cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The FACTS about women and pre-exposure prophylaxis

The Editorial in the April issue, Antiretroival gels: facing the FACTS, describes the HIV community’s collective disappointment regarding the FACTS trial’s negative results. However, the conclusions that gels are not “practically feasible” and vaginal rings may be the “usable prevention strategy” that women need is misguided. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is more promising than ever for women: the HPTN 067 ADAPT trial and Partners PrEP Demonstration Project, both presented at the same conference as FACTS, confirmed that women want HIV prevention methods and adhere to daily oral dosing, especially when openlabel products known to be eff ective are used. What is needed next is diversifi cation of prevention methods and implementation strategies responsive to the contexts of women’s lives. Why did women in FACTS and some other HIV prevention trials not use study drugs? Research with unproven products, placebo arms, and blinding coupled with stigma around PrEP use may contribute. An ecological model of social determinants of health provides additional explanations. When considering the individual, social, cultural, economic and environmental factors that eff ect a woman’s risk of HIV, a simple switch from gels to rings cannot circumvent the powerful forces at play. No single intervention can take on the complex factors leading women to disproportionately carry the HIV burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Rather, various prevention choices and multipronged interventions addressing social determinants are needed to promote every woman’s agency in managing her sexual and reproductive health.
Automatic design of machining fixtures: Conceptual design

Fixtures are used in many manufacturing operations. Owing to the great variety of parts and manufacturing operations, parts may have different sets of fixturing requirements and call for different design strategies. Although there are numerous possibilities for fixture designs, a few basic configurations are clearly identifiable. Based on the belief that it would be more promising to develop one design strategy for each type of fixture than to attempt to develop a general strategy for all types of fixtures, a three-stage design process has been proposed for automatic design of fixtures: conceptual, configuration, and detail design. This paper focuses on the conceptual design stage. A methodology is presented by which the part shape, part features, and cutting force field are analysed to generate conceptual designs of fixtures.
A case report demonstrating the efficacy of a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral therapy approach for treating anxiety, depression, and problematic eating in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Despite elevated prevalence of anxiety and depression among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), there is a dearth of evidence-based psychotherapies to treat mood-related symptoms among this population. This case report describes the efficacy of The PCOS Workbook in treating symptoms of anxiety, depression, and problematic eating in a 19-year-old female previously diagnosed with PCOS. Using the cognitive-behavioral framework presented in the workbook, the participant experienced a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety, depression, problematic eating, and general psychosocial dysfunction while simultaneously losing a significant amount of weight during treatment. Six months after the termination of treatment, the participant maintained several improvements in psychological functioning, although she did report a resumption of problematic eating and experience weight regain. These findings provide initial empirical support for the efficacy of this manualized psychotherapy at improving psychosocial functioning in women with PCOS. Recommendations on ways to best utilize this resource and enhance its long-term efficacy, particularly when intervening for problematic eating, are also discussed.
52.4: Highly Efficient Phosphorescent OLED Lighting Panels for Solid State Lighting

We present a 15 cm × 15 cm PHOLEDTM lighting panel that operates with 50 lm/W efficacy, CRI = 87, CCT = 3055 K and lifetime to LT70 ≅ 10,000 hrs at 1,000 cd/m2. We also present a panel with 58 lm/W efficacy, CRI = 86 and CCT = 2790 K at 1,000 cd/m2, and a small-area lighting pixel with 109 lm/W efficacy, CRI = 80, CCT = 3295 K and lifetime to LT70 ≅ 15,000 hrs at 1,000 cd/m2. A highly stable light blue phosphorescent host-emitter system is used to reduce power consumption, extend operational lifetime and demonstrate exceptional emission color stability with aging.
Correlates of the JAS type A behavior pattern score

Abstract The Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), a self-administered and machine-scored questionnaire designed to assess the Type A behavior pattern described by Rosenman and Friedman, was included in an industry-based CHD risk factor screening program in the Chicago area. Data on 4108 white persons age 25–64 yr, categorized into four sex age groups, have been analyzed to investigate the relationship of the JAS Type A score to sex, age, socio-economic status (SES), CHD risk factors, prevalence of myocardial infarction, and compliance with recommendation to obtain followup medical evaluation. The following results were obtained. 1. 1. The Type A score is positively correlated with SES in all four sex age groups. 2. 2. After controlling SES, men do not differ significantly in mean Type A score from women, but both men and women age 45–64 yr have lower mean Type A scores than men and women age 25–44 yr. 3. 3. The number of cigarettes smoked per day is positively correlated with Type A score in men and younger women, but the magnitude of the correlation is very small. 4. 4. Prevalence of high blood pressure, defined as having elevated pressure or being treated medically for high blood pressure, is unrelated to Type A score in men and younger women but positively related in middle-age women after controlling for age, relative weight, and SES. 5. 5. The Type A score is weakly related to prevalence of hypercholesterolemia only in the total group of men age 25–44 yr; it is unrelated in older men and in women. Among persons not under medical treatment for CHD risk factors and without evidence of myocardial infarction, the Type A score is unrelated to concentration of serum cholesterol. 6. 6. The Type A score is unrelated to level of serum uric acid, plasma glucose after challenge, or relative weight. 7. 7. Compliance with a recommendation to obtain medical evaluation of suspect screening test results is unrelated to Type A score. 8. 8. Prevalence of myocardial infarction, as evidenced by Q-waves on the ECG or by history of physician-diagnosed heart attack, is positively related in middle-age men to Type A score after taking age, diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking into account.
METRADISC-XL

A comprehensive software for performing meta-analysis of ranked discovery oriented datasets, such as those derived from microarrays or other high throughput technologies, and for testing between-study heterogeneity for biological variables (gene expression, microRNA, proteomic, or other high-dimensional data) is presented. The software can identify biological probes that have either very high average ranks (e.g. consistently over-expressed genes) or very low average ranks (e.g. consistently under-expressed genes). The program tests each probe's average rank and the between-study heterogeneity of the study-specific ranks. Furthermore, it performs heterogeneity analyses restricted to probes with similar average ranks. The program allows both unweighted and weighted analysis. Statistical inferences are based on Monte Carlo permutation tests.
Education in sexuality for nurses

While the significant impact of disability and chronic illness on sexual functioning has been identified, education in sexuality for nursing staff is difficult to find in the literature. Given that many nursing professionals may not have received sufficient education in sexuality from formal curricula, the need for continuing education formats in sexuality is especially salient. This paper discusses the rationale for such programs, and presents a general format that has been carried out as a one- to two-day continuing education workshop.
Schools, neighborhoods, and adolescent conflicts: A situational examination of reciprocal dynamics

Youths' exposure to school violence is ecologically patterned, occurring disproportionately in public schools located in urban disadvantaged communities. We know less, however, about how situational processes and environmental contexts shape school violence. In addition, limited research has examined the reciprocal nature of school and neighborhood conflicts. Here we draw from a qualitative study of violence in the lives of African American youths from a disadvantaged inner‐city community to examine young men's experiences with school‐based violence. Specifically, we investigate two questions: (1) how conflicts are shaped by the school setting, and (2) how and when such conflicts unfold and spill over between neighborhoods and schools. Our findings highlight the importance of examining the situational and ecological contexts of youth violence to further illuminate its causes and consequences.
Specific Reading Disability in Historically Famous Persons

Apres avoir rappele les principaux aspects cognitifs, biologiques et neuro-psychologiques de la dyslexie, les auteurs examinent leur presence chez quatre personnages celebres qu'on a decrits comme dyslexiques: Thomas Alva Edison, Woodrow Wilson, Hano Christian Andersen et Leonard de Vinci
MPEG-4/XML FGS Approach for Multicast Video Synchronization

The use of XML video representation to handle the video synchronization problem in a layered video multicast system is investigated in this research. MPEG-4/XML was proposed in our previous work. In this work, we first propose an XML scheme to describe the MPEG-4 FGS content. The resulting MPEG-4/XML FGS format is specifically designed for a layered multicast streaming environment. The use of XML tags allows a user to access video contents with more flexibility at the cost of a small overhead in the transmitted file size. The raw XML file can be efficiently compressed to result in a small coded XML file. It is demonstrated that the difficult resynchronization problem in layered video multicast can be effectively dealt with the MPEG-4/XML format.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE ENERGY-DEPENDENT SINGLE NUCLEON POTENTIAL IN A RELATIVISTIC FIELD THEORY OF NUCLEAR MATTER

Abstract The energy-dependent single nucleon potential of symmetric nuclear matter in a quantum field model is studied. The results are compared to experiments and predictions of the nonrelativistic mass-operator theory. Meson exchange contributions are discussed.
Consciousness and the superfunctionality claim

The superfunctionality claim is that phenomenal experiences are more than functional (objective, causal) relations. This is one of the most widely used but least attacked claims in the anti-physicalist literature on consciousness. Coupled with one form of structuralism, the view that science only explains functional relations, the superfunctionality claim entails that science will not explain phenomenal experience. The claim is therefore essential to many anti-physicalist arguments. I identify an open question argument for the superfunctionality claim that expresses an intuition deserving of explanation. Using the experience of fear as an example, I show that this intuition cannot distinguish between whether conscious experiences are more than functional relations, or whether instead they are just very complex (including, constituted by very complex functional relations). I give reasons to suspect that the latter is more likely the case. This renders physicalism safe from the superfunctionality claim. This also provides a challenge to the proponents of the superfunctionality claim: they should explain why paradigmatically mysterious phenomenal experiences are correlated with extensive and complex physical correlates.
Segmentation of images for gingival growth measurement

The ability to measure gingival volume growth from dental casts would provide a valuable resource for periodontists. This problem is attractive from a computer vision standpoint due to the complexities of data acquisition, segmentation of gingival and tooth surfaces and boundaries, and extraction of features (such as tooth axes) to help solve the correspondence problem for multiple casts. In this paper, a structured light 3-D range finder is used to collect raw data. The most complicated subtask is that of detecting discontinuities such as the gingival margin. Discontinuity detection is hindered both by cast anomalies (such as bubbles and holes generated during the process of dental impression) and by the subtle nature of the discontinuities themselves. First, we discuss an approach to segmenting a dental cast into tooth and gingival units using depth and orientation discontinuities. The visible cast surface is reconstructed by obtaining the minimum of a parameterized functional. The first derivative of the energy functional (which corresponds to the Euler-Lagrange equation) is solved using the multigrid methods. both orientation and depth discontinuities are detected by adding a discrete discontinuity functional to the energy functional. The principal axes and boundaries of the teeth provide the information necessary to determine the region to be measured in estimating gingival growth. Finally, voxels corresponding to growth regions are counted to measure the target volume.
Hydride formation as a measure of alloying in bimetallic systems containing palladium

Abstract Alloys of palladium with rhenium and gold are formed during temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) of samples containing Pd o (or a compound of palladium) and a compound of the other metal. The extent of alloying is related to the suppression of β-PdH formation. The H/Pd ratio is conveniently measured in the TPR apparatus. This method is applicable to unsupported and supported systems, including bimetallic catalysts.
The tanh and the sine-cosine methods for the complex modified K dV and the generalized K dV equations

The complex modified K dV (CMK dV) equation and the generalized K dV equation are investigated by using the tanh method and the sine-cosine method. A variety of exact travelling wave solutions with compact and noncompact structures are formally obtained for each equation. The study reveals the power of the two schemes where each method complements the other.
American ginseng attenuates azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for this malignancy. We previously reported colon cancer chemoprevention potential using American ginseng (AG) in a xenograft mice model. However, the nude mouse model is not a gut-specific colon carcinogenesis animal model. Methods In this study, an experimental colitis and colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis mouse model, chemically induced by azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was established and the effects of oral AG were evaluated. The contents of representative ginseng saponins in the extract were determined. Results AG significantly reduced experimental colitis measured by the disease activity index scores. This suppression of the experimental colitis was not only evident during DSS treatment, but also very obvious after the cessation of DSS, suggesting that the ginseng significantly promoted recovery from the colitis. Consistent with the anti-inflammation data, we showed that ginseng very significantly attenuated azoxymethane/DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis by reducing the colon tumor number and tumor load. The ginseng also effectively suppressed DSS-induced proinflammatory cytokines activation using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay array, in which 12 proinflammatory cytokine levels were assessed, and this effect was supported subsequently by real-time polymerase chain reaction data. Conclusion AG, as a candidate of botanical-based colon cancer chemoprevention, should be further investigated for its potential clinical utility.
TRANSIENT AND STEADY STATE VISCOELASTIC ROLLING CONTACT

Based on moving total Lagrangian coordinates, a so-called traveling Hughes type contact strategy is developed. Employing the modified contact scheme in conjunction with a traveling finite element strategy, an overall solution methodology is developed to handle transient and steady viscoelastic rolling contact. To verify the scheme, the results of both experimental and analytical benchmarking is presented. The experimental benchmarking includes the handling of rolling tires up to their upper bound behavior, namely the standing wave response.
Calcitonin Is a Progesterone-Regulated Marker That Forecasts the Receptive State of Endometrium during Implantation

Previous studies established that in the rat, the uterus can accept a developing blastocyst for implantation only during a limited period of time on day 5 of gestation, termed the receptive phase. Our previous studies showed that the expression of calcitonin, a peptide hormone that regulates calcium homeostasis, is induced in rat uterus between days 3-5 of gestation and is switched off once the implantation process has progressed to day 6. In the present study, we analyze in detail how the expression of calcitonin messenger RNA (mRNA) in the uterus is regulated by the steroid hormones progesterone and estrogen and explore the possibility that calcitonin may serve as a potential marker of uterine receptivity. We demonstrate by in situ hybridization that calcitonin mRNA is synthesized specifically in the glandular epithelial cells between days 3-5 of pregnancy. Interestingly, calcitonin synthesis is also induced in these cells during pseudopregnancy, indicating that this peptide hormone is produced in the endometrium in response to maternal, rather than embryonic, signals. We also demonstrate that calcitonin mRNA expression during pseudopregnancy, like that in normal pregnancy, is under progesterone regulation. We further examined the steroid hormone regulation of uterine calcitonin expression in a delayed implantation model. In pregnant rats in which implantation is blocked upon removal of both ovaries on day 4 of gestation, continued administration of progesterone sustains calcitonin expression in the uterus for several days in the absence of estrogen. Administration of estrogen, which allows delayed implantation, also rapidly reduces calcitonin expression, indicating a role for this steroid hormone in turning off calcitonin gene expression. In gene transfection studies, expression of the progesterone receptor B isoform in cultured endometrial cells induces RNA synthesis from a reporter gene containing a 1.3-kb calcitonin promoter fragment in a hormone-dependent manner. As expected, mifepristone-complexed progesterone receptor B isoform fails to activate the calcitonin promoter. Progesterone acting through its nuclear receptor therefore regulates the expression of the calcitonin gene at the level of transcription. Finally, using RIA we investigated whether calcitonin is secreted from its glandular site of synthesis at the time of implantation by analyzing uterine flushings obtained from pregnant rats. We report the detection of a significant amount of calcitonin in the luminal secretions collected on day 4 and a lower amount on day 5 of gestation, whereas similar samples collected from animals on either day 3 or 6 of gestation did not contain detectable amounts of this peptide hormone. A transient burst of calcitonin secretion into the uterine lumen therefore occurs immediately preceding implantation. Based on these results, we propose that calcitonin is a measurable marker that forecasts the receptive state of rat endometrium during blastocyst implantation.
Diagnosing the tight building syndrome or diagnosing chemical hypersensitivity

Abstract The abrupt exposure to urea foam formaldehyde insulation served as an alert to its spectrum of symptoms, including attacks of headache, flushing,laryngitis, dizziness, nausea, extreme weakness or exhausion, arthralgia, an inability to concentrate, unwarranted depression, arrhythmia, or muscle spasms, and baffled physicians from many specialties. Later it was learned that toluene, xylene, benzene, natural gas, trichloroethylene, and many other chemicals wre also capable of triggering chemical hypersensitivity. Other names for this condition include Environmentally Induced Illness (EI), the Tight Building Syndrome (TBS), the Sick Building Syndrome, and Building-Related Illness. The very symptoms patients complain of can be provoked within minutes and then subsequently alleviated with an intradermal injection of the appropriate strength of the triggering chemical. This technique aids in convincing the patient of the EI or TBS triggers so that the patient can begin to relate symptoms to environmental exposures and initiate measures to bring the disease under control. The key to safer buildings is increased ventilation, increased filtration of air, and decreased use of off-grassing synthetic materials.
MYTHBUSTERS AND WISDOM TEETH

After reading Friedman’s article in the Journal ’s Health Policy and Ethics section, casual readers could characterize oral and maxillofacial surgeons as greedy clinicians performing unnecessary procedures with callous disregard for their patients’ pain and risk for complications.1 As a board-certified oral and maxillofacial surgeon in academic practice and with a background in health policy and management, dental public health, and clinical epidemiology, I would like to respond by addressing each of Friedman’s myths.
Preference-directed design

Current design practices mandate that engineering designs be evaluated based on multiple attributes, e.g., cost, power, and area. For multiattribute design problems, generation and evaluation of the Pareto optimal set guarantees the optimal design will be found, but is not practical for a large class of problems. Iterative techniques can be applied to most problems, but sacrifice optimality. In this paper, we introduce a new technique that extends the set of design problems that can be solved optimally. By first constructing an imprecise value function, the number of nondominated alternatives that must be generated is reduced. We describe an implementation based on combinatorial optimization and constraint satisfaction which achieves additional performance gains by decomposing the value function to identify dominated design-variable assignments. Test results indicate that our approach extends the set of problems that can be solved optimally.
On-Line Analysis of Ultra Low-Level Co2 Concentrations in Gas Streams

Abstract The on-line analysis of gas streams containing ultra low-level concentrations of CO2 over extended time periods presents a unique analytical problem. In the absence of a CO2 preconcentration step, many commercially available instruments used for routine gas analysis lack either the sensitivity or stability for ultra low-level CO2 monitoring. This paper will address two relatively inexpensive (<$10,000) techniques that were found suitable for such monitoring: (1) CO2 methanization with subsequent flame ionization detection and (2) extended-pathlength infrared spectroscopy.
Professional Societies, Interorganizational Linkages and Occupational Health Policy Reform

This article explores the influence of interorganizational linkages upon the policy decisions of professional societies concerning proposed federal occupational health legislation. The specific focus is on the policies of seven associations of health and safety professionals regarding the proposed “High Risk Act” of 1985-88. In contrast to new class theories viewing professionals as generally supportive of reform policies, in the theoretical perspective presented here, professional societies' positions reflect the influence of structural linkages tying their members, leaders, and organizations to either the public or corporate sectors. A comparative research design using data from interviews and archival sources is employed. Multiple linkages between associations and the public sector were typically associated with policies of strong support for the High Risk legislation while multiple linkages to the corporate sector produced opposite outcomes. Contextual events and circumstances intersect with structural linkages to both reinforce and modify predicted association policy positions.
Heterogeneous nucleation for synthesis of sub-20nm ZnO nanopods and their application to optical humidity sensing

Abstract We present a novel method for colloidal synthesis of one-dimensional ZnO nanopods by heterogeneous nucleation on zero-dimensional ZnO nanoparticle ‘seeds’. Ultra-small ZnO nanopods, multi-legged structures with sub-20 nm individual leg diameters, can be synthesized by hydrolysis of a Zn2+ precursor growth solution in presence of ∼4 nm ZnO seeds under hydrothermal conditions via microwave-assisted heating in as little as 20 min of reaction time. One-dimensional ZnO nanorods are initially generated in the reaction mixture by heterogeneous nucleation and growth along the [0001] direction of the ZnO crystal. Growth of one-dimensional nanorods subsequently yields to an ‘attachment’ and size-focusing phase where individual nanorods fuse together to form multi-legged nanopods having diameters ∼15 nm. ZnO nanopods exhibit broad orange-red defect-related photoluminescence in addition to a near-band edge emission at 373 nm when excited above the band-gap at 350 nm. The defect-related photoluminescence of the ZnO nanopods has been applied towards reversible optical humidity sensing at room temperature. The sensors demonstrated a linear response between 22% and 70% relative humidity with a 0.4% increase in optical intensity per % change in relative humidity. Due to their ultra-small dimensions, ZnO nanopods exhibit a large dynamic range and enhanced sensitivity to changes in ambient humidity, thus showcasing their ability as a platform for optical environmental sensing.
Breakfast in Liaoning Province, China

The enormous changes in people's lives that accompany economic development may be expected to lead to changes in diet and other culture traits. In China, beginning in the late 1970s, economic development has been rapid, especially in the eastern coastal regions, and has led to growth of urban functions (industrial and service activities) in the countryside. Economically, Liaoning Province of China's Northeast displays a continuum between large cities and sparsely populated rural regions. However, the characteristics of breakfast menus continue to exhibit a strong urban-rural dichotomy rather than a continuum.
Self-Assembling Small Molecules Form Nanofibrils That Bind Procaspase-3 To Promote Activation

Modulating enzyme function with small-molecule activators, as opposed to inhibitors, offers new opportunities for drug discovery and allosteric regulation. We previously identified a compound, called 1541, from a high-throughput screen (HTS) that stimulates activation of a proenzyme, procaspase-3, to generate mature caspase-3. Here we further investigate the mechanism of activation and report the surprising finding that 1541 self-assembles into nanofibrils exceeding 1 μm in length. These particles are an unanticipated outcome from an HTS that have properties distinct from standard globular protein aggregators. Moreover, 1541 nanofibrils function as a unique biocatalytic material that activates procaspase-3 via induced proximity. These studies demonstrate a novel approach for proenzyme activation through binding to fibrils, which may mimic how procaspases are naturally processed on protein scaffolds.
The Distribution of Water Frost on Charon

We present high-spatial-resolution imaging observations of the Pluto-Charon system taken with ProtoCAM on the Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). Our dataset consists of measurements from eight nights at widely separated rotational longitudes and covering five wavelengths -- standard J, H, and K, plus two special narrow band filters at 1.5 and 1.75 microns. The relative flux contributions of Pluto and Charon were extracted, when possible, by fitting a two-source Gaussian image model to the observed images. At K, we find the Charon-Pluto magnitude difference to be on average 1.8 mag, somewhat less than the value of 2.2 mag found by Bosh et al. (1992). The average differential magnitude at 1.5 and 1.75 microns is 2.0 and 1.6, respectively. The larger magnitude difference at 1.5 microns is due to a water-frost absorption band on the surface of Charon. Our observations are consistent with a surface of Charon dominated by water frost at all longitudes.
Simulation of a Continuous Bulk Styrene Polymerization Process with Catalytic Initiation for Crystal-Clear Polystyrene and Rubber-Modified Polystyrene

ABSTRACTA mathematical model has been developed to predict the steady state performance of a continuous bulk styrene polymerization process with catalytic initiation for crystal-clear polystyrene and impact-modified polystyrene. The present process contains one pre-polymerizer and four post-polymerizers. Both acyclic and cyclic peroxyketal free radical initiators were considered. The polymer moment equations were solved simultaneously with the reactor modeling equations. The non-linear algebraic equations were solved by a Newton-Raphson iteration technique to give the steady-state value of styrene monomer weight fraction in the reactor. The coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations were integrated by means of a single-step, fourth-order Runge-Kutta technique, followed by a multi-step Adams-Moulton technique. The resulting computer simulation model is capable of analyzing what effect feed composition, reaction temperature, initiator type, and initiator concentration have on styrene monomer conver...
There is relevance in the classroom: Analysis of present methods of teaching business ethics

In 1988 the Journal of Business Ethics published a paper by David Mathison entitled “Business Ethics Cases and Decision Models: A Call for Relevancy in the Classroom”. Mathison argued that the present methods of teaching business ethics may be inappropriate for MBA students. He believes that faculty are teaching at one decision-making level and that students are and will be functioning on another (lower) level. The purpose of this paper is to respond to Mathison's arguments and offer support for the present methods and materials used to teach Master level ethics classes. The support includes suggested class discussion ideas and assignments.
Understanding the structures, antecedents and outcomes of organisational learning and knowledge transfer: a multi-theoretical and multilevel network analysis

The goal of this study was to develop a multi-theoretical and multilevel model to study organisational learning and knowledge transfer. We employed a social network approach to theorise and empirically test the structures, antecedents and outcomes of intra-organisational information retrieval and allocation. Data were collected from 110 individuals across nine work teams, and analysed using Exponential Random Graph Modelling (ERGM) technique. The results found a multiplexity and reciprocity of team members' information retrieval and allocation, as well as a predominant centralised structure of information retrieval. Furthermore, there was a tendency for members to retrieve and allocate information across job positions. Finally, members were more satisfied with their team work when proactively retrieving information from others than when receiving unsolicited information allocated from others. This study has important theoretical and practical implications for understanding and managing organisational knowledge and learning networks.
Comparison of vaccine strategies against congenital CMV infection in the guinea pig model

Vaccines are urgently needed to protect newborns against the devastating sequelae of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Evaluation of candidate vaccines in the guinea pig model of congenital infection can shed light on potentially useful strategies for humans, since guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) is transmitted to the fetus transplacentally, causing infection and disease in utero. A number of vaccine strategies have been evaluated in this model, including DNA vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and recombinant glycoprotein vaccines. Induction of virus-neutralizing antibody appears to play a key role in protection of the fetus. Recently, a vectored vaccine based on the GPCMV homolog of the UL83 (pp65) protein has also been shown to be effective when used as a preconceptual vaccine in this model, suggesting that strategies designed to elicit T-cell responses may be of value in protection of the fetus.
Electromechanical Response of Piezoelectric Honeycomb Foam Structures

A finite element model is developed to characterize the complete electromechanical properties of the most general form of elastically anisotropic and piezoelectrically active foams with honeycomb structures. Four classes of piezoelectric honeycomb structures are identified depending on the relative orientation of the poling direction with the porosity direction (longitudinal and transverse) and the geometry of the honeycombs (isotropic and anisotropic). It is observed that: (i) Most of the elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constants of the longitudinally porous honeycomb foams exhibit linear dependence on the volume fraction (or relative density) of the material; (ii) The electromechanical properties of transversely porous foam structures (with the exception of C22 and κ22) exhibit significant dependence on the shape of the porosity; (iii) The piezoelectric figures of merit of the longitudinally porous foams do not exhibit significant dependence on the shape of the porosity; (iv) The piezoelectric figures of merit of the transversely porous foams exhibit a strong dependence on the shape of the porosity with the hexagonal foams exhibiting enhanced hydrostatic strain coefficient and lower acoustic impedance while the square foams exhibiting enhanced piezoelectric coupling constant and hydrostatic figure of merit; (v) In transversely porous anisotropic honeycomb structures, the shear elastic constants such as C12 and C66 and some figures of merit are enhanced significantly when compared to their isotropic counterparts. For example, in the PZT–7A transversely porous anisotropic honeycomb structures with 10% relative density, the hydrostatic figure of merit is expected to be 2485% greater than that predicted for the transversely porous isotropic honeycomb structures.
Inhibition of c-H-ras oncogene induced transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts by cotransfected polynucleotides containing alternating purine-pyrimidine sequences

When Rat 6 cultures were cotransfected with an activated c-H-ras oncogene (pT24) and poly(dG-m5dC), a synthetic polymer that has the potential to form Z DNA, there was marked inhibition of cell transformation. Cotransfection of pT24 DNA with poly(dG-dC) caused somewhat less inhibition, poly(dA-dC). (dG-dT) caused moderate inhibition, and poly(dG). (dC) exerted negligible inhibition. Evidence was obtained that the inhibition seen with poly(dG-m5dC) was not simply due to an inhibition of cellular uptake of the pT24 DNA. Our results suggest that certain polymers that have the potential to form Z DNA can inhibit the integration and expression of a transfected oncogene.
Olivine-liquid relations of lava erupted by Kilauea volcano from 1994 to 1998: Implications for shallow magmatic processes associated with the ongoing east-rift-zone eruption

From 1994 through 1998, the eruption of K¯ilauea, in Hawai'i, was dominated by steady-state effusion at Pu'u ' O'¯ o that was briefly disrupted by an eruption 4 km uprift at Napau Crater on January 30, 1997. In this paper, I describe the systematic relations of whole-rock, glass, olivine, and olivine-inclusion compositions of lava samples collected throughout this interval. This suit e comprises vent samples and tube-contained flows collected at variable distances from the vent. The glass composition of tube lava varies systematically with distance and allows for the "vent-correction" of glass thermometry and olivine-liquid KD as a function of tube-transport distance. Combined olivine-liquid data for vent samples and "vent-corrected" lava-tube samples are used to document pre-eruptive magmatic conditions. KD values determined for matrix glasses and forsterite cores define three types of olivine phenocrysts: type A (in equilibrium with host glass), type B (Mg-rich relative to host glass) and type C (Mg-p oor relative to host glass). All three types of olivine have a cognate association with melts that are present within the shallow m ag- matic plumbing system during this interval. During steady-state eruptive activity, the compositions of whole-rock, glass and mo st olivine phenocrysts (type A) all vary sympathetically over time and as influenced by changes of magmatic pressure within the summit-rift-zone plumbing system. Type-A olivine is interpreted as having grown during passage from the summit magma- chamber along the east-rift-zone conduit. Type-B olivine (high Fo) is consistent with equilibrium crystallization from bulk-roc k compositions and is likely to have grown within the summit magma-chamber. Lower-temperature, fractionated lava was erupted during non-steady-state activity of the Napau Crater eruption. Type-A and type-B olivine-liquid relations indicate that this lava is a mixture of rift-stored and summit-derived magmas. Post-Napau lava (at Pu'u '¯ O'¯ o) gradually increases in temperature and MgO content, and contains type-C olivine with complex zoning, indicating magma hybridization associated with the flushing of rift-stored components through the eruption conduit.
A Singular Perturbation Approach for Modeling Differential-Algebraic Systems

Dynamic systems described by an implicit mixed set of Differential and Algebraic Equations (DAEs) are often encountered in control system modeling and analysis due to inherent constraints in the system. A key difficulty in control and simulation of DAE systems is that they are not expressed in an explicit state space representation. This paper describes a general approach based on singular perturbation analysis for adding fast dynamics to a system of DAEs so that they can be expressed in an explicit state space form. Conditions for asymptotic convergence and approximation methods are investigated. The approach is illustrated for a model of a two-phase flow heat exchanger.
Kinetics and mechanism for the H‐for‐X exchange process in the H + C6H5X reactions: A computational study

The addition of H atoms to benzene and toluene and subsequent transformations were investigated using high level ab initio and density functional theory methods. Molecular structures and vibrational frequencies calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory were used in combination with adjusted G2M energetic parameters for RRKM rate constant calculations. Standard heats of formation for cyclohexadienyl and cyclohexadienyl, 6-methyl radicals calculated through isodesmic reactions amounted to 49.5 ± 2 and 42.9 ± 3 kcal/mol, respectively. Rate constants for various elementary reactions involved in the H-for-X exchange (X = D, CH3) were calculated and closely correlated with the available experimental kinetic data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 633–653, 2001
Special problems of forests as ecologic–economic systems

Abstract Ecologic–economic systems tend to exhibit greater complexity than systems that are purely ecological or economic. The interactions between the two types often generate nonlinear relations that lead to various kinds of complex dynamics that complicate management and decisionmaking regarding them. Of these, forests have characteristics that lead them to have special problems not usually encountered in the management of such systems. A central one is the long time periods involved managing forests compared to most other such systems. This means that the issues regarding determination of discount rates for valuing future outcomes are more important for forestry management than for many other systems. Also, forests generate a wider range of externalities than do most other ecologic–economic systems, with implications for various hierarchical levels of management. This paper considers the array of these problems as they appear for a variety of forestry management issues.
The Juvenile Court As An Organization And Decision-Making System

Although juvenile court literature is replete with studies describing the court's humanitarian philosophy and development, little attention has been given to the organizational character of the courts. As a result, current literature and empirical findings concerning juvenile court decision-making are fragmentary and discontinuous. The need to order the literature and findings, and develop an integrative framework to guide future research is clear. The present study's central purpose, therefore, is to move toward the formulation of the juvenile court as an organization and decision-making system. The discussion begins with a review of the development of juvenile court literature, focusing primarily upon the theoretical discussions and empirical studies of court operations and decision-making practices. An attempt is then made to abstract from the literature and research findings general organization and decision-making attributes of the court which together suggest the interrelationship between court orga...
Item endorsement of the short form of the EPQ-R among a group of elderly female pschiatric patients

Abstract Fifty-three elderly female patients completed the short form of the EPQ-R. Inspection of frequency of item endorsement was undertaken for Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Lie Scales. Results are discussed in the light of the relevance of personality measures to an increasingly ageing population.
Hydroxy fatty acids in marine dissolved organic matter as indicators of bacterial membrane material

Abstract Samples of ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter (UDOM) from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea were analyzed for lipid biomarkers to evaluate potential inputs from bacterial membrane lipids. Acid hydrolysis released a series of C 12 –C 20 fatty acids and C 10 –C 18 β-hydroxy fatty acids (3-hydroxy acids), with total acid (fatty + hydroxy) concentrations of 0.039–0.31 nM or about 0.006–0.087% of ultrafiltered dissolved organic carbon (UDOC). β-hydroxy acids comprised from 6 to 91% of total (fatty + hydroxy) acids in UDOM. Short-chain β-hydroxy acids of this type are constituents of the structural lipopolysaccharide biopolymers of bacterial membranes, especially in Gram negative species. The data suggest that bacterial membrane-derived lipid material may be a component of marine DOM, and our results point to the need for additional lipid analyses of marine UDOM to better characterize its source(s).
Chronology of nucleic acid synthesis in meiosis of the male Chinese hamster

Abstract The chronology of the meiosis and spermiogenesis of the male Chinese hamster was studied using tritiated thymidine injection into animals and time studies following labeling. DNA synthesis occurred before meiotic prophase. After the last premeiotic DNA synthesis, the prophase of primary spermatocyte lasted for approximately 20 days. At 24 days after tritiated thymidine injection, the anaphase II chromosomes and young spermatids were labeled. At 35 days after the injection, morphologically mature sperm heads were labeled. From the labeling of mature sperm heads, there appeared to be a definite DNA packing system as the sperm matured. RNA synthesis was studied using short-term in vitro labeling with tritiated uridine, and in vivo labeling by intraperitoneal injection of this isotope. With in vitro labeling, it was observed that the autosomal bivalents in late pachytene spermatocytes showed high activity of RNA synthesis. However, sex bivalents and the large nucleoli in late pachytene spermatocytes did not incorporate tritiated uridine. This may suggest the cessation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in meiosis. With in vivo labeling, it was observed that the RNA synthesized in pachytene remained attached to the chromosomes for more than 4 hr. However, before metaphase I, the label was found dispersed in the cytoplasm. No labeled mature sperm were detected up to 4 weeks after injection.
Allogrooming behaviour among adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys

Abstract Abstract. Adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus , exhibit a variety of grooming relationships; females groom frequently and reciprocate grooming, groom infrequently with non-reciprocating lower-ranking partners, or fail to form grooming relationships. Females have different motivations for avoiding or engaging in grooming that relate to the benefits derived from the interaction. These benefits include, but are not limited to, spatial proximity, alliance formation, access to a female's infant, and redirecting aggression. A test of Seyfarth's (1977, J. theor. Biol. , 65, 671-698) rank-related attractiveness model for grooming showed that adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys differed from many cercopithecine species in that grooming was directed down the dominance hierarchy and was not more frequent among adjacent-ranked females. Frequency of grooming was significantly correlated with frequency of approach and alliance formation. Grooming appears to have two underlying social functions, affiliation and appeasement. Affiliative grooming involves reciprocated grooming sessions in which relative rates of grooming are balanced. Affiliative grooming occurs more frequently among females in large groups than in small groups but the duration of grooming sessions is similar. These grooming relationships are significantly affected by the ranks of the females in the dyad; dyads composed of high-ranking females or a high- and middle-ranking female groomed more frequently and tended to reciprocate grooming. Grooming interactions classified as appeasement tend to be short unreciprocated sessions initiated by the higher-ranking female and terminated by the lower-ranking female. These grooming interactions are characteristic of females that avoid other group members and may reflect attempts by females to redirect potential aggression by soliciting grooming. Females with new infants also do not reciprocate, and usually terminate, grooming interactions. High-ranking or closely related females may groom a mother as a means of gaining access to a new infant.