band site due to the physical restriction on wall motion imposed by the band. WSS were heterogeneously distributed in both normal and banded OFTs. Our results show how banding affects cardiac mechanics and can lead, in the future, to a better understanding of mechanisms by which altered blood flow conditions affect cardiac development leading to congenital heart disease.
Stochastic differential equation model for cotton fiber breakage

A stochastic differential equation (SDE) model is developed for fibers undergoing breakage during textile processing steps. The SDE model generalizes a classic deterministic model for fiber breakage. Furthermore, SDE model compares well with Monte Carlo computations for different fiber breakage phenomena. Also calculations with the SDE model exhibit a bimodal distribution in fiber lengths which is commonly seen in data.
Phase I/II trial of vorinostat combined with temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation therapy (RT) for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) (N0874-ABTC0902, Alliance): Final results of the phase I trial.

2046 Background: Vorinostat (VOR) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that represents a rational targeted agent in GBM treatment. Given its single-agent activity in recurrent disease (Galanis,et al,...
Epidural Steroid Injections: Dispelling Common Myths

Perhaps there is no source of confusion, contention, obfuscation, and general misunderstandings primarily among patients but also doctors as there is in regard to epidural steroid injections. This chapter is devoted to trying to dispel some of the more common myths.
Big data analytics and big data science: a survey

Big data has attracted much attention from academia and industry. But the discussion of big data is disparate, fragmented and distributed among different outlets. This paper conducts a systematic a...
Routine Admission to Intensive Care Unit After Cytoreductive Surgery and Heated Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Not Always a Requirement.

Routine postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) observation of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is driven by historically reported morbidity and mortality data. The validity of this practice and the criteria for ICU admission have not been elucidated. A prospectively maintained database of 1146 CRS/HIPEC procedures performed from December 1991 to 2014 was retrospectively analyzed. Patients with routine postoperative ICU admission were compared with patients sent directly to the surgical floor. To test the safety of non-ICU care practice, patients with less than 48 h ICU admission were compared with patients directly admitted to the floor. Demographics, primary tumor site, comorbidities, estimated blood loss (EBL), extent of CRS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status, and overall survival were analyzed. Complete data were available for 1064 CRS/HIPEC procedures, of which 244 cases (22.93 %) did not require ICU admission. Multivariate logistic regression identified age [odds ratio (OR) 1.024; p = 0.02], EBL (OR 1.002; p 2 (OR 6.387; p = 0.003) as predictive variables of postoperative ICU admission. The cohort directly admitted to the floor demonstrated less minor grade I/II morbidity (29 vs. 47 %; p < 0.0001) and similar grade III/IV major morbidity (16.5 vs. 13.4 %; p = 0.3) than the patients admitted to the ICU for less than 48 h. ICU observation is not routinely required for all patients treated with CRS/HIPEC. Selective ICU admission based on ECOG status, nutritional status, age, EBL, and CRS extent is safe, with potential implications for hospitalization cost for these complex cases.
Backpedalling in Place: The Ali's Move from 'Affirmative' to 'Contextual' Consent

After criticism of the April 2015 draft amendments to the Model Penal Code’s sexual assault provisions, the reporters have circulated two revised drafts. The latest draft has sensibly moved away from requiring “affirmative consent” for all sex acts. As to acts of penetration (including digital penetration and oral sex), however, the draft continues an approach that is in tension with the Code’s preference for subjective liability standards and its rejection of a tort negligence standard for criminal liability. While the latest draft claims to abandon an “affirmative consent” approach in favor of a “contextual consent” approach, this new approach is only modestly different from that of previous drafts, and the differences do not address most of the problems present in the earlier draft. Moreover, changes since the April draft raise new questions about the special provision on sex with intoxicated partners.
Use of Generalizability Theory Within K–12 School-Based Assessment: A Critical Review and Analysis of the Empirical Literature

ABSTRACTGeneralizability Theory (GT) offers several advantages relevant to educational contexts, including the fact that it can be used to estimate multiple sources of variance (e.g., raters, forms) simultaneously and to derive coefficients for the purposes of both relative and absolute decision making. Although GT has been increasingly applied in recent years to assessment data in K–12 school settings, analysis and critique of its application has not yet taken place. The goals of the current article were therefore to (1) undertake a systematic review of the school-based assessment literature in order to identify relevant applications of this statistical framework and (2) assess the degree of consistency between methodological recommendations for use of GT and reporting practices within this literature. In addition to describing the current state of this literature, suggestions for strengthening future applications are provided.
Effect of in and Out of Plane Stresses During Indentation of Diamond Films on Metal Substrates

Diamond films grown on molybdenum substrates are indented with conical diamond indenters to depths more than 5 times the thickness of the film. This causes delamination and spalling of the film. The effects of variations in indenter angle and film thickness are demonstrated. Using a radius of the delaminated area to the residual contact radius, sharper indenters are shown to cause a 10 to 20% change in that ratio. For films greater than 5 {micro}m thick, there is no apparent film thickness effect. Possibilities for this observation are cracking due to bending stresses or the interfacial crack kinking out of the interface to a reduction in compressive stresses, leading to mixed mode loading. The strain energy release rate of the interface for an 800 nm diamond film on molybdenum is between 2.4 and 7 J/m{sup 2}.
Rotary Fuel Cell

As the demand for power increases so do the economical, political, environmental and cultural costs of continued use of conventional hydro carbons for power generation. The escalation of these costs fuels the need to develop new alternatives. Fuel cells facilitate electrochemical reactions that yield electrical current and water as products. Electricity is generated inside the cell by oxidizing the fuel. As reactants (i.e. hydrogen and oxygen) flow into the cell, electrical current and water flow out of the cell. Fuel cells may be operated continuously if the flow of reactants is maintained. However, one of the biggest limitations is that fuel cells tend to flood because the water cannot be expelled from the membrane at a sufficient rate to maintain a continuous reaction. A novel concept, a Rotary Fuel Cell (RFC), is proposed which may significantly improve efficiency by reducing flooding and increasing ionic conduction in hydrophilic tubular fuel cells. For this study, the torque generated by a wind turbine is used to induce a centrifugal force on the fuel cell to minimize flooding. A wind turbine, fuel cell hybrid system is designed, constructed, and tested in a wind tunnel. Results are presented which support the continued development of this novel, hybrid, alternative energy system.
Discussion on Quality Self-control Method for Petroleum Determination

A method for self-control standard sample was discussed to determine petroleum in water.The petroleum standard solution was made from hexadecane,pristine and toluene(1∶1∶1).The obtained result agreed with the certified value when the standard solution was used to determine national standard samples.Two mixed samples prepared by the petroleum standard solution,which concentrations were 20.0 mg/L and 1.00 mg/L separately,were determined for seven consecutive days with water samples to show that relative error of test values ≤7.0% and RSD ranged form 1.3% to 6.7%.
Block Copolymers as Antifouling and Fouling Resistant Coatings

Biofouling is a natural phenomenon in which biomolecules, cells, and more complex organisms attach themselves to surfaces. It is a problem affecting ship surfaces, water filtering systems, and piping systems that diminishes efficiency, possibly rendering a device inoperative and requires routine maintenance and even repair. Previously in marine applications, metal-based coatings have been used for their antifouling properties; however, these coatings are biocides and an increasing number of regulations have been passed to limit their use due to their environmental toxicity. Block copolymer coatings have been shown to have antifouling and fouling release properties and are being pursued as a nontoxic alternative. This chapter will present an in-depth exploration of different polymer architectures, fouling resistance structures, and strategies that have been employed to prevent biofouling including hyperbranched polymers, zwitterionic structures, amphiphilic polymers, and more. We will also discuss different methods used to test a coating’s ability for antifouling and fouling release.
The Responses of Semidwarf Rice Lines to Gibberellic Acid

The effect of GA_3 on plant height in 47 lines with different semidwarf gene waspresented.The plant height of the lines with sd-I gene is sensitive to GA_3,but this responses is not sig-nificant in lines possessing semidwarf gene non-allelic to sd-I gene in indica rice.It indicated this re-sponses could be regard as a new simple approach to identify sd-I gene in indica rice.In japonica rice,the lines possessing d-47,d-7,d-12,d-13,d-14,d-18~h,d-19 and d-30 genes are sensitive toGA_3 in plant height,and the lines with d-1,d-2,d-3,d-17 and sd-s(t)genes are not sensitive toGA_3.The effects of GA_3 on different components of the plant height are different among semidwarflines.The 3rd and 4th internodes from the top have most significant responses to GA_3 among the plantheight components.
Accident Analysis on a Bus Voltage Loss of 220 kV GIS

An accident analysis of bus voltage loss of 220 kV GIS is introduced in this paper. According to the disintegration and the treatment,fixed bolt has small torque at the joint of aluminum guide bar and silver copper contact for conduction pole ends of C-phase main bus,this causes a increase in contact resistance,screw bolt get hot and aluminum guide bar can be melted which drop B-phase busscrew bolt,three-phase short-circuit happens that is the main accident reason. This paper analyses the accident and provides a reference for the analysis and the dispose of similar GIS faults.
In Vitro Binding and Autoradiographic Localization of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Follicle Stimulating Hormone in Rat Testes during Development

The concept that certain target tissues contain specific recep­tors for peptide hormones has been widely recognized (1). In almost all instances the cellular attachment of peptide hormones to the cell surface has been correlated with the activation of mem­brane bound adenylate cyclase and the production of 3′, 5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate, the presumed intracellular mediator of hormone action (1). A similar sequence of events has been postulated to occur after testicular interstitial tissue was exposed to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or lutenizing hormone (LH) (2, 3), or seminiferous epithelial cells were exposed to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (4). While these results support the notion that hCG/LH and FSH exert their effects on cells in the interstitial and tubular compartments of the testis, positive identification of the specific sites of high-affinity hCG/LH and FSH binding have not been defined at the tissue level in the same testis. Within this framework, it should be recognized that radioactive LH was localized selectively to Leydig cells (5–7) and that ferritin-labeled FSH appeared in the tubule wall and cytoplasm of Sertoli cells in rat testes (8). However, the latter findings may be ques­tioned in view of the possibility that metabolites of the labeled hor­mone were localized rather than the labeled hormone per se , since the hormone used was highly impure and massive amounts (i.e., 5 to 10 mg) were injected (8). Recent advances in the autoradio-graphic localization of peptide hormones in target tissues circum­vent the problems associated with hormone metabolites (9) and prompted us to reinvestigate the localization of gonadotrophic hor­mones in the testis.
Tunable Stable Levitation Based on Casimir Interaction between Nanostructures

In the Casimir effect, virtual photons can exert a net force between uncharged nanoscale bodies. Typically this force is attractive, but under special circumstances it can be made repulsive. This enables levitation of carefully engineered systems, with potential applications in passive-suspension and frictionless devices. This study predicts that stable quantum levitation may be achieved using periodic gratings made of dissimilar materials. Furthermore, the levitation position is insensitive to temperature variations, and can be tuned by adjusting the relative lateral displacement of the gratings.
Medical Student Bridge Program Case: Mary Beth Chrispy

Abstract Introduction Many colleges and medical schools are incorporating boot camps and transition programs for students prior to their first year of medical school. In these prematriculation prog...
Coverage and Connectivity

A major advantage of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) over wired networks is the potential for ad hoc deployment of the network. If the monitoring of a dangerous environment is required, then one may not be able to deploy a wired network.
Calculation of flow and mixing properties in a two–dimensional dilution tunnel

A computational fluid dynamic analysis was performed to study flow characteristics and mixing performance in a full–flow dilution tunnel. The tunnel, 0.457 m diameter and 4.878 m (16 ft) long, consists of tracer (propane gas) and dilution air introduced as co–current flow, with turbulent mixing enhanced by an orifice. The velocity and concentration profiles of a propane gas tracer were predicted at the tunnel sampling zone for 0.18, 0.47, and 0.94 m3 s−1 volumetric flow rates. Due to limited access of the mixing zone, the characterisation of the flow field under different flow conditions were impractical. A fluid dynamic code, FLUENT, which uses the primitive variable approach, solves the full equations of motion, energy and species mass fraction, was employed to simulate the velocity and species concentration fields. The flow characteristics and the mixing phenomena of the tunnel equipped with one hole, and three hole orifices were studied. For the same tunnel geometry, the mean residence–time of gas from the entrance to the sampling zone location were predicted. The mean residence–time and mixing parameter (p) predictions were in agreement with the experimental measurements. The results indicate that the gas mean residence–time in the tunnel was larger for a lower flow rate. Also, the predicted mixing parameter was mainly dependent on the Peclet number, Pe (i.e. the ratio of convection to dispersion), and the orifice configuration. The results of this study show how a computational fluid dynamic analysis of the dilution tunnel could aid in optimising the tunnel size, and obtain its fluid flow and mixing characteristics, with less cost and effort.
Identification of MupP as a New Peptidoglycan Recycling Factor and Antibiotic Resistance Determinant in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential cross-linked polymer that surrounds most bacterial cells to prevent osmotic rupture of the cytoplasmic membrane. Its synthesis relies on penicillin-binding proteins, the targets of beta-lactam antibiotics. Many Gram-negative bacteria, including the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are resistant to beta-lactams because of a chromosomally encoded beta-lactamase called AmpC. In P. aeruginosa, expression of the ampC gene is tightly regulated and its induction is linked to cell wall stress. We reasoned that a reporter gene fusion to the ampC promoter would allow us to identify mutants defective in maintaining cell wall homeostasis and thereby uncover new factors involved in the process. A library of transposon-mutagenized P. aeruginosa was therefore screened for mutants with elevated ampC promoter activity. As an indication that the screen was working as expected, mutants with transposons disrupting the dacB gene were isolated. Defects in DacB have previously been implicated in ampC induction and clinical resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The screen also uncovered murU and PA3172 mutants that, upon further characterization, displayed nearly identical drug resistance and sensitivity profiles. We present genetic evidence that PA3172, renamed mupP, encodes the missing phosphatase predicted to function in the MurU PG recycling pathway that is widely distributed among Gram-negative bacteria.IMPORTANCE The cell wall biogenesis pathway is the target of many of our best antibiotics, including penicillin and related beta-lactam drugs. Resistance to these therapies is on the rise, particularly among Gram-negative species like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a problematic opportunistic pathogen. To better understand how these organisms resist cell wall-targeting antibiotics, we screened for P. aeruginosa mutants defective in maintaining cell wall homeostasis. The screen identified a new factor, called MupP, involved in the recycling of cell wall turnover products. Characterization of MupP and other components of the pathway revealed that cell wall recycling plays important roles in both the resistance and the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa to cell wall-targeting antibiotics.
Experimental Design: Basic Concepts

Reconnaissance measurements of animal behavior are often confounded by unmeasured or uncontrolled variables. In order to evaluate specific variables, researchers employ experimental designs, protocols designed to systematically manipulate variables to control variation and reduce confounds. In order to make statements about the population at large, repeated measurements are taken and used in inferential statistics. These replications can take many forms, including between-group, matched-pair, and within-group approaches. However, if applied incorrectly, these experimental designs may encounter numerous problems, including pseudoreplication, data pooling, and low statistical power. Researchers must be aware of these challenges when employing experimental designs in animal behavior research.
Ethanol and Cardiac Protein Synthesis

Acute exposure of the heart to ethanol does not appear to alter the rate of young guinea pig cardiac protein synthesis when assayed in vitro. In contrast, the primary metabolite of ethanol, acetaldehyde, markedly diminishes synthesis despite its chronotropic and inotropic effects. On the other hand, after 11–13 weeks of ethanol-drinking during growth and maturation, the synthetic capacity of the working right ventricle was decreased when measured in vitro with normal perfusate. Assay of synthesis of the contractile proteins myosin heavy and light chains, actin and tropomyosin suggests a change in synthesis or pool size of actin reflected in an alteration of relative synthesis of this protein compared to that of heavy chains. The relative synthesis of the other proteins remained at control levels. When hearts from ethanol-drinking and matched control animals were perfused under conditions of severe ischemia, there was a profound fall in protein synthesis in all hearts, and ethanol did not enhance the inhibition of synthesis. However, the hearts from ethanol-drinking animals showed a more marked and significant impairment of maintaining ejection pressure with a marked increase in coronary resistance as the perfusion progressed. It is postulated that some impairment of protein metabolism may occur during prolonged ethanol exposure, which may influence the cardiac response of another induced stress, e.g., ischemia.
The muscle fiber in central core disease

From correlated histochemical and electron microscope investigations, of a biopsy specimen of central core disease, several pathological characteristics are recognized in the muscle cell. The central core area consists of amassed myofilaments without distinct separation into fibrils. This region contains a pathological, filament-like opaque substance which is thought to be derived from the Z band. The interfibrillar spaces in the core region are greatly reduced or absent. Concomitantly, neither mitochondria nor an elaborate reticulum is present: this is reflected histochemically in the absence of lipoid and basophilic elements. The periphery of the muscle fiber outside the core appears normal.
T-cell death by apoptosis in vertically human immunodeficiency virus- infected children coincides with expansion of CD8+/interleukin-2 receptor-/HLA-DR+ T cells: sign of a possible role for herpes viruses as cofactors?

One mechanism proposed to play a role in T-cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is apoptosis (activation-induced cell death). We assessed whether apoptosis is related to activation of T cells in vivo and its possible triggers. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) taken from 16 vertically HIV-infected children and 9 HIV-negative children born to HIV-positive mothers (controls) and tested by agarose gel electrophoresis for the presence of DNA fragments specific for apoptosis. Signs of apoptosis were found on in vitro culture of PBMC from 12 of 16 HIV-infected children, but not in PBMC from the nine controls. Eleven of the 12 HIV-infected children with apoptosis showed an elevated (> 15%) proportion of CD3+/HLA-DR+ cells. This was due to an increased proportion of CD8+/HLA-DR+ cells, as shown in 7 of 7 further tested patients. In none of the probands an increased (> 5%) proportion of IL-2 receptor expressing CD3+ cells was found. T cells undergoing apoptosis were preferentially of the CD8+ phenotype. Expansion of circulating CD8+/interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R)-/HLA-DR+ T cells is known to occur during active infection with herpes viruses. To investigate the possible role of herpes viral coinfections for apoptosis in HIV infection, we focused on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as an example for a herpes virus usually acquired during childhood. In 10 of 12 patients with apoptosis, we found increased levels of EBV genome in PBMC and/or tissues, indicating active EBV replication. By contrast, no increased burden of EBV was found in the four HIV-infected patients without apoptosis or in the controls. Our data indicate that in children the occurrence of apoptosis in HIV infection is closely related to activation of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, primoinfection with or reactivation of herpes viruses, such as EBV, may substantially contribute to such T-cell activation and the ensuing apoptosis. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate the contribution of herpes virus-triggered apoptosis to the T-cell loss leading to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Anticipatory postural adjustments and spatial organization of motor cortex: evidence of adaptive compensations in healthy older adults.

Anticipatory postural adjustments are a critical component of postural control. Here we demonstrate that, in healthy older adults with and without a history of falls, delayed anticipatory postural ...
Advising the Management

We study the optimal size and composition of an advisory committee when shareholders differ in preferences and beliefs and strategically acquire and communicate information. If shareholders and management have similar objectives but disagree due to different beliefs, and information is cheap, the optimal advisory body includes all shareholders. Conversely, if agents have conflicting preferences or information is sufficiently costly, the optimal advisory body is a strict subset of shareholders. Thus, advisory voting (board) is optimal in the former (latter) case. Similar implications hold if the committee also has authority, but unlike purely advisory committees, committees with authority are more diverse.
GeoQuery: Integrating HPC systems and public web-based geospatial data tools

Abstract Interdisciplinary use of geospatial data requires the integration of data from a breadth of sources, and frequently involves the harmonization of different methods of sampling, measurement, and technical data types. These integrative efforts are often inhibited by fundamental geocomputational challenges, including a lack of memory efficient or parallel processing approaches to traditional methods such as zonal statistics. GeoQuery ( geoquery.org ) is a dynamic web application which utilizes a High Performance Computing cluster and novel parallel geospatial data processing methods to overcome these challenges. Through an online interface, GeoQuery users can request geospatial data - which spans categories including geophysical, environmental and social measurements - to be aggregated to user-selected units of analysis (e.g., subnational administrative boundaries). Once a request has been processed, users are provided with permanent links to access their customized data and documentation. Datasets made available through GeoQuery are reviewed, prepared, and provisioned by geospatial data specialists, with processing routines tailored for each dataset. The code used and steps taken while preparing datasets and processing user requests are publicly available, ensuring transparency and replicability of all data and processes. By mediating the complexities of working with geospatial data, GeoQuery reduces the barriers to entry and the related costs of incorporating geospatial data into research across disciplines. This paper presents the technology and methods used by GeoQuery to process and manage geospatial data and user requests.
Wood and Wood Products

Wood along with the outer portion of tree trunk (bark) [1] (Fig. 28.1) represents the bulk of forestry biomass materials and has been utilized by humans since antiquity. Trees provided a source of many products required by early humans such as food, medicine, fuel, and tools. For example, the bark of the willow tree, when chewed, was used as a painkiller in early Greece and was the precursor of the present-day aspirin. The leaf extracts and nuts from Gingo trees have been used in traditional Chinese medicines for thousands of years. Wood served as the primary fuel in the United States until about the turn of the nineteenth century, and even today over one-half of the wood now harvested in the world is used for heating fuel.
Balancing Multi-Level Politics in Local Environmental Policy Choices

Although local governments are well poised to address complex environmental policy problems, balancing local and supra-local politics is a key obstacle to overcome. The authors argue that when maki...
An Analysis of Failure Handling in Chameleon, A Framework for Supporting Cost-Effective Fault Tolerant Services

The desire for low-cost reliable computing is increasing. Most current fault tolerant computing solutions are not very flexible, i.e., they cannot adapt to reliability requirements of newly emerging applications in business, commerce, and manufacturing. It is important that users have a flexible, reliable platform to support both critical and noncritical applications. Chameleon, under development at the Center for Reliable and High-Performance Computing at the University of Illinois, is a software framework. for supporting cost-effective adaptable networked fault tolerant service. This thesis details a simulation of fault injection, detection, and recovery in Chameleon. The simulation was written in C++ using the DEPEND simulation library. The results obtained from the simulation included the amount of overhead incurred by the fault detection and recovery mechanisms supported by Chameleon. In addition, information about fault scenarios from which Chameleon cannot recover was gained. The results of the simulation showed that both critical and noncritical applications can be executed in the Chameleon environment with a fairly small amount of overhead. No single point of failure from which Chameleon could not recover was found. Chameleon was also found to be capable of recovering from several multiple failure scenarios.
The relationship of industry structure to open innovation: cooperative value creation in pharmaceutical consortia

With its focus on value creation and value capture, open innovation research explicitly or implicitly examines the competitive impacts of collaboration. However, to date such research has not considered the effects of a blockbuster industry structure upon open innovation. Here, we examine a particular form of multilateral collaboration, the open R&D consortium, in which the results from collaboration are allowed to spill over to members and nonmembers alike. We do so in the context of the pharmaceutical industry, a stable but fragmented industry defined by the ongoing search for blockbuster hits protected by strong appropriability. Using a novel data set, we identify 141 such consortia that involve two or more of the 30 largest pharma firms. We show that firms financially support such consortia, in part, because their value creation activities benefit members without disrupting the value capture or other aspects of the incumbent industry structure. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on multilateral collaboration in blockbuster industries, and open innovation more generally.