cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classical, Loanable-Fund, and Keynesian Interest Theories

Keynes attacked the classical theory of interest on the ground that it is indeterminate. According to classical theory the rate is determined by the intersection of the investment demand-schedule and the saving-schedule schedules disclosing the relation of investment and saving to the rate of interest. No solution, however, is possible because the position of the saving-schedule will vary with the level of real income. As income rises, the schedule will shift to the right. Thus we cannot know what the rate of interest will be unless we already know the income level. And we cannot know the income level without already knowing the rate of interest, since a lower interest rate will mean a larger volume of investment, and so, via the multiplier, a higher level of real income. The classical analysis, therefore offers no solution. Now exactly the same criticism applies to the Keynesian theory. According to the Keynesian theory the rate of interest is determined by the intersection of the supply-schedule of money (perhaps interest inelastic, if rigorously fixed by the monetary authority) and the demand-schedule for money (the liquidity-preference schedule). This analysis also is indeterminate because the liquidity-preference schedule will shift up or down with changes in the income level. Here we are concerned with the total liquidity-preference schedule including both the "transactions" demand and the "asset" demand for money. If we separate the total demand schedule for money into its two component parts, we could perhaps argue that the "pure" liquiditypreference schedule is independent of the level of income.' But this does not help matters, since we cannot know, given the total money supply, how much money will be available to hold as an asset unless we first know the level of income. Thus the Keynesian theory, like the classical, is indeterminate. In the Keynesian case the money supply and demand-schedules cannot give the rate of interest unless we already know the income level; in the classical case the demand and supply schedules for saving offer no solution until the income is known. Keynes' criticism of the classical theory applies equally to his own theory.
Infra-red absorption spectra of pyrimidine nucleotides in H2O and D2O solution☆☆☆

Infra-red absorption spectra of several pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides have been obtained in H_2O and in D_2O solution. By correlation of the appearance and disappearance of absorption bands upon variation of the pH of these solutions with the known dissociation constants of amine, enolic, and phosphate groups, the assignment of bands to specific atomic groups has been greatly facilitated. Assignments are presented for various ionic phosphate frequencies, bond stretching and deformation frequencies, frequencies associated with amine-ammonium and keto-enol transitions, and frequencies associated with certain conjugated ring structures. Evidence is presented indicating the existence of strong intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. These data are correlated with previous infra-red and ultra-violet absorption and X-ray diffraction data pertaining to these compounds.
Aggregate dynamics in an open economy: The case of sluggish output adjustment

Recent experience in Western economies, particularly in the U.S., points to the fact that, though there is a great deal of fluctuation in exchange rates, the trade balance response to changes in exchange rates is rather small, at least in the short-run. An attempt has been made in this paper to construct a model which is consistent with this phenomenon. We introduce a sluggish output supply adjustment in addition to the “usual” sluggish output price adjustment in the commodity market and show that the model displays not only the feature of exchange rate volatility but also the feature of sluggish trade balance adjustment.
Genotype-based association test for general pedigrees: The genotype-PDT

Many family-based tests of linkage disequilibrium (LD) are based on counts of alleles rather than genotypes. However, allele-based tests may not detect interactions among alleles at a single locus that are apparent when examining associations with genotypes. Family-based tests of LD based on genotypes have been developed, but they are typically valid as tests of association only in families with a single affected individual. To take advantage of families with multiple affected individuals, we propose the genotype-pedigree disequilibrium test (geno-PDT) to test for LD between marker locus genotypes and disease. Unlike previous tests for genotypic association, the geno-PDT is valid in general pedigrees. Simulations to compare the power of the allele-based PDT and geno-PDT reveal that under an additive model, the allele-based PDT is more powerful, but that the geno-PDT can have greater power when the genetic model is recessive or dominant. Perhaps the most important property of the geno-PDT is the ability to test for association with particular genotypes, which can reveal underlying patterns of association at the genotypic level. These genotype-specific tests can be used to suggest possible underlying genetic models that are consistent with the pattern of genotypic association. This is illustrated through an application to a candidate gene analysis of the MLLT3 gene in families with Alzheimer disease. The geno-PDT approach for testing genotypes in general family data provides a useful tool for identifying genes in complex disease, and partitioning individual genotype contributions will help to dissect the influence of genotype on risk.
Measurement and modeling of solvent removal for spin coating

Solvent concentration is an important factor for spin-coated film planarization. Two techniques, one an on-line optical method and the other an off-line gel permeation chromatography method, have been used to investigate the coating concentration change during spinning. The experimental observations are compared with the spin-coating model predictions. The modeled concentration and thickness are in close agreement with experiment. Under certain conditions, the spin-coating model can be significantly simplified. These conditions are discussed.
Alterations leading to increased ribonucleotide reductase in cells selected for resistance to deoxynucleosides

Abstract Sublines with altered ribonucleotide reductase have been isolated from the mouse fibroblast line 3T6 by selection for resistance to arabinosyl cytosine and the deoxynucleosides of adenine, thymidine, and guanine. The alterations in enzyme activity are of two kinds: (a) 4–10 fold higher levels of enzyme activity per unit of cell protein; (b) partial desensitization of the enzyme to the allosteric negative effector dATP. The combination of these two alterations keeps the reductase activity of extracts of these deoxynucleoside-resistant clones at wild type levels even in the presence of high concentrations of the deoxynucleotides. The alterations of reductase activity are stable over long periods of cultivation in the absence of deoxynucleosides, and are presumably due to mutation. Despite these changes, the reductase activity is still regulated during growth, since it is much lower in resting than in growing cells.
ACCEPTABILITY OF FROZEN DESSERTS MADE WITH NEUTRALIZED, HYDROLYZED, FLUID COTTAGE CHEESE WHEY

Neutralized, lactose-hydrolyzed, fluid cottage cheese whey was used to supply 53% of the total ingredient arrays in ice cream-type frozen dairy desserts. Eight mix formulations from a 23 factorial experimental design evaluated the effect of neutralizer type [KOH or Ca(OH)2], extent of whey acid neutralization (pH 6.5 or pH 6.8) and extent of whey lactose hydrolysis (50% or 75%). A ninth or control conventional ice cream containing fluid whole milk instead of whey was used as the standard for comparison. Based on chemical, physical and sensory analyses the study demonstrated that neutralized, hydrolyzed, fluid cottage cheese whey can be successfully utilized as the major bulk-supplying ingredient in ice cream-type frozen dairy desserts. Composition parameters were within existing or proposed standards of identity for such foods. Analysis of sensory panel test data by theory of signal detection (TSD) indicated that whey acidity neutralization to pH 6.8 with KOH together with 50% lactose hydrolysis gave a dessert equally as acceptable as a conventional ice cream.
Novel Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Method to Create Transintimal Arterial Communications: Initial Experience in Peripheral Occlusive Disease and Aortic Dissection:

l l Purpose: To report our experience using a commercially available catheter-based system equipped with an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) transducer to achieve controlled true lumen re-entry in patients undergoing subintimal angioplasty for chronic total occlusions (CTO) or aortic dissections. Methods: During an 8-month period, 10 patients (6 men; mean age 73.4 years) with lower extremity (LE) ischemia from CTOs (n57) or true lumen collapse from aortic dissections (n53) were treated. Subintimal access and controlled re-entry of the CTOs were performed with a commercially available 6.2-F dual-lumen catheter, which contained an integrated 64-element phased-array IVUS transducer and a deployable 24-G needle through which a guidewire was passed once the target lumen was reached. The occluded segments were balloon dilated; self-expanding nitinol stents were deployed. In the aortic dissections, fen- estrations were performed using the same device, with the IVUS unit acting as the guide. The fenestrations were balloon dilated and stented to support the true lumen. Results: Time to effective re-entry ranged from 6 to 10 minutes (mean 7) in the CTOs; antegrade flow was restored in all 7 CTOs, and the patients were free of ischemic symp- toms at up to 8-month follow-up. In the aortic dissection cases, the fenestrations equalized pressures between the lumens and restored flow into the compromised vessels. There were no complications related to the use of this device in any of the 10 patients. Conclusions: Our preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of using this catheter- based system for subintimal recanalization with controlled re-entry in CTOs and for aortic flap fenestrations in aortic dissections. This approach can improve the technical success rate, reduce the time of the procedure, and minimize potential complications. J Endovasc Ther 2004;11:274-280
First Report of Fusarium torulosum Causing Dry Rot of Seed Potato Tubers in the United States.

Fusarium dry rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a postharvest disease caused by several Fusarium species and is of worldwide importance. Thirteen species of Fusarium have been implicated in fungal dry rots of potatoes worldwide. Among them, eight species have been reported in the northern United States (2). In Michigan potato production, F. sambucinum was the predominant species reported to be affecting seed potato in storage and causing seed piece decay after planting (3). Some previous identifications of F. sambucinum as dry rot may have been F. torulosum since F. torulosum was previously classified within F. sambucinum (4). To further investigate this, dry rot symptomatic tubers were collected from Michigan seed lots in the summers of 2009 and 2010. Small sections from the margins of necrotic regions were cut with a scalpel, surface sterilized in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 s, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and blotted with sterile filter paper. The tissue pieces were plated on half-...
The Economics of Fair Value Accounting: What did the U. S. Accounting Profession Know, and When did it Know it?

This article reminds the reader that companies must produce their output efficiently, or else they will become high-cost producers and get competed out of existence. This article quotes published research to show that adoption of models other than historical cost (including fair value accounting) moves companies away from efficient production of their output.
Social networking technologies and organizational knowledge sharing as a sociotechnical ecology

We focus on how the uses of social networking technologies (SNT) are bound up in knowledge sharing practices. For us SNT include weblogs, wikis, corporate social networking platforms, and social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Our focus is to the uses of SNT relative to people's informal networks within and across organizations. We conceive these as multidimensional networks, treating technology and humans symmetrically and as members of the same sociotechnical ecology. To date, evidence indicates that SNTs have multiple roles regarding knowledge sharing in organizational contexts, and it appears that uses of SNT advance collaborative practices in ways not fully congruent with contemporary organizational practices.
Evidence for the existence of peptide hydrolase activity associated with chloroplasts isolated from barley mesophyll protoplasts

Summary Peptide hydrolase activity was assessed by following the loss of the large subunit (LSU) of endogenous ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) in a reaction mixture prepared from chloroplasts isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mesophyll protoplasts. The activity was assayed by measuring the relative density of the LSU protein band obtained following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. An assay of the enzyme activity over a pH range of 3 to 9 indicated a pH optimum of 4.5 and an inhibition by sulfhydryl group inhibitors. The peptide hydrolase activity in chloroplasts treated with 0.1% SDS had a higher pH optimum of 6.5 and was about four-fold greater than the activity with pH 4.5 optimum. The SDS-stimulated activity was also decreased by sulfhydryl inhibitors but in addition was sensitive to the serine protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride.
The Chomsky of morality

A view of morality as the product of an innate mental faculty — rather like language. Richard Dawkins takes the gloves off, so to speak, in his new book The God Delusion. The demerits of religion are the subject of the book, not just a sidebar as in previous works. Dawkins' latest, and biographies of Francis Crick and Jane Goodall, feature in this week's book reviews special.
Integrating the message level into treatment for agrammatism using story retelling

Background: Treatments for agrammatic production generally target sentence forms, inflectional morphology, verb retrieval, thematic roles, or underlying grammatical forms. Reviews of these and related methods suggest that they address Garrett's functional and positional levels of sentence processing. Such reviews also demonstrate that little attention has been given to developing treatments that emphasise the message level of sentence production. Message‐level representations appear to have robust potential for influencing sentence‐level processes following aphasia, since varying levels of language representation are thought to influence their downstream counterparts. Aims: The study aimed to determine whether functional and positional‐level syntactic training applied in a context requiring structuring of message‐level representations would improve expressive syntax in a patient with agrammatism. Methods & Procedures: A 10‐week programme was divided into two 5‐week phases requiring story retelling of thre...
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of apolyurethane-degrading enzyme from Pseudomonasfluorescens

Abstract A polyester polyurethane (PU)-degrading enzyme, PU esterase, derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens, a bacterium that utilizes polyester PU as the sole carbon source,was purified to homogeneity as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. This enzyme was a soluble, extracellular protein with a molecular mass of 48 kDa and was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF). A genomic library of Ps.fluorescens was constructed using the Escherichia coli bacteriophage l vector lZAPII. A recombinant phage exhibiting activity against Impranil DLN was isolated. The geneencoding the polyurethanase (PUase) protein was subcloned into a plasmid expression vectorpT7-6 and expressed in E. coli. Upon expression, the PUase was secreted by the host,displayed esterase activity which was inhibited by PMSF, and in vivo 35S-methionine labeling of the gene product encoded by the open reading frame of the clone insertrevealed a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 48 kDa.
Channel correlation modeling for link signature security assessment

It is widely accepted that wireless channels decorrelate fast over space, and half a wavelength is the key distance metric used in link signature (LS) for security assurance. However, we believe that this channel correlation model is questionable, and will lead to false sense of security. In this project, we focus on establishing correct modeling of channel correlation so as to facilitate proper guard zone designs for LS security in various wireless environments of interest.
Mega-dose intravenous methylprednisone for the treatment of onyalai : a case report

Onyalai, a peculiar manifestation of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura characterized by a haemorrhagic bullae of the oral mucosa and lips, was diagnosed in a 1.5-month-old Turkish boy. He was treated with mega-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg for 3 days) with prompt platelet response and improvement of oral mucosal findings.
Neutron-Encoded Mass Signatures for Quantitative Top-Down Proteomics

The ability to acquire highly accurate quantitative data is an increasingly important part of any proteomics experiment, whether shotgun or top-down approaches are used. We recently developed a quantitation strategy for peptides based on neutron encoding, or NeuCode SILAC, which uses closely spaced heavy isotope-labeled amino acids and high-resolution mass spectrometry to provide quantitative data. We reasoned that the strategy would also be applicable to intact proteins and could enable robust, multiplexed quantitation for top-down experiments. We used yeast lysate labeled with either 13C615N2-lysine or 2H8-lysine, isotopologues of lysine that are spaced 36 mDa apart. Proteins having such close spacing cannot be distinguished during a medium resolution scan, but upon acquiring a high-resolution scan, the two forms of the protein with each amino acid are resolved and the quantitative information revealed. An additional benefit NeuCode SILAC provides for top down is that the spacing of the isotope peaks in...
Effect of Chemical Product Yield Uncertainties on Reactivities of VOCs and Emissions from Reformulated Gasolines and Methanol Fuels

To account for differences in exhaust composition that arise with the use of fuels other than conventional gasoline, California regulations apply reactivity adjustment factors (RAFs) to emissions standards for new motor vehicles. The RAFs are based on estimates of the sensitivity of ozone formation to each of the individual organic compounds in the exhaust. In this study, uncertainties have been estimated for the incremental reactivities of individual organic compounds and for RAFs for motor vehicle exhaust, accounting for uncertainties in chemical rate parameters and product yields and for variability in exhaust composition. Uncertainties (1{sigma}) in incremental reactivities of individual compounds range from about 25 to 75% of mean estimates and are typically about 10% higher than previous estimates obtained by considering independent rate parameters as the only source of uncertainty in the chemical mechanism. The incremental reactivities of relatively rapidly reacting compounds are sensitive to the peroxy radical yields in their primary oxidation reactions. RAF values of 0.87{+-}0.11(1{sigma}) and 0.42{+-}0.06, respectively, are calculated for exhaust emissions from a test gasoline with low aromatics and low olefins content, and from an 85% methanol, 15% gasoline blend. The RAF values show little sensitivity to product yield uncertainties. 8 refs., 2 figs., 6more » tabs.« less
On radiative-transfer problems with reflective boundary conditions and internal emission

An integral-transform technique and theFN method are used to solve basic radiative-transfer problems. Boundary conditions that account for specular and diffuse reflection as well as external illumination are used, and internal emission is allowed. Emphasis is given to the azimuthally symmetric component of the complete radiation field.
Adult Age Differences in the Access and Deletion Functions of Inhibition

This study examined age differences in working memory using a delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS) task. Based on the inhibitory decline hypothesis, which posits that older adults are more susceptible to interference, age differences were expected to be greater for older adults when irrelevant information was present during encoding. Two experiments tested both the access and deletion functions of inhibition. In both experiments, performance was equated for older and younger participants on a no-interference version of the DMTS task to control for age differences in encoding information into working memory. Results consistently showed equivalent effects of distraction for older and younger adults regardless of the difficulty of the perceptual discrimination of targets and distractors, the degree of processing of the distractors, or the semantic relationship between targets and distractors. These results support theories that propose age differences in encoding to explain age differences in working memory, and are inconsistent with theories that propose that older adults are more susceptible to interference than younger adults.
Effect of Alliteration on Acquisition and Retention of Meaningful Verbal Material

Recent research in the area of verbal learning has investigated stimulus aspects with which Ss are familiar through formal language training and casual use of the language. Work by Miller and Isard (1963) has shown that intelligibility is highest for meaningful grammatical material. Simpson (1965) found that serial learning of word lists occurred more rapidly as a function of increasing approximation to sentence word-order. Rosenberg (1966) found that sentences with grammatical word-order were recalled more easily than those with ungrammatical word-order. Levy and Gentner (1967) reported that rhymed paired associates were learned more easily than unrhymed. Alliteration, the stimulus parameter investigated in the present experiment, is also one with which Ss are familiar through previous experience. Alliteration may be defined as the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of two or more words within the same phrase or sentence. Perhaps the most famous (or infamous) example of alliteration is the familiar Peter Piper "tongue-twister." The degree of alliteration in four-word sentences was varied systematically. Ss in Group 4 received completely alliterative sentences, while those in Group 0 received completely non-alliterative sentences. Groups 3 and 2 were intermediate with respect to degree of alliteration. Three independent retention intervals were used for each groupimmediate (immediate recall, IR), 30-min. (shortterm recall, STR), and 1-wk. (longer recall, LTR). It was hypothesized that acquisition and retention would improve as a function of increasing degree of alliteration in the sentences to be learned. This improvement should be due to positive transfer of Ss' pre-experimental experience, since early childhood, with linguistic patrerns such as alliteration, rhyme, and meter.
Cells isolated from embryonic intestine synthesize 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 in culture

Cells isolated from embryonic chick intestine in culture convert 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 to a number of more polar metabolites. Two of these metabolites have been identified with chemical and chromatographic methods as 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (24,25(0H)2D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25(0H)2D3). The enzymes conform to substrate saturation' kinetics. The apparent Km for substrate for the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 is 70 nM and 29 nM, respectively.
The adsorption of sulfur on the platinum (100) surface

Abstract Clean platinum (100) surfaces of 1× 1 and 5 × 20 structure were exposed to H 2 S. Surface coverage with Sulfur followed Langmuir kinetics, which, together with LEED data, points to a repulsive interaction between sulfur atoms. Sulfur adsorption causes a decrease in the work function of platinum by 0.7 eV at saturation coverage. This is attributed to polarization, rather than ionization, of the adsorbed sulfur. Photoemission measurements are difficult to interpret because of two-dimensional periodicity and the overlap of electronic structure of the adsorbate with the platinum d band. We observe peaks due to sulfur at 6.3, 4.5, and 2.5 eV below the Fermi level for the c(2 × 2) overlayer and at 6.8, 4.5, and 2.0 eV below E F for the p(2 × 2) surface. A tentative interpretation in terms of sulfur orbitals is given. The decrease in work function and analogy with the properties of PtS 2 lead us to propose covalent bonding of sulfur to platinum, in which every sulfur atom is bonded to four Pt neighbors in both structures. The repulsive interaction between sulfur atoms is indirect through the platinum substrate.
MANTRA: An Integral Reactor Physics Experiment to Infer the Neutron Capture Cross Sections of Actinides and Fission Products in Fast and Epithermal Spectra

This paper presents an update of an on-going collaborative INL-ANL-ISU integral reactor physics experiment whose objective is to infer the effective neutron capture cross sections for most of the actinides of importance for reactor physics and fuel cycle studies in both fast and epithermal spectra. Some fission products are also being considered. The principle of the experiment is to irradiate very pure actinide samples in the Advanced Test Reactor at INL and, after a given time, determine the amount of the different transmutation products. The determination of the nuclide densities before and after neutron irradiation together with the neutron fluence will allow inference of effective neutron capture cross-sections in different neutron spectra.
Synthetic calicheamicin mimics with novel initiation mechanisms: DNA cleavage, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis

Abstract Background : Calicheamicin γ 1 I is a bacterial product that is a prominent member of the enediyne class of antitumor antibiotics, and has been extensively studied. Calicheamicin γ 1 I binds to DNA, causing double-stranded breaks, and cells exposed to it eventually become apoptotic. It can now be made synthetically, and highly potent biological mimics have been designed. Such molecules have many potential clinical applications, but are complex to make. We therefore investigated whether simplified versions of these molecules are biologically active. Results : We designed and synthesized a number of simple calicheamicin mimics and evaluated their biological activity. We also constructed mimics that are particularly suitable for conjugation to proteins, oligonucleotides, and other delivery systems. Several active mimics were found, and two in particular, which lack the trisulfide and oligosaccharide moieties of calicheamicin, had potent DNA-cleaving and cytotoxic activities. They caused chiefly single-stranded cuts in DNA, however, unlike the natural molecule, which causes double-stranded DNA cuts. Although they were able to induce apoptosis, they were less potent than the natural compound in this assay. Conclusions : The simple enediyne mimics were less potent than calicheamicin γ 1 I , presumably because they lack the oligosaccharide DNA-binding domain. Nevertheless, considering their relatively primitive structures, they have remarkable biological properties. They may be useful biological tools and are potential leads for the development of chemotherapeutic agents.We propose that the ability of the enediynes to induce apoptosis is related to their ability to make double-stranded cuts in DNA.
Patients with spinal cord cavernous malformations are at an increased risk for multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations.

Objective To determine the prevalence of multiple neuraxis cavernous malformations in patients who initially presented with intramedullary spinal cord (IMSC) cavernous malformations without knowledge of cavernous malformations elsewhere in the neuraxis. Methods Hospital records and radiographic files were analyzed for 17 patients who subsequently underwent surgical resection of an IMSC cavernous malformation (histologically proven) and also underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging studies. These 17 patients represented a subset of 32 patients who underwent surgical resection of an IMSC cavernous malformation during the same period. Results Of 17 patients, 8 (47%) harbored multiple cavernous malformations. This group was composed of five women and three men (mean age, 35.9 yr). There were four Caucasian and four Hispanic patients. Conclusion The prevalence of multiple cavernous malformations in the neuraxis seems to be increased in patients who harbor IMSC cavernous malformations. This finding has important implications for the evaluation and management of these patients and, in some cases, their family members.
Growth and configurational stability of circular, buckling-driven film delaminations

Abstract A study is presented of delamination at the interface between a thin elastic film bonded to a substrate under conditions in which the film is subject to equi-biaxial compression. The focus is on initially circular delaminations. When the initial delamination is sufficiently large it buckles away from the substrate producing a blister which in turn induces a driving force on the interface crack tip. A two-part theoretical analysis of the coupled buckling/fracture problem is conducted: the axisymmetric growth of the circular blister, and the stability of the circular blister to nonaxisymmetric perturbations of the interface crack front. A simple criterion is identified which excludes the possibility of wide-spread delamination. Experiments are reported for a model film/substrate system (mica bonded to aluminum) chosen to allow visualization of the interface and to permit compressive stresses in the film to be generated over the full range of interest by exploiting the large thermal expansion mismatch of the system. The experiments bear out the theoretical prediction of a regime of axisymmetric growth which gives way to nonaxisymmetric blisters after a blister becomes sufficiently large. The study suggests that the wavy-circular and worm-like blister morphologies which are usually observed for delaminated films are a manifestation of the configurational instability of the interface crack front.
Algebraic Structure of Superconvergence Relations

A general analysis of the matrix element of a vector current in the infinite-momentum frame is given. Use of some simple group-theoretical techniques is shown to be helpful in obtaining a multipole decomposition for the current. The forward-scattering superconvergence relations for vector mesons are then analyzed using these methods. Keeping only $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=0,1$, the first two terms in the multipole expansion, it is shown that these superconvergence relations lead to a covariant, collinear $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(3)$.
A descriptive profile of Mexican American executions in the Southwest

Abstract What do we know about the execution of Mexican American prisoners in the Southwest? A descriptive profile of Mexican American prisoners executed in the Southwest is presented. The descriptive profile documents the date, type of execution, offense, age, gender, and occupation for Mexican American prisoners executed in the Southwest. The descriptive profile is presented as an augmentation to the research record regarding Mexican American executions. The descriptive profile is also presented as a valuable tool for asking questions, especially about extra-legal factors, regarding the execution of Mexican Americans in the Southwest.
Trichinella spiralis: murine strain variation in response to monoclonally defined, protective, nonstage-specific antigens.

Nine hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) excretory/secretory antigens (ESA) were developed. Two mAbs, 6-D8-E3 (6D8) and 6-B1-G10 (6B1), were studied in detail. Western blot analysis using ML ESA showed that 6D8 recognized 35- and 40-kDa constituents whereas 6B1 identified a doublet of 33 kDa. However, Western blots of SDS-PAGE of crude ML homogenate showed that 6D8 identified proteins of approximately 35 and 43-60 kDa, whereas 6B1 recognized bands of 42-50 kDa. These results indicated substantial apparent MW differences between secreted and nonsecreted proteins recognized by both mAbs. Neither 6D8 nor 6B1 reacted with adult worm ESA, but both recognized antigens in aqueous extracts of homogenates of whole adult worms. Competitive inhibition experiments using ML ESA as a target demonstrated that the antigen epitopes recognized by monoclonals 6D8, 6B1, a rat mAb, 9D4, and a 37-kDa antigen previously defined were noncross-reactive. MAbs 6D8, 6B1, and 9D4 were used to isolate proteins possessing target determinants by affinity chromatography from crude ML homogenates. Each mAb isolated distinct protein species as determined by SDS-PAGE (6B1, approximately 42 kDa; 6D8, approximately 28, 37, and 61 kDa; 9D4, approximately 29, 33, 38-57, 80, and 86 kDa). NFS mice responded in a dose-dependent manner to affinity-purified antigens and were 25-fold more effective (by weight of antigen) than either C3Heb/Fe(C3H) or B10.BR mice. Immunization of mice with 6D8, 6B1, or 9D4 antigens induced strong protection against a subsequent challenge infection in NFS mice as indicated by accelerated intestinal adult worm expulsion, reduced fecundity of the female worms, and reduction of ML burden. Affinity-isolated antigens stimulated in vitro proliferation of spleen and MLN cells from immune mice; however, the mitogenic response to these antigens barely varied among NFS, C3H, and B10.BR strains.
A complex adaptive systems approach to the kinetic folding of RNA

The kinetic folding of RNA sequences into secondary structures is modeled as a complex adaptive system, the components of which are possible RNA structural rearrangements (SRs) and their associated bases and base pairs. RNA bases and base pairs engage in local stacking interactions that determine the probabilities (or fitnesses) of possible SRs. Meanwhile, selection operates at the level of SRs; an autonomous stochastic process periodically (i.e., from one time step to another) selects a subset of possible SRs for realization based on the fitnesses of the SRs. Using examples based on selected natural and synthetic RNAs, the model is shown to reproduce characteristic (nonlinear) RNA folding dynamics such as the attainment by RNAs of alternative stable states. Possible applications of the model to the analysis of properties of fitness landscapes, and of the RNA sequence-to-structure mapping are discussed.
Evidence for independent mechanisms and a multiple-hit model of tau assembly

Formation of inclusions containing polymerized tau protein is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of polyglycosaminoglycans and fatty acids to promote tau polymerization. In this report, we examined their impact on tau polymerization separately and together. Tau assembly with only arachidonic acid was faster than that with only heparin. The presence of dithiothreitol reduced heparin-promoted tau assembly while enhancing arachidonic acid reactions. However, simultaneous use of these molecules increased the rate of filament assembly substantially, negated the effects of the reducing agent, and has very little effect on the morphology of filaments. The increases in polymerization resulted from accelerated nucleation. Finally, a FTDP-17 mutation was identified that could complement heparin to generate assembly kinetics similar to that of wild-type tau with both inducers. Our results support a multiple-hit model where several induced changes in tau can function independently to promote tau assembly.
Composition in the far field of a rocket jet mixing with air.

The variation of composition with position in the exhaust jets of model rockets operated in a large wind tunnel has been measured at selected simulated altitudes and freestream conditions. Measurements were obtained only far downstream from the nozzle exit. Samples were withdrawn from the exhaust by means of a cooled probe and analyzed by the use of a mass spectrometer. Data obtained at sea level with zero freestream velocity are in reasonably good agreement with theoretical predictions based on the behavior of low-speed jets and of isoenergetic high-speed jets in the region where data were taken. The apparent origin of the far-field flow is considerably displaced (in a downstream direction) from that predicted by current theories of jet mixing. Data from the observed region agree with the results of a linearized far-field theory that assumes constant-pressure mixing and confirms the downstream displacement. Nomenclature a — sonic velocity c* — characteristic velocity DT = eddy diffusivity H = total enthalpy h = static enthalpy M_ = Mach number M = average molecular weight p = pressure R = 0/F ratio r = radial coordinate THI = jet half-radius SCT = turbulent Schmidt number T = temperature u = velocity wex = mass fraction of exhaust gases -X"equiv = axial coordinate defined by Eq. (2) x = axial coordinate y — mole fraction Z = altitude r = any mean flow quantity AT = temperature difference from freestream e = area ratio of nozzle r} — similarity variable, r/x p = density Subscripts and superscripts c = j et centerline e = freestream j = nozzle exit plane conditions n = conditions for the jet isentropically expanded to ambient pressure * = Howarth-plane or "incompressib le" variable
Characterization of kinetics and thermostability of Acremonium strictum glucooligosaccharide oxidase.

The kinetic and thermostability properties of a glucooligosaccharide oxidase from Acremonium strictum were determined. This enzyme produces only maltobionic acid from maltose. It is most active at pH 9 to 10.5, and is most stable at pH 6.5. Values of both KM and Vmax on maltose are highest at pH 10. The highest values of KM and Vmax occur with glucose, maltopentaose, and maltoheptaose, whereas the lowest values of KM are with maltotriose and of Vmax are with maltohexaose. Values of KM with any substrate and at any pH are always substantially above 1 mM. Activation energies for catalysis and thermoinactivation are 23 kJ/mol and 421 kJ/mol, respectively. The N-terminal sequence is not homologous with any other oxidase, but has some homology with other proteins having different functions. These unusual properties suggest that glucooligosaccharides may not be the primary substrates of this enzyme. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 68: 231–237, 2000.
Myoendothelial gap junctional signaling induces differentiation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells

Myoendothelial gap junctions are involved in regulating systemic arterial smooth muscle cell phenotype and function, but their role in the regulation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) phenotype is unknown. We therefore investigated in cocultured pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) and PASMCs whether myoendothelial gap junctional signaling played a role in PAEC-dependent regulation of PASMC phenotype. Rat PAECs and PASMCs were cocultured on opposite sides of a porous Transwell membrane that permitted formation of heterotypic cell-cell contacts. Immunostaining showed expression of the gap junctional protein connexin 43 (Cx43) on projections extending into the membrane from both cell types. Dye transfer exhibited functional gap junctional communication from PAECs to PASMCs. PASMCs cocultured with PAECs had a more contractile-like phenotype (spindle shape and increased expression of the contractile proteins myosin heavy chain, H1-calponin, and α-smooth muscle cell-actin) than PASMCs cocultured with PASMCs or cocultured without direct contact with PAECs. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling was activated in PASMCs cocultured with PAECs, and the PASMC differentiation was inhibited by TGF-β type I receptor blockade. Inhibition of gap junctional communication pharmacologically or by knock down of Cx43 in PAECs blocked TGF-β signaling and PASMC differentiation. These results implicate myoendothelial gap junctions as a gateway for PAEC-derived signals required for maintaining TGF-β-dependent PASMC differentiation. This study identifies an alternative pathway to paracrine signaling to convey regulatory signals from PAECs to PASMCs and raises the possibility that dysregulation of this direct interaction is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertensive pulmonary vascular remodeling.
Intracellular signaling by growth hormone variant (GH-V).

Placental growth hormone, or growth hormone variant (GH-V), is a member of the growth hormone gene family. Its physiologic role during pregnancy remains undefined. Although extensive work has been done characterizing the signaling pathways activated by hGH, the signaling pathways which are activated by GH-V have not been characterized. We investigated cellular signaling by GH-V in model systems in which signaling by hGH has been well characterized. GH-V activates the STAT5b transcription factor in the IM-9 human lymphocyte and 3T3-F442A preadipocyte cell lines, and in primary porcine smooth muscle cells, which all homologously express GH receptors. In contrast, hCS does not activate signaling in these GH receptor-expressing cells. Like hGH, signaling by GH-V is inhibited by the GH antagonist (G120K). These results provide preliminary evidence that GH-V plays a major role in affecting target cells expressing the GH receptor, thus potentially exerting significant GH-like effects on maternal physiology during pregnancy.
Assessment of the synergistic relationship between serum calcium and digitalis

Serum calcium-digitalis synergism effect on dogs heart excitability, noting hypoxia role in arrhythmia production
A technique for apex cannulation without extracorporeal circulation.

: A simple, fast, and highly reliable technique for apex cannulation without extracorporeal circulation is presented as a result of more than 30 left ventricle assist device implants performed in calves in the last 4 years at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Minimal bleeding and reduced risk of ventricular fibrillation, air emboli, muscle flap, and trauma to the heart have made this technique very unique and highly applicable to any investigative laboratory, as no special tools or expensive apparatus are required. The practicality of the technique is immediately applicable to the clinical level to avoid potential complications with cannula insertion.
PSA outcome following radical prostatectomy for patients with localized prostate cancer stratified by prostatectomy findings and the preoperative PSA level.

Abstract Purpose Algorithms have been developed to predict time to biochemical failure (BF) following radical prostatectomy (RP) for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to validate an algorithm based on prostatectomy findings and to evaluate whether the preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) enhances the predictive ability of the algorithm. Materials and Methods Between 1988 and 2002, 2417 patients underwent RP for clinically localized prostate cancer at one of 2 large university hospitals. Patients were retrospectively stratified into 4 risk groups based upon prostatectomy grade, stage, and margin status, and were then dichotomized by the preoperative PSA level (cut point 10 ng/mL). Cox regression multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate the ability of the risk group and preoperative PSA level to predict time to BF (PSA more than 0.2 ng/mL) following RP. Results The preoperative PSA level (P Conclusions An algorithm to predict BF based on prostatectomy findings has been validated, and the addition of the preoperative PSA level improved its ability to identify high risk patients who may benefit from entry into adjuvant treatment trials.
FlnA-null megakaryocytes prematurely release large and fragile platelets that circulate poorly

Filamin A (FlnA) is a large cytoplasmic protein that crosslinks actin filaments and anchors membrane receptors and signaling intermediates. FlnAloxP PF4-Cre mice that lack FlnA in the megakaryocyte (MK) lineage have a severe macrothrombocytopenia because of accelerated platelet clearance. Macrophage ablation by injection of clodronate-encapsulated liposomes increases blood platelet counts in FlnAloxP PF4-Cre mice and reveals the desintegration of FlnA-null platelets into microvesicles, a process that occurs spontaneously during storage. FlnAloxP PF4-Cre bone marrows and spleens have a 2.5- to 5-fold increase in MK numbers, indicating increased thrombopoiesis in vivo. Analysis of platelet production in vitro reveals that FlnA-null MKs prematurely convert their cytoplasm into large CD61+ platelet-sized particles, reminiscent of the large platelets observed in vivo. FlnA stabilizes the platelet von Willebrand factor receptor, as surface expression of von Willebrand factor receptor components is normal on FlnA-null MKs but decreased on FlnA-null platelets. Further, FlnA-null platelets contain multiple GPIbα degradation products and have increased expression of the ADAM17 and MMP9 metalloproteinases. Together, the findings indicate that FlnA-null MKs prematurely release large and fragile platelets that are removed rapidly from the circulation by macrophages.
Bacterial expression of the molybdenum domain of assimilatory nitrate reductase: production of both the functional molybdenum-containing domain and the nonfunctional tungsten analog.

Abstract Assimilatory NADH:nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1), a complex molybdenum-, cytochrome b 557 - and FAD-containing protein, catalyzes the regulated and rate-limiting step in the utilization of inorganic nitrogen by higher plants. To facilitate structure/function studies of the individual molybdenum center, we have developed bacterial expression systems for the heterologous production of the 541 residue amino-terminal, molybdenum center-containing domain of spinach nitrate reductase either as a six-histidine-tagged variant or as a glutathione- S -transferase-tagged fusion protein. Expression of the his-tagged molybdenum domain in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells under anaerobic conditions yielded a 55-kDa domain with a specific activity of 1.5 μmol NO 3 − consumed/min/nmol enzyme and with a K m app NO 3 − of 8 μM. In contrast, expression of the molybdenum domain as a GST-tagged fusion protein in E. coli TP1000 ( Mob A − strain) cells under aerobic conditions yielded an 85-kDa fusion protein with a specific activity of 10.8 μmol NO 3 − consumed/min/nmol enzyme and with a K m app NO 3 − of 12 μM. Fluorescence analysis indicated that both forms of the molybdenum domain contained the cofactor, MPT, although the MPT content was higher in the GST-fusion domain. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis of both the his-tagged and GST-fusion protein domain samples indicated Mo/protein ratios of 0.44 and 0.93, respectively, confirming a very high level of Mo incorporation in the GST-fusion protein. Expression of the GST-fusion protein in TP1000 cells in the presence of elevated tungsten concentrations resulted in an 85-kDa fusion protein that contained MPT but which was devoid of nitrate-reducing activity. Partial reduction of the molybdenum domain resulted in the generation of an axial Mo(V) EPR species with g values of 1.9952, 1.9693, and 1.9665, respectively, and exhibiting superhyperfine coupling to a single exchangeable proton, analogous to that previously observed for the native enzyme. In contrast, the tungsten-substituted MPT-containing domain yielded a W(V) EPR species with g values of 1.9560, 1.9474, and 1.9271, respectively, with unresolved superhyperfine interaction. NADH:nitrate reductase activity could be reconstituted using the GST-molybdenum domain fusion protein in the presence of the recombinant forms of the spinach nitrate reductase' flavin- and heme-containing domains.