cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Emergency Detentions and Access to Firearms

Most persons with mental illness are never violent. However, during certain high-risk periods, small subgroups of individuals with serious mental illness are at increased risk of violence. We review epidemiologic evidence, federal law, and a recent case addressing whether persons subject to emergency mental health detentions constitutionally can be denied firearm ownership. Language: en
Glacial and rocky-shore dynamics of the Karlebotn monadnocks: late Neoproterozoic of northern Norway

Located near the village of Karlebotn in East Finnmark, Norway, a cluster of six gneissic monadnocks is unconformably surrounded by weakly metamorphosed sandstone strata of late Neoproterozoic age in the Smalfjord Formation. Differentiated by faults, the monadnocks were further sculpted by a glacier that flowed through a coastal valley concordant with the present-day Varangerfjorden. The largest of the monadnocks is 337 m long and 167 m wide. There remains ample evidence of glacial activity associated with this feature. Relict lodgement tillites are preserved on the west side of the monadnock, flowtillites on the steep surfaces of the north and southwest sides, and a small esker directly on top. The valley was later inundated due to glacial eustacy, and the Karlebotn monadnocks became an archipelago in a shallow estuary of a broad fjord. Interpretation of exposed versus sheltered rocky shores on opposite sides of the largest monadnock island is supported by mineralogical variations in basal strata along t...
Top-Hat Representation of Turbulence Statistics in Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers: A Large Eddy Simulation Study

Large eddy simulation is used to study top-hat parameterizations of second- and third-order scalar statistics in cumulus and stratocumulus cloud-topped boundary layers (CTBLs). Although the top-hat parameterizations based on commonly used conditional sampling methods are a useful approach to modeling the vertical fluxes in the simulated CTBLs, they fail to realistically represent the scalar variances. The reason is that the common sampling methods are based at least in part on the sign of vertical velocity, but not on the sign of the scalars whose variances are represented and that scalars and velocity are not perfectly correlated. Furthermore, the self-correlation nature for a variance means that all the fluctuations contribute to its value, while the top-hat models completely ignore the deviations from the top-hat means and thus considerably degrade the representation of the variance. For the fluxes, however, only the coherent convective elements make the most contribution. Analysis of analytic models and ‘‘toy’’ time series indicates in a more generic setting that the effect of poor correlations between the signal upon which the sampling is based and the signal whose variance is to be represented tends to degrade the ability of top-hat parameterizations to capture the variance. The analysis of toy time series also indicates that variability among individual events within a composite degrades the top-hat representation of the variance more than variability within events. For the vertical velocity‐scalarrelated third-order moments, the top-hat model gives reasonable estimates for the cumulus CTBL but not for the stratocumulus CTBL. These differences are explained by structural differences (tied to circulation differences in the two CTBLs) in their respective joint probability density functions of vertical velocity and various scalars.
Increased hunger and thirst during glucoprivation in humans

Abstract Five male volunteers received two intravenous infusions of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and one of normal saline. Hunger and thirst ratings, solid-food and water intake, and plasma epinephrine and glucose levels were greater after both of the 2DG infusions than after the saline infusion. This study suggests that the increase in water intake caused by 2DG does not depend on elevated hunger, and demonstrates that increased caloric intake after 2DG infusions is not dependent on greater thirst. Behavioral and adrenomedullary responses to both 2DG infusions were qualitatively and quantitatively the same, suggesting that there are no residual effects of 2DG that diminish the ability of the subjects to respond to glucoprivation. Measurements of possible thirst stimuli revealed no clear mechanism for the dipsogenic effect of 2DG.
Health and Social Service Needs of Transgender People in Chicago

SUMMARY A needs assessment of transgender people was conducted in Chicago in 2001 to assess their HIV risks, health and social service needs, and barriers to care. One hundred and eleven transgender individuals, 78 male-to-females (MTFs) and 33 female-to-males (FTMs), participated in the study. Fourteen percent of respondents reported being HIV-positive; they were all male-to-female and the majority was of color. Risk factors for HIV included unprotected sex and willingness to have high-risk sex in the future. Respondents experienced high levels of violence. Two-thirds of respondents had thought of attempting suicide. Respondents reported a high need for health and social services, particularly MTFs and people of color.
Phytoplankton standing crops within an Antarctic ice edge assessed by satellite remote sensing

The dynamic interactions between the pack-ice recession and the occurrence of ice blooms of phytoplankton in waters of the marginal ice zone within an Antarctic ice edge were investigated using CZCS and SMMR imageries from the Nimbus 7 satellite (September 16-December 17, 1983), together with in situ measurements of pigments and sea ice concentration carried out from November 7 to December 2. A substantial amount of spatial variability in pigment concentration was observed to occur along the ice edge in the Weddell Sea. The relationships among light, ice distribution, and vertical stability and their effects on observed spatial variations in phytoplankton biomass are discussed. The results of this investigation suggest that the retreat of ice provides an input of significant volumes of meltwater which creates vertical stability for a period necessary to permit growth and accumulation of phytoplankton.
What Would Mary Douglas Do? A Commentary on Kahan et al., “Cultural Cognition and Public Policy: The Case of Outpatient Commitment Laws”

Involuntary outpatient commitment is a highly controversial issue in mental health law. Strong supporters of outpatient commitment see it as a form of access to community-based mental health care and a less restrictive alternative to hospitalization for people with severe mental illness; vocal opponents see it as an instrument of social control and an unwarranted deprivation of individual liberty. Kahan and colleagues apply the theory of “cultural cognition” in an empirical study of how cultural worldviews influence support for outpatient commitment laws among the general public and shape perceptions of evidence for these laws’ effectiveness. This article critiques Kahan et al. and offers an alternative perspective on the controversy, emphasizing particular social facts underlying stakeholders’ positions on outpatient commitment laws.
Analysis of wheel performance (at zero slip rate) in cereclay

INTRODUCTION IN JANUARY, 1972, the International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems, Inc., and the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., published a paper entitled Load Support Capability of Flat Plates of Various Shapes in Soils, by Dr. I. R. Ehrlich and Colonel A. D. Sela [1]. In this work, Dr. Ehrlich and Colonel Sela presented a significant improvement upon the long used methods of M. G. Bekker for predicting the loadbearing capacity of flat plates sinking into soft soils. In a subsequent paper, Prediction of Rigid Wheel Performance from Plate Sinkage Tests [2], prepared for the Department of Defense under Project Themis, Dr. Ehrlich and Colonel Sela carried their work one step further and developed equations for predicting the performance of rigid wheels in soft soils under "no slip" conditions. In this paper, experimental validation was performed in sand by Captain F. G. Smith [3]. It was the objective of this research project to provide further experimental validation for Ehrlich and Sela's wheel performance prediction equations in a clay soil. A secondary objective was to provide additional support for the use of the system constant as a means of comparing wheel performance.
The Two Cultures: An introduction and assessment

Abstract This paper examines C. P. Snow's diagnoses of the gap between the sciences and the humanities as presented in his now classical essay The Two Cultures , and his analysis of the associated problems. The first part presents Snow's central thesis and his characterization of the problem. Next, I discuss the solutions that Snow offered to bridge the gap between the culture of the humanities and that of the sciences. After presenting Snow's view, I critically evaluate his characterization of the problem and point out several difficulties with it. Finally, I argue that the two cultures problem is more complex than Snow's analysis might lead us to believe. If this analysis is correct, then bridging the gap between the two cultures will require more than what Snow thought necessary.
Images in trauma: An unusual cause of airway obstruction

1. Unusual cause of upper airway obstruction1.1. PresentationA 55-year-old male with a history of alcoholism presented tothe trauma bay after being found unconscious. On arrival, he washaemodynamically stable with an oxygen saturation of 100%. Hewas able to phonate, and had clear breath sounds bilaterally. Hisexam was also notable for an occipital scalp haematoma andbilateral periorbital swelling. Rapid sequence intubation wasinitiated secondary to agitation and inability to cooperate withfurther assessment. After administration of a paralytic agent, thepatient quickly desaturated. The patient could not be intubatedsecondary to an object visibly obstructing the posterior pharynx.Bag-valve mask ventilation was also unsuccessful, thereforeemergent cricothyrotomy was performed at the bedside. Thepatient was then taken to radiology for computed tomography torule out traumatic injury.1.2. DiagnosisCoronal reconstructions of the cervical spine revealed a foreignbody in the posterior pharynx (Fig. 1). The cricothyroidotomy wasrevised to a tracheostomy in the operating room, at which time a12 cm pine cone was removed from the patient’s upper airway(Fig. 2). Creation of an emergent surgical airway is indicated in thepatient who cannot be intubated or oxygenated.
Learning in experimental games

Experimental games typically involve subjects playing the same game a number of times. In the absence of perfect rationality by all players, the subjects may use the behavior of their opponents in early rounds to learn about the extent of irrationality in the population they face. This makes the problem of finding the Bayes-Nash equilibrium of the experimental game much more complicated than finding the game-theoretic solution to the ideal game without irrationality. We propose and implement a computationally intensive algorithm for finding the equilibria of complicated games with irrationality via the minimization of an appropriate multi-variate function. We propose two hypotheses about how agents learn when playing experimental games. The first posits that they tend to learn about each opponent as they play it repeatedly, but do not learn about the population parameters through their observations of random opponents (myopic learning). The second posits that both types of learning take place (sequential learning). We introduce a computationally intensive sequential procedure to decide on the informational value of conducting additional experiments. With the help of that procedure, we decided after 12 experiments that our original model of irrationality was unsatisfactory for the purpose of discriminating between our two hypotheses. We changed our models, allowing for two different types of irrationality, reanalyzed the old data, and conducted 7 more experiments. The new model successfully discriminated between our two hypotheses about learning. After only 7 more experiments, our approximately optimal stopping rule led us to stop sampling and accept the model where both types of learning occur
A chemical synthesis of adenosine 5′-[γ-32P]triphosphate

Abstract Adenosine 5′-[γ-32P]triphosphate has been prepared from adenosine 5′-diphosphate by condensation of the phosphorimidazolidate of ADP with 32Pi. No purification of intermediates is required in this efficient synthesis, which is convenient for micro-scale conversions. This procedure permits the preparation of [γ-32P]ATP of high specific activity and should be applicable to the synthesis of many nucleoside triphosphates, including some which may not be accessible by enzymatic means.
Opposing functions of ZEB proteins in the regulation of the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway

Binding of TGFβ/BMP factors to their receptors leads to translocation of Smad proteins to the nucleus where they activate transcription of target genes. The two-handed zinc finger proteins encoded by Zfhx1a and Zfhx1b, ZEB-1/δEF1 and ZEB-2/SIP1, respectively, regulate gene expression and differentiation programs in a number of tissues. Here I demonstrate that ZEB proteins are also crucial regulators of TGFβ/BMP signaling with opposing effects on this pathway. Both ZEB proteins bind to Smads, but while ZEB-1/δEF1 synergizes with Smad proteins to activate transcription, promote osteoblastic differentiation and induce cell growth arrest, the highly related ZEB-2/SIP1 protein has the opposite effect. Finally, the ability of TGFβ to mediate transcription of TGFβ-dependent genes and induce growth arrest depends on the presence of endogenous ZEB-1/δEF1 protein.
Minimum-Weight Design of Stiffened Cylindrical Panels under Combined Loads

Theme T HE increasing demand for lightweight structures has made the structural engineer more conscious of minimum-weight design. Since stiffened cylindrical shells have been used extensively during the past thirty years in underwater, surface, and aerospace vehicles, a tremendous effort has been exerted in designing such a configuration for minimum weight. A methodology was developed and demonstrated by the first author and his collaborators" for designing a stiffened cylinder, subjected to various load conditions with minimum weight when at least one of the active modes of failure is known a priori. The nonmenclature employed herein is identical to that of Refs. 1-4. Since the structural geometry of the above-mentioned vehicles (aircraft fuselage, submarine hull, etc.) is best represented by a combination of stiffened cylindrical panels, the methodology is, herein, applied to panels and extended to accommodate the combined application of loads. The precise statement of the problem considered, in this extension, is as follows: Given a stiffened thin cylindrical panel of specified material, radius of curvature, length and width, find the realistic size, shape, and spacing of the stiffeners, and the realistic thickness of the skin, such that the resulting configuration can safely carry a given set of surface loads with minimum weight.
Proposed mechanism of cholinergic action in smooth muscle

An increased turnover of phosphatidate and phosphatidyl inositol has been found in many tissues where hormones or neurotransmitters are postulated to raise Ca2+ influx1, for example in smooth muscle2–4. However, the relationship between changes in phospholipid metabolism and changes in Ca2+ permeability was unknown. Following recent reports on the interactions of Ca2+ with phosphatidic acid in membranes and artificial systems, we investigated the hypothesis that phosphatidate accumulation mediates the action of cholinergic and other stimuli on Ca2+ influx. We report here that synthesis and accumulation of phosphatidate was accelerated in smooth muscle cells stimulated by carbamylcholine with a similar time course to that of contraction. This alteration in phosphatidate metabolism does not seem to result from an increase in intracellular Ca2+ or depolarisation of the cell membrane. Furthermore, submicromolar concentrations of phosphatidate rapidly produce contractions of isolated smooth muscle cells. These results support the contention that cholinergic-induced changes in membrane Ca2+ permeability in smooth muscle could be mediated by phosphatidate accumulation.
Extension of the elasticity-conductivity cross-property connections to impedance of plane microcracked structural elements

Abstract The paper focuses on empirical extension of the cross-property connection between changes in elasto-static compliance and electrical resistance associated with plane microcracking in structural elements to changes in electrical impedance. Theoretical underlying principles of impedance are discussed and experimental measurements are taken to compare AC impedance, DC resistance and changes in resistivity predicted by the cross-property connection before and after subjecting test specimens to an edge cut. If the reactive components of impedance are sufficiently isolated, experimental results show a strong correlation between changes in real-part resistive impedance, directly extending the cross-property connection to impedance.
TIME AND RECURSIVENESS IN LIVESTOCK FEEDING TRIALS

In livestock feeding experiments the problem of recursiveness arises because the quantity of feed consumed by an animal is a function of its past history of feeding. The problem is most acute where experiments are designed to analyse sub ad lib feeding. The analysis of such experiments encounters two important problems. The first is that the actual quantity of feed consumed is an endogenous variable and is not directly under the control of the experimenter or the livestock producer. The second problem is the mathematical complexity of the relationships involved. A solution is suggested as a quasi reduced-form model.
Utilization of Legal and Financial Services of Partners in Dementia Care Study

Financial and legal services are unique needs of persons with dementia and their caregivers. This study examines their need for legal and financial assistance and the kinds of legal and financial services provided within Partners in Dementia Care, a telephone-based, care coordination and support service intervention delivered through a partnership between Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers and local Alzheimer's Association chapters. Based on comprehensive assessment, and needs prioritization, care coordinators collaboratively planned action steps (specific behavioral tasks) with each caregiver/person with dementia to address the dyad's identified unmet needs. Results show that 51 (54.8%) of 93 dyads reported a need for legal and financial services. Action steps related to legal and financial need included education or assistance with legal services (27.27%), nonhealth-related financial benefits (32.32%), health-related financial benefits (21.21%), financial management/planning (9.09%), and financial support (10.1%). Comparable numbers of action steps were directed to VA (41.4%) and non-VA (58.6%) services.
The fluorescent quantum efficiency of two compounds having two identical reactive groups

Abstract Two indicators of the fluorescein type have been prepared and their spectral properties studied. Both indicators contain two of the same xanthyl groups that occur in fluorescein, and two carboxyl groups. Their fluorescent efficiencies have been determined by a comparison with fluorescein and an attempt has been made to explain differences between them.
Financial Aid and Attainment Among Students in a State with Changing Demographics

Using event history analysis, this study investigated to what extent differentiated forms of aid affected the educational attainment of various student populations with particular interest on the Latinos/as within this emerging settlement state: Indiana. Findings suggest that the effects of aid are moderated by race and ethnicity. State grants, primarily need-based, played a significant if not modest role in encouraging persistence among Latino students, more so than peers from other racial/ethnic groups. No significant direct relationship was found between federal grants and loans for Latino students with respect to graduation.
Factors influencing involvement of a forester in managing non-industrial forests

Although improved forest management can increase both timber and non-timber benefits, many landowners do not seek forestry assistance. An empirical model is used to analyse relationships between selected forest and owner characteristics and the propensity to seek professional forestry advice. Strong positive correlations were found between an owner's education level, parcel size and in-state residence, and the propensity to seek professional forestry assistance.
Failure to adopt beneficial therapies caused by bias in medical evidence evaluation.

Background. Although it is known that many evidencebased therapies are underutilized, the causes of the research-practice gap are not well understood. The authors sought to determine if there is a ...
Laryngotracheal disruption from blunt pediatric neck injuries: Impact of early recognition and intervention on outcome

Blunt and penetrating neck injuries are an infrequent cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Although less common than penetrating injuries, blunt pediatric neck injuries are more often life-threatening because of associated laryngotracheal disruption. The authors reviewed their experience with pediatric neck injuries over the past 5 years. There were nine blunt and 14 penetrating injuries, representing 0.5% of the trauma admissions. There was no significant difference in age or gender distribution between the two groups. Blunt pediatric neck injuries were more often associated with frank respiratory distress at the time of presentation. Massive subcutaneous emphysema and hoarseness were the most common symptoms encountered. All patients with blunt injury underwent direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (DL & B) and esophagoscopy. DL & B results were positive for eight patients; seven patients underwent neck exploration and successful repair of the laryngotracheal injuries. There were two deaths; one of these patients had laryngeal transection, which was not recognized at the time of DL & B. The other death resulted from associated tracheobronchial disruption secondary to massive blunt chest trauma. The patients with penetrating neck injuries were more likely to be treated nonoperatively, to have a shorter stay in the hospital and intensive care unit, and to have a lower injury severity score. There were no deaths in this group. The authors conclude that all patients with blunt neck trauma should undergo emergent and meticulous DL & B. Visualization of laryngotracheal disruption mandates immediate neck exploration and primary repair.
Concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell activity in Hodgkin's disease.

Abstract Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 previously untreated adult patients with Hodgkin's disease were evaluated for the ability to induce suppressor cell activity following in vitro exposure to concanavalin A (Con A). Suppression of proliferative responses by autologous as well as normal allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was assessed using suppressor/responder cell ratios of 2:1 and 1:1. The generation of Con A-induced suppressor cell activity (T-T suppression) was deficient in 35% of the patients ( 7 20 ) by the criteria employed. Peripheral blood leukocytes from 18% of patients ( 2 11 ) with localized disease (stages I and II), and 56% of patients ( 5 9 ) with widespread disease (stages III and IV) exhibited subnormal suppressor activity. There was no correlation between absolute lymphocyte count, absolute T-cell number, or proliferative response to PHA, and Con A-induced suppressor cell activity. This impaired ability to generate Con A-induced suppressor cells in Hodgkin's disease may reflect a functional T-cell deficit, or the suppressive influence of abnormal circulating monocytes.
Clinical Approach to Tumors of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues

Skin tumors are encountered by veterinary practitioners daily; however, it is rare that an accurate diagnosis can be made on the basis of clinical signs alone. In most instances, a fine-needle aspirate or a biopsy is required to make a definitive diagnosis. Prognosis and treatment should be discussed only after this information has been obtained.
Measurement of acid site density on molybdenum sulfide

The method involves the room-temperature chemisorption of a base, such as ammonia, on the surface of molybdenum sulfide in the absence of any support material. For these measurements the catalyst sample was exposed at 300 K to pulses of ammonia (1 to 10 vol % in He) in a microreactor system connected to a thermal conductivity cell. The acidity measurements were conducted with a sample of molybdenum sulfide (catalyst A). The results of the surface-area measurements (BET/N/sub 2/) and the ammonia saturation coverage, identified as acid site equivalent, are listed. Similar results were obtained with a commercial catalyst of molybdenum sulfide (catalyst B, Harshaw M0-0401-T).
Sargramostim (GM-CSF) and lenalidomide in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): results from a phase I-II clinical trial.

Abstract Background Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) and promotes uptake of tumor antigens by DCs leading to T-cell cross-priming. Lenalidomide (Revlimid) is an immunomodulatory analog of thalidomide with significant T-cell stimulatory and antiangiogenic properties. GM-CSF in combination with thalidomide induces prostate-specific antigen (PSA) responses in 20% to 25% of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In an effort to further evaluate the clinical and immune activity of GM-CSF and lenalidomide, we conducted a phase I-II trial in patients with CRPC. Methods Asymptomatic patients with CRPC were enrolled. Prior immunotherapy or chemotherapy was not allowed. All the patients received 250 μg of GM-CSF administered subcutaneously 3 times weekly along with 25 mg/d of lenalidomide administered orally on days 1 to 21 of a 28-day cycle. The primary end points were objective, PSA response, and safety. Exploratory end points included activation of circulating DCs, regulatory T cells, and Th1 cytokine production. Results Thirty-two patients were enrolled in the study. No dose-limiting toxicities occurred in the phase I portion of the study. Although 81% of the patients achieved a decline in the levels of PSA while on therapy, only 4 achieved a PSA level decline of≥50%. The overall response rate among 11 patients with response evaluation criteria in solid tumors-defined measurable disease was 18%. Overall toxicity was G1 and G2 in nature and included fatigue observed in 69% of the patients, nausea/vomiting in 34%, and diarrhea in 28% of the patients. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities occurred in 22% of the patients and were primarily thrombocytopenia (9%) or neutropenia (19%) or both. Conclusions Administration of GM-CSF and lenalidomide in patients with CRPC is safe with modest evidence of antitumor activity and no immune changes observed.
Silver Content of Precipitation from Seeded and Nonseeded Florida Cumuli

Abstract A subprogram of NOAA's 1973 Florida Area Cumulus Experiment (FACE) was undertaken to determine the silver content of precipitation associated with convective clouds massively seeded with silver iodide nucleant over southern Florida. An atomic absorption analysis of 127 rainwater samples collected just below cloud base by a polypropylene-lined scoop mounted on the fuselage of the NOAA DC-6 aircraft indicated that the mean concentration of silver obtained on seed days (69 samples) was no greater (and, in fact, appreciably less) than that obtained on no-seed days (58 samples). In both sets of samples, the median concentration of silver was more than two orders of magnitude lower than the U. S. Public Health safety limit of 5 × 10−8 g ml−1. Of the 69 aircraft samples collected on seed days, only two contained a concentration of silver in excess of 1 × 10−9 g ml−1. Of the 58 aircraft samples collected on no-seed days, eight contained silver in concentrations exceeding 1 × 10−9 g ml−1. The samples coll...
Pushing the limits of artificial vision

The field of neural prostheses has made significant strides toward restoring damaged or lost nervous system function for millions of people. These advances have led to the development of selective electrical interfaces that communicate directly with nerve cells to modulate neural processes rationally. The first neural prosthesis developed was the cardiac pacemaker, which has become pervasive in society. The pacemaker also provides the promise that such an approach can address higher order neural dysfunctions. Technologies borrowed from the semiconductor industry have allowed researchers to micro fabricate devices with active elements on the length scale of nerve cells. This size capability has led to the development of the cochlear implant, which has restored hearing in thousands of deaf patients. Restoring more complex sensory functions, such is vision, provides greater engineering challenges, but achieving them is within our grasp. Current approaches to achieving artificial vision are discussed, along with strategies being used to push the capability limits of these prostheses even further.
Travelers' Diarrhea among American Peace Corps Volunteers in Rural Thailand

Diarrheal disease was studied prospectively in 35 Peace Corps volunteers during their first five weeks in rural Thailand. Twenty (57%) developed the syndrome of travelers' diarrhea. Recognized bacterial enteric pathogens were isolated from stools during 47% of 39 episodes of travelers' diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was isolated during 26% and Shigella during 13% of the episodes. Of the 20 volunteers, 50% had bacteriologic and/or serologic evidence of infection with enterotoxigenic E. coli. Sixty-one percent of isolates of enterotoxigenic E. coli and 92% of isolates of Shigella were resistant to doxycycline. Other enteric pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella, rotavirus, Norwalk agent, and Entamoeba histolytica, were associated with episodes of travelers' diarrhea. Aeromonas hydrophila, isolated from 31% of 39 episodes of travelers' diarrhea, was of unknown pathogenic importance. Thus, episodes of travelers' diarrhea in Thailand were associated with a variety of organisms, among which antibiotic-resistant bacterial enteropathogens were common.
Misuse of the term ``bentonite'' for ash beds of Devonian age in the Appalachian basin

Ash beds of Devonian age in the Appalachian basin have been incorrectly called bentonites. The emphasis placed on the volcanic origin of the beds rather than on their mineralogical and physical characteristics apparently led to the erroneous application of the term “bentonite.” Recent study indicates that the lack of smectite in the Tioga, Belpre, and Center Hill Bentonite Beds, compared with the type bentonite, warrants the deletion of the term “bentonite,” and the substitution of the term “ash.” It is recommended that the ash beds of Devonian age be referred to as the Tioga Ash Bed, the Belpre Ash Bed, and the Center Hill Ash Bed.
Effects of accumbens DALA microinjections on brain stimulation reward and behavioral activation in intact and 6-OHDA treated rats.

The effects of bilateral nucleus accumbens microinjections ofd-ala-met-enkephalinamide (DALA) were assessed in behavioral activation and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (LHSS) rate-frequency curve-shift paradigms in normal and accumbens 6-OHDA (4.0 µg) treated rats. Microinjections of DALA (2.5 µg/µl) in the behavioral activation paradigm had little effect on normal activity; however, DALA administered to 6-OHDA treated rats produced a significant overall increase in locomotion. The 6-OHDA DALA-induced locomotion effect peaked at 2 weeks after 6-OHDA treatment and then returned to baseline levels by week 5 posttreatment. Using LHSS, DALA tested over a range of doses (2.5, 5, 10, 20 µg/µl) displayed a weak biphasic reward effect only at the highest dose, which was characterized by an initial suppression followed by an elevation. DALA significantly depressed initial operant motor/performance in LHSS in a dose dependent fashion. Micro-injections of the normally ineffective low dose of DALA (2.5 µg/µl) following accumbens 6-OHDA treatment produced a significant LHSS reward decrease 2 weeks posttreatment, while LHSS motor/performance was relatively unaffected. Results are discussed in terms of opiate-dopamine and limbic-motor interactions.
Effects of IAA and 2,4-D on polyphenol oxidase in tobacco tissue cultures

Abstract When tobacco tissue cultures are grown on agar medium containing either IAA (2 mg/l.) or 2,4-D (2 mg/l.) there is eight to ten times the polyphenol oxidase activity in the IAA-grown tissue as in the 2,4-D-grown tissue when chlorogenic acid is the substrate. This difference in enzyme activity is directly correlated with a pigmentation difference in the cultures on the two auxins: dark brown on IAA and pure white on 2,4-D. The presence of IAA in the growth medium can induce polyphenol oxidase activity in tissue which has been previously growing on 2,4-D and is very low in polyphenol oxidase activity. Chromatograms of ethanolic extracts of both tissues reveal a strongly fluorescent spot in the IAA-grown tissue which is entirely absent from the 2,4-D-grown tissue. Possible modes of action for IAA are discussed.
University and college of pharmacy collaboration to control health plan prescription drug costs.

Abstract Objective To describe the Raising Energy and Awareness in Campus Health (REACH) program, an innovative pharmacy practice model implemented within a self-insured employer. Setting University of Kentucky, Lexington. Practice Description A self-funded university-based health plan. Practice Innovation/Interventions As part of a university-wide effort to control rising health care costs for 24,000 employees and dependents, four novel pharmacist services encompassed in the REACH program were provided: Co-Pay Counseling; Good Medicines; OutREACH; and Disease Management and Health Promotion. Main Outcome Measures University health plan expenditures and health plan member out-of-pocket expenses for prescription medications. Results The REACH services were provided by 3.5 full-time equivalent pharmacists. Pharmacists evaluated health plan members’ medications and conditions in an effort to identify more cost-effective treatment regimens in the Co-Pay Counseling program; provided confidential medication regimen review in the Good Medicines effort; provided informational programs at worksites within the university in the Out REACH service; and worked with plan members and their health providers to prevent and/or minimize the impact of diseases such as diabetes and dyslipidemias. The overall university program and medication coinsurance strategy saved an estimated $1.6 milli on in 2003-04. Conclusion : This unique package of employee benefits and services enabled the University of Kentucky to slow the growth of health care expenditures. Pharmacists were an important element in this effort.
Dynamic Pathways for Fluxional Molecules Defined Using Exchange-NOE Peaks

In examining NMR methods to assess orientation and fluxional motions of planar N-donor heterocyclic coordinated ligands (L's) in solution, we introduce the use of exchange-NOE NMR data as a powerfu...
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON GENTAMICIN ACCUMULATION BY ESCHERICHIA COLI: CORRELATION WITH BACTERIAL GROWTH AND VIABILITY

The kinetics of gentamicin accumulation by a sensitive strain of Escherichia coli were investigated at gentamicin concentrations from 0.02 to 200μg/ml. Accumulation with time shows two energy-dependent phases and is saturable. Sodium chloride delays the onset of the second more rapid energy-dependent phase and decreases the magnitude of gentamicin accumulation for incubations up to 60 minutes at all gentamicin concentrations tested. Simultaneous determinations of accumulation, cell viability, and growth inhibition indicate that antimicrobial activity is correlated with the magnitude of gentamicin accumulation. These observations suggest that altered bacterial accumulation of gentamicin explains the effect of sodium chloride on the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin.
BE: a search engine for NLP research

Many modern natural language-processing applications utilize search engines to locate large numbers of Web documents or to compute statistics over the Web corpus. Yet Web search engines are designed and optimized for simple human queries---they are not well suited to support such applications. As a result, these applications are forced to issue millions of successive queries resulting in unnecessary search engine load and in slow applications with limited scalability.
A series of related active regions during January 14 June 1, 1969

The history of a series of active regions is traced for the first half of 1969. At least four active regions successively occupied positions near Carrington longitude 270. In some cases the emergence of new regions in the midst of old regions was observed. All the larger flares observed in the studied region were associated with inverted polarity. In some cases the fields emerged inverted; in other cases the inverted polarity appeared to result from the interaction of emerging flux with fields already present at the surface.
Liraglutide effective in the severely insulin-resistant patient with type 2 diabetes requiring U-500 insulin: a case report.

Abstract Background/Objective: We describe the effectiveness of liraglutide therapy in a severely insulin-resistant patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) requiring U-500 insulin. Subject and Methods: A 65-year-old morbidly obese man (body mass index, 67.3 kg/m2; weight, 156.2 kg) presented with a 20-year history of DM-2; the glycemic control deteriorated to U-500 insulin requirement. He was inadequately controlled (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], 9.1%) on metformin plus U-500 insulin titrated to 575 units daily. Liraglutide was added and titrated to 1.8 mg once daily over 3 weeks. Results: Insulin requirements decreased markedly (>50%) to 250 units daily after 5 months of added liraglutide, with a concurrent improvement in HbA1c from 9.1% to 6.9% and weight loss of 22.6 kg. Conclusions: The addition of once-daily liraglutide to the regimen of patients with uncontrolled DM-2 requiring U-500 insulin should be considered as it may help to reduce insulin requirements, improve glycemic control, and assist with ...
Simultaneous diffusion and sedimentation of aerosols in a horizontal cylinder

Abstract The problem of particle loss to the wall of an infinitely long horizontal cylinder filled with an aerosol of uniform concentration initially is studied. The particle movements due to the mechanisms of Brownian diffusion and gravitational settling are considered simultaneously. A series solution for the particle distribution is obtained, from which the deposition loss to the wall is calculated. However, for small time, this series solution does not converge rapidly enough for practical computation, thus, an asymptotic expression is developed for this case. The relative importance of diffusion and sedimentation on the deposition efficiency depends upon the parameter σ = v g a /2 D , where v g is the settling velocity, D the Brownian diffusion coefficient and a the radius of the cylinder. For σ
Investigation of a fiber specklegram sensor for structural fatigue monitoring

An in-house laboratory independent research program was initiated at the U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) to develop a Fiber Specklegram Sensor (FSS) for structural monitoring of fiber optic bobbins during long-term storage. The purpose of this effort is to develop a nondestructive measurement technique to monitor the structural fatigue of the Fiber Optic Guided Missile (FOG-M) fiber optic payout bobbin. Issues associated with the fiber optic bobbin or dispenser are inter-layer stress buildup due to multi-layer winding, structural fatigue of fiber packs during long-term storage, and mechanical defects in the bobbin due to temperature fluctuations. A bulk optics FSS has been assembled, and test results quantify the FSS as a highly sensitive strain sensor. Several fibers were characterized by using compression and temperature tests to select a fiber that would provide the most sensitivity. The Corning graded index multimode 100/140 micron fiber was selected as the sensing fiber for the FSS. The sensing fiber was successfully embedded in a miniature composite bobbin.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A convenient synthesis of NG‐mono[14C‐methyl]‐L‐arginine

NG-Mono[14C-methyl]-L-arginine was prepared in a two-step synthesis. N,S-dimethylthiopseudouronium iodide [methyl-14C] was prepared in excellent yield and afforded the labelled amino acid on coupling with L-ornithine.
Ab-Initio Pseudopotential Calculations of Phosphorus Diffusion in Silicon

In traditional models of P diffusion in Si, vacancy assisted diffusion mechanism has been assumed. More recently, experiments have determined that for intrinsic P diffusion in Si, the interstitial assisted diffusion mechanism dominates. We have performed ab-initio pseudopotential calculations to study P diffusion in Si. Special care is taken with regard to structure minimization, charge state effects and corrections. We calculated the defect formation energies and migration barriers for the various competing P-interstitial complex diffusion mechanisms for low concentration P region, as well as the energetics of different charge states P-vacancy complex diffusion. For interstitial mediated diffusion of P-Sii pair in Si, we find the overall diffusion activation energies calculated are 3.1 eV for neutral case, and 3.4 eV for +1 charge case. This is in agreement with experimental observation that the interstitial mechanism dominates for intrinsic P diffusion in Si. For vacancy mediated diffusion, our calculations are in agreement with previous calculations result in the neutral case. We obtained the lower bounds for diffusion activation energy of 3.8 eV for (PV)0 and 3.4 eV for (PV). A further evaluation of the numbers would require a proper treatment of the energy states in the band-gap due to Jahn-Teller relaxations.
Subtypes of learning and memory on the California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition (CVLT–II) in the standardization sample

The purpose of this study was to determine representative, core profile subtypes of learning and memory, based on four variables representing different latent constructs, in the standardization sample of the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 2000). Two-stage cluster analysis identified six reliable subtypes. Variability in both level and pattern of performance contributed to the differentiation of these subtypes. Level of education was meaningfully related to variability in overall performance of the subtypes. Implications for the interpretation of CVLT-II findings obtained in clinical practice are discussed.
Growth and development of tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) exposed to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine and sertraline, throughout metamorphosis.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed drugs that are present in sewage effluents and surface waters. The objective of the present study was to determine whether low environmentally relevant concentrations of the SSRIs fluoxetine and sertraline could impair growth and development in tadpoles of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and to evaluate if such effects may be caused by a disruption of the neuroendocrine system. Tadpoles were exposed to SSRIs at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 μL for 70 d throughout metamorphosis. No effects on deformities were observed. Tadpoles exposed to fluoxetine (10 μL) and sertraline (0.1, 1, and 10 μL) exhibited reduced growth at metamorphosis. Tadpoles exposed to sertraline (0.1 and 1 μL) exhibited an acceleration of development as indicated by an increase in the time to tail resorption. The effects of SSRIs on growth and development in tadpoles were likely driven by reduced food intake. Reduced feeding rates were observed in SSRI-exposed tadpoles, and nutritional status can influence growth and development in amphibians via effects on the neuroendocrine system. Only sertraline was capable of causing developmental toxicity in tadpoles at environmentally relevant concentrations. These data warrant additional research to characterize the risks to human health and wildlife from pharmaceutical exposures.
Regulation of the cholesterol ester cycle of cultured Leydig tumor cells.

The MA-10 Leydig tumor cells take up low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the medium and store the LDL-derived cholesterol as cholesterol esters that can be subsequently mobilized and used for steroid hormone synthesis. The present studies investigate the mechanisms by which cAMP acutely regulates the cellular content of cholesterol esters. In the absence of cholesterol utilization for steroidogenesis, cAMP stimulates cholesterol ester hydrolysis and ester resynthesis proportionally. The augmentation of ester hydrolysis by cAMP is completely matched by increased activity of the acyl-coenzyme-A: cholesterol acyltransferase and thus does not regulate cellular cholesterol ester concentration per se. The more important action of cAMP is to interrupt the cycle of hydrolysis and ester resynthesis by decreasing cholesterol re-esterificaton. In cells activity synthesizing steroid hormones, cholesterol reesterification is decreased by 82%. The decrease in cholesterol re-esterification occurs because cAMP directs cholesterol normally destined for re-esterification into steroid synthesis; simply blocking the utilization of cholesterol for steroidogenesis completely prevents net cholesterol ester hydrolysis and increases the cellular rate of cholesterol esterification.
Oviposition Response of Ceuthorhynchidius horridus, an Introduced Thistle-Weevil, to Different Photophases

Oviposition of Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Panzer) could be induced in imported weevils exposed to gradually declining photophases from 16 h to 8 h, or an initial 8-h photophase for 6 weeks followed by a declining photophase from 12 h to 8 h. Weevils also oviposited under constant photophases of 8 h or 9 h duration. Oviposition was not observed for weevils exposed to continuous light or darkness while constant 16 and 14-h photophases either resulted in limited or no oviposition.
Can there be an escalating arms race without coevolution? Implications from a host-parasitoid simulation

Under a restricted set of conditions, predator-prey or parasite-host systems may exhibit an escalating arms race over several generations that is not coevolutionary. Preconditions for such a process include high correlation between prey/host quality and defensive capability, and phenotypic plasticity in predator/parasite-counter defenses that responds to quality. We present simulation models based on the parasitoid waspEurytoma gigantea, which lays its egg in the goldenrod gall induced by the flyEurosta solidaginis. For the parasitoid to successfully lay an egg, the gall walls must be thinner than the parasitoid's ovipositor is long. Wall thickness is highly correlated with gall size, so probability of successful attack declines with gall size. However, since the parasitoid eats the gall tissue, individuals developing in small galls have little food and mature with shorter ovipositors than those which develop in large galls. The simulation showed that the population mean parasitoid size is set by mean gall size. Since small galls are more frequently parasitized, there is a selection pressure on the gallmaker to induce larger galls. But, an additional simulation showed that since parasitoid ovipositor length depends on gall size, an evolutionary increase in gall size will also result in a non-evolutionary increase in parasitoid body size and ovipositor length over several generations.