cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MicroGap Area Detector for Stress and Texture Analysis

Two-dimensional x-ray diffraction is an ideal method for examining the residual stress and texture. The most dramatic development in two-dimensional x-ray diffractometry involves three critical devices, including x-ray sources, x-ray optics and detectors. The recent development in brilliant x-rays sources and high efficiency x-ray optics provided high intensity x-ray beam with the desired size and divergence. Correspondingly, the detector used in such a high performance system requires the capability to collect large two-dimensional images with high counting rate and high resolution. This paper introduces the diffraction vector approach in two-dimensional x-ray diffraction for stress and texture analysis, and an innovative large area detector based on the MikroGap™ technology.
Minorities, Citizenship and Statelessness in Europe

Abstract Since 1989, questions of citizenship and statelessness in Europe are once again dynamic. On the one hand, exclusionary forces have become reinvigorated, including as a result of ethno-nationalism. In addition, new forms of status have been created, severely limiting participation and inclusion rights. Minorities have been particularly subject to exclusion, with Roma and Russians affected in particular. On the other hand, regional and international lawmaking has endeavoured to counteract these forces. This article attempts to summarize these developments, with a particular focus on EU and Council of Europe law.
Photoactive Barbiturate Receptors: An Ultimate Lock-and-Key System in Which the Key Unlocks the Lock

Conditional photofragmentation is achieved with binary systems incorporating the isophthaloyl bis-aminopyridine barbiturate recognition motif and dithiane- or trithiane-based photolabile modules, which cleave only in the presence of an external sensitizer. The components of the host−guest molecular recognition pair were each outfitted with either the sensitizer or the photocleavable module. In these pairs, photoinduced fragmentation is contingent on a molecular recognition event, which brings the sensitizer into the immediate proximity of the photolabile latch.
Transcranial contralateral cochlear stimulation in unilateral deafness.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Bone Anchored Cochlear Stimulator (BAHA) in transcranial routing of signal by implanting the deaf ear. Study design and settings Eighteen patients with unilateral deafness were included in a multisite study. They had a 1-month pre-implantation trial with a contralateral routing of signal (CROS) hearing aid. Their performance with BAHA was compared with the CROS device using speech reception thresholds, speech recognition performance in noise, and the Abbreviated Profile Hearing Benefit and Single Sided Deafness questionnaires. Results Patients reported a significant improvement in speech intelligibility in noise and greater benefit from BAHA compared with CROS hearing aids. Patients were satisfied with the device and its impact on their quality of life. No major complications were reported. Conclusion and significance BAHA is effective in unilateral deafness. Auditory stimuli from the deaf side can be transmitted to the good ear, avoiding the limitations inherent in CROS amplification.
Concordance and stylistic analysis of six Elizabethan Sonnet sequences

T h e purpose of the project is to provide the literary scholar with a concordance of the words used in the major sonnet sequences of the late sixteenth century. The poets included are Shakespeare, Spenser, Sidney, Daniel, and Drayton. There are two sequences of Drayton's, Idea's Mirrour and the later Idea, which is, partly, a revision of the former. The object of the concordance is to facilitate comparative studies of the sonnets with an eye to sharpening our critical judgments about sonnet style and arrive at a more precise understanding of the sonnet vocabulary. The concordance, to be published by Southern Illinois University Press, will not index some of the high frequency words; however, I will produce an unabridged tape concordance which will be available to scholars. The volume will contain, in addition to the concordance, an appendix of all words and their frequencies, for each author separately and for all together. Although the production of the concordance has occupied the bulk of my time during the past few months, I do not see it as the principal part of my undertaking. Rather, it is a logical outgrowth of and a tool for an analysis of sonnet style. The objective of this study in stylistics has been to bring me to a better understanding of how five poets can, within such a tight genre, express their individual styles as clearly as they do. The first part of my report will deal with the stylistic tests that I have been applying to this body of poetry; in the latter part I shall comment upon the making of the concordance. One theme that I have been exploring involves the relationship between word-length and rhythm. Virtually all sonnet lines are ten syllables long (except where feminine endings occur, in which case we usually find an eleventh syllable); thus the metrical character of a line containing five or six words would be markedly different from one containing nine or ten. By isolating all fiveand six-word lines and all nineand ten-word lines, I have been able to focus on some significant areas for detailed analysis where a computer can be used to advantage.
EFFECTS OF MODELING ASSUMPTIONS ON THE ACCURACY OF SPECTRUM FATIGUE LIFETIME PREDICTIONS FOR A FIBERGLASS LAMINATE

This paper presents an extension of the work described in Reference 1, which dealt only with tensile fatigue loads spectra. Experimental results and modeling have now been extended to simple spectra which cover a full range of loads including compression and reversed tension-compression, as well as WISPERX and other spectra representative of wind turbines, containing a full range of R-values. Experimental fatigue data (over 1100 tests) have been generated for a fiberglass laminate which is typical of wind turbine blade construction, tested under a variety of loads spectra. Constant amplitude data typical of the DOE/MSU fatigue database are then used with various modeling schemes to predict the lifetime under spectrum loading. Several areas of current concern in blade lifetime prediction are explored. First, it is demonstrated that the Miner’s Rule cumulative damage law results in significantly non-conservative lifetime predictions for most loads spectra. Linear and nonlinear residual strength models are easily applied and are more accurate in predicting lifetime; they also provide a prediction of remaining strength as a function of the history of loading prior to failure. Prediction accuracy is also sensitive to the model (exponential or power law) used to represent and extrapolate the constant amplitude S-N fatigue data. A power law representation appears to provide more accurate predictions of lifetime under spectral loading for longer lifetime cases.Copyright © 2002 by The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. and ASME
Residual Circulations Due to Bottom Roughness Variability under Tidal Flows

Abstract Tidal flows over irregular bathymetry are known to produce residual circulation flows due to nonlinear interaction with gradients of depth. Using the depth-averaged vorticity equations, the generation of residual vorticity and residual flows due to variation of the frictional coefficient are examined. The authors find that the contribution due to bottom roughness variations can be as large as that arising from gradients of depth and velocity. Specific cases are considered on the northern California shelf, Georges Bank, and the U.S. South Atlantic Bight. The generation of residual vorticity is a strong function of the length scales at which roughness or depth vary. Length scales of bottom roughness variation are commonly within the range of greatest effect (e.g., sand patchiness, cobbly outcrops, etc.). The site-specific cases show that the bottom roughness variability can generate as much residual circulation as that expected from depth variability. The implication for numerical modeling studies ...
The Next Twenty-Five Years in Combustion

ABSTRACT The general needs for combustion research during the next 25 years are discussed in terms of the interactions between combustion science and the technologies of diesel engine combustion.
A modular network layer for sensorsets

An overall sensornet architecture would help tame the increasingly complex structure of wireless sensornet software and help foster greater interoperability between different codebases. A previous step in this direction is the Sensornet Protocol (SP), a unifying link-abstraction layer. This paper takes the natural next step by proposing a modular network-layer for sensornets that sits atop SP. This modularity eases implementation of new protocols by increasing code reuse, and enables co-existing protocols to share and reduce code and resources consumed at run-time. We demonstrate how current protocols can be decomposed into this modular structure and show that the costs, in performance and code footprint, are minimal relative to their monolithic counterparts.
Gene Duplication and the Genome Distribution of Sex-Biased Genes

In species that have two sexes, a single genome encodes two morphs, as each sex can be thought of as a distinct morph. This means that the same set of genes are differentially expressed in the different sexes. Many questions emanate from this statement. What proportion of genes contributes to sexual dimorphism? How do they contribute to sexual dimorphism? How is sex-biased expression achieved? Which sex and what tissues contribute the most to sex-biased expression? Do sex-biased genes have the same evolutionary patterns as nonbiased genes? We review the current data on sex-biased expression in species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes and comment on the most important hypotheses suggested to explain the origin, evolution, and distribution patterns of sex-biased genes. In this perspective we emphasize how gene duplication serves as an important molecular mechanism to resolve genomic clashes and genetic conflicts by generating sex-biased genes, often sex-specific genes, and contributes greatly to the underlying genetic basis of sexual dimorphism.
Bridging gaps between statistical and mathematical modeling in ecology

Congratulations to Heisey and colleagues (2010) for an analysis of complex ecological data within a process-oriented framework and an equally thoughtful discussion of the ongoing challenges of linking process and pattern. Their work joins a growing literature linking modern statistical methods for describing patterns in data with expanded sets of ecologically-motivated mathematical models of population dynamics. My comments build on the authors’ framework and discussion to describe a continuum that (I feel) encompasses a conceptual path between process and pattern and illustrates how hierarchical models provide a convenient area within which to explore this continuum.
The impact of a community screening program on psychiatric hospital admissions

A rural CMHC screening program significantly reduced admission rates to a state hospital compared with hospital-based screening. Personnel from CMHCs in three counties evaluated each potential admission to the hospital to evaluate their need for hospitalization. Hospital staff screened admissions from the remaining counties of the state. Both community and hospital screening resulted in significant reductions in admissions with community screening producing larger declines. Additional possible advantages of community screening for improved treatment outcomes, efficient utilization of community resources, and reduced costs are discussed.
Additive effect of apicidin and doxorubicin in sulfatase 1 expressing hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.

Background/Aims There are limited chemotherapy options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The heparin-degrading endosulfatase SULF1 functions as a liver tumor suppressor. We investigated the effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor apicidin in combination with doxorubicin in SULF1-expressing HCC cells in vitro and in SULF1-expressing xenografts in nude mice. Methods We evaluated the effects of apicidin alone or combined with doxorubicin on apoptosis, caspase activity, and phosphorylation of Erk and Akt in SULF1-transfected Huh7 and Hep3B cells in vitro and in vivo . Results Apicidin induced HCC cell apoptosis and caspase activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apicidin-induced caspase activation was significantly inhibited by the caspase inhibitor Z-Vad-fmk. Apicidin also decreased phosphorylation of both Erk and Akt. Expression of constitutively-active Mek1 and Akt significantly decreased apicidin-induced apoptosis. The combination of doxorubicin with apicidin significantly increased the anti-tumor effect in the SULF1-expressing Huh7 and Hep3B cells as compared to either apicidin or doxorubicin alone, both in vitro and in vivo . Conclusions The combination of a histone deacetylase inhibitor with doxorubicin may be a novel and promising therapeutic modality for HCCs, particularly for SULF1-expressing HCCs.
Self-Actualization and Women's Attitudes Toward Their Roles in Contemporary Society

Summary Differences in degree of self-actualization were examined in relation to attitudes toward women's rights and roles in society. Two groups of collegeaged females, 20 liberal and 20 conservative, preselected on the basis of their scores on the Spence and Helmreich Attitudes Toward Women Scale, were compared in terms of measures relating to Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), a diagnostic instrument designed to assess values and self-percepts associated with self-actualization. The results indicated substantial support for the prediction that women professing liberal, profeminist attitudes are more self-actualized than women endorsing traditional social role attitudes. Ten of the 12 POI scales yielded statistically significant mean group differences. Suggestions for further research were offered.
Complexation of lanthanide ions by diethylenetriamine-N,N′,N′″-penta-β-propionate

Abstract The stability constants for the formation of the lanthanide chelates LnH 2 DTPP° and LnH 3 DTPP + (DTPP = diethylenetriamine- N , N ′, N ′″-penta-β-propionate) have been measured in solutions of 0.50 M (NaClO 4 ) ionic strength by pH measurement. The similar stabilities of the two complexes indicate that both species involve similar binding sites of the ligand. The similarity in their entropy and enthalpy values also support such a model. Fluorescence data indicate that the primary coordination sphere of the Eu III ion in both complexes contains 5.5±0.5 water molecules compared to the value of 8.8±0.5 for the free Eu III (aq) ion. This is consistent with binding of the lanthanide ion via three donor sites of DTPP.
Interactions of Cold Radiofrequency Plasma with Solid Wood I. Nitrogen Permeability along the Grain

Abstract Exposure of 1.5 cm diameter × 1.2 cm long white fir and Douglas-fir heart-and sapwood samples to the action of cold radiofrequency oxygen, nitrogen, and helium plasmas strongly increased wood permeability to nitrogen flow along the grain. Oxygen was most effective, followed by nitrogen and helium. While an increase in radiofrequency energy level increased the effect, the opposite was true for an increase in reactant gas flow rate. With white fir the rate of permeability increase was higher at the beginning of the plasma treatment. This was attributed to differing ablation rates of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. No significant time difference in the rate of permeability increase was observed with Douglas-fir. Extractives suppressed the plasmainduced permeability increase; thus extraction with water and ethanol, followed by oxygen plasma treatment increased permeability of Douglas-fir heartwood 32 times, while plasma treatment of the unextracted Douglas-fir increased permeability only 8 tim...
Technique for the fabrication of a cast post and core with nonprecious metal

A technique is shown by which a cast post and core are constructed with a nonprecious metal. The acrylic pattern is luted with wax to the main sprue of a partial denture framework. Currently, most posts and cores and final restorations for endodontically treated teeth are formed in precious metals. A technique using metal for the construction of the post and core casting is presented. This allows for an inexpensive and practical approach to a two-piece restoration.
Regulation of metallothionein gene expression by TNF-α and IFN-β in human fibroblasts

Abstract We have compared the regulation of the human metallothionein (MT)-IIA gene by the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) and interferon β (IFN-β) in human fibroblasts. Both TNF and IFN-β induced MT-II mRNA rapidly, but stimulation by TNF was more sustained. The effects of TNF and IFN-β were further distinguished by the action of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, which reduced MT-II mRNA stimulation by TNF but enhanced IFN-β-induced MT-II mRNA. These results suggested that TNF and IFN-β activate MT-II gene expression by partially distinct mechanisms. Consistent with this notion, combined treatment with both cytokines resulted in more than an additive level of MT-II mRNA induction. TNF and IFN-β also acted cooperatively in inducing MT-II mRNA in HeLa cells. A reporter construct containing positions −765/+80 of the MT-II promoter linked to the CAT reporter gene failed to respond to either TNF or IFN-β in HeLa cells, despite the presence of a putative IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)and an activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site, suggesting that these elements are insufficient for the activation of the MT-II gene by these cytokines. Thus induction of MT-II expression differs from the genes whose activation by TNF can be induced via the AP-1 element alone, as well as those genes whose activation by IFN is mediated solely through the ISRE site.
Microfluidic Valve Arrays in Thermoplastic Devices

Thermoplastics have been increasingly employed for microfluidic devices due to their manufacturability, low cost, and biocompatibility. A microfluidic device consists of a number of necessary building blocks, including microvalves that are often used for flow regulation. The state-of-the-art of the microfluidic valve technology is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based elastic membrane valve. This paper is to report the integration of the elastomer valve into a thermoplastic device. The valves were designed for a two-dimensional protein separation device, which was fabricated from cyclic olefin copolymers (COC). To realize the goal of integrating the elastomer-based valves in the device, the key challenge is to achieve strong bonding between COC and PDMS so that the device will not delaminate when a pressure is built up after the valves are closed. Microvalve arrays were fabricated in a COC/PDMS/COC device to facilitate the introduction of two types of separation media, without cross-contamination, into orthogonal channels in order to achieve two-dimensional separation. In addition, we studied thermal actuation in the microvalve, as an alternative to pneumatic actuation in the conventional PDMS-based elastomer valve. The thermally actuated valves can be self-contained, requiring less-bulky external accessories than pneumatically actuated valves.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Conference review – inaugural Australian Pain Society nurses pain seminar: Pain and suffering – challenges, concepts and creativity'

Christine M Coe RNBHthSc MRCNA is Clinical Nurse Consultant with the Acute Pain Service at Woden Valley Hospital in Canberra, ACT. On March If) this year, more than 125 nurses from around Australia and New Zealand gathered in Canberra for the inaugural Nurses Fain Seminar, which was held in conjunction with the 3-day Australian Pain Society Annual Scientific Meeting. The themes of the seminar were intended to appeal to a broad cross-section of nurses working in various clinical and academic settings. Tn planning the program, the Committee's intention was to encourage interactive participation among delegates, with the aim of improving nursing practices for (he benefit of patients in all health settings.
The "fetus as patient": a critique.

Laurence McCullough and Frank Chervenak (2008) propose a principles-based reproductive ethical framework in which the fetus is considered a patient. The authors explicitly disavow allegiance to a p...
Paleomagnetism of the Dewey Lake Formation (Late Permian), northwest Texas: end of the Kiaman superchron in North America

The remanent magnetization of red beds of the Late Permian Dewey Lake Formation from northwest Texas was investigated using thermal, chemical, and alternating field demagnetization. After removal of a small present-day viscous overprint, the Dewey Lake shows univectorial decay of the remanence revealing a dual-polarity characteristic direction of D = 152.4°, I = −11.1°, k = 39.5, α95 = 5.9°, N = 16 sites. Three polarity transitions were observed defining at least four polarity zones. The observed polarity zones are roughly layer parallel and may correlate with the Illawarra magnetozone at the end of the Kiaman. If this is so, K-Ar age determinations of an interbedded ash layer (Kolker and Fracasso, 1985) suggest that the Kiaman Superchron ended before 251±4 Ma. The paleopole, located at 51.4°N–126.2°E, confirms the reliability of previously reported Late Permian poles from southwest United States, which fall significantly off the Late Permian segment of the paleomagnetic Euler pole (PEP) track of Gordon et al. (1984). This implies that a more segmented set of small circles is required to model the North American apparent polar wander path, diminishing the usefulness of the PEP method.
Why glass elasticity affects the thermodynamics and fragility of supercooled liquids

Supercooled liquids are characterized by their fragility: The slowing down of the dynamics under cooling is more sudden and the jump of specific heat at the glass transition is generally larger in fragile liquids than in strong ones. Despite the importance of this quantity in classifying liquids, explaining what aspects of the microscopic structure controls fragility remains a challenge. Surprisingly, experiments indicate that the linear elasticity of the glass—a purely local property of the free energy landscape—is a good predictor of fragility. In particular, materials presenting a large excess of soft elastic modes, the so-called boson peak, are strong. This is also the case for network liquids near the rigidity percolation, known to affect elasticity. Here we introduce a model of the glass transition based on the assumption that particles can organize locally into distinct configurations that are coupled spatially via elasticity. The model captures the mentioned observations connecting elasticity and fragility. We find that materials presenting an abundance of soft elastic modes have little elastic frustration: Energy is insensitive to most directions in phase space, leading to a small jump of specific heat. In this framework strong liquids turn out to lie the closest to a critical point associated with a rigidity or jamming transition, and their thermodynamic properties are related to the problem of number partitioning and to Hopfield nets in the limit of small memory.
Inclusive pion production in collisions of relativistic protons, deuterons, alphas, and carbon ions with nuclei

Author(s): Papp, J.; Jaros, J.; Schroeder, L.; Staples, J.; Steiner, H.; Wagner, A.; Wiss, J.
Validation of room-temperature primary creep crack-growth analysis for surface-cracked pipes

Abstract This paper briefly reviews the theoretical considerations that underlie the development of an engineering analysis of ductile, time dependent flaw growth as adapted to axial surface flaws in cylindrical containers such as pipes and tanks. Thereafter the validation of this analysis by comparison of the predicted and observed behavior of an extensive database for part-through-wall defects in pipes is presented. The results of this comparison indicate that the analysis provides an accurate means to characterize the flaw growth and related failure pressure for this class of flawed structures. The results indicate a close correspondence of predicted and observed behavior that is free of bias with respect to flaw length and depth and the grade of steel used to fabricate these full scale test specimens. Readers interested in more complete documentation of the analysis and the validation studies are directed to the report covering model formulation and validation (Leis et al, June 1991).
Synthesis of N,P-, S,P-, P,P- and S,P,S-ligands using reactions of cyclopalladated complexes with KPPh2

Abstract Readily available air- and moisture-stable dimeric chloro-bridged CN-, CS- and CP-cyclopalladated complexes with the (sp2)C–Pd bond react with 4.5 equiv. of KPPh2 in THF to give the corresponding P,N-, P,S- and P,P-bidentate ligands in 35–63% yield. The phosphination method is applicable to five- and six-membered palladacycles derived from (S)-N,N-dimethyl-1-phenylethylamine, (S)-4-tert-butyl-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, benzyl methyl sulfide, benzyldiphenylphosphine, 2-benzylpyridine and N,N-dimethylbiphenyl-2-amine. The reaction of 1.2 equiv. of KPPh2 with the SCS-pincer cyclopalladated complex obtained from 1,3-bis(methylthiomethyl)benzene provided the corresponding S,P,S-tridentate ligand in 49% yield.
Distinctive characteristics of methamphetamine users presenting at public clinics: steep rise in South Carolina, United States, 2000-2005.

Background Illicit methamphetamine use has risen dramatically over the last decade. We sought to examine methamphetamine use among individuals presenting for drug treatment in South Carolina, USA, to assess trends over time, correlates of methamphetamine use, and the relationship between methamphetamine use and functional/behavioral problems.
Spectral deblurring: an algorithm for high-resolution, hybrid spectral CT

We are developing a hybrid, dual-source micro-CT system based on the combined use of an energy integrating (EID) x-ray detector and a photon counting x-ray detector (PCXD). Due to their superior spectral resolving power, PCXDs have the potential to reduce radiation dose and to enable functional and molecular imaging with CT. In most current PCXDs, however, spatial resolution and field of view are limited by hardware development and charge sharing effects. To address these problems, we propose spectral deblurring —a relatively simple algorithm for increasing the spatial resolution of hybrid, spectral CT data. At the heart of the algorithm is the assumption that the underlying CT data is piecewise constant, enabling robust recovery in the presence of noise and spatial blur by enforcing gradient sparsity. After describing the proposed algorithm, we summarize simulation experiments which assess the trade-offs between spatial resolution, contrast, and material decomposition accuracy given realistic levels of noise. When the spatial resolution between imaging chains has a ratio of 5:1, spectral deblurring results in a 52% increase in the material decomposition accuracy of iodine, gadolinium, barium, and water vs. linear interpolation. For a ratio of 10:1, a realistic representation of our hybrid imaging system, a 52% improvement was also seen. Overall, we conclude that the performance breaks down around high frequency and low contrast structures. Following the simulation experiments, we apply the algorithm to ex vivo data acquired in a mouse injected with an iodinated contrast agent and surrounded by vials of iodine, gadolinium, barium, and water.
Genetic control of macro-and micro-environmental sensitivities in Populus.

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for the phenotypic plasticity and developmental instability of a quantitative trait has important implications for breeding and evolution. Two clonally replicated plantations of two 3-generation inbred pedigrees derived from the highly divergent species Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides were used to examine the genetic control of macro- and micro-environmental sensitivities and their genetic relationships with the trait mean across two contrasting environments. For all stem-growth traits studied, the trait mean had a higher broad-sense heritability (H2) level than macroenvironmental sensitivity, both with much higher H2 values than microenvironmental sensitivity. Genetic correlation analyses indicated that the trait mean was more or less independent of macro- or micro-environmental sensitivity in stem height. Thus, for this trait, the genetic difference in response to the two environments might be mainly due to epistasis between some regulatory loci for plasticity and loci for trait mean. However, for basal area and volume index, pleiotropic loci might be more important for their genetic differences between the two environments. No evidence was found to support Lerner’s (1954) homeostasis theory in which macro- or microenvironmental sensitivity is the inverse function of heterozygosity.
Two Steps Toward Improving Learning for Students with (and without) “Learning Problems”

Rather than being viewed as a reflection of a disorder within the person, most problems in learning and behavior are seen as a reaction to settings which do not deal effectively with the person's motivational and developmental status. In particular, many facets of school settings are seen as “set-ups” and are characterized by reactive rather than active solutions to problems and programs. From this perspective, the discussion focuses on what motivates a student to approach or avoid learning activities in school. Specifically, it emphasizes the need (1) to establish an environment which can optimize the match between the learning situation and the learner's current developmental and motivational status, and (2) to develop a mutually satisfying learning agreement or contract. Through a discussion of such concepts, the authors suggest ways in which teachers can facilitate learning, engender an atmosphere of mutual respect between school professionals and students, and participate in a process which allows ea...
Comparison of Martian and lunar multiringed circular basins

Many similarities between Martian and lunar multi-ringed basins are outlined. There is a similar relation between basin size and number of rings; the second ring seems to appear in the crater-basin continuum in roughly the same diameter range. The similarities are tentatively considered great enough to indicate that Martian and lunar basins were formed by the same process. Morphological and statistical studies of lunar basins have strongly indicated this process to be impact.
Focusing candidate generation

Abstract We propose fault characteristics as an efficient linear space encoding of the fault behavior of devices. Fault characteristics of a device use the function of the device to suggest how it may not have failed, and, in turn, how the devices at its inputs may have failed. They are compiled for simple devices, and provided as part of the device library. For composite devices, we outline a linear time algorithm to generate relevant fault characteristics. We highlight the merits of this scheme in comparison with a similar recent approach.
A pathogenesis-based transcript signature in donor-specific antibody-positive kidney transplant patients with normal biopsies.

Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0-ST arrays were used to assess the gene expression profiles of kidney transplant patients who presented with donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) but showed normal biopsy histopathology and did not develop antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Biopsy and whole-blood profiles for these DSA-positive, AMR-negative (DSA +/AMR-) patients were compared to both DSA-positive, AMR-positive (DSA +/AMR +) patients as well as DSA-negative (DSA -) controls. While individual gene expression changes across sample groups were relatively subtle, gene-set enrichment analysis using previously identified pathogenesis-based transcripts (PBTs) identified a clear molecular signature involving increased rejection-associated transcripts in AMR - patients. Results from this study have been published in Kidney International (Hayde et al., 2014 [1]) and the associated data have been deposited in the GEO archive and are accessible via the following link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE50084.
Diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy in pediatric abdominal trauma.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the role of emergent laparoscopy as a diagnostic and potentially therapeutic modality in pediatric trauma. We hypothesize that diagnostic laparoscopy provides important information for the treatment of children with abdominal trauma and is accompanied by improved diagnostic accuracy, reduction of nontherapeutic laparotomy rates, and a reduction of morbidity. Methods A 5-year (January 2000-December 2004) retrospective review of a pediatric level I trauma center database was performed after institutional review board approval was obtained, and information regarding patients who had operations for abdominal trauma was abstracted. Demographic variables, mechanism of injury, operative interventions, and patient outcomes were examined. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Student's t test ( P Results There were 7127 trauma admissions, of which 113 had abdominal explorations for blunt (88%) and penetrating (12%) trauma. Thirty-two (28%) patients had laparoscopy performed. Laparotomy was avoided in 56% of these patients. Laparoscopic therapeutic interventions were performed in 6 (19%) patients. Laparoscopy assisted in the diagnosis and subsequent conventional repair of perforated viscera in 10, diaphragmatic rupture in 3, and distal pancreatic injury in 1. Patients who had a laparoscopic procedure of any kind were less severely injured leading to significantly lower number of intensive care unit (0.6 ± 1.6, P = .0004) and hospital days (7.4 ± 5.6, P = .002) than patients who had a laparotomy (3.7 ± 7.1 and 12.5 ± 11.4). No injuries were missed, or technical complications occurred, as a result of laparoscopic explorations. There were 6 deaths in the laparotomy group. No patients who underwent laparoscopy died. Conclusion Laparoscopy in pediatric trauma is a safe method for the evaluation and treatment of selective blunt and penetrating abdominal injuries in hemodynamically stable patients. Laparoscopy serves as a diagnostic tool in abdominal trauma, which reduces the morbidity of a negative laparotomy.
Examples of Microchannel Mass Transfer Processes in Biological Systems

Heat and mass transfer processes become highly efficient as the channel hydraulic diameter is reduced in size. Biological systems, such as human body, rely on the extremely efficient transport processes occurring at microscale in the functioning of its vital organs. In this paper, the transfer processes in lungs and kidneys will be reviewed. Although the flow in the microchannels present in these organs is laminar, it yields very high mass transfer coefficients due to the coupling of small channel diameters. Furthermore, the molecular transport mechanisms occurring across the membranes at nanoscales through diffusion controlled processes also become extremely important. Understanding these transport processes will enable us to develop more efficient artificial organs and processes that closely mimic the performance of the natural systems. These ideas can be extended to other microscale system designs in different technologies, such as IC cooling and MEMS micro fuel cells.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Needs Assessment for a Conference Focusing on the Mature Traveler

Abstract The mature traveler market mean significant business for those who have the knowledge and desire to capture this market; however, specific guidelines must be developed to address this unique group. To that end, the author conducted a national survey of members of the Travel Industry Association of America to assess the interest for a “mature traveler conference” in order to develop the market.
Plasma prorenin in first-trimester pregnancy: relationship to changes in human chorionic gonadotropin.

Abstract Prorenin and human chorionic gonadotropin are both synthesized in chorionic cells. The relationship of changes in maternal plasma prorenin to changes in human chorionic gonadotropin were therefore evaluated during the first trimester. In samples submitted to the routine chemistry laboratory for detection of pregnancy a positive relationship was observed between prorenin and β human chorionic gonadotropin during the 5 weeks following conception. Subsequently human chorionic gonadotropin continued to rise but prorenin had reached a plateau. Serial studies in one subject demonstrated that prorenin had increased to 65% of maximum by the thirteenth day following conception whereas human chorionic gonadotropin had risen to only 0.2% of maximum. By 3 to 5 days post partum, β human chorionic gonadotropin had fallen by 98% but prorenin had fallen by only 50%. The early rise in prorenin following conception and the relatively slow fall post partum suggest that pregnancy-related changes in maternal plasma prorenin are of maternal, not fetal, origin.
Efficacy of Au-Au Contacts for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Molecular Conductance Measurements

We measured conductance traces while breaking gold point contacts in a solution of molecules containing the I-p-phenylenediethynyl X-CtC-C6H4-CtC-X unit, with eight different capping X groups: AuP(OMe)3 (1 ), H( 2), SiMe3 (3), Au-P(cy)3 (4), Au-PMe2Ph (5), Au-PMePh2 (6), Au-PMe3 (7), and AuPPh3 (8). Our goal with this work was to achieve a direct Au-C link with a conjugated organic group, potentially forming a molecular junction without chemical link groups that typically decrease junction conductances, such as thiols or amines. Conductance traces collected in the presence of molecules 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 reveal additional steps at conductances as high as 0.1 G0 (G0 ) 2e 2 /h) down to the measurable limits of the experimental setup. Conductance histograms generated from these traces therefore show a broad increase of counts when compared to a control histogram collected in the solvent alone suggesting the binding of the molecules to the broken Au contacts. The histograms for molecules 1, 5, 7, and 2 were not distinguishable, although that of molecule 3 had considerably fewer counts over the entire conductance range, suggesting that the steric bulk of the SiMe3 prevented frequent junction formation. The histograms collected in a solution of molecules 4, 6 ,o r8 did not differ from that of the control histogram probably because of the steric bulk of the Au-PR3 capping groups prevented the formation a molecular junction.
Rapid chondrocyte maturation by serum‐free culture with BMP‐2 and ascorbic acid

In serum-containing medium, ascorbic acid induces maturation of prehypertrophic chick embryo sternal chondrocytes. Recently, cultured chondrocytes have also been reported to undergo maturation in the presence of bone morphogenetic proteins or in serum-free medium supplemented with thyroxine. In the present study, we have examined the combined effect of ascorbic acid, BMP-2, and serum-free conditions on the induction of alkaline phosphatase and type X collagen in chick sternal chondrocytes. Addition of either ascorbate or rhBMP-2 to nonconfluent cephalic sternal chondrocytes produced elevated alkaline phosphatase levels within 24–72 h, and simultaneous exposure to both ascorbate and BMP yielded enzyme levels at least threefold those of either inducer alone. The effects of ascorbate and BMP were markedly potentiated by culture in serum-free medium, and alkaline phosphatase levels of preconfluent serum-free cultures treated for 48 h with BMP + ascorbate were equivalent to those reached in serum-containing medium only after confluence. While ascorbate addition was required for maximal alkaline phosphatase activity, it did not induce a rapid increase in type X collagen mRNA. In contrast, BMP added to serum-free medium induced a three- to fourfold increase in type X collagen mRNA within 24 h even in the presence of cyclohexamide, indicating that new protein synthesis was not required. Addition of thyroid hormone to serum-free medium was required for maximal ascorbate effects but not for BMP stimulation. Neither ascorbate nor BMP induced alkaline phosphatase activity in caudal sternal chondrocytes, which do not undergo hypertrophy during embryonic development. These results indicate that ascorbate + BMP in serum-free culture induces rapid chondrocyte maturation of prehypertrophic chondrocytes. The mechanisms for ascorbate and BMP action appear to be distinct, while BMP and thyroid hormone may share a similar mechanism for induction. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:394–403, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mirrored methionine sulfoxide reductases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilB

Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) protect against oxidative damage that can contribute to cell death. The tandem Msr domains (MsrA and MsrB) of the pilB protein from Neisseria gonorrhoeae each reduce different epimeric forms of methionine sulfoxide. The overall fold of the MsrB domain revealed by the 1.85 A crystal structure shows no resemblance to the previously determined MsrA structures from other organisms. Despite the lack of homology, the active sites show approximate mirror symmetry. In each case, conserved amino acid motifs mediate the stereo-specific recognition and reduction of the substrate. Unlike the MsrA domain, the MsrB domain activates the cysteine or selenocysteine nucleophile through a unique Cys-Arg-Asp/Glu catalytic triad. The collapse of the reaction intermediate most likely results in the formation of a sulfenic or selenenic acid moiety. Regeneration of the active site occurs through a series of thiol-disulfide exchange steps involving another active site Cys residue and thioredoxin. These observations have broad implications for modular catalysis, antibiotic drug design and continuing longevity studies in mammals.
Silicon Photonic Transceiver Circuits With Microring Resonator Bias-Based Wavelength Stabilization in 65 nm CMOS

Photonic interconnects are a promising technology to meet the bandwidth demands of next-generation high-performance computing systems. This paper presents silicon photonic transceiver circuits for a microring resonator-based optical interconnect architecture in a 1 V standard 65 nm CMOS technology. The transmitter circuits incorporate high-swing ( $2{\rm V}_{{\rm pp}}$ and $4{\rm V}_{{\rm pp}})$ drivers with nonlinear pre-emphasis and automatic bias-based tuning for resonance wavelength stabilization. An optical forwarded-clock adaptive inverter-based transimpedance amplifier (TIA) receiver trades off power for varying link budgets by employing an on-die eye monitor and scaling the TIA supply for the required sensitivity. At 5 Gb/s operation, the $4{\rm V}_{{\rm pp}}$ transmitter achieves 12.7 dB extinction ratio with 4.04 mW power consumption, excluding laser power, when driving wire-bonded modulators designed in a 130 nm SOI process, while a 0.28 nm tuning range is obtained at 6.8 $\mu$ W/GHz efficiency with the bias-based tuning scheme implemented with the $2{\rm V}_{{\rm pp}}$ transmitter. When tested with a wire-bonded 150 fF p-i-n photodetector, the receiver achieves ${-}$ 9 dBm sensitivity at a ${\rm BER}=10^{-9}$ and consumes 2.2 mW at 8 Gb/s. Testing with an on-die test structure emulating a low-capacitance waveguide photodetector yields 17 $\mu$ A $_{{\rm pp}}$ sensitivity at 10 Gb/s and more than 40% power reduction with higher input current levels.
The kil gene of bacteriophage lambda

A new phage λ gene, called kil, has been identified. It is required for killing its host under certain conditions. Kil expression is dependent upon the positive regulator gene N and can be observed in an induced defective lysogen which is deficient in DNA replication. The kil gene has been mapped between genes γ and cIII by deletion analysis. Induced kil+ lysogens are characterized by a gradual decline in colony-forming ability, resulting ultimately in a survival of 10−4; formation of very long filaments, reversible by pantoyl lactone treatment; and decreased capacity to reproduce a superinfecting heteroimmune phage. Kil− ochre mutants have been isolated by selecting lysogens which survived induction. Nonsense mutations in gene kil were identified by their ability to be suppressed by spontaneous suppressors which also suppressed lac and trp amber mutations. These spontaneous su+ exhibit bizarre suppression patterns for T4 and λ amber and ochre mutants and thus may be new kinds of suppressors. The kil+ allele is dominant to kil− and kills the host if it is situated either on the chromosome or an episome. The presence of the kil gene product does not interfere with either DNA synthesis as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake, or DNA degradation. However, synthesis of aberrant forms of DNA has not been ruled out. In addition, gross RNA and protein synthesis does not seem to be altered. The kil gene does not confer an obvious phenotype for phage growth during normal lytic infection. However, an effect of a kil− mutation can be unmasked if the phages are also deleted for λ recombination genes and a region which carries a λ endonuclease, and are grown on recA− endoI− cells. Under these conditions kil− phage grow better than kil+ phage, suggesting that the kil product might be involved in nuclease activity.
Fever and a rash in a 61 year old man

Answers on p243. A 61 year old white homosexual man complained of profound fatigue, proximal lower extremity weakness, myalgias, and fever of two days' duration. He also complained of a worsening rash over his proximal upper extremities, trunk, and back for the past month. Two months earlier he had been diagnosed with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis when he presented with bilateral hand and wrist pain. He denied cough, shortness of breath, photosensitivity, Raynaud's phenomenon, dry mouth …
Misperceptions of Friendly Behavior as Sexual Interest: A Survey of Naturally Occurring Incidents

The studies described in this article examine retrospective reports of naturally occurring misperceptions of friendliness as sexual interest. Previous research has demonstrated that men perceive other people and situations more sexually than women do. The purpose of this research was to examine how this gender difference in perceptions of sexuality is exhibited in actual interactions between women and men. Two surveys of undergraduates were conducted. The results indicated that a large percentage of both women and men had experienced such misperceptions, although more women had than men. Most of these incidents were quickly resolved without problems; however, others involved some degree of forced sexual activity and left the individual feeling angry, humiliated, and depressed. Gender differences in the characteristics of these incidents and reactions to them are described. The implications of these findings for future research on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent are discussed.
Impact of Super-Diffusive Behavior on Routing Performance in Delay Tolerant Networks

Motivated by the recent findings of super-diffusive patterns in mobility traces, we investigate the impact of super- diffusive behavior of mobile nodes on contact-based metrics and performance metrics of routing protocols in delay tolerant networks (DTNs). We show that diffusive properties make huge impact on the performance of routing protocol - message delivery ratio and delay of delivered messages, and existing models such as random waypoint models or Brownian motion models lead to overly optimistic or pessimistic results when diffusive properties are not properly captured. In addition, we point out that existing contact-based metrics are unable to differentiate between varying degrees of routing performance under different diffusive mobility patterns, and then propose to use the number of new contacts as a far more effective metric, especially for scenarios in which message routing/forwarding is built upon contacts among mobile nodes. Our work in this paper suggests that the diffusive behavior of mobile nodes should be taken into account, for the design and the performance evaluation of network protocols in DTNs.