cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximating matching size from random streams

We present a streaming algorithm that makes one pass over the edges of an unweighted graph presented in random order, and produces a polylogarithmic approximation to the size of the maximum matching in the graph, while using only polylogarithmic space. Prior to this work the only approximations known were a folklore O(√n) approximation with polylogarithmic space in an n vertex graph and a constant approximation with Ω(n) space. Our work thus gives the first algorithm where both the space and approximation factors are smaller than any polynomial in n.Our algorithm is obtained by effecting a streaming implementation of a simple "local" algorithm that we design for this problem. The local algorithm produces a O(k · n1/k) approximation to the size of a maximum matching by exploring the radius k neighborhoods of vertices, for any parameter k. We show, somewhat surprisingly, that our local algorithm can be implemented in the streaming setting even for k = Ω(log n/log log n). Our analysis exposes some of the problems that arise in such conversions of local algorithms into streaming ones, and gives techniques to overcome such problems.
Power Analysis for Models of Change in Cluster Randomized Designs

Field experiments in education frequently assign entire groups such as schools to treatment or control conditions. These experiments incorporate sometimes a longitudinal component where for example students are followed over time to assess differences in the average rate of linear change, or rate of acceleration. In this study, we provide methods for power analysis in three-level polynomial change models for cluster randomized designs (i.e., treatment assigned to units at the third level). Power computations take into account clustering effects at the second and third levels, the number of measurement occasions, the impact of sample sizes at different levels (e.g., number of schools or students), and covariates effects. An illustrative example that shows how power is influenced by the number of measurement occasions, and sample sizes and covariates at the second or third levels is presented.
Analysis On Death Causes Of Residents In Ten Counties Of Anhui Province In 2009

Objective To explore the health conditions of residents in Anhui province,analyze the major death causes of the residents,and provide evidence for establishing a health planning.Methods Death monitoring data of ten counties in 2009 which had been obtained from Death Cause Register Reporting Information System were analyzed.According to International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10),causes of death were classified and analyzed using Death Monitoring Data Cleaning and Analysis Software developed by China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Results The reported total mortality of ten counties was 614.32/lakh in 2009,and the rate was higher in males than that in females.Infant mortality rate was 5.16 ‰.Chronic diseases were the most death cause in all causes.In different age groups,the death level peaked at both sides and it was low in middle age groups.The main death causes in different age groups were obviously different,infant and young children tended to die of some perinatal diseases,congenital abnormalities and infectious diseases,many young and middle-aged people died from various injuries,and chronic diseases such as malignant tumors were the main death causes in old people.The top five death causes of people in ten counties were cerebrovascular diseases,malign tumors,heart diseases,respiratory diseases,injuries in turn,and they accounted for 89.85% of all causes.Conclusion Chronic diseases were the main death causes,such as cerebrovascular diseases and malignant tumors,so the control and prevention of chronic diseases should be enhanced.
A comparison of the CO2 laser and electrocautery on postoperative intraperitoneal adhesion formation in rabbits

The effect of the CO 2 laser and microelectrocautery on postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions was examined in 31 female rabbits. Standard injuries were performed and/or repaired with each technique on the uterine peritoneum, the right uterine horn, and the left ovary. The animals were sacrificed 5weeks later, and the adhesions were graded at each site. No significant differences were found between the two techniques for each site or all sites collectively ( P >0.05). The ovary had more extensive adhesions than the other soft tissue site ( P 2 laser and conventional microelectrocautery on adhesion formation, and that the ovary seems particularly prone to adhesion formation with either technique.
Correction of an active space telescope mirror using a deformable mirror in a woofer-tweeter configuration

The Naval Postgraduate School’s segmented mirror telescope (SMT) was developed using prototype silicon carbide active hybrid mirror technology to demonstrate lower cost and rapid manufacture of primary mirror segments for a space telescope. The developmental mirror segments used too few actuators limiting the ability to adequately correct the surface figure error. To address the unintended shortfall of the developmental mirrors, a deformable mirror is added to the SMT and control techniques are developed. The control techniques are similar to woofer-tweeter adaptive optics, where the SMT segment represents the woofer and the deformable mirror represents the tweeter. The optical design of an SMT woofer-tweeter system is presented, and the impacts of field angle magnification on the placement and size of the deformable mirror are analyzed. A space telescope woofer-tweeter wavefront control technique is proposed using a global influence matrix and closed-loop constrained minimization controller. The control technique simultaneously manipulates the woofer and tweeter mirrors. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in wavefront error of the primary mirror and the control technique shows significant wavefront error improvement compared to sequentially controlling the woofer and tweeter mirrors.
Tailoring optical forces for nanoparticle manipulation on layered substrates

Optical forces can be used to manipulate small particles through various mechanisms. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of optical forces acting on the nanoparticles located over a substrate using different manipulation techniques, as well as the conditions of the optimization of these forces. In particular, we study optical trapping, acceleration, and binding. Calculations are carried out using the exact multipole expansion method combined with Maxwell stress tensor formalism, providing a general framework to study optical forces on particles for arbitrary incident fields using closed-form expressions. The method takes into account multiple scattering between the particles and substrate and allows clear predictive abilities well beyond the dipole model. We consider the interaction of dielectric and metallic nanoparticles with various substrates. The presence of substrate is shown to have a significant impact on the nanoparticles' resonances and provides an additional degree of freedom in tailoring the optical forces. We explore different physical processes contributing to the optical force and their interplay on the mobility of the particle. It is established that engineering layered substrates can broaden the scope of trapping and acceleration and enhance the binding forces. It can also provide a high tunability of the acceleration direction. The analysis presented in this paper provides key physical insights to identify optimum setup for nanoparticles manipulation in various applications.
The First-Time Seizure Emergency Department Electroencephalogram Study

Study objective Seizures account for 1.2% of all emergency department (ED) visits, with 24% of those representing first-time seizures. Our primary goal is to determine whether obtaining an electroencephalogram (EEG) in the ED after a first-time seizure can identify individuals appropriate for initiation of anticonvulsant therapy on ED discharge. Our secondary goals are to determine the association of historical and clinical seizure features with epileptic EEGs and to determine the interobserver agreement for the EEG interpretation. Methods We conducted a prospective study including patients older than 17 years with either a first-time seizure or previous seizures without a previous EEG, all of whom were candidates for discharge home from the ED without antiepileptic drug treatment. We based seizure diagnosis on provider impression. We excluded patients with laboratory studies or neuroimaging deemed to be the seizure cause. EEG technicians performed a 30-minute EEG in the ED, which was immediately remotely interpreted by an epileptologist, who made a recommendation on antiepileptic drug initiation. We categorized EEGs as normal, abnormal but not epileptic, or epileptic. In accordance with duplicate EEG interpretation by a second, blinded epileptologist, we calculated interrater agreement for EEG interpretation and antiepileptic drug initiation. As a secondary analysis, according to questionnaires completed by patients and seizure observers, we explored the association of aura, focal symptoms, provocation, or historical risk factors with epilepsy. Results We enrolled 73 patients, 71 of whom had an EEG performed. All EEGs were performed within 11 hours of seizure, with an average of 3.85 hours. Twenty-four percent of patients (95% confidence interval 15% to 36%) received a diagnosis of epilepsy, and all began receiving antiepileptic drug therapy from the ED. Our final study sample size afforded only an exploratory analysis about an association between aura, focal onset, provocation, or historical risk factors with an epilepsy diagnosis. Weighted κ agreement for EEG interpretation was 0.69 (95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.82). Of the 34 patients who followed up with an epileptologist, 9 had received a diagnosis of epilepsy in the ED, and none had antiepileptic drug medication stopped at initial follow-up. Conclusion ED EEG performance in adults with first-time seizures results in a substantial yield of an epilepsy diagnosis and immediate initiation of antiepileptic drug treatment. A larger study is required to determine whether historical and clinical seizure features are associated with an ED epilepsy diagnosis.
Why the Flint, Michigan, USA water crisis is an urban planning failure

Abstract This paper argues that the Flint water crisis stems from the city's inability to address the consequences of large-scale population loss, the Flint region's unwillingness to engage in regional planning, and a societal lack of care for infrastructure and shrinking cities.
Estimating the long-term functional burden of osteoporosis-related fractures

Although fractures are associated with short-term reductions in functional status, there is limited information on longer-term burden of fracture. This study documents evidence of an association between fractures and significant declines and functional health and activities that persist but attenuate beyond two years. Although fractures are associated with short-term reductions in functional status and may have other short-term effects on healthcare utilization (hospitalization and follow-up care), there is limited information on long-term burden of fracture beyond 12 to 24 months post-fracture. Analysis of the long-term health burden can inform policymakers, health care practitioners, and payers. We acquired a data set containing the 1992–2012 Health and Retirement Survey data linked to the same individuals’ Medicare claims. Fracture cases (n = 745) were matched to non-fracture controls using propensity scores matching. A regression-adjusted difference-in-difference (DD) approach was used to compare the change in functional status measures from baseline to two post-fracture periods for fracture cases relative to the change over the same time periods for matched controls. Self-reported measures of functional status were examined: limitations to activities of daily living (ADLs), limitations to instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), a mobility index, a gross motor skills index, a fine motor skills index, and self-reported general health status. Fracture cases reported increases in limitations to ADLs, difficulties with mobility, difficulties with gross motor skills, and difficulties with fine motor skills in each HRS collection period (the survey is administered every 2 years) following the fracture or index date (thus up to two years later) than matched controls (all p values < 0.05). The magnitude of these effects diminished in the second post-fracture wave (two to four years after fracture/index date), but they were still statistically significant. Results suggest that fractures are associated with significant declines in some measures of functional activities up to two years following the fracture. The effects persist beyond two years but are smaller in magnitude.
Adoption of Telepractice for Speech-Language Services: A Statewide Perspective.

Little information exists regarding the statewide adoption of telepractice, the delivery of speech-language services at a distance through telecommunications, for addressing the documented shortage...
The Effect of Orientation Passages on Patient Stress Prior to Dentistry

18 Ss underwent two dental operations, one normal and one preceded by orientation passages which emphasized either the disturbing or beneficial aspects of the procedure. Physiological and subjective measures of stress were recorded, and all Ss completed the Denial (Dn) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results demonstrated that (a) Ss showed marked elevations in stress prior to treatment when read a passage concerning disturbing aspects of dentistry but indicated significantly less stress following a passage that pointed out the beneficial aspects, and (b) Ss who scored high on the Dn scale of the MMPI indicated less overall stress while anticipating treatment than those scoring low. These findings were discussed in relationship to studies of vicarious stress and to stress research as a whole.
Quantum Computing: A Primer

Quantum computing relies on quantum physics. It takes advantage of the inherent ability of subatomic particles to exist in more than one state at any time. Increased interest from both private and public sectors has solidified this technology as a major advancement in the 21st century. Every year quantum computing comes up as a candidate for the Breakthrough Technologies list, but quantum computers merely exist on paper. This paper provides a brief introduction on quantum computing to young researchers and newcomers in the emerging field.
The Economics of Music

At a time of rapid change and innovation in the music industry, Peter Tschmuck's The Economics of Music is a welcome addition to the literature, and it is a text that should be equally enjoyed by e...
Evolution of the Role of Change Agent for CIOs during Their Time in Office

Information Systems research has investigated what roles CIOs should play but has paid very little attention to when these executives are more likely to be effective in their various roles. This paper focuses on the role of change agent, and proposes a three-stage model (“Conquest,” “Exploration,” and “Settlement”) describing what combinations of change agentry models CIOs follow during their time in office. The model suggests that CIOs predominantly follow the “advocate” model of change agentry at the beginning of their tenure, and combine both the “advocate” and “facilitator” models as they progress in their position. As they reach the end of their tenure, CIOs mainly adhere to a balanced combination of “facilitator” and “traditionalist” roles. The combinations of change agentry models CIOs tend to follow are explained by the patterns of evolution of five key characteristics: commitment to a paradigm, task knowledge, information diversity, task interest, and power and influence.
A Translational Approach to Neurotechnology Development

The past several decades have seen an explosion of meaningful and nuanced insights into the connection between human behavior and the nervous system; however, the translation of these insights into viable applications is a non-trivial and widely acknowledged challenge. Recent advancements in brain-computer interaction and real-world neuroimaging technologies have provided major breakthroughs that provide the underpinnings for translational neuroscience research efforts. This session focuses on building off of those advancements and specifically proposes three concepts necessary for overcoming the challenges of translation: 1) integrating aspects of knowledge of brain function that are generally separate into single analyses, 2) increasing situational complexity, and 3) continuing to develop neuroimaging tools specifically for use in real-world environments.
Anatomical Networks: Structure and Function of the Nervous System

The complex organization of the brain into neural networks allows for rapid adaption and plasticity necessary for learning and memory. Recent evidence supports the notion that in neurodegenerative disorders behavioral alterations are associated with network dysfunction. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the structure and organization of the nervous system into networks relevant to the understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, HIV neurocognitive impairment and other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. The chapter also provides a summary of the nervous system unique circulatory organization and interactions between neural and vascular activity that accounts for the mechanisms regulating the trafficking of immune cells from peripheral tissues. This chapter provides the structural framework for the better understanding of these interactions under physiological conditions and in neurological diseases.
Martynas Yčas: The “Archivist” of the RNA Tie Club

Between about 1951 and the early 1960s, the basic structure of molecular biology was revealed. Central to our understanding was the unraveling of the various roles of RNA, culminating in the identification of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the deciphering of the genetic code. We know a great deal about the role of Brenner, Crick, Jacob, and Nirenberg in these discoveries, but many others played important supporting parts. One of these is a little-known scientist, Martynas Ycas, who appears in histories, generally without explanation, as the "archivist of the RNA Tie Club." Ycas was born in Lithuania. His father helped write the Lithuanian Constitution in 1919. He studied Roman Law and served in the Lithuanian army before escaping from the Russians in 1940. The records of correspondence of Ycas with the physicist George Gamow and with Francis Crick throw some light on the genesis of our understanding of the role of mRNA. The story of the "RNA Tie Club" illustrates the difficulty in assigning credit for important discoveries and underscores the importance of a free exchange of information, even (or especially) among competitors.
TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE CHECKERED BEETLE GENUS ABABA CASEY (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE: ISOCLERINAE)

The checkered beetle genus Ababa is revised for the first time. Morphological evidence suggests that Thaneroclerinae and Isoclerinae comprise a monophyletic group. Based on the positional relationships between the pronotal projection and the prothoracic intercoxal process the isoclerine genus Ababa Casey is taken out of synonymy with Isoclerus Lewis. Cleridopsis Champion is considered to be a junior synonym of Ababa Casey. On the basis of the tarsal formula, the genus Allothaneroclerus Corporaal, with a tarsal formula of 5-5-5, is removed from Isoclerinae, whose genera show a 5-4-4 tarsal formula, and placed into the subfamily Thaneroclerinae. Ababa specimens were collected in fungi niches and it is postulated that the elongated stomodaeum found in adults serve as a crop to process soft food such as the eggs, larvae, and pupae of fungivorous prey. Ababa comprises A. adona Opitz, new species, A. epiiska Opitz, new species, A. granaria Opitz, new species, A. latimana (Champion), and A. tantilla (LeConte). A lectotype was designated for Ababa latimana (Champion). It is hypothesized that the ancestral stock of Ababa and Parateneroclerus evolved in the mid-Tertiary forests of South America. Included in this work are: A brief discussion about Ababa natural history, a discussion of Ababa phylogeny based on a phylogenetic tree generated by WINCLADA in conjunction with NONA, a Bootstrap consensus tree, a key to Ababa species, 10 scanning electron micrographs, one distribution map, four photographs of the aedeagus, and six color habitus photographs.
Not decided in the kitchen! Technocracy and the regulatory-welfare politics of India’s Direct Benefits Transfer reform:

Public policies designed to advance governance reform without the corresponding legal frameworks that secure democratic values can exacerbate the power imbalance between the government and the poli...
Job Characteristics, Employee Demographics, and the Cross-Section of Performance Pay

Using data from the online platform Glassdoor, we provide evidence that performance pay tracks an employee's role within the firm, exacerbates income inequality, and varies more than base pay across time, especially for job transitions. Employees in occupations requiring more interpersonal (routine) tasks receive larger (smaller) bonuses and are more (less) likely to receive a bonus. Further, employees higher up the corporate hierarchy earn significant premiums in and a larger share of income from performance pay. While age, school pedigree, firm tenure, and education magnify bonuses, demographics cannot explain these outsized returns. Our results suggest firms set compensation based primarily on the job, incentivize workers through career concerns, and reward social skills. We estimate 66% (90%) of a worker's performance (base) pay can be explained by the average among those in the same firm and job title, and that performance pay accounts for about one-fourth of a 32% performance-pay-job premium.
People with disagreeable personalities (selfish, combative, and manipulative) do not have an advantage in pursuing power at work.

Does being disagreeable—that is, behaving in aggressive, selfish, and manipulative ways—help people attain power? This question has long captivated philosophers, scholars, and laypeople alike, and yet prior empirical findings have been inconclusive. In the current research, we conducted two preregistered prospective longitudinal studies in which we measured participants’ disagreeableness prior to entering the labor market and then assessed the power they attained in the context of their work organization ∼14 y later when their professional careers had unfolded. Both studies found disagreeable individuals did not attain higher power as opposed to extraverted individuals who did gain higher power in their organizations. Furthermore, the null relationship between disagreeableness and power was not moderated by individual differences, such as gender or ethnicity, or by contextual variables, such as organizational culture. What can account for this null relationship? A close examination of behavior patterns in the workplace found that disagreeable individuals engaged in two distinct patterns of behavior that offset each other’s effects on power attainment: They engaged in more dominant-aggressive behavior, which positively predicted attaining higher power, but also engaged in less communal and generous behavior, which predicted attaining less power. These two effects, when combined, appeared to cancel each other out and led to a null correlation between disagreeableness and power.
Increased Thyroid-Hormone Requirements Consistent With Type 3 Deiodinase Induction Related to Ibrutinib in a Thyroidectomized Woman.

Abstract Objective Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are chemotherapeutic agents associated with increased thyroid-hormone requirements and altered deiodinase activity. We present the first case to link these findings to the TKI ibrutinib. Methods Serial thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free-thyroxine (FT4), free-triiodothyronine (FT3), and reverse-triiodothyronine (rT3) levels were assessed. Results An 80-year-old, 62-kg woman with hypothyroidism secondary to total thyroidectomy for stage I papillary thyroid cancer, on maintenance levothyroxine (LT4) 137 μg daily, presented for follow-up. Compared to one year prior, the patient’s weight had increased by 2 kg and TSH from 2.58 to 27.60 μIU/mL (normal: 0.45-4.50 μIU/mL) while on pantoprazole. Ibrutinib, her other medication, had been started seven months prior for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Despite sequential confirmation of proper LT4 adherence and self-administration, adjustment of LT4 to 150 μg, and discontinuation of pantoprazole, the patient’s hypothyroid symptoms worsened, and the TSH was 73.90 μIU/mL six months later. LT4 was increased to 175 μg six days a week and 262.5 μg once weekly. Two months later, the TSH was 3.92 μIU/mL (steady-state condition), FT4 2.32 ng/dL (normal: 0.82-1.77 ng/dL), FT3 1.6 pg/mL (normal: 2.0-4.4 pg/mL), and rT3 69.6 ng/dL (normal: 9.2-24.1 ng/dL). Ibrutinib was discontinued the next month due to gastrointestinal side effects and elevated blood pressure. Four months later, LT4 had been reduced to 150 μg, and the FT4 reached 1.92 ng/dL, FT3 2.0 pg/mL, and rT3 26.6 ng/dL. Conclusion This report links ibrutinib to increased thyroid-hormone requirements in a thyroidectomized woman whose decreased T3:T4, T3:rT3, and T4:rT3 ratios suggested type 3 deiodinase induction and type 2 deiodinase inhibition.
Towards authentic undergraduate research experiences in software engineering and machine learning

Authentic undergraduate research experiences have been shown to be very effective at sustaining students’ learning motivation and enhancing students’ theoretical knowledge and practical skills. However, there still exists some common challenges in undergraduate research. In this paper, we describe an approach that offers undergraduate students authentic and immersive research experience focusing on applied machine learning for software engineering and discuss our experiences with example undergraduate research projects and outcomes. A survey was designed to assess students’ overall experience of participating in authentic undergraduate research projects in machine learning for software engineering. Preliminary results from this survey are provided.
A Safe Distance: Robert Penn Warren’s Introductions to All the King’s Men

This chapter explores the introductions that Robert Penn Warren wrote for various American editions of All the King’s Men (1946), over a twenty-eight-year period (1953–1981). In prefaces for the Modern Library (1953), Time, Inc. (1963), the Franklin Library (1977), and the Book-of-the-Month Club (1981), Warren describes how and why he wrote the novel and who and what inspired him. However, the most important element of his introductions is the influence of Huey P. Long, populist Governor (1928–1932) and US Senator (1932–1935) from Louisiana, on Wille Stark, the fictional populist governor in the novel. I focus on Warren’s treatment of origins, followed by a survey of “Huey,” whose treatment drives, to a great extent, the success and staying power of the novel.
Computational challenges with cliques, quasi-cliques and clique partitions in graphs

During the last decade, many problems in social, biological, and financial networks require finding cliques, or quasi-cliques. Cliques or clique partitions have also been used as clustering or classification tools in data sets represented by networks. These networks can be very large and often massive and therefore external (or semi-external) memory algorithms are needed. We discuss four applications where we identify computational challenges which are both of practical and theoretical interest.
Early Intervention Project: Can Its Claims Be Substantiated and Its Effects Replicated?

A comprehensive report to the National Institute of Health on the diagnosis, etiology, epidemiology, and treatment of autism indicated that early intervention has the potential of being an effective intervention (Bristol et al., 1996). In spite of this positive outlook, several research and methodological questions remain regarding time of treatment initiation, intensity of treatment and duration of treatment, random assignment, comparative treatment designs, and treatment integrity. Against this backdrop we consider the claims made by the Early Intervention Project (EIP; Lovaas, 1987, 1993; McEachin, Smith, & Lovaas, 1993). The EIP claims to produce recovery from autism in 47% of the cases and to greatly reduce its severity in an additional 42% of cases. This article evaluates the EIP against threats to internal and external validity and is found to suffer from a number of methodological problems. Based on rebuttals to criticisms of their program, the EIP authors seem unwilling to admit any methodological flaws in the sampling, design, and analysis of data of the EIP. It is recommended that parents and fair hearing officers adopt an attitude of healthy skepticism before proceeding to an unqualified endorsement of the EIP as a treatment for autism.
CATV trends and video dialtone-technologies and challenges

The cable television network infrastructure and the CATV market in the United States are undergoing a major technological change. Opportunities for interactive television and multimedia to every home seem more real than ever. The ability for the new cable network, in the form of fiber-coax combination, to provide wide bandwidth will make possible new applications. Application of this type are movies-on-demand, interactive newspaper, networked libraries, interactive home shopping, etc. In order to provide cost effective implementations, a number of technology barriers must be overcome. These applications stress every aspect of communication, computation, network, and user-interface technology we know of today. We address the technology and the challenges to make these applications work. This intricate, expensive technology and infrastructure require cooperation between a number of industry partners and network providers. This demands a need for standards covering protocols and interfaces; one common framework is video dialtone. The technical aspects of video dialtone are discussed from a signalling point of view. >
Predicted structures of apolipoprotein II mRNA constrained by nuclease and dimethyl sulfate reactivity: stable secondary structures occur predominantly in local domains via intraexonic base pairing.

Abstract Analyses of apolipoprotein II mRNA with chemical and enzymatic probes showed that double- and single-stranded regions were distributed uniformly along the mRNA except for a large (72 nucleotides) single-stranded region containing the translation stop codon. Secondary structure models constrained by the experimental data were made by varying the distance (along the mRNA) over which base pairing was allowed. Four prominent secondary structures were seen with restrictions of 165, 330, or 659 nucleotides suggesting that such structures from via local interactions over distances of 50-120 nucleotides. Predicted long range interactions involve only 2-3 base pairs while local interactions involve helices of 4-10 base pairs. Predicted helices of greater than or equal to 4 base pairs occur primarily within exons, raising the possibility that prominent secondary structures in mRNAs may be largely due to intraexonic base pairing. Tests of single- and double-stranded domains by oligonucleotide-directed RNase H cleavage and primer extension were in accord with the structure model and with nuclease and chemical modification data. The model predicting base pairing between the coding and the 3' noncoding regions was tested by RNase H cleavage followed by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography to separate 5' and 3' mRNA fragments. Most (82%) of the 5' fragment remained associated with the 3' noncoding region in a structure with a tm = 50 degrees C in 0.2 M Na+ suggesting that this stem could be stable in vivo. This stem may be stable in the isolated mRNA, but would likely occur transiently in polyribosomal apolipoprotein II mRNA due to ribosome transit through the 5' side of the stem. Alternate structures may occur in this region during ribosome transit and play a role in translation termination or in determining the susceptibility of the mRNA to degradation.
Failure to thrive: A parent-infant interaction perspective

The purpose of this study was to prospectively study inpatients admitted for failure to thrive during their first year of life. Twelve infants with failure to thrive were studied and compared with 17 healthy controls. Mothers and infants with nonorganic failure to thrive scored lower on the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale, reported more change in their lives, and less social support. The need for further research is discussed and suggestions for beginning level interventions are made.
Dendroclimatic reconstructions from multiple co-occurring species: a case study from an old-growth deciduous forest in Indiana, USA

Tree-ring-based climate reconstructions are typically derived from either (1) a single species from one or multiple locations or (2) multiple species from multiple locations. Here, we investigate the ability of using multiple co-occurring canopy-dominant species from a single location for climate reconstructions based in the eastern United States. Using a variety of techniques, we first compare the climate signals of three canopy-dominant species (Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, Liriodendron tulipifera) at an old-growth forest in southern Indiana. We then determine if a composite time series of these co-occurring species increases or decreases the reconstruction model skill. Climate–growth correlation analysis of the species reveals strong and consistent relationships with summer [June–August (JJA)] Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) during the period 1895–2012. We first use a split-sample reconstruction technique to compare the performance of species reconstruction models. We then use a nested technique to build a composite chronology against which to compare the individual species chronologies. The composite chronology of all three species accounts for up to 38% of the mean variation in JJA PDSI, and verification statistics indicate robust statistical skill from 1870 to 2012. The composite chronology reconstruction also outperforms each individual species model, indicating that using multiple co-occurring species increases reconstruction skill, at least from a single study site. Furthermore, model performance is improved by using nested reconstruction techniques, and implicates the potential ability to use multiple co-occurring species across multiple locations in the eastern United States.
Simulation of long‐period 3‐D elastic responses for whole earth models

SUMMARY Improvements in GDSN seismic data quality and advances in numerical algorithms for solution of the wave equation now make it useful and feasible to simulate long-period elastic responses for 3-D whole earth models. The algorithm used is eighth-order finite-differencing on a staggered grid; this allows stable computation at boundaries with large contrasts in Poisson's ratio, such as the core-mantle boundary. As the solution automatically generates all wave types, it may lead to prediction of previously unobserved (or misinterpreted) phases and allow more detailed analysis of all phases. Simulations of large (e.g. nuclear) explosions and double-couple earthquake sources reveal the effects on relative amplitudes, of their respective radiation patterns, in both wavefield snapshots and seismogram profiles. A large number of phases are affected, even by a single smooth bump on the core-mantle boundary. A 3-D whole earth model implicitly contains the travaltimes for all source/receiver positions, and, for any source configuration, the corresponding amplitudes of all phases. Thus, 3-D numerical modelling of whole earth responses is a potentially valuable diagnostic and interpretive tool, and a basis for globalization (in contrast to regionalization) of traveltime tables.
Matrix fields, regular and irregular: A complete fundamental characterization

Abstract This paper completes our characterization of subfields of the matrix ring ( F ) n when the field F is a finite extension of its prime subfield F p of characteristic p , for p a prime or zero. If N ⊂ ( F ) n is any subfield having rank n , then N S n (F p ) is separable, where S n ( F p )={ αI n : α ∈ F p } is the set of all scalar matrices over F p . Moreover, an intermediate field M between S n ( F p ) and N has finite degree over S n ( F p ) if and only if M is a simple extension of S n ( F p ), say M = S n ( F p )[ A ], A ∈ M . Let S n ( K ) be the field of all scalar matrices in M (called the scalar interior of M ), and let S n ( F ′) be the scalar interior of N . Then K is a subfield of F with [ K : F p ] S n ( F ′)[ A ] between M and N (called the scalar closure of M in N ) can be obtained by adjoining to M only scalar matrices over F ′. Under classical hypotheses, the primary results of this paper constructively exhibit the fields K while characterizing the fields M . In particular, K is shown to be the fixed field of a subgroup H of G ( F f / F p ), where F f is the coefficient field of the minimal polynomial f ( x ) of A over F , and H is explicitly determined by the canonical factorization of f ( x ) over F . The results generalize directly to subfields of ( F ) n having arbitrary rank itr n .
The importance of light and photoperiod in sexual reproduction and geographical distribution in the green snow alga, Chloromonas sp.‐D (Chlorophyceae, Volvocales)

The effects of premating light regimes on sexual reproduction and the production of spherical cells in Chloromonas sp.-D, a unicellular green snow alga, were studied using cross-mating strains 582C and 582D isolated from snowpacks associated with mixed hardwood-softwood forests in Whetstone Gulf State Park, Tughill Plateau, NY. Two preacclimation regimes were used, Vita-Lite as controls (530-700 nm peak) and blue light as experimentals (430-460 nm peak) prior to the mating experiments. In blue light, an increase in the number of matings and spherical cells (spheres) produced in the life cycle was observed as the photoperiod increased. This implies that longer photoperiods of blue light are more optimal for sexual reproduction in Chloromonas sp.-D than shorter ones. Under Vita-Lite, there was a significant increase in the number of matings and spheres with the extended 20 : 4 photoperiod compared with the shorter 14 : 10 photoperiod. Under blue light, significantly more matings and spheres occurred than under Vita-Lite using the same irradiance level of 95 μmol photons m -2 s -1 (photosynthetically active radiation [PAR] of 400-700 nm) for the 14: 10 and 20: 4 photoperiods. The results of these experiments suggest that Chloromonas sp.-D. known only from the Tughill Plateau, NY, is not reproducing optimally at this site where it grows and reproduces under an approximate 14: 10 photoperiod in early April. However, in the upper 10 cm of snow in the Tughill Plateau, a blue light irradiance level of 95 μmol photons m 2 s -1 occurs, which is optimal for this species. When these conditions are combined with a 14: 10 photoperiod, the Tughill Plateau appears to be sub-optimal for mating and production of spherical cells. Since Chloromonas sp.-D does not appear to have a dependence on a dark cycle, this would allow it to expand its geographical distribution. It may reproduce more optimally under blue light (95 μmol photons m -2 s -1 ) with an extended photoperiod (>20:4 h, light:dark) in high latitude field sites such as Lake Bienville, Quebec, in eastern North America where other species of Chloromonas are known in snow associated with coniferous forests.
Role of laminin terminal globular domains in basement membrane assembly

Laminins contribute to basement membrane assembly through interactions of their N- and C-terminal globular domains. To further analyze this process, recombinant laminin-111 heterotrimers with deletions and point mutations were generated by recombinant expression and evaluated for their ability to self-assemble, interact with nidogen-1 and type IV collagen, and form extracellular matrices on cultured Schwann cells by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Wild-type laminin and laminin without LG domains polymerized in contrast to laminins with deleted α1-, β1-, or γ1-LN domains or with duplicated β1- or α1-LN domains. Laminins with a full complement of LN and LG domains accumulated on cell surfaces substantially above those lacking either LN or LG domains and formed a lamina densa. Accumulation of type IV collagen onto the cell surface was found to require laminin with separate contributions arising from the presence of laminin LN domains, nidogen-1, and the nidogen-binding site in laminin. Collectively, the data support the hypothesis that basement membrane assembly depends on laminin self-assembly through formation of α-, β-, and γ-LN domain complexes and LG-mediated cell surface anchorage. Furthermore, type IV collagen recruitment into the laminin extracellular matrices appears to be mediated through a nidogen bridge with a lesser contribution arising from a direct interaction with laminin.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) Differentially Regulates β-Catenin Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination in Colon Cancer Cells

Most colorectal cancers have mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene or the β-catenin gene that stabilize β-catenin and activate β-catenin target genes, leading ultimately to cancer. The molecular mechanisms of APC function in β-catenin degradation are not completely known. APC binds β-catenin and is involved in the Axin complex, suggesting that APC regulates β-catenin phosphorylation. Some evidence also suggests that APC regulates β-catenin nuclear export. Here, we examine the effects of APC mutations on β-catenin phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation in the colon cancer cell lines SW480, DLD-1, and HT29, each of which contains a different APC truncation. Although the current models suggest that β-catenin phosphorylation should be inhibited by APC mutations, we detected significant β-catenin phosphorylation in these cells. However, β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation were inhibited in SW480 but not in DLD-1 and HT29 cells. The ubiquitination ofβ-catenin in SW480 cells can be rescued by exogenous expression of APC. The APC domains required for β-catenin ubiquitination were analyzed. Our results suggest that APC regulates β-catenin phosphorylation and ubiquitination by distinct domains and by separate molecular mechanisms.
Stiffness properties and stiffness orientation distributions for various paper grades by non-contact laser ultrasonics

The stiffness properties, especially flexural rigidity (FR), out of plane shear rigidity (SR), and stiffness orientation distributions (SOD) are characterized for various paper grades, by a laser ultrasonics instrument. Laser ultrasonics generation is achieved through thermal dilatation by point focusing of a pulsed laser beam onto the surface of the specimen. By probing the excited broadband ultrasound propagating in the samples, the velocities dispersions are obtained and the materials properties are extracted. The measured FR and SR along machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD) are presented for 10 paper samples ranging from thin copy papers to heavy linerboards. The SOD polar diagrams for some of the samples are also presented and discussed. The relationships of FR, SR, Young's and shear moduli with basis weight are discussed. It is observed that both the Young's and shear moduli tend to decrease significantly when the basis weight increases, going from copy paper to linerboard grades. We also found that SR reaches a maximum value and then decreases when the basis weight increases to 150 g/m2 and above. This unusual behavior of SR can be explained by the noticeable reduction of shear modulus for heavy linerboards.
Maximizing Guaranteed QoS in (m, k)-firm Real-time Systems

(m, k)-firm constraints have been used to schedule tasks in soft/firm real-time systems under overloaded conditions. In general, they are provided by application designers to guarantee the minimum levels of quality of service (QoS). Many problems concentrating in task schedulability under these constraints were investigated. However, little work has been done in combining the optimization of the QoS and task schedulability subject to these (m, k)-firm constraints. In this paper, we consider the problem of maximizing the guaranteed performance while maintaining a schedulable task set in periodic firm real-time systems. To quantify the performance, we propose a granularity-related metric called granularity of quality of service-reward (GQoS-reward). We then show that maximizing the total GQoS-reward is an NP-hard problem and a heuristic method to solve the problem is studied. In addition to the improvement to the GQoS, positive effects on other main performance metrics for soft/firm real time systems, such as effective processor utilization (EPU), total accumulated reward and instability, are also supported by the simulation results using our optimization strategy
Bismuth valence and lattice dynamics studies in BaBiO3 by molecular dynamics

Abstract The perovskite-like compound BaBiO 3 system has been studied by first-principles molecular dynamics and the relation between phase-transition properties and different valence of bismuth has been discussed. A successful match between theoretical and experimental results has been achieved. It is found that irrespective of which bismuth valence, Bi 4+ Bi 4+ or Bi 3+ Bi 5+ , is used, the structural transformation is present and is basically a size effect. The calculation also showns that most stable configuration of the Bi 3+ Bi 5+ , is an ordered supercell, but there are no big variations in energy between different Ba 2 Bi 3+ Bi 5+ O 6 configurations.
Where is the "community" in community treatment?

The goal of this column is to explore topics related to the impact of culture on psychiatric/mental health nursing practice, research, and education.
Single Parenthood and the Law

Laws that affect single parents are focused on the con- tinuing relationship of parent and child following the dissolution of marriage; increasingly the same laws are being applied to never-mar- ried parents. Although most laws affecting family relationships are state statutes, communication among states and accumulated case law have resulted in similarities in family laws across state jurisdic- tions. Drawing on social scientists, legal commentators, and appel- late opinions, the status of laws and experiences of parents in the areas of child custody, child support, tax law, and court involvement in welfare reform are reviewed. A pervasive theme throughout is gender discrimination, a problem that exists more in the legal envi- ronment than in law. It is suggested that if the best interests of chil- dren are to be served, it will be necessary to resolve conflicting feel- ings and beliefs, set aside myths and stereotypes, and promote the development of competence and equality for parents.
Rorschach responses in anorectic and nonanorectic women

Rorschach responses from two groups of 20 women each, one with and one without anorexia nervosa, were compared in three ways: (1) with standard Rorschach scoring methods; (2) by content of responses; and (3) on structure of responses. Whereas standard scoring methods did not discriminate between the two groups, statistical analyses of the data revealed a significantly higher level of “primary process” material in the Rorschachs of the anorectic patients, both in the content of their records and in their structure. The results of the study suggest the presence of psychopathology of major proportions in a substantial percentage of women with anorexia nervosa.