cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is the threshold amount of starch necessary for full gravitropic sensitivity

Abstract In preparation for microgravity experiments, we studied the kinetics of gravitropism in seedlings of wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis and three starch-deficient mutants. One of these mutants is starchless (ACG 21) while the other two are intermediate starch mutants (ACG 20 and ACG 27). In root cap cells, ACG 20 and 27 have 51% and 60% of the WT amount of starch, respectively. However, in endodermal cells of the hypocotyl, ACG 20 has a greater amount of starch than ACG 27. WT roots and hypocotyls were much more responsive to gravity than were the respective organs of the starchless mutant, and the intermediate starch mutants exhibited reduced gravitropism but had responses that were close to that of the WT. In roots, ACG 27 (more starch) was more responsive than ACG 20 (less starch), while in hypocotyls, ACG 20 (more starch) had a greater response than ACG 27 (less starch). Taken together, our data are consistent with the starch-statolith hypothesis for gravity perception in that the degree of graviresponsiveness is proportional to the total mass of plastids per cell. These results also suggest that (in roots) 51–60% starch is close to the threshold amount of starch needed for full gravitropism and that the gravity sensing system is “overbuilt.”
Factors Associated With Pupil Toilet Use in Kenyan Primary Schools

The purpose of this study was to quantify how school sanitation conditions are associated with pupils’ use of sanitation facilities. We conducted a longitudinal assessment in 60 primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya, using structured observations to measure facility conditions and pupils’ use at specific facilities. We used multivariable mixed regression models to characterize how pupil to toilet ratio was associated with toilet use at the school-level and also how facility conditions were associated with pupils’ use at specific facilities. We found a piecewise linear relationship between decreasing pupil to toilet ratio and increasing pupil toilet use (p < 0.01). Our data also revealed significant associations between toilet use and newer facility age (p < 0.01), facility type (p < 0.01), and the number of toilets in a facility (p < 0.01). We found some evidence suggesting facility dirtiness may deter girls from use (p = 0.06), but not boys (p = 0.98). Our study is the first to rigorously quantify many of these relationships, and provides insight into the complexity of factors affecting pupil toilet use patterns, potentially leading to a better allocation of resources for school sanitation, and to improved health and educational outcomes for children.
Implications of Future Demographic Change for Participation in Fishing in Texas

Abstract We use racial and ethnicity characteristics and demographic decomposition techniques to examine the relative effects of age, race and ethnicity, and population growth on rates of participation in freshwater and saltwater fishing in Texas through 2025. The number of anglers will grow slowly, and an increasing proportion of anglers will be minorities and older people. From 1990 to 2025 the increase will be less than 20% for non-Hispanic whites but more than 70% for blacks and 130% for Hispanics. Minorities could account for 41% of participants in freshwater fishing and for 56% of those in saltwater fishing by 2025. For all racial and ethnic groups, projected increases are most rapid among middle and older age-groups. Decomposition analysis indicates that population growth will account for a majority of the change in the overall rate of participation, but age and race–ethnicity will also be important, particularly for saltwater fishing. Slower growth and increasing diversity among the population of ...
A Generalized Model for Predicting Heat‐Induced Chicken Myofibrillar Protein Gel Strength

A generalized mathematical model was developed for predicting effects of temperature-time history (TTH), protein concentration, and pH on the strength of heat-induced chicken myofibrillar protein gels. A pseudo first-order kinetic model was used to describe integral TTH effects of protein denaturation on an apparent viscosity index. A reaction threshold temperature of 30°C and a denaturation activation energy of 20 kcal/mole were calculated. No significant increase in viscosity index was observed at TTH values above 1.0 × 1010oK-sec. Maximum viscosity index was observed at pH 6.0. The effect of protein concentration on viscosity index was modeled as a logarithmic function. An a priori modeling approach based on fundamental theories can be used to predict the strength of gels under various processing conditions.
Water-soluble cyclodextrin polymers for enhanced relative recovery of hydrophobic analytes during microdialysis sampling

Microdialysis relative recovery (RR) enhancement using different water-soluble, epichlorohydrin-based cyclodextrin polymers (CD–EPS) was studied in vitro for different analytes, amitryptiline, carbamazepine, hydroquinone, ibuprofen, and 4-nitrophenol. When compared to the native CDs (α, β, and γ) on a per mole basis, the CD–EPS enhanced microdialysis RR was either statistically greater or the same. β-CD–EPS was more highly retained than native β-CD by a 20000 Da molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) polycarbonate membrane, but showed no statistical difference for loss across a 100000 Da MWCO polyethersulfone membrane (PES). When the same weight percent of β-CD or β-CD–EPS was included in the microdialysis perfusion fluid, the β-CD–EPS produced a higher microdialysis RR than native β-CD for all analytes across the PES membrane. However, enhancements for the PC membrane were statistically insignificant when β-CD and β-CD–EPS were compared on a per mole basis. These results suggest that CD–EPS may be used as effective enhancement agents during microdialysis sampling and for some membranes provide the additional advantage of being retained more than native CDs.
A Systematic Review of the Association between Immunogenomic Markers and Cancer-Related Fatigue

Fatigue, which is one of the most commonly reported symptoms in cancer, can negatively impact the functional status and the health-related quality of life of individuals. This paper systematically reviews 34 studies to determine patterns of associations between immunogenomic markers and levels of cancer-related fatigue (CRF). Findings from the longitudinal studies revealed that elevated fatigue symptoms especially of women with early stages of breast cancer were associated with high levels of neutrophil/monocyte, IL-1ra, and IL-6 during radiation therapy; high levels of CD4+, IL-1β, and IL-6 with stressing stimuli; high levels of IL-1β during chemotherapy; low NK cell levels after chemotherapy; and presence of homozygous IL-6 and TNF alleles. In the cross-sectional studies, associations between levels of fatigue and immune/inflammatory markers were not consistently found, especially when covariates such as BMI, ethnicity, menopausal status, and educational level were controlled in the statistical analyses. However, a number of genomic markers were observed to be elevated mostly in fatigued breast cancer survivors in the cross-sectional studies. Gaps in knowledge and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Poly(acrylic acid) Undergoes Partial Esterification During RAFT Synthesis in Methanol and Interchain Disulfide Bridging Upon NaOH Treatment

In this work, poly(acrylic acid) was synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) and 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate as a radical initiator and chain transfer agent, respectively. By varying the reactant ratios, we achieved poly(acrylic acid) with molecular weights up to 55 100 and polydispersities of ≈1.2. Upon characterization of the final products, we detected, as a side reaction, partial esterification of the carboxyl side chain groups when the polymerization was conducted in methanol. Treatment of the esterified polymer with base resulted in acrylic acid homopolymers, but also led to end-group disulfide bridging, which was reversed using a reducing buffer.
Effect of an unnatural phospholipid base analog, N-isopropylethanolamine, on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in cultured glial and neuronal cells.

Cultured C-6 glial and neuroblastoma cells were utilized to study the effect of the unnatural amino alcohol, N-isopropylethanolamine, on the microsomal enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Growth of both cell types in the presence of the compound was accompanied in 24 hr by a decrease in reductase activity to 25–35% of activity in control cells. The effect was accompanied by a comparable decrease in the rate of cholesterol synthesis. However, no comparable change occurred in cell growth, fatty acid synthetase activity, or in total protein synthesis from [3H]leucine. The data suggest that the polar head groups of microsomal membrane phospholipids play an important role in the regulation of reductase activity.
"Driver on a floppy" delivery of ATE instrumentation software

With the advent of "open architecture" ATE systems where multiple vendors provide instrumentation for ATE platforms, it becomes critical to change how software for this instrumentation is delivered and integrated into the base software platforms. No longer can the ATE vendor require that all software come from a single source through a single process as a single set of binaries. However, it is equally critical to avoid pitfalls that might adversely impact the performance, functionality, ease of use and quality that determine the ultimate success of automatic test equipment
The Hermes/Voyager mission operations concept

Abstract We describe a shared mission operations concept planned for use in support of the Hermes Global Orbiter mission, a proposed Discovery mission to study the planet Mercury. Voyager, a currently flying interplanetary mission, and Hermes are planning to enter into shared mission operations, a relationship which will permit a new low-cost approach to deep space flight operations. Modifications made to the Voyager Mission Operations System plus incremental staffing increases will enable shared mission operations and allow Hermes to avoid the typically high costs associated with development and staffing of a separate mission operations system. We show that shared mission operations will provide reliable and robust operations for both Hermes and Voyager, and will allow Hermes to benefit from the depth of the Voyager experience. This shared mission operations approach is innovative, and will demonstrate a management and operations approach not used before for simultaneous support of scientifically unrelated missions.
Effect of flux (transmembrane pressure) and membrane properties on fouling and rejection of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes treating perfluorooctane sulfonate containing wastewater.

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an emergent contaminant of substantial environmental concerns. In this study, reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were used to remove this tox...
Problem of time and quantum black holes

We discuss the derivation of the so-called semiclassical equations for both minisuperspace and dilaton gravity. We find that there is no systematic derivation of a semiclassical theory in which quantum mechanics is formulated in a space-time that is a solution of Einstein's equations, with the expectation value of the matter stress tensor on the right-hand side. The issues involved are related to the well-known problems associated with the interpretation of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation in quantum gravity, including the problem of time. We explore the de Broglie--Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics (and field theory) as a way of spontaneously breaking general covariance, and thereby give meaning to the equations that many authors have been using to analyze black hole evaporation. We comment on the implications for the information loss'' problem.
Serum stable natural peptides designed by mRNA display.

Peptides constructed with the 20 natural amino acids are generally considered to have little therapeutic potential because they are unstable in the presence of proteases and peptidases. However, proteolysis cleavage can be idiosyncratic, and it is possible that natural analogues of functional sequences exist that are highly resistant to cleavage. Here, we explored this idea in the context of peptides that bind to the signaling protein Gαi1. To do this, we used a two-step in vitro selection process to simultaneously select for protease resistance while retaining function–first by degrading the starting library with protease (chymotrypsin), followed by positive selection for binding via mRNA display. Starting from a pool of functional sequences, these experiments revealed peptides with 100–400 fold increases in protease resistance compared to the parental library. Surprisingly, selection for chymotrypsin resistance also resulted in similarly improved stability in human serum (~100 fold). Mechanistically, the decreases in cleavage results from both a lower rate of cleavage (kcat) and a weaker interaction with the protease (Km). Overall, our results demonstrate that the hydrolytic stability of functional, natural peptide sequences can be improved by two orders of magnitude simply by optimizing the primary sequence.
An empirical study of design and testing of hybrid evolutionary–neural approach for classification

Abstract We propose a hybrid evolutionary–neural approach for binary classification that incorporates a special training data over-fitting minimizing selection procedure for improving the prediction accuracy on holdout sample. Our approach integrates parallel global search capability of genetic algorithms (GAs) and local gradient-descent search of the back-propagation algorithm. Using a set of simulated and real life data sets, we illustrate that the proposed hybrid approach fares well, both in training and holdout samples, when compared to the traditional back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) and a genetic algorithm-based artificial neural network (GA-ANN).
Propene adsorption sites in zeolite ITQ-12: a combined synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction study.

The adsorption site of propene in the small-pore, pure silica zeolite [Si24O48]-ITW-ITQ-12 has been characterized via Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of propene-loaded ITQ-12 on the basis of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction data taken at 298 K. The structure can be described with a monoclinic unit cell having Cm symmetry and unit cell parameters a = 10.436 A, b = 15.018 A, c = 8.855 A, β = 105.74°, and volume = 1335.9 A3. Four-fold disordered adsorption sites that are nearly equivalent relative to the cage's 2/m pseudosymmetry are located near the center of each ellipsoidally shaped [44546484] cage. At this site, the adsorbed propene molecule lies on a plane close and approximately parallel to the equatorial plane of the cage and is aligned with its methylene group pointing toward the pore's eight-ring window. The refined propene concentration, 1.8 per unit cell content, is close to one propene molecule per [44546484] cage and the amount observed in adsorption experiments at 298 K an...
Beyond the Fourier Transform: Signal Symmetry Breaking in the Complex Plane

In this letter, we invert the ordinary point of view in the analysis of noisy data by treating the signal as a perturbation of the noise. The generating function of pure noise is represented, in the Complex Plane, by poles and zeros (Froissart doublets) having a universal, isotropic statistical distribution. The presence of a signal breaks this rotational symmetry. This allows to detect signals deeply embedded in noise that traditional methods cannot reach.
A hybrid finite automaton for practical deep packet inspection

Deterministic finite automata (DFAs) are widely used to perform regular expression matching in linear time. Several techniques have been proposed to compress DFAs in order to reduce memory requirements. Unfortunately, many real-world IDS regular expressions include complex terms that result in an exponential increase in number of DFA states. Since all recent proposals use an initial DFA as a starting-point, they cannot be used as comprehensive regular expression representations in an IDS.In this work we propose a hybrid automaton which addresses this issue by combining the benefits of deterministic and non-deterministic finite automata. We test our proposal on Snort rule-sets and we validate it on real traffic traces. Finally, we address and analyze the worst case behavior of our scheme and compare it to traditional ones.
Circulating Tissue Factor Procoagulant Activity and Thrombin Generation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Effects of Insulin and Glucose

Results: Basal TF-procoagulant activity (TF-PCA), monocyte TF mRNA, plasma coagulation factor VII (FVIIc), and thrombin-antithrombin complexes were higher in T2DM than in nondiabetic controls, indicating a chronic procoagulant state. Acutely normalizing hyperglycemia over 2–4 h resulted in a small (7%) but significant decline in TF-PCA with no further decline over 24 h. Raising insulin levels alone raised TF-PCA by 30%, whereas raising insulin and glucose levels together increased TF-PCA (by 80%), thrombin-antithrombin complexes, and prothrombin fragment 1.2. Plasma FVIIa and FVIIc declined with increases in TF-PCA. Conclusion:Weconcludethatthecombinationofhyperglycemiaand hyperinsulinemia, common in poorly controlled patients with T2DM, contributes to a procoagulant state that may predispose these patients to acute cardiovascular events. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 4352–4358, 2007)
The Relationship Between Personality Temperament, Communication Reticence, and Fear of Negative Evaluation

This study examined the influence and relationships of the Big Five personality variables of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability (neuroticism), and openness to experience on communication reticence and fear of negative evaluation (FNE). Undergraduates from (N = 336) basic communication or psychology courses completed self-report measures for these variables. Structural equation modeling indicated that only one personality dimension, extraversion, directly predicted reticence, whereas neuroticism was positively related to FNE, and openness was a negatively associated predictor of FNE. The model also showed a strong relationship between FNE and reticence, indicating that FNE moderated the relationship between two of the five personality variables (i.e., openness and neuroticism) and reticence.
A STRUCTURED INVENTORY OF APPALACHIAN GRASS BALD AND HEATH BALD SPIDER ASSEMBLAGES AND A TEST OF SPECIES RICHNESS ESTIMATOR PERFORMANCE

Abstract The current rate of species attrition necessitates the development of quick and accurate sampling protocols and species richness estimators. Four time-based and one area-based methods were used to sample spiders of a grass bald and a heath bald in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in late spring and early fall of 1995. Eighty-four samples were collected at each site; 1853 adults and 91 species were found in the grass bald, 573 adults and 60 species in the heath bald. The data were analyzed with 11 species richness estimators: Chao & Lee 1, Chao & Lee 2, ACE, ICE, bootstrap, Chao 1, Chao 2, first-order jackknife, second-order jackknife, Michaelis-Menten runs, and Michaelis-Menten means. All but the Chao & Lee estimators generated richness estimates that clustered within a reasonable range, 106–160 species for the grass bald and 68–90 species for the heath bald. The failure of the observed species accumulation curve to level off for our data sets showed that more sampling would be needed to d...
Effects on facial expression in 3D face recognition

This is the first study to compare the PCA and ICP approaches to 3D face recognition, and to propose a local region approach coping with expression variation in 3D face recognition. A new algorithm for 3D face recognition is proposed for handling expression variation. It uses a surface registration-based technique for 3D face recognition. The proposed method uses a fully automatic approach to use to initialize the 3D matching. Results are presented for gallery and probe datasets of 355 subjects imaged in 3D, with significant time lapse between gallery and probe images of a given subject yielding 3,205 3D models. We find that an ICP-based method performs better than a PCA-based method. The evaluation results show that our proposed new algorithm substantially improves performance in the case of varying facial expression. We also examined subject factors in the proposed method on 3D face models by age and gender.
Multidimensional ultrasonic visualization in cardiology

Multidimensional echocardiography includes three-dimensional (3-D) and four-dimensional (4-D) imaging of cardiovascular structures. Compound scanning (in vitro) and three scan techniques for transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) imaging (in vivo) are used for acquisition of 3-D images of the heart and great vessels. A computer algorithm for 3-D reconstruction of ultrasound images reduces operator interaction to the selection of regions of interest and appropriate border threshold values. Data are processed by automatic reregistration, speckle reduction, and contrast enhancement routines to facilitate determination of a threshold value. Mathematical morphologic filtering is used to minimize noise and small artifacts along the edges of the object. In vitro experiments show excellent accuracy of volume measurements in reconstructed objects. Visual comparison of a reconstructed and electronically sectioned heart with the similarly cut anatomic specimen demonstrates high fidelity in depiction of anatomic structures. >
Thermal Strains During Firing of a Ceramic Body

The tendency of a ceramic body to crack in firing owing to thermal stress was examined. Use was made of the physical measurement of three factors: (1) thermal gradient as affected by firing rate and thermal reactions, (2) coefficient of thermal expansion at each temperature, and (3) maximum strain, also a function of temperature. Each factor was determined individually during the firing of appropriate samples of a body consisting of 60% kaolin and 40% grog. Plastic flow was noted during the measurement of maximum strain. The effect of all these variables on the development of firing schedules was considered.
Psychological Development of Technology-Dependent Children

Reviewed the psychosocial and developmental challenges faced by technology-dependent children, their families, and their caregivers. Previous literature which has examined psychological outcome in children with repeated hospitalizations is presented. Psychosocial implications for programs addressing the needs of technology-dependent children are discussed.
Families in the 1980s Time to Refocus Our Thinking

The state of American families in the 1980s is examined in the light of a series of issues regarding the paradigm currently prevailing within family studies. On the basis of those issues, the question is raised whether or not an alternative perspective might more validly describe currently emerging family-type empirical realities. The outlines of such a perspective are described, drawing on the emerging cross-disciplinary focus on close or primary relationships.
Injury prevention priority score: a new method for trauma centers to prioritize injury prevention initiatives.

Abstract Background Trauma centers are expected to develop injury prevention programs that address needs of the local population. A relatively simple, objective, and quantitative method is needed for prioritizing local injury prevention initiatives based on both injury frequency and severity. Study design Pediatric trauma patients (16 years or younger; n=7,958) admitted to two Level I regional trauma centers (Johns Hopkins Children Center and Westchester Medical Center) from 1993 to 1999 were grouped by injury causal mechanism according to ICD-9 external cause codes. An Injury Prevention Priority Score (IPPS), balancing the influences of severity (based on the Injury Severity Score) and frequency, was calculated for each mechanism and mechanisms were ranked accordingly. Results IPPS-based rank lists differed across centers. The highest ranked mechanism of injury among children presenting to Johns Hopkins Children Center was "pedestrian struck by motor vehicle," and at Westchester Medical Center it was "motor vehicle crash." Different age groups also had specific injury prevention priorities, eg, "child abuse" was ranked second highest among infants at both centers. IPPS was found to be stable (r = 0.82 to 0.93, p Conclusions IPPS is a relatively simple and objective tool that uses data available in trauma center registries to rank injury causes according to both frequency and severity. Differences between two centers and across age groups suggest IPPS may be useful in tailoring injury prevention programs to local population needs.
The effect of short-term hypoxic exposure on metabolic gene expression

The long-term effect of hypoxia is to decrease both the production and use of ATP and thus decrease the reliance on mitochondrial oxidative energy production. Yet, recent studies include more immediate affects of hypoxia on gene expression and these data suggest the maintenance of mitochondrial function. To better understand the short-term physiological response to hypoxia, we quantified metabolic mRNA expression in the heart ventricles and livers of the teleost fish Fundulus grandis exposed to partial oxygen pressure of 2.8 kPa (∼13.5% air saturation).Twenty-eight individuals from a single population were exposed to hypoxia for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hr. Liver and cardiac tissues were sampled from the same individuals at 0–48 hr. At 96 hr, only cardiac tissue was assayed. Gene expression was significantly different (ANOVA, P<0.05) for 17 of 226 metabolic genes (7.5%) in cardiac tissue and for 20 of 256 (7.8%) metabolic genes in hepatic tissue. For the two tissues examined in this study, the maximum response occurred at different times. For cardiac tissue, using Dunnett's post hoc test, most of these significant differences occurred at 96 hr of exposure. For liver, all but one significant difference occurred at 4 hr. Surprisingly, too many (relative to random expectations) of the genes with significant increase in mRNA are involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway: 44% of the significant genes at 96 hr in the heart and 33% of the significant genes at 4 hr in the liver are involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. These data indicate that there are tissue-specific differences in the timing of the response to hypoxia, yet both cardiac and hepatic tissues have increases in mRNA that code for enzyme in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. If these changes in mRNA produce a similar change in protein, then these data suggest that the initial response to hypoxia involves an increase in the oxidative pathway potentially as a mechanism to maintain ATP production. J. Exp. Zool. 317:9–23, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implementing Open Housing Laws Through Social Action

In spite of the passage of federal open housing legislation in 1968, residential segregation practices continue across the country and are extremely resistant to change. The author reports the use ...
Pirates of the Salish Sea: Labor, Mobility, and Environment in the Transnational West

This article illustrates that a transnational perspective reveals how nature and work intertwined to shape workers9 responses to evolving regional class relations in the western Canadian-U.S. borderlands. Labor and environment are intimately connected in all the West9s extractive industries, and workers engaged and learned about the natural world through their labor. In the watery borderland between Washington and British Columbia, they also used the fl uidity of this border to cross the international line and enter more advantageous markets, escape authorities, and express dissatisfaction with class inequities and ethnoracial tensions. These activities earned them the epithets "bandits" and "pirates," especially from U.S. and Canadian canners who sought to manipulate ethnic differences to exploit workers more effectively. The Fraser River salmon fi shery offers a microcosm through which to assess how western labor and environmental history intersect, and what these linkages can reveal about issues of power and human agency.
Program phase detection and exploitation

Studies of application behavior reveal the nested repetition of large and small program phases, with significant variation among phases in such characteristics as memory reference patterns, memory and energy usage, I/O activity, and occupancy of micro-architectural resources. In this project, we study theories and techniques for reliably predicting and exploiting phased behavior, so an advanced execution environment may allocate resources in a way that better matches program needs, or to transform programs so that their needs better match the available resources. In this paper, we present the basic components of the study and report the progress in the past half year.
Promoting Writing among Psychology Students and Faculty: An Interview with Dana S. Dunn

Perilou Goddard is a professor of psychology at Northern Kentucky University (NKU), where she teaches introductory and abnormal psychology as well as courses in writing in psychology and drug polic...
Brazil 2014 Butterfly Effect: the 2014 World Cup creates the potential for a malaria outbreak in sub–Saharan Africa

7 Abstract 8 The 2014 World Cup Brazil will create excitement around the globe, but viewership in 9 Africa should be especially high after South Africa 2010 and the growing popularity of football. 10 The time difference and scheduling of matches, however, means that 86% of live matches will be 11 shown during active Anopheles feeding times, increasing risk for malaria for millions of 12 Africans. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to this potential outbreak and to suggest 13 efforts to mitigate outbreaks. 14 15
The Colorado River Revisited

Fifty years ago, former Stanford Law School Dean Charles Meyers published The Colorado River, 19 STAN. L. REV. 1 (1966), arguably the most famous piece of legal scholarship ever written on this vital water source and the complex body of laws governing its flows — colloquially, the “Law of the River.” This piece and a companion, The Colorado River: The Treaty with Mexico, 19 STAN. L. REV. 367 (1967), offered seminal accounts of the legal histories, doctrinal features, and unresolved perplexities of the Law of the River’s international and interstate allocation framework. Five decades later, between thirty-five and forty million U.S. residents rely on flows controlled by this framework, and an historic drought and unprecedented water supply and demand imbalance face the Colorado River Basin. It is a transformative time for the Law of the River, and this article revisits Meyers’s scholarship from this vantage point. It begins by considering climate change and related dynamic changes in and around the basin over the past fifty years. It then considers the evolution of the Law of the River’s allocation framework across this period — particularly, since the historic drought’s onset in 2000. Finally, focusing on the concept of “first-wave adaptive framing,” the article synthesizes common patterns in the allocation framework’s evolution, and offers prescriptions and prognoses regarding the continuation of these patterns in the future.
MRD-driven treatment paradigm for newly diagnosed transplant eligible multiple myeloma patients.

MRD-driven treatment paradigm for newly diagnosed transplant eligible multiple myeloma patients
Interconnection Networks

Interconnection networks are a natural result of advances in computer technology that brought about demands for improved system performance. As computer systems evolved from the batch-processing models of the 1960's to the time-sharing models of the 1970's, their evolution was basically confined within the von Neumann architectural model, with hardware costs being a significant limiting factor. However, contemporary IC technology is creating an entirely new atmosphere; it is now economically feasible to construct a multiple-processor computer system by interconnecting a large number of off-the-shelf processor and memory modules. In addition, because of today's increased performance requirements, the number of functional modules (homogeneous or heterogeneous) in the multiple-processor system normally keeps rising as the domain of applications grows. Trying to counter this trend presents quite a challenge to computer architects.
Effect of Substituents on Optical Properties and Charge-Carrier Polarity of Squaraine Dyes

A series of squaraine dyes was synthesized with electron-donating (OH, C6H13) and electron-withdrawing (F, CF3) groups allowing for tuning of the optical and electrochemical properties of the dyes. The squaraines exhibited strong absorbance (e = 104–105 M–1 cm–1) at long wavelengths (λmax = 660–690 nm), attributed to an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). As the electron-donating character of the dyes increases, the absorbance of the dyes red shifts and the band gap decreases. Interestingly, the ICT band seemed to be strongly dependent on the nature of the solvent, providing insights into the importance of hydrogen-bonding-induced coplanarity in these molecules. The squaraines were investigated for their charge-carrier mobility in FET configuration. Dyes with fluorine functional groups were found to exhibit either ambipolar (−F) or n-type (−CF3) charge-carrier characteristics, although the molecules themselves are made of traditionally p-type triarylamines.
The impact of legal constraints on voter registration, turnout, and the composition of the American electorate

Research on the effects of restrictive voter registration laws has been largely passe for nearly a decade, apparently due to the widespread acceptance of Wolfinger and Rosenstone's (1980) study of voter turnout. Wolfinger and Rosenstone's research indicates that fully liberalized registration laws would produce a larger voting population, which would differ only marginally in its composition from the existing electorate. But their analysis only addresses turnout, not registration itself, and is based on a single sample of the American electorate, 1972. This paper focuses on the impact of restrictive laws on registration and turnout in presidential and nonpresidential election years during the period 1972–1982, relying on data from both the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Surveys and the National Election Studies. The results of the analyses do mark important points of difference from Wolfinger and Rosenstone's findings. Ultimately, however, there is no escaping their conclusion that the implications of liberalized voter registration laws on the composition of the electorate would be relatively minor.
Benefits of Using a Problem-Solving Scaffold for Teaching and Learning Synthesis in Undergraduate Organic Chemistry I

A problem-solving scaffold approach to synthesis was developed and implemented in two intervention sections of Chemistry 2211K (Organic Chemistry I) at Georgia Gwinnett College (GGC). A third section of Chemistry 2211K at GGC served as the control group for the experiment. Synthesis problems for chapter quizzes and the final examination were designed and administered to all sections participating in the experiment. Student solutions were graded according to a rubric designed to determine student use of the scaffold when solving synthesis problems. Analyses of the quiz results and the synthesis component of the final examination were conducted and intervention section students who employed the Synthesis Scaffold Approach were found to have higher mean scores on related graded events as compared to students who were not exposed to the Synthesis Scaffold Approach.
All Hail the Republic of Choice: Consumer History as Contemporary Thought

With the nearly simultaneous publication ofT. H. Breen's The Marketplace of Revolution and Lizabeth Cohen's A Consumers'Republic, consumer interpretations of American history have come of age. Together these two monumental books erase any lingering doubt about the legitimacy of consumer history. They are capstones to an abundance of recent scholarship that has used the universal practice of consumption to examine, among other things, constructions of ethnicity and gender, the modernization of rural America, the leisure time of the industrial working class, and the character of contemporary politics. That Breen's book concerns the American Revolution while Cohen's covers post-World War II America suggests that consumers can stand as central characters across the span of the nation's past. Indeed, read together they suggest that consumption-how Americans have acquired and used goods not strictly necessary to biological existence-might well be the defining thread of American life. These are not just books: they are bookends.' If together these two consumer histories frame the historical life of the United States, they also stand at two ends of an interpretative spectrum concerning the historical consequences of consumption. At the heart of the different narratives are two opposing understandings of the nature of consumption: The one emphasizes the emancipatory potential of consumer choice for improving individual existence and challenging the status quo; the other a darker view of consumption as a process of manipulation buried within the larger system of social relations. T. H. Breen took the former view. He argued that the explosion of consumer choice in the mid-eighteenth-century colonies created the self-conscious citizen capable of revolutionary political action. Breen took as his point of departure the rather sudden appearance in the mid-eighteenth century of an "empire of goods," whose existence he and his fellow consumer historians have established beyond dispute. The imperial market system made available to Britain's North American colonies a breathtaking variety of simple consumer goods. Colonists eagerly imported "all Sorts of woolen cloath, Silks, Scythes, nails,
Neurotoxicology of vincristine in the cat

Cats were given vincristine sulfate (50 μg/kg i.v. every 4 days) and studied after 7–29 injections when neurological deficits became evident. The conduction velocity spectrum of individual afferent nerves from soleus muscles was shifted toward slower velocities. Relatively few functional muscle spindles or other proprioceptors which responded to muscle stretch were encountered. Those primary endings of soleus muscle spindles which did respond were significantly reduced in dynamic but not length sensitivity. Length sensitivity of secondary endings was unchanged. Thresholds of secondary but not primary endings were elevated. The average conduction velocity of soleus motor axons was reduced 30% but no deficit was detected in motor nerve terminal function. Indirectly-elicited contractile tension of the soleus muscles of the neuropathic cats was not significantly lower than that in untreated animals. Amplitudes of spinal monosynaptic reflexes were unaffected. These data indicate, that in the cat, neurological impairment results partly from dysfunction in muscle spindles and peripheral nerves.
Study in the damage of endothelial function and administration recovery among different arteries during the developing progress of SHR

Aim To evaluate the endothelial dysfunction level of different arteries at different stages of SHR,and the recovery after administration.Methods SHR model was used,captopril(3.375 g·kg-1·d-1) was administered from week 7 to week 24 and the effects were observed continuously until 8 weeks post treatment.Pathological changes of aorta,mesenteric and apex cordis arteries were examined at the time points of 6,18,24,32 wk,and the endothelial-dependent relaxation of the former two preparations were tested by acetylcholine(ACh)(n=6).Results There were pathological changes in the thoracic aorta,mesenteric artery and arteriole at 18 wk,and aggravated along the age.The thoracic aorta demonstrated the most severe pathological changes appearing endothelial cells ablated and tunica media thickening.The significant decline of endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta,and mesenteric arteries of SHR reflected an aging dependent change of vascular function with the most severe situation in the aorta(P=0.10,18 wk,P0.01 24,32 wk);captopril increased the aorta vasodilatation of SHR at 18 wk time point,without the effect in mesenteric artery(P0.05 vs SHR).Conclusions During the progress of SHR,endothelial damages have been observed in all three kinds of vasculatures together with the reduced endothelial-dependent relaxation.The aorta presents earlier and deeper damage than middle and small size vessels,and is sensitive towards the antihypertensive therapy such as the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
IDENTIFICATION OF NON-COORDINATION BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT IN JIANGSU PROVINCE DURING 1994-2011

Urbanization and ecological environment represent a coupled spatial and temporal function,which contains a variety of coordinated and non-coordinated coupling states.How to develop the reverse thinking and problem diagnosis perspective,to build a bridge to lead the non-coordinating pathology to the coordinated development,has become a key question in the current sustainable development study.This article,based on the interaction between coordination and non-coordination,built an evaluation index of urbanization and ecological environment and a nonconforming coupling discriminate function between them,and then made an identification of non-coordination between urbanization and ecological environment in Jiangsu Province during 1994-2011.The results showed that:(1)the level of urbanization was characterized by a substantial rising curve; while the level of ecological environment showed a significant phase characteristics,but the total level increased a lot;(2)during the study period,the degrees of noncoordination between urbanization and ecological environment in Jiangsu Province continued to decline,but it remained in the third stage of non-coordination,which means it need a long time to achieve the coordinated sustainable development between them;(3)the process of the urbanization in Jiangsu Province from 1994 to 2011was unreasonable,which took ecological environment as a basic expense.At last,from the perspectives of institutional environment catalysis,socio-economic development drive and natural environmental constraints,this study analyzed its mechanism between urbanization and ecological environment,and thought that,in order to reduce the damage of ecological environment,designing a reasonable institution is very important.
Effecs of Pt addition upon the activity and stability of supported Ni-B amorphous alloy catalysts for benzene hydrogenation

AM support was prepared by pseudoboehmite and mordenite.A series of Ni-Pt-B/AM amorphous alloy catalysts with different Pt contents were prepared by impregnation-chemical reduction method.The catalysts were characterized by XRD,ESEM,BET,ICP,XPS and H2-TPR.Benzene hydrogenation was used as probe reaction to evaluate the effect of trace Pt on the catalytic activity and stability of Ni-B/AM amorphous alloy catalyst.The result showed that the addition of Pt promoted the refinement of particles and the reduction of NiO.And the performance of hydrogenation of the catalyst was increased evidencely too.In comparison with the Ni-B/AM catalyst,under the reaction conditions of T=110℃,nNi∶nPt=150∶1.0,the activity of Ni-Pt-B/AM catalyst was further improved 82.4%.And with the addition of trace Pt,Ni-Pt-B/AM catalyst has a higher sulfur resistance and thermal stability.
Oxidant species trigger late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits.

Conscious rabbits underwent six 4-min occlusion and 4-min reperfusion cycles for 3 consecutive days (day 1, 2, and 3); on day 1, rabbits received intravenous vehicle [preconditioning (PC)] (group I...
Interleukin-1 beta potentiates bradykinin-induced macromolecular efflux from hamster oral mucosa

The purpose of this study was to determine whether interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) elicits macromolecular efflux from the in situ oral mucosa and whether it amplifies that evoked by bradykinin. Using intravital microscopy, we found that suffusion of recombinant human IL-1 beta (50 ng/ml) had no significant effects on leaky site formation and increase in clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (mol mass 70 kDa) from the hamster cheek pouch. However, it significantly potentiated bradykinin-induced macromolecular efflux (P < 0.05). The potentiating effects of IL-1 beta on bradykinin-induced responses were abrogated by a bradykinin B2-receptor antagonist and by a recombinant human IL-1-receptor antagonist. They were not mediated by substance P, prostaglandins, or changes in vasomotor tone. IL-1 beta had no significant effects on adenosine-induced macromolecular efflux. Collectively, these data indicate that IL-1 beta potentiates bradykinin-induced macromolecular efflux from the in situ hamster oral mucosa in a specific fashion. We suggest that this interaction could play a role in the pathogenesis of oral mucosa inflammation.
Modeling of material removal mechanism in vibratory finishing process

Abstract In industry today, the use of vibratory finishing processes as a final manufacturing step is increasing rapidly. Through the ability of these processes to achieve stable material removal rates, very consistent results in the control of surface texture are achieved. Even though the importance of these processes to manufacturing industry is increasing, the fundamentals of the material removal mechanism have not yet been established, and the associated lack of scientific understanding is an obstacle for process optimization. This paper proposes a mathematical model of the material removal mechanism based on abrasive finishing theory. The proposed model is used to identify key parameters and analyze their effect on the material removal mechanism. Experimental tests were conducted to validate the proposed model and provide correlation with the results obtained from the theoretical analysis. For the first time, fundamental abrasive machining process parameters such as the equivalent chip thickness and specific cutting energy realized through vibratory finishing are revealed.
Free boundary conditions and the AdS3/CFT2 correspondence

We show that recently proposed free boundary conditions for AdS3 are dual to two-dimensional quantum gravity in certain fixed gauges. In particular, we note that an appropriate identification of the generator of Virasoro transformations leads to a vanishing total central charge in agreement with the theory at the boundary. We argue that this identification is necessary to match the bulk and boundary generators of Virasoro transformations and for consistency with the constraint equations.
Cooperative Control and Networked Operation of Passivity-Short Systems

Abstract In this chapter, input-output stability analysis tools and output-feedback networked control design are investigated for linear and nonlinear dynamic systems. Specifically, the chapter focuses upon two classes of passivity-short systems: input feedforward passive systems and output feedback passive systems. It is shown that, under an individual output feedback control, these classes of passivity-short systems have such desired properties as Lyapunov stability, asymptotic stability and L 2 stability. Furthermore, it is shown that the property of input feedforward passivity is invariant under all possible interconnections: parallel, serial, positive feedback loop, and negative feedback loop. In addition, cooperative control of these systems naturally leads to output consensus, and cooperative control design can be designed separately from the designs of their individual feedback controls. Accordingly, a networked operation of nonlinear dynamical systems can be accomplished by making individual systems passivity-short (since most systems can never be passive), and the design separation ensures that networked operation of nonlinear dynamic systems becomes plug-and-play.