cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Androgen receptor (AR) immunoreactivity in rat pudendal motoneurons: implications for accessory proteins.

Pudendal motoneurons in male rats are located in two sexually dimorphic motoneuronal pools: the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and the dorsolateral nucleus (DLN). SNB motoneurons innervate sexually dimorphic muscles bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA) and the sexually monomorphic external anal sphincter (EAS) muscle. DLN motoneurons innervate either the sexually dimorphic ischiocavernosus (IC) muscle or the sexually monomorphic external urethral sphincter (EUS) muscle. Previous observations indicate that the size of BC, LA, and IC motoneurons in males is sensitive to adult androgen manipulations, whereas the size of EAS and EUS motoneurons is not, raising the question of whether this difference in androgen sensitivity among pudendal motoneurons reflects a difference in androgen receptor (AR) expression. AR immunocytochemistry using the PG-21 antiserum was carried out on spinal cord tissue from normal adult male rats in which specific pudendal motoneuronal subpopulations were identified with retrograde markers. Over 90% of BC, LA, and IC motoneurons displayed AR immunoreactivity in their nuclei. Among motoneurons in the SNB, significantly fewer EAS motoneurons had AR-positive nuclei, which may contribute to the reported failure of EAS motoneurons to morphologically respond to changes in androgen levels. However, within the DLN, despite the fact that IC but not EUS motoneurons are reported to respond to androgen with an increase in soma size, IC and EUS motoneurons had the same proportion of AR-positive nuclei. These results indicate that androgen receptors, while necessary, are not sufficient to confer androgen sensitivity to cells.
Immunoglobulin G Immunosuppression of Multiple Sclerosis: Suppression of All Three Major Lymphocyte Subsets

• Six patients with relapsing chronic progressive multiple sclerosis were treated on 2 consecutive days with large amounts of IgG to induce immunosuppression. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were monitored for 5 weeks after IgG treatment to determine immunosuppression. Decreased numbers of B, T, and natural killer lymphocytes were detected after treatment. Lymphocyte numbers were at a nadir 1 week after treatment, but an immunosuppressive effect continued to be present after 5 weeks. Although clinical efficacy was not evident in this brief open trial, the decrease of peripheral lymphocyte numbers and the apparent safety of the procedure warrant further study.
Oligosaccharides potentiate methyl jasmonate-induced production of paclitaxel in Taxus canadensis.

Abstract The interdependence of methyl jasmonate (MJ) with chitin and chitosan derived elicitors in formation of paclitaxel was studied using plant cell suspension cultures of Taxus canadensis. Induction of paclitaxel biosynthesis was enhanced when MJ and elicitors were added 8 days after culture transfer compared to treatments in which only MJ or only elicitors were added. The enhancement of the paclitaxel biosynthesis response to MJ concentration was roughly linear between 0 and 200 μM using colloidal chitin or oligosaccharides of chitin and chitosan as elicitors. MJ concentrations greater than 200 μM were inhibitory. In kinetic studies, culture growth and substrate utilization were inhibited when the cultures were elicited with 100 μM MJ and with 0.63 mg l−1 N-acetylchitohexaose and with 100 μM MJ alone; paclitaxel yields were 10-fold greater under the latter condition than the former. Ethylene biosynthesis by the cell cultures in response to elicitation is implicated in regulation of the response.
ALLERGIC DISEASE PREVENTION AND RISK FACTOR IDENTIFICATION

There is a widespread impression that the incidence of allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema) has increased in the past 15 to 20 years. 9,30 Although asthma is the most serious of these atopic diseases, the impact on quality of life of patients with allergic rhinitis is significant. Despite major advances in asthma management, morbidity and mortality from asthma continue to increase. 13,14 It has been estimated that 4% to 6% of children have food allergies, 8% to 10% have asthma, and 15% to 25% have allergic rhinitis (Fig. 1) Genetic predisposition and environmental exposure are important factors in the development of allergic disease. Many parents seek advice from their primary care physician or allergist on ways to prevent allergies in their children. Although genetic engineering holds promise for the future, current recommendations are based on reduction of allergen exposure to prevent sensitization.
Higher order statistics of planetary gravities and topographies

The statistical properties of Earth, Venus, Mars, Moon, and a 3-D mantle convection model are compared. The higher order properties are expressed by third and fourth moments: i.e., as mean products over equilateral triangles (defined as coskewance) and equilateral quadrangles (defined as coexance). For point values, all the fields of real planets have positive skewness, ranging from slightly above zero for Lunar gravity to 2.6 sigma(exp 3) for Martian gravity (sigma is rms magnitude). Six of the eight excesses are greater than Gaussian (3 sigma(exp 4)), ranging from 2.0 sigma(exp 4) for Earth topography to 18.6 sigma(exp 4), for Martian topography. The coskewances and coexances drop off to zero within 20 deg arc in most cases. The mantle convective model has zero skewness and excess slightly less than Gaussian, probably arising from viscosity variations being only radial.
Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides: Single-Center Study and Systematic Review

trunk were common clinical findings. The mean time to diagnosis of FMF was 5.0 years. Diagnostic latency did not affect risk of death. One-year and 5-year overall survivalrateswere96%and62%,respectively.Frequentmicroscopic features were follicular mucinosis (74%) and epidermotropism (54%). Systematic review of 186 additional patients confirmed male predominance (ratio of men to women, 3.2:1.0), prevalent pruritus (73%), frequent follicular mucinosis (69%) and epidermotropism (37%) microscopically, and common head, neck, and trunkinvolvement.Combineddatademonstratedthat6% of patients with FMF had concurrent non‐mycosis fungoides hematologic malignant neoplasms and that the 5-year overall survival rate was 62% to 64%. Conclusion:Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides has distinct clinical and microscopic features and is associated with a poor 5-year overall survival rate.
Immune epitope database analysis resource

The immune epitope database analysis resource (IEDB-AR: http://tools.iedb.org) is a collection of tools for prediction and analysis of molecular targets of T- and B-cell immune responses (i.e. epitopes). Since its last publication in the NAR webserver issue in 2008, a new generation of peptide:MHC binding and T-cell epitope predictive tools have been added. As validated by different labs and in the first international competition for predicting peptide:MHC-I binding, their predictive performances have improved considerably. In addition, a new B-cell epitope prediction tool was added, and the homology mapping tool was updated to enable mapping of discontinuous epitopes onto 3D structures. Furthermore, to serve a wider range of users, the number of ways in which IEDB-AR can be accessed has been expanded. Specifically, the predictive tools can be programmatically accessed using a web interface and can also be downloaded as software packages.
Unilateral Dermatomal Superficial Telangiectasia Overlapping Becker's Melanosis

Report of a 46-year-old carpenter who revealed of the physical examination an extensive thread-like telangiectase in the distribution of C 4 -C 7 , and a large hypertrichotic, slightly hyperpigmented patch with well demarcated irregular borders on the left upper back and chest which was a Becker's melanosis
Longitudinal associations between neighborhood-level street network with walking, bicycling, and jogging: the CARDIA study.

Objective To investigate the differential association between neighborhood-level street network with walking, bicycling, and jogging by urbanicity and gender.
Molecular Interactions on InxGa1−xN

Atomic force microscopy in solution offers a platform for assessing interactions on chemically modified surfaces. In this study a biologically relevant molecule, an amino acid, is adsorbed onto a compositionally varied semiconductor substrate. AFM is used to assess the effect of the substrate composition on the adhesion of the amino acid. We report adsorption of L-arginine to an indium-gallium-nitride (InGaN) substrate with a gradient of In:Ga composition. Data are collected above and below the isoelectric point of arginine to highlight the effect of protonation on the adhesive behavior across the InGaN. Characterization is also performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to establish the presence of amino acid on the surface and determine the general composition of a given region of the substrate both with and without amino acid. Combining these factors, we are able to better evaluate the significance of substrate properties in influencing the behavior of surface molecules. Determining the dynamics of amino acid behavior as a function of both the substrate and the environment provides new insight into the preparation of semiconductor materials for biological applications.
Effect of Hemorrhage on Hepatic Blood Flow Determined by Radioactive Colloidal Chromic Phosphate Removal

In a group of 18 anesthetized dogs hepatic blood flow measured by the BSP removal technic of Bradley and the radioactive colloidal chromic phosphate disappearance method of Dobson gave comparable results of 38.7 and 38.3 ml./Kg./min. respectively. In response to acute hemorrhage of 25 ml./Kg., hepatic blood flow fell from 42.3 to 35.4 ml./Kg. A more severe hemorrhage of 33 ml./Kg. produced a more profound decrease of hepatic blood flow, from 43.4 to 20.8 ml./Kg./min.
THE END OF SOLIDARITY? THE DECLINE OF EGALITARIAN WAGE POLICIES IN ITALY AND SWEDEN

Through an analysis of industrial relations developments in Italy and Sweden - two countries especially committed to egalitarian wage policies - this article argues that wage egalitarianism as it was conceived in the 1960s and 1970s (compression of inter-occupational wage differentials) proved to be a strategic mistake for unions. It brought about fragmentation - involving multiple cleavages between blue- and white-collar workers, skilled and unskilled, male and female, and even private and public sector employees - as opposed to unity and thus produced the opposite results from its stated goals. The article also argues that if words like `equality' and `solidarity' continue to have meaning for labour organizations, they will need to be associated in the future with completely new supply-side strategies aimed at bringing about equality of jobs as opposed merely to wages.
Comparison of Galerkin and control volume finite element for advection–diffusion problems†

The control volume finite element method (CVFEM) was developed to combine the local numerical conservation property of control volume methods with the unstructured grid and generality of finite element methods (FEMs). Most implementations of CVFEM include mass-lumping and upwinding techniques typical of control volume schemes. In this work we compare, via numerical error analysis, CVFEM and FEM utilizing consistent and lumped mass implementations, and stabilized Petrov-Galerkin streamline upwind schemes in the context of advection-diffusion processes. For this type of problem, we find no apparent advantage to the local numerical conservation aspect of CVFEM as compared to FEM. The stabilized schemes improve accuracy and degree of positivity on coarse grids, and also reduce iteration counts for advection-dominated problems.
Efficacy of a Brief Relaxation Training Intervention for Pediatric Recurrent Abdominal Pain.

Abstract This study is a preliminary investigation of the efficacy of a brief intervention for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) via a multiple baseline across subjects design. The intervention consisted of a single 1-hour session including psychoeducation and coaching of breathing retraining; the length, duration, and content of the intervention were designed with a goal of maximum portability to primary-care settings. Five children with recurrent abdominal pain participated in this study, 1 of whom served as a pilot participant. Children received the intervention at 1-week intervals. Parent and child reports of each child's abdominal pain, general somatic complaints, functional disability, and anxiety were collected throughout the study. All children participated in a 3-month follow-up session. Results indicated that this brief intervention was successful in lessening abdominal pain, as demonstrated by decreased Abdominal Pain Index (API) scores in two children and decreased abdominal pain following breathing retraining practice in all children. The intervention was also successful in decreasing some children's general somatic symptoms. Functional disability and anxiety symptoms remained consistent for all children throughout the study, which may be due to low levels of these symptoms pretreatment. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Confronting the Problems of Professional Sports: A Public Policy Response to Franchise Relocation and Stadium Subsidization

During the past decade, forty-six professional sports venues were constructed in the United States, while only 16 expansion teams were created by the major sports leagues. Nearly two thirds of these newly built stadiums and arenas were funded with public tax revenues, despite substantial evidence showing no positive economic impact of new sports stadium construction on local communities. In reviewing the economic literature, this article investigates the role of professional sports organizations in the construction and public subsidization of new sports venues. Franchise relocation and public stadium subsidization is a direct result of the monopoly power of professional sports leagues, whose franchise owners extract large subsidies from their host communities by threatening to relocate to viable alternative locations. After explaining how the most common methods of stadium subsidization project a disproportionate allocation of the benefits and costs of hosting a professional team to local community interests, this article outlines several considerations for local policymakers who seek to reinvigorate public discussion of equity concerns in professional sports finance.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: prepubertal exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid activity in the female rat. A focus on the EDSTAC recommendations

In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency was given a mandate by Congress to develop a screening program that would evaluate whether variously identified compounds could affect human health by mimicking or interfering with normal endocrine regulatory functions. Toward this end, the Agency chartered the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee in October of that year that would serve to recommend a series of in vitro and in vivo protocols designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of a chemical's potential endocrine-disrupting activity. A number of these protocols have undergone subsequent modification by EPA, and this review focuses specifically on the revised in vivo screening procedure recommended under the title Research Protocol for Assessment of Pubertal Development and Thyroid Function in Juvenile Female Rats. Background literature has been provided that summarizes what is currently known about pubertal development in the female rat and the influence of various forms of pharmaceutical and toxicological insult on this process and on thyroid activity. Finally, a section is included that discusses technical issues that should be considered if the specified pubertal endpoints are to be measured and successfully evaluated.
Comparing Traditional Journal Writing with Journal Writing Shared over E-mail List Serves as Tools for Facilitating Reflective Thinking: A Study of Preservice Teachers

To determine the conditions that would best encourage reflection in journal writing of preservice teachers in field-based reading internships, the degree of reflective content found in self-contained traditional journals was compared to the reflective content found in journal entries shared over e-mail list serves. Participants were 56 preservice teachers enrolled in reading internships in public schools operating in a variety of journal writing conditions in 1 of 5 semesters from fall 1999 through spring 2001. Results indicate that journals written under shared interactive e-mail conditions were significantly more likely to contain evidence of reflections than traditional journals. Reflections observed were also categorized into types described by Hatton and Smith (1995). Suggestions for implications for encouraging reflectivity during field-based internships in teacher education programs are presented.
Adenovirus-mediated Wild-Type p53 Gene Transfer as a Surgical Adjuvant in Advanced Head and Neck Cancers

A high incidence of locoregional failure contributes to the poor overall survival rate of around 50% for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). In vitro and in vivo preclinical work with adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer using the recombinant p53 adenovirus (Ad-p53) has shown its promise as a novel intervention strategy for SCCHN. These data have translated into Phase I and Phase II studies of Ad-p53 gene transfer in patients with advanced, locoregionally recurrent SCCHN. The safety and overall patient tolerance of Ad-p53 has been demonstrated. Of 15 resectable but historically noncurable patients in the surgical arm of a Phase I study, 4 patients (27%) remain free of disease, with a median follow-up time of 18.25 months. Surgical and gene transfer-related morbidities were minimal. These results provide preliminary support for the use of Ad-p53 gene transfer as a surgical adjuvant in patients with advanced SCCHN. The implications of our findings for the management of SCCHN in general are discussed.
Body mass index and prostate-specific antigen failure following brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer.

Purpose Increasing body mass index (BMI) is associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure after radical prostatectomy and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). We investigated whether BMI is associated with PSA failure in men treated with brachytherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Patients and Methods Retrospective analyses were conducted on 374 patients undergoing brachytherapy for stage T1c–T2cNXM0 prostate cancer from 1996–2001. Forty-nine patients (13%) received supplemental EBRT and 131 (35%) received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Height and weight data were available for 353 (94%). Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between BMI and PSA failure (nadir + 2 ng/ml definition). Covariates included age, race, preimplantation PSA, Gleason score, T category, percent of prescription dose to 90% of the prostate, use of supplemental EBRT, and ADT. Results Median age, PSA, and BMI were 66 years (range, 42–80 years), 5.7 ng/ml (range, 0.4–22.6 ng/ml), and 27.1 kg/m 2 (range, 18.2–53.6 kg/m 2 ), respectively. After a median follow-up of 6.0 years (range, 3.0–10.2 years), there were 76 PSA recurrences. The BMI was not associated with PSA failure. Six-year PSA failure rates were 30.2% for men with BMI less than 25 kg/m 2 , 19.5% for BMI of 25 or greater to less than 30 kg/m 2 , and 14.4% for BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or greater ( p = 0.19). Results were similar when BMI was analyzed as a continuous variable, using alternative definitions of PSA failure, and excluding patients treated with EBRT and/or ADT. In multivariate analyses, only baseline PSA was significantly associated with shorter time to PSA failure (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–1.20; p = 0.0006). Conclusions Unlike after surgery or EBRT, BMI is not associated with PSA failure in men treated with brachytherapy for prostate cancer. This raises the possibility that brachytherapy may be a preferred treatment strategy in obese patients.
Ultrasonographic demonstration of popliteal cysts in rheumatoid arthritis

Ultrasound scanning techniques detected popliteal cysts in 14 of 24 knees affected with rheumatoid arthritis and associated with an anterior effusion. Serial scans demonstrated the persistence of cysts when effusion was not controlled by intraarticular steroid and lidocaine, and regression of cyst following control of effusion with anterior synovectomy. As the technique is noninvasive, painless, and reproducible, ultrasound scanning should be the technique of choice for the detection and assessment of popliteal cysts.
The Design and Evolution of the Physician's Assistant

Occupations which are designed as subordinate to the more powerful and prestigious professions have built-in limits to the degree to which they can acquire valued professional attributes. The physician's assistant (P.A.) occupation is an example. The general model of professional development cannot adequately deal with the evolutionary process of the P.A. A content analysis of the literature on the P.A. uncovered three periods in the P.A.'s development: Period I, characterized by the design and selling of an innovative role; Period II, characterized by the planning and establishment of the P.A.; and Period III, characterized by attempts to entrench the P.A. within the medical/paramedical hierarchy.
Nasal fractures in children and adolescents: Mechanisms of injury and efficacy of closed reduction

Abstract Objectives To determine the most common mechanisms of traumatic nasal deformity referred to pediatric otolaryngology. To examine the efficacy of closed reduction of nasal fractures in children and adolescents based on the parents’ and surgeons’ ratings of post-reduction nasal symmetry. Methods Case series and chart review within an urban, tertiary pediatric otolaryngology practice. Results 100 cases of traumatic nasal deformity met inclusion criteria over a 3-year study period. The mean age at presentation was 13 years (4 weeks–18 years); 55% were male and 70% were over the age of 12 years. The most common mechanism of injury was sports-related trauma (28%), followed by accidental trauma (21%), interpersonal violence (10%), motor vehicle collision (6%) and alcohol-related (2%). Of these 100 cases, 22% underwent closed reduction within a 14-day period following injury. All patients achieved symmetry in the operating room immediately following reduction. 21 of 22 post-reduction patients were assessed for nasal symmetry at the postoperative visit (7–10 days following surgery). The operating surgeon was satisfied with nasal symmetry in 43% of cases and the parent(s) satisfied in 81% of cases. Both parent and surgeon were satisfied with post-reduction symmetry 33% of the time. Conclusion The most common sources of traumatic nasal deformity in children and adolescents vary by age. In cases meriting operative intervention, parents appear to be satisfied with early postoperative results following closed reduction in approximately 80% of cases, however a result in which both parent and surgeon agree with successful re-establishment of symmetry occurs in only one-third of cases.
Genome and Epigenome Editing: A Revolution in Science and Medicine

Targeted genome and epigenome editing technologies have recently emerged as important tools for biomedical research and as potential reagents for therapies of gene-based diseases. This talk will focus on our recent work on both improving and defining the genome wide specificities of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas nucleases, a robust platform for introducing targeted genome sequence alterations. The talk will also briefly describe the creation and validation of new technologies for modifying specific epigenomic marks on histones and DNA that can be used to induce targeted alterations in endogenous human gene expression. Taken together, these methodologies provide transformative tools for understanding human biology and offer promising pathways forward for developing new classes of therapeutics based on targeted alterations of gene sequence and/or gene expression. Disclosures Joung: Editas Medicine: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Other, Patents & Royalties; Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties; Horizon Discovery: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Building Trust

Technology has done much to expand the power of thought, but it also gives us innocent tools that can be used to mask dubious motives. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/xc3mr4GnMZg is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he talks about how technology has done much to expand the power of thought, but it also gives us innocent tools that can be used to mask dubious motives.
Importance of insects in asthma

Recent work has established the importance of allergy to cockroaches (order Dictyoptera) as an etiological factor in asthma (Rosenstreich et al. 1997, Sarpong et al. 1997). This work highlights the significance of insect antigens in generating allergic phenomena, such as asthma, in human subjects. There is evidence that exposure of human subjects to insect antigens can occur by inhalation of airborne particles (Kino et al. 1987, Wynn et al. 1988). Besides cockroaches, many groups of insect have …
Bulk and shear moduli of compressed microgel suspensions

We independently determine the bulk and shear moduli of compressed microgel suspensions and the bulk modulus of individual microgel particles and find that the elastic behavior of the suspension reflects the degree of compression of the particles. This feature, which is distinct from other soft materials such as emulsions or foams, can give rise to an unusually large difference between the bulk and shear moduli of the suspension. Our results extend our understanding of soft materials to systems based on compressible objects, opening up possibilities for engineering materials with drastically different responses to shear and compression.
Effect of acute and chronic hyponatremia on brain buffering in rats

The present studies evaluated whether previously observed impairments in brain buffering during acute hyponatremia were maintained during chronic hyponatremia as well and whether the impairment was due in part to changes in brain water, brain perfusion, or activation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) V1 receptors. Acute (1 and 2 day) and chronic (7 and 14 day) hyponatremia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by constant desmopressin administration in combination with a liquid diet. Brain pH was determined by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in rats anesthetized with N2O and paralyzed with pancuronium. Brain buffering was evaluated by the response to CO2 loading, and brain perfusion was evaluated by 19F-NMR using trifluoromethane washout. Compared with normonatremic controls fed the same diet, brain pH in both acute and chronic hyponatremics was 0.12 pH units lower after 55 min ventilation with 20% CO2 despite identical decreases of approximately 0.35 units in all groups during the first 15 min. Moreover, in the recovery period brain pH overshot basal levels only in normonatremic controls. Brain water content in chronic hyponatremic rats was equal to controls, and brain perfusion was identical in the five groups during CO2 exposure. These results are analogous to those reported during acute hyponatremia induced with AVP and show that the impairment of active brain buffering is maintained during chronic hyponatremia and is unrelated to brain water content, perfusion, tissue catabolism, or AVP V1 receptor activation.
The Effect of Platelets Upon Factor Xa-Catalyzed Activation of Factor VII in vitro

The authors have investigated the ability of platelets to enhance factor Xa-catalyzed activation of factor VII. Unstimulated platelets were without effect, whereas freeze/thawed platelets substantially enhanced activation. Antifactor V antibodies did not diminish the enhancement. Platelets activated by thrombin, collagen, or calcium ionophore A23187 also enhanced factor Xa-catalyzed activation of factor VII. In contrast to their lack of effect upon freeze/thawed platelets, antifactor V antibodies abolished augmented factor VII activation induced by activated platelets. Adding exogenous factor Va to unstimulated platelets failed to enhance factor Xa-catalyzed activation of factor VII, nor did adding exogenous factor Va to activated platelets augment activation beyond that observed with activated platelets alone. These observations can be interpreted as follows: (1) factor Va does not function as a cofactor for factor Xa-catalyzed activation of factor VII; (2) anionic phospholipids are a known cofactor for factor Xa-catalyzed activation of factor VII, and freeze/thawed platelets probably enhance activation by making anionic phospholipids on disrupted platelet membranes available to function as a cofactor; (3) the presumed binding of factor Xa to exogenous factor Va on unstimulated platelets is insufficient in itself to augment factor Xa-catalyzed activation of factor VII; (4) activated platelets augment factor Xa-catalyzed factor VII activation because activation allows both factor Xa to bind to released platelet factor V(a) and makes available a surface membrane component, probably anionic phospholipids, with which the bound factor Xa interacts.
Understanding Initiation with Triethylboron and Oxygen: The Differences between Low-Oxygen and High-Oxygen Regimes

A unified kinetic theory for both initiation and autoxidation reactions of Et3B and O2 is put forth, and then divided into low-oxygen and high-oxygen experimental regimes for application of Et3B/O2 as an initiating system. In the low-oxygen regime, only long, efficient chains can be initiated. In the high-oxygen regime, less efficient chains can be initiated but they must compete with autoxidation. We apply the analysis along with new experimental results to show why AIBN and Et3B/O2 give different stereochemical results in hydrostannation reactions of propargyl silyl ethers. Counterintuitively, AIBN is the better initiator, initiating both the rapid chain hydrostannation and the subsequent slow E/Z isomerization. AIBN gives the thermodynamic results. Et3B/O2 is the poorer initiator, initiating only the hydrostannation and not the isomerization. Et3B gives the kinetic result. We further apply the analysis to understand recent results in Et3B/water reductions.
Walking Economy is Impaired in Older Men and Women with Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE We compared the walking economy in older participants with and without type 2 diabetes. METHODS Walking economy was determined in 115 older participants with type 2 diabetes and 130 older control participants without diabetes by continuously measuring oxygen uptake during a treadmill test in which the work rate was at a constant speed of 2 mph and a grade of 0% for a duration of 10 minutes. Participants also completed a Balke treadmill protocol for the determination of peak oxygen uptake, defined as the highest oxygen uptake value attained during the final work stage attained. Fractional utilization was then calculated as the walking economy oxygen uptake divided by peak oxygen uptake, expressed as a percentage. RESULTS Compared to those without diabetes, participants with type 2 diabetes were older (p=0.042), had higher prevalence of men (p=0.034), obesity (p=0.010), chronic kidney disease (p=0.020), peripheral artery disease (p=0.024), and had a higher body mass index (p=0.025), and waist/hip ratio (p=0.006). After adjusting for these variables, the participants with diabetes had higher walking economy (p<0.001), fractional utilization (p<0.001), and lower peak oxygen uptake (p<0.001) than those without diabetes (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Older men and women with type 2 diabetes are less economical when they ambulate at a given speed than compared to control participants without diabetes, independent of their greater co-morbid burden. The impaired walking economy in the diabetic participants is further magnified by their lower aerobic fitness, thereby leading to a higher fractional utilization of oxygen consumed during a given walking task.
Valproate-Induced Fatal Hepatotoxicity

An 18 month old infant with fatal VPA-related hepatic toxicity is reported from Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, and the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
Features of Creation and Operation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in Countries with Difficult Climatic Conditions, for Example, in the Russian Federation

The trend of increasing fleet of electric or hybrid vehicles and determines the extension of the geographical areas of operation, including the Northern areas with cold winter weather. Practically in all territory of Russia the average winter temperature is negative. With the winter temperatures can be below in Moscow -30°C, in Krasnoyarsk -50°C. Battery system can operate in a wide temperature range, but there are extremes that should be remembered all the time, especially in cold climates like Russia. In the operating instructions of the electric car Tesla Model S indicate that to save the battery don't use at temperatures below -15°C. The paper presents the dependence of the cooling time and heating of the battery cell at different ambient temperatures and provides guidance on allowable cooling time while using and not thermally insulated thermally containers Suggests using the temperature control on the basis of thermoelectric converters Peltier connection from the onboard electrical network of the electric vehicle.
Global Health: A Pivotal Moment Of Opportunity And Peril

A growing tide of populism in Europe and the United States, combined with other factors, threatens the solidarity upon which the global health movement is based. The highest-profile example of the turn toward populism is US president-elect Donald Trump, whose proposals would redefine US engagement in global health, development, and environmental efforts. In this challenging landscape, three influential global institutions—the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Bank—are undergoing leadership transitions. This new global health leadership should prioritize global health security, including antimicrobial resistance, health system strengthening, and action on mass migration and climate change. They will need to work as a team, leveraging the World Health Organization’s technical competence and mandate to set health norms and standards, the United Nations’ political clout, and the World Bank’s economic strength. Human rights, including principles of equality, participation, and accoun...
Flexible solutions to maritime inventory routing problems with delivery time windows

We develop a general Lagrangian heuristic scheme to deal with optimization under uncertainty where soft constraints are used to promote solution characteristics that lead to flexibility.We build a simulator that evaluates the quality of the solutions found by the Lagrangian heuristic algorithm and determines the cost of obtaining flexible solutions.Computational results show that by incurring a small increase in initial cost (sometimes zero), our planning strategies generate solutions that are often significantly less vulnerable to potential disruptions. This paper studies a Maritime Inventory Routing Problem with Time Windows (MIRPTW) for deliveries with uncertain disruptions. We consider disruptions that increase travel times between ports and ultimately affect the deliveries in one or more time windows. The objective is to find flexible solutions that can accommodate unplanned disruptions. We propose a Lagrangian heuristic algorithm for obtaining flexible solutions by introducing auxiliary soft constraints that are incorporated in the objective function with Lagrange multipliers. To evaluate the flexibility of solutions, we build a simulator that generates disruptions and recovery solutions. Computational results show that by incurring a small increase in initial cost (sometimes zero), our planning strategies generate solutions that are often significantly less vulnerable to potential disruptions. We also consider the effect of lead time in being able to respond to the disruptions.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Alcohol is the most common teratogen. Its actions have significant physical and neurodevelopmental consequences on a developing fetus that result in substantial expenditures for the health-care system. This review examines the epidemiology of alcohol-exposed pregnancies as well as the myriad obstacles endured by affected infants. Methods of alcohol detection and mechanisms of the deleterious effects of alcohol on the fetus also are discussed. This review also elaborates both sides of the controversial issue of whether there is a “safe” level of alcohol exposure for a developing fetus.
Arrival routes of first Americans uncertain—Response

In our Perspective, we argue that the earliest Americans followed a coastal migration route. Potter et al. counter that an inland, ice-free corridor route was more likely. The genetic and archaeological evidence that Potter et al. discuss support both the timing and coastal route for the peopling of
Children's schooling in Nicaragua: What is the link between educational achievement, borrowing, and gender?

The impact of credit has been widely studied, and yet little is known about the effect of formal versus informal loans. In this paper, we contrast the two and their impact on children's schooling using longitudinal data from Nicaragua. To address endogeneity, we utilize both household fixed effects and locality–year fixed effects. Our results indicate that, on average, children from borrowing households fare worse than children from nonborrowing households, with male borrowers having a disproportionately negative effect on boys, and vice versa for girls and female borrowers. Informal credit is found to have a protective effect on school attendance, but the effects of formal and informal credit on cumulative schooling are found to be statistically equivalent. However, this appears to mask considerable heterogeneity within informal borrowing.
The Cults and the Legend of Oedipus

The relation of the cults to the legend of Oedipus has been studied only for the purpose of showing the priority of one or the other. The reconstruction requires in the first place a demonstration of the independence of the cultic Oedipus from the Oedipus of poetry. The wandering of Oedipus is, of course, a part of the legend. It belongs to the narrative concerning Oedipus as distinguished from the cult of Oedipus. In literature, the name Oedipus is always explained by the mutilation of feet, i.e., in the narrative, the name follows the mutilation. In the case of Trophonius, Epikaste / Iocaste and Demeter serve the same function, and yet, as in the case of Oedipus, the legend of Trophonius has nothing to do with Demeter. The name Oedipus, which, like the name Melampus, is explained by an exposure story, is appropriate to a figure associated in cult with Demeter.
Identifying Learning Objectives and Assessing Ethics Across the Curriculum Programs

Assessing the effectiveness of an Ethics Across the Curriculum (EAC) program depends on having clear answers to two questions about the aim of the program: (1.) Who is it that the EAC program is intended to serve? and (2.) What good is the program intended to achieve for them? While EAC programs come in many shapes and sizes (See the surveys of types of EAC programs in Davis 2018 and University of San Diego 2009.), almost all would answer these questions in the same way. Their goal is to benefit the institution’s students, that is, to enhance the students’ learning of ethics in some beneficial ways. The first three sections of this article will focus on the best way to identify such Learning Objectives for an EAC program and how to use these Learning Objectives to assess the program’s effectiveness in benefitting the students. The final section will discuss some additional assessment questions about EAC programs, especially for programs with more limited resources that cannot assess their program’s effectiveness in the best way.
Spatial distributions of magnetospheric radio energy due to lightning

We provide an improved model of the Whistler-mode radio energy generated by a terrestrial lightning flash, as a function of latitude and magnetic local time. We use a three-dimensional, cold plasma raytracing code to examine typical energy densities in J/m3 in the magnetosphere. The results presented here are intended to guide future in-situ studies of lightning-induced electron precipitation from the radiation belts.
Information-seeking behavior of faculty in one school of public health.

Background To date, a relatively small number of studies have examined the information needs and behaviors of public health practitioners, with most of the research funded by recent National Library of Medicine (NLM) and National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) initiatives [1–4]. One segment of the public health workforce whose information needs have not yet been examined is faculty members in schools of public health. Public health faculty are the teachers and mentors of many future public health practitioners and therefore have an opportunity to shape where and how the public health workforce seeks information. The results of this research will be used to modify or develop outreach efforts to faculty in a school of public health. This research study attempted to answer three questions: What are the current information-seeking behaviors of the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) School of Public Health (SPH)? What are their perceived barriers to obtaining information? What are their preferences for additional library services? Setting The UIC SPH is one of 37 schools of public health accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) [5]. The school offers degrees in 4 academic divisions: community health sciences, environmental and occupational health sciences, epidemiology and biostatistics, and health policy and administration [6]. The highest percentage of recent graduates (30.1%) specialized in health policy and administration. In the fall of 2004, a total of 528 students were enrolled in the SPH, making it the 16th largest SPH in terms of enrollment [7]. The Library of the Health Sciences– Chicago (LHSC) is the primary library for the SPH.
Diverse range of gene activity during Arabidopsis thaliana leaf senescence includes pathogen-independent induction of defense-related genes

To determine the range of gene activities associated with leaf senescence, we have identified genes that show preferential transcript accumulation during this developmental stage. The mRNA levels of a diverse array of gene products increases during leaf senescence, including a protease, a ribosomal protein, two cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases, a nitrilase and glyoxalase II. Two of the genes identified are known to be pathogen-induced. The senescence specificity of each gene was determined by characterization of transcript accumulation during leaf development and in different tissues. The increased expression of nitrilase in senescent leaves is paralleled by an increase in free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the induction of defense-related genes during leaf senescence is pathogen-independent and that salicylic acid accumulation is not essential for this induction. Our data indicate that the induction of certain genes involved in plant defense responses is a component of the leaf senescence program.
Deep Learning for Solving Important Problems

In this keynote we describe progress in work that our research teams have been doing over the past years, including advances in difficult problems in artificial intelligence, on building large-scale computer systems for machine learning research, and, in collaboration with many teams at Google, on applying our research and systems to dozens of Google products. Our group has open-sourced the TensorFlow system [2], a widely popular system designed to easily express machine learning ideas, and to quickly train, evaluate and deploy machine learning systems. We then highlight some of our research accomplishments, and relate them to the National Academy of Engineering's Grand Engineering Challenges for the 21st Century. This is joint work with many people at Google.
Estimating treatment effects with machine learning

Objective To demonstrate the performance of methodologies that include machine learning (ML) algorithms to estimate average treatment effects under the assumption of exogeneity (selection on observables). Data sources Simulated data and observational data on hospitalized adults. Study design We assessed the performance of several ML-based estimators, including Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Bayesian Additive Regression Trees, Causal Random Forests, Double Machine Learning, and Bayesian Causal Forests, applying these methods to simulated data as well as data on the effects of right heart catheterization. Principal findings In Monte Carlo studies, ML-based estimators generated estimates with smaller bias than traditional regression approaches, demonstrating substantial (69 percent-98 percent) bias reduction in some scenarios. Bayesian Causal Forests and Double Machine Learning were top performers, although all were sensitive to high dimensional (>150) sets of covariates. Conclusions ML-based methods are promising methods for estimating treatment effects, allowing for the inclusion of many covariates and automating the search for nonlinearities and interactions among variables. We provide guidance and sample code for researchers interested in implementing these tools in their own empirical work.
Can Teamwork Promote Safety in Organizations

In this review, we conceptualize teamwork as the linchpin driving safety performance throughout an organization. Safety is promoted by teams through various mechanisms that interact in a complex an...
Relationship between Optical Redox Status and Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Cells

Shifted NAD(H) redox status and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging systems have been observed in cancers. However, how such redox shift is related to the ROS level in cancer cells is less clear. Based on collecting the intrinsic fluorescence of oxidized flavoproteins (Fp containing flavin adenine dinucleotide) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), optical redox imaging (ORI) provides a quantitative measure of the mitochondrial redox state by the optical redox ratio, Fp/(NADH+Fp), a surrogate marker of the NAD+-coupled redox state NAD+/NADH. Our study aims to explore the relationship between NAD(H) redox status and ROS by imaging NADH, Fp, and ROS levels using cultured breast cancer cell models. By manipulating either ROS levels via application of exogenous H2O2 or redox status via metabolic perturbation compounds, we found that: (1) oxidation of NAD(H) redox status correlates with ROS levels at lower H2O2 concentrations (up to ~700 µM), but not necessarily at higher concentrations; (2) an elevated ROS level diminishes NADH and reduces redox ratio plasticity; (3) either more oxidized or more reduced status can correlate to an increased ROS level; and (4) sometimes, a more oxidized status can correlate to a decreased ROS level depending on cell lines. These observations indicated that cellular NAD(H) redox state and ROS are intricately related but can also change separately. This study can benefit cancer research as both NAD(H) redox status and ROS have been implicated in cancer transformation and progression.