cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Neuroscience: Exploring Cognitive Processes that Underlie Learning

This chapter reviews the most important neurotechnologies, neuroscience approaches, and empirical research using neuroscience methods and tools in education. Four specific technologies and representative studies using them are discussed in detail: eye tracking, electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. These neurotechnologies are examined as tools that offer high temporal resolution and those that provide high spatial resolution. A separate section addresses the use of neuroscience frameworks and tools that explore social cognition, focusing specifically on collaborative learning in teams. The chapter concludes with a discussion of important challenges and implications that educational researchers must keep in mind as they design empirical studies employing approaches and technologies from cognitive, social, and affective neuroscience. These implications include ensuring adequate signal-to-noise ratios, reducing the possibility of perceptual-motor confounds that may distort data of interest, and training psychophysiological signal classifiers using tasks that represent the cognitive processes involved in the experimental task. Careful task and study design and proper interpretation of physiological data in the context of cognitive and learning performance will improve the validity of educational studies conducted with EEG, fMRI, fNIRS, and eye tracking and will improve the reliability of data and generalizability of the findings.
Analyzing intraoperative conversion of thoracoscopic lobectomy: acceptable outcome or failure?

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy, which first emerged as a feasible technique in the 1990s, has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer (1). Benefits over traditional thoracotomy include a decreased length of stay, decreased overall morbidity, decreased pulmonary complications, decreased atrial arrhythmias, decreased postoperative pain, and improved short-term quality of life and pulmonary function (2,3).
Salivary HPV DNA informs locoregional disease status in advanced HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer

Abstract Objectives Quantifying tumor DNA in tissue and circulating in blood permits high-quality molecular monitoring to detect and track cancer progression. Evaluating tumor DNA in both blood and saliva in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) could provide a non-invasive and clinically actionable method for real-time disease detection. Methods We previously validated an ultrasensitive droplet-digital (dd)PCR assay targeting the dominant high-risk HPV subtypes causally linked to OPC. Here we enrolled an observational cohort to evaluate the predictive and prognostic potential of paired plasma-salivary tumor DNA among 21 patients with advanced HPV+OPC. Results In patients with recurrent, persistent locoregional (LR) disease, median baseline normalized salivary HPV DNA was 10.9 copies/ng total DNA, nearly 20x higher compared with those with distant disease only (p = 0.01). A cutoff of 5 copies/ng yielded 87% sensitivity and 67% specificity for accurately predicting LR disease. Total tumor burden among those with LR disease strongly correlated with salivary HPV DNA levels (R = 0.83, p = 0.02). The rise and fall of salivary HPV DNA predicted treatment failure and response, respectively, in all patients with LR disease, and predated imaging findings. Among paired salivary-plasma (cell-free) cfDNA samples, only higher plasma HPV cfDNA levels were associated with poor outcomes (p Conclusions Salivary HPV DNA provides valuable information about tumor burden and predicts treatment response in advanced HPV+OPC. Paired blood-saliva samples could be used to monitor HPV DNA with broad applications to inform diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance in HPV-associated diseases.
Youth co-design of responsive digital badge systems: disrupting hierarchy and empowering youth

While digital badges were initially seen as valuable to educational programmes, critiques of digital badges focus on, among other things, the ways badges commodify learning. This paper proposes an ...
Microbial Co-Occurrence in Floral Nectar Affects Metabolites and Attractiveness to a Generalist Pollinator

Microbial metabolism can shape cues important for animal attraction in service-resource mutualisms. Resources are frequently colonized by microbial communities, but experimental assessment of animal-microbial interactions often focus on microbial monocultures. Such an approach likely fails to predict effects of microbial assemblages, as microbe-microbe interactions may affect in a non-additive manner microbial metabolism and resulting chemosensory cues. Here, we compared effects of microbial mono- and cocultures on growth of constituent microbes, volatile metabolite production, sugar catabolism, and effects on pollinator foraging across two nectar environments that differed in sugar concentration. Growth in co-culture decreased the abundance of the yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii, but not the bacterium Asaia astilbes. Volatile emissions differed significantly between microbial treatments and with nectar concentration, while sugar concentration was relatively similar among mono- and cocultures. Coculture volatile emission closely resembled an additive combination of monoculture volatiles. Despite differences in microbial growth and chemosensory cues, honey bee feeding did not differ between microbial monocultures and assemblages. Taken together, our results suggest that in some cases, chemical and ecological effects of microbial assemblages are largely predictable from those of component species, but caution that more work is necessary to predict under what circumstances non-additive effects are important.
Quantifying Weather Effects on Ka-band Communication Links: A Parker Solar Probe Study

A Ka-band communication channel provides a high capacity link critical for deep space science data downlink. However, data transmissions over Ka-band are highly susceptible to weather conditions (such as wind, clouds, water vapor, etc.), In this work, we conduct a comprehensive statistical analysis based on the first year of Parker Solar Probe measurements to quantify weather effects on a Ka-band science data downlink. To this end, we compare the results of link models using Deep Space Network (DSN) aggregate annual and monthly statistics, and annual International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standards. Our results show a general agreement between monthly DSN and ITU models with a superior performance over annual DSN statistics. The Ka-band link models can match the observed carrier power to approximately 1 dB. However, the link models in general underestimate the symbol signal to noise ratio (SSNR). Furthermore, using ITU standards, we examined the use of local weather parameters such as mean air temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure to model atmospheric gaseous attenuation. We find an excellent agreement between the measured and modeled system noise temperature (SNT) based on atmospheric attenuation due to gas for clear days. For cloudy days, one needs to account for cloud contribution to atmospheric attenuation using total columnar content of liquid water. In terms of mission operations, the results of our statistical analyses provide the first steps toward ingesting short-term weather predictions into the link models which will allow for an increased data rates during tracks with favorable weather forecasts, and will ultimately enhance the overall data return of science data with little increase in the percentage of dropped frames.
Effect of Caudal vs. Penile Block on the Incidence of Hypospadias Complications Following Primary Repairs; A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose:Primary repair of hypospadias is associated with risk of complications, specifically urethrocutaneous fistula and glanular dehiscence. Caudal block may potentially increase the risk of thes...
FREEDOM OF THOUGHT

Freedom of thought is often explicitly protected in constitutions and human rights documents, and even more often employed as a rallying cry against state tyranny. It is not so clear, however, just what freedom of thought is, what it would be to threaten it, and how, if at all, it differs from basic liberty or freedom. This essay seeks to analyze the idea of freedom of thought, to pose some skeptical questions about its alleged independent existence, and to ask, again with a skeptical mindset, what it is to protect it and why its protection should be so commonly valued.
Emma Beatrice Haas

Emma Beatrice Haas was left without income after Arthur’s death. Using her skills in multiple languages, she first worked at the Notre Dame Archives and from there she transferred to the National Archives in Washington. She was recruited by the OSS and subsequently by the CIA and had a successful career in identifying Nazi criminals in hiding, during the first years after the war. She continued to serve and while closer details were not disclosed by the CIA archives, her personal letter and postcard collection reveals that she was stationed in Japan, Korea, Egypt and Algeria, all hotspots of US foreign politics and involvement before her final retirement. She died in 1985, more than forty years after the death of Arthur.
Decoding grasp and speech signals from the cortical grasp circuit in a tetraplegic human

Tetraplegia from spinal cord injury leaves many patients paralyzed below the neck, leaving them unable to perform most activities of daily living. Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) could give tetraplegic patients more independence by directly utilizing brain signals to control external devices such as robotic arms or hands. The cortical grasp network has been of particular interest because of its potential to facilitate the restoration of dexterous object manipulation. However, a network that involves such high-level cortical areas may also provide additional information, such as the encoding of speech. Towards understanding the role of different brain areas in the human cortical grasp network, neural activity related to motor intentions for grasping and performing speech was recorded in a tetraplegic patient in the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), and the somatosensory cortex (S1). We found that in high-level brain areas SMG and PMv, grasps were well represented by firing rates of neuronal populations already at visual cue presentation. During motor imagery, grasps could be significantly decoded from all brain areas. At identical neuronal population sizes, SMG and PMv achieved similar highly-significant decoding abilities, demonstrating their potential for grasp BMIs. During speech, SMG encoded both spoken grasps and colors, in contrast to PMv and S1, which were not able to significantly decode speech.These findings suggest that grasp signals can robustly be decoded at a single unit level from the cortical grasping circuit in human. Data from PMv suggests a specialized role in grasping, while SMG9s role is broader and extends to speech. Together, these results indicate that brain signals from high-level areas of the human cortex can be exploited for a variety of different BMI applications.
Replication origin of bacteriophage f1: Two signals required for its function☆

Abstract Plus strand synthesis in bacteriophage f1 initiates in a region of dyad symmetry at a specific site (plus origin) recognized and nicked by the viral gene II protein. In this paper we describe several small deletions on the 5′ side of the f1 plus origin which disrupt the region of dyad symmetry and extend up to only four nucleotides from the gene II protein nicking site. These deletions do not impair the ability of gene II protein in vitro to nick this site. However, they do inhibit in vivo plus strand synthesis. We conclude that the nucleotide sequence at the f1 plus origin contains at least two specific signals that are required for efficient plus strand synthesis.
Pharmacotherapy to enhance arousal: what is known and what is not

Severe brain injury results in a disturbance among a wide range of critical neurotransmitter systems. Each neurotransmitter system places its own functional role while being interconnected to a multitude of other systems and functions. This chapter seeks to review the major neurotransmitter systems involved after severe acquired brain injury. While limited in their construct, animal models of brain injury have demonstrated agents that may assist in the recovery process and those that may further slow recovery. We review further the issue of laboratory evidence and what is transferable to the clinic. Lastly, this chapter reviews published clinical pharmacotherapy studies or trials in the arena of arousal for those with clinical severe brain injury. We discuss limitations as well as findings and present the available evidence in a table-based format. While no clear evidence exists to suggest a defined and rigid pharmacotherapeutic approach, interesting data does suggest that several medications have been associated with enhanced arousal. Several studies are underway or about to begin that will shed more light on the utility of such agents in improving function after severe brain injury. For now, clinicians must employ their own judgment and what has been learned from the limited literature to the care of a challenging group of persons.
Climate change and older Americans: state of the science

Background: Older adults make up 13% of the U.S. population, but are projected to account for 20% by 2040. Coinciding with this demographic shift, the rate of climate change is accelerating, bringi...
Activation of innate immunity accelerates sialoadenitis in a mouse model for Sjögren's syndrome-like disease.

Objective Sjogren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive lymphocytic infiltration within the salivary and lacrimal glands. The current study was undertaken to investigate the effects of innate immunity activation on sialoadenitis in a mouse strain genetically susceptible for development of Sjogren’s syndrome-like disease.
Lactation, weaning, and calcium supplementation: effects on body composition in postpartum women

Background: Concern that long-term weight retention after pregnancy contributes to obesity underscores the need to identify factors that facilitate postpartum weight loss. Lactation is believed to facilitate postpartum weight loss and fat loss. Calcium intake also has been hypothesized to promote weight loss and fat loss. Objective: We addressed the following questions: 1) whether lactation enhances loss of fat mass, and 2) whether loss of fat mass during lactation and after weaning is greater in women receiving calcium supplementation than in women receiving placebo. Design: We used data from 87 lactating and 81 nonlactating women enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, calcium supplementation trial from 2 wk to 6 mo postpartum and data from 76 previously lactating and 82 nonlactating women enrolled in a parallel trial from 6 to 12 mo postpartum. Body fat and lean masses were measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Nonlactating women lost whole-body, arm, and leg fat at a faster rate than did lactating women between 2 wk and 6 mo postpartum (lactation group time effect, P 0.01). Fat mass of the trunk, arms, and legs decreased between 6 and 12 mo postpartum regardless of previous lactation status (time effect, P 0.001). Calcium supplementation did not affect postpartum fat loss. Conclusions: Body-composition changes occur differently in nonlactating and lactating women during the first 6 mo postpartum and occur at some sites until 12 mo postpartum regardless of previous lactation status. Clinicians should use caution when advising lactating mothers about expected rates of postpartum fat loss. Calcium supplementation (1 g/d) does not promote postpartum weight loss or fat loss. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:423–9.
Use of Paramagnetic Relaxation Agents in the Characterization of Acrylic Polymers: Application of Chromium (III) Acetylacetonate and Iron (III) Acetylacetonate

The quantitation of acrylate polymers by high-resolution 13C-NMR requires a knowledge of the spin-lattice relaxation times. For signals from non-protonated carbons, such as carbonyls, these relaxat...
The Alliance Shared Purchase Plan: A New Experiment in Collaborative Collection Development

Beginning in fall 2006, the Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries piloted a shared purchase plan designed to manage duplication of monographs and enhance the consortial collection. The plan covered only undergraduate books in four subject areas. Two vendors, YBP and Blackwell, participated in the project. YBP covered economics and religion; Blackwell, political science and mathematics. Distribution of books was based upon individual institutional profiles, the dollar amount allocated to the project by each institution, and anticipated usage. While analysis of project data suggests that the pilot did not meet its collection goals, the project is leading to other collaborative efforts.
Kinetic Ejection of Electrons from Tungsten by Cesium Ions

Measurements of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{i}$ (number of electrons per incident ion) for cesium ions on atomically clean tungsten surfaces are reported. Vacuum conditions were such that subsequent to heating the tungsten to 2400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K a monolayer of gas was formed on the surface in \ensuremath{\sim}4 hours. Since measurements were taken within 30 seconds after heating the tungsten to this temperature, the surface contamination is 0.3% of a monolayer. The striking feature of these data is that the yields are smaller than previously reported. It was noted during the experiment that the yield increased if background gases were allowed to accumulate on the tungsten surface.
Mergers, welfare, and concentration: Results from a model of stackelberg-cournot oligopoly

This paper explores the relationship between mergers, welfare, and concentration, using a two-stage oligopoly model that generalizes the Cournot and Stackelberg models. This model has been used to show that some profitable mergers raise welfare and that some welfare-lowering mergers are unprofitable. Based on this, one might conclude that policy designed to restrict mergers is unnecessary or even counterproductive. This present paper examines in greater detail the implications of this model and finds that a merger's effects depend not only on the reduction in the number of firms, but also on premerger and postmerger firm behavior. In fact, most mergers lower welfare, and many of these are profitable. Usually, but not always, changes in concentration and welfare are negatively related.
Progress in Standoff LIBS Detection and Identification of Residue Materials

The LIBS group at ARL/APG continues to advance the use of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for standoff detection and identification of various residue materials, both hazardous and benign. Progress will be presented.
HIV-1 protease with 20 mutations exhibits extreme resistance to clinical inhibitors through coordinated structural rearrangements.

The escape mutant of HIV-1 protease (PR) containing 20 mutations (PR20) undergoes efficient polyprotein processing even in the presence of clinical protease inhibitors (PIs). PR20 shows >3 orders of magnitude decreased affinity for PIs darunavir (DRV) and saquinavir (SQV) relative to PR. Crystal structures of PR20 crystallized with yttrium, substrate analogue p2-NC, DRV, and SQV reveal three distinct conformations of the flexible flaps and diminished interactions with inhibitors through the combination of multiple mutations. PR20 with yttrium at the active site exhibits widely separated flaps lacking the usual intersubunit contacts seen in other inhibitor-free dimers. Mutations of residues 35–37 in the hinge loop eliminate interactions and perturb the flap conformation. Crystals of PR20/p2-NC contain one uninhibited dimer with one very open flap and one closed flap and a second inhibitor-bound dimer in the closed form showing six fewer hydrogen bonds with the substrate analogue relative to wild-type PR. P...
Autohesion in Pharmaceutical Solids

Autohesion is a diffusion controlled mechanism that can be utilized to explain how high molecular weight polymers interact. This mechanism finds its origin in the rubber and plastics industries and...
An analysis of discrepancies encountered by the AAPM radiological physics center

The AAPM Radiological Physics Center has reviewed 188 institutions and has evaluated such parameters as coincidence of radiation field and light field, timer error (end effect), beam flatness and symmetry, transmission through blocking trays, wedges and compensators, and central‐axis depth‐dose data. In previous papers these data had been presented in combination as they resulted in discrepancies in tumordose. The individual sources of discrepancies were listed only as frequency and maximum deviation. A detailed analysis is now presented which may help define criteria of recommended practice.
Interpersonal responses among sibling dyads tested for BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations.

Objective: The familial context plays an important role in psychosocial responses to genetic testing. The purpose of this study was to compare sibling pairs with different combinations of BRCA1/BRCA2 test results on measures of affect, interpersonal responses, and physiological reactions. Design: Forty-nine sibling dyads with different combinations of BRCA1/BRCA2 test results (i.e., mixed, positive, negative) completed a questionnaire, and 35 of the dyads also participated in a laboratory-based discussion of genetic testing. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome variables included participant reports of supportive actions toward their sibling, state anger and anxiety, perceptions of sibling behavior, and electrodermal responses. Results: Compared to positive and negative dyads, mixed pairs reported less friendly general support actions, noted more anger, and perceived their sibling to be less friendly and more dominant during the interactions. In comparisons between same-result (i.e., positive, negative) pairs, positive dyads reported more dominant support behaviors and perceived their sibling to be friendlier during the interactions. Conclusion: Data suggest that siblings who have different test results may experience more interpersonal strain than siblings who have the same test result. Future research on genetic testing and family relationships can expand upon these findings.
A comparative study of the micro methods for determining copper with a photoelectric colorimeter

This paper is a critical review of the many methods reported in the literature for the colorimetric determination of small quantities of copper. The methods frequently used and described as giving colored solutions have been examined by means of a photoelectric colorimeter, to reveal how well they conform to the fundamental requirements of colorimetry, namely, the existence of a definite extinction coefficient at a given wave length. For all of the useful methods, the absorption spectrum of the colored solution has been measured so as to be able to prescribe appropriate filters for use in the colorimetric analyses. The rates of formation and fading of the colored products have been examined and discussed. Of the methods involving organic reagents, only two were found reasonably satisfactory: dithiocarbamate and salicylate. Among the inorganic reagents, ammonia, chloride, bromide, sulfide, and ferrocyanide meet the basic requirements of colorimetry.
Identification of horizontal cells as S-potential generators in the cat retina by intracellular dye injection.

Abstract A mixture of 3% Niagara Sky Blue and 3 or 4% Procion Yellow M4RS was injected intracellularly in cells of the cat retina which responded to light with S -potentials. All seven recovered marks were found within cell somata at the outer margin of the inner nuclear layer. In three cases Procion Yellow also partially filled the cell's processes, which extended in both directions within the outer plexiform layer. Horizontal cells are the only cells exhibiting this anatomical configuration in silver impregnations of cat retina. The responses of all cells injected showed strong contributions from both rods and cones, so we conclude that at least this class of S -potential is generated by horizontal cells.
Preparation and Characterization of Li5LnSi4O12 (Ln: Nd, Gd) Solid Electrolyte.

The ceramic materials of title are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Li2CO3, Ln2O3 (Ln: Nd, Gd), and SiO2 (850 °C for 24 h and 960 °C for 6 h) and characterized by XRD, SEM, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
The synergistic effects of acidity and aluminum on fish (golden shiners) in Louisiana

Abstract The effects of acidity on the mortality of fish (golden shiners) was studied at pH 3.7, 4.5, 5.0, 7.0, and 7.8, under controlled laboratory conditions. Results showed at pH 3.7 all fish died rapidly. As the acidity decreased, the rate of loss of fish decreased. At pH 4.5 they lived about 3 weeks and they survived pH 5.0. Aluminum was added to freshwater tanks as Al2(SO4)3 and the pH of the tank adjusted slowly as necessary to avoid localization of the acid. The tanks were then allowed to equilibrate and 20 fish placed in each tank. At pH 4.5 and 5.0 plus 100ppm aluminum, all fish died within a few hours. With total aluminum concentrations of 10 ppm and 100 ppm and pH 4.5 and pH 5.0 it appeared that the aluminum and the acid had a synergistic toxic effect. Visual inspection of the fish showed the aluminum interacted with the gills, which may have caused suffocation. It is possible that some chemical forms of aluminum are more toxic than others. Suspended clay (aluminum silicate) does not appear to...
Trauma to the Trachea

Traumatic rupture of the trachea is usually secondary to a crushing injury of the thorax. The rupture may be complete or partial, and it may occur in the cervical or in the thoracic portion of the trachea. The former site is much more vulnerable to injury because of its superficial position. Injuries to the intrathoracic part of the trachea are, fortunately, rare. It is possible that the state of the glottis at the time of accident is an important factor in rupture of the trachea. If the vocal cords are fixed in the midline, with the patient holding his breath in anticipation of a collision, one would expect the intratracheal and intrabronchial pressure to be greatly increased and that the trachea might rupture when any violent force is transmitted to the thoracic wall. Persons who have complete tears through all layers of the trachea usually die unless surgical intervention is accomplished early. These tears usually occur on the posterior wall of the trachea, and tension pneumothorax develops rapidly and persists despite all attempts at decompressing the pleural space. Bronchoscopic examination should reveal the laceration; if the tear is found early, thoracotomy is indicated for tears located in the thoracic portion of the trachea. In partial rupture of the trachea, hemorrhage into the tracheal wall may produce varying degrees of stenosis. Granulation tissue may form readily and also produce tracheal obstruction. Disruption of the attachments of one or more tracheal cartilages usually is present, and this produces tracheal obstruction of varying degrees. The site of rupture is important. It usually occurs in the middle or lower third of the trachea, and thus insertion of the usual tracheotomy tube will not relieve the tracheal stenosis. It is necessary in these instances to use a tracheotomy tube of sufficient length that its distal end passes by the stenotic zone. This will give great relief to the injured patient. The following four cases illustrate traumatic rupture of the trachea. Case 1: An acutely ill 29-year-old man came to the Mayo Clinic in April, 1936. Twelve days before, he had been in an automobile accident in which he had struck the steering wheel forcibly over the upper half of the sternum. Following this, he had noted severe pain In this region and had experienced difficulty in breathing.
Genetic dissection of myelinated axons in zebrafish

In the vertebrate nervous system, the myelin sheath allows for rapid and efficient conduction of action potentials along axons. Despite the essential function of myelin, many questions remain unanswered about the mechanisms that govern the development of myelinated axons. The fundamental properties of myelin are widely shared among vertebrates, and the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful system to study myelination in vivo. This review will highlight recent advances from genetic screens in zebrafish, including the discovery of the role of kif1b in mRNA localization in myelinating oligodendrocytes.
Tip Velocities and Radii of Curvature of Pivalic Acid Dendrites under Convection-Free Conditions

The growth of dendrites is governed by the interplay between two simple and familiar processes: the irreversible diffusion of energy and the reversible work done in the formation of new surface area via phase transformation. In this article, we present benchmark data using pivalic acid (PVA) in an apparent-microgravity environment, where convection effects were essentially eliminated so that we could test independently both components of dendritic growth theory, thermal diffusion, and interface stability. Our data indicate three main sets of conclusions. (1) Pivalic dendrites are not well described by assuming a single-parameter paraboloid or a two-parameter quartic of revolution, but rather by a two-parameter hyperboloid. (2) Peclet numbers predicted by Ivantsov’s solution do not agree with the convection-free data, as may be expected given the assumption of a paraboloid shape, but do agree reasonably well with point source models based on a hyperboloidal dendrite tip shape. This validates the role of thermal diffusion in dendritic growth theory provided that one makes a proper accounting of thermal sources and sinks. Last, we conclude that (3) the scaling/selection parameter data from both convection-free and diffusoconvective experiments are indistinguishable from each other, and the experimentally determined scaling/selection parameter does not appear to be a constant over the full supercooling range of these experiments and does not appear to agree with current predicted scaling/selection rule values.
Trajectory-aware mobile search

Most location-aware mobile applications only make use of the user's current location, but there is an opportunity for them to infer the user's future locations. We present Trajectory-Aware Search (TAS), a mobile local search application that predicts the user's destination in real-time based on location data from the current trip and shows search results near the predicted location. TAS demonstrates the feasibility of destination prediction in an interactive mobile application. Our user study of TAS shows using predicted destinations to help select search results positively augments the local search experience.
The case for synchrotron radiation studies of two-electron ions, atoms, and molecules at the ALS

Abstract The theoretical description of two-electron systems has remained one of the most vexing problems in atomic physics since Bohr first introduced the concept of the quantized atom in 1913. Despite the diversity in approach, a degree of orthodoxy developed over the course of many years for characterizing and clasifying the discrete spectrum of two-electron states and for describing the features of the near-threshold double continuum. The last four years have seen this orthodoxy challenged both theoretically and experimentally. As a result, a strong need exists for additional experimental investigations of two-electron systems. We will first examine the long-held orthodox views and the recent challenges to them. We will then review the details and status of a new program at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory that has been developed by the NAU8 Collaboration to address this need.
Copper response element and Crr1-dependent Ni(2+)-responsive promoter for induced, reversible gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The Cpx1 and Cyc6 genes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are activated in copper-deficient cells via a signal transduction pathway that requires copper response elements (CuREs) and a copper response regulator defined by the CRR1 locus. The two genes can also be activated by provision of nickel or cobalt ions in the medium. The response to nickel ions requires at least one CuRE and also CRR1 function, suggesting that nickel interferes with a component in the nutritional copper signal transduction pathway. Nickel does not act by preventing copper uptake/utilization because (i) holoplastocyanin formation is unaffected in Ni2+-treated cells and (ii) provision of excess copper cannot reverse the Ni-dependent activation of the target genes. The CuRE is sufficient for conferring Ni-responsive expression to a reporter gene, which suggests that the system has practical application as a vehicle for inducible gene expression. The inducer can be removed either by replacing the medium or by chelating the inducer with excess EDTA, either of which treatments reverses the activation of the target genes.
Genetic injury in hybrid male mice exposed to low doses of 60Co γ-rays or fission neutrons III. Frequencies of abnormal sperm and reciprocal translocations measured during and following long-term weekly exposures

Male B6CF1 mice were exposed to either fission neutrons or 60Co gamma-rays at once-weekly doses approaching occupational levels for periods up to 60 weeks. Both during and after the irradiation sequence, the mice were screened to determine the incidence of abnormal epididymal sperm and of reciprocal chromosome translocations in metaphase spermatocytes. Abnormal sperm frequencies equilibrated with dose/week by 10 weeks and also showed an additive nonlinear seasonal increment. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for these damages is 12 +/- 1. After exposures ended, sperm frequencies in gamma-irradiated mice quickly returned to near-normal levels. Neutron-irradiated males showed a significantly elevated level of abnormalities for approximately 30 weeks--a paradoxical finding--as no clear evidence of cumulative injury was seen during exposure. When assayed at 10 and 25 weeks of exposure but not later, translocation frequencies demonstrated an increment, significant in the neutron series, attributed to irradiated spermatocytes. Dose-response analysis with cumulative dose up to the 60-week maximum gave an RBE of 45 +/- 10. Post exposure, the incidence of translocations subsided slightly, but the RBE remained above 30.
Incorporating protein conformational flexibility into the calculation of pH-dependent protein properties

A method for combining calculations of residue pKa's with changes in the position of polar hydrogens has been developed. The Boltzmann distributions of proton positions in hydroxyls and neutral titratable residues are found in the same Monte Carlo sampling procedure that determines the amino acid ionization states at each pH. Electrostatic, Lennard-Jones potentials, and torsion angle energies are considered at each proton position. Many acidic and basic residues are found to have significant electrostatic interactions with either a water- or hydroxyl-containing side chain. Protonation state changes are coupled to reorientation of the neighboring hydroxyl dipoles, resulting in smaller free energy differences between neutral and ionized residues than when the protein is held rigid. Multiconformation pH titration gives better agreement with the experimental pKa's for triclinic hen egg lysozyme than conventional rigid protein calculations. The hydroxyl motion significantly increases the protein dielectric response, making it sensitive to the composition of the local protein structure. More than one conformer per residue is often found at a given pH, providing information about the distribution of low-energy lysozyme structures.
Education and the use of maternal health care in Thailand

Abstract This study analyses the impact of female education on the use of maternal and child health services by women in Thailand during their pregnancy. Three types of health service use were examined—the use of tetanus toxide inoculations, prenatal care, and assistance by formal sources during delivery. While most previous research in the area had focussed on the effects of schooling per se, the present study tries to assess the differential impact of various schooling categories on utilization outcomes. An additional issue examined was the interactive effects of education and residence on health care use in the schooling-utilization link. The results of the analysis indicate that the health consequences of maternal education cannot be taken for granted—maternal schooling does not have a uniform impact across all services; nor are these effects necessarily positive. While there is distinct positive effect of schooling in the use of prenatal care, the educational differentials in the use of delivery assistance start emerging only after secondary schooling. It is with respect to TT inoculations that the most surprising result was seen; while women with primary and secondary schooling maintain their advantage, women with higher education showed a lower likelihood of use compared to those with no schooling. Overall, secondary education emerges as the most consistent predictor of health service use showing higher likelihood of use of all three services. Schooling effects also vary across residence, though this interaction was significant only in the case of inoculations. While educational differentials are maintained in rural areas, urban residence tends to narrow down these differentials considerably. The study concludes by making suggestions for policy.
The debt of artificial intelligence to John von Neumann

John von Neumann died a little over thirty years ago. This short essay is a personal tribute to him.
The performance of multiversion concurrency control algorithms

A number of multiversion concurrency control algorithms have been proposed in the past few years. These algorithms use previous versions of data items in order to improve the level of achievable concurrency. This paper describes a simulation study of the performance of several multiversion concurrency control algorithms, investigating the extent to which they provide increases in the level of concurrency and also the CPU, I/O, and storage costs resulting from the use of multiple versions. The multiversion algorithms are compared with regard to performance with their single-version counterparts and also with each other. It is shown that each multiversion algorithm offers significant performance improvements despite the additional disk accesses involved in accessing old versions of data; the nature of the improvement depends on the algorithm in question. It is also shown that the storage overhead for maintaining old versions that may be required by ongoing transactions is not all that large under most circumstances. Finally, it is demonstrated that it is important for version maintenance to be implemented efficiently, as otherwise the cost of maintaining old versions could outweigh their concurrency benefits.
Evaluation of a finite element for calculating binder wrap surfaces in sheet metal forming analysis

Abstract This paper presents a set of benchmark examples for evaluating finite elements to calculate the binder wrap surface of a draw die in sheet metal forming analysis and an extensive examination to evaluate the capability of a simple eight-node quadrilateral finite element in calculating binder wrap surfaces. The benchmarks consist of five cylindrical plate bending problems. They were selected for their strong geometric nonlinear deformations, typical of those of binder wraps, and by the existence of exact solutions. They are the best example problems available which resemble the binder wrap deformations and also have closed-form solutions. Numerical results obtained for the benchmarks from the quadrilateral element compare well with the exact solutions in all cases, thereby demonstrating the applicability of the element in binder wrap surface calculations.
Design for Manufacturability and Time‐to‐Market, Part 1: Theoretical Foundations

Examines design for manufacturability (DFM) which has become of a paramount interest to academicians and practitioners as well. The emergence of advanced manufacturing and information technologies and recent managerial philosophies such as JIT, TQM have made it easier for manufacturing enterprises to carry out many of their activities concurrently. This new approach to business would no doubt result in increased efficiency, as measured by cost savings, and increased effectiveness as measured by improvements in quality, flexibility, and responsiveness. This new approach to manufacturing emphasizes that simultaneous improvement in these competitive priorities rather than trade‐offs will be the norm in many manufacturing establishments. Design for manufacturability, as a time‐based strategy, has been used by the Japanese for many years, and there is no reason to think that it will not work for Western manufacturers. However, if not planned for carefully, it can hurt rather than help manufacturing companies. ...
Pultrusion die pressure response to changes in die inlet geometry

Pultrusion is a process of manufacturing composites that requires a high resin pressure rise in the tapered die inlet region. A sufficiently high pressure rise is important for a good quality pultruded product, thereby necessitating a study of the mechanisms affecting the die inlet pressure rise. Various process control parameters affect the resin pressure rise in the die inlet. The geometry of the tapered die inlet region can have a significant effect on the pressure rise in the pultrusion die. In this study a finite element model was developed to predict this pressure rise as a function of the tapered die inlet geometry. The composite matrix being pultruded was modeled on the assumptions of Darcy's laws for flow in porous media. A Galerkin's weighted residual based finite element technique was used to solve the governing equations. The pressure rise in the tapered inlet region of the die, as well as in the straight portion of the die, is predicted by this finite element model. Circular, parabolic, and wedge shaped die inlets have been modeled to compare their shapes on the resin pressure rise in the pultrusion die. Different angles for wedge shapes, different radii for circular shapes, and different foci for parabolic shapes were modeled to predict the influence of varying key geometrical parameters for each die inlet contour on pressure rise. The finite element model developed provides insight as to how to design the die inlet to produce a suitable pressure rise in the pultrusion die inlet.
Statistical mechanics of a positron in a classical fluid

Although the equilibrium theory of classical fluids, simple and complex, has reached the stage of routine accurate evaluation, this is hardly the case for even the next microscopic step, that of a quantum particle in a classical fluid. In many chemical applications, the quantum particle is an electron, but positron annihilation experiments on thermalized positrons and orthopositronium atoms offer a wealth of information to test our theoretical understanding of this general class of systems. Here, we investigate several ways in which the concepts behind classical techniques can be generalized to handle this prototypical quantum problem, in the overt quantum form as well as in the classical polymer representation. Both integral equation and density functional formats are studied and their qualitative characteristics examined
Extraction and identification of lipids from loblolly pine pollen

Abstract Loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) pollen was found to contain about 7·5 to 9 per cent lipids, most of which were triglycerides of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. The triglycerides were not easily extracted from pollen unless the grains were fractured. Lipids, which were easily extracted and were probably part of the outer spore coat, comprised 1·6 per cent of the pollen. These were mainly octaconsanol and hexacosanol with smaller amounts of wax esters and free acids.
The concentration and fluence dependence of delayed photohemolysis.

— Delayed photohemolysis of human erythrocytes sensitized with the fluorescein sensitizer phloxine B has been examined. A 0.05% hematocrit suspension of cells was irradiated in the presence of sensitizer up to 2 h with fluorescent lamps. Analysis for percent hemolysis was performed at various times afterwards by measuring absorbance due to hemoglobin in the centrifuged supernatant. Lysis develops along a sigmoid time course which varies with illumination period and sensitizer concentration. The hemolytic rate was found to vary with the square of the fluence. Changing the sensitizer concentration at constant fluence showed that lytic rate varied with the 1.4 power of concentration. These results were verified in separate experiments where both concentration and dose fluence varied.
Some effects of Lake Kariba on the ecology of a floodplain of the Mid-Zambezi Valley of Rhodesia

Abstract The Mana floodplain, typical of a series of small floodplains below the Kariba impoundment, is of great importance in the conservation of wildlife in the Mid-Zambezi Valley. It is under severe pressure of utilisation by certain large mammal species, with marked effect on vegetation and other aspects of the habitat. The impact of over-populations of game is reinforced by additional impoverishment of the habitat,brought about by interference with the natural flood regime as a result of the control imposed by the Kariba dam. Development of a type of xerosere has commenced, and changes in the biotic communities of the floodplain are marked. Due to changes in the flood regime, ecological interpretation has become very difficult, and the overall problem of wildlife management in the area more critical. The Kariba impoundment is also impoverishing the alluvium by removing silt deposits from the Zambezi water before it reaches the floodplain, and by tending to stabilise flow which reduces the ecological dynamism of the river; it affects as well the reproductive success and behaviour patterns of fauna of the river banks and plain areas, because the discharges are, ecologically speaking, wrongly timed. (The fish populations and the undoubted changes occurring in them are not considered in this paper.) Hydrological data presented substantiate the picture of great alteration in flood regime. The lack of biological data concerning the pre-impoundment era is pointed out, but the present opportunities for multi-disciplinary research are stressed. Suggestions are made as to ways of alleviating the present desecration of ecosystems, with due regard to the primary requirements for which the impoundment was created. It is considered that, at least for some time to come, it should be possible to obtain a better degree of balance between the claims of Man and Nature.
Fecundity, natality, and weight as a function of prenatal alcohol consumption and age of the mother

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible interaction between prenatal exposure to alcohol and the age of the mother upon offspring. Two groups of female rats, one who drank only water and one who drank only wine, were mated four times. The fecundity, natality, and weights of the pups were examined. It was concluded that in the rat moderate amounts of alcohol do not affect fecundity but that natality is affected. Birth weight of the pups is also affected by maternal alcohol consumption but not by the age of the mother.