cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inequalities via Dependence, Association, and Mixture

This chapter discusses the bivariate and multivariate probability inequalities from a different angle. It also discusses inequalities through the mixture of distributions. The random variable (X 1 ,X 2 )' (or its distribution) is said to be positively likelihood ratio dependent (PLRD) if holds for all and . The following statements are true. (1) Any subset of associated random variables is a set of associated random variables. (2) The set consisting of a single random variable is associated. (3) If two sets of associated random variables are independent, then their union is a set of associated random variables. (4) Independent random variables are associated. (5) The nondecreasing functions of associated random variables are associated random variables. The conditions for positive dependence and association reflect the property that the random variables are more likely to hang together. Yanagimoto (1972) and Shaked (1977a) unified some of the notions of positive dependence by introducing a family of concepts of dependence. Shaked's definition depends on the TP 2 property of the joint density function or a particular integral of the density. His results also have an application in reliability theory.
The Role of Agency: Compensated Surrogacy and the Institutionalization of Assisted Reproduction Practices

The surrogacy debate often conflates what should be seen as three distinct issues: the permissibility of the practice under any circumstances, the role of for-profit intermediaries in arranging surrogacy, and the role of compensation in influencing decision-making. For those who see surrogacy as intrinsically objectionable, nothing short of a total ban will suffice. For those who object to the commodification of reproduction or to the role of for-profit agencies in recruiting surrogates, however, the solutions lie in regulation rather than prohibition. Commercial agencies, unlike infertile couples who enter into arrangements with their friends and relatives, are repeat players. They are in a better position to institutionalize appropriate practices and instantiate acceptable norms than are parties driven by the desire to produce a child. We conclude that much of the objection to commercial surrogacy involves the practice’s growing pains. In the end, commercial agencies, particularly if they are subject to regulations that require transparency and provide oversight, may promote human dignity as well as, or better than, individually negotiated altruistic arrangements.
The Interplay Between Implicit Bias and Benign Overfitting in Two-Layer Linear Networks

The recent success of neural network models has shone light on a rather surprising statistical phenomenon: statistical models that perfectly fit noisy data can generalize well to unseen test data. Understanding this phenomenon of $\textit{benign overfitting}$ has attracted intense theoretical and empirical study. In this paper, we consider interpolating two-layer linear neural networks trained with gradient flow on the squared loss and derive bounds on the excess risk when the covariates satisfy sub-Gaussianity and anti-concentration properties, and the noise is independent and sub-Gaussian. By leveraging recent results that characterize the implicit bias of this estimator, our bounds emphasize the role of both the quality of the initialization as well as the properties of the data covariance matrix in achieving low excess risk.
More than 300 teardowns later: patterns in architecture and location among teardowns in Naperville, Illinois, 2008-2017

Analyzing before and after images of 349 teardowns between 2008 and 2017 in the wealthy and sprawling suburb of Naperville, Illinois, shows patterns in aesthetic choices and their fit in older neig...
Coprolalia and Malignant Phonic Tics

Phonic tics typically occur in the company of motor tics, and the combination usually suggests the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Although phonic tics are often mild, in some cases they may be severe and disabling. Forceful and repetitive vocalizations can cause vocal cord and throat irritation. Furthermore, complex phonic tics such as coprolalia can be socially isolating and lead to adversarial and even legal difficulties for the affected individual. When such “malignant phonic tics” fail to improve with antidopaminergic drugs, botulinum toxin treatment or even deep brain stimulation may be required.
Interracial Encounters: Reciprocal Representations in African and Asian American Literatures, 1896-1937

Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 2 The "Negro Problem" and the "Yellow Peril": Early Twentieth-Century America's Views on Blacks and Asians 3 Estrangement on a Train: Race and Narratives of American Identity in The Marrow of Tradition and America through the Spectacles of an Oriental Diplomat 4 The Eaton Sisters Go to Jamaica 5 Quicksand and the Racial Aesthetics of Chinoiserie6 Nation, Narration, and the Afro-Asian Encounter in W. E. B. Du Bois's Dark Princess and Younghill Kang's East Goes West 7 Coda Notes Bibliography Index About the Author
Interaction Between \(N{O_3}^ - \), \(N{O_2}^ - \), and \(N{H_4}^ + \) During Assimilation in Detached Barley Leaves

Numerous reports show that plants may utilize both NO3 − and NH4 + ions as a source of nitrogen. In microorganisms, ammonium often feedback-inhibits NR activity and represses NR induction (Payne, 1973). Because NO3 − reduction seems to occur in the cytoplasm (Beevers and Hageman, 1972; Neyra and Hageman, 1978) and NO2 − and NH4 + are assimilated in the chloroplast, feedback-inhibition by products may not be as serious in green leaves. Little information is available concerning the effects of each of these nitrogenous compounds on the assimilation of the others. This paper deals with that problem.
Corrosion Behavior of Reactive Sputtered Al2O3 and ZrO2 Thin Films on Mg Disk Immersed in Saline Solution

Magnesium has attracted a lot of attention over the last few decades due to its light weight and potential use as biomaterial. However, the poor corrosion resistance of magnesium restricts its practical use for application where exposure to aggressive aqueous media is unavoidable. This paper describes the growth, characterization and corrosion analyses of Al2O3 and ZrO2 thin film coatings aimed at slowing down the fast degradation of Mg in saline solution. In this study, different thicknesses of Al2O3 and ZrO2 were deposited on pure magnesium (99.95%) disk using pulsed-DC reactive sputtering process. The microstructure and phase analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The corrosion protection behavior of the Al2O3 and ZrO2 coated magnesium samples immersed in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution were evaluated using electrochemical measurement techniques, such as open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The microstructural analyses showed that the Al2O3 thin film coatings have circular grains between 5 and 25 nm, while the ZrO2 coatings have bigger ellipsoidal grains. The results from the electrochemical corrosion analyses showed that the Al2O3 coated Mg disk had corrosion resistance of approximately 3 times that of ZrO2 coated Mg disk. It was also observed that increasing the thickness of the Al2O3 coating improved the corrosion resistance of the Mg disk. These results suggest that Al2O3 and ZrO2 coating can be used to effectively control the fast degradation of magnesium for medical implant applications.
Human cathepsin X: A novel cysteine protease of the papain family with a very short proregion and unique insertions

A novel cDNA encoding a cysteine protease of the papain family named cathepsin X was obtained by PCR amplification from a human ovary cDNA library. The cathepsin X cDNA is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and contains an open reading frame of 912 nucleotides encoding a predicted protein of 303 amino acids. All highly conserved regions in papain-like cysteine proteases including the catalytic residues are present in cathepsin X. The mature part of cathepsin X is 26-32% identical to human cathepsins B, C, H, K, L, O, S and W. The cathepsin X sequence contains several unique features: (i) a very short proregion; (ii) a three amino acid residue insertion in a highly conserved region between the glutamine of the putative oxyanion hole and the active site cysteine; and (iii) a second insertion of 15 amino acid residues that can be aligned with the occluding loop region in cathepsin B.
An optimal lower bound for Turing machines with one work tape and a two-way input tape

This paper contains the first concrete lower bound argument for Turing machines with one work tape and a two-way input tape (these Turing machines are often called "offline 1-tape Turing machines"). In particular we prove an optimal lower bound of Ω(n3/2/(log n)1/2) for transposing a matrix with elements of bit length ∘(logn) (where n is the length of the total input). This implies a lower bound of Ω(n3/2/(log n)1/2) for sorting on the considered type of Turing machine. We also get as corollaries the first nonlinear lower bound for the most difficult version of the two tapes — versus — one problem, and a separation of the considered type of Turing machine from that with an additional write-only output tape.
In vitro Protein Refolding

The production of heterologous proteinsexpressed in prokaryotic organisms such as Escherichia coli often encounter the formation of inclusion bodies. Purification and reactivation of these inclusion bodies require solubilization and renaturation (Marston, 1986). During the refolding of protein from the denatured state, aggregation of partially refolded proteins occurs resulting in a decreased recovery of the native proteins. This aggregation phenomenon has been found for many proteins and by many investigators (Anfinsen and Haber, 1961; Epstein and Goldberg, 1963). The aggregation of protein during refolding is strongly dependent on the final protein and denaturant concentration (ZETTLMEISSEL et al., 1979). Due to this behavior, the in vitro refolding of proteins must be performed at low protein concentrations. The objective of this research is to examine the kinetics of protein aggregation and to devise methods to reduce the rate of protein aggregation. A model system, bovine carbonic anhydrase B (CAB), was selected for the research. This enzyme is known to aggregate during refolding (Ikai et al., 1978) and its refolding pathway has been well characterized (Stein and Henkens, 1978; Doligkh et al., 1984: Semisotnov et al. 1987).
Prediction Bands for ILL-Posed Problems

Consider the linear ill-posed operator equation $$Kx = z$$ (1.1) where K: X→Yis an operator between two Hilbert spaces with the inner product denoted by $$\left\langle {x,y} \right\rangle ,\,x,y\, \in \mathcal{X}\,or\,x,y\, \in \,\mathcal{Y}\,$$ The ill-posedness of the problem (see [1]) means that a small perturbation in the data zmay result in large changes in the solution to (1.1). This discontinuous dependence of the solution on the data requires regularization in order to approximately solve the ill-posed equation.
AEE788, a dual tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, induces endothelial cell apoptosis in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice

2034 Purpose: We investigated whether concomitant blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling pathways by AEE788, a dual inhibitor of EGFR and VEGFR tyrosine kinases, would inhibit the growth of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells and human cutaneous cancer xenografts in nude mice. Experimental Design: We examined the effects of AEE788 on the phosphorylation of EGFR and VEGFR-2 in cutaneous SCC cells expressing EGFR and VEGFR-2 and on cutaneous SCC cell growth and apoptosis. We assessed the in vivo antitumor effects of AEE788 in a xenograft model in nude mice. AEE788 (50 mg/kg) was administered orally three times weekly to mice that had been subcutaneously injected with Colo16 tumor cells. Mechanisms of in vivo AEE788 activity were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Treatment of cutaneous SCC cells with AEE788 led to dose-dependent inhibition of EGFR and VEGFR-2 phosphorylation, growth inhibition, and induction of apoptosis. In the mice treated with AEE788, tumor growth was inhibited by 54% at 21 days after the start of treatment compared with control mice ( P Conclusions: In addition to inhibiting cutaneous cancer cell growth by blocking EGFR and VEGFR signaling pathways in vitro , AEE788 inhibited in vivo tumor cell growth by inducing tumor and endothelial cell apoptosis.
In Vivo Reference Point Indentation Variability in Skeletally Mature Inbred Mice

Ex vivo mechanical testing is the gold standard for assessing bone mechanical properties. However, ex vivo assessments preclude longitudinal studies of different interventions to enhance these prop...
Evidential reasoning in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: a case study of Tharcisse Muvunyi

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the application of Modified Wigmorean Analysis to reasoning in fact-finding by international criminal tribunals, using selected aspects of the ICTR case of Muvunyi as the central example. This case study should show that Modified Wigmorean Analysis can be applied to this kind of material, that it is capable of illuminating what was in fact argued in justification by the Court and what might have been argued more cogently. Furthermore, we suggest that the method is not as difficult as might appear at first sight, in that some first year American law students have produced analyses of this and other ICTR cases to a reasonably high standard. This case study illustrates the uses and limitations of Modified Wigmorean Analysis and its particular application to witness credibility on which this and some other ICTR cases have largely turned.
Determination of tetracycline residues in shrimp and whole milk using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and residue confirmation by mass spectrometry

Abstract Two methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline in shrimp and in whole milk. These methods were designed to simplify sample extraction and clean-up steps and to be fast and convenient for routine testing in a regulatory environment. Both methods rely on a simple extraction of the shrimp or milk matrix with succinic acid followed by isolation on a copolymeric solid phase extraction column. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a polar end-capped C8 column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of organic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol, where 0.1% formic acid or 0.01 M oxalic acid was used as the acid. Formic acid allowed direct confirmation of the three residues by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS). LC with ultraviolet absorbance at 370 nm resulted in the quantitation of all three tetracycline residues from shrimp and milk samples fortified at 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ng g −1 . Average recoveries were greater than 75% with R.S.D. values less than 10%. All three tetracycline residues were confirmed in shrimp (25–400 ng g −1 ) and milk (50–300 ng g −1 ) samples by LC–MS–MS.
Manufacturing Distortions of Curved Composite Panels

This papa briefly discusses the influences of through-thickness thermal expansion, a misaligned ply, and a resin-rich slightly thicker ply on the deformations of a curved composite laminate during cool down from tbc cure temperature. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional level finite-element analyses are used. The deformations are categorized as to radial and tangential deformations and twist, and for each of the three influences, these deformations are quantified. An additional outcome of the study is an indication of the level of analysis needed to study each of these three influences.
Area-constrained coverage optimization by robotic sensor networks

This paper studies robotic sensor networks performing coverage optimization tasks with area constraints. The network coverage of the environment is a function of the robot locations and the partition of the space. The area of the region assigned to each robot is constrained to be a pre-specified amount. We characterize the optimal configurations as center generalized Voronoi configurations. The generalized Voronoi partition depends on a set of weights, one per robot, assigned to the network. We design a Jacobi iterative algorithm to find the weight assignment whose corresponding generalized Voronoi partition satisfies the area constraints. This algorithm is distributed over the generalized Delaunay graph. We also design the ?move-to-center-and-compute-weight? coordination algorithm that steers the robotic network towards the set of center generalized Voronoi configurations while monotonically optimizing coverage. Various simulations illustrate our results.
The market’s use of supplier earnings information to value customers

In this paper we examine whether the quarterly earnings announcements of supplier firms contain information about their customer’s earnings. Our evidence suggests that they do. Specifically, we find evidence consistent with the market impounding supplier firm earnings information into the stock prices of the firm’s customers. This is consistent with the market using the supplier’s earnings to help assess the customer firm’s future cash flows and/or uncertainty of those cash flows. We also find that the quality of the earnings influences the magnitude of the customer firm’s stock price reaction. The customer’s stock price reaction is increasing in the revenue growth reported by the supplier and the past persistence of the supplier’s earnings. Additional tests reveal that the market reaction is amplified when the customer firm is more dependent on the supplier. Finally, we find that the relative bargaining power of the customer influences the market reaction to supplier earnings. While prior research has documented that the market uses industry peer earnings and customer earnings in pricing a firm’s stock, this is the first study to provide evidence on the market’s use of supplier earnings information.
Spray-dried chitinosans. Part I: preparation and characterization.

Abstract Purpose: Physicochemical and micromeritic characterization of chitinosans. Methods: Chitinosans subjected to N-deacetylation and depolymerization were characterized for degree of N-deacetylation (DD), molecular weight (MW), pKa, particle size determination and morphology, tap/bulk density measurements, surface area determinations, and determination of flow properties. Results: The chitinosan DDs and MWs were dependent on the processing conditions and ranged from 66 to 89% and 2–522 kDa, respectively. Chitinosan particle sizes and shapes were dependent on drying conditions (range 8–465 μm). Spray-dried chitinosans were spherical and had smaller particle sizes than the non-spray-dried materials which were irregularly shaped particles. Higher density values were obtained for processed materials than those for the raw material. Lower specific surface areas were observed for non-spray-dried chitinosans (0.28–1.59 m2/g) than for spray-dried chitinosans (0.74–3.01 m2/g). Weight variation of chitinosan tablets indicated that spray-dried chitinosans possessed improved flow characteristics as compared with tray-dried chitinosans. Conclusions: The effect of drying method employed in chitinosan manufacture, i.e. spray versus tray drying, on the physicochemical and micromeritic properties of the resultant chitinosans were evaluated. Although the drying methods did not significantly influence the physicochemical properties, they affected the micromeritic properties of the resultant chitinosans.
Collision-induced predissociation by van der Waals' interaction

Abstract We have developed a theory that satisfactorily predicts the relative magnitudes of the observed fluorescence quenching cross sections for B(3ΠO+u)I2, based on van der Waals perturbation. Applications to other systems are also discussed.
Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure: Fluidic Modeling and Parallel Computing

Plasma-assisted processing and deposition of materials is an important component of modern industrial applications, with plasma reactors sharing 30%-40% of manufacturing steps in microelectronics production. An intriguing niche of flexible electronics requires a specialty plasma reactor to provide high-throughput deposition method applicable to roll-to-roll processing of flexible substrates. We create a numerical model to simulate such a reactor and to optimize the experimental unit for better efficiency. We focussed on basic processes responsible for plasma generation, recombination, and sustainment, as well as their implementation with numerical algorithms using high-performance parallel approach. Discussion of source terms and comparison of numerical data with the experimental results are provided. Estimation of typical range for plasma parameters is made using results of a Boltzmann solver and experimentally acquired atomic data. The proposed model can be used as a standalone tool for understanding the effects produced by change in physical parameters or it can generate useful data as an input to a more complicated 2-D problem of plasma convective transport.
Low‐Dose Effect of Ethanol on Locomotor Activity Induced by Activation of the Mesolimbic System

Four experiments were designed to study the ability of 0.5 g/kg ethanol (EtOH) intraperitoneally to modify locomotor activity induced by drugs that interact with different sites in the mesolimbic system (MLS) of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Locomotor activity was measured in a doughnut-shaped circular arena after various treatments. EtOH alone did not alter locomotor activity in any of the experiments. Amphetamine (AMP, intraperitoneally or intraaccumbens) increased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, and the presence of EtOH attenuated AMP-induced locomotor activity. Bilateral infusion of GABA A antagonist picrotoxin (PIC) into the ventral tegmental area also increased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, and the presence of EtOH attenuated PIC-induced locomotor activity. On the other hand, the interaction between bilateral infusion of μ-receptor agonist Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol (DAGO) and EtOH on locomotor activity is complex. The highest dose of DAGO that significantly increased locomotor activity was not affected by the presence of EtOH. But, with lower doses of DAGO that either had no effect or a small increase in locomotor activity, the combination of EtOH and DAGO increased and attenuated locomotor activity, respectively. Results from this study support our hypothesis that a low dose of EtOH that does not modify behavior can interact with neurotransmitter systems in the brain and modify drug-induced locomotor activity. Modification of this drug-induced locomotor activity by a low dose of EtOH is dependent on the rate of ongoing locomotor behavior induced by drug and the neurotransmitter substrate that the drug modified to induce locomotor behavior. Based on the results, we speculate that a low dose of EtOH probably interacts with dopaminergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems and not with opiopeptidergic systems in the MLS.
Structure of a periplasmic glucose-binding protein from Thermotoga maritima.

ABC transport systems have been characterized in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. In most bacterial systems, the periplasmic component is the primary determinant of specificity of the transport complex as a whole. Here, the X-ray crystal structure of a periplasmic glucose-binding protein (GBP) from Thermotoga maritima determined at 2.4 A resolution is reported. The molecule consists of two similar α/β domains connected by a three-stranded hinge region. In the current structure, a ligand (β-d-glucose) is buried between the two domains, which have adopted a closed conformation. Details of the substrate-binding sites revealed features that determine substrate specificity. In toto, ten residues from both domains form eight hydrogen bonds to the bound sugar and four aromatic residues (two from each domain) stabilize the substrate through stacking interactions.
Novel mechanisms of protein synthesis in diabetic nephropathy—role of mRNA translation

Ambient protein levels are affected by both synthesis and degradation. Synthesis of a protein is regulated by transcription and messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Translation has emerged as an important site of regulation of protein expression during development and disease. It is under the control of distinct factors that regulate initiation, elongation and termination phases. Regulation of translation occurs via signaling reactions, guanosine diphosphate-guanosine triphosphate binding and by participation of non-coding RNA species such as microRNA. Recent work has revealed an important role for translation in hypertrophy, matrix protein synthesis, elaboration of growth factors in in vivo and in vitro models of diabetic nephropathy. Studies of translation dysregulation in diabetic nephropathy have enabled identification of novel therapeutic targets. Translation of mRNA is a fertile field for exploration in investigation of kidney disease.
Rigid strings and QCD sum rules

The recently proposed smooth (or rigid) string model is compared to QCD at intermediate energies with the help of a sum rule-like technique. A clear agreement between the two is obtained for an inverse rigidity constant α(2 GeV)<0.2. The presence of a Luscher term in the static potential with the universal coefficient −π/12 is required by QCD. As a by-product we also get a new estimate of the string tension √σ=0.45±0.5 GeV.
Clozapine intoxication in a dog.

Intoxication with clozapine in a dog, suspected from history and clinical signs at presentation, was confirmed by demonstration of decreasing serum levels of this drug. Clozapine is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine used for treatment of human schizophrenia, and clinical signs of intoxication in humans include tachycardia, seizures, muscle fasciculations, agitation, and sialorrhea. This dog showed ptyalism, hyperthermia, tachycardia, and was easily excited by tactile or auditory stimulation. The calculated peak concentration of clozapine in this dog was approximately 6,000 ng/mL, and the elimination half-life (t1/2) was 5 hours. Charcoal administration and supportive care led to a successful outcome in this patient.
Comparative evaluation of positive and negative chemically amplified resist characteristics for 90-nm-node photomask production

For the latest photomask fabrication, better critical dimension (CD) control and pattern fidelity to design size are required. According to the latest ITRS roadmap, masks for the 90 nm technology node should have CD uniformity of 6~8nm (3σ). Moreover, CD control is particularly critical for isolated opaque lines, such as those found in gate layers, whose loading is primarily clear field. The high acceleration voltage electron beam (EB) systems that employ variable shaped beams (VSBs) are used for mask writing due to their high throughput. To minimize write time and fogging effects, and to control mean CD and improve CD uniformity for mask production, it is well known that negative tone resists enable better VSB mask writing system performance. In these circumstances, positive and negative tone chemically amplified resists (CARs), FEP171 (Fuji Films) and FEN270 (Fuji-Films), were evaluated empirically for mask making. We investigated and compared resolution, sensitivity, resist profiles, CD variation vs. exposure dose, proximity effect correction (PEC), fogging effect, pattern fidelity, and so on. Furthermore, write tool data volume and throughput, defect trends, and other process parameters on the positive and negative tone resists were evaluated and compared by applying test patterns.
Analysis of complex team-based systems: augmentations to goal-directed task analysis and cognitive work analysis

This research modified two analysis techniques, goal-directed task analysis (GDTA) and modified cognitive work analysis (mCWA), in order to apply them to the analysis of a complex team-based system...
The Combined Use of Sucrose and Nonnutritive Sucking for Procedural Pain in Both Term and Preterm Neonates: An Integrative Review of the Literature

Many agents, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, have been studied to alleviate neonatal pain, and the research is extensive. The 2 most commonly studied nonpharmacologic agents studied have been sucrose and nonnutritive sucking (NNS). There is increasing evidence that the synergistic effect of sucrose and NNS is more effective than the effect of sucrose or NNS alone. The purpose of this integrative review of the literature was to determine whether there is a relationship between the synergistic effect of combining sucrose and NNS administered before and during painful procedures, and reducing procedural pain in both preterm and term neonates. This integrative review indicates that the combination of sucrose and NNS is a safe, effective, and clinically significant means of providing procedural pain relief in neonates, both term and preterm.
A new method for aversive pavlovian conditioning of heart rate in rhesus monkeys

Aversive Pavlovian conditioning is an important tool used to investigate neurobiological mechanisms underlying the acquisition and expression of fear. Most studies have used nonprimate species employing electrical shock as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Although important advances have been made in understanding the neural substrates of conditioned fear, the extent to which these findings apply to primates is unclear. Research in primates has not progressed because of the lack of a conditioning paradigm that does not use shock. Therefore, we developed a method that uses a US consisting of a loud noise coupled with a stream of compressed air aimed at the face to aversively condition heart rate response in rhesus monkeys. With this US, rhesus monkeys rapidly acquire a conditioned bradycardia. The availability of an easy, reliable, and efficient method of aversive conditioning that does not require electrical shock, will facilitate studies investigating neurobiological mechanisms underlying the acquisition and expression of fear in primates.
Typesetting chemical structure formulas with the text formatter TeX/LaTeX

Abstract Methods are described to incorporate chemical structure diagrams into manuscripts prepared with the widely used text formatter TeX, a program that specializes in mathematics typesetting. The graphics capabilities of the LaTeX macros are used to draw the diagrams. Structures are input with keyboard characters; no graphics hardware is needed. The TeX program produces device-independent ASCII files to send to output devices. About 30 macros were written to facilitate the typesetting of common structural fragments such as branching patterns and alicyclic and heterocyclic rings. These macros permit optional substituents and multiple bonds. Fragments from different macros can be combined.
Effect of diet on hepatic and intestinal lipogenesis in squirrel, Cebus, and cynomolgus monkeys

Since distinct species differences were found in the serum lipid response of several species of nonhuman primates to dietary fat and cholesterol, in vitro lipogenesis by liver and intestine was studied in four of these species (Cebus albifrons and apella, Macaca fascicularis, and Saimiri sciureus) in order to identify potential differences in the capacity of these tissues to synthesize cholesterol and triglyceride. Comparison of New World cebus and Old World cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated that the cebus monkey exhibited a greater potential for cholesterogenesis in the liver and for total lipogenesis in the jejunum than did the cynomolgus monkey. Proportionately, however, the cynomolgus demonstrated a higher rate of intestinal cholesterol synthesis in vitro relative to hepatic cholesterol synthesis than did the New World species. The feeding of cholesterol with butterfat to squirrel monkeys caused a 94% inhibition of cholesterol synthesis from acetate in liver slices and a 48% inhibition in the ileum. Dietary coconut oil, on the other hand, when compared to safflower oil resulted in a significant increase in the rate of triglyceride synthesis from acetate in liver from cebus monkeys and in jejunum from cebus and cynomolgus monkeys. The possible relationship of these differences in lipogenesis to species differences in the hyperlipidemic capacity of dietary fat and cholesterol is discussed.
Visual Acuity and Motor Characteristics in Congenital Nystagmus

Improvement in visual acuity at near fixation in patients with congenital nystagmus has been explained on the basis of nystagmus damping, caused by superimposed convergence innervation. However, an electronystagmographic study of 13 patients with congenital nystagmus and improvement in visual acuity at near fixation failed to show a consistent decrease of nystagmus intensity at near fixation. Visual acuity at near fixation improved regardless of whether the nystagmus intensity decreased or increased. Factors other than nystagmus amplitude or frequency may be modified by convergence innervation and cause an increase in visual acuity at near in patients with congenital nystagmus.
Studies of Soil Moisture in the “Great Plains” Region

1. All determinations of soil moisture should be made to a depth of from four to five feet for wheat and oats, and to a depth of six or seven feet for grasses. 2. Unless all the soil under consideration is very uniform, determinations of the hygroscopic coefficient are indispensable. The determination of this value is extremely important even where the soil is uniform. 3. The storage capacity for available water of the two soil types studied, may be placed at from five to seven inches of rainfall for wheat and oat crops. 4. A better idea of the moisture conditions of the soil at Indian Head may be obtained from a casual examination in the field than from the drying and weighing of the samples, unless the hygroscopic coefficient is considered. 5. The moisture stored in the subsoil during the previous summer, and not the frost of the preceding winter, is the cause of the high yields of wheat and oats obtained in southern Saskatchewan. 6. The soil of southern Saskatchewan does not remain permanently frozen at any depth. 7. Investigations of the moisture conditions to a depth of only 12 to 16 inches are of no value and may often be entirely misleading.
Depletable resources, discounting and intergenerational equity

Abstract A major criticism of the use of benefit-cost analysis in the management of depletable natural resources is that discounting future benefits encourages current consumption at the expense of future generations. Discounting future benefits of depletable resources has also been regarded as incompatible with sustainable economic growth. This article shows that by treating natural resources as capital assets and their depletion as capital consumption rather than as income we can reconcile discounting of future benefits with intergenerational equity and sustainable economic growth. Illustrations are provided for the management of virgin forests, mineral resources, agricultural resources, and wilderness amenities.
Comment on Kaon production in heavy-ion collisions and maximum mass of neutron stars

A Comment on the Letter by G. Q. Li, C.-H. Lee, and G. E. Brown, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 5214 (1997). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Recurrent granulomatous synovitis due to Mycobacterium kansasii in a renal transplant recipient

A 61-year-old woman received a cadaveric renal transplant in 1972 and was maintained on chronic immunosuppression. Nonspecific granulomatous synovitis of the left hand developed in 1982. After recurrence of synovitis in 1984, surgical exploration of the left hand demonstrated "rice bodies" in a region of chronic synovitis from which Mycobacterium kansasii was isolated. Despite therapy with isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol, to which the organism was susceptible in vitro, synovitis recurred. Recovery was completed after extensive synovectomies, decreased immunosuppression, and 24-months of therapy, with the drugs listed above; there was no evidence of mycobacterial infection at sites other than the left hand at any time. The occurrence of persistent Mycobacterium kansasii infection is distinctly unusual even in transplant recipients. In patients refractory to conventional antituberculous therapy, surgical management should be considered as an important therapeutic component.
Fiber pullout behavior and impact toughness of short shaped copper fibers in thermoset matrices

Abstract This paper considers the effectiveness of adding short shaped copper fibers to brittle thermoset polymer matrices to improve the composite's impact toughness. The low velocity impact response of each fiber–matrix combination has been investigated by conducting reversed notch Izod impact tests using a pendulum impact tester. The fiber pullout behavior and its effects on impact toughness with different fiber shapes as well as lengths were investigated. The matrices used in the experiments were polyester and two different types of epoxy. Fiber shapes and lengths were chosen based on previous single fiber pullout experiments that were conducted to determine shape families that improved the fracture toughness of thermoset polymer matrix composites. Results indicate that the most important factors for determining impact toughness were the matrix and interface behavior. This behavior determined the fiber debonding and pullout behavior, the fiber shapes which gave increased toughness, and the length where fibers failed rather than pulled out of the matrix. The fiber shape was also important because when a fiber debonds from the matrix, it must be able to pull out to improve toughness. Because of the high effectiveness of shaped fibers, composites with such fibers, many of which fail during impact, can still perform better than composites with straight fibers, all of which pull out during impact.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Empathic Experience Design as a Creativity Technique

The need for innovation in product design is an ongoing challenge. Many methods have been proposed to create more innovative products and to better identify customer needs. In this study we introduce an Empathic Experience Design (EED) method to be used just prior to concept generation to help create more innovative concepts. The EED method exposes the designer to empathic experiences, which are designed to help the designer empathize with customers who use the product under a variety of non-ideal conditions. Separate experiments were conducted at two universities, in which students were asked to develop concepts for a next-generation alarm clock. Subject and control experiments were designed and implemented, and the resulting concepts were analyzed to determine the originality and technical quality of each concept. The subject group concepts, which were developed after participating in the empathic experiences, were compared with the control group concepts, which were developed without empathic experiences. At each university, the subject group concepts demonstrated significantly higher originality, relative to the control group concepts, without any sacrifice in technical quality.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A mechanism for the hydrolysis of MgATP by actomyosin of skeletal muscle

Abstract Based on a model of the active site of myosin (Ramirez, Shukla & Levy, 1978), a chemical mechanism for MgATPase and intermediate oxygen exchange is presented. In this mechanism, oxygen exchange takes place via an oxyphosphorane intermediate that undergoes double turnstile rotation (Ugi, Ramirez, Marquarding, Klusacek & Gillespie, 1971 ; Ramirez & Ugi, 1974 . During hydrolysis by native skeletal muscle myosin, only three [18O] atoms from labelled water are rapidly incorporated into the phosphorus that is finally released to the medium as Pi; whereas, during hydrolysis by subfragment 1 (S1), which is the head of myosin, four oxygens are labelled rapidly. To explain this difference, we postulate that cleavage of the (S1)-(S2) hinge in the preparation of S1 modifies the interaction of the oxyphosphorane intermediate at the active site. This enables a normally non-exchangeable oxygen to enter the exchange process. This is consistent with our earlier interpretation to the effect that the active site and the hinge in myosin are relatively close to each other Shukla & Levy, 1977b ; Shukla & Levy, 1978 . We postulate that the major elements of the active site are situated on a 92 amino acid fragment, p10, isolated by Elzinga & Collins, 1977 from myosin. P10 is now known to be situated in the region that connects the head to the body of a myosin heavy chain (Lu, Sosinki, Balint & Streter, 1978) . An examination of the p10 fragment for a possible point of proteolytic attack in the region of the hinge which will generate S1 revealed lysine 82. Breaking the protein chain at a point so close to the active site pocket could explain the effect of hinge cleavage on oxygen exchange. Two additional features of the present mechanism are: (1) the protonation of Pγ of a MgPα,Pγ complex of ATP, which depresses monomeric metaphosphate mediated hydrolysis, and enhances oxyphosphorane formation by addition of water to Pγ; (2) the coordination of Nτ-methylhistidinet † of actin with Mg at the active site, which activates the release of the products of hydrolysis.
Flame synthesis of 1-D complex metal oxide nanomaterials

Abstract One dimensional (1-D) complex metal oxide nanomaterials, such as ternary oxides, doped oxides, and hierarchical structures containing several oxides, not only benefit from large aspect ratios, but also offer exciting opportunities to design materials with desired properties by tuning their chemical compositions and tailoring their sizes and morphologies at the nanometer scale. Flame synthesis is an attractive method to grow 1-D complex metal oxide nanostructures because of its high temperature, scalability, low-cost and rapid growth rate. Here, we present three new combined flame synthesis methods: (1) simultaneous vapor–vapor growth, (2) simultaneous solid–vapor growth, and (3) sequential solid–vapor growth, to grow 1-D complex metal oxide nanostructures with well-defined compositions and morphologies. These three methods combine the previously reported flame vapor deposition and solid diffusion growth methods that were separately used to grow 1-D simple binary metal oxide nanostructures, and significantly advance the capabilities of existing flame synthesis methods for the growth of 1-D nanomaterials. The first method, simultaneous vapor–vapor growth, combines the flame vapor deposition growth of two different metal oxides by oxidizing and evaporating two different metal sources. With this we have successfully grown W-doped MoO 3 nanoplates and nanoflowers. In the second method, simultaneous solid–vapor growth, one precursor is again provided by oxidizing and evaporating metal oxide from a metal, while the other precursor diffuses out from a different growth substrate. With this we have successfully grown ternary Cu 3 Mo 2 O 9 nanowires. The third method, sequential solid–vapor growth, essentially uses the 1-D nanostructures firstly grown by solid diffusion as the substrates for subsequent flame vapor deposition. With this we have successfully grown hierarchical CuO/MoO 3 core/shell nanowires and MoO 3 -branched CuO nanowires. We believe that these three new combined flame synthesis methods will provide a general platform for the synthesis of 1-D complex metal oxide nanostructures with tailored properties.
Value prediction in VLIW machines

The performance of VLIW architectures is dependent on the capability of the compiler to detect and exploit instruction-level parallelism during instruction scheduling. To exploit the detected parallelism, instructions are reordered to reduce the length of the code schedule and minimize the cycle count for execution. Code reordering is limited by the dependencies among instructions arising from both control flow and data flow. In this paper, we present the design of a VLIW architecture that uses value prediction to remove data dependencies and improve the instruction schedule. Our architecture consists of two execution engines, one for executing the original VLIW code, and the other for executing compensation code after a misprediction. Any code executed due to mispredictions is executed in parallel with the VLIW instructions. The instruction set and hardware of a traditional VLIW machine are modified accordingly to support this type of concurrent execution. The efficacy of the proposed architecture is demonstrated by implementing the prediction model in the Trimaran compiler infrastructure and studying the speedups that result due to the parallel execution of compensation code.
Eigenfunction expansions and the pinsky phenomenon on compact manifolds

We extend results on pointwise convergence of eigenfunction expansions established for functions on flat tori in [24] and [26] to the setting of compact Riemannian manifolds, subject to a mild restriction on the order of caustics that can arise in the fundamental solution of the wave equation. This gives analyses of some endpoint cases of results treated in [3]. In particular, we are able to treat the Pinsky phenomenon for eigenfunction expansions of piecewise smooth functions with jump across the boundary of a ball on such manifolds, in dimension three.
Do coarse resolution U.S. presettlement land survey records adequately represent the spatial pattern of individual tree species

Presettlement land survey records (PLSRs) are a valuable and unique source of information for the reconstruction of presettlement forest patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine whether coarsely resolved PLSRs are adequate to characterize the spatial patterns of individual tree species over large areas. The General Land Office Survey records of the PLSRs of Minnesota were used and species selected in the analysis were based on their abundances and degrees of clustering. A geostatistical procedure was developed to analyze observations of bearing-tree point-locations, at progressively coarser resolutions from 1×1 mile to 24×24 miles, to create spatially continuous probability surfaces of species occurrences across the landscape. Statistical and visual analyses of the geostatistical predictions indicated that coarsely resolved PLSRs, as coarse as 24×24 miles, can adequately represent the spatial pattern of individual species over large areas. Mean errors in predictions increased as more coarsely resolved data were used, primarily in response to the decreased abundance of a species and minorly in response to the degree of spatial clustering of a species. The results indicate that coarsely resolved township-level data of 6×6 miles can be used for presettlement vegetation reconstruction of large areas of several counties.
Gender and Risk in a Matrifocal Caribbean Community: A View from Behavioral Ecology

Matrifocality is a feature of Caribbean communities in which mothers and adult daughters often form the household core. I argue that daughter-biased parental care underlies matrifocality. Parental investment (PI) theory predicts sex-biased care, but factors promoting daughter preference are not always clearly specified. If sons are more likely than daughters to experience unpredictable hazards, then parents may bias their efforts toward daughters. In this study, I examine gender differences in rural Dominica and test PI predictions. Men were more likely to be poor and develop alcoholism and less likely to migrate or attend high school than women were. Educational outcomes showed a Trivers-Willard effect: Boys from unfavorable family environments were less likely to receive secondary education than were other boys, but there was no association for girls. PI variables generally accounted for less variance in men's outcomes than women's, suggesting that unpredictable hazards for sons may promote daughter preference and matrifocality.