cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drinking patterns and the gender mix of occupations: Evidence from a national survey of American workers

The linkage of the gender mix of occupations to drinking patterns has been suggested by Wilsnack and Wilsnack (1991). Using a national sample of American workers, associations among gender, the gender mix of occupations, occupation, and drinking variables were explored. The results suggest that the relationship between the gender mix of occupations and drinking variables operates through opportunities to drink with coworkers. Gender mix is associated with opportunities to drink with coworkers. Opportunities to drink with coworkers are, in turn, associated with whether respondents drink, who they are with when they drink, average number of drinks per month, and CAGE scores. Gender is associated with opportunities to drink with coworkers, drinks per month, and CAGE scores. Occupation is associated with opportunities to drink with coworkers, drinking patterns, and problem drinking. Further elaboration of the mechanisms linking the gender mix of occupations and drinking patterns is warranted.
Mutuality and the Communication of Commitment in Romantic Relationships

This study explored the ways people communicate their commitment to their romantic partners based on their perceived degree of mutuality of commitment. Mutuality exists when people perceive that their own and their partner's levels of commitment are equal. Data collected from 319 people indicated that (a) people have specific ways to communicate their commitment to their partners, (b) people are more likely to engage in this type of communication when they believe that they and their partners share the same degree of commitment, and (c) the emotions connected with mutuality are important links between mutuality of commitment and the ways people communicate that commitment. The findings are discussed in terms of how couples construct commitment through communication.
A response spectrum approach for seismic performance evaluation of actively controlled structures

To evaluate and measure the effectiveness of active control schemes in reducing the response of structures subjected to earthquake excitations, it is common to use recorded or artificially generated earthquakes as input motions. This paper introduces the response spectrum analysis to evaluate linear control systems for seismic inputs defined by code-prescribed or site-specific ground response spectra. Using such a method one can evaluate a control system in a single analysis for the ensemble of time histories that are represented by the input response spectra. The response spectrum analysis can also facilitate the implementation of comprehensive parametric studies. A generalized response spectrum method is used to analyse systems with non-symmetrical matrices that are caused by the general nature of the control actions imposed on the structure. The application of the method is demonstrated on several numerical examples of a building structure where the control force is applied through an active tuned-mass damper.
The Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI): a new tool for aerosol and cloud remote sensing

Abstract. The Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) is an eight-band (355, 380, 445, 470, 555, 660, 865, 935 nm) pushbroom camera, measuring polarization in the 470, 660, and 865 nm bands, mounted on a gimbal to acquire multiangular observations over a ±67° along-track range. The instrument has been flying aboard the NASA ER-2 high altitude aircraft since October 2010. AirMSPI employs a photoelastic modulator-based polarimetric imaging technique to enable accurate measurements of the degree and angle of linear polarization in addition to spectral intensity. A description of the AirMSPI instrument and ground data processing approach is presented. Example images of clear, hazy, and cloudy scenes over the Pacific Ocean and California land targets obtained during flights between 2010 and 2012 are shown, and quantitative interpretations of the data using vector radiative transfer theory and scene models are provided to highlight the instrument's capabilities for determining aerosol and cloud microphysical properties and cloud 3-D spatial distributions. Sensitivity to parameters such as aerosol particle size distribution, ocean surface wind speed and direction, cloud-top and cloud-base height, and cloud droplet size is discussed. AirMSPI represents a major step toward realization of the type of imaging polarimeter envisioned to fly on NASA's Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystem (ACE) mission in the next decade.
HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF VASOPRESSOR AGENTS IN HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.

Abstract In experimental hemorrhagic shock there is a decline in blood flow to all organs and tissues of the body. Of the regions studied, there is initially less decline in flow to tissues supplied by the renal and superior mesenteric arteries and more to those supplied by the carotid and femoral arteries. Administration of metaraminol and norepinephrine may be effective in partially restoring blood flow, but with the degree of hypovolemia produced in these experiments, regional blood flow did not return to normal when blood pressure was raised to the control level. Metaraminol, in the experimental setting used, was more effective in partially restoring blood flow than norepinephrine. In human hemorrhagic shock, vasopressors should be used only as necessary in conjunction with replacement of blood volume and attempts to stop hemorrhage, and after careful consideration of their hemodynamic properties.
Separating Automatic and Intentional Inhibitory Mechanisms of Attention in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Researchers in the cognitive sciences recognize a fundamental distinction between automatic and intentional mechanisms of inhibitory control. The use of eye-tracking tasks to assess selective attention has led to a better understanding of this distinction in specific populations, such as children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined automatic and intentional inhibitory control mechanisms in adults with ADHD using a saccadic interference task and a delayed ocular response task. Thirty adults with ADHD were evaluated against 27 comparison adults on measures of inhibitory control. The delayed ocular response task showed that adults with ADHD were less able than comparison adults to inhibit a reflexive saccade toward the sudden appearance of a stimulus in the periphery. However, saccadic interference task performance showed that the ADHD group did not differ significantly from the comparison group on a measure of automatic inhibitory control. These findings suggest a dissociation between automatic and intentional inhibitory deficits in adults with ADHD.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Solids: Energy Considerations

It is shown that the interaction between macroscopic, nondissipative media, and time-varying electromagnetic fields can be described by a time-averaged potential function. From this function it is possible to derive phenomenologically the tensors that describe any of the usual electro- and magneto-optic effects for electric and magnetic fields of any frequency. In addition, these same potential functions describe the various optical nonlinearities like harmonic generation in potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and harmonic generation by electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole nonlinearities.The symmetry relations first derived by Armstrong, Bloembergen, Ducuing, and Pershan for electric dipole nonlinearities follow directly from the methods presented here. In addition, one can derive analogous relations for electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole nonlinearities. These relations also demonstrate the reciprocal nature of the linear electro-optic effect and rectification of light. The Faraday effect and the production of a dc magnetization due to incident circularly polarized light are also reciprocal effects.
Outcomes from Job‐Recruiting Efforts To Assist Black Veterans

to ascertain whether the Veteran's Readjustment Program (VRP) brought a significantly larger percentage of Black Vietnam War veterans into the work force at the U.S. Army Missile Command Center than did traditional Office of Personnel Management recruitment procedures.
The vertical structure of rotational and divergent motions over the global tropics and subtropics

Abstract Vertical variations of divergent and rotational motions are presented for 2-month averages of the 1979 Global Weather Experiment for a latitude belt extending from 60°N to 60°S. The sensitivity of these vertical structures to analysis techniques is examined for divergent and rotational motions separately. Divergent motions are linked to tropical convection and the extent to which observed rotational motions may be interpreted as a response to diabatic heating is discussed.
Multiple potential clinical benefits for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs in kidney transplant recipients

Abstract Therapeutic trials of 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 and related synthetic analogs are merited in diverse clinical fields, including treatment or prevention of bone disease, cancer, immune-mediated diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and prostatic hypertrophy. Potential difficulties of carrying out such trials successfully, include experimental data suggesting relatively modest therapeutic effects of 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 analogs as stand-alone intervention and the likely requirement for large study group size and lengthy follow-up periods, if individual prophylactic effects are to be proven. Thus, it may be wise to identify patient groups with multiple potential benefits, accelerated disease risks, and the possibility for exploring synergistic pharmacological effects, in whom to carry out clinical trials of 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 analogs. With this consideration in mind, the suitability of kidney transplant recipients for such studies is discussed. Although, highly effective in reversing end-stage renal disease, kidney transplantation continues to be limited by heightened risk of osteoporosis, persistent hyperparathyroidism, acute and chronic immunological injury, new cancer diagnosis, and cardiovascular events. In addition, kidney transplant recipients generally receive multiple immunosuppressants with a high prevalence of medication-related toxicities. Finally, it is pointed out that clinical trials carried out in organ transplant recipients provide a unique opportunity for longitudinal comparison of target tissue structural and gene expression profiles among treated and control patient groups. It is proposed that addition of a 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 analog to conventional post-kidney transplant medication regimens is likely to be associated with measurable effects to prevent or retard multiple important complications and that this patient group is especially suitable for carrying out clinical trials of these compounds.
Clinical observations on adult aphasia

Abstract Behavioral and communicative patterns of adult aphasic patients were evaluated empirically under varied conditions. Certain levels of linguistic function were found to be diagnostically and prognostically helpful in evaluating aphasic disturbances.
Short-term intensive 5-fluorouracil treatment of actinic keratoses.

BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil therapy is an efficacious treatment for actinic keratoses. However, the prolonged courses of therapy traditionally prescribed are unpleasant, uncomfortable, and can lead to noncompliance. OBJECTIVE To treat patients with shorter courses of 5-fluoroura-cil therapy. METHODS 5-Fluorouracil cream or solution is applied four times daily for periods varying between 7 and 21 days, depending upon the body location. RESULTS The same brisk inflammatory reaction and clearing of the majority of actinic keratoses associated with longer courses of application twice daily is realized. CONCLUSION 5-Fluorouracil can be applied four times daily for shorter periods of time, resulting in clearing of actinic keratoses and patient acceptability.
243 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING BY NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING OF cDNA SAMPLES FROM INNER CELL MASS AND TROPHECTODERM OF A SINGLE-DAY 12 PORCINE EMBRYO

Traditional microarray approaches to gene expression profiling often require RNA or cDNA amplification when working with extremely small or valuable tissue samples.This process is generally viewed as being undesirable because there is potential for bias to be introduced during amplification. Very recently, the so-called next-generation sequencing technologies were adapted for use in global gene expression profiling. Herein we report our efforts to apply these sequencing technologies to assess relative transcript abundances in pre-implantation-stage porcine embryos, without additional nucleic acid amplification before sequencing. As a proof-of-principle experiment, we have isolated total RNA from the embryonic disc (inner cell mass; ICM) and a small piece of trophectoderm (TE) from a Day 12 in vivo-produced embryo, which were estimated to be composed of 500 to 1000 cells each. The RNA was reverse transcribed using oligo-dT priming followed by second-strand cDNA synthesis. The double-stranded cDNA was then randomly sheared by sonication, and 10 ng of double-stranded cDNA fragments was used for sample preparation before sequencing. Prepared cDNA fragments (at 7 picomolar concentrations) were submitted for sequencing using the Illumina/Solexa platform as recommended. The millions of short (36 bp) reads generated by Illumina sequencing for each sample were then aligned to the swine UniGene database from NCBI, allowing for zero or one mismatches. Relative transcript abundances between cell types were profiled by considering the read counts for a given UniGene member as a percentage of the total number of reads generated for each cell type. It was demonstrated that approximately 11 000 and 9000 UniGene members were represented by a normalized average of 5 or more short reads per lane (0.001% of the total) in the ICM and TE samples, respectively. As expected, pluripotency factors, chromatin remodeling components, and cell-cell communication molecules were overrepresented in the ICM sample as compared with the TE sample. Conversely, epithelial determinants, ion transporters, and components of the steroid biosynthesis pathways were more abundant in the TE sample than in the ICM sample. Relative abundances of representative transcripts in these samples were verified by quantitative RT-PCR. In conclusion, we demonstrate the utility of next-generation sequencing technologies for gene expression profiling using even minute tissue samples and show that such analyses are possible even in species without a sequenced genome.
Activation of endothelial BKCa channels causes pulmonary vasodilation.

Abstract Background Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels cause hyperpolarization and can regulate vascular tone. In this study, we evaluated the effect of endothelial BKCa activation on pulmonary vascular tone. Methods The presence of BKCa channels in lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVEC) and rat lung tissue was confirmed by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Isolated pulmonary artery (PA) rings and isolated ventilated-perfused rat lungs were used to assay the effects of BKCa channel activation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Results Immunoblotting and RT-PCR revealed the presence of BKCa channel α- and β4-subunits in LMVEC. Immunohistochemical staining showed BKCa channel α-subunit expression in vascular endothelium in rat lungs. In arterial ring studies, BKCa channel activation by NS1619 enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation that was attenuated by tetraethylammonium and iberiotoxin. In addition, activation of BKCa channels by C-type natriuretic peptide caused endothelial-dependent vasodilation that was blocked by iberiotoxin, L-NAME, and lanthanum. Furthermore, BKCa activation by NS1619 caused a dose-dependent reduction in PA pressures that was attenuated by L-NAME. In vitro, BKCa channel activation in LMVEC caused hyperpolarization and increased NO production. Conclusions Pulmonary endothelium expresses BKCa channels. Activation of endothelial BKCa channels causes hyperpolarization and NO mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in micro- and macrovasculature in the lung.
The Induction of Micronuclei in Human Lymphocytes By Low Doses of Radiation

SummaryThe appearance of micronuclei (MN) is delayed with respect to cell division in populations of irradiated human lymphocytes, so that the length of time in culture, as well as the number of divisions, is a factor in MN assays. Using two assays that control for cell kinetics, we measured the yield of cells with MN exposed to graded doses of 60Co gamma rays and 90 KVP X-rays. The yields showed a non-linear increase with dose. They can be represented by two straight lines: the one in the range below 0·15 Gy has a slight slope, the other in the range above 0·15 Gy has a significantly greater slope. The radical scavengers cysteamine and glycerol, which reduced the MN yields sharply at 3 Gy, were less effective at 0·3 Gy, indicating that terminal deletions arising from the direct ionization of DNA are a major source of the MN induced by low radiation doses. It is likely that the non-linear dose response is due to the saturation of a DNA repair process.
Serine arginine splicing factor 3 is involved in enhanced splicing of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase RNA in response to nutrients and hormones in liver.

Expression of G6PD is controlled by changes in the degree of splicing of the G6PD mRNA in response to nutrients in the diet. This regulation involves an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) in exon 12 of the mRNA. Using the G6PD model, we demonstrate that nutrients and hormones control the activity of serine-arginine-rich (SR) proteins, a family of splicing co-activators, and thereby regulate the splicing of G6PD mRNA. In primary rat hepatocyte cultures, insulin increased the amount of phosphorylated SR proteins, and this effect was counteracted by arachidonic acid. The results of RNA affinity analysis with nuclear extracts from intact liver demonstrated that the SR splicing factor proteins SRSF3 and SRSF4 bound to the G6PD ESE. Consequently, siRNA-mediated depletion of SRSF3, but not SRSF4, in liver cells inhibited accumulation of both mRNA expressed from a minigene containing exon 12 and the endogenous G6PD mRNA. Consistent with the functional role of SRSF3 in regulating splicing, SRSF3 was observed to bind to the ESE in both intact cells and in animals using RNA immunoprecipitation analysis. Furthermore, refeeding significantly increased the binding of SRSF3 coincident with increased splicing and expression of G6PD. Together, these data establish that nutritional regulation of SRSF3 activity is involved in the differential splicing of the G6PD transcript in response to nutrients. Nutritional regulation of other SR proteins presents a regulatory mechanism that could cause widespread changes in mRNA splicing. Nutrients are therefore novel regulators of mRNA splicing. Background: Regulation of G6PD expression by nutrients occurs by changes in accumulation of spliced mRNA without changes in transcriptional activity of the gene. Results: Refeeding enhances SRSF3 binding to G6PD mRNA. Loss of SRSF3 inhibits G6PD expression. Conclusion: SRSF3 is a target for nutritional regulation of splicing. Significance: Regulation of RNA splicing is a novel target for nutrient action.
Cytochrome P450cam catalyzed epoxidation of dehydrocamphor

Abstract In addition to the normal 5- exo -hydroxylation of camphor, bacterial cytochrome P450 is shown to carry out the facile epoxidation of dehydrocamphor to give exo -5,6-epoxycamphor. A detailed kinetic study of the reaction demonstrates that epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions occur with nearly identical rates both in the reconstituted system containing flavoprotein dehydrogenase, iron-sulfur protein, and NADH as well as in the single turnover reaction beginning with ferrous, oxygenated cytochrome P450. Dehydrocamphor is not a suicide substrate for the enzyme since competent enzyme remains after several thousand reaction cycles per P450 molecule.
Comparisons between some pumping conditions for context-free languages

We present a systematic investigation of the relationships between various pumping properties—the classic pumping condition of Bar-Hillelet al., Ogden's condition, a generalized Ogden condition of Bader and Moura, Sokolowski's condition, an extended Sokolowski condition of Grant, and linear versions of some of these conditions. We define special language operations that allow us to produce, in a systematical and uniform way, languages that satisfy some combinations of the pumping conditions but not the others. We show, among others, that the general and the linear pumping conditions are “orthogonal,” whereas the generalized Ogden condition is stronger than the extended Sokolowski condition.
Elastic Scattering of Alpha-Particles by Oxygen.

The differential cross sections for elastic scattering of alpha-particles by ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ were measured in a gas-scattering chamber using alpha-particles accelerated in an electrostatic generator over the energy region from 0.94 to 4.0 Mev. Cross sections were measured at $\ensuremath{\theta}(\mathrm{cm})=168.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}; 140.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}; 124.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}; \mathrm{and} 90.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Because both particles have zero spin the partial wave analysis is exceptionally simple and fixes unambiguously the angular momentum and parity of each level. The resonances were analyzed using the Wigner-Eisenbud one-level approximation to determine the width and resonant energy of each resonance. Five scattering anomalies were observed which correspond to excited states of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ with the following energies, angular momenta, and parities: 6.738 Mev, $J={0}^{+}$; 7.182 Mev, $J={3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; 7.218 Mev, $J={0}^{+}$; 7.450 Mev, $J={2}^{+}$; and 7.854 Mev, $J={2}^{+}$. The uncertainty in these energies is about 10 kev, most of which is due to the uncertainty of the energy loss in the gas. None of the levels have reduced widths greater than two percent of the single particle width.
Inhibitory action of the testosterone and liver extract on staphylococcal infections in mice.

Inhibitory Action of the Testosterone and Liver Extract on Staphylococcal Infections in Mice
An ocular grid-planimeter method for enumerating nerve fibers.

The estimation of numbers of nerve fibers in cross sections of peripheral nerves containing both fine and large fiber components can be accomplished by using an ocular grid and selectively counting a known area. With the use of a projecting apparatus and planimeter, the total cross section area is determined.The following proportion expresses the principle involved:total number of fibers in the nerve area of ass section of entire nerve number counted in the sample area area of sampleI f the planimeter calibration and the magnification of the tracing remain the same, a constant factor may be used for successive estimates. This factor is equal to the value of the planimeter reading of 1.000 divided by the area of the grid times the magnification squared. The final calculations are made by multiplying the number of fibers counted times the planimeter reading times the constant and dividing by the number of grid squares counted.Counts of some nerves, using high magnification in enumerating the sample areas, c...
American ophthalmology graduate medical education and the web: Current state of internet resource utilization

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the presence and accessibility of ophthalmology graduate medical education (GME) programs on the internet and the degree to which web-based resources are currently being utilized by American Ophthalmology training programs. Design Prospective sampling of internet postings of ophthalmology GME programs. Methods Ophthalmology residency programs listed in the American Medical Association Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) online website ( http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2997. html ) were evaluated. Departmental websites were accessed either directly from the FREIDA website or from one of eight search engines or four metacrawlers utilized in the study. Each site was evaluated for the presence, extent, and type of postings in the following categories: residency, medical student resources, faculty, patient care, video utilization, and links. Results Departments with websites numbered 102 (83%). Specific posting rates were residency 84%; medical student resource 12%; faculty 72%; patient care 69%; video 2%; links 70%. Conclusions Most departments have websites, but only a small number have postings in all categories.
Existence of basophil chemotaxis in subjects with hay fever

Abstract From an earlier study we proposed that the relative peripheral basophilia of subjects with symptomatic hay fever might be associated with a basophil chemotactic factor in the serum. Six subjects with symptomatic hay fever and six nonallergic subjects were tested for basophil chemotaxis (BC) weekly during and after the hay fever season. Cells of the allergic subjects with autologous serum showed significantly more BC than with control serum during the symptomatic weeks. After the hay fever season there was no difference in BC between the allergic and nonallergic groups. We conclude that there is a BC factor(s) in the serum of symptomatic subjects with hay fever which requires basophils from symptomatic subjects to be demonstrable.
The Impact of Normative Influence and Locus of Control on Ethical Judgments and Intentions: a Cross-Cultural Comparison

The study extends the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in a cross-cultural setting, incorporating ethical judgments and locus of control in a comparison of Taiwanese and US businesspersons. A self-administered survey of 698 businesspersons from the US and Taiwan examined several hypothesized differences. Results indicate that while Taiwanese respondents have a more favorable attitude toward a requested bribe than US counterparts, and are less likely to view it as an ethical issue, their higher locus externality causes ethical judgments and behavioral intentions to conform to normative influences of in groups and superiors. In the Taiwanese sample, locus externality effectively functions as a countervailing pressure against the unethical behavior in the scenario. No such effect is found in the US sample. A path model fitted to the data shows that locus internals exhibit more consistency among attitudes, judgments, and behavioral intentions than locus externals. Implications for managers and researchers are discussed, and suggestions and precautions for development of efficacy-enhancement programs are offered.
The quantum efficiency and stability of UV and soft x-ray photocathodes

The sensitivity of many detection devices is established by the use photocathodes for the conversion of incoming photons into photoelectrons. The choice of photocathode material is determined by the spectral range where the sensitivity of the device is most important. Alkali halides are very efficient photocathodes in the ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelength ranges and are widely used in many scientific applications. Although they are relatively stable under short exposure to atmosphere, which substantially simplifies production and handling of detection devices, it was found that their sensitivity can be substantially reduced by intense UV or X-ray irradiation (photocathode's ageing). A detailed study of alkali halide photocathodes efficiency and their ageing under intense UV and X-ray irradiation as well as some methods of increasing the stability are presented. The quantum efficiency of amorphous diamond films were shown to be slightly lower than the efficiency of some alkali halide films, but the chemical and mechanical stability and yet to be confirmed radiation hardness of diamond photocathodes make them very attractive for many UV and soft X-ray applications. Multialkalis and new materials such as GaN, AlGaN, GaAs could be used to extend the sensitivity to longer wavelengths, but require in situ processing in very high vacuum.
Feasibility of porous silicon as a primary material in solar cells

Abstract Porous silicon was anodically etched as a function of hydrofluoric (HF) acid concentration and current density to determine the relationship between photoluminescence peak emission wavelength and the parameters of each etch condition. This was done to study the feasibility of fabricating a three-band-gap solar cell on a single wafer silicon sample. The design required that two regions of the wafer sample be etched under different conditions so that two distinct energy band gaps could be produced. One region was first anodically etched in a solution of 10% HF. That region and a second region were then anodically etched in a solution of 20% HF. The third energy band gap for the solar cell was that of native crystalline silicon. The results were characterized by photoluminescence (PL), capacitance, and current–voltage ( I – V ) curves obtained in the dark and under one sun illumination. Results obtained from PL showed that each etch concentration (except 15% HF) produced a characteristic peak wavelength, 5% HF created 589 nm, 10% HF created 611 nm, 20% HF created 663 nm, and 25% HF created 652 nm. Results obtained from capacitance measurements showed that porous regions between 3 and 10 nm were produced in 10 min etches. Results obtained from ( I – V ) curves showed non-linear behavior. Photovoltaic behavior was seen under one sun illumination with I sc of about −0.02 mA, V oc of about 0.1 V and a calculated fill factor of about 0.2.
Chemical Mass Balance Source Apportionment of Lead in House Dust

Chemical mass balance was used to apportion the major proximate contributors of lead mass to house dust (HDPb) obtained from urban Jersey City, NJ, homes of children at risk for lead exposure. Coarse (up to ∼60 μm) and PM10 (<10 μm) particle size fractions of vacuum dust samples from 64 residences with lead-based paints were analyzed for Pb and 16 other elements. Source profiles were developed to represent proximate source media contributors to HDPb pre-1960 interior lead-based paints, indoor air, and a crustal source profile that accounted for the contribution of yard soils and street dusts. On average for both size fractions the exterior proximate sources, i.e., crustal materials and deposited airborne particulates, were responsible for approximately two-thirds of the HDPb mass; the interior lead-based paint sources contributed the remaining third. Results indicate considerable variability in Pb source contributors between homes, but little dif ference in the source contributors to the two overlapping s...
Micromagnetic theory of domain formation in helimagnets

We study the necessary conditions for the formation of domains in helimagnets by calculating an exact expression for the classical magnetic dipolar energy associated to the magnetic helix, as a function of its pitch ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{0}$ and the system size. For magnets whose caliper dimensions exceed ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{0}$, we show that the dipolar energy density vanishes except at a region of depth ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{0}$ near the surface of the system. Thus, effectively, the dipolar magnetic energy is a skin effect which scales with the surface of the system. Consequently, the formation of domains becomes, in this case, energetically unfavorable. On the other hand, as the helimagnet smallest caliper dimension becomes comparable to ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{0}$, the dipolar energy crossover to a volume effect and, just like in a ferromagnet, for large enough systems the presence of domain walls reduces the dipolar energy and hence induces the formation of domains.
Bacteriophage T7 late promoters: construction and in vitro transcription properties of deletion mutants

The construction of plasmids containing T7 class I promoters with deletion mutants was described. Restriction fragments, ending at the Hinf I site located at position -10 in the promoter from 14.8% of the T7 genome, were cloned into pBR322. This produced the deletion of either the left or the right part of the promoter. The in vitro transcription properties of these plasmids were determined. Control plasmids were obtained by cloning wild type class II and class III promoters into pBR322. These plasmids also were used to compare the in vitro transcription properties of the two classes of late promoters. Much of the leftward part of a T7 late promoter can be deleted without abolishing activity, but deletion of the right part eliminates promoter activity. Class II, class III, and the mutated promoters have characteristic responses to changes in ionic strength, exogenous glycerol, and temperature.
The PsbQ protein is required in Arabidopsis for photosystem II assembly/stability and photoautotrophy under low light conditions.

RNA interference was used to simultaneously suppress the expression of the two genes that encode the PsbQ proteins of Photosystem II (PS II) in Arabidopsis thaliana, psbQ-1 (At4g21280) and psbQ-2 (At4g05180). Two independent PsbQ-deficient plant lines were examined. These plant lines produced little detectable PsbQ protein. Under normal growth light conditions, the wild type and mutant plants were visually indistinguishable. Additionally, analysis of steady state oxygen evolution rates and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics indicated little alteration of photosynthetic capacity in the mutant plants. No loss of other PS II proteins was evident. Interestingly, flash oxygen yield analysis performed on thylakoid membranes isolated from the mutant and wild type plants indicated that the oxygen-evolving complex was quite unstable in the mutants. Furthermore, the lifetime of the S2 state of the oxygen-evolving complex appeared to be increased in these plants. Incubation of the wild type and mutant plants under low light growth conditions led to a significantly stronger observed phenotype in the mutants. The mutant plants progressively yellowed (after 2 weeks) and eventually died (after 3-4 weeks). The wild type plants exhibited only slight yellowing after 4 weeks under low light conditions. The mutant plants exhibited a large loss of a number of PS II components, including CP47 and the D2 protein, under low light conditions. Additionally, significant alterations of their fluorescence characteristics were observed, including an increased FO and decreased FV, yielding a large loss in PS II quantum efficiency (FV/FM). Analysis of QA decay kinetics in the absence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea indicated a defect in electron transfer from QA- to QB, whereas experiments performed in the presence of this herbicide indicated that the recombination rate between QA- and the S2 state was strongly retarded. These results indicate that the loss of the PsbQ protein induces significant changes in Photosystem II function, particularly in low light-grown plants, and that the PsbQ protein is required for photoautotrophic growth under low light conditions.
Error control for terminals with human operators

The man-machine interface at any terminal in a computer system is a likely source of error and can be regarded as a noisy channel. Certain data, such as ID numbers, can be precoded to protect against most-likely errors, including transposition of adjacent symbols and substitutions, as well as deletions and insertions. This paper first considers certain basic requirements for error detection with minimum redundancy. An efficient special coding scheme designed for decimal terminals is described next. Finally, certain cyclic codes are shown to be adaptable to transposition error control when appropriate decoding schemes are implemented.
The extended supracerebellar transtentorial approach for resection of medial tentorial meningiomas.

Background The supracerebellar transtentorial (SCTT) approach has been established as a safe corridor to access the posteriomedial basal temporal region. Previous reports have demonstrated the efficacy of this route in the resection of intrinsic tumors and small arteriovenous malformations. Only one report in the English literature has described its use to resect a medial tentorial meningioma. Methods The authors discuss the relevant surgical anatomy of this approach and its advantages compared with more traditional routes, and illustrate its application to remove medial tentorial meningiomas through two operative cases with accompanying videos. Results In illustrative case one, the patient recovered from surgery with no deficits. All his preoperative symptoms had resolved at 3-month follow-up. At the 4-year follow-up, MRI did not demonstrate any growth of the residual tumor. In case two, gross total resection was achieved and the patient did not suffer any postoperative language or visual deficit. At 2-year follow-up, no tumor recurrence was present. Conclusion The SCTT approach has a potential to safely access extra-axial lesions located around the medial tentorial incisura. As demonstrated in these two cases, the approach merits consideration in patients with tentorial meningiomas as an alternative to more widely utilized skull base approaches and subtemporal routes.
Predictors of Friendship Quality and Peer Group Acceptance at Summer Camp

Relations between friendship quality and peer acceptance were examined by assessing predictors of, and quality of adolescents' (N = 118) relationships at summer camp. Having a positive friendship before camp predicted the development of a positive friendship and the acceptance by peers at camp. Peer acceptance before camp predicted peer acceptance but not friendship quality at camp. Self-reported sociability predicted peer acceptance at camp but not friendship quality; hostility predicted antagonism in friendships and peer group relationships. Physical attractiveness was a stronger predictor of positive friendships and peer acceptance than was sociability. Results indicated that in a new peer group, behaviors necessary for peer acceptance may differ from those necessary for positive friendships, but attractiveness may be important to both.
R&D of RABiTS-based coated conductors: Conversion of ex situ YBCO superconductor using a novel pulsed electron-beam deposited precursor

Abstract Pulsed electron deposition (PED), an ablation-based film growth technique similar to pulsed-laser deposition, is a relatively new method for the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of films. In the area of PVD ex situ superconductor precursor deposition, PED is potentially simpler and more versatile than its traditional e-beam co-evaporation counterpart. We have deposited near-stoichiometric YF 3 –BaF 2 –CuO PED precursors of various thicknesses in moving configuration on RABiTS substrates. Critical current densities ( J c ) as high as 1.6 MA/cm 2 have been achieved on these precursors converted at standard slow rates of roughly 1 A/s, which has previously been necessary for high performance PVD precursors. More importantly, these as-deposited PED precursors were found to be able to tolerate aggressive conversion conditions. Consequently, simultaneous attainment of high conversion rate of nearly 8 A/s and high J c of 1 MA/cm 2 has been realized.
Axially Correlated Ablation Between Neighboring Wires in a Z-Pinch

Summary form only given. Wire array experiments utilizing four pair of 7.5 micron diameter tungsten wires spaced 244 nm apart were performed using the COBRA accelerator at Cornell University during a collaboration between Cornell University and the University of Michigan. The wire array load was driven with a 1 MV, 1 MA, 100 ns rise-time pulse; molybdenum x-pinches in the return current path were used as x-ray backlighters to image the wire cores approximately 65 ns into the current pulse. These images suggested axially correlated inward and outward displacements between paired wires. In addition, the outwardly displaced correlated region was more severely ablated than the rest of the axial positions in the wire-pair. A subsequent shot series was performed on COBRA to reproduce this possible correlation effect. As of January 2007, a total of nine wire-pair images were obtained; preliminary analysis indicated axial correlation in four of these wire-pairs. A more detailed analysis is underway to quantify the observed correlated displacement and ablation regions, as well as to identify physical mechanisms for this observed phenomenon.
DuP 747: sar study

Abstract The results of a detailed study of the structure-activity relationships in the series of compounds represented by DuP 747 are described.
Gene expression patterns during palatal shelf fusion

Abstract Introduction: Cleft palate is a common disorder that occurs when there is failure of the palatal shelves to fuse during normal development. The genes mediating normal palatal fusion are largely unknown. Methods: We harvested mRNA and performed microarray (∼40,000 element) analysis of mice palatal shelves at timepoints before, during, and after palatal fusion (E13.5, E14.5, and E15.5). IHC was performed using standard techniques. Results: Replicates clustered together by time point indicating consistency between harvests. Hox-7A, a gene implicated in both mice and humans as important to cleft lip and palate formation was upregulated during palatal fusion. Several retinoic acid responsive genes such as Stra6 were also upregulated during fusion. Furthermore, we found the homeobox gene Lim-1 to be upregulated during palatal fusion. To confirm our microarray findings of differential expression of LIM-1 during palate formation, we performed immunohistochemistry. During early secondary palate formation (E12.5), as the shelves are pointing inferiorly, LIM-1 expression was maximal at the lateral wall and tip of the palate epithelia. Interestingly, minimal expression was noted in the medial palatal wall epithelia. LIM-1 expression regressed with epithelial to mesenchymal transition at the midline epithelial seam as the approaching palates fuse on E14.5. LIM-1 expression was completely abolished within the palate mesenchyme by E16.5 after completion of fusion. Conclusions: We have identified novel genes that may be involved in normal palatogenesis using large-scale microarray analysis. These data may be a valuable resource for other researchers attempting to elucidate the complex dysregulation of expression cascades involved in cleft palate formation.
Rat brain angiotensin II receptors: effects of intracerebroventricular angiotensin II infusion.

Abstract Angiotensin II (Ang II) was infused into a lateral cerebral ventricle of male Sprague-Dawley rats and its effects on blood pressure, water balance and specific [125I]Ang II binding to brain and adrenal tissues were studied. The infusion was maintained at a rate of 500 ng/μl/h for 6 days using subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. A control group was infused intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with 0.9% saline at a rate of 1 μl/h for 6 days. Angiotensin II treated rats showed a four-fold increase in water intake and urine volume and a moderate increase in blood pressure; these effects were not observed in rats given saline i.c.v. There was no significant difference in [125I]Ang II binding site density or binding affinity in either the hypothalamus-thalamus-septum-midbrain (HTSM) of the brainstem between Ang II-treated and saline-treated groups. In addition, [125I]Ang II binding sites in the adrenals were also unaffected by i.c.v. infusion of Ang II. The results suggest that brain Ang II receptors are unresponsive to increased Ang II levels in cerebrospinal fluid.
Measurement of horse core body temperature

Abstract Horse core body temperature (CBT) was monitored by three methods to compare three distinct physiological locations (blood temperature, BT; rectal temperature, RT; and telemetry-based gastrointestinal temperature, GT). Calibrated results indicate that CBT was different for each location (0.5 °C greater GT vs. RT; 1.0 °C greater GT vs. BT). The diurnal CBT average, minimum, and maximum were 38.0, 37.6, and 38.5 °C, respectively; and the telemetry-based system for measuring GT applied in this study is an acceptable alternative method for monitoring core body temperature in horses.
Replication of mammalian DNA in bromodeoxyuridine: Appearance of a component with intermediate density

When three lines of mammalian cells were cultured with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for less than one generation, their DNAs displayed three peaks in CsCl gradients. In addition to the expected unsubstituted (LL) and hybrid (LH) peaks, there was a significant absorbance peak of intermediate density (INT) between LH and LL DNAs. This INT DNA has characteristics expected of an intermediate of DNA replication. Upon shearing, it behaves as though it contains contiguous segments of unsubstituted and hybrid DNAs. Upon continuous exposure of cells to [3H]-BrdUrd, radioactivity accumulates in INT DNA for 60–90 min when a steady state condition is reached. At that time, the rate of incorporation into LH DNA increases, consistent with a precursorproduct relationship. In a pulse-chase experiment, radioactivity is chased from INT DNA into LH DNA. To account for the above observations and for the size and sharpness of the INT DNA peak in CsCl, we suggest that a high molecular weight replication intermediate accumulates before completing replication into mature daughter molecules.
Origin of sidebranching in dendritic growth

We present mechanisms for sidebranch generation in dendritic growth, stressing the importance of nonlinear effects. One such mechanism, which we call solvability-induced sidebranching, relies on the fact that the steady states form a discrete family. In addition, time-dependent simulations of crystal growth in the boundary-layer model are performed. We find that there is a critical value of the anisotropy strength below which the needle crystals are linearly unstable to tip splitting; above this value, the needle crystals have a finite-amplitude instability.
Optical control of pattern-reconfigurable planar antennas

This paper presents a pattern-reconfigurable planar antenna that is optically controlled to switch in and out various composite printed circuit radiators in each of the quadrants. The designed antenna is able to generate a single omnidirectional or four directional patterns by switching between the microstrip elements, maintaining a good impedance matching over the entire 2.4 GHz WiFi band. By using commercially available optical devices, two different strategies were explored for the optical control: i) PIN photodetectors based switching, and ii) a photo-transistor controlled RF PIN diodes for switching. Different advantages and limitations of each technique are discussed, when implementing as single-pole-single-throw RF switches in the proposed composite antenna. The antenna's characteristics are reported, where a matched input impedance and radiation patterns are achieved over WiFi frequency band.