cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, SENSORY, AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND SHELF LIFE OF PSE AND NORMAL PORK CHOPS

Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) and normal pork loins were cut into chops, prepackaged, and stored up to 8 days under simulated retail display at −1°C. At 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of display, packages of each type were removed for physical, chemical, organoleptic, and microbiological analysis. Chops were evaluated for color, aroma, and general appearance prior to cooking and for tenderness, flavor, juiciness, cooked aroma, and shear value after being cooked to 76° C. Thiamin and TBA values were determined to evaluate changes in nutritional and chemical quality. Myoglobin content and pH of the muscle were used to verify PSE and normal classification of the loins. PSE chops scored lower (P < 0.01) for general appearance, raw color, raw aroma, flavor, cooked aroma, juiciness, and overall satisfaction than normal chops. Normal chops scored slightly less tender and had higher (P < 0.02) shear values than PSE chops. Weight loss was greater (P < 0.01) for PSE chops during display and during cooking than for normal chops. Myoglobin, thiamin, and pH values were higher (P < 0.01) in the normal chops than PSE chops, while TBA values were higher (P < 0.01) in the PSE chops. Color and general appearance scores decreased and TBA values increased more rapidly in the PSE chops than in normal chops as display time increased. Microbiological determinations included total count (25°C and 37°C), lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms and staphylococci according to standard microbiological procedures. Total bacterial counts (37°C) were higher (P < 0.01) for the normal chops, but there were no significant differences in total bacterial counts at 25°C. Total bacterial counts at 37°C decreased between 0 and 2 days' display and then slowly increased but never reached the original population numbers by the eighth day of display. Numbers of lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms, and staphylococci were too few to statistically evaluate.
Effects of systemic and local phenylephrine and arginine vasopressin infusions in conscious postnatal sheep.

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases after birth, however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Systemic angiotensin II (ANG II) infusions increase MAP in newborn sheep, but the direct effects of ANG II on peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) are minimal. Thus, its systemic pressor effects may reflect release of other pressor agents, e.g. α-agonists and/or AVP, suggesting they contribute to postnatal regulation of MAP and PVR. To address this, we performed studies in conscious sheep at 7–14, 15–21, and 22–35 d postnatal, infusing phenylephrine (PE) or AVP systemically or intra-arterially into the hindlimb while measuring MAP, heart rate (HR), and femoral blood flow (FmBF). Basal MAP and FmBF rose, whereas HR and femoral vascular resistance (FmVR) fell (p ≤ 0.03) during the first month postnatal. Although systemic PE and AVP dose dependently increased MAP and FmVR and decreased FmBF and HR (p < 0.001, ANOVA) at all ages, responses were not age dependent. Notably, increases in FmVR exceeded increases in MAP, and responses to PE appeared to exceed AVP (p < 0.05). Hindlimb infusions of both agents decreased FmBF and increased FmVR dose dependently (p < 0.001, ANOVA) at all ages without altering MAP or HR. These responses also were not age dependent. Unlike ANG II, PE and AVP directly increase PVR in newborn sheep. Moreover, FmVR increases more than MAP at all doses, suggesting these agonists may contribute to postnatal MAP regulation and could mediate the effects of systemic ANG II on postnatal MAP.
Plasma levels of IL-1β, TNFα and their specific inhibitors in undialyzed chronic renal failure, CAPD and hemodialysis patients

The presence of naturally occurring inhibitors of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in a variety of diseases has been demonstrated. The IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) binds to IL-1 receptors and blocks the activity of IL-1, and a soluble form of the p55 TNF receptor (TNFsRp55) binds and neutralizes TNF. In the present study, plasma levels of IL-1 beta, IL-1Ra, TNF alpha and TNFsRp55 were measured in 29 undialyzed patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), 13 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 42 patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) and in 15 healthy controls. Of the 29 patients with CRF, 13 had end-stage renal disease (ESRD, estimated GFR < 10 ml/min). Among health controls, plasma levels of IL-1 beta, IL-1Ra and TNF alpha were at or below the limit of detection of the assay. In undialyzed patients with ESRD, or in patients on CAPD or HD, plasma levels of IL-1 beta were 428 +/- 134 pg/ml, 378 +/- 83 and 352 +/- 43 pg/ml, respectively. Although plasma levels of IL-1 beta in each group of patients were higher than those in healthy controls (< 160 pg/ml), these differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, plasma levels of IL-1Ra in undialyzed patients with ESRD (629 +/- 125 pg/ml, P = 0.03), CAPD (902 +/- 164 pg/ml, P < 0.0001) and HD patients (642 +/- 73 pg/ml, P = 0.004) were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (103 +/- 15).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A crack perpendicular to an elastic half-plane

Abstract An exact solution is obtained for an elastic half-plane containing a crack perpendicular to the free surface, when the faces of the crack are subjected to a particular, but rather general, distribution of pressure. Expressions are given for the stress intensity factor, the strain energy of the system and the normal displacement of the open end of the crack. A relation is obtained between this displacement and the stress factor. The solution is based on an application of the Wiener-Hopf technique to a governing integral equation. This integral equation can also be used as a basis for computing the stress and displacement fields for an arbitrary distribution of crack pressure.
Synovial sarcoma of the larynx in a 79-year-old woman, confirmed by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.

Abstract Background Synovial sarcoma is an uncommon tumor of the head and neck and is an exceedingly rare finding in the larynx. Generally, it afflicts younger patients and most often occurs in the hypopharynx. Methods and Results We report a case of a biphasic synovial sarcoma arising in the arytenoid fold of a 79-year-old woman. The diagnosis was confirmed by an extensive immunohistochemical panel, karyotyping, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The patient was treated with total laryngectomy, and she did well postoperatively. Conclusion To our knowledge, our patient is the oldest ever to be reported in the literature, concluding that although this entity is considered a disease of young patients, it still has to be included in the differential diagnosis in older patients. Second, our report is only the third to describe t(X;18) (p11.2;q11.2) by karyotyping and the first ever by using FISH analysis, thus adding more cytogenetic data to the literature in this rare location and confirming the use of FISH in making the accurate diagnosis.
Advocacy in Nursing: Perceptions of Learning Disability Nurses

There has been an interest in nurse advocacy since the 1970s and recently there has been an increase in the nursing literature regarding this controversial subject. There has, however, been very li...
Electrocardiographic changes of impending infarction, and the ischemia-injury pattern produced in the dog by total and subtotal occlusion of a coronary artery

Abstract 1. 1. When the dog's coronary artery is completely occluded for ninety seconds, an essentially unipolar lead, taken with the exploring electrode superjacent to that part of the myocardium which is ordinarily irrigated by the artery, undergoes a highly predictable sequence of changes. 2. 2. The pattern thus obtained has been referred to as the ischemiainjury pattern. 1, 2 The ischemia phase commences almost at once, consists of a primary T-wave change, and lasts from thirty to forty-five seconds. 3. 3. The ischemia phase may be induced gradually, in stages, by subtotal occlusion, the degree of which is increased in a like number of stages. If the subtotal occlusion is promptly ended, the induced T-wave change gradually vanishes. 4. 4. The ischemia phase may be induced almost at once by subtotal occlusion, and its duration is directly proportional to the duration of the subtotal occlusion. A variable, high-grade, subtotal occlusion causes the pattern to evolve from the ischemia phase into and out of the injury phase, depending upon whether the subtotal occlusion is increased or decreased. 5. 5. A brief description of the distribution upon the epicardial surface of the development and the decay of ischemia and injury is offered, and it is pointed out that the analytical approach presented elsewhere for the analogous electrical problem encountered in man 5 appears altogether suitable for the situation encountered in the dog. 6. 6. It is important to know how long local ischemia, associated with only primary T-wave changes, must exist in order to be followed by local myocardial fibrosis. This we have not ascertained, but analogous changes have been known to exist in man for at least two weeks without detectable myocardial change. 7 Serial electrocardiograms recorded from man are presented, in which the ischemia phase gradually evolved into the injury phase and myocardial infarction. It is emphasized that, if a method is developed by which infarction may be prevented or minimized when treated in its impending stage, the recognition of this stage will be of considerable clinical importance. So far as we know, the only means by which the stage of impending myocardial infarction may be recognized is by proper evaluation of electrocardiograms which display evidence of acute, local, ventricular ischemia. 5, 7
Museums and Childhood Negotiating Organizational Lessons

Contemporary museums define educational programs for children as a central and straightforward component of their stated missions. We problematize these programs in our critical discussion of the r...
Amino acid activating enzymes in Sarcophaga bullata.

Abstract 1. 1. The fat-body soluble fraction from two-day Sarcophaga bullata larvae contain amino acid activating enzymes for nineteen amino acids. 2. 2. The level of activity varies with the amino acid substrate. 3. 3. The total 32PP-ATP exchange activity of the pupae decreased with age for the first 6 days, then increased to a maximum one or two days prior to emergence of the adults. 4. 4. The free amino acid concentration in the pupae decreased during the period when the amino acid activating activity increased.
Smooth surface fabrication in mask projection based stereolithography

Abstract The surface finish is critical for applications such as optics, micro-fluid flow and mechanical assembly, in which optical lenses, fluidic channels and rotating components are all required to be smooth. However, the stair-stepping effect is well known in the layer-based additive manufacturing processes, in which a three-dimensional model is approximated by a set of two-dimensional layers. Consequently the fabricated surfaces have poor surface finishes especially those that are close to the horizontal plane. In this paper, a novel approach for achieving improved surface finish is presented for the mask-image-projection-based stereolithography (MIP-SL) process. Theoretical models and parameter characterization are presented for the developed methods. Accordingly, the process planning and calibration approaches for fabricating smooth up-facing surfaces in the MIP-SL process have been developed. Multiple test cases based on various types of curved surfaces have been performed. A comparison of the build results based on the traditional and the newly developed approaches illustrates the effectiveness of our method.
Morphine induced saccharin aversion in -methyltyrosine pretreated rats.

Rats pretreated with l-α-methyltyrosine (AMT) and then given pairings of saccharin drinking and morphine infusion subsequently showed a reduced preference for saccharin over water, when compared with control rats. Control conditions were AMT pretreatment with saccharin-saline pairings, saline pretreatment with saccharin-morphine pairings, and saline pretreatment with saccharin-saline pairings. A second experiment also showed significantly greater saccharin aversion with morphine-infused, AMT-pretreated rats than with saline-infused, AMT-pretreated rats although the morphine dosage was lower than that used in Experiment 1. These results suggest that morphine is aversive to rats that have been treated with AMT.
The Universal Fermi Interaction

On the basis of the hypothesis that the same form of interaction acts among any spin-½ particles, it is interesting to apply the interaction law found for β decay to the muon processes. The application is beset by two types of ambiguity. The first is due to the uncertainty in measured values of coupling constants, and particularly their signs. The second arises from the various ways in which the correspondence between the particles of μ and β decay may be taken. Arguments are presented that the unique correspondence established if two like neutrinos are ejected in μ decay is the correct one. It is argued that previous interpretations of the Universal Fermi Interaction have been unjustifiably broad. Only processes in which two normal particles (vs antiparticles) are annihilated, and two created, should be expected. The positive muon must be treated as the normal-particle (if the neutron, proton and negatron are) in order to avoid the expectation that muon capture by a proton may yield electrons, contrary to experimental facts. The conclusion that two like neutrinos are ejected in μ decay follows immediately.
Origami: Folding creases through bending

The folding of origami structures involves bending deformations that are not explicit in the crease pattern.
Low-thrust Orbit Transfers Using Candidate Lyapunov Functions with a Mechanism for Coasting

We consider low-thrust orbit transfers around a central body, where specified changes are sought in orbit elements except true anomaly. The desired changes in the remaining five elements can be arbitrarily large. Candidate Lyapunov functions are created based on analytic expressions for maximum rates of change of the orbit elements and the desired changes in the elements. These functions may be thought of as proximity quotients because they provide R measure of the proximity to the target orbit. The direction of thrust needed for steepest descent to the target orbit is also available analytically. The thrust is shutoff if the effectivity of the thrust at the current location on the osculating orbit is below some threshhold value. Thus, the equations of motion can be numerically integrated to obtain quickly and simply a transfer to the target orbit. A series of transfers can be easily computed to assess the trade-off between propellant mass and flight time. Preliminary comparisons to optimal solutions show that the method, while sub-optimal, performs well.
Determination of the “Incidental” Lund Score for the Staging of Chronic Rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVE: Determine normative values for the Lund score for computed tomographic (CT) scans of the paranasal sinuses.METHODS: Patients undergoing CT of the paranasal sinus region for nonsinusitis causes were evaluated and staged according to the Lund-MacKay system. Complete and near complete Lund scores were computed from these scans and the frequencies of incidental paranasal abnormalities were tabulated.RESULTS: A total of 199 patients who underwent CT scans of the internal auditory canals, pituitary, or orbits demonstrated adequate visualization of the paranasal sinuses. In 91 patients, the imaging was sufficient to compute a complete Lund score with a mean of 4.26 (95% CI, 3.43 to 5.10). In 130 patients, all sinuses were adequately imaged except for the ostiomeatal complex. For this near complete group, the mean prorated Lund score was 4.26 (95% CI, 3.55 to 4.97). Both of these scores differed significantly from an expected score of zero (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The Lund score in the general populati...
Electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of UCu5−xPtx

We report measurements of the structural and electronic properties of UCu5 − x Pt x , a Pt-based analogue of the nFL system UCu5 − x Pd x , in the concentration range 0≤ x ≤ 5. Forx ≤ 2.5 and x ≥ 4.5, the UCu5 − x Pt x system crystallizes in the AuBe5 structure, but is mixed phase in the range 2.5 < x < 4.5. We observe a rapid suppression of long range antiferromagnetic order for small concentrations of Pt. The electrical resistivity, DC magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat of UCu5 − x Pt x in the concentration range 0.75 ≤ x ≤ 1 have temperature dependencies at low temperature (T ≤ 10 K) consistent with the non-Fermi liquid behaviour found in UCu5 − x Pd x . Above x = 1, there is a transition from non-Fermi liquid behaviour to Fermi liquid behaviour with no observation of any spin glass behaviour.
Detective work with high speed testing: The location of a phase change area

High speed tensile tests on Lexan polycarbonate resin were carried out on three grades of material at four test speeds from 200 to 15,000 in./min. and at five temperatures from −30 to +140°C. A consideration of the results of these tests led to a number of interesting conclusions. Among these conclusions was the identification of a plateau in the plots of some of the variables vs temperature in the 125° to 140°C. range. A more complete study of the variation in the tensile yield values of one of the grades of Lexan resin at 2 and 20 in./min. testing speed over the temperature range, and some-what beyond, has been made to define this unusual effect.
A GIS-based modeling approach to predicting cave disturbance in karst landscapes: a case study from west-central Florida

We present a GIS-based cave disturbance model (CDM) that can be used as a tool to predict the disturbance of cave systems. To validate our model, we compare results to an in situ cave disturbance index (CDI) that was applied to 36 terrestrial caves during the year 2007 in west-central Florida. The CDM demonstrated high-performance skill and produced similar disturbance scores compared to the CDI. The CDM disturbance scores ranged from 0.22 (minimum) to 0.78 (maximum), and the mean disturbance score for all 36 caves was 0.45. The mean of the CDI scores was 0.40, but the difference between means was not significantly different (p = 0.147, t-test). Disturbance scores from the CDM and CDI were significantly correlated (R = 0.45, R2 = 0.20; p < 0.001), but a linear model of the data only explains ca. 20% of the variance. We demonstrate that land managers, who are unable to conduct an in situ inventory of caves to determine inherent disturbance, can use the GIS-based CDM tool as a proxy. In theory, the design o...
Reference Services and the International Adult Learner

Summary International adult learners are a growing patron constituency. They share a number of common characteristics, notably their unfamiliarity with many library services. In addition, barriers such as language and communication differences as well as functional issues present challenges to effective service. Libraries can better meet the needs of International Adult Learners by determining what their needs are. In so doing they will be able to provide better programming and improve library instruction. In addition, libraries can partner with other community agencies and institutions to improve service for International Adult Learners. Staff training should also be undertaken to improve the ability of library personnel to interact with this particular user group.
Turkish economic development: The first five year plan, 1963–67

Summary This article evaluates the effectiveness of Turkey's First Five Year Development Plan (1963–67) in achieving both its domestic and its international objectives. A target of 7 per cent for the G.N.P. growth rate was nearly achieved, but individual sectors diverged from the plan. Agricultural and manufacturing output increased only about three‐quarters as fast as planned, while the construction and service industries exceeded the planned rate. In agriculture, neither new investment nor, more important, the dissemination of new techniques proceeded as rapidly as expected. Insufficient amounts of well‐organized investment projects, foreign exchange, and domestic savings (especially in the public sector) impeded the full achievement of the desired manufacturing capacity. In addition to failing to raise public revenue as much as planned, the principal shortcomings in policy formulation and execution were an overvalued currency which necessitated exchange controls and distorted the allocation of resource...
Effect of lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii on the cardiovascular actions of clonidine in conscious rats.

Abstract Clonidine has been postulated to produce cardiovascular effects, the most noticeable of which are hypotension and bradycardia, by interaction with the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), a cranial nucleus in the dorsal medulla. The experiments reported herein, examined the effects of clonidine (30 μg/kg, i.v.) prior to and following bilateral electrolytic lesioning of the NTS. The studies were performed in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Clonidine produced marked hypotension and bradycardia in conscious, NTS-intact SHR. Intact WKY exhibited a biphasic response to clonidine with an initial hypertension preceeding a moderate decrease in blood pressure. Heart rate responded similarly to the SHR. Lesioning of the NTS, in both SHR and WKY, induced hypertension. Virtual abolition of the hypotension and bradycardia to clonidine was noted in lesioned SHR upon subsequent administration of clonidine. Nucleus tractus solitarii lesioning in WKY did not significantly alter clonidine-induced hypotension; however, the initial hypertensive phase was abolished following lesioning and bradycardia was blunted. These results indicate that the NTS plays an important role in the mediation of both the hypotension and bradycardia seen with clonidine in SHR. The differing responses of SHR and WKY to clonidine after NTS lesions may also indicate altered functional roles for the NTS in these two strains.
Musings on the mystery of God

L'idee selon laquelle Dieu est un mystere ineffable repose sur une fausse theorie de la fonction informative du langage. L'A. le prouve en utilisant la technique logico-semiotique de R. M. Martin.
Electoral rules, forms of government, and political budget cycles in transition countries

Recent studies have suggested the existence of 'election-year economics' in fiscal policy in transition countries. This study asks whether such electoral cycles in aggregate measures (overall expenditures, revenues and balance) and spending composition (broad vs. targeted outlays) differ among countries with different political systems. This question is motivated by a sharp division between majoritarian presidential systems in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, and proportional-parliamentary systems in the Baltic's, Central and Southeastern Europe. Further, in the absence of context-sensitive theories, the paper asks whether observed outcomes in the transition process conform to the theoretical priors developed for conditions in stable democracies. Finally, the paper attempts to normatively establish whether either of the alternative combinations yields more optimal policy outcomes. The results suggest that the differences indeed exist, primarily on the revenue side and in the composition of expenditures. These results differ markedly from those for stable democracies, especially in the case of composition of spending. Normatively, presidential yields sub optimal outcomes in comparison to parliamentarians, likely due to inefficient system of constitutionally intended checks and balances. .
To Be Seen and Not Heard: Femininity Ideology and Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Health

This study used a feminist developmental framework to test the hypothesis that internalizing conventional ideas about femininity in two domains—inauthenticity in relationships and body objectification—is associated with diminished sexual health among adolescent girls. In this study, sexual health was conceptualized as feelings of sexual self-efficacy (i.e., a girl's conviction that she can act upon her own sexual needs in a relationship) and protection behavior (i.e., from both STIs and unwanted pregnancy). A total of 116 girls (aged 16–19) completed measures of femininity ideology, sexual self-efficacy, sexual experiences, and protection behavior. Results revealed that inauthenticity in relationships and body objectification were associated with poorer sexual self-efficacy and sexual self-efficacy, in turn, predicted less sexual experience and less use of protection. Further, the two components of femininity ideology were associated with different forms of protection. The importance of a feminist developmental framework for identifying and understanding salient dimensions of sexual health for female adolescents is discussed.
The Use of Dissimilar Progressives in the Management of Presbyopia

The management of anisophoria with bifocal spectacle correction has always presented a challenging refractive problem. Historically, practitioners have used dissimilar bifocal segments or bicentric grinding to neutralize induced vertical imbalance. We present a method of reducing anisophoria at near point with dissimilar progressive multifocals. By incorporating different progressive designs, anisophoria can be minimized to a tolerable level, based on the dioptric power of lens and progressive lens design.
Difference schemes via computerized searches

Some difference schemes cannot be constructed by any known algebraic method. We developed a sequential-search algorithm that makes larger difference schemes by appending columns to smaller difference schemes. We used it to find the known, but obscure difference scheme D(15,9,3) and the apparently new difference schemes D(21,12,3), D(20,10,4), D(24,18,4), and D(15,8,5), all of which are useful in constructing orthogonal arrays.
Perception of a Japanese vowel length contrast by Japanese and American English listeners: Behavioral and electrophysiological measures

This study examined the role of automatic selective perceptual processes in native and non-native listeners' perception of a Japanese vowel length contrast (tado vs. taado), using multiple, natural-speech tokens of each category as stimuli in a "categorial oddball" design. Mismatch negativity (MMN) was used to index discrimination of the temporally-cued vowel contrast by naive adult American listeners and by a native Japanese-speaking control group in two experiments in which attention to the auditory input was manipulated: in Exp 1 (Visual-Attend), listeners silently counted deviants in a simultaneously-presented visual categorial oddball shape discrimination task; in Exp 2 (Auditory-Attend), listeners attended to the auditory input and implicitly counted target deviants. MMN results showed effects of language experience and attentional focus: MMN amplitudes were smaller for American compared to Japanese listeners in the Visual-Attend Condition and for the American listeners in the Visual compared to Auditory-Attend Condition. Subtle differences in topography were also seen, specifically in that the Japanese group showed more robust responses than the American listeners at left hemisphere scalp sites that probably index activity from the superior temporal gyrus. Follow-up behavioral discrimination tests showed that Americans discriminated the contrast well above chance, but more poorly than did Japanese listeners. This pattern of electrophysiological and behavioral results supports the conclusion that early experience with phonetic contrasts of a language results in changes in neural representations in the auditory cortex that allow for more robust automatic, phonetic processing of native-language speech input.
P364 Effects of vapotherm on sleep parameters in young children with obstructive sleep apnea

sis after PSG. The PDSSwas not higher in theOSA group (n = 64, median obstructive apnea hypopnea index (OAHI) 7.4, PDSS 13) compared to BS group (n = 116, median OAHI 0.1, PDSS 12). No relationship was seen between the PDSS and markers of OSA severity (OAHI, respiratory arousal index, desaturation index), or sleep duration (total sleep time, sleep efficiency). Conclusion: The PDSS was consistent with the SDSC in measuring EDS in children as young as 5 years. In children aged 11–12.9 years the PDSS score was higher overall, and sleep restriction was associated with a higher PDSS score. This relationship with sleep deprivation was not seen the younger children and suggests an increased propensity for EDS in pre-adolescent children. Alternatively the PDSS may not be the right instrument to detect EDS in young children. There was no correlation between PSG markers of OSA severity and EDS.
Identification of the cellular target for eclosion hormone in the abdominal transverse nerves of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

The isolated abdominal central nervous system of Manduca sexta undergoes an increase in cyclic GMP (cGMP) when exposed to the insect peptide eclosion hormone (EH) before pupal ecdysis. Previously, cGMP immunocytochemistry revealed that the EH-stimulated increase in cGMP was contained in numerous filamentous processes within the transverse nerve associated with each abdominal ganglion. These processes seemed to be the axons of neurosecretory cells projecting to this neurohemal organ. In the present paper, we now show that the EH-stimulated cGMP is not present in neurosecretory terminals. There is no colocalization of the EH-stimulated cGMP with immunoreactivity of two peptides, known to be present in axons in the transverse nerves. Furthermore, there is no colocalization of EH-stimulated cGMP with the synaptic vesicle protein, synaptotagmin. The neurosecretory axons are localized to a narrow band at the anterior margin of the transverse nerve, whereas the cellular elements showing an EH-stimulated cGMP increase are primarily present in the posterior region. There are two cell types in this region: a granular and a nongranular type. The cGMP immunoreactivity seems to be contained within the nongranular type. During adult development, the cells of the posterior compartment spread in a thin layer between the transverse and dorsal nerves, become positive for myosin immunoreactivity between pupal stages 5 and 8, and seem to form the adult ventral diaphragm muscles. We conclude that the EH-sensitive filaments in the transverse nerves of Manduca are most likely to be intrinsic cells that subsequently develop into the ventral diaphragm muscles of the adult. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:339–355, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A validated subjective rating of display quality: the Maryland Visual Comfort Scale.

Minimally invasive surgery requires high-quality imaging to provide effective visual displays to surgeons. Whereas objective measures—pixels, resolution, display size, contrast ratio—are used to compare imaging systems, there are no tools for assessing the perceptual impact of these physical measures. We developed the “Maryland Visual Comfort Scale” (MVCS) to measure perceptual qualities in relation to an imaging system. We theorize that what the surgeon perceives as a high-quality image can be summarized by a scoring of seven characteristics related to human perception, and that image quality is not homogenous across a video display such that object location impacts perception and display quality. We created a rating scale for seven dimensions of display characteristics (contrast, detail, brightness, lighting uniformity, focus uniformity, color, sharpness). For validation, 30 participants viewed test patterns and manipulated physiologic images, rating the image quality for all seven dimensions as well as giving an overall rating. Image ratings for contrast and detail dimensions were assessed across five locations on the video display. For ratings, two imaging systems were used, differing primarily in the 10-mm zero-degree scope’s quality: a standard scope and one taken from service for quality degradation. The rating scale was sensitive to differences in scope quality for all seven items in the MVCS (all p values < 0.01). Significant differences existed between quality ratings at central and peripheral locations (p < 0.05). This seven-item rating scale for assessing visual comfort is reliable and sensitive to scope quality differences. The scale is sensitive to degradation of image quality at video display edges. These seven dimensions of display characteristics can be refined to create a psychometric to serve as a composite of perceptual quality in laparoscopy.
Degrees of freedom of polychromatic images

Detection and evaluation of time- and space-domain fields scattered by one-dimensional objects is considered for applications in superresolved microscopy. Modal decomposition of scattered fields is used to estimate the information passed by band-limited diffraction from an object to the far field. The transinformation is shown to increase with the number of frequencies in the probe field.
Fabrication and Characterization of Si/GaInP Heterojunction Photodetectors

This paper presents the fabrication of the Si/GaInP heterojunction photodetectors using transfer printing of silicon nanomembranes (SiNMs). Doped SiNM was transferred to a GaInP/GaAs substrate using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp. An adhesion interfacial layer was used to bond the two materials together. The heterogeneous integration of Si, GaInP, and GaAs layers formed a P-I-N structure for photo detection. Very low dark current of 0.82 nA was measured under a reverse bias of 3 V. A photo current to dark current ratio of 7.5e3 was measured. This result shows high potential of heterojunction photodetectors based on the transfer printing method.
Diversion during unexpected congestion on toll roads: the role of traffic information displayed on dynamic message signs

Dynamic message signs (DMS) are electronic signs displayed on roadways, providing travel times, traffic congestion, AMBER alerts, and special events. Orlando-Orange County Expressway Authority (OOCEA) in Florida added 29 fixed DMS to their toll road network between 2006 and 2008. The research issues investigated in this study are: 1) whether use of dynamic information on toll roads is associated with route diversions, and 2) are users satisfied with the available dynamic information? The instrument used to analyse traveller's perception of DMS and traffic information was a survey conducted in Central Florida region in May 2008 using Computer Aided Telephone Interview. Respondents answered questions on knowledge of DMS on OOCEA toll roads, satisfaction with travel information provided on the network and with different aspects of messages, route diversion (revealed and stated preferences), and demographics. A multinomial logit model was estimated to quantify the odds of choosing different diversion alternative over the alternative of 'stay' that elucidated the differences in diversion behaviour. Results showed that factors associated with greater route diversion are longer travel times, longer delays, information sources, network familiarity, and trip characteristics. Respondents were generally satisfied with DMS. Hazard warnings and accuracy of dynamic information were deemed important for satisfaction.
The magical world of an information commons

The Oberlin College Center for Information Technology and Library, as well as representatives from other groups on campus, began working on the development of an Information Commons, which we now call an Academic Commons, in early 2006. Our initial proposal stated "In response to changes in student learning patterns, changes in libraries and educational technologies, and perceived campus needs for improved academic community and cultural space, a group consisting of representatives from the Library, the Center for Information Technology, Audiovisual Services, and the General Faculty Library Committee has been discussing preliminary, broad outlines of a plan to create an information and learning commons on the main level of Mudd Center".[1] Since that time, we have acquired funding and the authorization to proceed. The Academic Commons is expected to be completed by the start of the 2007-08 academic year. It will provide a "magical world" of library and IT resources, including an electronic classroom, student computer help desk, information desk, multi-media facility, many more computer workstations, group study rooms, and a cafe. This paper will describe the process from start to finish, with a focus on the magical outcomes.
Self-nanoscaling of the soft magnetic phase in bulk SmCo/Fe nanocomposite magnets

Fabrication of bulk nanocomposite materials, which contain a magnetically hard phase and a magnetically soft phase with desired nanoscale morphology and composition distribution has proven to be challenging. Here we demonstrate that SmCo/Fe(Co) hard/soft nanocomposite materials can be produced by distributing the soft magnetic α-Fe(Co) phase particles homogenously in a hard magnetic SmCo phase matrix through a combination of high-energy ball milling and a warm compaction. Severe plastic deformation during the ball milling results in nanoscaling of the soft phase with size reduction from micrometers to ~15 nm. Up to 35% of the soft phase can be incorporated into the composites without coarsening. This process produces fully dense bulk isotropic nanocomposite materials with remarkable energy-product enhancement (up to 300%) owing to effective inter-phase exchange coupling.
Dependable distributed data acquisition through groups of agents operating autonomously

Cyber Physical Systems must provide continuous and accurate monitoring of physical environments. An important challenge is data acquisition through groups of mobile agents to optimize monitoring. This paper proposes a novel, asynchronous interaction scheme between agents to maximize the utility of the acquired data. Experiments study the effectiveness of the scheme in comprehensive data acquisition while minimizing redundant data collection.
A Metabolic Link between Arsenite and Selenite: The Seleno-bis(S-glutathionyl) Arsinium Ion

Among the most startling observations in mammalian toxicology is that a lethal dose of selenium can be overcome by an otherwise lethal dose of arsenic. We report the molecular basis of this antagonism. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy we have identified a new arsenic−selenium compound in the bile of rabbits injected with aqueous selenite and arsenite solutions. This compound contains equimolar arsenic and selenium and exhibits X-ray absorption spectra which are essentially identical with those of a synthetic species in solution which we have identified spectroscopically as the seleno-bis(S-glutathionyl) arsinium ion. The in vivo detection of this compound links the mammalian metabolism of arsenite, selenite, and sulfur. It provides a molecular basis for the antagonistic interaction between these metalloid compounds, and a potential explanation of the association of cancer with prolonged intake of inorganic arsenic in humans.
Impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on chronic sinusitis associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children

Background:The widespread use of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been associated with epidemiologic changes of mucosal and invasive pneumococcal disease. No study describes the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on chronic sinusitis in children. We describe ch
Absorption spectra of lipids and their application to metabolic studies

Absorption curves are given for some purified fatty acids, commercial oils and tissue lipids. There is a specific absorption band for fatty acids at about 2300 A.U. Many lipids have absorption coefficients far too high to be accounted for by the well recognized fatty acids. It is shown that this is not related to degree of unsaturation, but is best accounted for by conjugation of double bonds. Hence absorption spectra serve as one of the best quantitative measures of conjugation in its various forms. In metabolism the rat attacks only one of the bonds in eleostearic acid at a time, leaving the other two for a sufficient period to be measured spectroscopically.
Pharmacy students' experience and comfort with herb/dietary supplement (HDS) questions and information resources in the work setting $

Abstract Objectives To evaluate PY3 pharmacy students' work experience as it relates to the use of herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) resources at work site, most useful resources for researching HDS questions, comfort level at answering questions, potential ways of expanding knowledge in this field and students' perception of pharmacists' comfort level related to HDS inquiries. Methods A 20-question survey was administered during a required course. An automated response system collected anonymous and voluntary responses. Results Three hundred and nine students were enrolled in the course, with 306 responding to the survey (not all answered each question). Seventy-eight percent currently held a pharmacy position. Six percent of respondents received questions about HDS on a daily basis, 31% weekly, 42% monthly and 21% never. Only 7% believed that their pharmacy had a sufficient number of resources to handle questions. Forty-six percent of respondents reported not having access to any HDS resources while 35% of respondents reported having no experience with resources at their workplace. Eighty-three percent did not feel comfortable processing HDS questions and 65% believed pharmacists did not have a sufficient level of comfort either. Conclusion Healthcare providers are increasingly asked to respond to patient questions about HDS. Pharmacies should offer sufficient number, quality and access to information resources and provide additional education for their practicing pharmacists and interns. Although pharmacy students in the current curriculum are exposed to these resources, lack of application at work and throughout the curriculum precludes students from further developing and expanding their skills and information base in the HDS field.
PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING USING COLOR RESPONSES VARYING IN FORM

Two groups of 14 Ss each were compared on acquisition of paired-associate tests varying in form of response. Ss acquired significantly more responses in word form than in chromatic form when given 4 trials to learn a 10-pair list. These results seem to be a function of verbal habit patterns developed over time.
Nonlinear Wigner-Ville spectrum estimation using wavelet soft-thresholding

The large variance of the Wigner-Ville distribution makes smoothing essential for producing readable estimates of the time-varying power spectrum of noise-corrupted signals. Since linear smoothing trades reduced variance for increased bias of the signal components, we explore two nonlinear estimation techniques based on soft thresholding in an orthonormal basis representation. Soft thresholding provides considerable variance reduction without greatly impairing the time-frequency resolution of the estimated spectrum.
Perfection and necessity

objects) are not necessary, the mere fact that "God is contingent" and "numbers are necessary" are epistemically possible, p rec ludes our accept ing (2a). For they are epistemically possible only because we do not know that they are false, and only if we know that they are false can we in good conscience grant (2a): if we are unsure whether there may not be some contingent being greater than some necessary being, we cannot affirm that every necessary being is greater than every contingent being. It may be that (2a) (and (5)) can appear plausible only if one thinks (as Makin may 13) that only the concept of that-than-which-no-greater-can-be-conceived is truly an example of a necessarily exemplified concept. 14 Why does Makin believe (2a)? He reasons that If (an) F is the kind of thing that has to exist, then (its) existence can be relied upon ... (it) is not liable to cease to exist ... it has an independence from other objects ... since it is not liable to be destroyed by any of them, nor does it depend on any of them for its existence. There are certain attitudes which it would be appropriate to take to an object only if it were an object of this kind. For example, it would be inappropriate to place total trust and reliance in an object that was liable to cease to exist, it would be inappropriate to bow the knee before an object that was no more removed from and independent of the everyday objects of this world than any (other). is Here two points need making. First, that an F is "not liable to cease to exist" does not entail that F is a necessarily exemplified concept. There are concepts which I satisfy contingently yet cannot cease to satisfy given that I do satisfy them, e.g. the concept of having been born in America. There may be concepts that are sat isf ied cont ingent ly yet everlastingly; it is a trivially necessary truth that there is not time at which spacetime does not exist, and yet it is not necessarily the case that spacetime exists. There may also be concepts which are satisfied contingently and everlastingly and cannot cease and could not ever have ceased to be satisfied that is, concepts that are satisfied contingently yet
Evaluating Randomness of Charge Distribution on Colloidal Particles Using Stationary Electrophoresis Angles

The method of “rotational electrophoresis” has previously been used to measure charge nonuniformity on colloidal particles. In this technique, one measures the angular velocities of many particles in electrophoresis and interprets these angular velocities in terms of electrokinetic theory, assuming a random distribution of charge on the individual particles. In the present paper, we verify whether the charge distribution is in fact statistically random by examining the stationary angle to which spheroidal particles (or similar particles, such as doublets) rotate. Calculations are provided for the average stationary angle to which spheroids (axis ratio of 0.1−10) rotate. Estimates are given for how strongly the spheroids remain at a steady angle despite Brownian motion. In addition, experimental data are reported for polystyrene latex particles, showing that the charge distribution on the particles is random for about half of the particles.
Stimulus-Evoked Calcium Transients in Somatosensory Cortex are Inhibited After a Nearby Microhemorrhage

We use femtosecond laser pulses to hemorrhage brain arterioles and then study changes in cell-resolved calcium transients using two-photon microscopy. We find that microhemorrhages lead to a loss of stimulus-evoked response in nearby neurons
Modeling of Ductile Fracture at Engineering Scales: A Mechanism-Based Approach

This paper summarizes the work we conducted in recent years on modeling plastic response of metallic alloys and ductile fracture of engineering components, with the emphasis on the effect of the stress state. It is shown that the classical J 2 plasticity theory cannot correctly describe the plasticity behavior of many materials. The experimental and numerical studies of a variety of structural alloys result in a general form of plasticity model for isotropic materials, where the yield function and the flow potential are expressed as functions of the first invariant of the stress tensor and the second and third invariants of the deviatoric stress tensor. Several mechanism-based models have been developed to capture the ductile fracture process of metallic alloys. Two of such models are described in this paper. The first one is a cumulative strain damage model where the damage parameter is dependent on the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter. The second one is a modification to the Gurson-type porous plasticity models, where two damage parameters, representing void damage and shear damage respectively, are coupled into the yield function and flow potential. These models are shown to be able to predict fracture initiation and propagation in various specimens experiencing a wide range of stress states.