cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with operable granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results cohort study.

Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for patients with resected high-risk adult granulosa cell tumors (GCT), although strong data to support this are lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the outcomes of GCT patients, with the specific focus on patients that received adjuvant chemotherapy with curative intent (stage I-III), reported in a large national cancer registry. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2000 and 2013 were used for analysis. Patient and disease characteristics were extracted and analyzed for association with administration of chemotherapy. Impact on disease-specific survival (DSS) was analyzed using log-rank test. A total of 739 patients with surgically treated adult GCT were identified. Median age was 51 years. 570 (77%) patients were stage I, 87 (12%) were stage II, and 82 (11%) were stage III. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 176 (24%) patients. Young age, higher stage, and hysterectomy were associated with chemotherapy administration. Higher disease stage was associated with decreased five-year DSS (IA/B 98.5%, IC 95.1%, II 86.1%, III 83.5%, P < 0.01). Notably, administration of adjuvant chemotherapy was not associated with improved five-year DSS (P = 0.45) regardless of disease stage (stage IA/B: 96% with chemotherapy vs. 99% without chemotherapy; P = 0.64), (stage IC: 97% with chemotherapy vs. 94% without chemotherapy; P = 0.49), (stage II: 89% with chemotherapy vs. 83% without chemotherapy; P = 0.56), (stage III: 73% with chemotherapy vs. 93% without chemotherapy; P = 0.18). In this analysis, chemotherapy was not found to be associated with improved DSS of patients with operable disease regardless of stage, questioning the role for adjuvant chemotherapy in GCT.
E2. Chromatic Number of the Plane (My Favorite Open Problem)

This is my favorite open problem in all of mathematics, so much so that by the time this new Springer edition is coming out, I have written The Mathematical Coloring Book [S11] about this and related problems. In the first 1994 edition of this book I remarked that The Coloring Book will appear in 1995, and the following essay is essentially an excerpt from its Chapter II. In fact, The Mathematical Coloring Book came out froom Springer much later, on November 4, 2008, the day we elected President Barack Obama. I gave it 18 years and all I had in terms of my knowledge of the arts, sciences, poetry, philosophy, aesthetics, and in terms of all my energy and passion. I hope you will read and enjoy that 640-page magnum opus. I will leave this essay more or less as it originally appeared in 1994, with a new mild editing – it will now serve as an introduction to The Coloring Book.
Aftereffects of Auger Ionization Following Electron Capture in Cobalt Complexes

Several cobalt complexes labeled with Co57 were studied. In complexes, where cobalt is held in a large and highly conjugated ring system, it is shown that the bonds escape fragmentation after the Auger event. On the other hand, in some complexes with nonconjugated structures, there is evidence for complete fragmentation. In the intermediate category of complexes, there exists a certain probability for the molecule to escape fragmentation. Attempts have been made to distinguish between the two possibilities—failure to fragment versus fragmentation followed by reentry of57Fen+ into a neighboring molecule through excited exchange within 10-7 sec. This has been done by investigating the spectra of labeled complexes diluted in inert matrices and inactive cobalt complexes doped with 57Co++.
Sport, Sociology of

Behavioral and social scientists share certain views concerning the psychology of collective memory. They recognize that (a) collectivities require a shared memory of the past as a basis for social identity and (b) memory is malleable, subject to substantial distortion. Differences exist, however, between neo-Durkheimians who emphasize the defining role of the present in the construction of past memories and neo-Freudians who shift the focus to the intrusive role of the past upon the present. In the former, collective memory is understood largely in relation to the shaping of a collective consciousness, with the past as a symbolic resource for the achievement of a solidaristic community. In the latter, collective memory is understood as reactive to the intrusion of traumatic experience from the past upon the present. For neo-Durkheimians, collective memory is in service to present day needs and interests; for neo-Freudians, collective memory expresses the legacy of traumatic pasts inscribed
Student consumer acceptance of plant-forward burrito bowls in which two-thirds of the meat has been replaced with legumes and vegetables: The Flexitarian Flip™ in university dining venues.

Abstract Negative health and environmental implications call for a shift from the traditional Western diet to a healthier, more sustainable diet; a suggested method for implementing such a shift is the consumption of more plant protein and less animal protein. This research tested the Flexitarian Flip™ with student consumers (n = 150) in a full meal-sized mixed dish (burrito bowls) in the dining venue context, by partially replacing meat (two-thirds replacement) with legumes and vegetables. Hedonic, satisfaction, and satiation measures were collected for three versions of a burrito bowl recipe: HM Mild (high meat control, with mild salsa), LM Mild (low meat, with mild salsa) and LM Spicy (low meat, with spicy salsa). Overall, the dishes that were lower in meat and higher in vegetables and legumes (LM Mild and LM Spicy) were found to be just as acceptable, satiating, and satisfying as the control meat-centric dish (HM Mild), demonstrating parity in student acceptance of the plant-forward dishes. Five consumer preference segments were identified and characterized using the preferences in this study as well as information collected in an extensive exit survey. Based on the outcome of this work and previous research, a mixture of legumes and vegetables is recommended as a partial replacement for meat in mixed dishes such as burrito bowls, with a trigeminal boost to maintain consumer acceptability and perceived saltiness and flavor complexity. The present study demonstrates that this concept translates to full meal portions. Further testing of the Flexitarian Flip™ is recommended in other recipes and cuisines.
Family planning service provision in Illinois religious hospitals: Racial/ethnic variation in access to non-religious hospitals for publicly insured women.

Abstract Objectives To identify religious affiliations of hospitals and access to family planning (FP) care available to publicly insured women in Cook County, Illinois. Design We analyzed Illinois public insurance enrollment data and family planning service claims (2015–2018) for women 18–45. Results Eighty-five percent of Black/Hispanic women were enrolled in Medicaid managed care plans with a higher percentage of Catholic healthcare than Cook County as a whole compared to 75% of White women (p Conclusions Medicaid managed care plans may restrict family planning care by limiting patients to religious hospitals.
Effects of Amosite Fibers of Different Sizes on Lavagable Cells and Epithelial Permeability of the Lung

Several investigators have studied the correlation between physical dimensions of asbestos fibers and their carcinogenic potency (e.g. Stanton and Wrench 1972; Pott and Friedrichs 1972; Wagner et al. 1973) and it has been hypothesized that asbestos fibers above 8 urn in length and below 1.5 μm in diameter are most effective in inducing tumors (Stanton et al. 1977). The validity for using fiber dimensions to describe their biological activity has been corroborated by findings about the induction of mesotheliomas in experimental animals by fibers of different composition. Those finding were the basis for the concept of durability of fibrous dusts in the tissue in addition to their physical dimensions to predict their long-term effects (Pott 1978; Stanton et al. 1977). Additional studies have also indicated the importance of fiber geometry for the development of asbestosis and for the acute in vitro toxicity of fibers (e.g. Beck et al 1971; Johnson and Davies 1980; Tilkes and Beck 1980). Greater fiber length seems to be correlated with greater toxicity both in vitro and in vivo (Chamberlain et al. 1980).
What goes up must come down: impacts of deposition in a sulfate geoengineering scenario

The problem of reducing the impacts of rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas on warming temperatures has led to the proposal of using stratospheric aerosols to reflect some of the incoming solar radiation back to space. The deliberate injection of sulfur into the stratosphere to form stratospheric sulfate aerosols, emulating volcanoes, will result in sulfate deposition to the surface. We consider here an extreme sulfate geoengineering scenario necessary to maintain temperatures at 2020 levels while greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow unabated. We show that the amount of stratospheric sulfate needed could be globally balanced by the predicted decrease in tropospheric anthropogenic SO2 emissions, but the spatial distribution would move from industrialized regions to pristine areas. We show how these changes would affect ecosystems differently depending on present day observations of soil pH, which we use to infer the potential for acid-induced aluminum toxicity across the planet.
Child Refugees in Europe

This paper provides an overview of the literature on the current refugee crisis in Europe, which primarily focuses on the situation of refugees that are children. Due to its magnitude, the world is currently facing one of the biggest humanitarian crises it has ever witnessed. Millions of people and young children have fled their home countries and became refugees The horror of wars and conflicts has affected all of the refugees while undoubtedly, it has had a more profound and significant impact on the children refugees. The rights of these refugee children are paramount, and one of these rights is that they are provided with safety and resources that will help them cope with the crisis while also ensuring they are provided a chance to a brighter future. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. The European Union and the whole world have a direct responsibility to provide basic necessities such as food, shelter, education, health which can help and alleviate the mental and emotional suffering which the refugee children face. My research will focus on three important aspects of the child refugees crisis in Europe The general conditions of the children refugees, the conditions of camps especially in Italy, Greece, and Spain, and how the crisis has affected their daily lives and mental health. In the end, my conclusion will focus on the question of, what are the policies which Europe has to change which are designed to help and lead the refugee children which to a better futureThe aim of this paper to have a better understanding of children refugees in Europe and to raise global awareness about their conditions and the humanitarian crisis at hand. My research will consist of information from academic articles, published books, various websites, data from previous studies, and resources.
Is baseline pupil size related to cognitive ability? Yes (under proper lighting conditions)

Abstract There has been some controversy as to whether baseline pupil size is related to individual differences in cognitive ability. Previously, we had shown that a larger baseline pupil size was associated with higher cognitive ability and that the correlation to fluid intelligence was larger than that to working memory capacity ( Tsukahara, Harrison, & Engle, 2016 ). However, other researchers have not been able to replicate our findings – though they only measured working memory capacity and not fluid intelligence. Many of the studies showing no relationship had major methodological issues, namely small baseline pupil size values – down to the physiological minimum – that resulted in reduced variability on baseline pupil size. We conducted two large-scale studies to investigate how different lighting conditions affect baseline pupil size values and the correlation with cognitive abilities. We found that fluid intelligence, working memory capacity, and attention control did correlate with baseline pupil size except in the brightest lighting conditions. We showed that a reduced variability in baseline pupil size values is due to the monitor settings being too bright. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the baseline pupil size – working memory capacity relationship was not as strong or robust as that with fluid intelligence or attention control. Our findings have strong methodological implications for researchers investigating individual differences in task-free or task-evoked pupil size. We conclude that fluid intelligence does correlate with baseline pupil size and that this is related to the functional organization of the resting-state brain through the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system.
Liquid-liquid phase separation: Orchestrating cell signaling through time and space

Cell signaling is a complex process. The faithful transduction of information into specific cellular actions depends on the synergistic effects of many regulatory molecules, nurtured by their strict spatiotemporal regulation. Over the years, we have gained copious insights into the subcellular architecture supporting this spatiotemporal control, including the roles of membrane-bound organelles and various signaling nanodomains. Recently, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has been recognized as another potentially ubiquitous framework for organizing signaling molecules with high specificity and precise spatiotemporal control in cells. Here, we review the pervasive role of LLPS in signal transduction, highlighting several key pathways that intersect with LLPS, including examples in which LLPS is controlled by signaling events. We also examine how LLPS orchestrates signaling by compartmentalizing signaling molecules, amplifying signals non-linearly, and moderating signaling dynamics. We focus on the specific molecules that drive LLPS and highlight the known functional and pathological consequences of LLPS in each pathway.
The Political Economy of State-Society Relations in Hungary and Poland: From Communism to the European Union

1. History and theory in practice 2. Precocious reformer: Hungary 3. Injustice: Poland 1948-1980 4. Poland: from solidarity to 1989 5. Hungary: property relations recast 6. Schumpeter by the Danube: from second economy to private sector 7. Action and reaction: institutional consequences of private sector expansion.
Resiliency of the Multiscale Retinex Image Enhancement Algorithm

The multiscale retinex with color restoration (MSRCR) continues to prove itself in extensive testing to be very versatile automatic image enhancement algorithm that simultaneously provides dynamic range compression, color constancy, and color rendition, However, issues remain with regard to the resiliency of the MSRCR to different image sources and arbitrary image manipulations which may have been applied prior to retinex processing. In this paper we define these areas of concern, provide experimental results, and, examine the effects of commonly occurring image manipulation on retinex performance. In virtually all cases the MSRCR is highly resilient to the effects of both the image source variations and commonly encountered prior image-processing. Significant artifacts are primarily observed for the case of selective color channel clipping in large dark zones in a image. These issues are of concerning the processing of digital image archives and other applications where there is neither control over the image acquisition process, nor knowledge about any processing done on th data beforehand.
Paleocene and Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossils from clasts in Pleistocene glaciomarine muds from the northern James Ross Basin, western Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Site NBP0602A-9, drilled during the SHALDRIL II cruise of the RV/IB Nathaniel B. Palmer, includes two holes located in the northern James Ross Basin in the western Weddell Sea, very close to the eastern margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. Sediment from both holes consists of very dark grey, pebbly, sandy mud, grading to very dark greenish grey, pebbly, silty mud in the lower 2.5 m of the second hole. In addition to abundant pebbles found throughout the cores, both holes contain numerous sedimentary clasts. Biostratigraphic analysis of diatom assemblages from the glaciomarine muds yields rare to few, poorly preserved diatoms. The mixed assemblage consists mostly of extant species, but also includes reworked taxa that range to the Miocene. The absence of Rouxia spp., however, suggests the sediment is late Pleistocene in age. The sedimentary clasts, on the other hand, are nearly barren of diatoms, but contain rare, moderately to well-preserved calcareous nannofossils. The clasts contain three distinct assemblages. Two clasts are assigned an early Maastrichtian age based on the presence of Biscutum magnum and Nephrolithus corystus, while one clast yields a late Maastrichtian age based on the presence of Nephrolithus frequens. These samples also contain other characteristic Late Cretaceous species, including Biscutum notaculum, Cribrosphaerella daniae, Eiffellithus gorkae, Kamptnerius magnificus, and Prediscosphaera bukryi. Two samples yield an early Paleocene assemblage dominated by Hornibrookina teuriensis. The Maastrichtian assemblages are similar to those found in the Lopez de Bertodano Formation on Seymour and Snow Hill Islands, making it the likely source area for the Cretaceous clast material. Although no calcareous nannofossils have been reported from Paleocene formations on these islands, the occurrence of calcareous foraminifers suggests other calcareous plankton may be present; thus the Paleocene clasts likely also originated from the Seymour Island area. Citation: Kulhanek, D.K. (2007), Paleocene and Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossils from clasts in Pleistocene glaciomarine muds from the Northern James Ross Basin, Western Weddell Sea, Antarctica, in Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World - Online Proceedings of the 10 th
Using Project-Based Instruction to Meet Foreign Language Standards.

Abstract A challenge that language teachers face is meeting state and national standards while implementing sound methods and techniques. The authors addressed this challenge in a qualitative study of an eighth-grade exploratory French class where students were engaged in a variety of projects to enhance the learning of francophone language and culture. This article addresses how the projects helped students meet the five core national standards established by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
Coal liquefaction solvents: 1. Methods of separation; characterization by chromatography and spectrometry

Abstract N.m.r. spectral assignments were carried out for major component identification in liquefaction solvents. Fractionation, n.m.r. and capillary g.c. were applied to analysis of anthracene oils and an SRC middle distillate. Commercial anthracene oils were found to vary widely in composition. Alkane contents ranged from 2–3%, greatly influencing solvent stability, performance and liquefaction yields at 460 °C.
Human carbonic anhydrases. II. Some physicochemical properties of native isozymes and of similar isozymes generated in vitro.

Abstract Detailed studies of a relatively large number of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases of different electrophoretic mobilities have shown that individually each is very similar to one of the major isozymes, either B or C. The enzymatic activities, the zinc, nitrogen, and amino acid contents, and the molecular weights of members of a given type are similar. Some differences in the tryptic peptides and in the amide contents of the more acidic carbonic anhydrase B type isozymes are seen. Incubation of either carbonic anhydrase B or carbonic anhydrase C at relatively high pH leads to the formation of more acidic isozymes of the same type. These forms generated in vitro appear to be identical with the same type carbonic anhydrases of similar electrophoretic properties isolated from erythrocytes.
Targeted tumor cytotoxicity mediated by intracellular single-chain anti-oncogene antibodies.

Publisher Summary The recognition of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis makes it rational to consider genetic approaches to therapy. In this regard, a number of strategies have been developed to accomplish cancer gene therapy. These approaches include: mutation compensation, molecular chemotherapy, and genetic immunopotentiation. Despite the potentially novel therapeutic strategies offered by the antisense approach, this methodology has in practice been associated with severe limitations. As an alternative, the employment of intracellular single-chain antibodies has been explored as a means to achieve targeted knockout of a cellular product. In this regard, techniques have been developed to allow the derivation of recombinant molecules that possess antigen-binding specificities expropriated from immunoglobins. A consequence of this novel methodology is the definition of a potential therapeutic modality for the achievement of selective killing of specific target cells. In the context of anticancer therapeutics selective abrogation of specific target gene products can revert them from the malignant phenotype. The overexpression of dominant oncogenes has been shown to be a critical determinant of neoplastic transformation and progression. Targeted disruption of selected oncogenes may accomplish reversion from the malignant phenotype or initiation of cell death. The utilization of intracellular single-chain immunoglobins represents another strategy for these purposes. This methodology offers certain potential advantages over previous genetic techniques for therapeutic gene ablation. Many monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been developed against a variety of cancer-related gene products. In addition, the employment of DNA-based methods for delivery is implicit in the single-chain antibody (sFv) strategy. This allows the reagents to be delivered employing a variety of high efficiency vehicles. Thus, the intracellular antibody strategy may offer significant practical advantages over antisense methods as a means to achieve selective tumor cytotoxicity based on targeted knockout of oncogene or oncogene products.
Nano/Microporous Materials: Crystalline Metal‐Chalcogenide Superlattices

This article describes the recent research progress in the field of crystalline metal-chalcogenide superlattices containing tetrahedron-shaped nanoclusters as building units. With the development of new synthetic strategies and structural concepts, new clusters that are members of three series of tetrahedral clusters (i.e., supertetrahedral clusters, pentasupertetrahedral clusters, and capped supertetrahedral clusters) have been prepared and organized into extended frameworks with a variety of topologies, such as single diamond, double diamond, ABW, CrB4, SOD, cubic C3N4, UCR-1, ICF-24, ICF-25, α- and β-quartz, moganite, and boracite. These materials show rich compositional diversities with tunable optical properties, microporosity, and ion-exchange properties, suggesting their potential applications in photocatalysis, fast-ion conductors, solar cells, etc. Keywords: nanostructured material; microporous material; open framework; metal chalcogenide; tetrahedral cluster; superlattice
Server diversity in rate-distortion optimized media streaming

We consider diversity for media streaming in a receiver-driven rate-distortion optimization framework. Diversity is achieved by requesting media packets from multiple servers. A framework is proposed that enables the receiver to decide at every instant which packets, if any, to request for transmission and from which servers in order to meet a rate constraint while minimizing the end-to-end distortion. Experimental results demonstrate the benefit of exploiting server diversity in rate-distortion optimized receiver-driven streaming of packetized media.
Defects produced by medium energy proton bombardment of MOS devices

We report results of very sensitive electron spin resonance (ESR) and electrical measurements made on MOSFETs subjected to medium energy proton bombardment. We observe that the measured defect density levels are similar for both the ESR measurements and electrical measurements. The density of defects is observed to be larger for proton bombarded devices compared to devices irradiated with much larger doses of /sup 60/Co gamma rays. Initial ESR and electrical measurements were made on-site soon after bombardment in the cyclotron.
Pairing the cholinergic agonist carbachol with patterned Schaffer collateral stimulation initiates protein synthesis in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites via a muscarinic, NMDA-dependent mechanism

Effects of afferent stimulation on local synthesis of protein in CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites were studied using light microscope autoradiography. Tissue was fixed with paraformaldehyde immediately after 3 min exposure to 3H-leucine in order to trap 3H associated with macromolecules. The rate of 3H-leucine incorporation into dendrites of resting hippocampal slices was 10% the rate of incorporation into cell somata. Ninety percent of the incorporation into the somata was inhibited by cycloheximide (300 microM); none of the incorporation into dendrites was blocked by cycloheximide. Thus, there is no measurable extramitochondrial synthesis of protein in the dendrites of the resting slice. Slices were exposed to 50 microM carbachol and the Schaffer collateral afferents to the CA1 pyramidal cells were stimulated intermittently at 10 Hz over a 20 min period. In this case, 3H incorporation into dendrites was increased almost threefold over resting levels, with no effect on label over the cell somata. There was no associated increase in uptake of free 3H-leucine, and the increase in label was completely blocked by cycloheximide. Thus, associating carbachol and afferent stimulation appears to activate de novo protein synthesis in the dendrites. Neither the carbachol alone nor the Schaffer collateral stimulation alone increased synthesis. The activation of dendrite synthesis was completely blocked by 5 microM atropine, and also by 50 microM D-aminophosphonovalerate. It did not occur when carbachol was paired with steady stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals at 1 Hz for 20 min, rather than with the patterned high- frequency stimulation. Thus, associating a cholinergic agonist with a level of neural activity that occurs in CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells during exploratory behavior (Muller et al., 1987) initiates local protein synthesis in target dendrites. This effect is dependent on muscarinic cholinergic receptors and NMDA-type glutamate receptors. The possible relationship of this phenomenon to mechanisms of learning is discussed.
Cooperative and allosterically controlled nucleotide binding regulates the DNA binding activity of NrdR

Summary Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are required for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) from ribonucleotides. In Escherichia coli, regulation of RNR expression is co-ordinated with the cell cycle, and involves several regulatory proteins. One of these, NrdR, has recently been shown to regulate all three nrd operons that encode RNR isoenzymes. Repression by NrdR is believed to be stimulated by elevated dNTPs, although there is no direct evidence for this model. Here, we sought to elucidate the mechanism by which NrdR regulates nrd expression according to the abundance of (d)NTPs. We determined that ATP and dATP bind to NrdR in a negatively cooperative fashion, such that neither can fully occupy the protein. Both nucleotides also appear to act as positive heterotropic effectors, since the binding of one stimulates binding of the other. Nucleotide binding stimulates self-association of NrdR, with tri- and diphosphates stimulating oligomerization more effectively than monophosphates. As-prepared NrdR contains (deoxy)nucleoside monophosphates, diphosphates and triphosphates, and its DNA binding activity is inhibited by triphosphates and diphosphates but not by monophosphates. We propose a model in which NrdR selectively binds (deoxy)nucleoside triphosphates, which are hydrolysed to their monophosphate counterparts in order to regulate DNA binding.
Fuzzy sets and approximate reasoning in decision and control

Issues in the use of fuzzy set theory for decision and control are examined. The basic methodology for representing multicriterion decision-making (MCDM) functions with fuzzy sets is examined. A procedure for aggregating criteria which judge the alternatives with linear orderings is analyzed. It is shown that, by providing an ordering over the criteria, a fair procedure can be obtained for aggregation of linear orders. Two issues central to use of fuzzy logic control are investigated. The problem of aggregating the outputs of the individual rules is examined to form overall controller fuzzy output. Two families of aggregation procedures are proposed, one based on an orlike aggregation and one based on an andlike aggregation. Defuzzification is discussed. A parameterized family of defuzzification operators based upon the BADD transformation is introduced. The operation of nonmonotonic intersection is studied, and it is shown that it can form the basis for the introduction of a prioritization among criteria in fuzzy MCDM. >
Strain pattern comparison of double- and single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques with the native anterior cruciate ligament.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to dynamically assess the native strain patterns of the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and compare these findings with graft bundle strain patterns after double-bundle (DB) ACL reconstruction with tibial fixation under 40 N of tension at 75° knee flexion (AMB) and under 20 N of tension at 20° knee flexion (PLB) and after single-bundle (SB) reconstruction with tibial fixation under 40 N of tension at 20° knee flexion. Methods: The mean strain pattern of the AMB and PLB of the native ACL of 4 cadaveric knees was measured via differential variable reluctance transducers and 2-dimensional kinematic analysis during passive manual knee flexion-extension under a constant axial compression load. Measurements were repeated after DB and SB ACL reconstruction. Celeration line assessments with a split-middle technique were performed to quantify percent strain/knee flexion-extension angle change at reciprocating bundle function transition points. Results: The DB ACL reconstruction technique displayed reciprocating AMB and PLB strain patterns that more closely replicated those of the native ACL. The SB ACL reconstruction technique tended to replicate AMB strain patterns, suggesting poor bundle function differentiation. Conclusions: The DB ACL reconstruction with differential AMB and PLB tensioning more closely replicated native ACL strain patterns than the SB ACL reconstruction. The SB ACL reconstruction that we used closely simulated native ACL AMB strain patterns; however, PLB function was not restored. Clinical Relevance: The DB ACL reconstruction more closely replicated the AMB and PLB strain patterns of the native ACL.
Postnatal changes in the concentration and distribution of cholinesterase in the cerebellar cortex of rats.

Abstract The changing pattern of ChE staining in the cerebellar cortex was examined in rats 0, 3, 7, 10, 15, 21, and 30 days old. For correlative purposes, Golgi-impregnated sections from rats of the same ages were also studied. The following conclusions were drawn about the mature cerebellum. (a) Most of the nerve cells of the cerebellar cortex (Purkinje, granule, basket, and stellate cells) are noncholinergic; the Golgi cells are cholinergic. (b) Of the noncholinergic neurons, the Purkinje cells are noncholinoceptive because the climbing fibers, parallel fibers, and the basket terminals are noncholinergic. (c) A large proportion of the mossy fibers that apparently originate directly or indirectly in the acousticovestibular system are cholinergic; the others are predominantly noncholinergic. (d) The granule cells are cholinoceptive. This is due to Golgi-cell terminals in the glomeruli in all lobules and to the additional cholinergic mossy fiber terminal in the lobules that receive acousticovestibular projection (nodulus, flocculus, part of uvula, tuber, folium, and lingula). (e) Available evidence in the literature about other neurochemical transmitters in the cerebellar cortex was considered. The following conclusions were drawn about the postnatal development of the “wiring pattern” of the cerebellar cortex. (a) In the newborn rat the only input to the Purkinje cell is by way of climbing fibers which contact their soma. (b) A few days after birth the cholinergic mossy fibers reach the zone of Purkinje cells. The transient ChE staining of Purkinje cells and the development of transient perisomatic processes suggest that mossy fibers may establish direct contact with the Purkinje cells during this period. (c) The cessation of Purkinje-cell staining during the second week, the descent of the precursors of granule cells from the external into the internal granular layer, and the increased staining of the glomeruli indicate that the mossy fibers establish contact with the granule cells.
Recognition tests of visual information storage.

Using recognition rather than recall test procedures gives results which are inconsistent with the main features of the visual trace model for short-term memory. Recognition efficiency does not deteriorate over time, although rapid decay is postulated by the model. Transposed letter rows are detected as often as rows which reappear at the same position in the test array, suggesting that the storage medium is not directly visual. The number of letters stored appears far less than are presented in the array, but consistent with the perception of a single row. Correspondingly, the response times tend to group into faster reactions, in recognition problems where single row responding is appropriate, and slower reactions which imply that what is reported depends upon decisions based upon inference.
Student Feedback in the College Classroom: A Technology Solution

Technology in the university classrooms has made great strides in the area of presentation of materials. Ceiling-mounted projectors and media carts with projection capabilities have made the multimedia classroom presentation a routine event for much of the worl of higher education. Now there is technology that permits the instructor to solicit student responses during class via wireless keypads. This allows all students to respond simultaneously and the instructor to know the results immediately. This article reports the results of a pilot study on student reaction to a specific system (LearnStar). Students were uniformly positive in their appraisal of this technology as a teaching tool.
Surgery with or without radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngiomas in children and young adults

Abstract Purpose The optimal management of craniopharyngiomas remains controversial, especially in children and young adults. This study reports a single institution's experience with such patients. Methods and materials Between 1974 and 2001, 76 patients were treated for craniopharyngioma at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Hospital of University of Pennsylvania (HUP). Of these, 75 patients (97%) were evaluable with long-term follow-up. Although all patients underwent attempted gross total resection, 27 had documentation of less than total resection with 18 of these patients receiving immediate postoperative radiotherapy (RT). An additional 22 patients received RT at HUP after failing surgery alone. Results Median follow-up for all patients was 7.6 years. The 10-year actuarial overall survival, relapse-free survival, and local control (LC) rates for all patients were 85%, 48%, and 53%, respectively. When comparing the 57 patients treated with surgery alone to the 18 treated with subtotal resection (STR) followed by RT, a significant difference in LC rates at 10 years (42% vs. 84%, respectively; p = 0.004) was noted. However, no statistically significant difference in overall survival was found between the two groups, because RT was highly effective as salvage therapy. Twenty-two patients at HUP treated with RT after relapse had a 10-year ultimate LC rate comparable to that of patients who received RT immediately after STR. Conclusion RT given either immediately after STR or at relapse is effective in controlling craniopharyngiomas.
Vibration performance comparison study on current fiber optic connector technologies

Fiber optic cables are increasingly being used in harsh environments where they are subjected to vibration. Understanding the degradation in performance under these conditions is essential for integration of the fibers into the given application. System constraints oftentimes require fiber optic connectors so subsystems can be removed or assembled as needed. In the present work, various types of fiber optic connectors were monitored in-situ during vibration testing to examine the transient change in optical transmission and the steady-state variation following the event. Inspection of the fiber endfaces and connectors was performed at chosen intervals throughout the testing.
An Electrochemical Model of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Using Experimental Data for Validation of Material Properties

This paper reports an electrochemical model of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell where the model is compared against experimental data using the results from a button cell electrical test. The model fits the experimental data reasonably well using material properties found in the literature. Some of the material properties were used as fitted parameters to improve the fit, and their values compared with reported measured values. Further, cell polarization losses are explored to determine which one influences the voltage-current density characteristics the most. In comparing the material properties found in the literature with the one appropriate for the model curve fit to the experimental results, some discrepancies were observed. Hence, a better methodology is needed to understand the actual cell behavior and where improvements are needed. The method developed here is very useful for a commercial supplier of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells where button cells taken from a batch can be used to determine how good the cells are before they are installed in a stack.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
New Predictive Filters for Compensating the Transport Delay on a Flight Simulator

The problems of transport delay in a flight simulator, such as its sources and effects, are reviewed. Then their effects on a pilot-in-the-loop control system are investigated with simulations. Three current prominent delay compensators the lead/lag filter, McFarland filter, and the Sobiski/Cardullo filter were analyzed and compared. This paper introduces two novel delay compensation techniques an adaptive predictor using the Kalman estimator and a state space predictive filter using a reference aerodynamic model. Applications of these two new compensators on recorded data from the NASA Langley Research Center Visual Motion Simulator show that they achieve better compensation over the current ones.
Evaluation of 18F-labeled acetylcholinesterase substrates as PET radiotracers.

Abstract Four 18F-labeled acetylcholinesterase (AChE) substrates, (S)-N-[18F]fluoroethyl-2-piperidinemethyl acetate (1), (R)-N-[18F]fluoroethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl acetate (2), N-[18F]fluoroethyl-4-piperidinyl acetate (3), and (R)-N-[18F]fluoroethyl-3-piperidinyl acetate (4), were evaluated for in vivo blood and brain metabolism in mice, brain pharmacokinetics in rats monkeys (M. nemistrina) using PET imaging. All 18F-labeled compounds were compared to N-[11C]methyl-4-piperidinyl propionate (PMP). Compound 1 was completely metabolized within 1 min in mouse blood and brain. This compound had relatively fast regional brain pharmacokinetics and poor discrimination between brain regions with different AChE concentration. Compound 4 showed relatively slower blood metabolism and slower pharmacokinetics than compound 1 but again poor discrimination between brain regions. Both compounds 1 and 4 showed different kinetic profiles than PMP in PET studies. Compound 3 had the slowest blood metabolism and slower pharmacokinetics than PMP. Compound 2 showed highly encouraging characteristics with an in vivo metabolism rate, primate brain uptake, and regional brain pharmacokinetics similar to [11C]PMP. The apparent hydrolysis rate constant k3 in primate cortex was very close to that of [11C]PMP. This compound has potential to be a good PET radiotracer for measuring brain AChE activity. The longer lifetime of 18F would permit longer imaging times and allows preparation of radiotracer batches for multiple patients and delivery of the tracer to other facilities, making the technique more widely available to clinical investigators.
A Multivariate Assessment of Factors Influencing Survival of Red Drum in Earthen Outdoor Rearing Ponds

Abstract.Extensive culture of larval Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus in outdoor ponds occasionally results in low survival, thereby stifling stock enhancement goals. Mortality is probably tied to multiple environmental influences rather than to any singular factor. We assessed factors influencing Red Drum mortality and survival in the context of an extensive aquaculture operation in Texas. Larvae were stocked into 120 rearing ponds of various sizes in the spring, summer, and fall of 2012 and 2013. Water quality variables (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH) were assessed throughout culture. A principal components analysis of water quality, pond size, stocking density, and zooplankton density (number of organisms/L) was used to determine how each variable related to survival (measured as a ratio of the total number of Red Drum harvested to the total number of Red Drum stocked). Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH all loaded significantly onto the first ordination axis, suggesting corr...
Role of nebulized antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory infections.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize modern data pertaining to the use of aerosolized antimicrobials for the treatment of and prophylaxis against pulmonary infections. RECENT FINDINGS Few recent publications have examined the safety and efficacy of nebulized antibiotics. Two well conducted trials have been published that describe the utility of tobramycin solution for inhalation among cystic fibrosis patients. A couple of good reviews have also been published that have summarized the use of aerosolized antibiotics in other patient populations. SUMMARY Data regarding this topic are scarce. At this time, data support the use of aerosolized tobramycin solution for inhalation in cystic fibrosis patients infected or colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Apart from this situation, widespread aerosolized administration of other agents in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis patient populations should not be advocated.
Tantalum clusters supported on silica-alumina: influence of support composition and chemistry on cluster structure.

Small cationic tantalum clusters were prepared on the surfaces of SiO2, silica−aluminas, and γ-Al2O3 supports by treating physisorbed pentabenzyltantalum at 523 K for 24 h in flowing H2. The rate of decomposition and the products formed in the decomposition of pentabenzyltantalum are dependent on the support composition. When the support was SiO2, the evolved products were mainly biphenyl and a small amount of toluene, indicating that the Ta−C bond in pentabenzyltantalum was activated. As the alumina content of the support increased, diphenylmethane, benzene, and ethylene were increasingly formed, and these products show that the activation of the C−C bonds linking the C atoms of methyl groups to the aromatic rings of the benzyl ligands was facilitated. Infrared spectra of the surface species and mass spectra of the effluents formed during the treatment show that the composition of the support had significant influence on the decomposition of pentabenzyltantalum, and the chemistry is inferred to be relate...
Interaction of promazine with bovine serum albumin and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide using light absorption and fluorometric techniques

Abstract The association of promazine with bovine serum albumin and ammonium detergent micelle was measured using the changes in the u.v. absorption and the fluorescence emission of the interactants. The endogenous fluorescent properties of promazine were not altered upon binding to bovine serum albumin. The association of promazine with protein could be determined by measuring the drug-induced fluorescence quenching of tryptophan emission. Such fluorescence-quenching reaction was pH sensitive. In bovine serum albumin binding of promazine, there was an increase in the extinction coefficient of the drug when associated with protein. Promazine binding to serum protein produced a hyperchromic change in the drug's absorption spectrum which paralleled the fluorescence-quenching reaction. The involvement of carboxyl groups in binding of promazine to protein molecules and the effect of the carboxyl groups on the emissions of both tyrosine and tryptophan are suggested. A slight increase in both absorption and fluorescence of promazine was observed when associated with detergent micelle. The addition of the detergent caused an increase in the extinction coefficient of promazine and a shift to longer wavelength of the absorption maximum.
Ordering of thin diblock copolymer films.

The ordering in thin films of symmetric diblock copolymers has been studied by neutron reflectivity as a function of temperature and film thickness. Exponentially damped oscillatory variations in the concentration are shown to propagate into the specimens from both surfaces with decay lengths increasing with decreasing temperature. No distinguishable order-to-disorder transition is observed; only a transition from a partially to fully ordered state is found. The temperature of this transition is found to depend in a power-law manner on the film thickness.