cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The NAIRU, Unemployment and Monetary Policy

This paper examines the precision of conventional estimates of the NAIRU and the role of the NAIRU and unemployment in forecasting inflation. The authors find that, although there is a clear empirical Phillips relation, the NAIRU is imprecisely estimated, forecasts of inflation are insensitive to the NAIRU, and there are other leading indicators of inflation that are at least as good as unemployment. This suggests deemphasizing the NAIRU in public discourse about monetary policy and instead drawing on a richer variety of leading indicators of inflation.
Damage Identification Using Piezoelectric Impedance Approach and Spectral Element Method

The basic idea of the impedance-based damage detection is that the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric transducer attached to a structure is directly related to the mechanical impedance of the host structure. Therefore, damage effect can be reflected in the change of the piezoelectric impedance curves before and after damage occurrence. As the piezoelectric impedance information can be extracted at relatively high-frequency range, such a method is considered to be sensitive to small-sized damage. Previous studies on this approach mainly focus on declaring damage occurrence. In this research, we develop a model-based method that can identify both the location and the severity of the damage. The model is built upon the spectral element method, which has high computational accuracy and numerical efficiency in the high-frequency range. Using the difference between the impedance curves of the system monitored and the system at its healthy baseline state as input, an inverse identification procedure is fo...
Stem/progenitor cell-specific enhanced green fluorescent protein expression driven by the endogenous Mcm2 promoter.

Previous studies have demonstrated expression of the minichromosome maintenance protein Mcm2 in cells that remain competent to divide, including stem/progenitor cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) within the brain. Here, a transgenic mouse line in which the Mcm2 gene drives expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was constructed by insertion of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-EGFP cassette into the last exon of the gene, 3′ to the stop codon. In these mice, expression of EGFP is observed in the SVZ and several other tissues with high proliferative activity, including the spleen, intestine, hair follicles, and bone marrow. These observations suggest that EGFP fluorescence in this mouse line provides an index of the proliferative capacity of different tissues. Immunohistological analysis demonstrates a direct concordance between expression of EGFP and Mcm2, consistent with a transcriptional level downregulation of Mcm2 expression in postmitotic cells. To test the utility of EGFP expression for recovery of live cells retaining the capacity to divide, EGFP-expressing and -nonexpressing cells from bone marrow and brain were isolated from an adult Mcm2IRES-EGFP mouse by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and assayed for clonal growth. The EGFP-positive fraction contained the entire clonogenic population of the bone marrow and greater than 90% of neurosphere-forming cells from the brain. Brain-derived clonogenic cells were shown to remain competent to differentiate towards all three neural lineages. These studies demonstrate that the Mcm2IRES-EGFP transgenic line constructed here can be used for recovery of proliferation competent cells from different tissue types.
AN INFRARED HIGH PROPER MOTION SURVEY USING THE 2MASS AND SDSS: DISCOVERY OF M, L, AND T DWARFS

A search of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) reveals 36 previously unknown high proper motion objects with J < 17 mag. Their red optical colors indicate that 27 are M dwarfs, eight are early-type L dwarfs, and one is a late-type T dwarf. The L dwarfs have J – Ks colors near the extrema of known L dwarfs, indicating that previous surveys for L dwarfs using color as a selection criterion may be biased. Follow-up near-infrared spectroscopy of six dwarfs confirm that they are all late-type with spectral types ranging from M8 to T4. Spectroscopy also shows that some of the L dwarf spectra exhibit peculiar features similar to other peculiar "blue" L dwarfs, which may indicate that these dwarfs have a relatively condensate free atmosphere or may be metal poor. Photometric distance estimates indicate that 22 of the new M, L, and T dwarfs lie within 100 pc of the Sun with the newly discovered T dwarf, 2MASS J10595185+3042059, located at ~25 pc. Based on the colors and proper motions of the newly identified objects, several appear to be good subdwarf candidates. The proper motions of known ultracool dwarfs detected in our survey were also measured, including, for the first time, SDSS J085834.42+325627.6 (T1), SDSS J125011.65+392553.9 (T4), and 2MASS J15261405+2043414 (L7).
A multi-layered XML schema and design tool for reusing and integrating FPGA IP

Reconfigurable computing systems remain difficult to use and program. One way to increase design productivity for these systems is through reuse of previously developed and verified intellectual property (IP) cores. This paper presents CHREC XML, a XML schema that facilitates IP reuse by encapsulating the details of reusable IP cores at multiple levels of abstraction. This schema is independent from any design language or tool and can be used by any tool to understand many details about the interface of a reusable circuit. An IP integration tool was also created based on this schema to demonstrate the ease of IP reuse when cores are described in this meta-data description. This IP integration tool allows a designer to easily select and integrate IP cores from a variety of languages/tools and automatically run the appropriate tools to generate the cores in a form usable by downstream implementation tools.
The two projects of microeconomics

The Mazzoleni and Nelson paper published in Industrial and Corporate Change 22:6 (Mazzoleni and Nelson, 2013) is a graceful and informative excursion into the ambiguities of intellectual history. As I can lay no claim to special knowledge about the intellectual history of economics, I can only be impressed. The paper is also an examination of the possible future of microeconomics. Mazzoleni and Nelson have prejudices, so do I. This recitation of my prejudices has been stimulated by reading theirs, but it can be interpreted as a comment on their paper only in the sense in which an after dinner speech is commentary on the food. Modern microeconomics can be seen as a conflation of two projects. The first project is a normative one: inducing humans and artificial actors to make choices that exhibit intelligence of a particular kind. Within the litany of contemporary thought, it draws its framework from theories of choice, particularly those associated with modern statistics. It leads an acolyte to the pleasures of gambling, decision trees, Bayesian estimates, discounting, risk preference, derivatives, game theory, and the other refinements of rational action. It is encapsulated not only in introductory economics but also in statistics, operations research, finance, and management science. Its holy grail is the maximization of expected value as determined by a personal, exogenous, stable, consistent utility function; its principal technologies are the technology of estimation and the technology of gambling. It purports to provide an unassailable template for intelligent action. The second project is a positive one: describing the actual choices of clusters of intelligent humans when they are organized into markets, organizations, or other forms of interaction. It seeks to describe how decisions happen in individuals, groups, organizations, or societies. It explores the consumption choices of �
Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: Management by planned, staged pancreatic necrosectomy/debridement and delayed primary wound closure over drains

We reviewed our recent experience with management of 23 consecutive patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. All patients had documented necrotizing pancreatitis with parenchymal or peripancreatic necrosis. Our method of treatment has evolved from our previous approach of controlled open lesser sac drainage (marsupialization) to staged necrosectomy I debridement with delayed primary closure over drains. With this latter approach, hospital mortality was 4 of 23 patients (17per cent), but significant morbidity still occurred in 12 of 23 patients (52 per cent). However, recurrent intra-abdominal abscess before discharge occurred in only one patient. We believe that this operative approach toward the severely ill patient with acute necrotizing pancreatitis who requires operative intervention will minimize the occurrence of intra-abdominal sepsis.
Estrogen receptor-β regulates human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 through an estrogen response element in the 5′ untranslated region

In the dorsal raphe nucleus, 17β-estradiol (E2) increases the expression of the brain-specific, rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2). Although estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) has been localized to Tph2 neurons, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the Tph2 gene by estrogen. Since the ERβ agonist, diarylpropionitrile (DPN) also increases Tph2 expression, we tested the hypothesis that E2 regulates the Tph2 promoter through direct interactions with ERβ. A serotonergic cell line, B14, which endogenously expresses ERβ was transiently transfected with a fragment of the human TPH2 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) cloned into a luciferase reporter vector (TPH2-luc). Treatment with E2 or DPN caused a dose-dependent increase of TPH2-luc activity. In contrast, E2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin, which is cell membrane impermeable, had no effect on TPH2-luc activity. An estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist blocked E2 or DPN-induced TPH2-luc activity suggesting a classical ER mechanism. In silico analysis revealed an estrogen-response element (ERE) half-site located within the TPH2 5'-UTR. Deletion and site-directed mutation of this site abolished ligand-induced TPH2-luc activity. These results support the concept that there is a direct and functional interaction between E2:ERβ and the ERE half-site of the TPH2 promoter to regulate Tph2 expression. We illustrate a direct regulation of the TPH2 transcription by estradiol and ERβ via a newly identified ERE half-site within the TPH2 promoter: (i) Estradiol- or an ERβ agonist-induced TPH2 transcription was blocked by an ER antagonist, while (ii) membrane impermeable form of estradiol did not induce transcription. (iii) Deletion or mutation of the ERE half-site abolished ligand-induced TPH2 transcription.
Kin preference and partner choice: patrilineal descent and biological kinship in Lamaleran cooperative relationships.

This paper presents a comparison of social kinship (patrilineage) and biological kinship (genetic relatedness) in predicting cooperative relationships in two different economic contexts in the fishing and whaling village of Lamalera, Indonesia. A previous analysis (Alvard, Human Nature 14:129–163, 2003) of boat crew affiliation data collected in the village in 1999 found that social kinship (patrilineage) was a better predictor of crew affiliation than was genetic kinship. A replication of this analysis using similar data collected in 2006 finds the same pattern: lineage is a better predictor than genetic kinship of crew affiliation, and the two together explain little additional variance over that explained by lineage alone. However, an analogous test on food-sharing relationships finds the opposite pattern: biological kinship is a better predictor of food-sharing relationships than is social kinship. The difference between these two cooperative contexts is interpreted in terms of kin preferences that shape partner choice, and the relative autonomy with which individuals can seek to satisfy those preferences. Drawing on stable matching theory, it is suggested that unilineal descent may serve as a stable compromise among multiple individuals’ incongruent partner preferences, with patriliny favored over matriliny in the crew-formation context because it leads to higher mean degrees of relatedness among male cooperators. In the context of food-sharing, kin preferences can be pursued relatively autonomously, without the necessity of coordinating preferences with those of other households through the institution of lineage.
Poisson, Poisson-gamma and zero-inflated regression models of motor vehicle crashes: balancing statistical fit and theory

There has been considerable research conducted over the last 20 years focused on predicting motor vehicle crashes on transportation facilities. The range of statistical models commonly applied includes binomial, Poisson, Poisson-gamma (or negative binomial), zero-inflated Poisson and negative binomial models (ZIP and ZINB), and multinomial probability models. Given the range of possible modeling approaches and the host of assumptions with each modeling approach, making an intelligent choice for modeling motor vehicle crash data is difficult. There is little discussion in the literature comparing different statistical modeling approaches, identifying which statistical models are most appropriate for modeling crash data, and providing a strong justification from basic crash principles. In the recent literature, it has been suggested that the motor vehicle crash process can successfully be modeled by assuming a dual-state data-generating process, which implies that entities (e.g., intersections, road segments, pedestrian crossings, etc.) exist in one of two states-perfectly safe and unsafe. As a result, the ZIP and ZINB are two models that have been applied to account for the preponderance of "excess" zeros frequently observed in crash count data. The objective of this study is to provide defensible guidance on how to appropriate model crash data. We first examine the motor vehicle crash process using theoretical principles and a basic understanding of the crash process. It is shown that the fundamental crash process follows a Bernoulli trial with unequal probability of independent events, also known as Poisson trials. We examine the evolution of statistical models as they apply to the motor vehicle crash process, and indicate how well they statistically approximate the crash process. We also present the theory behind dual-state process count models, and note why they have become popular for modeling crash data. A simulation experiment is then conducted to demonstrate how crash data give rise to "excess" zeros frequently observed in crash data. It is shown that the Poisson and other mixed probabilistic structures are approximations assumed for modeling the motor vehicle crash process. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that under certain (fairly common) circumstances excess zeros are observed-and that these circumstances arise from low exposure and/or inappropriate selection of time/space scales and not an underlying dual state process. In conclusion, carefully selecting the time/space scales for analysis, including an improved set of explanatory variables and/or unobserved heterogeneity effects in count regression models, or applying small-area statistical methods (observations with low exposure) represent the most defensible modeling approaches for datasets with a preponderance of zeros.
Suppression of the Pituitary Thyroid Axis After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Neonate

Thyroid hormone has numerous effects on cardiovascular function in the adult. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermia on thyroid function in the neonate. Ten newborns were studied preoperatively and postoperatively. The total and free triiodothyronine, total and free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroglobulin levels were measured by immunoassays. The data demonstrated a transient rise in the free thyroxine level associated with and followed by significant reductions in the free and total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroglobulin levels in the early postoperative period. By the fifth postoperative day, the free and total triiodothyronine and total thyroxine levels were returning toward the preoperative levels under the influence of an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone level. These results suggest that the combination of cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermia can result in a transient suppression of the pituitary-thyroid axis in the neonate.
Thought about actions in social domains: Morality, social conventions, and social interactions

Abstract Judgments about actual and hypothetical events were examined. The study, conducted in elementary (first, third, and fifth grades) and junior high (seventh grades) schools, included behavioral observations and assessments of judgments. Observations were conducted of 108 events classified as moral, as conventional, and as mixed type. Participants’ reactions and communications differed by domain of the event. Judgments and justifications of 312 participants in the events showed that they discriminated between the domains on several dimensions. Judgments and justifications corresponded with ones made about comparable hypothetical situations. The study supported the proposition that judgments in the domains of morality and social convention about actual events correspond with judgments about hypothetical situations. It was also found that the domains are associated with the ways children interact socially.
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and mode of action of some 3-substituted 2,5,6-trichloroindole 2'- and 5'-deoxyribonucleosides.

A series of chlorinated indole nucleosides has been synthesized and tested for activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and for cytotoxicity. The 2‘- and 5‘-deoxy derivatives of the reported 3-formyl-2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)indole (FTCRI) and 3-cyano-2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)indole (CTCRI) were synthesized by either a modification of the appropriate 3-unsubstituted sugar-modified nucleoside analogues or by a glycosylation of 3-substituted heterocycles with a protected α-chlorosugar. The modifications were guided in part by structural similarity to the corresponding series of chlorinated benzimidazole ribonucleosides and the fact that 5‘-deoxy analogues of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB) are very active against HCMV. The 5‘-deoxy analogues of FTCRI and CTCRI were nearly as active as FTCRI and CTCRI, suggesting that the chlorinated benzimidazole nucleosides and the chlorinated indole nucleosides act in a similar ...
New MDS self-dual codes over finite fields

In this paper we construct MDS Euclidean and Hermitian self-dual codes which are extended cyclic duadic codes or negacyclic codes. We also construct Euclidean self-dual codes which are extended negacyclic codes. Based on these constructions, a large number of new MDS self-dual codes are given with parameters for which self-dual codes were not previously known to exist.
Clenbuterol Administration into the Basolateral Amygdala Post-training Enhances Retention in an Inhibitory Avoidance Task

The present study examined the effects of post-training infusions of the specific beta2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), on inhibitory avoidance retention. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically implanted with cannulae aimed at the BLA. Animals were microinfused with different doses of clenbuterol (from 1.0 to 1000.0 ng) immediately after training, and retention was tested 48 h later. Clenbuterol dose dependently affected retention performances. Whereas the 10.0-ng dose of clenbuterol induced a significant increase in the performances, the groups injected with the other doses (1.0, 100.0, and 1000.0 ng) of clenbuterol did not differ from the vehicle-injected animals. These findings, indicating that clenbuterol enhanced retention of the inhibitory avoidance task, are in agreement with previous evidence showing that the adrenergic system of the amygdala is involved in the modulation of memory. Moreover, our data support the hypothesis that the memory-modulating effect of the amygdala adrenergic system is mediated, at least in part, by the activation of the beta-adrenoceptors in the BLA. These findings provide further evidence that the BLA is an important brain region in integrating hormonal influences on memory storage.
Measles immunity in a population of healthcare workers.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate measles seroprevalence among cohorts of new employees and to evaluate vaccine responses of susceptible adult healthcare workers. DESIGN New employees were screened for measles susceptibility as part of employee evaluations. Anti-IgG measles antibody tests were completed on 2,473 workers. Demographic, measles history, and measles vaccination information was collected using a short questionnaire. Susceptible workers were vaccinated and screened for vaccine responses following vaccination. RESULTS Ninety-three workers (4%) were seronegative, and 56 (2%) were equivocal. Individuals in the youngest cohort (born after 1956) were significantly more likely to be susceptible than those in the middle cohort (born 1951 to 1956) and those in the oldest cohort (born before 1951) (P < 0.01). The middle cohort included eight (5%) of the 149 seronegative or equivocal workers. Among the members of the youngest cohort, those from the United States were more likely to be susceptible (P < 0.01) than those from outside the United States. Of the 106 vaccinated susceptible workers whose follow-up serologies were determined, 90 (85%) developed positive IgG serologies, six had equivocal results, and 10 were seronegative. Eleven of the 16 non- or hyporesponders were revaccinated and re-evaluated; nine developed low positive IgG antimeasles levels, one exhibited an equivocal response, and one failed to respond. CONCLUSIONS A small but important proportion of healthcare workers are susceptible to measles. Whenever feasible, measles immunity programs for healthcare workers should include workers born before 1957. Of workers born after 1956, those from outside the United States are more likely to be immune than workers from inside the United States. Using the currently available vaccine, revaccination of initial non- or hyporesponders appears to be effective.
Improvement of anemia among HIV-infected injection drug users receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

Although anemia is common during HIV infection, it is unclear whether potent antiretroviral therapy would improve or worsen anemia. We conducted a study to examine the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on anemia in a cohort of HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs) in Baltimore, Maryland. At baseline, the overall prevalence of anemia was 40%. During mean follow-up of one year, among 102 subjects who received HAART, there was a mean increase in hemoglobin of 3.6 +/- 1.7 g/L (p =.0003) [corrected] and a mean decrease in log(10) plasma HIV load of 0.25 +/- 0.06 copies/ml (p <.0002) [corrected]. Among 103 control subjects who were not receiving antiretroviral medications, there was a mean decrease in hemoglobin of 4.2 +/- 1.1 g/L (p <.04) [corrected] and mean increase in log(10) plasma HIV load of 0.78 +/- 0.17 copies/ml (p <.0001) [corrected]. Multivariate analysis using mixed linear models showed that HAART was associated with an increase of hemoglobin of 0.223 g/L per month (p <.0001) after adjusting for body mass index, opportunistic infections, and gender. HAART was associated with an improvement in anemia, and potential mechanisms that may be involved include a reduction in opportunistic infections and the anemia of chronic disease and an improvement in nutritional status.
Fredholm properties of radially symmetric, second order differential operators

We analyse Fredholm properties of radially symmetric second order systems in unbounded domains. The main theorem relates the Fredholm index to the Morse index at infinity. As a consequence, linear operators are Fredholm in exponentially weighted spaces for almost all weights. The result provides the basic tool for the analysis of perturbation and bifurcation problems in the presence of essential spectrum. We give a simple illustrative example, where we use the implicit function theorem to calculate the effect of a localised source term on a trimolecular chemical reaction-diffusion systems on the plane.
Synthesis and Study of Heterobimetallic Complexes Supported by a Ferrocene-Based Bisphosphine−Diamine Ligand

The difunctional bisphosphine-diamine ligand 1, the racemate of (S)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methyl-1-[(R)-1',2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethylamine, has been used to prepare several novel heterobimetallic complexes for potential catalysis applications based on cooperative interactions between two reactive metal centers. The complexes were characterized by electron ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Specifically, {sup 31}P NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize the binding modes of the ligand. The X-ray crystal structure of 10 (containing Pt and Cu) confirms a (P,P)-binding mode for Pd and an (N,N)-binding mode for Cu. The distance between Pt and Cu metal centers was 4.528(3) Angstroms. Palladium complexes of 1 exist as an equilibrium mixture of isomers involving (P,P)- and (P,N)-coordination modes for palladium (K{sub eq} = 1.90 at 22 C; {Delta}H = -4.3(4) kcal/mol and {Delta}S = -13(1) eu). This isomerization process can be suppressed by the addition of (Et{sub 2}O)MgBr2 to 1, which forms the (N,N)-bound Mg complex 4. This complex reacted with trans-(PPh{sub 3}){sub 2}PdBr{sub 2} to form the bimetallic complex 5, in which Pd is (P,P)-bound.
Preliminary Field Evaluation of Soil Compaction in Rain Gardens

AbstractRain gardens are implemented to mitigate runoff volume and associated pollutants to restore the health of a watershed. Rain gardens reduce runoff volume through infiltration and improve wat...
Pulverized coal conversion in downflow gasifier

The behaviour of coal particles undergoing pyrolysis in a downflow reactor is modelled in two dimensions using integral approximation. The governing equations are solved numerically by marching procedures using Adams–Moulton and Romberg integration methods. The conversion of coal particles is studied in terms of chemical kinetics, hydrodynamic flow of volatiles and the heat transfer mechanism at the interface. The conversion increases with decreasing velocity, solid loading, particle diameter and total pressure. Owing to large amounts of gas production, the influence of pyrolysis on the gas-particle heat transfer and drag coefficients becomes important at large particle diameters. For particle diameters less than 100 μm, such influence is minimal.
Regulation of dual-specificity phosphatases M3/6 and hVH5 by phorbol esters. Analysis of a delta-like domain.

Treatment of leukemic cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induces a short-lived phosphorylation and activation of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and cellular differentiation. To investigate whether the rapid deactivation of SAPK results from dephosphorylation by dual-specificity phosphatases (DSPs), we studied regulation of the DSP hVH5 and its murine orthologue M3/6 in K562 human leukemia cells. PMA treatment rapidly induced hVH5 transcripts in these cells, and induced expression of M3/6 completely inhibited PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of SAPK, suggesting a feedback loop to control SAPK activity. Using both stable cell lines and transient transfection we demonstrate that activation of SAPK rapidly stimulated phosphorylation of M3/6. This phosphorylation did not regulate the half-life of total cellular M3/6. hVH5 and M3/6 shares with all sequenced mammalian DSPs an amino acid motif,XILPXLXL, located approximately 80 amino acids from the active site. The hVH5-M3/6 sequence, RILPHLYL, shares significant homology with the SAPK binding site of the c-Jun protein, called the delta domain. This motif was found to be important for DSP function, because deletion of RILPHLYL inhibits SAPK-mediated phosphorylation of M3/6, and deletion of this sequence or mutation of the LYL portion blocks the ability of this phosphatase to dephosphorylate SAPK.
Toxicity of botulinum toxin: a stoichiometric model for the locus of its extraordinary potency and persistence at the neuromuscular junction.

Abstract The number of botulinum toxin molecules calculated to reach either a diaphragmatic endplate after a minimum lethal dose or a gastrocnemius endplate after a minimal paralyzing dose is in close agreement with both the number of vesicles released per impulse and the finite number of active sites on the endplate for efflux of acetylcholine-containing vesicles. The close agreement in size between botulinum toxin molecules, synaptic vesicles, and the width of neurotubules supports a model in which botulinum toxin physically blocks efflux of acetylcholine. The stoichiometric attachment of botulinum toxin may occur at the critical moment that vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane, thereby exposing a receptor. While attachment may be to a ganglioside or neuraminidase-sensitive site, the chemical nature of the receptor is neither defined nor critical for the validity of the model.
Rubik's Tesseract

can't build a physical model and experiment with it. The results described below were discovered with the aid of a simulation of the tesseract on a Macintosh computer. In this simulation the computer displays a representation of the tesseract on the screen, and the user uses a pointing device (a mouse) to ask the computer to twist sides of the tesseract. To understand the graphic representation of the tesseract used in this simulation, it might be helpful to consider first the easier problem of representing the ordinary three-dimensional Rubik's cube in a way that two-dimensional people could understand. One way to make a two-dimensional representation of the Rubik's cube would be to imagine unfolding the surface of the cube in the familiar way illustrated in FIGURE 1. (In all of the figures in this paper, the colors of the sides of the cube are represented as black-and-white patterns. We will continue to refer to them, however, as colors.) Unfortunately, this representation would not be very useful to a two-dimensional person trying to solve the cube. The problem is that this representation doesn't show clearly which colors are attached to different sides of the same cubie. (The 27 small cubes that make up a Rubik's cube are usually called "cubies.") For example, the three "colors" attached to the cubie in the front bottom right comer of the cube in FIGURE 1 are stripes, gray, and dots, but it takes some thought to figure this out from the two-dimensional representation in FIGURE 1.
Limits of parallelism in explicit ODE methods

Numerical methods for ordinary initial value problems that do not depend on special properties of the system are usually found in the class of linear multistage multivalue methods, first formulated by J.C. Butcher. Among these the explicit methods are easiest to implement. For these reasons there has been considerable research activity devoted to generating methods of this class which utilize independent function evaluations that can be performed in parallel. Each such group of concurrent function evaluations can be regarded as a stage of the method. However, it turns out that parallelism affords only limited opportunity for reducing the computing time with such methods. This is most evident for the simple linear homogeneous constant-coefficient test problem, whose solution is essentially a matter of approximating the exponential by an algebraic function. For a given number of stages and a given number of saved values, parallelism offers a somewhat enlarged set of algebraic functions from which to choose. However, there is absolutely no benefit in having the degree of parallelism (number of processors) exceed the number of saved values of the method. Thus, in particular, parallel one-step methods offer no speedup over serial one-step methods for the standard linear test problem. Although the implication of this result for general nonlinear problems is unclear, there are indications that dramatic speedups are not possible in general. Also given are some results relevant to the construction of methods.
U.S. nonprofit organizations' demand for temporary foreign professionals

This article examines the demand by nonprofits in the United States for foreign professionals to fill a variety of specialized and managerial positions on a temporary basis. Our study contributes to understanding the demand side of the trend toward a more contingent workforce. We test predictors of nonprofit employers' pursuit of foreign labor for professional expertise and show an association between strategy to insource foreign labor and organizational resource level, mission, occupational need, and wage offer. Our findings suggest that government visa policies and practices affect labor pools for nonprofit organizations. Given that our study reveals varied interest by nonprofits in pursuing temporary foreign professionals, we end with a brief review and discussion of how the use of temporary and foreign professionals may influence the dynamics of nonprofit organizations and suggest additional research questions.
Nonlinear dynamic response of window glass units

Abstract For glazing of modern buildings, rectangular window glass units are being used extensively. When these glass units are subjected to lateral wind pressures, they respond dynamically; a simple quasi-static analysis may lead to less conservative design procedures. Since window glass units undergo large displacements when subjected to lateral pressures, a nonlinear dynamic analysis is necessary. Using von Karman nonlinear plate equations, Vallabhan and Selvam (1986) have developed a finite differencemodel for computing the dynamic response of a thin rectangular plate. Here, the maximum amplitudes along with the corresponding periods of vibration and the maximum tensile stresses due to uniform lateral pressures applied suddenly on simply supported thin rectangular plates, are presented using nondimensional parameters. Also, results are presented for various aspect ratios of plates.
Social networking, social network technologies, and the enterprise

This research proposal sets out to investigate the organizational consequences of Corporate Social Networking Technologies (cSNT). Despite the rapid uptake of cSNT very little is known about the uses in and effects of SNT on enterprises. My main contention is that these technologies are embedded within a network of social ties. To understand the interplay between the cSNT and the informal network within organization, the proposed research will draw on different streams of literature, including the social network perspective, the information sharing literature, and actor network theory. By building on these theoretical foundations, I will discuss expected contributions of this research, and the proposed research design.
The axiomatizability of the class of root closed monoids

We prove that the theory of root closed monoids is axiomatizable, but not finitely axiomatizable. Some directions for further research are presented.
Predictors of Psychosocial Adjustment During the Postradiation Treatment Transition

The aim of this study was to examine the role of cognitive appraisal in predicting psychosocial adjustment during the postradiation treatment transition. A predictive correlational design was used in a convenience sample of 80 patients with breast, lung, and prostate cancer who were receiving radiation therapy. Two weeks prior to completion of treatment, participants completed instruments to measure symptom distress, uncertainty, cognitive appraisal, social support, and self-efficacy for coping. The Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale was administered 1 month after therapy. Adjustment was significantly correlated with all independent variables, age, and comorbidity. Young age and high amounts of threat appraisal, harm/loss appraisal, uncertainty, and symptom distress were significantly associated with poor adjustment. The model predicted 52% of the variability in adjustment. Cognitive appraisal was not a significant explanatory variable for adjustment when controlling for uncertainty, cancer stage, age, and symptom distress. Symptom distress was the only significant predictor of adjustment.
Differences in A1C by Race and Ethnicity Among Patients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Abstract Objective To examine racial and ethnic differences in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in people with Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT). Research Design and Methods We studied 3,819 individuals ≥ 25 years of age with IGT found to be eligible to participant in the Diabetes Prevention Program. HbA1c was compared among five racial and ethnic groups before and after adjustment for factors that differed among groups or might affect glycemia including age, sex, education, marital status, blood pressure, adiposity (BMI and waist circumference), hematocrit, fasting and post glucose load glucose levels, glucose area under the curve, β-cell function, and insulin resistance. Results Mean ± SD HbA1c was 5.91 ± 0.50%. Among Whites, HbA1c was 5.80 ± 0.44%, among Hispanics 5.89 ± 0.46%, among Asian American 5.96 ± 0.45%, among American Indians 5.96 ± 0.46% and among African Americans 6.19 ± 0.59%. Age, sex, SBP, DBP, BMI, fasting glucose, glucose area under the curve, corrected insulin response and insulin resistance were each independent predictors of HbA1c. Adjusting for these and other factors, mean HbA1c levels were 5.78% for Whites, 5.93% for Hispanics, 6.00% for Asian Americans, 6.12% for American Indians, and 6.18% for African Americans (p Conclusions HbA1c levels are higher among U.S. racial and ethnic minority groups with IGT after adjustment for factors likely to affect glycemia. Among patients with IGT, HbA1c may not be valid for assessing and comparing glycemic control across racial and ethnic groups or as an indicator of health care disparities.
Pyrite-enhanced chemical weathering in Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland

Conventional wisdom once held that weathering in cold climates was overwhelmingly due to physical processes. However, that convention was challenged when chemical weathering was identified, but unexplained, as the dominant landscape denudation process in Karkevagge, an alpine valley in Swedish Lap-land. The research reported here involved scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence of rock coatings to investigate chemical weathering in Karkevagge. Analyses revealed that white coatings associated with streams emerging on the valley cliff face are commonly an amorphous aluminum oxyhydroxide sulfate such as basaluminite [Al 4 (SO 4 )(OH) 10 ·H 2 O]. Efflorescence on seasonal vegetation in stream channels demonstrates that this is an active process. The white coating chemistry exhibited no systematic spatial patterns along the valley axis or with position on the cliff face. Although the white coatings were not crystalline and did not contain appreciable amounts of Fe or Ca, in sheltered overhangs among boulders on the valley floor there were other well-crystallized secondary sulfate minerals commonly associated with pyrite oxidation, including gypsum, jarosite, and amorphous Fe compounds. This difference is due presumably to the pH of the associated waters, because Fe compounds tend to precipitate only at pH 5, which is the pH of the stream water. Pyrite oxidation may be an important early weathering process in this and in many other environments. However, it largely goes unrecognized because it occurs relatively rapidly in a geological sense and typically is only identified in recently disturbed landscapes associated with mining or other large-scale earth-moving activities. Karkevagge demonstrates that subarctic conditions do not preclude intense chemical weathering where conditions are favorable, but it does not establish that strong chemical weathering is a widespread attribute of subarctic conditions.
Anger Management Group Treatment for Cocaine Dependence: Preliminary Outcomes

Cocaine abusers who fail to manage anger appropriately may have greater difficulty achieving and maintaining abstinence. We conducted a pilot study to examine an anger management group treatment in a sample of 59 men and 32 women with a diagnosis of cocaine dependence. Participants attended a 12-week anger management group treatment and background substance abuse treatment. Levels of anger, negative affect, and anger control were measured at baseline, weekly during treatment, and at 3-month posttreatment follow-up. Levels of anger decreased and anger control increased between baseline and the end of treatment. End-of-treatment changes were maintained at follow-up. These findings were not moderated by gender, age, or psychiatric medication use. In the absence of a randomized control group, we cannot make conclusive statements regarding the effectiveness of the anger management group treatment. However, these preliminary findings demonstrate the need for a randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of the anger management group treatment.
Spatial Inhomogeneity of Sympathetic Nerve Function in Hibernating Myocardium

Background— Although humans and swine with hibernating myocardium have an increased risk of sudden death, the contribution of chronic alterations in sympathetic nerve function is unknown. Acute transmural ischemia causes inhomogeneity in sympathetic innervation that may lead to lethal arrhythmias, but it is unclear whether similar abnormalities develop in response to chronic reversible ischemia. Methods and Results— Swine were chronically instrumented with a left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stenosis that produced hibernating myocardium after 3 months. Resting subendocardial flow (LAD 0.75±0.14 versus 1.19±0.14 mL · min−1 · g−1, P<0.05) and wall thickening (LAD 15±3% versus 40±2%, P<0.05) were reduced compared with normal remote regions, without triphenyltetrazolium chloride evidence of necrosis. 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) was used to assess integrity of the norepinephrine uptake-1 mechanism, and the spatial and transmural distributions were quantified by ex vivo counting. In hibern...
Effect of Normal Saline and Half Normal Saline on Serum Electrolytes During Recovery Phase of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Objective: This study aims to describe the effect of 0.9% saline (NS) versus 0.45% saline (half NS) when used during recovery phase of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all children (1-18 years old) with DKA admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from 2005 to 2009 was undertaken. The primary end point was effect on serum electrolytes and acidosis. Results: Compared to 47 patients who received only NS (group A) throughout the recovery period and 33 patients who received NS but were switched to half NS (group B) at some point during recovery, 41 who received only half NS (group C) had a significant decrease in corrected serum sodium (P < .01). Hyperchloremia leading to nonanion gap acidosis was significantly greater in NS groups A and B than in half NS group C (P < .01). This led to increased duration of insulin infusion and length of stay in the PICU in the NS groups. Conclusions: Hyperchloremia resulting in nonanion gap acidosis can occur and may p...
Performance of maximum likelihood sequence estimation with different modulation formats

The performance of several common modulation formats in conjunction with MLSE in systems dominated by thermal noise in the receiver is evaluated. The results indicate that the dispersion limited reach can be substantially increased by the application of MLSE. The performance of the duobinary format in conjunction with MLSE is still better then NRZ and RZ under the same conditions. For the amounts of accumulated dispersion considered, the gain obtained by using MLSE including low resolution A/D conversion in conjunction with duobinary modulation is 2.0 dB with respect to NRZ at the expense of a more complicated transmitter.
Contrasting cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise in mitral valve and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

The role of cardiovascular and pulmonary limitation in performing maximal exercise is contrasted in patients with mitral valve disease (MVD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The ventilatory (VE) gas exchange (VO2 and VCO2) and heart rate (HR) responses to an incremental cycle ergometer exercise were measured in six patients with MVD, seven patients with COPD, and six normal subjects. The VE requirement for the work (VE-VO2 relationship) was increased in both COPD and MVD groups compared with control subjects, but the breathing reserve was significantly lower in COPD (13 percent) compared with MVD (49 percent) and control groups (44 percent). In contrast, the VO2 at the anaerobic threshold was significantly lower in MVD (12.2 +/- .5 ml/kg) compared with COPD (15.7 +/- 1.2 ml/kg) and control subjects (16.6 +/- .9 ml/kg). Also, the heart rate reserve and the VO2-HR slope were significantly reduced in MVD (9 +/- 6 percent and 6.9 +/- 1.0 ml/min/beat, respectively) compared with COPD patients (44 +/- 7 percent and 2.0 ml/min/beat, respectively). Both patient groups experienced an acidosis in their terminal work rate, but the acidosis was primarily respiratory in the COPD and totally metabolic in the MVD group. These studies indicate that at maximal work rate, MVD but not COPD patients, manifest compromised O2 delivery to the muscles, while COPD but not MVD patients were unable to increase VE sufficiently to match the exercise-induced CO2 production.
Characterization of the Proteins of Naegleria fowleri: Relationships between Subunit Size and Charge1

Proteins of whole cell extracts of Naegleria fowleri, precipitated with acetone, have been resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Autoradiograms of the [35S]-methionine-labeled polypeptides were scanned and analyzed by a computer-assisted program in order to determine whether there were correlations between selected attributes of proteins (e.g., subunit size and charge). The majority of the polypeptides had molecular sizes within the range of 20–60 kilodaltons. The mean amount of polypeptide was less for those with molecular sizes between 20 and 45 kilodaltons than for those larger than 45 kilodaltons. The mean amount of polypeptide was greater in the isoelectric focusing range of pH 5–6 than in the range of pH 6–7. Polypeptides in the size range of 20–40 kilodaltons had a median isoelectric point of 6.1, whereas polypeptides in the size range of 40–80 kilodaltons had a median pI of 5.6. Our data indicated that molecular size and charge were not entirely independent variables, and that the composition of a polypeptide might have an important influence on its steady state level in N. fowleri.