cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Detection of Variations in Tempo of Speech by Visual, Tactual, and Visual-Tactual Cues

Resume Cette enquěte represente une section d'un programme comprehensif de recherches dirige par le professeur Robert H. Gault de Northwestern University. Il a rapporte que les lecteurs de levres sourds qui voient simultanement la figure d'un parleur et sentent ses mots au moyen du Teletactor Gault interpreted la parole beaucoup mieux que s'ils observent la figure sans sentir les mots prononces. Le probleme present est un parmi plusieurs qui ont comme but commun la decouverte des sources speciales des avantages de la stimulation double. La forme ou la melodie de la parole est un facteur qui aide a donner sa signification. Un element de la forme est une vitesse variante. Il s'agit ici de l'exactitude avec laquelle le sens de vision seul (du lecteur de levres), le sens de toucher seul (les organes tactiles du doigt restent sur la partie vibrante du Teletactor), et les deux sens ensemble peuvent decouvrir les portions rapidement parlees de diverses phrases. On a compose quarante phrases comme stimuli. L'expe...
"It's like crossing a bridge" complexities preventing physicians from discussing deactivation of implantable defibrillators at the end of life.

OBJECTIVE To understand potential barriers to physician-initiated discussions about Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) deactivation in patients with advanced illness.
An Adapted Northwestern Syntax Screening Test for Use With Visually Impaired Children

An adapted version of the Northwest Syntax Screening Test (NSST), substituting objects for line drawings, was devised to evaluate the expressive language of visually impaired children. Twenty children, ten visually impaired and ten without impairments, were presented both the Adapted NSST and the Carrow Elicited Language Inventory (CELI), which employs sentence repetition rather than visual stimuli. Results indicated significant positive correlation between scores obtained on the Adapted NSST and the CELI, suggesting that Adapted NSST may be a comparable test to administer to visually impaired children.
Glutamate receptor desensitization and its role in synaptic transmission.

Abstract Responses of excitatory amino acid receptors to rapidly applied glutamate were measured in outside-out membrane patches from chick spinal neurons. The peak current varied with glutamate concentration, with a half-maximal response at 510 μM and a Hill coefficient near 2. Currents activated by 1 mM glutamate desensitized and recovered in two phases. The faster time constant was identical to the time constant of decay of synaptic currents, suggesting that glutamatergic synaptic currents are terminated, in part, by receptor desensitization. Steady-state desensitization was evident following application of only 2–3 μM glutamate, concentrations comparable to levels in the extracellular space in the intact brain. Thus, glutamate receptor desensitization can affect synaptic efficacy in two ways: at high concentrations, rapid desensitization of receptors may curtail synaptic currents; at low concentrations, there is a significant reduction in the number of activatable receptors.
Brightnesses, luminances, and Fechner’s paradox

Monocular brightnesses were varied, without varying monocular luminances, both by means of simultaneous contrast and by means of changes in the level of adaptation. Binocular brightness was shown to change in accord with monocular brightness, independent of monocular luminances.
Nasal septal and premaxillary developmental integration: implications for facial reduction in Homo.

The influence of the chondrocranium in craniofacial development and its role in the reduction of facial size and projection in the genus Homo is incompletely understood. As one component of the chondrocranium, the nasal septum has been argued to play a significant role in human midfacial growth, particularly with respect to its interaction with the premaxilla during prenatal and early postnatal development. Thus, understanding the precise role of nasal septal growth on the facial skeleton is potentially informative with respect to the evolutionary change in craniofacial form. In this study, we assessed the integrative effects of the nasal septum and premaxilla by experimentally reducing facial length in Sus scrofa via circummaxillary suture fixation. Following from the nasal septal-traction model, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) facial growth restriction produces no change in nasal septum length; and (2) restriction of facial length produces compensatory premaxillary growth due to continued nasal septal growth. With respect to hypothesis 1, we found no significant differences in septum length (using the vomer as a proxy) in our experimental (n = 10), control (n = 9) and surgical sham (n = 9) trial groups. With respect to hypothesis 2, the experimental group exhibited a significant increase in premaxilla length. Our hypotheses were further supported by multivariate geometric morphometric analysis and support an integrative relationship between the nasal septum and premaxilla. Thus, continued assessment of the growth and integration of the nasal septum and premaxilla is potentially informative regarding the complex developmental mechanisms that underlie facial reduction in genus Homo evolution. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Implications of a Migration Impediment on Shortnose Sturgeon Spawning

Abstract A population of shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum was documented congregating at the base of Pinopolis Dam, Cooper River, South Carolina, during the February−March spawning season. Pinopolis Dam is a peaking hydroelectric facility and navigation lock located within the coastal plane, 77 km upriver of the mouth of the Cooper River at Charleston, South Carolina. In a 5-year radiotelemetry experiment, shortnose sturgeon did not pass upstream through the navigation lock but congregated at the base of the dam. As a result, a study was conducted to determine whether the tailrace was used as spawning habitat. The location is atypical of published descriptions of shortnose sturgeon spawning habitat in terms of a suite of characters, including distance upriver, tide, flow characteristics, and substrate. The river is tidally influenced for its entire length, and the bottom substrate in the tailrace is dominated by hard marl with negligible fine sediments such as silt and sand. Turbine discharge var...
Colorless Molecular Dopants for Low-Operating-Voltage Nematic Liquid Crystals

ABSTRACT In this paper we present a study of two similar, colorless molecular dopants designed to decrease the operating voltages of nematic liquid crystals by increasing the dielectric anisotropy. Experimental analysis shows that these materials reduced the threshold voltage (voltage associated with the Freedericksz transition) by up to 20%, but via a reduction in the liquid crystal order parameter. To gain insight into the decrease of the order parameter, we used density-functional and single-point MP2 theory to investigate the conformational preferences of our dopants; the calculations suggest that, because of steric interactions, the conformations adopted are rather rigid.
Bias and brains: Risk aversion and cognitive ability across real and hypothetical settings

I collect data on subjects’ risk attitudes using real and hypothetical risky choices. I also measure their cognitive ability using the cognitive reflective test (CRT). On average, measured risk preferences are not significantly different across real and hypothetical settings. However, cognitive ability is inversely related to risk aversion when choices are hypothetical, but it is unrelated when the choices are real. This interaction between cognitive ability and hypothetical setting is consistent with the notion that some individuals, specifically higher-ability individuals, may treat hypothetical choices as “puzzles,” and provides one potential explanation for why some studies find that subjects indicate that they are more tolerant of risk when they make hypothetical choices than when they make real choices.
Retinoids and inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activity

The tumor-promoting phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) causes a dose-dependent induction (up to 300-fold) of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the epidermis of intact mice within 5 hours after the application to the skin of from 1 to 10 nmoles of the ester in 0.2 ml of acetone. Enzyme activity regresses with a half-life of 17 minutes, the shortest known for any enzyme. The induction is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by a single application of from 0.034 to 3.4 nmoles of retinoic acid within an hour before to an hour after phorbol ester treatment. Of over thirty natural and synthetic retinoids that were tested for this property, all-trans-retinoic acid was most effective. The ability of retinoic acid and its congeners to inhibit tumor promotion by the phorbol ester correlated with the effect of dose, structure, and time of treatment on the induction of ornithine decarboxylase. It appears that a permanently increased level of the enzyme and its product, putrescine, may be one of the essential components of the mechanism of tumor promotion.
Micro and Macro GLC Determination of Ethambutol in Biological Fluids

Abstract Previously available GLC methods for ethambutol may only be used to measure quantities of drugs much greater than those found in biological fluids such as plasma and dialysate. A previously published GLC method for plasma samples is extended to measure ethambutol in dialysate. A second GLC method, involving derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and subsequent quantitation using a flame-ionization detector, is described for urine samples. With a dualcolumn and dual-detector gas-liquid chromatograph, simultaneous micro (plasma and dialysate) and macro (urine) determinations of ethambutol are possible.
Interrogative Reformulation Patterns and Acquisition of Question Paraphrases

We describe a set of paraphrase patterns for questions which we derived from a corpus of questions, and report the result of using them in the automatic recognition of question paraphrases. The aim of our paraphrase patterns is to factor out different syntactic variations of interrogative words, since the interrogative part of a question adds a syntactic superstructure on the sentence part (i.e., the rest of the question), thereby making it difficult for an automatic system to analyze the question. The patterns we derived are rules which map surface syntactic structures to semantic case frames, which serve as the canonical representation of questions. We also describe the process in which we acquired question paraphrases, which we used as the test data. The results obtained by using the patterns in paraphrase recognition were quite promising.
Experiments on the transient freezing of water in an inclined rectangular cavity

Abstract An experimental study was conducted on the transient solidification of water in a rectangular inclined cavity. The dependence of the phase-change interface and of the volume of ice produced on time and on the inclination angle were determined. Characteristic temperature distributions in the cavity were obtained and compared to the predictions of a simple model that neglected the presence of buoyancy-driven flow in the system. Flow visualization in the liquid phase using the laser-sheet technique showed the presence of a bicellular structure. The ice nucleation time at the cold surface exhibited a maximum at an inclination angle of about 60°. An engineering correlation is also reported for the dependence of the volume of ice formed in the system on the inclination angle and on time.
R-S recall and recognition as functions of stimulus and response meaningfulness

Meaningfulness (M as defined by association value of nonsense syllables) for both S and R components of paired associates was related to R-S recall and recognition. R-S recall was significantly related to S m but not to R M. Neither S M nor R M had a significant effect on R-S recognition. The results were interpreted as evidence against an intratrial rehearsal view of R-S learning.
Laparoscopic adhesiolysis in a horse

Objective—The purpose of this report was to describe the use of laparoscopy as a method of treatment for abdominal adhesions in the horse. Clinical Report—Unilateral ovariectomy for removal of a granulosa cell tumor was performed through a diagonal paramedian approach in a 14-year-old Arabian mare. Progressive incisional swelling and hemorrhage culminated in acute incisional dehiscence with herniation of ileum on the sixth postoperative day. Septic peritonitis that responded to parenteral antibiotic therapy was identified 7 days after hernia repair. Seven days later, the mare had signs of abdominal pain, and adhesions of small intestine to the paramedian incision were identified on rectal palpation. Transrectally assisted laparoscopic adhesiolysis was performed. No further complications occurred. Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic adhesiolysis may provide better observation of adhesions and reduced postoperative morbidity compared with laparotomy.
The mobile source effect on curbside 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons assessed at a tollbooth.

On-road mobile sources contribute substantially to ambient air concentrations of the carcinogens 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The current study measured benzene and 1,3-butadiene at the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel tollbooth over 3-hr intervals on seven weekdays (n = 56). Particle-bound PAH was measured on a subset of three days. The 3-hr outdoor 1,3-butadiene levels varied according to time of day and traffic volume. The minimum occurred at night (12 a.m.-3 a.m.) with a mean of 2 microg/m3 (SD = 1.3, n = 7), while the maximum occurred during the morning rush hour (6 a.m.-9 a.m.) with a mean of 11.9 microg/m3 (SD = 4.6, n = 7). The corresponding traffic counts were 1413 (SD = 144) and 16,893 (SD = 692), respectively. During the same intervals, mean benzene concentration varied from 3 microg/m3 (SD = 3.1, n = 7) to 22.3 microg/m3 (SD = 7.6, n = 7). Median PAH concentrations ranged from 9 to 199 ng/m3. Using multivariate regression, a significant association (p 2-axle vehicles emit 60, 32, and 9 times more PAH, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene, respectively, than do 2-axle vehicles. This study provides a model for estimating curbside pollution levels associated with traffic that may be relevant to exposures in the urban environment.
Power System Harmonics Estimation and Monitoring

ABSTRACT The existence of harmonics in power systems and their effects have led to numerous issues of electric power quality. The IEEE Standard 519 is being revised and upgraded from a guide to a recommended practice in order to set limits on harmonic distortion and to ensure a high power quality. Thus, the measurement of harmonics in power system has assumed considerable significance because the need of monitoring the power system harmonic content. In this paper dynamic state estimation of power system harmonics is used to estimate the system bus voltage magnitudes and phase angles at different harmonic levels. These estimated variables are used to calculate harmonic factors and indices that are used to obtain the harmonic profile of the system. The term “power system harmonic monitoring” is proposed to collectively refer to the calculation of total harmonic distortion, distortion index, telephone influence factor, C-message index, and the KVT and KIT factors. The IEEE 30 bus system, with three six-pulse...
Fluorometric assay of amino acids.

Abstract Fluorescence methods are described for the assay of the oxidative enzymes d - and l -amino acid oxidase based on the conversion of the nonfluorescent homovanillic acid to the highly fluorescent 2,2′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxybiphenyl-5,5′-diacetic acid. The initial rate of formation of this fluorescent compound is measured and related to the activity of the enzymes in the concentration range 0.00009 to 0.025 units/ml. The substrates of the enzymes d - and l -arginine, -leueine, -methionine, -phenylalanine, -proline, -tryptophan, and -tyrosine were determined with an accuracy and relative standard deviation of about 2% over the range of concentrations 0.01 to 50 μg/ml. Complete analysis of a single amino acid can be performed within 2 min, with an increase in sensitivity over other available procedures.
Teaching 3-dimensional fetal ultrasound: a randomized study

Objective. Three-dimensional ultrasound has become an integral mode of fetal imaging. However, unclear but foundational concepts such as ‘rotational axes’ and ‘sectional planes’ are key to obtaining, manipulating, and understanding 3d volumes. This randomized study utilized ‘analogical transfer’, as a novel method of teaching three-dimensional ultrasound. We hypothesized that the cognitive processing of medical professionals dealing with medical imaging is less structure-based and more intuitive.Methods. Ninety-four ultrasound education naive subjects (50 conventional vs 44 experimental) were randomly assigned to using one of two teaching instruments to determine whether there was a difference in learning three-dimensional concepts. One instrument used the conventional approach (prose description of concepts) while the second teaching instrument used visual descriptors. Time to complete the instrument (self-learning + quiz) was recorded and quiz results were analyzed.Results. One hundred potential subject...
Cigarette smoking, leukemia, and multiple myeloma☆

To evaluate previously reported associations with cigarette smoking, the incidence of leukemia and multiple myeloma was determined with follow-up of up to 24 years of 57,224 never-smokers, 20,928 former smokers, and 64,839 current cigarette smokers who received multiphasic health checkups. Cigarette smoking was associated with the development of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in men only (relative risk, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 6.4). Chronic myeloid leukemia showed an association with smoking of borderline significance in men only. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma were not related to cigarette smoking. In the men with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia there was a suggestion of a dose-response relation but it was not statistically significant. The association of cigarette smoking with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia was not explained by alcohol or coffee consumption or exposure to occupational hazards. This study adds to the growing body of evidence that cigarette smoking predisposes to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in men.
Advantages of Subharmonic Over Second Harmonic Backscatter for Contrast-To-Tissue Echo Enhancement

It is shown experimentally that backscatter from two ultrasonic contrast agents suspended in water or saline contains subharmonics of the incident frequency that are stronger than those backscattered at the same incident pressure from chicken breast. It is also shown that the ratio of subharmonic backscattered from contrast to that backscattered from tissue, is stronger than the ratio of backscattered second harmonic. In consequence, blood that contains contrast should be more easily detectable with respect to tissue if the subharmonic, rather than the second harmonic, is used for imaging.
Correlates of illicit methadone use in New York City: A cross-sectional study

Despite growing concern about illicit methadone use in the US and other countries, there is little data about the prevalence and correlates of methadone use in large urban areas. We assessed the prevalence and examined correlates of lifetime and recent illicit methadone use in New York City (NYC). 1,415 heroin, crack, and cocaine users aged 15–40 years were recruited in NYC between 2000 and 2004 to complete interviewer-administered questionnaires. In multivariable logistic regression, non-injection drug users who used illicit methadone were more likely to be heroin dependent, less than daily methamphetamine users and to have a heroin using sex partner in the last two months. Injection drug users who used illicit methadone were more likely to use heroin daily, share injection paraphernalia and less likely to have been in a detoxification program and to have not used marijuana in the last six months. The results overall suggest that illicit (or street) methadone use is likely not a primary drug of choice, but is instead more common in concert with other illicit drug use.
A Theory of Corporate Boards with Endogenous Information Collection, Optimal Compensation and Strategic Voting: When do Independent Boards Dominate Rubberstamping Ones?

This paper presents a model of the collective decision making of corporate boards. Each director collects costly private information and votes to maximize his welfare given his compensation. We derive optimal contracts that induce first-best outcomes for shareholders despite directors' incentive to free-ride on each others' information and votes. Our model highlights important frictions between information collection and information sharing, and between board accountability and independence. We identify conditions under which a rubber-stamping or captive board achieve higher shareholder value than an independent or active board and conditions under which the reverse is true. Our findings hold whether board decisions are made through majority, supermajority or unanimity voting rules and whether balloting is open or secret.
Treatment motivation among Mexican American drug-using arrestees

This study tested demographic factors, drug-problem severity indicators, social resources, and treatment perceptions as correlates of motivation for treatment among Mexican American drug users with no prior treatment experience. To move beyond the "ethnic gloss" of prior research, this study included ethnicity-related attitudes, perceptions, and experiences among thefactors tested. Findingsfrom a multivariate regression analysis suggested that recognition of drug-related interpersonal problems was a key determinant of treatment motivation in this sample. A test for interaction revealed that treatment motivation was strongest among cases who scored high on both drug problem recognition and ethnic identity. In addition, treatment motivation was weaker among cases who were married and those who were employed. Implications are cited regarding pathways to treatmentfor Mexican American drug users.
Critical encoding rate in combined denoising and compression

In this paper, we elaborate on denoising schemes based on lossy compression. First, we provide an alternative interpretation of the so-called Occam filter and relate it with the complexity-regularized denoising schemes in the literature. Next, we discuss about the 'critical distortion' of a noisy source and argue that optimal denoising is achieved at the corresponding critical encoding rate rather than at the encoding rates suggested by other compression-based denoisers. Finally, we discuss the so-called 'indirect rate distortion problem'. We focus particularly on the high bit-rate encoding of noisy sources and show lossless compression of a denoised source is often very wasteful of bits, and suggest a simple way of determining an appropriate bit-rate for compressing a denoised source economically while retaining its initial denoised quality.
Ion Channels In Drug Discovery and Development

An excellent meeting on ion channels in drug discovery and development was organised by the Strategic Research Institute. Recent progress in the molecular and cellular biology of ion channels, their localisation and their physio-pathological roles, was presented by a selected number of academic researchers. The status of development, by pharmaceutical companies, of drugs targeting specific ion channel subtypes (e.g., AMPA receptors, nicotinic receptors, GABA(A) receptors, K(+) channels, transient receptor potential channels) and with different modalities (agonists versus potentiators) was reviewed. More comparative data on the emerging ion channel screening technologies are now available and were shared in a number of presentations. Finally, cardiac ion channel liability, in the context of drug discovery and development, was thoroughly discussed.
Mountain sickness knowledge among foreign travelers in Cuzco, Peru.

Abstract Category 1 Continuing Medical Education credit for physicians is available to Wilderness Medical Society members for this article. Go to http://wms.org/cme/cme.asp?whatarticle=1812 to access the instructions and test questions. Objective.—Cuzco, Peru, is host to a dangerous mix of high altitude and rapid access from low elevation, which results in a high prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Thus, it is important that travelers entering Cuzco understand the basics of AMS. To this end, we assessed travelers' awareness of AMS, especially the resources used to obtain this knowledge. With this information we make recommendations with regard to better avenues for distribution of AMS information. Methods.—One hundred foreign travelers, representing an international population, completed a 45-item written questionnaire that was subsequently analyzed. Results.—Over half of the respondents (51%) rated their knowledge of AMS as “low” or “none.” Furthermore, very few respondents knew about acetazolam...
Production Worthiness of a GaAs Wafer FAB as Demonstrated Through Automated RF Probe Measurements

A novel technique has been developed that utilizes the automated RF probe operation as a means to statistically verify and demonstrate the uniformity of a 0.5um ion-implanted MESFET wafer fab at Texas Instruments. Over seventy-thousand MMICs have been characterized in a 6 month span to provide a healthy statistical database. Analysis of the database shows both the GaAs process and automated measurement technology to be robust and yield uniform device performance. Therefore, verifying that RF probe technique generates both cost and cycle time reduction plus quantifies device performance. The incorporation of this technique is consistent with TI?s ongoing thrust to continually improve its moderate-volume GaAs wafer fab process.
The Role of Strategy in Mixed-Gender Group Interactions: A Study of the Television Show “The Weakest Link”

This paper studies mixed-gender group interactions in a strategic game where group members are sequentially eliminated till a single winner takes all. Study 1 tests the hypothesis that female contestants are retained till final rounds where they are eliminated. Using observational data from the US television show The Weakest Link (20 shows), results show that females are finalists but not winners. In a laboratory study (Study 2, 67 Berkeley undergraduates), we show that this effect is attenuated when winnings are shared among finalists (versus one winner takes all) due to the reduction in competitive pressures in the context.
The Compressibility of Rubber

Abstract Although many of the elastic properties of rubber have been investigated with very interesting results, no measurements have been made, so far as we know, of its cubic compressibility at high pressures. Those measurements which have been made at low pressures yield results varying from 93×10−6 obtained by Clapeyron to an estimate of the order of the compressibility of bronze (about 1×10−6) given by Amagat. As the compressibility of rubber enters as a minor correction into most compressibility measurements at high pressures, it is very desirable to have a reliable estimate of its value. In this communication we propose to give the results of experimental determinations of the compressibility at 25° of three samples of rubber which were furnished to us by H. L. Curtis and A. H. Scott of the U. S. Bureau of Standards. The samples are described as follows: Sample A.—Hard rubber from panel made by the Goodrich Company. It is a rubber-sulfur compound containing no inorganic fillers. The total sulfur am...
Bradycardia caused by intravenous nicardipine in an elderly patient with acute ischemic infarct

Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker that is frequently used in the acute treatment of hypertension in the emergency department (ED). Reflex sympathetic tachycardia is a well-described side effect of this medication. Two experimental studies and 1 anesthesia case report, however, have previously described nicardipine-induced bradycardia as a very rare side effect. We report the case of an elderly patient with an acute ischemic stroke who developed nicardipine-induced bradycardia in the ED.
MPEG Audio Compression Basics

MPEG Audio was the first international standard for high quality audio coding and it opened the doors to a variety of applications in the world of digital music. In this chapter we review the basic ideas and features behind the general purpose, perceptual audio coders specified in the MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 audio standards which include the MP3 and AAC formats. The widely successful MP3 and AAC coders represent some of the most remarkable achievements of the MPEG committee that highly influenced not only the technology but also largely enabled different ways of digital media consumption.
The Surface of Mammalian Respiratory Cilia Interactions between Cilia and Respiratory Pathogens

Ciliated cells are the most numerous (30-65%) of the eight cell types on the human respiratory epithelium (Jeffrey and Reid, 1975; Plopper et al., 1983). These cells are restricted to the central airways: the trachea, where they form an almost continuous cover, and the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchioles, where the proportion of other cells increases. Thus, the surface of the central airways can be viewed as a continuous carpet of cilia with intervening islands of nonciliated cells (e.g., goblet or serous cells). Infection of the ciliated respiratory epithelium (i.e., bronchitis) is clearly distinguishable pathologically from infection of the nonciliated terminal alveoli (i.e., pneumonia). Each ciliated cell extends a tuft of approximately 200 cilia from one face of the cell body (5-µm cell diameter, density of cilia 6-8 µm-2) into the airway lumen (Sleigh et al., 1988). Human cilia measure 6 µm in length in larger airways and 5 µm in smaller bronchioles (Sleigh et al., 1988). Such shortening of cilia toward the lung periphery has also been documented in mouse and rat (Jeffrey and Reid, 1975).
Latissimus dorsi transfer results endure over time: commentary on an article by Christian Gerber, MD, FRCSEd(Hon), et al.: "Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for treatment of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Long-term results at a minimum follow-up of ten years".

Over the last decade, a wealth of clinical experience with reverse shoulder arthroplasty has been published. The introduction of the reverse arthroplasty has had a major impact on the management of the rotator-cuff-deficient shoulder. However, reverse shoulder arthroplasty has demonstrated all of the drawbacks inherent in any artificial joint replacement, including durability. Patients with rotator cuff insufficiency have diverse presentations, and such insufficiency presents a unique challenge in young, higher-demand patients who are not ideal candidates for reverse arthroplasty. Since its initial presentation in 1988, latissimus dorsi transfer has gained wide acceptance for the management of such patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears. Longer-term follow-up studies such as this one by Gerber et al. are critical to our understanding of the role of latissimus dorsi transfer in this population, in terms of both clinical longevity and the effect of the transfer on the glenohumeral articulation. The original series presented in 19881 and the follow-up study in 19922 helped define the clinical indications for this procedure, and those indications are reflected in the present study’s inclusion criteria. The present series …
Mental Health Issues and the University Student, by Doris Iarovici

Growing numbers of students are coming to college and university counseling centers with increasingly complex and severe problems. Fiscal turmoil at many institutions threatens resources for mental...
Defining Pre-Katrina New Orleans: The Structural Transformation of Public Education in New Orleans and Historical Memory:

Although considerable work has been done around the supposed successes and failures of education reform in post-Katrina New Orleans, concerns about the public/private qualities of new policies are often not discussed explicitly. In kind, this article serves to investigate theoretical conceptions of the public as they relate to education while providing a brief overview of the formation of the system of public education in New Orleans from the Louisiana Purchase through to 2005. Through a better understanding of the historical antecedents to contemporary policies, as well as of the question of their public/private characteristics, an improved understanding of how the public/private characteristics of current reforms relate to lived experiences is possible.
Ventrolateral medulla in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of angiotensin II

We investigated whether angiotensin II (ANG II), endogenous to the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), contributes to cardiovascular regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The action of ANG II endogenous to the VLM was examined by microinjection of 100 pmol of [Sar1,Thr8]ANG II into either the rostral (R) or caudal (C) VLM. This ANG II antagonist caused depressor and bradycardic responses in the RVLM and pressor and tachycardic responses in the CVLM. The magnitude of the blood pressure responses was significantly greater (P < 0.01 in RVLM and P < 0.05 in CVLM) in SHRs (-27 +/- 3 mmHg in RVLM and 29 +/- 4 mmHg in CVLM) than in WKY rats (-17 +/- 1 and 17 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively). Suppression of tonic activity of RVLM neurons by bilateral injection of muscimol in the RVLM showed that the pressor response produced by ANG II antagonist injection in the CVLM required the integrity of rostral pressor neurons. The present data suggest that ANG II endogenous to RVLM and CVLM acts as a tonic excitatory agent on vasomotor neurons of the VLM. The contribution of ANG II in the RVLM and CVLM to the prevailing level of blood pressure was significantly (P < 0.01) larger in SHRs vs. WKY rats when the effect of ANG II blockade was measured as the change in blood pressure. Blockade of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors in the RVLM showed that inhibitory GABAergic input to the RVLM was not diminished in this strain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Validation of the Terminal Area Modeling in the System Wide Analysis Capability (SWAC)

The following paper presents the validation results of the Terminal Area Model (TAM) implemented within the System Wide Analysis Capability (SWAC) simulation tool. A brief review of the approach, implementation details and summary of the challenges of terminal area modeling is presented, followed by the data requirements and data processing aspects. A brief description of the terminal procedure assignment and merging algorithm is provided. Validation results, comparing results from the TAM module with the actual flown trajectories obtained from the National Offload Program (NOP) data for two airports is presented.
Response of the Weed Maryland Meadowbeauty (Rhexia mariana L.) and Blueberry to Flumioxazin PRE

ABSTRACTField studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in North Carolina to determine the response of the weed Maryland meadowbeauty and blueberry to flumioxazin PRE (pre-emergence). No injury to non-bearing (blueberry plants not mature enough to produce fruit) or bearing (blueberry plants mature enough to produce fruit) blueberry from flumioxazin PRE was observed. In non-bearing blueberry, control of meadowbeauty was greater than 97% 90 DAT (days after treatment) with the registered rate of 0.42 kg ai ha–1 flumioxazin. Across two studies in bearing blueberry, a single application of flumioxazin at 0.42 kg ai ha–1 controlled meadowbeauty 79% to 92% 90 DAT. Flumioxazin at 0.21 kg ai ha–1 applied twice 60 d apart resulted in greater than 96% meadowbeauty control 90 d after the first application. Treatments of flumioxazin applied as a single application or two applications applied sequentially 60 d apart in bearing blueberry had yields ranging from 3150 to 6065 kg ha–1and 3551 to 5735 kg ha–1, respectively, a...
Diffusion of Passive Scalars in Fluid Flows: Maps in Three Dimensions

It has been the central goal of hydrodynamics for more than a century to predict the velocity field, u, of fluid flows in various geometries. The purpose of the present work is to investigate the relations between given velocity fields and the corresponding trajectories of marker particles (passive scalars) suspended in the fluid. This problem is important in the theory of mixing of fluids which in turn has a fundamental role in fields like combustion and chcmical reactions. Understanding the behavior of marker particles is also crucial in evaluating the outcome of flow visualization experiments. It is commonly accepted that the role of markers in flow visualization techniques is to reveal, via their motion, the properties of the velocity field. Therefore, they should be small enough such as to induce only negligible perturbations in the values of u. Moreover, the motion of markers and the velocity field should ideally be related in the most transparent way.
Heterobimetallic H2 Addition and Alkene/Alkane Elimination Reactions Related to the Mechanism of E-Selective Alkyne Semihydrogenation

Mechanistic aspects of an E-selective alkyne semihydrogenation catalyst are studied through computational modeling and experimental model reactions. We previously communicated the semihydrogenation of diarylalkynes to produce trans-alkenes using the heterobimetallic catalyst (IMes)AgRuCp(CO)2. In this report, we disclose further details on the catalyst decomposition products under catalytic conditions, the mechanism of bimetallic H2 activation, and the factors affecting selectivity for E-alkene generation. Under hydrogenation conditions, the catalyst decomposition product HRuCp(CO)(IMes) was isolated and characterized. Resubmitting this species to the catalytic conditions did not provide useful hydrogenation catalysis, confirming the presence of a bimetallic mechanism under optimal catalytic conditions. The detailed nature of heterobimetallic H2 activation was probed by calculating internuclear bond orders, atom/fragment charges, and NBO occupancies as functions of reaction coordinate for a model reaction...
Methodology of the Np237 Mössbauer Effect

A survey of the methodology and systematics of the Mossbauer Resonance of the 59.54-keV gamma ray in Np237 is presented. Nuclear properties pertinent to the analysis of hyperfine spectra are given. Chemical properties of neptunium are correlated with Experimental isomer shifts and quadrupole-coupling constants. Methods for the preparation of several useful sources and absorbers are given, and instrumentation is discussed. Some applications of the Np237 resonance include studies of bonding in neptunium compounds, observation of charge states after alpha decay, measurement of nuclear polarization, and determination of magnetic properties of neptunium-containing materials.
Reimagining Collective Behavior

Recent research from cognitive social science reveals that early collective behavior theorists had more right than we tend to credit. This may come as a surprise given the rejection of early theories by the emergence of the social movements field and the coinciding rationalist turn. To break free of old ways of thinking, we use cognitive social science to revisit collective behavior theories with a renewed understanding of cognition and emotion. In so doing, we suggest the future of collective behavior is one which utilizes cognitive social science as the foundation from which theories can be rebuilt. We develop this chapter in four parts. First, we review the major approaches to categorizing collective behavior. Following, we trace the history of the major theoretical contributions and perspectives. We then revisit the prematurely dismissed theories in light of recent advances in cognitive social science with an emphasis on emotions, cognition, and action. Finally, we end the chapter with fruitful paths for the future of collective behavior by emphasizing a methodological approach and substantive areas which afford great potential for innovative theorizing.
Developments in the System of Multilateral Trade

The world economy developed very gradually over the course of centuries. Until the 17th century, international trade centered in Western Europe and was still essentially bilateral in nature, influenced by the highly protectionistic policies of the Mercantilists. Around 1600 a few European countries, particularly Great Britain, Holland, Portugal, and Spain, expanded their trading operations overseas and slowly certain parts of South East Asia, the East Indies, Africa, and the West Indies, and finally North America, became an integral part of the world trading system. This colonial trade involved in the beginning the exchange of finished goods against foodstuffs and after the Industrial Revolution it turned into an interchange of manufactured products, mainly textiles, for agricultural raw materials. The increasing size of the world economy and the diversification of internationally traded products led to the creation of a number of multilateral routes of a certain permanence. The triangular trading routes connecting Western Europe, the West Indies, and North America, and these last two regions with Africa, are only two examples of a large number of similar relationships which flourished during the course of the 18th century.
Dual Etiology of Rasmussen’s Syndrome

Five patients with Rasmussen’s syndrome reported from the Montreal Neurological Institute had the typical findings of chronic encephalitis together with tuberous sclerosis, tumor, or vascular abnormality discovered on pathological examination of tissue removed at operation.
Developmental and Differentiation-Specific Patterns of γ- and β-Globin Promoter DNA Methylation in Primary Human Erythroid Cells.

Abstract Despite years of investigation in a variety of experimental systems, the mechanisms underlying human β-globin locus developmental gene switching remain elusive. Several lines of evidence implicate DNA methylation in this process. As an initial step in studying the role of epigenetic modifications in the human switching process and in determining the mechanisms by which DNA methyltransferase inhibitors reverse the switch, we have characterized the DNA methylation patterns of the individual CpGs in the γ- and β-globin promoters in fetal liver (FL) and adult bone marrow (BM) primary erythroid cells and during in vitro differentiation of adult erythroid cells. Using the bisulfite conversion method we evaluated all CpGs in the ~500 bp regions centered on the γ- and β-globin promoter start sites. Fetal liver (FL) and adult bone marrow (BM) samples were obtained using IRB approved protocols and informed consent procedures. Erythroid cells were purified using anti-glycophorin A (glyA) magnetic beads. Purity was confirmed to be greater than 95%. Samples from five independent BM and FL samples were analyzed and 8–20 bisulfite converted sequences were determined for each promoter in each sample. Our results show that all 8 CpGs between −249 and +210 of the Gγ and Aγ-globin promoters are less than 20% methylated in FL and greater than 80% methylated in BM except for the −158 CpG which is only 40% methylated in BM(p
Using Path Analysis to Evaluate the Healthcare Empowerment Model Among Persons Living with HIV for Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence.

Abstract Healthcare empowerment (HCE) is patient controlled and includes the process and state of being engaged, informed, collaborative, committed, and tolerant of uncertainty. Understanding psychosocial factors that impact HCE for persons living with HIV is critical for their treatment and care. A sample of 1494 male and female participants living with HIV in the United States with a mean age of 45.6 (standard deviation = 11.4) completed a one-time online survey about their demographic characteristics, social support, healthcare provider relationship, HIV treatment knowledge, perceived HIV-related stigma, lifetime trauma, depressive symptoms, HCE, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. A path analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling software to fit a theory-based model of HCE. Results included statistically significant direct pathways between depressive symptoms, healthcare provider relationship, lifetime trauma, and ART adherence, as well as between healthcare provider relationshi...
Therapeutic value and heterogeneity of zinc supplementation for treating diarrhea in children

Zinc supplementation can reduce the mean duration,the recurrence rate and mortality of diarrhea.Nonetheless,it has no effect on stool frequency or stool output.Zinc supplementation results in different effort for the difference of the duration of diarrhea,pathogens,zinc type and doses of zinc,and shows no effect in infants younger than 6 months.Using iron as a co-intervention can reduce the effect of zinc,but vitamin A or ORS have a synergistic effect with the meeting.Average baseline zinc levels did not contribute to variations in the effect size.Zinc supplements are unlikely to improve compliance with the treatment for diarrheal disease.Longer course,zinc alone,malnutrition,diarrhea,breast-feeding children are prone to vomiting after oral administration of zinc. Key words: Zinc therapy; Diarrhea; Heterogeneity; Children
Neo-nationalism in higher education: case of South Africa

Given the rise of regional hubs, emerging economies are experiencing international student growth as higher education providers in their respective regions. This study examined the neo-national experiences of international students in South Africa. Neo-nationalism refers to a new nationalism based national order in the new global economy. The findings of this study provide evidence that one’s region and country of origin matter in one’s international educational experience. Extending neo-racism research, neo-nationalism is critical framework in identifying one’s national origin as a potential explanation for challenges experienced by some international students. Students within Africa perceived more discrimination than those from outside the continent and students of the largest migratory group, Zimbabwe, felt the most mistreated due to their nationality. The findings have implications on better understanding and supporting international students in South Africa and abroad.
Adult Spondylolysis and Isthmic Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are terms derived from the Greek roots of spondyl (vertebra), lysis (to loosen or separate), and olisthesis (to slip) that describe anatomic changes that are localized within the pars interarticularis. Also known as the “isthmus,” the pars interarticularis is the thin bicortical portion of the posterior osseous arch of the lumbar spine where the lamina and inferior articular process converge with the pedicle and superior articular process. A cleft in this region is known as spondylolysis, whereas the anterior translation of the vertebra as a result of a pars defect is termed spondylolisthesis. These pars defects generally arise during childhood prior to skeletal maturity; however, patients often are asymptomatic and do not present until adulthood for treatment of this condition.