cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High performance liquid and gas liquid chromatography applied to the purification of pesticide plant and animal metabolites

New approaches to the isolation and purification of plant and animal pesticide metabolites have been developed. Polar conjugates (glycosides, glucuronides, sulfate esters, etc.) from plant or animal metabolism studies have been purified either as the intact conjugates or as derivatives of the enzyme hydrolyzed conjugates by using a combination of high performance liquid chromatography or gas liquid chromatography. The methods developed for the isolation and characterization of the plant and animal isopropyl-3-chlorocarbanilate metabolites are described.
Properties of vinyl ester resins containing methacrylated fatty acid comonomer: the effect of fatty acid chain length

This paper reports the formulation of a low-cost vinyl ester-based composite resin suitable for liquid molding, which has significantly lower volatile organic compound emission associated with it. Methacrylated fatty acid comonomers were used to replace the conventional yet environmentally hazardous reactive diluent, styrene. The chain length of these fatty acids played a key role in obtaining better viscosity, as it was proved to affect two interplaying factors: intermolecular friction and hydrogen bonding. The thermomechanical performance was greatly affected by the chain length of the fatty acids as well as the crosslink density of the polymer networks. A carbon number of 6 to 8 was good enough in optimizing the viscosity parameter suitable for handling; the dynamic mechanical analysis values, namely glass transition temperature and storage modulus, were in the range 66–121 °C and 0.97–2.8 GPa, respectively, as the carbon number was varied from 4 to 16, making the material suitable for various applications. Microstructures obtained from scanning electron microscopy results were correlated with polymer properties to obtain a better insight into these polymer networks. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Activation of solubilized liver membrane adenylate cyclase by guanyl nucleotides

Abstract Liver plasma membranes of hypophysectomized rats were purified, treated with 0.1 m Lubrol-PX and centrifuged at 165,000 g for 1 h. The detergent solubilized 50% of the membrane protein; adenylate cyclase activity was present in the supernatant fraction. Optimal substrate concentration of the soluble enzyme was 0.32 m m ATP. Basal activity of 25 preparations of the solubilized enzyme ranged from 124 to 39 pmol cyclic AMP/mg protein/10 min. The solubilized enzyme retained the same sensitivity to activation by guanyl nucleotides as was present in the membrane preparation from which it was derived. Relative sensitivity of the solubilized enzyme with 0.1 m m nucleotides or -side was GDP > GTP > GMP > guanosine; GMP-PNP = GMP-PCP > ITP > GTP. GTP, GMP-PCP, GMP-PNP and other nucleotides were hydrolyzed by phosphohydrolases present in liver membranes that were solubilized with Lubrol-PX along with adenylate cyclase. The presence of the ATP regenerating system in the adenylate cyclase assay also aided in maintaining guanyl nucleotide concentrations. The degree of adenylate cyclase activation by guanyl nucleotides was not related to the sparing effects of nucleotides on substrate ATP hydrolysis. These findings demonstrate that activation of adenylate cyclase by nucleotides is a consequence of a nucleotide-enzyme interaction that is independent of membrane integrity.
In situ spectrophotometric measurement of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater.

Autonomous in situ sensors are needed to document the effects of today’s rapid ocean uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (e.g., ocean acidification). General environmental conditions (e.g., biofouling, turbidity) and carbon-specific conditions (e.g., wide diel variations) present significant challenges to acquiring long-term measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) with satisfactory accuracy and resolution. SEAS-DIC is a new in situ instrument designed to provide calibrated, high-frequency, long-term measurements of DIC in marine and fresh waters. Sample water is first acidified to convert all DIC to carbon dioxide (CO2). The sample and a known reagent solution are then equilibrated across a gas-permeable membrane. Spectrophotometric measurement of reagent pH can thereby determine the sample DIC over a wide dynamic range, with inherent calibration provided by the pH indicator’s molecular characteristics. Field trials indicate that SEAS-DIC performs well in biofouling and turbid waters, with a DIC...
Wellness Factors Decrease the Odds of Drinking and Driving Among College Students

The authors examined holistic wellness factors and drinking and driving behaviors among undergraduate students. Two factors of the Indivisible Self Wellness Model, the Coping Self and the Physical Self, decreased the odds of engaging in drinking and driving behavior.
New complementary logic circuits using coupled quantum wells

We present new complementary logic circuits that exploit an intrinsic bistability in nano-scale coupled quantum wells. When operated with a multiple-phase split-level clocking scheme, the device can latch a binary digit while meeting gain, tolerance, and I/O decoupling requirements at the same time, which were difficult with conventional back-to-back negative differential resistance devices. This same structure can function as a complete set of classical complementary logic circuits as well, by changing only the connections of the input signals. When these circuits are cascaded, efficient charge recycling can be achieved.
QCD evolution of helicity and transversity TMDs

We examine the QCD evolution of the helicity and transversity parton distribution functions when including also their dependence on transverse momentum. Using an appropriate definition of these polarized transverse momentum distributions (TMDs), we describe their dependence on the factorization scale and rapidity cutoff, which is essential for phenomenological applications.
Compartmentalization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication within Secondary Lymphoid Tissues of Rhesus Macaques Is Linked to Disease Stage and Inversely Related to Localization of Virus-Specific CTL

We previously demonstrated that HIV replication is concentrated in lymph node B cell follicles during chronic infection and that HIV-specific CTL fail to accumulate in large numbers at those sites. It is unknown whether these observations can be generalized to other secondary lymphoid tissues or whether virus compartmentalization occurs in the absence of CTL. We evaluated these questions in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques by quantifying SIV RNA + cells and SIV-specific CTL in situ in spleen, lymph nodes, and intestinal tissues obtained at several stages of infection. During chronic asymptomatic infection prior to simian AIDS, SIV-producing cells were more concentrated in follicular (F) compared with extrafollicular (EF) regions of secondary lymphoid tissues. At day 14 of infection, when CTL have minimal impact on virus replication, there was no compartmentalization of SIV-producing cells. Virus compartmentalization was diminished in animals with simian AIDS, which often have low-frequency CTL responses. SIV-specific CTL were consistently more concentrated within EF regions of lymph node and spleen in chronically infected animals regardless of epitope specificity. Frequencies of SIV-specific CTL within F and EF compartments predicted SIV RNA + cells within these compartments in a mixed model. Few SIV-specific CTL expressed the F homing molecule CXCR5 in the absence of the EF retention molecule CCR7, possibly accounting for the paucity of F CTL. These findings bolster the hypothesis that B cell follicles are immune privileged sites and suggest that strategies to augment CTL in B cell follicles could lead to improved viral control and possibly a functional cure for HIV infection.
Optimal pilot waveform assisted modulation for ultrawideband communications

Ultrawideband (UWB) transmissions induce pronounced frequency-selective fading effects in their multipath propagation. Multipath diversity gains can be collected to enhance performance, provided that the underlying channel can be estimated at the receiver. To this end, we develop a novel pilot waveform assisted modulation (PWAM) scheme that is tailored for UWB communications. We select our PWAM parameters by jointly optimizing channel estimation performance and information rate. The resulting transmitter design maximizes the average capacity, which is shown to be equivalent to minimizing the mean-square channel estimation error, and thereby achieves the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao lower bound. Application of PWAM to practical UWB systems is promising because it entails simple integrate-and-dump operations at the frame rate. Equally important, it offers a flexible UWB channel estimator, capable of striking desirable rate-performance tradeoffs depending on the channel coherence time.
Abnormalities of gallbladder muscle associated with acute inflammation in guinea pigs

Muscle strips from experimental acute cholecystitis (AC) exhibit a defective contraction. The mechanisms responsible for this impaired contraction are not known. The present studies investigated th...
Elastic‐plastic analysis of plates by the hybrid‐stress model and initial‐stress approach

Two alternative hybrid-stress-based functionals are examined for the incremental elastic-plastic static analysis of single layer plates. Material nonlinear effects are incorporated via the initial-stress approach so that an equivalent nodal force vector is defined and the stiffness remains constant throughout the incremental loading. The alternative functionals differ in the incremental stress which is assumed to satisfy equilibrium; in the first, it is the actual stress increment, and in the second it is the elastic stress increment. Results are presented for two example problems, and comparisons of the alternative functionals and plausible iteration schemes are given. The effects of variation of pertinent solution parameters are also shown. A 4-node hybrid-stress plate element based on a Mindlin-type displacement field is used for most cases; however, limited results are also presented using an 8-node plate element, thus permitting comparisons of the relative efficiencies of the two elements.
Analysing social-change practice in the Peruvian Amazon through a feminist reading of participatory communication research

This article analyses the social-change practices of Minga Peru, an NGO in the Peruvian Amazon which promotes gender equality and reproductive health through radio broadcasts and community-based interventions. This analysis, grounded in participatory research methods, reveals a feminist and gender-equitable approach, allowing participants to take the role of leader rather than of passive research subject. Such participatory research methods helped to empower both individuals and their communities in the Peruvian Amazon, encouraging the development of more productive group dynamics and leadership.
A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial of Perioperative Treatment with Octreotide in Pancreas Transplantation

Abstract Background: Technical failures continue to plague clinical pancreas transplantation. The somastatin analogue octreotide has been shown able to decrease morbidity after pancreatic resection. We studied the effect of perioperative treatment with octreotide on technical complications after pancreas transplant. patients and methods: %Seventeen recipients of bladder-drained transplant were randomized to receive either octreotide, 100 μg TID SQ for 5 days after transplant (n = 10) or no additional treatment (n = 7). We compared the two groups in terms of patient and graft survival and incidence of graft pancreatitis, intra-abdominal infections, and anastomotic leaks. Results: In the untreated group, 1 patient developed a bladder leak and 2 had intra-abdominal infections, while no complications occurred in the octreotide-treated patients ( P = 0.05). Six-month patient and pancreas survival was 100% and 90%, respectively, in octreotide-treated patients versus 86% and 86% in the control group ( P = NS). Conclusion: Perioperative treatment with octreotide seems able to reduce the incidence of technical complications after pancreas transplantation.
Effect of magnetic polaritons on the radiative properties of double-layer nanoslit arrays

Recent studies show that magnetic polaritons (MPs) are responsible for the extraordinary optical transmission in subwavelength periodic structures. However, the role of MP in double-layer nanoslit arrays has not been fully understood. This paper elucidates how MPs influence the radiative properties of nanoslit arrays at both normal and oblique incidences using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The existence of MPs is further confirmed by an equivalent LC circuit model. The effects of geometric parameters and lateral displacement on the resonance conditions are also investigated, and possible ways of tailoring the radiative properties of nanostructures for energy-harvesting applications are suggested.
The Impedance of Dipoles in a Circular Tunnel with an Axial Conductor

The electromagnetic fields of dipole emitters located inside an empty tunnel or cylindrical cavity are first formulated. Both electric and magnetic types are considered. The results are used to deduce an expression for the change of self-impedance due to the presence of the tunnel walls. The input resistance R of the electric dipole is approximately a constant for frequencies less than about 25 MHz for a typical tunnel radius of 2 m. In contrast, for the same conditions, R for the magnetic dipole or small loop varies approximately as the square of the frequency. The theory is extended to allow for the presence of an axial conductor or cable within the tunnel. The presence of the cable increases R for both a transversely oriented electric dipole and a circumferentially oriented magnetic dipole but decreases R for an axial electric dipole. Not surprisingly, the axial magnetic dipole is only weakly influenced by the presence of the cable.
DM peptide-editing function leads to immunodominance in CD4 T cell responses in vivo.

DM functions as a peptide editor for MHC class II-bound peptides. We examined the hypothesis that DM peptide editing plays a key role in focusing the in vivo CD4 T cell responses against complex pathogens and protein Ags to only one, or at most a few, immunodominant peptides. Most CD4 T cells elicited in the wild-type BALB/c (H-2d) mice infected with Leishmania major predominantly recognize a single epitope 158–173 within Leishmania homologue of activated receptor for c-kinase (LACK), as is the case when these mice are immunized with rLACK. Using DM-deficient (DM−/−) H-2d mice, we now show that in the absence of DM, the in vivo CD4 T cell responses to rLACK are skewed away from the immunodominant epitopes and are diversified to include two novel epitopes (LACK 33–48 and 261–276). DM−/− B10.BR (H-2k) mice showed similar results. These results constitute the first demonstration of the role of DM peptide editing in sculpting the specificity and immunodominance in in vivo CD4 T cell responses.
The Prevalence and the Weakness of an Early Name Mapping Preference.

An empirical puzzle regarding toddlers' fast mapping motivated the current investigation. Whereas children between 1;10 and 2;1 have shown only a modest rate of mapping novel nouns onto unfamiliar rather than familiar objects, a very high rate has been observed in those between 1;4 and 1;8 (Mervis & Bertrand, 1991). Study 1 examined whether young two-year-olds (N = 40, mean age = 2;1) might map at a higher rate when tested with procedures unique to Mervis & Bertrand's assessment--strong corrective feedback rather than mild positive non-contingent feedback; large sets of test objects rather than pairs; presentation of easier tests first. Only the first variable affected performance in a manner that could solve the puzzle. Unfamiliar kinds were selected at a much higher rate under corrective (0.86) than non-contingent (0.57) feedback. Although nearly every child in the non-contingent group chose correctly on the first trial, many failed to do so thereafter. In Study 2, rather than presenting a test word to the children (N = 16, mean age = 2;2), the experimenter merely asked for 'the one I want'. Unfamiliar kinds were selected much less often than in Study 1, suggesting that at least one lexical principle proposed in the literature underlies the noun mapping preference. Changes over trials in the two studies indicated that the noun mapping preference is quite prevalent, but unless initial choices are strongly reinforced, an increase in the salience of familiar kinds after the first trial lures some children into error. Consistent with this analysis, toddlers in Study 3 (N = 24, mean age = 2:1) who received non-contingent strong acceptance for their noun mapping decisions, selected unfamiliar kinds more often than those who had received non-contingent mild acceptance in Study 1.
Equilibrium Projections of the Consequences of Term Limits Upon Expected Tenure, Institutional Turnover, and Membership Experience

In this treatment we introduce a method for understanding and projecting the effects of term limits upon tenure in office and institutional turnover. Expected tenure is estimated from a geometric series specification, and expected turnover rates are estimated from a dynamic equilibrium model. The normal membership attrition rates of legislatures, together with the impact of term limits, do lead to a stable membership equilibrium. These equilibrium values are higher than many would expect For example, the direct effects of eight-year term limits upon the lower chambers in the American states lead to an expected (mean) turnover rate of approximately 36%. When indirect effects are added, due to more valued opportunities to run for higher office, the turnover rate may exceed even 50%, depending upon particular conditions. High attrition rates result in very few members with the maximum allowable experience.
Low Temperature Dopant Activation for Integrated Electronics Applications

A major area of research for integrated electronic systems is the development of systems on glass or plastic. These alternative substrate materials impose significant constraints on electronic device fabrication, including limitations on chemical and thermal processes. This work presents an investigation on the activation of ion-implanted dopants without using the high temperature processes of conventional CMOS. The annealing temperature applied was 600°C, which could potentially enable integrated microelectronics on high-quality glass. Additional factors studied included the annealing technique (furnace or rapid thermal processing), and the use of pre-amorphization implants. Ion-implant modeling along with SIMS and SRP data was used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the experimental results. The performance of transistors fabricated with low-temperature constraints on both bulk silicon and thin-film SOI will be presented.
B4-3: Demographic and Behavioral Influences on Telomere Length and Relationship with All-Cause Mortality: Early Results from the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH)

Background/Aims Telomere shortening is a biomarker of aging, but it is still unclear whether it directly influences aging-related health changes and mortality, or largely reflects the accumulating influences of environmental influences and declining health. Prior studies have reported associations between short telomeres and many health conditions. Mendelian syndromes and heritability studies demonstrate the biological underpinnings of telomere length (TL), yet other studies show that environmental and behavioral factors also influence telomere lengths.
Assessing the Applicability of the Tropical Convective-Stratiform Paradigm in the Extratropics Using Radar Divergence Profiles

AbstractLong-term radar observations from a subtropical location in southeastern Texas are used to examine the impact of storm systems with tropical or extratropical characteristics on the large-scale circulation. Climatological vertical profiles of the horizontal wind divergence are analyzed for four distinct storm classifications: cold frontal (CF), warm frontal (WF), deep convective upper-level disturbance (DC-ULD), and nondeep convective upper-level disturbances (NC-ULD). DC-ULD systems are characterized by weakly baroclinic or equivalent barotropic environments that are more tropical in nature, while the remaining classifications are representative of common midlatitude systems with varying degrees of baroclinicity. DC-ULD systems are shown to have the highest levels of nondivergence (LND) and implied diabatic heating maxima near 6 km, whereas the remaining baroclinic storm classifications have LND altitudes that are about 0.5–1 km lower. Analyses of climatological mean divergence profiles are also s...
Homocysteine Increases the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by a Mechanism Involving Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Transcription Factor ATF4

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. We previously demonstrated that amino acid deprivation and other inducers of endoplasmic reticulum-stress (ER stress) up-regulate the expression of VEGF in the retinal-pigmented epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Because homocysteine causes ER stress, we hypothesized that VEGF expression is increased by ambient homocysteine. dl-Homocysteine-induced VEGF expression was investigated in confluent ARPE-19 cultures. Northern analysis showed that homocysteine increased steady state VEGF mRNA levels 4.4-fold. Other thiol-containing compounds, including l-homocysteine thiolactone and DTT, induced VEGF expression 7.9- and 8.8-fold. Transcriptional run-on assays and mRNA decay studies demonstrated that the increase in VEGF mRNA levels was caused by increased transcription rather than mRNA stabilization. VEGF mRNA induction paralleled that of the ER-stress gene GRP78. Homocysteine treatment caused transient phosphorylation of eIF2alpha and an increase in ATF4 protein level. Overexpression of a dominant-negative ATF4 abolished the VEGF response to homocysteine treatment and to amino acid deprivation. VEGF mRNA expression by ATF4-/- MEF did not respond to homocysteine treatment and the response was restored with expression of wild-type ATF4. These studies indicate that expression of the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF is increased by homocysteine and other thiol-containing reductive compounds via ATF4-dependent activation of VEGF transcription.
Monetary Losses Do Not Loom Large in Later Life: Age Differences in the Framing Effect

Studies of the framing effect indicate that individuals are risk averse for decisions framed as gains but risk seeking for decisions framed as losses. However, findings regarding age-related changes in susceptibility to framing are mixed. Recent work demonstrating age-related decreases in reactivity to anticipated monetary losses, but not gains, suggests that older and younger adults might show equivalent risk aversion for gains but discrepant risk seeking for losses. In the current study, older and younger adults completed a monetary gambling task in which they chose between sure options and risky gambles (the expected outcomes of which were equated). Although both groups demonstrated risk aversion in the gain frame, only younger adults showed risk seeking in the loss frame.
This Canon Which is Not One

Thinking about an anarchist canon focuses on a number of issues: whether or not such a canon exists; questions of identity and boundary maintenance; concerns about representation. This essay addresses these questions by exploring not only what constitutes a canon, but also how one emerges and what purposes it might serve. We generally turn to a canon as an aid for either understanding or changing the world before us. Anarchist canons thus develop not only around texts and theorists, but also around events and practices—yet, no canon can claim universality; each one is inherently limited and skewed. How then can we avoid the dangers posed by a reified canon? These risks can be mitigated, initially, by regarding a canon as a tool kit enabling us to understand the tradition and gain some leverage for contributing to it. Second, we can subject any canon that does emerge to questioning and challenge. A third approach is to pay attention to activists’ concerns and the cultural products that reflect on their practices. Finally, whenever we encounter an established canon, we must test its worth by assessing whether or not it speaks to our condition.
TSGL A Thread Safe Graphics Library for Visualizing Parallelism

Abstract Multicore processors are now the standard CPU architecture, and multithreaded parallel programs are needed to take full advantage of such CPUs. New tools are needed to help students learn how to design and build such parallel programs. In this paper, we present the thread-safe graphics library (TSGL), a new C + +11 library that allows different threads to draw to a shared Canvas, which is updated in approximate real-time. Using TSGL, instructors and students can create visualizations that illustrate multithreaded behavior. We present three multithreaded applications that illustrate the use of TSGL to help students see and understand how an application is using parallelism to speed up its computation.
The Importance of the Microenvironment of Support Surfaces in the Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers

Soft tissue breakdown is a major cause of disablement in the United States. External pressure has been the most frequently discussed stress factor in the formation of ulcers. Analysis of published data on the prevalence of pressure ulcers and interface pressures at various anatomic sites indicate a nearly non-existent or slightly negative correlation between prevalence and interface pressure for the general and the spinal cord injured populations respectively. This lack of direct relation suggests the major influence of environmental factors in addition to mechanical factors (pressure, shear strain and friction, etc.,) on ulcer formation and indicates the need for control of the support surface microenvironment. However, most of the reported results from studies evaluating support surfaces focus mainly on pressure relief and neglect to address adequately the environmental contributing factors of ulcer formation. Studies directly relating primary stress factors and tissue viability with prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers are needed to better understand the benefits of pressure relieving support surfaces and to improve the effectiveness of prevention and treatment interventions. The effects of microenvironment on support surface function are reviewed here to aid the healthcare providers in the choosing of the most appropriate support surface to meet the patient’s needs.
Effect of microstructure on strain localization in a 7050 aluminum alloy: Comparison of experiments and modeling for various textures

Abstract Microstructure attributes are responsible for heterogeneous deformation and strain localization. In this study, the relation between residual strain fields and microstructure is examined and assessed by means of experiments and crystal plasticity modeling. The microstructure of rolled aluminum alloys (AA) in the 7050-T7451 condition was experimentally obtained with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis along the rolling direction (L-T orientation), across the rolling direction (T-L orientation), and transverse to the rolling direction (T-S orientation). Each of these sections was also patterned using a novel microstamping procedure, to allow for strain mapping by digital image correlation (DIC). The measured microstructures were in turn used as input of an elasto-viscoplastic crystal plasticity formulation based on fast Fourier transforms (EVP-FFT). Comparisons between the strain maps obtained experimentally by the concurrent DIC-EBSD method and the EVP-FFT simulations were made for the three sections, corresponding to the initial textures. The comparisons showed that the predicted levels of strain concentration were reasonable for all three specimens from a statistical perspective, which is important to properly describe and predict the strains within an ensemble of components; however the spatial match with the actual strain fields needs improvement.
Reflective design

As computing moves into every aspect of our daily lives, the values and assumptions that underlie our technical practices may unwittingly be propagated throughout our culture. Drawing on existing critical approaches in computing, we argue that reflection on unconscious values embedded in computing and the practices that it supports can and should be a core principle of technology design. Building on a growing body of work in critical computing, reflective design combines analysis of the ways in which technologies reflect and perpetuate unconscious cultural assumptions, with design, building, and evaluation of new computing devices that reflect alternative possibilities. We illustrate this approach through two design case studies.
Empirical evaluation of attractive van der Waals potentials for type-purified single-walled carbon nanotubes

van der Waals forces play a critical role in the structure and stability of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) materials. Thin films assembled from SWCNTs purified by electronic type show particular promise for flexible electronics applications, but mechanical durability remains an unresolved issue. Using transition resonances determined from spectroscopic measurements of type-purified SWCNTs deposited on quartz, coupled with analogous spectroscopic characterization of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates, we use the Lifshitz theory of van der Waals dispersion interactions developed by Rajter and co-workers [Rajter et al., Phys. Rev. B 76, 045417 (2007)] to examine the influence of electronic type on van der Waals contact potentials in polymer-supported nanotube networks. Our results suggest a significantly stronger nanotube-nanotube and nanotube-polymer attraction for the semiconducting SWCNT fractions, consistent with recent measurements of the electronic durability of flexible transparent SWCNT coatings.
Clinical, Bacteriological, and Serological Observations of two Human Volunteers Following Ingestion of Escherichia coli

Summary1. Two healthy, adult white, male volunteers ingested, respectively, 4 and 8 million organisms of E. colt serotype 0127: B8. 2. Symptoms of mild to moderate gastroenteritis appeared in both subjects 7 to 17 hours after ingestion of the organisms and persisted for 32 to 46 hours. 3. By daily rectal swab cultures, E. colt 0127:B8 organisms were recovered within 24 hours after ingestion and were found during 5 days in one and 12 days in the second volunteer. 4. Hemagglutinins were detected 3 days and bacterial agglutinins 5 days following ingestion. Antibody titers in both subjects rose rapidly, reaching peaks by the eighth to ninth day. Hemagglutination titers were consistently higher than bacterial agglutination titers. 5. Challenge ingestion of 8,000.000 organisms by one volunteer was followed by bacterial and serological response without appearance of clinical symptoms.
This paper extracts and elaborates rural secondary teachers’ most effective reported motivating strategies. From the data generated by two years of mixed method research in rural secondary schools, these strategies emerged as among the most successful. Se

This paper extracts and elaborates rural secondary teachers’ most effective reported motivating strategies. From the data generated by two years of mixed method research in rural secondary schools, these strategies emerged as among the most successful. Selection of best practices was based on a synthesis of what both teachers and students reported as making the greatest positive impact on their school-related motivation. Strategies are illustrated by multiple detailed examples from teacher interviews.
Experimental partial ureteric obstruction in newborn rats. IV. Do the morphological effects progress continuously

Abstract Partial obstruction of the left ureter was created in newborn rats, and its effects were studied after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 weeks—that is, until adult age. Within 1 week, a considerable hydronephrosis had appeared. Within 2 weeks, parenchymal weight was found slightly reduced (8 per cent) on the obstructed side, and, within 3 weeks, equivalently increased on the contralateral, intact side. After these points in time, there was no further deterioration. Histological examination revealed marked deformation of the papilla and minor foci of degeneration and inflammation within 1 to 2 weeks which tended to become chronic in type after 3 to 9 weeks. Arterial hypertension was not noted. Thus, the effects of partial ureteric obstruction on the renal parenchyma are 1) discrete, 2) not in proportion to the degree of hydronephrosis, 3) fully compensated by contralateral hypertrophy and 4), after reaching an early maximum, not increasing with time.
An elicited intraperitoneal inflammatory response has no effect on the establishment of pregnancy in the mouse

Objective To determine the impact of intraperitoneal inflammation on reproduction in the mouse. Design The effect of an elicited sterile intraperitoneal inflammatory exudate and the passive intraperitoneal transfer of activated syngeneic leukocytes on mating efficiency and uterine implantations was evaluated in mice. Setting Research laboratory. Interventions Intraperitoneal injection of thioglycolate was used to elicit large numbers of activated peritoneal macrophages (mean 24.4 X 10 6 leukocytes/animal) in female CD-1 mice. The impact of this intraperitoneal exudate on mating efficiency and number of uterine horn implantations after gonadotropin-stimulated ovulation was determined. In separate experiments, the ovarian bursa present in this species was opened surgically to provide direct access of peritoneal constituents to the genital tract and the experiments repeated. Identical endpoints were evaluated in a third group of experiments using C3H/HEN syngeneic mice after passive transfer of 2, 5, and 10 X 10 6 similarly activated syngeneic peritoneal leukocytes. Results Neither the elicitation of a peritoneal inflammatory exudate nor the passive transfer of up to 10 X 10 6 activated syngeneic peritoneal macrophages reduced the mating efficiency or the number of uterine implantations. Furthermore, surgically opening the ovarian bursa did not alter these results, although it was associated with anatomic distortion and lowered the number of implantations in all groups. Conclusions We could not confirm the previously published reports suggesting a profound adverse impact of intraperitoneal inflammation on reproduction in mice, even when providing direct continuity between the peritoneal cavity and the genital tract. Consequently, the usefulness of this model needs to be re-evaluated before considering it an adequate paradigm for evaluating potential mechanisms of infertility in women.
Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. X. Lamb and veal

Tabulated data, considered representative, on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of lamb and veal are presented in this tenth report of a continuing series.
A low-voltage generator-converter topology for Direct Drive Wind Turbines

In this paper, a new topology for direct-drive wind turbines with a low-voltage generator design is proposed. In the proposed topology, the grid-side converter is replaced by a three-phase single-stage boost inverter. As the boost inverter has the same topology as current source inverter (CSI), the need for dc-bus electrolytic capacitors is eliminated, therefore increasing the system lifetime. In this design, the inductance of the generator is utilized to eliminate the inherently required dc-link inductance in CSI resulting in a decrease in the overall system weight and size. The single-stage boost inverter enables conversion of a low dc voltage to a higher line-to-line voltage. This results in implementing a low-voltage generator design and allows a decrease in the number poles required in direct-drive wind generators. The proposed topology is supported with a set of experimental verifications using a laboratory scale 2kW 240V prototype of the generator-converter system running by a wind turbine emulator.
Umbilical Venous Catheters (Insertion and Removal)

Temporary vascular access for infants up to roughly 10 days of life (between 7 and 14 days) with shock or cardiopulmonary failure
Multilevel methods in finite elements

This survey consists of five parts. In the first section we describe a model problem and a two-level algorithm in order to motivate the multilevel approach. In Section 2 an abstract multilevel algorithm is described and analyzed under some regularity assumptions. An analysis under less stringent assumptions is given in Section 3. Non-nested spaces and varying forms are treated in Section 4. Finally, we show how the multilevel framework provides computationally efficient realizations of norms on Sobolev scales.
The changing biodiversity of Alabama Drosophila: important impacts of seasonal variation, urbanization, and invasive species.

Global warming and anthropogenic disturbances significantly influence the biosphere, tremendously increasing species extinction rates. In Central Alabama, we analyzed Drosophilidae species composition change nearly 100 years after the previous survey. We found ten Drosophilid species that were not reported during the last major biodiversity studies, two of which are invasive pests. In addition, we analyzed the influence of seasonal environmental variables characteristic of the subtropical climate zone on Drosophila abundance and biodiversity. We found a significant correlation between temperature and abundance of total Drosophila as well as for six of the seven most represented species individually, with a maximum abundance at intermediate temperatures (18–26°C). In addition, temperature was positively correlated with biodiversity of Drosophila. Precipitation produced a significant effect on the abundance of five species of Drosophila, with different optima for each species, but did not affect overall biodiversity. We concluded that in the subtropical climate zone of Central Alabama, seasonal temperature and precipitation changes produce a significant effect on Drosophila abundance and biodiversity, while local land use also impacts fly abundance, contributing to an apparent shift in species composition over the last century. We expect global climate change and other anthropogenic factors to further impact Drosophila species composition in the subtropical climate zone into the future.
Quercetin, a functional compound of onion peel, remodels white adipocytes to brown-like adipocytes

Adipocyte browning is a promising strategy for obesity prevention. Using onion-peel-derived extracts and their bioactive compounds, we demonstrate that onion peel, a by-product of onion, can change the characteristics of white adipocytes to those of brown-like adipocytes in the white adipose tissue of mice and 3T3-L1 cells. The expression of the following brown adipose tissue-specific genes was increased in the retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissues of 0.5% onion-peel-extract-fed mice: PR domain-containing 16, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α, uncoupling protein 1, fibroblast growth factor 21 and cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, onion peel extract induced the expression of brown adipose tissue-specific genes and increased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α. This effect was supported by decreased lipid levels and multiple small-sized lipid droplets. The ethyl acetate fraction of the onion peel extract that contained the highest proportion of hydrophobic molecules showed the same browning effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis further identified quercetin as a functional compound in the browning effect of onion peel. The quercetin-associated browning effect was mediated in part by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. In summary, our study provides the first demonstration of the browning effects of onion peel and quercetin using both animal and cell models. This result indicates that onion peel has the potential to remodel the characteristics of white adipocytes to those of brown-like adipocytes.
Analysis of CTLA4 expression on T regulatory cells in patients with advanced stage melanoma in the setting of high dose IL-2 (HDIL-2).

9043 Background: HDIL-2 is associated with long-term remissions in stage IV melanoma, but in less than 10% of patients. Combination therapy with HDIL-2 and agents immunomodulating CTLA-4 have been undertaken. We investigated the effect of HDIL-2 on CTLA4 expression on T cell subsets in patients with melanoma. Methods: Peripheral blood was collected at baseline and serially post-treatment at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours from 6 patients with advanced stage melanoma undergoing HDIL-2. All patients were treatment naive with regard to anti-CTLA4 therapy. PBMCs were isolated and restimulated ex vivo for 4 hours using PMA/ionomycin. Fluorophore conjugated anti-CTLA4 antibody was added at time of restimulation and incubated with cells for 4 hours. Intracellular and extracellular cytokine staining was then performed and co-signaling molecule expression was quantified via flow cytometry and measured on a continuous scale. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t tests via Prism 6.0e software. Results: HDIL-2 r...
Vasculogenic hydrogel enhances islet survival, engraftment, and function in leading extrahepatic sites

Islet transplantation is a promising alternative therapy for insulin-dependent patients, with the potential to eliminate life-threatening hypoglycemic episodes and secondary complications of long-term diabetes. However, widespread application of this therapy has been limited by inadequate graft function and longevity, in part due to the loss of up to 60% of the graft in the hostile intrahepatic transplant site. We report a proteolytically degradable synthetic hydrogel, functionalized with vasculogenic factors for localized delivery, engineered to deliver islet grafts to extrahepatic transplant sites via in situ gelation under physiological conditions. Hydrogels induced differences in vascularization and innate immune responses among subcutaneous, small bowel mesentery, and epididymal fat pad transplant sites with improved vascularization and reduced inflammation at the epididymal fat pad site. This biomaterial-based strategy improved the survival, engraftment, and function of a single pancreatic donor islet mass graft compared to the current clinical intraportal delivery technique. This biomaterial strategy has the potential to improve clinical outcomes in islet autotransplantation after pancreatectomy and reduce the burden on donor organ availability by maximizing graft survival in clinical islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes patients.
Improving precision in earthquake loss estimation

Using economic theory, this paper provides refinements and enhanced precision in the estimation of earthquake losses. We consider direct and indirect losses for business entities belonging to the C...
Differential effects of health-promoting behaviors on wellbeing among adults

As people age, identifying lifestyle choices that promote and support physical and emotional wellbeing becomes more important. Using the Reserve Capacity framework to explore psychosocial contributions to health disparities (Gallo, 2009), we examined the influences of age, gender, race, education, and income difficulty on engagement in two health-promoting behaviors: healthy eating and physical activity. We further examined how these factors relate to physical and emotional wellbeing in adults of varying ages. Data from 456 adults ( M age = 50.7) were used to test a model in which demographic variables, healthy eating and physical activity were expected to relate to both physical and emotional wellbeing. The model adequately fit the data [x 2 ( df = 47, N = 456) = 150.57, p < .001; CFI = .90; TLI = .84; RMSEA = .07], accounting for 40.1% of the variance in physical wellbeing and 21.4% of the variance in emotional wellbeing. Physical activity directly influenced both physical and emotional wellbeing. Healthy eating related directly to emotional wellbeing, but not physical wellbeing. Race exerted neither direct nor indirect effects. Indirect effects of age on emotional wellbeing via healthy eating, and indirect effects of gender on both forms of wellbeing via physical activity were observed. Education was associated with physical wellbeing directly and indirectly, via physical activity. Education was indirectly associated with emotional wellbeing via healthy eating. Income difficulty exerted both direct effects on wellbeing and indirect effects via both health-promoting behaviors. The independent contribution of sociodemographic influences and the importance of looking beyond age, race and gender as correlates of wellbeing are discussed.
Spatial simulation using abstraction of virtual geographic environments

In this paper, we address two challenging issues underlying spatial simulation using software agents immersed in virtual geographic environments (VGE). First, the way to describe virtual VGE models using accurate spatial decomposition approaches structured using graph theory techniques. Second, the use of graph abstraction techniques to support realistic and advanced navigation and path planning capabilities for software agents considering the VGE's characteristics. In order to illustrate our contributions to the growing field of spatial simulations, we present and discuss a case study involving an urban VGE model populated with agents who autonomously and differently interact with multiple abstractions of the same physical environment.
Yellow peril, red scare: race and communism in National Review

Print media has had a profound impact on shaping conservative ideology, political practice, and racial boundary making. While scholarship on US conservatism contributes important elements of its ec...
Intratumoral Chemotherapy and Convection-Enhanced Delivery

Abstract Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a means of direct, homogeneous, targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) while bypassing the blood-brain barrier. The therapeutic agent, infused via a catheter, is carried (convectus, latin) by continuous low-positive pressure bulk flow through the interstitial space. This method has proved to be a useful technique in preclinical studies for the directed, wide-spread distribution of a broad range of therapeutic agents. The success of these investigations has translated into a significant number of clinical trials which combine the use of CED and elegantly devised molecular strategies. Herein, we discuss the biophysical principles, properties and development of CED, shortcomings and challenges, as well review the most prominent clinical applications of convective delivery in the CNS. Further development of CED is ongoing, which will allow this technology to become a more effective therapeutic delivery technique and expand our armamentarium against brain tumors.