cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer simulation of the probability of detecting low volume carcinoma of the prostate with six random systematic core biopsies.

Abstract Objectives Six random systematic core biopsies (SRSCB) of the prostate (biopsies from apex, middle, and base of each lobe) have been commonly used in detection of prostate carcinoma. The objective of this study was to verify the validity of the SRSCB technique in detecting cancer in prostates with low-volume tumor (less than 6 cc). Methods We developed a computer model of the prostate to simulate the SRSCB technique. The data for development of this model were taken from 159 radical prostatectomy specimens in which 112 patients had tumor volumes measured and in which 91 prostates had tumors with volumes less than 6 cc (by whole-mount sectioning). Results The simulation shows that only 20.3% of the simulated prostates, with total aggregate tumor volume between 0.034 and 5.1 cc, had a tumor distribution for which the SRSCB technique has a 95% probability of detecting the tumor. In fact, 26.8% had a tumor distribution that was completely disjointed from the six recommended biopsy regions. To compare these results with other possible occurrences, various biases for the angle of biopsy and the distribution of cancer foci were incorporated into the model. Study results should be viewed with the understanding that any simulated model has its limitations. In our simulated model, the shape of the simulated tumor foci (spherical) does not represent all the possible shapes of prostate cancer. However, these results indicate that detection of cancer with biopsies taken from the apex, middle, and base of each lobe of a prostate with tumor volumes of less than 6 cc may not be as effective as it is in prostates with larger tumor volumes or patients with an abnormal digital rectal examination. The study of bias models suggests that the distributional pattern of cancerous foci can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of a given biopsy strategy. Conclusions We concluded that future attempts to improve systematic biopsy strategies for detection of low-volume cancer should include biomechanical characteristics of prostate cancer, including gland volume and tumor distribution. Driven by the conclusions from this idealized model, we have developed a three-dimensional model of the prostate gland from its whole-mount histologic maps. It is anticipated that this continuing investigation will lead to realistic guidelines for improving biopsy techniques.
IrxCo1−x (x = 0.3–1.0) alloy electrocatalysts, catalytic activities, and methanol tolerance in oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract Novel methanol-tolerant catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), IrxCo1−x/C (x = 0.3–1.0), were synthesized by a conventional impregnation method. These carbon-supported catalysts showed particle sizes of 2.7–5.0 nm. The catalyst activity and the catalyzed ORR kinetics were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode methods. Among these IrxCo1−x/C catalysts, the alloy with a formula of IrxCo1−x/C with x value in the range of 0.7–0.8 exhibited the highest mass and specific activities. Compared to a Pt/C catalyst, these alloy catalysts have much stronger methanol tolerance in terms of ORR onset potential (or open-circuit potential). Based on the rotating disk electrode measurements, it was confirmed that these IrxCo1−x/C alloy catalysts could catalyze a complete four-electron transfer reaction of oxygen to water. These results strongly suggest that the novel Ir–Co metal alloy catalysts synthesized in this work could be promising for DMFC cathodes.
Space dragon: Long March, missile proliferation, and sanctions

This article focuses on the interrelationship between Sino‐U.S. cooperation in commercial space and Chinese missile proliferation activities—specifically to what extent did U.S. cooperation with China contribute to Chinese restraint on ballistic missile proliferation issues. Technological cooperation can be a useful tool in gaining a country's observance of missile nonproliferation norms. However, the U.S. should continue this cooperation only if the Chinese observe their Missile Technology Control Regime commitments, and the U.S. enforces stringent technology transfer safeguards.
Coexistence of high-affinity uptake mechanisms for putative neurotransmitter molecules in chick embryo retinal neurons in purified culture

We report here that high-affinity uptake mechanisms for two or three putative neurotransmitter molecules coexist in many of the neurons present in glia-free, purified neuronal monolayers from chick embryo retina. Replicate cultures were incubated with the tritiated forms of the amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine (TAU) and aspartate (ASP) either individually or in binary or tertiary combinations. Incubation conditions were those typically used to analyze high-affinity uptake mechanisms. At the end of the incubation period the cultures were either lysed in water for measurement of intracellular radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting, or fixed in glutaraldehyde and prepared for autoradiography. Our results indicate that there is coexistence of uptake mechanisms for putative neurotransmitters in retinal cells. Biochemical measurements showed that, at the concentrations used in these experiments, two or more radioactive amino acids could be taken up simultaneously by the cultured populations without extensive inhibition. Moreover, the percentage of cells that appeared autoradiographically labeled in cultures exposed to two or more radioactive amino acid was less than the sum of the percentages of labeled cells when each amino acid was applied individually. Numerical analysis of the autoradiographs was carried out to determine the percentage of cells that could take up only one, only two, or the three putative amino acid neurotransmitters under investigation. This analysis showed that approximately 20% of the neurons have only the mechanism for TAU, whereas very few if any neurons have high-affinity uptake mechanisms for GABA alone or ASP alone. Our experiments have identified populations of cells that take up GABA and TAU (but not ASP) or ASP and TAU (but not GABA). Interestingly, we have not seen any neurons that can take up ASP and GABA and cannot take up TAU, although as many as 50% of the neurons can take up ASP, GABA, and TAU simultaneously. By showing simultaneous uptake of different putative neurotransmitters within individual neurons, our results emphasize the concept that the presence in a given neuron of a high-affinity uptake mechanism for a particular molecule is not a sufficient criterion to assign a neurotransmitter function to that molecule in that neuron.
Psychosocial aspects of micturition

Abstract The complex act of micturition is still insufficiently understood and a controversial neuromuscular phenomenon. I n humans, the urinary bladder reflects the constant accommodation to physiologic, psychologic, and social aspects of micturition. This article deals with these additional dimensions of micturition of which the urologist should be aware.
Variability analysis and change characterization of HSI data for urban mapping

Urban areas are highly variable in remote sensing data, thus it can be difficult to detect changes over time caused by development or by movement of specific targets. This research is a first attempt at exploration of repeat flights of 20m spatial resolution imaging spectrometer data to identify and characterize sources and the nature of spectral variability in urban/rural environments. Data for two dates were atmospherically corrected using a MODTRAN-based model to independently correct each dataset for atmospheric effects. The data were geocorrected and co-registered then cropped to a common spatial coverage. Spectra for individual pixels and for ROIs were extracted from the two datasets and visual and statistical comparisons were made between spectra to assess the effects of collection parameters and atmospheric corrections. Spectral endmembers were determined for each flightline, mapped using spectral matching methods, and compared across flightlines. This approach allowed determination of relatively spectrally invariant areas versus areas with significant spectral change. The combined datasets were used to develop thematic layers and evaluate spectral variability versus changes principally due to urban development.
Lack of effect of charge of phlorizin and phloretin on mutarotase action

Abstract Many transport phenomena are inhibited by the polyphenolic compounds phlorizin and its aglucone phloretin. We report here a hitherto unsuspected charge on the molecules at physiological pHs which may be of importance in interpreting their mode of action. The change in inhibition of mutarotase was studied with change of pH with these compounds, but no significant effect of charge was detected.
Enantioselective aldol reaction of chiral acyl thiazolidine thione derived boron enolates

Abstract The compatability of an acyl thiazolidine thione as a chiral auxillary in boron enolate chemistry has been demonstrated by an enantioselective aldol condensation. The aldol products provide direct access to chiral β-lactams.
Microscale assembly directed by liquid-based template.

Spontaneous emergence of ordered and complex structures from simple building units is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature in a wide range of the scales [1,2]. For example, water molecules crystallize into snowflakes, nucleotides self-assemble into DNAs, and sands pile into ripple or stripe patterns in desert. This natural creation mode represents a smarter strategy and a higher efficiency than many human approaches that build an architecture piece by piece. Recently, assembly of microscale materials has drawn increasing attention due to great demands in engineering architectures/systems in the fields including bottom-up tissue engineering [3], microelectromechanical systems [4] and microphotonics [5]. Of particular interest is tissue engineering, where organization of cells and cell microcarriers into repeating units with well-defined 3D architectures that mimic native tissues is significant for the resulting tissue-specific functions [6]. Previous microscale technologies have their own unique advantages in creating various structures from microscale materials. However, these existing technologies have limitations such as unaffordable time budgets for assembling large number of building units (e.g., bioprinting [7], micro-robotic assembly [8]), incapability for reconfiguring final structure after the mold is created (e.g., micromolding [9], microscale templated assembly based on solid molds [10,11]), limited types or complexity in resulting structures/geometrics (e.g., magnetic assembly [10,12], electrostatic assembly [13], capillary assembly [14], molecular recognition [15]). Here, we report a versatile bottom-up method that enables efficient generation of diverse structures from microscale materials in a reconfigurable and biocompatible way. We explore the topography of liquid surface established by standing waves serves as a template for directed assembly of large number (~106) of microscale materials into diverse sets of ordered, symmetric structures. This liquid-based template can be dynamically reconfigured in a few seconds (< 5 s), and the assembly on the template can be achieved in a scalable and parallel manner. We illustrate broad applicability of this approach by assembling diverse materials sized from 10 μm to 2 mm including soft matter, rigid bodies, mammalian cells, cell spheroids and cell-seeded microcarrier beads into structures ranging in area from 100 mm2 to 10,000 mm2. In addition, we show that the assembled structures can be immobilized by chemical- and photo-crosslinking for the subsequent applications.
Dimensional reduction in II-VI materials: A2Cd3Q4 (A = K, Q = S, Se, Te; A = Rb, Q = S, Se), novel ternary low-dimensional cadmium chalcogenides produced by incorporation of A2Q in CdQ

The synthesis of the isomorphous, layered chalcogenides K2Cd3S4 (I), Rb2Cd3S4 (II), K2Cd3Se4 (III), Rb2Cd3Se4 (IV), and K2Cd3Te4 (V) in molten A2Qx fluxes in reported (A = K, Rb; Q = S, Se, Te; x = 2 to 3). The compounds form as (Cd3Q4) layers interspersed with A + cations; the layers are composed of Cd3Q2−4 units shaped as truncated cubes. The compounds have room-temperature band gaps of 2.75, 2.92, 2.36, 2.37, and 2.26 eV for I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively, and also display strong photoluminescence. The thermal analysis data for all compounds are reported. The properties of these compounds are compared with those of the three-dimensional compounds CdS, CdSe, and CdTe, as well as those of the nanometer-sized CdQ clusters. A conceptual context is presented to connect all these different types of compounds.
Understanding well performance with surveillance data

Abstract This study presents an inception-to-maturity data acquisition philosophy and deriving value from such surveillance. Specifically, translating wellhead pressures (WHP) to bottomhole pressures (BHP) allowed many reservoir-engineering calculations during the flow period. While conversion of WHP to BHP proved feasible during a flow test, measurements showed that shut-in tests do not lend themselves for such treatment because of rapid heat dissipation of a low-heat-capacity fluid, such as gas. Therefore, we relied upon flow-after-flow (FAF) tests that were embedded in monthly variable-rate production measurements to obtain average reservoir pressure and absolute open-flow potential. These average pressures enriched those that were obtained with downhole gauges from shut-in tests for the material-balance analysis. The resultant time-dependent inflow–performance relationship (IPR) and absolute-open-flow potential helped understand well performance. Indeed, evolution of declining IPR slope led to the identification of gradual wellbore blockage in one of the wells completed openhole. Downhole video recording confirmed mechanical issues in two openhole completions. Production logging showed preferential flow from the upper section of the thick carbonate interval in two wells. However, residual doubts remained about possible flow up the annulus in the openhole/slotted liner completions. Analytic modeling confirmed that the notion of preferential flow up the annulus is untenable.
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of L-lactate dehydrogenase and its H171C mutant from Bacillus subtilis.

l-Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an important enzyme involved in the last step of glycolysis that catalyzes the reversible conversion of pyruvate to l-lactate with the simultaneous oxidation of NADH to NAD+. In this study, wild-type LDH from Bacillus subtilis (BsLDH-WT) and the H171C mutant (BsLDH-H171C) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to near-homogeneity. BsLDH-WT was crystallized in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) and NAD+ and the crystal diffracted to 2.38 A resolution. The crystal belonged to space group P3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 171.04, c = 96.27 A. BsLDH-H171C was also crystallized as the apoenzyme and in complex with NAD+, and data sets were collected to 2.20 and 2.49 A resolution, respectively. Both BsLDH-H171C crystals belonged to space group P3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 133.41, c = 99.34 A and a = b = 133.43, c = 99.09 A, respectively. Tetramers were observed in the asymmetric units of all three crystals.
Segregation of Cementite from Austenite

THE formation of new phases in alloys by precipitation from solid solutions has recently been studied extensively.1 These studies have given experimental evidence indicating that when a precipitate forms as plates within a crystalline grain, the crystallographic plane to which the plate lies parallel is determined, not only by the lattice structure of the parent solid solution, but also by the lattice structure of the precipitate.
Nitrogen exchange between a southeastern USA salt marsh ecosystem and the coastal ocean

The salt marsh ecosystem at North Inlet, South Carolina, USA consistently exported dissolved inorganic nitrogen via tidal exchange with the coastal Atlantic Ocean. Concentrations centrations of NH 4 + and NO 3 - +NO 2 - displayed distinct tidal patterns with rising values during ebb flow. These patterns suggest the importance of biogeochemical processes in the flux of material from the salt marsh. NH 4 + export peaked during the summer (15 to 20 mg m-2 tide-1) during a net balance of tidal water exchange. Remineralization of NH 4 + within the salt marsh system appears to be contributing to the estimated annual net export of bout 4.7 g NH 4 + -N m-2 yr-1. NO 3 - +NO 2 - exports were higher in the fall and winter of 1979 (2 to 4 mg N m-2 tide-1). The winter export coincided with a considerable net export of water with no distinctive concentration patterns, suggesting a simple advective export. However, the fall peak of NO 3 - +NO 2 - export occurred during a period of net water balance in tidal exchange and an insignificant freshwater input from the western, forested boundary. During the summer and fall, tidal concentration patterns were particularly apparent, suggesting that nitrification within the salt marsh system was contributing to the estimated annual net export of ca 0.6 g NO 3 - +NO 2 - -N m-2 yr-1.
The accuracy of bedside neurological diagnoses

The accuracy of bedside diagnoses was prospectively studied in 100 consecutive patients admitted to the neurology service at New England Medical Center, Boston. Each patient was evaluated independently by a junior resident, a senior resident, and a staff neurologist, who were required to make an anatomical and etiological diagnosis based solely on the history and physical examination. Fourteen patients were excluded because their diagnoses were known before admission. Of the remaining 86 patients, it was possible to confirm anatomical and etiological diagnoses in 40 by matching the clinical syndromes with highly specific laboratory findings. In the other 46 patients, the diagnoses could not be confirmed because the laboratory studies (including magnetic resonance imaging) were negative or nondiagnostic. In the 40 patients with laboratory confirmed final diagnoses, the clinical diagnoses of the junior residents, senior residents, and staff neurologists were correct in 26 (65%), 30 (75%), and 31 (77%), respectively. There was a trend for error rates to be higher among junior residents than staff (p = 0.06). The errors by the junior residents, [senior residents], (staff) were attributed to incomplete history and examination in 4 [1] (0), inadequate fund of knowledge in 4 [3] (3), and poor diagnostic reasoning in 6 [6] (6). These results indicate that technology is not a panacea for our diagnostic difficulties and that there is room for improvement in our clinical skills, especially diagnostic reasoning.
Residues at P2-P1 positions of epsilon- and zeta-cleavage sites are important in formation of beta-amyloid peptide.

Abstract Most of the Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), which cause abnormal production of β-amyloid (Aβ), are localized at the major β-secretase-and γ-secretase cleavage sites. In this study, using an APP-knockout mouse neuronal cell line, our data demonstrated that at the P2-P1 positions of the ɛ-cleavage site at Aβ49 and the ζ-cleavage site at Aβ46, aromatic amino acids caused a strong reduction in total Aβ. On the other hand, residues with a long side chain caused a decrease in Aβ40 and a concomitant increase in Aβ42 and Aβ38. These findings indicate that the structures of the substituting residues at these key positions strongly determine the efficiency and preference of γ-secretase-mediated APP processing, which determines the ratio of different secreted Aβ species, a crucial factor in the disease development. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of γ-secretase-mediated APP processing and, specifically, into why most AD-linked APP mutations are localized at major γ-secretase cleavage sites. This information may contribute to the development of methods of prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease aimed at modulating γ-secretase activity.
Computed tomographic angiography has added value in patients with vascular disease.

Objective Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) has the potential to detect unsuspected extravascular pathology in patients with vascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of unexpected findings, additional associated costs, and alterations in treatment in vascular patients undergoing CTA. Methods During a recent 15-month period, 350 subjects (207 men, 143 women; mean age of 66 ± 14 years) underwent CTA for evaluation of aortic aneurysms (43%), lower extremity occlusive disease (33%), renal artery disease (17%), or aortic graft infection (7%). Unexpected CTA findings were categorized as incidental , clinically important but probably benign , or possibly serious . Medical records were reviewed to determine the outcome of additional testing and to identify alterations in treatment plans. Results Of the 163 subjects (47%) with positive findings, 95 (27%) were categorized as incidental, 27 (8%) as probably benign, and 41 (12%) as potentially serious. Additional tests were required in 57 subjects (15%) to confirm these results. Seventeen (5%) of the 350 original subjects were ultimately considered to have life-threatening pathology found on CTA, but 11 of these were lost to follow-up. Significant alterations in treatment plan occurred in the six patients with life-threatening pathology and in one other patient with benign disease. Conclusions These data suggest that unexpected CTA findings are common in vascular patients. Although few prove to be serious, treatment delays associated with evaluation of benign lesions are modest. Of major concern, one fourth of patients with potentially serious lesions did not undergo further evaluation in this study. Vascular surgeons need to ensure adequate follow-up for their patients with potentially serious extravascular lesions.
Performance of a pickax

Single and multiple impact tests were conducted with a commerically available 3.58 kg pickax with a 60° conical tip and a 30° wedge tip in the input energy range from 1.01 to 59.4 J. Five target materials were employed: (1) 2024-0 aluminum, (2) diorite, (3) sandstone, (4) cement-sand, and (5) green shale. Force and penetration data were collected using strain gages and a non-contact displacement probe. It was found that when the impact process involves cracking and chipping, the maximum penetration was linearly proportional to the input energy and the forcepenetration relation exhibited non-linear characteristics. When the impact process does not involve cracking or chipping, the penetration was related to the square root of the input energy and the force-penetration relation exhibited a nearly linear relation. Thus, empirical models involving a linear spring resistive force or a constant resistive force were found to reasonably describe the penetration and input energy data. In addition, an analytical model involving a pickax mass inertia term and a piecewise linearized force-penetration function was constructed that portrayed the force and penetration histories. Good results were obtained for both conicaland wedge-tip cases. From the multiple impact tests it was found that the efficiency of the pickax operation decreases by about 50 to 60 percent after ten impacts, suggesting that the impact point be moved in order to obtain an improved performance.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF COMBINED TREATMENT WITH RMGM-CSF AND PEG-RHUMGDF IN MURINE BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

We have studied the potential of combination growth factor treatment with GM-CSF and megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) to stimulate hematopoietic recovery in mice following bone marrow transplantation. More rapid recovery of neutrophils occurred in mice treated with recombinant murine (rm)GM-CSF plus pegylated recombinant human (PEG-rHu)MGDF than carrier treated controls, however this recovery was equivalent to the effect of treatment with rmGM-CSF alone. PEG-rHuMGDF stimulated a more rapid recovery of platelets with no effect on neutrophil recovery. At the two tested doses of rmGM-CSF (72 and 200 μg/kg/day) the platelet recovery was inferior to that in carrier treated mice. Also, the addition of rmGM-CSF to PEG-rHuMGDF had a dose-related negative impact on platelet recovery compared to PEG-rHuMGDF alone. These data suggest that the use of combination therapy in some clinical indications may lead to unexpected results. Furthermore, careful dosage studies may be necessary to identify the full potential of combined growth factors to obtain additive or synergistic effects on multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution in vivo.
Dietary salt and hypertension: new molecular targets add more spice

blood pressure (BP) is timely controlled by several mechanisms. The neural and hormonal mechanisms react within seconds or minutes to change the diameter of the blood vessels and vascular resistance. The renal mechanisms react within hours or days and restore BP mainly by controlling the plasma
A Geometric Analysis of Light Field Rendering

Recently, many image-based modeling and rendering techniques have been successfully designed to render photo-realistic images without the need for explicit 3D geometry. However, these techniques (e.g., light field rendering (Levoy, M. and Hanrahan, P., 1996. In SIGGRAPH 1996 Conference Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, Aug. 1996, pp. 31–42) and Lumigraph (Gortler, S.J., Grzeszczuk, R., Szeliski, R., and Cohen, M.F., 1996. In SIGGRAPH 1996 Conference Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, Aug. 1996, pp. 43–54)) may require a substantial number of images. In this paper, we adopt a geometric approach to investigate the minimum sampling problem for light field rendering, with and without geometry information of the scene. Our key observation is that anti-aliased light field rendering is equivalent to eliminating the “double image” artifacts caused by view interpolation. Specifically, we present a closed-form solution of the minimum sampling rate for light field rendering. The minimum sampling rate is determined by the resolution of the camera and the depth variation of the scene. This rate is ensured if the optimal constant depth for rendering is chosen as the harmonic mean of the maximum and minimum depths of the scene. Moreover, we construct the minimum sampling curve in the joint geometry and image space, with the consideration of depth discontinuity. The minimum sampling curve quantitatively indicates how reduced geometry information can be compensated by increasing the number of images, and vice versa. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical analysis.
Identification of interreflection in color images using a physics-based reflection model

An algorithm that identifies interreflection by using chromatic information in color images is presented. Several experimental results from test images show that the proposed method could play the role of an added enhancement stage in the segmentation method using the dichromatic reflection model, and could be an independent identification scheme by itself. The algorithm does not consider multiple bounces of light and deals with body-to-body interreflection only. This model must be combined with other intrinsic models of surface properties such as metals which exhibit strong surface reflection but not body reflection. >
The influence of surface tension on cavitating flow past a curved obstacle

The problem of cavitating flow past a two-dimensional curved obstacle is considered. Surface tension is included in the dynamic boundary condition. A perturbation solution for small values of the surface tension is presented. It is found that the position of the separation points is uniquely determined by specifying the value of the Weber number and the contact angle at the separation points. In addition, for a given value of the Weber number there exists a particular position of the separation points for which the slope is continuous. This solution tends to the classical solution satisfying the Brillouin–Villat condition as the surface tension tends to zero. Graphs of the results for the cavitating flow past a circular cylinder are presented.
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Breath-Activated Nebulizer in Patients with Exacerbation of COPD

BACKGROUND: Exacerbations of COPD (ECOPD) are characterized by increased dyspnea due to dynamic pulmonary hyperinflation. This study sought to determine whether the AeroEclipse II breath-activated nebulizer (BAN) would produce greater bronchodilator responses than a continuous flow small-volume nebulizer (SVN) in patients with ECOPD. METHODS: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Forty patients with ECOPD were recruited to participate in the trial. The primary study outcomes were inspiratory capacity (IC) and dyspnea via the Borg scale. Subjects were randomized to receive bronchodilator from either a BAN or a continuous flow SVN. Subjects in both groups received 2.5 mg albuterol sulfate and 0.5 mg ipratropium bromide by nebulizer every 4 hours, and 2.5 mg albuterol every 2 hours as needed. Approximately 2 hours after the subject9s 6th scheduled nebulizer treatment, IC, dyspnea, and respiratory frequency measurements were repeated. RESULTS: Both groups received an equal number of nebulizer treatments over the study period (BAN 6.25 ± 0.55, control 6.2 ± 0.7, P = .80). Following completion of the study protocol the BAN group had a higher IC than the SVN group (1.83 ± 0.65 L vs 1.42 ± 0.49 L, P = .03, respectively). The change in IC was higher in the BAN group (0.33 ± 0.31 L than in the SVN group (0.15 ± 0.19 L, P = .03). The BAN group also had a lower respiratory rate (19 ± 3.3 breaths/min vs 22 ± 5.3 breaths/min, P = .03, respectively). There was no difference in resting dyspnea as measured with the Borg scale (BAN 3.3 ± 2.1, SVN 3.5 ± 2.4, P = .69) or stay (BAN 4.6 ± 2.6 d, SVN 5.7 ± 2.8 d, P = .21). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients with ECOPD, a BAN was more effective in reducing lung hyperinflation and respiratory frequency than a continuous-flow SVN.
The impact of surgical resident participation in breast reduction surgery--outcome analysis from the 2005-2011 ACS-NSQIP datasets.

Breast reduction surgery is a common and effective surgical technique for treating symptomatic macromastia. There is limited data on the impact of resident involvement on outcomes. This study uses the ACS-NSQIP datasets to assess the impact of surgical resident participation in breast reduction surgery. This study reviewed the 2005-2011 ACS-NSQIP databases identifying primary encounters for reduction mammaplasty with CPT code "19318". It characterised surgical complications into three groups: any, major, and wound complications. Propensity scoring and matched analysis were used to account for non-randomised assignment. In total, 4328 patients underwent reduction mammoplasty during the study period. Resident participation was identified in 56.3% of cases. Logistic regression analysis determined the following factors independently associated with resident participation: class II obesity (OR = 0.73, p 2 SD) was associated with any (OR = 3.3, p = 0.039) and wound (OR = 10.2, p = 0.028) complications. A separate logistic regression analysis of the unmatched cohort using stratified PGY experience demonstrated that junior PGY was most highly associated with any (OR = 1.93, p = 0.013), major (OR = 2.4, p = 0.034), and wound (OR = 1.9, p = 0.04) complications. Resident participation was associated with added risk of surgical morbidity, and PGY experience was inversely related to risk of surgical complications in breast reduction surgery.
Practical chaotic mixing

We present experimental and computational analyses of three-dimensional chaotic laminar mixing in one of the most widely utilized mixing devices, the stirred tank. We 7nd that 98% of the power expended in mechanical stirring produces no detectable mixing at all, and in fact convective mixing is generated solely by tiny perturbations to a dominant non-chaotic :ow. By analyzing the role of these perturbations, dramatic improvements in performance are easily achieved: for example, minor judicious, changes in agitator design produce order of magnitude improvements in mixing e>ectiveness. ? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stroring Shortest Paths for a Polyhedron

We present a new scheme for storing shortest path information for a polyhedron. This scheme is obtained with a new observation on the properties of shortest path information of a polyhedron. Our scheme separates in a clear sense the problem of finding shortest paths and the problem of storing the shortest path information for retrieval. A tradeoff between time complexity O(d log n/log d) and space complexity O(n log n/log d) is obtained, where d is an adjustable parameter. When d tends to infinity space complexity of o(n log n) can be achieved at the expense of increased time complexity.
Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Progressing to Brain Death in a Pediatric Patient with Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Infection

We report a case of encephalopathy progressing to brain death in a pediatric patient with confirmed infection with novel influenza H1N1. Although neurologic dysfunction associated with H1N1 has been described, we believe this to be the first published report of brain death associated with H1N1 infection.
Surface wave mode reduction for rectangular microstrip antennas

The authors design a rectangular patch antenna operating at f=23 GHz (K-band), with a dielectric constant of /spl epsiv//sub r/=10.8 and thickness of h=25 mils, with a suppressed TMo surface wave mode. Since for the given substrate, higher order modes exist at frequencies above 40 GHz, only the dominant mode needs to be eliminated.
Stat3 is tyrosine-phosphorylated through the interleukin-6/glycoprotein 130/Janus kinase pathway in breast cancer

Introduction Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated in approximately 50% of primary breast carcinomas. A number of different mechanisms responsible for Stat3 activation, including abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, Src, and Janus kinases (Jaks), have been implicated in breast cancer.
An all implanted self-aligned enhancement mode n-JFET with Zn gates for GaAs digital applications

An all implanted self-aligned n-channel JFET fabrication process is described where Zn implantation is used to form the p/sup +/ gate region. A refractory metal (W) gate contact is used to allow subsequent high temperature activation of the self-aligned Si source and drain implant. 0.7 /spl mu/m JFET's have a maximum transconductance of 170 mS/mm with a saturation current of 100 mA/mm at a gate bias of 0.9 V. The p/sup +//n homojunction gate has a turn on voltage of 0.95 V at a current of 1 mA/mm. The drain-source breakdown voltage is 6.5 V. Microwave measurements made at a gate bias of 1 V show an f/sub t/ of 19 GHz with an f/sub max/ of 36 GHz. These devices show promise for incorporation in both DCFL and complementary logic circuits. >
Dynamic mutation testing in integrated regression analysis

A new method of integrated regression analysis is proposed. Its core is the clustering, a method for automatic identification of program modifications. Clustering is used to formulate a hypothesis about the existence of a fault in the modified program, and to guide the process of testing this hypothesis. It is postulated that static and dynamic program analysis be used for that purpose. Specifically, the authors introduce dynamic mutation testing (DMT), an experimental technique for testing the fault hypothesis. DMT estimates the sensitivity of the test-induced program state to reveal the postulated fault in the modified program. If all tests pass and are found to have a high sensitivity, the fault hypothesis can be rejected at a high level of confidence. >
INTRODUCTION: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES AFFECTING PRE- AND POSTRETIREMENT AMONG COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY FACULTY

ABSTRACT The aging of college and university faculties mirrors general demographic trends in the United States (Administration on Aging, 2003). It also presents unique issues and challenges that reflect the work and retirement patterns of professors and the nature of academe itself (TIAA-CREF Institute, 2004). There have been major economic and policy changes of the past decade, including the uncapping or elimination of the mandatory retirement age for professors, the erosion of financial support for many public institutions of higher education, the use of more part-time and contract faculty, and the soaring costs of health care. These have all impacted college and university faculty and the institutions that they serve. This theme issue addresses the impact of some of those trends, and offers possible solutions to the complex issues that they raise.
COMMUNITY JUSTICE: SIX CHALLENGES

Change is happening in criminal justice and even more broadly across the public policy landscape. Government is no longer seen as the only answer to pressing social problems, yet some form of collective action is clearly necessary. Turning from the state, public pol­ icy is increasingly invoking the community. In criminal justice, the prefix is ubiquitous: community crime prevention, community policing, community prosecution, communi­ ty courts, community corrections, communityjustice (for a review of these developments, see Karp, 1998). This article examines the role of the community in preventing crime and promotingjustice.
Transcriptome Analysis of NF-κB- and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Regulated Genes in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Monocytes

Human cytomegalovirus induces a proinflammatory monocyte following infection, and we have evidence that NF-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI(3)K] are key mediators in this early activation. To begin to address how these signaling pathways are responsible for the rapid activation of infected monocytes, we examined the role that these pathways played in the transcriptome of infected monocytes. Global transcriptional profiling using cDNA microarrays revealed that a significant number of genes, including inflammatory genes, were regulated in an NF-kappaB- and/or PI(3)K-dependent manner, identifying the NF-kappaB and PI(3)K pathways as key cellular control points in the conversion of monocytes to an activated proinflammatory state following HCMV infection.
The Need for Meaning Following Disaster Attributions and Emotional Upset

Child victims of a lightning strike were interviewed to assess their attributions for the incident and to judge the degree of their emotional upset and symptomatology following the tragedy. Those who made any attribution were significantly more upset than those who made no attribution for the incident. Anecdotal data suggest that self-blaming attributions were made by those adults who, by virtue of their roles, had an opportunity to feel more responsibility for the incident; and these were the adults who seemed most emotionally upset (symptomatic) after the incident. The results have importance for the concept of "need for meaning" and for the issue of "when do people make attributions?"
Crosstalk between BRCA‐Fanconi anemia and mismatch repair pathways prevents MSH2‐dependent aberrant DNA damage responses

Several proteins in the BRCA-Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, such as FANCJ, BRCA1, and FANCD2, interact with mismatch repair (MMR) pathway factors, but the significance of this link remains unknown. Unlike the BRCA-FA pathway, the MMR pathway is not essential for cells to survive toxic DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), although MMR proteins bind ICLs and other DNA structures that form at stalled replication forks. We hypothesized that MMR proteins corrupt ICL repair in cells that lack crosstalk between BRCA-FA and MMR pathways. Here, we show that ICL sensitivity of cells lacking the interaction between FANCJ and the MMR protein MLH1 is suppressed by depletion of the upstream mismatch recognition factor MSH2. MSH2 depletion suppresses an aberrant DNA damage response, restores cell cycle progression, and promotes ICL resistance through a Rad18-dependent mechanism. MSH2 depletion also suppresses ICL sensitivity in cells deficient for BRCA1 or FANCD2, but not FANCA. Rescue by Msh2 loss was confirmed in Fancd2-null primary mouse cells. Thus, we propose that regulation of MSH2-dependent DNA damage response underlies the importance of interactions between BRCA-FA and MMR pathways.
Influences of Early Life Experiences on the Generative Leadership Roles of Four Female Professors of Educational Leadership

This study examined the influences of early life experiences on the development of leadership in four female professors of educational leadership. The findings of this naturalistic study suggest that early influences related to achievement, affiliation, and power are precursors of generativity on the part of these leaders. Understanding self as leader through reflection and critical examination can provide insight into those early experiences that can help girls and young women develop their leadership capacity. The authors conclude with a discussion of implications for leadership preparation and further research.
Design and feasibility study of combined heat and power systems integrated with heat pump

This paper presents the design and feasibility analysis of a combined heat and power system integrated with a residential heat pump (CHP-HP). The proposed CHP-HP model consists of a power generation unit (PGU) driving a heat pump and a heat recovery system for the PGU used to offset the heat pump heating load and the domestic water heating requirements. The proposed system is evaluated for a single family residential building in ten different U.S. locations representing different climate zones. The performance of the proposed system is compared to the performance of conventional systems in the same locations. Two parameters, the electrical power ratio (PRelec.) and the electricity to fuel cost ratio (EFCR), are used to investigate the effect of the electricity consumed by the auxiliary heater and energy prices on the CHP-HP operation. Results show that the proposed CHP-HP system can be effective in cold climate zones by supplementing the auxiliary heater energy consumption with the recovered waste heat from the PGU.
Characterization and Physiological Role of a Bacterial-Like Mechanosensitive Channel in Trypanosoma Cruzi Osmoregulation

In order to complete its life cycle, Trypanosoma cruzi-the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease- faces various environmental changes as it propagates from an insect vector to a mammalian host. Previous studies have shown that T. cruzi has a robust osmoregulatory response, however the osmosensors involved in the detection and compensation pathways have not been identified. Mechanosensitive channels, which are activated by a stretch of the plasma membrane, have been associated with sensing of environmental changes in other organisms, but the function of these channels in T. cruzi is still unknown. In silico analysis of T. cruzi genome reveals the presence of mechanosensitive channels similar to the ones described in bacteria.We hypothesize that a bacterial-like mechanosensitive channel, TcMcS, is involved in osmoregulatory processes in T. cruzi.Overexpressing mutants using a tetracycline inducible system were developed to investigate the role of TcMcS in T. cruzi osmoregulation. Knockout mutants mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 were generated to test the essentiality of the protein. The localization and expression pattern of TcMcS varied in the three main life stages of T. cruzi. TcMcS seems to be localized in the contractile vacuole of epimastigote and trypomastigote forms, and in the plasma membrane of intracellular amastigote forms.Under hyposmotic stress, cells overexpressing TcMcS swell significantly less than wild- type parasites. Under EGTA treatment, this advantage was eliminated, suggesting that calcium plays a role in the osmoregulatory response. Known mechanosensitive channel blockers, including gadolinium and streptomycin, were found to elicit significant differences in the parasite's ability to detect and compensate for the osmotic stress. Overall, our results support the idea that TcMcS is involved in sensing and compensation of osmotic stress in T. cruzi.Funding: NIH Grant R00AI101167, CSUF MHIRT Program, CSUF HHMI.
Preservation at subzero temperatures of mouse fibroblasts (strain L) and human epithelial cells (strain HeLa).

SummaryMouse fibroblasts of strain L (Earle) and human epithelial cells of strain HeLa (Gey) have been preserved successfully at −60° to −70°C for 6 and 7 months, respectively. Glycerol in the suspending liquid greatly increased the percentage of surviving cells. Solutions of glycerol (5% for strain L and 20% or 30% for strain HeLa) in a solution for maintenance of animal cells (MS), in balanced salt solution, or in serum (horse serum for strain L cells, adult human serum for strain HeLa cells), were of approximately equal value for the periods of preservation studied. The cells survived storage poorly at −60° to −70°C when suspended in undiluted serum or in 5% dextrose in water. Strain L cells were preserved in slightly greater numbers after freezing over a period of 1–1.5 hours than after freezing in 3-5 minutes; strain HeLa cells survived both freezing procedures equally well. Better preservation of both cell types resulted from storage at −60° to −70°C than at −20°C, and from thawing in 1–2 min. rathe...
Suppression of blinking and enhanced exciton emission from individual carbon nanotubes.

Blinking and spectral diffusion are hallmarks of nanoscale light emitters and a challenge for creating stable fluorescent biomarkers or efficient nonclassical light sources. Here, we demonstrate suppression of blinking and spectral diffusion of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes by manipulation of their dielectric environment, resulting in 5-fold enhanced light emission. In addition, it was found that the characteristic slopes of the blinking power laws are largely independent of the dielectric environment in the limit of a large number of switching events. In contrast, the on/off ratio determined from statistical occurrence analysis is found to be improved by 3 orders of magnitude toward the on state, making the on/off ratio an important measure for charge transfer from/into the local dielectric environment of a quantum emitter. Furthermore, our approach is compatible with integration into cavities, in contrast to previous demonstrations of spectral diffusion suppression achieved in free-standing si...
The Interaction of Signal Word and Color on Warning Labels: Differences in Perceived Hazard:

Previous research has examined the connoted hazard of various colors and signal words separately. The purpose of the present research was to examine the interaction of signal words and colors. A sample of 30 undergraduates rated the perceived hazard of 105 signal word/color combinations printed in specific hazard colors. of the colors used, red conveyed the highest level of perceived hazard followed by orange, black, green, and blue. There were significant differences among the signal words which were grouped into three different hazard level categories. High hazard words conveyed significantly more hazard than moderate and low hazard words. Likewise, moderate hazard words conveyed significantly more hazard than low hazard word group. More importantly, however, it was noted that a signal word such as DEADLY connoted less hazard when printed in green than red ink. Implications for warning design are discussed.
Iterative stereospecific reagent-controlled homologation using a functionalized α-chloroalkyllithium: synthesis of cyclic targets related to epibatidine.

Enantioenriched 1-chloro-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyllithium was generated by PhLi initiated sulfoxide-ligand exchange and deployed in situ for sequential double stereospecific reagent-controlled homologation (StReCH) of B-(2-chloro-pyrid-5-yl) pinacol boronate. This process afforded highly functionalized contiguous stereodiad motifs (typically, % ee ≥ 98%, dr ≥ 85:15) amenable to subsequent annulative transformations as demonstrated by the concise synthesis (5−7 steps) of cyclic adducts related to the analgesic alkaloid epibatidine.