cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orographic versus Thermal Forcing of Stationary Waves: The Importance of the Mean Low-Level Wind

Abstract The amplitude of the linear, stationary response to low-level extratropical heating decreases as the magnitude of the low-level mean flow increases, while the amplitude of the orographically forced waves increases. As a result, linear theory predicts that the relative importance of thermal and orographic forcing for the extratropical stationary wave field is very sensitive to the magnitude of the zonal mean low-level winds. In the process of illustrating this sensitivity, we also show how the dependence of the orographic response on the low level winds can be distorted by a numerical σ-coordinate model.
Mathematics Curriculum Reform and Teachers: Understanding the Connections

Abstract Ethnographic research was conducted to study the process of evaluation and implementation of 4 standards-based curricular materials by 66 middle school mathematics teachers at 12 different school districts over a period of 2 years. The data revealed that what teachers knew about mathematics content and innovative pedagogical practices and their personal theories about learning and teaching mathematics were the greatest influences on how they valued and implemented the programs. Moreover, the environments within which teachers worked were instrumental in their use of the materials. The problems teachers faced as they taught the curriculum included lack of sufficient time for planning, lack of conceptual understanding of mathematics concepts, inadequate knowledge base about how to bridge the gap between teaching for understanding and mastery of basic skills, and lack of professional support and progressive leadership.
On the representation of nonlinear systems with gaussian inputst

An arbitrary nonlinear system with input a Gaussian process, which is such that its output process has finite second moments, admits two kinds of representations: the first in terms of a sequence of deterministic kernels and the second in terms of a single stochastic kernel. We consider here the identification of the sequence of deterministic kernels from the input and output processes, the representation of the system output when its input is a sample function of the Gaussian process or another equivalent Gaussian process, and the relationship of the sequence of kernels mentioned above to the Volterra expansion kernels when the system has a Volterra representation.
Breadth of the Compton Modified Line with the Double Crystal Spectrometer

Three experimenters using the double crystal spectrometer have recently reported very much narrower structure for the Compton modified line than the structure observed photographically by DuMond and Kirkpatrick with the multicrystal spectrograph whose resolution was entirely adequate to reveal such a narrow structure. We have repeated the experiment using a double crystal spectrometer similar to theirs. The results obtained are in satisfactory agreement with the previous observations of Compton line breadth by DuMond and Kirkpatrick with the multicrystal spectrograph and in disagreement with the experimenters who used double crystal spectrometers. The conclusions drawn are: (1) The Compton modified line due to Mo Kα radiation scattered by graphite at angles of 165° ± 10° and examined with the double crystal spectrometer has a breadth of from 21 to 22 XU at half-maximum height; (2) Under the above conditions there is no appreciable separation of the Kα doublet in the shifted position; (3) No fine structure exists in the scattered spectrum of intensity greater than one-fifth the modified line intensity; (4) The ratio of modified to unmodified line intensity is estimated at (7.3:1); (5) There appears to be no essential difference between the results obtained with the single crystal, multicrystal and double crystal spectrometers in the study of this problem.
Effects of Mojave toxin on rat skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Effects of the lethal fraction (MD-9) from the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus , on sarcoplasmic reticulum were investigated. The calcium sequestering activity of the vesicles was reduced by the lethal fraction and subsequent release of calcium was enhanced. These effects were observed to be dependent upon MD-9 concentration and the length of preincubation time with the vesicles. An enhanced ATPase activity that was affected by concentration and MD-9 preincubation time was also observed. Both calcium uptake and ATPase activity effects may be due to a phospholipase activity associated with the fraction.
“Man Simply”: Excavating Tocqueville's Conception of Human Nature

Abstract There is widespread disagreement about Tocqueville's conception of human nature, some going so far as to say that Tocqueville possessed no unified conception of human nature at all. In this paper, I aim to provide the essential principles of Tocqueville's conception of human nature through an examination of the way in which he describes the power of human circumstances, such as physical environment, social state, and religion, to shape human character by extracting the principles underlying these transformations. There is no “natural man” or man “in the state of nature” but instead a set of psychic operations that reveal a picture of human nature in which human freedom, or the ability to initiate action in pursuit of important objects, lies at the heart of human life.
Partner interaction and smoking cessation: a pilot study.

This was an exploratory study of precessation interaction between 21 smokers and their partners enrolled in a partner support smoking treatment program. The aim was to identify the partner interactions and proposed quitting strategies that were associated with cessation. Significant results (p < .05) and trends (p < .10) were reported. Both smoker and partner interactions predicted cessation. Failure to quit was predicted by smokers' negative behavior (prosmoking statements, interrupting the partner, and criticism/rejection of help) and by partners' suggestion to disengage from the quitting process. Partner's suggestion to disengage may be a reaction to the smokers' negative behavior because it was positively correlated with it. Successful quitters and their partners proposed more self-help strategies than did nonquitters and their partners. Nonquitters proposed more cooperative strategies than did successful quitters. Thus, suggesting strategies that encourage autonomy and self-mastery, rather than dependence on another person, may lead to more positive outcomes.
Protamine releases endothelium-derived relaxing factor from systemic arteries. A possible mechanism of hypotension during heparin neutralization.

BACKGROUNDWhen used to reverse the anticoagulant effect of heparin, protamine sulfate often causes vasodilation that can lead to systemic hypotension. Protamine is rich in the basic amino acid arginine, which is the precursor of endothelial cell synthesis of nitric oxide, and nitric oxide is the active component of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF).METHODS AND RESULTSTo determine whether the hypotensive effect of protamine could be due to stimulated release of EDRF, we studied rings (4-5 mm) of canine coronary, femoral, and renal artery suspended in organ chambers containing physiological salt solution (37 degrees C and 95% O2-5% CO2). Arterial rings with and without endothelium were contracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha (2 x 10(-6) M) and exposed to increasing concentrations of protamine (final organ bath concentration, 40-400 micrograms/ml). In arterial segments without endothelium, protamine caused only a modest decrease in tension. However, protamine induced concentration-dependent relaxatio...
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of depression

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) comprise a relatively new class of antidepressants that are believed to act largely by blocking serotonin (5-HT) reuptake into presynaptic nerve terminals in the central nervous system. Widely prescribed throughout the world, SSRIs have a much more favourable side-effect profile than tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Their efficacy vs. placebo has been well established and, in general, they exhibit comparable efficacy to tricyclic antidepressants. Controversy still exists as to whether the SSRIs are as efficacious as the TCAs in severe depression including melancholia. Differences do exist between the SSRIs in terms of their pharmacokinetic characteristics, inhibition of various hepatic cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and side-effect profile, though they are better tolerated than TCAs and MAOIs.
i-NVMM: a secure non-volatile main memory system with incremental encryption

Emerging technologies for building non-volatile main memory (NVMM) systems suffer from a security vulnerability where information lingers on long after the system is powered down, enabling an attacker with physical access to the system to extract sensitive information off the memory. The goal of this study is to find a solution for such a security vulnerability. We introduce i-NVMM, a data privacy protection scheme for NVMM, where the main memory is encrypted incrementally, i.e. different data in the main memory is encrypted at different times depending on whether the data is predicted to still be useful to the processor. The motivation behind incremental encryption is the observation that the working set of an application is much smaller than its resident set. By identifying the working set and encrypting remaining part of the resident set, i-NVMM can keep the majority of the main memory encrypted at all times without penalizing performance by much. Our experiments demonstrate promising results. i-NVMM keeps 78% of the main memory encrypted across SPEC2006 benchmarks, yet only incurs 3.7% execution time overhead, and has a negligible impact on the write endurance of NVMM, all achieved with a relatively simple hardware support in the memory module.
Cardiovascular-radical outcome method is effective in complex congenital cardiac lesions

Background. The cardiovascular-radical outcome method is a proactive process of patient care that uses standard critical pathway methodology to reduce negative variation while encouraging positive variation to accelerate recovery. Its effectiveness in patients with complex congenital heart disease is explored. Methods. Two hundred fourteen consecutive patients with congenital heart disease were cared for using the cardiovascular radical outcome method. Age ranged from 2 days to 19 years (median age, 3 years). Cardiovascular radical outcome method data were compared with the pathway plan data for each patient. Results. Survival was 99% (211 patients) with an overall reduction in stay of 156 days (0.74 day/patient) ( p Conclusions. The radical outcome method is effective in reducing the length of stay of patients with complex congenital heart disease. The power is in the process rather than the plan, and the method provides optimal patient care and family satisfaction.
Changes in the thickness distribution of Arctic sea ice between 1958--1970 and 1993--1997

[1] Submarine sonar data collected in the central Arctic Basin during middle and late summer were used to examine differences in the sea ice thickness distribution function g(h) between the periods 1958–1970 and 1993–1997. Cruises during the former period were made in July and August, whereas the 1993–1997 cruises were made in September and October. Seasonal correction was applied to adjust for the differences in thickness. While ice drafts were from only seven submarine cruises and somewhat spatially limited, results indicate that the fractional area covered by open water and first-year ice increased from 0.19 to 0.30 during the time interval. This was balanced by an 11% reduction of level-multiyear and ridged ice. Substantial losses occurred in ice thicker than 2 m, with an increase in the amount of 1–2 m ice. The volume of ice less than 4 m thick remained nearly the same and the total volume decreased about 32%. Losses in the volume of thicker ice increased with increasing thickness. Part of the change in g(h) is likely caused by increased ice area export through Fram Strait in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Because decadal variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation indices correlate with ice export anomalies, export-induced changes in g(h) probably tend to be cyclical in nature. However, a substantial shift in the peak of g(h) suggests that changes in thermal forcing were also a major factor in the observed thinning.
Theory predicts the uneven distribution of genetic diversity within species.

Global efforts to conserve species have been strongly influenced by the heterogeneous distribution of species diversity across the Earth. This is manifest in conservation efforts focused on diversity hotspots1,2,3. The conservation of genetic diversity within an individual species4,5 is an important factor in its survival in the face of environmental changes and disease6,7. Here we show that diversity within species is also distributed unevenly. Using simple genealogical models, we show that genetic distinctiveness has a scale-free power law distribution. This property implies that a disproportionate fraction of the diversity is concentrated in small sub-populations, even when the population is well-mixed. Small groups are of such importance to overall population diversity that even without extrinsic perturbations, there are large fluctuations in diversity owing to extinctions of these small groups. We also show that diversity can be geographically non-uniform—potentially including sharp boundaries between distantly related organisms—without extrinsic causes such as barriers to gene flow or past migration events. We obtained these results by studying the fundamental scaling properties of genealogical trees. Our theoretical results agree with field data from global samples of Pseudomonas bacteria. Contrary to previous studies8, our results imply that diversity loss owing to severe extinction events is high, and focusing conservation efforts on highly distinctive groups can save much of the diversity.
Quantitative studies on the flavins in the soluble fractions of heavy mitochondria of rat liver

Abstract The soluble fraction of heavy mitochondria of rat liver, resulting from sonic irradiation, contains an average of 65% of the acid-extractable and 65% of the acid-nonextractable flavins of the mitochondria. The total flavin of these mitochondria averages 1.42 μmoles/g protein and, of this, 10% is acid-nonextractable. Compared with sonic irradiation, osmotic lysis liberates only four-fifths as much protein and flavin. Using the sarcosine and malate dehydrogenase as markers, evidence is presented that certain soluble constituents in the mitochondria differ in the extent of their release by lysis. However, there are no major differences in the flavoproteins and flavins released by irradiation and lysis since the ratios of both acid-extractable and acid-nonextractable flavins to soluble protein are the same in the two processes. Both fractions contain an average of 0.18 μmole of acid-nonextractable flavin per gram of soluble protein. The major acid-nonextractable flavins of the soluble and membranous fractions of liver mitochondria can be distinguished by chromatography on Dowex 1.
P‐78: Measurement Methods for Solution‐Coated AMOLED Display Uniformity

DuPont Displays has developed a full set of high performance materials and solution processing technology to address the high cost of manufacturing AMOLEDs. Using a wide variety of custom modeling and analytical approaches we have developed short and long range film thickness control and uniformity which is commercially viable at large glass sizes. In this paper we describe some of the measurement methods we developed, and results measured.
Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia increases microsomal iron in newborn piglets

The primary cause of neurologic impairment in newborn infants is hypoxic-ischemic injury. Studies of the mechanisms involved in the damaging effects of hypoxia-ischemia and reperfusion in brain tissue indicate significant contributions from reactive oxygen species, with the loss of homeostatic control of intracellular iron an important determinant of oxidant-mediated damage. We investigated the effects of cerebral hypoxiaischemia and reperfusion on the redistribution of nonheme iron in newborn piglets. Anesthetized newborn piglets were subjected to reductions in cerebral blood flow by phlebotomy and cervical cuff compression. Control animals were sham-operated. Subcellular fractions were isolated from brain tissue homogenates by differential centrifugation, and nonheme iron contents of these fractions were measured with ferene-S. Iron contents in the homogenates were not altered. However, iron contents of the microsomal fractions of animals subjected to 30 minutes of hypoxia-ischemia increased from 0.517±0.053 to 0.930±0.061 nmol/mg protein (p<0.01); 120 minutes of reperfusion caused no further changes. This translocation of iron may be linked to oxidative alterations of brain proteins, which we investigated by detection of dinitrophenylhydrazine-derivitized protein carbonyls, which are characteristic of iron-catalyzed oxidation reactions.
The Nature of Work

This article presents a review of the book “The Nature of Work,” edited by Kai Erikson and Steven P. Vallas.
Recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery of long chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCAD) into LCAD-deficient mice.

Background Very long chain acyl coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is a relatively common mitochondrial β-oxidation disorder. The most severe form of VLCAD deficiency presents with neonatal cardiomyopathy and hepatic failure and is generally fatal within the first year of life. Mice deficient for long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) closely resemble the clinical syndrome observed in VLCAD-deficient humans. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors with pseudotype capsids were investigated for their potential towards correcting the phenotype observed in mice heterozygous (+/−) for LCAD (i.e. liver and muscle steatosis). Methods rAAV containing the mouse LCAD cDNA (mLCAD) under the transcriptional control of the CMV/chicken β-actin hybrid promoter were injected intramuscularly into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of LCAD+/− mice or injected into the portal vein to transduce hepatocytes. Results Ten weeks post-injection of rAAV1-mLCAD into the TA muscle, significantly increased levels of mLCAD within mitochondria were demonstrated by immunostaining of TA sections, immunoblotting of mitochondrial isolates and by the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) fluorescence reduction enzyme activity assay. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of vector-injected TA muscle demonstrated a reduction in the lipid content compared to phosphate-buffered saline-injected mice, whereas a systemic effect was observed as a reduction in liver macrosteatosis. Eight weeks after portal vein injection of rAAV8-mLCAD into LCAD+/− mice, increased levels of mLCAD within hepatocyte mitochondria were demonstrated by immunostaining and also by the ETF assay. Scoring of the hepatosteatosis observed in partially deficient LCAD mice indicated a reduction in the lipid content within livers of vector-treated mice. Conclusions These studies show that rAAV-mediated delivery of mLCAD was efficient and led to an amelioration of local and systemic pathologies observed in partially deficient LCAD mice. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memory and Intelligence: Age and Ability Differences in Strategies and Organization of Recall.

Abstract Proficiency at organizing information for recall is one aspect of memory functioning which could be expected to be related to intelligence, or general ability. Comparisons of children of average and of superior ability (Kuhlmann-Anderson scores) in a multitrial free-recall learning task confirmed this prediction: Both level of recall and amount of sequential organization were significantly higher for the superior ability groups. Mental age definitions of intelligence imply that equivalent performance by children of different chronological ages will be based on qualitatively similar cognitive processes. This assumption was not confirmed. Age-related changes in mnemonic strategies were not associated with ability-related differences in recall or organization. Some features of memory development are more dependent on age, whereas others are more dependent on ability. The latter may be best explained in terms of production inefficiency (Flavell, 1970).
Synchronization of Mechanical Oscillators: An Experimental Study

In this paper we investigate synchronization of oscillators. We use mechanical metronomes that are coupled through a mechanical medium. In passive coupling of two oscillators, the coupling medium is a one degree of freedom passive mechanical basis. The analysis of the system is shown and supported by simulations of the proposed model and experimental results. We show how the oscillators synchronize and discuss the affecting parameters in synchronization. In another case, the oscillators are forced by an external input while that input is also affected by the oscillators. This feedback loop introduces dynamics to the whole system. For this case, we place the mechanical metronomes on a one degree of freedom moving base. The movements of the base are a function of a feedback from the phases of the metronomes. We study the space of possibilities for the movements of the base and consider impacts of the base movement on the synchronization of metronomes. We also show how such a system evolves in time when we introduce an adjusting parameter that changes over time and updates based on feedbacks from the system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A statistical study of the periods and amplitudes of microseisms

It has been known for many years that the amplitude and period of the ordinary microseisms recorded at a given station vary from day to day and season to season. That the amplitude and period are greater in the winter than in the summer is also a recognized fact. However, the cause of the microseisms and the nature of their vibrations are not completely known. The present study is an attempt to obtain more information about the nature of microseismic waves.
“A Bruised Cartoonish Quality”: The Death of an American Supervillain in Don DeLillo's Cosmopolis

Cosmopolis may be Don DeLillo's most harshly reviewed book, but that is partly due to the application by reviewers of inappropriately naturalistic standards of storytelling. Cosmopolis is actually a graphic novel without the pictures, a mythopoetic vision of a moment of crisis in American history, and the portrait of a great American supervillain. Understanding Cosmopolis in this way explains both why the book was hard for some readers to like and why it will be the first of DeLillo's novels to make it onto the big screen.
Integral solution for the microwave background anisotropies in nonflat universes

We present an efficient method of computing cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies in nonflat universes. First, we derive the Boltzmann equation for CMB temperature and polarization fluctuations produced by scalar perturbations in a general Robertson-Walker universe. We then apply the integral method in order to solve this equation, writing temperature and polarization anisotropies as a time integral over a geometrical term and a source term. The geometrical terms can be written using ultraspherical Bessel functions, which depend on curvature. These cannot be precomputed, as for flat space. Instead, we solve their differential equation directly for selected values of the multipoles. The resulting computational time is comparable to the flat-space case, improving over previous methods by 2-3 orders of magnitude. This allows one to compute highly accurate CMB temperature and polarization spectra, matter transfer functions, and their CMB normalizations for any cosmological model, thereby avoiding the need to use the various inexact fitting formulae that exist in the literature.
A comparison of methods for optical sectioning using structured illumination microscopy

Structured Illumination Microscopy is a simple and effective method to remove out-of-focus light in widefield fluorescence microscopy. Neil et al. originally proposed a simple square-law method for calculating the optically sectioned image from the three raw images with the structured illumination pattern super-imposed. However, the Neil method does not make the most efficient use of the three raw images. The three structured illumination images can also be used to separate three copies of the image covering shifted regions of frequency space in a similar manner to that developed by Gustafsson et al. These can then be combined using a generalized Wiener filter to create an image with a well-behaved optical transfer function in which the missing cone has been filled in, providing optical sectioning. Here, we compare the Neil and Gustafsson methods and show that the Gustafsson method provides an image with higher fidelity and a better Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) at low photon counts. We apply the two methods to images of fluorescent beads and GFP labeled septins in Aspergillus nidulans .
Outside-school physical activity participation and motivation in physical education

Background Experience in non-school contexts can shape and reshape students' motivation and mediate their learning in school. Outside-school physical activity may provide students with an extensive cognitive and affective foundation and influence their motivation in physical education. Although a trans-contextual effect of physical education has been explored, very little empirical research has examined the impact from outside-school context to physical education. Aims Using self-determination theory and a hierarchical model of motivation, this study was designed to examine the association between participation in organized outside-school physical activity programmes and self-determination process in physical education. Sample Participants included 545 9th graders (305 males and 240 females, age range = 14–16 years, mean age = 14.66 years) enrolled in required physical education classes in three suburban high schools in a large Midwest metropolitan area in the United States. Methods Self-determination variables were measured using relevant instruments, and information on organized outside-school physical activity experiences was gathered in a survey. Structural equation modelling analyses were conducted. Results Students who participated in organized outside-school physical activity programmes displayed overall higher motivation; however, the strength of associations among the self-determination variables (i.e., pathways from perceived autonomy support to relatedness, from autonomy to competence, and from self-determined motivation to in-class physical activity engagement) was stronger for their non-participant counterparts. Conclusion There are dynamic relationships between participation in organized outside-school physical activity programmes and self-determination process in physical education. Physical educators need to identify, appreciate, and instructionally address individual students' differences during teaching and learning.
Divergence and Convergence in Two Systems of Manual Medicine: Osteopathy and Chiropractic in the United States

Although osteopathy and chiropractic emerged as medical revitalization movements with a similar disease theory during the late 19th century, osteopathy has evolved into osteopathic medicine and surgery, and chiropractic has evolved into a musculoskeletal speciality. In this article I attempt to explain the divergent evolution of these two schools of manual medicine in the United States by considering their respective roles in addressing various structural problems in American health care, their contrasting relationships with biomedicine, organized biomedicine's stance toward the two alternative medical systems, and internal organizational conflicts within osteopathy and chiropractic. It will also show that both osteopathy and chiropractic wereforced to some degree to converge with biomedicine both conceptually and therapeutically. f a variety of heterodox professionalized medical systems that existed in the United States during the 19th century, the only two that have not been absorbed by biomedicine are osteopathy and chiropractic. Both of these systems emerged during the late 19th century in the midwestern region of this country as highly similar forms of manual or manipulative medicine. Though they both challenged biomedicine or allopathic medicine, they subsequently underwent quite divergent evolutionary trajectories. On the one hand, osteopathy adapted to the larger society and its associated medical system in large measure by filling the vacuum in primary care left by regular medicine as it evolved into a capital-intensive and urban-based specialization. On the other hand, chiropractic-despite its early efforts to function as a drugless form of comprehensive medicine-adapted by focusing on the nonsurgical treatment of musculoskeletal problems, infirmities that have more recently been virtually ignored by osteopathic physicians. Wardwell argues that a critical factor in the divergent development of osteopathy and chiropractic was that "Palmer [the founder of chiropractic] was not a recognized medical practitioner, as Andrew Taylor Still was before he originated osteopathy" (1978:9). While this difference between the founders' backgrounds undoubtedly influenced the divergent evolution of the two medical systems, other factors were also involved (as Wardwell would agree). After reviewing briefly the history of the 19th-century emergence of osteopathy and chiropractic, this article will examine four additional reasons for their divergence: (1) the roles of osteo
Properties of light stratiform rain derived from 10- and 94-GHz airborne Doppler radars measurements

This paper presents an initial investigation of using airborne Doppler radar operating at 10 and 94 GHz to measure the light stratiform rain (<5 mm hr -1 ). It has been shown that the combination of 10 and 94 GHz is more sensitive to resolve the raindrop size distribution (RSD) in light rain than that of 14 and 35 GHz. A case of light stratiform rain over southern Florida is examined in detail in this study. Techniques for retrieving the profiles of a Gamma raindrop size distribution (RSD), vertical air velocity, and attenuation by precipitation and water vapor are presented. This approach uses the difference of the Doppler velocity at two frequencies and yields both RSD and the vertical air motion. The approach is primarily applicable to rain rates less than 5 mm hr -1 . The magnitudes of the retrieved RSD are similar to those found in ground-based observations of light stratiform rain. The retrieved vertical winds with downdrafts below about 3 km and weak updraft above are similar to what has been observed in widespread stratiform rain with melting band. The sensitivities of the retrieval to Gamma shape parameter are discussed.
LIQUID/LIQUID EXTRACTION OF METAL IONS IN ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS

The search for more environmentally-friendly reaction media has prompted the development of a wide array of alternative systems that will sustain biphasic separations with aqueous solutions without the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We have begun to employ Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTIL), specifically 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Cnmim][PF6]), as VOC replacements in liquid/liquid separations of metal ions from aqueous solutions. Here we show that the partitioning of metal ions in these novel biphasic systems is consistent with traditional liquid/liquid separations: the metal ion affinity for the hydrophobic phase necessitates the presence of an extractant. In this report we explore the application of wellknown organic (1-(pyridylazo)-2-napthol, PAN, and (1-thiazolylazo)- 2-napthol, TAN) and inorganic (CN−, OCN−, SCN−, and halides) extractants for partitioning a variety of metal cations between [C4mim][PF6] or [C6mim][PF6] and an aqueous phase. PAN and TAN show pH depe...
The relationship between partner information-seeking, information-sharing, and patient medication adherence.

Objectives We describe the medication information-seeking behaviors of arthritis patients’ partners and explore whether partner medication information-seeking and information-sharing are associated with patient medication adherence.
Multiple ERK substrates execute single biological processes in Caenorhabditis elegans germ-line development

RAS-extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling governs multiple aspects of cell fate specification, cellular transitions, and growth by regulating downstream substrates through phosphorylation. Understanding how perturbations to the ERK signaling pathway lead to developmental disorders and cancer hinges critically on identification of the substrates. Yet, only a limited number of substrates have been identified that function in vivo to execute ERK-regulated processes. The Caenorhabditis elegans germ line utilizes the well-conserved RAS-ERK signaling pathway in multiple different contexts. Here, we present an integrated functional genomic approach that identified 30 ERK substrates, each of which functions to regulate one or more of seven distinct biological processes during C. elegans germ-line development. Our results provide evidence for three themes that underlie the robustness and specificity of biological outcomes controlled by ERK signaling in C. elegans that are likely relevant to ERK signaling in other organisms: (i) multiple diverse ERK substrates function to control each individual biological process; (ii) different combinations of substrates function to control distinct biological processes; and (iii) regulatory feedback loops between ERK and its substrates help reinforce or attenuate ERK activation. Substrates identified here have conserved orthologs in humans, suggesting that insights from these studies will contribute to our understanding of human diseases involving deregulated ERK activity.
Irradiation of poly(perfluoropropylene oxide) by a 175 KV electron beam: The formation and hydrolysis of acid fluoride groups

Abstract Poly(perfluoropropylene oxide), −(CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O) n −, was exposed to a 175kV electron beam while under a blanket of N 2 at atmospheric pressure. The electron beam induced chemistry was spectroscopically analyzed using infrared techniques. The IR analysis revealed that acid fluoride groups were formed by the electron beam exposure which rapidly hydrolyzed to form a car☐ylic acid and HF. Viscosity studies on the irradiated material show that the net effect of the electron beam exposure is to initially reduce the viscosity; when the irradiated material is exposed to air the viscosity increases as a function of the time in contact with the atmosphere. These latter viscosity changes are attributed to the hydrolysis reaction.
VAB-6 combination chemotherapy without maintenance in treatment of disseminated cancer of the testis.

Thirty-six men with Stage III or bulky Stage II malignant germ cell tumors of the testis who received no prior chemotherapy were treated with the VAB-6 protocol without maintenance and 34 were evaluable. The VAB-6 regimen is a 3–4 month program beginning with successive inductions at 3–4 week intervals: day 1, cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 of body surface, bleomycin 30 mg, vinblastine 4 mg/m2 and dactinomycin 1 mg/m2 intravenously; days 1–3, bleomycin 20 mg/m2/day x 3 by continuous 24-hour intravenous infusion; and day 4, cis-platinum 120 mg/m2 intravenously. Complete responders receive a fourth induction and are followed thereafter without further chemotherapy. Incomplete responders have resection of residual disease one month after the third induction. If the resected specimen contains malignant tissue, an additional two inductions are given. Thirty-one of 34 (91%) evaluable patients achieved complete remission and 28 remain in complete remission with median follow up of 24+ months. Chemotherapy alone was most effective in patients with minimal metastatic disease, with no teratoma in primary tumor, and with pure seminoma. Patients with advanced metastatic deposits or with teratoma in the primary tumor frequently required combined chemotherapy and surgery to achieve disease free status. Myelosuppression was the principal potentially serious toxicity. With effective induction, maintenance chemotherapy is not necessary.
Autonomy and Common Ground in Human-Robot Interaction: A Field Study

The use of robots, especially autonomous mobile robots, to support work is expected to increase over the next few decades. However, little empirical research examines how users form mental models of robots, how they collaborate with them, and what factors contribute to the success or failure of human-robot collaboration. A two-year observational study of a collaborative human-robot system suggests that the factors disrupting the creation of common ground for interactive communication change at different levels of robot autonomy. Our observations of users collaborating with the remote robot showed differences in how the users reached common ground with the robot in terms of an accurate, shared understanding of the robot's context, planning, and actions - a process called grounding. We focus on how the types and levels of robot autonomy affect grounding. We also examine the challenges a highly autonomous system presents to people's ability to maintain a shared mental model of the robot
A comparative study between cod liver oil and liquid lard intake on intraocular pressure on rabbits.

Abstract Cod liver oil administered intramuscularly (0.2 ml/day) lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) of the rabbit from 21 mmHg to 18 ± 0.4 mmHg (p
Eat your heart out

The presence of autophagic morphology in failing heart muscle cells has suggested that autophagy causes heart failure. Instead, it seems that the opposite is true: autophagy is critical for normal heart function (pages 619–624).
Resonant Interaction between Two Neutral Atoms

A standard formalism of quantum electrodynamics is used to investigate the interaction between two neutral atoms. The study is based on an approximate solution of the two-particle Green's function. The frequency distribution of the photon scattering is obtained. We also consider the self-stimulation effect when both atoms are in excited states.
Dendritic Amplification of Stereoselectivity of a Prolinamide‐Catalyzed Direct Aldol Reaction

Isomeric “compact” and “expanded” dendrimers functionalized with L-prolinamide catalytic units at the periphery were compared as catalysts to monomer controls in the organocatalytic direct aldol condensation. A positive dendritic effect that amplifies the stereoselectivity of the direct aldol condensation was observed for dendrimers 3 and 4, compared with lower molecular weight catalysts L-prolinani-lide 1 and G1 dendron 2. The difference in the compactness between 3 and 4 appears to have less impact on the stereoselectivity than the preorganized multivalency of the dendritic catalysts.
Work In Progress: Utilizing Peer Coaching to Help Create a Culture of Assessment

The Division of Natural Science at Lewis-Clark State College has embarked on a significant effort to improve assessment practice. The division houses twelve majors, delivers general education, and performs undergraduate research in multiple areas. Peer coaching was utilized as one aspect of assessment practice that can lead to a strong culture of assessment. The process was developed based on best practices from the literature. After one semester, a survey was developed to assess the success of the program and help guide the peer coaching process into the next year. Preliminary results indicate moderate satisfaction with the process and an average of two changes made to course delivery methods per faculty as a direct result of the peer coaching process. However, concerns over time commitment and ability to deliver a quality peer coaching experience were noted. Follow-up surveys, selected interviews, and improvements to the process are yet to be completed.
Gas chromatographic analysis of acethophenone oxime and its metabolites

Abstract A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for monitoring the metabolic reduction of acetophenone oxime or oxidative metabolism of the corresponding amine, α-methylbenzylamine in liver homogenates. The oxime, amine, N-hydroxy-α-methylbenzylamine and acetophenone are quantitatively determined after GLC separation of components with temperature programming on an SP-2401-DB-coated column. The first three compounds were silylated with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide prior to chromatographic analysis to enhance the stability and improve the chromatographic properties of these components. The effluent gas was monitored with flame ionization detection, and permitted quantitaion of components at sub-μg/ml levels with reproducibility between injections of ±2%. The optimal composition of enantiomeric mixtures of ( R , S )-α-methylbenzylamines formed during metabolic reduction of acetophenone oximes were determined by conversion to diastereomeric amides and subsequent GLC analysis.
Concepts in the Anthropological Study of Irrigation

Sharer, Robert J., and Arlen F. Chase 1976 New Town Ceramic Complex. In Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie. Peabody Museum Memoirs, Vol. 18. Cambridge: Harvard University. Smith, Robert E. 1971 The Pottery of Mayapan. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 66. Thompson, J. Eric S. 1970 Maya History and Religion. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1981 The Itza of Tayasal, Peten. In Ancient Mesoamerica, Selected Readings. J. A. Graham, ed. pp. 297-303. Palo Alto, Calif.: Peek Publications. (Orig. 1951.) VonDaniken, Erich 1974 Chariots of the Gods? New York:
Analysis of gate-bias-induced heating effects in deep-submicron ESD protection designs

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the degradation of electrostatic discharge (ESD) strength with high gate bias for deep-submicron salicided ESD protection nMOS transistors, which has significant implications for protection designs where high gate coupling occurs under ESD stress. It has been shown that gate-bias-induced heating is the primary cause of early ESD failure and that this impact of gate bias depends on the finger width of the protection devices. In addition, it has been established that substrate biasing can effectively alleviate the adverse impact of the gate bias and can improve ESD strength despite the gate-coupling level. Improved understanding of ESD behavior for advanced devices under high gate-coupling conditions can extend design capabilities of protection structures.
Greedy SINR maximization in collaborative multibase wireless systems

We present a codeword adaptation algorithm for collaborative multibase wireless systems. The system is modeled with multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) in which information is transmitted using multicode CDMA, and codewords are adapted based on greedy maximization of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. The procedure monotonically increases the sum capacity and, when repeated iteratively for all codewords in the system, converges to a fixed point. Fixed-point properties and a connection with sum capacity maximization, along with a discussion of simulations that corroborate the basic analytic results, are included in the paper.
Topology of Sobolev mappings III

We establish a necessary and sufficient topological condition for maps that are in W1,p(M, N) to be connected by continuous paths in W1,p(M, N) to maps in W1,q(M, N), q > q ≥ 1. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient topological condition under which W1,q(M, N) is strongly dense in W1,p(M, N). Several results concerning sequential weak density of smooth (or W1,q(M, N) maps in W1,p(M, N) are also proven. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the cerebral blood flow in the dog.

The cerebrovascular response to intravenously infused 5-hydroxytryptamine was studied in anaesthetized dogs with the radioactive inert gas elimination technique with external γ-registration. A strong vasoconstrictory effect was found, which could not be abolished by either metysergide or alpha-blockade. The autoregulatory ability was found to be preserved. Even during arterial hypoxia, which has led to vasodilatation serotonin constricts the cerebral vessels.
Effect of food concentration on growth, reproduction and survivorship of Bosmina longirostris (Cladocera): An experimental study

SUMMARY. 1. Body growth, reproduction and survivorship of Bosmina longirostris were monitored at four food concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0,25 and 2.50 ing Cl−1) to examine the extent to which food concentration affects these life-history parameters. 2. Food concentration had a significant effect on growth, and most of the reproductive parameters (size and age at maturation, brood size, instar duration and egg development time). More than 60% of animals died before maturation at the lowest food concentration, although most animals survived until maturation at other food concentrations. 3. Change in life-history parameters resulted in a decrease in rate of population growth (r) from 0.310 to 0.020 day−1 with decreasing food concentration, showing that this cladoceran is highly food-limited in many lakes. 4. Importance of the effect of food concentration on egg development time was emphasized in relation to analysis of natural populations.
Search for dynamic targets with uncertain probability maps

This paper extends a recently developed statistical framework for UAV search with uncertain probability maps to the case of dynamic targets. The probabilities used to encode the information about the environment are typically assumed to be exactly known in the search theory literature, but they are often the result of prior information that is both erroneous and delayed, and will likely be poorly known to mission designers. Our previous work developed a new framework that accounted for the uncertainty in the probability maps for stationary targets, and this paper extends the approach to more realistic dynamic environments. The dynamic case considers probabilistic target motion, creating uncertain probability maps (UPMs) that take into account both poor knowledge of the probabilities and the propagation of their uncertainty through the environment. A key result of this paper is a new algorithm for implementing UPM's in real-time, and it is shown in various simulations that this algorithm leads to more cautious information updates that are less susceptible to false alarms. The paper also provides insights on the impact of the design parameters on the responsiveness of the new algorithm. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new framework.
Positronium interactions in aqueous solutions

The ortho-positronium formed in aqueous solutions decays mostly via the two-quantum annihilation giving rise to the so-called long lived component. Survey measurements have been made of the temperature dependence of the long lifetime τ2, and of the percentage I2, of positrons which decay with this lifetime in various solutions. No temperature dependence is found in solutions in which pick-off only occurs. In solutions in which the positronium atom is oxidized, τ2 decreases and I2 increases with increasing temperature. The oxidation rates are found to have a temperature dependence corresponding to activation energies of the order of 0·1 ev and the measured dependence of I2 on the oxidation rate gives free positron annihilation lifetimes in the range of 0·35–0·60 nsec. In solutions of paramagnetic salts the lifetime, in general, decreases and I2 increases with increasing temperature.