cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary cellular target responsible for dimethylnitrosamine-induced immunosuppression in the mouse

The present studies were undertaken to identify the cellular targets responsible for immunosuppression by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). The in vitro antibody responses of splenocytes from B6C3F1 mice exposed to 6 mg/kg DMN for 7 days to the T cell-independent antigen dinitrophenyl-Ficoll and the T cell-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes were used for separation and reconstitution studies. The antibody-forming cell response of spleen cells from DMN-treated mice to the T-independent and T-dependent antigens was suppressed by 72% and 61%, respectively, when compared to vehicle controls. Whole spleen suspensions were fractionated into nonadherent populations by plastic adherence and Sephadex G-10 depletion of macrophages. Adherent antigen-presenting cells were obtained by incubating spleen suspensions in culture wells and removing nonadherent cells after 3 h. By combining vehicle and DMN nonadherent and adherent populations it was demonstrated that the population most affected by DMN exposure in both the sheep erythrocyte and dinitrophenyl-Ficoll responses was the nonadherent population. The lack of T cell dependence of the dinitrophenyl-Ficoll response was verified by elimination of T cells from whole spleen suspensions by monoclonal anti-thy 1.2 antibody plus complement treatment. These results indicated the B cell from DMN-treated mice as the splenic cell type responsible for suppressed antibody-forming cell responses to dinitrophenyl-Ficoll. B cells, T cells (prepared by cytotoxic elimination of B cells using anti-immunoglobulins) and adherent antigen-presenting cells (macrophages) from vehicle- and DMN-treated mice were fractionated and recombined and immunized with sheep erythrocytes (requires B cell, T cell, and macrophage cooperation). While splenic macrophages from DMN-treated mice supported control responses, T-helper activity was slightly reduced and B cell function was especially impaired. The conclusion that T cell function was less suppressed was supported by control responses of DMN-treated mice to concanavalin A but reduced responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide under conditions of limiting cell densities. These studies indicate that the primary cellular target of DMN exposure resulting in suppressed antibody responses is the B lymphocyte.
Comparative pharmacology of nicotine and ABT-418, a new nicotinic agonist

ABT-418, a novel cholinergic ligand, was reported to possess potent cognitive-enhancing and anxiolytic properties in animal models with reduced side effects (Decker et al. 1994; Garvey et al. 1994) suggesting selectivity of effects. In this study, the binding properties of ABT-418 to [3H]-nicotine sites were evaluated and its pharmacology investigated in different tests in laboratory animals. ABT-418 binds with high affinity to3H-nicotine binding sites in the brain with, however, a Ki (6 nM) less than that of nicotine (four-fold). In addition, it acts as a full nicotinic agonist in producing hypomotility, hypothermia and antinociception in mice and engendering nicotine-like responding in rat drug discrimination. The potency of ABT-418 is three to four times less than that of nicotine in all of the animal models, except for hypothermia. In addition, its behavioral effects are completely blocked by mecamylamine, a non-competitive nicotinic antagonist. Although activation of nicotinic receptors by ABT-418 produced several behavioral and pharmacological effects, our results do not suggest high selectivity of different effects as reported by Decker et al. (1994) and Garvey et al. (1994). However, it should be noted that we did not perform some of these tests that produced effects at low doses (Decker et al. 1994) and additional pharmacological studies are needed to establish its selectivity at multiple nicotinic receptors.
Next-generation in-water radiance distribution camera system

A new electro-optic radiance distribution camera system is described. This system is based upon cooled CCD array cameras and includes a multi-channel irradiance meter, tilt and roll sensors, flux-gate compass and several auxiliary channels. The system is controlled with an internal '386Sx computer and includes a 450 MByte hard drive for image storage. Data archiving is performed through a SCSI interface to an external 1.4 GByte DAT tape drive which is attached when the instrument is on deck. Some preliminary calibration data on the system is also included.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Zinc Deprivation Mediates Alcohol-Induced Hepatocyte IL-8 Analog Expression in Rodents via an Epigenetic Mechanism

Neutrophil infiltration caused by IL-8 production is a central mechanism in alcohol-induced hepatitis. This study was performed to examine if an epigenetic mechanism is involved in alcohol-induced IL-8 production. Mice were pair-fed an alcohol-containing liquid diet for 4 weeks. Alcohol exposure induced hepatitis as indicated by increased expression of keratinocyte-derived cytokine (mouse IL-8) and neutrophil infiltration. Alcohol exposure induced histone 3 hyperacetylation owing to inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in association with NF-κB activation. Cell culture studies showed that alcohol exposure induced IL-8 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1, rat IL-8) production in human VL-17A cells and rat H4IIEC3 cells, respectively, dependent on acetaldehyde production, oxidative stress, and zinc release. Zinc deprivation alone induced CINC-1 production and acted synergistically with lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-α on CINC-1 production. Zinc deprivation induced histone 3 hyperacetylation at lysine 9 through suppression of HDAC activity. Zinc deprivation caused nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and reduced HDAC binding to NF-κB. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that zinc deprivation caused histone 3 hyperacetylation as well as increased NF-κB binding to the CINC-1 promoter. In conclusion, inactivation of HDAC caused by zinc deprivation is a novel mechanism underlying IL-8 up-regulation in alcoholic hepatitis.
Pathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis cytotoxicity to cell culture monolayers

Exposure of monolayer cultures of human urogenital and vaginal (HeLa), human epithelial (HEp-2), normal baboon testicular (NBT), and monkey kidney (Vero) cells to live pathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis resulted in extensive disruption of monolayers. Trypan blue was taken up by all host cells released from cell monolayers, which indicated irreversible damage of these cell types by trichomonads. Time and dose related data on cytotoxicity kinetics were obtained using increasing ratios of parasites to cells. All cell types were most sensitive to trichomonads at a multiplicity of infection of one. Release of tritiated thymidine (3H-thymidine) of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of prelabelled host cells after incubation with T vaginalis corroborated that extensive cytotoxicity was caused by pathogenic trichomonads in man. Only living parasites were cytotoxic, and no trichomonal toxic products were implicated in disruption of the cell monolayer cultures. A pathogenic bovine trichomonad, Tritrichomonas foetus KV-1, produced half as much cell damage as did T vaginalis. Trichomonas tenax, a non-pathogenic member of the normal flora of the oral cavity in man, produced no measurable cytotoxicity to HeLa cells when compared with the pathogenic human trichomonads.
Early learner perceptions of the attributes of effective preceptors.

Medical education in the US has adapted to the shift of patient care from hospital to ambulatory settings by developing educational opportunities in outpatient settings. Faculty development efforts must acknowledge learners’ perspectives to be effective in improving teaching and learning. Clinics provide important and unique learning opportunities, but also present different challenges for preceptors (i.e., physician teachers) and learners. Multiple studies have identified characteristics of effective preceptors of ambulatory care medicine. However, most of these studies were conducted among residents or students with clinical experience. To investigate preclinical, second-year medical students’ perceptions of preceptor quality, we conducted an exploratory qualitative study using analysis of student learning journals. The purposive sample included 120 medical students in a private, Midwestern medical school in the United States. Learning journals of 110 students for two semesters were reviewed. Five attributes of an effective preceptor emerged: (1) Demonstrates professional expertise (2) Actively engages students in learning (3) Creates a positive environment for teaching and learning (4) Demonstrates collegiality and professionalism (5) Discusses career-related topics and concerns. Our findings suggest preclinical learners often begin initial clinical experiences with sophisticated definitions of professional expertise, and hold specific expectations for professionalism. These are based on previous coursework and personal experience. These expectations influence their perceptions of effective preceptors and learning experiences. Early clinical experiences can also influence perceptions about career and specialty choice. Improving our understanding of preclinical learners’ perceptions of preceptor quality will improve the efficacy of faculty development efforts and learning experiences.
Approximations to inverse error functions

We have presented four approximations to the inverse cumulative distribution function of a standard normal random variable. The first two were meant purely as a tool to motivate the other approximations, although either could be useful when extreme accuracy is not required and one doesn't venture too far into the tails of the distribution. There are many other such "simple" approximations to FX -1, suitable for use on a hand calculator.
Obligatory relationship between the sterol biosynthetic pathway and DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation in glial primary cultures.

: Primary cultures of newborn rat brain, which are composed predominantly of astroglia, were used to examine the relationship between the sterol biosynthetic pathway and DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation. Reduction of the fetal calf serum content of the culture medium from 10 to 0.1% (vol/vol) for an interval of 48 h between days 4 and 6 in culture resulted in a quiescent state characterized by inhibition of DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation. When 10% fetal calf serum was returned to the medium for these quiescent cells, within 24 h DNA synthesis increased markedly. Preceding the rise in DNA synthesis was an increase in sterol synthesis, which occurred within 12 h of the return of the quiescent cells to the 10% fetal calf serum. Exposure of the quiescent cells to mevinolin, a specific inhibitor of sterol synthesis at the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase step, completely inhibited the increase in DNA synthesis that followed serum repletion. The increase in total protein synthesis that followed serum repletion was not similarly inhibited by mevinolin. When mevinolin was removed after causing the 24-h inhibition of DNA synthesis, the cultured cells underwent active DNA synthesis and proliferation. Thus, inhibition of the sterol biosynthetic pathway resulted in a specific and reversible inhibition of DNA synthesis and glial proliferation in developing glial cells. These findings establish a valuable system for the examination of glial proliferation, i.e., primary glial cultures subjected to serum depletion and subsequent repletion. Moreover, the data establish an obligatory relationship between the sterol biosynthetic pathway and DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation in developing glia.
Numerical solution of an inverse medium scattering problem for Maxwell's Equations at fixed frequency

Consider a time-harmonic electromagnetic plane wave incident on a medium enclosed by a bounded domain in R^3. In this paper, well-posedness of the variational problem for the direct scattering is examined. An energy estimate for the scattered field is obtained on which the Born approximation is based. A regularized recursive linearization method for the inverse medium scattering, which reconstructs the scatterer of an inhomogeneous medium from the boundary measurements of the scattered field, is developed. The algorithm requires only single-frequency data. Using an initial guess from the Born approximation, each update is obtained via continuation on the spatial frequency of a two-parameter family of plane waves by solving one direct problem and one adjoint problem of the Maxwell equation.
Applying an operational formal method throughout software engineering education

Abstract A strategy for integrating formal method application into several courses that are found in a software engineering curriculum is presented. A balance is made between teaching undergraduates material which is traditionally taught at the graduate level and a desire to strengthen both the mathematical basis of software engineering cation and the complex problem solving skills of our resulting software engineers.
Stepping out of the norm: an examination of praxis for a culturally‐relevant pedagogy for African‐American children

This paper examines two Anglo teachers' understanding of their praxis as they attempted to present a culturally‐relevant physical education programme to a class of African‐American 6th‐grade students. In this case, the content was ‘stepping’, a branch of the African‐American vernacular dance tree. Five specific themes emerged: teacher apprehension; concerns about teacher legitimacy; resolution of apprehension and concerns; the unique nature of the content; and continual ethical uneasiness. The teachers expanded their understanding of praxis beyond thinking, acting, and reflecting to consider the political and social aspects that impact curriculum, pedagogy, and students.
Stroop Color-Word Test performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n=36) and normal older adults (n=36) were individually administered the Stroop Color-Word Test. Eight of 36 (22%) AD patients exhibited confusion between the colors blue and green, while no control subject had difficulty distinguishing among the colors. In a second experiment, a subset of the original sample (15 AD patients and 8 control subjects) was retested using the Stroop. Only 2 AD patients showed color confusion on both test occasions, while 7 AD patients exhibited color confusion on one occasion. No control subject exhibited confusion between colors the second time. These results indicate that color confusion in AD patients is inconsistent. Due to the high incidence of color confusion in AD patients, the Stroop should be used with caution in patient populations.
Spontaneous Dissociation of Human Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone in Solution

Aliquots of a solution of highly purified human pituitary LH (hLH) were incubated with variations in temperature and time. The incubates were chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 as well as on DEAE-Sephadex A25. The column effluents were assayed in radioligand assay and in specific hLHα- and hLHβ-RIA systems. The results indicate that there is spontaneous dissociation of hLH at elevated temperatures under otherwise “normal” conditions concerning, for example, pH and ionic strength. The degree of dissociation is both time and temperature dependent. This dissociation is not due to proteolytic enzymes. It is concluded that one should be alert when using hLH subunit RIA systems at elevated temperatures for measuring hLH levels, e.g. in clinical samples, because artificial high levels may be obtained
Experimental in vitro organogenesis and its modification by antibody directed to a cell surface antigen

Abstract The hypothesis that cell-surface directed antibody may interfere with organogenesis was investigated by means of an experimental system wherein histotypic in vitro reconstruction of chick embryo mesonephros was modified by an heterologous Forssman antibody. The Forssman antigen is expressed at the surfaces of epithelial cells of the duct and collecting tubules in contrast to its absence from the rest of the nephron. Incubation of suspension of dissociated single cells from mesonephroi allows organotypic reconstruction of both F+ and F− elements when normal serum is added to the culture, while anti-F sera inhibit the reconstruction of F+ structures. It is proposed that these experiments reflect a set of circumstances that may occur in viviparous animals where transplacental antibodies are capable of harming the early embryo.
SU-E-J-192: Static Breath-Hold MRI Based Measurement of Change in Pulmonary Function Following a Course of Radiation Therapy.

Purpose:Radiation Therapy (RT) induced pulmonary function change may depend on the location, underlying function of that lung prior to radiations,radiation dose/fractionation and other factors. We propose to evaluate the radiation induced pulmonary function change using static breath‐hold MRI scans with vascular information and 3D deformable image registration which can provide pulmonary function relative to RT dose on a regional basis. Methods: A MRI scan pair near the end of inhale and near the end of exhale with breath hold were acquired for one lungcancer patient before RT and 6 months after RT. The patient was treated with SBRT with 55 Gy to PTVs in the right and the left lung respectively. B‐spline based vesselness preserving image registration algorithm was applied to register the MRI pair for the calculation of local lung expansion as a measurement of regional pulmonary function (PF). The PF maps before RT and after RT were then mapped to the planning CT using the same algorithm tuned for MRI‐CT registration. The pulmonary function change was calculated via the PF ratio between two MRI pairs. Results: Strong spatial correlation was found between the irradiated lung region and the region with greatly decreased PF. Based on dose and PFC distribution, no strong determinant factor was found for PF lost in the left lung while the right lung shows that all the lungtissue receiving dose larger than 28 Gy will have a decreased PF. Conclusions: We demonstrated a method that uses static breath‐hold MRI based lungimaging to evaluate radiation induced pulmonary function change which can be applied to study the dose and the pulmonary function change in a regional basis. This work is supported by NIH grant support 1R21CA144063
Children of Mexican Immigrants' Aspiration-Attainment Gap and Educational Resilience.

This article examines the aspiration-attainment gap and educational resilience among children of Mexican immigrants in the midst of the post-1965 U.S. demographic transformation. Two widespread theoretical explanations are used to understand the educational disparities faced by this subpopulation: the cultural argument, which emphasizes their family process and value orientation, and the structural model, which stresses the roles of the family’s socioeconomic status and structural assimilation in mainstream society. Overall, both theoretical orientations were partially supported. Protective determinants and risk factors that foster or impede educational attainment are enumerated. Relevant practice implications are also discussed.
Ground-State Electronic Destabilization via Hyperconjugation in Aspartate Aminotransferase

Binding isotope effects for l-aspartate reacting with the inactive K258A mutant of PLP-dependent aspartate aminotransferase to give a stable external aldimine intermediate are reported. They provide direct evidence for electronic ground-state destabilization via hyperconjugation. The smaller equilibrium isotope effect with deazaPLP-reconstituted K258A indicates that the pyridine nitrogen plays an important role in labilizing the Cα-H bond.
Feasibility of Allografting in Patients with Advanced Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia After Salvage Therapy With Inotuzumab Ozogamicin

Abstract Background No highly effective salvage therapy exists for patients with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO) is a CD22 monoclonal antibody attached to calicheamycin that targets B lymphocytes in early stages of development, successfully inducing remission in patients with multiply relapsed ALL. Methods We describe our findings in 26 patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) after treatment with IO between September 2010 and October 2011. Results Patients with a median age of 33 years (range, 5-70 years) received an allogeneic matched sibling donor (n = 9), matched- or 1-antigen mismatched unrelated donor (n = 16), or cord blood donor SCT (n = 1) while in complete remission (n = 23) or with active disease (n = 3). At the time of SCT, 15 patients were in complete remission without evidence of minimal residual disease (MRD) measured by multiparameter flow cytometry. Patients were heavily pretreated, including 5 patients who had received previous allogeneic SCT. Patients received a median of 3 courses of IO (range, 1-5 courses) before SCT. Seven patients are alive at a median follow-up of 13 months (range, 5-16 months), with 1-year event-free and overall survival (OS) of 22% and 20%, respectively. Patients without MRD at time of SCT had a markedly better 1-year OS of 42%. The cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) at 6 months and 1 year were 40% and 60%, respectively, with 5 deaths attributed to venoocclusive disease (VOD). Conclusions Treatment with IO allows more patients to undergo transplantation while in remission, with favorable overall survival in patients without MRD who undergo transplantation. Reduction in hepatic toxicity is needed to improve overall results.
A novel location privacy framework without trusted third party based on location anonymity prediction

Location-based services are becoming increasingly popular with the proliferation of location aware devices. It is not possible to access location-based services and preserve privacy at the same time when the user provides exact location information. Cloaking or obfuscating location data is the only way to protect location-privacy. To do that, most of the systems use third party location anonymizer. In this paper, we propose a novel location privacy framework without any trusted third party (TTP). Most of the existing solutions attempt to satisfy k-anonymity. However, there are several drawbacks of using fixed and user defined k. In order to solve the problems our proposed solution aims to meet probabilistic k-anonymity. Based on historic data expected number of users present in a place is predicted which is used as probabilistic anonymity level. Thus we eliminate the use of any TTP which results into improvement of query-processing time and provides fewer query results for the user to process eventually minimizing the overall response time. Users' exact location information is not revealed in either communication or computation process.
Self-derogation and suicide—II: Suicidal responses, self-derogation and accidents

Abstract Two hypotheses were tested and supported: (1) Persons indicating prior suicidal behavior were significantly more likely subsequently to report having had accidents than those who did not report suicidal behavior; (2) Persons with increasingly self-derogating attitudes were increasingly likely subsequently to report having had accidents. Data were collected from 4694 junior high school students who completed a questionnaire twice within a one-year interval. The findings are compatible with the views that accidents represent (a) extensions of conscious self-destructive urges; (b) unconscious self-destructive urges which are alternative responses to self-derogation; and/or (c) a consequence of a general tendency to violate rules.
Correlates of expressed and received violence across relationship types among men and women substance abusers

This study examined expressed and received violence among men and women in substance abuse treatment. Rates of past-year partner violence (PV) did not differ by gender, although men reported markedly higher rates of nonpartner violence (NPV). Compared with PV, NPV was associated with more demographic and background factors (e.g., childhood aggression and conduct problems, family history of violence). The most consistent correlates of violence across relationship types were age, minority status, drug-related consequences, psychiatric distress, and frequency of childhood aggression. Only a few gender-specific correlates were identified; most notably, witnessing father-to-mother violence was related to received PV only for women. Identification of correlates of expressed and received violence in partner and nonpartner relationships is essential for the assessment and treatment of individuals in substance abuse treatment settings.
Lessons Learned from Preparing Social Workers for Grant Writing via Connected Learning

Building upon the contributions of women in social work and higher education, this article examines student feedback concerning an innovative application of gender-based, connected learning via a grant writing project in graduate social work education. Qualitative feedback indicates that the project contributed to and facilitated collaborative and cooperative learning emphasizing student capabilities and knowledge. The ramifications of findings for social work education and preparing professionals for grant writing are examined.
Redox initiated cationic polymerization: Reduction of diaryliodonium salts by 9-BBN

Diaryliodonium salts undergo facile reduction by the dialkylborane, 9-BBN. The combination of these two reagents constitutes a redox couple that can be employed as a convenient and versatile initiator system for the cationic polymerizations of styrenic monomers, vinyl ethers and the ring-opening polymerizations of cyclic ethers and acetals including; epoxides, oxetanes, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,3,5-trioxane. The polymerizations of these monomers can be carried out in either neat monomer or under solution conditions. Typically, the redox cationic polymerizations of the above monomers are rapid and exothermic. Optical pyrometry (infrared thermography) was employed as a convenient method with which to monitor and optimize the aforementioned redox initiated cationic polymerizations. Studies of the effects of variations in the structure and concentrations of the diaryliodonium salt and 9-BBN on the polymerizations of various monomers were carried out. A mechanism for the redox cationic initiation of the polymerizations was proposed.
Hoarding in the mouse

Two studies of inbred strains of mice produced hoarding rates that were well below the only previously reported findings for this species. Comparison of four strains revealed significant genotype differences in the rate of hoarding. Comparison of three strains subjected to group and individual food deprivation provided limited evidence for genetic variation as a determinant of hoarding and clear evidence of an interaction between genotype and experimental treatment in their effects upon hoarding.
Does Prepayment Risk of Mortgages Affect Excess Returns of Bank Stocks

This paper explores the relationship between the prepayment risk embedded in conventional, fixed-rate residential mortgages and excess returns for bank stocks. There are two interesting findings in this study. First, commercial banks traded in the Nasdaq market are more meanvariance efficient than the other seven groups of industrial stocks. Second, the prepayment risk factor is significant for these banks. The prepayment risk mainly reflects a call option embedded in a mortgage plus foreclosure costs associated with a mortgage put option. This risk is measured by a remaining part of mortgage rates after excluding the influence of real estate market, maturity, and default risks on mortgage rates. The results of this study suggest that the prepayment risk factor does significantly affect excess returns for bank stocks in the period with high levels of mortgage refinancing activities.
Drug lords and narco-corruption: The players change but the game continues

This article examines the patterns and history of drug trafficking related corruption in Mexico. While the Bush administration has the efforts of the Salinas administration to fight both drug trafficking and corruption the author concludes that merely the players have changed, while trafficking and high-level corruption continue.
Participation in group discussions: A test of the subgroups model

Nowakowska's (1978) refinement of the classical model of group participation is subjected to empirical test, using data from Tsai's (1977) previous study. The two-group model performs marginally better with respect to the within-group distribution of participation, but Nowakowska's stipulation of a Markov chain process to describe between-group transitions is shown to be fundamentally inaccurate for the two-group partitioning of the data set.
Mössbauer and Computational Study of an N2-Bridged Diiron Diketiminate Complex: Parallel Alignment of the Iron Spins by Direct Antiferromagnetic Exchange with Activated Dinitrogen

This work reports Mossbauer and DFT studies of the diiron-N2 complex LMeFeNNFeLMe (L = β-diketiminate), 1a. Complex 1a, formally diiron(I), has a system spin S = 3 with an isolated MS = ±3 quasi-doublet as a ground state; the MS = ±2 doublet is >100 cm-1 higher in energy. Complex 1a exhibits at 4.2 K a large, positive magnetic hyperfine field, Bint = +68.1 T, and an effective g value of 16 ± 2 along the easy magnetization axis of the ground doublet; this value is significantly larger than the spin-only value (g = 12). These results have been rationalized by DFT calculations, which show that each Fe site donates significant electron density into the π* orbitals of dinitrogen, resulting in a configuration best described as two high-spin FeII (Sa = Sb = 2) bridged by triplet N22- (Sc = 1). In this description the minority spin electron of each iron is accommodated by two nonbonding, closely spaced 3d orbitals, z2 and yz (z is perpendicular to the diketiminate planes, x is along the Fe···Fe vector). Spin−orbi...
Guidelines for Conducting Economic Impact Studies on Fracking

In recent years, many studies have attempted to estimate the economic impact of fracking. When done properly, economic impact studies can be valuable to both policy makers and researchers. Unfortunately, the quality of these economic impact studies varies. Often times these studies are released with obvious errors or authors clearly exhibit bias either for or against fracking. In this paper, we briefly review the studies that have estimated the economic impact of fracking. We discuss many of the issues researchers face when attempting to estimate the economic impact of fracking, and provide recommendations to those who wish to conduct these studies in the future.
Analgesic consumption and impaired renal function.

Abstract Data on 6407 consecutive medical patients admitted to hospital have been analyzed to assess the relationship between regular analgesic ingestion and impaired renal function. A history of daily oral analgesic use was given by 461 patients (7.2 per cent). From the data presented we conclude that the frequency of renal damage was not significantly higher among regular analgesic consumers, when compared with occasional analgesic consumers or patients who denied consumption of analgesics. In addition, there was no evidence of a relationship between increasing duration of daily analgesic consumption and renal disease, except in the case of females over age 60 yr, where the presence of white blood cells in the urine was associated with increasing duration of daily analgesic use; this finding may have occurred by chance, however. The data provide no evidence of a causal association between analgesic consumption and the subsequent development of impaired renal function.
Interannual Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures and Their Relation to Preceding Sea Level Pressures in the NCAR CCSM2

Abstract This paper describes aspects of tropical interannual ocean/atmosphere variability in the NCAR Community Climate System Model Version 2.0 (CCSM2). The CCSM2 tropical Pacific Ocean/atmosphere system exhibits much stronger biennial variability than is observed. However, a canonical correlation analysis technique decomposes the simulated boreal winter tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability into two modes, both of which are related to atmospheric variability during the preceding boreal winter. The first mode of ocean/atmosphere variability is related to the strong biennial oscillation in which La Nina–related sea level pressure (SLP) conditions precede El Nino–like SST conditions the following winter. The second mode of variability indicates that boreal winter tropical Pacific SST anomalies can also be initiated by SLP anomalies over the subtropical central and eastern North Pacific 12 months earlier. The evolution of both modes is characterized by recharge/discharge within the equ...
Dynamic-Monte Carlo simulations of diamond-like carbon film synthesis by ion-assisted deposition

Abstract The structure of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film synthesized by ion-assisted deposition can be characterized by the hydrogen concentration and the relative fraction of sp 2 bonded carbon and sp 3 bonded carbon. Substrate bias, i.e. the energy of the impinging ion, plays a crucial role for the film structure and thereby the mechanical, electrical and optical properties of the film. Dynamic-Monte Carlo simulations with the binary collision approximation have been applied to the synthesis of DLC films by ion beam-assisted deposition. In the model, energetic CH 3 + ions and CH 3 radicals are incident on the surface alternately, and for the radicals on the surface, it is assumed that only the atoms receiving enough energy to overcome the surface barrier enter the solid. We assumed (a) a unity and only one monolayer sticking of CH 3 radicals on the surface; (b) the incorporation of H and C atoms into the bulk by binary collisions with energetic CH 3 + ions; (c) the release of H atoms by the dissociation of CH 3 radicals on the surface; and (d) the complete dissociation of CH 3 + ions into one C atom and three H atoms with identical velocities upon bombarding the surface. In addition to the above assumptions, (e) release of the displaced H atoms after the subsequent collision cascade is also assumed. The model takes into account full collision cascade induced by the impinged atoms and the changes of cross-sections of nuclear and electronic collisions induced by the accumulation of atoms and damage. Results are presented for the dependence of H concentration and of the deposition rate on the threshold displacement energy of H, the dissociation energy of CH 3 , the trapping rate of displaced H atoms, and the ion/neutral arrival ratio and the ion energy.
Cofacial assembly of partially oxidized metallomacrocycles as an approach to controlling lattice architecture in low-dimensional molecular solids. Synthesis and properties of cofacially joined silicon and germanium hemiporphyrazine polymers

Etude chimique, spectrometrique, diffraction RX et transfert de charge de polymeres [M(hp)O] n ou M=Si ou Ge et hp=hemiporphyrazinato
Environmental considerations for estuarine benthal systems

Abstract Estuarine benthal systems involve complex interactions of biological, chemical, physical and hydraulic factors. A conceptual model of such systems is presented. A classification system of estuarine benthal deposits which is based on the availability of hydrogen acceptors and reactive iron is developed. Field results are presented which illustrate the different types of benthal systems. The response of benthal systems to different organic and inorganic deposition rates is discussed. A number of man's activities which can affect estuarine benthal systems are discussed within references to the conceptual model presented.
EARLY FACTORS LEADING TO COLLEGE GRADUATION FOR ASIANS AND NON-ASIANS IN THE UNITED STATES

This article explores factors that lead Asian Americans, both as a group and as subgroups, to obtain a college degree in comparison to members of other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Using data from the 2000 wave of the National Education Longitudinal Study, we find that the effects of race on educational attainment virtually disappear once individual and family factors are controlled. However, there is significant heterogeneity in college attainment among Asian Americans. In addition, we find that the effects of socioeconomic status, parental expectations, eighth-grade grade point average, and family structure are generally weaker for Asian Americans relative to non-Asians while parental immigrant status and standardized test scores are stronger. Asians appear to be “protected” from many of the usual factors that negatively affect educational outcomes while receiving an enhanced benefit from being of an immigrant family.
Peptide-directed Suppression of a Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Response

Signal-dependent nuclear translocation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is required for the activation of downstream target genes encoding the mediators of immune and inflammatory responses. To inhibit this inducible signaling to the nucleus, we designed a cyclic peptide (cSN50) containing a cell-permeable motif and a cyclized form of the nuclear localization sequence for the p50-NF-kappaB1 subunit of NF-kappaB. When delivered into cultured macrophages treated with the pro-inflammatory agonist lipopolysaccharide, cSN50 was a more efficient inhibitor of NF-kappaB nuclear import than its linear analog. When delivered into mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide, cSN50 potently blocked the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma) and significantly reduced the lethality associated with ensuing endotoxic shock. Based on specificity studies conducted with a mutated form of cSN50, a functional nuclear localization motif is required for this protective effect. Taken together, our findings demonstrate effective targeting of a cell-permeable peptide that attenuates cytokine signaling in vivo. This new class of biological response modifiers may be applicable to the control of systemic inflammatory reactions.
Values in Organizational Theory and Management Education

Belief in the ideal of value-free organizational science still is widely expressed in the discipline. However, values are entailed in general models of organization; such models emphasize certain problems, minimize others, and so have implications for how organizations should be structured and managed. This paper illustrates how ethical criteria can be used to evaluate these implications and, in turn, the overall acceptability of alternative social models.
Induced genetic deficiency of the nucleolar organizer in rat kangaroo cells (PTK1) by ultraviolet laser microirradiation

An ultraviolet laser microbeam was used to irradiate one of the two nucleolar organizer regions of PTK1 cells in early prophase. The directed nucleolar deficiency induced by ultraviolet laser irradiation was maintained in the daughter cells through subsequent cell generations. However, the frequent occurrence of spontaneous cell fusion in low density cells following the cloning procedure facilitated a recovery of cells to two or more nucleoli.
Proarrhythmic response to sodium channel blockade. Theoretical model and numerical experiments

BACKGROUND The use of flecainide and encainide was terminated in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial because of an excess of sudden cardiac deaths in the active treatment group. Such events might arise from reentrant rhythms initiated by premature stimulation in the presence of anisotropic sodium channel availability. Drugs that bind to sodium channels increase the functional dispersion of refractoriness by slowing (a result of the drug-unbinding process) the transition from an inexcitable state to an excitable state. It is interesting that encainide and flecainide unbind slowly (15-20 seconds), whereas lidocaine and moricizine unbind rapidly (0.2-1.3 seconds). METHODS AND RESULTS With a computer representation of a cable with Beeler-Reuter membrane properties, we found a small (6 msec) vulnerable window that occurred 338 msec after the last drive stimulus. Premature stimuli falling within the vulnerable window resulted in unidirectional block and reentrant activation. In the presence of a slowly unbinding drug, the window was delayed an additional 341 msec, and its duration was extended to 38 msec. The delay (antiarrhythmic effect) before the onset of the vulnerable window and its duration (proarrhythmic effect) were both dependent on the sodium channel availability and the recovery process. Both effects were also prolonged when sodium channel availability was reduced by membrane depolarization. Defining the proarrhythmic potential as the duration of the vulnerable window, we found that hypothetical use-dependent class I drugs have a greater proarrhythmic potential than non-use-dependent drugs. CONCLUSIONS The antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic properties of pure sodium channel antagonists are both dependent on sodium channel availability. Consequently, the price for increased antiarrhythmic efficacy (suppressed premature ventricular contractions) is an increased proarrhythmic vulnerability to unsuppressed premature ventricular contractions.
The Coronary Microcirculation in Health and Disease

Coronary blood flow is closely regulated to meet the changing metabolic demands of the working myocardium. Resistance of the coronary vasculature is determined by metabolic, myogenic, endothelial, and neural mechanisms. The influence of these control mechanisms varies throughout the coronary circulation, as they have dominant sites of action in vessels of different caliber. Coronary vascular resistance depends upon the coordinated response to these influences. Within a segment of the coronary circulation, resistance may be determined, for example, by competitive interaction between neural vasoconstriction and metabolic vasodilation. Such a system in which control occurs through multiple mechanisms with varying effects allows for precise control of coronary blood flow. This system also provides protection against dysfunction of a single control mechanism. If one fails, other control mechanisms can compensate for that loss of function. Thus, adequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients can be maintained despite potential dysfunction and large fluctuations in metabolic demands of the myocardium. In disease states, these regulatory mechanisms may also fail, and endothelial dysfunction is commonly seen in the setting of cardiac disease. Optimal cardioprotective therapies must target the coronary microcirculation and cardiac myocytes in tandem. Similarly, reversal of cardiac dysfunction requires concomitant amelioration of coronary microvascular dysfunction.
Progeny from experimental mating tests with mice of the Peromyscus leucopus group.

Sixty-six progeny from 79 laboratory mating tests between Pero-myscus leucopus and P. gossypinus were critically examined for hybrids. From the 39 cross-matings between gossypinus and leucopus in which a choice of mates was offered, there were 23 leucopus-reared progeny and two gossypinus-reared prog¬eny. The control tests using two pair of gossypinus produced three progeny and the 20 control tests for leucopus produced 38 progeny. Of the 25 progeny from crossmating tests, none showed the morphological intermediacy of hybrids and all could be assigned to one species or the other. Sexual isolation between the two species, and a preference for mates of their own kind, was operative under laboratory conditions in the absence of ecological isolation between the sympatric stocks and spatial isolation between the allopatric stocks. Stocks of leucopus from populations allopatric with gossypinus produced 19 litters while sympatric leucopus contributed only two litters. Although the ethological patterns within the species group are imperfectly understood, these tests support the hypothesis that differ-erences exist between the species and they agree with findings suggesting that ethological isolation reinforces other isolating mechanisms.
Pituitary autotransplants in Fundulus heteroclitus: Effect on thyroid function

Serum thyroxin (T4) levels are reported for Fundulus heteroclitus undergoing hypophysectomy and pituitary autotransplantation. Hypophysectomy significantly lowered serum T4 compared to levels found in sham-operated (P < 0.01) and unoperated controls (P < 0.01). In fish receiving pituitary autografts serum T4 levels were significantly enhanced over either control group (P < 0.01; P < 0.001). These results strongly suggest that: (a) pituitary stimulation is necessary for maintenance of normal T4 levels in this species, and (b) pituitary thyrotropin release is under inhibitory hypothalamic control.
Distinct Morphological Phenotypes of Cell Fusion Mutants

Cell fusion in yeast is the process by which two haploid cells fuse to form a diploid zygote. To dissect the pathway of cell fusion, we phenotypically and genetically characterized four cell fusion mutants, fus6/spa2, fus7/rvs161, fus1, and fus2. First, we examined the complete array of single and double mutants. In all cases but one, double mutants exhibited stronger cell fusion defects than single mutants. The exception was rvs161Delta fus2Delta, suggesting that Rvs161p and Fus2p act in concert. Dosage suppression analysis showed that Fus1p and Fus2p act downstream or parallel to Rvs161p and Spa2p. Second, electron microscopic analysis was used to define the mutant defects in cell fusion. In wild-type prezygotes vesicles were aligned and clustered across the cell fusion zone. The vesicles were associated with regions of cell wall thinning. Analysis of Fus- zygotes indicated that Fus1p was required for the normal localization of the vesicles to the zone of cell fusion, and Spa2p facilitated their clustering. In contrast, Fus2p and Rvs161p appeared to act after vesicle positioning. These findings lead us to propose that cell fusion is mediated in part by the localized release of vesicles containing components essential for cell fusion.
UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF COMPENSATION SATISFACTION

We conducted meta-analyses of multiple dimensions of compensation satisfaction. An examination of 213 samples from 182 studies yielded several interesting findings of importance to practice and future research. We examined the relationships among four dimensions of compensation satisfaction (pay level, pay raises, benefit level, pay structure and administration satisfaction), and found that the three dimensions related to direct pay are highly related to one another. The relationships between benefits and the three direct pay dimensions were modest. We also analyzed antecedents, correlates, and consequences of the four compensation satisfaction dimensions. The antecedents of pay raise satisfaction have received the most attention, and our results indicate that both perceptual (e.g., perceptions of the basis for a pay raise) and objective (i.e., the amount of the pay raise) antecedents play roles in determining pay raise satisfaction. Previous research on the relationship between employee costs for benefits and benefit satisfaction have been inconclusive. The meta-analysis yields a modest, negative relationship between employee costs and benefit satisfaction. Additional results provide the foundation for our discussion of the current state of research in these areas, recommendations for practice, and suggestions for future research.