cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When do children avoid backwards coreference

This study investigated the claim that very young children avoid backwards coreference in their interpretation of sentences containing pronouns. Eighty-one children ranging in age from 3;1 to 8;0 and eight adults acted out four types of pronominal sentences. Cross-sectional data and individual response patterns reveal that children initially prefer internal coreference even when such a response is disallowed for structural reasons. Avoidance of backwards coreference appears to be a late developing phenomenon characteristic of six-year-olds. Adult response patterns, which are manifested by some very young children, emerge as the dominant pattern by age seven.
A revision of Megalonchos Baer & Euzet, 1962 (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae), with the description of two new species and transfer of two species to Biloculuncus Nasin, Caira & Euzet, 1997.

The onchobothriid tapeworm genus Megalonchos Baer & Euzet, 1962 is revised and the generic diagnosis amended based on the examination of some of Southwell’s material of M. mandleyi (Southwell, 1927) Baer & Euzet, 1962, the type-specimens of M. dubius Prudhoe, 1969 and M. musteli Prudhoe, 1969, and material of two new species, M. sumansinghai n. sp. and M. shawae n. sp., collected from the snaggletooth shark Hemipristis elongatus off northern Australia. Based on their possession of two pairs of uni-pronged hooks (rather than one pair of bi-pronged hooks) and possession of, rather than lack of, post-vaginal testes, M. dubius and M. musteli are transferred to Biloculuncus Nasin, Caira & Euzet, 1997 as B. dubius (Prudhoe, 1969) n. comb. and B. musteli (Prudhoe, 1969) n. comb. Both new species of Megalonchos differ from M. mandleyi in their possession of conspicuously smaller hooks and shorter cephalic peduncles. The new species are readily distinguished from one another in that, whereas the pores of the axial prongs of the medial and lateral hooks are located well anterior to the middle of the prong in M. sumansinghai n. sp., they are well posterior to the middle of the prongs in M. shawae n. sp. In addition, the base of the lateral hook is longer relative to that of the medial hook in the latter species than it is in the former species. The proglottid anatomy of valid species of Megalonchos is described for the first time, and the lack of post-vaginal testes is confirmed for the genus. In addition, members of this genus appear to be characterised by a sacciform uterus that extends only to the level of the cirrus-sac and an ovary that is H-shaped in frontal view and bilobed in cross-section. Species of Megalonchos have now been reported from two of the eight known species of hemigaleid sharks.
Realistic Topology Modeling for the Internet BGP Infrastructure

The complexity and dynamics of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), the only inter-domain routing protocol available for the Internet, is driving the need for efficient, scalable, realistic and meaningful network simulations. To properly simulate the behavior of BGP as currently deployed, one requires both a realistic topology and a realistic model of BGP. Although a large number of topology generators are available, they have limitations in either their scalability or in the ability to model AS relationships. In this work, we describe the methodology employed to efficiently construct meaningful large scale simulations of the order of a several thousand autonomous systems using parallel and distributed simulations thereby leveraging the power of multiprocessors and clusters of workstations. Using the Georgia Tech Network Simulator (GTNetS) as the framework, we simulate a realistic topology constructed from the BGP routing table updates collected by RouteViews and further incorporate the policy constraints based on the autonomous systems relationships inferred by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA). Our BGP model (called BGP++) found in GTNetS is built from the open source Zebra BGP implementation, which is deployed in a number of existing Internet Autonomous Systems. Using BGP++ and our topology generation methods, we show how the simulations can be used to study the effect of using BGP anycasting at DNS root servers on the several BGP metrics, including convergence time and churn.
THE BREATHING CONUNDRUM—INTEROCEPTIVE SENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY

Cognitive and affective processing has been the central focus of brain-related functions in psychology and psychiatry for many years. Much less attention has been paid to what could be considered the primary function of the brain, to regulate the function of the body. Recent developments, which include the conceptualization of interoception as a process consisting of integrating the information coming from the inside of the body in the central nervous system and the appreciation that complex emotional processes are fundamentally affected by the processing and regulation of somatic states, have profoundly changed the view of the function and dysfunction of the brain. This review focuses on the relationship between breathing and anxiety. Several anxiety disorders have been associated with altered breathing, perception of breathing, and response to manipulations of breathing. Both clinical and experimental research studies are reviewed that relate breathing dysfunctions to anxiety. Altered breathing may be useful as a physiological marker of anxiety as well as a treatment target using interoceptive interventions.
Deregulation of c-Myc Confers Distinct Survival Requirements for Memory B Cells, Plasma Cells, and Their Progenitors

Deregulation of the c-Myc oncogene is tightly associated with human and murine plasma cell (PC) neoplasms. Through the analysis of Ag-specific B cell responses in mice where Myc is targeted to the Igh Cα locus, we show here that c-Myc dramatically impairs the primary and secondary Ab response. This impairment is differentiation stage specific, since germinal center B cell formation, affinity maturation, and class switch recombination were intact. Examination of PC viability revealed that c-Myc triggered apoptosis only upon final maturation when Ab is secreted and is resistant to the survival factor BAFF (B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family). In contrast, PC precursors (PCpre) that ultimately give rise to mature PCs survived normally and vigorously expanded with BAFF signaling. We further show that c-Myc also facilitates the apoptosis of memory B cells. Thus, Cα-Myc controls both cellular arms of long-lived B cell immunity than previously anticipated. Only when deregulation of c-Myc was combined with enforced Bcl-xL expression were mature PCs able to survive in response to BAFF. These data indicate that the survival requirements for tumor-susceptible PCpre and PCs are distinct and that tumor progression likely develops as PCpre transition to functional PCs when apoptotic pathways such as members of the Bcl-2 family are disabled.
More Than a Metaphor: The Contribution of Exclusionary Discipline to a School-to-Prison Pipeline

The term and construct “school-to-prison” pipeline has been widely used by advocates, researchers, and policymakers to describe the relationship between school disciplinary practices and increased risk of juvenile justice contact. It has been unclear whether the construct is a useful heuristic or a descriptor of empirically validated relationships that establish school disciplinary practices as a risk factor for negative developmental outcomes, including juvenile justice involvement. In this article, we examine the literature surrounding one facet of the pipeline, school exclusion as a disciplinary option, and propose a model for tracing possible pathways of effect from school suspension and expulsion to the ultimate contact point of juvenile justice involvement. Available multivariate analyses suggest that regardless of demographic, achievement, or system status, out-of-school suspension and expulsion are in and of themselves risk factors for a range of negative developmental outcomes. Recommendations ar...
Cross-Talk Between IL-1 and IL-6 Signaling Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts

The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in determining the severity of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Antagonism between opposing cytokines at the level of signal transduction plays an important role in many other systems. We have begun to explore the possible contribution of signal transduction cross-talk to cytokine balance in RA by examining the effects of IL-1, a proinflammatory cytokine, on the signaling and action of IL-6, a pleiotropic cytokine that has both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions, in RA synovial fibroblasts. Pretreatment with IL-1 suppressed Janus kinase-STAT signaling by IL-6, modified patterns of gene activation, and blocked IL-6 induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 1 expression. These results suggest that proinflammatory cytokines may contribute to pathogenesis by modulating or blocking signal transduction by pleiotropic or anti-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism of inhibition did not require de novo gene activation and did not depend upon tyrosine phosphatase activity, but, instead, was dependent on the p38 stress kinase. These results identify a molecular basis for IL-1 and IL-6 cross-talk in RA synoviocytes and suggest that, in addition to levels of cytokine expression, modulation of signal transduction also plays a role in regulating cytokine balance in RA.
High tunnels for local food systems: Subsidies, equity, and profitability

High tunnels are expanding opportunities to increase local food production in the midst of a globalized food system. They can overcome biophysical growing constraints by buffering temperatures to extend the growing season and shelter crops from extreme weather events. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) began subsidizing the purchase of high tunnels. However, many questions remain about the factors influencing participation in the program and its impacts. Using mixed-methods research, this paper assesses the biophysical, market, and socio-demographic factors influencing NRCS high tunnel adoption in the U.S. and examines how food production in high tunnels affects farmers, consumers, and the local food movement. Results show that the number of NRCS high tunnels per county increased in relation to a mixture of biophysical (high latitude, proximity to the coast, small average farm size, and high percent of farmland in vegetable production), market (high direct-to-consumer sales, good access to grocery stores, and high median household income), and socio-demographic (high percentage of nonwhite population, metropolitan counties with more than 250,000 people, and adjacent urban counties with fewer than 20,000 people) factors. According to our survey of Virginia high tunnel growers, high tunnel produce is largely sold locally (within 50 miles or 80 km of production) and marketed direct-to-consumers in Virginia. Many growers in Virginia who would not have purchased a high tunnel without NRCS support plan to purchase additional high tunnels in the future even without a subsidy. High tunnels are an emerging part of the U.S. local food movement, but work remains to ensure that their benefits reach all sectors of U.S. society.
Relationship-Based Clustering and Visualization for High-Dimensional Data Mining

In several real-life data-mining applications, data reside invery high (1000 or more) dimensional space, where both clustering techniques developed for low-dimensional spaces ( k-means, BIRCH, CLARANS, CURE, DBScan, etc.) as well as visualization methods such as parallel coordinates or projective visualizations, are rendered ineffective. This paper proposes a relationship-based approach that alleviates both problems, side-stepping the "curse of-dimensionality" issue by working in a suitable similarity space instead of the original high-dimensional attribute space. This intermediary similarity space can be suitably tailored to satisfy business criteria such as requiring customer clusters to represent comparable amounts of revenue. We apply efficient and scalable graph-partitioning-based clustering techniques in this space. The output from the clustering algorithm is used to re-order the data points so that the resulting permuted similarity matrix can be readily visualized in two dimensions, with clusters showing up as bands. While two-dimensional visualization of a similarity matrix is by itself not novel, its combination with the order-sensitive partitioning of a graph that captures the relevant similarity measure between objects provides three powerful properties: (i) the high-dimensionality of the data does not affect further processing once the similarity space is formed; (ii) it leads to clusters of (approximately) equal importance, and (iii) related clusters show up adjacent to one another, further facilitating the visualization of results. The visualization is very helpful for assessing and improving clustering. For example, actionable recommendations for splitting or merging of clusters can be easily derived, and it also guides the user toward the right number of clusters. Results are presented on a real retail industry dataset of several thousand customers and products, as well as on clustering of web-document collections and of web-log sessions.
Longitudinal registration of liver PET scans using four phase CT

We have developed an image registration approach for longitudinal liver PET studies using the anatomical information in two sets of associated four phase CT images. We first used the level set method to segment the whole liver in the venous phase CT image. We then applied a non-rigid mutual information based method to register the two venous phase liver images. In our data acquisition protocol, the four phase CT and PET/CT images of the patient are acquired in the same scanning session so can be co-registered using rigid registration. We finally combined the non-rigid registration of 2 set of four phase CT images at different time points with the 2 rigid registrations between corresponding PET/CT and four phase CT image. The result was a single non-rigid transformation between longitudinal pairs of PET images. The method is for use in tracking disease progression and treatment in colon cancer patients with metastatic liver disease. We illustrate the method using a clinical dataset.
Glucuronidation of Catechol Estrogens by Expressed Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 1A1, 1A3, and 2B7

Catechol estrogens are major estrogen metabolites in mammals and are the most potent naturally occurring inhibitors of catecholamine metabolism. These estrogen compounds have been implicated in carcinogenic activity and the 4/2-hydroxyestradiol concentration has been shown to be elevated in neoplastic human mammary tissue compared to normal human breast tissue. Three human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, UGT2B7, UGT1A1, and UGT1A3, have been shown to catalyze the glucuronidation of catechol estrogens and lead to their enhanced elimination via urine or bile. The present study was designed to study the kinetic interaction of expressed human UGT2B7(Y) or (H), UGT1A1, and UGT1A3 toward 2- and 4-hydroxycatechol estrogens. cDNAs encoding UGT2B7(Y) or (H), UGT1A1, and UGT1A3 were expressed in HK293 cells, and cell homogenates or membrane preparations were used to determine their glucuronidation ability. UGT2B7(Y) reacted with higher efficiency toward 4-hydroxyestrogenic catechols, whereas UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 showed higher activities toward 2-hydroxyestrogens. UGT2B7(H) catalyzed estrogen catechol glucuronidation with efficiencies similar to UGT2B7(Y). Flunitrazepam (FNZ), a competitive inhibitor of morphine glucuronidation in hepatic microsomes, competitively inhibited catechol estrogen glucuronidation catalyzed by UGT2B7(Y), UGT1A1, and UGT1A3. Buprenorphine, an opioid substrate that reacts at high efficiency with each of these UGTs, was also studied. FNZ competitively inhibited buprenorphine glucuronidation with UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 but had no inhibitory activity toward UGT1A3. This suggests that buprenorphine and 2-hydroxycatechol estrogens react with separate active sites of UGT1A3. A catecholamine, norepinephrine, did not inhibit UGT2B7(Y)-, UGT1A1-, and UGT1A3-catalyzed glucuronidation of catechol estrogens. These results also suggest that drug-endobiotic interactions are possible in humans and may have implication in carcinogenesis.
Human-machine admittance and transparency adaptation in passive user interaction with a haptic interface

This paper addresses human adaptation to changes in coupling impedance and force amplitude during passive user induced (PUI) interactions with a haptic interface. PUI interactions are characterized as event-based haptic interactions or haptic recordings that are replayed to the user. In the study, virtual environments are displayed to passive users with variable coupling stiffness and force amplitudes, and transparency bandwidth and human-machine admittance are measured. Results indicate that transparency bandwidth and the human-machine admittance do not change significantly for permutations of force amplitudes and coupling impedances, nor do they vary significantly across users. The reason for this invariance is that, during a PUI interaction, users tend approach a similar displacement profile. As a result, all users will have similar apparent admittance and transparency. The findings give sufficient justification for the use of universal compensators that improve transparency bandwidth, and that can be designed based solely on a priori transparency measurements for a typical user.
Impurity-doped fiber-optic shock position sensor

We have demonstrated the operation of a fiber-optic device originally proposed to continuously measure the location of a shock front, but which also has potential for use as a crack location sensor. It consists of one or a group of fibers uniformly doped along their length with neodymium, which fluoresces at about 1060 nm in response to being optically pumped at a shorter wavelength. In our case, the pump source was a laser diode emitting at 810 nm. As the length of the fiber is reduced, the strength of the fluorescence signal diminishes along with the number of fluorescing atoms. Laboratory and explosives experiments were performed on sensor fibers containing various concentrations of dopants. We also investigated the benefits, in an explosives application, of adding phosphorus to narrow the fluorescence line. >
Cube-4—a scalable architecture for real-time volume rendering

We present Cube-4, a special-purpose volume rendering architecture that is capable of rendering high-resolution (e.g., 1024/sup 3/) datasets at 30 frames per second. The underlying algorithm, called slice-parallel ray-casting, uses tri-linear interpolation of samples between data slices for parallel and perspective projections. The architecture uses a distributed interleaved memory, several parallel processing pipelines, and an innovative parallel data flow scheme that requires no global communication, except at the pixel level. This leads to local, fixed bandwidth interconnections and has the benefits of high memory bandwidth, real-time data input, modularity, and scalability. We have simulated the architecture and have implemented a working prototype of the complete hardware on a configurable custom hardware machine. Our results indicate true real-time performance for high-resolution datasets and linear scalability of performance with the number of processing pipelines.
Parental level of education: associations with psychological well‐being, academic achievement and reasons for pursuing higher education in adolescence

The purpose of the current study is to determine the interconnection between parental level of education, psychological well‐being, academic achievement and reasons for pursuing higher education in adolescents. Participants included 439 college freshmen from a mid‐size state university in the northeastern USA. A survey, including indices of parental level of education, life‐satisfaction, academic achievement and reasons for pursuing higher education, was administered in class. Overall results indicated a positive correlation between parental level of education and adolescents’ reasons for pursuing higher education for societal expectations. Furthermore, paternal education independently predicted societal expectations as a reason for college attendance.
Matched-field geoacoustic inversion of low-frequency source tow data from the ASIAEX East China Sea experiment

Geoacoustic inversion results based on data obtained during the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX) 2001 East China Sea experiment are reported. The inversion process uses a genetic-algorithm-based matched-field-processing approach to optimize the search procedure for the unknown parameters. Inversion results include both geometric and geoacoustic variables. To gauge the quality of the inversion, two different analyses are employed. First, the inversion results based upon discrete source-receiver ranges are confirmed by continuous source localization over an interval of time. Second, separate inversions at many different ranges are carried out and the uncertainties of the parameter estimation are analyzed. The analysis shows that both methods yield consistent results, ensuring the reliability of inversion in this study.
Effects of future urban and biofuel crop expansions on the riverine export of phosphorus to the Laurentian Great Lakes.

Abstract Increased phosphorus (P) loadings threaten the health of the world's largest freshwater resource, the Laurentian Great Lakes (GL). To understand the linkages between land use and P delivery, we coupled two spatially explicit models, the landscape-scale SPARROW P fate and transport watershed model and the Land Transformation Model (LTM) land use change model, to predict future P export from nonpoint and point sources caused by changes in land use. According to LTM predictions over the period 2010–2040, the GL region of the U.S. may experience a doubling of urbanized areas and agricultural areas may increase by 10%, due to biofuel feedstock cultivation. These land use changes are predicted to increase P loadings from the U.S. side of the GL basin by 3.5–9.5%, depending on the Lake watershed and development scenario. The exception is Lake Ontario, where loading is predicted to decrease by 1.8% for one scenario, due to population losses in the drainage area. Overall, urban expansion is estimated to increase P loadings by 3.4%. Agricultural expansion associated with predicted biofuel feedstock cultivation is predicted to increase P loadings by an additional 2.4%. Watersheds that export P most efficiently and thus are the most vulnerable to increases in P sources tend to be found along southern Lake Ontario, southeastern Lake Erie, western Lake Michigan, and southwestern Lake Superior where watershed areas are concentrated along the coastline with shorter flow paths. In contrast, watersheds with high soil permeabilities, fractions of land underlain by tile drains, and long distances to the GL are less vulnerable.
The Perceived Benefits of Participating in Campus Recreation Programs and Facilities: A Comparison Between Undergraduate and Graduate Students

Both researchers and administrators are interested in factors that influence student success. The purpose of this study was to compare undergraduate and graduate students on the perceived benefits ...
Primer session: Sense-making in molecular biology

The advent of genome-scale molecular instrumentation has led to an explosion of biomedically relevant data, with nonstop exponential improvements in performance likely to continue for decades. We are truly at an infection point in the history of life and medicine. However, this deluge presents a signifcant challenge: making sense of genome scale data is increasingly the fundamental task in molecular biology. In this brief tutorial, we will explore the different sorts of explanations that play a role in understanding life, the sources of knowledge about genes and their effects, and the process of integrating knowledge and data about multiple genetic differences into a coherent story about mechanism.
Brief announcement: detecting malicious routers

Network routers occupy a unique role in modern distributed systems. They are responsible for cooperatively shuttling packets amongst themselves in order to provide the illusion of a network with universal point-to-point connectivity. However, this illusion is shattered – as are implicit assumptions of availability, confidentiality or integrity – when network routers are subverted to act in a malicious fashion. By compromising a router, an attacker may drop, delay, reorder, corrupt, modify or divert any of the packets passing through. Such a capability can then be used to deny service to legitimate hosts, to implement ongoing network surveillance or to provide an efficient man-in-the-middle functionality for attacking end systems. Tolerating compromised routers requires three problems to be addressed:
Multiple rehabilitation motion control for hand with an exoskeleton

This paper investigates the control algorithm of an exoskeleton for hand rehabilitation, which can realize the active, passive, and assisted rehabilitation motion. The active mode is accomplished with the force control algorithm during which the resistance is compensated in free space and the virtual interactive force is rendered to the finger in constraint space. The passive mode is realized by the position controller given the desired motion trajectory. The assisted mode is implemented in the customized positions by switching between the active and passive modes according to the predefined action procedure. The experiments are conducted to verify the proposed method, and the results show that the different rehabilitation motion are successfully accomplished and the maximum joint position error is less than 1.2 degree, which satisfies the requirement in hand rehabilitation application. The results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
The Excitement of Discovery

I had the good luck to start research at the dawn of molecular biology when it was possible to ask fundamental questions about the nature of the nucleic acids and how information is transferred in living systems. The search for answers led me into many different areas, often with the question of how molecular structure leads to biological function. Early work in this period provided some of the roots supporting the current explosive developments in life sciences. Here I give a brief account of my development, describe some contributions, and provide a hint of the exhilaration in discovering new things. Most of all, I had the good fortune to have inspiring teachers, stimulating colleagues, and excellent students.
Divergence in Growth in Post-Communist Countries

The paper analyzes the divergence of economic growth in post-communist countries along geographical lines. It examines the role of culture, manifested in the form of civil society, social capital, trust, religious and business ethics, and historical experience, in the economic growth. Multivariate regression, a path (structural equation) model, and sensitivity analysis are used to determine direct and indirect effects of culture, policy, corruption, war, initial economic conditions, and ethnicity on the economic growth in 28 post-communist countries in 1990-1998. The statistical analyses show that a cultural index, which reflects civil society strength, the proportion of Catholics and Protestants in the population and historical experience, has the strongest effect on growth, economic reform, macroeconomic stabilization policy and corruption. The former communist countries shared the same type of economic system before the collapse of communism. Communism rule in Eastern and Central Europe, Mongolia, and the former Soviet Union ended around the end of the 198os and the beginning of the l990s. Governments in these countries abandoned communist policies and initiated economic reforms. The scope of the reforms and decline of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have varied significantly among postcommunist countries. The economic reforms have been deeper and more comprehensive and economic decline less severe in Central European countries than in the former Soviet Republics, with the exception of the Baltic States. This paper analyzes the divergence of the growth levels in postcommunist countries in 1998 compared with 1989. The analysis covers * I would like to thank David Armor, Gary Becker, Peter Boettke, Francis Fukuyama, Don Lavoie, Seymour Martin Lipset, Richard Rose, Roger Stough, and the four anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions on various stages of this project. However, responsibility for any remaining mistakes is my own.
Biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury

safety improvements in the workplace, the addition of airbags to vehicles, and the enforcement of speed limits have all helped to reduce the incidence and severity of head trauma. While improvements in emergency response times and acute care have increased TBI survivability, this has heightened the necessity for developing reliable methods to identify patients at risk of developing secondary pathologies. At present, the primary clinical indicators for the presence of brain injury are the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), pupil reactivity, and head computed tomography (CT). While these indices have proven useful for stratifying the magnitude and extent of brain damage, they have limited utility for predicting adverse secondary events or detecting subtle damage. Biomarkers, reflecting a biological response to injury or disease, have proven useful for the diagnosis of many pathological conditions including cancer, heart failure, infection, and genetic disorders. For TBI, several proteins synthesized in astroglial cells or neurons have been proposed as potential biomarkers. These proteins include the BB isozyme of creatine kinase (CK-BB, predominant in brain), glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin basic protein (MBP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and S100B.
Seasonal dynamics of dissolved silicon in a rice cropping system after straw incorporation

Abstract Rice is an important staple for over half the world’s population, and silicon (Si) is a vital nutrient that helps to improve yields through its role in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite Si being abundant in crustal materials, it is only slowly released to soil pore-waters through chemical weathering. However, biocycling of Si through plant material (i.e. phytoliths) and back into soil is comparatively rapid, and thus may exert a dominant control on the biogeochemical cycling of Si within soils and near-surface sediments in some environments. Despite the potential importance of this pathway, Si cycling is poorly resolved in cultivated systems, such as rice cropping. Here, we monitored seasonal trends of Si in pore-water, plants, and soil over a two-year period in a California rice cropping system where straw is incorporated into the soil during the fallow season. There was a clear seasonal trend of high pore-water Si concentrations during the winter fallow that approached predicted equilibrium with amorphous Si, followed by low concentrations during the growing season within the top 20 cm of the profile. The seasonal change in Ge/Si ratios from low values during the winter fallow to high values—up to 36 μmol mol −1 —during the growing season was due to a greater change in Si concentrations rather than Ge concentrations. These data indicate a low-[Ge], high-[Si] source of Si during the winter fallow, which may be due to incorporation of rice straw (a low-[Ge], high-[Si] source) and subsequent phytolith dissolution. Our results suggest that incorporation of high-[Si] plant material (e.g. straw) releases additional Si to soil pore-waters that is available for plant-uptake during the growing season.
Novel Relationships in Pleurocarpous Mosses as Revealed by cpDNA Sequences

Abstract As a result of a project using two chloroplast loci, the trnL-trnF region and the rps4 gene, to test the monophyly of pleurocarpous mosses as a group and the traditional three orders contained in it, several novel generic alliances were revealed. Of particular interest are the inclusion of the Ptychomniaceae and Garovagliaceae in the Hookeriales, as well as generic inclusions in the Anomodontaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Amblystegiaceae sensu lato, and Sematophyllaceae.
From settlement house to antipoverty program

Letty Santiago, MSW, is a social worker in the New York City Board of Education's Strengthen Early Childhood Program, District 8, Bronx, New York. Community organization as sociotherapy —that is, organizing a community to change the behavior of its people and moti vate self-improvement—has a long history and roots in sociological theory. Rein "would almost suggest a linear theory" in the evolution of sociotherapy and traces its beginnings to the publication of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, a study of Polish immigrant communities in Chi cago.1 At the start, community organization in America was influenced by the writings of European sociologists, who thought that in creasing urbanization and industrialization were causing life to become impersonal and anonymous and were weakening social bonds. Foremost of these was Durkheim, whose classic work, Division of Labor in Society, examined the transition of a soci ety from a low degree of labor division to greater specialization.2 He observed the environment becoming more complex and felt that the social order must also change. Noting that great industrial centers had a higher incidence of crime and suicide, he suggested that intermediary groups should be developed to bridge the gap between state and individual so that social disinte
The CES-D as a Measure of Psychological Distress Among International Students Measurement and Structural Invariance Across Gender

Detecting psychological distress among international students can be challenging given diverse languages, cultural backgrounds, and lack of refined measurement properties of measures tailored to international students. Despite the challenges, ensuring that a psychological distress measure works effectively has considerable potential value for assessment purposes. The current study evaluates the measurement properties of a short 10-item version of Radloff's Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Grounded in long-standing evidence on gender differences in depressive symptoms, specific attention was given to examining measurement invariance of the CES-D Short-form across women and men. Based on a large, two-cohort sample of international students ( N = 468), and through multiple analyses evaluating factor structure and measurement invariance, we derived an even briefer, seven-item single-factor form of the CES-D (CES-D Short-form International) that can be used with international students.
Steroids and Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Domestic Bird

SummaryThe effects of a series of steroids on the carbohydrate metabolism of the bird were studied using blood glucose and liver glycogen as endpoints. The highly active compounds in the hyperglycemic reaction were hydrocortisone and corticosterone and the active compounds in the liver glycogen test were the above two plus 11-dehydrocorti-costerone. Cortisone was inactive in both tests and 11-desoxycorticosterone acetate was tested only in the hyperglycemia reaction and was inactive. If hydrocortisone is assigned an activity of 100 in the glycogen test, then corticosterone shows an activity of 12.5 and 11-dehydrocorticosterone an activity of 1. In direct contrast to the mammal, cortisone is inactive in the bird. Testosterone appears to lower blood glucose but this apparently is a result of an increase in red blood cell number rather than an absolute drop in glucose present in the blood. Stilboestrol had no effect on blood glucose levels.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in young adults: which treatment?

Purpose of reviewAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common and one of the most curable malignancies in children; however, it presents unique challenges in adolescents and young adults (AYAs). The purpose of this review is to discuss factors that contribute to the outcome disparities in A
Antibacterial Activity of Desacetylcefotaxime Alone and in Combination with Cefotaxime

Cefotaxime is metabolized to 3-desacetylcefotaxime. The antibacterial activity of desacetylcefotaxime is four- to eightfold less than that of cefotaxime. The activity of desacetylcefotaxime is species- and strain-specific. Although desacetylcefotaxime is less active than cefotaxime, it is more active than cefazolin, cefamandole, or cefoxitin. Desacetylcefotaxime does not inhibit many strains of Morganella, most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, some strains of Serratia marcescens, some strains of Providencia, and many strains of Bacteroides fragilis at clinically achievable concentrations. Cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime act synergistically against 72% of strains tested, and antagonism between the two compounds is seen only with strains of Morganella and Proteus vulgaris. The presence of the metabolite desacetylcefotaxime increases rather than decreases the activity of cefotaxime.
See you in the Paralympics in 2022: commentary on an article by Kelly A. Jeans, MS, et al.: "comparison of gait after syme and transtibial amputation in children. factors that may play a role in function".

The goals of management for children with a limb deficiency are limb preservation and length equalization. A guiding principle is to maintain or create a biologic knee, as the energy consumption with a mechanical knee is so much greater than normal. A variety of strategies are employed, some of which may include amputation. If an amputation is part of the management strategy for a patient with a biologic knee, the etiology greatly influences the specific type of amputation performed. An amputation that preserves the heel pad (ankle disarticulation or Boyd amputation) is the preferred choice and is generally an elective procedure. In contrast, transtibial amputation is usually a salvage procedure performed if it is not possible or not practical to preserve the heel pad as a result of trauma, infection, or nonunion. Jeans et al. investigated how these two amputee populations compare with respect to function and walking. The quantitative (three-dimensional motion analysis) and functional (Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument [PODCI]) assessment tools used in their study are consistent with what most clinicians have observed for years: patients with a below-the-knee amputation walk virtually normally, regardless of the amputation type or residual tibial length. Although some statistically significant differences between the groups were noted, they were clinically unimportant or easily explained by the inherent bias resulting from segregation of the population by diagnosis (i.e., the heel pad preservation group was dominated by patients with a diagnosis of fibular hemimelia with its associated external femoral rotation). In fact, …
The free myo-inositol of thyroid tissue.

SummaryBioassay with Kloeckera Brevis yeast has been employed to measure content of free myo-inositol in human, rat, rabbit, sheep and guinea pig thyroid glands. In all species, thyroid/plasma concentration differentials for free myo-inositol were greater than 100. Chromatographic documentation has also been secured, and the possible significance of the abundant intrathyroidal myoinositol has been discussed.
Fermi-level stabilization in the topological insulators Bi 2 Se 3 and Bi 2 Te 3: Origin of the surface electron gas

Two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) coexists with topological states on the surface of topological insulators (TIs), while the origin of the 2DEG remains elusive. In this work, electron density in TI thin films (Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3, and their alloys) were manipulated by controlling the density of electronically active native defects with particle irradiation. The measured electron concentration increases with irradiation dose but saturates at different levels for Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3. The results are in quantitative agreement with the amphoteric defect model, which predicts that electronically active native defects shift the Fermi energy (EF) toward a Fermi stabilization level (EFS) located universally at 4.9 eV below the vacuum level. Combined with thickness-dependent data, it is demonstrated that regardless of the bulk doping, the surface EF is always pinned at EFS, producing a band bending and 2DEG on TI film surfaces. Our work elucidates native defect physics of TIs with a model universally applicable to other semiconductors and has critical implications for potential device applications of TIs.
The Original Understanding of 'This Constitution'

Methods of the New Originalism help us understand what sort of text the Constitution was understood to be when it was adopted. The text refers to itself, and so inquiries into the original understanding of the self-referential phrase “this Constitution” may illuminate the character of the document when it was ratified. Evidence of the usage of the time leads to the unsurprising conclusion that the Constitution of 1787-1789 was understood to be an account of a social compact — a political act — authorizing a new central government. In the original understanding, the Constitution authorized the creation of common-law courts. Judges and justices took their oaths, not to a document or a text, but to the federal, republican form and character (the “constitution”) of the government, and the truths on which it was founded. Judges reviewing the acts of political institutions were to be guided in their decisions, not by turning the aphoristic text of the Constitution into enforceable rules, but by judicial precedents and the maxims of justice and equality implicit in the structure and text of the Constitution, maxims expressed more fully in state constitutions and the Declaration of Independence. This is all familiar history, but it contradicts a premise of the New Originalism, an assumption that the Constitution was an enactment like a statute or contract, a text that judges must apply today according to its fixed terms to resolve disputes. Amendments to the Constitution were enacted as legislation and some, particularly the Fourteenth Amendment, were expected to be interpreted and applied like statutes, but the original Constitution of 1787-1789 was not understood in that way.
Longitudinal associations between relationship quality and coparenting across the transition to parenthood: A dyadic perspective

The couple and coparenting relationship are theorized to influence each other in a reciprocal manner over time. Empirical evidence demonstrates cross-sectional associations between the 2 as well as prospective predictions of coparenting by relationship quality and vice versa. However, less is known about the longitudinal reciprocity between the couple relationship and coparenting from the perspective of both parents. The current study sought to examine longitudinal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining across the transition to parenthood from a dyadic perspective. Participants were 164 cohabiting heterosexual couples expecting their 1st child, assessed during pregnancy and at 6 and 36 months after birth. Actor partner interdependence modeling was used to examine, for both men and women, (a) stability over time in relationship quality and coparenting, (b) reciprocal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining, and (c) the gender differences in those associations. Moderate rank-order stability in relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining across the 1st 3 years of parenthood was demonstrated. For women, but not men, findings suggested longitudinal reciprocal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining. Specifically, our findings suggested that prenatal relationship quality sets the stage for coparenting functioning after birth for both men and women but that coparenting functioning is then connected to subsequent feelings about the romantic relationship for only women. (PsycINFO Database Record
High-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation

Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for most advanced, or metastatic malignancies. The efficacy of chemotherapy varies from tumor type to tumor type, being curative for some (Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, testicular cancer) but palliative only for most others (bronchogenic carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, breast carcinoma). The evolution of curative chemotherapy for advanced stages indicates that long lasting complete remissions, some of which turn out to be cures, appear only after a substantial fraction of the treated patients achieves a complete remission. For most malignancies, only complete remissions alter survival, whereas partial remissions or minor responses have no impact. For most human malignancies complete remissions are more frequent after combination cytotoxic therapy than after single agent treatment.
Response of driven sessile drops with contact-line dissipation

A partially-wetting sessile drop is driven by a sinusoidal pressure field that produces capillary waves on the liquid/gas interface. Response diagrams and phase shifts for the droplet, whose contact-line moves with contact-angle that is a smooth function of the contact line speed, are reported. Contact-line dissipation originating from the contact-line speed condition leads to damping for drops with finite contact-line mobility, even for inviscid fluids. The critical mobility and associated driving frequency to generate the largest contact-line dissipation is computed. Viscous dissipation is approximated using the irrotational flow and the critical Ohnesorge number bounding regions beyond which a given mode becomes over-damped is computed. Regions of modal coexistence where two modes can be simultaneously excited by a single forcing frequency are identified. Predictions compare favorably to related experiments on vibrated drops.
System for In Vivo Nanoinjection of Tissues

This paper investigates the design of a nano-injection system that can deliver genetic material to cells within live tissue. The approach to creating such a system was to create candidate designs that meet all the requirements for successful in vivo injection and can be fabricated using silicon etching. The designs were tested through large-scale prototyping and through models that describe the systems’ behavior on the micrometer scale. One design consists of an array of lances on a rigid backing. The other design consists of an array of lances grouped in sets of three on a backing that can conform to the shape of the tissue being injected. Each design was prototyped in 3D printed ABS plastic. Preliminary results were qualitative and showed that the rigid and flexible designs performed similarly on mostly flat and irregular surfaces. On convex surfaces with a strong curvature (radius of curvature of about 2 cm), the flexible array gave slightly better results. Final testing gave a quantitative comparison of the two designs’ efficiencies on strongly curved convex surfaces. These results supported the preliminary results that the flexible array is more efficient in reaching points on the tissue than the rigid array is. As the applied force increased, each array performed more efficiently.Copyright © 2016 by ASME