cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser-induced local heating of multilayers

For a multilayer structure illuminated by a laser beam, absorption of optical energy in the absorptive layers and the diffusion of the resultant heat throughout the structure are studied. Analytical and numerical procedures for this study are described, and, as a specific example, the profiles of temperature distribution during recording on a magnetooptical disk are presented. The technique is also expected to be of value for studies of thermal marking and laser annealing.
Studying the human-computer-terminology interface.

Objective: To explore the use of an observational, cognitive-based approach for differentiating between successful, suboptimal, and failed entry of coded data by clinicians in actual practice, and to detect whether causes for unsuccessful attempts to capture true intended meaning were due to terminology content, terminology representation, or user interface problems. Design: Observational study with videotaping and subsequent coding of data entry events in an outpatient clinic at New York Presbyterian Hospital. Participants: Eight attending physicians, 18 resident physicians, and 1 nurse practitioner, using the Medical Entities Dictionary (MED) to record patient problems, medications, and adverse reactions in an outpatient medical record system. Measurements: Classification of data entry events as successful, suboptimal, or failed, and estimation of cause; recording of system response time and total event time. Results: Two hundred thirty-eight data entry events were analyzed; 71.0 percent were successful, 6.3 percent suboptimal, and 22.7 percent failed; unsuccessful entries were due to problems with content in 13.0 percent of events, representation problems in 10.1 percent of events, and usability problems in 5.9 percent of events. Response time averaged 0.74 sec, and total event time averaged 40.4 sec. Of an additional 209 tasks related to drug dose and frequency terms, 94 percent were successful, 0.5 percent were suboptimal, and 6 percent failed, for an overall success rate of 82 percent. Conclusions: Data entry by clinicians using the outpatient system and the MED was generally successful and efficient. The cognitive-based observational approach permitted detection of false- positive (suboptimal) and false-negative (failed due to user interface) data entry. � J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001;8:163-173.
Soot formation during combustion of unsupported methanol/toluene mixture droplets in microgravity

Results are reported of an experimental study tracing the influence of liquid composition on soot formation and the burning rate of a droplet composed of a binary miscible mixture of liquids. The mixture components represented a highly sooting fuel, toluene, and a nonsooting fuel, methanol. The toluene concentration in methanol was shown to dramatically influence flame luminosity and soot production. Neither burning rates nor a propensity for flame extinction appeared to be significantly affected by toluene mixture fractions. Five-percent toluene mixture droplets behaved like pure methanol droplets in terms of burning rate, lack of flame luminosity, and extinction. Increasing the toluene concentration in the droplets to 25 percent increased flame luminosity, yet no visible soot agglomerates were observed. The 50-percent-mixture droplets burned with highly luminous flames and large amounts of soot agglomerates collecting inside the flame. All the mixture droplets showed burning rates similar to those of pure methanol and likewise exhibited flame extinction before complete droplet vaporization.
The Impact of Securities Lending on Index Fund Performance

Managers of index funds face competitive pressures to replicate their respective benchmarks as close as possible or risk the loss of investors to competing index funds. As a result, these managers have incentive to take actions to reduce any tracking error. One particular way index funds reduce tracking error is through securities lending activities. The authors examine the impact of securities lending activities on the return performance of index funds and document that reliance on securities lending activity as a means of reducing tracking error has increased significantly over time.
Preference-driven hierarchical hardware/software partitioning

We present a hierarchical evolutionary approach to hardware/software partitioning for real-time embedded systems. In contrast to most previous approaches, we apply a hierarchical structure and dynamically determine the granularity of tasks and hardware modules to adaptively optimize the solution while keeping the search space as small as possible. Two new search operators are described, which exploit the proposed hierarchical structure. Efficient ranking is another problem addressed. Imprecisely specified multiple attribute utility theory has the advantage of constraining the solution space computation overhead. We propose a new technique to reduce the overhead. Experiment results show that our algorithm is both effective and efficient.
Regulation of neuronal specification in the zebrafish spinal cord by Delta function

The vertebrate spinal cord consists of a large number of different cell types in close proximity to one another. The identities of these cells appear to be specified largely by information acquired from their local environments. We report here that local cell-cell interactions, mediated by zebrafish homologues of the Drosophila melanogaster neurogenic gene, Delta, regulate specification of diverse neuronal types in the ventral spinal cord. We describe identification of a novel zebrafish Delta gene expressed specifically in the nervous system and show, by expressing a dominant negative form of Delta protein in embryos, that Delta proteins mediate lateral inhibition in the zebrafish spinal cord. Furthermore, we find that Delta function is important for specification of a variety of spinal cord neurons, suggesting that lateral inhibition serves to diversify neuronal fate during development of the vertebrate spinal cord.
ESTIMATED DURATION OF THE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVATION WHICH CAUSES RELEASE OF OVULATING HORMONE FROM THE RAT HYPOPHYSIS1

introduction NEUROGENIC activation of the rabbit adenohypophysis causing discharge of ovulating hormone is now considered to be accomplished within about one minute after coitus (Sawyer, Markee et al., 1947, 1949). Actual discharge into the bloodstream of hormone sufficient for ovulation requires approximately one hour in that species (Fee and Parkes, 1929). Whereas, in spontaneously ovulating animals, discharge of the hormone was long thought to be invoked by direct action of ovarian steroids on the hypophysis, there is now strong evidence that this effect is mediated by the hypothalamus (Sawyer, Everett and Markee, 1949; Everett and Sawyer, 1949). Activation of the hypophysis in cyclic rats occurs within a restricted period of time during the day of proestrus (Everett, Sawyer and Markee, 1949). In our colony this critical period is between 2 and 4 p.m. for the great majority of animals (4-day cycle), about 9 to 11 hours before ovulation.
Mechanisms and models of postural stability and control

Though simple in appearance, postural stabilization is a complex neuromuscular task requiring coordination among multiple joints. Mechanisms of postural stability and control in the body include supraspinal processes responsible for anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) and internal model control, lower level motor servo, and passive viscoelasticity of the musculo-tendon complex (MTC). Nevertheless, active control mechanisms may have limited effectiveness due to intrinsic delays in the reflex pathways and muscle low-pass characteristics. The use of control-oriented mathematical models, aided by analytical methods, help provide insight into neuro-physiology. Control of balance in human upright standing is particularly well suited for modeling, and is also a popular experimental paradigm. This paper examines neuro-physiological basis of postural stability and control in the background of popular biomechanic and neuroscientific models.
Sensitivity of near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy to brain hemodynamics: simulations and experimental findings during hypercapnia

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) are two diffuse optical technologies for brain imaging that are sensitive to changes in hemoglobin concentrations and blood flow, respectively. Measurements for both modalities are acquired on the scalp, and therefore hemodynamic processes in the extracerebral vasculature confound the interpretation of cortical hemodynamic signals. The sensitivity of NIRS to the brain versus the extracerebral tissue and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of NIRS to cerebral hemodynamic responses have been well characterized, but the same has not been evaluated for DCS. This is important to assess in order to understand their relative capabilities in measuring cerebral physiological changes. We present Monte Carlo simulations on a head model that demonstrate that the relative brain-to-scalp sensitivity is about three times higher for DCS (0.3 at 3 cm) than for NIRS (0.1 at 3 cm). However, because DCS has higher levels of noise due to photon-counting detection, the CNR is similar for both modalities in response to a physiologically realistic simulation of brain activation. Even so, we also observed higher CNR of the hemodynamic response during graded hypercapnia in adult subjects with DCS than with NIRS.
The Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) study

Because early life growth has long-lasting metabolic and behavioral consequences, intervention during this period of developmental plasticity may alter long-term obesity risk. While modifiable factors during infancy have been identified, until recently, preventive interventions had not been tested. The Intervention Nurses Starting Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT). Study is a longitudinal, randomized, controlled trial evaluating a responsive parenting intervention designed for the primary prevention of obesity. This “parenting” intervention is being compared with a home safety control among first-born infants and their parents. INSIGHT’s central hypothesis is that responsive parenting and specifically responsive feeding promotes self-regulation and shared parent–child responsibility for feeding, reducing subsequent risk for overeating and overweight. 316 first-time mothers and their full-term newborns were enrolled from one maternity ward. Two weeks following delivery, dyads were randomly assigned to the “parenting” or “safety” groups. Subsequently, research nurses conduct study visits for both groups consisting of home visits at infant age 3–4, 16, 28, and 40 weeks, followed by annual clinic-based visits at 1, 2, and 3 years. Both groups receive intervention components framed around four behavior states: Sleeping, Fussy, Alert and Calm, and Drowsy. The main study outcome is BMI z-score at age 3 years; additional outcomes include those related to patterns of infant weight gain, infant sleep hygiene and duration, maternal responsiveness and soothing strategies for infant/toddler distress and fussiness, maternal feeding style and infant dietary content and physical activity. Maternal outcomes related to weight status, diet, mental health, and parenting sense of competence are being collected. Infant temperament will be explored as a moderator of parenting effects, and blood is collected to obtain genetic predictors of weight status. Finally, second-born siblings of INSIGHT participants will be enrolled in an observation-only study to explore parenting differences between siblings, their effect on weight outcomes, and carryover effects of INSIGHT interventions to subsequent siblings. With increasing evidence suggesting the importance of early life experiences on long-term health trajectories, the INSIGHT trial has the ability to inform future obesity prevention efforts in clinical settings. NCT01167270 . Registered 21 July 2010.
On renewable sensor networks with wireless energy transfer: The multi-node case

Wireless energy transfer based on magnetic resonant coupling is a promising technology to replenish energy to sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN). However, charging sensor node one at a time poses a serious scalability problem. Recent advances in magnetic resonant coupling shows that multiple nodes can be charged at the same time. In this paper, we exploit this multi-node wireless energy transfer technology to address energy issue in a WSN. We consider a wireless charging vehicle (WCV) periodically traveling inside a WSN and charging sensor nodes wirelessly. We propose a cellular structure that partitions the two-dimensional plane into adjacent hexagonal cells. The WCV visits these cells and charge sensor nodes from the center of a cell. We pursue a formal optimization framework by jointly optimizing traveling path, flow routing and charging time. By employing discretization and a novel Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT), we develop a provably near-optimal solution for any desired level of accuracy.
Mental Health Service Need and Use in the Aftermath of Hurricane Sandy: Findings in a Population-Based Sample of New York City Residents

The majority of disaster survivors suffering from psychiatric disorders do not utilize mental health services. Only one study to date has explored postdisaster service use after Hurricane Sandy, and the disaster literature is further limited by a lack of attention to survivors' perceived need for services. We drew on data from a population-based sample of adults living in New York City neighborhoods that were most severely affected by Hurricane Sandy (N = 454). Less than 10 % of participants reported service needs (7.8 %) and service use (4.4 %) since the hurricane, 5.9 % were classified as having unmet needs (i.e., needs without use), and 2.5 % as using services without needs. Predictors of unmet mental health service needs included younger age, male gender, higher education, and exposure to more disaster-related stressors. The results suggest that efforts to reduce unmet postdisaster service needs could focus on reaching survivors with these characteristics.
Deletions of the Hypervariable Region (HVR) in Open Reading Frame 1 of Hepatitis E Virus Do Not Abolish Virus Infectivity: Evidence for Attenuation of HVR Deletion Mutants In Vivo

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important human pathogen, although little is known about its biology and replication. Comparative sequence analysis revealed a hypervariable region (HVR) with extensive sequence variations in open reading frame 1 of HEV. To elucidate the role of the HVR in HEV replication, we first constructed two HVR deletion mutants, hHVRd1 and hHVRd2, with in-frame deletion of amino acids (aa) 711 to 777 and 747 to 761 in the HVR of a genotype 1 human HEV replicon. Evidence of HEV replication was detected in Huh7 cells transfected with RNA transcripts from mutant hHVRd2, as evidenced by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein. To confirm the in vitro results, we constructed three avian HEV mutants with various HVR deletions: mutants aHVRd1, with deletion of aa 557 to 585 (Δ557-585); aHVRd2 (Δ612-641); and aHVRd3 (Δ557-641). Chickens intrahepatically inoculated with capped RNA transcripts from mutants aHVRd1 and aHVRd2 developed active viral infection, as evidenced by seroconversion, viremia, and fecal virus shedding, although mutant aHVRd3, with complete HVR deletion, was apparently attenuated in chickens. To further verify the results, we constructed four additional HVR deletion mutants using the genotype 3 swine HEV as the backbone. Mutants sHVRd2 (Δ722-781), sHVRd3 (Δ735-765), and sHVRd4 (Δ712-765) were shown to tolerate deletions and were infectious in pigs intrahepatically inoculated with capped RNA transcripts from the mutants, whereas mutant sHVRd1 (Δ712-790), with a nearly complete HVR deletion, exhibited an attenuation phenotype in infected pigs. The data from these studies indicate that deletions in HVR do not abolish HEV infectivity in vitro or in vivo, although evidence for attenuation was observed for HEV mutants with a larger or nearly complete HVR deletion.
Policy on reintegration of women with histories of substance abuse: a mixed methods study of predictors of relapse and facilitators of recovery.

Background The predominant U.S. policy approach toward individuals with substance abuse problems has relied on stigma and punishment by withholding access to education, cash assistance, housing, social support, and normal social roles. In contrast to this approach, the theory of reintegrative shaming asserts that providing individuals with the opportunity to reconnect with society is more effective in reducing potential to relapse to crime and drug abuse. Strategies that promote such reconnection include expanding access to basic needs and supportive relationships along with increasing opportunities to fully participate in mainstream social roles.
Measurement of wear in polysilicon micromotors

Two polysilicon variable-capacitance rotary side-drive micromotor types, including harmonic and salient-pole, are described. Voltages as low as 26 and 35 V across 1.5- mu m gaps are sufficient for operating the harmonic and salient-pole side-drive micromotors, respectively. Extended operation of the harmonic micromotors to near 100 million wobble cycles is studied at excitation frequencies of 10000 and 25000 r/min for operational durations of 150 and 71 h, respectively. The results of in situ quantitative studies indicate that, with micromotor operation, the rotor inner radius asperities wear out and the bearing clearance increases. This bearing wear is significant and results in changes in the gear ratio of the harmonic micromotors by as much as 22%. Typical gear ratios are near 90 at the start of harmonic micromotor operation and decrease to near 70 as the bearings wear out. For the salient-pole micromotors, wear particles are observed to form in the bearing and at the bushings. These wear particles adhere to the bushing surfaces and the area near the edge of the rotor inner radius. >
Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase editing defects result in efficient mistranslation of phenylalanine codons as tyrosine

Translational quality control is monitored at several steps, including substrate selection by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), and discrimination of aminoacyl-tRNAs by elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and the ribosome. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) misactivates Tyr but is able to correct the mistake using a proofreading activity named editing. Previously we found that overproduction of editing-defective PheRS resulted in Tyr incorporation at Phe-encoded positions in vivo, although the misreading efficiency could not be estimated. This raised the question as to whether or not EF-Tu and the ribosome provide further proofreading mechanisms to prevent mistranslation of Phe codons by Tyr. Here we show that, after evading editing by PheRS, Tyr-tRNA Phe is recognized by EF-Tu as efficiently as the cognate Phe-tRNA Phe . Kinetic decoding studies using full-length Tyr-tRNA Phe and Phe-tRNA Phe , as well as a poly(U)-directed polyTyr/polyPhe synthesis assay, indicate that the ribosome lacks discrimination between Tyr-tRNA Phe and Phe-tRNA Phe . Taken together, these data suggest that PheRS editing is the major
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S.

OBJECTIVE —The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has proposed a new definition of the metabolic syndrome that emphasizes central adiposity as determined by ethnic group–specific thresholds of waist circumference. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of this syndrome using the IDF definition among U.S. adults and to compare it with the prevalence estimated using the definition of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —A total of 3,601 men and women aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002 were included in the analyses. RESULTS —Based on the NCEP definition, the unadjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 34.5 ± 0.9% (percent ± SE) among all participants, 33.7 ± 1.6% among men, and 35.4 ± 1.2% among women. Based on the IDF definition, the unadjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 39.0 ± 1.1% among all participants, 39.9 ± 1.7% among men, and 38.1 ± 1.2% among women. The IDF definition led to higher estimates of prevalence in all of the demographic groups, especially among Mexican-American men. The two definitions similarly classified ∼93% of the participants as having or not having the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS —In the U.S., the use of the IDF definition of the metabolic syndrome leads to a higher prevalence estimate of the metabolic syndrome than the estimate based on the NCEP definition.
Notes on Fruit Damage by the European Paper Wasp, Polistes dominula (Christ) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Abstract. The European paper wasp, Polistes dominula (Christ), has colonized much of Colorado during the past decade and has emerged as a dominant species of nuisance wasp. It is impacting many types of prey species, particularly larval Lepidoptera. However, in western Colorado it is also a common pest in fruit orchards and can be very damaging to ripening grapes, Vitis vinifera L.; sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L.) L.; and other thin-fleshed stone fruits. This latter habit is unusual for a Polistes species.
Genetic algorithms and method of moments (GA/MoM): A novel integration for antenna design

This paper introduces a novel technique for efficiently integrating genetic algorithms with method of moments (GA/MoM) for antenna design and related electromagnetic problems through the application of direct Z-matrix manipulation (DMM). In the DMM approach to GA/MoM a "mother" impedance or Z-matrix is filled only once at the beginning of the optimization process, and then the GA optimizer operates on subsets of the original "mother" Z-matrix to perform the optimization. Application of DMM to the GA/MoM significantly reduces the total optimization time by eliminating multiple Z-matrix fill operations. The DMM also facilitates the use of matrix partitioning and pre-solving to further reduce the optimization time in many practical cases.
The Influence of Growth Rate on 2H/1H Fractionation in Continuous Cultures of the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi and the Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana

The hydrogen isotope (2H/1H) ratio of lipids from phytoplankton is a powerful new tool for reconstructing hydroclimate variations in the geologic past from marine and lacustrine sediments. Water 2H/1H changes are reflected in lipid 2H/1H changes with R2 > 0.99, and salinity variations have been shown to cause about a 1‰ change in lipid δ2H values per unit (ppt) change in salinity. Less understood are the effects of growth rate, nutrient limitation and light on 2H/1H fractionation in phytoplankton. Here we present the first published study of growth rate effects on 2H/1H fractionation in the lipids of coccolithophorids grown in continuous cultures. Emiliania huxleyi was cultivated in steady state at four growth rates and the δ2H value of individual alkenones (C37:2, C37:3, C38:2, C38:3), fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0), and 24-methyl cholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol (brassicasterol) were measured. 2H/1H fractionation increased in all lipids as growth rate increased by 24‰ to 79‰ (div d-1)-1. We attribute this response to a proportional increase in the fraction of NADPH from Photosystem I (PS1) of photosynthesis relative to NADPH from the cytosolic oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway in the synthesis of lipids as growth rate increases. A 3-endmember model is presented in which lipid hydrogen comes from NADPH produced in PS1, NADPH produced by OPP, and intracellular water. With published values or best estimates of the fractionation factors for these sources (αPS1 = 0.4, αOPP = 0.75, and αH2O = 0) and half of the hydrogen in a lipid derived from water the model indicates αlipid = 0.79. This value is within the range measured for alkenones (αalkenone = 0.77 to 0.81) and fatty acids (αFA = 0.75 to 0.82) in the chemostat cultures, but is greater than the range for brassicasterol (αbrassicasterol = 0.68 to 0.72). The latter is attributed to a greater proportion of hydrogen from NADPH relative to water in isoprenoid lipids. The model successfully explains the increase in 2H/1H fractionation in the sterol 24-methyl-cholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol from marine centric diatom T. pseudonana chemostat cultures as growth rate increases. Insensitivity of αFA in those same cultures may be attributable to a larger fraction of hydrogen in fatty acids sourced from intracellular water at the expense of NADPH as growth rate increases. The high sensitivity of α to growth rate in E. huxleyi lipids and a T. pseudonana sterol implies that any change in growth rate larger than ~0.15 div d-1 can cause a change in δ2Hlipid that is larger than the analytical error of the measurement (~5‰), and needs to be considered when interpreting δ2Hlipid variations in sediments.
Responses to dehydration and rehydration during heat exposure in young and older men

Body temperature, plasma responses, and subjective ratings of thirst and hotness were studied in 5 older men (OM, 61-67 yr) and 6 younger men (YM, 21-29 yr) during 180-min thermal dehydration and subsequent 60-min rehydration (45 degrees C, 25% relative humidity). Rectal temperature (Tre) increased more rapidly and to a greater magnitude in OM, while average total body sweat rates and chest sweat rates were not significantly different. During dehydration, both OM and YM lost similar body weight (1.52 +/- 0.11 vs. 1.55 +/- 0.22%, mean +/- SE). However, in OM, plasma volume (Pv) decreased (-11.3 +/- 2.8 vs. -4.9 +/- 2.9%), and plasma osmolality (Posm) increased to a greater extent (+5.0 +/- 0.32 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.24 mosmol/kg) compared with YM. On rehydration, OM and YM similarly replaced water debt (46.6 +/- 4.9 vs. 49.0 +/- 3.0%). Within 30 min of drinking, YM had restored Pv and Posm, whereas OM showed slower responses, restoring Posm after 60 min and Pv only after a subsequent 30 min at 25 degrees C. Despite a higher Tre and greater change in Pv and Posm, OM rated themselves less thirsty and not significantly hotter than YM. These findings suggest that aging results in decreased ability to maintain Tre during heat stress and that the mechanisms comprise a combination of alterations in body fluid distribution and perception.
Verifying the Nitrogen-Fixing Potential of Glasshouse-Selected Soybean Rhizobia in the Field Environment

Soybean (Glycine max) rhizobia, previously selected in potted field soil, are evaluated in the field environment so as to further identify the most effective strains for inoculant production. The effectiveness of a multi-strain inoculant is compared with single-strain inoculants.
Final Examination Grades of Independent Study Students Compared with Those of Students Taught by Traditional Methods

AbstractStudents taking college courses in the traditional fashion were paired with students of equal ability who took the same courses on an independent study program. Comparison of their performance on a common, objective, final examination was made in 6 courses having at least 15 pairs of matched-ability students. The findings revealed significant differences favoring the independent study group in 2 of the 6 courses, with the other courses indicating no significant differences between the groups.
The 5′ end of foot-and-mouth disease virion RNA contains a protein covalently linked to the nucleotide pUp

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virion RNA contains a protein covalently linked to its 5′ end. This protein has a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 daltons and is linked to the nucleotide pUp.
Behavioral Principles in Salesmanship Courses

The author believes that greater emphasis of psychological and sociological principles could transform salesmanship from a narrow vocational course to a broader communications subject. The revised ...
The Role of Intuition in Risk/Benefit Decision-Making in Human Subjects Research

One of the key principles of ethical research involving human subjects is that the risks of research to should be acceptable in relation to expected benefits. Institutional review board (IRB) members often rely on intuition to make risk/benefit decisions concerning proposed human studies. Some have objected to using intuition to make these decisions because intuition is unreliable and biased and lacks transparency. In this article, I examine the role of intuition in IRB risk/benefit decision-making and argue that there are practical and philosophical limits to our ability to reduce our reliance on intuition in this process. The fact that IRB risk/benefit decision-making involves intuition need not imply that it is hopelessly subjective or biased, however, since there are strategies that IRBs can employ to improve their decisions, such as using empirical data to estimate the probability of potential harms and benefits, developing classification systems to guide the evaluation of harms and benefits, and engaging in moral reasoning concerning the acceptability of risks.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT LIDAR SYSTEM CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES

Abstract. With light detection and ranging (LiDAR) now being a crucial tool for engineering products and on the fly spatial analysis, it is necessary for the user community to have standardized calibration methods. The three methods in this study were developed and proven by the Digital Photogrammetry Research Group (DPRG) for airborne LiDAR systems and are as follows; Simplified, Quasi-Rigorous, and Rigorous. In lieu of using expensive control surfaces for calibration, these methods compare overlapping LiDAR strips to estimate the systematic errors. These systematic errors are quantified by these methods and include the lever arm biases, boresight biases, range bias and scan angle scale bias. These three methods comprehensively represent all of the possible flight configurations and data availability and this paper will test the limits of the method with the most assumptions, the simplified calibration, by using data that violates the assumptions it’s math model is based on and compares the results to the quasi-rigorous and rigorous techniques. The overarching goal is to provide a LiDAR system calibration that does not require raw measurements which can be carried out with minimal control and flight lines to reduce costs. This testing is unique because the terrain used for calibration does not contain gable roofs, all other LiDAR system calibration testing and development has been done with terrain containing features with high geometric integrity such as gable roofs.
Method, Meaning, New Formalism

It is a commonplace of contemporary ideas of knowledge, deriving most directly from Kantian epistemology in the eighteenth century that what we see or observe or know depends powerfully upon the point of view from which we know it. As one philosopher summarizes Kant’s central insight, we know about the world insofar as we experience it according to the unchanging and universally shared structure of mind. All rational beings think the world in terms of space, time, and categories such as cause and effect, substance, unity, plurality, necessity, possibility and reality. That is, whenever we think about anything, we have to think about it in certain ways (for example, as having causes, as existing or not existing, as being one thing or many things, as being real or imaginary, as being something that has to exist or doesn’t have to exist), not because that is the way the world is, but rather because that is the way that our minds order experience. We can be said to know things about the world, then, not because we somehow step outside of our minds to compare what we experience with some reality outside of it, but rather because the world we know is always already organized according to a certain fixed (innate) pattern that is the mind.1
Right Brain: Concussion (film) Review and historical context

As many as 4 million athletes in the United States experience mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year, 300,000 of whom are diagnosed with the clinical syndrome of concussion.1 This estimate might account for a minority of identified concussions, with up to 92% going unrecognized and untreated.1 Defined by its absence of any structural injury on conventional neuroimaging, concussion is caused by an impulsive force to the cranium resulting in a constellation of neuropsychiatric manifestations including headaches, dysequilibrium, cognitive slowing, and fatigue.2 While many concussions do not produce clinically evident sequelae, an estimated 5.3 million Americans currently have TBI-related disability.1
The Way We Were: Impact of the 2000 US Presidential Elections on the Global Economy and Possible Post Brexit Trading Outcomes

This article considers the possible outcomes of the 2000 Presidential election results and the consequences which the war in Iraq has generated in respect of US-Middle East relations, US- China-relations, US-UK relations, as well as the rest of the world. It also serves as a poignant reminder that intended consequences – even if deemed good and for credible reasons, may generate unexpected and far reaching irreversible results.The central theme of this paper – as with other papers published by the author in relation to Free Trade Agreements is namely: That Free Trade Agreements, on their own, are intended to be beneficial to any economy. It ceases to be beneficial for a number of reasons, most notably, when they have been badly negotiated and lacking of essential provisions.Therefore, there should be every opportunity to renegotiate badly negotiated Free Trade Agreements which may have been attributed to previous or present administrations – as well as ensuring that future agreements are not lacking when it comes to essential provisions.
Entre la pampa del lenguaje y el alambrado de la escritura: la mancha roja como síntoma de la ambigüedad de lo real en La ocasión de Juan José Saer

AbstractLa presencia recurrente del color rojo en La ocasion de Saer desempena una funcion desestabilizadora en relacion a la representacion figurativa. En el articulo se establecen analogias entre esta funcion y el elemento voluble, no mimetico de la pintura que el pensador e historiador de arte, Georges Didi-Huberman, denomina como “pan” en contraste con el detalle, categoria asociada con el caracter iconico de la pintura. Al igual que el “pan”, las manchas rojas en la novela apuntan a la dimension de lo real que se resiste a la legibilidad y senala los limites de la narrativa realista. Saer se vale de contrastes cromaticos para aludir a tensiones politicas y epistemologicas y a las paradojas de escribir una novela situada en el siglo diecinueve pero incorporando la experiencia literaria del siglo veinte.
Appendix to the second edition

A great deal has transpired in the world of computer chess since 1978 when the first edition of this book was published. The technical aspects of chess programming have not changed very much and thus the information provided in the original chapters is still current. Despite the lack of progress in theory, hardware modifications and software finesse have definitely produced a noticeable improvement in across-the-board play.
Extracellular superoxide dismutase and its role in cancer

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of cellular signaling and a strict balance of ROS levels must be maintained to ensure proper cellular function and survival. Notably, ROS is increased in cancer cells. The superoxide dismutase family plays an essential physiological role in mitigating deleterious effects of ROS. Due to the compartmentalization of ROS signaling, EcSOD, the only superoxide dismutase in the extracellular space, has unique characteristics and functions in cellular signal transduction. In comparison to the other two intracellular SODs, EcSOD is a relatively new comer in terms of its tumor suppressive role in cancer and the mechanisms involved are less well understood. Nevertheless, the degree of differential expression of this extracellular antioxidant in cancer versus normal cells/tissues is more pronounced and prevalent than the other SODs. A significant association of low EcSOD expression with reduced cancer patient survival further suggests that loss of extracellular redox regulation promotes a conducive microenvironment that favors cancer progression. The vast array of mechanisms reported in mediating deregulation of EcSOD expression, function, and cellular distribution also supports that loss of this extracellular antioxidant provides a selective advantage to cancer cells. Moreover, overexpression of EcSOD inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, indicating a role as a tumor suppressor. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms of deregulation and tumor suppressive function of EcSOD in cancer.
Comedy and Romance: On Diff’rent Strokes and Webster

This chapter looks at earlier imagery of black youth in US visual culture, discussing the post-civil rights era television situation comedy as a commentary on the racial politics of kinship. It takes Bernie Kukoff and Jeff Harris’s Diff’rent Strokes (1978–1986) and Stu Silver’s Webster (1983–1989) as prime examples. It traces black man-child characters of 1970s and 1980s primetime programming to Buckwheat of the Our Gang film series (1922–1944) and to Topsy of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). These characters betray forms of indiscernible difference linked to a general crisis of categories. The ongoing struggle to politicize black family preservation against attempts by state and civil society to shatter bonds between black parents and children returns symptomatically in the sitcom’s performance and reception.
Neuropsychiatric effects of epilepsy in developmental disorders.

Purpose of reviewThe overlap of neuropsychiatric illness and developmental disability continues to be prominently recognized in clinical practice and in the academic literature. Theoretical and practical considerations may represent a frontier for understanding brain and behavior relationships. The
The incorporated aortomitral homograft for double-valve endocarditis: the 'hemi-Commando' procedure. Early and mid-term outcomes.

Objectives Surgical management of invasive double-valve infective endocarditis (IE) involving the intervalvular fibrosa (IVF) is a technical challenge that requires extensive debridement followed by complex reconstruction. In this study, we present the early and mid-term outcomes of the hemi-Commando procedure and aortic root replacement with reconstruction of IVF using an aortomitral allograft. Methods From 2010 to 2017, 37 patients with IE involving the IVF underwent the hemi-Commando procedure. Postoperative clinical data and echocardiograms were reviewed for the assessment of cardiac structural integrity and clinical outcomes. Results Twenty-nine (78%) cases were redo surgery and 15 (41%) were emergency surgery. Preoperatively, 70% (n = 26) of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit and 11% (n = 4) of patients were in septic shock. Ten (27%) patients had native aortic valve IE, while 27 (73%) patients had prosthetic valve IE. Hospital death occurred in 8% (n = 3) of patients due to multisystem organ failure. Postoperative echocardiogram showed no aortic regurgitation in 86% (n = 32) and mild regurgitation in 14% (n = 5) of patients, while mitral regurgitation prevalence was none/trivial in 62% (n = 23), mild in 32% (n = 12) and moderate in 5%. Intact IVF reconstruction was confirmed in all patients with no abnormal communication between the left heart chambers. One-year survival was 91%, while 3-year survival was 82%. Mid-term follow up revealed 1 death secondary to recurrent IE. Conclusions Compared to double-valve replacement with IVF reconstruction ('Commando operation'), the early and mid-term outcomes of the hemi-Commando procedure proved to be a feasible treatment option for IVF reconstruction, enabling preservation of the mitral valve and the subvalvular apparatus in high-risk patients with invasive double-valve IE.
Cognitive Decline in Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome

Objective Patient-reported cognitive complaints are common in those with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). Objective evidence of cognitive impairment in this population is variable in part due to methodological variability in existing studies. In this study, we sought to use a systematic approach to characterizing PTLDS based on the most current consensus diagnosis. We further examined PTLDS-related cognitive decline, operationalized as a significant decline in cognitive test performance relative to premorbid cognitive ability. Method We enrolled a case series of 124 patients with confirmed PTLDS defined by Infectious Diseases Society of America-proposed case definition. Cognitive functioning was evaluated using standardized neuropsychological measures. Results The majority (92%) of participants endorsed some level of cognitive difficulty, yet 50% of the sample showed no statistically or clinically significant cognitive decline, 26% of the sample evidenced significant cognitive decline on measures of memory and variably on measures of processing speed, and 24% of the sample were excluded from analyses due to suboptimal test engagement. Conclusions The current findings are consistent with the literature showing that the most robust neurocognitive deficit associated with PTLDS is in verbal memory and with variable decline in processing speed. Compared to population normative comparison standards, PTLDS-related cognitive decline remains mild. Thus, further research is needed to better understand factors related to the magnitude of subjective cognitive complaints as well as objective evidence of mild cognitive decline.
Cancer in the Immunosuppressed Patient

During the 1960s, as oncology research was rapidly expanding, MacFarlane Burnett’s idea that cancer resulted from a failure of tumor surveillance by the aging immune system was broadly acknowledged. The development of cancer genetics focused the field on mutational causes of tumorigenesis. However, a new appreciation for the role that a well-functioning immune system plays in protecting against virally induced tumors was brought to light in the 1980s with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. The phenomenon of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cancer epidemic within defined populations, particularly due to the recent dramatic responses to treatment of the underlying immunodeficiency, has given insight into other etiologic factors for a variety of tumors.
The Pathway, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Electron Transfer in Wild Type and Mutant Reaction Centers of Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria

The light driven electron transfer reactions of photosynthesis are best characterized in the reaction centers of purple nonsulfur bacteria such as Rhodobacter sphaeroides. These reactions are extraordinarily fast: the first of them taking place within a few picoseconds. Because photosynthetic electron transfer is initiated by light, and the redox active cofactors have distinct spectral signatures, both the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction can be studied on the timescale of the actual reactions. This, in combination with the availability of detailed structural information, has made the electron transfer reactions of purple nonsulfur bacteria some of the most completely characterized electron transfer reactions in biological systems. In addition to the spectroscopic tools which have been used to characterize the electron transfer reactions, the reaction center has also been the subject of mutagenesis studies. The ease with which genetic engineering can be performed in these bacteria, coupled with the structurally robust nature of the reaction center, has resulted in many mutations which affect the early electron transfer reactions. Critical protein-cofactor interactions have now been identified and analyzed which affect the metal content, redox potentials, electronic structure and intermolecular coupling of the bacteriochlorophylls and bacteriopheophytins of the reaction center. In combination, these studies have suggested various possible mechanisms for early electron transfer which involve both the electronic states of the cofactors as well as nuclear conformational changes in the surrounding protein.
Research Priorities in Ultrasound

In the last few years several reports have been published which include recommendations for research. One of these (BRH, 1982) is a publication of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Radiological Health (BRH), prepared by government scientists. The BRH report contains a comprehensive tabulation and discussion of literature on biological effects of ultrasound, especially where these bear on safety of medical ultrasound. On the basis of the literature survey, areas were identified in which further research is needed. The BRH report, including the research recommendations, was reviewed before publication by many individuals, within the government and outside. Their section entitled “Recommendations for further research” is here reproduced (essentially) verbatim.
A Survey of Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Converging Morbidities in a County Jail: A Cultural-Ecological Assessment of Health Conditions in Jail Populations

The environmental health status of jail populations in the United States constitutes a significant public health threat for prisoners and the general population. The ecology of jails creates a dynamic condition in relation to general population health due to the concentrated potential exposure to infectious diseases, difficult access to treatment for chronic health conditions, interruption in continuity of care for serious behavioral health conditions, as well as on-going issues for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse disorders. This paper reports on elements of a cross-sectional survey embedded in a parent project, "Health Disparities in Jail Populations." The overall project includes a comprehensive secondary data analysis of the health status of county jail populations, along with primary data collection that includes a cross-sectional health and health care services survey of incarcerated individuals, coupled with collection of biological samples to investigate infectious disease characteristics of a county jail population. This paper reports on the primary results of the survey data collection that indicate that this is a population with complex and interacting co-morbidities, as well as significant health disparities compared to the general population.
Effect of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate (DMMP) Addition on H2, CH4, and C2H4 Ignition Behind Reflected Shock Waves

Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is both a fire suppressant and a surrogate for Sarin, a deadly nerve agent. To improve and validate the detailed kinetics model for DMMP, ignition delay times of mixtures of H2, CH4, and C2H4 seeded with DMMP where investigated in a heated shock tube. Results showed a strong promoting effect of DMMP on the ignition delay time of methane, whereas nearly no differences were observed for C2H4. The comparison of the experimental results with the most recent model from the literature exhibited the necessity to revisit the phosphorus combustion chemistry.
Estudiosos y censores de la Historia General del Perú (1611-1613) de fray Martín de Murúa

Este trabajo se ocupa de dos aspectos relacionados con la Historia General del Peru(1611-1613) de fray Martin de Murua. El primero atiende a los dos manuscritos conocidos de la cronica y a las varias ediciones del texto. El segundo, a la censura a que fue sometido el libro, censura que, segun la autora, no ha sido considerada hasta hoy en las ediciones conocidas de la obra de Murua. Sobre este segundo aspecto, se destacan algunos ejemplos de la censura de tipo inquisitorial y tambien politica.
Here’s Why I Joined: Introductory Letters From New Hires to The Athletic and the Framing of Paywall Journalism:

The transition of newspapers from traditional revenue models to digital advertising-based models has been fraught with financial peril, with many formerly strong news organizations laying off journ...