cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination anticonvulsant treatment of soman-induced seizures.

These studies investigated the effectiveness of combination treatment with a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug against soman-induced seizures. The anticholinergic drugs considered were biperiden, scopolamine, trihexaphenidyl, and procyclidine; the benzodiazepines were diazepam and midazolam. Male guinea pigs were implanted surgically with cortical screw electrodes. Electrocorticograms were displayed continually and recorded on a computerized electroencephalographic system. Pyridostigmine (0·026 mg kg−1, i.m.) was injected as a pretreatment to inhibit red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by 30–40%. Thirty minutes after pyridostigmine, 2 × LD50 (56 µg kg−1) of soman was injected s.c., followed 1 min later by i.m. treatment with atropine (2 mg kg−1) + 2-PAM (25 mg kg−1). Electrographic seizures occurred in all animals. Anticonvulsant treatment combinations were administered i.m. at 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. Treatment consisted of diazepam or midazolam plus one of the above-mentioned anticholinergic drugs. All doses of the treatment compounds exhibited little or no antiseizure efficacy when given individually. The combination of a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug was effective in terminating soman-induced seizure, whether given 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. The results suggest a strong synergistic effect of combining benzodiazepines with centrally active anticholinergic drugs and support the concept of using an adjunct to supplement diazepam for the treatment of nerve-agent-induced seizures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Severe Outbreak of Chocolate Spot of Fava Bean, Caused by Botrytis fabae, in California.

A damaging disease developed on commercial fava bean (Vicia faba L.) in coastal California following heavy rains in January through March, 1998. Two symptom types were observed. The most common sym...
Behaviour of separation constants for gyromagnetic plasmas

This note discusses the behaviour of separation Constants (which are also called transverse wave numbers) for electro magnetic-wave propagation in an anisotropic homogeneous cold plasma of arbitrary cross-section which is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (say z direction). Appropriate regions for which these constants are defined have been indicated in terms of inequalities among the various parameters, including the propagation coefficient β in the z direction.
Methanethiol inhibition of mitochondrial respiration.

Abstract Methanethiol and other alkylthiols appear to be at least partly responsible for fetor hepaticus, the unpleasant breath-odor of comatose patients with severe liver disease. We have found that methanethiol strongly inhibits rat liver mitochondrial respiration. At 1 μ m methanethiol, glutamate oxidation by rat liver mitochondria was inhibited 10%, and at 224 μ m methanethiol, glutamate oxidation was completely inhibited. This inhibition was shown to be at least partly reversible. Oxidative phosphorylation is not uncoupled from mitochondrial respiration by methanethiol nor is it specifically blocked. Methanethiol inhibits mitochondrial respiration apparently by reacting with cytochrome c oxidase.
The protein shells of bacterial microcompartment organelles

Details are emerging on the structure and function of a remarkable class of capsid-like protein assemblies that serve as simple metabolic organelles in many bacteria. These bacterial microcompartments consist of a few thousand shell proteins, which encapsulate two or more sequentially acting enzymes in order to enhance or sequester certain metabolic pathways, particularly those involving toxic or volatile intermediates. Genomic data indicate that bacterial microcompartment shell proteins are present in a wide range of bacterial species, where they encapsulate varied reactions. Crystal structures of numerous shell proteins from distinct types of microcompartments have provided keys for understanding how the shells are assembled and how they conduct molecular transport into and out of microcompartments. The structural data emphasize a high level of mechanistic sophistication in the protein shell, and point the way for further studies on this fascinating but poorly appreciated class of subcellular structures.
Homeodomain proteins: what governs their ability to recognize specific DNA sequences?

Deformed (Dfd) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx) are homeodomain proteins from Drosophila melanogaster that exert regulatory effects on gene expression by binding to specific target sites in the fly genome using a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif. The recognition helices of these two proteins are almost identical and the DNA sequences they recognize are similar, containing a conserved TAAT core sequence flanked by a somewhat variable sequence. Yet the in vivo functions of the two proteins are quite different. We have used the homeodomains of these two proteins and in vitro selected DNA binding sites to characterize the structural details of homeodomain binding to DNA and to understand the basis for the differences in sequence specificity between homeodomains with similar recognition helices. We have employed hydroxyl radical cleavage of DNA to study the positioning of the proteins on the binding sites and have analyzed the effects of missing nucleosides and purine methylation on homeodomain binding. Our results indicate that the positioning of the Ubx and Dfd homeodomains on their binding sites is consistent with reported structures of other homeodomain/DNA complexes. Dfd and Ubx bind to DNA with the recognition helix in the major groove 3' to the TAAT core sequence and the N-terminal arm in the adjacent minor groove. However, we observe striking differences between the two homeodomains in their specific interactions with DNA. Missing nucleosides within the selected binding sites have differential effects on protein binding, which are dependent on the identity of the homeodomain. Differences at the 3' end of the binding site on the top strand indicate that the N-terminal arm of a homeodomain is capable of distinguishing an A.T base-pair from T.A in the minor groove. Specific orientation of the N-terminal arm within the binding site appears to vary between the homeodomains and influences the interaction of the recognition helix with the major groove.
Heart rate and locomotor activity in fish: correlation and circadian and circannual differences in Cyprinus carpio L.

Long-term measurements of locomotor activity and heart rate in relatively free moving carps demonstrated a correlation between the two parameters examined. Under laboratory conditions, both parameters exhibit a circadian and a circannual rhythm.
Stability analysis of inertio-gravity wave structure in the middle atmosphere

Abstract We present a stability analysis of the environment due to a large-amplitude inertio—gravity wave. Our purpose is to examine the conditions under which the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability may be an effective wave saturation process in the middle atmosphere. The concurrence, range of wavenumber, and growth rate of the KH instability are shown to depend on the IGW frequency and the KH orientation within the wave field because of the influence of wave frequency on the shear and local stratification. Results of the analysis indicate that the KH instability is likely a preferred mode of instability for sufficiently low gravity wave frequencies, but that it cannot occur for high-frequency wave motions in the absence of a mean shear. Inertio—gravity waves are also most unstable to KH instabilities aligned transverse to the direction of large-scale wave propagation.
Ion-surface interactions in the electron-stimulated desorption of Cl+ from Cl2/Si(111)-7 x 7.

Cl{sup +} electron-stimulated desorption energy and angular distributions are collected from Si(111)-7{times}7 surfaces exposed to Cl{sub 2}. The results of these measurements are fitted to a model that accounts for variations in the surface work function, ion-surface image-charge interactions, and ion neutralization. From the fits, the strength of the image-charge interaction and the angular dependence of the neutralization are determined. The ideas presented here concerning the motion of ions in the vicinity of a surface are generally valid for all ion-surface interactions.
Limits on new long range nuclear spin-dependent forces set with a K-3He comagnetometer.

A magnetometer using spin-polarized K and $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms occupying the same volume is used to search for anomalous nuclear spin-dependent forces generated by a separate $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ spin source. We measure changes in the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ spin precession frequency with a resolution of 18 pHz and constrain anomalous spin forces between neutrons to be less than $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ of their magnetic or less than $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ of their gravitational interactions on a length scale of 50 cm. We present new limits on neutron coupling to light pseudoscalar and vector particles, including torsion, and constraints on recently proposed models involving unparticles and spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry.
The trick of the runes in The Husband's Message

The Old English poem known as The Husband's Message begins in the same minimalist style as is typical of a number of poems of the Exeter Book (Exeter, Cathedral Library, 3501). A first-person speaker, an ‘I’, begins speaking without any context for speech yet being established, without any self-introduction, and without as yet any known purpose: Nu ic onsundran þe secgan wille … As with the Exeter Book elegies known as The Seafarer, The Wife's Lament and Wulf and Eadwacer, just as with all fifty Exeter Book riddles that are put into the first person singular voice, there is an implied challenge for the reader to discover who the speaker is and to fill out his or her full story. The poem thus begins with a small enigma. It is easy to tell that we are in the midst of that part of the Exeter Book that consists of close to one hundred riddles interspersed by a small miscellany of other poems, several of which are riddle-like in their resistance to easy interpretation.
Treatment of refractory pure red cell aplasia with cyclosporine A: disappearance of IgG inhibitor associated with clinical response

Remissions were obtained in 6/9 evaluable patients with pure red cell asplasia (PRCA) refractory to other immunosuppressive agents who were treated with cyclosporine A (CsA). Four of these patients have remained in continuous remission off all treatment for 4-19 months. Another patient who stopped CsA abruptly relapsed, but responded to reinstitution of therapy. The sixth patient died of a cerebrovascular accident while in remission on a low dose of CsA. Acute side effects were minimal and were responsive to dose reduction. One patient developed a lymphoma while in an unmaintained remission, and one patient who did not respond to CsA was found to have a lymphoma approximately a year after stopping treatment. In vitro studies of autologous erythroid progenitors in a patient with an IgG inhibitor of erythropoiesis showed a reduction of autoantibody associated with the response to CsA. The antigen to which this inhibitor is directed was expressed only during the marrow erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) period of erythroid differentiation. CsA can induce sustained remissions in cases of PRCA refractory to other multiple agents, and these remissions may be associated with a reduction in autoantibody to erythroid progenitor cells. Further studies of patients with PRCA who respond to CsA may lead to an improved understanding of this disorder.
Molecular mechanism of allosteric modification of voltage-dependent sodium channels by local anesthetics

The hallmark of many intracellular pore blockers such as tetra-alkylammonium compounds and local anesthetics is their ability to allosterically modify the movement of the voltage sensors in voltage-dependent ion channels. For instance, the voltage sensor of domain III is specifically stabilized in the activated state when sodium currents are blocked by local anesthetics. The molecular mechanism underlying this long-range interaction between the blocker-binding site in the pore and voltage sensors remains poorly understood. Here, using scanning mutagenesis in combination with voltage clamp fluorimetry, we systematically evaluate the role of the internal gating interface of domain III of the sodium channel. We find that several mutations in the S4–S5 linker and S5 and S6 helices dramatically reduce the stabilizing effect of lidocaine on the activation of domain III voltage sensor without significantly altering use-dependent block at saturating drug concentrations. In the wild-type skeletal muscle sodium channel, local anesthetic block is accompanied by a 21% reduction in the total gating charge. In contrast, point mutations in this critical intracellular region reduce this charge modification by local anesthetics. Our analysis of a simple model suggests that these mutations in the gating interface are likely to disrupt the various coupling interactions between the voltage sensor and the pore of the sodium channel. These findings provide a molecular framework for understanding the mechanisms underlying allosteric interactions between a drug-binding site and voltage sensors.
Stress at Encoding, Context at Retrieval, and Children’s Narrative Content

Research concerning the relations between stress and children's memory has been primarily correlational and focused on memory volume and accuracy. In the current study, we experimentally manipulated 7- and 8-year-olds' and 12- to 14-year-olds' experienced stress during a to-be-remembered event to examine the effects of stress on the content of their memory. We further manipulated the degree of interviewer support at retrieval to determine whether it moderated the effects of stress at encoding on memory. Children's age, gender, stress at encoding, and interviewer support all influenced the type of information included in their narrative reports. Most notably, across ages, children who experienced a more stressful event but were questioned in a supportive manner provided the largest ratio of terms representing internal states such as those about cognitions and emotions. Results suggest that how children process past events may be influenced by both the nature of the event itself and the context within which it is recalled.
Neurexins: Three genes and 1001 products

The human brain has approximately 1012 neurons, three orders of magnitude more than there are basepairs in the human genome. Each neuron is connected to other neurons by thousands of synapses, creating a dense network of communicating neurons. Cell-recognition events between neurons at, and outside of synapses, are likely to guide the development and maintenance of the complex network formed by neurons. However, little is known about which proteins are important for neuronal cell recognition. Neurexins, a family of polymorphic cell-surface proteins, might mediate some of these cell recognition events. Thousands of neurexin isoforms are generated from three genes by usage of alternative promoters and alternative splicing. These isoforms are displayed on the neuronal cell surface, with different classes of neurons expressing distinct combinations of isoforms. Neurexins probably bave a multitude of ligands, some of which interact only with subsets of neurexin isoforms. This review describes the properties of the neurexin protein family and their potential roles in neuronal cell adhesion and intercellular signaling.
An experimental study of biaxial stress-strain relations in plasticity☆

Abstract Experimental results for ten tubular 24 S-T4 aluminium-alloy specimens which possessed severe initial anisotropy are reported. These variable-loading path tests, where tension alone was followed by torsion, permitted the determination of the initial shear modulus when twist began. The results are discussed with reference to both initial and strain-hardening anisotropy.
Effect of Competitive Success and Failure on Pupil's Choice of Task.

Third-grade pupils representing both high and low economic strata were exposed to 2 competitive and 1 non-competitive experimental conditions. Children who were led to believe that they were compet...
Localized ventricular gradient of the papillary muscles

Abstract Ventricular gradients Ĝ were obtained for sharply localized areas of the lateral papillary muscle and the adjacent free wall of the left ventricle of five dogs. The ventricular gradients recorded for 2 mm. segments of myocardium varied considerably in magnitude and direction. Myocardial ischemia changed the magnitude of the Ĝ for all areas studied, but did not always change the direction. The method and concept described are applicable to the study of the influence of drugs, disease, neurogenic and physical factors, as well as other factors on local Ĝ of the myocardium of experimental animals and man.
Induced gene expression in human brain after the split from chimpanzee

Despite only ∼1% difference in genomic DNA sequence, humans and chimpanzees differ considerably in mental and linguistic capabilities, and in susceptibility to some diseases. A recent comparison of gene expression in human and great apes cast some light on the genetic basis of these differences, but more rigorous study is required. Our statistical reanalysis of these microarray data shows that there have indeed been dramatic alterations in the expression of genes in the human brain since the split from chimpanzees, mainly caused by a set of genes with increased (rather than decreased) expression in the human brain.
Molecular Emission Spectra in the Radio-Frequency-Excited Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma

Emission spectra of the molecules OH, NO, and NH have been studied in the argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP) as a function of height in the plasma, input power, and environment adjacent to the plasma. Similar studies were carried out with an ICP into which solutions of elements forming stable monoxides, such as Sc, Y, Gd, and Zr, were introduced.
Cyclic variation of the power of ultrasonic Doppler signals backscattered by polystyrene microspheres and porcine erythrocyte suspensions

Factors affecting the power of the ultrasonic Doppler signal within the flow cycle have been evaluated experimentally using a pulsatile flow loop model. Polystyrene microspheres and porcine red cells suspended in saline solution for hematocrits between 2 and 40% were used as scattering fluid in the flow model. Experiments were performed at mean flow velocities of 11, 64, and 76 cm/s. In laminar flow experiments performed at a mean velocity of 11 cm/s, no variation of the Doppler power was found for both polystyrene microspheres and red cell suspensions (40% hematocrit). When turbulence was induced in the flow model, the power increasing during systole, a maximum was observed early after peak systole, and a decrease was obtained in diastole during deceleration of flow. >
ON THE MAGNETIC CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE PHOTOSPHERE AND THE HELIOSPHERE

The solar magnetic field maps every point in the corona to a corresponding place on the solar surface. Identifying the magnetic connection map is difficult at low latitudes near the heliospheric current sheet, but remarkably simple in coronal hole interiors. We present a simple analytic magnetic model (‘pseudocurrent extrapolation’) that reproduces the global structure of the corona, with significant physical advantages over other nearly analytic models such as source-surface potential field extrapolation. We use the model to demonstrate that local horizontal structure is preserved across altitude in the central portions of solar coronal holes, up to at least 30 Rs, in agreement with observations. We argue that the preserved horizontal structure may be used to track the magnetic footpoint associated with the location of a hypothetical spacecraft traveling through the solar corona, to relate in situ measurements of the young solar wind at ∼10–30 Rs to particular source regions at the solar surface. Further, we discuss the relationship between readily observable geometrical distortions and physical parameters of interest such as the field-aligned current density.
Bronchial atresia: the hidden pathology within a spectrum of prenatally diagnosed lung masses.

Abstract Purpose This study was aimed at determining whether different congenital lung masses represent diverse manifestations of a single developmental abnormality associated with fetal airway obstruction. Methods We conducted a 3-year retrospective review of patients who underwent surgical resection of a prenatally diagnosed lung mass. Prenatal imaging was used to define mass position and its effect on adjacent organs. Lung specimens were examined through careful full-specimen microdissections, as well as by plain and contrast roentgenograms. Results Twenty-five patients underwent lung resection during this study period. Based on the final pathology reports, 56% were congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations, 12% were congenital lobar emphysemas, 8% were bronchopulmonary sequestrations, and 24% had features of both cystic adenomatoid malformation and bronchopulmonary sequestrations. No bronchogenic cysts were present in this series. Overall, bronchial atresia was identified in 77% of the examined specimens (n = 22) and was associated with all types of lung malformations. Conclusions Bronchial atresia is a common, unrecognized component of prenatally diagnosed congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations, bronchopulmonary sequestrations, congenital lobar emphysemas, and lesions of mixed pathology. Most congenital lung masses may be part of a spectrum of anomalies linked to obstruction of the developing fetal airway as an underlying component in their pathogenesis.
What is an I.Q.

ACHIEVEMENT tests are helpful in di agnosing the academic needs of gifted children but it is difficult to find standardized material which reveals the feelings of such children. In formal opinionnaires, devised by the teachers who seek definite replies to current problems appear to be more valuable than oral q u e r ies which may cause the pupils to be influenced by the replies of their classmates. The follow ing account of an attempt to discover the atti tudes of pre-adolescent children toward "bright ness" may be of interest to others.
Implications of Genetic Epidemiology for the Prevention of Substance Use Disorders

Despite advances in characterizing human genotypes, the complex process through which genes exert their influence limits the application of molecular genetics to human diseases. Substance use disorders are necessarily complicated by gene-environment interaction because exposure to an exogenous substance is required for their development. The methods of genetic epidemiology are specifically designed to identify sources of complexity that impede etiologic findings and prevention efforts. The goal of this paper is to illustrate the application of family study methods to identify risk factors for substance abuse and their implications for prevention. The Yale Family Study is a controlled family study of the comorbidity of substance and psychiatric disorders. The sample consists of 223 probands with substance use and/or an anxiety disorders and community controls, 1218 adult first degree relatives and spouses, and 203 offspring (ages 7-17) followed for 8 years. Results indicated familial aggregation of substance disorders in adults and children, independence of familial aggregation of alcoholism and drug dependence, and specificity of familial clustering of some drugs of abuse. Familial factors are more strongly associated with substance dependence than abuse, with an attributable risk of 55%. Premorbid psychiatric disorders--social phobia and bipolar affective disorder in adults, and depression, anxiety, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorders in children--were strongly associated with the subsequent development of substance dependence (attributable risks ranging from 44 to 86%). A family history of substance abuse and premorbid psychopathology are strongly associated with the development of substance use disorders. Implications for primary and secondary prevention are discussed. As specific genetic vulnerability markers for substance use disorders become identified, application of the tools of genetic epidemiology may be employed to identify specific environmental risk factors that may serve as targets for prevention.
Winter distributional overlap facilitates lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) piscivory on invasive round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) in Green Bay, Lake Michigan

The prevalence of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in the diet of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) >350 mm total length was investigated during winter, when round gobies occupy deeper water and have distributional overlap with lake whitefish. On average, round gobies were the most important diet item (46.6% by dry weight), followed by nonmollusk benthic invertebrates (21.3%) and unidentifiable fish parts (10.6%). Of whitefish that contained food, round gobies were the most frequently occurring diet item (49% occurrence); 44.3% of whitefish examined had empty stomachs. Although lake whitefish are not generally considered piscivores, altered lake whitefish diets have been observed during a recent period of high lake whitefish density and reduced abundance of historically important prey like Diporeia spp., which declined in the Great Lakes following the invasion of Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis. There is evidence that fish provide an important summer diet item for lake whitefish in some area...
The World According to Men: It Is Hierarchical and Stereotypical

The present research was designed to test whether people who expect social relationships to be structured like pecking orders (interpersonal hierarchy expectation, IHE) are also prone to stereotyping and whether this relation is moderated by gender. In two studies, a total of 203 participants completed a self-report questionnaire on IHE (Interpersonal Hierarchy Expectation Scale, IHES) and either a questionnaire that measures a general tendency to stereotype (Acceptance of Stereotyping Questionnaire, ASQ, Study 1) or a projective measure that assesses the specific gender stereotype that low dominance positions are occupied by women and high dominance positions by men (Study 2). Results showed that both stereotyping measures were related to IHE, but only for men. Moreover, trait dominance did not mediate the relation between IHE and stereotyping.
Aqueous humor sCD44 concentration and visual field loss in primary open-angle glaucoma

PurposeTo correlate aqueous humor soluble CD44 (sCD44) concentration, visual field loss, and glaucoma risk factors in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients.MethodsAqueous samples were obtained by paracentesis from normal and glaucoma patients who were undergoing elective surgery and analyzed f
Decreased expression of acetaminophen-metabolizing enzymes and glutathione in asthmatic children after acetaminophen exposure.

Children with moderate-to-severe asthma have decreased expression of acetaminophen metabolizing genes and glutathione that may account for the previously-reported risk of acetaminophen in this vulnerable population.
Sensor-to-sensor identification of Hammerstein systems

Traditional system identification uses measurements of the inputs, but when these measurements are not available, alternative methods, such as blind identification, output-only identification, or operational modal analysis, must be used. Yet another method is sensor-to-sensor identification (S2SID), which estimates pseudo transfer functions whose inputs are outputs of the original system. A special case of S2SID is transmissibility identification. Since S2SID depends on cancellation of the input, this approach does not extend to nonlinear systems. However, in the present paper we show that, for the case of a two-output Hammerstein system, the least-squares estimate of the PTF is consistent, that is, asymptotically correct, despite the presence of the nonlinearities.
Structural properties of recycled plastic/sawdust lumber decking planks

Abstract Plastic lumber is being used to replace wooden lumber in some construction applications, especially in outdoor applications where the plastic lumber is presumed to weather better than the wood. However, the structural properties of the plastic lumber are not well understood, and the use of plastic lumber in structural applications is not authorized in the common building codes. In this research effort, standard 2×6 plastic lumber planks were tested for many different structural properties. The plastic lumber tested was a blend of recycled plastic and sawdust. The tests were conducted at −23.3°C to simulate winter conditions, and at 40.6°C to simulate summer conditions. In all cases the high temperature strength and stiffness was lower than at low temperature, so the high temperature values would determine the allowable strength and stiffness for design. The high temperature modulus of the plastic lumber was 5.79, 1.03, and 1.12 GPa in compression, flexure and tension respectively. High temperature strength values were 16.8, 12.0, and 1.45 MPa in compression, flexure and tension respectively. The high temperature shear strength of the plastic lumber was 5.31 MPa. Strength tests were also performed for nail and screw connections typically used with lumber, and the pull-out and lateral load were comparable to wooden lumber. The plastic lumber performed well under sustained load tests at high temperature. Slip resistance tests were performed, and it was found that the plastic lumber is more slippery than wooden lumber, but probably does not represent a safety hazard. The conclusion was that the plastic lumber is a good structural material, but it is not appropriate to simply substitute plastic lumber for wooden lumber pieces of the same dimension in structural applications. Plastic lumber structures must be designed using the structural properties of the plastic lumber.
The Distribution and Life History of South American Freshwater Crabs (Aegla) and Their Role in Trout Streams and Lakes

Abstract Freshwater crabs (Aegla) were collected in Chile and Argentina in 1971 and shipped to California for laboratory observations to determine the desirability of introducing them into California as forage for trout. Stomachs and scales taken from Chilean trout were examined to determine the importance of Aegla in the diet and growth of trout. Aegla made up 66% of the dry weight of the identifiable stomach contents of river-dwelling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and 67% of the stomach contents of river-dwelling brown trout (S. trutta). However, they were not as important as fish in the diets of lake-dwelling trout. The growth rates of Chilean trout sampled from waters containing Aegla were rapid, suggesting that the abundant crab populations probably contribute significantly to the large size attained by Chilean trout. Laboratory observations confirmed that Aegla are detritivores and herbivores; in addition, they were found to be predators. Besides eating detritus and periphyton, they preyed upon aq...
Level-Crossing Spectroscopy in 7 ^2S1/2 Thallium. II. Theory of Self-Broadening and Tl*-Tl—Foreign-Gas Collisions

The experimental results for the self-broadening of pure Tl of the previous paper are shown to be in good agreement with the theory of resonant collisions, taking into account the effects of the hyperfine structure. Wall collisions are nearly negligible in that case. The decrease of the self-broadening observed with the addition of a foreign gas is explained in terms of three-body collisions (Tl-He collisions occurring during a Tl*-Tl collision) which broaden the optical transitions of Tl and decrease the resonance effect in the transfer of excitation between Tl atoms. The quantitative agreement obtained with the experimental results shows that these three-body collisions must be responsible for the major part of the observed reduction in self-broadening.
A simulation of high latitude F‐layer instabilities in the presence of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling

A simulation of inertial high-latitude ionospheric interchange instabilities, including magnetospheric coupling effects is presented. It is shown that the primary magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling effect is to incorporate the inertia of the magnetospheric plasma in the analysis. The following conclusions are drawn from the simulation: (1) magnetospheric coupling effects reduce the growth rate of the interchange instability, (2) striations produced by the inertial interchange instability develop in a different manner than in the noninertial regime, and (3) striations produced in the inertial regime are more isotropic and spread out, resulting in irregularities oriented perpendicular to those produced in the noninertial case.
(ii) Impingement in total hip replacement: mechanisms and consequences

The occurrence of total hip impingement, whether or not accompanied by frank dislocation, holds substantial untoward clinical consequences, especially as less-forgiving advanced bearing implant designs come into ever more widespread use. Biomechanical aspects of impingement and dislocation have historically received relatively little scientific attention, although that situation is now rapidly changing. The present article reviews contemporary laboratory and clinical research on the impingement/dislocation phenomena, focusing particularly on how implant design variables, surgical implantation factors and patient activity each act individually and in concert to pose impingement and dislocation challenges. In recent years, several powerful new research methodologies have emerged that have greatly expanded the scope for clinical translation of systematic laboratory study. Transferring the findings from such research into yet better implant designs, and even better surgical procedures, offers encouragement that the clinical impact of this troublesome complication can be further reduced.
TSH suppression in the management of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer

Clinical and experimental data concerning TSH suppression, by giving exogenous thyroid hormone, in patients with goiter and in patients with thyroid cancer show a beneficial effect. In the goiter patients, TSH suppressive therapy seems most effective in young patients with diffuse or newly discovered goiters, in hypothyroid patients, and in patients with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or compensatory thyroid hypertrophy after partial thyroidectomy. With TSH suppressive therapy about 2/3 of thyroid nodules become smaller, but only about 5% to 10% disappear. In patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary, mixed papillary-follicular, and follicular), tumor recurrence, tumor progression, and long-term survival all seem to be influenced favorably by TSH suppressive therapy. Experimental investigations demonstrate that both benign thyroid adenomas and differentiated thyroid carcinomas have TSH receptors situated on the plasma membranes. These TSH receptors appear to be coupled to the activation of adenylate cyclase in a one-to-one relationship. Experimental and clinical studies strongly support the use of thyroid hormone both for the treatment of patients after thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer and as prophylaxis to prevent the development of thyroid cancer in high-risk irradiated patients. The dose of thyroxine recommended for adequate TSH suppression is the lowest dose of thyroxine that will completely block the TSH response to TRH (usually 0.2 to 0.25 mg).
A unique approach to teaching electronic packaging

At Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute a one-semester course on electronic packaging develops a unique learning environment. An interdisciplinary approach with three instructors integrates material from electrical, mechanical, and materials engineering. The course is design oriented where student teams solve a packaging problem using skills acquired in the first half of the course. The course emphasizes leading-edge applications in terms of both design and product since the metrics applied at this end of the market are likely to receive broad acceptance over the next several generations of electronic components. The course content is described in terms of the audience and the trade-offs necessitated by a one-semester course. Results of the design project are given to compare the output of nine teams. The authors hope that their experience will be useful to other academics contemplating a packaging course and will promote a dialog with industry on the extent of preparation in packaging required to meet the upcoming challenges. >
Sex differences in anxiety behavior in rats: Role of gonadal hormones

These experiments examined the role of gonadal hormones at both the organizational and activational time periods on sex differences in plus-maze behavior. In the first experiment, adult female Long-Evans rats were found to spend more time on the open arms of the plus maze than adult males, indicating less anxious behavior. In the second experiment, male and female subjects received a neonatal treatment (chemical castration with flutamide or tamoxifen, vehicle injection, or no injection) and a prepubertal treatment (gonadectomy, sham surgery, or no surgery). Adult females receiving either neonatal tamoxifen or prepubertal ovariectomy spent less time on the open arms than control females, but females who received both treatments were the most defeminized subjects. Males were not affected by the absence of gonadal hormones at either time period. These experiment indicate that female gonadal hormones play an important role both organizationally and activationally in plus-maze behavior. The role of the GABA receptor complex in mediating this effect is discussed. Knowledge of sex differences in plus-maze behavior may help to make this maze a more useful tool in investigating anxiety behavior in rats.
Combined effects of shunt and luminescence coupling on external quantum efficiency measurements of multi-junction solar cells

The combined effects of shunt and luminescence coupling on the measurement artifacts of external quantum efficiency (EQE) are modeled and analyzed for the top, middle and bottom subcells of multi-junction solar cells. The measurement artifacts of a Ge bottom cell caused by the combined effects are explained with the models.
Sample Washing Procedures Influence Mineral Element Concentrations in Zinc‐Sprayed Apple Leaves

Abstract Widespread use of postbloom zinc (Zn) nutritional sprays in tree fruit and nut orchards can lead to substantial surface contamination of apple leaf samples by Zn spray residue, which complicates diagnosis of tree Zn status and Zn nutritional requirements. Detergent washing alone substantially reduced the Zn, iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) concentrations of Zn‐sprayed Golden Delicious apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves compared to unwashed leaves. Adding a 0.1M HCl washing step further reduced leaf Zn concentration, but had no additional effect of leaf Fe and Al concentrations. There was evidence for nitrogen (N) and sodium (Na) contamination of the leaf samples, possibly from chemical components of the detergent washing solution. The results indicate that the detergent washing is critical for eliminating Fe or Al contamination introduced by dust or soil adhering to leaves collected from trees grown in dusty environments or impacted by soil splash. Adding the acid wash should improve the estimate...
Exploiting autonomous system information in structured peer-to-peer networks

With the rise of peer-to-peer networks, two problems have become prominent: (1) significant network traffic among peers, to probe the latency among those peers to improve lookup performance; (2) the need for increased information flow across protocol layer boundaries, to allow for cross-layer adaptations. The particular work here focuses on improvements in structured peer-to-peer networks based on autonomous system information. We find that by using autonomous system information effectively we can achieve lookup performance approaching that based on proximity neighbor selection, but with much less network traffic. We also demonstrate improvements in replication in structured peer-to-peer networks using AS topology and scoping information. Finally, we review this approach in the context of network architecture
Visualization of particle traces in virtual environments

Real-time visualization of particle traces in virtual environments can aid in the exploration and analysis of complex three dimensional vector fields. This paper introduces a scalable method suitable for the interactive visualization of large time-varying vector fields on commodity hardware. A real-time data streaming and visualization approach and its out-of-core scheme for the pre-processing and rendering of data are described. The presented approach yields low-latency application start-up times and small memory footprints. A proof of concept systems was implemented on a low-cost Linux workstation equipped with spatial tracking hardware, data gloves and shutter glasses. The system was used to implement a virtual wind tunnel in which a volumetric particle injector can introduce up to 60000 particles into the flow field while an interactive rendering performance of 60 frames per second is maintained.
Fast transient thermoreflectance CCD imaging of pulsed self heating in AlGaN/GaN power transistors

Pulsed thermoreflectance CCD imaging with submicron spatial resolution and 50 millikelvin temperature resolution is used to study fast transient heating in gallium nitride high electron mobility power transistors (GaN HEMTs) on silicon carbide substrate. Transient surface temperature distribution is measured between 50 ns and 100 μs for pulsed power to 19 W/mm. Time evolution of surface temperature for different HEMT regions is analyzed. Significant variation is observed between the thermal rise times for the gate metal, GaN channel, and drain metal. Steady state temperature rise of 68°C on the drain contact metal is reached at 100 μs at 19 W/mm. Observation of time varying thermal gradients in critical HEMT features under fast pulsed operation may help understanding of reliability and failure mechanisms in GaN power transistors.
Simulated natural day lengths synchronize seasonal rhythms of asynchronously born male Siberian hamsters.

Photoperiodism research has relied on static day lengths and abrupt transitions between long and short days to characterize the signals that drive seasonal rhythms. To identify ecologically relevant critical day lengths and to test the extent to which naturally changing day lengths synchronize important developmental events, we monitored nine cohorts of male Siberian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus ) born every 2 wk from 4 wk before to 12 wk after the summer solstice in a simulated natural photoperiod (SNP). SNP hamsters born from 4 wk before to 2 wk after the solstice underwent rapid somatic and gonadal growth; among those born 4–6 wk after the solstice, some delayed puberty by many weeks, whereas others manifested early puberty. Hamsters born eight or more weeks after the solstice failed to undergo early testicular development. The transition to delayed development occurred at long day lengths, which induce early puberty when presented as static photoperiods. The first animals to delay puberty may do so predominantly on the basis of postnatal decreases in day length, whereas in later cohorts, a comparison of postnatal day length to gestational day length may contribute to arrested development. Despite differences in timing of birth and timing of puberty, autumn gonadal regression and spring gonadal and somatic growth occurred at similar calendar dates in all cohorts. Incrementally changing photoperiods exert a strong organizing effect on seasonal rhythms by providing hamsters with a richer source of environmental timing cues than are available in simple static day lengths.
H2 Performance of Relative Sensing Networks: Analysis and Synthesis

This work provides a general framework for the analysis and synthesis of a class of relative sensing networks (RSN) in the context of its H2 performance. In an RSN, the underlying connection topology couples each agent at their outputs. A distinction is made between RSN with homogeneous agent dynamics and RSN with heterogeneous RSN. In both cases, an expression for the system H2 norm is developed that explicitly shows the dependance of the connection topology on that property. In the homogeneous setting, the norm expression reduces to the Frobenius norm of the underlying connection topology incidence matrix, E(G), scaled by the H2 norm of the agents comprising the RSN. In the heterogeneous case, the H2 norm becomes the weighted Frobenius norm of the incidence matrix, where the weights appear on the nodes of the graph, and correspond to the H2 norm of each agent in the RSN. The H2 norm characterization is then used to synthesize RSN with certain H2 performance. Speciflcally, a semi-deflnite programming solution is presented to design a local controller for each agent when the underlying topology is flxed. A solution using Kruskal’s algorithm for flnding a minimum weight spanning tree is used to design the optimal RSN topology given flxed agent dynamics. Nomenclature (A;B;C;D) State-space realization for a linear system xi(t); x(t) State vector ui(t); u(t) Control vector wi(t); w(t) Exogenous input vector yi(t); y(t) Measured output vector for an individual agent and all agents zi(t); z(t) Controlled variable y G (t) Global RSN output Yo; Xc Observability and controllability grammian G; V; E A graph and its vertex and edge sets E(G); L(G); ¢(G); A(G) Incidence matrix, graph Laplacian, degree matrix, and adjacency matrix §hom(G); §het(G) Homogeneous and heterogeneous RSN T w7!y i ; T w7!z i Closed-loop map from wi(t) to yi(t) and zi(t) T w7!G hom ; T w7!G het Homogeneous and heterogeneous map from w(t) to RSN output A < B Equivalent to (A i B) a symmetric negative-deflnite matrix 1 Vector with all entries equal to one R n Real n-dimensional Euclidean space