cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing with matter

The use of open-source microcontroller platforms in building design facilitates new responsive building systems and intelligent facades. Adaptive designs and intelligent spaces are at the forefront of the current architectural and artistic discourse. They engage users in interactive dialogue, allow for public domain authoring, and are critical factors in sustainable designs where buildings monitor their own performance and respond to environmental factors.This course explores the intersection of microcontroller-based physical computing with emergent material technologies. The presenters take a step further beyond current electronic paradigm and discuss the impact of smart materials on the electronically dominated world of computing. Smart materials not only complement or replace the need for electrically operated sensors or actuators, but can also eliminate microcontrollers altogether. Since in this arrangement the material itself takes on computational functions, sensing and actuation are processed locally and on an as-needed basis. Material-based computation can be achieved on very small scales (nanoscale) and can be truly embedded and ubiquitous within our built environment. The material response is direct and exhibits an extremely high-resolution.At the same time, the software-hardware integration inherent in smart-material computing sets limitations for dynamic readjustment of behavioral properties and functional configurations. In most instances, smart materials are specifically designed to perform a particular function within well-defined trigger conditions. However, these trigger properties are not easily re-configurable once integrated into building assemblies.This course will look at various ways in which performative materials can respond in an environment that is controlled by, and interfaced with the digital realm. Participants will be introduced to a range of nanotech-enabled emergent and smart materials that can respond to changes in their environment. They will also learn principles of feedback-based interactions that are essential for the realization of adaptive spaces.
Extracurricular Participation and Academic Outcomes: Testing the Over-Scheduling Hypothesis

There is a growing concern that some youth are overscheduled in extracurricular activities, and that this increasing involvement has negative consequences for youth functioning. This article used data from the Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS: 2002), a nationally representative and ethnically diverse longitudinal sample of American high school students, to evaluate this hypothesis (N = 13,130; 50.4% female). On average, 10th graders participated in between 2 and 3 extracurricular activities, for an average of 5 h per week. Only a small percentage of 10th graders reported participating in extracurricular activities at high levels. Moreover, a large percentage of the sample reported no involvement in school-based extracurricular contexts in the after-school hours. Controlling for some demographic factors, prior achievement, and school size, the breadth (i.e., number of extracurricular activities) and the intensity (i.e., time in extracurricular activities) of participation at 10th grade were positively associated with math achievement test scores, grades, and educational expectations at 12th grade. Breadth and intensity of participation at 10th grade also predicted educational status at 2 years post high school. In addition, the non-linear function was significant. At higher breadth and intensity, the academic adjustment of youth declined. Implications of the findings for the over-scheduling hypothesis are discussed.
Seesaw-model predictions for the tau -neutrino mass.

The observed deficit of solar neutrinos cannot be explained by a cooler solar model, which would suppress high-energy neutrinos more than low-energy neutrinos, contrary to observation. The small neutrino masses and flavor mixing implied by matter-amplified neutrino oscillations in the Sun are most naturally interpreted in terms of minimal grand unification theories (GUT's) incorporating the seesaw mechanism. In two such theories, SO(10) GUT and supersymmetric GUT, that are consistent with all laboratory experiments, the neutrino mixing is like quark Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing and the neutrino masses are proportional to the squares of the up-quark masses. For the SO(10) GUT model, the symmetry-breaking scale is intermediate and the {mu}-neutrino mass is close to that observed in solar-neutrino oscillations. Although the seesaw-model mass predictions are less reliable than the mixing-angle predictions, the {tau}-neutrino mass may lie in the cosmologically important range 4--28 eV and be accessible to laboratory neutrino oscillation experiments or to observation in a nearby supernova.
Ultra-low power NEMS FPGA

In this paper, we discuss a new type of NEMS switches that can be configured to implement any 2-input logic gates (AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR, NOT) in a single device structure. These devices can be used to implement FPGA where a four-input CLB requires only nine NEMS switches and at most two mechanical delays per computation. In contrast, CMOS CLBs require 150 traditional switches. By reducing the number of devices, our approach improves yield, reproducibility, speed, power and simplifies implementation.
Synergistic response of plant hairy-root cultures to phosphate limitation and fungal elicitation

The combined effects of phosphate limitation and fungal elicitation on sesquiterpene production were examined in Agrofeacterium-transformed “hairy-root” cultures of Hyo-scyamus muticus Limiting the initial supply of inorganic phosphate to elicited cultures resulted in a 4.2-fold increase in solavetivone production as compared to elicitation at control media phosphate levels (1.1 mM). Because growth was attenuated at low initial phosphate levels, production per unit cell mass increased 46 times as compared to the control. Both elicited and nonelicited cultures showed enhanced solavetivone production at lower initial phosphate levels. In fact, the specific productivity of nonelicited roots grown in phosphate-free media was comparable to the specific productivity of fungally elicited roots that are not phosphate limited. Addition of fungal elicitors enhanced specific productivity of solavetivone about 200-fold over nonelicited cultures at nearly all phosphate levels. Phosphate limitation and fungal elicitation are therefore synergistic, and optimal total production is achieved by simultaneous application of these two production strategies.
Diverticulitis of the jejunum: clinical and radiological features.

This article describes three cases of jejunal diverticulitis in elderly women, who had presented with pain and tenderness in the periumbilical region or the left side of the abdomen, lowgrade fever, anemia, and weight loss. The findings were initially attributed to possible inflammatory or neoplastic lesions of the colon. However, gastrointestinal barium studies and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen proved crucial in establishing the preoperative diagnosis of jejunal diverticulitis and its associated abscess in the adjacent mesentery or abdominal wall. The clinical and radiological manifestations of this uncommon entity are herein presented along with a brief review of the pertinent literature.
Infrared spectroscopy of the HCN-(HF)2 ternary complex

Abstract The opto-thermal detection method has been used to obtain the first gas-phase infrared spectrum of the non-linear HCN-(HF) 2 complex. Rotational constants in the ground and vibrationally excited states have been determined, as well as the band origin and vibrational predissociation lifetime. The experimental spectrum is a direct result of the excitation of the C-H stretching vibration in the complex. Two other featureless vibrational bands have been observed which are tentatively assigned to the HF stretches in this complex.
Claiming Ownership: A Response to Manning and Ginger

We had two major objectives in publishing our manuscript ‘‘Exploring the Concept of Ownership in Natural Resource Planning’’ (Lachapelle and McCool 2005). First, we hoped to clarify how the term ownership has evolved into new meanings as citizens, scientists, and managers sought ways to respond to the weaknesses of traditional rational–comprehensive planning. Our observation was, and still is, that the term ownership is used in a variety of ways in different contexts for different purposes, leading to some confusion about what the concept means. Such confusion hinders good practice and good science. Our second objective was to encourage a disciplined dialogue within the social science community, for, as we see it, the concept is still evolving, but could benefit from more deliberation and dialogue. This dialogue would itself enhance the conduct of science on the topic as well as the practice of public engagement. Manning and Ginger (this issue) raise several issues regarding our notion of ownership: specifically how we expand on existing scholarship, how we address representation and accountability, our need to reflect on advances in existing planning processes, and our suggested role of science both in research and in planning processes. We agree with many of their concerns and hope to show here that our ownership model addresses and responds to these concerns. Ownership as we define it entails not only a sense of caring and responsibility toward a particular issue, but also identifying who has a voice in a process, who has influence in a decision, and who is affected by an outcome. Our notion of ownership is closely aligned to how power has been characterized and is admittedly far from new, for as (Dahl 1957, 201) notes, ‘‘the concept of power is as ancient and ubiquitous as any that social theory can boast.’’ An ownership model seeks to make explicit power dynamics such as symbolic and material forces that can lead to patterns of domination, and identifies different strategies for dealing with different segments of the public. An ownership model recognizes differences in access, control,
Separation of methanol-hydrogen mixtures using inorganic membranes

Abstract In a previous paper, J. Membrane Sci., 60 (1991) 185–193, large separation factors (as high as 600) were reported for methanol/hydrogen mixtures. These reported results are not accurate. Repetition of the experiments gave separation factors between 1.5 and 4 depending on the total pressure at 473 K. The same experimental apparatus and alumina membranes were used in this study. These results indicate that capillary condensation in the membrane pores is not the primary separation mechanism as had been previously reported.
Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody responses to enhanced green fluorescent protein following transplantation of transduced CD34+ hematopoietic cells

Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells often results in the expression of foreign proteins in pluripotent progenitor cells and their progeny. However, the potential for products of foreign genes introduced into hematopoietic stem cells to induce host immune responses is not well understood. Gene marking and induction of immune responses to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) were examined in rhesus macaques that underwent nonmyeloablative irradiation followed by infusions of CD34+ bone marrow cells transduced with a retroviral vector expressing eGFP. CD34+ cells were obtained from untreated animals or from animals treated with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or G-CSF and recombinant human stem cell factor. Levels of eGFP-expressing cells detected by flow cytometry peaked at 0.1% to 0.5% of all leukocytes 1 to 4 weeks after transplantation. Proviral DNA was detected in 0% to 17% of bone marrow–derived colony-forming units at periods of 5 to 18 weeks after transplantation. However, 5 of 6 animals studied demonstrated a vigorous eGFP-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response that was associated with a loss of genetically modified cells in peripheral blood, as demonstrated by both flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction. The eGFP-specific CTL responses were MHC-restricted, mediated by CD8+lymphocytes, and directed against multiple epitopes. eGFP-specific CTLs were able to efficiently lyse autologous CD34+ cells expressing eGFP. Antibody responses to eGFP were detected in 3 of 6 animals. These data document the potential for foreign proteins expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic cells and their progeny to induce antibody and CTL responses in the setting of a clinically applicable transplantation protocol.
Cholesterol uptake in vitro by young and old rat aortas.

Abstract In general, aging appears to reduce an organism's ability to metabolize lipid (Kritchevsky, 1972). Cholesterol synthesis (Bloch et al. , 1946), degradation (Yamamoto and Yamamura, 1971) and turnover (Hruza and Wachtlova, 1969) are all reduced in aging rats. Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation by rat epididymal fat are also reduced (Benjamin et al. , 1961). Aortic metabolism does not appear to follow this trend. Zemplenyi and Grafnetter (1959) and Dury (1961) measured lipolysis by aortic tissue and found lipolytic activity higher in old than in young rats. Cholesterol ester synthetase and hydrolase activities are also higher in old than in young rats (Kritchevsky et al. , 1973 b ). We would like to report the results of preliminary experiments to determine the uptake of cholesterol in vitro by aortas from young and old rats.
Being in the Second Iraq War: A Poetic Ethnography

Utilizing the methodology of poetic ethnography, the current article presents a U.S. soldier’s narrative of his experiences during the second Iraq war in 2003. The study provides a methodological, ...
Dietary fat and cholesterol induced modification of minipig lipoprotein fluidity and composition

Abstract 1. 1. Miniature swine were fed a low (2.7%) fat control stock diet alone or supplemented with either 20% lard plus 1% cholesterol or 20% lard alone for periods of up to 6 months. 2. 2. Cholesterol feeding reduced VLDL fluidity drastically and LDL fluidity minimally but had no effect on HDL fluidity. 3. 3. Lard feeding had no effect on lipoprotein fluidity. 4. 4. The rigid VLDL produced by cholesterol feeding was enriched in cholesterol and phospholipid contents, similar to β-VLDL. 5. 5. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were increased by 1.5 to 5-fold in pigs fed stock diets supplemented with 20% lard, with or without added cholesterol, but plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were not affected by either diet modification. 6. 6. Diet effects were complete within 4 weeks with no further changes for periods up to 6 months. 7. 7. Regression of the induced hypercholesterolemia was also accomplished within one month of removing cholesterol from the diet.
Temporal Alterations in Basement Membrane Components in the Pulmonary Vasculature of the Chronically Hypoxic Rat: Impact of Hypoxia and Recovery

The hypoxic model of pulmonary hypertension was used to examine temporal alterations in the deposition of the basement membrane (BM) and components of fibronectin, laminin, and Type IV collagen within vascular, airway, and gas exchange compartments of the lung. Because hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is a reversible model of hypertension, changes in fibronectin and laminin synthesis/deposition in the recovering lung were also examined. Long-term hypoxic exposure produced decreases in body weight, increased right ventricular and lung dry weights and elevations in pulmonary arterial pressure. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed consistent and progressive increases in the deposition of fibronectin and laminin, but not type IV collagen, in the subendothelial and medial BMs of large and small pulmonary arteries, but not in airways or lung parenchyma. These changes were observed by day 4 of hypoxia and were most prominent in the conducting vasculature. Northern analysis showed a biphasic pattern of alterations in steady-state levels of BM component mRNA in hypoxic rats with early reductions at days 4 and 7 followed by increases at day 12. Recovery from 12 days of hypoxia resulted in regression of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy but not increased lung weight. Immunohistochemical analysis of fibronectin, laminin, and type IV collagen levels in the vasculature showed a temporal regression to levels that were not remarkably different from time-matched controls at day 30 of recovery. Northern analysis of lungs from hypoxic-recovery rats revealed increased steady-state levels of mRNA for fibronectin, laminin, and type IV collagen at all time points. These data indicate that long-term hypoxic exposure elicits marked alterations in the synthetic capacity and deposition of the important cell attachment BM glycoproteins fibronectin and laminin. In addition, recovery from hypoxia appears to be characterized by a lack of increased fibronectin and laminin levels in the conducting vasculature, suggesting a marked and rapid reorganization of the vascular BMs on both hypoxic exposure and recovery from hypoxia.
Relationship between cytosolic calcium and oxygen consumption in isolated rat hearts.

Maximum oxygen consumption was attained in isolated perfused rat hearts using high perfusate calcium and/or isoproterenol, or phenylephrine. The amplitude of calcium transients was directly related to oxygen consumption until oxygen consumed per beat reached maximum. At saturating oxygen consumption the amplitude of [Ca2+]i transients continued to increase, indicative of a calcium overload. In all cases +dPdt correlated proportionately with +dCa2+dt. Augmented developed pressure, related to isoproterenol-induced increase in cytosolic cAMP, cannot be attributed totally to elevated levels of [Ca2+]i transients. Adenosine (10−5 M) added to the medium containing isoproterenol (10−6 M) negated the isoproterenol-induced increase in cAMP and returned cardiac performance, oxygen consumption, and amplitude of [Ca2+]i transients to control state.
EMG spectral analysis of muscle fatigue associated with chronic lower back pain

Information relevant to back-pain treatment planning and outcome can be formulated by measuring the fatigue process of lumbar musculature. The clinical validation of an EMG median frequency technique for identifying lumbar muscle insufficiency in back patients and control subjects is presented. The results from two-group, stepwise discriminant analyses to identify low-back pain and non-low-back pain subjects indicate that this method could be useful as a clinical assessment procedure. >
Study of cover source mismatch in steganalysis and ways to mitigate its impact

When a steganalysis detector trained on one cover source is applied to images from a different source, generally the detection error increases due to the mismatch between both sources. In steganography, this situation is recognized as the so-called cover source mismatch (CSM). The drop in detection accuracy depends on many factors, including the properties of both sources, the detector construction, the feature space used to represent the covers, and the steganographic algorithm. Although well recognized as the single most important factor negatively affecting the performance of steganalyzers in practice, the CSM received surprisingly little attention from researchers. One of the reasons for this is the diversity with which the CSM can manifest. On a series of experiments in the spatial and JPEG domains, we refute some of the common misconceptions that the severity of the CSM is tied to the feature dimensionality or their “fragility.” The CSM impact on detection appears too difficult to predict due to the effect of complex dependencies among the features. We also investigate ways to mitigate the negative effect of the CSM using simple measures, such as by enlarging the diversity of the training set (training on a mixture of sources) and by employing a bank of detectors trained on multiple different sources and testing on a detector trained on the closest source.
Connecting electron and phonon spectroscopy data to consistently determine quasiparticle-phonon coupling on the surface of topological insulators

Photoemission and phonon spectroscopies have yielded widely varying estimates of the electron-phonon coupling parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ on the surfaces of topological insulators, even for a particular material and technique. We connect the results of these experiments by determining the Dirac fermion quasiparticle spectral function using information from measured spectra of a strongly interacting, low-lying optical surface phonon band. The manifest spectral features resulting from the coupling are found to vary on energy scales $l$1 meV and are distinct from those traditionally observed in the case of acoustic phonons in metals. We explore different means of determining $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ from the electron perspective and identify definitions that yield values consistent with phonon spectroscopy.
Osteoma cutis: Cutaneous ossification with oral manifestations

Subcutaneous and mucosal calcifications are rare lesions which present problems in diagnosis. A large bony mass is presented, with dermal and mucosal findings. The literature is reviewed on this non-neoplastic bony lesion and differential diagnosis is discussed.
The trinitratouranyl ion in organic solvents

Abstract The enhanced extraction of uranyl nitrate into ketonic solvents in the presence of a substituted ammonium nitrate RNO3 has been shown to be caused by the formation of a complex RUO2(NO3)3. The formula of the complex has been deduced from solvent extraction and spectrophotometric studies, and the anionic nature of the uranium has been demonstrated by electrolytic transference measurements. Factors affecting the stability of the complex include the nature of the solvent, its water content, and the structure of the cation R.
Microbial degradation of t‐butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate: A comparative microcosm study among five diverse ecosystems

Microcosms containing sediment and water from lacustrine, riverine and estuarine ecosystems were used to determine the rate of mineralization of t-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), a triaryl phosphate ester which is commonly used as a flame-retardent plasticizer. Mineralization of BPDP ranged from 1.7% up to 37.2% after 8 weeks and the rate of degradation was related to the nutrient level and contaminant history of each ecosystem. Total heterotrophic populations as well as populations of microorganisms capable of utilizing BPDP as a sole source of carbon and energy varied but were greatest in sediments with higher BPDP mineralization rates. Phosphodi- and phosphotriesterase enzyme activities varied in each sediment according to BPDP mineralization rates. Adaptive increases in enzymatic activities and microbial populations were observed in some microcosms after exposure to BPDP. Volatile and nonvolatile organic-solvent extractable 14C-residues were quantitated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Extractable 14C-residues were separated by thin-layer chromatography into polar and non-polar compounds. Our results indicate that the rate of BPDP biodegradation varied among ecosystems and was highest in water and sediment from eutrophic ecosystems which have been previously exposed to xenobiotics. Therefore, microcosm components should be collected from ecosystems which have physical, chemical, and biological characteristics which are similar to the ecosystems most likely to be contaminated by a xenobiotic.
The thermodynamics of microemulsions

Abstract The bending energy associated with the curvature of the interfacial zone separating oil from water regions in a micellar solution (microemulsion) is thought to be an essential feature governing the stability and phase behavior, but it has never been measured. Based on a drop model, the thermodynamic consequences of an interfacial bending energy are set forth and the results suggest several experiments which will possibly lead to its evaluation.
Deletion allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme is associated with increased risk and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Objective To explore whether the deletion (D) allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is associated with the risk or severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) among very low birth weight (BW) infants. Study design Infants with a BW ≤ 1250 g were prospectively recruited. The D and I (insertion) alleles of ACE were determined using a polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results Infants with DD/DI genotype of ACE had a (mean ± SD) birth weight (938 ± 204 g vs 925 ± 196 g) and gestational age (28 ± 3 weeks vs 28 ± 2 weeks), similar to infants with II genotype of ACE ( P > .05). Infants with DD/DI genotype of ACE were more likely to have BPD than infants with II genotype (47% vs 22%, P = .025). Among infants with BPD, ACE DD/DI genotype was more common among infants with moderate or severe BPD compared with infants with mild BPD (74% vs 26%, P = .012). The number of D alleles of ACE correlated directly and positively with the severity of BPD (R = 0.23, P = .045). Conclusion The D allele of ACE is associated with an increased risk and severity of BPD among preterm infants.
A mild oxidation of 1,1-diorganometallics to ketones and aldehydes. A new stereoselective approach to aldol products part I

Abstract The 1,1-diorganometallics of magnesium and zinc 1 are converted by the reaction with Me 3 SnCl to the 1,1-diorganometallics of tin and zinc 2 which are readily oxidized by dry air at −10° to 0°C to afford the corresponding aldehydes and ketones 3 in 57–91% yield. This mild oxidation reaction allows a new stereoselective approach to aldol products. An extension of the reaction to 1,1-diorganometallics of silicon and zinc is described.
Kapitza resistance between liquid and solid helium. II. Experiments

The Kapitza resistance between liquid and solid4He has been measured in the temperature range 0.1–0.43 K. The results are discussed in terms of the acoustic-mismatch theory of Khalatnikow and the theory of Marchenko and Parshin in which the phonon transmission is due to capillary effects at the interface. We have also found a novel effect in which high-frequency phonons generated in the liquid pass into the solid, decay into lower energy excitations, and become trapped in the solid. This “phonon greenhouse” effect is observed at temperatures below 0.15 K.
2,6-Di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl cyclodextrin liquid stationary phases for capillary gas chromatographic separation of enantiomers

Abstract A series of liquid cyclodextrin derivatives, 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins (DP-TFA α-, β- and γ-CD), have been used as highly selective chiral stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography. More than 150 pairs of enantiomers were resolved; 120 on DP-TFA-γ-CD, which is the first reported γ-cyclodextrin stationary phase that is more widely useful than the β-cyclodextrin analogue. The enantiomers resolved include chiral alcohols, diols, polyols, amines, amino alcohols, halohydrocarbons, lactones, α-halocarboxylic acid esters, carbohydrates, epoxides, nicotine compounds, pyrans, furans and so on. Identical α values were observed for diol, amine and γ-halocarboxylic acid ester homologues, respectively. The relationship between the unusual selectivity behavior and separation mechanism is discussed.
Causes of errors in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of atrial fibrillation by physicians.

Abstract Background The emphasis of most large studies has been placed on the treatment and prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) and its complications. Little is known about the accuracy of physicians in the electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis of AF and the possible causes of the diagnostic errors. Methods Over a period of 10 months, a total of 35 508 ECGs (28 356 patients) were overread in a 385-bed community hospital within 24 hours of the initial reading. Corrected ECGs were returned to the patient file. The gold standard for the final diagnosis was based on the consensus by the cardiologist readers. Results In all, 35 508 ECGs were reviewed. A total of 2809 cases of AF were studied. Incorrect diagnoses related to AF were found in 219 cases. Type I errors (overdiagnosis) occurred in 137 cases. Rhythms with irregular R-R intervals (sinus rhythm with premature atrial contractions and atrial tachycardia or flutter with variable atrioventricular conduction) were misdiagnosed as AF. The presence of low-amplitude atrial activity and/or baseline artifact significantly increased the likelihood of the erroneous diagnosis, whereas ventricular rates of 130 beats/min did not influence the rate of error. Type II errors (missed AF) occurred in 82 cases where AF was either missed or confused with atrial tachycardia/flutter. Finally, ventricular pacing significantly increased the likelihood of type II errors. Conclusions In our institution, about 900 ECGs are read each week and 5 of them carry a wrong interpretation related to AF. More attention to common sources of errors as reinforced by an ongoing quality improvement program may reduce the rate of mistakes and thus prevent serious consequences.
Mars 2005 Reconnaissance Orbiter aerobraking reference trajectory

Talks abuot the primary purpose of the MRO mission to be launched in August of 2005 is to obtain very high resolution images of the surface of Mars.
Fast finite methods for a system of linear inequalities

Abstract 1 Several algorithms are known that solve a system of m linear inequalities in n variables using a polynomial number of steps in m and n for all inputs. The simplex method runs in polynomial time in the average case (proven) and requires only linear in m number of steps in practice. We consider a family of finite algorithms; some of them involve O(m/n) log3 n iteration steps in the average case under a certain additional assumption about the behavior of the computed approximations to a solution and only O(m(m + n)) arithmetical operations are required per step. The theoretical study is confirmed by some numerical experiments. Also two methods are presented that enable us to turn any converging algorithm for a system of linear inequalities with real inputs into an algorithm that converges in a finite number of steps.
A kilometer pathlength fourier-transform infrared system for the study of trace pollutants in ambient and synthetic atmospheres

Abstract A Fourier-transform infrared (FT-i.r.) system operable at pathlengths up to 2 km has been constructed for the detection and measurement of trace contaminants in the ambient atmosphere and in controlled smog formation studies. The long optical path is achieved by the use of an eight-mirror multiple reflection cell with a 22.5-m base path. The design, construction and use of this novel foldedpath optical system are described in detail. In preliminary ambient air measurements at Riverside, California, during the period August–October, 1976, ppb concentrations of formaldehyde, nitric acid, formic acid and ammonia (in addition to O 3 and PAN) were measured in ambient air.
Mixed-mode anion-cation exchange/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry as an alternative to reversed phase for small molecule drug discovery

Within pharmaceutical drug discovery, significant needs currently exist for the analysis and purification of structurally diverse samples prior to or immediately following high-throughput screening. These processes are required to facilitate rapid and accurate biological profiling, structural determination, and resupply of new drug candidates. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for both analytical and preparative applications has become the small molecule separation/detection tool of choice for meeting many of these needs. However, the separation selectivity provided by RP-HPLC has been limited to the hydrophobicity-based resolution of relatively nonpolar sample components, and for high-throughput drug discovery applications, no sufficient alternative procedures have been identified. In this investigation, a mixed-mode anion−cation exchange/hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ACE-HILIC) method has been develop...
Effects of entrainment and agglomeration of particles on combustion of nano-aluminum and water mixtures

Abstract The combustion of nano-aluminum and water mixtures is studied theoretically for a particle size of 80 nm and over a pressure range of 1–10 MPa. Emphasis is placed on the effects of entrainment and agglomeration of particles on the burning rate and its dependence on pressure. The flame thickness increases by a factor of ∼10, when particle entrainment is considered. This lowers the conductive heat flux at the ignition front, thereby reducing the burning rate. The pressure dependence of the burning rate is attributed to the changes in the burning time and velocity of particles with pressure. In the diffusion limit, the pressure exponent increases from 0 to 0.5, when the entrainment index increases from 0 to 1.0. A similar trend is observed in the kinetics-controlled regime, although the corresponding value exceeds the diffusion counterpart by 0.5. The kinetics-controlled model significantly over-predicts the burning rate and its pressure exponent, depending on the entrainment index. The present analysis suggests that nano-particles formed closely-packed agglomerates of diameter 3–5 μm, which may burn under diffusion-controlled conditions at high pressures.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in the Point Arena mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa nigra

The Point Arena mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa nigra) is an endangered subspecies. Efforts to recover this sub-species will be aided by advances in molecular genetics, specifically the ability to estimate population size using noninvasive genetic sampling. Here we report on the development of nine polymorphic loci for the Point Arena mountain beaver. These markers provide us sufficient power to distinguish individuals, and thus can be used for calculating population size and delineating population substructure.
Are placebos inert or powerful? Vice versa

It is commonly presumed that ‘placebos’ used in clinical trials are both inert and powerful. It is supposed that they are inert, in that their constituents are blithely accepted to have no physiological impact (a supposition embedded in the word/concept ‘placebo’). It is supposed they are powerful, in that it is thought they can, through effects of expectation, engender large effects spanning virtually all outcomes. After all, placebo users evidently improve, spanning a multitude of conditions under treatment [1,2]. Are placebos indeed psychologically active, but physiologically impotent? Or maybe (subversive proposition) vice versa?
B cells inflamed within and without.

In this issue of Blood , Chu et al report that mice with conditional inactivation of the NF-kappaB (NFkB) negative regulator A20 in B cells have an altered marginal zone B-cell development at young age that culminates in an autoimmune syndrome in older mice.[1][1] The NFkB pathway is an important
The Printed World: Books, Publishing Culture, and Society in Late Imperial China

Beginning in the late Ming period, China experienced a surge in the production and consumption of books. Printed pages bound into fascicles and housed in cases moved across space and through the social landscape. Their trajectories illuminate larger social, intellectual, economic, and cultural patterns. They also reveal identities under construction?by readers, writers, publishers, and consumers. This article assesses the expanding field of late imperial Chinese book history in the United States and Japan, with some reference to scholarship in China and Taiwan. It looks at the field's move away from its origins in the history of technology and its increasing engagement with social and cultural questions. In particular, the article highlights the field's focus on the "place" of publishing in late imperial China, construed both in terms of regional orientation and the social position of readers and producers of books.
Toll-like receptor 4 is protective against neonatal murine ischemia-reperfusion intestinal injury.

Purpose Premature infants receiving probiotics have a decreased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. This may be mediated by intestinal bacterial signaling via toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 maintaining intestinal homeostasis. We hypothesized that TLRs 2 and 4 are protective against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) intestinal injury.
CONTENDING THEORIES OF CONTENTIOUS POLITICS AND THE STRUCTURE-ACTION PROBLEM OF SOCIAL ORDER

▪ Abstract To understand protest in America, one must understand protest and one must understand America. More generally, the study of resistance against authority may adopt two foci: authority (structure) and resistance (action). The leading practitioners of the structuralist approach to contentious politics—McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly—have jointly systematized their ideas. This synthesis, which I call Synthetic Political Opportunity Theory (SPOT), exerts domination and hegemony over the field. Its upstart rational action challenger is the Collective Action Research Program (CARP). I outline the basic presuppositions of SPOT and CARP and describe their different approaches to the structure-action problem of constituting social order. I then explore the potential of a CARP-SPOT consortium. I conclude that synergisms of the perspectives are possible but that trade-offs are inevitable: strong on action, weak on structure and vice versa; strong on resistance, weak on authority and vice versa; and strong on pro...
A Genetic Constitution Frustrating the Sexual Drive in Drosophila paulistorum

Hybrids obtained in the laboratory between two subspecies of Drosophila paulistorum possess a genetic constitution which is discordant enough so that the hybrid females repel the courtship of all males, and will mate with none. The hybrid males will court and will be rejected by almost all females, including their own hybrid siblings.
High Anxiety in Higher Education

Robert A. Bonfiglio continues his musings on anxiety in higher education and concludes that we need to disrupt the “us vs. them” mentality that has led us here.
Remarks on Space-Time and Locality in Everett’s Interpretation

Interpretations that follow Everett's idea that (at some level of description) the universal wave function contains a multiplicity of coexisting realities, usually claim to give a completely local account of quantum mechanics. That is, they claim to give an account that avoids both a non-local collapse of the wave function, and the action at a distance needed in hidden variable theories in order to reproduce the quantum mechanical violation of the Bell inequalities. In this paper, I sketch how these claims can be substantiated in two renderings of Everett's ideas, namely the many-minds interpretation of Albert and Loewer, and versions of many-worlds interpretations that rely on the concepts of the theory of decoherence.
Nanosphere lithography fabricated plasmonic materials and their applications

Nanosphere lithography fabricated nanostructures have highly tunable localized surface plasmons, which have been used for important sensing and spectroscopy applications. In this work, the authors focus on biological applications and technologies that utilize two types of related plasmonic phenomena: localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Two applications of these plasmonic materials are presented: (i) the development of an ultrasensitive nanoscale optical biosensor based on LSPR wavelength-shift spectroscopy and (ii) the SERS detection of an anthrax biomarker.
Beyond righting the wrong: Supervisor-subordinate reconciliation after an injustice:

We propose a future-oriented model that focuses on the reconciliation of the supervisor—subordinate relationship after a workplace injustice. First, we propose factors associated with the victim’s sensemaking process that influence the need for relationship reconciliation efforts: the seriousness of the violation, blame attribution, and equity sensitivity. We address the moderating effects of relationship characteristics, such as the existing trust reservoir and level of interdependence. Next, we propose that relationship outcomes will be influenced by characteristics of the relationship repair effort. Lastly, we examine the outcomes of successful reconciliation: forgiveness and restored trust and the moderating effects of victim characteristics.
Disaster planning for digital repositories

This study examines how digital repositories with a preservation mandate are engaging in disaster planning, particularly in relation to their pursuit of trusted digital repository status. For those that are engaging in disaster planning, the study examines the creation of formal disaster response and recovery plans. Findings indicate that the process of going through an audit for certification as a trusted repository provides the incentive needed for the creation of formalized disaster planning documentation, and that repositories struggle with making their documentation available. This study also finds several significant obstacles with regard to the creation of formal disaster planning documentation, including the efforts required to get buy-in from different functional areas within the organization, difficulty collaborating with the IT department, and the amount of time required for completion of the documentation.
Application to the Convective Boundary Layer

For most applications, the assumption of Gaussian turbulence in deriving the several stochastic Lagrangian models in chapters 6–9 is an acceptable approximation. A major exception is the convective boundary layer (CBL) because the persistent updrafts and downdrafts dominate the vertical flow. The resultant trajectory of a passive tracer cannot, therefore, be regarded as a superposition of independent increments as in Eqs. (9.8c) and (9.10b), for example. For this reason the Eulerian eddy diffusivity model, Eq. (8.44b), is not applicable everywhere in the CBL. For an area source at the top of a horizontally homogeneous CBL, the effective eddy diffusivity, K eff , is well-behaved for downward diffusive transport. On the other hand, the eddy diffusivity model fails for an area source at the bottom of the same CBL. There is a singularity in the value of K eff (from K eff ≫ 0 to K eff ≪ 0) about halfway up and a countergradient flux (meaning negative K eff ) in the upper part of the CBL. The situation is more complex for vertical diffusion with horizontal advection from a steady source (point or horizontal line) near the surface in the CBL. In this case, K eff is ill-behaved (negative) in some portions of the plume (for example, see the appendix in Deardorff and Willis 1975). Wyngaard (1987) proposed that the skewness of the vertical velocity field is responsible for this diffusion phenomenon. Numerical simulations by Wyngaard and Weil (1991) suggest that this transport asymmetry is caused by the interaction between the skewness of the turbulence and the gradient of the scalar flux. There have been attempts to reformulate this model for use in the CBL. For example, Holtslag and Moeng (1991) proposed a modification that includes countergradient terms and separate parameterizations for top-down and bottom-up diffusion. Their model is well behaved over most of the CBL, but gives negative values of K eff in the upper part of the CBL under some conditions. This failure of the eddy diffusivity model [and the equivalent Lagrangian random displacement model, Eq. (6.23)] provides the principal motivation for applying the Lagrangian Langevin equation model to the CBL.
In Vivo Simultaneous Morphological and Biochemical Optical Imaging of Oral Epithelial Cancer

Early detection of cancer is key to reducing morbidity and mortality. Morphological and chemical biomarkers presage the transition from normal to cancerous tissue. We have developed a noninvasive imaging system incorporating optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) into a single optical system for the first time, in order to acquire both sets of biomarkers. OCT can provide morphological images of tissue with high resolution, while FLIM can provide biochemical tissue maps. Coregistered OCT volumes and FLIM images have been acquired simultaneously in an in vivo hamster cheek pouch model of oral cancer. The OCT images indicate morphological biomarkers for cancer including thickening of the epithelial layer and loss of the layered structure. The FLIM images indicate chemical biomarkers including increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced collagen emission. While both sets of biomarkers can differentiate normal and cancerous tissue, we believe their combination will enable the discrimination of benign lesions possessing some of the indicated biomarkers, e.g., scarring or inflammation.
The design, development, and evaluation of a prototypic, prosthetic venous valve

Chronic venous insufficiency is a serious disease for which there is no clearly successful surgical treatment. Availability of a proven prosthetic vein valve could provide such an option by reducing venous reflux while permitting normal antegrade flow. A new prosthetic vein valve design has been developed which mimics the function of a natural valve by ensuring complete closure of the leaflets with minimal obstruction for antegrade flow. A 2:1 mock-up of the device was tested to evaluate its ability to prevent regurgitation and several key modifications were made. A subsequently re-designed 1:1 prototype was then built in 4 slightly different size configurations and then each tested under physiologic conditions of pulsatile flow in both supine and standing positions. Each of the configurations showed acceptable amounts of antegrade resistance and effective orifice area and showed low values of regurgitation and % reflux with two of the prototype configurations (flange lengths of 2.5 mm and 3.75 mm) having corresponding values of 97%, 11 mL, and 36%, respectively. These values are particularly striking when compared to the corresponding regurgitation and % reflux values of 60 mL and 205%, respectively, when no device is present. The results of this study show that this prototype vein valve design is capable of providing significant relief of reflux under realistic conditions without inducing any increase in antegrade flow resistance and warrants further testing with in vivo models.
Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most commonly diagnosed bacterial infections of childhood. Although frequently encountered and well researched, diagnosis and management of UTI continue to be a controversial issue with many challenges for the clinician. Prevalence studies have shown that UTI may often be missed on history and physical examination, and the decision to screen for UTI must balance the risk for missed infections with the cost and inconvenience of testing. Interpretation of rapid diagnostic tests and culture is complicated by issues of contamination, false test results, and asymptomatic colonization of the urinary tract with nonpathogenic bacteria. The appropriate treatment of UTI has been controversial and has become more complex with the emergence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Finally, the anatomic evaluation and long-term management of a child after a UTI have been based on limited evidence, and newer studies question some of the tenets of prior recommendations. The goal of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of the literature with particular attention to practical questions about diagnosis and management for the clinician.