cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Problem-based Learning with Community-engaged Learning in Teaching Program Development and Implementation

Purpose: Problem-based learning (PBL) challenges students to learn and work in groups to seek solutions to real world problems. Connecting academic study with community-engaged learning (CEL) experience can deeper learning and thinking. This paper highlights the integration of PBL with CEL in the Implementation Course to engage graduate students in designing theory-based health promotion programs for communities. Methods: Real world scenarios were used in student-led and faculty-facilitated group discussions and projects. The end-of-class reflections and comments from students enrolled in the Implementation Course during 2005-2013 were analyzed (total n=162). Inductive, descriptive analyses via an iterative process were conducted to identify themes and patterns. Results: Overall the Implementation Course received high evaluation (16-items), ranging from "very good" to "superior" (mean of 4.78 on a 5-point scale). Students commented that (1) the nurturing PBL sessions facilitated critical thinking; (2) the life-changing CEL resulted self-confidence and self-awareness; and (3) the integrated PBL with CEL course design increased relevance. Our community partners also expressed deep appreciation towards the quality work students delivered. Conclusion: The innovations in education provided valuable learning structure for students in higher education and produced theory- and evidence-based intervention plans and material products addressing community-identified health needs.
Clinically Used Estrogens Differentially Inhibit Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Growth and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity

Some estrogenic compounds modify vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) biology; however, whether such effects are mediated in part by estrogen receptors is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the actions of clinically used estrogens on human aortic SMC biology are mediated by estrogen receptors. We examined the effects of various clinically used estrogens in the presence and absence of ICI 182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist, on cultured human aortic SMC DNA synthesis ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation), cellular proliferation (cell counting), cell migration (modified Boyden chamber), collagen synthesis ([(3)H]proline incorporation), and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. FCS-induced DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, platelet-derived growth factor-induced SMC migration, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity were significantly inhibited by physiological (10(-9) mol/L) concentrations of 17beta-estradiol and low concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-7) mol/L) of 17beta-estradiol, estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, and estradiol benzoate but not by estrone, estriol, 17alpha-estradiol, or estrone sulfate. The inhibitory effects of 17beta-estradiol and other inhibitory estrogens were completely reversed by 100 micromol/L ICI 182,780, and the rank-order potency of various estrogens to inhibit SMC biology matched their rank-order affinity for estrogen receptors. The inhibitory effects of estrogens on SMC biology are in part receptor-mediated. Because the cardioprotective effects of hormone replacement therapy are most likely mediated by modification of SMC biology, whether hormone replacement therapy protects a given postmenopausal woman against cardiovascular disease will depend partially on the affinity of the estrogen for estrogen receptors in vascular SMCs.
An Approximate Dynamic Programming Approach to Multidimensional Knapsack Problems

We present an Approximate Dynamic Programming ADP approach for the multidimensional knapsack problem MKP. We approximate the value function a using parametric and nonparametric methods and busing a base-heuristic. We propose a new heuristic which adaptively rounds the solution of the linear programming relaxation. Our computational study suggests: athe new heuristic produces high quality solutions fast and robustly, bstate of the art commercial packages like CPLEX require significantly larger computational time to achieve the same quality of solutions, c the ADP approach using the new heuristic competes successfully with alternative heuristic methods such as genetic algorithms, dthe ADP approach based on parametric and nonparametric approximations, while producing reasonable solutions, is not competitive. Overall, this research illustrates that the base-heuristic approach is a promising computational approach for MKPs worthy of further investigation.
Positive attitudes towards psychiatry among Chinese medical students.

Background and aims:Increasingly positive attitudes have been reported among young people in China towards mental illness, but little is known about Chinese medical students’ attitudes towards psychiatry, psychiatric services and patients.Methods:We administered a bilingual survey to Wuhan University medical students in the final years of their clinical training. Primary outcomes were composite scores on a 21-item attitudes toward psychiatry (ATP) survey and the number of correct responses to diagnostic questions following a series of three clinical case vignettes.Results:Mean composite score on the ATP items was 78/105 (SD = 9.6), representing overall positive attitudes among the students. Female gender and having learned about more psychiatric disorders were positively associated with a higher mean ATP score and remained so after adjustment for relevant covariates.Conclusions:Chinese medical students reported positive attitudes towards psychiatry, openness with regard to psychiatric services, and respec...
Experimental reproduction of Haemophilus parasuis infection in swine: clinical, bacteriologic, and morphologic findings

Haemophilus parasuis is a common cause of polyserositis and polyarthritis in swine. Little is known about the mucosal and systemic sites of replication and lesions which follow an aerosol exposure to H. parasuis. In this experiment 5-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-depr ived (CDCD) pigs were inoculated intranasally with an inoculum containing 2 x 10 9 colony-forming units of H. parasuis. Two principals and one control pig were necropsied at 12, 36, 84, and 108 hours postinoculation (PI) and samples obtained for bac- teriologic culture and microscopic examination. Inoculated pigs developed clinical signs of inappetence, reluc- tance to move, lameness, and a serous nasal discharge. Macroscopic findings included a fibrinous polyserositis and polyarthritis 36 hours PI which became progressively more severe at 84 and 108 hours PI. No lung lesions were grossly visible. Microscopic lesions included a mild purulent rhinitis at each post inoculation interval and fibrinous to fibrinopurule nt synovitis and serositis at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. A focal suppurative broncho- pneumonia was observed in one pig examined at 36 hours PI. The nasal cavity and trachea were the only mucosal sites from which H. parasuis was reisolated. Haemophilus parasuis was isolated from the blood and systemic sites at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. Findings presented indicate that intranasal inoculation of 5-week- old CDCD pigs with H. parasuis results in clinical signs and lesions of polyserositis and polyarthritis typical of field cases and is a useful model for the study of H. parasuis pathogenesis. The results also suggest that H. parasuis initially colonizes the nasal mucosa. Haemophilus parasuis is a common cause of poly- serositis and arthritis in swine and is often referred to as Glasser's disease. 12 It is most often considered a sporadic, stress-associated disease of young pigs in con- ventional swine herds. However in naive herds, H. parasuis can result in severe disease with high mor- bidity and mortality in swine of all ages. 5,14 Disease caused by H. parasuis is also important in herds in- fected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syn- drome virus (PRRSV), and H. parasuis has been iso- lated with increased frequency in the upper midwest since the appearance of PRRSV. 8 In addition to its role as a causative agent of poly- serositis, H. parasuis can be isolated from the nasal secretions of apparently healthy pigs and pigs with rhi- nitis or mucous nasal discharge. 3,15 Additionally, H.
Debt, Cohabitation, and Marriage in Young Adulthood

Despite growing evidence that debt influences pivotal life events in early and young adulthood, the role of debt in the familial lives of young adults has received relatively little attention. Using data from the NLSY 1997 cohort (N = 6,749) and a discrete-time competing risks hazard model framework, I test whether the transition to first union is influenced by a young adult's credit card and education loan debt above and beyond traditional educational and labor market characteristics. I find that credit card debt is positively associated with cohabitation for men and women, and that women with education loan debt are more likely than women without such debt to delay marriage and transition into cohabitation. Single life may be difficult to afford, but marital life is un-affordable as well. Cohabitation presents an alternative to single life, but not necessarily a marital substitute for these young adults.
Localization and classification of phonemes using high spatial resolution electrocorticography (ECoG) grids

We present results of cortical activity during phoneme pronunciation, recorded using miniaturized electrocorticography grids with high spatial resolution. A patient implanted with the miniature grid was instructed to audibly pronounce one of four phonemes. For each phoneme, we observed distinct spatial correlation patterns at the 3mm electrode spacing. We applied a support vector machine classification scheme and, for the first time, were able to distinguish discrete phonemes with high accuracy. In addition, we found that sub-regions of our miniature array were specific for distinct pairs of phonemes, showing that cortical phoneme processing occurs at a higher resolution than previously though.
Control of a Salmonella virulence operon by proline-charged tRNA(Pro).

The intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium requires the mgtC gene to cause disease. The mgtC transcript includes a long leader region that harbors a short proline codon-rich ORF—termed mgtP—the translation of which is predicted to favor formation of one of two alternative stem-loop structures. We now report that the mgtP proline codons are critical for expression of the mgtC coding region inside host cells, for Salmonella survival inside macrophages, and for virulence in mice. We determine that the mgtP proline codons mediate the response to proline-charged tRNAPro, the levels of which decrease under proline limitation and/or hyperosmotic stress. The host compartment harboring Salmonella appears to be limited in proline because proline auxotrophs were defective for intramacrophage survival and virulence in mice. Salmonella seems to experience hyperosmotic stress during infection because osmotically regulated genes were highly induced inside phagocytic cells. Replacing mgtP proline codons with codons specifying threonine converted the mgtC leader into a threonine-responding element. Our findings indicate that an attenuation-like mechanism governs transcription elongation into the mgtCBR coding region. Moreover, they highlight how pathogens construe host signals by the effect they have on bacterial constituents.
Application of quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes in beamforming

It is well known that when channel information is available at the transmitter, transmit beamforming scheme can be employed to enhance the performance of a multiple-antenna system. Recently, Jongren et al. and Zhou-Giannakis proposed a new performance criterion based on partial channel side information at the transmitter. With this criterion, an optimal beamforming matrix was constructed for the orthogonal space-time block codes. However, the same method has not been applied to the recently proposed quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes (QSTBCs) due to the nonorthogonal nature of the quasi-orthogonal designs. In this paper, the issue of combining beamforming with QSTBCs is addressed. Based on our asymptotic analysis, we extend the beamforming scheme from Jongren et al. and construct the beamforming matrices for the quasi-orthogonal designs. The proposed beamforming scheme accomplishes high transmission rate as well as high-order spatial diversity. The new QSTBC beamformer can be presented as a novel four-directional or eight-directional eigen-beamformer that works for systems with four or more transmit antennas. Simulations for systems with multiple transmit antennas demonstrate significant performance improvement over several other widely used beamforming methods at various SNRs and for channels with different quality of feedback.
UNDERSTANDING NATURAL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS: THE CASE OF PURPOSE CLAUSES

This paper presents an analysis of purpose clauses in the context of instruction understanding. Such analysis shows that goals affect the interpretation and / or execution of actions, lends support to the proposal of using generation and enablement to model relations between actions, and sheds light on some inference processes necessary to interpret purpose clauses.
3D modeling of patient-specific geometries of portal veins using MR images.

In this note, we present an approach for develop- ing patient-specific 3D models of portal veins to provide geo- metric boundary conditions for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the blood flow inside portal veins. The study is based on MRI liver images of individual patients to which we apply image registration and segmentation techniques and inlet and outlet velocity profiles acquired using PC-MRI in the same imaging session. The portal vein and its connected veins are then extracted and visualized in 3D as surfaces. Image registration is performed to align shifted images between each breath-hold when the MRI images are acquired. The image segmentation method first labels each voxel in the 3D volume of interest by using a Bayesian probability approach, and then isolates the portal veins via active surfaces initialized inside the vessel. The method was tested with two healthy volunteers. In both cases, the main portal vein and its connected veins were successfully modeled and visualized. Index Terms—Image registration, 3D image segmentation, MRI, patient-specific, CFD geometric models, liver, portal vein
The case for angioplasty in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis.

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is likely the most common cause of stroke worldwide and remains highly morbid even with highly monitored medical therapy. Recent results of the SAMMPRIS trial which randomized patients to stenting plus aggressive medical management versus aggressive medical management alone have shown that additional treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic lesions with the Wingspan stent is inferior to aggressive medical management alone. In light of these results there has been renewed interest in angioplasty alone to treat symptomatic ICAD. This article will briefly review the natural history of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) and discuss the possible future for endovascular treatment of ICAD with primary intracranial angioplasty in appropriately selected patients.
Study of the kinetics of step and flash imprint lithography photopolymerization

Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL) is a promising high-resolution, yet low-cost patterning technique that uses a UV induced photopolymerization to replicate features on a patterned template. The SFIL process utilizes an acrylate-based free radical polymerization, which is inhibited by oxygen. A semiempirical kinetic model is presented that demonstrates the effects of oxygen on SFIL. On the basis of kinetic measurements, dissolved oxygen causes an inhibition period at the onset of exposure that extends the required exposure time. Oxygen inhibition also results in a thin perimeter of under-cured material surrounding the template due to oxygen diffusion from the ambient during polymerization. The model allows us to study the impact of oxygen on SFIL as a function of various formulation and exposure variables. Methods of limiting the impact of oxygen are presented, such as alternative chemistries and inerting techniques. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
A note on finding shortest path trees

Two shortest path algorithms are compared and it is shown that, while one outperforms the other in practice, the former's running time is exponential in the worst case while the latter's is polynomial. A procedure which constructs such worst case examples is given.
Thyroidal iodinated compounds in nodular goitre

Abstract The iodinated compounds in the nodular and paranodular tissues of 19 cases of nodular goitre have been separated by thin-layer chromatography. A high monoiodotyrosine/di-iodotyrosine ratio was found in “cold” nodules, and a low one in “hot” nodules. Two unknown iodinated compounds have been detected in the nodular and paranodular tissue in some cases, and evidence is presented suggesting that these are iodinated lipids. Their possible role in diverting iodine from the normal metabolic pathway is discussed.
Expression and Localization of Prostaglandin E Synthase Isoforms in Human Fetal Membranes in Term and Preterm Labor

Increased prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by fetal membranes occurs at parturition. PGE2 synthesis from arachidonic acid involves multiple enzymes and two isoforms of the terminal enzyme of this biosynthetic pathway, PGE synthase (PGES), were recently identified. Cytosolic PGES (cPGES) is identical to the heat shock protein 90 chaperone, p23, and is reportedly functionally coupled to constitutive PG endoperoxide H synthase-1. Microsomal PGES (mPGES) is inducible by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. We have studied expression and localization of both enzyme isoforms in human fetal membranes either at term or preterm, with or without labor. The cPGES was immunolocalized in the amnion epithelium, and associated with fibroblasts and macrophages in the choriodecidual layer, whereas mPGES was localized in the amnion epithelium as well as the chorion trophoblast. Both enzymes were found to be associated with lipid particles present in the amnion epithelium, which are more prevalent in term tissues. Western b...
NOvA experiment in light of large θ13.

NOvA is an off-axis long baseline neutrino experiment searching for νμ → νe oscillations using an upgraded NuMI neutrino beam from Fermilab, Batavia, IL. The main physics goal is a measurement of the CP violation and establishing the neutrino masses hierarchy. A large 14 kton Far detector, comprised of liquid scintillator contained in extruded PVC cells, will also provide an opportunity for other non-accelerator physics searches. While civil construction at the far detector is underway, a smaller prototype near detector has been assembled at Fermilab and is being studied.
Vowel height harmony and blocking in Buchan Scots

The Buchan Scots dialect of north-east Scotland exhibits a unique phonological phenomenon: vowel harmony is blocked by intervening consonants that have no secondary articulation or other obvious characteristic that should make them opaque to harmony. In this paper, I describe the harmony and blocking pattern based on new data from speakers of the modern dialect. After establishing this as a phonological rather than phonetic effect, I propose a synchronic analysis of the pattern and a phonetic explanation for the origin of this unusual sound pattern.
The Krapina dental remains

An analysis of age, specimen associations, demographic characteristics, and metric features is presented for the Krapina dental sample. A critical analysis of emergence criteria applicable to skeletal samples leads to an occlusal eruption schedule which can be used to determine wear rates. These are used to provide dental ages for the Krapina jaws and isolated teeth. A number of individual associations of isolated teeth with existing jaws and with each other result in an estimated individual count between 75 and 82. Demographic analysis indicates that the specimens do not accurately sample a living population; numerous adults as well as children under the age of three are not represented. Metric analysis indicates a moderate range of variation. The interproximal wear rates are low, and no evidence of tooth size associated differential survivorship can be demonstrated. The sample fits in a European evolutionary sequence of reducing posterior and expanding anterior permanent teeth, while the deciduous teeth seem to undergo expansion through the Wurm glaciation.
Inter-laboratory validation of the measurement of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) after various lengths of frozen storage.

Background Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are used clinically to evaluate infertility, pituitary and gonadal disorders. With increased frequency of research collaborations across institutions, it is essential that inter-laboratory validation is addressed.
Laboratory Evaluation of the Soil Stiffness Gauge

A new alternative geotechnical field testing device called the soil stiffness gauge (SSG), also known as GeoGauge™, exhibits particular promise for monitoring in situ soil stiffness during construction quality control. However, there has been only limited research on this device regarding its characteristics and limitations. The results of laboratory testing and a finite-element analysis (FEA) of the SSG are presented. Based on the FEA and the SSG measurement in the test box, the radius of measurement influence extends to 300 mm. For two-layer materials with different stiffness, the SSG starts to register the stiffness of an upper-layer material of 125 mm or thicker. The effect of the lower layer, however, may continue to be present even at an upper-layer material thickness of 275 mm, depending on the relative stiffness of the layer materials. Caution needs to be exercised in interpreting the results from the SSG when it is used on multilayer systems, especially those with geosynthetic separators. The pre...
Using knowledge to facilitate factoid answer pinpointing

In order to answer factoid questions, the Webclopedia QA system employs a range of knowledge resources. These include a QA Typology with answer patterns, WordNet, information about typical numerical answer ranges, and semantic relations identified by a robust parser, to filter out likely-looking but wrong candidate answers. This paper describes the knowledge resources and their impact on system performance.
Stochastic cooling studies in RHIC

Emittance growth due to Intra-Beam Scattering significantly reduces the heavy ion luminosity lifetime in RHIC. Stochastic cooling of the stored beam could improve things considerably by counteracting IBS and preventing particles from escaping the rf bucket. High frequency bunched-beam stochastic cooling is especially challenging but observations of Schottky signals in the 4-8 GHz band indicate that conditions are favorable in RHIC. We report here on measurements of the longitudinal beam transfer function carried out with a pickup/kicker pair on loan from FNAL TEVATRON. Results imply that for ions a coasting beam description is applicable and we outline some general features of a viable momentum cooling system for RHIC.
Influence of Early Lithification on Late Diagenesis of Microbialites: Insights from δ18O Compositions of Upper Cambrian Carbonate Deposits from the Southern Appalachians

Abstract This paper documents a difference in isotopic compositions between Upper Cambrian microbial and non-microbial micritic deposits and proposes implications for diagenesis of calcimicrobial deposits. The δ18O values (−10.98 to −8.71; average −9.88 ‰ VPDB) of calcimicrite comprising shallow subtidal microbialites from the southern Appalachians are more negative than: (1) the calcimicrite from associated subtidal non-microbial deposits (−8.98 to −7.16; average −7.82), suggesting a different diagenetic history; and (2) estimates of Late Cambrian marine calcite values (−5 to −3 ‰), indicating postdepositional modifications. Early diagenetic calcification of microbial deposits promoted the formation of growth cavities and borings rimmed with marine fibrous and prismatic calcite cement. Some of the voids remained open and provided pathways for fluids during later diagenesis. The microbial deposits, therefore, experienced more pronounced diagenetic alteration than the less porous non-microbial micritic dep...
Chapter 10 Developing the Voice of the Wise Woman

This chapter integrates current research on female psychological development which emphasizes the centrality of relationships in female identity formation and moral reasoning, with an analysis of cultural ideals that have arisen during the past 20 years. Research to be presented suggests that the failure of some young women to identify prevailing cultural expectations of independence and success and to differentiate these expectations from their own values of care and connection may lead them to act out a conflict between these different values in self-destructive patterns of eating behavior. This author suggests that the current high incidence of bulimia in college-age females is related to cultural factors impeding the transition from adolescence to young adulthood and discusses the implication of a sociocultural perspective for prevention, intervention and treatment.
Voluntary Sleep Choice and Its Effects on Bayesian Decisions.

This study examines whether voluntary sleep restriction at commonly experienced levels impacts decision making in a Bayesian choice task. Participants recruited were largely traditional age college students from a regional state university (n = 100) and a federal military academy (n = 99; n = 56 and 43, respectively, used in final analysis). Sleep was measured by actigraphy over a one-week period, followed by performance of a decision task. The task involved two sources of information, base rate odds and sample evidence, with subjects asked to make a probability judgment. Results found that subjects with nightly sleep 7 hr, placed less decision weight on new evidence, relative to base rate information, in making difficult choices. This result is strongest among female subjects. For easier choices, voluntary SD did not affect relative decision weights placed on the two sources of available information.
DEFECT STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS IN SILICON.

This paper gives a brief account of recent calculations of equilibrium configurations, formation energies, and migration energies of intrinsic lattice defects (vacancies, self-interstitials) and complexes of dopant impurities (phosphorus, aluminum) with these defects. The results have been used to provide a comprehensive interpretation of low- and high-temperature diffusion data.
Hydraulic Aspects of Wetland Design

Tidal wetland preservation, restoration and creation have become requisites for coastal development projects in the United States. A basic approach to design of tidal wetlands is presented, stressing cooperation between regulatory agencies, biologists, engineers, and developers. Basic principles of wetland functions are explained and presented as criteria for engineering design. A description of wetlands is given to identify biological features relevant to design. Also, some key features of tides are summarized as they affect wetland design. A numerical model was used to demonstrate how tidal wetlands may be designed to conform with criteria developed by the agencies and biologists. This approach has been used on wetland designs in California, but the approach may be applicable to other areas of the world.
The Quantified Brain: A Framework for Mobile Device-Based Assessment of Behavior and Neurological Function

Citation: Stark DE; Kumar RB; Longhurst CA; Wall DP. The Quantified Brain: A Framework for Mobile Device Based Assessment of Behavior and Neurological Function.
Application Technology of Big Data in Smart Distribution Grid and Its Prospect Analysis

In allusion to the application of big data in smart distribution grid, the current situation and feature of big data in smart distribution grid is analyzed and the data relation network is teased out at first. Secondly, some key technologies involved in big data application of smart distribution grid, such as big data storage and processing, and big data analytics, are expounded, and on the basis of that,data value chain and "aircraft type" theoretical framework for big data application is proposed. Finally, in aspects of electricity demand forecasting and coordinated scheduling of power supply and load, development trend analysis and optimal planning of smart distribution grid structure, smart power utilization and network dissipation reduction, the application prospect of big data is analyzed, and the application roadmap is presented.
Splitting and projective identification among healthier individuals.

Splitting and projective identification are demonstrated among patients with normal and neurotic character structures. The utility of these concepts in once-weekly psychotherapy with healthier indi...
Caring for a patient who has suffered a cerebrovascular accident.

The Medical-Surgical Nursing Certification Board (MSNCB) encourages certification for all registered nurses who provide care in a medical-surgical setting. Initial certification is achieved through successful testing by written examination. MSNCB regularly offers examination for certification in mul
Scouse: Frank Shaw and the founding of the ‘Scouse industry’

It seems fairly certain that Liverpoolese is of comparatively recent origin. (Richard Whittington-Egan, ‘Is Liverpool Dialect Dying Out?’, 1955) The previous chapter illustrated the local interest in language in Liverpool in the early to mid twentieth century together with a number of the problems associated with its categorization. The account also presented evidence from the early 1950s onwards of an emerging link between a representation of the language of the city and the ‘Scouser’ (a cultural category that had existed for a considerable period but that was not in common use at the time). The connection was exemplified in Liverpool , the book marking Liverpool's 750 th anniversary, which was written by the city's official historian (and librarian) George Chandler. Noting the importance of popular culture as a medium in which representations of the language and inhabitants of Liverpool were propagated, Chandler commented that ‘the speaker of the Liverpool dialect is through Music Hall fame widely known as a scouser’ (Chandler 1957: 423). And yet, as demonstrated earlier, one of the most striking things about the use of the term ‘Scouse’ to refer to the language of Liverpool is how recently it was coined. According to the lexicographical record at least, ‘Scouse’ in the sense of ‘the dialect of English spoken in Liverpool’, is a coinage of the 1960s. In fact, as the analysis in the last chapter began to show, ‘Scouse’ as a term used to denote the language of Liverpool started to appear in the 1950s in the correspondence, articles and features that focused on language in local newspapers and journals.
Modeling Nonlinear Wave Propagation and Pattern Formation at Geochemical First Order Phase Transitions

From among the many beautiful patterns of mineral distribution, a number have been modeled via equations of phase transition kinetics and transport. Mathematical models for metamorphic layering and stylolites will be presented and their predictions summarized. Nonlinear redox waves and deposition, and porosity instabilities in aquifers are also modeled and discussed.
Bundled parking and vehicle ownership: Evidence from the American Housing Survey

This article estimates the effect of bundled residential parking—parking whose price is included in the rent or purchase price of housing—on household vehicle ownership. Using data from the American Housing Survey, I show that the odds of households with bundled parking being vehicle-free are 50–75 percent lower than the odds of households without bundled parking, while households in dense center cities near transit are twice as likely to be without vehicles if they lack bundled parking. I also find substantial, though less stable, evidence that bundled parking encourages driving among commuters who have vehicles. These results are robust to a wide variety of demographic and land-use controls and to controls for residential self-selection. Examining self-selection shows that housing without bundled parking is sufficiently scarce and geographically concentrated that people who search for it may not find it. Four metropolitan areas, which hold 11 percent of U.S. housing units, hold more than 40 percent of its housing without bundled parking. Overall, the results suggest that when cities require parking with residential development, they increase vehicle ownership and use.
‘The best defense is to attack’: African Agency in the South West Africa Case at the International Court of Justice, 1960–1966

AbstractThis article focuses on two examples of the agency of African people in the South West Africa Case, in which Ethiopia and Liberia brought South Africa before the International Court of Justice in the Hague in 1960. ‘African’ here refers both to diasporic and continental Pan-African organisations, and to individual citizens (of all races) in African countries. The paper seeks, first, to bring Pan-African political history together with the international legal history of the Case. Second, it supplements the analysis of legal manoeuvres at the international level with a fuller backstory about the strategies of South Africa's legal team in the Case, based on correspondence between Prof. Andrew Murray of the University of Cape Town and the South African lawyers defending South Africa's conduct in then-South West Africa. Overall, the article seeks to assign a more prominent role to Africans in a story about the spread of apartheid through southern Africa – a story which ironically often focuses more on ...
The Pharmacology of Autonomic Failure: From Hypotension to Hypertension.

Primary neurodegenerative autonomic disorders are characterized clinically by loss of autonomic regulation of blood pressure. The clinical picture is dominated by orthostatic hypotension, but supine hypertension is also a significant problem. Autonomic failure can result from impairment of central autonomic pathways (multiple system atrophy) or neurodegeneration of peripheral postganglionic autonomic fibers (pure autonomic failure, Parkinson’s disease). Pharmacologic probes such as the ganglionic blocker trimethaphan can help us in the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and diagnosis of these disorders. Conversely, understanding the pathophysiology is crucial in the development of effective pharmacotherapy for these patients. Autonomic failure patients provide us with an unfortunate but unique research model characterized by loss of baroreflex buffering. This greatly magnifies the effect of stimuli that would not be apparent in normal subjects. An example of this is the discovery of the osmopressor reflex: ingestion of water increases blood pressure by 30–40 mm Hg in autonomic failure patients. Animal studies indicate that the trigger of this reflex is related to hypo-osmolality in the portal circulation involving transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 receptors. Studies in autonomic failure patients have also revealed that angiotensin II can be generated through noncanonical pathways independent of plasma renin activity to contribute to hypertension. Similarly, the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone produces acute hypotensive effects, highlighting the presence of non-nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor pathways. These are examples of careful clinical research that integrates pathophysiology and pharmacology to advance our knowledge of human disease.
The clinically excellent primary care physician: examples from the published literature

Clinical excellence is the ultimate goal in patient care. Exactly what the clinically excellent primary care physician (PCP) looks like and her characteristics have not been explicitly described. This manuscript serves to illustrate clinical excellence in primary care, using primarily case reports exemplifying physicians delivering holistic and patient-centred care to their patients. With an ever increasing demand for accessible and accountable health care, an understanding of the qualities desirable in primary care providers is now especially relevant. A literature review was conducted to identify compelling stories showing how excellent PCPs care for their patients. In the 2397 published works reviewed, we were able to find case reports and studies that exemplified every domain of the description of clinical excellence proposed and published by the Miller Coulson Academy of Clinical Excellence (MCACE). After reviewing these reports, the authors felt that the domains of excellence, as described by the MCACE, are practically applicable and relevant for primary care physicians. It is our hope that this paper prompts readers to reflect on clinical excellence in primary care.
Adapting Identities: Religious Conversion and Partisanship Among Asian American Immigrants:

Asian Americans constitute the largest group of new immigrants and the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States. While Asian American immigrants have experienced greater economic success than other minority groups, this has not necessarily led to greater political incorporation such as identification with a political party. Political parties have made little substantive outreach to Asian Americans, leaving a void in political socialization that other institutions, such as churches, have sought to fill. Yet the U.S. religious landscape is often quite different from that of Asian immigrants’ sending countries, providing opportunities for changes in religious identity through conversion. Leveraging data from the 2012 Pew Asian American Survey, we show that conversion from Buddhism to Christianity among Asian American immigrants facilitates the development of partisan political identities. We demonstrate that conversion functions as an adaptation in identity that helps facilitate subsequent changes i...
Free Energy Calculation of Membrane Permeation - Simulation Results Suggest Relaxation of Headgroup-Solute Interactions is the Slowest Degree of Freedom

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have been extensively used to investigate membrane-solute interactions. Understanding the interactions associated with solute translocation across lipid bilayers facilitates prediction of passive permeation rates of cell membranes, which is a very important property in the field of drug design and pharmacology. In this work, we use accelerated MD techniques to calculate the free energy of translocation of several small molecules across 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) lipid bilayers as a first step toward understanding the translocation mechanism. We compare the results for the translocation of arginine, a sodium ion, alanine and water as obtained from Metadynamics, Umbrella Sampling and Replica Exchange Umbrella Sampling. Within the fixed length of our simulation, we find that all methods produce comparable results for neutral permeants, but the results differ for polar and positively charged molecules. Using replica exchange umbrella sampling, we identify the difficulty in relaxation of strong electrostatic interactions between lipid headgroups and the solute to be the cause of this difference. Only after extensive equilibration, the artifacts from electrostatic interactions decay, allowing us to calculate the correct free energy profiles of all studied permeants. We show that the true transition state is sampled using replica exchange umbrella sampling. Most importantly, we highlight the large extent to which the results of free energy calculations depend on initial system configurations. Based on our results, we provide some guidance to evaluate the accuracy of free energy profiles that will be helpful to elucidate the mechanism of membrane permeation.
Impact of carbohydrate restriction in the context of obesity on prostate tumor growth in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model.

Impact of carbohydrate restriction in the context of obesity on prostate tumor growth in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model
Misdiagnosed Salmonella septicemia and endarteritis due to a lactose-fermenting strain: bacteriologic and epidemiologic considerations.

Porschen, Richard K., Hale, DeVon, and Goodman, Zelma: Misdiagnosed Salmonella septicemia and endarteritis due to a lactose-fermenting strain. Bacteriologic and epidemiologic considerations. In a case of septicemia and endarteritis the causative agent was initially misidentified. The Salmonella had atypical biochemical properties and was resistant to numerous antibiotics. Therapy with gentamicin and cephalothin failed to eliminate the organism. Identification of the organism as a lactosefermenting Salmonella serotype typhimuriutn var. Copenhagen was confirmed. The possible dissemination of the isolate from Brazil was analyzed by serologic studies of family members and friends.
Graphene and carbon nanotubes activate different cell surface receptors on macrophages before and after deactivation of endotoxins.

Nanomaterial synthesis and handling in a non-sterile environment can result in the final product becoming contaminated with bacterial endotoxin or lipopolysaccharides (LPB). During toxicological testing, the effects caused by endotoxin-contaminated nanomaterials can be misinterpreted in the end-point analysis (such as cytotoxicity and immune responses) and could result in erroneous conclusions. The objective of this study was twofold: (i) to test different carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) [pristine graphene and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)] for the presence of endotoxin and develop strategies for depyrogenation, and (ii) to compare the immune response exhibited by macrophages after exposure to native CBNs versus depyrogenated CBNs. The gel-clot limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) and chromogenic-based LAL assays were used to detect endotoxins. Results revealed that the CBNs contained greater amounts of endotoxin than are approved by major regulatory agencies (0.5 EU ml−1). Three repeated cycles of autoclaving reduced the endotoxin in the test materials. Macrophages were incubated with pyrogenated and depyrogenated pristine graphene and MWCNTs to test differences in phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, and expression of genes involved in macrophage activation. The uptake of depyrogenated CBNs was significantly reduced as compared with pyrogenated CBNs. Exposure of macrophages to depyrogenated CBNs resulted in a distinct pattern of gene expression for TLR signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling, and downstream signal transduction molecules. Furthermore, macrophages exposed to both types of CBNs showed the downregulation of TLR5 and NLRC4 inflammasomes. The results of this study reaffirm that assessment of endotoxin and other bacterial contamination is critical when evaluating the cellular toxicity of nanomaterials. Published 2017. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Published 2017. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
President's message: Ase membership—a good deal, and a good deal more

I believe that the growing volume of echocardiographic services is indeed a double-edge sword. On the one hand, it provides eloquent testimony to the versatility and perceived value of echocardiography to patient care. On the other hand, it underlines the significant resources consumed by providing these services. In these times of "do more with less," doing more can have some negative consequences. I believe that we must each act in a responsible manner, doing our part to be sure that the services we provide are truly needed. We must ask ourselves, and discuss with our referring physicians, "How will the results of this study alter patient care?" On occasion, we may find that a requested study really does not need to be performed. At the very least, this dialogue should allow us to refine the focus of the study and provide the most useful information to the treating physician. We must collect good outcomes data documenting those circumstances in which echocardiography improves outcomes and those clinical settings in which echocardiography is not helpful. We must continue to improve our skills to provide the best services to our patients. And we must also continue to adapt to changes in the health care environment. At the same time, I do not think that we can or should sacrifice quality in an effort to control costs. Clearly, incorrect or misleading information cannot be either cost-effective or good for patient care. We must therefore continue to uphold high professional standards and to work with regulatory agencies ensure that the resources allocated to echocardiographic services are adequate to do them well. ASE's mission statement, which emphasizes that we are "...dedicated to excellence in the development and application of cardiovascular ultrasound to patient care," demands no less.
Robotics and Reproductive Surgery.

Robotic technology applied to laparoscopy augments the armamentarium of the reproductive specialist. Uterine leiomyomas, adenomyosis, endometriosis, adnexal masses, sterilization reversal, and fertility preservation techniques can all be addressed with a robotic surgery skill set. Additionally, new approaches with single site and natural orifice surgery will continue to maximize advanced opportunities for safe, effective, and cosmetically conscious (patient-centered) approaches to surgical care. Enhanced postoperative recovery pathways are fully adaptable to these robotic procedures and improve patient acceptability while controlling costs.
IDIOPATHIC MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS PRESENTING WITH A TRANSIENT PERIPAPILLARY WHITE RING.

Purpose We describe with multimodal imaging the presentation and follow-up for a patient with idiopathic multifocal choroiditis and a transient peripapillary white ring. Methods Case report. Results A 39-year-old Asian woman was initially seen for an evaluation of lattice degeneration in 2015. Her medical history included Graves disease and psoriasis. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/25 in her right eye and 20/25 in her left eye. Ultra-widefield fundus autofluorescence imaging showed a curvilinear hyperautofluorescent line in her right eye. One year later, the patient returned complaining of floaters in her right eye for 1 month. Her visual acuity was unchanged. Funduscopic examination showed new inflammatory yellowish lesions in the right eye corresponding to hyperreflective sub-retinal pigment epithelium lesions on structural spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Fluorescein angiography showed corresponding late staining of these active lesions. Late-phase indocyanine green angiography showed multiple nummular hypocyanescent dots. Ultra-widefield fundus autofluorescence showed large areas of hyperautofluorescence. The patient was started on a 60-mg oral prednisone taper and demonstrated subsequent regression of the inflammatory lesions. Ten months later, the patient returned emergently with complaints of floaters in both eyes for 2 days and a new temporal scotoma in her left eye. Funduscopic examination demonstrated a white ring around the optic nerve of the left eye corresponding to a hyperautofluorescent lesion. Ultra-widefield fundus autofluorescence showed new areas of hyperautofluorescence in both eyes. Structural spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed new sub-retinal pigment epithelium inflammatory lesions and a disruption of the ellipsoid zone in both eyes. The patient was again treated with a 60-mg oral prednisone taper and demonstrated subsequent restoration of the ellipsoid zone. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of a transient annular white ring occurring in a case of multifocal choroiditis. There was marked restoration of the disrupted ellipsoid zone after treatment with oral corticosteroids.