cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open reduction of CDH before one year of age. 69 hips followed for 13 (10-19) years.

50 children (69 hips) had open reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) at the age of 7 (2–12) months. 4 hips had a poor result from severe necrosis of the femoral head. Another 5 hips ...
Characterization of immortalized osteoclast precursors developed from mice transgenic for both bcl-X(L) and simian virus 40 large T antigen.

We recently developed an immortalized osteoclast (OCL) precursor cell line that forms large numbers of OCLs. This cell line was derived from mice doubly transgenic for bcl-XL and large T antigen that was targeted to cells in the OCL lineage (bcl-XL/Tag cells). We have now characterized these cells in terms of their surface and enzymatic phenotype, responsiveness to osteotropic factors, and differentiation potential. The bcl-XL/Tag cells expressed interleukin-1 receptors 1 and 2, gelatinase B (MMP9), as well as Mac-1, CD16/CD32 (Fcγ receptors), CD45.2 (common leukocyte marker), CD86 (costimulatory molecule expressed on B cells, follicular dendritic cells, and thymic epithelium), major histocompatibility complex I, and nonspecific esterase when cocultured with MC3T3E1 cells. However, they did not express the antigens for F4/80 (mature macrophage/dendritic cell marker) by immunostaining. Treatment of bcl-XL/Tag cells, cocultured with MC3T3E1 cells, with the combination of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dexamet...
Treatment of endocarditis: a decade of experience.

Background Endocarditis represents a small proportion of cardiovascular disease but is associated with high mortality. Previous studies have reported a range of outcomes, and determinants of mortality remain poorly defined. Methods The goal of this retrospective study was to identify independent variables for early and late mortality in 364 consecutive patients with endocarditis over a 10-year period. Results The mean age of patients was 48.2 years, 35% had a history intravenous drug use, 19.8% were reoperative, and 93% had native valve endocarditis. Fever (68%) and fatigue (36%) were the most common presenting symptoms, and congestive heart failure (52%), embolization (45%), and uncontrolled sepsis (36%) were the most common indications for surgery. Overall survival at discharge, 1, 5, and 10 years was 87%, 76%, 55%, and 31%, respectively. Survival at discharge, 5, and 10 years was 91%, 69%, and 41% for surgical patients and 85%, 60%, and 31% for medically treated patients, respectively. Surgery was associated with improved short-term and long-term survival (p Conclusions Short-term and long-term mortality from endocarditis remains high, although surgically treated patients had improved survival. Differing outcomes from two geographically similar institutions highlight the limitations of extrapolating risk factors between disparate patient populations.
Broadband Characterization of Materials Using a Dual-Ridged Waveguide

A transmission/reflection material characterization technique that uses dual-ridged waveguides is presented. The proposed dual-ridged-waveguide system combines many of the positive aspects of traditional transverse electromagnetic-mode (e.g., coaxial, free space, and stripline) and rectangular waveguide systems, i.e., broadband measurements and accurate calibration. A brief discussion on the derivation of the theoretical scattering parameters, required for the extraction of permittivity and permeability of a material under test, is provided. Two methods for computing the cutoff wavenumber of the dual-ridged waveguide-essential to the material characterization process-are also discussed. The first, which utilizes the mode-matching technique, is applicable to dual-ridged-waveguide apertures composed of right-angled corners. The second uses the surface equivalence principle and a magnetic-field integral equation formulation to find the cutoff wavenumber. This approach is applicable to dual-ridged waveguides with rounded corners, which often result from the dual-ridged waveguide manufacturing process. Thus, for the first time, the effect of rounded dual-ridged-waveguide aperture corners on the measurement of permittivity and permeability is assessed. Experimental material characterization results of a magnetic absorbing material are presented and analyzed to validate the proposed technique. An extensive error analysis on the extracted values of permittivity and permeability is also performed by taking into account manufacturer-specified dual-ridged-waveguide design tolerances as well as uncertainties in sample position, sample thickness, sample-holder length, and measured scattering parameters.
Mach’s principle, Baryon conservation and Baryon mass

Mach’s principle is viewed as being incorporated into relativity by means of Dicke’s scalar field theory. The assumption is made, however, that the scalar field interacts only with baryonic matter. Then it follows that the baryon current obeys an equation of continuity. Furthermore, by adopting the steady-state model of the Universe, the baryon mass becomes determined by the scalar field. Thus, both baryon conservation and the origin of the baryon mass can be regarded as a consequence of Mach’s principle. In order to ensure the unrestricted validity of the equivalence principle, one must allow for a pressure in the matter fields. Various cosmological consequences are discussed.
An In Vivo Rat Model of Artery Buckling for Studying Wall Remodeling

Theoretical modeling and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that arterial buckling is a possible mechanism for the development of artery tortuosity. However, there has been no report of whether artery buckling develops into tortuosity, partially due to the lack of in vivo models for long-term studies. The objective of this study was to establish an in vivo buckling model in rat carotid arteries for studying arterial wall remodeling after buckling. Rat left carotid arteries were transplanted to the right carotid arteries to generate buckling under in vivo pressure and were maintained for 1 week to examine wall remodeling and adaptation. Our results showed that a significant buckling was achieved in the carotid arterial grafts with altered wall stress. Cell proliferation and matrix metalloprotinease-2 (MMP-2) expression in the buckled arteries increased significantly compared with the controls. The tortuosity level of the grafts also slightly increased 1 week post-surgery, while there was no change in vessel dimensions, blood pressure, and blood flow velocity. The artery buckling model provides a useful tool for further study of the adaptation of arteries into tortuous shapes.
Evaluating Self-Concept and Ego Development Within Erikson's Psychosocial Framework: A Formulation

The purpose of this article is to suggest criteria developed within the context of Erikson's first five psychosocial stages that may be helpful in evaluating self-concept and ego development. The strength of Erikson's theory has been in its contribution to the understanding of the self's development over a series of psychosocial stages. A weakness, however, has been in the ambiguity about what behaviors to look for during any particular stage that allow one to evaluate the status of a person's psychological growth. To assess areas of strengths and weaknesses in the self's growth as it progresses through these stages, five behavioral expressions tables are presented, each illustrating possible behaviors and implicit attitudes associated with positive and negative ego resolutions at each stage. Implications for the evaluation of problem areas and counseling are noted.
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma

. Using a variety of techniques, estrogen and progesterone receptors have previously been identified in variable percentages of malignant melanomas. We examined 10 primary superficial spreading melanomas (SSM) with a fluorescent hormone-binding technique for estrogen and progesterone cytoplasmic receptors. Of these 6 SSM were markedly positive for estrogen and progesterone binding. Patients with dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS) or a family history of DNS were markedly positive for estrogen and progesterone binding. A single patient with lentigo maligna and another patient with lentigo maligna melanoma were negative for estrogen and progesterone binding. None of the 21 control intradermal nevi examined for estrogen and progesterone binding exhibited marked positivity.
Molecular theory of the helix-coil transition in polyamino acids. V. Explanation of the different conformational behavior of valine, isoleucine, and leucine in aqueous solution

Even though poly(L-valine) and poly(L-isoleucine) both contain residues that are branched at their β-carbon atoms, they exhibit a different behavior of their Zimm-Bragg helix-growth parameter s in aqueous solution. This quantity increases with temperature for poly(L-valine) but decreases for poly(L-isoleucine). The origin of this behavioral difference was examined by computing theoretical values of s versus temperature from interatomic interaction energies, taking solvent (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) effects into account. The calculated s versus temperature curves for both homopolymers are consistent with the observed experimental behavior. The two homopolymers behave differently because of differences in the change in the number of hydration-shell water molecules accompanying their helix–coil transitions. The larger isoleucine side chains are more crowded together in both the α-helical and coil forms than are those of valine. Therefore, there is a smaller change in hydration of the isoleucine side chains compared to that of the valine side chains in the helix–coil transition. By analyzing the effects of hydration on the s versus temperature curves, it is possible to account also for the experimental curve for poly(L-leucine), which exhibits an intermediate behavior between those for poly(L-valine) and poly(L-isoleucine).
Comparison of detection threshold values determined using glass sniff bottles and plastic squeeze bottles.

Olfactory threshold measures are influenced by such factors as odorant species, diluent type, psychophysical paradigm, and stimulus-presentation procedure. In this study, we compared phenyl ethyl alcohol odor-detection thresholds obtained using 120-ml glass sniff bottles to those obtained using 120-ml plastic squeeze bottles. Although these presentation media are commonly employed in published studies, there has never been a formal comparison of values obtained using them. 10 male and 10 female subjects were tested on two threshold test sessions, one for each type of bottle. Order of sessions was systematically counterbalanced and completed on the same day for a given subject, with a minimum of 30 min. elapsing between sessions. A seven-reversal, single-staircase threshold procedure was employed. Although the threshold values were similar for the two procedures, slightly lower thresholds were obtained using the glass sniff bottles [respective M (SEM) log vol/vol values = −6.61 (.20) and −6.13 (.24)]. Thes...
Dynamic dipole polarizabilities of the confined hydrogen atom

The Schrodinger equation for a ground state hydrogen atom confined at the center of an impenetrable cavity is solved exactly. Static and dynamic dipole polarizabilities are calculated using variational perturbation theory. The variational perturbation method is shown to be quite stable even far into the anomalous dispersion region.
ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOME-ORIENTED LEARNING: EXTERNAL OR IN-COURSE?

Effective assessment is crucial to ourcome-based learning programs. One choice to be made in such programs is whether assessment of student learning should be carried out within course structures or external to them. Advantages to each approach are suggested, along with other factors affecting the decision. The overall recommendation is for external assessment, primarily because it can more effectively maintain reliability and validity.
Multiple functional enhancer motifs of rat ribosomal gene

Previous studies from this laboratory have characterized a 174 bp enhancer element which is located 2 kb upstream of the initiation site. Half of the enhancer action is controlled by a 37 bp element at the 3’ end of the 174 bp region. We now report that a 43 bp adjacent domain which is located upstream of the 37 bp element constitutes an additional motif of the rDNA enhancer. When the plasmid consisting of the 43 bp DNA upstream of the rDNA core promoter was transcribed in a fractionated rat tumor cell extract (fraction DE-B), transcription of rDNA was augmented 4 fold. Electrophoretic mobility shift and DNAase I footprinting analyses showed that the purified 37 bp enhancer (E1-binding protein, (E1BF) not only interacted with the enhancer motif E1 but also interacted with the neighbouring 43 bp enhancer domain E2. The specificity of the binding was demonstrated by competition with unlabeled 37 bp and 43 bp fragment and lack of competition with nonspecific DNAs in the mobility shift assay. These studies have shown that a single pol I transcription factor can bind to multiple enhancer domains with no significant sequence homologies and such multiple interactions may result in maximal transcription of ribosomal gene from the core promoter.
Stress and Coping in Police Officers

Police officers encounter numerous stressors as part of their professional duties. Dissociation, the splitting off from awareness thoughts, feelings, or memories of stressful events, is one psychol...
Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage as a route to achieving optical control in plasmonics

Optical properties of ensembles of three-level quantum emitters coupled to plasmonic systems are investigated employing a self-consistent model. It is shown that the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) technique can be successfully adopted to control optical properties of hybrid materials with collective effects present and playing an important role in light-matter interactions. We consider a core-shell nanowire composed of a silver core and a shell of coupled quantum emitters and utilize a STIRAP scheme to control the scattering efficiency of such a system in a frequency and spatially dependent manner. After the STIRAP-induced population transfer to the final state takes place, the core-shell nanowire exhibits two sets of Rabi splittings with Fano line shapes, indicating strong interactions between two different atomic transitions driven by plasmon near-fields.
Role of nitric oxide and nuclear factor-κB in the CYP2E1 potentiation of tumor necrosis factor α hepatotoxicity in mice

Induction of CYP2E1 by pyrazole (PY) potentiated the hepatotoxicity induced by TNFalpha in mice. We evaluated the role of nitrosative and oxidative stress and the NF-kappaB activation pathway in this liver injury. The iNOS inhibitor N-(3-aminomethyl)benzylacetamindine (1400W) or the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) prevented this liver injury. TNFalpha plus PY treatment triggered radical stress in the liver with increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione and caused mitochondrial damage as reflected by elevated membrane swelling and cytochrome c release. The radical stress and mitochondrial damage were prevented by 1400W and NAC. TNFalpha plus PY treatment elevated 3-nitrotyrosine adduct formation and induced NOS2 in the liver; 1400W and NAC blocked these changes. A lower extent of liver injury and oxidative stress was found in NOS2(-/-) mice treated with TNFalpha plus PY compared with wild-type controls. Neither 1400W nor NAC modified CYP2E1 activity or protein. Activation of JNK and p38MAPK was weaker in TNFalpha plus PY-treated NOS2(-/-) mice and 1400W and NAC blocked the activation of JNK and p38MAPK in wild-type mice. IKKalpha/beta protein levels were decreased by TNFalpha plus PY treatment, whereas IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta protein levels were elevated compared with saline, PY, or TNFalpha alone. NF-kappaB DNA binding activity was increased by TNFalpha alone but lowered by TNFalpha plus PY. All these changes were blocked by 1400W and NAC. NF-kappaB activation products such as Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), cFLIP(S), cFLIP(L), and Mn-SOD were reduced by TNFalpha plus PY and restored by 1400W or NAC. We conclude that TNFalpha plus CYP2E1 induces oxidative/nitrosative stress, which plays a role in the activation of JNK or p38MAPK and mitochondrial damage. These effects combine with the blunting of the NF-kappaB activation pathways and the synthesis of protective factors to cause liver injury.
An In Vitro Study of the Inhibitory Action of Methionine Enkephalin on Ovarian Maturation in the Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Abstract The possible involvement of an endogenous opioid system in the regulation of ovarian development in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, was investigated in vitro. Ovarian explants exposed to the opioid methionine (Met) enkephalin and thoracic ganglia showed reduced development in a dose-dependent manner as compared with explants incubated with thoracic ganglia alone. These thoracic ganglia secrete a gonad-stimulating hormone (GSH) as shown by the fact that explants incubated with thoracic ganglia alone showed more development than did explants incubated with muscle alone. On the other hand, the opioid antagonist naloxone produced dose-dependent enhanced development of explants incubated with thoracic ganglia. The fact that Met-enkephalin and naloxone are effective with thoracic ganglia in vitro strongly suggests that a functional endogenous opioid system is present in these ganglia and modulates release of GSH.
How general is the “General Factor of Personality”? Evidence from the Texas Adoption Project

Abstract Using data from samples of 300 and 220 adoptive families from the Texas Adoption Project, aspects of generality of a “General Factor of Personality” (GFP) were examined: across different personality inventories, across different levels of analysis (items, scales) within an inventory, across self- and others’ judgments, and across sexes, ages, and generations. Considerable, though not complete, generality was found. The average correlation between GFPs from items and scales of a given inventory was .90; between GFPs from the scales of different inventories was .48. Also examined were the heritability of a GFP, its degree of correlation with a general cognitive factor, and its ability to predict real-life criteria such as educational level, marital stability, and substance abuse.
Distance Learning Exchange: A Reflection on Student Characteristics

(2005). Distance Learning Exchange: A Reflection on Student Characteristics. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 46-47.
Estimating the level of fruit scarring by citrus thrips from temperature conditions prior to the end of bloom

Abstract In this study, we develop and validate multiple regression models to estimate the degree of fruit scarring by citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), from heat and chill degree days. Regression coefficients indicate that cool weather during early March (2 March–16 March) and warm weather during bloom are associated with high levels of thrips scarring. The biological mechanisms leading to the temperature-fruit scarring relationships are unknown. An economic analysis suggests that using model predictions may increase the average financial return per hectare and reduce the number of insecticide treatments applied against citrus thrips.
Synthesis, structure and low temperature magnetism of the new lithium and sodium insertion compounds: LiFe(II)ClMoO4 and NaFe(II)ClMoO4

Abstract The recently described tetragonal layered compound Fe(III)ClMoO4 is found to undergo reversible lithium and sodium ion insertion by stirring the solid in an acetonitrile solution of lithium or sodium iodide under argon. Reaction occurs via a topochemical redox-insertion mechanism where Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+. LiFe(II)ClMoO4 is monoclinic with a = 6.9944(6), b = 6.8712(6), c = 5.0146(5) A and β = 91.270(5)° (space group P2I/m). NaFe(II)ClMoO4 appears to be orthorhombic with a = 7.174(2), b = 7.185(1) and c = 5.183(1) A . The structure of LiFe(II)ClMoO4, determined by a Rietveld refinement of neutron powder diffraction data, is essentially the same as that of the precursor and contains Li ions in distorted octahedral sites between the layers. Also, the Fe atoms are shifted to a position where they are 6-coordinated compared to the 5-coordination observed in the ferric precursor. Zero field Mossbauer spectra for the lithium compound undergo hyperfine splitting that corresponds to a three-dimensional magnetic ordering process with TNeel∼ 68.5K. Low-dimensionality antiferromagnetism (probably one-dimensional chain in nature) is evident as a, broad maximum in the D.C. susceptibility at Tχmax ∼ 73 K. This is approximately 30 kelvins less than a similar low-dimensionality maximum observed in χm for the ferric precursor. Mossbauer spectra for the sodium insertion compound suggest cooperative three- dimensional magnetic order below ∼ 45 K.
Factors That Are Associated With Parental Acceptance of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: A Randomized Intervention Study of Written Information About HPV

OBJECTIVES. Prophylactic vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) are expected to be available for public use by 2007 and likely will be targeted to preadolescent children. Parental acceptance of these vaccines will be critical for their success. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the overall acceptance of HPV vaccines for preadolescent children by parents, (2) to evaluate the influence of written educational information about HPV on parental acceptability of HPV vaccines, and (3) to identify independent predictors associated with HPV vaccine acceptability by parents. METHODS. A randomized intervention study within a cross-sectional survey was conducted. Parental HPV vaccine acceptability was measured under 3 different hypothetical scenarios. A self-administered survey on the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about HPV and HPV vaccines was sent to 1600 parents of 8- to 12-year-old children. In addition to a baseline paragraph about HPV that was received by all study participants, a random half of the study participants received a detailed “HPV Information Sheet” outlining the epidemiology and potential clinical sequelae of HPV infection. Independent predictors of parental HPV vaccine acceptability were determined using multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS. Parents who received the HPV information sheet had higher mean scores on the HPV knowledge assessment tool than the control group. However, despite this apparent improvement in knowledge, there was not a statistically significant difference in HPV vaccine acceptability between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS. Providing parents with an HPV information sheet did seem to improve knowledge about HPV, but this increased knowledge had little effect on the acceptability of these vaccines by parents for their children. Instead, attitudes and life experiences seemed to be more important factors influencing HPV vaccine acceptability among parents.
Interaction of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)-related Mutant Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase with the Dynein-Dynactin Complex Contributes to Inclusion Formation

An important consequence of protein misfolding related to neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is the formation of proteinaceous inclusions or aggregates within the central nervous system. We have previously shown that several familial ALS-linked copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutants (A4V, G85R, and G93A) interact and co-localize with the dynein-dynactin complex in cultured cells and affected tissues of ALS mice. In this study, we report that the interaction between mutant SOD1 and the dynein motor plays a critical role in the formation of large inclusions containing mutant SOD1. Disruption of the motor by overexpression of the p50 subunit of dynactin in neuronal and non-neuronal cell cultures abolished the association between aggregation-prone SOD1 mutants and the dynein-dynactin complex. The p50 overexpression also prevented mutant SOD1 inclusion formation and improved the survival of cells expressing A4V SOD1. Furthermore, we observed that two ALS-linked SOD1 mutants, H46R and H48Q, which showed a lower propensity to interact with the dynein motor, also produced less aggregation and fewer large inclusions. Overall, these data suggest that formation of large inclusions depends upon association of the abnormal SOD1s with the dynein motor. Whether the misfolded SOD1s directly perturb axonal transport or impair other functional properties of the dynein motor, this interaction could propagate a toxic effect that ultimately causes motor neuron death in ALS.
Green’s function and propagator for the one-dimensional δ -function potential

A particle in a one-dimensional \ensuremath{\delta}-function potential possesses both discrete and continuum solutions. The configuration-space Green's function and propagator for this problem are derived by explicit summation over the spectrum of eigenstates. The momentum-space Green's function is also obtained. The propagator does not contain the classical action function in any simple way, in contrast to the usual structure in Feynman's path-integral formalism. Various analogies between the \ensuremath{\delta}-function and Coulomb problems are discussed.
Fibropapillomatosis of marine turtles

Abstract Cutaneous fibropapillomatosis in green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas (GTFP), was first reported over 50 years ago. In the last decade, GTFP has emerged as a significant worldwide epizootic with prevalences as high as 92% in some green turtle populations. Lesions similar to GTFP have been observed in other marine turtle species including olive ridleys, Lepidochelys olivacea , flatbacks, Natator depressus , and loggerheads, Caretta caretta , but disease in these species occurs at lower frequencies and is less well documented. The etiology of GTFP is unknown, and a variety of hypotheses concerning the possible etiology and pathogenesis of GTFP have been proposed and are discussed in this paper. Possible etiologies include viruses, metazoan parasites, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical carcinogens. Recent evidence from controlled transmission experiments implicates a filterable infectious agent as the primary etiology of GTFP. A herpesvirus has been identified in some lesions but has not been isolated and cultured; consequently, Koch's postulates have not yet been fulfilled for this agent. The epizootiology and pathogenesis of GTFP are poorly understood. Epizootiologic evidence, while limited to a few field studies, suggests that environmental conditions in certain near-shore marine habitats favor a high prevalence of disease expression. The possibility that immune system modulators play a role in the persistence and severity of this disease is discussed. Detailed investigations of the epizootiology of GTFP must await identification of the etiologic agent and development of specific diagnostic tests. In addition, until immune function tests can be developed and validated for free-ranging turtles, hypotheses about the role of immune system dysfunction in GTFP epizootics cannot be tested.
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme of the kidney cortex☆

Abstract We purified the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (peptidyldipeptide hydrolase; kininase II, EC 3.4.15.1) from homogenized hog kidney cortex. For the sake of comparison, we also purified the enzyme from homogenized human lung, human kidney and hog plasma. The microsomal fraction of the homogenized swine kidney cortex contained eight times more enzyme than the corresponding fraction from homogenized swine lung. The hog kidney enzyme had a molecular weight of 195 000. It contained about 8% neutral sugars. No subunits of the converting enzyme were observed. The enzyme liberated angiotensin II from angiotensin I and inactivated bradykinin. It also hydrolyzed the fluorescent substrate I-dimethylaminonaphtalene-5-sulfonyl-glycylglycylglycine and three other substrates that were measured in the ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The ratios of rates of cleavage of dipeptides from the C-terminal end of three optically active substrates were similar for the hog plasma, kidney, and lung enzymes, but different from the human enzymes. Antibody to hog converting enzymes cross-reacted with hog lung and plasma enzymes, but not with converting enzyme of human kidney. All the enzymes tested were completely inhibited by 10 −4 M of the peptide inhibitor SQ 20881. The absence of Cl − from the buffer induced conformational changes in the structure of purified enzyme in the ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud and fog droplets: a literature evaluation of plausibility

This paper investigates the hypothesis that cloud and fog processes produce fine organic particulate matter in the atmosphere. The evidence provided suggests that cloud and fog processes could be important contributors to secondary organic aerosol formation, and the contribution of this formation pathway should be further investigated. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (1) many organic vapors present in the atmosphere are sorbed by suspended droplets and have been measured in cloud and fog water, (2) organics participate in aqueous-phase reactions, and (3) organic particulate matter is sometimes found in the size mode attributed to cloud processing (i.e. the droplet mode). Specific compounds identified as potential precursors include aldehydes (e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde), acetone, alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and phenol), monocarboxylic acids, and organic peroxides. Carboxylic acids (e.g. diacids and oxo-acids), glyoxal, esters, organosulfur compounds, polyols, amines and amino acids are potential products of cloud and fog processing.
The effects of the anilinonaphthalenesulfonates on the alkylation of tubulin: correlation between the appearance of sulfhydryl groups and apolar binding sites.

Abstract We have previously found that the sulfhydryl groups of tubulin are sensitive reporters of the effects of ligands on the tubulin molecule. In this study, we examined the effects of three anilinonaphthalenesulfonates on the interaction of tubulin with iodo[14C]acetamide and N,N′-ethylenebis(iodoacetamied). We found that 1,8-anilinonaphthalensulfonate (1,8-ANS) and 2,6-anilinonaphthalenesulfonate (2,6-ANS) had no effect on the ractiion with iodo[14C]acetamide. In contrast, bis(1,8-anilinonaphthalenesulfonate) (BisANS), an inhibitor of microtubule assembly, had a complex effect. Low concentrations of BisANS, where presumably only the high-affinity binding site was saturated, had little or no effect on alkylation. Higher concentrations of BisANS cause a strong enhancement of alkylation. None of these compounds had any effect on the reaction with N,N′-ethylenebis(iodoacetamide). Our results suggest that the binding of BisANs, 2,6-ANS and 1,8-ANS to tubulin is complex and very different from that of the other anti-tubulin drugs. The correlatiion between the effects of drugs on alkylation of tubulin and the binding of BisANS is consistent with a model whereby the alkylatable sulfhydryls are located in apolar regions of the tubulin molecule.
Con: Heparin is not the best anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass

T O SAY THAT heparin is the best anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is to say that no further alternatives to heparin should be sought. However, this is clearly not the case. Heparm is not the 1deal anticoagulant, and the quest for better heparin alternatives should be continued. Extracorporeal circulation induces a total body inflammatory response, resulting in the activation of various inflammatory cascades, only one of which is the coagulation cascade. Thrombin is the major player in the coagulation cascade. Thrombin contributes not only to fibrin generation but also to platelet activation and to activation of the fibrinolytic system. Antithrombin (AT) is the major plasma inhibitor of thrombin. Neutralization of thrombm by AT proceeds slowly in the absence of heparin but is dramatically accelerated in the presence of heparln. I Thus, heparin serves to facilitate the reaction between thrombin and antithrombin. Once the thrombin/antithrombin (TAT) complex is generated, heparin dissociates from the TAT complex and is able to bind another molecule of AT, thus allowing one molecule of heparm to provide multiple rounds of thrombln inhibition. However, during CPB, inactivation of thrombin is incomplete. Despite seemingly adequate heparlnizatlon, there ~s evidence for continued thrombin and fibrin formation in the microcirculation during CPB, as evidenced by the continued generation of prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), TAT complex, and fibrinopeptide A (FPA). 2,3 This coagulation in the microcirculation places the microvasculature at risk for occlusion. Although heparin is very effective at catalyzing the inhibition of free, circulating, or fluid-phase thrombin by AT, it is a less effective catalyst if the thrombin is bound to fibrin or to a surface. 4 Heparin thus incompletely inhibits clot-bound, fibrin-bound, or solid-phase thrombin because thrombin is protected from inactivation by the heparm/AT complex. Consequently, the bound thrombin remains enzymatically active and is able to facihtate further thrombin generation. When a cardmc patient's blood comes in contact with the large artificial surface of the CPB circuit (approximately 6 m2), contact activation and the extrinsic coagulation cascade are also stimulated. 2 Any thrombin that is accreted onto the CPB circuit may escape inhibition by heparin/AT, thus allowing continued thrombm generation. The continued generation of F1.2, TAT, and FPA despite adequate heparinization for CPB suggests that significant amounts of thrombin escape inhibition and are therefore able to facdltate additional thrombin generation
SCATTERING OF CHARGED PARTICLES BY NEUTRAL ATOMS

ABS>A new technique is described for calculation of the scattering of charged particles by atoms. This is done by means of an expansion in incoherent fluctuations'' of the state of the atom. Two limiting cases are discussed---the adiabatic and the high-energy limits. The structure and convergence of the expansion are investigated. Several variational techniques may be used within the framework of the method described. Finally, a detailed study is made of scattering by hydrogen atoms. (auth)
Laser ablated coatings on ceramic fibers for ceramic matrix composites

Abstract The newly developed pulsed excimer laser ablation (PELA) thin film coating technique was applied to coating ceramic fibers for ceramic matrix composite applications. The feasibility of this application was demonstrated in the coating of two of the most popular monofilaments, SiC (SCS-0) and sapphire. Several materials, such as graphite, SiC and enstatite (MgSiO3) were used as coating targets. Single-layer or multiple-layer coatings of these materials were deposited on either SiC or sapphire filaments. The microstructure, stoichiometry and thickness of the coatings were examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. The coatings exhibited a dense and uniform morphology, and the stoichiometry compared well with the targets throughout the coating layer. Although the coating was applied discontinuously on cut filaments, the potential application of the PELA technique for continuous fiber coating has been demonstrated.
Modulation of benzodiazepine receptor binding in mouse brain by adrenalectomy and steroid replacement

Abstract Adrenal steroids alter neuronal excitability in the central nervous system (CNS), and evidence from in vitro studies indicates that at least some of these effects are mediated by the GABAergic system. Benzodiazepine receptor binding, among other sites on the GABA complex, has been implicated in steroid-induced alterations in the CNS. To investigate the modulation of benzodiazepine receptor binding by adrenal steroids, we examined receptor binding determined by an in vivo technique in mice after adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and after replacement with several naturally occurring and synthetic steroids. Benzodiazepine receptor binding was substantially augmented in cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus in mice 1 week after adrenalectomy, and these increasesappeared to be due to increased receptor number rather than changes in apparent affinity. Similar results in cortex were found after hypophysectomy. Replacement with physiologic, but not lower doses, of corticosterone reversed the changes induced by adrenalectomy. Chronic treatment with deoxycorticosterone also returned binding to control values, but chronic administration with dexamethasone, aldosterone and dihydroprogesterone did not alter binding after adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy did not alter non-specific binding or GABA concentrations in cortex, and delivery of radioligand did not appear to be affected. These results indicate that adrenal steroids modulate benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo, perhaps via the CR subtype of corticosteroid receptors. The steroid-benzodiazepine interaction may be especially important in the stress response.
Soy Phytoestrogens Do Not Prevent Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Monkeys

The putative skeletal effects of dietary soy phytoestrogens (SPE) were examined in comparison with those of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE; Premarin) in a 3-yr longitudinal study in ovariectomized female monkeys. Controls received alcohol-extracted soy protein with low phytoestrogen content, and treatment groups received either CEE (admixed into the control diet) or unextracted soy protein isolate containing SPE. The acknowledged bone protective effect of CEE was reflected by higher bone mass (by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) and lower bone turnover marker levels. In contrast, control and SPE groups lost significant lumbar spine bone mineral content and density and whole body bone mineral content within the first year, resulting in reduced bone mass for both groups compared with CEE (P 0.44), although transient, estrogen-like effects of SPE on serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and C-terminal cross-link of type I collagen were observed at 3 months (P < 0.02). These results suggest that SPE may be poor substitutes for mammalian estrogens in protecting against bone loss resulting from estrogen deficiency.
Gastrointestinal Bioavailability of 2.0 nm Diameter Gold Nanoparticles

The use of gold nanoparticles as imaging agents and therapeutic delivery systems is growing rapidly. However, a significant limitation of gold nanoparticles currently is their low absorption efficiencies in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract following oral administration. In an attempt to identify ligands that facilitate gold nanoparticle absorption in the GI tract, we have studied the oral bioavailability of 2.0 nm diameter gold nanoparticles modified with the small molecules p-mercaptobenzoic acid and glutathione, and polyethylene glycols (PEG) of different lengths and charge (neutral and anionic). We show that GI absorption of gold nanoparticles modified with the small molecules tested was undetectable. However, the absorption of PEGs depended upon PEG length, with the shortest PEG studied yielding gold nanoparticle absorptions that are orders-of-magnitude larger than observed previously. As the oral route is the most convenient one for administering drugs and diagnostic reagents, these results suggest th...
Information Literacy at a Distance: Instructional Design Issues.

To develop effective information literacy instruction for distance education students, academic librarians must consider instructional design issues, including important factors in the selection of distance education technologies, the incorporation of active learning, and the assessment of learning to improve instruction.
Do Solar Lamps Help Children Study? Contrary Evidence from a Pilot Study in Uganda

AbstractOver half a billion children lack adequate lighting and use dim, smoky and dangerous kerosene-based lighting for their evening studies. This article examines the conventional wisdom that the brighter, clean, safe and zero-marginal-cost light of solar lamps enhances children’s learning outcomes. In a randomised experiment, unexpectedly, solar lamps lowered test scores by five points out of 100 (0.25 standard deviation), but increased reported study time by approximately 30 minutes per day. This may be due to flickering from lack of full charge, lowering their productivity. The nationwide learning assessment suggests that solar lamps likely have an insignificant effect on educational attainment.
Surgical management of athleticpubalgia

Abstract Athletic pubalgia is chronic groin pain caused by repetitive stress to inguinal and lower abdominal musculature during strenuous sports activities. The condition can be difficult to manage in high-level athletes, resulting in significant disability and missed playing time. A thorough history and physical examination is the key to differentiating athletic pubalgia from other causes of groin pain. Appropriate physical therapy can resolve symptoms in many cases. However, if conservative measures are unsuccessful, surgical management may be considered. Operative management in some studies has resulted in a high return to preinjury level of activity in carefully selected individuals.
ASSESSING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN DEATH THREAT: A BRIEF THEORETICAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC REVIEW OF THE THREAT INDEX

According to G. A. Kelly’s (1955) Personal Construct Theory, people construe the elements of reality along bipolar meaning dimensions (e.g., sad–happy) to make reality more predictable. People are threatened by personal death when their conception of death along these dimensions is inconsistent with their conception of their self. S. R. Krieger, F. R. Epting, and L. M. Leitner (1974) developed the “Threat Index” (TI) to assess “death threat.” To complete the TI, a person indicates on several bipolar meaning dimensions on which pole he or she construes “yourself.” The person indicates on a separate form their views about personal death, “as if it were to occur at this time in your life,” on the same dimensions. The TI is scored by summing the number of “splits” in which “self” and “death” are placed at opposite ends of a dimension. Death threat is greater with more splits, because the number of these splits indicates the extent to which the construct system must be reorganized to construe death as a personal eventuality. I review evidence that the TI is a reliable and valid measure of death orientation and is uniquely suited to assess Kellian death threat. To showcase the heuristic value of Kelly’s theory and the utility of the TI as an assessment of death threat, I review research testing and supporting the hypothesis that people who score high (relative to those who score low) in death threat display a denial orientation toward death-relevant stimuli.
Identification of a truncated nucleoprotein in avian metapneumovirus-infected cells encoded by a second AUG, in-frame to the full-length gene

Avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV) cause an upper respiratory disease with low mortality, but high morbidity primarily in commercial turkeys. There are three types of aMPV (A, B, C) of which the C type is found only in the United States. Viruses related to aMPV include human, bovine, ovine, and caprine respiratory syncytial viruses and pneumonia virus of mice, as well as the recently identified human metapneumovirus (hMPV). The aMPV and hMPV have become the type viruses of a new genus within the Metapneumovirus. The aMPV nucleoprotein (N) amino acid sequences of serotypes A, B, and C were aligned for comparative analysis. Based on predicted antigenicity of consensus protein sequences, five aMPV-specific N peptides were synthesized for development of peptide-antigens and antisera. The presence of two aMPV nucleoprotein (N) gene encoded polypeptides was detected in aMPV/C/US/Co and aMPV/A/UK/3b infected Vero cells. Nucleoprotein 1 (N1) encoded from the first open reading frame (ORF) was predicted to be 394 amino acids in length for aMPV/C/US/Co and 391 amino acids in length for aMPV/A/UK/3b with approximate molecular weights of 43.3 kilodaltons and 42.7 kilodaltons, respectively. Nucleoprotein 2 (N2) was hypothesized to be encoded by a second downstream ORF in-frame with ORF1 and encoded a protein predicted to contain 328 amino acids for aMPV/C/US/Co or 259 amino acids for aMPV/A/UK/3b with approximate molecular weights of 36 kilodaltons and 28.3 kilodaltons, respectively. Peptide antibodies to the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the aMPV N protein confirmed presence of these products in both aMPV/C/US/Co- and aMPV/A/UK/3b-infected Vero cells. N1 and N2 for aMPV/C/US/Co ORFs were molecularly cloned and expressed in Vero cells utilizing eukaryotic expression vectors to confirm identity of the aMPV encoded proteins. This is the first reported identification of potential, accessory in-frame N2 ORF gene products among members of the Paramyxoviridae. Genomic sequence analyses of related members of the Pneumovirinae other than aMPV, including human respiratory syncytial virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus demonstrated the presence of this second potential ORF among these agents.
Equilateral point sets in elliptic geometry

This chapter highlights equilateral point sets in elliptic geometry. Elliptic space of r−1 dimensions E r−1 is obtained from r -dimensional vector space R r with inner product ( a , b ). For 1 , any k -dimensional linear subspace R k of R r is called a ( k−1 )-dimensional elliptic subspace E k−1 . The query for equilateral point sets in elliptic geometry leads to the search for matrices B of order n and elements whose smallest eigenvalue has a high multiplicity. For n elliptic points A 1 , A 2 , …, A n , carried by the unit vectors a 1 , …, a n and spanning elliptic space E r−1 , the Gram matrix is symmetric, semipositive definite, and of rank r . B -matrices of order n ≡ 2r that have only two distinct eigenvalues with equal multiplicities r are called C -matrices. In view of the existence of a Hadamard matrix of order 92, it is interesting to know whether Paley's construction may be reversed to obtain a C -matrix of order 46.
INTERMITTENT DNA SYNTHESIS AND PERIODIC EXPRESSION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE CELL CYCLE OF WI-38

Synchronous cultures of WI-38 were obtained using an automated system for detachment and partitioning of mitotic cells which operates without the use of inhibitors, altered medium, or lowered temperatures. The generation time in synchronous WI-38 is 19.5 h and the duration of S phase when determined from the percentage of labeled metaphase cells or nuclei is 12 h. DNA replication in WI-38 occurs in three temporally distinct and rapid bursts separated by intervals of greatly reduced synthesis within what is nominally described as the DNA synthetic (S) period. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) displayed maxima in G1 between 2 and 4 h and again at 10 and 16 h. Peaks in LDH activity were coordinated with DNA replication in a fashion similar to that reported for diploid Chinese hamster cells. Oscillations in LDH activity are more pronounced in normal diploid fibroblasts than in established and neoplastic lines.
Models for low-temperature helium dimers and trimers

We have shown that a simple model based on pairwise deltafunction potentials can, with an appropriate choice of parameters, represent the general behavior of ultra-low temperature helium dimers and trimers, including all possible isotopomers. The species 4 He2, 4 He3 ,a nd 4 He2 3 He are stable, with binding energies of approximately 1.3, 100, and 10 mK, respectively. An Efimov state for 4 He2 3 He is also predicted, bound by 2.4 mK. The remaining dimers and trimers, 4 He 3 He, 3 He2, 4 He 3 He2 ,a nd 3 He3 ,a re evidently unstable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 90: 419-423, 2002