cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tariff burdens and optimal tariffs under alternative transport cost and market structures

Abstract Trade policy models ignore or exogenize the transportation sector. This note suggests that, as a result, conventional economic estimates of trade policy actions and optimal tariff calculations may be biased.
Deletions in the COL10A1 gene are not associated with skeletal changes in dogs

Type 10 collagen alpha 1 (COL10A1) is a short-chain collagen of cartilage synthesized by chondrocytes during the growth of long bones. COL10A1 mutations, which frequently result in COL10A1 haploinsufficiency, have been identified in patients with Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD), a cartilage disorder characterized by short-limbed short stature and bowed legs. Similarities between SMCD and short stature in various dog breeds suggested COL10A1 as a candidate for canine skeletal dysplasia. We report the sequencing of the exons and promoter region of the COL10A1 gene in dog breeds fixed for a specific type of skeletal dysplasia known as chondrodysplasia, breeds that segregate the skeletal dysplasia phenotype, and control dogs of normal stature. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one insertion, and two deletions, one of which introduces a premature stop codon and likely results in nonsense-mediated decay and the degradation of the mutant allele product, were identified in the coding region. There appear to be no causal relationships between the polymorphisms identified in this study and short stature in dogs. Although COL10A1 haploinsufficiency is an important cause of SMCD in humans, it does not seem to be responsible for the skeletal dysplasia phenotype in these dog breeds. In addition, homozygosity for the nonsense allele does not result in the observed canine skeletal dysplasia phenotype.
Focal stenting versus "metal jacket" for long subintimal recanalization of the femoropopliteal artery.

Long chronic total occlusions are a formidable challenge for endovascular recanalization. Patients with critical limb ischemia are at a greater risk of developing advanced disease along with chronic total occlusions requiring revascularization to avoid amputation [(1)][1]. Over the years, different
The Effect of Folate Supplementation on Methotrexate Efficacy and Toxicity in Psoriasis Patients and Folic Acid Use by Dermatologists in the USA

Methotrexate (MTX) is an effective treatment for psoriasis but its use is limited by its toxicity. Folate supplementation can be used to reduce the adverse effects of MTX, though this may impact efficacy. The frequency of folic acid supplementation is not well characterized. The objective of this study was to review the literature involving the use of folate in patients (in particular those with psoriasis) treated with MTX and analyze trends in folic acid use. We searched PubMed from 1 May 1989 through 1 April 2012 using the terms ‘folic acid,’ ‘folinic acid,’ ‘folate,’ ‘supplementation,’ and ‘methotrexate.’ We also used the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) database to collect data regarding trends in MTX use and folic acid supplementation by physicians in the USA from 1993 through 2009. We assessed data including the number of MTX visits, rate of folic acid use, diagnoses, physician specialty, and demographics of patients. We used linear regression to analyze the change in folic acid use over time. Twenty-six published trials were included addressing folic acid supplementation with MTX. The majority found a benefit to folic acid supplementation, but there were only seven studies in psoriasis. Dermatologists were among the highest prescribers of MTX, and psoriasis was commonly treated with MTX. Folic acid supplementation significantly increased over this time period (p < 0.0001). However, dermatologists ranked lowest for their folate use, co-prescribing folate to only 9.1 % of MTX-treated patients. In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, there is a scarcity of literature describing the effect of folate on MTX toxicity and efficacy in psoriasis patients. NAMCS data only included outpatient visits to non-federally employed physicians, and there is the possibility of healthcare providers not documenting over-the-counter folic acid usage. Lastly, doses of MTX and folic acid were not recorded in the database. Dermatologists were the least likely specialists to supplement MTX with folic acid. The evidence for supplementation of folic acid is mixed. The literature confirms a reduction in the adverse effects of MTX but less strongly that there may be a reduction in efficacy too. Keeping in mind the potential for folate to reduce MTX efficacy, folic acid supplementation should be considered in MTX-treated patients.
Chiral invariance in a bag theory

We study phenomena that involve surface fluctuations of a bag by introducing unconfined $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ fields which interact with the bag only at the surface. The resulting theory is chirally symmetric. We find exact classical solutions to the equations of motion, which have the "hedgehog" property that $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}(x)=g(r)\stackrel{^}{r}$. In addition, we study other classical solutions perturbatively, and estimate the values of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ width and of ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ predicted by our model. There are no free parameters except the bag constant $B$, which sets the over-all scale.
Sequence of mRNA coding for bindin, a species-specific sea urchin sperm protein required for fertilization

Bindin, a major protein of the sea urchin acrosome granule, mediates the species-specific adhesion and binding of sperm to egg required to effect fertilization. We report the isolation and sequence of bindin cDNA clones prepared from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus testis RNA. The bindin gene appears to be productively expressed only in males and only in testes. The protein is produced from a 51-kDa precursor, which is subsequently processed to yield the mature 24-kDa bindin protein.
Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the rat colon by a stearic acid complexed high-amylose cornstarch using different cooking methods and assessing potential gene targets

Abstract Stearic-acid-complexed-high-amylose-cornstarch (SAC) prevented preneoplastic lesions in the colon of azoxymethane (AOM)-treated Fisher344 rats fed cooked SAC for 8 weeks when water-boiling or bread-baking cooking methods were applied. Water-boiled-SAC (w-SAC) diet was compared with water-boiled-control-cornstarch (w-CS) or water-boiled-high-amylose-cornstarch (w-HA), and bread-baked-CS (b-CS) were compared with bread-baked-HA (b-HA) and bread-baked-SAC (b-SAC). Gene expression profiles from rats fed different water-boiled diets were determined. w-SAC or b-SAC markedly reduced pre-noeplasia compared with HA or CS. Increased cecal contents and decreased cecal pH were observed in SAC or HA groups. Total or individual (butyrate, acetate, and propionate) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased in selected SAC groups. Differentially expressed genes for AOM treatment were observed in rats fed w-CS and injected with AOM or saline (6428 genes), and for diet treatment in rats injected with AOM and fed w-CS or w-SAC (1403 genes). Changes in 7 genes (CACYBP, RhoA, MAPK1, TOPBP1, HSPH1, MCM6, and HSPD1) were confirmed with qRT-PCR.
Polarization effects in the photoionization of barium 4d electrons

Partial $4d$ photoionization cross sections have been calculated for atomic barium including a polarization potential to evaluate the effects of core polarization. Results of three theoretical models are compared: (i) the relativistic random-phase approximation, (ii) the relativistic random-phase approximation modified to include relaxation, and (iii) the relativistic random-phase approximation modified to include relaxation and core polarization. Theory is also compared with photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The inclusion of both relaxation and polarization effects in the calculations greatly improves agreement with experiment.
Solidification interface shape for continuous casting in an offset mold - Two analytical methods

A solution method for finding the unknown solidification interface in manufacturing slab ingots as a continuous casting is presented, which involves a product solution in the potential plane and the use of conjugate harmonic functions. It is argued that the method may be more direct for some geometries than the Cauchy boundary value method. Moreover, the usefulness of the Cauchy boundary value method is demonstrated through the example of a nonsymmetric horizontal mold where the walls are offset to support the lower ingot boundary.
Class Consciousness among Young Rural Children

Summary The development of the cognitive, behavioral, and evaluative dimensions of social class consciousness among rural youngsters was the object of the present research. Data were collected in individual interviews with 378 white male and female children enrolled in kindergarten through the eighth grade in nine demographically similar public schools in middle Tennessee. The children's age and parents' occupational and educational attainment levels were generally found positively associated with their performance on a projective class awareness measure comprised of 18 pen-and-ink drawings of people, houses, and automobiles. Male and female responses were essentially the same. Results further suggest that the awareness of and response to stereotypic social class distinctions were fairly well developed by the time the children had entered their second year of school and that class-related perceptions of children as young as five years of age could be reliably and validly tested with projective-type measures.
Flexural Performance of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Prestressed Concrete Side-by-Side Box Beam Bridge

The effect of varying transverse posttensioning levels and arrangements on the load response of a one-half scale 30° skewed seven box beam bridge model was investigated. The effective span of the bridge model was 9.45 m (31 ft) with a width of 3.35 m (11 ft) and depth of 355.6 mm (14 in.). The bridge model was prestressed and reinforced with carbon fiber composite cables (CFCCs). CFCCs were also used as shear reinforcement. The bridge model was provided with five transverse diaphragms equally spaced along the length of the bridge. The experimental investigation included load and strain distribution tests and a flexural ultimate load test. The load and strain distribution tests were conducted on the bridge model with and without full-depth longitudinal cracks at the shear-key locations. The investigation showed that the application of an adequate transverse posttensioning force was successful in restoring the load distribution of the bridge model with full-depth longitudinal deck cracks to that of the case...
The classical and mannose binding lectin complement pathways have a differential effect on permeability and histological injury following ischemia-reperfusion

Abstract Introduction: Complement is an important mediator of reperfusion injury. The classical pathway plays a major role based on the protection from injury seen in C3 and C4 deficient mice undergoing hindlimb ischemia and reperfusion. We wish to define the contribution of the mannose binding lectin (MBL) pathway in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury. Methods: Mice deficient in MBL A/C and their wild type controls (n = 8/group) underwent 2 hours of hindlimb ischemia followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. These were compared to mice deficient in complement C3 (n = 6), complement C4 (n = 6) and antibody (n = 5) after the same procedure. Muscle permeability index (PI) was assessed by extravasation of (125)I-radiolabelled albumin and histological injury was determined by counting injured fibers. Results: MBL deficient mice had a 57% decrease in histological muscle injury (from 20.6 ± 4.85 injured fibers/50 counted in wildtype animals to 8.9 ± 1.18 in MBL deficient animals, p Conclusions: The data indicate that blockade of the classical pathway alone (rag-1−/−) or in combination with MBL (C4−/−) results in protection against both permeability index and cytotoxicity. In contrast, blocking the MBL pathway alone protects only against cytotoxicity but not permeability. This means that the classical pathway uniquely is responsible for the endothelial component of this injury.
Covariation of self- and other-directed aggression among inpatient youth: continuity in the transition to treatment and shared risk factors

Although other- and self-directed aggression covary in very high-risk youth, these forms of aggression infrequently are studied simultaneously. Understanding better their covariation is an important task for improving services to high-risk youth. In this study, data from the clinical records of 476 youth admitted to secure inpatient treatment were analyzed to examine relations among self- and other-directed aggression exhibit before and during inpatient treatment. Analyses tested the hypotheses that self- and other-directed aggression would tend to covary and display continuity from pre-treatment to in-treatment. Also tested were the hypotheses that youth with histories of co-occurring self- and other-directed aggression would show the highest levels of aggression during treatment and the greatest degree of personal and contextual risk on entering treatment. These hypotheses were largely supported. Exploratory analyses revealed interesting discontinuities in aggression (aggression emitted only before or during treatment) with critical implications for research and practice with youth receiving clinical care, especially those in institutional placements.
Human acellular dermal matrix: an innovative tool for diaphragmatic reconstruction in patients with large intra-abdominal tumors

BACKGROUND: Patients presenting with large intra-abdominal tumors often require multivisceral organ resection including partial or complete hemidiaphragm excision to achieve complete gross and microscopic tumor resection. METHODS: The ideal surgical approach to the repair of major diaphragmatic defects, particularly in a contaminated surgical field, is not well defined, but the use of prosthetic mesh in these situations is contraindicated. RESULTS: We report our experience using human acellular dermal matrix for the repair of large diaphragmatic defects in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Human acellular dermal matrix is a safe and effective option in the surgical reconstruction of diaphragmatic defects in patients with large intra-abdominal tumors.
p-ADIC PERIODS OF MODULAR ELLIPTIC CURVES AND THE LEVEL-LOWERING THEOREM

An elliptic curve defined over the field of rational numbers can be considered as a complex torus. We can describe its complex periods in terms of integration of the weight-2 cusp form corresponding to the elliptic curve. In this paper, we will study an analogous description of the p-adic periods of the elliptic curve, considering the elliptic curve as a p-adic torus. An essential tool for the proof of such a description is the level-lowering theorem of Ribet, which is one of the main ingredients used in the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.
Effect of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on the ocular circulation.

Abstract PURPOSE: Sildenafil citrate induces vasodilation by enhancing the smooth muscle relaxant effects of nitric oxide. We have previously reported that nitrate compounds, a different group of nitric oxide–mediated vasodilators used mainly for the treatment of ischemic cardiac diseases, produce an increase in optic nerve head circulation and retinal venous vasodilation. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of sildenafil on ocular circulation. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial, 15 healthy male volunteers received 100-mg doses of sildenafil citrate (Viagra; Pfizer, Inc, New York, New York) or matching placebo on 2 separate days. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to assess foveolar choroidal and optic nerve rim circulatory parameters. Measurements were obtained in one eye at baseline, 1 hour, and 5 hours after dosing. Blood pressure and intraocular pressure were monitored, and perfusion pressure was calculated. RESULTS: Mean optic nerve head blood flow measurements at baseline, 1 hour, and 5 hours were 11.6 ± 2.2 arbitrary units (± SD), 12.5 ± 2.8, and 12.1 ± 2.4 after sildenafil and 11.9 ± 2.5, 12.6 ± 3.1, and 13.0 ± 3.0 after placebo, respectively. When compared with placebo, no significant change in mean blood pressure, intraocular pressure, perfusion pressure, or choroidal or optic nerve circulatory parameters were observed after sildenafil treatment. The power to detect a 20% change in optic nerve head and choroidal blood flow after sildenafil was approximately 90%. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with placebo, no significant change in optic nerve rim or foveolar choroidal blood flow was observed after treatment with sildenafil. This suggests that nitrate compounds and sildenafil may differentially affect ocular circulation. Furthermore, no significant effects on intraocular pressure, systemic blood pressure, or ocular perfusion pressure were detected after sildenafil treatment.
A simple system for automated two-dimensional electrophoresis: applications to genetic testing.

ABSTRACT Two-dimensional gene scanning (TDGS) is a method for mutation detection based on two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of PCR-amplified DNA fragments according to size and base pair sequence. To facilitate two-dimensional electrophoresis without manual interference, a simple three-chamber unit was designed on top of an existing vertical electrophoresis instrument. Application of this system to genetic testing is demonstrated by the performance of a complete two-dimensional mutational scanning assay of one of the hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome susceptibility genes, hMLHl.
Site incidence of canine osteosarcoma.

— An analysis of the anatomic location of 314 canine osteosarcomas revealed that the distal metaphysis of the radius was the most frequent site (23 per cent) and the proxinial humeral metaphysis (19 per cent) the next most frequent one. None involved the proximal end of the radius and only one the distal end of the humerus. Resume— Une analyse du siege anatomique de 314 osteosarcomes chez le chien montre que l'extre mite distale de la diaphyse du radius etait la plus frequemment 23% apres venait l'extremite proximale attente de la diaphyse humerale 19%. Aucuns n'impliquaient l'extremite proxnulle du radius; et seulement un cas l'extremite distale de l'humerus. Zusammenfassung— Eine Analyse der anatomisch bevorzugten Lokalisation der Osteosarkome bei 314 Hunden envies, dass die distale Metaphyse des Radius am haufigsten befallen war (23% der Falle) und dass die proximale Metaphyse die nachst haufige Stelle war (19% der Falle). Das proximale Ende des Radius war nie befallen und das distale Ende des Humerus nur einmal.
Norms and Military Power: nato's War Against Yugoslavia

Norms are fundamental constitutive elements of modern military power. Because norms influence military behavior and force structure, contemporary Western military power is produced only by interaction of normative and material factors. Two norms—the civilian casualty avoidance norm and Western societies' demand that their military forces take minimal casualties, or the force protection norm—more strongly influenced the origin, conduct, and outcome of nato's 1999 war against Yugoslavia than the material disparities of mismatched adversaries. Many actors, including the Yugoslav government and the Kosovo Liberation Army, notice the linkage of norms to Western military force structures and operational behavior and therefore strategically use norms instrumentally against states that adopt them. Such strategies generate technological and tactical responses, leading in turn to counter-responses—a dynamic interaction of material and normative factors that increasingly influence military operational outcomes.
Belowground nitrogen dynamics in relation to hurricane damage along a tropical dry forest chronosequence

Understanding and predicting the responses of plant communities to multiple overlapping disturbances remains a challenging task. Hurricane Wilma represents a large, yet infrequent type of disturbance that was superimposed on an existing disturbance gradient of time since fire. We examined disturbance and recovery patterns in response to these overlapping disturbances by measuring how canopy structure, fine roots, mycorrhizae, and soil nitrogen dynamics, varied along a fire chronosequence in the 2 years after Hurricane Wilma. Hurricane damage increased canopy openness in all seral stages. In the early-seral stage, canopy openness returned to pre-hurricane conditions within 2 years, whereas canopy openness in the late-seral stage remained significantly higher throughout the study. We observed no significant change in root length density in the early- and mid-seral stages. However, in the late-seral stage, root length density was significantly reduced immediately after the hurricane and remained so 2 years after the hurricane. In the late-seral stage, we also observed a significant reduction in percent soil nitrogen and a significant increase in soil nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) values, indicating a loss of soil nitrogen. In contrast, in the early- and mid-seral stages, there were no significant changes in percent nitrogen or soil δ15N values. Results from this study suggest that forest fire disturbance history influences responses to hurricane damage. Moreover, feedbacks between aboveground and belowground processes have the potential to influence forest recovery.
Effect of tetrahydrouridine and deoxytetrahydrouridine on the interaction between 2′-deoxycytidine and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine in human leukemia cells

The interaction between 2'-deoxycytidine (dCyd) and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), administered at pharmacologically achievable concentrations, was examined in four continuously cultured human leukemia cell lines, HL-60, KG-1, K-562, and CCRF-CEM. In three of the cell lines (HL-60, K-562, and CCRF-CEM), co-administration of 20 or 50 microM dCyd with 10 microM ara-C reduced ara-CTP formation by at least 90% and incorporation of ara-C into DNA by at least 80%. In contrast, KG-1 cells exhibited substantially smaller reductions in both ara-CTP formation and incorporation of ara-C into DNA under identical conditions. KG-1 cells were distinguished by the highest activity of the enzyme cytidine deaminase of the four lines assayed, and exhibited the smallest increments in the intracellular accumulation of both dCyd and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) in response to exogenous dCyd. Co-administration of 1 mM tetrahydrouridine (THU) or 0.5 mM deoxy-tetrahydrouridine (dTHU) had little effect on the ability of dCyd to antagonize ara-C metabolism in HL-60, KG-1 and K-562 cells. In contrast, these deaminase inhibitors substantially increased the intracellular accumulation of dCTP as well as the ability of dCyd to antagonize ara-CTP formation and incorporation of ara-C into DNA in KG-1 cells. THU and dTHU also permitted dCyd to antagonize ara-C growth inhibitory effects in KG-1 cells to the extent observed in the other leukemic cell lines. These studies suggest that the intracellular deamination of exogenous deoxycytidine may influence the degree to which this nucleoside antagonizes ara-C metabolism and toxicity in some leukemic cells. They also raise the possibility that deaminase inhibitors may be employed to modulate, and perhaps to improve, the therapeutic selectivity of pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ara-C and dCyd in the treatment of acute leukemia in man.
AAPM is Moving Ahead

As I prepare to turn over the presidency to Scott Fishman, MD, in February, I wanted to take the opportunity to provide updates on several AAPM initiatives. The 2005 Program Committee has developed another outstanding, comprehensive educational program on Pain Medicine. Three distinctive preconference seminars will be offered covering topics such as practice management, opioids, and advanced neuromodulation. New this year, the review courses, for those new to Pain Medicine or those preparing for certification through a thorough review of key topics, will run concurrently with the Update Sessions. The Update Sessions will be designated for practicing pain specialists with more experience in the field. These sessions are planned to be interactive with point/counterpoint formats and case studies. This schedule allows attendees to customize the meeting to choose programs at their level of interest and experience. The meeting also will include an expanded …
Food and water intake and weight regulation in the pigeon.

Abstract The interaction of eating and drinking and the relation between intake and body weight was examined in pigeons maintained under laboratory conditions in order to obtain normative data on intake and weight regulation in this species. Under ad lib conditions food and water intake values are correlated, while deprivation of either nutrient leads to a reduction in the intake of the other. A linear relation between the log food intake and the log body weight was found under both ad lib and deprivation conditions. Following a period of food deprivation the pigeon shows both a short-term and a long-term compensatory increase in food intake whose magnitude is directly proportional to the degree of body weight loss produced by deprivation. The findings for the pigeon are similar in many respects to those reported for the rat and are discussed in relation to weight regulation and motivational mechanisms in hunger and thirst.
Genetic map-based studies of reticulate evolution in plants

Abstract Botanists have long been interested in the role of hybridization in plant evolution. There are several pathways by which hybrid lineages can be stabilized (apomixis, allopolyploidy and recombinational speciation), and technological advances in genetic mapping have enhanced our understanding of these pathways. Important recent discoveries include a simple genetic basis of apomixis, the dynamic nature of nascent allopolyploid genomes and the critical role of fertility selection in recombinational speciation.
Color image segmentation based on a modified k-means algorithm

Image segmentation is the first job in the process of machine vision, It plays a key role for the later results of image analysis results later, Therein color image segmentation is a more difficult task. This paper proposed an improved bisecting k-means algorithm. The image is segmented in LAB color space. This method does not need to determine the value of K in advance, Thus it improves the adaptability of the algorithm and lowers the subjectivity of segmentation. The experiment has shown that the algorithm can automatically determine the value of K more accurately.
Preliminary observations on magnetic resonance imaging in refractory epilepsy

Abstract We are studying the use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in localization of epileptogenic foci in patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy. Imaging is performed using a prototype resistive unit operating at 0.15 T. All studies include 7 mm axial sections obtained with a partial saturation sequence (TR = 200 msec) in which signals are recovered with a spin echo (TE = 11 msec) and images reconstructed using a modified 2D Fourier transform technique. Since the temporal lobe and limbic system are the commonest site of seizure foci in this group of patients, examinations were performed with the plane of section parallel to the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles. Consensus interpretations by a radiologist, neurologist and neurosurgeon have recognized findings considered possibly abnormal in six of 11 epilepsy patients and none of six normal volunteers. These preliminary results indicate that further study is warranted in this group of patients. Critical evaluation of such findings must be carried out in a larger group including normals and patients with a variety of neurologic disorders.
Synthesis and characterization of manganese-doped silicon nanoparticles: bifunctional paramagnetic-optical nanomaterial.

Mn doped Si nanoparticles have been synthesized via a low-temperature solution route and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, optical and emission spectroscopy, and by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The particle diameter was 4 nm, and the surface was capped by octyl groups. Mn doping at 5% resulted in a green emission with a slightly lower quantum yield than undoped Si nanoparticles prepared by the same method. Mn2+ doped into the nanoparticle is confirmed by EPR hyperfine, and the charge carrier dynamics were probed by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Both techniques are consistent with Mn2+ on or close to the surface of the nanoparticle.
Virtual photons in theory and experiment

Abstract Before the last decade nuclear electrodisintegration experiments in the region of the giant dipole resonance were carried out primarily as an expedient experimental alternative to photodisintegration experiments. Lack of an adequate treatment of Coulomb distortion of the incident and scattered electron's wavefunction in heavy nuclei and recoil in light nuclei when the momentum of the scattered electron was not much smaller than the momentum of the recoiling residual nucleus limited the establishment of the correspondence between photo- and electrodisintegration to roughly s-d shell nuclei. Distorted-wave Born approximation calculations have solved the former problem in virtual photon analysis of (e, X) total cross-section measurements and the effects of recoil on PWBA virtual photons have been recently investigated. In principle, an inclusive (e, X) experiment completely determines the (γ, X) cross-section. Besides those matrix elements present in the photodisintegration cross-section that are associated with the transverse form factor as q → w, other terms associated with the Coulomb, interference, and polarization terms of the (e, eX) cross-section appear in the (e, X) cross-section. Inclusive (e, X) experiments done at NBS to test the limitations of E1 virtual photon theory are described. The proliferation of (e, eX) experiments will intensify interest in (e, X) theory and experiments, with the X arm singles serving as an important check on the internal consistency of the (e, eX) results.
Effect of Vitamin B6 on Egg Production and Hatchability

Abstract Carter and O’Brien (1939) and Hegsted, Oleson, Elvehjem, and Hart (1940) demonstrated the essential nature of vitamin B6 for growing chicks. In a more recent paper Briggs, Mills, Hegsted, Elvehjem, and Hart (1942) showed that the young chick requires from 275 to 300 micrograms of vitamin B6 for optimum growth. We wish to report here studies on the essential nature of vitamin B6 for egg production, hatchability, and maintenance of body weight in mature fowl. In preliminary trials the following synthetic basal ration was found to be satisfactory: dextrin, 58; purified casein, 18; gelatin, 5; soybean oil, 5; salts IV, 5; fish oil, 2 (400 A.O.A.C. units vitamin D, 3,000 I.U. vitamin A); kidney residue, 3; solubilized liver extract, 4. Each kilogram of ration also contained thiamin, 2 3 mg.; riboflavin, 5 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 15 mg.; nicotinic acid, 100 mg.; and choline, 2 gm. Oyster shell was supplied ad libitum.
External beam radiotherapy followed by 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan in relapsed or refractory bulky follicular lymphoma

Purpose We combined external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan ( 90 Y-IT) in an attempt to improve therapeutic response in patients with relapsed or refractory bulky follicular lymphoma (RRBFL). Methods and Materials Between February 2006 and September 2007, 11 patients with RRBFL were treated with EBRT followed by 90 Y-IT. Bulky disease (BD) was defined as >5 cm. EBRT was delivered to BD as 2,400 cGy in eight fractions using computed tomography (CT)–based planning. BD was contoured as the gross tumor volume. A planning margin of 1 to 2 cm was added depending on anatomical location. After recovery of complete blood counts (CBC), 90 Y-IT was administered at a dose of 0.3 or 0.4 mCi/kg depending on platelet counts. Hematologic toxicity was monitored through weekly CBC. Response was measured by positron emission tomography/CT or CT 3–4 months after 90 Y-IT. Results Only 2 patients required prolonged breaks between EBRT and 90 Y-IT. The median time after 90 Y-IT for platelets to recover to >100,000/ml was 55 days (range, 41–128 days). Platelet counts for 1 patient, who had received 4 previous chemotherapy regimens, never reached 100,000/ml. The complete and overall responses to combined therapy as measured 3–4 months after 90 Y-IT were 64%. No patients relapsed within the EBRT field. With a median follow-up of 36.1 months, 6 patients have relapsed, 2 of whom have died. Median progression-free survival was 17.5 months. Conclusions In contrast to prior failure analysis data for RRBFL patients treated with 90 Y-IT alone, a brief course of EBRT prevented relapse in sites of BD. EBRT used to pretreat bulky sites may improve clinical outcomes and potentially extend survival when combined with 90 Y-IT.
Numerical simulation of crossing/turbulent boundary layer interaction at Mach 8.3 comparison of zero and two-equation turbulence models

A 3D hypersonic crossing shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction is examined numerically. The test geometry consists of a pair of opposing sharp fins of angle alpha = 15 deg mounted on a flat plate. The freestream Mach number is 8.28. Two theoretical models are evaluated. The full 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulent eddy viscosity model and the Rodi turbulence model. Computed results for both cases show good agreement with experiment for flat plate surface pressure and for pitot pressure and yaw angle profiles in the flowfield. General agreement is obtained for surface flow direction. Fair to poor agreement is obtained for surface heat transfer, indicating a need for more accurate turbulence models. The overall flowfield structure is similar to that observed in previous crossing shock interaction studies.
Endothelial cell—seeded four-millimeter Dacron vascular grafts: Effects of blood flow manipulation through the grafts

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the surface thrombogenicities of endothelial cell—seeded small-diameter vascular grafts with those of nonseeded contralateral grafts under conditions of acute controlled low blood flows through the grafts in a canine carotid artery model. Autologous venous endothelial cells seeded in the preclots onto 6 cm sections of 4 mm (internal diameter) double-velour Dacron grafts covered 15% and 80% of graft luminal surfaces at 3 and 5 weeks postsurgically, respectively. Contralateral non-seeded control graft lumina had pannus ingrowth of endothelium across the anastomoses only. There were significant differences in initial carotid graft blood flow rates between seeded and control grafts at both 3 and 5 weeks postsurgically. When blood flow was reduced to 30% of the initial flow levels for 4 hours through these grafts, endothelial cell—seeded grafts maintained patencies and mean blood flow returned to 63.3% and 93% of initial flow levels at 3 and 5 weeks postsurgically, respectively. Few thrombi accumulated. In contrast, thrombi accumulated on nonseeded graft lumina during restricted blood flow. Some nonseeded grafts occluded during low flows, and the ratios of final flow to initial flow were only 28% at 3 weeks and 20% at 5 weeks in these nonseeded grafts. These data demonstrate the efficacy of seeding autologous endothelial cells on small-diameter grafts in this canine model. If technically successful, endothelial cell seeding may provide a protocol for enhancement of the long-term implantation success of small-diameter vascular grafts used for human vascular repair and replacements. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:434-41.)
Processing strategies for time-course data sets in functional mri of the human brain

Image processing strategies for functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) data sets acquired using a gradient-recalled echo-planar imaging sequence are considered. The analysis is carried out using the mathematics of vector spaces. Data sets consisting of N sequential images of the same slice of brain tissue are analyzed in the time-domain and also, after Fourier transformation, in the frequency domain. A technique for thresholding is introduced that uses the shape of the response in a pixel compared with the shape of a reference waveform as the decision criterion. A method is presented to eliminate drifts in data that arise from subject movement. The methods are applied to experimental FMRI data from the motor—cortex and compared with more conventional image—subtraction methods. Several finger motion paradigms are considered in the context of the various image processing strategies. The most effective method for image processing involves thresholding by shape as characterized by the correlation coefficient of the data with respect to a reference waveform followed by formation of a cross-correlation image. Emphasis is placed not only on image formation, but also on the use of signal processing techniques to characterize the temporal response of the brain to the paradigm.
674. Administration of rAAV2 and rAAV5 to the Parotid Gland of Non-Human Primates

Previous studies from our laboratory showed that therapeutic levels of transgene expression were obtained from mouse submandibular glands after retro-ductal administration of relatively low doses (109 particles/animal) of a recombinant serotype 2 adeno- associated viral vector (rAAV2) encoding human erythropoietin (hEPO). The recombinant hormone was preferentially secreted into the bloodstream rather than into saliva. Serum hEPO levels steadily increased for an 8|[ndash]|12 week period and remained relatively stable until the end of the experiment (54 weeks; Voutetakis et al, PNAS, 2004).
Peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy: Bruch's membrane changes and photoreceptor loss.

Abstract Purpose To determine relationships among Bruch's membrane ultrastructure, photoreceptor degeneration, and choriocapillaris atrophy with respect to zones of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration and atrophy adjacent to the optic nerve head, as a function of age. Design Human tissue study using clinicopathologic correlation. Tissues Eyes from patients 36 to 93 years of age lacking clinical evidence of glaucoma, optic nerve abnormalities, severe myopia, age-related macular degeneration, or other macular or peripapillary chorioretinal pathologic condition. Methods Sections through the retina–choroid complex at the temporal aspect of the optic nerve head were used for light microscopic histopathologic analysis (n = 17), electron microscopy (n = 9), carbonic anhydrase histochemical analysis (n = 7), and lipid histochemical analysis (n = 22). Retinal whole mounts were used for photoreceptor counts (n = 5). Main outcome measures We determined the width of RPE degeneration and atrophy, the number of eyes with abnormalities of inner Bruch's membrane, and the number of rod and cone photoreceptors within 1 mm of the disc margin. We determined whether Bruch's membrane changes, photoreceptor degeneration, and choriocapillaris atrophy were associated with RPE degeneration and atrophy. Results All eyes had peripapillary RPE atrophy, degeneration, or both. The zone of RPE atrophy widened significantly after age 75. Thickening of inner Bruch's membrane and abnormalities of the RPE basal lamina were associated with degenerating and atrophic RPE in all eyes. The RPE basal lamina was narrow, reduplicated, or thickened as a basal laminar deposit. All eyes exhibited degeneration and loss of rods but not cones at the peripapillary termination of Bruch's membrane. Diminution of choriocapillaris coverage of Bruch's membrane was associated with RPE degeneration. Complete loss of the choriocapillaris was associated with RPE atrophy. Conclusions Our results suggest that peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy is an age-related degeneration of the RPE–Bruch's membrane complex that resembles that found in the macula and periphery of normal eyes.
Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome: pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment.

investigations defined the syndrome its clinical characteristics, incidence, associated surgical outcomes, potential etiologies, and possible treatments. Thereafter, anecdotal reports confirmed the existence of the syndrome and continued to explore other potential treatments and precautions in an effort to minimize surgical complications associated with the syndrome. This report summarizes and extends upon the published reports, observations, and discussions, with the goal of providing an updated ophthalmic clinical pharmacology review of IFIS and its relationship to autonomic pharmacology, as well as potential etiology and suggested methods to prevent and treat the syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS
Aqueous alteration in carbonaceous chondrites - Mass balance constraints on matrix mineralogy

Bulk chemical compositions of matrix material were determined in eleven Antarctic CM chondrites and five non-Antarctic CM and CI chondrites, using microprobe defocused-beam technique. The results, along with previously published data, are used to provide mass balance constraints on the relative proportions of intergrown and intermixed phyllosilicate phases in carbonaceous chondrite matrices. In terms of Fe, Si, and Mg, the CM matrix bulk compositions plot within a triangle defined by the compositions of PCP (a mixture of 25 percent tochilinite and 75 percent cronstedtite), Mg-rich serpentine, and Fe-rich serpentine. Results indicate differing amounts of PCP and serpentines in individual CM matrices. The discrepancies found between predicted and measured S and Ni values require additional sulfide phases. CI matrices were found to contain little, if any, PCP; they consist mostly of serpentine and montmorillonite.
Trophoblast gene expression: Transcription factors in the specification of early trophoblast

A zone of trophoblast specification is established when the embryo is a morula, presumably reflecting a unique combination of transcription factors in that zone of cells and the influence of various environmental cues and growth factors on them. A key first step in this process of specification is the down-regulation of Oct4, a transcription factor that acts as a negative regulator of trophoblast specification and of genes normally up-regulated as the trophectoderm first forms. The transcription factors believed to have a positive association with trophectoderm specification have been inferred primarily in two ways: by their expression patterns in embryos, ES cells and TS cells and by the consequences of gene disruption on embryonic development. Many of these transcription factors also control the expression of genes characteristically expressed in trophoblast but not in the epiblast, primitive endoderm and their derivatives. ES and TS cells from the mouse and other species are beginning to provide insights into the changes in gene expression that accompany lineage specification and the subsequent post-specification events that lead to functional trophoblast derivatives.
Countercurrent Chromatographic Separation of Catecholamine Metabolites from Urine

A continuous-flow method is described for achieving high-resolution separations with liquid-liquid partition without the use of an inert support. The instrument consists of a 60-m coil of Teflon tubing (0.85 mm i.d.) mounted planetarily on a centrifuge arm. The coil is filled with the stationary phase and the mobile phase is pumped through the column in a direction opposing the flow of the stationary phase imposed by centrifugal force. With ethyl acetate as the stationary phase and an aqueous solution of NaCl (5 g/100 ml) and acetic acid (10 ml/100 ml) as the mobile phase, (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-hydroxyacetic acid (VMA) and (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-acetic acid (HVA), the major products of catecholamine metabolism, elute in 2 and 7 h, respectively. With a 280 nm-monitor on the effluent, abnormal amounts of these two compounds can be detected in 1 ml of urine. The fractions containing these compounds were analyzed by both gas—liquid and thin-layer chromatographic methods. HVA is essentially completely separated from other compounds. Although VMA is found with 3-8 other unknown compounds, none interferes with any of the colorimetric assays for VMA. Several abnormal urines from patients with various types of neurosecretory tumors were examined, and a distinctive pattern of urinary excretion of these compounds was seen for each type of case.
Overscaling-friendly timing speculation architectures

Processors have traditionally been designed for the worst-case, resulting in designs that have high yields, but are expensive in terms of area and power. Better-than-worst-case (BTWC) design approaches based on timing speculation (TS) have recently gained ground as an alternative to traditional designs by allowing processors to be designed for the average case and still maintain high yields.In this paper, we characterize the behavior of TS-based designs in the face of voltage overscaling (or undervolting). We show that the power benefits of TS due to voltage overscaling are greatly determined by the design of the circuit architecture. The benefits are small if the underlying circuit has a small range of timing paths,as such circuits produce catastrophic failures in the face of voltage overscaling. Benefits may be limited even for circuits with a wide range of timing paths, due to short path and long path constraints imposed by TS techniques like Razor and EDS. In general, TS-based designs are shown to be not very effective in the face of aggressive voltage overscaling.We propose two techniques to alleviate the limitations of TS architectures. The two techniques - using adaptable skew for TS and decoupling pipeline stages using local asynchrony - are shown to be effective at reducing both the number of uncorrectable errors in the face of voltage overscaling and the power consumption of the TS architecture.
Maximum Capacity of Heterogeneous P2P Multimedia Streaming Network

Online P2P multimedia streaming systems made great success in the past few years. One of the important performance measurements of the P2P streaming systems is capacity. It is defined as the largest rate that can be concurrently achieved by all the receivers in a multicast session. The capacity depends on system configurations and constraints, including bandwidth, degree bound of each node, coding schemes, etc. Usually the approximate algorithm is used to approach the maximum capacity under these constrains, since the capacity computation has been proved to be NP-complete. Previous theoretic studies decompose the mesh-based network into multiple trees and approximately derive the maximum capacity of these trees. In this paper, we propose an alternative heuristic algorithm to find the maximum capacity by visualizing the architecture of a heterogeneous P2P network as a ring instead of trees. Comparing with the near optimal tree-based algorithm proposed in [1], our algorithm is able to derive larger capacity in 98.47% tests, while requiring less outgoing degrees of nodes in 98.06% tests. Its complexity is only O(n^2), where n is the number of nodes in the system.
Recommendation via Query Centered Random Walk on K-Partite Graph

This paper presents an algorithm for recommending items using a diverse set of features. The items are recommended by performing a random walk on the k-partite graph constructed from the heterogenous features. To support personalized recommendation, the random walk must be initiated separately for each user, which is computationally demanding given the massive size of the graph. To overcome this problem, we apply multi-way clustering to group together the highly correlated nodes. A recommendation is then made by traversing the subgraph induced by clusters associated with a user's interest. Our experimental results on real data sets demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.