cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type II Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Impair Contextual but Not Auditory-Cue Fear Conditioning in Juvenile Rats

There is evidence that glucocorticoids may play a role in learning and memory. To further explore this possibility, we examined the effect of the Type II glucocorticoid antagonists on contextual fear conditioning. This conditioning task is dependent on the hippocampal formation, a brain structure known to be rich in glucocorticoid receptors. Rats systemically injected with a Type II antagonist either 1 h prior to conditioning (RU 38486 and RU 40555) or immediately after conditioning displayed less contextual fear conditioning than rats injected with vehicle. Although RU impaired contextual fear conditioning, it had no effect on auditory fear conditioning. These data are consistent with other reports that contextual fear conditioning and auditory-cue fear conditioning depend on different processes and with the hypothesis that glucocorticoid activity contributes to the processes involved in the consolidation of some forms of memory.
The oblique pharyngogram: value in the assessment of dysphagia

Background: To evaluate the diagnostic value of oblique views of the pharynx in patients with dysphagia. Methods: One hundred thirty-three patients with symptoms referable to the cervical region underwent pharyngoesophography that included views of the pharyngoesophageal junction filmed at three frames per second and spot films of the pharynx obtained in distended frontal, lateral, and both oblique projections. Examination was completed with assessment of the entire esophagus and gastric cardia. Results: The oblique views identified abnormalities not shown on the standard views in 5% of patients. The oblique views proved useful in 12%, where the lower pharynx was obscured in the lateral projection by large shoulders, and in 18% to assess the valleculae when this region was obscured by the occiput and mandible in the frontal projection. In 12%, the oblique views proved useful in demonstrating normal structures when artifacts raised the possibility of lesions on the standard projections. In 10%, poor technique impaired visualization of pharyngeal structures on the standard projections, but repeat swallows in the oblique projections proved adequate to assess these regions. Three (27%) of the 11 cases of cervical esophageal webs were best seen on oblique views, and in another three patients the webs were visible only on oblique views. Conclusions: Oblique views are of value in the assessment of the pharynx. There will be instances when the standard projections are inadequate, and these alternative views will complement the evaluation of this region. The addition of oblique views will sometimes improve the confidence of the interpretation of normality or assist evaluation of the extent of an abnormality.
Sex-specific patterns and deregulation of endocrine pathways in the gene expression profiles of Bangladeshi adults exposed to arsenic contaminated drinking water

Arsenic contamination of drinking water occurs globally and is associated with numerous diseases including skin, lung and bladder cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Recent research indicates that arsenic may be an endocrine disruptor. This study was conducted to evaluate the nature of gene expression changes among males and females exposed to arsenic contaminated water in Bangladesh at high and low doses. Twenty-nine (55% male) Bangladeshi adults with water arsenic exposure ranging from 50 to 1000 μg/L were selected from the Folic Acid Creatinine Trial. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells for gene expression profiling using Affymetrix 1.0 ST arrays. Differentially expressed genes were assessed between high and low exposure groups for males and females separately and findings were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. There were 534 and 645 differentially expressed genes (p<0.05) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of males and females, respectively, when high and low water arsenic exposure groups were compared. Only 43 genes overlapped between the two sexes, with 29 changing in opposite directions. Despite the difference in gene sets both males and females exhibited common biological changes including deregulation of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes, deregulation of genes downstream of Sp1 (specificity protein 1) transcription factor, and prediction of estrogen receptor alpha as a key hub in cardiovascular networks. Arsenic-exposed adults exhibit sex-specific gene expression profiles that implicate involvement of the endocrine system. Due to arsenic's possible role as an endocrine disruptor, exposure thresholds for arsenic may require different parameters for males and females.
Floating-Body Diode—A Novel DRAM Device

A novel 8F2 DRAM cell is introduced, consisting of two gates controlling a low-doped silicon-on-insulator channel and opposite-polarity source and drain. Simulation with models calibrated to experimental floating-body cell data confirms virtual thyristor memory operation and demonstrates 85°C retention time in excess of 10 ms in a scaled FinFET architecture. With unit cell area comparable to that of conventional DRAM, 1.6-V total operation range, 1-ns program time, and CMOS-compatible process, floating-body diode is a candidate for stand-alone or embedded memory applications at 15-nm node and beyond.
Ringing rocks barren block field, East-Central Pennsylvania

Abstract Huge residual boulders on and near the surface of the woodlands on the slopes of Coffman Hill probably are corestones of a for derived from the early Jurassic diabase sill. Accordingly, they were produced in two stages - first by chemical weathering along joints before Cenozoic regional uplift, then by exhumation of the blocks during Cenozoic dissection of the old lowland surface. The Ringing Rocks barren block field within the woodlands probably resulted from local mass transport of large boulders from a higher part of Coffman Hill by periglacial creep and solifluction during the Pleistocene epoch. Loss of forest cover and removal of matrix from the patch of boulders exposed the blocks to further mechanical and chemical weathering. Persistent shattering of the boulders along joints and minor movement of smaller derived blocks destroyed any inherited debris-flow pattern. Pitting on the bare joint surfaces has resulted from effective solution by rain in the absence of forest shelter and a mantle of soil. In contrast, exfoliation predominates in the surrounding wooded residual boulder field.
Crystal nets as graphs: Terminology and definitions

Definitions from graph theory relevant to the nets of crystal chemistry are reviewed. This is followed by a summary of recent developments in the formal description of such structures.
Regrouping Groups: A Reaction to Waldo and Bauman.

Abstract The development of the ASGW four-category system for classifying types of group work is described (ASGF 1991,1992). Strengths and limitations of the Waldo and Bauman (1998) proposed Goals and Process matrix (GAP for group work categorization are identified and discussed in relation to the present ASGW system.
What do urban/inner-city physical education teachers teach? A contextual analysis of one elementary/primary school district.

Background: It is critical to understand the contextual factors in schools that influence teaching behaviours and student learning outcomes. This study uses a contextual framework with four domain areas (personal, instructional, institutional, and societal) to take an in-depth look at urban/inner-city teachers' context and the enacted curriculum. The personal domain includes characteristics of students, parents and teachers. The instructional domain addresses classroom descriptions, content taught and student issues. The institutional domain includes school level variables and finally, the societal domain deals with views on general education issues. Purpose: To examine how the teaching context of an urban/inner-city school district's elementary/primary physical education program influenced what teachers taught. More contextual information is needed in order to address the additional challenges that urban/inner-city schools face in educating youth. Participants and setting: Male (n = 24) and Female (n = 2...
Shipboard data system III

The National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), operates a fleet of small boats and ocean-going ships to gather hydrographic data. Present computers used in gathering these data are obsolete, NOS is planning to replace these computers with the new Shipboard Data System III (SDS III). SDS III will use state of the art computer systems to further automate the hydrographic surveying process, to provide improved information on the completeness and accuracy of a survey, and to allow significantly increased field processing of the data.
Transforming viruses directly reduce the cellular growth requirement for a platelet derived growth factor.

Early passage mouse embryo fibroblasts, mouse 3T3 cell lines, and early passage diploid human fibroblasts grew to higher cell densities in tissue culture medium supplemented with serum than in medium supplemented with defibrinogenated platelet-poor plasma (PPP). Unlike the mouse cells, the human fibroblasts displayed this differential growth response only in the presence of hypophysiologic concentrations of calcium. The addition of heat-treated extracts of human platelets to PPP-supplemented medium stimulated the replication of both the normal mouse cells and early passage human embryo fibroblasts. Human or mouse fibroblasts transformed by either retroviruses or by SV40, including SV40 infected “serum revertants” and “flat transformants,” grew to equal cell densities in medium supplemented with either serum or PPP. Infection of Balb/c-3T3 cells with SV40 rapidly induced them to grow in PPP-supplemented medium demonstrating that the ability of SV40-transformed cell lines to proliferate in PPP-supplemented medium does not arise from the cell culture selection procedures usually employed to obtain stable virus-transformed cell lines. 3T3 cells infected but not transformed by retroviruses do not replicate in PPP-supplemented medium demonstrating that reduction of the growth requirement for the platelet growth factor(s) by retroviruses is a transformation-specific response. Cell cultures that did not proliferate well in PPP-supplemented medium did not form tumors when inoculated into athymic nude mice. Many, although not all, of the lines which grew well in PPP medium were tumorigenic in nude mice. Together, these findings indicate that: (1) normal fibroblast-like cells display a growth requirement for factor(s) present in serum but not found in PPP; (2) this serum specific growth factor is derived from platelets; (3) a primary response to viral transforming genes is a reduction in the growth requirement for these platelet-derived factors; and (4) cells that have a reduced requirement for the platelet-derived growth factor are often tumorigenic.
Is intermittent vasculogenic claudication still a nonsurgical disease

Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects more than 10 million individuals in the United States, including an estimated 4.3% of adults older than 40 and 14.5% older than 70 [1,2]. Clinically, patients with PAD present in one of three ways—asymptomatic chronic subclinical ischemia, intermittent claudication, or critical limb ischemia. Critical limb ischemia presents as either rest pain or tissue loss. Treatment practices for each presentation have been established since the 1950s. When considering lower extremity PAD, any patient older than 40 years who is found to have an ankle-brachial index (ABI) of less than 0.9 has significant PAD, even in the absence of symptoms [3]. Interestingly, more than 50% of patients with an abnormal ABI fail to show typical symptoms of claudication or CLI, a condition referred to as asymptomatic chronic subclinical ischemia. There is little debate that initiation of cardiovascular risk factor modification and surveillance is the most appropriate treatment for these asymptomatic individuals. Conversely, there is general consensus that patients with critical limb ischemia should be offered surgical revascularization, believing that the severity of the vascular disease will result in major limb amputation in most cases if left untreated. The treatment of vasculogenic claudication, however, has been controversial since its first description. Conventional wisdom, founded on evidence from the 1960s and 1970s, has recommended nonoperative management for the vast majority of patients with intermittent claudication. This recommendation was based on the benign natural history of untreated claudication and the substantial risk associated with operative intervention. However, in recent years, revascularization has become more commonly used for patients with claudication. Three major factors have been influential. First is the acceptance of endovascular intervention by the vascular surgical community, a treatment modality largely dismissed as effective until the late
Successfully Preserving a Farm as Open Space: What Values Were behind the Giving?

Successfully Preserving a Farm as Open Space: What Values Were behind the Giving? Open space preservation has become increasingly as important as urbanization has crept into suburban and exurban areas. The problem of disappearing open space in the suburbs of a large US city was addressed in this work. The goal was to associate responses to a retrospective survey of donors to a successful farm-to-open-space campaign in the Philadelphia metro region to the donations that people actually made.
Silica−Void−Gold Nanoparticles: Temporally Stable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates

Reproducible detection of a target molecule is demonstrated using temporally stable solution-phase silica-void-gold nanoparticles and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). These composite nanostructures are homogeneous (diameter = 45 +/- 4 nm) and entrap single 13 nm gold nanoparticle cores inside porous silica membranes which prevent electromagnetic coupling and aggregation between adjacent nanoparticles. The optical properties of the gold nanoparticle cores and structural changes of the composite nanostructures are characterized using extinction spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively, and both techniques are used to monitor the formation of the silica membrane. The resulting nanostructures exhibit temporally stable optical properties in the presence of salt and 2-naphthalenethiol. Similar SERS spectral features are observed when 2-naphthalenethiol is incubated with both bare and membrane-encapsulated gold nanoparticles. Disappearance of the S-H Raman vibrational band centered at 2566 cm(-1) with the composite nanoparticles indicates that the target molecule is binding directly to the metal surface. Furthermore, these nanostructures exhibit reproducible SERS signals for at least a 2 h period. This first demonstration of utilizing solution-phase silica-void-gold nanoparticles as reproducible SERS substrates will allow for future fundamental studies in understanding the mechanisms of SERS using solution-phase nanostructures as well as for applications that involve the direct and reproducible detection of biological and environmental molecules.
Dynamic adhesive forces in rough contacting bodies including normal and sliding conditions

Using a high-resolution, high-dynamic bandwidth capacitive force transducer and two piezoelectric actuators, adhesive pull-off forces between nominally flat rough silicon surfaces were measured under various dynamic conditions in normal and tangential directions and environmental humidity levels. The upper specimen approached and retracted with a constant velocity in the vertical (normal) direction, while the lower specimen started moving in the horizontal (tangential) direction during the middle of the contact. The experiments were performed under 35 and 60% relative humidity conditions. It was found that sliding of the contacting surfaces led to a significant reduction in pull-off forces under low-humidity contact conditions, whereas it caused higher pull-off forces under partially wet contact conditions. Comparing the effects of sliding velocity and sliding distance on the measured pull-off force values, it was found that the sliding distance played an important role in the increase in pull-off forces.
Exergetic Analysis for Improving the Operation of Building Mechanical Systems: Results and Recommendations

A review of past research reveals that while exergetic analysis has been performed on various building mechanical systems, there has not been extensive efforts in the areas of retrocommissioning air distribution systems or fault detection for cooling plants. Motivations for this new work include demonstrating the merits of exergetic analysis in association with retrocommissioning (RCX) an existing building air handling unit (AHU), as well as conducting an advanced analysis on an existing chiller for the purposes of health monitoring. The following research demonstrates the benefits of including a second law analysis in order to improve equipment operation based on lowered energy consumption and improved operation, and as a means for system health monitoring. Particularly, exergetic analysis is not often performed in the context of RCX, therefore this research will provide insight to those considering incorporating exergetic analysis in their RCX assessments. A previously developed RCX test for assessing an AHU on a college campus, as well as data collected from the testing is utilized for an advanced thermodynamic analysis. The operating data is analyzed using the first and second laws of thermodynamics and subsequent recommendations are made for retrofit design solutions to improve the system performance. The second law analysis provides beneficial information for determining retrofit solutions with minimal additional data collection and calculations. The thermodynamic methodology is then extended to a building’s cooling plant which utilizes a vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRC) chiller. Existing chiller operational data is processed and extracted for use in this analysis. As with the air handling unit analysis, the second law analysis of the VCRC chiller provides insight on irreversibility locations that would not necessarily be determined from a first law analysis. The VCRC chiller data, originally collected several years ago for the design of an automated fault detection and diagnosis methodology, is utilized. Chiller plant data representing normal operation, as well as faulty operation is used to develop a chiller model for assessing component performance and health monitoring. Normal operation and faulty operation data is analyzed to determining the viability of using existing data and performing an exergy analysis for the purposes of health monitoring. Based on RCX activities and thermodynamic analyses, conclusions are drawn on the utility of using exergetic analysis in energy intensive building mechanical systems in order to improve system operation. The results show the utility of the analysis and illustrate system performance.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Evidence for a direct effect on fatty acid synthesis in rela gene control of membrane phospholipid synthesis.

The direct regulation of fatty acid synthesis by the relA gene has been demonstrated in vivo by use of a system in which fatty acid synthesis is uncoupled from membrane phospholipid synthesis.
Potential N processing by southern Everglades freshwater marshes: Are Everglades marshes passive conduits for nitrogen?

Abstract The degree of hydrological connectivity in wetlands plays a vital role in determining the flux of energy, material, and nutrients across these wet landscapes. During the last century, compartmentalization of hydrologic flows in the Florida Everglades by canals and levees has had a profound impact on the natural timing and supply of freshwater and nutrients across the southern Everglades. Nitrogen (N) is an understudied nutrient in the phosphorus-limited Everglades; it plays an important role in many Everglades processes. To gain a better understanding of the overall N-dynamics in southern Everglades’ marshes and the role that canals play in the distribution of N across this landscape, we analyzed δ15N natural abundance data for the primary ecosystem components (the macrophyte Cladium jamaicense, marl soils, peat soils, and periphyton). Three sample transects were established in the three main basins of the southern Everglades: Shark River Slough, Taylor Slough, and the C-111 basin. Each transect included sample sites near canal inflows, in interior marshes, and at the estuarine ecotone. Natural abundance δ15N signatures provided insights into processes that may be enriching the 15N content of ecosystem components across the marsh landscape. We also conducted a combined analysis of δ15N data, tissue N concentrations, and water column N data to provide a broad overview of N cycling in the freshwater marshes of the southern Everglades. The primary trend that emerged from each basin was a significant 15N enrichment of all ecosystem components at near-canal sites, relative to more downstream sample sites. These data suggest that the phosphorus-limited marshes of the southern Everglades are not inactive conduits for N. Rather, these marshes appear to be actively cycling and processing N as it flows from the canal–marsh interface through downstream freshwater marshes. This finding has important implications to downstream coastal estuaries, including Florida Bay, and to nearshore coastal ocean ecosystems, such as coral reefs, where N is the limiting nutrient.
Marine turtle faeces on Hawaiian beaches

Abstract Faeces of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, washed ashore in large numbers at a beach park in Hawaii over a 40-day period in 1989. The formed pellets were originally misidentified as being from pigs or humans, and therefore were perceived as a pollutant of potential health hazard to humans. However, bacteriological analysis of the nearshore waters indicated low and legally acceptable levels of faecal coliforms and enterococci. Similar diminished levels were also found in direct cultures of the fresh pellets. Green turtle faeces have been known to drift ashore in Hawaii, but never in the quantities recorded during this short-term event. The reason for the occurrence could not be determined, but several possible explanations are given.
Policy Workaround Stories are Valuable Evaluative Indicators: But Should They be Told?

In evaluating local policy implementation, workaround stories—accounts of deliberate efforts to evade, subvert, or even break rules or procedures in order to get the job done—are valuable evaluative indicators. By “backward mapping” (Elmore, 1979) from frequently mentioned workarounds, we can identify flawed elements of policy- or grant-making systems. However, workaround stories captured in confidential interviews pose an ethical dilemma for evaluators. If reported intact, these stories potentially expose their tellers to repercussions from compliance-oriented superiors in the bureaucratic chain of command. But unless these stories—in all their vivid details—are told, it is less likely that those superiors will be motivated to fix the often intricate implementation problems which create the need for workarounds in the first place. We explore options for resolving this dilemma in light of the American Evaluation Association guiding principles and the trade-off between the competing public goods of innovat...
The Coastal Environment: Toward Integrated Coastal and Marine Sanctuary Management

The role of science in society is evolving as we enter the 21st century. More than ever before, professional societies, politicians, and others are encouraging scientists to become involved in public policy issues. During the Cold War, many scientists believed that science by itself could solve society's problems. The scientific community is now beginning to realize that many societal issues involve diverse economic, political, social, ethical, and aesthetic values, and rarely, if ever, is single-discipline scientific information alone the basis of public policy that addresses these issues. This reality challenges the scientific community to define a new social contract that is in accord with the social and political conditions that characterize the twilight of the 20th century and the dawn of the 21st century.
Radio Interferometry From Space Platforms

While current VLBI observations are limited in their resolution by the earth diameter magnitude, which is the largest antenna separation available, as well as in their information content, because of the small number of antennas in use at a given time, the extension of VLBI to include one or more antennas in space will relieve both constraints and help to map distant radio sources with the highest possible resolution. Attention is given to the implementation of such an orbital VLBI system extension through (1) a Shuttle-launch mission, (2) a six-month to one-year near earth orbit mission based on a space platform associated with the Space Station, (3) a large orbit free flyer platform mission of more than 2-year duration, and (4) lunar and/or deep space orbits, aimed at reaching the resolution limits set by interstellar scattering.
COMPLEXITY IN NURSING EDUCATION: EXAMPLES OF THE PARADIGM

Edgar Morin proposed that knowledge construction is best enacted via a complex and circular approach between both the part and the whole, while never enacting a strictly reductionistic or strictly holistic approach. It is the ability to connect and unite the parts within the whole via a dynamic circular process between the parts and whole that frees us from fragmented knowledge and helps us to bridge the gap between our seemingly disparate-competing nursing paradigms. This article examines the benefits of utilizing Morin's complexity theory, the dialogical, and circular processes in creating a liberating structural framework or paradigm for nursing education.
Consideration and Characterization of Pavement Construction Variability

Recently, many state highway agencies have adopted quality control/ quality assurance (QC/QA) techniques with the desire to improve the quality of construction and provide an incentive or environment for contractors to try new or innovative construction methods or materials. Reduced construction and material variability is one measure of improved "quality" of construction. Although decreased variability may be desirable, there is considerable debate and confusion about the cost-effectiveness of the QC/QA programs. The data collection effort and three variability analysis techniques that may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the QC/QA programs are discussed here. Characterization of variability and application of the techniques for Illinois' QC/QA program are also presented.
CO observations of galaxies 1985-1989

This catalog lists all publications containing new observations of CO isotopes in galaxies that have appeared since the submission of Verter (1985) and before the end of 1989. For each publication the number and nature of the observations are summarized. Condensations of this information can be used to evaluate the current status and direction of observational research on molecular gas in external galaxies.
Equations for some transient overvoltage test waveforms

Simple equations are provided that satisfy the definitions of five of the most common transient overvoltage test waveforms: the ringwave specified in ANSI C62.41-1980, the fast transient specified in IEC 801, and the 8/20- mu s 1.2/50- mu s, and 10/1000- mu s waveforms. These equations are useful for performing computer simulations of the response of electronic circuits to transient overvoltages. >
Serum antibodies that distinguish between the phospho- and dephospho-forms of a phosphoprotein.

Considerable evidence suggests that the actions of many hormones, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and oncogenic viruses are mediated through regulation of the state of phos-phorylation of specific proteins1,2. Many such phosphoproteins have been found, which serve as specific substrates for various classes of protein kinases1,2. We report here the successful preparation of antibodies which are selective for either the dephospho- or the phospho-form of one such phosphoprotein. Thus, we have prepared both dephospho-selective and phospho-selective serum antibodies to G-substrate3,4, a neurone-specific substrate for cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, and have used them as the basis of a radioimmunoassay procedure for studying the state of phosphorylation of this protein.
Diabetes impairs the late : inflammatory response to wound healing

Diabetes mellitus is recognized as a risk factor for compromised wound healing. This study examines leukocyte infiltration and the appearance of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and IL-6 in wound chambers implanted in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Perforated silicone wound chambers containing a strip of polyvinyl alcohol sponge were implanted along the flanks of normal and diabetic mice. Wound fluid aspirated from the chambers 1, 3, and 7 days following implantation was analyzed for the total number of leukocytes and TNF and IL-6 levels. While the number of leukocytes in the wound fluid was similar on Days 1 and 3 following implantation, there were significantly fewer inflammatory cells in wound fluid from diabetic animals (13.8 X 10(6)/ml) than in wound fluid from normal animals (28.5 Z 10(6)/ml) on Day 7 following implantation. TNF levels in the cell-free exudate fluid were similar between the two groups on all days examined. IL-6 levels were similar on Days 1 and 3 following implantation between the two groups, but there was significantly more IL-6 in wound fluid from normal animals (10,998 U/ml) than in wound fluid from diabetic animals (2096 U/ml) on Day 7 following implantation. Histologic evaluation of chambers 8 days following implantation revealed decreased neovascularization and less organization of granulation tissue. These data suggest that delayed healing in diabetes is associated with altered leukocyte infiltration and wound fluid IL-6 levels during the late inflammatory phase of wound healing.
Validation of NDE methods

The NDE Validation Center is a national resource for the independent and quantitative evaluation of existing and emerging NDE techniques. The resources of the NDE Validation Center are available to federal and state agencies, the academic community, and industry. The NDE Validation Center is designed to perform critical evaluations of NDE technologies and to provide a source of information and guidance to users and developers of NDE systems. This paper describes the resources available at the Center and the initial efforts to validate the visual inspection of highway bridges. Efforts to evaluate various NDE methods for the inspection of bridge hanger pins are also described.
Experimental and numerical tribological studies of a boundary lubricant functionalized poro-viscoelastic PVA hydrogel in normal contact and sliding.

Abstract Hydrogels are a cross-linked network of polymers swollen with liquid and have the potential to be used as a synthetic replacement for local defects in load bearing tissues such as articular cartilage. Hydrogels display viscoelastic time dependent behavior, therefore experimental analysis of stresses at the surface and within the gel is difficult to perform. A three-dimensional model of a hydrogel was developed in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS™, implementing a poro-viscoelastic constitutive model along with a contact-dependent flow state and friction conditions. Water content measurements, sliding, and indentation experiments were performed on neat polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and on low friction boundary lubricant functionalized (BLF-PVA) hydrogels, both manufactured by freeze–thaw processes. Modulus results from the indentation experiments and coefficient of friction values from the sliding experiments were used as material property inputs to the model, while water content was used to calculate initial flow conditions. Tangential force and normal displacement data from a three-dimensional simulation of sliding were compared with the experiments. The tangential force patterns indicated important similarities with the fabricated hydrogels that included an initially high force value due to time dependent deformation followed by a decrease in a stabile value. A similar trend was observed with the normal displacement. These comparisons rendered the model suitable as a representation and were used to analyze the development and propagation of stresses in the immediate surface region. The results showed that in a three-dimensional stress field during sliding, the maximum stress shifted to the surface and rotated closer to the leading edge of contact. This occurred because the stress field becomes dominated by an amplified compressive stress at the leading edge due to the biphasic viscoelastic response of the material during sliding. Also, the complex multi-axial contact stress field was reduced to focus predominately on stress in the contact surface region in the direction of sliding. The results showed that during biphasic viscoelastic frictional sliding, the maximum tensile stress develops at the trailing edge of contact and a compressive stress develops at the leading edge in the direction of motion. The BLF-PVA hydrogels displayed a decrease in this tensile and compressive stress as compared to the standard PVA. The diminishment of these stresses would be expected to give the BLF-PVA hydrogels lower material wear with greater life expectancy as a synthetic articular cartilage implant.
Applied mathematics modeling of intelligent mapping and scheduling of interdependent and multi-functional project resources

The primary objective of this research is the development of a generic project scheduling tool that incorporates (1) resource characteristics, such as preferences, time-effective capabilities, costs and availability of project resources and (2) performance interdependencies among different resource groups, and proceeds to map the most adequate resource units to each newly scheduled project activity. The principal challenge in this generic model development is to make it applicable to realistic project environments, which often involve multi-functional resources, whose capabilities or other characteristics may cross activities, as well as within a single activity relative to specific interactions among resources themselves. The scope of this research challenge further increases when the actual duration, cost, and successful completion of a project activity is assumed as resource driven and dependent on the choice of particular resource units assigned to it. The proposed methodology dynamically executes two alternative procedures: the activity scheduler and resource mapper. The activity scheduler prioritizes and schedules activities based on their attributes, and may also attempt to centralize selected resource loading graphs based on activity resource requirements. The resource mapper considers resource characteristics, incorporates interdependencies among resource groups or types, and maps the available resource units to newly scheduled activities according to a project manager's pre-specified mapping (objective) function.
Structural integrity monitoring of bridges using fiber optics

Bridge integrity is recognized as a complex issue, with visual inspection currently being the prime technique for determining structural health. For instrumentation to contribute to such determination, high cost effectiveness is mandatory. Potential bridge instrumentation functions are outlined with a cost comparison between conventional strain gages and a distributed fiber optic system. Because of the lack of a static model to assess overall bridge integrity from localized strain/displacement data, collaboration is suggested with dynamic methods to mutually determine structural health on as a 3-D or global basis. Examples of several types of bridges are presented, with suggested fiber optic instrumentation. Known fiber optic bridge installations are reviewed and two new fiber optic sensing developments are presented as uniquely applicable to cost-effective bridge integrity determination.
Acyclovir therapy in neonates.

Study objective: To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of acyclovirdisposition in neonates with renal dysfunction. Design: Prospective sequential open enroliment of neonates with presumed herpes group virus infections. Setting: Neonatal intensive care units in the greater Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitanarea. Patients: Sixteen neonates with gestational ages between 27 and 40 weeks (median 38 weeks) were given acyclovir between days 1 and 56 of life to treat presumed herpes virus infections. Six infants were critically ill with multisystem disease, five infants had hepatic failure and underwent blood exchange transfusion, and five infants had renal failure. A mean of four (range 1 to 19) serum acyclovir concentrations per patient were measured by radioimmunoassay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from acyclovir concentrations in 46 samples from 16 patients. Measurements and main results: The pharmacokinetic disposition of acyclovirwas described as a two-compartment model. Although the ranges for acyclovir clearance and terminal elimination (t1/2β) were wide, a statistically, significant relationship was demonstrated between clearance and beta versus serum creatinine concentration. The average t1/2β for infants with serum creatinine level 1 mg/dl. Conclusions: Neonates with hepatic or renal dysfunction or young premature infants accumulate acyclovir when dosed without adjustment for organ dysfunction. Measurement of serum creatinine or creatinine clearance can be useful in the dosing of acyclovir in neonates.
Waves in turbulent air: A phenomenological model

Waves propagating through random media undergo large phase and amplitude scintillations even when the scattering at other than very small angles is insignificant. A large number of literature on the subject has been written in recent years. Nevertheless many of the more interesting effects (amplitude scintillation) are not well understood because the theory of the interaction is formulated too abstractly to give insight. The purpose of this work is to provide a phenomenological model with which we derive most of the known expressions-and some new ones-by means of back-of-the-envelope calculations. The model appears to give the needed insights.
Regulation of anaerobic carbon monoxide oxidation activity in Rhodocyclus gelatinosus

Rhodocyclus gelatinosus grows anaerobically at the expense of carbon monoxide (CO). The CO-oxidation system was substrate-induced and in CO/light, cells grew at an exponential rate with ever increasing amounts of CO:MV oxidoreductase activity (the measure of CO oxidation). Once strain 1 reached a high cell density, the concentration of CO became limiting and gas oxidation activity suddenly decreased. Cell growth continued unaffected. To help explain this, it appeared that strain 1 variably used both CO oxidation and photometabolism to support growth in CO/light. Light intensity determined the upper limit of amounts of CO:MV oxidoreductase in a culture, while intermediate amounts were regulated by CO concentration. Thus, in darkness, cells produced the maximum CO oxidation activity, whereas in growth-saturating light, the minimum limit occurred. The lower the levels of CO:MV oxidoreductase in cells, the greater the content of bacteriochlorophyll. In this manner, strain 1 grew with a generation time of 6.7 independent of light intensity.
Relationships between depressive symptoms and cognitive vulnerabilities of achievement and dependency

This study tests the hypothesis from recent theories of depression that specific depressive symptoms reflect underlying cognitive vulnerabilities of achievement and dependency. Fifty-nine depressed subjects provided information about their depressive symptoms and about two types of cognitive vulnerability: achievement and social dependency. As predicted, subjects who were more achievement-oriented reported more feelings of failure, self-hate, self-blame, guilt, loss of interest in other people, and hopelessness than those who were less achievement-oriented. Contrary to prediction, there were no relationships between dependency and sadness, concern about personal attractiveness, or crying. These findings support cognitive theories of depression, particularly the theories' descriptions of the achievement vulnerability. Both patients and nonpatients were studied, and results were independent of sample, indicating that the theories account for depressive symptoms in anyone, not just in patients.
Nutrition, lipids, and cardiovascular disease: Clinical benefits without biochemical effects and biochemical effects without clinical benefits

Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a common-source epidemic attributable to dietary intake of saturated fat and cholesterol. Genetic susceptibility to diet is related to levels of atherogenic lipoproteins such as apolipoprotein B and the development of the atherosclerosis and plaque characteristics. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction play important roles in propagating the development of atherosclerosis but are not the primary cause. A new epidemic of obesity and insulin resistance has modified the relationship between measured lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. There is little evidence that obesity alone is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) may not reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease. Characteristics of metabolism in the HDL particle and the methods of raising the HDL may be of much greater importance. Atherosclerosis progresses over a person’s lifetime. Most older individuals have significant atherosclerosis. We should focus on the long-term risks of atherosclerosis to CVD and on the primary prevention of atherosclerosis rather than only on end-stage CVD.
Stress and Social Support—in Search of Optimal Matching

Theoretical and practical advantages are discussed of a model that specifies the type of social support that is most beneficial (i.e., most effective in preventing deleterious physical or mental health consequences) following different kinds of stressful life events. Prior attempts to specify such optimal combinations of stress and social support are reviewed, and a new optimal matching model is proposed. Issues that must be addressed in the validation of optimal stress-support models are discussed, and methodological suggestions for future research endeavors in this area are offered.
Reduction of Severe Problem Behavior in Community Employment Using an Hypothesis-Driven Multicomponent Intervention Approach.

Individuals with severe problem behavior typically are excluded from integration efforts involving community employment. This study examined one strategy for reducing severe problem behavior in an employment situation. The strategy involved three factors: (a) interventions were chosen based on hypotheses about the maintaining variables for the problem behavior (hypothesis-driven model); (b) a multicomponent intervention package was used that included some combination of functional communication training, building rapport, making choices, embedding demands, and building tolerance for delay of reinforcement; and (c) measures of latency to problem behavior and percentage of work steps completed were used instead of the more traditional measure of frequency. The results demonstrated both an increase in the time spent in the employment situation without problem behavior and increases in completion of work steps to maximum. Social validation of these results was provided by employment site management. The value...
Isomerization and hydrolysis reactions of important disaccharides over inorganic heterogeneous catalysts

Abstract Isomerization and hydrolysis reactions of cellobiose, maltose, and lactose were investigated over various minerals and synthetic zeolite catalysts. Zeolites of type A, X, and Y are the most active for such reactions. Product distributions were determined from batch experiments and are compared with those obtained under homogeneous alkaline conditions. Product distributions indicate that reaction routes consist of parallel hydrolysis and isomerization of the disaccharides to their corresponding ketoses, followed by hydrolysis of the ketoses. Approximately 10–13% of the disaccharide reacted is not accounted for in the product distribution, indicating that degradation reactions occur, probably in the alkaline broth of the mixtures.
Risk factors associated with camp accidents.

Objective Project goals included creating a database for medical incidents at a Minnesota canoe and backpacking camp and identifying those most at risk within this population using one summer's experience. Methods YMCA Camp Widjiwagan employed a total of 123 staff and served 725 campers in summer 2000. This resulted in 9418 camper trail days (CTD), 2497 staff trail days (STD), and 20150 participant days (PD), the evaluation units for this study. Data were collected using routine documentation: treatment logs (TL) for any event that required care, and incident reports (IR) for more serious injuries and near misses. Information was entered into an Access database and analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Results Canoe and backpack trips were compared using staff and camper days (CD). There were 582 TL and 59 IR, including 12 cases that resulted in evacuation to medical care (1/1000 PD). Canoe groups were no more at risk than backpack groups ( P =.607), and campers reported more incidents than staff regardless of sex or location of injury (0.4/1000 CD compared with 0.1/1000 CD; P P P Conclusion Careful tracking of health incidents and near misses over time can reveal which campers and camper groups are at greatest risk for injuries and illnesses occurring during participation.
New surjectivity results for perturbed weakly coercive operators of monotone type in reflexive Banach spaces

Abstract Let X be a real reflexive locally uniformly convex Banach space with locally uniformly convex dual space X ∗ . Let T : X ⊇ D ( T ) → 2 X ∗ be maximal monotone and S : X → 2 X ∗ be bounded pseudomonotone. Let p be a nonnegative integer. Assume, further, that there exist nonnegative constants a i ( i = 1 , 2 , … , p ) such that 〈 v ∗ + w ∗ , x 〉 ≥ − ∑ i = 1 p a i ‖ x ‖ i − α ( ‖ x ‖ ) ‖ x ‖ p + 2 for all x ∈ D ( T ) with sufficiently large ‖ x ‖ , v ∗ ∈ T x and w ∗ ∈ S x , where α : [ 0 , ∞ ) → [ 0 , ∞ ) such that α ( t ) → 0 as t → ∞ . New surjectivity results are given for the operator T + S along with weakly coercive type hypothesis on T + S . The results are new and improve the corresponding theory for coercive operators of monotone type. The theory developed herein can be suitably applied in the study of partial differential equations, variational and hemi-variational inequality problems in appropriate Sobolev spaces. To demonstrate the applicability of the theory, an example of time periodic parabolic partial differential equation, which models nonmonotone semipermeability problem, is provided.
Social pressure and personal preference

Abstract The present study investigated Crutchfield's (1955) contention that preference judgments are uniquely immune to group pressure. Results strongly indicated that group pressure did indeed influence preference judgments.