cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural comparisons among glycosaminoglycans to promote an acrosome reaction in bovine spermatozoa

Bovine epididymal spermatozoa were cultured for 22 hr. in a chemically defined medium containing glycosaminoglycans. Sperm were stained and examined for degree of acrosome reactions and viability after treatment. Viability did not differ significantly among treatments or doses. Highly significant treatment and dose effects resulted for induction of the acrosome reaction. Heparin was the most potent glycosaminoglycan and hyaluronic acid was least effective. Chondroitin sulfate isomers yielded a response intermediate to heparin or hyaluronic acid. These results suggested that the degree of sulfation of the glycosaminoglycans was partly responsible for promoting the acrosome reaction. Treatment of chondroitin sulfate isomers with chondro-4-sulfatase or chondro-6-sulfatase showed that the respective stimulatory effects of chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate were negated. It was concluded that the ability of glycosaminoglycans to induce the acrosome reaction in bovine spermatozoa in vitro resides in the amino-sugar complex and is enhanced by the presence of a sulfate moiety on the amino-sugar disaccharide.
Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in premature infants and infants with intrauterine growth retardation.

Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained in 128 ill newborn infants. Serial sampling was carried out in 40 infants. There were wide ranges found in the values in all gestational age groups, and there were not significant differences in the first day of life between DHAS levels in less than 30 week gestation prematures, 6819 +/- 4631 (SD) ng/ml, and near term or term infants, 4307 +/- 1498 ng/ml. Mean DHAS concentrations did not decline over the first three weeks of life in prematures less than 36 weeks gestation. In six infants, age 35-73 days, and 29-34 weeks gestation at birth, the DHAS concentration was 1068 +/- 138 ng/ml. High concentrations were frequent in prematures less than 33 weeks gestation and could be correlated to epiodes of severe clinical stress. There were no significant differences in serum DHAS levels, on the first day of life, between infants with no hyaline membrane disease, nonfatal hyaline membrane disease and fatal hyaline membrane disease. Intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) infants, who were greater than 35 weeks gestation, had significantly lower (P less than .032) DHAS levels in the first day of life than normally grown infants. The results show that there is a persistence during the postnatal period of the prominent delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid production by the adrenal cortex characteristic of the fetus. Low concentrations of serum DHAS in IUGR infants suggest that the fetal zone of the neonatal adrenal cortex is a major source of circulating DHAS in the newborn period.
Influence of selected fatty acids upon plaque formation and caries in the rat

Weanling rats were given high-sucrose cariogenic diets containing 2 per cent lauric acid, linoleic acid, nonanoic acid or monolaurin. Plaque accumulation was determined on the incisors of half the animals during only the last 3 days of the study and on the remaining animals at the conclusion of a 21-day test period when both sulcal and smooth-surface caries were assessed. No significant differences between the test groups in food consumption were observed nor were there any differences in body weight gain. The least amount of plaque was observed in the animals given monolaurin; the other fatty acids exerted no significant effect upon plaque accumulation. The smooth-surface caries data indicated that the least number of lesions occurred in the animals on the diet containing monolaurin. Nonanoic acid was significantly more effective in limiting sulcal caries than any of the other fatty acids studied. Thus both monolaurin and nonanoic acid have significant cariostatic activity in the rat.
C-type viral antigen expression in human placenta.

THE evidence of C-type virus expression in man includes electron microscopic observation of virus-like particles in 30–50% of a small number of human placentas1–4. Because of the limitations of ultrastructural surveys (sample number, specimen size, false negatives) we attempted to detect C-type virus expression in human placenta by indirect immunofluorescence using antisera raised against HEL-12 virus; this is a C-type retrovirus recovered from human embryonic lung cells after in vitro cultivation5. We demonstrate here C-type virus-related antigen in 24 of 24 term placentas. The specificity of the immunofluorescence reaction for viral antigen was confirmed by serum absorption tests with purified virus. Preliminary isolation of the reactive antigen from placenta yielded a glycoprotein-rich fraction (β-μ) which blocked binding of anti-HEL-12 virus antiserum with placenta. In addition, antisera raised against β-μ, reacted with HEL-12 virus-infected cells as well as with human placenta.
A Model for Managing System Insiders

Insiders have trusted status that can provide malicious parties opportunity for advanced mischief. We offer a model and approach for managing insiders that can minimize or eliminate insider trust relationships in well-suited systems. Our approach can allow automatic insider identification when system activity occurs that can create trusted insiders. We illustrate our principles with example scenarios of insider environments that have minimal insider potential. We then extend the model to systematically incorporate issues of trust to produce well-defined insider groups. Our model targets trusted insiders in order to leverage the inherent properties of those that may become traitors. Thus, we intentionally omit malicious outside intruders that acquire insider credentials from our model because they cannot be expected to display potential traitor traits.
Surface chemistry in ion-induced desorption

Abstract A new aspect of track formation in solids by high energy ions is the phenomenon of ion desorption from the surface of the track. Experimental evidence points to the notion that a thermal spike attaining a transient temperature of 10 4 K is formed. In this paper a suggestion is offered that the ions that form are the result of condensed phase surface chemistry in the high energy short-time domain. Some elementary considerations are offered on how the processes might be treated within the framework of classical chemical thermodynamics and kinetics.
Effects of intensity on the categorical perception of stop consonants and isolated second formant transitions

Identification and discrimination of two-formant [bae-dae-gae] and [pae-tae-kae] synthetic speech stimuli and discrimination of corresponding isolated second formant transitions (chirps) were performed by six subjects. Stimuli were presented at several intensity levels such that the intensity of the F2 transition was equated between speech and nonspeech stimuli, or the overall intensity of the stimulus was equated. At higher intensity (92 dB), b-d-g and p-t-k identification and between-category discrimination performance declined and bilabial-alveolar phonetic boundaries shifted in location on the continuum towards the F2 steady-state frequency. Between-category discrimination improved from performance at 92 dB when 92-dB speech stimuli were simultaneously masked by 60-dB speech noise; alveolar-velar boundaries shifted to a higher frequency location in the 92-dB-plus-noise condition. Chirps were discriminated categorically when presented at 58 dB, but discrimination peaks declined at higher intensities. Perceptual performance for chirps and p-t-k stimuli was very similar, and slightly inferior to performance for b-d-g stimuli, where simultaneous masking by F1 resulted in a lower effective intensity of F2. The results were related to a suggested model involving pitch comparison and transitional quality perceptual strategies.
TH‐C‐213AB‐08: The Cell‐Kill‐Based Equivalent Uniform Dose (cEUD) Predictor: A Modification to Account for Increasing Radioresistance with Increasing Tumor Volume

Purpose: The cell‐kill‐based uniform dose (cEUD) formula accounts for varying tumor volume and dose variability in the tumor, has been shown to be highly correlated with local control (LC) in head and neck (HN (B) 80 HN AUC H&N= 0.758), while keeping SF2 at a meaningful value (<=0.5). However, AUC values did not significantly increase compared to the simpler model.Conclusions: Introducing this modification into SF2 to account for increasing radioresistance with increasing tumor volume, led to comparable correlations of cEUD with LC, while allowing for a more reasonable range of SF2 values. This modified model is expected to make more realistic predictions concerning the effects of cold‐spots or hot‐spots than the unmodified model. Partially supported by NIH R01 grant CA85181
Enhanced reductibility of Ni and Ni + Pd in zeolite Y: Blocking of small cages with Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions

Reducibility of zeolite encaged Ni2+ was found by temperature programmed reduction to increase in the following order Ni/NaY < Ni/MgY < Ni/CaY < (Pd + Ni)/NaY < (Pd + Ni)/MgY < (Pd + Ni)/CaY. In comparison with NaY supported samples, bimetallic MgY and CaY supported samples exhibited enhanced Pd2+ and Ni2+ reducibility as well as higher Hads/Me ° ratios after reduction below 500 °C. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and desorption (TPD) results indicate that Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions are occupying the small cages in the zeolite thus preventing the migration of the majority of Ni2+ and Pd2+ ions to these cages.
Two-hole and hole-magnon bound states in quantum ferromagnets

Abstract Exact solutions of two-hole and hole-magnon bound states are obtained for a phenomenological Hamiltonian involving electrons hopping on a lattice and interacting through ferromagnetic exchange. Conditions for the existence of bound states in this quantum ferromagnet are found for one- and two-dimensional lattices.
Comparison of mangrove oyster shells lengths harvested in Cuba during the pre-Columbian era and the present day

AbstractThe Mangrove oyster [Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828)] was intensely harvested in the pre-Columbian era by an aboriginal group of hunters and gatherers known as the Ciboney who lived exclusively in Western Cuba. During a comprehensive study of mangrove oyster fishing areas it was of interest to compare the population characteristics under contemporary exploitation with those in pre-Columbian times and for that purpose two samples were used: one from a Ciboney midden in an archeological site 3 km inland from the Jaruco River mouth and another from a commercially exploited population in the ecologically similar Tacajo River. The samples were studied with a ‘shell classifier’ of original design resulting in a mean length of 51.8 ± 2.5 mm for the midden shells and 51.0 ± 3.1 mm for the contemporary sample. Both values were not statistically different for any P > 0.10 meaning that the two populations they came from had similar characteristics. It was also concluded that the Ciboney's manual har...
Three-Dimensional Nonequilibrium Viscous Flow over the Shuttle Orbiter with Catalytic Surface Effects

Computational results are presented for the three-dimensional nonequilibrium flowfield over the entire windward surface of a modified Shuttle-like geometry at high angles of attack (up to 50 deg). The viscous shocklayer method used takes into account the finite rate chemical reactions of multicomponen t ionizing air, and the governing equations are written in a general nonorthogonal computational grid system. Boundary conditions considered include noncatalytic wall, finite catalytic wall, fully catalytic wall, and nonequilibrium slip conditions at the wall and/or shock. The nonequilibrium solutions are compared with equilibrium air solutions, perfect gas solutions, and Shuttle flight heat-transfer and pressure data, and the comparisons show good agreement and correlations between the nonequilibrium solutions and the flight data. Three-dimensional effects are clearly shown in the flight derived data for the first time based upon the results of this study.
Simulation of Optimal Surgical Anastomosis of Pediatric Aortic Cannula

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have received widespread application to treat adults with end-stage heart failure. However, application to the pediatric population has been limited due to the excessive size; and therefore miniature, pediatric VADs (PVADs) are now being developed for the pediatric population to expand the current treatment options available to young patients with congenital heart defects and acquired heart disease. These pumps are typically connected via the left ventricular apex (via an inflow cannula) to the ascending aorta (via an outflow cannula). The distal anastomosis between outflow cannula and aorta has been studied by other researchers [1, 2] revealing complex fluid dynamic phenomena due to the non-physiologic confluence of native blood flow and outflow from the VAD. The corresponding pediatric anastomosis differs in dimensions and proportions to the adult, and has not yet been studied. The objective of this initial study is to examine the influence of cannula design, location, angle of insertion, and flow rate on the macro- and micro-fluid dynamics in the pediatric aorta. This parametric study is intended to provide both developers and surgeons with insight that would lead to optimization of both the cannula and surgical procedure, with particular emphasis at avoiding recirculation and stagnation flows commonly associated with platelet activation and thrombus generation [2, 3].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Development of Spectrophotometric Methods for the Analysis of Functional Groups in Oxidized Organic Aerosol

Spectrophotometric methods were developed to quantify carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and ester groups in samples with composition typical of oxidized atmospheric organic aerosol. The methods employ derivatizing agents to convert functional groups to characteristic colored derivatives that are quantified by spectrophotometry. Effects of molecular structure on quantification have been evaluated by measuring calibration curves for a variety of monofunctional and multifunctional compounds. In addition, potential interferences from compounds containing nontarget functional groups have been determined and methods developed to eliminate these interferences. Detection limits are approximately 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.1 μmoles for carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and ester groups, respectively. The use of these methods for analysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) composed of a complex mixture of oxidized compounds is also demonstrated. © 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research
Platelet RNA chips dip into thrombocytosis.

In this issue of Blood , Gnatenko and colleagues have conducted studies to determine whether platelet RNA profiling can predict causes of thrombocytosis.[1][1] The authors show that expression levels of only 4 platelet transcripts are able to predict JAK2 V617F–negative ET in more than 85% of
AUTOIMMUNE PROFILE OF LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN AN ADOLESCENT WITH HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM (HC) MEDIASTINAL FIBROSIS (MF)

MF following HC infection is regarded as a hyperimmune phenomenon. Circulating lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte blastogenesis were studied before (pre-Rx) and two months after surgery (post-Rx) to remove a mediastinal mass in a 14 y.o. male with HCMF. Pre-Rx, the OKT4/OKT8 ratio was 4.8 (normal <2.5) and decreased to 2.8 post-Rx mainly due to an increase in OKT8-bearing lymphocytes from 12% to 19% (normal 12-24%). Immunoglobulin-bearing cells also increased post-Rx from 15% to 27% (normal 5-17%). OKT3 reactive cells were unchanged. Streptokinase-Streptodornase (SK-SD) failed to induce blastogenesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) pre-Rx. Depletion of adherent cells resulted in a positive response (stimulation index 5.6). SK-SD and HC mediated blastogenesis were observed in PBMC post-Rx (S.I. 8.1 and 4.5 respectively). Absent blastogenic responses in this form of HC infection appear to result from suppression by adherent cells. The pattern of circulating lymphocyte subpopulations noted pre-Rx is similar to classical autoimmune diseases supporting the hypothesis that the development of MF after HC infection is immune-mediated.
The origin of the residual conductivity of GaN films on ferroelectric materials

Abstract In this paper, the origin of the conductivity of GaN films grown on ferroelectric materials was investigated using XPS, AES, and XRD analysis tools. Depth profiles confirmed the existence of impurities in the GaN film originating from the substrates. Bonding energy analysis from XPS and AES verified that oxygen impurities from the substrates were the dominant origin of the conductivity of the GaN film. Furthermore, Ga-rich GaN films have a greater chance of enhancing diffusion of lithium oxide from the substrates, resulting in more substrate phase separation and a wider inter-mixed region confirmed by XRD. Therefore, the direct GaN film growth on ferroelectric materials causes impurity diffusion from the substrates, resulting in highly conductive GaN films. Future work needs to develop non-conductive buffer layers for impurity suppression in order to obtain highly resistive GaN films.
Population-based sciences: Freedberg and the "burden of skin diseases".

How do keratins affect the skin in health and disease? In no small part, our ability to address this question stems from Irwin Freedberg's pioneering work in keratin biology (Freedberg, 1993).
The impact of the 80-hour work week on student interest in a surgical career.

Introduction In July 2003, an 80-h work wk was initiated for residents across the United States, with the potential benefit of improving resident quality of life. Using a survey of medical students, we evaluated whether this change increased medical students’ interest in pursuing a career in surgery. Methods Surveys were administered to 505 medical students prior to and after completing their surgical clerkship at a university-based medical school. Results were then analyzed with significance determined as a P ≤ 0.05. Results Overall, 55 (10.9%) medical students stated they anticipated pursuing a surgical career prior to starting their clerkship. There was no difference in the pre-rotation interest in a surgical career from before to after introduction of the 80-h work wk (8.3% versus 12.6%, P = 0.14). Men were also more likely than women to report a pre-rotation interest in surgery (16.9% versus 6.1%, P Conclusion These data indicate that the 80-h work wk has not improved medical students’ or females’ interests in surgery. Since the strongest predictor of pursuing a career in surgery is a pre-rotation interest, we need to continue efforts to appeal to medical students earlier in their education and improve upon their perceptions of surgery.
Photoelectron spectra of potassium salts of hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borates: electronic structure of the electron withdrawing scorpionates Tp(CF3)2, Tp*Cl and comparison to Tp* and Tp

Abstract The electronic structures of the potassium salts of the homoscorpionates hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate (Tp*, 1), hydrotris(4-chloro-3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate (Tp*Cl, 2) and hydrotris(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl)borate (Tp(CF3)2, 3) are compared using gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). DFT calculations also are reported for the generic scorpionate potassium (hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate) (KTp). This is the first such experimental probe of the electronic structure of halogen containing scorpionate ligands and subtle differences in the ionizations from the frontier orbitals in the photoelectron spectra of 1 and 3 are observed that give insight into the influence of substituents upon metal–scorpionate bonding. Distinct assignments of the ionizations from the nitrogen σ-donor orbitals (σN) and σBH molecular orbitals are possible experimentally by the use of variable (He I and He II) excitation energies. The experimentally observed first ionization energy of 3 is stabilized by ∼2.0 eV relative to 1 due to the strong electron withdrawing effect of the trifluoromethyl groups. The photoelectron spectroscopic studies of NaTp(CF3)2 further confirm the assignments of ionizations from σN orbitals for 3 associated with the a and e sets in C3 symmetry. The X-ray crystal structure of 2 as the (μ-aqua)3(potassium hydrotris(4-chloro-3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate)2 dimer is also reported.
3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride modification of glutamate dehydrogenase: The construction and activity of heterohexamers

Abstract Modification of glutamate dehydrogenase with 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride at pH 8.0 results in the progressive loss of enzymatic activity and a concomitant increase in the negative charge of the protein. Although the rate of inactivation at room temperature is too rapid to allow accurate rate constant determination, modification at 4 °C shows that the pseudo-first-order rate constant for inactivation appears to show a saturation effect with increasing reagent concentration, with a maximum of approximately 1 min −1 . Control experiments showed that tetrahydrophthalic anhydride was hydrolyzed at a much slower rate, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.041 min −1 . Protection studies indicated that inactivation was decreased by the active site ligands, NADP and 2-oxoglutarate. The extents of inactivation, whether assayed with glutamate at pH 7.0 or norvaline at pH 8.0, were the same. Changes in mobility on native gels and isoelectric point were used to follow the incorporated negative charge resulting from modification. Enzyme modified in the presence of protecting ligands (where activity is maintained) showed mobility changes which suggested that a single site of modification was protected. Modified enzyme incorporated 0.78 mol pyridoxal 5-phosphate less than native enzyme, consistent with modification of lysine-126. Enzyme modified under limiting conditions was shown to have a quaternary structure similar to that of the native enzyme, as judged by crosslinking patterns obtained with dimethylpimelimidate. The modified protein is readily resolved from unmodified protein using an NaCl double gradient elution from DEAE-Sephacel. The modification is reversed with regain of activity by incubation of the modified enzyme at low pH. We have made use of the recently demonstrated ability of guanidine hydrochloride to dissociate the hexamer of glutamate dehydrogenase into trimers that can then be reassociated to construct heterohexamers of glutamate dehydrogenase, in which one trimer of the heterohexamer contains native subunits while the other has been inactivated by the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride modification. The heterohexamer is separated from either native or fully modified hexamers by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Significantly, the heterohexamer has little detectable catalytic activity, although activity is regained by reversal of the modification of the one modified trimer in the hexamer. This demonstrates that catalytic site cooperation between trimers in the hexamer of glutamate dehydrogenase is an essential component of the enzymatic activity of this enzyme.
Factors Influencing Intraocular Pressure in Cultured Human Anterior Segments

Purpose To determine why variations in intraocular pressure (IOP) occur in cultured human anterior segments despite a constant rate of infusion of culture medium. Two types of variations occur: an initial elevation of IOP and small changes in baseline IOP. Methods Anterior segments from human eyes were placed in perfusion organ culture. In cultures with initially high IOP, eyes were fixed at the high IOP level and histologic examination performed. In other cultures with high initial IOP, effluent medium was collected and subsequently reinfused after IOP had decreased to baseline. In cultures with stable baseline IOP, cell fragments from monolayer-cultured cells, or human genomic DNA, were infused at concentrations equivalent to 30,000 to 300,000 cells. Results Electron microscopy of initially high-pressure cultures revealed scattered cell debris throughout the meshwork in greater amounts than found in eyes without initially high IOP. Reinfusion of effluent media from cultures with high initial pressures caused elevation of IOP. Centrifugation of effluent media lessened this elevation of IOP. In cultures with stable baseline IOP, infusion of cell fragments or genomic DNA raised IOP in a dose-dependent manner, with elevation of IOP for a minimum of 24 hours. Conclusions Cell debris can elevate IOP during the initial culture period, and after baseline pressures are established. Cell fragments and DNA increase IOP in a dose-dependent manner. The variations in baseline IOP seen during culture are probably caused by cell fragments and debris from dying cells in the meshwork, ciliary body, and other anterior segment tissues.
The effect of silicone implants on the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of breast cancer.

Background:Because of the prevalence of breast cancer, many augmented women eventually will develop the disease. This article reviews what is known about the effect of implants on the detection, prognosis, and treatment of carcinoma of the breast.Methods:Observations were made on 4082 breast cancer
Actin Binding and Nucleation byAutographa californicaM Nucleopolyhedrovirus

The budded form of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus enters permissive cells via adsorptive endocytosis. Shortly after nucleocapsid penetration into the cytoplasm, thick actin cables form, which frequently project toward the nucleus. These actin cables are transient structures, formed in association with viral nucleocapsids prior to viral gene expression and concomitant with nucleocapsid transport to the nucleus. In this paper we report that nucleocapsids are capable of nucleating actin polymerization in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Two viral-encoded capsid proteins, p39 and p78/83, were found to bind actin directly and therefore could be involved in the observed acceleration of actin polymerization. When nucleocapsids were added to actin in the presence of cytochalasin D, actin polymerization was reduced to levels below those obtained with actin and cytochalasin D alone, suggesting that the nucleocapsids bound to the pointed ends of actin filaments. Finally, treatment of infected cells with the myosin inhibitor 2,3-butanedione monoxime delayed nucleocapsid transport to the nucleus. We postulate that upon entering the cytoplasm, AcMNPV nucleocapsids induce the polymerization of actin cables, which, in conjunction with a myosin-like motor, facilitate their transport to and/or into the nucleus.
Laser Raman spectroscopy of biomolecules. X‐frequency and intensity of the phosphodiester stretching vibrations of cyclic nucleotides

Phosphate frequencies for eight nucleoside 3′,5′- and four nucleoside 2′, 3′-cyclic monophosphates have been determined by Raman and infrared spectroscopy based on comparisons with modified cyclic nucleotides and model cyclic phosphates. To a first approximation the symmetric diester stretching frequency, νs(OPO), is determined by the OPO bond angle. However, substitution on the phosphate ring also affects the frequency and intensity of νs(OPO). These results are discussed in terms of the use of νs(OPO) to determine the degree of backbone order in polynucleotides.
Low Energy Aspects of Superstring Theories

The effective theory obtained as low energy limit of theE8×E8 superstring is analyzed from the phenomenological point of view. The supersymmetry breaking manifests itself in the low energy sector only after the radiative corrections involving the goldstino field have been taken into account. A universal mass for the scalar fields, generally smaller thanm3/2, is generated. An intermediate scale can be obtained through the radiative breaking of part of the gauge group. As a consequence, the additional particles present in the spectrum get a heavy mass, and effective interactions are induced, which make possible the breaking of the electroweak group and the radiative generation of gaugino masses.
In vitro binding of 3H-estradiol to macromolecules from the human endometrium.

ABSTRACT 3H-estradiol binds in in vitro to macromolecules from the human endometrial supernatant fraction obtained subsequent to hysterectomy. The equilibrium dissociation constant is 1–3 × 10−10m from equilibrium and kinetic studies. The association rate constant i 1 × 10−7(m)(min) and the dissociation rate constant 1 × 10−3/min. Diethylstilbestrol and nonradioactive estradiol in low concentration decrease the binding of 3H-estradiol; on a molar basis estrone and estriol are about 10 times and clomiphene 1000 times less effective. Inhibitory equilibria constants were calculated as estradiol 2.6 × 10−10; diethylstilbestrol 4.2 × 10−10; estrone 3.8 × 10−9; estriol 3.6 × 10−9 and clomiphene 2.6 × 10−7 m. Two experimental postovulatory contraceptives, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-phenyl-Δ4-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid and l-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2-methyl-2-phenanthrenecarboxylicacid, in high concentration decrease 3H-estradiol binding. Testosterone and progesterone appear to bind little, if at all. The macr...
Bond dissociation energies of the 1-and-2-isomers of pentaborane derivatives by electron impact and by extended hückel calculations

Abstract The bond energies of the 1- and 2-isomers of B5Hin8X were determined by electron impact methods and compared with the results obtained by extended Huckel calculations. The results show the 2-isomer to have the larger BXbond dissociation and hence is the more thermodynamically stable species.
Bayesian Analysis Of Signals From Closely-Spaced Objects

G. Larry BretthorstWashington University, Department of Chemistry1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130andC. Ray SmithRadar Technology Branch, Advanced Sensors Directorate, Research, Development and Engineering CenterU. S. Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 35898 -5253AbstractBayesian probability theory is applied to the problem of the resolution of closely- spaced objects. The conditionsassumed are: point sources, observed through a known smearing function (i.e., point- spread function). For thisdemonstration we use a Gaussian smearing function so that we can obtain analytic results; however, we presentgraphical results for both the Gaussian and the Airy smearing functions. The generalizations to arbitrary smearingfunctions may be found in other works by Bretthorst.1,2,3 The results obtained for one and two point sources indicateexplicitly the dependence of resolution on signal -to -noise and on the smearing function.1 INTRODUCTION
Coherent Beam Excisors Using The Photorefractive Effect In BaTiO 3

We have performed analysis and measurements on a device which can selectively attenuate a coherent beam in the presence of an incoherent signal-bearing beam. Our calculations show that a rejection of 50 dB can be achieved for an optimum interaction geometry. Device measurements in the cw and pulsed regime are described.
Influence of highway construction projects on economic development: an empirical assessment

The evaluation of transportation projects has traditionally been made by assessing changes in travel time, vehicle operating cost, and safety. The broader, long-term effects on economic development (job, income and business growth) are a concern of transportation planners and decision makers, but have often been overlooked due to the lack of a reliable impact-estimation methodology and/or data. This paper presents a quantitative tool that can be used at the project-development phase to estimate the economic-development impacts of different types of highway construction projects. Using data from Indiana, we develop models that can be used to estimate the effects of geographic location, accessibility, and other factors on the economic-development impacts of highway construction projects. Our models can also be used as a basis for programming and ranking a wide variety of highway construction projects.
Model minimization—an alternative to circumscription

The idea underlying John McCarthy’s notion of circumscription is interpreted, for formulas with finite models, as asking whether the conclusion C is true in all the minimal finite models of the premise T. A way of modifying one of the usual proof procedures for first-order logic (the tableau method) is given which captures this idea. The result is shown to differ from the consequences of McCarthy’s circumscription schema. The resulting proof procedure is extended to the case in which it is also required that the extensions of the primitive predicates are minimal. For formulas with only infinite models, the idea on which the concept of circumscription is based is tantamount to the author’s idea of restricting models to minimal ones.
Sunspots and the physics of magnetic flux tubes. IX. Umbral dots and longitudinal overstability

The dynamical properties of the sunspot field and of a column of hot gas confined by such a vertical magnetic field are examined in order to understand the umbral dot within the context of the magnetic sunspot structure. Attention is given to the conditions necessary for gas intrusion, longitudinal as well as convective overstability, the growing modes, and the even mode. With the hypothesis that the subsurface magnetic field of a sunspot splits into many separate flux tubes with field-free gas between, it is suggested that the field-free columns occasionally punch their way up through the overlying magnetic field to the surface, appearing there as the bright, field-free umbral dots. Effects fostering the phenomenon are also discussed, that is, the enhanced temperature of a column of rising gas, the strongly reduced overhead magnetic pressure, and the initiated upward intrusion; these effects are illustrated with examples.
Rock sliding induced by seismic force

Failure analyses of rock masses are frequently encountered in major civil engineering construction and mining, and in particular for projects related to slope excavation. The proposed procedure determines the seismic factor of safety against sliding along a joint plane.
A Reassessment of the Alphabetic Hurrian Text RS 1.004 (KTU 1.42): A Ritual Anointing of Deities?

AbstractThis study provides a reassessment of RS 1.004 (KTU 1.42), the longest known Hurrian text in the alphabetic cuneiform script, in light of its recurring formulae and overall structure. The key phrase in the text is idr hdr hdld DN, which stands at the beginning of each of its 17 sections; based on comparisons with the language of the bilingual Hittite-Hurrian itkalzi-ritual, it is likely that each of these instances refers to an act of anointing by oil of the DN in question. Other formulaic elements in the text, as well as the place of this ritual in the context of Ugarit and the broader ancient Near East, will also be discussed.
Electrophysiological effects of ryanodine derivatives on the sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel

We have examined the effects of a number of derivatives of ryanodine on K+ conduction in the Ca2+ release channel purified from sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In a fashion comparable to that of ryanodine, the addition of nanomolar to micromolar quantities to the cytoplasmic face (the exact amount depending on the derivative) causes the channel to enter a state of reduced conductance that has a high open probability. However, the amplitude of that reduced conductance state varies between the different derivatives. In symmetrical 210 mM K+, ryanodine leads to a conductance state with an amplitude of 56.8 +/- 0.5% of control, ryanodol leads to a level of 69.4 +/- 0.6%, ester A ryanodine modifies to one of 61.5 +/- 1.4%, 9,21-dehydroryanodine to one of 58.3 +/- 0.3%, 9 beta,21beta-epoxyryanodine to one of 56.8 +/- 0.8%, 9-hydroxy-21-azidoryanodine to one of 56.3 +/- 0.4%, 10-pyrroleryanodol to one of 52.2 +/- 1.0%, 3-epiryanodine to one of 42.9 +/- 0.7%, CBZ glycyl ryanodine to one of 29.4 +/- 1.0%, 21-p-nitrobenzoyl-amino-9-hydroxyryanodine to one of 26.1 +/- 0.5%, beta-alanyl ryanodine to one of 14.3 +/- 0.5%, and guanidino-propionyl ryanodine to one of 5.8 +/- 0.1% (chord conductance at +60 mV, +/- SEM). For the majority of the derivatives the effect is irreversible within the lifetime of a single-channel experiment (up to 1 h). However, for four of the derivatives, typified by ryanodol, the effect is reversible, with dwell times in the substate lasting tens of seconds to minutes. The effect caused by ryanodol is dependent on transmembrane voltage, with modification more likely to occur and lasting longer at +60 than at -60 mV holding potential. The addition of concentrations of ryanodol insufficient to cause modification does not lead to an increase in single-channel open probability, such as has been reported for ryanodine. At concentrations of > or = 500 mu M, ryanodine after initial rapid modification of the channel leads to irreversible closure, generally within a minute. In contrast, comparable concentrations of beta-alanyl ryanodine do not cause such a phenomenon after modification, even after prolonged periods of recording (>5 min). The implications of these results for the site(s) of interaction with the channel protein and mechanism of the action of ryanodine are discussed. Changes in the structure of ryanodine can lead to specific changes in the electrophysiological consequences of the interaction of the alkaloid with the sheep cardiac SR Ca2+ release channel.
Theoretical considerations on potentiation in drug interaction

To account for some of the more important aspects of drug interaction we shall consider a model which can also account for certain general properties of the action of a single drug. A simple model in which there may be enzymatic detoxification of a drug is studied theoretically. The relation between time for appearance of an effect due to the drug and the size of the dose is found to contain the same parameters as the relation between the effectiveness of paired doses and the interval of time between doses. A similar situation holds when the drug is given at a constant rate.
Identification of arginine vasotocin (AVT) neurons activated by acute and chronic restraint stress in the avian septum and anterior diencephalon.

Abstract Effects of acute and chronic psychological stress in the brain of domestic avian species have not been extensively studied. Experiments were performed using restraint stress to determine groups of neurons activated in the septum and diencephalon of chickens. Using FOS immunoreactivity six brain structures were shown activated by acute stress including: the lateral hypothalamic area (LHy), ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLT), lateral septum (LS), lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL), nucleus of the hippocampal commissure (NHpC) and the core region of the paraventricular nucleus (PVNc). Additionally, the LHy and PVNc showed increased FOS immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the birds chronically stressed when compared to controls. In contrast, the NHpC showed decreased FOS-ir cells following the 10 day chronic stress imposed. Thereafter, restraint stress experiments were performed to identify activated arginine vasotocin (AVT) neurons (parvocellular or magnocellular) using immunocytochemistry. Of the six FOS activated structures, the PVN was known to contain distinct size groups of AVT-ir neurons, parvocellular (small), medium sized and magnocellular (large). Using dual immunostaining (AVT/FOS), AVT-ir parvocellular neurons in the PVNc were found activated in both acute and chronic stress. To determine whether these AVT-ir parvocellular neurons are co-localized with corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), an attempt was made to visualize CRH-ir neurons using colchicine. Although AVT-ir and CRH-ir parvocellular neurons occur in the PVNc, only a few neurons were shown co-localized with AVT and CRH after acute restraint stress. Results of this study suggest that the NHpC, LS, VLT, BSTL, LHy and AVT-ir parvocellular neurons in the PVNc are associated with psychological stress in birds.
Review of recent development: A feasible direction method for linear programming

We discuss a finite method of a feasible direction for linear programming problems. The method begins with a feasible basic vector for the problem, constructs a profitable direction to move using the updated column vectors of the nonbasic variables eligible to enter this basic vector. It then moves in this direction as far as possible, while retaining feasibility. This move in general takes it though the relative interior of a face of th set of a feasible solutions. The final point, x, obtained at the end of this move will not in general be a basic solution. Using x the method then constructs a basic feasible solution at which the objective value is better than, or the same as that at x. The whole process repeats with the new basic feasible solution. We show that this method can be implemented using basis inverses. Initial computer runs of this method in comparison with the usual edge following primary simplex algorithms are very encouraging.
The role of leukotrienes in nasal allergy.

OBJECTIVE: This review focuses on the role of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) in nasal allergy. The purpose was to provide knowledge of the role of cysLTs in the pathophysiology of nasal allergy an...
Effect of a Foliar Urea Application and Mite Injury on Yield and Fruit Quality of Apple

Malus × domestica Borkhauser, ‘Bisbee Delicious’ and ‘Rome Beauty’ apple trees were subjected to varying amounts (range, approximately 20-1,140) of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), injury and then treated with a foliar urea to determine if the effects of mite injury could be mitigated. The effects of these treatments were determined on mean fruit weight, soluble solids, fruit firmness, fruit color, leaf nitrogen, and number of actively growing shoots at harvest, as well as return bloom, percentage of fruit set, and crop load the following season. Mean fruit weight, fruit firmness, and percentage of leaf nitrogen in August and September were affected by mite injury on ‘Bisbee Delicious,’ whereas with ‘Rome Beauty’ soluble solids, fruit color, and percentage of leaf nitrogen in August were affected by mite injury. The only effect of the urea application after mite injury was a reduction in red color of ‘Bisbee Delicious.’
Absence of Nonshivering Thermogenesis in Anesthetized Adult Humans

Background Typically, core temperature rapidly decreases after induction of anesthesia, but reaches a stable plateau after several hours. This plateau typically occurs in conjunction with the onset of thermoregulatory vasoconstriction. Decreased heat loss, caused by vasoconstriction, may not be sufficient to establish thermal steady state without a concomitant increase in heat production. Accordingly, the authors tested the hypothesis that nonshivering thermogenesis contributes to thermal steady state during anesthesia. Rewarming from hypothermia is often associated with an afterdrop (a further reduction in core temperature, despite cutaneous warming). Because total body heat content increases during cutaneous warming, heat storage during afterdrop must reflect increased temperature and heat content of the peripheral tissue mass. Thermal balance was measured during rewarming to estimate the thermal capacity of the peripheral tissues. Methods Five volunteers were anesthetized with isoflurane and paralyzed with vecuronium. Oxygen consumption was measured during cooling to a core temperature at least 1 degree C less than that which triggered vasoconstriction. Volunteers were subsequently rewarmed using a circulating-water blanket and forced-air warmer. Oxygen consumption and cutaneous heat flux were measured to assess thermal balance and peripheral tissue heat storage during rewarming. Results The core temperature threshold for vasoconstriction was 35.2 +/- 0.8 degrees C. Oxygen consumption decreased 9 +/- 5%/degrees C during active cooling before vasoconstriction and 9 +/- 3%/degrees C after vasoconstriction. After the start of rewarming, core temperature continued to decrease for an additional 32 +/- 8 min. The magnitude of this afterdrop was 0.6 +/- 0.1 degree C. Peripheral tissue heat storage measured from the start of rewarming until the first net increase in core temperature was 144 +/- 60 kcal, which approximately equals 2 h of resting metabolic heat production. Conclusions The authors concluded that nonshivering thermogenesis is not an important thermoregulatory response in adults anesthetized with isoflurane. Afterdrop and delayed core temperature recovery during rewarming reflect the large heat storage capacity of peripheral tissues.
A comparison of pulsed and continuous current iontophoresis

Na+ flux resulting from pulsed constant currents (50 μA amplitude with respect to virtual ground, 50% duty cycle at 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1 kHz, and 10 kHz), with and without the presence of the analog switch (to obtain enhanced skin depolarization), and from constant voltage pulses (2 V amplitude with respect to ground, 50% duty cycle at 10 kHz, 100 kHz, and 1 MHz resulting in average currents which were < 150 μA) was measured and compared with the Na + flux obtained from an equivalent continuous current. All studies were performed with excised full thickness nude mouse skin which was bathed in a solution containing 25 mM HEPES and 0.133 M NaCl, maintained at pH 7.4 and at 37° C. The pulsed (constant current and constant voltage) iontophoretic Na + flux obtained without enhanced skin depolarization was shown to be equal to the Na+ flux obtained from an equivalent continuous current (P < 0.05). Enhanced depolarization of the skin during pulsed constant current iontophoresis resulted in a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in Na+ flux relative to an equivalent continuous current only at 10 kHz. In addition, the application of all constant pulsed current protocols resulted in a decrease in the skin's low frequency impedance, a decrease which was greater than that obtained by skin hydration alone (P < 0.05). Finally, the voltage waveforms obtained across the skin during pulsed constant current iontophoresis could be experimentally and mathematically modelled by assuming the skin is a parallel resistor-capacitor combination.
Theoretical Aspects of Light Activated Semiconductor Microelectrodes: A Generalized Analysis

Theoretical aspects of light activated semiconductor (SC) microdisk electrodes in redox electrolytes have been examined as a function of the dimensionless photon flux σ and dimensionless bias potential Φ bias · Dimensionless steady-state profiles for solid-state and solution phase species were obtained by solving self-consistently the transport equations and the electrostatic potential within the SC subject to the appropriate boundary conditions using COMSOL. Analyses of the results obtained revealed that for fixed σ and small Φ bias , the local dimensionless flux at the interface normal to the SC surface, J * Z (R,0), where R is the dimensionless radius normal to the axis of symmetry, is dominated by the oxidation process in the illuminated region (R ≤ 1) and by the reduction process in the dark area near the edge of the illuminated region. For large Φ bias , however, the oxidation process dominates J * Z (R,0) everywhere along the interface. Agreeing with the phenomenon described in our earlier publication, the holes escape beyond R = 1, yielding, for very large values of Φ bias and σ, a total current flowing through the dark area that can exceed that collected within the illuminated disk.
Systematic uncertainty in self-enforcing international environmental agreements

Abstract This paper addresses the subject of self-enforcing international environmental agreements (IEAs). The standard model of IEAs is adapted to include uncertainty in environmental costs and benefits, as well as learning about these costs and benefits. The paper investigates the extent to which the size of the coalition changes as a result of learning and systematic uncertainty (also known as model uncertainty). Results are that systematic uncertainty by itself decreases the size of an IEA. Learning has the further effect of either increasing or decreasing the size of an IEA, depending on parameters of the problem.