cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control Charts for Dependent and Independent Measurements Based on Bootstrap Methods

Abstract Shewhart charts are widely accepted as standard tools for monitoring manufacturing processes of univariate, independent “nearly” normal measurements. They are not as well developed beyond these types of data. We generalize the idea of Shewhart charts to cover other types of data commonly encountered in practice. More specifically, we develop some valid control charts for dependent data and for independent data that are not necessarily “nearly” normal. We derive the proposed charts from the moving blocks bootstrap and the standard bootstrap methods. Their constructions are completely nonparametric no distributional assumptions are required. Some simulated as well as real data examples are included they are very supportive of the proposed methods.
NeuralAct: A Tool to Visualize Electrocortical (ECoG) Activity on a Three-Dimensional Model of the Cortex

Electrocorticography (ECoG) records neural signals directly from the surface of the cortex. Due to its high temporal and favorable spatial resolution, ECoG has emerged as a valuable new tool in acquiring cortical activity in cognitive and systems neuroscience. Many studies using ECoG visualized topographies of cortical activity or statistical tests on a three-dimensional model of the cortex, but a dedicated tool for this function has not yet been described. In this paper, we describe the NeuralAct package that serves this purpose. This package takes as input the 3D coordinates of the recording sensors, a cortical model in the same coordinate system (e.g., Talairach), and the activation data to be visualized at each sensor. It then aligns the sensor coordinates with the cortical model, convolves the activation data with a spatial kernel, and renders the resulting activations in color on the cortical model. The NeuralAct package can plot cortical activations of an individual subject as well as activations averaged over subjects. It is capable to render single images as well as sequences of images. The software runs under Matlab and is stable and robust. We here provide the tool and describe its visualization capabilities and procedures. The provided package contains thoroughly documented code and includes a simple demo that guides the researcher through the functionality of the tool.
Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of 1-hexen-4-yne

The infrared spectra (3500–50 cm−1) of the gas and solid and the Raman spectra (3500–50 cm−1) of the liquid and solid have been recorded for 1-hexen-4-yne, CH2CHCH2CCCH3. Also variable temperature studies over the temperature range −105 to −150 °C of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm−1) of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton have been carried out. By utilizing these data from seven cis/gauche conformer pairs, the cis conformer is found to be the lower energy form with an enthalpy difference of 233 ± 23 cm−1 (2.79 ± 0.28 kJ mol−1). At room temperature it is estimated that there is 39 ± 2% of the gauche conformer present. Equilibrium geometries and energies of the two conformers have been predicted from ab initio calculations by perturbation theory (MP2) with full electron correlation to second order and hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations by the B3LYP method with a number of basis sets. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the cis conformer based on the vibrational-rotational band contours, relative intensities, Raman depolarization ratios and predicted frequencies from the ab initio and DFT calculations and many of the fundamentals for the gauche form have been assigned. The observation of sub-band structure for two of the nearly degenerate methyl vibrations indicates that the CH3 group has almost free internal rotation which is consistent with the ab initio predicted barrier of 100 cm−1. From the spacings of the sub-bands the values of the Coriolis coupling constants, ζ, have been determined for the CH3 stretch and deformation.
Radiative and Electroweak Penguin Decays of B Mesons

Radiative and electroweak penguin decays of B mesons are flavor-changing-neutral-current processes that provide powerful ways to test the Standard Model at the one-loop level, to search for the effects of new physics, and to extract Standard Model parameters such as CKM matrix elements and quark masses. The large data samples obtained by the B-factory experiments BaBar and Belle, together with an intensive theoretical effort, have led to significant progress towards understanding these rare decays. Recent experimental results include the measurements of the b → d γ decays B → ρ ( ω ) γ , the observation of B → K ( ∗ ) l + l − decays (together with studies of the associated kinematic distributions), and improved measurements of the inclusive B → X s γ rate and photon energy spectrum.
Elucidating the mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease-associated genetic polymorphisms

Results Results will be presented along three fronts. First, SNPs associated with both cholesterol and with AD (other than APOE SNPs) include SNPs within LIPC and HMGCR. In particular, the HMGCR SNP (rs3846662) is associated with the splicing efficiency of HMGCR exon 13; the allele that reduces exon 13 inclusion has been reported to reduce HMGCR activity and is associated with reduced AD risk. This SNP has also been associated with statin response. Overall, these results suggest that this SNP may modulate AD and the response of AD to statin treatment. Second, SNPs associated with rheumatoid arthritis are generally not associated with AD, reinforcing the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis is associated with reduced AD risk, perhaps because the associated long-term antiinflammatory use. Third, the primary AD-associated SNP within CLU, rs11136000, is associated with the expression of CLU1 but not CLU2 in the brain. Both CLU1 and CLU2 produce soluble clusterin protein in transfected cell studies. Since the protective allele of rs11136000 is associated with increased CLU1 expression, agents that upregulate CLU1 may reduce AD risk. Of particular interest, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) induce CLU1 robustly, suggesting that HDACI such as the widely used epilepsy drug valproic acid may have some utility in reducing AD risk. Lastly, we note that normalizing RNA measurements to correct for variation in cell-type within the brain fragments used for RNA preparation in these studies was critical to discerning SNP association with gene expression or splicing. Conclusion Although AD GWAS results have not yielded another AD risk factor with the impact of the APOE SNPs, they have succeeded in identifying “bottlenecks” in AD-related pathways that modulate AD risks. Hence, elucidating the actions associated with these SNPs by using a combination of bioinformatics, human tissue correlative studies and in vitro functional studie sm ay provide insights into AD therapeutic strategies.
Amnestic agents in pediatric bronchoscopy.

Study objective To assess the risk for complications with the use of sedation and analgesia techniques in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Design A retrospective case series. Setting The ICU of a 325-bed tertiary care research hospital. Patients Patients from 1 to 18 years of age who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with BAL or transbronchial biopsy between June 1991 and December 1995 and received IV sedation and analgesia. Interventions None. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed. Extracted data included anesthetics and sedatives used and their per kilogram dosages, procedure durations, and complications including oxygen desaturations Results A total of 103 bronchoscopies were performed on 64 patients. Ketamine was used as the primary anesthetic in 60 procedures (58%). A combination of fentanyl and midazolam was used in 38 of the 43 remaining procedures. A variety of combinations were used in the five remaining procedures. Complications occurred in 13 procedures and included oxygen desaturations, stridor, cough, apnea, and nasal bleeding. Twelve of the 13 complications occurred in patients with a diagnosis of HIV infection. Eight of the13 complications involved children ≤ 3 years of age. Conclusions Pediatric bronchoscopy is a safe and valuable procedure. However, in this study, anesthetic selection was shown to adversely affect the complication rate in the subsets of children ≤ 3 years of age and with an underlying diagnosis of HIV infection.
Constrained-film sintering of cordierite glass-ceramic on silicon substrate

The densification behavior of cordierite glass-ceramic films constrained on a rigid silicon substrate was studied in the temperature range from 900 °C to 1000 °C. An optical setup was used to obtain the thickness versus time profiles and in-plane stresses of the constrained glass-ceramic during isothermal sintering. The thickness profiles showed a rapid shrinkage due to sintering followed by an expansion corresponding to crystallization of the glass-ceramic. Measurements of in-plane stresses in constrained-sintering films showed a rapidly rising tensile stress during densification followed by a slight drop during crystallization. In films sintered above 950 °C, the tensile stress rose rapidly again near the end of crystallization, suggesting a further densification in a mostly crystallized film. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of the film cross sections revealed the formation and growth of large pores along the interface between the glass-ceramic and silicon substrate that may have contributed to the observed film expansion. These pores are substantially larger than the initial pore size in the films, indicating that they were formed during sintering. We believe that poor wetting of the glass-ceramic on silicon may have contributed to the formation of the porous structure at the interface.
Conversations with an Alzheimer's Patient: An Interactional Sociolinguistic Study

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Communicative profile of Elsie 3. Questions 4. Responses 5. Conclusions and implications References Index.
Experimental evidence that GNA and TNA were not sequential polymers in the prebiotic evolution of RNA

Systematic investigation into the chemical etiology of ribose has led to the discovery of glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA) as possible progenitor candidates of RNA in the origins of life. Coupled with their chemical simplicity, polymers for both systems are capable of forming stable Watson-Crick antiparallel duplex structures with themselves and RNA, thereby providing a mechanism for the transfer of genetic information between successive genetic systems. Investigation into whether both polymers arose independently or descended from a common evolutionary pathway would provide additional constraints on models that describe the emergence of a hypothetical RNA world. Here we show by thermal denaturation that complementary GNA and TNA mixed sequence polymers are unable, even after prolonged incubation times, to adopt stable helical structures by intersystem cross-pairing. This experimental observation suggests that GNA and TNA, whose structures derive from one another, were not consecutive polymers in the same evolutionary pathway to RNA.
Plastic Spin and Related Issues in Phenomenological Plasticity

We show that if elastic and plastic strain rates are properly identified, partioning of total spin and identification of its plastic part is not required in the elastoplastic constitutive analysis of elastically isotropic materials
Fluorescence depolarization study of randomly oriented and magneto-oriented spinach chloroplasts in suspension

Abstract The degree of polarization of fluorescence (P) of chlorophyll a in vivo has been measured using suspensions of either randomly oriented or magnetically oriented spinach chloroplasts. In the latter case the viewing direction was perpendicular to the plane of the oriented photosynthetic membranes. P decreases from 3.5% (unoriented) to 1.5% when the chloroplasts are oriented in a 13 Kgauss magnetic field. This decrease can be explained by the anisotropic optical properties of the membranes. The residual 1.5% polarization is shown to reflect the depolarization by energy transfer. Similar effects have been observed with Chlorella .
Calculation of the pressure shift of the positronium hyperfine interval

Abstract We calculate the fractional positronium hyperfine pressure shift Δ( T ) using a quantum mechanical thermal averaging and obtain for Δ(293 K)(±30%) in He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N 2 and SF 6 respectively; (-0.15, -0.34, -0.96, -1.41, -1.85, -1.12, -1.1) × 10 -7 /torr (0°C).
Aneurismal Arteries are Vulnerable to Mechanical Buckling

Rupture of aneurysms is a leading cause of death in the United States. Extensive biomechanical studies have shown that mechanical stress in aneurysm walls plays a critical role in the rupture of aneurysms. Highly elevated local stress and degraded aneurismal walls are believed to make aneurysms vulnerable to rupture [1–3]. Asymmetric aneurysms with irregular shape and wall thickness are vulnerable to rupture. Aneurismal arteries are often tortuous such as in the Loeys-Dietz syndrome [4], but the mechanism is unclear.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Comment on: Despotism and differential reproduction by L.L. Betzig

Abstract A recent article is criticized on statistical grounds. These problems are not restricted to the article in point, but are common to studies utilizing preexisting data such as that of the HRAF. Specific suggestions are presented, as well as a comment on the importance of statistical integrity for sociobiology.
776-1 Selective Down-regulation of Angiotensin II AT1 Receptors in Failing Human Heart: Relationship to β1-Receptor Down-regulation

The renin-angiotensin and adrenergic nervous systems exhibit multiple levels of cross-regulation in heart failure. These systems are bidirectionally activated in concert; i.e. activation of one system activates the other. We compared the behavior of angiotensin II AT1 and AT2 receptors with β1, -and, β2-adrenergic receptors in a high-yield crude membrane fraction prepared from nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium. Ang II receptors were measured by 125I saralasin binding, with Bmax determined by saturation binding displaceable by 1 μM cold saralasin. AT1 and AT2 receptor fractions were determined by the amount of specific binding displaceable by 1 μM losartan. β1-adrenergic receptor density was determined by saturation binding of 125I ICYP, with the, β1 fraction determined by binding displaceable by 0.2 μM CGP 20712A. Results in end-stage human left ventricular myocardium failing as a result of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were compared to nonfailing controls taken from age- and gender-matched organ donors not used for transplant because of blood type or body size mismatch: (Receptor density is in fmol/mg ± SEM) β1-AR β2-AR AT1 AT2 Nonfailing (n = 6) 59.0 ± 9.4 20.7 ± 4.0 4.14 ± 0.62 1.52 ± 0.43 Failing (n = 6) 28.3 ± 2.8 * 17.2 ± 2.6 1.53 ± 0.57 * 2.68 ± 0.51 * p l 0.05 The down-regulation of β1 AR and AT1 receptors was significantly related (r = 0.62, n = 12, p l 0.05) Conclusions (1) Compared to β adrenergic receptors ang II receptors are very low density in the human heart. (2) The AT1 receptor sUbtype predominates in the nonfailing human heart. (3) ATl but not AT2 receptors are downregulated in failing heart. (4) Down-regulation of Ang-II AT1 receptor is similar in degree to down-regulation of β1-adrenergic receptors. These data suggest that the AT1 and β1 receptors are respectively exposed to increased concentrations of mutually activatedlinduced norepinephrine and Ang-II in the failing human heart.
Design and analysis of fast carry-propagate adder under non-equal input signal arrival profile

This paper examines the design of a fast carry-propagate adder under the condition of non-equal input signals arrival. This is a common case encountered in the fast parallel multipliers where a carry-propagate adder is deployed to produce the final product. It is shown that the rules used in the past are not valid and do not result in the fastest adder. We present the analysis of those conditions and provide the rules for the fast carry-propagate adder design. >
Tunable dielectric image guide filter from 26.5 to 40.0 GHz

A dielectric image guide loaded with a self biasing ferrite was designed and tested from 26.5 to 40 GHz. An M-type hexagonal ferrite was used with its c-axis transverse to the direction of propagation. The electromagnetic scattering parameters of the device were measured for the magnetic field applied along the c-axis. Two different methods were used to analyze the guided structure-(a) a transmission line circuit model and (b) perturbation theory. General agreement was found between the transmission line analysis and the experimental results. >
Altered Surfactant Homeostasis and Alveolar Type II Cell Morphology in Mice Lacking Surfactant Protein D

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is one of two collectins found in the pulmonary alveolus. On the basis of homology with other collectins, potential functions for SP-D include roles in innate immunity and surfactant metabolism. The SP-D gene was disrupted in embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination to generate mice deficient in SP-D. Mice heterozygous for the mutant SP-D allele had SP-D concentrations that were approximately 50% wild type but no other obvious phenotypic abnormality. Mice totally deficient in SP-D were healthy to 7 months but had a progressive accumulation of surfactant lipids, SP-A, and SP-B in the alveolar space. By 8 weeks the alveolar phospholipid pool was 8-fold higher than wild-type littermates. There was also a 10-fold accumulation of alveolar macrophages in the null mice, and many macrophages were both multinucleated and foamy in appearance. Type II cells in the null mice were hyperplastic and contained giant lamellar bodies. These alterations in surfactant homeostasis were not associated with detectable changes in surfactant surface activity, postnatal respiratory function, or survival. The findings in the SP-D-deficient mice suggest a role for SP-D in surfactant homeostasis.
Kinase requirements in human cells: II. Genetic interaction screens identify kinase requirements following HPV16 E7 expression in cancer cells

Human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins subvert cellular signaling pathways, including kinase pathways, during the carcinogenic process. To identify kinases targeted by the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein, shRNA kinase screens were performed in RKO colorectal carcinoma cell lines that differ only in their expression of HPV16 E7. Our screens identified kinases that were essential for the survival of RKO cells, but not essential for RKO cells expressing HPV16 E7. These kinases include CDK6, ERBB3, FYN, AAK1, and TSSK2. We show that, as predicted, CDK6 knockdown inhibits pRb phosphorylation and induces S-phase depletion, thereby inhibiting cell viability. Knockdown of ERBB3, FYN, AAK1, and TSSK2 induces a similar loss of cell viability through an unknown mechanism. Expression of the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein, known to bind and degrade pRb, relieves the requirement of these kinases. These studies demonstate that expression of a single oncoprotein can dramatically alter kinase sensitivity in human cells. The shRNA screens used here perform analogously to genetic interaction screens commonly used in genetically tractable organisms such as yeast, and thus represent an exciting method for unbiased identification of cellular signaling pathways targeted by cancer mutations.
Increased Cortical Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Precedes Incomplete Extinction of Conditioned Fear and Increased Hippocampal Excitatory Tone in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) contributes to development of affective disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychiatric symptoms typically emerge in a tardive fashion post-TBI, with negative effects on recovery. Patients with PTSD, as well as rodent models of PTSD, demonstrate structural and functional changes in brain regions mediating fear learning, including prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala (AMYG), and hippocampus (HC). These changes may reflect loss of top-down control by which PFC normally exhibits inhibitory influence over AMYG reactivity to fearful stimuli, with HC contribution. Considering the susceptibility of these regions to injury, we examined fear conditioning (FC) in the delayed post-injury period, using a mouse model of mTBI. Mice with mTBI displayed enhanced acquisition and delayed extinction of FC. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ex vivo, we examined PFC, AMYG, and HC levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate as surrogate meas...
Anandamide induces necrosis in primary hepatic stellate cells

The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is a lipid mediator that blocks proliferation and induces apoptosis in many cell types. Although AEA levels are elevated in liver fibrosis, its role in fibrogenesis remains unclear. This study investigated effects of AEA in primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Anandamide blocked HSC proliferation at concentrations of 1 to 10 micromol/L but did not affect HSC proliferation or activation at nanomolar concentrations. At higher concentrations (25-100 micromol/L), AEA rapidly and dose-dependently induced cell death in primary culture-activated and in vivo-activated HSCs, with over 70% cell death after 4 hours at 25 micromol/L. In contrast to treatment with Fas ligand or gliotoxin, AEA-mediated death was caspase independent and showed typical features of necrosis such as rapid adenosine triphosphate depletion and propidium iodide uptake. Anandamide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). Pretreatment with the antioxidant glutathione or Ca(2+)-chelation attenuated AEA-induced cell death. Although the putative endocannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, and VR1 were expressed in HSCs, specific receptor blockade failed to block cell death. Depletion of membrane cholesterol by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibited AEA binding, blocked ROS formation and intracellular Ca(2+)-increase, and prevented cell death. In primary hepatocytes, AEA showed significantly lower binding and failed to induce cell death even after prolonged treatment. In conclusion, AEA efficiently induces necrosis in activated HSCs, an effect that depends on membrane cholesterol and a subsequent increase in intracellular Ca(2+) and ROS. The anti-proliferative effects and the selective killing of HSCs, but not hepatocytes, indicate that AEA may be used as a potential anti-fibrogenic tool.
Solving the eyewitness problem

Faulty eyewitness testimony is a major source of wrongful convictions. Four solutions are examined to safeguard against mistaken testimony having undue impact: (1) to overturn any conviction based solely on the uncorroborated testimony of a single eyewitness, (2) to require that an attorney be present at any pretrial identification procedure, (3) to allow an expert to testify during the trial about factors of perception and memory that could affect a witness's accuracy, and (4) to have the judge deliver a cautionary instruction to the jury, admonishing them to carefully scrutinize eyewitness testimony, or to educate them about such testimony. Each alternative is discussed within the context of psychological research and legal cases.
Petri net modeling-the past, the present, and the future

In the past, Petri net modeling was dominated by the evolution of the model in response to the needs of the applications and problems associated with analyzing the model. The result has been a diverse and confused set of models and notations which hinders new research. New applications are appearing that use the Petri net as the model of choice. By adopting some standards in notation and nomenclature the communication between research groups is enhanced. In addition, by completely dropping redundant models or models with minor variations, the community will be able to obtain a more focused view for further research. >
A novel family of Cys-Cys, His-Cys zinc finger transcription factors expressed in developing nervous system and pituitary gland.

A screen designed to identify proteins that specifically bind to retinoic acid response elements resulted in the identification of a rat cDNA encoding a novel protein containing six Cys-Cys, His-Cys zinc fingers. This gene is expressed in a restricted fashion exhibiting distinct temporal and spatial patterns in the developing nervous system, primarily brain, spinal cord, sensory ganglia, retina, and nasal epithelia, as well as in the pituitary, and is referred to as neural zinc finger factor 1 (NZF-1). NZF-1 binds specifically to a cis-regulatory element of the β-retinoic acid receptor (RARβ) gene, as well as to other related DNA elements, including two in the upstream enhancer region of the mouse Pit-1 gene. In heterologous cells, NZF-1 activates transcription from promoters containing specific binding sequences and can synergize with other factors, such as Pit-1, to regulate gene expression. These results suggest that NZF-1 may exert regulatory roles in the developing and mature nervous system and in the pituitary gland. Identification of a second mouse gene highly homologous to NZF-1, encoded by a distinct genomic locus, reveals a dispersed gene family encoding proteins containing Cys-Cys, His-Cys motifs.
MICROCIRCULATION AND HEMORHEOLOGY

Major experimental and theoretical studies on microcirculation and hemorheology are reviewed with the focus on mechanics of blood flow and the vascular wall. Flow of the blood formed elements (red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells or leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets) in individual arterioles, capillaries and venules, and in microvascular networks is discussed. Mechanical and rheological properties of the formed elements and their interactions with the vascular wall are reviewed. Short-term and long-term regulation of the microvasculature is discussed; the modes of regulation include metabolic, myogenic and shear-stress-dependent mechanisms as well as vascular adaptation such as angiogenesis and vascular remodeling.
Managing Conflict of Interest in Research: Some Suggestions for Investigators

Conflict of interest situations threaten to compromise objectivity and tempt researchers to act wrongly. Allowing oneself to drift into such situations without appropriate preparation is negligence which is, itself, a sort of wrongdoing. Since conflict of interest is unlikely to be eliminated or tamed by the professional--and institutional--level safeguards currently under discussion, individual researchers must make their own preparations. We offer individuals ten strategies for managing their own conflicts of interest.
A multi-sensor remote sensing approach for monitoring large wetland complexes in northern Canada

The Peace-Athabasca Delta is a 3900 km/sup 2/ freshwater wetland complex, located in north-eastern Alberta, Canada. The intricate channel system, the numerous smaller wetland basins and the large shallow lakes of the delta are important habitats for a large number of migrating waterfowl, mammals and insects. The hydrological regime in this remote area is unique as many of the productive wetland are isolated from the channels and require overland floods to be replenished. Recent studies have shown that the delta has experienced a reduced frequency of these large overland floods. Attribution of these changes is complex, however, remote sensing provides a unique opportunity to characterise the spatio-temporal distribution of these changes and to collect important baseline hydrological information that is too difficult to obtain using traditional methods. This paper focuses on a development of a multi-sensor remote sensing strategy to assess hydrological change in this wetland environment. This includes the use of Radarsat, Landsat, IKONOS and lidar data to derive year to year changes and assist in predicting future outcomes and risks for this ecosystem.
A Rational Choice Approach to Explaining Policy Preferences and Concern for Representing Women among State Legislators

Rational choice theory predicts that women, when significantly involved in the production of private competitive goods and services, will adopt the same self-interested political orientation as similarly economically situated men. Guided by this approach, this nationwide survey of state legislators finds that competitive occupational background significantly reduces support for representing distributive–redistributive policy among both women and men legislators. However, it also finds that women legislators in general, as well as women holding leadership positions, retain a significant concern for representing women. Democratic Party affiliation and noncompetitive occupational background predict support for distributive–redistributive policies among women and men legislators, while only Democratic Party affiliation predicts concern for representing women among women and men legislators. Other explanatory variables (i.e., lower education, liberal ideology, African-Americans, lower-socioeconomic status districts, and political ambition) are in the direction hypothesized to influence representing distributive–redistributive policies and women but are not all statistically significant. La teoria de la decision racional predice que cuando las mujeres se involucran significativamente en la produccion de bienes y servicios competitivos, adoptaran la misma orientacion politica de busqueda de sus intereses personales que los hombres similarmente situados economicamente. Guiados por este enfoque, esta encuesta nacional de los legisladores estatales encuentra que los antecedentes profesionales competitivos reducen significativamente el apoyo entre mujeres asi como hombres legisladores para representar politicas distributivas-redistributivas. Sin embargo, encuentra que en general, las mujeres legisladoras, asi como aquellas mujeres que desempenan posiciones de autoridad, conservan una preocupacion significativa por representar a las mujeres. Por su parte, tanto afiliacion al Partido Democrata como antecedentes ocupacionales no-competitivos, predicen apoyo entre las mujeres y los hombres legisladores, a politicas distributivas-redistributivas, mientras que solo afiliacion al Partido Democrata predice preocupacion entre las mujeres y los hombres legisladores por representar a las mujeres. Otras variables que pueden explicar esto (i.e., educacion baja, ideologia liberal, Afroamericanos, distritos con bajo nivel socioeconomico, y ambicion politica) estan en la direccion hipotetizada para influir la representacion de las politicas distributivas-redistributivas y de mujeres, pero no todas son estadisticamente significativas.
The role of molecular analysis in breast cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, encompassing a wide variety of histological types and clinical behaviours. Current histopathological classification systems for breast cancer are based on descriptive entities that are of prognostic significance. Few predictive biomarkers are currently available. High throughput molecular technologies are reshaping our understanding of breast cancer and a molecular taxonomy that has stronger predictive power is slowly emerging. Novel therapeutic targets and prognostic/predictive gene signatures have been identified. This review will address the contribution of molecular methods to our understanding of breast cancer and its precursors, their use in breast cancer translational research and their impact on diagnostic breast cancer histopathology.
DØ Results on Diphoton Direct Production and Photon + b and c Jet Production

In this note we present measurements of the direct photon pair production cross sections using 8.5 fb −1 of data collected with the DO detector at the Fermilab Tevatron p ¯ p collider at √ s = 1.96 TeV. The results are shown as differential distributions with respect to the photon pair mass , pair transverse momentum, azimuthal angle, and polar scattering angle in the Collins- Soper frame. We also present measurements of the differential cross section dσ/d p γ T for the inclusive production of a photon in association with a b- or c-quark jet. The results are based on 8.7 fb −1 of data, and the measured cross sections are compared with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations using different sets of parton distribution functions as well as to pre dictions based on the kT-factorization QCD approach, and those from various Monte Carlo event generators.
Assessing the invasive potential of biofuel species proposed for Florida and the United States using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment.

Twelve taxa under exploration as bioenergy crops in Florida and the U.S. were evaluated for potential invasiveness using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system (WRA) modified for separate assessment at the state and national scales. When tested across a range of geographies, this system correctly identifies invaders 90%, and non-invaders 70% of the time, on average. Predictions for Florida were the same as for the U.S. Arundo donax, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus grandis, Jatropha curcas, Leucaena leucocephala, Pennisetum purpureum, and Ricinus communis were found to have a high probability of becoming invasive, while Miscanthus × giganteus, Saccharum arundinaceum, Saccharum officinarum, and the sweet variety of Sorghum bicolor have a low probability of becoming invasive. Eucalyptus amplifolia requires further evaluation before a prediction is possible. These results are consistent with reports on other tests of these taxa. Given the economic and ecological impacts of invasive species, including the carbon expended for mechanical and chemical control efforts, cultivation of taxa likely to become invasive should be avoided.
Smoothness provision for bridge decks

A contemporary survey of bridge ride quality is described, and use of the survey to support the development of a modern smoothness provision for bridge decks is discussed. The survey found that bridges have an average of 60% more roughness than most mainline highway pavements [as measured by use of the international roughness index (IRI)]. However, a secondary analysis revealed that beam and girder camber can easily contribute more than 1000 mm/km of additional IRI roughness, which suggests that IRI may not be an equitable tool for measurement of the construction quality of bridges. This finding led to an additional analysis that focused on the use of a simulated rolling straightedge as a tool to control smoothness. Ultimately, the study demonstrated how inertial (and high-speed) profiling equipment can be applied to control bridge deck roughness through the use of a simulation that mimics the traditional 3-m straightedge.
Reemergence and Decline of Dengue Virus Serotype 3 in Puerto Rico

Background. The dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV-3) Indian subcontinent strain emerged in Puerto Rico in 1998 after a 21-year absence. The rapid expansion of DENV-3 on the island correlated with the withdrawal of the other serotypes for 7 years. The DENV-3 prevalence declined in 2008 and remains undetected. Methods. We sequenced complete genomes of 92 DENV-3 clinical isolates to characterize the molecular evolution and phylogeography throughout 10 years of continued sampling (1998–2007). Results. We documented 8 distinct lineages that emerged simultaneously and evolved independently. Two of the 8 lineages were highly associated with transient introductions of foreign viruses, and 2 of the 3 endemic lineages covered the entire study period. We found evidence of temporal-geographical clustering only within the 3 endemic lineages. The phylogeography analysis combined with serotype-specific incidence data showed that transmission of a DENV serotype in a given location and time is usually correlated with the absence of the other serotype. Conclusions. Our study shows the cotransmission of DENV-3 lineages through a complex dissemination pattern dissimilar to the evolutionary dynamics of the other serotypes in the island. High virus genetic diversity and a large naive population were underlying factors in the expansion and collapse of DENV-3 in Puerto Rico.
Electromagnetic induction in a conductive strip in a medium of contrasting conductivity: application to VLF and MT above molten dykes

Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves that penetrate con- ductive magma-filled dikes generate secondary fields on the surface that can be used to invert for dike properties. The model used for the interpretation calculates cur- rents induced in a conductive strip by an inducing field that decays exponentially with depth due to the conductivity of the surrounding medium. The differential equations are integrated to give an inhomogeneous Fredholm equation of the second kind with a kernel consisting of a modified Bessel function of the second kind. Numerical meth- ods are typically used to solve for the induced currents in the strip. In this paper we apply a modified Galerkin-Chebyshev method, which involves separating the kernel into source and field spectra and integrating the source terms to obtain a matrix equa- tion for the unknown coefficients. The incident wave is expressed as a Chebyshev series. The Modified Bessel function is separated into a logarithmic singularity and a non-singular remainder, both of which are expanded in complex Chebyshev polyno- mials. The Chebyshev coefficients for the remainder are evaluated using a fast Fourier transform, while the logarithmic term and incident field have analytic series. The deconvolution then involves a matrix inversion. The results depend on the ratio of strip-size to skin-depth. For infinite skin-depth and a singular conductivity distribu- tion given by � 0a / p a 2 z 2 (where � 0 is the conductance, a is the half-length, and z the distance from the center), Parker (2011) gives an analytic solution. We present a similar analytic series solution for the finite skin-depth case, where the size to skin depth ratio is small. Results are presented for different ratios of size to skin depth that can be compared with numerical solutions. We compare full-space and half-space solutions. A fit of the model to VLF data taken above a magma filled dikes in Hawaii
Vision-based motion planning for an autonomous motorcycle on ill-structured roads

We report our development of a vision-based motion planning system for an autonomous motorcycle designed for desert terrain, where uniform road surface and lane markings are not present. The motion planning is based on a vision vector space (V2-Space), which is a unitary vector set that represents local collision-free directions in the image coordinate system. The V2-Space is constructed by extracting the vectors based on the similarity of adjacent pixels, which captures both the color information and the directional information from prior vehicle tire tracks and pedestrian footsteps. We report how the V2-Space is constructed to reduce the impact of varying lighting conditions in outdoor environments. We also show how the V2-Space can be used to incorporate vehicle kinematic, dynamic, and time-delay constraints in motion planning to fit the highly dynamic requirements of the motorcycle. The combined algorithm of the V2-Space construction and the motion planning runs in O(n) time, where n is the number of pixels in the captured image. Experiments show that our algorithm outputs correct robot motion commands more than 90% of the time.
Intraosseous fibrous lesions of the jawsA manifestation of tuberous sclerosis

Four patients previously diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis are reported with intraosseous fibrous lesions of the jaws. Review of the literature revealed comparable pathosis occurring in extragnathic bones and several previous reports of similar lesions within the jaws. Therefore, these intraosseous fibrous proliferations are thought to represent an intraoral manifestation of tuberous sclerosis and not coincidental findings. In all 4 cases, the tumors demonstrated significant collagenization with numerous interspersed plump fibroblasts. Although histopathologically similar, the features of the lesions are not specific and also can be found in desmoplastic fibromas and simple odontogenic fibromas. The definitive diagnosis requires appropriate clinicopathologic correlation.
Leukocytapheresis for the treatment of hyperleukocytosis secondary to acute leukemia

Patients presenting with new or recurrent acute leukemia, particularly of the myeloid lineage, with WBC counts exceeding 100 × 10(9)/L are often considered for leukocytapheresis, especially if they are experiencing symptoms of leukostasis. These symptoms are thought to occur because of blast aggregates and WBC thrombi in the circulation, which reduce blood flow. Leukostasis may cause various complications, including hyperviscosity syndrome, vascular occlusion resulting in intracranial hemorrhages and respiratory failure, and perivascular leukemic infiltrates. Leukostasis occurs more commonly with a high WBC count and with leukemias of monocytoid lineage such as acute myelomonocytic leukemia, which is a reflection of the nature of the leukemic blasts. Leukocytapheresis is used in an effort to quickly decrease a patient's circulating blast count, which can both prevent the development of leukostasis and provide symptomatic relief of leukostasis. However, the impact of leukocytapheresis on early- and long-term mortality is controversial, with several studies producing conflicting results. In this chapter, the pathophysiology of leukostasis, performance of leukocytapheresis, and efficacy of this treatment are reviewed.
The effect of ischemic time on survival after heart transplantation varies by donor age: an analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database.

Objectives (1) To examine the interaction of donor age with ischemic time and their effect on survival and (2) to define ranges of ischemic time associated with differences in survival. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing provided de-identified patient-level data. The study population included 33,640 recipients undergoing heart transplantation between October 1, 1987, and December 31, 2004. Recipients were divided by donor age into terciles: 0 to 19 years (n = 10,814; 32.1%), 20 to 33 years (11,410, 33.9%), and 34 years or more (11,416, 33.9%). Kaplan-Meier survival functions and Cox regression were used for time-to-event analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves and stratum-specific likelihood ratios were generated to compare 5-year survival at various thresholds for ischemic time. Results In univariate Cox proportional hazards regression, the effect of ischemic time on survival varied by donor age tercile: 0 to 19 years (P = .141), 20 to 33 years (P Conclusions The effect of ischemic time on survival after heart transplantation is dependent on donor age, with greater tolerance for prolonged ischemic times among grafts from younger donors. Both donor age and anticipated ischemic time must be considered when assessing a potential donor.
Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists

Describing Morphosyntax:. Guide for Field Linguists. Thomas E. Payne. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 413 pp.
Dynamic Ratcheting in Elastoplastic Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

In dynamic analysis, hysteretic damping often provides a reasonable model of the inelastic behavior of a structure. Nonlinearity presented by hysteretic damping, however, introduces the possibility of developing complicated motions not expected in linear dynamics. In this study, motions of a single-degree-of-freedom system with hysteretic damping under dual-frequency sinusoidal excitations are investigated through numerical simulation. Hysteretic damping behavior is represented by three different plasticity models: the elasto-perfectly-plastic model; the linear kinematic hardening model; and the two-surface model. Under certain conditions, the resultant motions from the elasto-perfectly-plastic model and the two-surface model exhibit a continual increment of plastic deformation in successive cycles. Parametric study shows that this dynamic ratcheting develops when applied frequencies are commensurable (i.e., related to each other with integer ratio), and the product of terms comprising the ratio is an eve...
Formation of Mesolows or Pressure Troughs in Advance of Cumulonimbus Clouds

Abstract Mesoscale lows or pressure troughs have been observed downwind of many mid-latitude cumulonimbus cloud systems, especially those that subsequently produce severe weather such as tornadoes, large hail, or damaging wind gusts. Case studies are presented which link the formation and existence of mesolows or troughs to subsidence warming in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. This subsidence warming, which is believed to result from the interaction of the convective cloud with a sheared environment, leads to an instability between the meso-γ and meso-β scales by hydrostatically reducing surface pressures, thereby organizing and increasing the low-level convergence ahead of existing convection.
Reinventing Relevance

Today's IT professionals, computer engineers, and students share knowledge directly through the Internet and gather at cool events like hackathons. How can the Computer Society reinvent its relevance with contemporary researchers and practitioners?
Seasonal carbohydrate storage and mobilization in bearing and non-bearing pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees

We analyzed annual carbohydrate storage and mobilization of bearing ("on") and non-bearing ("off") 'Kerman' pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees growing on three different rootstocks. On all rootstocks, carbohydrate storage in shoots and branches of "on" and "off" trees was lowest following the spring growth flush. In "off" trees, stored carbohydrates increased and remained high after the initial growth flush. In "on" trees, stem carbohydrates increased temporarily in early summer, but were mobilized in mid-season during kernel fill, and then increased again after nut harvest. During the dormant season, the only substantial differences in carbohydrate storage between previously "on" and "off" trees were found in the roots of the weakest rootstock. The annual carbohydrate storage and mobilization pattern in canopy branches of heavily cropped pistachio trees appeared to be driven by carbohydrate demands related to nut development and untempered by tree vigor. Mobilization of carbohydrates from current-season and 1- and 2-year-old stem wood of "on" trees during the primary period of kernel fill corresponded with the period of inflorescence bud abscission. Thus, the alternate bearing pattern associated with inflorescence bud abscission in 'Kerman' pistachio may be a function of mid-season mobilization of stored carbohydrates in current-season stems resulting in stimulation of inflorescence bud abscission.
Hybrid Mach-Zehnder Racetrack Resonator for Fast, Low-Power Thermooptic Modulation and Coupling Control

An InGaAsP/InP optical modulator based on electrical control of waveguide-resonator coupling is demonstrated. Thermooptic switching with 18.5 dB contrast, switching power of 29 mW, and 1.8 μs rise time is measured.
Rescuing Regulation State University of New York (SUNY) Press (2006)

The traditional debate on governmental regulation has run its course, with economically minded analysts pointing to regulation's inefficiency while those focused on justice purposefully avoid the economic paradigm to defend regulation's role in protecting consumers, workers, and society's disadvantaged. In Rescuing Regulation, Reza R. Dibadj challenges both camps. He squarely addresses the shortcomings of the conventional economic critique that portrays regulation as a waste, and also confronts those focused on justice to marshal economic arguments for public intervention against social inequities and abusive market behavior. Providing novel answers to the questions of why and how to regulate, Dibadj contends that the law and economics paradigm must not remain an apologist for laissez-faire public policy. He also demonstrates how incorporating the latest economics and revamping institutions can help improve our public agencies. Rescuing Regulation not only suggests ways to develop public institutions reflective of a democracy, but also broadly outlines how social science can inform normative legal discourse.