cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive-affective strategies and cortisol stress reactivity in children and adolescents: Normative development and effects of early life stress.

This study examined cognitive-affective strategies as predictors of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to a social-evaluative stressor in adolescence as compared to late childhood as a function of early life experiences. Participants included 159 children (9-10 years) and adolescents (15-16 years) divided into two groups based on early care experiences: non-adopted youth raised in their birth families (n = 81) and post-institutionalized youth internationally adopted from orphanage care (n = 78). Youth completed a version of the Trier Social Stress Test modified for use with children and reported on their trait emotion regulation and coping strategies. Children reported more use of suppression and disengagement than adolescents, while adolescents reported more engagement coping strategies. Non-adopted and post-institutionalized youth did not differ in reported strategies. Cognitive reappraisal predicted higher cortisol reactivity in non-adopted children and adolescents, and was not associated with reactivity in the post-institutionalized group. This study has implications for efforts aimed at promoting self-regulation and adaptive stress responses during the transition to adolescence for both typically developing children and children who experienced adverse early care.
Are there any differences between the tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall movement patterns during normal and Masako swallow?—An ultrasound analysis

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder affecting volitional movement due to Dopamine-producing neuron death in the substantia nigra. Impaired swallow function is highly prevalent with nearly 100% involvement in PD during the disease course and involves all three phases of swallowing. The oral stage of swallowing is impaired first. Reduced bolus control and reduced interior-to-posterior movement of the bolus transfer lead to delayed swallowing response, premature spillage, decreased base of tongue (BOT) retraction and strength, decreased hyolarygneal elevation and excursion, and reduced action of pharyngeal constrictors. Together, these result in bolus retention, residue throughout the pharynx, and reduced airway protection leading to significant aspiration. To target these deficits we have designed an exercise regime to teach early to mid-stage PD patients to do the Masako swallow maneuver of saliva (swallow with tongue-tip held between teeth), with high intensity and frequency (i.e., 120 repetitions per day) in one month. The preliminary results are very promising. All participant demonstrated positive changes. To understand the underlying mechanism, we used Ultrasound and recorded 20 normal subjects while they did three normal swallows and 3 Masako swallow maneuver. The initial observations indicated the tongue and pharyngeal movement patterns differ between the two maneuvers.Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder affecting volitional movement due to Dopamine-producing neuron death in the substantia nigra. Impaired swallow function is highly prevalent with nearly 100% involvement in PD during the disease course and involves all three phases of swallowing. The oral stage of swallowing is impaired first. Reduced bolus control and reduced interior-to-posterior movement of the bolus transfer lead to delayed swallowing response, premature spillage, decreased base of tongue (BOT) retraction and strength, decreased hyolarygneal elevation and excursion, and reduced action of pharyngeal constrictors. Together, these result in bolus retention, residue throughout the pharynx, and reduced airway protection leading to significant aspiration. To target these deficits we have designed an exercise regime to teach early to mid-stage PD patients to do the Masako swallow maneuver of saliva (swallow with tongue-tip held between teeth), with high intensity and frequency ...
Corticosteroid-Induced Psychosis After a Single Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection.

Introduction Neuropsychiatric symptoms are a well-described side effect of systemic corticosteroid therapy and can range from mild to severe. Case presentation We describe a case of substance-induced psychosis following epidural injection of 10 mg dexamethasone. Three days after the procedure, the patient developed symptoms including anger, hostility, insomnia, paranoia, and delusions. Symptoms resolved between 7 and 17 days. Discussion In the past 50 years, there have been several case reports of severe neuropsychiatric effects following intraarticular or other interventional pain injections with various corticosteroids. More recent reviews have identified possible risk factors, including corticosteroid dose, patient age, sex, and history of neuropsychiatric disorder, among others, although these conclusions are not duplicated across all studies. Conclusion Recommendations for practice include patient and family education on possible adverse effects of corticosteroid administration, utilization of minimum effective doses for interventional procedures, and the consideration of close follow-up and multidisciplinary coordination, especially in high-risk patients.
Developing Mental or Behavioral Health Mobile Apps for Pilot Studies by Leveraging Survey Platforms: A Do-it-Yourself Process

Background: Behavioral health researchers are increasingly recognizing the potential of mobile phone apps to deliver empirically supported treatments. However, current options for developing apps typically require large amounts of expertise or money. Objective: This paper aims to describe a pragmatic do-it-yourself approach for researchers to create and pilot an Android mobile phone app using existing survey software (eg, Qualtrics survey platform). Methods: This study was conducted at an academic research center in the United States focused on developing and evaluating behavioral health technologies. The process outlined in this paper was derived and condensed from the steps to building an existing app intervention, iCanThrive, which was developed to enhance mental well-being in women cancer survivors. Results: This paper describes an inexpensive, practical process that uses a widely available survey software, such as Qualtrics, to create and pilot a mobile phone intervention that is presented to participants as a Web viewer app that is downloaded from the Google Play store. Health researchers who are interested in using this process to pilot apps are encouraged to inquire about the survey platforms available to them, the level of security those survey platforms provide, and the regulatory guidelines set forth by their institution. Conclusions: As app interventions continue to gain interest among researchers and consumers alike, it is important to find new ways to efficiently develop and pilot app interventions before committing a large amount of resources. Mobile phone app interventions are an important component to discovering new ways to reach and support individuals with behavioral or mental health disorders.
Ultrasound measures of intrinsic foot muscle size and motor activation following lateral ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability. A cross-sectional study

Abstract Objectives To assess the effects of ankle injury status on intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) size at rest and during contraction in young adults with and without a history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods Foot Posture Index (FPI), Foot Mobility Magnitude (FMM), and ultrasonographic cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis (AbdH), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), quadratus plantae (QP), and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) were assessed at rest, and during non-resisted and resisted contraction in 22 healthy (13 females, BMI: 22.5±3.2, FPI: 4.2±3.9, FMM: 2.5±1.8), 17 LAS (9 females, BMI: 24.1±3.7, FPI: 2.5±3.4, FMM: 2.7±1.7), 21 Copers (13 females, BMI: 23.7±2.9, FPI: 3.6±4.1, FMM: 1.8±1.3), and 20 CAI (15 females, BMI: 25.1±4.5, FPI: 4.4±3.6., FMM: 2.3±1.1). Results A multiple linear regression analysis assessing group, sex, BMI, FPI, and FMM on resting and contracted IFM size found sex (p Conclusions IFM resting ultrasound measures were primarily determined by sex, BMI, and foot phenotype and not injury status. The clinical utility of these IFM ultrasonographic assessments in young adults with LAS and CAI may be limited. Disclosures This study was funded in part by the University of Virginia’s Curry School of Education Foundation and the Navy Medicine Professional Development Center, US Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. The views expressed in this manuscript reflect the results of research conducted by the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government. Lieutenant Commander John J. Fraser is a military service member and this work was prepared as part of his official duties. Title 17, USC, §105 provides that ‘Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the U.S. Government.’ Title 17, USC, §101 defines a U.S. Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties. All participants provided informed consent and this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for Health Sciences Research at the University of Virginia in compliance with all applicable Federal regulations governing the protection of human subjects.
A unique case of bilateral lower extremity post-endovascular aneurysm repair claudication:

The majority of abdominal aortic aneurysms have been treated by endovascular aneurysm repair in the past decade. Common perioperative complications after this procedure are mostly related to vascul...
Dietary sodium levels affect grasshopper growth and performance

NSF DEB-1556280 awarded to MK including a REU award to TNP supported this project. Open Access fees paid for in whole or in part by the University of Oklahoma Libraries.
CLINICAL ORAL ABSTRACTS: Transabdominal intrafetal lidocaine to induce fetal demise prior to abortion at 24 weeks or later

Introduction We perform transabdominal intrafetal lidocaine injections to induce fetal demise prior to abortion procedures at 24 weeks and later. We examined the efficacy of these injections and evaluated their success by factors such as injection location and lidocaine dose. Method We reviewed charts of all patients undergoing transabdominal intrafetal lidocaine injections, performed by 3 fellowship-trained obstetrician-gynecologists experienced in ultrasound guided procedures, prior to abortions from January 2018 through June 2020 at the DuPont Clinic, an outpatient ob-gyn clinic in Washington, DC. We recorded data on obstetric and medical history, weeks of pregnancy, time of injection and fetal asystole, dose and location of lidocaine injection. Ethical approval provided by the Stanford IRB. Successful intrafetal lidocaine injection was defined by asystole achieved. Results We performed 342 injections in 338 fetuses from 335 patients undergoing an abortion procedure, with a median of 27 weeks and 6 days (range: 24–32 weeks). The lidocaine dose was 200 to 240 mg in 315 cases (92.1%) and 400 to 480 mg in 27 cases (7.9%). All injections were performed using 15-cm 20-gauge needles, under direct ultrasound guidance. Lidocaine successfully induced fetal demise with only 1 injection in 98.2% of cases with 4 patients requiring a second injection (1.8%). When confirmed to be intracardiac, injection was successful in 98.6% cases, with asystole confirmed within 1 minute in 75% of cases. Intrathoracic injections were successful in 95.7% of cases, with 75% of cases achieving asystole within 2 minutes. Success was not significantly associated with durations of pregnancy, BMI, or parity. One patient reported lidocaine-related side effects (0.3%). Conclusions Transabdominal intrafetal lidocaine is a safe and effective method of inducing fetal demise after 24 weeks. Further research should test varying intrafetal location and lidocaine dose.
Case study of stratospheric intrusion above Hampton, Virginia: Lidar-observation and modeling analysis

Abstract On 2019-02-14, at 1:00 UTC, a large increase of ozone density at 8 km altitude was detected above Hampton, Virginia using the NASA Langley Mobile Ozone Lidar, LMOL. Ozone levels above 70 ppbv were observed down to an altitude of 4.5 km up to 5 h after the start of the event. The NASA GEOS Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) model was used to investigate the hypothesis of a stratospheric intrusion (SI). The agreement between the model and the observations confirmed the stratospheric origin of the airmass and highlighted the capabilities of GEOS-CF to simulate intrusions. In parallel, MicroPulse Lidar (MPL) observations indicated that depolarizing particulates high in the troposphere showed downward motions linked to the intrusion. Since these particulates are linked to cirrus clouds, it is hypothesised that the SI led to an ice-virga effect. This might suggest that particulate observations can exhibit patterns of stratospheric intrusions and can be used, in certain cases, as a signature of the events. These particulates, likely ice crystals, have opposite distribution gradients compared to O3 at their interface which could be explained by a non-mixing of stratospheric and tropospheric air-masses as well as destruction of O3 by ice crystal-induced processes. Model-data comparison shows that if that latter effect exists, it has small consequences for the observed case. This work shows the capabilities of the LMOL system to detect SI and to validate the vertical and temporal modeling of SI by GEOS-CF, as well as showing that signatures of SI could be detected by MPL.
Liberalism and Identity.

That liberalism requires governments to be agnostic to at least some deeply-held commitments of their citizens is uncontroversial (Rawls 2005). Much less agreed-upon is why (Ackerman et al. 2003). ...
Does evidence support measuring spore counts to identify dampness or mold in buildings? A literature review.

To identify dampness or mold (D/M) in buildings, investigators generally inspect for observable D/M indicators, the presence of which justifies remediation. Investigators may also use microbiological measurement and interpretation strategies with uncertain scientific support. We assessed available evidence supporting uses of spore counts, the microbiological measurement most commonly used to assess D/M. We reviewed published studies assessing relationships between spore counts and observable D/M, across buildings with different observable D/M levels. Penicillium/Aspergillus counts were consistently elevated in damp vs. reference (dry or outdoor) locations. Total spore counts provided a weaker, less consistent signal. The most detailed published analysis could distinguish groups of damp homes but not individual damp homes. Evidence did not validate current interpretations of spore count data for identifying single damp homes. Thus, such interpretations rest primarily on professional judgment. An additional series of informative but ineligible articles demonstrated an unconventional, more powerful “statistically based” comparison of multiple indoor vs. outdoor spore counts for identifying elevated indoor spores (and assumed D/M). Findings suggest that validation of enhanced spore trap approaches, including more samples indoors and outdoors plus statistically based comparisons of specific fungal groups, may allow evidence-based microbial identification of probable dampness in individual buildings.
Studies on melanocytes. V. The presence of melanocytes in the human dental primordium: an explanation for pigmented lesions of the jaws.

Abstract Melanocyts were observed within the dental lamina or tooth bud in three of eleven Caucasian and in all six Negro fetuses, 12 to 18 weeks of gestation, studied. The presence of these cells in the dental primordium points to a contribution by the neural crest to the formation of the tooth in mammals. The occurrence of melanocytes in the dental anlage may also explain the histogenesis of such pigmented lesions as the melanotic “progonoma,” calcifying odontogenic cyst, and the pigmented odontogenic tumor of Richardson.
Helmet mounted UHF antenna for Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)

The Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) is the Navy's next generation narrowband tactical communications system that will provide a significant increase in capacity and link availability to disadvantaged users, including handheld terminals. Future MUOS antennas will have a receive band of 243 MHz to 270 MHz and a transmit band of 292 MHz to 317 MHz with a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of less than three across both bands. Additionally, the antenna should be circularly polarized with a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern above 10 degrees in elevation for optimum satellite coverage. A helmet-mounted antenna that can meet the space and weight constraints imposed by the application is a two-turn spiral with a different pitch to each turn. Our design is a two-arm Archimedes spiral encapsulated in a nylon shell that fits over the standard-issue US Kevlar helmet. The antenna was modeled and simulated using Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. A half-power beamwidth of 120 degrees, a front-to-back (zenith-to-nadir) ratio of 3.6 dB, and a VSWR of less than three were achieved using a feed port impedance of 150 ohms. Recent work includes specific absorption rate (SAR) calculations and the addition of a reflector ring, which increases the front-to-back ratio and reduces the feed port impedance to the standard 50 ohms.
The Properties of Thyroglobulin XV. THE FUNCTION OF THE PROTEIN IN THE CONTROL OF DIIODOTYROSINE SYNTHESIS

Thyroglobulin has been iodinated at pH 9.35 and the distribution of iodoamino acids has been determined. Iodination results in a decrease in the tyrcsyl and an increase in the diiodotyrosyl difference spectra peaks. The spectral changes indicate that tyrosyl groups, which are more or less shielded from the solvent, can also react with iodine. Based on recent model studies on the rates of iodination of N-acetyltyrosine and N-acetyliodotyrosine, it is suggested that the environment of the tyrosyl groups determines the relative amounts of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine that are synthesized. A functional role of the native form of the protein is thus envisioned in the control of the products formed by iodination.
Adjustment Problems and Emerging Personality Characteristics from Early to Late Adolescence

This 6-year longitudinal study extended earlier findings of contextual influences on adolescent adjustment problems by examining relationships between adolescent emotional and behavioral problems and late adolescent personality among more than 400 youths who were followed from 7th grade to the last year of high school. Results suggest that psychological distress and behavioral problems experienced during the adolescent years (7th-10th grades) are significantly related to personality structure during the final year of high school (12th grade). Psychological distress in adolescence was primarily related to the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) superfactors of negative and positive emotionality, whereas delinquency and substance use problems were primarily related to the MPQ superfactor of constraint. These relationships remained significant even when personality characteristics in 9th grade were taken into account. That is, emotional and behavioral problems predicted change in personality traits during the adolescent years. Moreover, both initial level and change in distress and problem behaviors were predictive of late adolescent or early adult personality. This finding suggests that personality formation is a dynamic process, dependent on the growth or decline, as well as the magnitude of earlier developmental problems. Because earlier research has shown that these developmental problems are affected by both distal and proximal environmental contexts as well as by the formative nature of adolescence, intervention efforts aimed at the reduction of maladjustment and the enhancement of healthy personality development should target early adolescent social contexts. Other theoretical implications of the findings also are discussed.
Restoring Sanctuary: A New Operating System for Trauma-Informed Systems of Care, by S. L. Bloom and B. Farragher

Restoring Sanctuary: A New Operating System for Trauma-Informed Systems of Care is the third book in a trilogy by Dr. Sandra Bloom that explores the effects of trauma on human service organizations...
Ultrastructural Observations on Giardiasis in a Murine Model: I. Intestinal Distribution, Attachment, and Relationship to the Immune System of Giardia muris

Infected immunocompetent mice were studied prospectively in a well-described murine model system with the use of ultrastructural techniques to establish normal distribution of Giardia muris trophozoites, their relationships to intestinal mucosa, particularly Peyer's patches, and structural indications of the normal reaction of intestine and intestinal immune organs. Trophozoites colonized the proximal 25% of the intestine, adhered to microvilli of columnar cells near the bases of villi, wedged into furrows in the epithelial surface, or lodged in mucus within the unstirred layer. Density of trophozoite colonization of the jejunal epithelium correlated with stool cyst excretion. Over Peyer's patches, Giardia adhered to columnar cells and not to M-cells, which transport soluble antigens and particulate material from the lumen into the lymphoid system. Giardia entered intestinal lymphoid structures by incursions through defects in the lymphoid follicle epithelial barrier. During clearance of parasites, lymphocytes crossed the epithelium and attached to Giardia in the lumen. Giardia produced no apparent ultrastructural damage in normal mice but elicited a previously undescribed intraluminal cellular immune response during clearance by the host.
Colonic smooth muscle cells possess a different subtype of somatostatin receptor from gastric smooth muscle cells

Somatostatin (SS) alters colonic motility. To investigate whether SS has a direct effect on colonic smooth muscle cells, we prepared isolated muscle cells from the descending guinea pig colon and compared the effects of SS with those on isolated gastric smooth muscle cells. In gastric cells, SS had no effect on carbachol-induced contraction, whereas in colonic cells it caused inhibition. In colonic muscle cells, SS-28 caused >85% inhibition of contraction by cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), bombesin, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and ionomycin, whereas it had no effect on contraction by these agents in gastric cells. In gastric cells, SS inhibited relaxation. Three synthetic SS analogs had different relative affinities for causing effects in gastric and colonic cells. Pertussis toxin inhibited the action of SS-28 in each muscle cell type by 50-75%. SS-28 alone had a small contractile effect on cells from the circular layer of the colon. SS-28 inhibited carbachol-induced contraction in colonic cells from both the longitudinal and circular layers. These results demonstrate that the action of SS differs in colonic and gastric smooth muscle cells. SS inhibits contractants in colonic cells and relaxants in gastric cells. In colonic cells, SS has a weak contractile effect due to an effect on circular muscle cells and an inhibitory effect on cells from both longitudinal and circular layers. A different SS receptor subtype mediates the actions of SS in colonic and gastric muscle cells. In both cell types, the actions of SS are mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive and -insensitive G proteins.
Role of Telomerase in Normal and Cancer Cells

Shortening of the telomeric DNA at chromosome ends is postulated to limit the lifespan of human cells. In contrast, activation of telomerase, the enzyme that synthesizes telomeric DNA, is proposed to be an essential step in cancer cell immortalization and cancer progression. This review discusses the structure and function of telomeres and telomerase, the role of telomerase in cell immortalization, and the effects of telomerase inactivation on normal and cancer cells. Moreover, data on the experimental use of telomerase assays for cancer detection and diagnosis are reviewed. Finally, the review considers the evidence regarding whether telomerase inhibitors could be used to treat human cancers.
Inverse Relationship between Galactokinase Activity and 2-Deoxygalactose Resistance in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Galactokinase activity is reduced in 12 independent clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells resistant to 2-deoxygalactose. The frequency of resistant colonies is increased with chemical mutagens. The resistant phenotype is stable in the absence of selection. There is an inverse cor- relation between the levels of galactokinase activity and the cloning efficiency in deoxygalactose. Cells with high resistance have 1% or less of the enzyme activity observed in the parental cells; while cells with low resistance have 10-30% galactokinase activity. Studies with tetraploid hybrid cells reveal that resistance to deoxygalactose is a recessive trait and that cells with high resistance do not complement those with low resistance. In cell lines with low resistance, the K~, for galactose, Kz for deoxygalactose, K~, for ATP, and thermolability were not significantly al- tered compared to sensitive parental cells. Although the possibility of mu- tation at the structural gene locus has not been ruled out, the reduced enzyme activity may also be due to mutation at a regulatory site which af- fects the number of galactokinase molecules per cell.
Induction of estrus in female mice: Estrogen-progesterone interactions

Abstract Accumulating evidence indicates that progesterone can have biphasic, facilitatory and inhibitory, effects on sexual receptivity in the guinea pig and rat. The present study sought to extend the generality of this work to the female mouse. The data indicated that 24 hr following the facilitation of the induction of sexual receptivity in estrogen-primed females by an injection of progesterone, a second injection of progesterone was relatively ineffective in inducing a second period of receptivity. The magnitude of this inhibitory effect appeared to be a function of dose of estrogen priming, with the greatest inhibition occurring in groups primed with relatively low doses of estrogen. The postreceptivity refractoriness was not due to a reduction in the effect of estrogen priming, nor could it be attributed to the effects of repeated testing. Thus, progesterone can apparently exert biphasic effects on the induction of receptivity in female mice. In this regard, the mouse appears similar to the guinea pig and rat.
Effects of interplanetary magnetic sector structure on auroral zone and polar cap magnetic activity

For quiet (C9 ≤ 2) and quiet to moderately disturbed (C9 ≤ 4) conditions in the period 1964-1968, the following sector structure dependence of auroral zone positive and negative bay activity, as measured by the AE components AU and AL, is noted. (1) There is a broad summertime peak in AU for both sector polarities, with AU higher for toward sectors during the first half of the year and with no apparent sector dependence during the second half of the year. (2) A stronger sector dependence is evident for AL, which peaks for toward sectors in the spring and for away sectors in the fall. (3) In a single 6-month period, negative bay magnitudes at College and at its southern hemisphere conjugate station, Macquarie Island, followed the same sector dependence as AL. (4) During this same period the ratio of College to Macquarie Island negative bay magnitudes was higher for away sectors than for toward sectors, and this asymmetry persisted through the midwinter crossover in sector dependence that occurred for each individual station. A similar N-S asymmetry is found in the polar cap. The ratio of DP 2 type activity at Vostok to that at Thule was greater by a factor of about 1.75 for toward sectors than for away sectors for periods near the 1967 spring and fall equinoxes.
Reproduction and survival of a solitary bee along native and exotic floral resource gradients

Native bee abundance has long been assumed to be limited by floral resources. This paradigm has been established in large measure because more bees are often found in areas supporting greater floral abundance. This could result from attraction to resource-rich sites as well as greater local demographic performance in sites supporting high floral abundance; however, demographic performance is usually unknown. Factors other than floral resources such as availability of nest sites, pressure from natural enemies, or whether floral resources are from a mixed native or mostly monodominant exotic assemblage might influence survival or fecundity and hence abundance. We examined how the survival and fecundity of the native solitary bee Osmia lignaria varied along a gradient in floral resource abundance. We released bees alongside a nest block at 27 grassland sites in Montana (USA) that varied in floral abundance and the extent of invasion by exotic forbs. We monitored nest construction and the fate of offspring within each nest. The number of nests established was positively related to native forb abundance and was negatively related to exotic forb species richness. Fecundity was positively related to native forb species richness; however, offspring mortality caused by the brood parasite Tricrania stansburyi was significantly greater in native-dominated sites. These results suggest that native floral resources can positively influence bee populations, but that the relationship between native floral resources and bee population performance is not straightforward. Rather, bees may face a trade-off between high offspring production and low offspring survival in native-dominated sites.
Characterization of Combustion Aerosols for Haze and Cloud Formation

Aerosols resulting from the combustion of acetylene, wood, and JP-4 aviation fuels have been characterized in both the laboratory and the larger field scales by activity as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), the total particle or condensation nuclei (CN) count, ion chromatography (IC) on filter samples, and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The CCN / CN ratio for a given aerosol sample is a quantitative indicator of the ability of a combustion aerosol to become involved in atmospheric removal by nucleation scavenging. On both the laboratory and the field scales, this ratio was in the range 0.2–1.0 for the wood combustion aerosol, 0.2–0.5 for the acetylene case, and only 0.01–0.03 for JP-4. The CCN / CN ratios are identical for both the field and laboratory studies, implying that laboratory studies of CCN activities can be justifiably extrapolated to field studies. Aging and size-classified nucleation studies are also reported.
Resuscitation of acid-injured Salmonella in enrichment broth, in apple juice and on the surfaces of fresh-cut cucumber and apple.

Aims: To investigate the resuscitation of acid-injured Salmonella enterica in selected enrichment broths, in apple juice and on cut surfaces of apple and cucumber slices. Methods and Results: Following exposure to 2·4% acetic acid for 7 min, S. enterica (serovars Mbandaka, Chester and Newport) cells were used to inoculate enrichment broths, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), apple juice and fruit slices. Injured Salmonella cells resuscitated and regained the ability to form colonies on selective agar (Xylose-Lysine-Tergitol® 4) if they were incubated in lactose broth (LB), universal pre-enrichment broth (UPB) or buffered peptone water (BPW), but not in tetrathionate broth, PBS or apple juice. The resuscitation occurred at a significantly (P > 0·05) faster rate in UPB than in LB or BPW. The resuscitation also occurred on the surfaces of fresh-cut cucumber at 20°C, but not at 4°C. Conclusions: Acid-injured Salmonella cells resuscitated in nonselective enrichment broths at different rates, but not in selective enrichment broth, apple juice, PBS or on fresh-cut apple. Significance and Impact of the Study: Pre-enrichment of food samples in UPB prior to selective enrichment is recommended. Injured Salmonella cells have the ability to resuscitate on fresh-cut surfaces of cucumber when stored at abusive temperatures.
Some scales for assessing personality based on Carl Rogers' theory : further evidence of validity

Abstract The Feelings, Reactions, and Beliefs Survey (FRBS) is designed to assess nine personality variables derived from Carl Rogers' theory of the structure of personality. The variables are: Focusing Conscious Attention (FCA), Openness to Feelings in Relationships (OFR), Trust in Self as an Organism (TSO), Fully Functioning Person (FFP), Feeling Uncomfortable with People (FUP), Struggling with Feelings of Inferiority (SFI), Feeling Ambivalent in Relationships (FAR), Openness to Transcendent Experiences (OTE), and Religio-spiritual Beliefs (RSB). Sample items are given for each scale, with responses of high and low scorers (given as direction on a Likert-type response format). Scale reliabilities, intercorrelations, and external validity data are given on a large sample of college students ( n = 463), and compared with previous results from the same population. Results for the two samples were comparable in most respects.
The Ratio of the Mass of the Proton to that of the Electron

IN a recent paper (Proc. Roy. Soc., 122, p. 358; 1929) Prof. A. S. Eddington reached the conclusion that the value of the physical constant ch/2πe2 is given by the integer 136. His theory reduces the evaluation of this constant essentially to the counting up of symmetrical elements in a square array. The numbers of such elements in arrays arising in this connexion are 10, 136, etc.
Intermediates of Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis in Tobacco

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important component of systemic-acquired resistance in plants. It is synthesized from benzoic acid (BA) as part of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Benzaldehyde (BD), a potential intermediate of this pathway, was found in healthy and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-inoculated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi-nc) leaf tissue at 100 ng/g fresh weight concentrations as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. BD was also emitted as a volatile organic compound from tobacco tissues. Application of gaseous BD to plants enclosed in jars caused a 13-fold increase in SA concentration, induced the accumulation of the pathogenesis-related transcript PR-1, and increased the resistance of tobacco to TMV inoculation. [13C6]BD and [2H5]benzyl alcohol were converted to BA and SA. Labeling experiments using [13C1]Phe in temperature-shifted plants inoculated with the TMV showed high enrichment of cinnamic acids (72%), BA (34%), and SA (55%). The endogenous BD, however, contained nondetectable enrichment, suggesting that BD was not the intermediate between cinnamic acid and BA. These results show that BD and benzyl alcohol promote SA accumulation and expression of defense responses in tobacco, and provide insight into the early steps of SA biosynthesis.
Halomethyl—metal compounds L. Preparation of monohalomethyl derivatives of germanium, tin, lead and mercury via halomethylzinc halides☆☆☆

The reaction of iodomethylzinc iodide or bromomethylzinc bromide in THF with the appropriate metal or organometallic halide was used in the present ation of Me3SnCH2I, Me3SnCH2Br, Me2Sn(CH2I)2, Me2Sn(CH2Br)2, Me2PhSnCH2I, Ph3SnCH2I, Sn(CH2I)4, Ph3PbCH2I, Hg(CH2I)2 and Hg(CH2Br)2. In most cases the product yields were very good. The reaction of iodomethylzinc iodide with trimethylchlorogermane gave in low yield both Me3GeCH2I and Me3GeCH2GeMe3. These compounds were obtained in much better yield when ICH2ZnI was allowed to react with germanium tetrachloride and the reaction product was methylated with MeMgBr. The reaction of iodomethyl-tin compounds with silver chloride and bromine in acetonitrile served well in the preparation of Me3SnCH2Cl, Me3SnCH2Br, Me2Sn(CH2Cl)2, Me2Sn(CH2Br)2 and Me2PhSnCH2Cl. Experiments in which mixtures of Et3SiD and n-Bu3SiH were allowed to react with ICH2ZnI in refluxing ether or with Hg(CH2I)2/Ph2Hg in refluxing benzene gave only Et3SiCH2D and n-Bu3SiCH3. This eliminates from consideration the possibility that these reactions proceed by a two-step alkylation-reduction or reduction-alkylation sequence.
Opposite effects of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine) and aminomethanesulfonic acid on calcium ion uptake in rat retinal preparations

It is well known that taurine stimulates ATP-dependent calcium ion uptake at low calcium ion concentrations. However, aminomethanesulfonic acid, the lower homologue of taurine, inhibits calcium ion uptake under the same experimental conditions. The higher homologue of taurine, 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, has no effect on calcium ion uptake. These data demonstrate that the carbon chain length between the amino and sulfonic acid moieties is critical for the resultant effect on the calcium ion transport process.
In vivo Efficacy of Azlocillin and Amikacin versus Ciprofloxacin with and without Amikacin in Experimental Right-Sided Endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The efficacy of azlocillin + amikacin was compared to ciprofloxacin (with and without amikacin) in 96 rabbits with right-sided endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Animals received either: no therapy (controls); amikacin (15 mg/kg/day) + azlocillin (400 mg/kg/day); ciprofloxacin (80 mg/kg/day) or amikacin + ciprofloxacin (above dosages). All three antibiotic regimens were significantly more effective than no therapy in reducing mortality (p less than 0.0005), preventing pulmonary infarction (p less than 0.0005) and reducing mean vegetation titers of P. aeruginosa (p less than 0.0005). Also, the three therapy regimens were equivalent in preventing bacteriologic relapse after discontinuing therapy. No development of antibiotic resistance in vivo was observed.
Nicotine self-administration in rats on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Rationale: Robust intravenous (i.v.) nicotine self-administration (SA) in rats has been reported by several laboratories, including our own, using fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement. Studies on other drugs of abuse, however, suggest that progressive ratio (PR) schedules may provide additional information not gained using FR schedules. Objective: Here, we attempt to establish and characterize nicotine SA on a PR. Methods: One study allowed animals to acquire SA on a FR at four doses of nicotine (0.02, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 mg/kg) before being switched to a PR. A second study examined extinction by saline substitution or pretreatment with the nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine, including a preliminary analysis into the role of secondary reinforcers in the extinction process. Results: SA of nicotine on a PR was stable across repeated sessions. The number of infusions earned on a PR correlated with infusion rate on a FR; however, a large portion of the variance in SA on a PR could not be accounted for by infusion rate on a FR. Infusions on a PR increased across the same range of doses that produced a decrease in the infusion rate on a FR. Extinction of responding occurred after saline substitution or pretreatment with mecamylamine, and animals re-acquired when nicotine was again available without pretreatment. The presence of drug-paired stimuli appeared to lengthen the extinction process. Conclusions: Nicotine supports stable SA on a PR. Since PR and FR schedules may measure different aspects of nicotine reinforcement, PR schedules may be valuable in further characterizing group and individual differences in nicotine reinforcement.
International price level linkages: Evidence from the post-Bretton Woods era

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the dynamic interdependence structure of national price levels of the Group of Seven (G-7) countries during the post-Bretton Woods era, i.e., 1973–1996. We find that a significant proportion of each country's domestic inflation rate variance is attributable to foreign inflation shocks, especially in the long run. Also, all foreign countries are found to import U.S. inflation during the sample period as they used to under the Bretton Woods system. The empirical findings imply that flexible exchange rates do not insulate the domestic price levels from foreign inflation shocks, which invalidates a key argument for the flexible exchange rate regime.
Determination of photon emission probabilities for the main gamma-rays of 223Ra in equilibrium with its progeny

Abstract The currently published 223 Ra gamma-ray emission probabilities display a wide variation in the values depending on the source of the data. The National Institute of Standards and Technology performed activity measurements on a 223 Ra solution that was used to prepare several sources that were used to determine the photon emission probabilities for the main gamma-rays of 223 Ra in equilibrium with its progeny. Several high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors were used to perform the gamma-ray spectrometry measurements.
Beyond Aztlan: Ethnic Autonomy in Comparative Perspective

The History of Chicano Ethnic Goals Introduction: Goals, Dilemmas, and Autonomy The Emergence of Chicano Ethnic Goals The Shift to Equality The Chicano Movement and the Revival of Community Postmovement Trends: Fragmentation, Radicalization, Retraditionalization A Comparative Analysis Unintended Consequences and Internal Contradictions Learning from Experience, Part I: Canada and China Learning from Experience, Part II: Switzerland and Nicaragua In Search of Aztlan Bibliography Index
Improving Hedge Fund Risk Exposures by Hedging Equity Market Volatility, or How the VIX Ate My Kurtosis

In 2004 investors began trading futures on the volatility index (VIX). Investors can directly trade the volatility implied in stock index options. Because the VIX has a negative correlation to the S&P 500 and most hedge fund styles, we find that adding a small VIX position to an investment portfolio significantly reduced portfolio volatility. This strategy may be more effective at improving the robustness of Sharpe ratios than other methods explored in the literature. Even more important, VIX rises quickly during the most risky market conditions, which dramatically improves the skewness and kurtosis characteristics of many hedge fund strategies.
Leveraging output term co-occurrence frequencies and latent associations in predicting medical subject headings

Trained indexers at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) manually tag each biomedical abstract with the most suitable terms from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terminology to be indexed by their PubMed information system. MeSH has over 26,000 terms and indexers look at each article's full text while assigning the terms. Recent automated attempts focused on using the article title and abstract text to identify MeSH terms for the corresponding article. Most of these approaches used supervised machine learning techniques that use already indexed articles and the corresponding MeSH terms. In this paper, we present a new indexing approach that leverages term co-occurrence frequencies and latent term associations computed using MeSH term sets corresponding to a set of nearly 18 million articles already indexed with MeSH terms by indexers at NLM. The main goal of our study is to gauge the potential of output label co-occurrences, latent associations, and relationships extracted from free text in both unsupervised and supervised indexing approaches. In this paper, using a novel and purely unsupervised approach, we achieve a micro-F-score that is comparable to those obtained using supervised machine learning techniques. By incorporating term co-occurrence and latent association features into a supervised learning framework, we also improve over the best results published on two public datasets.
A 1024-Pixel CCD Line-Scan Image Sensor With Color Sensitivity

A line-scan image sensor with color sensitivity has been developed. The sensor utilizes a green-white-yellow-cyan sequence of pixels so as to provide one sample of luminance data for every two pixels and one sample-set of chrominance data for every four pixels. The color filters are formed directly on the silicon device. Good performance has been demonstrated. This device is expected to find use in industrial inspection cameras where color is important.
Acclimatization and subsequent gas exchange, water relations, survival and growth of microcultured apple plantlets after transplanting them in soil

Previous findings indicated that leaf conductance and net photosynthesis were positively correlated with water status (relative water content) of tissue-cultured shoots and plantlets, and that acclimatization was associated with a reduction in leaf conductance and transpiration. In the present study, the effect of acclimatization on plant water status after plants were removed from culture and transplanted in soil, as well as the relation of water status with survival and growth after acclimatization were determined. Tissue-cultured plantlets (Malus pumila cv. Greensleaves) were acclimatized by exposure to a 4-day gradual reduction in humidity before they were transplanted. Once plants were transplanted, acclimatized plants maintained a higher relative water content than nonacclimatized plants, probably because of a lower initial stomatal conductance and less transpiration. High plant water status, as indicated by high relative water content, appeared to be an important factor for both plant survival and growth after the plants were transplanted. Higher water status was associated with higher growth rates and net assimilation rates. The differences in gas exchange, water relations and growth characteristics between plantlets in vitro and at 4 weeks after they were transplanted were also studied. Compared to in vitro plants, transplanted plants had a higher water status and higher leaf conductance and net photosynthesis. There was also an increase in the leaf area ratio (leaf area to plant biomass ratio) after they were transplanted which might have contributed to the higher net assimilation rate in transplanted compared to in vitro plants.
Drinking and drug use by college students: Comparing criminal justice majors and non-majors

The current research examined drinking and drug use among college students. Using a self-report survey of students from a midwestern university, the frequency of alcohol use, binge drinking, and drug use were explored. Particular attention was paid to drinking behaviors and drug use among Criminal Justice (CJ) students compared to students from other majors. Differences were found between CJ and non-CJ students especially in terms of drinking behavior; fewer differences were found between majors in terms of drug use. Issues of moral authority were examined as well as issues of employability. Implications for CJ students, faculty and advisors are discussed.