cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note on Religious Group Differences in Interaction Profiles: A Replication Study:

This report presents a replication of Stimson's research (1960), which demonstrated several differences among religious group members (a) in their interaction rates as measured by a revision of Bales' Interaction Process Analysis and (b) in their peer and self rankings. Several differences in the procedures of the two studies should be noted. Three major religious groups were defined in the current study, but only two groups (Protescants and Jews) were large enough for meaningful comparisons. Stimson defined seven different ethnic-religious groups in his study. In addition, information was gathered on several variables not mentioned in Stimson's report. While only one of the differences reported here achieves statistical significance, in general the findings are in accord with Stimson's. Scimson found chat Jews tended to have the highest race of interaction and were seen and saw themselves as high in rankings of assertiveness. Their selfperceptions of sociability and emotionality were not in accord with peer assessments; they tended to rank themselves high on sociability and low on emotionality, while others ranked them low and high, respectively. Catholics and Protestants tended to be low on rate of interaction and higher than Jews on social acknowledgement. Catholics were high in acts of self-analysis. Protescants, on the other hand, had low interaction rates in most of the categories. Stimson described Protescacts as being reserved and concribucing relatively little to the interaction. PROCEDURE Fifty Ss were paid participants in five-person discussion sessions. The groups were composed on the basis of a modified Latin square design, wich Ss mixed on background characteristics of sex and religion. The resulting sample contained 25 Protestants, 20 Jews, and 5 Catholics. Each group met once and discussed three prepared topics for 15 min. each, making one 45-min. session. The instructions given to these Ss were to come to some group consensus about the value judgement assigned for discussion. These discussions were scored wich a new scoring technique, the Behavior Scores (BSs), a system developed
Cocaine Induced Pleural and Pericardial Effusion Syndrome

A 42-year-old African American female with chronic cocaine use for 20 years, presented with two-day history of exertional shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. She was admitted three years back with acute kidney injury and skin rashes. At that time, skin biopsy was consistent with leukocytoclastic vasculitis and renal biopsy revealed proliferative glomerulonephritis. She responded to oral prednisone and mycophenolate with complete recovery of her kidney functions. Skin rash was waxing and waning over the last two years. On the second admission, patient was found to have large pleural effusion on computerized tomography scan and pericardial effusion on echocardiogram as shown in the figures. Pleural fluid analysis was exudative. Her serology was negative for ANA (antineutrophilic antibody) and anti-dsDNA (double stranded DNA). Complements levels were normal. She had positive low titers of ANCA levels. The patient was started on a course of prednisone for 6 months. Her pleural and pericardial effusion resolved completely on follow-up imaging with computerized tomography scan and echocardiogram. This case is unique since the pericardial and pleural effusions developed without any other etiology in the setting of cocaine; hence, we describe this clinical syndrome as cocaine induced pleural and pericardial effusions syndrome (CIPP).
Reexamination of shell model tests of the Porter-Thomas distribution

Recent shell model calculations have yielded width amplitude distributions which have apparently not agreed with the Porter-Thomas distribution. This result conflicts with the present experimental evidence. A reanalysis of these calculations suggests that, although correct, they do not imply that the Porter-Thomas distribution will fail to describe the width distributions observed experimentally. The conditions for validity of the Porter-Thomas distribution are discussed.
Solution structure of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor domain 2

The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates entry of coxsackievirus and adenovirus. CAR possesses an extracellular region that is comprised of 2 immunoglobulin domains termed CAR–D1 and CAR–D2. In the present work, the solution structure of CAR–D2, consisting of residues 142–235 of human CAR, has been determined by NMR spectroscopy. CAR–D2 is shown to be a β-sandwich motif comprised of two β-sheets, which are stabilized by two disulfide bonds. The first β-sheet is comprised of β-strands A, B, and E, and the second β-sheet is comprised of β-strands C, F, and G. A relatively hydrophobic helix is found between β-strands C and E, which replaces β-strand D of the classical c-type immunoglobulin fold.
Studies on the Cytochrome Content of Phycomyces Spores during Germination

The development of the cytochrome system of Phycomyces during the first eight hours of germination has been determined by low temperature (77 K) difference spectroscopy. In addition, following spore germination, morphological changes along with variation in oxygen uptake have been studied. During the first eight hours after spore activation, the spore projects several germ tubes and markedly increases the amount of cytochromes per mg dry weight. The rate of oxygen uptake continually increases during the first six hours and then declines. The spectral properties of mitochondria isolated from germinated spores (18h after spore activation) have also been studied. The cytochrome system appears to be the same as in germinating spores. Electron microscopy of mitochondria from germinated spores shows typical structures with well-developed cristae. The mitochondria from the wild-type strain exhibits absorption peaks due to carotenoids. Absorption peaks due to carotenoids were also found in dormant spores. However, the carotenoid peaks in spores are shifted to longer wavelengths relative to those in mitochondria.
The Antibacterial Screening of Some Common Ornamental Plants

1. The freeze-dried powders, methanol extracts and the marcs of various parts of 57 ornamental plants were tested againstStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris andPseudomonas aeruginosa using the tube dilution and plate diffusion methods. 2. Nineteen plants showed activity against at least one of the test organisms. These plants were:Aphelandra squarrosa cv. dania,Arisaema triphyllum, Begonia hyb. C. P. Raffill,Begonia sp.,Cornus sp.,Dieffenbachia picta, Digitalis purpurea, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus (flava), Hydrangea arborescens, Lycium sp.,Mahonia aquifolium, Mahonia sp. Mrs. Evans.Paeonia lactiflora, Phytolacca americana, Podophyllum sp.,Solanum carolinense, Solanum pseudocapsicum, andTaxus canadensis. 3. A review of the antibacterial activity of the 57 plants indicated a wide variety of screening procedures used and therefore a wide variety of results. 4. A need for a standardized screen to determine antibacterial activity in plants is stressed.
Nucleic acid synthesis in bacteriophage SPO2c 1 -infected Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The synthesis of host macromolecules was shut off very slowly and incompletely by bacteriophage SPO2c1. No change in the rate of incorporation of radioactive precursors into protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) could be detected after infection, and the rate of incorporation of thymidine was increased only slightly. The relative proportions of phage and host species of nucleic acids at various intervals in the latent period were determined by means of nucleic acid hybridization. Phage-specific RNA populations synthesized early were different from those synthesized late in the latent period. Host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication continued until 8 to 10 min after SPO2c1 infection and then decreased markedly as phage-specific DNA synthesis was initiated. Host DNA was not degraded to trichloroacetic acid-soluble fragments, and its nucleotides were not found in either newly synthesized intracellular phage DNA or in progeny phage particles. The average burst size of SPO2c1 was approximately 200 plaque-forming units per cell.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates excitation-contraction coupling in neonatal cardiomyocytes.

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY-294002 decreased steady-state contraction in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). To determine whether the effect on steady-state contraction ...
Simple cubic super crystals containing PbTe nanocubes and their core-shell building blocks.

We report a preparation of high-quality cubic PbTe nanocrystals and their assembly into both square-array, two-dimensional patterns and three-dimensional simple cubic super crystals. The influence of oleylamine in the nanocrystal synthesis and core−shell formation through an anion-exchange mechanism was also studied. The simple cubic super crystals together with two-dimensional assembly patterns containing PbTe nanocubes and their core−shell building blocks were examined using TEM, SEM, AFM, XRD, SAXS, and FTIR. Such super crystals consisting of cubic structural building blocks may allow engineering of more complex materials from which novel properties may emerge.
Interaction of 125I-labelled ceruloplasmin with human trophoblast cells in vitro

Summary In vitro binding, internalization and release of the plasma protein ceruloplasmin was investigated using primary cultures of human placental trophoblast cells. Binding of 125 I-labelled ceruloplasmin at 4°C reached equilibrium by 5–6 h; binding was linear throughout all concentrations tested (1 nM-3.3 μ M). Addition of greater than 5–10 μ M unlabelled ceruloplasmin or a variety of other proteins (albumin, transferrin, IgG) were equally effective in displacing bound ceruloplasmin in a concentration-dependent manner. When cells were incubated at 37°C, the majority of surface-bound 125 I-labelled ceruloplasmin was released directly to the extracellular medium. Trypsin-resistant radioactivity increased to 18 per cent of initially bound ceruloplasmin within 1 min, declining to 5 per cent by 2 h. The acquisition of trypsin-resistant radioactivity was unaffected by the addition of a variety of metabolic inhibitors and no evidence of intracellular degradation of ceruloplasmin was found. In summary, our results suggest that the majority of ceruloplasmin binding to trophoblast cells is nonspecific, of low affinity, and easily dissociable at 4°C. Only a small amount of ceruloplasmin appeared to be internalized, by an as yet unknown mechanism.
Ocular Manifestations of Blistering Diseases

Ocular manifestations are a comorbidity of a group of chronic autoimmune blistering diseases that includes mucous membrane pemphigoid, linear immunoglobulin A disease, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, and ocular pemphigus vulgaris. Various diagnostic measures differentiate between the diseases and allow for appropriate treatment including a specific selection of immunomodulatory medications. New treatment modalities offer alternatives that may minimize disease severity and residual tissue damage and may reduce treatment-related complications.
Magnetic order and ice rules in the multiferroic spinel FeV 2 O 4

We present a neutron-diffraction study of FeV${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$, which is rare in exhibiting spin and orbital degrees of freedom on both cation sublattices of the spinel structure. Our data confirm the existence of three structural phase transitions previously identified with x-ray powder diffraction and reveal that the lower two transitions are associated with sequential collinear and canted ferrimagnetic transitions involving both cation sites. Through consideration of local crystal and spin symmetry, we further conclude that Fe${}^{2+}$ cations are ferro-orbitally ordered below 135 K and V${}^{3+}$ orbitals order at 60 K, in accordance with predictions for vanadium spinels with large trigonal distortions and strong spin-orbit coupling. Intriguingly, the direction of ordered vanadium spins at low temperature obey ``ice rules'' more commonly associated with the frustrated rare-earth pyrochlore systems.
Cloning and sequence analysis of two monkey metallothionein cDNAs.

Abstract We have isolated two metallothionein (MT) cDNA clones copied from the RNA of cadmium-resistant monkey kidney cells. The complete DNA sequences of these clones show that they encode two distinct MTs. One clone appears to represent monkey MT-II, as shown by its close homology to the human MT-II sequence, whereas the second may correspond to monkey MT-I or a related variant metallothionein. Conserved sequences were identified in both the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of these clones.
Heat capacity of an ideal, polarized Fermi gas in two dimensions

The chemical potential, energy, and heat capacity of a spin-1/2, ideal Fermi gas are calculated for two-dimensional constraint of the translational motion. Numerical calculations are made of the heat capacity for values of the basic physical parameters corresponding to solutions of3He in monolayers of4He in the fields of superconducting magnets. The results are displayed graphically and the main features of the heat capacity curves are discussed.
Experimental investigation of a twice-shocked spherical density inhomogeneity

Results are presented from a series of experiments investigating the behavior of a twice-shocked spherical density inhomogeneity. The experiments are performed at the Wisconsin Shock Tube Laboratory's (WiSTL) 9?m long vertical shock tube with a square internal cross section, 0.254?m on a side, equipped with a pneumatically retracting bubble injector. Baroclinic vorticity deposition occurs during the interaction of the shock wave with the spherical density inhomogeneity, leading to the formation of a vortex ring. The incident shock wave reflects from the tube end wall and interacts with the translating vortex ring (reshock), resulting in additional vorticity deposition. After reshock, the ambient particle velocity is zero and the subsequent translational motion of the vortex ring is due entirely to the net circulation present. Circulation models are investigated for the reshock scenario and a new model is developed and applied to both once-shocked and reshocked scenarios. Two Atwood numbers (A=0.17,?0.68) and three initial Mach numbers (M=1.35,?2.00,?2.33) are investigated. High-speed cameras at 10?000?fps are used to observe the development of the vortex ring after reshock. An understanding of the shock-induced compression and vortex generation is vital to the future study of turbulent combustion initiated by the shock focusing phenomenon.
The effect of aspect ratio on the flow over a rearward-facing step

In this study, we investigate the effect of the spanwise width on the mixing layer behind a rearward-facing step. Results for aspect ratios (tunnel width/step height) of 10 and 4 and Reynolds numbers of 11,000 and 5,000 are presented. A frequency shifted, single component LDV system was used to obtain mean streamwise velocity profiles, turbulence intensity profiles, and normal velocity spectra at four streamwise and three spanwise positions for each test case. The mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles are constant across the width of the test section for either of the Reynolds numbers considered, but there are significant differences among the cases studied. At a distance greater than three step heights down-stream of the step, the peak turbulence intensity is greater for higher aspect ratio and is relatively insensitive to Reynolds number. The peak frequency is lower and the spectrum is narrower for a higher aspect ratio in the region near the step.
Prevalence and outcomes of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction resulting from stent thrombosis.

Abstract Background/Purpose Stent thrombosis is an infrequent yet one of the most feared complications after stent implantation. Stent thrombosis most commonly manifests as ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, thus the data regarding non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) resulting from stent thrombosis are still sparse. The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence and outcomes of NSTEMI resulting from stent thrombosis. Methods/Materials We performed a retrospective analysis of 378 consecutive NSTEMI patients who underwent coronary angiography. Patients were divided into those with and without stent thrombosis. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome was the incidence of large myocardial infarction defined as a peak troponin I value greater than 90th percentile of the entire study population (26.5 μg/L). Results Among 378 patients with NSTEMI, 12 (3.2%) patients had angiographically confirmed definite stent thrombosis. With respect to the timing of stent thrombosis, 2 patients had early, 3 had late and 7 had very-late stent thrombosis. Patients with stent thrombosis had a higher incidence of large myocardial infarction (33% vs. 9%, p = 0.02) and a higher albeit statistically insignificant peak troponin value (interquartile, 4.62 [0.19–64.0] μg/L vs. 1.21 [0.14–7.12] μg/L, p = 0.25) compared to those without stent thrombosis. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between the two groups (8% vs. 2%, p = 0.2). Conclusions Stent thrombosis accounted for 3.2% cases of NSTEMI in our cohort of patients and patients with NSTEMI resulting from stent thrombosis had a higher incidence of large myocardial infarction.
Monomolecular films of phenolic esters

Abstract The properties of three phenolic esters, characterized by gradual changes in their molecular constitution, have been evaluated in pure monomolecular films, as well as in mixed films with stearic acid. The pressure-area isotherms for the pure compounds reflect a similar orientation for compounds I (resorcinol monoundecanoate) and II (4-chlororesorcinol 1-undecanoate) at the air-water interface. At pressures corresponding to the limiting area per molecule, the molecules are apparently rather erect and anchored to the aqueous subphase surface by the phenolic-OH function; at lower pressures, the molecules are less erect, with their aliphatic chains randomly intertwined. The isotherm characteristics for III (4-chlorophenyl undecanoate), on the other hand, are compatible with an orientation in which the molecule is anchored to the aqueous subphase surface by its ester function, with both the aliphatic chain and the substituted phenyl ring projecting upwards. Isotherms for 1:1 mixtures of each of the phenolic esters with stearic acid indicate that the properties of the mixed films were controlled, generally, by the esters (at low pressures) and by stearic acid (at high pressures), after the esters had been forced out of area-determining positions in the films. The experimentally derived isotherms for the mixtures were compared with those calculated from the isotherms of the pure components, and observed deviations from additive behavior discussed.
New Insights on the Role of Multivalent Ions in Water-Carbonate Rock Interactions

in the oil industry today. Almost all the conventional reservoirs go through a waterflood cycle to recover a portion of the remaining oil after pressure depletion. A considerable amount of oil still remains trapped underground, however, even after secondary waterfloods. This is attributed to inefficient macroscopic sweep and the microscopic capillary trapping caused by interfacial and surface forces that retain the oil within the pores. Currently, the oil industry is showing great interest in improved enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies to either maximize the ultimate oil recovery by waterflooding or recover additional oil from the residual oil left behind after waterflooding. The chemical properties of the injected water initially were not considered in the design of a waterflooding project except for the purpose of preventing formation damage triggered by an incompatibility between injected and formation waters. In recent years, extensive research into both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs has shown that tuning the salinity and ionic composition of the injected water can favorably affect oil/brine/rock interactions, alter rock wettability, enhance microscopic displacement efficiency and eventually improve waterflood oil recovery. As reported in other work, we refer to brine with a designed composition as “SmartWater” and to the waterflooding process governed by increased oil recovery as “SmartWater Flooding.” Unlike conventional EOR, SmartWater Flooding can be implemented at any time during the life cycle of a reservoir, and with minimal investment in current operations it can potentially provide higher
Surgical correction of abdominal aortic coarctation and hypertension.

Abstract Coarctations of the abdominal aorta are often associated with renal artery stenosis resulting in hypertension, which is commonly the presenting symptom. Controversy exists concerning the origin of these lesions, but there is general agreement that surgical intervention is the treatment of choice. We report four patients with abdominal aortic coarctation and concomitant renal artery stenosis who required aortoaortic bypass and appropriate bypass to the renal vessels. We advise total correction in one stage and proximal renal artery bypass from native aorta or iliac artery when it is technically feasible. (J VASC SURG 1986;3:643-8.)
Seeding the Vision: Symbolic Convergence Theory and Aimee Semple McPherson

Popular movements come and go. A few of them begin and never really go away. How are these lasting movements to be explained? Using symbolic convergence theory (SCT), this article examines the religious movement started by Aimee Semple McPherson in the 1920s. The author argues that over the years communicators have narrowed a useful theory—Ernest Bormann's symbolic convergence theory—too much, and as a result have foreclosed a helpful explanation about how movements might be created and sustained over a long period of time. A key facet of SCT in lasting social movements is the ability for ordinary people to take ownership of a part of the movement and, if need be, influence the actions of the larger group.
Experimental assessment of toughness in ceramic matrix composites using the J-integral with digital image correlation part II: application to ceramic matrix composites

This paper is the second of a two-part series assessing the feasibility of using the J-integral with full-field deformation data from digital image correlation (DIC) to characterize toughness in continuous fiber, SiCf/SiCc ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). In part I, line and area integral adaptations of the J-integral were validated with analytical and experimental deformation fields. It was found that variability in experimental data and contour truncation at the crack wake introduced error and path-dependency, but this could be mitigated through data filtering. In this paper, the line and area integral methods were evaluated for cross-ply and longitudinal CMC tensile specimens. It is demonstrated that these approaches cannot be used for quantitative characterization, but can be successfully used to examine qualitative trends. For both architectures, area integral measurements of the potential energy release rate, J, were larger (and arguably more accurate) than line integral measurements. Resistance curves were characteristic of tough materials, but the stress intensity magnitudes were larger in the longitudinal laminates than the cross-ply (for equivalent crack extension). Experimentally derived bridging laws showed that fiber bridging tractions were largest in the cross-ply laminates, which was attributed to a lower volume fraction of longitudinal fibers. Quantitative, single-value measurements of fracture toughness could not be established since (1) noise in the DIC data masked strain signals indicative of first matrix cracking, and (2) widespread matrix cracking rendered the J-integral invalid (regardless of size and position, the boundaries of the line and area contours inevitably intercepted microcracks). Rather, gross estimates of toughness and stress intensity factors were made under the assumption that the limitations in the spatial resolution of the DIC data essentially transforms regions with fine microcracking along the contour into continuous regions of elastic deformation. When evaluated with the J-integral, the smoothed deformation fields manifest as resistance curves indicative of a tough material. Thus, the J-integral was valuable for qualitative assessments of toughening mechanisms in the CMCs.
Effect of image quality on tissue thickness measurements obtained with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of image quality on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and retinal thickness measurements obtained using three commercially available spectral domain-optical coherence tomographers (SD-OCT). Subjectively determined good, medium and poor quality images were obtained from four healthy and one glaucoma suspect eyes. RNFL and retinal thickness measurements were compared as a function of image quality. Results indicate that when image quality is within the range specified as acceptable by SD-OCT manufacturers, RNFL and retinal thickness measurements are comparable.
Tumor heterogeneity and its implication for drug delivery

Evidence continues to accumulate that patient tumors contain heterogeneous cell populations, each of which may contribute differently in extent and mechanism to the progression of malignancy. However, the field of tumor drug delivery research, while continually presenting new and innovative approaches, in many ways continues to operate on the premise that essentially all tumor cells are identical. In some in vivo models, xenograft tumors using cell lines may actually be comparatively homogeneous, and thus result in overly encouraging results when a particular drug or delivery system is reported to successfully treat tumors in mice. It is well known, however, that many drugs that show success in preclinical studies will fail in clinical trials. Tumor heterogeneity is possibly one of the most significant factors that most treatment methods fail to address sufficiently. While a particular drug may exhibit initial success, the eventual relapse of tumor growth is due in many cases to subpopulations of cells that are either not affected by the drug mechanism, possess or acquire a greater drug resistance, or have a localized condition in their microenvironment that enables them to evade or withstand the drug. These various subpopulations may include cancer stem cells, mutated clonal variants, and tumor-associated stromal cells, as well as cells experiencing a spatially different condition such as hypoxia within a diffusion-limited tumor region. This review briefly discusses some of the many aspects of tumor heterogeneity and their potential implications for future drug design and delivery methods.
Quantum fluctuations in nonlinear optical self-focusing

Abstract A theory of nonlinear optical self-focusing is developed which accounts for quantum fluctuations in the input field. For an input coherent state whose average peak power equals the critical power for self-focusing, the collapse distance is shown to exhibit macroscopic fluctuations.
Implementation and cost of HACCP in a grill type operation

Estimates of the cost of foodborne illness in the U.S. are high, ranging from $7.7 and $23 billion per year. Some studies have identified restaurants more often as the source of reported foodborne illness. Because of this, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) has been suggested as one way to reduce potentially dangerous food handling practices and situations in restaurants. The purpose of this project was to evaluate a grill type foodservice operation, set up a model or pilot HACCP system, test it, and determine the amount of time and labor to implement the HACCP system. Two grill type foodservices were evaluated for procedures and policies. First-hand observations during operation were also conducted. A HACCP system was developed, including flow charts, critical limits, corrective procedures, and checklists. Checklists were implemented in the two grill type foodservices for a two week period. Managers' time to complete the checklists was determined, as well as additional expenses (thermometers, clipboards, etc.). Average time to complete each checklist was 29.2 min. Implementing the HACCP system would cost approximately $18.45 per day assuming: the checklist was completed four times each day, an average weekly salary was $475 and an estimated work week was 50 h. Because time was a concern, recommendations included: use of the checklist to also check the quality of food, to decrease the number of times that it was completed to three, and to change the timing to just prior to busy meal periods (this would also be more useful for checking quality).
Product release by mucous granules of land slugs: II. species diversity in triggering of mucous granule rupture

Epithelial cells of the body wall of several species of terrestrial snails and slugs secrete mucus in membrane-bound granules. On emergence from mucous cells, the granules are triggered to rupture and release their contents, forming the protective mucous layer. In three species of slugs of the Superfamily Arionoidea (Ariolimax columbianus, Arion ater, Prophysaon foliolatum), ATP at micromolar concentrations triggered granule rupture through processes dependent on activation of calcium channels. Granules of a fourth species in this superfamily (Philomycus carolinianus) were insensitive to ATP. Granules secreted by slugs of the Superfamily Limnoidea (Limax maximus, Deroceras reticulatum) were also entirely unaffected by ATP, and showed no evidence of a role of calcium channels in mucous granule sensitivity. Instead, they ruptured when immersed in media of elevated pH, a process blocked by nigericin. The slugs of the two superfamilies represented taxa quite widely separated in evolutionary origin. Nevertheless, the diversity of granule function was not expected, considering the crucial and presumably ancient role of mucus in protection of cell surfaces, not only in slugs and other molluscs but throughout the range of animal taxa. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On Stone Procurement and Settlement Mobility in Eastern Fluted Point Groups

The presence of “exotic” lithic material in an assemblage serves as a measure of the mobility of a settlement system. Its validity depends on the accurate identification of stone types and their source location. Much important research has focused on these topics, but often ignored are mechanisms of natural stone transport. It is generally assumed that “exotic” stone material at a site was procured by the site's inhabitants at the outcrop source. This assumption is particularly unwarranted in the glaciated eastern United States, where stone is transported great distances in cobble form by geological processes. This action may be a major source of “exotic” lithic material in site localities. Analysis of debitage and the diversity of lithic material in an assemblage aids in recognizing the effects of natural stone transport. Such analyses are necessary in interpreting the degree of settlement mobility among eastern Paleo-indian groups.
Influences of parenting practices on the risk of having a chance to try cannabis.

Background. Parenting practices have been linked with an array of adolescent health-compro- mising behaviors, but little is known about their possible long-lasting effects. In this study, we estimate the extent to which parental monitoring, parental involvement and reinforcement, and coercive parental discipline during primary school might exert a durable influence on the risk of transitioning into an early stage of youthful can- nabis involvement, ie, the first chance to try cannabis. Methods. Data were from a prospective study of first- graders who entered an urban public school system in the middle 1980s. Parenting was assessed in fourth grade, and cannabis experiences were evaluated during periodic assessments from middle childhood through young adulthood. Results. The estimated risk of the first chance to try cannabis peaked around 16 to 18 years of age. Lower parental involvement and reinforcement and higher co- ercive parental discipline were associated modestly with a greater risk of cannabis exposure opportunity through the years of adolescence and into early adulthood (paren- tal involvement and reinforcement: adjusted relative risk: 1.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.7; parental disci- pline: adjusted relative risk: 1.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.5); the estimated impact of parental monitoring was less durable. Conclusions. Early-onset cannabis involvement can be hazardous. Certain parenting practices in the mid- primary school years may have a durable impact, perhaps helping to shield youths from having a chance to try cannabis throughout adolescence and into young adulthood. Pediatrics 2005;115:1631-1639; adolescent health, early childhood, illicit substance, parental super- vision, parenting.
Portfolio models and planning for export diversification: Malawi, Tanzania and Zimbabwe

Evidence is presented regarding strengths and limitations of portfolio approaches as applied to diversifying export earnings. An empirical application using data from Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe is used to demonstrate these strengths and limitations. Modifications of the typical portfolio approach to export diversification are presented; these modifications help make the approach more plausible for use in developing countries. The modified approach is shown to provide guidance to policymakers who seek simultaneously to increase export earnings and reduce their instability.
LANDSCAPE PALEOECOLOGY AND MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION IN SOUTHEASTERN NEW YORK STATE

Stratigraphic palynological analyses of four late Quaternary deposits com- prise a landscape-level study of the patterns and processes of megafaunal extinction in southeastern New York State. Distinctive spores of the dung fungus Sporormiella are used as a proxy for megafaunal biomass, and charcoal particle analysis as a proxy for fire history. A decline in spore values at all sites is closely followed by a stratigraphic charcoal rise. It is inferred that the regional collapse of a megaherbivory regime was followed by landscape transformation by humans. Correlation with the pollen stratigraphy indicates these devel- opments began many centuries in advance of the Younger Dryas climatic reversal at the end of the Pleistocene. However, throughout the region, the latest bone collagen dates for Mammut are considerably later, suggesting that megaherbivores lasted until the beginning of the Younger Dryas, well after initial population collapse. This evidence is consistent with the interpretation that rapid overkill on the part of humans initiated the extinction process. Landscape transformation and climate change then may have contributed to a cascade of effects that culminated in the demise of all the largest members of North America's mammal fauna.
Glycodelin mediates the increase in vascular endothelial growth factor in response to oxidative stress in the endometrium

Objective We hypothesized that glycodelin stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in response to oxidative stress. Study design EM42 (human endometrial epithelial cell line) and primary endometrial epithelial cells were subjected to oxidative stress with minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein (mLDL). Cells were also incubated with no LDL (control) or native LDL (nLDL). Each condition was incubated with and without glycodelin antibody. Glycodelin and VEGF protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analyzed. Primary cells were cultured with glycodelin peptide to evaluate the effect on VEGF protein and mRNA. Results Glycodelin and VEGF protein and mRNA were higher for cells grown with mLDL ( P P P Conclusion Glycodelin may act as an autocrine factor within endometriotic implants to increase VEGF expression during oxidative stress.
Prostaglandin-induced myometrial activity inhibited by progesterone.

PROSTAGLANDINS (PGs) are being used increasingly as abortifacients although their precise mechanism of action is uncertain. One of the compounds frequently used is PGF2α, which has been shown to stimulate the myometrium in vitro1 and in vivo2. Whether or not the direct action of this agent on the uterine muscle alone is responsible for the interruption of pregnancy is not clear, but the long interval between infusion and abortion3 suggests that other mechanisms might be involved; for example, a luteolytic effect4–6. The prompt increase in uterine activity after treatment with prostaglandin, however, argues that the direct effect plays some part in the abortifacient action. Little is known of the influence of other myometrial regulatory agents such as the ovarian steroids on the uterine response to PGs. Accordingly we examined the influence of progesterone on myometrial responses to prostaglandin F2α in the rabbit, a species in which progesterone is known to have a blocking action on the uterine muscle7.
Improved Global Sea Surface Temperature Analyses Using Optimum Interpolation

Abstract The new NOAA operational global sea surface temperature (SST) analysis is described. The analyses use 7 days of in situ (ship and buoy) and satellite SST. These analyses are produced weekly and daily using optimum interpolation (OI) on a 1° grid. The OI technique requires the specification of data and analysis error statistics. These statistics are derived and show that the SST rms data errors from ships are almost twice as large as the data errors from buoys or satellites. In addition, the average e-folding spatial error scales have been found to be 850 km in the zonal direction and 615 km in the meridional direction. The analysis also includes a preliminary step that corrects any satellite biases relative to the in situ data using Poisson's equation. The importance of this correction is demonstrated using recent data following the 1991 eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo. The OI analysis has been computed using the in situ and bias-corrected satellite data for the period 1985 to present.
Quantification of host preference by manipulation of oviposition behavior in the butterfly Euphydryas editha

This paper describes a novel method of measuring host specificity and determining host rank order. As applied to oviposition behavior of the butterfly Euphydryas editha, the rank order of preference is the order in which plants become acceptable as the insect searches, while specificity is quantified in terms of the rate at which searching insects become less discriminating. The information obtained is different from that gleaned from other preference testing techniques. It is useful in helping to assess the behavioral bases of interpopulation differences in the degree of host specialization, in understanding the ways in which multiple host use is generated within a population, and in testing hypotheses about the evolution of host specialization.
On pictures and stuff: image quality and material appearance

Realistic images are a puzzle because they serve as visual representations of objects while also being objects themselves. When we look at an image we are able to perceive both the properties of the image and the properties of the objects represented by the image. Research on image quality has typically focused improving image properties (resolution, dynamic range, frame rate, etc.) while ignoring the issue of whether images are serving their role as visual representations. In this paper we describe a series of experiments that investigate how well images of different quality convey information about the properties of the objects they represent. In the experiments we focus on the effects that two image properties (contrast and sharpness) have on the ability of images to represent the gloss of depicted objects. We found that different experimental methods produced differing results. Specifically, when the stimulus images were presented using simultaneous pair comparison, observers were influenced by the surface properties of the images and conflated changes in image contrast and sharpness with changes in object gloss. On the other hand, when the stimulus images were presented sequentially, observers were able to disregard the image plane properties and more accurately match the gloss of the objects represented by the different quality images. These findings suggest that in understanding image quality it is useful to distinguish between quality of the imaging medium and the quality of the visual information represented by that medium.
Long-delay, one-trial conditioned preference and retention in monkeys (Cebus apella)

Cebus monkeys explored a small T-maze for 5 min, and their preference for the striped or black arm of the maze was assessed. On the next day, the experimental animals were placed into the nonpreferred arm for a 1-min period (exposure to the CS), removed from the T-maze for a 30-min delay interval, and then returned to the startbox of the maze, where they received a food reward (UCS). One control group (CS only) received the placement experience but was not rewarded after the 30-min period. A second control group (noncontingent UCS) received the reward in the startbox but not the placement experience. A second preference test showed that the experimental, but not the control, animals reversed their original preference, now showing a preference for the arm associated with reward. A retention test given 4 months after three such training-test trials revealed considerable retention of the preferences exhibited by the experimental and CS-only control subjects.
Effects of an AlN nucleation layer on magnetron-sputtered indium nitride films

Abstract The effects of a thin nucleation layer of AlN on the magnetron sputtering growth of InN are investigated in comparison with films deposited onto bare sapphire surfaces. Sapphire substrates were cleaned, vacuum baked and sputter coated with a thin layer (50 nm) of AlN at 900 °C. Films of InN were subsequently deposited by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering at substrate temperatures between 50 °C and 600 °C. Analysis of their morphological (scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning electron microscopy), X-ray scattering (Read and precession techniques), optical absorption and electrical transport (Van der Pauw technique) properties reveals granular, epitaxial films with a high density of n-type carriers and an optical absorption edge characteristic of a highly doped semiconductor. The evolution of the physical properties of these films with increased substrate temperature is dominated by subtle changes in the granularity. This is in stark contrast to films deposited onto bare sapphire where the physical properties are dominated, at high temperature, by the formation of a large-grained morphology with significant intergranular voids.
Rehabilitation Following Extensor Tendon Repair

HE PATIENT 29-year-old right-handed man sustained a laceration ver the dorsum of the middle finger metacarpal of his ight hand with a box cutter at work. On examination, e is unable to extend his middle finger. A radiograph f the hand demonstrated no skeletal injury or foreign ody. The wound was irrigated and sutured in the mergency department. Three days later, the patient nderwent tendon repair with a braided core suture.
Methods for evaluating and covering the design space during early design development

This paper gives an overview of methods used for design space exploration (DSE) of microarchitectures and systems. The DSE problem generally considers two orthogonal issues: (I) How can a single design point be evaluated, (II) how can the design space be covered during the exploration process? The latter question arises since an exhaustive exploration oF the design space is usually prohibitive due to the sheer size of the design space. We explain trade-oil's linked to the choice of appropriate evaluation and coverage methods. The designer has to balance the following issues: the accuracy of the evaluation, the time it takes to evaluate one design point (including the implementation of the evaluation model), the precision/granularity of the design space coverage, and, last but not least, the possibilities for automating the exploration process. We also summarize common representations of the design space and compare current system and microarchitecture level design frameworks. This review eases the choice of a decent exploration policy by providing a comprehensive survey and classification of recent related work. It is focused on system-on-a-chip designs, particularly those used for network processors. These systems are heterogeneous in nature using multiple computation, communication, memory, and peripheral resources.
Cholesterol 7α hydroxylase promoter separated from cyclophilin pseudogene by Alu sequence

Abstract The promoter for human cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase has been cloned and sequenced. In the regions previously described, our sequence agrees well with one report but not with another. At position −469, we find a widespread MaeII polymorphism. At −2636, there is an Alu sequence flanked by runs of adenines. Upstream of the Alu sequence, there is a cyclophilin pseudogene oriented in the opposite direction.
Vortex dynamics in superfluids and the Berry phase

Abstract There is a close analogy between the dynamics of electrons in a strong magnetic field and the dynamics of quantized vortices in superfluids and superconductors. In both systems an important part is played by a term in the Lagrangian linear in velocity that corresponds to a Berry phase in the quantum theory. This Berry phase can be calculated from the usual trial wave function for a vortex. This has important consequences for quantum tunneling of vortices, and leads unambiguously to the form of the Magnus force in a superconductor.
KCC2 expression in immature rat cortical neurons is sufficient to switch the polarity of GABA responses

During brain development, GABA and glycine switch from being depolarizing to being hyperpolarizing neurotransmitters. This conversion results from a gradual decrease in the chloride electrochemical equilibrium potential (ECl) of developing neurons, which correlates to an increase in the expression or activity of the potassium chloride cotransporter, KCC2. However, evidence as to whether KCC2 expression is sufficient, in and of itself, to induce this switch is lacking. In order to address this question, we used a gain-of-function approach by over-expressing human KCC2 (hKCC2) in immature cortical neurons, before endogenous up-regulation of KCC2. We found that premature expression of hKCC2 produced a substantial negative shift in the GABA reversal potential and decreased or abolished GABA-elicited calcium responses in cultured neurons. We conclude that KCC2 expression is not only necessary but is also sufficient for ending the depolarizing period of GABA in developing cortical neurons.