cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A solid state pulse generator (DHVG1) as a grid bias supply for the MITTON

The MITTON is a high voltage closing and opening switch. The switch is triggered into conduction by the application of a microwave pulse (1 /spl mu/s, /spl ap/13 kW peak power) to a helical slow wave structure (helix) that surrounds the switch. The microwave fields ionise the low pressure gas inside the switch. Anode fall times of 10 ns have been measured for voltages up to 16 kV. The switch is opened by a negative bias pulse (1250 ns (FWHM), /spl ap/1 kV) applied to a large area metal grid. The applied negative potential results in the formation of a positive ion sheath, at the grid, leading to a reduction in the conduction area and hence an increase in the impedance of the switch. The DHVG1 solid state pulse generator has been designed as a grid bias supply for the MITTON. The generator uses a power MOSFET as the switching element. The new solid state generator, designed and built in-house, is based on a pulse generator used as a thyratron driver for a metal hybrid laser. The two main reasons for designing the new pulse generator were to try and prevent re-closure at the end of the bias pulse by the application of a suitable DC bias, and to apply higher bias voltages to the grid in order to open the switch at higher discharge currents. Preliminary results show that by applying a DC bias of the order of -100 volts the switch will remain open for up to 30 /spl mu/s, a factor of thirty greater than had been obtained with the previous pulse generator.
Underlining Performance Outcomes in Expository Text.

ABSTRACTUnderlining is the most popular of the active response study strategies. Unfortunately, research efforts of study strategies do not fully explain this popularity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate one possible reason for the popularity of underlining, namely, test performance outcomes anticipated by students from underlining. Two 2×3 A NOV As were used in a study, review, and test paradigm that investigated underlining performance outcomes with college students. The ANOVA’s used two levels of study time and three levels of reading achievement as the independent variables. The dependent variable in both analyses was number correct on a probed-recall test over the contents of a Scientific American reprint. Results suggest that regardless of study time and reading achievement, underlining is popular because it helps to ensure recall of information from underlined text segments.
AMERICA AND SOUTH AFRICA

The Reagan policy of constructive engagement was not really mean to succeed; it was meant to make apartheid palatable. Convinced that the contest between the United States and the Soviet Union overrides all other considerations of international relations, the Reagan administration has always been prepared to tolerate apartheid as the “lesser evil,” and when apartheid is overthrown, this country may be in an active insurgency against the new regime. These policies are contrary to the American political tradition and the rules of international law.
Psychological parallelisms between speech disorder and oral English

(1917). Psychological parallelisms between speech disorder and oral English. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 224-228.
Certification of Beryllium Mass Fraction in SRM 1877 Beryllium Oxide Powder Using High-Performance Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry with Exact Matching

High-performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HP-ICP-OES) was used to certify the Be mass fraction in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1877 Beryllium Oxide Powder. The certified value and expanded uncertainty expressed at a 95% confidence level is (0.3576 ± 0.0024) g/g. To obtain best results, the Be mass fractions, Mn (internal standard) mass fractions, and matrix compositions of the calibration solutions were carefully matched to those of the sample solutions for each individual HP-ICP-OES analysis. This “exact matching” approach was used because experience at NIST has shown that it often affords improved accuracy and precision in HP-ICP-OES analysis. NIST has never published these observations. Due to the toxicity of BeO and the difficulty of containing the very fine powder material, sets of solutions for HP-ICP-OES analysis were prepared by laboratories collaborating with NIST who have the experience and equipment need...
GAUGING THE INFLUENCE OF IN VITRO CONDITIONS ON IN VIVO QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF WOODY PLANTS

The tremendous diversity in techniques, timing, and facilities used to produce woody plant microcuttings for the nursery industry can result in substantial differences in the quality and performance of the same clones, depending on the producer. Evidence suggests that relatively minor procedural discrepancies that occur during the in vitro production stages as a consequence of these different production methods can determine the survival and acceptability of the plants during subsequent production. This review tracks the influence of methodologic variables during microshoot proliferation and rooting on quality of the plant, and examines the continuing repercussions for plant performance in the ex vitro environment.
Multiorgan failure from the inadvertent intravenous administration of enteral feeding.

Nasogastric tube-feeding was inadvertently administered parenterally to a 65-year-old woman with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Administration was discontinued after approximately 8 hr of infusion. The patient manifested acute renal failure, respiratory failure, hepatic insufficiency, and high-output septic shock requiring invasive hemodynamic monitoring, peritoneal dialysis, mechanical ventilation, and broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics. Blood cultures were positive for alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylcoccus epidermidis, and Enterobacter cloacae while cultures of the enteral solution grew alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas vesiculare and unidentifiable coliforms. Aggressive management resulted in hospital discharge, although she eventually died of recurrent pneumonia and septicemia 111 days after the infusion. It is of paramount importance to be cognizant of this potential complication in any patient receiving enteral feeding who presents with the clinical picture of high...
Contrasting effects of thyroxin on zoxazolamine and hexobarbital metabolism.

Abstract Administration of thyroxin to rats: (a) shortens the duration of action of zoxazolamine (2-amino-5-chlorobenzoxazole by accelerating its metabolism, and (b) prolongs the duration of action of hexobarbital by inhibiting its metabolism. Administration of the hormone does not alter the activity of the zoxazolamine-metabolizing enzyme system in liver microsomes, but does decrease the activity of the hexobarbital-metabolizing enzyme system in liver microsomes. Restricting the diet of the rats, so that their gain in weight was the same as the rats treated with thyroxin, inhibits the metabolism of hexobarbital, but does not alter the metabolism of zoxazolamine.
Swallowing Frogs: Anger and Illness in Northeast Brazil

Northeast Brazilian women use the term “swallowing frogs” to describe the act of suppressing anger, hatred, or irritation and of putting up with unfair treatment silently. Most are all too familiar with both these situations, and their anguish finds its expression in folk ailments that embody distress such as evil-eye sickness (mal olhadoj, “nerves” (nervos), shock sickness (susto,), open chest (peito aberto) and blood-boiling bruises. These interrelated syndromes reflect the difficulties of suppressing unsanctioned emotions and of convincing oneself to feel what is socially expected while maintaining proper emotional demeanor. The syndromes are related to a folk theory of strong negative emotions (anger, envy, anxiety, fear) causing both social and physical harm.
Spatiotemporal Model of Passively Mode-locked Few-cycle Ti:sapphire Lasers: The Role of Plasma Formation

A spatiotemporal model for Kerr-lens mode-locked few-cycle Ti:sapphire lasers is developed. The ultra-high intensity leads to significant plasma formation in the crystal which dominates the beam propagation in agreement with experimental observation.
Retention index scale for liquid—liquid chromatography

Abstract A retention index scale based on the relative retention of a homologous series of C 3  C 23 2-keto alkanes was used to characterize the chromatographic properties of several drugs with four basic reversed-phase systems each using several mobile phase compositions. The retention index of a given drug was found to be fairly independent of exact composition of the mobile phase. Small changes in the retention index were observed for some drugs following a change in column type and these index changes could be related to changes in selectivity of the solvent—column system.
Students’ Perceptions of Long-Functioning Cooperative Teams in Accelerated Adult Degree Programs

Abstract This study examined 718 adult students’ perceptions of long-functioning cooperative study teams in accelerated associate's, bachelor's, and master's business degree programs. Six factors were examined: attraction toward team, alignment of performance expectations, intrateam conflict, workload sharing, preference for teamwork, and impact on learning. Across degree programs, 66–71% of students reported equal workload sharing in their teams, 51–61% preferred teamwork, and 56–62% believed being on a team enhanced their learning. Significant statistical differences were found between associate's degree and master's degree students in performance expectation alignment, intrateam conflict, and teamwork preference.
Process Variables, Gelatinized Starch and Moisture Effects on Physical Properties of Mungbean Noodles

The effects of amounts of gelatinized starch and moisture in the final slurry or dough, cooking time, holding time, and holding temperature on physical properties of mungbean noodles were studied. Cooking loss, cutting stress, work to cut, and transparency of noodles were measured. Moisture content of the final slurry or dough, cooking time, and holding temperature were the most important factors that affected physical properties of mungbean noodles. Processing should be done at moisture contents not exceeding 55%o, cooking times not longer than 40 sec, and holding temperatures not lower than 3 o C using 5% of total starch as gelatinized starch and holding time of 36 hr
Laryngeal flap for hypopharynx reconstruction

Hypopharynx repair following resection of a pyriform sinus carcinoma may be accomplished primarily or involve a more extensive procedure, such as a free intestinal graft. Described herein is a laryngeal flap which may be used to repair a hypopharyngeal defect when a strip of mucosa, too narrow for a primary repair, is left. This method has been used successfully in 4 patients and has saved these patients from more extensive repairs.
Androgen formation from pregnenolone sulfate by the human fetal ovary.

ABSTRACT To assess the capacity of the human fetal ovary to utilize pregnenolone sulfate as a precursor of free steroids, homogenates of fetal ovaries from 3 fetuses (88–124 days) were incubated with 3H-pregnenolone sulfate. The rate of cleavage of pregnenolone sulfate in ovaries was compared to that in adrenals and liver. The rate of cleavage was between 3 and 7 times greater in ovaries than in adrenals and liver from the same fetus. No difference in the rate of cleavage was observed in the ovaries from fetuses of different ages. The various free steroid products from the incubations of the ovaries were isolated, identified and the amounts produced in 2 hr expressed as pmoles/mg protein incubated. Pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione were identified as products in each incubation of fetal ovarian tissue. Although progesterone, testosterone, estradiol and estrone were sought extensively, they were not found as products of pregnenolone sulfate metabolism.
Cryptic tectonic domains of the Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon

Abstract Numerous fragments of oceanic crust and island arcs make up the Klamath Mountains province. These fragments were joined together (amalgamated) in an oceanic setting during Paleozoic and Mesozoic collisional events and were accreted to North America as a composite unit during latest Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous time. The roughly arcuate and concentric distribution of the terranes of the Klamath Mountains does not now seem to be a result of simple oroclinal bending as earlier believed. Although commonly described as a west-facing arcuate structure, the province is cut diagonally by a vaguely defined NW-trending zone of discontinuity, or hinge line, that divides the province into NE and SW tectonic domains. The zone of discontinuity is marked by a number of lithic and structural anomalies, and particularly by the distribution of a remarkable series of belts of plutonic rocks. The terranes, regional structures, and plutonic belts of the NE domain trend NE and are generally wider and more coherent than the narrow NW-trending terranes and plutonic belts of the SW domain. Most plutonic belts of the NE domain do not have equivalents in the SW domain. Paleomagnetic evidence suggests that all the plutonic belts, except possibly the youngest (the earliest Cretaceous Shasta Bally belt), were emplaced before the Klamath Mountains terranes finally accreted to North America.
Evaluation of Trailer Hitches Using Ergonomic Principles

This paper presents a field experiment designed to test and evaluate two functionally different trailer hitches, conventional and newly designed, for driving effectiveness and safety. The evaluation was performed using three different approaches. The first used subjective evaluation obtained through subject questionnaire. The second involved estimating the strength required for the control of steering wheel using electromyogram (EMG). The third involved monitoring the extent of the oscillations of the steering system of the experimental car. The independent variables were the type of hitch, driving pattern and the trailer load. Each of the six subjects participated in 24 driving runs in the experiment. The results showed that the new trailer hitch provides greater driving effectiveness and safety than the conventional trailer hitch.
Modeling geologic storage of carbon dioxide: Comparison ofnon-hysteretic chracteristic curves

TOUGH2 models of geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in brine-bearing formations use characteristic curves to represent the interactions of non-wetting-phase CO2 and wetting-phase brine. When a problem includes both injection of CO2 (a drainage process) and its subsequent post-injection evolution (a combination of drainage and wetting), hysteretic characteristic curves are required to correctly capture the behavior of the CO2 plume. In the hysteretic formulation, capillary pressure and relative permeability depend not only on the current grid-block saturation, but also on the history of the saturation in the grid block. For a problem that involves only drainage or only wetting, a nonhysteretic formulation, in which capillary pressure and relative permeability depend only on the current value of the grid-block saturation, is adequate. For the hysteretic formulation to be robust computationally, care must be taken to ensure the differentiability of the characteristic curves both within and beyond the turning-point saturations where transitions between branches of the curves occur. Two example problems involving geologic CO2 storage are simulated using non-hysteretic and hysteretic models, to illustrate the applicability and limitations of non-hysteretic methods: the first considers leakage of CO2 from the storage formation to the ground surface, while the second examines the role of heterogeneity within the storage formation.
Linking atomistic and mesoscale simulations of nanocrystalline materials: quantitative validation for the case of grain growth

Using grain growth in nanocrystalline palladium as a simple case study, we demonstrate how a novel mesoscale approach for simulating microstructural evolution in polycrystalline materials can be validated directly against atomic-level simulations of the same system. We first describe molecular dynamics simulations of grain growth in a columnar model microstructure. The atomic-level insights into the grain-growth mechanism gained from these simulations, particularly in the role of grain rotations, are captured theoretically for incorporation into the mesoscale approach, in which the objects evolving in space and time are the grain boundaries and grain junctions rather than the atoms. With all the input parameters to the mesoscale being physically well defined and obtained directly from the atomic-level simulations, the mesoscale simulations are fully prescribed. We find that the morphology of the mesoscale system evolves in an almost identical manner with that of the molecular dynamics simulation, demonstrating that the length- and time-scale linking has been performed correctly. When applied to systems containing large numbers of grains, the now validated mesoscale simulation approach allows the growth topology and long-time growth kinetics to be determined. As an outlook, we describe how the effects of applied stress can be incorporated.
Is dose/time fractionation important in treating rectal cancer?

Abstract In a study to evaluate the effect of increasing dose per fraction on radiation response in rectal cancer, two groups of 29 patients each, matched for extent and size of disease, were evaluated. Group A was treated with conventional dose/fraction (180–200 cGy) × 5 days/week and Group B was treated with 250 cGy/fraction × 4 days/week. Total dose was reduced by 10% in Group B patients to allow comparison of biologically equivalent doses. Two categories of patients were analyzed in each group: (1) patients receiving planned high dose preoperative radiation (4000–4500 cGy); and (2) patients receiving high dose radiation for post-surgical recurrent tumors or locally advanced inoperable tumors (5500–6000 cGy). Tumor regression was markedly better in patients treated with the 250 cGy/fraction. Overall response (>50% regression) was 35% (10/29) in Group A and 62% (18/29) in Group B. Nine of 10 patients in Group B, treated preoperatively, had >50% regression in tumor size, with two patients having no evidence of disease on surgico-pathological evaluation. Six of 10 similar patients in Group A had >50% tumor regression.
Detection of protease activity by FRET using porous silicon as an energy acceptor

This work demonstrates a method for detection of protease activity using porous Si as the energy acceptor in a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assay. A fluorescent dye (fluorescein) is trapped in a porous Si matrix, where its fluorescence is quenched. The dye is trapped using a protein (zein), and the action of proteases (Pronase E) release the dye from the quenching matrix. A strong fluorescence signal appears within 30 min of Pronase E addition. A control with no Pronase E shows little fluorescence, and a control using heat-denatured Pronase E shows approximately 50% of the fluorescence of the active protease.
Game theoretic model for control of gene regulatory networks

The intervention in gene regulatory networks has been modelled as the Markov decision process problem. However, this approach only allows one external control, which is inadequate in many situations such as drug and gene therapies. In this paper, we propose the non-cooperative stochastic game model for intervention in the genetic regulatory networks as the generalization of the Markov decision process approach and formulate the intervention problem into solving the Nash equilibrium. The definition of equilibrium has been proposed and the existences for both infinite and finite horizon cases have been proven. We provide the numerical example for using non-cooperative stochastic game model on the mammalian cell cycle network. We also compare the results under the Nash equilibrium and independent Markov decision process approach.
Hindsight and the abortion experience: what abortion means to women years later.

This paper explores how women construct meaning around their abortion experiences in retrospect. It does so by offering profiles of four women who participated in a larger study examining various facets of the abortion experience. The four individuals profiled demonstrate some of the diversity in women's retrospecitive accounts of their abortion experiences, and they are representative of a sample of twenty women in this way. Drawing on Dorothy Smith's (Smith, 1987) ideas concerning a sociology for women that “creates space for an absent subject,” this paper demonstrates that women's retrospective accounts of their abortion experiences can inform and transform our politicized abortion discourse. Rather than allow women's narratives to be used by debate factions, I argue for the need to recognize that these narratives can broaden our understanding of the abortion experience.
Enhanced antiviral activity and altered subcellular distribution of magnesium/poly r(A-U) combinations

When Mg2+ or ethidium bromide (EB) were combined with poly r(A-U) at a ligand/ribonucleotide ratio of 1/4, the antiviral activity of the Mg2+ and EB increased 136-fold and 154-fold. Eriochrome Blue SE was employed to visualize the subcellular distribution of Mg2+ following co-incubation of Human Foreskin Fibroblasts (HSF) with Mg2+ alone or with the Mg2+/poly r(A-U) combination. Phase contrast micrographs of these Mg(2+)-treated HSF cells as well as phase contrast and fluorescence micrographs of EB-treated or EB/poly r(A-U)-treated HSF cells illustrated that the Mg2+ (or EB)/poly r(A-U) combinations display altered subcellular distribution with the Mg2+ and EB being localized in the nucleoli and chromatin of the HSF cells. These results suggest that modulation of nuclear processes may be responsible for the enhanced antiviral activity.
Measurement of fiber birefringence by wavelength scanning: effect of dispersion

Scanning the wavelength in high-birefringence fibers inherently measures the group delay difference, and not the phase delay difference, between the two polarization modes. Dispersion of the birefringence will result in a 10–20% error in fiber beat lengths interpolated from such measurements, even if only stress birefringence is present. Geometrical dispersion can introduce even larger errors in some fibers.
Determination of acetaminophen by flow injection with on-line chemical derivatization: Investigations using visible and FTIR spectrophotometry

Abstract A new FI/FTIR method for the determination of acetaminophen (paracetamol, N -acetyl- p -aminophenol) involving on-line reaction is described. The proposed method is based on the alkaline hydrolysis of the analyte to produce p -aminophenol and its oxidation reaction with potassium ferricyanide to produce p -benzoquinone-monoimine which eventually oxidizes to form p -benzoquinone. The chemistry of the reaction was studied both, in the visible and IR regions of the spectrum and the method has been developed by the application of flow-injection methodology. The reaction was carried out in aqueous media and at room temperature. The micro-flow version of the CIRCLE ® IR accessory, which is compatible with aqueous solutions, was used. Measurements were carried out at the OH-phenolic deformation (1274.1 cm −1 ) and the aromatic ring mode (1498.2 cm −1 ) infrared vibrations for the hydrolysis product, p -aminophenol. The method was applied to the determination of acetaminophen in commercial tablets, and mean detection values of 512 and 491 mg were found at 1274.1 and 1498.2 cm −1 , respectively.
Jugular thrombophlebitis complicating bacterial pharyngitis (Lemierre's syndrome)

Lemierre's syndrome is a rare syndrome caused byFusobacterium necrophorum, a gram-negative anaerobic organism that normally inhabits the oropharynx. The syndrome follows primary oropharyngeal infection and affects previously healthy adolescents in a characteristic manner with fatal results if left untreated. The authors present two cases seen at their institution and discuss the clinical and radiologic features of the syndrome, along with considerations for patient management.
Catalysis and Surface Chemistry: Metal Clusters/Nanoscale Particles

Recent experiments have shed light on how metal clusters behave as catalysts. Especially by studying bimetallic systems, electronic and ensemble (geometric) effects have been clarified. Strong metal support interactions (SMSI) may be explained due to “decoration effects”. It is apparent that morphology of the particles is extremely important in determining catalytic properties. Recent experiments in metal vapor chemistry for producing various catalytic morphologies are discussed, with special emphasis on the Pt°-Sn° system. Finally, new studies of gas phase metal cluster-hydrocarbon reactions are briefly reviewed with emphasis on Pt(n) and Nb(n).
Comparison of Intravenous versus Topical Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Study

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of topical Tranexamic Acid (TXA) versus Intravenous (IV) Tranexamic Acid for reduction of blood loss following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This prospective randomized study involved 89 patients comparing topical administration of 2.0g TXA, versus IV administration of 10mg/kg. There were no differences between the two groups with regard to patient demographics or perioperative function. The primary outcome measure, perioperative change in hemoglobin level, showed a decrease of 3.06 ± 1.02 in the IV group and 3.42 ± 1.07 in the topical group (P = 0.108). There were no statistical differences between the groups in preoperative hemoglobin level, lowest postoperative hemoglobin level, or total drain output. One patient in the topical group required blood transfusion (P = 0.342). Based on our study, topical Tranexamic Acid has similar efficacy to IV Tranexamic Acid for TKA patients.
Elastic-plastic analysis of centrally clamped annular plates under uniform loads

Abstract The elastic-plastic behavior of centrally clamped annular plates under uniform pressure load is investigated within the scope of small deflection bending theory of plates. An elastic-perfectly plastic relation between bending moment and curvature is assumed, together with the Tresca yield condition and associated flow law. Nondimensional equations are developed for the deformations and stress distribution up to collapse. Numerical examples illustrate the development and progress of elastic and plastic regions within the plate, and the change in deflected shape with load.
Extending Validity Evidence for Multidimensional Measures of Coaching Competency

This study extended validity evidence for multidimensional measures of coaching competency derived from the Coaching Competency Scale (CCS; Myers, Feltz, Maier, Wolfe, & Reckase, 2006) by examining use of the original rating scale structure and testing how measures related to satisfaction with the head coach within teams and between teams. Motivation, game strategy, technique, and character building comprised the dimensions of coaching competency. Data were collected from athletes (N = 585) nested within intercollegiate men's (g = 8) and women's (g = 13) soccer and women's ice hockey (g = 11) teams (G = 32). Validity concerns were observed for the original rating scale structure and the predicted positive relationship between motivation competency and satisfaction with the coach between teams. Validity evidence was offered for a condensed post hoc rating scale and the predicted relationship between motivation competency and satisfaction with the coach within teams.
Rejected applications An early American Academy of Neurology struggles to define its membership

Objective: To review membership application materials (especially rejected applications) to the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) during its formative years (1947–1953). Methods: Detailed study of materials in the AAN Historical Collection. Results: The author identified 73 rejected applications. Rejected applicants (71 male, 2 female) lived in 25 states. The largest number was for the Associate membership category (49). These were individuals “in related fields who have made and are making contributions to the field of neurology.” By contrast, few applicants to Active membership or Fellowship status were rejected. The largest numbers of rejectees were neuropsychiatrists (19), neurosurgeons (16), and psychiatrists (14). Conclusion: The AAN, established in the late 1940s, was a small and politically vulnerable organization. A defining feature of the fledgling society was its inclusiveness; its membership was less restrictive than that of the older American Neurological Association. At the same time, the society needed to preserve its core as a neurologic society rather than one of psychiatry or neurosurgery. Hence, the balance between inclusiveness and exclusive identity was a difficult one to maintain. The Associate membership category, more than any other, was at the heart of this issue of self-definition. Associate members were largely practitioners of psychiatry or neurosurgery. Their membership was a source of consternation and was to be carefully been held in check during these critical formative years.
Peripheral regulation of graft-versus-host alloreactivity in mixed chimeric miniature swine.

Background. Despite the presence of circulating donor-derived T cells during the induction of mixed chimerism across MHC barriers in miniature swine, severe graft-versus-host disease was avoided in the majority of animals. In this study, we investigated the possible roles of recipient and donor lymphoid populations in the regulation of donor-anti-recipient alloreactivity. Methods. Mixed chimerism across a full MHC-mismatch barrier was established in miniature swine using a high-dose allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell protocol. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from mixed chimeric swine were co-cultured with naive donor-matched responders and naive recipient-matched stimulators in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Results. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from mixed chimeras inhibited donor-anti-recipient proliferation. This suppression was radioresistant to 25 Gy. Suppression of donor-anti-recipient alloreactivity was not observed in mixed lymphocyte co-cultures when donor-derived cells were added in the absence of recipient-derived cells. Conclusions. These results suggest an association between the presence of an active and relatively radioresistant cell population, demonstrable in vitro, and the regulation of graft-versus-host disease across MHC barriers in mixed chimeric miniature swine.
Improving Health Services In India: A Different Perspective

Two papers in this volume focus on public finance and decentralization as central to resolving India’s systemic public health crisis. However, some states and districts have achieved success despite serious financial and administrative deficits; this suggests that factors such as political commitment, community participation, human resource management, women’s empowerment, and governance may be as or more important. The success of the National Rural Health Mission will depend on state and local institutional capacity, including strong partnerships with civil society organizations and private-sector actors. Increased resources and decentralization will not be sufficient by themselves.
Activation of fructose diphosphatase by manganese, magnesium and cobalt☆

Abstract Rabbit liver fructose diphosphatase (FDPase) is activated by Mn2+, Mg2+ or Co2+ both at high pH and at low pH (8.8 and 7.3, respectively). Of the three cations only Co2+ produces greater activity at low pH than at high pH and only Co2+ gives a markedly cooperative activation curve (n = 2 at pH 7.3). These facts together with relatively high affinity and Vmax for Co2+ at low pH lead to the suggestion that one of the physiological activators for FDPase is Co2+. Biphasic activation curves are produced by Mg2+ at low pH and by Mn2+ at high pH. Values for the apparent Kd, relative Vmax and Hill constants for all three activators at both high and low pH are reported as well as constants for the second phase of Mg2+ activation and Mn2+ inhibition.
Matrix augmentation and structure preservation in linearly constrained control problems

Matrix augmentation is used for the inversion of bases associated with large linearly constrained control problems. It is shown how an efficient data structure can be maintained by keeping all state variables in the basis, and then nullifying some of them explicitly by using additional constraints. The proposed methodology, together with a basis updating scheme based on augmentation, forms the skeleton for an in-core algorithm using either the revised simplex method or the generalized reduced gradient method.
Concurrent oxidation of accumulated hydroperoxides in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate

1. Kinetic studies showed that concurrent oxidation of preformed hydroperoxides may be expected to take place at all stages of the autoxidation of methyl linoleate. The rate of oxidation relative to the rate of autoxidation of unoxidized ester is determined chiefly by the extent of the accumulation of hydroperoxides.
‘Pragmatic weight’ and Spanish subject pronouns: The pragmatic and discourse uses of ‘tú’ and ‘yo’ in spoken Madrid Spanish

Abstract Spanish is a pro-drop language in which first and second person subject pronouns are frequently omitted (80%); traditionally the function of overt subject pronouns has been regarded as adding emphasis or to contrast explicit statements. I argue that their function is more similar to that of topicalized NPs, referred to as X-Forms by Klein-Andreu (1989a,b), and that their appearance is governed by their conversational function as discourse topics; they are used pragmatically and meta-linguistically to switch reference, for purposes of emphasis and negotiating conversational turns, and to add ‘pragmatic weight’ to frames of reference, epistemic parentheticals and potential speech act verbs. I introduce the notion of ‘pragmatic weight’ as a label that describes the ways in which subject pronouns are used to signal utterances as ‘less abstract’ or ‘more personally relevant’. Finally, some predictions are made as to what this description of the use of subject pronouns may imply for other, structurally similar pro-drop languages.
Lossless Image Compression Using the Discrete Cosine Transform

In this paper, a new method to achieve lossless compression of two-dimensional images based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is proposed. This method quantizes the high-energy DCT coefficients in each block, finds an inverse DCT from only these quantized coefficients, and forms an error residual sequence to be coded. The number of coefficients used in this scheme is determined by using a performance metric for compression. Furthermore, a simple differencing scheme is performed on the coefficients that exploits correlation between high energy DCT coefficients in neighboring blocks of an image. The resulting sequence is compressed by using an entropy coder, and simulations show the results to be comparable to the different modes of the lossless JPEG standard.
The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on primitive hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) function and numbers, after chemotherapy

Abstract Objective Primitive hematopoietic stem cell function was assessed after cyclophosphamide with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with or without preadministration of interleukin-1, using competitive repopulation. Methods C57B6/J mice injected with one or four biweekly intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide, 200 mg/kg, received granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, 1 μg, subcutaneously for 5 days, beginning 24 hours after cyclophosphamide. Alternatively, mice were injected with interleukin-1, 1 μg, 20 hours before administration of drug or drug and cytokine. Marrow obtained from mice sacrificed 4 weeks after the last dose of drug or drug and cytokine was used in competitive repopulation. Results Significant reductions in marrow repopulating ability occurred after a single dose of cyclophosphamide or multiple injections. Repopulating units (RU) were calculated, and both binomial and Poisson models for estimation of primitive hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) numbers were used. RU were significantly diminished for all treatment groups when compared to controls. PHSC numbers were not significantly affected by either regimen of cyclophosphamide given alone. Addition of GM-CSF to cyclophosphamide, whether the latter was given in single or multiple doses, led to further, although insignificant, declines in repopulating ability, as well as PHSC and RU numbers. Interleukin-1 usage exacerbated the observed repopulating defect. There was evidence of replicative failure in individual cells, indicating a qualitative defect also. Summary Additive stem cell depletion and qualitative replicative defect occur after chemotherapy-cytokine usage. However, the replicative defect of PHSC seen after addition of GM-CSF is not significantly worse than that seen with cytotoxic drug use alone.
The Road to Recovery: Where are we going and how do we get there? Empirically-driven conclusions and future directions for service development and research

The term “recovery” is often used in the addiction field. However, we have thus far failed to define the term, to delineate its dimensions, or to elucidate the pre-requisite conditions to this outcome. This has hindered service development and evaluation as well as changes in policy. This paper: (1) Reviews empirical findings about how “recovery” is defined and experienced by individuals engaged in the process; (2) Examines factors associated with recovery initiation, maintenance and sustained life style, and review obstacles to recovery; and (3) Discusses implications for services and research; implications include the need to adopt a long-term, wellness centered approach to addressing substance use-related problems, the importance for society to address the stigma of former addiction and to offer attractive viable opportunities to promote making significant life changes towards recovery from substance use.
Social Responsibility of Nursing A Global Perspective

This study addresses social responsibility in the discipline of nursing and implications for global health. The concept of social responsibility is explicated and its relevance for nursing is examined, grounded in the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics and the International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics. Social justice, human rights, nurse migration, and approaches to nursing education are discussed within the framework of nursing's social responsibility. Strategies for addressing nursing workforce issues and education within a framework of social responsibility are explored.
Parallelizing Support Vector Machines on Distributed Computers

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) suffer from a widely recognized scalability problem in both memory use and computational time. To improve scalability, we have developed a parallel SVM algorithm (PSVM), which reduces memory use through performing a row-based, approximate matrix factorization, and which loads only essential data to each machine to perform parallel computation. Let n denote the number of training instances, p the reduced matrix dimension after factorization (p is significantly smaller than n), and m the number of machines. PSVM reduces the memory requirement from O(n2) to O(np/m), and improves computation time to O(np2/m). Empirical study shows PSVM to be effective. PSVM Open Source is available for download at http://code.google.com/p/psvm/.
Valganciclovir therapy for immune recovery uveitis complicated by macular edema

Abstract Purpose To determine whether treatment with valganciclovir will improve visual acuity in eyes with immune recovery uveitis complicated by macular edema. Design Prospective open label controlled Phase II drug study. Methods Five patients with chronic macular edema as a result of immune recovery uveitis were studied. Baseline fluorescein angiograms, best-corrected ETDRS visions, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) lymphoproliferative T-cell function assays were obtained and repeated after three months of valganciclovir therapy (900 mg daily) and again three months after withdrawal of therapy. Results Vision improved by a mean of 11 letters in the treatment phase ( P = .05). Graded angiograms showed three patients had treatment reduction of macular edema. One patient had rebound increase in macular edema after the withdrawal phase. The CMV lymphoproliferative response was not affected by the valganciclovir. Conclusion Results suggest valganciclovir treatment may benefit visual acuity in patients with macular edema from immune recovery uveitis.
Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women

Background: Barley has high amounts of soluble fiber but is not extensively consumed in the US diet. Objective: This study investigated whether consumption of barley would reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors comparably with that of other sources of soluble fiber. Design: Mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects (9 postmenopausal women, 9 premenopausal women, and 7 men) consumed controlled American Heart Association Step 1 diets for 17 wk. After a 2-wk adaptation period, whole-grain foods containing 0, 3, or 6 g glucan/d from barley were included in the Step 1 diet menus. Diets were consumed for 5 wk each and were fed in a Latin-square design. Fasting blood samples were collected twice weekly. Results: Total cholesterol was significantly lower when the diet contained 3 or 6 g-glucan/d from barley than when it contained no -glucan; the greatest change occurred in the men and postmenopausal women. HDL and triacylglycerol concentrations did not differ with the 3 amounts of dietary -glucan. Large LDL and small VLDL fractions and mean LDL particle size significantly decreased when whole grains were incorporated into the 3 diets. Large LDL and large and intermediate HDL fractions were significantly higher, mean LDL particle size was significantly greater, and intermediate VLDL fractions were significantly lower in the postmenopausal women than in the other 2 groups. A group-by-diet interaction effect was observed on LDL fractions and small LDL particle size. Conclusion: The addition of barley to a healthy diet may be effective in lowering total and LDL cholesterol in both men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1185–93.
Development of the axial instability and magnetic field topology in low wire number wire array Z-pinches

We are investigating the development of the axial instability that occurs on each exploding wire in wire-array Z-pinches. The axial instability is a growing modulation of the size of the coronal plasma around individual wires of the array that results in non-uniform ablation of material from the cold wire core. It has long been known that the wavelength of this modulation is constant late in time and, since it is unique to different materials, it has come to be known as the fundamental mode. In these experiments we have been imaging individual wires with laser shadowgraphy and an XUV framing camera primarily in low wire number, large wire diameter aluminum array. We show also some results from various other arrays for comparison. We document the development of this modulation from the beginning of plasma formation and show its dominant wavelength and amplitude growth as a function of time. The magnetic field topology is also probed using small B-dot probes inside the array. The change from a closed to an open field topology is correkated with the instability growth. Growth of the instability is seen to slow and eventually stop as the magnetic field 1–2 mm inside a wire decreases and changes sign, signifying the change in topology from locally to globally dominated field.
The story plot of living the embarrassment of hirsutism.

Hirsutism is a complicating health challenge that impacts the lives of women. It is a condition characterized by unwanted, male pattern hair growth. Often times this hair is noted on the face, back, or chest (Dawber, 2005). This physical disorder impacts every aspect of life. Very few studies on the psychological impact of unwanted facial hair exist. Those that do suggest that unwanted facial hair has a detrimental impact on a woman's body image and quality of life; and is a source of emotional distress and social embarrassment (Blume-Peytavi et al., 2007). Women with hirsutism have increased levels of anxiety and depression. In addition, they feel ashamed of their appearance, and lack self-confidence (Lipton, Sherr, Elford, Rustin, & Clayton, 2006). Literature related to hirsutism primarily examines this condition as a symptom of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Hahn et al. (2005), found that hirsutismwas associated with decreased quality of life in women with PCOS. The impact of hirsutism on the lives of women with PCOS is significant, leading to inclusion of hirsutism as a subscale on the only instrument used to assess quality of life in women with PCOS (Cronin et al., 1998). However, there are women who do not have PCOS, and live with unwanted facial hair. Few studies have focused on the quality of life of women with hirsute appearances who are lacking a diagnosis of PCOS (Loo & Lanigan, 2002; Maziar et al., 2010; Rabinowitz, Cohen, & Le Roith, 1983; Sonino, Fava, Mani, Belluardo, & Marco, 1993; Wong & Rivers, 2009). Understanding the lived experience of women with hirsutism has the potential to influence healthcare innovations necessary to improve quality of life.
Syntheses and Properties of k-Phase Organic Superconductors

The syntheses and physical properties of K-(ET)2CU[N(CN)2]X (X = Br and Cl) are summarized. The K-(ET)2Cu [N(CN)2] Br salt is the highest Tc radical-cation based ambient pressure organic superconductor (Tc = 11.6 K), and the K-(ET)2CU [N(CN)2] C1 salt becomes a superconductor at even higher Tc under 0.3 kbar hydrostatic pressure (Tc = 12.8 K). The similarities and differences between K-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br and K-(ET)2CU(NCS)2 (TC = 10.4 K) are presented. The X-ray structures at 127 K reveal that the S-S contacts shorten between ET dimers in the former compound while the S-S contacts shorten within dimers in the latter. The differences in their ESR linewidth behavior is also explained in terms of the structural differences. A semiconducting compound, (ET)Cu[N(CN)2]2, isolated during K-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl synthesis is also reported. The ESR measurements of the K-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl salt indicate that the phase transition near 40 K is similar to the spin density wave transition in (TMTSF)2SbF6. A new class of organic superconductors, K-(ET)2CU2(CN)3 and K-(ET)2Cu2(CN)3.jgBrjg, is reported with Tc’s of 2.8 K (1.5 kbar) and 2.6 K (1 kbar), respectively.