cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NUCLEAR SINGLE-PARTICLE WAVE FUNCTIONS

An approximate single-particle nuclear wave function is derived by solving an appropriate single-particle Schr\"odinger equation in a Hartree approximation with two-body central forces. The result of the first iteration is obtained in analytic form by means of the Thomas approximation in analogy with the Hulth\'en deuteron function. Because the wave function exhibits the correct asymptotic form for large particle separation, while maintaining the expected smooth behavior at small separations, it obtains significant improvement in the accuracy of the normalization over previously used functions for light nuclei. Comparison is made with the single-particle momentum distribution of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ obtained from recent ($p, d$) pickup experiments, and applications to the analysis of various inelastic scattering processes are discussed.
The transient method applied to the methanation and Fischer-Tropsch reactions over a fused iron catalyst

In the reduction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen to methane on a commercial iron catalyst, a transient method was used to study the reaction intermediates at 250/sup 0/C and atmospheric pressure. When a stream of the reactant mixture (10% carbon monoxide in hydrogen) flowing over the catalyst in a steady state was suddenly changed to pure hydrogen, a surface intermediate was converted to methane at an initial rate higher than that at the steady state. The intermediate species was deactivated by a similar sudden change to helium. The reactivity of the reaction intermediate was much higher than that of carbon added to the catalyst by carburization by CO in argon. The results indicate that the surface of the active catalyst is covered mostly by a carbon intermediate, whose hydrogenation represents the rate-determining step. The bulk of the catalyst is Hagg carbide, Fe/sub 2/C.
Identification of Domains of the Human A1 Adenosine Receptor That Are Important for Binding Receptor Subtype-selective Ligands Using Chimeric A1/A2a Adenosine Receptors

To provide new insights into the regions of the human A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) involved in ligand binding, a series of chimeric human A1 and rat A1 adenosine receptors (A1/A1) were studied. Binding studies were initially performed on acutely transfected COS cells using fixed doses of the A1AR agonist [3H]CGS-21680, the A1AR agonist [3H]2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), and the A1AR antagonist [3H]8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). When the region of the A1AR from the amino terminus to the end of transmembrane (TM) 1 was replaced by the corresponding region of the A1AR (A1TM1/A1), [3H]CGS-21680 and [3H]CCPA binding was detectable. When an A1TM1-2/A1 construct was studied, [3H]CGS-21680 binding was lost and [3H] DPCPX binding appeared. Saturation studies using [3H]CCPA revealed that the A1TM1/A1 construct had low affinity. However, with the subsequent addition of A1AR TMs 2-4 receptor affinity improved markedly. Saturation studies using [3H]DPCPX also revealed that the TMs 1-4 of the A1AR conferred wild-type receptor affinity. When the ligand binding properties of A1TM1-4/A1, A1TM1-6/A1, and wild type A1AR constructs were directly compared, no differences were found using 10 different compounds. When truncated A1ARs that extended from the amino terminus to shortly after TM4 were examined, no binding was detectable suggesting that the amino half of the receptor alone is not sufficient for ligand binding. Collectively, these data suggest that the important determinants for A1AR agonist and antagonist binding and ligand specificity are present in TMs 1-4.
The human C3b receptor: function and role in human diseases.

The human C3b receptor (CR1) is a polymorphic glycoprotein which functions regulating the complement system by inhibiting the activation of C3 and CS, through its effect on their convertases, and serving as cofactor for factor I in mediating the degradation of C3b to its inactive fragment C3bi and further to C3d-g. The latter are then ligands for their respective receptors on leukocytes, CR3 and CR2. Additionally, CR1 on erythrocytes endows these cells with the capacity to deliver immune complexes (IC) to the reticuloendothelial system, resulting in their clearance from the circulation. On phagocytes, this receptor participates in the process of endocytosis of foreign particles. There is a wide inherited variation of CR1 expression on erythrocytes (CR1/E) of different individuals. Patients with diseases which feature elevated levels of IC, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, leprosy, and AIDS, have a marked decrease of CR1/E, which may result in an altered clearance. This reduction appears to be related to disease activity, and the most probable site for CR1/E loss is during the transfer of IC to macrophages. Healthy neutrophils increase tenfold their expression of CR1 in response to the effect of chemoattractant peptides. Neutrophils from patients with AIDS display an altered response to stimulation. This defect may be of relevance in the process of endocytosis.
Signatures of unfolding in the early stages of protein denaturation

A comparative study of the early stages of unfolding of five proteins: cyt c, c-b_(562), cyt c′, azurin, and lysozyme is reported. From crystallographic data, helical regions and intervening non-helical (or ‘turning’) regions are identified in each. Exploiting a previously introduced geometrical model, the paper describes quantitatively the stepwise extension of a polypeptide chain subject to the geometrical constraint that the spatial relationship among the residues of each triplet is fixed by native-state crystallographic data. Despite differences among the above-cited proteins, remarkable universality of behavior is found in the early stages of unfolding. At the very earliest stages, internal residues in each helical region have a common unfolding history; the terminal residues, however, are extraordinarily sensitive to structural perturbations. Residues in non-helical sections of the polypeptide unfold after residues in the internal helical regions, but with increasing steric perturbation playing a dominant role in advancing denaturation.
A Generalized Polynomial Estimation of P-P And P-SV AVO Coefficients

As multi-component seismic surveys become more prevalent, it would be advantageous to apply consistent analysis methods to both P-P and P-SV datasets. Traditional P-wave AVO studies employ a linearized twoterm approximation of the Zoeppritz equations in order to extract a constant and the coefficient for a sin term via linear regression. No such linear convenience exists for converted-wave AVO studies, where an analogue approximation contains a sin and a sin term. (Ramos & Castagna, 2001) Since this P-SV AVO equation cannot be readily transformed for linear regression, a polynomial fit must be employed. A generalized AVO equation is proposed of the form:
ADAPTIVE LEARNING vs. EQUILIBRIUM REFINEMENTS IN AN ENTRY LIMIT PRICING GAME

Signalling models are studied using experiments and adaptive learning models in an entry limit pricing game. Even though high cost monopolists never play dominated strategies, the easier it is for other players to recognise that these strategies are dominated, the more likely play is to converge to the undominated separating equilibrium and the more rapidly limit pricing develops. This is inconsistent with the equilibrium refinements literature (including Cho-Kreps’ intuitive criterion) and pure (Bayesian) adaptive learning models. An augmented adaptive learning model in which some players recognise the existence of dominated strategies and their consequences predicts these outcomes.
Report of the American Academy of Nursing Child-Family Expert Panel: Identification of quality and outcome indicators for maternal child nursing

Abstract Core values and assumptions regarding child health care are identified. Concepts that are generalized across settings are defined. The dimensions of care involve the child, the family, the system, and the community. The Child-Family Expert Panel will continue to work within specialties on standards, processes, and outcomes. Nurs Outlook 2002;50:57-60.
Placenta-derived chymotrypsin-like protease (CLP) disturbs endothelial junctional structure in preeclampsia.

Placenta-derived chymotrypsin-like protease may contribute to endothelial activation in preeclampsia. In this study, we determined if placenta-derived chymotrypsin-like protease could disturb endothelial junctional integrity to promote endothelial permeability in preeclampsia. Confluent endothelial cells were cocultured with placental trophoblasts or treated with preeclampsia placenta-conditioned medium. Endothelial junction protein vascular endothelial cadherin expression and distribution were examined by fluorescent staining of endothelial cells with or without depletion of chymotrypsin. The association of endothelial cell junction protein complex VE-cadherin/β-catenin/p120 was examined by a combined immuno-precipitation and immuno-blotting assay. Our results showed that endothelial cells cocultured with preeclampsia trophoblasts or exposed to preeclampsia placental conditioned medium exhibited a discontinuous distribution and reduced expression of vascular endothelial cadherin at cell contact regions. ...
The effects of food restriction in man on hepatic metabolism of acetaminophen.

Abstract Background: Recent reports have suggested that food deprivation may contribute to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by shunting drug detoxification from the conjugative to the potentially toxic oxidative pathways. Methods: This study assessed this concept in a prospective study of food restriction of 500 calories/day over 5 days and also of 1000 calories/day over 13 days. Obese, otherwise normal, individuals received 2 g acetaminophen orally at the start and again after food restriction. Sequential liver tests, as well as serum and urine acetaminophen and its derivatives were measured. Results: In both food-restricted groups there was no evidence of any change in the elimination or in the metabolic pattern of acetaminophen removal. Liver tests remained normal. The average weight loss was about 6 pounds. Conclusions: Our data, with this brief, but major degree of food restriction, and this load of acetaminophen (half-maximal daily dose), do not demonstrate an effect of caloric restriction on acetaminophen disposition.
HINODE/XRT AND STEREO OBSERVATIONS OF A DIFFUSE CORONAL 'WAVE'-CORONAL MASS EJECTION-DIMMING EVENT

We report on observations of the first diffuse coronal wave detected by Hinode/XRT. The event occurred near the west solar limb on 2007 May 23, originating from active region (AR) 10956 and was associated with a coronal mass ejection (CME) and coronal dimmings. The bright emission forming the coronal wave expanded predominantly to the east and south of the AR. We use X-Ray Telescope (XRT) and STEREO Behind (B) data combined with a potential magnetic field extrapolation to derive an understanding of the global magnetic field connectivity. We attribute the brightening to the east of the AR to compression and channeling of the plasma along large-scale loops. The brightening to the south of the AR expands across the quiet Sun, making the southern component a likely candidate for identification as a diffuse coronal wave. We analyze the bright front in STEREO/EUVI (B) 171, 195, and 284 A images, as well as in XRT data, finding the strongest components to be largely cospatial in all bandpasses. We also exploit the near-limb location of this event by combining STEREO/COR1 and Extreme Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope (EUVI) data. Using all the data, we derive a full picture of the low-coronal development of the eruption.more » The COR1 data show that the southernmost outer edge of the CME is progressively displaced southward during the expansion. EUVI data below the COR1 occulting disk show that the CME is significantly distorted in the low corona as a result of the associated filament eruption. The core coronal dimmings map to the core of the CME; the secondary coronal dimmings map to the CME cavity; and the diffuse coronal wave maps to the outermost edge of the expanding CME shell. The analysis of this near-limb event has important implications for understanding earlier eruptions originating from the same AR on 2007 May 16, 19, and 20.« less
Spatially resolved rotational and vibrational temperatures of a neutral nitrogen molecule in the ICP

Abstract Temperature measurements for neutral nitrogen molecule in the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) were obtained from the emission spectra of the N2 second positive bands by using a medium resolution monochromator. The rotational temperature, estimated from the half-widths of the over-all band profile, was approximately 4000 K around the observation height of 70 mm, which was substantially higher than that of OH, 2000 K. Detailed considerations on the energy balance in the plasma suggested that the energies gained by nitrogen molecules through collisions with electrons were lost by heat conduction in the radial direction. The spatial distribution of N2 band emission intensity and vibrational temperature showed the significance of air entrainment from the surrounding atmosphere at higher positions in the ICP.
Idiotype-mediated neutralization of factor VIII inhibitor antibodies

Inhibitory alloantibodies against factor VIII (FVIII) develop in up to a third of patients with severe hemophilia A who undergo cofactor replacement therapy. Autoantibodies to FVIII can also arise in the general population, for example in the elderly and in postpartum women. Clinical management of
Effects of Pictures and Picturability on Sentence Verification by Aphasic and Nonaphasic Subjects

Ten aphasic and ten non-brain-damaged subjects were asked to judge the truth or falsity of spoken comparative sentences. In one condition, pictures which contained the items being compared were pre...
Genetics of the Costello syndrome

Although Costello syndrome is considered to be an autosomal recessive disorder, review of 20 families demonstrated that the 37 sibs of the probands were all normal. In 6 families on whom pedigrees were not available, 2 affected sib-pairs were born. Even if there were no normal offspring in these latter families, the occurrence of the Costello syndrome in only 2 of 39 sibs virtually excludes an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern (P = 0.999). Moreover, a significant increase of mean paternal age (38.0 yr) and paternal-maternal age difference (7.36 yr) suggests sporadic autosomal dominant mutations as a likely cause. The 2 reported cases of affected sibs born to healthy parents may be explained by gonadal mosaicism, although heterogeneity with a small proportion of recessively inherited cases cannot be excluded.
Detection Of Laser Pulses By Generation Of Surface Acoustic Waves

A detector consisting of a piezoelectric substrate with periodically spaced, thin-film absorber strips on its surface for generation of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) is described. Various modes of operation of the absorber of the incident radiation are considered. Use of the detector for detection of wavelength and angle of arrival of the incident radiation is discussed. Results are given of tests of a detector (25 MHz) with a CO2 , a Nd:YAG, and a ruby laser. A qualitative analysis of the detector is made, explaining the observed variation of the detector response to laser pulses of identical energy. The rise time, tr , is found to be an important parameter. For good performance the periodicity of the absorber must be selected so the frequency of the SAW is considerably less than 1/tr . On the basis of an experimental comparison with pyroelectric detectors, and theoretical predictions of improved performance by changes in the detector design, it is predicted that the detector will provide better detection of nanosecond CO2 laser pulses than that provided by other room-temperature thermal detectors.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two C—P Lyase Operons in Pseudomonas stutzeri and Their Roles in the Oxidation of Phosphonates, Phosphite, and Hypophosphite

ABSTRACT DNA sequencing and analysis of two distinct C—P lyase operons in Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88 were completed. The htxABCDEFGHIJKLMN operon encodes a hypophosphite-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (HtxA), whereas the predicted amino acid sequences of HtxB to HtxN are each homologous to the components of the Escherichia coli phn operon, which encodes C—P lyase, although homologs of E. coli phnF and phnO are absent. The genes in the htx operon are cotranscribed based on gene organization, and the presence of the intergenic sequences is verified by reverse transcription-PCR with total RNA. Deletion of the htx locus does not affect the ability of P. stutzeri to grow on phosphonates, indicating the presence of an additional C—P lyase pathway in this organism. To identify the genes comprising this pathway, a Δhtx strain was mutagenized and one mutant lacking the ability to grow on methylphosphonate as the sole P source was isolated. A ca.-10.6-kbp region surrounding the transposon insertion site of this mutant was sequenced, revealing 13 open reading frames, designated phnCDEFGHIJKLMNP, which were homologous to the E. coli phn genes. Deletion of both the htx and phn operons of P. stutzeri abolishes all growth on methylphosphonate and aminoethylphosphonate. Both operons individually support growth on methylphosphonate; however, the phn operon supports growth on aminoethylphosphonate and phosphite, as well. The substrate ranges of both C—P lyases are limited, as growth on other phosphonate compounds, including glyphosate and phenylphosphonate, was not observed.
Invention in Guy Davenport's Da Vinci's Bicycle

(1981). Invention in Guy Davenport's Da Vinci's Bicycle. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 71-87.
Facilitation between herons and smallmouth bass foraging on common prey

Understanding how multiple predators affect one another and their shared prey is an increasingly important goal for ecologists examining predator–prey dynamics and food-web structure. In a field experiment, we examined the outcome of interactions between terrestrial and freshwater predators foraging for the same prey in two temperate North American streams. We used a factorial design to examine the combined foraging effects of herons and smallmouth bass on striped shiners and central stonerollers. We found that there was facilitation between the two predators, resulting in risk-enhancement for the prey species, with particularly pronounced effects on the smallest (<70 mm) size classes. Facilitation is the least well-documented predator–predator interaction and has not been quantitatively demonstrated for freshwater and terrestrial predators. Our results indicate that bass may gain a net benefit from the presence of wading birds such as herons and egrets, and that concerns about the negative effects of birds on fish stocks through competition may be unwarranted.
Modeling and uncertainty quantification of motion of lung tumors for image guided radiation therapy

Target localization is a key issue in the image guided radiation therapy procedures for treating tumors in thorax and abdomen. Breathing induced tumor motion necessitates larger margins during radiation therapy planning which may be harmful for healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. Large sampling time in data acquisition and latencies involved in real time imaging systems and tracking system pose a significant challenge to target localization. A framework based on pulmonary mechanics is developed to predict and precisely track the breathing induced motion of lung tumor to direct the tracking system to an estimated position instead of an observed one. A hybrid approach based on the correlation of real-time imagery data of internal markers and easy to measure external respiratory signals like flow readings etc, is proposed to support dynamic radiation therapy procedures. Issues related to reliability of proposed model predictions in the presence of parametric uncertainty are explored using Polynomial Chaos Expansion.
An econometric study on the dynamics of urban spatial structure

Abstract Using data on 43 randomly selected census tracts for each of 39 U.S. cities in 1970, we present a comprehensive econometric analysis of a varying parameter density gradient (VCM) model in which the functional form, together with the variance components of an implied error structure, is freely estimated. We generalize a recent model of Johnson and Kau in which certain city- and tract-specific socioeconomic variables are introduced to depict the dynamic process of urban growth. Since these variables can be either controlled by policy actions or projected on the basis of time, we reexamine the usefulness of VCM framework for both forecasting and policy simulation purposes.
Real-Time, Open-Loop Estimation of Disturbance Inputs to a Quarter-Car Model

A real-time open-loop estimator is proposed for predicting the dynamic road input and the external force acting on a quarter-car vehicle. This estimate is achieved using only two acceleration measurements as inputs to the estimator; one each on the sprung and unsprung masses. The proposed method is differentiated from current disturbance accommodating control and bilinear observers. A description of the quarter-car model and the experimental test rig is given. Using the acceleration measurements from the quarter-car test rig, LTI model parameters were optimized for use in the estimator. The measured and estimated tire disturbance input, disturbance input velocity, and dynamic tire force signals are compared between simulated and experimental tests. The results show that the open loop observer provides estimates of the tire disturbance velocity and dynamic tire normal force with acceptable error.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Comorbidity Considerations in Geriatric Oncology Research

Although it is generally acknowledged that comorbidity has a significant impact on treatment selection and outcomes for elderly patients with cancer, an understanding of how comorbid conditions should influence clinical decisions is quite incomplete. This issue remains an important and challenging area of geriatric oncology research. Measures of comorbidity require recognition, documentation, and accurate data extraction. Extensive prospective evaluations and medical chart reviews have the greatest reliability but are costly. Administrative data are convenient and applicable to large populations, but suffer from relatively poor reliability and therefore should be used with caution. Perhaps in the future more refined nosology and better information systems will improve our understanding and ability to use administrative data sets to study comorbidity in the elderly—the eventual goal of such investigation being evidence-based criteria for care of elderly cancer patients.
The Systemic Failure of General Circulation Climate Models: A Tribute to S. Fred Singer

Observed trends in global surface air temperature depart significantly from those predicted by the ensemble of models used in the Fifth Assessment Report of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. An alternative paradigm, where lower rates of warming are predicted, has emerged in the last three years. Here we test the hypotheses put forth by those models and document the alternative that is likely more consistent with observations.
Our Moral Consciousness

Reciprocity, driven by the tug-and-pull of ego and empathy, shapes our entire social lives. Our social lives are a panoramic expression of give-and-take, social exchange of myriad forms.
Characterization and Relatedness of Marine Vibrios Pathogenic to Fish: Physiology, Serology, and Epidemiology

Cultural characteristics and serological relationships of pathogenic marine vibrios isolated from fish in the Pacific Northwest were studied. These organisms were compared with cultures of Vibrio anguillarum, a known fish pathogen. On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, the Pacific Northwest strains of Vibrio were found to be closely related to V. anguillarum. Serological analyses of thermostable antigens served to distinguish three serotypes among the vibrios. Serotype 1 was composed of organisms isolated from Northwest salmonids; serotype 2 of strains of V. anguillarum from European waters; and serotype 3 of organisms isolated from Pacific herring. The epidemiology of vibrio disease among populations of fish in the Pacific Northwest is discussed.
Cross Species Expression Analysis using a Dirichlet Process Mixture Model with Latent Matchings

Recent studies compare gene expression data across species to identify core and species specific genes in biological systems. To perform such comparisons researchers need to match genes across species. This is a challenging task since the correct matches (orthologs) are not known for most genes. Previous work in this area used deterministic matchings or reduced multidimensional expression data to binary representation. Here we develop a new method that can utilize soft matches (given as priors) to infer both, unique and similar expression patterns across species and a matching for the genes in both species. Our method uses a Dirichlet process mixture model which includes a latent data matching variable. We present learning and inference algorithms based on variational methods for this model. Applying our method to immune response data we show that it can accurately identify common and unique response patterns by improving the matchings between human and mouse genes.
WRITING META-ANALYTIC REVIEWS

This article describes what should typically be included in the introduction, method, results, and discussion sections of a meta-analytic review. Method sections include information on literature searches, criteria for inclusion of studies, and a listing of the characteristics recorded for each stud
Quasi-Particles in Atomic Shell Theory

A new scheme is described for defining and classifying the states of the electronic configurations l$^{N}$. The spaces for which the spin orientation is either up or down are both factored into two parts. Each of these parts (distinguished by a symbol $\theta $) corresponds to the irreducible representation ($\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}\ldots \frac{1}{2}$) of the rotation group R$\_{\theta}$(2l+1). The generators for this group are constructed from quasi-particle creation and annihilation operators. The angular momentum quantum numbers l$\_{\theta}$ arising from the decomposition of ($\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}\ldots \frac{1}{2}$) into representations of R$_{\theta}$(3) can be used to couple the four parts together. No ambiguities arise when l < 9, thereby giving a very satisfactory coupling scheme. No coefficients of fractional parentage (c.f.p.) are required in the calculation of matrix elements. Simple explanations are given for some null c.f.p. and for some repeated eigenvalues of an operator that had previously been used to classify the states of g$^{N}$.
Manual Therapy: A Critical Assessment of Role in the Profession of Physical Therapy

Interest in manual therapy appears to continue to grow among physical therapy clinicians and educators throughout the world even though the underlying concepts and techniques have not been justified by a knowledge base. The purposes of this article are to critically assess the role of manual therapy within the physical therapy profession and to provide an introduction to the other articles in this special issue. Eisner's model of explicit, implicit, and null curricula is used as a framework for our analysis and our discussion of manual therapy. The explicit area of manual therapy includes discussions of the definition and the role of manual therapy, the scientific rationale for manual therapy, and manual therapy in education and a comparison of manual therapy evaluative frameworks. The implicit area deals with the role of clinical decision making and critical thinking in manual therapy in education and rehabilitation. In the null (unaddressed) area of manual therapy, we suggest directions for future development and research.
Earthquakes and lineament infrastructure

‘A further result attending to the disturbances of the surface of the earth has been to produce rents or fissures in the rocks which have been subject to their violent movements, and to convert them into receptacles of metallic ores accessible by the labours of men .’ (Reverend William Buckland Geology and mineralogy with reference to natural theology . London: William Pickering (1836).) Analyses of the nucleation, propagation and stopping of moderate to large earthquake ruptures, coupled with high-precision studies of background and aftershock microearthquake activity, are yielding insights into the infrastructure of major transcurrent fault zones within the seismogenic regime. Curvature and echelon segmentation of a principal slip surface within a ca . 1 km wide main fault zone appear to exert major controls on the starting and stopping of ruptures. Geometrical irregularities of this kind, transverse to the direction of rupture propagation, may be usefully classified into dilational and antidilational jogs, referring to the area change in the plane defined by the slip vector and the pole to planar segments of the fault. Extensional fracture systems linking echelon fault segments across dilational jogs allow long-term transfer of fault slip, but appear to play an especially important role as kinetic barriers impeding or arresting rapid rupture propagation. In fluid-saturated crust the rapid transfer of slip is opposed by suctions arising from rupture-induced differential fluid pressures. Delayed slip transfer, delineated by intense aftershock activity, may then occur as fluid pressures re-equilibrate. Fossil examples of such linking extensional fracture systems are characterized by multi-episode hydraulic implosion breccias. Dilational zones of this kind may migrate along faults or remain fixed for relatively long time periods. They serve as particularly favourable sites for hydrothermal mineralization and may also localize magmatic activity along major lineaments.
Synthesis of β‐Lactones and Alkenes via Thiol Esters: (E)‐2,3‐Dimethyl‐3‐Dodecene

Synthesis of β-lactones and alkenes via thiol esters: (E)-2,3-dimethyl-3-dodecene reactant: 45.0 g (0.17 mol) of S-phenyl decanoate intermediate: β-lactone product: (E)-2,3-dimethyl-3-dodecene solvent: petroleum ether (Mallinkrodt Inc., bp 35–60°C) Keywords: alkylation, C-alkylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[4]; cyclization, condensation; decarboxylation; elimination, miscellaneous; stereoselective reactions, stereospecific; assay methods, for butyllithium, with 2-butanol, menthol, 2-pentanol, or 2-propanol, 1,10-phenanthroline indicator; diisopropylamine; pyridine; tetrahydrofuran
Physically realistic fault models for analog CMOS neural networks

A general methodology for the development of physically realistic fault models for VLSI neural networks is presented. The derived fault models are explained and characterized in detail. The application of this methodology to an analog CMOS implementation of fixed-weight (i.e., pretrained), binary-valued neural networks is reported. It is demonstrated that these techniques can be used to accurately evaluate defect sensitivities in VLSI neural network circuitry. It is also shown that this information can be used to guide the design of circuitry which fully utilizes a neural network's potential for defect tolerance. >
Cancer complementary and alternative medicine research at the US national cancer institute

The United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) supports complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research which includes different methods and practices (such as nutrition therapies) and other medical systems (such as Chinese medicine). In recent years, NCI has spent around $120 million each year on various CAM-related research projects on cancer prevention, treatment, symptom/side effect management and epidemiology. The categories of CAM research involved include nutritional therapeutics, pharmacological and biological treatments, mind-body interventions, manipulative and body based methods, alternative medical systems, exercise therapies, spiritual therapies and energy therapies on a range of types of cancer. The NCI Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM) supports various intramural and extramural cancer CAM research projects. Examples of these cancer CAM projects are presented and discussed. In addition, OCCAM also supports international research projects.
A general approach for determining 3D motion and structure of multiple objects from image trajectories

Presents a general approach to determine the 3D motion and structure of multiple objects undergoing arbitrary motions. We segment the scene based on 3D motion parameters. First, the general motion model is fitted to each single trajectory. For this nonlinear fitting, initial estimates are obtained by a linear multiple-motion SFM (structure from motion) algorithm using the first two frames. Next, trajectories are clustered into groups corresponding to different moving objects. In our approach, discontinuous trajectories, resulting from occlusion, are also allowed. Finally, multiple trajectory fitting is applied to each trajectory group to improve the estimates further. Our simulation results show that the proposed method is robust. >
Do metropolitan HIV epidemic histories and programs for people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men predict AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals

Abstract Purpose We focus on a little-researched issue—how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics and programs in key populations in metropolitan areas affect epidemics in other key populations. We consider (1) How are earlier epidemics among people who inject drugs (PWID) and men who have sex with men (MSM) related to later AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals?; (2) Were prevention programs targeting PWID or MSM associated with lower AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals?; and (3) Was the size of the potential bridge population of noninjecting drug users (NIDUs) in a metropolitan area associated with later AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals? Methods Using data for 96 large U.S. metropolitan areas, Poisson regression assessed associations of population prevalences of HIV-infected PWID and MSM (1992); NIDU population prevalence (1992–1994); drug use treatment coverage for PWID (1993); HIV counseling and testing coverage for MSM and for PWID (1992); and syringe exchange presence (2000) with CDC data on AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals in 2006–2008, with appropriate socioeconomic controls. Results Population density of HIV+ PWID and of NIDUs were positively related, and prevention programs for PWID negatively related to later AIDS incidence among heterosexuals and later mortality among heterosexuals living with AIDS. HIV+ MSM population density and prevention programs for MSM were not associated with these outcomes. Conclusions Efforts to reduce HIV transmission among PWID and NIDUs may reduce AIDS and AIDS-related mortality among heterosexuals. More research is needed at metropolitan area, network, and individual levels into HIV bridging across key populations and how interventions in one key population affect HIV epidemics in other key populations.
MULTISCALE MODELING OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA SWARMING

Experiments have shown that wild type P. aeruginosa swarms much faster than rhlAB mutants on 0.4% agar concentration surface. These observations imply that development of a liquid thin film is an important component of the self-organized swarming process. A multiscale model is presented in this paper for studying interplay of key hydrodynamical and biological mechanisms involved in the swarming process of P. aeruginosa. This model combines a liquid thin film equation, convection–reaction–diffusion equations and a cell-based stochastic discrete model. Simulations demonstrate how self-organized swarming process based on the microscopic individual bacterial behavior results in complicated fractal type patterns at macroscopic level. It is also shown that quorum sensing mechanism causing rhamnolipid synthesis and resulting liquid extraction from the substrate lead to the fast swarm expansion. Simulations also demonstrate formation of fingers (tendrils) at the edge of a swarm which have been earlier observed in...
Zap: automated theorem proving for software analysis

Automated theorem provers (ATPs) are a key component that many software verification and program analysis tools rely on. However, the basic interface provided by ATPs (validity/satisfiability checking of formulas) has changed little over the years. We believe that program analysis clients would benefit greatly if ATPs were to provide a richer set of operations. We describe our desiderata for such an interface to an ATP, the logics (theories) that an ATP for program analysis should support, and present how we have incorporated many of these ideas in Zap, an ATP built at Microsoft Research.
Predicting Creative Problem-Solving in Math From a Dynamic System Model of Creative Problem Solving Ability

Six attributes of creative problem-solving ability were investigated as predictors of creative problem solving ability in math. A total of 409 Taiwanese fifth and sixth graders were administered the recently developed Creative Problem Solving Attributes Inventory and other corresponding established instruments that measure similar attributes. The Creative Problem Solving Attributes Inventory yielded valid and reliable data on creative problem solving attributes. Results also demonstrated that divergent thinking and domain specific knowledge and skills directly predicted math problem-solving ability, whereas divergent thinking, convergent thinking, motivation, general knowledge and skills, and environment indirectly predicted math problem solving ability. Implications for nurturing creative problem solving ability and limitations of the study are discussed.
Rate of fall in blood glucose and recurrent hypoglycemia affect glucose dynamics and noradrenergic activation in the ventromedial hypothalamus

Noradrenergic activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is increased and activates a sympathoadrenal response during hypoglycemia. How the rate at which hypoglycemia develops affects local gl...
Mild Generation of o-Quinone Methides. Synthesis of (-)-Hexahydrocannabinol and Dihydrocannabidiol

Abstract (-)-Hexahydrocannabinol 7 was synthesized enantioselectively under mild conditions through the ortho quinone methide mediated cyclization of the adduct of R-(+)-citronellal and the bisethoxyethyl ether of olivetol. The conditions enabled the ene product, 1, 2-dihydrocannabidiol 6, to be isolated as well.
Can-In-Canister Alternative for Vitrification of Surplus Weapons Plutonium: Overview of Thermal Issues

One option for the long-term disposition of excess weapons plutonium involves vitrification, which entails combining the plutonium with radioactive high-level wastes and glass frit in a melter and then filling small stainless steel “cans” with the molten mixture. Several of these cans are then placed on a “rack” within larger stainless steel canisters, which are subsequently filled with molten high-level waste glass (HLWG) for security against theft. This disposition alternative is referred to as the “Can-in-Canister” option [1]. Of particular concern is the ability of the molten HLWG to flow around the Pu-cans and their support structure to form a proliferation barrier. The canister filling process is investigated experimentally using room temperature model fluids as well as molten HLWG surrogates. Also, analytical results obtained from thermal models and detailed simulations show the role of heat transfer on the temperature distribution within the HLWG, and consequently on the strongly temperature dependent viscosity of the HLWG and its ability to flow and fill the canister.
T cell engineering as therapy for cancer and HIV: our synthetic future

It is now well established that the immune system can control and eliminate cancer cells. Adoptive T cell transfer has the potential to overcome the significant limitations associated with vaccine-based strategies in patients who are often immune compromised. Application of the emerging discipline of synthetic biology to cancer, which combines elements of genetic engineering and molecular biology to create new biological structures with enhanced functionalities, is the subject of this overview. Various chimeric antigen receptor designs, manufacturing processes and study populations, among other variables, have been tested and reported in recent clinical trials. Many questions remain in the field of engineered T cells, but the encouraging response rates pave a wide road for future investigation into fields as diverse as cancer and chronic infections.
Novel way for correcting breast attenuation in myocardial perfusion imaging: Converting non-unifom breast in to uniform one

2532 Objectives Attenuation caused by breast often results in artifacts in myocardial perfusion imaging and either interpretation is made around this artifact or correction is performed using CT or Gd transmission maps. We hypothesize that the attenuation artifacts can be reduced by converting non uniform attenuation caused by breast into a more uniform one by filling in the space around the breasts with material having properties similar to the breast attenuation. To test this hypothesis the following study using phantoms was performed. Methods Using 0.750mCi of 99m TcO4 in a myocardial phantom in a water filled anthropomorphic chest phantom SPECT images were obtained for three different configurations: (1) without breast attenuators; (2) with breast attenuators in orthotopic positions (creating a non uniform attenuation); (3) with breast attenuators in orthotopic positions plus and saline bags between the breasts (to make a more uniform attenuation). Experiments were repeated thrice. Experiments were repeated with a defect in the anterior wall.The images were reconstructed using Astonish(Phillips) and displayed using autoquant. Qualitative assessment was performed. Results As expected phantoms without breast attenuators showed lateral wall more photon intense than the septum. When breast attenuator were placed orthotopically the lateral was less intense than septum. In acquisition where the saline bags were placed in between the breast attenuators the lateral wall and septum became more isointense than with breasts without added attenuation. The defect introduced was visualized in all the three acquisitions. Conclusions The qualitative analysis in a phantom study showed that effects of breast attenuation can be reduced by turning the non uniform attenuation into a more uniform one.
Joint composite detection and Bayesian estimation: A Neyman-Pearson approach

The paper considers the composite detection problem where both detection and parameter estimation are of primary interest. Based on a Neyman-Pearson type of formulation, our goal is to find the joint detector and estimator that minimizes a decision-dependent Bayesian estimation risk subject to the detection error probability constraints. The optimal joint solution not only yields lower Bayesian estimation risk compared to the conventional method, which combines the likelihood ratio test and the Bayesian estimator in sequence, but also allows for flexible tradeoff between the detection performance and the estimation accuracy.
Study of Wirebonding on Thin Al Pads with Various Size Probe Marks

IC bond pads having thin pad aluminum (Al), less than 0.7μ thick, were probed multiple times by a variety of cantilever probe tips. Probe marks were created by an experimental high force probe card having various tip diameters. A finite element model of the probe tip was matched to the probe mark scrub length to gain a little more academic understanding of what to expect as probe parameters vary. Simulations using this model will be helpful in the future for situations where physical experiments are difficult or costly to run. Bond pads in the experiments include various ON Semiconductor circuit under pad (CUP) structures having Al metallization and silicon dioxide (SiO2) interconnect, previously demonstrated to be robust against cracking when compared against traditional IC bond pads. Smaller ball size and bond contact area are desirable as pads shrink on future products, but this will heighten any adverse effects of probe marks due to the relative % area increase beneath the bond. Experiment evaluations...
New allozyme variability in Italian honey bees

Adult workers of the honey bee, Apis mellifera ligustica, from Italy were assayed for enzyme polymorphism using a variety of electrophoretic conditions. Three polymorphic enzyme systems are described, two of which, malic enzyme and an esterase, were previously unknown in indigenous A. m. ligustica. In addition, a new allozyme for the Mdh locus is reported.
Novel fast-switching and high-data retention phase-change memory based on new Ga-Sb-Ge material

Attempts to improve the retention so far must sacrifice switching speed. This work explores new phase change material based on pseudobinary GaSb-Ge system. The resulting new phase-change material has demonstrated fast switching speed of 80 ns, long endurance of 1G cycles and excellent data retention that survives 250 oC-300 hrs. The 10 years-220 oC data retention is the best ever reported. It is also the fastest material that can pass the solder bonding criteria for embedded automotive applications.
Expression and purification of SAG2 surface antigen of Toxoplasma gondii

Objective To express and purify the surface antigen 2(SAG2)of Toxoplasma gondii. Methods The SAG2 encoding gene was amplified by PCR,and ligated with the pMD- 18T plasmid to construct a recombinant for sequencing,and then the SAG2 gene was subcloned into the plasmid pGEX- 4T- 2,which was expressed in E.coli JM109 in order to obtain the recombinant SAG2(rSAG2).The rSAG2 protein was purified using GST fusion protein purification kit,and identified by SDS- PAGE and west- blotting using rabbit serum infected with T. gondii. Results The SAG2 gene fragment was amplified from the DNA of T. gondii,about 469bp in length,the sequence was the same with the homology sequence of T. gondii RH strain deposited in GenBank(gi:161925). The rSAG2(containing GST)was about 43kDa,which could be recognized by rabbit serum infected with T.gondii. Conclusions The rSAG2 was expressed and purified,the protein was immunoreactive with the anti- T.gondii positive serum.
School As a Unit of Assignment and Analysis in Group-Randomized Controlled Trials

Many randomized research and evaluation studies use the school as the unit of analysis. This chapter focuses on group-randomized controlled trials, where the school is the level of randomization. Challenges of school-level research, including sample size and fidelity, are outlined in this chapter. Additionally, strategies for randomization at the school level to reduce statistical bias and to address other study design weaknesses are presented. We draw upon our own experience conducting group-randomized controlled trials in making recommendations for future school-based research.
A Study of the Relation between the Universities and the University-managed Enterprises in China: the Perspective of the Reproduction of the System

Most Chinese universities have Set Up and operated many enterprises since 1949. This article discusses the relationship between the universities and the enterprises from the perspectiwe of the reproduction of the system, trying to explore the relation ship between the university and the society, and analyze how the universities are shaped by the society.