cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Controversies in Primary and Secondary Prevention

Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis in the United States and worldwide. It commonly follows a relapsing course with the potential for multiple adverse visual sequelae and, rarely, blindness. Both immune-competent and immune-suppressed populations can develop severe relapsing disease. There is considerable debate regarding the initial treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis in both groups, with multiple antiparasitic agents commonly used with little evidence to support any particular regimen. The precise role of corticosteroids in treatment also has yet to be rigorously defined. Secondary prevention is commonly implemented in the immune suppressed population, but there is a lack of level one evidence to support its role in immune-competent patients, though it warrants future investigation.
The Definitions of Taxon Names: A Reply to Stuessy

Phylogenetic nomenclature (e.g., de Queiroz & Gauthier, 1990, 1992, 1994; Cantino & de Queiroz, 2000) is an alternative to the traditional system of nomenclature described in the bacteriological, botanical, and zoological codes (e.g., Sneath, 1992; Ride & al., 1999; Greuter & al., 2000). The most fundamental difference between phylogenetic and traditional nomenclature concerns the manner in which taxon names are defined (de Queiroz & Gauthier, 1994; de Queiroz, 1997). Stuessy (2000), however, has questioned whether taxon names are defined at all. In his view, the three types of phylogenetic definitions that have been describednode-based, stem-based, and apomorphy-based (not crown-based, contra Stuessy)are not definitions of names but methods or concepts for taxon circumscription that have nothing to do with nomenclature (i.e., names). Stuessy's view is incorrect; it misrepresents the function of phylogenetic definitions and fails to account for how existing taxon names are applied in new taxonomic contexts under both traditional and phylogenetic systems. Stuessy did not present any evidence to support his conclusion that phylogenetic definitions are methods for taxon circumscription rather than definitions; he simply asserted his conclusion and described his view of how taxa are named under the traditional system. According to Stuessy (p. 23), "...taxa are first circumscribed (or delimited or recognised) by some stated criteria. Taxa are then referred to categories of the moder taxonomic hierarchy. .... Through the process of referral of a taxon to a category, it receives a name by 'christening' or 'baptism'. These names are given in the fashion we name our own children, John Smith or Jane Jones; they are not defined-they are just labels to allow for effective communication". Except for the statement that taxon names are not defined, this is a more or less accurate description of how the traditional system operates. The phylogenetic system operates similarly in some respects and differently in others. One important difference is that in the phylogenetic approach, taxa need not be referred to categories in a taxonomic hierarchy; consequently, they do not receive their names through categorical referral. Contrary to Stuessy's view, taxon names are defined in both traditional and phylogenetic systems of nomenclature (de Queiroz, 1997). In the traditional system of nomenclature, taxon names are defined in terms of types and taxonomic categories. For example, the definition of the name Asteraceae is "the taxon containing the genus Aster that is assigned to the family category". In the phylogenetic system, taxon names are defined in terms of specifiers and their common ancestry relationships. For example, a node-based phylogenetic definition of the name Asteraceae might be "the clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of Bamadesia and Aster". Perhaps the reason Stuessy thinks that taxon names are not defined is that definitions under the traditional system are taken for
Recombinant human nerve growth factor infusions prevent cholinergic neuronal degeneration in the adult primate brain

Atrophy of cholinergic neurons is a prominent component of Alzheimer's disease, and may explain in part the profound memory loss that is characteristic of patients with this disorder. Previous studies in animal models have shown that infusions of nerve growth factor into the adult brain can prevent both age-related and lesion-induced cholinergic neuronal atrophy. Recently, recombinant human nerve growth factor was found biologically active in nonprimate animal models. In the present experiment, recombinant human nerve growth factor infusions into the brains of adult primates prevented lesion-induced cholinergic neuronal degeneration and promoted cholinergic neurite sprouting. These findings provide additional support for potential therapeutic trials of human nerve growth factor in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Response to |[lsquo]|TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions are infrequent in prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas|[rsquo]|

Response to ‘ TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions are infrequent in prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas’
Bayesian Network Classifiers and Design Flexibility Metrics for Set-Based, Multiscale Design With Materials Design Applications

A set-based approach is presented for solving multi-scale or multi-level design problems. The approach incorporates Bayesian network classifiers (BNC) for mapping design spaces at each level and flexibility metrics for intelligently narrowing the design space as the design process progresses. The approach is applied to a hierarchical composite materials design problem, specifically, the design of composite materials with macroscopic mechanical stiffness and loss properties surpassing those of conventional composites. This macroscopic performance is achieved by embedding small volume fractions of negative stiffness (NS) inclusions in a host material. To design these materials, the set-based, multilevel design approach is coupled with a hierarchical modeling strategy that spans several scales, from the behavior of microscale NS inclusions to the effective properties of a composite material containing those inclusions and finally to the macroscopic performance of components. The approach is shown to increase the efficiency of multi-level design space exploration, and it is particularly appropriate for top-down, performance-driven design, as opposed to bottom-up, trial-and-error modeling. The design space mappings also build intuitive knowledge of the problem and promising regions of the design space, such that it is almost trivial to identify designs that yield preferred system-level performance.© 2014 ASME
Escherichia coli mastitis in cattle being treated for Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection.

SIX of 23 (26 per cent) adult Holstein dairy cattle initially enrolled in a previously reported trial ([Luby and Middleton 2005][1]) were removed before completion of the trial because of acute or peracute mastitis, which developed during (five cows) or shortly after (one cow) treatment with an
Financing a Cure for Diabetes in a Multipayer Environment.

Abstract Background Financing medical breakthroughs or cures is becoming increasingly challenging in the current fiscal environment. Objectives In this paper, we develop the precise conditions needed for a financing mechanism, HealthCoin, to work between a private payer and Medicare, to incentivize the former to invest in breakthrough therapies or cures in the US. Methods We illustrate the valuation of such a currency for a cure of Type 2 diabetes. Results We show that without a HealthCoin, a private payer does not invest in the cure, a small fraction of the patients live up to age 65, Medicare pays for the full price of the cure at age 65 and incurs net loss in returns over the elderly ages, and the manufacturer only sells cures for those who reach age 65. In contrast, a HealthCoin is feasible in this market, incentivizing the private payer to invest in the cure during the non-elderly ages and leading to Pareto improvements for all three stakeholders. Conclusions Discussions around the applicability of HealthCoin for breakthrough therapies on the horizon, such as gene therapies for blindness and hemophilia B, and the feasibility of instituting such payments through new legislations or demonstration projects could be of great value.
Investigation on the important blood-sucking insects in earthquack-hit areas of Longnan

Objective To investigate the population composition and dynamics of the important blood-sucking insects(Diptera) in earthquack-hit areas of Longnan.Methods Trapped by person and tent,livestock and lamp,capturing with net.Results There were 73 species of blood-sucking insects(Diptera) in earthquack-hit areas of Longna,they beloned to 10 genera of 3 families.11 species of 3 genera of Ceratapogonidae were found: 6 species of Genus Culicoides Latreflle,2 species of Genus Leptoconops Skuse and 3 species of Genus Lasiohelea Kieffer.57 species of 5 genera of Tabnidae were found: 7 species of Genus Chrysops Meigen,3 species of Genus Atylotus Osten-Sacken,5 species of Genus Haematopota Meigen,18 species of Genus Hybomitra Enderlein and 24 species of Genus Tabanus Linne.5 species of 2 genera of Phlebotomidae were found: 2 species of Genus phlebotomus Rondani Berte and 3 species of Genus Sergentomyia Franca Parrot. Conclusion The composition and distribution of the important blood-sucking insects(Diptera) in earthquack-hit areas of Longnan are recognised,which provides scientific basis for control.
Family Therapy for the Impaired Physician

A colleague told me the following vignette: A 30-year-old, married surgeon with two children came for psychiatric help because of trouble concentrating during operations. He had married during medical school. The early part of the marriage had never stabilized; he and his wife had had frequent disagreements which were never resolved. He had noted an increasing use of alcohol and drugs and had sought psychotherapy. Two days before his most recent appointment for psychotherapy, he performed his usual preoperative routine, saw his patient, whom he had taken care of for many years, and did his operation. Upon leaving the hospital, he realized that he had repeated on that patient the same surgical procedure that he had done two weeks earlier instead of the procedure he had intended to do. He realized that the operation had followed a particularly upsetting argument that he had had with his wife the night before.
Electromyogram of the Transversus Abdominis Expiratory Muscle during Chronic Hypoxia in Awake Ponies

During acute hypoxia (10 min) in awake ponies and dogs, there is a reduction from normoxia in the duration (TTotal) and in the mean activity of expiratory muscles. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of chronic (1–120 h) hypoxia on expiratory muscle activity of awake ponies. From chronic wire implants into the transversus abdominis (TA) muscle and the diaphragm, we were able to monitor the electromyogram (EMG) of these muscles at sea level and during 120 h at a barometric pressure of 455 mm Hg. All ponies exhibited a normal acute ventilatory response to hypoxia and normal high altitude ventilatory acclimatization. At 10–60 min of hypoxia, bothTTotal and mean activity of the TA were markedly below normoxia; often the TA was quiescent during this period. In 4 of 5 ponies, there was some recovery of TA activity between 1 and 7 h of hypoxia, but in 4 of 5 ponies, TA activity remained significantly below control throughout the hypoxic period. In contrast, diaphragmatic activity was generally above control during hypoxia. Since stimulus level at the intracranial chemoreceptor is supposedly below normal during acute hypoxia and above normal during chronic hypoxia, it appears that the sustained TA diminished activity is not mediated by this chemoreceptor. Alternatively, it seems likely that hypoxic depression of brain stem expiratory neurons contributes to the reduced TA activity.
Neutron soft error rate measurements in a 90-nm CMOS process and scaling trends in SRAM from 0.25-/spl mu/m to 90-nm generation

The neutron soft error rate (SER) dependency on voltage and area was measured for a state-of-the-art 90-nm CMOS technology. The SER increased by 18% for a 10% reduction in voltage, and scaled linearly with diode area. The measured SER per bit of SRAMs in 0.25 /spl mu/m, 0.18 /spl mu/m, 0.13 /spl mu/m, and 90 nm showed an increase of 8% per generation.
Bone marrow stromal cells induce matrix metalloproteinase-12 and invasion in prostate cancer cells

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 2797 Bone is the most common site of distant metastasis in prostate cancer patients and the main cause of morbidity and mortality. The molecular mechanisms responsible for bone metastases are complex and involve bi-directional interactions between tumor and bone cells. Proteases are well known to regulate cell proliferation, cell death, tumor invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis. To evaluate the role of prostate cancer cell/bone stromal interaction in prostate cancer invasion through type I collagen, the main organic component in bone, PC3 prostate cancer cells and/or bone marrow stromal (BMS) cells were co-cultured for 24h using 24-well Transwell inserts pre-coated with type I collagen. The combination of PC3 and BMS cells revealed a higher invasive ability than each one of the cell types assayed individually. Cytokeratin immunohistochemistry showed that most of the cells which invaded through the filter were the cancer cells. The use of inhibitors for each of the protease families indicated that one or more metalloproteinases (MMP) were responsible for the enhanced invasion. To determine which MMPs were involved in the enhanced invasion due to tumor-stromal interaction, gene profiling of PC3 and BMS cells alone or in combination was performed. Several MMP genes showed an increased level in the combination of both cell types, as compared to each one of them when tested alone, results that were confirmed using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. However, only MMP-12 showed an increase in protein expression by Western blot analysis. To confirm a functional role for MMP-12 in the enhanced invasive ability demonstrated when PC3 and BMS cells interact, small interfering RNA (siRNA) for MMP-12 was used. Since MMP-12 was predominantly expressed at the protein level by PC3 cells, MMP-12 gene expression was downregulated in these cells. A dose response inhibitory effect on MMP-12 expression at the gene and protein levels was observed 48h after transient transfection of PC3 cells with different concentrations of siRNA molecules targeting MMP-12 . In vitro invasion assays were repeated as mentioned above, but now using PC3 cells transfected with MMP-12-siRNA or scrambled siRNA, alone or in combination with BMS cells. The results showed that blocking of MMP-12 expression in PC3 cells inhibited the enhanced invasion demonstrated by PC3-BMS cell interaction. Our data suggest that BMS cells induce MMP-12 expression/activity in prostate cancer cells, which results in enhanced degradation of bone type I collagen.
158: Impact of evidence based interventions on wound complications after cesarean

Background A number of evidence-based interventions have been proposed to reduce post cesarean wound complications. Examples of such interventions include appropriate timing of preoperative antibiotics, appropriate choice of skin antisepsis, closure of the subcutaneous layer if subcutaneous depth is ≥ 2 cm, and subcuticular skin closure with suture rather than staples. However, the collective impact of these measures is unclear. Objective We sought to estimate the impact of a group of evidence-based surgical measures (prophylactic antibiotics administered prior to skin incision, chlorhexidine-alcohol for skin antisepsis, closure of subcutaneous layer, and subcuticular skin closure with suture) on wound complications after cesarean, and to estimate residual risk factors for wound complications. Study Design We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine-alcohol versus iodine-alcohol for skin antisepsis at cesarean from 2011-2015. The primary outcome for this analysis was a composite of wound complications, including surgical site infection (SSI), cellulitis, seroma, hematoma, and separation within 30 days. Risk of wound complications in women who received all four evidence-based measures (prophylactic antibiotics within 60 minutes of cesarean and prior to skin incision, chlorhexidine-alcohol for skin antisepsis with three minutes of drying time prior to incision, closure of subcutaneous layer if ≥ 2 cm of depth and subcuticular skin closure with suture) were compared to those who did not. We performed logistic regression analysis limited to patients who received all the evidence-based measures to estimate residual risk factors for wound complications and SSI. Results Of 1082 patients with follow-up, 349 (32.3%) received all the evidence-based measures and 733 (67.7%) did not. The risk of wound complications was significantly lower in patients who received all the evidence-based measures compared to those who did not (20.3% vs 28.1%; aRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.58, 0.95). The impact appeared to be largely driven by a reduction in surgical site infections. Among patients who received all the evidence-based measures, unscheduled cesarean was the only significant risk factor for wound complications (27.5% vs. 16.1%, aRR 1.71, 95% CI 1.12, 2.47) and SSI (6.9% vs. 1.6%, RR 3.74, 95% CI 1.18, 11.92). Other risk factors, including obesity, smoking, diabetes, chorioamnionitis, surgical experience, and skin incision type were not significant among patients who received all of the four evidence-based measures. Conclusion Implementation of evidence-based measures significantly reduces wound complications, but the residual risk remains high. This suggests the need for additional interventions, especially in patients undergoing unscheduled cesareans, who are at risk for wound complications even after receiving current evidence-based measures.
Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Current and Emerging Therapeutic Options

Advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy have occurred rapidly over the past decade. Exciting results from clinical trials have led to new treatment options and improved survival for patients with a myriad of solid tumor pathologies. However, questions remain unanswered regarding duration and timing of therapy, combination regimens, appropriate biomarkers of disease, and optimal monitoring of therapeutic response. This article reviews emerging immunotherapeutic agents and significant clinical trials that have led to advancements in the field of immuno-oncology for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Implications for practice This review article summarizes recently developed agents that harness the immune system to fight head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. A brief review of the immune system and its role in cancer development is included. Recently completed and emerging therapeutic trials centering on the immune system and head and neck cancer are reviewed.
Spatial visualization skills in courses with graphics or solid modeling content

This paper presents compares visualization skills between students that take a course with computer graphics content, and students taking a course with solid modeling content. The graphics course (2D) is mainly in the context of manual drafting and a drafting software, while the solid modeling course (3D) in based on the utilization of concepts and softwares for mechanical solid modeling. The objective pursued is to identify any possible benefit, regarding improved spatial visualization skills, from either of these two approaches. The visualization aptitude of the students was measured by administering the standard PSVT:R test before and after the respective topics were covered. This evaluation was done at two different academic institutions, with each one of the institutions using either a graphics or a solid modeling approach. Results from this study have relevance when defining course content, particularly with the current trend of including 2D and 3D topics in one single course. The result of the comparison indicates that although there are numeric differences between the two groups, particularly with standard deviations, they are not statistically significant to make a claim on the benefit on the visualization skills of courses with 2D or 3D approach.
Detecting deceptive engagement in social media by temporal pattern analysis of user behaviors: a survey

Deceptive engagement in social media, such as spamming, commenting, or rating with automatic scripts, spreading fabricated facts, seriously affects users’ trust on online services. Given the large volumes of information generated by users, effectively spotting users involved such deceptive engagement has become a challenging problem. Recent research has shown that techniques for analyzing temporal behavioral patterns are critical to address such problem. In this study, we survey recent advances in these techniques. We first summarize three approaches to model temporal information. Then, by using representative application examples, we discuss recent approaches with respect to their applications to real-world large-scale social media. With a focus on the temporal perspective, we then discuss advantages and challenges of each approach. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Hydrogenation of CO2 at Room Temperature and Low Pressure with a Cobalt Tetraphosphine Catalyst.

Large-scale implementation of carbon neutral energy sources such as solar and wind will require the development of energy storage mechanisms. The hydrogenation of CO2 into formic acid or methanol could function as a means to store energy in a chemical bond. The catalyst reported here operates under low pressure, at room temperature, and in the presence of a base much milder (7 pKa units lower) than the previously reported CO2 hydrogenation catalyst, Co(dmpe)2H. The Co(I) tetraphosphine complex, [Co(L3)(CH3CN)]BF4, where L3 = 1,5-diphenyl-3,7-bis(diphenylphosphino)propyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane (0.31 mM), catalyzes CO2 hydrogenation with an initial turnover frequency of 150(20) h–1 at 25 °C, 1.7 atm of a 1:1 mixture of H2 and CO2, and 0.6 M 2-tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine.
Field Meeting to the Bawdsey Peninsula, Suffolk, England, 22nd May 2010, to examine London Clay, Coralline Crag and Red Crag deposits: Leaders: Roger Dixon and Bob Markham

Abstract A one-day Geologists’ Association field excursion to the Bawdsey Peninsula in coastal Suffolk is described, with a guided tour of ‘The Pliocene Island’ at Sutton Knoll and visits to examine coastal erosion, the London Clay and Red Crag at Bawdsey East Lane, and the Red Crag at Alderton and Ramsholt. The depositional environments indicated by the Crag sediments and faunas are discussed, and non-derived Red Crag mollusc faunas at Sutton and sand-wave mollusc assemblages from Ramsholt are described.
Computed Tomography Scans in Patients With Young Adult Hip Pain Carry a Lifetime Risk of Malignancy

Purpose To calculate the lifetime risk of malignancy in young adult patients with hip pain using 5 different imaging and radiation dose protocols with or without pre- and postoperative computed tomography (CT). Methods Radiographic and CT patient radiation doses were retrospectively reviewed. Imaging protocols for hip pain composed of radiographs with or without pre- and postoperative CT scans were modeled and radiation doses were estimated using the PCXMC computer code. Based on these radiation doses, lifetime attributable risks of cancer and mortality for a 10- through 60-year-old male and female were calculated as published by the committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) in the BEIR VII report. Relative risks and number needed to harm (NNH) were calculated for each protocol. Results Based on a review of our institutional database, 2 CT scan doses were used for this study: a high 5.06 mSv and a low 2.86 mSv. Effective doses of radiation ranged from 0.59 to 0.66 mSv for radiographs alone to 10.71 to 10.78 mSv for radiographs and CT both pre- and postoperatively at the higher dose. Lifetime attributable risk of cancer for radiographs alone was 0.006% and 0.011% for a 20-year-old male and female, respectively. Lifetime attributable risk of cancer for radiographs along with pre- and postoperative CT scans at higher dose was 0.105% and 0.177% for a 20-year-old male and female, respectively. Radiographs alone lead to an NNH of 16,667 for males and 9,090 for females, whereas the protocol with pre- and postoperative CT scans at the higher dose led to an NNH of 952 for males and 564 for females. The relative risk of this protocol compared to radiographs alone was 17.5 for males and 16.1 for females. Conclusion Protocols with CT scans of the hip/pelvis pose a small lifetime attributable risk (0.034%-0.177% for a 20-year-old) but a large relative risk (5-17 times) of cancer compared with radiographs alone in the imaging evaluation for hip pain that decreases with increasing age. Clinical Relevance This study illustrates the need for clinicians to understand the imaging protocols used at their institution to understand the risks and benefits of using those protocols in their practice.
Role of variability in cultural dimensions across generations in the context of CSR advertising in an East Asian market

The study examines how, across generations, Korean consumers perceive corporate social responsibility (CSR) ads when various ad appeals (help-self vs. help-other) are employed. The findings show th...
Alternative Reservoir and Balloon Placement in Complex Patients Undergoing Urologic Prostheses

To evaluate contemporary rationale and techniques for ectopic reservoir/balloon placement in complex urologic prosthetics patients. Recent studies have demonstrated that ectopic reservoir placement is safe and durable when compared to traditional space of Retzius placement. Complex patients exist on a spectrum from those with a previously violated retropubic space, to those with bilaterally obscured external inguinal rings and/or multiple prior prosthetic reservoirs. Ectopic placement has become more commonplace and accepted as a viable alternative strategy over the past 7 years. Concerns relating to reservoir palpability and long-term outcomes have been allayed. The risk of deep pelvic complications appears to be negligible after both placement or removal of ectopic reservoirs when performed by experienced implanters even in the most complex patient. Ectopic placement of prosthetic balloons and reservoirs offers unique advantages and has become commonplace in contemporary prosthetic urology practice.
201. Die Fiberbronchoskopie in der Diagnostik des Bronchialcarcinoms

Bericht uber 345 Fiberbronchoskopien. Bei 97 verifizierten Lungenkrebsen war die flexible Bronchoskopie 81mal (86,8%) histologisch ± cytologisch positiv. Vorteile der flexiblen Instrumente: ambulante Untersuchungen in Lokalanaesthesie unabhangig vom Alter des Patienten sind moglich. Weit peripher gelegene Abschnitte des Bronchialsystems (auch Oberlappensegmente) konnen beobachtet werden. Nachteile: Biopsiepartikel sind kleiner. Die Diagnostik des Bronchialcarcinoms soll haufiger mit flexiblen Instrumenten erfolgen. Den Fiberbronchoskopen gehort die Zukunft.
Long-Term Follow-up of Brachytherapy in Untreated Malignant Glioma

Objective: Long-term follow-up of patients with malignant glioma randomized to treatment with and without brachytherapy. Methods: Twenty-six patients were randomized to brachytherapy and external radiation, and 23 to external radiation alone. There were 19 and 17 glioblastomas, and 3 and 8 anaplastic astrocytomas, in the nonimplant and implant groups, respectively, and 1 malignant oligodendroglioma in each group. For brachytherapy, iodine- 125 seeds were implanted to deliver a homogeneous dose of 40 cGy/hr for a maximum of 6000 cGy to the enhancing tumor margin. All patients received external radiation for a total of 6020 cGy delivered to the tumor plus 3 cm margin over 7 weeks, followed by BCNU chemotherapy. Conclusions: The median survival was 78 and 66 weeks in the implant and nonimplant groups respectively, and their survival curves were not different (log rank, p=0.394). A significant multivariate relationship did exist between survival and age (p=0.0092), tumor grade (p=0.0001), and Karnofsky (p=0.021). Treatment with brachytherapy is subject to selection bias, which does exclude a large proportion of patients.
Using Geomorphology to Assess and Enhance Beach Habitat for Horseshoe Crabs

Sandy beaches in estuaries are recognized for their importance as habitat (Nordstrom 1992; Botton et al. 1994) but this habitat is decreasing due to beach erosion and human development. Along the east coast of North America, the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is one of the most prominent species using sandy beaches and there is a need to preserve or restore beaches to enhance spawning and egg viability. Horseshoe crabs are found from Maine to the Yucatan, and closely related species are found in the Indo-Pacific region, but it is in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States where their abundance and their role in the ecosystem are greatest. Each spring horseshoe crabs spawn and deposit great quantities of eggs on estuarine beaches, ensuring their own reproduction and providing critical nutrition for other aquatic and terrestrial species. Several species of migratory birds feed so heavily on horseshoe crab eggs during their springtime migration that it is thought that the ultimate fate of these birds may depend on spawning horseshoe crab populations (Tsipoura and Burger 1999). Horseshoe crabs also support multi-million dollar biopharmaceutical and fishing industries. Biopharmaceutical companies collect horseshoe crab blood to derive a diagnostic product used to test for bacterial contamination of injectable drugs and implantable medical devices.
Opinion: Expansion fever and soft money plague the biomedical research enterprise.

Academic biomedical science has had both a long boom in its funding and a subsequent scary bust. From 1970 to 1999, NIH budgets increased 9% per year (1); from 2000 to 2004, they doubled (2, 3). In 2005 came the unmistakable bust: flat-lined NIH budgets converted the doubling into a paltry 14% increase in inflation-corrected (4) dollars over 16 years (1999–2015; Fig. 1 A ). But during the bust, two stealthier dangers escaped notice, their quantitative details and significance masked or denied. Universities recklessly overbuilt laboratories to fill with more scientists, just when the bust removed funding increases they needed to do science. As diminished NIH dollars made research riskier, universities required principal investigators (PIs) to earn high proportions of salary from grants, transferring much of the risk to PIs: Universities in the 1970s paid PIs about 75% “hard” salary from their own coffers; those coffers in the 21st century pay PIs much less, forcing them to corral most salary as “soft” grant money. Universities have recklessly overbuilt laboratories to fill with more scientists, just when lower funding from NIH eliminated the increases they needed to conduct science. Image courtesy of Dave Cutler. As responses to specific circumstances, expansion and soft money seemed innocuous during boom decades, when increasing federal grants and indirect cost recovery (ICR) allowed expansion to pay for itself. Then flat-lined NIH budgets after 2004 turned formerly prudent policies into grave dangers, allowing stagnant funding to combine with ever-expanding research facilities and reliance on soft-money salary to corrode job security and opportunities for academic biomedical scientists. Although external funds remain scarce, research universities must act to protect science from soft money and expansion, both of which they control directly. Can academic institutions rescue biomedical research and the next generation of investigators? Yes, but the task will be hard … [↵][1]1Email: hrbourne{at}gmail.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Accounting for Difference in Treaty Interpretation Over Time

The law of treaty interpretation aspires to unity. All treaties are formally subject to the same rules of interpretation, codified in the Vienna Convention. Yet time and again we hear that some kinds of treaties are entitled to special treatment. Most commonly the idea is that certain exceptional conventions are capable of evolving, with or without the continued consent of the parties — as with certain human rights conventions. Other times the claim is that certain kinds of agreements resist techniques of interpretation that establish treaty change over time. To date, explanations for such differential treatment remain unsatisfying. This Chapter seeks to better account for the practice of affording some treaties special status. I argue that differential treatment cannot be justified by appeal to a treaty’s object and purpose alone, but must be understood in light of the nature of the obligations that the parties established to achieve their goals.
Synthesis and characterization of rhodium-aluminum heterobimetallic complexes tethered by a 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2-propanoxy group.

We demonstrate the synthesis and characterization of a new class of late transition metal-aluminum heterobimetallic complexes. A bridging ligand which both chelates the transition metal and binds the aluminum via an alkoxide was employed to impart stability to the bimetallic system. Novel rhodium–aluminum heterobimetallic complexes Rh(DPPE)(DPPP-O-AliBu2Cl) and Rh(DPPP-O-AliBu2)(DPPP-O-AliBu2Cl) are synthesized and spectroscopically characterized.
Modeling and Optimization of Chip Cooling with Two-Phase Vapor Chambers

Ultra-high power densities that are expected in future processors cannot be efficiently mitigated by conventional cooling solutions. Using two-phase vapor chambers (VCs) with micropillar wick evaporators is an emerging cooling technique that can effectively remove high heat fluxes through the evaporation process of a coolant. Two-phase VCs with micropillar wicks offer high cooling efficiency by leveraging a capillary-driven flow, where the coolant is passively driven by the wicking structure that eliminates the need for an external pump. Thermal models for such emerging cooling technologies are essential to evaluate their impact on future processors. Existing thermal models for two-phase VCs use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modules, which incur long design and simulation times. This paper presents a fast and accurate compact thermal model for two-phase VCs with micropillar wicks. Our model achieves a maximum error of 1.25°C with a speedup of 214x in comparison to a CFD model. Using our proposed thermal model, we build an optimization flow that selects the best cooling solution and its cooling parameters to minimize the cooling power under a temperature constraint for a given processor and power profile. We then demonstrate our optimization flow on different chip sizes and hot spot distributions to choose the optimal cooling technique among VCs, microchannel-based two-phase cooling, liquid cooling via microchannels, and a hybrid cooling technique with thermoelectric coolers and liquid cooling with microchannels.
The Indian Caribbean: Migration and Identity in the Diaspora

Lomarsh Roopnarine. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2018. vi and 163 pp., notes, bibliography, index. $65.00 cloth (ISBN 978-1-4968-1438-8).As a kid whose age was barely into the doub...
In the shadow of the Citadel: Haitian national patrimony and vernacular concerns

A growing number of heritage studies scholars critique top-down approaches to cultural sites of global significance. International and state organizations, they explain, eschew locals’ concerns. We...
Empirically Estimated Electron Lifetimes in the Earth's Radiation Belts: Comparison With Theory.

We compute quasilinear diffusion rates due to pitch angle scattering by various mechanisms in the Earth's electron radiation belts. The calculated theoretical lifetimes are compared with observed decay rates, and we find excellent qualitative agreement between the two. The overall structure of the observed lifetime profiles as a function of energy and L is largely due to plasmaspheric hiss and Coulomb scattering. The results also reveal a local minimum in lifetimes in the inner zone at lower energy ( ∼ 50 keV), attributed to enhanced scattering via ground-based very low frequency transmitters, and a reduction in lifetimes at higher L and energy ( > 1 MeV), attributed to enhanced electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave scattering. In addition, we find significant quantitative disagreement at L 3 . 5 , where the theoretical lifetimes are typically a factor of ∼ 10 larger than the observed, pointing to an additional loss process that is missing from current models. We discuss potential factors that could contribute to this disagreement.
Conspiring with the Enemy: The Ethic of Cooperation in Warfare: by Yvonne Chiu, New York, Columbia University Press, 2019, 360 pp., US$35 (paperback), US $32 (ebook), ISBN 9780231544177

Yvonne Chiu, a professor of Strategy and Policy at the United States Naval War College, has written a meticulously researched book on an intriguing but little explored topic: situations in which wa...
Use of Adenosine to Facilitate Localization and Repair of Internal Carotid Artery Injury during Skull Base Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background:Internal carotid artery (ICA) injuries represent a rare, potentially fatal complication of endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (EESBS). The use of adenosine to induce transient hypot...
Perioperative challenges in management of diabetic patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery

Prediabetes and diabetes are important disease processes which have several perioperative implications. About one third of the United States population is considered to have prediabetes. The prevalence in surgical patients is even higher. This is due to the associated micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes that result in the need for subsequent surgical procedures. A careful preoperative evaluation of diabetic patients and patients at risk for prediabetes is essential to reduce perioperative mortality and morbidity. This preoperative evaluation involves an optimization of preoperative comorbidities. It also includes optimization of antidiabetic medication regimens, as the avoidance of unintentional hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes during the perioperative period is crucial. The focus of the perioperative management is to ensure euglycemia and thus improve postoperative outcomes. Therefore, prolonged preoperative fasting should be avoided and close monitoring of blood glucose should be initiated and continued throughout surgery. This can be accomplished with either analysis in blood gas samples, venous phlebotomy or point-of-care testing. Although capillary and arterial whole blood glucose do not meet standard guidelines for glucose testing, they can still be used to guide insulin dosing in the operating room. Intraoperative glycemic control goals may vary slightly in different protocols but overall the guidelines suggest a glucose range in the operating room should be between 140 mg/dL to 180 mg/dL. When hyperglycemia is detected in the operating room, blood glucose management may be initiated with subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin, with intravenous infusion or boluses of regular insulin. Fluid and electrolyte management are other perioperative challenges. Notably diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic state are the two most serious acute metabolic complications of diabetes that must be recognized early and treated.
Megakaryocytes are a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Infection Target and Risk Factor for Mortality and Multi-Organ Failure

Discovery of a biomarker for patients at high risk of progression to severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical for clinical management, particularly in areas of the world where widespread vaccine distribution and herd immunity have yet to be achieved. Herein, we characterize peripheral blood from 218 COVID-19 patients with flow cytometry and provide evidence that megakaryocytes are a target for infection by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We demonstrate a positive correlation between infected megakaryocytes expressing the protein calprotectin (also called S100A8/A9), a known marker of COVID-19 severity. Additionally, we show that infected, calprotectin expressing megakaryocytes are correlated with COVID-19 severity and are a prognostic indicator of 30-day clinical outcomes including respiratory failure, thrombotic events, acute kidney injury (AKI), ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation. These findings represent a novel SARS-CoV-2 infection target with significant clinical implications as a biomarker for clinical outcomes associated with severe COVID-19.
Conventional type I dendritic cells maintain a reservoir of proliferative tumor-antigen specific TCF-1+ CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes.

Summary In tumors, a subset of CD8+ T cells expressing the transcription factor TCF-1 drives the response to immune checkpoint blockade. We examined the mechanisms that maintain these cells in an autochthonous model of lung adenocarcinoma. Longitudinal sampling and single-cell sequencing of tumor-antigen specific TCF-1+ CD8+ T cells revealed that while intratumoral TCF-1+ CD8+ T cells acquired dysfunctional features and decreased in number as tumors progressed, TCF-1+ CD8+ T cell frequency in the tumor draining LN (dLN) remained stable. Two discrete intratumoral TCF-1+ CD8+ T cell subsets developed over time—a proliferative SlamF6+ subset and a non-cycling SlamF6− subset. Blocking dLN egress decreased the frequency of intratumoral SlamF6+ TCF-1+ CD8+ T cells. Conventional type I dendritic cell (cDC1) in dLN decreased in number with tumor progression, and Flt3L+anti-CD40 treatment recovered SlamF6+ T cell frequencies and decreased tumor burden. Thus, cDC1s in tumor dLN maintain a reservoir of TCF-1+ CD8+ T cells and their decrease contributes to failed anti-tumor immunity.
Molecular genetics of trauma exposure and PTSD

Background: The notion that genetic factors play a role in response to exposure to traumatic events was made over 75 years ago. Great progress has been made since this early inception in understand...
The Limits of Presidential Control of the Bureaucracy: An Analysis of Agency Quit Rates

Can presidents use tools of political control to affect turnover at federal agencies? A large literature illustrates that presidents have a wide arsenal of tools to control the direction of policy outputs at federal agencies. Much of this research implies that presidents may influence the morale of bureaucrats with these tools of control, but it does not actually test this expectation. This paper extends the Administrative presidency literature by looking beyond policy outputs as the focus of presidential influence toward examining quit rates at federal agencies, a proxy for agency morale. I examine quarterly turnover data provided by the Office of Personnel Management from 1980 to 2000 for the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Education. Even for the Reagan Administration, agency turnover is best explained by seasonal variation with most quits occurring in the final quarter of every fiscal year. Nevertheless, this paper produces evidence that agency turnover matters significantly to the level of agency outputs, suggesting that it is an important and practical consideration in examining the capacity of agencies to accomplish their policy objectives.
Diffraction-Based Interferometric Biosensors

Diffraction and interference are closely related physical phenomena, and diffraction-based biosensors constitute one class of interferometric biosensors. Diffraction arises because of interference. More specifically, diffraction arises in a wavefront-splitting interference configuration. In such a configuration, when one propagating set of wavefronts interacts with a biological sample or film, and another set does not, this affects their mutual diffraction pattern in a way that can be detected and related back to the amount of biological material in the sensor. Central issues for this type of interferometric biosensor include responsivity to immobilized or captured biomolecules (whether signals are linear or quadratic in the captured molecules) and sensitivity (limit-of-detection) depending on background levels and noise. Many diffraction-based biosensors have the advantage of being background-free (little or no background signal in the absence of captured molecules), but at the cost of having a quadratic responsivity that vanishes rapidly for decreasing molecule densities. The performance of these biosensors, and the applications they may be chosen for, depends on the trade-off between signal contrast and sensitivity. There are several distinct classes of diffraction-based biosensors. These include protein gratings on planar surfaces; proteins immobilized on microstructured surfaces, cantilevers, or capillaries; and bead-based biosensors that capture beads in distinct spatial patterns that diffract a probe beam.
Chapter 13 Sodium Pump Current in Renal Tubular Cells

Publisher Summary The membrane-bound enzyme Na+,K+-ATPase is responsible both for the maintenance of a low intracellular Na+ activity and for the accumulation of K+ in the cell. In a wide variety of cell types, the ratio of Na+ : K+ transported by the Na+,K+-ATPase is 3 : 2. Accordingly, the Na/K pump must carry one net electrical charge out of the cell during each cycle, which therefore produces a current across the membrane. Although the presence of such a pump current has been well-demonstrated in several cell types, the physiological effects of this current, the relevance of the membrane potential changes that it may create, and its possible role in the regulation of transport processes are still open to investigation. The first question is: Does this current generated by the activity of the pump have any significant effect on the membrane potential? The pump hyperpolarizes the cell membrane by the current (Ip) that circulates through the resistance (Rm) of the membrane, according to the Ohm's law.
Estimating and Tracking Changes in VO2max From a Field-Based Critical Velocity Test in Collegiate Soccer Players.

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) has been shown to be a significant predictor of performance in soccer players. Laboratory-based determination of VO 2 max is time consuming and consequently not often used as an evaluation tool in collegiate soccer teams. The critical velocity (CV) test is a unique measure, requiring less time than individual graded exercise tests for VO 2 max, and can offer analysis of anaerobic capacity, doubling its utility. Purpose: To examine a field-based CV test as a predictor of VO 2 max in male collegiate soccer players, and to determine if a prediction equation using CV could accurately track changes in VO 2 max following a 6 week off-season training intervention. Methods: Twelve male [mean ± SD, age (yr): 19.5±1.2; height (cm): 175.9±7.4; weight (kg): 71.7±10.1] collegiate soccer players were recruited to participate in this study. Players completed a maximal graded running test to exhaustion to determine VO 2 max. On a separate day, players completed three time-trials at various distances (1200m, 2400m, 3200m) on an outdoor track for the determination of CV and anaerobic running capacity (ARC). Results: A negative, but non-significant correlation was found between ARC and relative VO 2 max (r=-0.545, p=0.067). A positive correlation was observed between CV and relative VO 2 max (r=0.849, p<0.001). Based on the significant correlation analysis, two linear regression equations were developed to predict and track relative VO 2 max from CV. Conclusions: The proposed field-based method of predicting VO 2 max is a time-efficient way to predict and track maximal oxygen consumption in male soccer players.
Residential Real Estate Prices: A Room with a View

This article is the winner of the Real Estate Broker/Agency manuscript prize (sponsored by the Center for the Study of Real Estate Brokerage/Agency at Cleveland State University) presented at the 2...