cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermally stratified compression ignition enabled by wet ethanol with a split injection strategy: A CFD simulation study

Abstract The potential application of partially distilled alcohol biofuels in a new, advanced, low temperature combustion (LTC) concept called Thermally Stratified Compression Ignition (TSCI) was studied in this work. TSCI, which was recently conceived, attempts to intentionally stratify the temperature distribution in the cylinder prior to ignition in a lean, premixed, compression-ignited combustion mode. Preliminary experiments used the latent heat of vaporization from the direct injection of water to stratify the temperatures prior to ignition and therefore provide control over the start and rate of combustion in LTC and expand the operating range. While these preliminary results are very encouraging, the requirement of a separate direct injector for water somewhat limits the commercial applications of this variant of TSCI (i.e. employing direct water injection). Instead, this work investigates using the latent heat of vaporization of wet ethanol to introduce the forced thermal stratification of TSCI to control the combustion process. A 3D CFD model was implemented and validated in CONVERGE with the SAGE detailed chemistry solver. This model was then used to simulate TSCI with wet ethanol employing a split injection strategy. The results indicate that TSCI with split direct injection of wet ethanol has an overall lower heat release rate and longer burn duration compared to HCCI due to the higher level of thermal stratification prior to ignition achieved through the evaporative cooling effect of the wet ethanol and its high latent heat of vaporization. Additionally, the ethanol/water blend ratio was varied to observe its effect on TSCI combustion. The results show that a higher percentage of water reduces the peak heat release rate and elongates combustion. Finally, different split injection mass fractions were simulated and the results indicated that injecting a higher mass fraction of wet ethanol in the second injection reduces the peak heat release rates and can increase the burn duration up to 68.8%. This way, TSCI with wet ethanol provides cycle-cycle control over the combustion process through adjusting the mass fraction of the first and second injection without requiring any engine hardware changes.
Selective Transport of Lead(II) and Strontium(II) Through a Crown Ether-Based Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing Dialkylnaphthalenesulfonic Acid

New polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing 18-membered crownethers and dialkylnaphthalenesulfonic acid are proposed for Sr2+ and Pb2+removal from nitric acid solutions. The influence of source phasecomposition and stripping agents was characterized and permeabilitycoefficients were calculated. The PIMs are easy to prepare and may be usefulin separation and concentration procedures for these cations from complexmixtures such as nuclear waste. Long-term stability was obtained for atleast several weeks of constant use during which no significant change ofpermeability was observed.
Parental Alienation: A Measurement Tool Confirmatory Factor Analysis Validation Study

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate the factor structure of the Rowlands Parental Alienation Scale (RPAS). The RPAS was administered to 521 parents along with measures of c...
Video Grading: Enhancing Clarity and Connection:

Providing feedback to students is an integral part of students learning. The purpose of this research is to identify whether students prefer video grading compared to the traditional method of writ...
Local miRNA-Dependent Translational Control of GABAAR Synthesis during Inhibitory Long-Term Potentiation

Molecular mechanisms underlying plasticity at brain inhibitory synapses remain poorly characterized. Increased postsynaptic clustering of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) rapidly strengthens inhibition during inhibitory long-term potentiation (iLTP). However, it is unclear how synaptic GABAAR clustering is maintained to sustain iLTP. Here, we identify a role for miR376c in regulating the translation of mRNAs encoding the synaptic α1 and γ2 GABAAR subunits, GABRA1 and GABRG2, respectively. Following iLTP induction, transcriptional repression of miR376c is induced through a calcineurin-NFAT-HDAC signaling pathway and promotes increased translation and clustering of synaptic GABAARs. This pathway is essential for the long-term expression of iLTP and is blocked by miR376c overexpression, specifically impairing inhibitory synaptic strength. Finally, we show that local de novo synthesis of synaptic GABAARs occurs exclusively in dendrites and in a miR376c-dependent manner following iLTP. Together, this work describes a local post-transcriptional mechanism that regulates inhibitory synaptic plasticity via miRNA control of dendritic protein synthesis.
A new large-scale dynamic rig to evaluate rain-wind induced vibrations on stay cables: Design and commissioning

Abstract Cable-stayed bridges are exposed to different weather conditions including wind and rain. The wind can excite the cables causing them to vibrate and this effect can be amplified in the presence of rain. There are a limited number of facilities worldwide capable of testing rain-wind induced vibration (RWIV) on large stay cable models. A new RWIV test rig has been developed for use in the National Research Council 9 ​m Wind Tunnel. The RWIV test rig and rain system were commissioned in July–August 2019. The commissioning study demonstrated the ability of the rig to generate large-amplitude wind-induced vibrations on a cable with a length of 5 ​m and a length-to-diameter ratio of 23.
Differences in healthcare visit frequency and type one year prior to stroke among young versus middle-aged adults.

The incidence and prevalence of stroke among the young are increasing in the US. Data on healthcare utilization prior to stroke is limited. We hypothesized those < 45 years were less likely than those 45–65 years old to utilize healthcare in the 1 year prior to stroke. Patients 18–65 years old who had a stroke between 2008 and 2013 in MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Databases were included. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to examine healthcare utilization and risk factors between age groups 18–44 and 45–65 years. Healthcare utilization was categorized by visit type (no visits, inpatient visits only, emergency department visits only, outpatient patient visits only, or a combination of inpatient, outpatient or emergency department visits) during the year prior to stroke hospitalization. Of those 18–44 years old, 14.1% had no visits in the year prior to stroke compared to 11.2% of individuals aged 45–65 [OR = 1.30 (95% CI 1.25,1.35)]. Patients 18–44 years old had higher odds of having preventive care procedures associated with an outpatient visit and lower odds of having cardiovascular procedures compared to patients aged 45–65 years. Of stroke patients aged 18–45 and 45–65 years, 16.8 and 13.2% respectively had no known risk for stroke. Patients aged 45–65 were less commonly seeking preventive care and appeared to be seeking care to manage existing conditions more than patients aged 18–44 years. However, as greater than 10% of both age groups had no prior risk, further exploration of potential risk factors is needed.
Crystal critters: Self-ejection of crystals from heated, superhydrophobic surfaces

Mineral or crystal fouling (the accumulation of precipitants on a material and damage associated with the same) is a pervasive problem in water treatment, thermoelectric power production, and numerous industrial processes. Growing efforts have focused on materials engineering strategies (e.g., superhydrophobicity) to prevent fouling. Here, we present a curious phenomenon in which crystals self-eject from heated, nanotextured superhydrophobic materials during evaporation of saline water drops. These crystal structures (crystal critters) have exceedingly minimal contact with the substrate and thus pre-empt crystal fouling. This unusual phenomenon is caused by cooperative effects of crystallization, evaporative flows, and nanoscale effects. The temperature dependence of the critter effect can be predicted using principles of mass conservation, and we demonstrate that self-propulsion can be generated via temperature gradients, which promote asymmetric growth. The insights on confinement-driven evaporative crystallization can be applied for antifouling by self-ejection of mineral foulants, for drop-based fluidic machines, or even for self-propulsion.
A graph-based network for predicting chemical reaction pathways in solid-state materials synthesis.

Accelerated inorganic synthesis remains a significant challenge in the search for novel, functional materials. Many of the principles which enable “synthesis by design” in synthetic organic chemistry do not exist in solid-state chemistry, despite the availability of extensive computed/experimental thermochemistry data. In this work, we present a chemical reaction network model for solid-state synthesis constructed from available thermochemistry data and devise a computationally tractable approach for suggesting likely reaction pathways via the application of pathfinding algorithms and linear combination of lowest-cost paths in the network. We demonstrate initial success of the network in predicting complex reaction pathways comparable to those reported in the literature for YMnO3, Y2Mn2O7, Fe2SiS4, and YBa2Cu3O6.5. The reaction network presents opportunities for enabling reaction pathway prediction, rapid iteration between experimental/theoretical results, and ultimately, control of the synthesis of solid-state materials. Predictive computational approaches are fundamental to accelerating solid-state inorganic synthesis. This work demonstrates a computational tractable approach constructed from available thermochemistry data and based on a graph-based network model for predicting solid-state inorganic reaction pathways.
Annual bromes decrease with increasing fall defoliation intensity

Abstract Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.) has been introduced to four continents from its Eurasian origins and has increased during recent decades, particularly in North America. Invasion of this C3 annual grass into rangelands diminishes native plant communities and hinders livestock performance. Control methods have been developed, but have proven short-lived. Japanese brome is positively correlated with plant litter and standing dead material, suggesting management of those components could be important. Objectives for this study were to isolate and quantify the effects of litter and standing dead on Japanese brome utilizing fall defoliation with four different mowing heights (10, 6, 4, or 1 cm) compared to a non-mowed control. Research was conducted on two ecological sites (silty and claypan) with each site consisting of 25 plots (5.5 × 1.6-m). This study was conducted over 4 yr (2013–2017) and fall mowing reduced old dead mass every year except 2016, which followed a severe drought. Spring soil water was not reduced by fall defoliation. Mowing to 1 cm reduced brome biomass by 40% compared to non-mowed plots and brome production was highly dependent on Sep-Oct precipitation. Brome biomass was least in 2015 during a drought and greatest in 2017 following double the median Sep-Oct precipitation. Non-brome biomass was similar across treatments. An 11% reduction in current-year biomass was observed for mowing heights of 10, 6, and 4 cm whereas a 22% reduction was measured for the 1 cm mowing height compared to non-mowed plots. Perennial grass basal cover was similar for 10, 6, and 4 cm mowing heights and greater than that for mowing at 1 cm whereas, no differences were detected between non-mowed plots and any mowing height. Increasing fall defoliation intensity reduced annual bromes while allowing perennial grasses to persist, indicating fall mowing and possibly grazing are viable options for annual brome management.
Frequency Dependent Mantle Viscoelasticity via the Complex Viscosity: Cases From Antarctica

Studies of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) often use paleoshorelines and present-day deformation to constrain the viscosity of the mantle and the thickness of the elastic lithosphere. However, d...
Barn Owl's Auditory Space Map Activity Matching Conditions for a Population Vector Readout to Drive Adaptive Sound Localizing Behavior.

Space specific neurons in the owl9s midbrain form a neural map of auditory space, which supports sound orienting behavior. Previous work proposed that a population vector (PV) readout of this map, implementing statistical inference, predicts the owl9s sound localization behavior. This model also predicts the frontal localization bias normally observed and how sound localizing behavior changes when the signal to noise ratio varies, based on the spread of activity across the map. However, the actual distribution of population activity and whether this pattern is consistent with premises of the PV readout model on a trial-by-trial bases remains unknown. To answer these questions, we investigated whether the population response profile across the midbrain map in the barn owl9s optic tectum matches these predictions using in vivo multi-electrode array recordings. We found that response profiles of recorded sub-populations are sufficient for estimating the stimulus ITD using responses from single trials. Furthermore, this decoder matches the expected differences in trial-by-trial variability and frontal bias between stimulus conditions of low and high signal-to-noise ratio. These results support the hypothesis that a PV readout of the midbrain map can mediate statistical inference in sound localizing behavior of barn owls. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT While the tuning of single neurons in the owl’s midbrain map of auditory space has been considered predictive of this species9 highly specialized sound localizing behavior, response properties across the population remain largely unknown. For the first time, this study analyzed the spread of population responses across the map using multi-electrode recordings and how it changes with signal-to-noise ratio. The observed responses support the hypothesis of a population vector readout’s ability to predict biases in orienting behaviors and mediate uncertainty-dependent behavioral commands. The results are of significance for understanding potential mechanisms for the implementation of optimal behavioral commands across species.
Role for interleukin-1 (IL-1) in benzene-induced hematotoxicity: inhibition of conversion of pre-IL-1 alpha to mature cytokine in murine macrophages by hydroquinone and prevention of benzene-induced hematotoxicity in mice by IL-1 alpha

Chronic exposure of humans to benzene (BZ), a myelotoxin, causes aplastic anemia and acute leukemia. The stromal macrophage that produces interleukin-1 (IL-1), a cytokine essential for hematopoiesis, is a target of BZ's toxicity. Monocyte dysfunction and decreased IL-1 production have been shown to be involved in aplastic anemia in humans. Hydroquinone (HQ), a toxic bone marrow (BM) metabolite of BZ, causes time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of processing of the 34-Kd pre-interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) to the 17-Kd mature cytokine in murine P388D1 macrophages and BM stromal macrophages, as measured by Western immunoblots of cell lysate proteins using a polyclonal rabbit antimurine IL-1 alpha antibody. HQ over a 10-fold concentration range had no effect on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pre-IL-1 alpha precursor or on cell viability or DNA and protein synthesis. Stromal macrophages obtained from the femoral BM of C57Bl/6 mice exposed to BZ (600 or 800 mg/kg body weight) for 2 days were incapable of processing the 34-Kd pre-IL-1 alpha to the mature 17-Kd cytokine when stimulated in culture with LPS. Stromal macrophages from mice coadministered BZ and indomethacin, a prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) inhibitor that has been shown to prevent BZ-induced myelotoxic and genotoxic effects in mice when coadministered with benzene were able to convert the pre-IL-1 alpha to mature cytokine. Administration of recombinant murine IL-1 alpha (rMuIL-1 alpha) to mice before a dose of BZ that causes severe depression of BM cellularity completely prevents BM depression, most probably by bypassing the inability of the stromal macrophage in BZ-treated animals to process pre-IL-1 alpha to the mature cytokine.
Adaptive MAC Protocol for Throughput Enhancement in Multihop Wireless Networks

In the paper, by combining a fixed scheduling scheme with a simple p -persistent approach, we propose a dynamic transmission scheduling protocol for multi-hop wireless networks. In a fixed scheduling scheme, a predetermined schedule is assigned to each wireless node before transmitting data, and this schedule will be used permanently. However, in the proposed protocol, an adaptive probability-based approach is used in order to reduce the number of collisions. When a node is ready to send, it calculates the transmission probability p new , using a successful transmission ratio, a previous transmission probability p old , and a queue utilization ratio. The transmission probability p new determines whether or not a node can transmit. Our simulation study shows that the new MAC scheduling scheme improves the network throughput and reduces the number of collisions considerably.
A distinction between bedrock and unconsolidated deposits on 3-5u infrared imagery of the Yellowstone rhyolite plateau

Photointerpretation of infrared imagery of bedrock and superficial deposits on Yellowstone rhyolite plateau
Design and synchronization of Gaussian particle filter using distributed controller scheme

This paper presents design and synchronization method for Gaussian particle filter (GPF) using distributed controller scheme. The GPF has many processing blocks where each processing block computes very complex arithmetic operations. Data dependency among processing blocks in the GPF creates an opportunity for efficient distributed controller, which guarantees correct operation. We verify its correctness using Verilog and SystemC. Each processing block is designed using commercial FPGA and execution characteristics are derived.
How to design and construct multielement ultrasonic transducers

The practical 'how to' design and construction of multielement ultrasonic transducers are described. First, design procedures based on direct calculations of the desired acoustic field are reviewed. Second, techniques for implementing these designs using piezoelectric active elements are discussed. Finally, optical and acoustic test methods for transducer calibration are indicated.
University Faculty and Student Perceptions of Web-Based Instruction

The purpose of this investigation was to examine perspectives of university faculty and students currently involved in one medium of distance education, Web-based instruction. Students and faculty were surveyed on the advantages, disadvantages, and general effectiveness of using the Internet as a teaching and learning tool. Findings indicated that the student benefits included (a) meaningful learning of technology through the integration of course content and computer applications, (b) increased access to the most current and global content information available, (c) increased motivation, and (d) convenience. Faculty reported a wide range of challenges in the development and delivery of Web-based instruction. The most frequently identified barriers included (a) lack of technical support, (b) lack of software/adequate equipment, (c) lack of faculty/administrative support, (d) the amount of preparation time required to create assignments, and (e) student resistance. In addition, faculty respondents consistently identified convenience and improved learning as advantages for students enrolled in Web-based instruction. Cette enquete visait a examiner les perceptions de professeurs et d’etudiants universitaires utilisant le web comme mode d’education a distance. Leurs avis sur les avantages, les desavantages et l’efficacite du web en tant qu’outil d’enseignement et d’apprentissage ont ete recenses. Au nombre des avantages pour les apprenants, on a cite : (a) un apprentissage fructueux de la technologie grâce a l’integration des contenus de cours et des applications informatiques, (b) un acces accru aux contenus informationnels les plus recents a l’echelle de la planete, (c) une motivation accrue, et (d) la commodite. Le corps enseignant citait une large gamme de difficultes tant a developper qu’a dispenser une formation basee sur l’usage du web. Au nombre des obstacles les plus souvent cites, on trouve : (a) une insuffisance de soutien technique, (b) une insuffisance de logiciels ou d’equipements adaptes, (c) une insuffisance de soutien professoral ou administratif, (d) le temps de preparation exige par la conception des travaux pratiques, et (e) la resistance des etudiants. Les professeurs interroges ont egalement, et systematiquement, cite parmi les avantages pour les etudiants la commodite et une amelioration de l’apprentissage.
Hydraulic pressure stimulates adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate accumulation in endothelial cells from Schlemm's canal.

PURPOSE. Fluid flow across various endothelia results in a variety of intracellular and extracellular adaptations. In the living eye, aqueous humor flows across the surface of endothelial cells on trabecular meshwork (TM) beams and in the juxtacanalicular tissue and through or between a continuous monolayer of endothelial cells that line Schlemm's canal (SC). This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that fluid flow induces biochemical changes in the endothelial cells of the outflow pathway that may modify outflow resistance. METHODS. Trabecular meshwork and SC cells isolated from the outflow pathway of human cadaveric eyes were seeded onto porous filters, placed in Ussing-type chambers, and subjected to fluid flow driven by a pressure head of 15 mm Hg on their apical surface. Cell lysates were prepared and analyzed for adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation. Barrier function of cell monolayers was examined using transendothelial electrical resistance measurements. RESULTS. Three different SC cell strains in 14 independent experiments responded with at least a threefold increase in cAMP that was both time and pressure dependent. Conversely, flow-treated TM cells failed to respond in six independent experiments in which five different TM cell strains were used. Electrical resistance across cell monolayers positively correlated with cAMP accumulation and was calcium sensitive. CONCLUSIONS, cAMP signaling is affected by pressure differentials across SC cell monolayers and provides evidence for the participation of SC cells in the regulation of aqueous outflow.
Censoring and Selling Film Noir

Film noir is known for its duplicity. Industry censors considered 1940s noir cinema provocative, salacious and ‘sordid.’ Hollywood studios walked a fine line between appearing to comply with Hays office Production Code censorship while simultaneously pushing the envelope of its moral constraints, then hyping and sensationalizing censorable sex, violence and hard-hitting themes to sell noir films to the public. In fact, studios capitalized on the racy explicit nature of noir pictures in publicity contradicting assurances of censorial compliance. For instance, censor Joseph Breen was “shocked” when MGM purchased James Cain’s The Postman Always Rings Twice. It was banned for a decade. Yet, ten years later as filmmakers adapted hardboiled fiction, Breen assured religious groups it would “not be offensive.” Yet, it was promoted as “torrid,” “too hot to handle” with Lana Turner in a bathing suit finding “Love at Laguna Beach” with hunky John Garfield who clamored, “You must be a she-devil,” suggesting far more sex, skin and “savage boldness” than is shown in the film. Film noir responded to Production Code censorship and other regulatory factors, including Office of War Information Bureau of Motion Pictures restrictions on Hollywood screen depictions of the domestic American home front (or overseas combat front), and Office of Censorship strictures such as a wartime ban on screen gangsters as ‘un-American’ for propaganda purposes in World War II-era noir films centering on criminals. These multiple censorship entities often collided. This regulatory climate catalyzed the development of film noir, a dark cycle of shadowy 1940s-50s crime films that boomed by World War II and evolved over the postwar era. I will investigate extensive primary archival research—including scripts, memos from industry censors, writers, directors, producers, and publicity records—to compare how film noir was censored and sold.
Genesis & the Human Ribcage: An Opportunity to Correct a Misconception & Introduce an Evolution Lesson into the Anatomy Class

Many anatomy students begin the course with a misconception that human males and females do not have the same number of ribs. At the root of that misconception is Genesis 2:21–22, in which God removes a rib from Adam to make Eve. Removal of a body part is a surgical procedure, and one does not pass on the results of surgery to one’s offspring. The prevalence of this misconception is therefore an opportunity to discuss Lamarckian inheritance in the classroom.
Solving systems of set constraints

It is shown that systems of set constraints that use all the standard set operations, especially unrestricted union and complement, can be solved. The centerpiece of the development is an algorithm that incrementally transforms a system of constraints while preserving the set of solutions. Eventually, either the system is shown to be inconsistent or all solutions can be exhibited. Most of the work is in proving that if this algorithm does not discover an inconsistency, then the system has a solution. This is done by showing that the system of constraints generated by the algorithm can be transformed into an equivalent set of equations that are guaranteed to have a solution. These equations are essentially tree automata. >
A Zuni Artist Looks at Frank Hamilton Cushing: Cartoons by Phil Hughte. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

. ZUNI ARTIST LOOKS AT FRANK HAMILTON CUSHING: CARTOONS BY PHILHUGHTE. An exhibit of forty-three paintings by Zuni artist, Phil Hughte, curated jointly by the staff of the Zuni Museum (A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center) and the Maxwell Museum. Maxwell Museum, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (January 1994-January 1995); Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art, Tulsa, OK (January-April 1995); Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, CA (May^June, 1995).1
A Biomechanical Study of Hyoid Bone and Laryngeal Movements During Swallowing Comparing the Blom Low Profile Voice Inner Cannula and Passy-Muir One Way Tracheotomy Tube Speaking Valves.

The aim of this prospective, consecutive, cohort study was to investigate the biomechanical effects, if any, of the Blom low profile voice inner cannula and Passy-Muir one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valves on movement of the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing. Ten adult patients (8 male, 2 female) with an age range of 61–89 years (mean 71 years) participated. Criteria for inclusion were ≥18 years of age, English speaking, and ability to tolerate both changing to a Blom tracheotomy tube and placement of a one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valve with a fully deflated tracheotomy tube cuff. Digitized videofluoroscopic swallow studies were performed at 30 frames/s and with each patient seated upright in the lateral plane. A total of 18 swallows (three each with 5 cc bolus volumes of single contrast barium and puree + barium × 3 conditions) were analyzed for each participant. Variables evaluated included larynx-to-hyoid bone excursion (mm), maximum hyoid bone displacement (mm), and aspiration status under three randomized conditions: 1. Tracheotomy tube open with no inner cannula; 2. Tracheotomy tube with Blom valve; and 3. Tracheotomy tube with Passy-Muir valve. Blinded reliability testing with a Pearson product moment correlation was performed on 20 % of the data. Intra- and inter-rater reliability for combined measurements of larynx-to-hyoid bone excursion and maximum hyoid bone displacement was r = 0.98. Intra- and inter-rater reliability for aspiration status was 100 %. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found for larynx-to-hyoid bone excursion and maximum hyoid bone displacement during swallowing based upon an open tracheotomy tube, Blom valve, or Passy-Muir valve. Aspiration status was identical for all three randomized conditions. The presence of a one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valve did not significantly alter two important components of normal pharyngeal swallow biomechanics, i.e., hyoid bone and laryngeal movements. Aspiration status was similarly unaffected by valve use. Clinicians should be aware that the data do not support placement of a one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valve to reduce prandial aspiration.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis and Structure Revision of Spirodihydrobenzofuranlactam 1. Total Synthesis of Stachybotrylactam

The enantioselective total synthesis and structure revision of spirodihydrobenzofuranlactam 1 and of its regioisomer 25 are presented. Optically pure (+)-Wieland−Miescher ketone was utilized to construct the AB bicyclic core in 10 steps. Introduction of the resorcylate D-ring unit was achieved by use of our tert-butyl ester metalation sequence. Subsequent stereoselective spirocyclization to form the C-ring was followed by regioselective ring cyanation and lactam formation to produce the pentacyclic structure 1 and its regioisomer 25.
The sleep of 'morning' and 'evening' types.

Abstract A questionnaire developed by Ostberg to differentiate ‘morning’ types from ‘evening’ types was administered to 100 college students. The actual sleep behavior of the 11 extreme ‘morning’ types (larks) and the 10 extreme ‘evening’ types (owls) was monitored for two weeks with a sleep log and the Post-sleep Inventory. Data was collected from the owls for a further two-week period in which the owls had been instructed to attempt to arise at the lark arousal time. In addition to going to bed earlier and getting up earlier than the owls, the larks had a less variable sleep length and awakening time and took shorter naps than the owls. Larks further reported fewer physical problems and less mental activity across the night as well as more adequate sleep than owls, who differed little from the normal college population even after having their awakening time shifted.
TRACE METAL CYCLING IN THE U.S. COASTAL ZONE: A SYNTHESIS

This synthesis of trace element research in estuarine communities of the U.S. coastline and the Caribbean provides a summary applicable to the shoreline of the tropical and temperate regions of the world which have mangroves, kelp beds, riverine marshes and seagrass communities. An inventory of sediments and leaf tissues shows Mn and Fe to be the most highly concentrated elements with Hg and Cd present in lowest concentrations. Generally, trace element concentrations in roots are much higher than in leaves and other tissues above the sediment. Tissue to sediment concentration ratios show that Cd is most likely to be bioamplified and that Cu, Hg, Sr and Zn may have relatively high concentration ratios which can exceed unity. A conceptual model was constructed to integrate the forcing functions, compartmental couplings, and dynamics common to these estuarine systems. Seasonality is important for changes in some trace element concentrations in plants and litter. Trace element additions to water or sediment increased certain trace element concentrations in plants and dead organic matter. It is clear that estuarine plant communities serve as living filters of estuarine trace elements. However, increased knowledge of trace element cycling in estuarine systems and relationships between trace element concentrations in plants and the estuarine food chain is needed, particularly food chains to man. There is a need for structured long-term estuarine research to allow direct comparison of results among estuarine study sites, to identify the similarity of population and system processes among estuaries and to define the geographical scale over which estuarine research results may be generalized.
Placental Amino Acid Uptake in Normal and Complicated Pregnancies

Amino acids are the essential substrates for fetal growth and catabolism. The fetus is dependent on the placenta for the provision of amino acids, the first step being concentration of amino acids within the syncytiotrophoblast for subsequent transfer to the fetus. A reliable technique for the isolation of human syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane has been described, and the suitability of this preparation for the study of amino acid uptake and membrane transport has been well documented. Using this technique, the microvillous vesicle uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), a nonmetabolizable amino acid, has been determined over multiple time points for normal (NL) pregnancies and those complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and those delivering small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates. There was no significant difference in AIB uptake between NL pregnancies and those complicated by PIH or NIDDM. Compared to each of the above, AIB uptake by the SGA group was significantly less at each time point. These results suggest that normal placental amino acid transport mechanisms may be altered in SGA pregnancies. If so, such alterations may interfere with the normal provision of nutrients to the fetus and ultimately contribute to impaired growth in utero.
Plasma Modification of Porous Structures for Formation of Composite Materials

Three integrated composites were prepared using plasma polymerization (PP) as a synthetic step. Concentric-tubular Au/polymer composites were prepared by combining the template method and PP. High porosity in the Au nanotubules was seen for the first time with SEM. PP was also used to produce tailored coatings for microporous materials. SiO2 and fluorocarbon polymers were applied to microporous supports with conformal coverage of the underlying structure. A large range of materials properties are possible with PP.
Pituitary apoplexy with intracerebral hemorrhage simulating rupture of an anterior cerebral artery aneurysm

Pituitary apoplexy presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage into the left frontal lobe and lateral ventricle, simulating an anterior cerebral artery aneurysm rupture, is reported. No other cases of intracerebral hemorrhage caused by pituitary apoplexy have been found in a review of the English literature.
Special series: Mechanisms, populations, and treatment innovations in anxiety disorders

Seven papers serve as examples of three major research directions in the field of anxiety disorders. Three papers describe mechanisms that underlie anxiety disorders and their treatment, two papers extend past treatment successes to new populations, with important information about different needs in the treatment of minority adults and of adolescents, and two papers describe innovations in the application of treatment, including self-help tools and virtual reality-as-in-vivo techniques. The variety of measures, populations, research designs, and treatment techniques characterizes the methodological richness of this field and forecasts an exciting future for cognitive behavioral research on anxiety disorders.
Asynchronous broadband signals are the principal source of the BOLD response in human visual cortex

Summary Background: Activity in the living human brain can be studied using multiple methods, spanning a wide range of spatial and temporal resolutions. We investigated the relationship between electric field potentials measured with electrocorticography (ECoG) and the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response measured with functional magneticresonance imaging (fMRI). We set out to explain the full set of measurements by modeling the underlying neural circuits. Results: ECoG responses in visual cortex can be separated into two visually driven components. One component is a specific temporal response that follows each stimulus contrast reversal (‘‘stimulus locked’’); the other component is an increase in the response variance (‘‘asynchronous’’). For electrodes in visual cortex (V1, V2, V3), the two measures respond to stimuli in the same region of visual space, but they have different spatial summation properties. The stimulus-locked ECoG component sums contrast approximately linearly across space; spatial summation in the asynchronous ECoG component is subadditive. Spatial summation measured using BOLD closely matches the asynchronous component. We created a neural simulation that accurately captures the main features of the ECoG time series; in the simulation, the stimulus-locked and asynchronous components arise from different neural circuits. Conclusions: These observations suggest that the two ECoG components arise from different neural sources within the same cortical region. The spatial summation measurements and simulations suggest that the BOLD response arises primarily from neural sources that generate the asynchronous broadband ECoG component.
Beyond mood and social judgment: Mood incongruent recall and mood regulation

Two studies explored mood incongruent recall and the self-regulation of moods. In Study I, subjects were put into sad or happy moods before recalling a mood incongruent event. Subjects engaged in one of three types of recall: effortless, effortful, or no recall. Results showed that the greatest change in mood occurred for effortful recall. In Study 2 subjects were again put into a particular mood and were asked to recall anything they wanted — either at the beginning or the end of a class session. In general, subjects chose to remember mood congruent events; however, subjects in negative moods recalled more positive events when they performed the task at the beginning of class. Implications of the results for issues of mood regulation and mood congruent judgment are discussed.
Solubility of progesterone in water and in saline.

SummaryThe solubility of crystalline progesterone in aqueous media was determined spectrographically. Progesterone was found to have an average solubility at room temperature of 16.8 μg per ml in d...
Effect of glycine and hydrogen peroxide on chemical–mechanical planarization of copper

Chemical–mechanical planarization (CMP) of copper is a vital process to produce sub-micron range and multilevel metallization to meet the demands of the current interconnect technology. The present investigation was focussed to understand the oxidation, dissolution and modification of Cu surface using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer and glycine as inhibitor during Cu-CMP employing electrochemistry as well as dynamic and static removal rate measurements. Surface modification of copper was investigated in detail using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to understand the interaction of Cu–H O –glycine complex formation 22 during CMP. Atomic force microscopy was employed to reveal any change in surface morphology during the CMP process. In the presence of 0.1 M glycine, copper removal rate was found to be high in the solution containing 2.5% H O at pH 4 because 22 of Cu –glycine complexation reaction. In the absence of glycine, the removal rate of copper decreased with increasing H O 2q 22 concentration due to the formation of a less soluble copper oxide film. The present investigation helped understanding the mechanism of Cu surface alteration in presence of oxidizers and glycine for formulation of highly effective CMP-slurry. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
EVIDENCE FOR AN ADDITIONAL RESONANCE IN THE REGION OF THE K*(1420).

We have observed an additional ${K}^{*}$ resonance on the low-mass side of the ${K}^{*}(1420)$ in the reaction ${K}^{+}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ at 12 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$. This resonance has parameters $M\ensuremath{\approx}1370$ MeV and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}l150$ MeV, and is probably produced by a pion-exchange mechanism with ${J}^{P}={0}^{+}$; but the alternative hypotheses of a ${J}^{P}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or a ${J}^{P}={2}^{+}$ resonance cannot be ruled out at this time.
Simulation of Soil Behavior under Blast Loading

A viscoplastic cap model was previously developed to address the high strain rate effect on soil behaviors. Although the model is an improvement over the inviscid cap model, it does not update soil density and bulk modulus as the shock wave propagates through the soil. Further, soil should be modeled as a three-phase porous media to accommodate various degrees of water saturation. This is especially true for the soil mass surrounding the source of energy release because each of the three phases responds differently to shock loading. A revised cap model comprising a Gruneisen equation of state for each of the three phases has been developed. These equations of state for solid, water, and air have been integrated with the viscoplastic cap model to simulate behaviors of soil with different degrees of water saturation. Numerical results from this revised soil cap model compared closely with experimental data from explosive tests in both dry and saturated soil.
Biofilm and planktonic pneumococci demonstrate disparate immunoreactivity to human convalescent sera

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the leading cause of otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), sepsis, and meningitis. It is now evident that S. pneumoniae forms biofilms during nasopharyngeal colonization; the former which facilitates persistence, the latter, a prerequisite for subsequent development of invasive disease. Proteomic evaluation of S. pneumoniae suggests the antigen profile available for host-recognition is altered as a consequence of biofilm growth. This has potentially meaningful implications in regards to adaptive immunity and protection from disseminated disease. We therefore examined the antigen profile of biofilm and planktonic pneumococcal cell lysates, tested their reactivity with human convalescent sera and that generated against biofilm pneumococci, and examined whether immunization with biofilm pneumococci protected mice against infectious challenge.
The M-domain controls Hsp104 protein remodeling activity in an Hsp70/Hsp40-dependent manner.

Abstract Yeast Hsp104 is a ring-forming ATP-dependent protein disaggregase that, together with the cognate Hsp70 chaperone system, has the remarkable ability to rescue stress-damaged proteins from a previously aggregated state. Both upstream and downstream functions for the Hsp70 system have been reported, but it remains unclear how Hsp70/Hsp40 is coupled to Hsp104 protein remodeling activity. Hsp104 is a multidomain protein that possesses an N-terminal domain, an M-domain, and two tandem AAA + domains. The M-domain forms an 85-A long coiled coil and is a hallmark of the Hsp104 chaperone family. While the three-dimensional structure of Hsp104 has been determined, the function of the M-domain is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the M-domain is essential for protein disaggregation, but dispensable for Hsp104 ATPase- and substrate-translocating activities. Remarkably, replacing the Hsp104 M-domain with that of bacterial ClpB, and vice versa, switches species specificity so that our chimeras now cooperate with the noncognate Hsp70/DnaK chaperone system. Our results demonstrate that the M-domain controls Hsp104 protein remodeling activities in an Hsp70/Hsp40-dependent manner, which is required to unleash Hsp104 protein disaggregating activity.
Linear and nonlinear characterization of limestone rock using a non-collinear ultrasonic wave mixing

Characterization of dolomitic limestone rock is presented using linear and nonlinear ultrasonic approaches. The linear approach is based upon the concept of complex moduli, which is estimated using ultrasonic dilatational and shear phase velocity measurements and the corresponding attenuations. The nonlinear approach is based upon noncollinear wave mixing, involving mixing of two dilatational waves. Criteria were used to assure that the detected scattered wave originated via wave interaction in the limestone and not from nonlinearities in the testing equipment. These criteria included frequency and propagating direction of the resultant scattered wave, and the time-of-flight separation between the two primary waves and the resulting scattered wave. Three cases of non-collinear interaction of two longitudinal waves are presented and discussed including one that requires only access to a plane surface of the stone test sample.
Annexin VI is associated with calcium-sequestering organelles.

Annexin VI is a member of a Ca(2+)-dependent, phospholipid-binding protein family. Although functions for this annexin have been proposed from in vitro studies, most remain controversial. Diaz-Munoz et al. (J Biol Chem 265:15894, 1990) demonstrated that annexin VI modified, in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, the gating behavior of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-release channel, reconstituted into artificial bilayers, by increasing both the open probability and the mean open time. This effect was specific to the trans chamber, which represents the luminal side of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In agreement with those findings, we show herein that annexin VI produced no effect on Ca(2+)-uptake or -release by intact heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (analogous to the cis chamber). We also used monospecific antibodies to evaluate the subcellular localization of annexin VI by immunofluorescent microscopy. Studies in rat skeletal muscle suggest that annexin VI is present surrounding individual myofibrils. Double immunolocalization studies with cultured muscle cells (chick myotubes) using anti-annexin VI and anti-SR Ca(2+)-ATPase antibodies demonstrated superimposable staining patterns. In non-muscle tissue (normal rat kidney (NRK) cells), a punctate, perinuclear anti-annexin VI staining pattern was observed. Collectively, these data suggest that annexin VI may play a regulatory role in the Ca(2+)-release/uptake cycle in the sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as in non-muscle organelles, a key process in stimulus-response systems.
Psychotherapie vermindert depressie bij dementie

Context Veel patienten met dementie of lichte cognitieve stoornissen (MCI) hebben depressieve klachten, angstklachten of beide.
Does bristlecone pine senesce

We evaluated hypotheses of senescence in old trees by comparing putative biomarkers of aging in Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) ranging in age from 23 to 4713 years. To test a hypothesis that water and nutrient conduction is impaired in old trees we examined cambial products in the xylem and phloem. We found no statistically significant age-related changes in tracheid diameter, or in several other parameters of xylem and phloem related to cambial function. The hypothesis of continuously declining annual shoot growth increments was tested by comparing trees of varying ages in regard to stem unit production and elongation. No statistically significant age-related differences were found. The hypothesis that aging results from an accumulation of deleterious mutations was addressed by comparing pollen viability, seed weight, seed germinability, seedling biomass accumulation, and frequency of putative mutations, in trees of varying ages. None of these parameters had a statistically significant relationship to tree age. Thus, we found no evidence of mutational aging. It appears that the great longevity attained by some Great Basin bristlecone pines is unaccompanied by deterioration of meristem function in embryos, seedlings, or mature trees, an intuitively necessary manifestation of senescence. We conclude that the concept of senescence does not apply to these trees.