cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic decision policy reconfiguration under outcome uncertainty

Humans and other mammals flexibly select actions under noisy and unstable conditions. To shed light on the mechanism driving this flexibility, we evaluated how the underlying decision policy evolves when humans change their minds about the most rewarding action. Participants performed a dynamic variant of the two-armed bandit task that manipulated the certainty in relative reward probabilities (conflict) and the reliability of action-outcome contingencies (volatility). We found that conflict and volatility contributed to shifts in exploratory states by changing both the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate) and the amount of evidence needed to make a decision (boundary height). Following a switch in the optimal choice, the drift rate and the boundary height reduce, allowing variability in the accumulation process to predominate action selection, leading to a fast exploratory state. These changes facilitate the discovery of the new optimal choice, with a quick recovery of the boundary height to baseline. In parallel, the drift rate gradually returns to its asymptotic value as the belief in the value of the optimal choice stabilizes. Together, these decision dynamics suggest that, in the context of volatile two-choice decisions, humans adopt a combined information-threshold and drift rate mechanism in response to environmental changes. Unlike previous observations, we found no evidence that fluctuations in norepinephrine, as measured by pupillometry, associated with this adaptive shift toward an exploratory policy. We conclude that the multifaceted processes underlying a decision can rapidly reconfigure to adapt action selection policy under multiple forms of environmental uncertainty.
Highlighting recent treatment advances in metastatic prostate cancer: expanding the treatment arsenal.

Purpose of review Present highlights from recent research examining the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Recent findings Although debate remains about the optimal sequencing of docetaxel and novel androgen directed therapies in addition to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the treatment of men with new metastatic prostate cancer, the novel LHRH antagonist relugolix seems poised to become an appealing option in a choice of initial ADT. Novel radioisotopes, genomically selected therapies, and immune therapy combinations show progress in opening up new treatment options for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Summary Although no clear consensus has emerged, evolving data continue to refine the selection of systemic therapies in treatment naive metastatic prostate cancer. With potentially less cardiotoxic androgen deprivation therapies, novel radioisotopes, targeted pharmaceuticals, and immune therapy combinations, progress appears to be on the horizon in improving outcomes for men with advanced prostate cancer.
ADHD and epilepsy-related QoL in youth with epilepsy.

Abstract Objective Pediatric epilepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present a cumulative vulnerability to youth, particularly in the domains of executive function (EF) and quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between EF and epilepsy-specific QoL in youth with epilepsy (YWE) who also have ADHD. Methods Youth with epilepsy aged 5–18 years and caregivers participated in a large multi-site national validation of the PedsQL™ Epilepsy Modules. YWE and their caregivers were asked to complete measures of epilepsy-specific QoL, ADHD symptoms, and EF. Previous ADHD diagnosis was reported by caregivers as well as abstracted from the medical record. Results Caregiver and YWE reports of current ADHD symptoms significantly predicted all epilepsy-specific QoL domains. Suboptimal QoL was reported for those YWE whose ADHD symptoms were above the clinical threshold compared to YWE whose ADHD symptoms were within the average range. Results were similar for YWE with a documented ADHD vs no ADHD diagnosis. In addition, poorer metacognition and behavioral regulation EF was associated with lower epilepsy-specific QoL for both YWE with ADHD and without ADHD diagnosis. However, in YWE with ADHD, effect sizes were consistently larger for behavioral regulation compared to metacognition across epilepsy-specific QoL domains, with behavioral regulation accounting for 50% of the variance in each of the EF and mood QoL domains. Significance Addressing ADHD symptoms, epilepsy-specific, QoL, and EF as part of routine epilepsy care may promote optimal outcomes for YWE with ADHD as well as relieve burden on the healthcare system.
Global Corporations and Supply Chain Management

We end this book with two important corporate cases on supply chain management: Nike and Walmart. Both cases illustrate the struggles of large companies in their work to be profitable, global, and sensitive to poverty and environmental issues in the communities in which they operate.
Social and Environmental Issues

This chapter highlights social and environmental issues encountered by the local communities we live and work with. In their quest for better living conditions they are always confronted with issues such as tackling the need for improved energy services, through projects that involve social changes. Often technical projects don’t have the mandate and scope to address social and environmental issues, even though they are equally important for sustainable community development. Thus, the sustainable development and use of the local renewable energy resources, within a defined environmental and societal context, are an important part of the wider framework of a HCD project.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Appropriate for All Patients Requiring Chronic Right Ventricular Pacing: The Pro Perspective

Long-term right ventricular pacing has deleterious effects on the left ventricle (LV). The risk of pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy (PICM) seems to be lower in patients with a normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Patients developing PICM respond favorably to a cardiac resynchronization therapy upgrade, suggesting that the dysfunction is partially reversible. Biventricular pacing has emerged as a treatment and/or prevention of PICM. Cumulative pacing greater than 40% of the time is considered the most important risk factor for PICM. No organizational guidelines exist for preventive biventricular pacing. The decision to pursue biventricular pacing should be individualized.
Acetylhomoserine and methionine biosynthesis in Neurospora.

Abstract This communication reports several independent observations which suggest that O-acetylhomoserine is an intermediate in methionine biosynthesis in Neurospora. Indirect evidence has long implicated three unlinked genes (me-3, me-5, me-7) in a hypothetical series of reactions leading to the formation of cystathionine from homoserine and cysteine in Neurospora, but the metabolic defects associated with mutations in these genes have not been ascertained. It has now been shown that me-5 mutants, but not me-3 or me-7, will grow in the presence of O-acetylhomoserine. Second, when grown in the presence of methionine and labeled homoserine, me-5 mutants fail to accumulate two compounds which are formed by me-3, me-7, and wild type: O-acetylhomoserine, and a larger amount of 4-O-acetyl-2,4-dihydroxybutyrate. Third, me-5 mutants lack an enzyme catalyzing an exchange between labeled homoserine and O-acetylhomoserine.
Active-site structural comparison of streptococcal NADH peroxidase and NADH oxidase. Reconstitution with artificial flavins.

The apoproteins of the streptococcal NADH peroxidase (H2O2----2H2O) and NADH oxidase (O2----2H2O) stabilize the neutral forms of 6-hydroxy- and 6-mercapto-FAD, respectively. The redox behavior of the 6-hydroxy-FAD peroxidase closely mimics that of the native enzyme with both dithionite and NADH. Both oxidase and peroxidase preferentially stabilize the N(1)-protonated p-quinonoid species of 8-mercapto-FAD, and the 8-position of the bound flavin is accessible to solvent in both proteins. The 8-mercapto-FAD peroxidase yields an EH2 spectrum on reduction virtually identical to that seen with 8-mercapto-FAD glutathione reductase, but no distinct EH2.NADH form appears. The dramatic decreases in reactivity at the flavin 2- and 4-positions for both the peroxidase and the oxidase, assessed with the reconstituted 2- and 4-thio-FAD enzymes, suggest that these positions are buried by elements of both protein structures. Furthermore, reconstitution of the peroxidase with the higher potential 2- and 4-thioflavins yields enzyme forms which are fully reducible with 1.4 eq of NADH/FAD, giving rise to stable thio-FADH2.NAD+ complexes. This behavior closely mimics that of the native NADH oxidase and provides further evidence supporting the hypothesis that a major functional distinction between the two structurally related proteins is determined by the redox potential and/or NADH reactivity of the bound flavin coenzyme.
ESCRTing around the Cell

The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery comprises a set of interacting protein complexes first implicated in delivering proteins to the vacuole in yeast and subsequently found to act in forming the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that characterize the late endosomal multivesicular body (MVB) and in other cellular processes that share a common topology of budding away from the cytoplasm. More than a decade of work has defined the structural organization and overall function of this fascinating machinery. Much, however, remains to be learned about how ESCRTs choreograph cargo sorting, membrane deformation, and membrane scission at the MVB and how their function is harnessed to enable established roles in viral budding and cytokinesis. Recent discoveries continue to uncover additional and unexpected roles for ESCRTs around the cell; understanding these promises new insight into the capabilities of this remarkable machinery. In this article, we will briefly introduce the ESCRT machinery and then move around the cell to highlight both established and emerging functions.
Brain pathways controlling food intake and body weight.

Evidence has existed for more than 50 years in support of the hypothesis that body energy stored in the form of fat is homeostatically regulated. Implicit in this concept is the existence of a biological system that operates dynamically over time to match cumulative energy intake to energy expenditure. For example, to compensate for weight loss induced by energy restriction, animals must enter a period of positive energy balance (i.e., energy intake greater than energy expenditure) that is sustained for as long as it takes to correct the deficit in body fat stores. Having reached this point, the animal must return to a state of neutral energy balance if stable fat mass is to be maintained. The identification of neuronal circuits in the hypothalamus that, when activated, exert potent, unidirectional effects on energy balance provides a cornerstone of support for this model. The additional finding that these central effector pathways are regulated by humoral signals generated in proportion to body fat stores, including the hormones insulin and leptin, helps to round out the picture of how energy homeostasis is achieved. The goal of this overview is to highlight the evidence that specific subsets of hypothalamic neurons containing specific signaling molecules participate in this dynamic regulatory process, and to put these observations in the larger context of a biological system that controls body adiposity.
Late onset Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and pooled analysis.

AbstractBackground: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is a rare cause of prosthetic joint infection. The purpose of this study was to provide an evidence-based summarization of the outcomes of TB infection after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a pooled analysis of the reported cases. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of published studies that have evaluated the outcomes of prosthetic knee joint infections due to TB. A structured literature review of multiple databases referenced articles from January 1950 to July 2012. Results: A total of 15 patients were identified from 13 published studies. Tuberculosis was confirmed in all cases by histological examination and positive culture or histochemical stain/polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment consisted of anti-tuberculosis medication therapy (AMT) only in 2 patients, AMT plus debridement and retention of the arthroplasty in 5 patients, and AMT plus removal/exchange of the arthroplasty in 8 patients. The average follow-up after TB infection was ...
Benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. XXIII. Derivatives of 5,6‐dihydroxy‐3‐benzo[b] thienylacetic acid

A series of 5,6-disubstituted benzo[b]thiophenes have been synthesized for biological evaluation. These include analogs of tryptamine, melatonin and harmaline types, having hydroxy, methoxy, methoxymethyloxy, or isopropylidenedioxy groups at both the 5- and 6- positions. In order to synthesize these, the appropriate mercaptoguaiacols were prepared, and condensed with chloroacetoacetic esters to the 4-arylthioacetoacetic esters. Cyclization of these ketones was best accomplished when the free phenolic groups were masked by methoxymethyl groups. The benzo[b] thienylacetic esters were then converted to corresponding amides, reduced to tryptamine analogs, acetylated to melatonin analogs, and cyclized to harmaline analogs. N-Acetyltryptamine and 1-methylmelatonin were also synthesized for comparison. Preliminary bioassay results on the melatonin analogs, which showed activity, are reported.
Below‐threshold mortality: implications for studies in evolution, ecology and demography

Evolutionary biologists, ecologists and experimental gerontologists have increasingly used estimates of age-specific mortality as a critical component in studies of a range of important biological processes. However, the analysis of age-specific mortality rates is plagued by specific statistical challenges caused by sampling error. Here we discuss the nature of this ‘demographic sampling error’, and the way in which it can bias our estimates of (1) rates of ageing, (2) age at onset of senescence, (3) costs of reproduction and (4) demographic tests of evolutionary models of ageing. We conducted simulations which suggest that using standard statistical techniques, we would need sample sizes on the order of tens of thousands in most experiments to effectively remove any bias due to sampling error. We argue that biologists should use much larger sample sizes than have previously been used. However, we also present simple maximum likelihood models that effectively remove biases due to demographic sampling error even at relatively small sample sizes.
65-Year-Old Man With Persistent Fever

© 2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research A 65-year-old man was transferred to our institution for evaluation of fever. His symptoms included subjective fever, cough productive of creamy white sputum, and nasal congestion of 3 months’ duration. He denied dyspnea, hemoptysis, weight loss, or night sweats. Approximately 10 days before admission, he had been seen by his primary care physician for worsening of symptoms and was treated empirically with an undefined antibiotic. Subsequently, palpitations and severe fatigue developed, and the patient was admitted to a local hospital, where he was noted to be febrile and hypoxic with pulse oximetry readings in the high 80% range. Acute coronary syndrome was excluded, and ceftriaxone and moxifloxacin were initiated empirically. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest without intravenous contrast was performed. Compared with chest CT performed 4 years earlier, no new pulmonary infiltrate was evident; however, both the superior and the lateral aspect of the right hilum were more prominent than in the previous study and were suspicious for adenopathy. The patient was transferred to our institution approximately 2 days later for further evaluation. On admission, the patient’s main symptoms were fever, fatigue, palpitations, mild chest discomfort, cough, and nasal congestion. Findings on the rest of the systems review were unremarkable. The patient had a history of asthma, chronic sinusitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis, aspirin intolerance, nasal polyposis with multiple prior polypectomies, and benign prostatic hypertrophy. His medical regimen consisted of omeprazole, atorvastatin, doxazosin, irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide, montelukast, and fluticasone-salmeterol. His family history was notable for a sibling’s death due to lung cancer at age 28 years. On physical examination, the patient had a temperature of 37.9 °C, heart rate of 95 beats/min (regular), blood pressure of 149/74 mm Hg, respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min, and pulse oximetry of 94% while breathing 3 L of oxygen via nasal cannula. He appeared comfortable and had palpable anterior cervical chain and submandibular lymph nodes, jugular venous distension 3 cm above the clavicle, faint inspiratory crackles at both lung bases, and a grade 2/6 systolic murmur best heard at the apex. Findings on the rest of the physical examination were normal. Laboratory results are listed in the Table.
Resource protection for waterbirds in Chesapeake Bay

Many living resources in the Chesapeake Bay estuary have deteriorated over the past 50 years. As a result, many governmental committees, task forces, and management plans have been established. Most of the recommendations for implementing a bay cleanup focus on reducing sediments and nutrient flow into the watershed. We emphasize that habitat requirements other than water quality are necessary for the recovery of much of the bay's avian wildlife, and we use a waterbird example as illustration. Some of these needs are: (1) protection of fast-eroding islands, or creation of new ones by dredge deposition to improve nesting habitat for American black ducks(Anas rubripes), great blue herons(Ardea herodias), and other associated wading birds; (2) conservation of remaining brackish marshes, especially near riparian areas, for feeding black ducks, wading birds, and wood ducks(Aix sponsa); (3) establishment of sanctuaries in open-water, littoral zones to protect feeding and/or roosting areas for diving ducks such as canvasbacks(Aythya valisineria) and redheads(Aythya americana), and for bald eagles(Haliaeetus leucocephalus); and (4) limitation of disturbance by boaters around nesting islands and open-water feeding areas. Land (or water) protection measures for waterbirds need to include units at several different spatial scales, ranging from “points” (e.g., a colony site) to large-area resources (e.g., a marsh or tributary for feeding). Planning to conserve large areas of both land and water can be achieved following a biosphere reserve model. Existing interagency committees in the Chesapeake Bay Program could be more effective in developing such a model for wildlife and fisheries resources.
Structure of Acyl Carrier Protein Bound to FabI, the FASII Enoyl Reductase from Escherichia coli

Acyl carrier proteins play a central role in metabolism by transporting substrates in a wide variety of pathways including the biosynthesis of fatty acids and polyketides. However, despite their importance, there is a paucity of direct structural information concerning the interaction of ACPs with enzymes in these pathways. Here we report the structure of an acyl-ACP substrate bound to the Escherichia coli fatty acid biosynthesis enoyl reductase enzyme (FabI), based on a combination of x-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulation. The structural data are in agreement with kinetic studies on wild-type and mutant FabIs, and reveal that the complex is primarily stabilized by interactions between acidic residues in the ACP helix alpha2 and a patch of basic residues adjacent to the FabI substrate-binding loop. Unexpectedly, the acyl-pantetheine thioester carbonyl is not hydrogen-bonded to Tyr(156), a conserved component of the short chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily active site triad. FabI is a proven target for drug discovery and the present structure provides insight into the molecular determinants that regulate the interaction of ACPs with target proteins.
Practical aspects of chiral separations of pharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis I. Separation optimization

Capillary electrophoresis employing chiral selectors has been shown to be a useful analytical method to separate enantiomers. In our model system hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was used as chiral selector for the separation of racemic propranolol. Results are presented regarding the effect of different operational variables such as buffer pH, concentration of chiral selector, applied electric field and temperature on the chiral separation. Based on the experimental data, the operational variables were optimized to attain maximum resolving power with minimal analysis time.
Oscillometric investigation of precipitation and dissolution rates of sparingly soluble sulfates

Abstract The rate of formation of BaSO4, PbSO4, and SrSO4 from their supersaturated aqueous solutions have been followed oscillometrically by continuously recording the rate of decrease of conductance of the solution during precipitation. The sample is capacitance-coupled to the tank circuit of a commercially available oscillometer which resonates at 5 megacycles. Rates are reported as a function of temperature, agitation, and initial concentration of reagents. Initial rates of formation of the precipitates are measured continuously during the first few seconds of the precipitation by impressing the off-balance signal on a recorder. In order to follow precipitation and dissolution rates with the apparatus, it is necessary to choose systems which can be studied in the concentration region where the instrument is sensitive to changes in ionic concentration. In general, the results are in qualitative agreement with the diffusion theory, but the rates depend upon the order of addition of reagents in a manner which indicates that such factors as the electrokinetic potential at the solid surface are of considerable importance.
Evaluation of Digital Circuit-Level Variability in Inversion-Mode and Junctionless FinFET Technologies

In this paper, we develop an evaluation framework to assess variability in nanoscale inversion-mode (IM) and junctionless (JL) fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs) due to line edge roughness (LER) and random dopant fluctuation (RDF) for both six transistor (6T) static random access memory (SRAM) design and large-scale digital circuits. From a device-level perspective, JL FinFETs are severely impacted by process variations: up to 40% and 60% fluctuation in threshold voltage is observed from LER RDF. Conversely, results show that variability-induced shifts and broadening of timing and power in large-scale digital circuits are not significant and can be accommodated in the design budget. However, we find that LER has a large impact on static noise margin analysis of 6T SRAMs. Required Vccmin values for SRAMs using JL devices reach up to 2× those implemented in conventional IM technologies. The yield for JL SRAM is completely compromised in the presence of realistic levels of LER and RDF. Fortunately, the impact of variability is somewhat reduced with scaling for JL designs; both LER and RDF induce less variation for the 15-nm node compared with the 32-nm node. The observed reduction in Vccmin with technology scaling suggests that digital circuits implemented with JL FinFETs may eventually offer the same level of operability as those based on IM FinFETs, especially in the presence of circuit-level SRAM robustness optimizations.
Teaching to Facilitate the Transfer of Learning [Educator's Corner]

An amusing anecdote that is old (having appeared in Esquire and Reader's Digest over half a century ago) concerns a man who experienced severe motion sickness during train travel whenever he would ride backwards, i.e., sat facing the rear of the train; so he learned to exchange such a seat by requesting the passenger sitting opposite to him. When he got off the train very sick and nauseated one day, his friend receiving him at the train station asked what was wrong. He replied that he had been riding the train backwards. "Why didn't you ask the person sitting across from you to change seats with you?" asked his friend. "How could I," said the traveler, "There wasn't anybody in that seat."
Charge transfer of N 3 + ions in collisions with atomic hydrogen

Cross sections are calculated for the charge transfer of O/sup 3 +/ ions in collisions with hydrogen atoms. The cross sections are in satisfactory agreement with ion-trap measurements at energies near 2.5 eV and with ion-beam measurements between 40 eV and 5 keV. The calculated cross sections uniformly exceed the ion-beam values by about 25%. The discrepancy, if real, may be attributed to the presence of less reactive metastable ions in the beam. The theory demonstrates that the charge-transfer process results in the emission of visible and ultraviolet photons of specific wavelengths whose detection would serve as a diagnostic probe of the detailed mechanism by which charge transfer proceeds.
Denial of fear of dying or of death in young and elderly populations.

255 college students and 71 elderly persons answered 12 items about either death or dying which pertained either to the general case and people in general, or to themselves. If it is assumed that e...
The Geography of Compassion in Volunteer Tourism

Abstract Volunteer tourism is at the center of new concerns over the ethical consumption of tourism experiences. As one link in a broader chain of expansion of neoliberal moral economies in the West, volunteer tourism participants coproduce a ‘geography of compassion’ that maps onto the ‘Third World’ and the children who live there. Drawing on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Chiang Mai, Thailand, I examine the widespread sentiment that Thailand is an ideal starting point for international volunteer tourists who intend to seek out subsequent volunteer opportunities in Africa – where ‘real’ volunteer experiences are to be had. I also highlight the Third World child as the primary object of Western volunteer tourists’ benevolence. Finally, I examine the impetus and implications of these popular sentiments and argue that similar to the broader expansion of neoliberal moral economies, the geography of compassion in volunteer tourism is reflective of the larger – albeit inadvertent – depoliticization of ...
Syntax model games and language in early education

Some procedures for developing language skills in young children are set forth. These procedures, “syntax model games,” were developed with consideration for children's language development and their developmental styles, and a consideration for transformational-generative grammar. Through the syntax model games, participants inductively acquire language patterns through functional use in a playful setting. A purpose of the activities was to support more efficient and flexible use of language. In addition to discussing induction as a way of knowing language, this article deals with the contrast of understanding and using language, the relation of metalinguistic awareness, some processes of syntactic development, relevant aspects of transformational-generative grammar, and a detailing of some syntax model games that were used with several hundred children between 5 and 9 years of age.
Necessary measures: metric-driven information security risk assessment and decision making

Use measurable, reliable real-world metrics to improve information security decision making.
Observation of magnetophonon structure in degenerate n-InSb

Abstract We report the observation of magnetophonon structure in the transverse magnetoresistance of degenerate n-InSb at 77 K in a sample of concentration 7.5 × 1015 cm-3. The positions of the resistance maxima appear at higher magnetic fields than those found in pure (⪅1014 cm-3) samples.
Effect of metal ions on accumulation of arsenic in marine green algae, Dunaliella sp.

To investigate the effect of metal ions such as cobalt(II), copper(II), molybdenum(VI) and manganese(II) on the accumulation of arsenic in Dunaliella sp., the amount of arsenic accumulated in these algae was determined under coexistence of arsenic and the other metals by the hydridegeneration atomic absorption spectrometry method. Survival of Dunaliella sp. was inhibited by the addition of copper and cobalt in a solution containing arsenic. Copper and cobalt in the medium also inhibited the accumulation of arsenic in Dunaliella sp., and the amount of arsenic in the algae decreased with increase in the concentration of copper and cobalt. On the other hand, the amount of arsenic accumulated in Dunaliella sp. was found to be unaffected by manganese and molybdenum in the solution.
Nonlinear mechanics at the apex of the guinea-pig cochlea☆

Abstract A heterodyne laser interferometer was used to observe the sound-evoked displacement patterns of Reissner's membrane and various other structures in the apical turn of the guinea-pig cochlea. Most structures (including the basilar membrane) were similarly tuned, and had best frequencies in the 200–350Hz range. A distinct notch was usually observed ∼ 0.7 octaves above the best frequency, and amplitude- and phase-plateaus were observed at higher frequencies. In most other respects, however, the mechanical tuning resembled the frequency-threshold curves of low frequency cochlear nerve fibers. In five reasonably intact, in vivo preparations, the frequency of the mechanical sensitivity notch was intensity-dependent: Compressive nonlinearities were observed above ∼ 80 dB SPL on the low-frequency side of the notch, with antagonistically expansive nonlinearities on the high-frequency side. Two-tone suppression was observed in one of these preparations. Stimulus-related baseline position shifts were observed in another in vivo preparation. No such nonlinearities were observed in structurally damaged and/or > 1 hour post-mortem preparations. However, more robust nonlinearities were observed in all preparations at higher levels of stimulation (e.g. > 100–110 dB SPL). These high-level nonlinearities diminished only slowly after death, and gave rise to various effects, including time-dependent (i.e. adapting) and severely distorted (e.g. peak-split and/or dc-shifted) responses.
Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Four Minnesota Populations of Lake Whitefish: Utility as Species and Population Markers

Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on the mitochondria) DNA (mtDNA) of 33 lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis from four spawning populations in north-central Minnesota. Diagnostic differences between the RFLP patterns of mtDNA from lake whitefish and cisco C. artedi were useful in the identification of fresh fillets and fresh or frozen carcasses. However, mtDNA analysis was of little use for identification of lake whitefish populations because of the low diversity documented among study populations.
Health metrics for helminth infections.

Health metrics based on health-adjusted life years have become standard units for comparing the disease burden and treatment benefits of individual health conditions. The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) and the Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) are the most frequently used in cost-effect analyses in national and global health policy discussions for allocation of health care resources. While sometimes useful, both the DALY and QALY metrics have limitations in their ability to capture the full health impact of helminth infections and other ‘neglected tropical diseases’ (NTDs). Gaps in current knowledge of disease burden are identified, and interim approaches to disease burden assessment are discussed.
SEARCH FOR DIBARYON RESONANT STATES

A search for dibaryon resonant states was carried out in $p\ensuremath{-}p$ collisions at 5.0 BeV/c in the 80-in. Brookhaven bubble chamber. A total of \ensuremath{\sim}1400 events was measured and analyzed. We were not able to detect any effect which could be construed as being due to a dibaryon resonance. We observed the $Y_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{*}$ and the ${N}^{*++}$ resonance. We also observe the effect of the ${1688}^{*++}$ resonance in its ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{K}^{+}$ decay mode. Our data are consistent with the one-pion-exchange model.
On‐The‐Job Training For Instruction Librarians

I am concerned with the training of instruction librarians. By drawing attention to some of the differences between work at the reference desk and work in the classroom, I hope to show that the traditional on‐the‐job training for classroom instruction is both inappropriate and inadvisable. Alternative methods of training for library instruction will then be briefly assessed.
Successful Psychotherapy of Severe Emotional Disturbance in a Young Retarded Boy

Abstract We report on the development of a boy who at age 6 was diagnosed as having “an emotional form of retardation” and “psychosis” and follow it to adulthood. Initially untestable for IQ, he ultimately tested stably low in the mildly retarded range. At referral he showed severe deficiencies in ego development. He improved following several years of psychotherapy and concurrent casework with the parents. At age 27 he was still mildly retarded, but self-supporting and free of significant personality disabilities. This presentation both exemplifies the usefulness of psychotherapy and family casework in the treatment of a retarded child and strongly supports the growing reinvestment in mental retardation by psychiatry and child psychiatry.
Antiferromagnetic and Crystal Structures of Alpha‐Oxygen

X‐ray diffractometer data from polycrystalline samples of alpha‐oxygen frozen from the liquid are accounted for by a monoclinic structure: space group C2/m, b axis unique, a = 5.403±0.005, b = 3.429±0.003, c = 5.086±0.005 A; β = 132.53±0.04°; volume = 69.44 A3; calculated density = 1.530 g/cm3. The cell contains two molecules centered at the lattice points 000 and ½½0, which are symmetry centers. The atoms are at positions x, 0, z; x, 0, z; ½+x, ½, z; ½—x, ½, z, with x = 0.089±0.01, z=0.153±0.015. The nearest center‐to‐center distances between molecules is 3.20 A and the 0–0 bonds are found to be perpendicular to the ab plane within an experimental accuracy of a few degrees.The published neutron diffraction data, interpreted on the basis of the structure, imply that the antiferromagnetic structure consists of antiparallel moments at 000 and ½½0.
B7-2 Expressed on EL4 Lymphoma Suppresses Antitumor Immunity by an Interleukin 4–dependent Mechanism

For T cells to become functionally activated they require at least two signals. The B7 costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 provide the “second signal” pivotal for T cell activation. In this report, we studied the relative roles of B7-1 and B7-2 molecules in the induction of antitumor immunity to the T cell thymoma, EL4. We generated EL4 tumor cells that expressed B7-1, B7-2, and B7-1+B7-2 by transfecting murine cDNAs. Our results demonstrate that EL4–B7-1 cells are completely rejected in syngeneic mice. Unlike EL4–B7-1 cells, we find that EL4–B7-2 cells are not rejected but progressively grow in the mice. A B7-1– and B7-2–EL4 double transfectant was generated by introducing B7-2 cDNA into the EL4–B7-1 tumor line that regressed in vivo. The EL4–B7-1+B7-2 double transfectant was not rejected when implanted into syngeneic mice but progressively grew to produce tumors. The double transfectant EL4 cells could costimulate T cell proliferation that could be blocked by anti–B7-1 antibodies, anti–B7-2 antibodies, or hCTLA4 immunoglobulin, showing that the B7-1 and B7-2 molecules expressed on the EL4 cells were functional. In vivo, treatment of mice implanted with double-transfected EL4 cells with anti–B7-2 monoclonal antibody resulted in tumor rejection. Furthermore, the EL4–B7-2 and EL4–B7-1+B7-2 cells, but not the wild-type EL4 cells, were rejected in interleukin 4 (IL-4) knockout mice. Our data suggests that B7-2 expressed on some T cell tumors inhibits development of antitumor immunity, and IL-4 appears to play a critical role in abrogation of the antitumor immune response.
Impact of postantibiotic effect on bacterial adherence to vascular prostheses.

The brief exposure of bacteria to high antibiotic concentrations can result in prolonged suppression of bacterial growth termed postantibiotic effect (PAE). Apathogenic Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (RP-62) was exposed to 2× and 6× minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cefazolin, vancomycin, or rifampin for 1 hr and incubated for 2 to 24 hr in inhibitory-free broth. PAE was defined as the difference in time required for a 1.0 log increase in test (T) vs control (C) cultures (PAE = T - C). PAE was observed only for rifampin: 6 hr at 2× MIC and 8 hr at 6X MIC. Bacterial adherence to Dacron grafts was calculated in PAE vs control cultures by a quantitative culture technique for graft specimens incubated 2 to 24 hr. A demonstrable PAE and its impact on adherence were found to be both antimicrobial and concentration dependent. A significant decrease in staphylococcal adherence to velour-knitted Dacron was demonstrated by rifampin at 2X MIC (P < 0.05) and 6X MIC (P < 0.01). This phenomena may be useful in reducing bacterial adherence and colonization of bioprosthetics in the perioperative period. Preoperative suppression of staphylococcal skin flora by high dose antimicrobials can alter the capacity of these organisms to adhere to vascular prosthetic grafts and, if incorporated into antibiotic prophylaxis regimens, may reduce graft colonization.
PDGF stimulates transient phosphorylation of 180,000 dalton protein.

Cell-free extracts of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) treated, density-arrested, quiescent BALB/c-3T3 cells are capable of phosphorylating a 180,000 dalton protein (PP180). The phosphorylation of PP180 was observed in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of Nonidet P-40 solubilized cell preparations that had been incubated with [γ-32P]ATP. When quiescent BALB/c-3T3 cell cultures were incubated at 37°C with PDGF, phosphorylation of PP180 in cell extracts could be detected after a 3-min exposure of the intact cells to PDGF, which was maximal after 10–15 minutes and had diminished by 30–60 min. PDGF stimulation of PP180 phosphorylation also was observed in extracts of cells that had been incubated with PDGF at 4°C: however, in contrast to PDGF exposure at 37°C, the ability of cell extracts to phosphorylate PP180 did not decrease even after 4 hr of cell exposure to PDGF at 4°C. When cells exposed to PDGF at 4°C were transferred to 37°C for 30 min, the ability of cell extracts to phosphorylate PP180 decreased to a nonstimulated level. After cells stimulated by PDGF showed a diminished ability to phosphorylate PP180, immediate restimulation with PDGF did not induce the ability to phosphorylate PP180. Incubation for 11 hr at 37° C was required before readdition of PDGF allowed observable phosphorylation of PP180 in cell extracts, but maximum PDGF stimulation of the phosphorylation of PP180 was found after the cells were incubated for 24 hr in culture conditions. The amount of the stimulation PP180 phosphorylation was dependent on the concentration of PDGF. The stimulation of DNA synthesis by PDGF was correlated to the phosphorylation of PP180. This phosphorylation activity was not observed in extracts of cells that had been treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF), somatomedin C, insulin, plasma, or fibroblast growth factor (FGF). This novel experimental approach allows the investigation of a PDGF-stimulated phosphorylation activity in relation to the cell cycle and growth regulation.
Plasticity by martensite transformations in cobalt base metallic glasses

The possibility of mechanical coupling to applied stresses of martensitic transformations in Co80Nb14B6 and C084Nb10B6 metallic glasses reported by O'Handley and co-workers in the temperature range 295 to 473 and 513 K, respectively, was investigated. Since martensitic transformations strongly couple with externally applied shear stresses, internal friction scans and plastic resistance measurements in both tension and plane-strain compression were carried out in thermal cycles in the same temperature range, complemented with differential scanning calorimetry observations. No transformation plasticity was detected in these glasses as internal friction showed no peaks, DSC showed no heat evolution or absorption, and the temperature dependence of flow stress exhibited a monotonically decreasing behaviour.
Quantitative analysis of the secretome of TGF‐β signaling‐deficient mammary fibroblasts

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a master regulator of autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways between a tumor and its microenvironment. Decreased expression of TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) in stromal cells is associated with increased tumor metastasis and shorter patient survival. In this study, SILAC quantitative proteomics was used to identify differentially externalized proteins in the conditioned media from the mammary fibroblasts with or without intact TβRII. Over 1000 proteins were identified and their relative differential levels were quantified. Immunoassays were used to further validate identification and quantification of the proteomic results. Differential expression was detected for various extracellular proteins, including proteases and their inhibitors, growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins. CXCL10, a cytokine found to be up-regulated in the TβRII knockout mammary fibroblasts, is shown to directly stimulate breast tumor cell proliferation and migration. Overall, this study revealed hundreds of specific extracellular protein changes modulated by deletion of TβRII in mammary fibroblasts, which may play important roles in the tumor microenvironment. These results warrant further investigation into the effects of inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway in fibroblasts because systemic inhibition of TGF-β signaling pathways is being considered as a potential cancer therapy.
Lifetimes of Levels in A = 10 Nuclei

The Doppler-shift attenuation method was used to obtain the following mean lifetimes (in psec) for the indicated nuclear levels: $^{10}\mathrm{C}$(3.36), $\ensuremath{\tau}=0.155\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.025$; $^{10}\mathrm{B}$(3.59), $\ensuremath{\tau}=0.150\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$; $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$(3.37), $\ensuremath{\tau}=0.189\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020$; $^{10}\mathrm{B}$(2.15), $\ensuremath{\tau}={{2.7}_{\ensuremath{-}0.4}}^{+0.5}$. A limit of $\ensuremath{\tau}l30$ fsec is obtained for $^{10}\mathrm{B}$(1.74), which is a factor of 8 greater than, and therefore consistent with, the lifetime computed from the analog $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{10}\mathrm{C}$. Transition strengths obtained from the $^{10}\mathrm{B}$(2.15) and $^{10}\mathrm{B}$(3.59) lifetimes are in good agreement with the effective-interaction calculations of Cohen and Kurath, as modified by Warburton et al. The $^{10}\mathrm{C}$(3.36) and $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$(3.37) states decay by analog $E2$ transitions: ${2}^{+}$, $T=1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$, $T=1$, with ${T}_{z}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, whose strengths are well described by calculations of Kurath's for an effective charge ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n}={\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{p}=0.5$. An upper limit was obtained for the corresponding transition 5.17 \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 1.74 in $^{10}\mathrm{B}({T}_{z}=0)$ which is consistent (factor of 4 greater) with the analog strengths observed in the ${T}_{z}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ nuclei.
Evaluation of an algorithm for the automated sequential assignment of protein backbone resonances: A demonstration of the connectivity tracing assignment tools (CONTRAST) software package

The peptide sequential assignment algorithm presented here was implemented as a macro within the CONnectivity TRacing ASsignment Tools (CONTRAST) computer software package. The algorithm provides a semi- or fully automated global means of sequentially assigning the NMR backbone resonances of proteins. The program's performance is demonstrated here by its analysis of realistic computer-generated data for IIIGlc, a 168-residue signal-transducing protein of Escherichia coli [Pelton et al. (1991) Biochemistry, 30, 10043–10057]. Missing experimental data (19 resonances) were generated so that a complete assignment set could be tested. The algorithm produces sequential assignments from appropriate peak lists of nD NMR data. It quantifies the ambiguity of each assignment and provides ranked alternatives. A ‘best first’ approach, in which high-scoring local assignments are made before and in preference to lower scoring assignments, is shown to be superior (in terms of the current set of CONTRAST scoring routines) to approaches such as simulated annealing that seek to maximize the combined scores of the individual assignments. The robustness of the algorithm was tested by evaluating the effects of imposed frequency imprecision (scatter), added false signals (noise), missing peaks (incomplete data), and variation in userdefined tolerances on the performance of the algorithm.
Bandwidth enhancement of substrate integrated waveguide tunnels by longitudinal resonances

A new method to achieve wide pass-band characteristics on Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) tunnel section is presented. It will be shown that three in-band longitudinal resonant-modes can be excited from the waveguide-feed interaction due to the frequency dispersive nature of the effective permittivity in a waveguide. Such modes correspond to the Epsilon Near Zero (ENZ) mode, a half-wavelength mode, and one-wavelength mode. In this paper theoretical and experimental results are presented to validate the concept.
Tigrito: a high-affect virtual toy

This paper presents a short overview of Tigrito, a highaffect virtual toy where children observe and interact with emotive improvisational characters, which we built to study the sense of engagement and suspension of disbelief across different modes of interaction, and the affective relationship between children and a virtual toy.
State-of-the-art device in high voltage power ICs with lowest on-state resistance

High performance LDMOS of 600–800V Vbdss has been developed with PB (Pbody)_Extension RESURF scheme for smart power applications. This device design demonstrates the lowest specific on-state resistance against to the latest publications (40% improvement than triple RESURF, 65% improvement than double RESURF in JI LDMOSFET) in 600–800V families and breaks 1-D silicon limit. This technology also surpasses the performance in thin SOI technology, yet it uses the bulk Si material and less manufacturing processing steps.
Fundamental mode operation of a ribbon fiber laser by way of volume Bragg gratings

Selection of the fundamental mode of an active large mode area “ribbon” fiber laser with core dimensions of 107.8 μm by 8.3 μm was produced by a transmitting Bragg grating (TBG) in a free-space resonator. The multimode performance of the original laser was characterized to have an M2 of 11.3 with an absorbed power slope efficiency of 76%. With the TBG aligned to provide maximum diffraction efficiency for the fundamental mode, the M2 improved to 1.45 at an absorbed power slope efficiency of 54% and enhanced the brightness by 5.1 times.