cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social image of students who shop and don't shop online.

Summary.-A descriptive survey of a stratified random sample 01 326 undergraduates from a large, diverse university in Los Angeles was conducted to assess whether resistance to online shopping might be, in pan, related to negative social perceptions of those who shop onhe. Indirect questioning showed that students perceived online student shoppers as more lazy and less likely to fear for the safety and security of others bur also as more trustworthy, attractive, successful, and smart. DiEerences in social perceptions were not related to rhese students' own online spending. Online consumer sales represented only about 1.5% of total U.S. retail sales in 2001, but online sales have continued to grow at the rate of about 15 to 20% per year.2 The advantages of onhe shopping, relative to more traditional forms of shopping, are well-known and include such factors as convenience, economy of consumption, and diversity of searchable products (Yoon, 2002). On the other hand, consumers' resistance to shopping ohe has been attributed to a variety of factors, which generally focus on issues involving consumers' trust, namely, concerns about prlvacy and security, concerns about product quality, and concerns about the trustworthiness of the manufacturer or distributor (Yoon, 2002). However, one factor seldom discussed in studies of consumers' resistance to onhe shopping is the social image of online shopping. It is not unusual for consumers to avoid trying new products or services if they perceive negative social stigma attached to those who buy the product or use the service (Anderson, 1978). For example, in a classic experiment on consumers' behavior, Haire (1950) found through projective questioning that women were rejecting instant coffee in favor of the traditional regular ground coffee primarily because they did not want to be perceived as lazy, spendthrift, and uncaring. Direct questioning had shown that instant coffee was rejected for its taste, i.e., the consumers' rejection was symptomatic of a problem with the product. Indirect, projective questioning, however, show
Creep of Mn1‐δO

Constant-load creep tests have been performence nonstoichiometnc (100) oriented MnO single crystals between 900° and 1400°C. Tests were conducted under a controlled oxygen partial pressure to ensure that dislocation-climb recovery was controlled by diffusion of either oxygen vacancies (low pO2) or oxygen interstitials (high po2). Within experimental error, the activation energies and the stress exponents are independent of oxygen partial pressure. The activation energy measured for T≤1000°C is about half of that measured for higher temperatures.
Integrating lumped networks into full wave TLM/FDTD methods using passive discrete circuit models

The paper introduces a new technique to incorporate lumped networks into TLM and FDTD methods by employing newly proposed passive discrete circuit models (PDCMs). In the proposed technique, full wave simulation is converted into simulation of lumped networks incorporating PDCMs. The PDCM significantly augments integration of complex linear/nonlinear lumped circuit models into TLM and FDTD methods. It also facilitates the passivity/stability analysis of the entire simulation algorithm. The paper also presents the passivity analysis procedure.
Information Overload in Mechanical Processes

Information overload usually refers to a situation in which a decision-maker's performance is harmed by too much input information. Experiments have shown that better decisions can occur when selected information is withheld from the decision-maker. This paper suggests that the notion of information overload can apply also to purely mechanical processes. It is presumed that a paired-comparison measurement procedure which attempts to detect as many ordered pairs as possible in a set which is linearly ordered by some unidimensional attribute can identify only part of the underlying linear order L. This part is in the form of a partial order P which is a subset of L. An algorithm can then be applied to P in an attempt to identify ordered pairs in L which are not in P. Simulation experiments have shown that significantly more than 50 percent of the ordered pairs added to P by the construction process of the algorithm agree with their orders in L. However, it has also been discovered that the construction process is expected to yield better results in a sense specified precisely in the paper when its input is taken to be a subset of P which is obtained by removing selected ordered pairs from P. Thus, by withholding certain known and correct information from the input to the construction process, a better output is expected.
Material and processing issues for the monolithic integration of microelectronics with surface-micromachined polysilicon sensors and actuators

The monolithic integration of micromechanical devices with their controlling electronics offers potential increases in performance as well as decreases in cost for these devices. Analog Devices has demonstrated the commercial viability of this integration by interleaving the micromechanical fabrication steps of an accelerometer with the microelectronic fabrication steps of its controlling electronics. Sandia`s Microelectronics Development Laboratory has integrated the micromechanical and microelectronic processing sequences in a segregated fashion. In this CMOS-first, micromechanics-last approach, conventional aluminum metallization is replaced by tungsten metallization to allow CMOS to withstand subsequent high-temperature processing during the micromechanical fabrication. This approach is a further development of an approach originally developed at UC Berkeley. Specifically, the issues of yield, repeatability, and uniformity of the tungsten/CMOS approach are addressed. Also, material issues related to the development of high-temperature diffusion barriers, adhesion layers, and low-stress films are discussed. Processing and material issues associated with alternative approaches to this integration such as micromechanics- first, CMOS-last or the interleaved process are also discussed.
Blocking Glutamate Receptors in the Waist Area of the Parabrachial Nucleus Decreases Taste Reactivity Behaviors in Conscious Rats

The "waist" area (W) of the parabrachial nucleus contains neurons that receive orosensory input and play a role in the initiation of oromotor behaviors. Immunohistochemical data indicate that neurons in W receive glutamatergic input and express glutamate receptors, but a behavioral role for glutamate neurotransmission within W has not been investigated. To determine the role of specific glutamate receptors in taste reactivity behaviors, glutamate receptor blockers were delivered into W by reverse microdialysis during intraoral infusion of 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.1 M sucrose, 0.03 M hydrochloric acid, and 0.003 M quinine hydrochloride. Blocking alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/kainate ionotropic glutamate receptors in W with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium (CNQX) reduced ingestive taste reactivity behaviors to each tastant by 72-85% compared with baseline levels (P's < 0.05). Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors as well as type 1 and group III metabotropic glutamate receptors had minor effects on taste reactivity responses to the tastants. These data provide strong evidence for a behavioral role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in W in conscious rats.
Change in adiposity minimally affects the lipid profile in youth with recent onset type 1 diabetes.

Objective Dyslipidemia contributes to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Weight control is commonly recommended as a treatment for dyslipidemia. However, the extent to which decreases in weight affect the lipid profile in youth with T1D is not known. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that decreases in body mass index z-score (BMIz) were associated with concomitant changes in the lipid profile in youth with T1D. Study Design We studied 1142 youth with incident T1D, who had at least two fasting lipid measurements over 2 yr (initial visit mean: age = 10.8 ± 3.9 yr, BMIz = 0.55 ± 0.97, T1D duration = 10.7 ± 7.6 months; 47.5% female, 77.9% non-Hispanic white) in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Longitudinal mixed models were used to examine the relationships between changes in BMIz and changes in total, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL cholesterol, and log triglycerides (TG) adjusted for initial age, sex, race/ethnicity, clinical site, season of study visit, T1D duration, and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Results We found that over 2 yr all lipid levels, except LDL-C, increased significantly (p < 0.05). Decreases in BMIz were associated with favorable changes in HDL-C and TG only and the magnitude of these changes depended on the initial BMIz value (interaction p < 0.05), so that greater improvements were seen in those with higher BMIz. Conclusions Our data suggest that weight loss may be an effective, but limited, therapeutic approach for dyslipidemia in youth with T1D.
Onyx as a second-line embolic agent in peripheral applications

Purpose To retrospectively assess the outcomes of using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) following failed coil embolization in peripheral applications. Materials and Methods Four cases involving the peripheral use of Onyx at a prior coil embolization site were retrospectively reviewed to determine the source of arterial hemorrhage, the patient’s coagulation status at the time of the procedure, the number of coils deployed, the time between interventions and the amount, cost and concentration of Onyx used. Complications related to use of Onyx and amount of time without recurrent bleeding were also noted. Results Sites of failed peripheral coil embolization included renal and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm and a spontaneous bleed from a lumbar artery. The number of coils deployed ranged from 1 to 7, with a range of recurrent bleeding from 3 to 564 days following initial coil embolization. Two patients were coagulopathic at the time of embolization with Onyx. Technical success rate of cessation of hemorrhage was 100%. No complication such as nontarget embolization, end-organ ischemia or DMSO toxicity was noted with the use of Onyx. No evidence of recurrent bleeding has been recorded to date, although one patient died 11 days post-procedure from multiorgan failure related to underlying liver disease. In 3 patients 1.5 mL of Onyx 18 (6% EvOH) was used; in 1 case 1.1 mL of Onyx 34 (12% EvOH) was used, with an average cost to each patient of $5,005. Conclusion Onyx may be an effective embolic agent for recurrent hemorrhage following failed peripheral coil embolization or for embolization in coagulopathic patients, as suggested by this small series, however due to the established primary efficacy of coil embolization and the high cost of Onyx, it may be best suited as a second-line agent. Table 1
Effect of Diet upon Singly Established Hymenolepis diminuta in Rats.

Abstract The onset and course of the elimination of eggs in the feces of rats of singly-established Hymenolepis diminuta has been studied. In both male and female hosts, eggs of this tapeworm first appeared about 18 to 20 days after inoculation, and the daily output gradually increased to a fairly stable level which was higher in males (average about 205,000) than in females (average about 167,000). Egg outputs were maintained at these levels for at least 150 days. In male rats on a complete diet the average number of eggs per proglottid was about 2100. Approximately 7.6 cm of strobila was shed daily which is equivalent to about 8% of the worm's length. In female rats on deficient diet there was a drop in egg output to about 50,000 eggs/24 hours in about 30 days whereas in male hosts on deficient diet a comparable drop occurred only after a period of approximately 3 months. In normal male rats on deficient diet there was very little stunting of worm growth. In females on complete diet worm-size approximately equaled that in male rats, but on deficient diet the worms were significantly smaller. Vitamin B 12 failed to raise the egg output in two normal female rats on deficient diet. An increase in egg output was associated with administration of male dog bile in both male and female hosts which continued in males until termination of the experiment, but which failed in females and resulted in a subsequent decrease in elimination of eggs. In both sexes there were unusually large fluctuations in egg output from day to day.
Evidence that elevated CO2 levels can indirectly increase rhizosphere denitrifier activity

We examined the influence of elevated CO2 concentration on denitrifier enzyme activity in wheat rhizoplanes by using controlled environments and solution culture techniques. Potential denitrification activity was from 3 to 24 times higher on roots that were grown under an elevated CO2 concentration of 1,000 micromoles of CO2 mol-1 than on roots grown under ambient levels of CO2. Nitrogen loss, as determined by a nitrogen mass balance, increased with elevated CO2 levels in the shoot environment and with a high NO3- concentration in the rooting zone. These results indicated that aerial CO2 concentration can play a role in rhizosphere denitrifier activity.
Postmodernism and Family Theory

This chapter describes emerging developments in family theory in the last decade of the twentieth century. This task is at once easier and more difficult because it follows the 1993 publication of the comprehensive Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods: A Contextual Approach (Boss, Doherty, LaRossa, Schumm, and Steinmetz, 1993). It is easier to catalog emerging theories about the family because a major section of the Sourcebook was devoted to newly emerging theories. But it is more difficult to say something new about the specific emerging theories that were covered in depth: phenomenology, feminism, biosocial, and race and ethnicity theories. Furthermore, the opening chapter of the Sourcebook put these emerging theories into the contexts of prior theories, developments in philosophy of science, and larger social and cultural developments (Doherty, Boss, LaRossa, Schumm, and Steinmetz, 1993).
Application of a generalized Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model to the calculation of the properties of scalar mesons and nuclear matter

In this work we demonstrate the range of application of our generalized Nambu\char21{}Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model. We discuss the scalar-isoscalar mesons that are thought to have a $q\overline{q}$ structure and also consider some properties of nuclear matter. The spectrum of scalar-isoscalar mesons provides some insight into the sigma models that may be used to describe the dynamics of pseudoscalar and scalar mesons. Some authors have suggested that the lowest $q\overline{q} {0}^{++}$ state is the ${f}_{0}(1370).$ [The ${f}_{0}(400\char21{}1200)$ that now appears in the data tables may be generated dynamically in \ensuremath{\pi}-\ensuremath{\pi} scattering and is not a ``preexisting'' state of the spectrum.] The ${f}_{0}(980)$ and ${a}_{0}(980)$ are often designated as $K\ensuremath{-}\overline{K}$ molecules. However, recent work does not support that assignment. Since there is no low-lying scalar state, the model of choice in describing pseudoscalar meson dynamics is the nonlinear sigma model. However, there are a number of applications of the Nambu\char21{}Jona-Lasinio model in the study of nuclear matter properties that can be described in terms of the linear sigma model. In the linear sigma model there is a low-mass \ensuremath{\sigma} meson, whose effects would be generated dynamically in the nonlinear model. While it is not necessary to ever introduce a low-mass \ensuremath{\sigma} meson, we describe some calculations which may be interpreted in terms of such a meson. That only represents a formal device, and no low-mass \ensuremath{\sigma} is to be found in experiment. However, the use of the low-mass \ensuremath{\sigma} as an order parameter for partial restoration of chiral symmetry at finite density is quite consistent with the picture obtained in the application of QCD sum rules to the calculation of the nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter. We discuss such sum rules to show that the linear sigma model has some limited application if we consider only spacelike values of the \ensuremath{\sigma} meson momentum. We also use our generalized NJL model to discuss the spectrum of scalar-isoscalar states under the assumption that the ${f}_{0}(1370)$ is the $1{}^{3}{P}_{0}$ $n\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ state and the ${f}_{0}(1710)$ is the $1{}^{3}{P}_{0}$ $s\overline{s}$ state before consideration of quarkonium-glueball mixing. That analysis allows us to provide a microscopic model of the two $q\overline{q}$ states used by Close and Kirk in their recent description of quarkonium-glueball mixing in which they obtain wave functions of the ${f}_{0}(1370),$ ${f}_{0}(1500),$ and ${f}_{0}(1710)$ resonances. However, we also present an argument to show that the configuration assignments implied in the work of Close and Kirk are probably incorrect and that the standard scheme for the discussion of quarkonium-glueball mixing needs modification.
Electrodeposition of Strained-Layer Superlattices

A variety of Cu/(Ni, Co) multilayers have been grown on Cu single crystals by pulse plating from an alloy electroplating bath. Copper is deposited under mass transport control while the iron group metal is deposited under interfacial charge transfer control. The structural evolution of these films is influenced by the morphological instability of the mass transport limited copper deposition reaction and the development of growth twins during iron-group metal deposition. Specular films have been obtained for growth on Cu(100) while rough, defective films were typically obtained for growth on Cu(111) and Cu(110).
Liquidated Damages or Alternative Performance

An analysis of the difficulties in drafting and enforcing either liquidated damage or alternative performance clauses in California real estate contracts.
TRANSFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF A Ti50Ni47Fe3 ALLOY : II. MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION

In-situ electron microscopy observations of the martensitic transformation and the martensitic phase in thin foils of a Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy have been made. The Ms temperature in such thin foils is about -98°C. Below the Ms temperature, martensite plates nucleate and grow, and "consume" the previously formed needle-like domains and their matrix. The crystal structure of the martensite was determined to be of the B19' type (monoclinic). In addition to (111) internal transformation twins, stacking faluts on the (001) basal plane and antiphase domain boundaries (APB's) were observed within the martensite plates. The APB's in the martensite, which are a consequence of atomic ordering rather than electron ordering (CDW's), are different from those observed in the premartensitic phases. The "1/3" superlattice reflections characteristic of the prior charge density wave formation are not found in the martensite. The orientation relationships between the martensite, needle domains and matrix rhombohedral phase were also determined. The "premartensitic" effects found in the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy are suggested to be separate electronically driven structural changes and not precursory effects insofar as the martensitic transformation per se is concerned. The sequence of transformation events (upon cooling) in the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy is as follows : parent phase (B2) incommensurate phase (distorted cubic) commensurate phase (rhombohedral) martensitic phase (monoclinic, B19').
The Limbic System

The term limbic system implies a functional system like the sensory and motor systems. In fact, however, the term refers to a collection of structures with extensive interconnections that seem to be involved in a number of complex functions. Before beginning our consideration of the limbic system, it is important to briefly review how the concept of a limbic system arose.
Active learning from relative queries

Active learning has been extensively studied and shown to be useful in solving real problems. The typical setting of traditional active learning methods is querying labels from an oracle. This is only possible if an expert exists, which may not be the case in many real world applications. In this paper, we focus on designing easier questions that can be answered by a non-expert. These questions poll relative information as opposed to absolute information and can be even generated from sideinformation. We propose an active learning approach that queries the ordering of the importance of an instance's neighbors rather than its label. We explore our approach on real datasets and make several interesting discoveries including that querying neighborhood information can be an effective question to ask and sometimes can even yield better performance than querying labels.
Predictors of early versus late mortality in pelvic trauma patients.

Risks of predicting time-related in-hospital mortality varies in pelvic trauma patients. We aim to identify potential independent risks predictive of time-related (early versus late) mortality among pelvic trauma patients. Local trauma registry data from 2004 through 2013 were reviewed. Mortality causes and timing of death were investigated. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent risks predictive of early versus late mortality in pelvic trauma patients while adjusting for patient demographics (age, sex, race), clinical variables (initial vital signs, mental status, injury severity, associated injuries, comorbidities), and hospital outcomes (surgical interventions, crystalloid resuscitations, blood transfusions). We retrospectively collected data on 1566 pelvic trauma patients with a mortality rate of 9.96 % (156/1566). Approximately 74 % of patients died from massive hemorrhage within the first 24 h of hospitalization (early mortality). Revised trauma score (RTS), injury severity score (ISS), initial hemoglobin, direct transfer to operating room, and blood transfusion administration in the Emergency Department were considered independent risk factors predictive of early mortality. Age, ISS, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were deemed risk factors predictive of death after 24 h (late mortality). Given the fact of a substantial number of patients died within the first 24 h of hospital arrival, it is reasonable to consider the first 24 h of hospitalization as the appropriate window within which early mortality may be expected to occur in pelvic trauma patients. The risk factors associated with massive hemorrhage were strong predictors of early mortality, whereas late mortality predictors were more closely linked with comorbidities or in-hospital complications. While risk factors predictive of early versus late mortality vary, ISS seems to predict both early and late mortality accurately in pelvic trauma patients.
Low-Affinity Memory CD8+ T Cells Mediate Robust Heterologous Immunity

Heterologous immunity is recognized as a significant barrier to transplant tolerance. Whereas it has been established that pathogen-elicited memory T cells can have high or low affinity for cross-reactive allogeneic peptide-MHC, the role of TCR affinity during heterologous immunity has not been explored. We established a model with which to investigate the impact of TCR-priming affinity on memory T cell populations following a graft rechallenge. In contrast to high-affinity priming, low-affinity priming elicited fully differentiated memory T cells with a CD45RB(hi) status. High CD45RB status enabled robust secondary responses in vivo, as demonstrated by faster graft rejection kinetics and greater proliferative responses. CD45RB blockade prolonged graft survival in low affinity-primed mice, but not in high affinity-primed mice. Mechanistically, low affinity-primed memory CD8(+) T cells produced more IL-2 and significantly upregulated IL-2Rα expression during rechallenge. We found that CD45RB(hi) status was also a stable marker of priming affinity within polyclonal CD8(+) T cell populations. Following high-affinity rechallenge, low affinity-primed CD45RB(hi) cells became CD45RB(lo), demonstrating that CD45RB status acts as an affinity-based differentiation switch on CD8(+) T cells. Thus, these data establish a novel mechanism by which CD45 isoforms tune low affinity-primed memory CD8(+) T cells to become potent secondary effectors following heterologous rechallenge. These findings have direct implications for allogeneic heterologous immunity by demonstrating that despite a lower precursor frequency, low-affinity priming is sufficient to generate memory cells that mediate potent secondary responses against a cross-reactive graft challenge.
Nanomechanical Behavior of High Gas Barrier Multilayer Thin Films

Nanoindentation and nanoscratch experiments were performed on thin multilayer films manufactured using the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique. These films are known to exhibit high gas barrier, but little is known about their durability, which is an important feature for various packaging applications (e.g., food and electronics). Films were prepared from bilayer and quadlayer sequences, with varying thickness and composition. In an effort to evaluate multilayer thin film surface and mechanical properties, and their resistance to failure and wear, a comprehensive range of experiments were conducted: low and high load indentation, low and high load scratch. Some of the thin films were found to have exceptional mechanical behavior and exhibit excellent scratch resistance. Specifically, nanobrick wall structures, comprising montmorillonite (MMT) clay and polyethylenimine (PEI) bilayers, are the most durable coatings. PEI/MMT films exhibit high hardness, large elastic modulus, high elastic recovery, low ...
Seagrass fragmentation impacts recruitment dynamics of estuarine-dependent fish

Abstract Seagrass beds are a key component of the estuarine landscape supporting high productivity, abundant marine life, and serve as nursery areas for many estuarine-dependent species. With increasing anthropogenic activity, there is concern about overall habitat loss via fragmentation and what effects this may have on local biotas relying on seagrasses for persistence. To examine these effects, fragmented seagrass beds ( Halodule wrightii, Ascherson 1868) in two different bay systems, Corpus Christi and Aransas Bay, Texas, were delineated, quantified, and mapped, and red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus, Linnaeus 1766) was used as a model species to test for impacts of fragmentation on this common estuarine-dependent species. Red drum density, growth, and movement were measured in response to varying levels of fragmentation ( i.e. , High, Medium, and Low). No difference in initial recruitment of red drum density was observed among fragmentation levels for newly settled arrivals. However, there was a significant size effect; larger fish were found in non-fragmented areas. Growth rates were also compared among fragmented habitats using both RNA:DNA ratios and otolith microstructure, and no significant effect of growth among fragmentation levels was found. Migration potential was measured at the landscape-level within and among fragmented seagrass meadows by tagging and releasing 200 juvenile red drum into three separate replicated fragmented networks. Within 24 h, only one fish was recaptured within the original fragmented network. The vast majority of recaptured fish were found in the nearest continuous non-fragmented seagrass bed over 50 m from their release point. These results suggest a temporal transition of small newly recruited red drum, where individuals settle ubiquitously among varying levels of fragmentation but over time migrate toward more continuous beds. This study provides evidence that there may be a fragmentation “threshold” for red drum, whereby once a habitat becomes too fragmented; individuals either suffer higher mortality or more likely move to more continuous landscapes. Overall, this study suggests that habitat fragmentation and loss of more continuous seagrass meadows may have negative impacts on estuarine-dependent species using these areas as their primary recruitment habitat.
The End of the MBA as We Know It

The article presents a study that examined the usefulness of MBA programs in business schools. The salaries and rates of return for recent business school graduates suggest that the MBA has not, in...
Multimodality and advanced biomedical imaging for clinical and research applications.

Driven in particular by the availability of ever more refined imaging modalities - such as faster and higher resolution CT and MR, or hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT - and by a marked increase in computing power, advanced biomedical imaging - e.g. through its multidimensional and multimodal paradigms - is taking an ever bigger place in both research and clinical routine, and for both diagnostic applications and therapy management. While human modalities are widely publicized, there is a similar plethora of imaging systems for small animals, which permits relatively fast translation of successful image-based protocols from research evaluation to the clinic. Because of their characteristics and the need for more detailed information about normal vs. diseased tissues, modern modalities produce huge amounts of information and images. The only way to digest these is through advanced paradigms that combine or reduce the complexity of the information so that it can be interpreted by normal human beings. This presentation will introduce techniques and research or clinical applications of advanced imaging for both animals and humans. Copyright Â© 2010 by ASME.
Predictors of surgical non-referral for colorectal liver metastases

Abstract Background Surgical resection is the only curative option for patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). The objective of our study was to identify factors associated with failure to refer patients with CRLM to a surgeon with oncologic and hepatobiliary expertise. Materials and methods Data were retrospectively reviewed on 75 patients with CRLM treated at our institution. Patients were divided into referred and nonreferred groups for comparison. Quantitative assessment of association was tabulated using the odds ratio (OR). Statistical comparison was performed using the chi-square test and multiple regression models. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate analysis was done using Cox regression. Results Factors independently associated with lower surgical referral rates included age ≥ 65 y (OR 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09-0.89, P = 0.032), bilobar CRLM (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.09-0.97, P = 0.048), and presence of >3 CRLM (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11-0.94, P = 0.044). The 5-y OS for referred patients was 33% compared with only 8% in patients who were not referred ( P P = 0.019), bilobar hepatic metastases (HR 3.04, 95% CI 1.62-5.70, P P = 0.011). Referral to a surgeon was associated with improved OS (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.24-0.74, P = 0.003). Conclusions Failure to refer CRLM patients for surgical evaluation is associated with aggressive biologic features that do not necessarily preclude resection. Determination of resectability should be made with input from appropriately trained surgical experts.
The Nonpartisanship Principle

This symposium contribution argues that partisan political advantage is not a legitimate purpose for election rules, requirements, or practices that burden the right to vote. This “nonpartisanship principle” might seem self-evident, insofar as the essence of representative democracy is the selection of leaders through free and fair elections that give voters equal opportunities to cast their ballots and elect the candidates of their choice and that give opposing candidates equal opportunities to garner votes and secure election. Even a casual observer of our elections, however, cannot help but notice that they are replete with rules, requirements, or practices that have the purpose and effect of obtaining political advantage for the party in power. These days, for example, parties in power use sophisticated computer software to gerrymander legislative districts in their favor, with remarkable effectiveness. Many states have also recently adopted various policies and practices, such as voter ID laws, voter registration requirements, or reduction of voting opportunities, whose apparent purpose is to suppress voting by classes of voters who are likely to vote for the opposing party. It is hardly surprising that partisan elected officials would seek to gain political advantage through manipulation of electoral rules, regulations, and practices. It is more surprising that the law does not place greater constraints on their ability to do so. In particular, while the nonpartisanship principle is fairly implicit in the United Supreme Court’s voting rights jurisprudence, the Court has taken a hands-off approach when it comes to enforcement. Thus, for example, the Court has declined to recognize or enforce any constitutional limits on partisan political gerrymandering (provided that districts comply with the one person, one vote principle). Likewise, it has largely declined to inquire into the partisan motivations behind voter ID laws and other requirements that tend to suppress particular classes of voters.The symposium contribution argues that it is time to take the nonpartisanship principle more seriously, both as a constitutional and policy matter. This argument begins by discussing the constitutional foundations of the nonpartisanship principle in the Court’s First and Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence. It then examines the Court’s refusal to enforce the nonpartisanship principle in the context of partisan political gerrymandering, and considers its impact on the electoral process. It also considers the implications of the nonpartisanship principle for photo ID and other requirements that tend to suppress the votes of particular groups on the basis of their partisan alignment. The article concludes that the best way to enforce the nonpartisanship principle may be to take control over elections away from partisan elected officials.
Early detection and surveillance for biopreparedness and emerging infectious diseases.

Biological weapons and emerging infectious diseases pose a significant risk to public health. A timely response is needed to effectively treat and contain a potential infectious disease outbreak. Detection and surveillance of biological agents needs to be sensitive and specific to allow providers to quickly and accurately identify the disease process and begin the necessary response procedures. This article addresses the importance of early detection and surveillance of both intentional and unintentional biological events. Challenges of bioterrorism and the nursing role in response are discussed. Epidemiological considerations, such as route of transmission and personal protective equipment, are presented. An overview of the major surveillance systems, including advances in computer-based technology, is provided to help health care providers become aware of current surveillance systems and clinical decision support tools designed to help diminish the impact of biological threats. Language: en
Externalized Stents for Pancreatoduodenectomy Provide Value Only in High-Risk Scenarios.

Evidence suggests externalized trans-anastomotic stents may be beneficial as a fistula mitigation strategy for pancreatoduodenectomy (PD); however, previous studies have not been rigorously risk-adjusted. From 2001 to 2015, PDs were performed at three institutions, with externalized stents placed at the surgeon’s discretion. The Fistula Risk Score (FRS) and the Modified Accordion Severity Grading System were used to analyze occurrence and severity of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) across various risk scenarios. Of 729 PDs, externalized stents were placed during 129 (17.7 %). Overall, CR-POPFs occurred in 77 (10.6 %) patients. The median FRS of patients who received externalized stents was significantly higher compared with patients who did not (6 vs. 3, p < 0.0001). Patients with negligible, low, or moderate CR-POPF risk (FRS 0–6) did not demonstrate improved outcomes with externalized stents; however, among high-risk patients (FRS 7–10), stents were associated with significantly reduced rates of CR-POPF (14.0 vs. 36.4 %, p = 0.031), severe complications (p = 0.039), and hospital stay (p = 0.014) compared with no stents. The average complication burden of CR-POPF was significantly lower for patients with externalized stents (p = 0.035). This multicenter study, the largest comparative analysis of externalized trans-anastomotic stents versus no stent for PD, demonstrates a risk-stratified benefit to externalized stents.
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Corneal Diseases

The role of nanotherapeutics as it applies to the treatment and management of current corneal pathology is evolving to provide increased therapeutic concentration, targeted therapy, and reduced toxicity. The current limitations to such novel therapies are based on structural and functional barriers of a lipophilic corneal epithelium and a hydrophilic stroma. This chapter provides a detailed review of the corneal anatomy to help facilitate discussion into how nanotherapeutics may be applied in certain clinical conditions. Current modes of ophthalmic drug delivery to the cornea such as solutions, suspensions, and ointments have their own inherent flaws including lower bioavailability, lower contact time, and bypass of first-pass metabolism. In contrast, the development of colloids such as liposomes, microemulsions, and niosomes overcomes many of these limitations by providing a biphasic environment with lipophilic and hydrophilic properties. Furthermore, they allow for sustained release of pharmacotherapy and higher bioavailability. Current innovative applications include using voriconazole microemulsions and cyclosporine micelles in the treatment of fungal keratitis and dry eye syndrome, respectively. This chapter further details the use of transporter proteins, by manipulating their influx and efflux transport properties, it becomes possible to deliver antiviral medications for the treatment of herpetic corneal disease. The use of an electrical stimulus, via iontophoresis or ultrasound, via sonophoresis to drive pharmacologic agents through tissue planes is also discussed in this chapter with several examples of current experimental models. Finally, we describe the use of microneedles to introduce gene therapy to potentially treat corneal disease.
Comment: Response to “Ending the Double Standard: Equal Rights for Children”

It is probably best that I acknowledge quite candidly at the outset that I am not a philosopher by trade or ambition. Nevertheless, when I first read Mr. Cohen’s very interesting paper with some care, I resolved to attempt to prepare the sort of philosophical response his paper warrants. I resolved to attempt to include a number of neat philosophical distinctions and a good bit of sage philosophical advice. Now I mind telling you that my initial attempts to draft such a response always seemed unsatisfactory and incomplete, that the notes on which the distinctions and wisdom began to take shape were often brooded over and discarded, and that the reasons for this frustration were not related to Mr. Cohen’s paper as much as to the concrete reality of living with three children. The chores and pleasures of parenting, tucking my five year old into bed, listening to my eight year old rehearse and destroy a little piece for the piano, and talking over a math problem with my twelve year old, seemed constantly to dash to pieces my pretentions about philosophizing about children. I began to realize that I am both jealous and suspicious of my authority as a parent and that neither my jealousies nor my suspicions are easily rendered into logical justifications. I am jealous and suspicious of the authority I exercise over them, to distribute snacks, to settle disputes, to punish violence and injustice.
Correlating leisure and happiness: the relationship between the leisure experience battery and the Satisfaction With Life Scale

ABSTRACTHappiness can be understood as an internal condition achieved when an individual reflects on his or her life experience and judges it as good. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) was designed to assess happiness based on a similarly understood subjective life appraisal. Using a random sample of college students (N = 507) and a paper survey, this study assessed the relationship between the SWLS and the four domains of the leisure experience battery (challenge, boredom, awareness, and distress). Pearson correlations and analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post hoc comparisons were used to examine the relationships. Results reveal a significant relationship between the leisure experience battery and the SWLS (i.e. happiness). Specifically, preference for leisure challenge and leisure awareness were significantly and positively related to SWLS score. Leisure boredom and leisure distress were significantly and negatively related to SWLS score. Implications are discussed within the context of lei...
Confounding by Symptomatic Mefloquine Exposure in Military Studies of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Dear Editor,I read with interest the recent article by Osorio and colleagues,1 which employs principal components analysis to examine associations between combat experiences and reported clusters o...
Changes in saving cognitions mediate hoarding symptom change in cognitive-behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically-supported treatment for hoarding disorder (HD). However, meta-analytic studies suggest that CBT is only modestly effective, and a significant number of individuals with HD remain symptomatic following treatment. To inform the development of more effective and targeted treatments, it will be important to clarify the mechanisms of treatment response in CBT for HD. To this end, the current study examined whether change in maladaptive saving beliefs mediated symptom change in CBT for HD. Sixty-two patients with primary HD completed measures of maladaptive saving cognitions and hoarding severity at pre-, mid-, and post-CBT. Results showed that change in saving cognitions mediated change in all three domains of HD symptoms (i.e., acquiring, difficulty discarding, and excessive clutter), suggesting that cognitive change may be a mechanism of treatment response in CBT. The findings indicate that cognitive change may have an impact on treatment outcomes, and are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioral theory of HD and potential ways in which to enhance belief change in treatment.
Superman in the Python Universe

In 2004 DC Comics published Superman: True Brit an original graphic novel written by Python biographer Kim “Howard” Johnson, Python member John Cleese, and artist John Byrne. The story revolves around Superman growing up in the United Kingdom rather than the United States. Superman grows up in a world that is filled with comedic touches and features a rather odd assortment of characters much like the universe of Monty Python. In “Superman in the Python Universe,” Weiner summarizes and analyzes True Brit showing that the graphic novel satirizes British culture, the cult of celebrity, and tabloid journalism in a Pythonesque way. The central morality of Superman remains true to his historical roots.
A Generic Architecture for Distributed, Non-Stop, Mission and Safety Critical Systems

Abstract This paper gives an overview of a prototype architecture for distributed, non-stop, mission and safety critical systems developed in the MISSION research project. After outlining some of the issues involved in supporting these requirements at the systems software level, the paper describes the MISSION generic architecture from two perspectives. First, it discusses the visualization techniques used to handle the complexity of a large objectoriented system. Second, it describes the structure of the bottom architectural level, known as the smokestack model, which is composed of five firewalled subsystems interacting by means of a special MASC kernel
Experimental determination of the effective point of measurement in electron beams using a commercial scintillation detector

Abstract Purpose A commercial plastic scintillation detector was used to determine the effective point of measurement (EPOM) of three cylindrical ionization chambers in four clinical electron beams. The experimentally determined EPOM values were compared to Monte Carlo (MC)-calculated EPOM values from the literature. The energy dependence of the EPOM was also investigated. Methods Percent depth dose (PDD) curves were measured with an Exradin W1 scintillation detector and were used as a representative PDD to water. Depth dose curve measurements were also acquired with the Exradin A18, A1SL, and A28 cylindrical ionization chambers. To obtain a depth dose to an equivalent chamber volume made of water (DDCVW), the raw ionization chamber depth dose data were corrected by the chamber fluence correction factor and restricted mass collisional stopping power ratio at each measurement depth. A non-linear least squares fitting technique was utilized to determine the EPOM for the three chambers. The W1 PDD curve was shifted by small increments, Δz, until the ratio of the W1 PDD to the ionization chamber DDCVW was depth independent. The optimal shift was used as an estimate of the EPOM for each chamber. Results The ratios of the unshifted W1 PDD to the chamber DDCVW decreased with depth. After shifting by the optimal Δz value, the ratios of the W1 PDD to the chamber DDCVW were constant with depth with an average value near unity, which implies that the two profiles are in good agreement with each other. The calculated EPOM shifts and associated uncertainties (expressed as a fraction of the chamber cavity radius, r cav ) for the A18, A1SL, and A28 ionization chambers were 0.21 ± 0.04 , 0.10 ± 0.05 , and 0.22 ± 0.03 , respectively. Conclusions The EPOM shifts determined in this work agree with calculations by other investigators to within one standard deviation for the A18 and A1SL ionization chambers. This agreement confirms that the AAPM TG51-recommended EPOM shift of 0.5 × r cav is not accurate for the A18 and A1SL chambers for electron beam dosimetry. Contrary to previous works, there was no observable trend in the measured EPOM values with electron energy for each chamber.
Aqua-Sim Next Generation: An NS-3 Based Underwater Sensor Network Simulator

Through the use of network simulators we are able to test and examine different combinations of protocols in low cost and controlled environments. To ensure the accuracy of these simulators it is crucial that they consistently expand and enhance their modules to offer extensive support. In this paper, we introduce Aqua-Sim Next Generation, an NS-3 based underwater sensor network simulator. This work is an expansion of Aqua-Sim, transferring to the newer core simulator, NS-3, for enhanced memory management and performance. Additionally, we revitalize legacy supported protocols through better packet handling and header usage. Aqua-Sim Next Generation offers real-world features to close the gap between simulation and real-system tests while providing additional modules for easier user development. With the goal to create a more efficient and functional simulator, we improved Aqua-Sim's architecture. Furthermore, we integrate a specialized underwater information-centric module to assist in simulating innovative techniques in underwater sensor networks. Experimental results show that Aqua-Sim Next Generation runs twice as fast compared with Aqua-Sim while showing large increases in memory management.