cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Task Ambiguity and Expectancy Control Groups on the Experimenter Bias Effect.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of task ambiguity and expectancy control groups on the Experimenter Bias Effect (EBE). The results indicated that the main effects of Induced Expectancy, Ambiguity, and Actual State (actual pre-established score differences on the test protocols), as well as the interaction of Ambiguity X Induced Expectancy and Ambiguity X Actual State, were all significant at the .01 level. The Ambiguity X Induced Expectancy interaction indicated that Induced Expectancy had an effect only when subjects were given ambiguous criteria with which to score the test protocols. The Ambiguity X Actual State interaction indicated that the high ambiguity condition resulted in inaccurate scoring, while low and medium ambiguity did not. Finally, the main effect of Induced Expectancy was small when compared to the Actual State effect, suggesting that some of the experimenter bias effects in the literature may have been obtained because basically unscorable stimuli were used.
Negotiation in DAI as an infrastructure component for collaborative enterprises

The paper examines how negotiation in distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) acts as in integral component for the development of tools necessary to support collaborative enterprises. As an example of how negotiation plays a key part, the author examines its use for conflict resolution among participants involved in the concurrent design of connections in buildings. The Designer Fabricator Interpreter (DFI) System, a knowledge-based tool which fosters interaction among structural engineers (designers), fabricators and erectors is described. The system's architecture models the participants as semi-autonomous computer agents which reason from their design evaluation perspectives. Alternatives are proposed through a novel incremental negotiation method called knowledge-based negotiation. The resulting negotiation methodology provides for potentially 'better' designs as a result of differing agent viewpoints. >
DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF SANCTUM LAURENTIENSIS, NEW ICHNOGENUS AND ICHNOSPECIES, A DOMICHNIUM MINED INTO LATE ORDOVICIAN (CINCINNATIAN) RAMOSE BRYOZOAN COLONIES

During the Late Ordovician, arborescent and frondose trepostome, and cystoporate Bryozoa were frequently bored in a manner distinctly different from Trypanites, Palaeosabella, and Vermiforichnus, domichnia that are commonly associated with these organisms. Maysvillian and Richmondian bryozoan taxa on the Cincinnati Arch were particularly infested by an unidentified organism that used the interior of bryozoan branches as its domicile. The domichnial trace Sanctum laurentiensis is newly described. Dwelling openings range in size from 1.1 mm to 3.2 mm and are located singly on surfaces of colony branches, commonly in a somewhat protected position. The circular opening leads through the exozone into an elongate or saccate chamber representing a variably shaped excavation of the bryozoan endozone. Traces ranging from 3.0 mm to 8.8 mm wide and 9.7 mm to 53 mm long are documented. Thin sections demonstrate that chambers were unlined and had irregular interior walls resulting from organismal mining of zooecial tubes. Cavity makers likely were multiple individuals of amphipod-like crustaceans (Arthropoda) that fed outside their domicile. Bryozoan colonies were occupied while upright, either entirely or partially live, or in some cases dead and overgrown by other bryozoans. Avoidance of predation and the ability to dwell and feed in a higher tier than that of infaunal tracemakers at the sediment-water interface were potential benefits of this domichnium. Presence of cavities reduced the strength of host branches, thus having a profound effect on colony morphology and growth over its lifetime. Unlike the many epizoans that used trepostomes as substrates with little long-term affect, Sanctum laurentiensis significantly impacted its bryozoan host.
Predictors of Perceptions of Scientists Comparing 2001 and 2012

The 2001 and 2012 National Science Foundation surveys of public attitudes and knowledge about science were used to model perceptions of scientists and explore whether the predictors of such perceptions have changed over time. The available data indicate that the relative impact of the available predictors changed in only minor ways between the two time periods. Predictors of views about scientists include age, gender, and scientific knowledge, regardless of time period. Science museum attendance and primary source of science news were only rarely significant predictors. A limitation of the modeling is that the available predictors do a relatively poor job predicting both positive and negative views about scientists. This may suggest the need to reconsider which questions get included in the biennial National Science Foundation science and technology survey or the measures used to assess views about scientists.
Demographic Responses of Myomorph Rodents to Mast Production in a Beech- and Birch-dominated Northern Hardwood Forest

Abstract Myomorph rodents play important roles in trophic systems and can have rapid population-level responses to food pulses, such as mast. The purpose of our study was to measure such responses and record potential interactions among the rodent species in a northern hardwood forest. We used mark—recapture methods to estimate abundances of 3 myomorphs commonly found in northern hardwood forests—Peromyscus spp. (deer mice, hereafter, Peromyscus), Napaeozapus insignis (Woodland Jumping Mouse), and Myodes gapperi (Red-backed Vole)—over 2 years (2006 and 2007). Seedfall was measured concurrently. The abundance of Peromyscus and Red-backed Voles substantially increased in response to the 2006 mast, which was the highest in 7 years of continuously recorded data at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Adult-mean weights of all 3 species were higher during the spring following mast production than during the preceding spring. Following these responses to the mast and during the subsequent lean summer of 2007, Woo...
Effect of Lateral Conduction in a Thin Foil Heater on Local Measurement of Heat Transfer Coefficient

Discussed is a procedure for the correction of heat transfer coefficient measurements which have been attenuated due to the presence of lateral conduction along the test surface and whose signal is mixed with noise from the measurement technique used. An analytical model is used to refine the correction procedure which, after being validated against the analytical problem, is applied to correcting experimental impingement heat transfer data. Impingement Nusselt numbers are determined from high resolution local temperature measurements acquired using temperature sensitive paint (TSP). Specifically, the effect of noise on the lateral conduction algorithm’s performance and the application of twodimensional median filtering to reduce the data’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are evaluated. The correction procedure adjusts the attenuated signal from the experiment and provides results which are not biased.
Purification of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor.

SummaryFractionation of a crude extract of calf median eminence on carboxymethyl-cellulose columns yields a preparation which induces adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in the median eminence lesioned rat. This partially purified corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is substantially free from corticotropic and pressor activities.
Rainfall Erosion Resistance of Various Compost Soils on Roadside Embankment

Compost use in landscaping and erosion control applications has become widespread. Various types of composts have been utilized on highway embankments. Erosion resistance could vary with different compost materials. The objective of this study is to investigate the erosion resistance of three types of widely used composts. Rainfall simulators were constructed to simulate natural rain of 3.0 in/hr. Soil boxes were designed and built to simulate inclined embankments. Bench scale experiments were first conducted to test the erosion of natural base soils (sand, silt, and sandy clay) under 1 hr rainfall. Excessive soil losses were observed in all base soils, and silt slope failed during the test. Then repeated rainfall erosion tests were performed on sandy slopes with three types of composts covers (green compost, manure compost, and biosolid and green material co-composts). The co-compost slope retained stability and the other two compost slopes failed. Chemical and biological constituents in the runoff were analyzed. The concentrations of the analyzed constituents were high in the initial rainfall event and reduced with sequential rainfalls. Most of the toxic metal concentrations in the runoff were less than the EPA criteria.
Effect of pyridoxine in acute alcoholic intoxication.

ConclusionIn the dog pyridoxine is ineffective in either increasing rate of metabolism of alcohol or reducing degree of intoxication at a given blood alcohol concentration. This is confirmatory of previous work in man, and is conclusive evidence of the uselessness of pyridoxine as an antagonist of alcoholic intoxication.
Traditional Japanese Commentaries on the *Suvarnasaptatisastra _??__??__??__??_

The *Suvarnasaptatisastra, which is an important treatise of Samkhya philosophy, survives only in the Chinese translation done by Paramartha _??__??_ sometime between 548 and 569. Commentarial tradition begins with the citations from it found in the Chengweishi ulun shuji _??__??__??__??__??__??_, written in Tang China, and continues with a real exegetical boom in 18th century Japan. Although the Japanese exegetes refer to the same passage cited in the Chengweishi/un shuji, they express different opinions concerning the *Suvarnasaptatisastra. I analyse the interpretations of this passage in the Kin shichiju ron biko _??__??__??__??__??__??_ by Gyo'o Gonzo _??__??__??__??_ (1724-1785), the Kin shichiju ron sho _??__??__??__??__??_ by Chido Hoju _??__??__??__??_ (1723-1800), the Kin shichiju ron ge _??__??__??__??__??_ by Shuro _??__??_ (?-1788), and the Kin shichiju ron so kyo _??__??__??__??__??__??_ by Rinjo Kaido _??__??__??__??_ (1751-1810) and focus mainly upon their understanding of the relation between the prose parks of the *Suvarnasaptatisastra and Vasubandhu.
U.S. Higher Education Effectiveness

This volume of RSF presents new evidence about higher education in the United States. As we use the term, higher education is synonymous with postsecondary education and includes two-year community colleges, four-year colleges, and universities that offer graduate training in addition to four-year
Introduction to Recent Work of IEC TC57 2010 Plenary and SAC/TC82

An overview is given about the plenary of International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) 57th Technical Committee (TC57) held in Stockholm, Sweden in May, 2010. Then recent work of each workgroup of IEC TC57 is introduced in detail one by one. At last, this paper describes the recent work of the management and information exchange of standardization technical committee for power systems (SAC/TC82).
Assignment and EM approaches for passive localization of multiple transient emitters

This paper investigates the problem of localizing an unknown number of transient emitters using a network of passive sensors measuring angles of arrival in the presence of missed detections and false alarms. It is assumed that measurements within a certain time window of interest have to be associated before they can be fused to estimate the emitter locations. Two measurement models — either that any target can generate at most one measurement per sensor or that any target can generate several measurements per sensor — are possible within this time window. These two measurement models lead to two diﬀerent problem formulations: one is an S-D assignment problem and the other is a cardinality selection problem. The S-D assignment problem can be solved by the Lagrangian relaxation algorithm eﬃciently with a high degree of accuracy when a small number of sensors are used. The sequential m-best 2-D assignment algorithm, which is resistant to the ghosting problem due to the estimation of the emitter signal’s emission time, is developed to solve the problem when the number of sensors becomes large. Simulation results show that the sequential m-best 2-D assignment algorithm is suitable for real time processing with reliable associations and estimates. The cardinality selection formulation models a list of measurements as a Poisson point process and is solved by applying the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and an information criterion. The convergence of the EM algorithm to the desired global maximum needs an initialization, which is close to the truth. Localization using passive sensors makes it diﬃcult to obtain such an initial estimate. An assignment-based initialization approach is therefore presented. Simulation studies showed that the EM algorithm based on the assignment initialization is able to estimate the number of targets, target locations and directions with a high degree of accuracy.
Functional Studies of Young Versus Old Platelets in a Patient With Chronic Thrombocytopenia

Results of a comparative study of the functional capacity of young versus old platelets are presented. A girl with thrombopoietin deficiency, who predictably produced platelets in response to plasma transfusion, was used as platelet donor. Her platelets obtained 4 days after infusion were used as young test cells. Platelets obtained at 18 or 21 days after infusion were used as old cells. Young platelets were found to be associated with normal bleeding times, normal clot retraction, normal or increased platelet adhesiveness, normal aggregation to ADP and collagen, and normal platelet factor 3 availability. Old platelets were found to be associated with long bleeding times, decreased platelet adhesiveness in vivo and in vitro, and deficient platelet factor 3 availability. The clot retraction and aggregation to ADP and collagen of old platelets, however, was normal. No differences between young and old platelets were observed by electron microscopy.
The impact of pregnancy on anti-HIV activity of cervicovaginal secretions.

Background Mucosal immunity of the female genital tract plays a critical role in defense against sexually transmitted infections like HIV. Pregnancy is associated with both structural and immunologic alterations in the genital mucosa, but the impact of these changes on its ability to suppress HIV infection is unknown. Current epidemiologic data are conflicting as to whether pregnancy increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Objective The purpose of this study was to define the association between antimicrobial peptides and chemokines in cervicovaginal secretions and in vitro HIV infectivity among pregnant and nonpregnant women. Study Design Forty pregnant and 37 nonpregnant women were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study at a single tertiary care women's hospital in Providence, RI. Cervicovaginal lavage was performed at each study visit. For pregnant women, study visits occurred once per trimester, and there was an optional postpartum visit. For nonpregnant women, study visits occurred across a single cycle that was timed to occur in the proliferative, ovulatory, and secretory phases based on the presumption of a regular menstrual cycle. The impact of cervicovaginal lavage on HIV infectivity was evaluated using a TZM-bl assay and compared between pregnant and nonpregnant women for each visit. The previously validated TZM-bl assay, which uses a luciferase reporting gene to indicate HIV infection of TZM-bl cells, was measured with a luminometer with higher relative light units that indicate greater levels of in vitro HIV infection. Immune mediators were measured with a multiplex bead assay. HIV infectivity and median concentration of each mediator were compared between pregnant and nonpregnant groups with the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results Cervicovaginal fluid from pregnant and nonpregnant women significantly decreased HIV infectivity in both groups compared with positive control (virus only; P P ≥.44). During the second and third trimesters, pregnant women experienced suppression of several cervicovaginal immune mediators that included human beta defensin-2; lactoferrin; macrophage inflammatory protein-3α; regulated on activation, normally T-cell expressed and secreted; and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (all P ≤.05). The antimicrobial peptide elafin was significantly correlated with HIV infectivity in both groups across all visits, except at the postpartum visit in the pregnant group (n=16). Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor also was correlated significantly with infectivity across all visits, but in nonpregnant women only ( P ≤.03). Conclusion Cervicovaginal secretions from both pregnant and nonpregnant women contain immune mediators that are associated with HIV infectivity in an in vitro assay; however, infectivity was not different between pregnant and nonpregnant groups. If pregnant women are at increased risk for HIV infection, it is unlikely to be mediated by alterations in the effectiveness of these protective secretions.
Students as Surrogates in Advertising Research

The use of college students as a data source by academicians has been a common practice in marketing research. Students have been used as surrogates for broader population groups because they are readily accessible, manageable and inexpensive to use. The suitability of the use of a sample in this fashion is open to question. This paper reviews the literature and examines suitability of student samples in the area of advertising research.
Dopamine Receptors and Dopamine Release

Abstract Dopamine (DA) signaling in the brain is mediated by two major classes of DA receptors, DA D1-type receptors which include DA D1 and DA D5 receptors and DA D2-type receptors which include DA D2-, DA D3-, and DA D4-type receptors. These receptors have differing distributions in brain and differing intracellular signaling pathways which are briefly reviewed. Because of the importance of DA signaling in a number of disease states including schizophrenia, drug abuse, movement disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and likely depression and obesity, there has been great interest and considerable research efforts into development of methods for delineating regional levels of cerebral DA receptors and DA release in striatum, substantia nigra, limbic regions, and cortex over the past three decades. This chapter will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the currently available positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography radioligands for DA D1- and DA D2-type receptors, the methods of quantitation of receptor levels using these radioligands, and the ability of these radioligands to assess both psychostimulant-induced DA release and basal extracellular levels of DA as well as provide a limited review of their clinical research applications.
Topography of immunoglobulins in normal and neoplastic endometrium

Reports of endometrial IgA secretory immunity have been controversial and non-quantitative [1,2]. We assessed the topography of different Ig isotypes in normal and neoplastic endometrium by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoperoxidase (IP) techniques. We show, as others [1,2], that IgA is the predominant Ig in endometrium. IgG is present in greater numbers of stromal plasma cells (SPCs) than other tissues [25% of SPCs in the proliferative (PE) and secretory phases (SE)]. Atrophic endometrium (AE) shows negligible numbers of SPCs and intraepithelial Igs. Atypical hyperplasia (AH) shows a 50% increase in intraepithelial IgA and IgA SPCs (P≤0.01). Well-differentiated carcinoma (WD-CA) has a 100% increase of IgA PCs (P≤0.001), but intraepithelial IgA is decreased, whereas poorly differentiated carcinomas (PD-CA) show decreased IgA PCs (P≤0.001) and negligible intraepithelial IgA. Occasionally epithelial IgA positive round cells (ERCs), probably lymphocytes, are seen. We conclude, as others, that IgA is the prevalent epithelial and SPC isotype, especially in SE, suggesting hormonal control. In AH and WD-CA, increased IgA SPCs suggest the mechanism for attracting cells is increased. Carcinoma shows decreased intraepithelial IgA, especially in PD-CA. In conclusion, the degree of differentiation may determine intraepithelial IgA and SPCs in endometrium.
White adipose tissue inflammation and cancer-specific survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue.

BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with increased adipose tissue in the tongue. Chronic white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation commonly occurs in the obese. We investigated whether WAT inflammation in the tongue impacts survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral tongue. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study, patients with T1 and T2 SCC of the oral tongue who underwent curative-intent resection were included. Tongue WAT inflammation was defined by the presence of dead or dying adipocytes surrounded by macrophages forming crown-like structures. The primary and secondary endpoints were disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS), respectively. Subgroup analyses were carried out in patients without lymph node involvement for whom adjuvant therapies were not indicated. RESULTS Archived tissue was available from 125 patients. The median follow-up was 55 months (range, 3-156 months). Overall, 49 of 125 patients (39%) had tongue WAT inflammation, which was associated with higher body mass index, increased tumor thickness, and vascular invasion (P < .05). The 3-year DSS rate for patients with tongue WAT inflammation was 59% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%-76%) versus 82% (95% CI, 73%-92%) for those without inflammation. For patients without lymph node involvement for whom adjuvant therapy was not indicated (N = 70), tongue WAT inflammation was associated with shortened DSS and OS (P < .05). When adjusted for body mass index and potential prognostic covariates, the hazard ratio for DSS and OS was 5.40 (95% CI, 1.20-24.26) and 2.97 (95% CI, 1.02-8.65), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Tongue WAT inflammation is associated with worse DSS and OS in patients who have early stage SCC of the oral tongue. Cancer 2016;122:3794–3802. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Exploring Data Vortex Network Architectures

In this work, we present an overview of the Data Vortex interconnection network, a network designed for both traditional HPC and emerging irregular and data analytics workloads. The Data Vortex network consists of a congestion-free, high-radix network switch and a Vortex Interconnection Controller (VIC) that interfaces the compute node with the rest of the network. The Data Vortex network is designed to transfer fine-grained network packets at a high injection rate, without congestioning the network or negatively impacting performance. Our results show that the Data Vortex networks is more efficient than traditional HPC networks with fine-grained data transfers. Moreover, our experiments show that a Data Vortex system achieves higher scalability even when using global synchronization primitives.
The placement of pop songs in film as promotion: The PRINCE of Egypt—a mini-case study

From humble origins as a masking sound for the clicking and clacking of early film projectors to epic masterpieces by masterful artists such as John Williams and James Horner, the use of music in film has evolved over time. This paper briefly examines the impact of the consolidation of entertainment companies into massive media giants covering film, television, video games and record labels on the use of music in film. As these media conglomerates seek to create synergy between their various divisions there is an ever-increasing potential for the aesthetic use of music in the creation of an aural atmosphere within which film makers tell their story to be compromised by the intentional introduction of songs for the purpose of increasing exposure and licensing income for priority artists. The paper includes an examination of the use of pop music in the marketing of the DreamWorks film PRINCE of Egyptas an illustrating case based on the author’s personal experience as the General Manager of a record label involved in the process.
Improved Electrochemical Phase Diagrams from Theory and Experiment: The Ni–Water System and Its Complex Compounds

Electrode potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagrams provide a phase map of the most stable compounds of a metal, its corrosion products, and associated ions in solution. The utility of these phase diagrams is that they enable the assessment of electrochemical stabilities, for example, of Ni metal and its derived oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides, against corrosion in aqueous environments. Remarkably, the Ni Pourbaix diagrams reported over the last 50 years are largely inconsistent with various electrochemical observations, which may be attributed to inaccurate experimental free energies of formation (ΔfG) for the complex Ni-based compounds used in producing the available diagrams. Here we show that state-of-the-art density-functional theory (DFT) can be used to obtain accurate ΔfG values, which lead to Ni Pourbaix diagrams that are more consistent with direct electrochemical experiments: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize the electrochemical ...
Chinese Intellectuals and the “Resist America, Aid Korea” Political Campaign

(1996). Chinese Intellectuals and the “Resist America, Aid Korea” Political Campaign. Chinese Historians: Vol. 9, No. 1-2, pp. 38-74.
Additional Bioinformatic Analyses Involving Protein Sequences

This chapter reviews the analysis and prediction of protein structure and some aspects of potential function. The chapter discusses various types of helices, strands, coils, and other aspects of protein structure. Structure prediction output takes into account these aspects of protein structure. A number of online tools that predict secondary and tertiary structure are cited. Online tools for the analysis of disordered proteins are also discussed. The study of disordered proteins is a relatively new field. One more aspect of protein-sequence-based analysis is reviewed, which is the prediction of the allergenic potential of a protein. Some online tools for the analysis and prediction of protein allergenicity are also discussed.
Oximes and Hydrazones in Bioconjugation: Mechanism and Catalysis

The formation of oximes and hydrazones is employed in numerous scientific fields as a simple and versatile conjugation strategy. This imine-forming reaction is applied in fields as diverse as polymer chemistry, biomaterials and hydrogels, dynamic combinatorial chemistry, organic synthesis, and chemical biology. Here we outline chemical developments in this field, with special focus on the past ∼10 years of developments. Recent strategies for installing reactive carbonyl groups and α-nucleophiles into biomolecules are described. The basic chemical properties of reactants and products in this reaction are then reviewed, with an eye to understanding the reaction’s mechanism and how reactant structure controls rates and equilibria in the process. Recent work that has uncovered structural features and new mechanisms for speeding the reaction, sometimes by orders of magnitude, is discussed. We describe recent studies that have identified especially fast reacting aldehyde/ketone substrates and structural effects...
Bacteria and Bacterial Envelope Components Enhance Mammalian Reovirus Thermostability

Enteric viruses encounter diverse environments as they migrate through the gastrointestinal tract to infect their hosts. The interaction of eukaryotic viruses with members of the host microbiota can greatly impact various aspects of virus biology, including the efficiency with which viruses can infect their hosts. Mammalian orthoreovirus, a human enteric virus that infects most humans during childhood, is negatively affected by antibiotic treatment prior to infection. However, it is not known how components of the host microbiota affect reovirus infectivity. In this study, we show that reovirus virions directly interact with Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Reovirus interaction with bacterial cells conveys enhanced virion thermostability that translates into enhanced attachment and infection of cells following an environmental insult. Enhanced virion thermostability was also conveyed by bacterial envelope components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PG). Lipoteichoic acid and N-acetylglucosamine-containing polysaccharides enhanced virion stability in a serotype-dependent manner. LPS and PG also enhanced the thermostability of an intermediate reovirus particle (ISVP) that is associated with primary infection in the gut. Although LPS and PG alter reovirus thermostability, these bacterial envelope components did not affect reovirus utilization of its proteinaceous cellular receptor junctional adhesion molecule-A or cell entry kinetics. LPS and PG also did not affect the overall number of reovirus capsid proteins σ1 and σ3, suggesting their effect on virion thermostability is not mediated through altering the overall number of major capsid proteins on the virus. Incubation of reovirus with LPS and PG did not significantly affect the neutralizing efficiency of reovirus-specific antibodies. These data suggest that bacteria enhance reovirus infection of the intestinal tract by enhancing the thermal stability of the reovirus particle at a variety of temperatures through interactions between the viral particle and bacterial envelope components.
The Intrapartum Management of the HIV-Infected Mother and Her Infant

The number of HIV-infected pregnant women in the United States is steadily increasing. While seroprevalence rates vary widely by geography, as many as 2 to 5 per cent of pregnant women in epicenters are seropositive. Medical management of the HIV-infected woman during labor and delivery depends on the clinical stage of her disease. Many will be asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and can be managed as usual. For others, delivery may be complicated by concomitant infections and AIDS-related conditions. Between 25 and 40 per cent of infants born to HIV infected mothers will acquire HIV infection. Transmission of HIV from mother to her infant can occur in utero, intrapartum, or postpartum by breastfeeding. Infants who escape intrauterine infection are exposed to HIV-infected maternal blood and secretions at the time of delivery. Precautions should be taken to minimize intrapartum exposure by removing blood and secretions from the surfaces and mucous membranes of the infant as soon as possible after birth. In addition, procedures that involve disruption of the infant's intact skin should be avoided when possible until maternal blood and secretions have been removed. The risk of nosocomial transmission of HIV is low (less than 1 per cent following needlestick exposure). Nevertheless, labor and delivery represent times when exposure to blood and body fluids can be anticipated. Precautions that are designed to prevent parenteral exposure and exposure of mucous membranes and nonintact skin of health care workers to blood and body fluids should be used routinely for all patients.
IMPROVED SERVOCONTROLLED LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an improved servocontrolled left ventricular assist device. The chapter presents a device developed and improved for regulating the speed of a conventional roller head pump proportional to the left atrial pressure. The system includes the use of a nonobturated chronically implantable left ventricular apical cannula that can be tunneled subcutaneously and brought to a short length of silastic tubing, connected through the roller head pump. The left atrial pressure signal is amplified and filtered to produce a signal proportional to the mean left atrial pressure. This signal is compared with an adjustable reference pressure, and their difference is amplified and used to drive the optically isolated pump. The chapter presents experimental results indicating that total bypass can be achieved and maintained with this system. Ventricular pressure can be lowered well below systemic pressure, producing a marked reduction in the work load of the ventricle. If the cannulae are positioned properly, then the system works effectively even with abnormally low atrial pressures or high atrial pressures.
Abortion as “deviance”

The paper focuses on the relationship between changing societal norms toward women's roles and actual, emotional acceptance of them for oneself, specifically as the norms relate to abortion and sexual behavior. Elective abortion still is regarded by many as a “deviant” activity. Such a view has sprung from an uncritical acceptance of the traditional role of women. The implications are that women who have abortions accept traditional norms for sexual behavior, in spite of their own sexual activity, and have a generally traditional view of women's roles. They are considered to behave stereotypically and to have failed. Traditional norms for women's roles have been challenged in recent years, however, especially by the feminist movement. The authors hypothesized that women who sought early abortions would tend to have feminist orientations. The paper is based on a study of 1598 women with problem pregnancies, part of a larger study conducted throughout Michigan during 1974–75. The women studied showed little lag in emotional acceptance of changing norms about women's roles. They indicated a non-traditional female role orientation, and seemed to see themselves as competent, selfdirected, and legitimately sexual persons. Most did not have any great conflict over the decision to have an abortion. The findings by and large substantiated the authors' hypotheses.
Histogenesis of the Nervous System

Given the complexity and precision of CNS organization, the assembly of the elements of the nervous system must certainly be among the most remarkable feats accomplished during embryonic development. An understanding of the processes that shape the nervous system must begin with a description of how the resident cells are generated, and how they come to be positioned in the appropriate location, that is, upon the process of proliferation of the cells of the nervous system and migration of these cells from the site where they are generated to their final residence. With these processes comes the determination of how the cells will differentiate. These topics represent the core of the study of nervous system histogenesis. Finally, the key to nervous system function lies in the specific connections that are formed between neurons. This chapter considers the topic of histogenesis, while Chapters 6 and 7 consider how connections form between the elements of the nervous system.
Biopsy techniques Diagnosis of melanoma

The biopsy of a suspicious pigmented lesion is critical to establishing a correct and complete diagnosis. It allows the dermatopathologist accurately to diagnose melanoma and to gauge maximum depth of invasion (and other histologic criterion). This, in turn, influences the extent of further necessary surgery or other adjuvant therapy. Furthermore, choosing the appropriate biopsy technique provides adequate cosmetic results, bearing in mind that the excisional technique is ideal because it removes the suspicious lesion en toto. Excisional biopsies should extend to the subcutaneous fat by means of a punch biopsy, a fusiform ellipse, or a saucerization. Incisional biopsies can be performed in certain circumstances, but should be done so with caution because sampling error may lead to missed diagnosis or inaccurate histologic criterion, such as depth.
Flavonoids — Lipoxygenases — Platelet Aggregation

Flavonoids including flavonols (e.g.quercetin and rutin)are widespread in the plant kingdom and they are concentrated by bees in honey and propolis. Flavonoids interact with many macromolecules in animal cells, change the activity of mammalian enzymes and influence permeability of cell membranes. Controlled trials on the therapeutical efficacy of flavonoids were relatively few, although flavonoids were consistently claimed to show anti-bleeding, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, analgesic, cytoprotective, oestrogenic, virusostatic and many other pharmacological actions (Haysteen,1983). In clinical practice, in addition to bioflavonoids, a number of semisynthetic flavonoids has been used.
The Day After Tomorrow: The Looming Post-Exascale Crisis

This is the best of times for high-performance computing. Our simulations continue to grow in complexity and sophistication, and they drive progress in the physical sciences and engineering, improving the world in myriad ways. Around the globe multiple plans are underway to achieve exascale performance by the early 2020's. Although considerable challenges remain, it seems that we can get to the exascale with familiar technologies and programming models. But while the immediate future looks bright, significant problems lie ahead. With Dennard scaling long-dead, device technologies won't save us from crippling power requirements for a 10 exaflop machine. And with Moore's Law sputtering towards end-of-life, performance is not improving much with each new generation of chips. There has been considerable excitement about the promise of quantum computing, reversible computing and other exotic concepts. But it seems likely that these will not become general-purpose approaches to computing for many years, if ever.
Can His bundle pacing prevent right ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy, heart failure, or death?

Right ventricular (RV) pacing (RVP) with the lead positioned in the apex is the current standard when ventricular pacing is indicated for bradycardia. However, frequent RV apical pacing is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, heart failure hospitalization (HFH), or death (1,2). RV apical pacing causes non-physiologic propagation of electrical wave fronts through the ventricles outside of the His-Purkinje conduction system and a wide QRS complex pattern. This abnormal electrical activation pattern as well as the resulting inter and intra-ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony may underlie the observed adverse clinical outcomes associated with RV apical pacing such as the development of RVP induced cardiomyopathy or heart failure (3).
Numerical simulation of electrospraying in the cone-jet mode

This article solves numerically the equations of the leaky-dielectric model applied to cone jets. The solution is a function of the properties of the fluid and its flow rate, universal in that it does not depend on the geometry and potential of the electrodes. This is made possible by the use of the potential field generated by a semi-infinite Taylor cone as a far-field boundary condition. The numerical solution yields the current emitted by the electrospray, which compares well with experimental data, and detailed information about the velocity, surface charge, electric field and the position of the free surface. These characteristics are generally inaccessible through experiments, and are needed to understand the relative importance of competing processes and the dominant physics. The simulations investigate the liquids tributyl phosphate and propylene carbonate (dielectric constants of 8.91 and 64.9 respectively), in a wide range of electrical conductivities and flow rates. The simulations show that the position of the surface, expressed in units of the characteristic length , is largely invariant regardless of the physical properties and flow rates of the liquids. The surface charge falls below its equilibrium value along the transition from cone to jet, with a deficit that increases with the ratio between the electrical relaxation and flow residence times. Several characteristics of the cone jet are functions of the dielectric constant, which is consistent with the importance of charge relaxation effects (i.e. with the absence of surface charge equilibrium). The electric energy transferred to the transition region is largely transformed into viscous and ohmic dissipation, and conversion into kinetic energy only dominates once most of the current is fixed on the surface.
Delayed-Onset Nodules to Differentially Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acids: Comparative Incidence and Risk Assessment.

BACKGROUNDRobust and long-term data on true incidence of delayed-onset nodules and immune tolerance of hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are lacking.OBJECTIVETo characterize the incidence of delayed nodules in Vycross (VYC) HA fillers compared with previously reported FDA and non-FDA data of all HA fille
AORTOPATHY AND PREGNANCY: IT TAKES A VILLAGE

Women with cardiovascular disease who desire pregnancy require a multidisciplinary, planned approach to minimize the risks to the mother and fetus. A 31 year old female with bicuspid aortic valve and aortic aneurysm presented to cardiology clinic during the first trimester of pregnancy for
THE COMBINATION BETWEEN HEMOLYSINS AND RED CELLS OR GHOSTS, AS STUDIED WITH A RADIOACTIVE LYSIN AND WITH NEW COLOR REACTIONS : WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE SYNTHESIS OF SODIUM DODECYL SULFONATE-S35

The quantity of a radioactive hemolysin, sodium dodecyl sulfonate-S(35), taken up by red cells from concentrations too small to produce hemolysis varies with the lysin concentration, and does so in a way which can be described by an adsorption isotherm. Attempts to use color reactions or surface tension measurements to determine the quantity of digitonin, saponin, and the bile salts taken up by red cells from hypolytic concentrations have failed, principally because chromogenic, and also surface-active, substances are liberated from the cells when the lysin is added. Color reactions with the anthrone reagent show that digitonin and saponin are both taken up by or fixed to red cell ghosts; the extent of the uptake, however, is uncertain, again because of the liberation of chromogenic substances. Comparison of the results of the various methods which measure the apparent amount of lysin fixed, or utilized in reactions between lysins and red cells or ghosts show discrepancies between results given by direct methods (measurement of radioactivity or of color) and indirect methods (addition of a second population after lysis of a first, and dependence of the position of the asymptote of the time-dilution curve on the number of red cells). The discrepancies are traceable to the inhibitory effects of substances liberated from the red cells or ghosts. The ease with which a lysin, once taken up by red cells, can be detached by diluting the system determines the extent to which the hemolytic reaction is "progressive," but has no observed connection with the quantity taken up in the first place. There is now ample evidence that lysis in systems containing simple hemolysins is a process involving two stages in time and two phases, and that it is usually complicated by reactions between the hemolysin and liberated inhibitory material.
Vaccines.gov – Your Best Shot at Health

The National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO) manages and is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Vaccines.gov offers reliable information from the federa...
Inductively coupled, mm-sized, single channel optical neuro-stimulator with intensity enhancer.

We introduce a single channel neuro-stimulator consisting of a reflector-coupled microscale light emitting diode (µLED) with an integrated mm-sized wireless receiver (Rx) coil for free-floating, battery-free, untethered optogenetics neuromodulation. The system utilizes a two-coil inductive link to deliver instantaneous power at a low operating frequency (<100 MHz) for continuous optical stimulation with minimized invasiveness and tissue exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Coupling a microscale reflector to the µLED provides significant light intensity enhancement compared to a bare µLED. Our activated stimulators have an operational temperature increase of <1 °C, well below the safety limit of biomedical implants. In vivo experiment and histological analysis verify the efficacy of wireless optical stimulation in the primary visual cortex of rats, using c-Fos biomarker as a reporter of light-evoked neuronal activity. Miniature coils smaller than a grain of rice can improve the comfort of implantable optical devices that target neurons. Optogenetic technology uses pulses of light to turn protein expression in genetically modified neurons on or off. Controlling and collecting data from these devices usually requires bulky cables and batteries, but Wasif Khan from Michigan State University in the United States and colleagues have now developed a completely wireless prototype. The team coupled a microscale light-emitting diode with two millimeter-scale coils, creating an inductive charging system that can deliver instantaneous power at biologically safe frequencies. Experiments with live rat models showed that this wireless setup could stimulate neurons located in the visual cortex while keeping temperature increases well below 1 °C, a critical safety threshold for biomedical implants.
Nonlinear Spectroscopy of Core and Valence Excitations Using Short X-Ray Pulses: Simulation Challenges

Measuring the nonlinear response of electrons and nuclei to attosecond broadband X-ray radiation has become possible by newly developed free electron lasers and high harmonic generation light sources. The design and interpretation of these novel experiments poses considerable computational challenges. In this chapter we survey the basic description of nonlinear X-ray spectroscopy signals and the electronic structure protocols which may be used for their simulation.
Elevated temperature microcantilever testing of fresh U-10Mo fuel

Abstract Proliferation concerns are the driving force to reduce the enrichment of research reactor fuel from highly enriched fuel to lower levels of enriched fuel. One promising fuel alloy that would enable a reduction in enrichment without greatly diminishing fuel performance is Uranium with 10 wt % Molybdenum (U-10 wt-% Mo). While there is a large amount of data available on the microstructure and thermal properties of this new fuel type currently there is insufficient data available on the mechanical properties. Small scale mechanical testing techniques can be used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the as-fabricated U-10 wt% Mo components at their intended operating temperature which should improve the accuracy of the input parameters employed by modelers. In this study the mechanical properties of a U-10 wt% Mo fuel meat sample taken from an as-fabricated fuel plate for a new fuel design were evaluated using in-situ scanning electron microscopy microcantilever testing under varying temperatures between room temperature and 200 °C.
Navigating identity as a controversial issue: One teacher’s disclosure for critical empathic reasoning

This case study aims to expand our understanding of controversial issues teaching and teacher disclosure by illustrating how one “out” gay/queer high school teacher approaches and experiences discl...