cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electroencephalographic findings in guinea pig anaphylaxis

Abstract 1.1. Electroencephalographic findings during anaphylaxis and resulting asphyxia of anesthetized guinea pigs included an initial period of desynchronization followed by a progressive gradual decrease of electrical activity. 2.2. These findings were not localized in any specific areas of the brain but were present throughout leads from varied recording sites. 3.3. The electroencephalographic findings of arousal appeared simultaneously with the first recognition of the overt behavioral response (cough, etc.) of the anaphylactic reaction in six of seventeen animals. In five more animals, the emergence of both behavior effects and signs of arousal occurred within a 10 second period of time. 4.4. Control intravenous injection of saline produced electroencephalographic signs of arousal which differed from the arousal associated with the anaphylactic reaction per se in its decreased latency, its relative brevity, and its reversibility. 5.5. It is concluded that the electroencephalographic changes noted arose, initially, as a nonspecific reaction to the peripheral effects of anaphylaxis and, ultimately, as a reaction of the brain to asphyxia.
An Update to “Among the Missing: Lesbian and Gay Content in Social Work Journals”

The needs of lesbians and gay men appear to be minimally represented in social work literature. This study applied content analysis to four major social work journals published between 1998 and 2012, and it served to update the work of Van Voorhis and Wagner that examined content in the same four journals between 1988 and 1997. Of the 2,335 articles published in Child Welfare, Families in Society, Social Service Review, and Social Work during the 15-year period, 55 met the criteria for inclusion. Results reflect a significant decrease in the quantity of articles when compared with the previous report, with the largest decrease noticed in articles that addressed HIV/AIDS. The need to expand the type and amount of content related to this population continues.
Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: A 2013 Snapshot

Molecular testing has a large and increasing role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. It has evolved significantly since the first probe tests were FDA approved in the early 1990s. This article highlights the uses of molecular techniques in diagnostic microbiology, including "older," as well as innovative, probe techniques, qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR, highly multiplexed PCR panels, some of which use sealed microfluidic test cartridges, MALDI TOF, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Tests are grouped together by technique and target. Tests with similar roles for similar analytes are compared with respect to benefits, drawbacks, and possible problems.
Romidepsin for the Treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkinlymphomasassociatedwithpoorprognosisinmost subtypes. Diagnosis of this rare disease by expert hematopathologistsimprovesaccuracyofsubtyping,andreferralto academicorspecialtycentersisrecommended.Manypatients, however, will receive treatment in the community, and knowledgeofapprovedagentsiskeytooptimizingtherapeutic approachesforallpatients.Thereisnocurrentstandardofcarefor patients with PTCL and no approved therapies for first-line treatment.Althoughmanypatientsinitiallyrespondtoinduction chemotherapy, responses are often brief, and many patients relapse or become treatment refractory. For patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL, achievement of durable responses ischallenging,andtherearefewtreatmentoptions.Romidepsinis a histone deacetylase inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministrationforthetreatmentofpatientswithcutaneous T-celllymphomawhohavereceivedonepriorsystemictherapyor moreandpatientswithPTCLwhohavereceivedonepriortherapy ormore.ApprovalofromidepsinforPTCLwasbasedonapivotal phase II study of patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL (n5131)thatdemonstratedanobjectiveresponserateof25% including 15% with complete response; responses lasted a median of .2 years. Long-term responses to romidepsin wereachievedinpatientsregardlessofbaselinecharacteristics, including subtype, heavy pretreatment, response to prior therapy,oradvanceddisease.Commonadverseeventsincluded hematologic abnormalities, gastrointestinal or asthenic conditions, and infections; romidepsin was not correlated with clinically meaningful QT prolongation or electrocardiogram abnormalities.The Oncologist 2015;20:1–8 ImplicationsforPractice:Duetotherarity,severity,andheterogeneousnatureofperipheralT-celllymphoma(PTCL),diagnosisby expert hematopathologists is preferred, and referral to specialty centers is recommended. Many patients, however, will receive treatment in the community, and communityoncologists playa key role in the recognition and treatment of PTCL. Knowledge of approved agents is key for optimizing therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of PTCL and an in-depth examination of romidepsin, a histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory PTCL, and highlights difficulties of diagnosis and optimization of treatment modalities for patients with PTCL.
Testing the use of bulk organic δ13C, δ15N, and Corg:Ntot ratios to estimate subsidence during the 1964 great Alaska earthquake

Abstract During the M w 9.2 1964 great Alaska earthquake, Turnagain Arm near Girdwood, Alaska subsided 1.7 ± 0.1 m based on pre- and postearthquake leveling. The coseismic subsidence in 1964 caused equivalent sudden relative sea-level (RSL) rise that is stratigraphically preserved as mud-over-peat contacts where intertidal silt buried peaty marsh surfaces. Changes in intertidal microfossil assemblages across these contacts have been used to estimate subsidence in 1964 by applying quantitative microfossil transfer functions to reconstruct corresponding RSL rise. Here, we review the use of organic stable C and N isotope values and C org :N tot ratios as alternative proxies for reconstructing coseismic RSL changes, and report independent estimates of subsidence in 1964 by using δ 13 C values from intertidal sediment to assess RSL change caused by the earthquake. We observe that surface sediment δ 13 C values systematically decrease by ∼4‰ over the ∼2.5 m increase in elevation along three 60- to 100-m-long transects extending from intertidal mud flat to upland environments. We use a straightforward linear regression to quantify the relationship between modern sediment δ 13 C values and elevation ( n = 84, R 2 = 0.56). The linear regression provides a slope–intercept equation used to reconstruct the paleoelevation of the site before and after the earthquake based on δ 13 C values in sandy silt above and herbaceous peat below the 1964 contact. The regression standard error (average = ±0.59‰) reflects the modern isotopic variability at sites of similar surface elevation, and is equivalent to an uncertainty of ±0.4 m elevation with respect to Mean Higher High Water. To reduce potential errors in paleoelevation and subsidence estimates, we analyzed multiple sediment δ 13 C values in nine cores on a shore-perpendicular transect at Bird Point. Our method estimates 1.3 ± 0.4 m of coseismic RSL rise across the 1964 contact by taking the arithmetic mean of the differences ( n = 9) between reconstructed elevations for sediment above and below the 1964 earthquake subsidence contact. This estimate compares well with independent subsidence estimates derived from post-earthquake leveling in Turnagain Arm, and from microfossil transfer functions at Girdwood (1.50 ± 0.32 m). While our results support the use of bulk organic δ 13 C for reconstructing RSL change in southern Alaska, the variability of stable isotope values in modern and buried intertidal sediment required the analysis of multiple samples to reduce error.
Impact of Secondary Eyewall Heating on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change

Abstract The primary goal of this study is to explore the factors that might influence the intensity change of tropical cyclones (TCs) associated with secondary eyewall replacement. Concentric eyewall structures in TCs with and without large intensity weakening are compared using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 2A12 and 2A25 data. It is found that the secondary eyewalls with a stratiform-type heating profile show a marked weakening, while those TCs with a convective-type heating weaken insignificantly or even intensify. This observed feature is supported by a set of sensitivity numerical experiments performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. With more active convection, the latent heat released in the outer eyewall and moat region can better sustain storm intensity. The prevailing stratiform precipitation results in low equivalent potential temperature air in the moat and reduces the entropy of the boundary layer inflow to the inner eyewall through persistent downdrafts, lea...
The logic of cartel car bombings in México

The war on drugs in Mexico has seen an unprecedented level of violence committed against civilians, the government and rival groups. The bulk of this violence has occurred since 2006, including mass killings and the adoption of new tactics such as car bombings. The aim of this article is to place car bombings within a strategic logic. A total of 16 car bombs between July 15, 2010 and July 3, 2012 were examined, following the extant literature on strategies behind violence and terrorism. The authors affirm that the use of car bombings in Mexico’s context followed various strategic pathways associated with the strength of the group and the government. These group characteristics were applied to both the cartels and the government followed by an example to illustrate support for the assertion.
Implant prosthodontics: from single tooth to complex cases

Types of commonly used implant prostheses have been described and illustrated, including single tooth replacements, multiple tooth replacement fixed prostheses, implant and soft-tissue-supported removable complete dentures, implant-supported removable complete dentures, and fixed-detachable complete dentures.
Strength of Thoracic Spine Under Simulated Direct Vertebral Rotation: A Biomechanical Study

Abstract Background Direct vertebral rotation (DVR) has gained increasing popularity for deformity correction surgery. Despite large moments applied intraoperatively during deformity correction and failure reports including screw plow, aortic abutment, and pedicle fracture, to our knowledge, the strength of thoracic spines has been unknown. Moreover, the rotational response of thoracic spines under such large torques has been unknown. Purpose Simulate DVR surgical conditions to measure torsion to failure on thoracic spines and assess surgical forces. Study Design Biomechanical simulation using cadaver spines. Methods Fresh-frozen thoracic spines (n = 11) were evaluated using radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. An apparatus simulating DVR was attached to pedicle screws at T7–T10 and transmitted torsion to the spine. T11–T12 were potted and rigidly attached to the frame. Strain gages measured the simulated surgical forces to rotate spines. Torsional load was increased incrementally till failure at T10–T11. Torsion to failure at T10–T11 and corresponding forces were obtained. Results The T10–T11 moment at failure was 33.3 ± 12.1 Nm (range = 13.7–54.7 Nm). The mean applied force to produce failure was 151.7 ± 33.1 N (range = 109.6–202.7 N), at a distance of approximately 22 cm where surgeons would typically apply direct vertebral rotation forces. Mean right rotation at T10–T11 was 11.6°±5.6°. The failure moment was significantly correlated with bone mineral density (Pearson coefficient 0.61, p = .047). Failure moment also positively correlated with radiographic degeneration grade (Spearman rho > 0.662, p Conclusion The present study indicated that with the advantage of lever arms provided with DVR techniques, relatively small surgical forces,
Defects Along Blood Vessels in Glaucoma Suspects and Patients.

Purpose To examine the relationship between small hypodense regions ("holes") in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) seen on circumpapillary optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of glaucoma patients and suspects and the paravascular inner retinal defects (PIRDs) seen with OCT line scans near blood vessels in individuals without optic nerve disease but with high myopia and/or epiretinal membranes (ERMs). Methods Based upon the availability of wide-field, swept-source OCT scans, 19 eyes from 15 glaucoma patients or suspects were selected from a larger group of eyes with holes on circumpapillary frequency-domain OCT scans. Paravascular defects (PDs) were identified using en face slab images generated (ATL 3D-Suite) from 52-μm slabs just below the vitreal border of the inner limiting membrane by averaging reflective intensity. Paravascular defects were confirmed with B-scans from these images. Results For 13 of the 19 eyes, the appearance of the PDs fit the previously described PIRDs and extended well beyond the circumpapillary region. In the other 6 eyes, the PDs were restricted to a small region and did not fit the previously described appearance of PIRDs. In these eyes, the holes were associated with an arcuate defect of the RNFL. Of the 13 with PIRDs, 9 had ERMs and/or high myopia previously associated with PIRDs in otherwise healthy eyes. Conclusions Holes seen on circumpapillary OCT scans of glaucoma patients and suspects are associated with local glaucomatous damage, as well as with PIRDs associated with high myopia and ERMs.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Iron Oxides by an Inverse Micelle Method and Their Application in the Degradation of Orange II under Visible Light at Neutral pH

Mesoporous iron oxides (2-line ferrihydrite, α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, and Fe3O4) are successfully synthesized by modifying the reaction temperatures and calcination atmospheres of the sol–gel-based inverse micelle method. Different characterization techniques, such as PXRD, N2 sorption, SEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XANES, are performed to determine the properties of the catalysts. Larger pore sizes can be obtained in mesoporous γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 compared with mesoporous 2-line ferrihydrite and α-Fe2O3. The catalytic performance of mesoporous iron oxides are examined as Fenton catalysts in orange II degradation in the presence of oxidant H2O2 at neutral pH under visible light. Adsorption capacities of mesoporous iron oxides on orange II are greater than that of commercial Fe2O3. The greatest adsorption capacity is found to be 49.3 mg/g with mesoporous 2-line ferrihydrite. In addition, the degradation efficiency of orange II is found to be markedly improved by mesoporous iron oxides compared with the commer...
A MapReduce scheduling algorithm supporting multiple priorities based on queuing network

MapReduce is a distributed computing framework for big data processing,which has been widely used in various fields.It's a challenge to ensure the deadline of different priority users in the cluster providing MapReduce services.To solve this problem,aqueuing network based multi-priority scheduling algorithm(MPSA)is proposed.Firstly,the MapReduce based algorithms are summarized and analyzed,three common patterns are proposed,and the Jackson queuing network is used to build a mathematic model of the MapReduce based algorithms.The mathematic model can be used to find the resource demands of different priority queues.Secondly,the AR(1)model is used to predict the numbers of accessing users,and the binary search algorithm is used to calculate the assigned slot numbers of different priority users in map phase and reduce phase.Finally,a real time scheduling algorithm running in the MapReduce framework is implemented.Experimental results show that,compared with the traditional FIFO and fair scheduling algorithm,the proposed scheduling algorithm can ensure the defined deadlines of different priority users more effectively when the user arrival rates and the task scales change.
Research & Application on High Temperature Alloy Part Machining Process

Have studied and researched cutting approaches and processes on Nickel-based high temperature alloy(Inconel625),which are used for GC mass spectrometer instrument source body;and designed out different cutting solution to experiment and test to meet our designed goal;finally,optimized and summarized out so effective machining process that overcome machining difficulties and obtained success;meanwhile,lowered down manufacturing cost as well.
Research of rapid separation of Staphylococcus aureus based on immunomagnetic beads

To establish rapid separation method for food-borne Staphylococcus aureus(SA)based on immunomagnetic separation by test optimizing,it provided a basis for follow-up rapid detection.The immunomagnetic nanobeads(IMBs)were used to capture the S.aureus.By calculating the capture efficiency combining with the colony counting,the amount of the SA polyclonal antibody(4~5mg/mL)coating the magnetic beads,the amount of IMBs and response time were investigated for influence on capture efficiency.The orthogonal test was done based on the single factors test.It was preliminarily studied on the sensitivity,specificity and the practical application of this method in food sample.The results showed that the optimal condition for capture were the amount of antibody 30μL,the amount of IMBs 80μL,and response time 45min,respectively.Under the optimized conditions,the capture efficiency was above 30%.The capture limit could reach 101CFU/mL of SA and its specificity was good.The method was used to the rapid separation of SA in lamb wash water at less than 1h capture time.Taken together,the immunomagnetic separation,as one of simple rapid separation and screening methods,could be applied to rapidly separate food-borne pathogens,such as S.aureus.
Overview of PM/Reluctance Synchronous Machine Opportunities and Challenges

The dramatic rise and fall of the price of rare-earth metals neodymium and dysprosium during the period between 2010 and 2014 has led to an energetic search for alternative machine topologies to replace high-performance PM synchronous machines using sintered NdFeB magnets. This chapter introduces the major alternative brushless synchronous machine configurations that are the subject of this book. These include PM synchronous machines that use either much smaller amounts of NdFeB magnets or alternative magnet materials such as ferrite magnets, as well as synchronous reluctance machines that require no magnets at all. A historical perspective is presented that introduces each of these machine alternatives in roughly chronological order in order to highlight the motivations and technical breakthroughs that both enabled and drove the new developments that continue to influence research efforts today. The chapter closes with summary comparisons of the strength and limitations of the major classes of brushless synchronous machines, providing a foundation for the detailed discussions of these alternative machine topologies that are presented in the following chapters.
Demonstration of Diamond-Based Schottky p-i-n Diode With Blocking Voltage > 500 V

Diamond is considered to be the ultimate semiconductor for power devices due to its high breakdown electric field, high carrier mobility, and superior thermal properties. The success of diamond-based electronic devices has been difficult due to critical challenges involved with poor doping efficiency and achievement of ohmic contacts. Achieving n-type diamond has proved to be more difficult over p-type so far. In this letter, we report the achievement of n-type doping in diamond, verified using Hall measurements, which was then used to fabricate Schottky p-i-n diodes measuring a forward current density greater than 300 A/cm2 at 4 V and breakdown voltage of over 500 V with a 3.5- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick drift layer. A Silvaco simulation was performed which agreed well with the experimental data showing turn-ON voltage of 1 V and an ideality factor of 1.04, consistent with the model of a p-i-n diode with a fully depleted n-type contact.
Toward detection of unsafe driving with inertial head-mounted sensors

This paper explores the potential for the inertial sensors on head-mounted devices (HMDs) such as Google Glass, and mobile devices to identify driving activities and unsafe driving. Particularly, we study whether the inertial sensors on HMDs, can detect whether their user is operating the vehicle and infer where the driver's visual attention is focused at by tracking the driver's head without relying on cameras on the HMD or the vehicle. Detecting user's vehicle operation through head movements can help prevent the driver's interactive usage of HMD, which can cause distracted driving. Tracking driver's head movements and the driver's focus of visual attention can detect unsafe driving and additionally enable many safety applications. Our approach relies on head movements that are specific to a driver. Once the system detects the vehicle's operation, head movements can be further utilized to detect distracted driving, to predict driver behaviors and to detect inadequate surveillance cases where the driver failed to look in the appropriate place to complete a maneuver.
Implications of the Definition of an Episode of Care Used in the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement Model.

Importance Under the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model, hospitals are held accountable for nearly all Medicare payments that occur during the initial hospitalization until 90 days after hospital discharge (ie, the episode of care). It is not known whether unrelated expenditures resulting from this “broad” definition of an episode of care will affect participating hospitals’ average episode-of-care payments. Objective To compare the CJR program’s broad definition of an episode of care with a clinically narrow definition of an episode of care. Design, Setting, and Participants We identified Medicare claims for 23 251 patients in Michigan who were Medicare beneficiaries and who underwent joint replacement during the period from 2011 through 2013 at hospitals located in metropolitan statistical areas. Using specifications from the CJR model and the clinically narrow Hospital Compare payment measure, we constructed episodes of care and calculated 90-day episode payments. We then compared hospitals’ average 90-day episode payments using the 2 definitions of an episode of care and fit linear regression models to understand whether payment differences were associated with specific hospital characteristics (average Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services–hierarchical condition categories risk score, rural hospital status, joint replacement volume, percentage of Medicaid discharges, teaching hospital status, number of beds, percentage of joint replacements performed on African American patients, and median income of the hospital’s county). We performed analyses from July 1 through October 1, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures The correlation and difference between average 90-day episode payments using the broad definition of an episode of care in the CJR model and the clinically narrow Hospital Compare definition of an episode of care. Results We identified 23 251 joint replacements (ie, episodes of care). The 90-day episode payments using the broad definition of the CJR model ranged from $17 349 to $29 465 (mean [SD] payment, $22 122 [$2600]). Episode payments were slightly lower (mean payment, $21 670) when the Hospital Compare definition was used. Both methods were strongly correlated ( r = 0.99, P Conclusions and Relevance The average 90-day episode payments determined by both definitions of an episode of care were strongly correlated, and there was a small payment differential for most hospitals. In the context of joint replacement bundled payments, these data suggest that hospital performance will be consistent whether a broad or clinically narrow definition of an episode of care is used.
An Object Model for Conventional Operating Systems.

We have developed an object model for conventional (UNIX-like) systems. It can be used for extending such systems with persistent, shared, protected, and distributed objects. It allows objects to coexist with, access, and be accessed by existing components of the operating system, and has been developed by applying much of the work done in naming, organization, access, and protection of conventional resources to support naming, organization, access, and protection of objects. Objects are created as combinations of conventional processes and files. Like processes, they are active agents capable of executing code on different hosts and communicating with other objects. Like files, they are persistent, have a protected name in a network file system, and are opened and closed for access. The model has been implemented in Suite, which is an extension of UNIX and supports a large part of the functionality provided by unconventional object-based operating systems. The paper presents the motivation for the object model, describes its distinguishing features together with the rationale for our decisions, outlines its implementation in Suite, describes the results of our preliminary experience with building and using objects in Suite, and presents conclusions and future directions for research.
User Interface Design and the Halo Effect: Some Preliminary Evidence

This paper draws on work from cognitive psychology and human-computer interaction to inquire into the extent to which assessments of web interface design are contaminated by the halo effect. The halo effect is a human cognitive bias in which a person’s overall affect toward an entity produces overtly positive or negative distortions in evaluations of the entity’s individual characteristics. These delusions and distortions in judgment can directly erode one’s capacity to make rational decisions or perform objective evaluations, and therefore have critical implications for managers and organizations alike. Inquiry into the halo effect was carried out by means of a controlled, randomized experiment which incorporated 3 polarizing issues, 7 web interface design variations, and more than 300 research subjects. After controlling for other cognitive biases and several additional factors that are known to influence judgment and decision-making, the results revealed substantial halo-based contamination in assessments of web interface design.
Intrinsic Mode Function Based Noise Power Estimation With Applications to Semiblind Spectrum Sensing Methods

In this letter, an algorithm is proposed to blindly estimate the noise power embedded in a received signal and use the knowledge of the noise power to upgrade semiblind spectrum sensors to blind sensors. The proposed noise estimator is based on a relationship between the noise power of a received signal and the power of the first mode of the empirical mode decomposition algorithm. Simulations and results demonstrate an enhancement of the detectors performance in contrast with their conventional semiblind versions.
Identification and estimation of a bidding model for electronic auctions

Because of discrete bid increments, bidders at electronic auctions engage in shading instead of revealing their valuations, which would occur under the commonly assumed second‐price rule. We demonstrate that misspecifying the pricing rule can lead to biased estimates of the latent valuation distribution, and then explore identification and estimation of a model with a correctly specified pricing rule. A further challenge to econometricians is that only a lower bound on the number of participants at each auction is observed. From this bound, however, we establish nonparametric identification of the arrival process of bidders—the process that matches potential buyers to auction listings—which then allows us to identify the latent valuation distribution without imposing functional‐form assumptions. We propose a computationally tractable, sieve‐type estimator of the latent valuation distribution based on B‐splines, and then compare two parametric models of bidder participation, finding that a generalized Poisson model cannot be rejected by the empirical distribution of observables. Our structural estimates enable us to explore information rents and optimal reserve prices on eBay. eBay electronic auctions bid increments pricing rule D44 C72
Special Functions: The Hypergeometric Functions

Almost all of the elementary functions of mathematics are either hypergeometric or ratios of hypergeometric functions. A series Σ c n is hypergeometric if the ratio c n +1 / c n is a rational function of n . Many of the nonelementary functions that arise in mathematics and physics also have representations as hypergeometric series. In this chapter, we introduce three important approaches to hypergeometric functions. First, Euler's fractional integral representation leads easily to the derivation of essential identities and transformations of hypergeometric functions. A second-order linear differential equation satisfied by a hypergeometric function provides a second method. This equation was also found by Euler and then studied by Gauss. Still later, Riemann observed that a characterization of second-order equations with three regular singularities gives a powerful technique, involving minimal calculation, for obtaining formulas for hypergeometric functions. Third, Barnes expressed a hypergeometric function as a contour integral, which can be seen as a Mellin inversion formula. Some integrals that arise here are really extensions of beta integrals. They also appear in the orthogonality relations for some special orthogonal polynomials. Perceiving their significance, Gauss gave a complete list of contiguous relations for 2 F 1 functions. These have numerous applications. We show how they imply some continued fraction expansions for hypergeometric functions and also contain three-term recurrence relations for hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials. We discuss one case of the latter in this chapter, namely, Jacobi polynomials.
Ergonomic Evaluation of Office Furniture on Team Dynamics

Office workers are at high-risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), which can inhibit productivity and perceived comfort through associated disorders (Piligian et al, 2000). An incr...
Assessing Conservation Adoption Decision Criteria Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process: Case Studies from Three Midwestern Watersheds

Land use changes from natural ecosystems to industrial agriculture have impacted water quality and wildlife populations in the Mississippi River basin. Government programs providing technical assis...
Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Circadian Rhythm Disorder in a Sighted Male With Normal Functioning.

This is a rare case of non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder in a sighted male with normal functioning. The patient, a 23-year-old doctorate graduate student, presented with difficulty falling asl...
MBCL-22. RISK OF DEVELOPMENT OF SINUSOIDAL OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME ON HEAD START REGIMENS IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH MEDULLOBLASTOMA

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) in the pediatric population is not limited to a well-defined group of patients who undergo autologous stem cell transplantation. We describe the clinical characteristics of five patients with history of medulloblastoma who developed SOS during treatment as per Head Start (HS) regimens. A chart review of 31 patients from 2006 to 2017 revealed that five patients (16.1%) developed SOS during the course of their therapy (2 patients were enrolled on HS IV). The median age at diagnosis was 2.5 years (range 2-5 years). All three patients diagnosed in the era of HSII/III developed SOS in transplant setting. The other 2 patients on HS IV developed SOS during the induction chemotherapy cycles. In the follow-up period, one patient developed metastatic disease 2 years after completion of therapy. Another patient died from pulmonary fibrosis 4 years post-transplant. Two patients developed fibronodular hyperplasia of the liver on further imaging. The dose of carboplatin for the 3 patients treated as per HSII/III was dosed by the AUC using the Calvert method. The remaining 2 patients had received the induction chemotherapy cycles (second and third) based on the square meter dose on the HS IV guidelines; one of them continued on the same regimen after the dose was adjusted to weight based in the subsequent cycles. Dose calculation based on the weight and age of young patients, particularity those who are under five should be taken into consideration in future studies. Long term consequences of severe SOS should be monitored.
Acute, Delayed, and Chronic Actions of Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone influences the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of hydrogen ions in target epithelia (Al-Awqati 1978;Marver 1981). In some, but not all, mineralocorti-coid-sensitive tissues, this steroid also increases the secretion of potassium as a result of an increased uptake of K across the serosal membrane, an increase in the electrochemical driving force for downhill movement of K from cell to lumen and perhaps as a result of a direct effect on luminal membrane K permeability (Field et al. 1984; Koeppen et al. 1983; Schwartz and Burg 1978). Thus, in the mammalian kidney, K secretion is elevated by aldosterone at the level of the cortical collecting tubule (CCT), while in the toad bladder, K uptake across the basolateral membrane is enhanced, but K secretion is not, due to the low and unresponsive K permeability of the luminal membrane in the latter tissue (Rodriguez et al. 1975).
Clinical significance and nature of circulating immune complexes in melanoma patients

Most human malignant tissues express tumor antigens. Mechanisms whereby molecules that can act as tumor antigens may appear on the cell surface and make them autoantigenic have been proposed by Cochran (1978). It was proposed that neoantigens on tumor cells may appear by (1) reexpression of repressed molecules, (2) modification of existing molecules, (3) uncovering of masked molecules, and (4) deletion of existing molecules. There are many reports in the literature regarding the existence of certain tumor antigens that are immunogenic in the autologous and allogenic host. Though the biological and chemical natures of many of these antigens are not completely known, they are recognized as tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Humoral immune responses to TAA in melanoma patients have been summarized in recent reviews (Aryan, 1979; Old, 1981; Reisfeld and Ferrone, 1982).
Live Attenuated Vaccines: Influenza, Rotavirus and Varicella Zoster Virus

Since vaccinia virus was first used to protect against smallpox in the eighteenth century, live attenuated vaccines have proved to be highly effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality caused by many human viral pathogens. Contemporary live viral vaccines are designed using several different strategies to achieve attenuation. These basic principles and approaches are illustrated by vaccines to prevent rotavirus, influenza and varicella-zoster virus infections that are described in this chapter. As shown from the experience with these three vaccines, contemporary live attenuated viral vaccines have had a major impact on disease caused by these ubiquitous human pathogens.
Association between neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation and incident hypertension: A longitudinal analysis of data from the Dallas heart study.

Background Cardiovascular disease is a leading economic and medical burden in the United States (US). As an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, hypertension represents a critical point of intervention. Less is known about longitudinal effects of neighborhood deprivation on blood pressure outcomes, especially in light of new hypertension guidelines. Methods Longitudinal data from the Dallas Heart Study facilitated multilevel regression analysis of the relationship between neighborhood deprivation, blood pressure change, and incident hypertension over a 9-year period. Factor analysis explored neighborhood perception, which was controlled for in all analyses. Neighborhood deprivation was derived from US Census data and divided into tertiles for analysis. Hypertension status was compared using pre-2017 and 2017 hypertension guidelines. Results After adjusting for covariates, including moving status and residential self-selection, we observed significant associations between residing in the more deprived neighborhoods and 1) increasing blood pressure over time and 2) incident hypertension. In the fully adjusted model of continuous blood pressure change, significant relationships were seen for both medium (SBP: β = 4.81, SE = 1.39, P = .0005; DBP: β = 2.61, SE = 0.71, P = .0003) and high deprivation (SBP: β = 7.64, SE = 1.55, P Conclusion These findings highlight the potential impact of adverse neighborhood conditions on cardiometabolic outcomes, such as hypertension.
It Weigh(t)s on You: Everyday Discrimination and Adiposity Among Latinos

OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests discrimination increases the risk of obesity. The biopsychosocial model of racism posits that psychological factors such as depressive symptoms may link experiences of perceived interpersonal discrimination to obesity. This study tested whether self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination were associated with adiposity indicators and whether depressive symptoms explained these associations. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data of 602 Latino adults living in Lawrence, Massachusetts, from the Latino Health and Well-being Project (2011-2013) were used. Participants completed questionnaires assessing perceived everyday discrimination and depressive symptoms. Anthropometric measures (i.e., BMI and waist circumference [WC]) were obtained by trained staff. Structural equation modeling was employed to test for direct and indirect effects of perceived everyday discrimination on adiposity. RESULTS Perceived everyday discrimination was directly and positively associated with higher BMI and WC, independent of sociodemographic factors, physical activity, and stressful life events. Perceived everyday discrimination was not indirectly associated with BMI and WC through depressive symptoms. However, perceived everyday discrimination was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported everyday discrimination among Latino adults is associated with adiposity. Day-to-day interpersonal discrimination may be implicated in obesity disparities for Latino adults.
Central Nervous System Responses to Simulated Galactic Cosmic Rays

In preparation for lunar and Mars missions it is essential to consider the challenges to human health that are posed by long-duration deep space habitation via multiple stressors, including ionizing radiation, gravitational changes during flight and in orbit, other aspects of the space environment such as high level of carbon dioxide, and psychological stress from confined environment and social isolation. It remains unclear how these stressors individually or in combination impact the central nervous system (CNS), presenting potential obstacles for astronauts engaged in deep space travel. Although human spaceflight research only within the last decade has started to include the effects of radiation transmitted by galactic cosmic rays to the CNS, radiation is currently considered to be one of the main stressors for prolonged spaceflight and deep space exploration. Here we will review the current knowledge of CNS damage caused by simulated space radiation with an emphasis on neuronal and glial responses along with cognitive functions. Furthermore, we will present novel experimental approaches to integrate the knowledge into more comprehensive studies, including multiple stressors at once and potential translation to human functions. Finally, we will discuss the need for developing biomarkers as predictors for cognitive decline and therapeutic countermeasures to prevent CNS damage and the loss of cognitive abilities.
Deformation mechanisms of polytetrafluoroethylene at the nano- and microscales.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has not only a low coefficient of friction but also a high wear rate. Numerous studies investigating the possibility of reducing wear and the mechanisms of deformation have been conducted using experimental and computational studies. In this paper the deformation and mechanical failure of single chains and bulk PTFE are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD). Due to the length scale limitations of the model that MD simulations can investigate, a coarse-grained model is developed and PTFE particles of varying densities are generated to investigate their mechanical properties at the microscale. The coarse-grained potential parameters and coarse-grained model of PTFE are derived from first principles based ReaxFF simulations and are then used to investigate the microscale mechanical properties of PTFE. The MD study indicates that temperature has a pronounced effect on the maximum strength of a single chain, the elastic modulus is dependent on chain length, and chains shorter than 100 A have an increase in maximum strength. During indentation and scratch the frictional coefficient of bulk PTFE is dependent on the direction of the scratch on the PTFE substrate. The coarse-grained PTFE simulations show that indentation force is dependent on the density of PTFE, and the smoother the surface of the particle the lower the coefficient of friction. The coarse-grained model that connects the atomic and macroscales of PTFE will lead to a direct comparison with experimental PTFE thin films.
A Geostationary Instrument Simulator for Aerosol Observing System Simulation Experiments

In the near future, there will be several new instruments measuring atmospheric composition from geostationary orbit over North America, East Asia, and Europe. This constellation of satellites will provide high resolution, time resolved measurements of trace gases and aerosols for monitoring air quality and tracking pollution sources. This paper describes a detailed, fast, and accurate (less than 1.0% uncertainty) method for calculating synthetic top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiances from a global simulation with a mesoscale free running model, the GEOS-5 Nature Run, for remote sensing instruments in geostationary orbit that measure in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range (UV-Vis). Generating these synthetic observations is the first step of an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE), a framework for evaluating the impact of a new observation or algorithm. This paper provides details of the model sampling, aerosol and cloud optical properties, surface reflectance modeling, Rayleigh scattering calculations, and a discussion of the uncertainties of the simulated TOA radiance. An application for the simulated TOA radiance observations is demonstrated in the manuscript. Simulated TEMPO (Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution) and GOES-R (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) observations were used to show how observations from the two instruments could be combined to facilitate aerosol type discrimination. The results demonstrate the viability of a detailed instrument simulator for radiance measurements in the UV-Vis that is capable of accurately simulating high resolution, time-resolved measurements with reasonable computational efficiency.
Marathon Runners: A Fertile Market for “Green” Donations?

Marathon events are hosted annually by various communities around the United States. Within this context, marathon runners train and compete in various natural environments. Nature-based places can...
Detection and Identification of Background Sounds to Improvise Voice Interface in Critical Environments

This work contributes towards building a novel architecture for the real-time detection of background sounds such as ambulance, helicopter, gunshot, and explosions that usually occurs in the medical first responder environment. Further, we also ensured that the proposed architecture is compatible with the existing natural language processing (NLP) systems. In this paper, we use frequency and time domain features for feature extraction and use classifiers like support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and deep neural network (DNN) for classification purpose. Moreover, we also compared the result from the aforementioned machine learning algorithms in order to provide the proposed architecture with the best-classified output. Finally, to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed architecture, different samples of background sounds were trained and tested. Our results conclude that proposed architecture is able to detect and identify background sounds with 98% accuracy.
Loperamide induced cardiac arrhythmia successfully supported with veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO), molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).

Introduction: This case of Loperamide misuse had refractory ventricular arrhythmias and was successfully supported by VA ECMO. Loperamide is currently available without prescription and can be obtained in large quantities over the internet despite Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 2016 black box warning noting cardiac toxicity. This case illustrates the life-threatening toxicity of loperamide and suggests a supportive modality to provide clinical time while the drug is cleared endogenously or exogenously. Case report: A 36-year-old female was found minimally responsive. Vital signs and monitoring revealed wide complex bradycardia, undetectable blood pressure, hypothermia, bradypnea, and hypoglycemia. The rhythm degenerated to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia cardia refractory to multiple ACLS protocols. VA-ECMO was initiated with immediate stabilization. Subsequent history revealed massive consumption of loperamide taking 400-600 mg daily. Highest known loperamide and N-desmethyl-loperamide levels were 32 and 500 ng/ml respectively. Since loperamide and metabolites are known to be protein bound, molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) was initiated for toxin clearance. Additionally, she developed acute renal failure supported by CRRT. She was ultimately weaned from ECMO, MARS, and CRRT and discharged neurologically intact on hospital day 12. Discussion: VA ECMO for hemodynamic support provided the needed time for natural resolution of the cardiac toxicity while providing adequate perfusion. MARS was used in the setting of highly protein bound toxins, but drug clearance could not be demonstrated through serial levels. VA ECMO (or referral to a center with VA ECMO) should be considered with lethal loperamide-induced cardiotoxicity and perhaps other cardio-toxins.
Does the Day of the Week Predict a Cesarean Section? A Statewide Analysis.

Abstract Background Although guidelines for clinical indications of cesarean sections (CS) exist, nonclinical factors may affect CS practices. We hypothesize that CS rates vary by day of the week. Methods An analysis of the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database for California from 2006 to 2010 was performed. All patients admitted to a teaching or nonteaching hospital for attempted vaginal delivery were included. Patients who died within 24 h of admission were excluded. Weekend days were defined as Saturday and Sunday, and weekdays were defined as Monday to Friday. The primary outcome was CS versus vaginal delivery. Multivariable analysis was performed, adjusting for patient demographics, clinical factors, and system variables. Results A total of 1,855,675 women were included. The overall CS rate was 9.02%. On unadjusted analysis, CS rates were significantly lower on weekends versus weekdays (6.65% versus 9.58%, P Conclusions CS rates are significantly decreased on weekends relative to weekdays, even when controlling for patient, hospital, and system factors.