cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of post-exercise whey protein vs. whey protein plus creatine consumption in females

Background Creatine monohydrate is known to prolong time to fatigue and training volume during resistance training while ingestion of whey protein in the post-exercise window is critical to maximize adaptations. Individually, research supports that both creatine and whey protein ingestion ultimately leads to increased strength gains and improved body composition. Research is well supported and abundant in males, but research in a female population is limited overall and is much more limited when examining the effects of combined ingestion of whey protein plus creatine during resistance training. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week creatine plus whey protein supplementation and resistance training period on body composition and performance measures in young resistance-trained females.
Unilateral Blindness (War Traumatism) Followed Later by Blindness in Fellow Eye

Read before the Section on Ophthalmology, College of Physicians, Philadelphia, February 19, 1920. For discussion, see p. 522.
3-Phenyl-1-(2-pyrid­yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ol

In the title compound, C14H11N3O, there is an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond enforcing coplanarity of the pyrazole and pyridine rings, with O—H = 1.013 (18) A, H⋯N = 1.659 (18) A, O⋯N = 2.5767 (14) A, and O—H⋯N = 148.3 (15)°.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE DURING ACUTE AND POST-ACUTE PHASES AFTER SEVERE BURN

Severe burn causes a pronounced hypermetabolic response characterized by catabolism and extensive protein wasting. We recently found that this hypermetabolic state is driven by a severe inflammatory response. We characterized in detail the kinetics of serum levels of a panel of cytokines in a rat model, which may serve as reference for the development of therapeutic interventions applicable to humans. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) received a full-thickness burn of 60% total body surface area. Serum was harvested 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 168 h after burn. Eight serum cytokines commonly used to assess the inflammatory response in humans, such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, vascular endothelial growth factor, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and the rat-specific cytokines cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) 1, CINC-2, and CINC-3 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique and were compared with controls (n = 4). Statistical analysis was conducted using the t test, with P < 0.05 considered as significantly different. Thermal injury resulted in significantly increased serum levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, CINC-1, CINC-2, and CINC-3 when compared with the concentrations detected in nonburned rats (P < 0.05). Serum levels of TNF-alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in burned rats were not found to be significantly different to controls. Burn causes a profound inflammatory response in rats. Specific cytokines known to increase in humans postburn such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and IL-8 (CINC-1, CINC-2, and CINC-3 in the rat) were also observed in our rat burn model, which now allows us to study new anti-inflammatory treatment options.
Effects of neutral-beam co- and counter-injection on impurity radiation from ISX-B plasmas

In addition to heating, neutral beam injection modifies the impurity transport in ISX-B plasmas. Radiometric data show the effects of co- and counter-injection on impurity radiation profiles to be significantly different. Data from an array of twelve collimated detectors and an uncollimated monitor (all pyroelectric) show the radial distribution of volume impurity emission to be peaked at the centre of the discharge with counter-injection and at the plasma edge with co-injection, especially for Pinj > 1 MW. At high co-injection power, only 20% of the total input power is lost as impurity radiation. Also, co-injection-heated discharges reach an equilibrium shortly after beam turn-on, whereas counter-injection-heated discharges do not reach equilibrium and usually terminate disruptively. It is conjectured that the disruption is due to modification of the plasma current distribution resulting from the extreme cooling at the plasma core.
Extensions of commutative rings

Abstract In studying the minimal prime spectra of commutative rings with identity we have been able to identify several interesting types of extensions of rings. In particular, we determine what kind of ring extensions will result in a homeomorphisms of the hull-kernel and inverse topologies on the minimal prime spectra. We relate these types of extensions to other known types of extensions.
Subfreezing operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: Ice formation and cell performance loss

Abstract In this work, we investigate the cold-start operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) through high-resolution neutron radiography, experimental testing, theoretical evaluation, and comparison with model prediction. Ice formation location, voltage evolution, and loss of the electro-catalyst surface area (ECSA) are examined. A dimensionless parameter ℏ, characterizing the spatial variation of the reaction rate across the cathode catalyst layer, is discussed at subfreezing temperature using newly determined membrane ionic conductivity. The ℏ evaluation identifies the operating range that the reaction rate can be treated uniform across the catalyst layer, in which the model is valid.
Stokes efficiency of molecular motors with inertia

Abstract A molecular motor utilizes chemical free energy to generate a unidirectional motion in a viscous media. The stochastic motion of a motor is governed by a Langevin equation coupled to the chemical occupancy state. The change of chemical occupancy state is governed by a discrete Markov process. The Stokes efficiency was introduced to measure how “efficiently” the motor uses chemical free energy to drive through the surrounding fluid. For the overdamping case where the effect of inertia is ignored, it was proved that the Stokes efficiency is bounded by 100% [H. Wang, G. Oster, The Stokes efficiency for molecular motors and its applications, Europhysics Letters 57 (2002) 134–140]. Here we present a proof for the general case.
Dipolar Assisted Assignment Protocol (DAAP) for MAS solid-state NMR of rotationally aligned membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers

A method for making resonance assignments in magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectra of membrane proteins that utilizes the range of heteronuclear dipolar coupling frequencies in combination with conventional chemical shift based assignment methods is demonstrated. The Dipolar Assisted Assignment Protocol (DAAP) takes advantage of the rotational alignment of the membrane proteins in liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers. Improved resolution is obtained by combining the magnetically inequivalent heteronuclear dipolar frequencies with isotropic chemical shift frequencies. Spectra with both dipolar and chemical shift frequency axes assist with resonance assignments. DAAP can be readily extended to three- and four-dimensional experiments and to include both backbone and side chain sites in proteins.
Perceived Intensity of Vibrotactile Stimuli: The Role of Mechanoreceptive Channels

The perceived intensity of vibrotactile stimuli was studied by means of free magnitude estimation. Eighty different sinusoidal stimuli ranging in frequency from 10 to 200 Hz, and in amplitude from 2.4 to 154 μm, were presented to the left index fingerpad of psychophysical observers through a 5-mm-diameter contactor. Estimates at a given frequency increased with amplitude in all four subjects, and estimates at a given amplitude increased with frequency in three. For the fourth subject, however, intermediate frequencies (25-75 Hz) produced the most intense sensations; the relative sensory effectiveness of different frequencies suggested that in her case, perceived vibrotactile intensity was determined largely by signals in Meissner afferents. From the data of this unusual subject, and from high-frequency (200-Hz) measurements on the normal subjects, quantitative descriptions were derived of the signals in Meissner and Pacinian channels, respectively, that could contribute to subjective intensity. Candidate ...
Experimental Histoplasmosis in Large Domestic Animals.

SummaryIntratracheal inoculation of yeast phase H. capsulatum produced nonfatal infection in horses, cattle, sheep and swine as determined by clinical response, development of positive skin tests, production of antibodies, or histopathologic changes. Intravenous inoculation caused fatal infection in a horse.The authors are indebted to Joann Sparks for technical assistance.
Consensual vs. coercive treatment: new manifestations of an old dilemma

The 1960s and 1970s were a time of substantial changes in approaches to involuntary hospitalization and treatment in the United States, a process that was also reflected elsewhere in the world. Objections to the use of coercion in psychiatry became widespread, rooted in concerns about the reality of mental illnesses, the effects of institutional treatment, financial considerations, and growing attention to patients' rights. This movement led to narrowed criteria for civil commitment (from criteria based on need for treatment to dangerousness-based criteria), along with increased procedural protections. Committed patients were given unprecedented rights to refuse treatment in many jurisdictions. Advocates envisioned steady progress towards a community-based, essentially consensual system of care. In the early 21st century, however, it has become apparent that, even as coercive treatment in institutions has diminished, new forms of coercion have developed to enforce treatment in the community. These include mental health courts, probation and parole requirements, outpatient commitment, and use of informal leverage over patients' money, housing, parenting rights, and the like. Coercive treatment in psychiatry has not disappeared, and may not even have diminished. Rather it has moved from the institution to the community. This presentation will describe this evolution and consider the lessons that may be drawn regarding the future of psychiatric treatment and systems of care.
Critical behavior of the SU(3) ferromagnetic Heisenberg chain.

We have extracted the leading low-temperature contributions to the specific heat and the magnetic susceptibility from the thermodynamic Bethe-Ansatz equations of the SU(3) invariant ferromagnetic Heisenberg chain of spin 1. The critical exponents for the specific heat, the susceptibility, and the correlation length are $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=2$, and $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$, respectively. The susceptibility and the correlation length exhibit logarithmic corrections, which are quenched by relatively small magnetic fields. In large fields, the energy required to flip a spin gives rise to an exponential activation.
Drowning in Alaska: progress and persistent problems

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and describe the current problem of drowning in Alaska, measure changes in the rates since earlier studies have been done and compare occupational and non-occupational drowning characteristics. Study design. This is a descriptive observational study, using existing records obtained from several sources to describe and compare drowning victims and event characteristics. Methods. Drowning fatality data were collected from death certificates, law-enforcement reports and news articles. Descriptive statistics and risk ratios were calculated to compare levels of risk based on incident and victim characteristics. Results. During 2000–2006, 402 unintentional drowning deaths, 108 of them occupational, occurred in Alaska, with an average annual fatality rate of 8.9 deaths per 100,000 Alaskans. The victim population was 86% male and 44% Alaska Native; 40% drowned in the south-west region of Alaska. For non-occupational cases with alcohol use documented, 33% were associated with alcohol consumption, as were 78% of those involved with all-terrain vehicle crashes. Only 17% of non-occupational victims who drowned while boating wore a Personal Flotation Device (PFD). Conclusions. The drowning rate in Alaska during 2000–2006 was 8.9 drowning deaths per 100,000 population. This shows a decrease from the rate reported in a 1996 study, but several problems persist. Males and Alaska Natives had elevated risks for drowning. A substantial portion of fatalities were associated with alcohol consumption. PFD use remains low, and child drowning rates were unchanged from earlier studies. Increased data on water temperature and immersion time may help demonstrate the benefits of PFD use to those at risk. Social marketing efforts should be adapted for at-risk populations. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2010; 69(3):253–264) Keywords: drowning, immersion, Alaska Native, PFD, boating, fishermen
Determination of fluoride and tin in fluoride-doped tin oxide films on glass

Abstract Time-consuming fusion and pyrohydrolysis methods for quantifying fluoride and tin in fluoride-doped tin oxide films on glass are replaced by a simple electrolytic reduction for sample preparation. The unusual conductivity of these films enables solutions to be produced in which fluoride can be quantified by ion chromatography. Tin is quantified in the original sample by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Electrolytic reduction and the fusion/pyrohydrolysis methods are compared for films with Sn/F ratios of 10–40 (71–183 μg cm −2 tin and 0.54–2.8 μ cm −2 fluoride). The Sn/F ratios and precision are similar for the two methods. The older method only yields the tin/fluoride ratio; the electrolytic method gives results as mass per unit area and requires much less time per sample.
Effects of different mixtures of fibrolytic enzymes on digestion and fermentation of bahiagrass hay

Abstract This study was designed to determine the best combination of ferulic acid esterase (FAE), cellulose (CEL), and xylanase (XYL) for hydrolyzing mature bahiagrass in the absence of rumen fluid, and to evaluate effects of the best multienzyme cocktails on digestibility and fermentation of bahiagrass in the presence of rumen fluid. In Experiment 1, 42 enzyme mixtures of pure CEL, XYL, and FAE were dissolved in a citrate phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and added to 0.5 g of a 12-week regrowth of bahiagrass ( Paspalum notatum ) hay. In each mixture, each enzyme was applied at 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 g/100 g of dry matter (DM) except that FAE was not applied at 2 g/100 g DM. Dry matter (DM) disappearance was measured after the solutions were incubated at 39 °C for 24 h. Each enzyme was applied in triplicate and the experiment was repeated thrice. The highest DM disappearance was with enzyme cocktails containing 2, 2, and 0 (2–2–0) or 2, 2, and 1 (2–2–1) g of XYL, CEL, and FAE, respectively/100 g of forage DM. In Experiment 2, the hay was treated with nothing (Control), a commercial enzyme preparation (Depol 740, D740L) containing all three enzymes, or the 2–2–0 and 2–2–1 enzyme cocktails from Experiment 1. The enzyme mixtures were dissolved in 1 ml of citrate–phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and sprayed on 0.5 g of bahiagrass hay in triplicate in each of two runs. Samples were fermented in buffered-rumen fluid using a wireless automated gas production system for either 24 or 96 h in duplicate runs, and residues were analyzed for DM and volatile fatty acid concentrations. The kinetics of 96 h fermentation were determined by fitting a non-linear model to the data. For the 24 h fermentations, enzyme application did not increase DM or NDF digestibility but all enzyme mixtures decreased acetate concentration (P
Effect of pharmacologic doses of zinc on the therapeutic index of brain tumor chemotherapy with carmustine

To evaluate the potential differential effect of pretreatment with pharmacologic doses of the trace element zinc on the chemosensitivity of glioma cells and bone marrow cells for carmustine (BCNU), we performed in vitro and in vivo studies of zinc toxicity as well as of the combined treatment with zinc and the anticancer drug. We studied the in vitro effects on established human and rat glioma cell lines using a microcolorimetric growth assay and on murine bone marrow using a clonogenic assay for committed progenitor cells of the granulocyte-monocyte lineage. Zinc exposures of up to 100 μM for 120 h did not influence the growth of six of seven human glioma cell lines. Only U87MG demonstrated statistically significant toxicity during high zinc exposure (100 μM over 120 h). Dose-response growth curves generated for BCNU did not show protection against the anticancer agents by a 48-h pretreatment with different zinc concentrations. The clonogenic capacity of bone marrow cells was slightly reduced by in vitro culture for 24 and 48 h. Although this effect appeared to be more prominent in the presence of zinc supplementation, overall a statistically significant inhibition was seen only after exposure to a concentration of 100 μM zinc over 48 h. As compared with chemotherapy alone, in vitro pretreatment with 50 μM zinc over 48 h followed by chemotherapy resulted in an increased number of colony-forming unit-granulocyte monocyte (CFU-GM): CFU-GM increased by a factor of 2 for BCNU (60 μM×2 h). This statistically significant in vitro chemoprotection would translate into a dose-protection factor of 1.5, i.e., for the same level of myelosuppression, zinc pretreatment would allow administration of a 50% increased dose of BCNU. The in vivo studies were performed in an s.c. xenograft model of the human glioma cell line U87MG in athymic mice. The maximal tolerable pretreatment with zinc was determined to be a 10-day course of daily i.p. injections of 10 mg/kg ZnCl2. The subsequent i.p. administration of the dose lethal to 10% of the mice (LD10) and of a 1.5×LD10 dose of BCNU resulted in less bone marrow toxicity in pretreated animals than in non-zinc-pretreated mice as determined in a CFU-GM assay. Glioma colony-forming efficiency (CFE) assays, on the other hand, did not show any zinc-related difference in the BCNU sensitivity of U87MG. Our in vitro and in vivo results suggest the potential usefulness of high-zinc pretreatment for improving the therapeutic index of BCNU chemotherapy for gliomas.
Sharing data collection instruments

Research in injury prevention, by definition, requires collection of data in some form. Thus every investigator is faced with the challenge of identifying data collection instruments and deciding how best to use these. In some cases, a researcher will be asking new questions or measuring a new concept. If so, the researcher will need to decide how to operationalise the concept as a measurable entity. A process of instrument development and validation may be required. For example, how does one measure “risk taking behavior” or “parental supervision?” These are not trivial questions; getting the measures wrong risks the integrity of the entire study. On the other hand, many projects involve measuring a behavior, attitude, belief or self-reported outcome that others have measured in the past. Assuming that previous researchers have taken the time to develop and validate a data collection tool, why should others in the field, hoping to measure the same entity, start from …
Generalized Matrogenic Graphs

Using a forbidden induced subsystem characterization of matroids, we propose a method for characterizing classes of \( \mathcal{P} \)-matrogenic graphs for all hereditary graph properties \( \mathcal{P} \).
Developmental and Phenological Modeling of Russian Wheat Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

We applied 14 insect development models, both deterministic and distributed, to describe Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), development and phenology. The Russian wheat aphid developmental data were from a laboratory experiment of 25 combinatorial treatments of five temperatures and five spring barley, Hordeum vulgare L., plant growth stages. The developmental times of 1,800 individual Russian wheat aphids at various stages were recorded in the experiment. We first compared 11 deterministic development models and discussed some problems associated with the fitting of these models. Not all nonlinear models could be fitted to every Russian wheat aphid stage. The results show that Stinner’s model overall best fit Russian wheat aphid developmental rate data, as judged by mean square error (MSE) and successful convergence. However, we observed a seemingly inescapable dilemma: when one introduces more complex nonlinear models to increase the descriptive power of models (with the hope that model parameters have some biological meanings), the more difficult it is to successfully fit the model. Even if the model is fitted successfully, the values of the model parameters may well be beyond biologically meaningful ranges. Furthermore, we believe that a potentially more serious trap associated with complex nonlinear model is the extreme low tolerance of model parameters. Our results show that the extreme low tolerance associated with the parameter estimate may occur even if the MSE of model fitting is very small. The second part of our results presented same-shape distribution models for Russian wheat aphid development. Stinner’s model performed well and successfully fitted all 22 data sets, whereas the Weibull distribution and logistic model only succeeded in 17 and six of 22 data sets, respectively. Finally, Population Model Design System software was used to simulate Russian wheat aphid phenology based on the integration of deterministic nonlinear developmental rate models and same-shape distributions models.
The tax revenue potential of manganese nodules

Abstract Mounting interest in deep seabed mining has raised high expectations in the tax revenue potential of the future nodule industry. In the absence of any existing commercial nodule mining operation, estimates of the likely “take”; are highly conjectural. This paper develops four alternative estimates for 1985 based on sets of variables on nodule mining, mineral markets and “tax rates”; that range from conservative to overly optimistic. The resulting “take”; from these calculations range from $22 million to $I .2 billion, with the most likely actual figure between 50 and 150 million dollars by 1985.
The elastic constants of cubic crystals with covalent and partially covalent bonds

General formulae for the elastic constants of purely and partially covalent cubic crystals are derived. For the mixed covalent-ionic bond a new model of electron locale-transition is proposed, according to which the ionicity of a bond depends on the bonding angle. This model can account, qualitatively, for the elastic properties of ZnS-compounds. Also discussed are some earlier theories, which appear to be in error, and some broader implications of the proposed model. Es werden allgemeine Formeln fur die elastischen Konstanten rein und teilweise kovalenter, kubischer Kristalle abgeleitet. Fur die gemischt kovalentionische Bindung wird ein neues Modell des lokalen Elektron-Ubergangs vorgeschlagen, nach dem die Ionizitiit der Bindung vom Bindungswinkel abhangt. Dieses Modell kann die elastischen Eigenschaften der ZnS-Verbindungen erklaren. Einige fruhere Theorien, die jetzt unrichtig scheinen und umfassende Folgerungen des vorgeschlagenen Modells werden diskutiert.
Esophagectomy for T1 Esophageal Cancer: Outcomes in 100 Patients and Implications for Endoscopic Therapy

Objectives Esophagectomy is the standard treatment for T1 esophageal cancer (EC). Interest in endoscopic therapies, particularly for T1 EC, is increasing. We evaluated the long-term outcomes after esophagectomy and examined the pathologic features of T1 cancer to determine the suitability for potential endoscopic therapy. Methods We reviewed the outcomes of esophagectomy in 100 consecutive patients with T1 EC. The primary end points studied were overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). In addition to detailed pathology review, we evaluated prognostic variables associated with survival. Results Esophagectomy was performed in 100 patients (79 men, 21 women; median age, 68 years) for T1 EC, comprising adenocarcinoma, 91; squamous, 9; intramucosal (T1a), 29; and submucosal (T1b), 71. The 30-day mortality was 0%. Resection margins were microscopically negative in 99 patients (99%). N1 disease was present in 21 (T1a, 2 of 29 [7%]; T1b, 19 of 71 [27%]), associated high-grade dysplasia in 64 (64%), and angiolymphatic invasion in 19 (19%). At a median follow-up of 66 months, estimated 5-year OS was 62% and 3-year DFS was 80% for all patients (including N1). Nodal status and tumor size were significantly associated with OS and DFS, respectively. Conclusions Esophagectomy can be performed safely in patients with T1 EC with good long-term results. Many patients with T1 EC have several risk factors that may preclude adequate treatment with endoscopic therapy. Further prospective studies are required to evaluate endoscopic therapies. Esophagectomy should continue to remain the standard treatment in patients with T1 EC.
A multimode 0.3-200-kb/s transceiver for the 433/868/915-MHz bands in 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS

A fully integrated transceiver suitable for low-data-rate wireless telemetry and sensor networks operating in the license-free ISM frequency bands at 433, 868, or 915 MHz implemented in 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS is presented. G/FSK, ASK, and OOK modulation formats are supported at data rates from 0.3 to 200 kb/s. The transceiver's analog building blocks include a low-noise amplifier, mixer, channel filter, received signal-strength indication, frequency synthesizer, voltage-controlled oscillator, and power amplifier. FSK demodulation is implemented using a novel digital complex-frequency correlator that operates over a wide modulation-index range and approximates matched filter detection performance. Automatic gain control, automatic frequency control, and symbol timing recovery loops are included on chip. Operating in the 915-MHz band in FSK mode at 9.6 kb/s, the receiver consumes 19.7 mA from a 3-V supply and achieves a sensitivity of -112.8dBm at 0.1% BER. The transmitter consumes 28.5 mA for an output power of 10 dBm and delivers up to 14 dBm.
Computational Studies of Electron Tunneling in Respiratory Complex III

In the framework of the tunneling current theory, electron tunneling rates and atomistic tunneling pathways were investigated for electron transfer reactions between different redox pairs in complex III comprising different stages in the proton-motive Q-cycle. In the light of our calculations, complex III appears to be a smart machine which under certain conditions undergoes conformational changes gating electron transfer, or channeling electrons to specific pathways. One-electron tunneling approximation was adopted in the tunneling calculations, which were done with hybrid Broken-Symmetry unrestricted DFT/ZINDO levels of theory. The tunneling orbitals were determined using the exact bi-orthogonalization scheme, which uniquely selects a pair of tunneling orbitals with small overlap, and remaining Frank-Condon orbitals with significant overlap. Due to extensive conjugation in porphyrins, the core electrons of redox hemes exhibit substantial induced polarization, resulting in the decreased electron transfer rates by 20 - 80%. Electron transfer rates in different redox pairs show exponential distance dependence, in agreement with other reported data.
Atmospheric H2O2 measurement: comparison of cold trap method with impinger bubbling method

Collection of atmospheric H2O2 was performed by a cold trap method using dry ice-acetone as the refrigerant. The air was drawn by a pump into a glass gas trap immersed in the dry ice-acetone slush in a dewar flask at a flow rate of 2.5 l min-1 for approximately 2 h. Collection efficiency was > 99% and negligible interferences by O3, SO2 or organic matter with the collected H2O2 in the trap were observed. This method was compared with the air impinger bubbling method which has been previously described (Kok et al., 1978a, b, Envir. Sci. Technol. 12, 1072-1080). The measured total peroxide (H2O2 + organic peroxide) values in a series of aim samples collected by the impinger bubbling method (0.06-3.7 ppb) were always higher than those obtained by the cold trap method (0.02-1.2 ppb). Laboratory experiments suggest that the difference in values between the two methods probably results from the aqueous phase generation of H2O2 and organic peroxide in the impinger solution by a reaction of atmospheric O3 with olefinic and aromatic compounds. If these O3-organic compound reactions which occur in the impinger also occur in aqueous droplets in the atmosphere, the process could be very important for aqueous phase generation of H2O2 in clouds and rainwater.
Isothermal concentration oscillations on catalytic surfaces

Abstract It is shown that surface heterogeneity can induce sustained kinetic oscillations, when a simple, isothermal reaction occurs on a catalytic surface. Moreover, the proposed model demonstrates that these oscillations may occur for realistic values of surface heterogeneity. Simple criteria have been developed, for predicting the kinetic parameters for which a unique, unstable steady-state solution exists.
Sialic acid content of human arterial and venous tissue

Summary Determinations were made of the sialic acid concentrations of various types of human arterial and venous tissue samples. The analyses were performed by Svennerholm's method. The mean sialic acid concentrations observed for the intima-media layers of normal tissue portions, expressed in percentages of wet tissue weight, were: aorta 0.178; pulmonary artery 0.115; coronary artery 0.107; brachial artery 0.107; inferior vena cava 0.058; and brachial vein 0.053. Assays of aortic adventitia specimens revealed an average sialic acid content of 0.085 %. An increase with age in the sialic acid tissue concentration was observed for the aortic and coronary artery samples whereas a decrease was recorded for the inferior vena cava. Analyses of atherosclerotic aortic tissue portions showed a tendency for the sialic acid content to decrease in connection with the progressive development of the atherosclerosis.
Autogenetic excitation of extensor γ-motoneurones by group II muscle afferents in the cat

Abstract Triceps surae γ-efferents have been isolated in intact ventral root filaments in order to study the autogenetic Group II effects evoked by stimulation of the nerve to the triceps surae in decerebrate cats. Half of the 22 cells tested were facilitated by repetitive stimulation of this nerve in the Group II range. Six cells showed a mixture response pattern with an initial facilitation followed by declining activity during the ongoing stimulation. Eight cells were not influenced within the Group II range. The results suggest that autogenetic Group II facilitation of γ-motoneurones plays a functional role in the gain control of muscle spindle endings.
Modeling Breakdown-resistant Composite Dielectrics

Abstract Using the analogy between dielectric breakdown and mechanical fracture, a phase-field model for dielectric damage initiation and evolution has been developed. The model utilizes a continuous field of damage variable to differentiate a localized conductive channel and the undamaged bulk material. By employing a Griffith type energy criterion for the propagation of a conductive channel, direct handling of the intricate microscopic details in the process zone is avoided. This paper implements the model into a finite-element code, and studies the breakdown-resistant effect of various types of composite structures. Numerical calculations suggest that fillers of higher permittivity and elliptic shapes or in laminate structures are more effective in resting conductive channels and resisting catastrophic breakdown. Weak sacrificial fillers, which cause the composite to undergo a two-stage damage process, are also found very effective in breakdown resistance.
Expression and promoter analysis of SLC19A2 in the human intestine

The molecular mechanism and regulation of the intestinal uptake process of dietary thiamine is not well understood. Previous studies have established the involvement of a carrier-mediated system for thiamine uptake in the human intestine. Recently a human thiamine transporter, SLC19A2, was cloned from a number of human tissues. Little, however, is known about expression of the SLC19A2 message along the native human gastrointestinal tract, and no analysis of its promoter in intestinal tissue is available. Therefore, the current studies were aimed at investigating the expression of SLC19A2 in the human gastrointestinal tract and at analyzing the promoter of this potential intestinal thiamine transporter. First we cloned SLC19A2 cDNA from a human intestinal cell line (Caco-2) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, then used this cDNA as a probe in Northern blot analysis. SLC19A2 message was found to be expressed in all gastrointestinal tissues in the following order: liver>stomach>duodenum>jejunum>colon>cecum>rectum>ileum. SLC19A2 was also expressed at the protein level in Caco-2 cells and in native human small intestine by Western blot analysis. We also cloned the 5'-regulatory region of the SLC19A2 gene and confirmed activity of its promoter following transfection into intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, we identified the minimal promoter region required for basal activity of SLC19A2 in these cells which was found to be mainly encoded in a sequence between -356 and -36, and included multiple cis-regulatory elements. Transcription initiation sites of the SLC19A2 gene in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were also identified by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. These results demonstrate that SLC19A2 is expressed in various regions of the human gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the results provide the first characterization of the SLC19A2 promoter. These findings raise the possibility that SLC19A2 may play a role in the normal intestinal thiamine absorption process.
Research on Combination Anti-Galloping Method between Interphase Spacer and Rotary Clamp Spacer for Transmission Lines

The efficacy of single anti-galloping equipments is limited due to shortage of relevant galloping mechanisms or more complex wind and ice conditions. In this paper, a combination anti-galloping method between interphase spacers and rotary clamp spacers is proposed to avoid or reduce the “whole galloping” and “subspan” galloping phenomenon which occur notwithstanding installing interphase spacers. The combination method is designed using multi-mechanisms anti-galloping design, controlling phase-to phase clearance, affecting structural whole properties, and changing iced shape. The galloping critical conditions of wind and ice to excite “whole galloping” and “subspan” galloping are increased by using rotary clamp spacers than by using only interphase spacers. The anti-galloping effect can be improved greatly by using the combination method.
On the existence of main effect plus k plans for 2m factorials and tables for main effect plus 1 and 2 plans for 27 factorials

In this paper, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition on T 2 such that a plan T = T 1 + T 2 is a main effect plus k(MEP.k) plan, without imposing any restriction on k, where T 1 is a saturated main effect plan with m + 1 treatments and where m = 2h - 1 and h(≥ 2) is a positive integer.
Misfolded protein aggregates: Mechanisms, structures and potential for disease transmission

Some of the most prevalent human degenerative diseases appear as a result of the misfolding and aggregation of proteins. Compelling evidence suggest that misfolded protein aggregates play an important role in cell dysfunction and tissue damage, leading to the disease. Prion protein (Prion diseases), amyloid-beta (Alzheimer's disease), alpha-synuclein (Parkinson's disease), Huntingtin (Huntington's disease), serum amyloid A (AA amyloidosis) and islet amyloid polypeptide (type 2 diabetes) are some of the proteins that trigger disease when they get misfolded. The recent understanding of the crucial role of misfolded proteins as well as the structural requirements and mechanism of protein misfolding have raised the possibility that these diseases may be transmissible by self-propagation of the protein misfolding process in a similar way as the infamous prions transmit prion diseases. Future research in this field should aim to clarify this possibility and translate the knowledge of the basic disease mechanisms into development of novel strategies for early diagnosis and efficient treatment.
A.Construction for Convolutional Codes Using Block Codes

Several algorithms for constructing convolutional codes using block codes are given. The minimum distance of the resulting convolutional code is related to the distance properties of the block code used in the construction. Long low-rate convolutional codes can be found using this procedure. It is shown that any linear binary uniform convolutional code can be constructed using a MacDonald block code in the simplest algorithm. Also the “ReedMullerLike≓ codes of Massey can be constructed directly from the ReedMuller block codes.
Evidence based medicine in the use of botulinum toxin for back pain

Two randomized, prospective studies, one double blind and one open label, longterm evaluated efficacy and safety of Botulinum toxin A (Allergan-Inc) in 31 and 75 patients with chronic low back pain. Both studies used a novel technique imploying 5 level (L1 to L5) injections (40–50 units/level) of BoNT-A into erector spinae muscles. Significant (p < 0.05) improvement of pain intensity, frequency and activities of daily living was noted in 60% and 53% of the patients, respectively. The second study also depicted safety with repeated injections over 14 months of follow up. Botulinum toxin-A should be considered for treatment of low back pain when other modes of treatment fail to improve pain.
Early-Generation Yield Trials of Peanuts1

Abstract In 1969, a large number of F2 lines developed from reciprocal infraspecific crosses between the varieties ‘Argentine’ and ‘Early Runner’ was available for use in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) breeding program at Tifton, Georgia. These lines were used to make preliminary observations on the possible use of early-generation yield trials in developing superior peanut varieties. High yielding F2 lines were tested consecutively in F3, F4, F5 and F6 yield trials. Lines not out-yielding the parental cultivars were discarded after each test. Lines were placed in F5 and F6 Spanish and Runner yield trials on the basis of seed weight/100 seed. Eight commercial checks were used in the F5 yield trials and five in the F6 yield trials. Yield and shelling grade data from the F5 and F6 yield trials were evaluated statistically. Nine of the twelve breeding lines in the F5 yield trials outylelded the parents. Seven yielded more than the highest yielding commercial check. Two of the five breeding lines in the F6 yie...
Drought storage allocation rules for surface reservoir systems.

This technical note develops a simple drought storage allocation rule to minimize evaporative and seepage water losses from a system of reservoirs. Such a rule might have value during a prolonged drought, when the value of lost water is likely to be particularly high. Typically, concentrating water storage in one or a few reservoirs reduces overall water losses compared to “balancing” storage among reservoirs. Paradoxically, concentrating storage during a drought tends to minimize reservoir surface area available for recreation, increasing recreation losses even as it minimizes water losses.
Homeownership Across the American Life Course: Estimating the Racial Divide

Homeownership has historically been viewed as a fundamental piece of the American dream, with up to 67% of households owning their home as of 2010. Yet, it has also been demonstrated that nonwhites are less likely to own a home and that the value of their homes is much less than that for whites, even when social class is taken into account. This paper explores the overall life-course patterns of homeownership and the importance of racial differences in understanding those dynamics. Based upon a life table methodology, we examine the homeownership patterns for individuals between the ages of 25–55 using 36 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our findings indicate that although the vast majority of nonwhites will eventually become homeowners, there is nevertheless a significant racial divide in the patterns of homeownership. Nonwhites are less likely than whites to become homeowners, are more likely to purchase their first home at a later age, are less likely to have acquired as much equity in their home, and are less likely to own their home outright. The implications of these findings are discussed within the overall context of racial stratification in America.
Plasmodium falciparum: Alterations in Organelle Transcript Abundance during the Erythrocytic Cycle

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has two extrachromosomal DNAs, a 6 kb reiterated element which appears to be the mitochondrial DNA and a 35 kb circular DNA of unknown function. Examination of relative steady-state transcript abundance during parasite development in the erythrocyte shows that transcripts of 6 kb element protein-coding genes are least abundant in the ring and early trophozoite stages and most abundant in late trophozoites and schizonts, while transcripts from the RNA polymerase subunits of the 35 kb DNA, also least abundant in ring stage, are relatively similar in abundance in succeeding stages. The fragmented rRNAs of the 6 kb element appear to be constitutively abundant except for an increase in the schizont stage, while rRNAs from the 35 kb DNA are least abundant in early trophozoites and most abundant in schizonts. Thus the relative abundance of organelle transcripts alters during the erythrocytic portion of the P. falciparum developmental cycle. These alterations may reflect the relative importance of the roles played by organelle gene products in different life cycle stages.
Differential effects of predation risk and competition over vigilance variables and feeding success in Eurasian siskins (Carduelis spinus)

Many investigations have studied the effects of predation risk and competition over vigilance and feeding success, but they have proven to be difficult to discriminate. Moreover, none of the studies that have avoided the confusion has considered all the vigilance variables, food intake rate and time spent in the foraging patch. In this study, we designed an experiment with Eurasian siskins Carduelis spinus foraging on three bird table feeders: one with low predation risk and competition, one with low predation risk and high competition and one with high predation risk and intermediate competition. Birds responded to increasing interference competition by increasing mean scan durations (probably due to the birds having to be vigilant for both other flock members and predators) and maintaining the length of mean inter-scan durations, while they responded to increasing predation risk by reducing mean inter-scan durations (probably in order to detect the predator sooner) while maintaining similar length of mean scan durations. Birds were often ejected from the feeder or departed because of disturbances, so time spent on feeders was reduced both because of competition and predation risk. Pecking rates were affected by competition but not by predation risk. Our results clearly show that birds vigilance strategy while foraging might be very different when they are mainly concerned with scanning for predators or when they primarily monitor competing flock companions. In addition, they stress the importance of recording all the vigilance and feeding variables when studying the effect of ecological factors over the foraging behaviour of birds.
BROKEN CHIRAL SYMMETRY AND THE AXIAL-VECTOR-FIELD-CURRENT IDENTITY: IS THE MASSIVE PION FREE.

(*) • . (]ELL-I~ANN, R . O / ~ S a n d B. RENNER: Phys. Rev., 175, 2195 (1968); t o be r e f e r r e d to as G M O R . ( ') Such r e l a t ions were de r i ved a n d s t u d i e d s o m e t i m e a g o b y I . S. GEI~I 'EI~, H . J . S ~ L ' x ~ R a n d S. WEINBERG: Phys. Rev., 175, 1873 (1968). ( ') Such re la t ions a re e n c o u n t e r e d in t he r e n o r m a l l z e d a -mode l : B. W . LEE: Nuel. Phys., 9 B, 6~9 (1969).
RETINOL UMBILICAL VEIN TO UMBILICAL ARTERY CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS AT TERM DELIVERY - DECREMENT IN PLASMA LEVELS 11 TO 24 HOURS AFTER BIRTH. 1859

To clarify postnatal needs for retinol, we have measured the retinol concentration in paired samples of umbilical and umbilical artery blood immediately after uncomplicated term delivery (n=8). In these 8 infants, umbilical vein concentration was always higher than umbilical artery. As shown in the figure, concentration gradients varied widely from baby to baby, but, for each cord pair, there was a significant correlation of gradient with concentration of retinol in the umbilical vein. Tissue uptake of retinol was estimated assuming a 100 ml/kg/minute umbilical blood flow, a HCT of 50% and non participation of RBC in tissue uptake. It varied from 0.58 to 8.42 mg/kg/day (mean of 3.36)*. This represents a higher supply of retinol than that provided by routine postnatal nutrition. In another group of 8 term infants cord retinol levels were compared to capillary blood levels at age 11 to 24 hours. A mean decrement of 28% in retinol concentration in paired samples was found (8.1μg/dl ± 6.7 SD, range 0 to 20). Conclusions: This preliminary data suggests that optimal retinal intake after birth for growing preterm and term infants has probably been underestimated.
Division of frictional heat: The dependence on sliding parameters

This paper investigates the dependence of the division of friction - induced heat on the contact parameters through the identification of the behavior of a characteristic function under a combination of loads and speeds. The rubbing pair is assumed to have established contact over a circular spot. Thus allowing the use of pre-existing Green's function for the temperature rise due to an instantaneous disk source. It is shown that the dependence of heat partition on the contact parameters is reflected only at moderate speeds. At high sliding speeds, however, that dependence is merely a function of the coupling between the local thermal properties (thermal conductivity and thermal capacity).
Matrix elements of the lambda-nucleon potential from phase shifts

Abstract Experimental ΛN phase shifts are used to deduce matrix elements of the ΛN potential in a harmonic oscillator basis. An inconsistency between these matrix elements and experimental Λ separation energies for light hypernuclei is noted.
Optical Mapping of Electrical Activation in the Developing Heart

Specialized conduction tissues mediate coordinated propagation of electrical activity through the adult vertebrate heart. Following activation of the atria, the activation wave is slowed down in the atrioventricular canal or node, after which it spreads rapidly into the left and right ventricles via the His-Purkinje system (HPS). This results in the ventricles being activated from the apex toward the base, which is a hallmark of HPS function. The development of mature HPS function follows significant phases of cardiac morphogenesis. Initially, the cardiac impulse propagates in a slow, linear, and isotropic fashion from the sinus venosus at the most caudal portion of the tubular heart. Although the speed of impulse propagation gradually increases as it travels toward the anterior regions of the heart tube, the actual sequence of ventricular activation in the looped heart proceeds in the same direction as blood flow. Eventually, the immature base-to-apex sequence of ventricular activation undergoes an apparent reversal, changing to the mature apex-to-base pattern. Using an optical mapping approach, we demonstrate that the timing of this last transition shows striking dependence on hemodynamic loading of the ventricle, being accelerated by pressure overload and delayed in left ventricular hypoplasia. Comparison of chick and mammalian hearts revealed some striking similarities as well as key differences in the timing of such events during cardiac organogenesis.