cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11 Benefit Estimation for Complex Policies

Publisher Summary Conventional benefit cost analysis (BCA) procedures are invalid for evaluating complex policy. Where the number of policy components under consideration is very large, conventional IVS procedures would provide a systematically biased filter and, as a result, a wastefully large portfolio of policies may be implemented. This chapter presents the valid BCA structures that would eliminate this problem. Valid BCA structure is informationally demanding, allows no use of “in isolation” component benefit estimates collected from previous research, and seems poorly adapted to the use of the hedonic and weak complementarity methods that are favored by some environmental economists. The exploratory efforts to develop flexible and simplified econometric structures for approximating the valid benefit measures are addressed to these difficulties. In the case where a single agency has control of a manageably-small number of policy components, an important concern raised by the work is the need to identify and properly consider substitution and complementarity among policy components.
Cystic Fibrosis Sweat Test

Cystic fibrosis (CF, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, mucovisidosis) is an autosomal recessive genetic clinical condition that occurs in ∼1 in 2500 Caucasian newborn infants. The frequency ranges from ∼1:200 in genetically isolated populations to 1:30,000 in certain ethnic and racial groups. The measurement of the increased chloride in the sweat is the most reliable diagnostic test for the presence of two mutations of the CFTR mutation. This excessive sweat chloride is found in >98% of patients with the genetic potential to develop the clinical diseases associated with these CFTR mutations. Keywords: cystic fibrosis; cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator; sweat test; gold standard; GCST/QPIT
On the Cayley Isomorphism Problem for Cayley Objects of Nilpotent Groups of Some Orders

We give a necessary condition to reduce the Cayley isomorphism problem for Cayley objects of a nilpotent or abelian group $G$ whose order satisfies certain arithmetic properties to the Cayley isomorphism problem of Cayley objects of the Sylow subgroups of $G$ in the case of nilpotent groups, and in the case of abelian groups to certain natural subgroups. As an application of this result, we show that ${\mathbb Z}_q\times{\mathbb Z}_p^2\times{\mathbb Z}_m$ is a CI-group with respect to digraphs, where $q$ and $p$ are primes with $p^2 < q$ and $m$ is a square-free integer satisfying certain arithmetic conditions (but there are no other restrictions on $q$ and $p$).
Identification of T-cell epitopes in clotting factor IX and lack of tolerance in inbred mice.

Summary. Immune responses to the factor IX protein pose problems for hemophilia B patients who develop antibodies against factor IX and for potential future treatment with gene therapy. To better define the response to human factor IX, we analyzed T-cell responses to human factor IX in factor IX knockout mice on BALB/c and C57BL/6 (B6) backgrounds, both strains having CD4+ T cells that proliferate in response to human factor IX. Surprisingly, wild-type mice have similar factor IX-recognizing CD4+ T cells. We defined a dominant CD4+ epitope for each strain (CVETGVKITVVAGEH for BALB/c and LLELDEPLVLNSYVTPIC for B6) that was recognized by both factor IX knockout and wild-type mice. While human factor IX did not cross-react with the mouse homologs of these epitopes, immunization with peptides from murine factor IX stimulated proliferation in factor IX knockout mice and wild-type mice, demonstrating a failure to delete murine factor IX-specific T cells in normal mice.
Inductor design considerations for optimizing performance & cost of continuous mode boost PFC converters

The inductor design of a continuous mode boost PFC circuit is usually straight forward but the choice of the variables that decide the size of this inductor is always difficult to quantify and they depend heavily on the designers choice. This paper explores the effect of these variables on the overall performance of the converter, by making extensive measurements of conducted EMI, inductor temperature rise and converter efficiency. Three inductance design values are compared and verified with measurements on a 1200 W prototype operating at about 70 kHz. Based on these measurements, a systematic design approach is suggested
Using the Parallel Research Kernels to Study PGAS Models

A subset of the Parallel Research Kernels (PRK),simplified parallel application patterns, are used to studythe behavior of different runtimes implementing the PGASprogramming model. The goal of this paper is to show thatsuch an approach is practical and effective as we approachthe exascale era. Our experimental results indicate that forthe kernels we selected, MPI with two-sided communicationsoutperforms the PGAS runtimes SHMEM, UPC, Grappa, andMPI-3 with RMA extensions.
Transculturation, Transe Sexuality, and Turkish Germany: Kutluğ Ataman's Lola und Bilidikid

This essay examines the intersection of ethnic and sexual identities in Kutlug Ataman's 1998 film Lola und Bilidikid, set in the Turkish gay/drag subculture of Berlin. By focusing on the figure of the Turkish-German Transe, I explore the ways in which sexual and cultural liminality and transformation – phenomena I discuss in terms of ‘transness’– inflect each other in the film. I argue for the necessity of the concept of transculturation for the study of Turkish Germany, since it, more than other approaches, emphasises the dynamic and reciprocal nature of cultural contact. Ataman uses the Transe to undermine a range of binaries, including male/female, Turkish/German, and tradition/modernity. Ataman uses the urban space of Berlin in order to challenge not only German and Turkish fantasies of cultural homogeneity, but also dominant models of sexual identity. The film offers a postmodern, utopian vision that undoes the chronologies of a number of master narratives – the sexual ‘progress’ of European gay liberation, the assimilationist narrative of immigration, and the Kemalist narrative of modernisation itself – opening up a queer array of possible sexual and cultural identities.
Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Bacteria to Cefoxitin and Cephalothin

Abstract The susceptibility of 4,929 unselected clinical isolates of bacteria to cefoxitin and cephalothin was determined by the single-disk method, using a computer-associated electronic zone analyzer to obtain, record, and process measurements of sizes of zones of inhibition. Both cefoxitin and cephalothin were effective against most gram-positive strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, micrococci, and all streptococci except enterococci. The three strains of Listeria monocytogenes tested were susceptible to cephalothin but resistant to cefoxitin. There was little difference between the cefoxitin and cephalothin susceptibility of Salmonellae, Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas sp. Cefoxitin was more effective then cephalothin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Serratia sp., indole-positive Proteus sp., Providence sp., Flavobacter sp., Herellea vaginicola, and Mima polymorpha. Cefoxitin also appeared to exhibit enhanced activity, as compared with cephalothin, against Bacteroides sp. Thus cefoxitin appears to have a very broad antibacterial spectrum which is greater than that of cephalothin, especially against gram-negative strains.
6.1: Influence of TV Media Content on Display Lifetime and Image Sticking Measurement Techniques

Both lifetime and image sticking measurement techniques are well established but are somewhat uncharacteristic of actual TV usage. The purpose of this paper is to quantify TV usage under various media categories and propose modifications to the standard experimental techniques to better represent the usage demands from TV media.
Aβ peptide interactions with isoflurane, propofol, thiopental and combined thiopental with halothane: A NMR study

Abstract Aβ peptide is the major component of senile plaques (SP) which accumulates in AD (Alzheimer's disease) brain. Reports from different laboratories indicate that anesthetics interact with Aβ peptide and induce Aβ oligomerization. The molecular mechanism of Aβ peptide interactions with these anesthetics was not determined. We report molecular details for the interactions of uniformly 15N labeled Aβ40 with different anesthetics using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. At high concentrations both isoflurane and propofol perturb critical amino acid residues (G29, A30 and I31) of Aβ peptide located in the hinge region leading to Aβ oligomerization. In contrast, these three specific residues do not interact with thiopental and subsequently no Aβ oligomerization was observed. However, studies with combined anesthetics (thiopental and halothane), showed perturbation of these residues (G29, A30 and I31) and subsequently Aβ oligomerization was found. Perturbation of these specific Aβ residues (G29, A30 and I31) by different anesthetics could play an important role to induce Aβ oligomerization.
Stability of a 4 × 6 repertory grid for measuring cognitive complexity

Abstract Stability indices were determined for a 4 × 6 version of the 10 × 10 repertory grid of Bieri et al. (1966). Adequate correlation with complexity scores derived from the 10 × 10 grid, cross-validation between the two grids, and test-retest reliability were demonstrated. The 4 × 6 repertory grid provides a useful version of this measure of cognitive complexity for researchers who desire a valid, but smaller and less time-consuming, measure with provided constructs and role types.
Thiol additions to acrylates by fluorous mixture synthesis: relative control of elution order in demixing by the fluorous tag and the thiol substituent

All possible combinations of a series of three fluorous benzyl tags and three acrylates have been made. The resulting acrylate esters were combined in groups of three (one of each tag) and the resulting mixtures were reacted with a mixture of four thiols under standard conditions to effect conjugate addition. Analysis of the resulting libraries by fluorous hplc showed a primary separation based on the tag and revealed reliable secondary separations based on the thiol and the acrylate. The primary and secondary separations were used together in a preparative ‘mixture of mixtures’ experiment in which one of the tagged acrylate mixtures was reacted with a mixture of three thiols. The resulting nine component mixture was demixed by fluorous and reverse phase hplc and then detagged to give all nine final products in pure form.
Cardiovascular Management of Septic Shock in 2012

Septic shock is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Source control, antimicrobial therapy, early goal-directed fluid resuscitation, and infusion of vasoactive pharmaceuticals remain the cornerstones of treatment. However, the cardiovascular management of septic shock is evolving. Basic science and clinical researchers have identified novel drug targets and are testing the efficacy of new therapeutic agents. For example, prevention of microvascular leak during septic shock is the focus of active investigations and may soon provide considerable benefit to patients. Among the important topics that will be discussed in this review are the following: the role of vascular endothelial dysfunction in microvascular leak, the impact of cytokines upon structural and functional proteins within the endothelial barrier and within the heart, and the ability of selective vasopressin 1a receptor agonists to minimize tissue edema and improve hemodynamic status.
ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the elderly — Temporal Trends in incidence, utilization of percutaneous coronary intervention and outcomes in the United States

Abstract Background Elderly patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are often underrepresented in major percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) trials. Use of PCI for STEMI, and associated outcomes in patients aged≥65years with STEMI needed further investigation. Methods We used the 2001–2010 United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to examine the temporal trends in STEMI, use of PCI for STEMI, and outcomes among patients aged 65–79 and≥80years. Results During 2001–2010, of 4,017,367 patients aged ≥65years with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 1,434,579 (35.7%) had STEMI. Over this period, among patients aged 65–79 and ≥80years, STEMI decreased by 16.4% and 19%, whereas the use of PCI for STEMI increased by 33.5% and 22%, respectively (P trend trend =0.02) but not in patients aged 65–79years (63 versus 59, P trend =0.886). Stepwise logistic regression identified intra-aortic balloon pump use, acute renal failure, acute cerebrovascular disease, age≥80years, peripheral vascular disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, female gender, congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, weekend admission and multivessel PCI as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality among all patients ≥65years of age who underwent PCI for STEMI. Conclusions In this large, multi-institutional cohort of elderly patients, a decreasing trend in STEMI, an increasing trend in PCI utilization for STEMI, and reduction in in-hospital mortality were observed from 2001 to 2010.
A shear stress-based parameter for fretting fatigue crack initiation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fretting fatigue crack initiation behaviour of titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V. Fretting contact conditions were varied by using different geometries of the fretting pad. Applied forces were also varied to obtain fretting fatigue crack initiation lives in both the low- and high-cycle fatigue regimes. Fretting fatigue specimens were examined to determine the crack location and the crack angle orientation along the contact surface. Salient features of fretting fatigue experiments were modelled and analysed with finite element analysis. Computed results of the finite element analyses were used to formulate a shear stress-based parameter to predict the fretting fatigue crack initiation life, location and orientation. Comparison of the analytical and experimental results showed that fretting fatigue crack initiation was governed by the maximum shear stress, and therefore a parameter involving the maximum shear stress range on the critical plane with the correction factor for the local mean stress or stress ratio effect was found to be effective in characterizing the fretting fatigue crack initiation behaviour in titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V.
Purge And Politics In The Periphery: Birobidzhan In 1937

Recent scholarship on the purges and Great Terror has contributed immensely to our understanding of the stalinist political system that emerged in the mid-1930s. Research by J. Arch Getty and Gabor Rittersporn, among others, has challenged the totalitarian perspective that views the Terror as part of a grand scheme designed by Stalin to silence his opponents in the Party and government, establish his personal dictatorship and coerce society into unquestioning submission.' Instead, these historians emphasize the limits of power and control wielded by the national leadership which found itself at times frustrated in its efforts to impose its will on both society and regional party organizations. They conclude that the "cleansing" of the Party and government was the partial product of a conflict between national and subnational officials, with initiative from below sometimes playing as important a role as central directives in fueling the purges. Among the merits of this research is that it shifts our attention from national elites to regional functionaries, pays close attention to the daily functioning of local politics and distinguishes among the phases of the purge phenomenon. Getty's and Rittersporn's conclusions are drawn from careful readings of the Smolensk Archives; studies of the purges in other locales would undoubtedly shed additional light on this tragic period in Soviet history.
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: outcome and patterns of recurrence.

Objective. To analyze the sites of relapse and overall survival in women with neuroendocrine marker-positive small cell carcinoma of the cervix.
The 1/N expansion of renormalizable and non-renormalizable scalar field theories

Abstract The formalism of the 1/ N expansion is extended to arbitrary O( N ) symmetric scalar field theories with non-derivative couplings, to leading order N , and for any space-time dimension. The resulting equations satisfied by the Green functions, which are the Hartree equations of the model, are renormalized and criteria formulated for the avoidance of tachyons, with particular emphasis on two and three dimensions, extending earlier results in four dimensions. The generality of the approach permits examination of a number of issues relevant to non-renormalizable theories.
Prediction of river discharge and surface water quality using an integrated geographical information system approach

A methodology is developed for the prediction of river discharge and surface water quality (indexed by nitrogen loading) of a predominantly rural catchment using simple models in an integrated Geog...
X-ray crystallographic structure of dienelactone hydrolase at 2.8 A.

Abstract The structure of dienelactone hydrolase, an enzyme of the β-ketoadipate pathway, has been determined at 2.8 A resolution using multiple isomorphous replacement techniques. An unambiguous assignment of Cα atoms to electron density has been accomplished and a preliminary identification of the active site made. Dienelactone hydrolase is an α β protein consisting of an eight-stranded β-pleated sheet with seven parallel strands, surrounded by seven helices. Preliminary enzyme inactivation data and an examination of the atomic model have implicated cysteine 123, histidine 202 and aspartate 171 with the active site of the enzyme. It is believed that the enzymic mechanism of dienelactone hydrolase may be similar to that of the thiol and serine proteases.
ETN values and effective dielectric constants of water/AOT/near-critical propane reverse micelles

Abstract The micropolarity of the aqueous core of water/AOT/NC propane reverse micelles has been investigated in terms of ETN value and effective dielectric constant (eeff). No pressure dependence of micropolarity was observed in one-phase micellar solution. However, the micropolarity ranges in eeff from that corresponding to pure ethanol to pure methanol on increasing the water content of micelles.
Arterio-Atrial Shunting in Coronary Atherosclerosis

Two patients with abnormal communications between the right coronary artery and right atrium were observed during selective coronary arteriography. The arterio-atrial communication in these two patients appeared to differ from previously described fistulous communications in this location, most of which had been thought to be congenital. The patients in this study were older, the fistulous communication was smaller, and there was severe atherosclerosis of the right coronary artery. Because of these differences, it is postulated that these abnormal communications may, in fact, be a consequence of coronary atherosclerosis. Presumably, normal arteriole to atrial channels become dilated in branches of the coronary artery proximal to the site of occlusion. Whereas collateral vessels that develop at other sites in patients with coronary atherosclerosis are thought to be of functional benefit, the arterio-atrial shunts described in this report may have a detrimental effect on the patients involved.
The effectiveness of planning for community mental health center inpatient units.

The number of beds identified among 308 community mental health centers in operation in 1972 bore little relation to inpatient case load or to the proportion of center patients likely to require hospitalization. Analysis of occupancy data indicated that there was a surplus of beds in many centers. These findings suggest a lack of effective planning for community mental health center inpatient units. Once facilities for hospitalization have been provided, however, they may have a major impact on the nature of psychiatric treatment provided. This is suggested by the close relationship between inpatient capacity and average duration of stay.
Model-Reference Adaptive Control System Design Technique

This paper considers the model-reference adaptive control problem which has received considerable attention in the literature in the last few years. An adaptive control scheme is proposed which has terms in the Liapunov function used in the design procedure which are not included in previously proposed schemes. The relationship of this new scheme to existing schemes is shown by considering the root-loci of the linearized error equations between plant and model. Finally, a second order example is given which illustrates the difference between the two previously proposed model-reference adaptive methods and the one proposed in this paper.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Methanol to Formaldehyde by a Vanadium Oxide Cluster Supported on Rutile TiO2(110): Which Oxygen is Involved?

Isolated vanadia clusters supported on titania catalyze the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. We used density functional theory to determine the mechanism of this reaction and found a new pathway for the dissociative adsorption of methanol and the dehydrogenation of the methyl group. In this mechanism, methanol adsorbs dissociatively, by inserting into the double bond of the vanadyl group; the methoxy radical binds to the vanadium atom, whereas the hydrogen binds to the oxygen atom of the vanadyl. The dehydrogenation of the methyl group, which is the rate-limiting step, takes place by moving a H atom from CH3 onto an oxygen atom in the −V−O−Ti− group. The V−O bond is broken, and a HO−Ti group is formed.
“In defense of ARIMA modeling”, by D.J. Pack

Abstract The comparative accuracy of ARIMA modeling remains a controversial issue. In the International Journal of Forecasting, Pack (1990, pp. 211–218) argued that some of the criticisms are misplaced, and in particular criticized a study by Geurts and Kelly that compared the accuracy of exponential smoothing with that achieved by ARIMA modeling when applied to departmental store sales. Here Geurts and Kelly respond to Pack's criticism. Pack adds a final rejoinder. ∗
Images of collections of proper maps which determine a topology

Abstract Let F be a collection of proper maps into a topological space, ( X , τ ), which satisfies a topological property P . F is said to fix the topology τ on X among all topologies satisfying property P if and only if τ is the only topology on X which satisfies property P and for which every element of F is continuous and proper. Let X be a set, F a collection of functions into X , and im( F ) = ∪ ƒ∈ F {ƒ( J ) | ƒ: J → X }. It will be shown that the following is true: “ If F is a collection of proper maps which fixes the topology of a locally compact Hausdorff space ( X , τ ) among all locally compact Hausdorff topologies on X , then X − im( F ) is a finite set of isolated points ”. Thus in this context if X has no isolated points then im( F ) = X . When P is the property: “ first countable and Hausdorff ”, the following criterion for a collection of proper maps to fix a 1st countable T 2 space can be proven: “ Let ( X , τ ) be a first countable Hausdorff space. Suppose F is a collection of proper maps from first countable Hausdorff spaces to X such that for each sequence in X , some element of F passes through a subsequence. Then F fixes τ among all first countable Hausdorff topologies on X ”.
Single-sideband transmission using optical mixing in an electroabsorption modulator

Electroabsorption modulators (EAM) have been widely used in externally modulated RF link. In the conventional intensity modulation format, the RF efficiency of such link is critically dependent on the optical saturation of the EAM and the fiber dispersion. In an effort to minimize the dependence on these two factors, we have conducted an experimental study of an optical mixer that employs two heterodyned lasers to generate an optical local oscillator (LO). In contrast to the conventional schemes where both laser beams are launched into the same EAM, the EAM in the present scheme modulates only one of the laser beams. In this way, improvement in RF gain is obtained since it is not limited by the optical saturation of the EAM. The resulting optical spectrum shows that this scheme is equivalent to the optical single side band transmission. For sub-octave bandwidth applications, the dispersion effect in the fiber can be ignored.
Fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate did not affect hippocampal neuronal damage caused by 10 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion in fetal sheep.

Abstract Fructose-1, 6–bisphosphate (FBP) has a neuroprotective effect in neonatal and adult rats. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of FBP on hippocampal neuronal damage in fetal sheep asphyxiated by 10 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion. Thirteen fetal sheep at 124 days of gestation were surgically instrumented with catheters. Cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored, and biochemical analyses were performed with the blood samples. During the insult seven fetuses were given FBP (500 mg/kg) and six were given iso-osmotic saline, and hippocampal neuronal damage was examined histologically and scored. Cardiorespiratory changes were the same in both groups, and there was no neuroprotective effect of FBP in this study. However the decrease of serum total Ca level implied the Ca- chelating effect of FBP.
Associations between interhemispheric functional connectivity and the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) in civilian mild TBI.

This study investigates cognitive deficits and alterations in resting state functional connectivity in civilian mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) participants with high and low symptoms. Forty-one mTBI participants completed a resting state fMRI scan and the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) during initial testing (<10 days of injury) and a 1 month follow up. Data were compared to 30 healthy control subjects. Results from the ANAM demonstrate that mTBI participants performed significantly worse than controls on the code substitution delayed subtest (p = 0.032) and weighted throughput score (p = 0.001). Among the mTBI patients, high symptom mTBI participants performed worse than those with low symptoms on the code substitution delayed (p = 0.017), code substitution (p = 0.012), repeated simple reaction time (p = 0.031), and weighted throughput score (p = 0.009). Imaging results reveal that during the initial visit, low symptom mTBI participants had reduced interhemispheric functional connectivity (IH-FC) within the lateral parietal lobe (p = 0.020); however, during follow up, high symptom mTBI participants showed reduced IH-FC compared to the control group within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (p = 0.013). Reduced IH-FC within the DLPFC during the follow-up was associated with reduced cognitive performance. Together, these findings suggest that reduced rs-FC may contribute to the subtle cognitive deficits noted in high symptom mTBI participants compared to control subjects and low symptom mTBI participants.
Modification and characterization of polystyrene-based magnetic microspheres and comparison with albumin-based magnetic microspheres

Polystyrene- and albumin-based magnetic microspheres for red blood cell separation were modified and characterized by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Albumin microspheres show higher coupling efficiency with the protein, and protein-modified albumin microspheres bind the red blood cells more efficiently than the polystyrene-based microspheres.
A saddle point finding algorithm for functionals

Abstract We present an algorithm which can be used to find saddle points of non-linear functionals or functions with a large number of variables. The saddle points that can be found have only one unstable direction. The algorithm is tested on a “φ 4 ” functional and yields the well known circular “critical droplet” solution in two dimensions. Saddle points corresponding to two widely separated droplets were also found.
Comparison of overall rates of RNA synthesis in implanting and delayed implanting mouse blastocystsin vitro

Abstract Implanting and delayed implanting mouse embryos were incubatedin vitro with [3H]uridine for 2–24 hr. The size and specific activity of the [3H]UTP pools were determined by means of a double isotope technique using copolymer synthesis with the [3H]UTP in the embryos, exogenous [14C]ATP, andE. coli RNA polymerase. Using the rate of incorporation of [3H]uridine into acid-insoluble material and the specific activity of the [3H]UTP pools, it was possible to calculate the overall rate of incorporation of uridine into RNA by the embryos. In implanting embryos it was constant for 24 hr. In contrast, the initial rate of uridine incorporation by the delayed implanting embryos was only 31% of that in implanting embryos (i.e., per cell); this increased steadily during the incubation period, reaching 81% of the rate in implanting embryos after 24 hr. This activation of RNA synthesis by delayed implanting embryosin vitro occurred in the absence of any uterine stimulatory factors. Further, it was shown that although 10% mouse serum would support trophoblastic outgrowthin vitro, it did not influence uptake, distribution of label into nucleotides, or rate of uridine incorporation into RNA in either implanting or delayed implanting embryos. Therefore, it is suggested that if depression and activation of metabolic activity in blastocysts are part of the mechanims of delayed implantation, and if trophoblast outgrowthin vitro is analogous to the process of implantationin vivo, then these two aspects of embryo activation are under different controls.
Results of prolonged treatment with pentolinium tartrate with special reference to the addition of Rauwolfia, hydralazine or both.

A series of 96 patients with severe hypertension has been treated with pentolinium tartrate for an average period of 12 months. Seventeen patients died. Therapy was more effective in arresting changes in the optic fundi and in the heart than in the kidneys. Various combinations of hypotensive agents were tested and it was concluded that in general the combination of pentolinium tartrate, Rauwolfia and hydralazine resulted in the greatest reduction of blood pressure with the least degree of side effects due to ganglionic "blockade."
Temperature-dependent pinning at the Al/n-GaAs(110) interface

It is shown that at the Al/n‐GaAs(110) interface grown in ultrahigh vacuum at −80 °C the Fermi level remains unpinned at least up to a 3 monolayer coverage. In contrast, at room temperature the pinning near midgap is established after a deposition of approximately 1 monolayer of Al. The low‐temperature behavior is correlated with the growth of a more uniform overlayer which inhibits cluster and defect formation. This result provides a critical test of models of Schottky barrier formation.
Generation of superoxide by purified brain nitric oxide synthase.

Abstract Brain nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which utilizes NADPH and calcium/calmodulin as cofactors for metabolizing L-arginine to nitric oxide (NO) and L-citrulline, contains recognition sites for the flavins FAD and FMN. Using a spin-trapping technique combined with electron spin resonance spectroscopy, we report that brain NOS generates superoxide O2-. in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent manner. The "specific inhibitors" of NOS, NG-monomethyl L-arginine (L-NMMA), and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), have different effects on O2-. generation. For L-NMMA, O2-. production is unaffected, while for L-NAME, inhibition of this free radical is concentration-dependent.
Laser Processing of Materials

Laser beams provide a controlled source of heat by which surface layers of semiconductors and metals can be rapidly melted and cooled with rates exceeding 108C°/s. This rapid melting and solidification has been used to produce unique microstructural modifications and to obtain novel physical properties. This article summarizes the annealing of displacement damage in ion-implanted semiconductors to make superior p-n junctions and solar cells; removal of dislocation loops and precipitates to improve thermally diffused junctions; laser-induced diffusion to form p-n junctions in semiconductors deposited (instead of implanted or thermally diffused) with dopants; and fundamental studies on growth of dislocations, cell formation and alloying.1,2 Other areas — particularly in the field of metals, where laser processing may find wide applications — are covered briefly.
Polarizabilities of shallow donors in silicon

Capacitance measurements on N-type As, P, and Sb-doped Si samples have been made between 4.2 and 1.35°K, from 0.3 to 100 kHz as a function of (ND − NA) [high purity to 2.7 × 1018/cm3]. From the dielectric constant variation with (ND − NA) donor polarizabilities αAS, αP, and αSb are found respectively to be 1.0±0.1, 2.4±0.4, and 3.1±0.3 × 105 A3.
Wrenches in the works: drug discovery targeting the SCF ubiquitin ligase and APC/C complexes

Recently, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has matured as a drug discovery arena, largely on the strength of the proven clinical activity of the proteasome inhibitor Velcade in multiple myeloma. Ubiquitin ligases tag cellular proteins, such as oncogenes and tumor suppressors, with ubiquitin. Once tagged, these proteins are degraded by the proteasome. The specificity of this degradation system for particular substrates lies with the E3 component of the ubiquitin ligase system (ubiquitin is transferred from an E1 enzyme to an E2 enzyme and finally, thanks to an E3 enzyme, directly to a specific substrate). The clinical effectiveness of Velcade (as it theoretically should inhibit the output of all ubiquitin ligases active in the cell simultaneously) suggests that modulating specific ubiquitin ligases could result in an even better therapeutic ratio. At present, the only ubiquitin ligase leads that have been reported inhibit the degradation of p53 by Mdm2, but these have not yet been developed into clinical therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the biological rationale, assays, genomics, proteomics and three-dimensional structures pertaining to key targets within the UPS (SCFSkp2 and APC/C) in order to assess their drug development potential. Publication history: Republished from Current BioData's Targeted Proteins database (TPdb; http://www.targetedproteinsdb.com).
Toward a reappraisal of social indicators for housing in developing nations

The need for social indicators to monitor and evaluate progress in the achievement of certain predetermined goals is now very evident. However, the design and construction of these indiactors still leave much to be desired. This paper analyzes the application of social indicators for housing in the context of the developing nations. The problem of changing standards of acceptable housing over time and the different images and needs of the diverse inhabitants bring the validity of present indicators for housing into question and at least, point out the need for talking social and cultural variables into consideration.
Quasiclassical State-Selected Trajectory Study of O + H3+ Reaction

We report the results of a quasiclassical trajectory study of the reaction of O + H 3 + . In this study, action-angle fast Fourier transform methods are used (a) to prepare the H 3 + reactants in specific vibrational states and (b) to analyze the vibrational states of the H 2 O + products. There are two possible product channels for this reaction: (1) O + H 3 + → OH + + H 2 (ΔE 1 = -57 kJ/mol) and (2) O + H 3 + → H 2 O + + H (ΔE 2 = -158 kJ/mol). Channel 1 is the predominant reaction channel even though channel 2 is 101 kJ/mol lower in energy. Channel 2 corresponds to the very unusual donation of a H 2 + ion to a neutral species. Our results show the effects of H 3 + vibrational state and O + H 3 + collisional energy on the dynamics of the reaction. A detailed analysis of the product states and reaction mechanism for each product channel is presented.
Estimating bulk density of compacted grains in storage bins and modifications of Janssen's load equations as affected by bulk density

Janssen created a classical theory based on calculus to estimate static vertical and horizontal pressures within beds of bulk corn. Even today, his equations are widely used to calculate static loadings imposed by granular materials stored in bins. Many standards such as American Concrete Institute (ACI) 313, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers EP 433, German DIN 1055, Canadian Farm Building Code (CFBC), European Code (ENV 1991-4), and Australian Code AS 3774 incorporated Janssen's equations as the standards for static load calculations on bins. One of the main drawbacks of Janssen's equations is the assumption that the bulk density of the stored product remains constant throughout the entire bin. While for all practical purposes, this is true for small bins; in modern commercial-size bins, bulk density of grains substantially increases due to compressive and hoop stresses. Over pressure factors are applied to Janssen loadings to satisfy practical situations such as dynamic loads due to bin filling and emptying, but there are limited theoretical methods available that include the effects of increased bulk density on the loadings of grain transmitted to the storage structures. This article develops a mathematical equation relating the specific weight as a function of location and other variables of materials and storage. It was found that the bulk density of stored granular materials increased with the depth according to a mathematical equation relating the two variables, and applying this bulk-density function, Janssen's equations for vertical and horizontal pressures were modified as presented in this article. The validity of this specific weight function was tested by using the principles of mathematics. As expected, calculations of loads based on the modified equations were consistently higher than the Janssen loadings based on noncompacted bulk densities for all grain depths and types accounting for the effects of increased bulk densities with the bed heights.
PHASE THREE OF WRIGHT'S SHIFTING-BALANCE THEORY.

We examine the third phase of Wright's shifting-balance theory of evolution, the exportation by migration of favorable gene combinations from a fitter subgroup to the rest of the population. The equations are deterministic and are studied numerically. Most of the models studied involve 2-9 loci in which all intermediates between two extreme genotypes are equally unfit. If the favored combination consists of dominant alleles, it is usually fixed even if the migration rate is two orders of magnitude less than the selection coefficient, and if the combination is recessive, one order. Although Wright thought of migration as being essentially one-way, two-way migration does not significantly alter the results. We conclude that, whatever weaknesses the Wright theory may have, they are not in phase III.
Mental Illness Hospitalizations of Youth in Washington State

Objective To determine if mental health hospitalizations have increased among youth. Design A retrospective cross-sectional time trend study. The Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System data set was used to examine hospitalizations among youth (aged 5-19 years) from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 1999. The yearly rates of youth hospitalized for mental illness were calculated, as were the proportions of hospitalizations due to mental illness. χ 2 Tests of trend were computed to assess for significant change over time. Additional analyses examined trends in hospital days due to mental illness and repeated hospitalizations and compared mental illness with other major causes of child and adolescent hospitalization. Results The rate of school-aged children (aged 5-14 years) hospitalized for mental illness increased by 22% during the 1990s ( P = .004). The proportion of hospitalizations due to mental illness in school-aged children increased from 7.8% in 1990 to 12.8% in 1999 ( P P Conclusions Mental illness hospitalizations account for an increasing proportion of admissions and hospital days among children and adolescents in Washington State. During the past decade, mental illness has surpassed injury as a leading cause of hospitalization for Washington youth.
Velocity discrimination in scotopic vision.

Abstract To characterize scotopic motion mechanisms, we examined how variation in average luminance affects the ability to discriminate velocity. Stimuli were drifting horizontal sine-wave gratings (0.25, 1.0 and 2.0 c/deg) viewed through a 2 mm artificial pupil and neutral density filters to produce mean adapting levels from 2.5 to −1.5 log photopic trolands. Drift temporal frequency varied from 0.5 to 36.0 Hz. Grating contrasts were either three or five times direction discrimination threshold contrasts at each adaptation level. Following 30 min adaptation, two drifting gratings were presented sequentially at the fovea. Subjects were asked to indicate which interval contained the faster moving stimulus. The Weber fraction for each base temporal frequency was determined using a staircase method. As previously reported, velocity discrimination performance was most acute at temporal frequencies of about 8.0 Hz and greater than 20.0 Hz (though there are individual differences), and fell off at both higher and lower temporal frequencies under photopic conditions. As adaptation level decreased, discrimination of high temporal frequencies in the central retina became increasingly worse, while discrimination of low temporal frequencies remained largely unaltered. The overall scotopic discrimination performance was best at about 3.0 Hz. These results can be explained by a motion mechanism comprising both low-pass and band-pass temporal filters whose peak and temporal cut-off shifts to lower temporal frequencies under scotopic conditions.
Epinephrine inhibits feeding nonspecifically in the rat

Abstract The hypothesis that epinephrine (EPI) and pancreatic glucagon (PG) inhibit feeding by activating a common physiological satiety mechanism was tested by comparing the two agents' behavioral effects. In several tests of specificity, EPI and PG had functionally different inhibitory actions. Intraperitoneal injection of 6.25–50 μg/kg EPI and 100–400 μg/kg PG elicited overlapping dose-related inhibitions of intake of milk diet in rats maintained ad lib on pelleted chow. Twenty-five to 50 μg/kg EPI also elicited anomalous behaviors that are not normally associated with feeding, including supine postures with limbs extended and crawling with trunk dorsoflexed and abdomen pressed against cage floor. EPI elicited similar anomalous behaviors in rats that either sham fed with open gastric cannulas, drank after water deprivation, or were presented neither food nor water. Fifty to 200 μg/kg EPI also inhibited water intake in the thirsty rats, and 25–50 μg/kg EPI inhibited sham feeding. PG, in contrast, neither elicited anomalous behaviors nor inhibited water intake nor inhibited sham feeding. These data demonstrate that the inhibitory actions of exogenous EPI and PG are functionally dissociable. We conclude that 25–200 μg/kg EPI acts nonspecifically to produce anorexia and adipsia, while PG elicits postprandial satiety.
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Has an Essential Role in Early Skin Wound Healing

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has a key role in the initiation of innate immunity and in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Using microarray analysis and PCR, TLR4 expression was observed to increase in murine skin wounds at the early stages. The cellular location of TLR4 was primarily in keratinocytes at the wound edges. The closure of excisional wounds was significantly delayed in TLR4-deficient (C3H/HeJ) as compared with wild-type mice, and both IL-1β and IL-6 production were significantly lower in the wounds of TLR4-deficient mice. EGF also markedly decreased in the wound edge of epidermis in TLR4-deficient mice. In vitro studies confirmed that a wound stimulus induces TLR4 mRNA expression in primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). In vitro injury also induced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPK (Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase) and the expression of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α by NHEK. Blockade of TLR4 delayed NHEK migration and abolished the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPK, and blockade of TLR4 and/or p38/JNK abolished IL-1β production. The results suggest that inflammatory cytokine production by injured NHEK is stimulated via the TLR4-p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathway. Together, the results provide evidence for a role of TLR4 at sites of injury, and suggest that TLR4 is an important regulator of wound inflammation.
Epitaxial growth of modified LiNbO3 single crystal films for surface acoustic wave device applications

Abstract The liquid phase epitaxy technique has been shown to be successful for developing Nb 5+ -rich and Na + -modified LiNbO 3 films using various flux systems. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the films had a high single crystallinity, and the unit cell a A increased from 5.143 A for the Li + -rich LiNbO 3 to 5.155 for Na + -modified LiNbO 3 films, ranging from 10 to 30 μm thickness, showed a reduction in the temperature coefficient of surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity; the improvement is almost 40%.
Using Multiple Measures to Document Change in English Vowels Produced by Japanese, Korean, and Spanish Speakers: The Case for Goodness and Intelligibility

Purpose This study examined the effectiveness of using goodness ratings and intelligibility scores to document changes in vowel production following pronunciation training. The relationship between listener perceptions of goodness and intelligibility was also examined. Method Fifteen English language learner speakers (5 Japanese, 5 Korean, and 5 Spanish) participated in 16 sessions of vowel-focused pronunciation training. Pre- and posttraining judgments of 10 English vowels in /hVt/ context were conducted by 25 monolingual English speakers who served as listeners. Listeners judged vowel intelligibility using a 10-alternative forced-choice task and rated goodness using a 5-point Likert scale. Results Goodness ratings and intelligibility scores captured improvement in the accuracy of several vowels following training. However, some vowels that received better mean intelligibility scores received poorer mean goodness ratings following training. The relationship between goodness ratings and intelligibility sc...
Genetic structure of the East African domestic populations of Aedes aegypti.

THE yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a complex species. Morphological, physiological, and behavioural variation is extensive and complex1–4. In the Rabai area near Mombasa, Kenya, three forms of A. aegypti can be distinguished5. A light coloured population breeds exclusively in water jars stored inside houses; this is referred to as the domestic form. In disturbed areas adjacent to villages (such as farmland), a form of varying darkness is found breeding in discarded containers or footholds cut in coconut palms; this is the peridomestic form. In tropical forests, an exclusively dark form is found breeding in tree-holes or occasionally rock-holes; this is the feral form. These forms are behaviourally distinct from one another5; and, even though they can be found in close proximity to each other, they are often also genetically distinct6 (W.J.T., L. E. Munstermann and J.R.P. in preparation). We present here a population genetic analysis of the domestic populations of A. aegypti in villages in the Rabai area. We conclude that the mosquito population in each village is a panmictic unit with no significant genetic substructuring ; that significant genetic differences exist between villages less than 2 km apart ; and that gene frequencies are temporally stable.