cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jejunal signals in hunger satiety

Physiological signals arising in the jejunum were tested for their effect on hunger satiation. Despite the presence of food in the jejunum, no change in feeding behavior was observed. The experiment was conducted with a new surgical preparation. Each member of a parabiotic rat pair had a 25-cm segment of its jejunum replaced with a 25-cm segment of its partner's jejunum. In this preparation food eaten by one rat of each pair arrived in its stomach, traversed 15 cm of its own intestines and then crossed into the intestines of its partner. The remaining food traveled through 25 cm of the partner's intestines before returning to the intestines of the rat that fed. In the experiment, one rat of each pair was fed first. Although these rats lacked internal signals arising in their own jejunal segments, they ate meals of normal size. The second rat of each pair was fed 10, 30, or 60 min after the first rat began. Despite the prior presence of food in the jejunal segment and its absorption into the blood, these rats also ate meals of normal size. Both tests show that internal signals arising in the intestinal segment do not affect feeding behavior. Neural messages originating in, hormones released by and nutrients absorbed through the jejunal segment do not by themselves produce satiety.
Surface roughness effects in simulation of mine signals using a focused-array GPR system

In two previous papers, the authors discussed a frequency- domain simulation of received signals in a focused array radar system (Rappaport and Reidy, SPIE 2747, April 1996, pp. 202- 213) illuminating a swath of flat terrain with one or more small plastic mines buried a few inches below the surface and a clutter background consisting of returns from random permittivity fluctuations, aggregates of rocks and the ground surface (SPIE 3392, pp 754 - 765, April 1998 and 'Near-field and timing effects in simulation of focused array radar signals from a mine in subsurface clutter,' SPIE, April 1999). The second paper emphasizes generalization of the algorithm to take proper account of the fact that distances between participants in the scattering processes are within fractions of wavelengths, enhancing the importance of near field effects in the modeling. In the present work, further generalizations are made which enhance the realism of the model. In particular, we investigate the role of surface height variations in changing the apparent propagation delay of the signal from a subsurface region. Since delay is the major discriminent in the processing of received signals in this system, this has a possibly significant effect on the simulated images. Still another generalization under investigation is that of inclusion of surface reflections from the interface's underside on the effective illumination of subsurface regions. Simulated image plots will be shown and compared with some previous results in order to assess the effects of these enhancements in the model.
Toxigenic Fungi from Poultry Feed and Litter

Abstract Fungi isolated from feed and litter of two Ohio poultry farms were screened for toxin production. Fourteen-day-slant cultures were used to inoculate neo-peptone dextrose, Czapek-Dox, and Mycological broth media. Four-day chick embryos were inoculated with 0.2 ml. of culture filtrate via the air cell. Embryo death at 9 days was used as the toxicity indicator. Those fungi found toxigenic in one or more media were Aspergillus chevalieri (one), A. fumigatus (one), A. terreus (two), Penicillium cyclopium (five), P. patulum (two), and one each Fusarium and Scopulariopsis sp. Of those isolates screened 13% were found toxigenic.
Postoperative radiation of open head and neck wounds--updated.

Background Postoperative radiotherapy is commonly used in treating head and neck cancer. A concern is the possibility of an unhealed surgical wound delaying or disrupting the treatment schedule. Our institution previously reported our experience on the outcome of radiotherapy on unhealed wounds from 1977 to 1984. Methods In an effort to update and enlarge this series, we reviewed the charts of patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy from 1985 to 1990. Of 267 patients, 20 had unhealed wounds or fistulas at the beginning of treatment. The wounds healed spontaneously in 17 of these patients, 1 required surgical closure, and 2 never healed. Combining our current and previous series, 452 patients had onset of postoperative radiation therapy at our institution from 1977 through 1990, of whom 33 had unhealed wounds at the onset of irradiation. Results In 22 of 33 (67%) patients, the wounds healed spontaneously (mean: 98 days, range: 36 to 304 days). Five additional patients achieved successful wound healing following surgical closure (mean: 281 days, range: 112 to 608 days). The remaining 6 patients died before healing was complete (4 patients) or were lost to follow-up (2 patients) at 16 and 27 months before wound healing occurred. Nine patients in this study are alive with no evidence of disease, 19 died of cancer, and 5 died of other causes. Conclusions When there are indications to deliver irradiation in the postoperative setting, it is desirable to initiate treatment within 6 weeks of the data of surgery. Although it is preferable to have completely closed operative wounds prior to irradiation, some consideration must be given to initiating irradiation in the face of incompletely closed wounds when it is anticipated that healing time will be prolonged. In some patients, the wounds continue to heal during the course of irradiation, or will stabilize, and can be surgically managed after irradiation is completed or may spontaneously heal after treatment. Excessive delays in initiating appropriate cancer therapy may lead to recurrence prior to irradiation; such recurrences are rarely successfully salvaged. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 19: 194–199, 1997.
Dependence of stress on elastic constants in an anisotropic bimaterial under plane deformation; and the interfacial crack

Nondimensional parameters that are needed to describe the stress field in an anisotropic bimaterial with tractions prescribed on its boundary are investigated. Two real matrices, which play an important role in representing the stress field, are proposed. They are shown to be an extension of the Dundurs parameters to the anisotropic bimaterial. A general solution of the stress and displacement fields in an anisotropic bimaterial with a straight interface is also obtained by using the complex function theory. In particular, a complete solution for the stress and displacement fields in the vicinity of the tip of an interfacial crack, between two dissimilar anisotropic elastic media, is also derived.
A New Magneto-rheological Fluid Damper for High-mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV)

This study focuses on the design, development, and testing of a new magnetorheological fluid (MRF) damper for high-mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV). The new damper is designed to provide controllability while keeping the same geometrical dimensions as the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) damper. To design a fail-safe MRF damper, MRF behavior is simulated using the Bingham Plastic model, and the magnetic field distribution is obtained by a three-dimensional electromagnetic finite element analysis. A fail-safe MRF damper is referred to one which retains a minimum damping capacity comparable to that of OEM damper in the event of a power supply or electronic system failure. The proposed MRF damper is designed to achieve non-symmetrical force characteristics with different force responses at rebound and compression phases. Theoretical predictions and experimental results are presented for the force—displacement and force— velocity behaviors of the damper under different input motions, variou...
Variable data and linguistic convergence: Texts and contexts in Chipewyan

In the contemporary speech community of Fort Chipewyan, Alberta, there is evidence that the four languages, Chipewyan, Cree, French, and English, have converged to a considerable extent. Although at first this convergence appears to have developed since Fang-Kuei Li's 1928 work on Chipewyan in the same community, an examination of other sources which have been considered unreliable shows this convergence to have been stable for as long as ioo years. The view of Chipewyan as a discrete, historical variety, unaffected by convergence, is then shown to have been a joint product of the interaction between the linguist, Li, and his informant, Franqois Mandeville. (Linguistic convergence, linguistic change, fieldwork, ethnography of speaking, history of linguistics; Chipewyan (Athapaskan) of Fort Chipewyan, Alberta, Canada.)
Sarcoidosis during therapy with adalimumab in a Crohn's disease patient: a paradoxical effect.

Dear Sir, Induced sarcoidosis due to anti-TNF therapy is described in some patients with rheumathologic and skin conditions, but rarely in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).1 There are few reported Crohn's disease (CD) patients who developed sarcoidosis after biological therapy initiation.2 There is no report of any CD patient with sarcoidosis with adalimumab (ADA) therapy. We recently saw a 25 year-old female with ileocolic CD, diagnosed for 18 months. She first came to our unit after 8 months of medical therapy with ADA, azathioprine (AZA) and steroids, and presented with an abdominal abscess secondary to fistulizing abdominal …
Differential Subcellular Localization and Expression of ATP Sulfurylase and 5′-Adenylylsulfate Reductase during Ontogenesis of Arabidopsis Leaves Indicates That Cytosolic and Plastid Forms of ATP Sulfurylase May Have Specialized Functions

ATP sulfurylase and 5′-adenylylsulfate (APS) reductase catalyze two reactions in the sulfate assimilation pathway. Cell fractionation of Arabidopsis leaves revealed that ATP sulfurylase isoenzymes exist in the chloroplast and the cytosol, whereas APS reductase is localized exclusively in chloroplasts. During development of Arabidopsis plants the total activity of ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase declines by 3-fold in leaves. The decline in APS reductase can be attributed to a reduction of enzyme during aging of individual leaves, the highest activity occurring in the youngest leaves and the lowest in fully expanded leaves. By contrast, total ATP sulfurylase activity declines proportionally in all the leaves. The distinct behavior of ATP sulfurylase can be attributed to reciprocal expression of the chloroplast and cytosolic isoenzymes. The chloroplast form, representing the more abundant isoenzyme, declines in parallel with APS reductase during aging; however, the cytosolic form increases over the same period. In total, the results suggest that cytosolic ATP sulfurylase plays a specialized function that is probably unrelated to sulfate reduction. A plausible function could be in generating APS for sulfation reactions.
Health insurance and utilization in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

To examine the relationship between health insurance status and health services utilization among HIV-infected patients with activePneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), the discharge and outpatient databases of a large California medical facility were reviewed. Four hundred fifty records met the inclusion criteria. Logistic regression indicated that those who had publicly funded insurance were about half as likely (95% CI 0.28,0.99) as were those who had private insurance to undergo bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage at the time of their first PCP episodes. Further research is required to identify the reasons for this difference.
Cross-cultural considerations of therapist self-disclosure.

Much of the existing literature on psychotherapist self-disclosure has been with White or European American individuals. This article discusses cross-cultural considerations related to therapist self-disclosure. We present a clinical example of how therapist self-disclosure might play an important role with regard to working with people of color.
Synergistic effects on dopamine cell death in a Drosophila model of chronic toxin exposure

The neurodegenerative effects of Parkinson's disease (PD) are marked by a selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic exposure to the pesticide paraquat may increase the risk for PD and DA cell loss. However, combined exposure with additional fungicide(s) including maneb and/or ziram may be required for pathogenesis. To explore potential pathogenic mechanisms, we have developed a Drosophila model of chronic paraquat exposure. We find that while chronic paraquat exposure alone decreased organismal survival and motor function, combined chronic exposure to both paraquat and maneb was required for DA cell death in the fly. To initiate mechanistic studies of this interaction, we used additional genetic reagents to target the ubiquitin proteasome system, which has been implicated in some rare familial forms of PD and the toxic effects of ziram. Genetic inhibition of E1 ubiquitin ligase, but not the proteasome itself, increased DA cell death in combination with maneb but not paraquat. These studies establish a model for long-term exposure to multiple pesticides, and support the idea that pesticide interactions relevant to PD may involve inhibition of protein ubiquitination.
Remote displacement measurement using a passive interferometer with a fiber-optic link.

Remote displacement measurement is demonstrated using a Fabry-Perot cavity with a multimode optical fiber link. The sensing cavity modulates, as a function of its length, the spectrum of a light-emitting diode (LED). The light returns via the fiber and is analyzed by a tunable reference cavity. A closed-loop control causes the reference cavity to track the sensing cavity length within 2 x 10 to the -12th m. Displacement range is 2 x 10 to the -6th m. The reference cavity length is measured interferometrically, using a laser, to obtain the sensing cavity length. Advantages of this sensing technique include compatibility with multimode fiber-optic components, high immunity to optical losses, and large dynamic range.
Mechanism of sbcB--suppression of the recBC-deficiency in postreplication repair in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12

The mechanism by which an sbcB mutation suppresses the deficiency in postreplication repair shown by recB recC mutants of Escherichia coli was studied. The presence of an sbcB mutation in uvrA recB recC cells increased their resistance to UV radiation. This enhanced resistance was not due to a suppression of the minor deficiency in the repair of DNA daughter-strand gaps or to an inhibition of the production of DNA double-strand breaks in UV-irradiated uvrA recB recC cells; rather, the presence of an sbcB mutation, enabled uvrA recB recC cells to carry out the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. In the uvrA recB recC sbcB background, a mutation, at recF produced a huge sensitization to UV radiation, and it rendered cells deficient in the repair of both DNA daughter-strand gaps and DNA double-strand breaks. Thus, an additional sbcB mutation in uvrA recB recC cells restored their ability to perform the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, but the further addition of a recF mutation blocked this repair capacity.
The orbital ground state of the azide-substrate complex of human heme oxygenase is an indicator of distal H-bonding: implications for the enzyme mechanism.

The active site electronic structure of the azide complex of substrate-bound human heme oxygenase 1 (hHO) has been investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy to shed light on the orbital/spin ground state...
A Simple Roller-Mill Grinding Procedure for Plant and Soil Samples

Obtaining finely ground, homogeneous plant and soil samples for chemical analysis without cross contamination is a major concern when using direct combustion procedures for determination of total n...
Développement de l'oralité chez le nouveau-né prématuré

Resume Un grand nombre de prematures ont des difficultes pour passer de l'alimentation par voie enterale a celle par voie orale. Ceci retarde leur retour a domicile ainsi que le rapprochement mere-enfant. Ainsi, une comprehension du developpement des attributs infantiles necessaires pour l'oralite est essentielle. Il est bien reconnu a present qu'une succion mature, definie par l'alternance rythmique des composants succion et expression, n'est pas une condition suffisante pour une oralite sans risque. En effet, une coordination adequate de la succion, deglutition, et respiration en serait la condition requise si l'on veut que l'enfant se nourrisse par voie orale sans episodes de desaturation, apnee, bradycardie et/ou fausse route. Des etudes ont montre que certaines interventions pouvaient accelerer la progression de l'oralite chez le premature. Il reste a determiner si ces benefices peuvent etre generalises.
Evaluation of application timing and efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam and boscalid for control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut

Abstract Sclerotinia blight of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) is caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor. Management of Sclerotinia blight of peanut requires an integrated approach that includes rotation with non-hosts, resistant cultivars, cultural practices, and fungicides. Greenhouse experiments compared fluazinam and boscalid and investigated pre- and post-inoculation applications of fungicide or no fungicide to control infections by S. minor . Significant reductions in successful infections in the greenhouse occurred when fungicide was applied prior to, or up to 2 d after, inoculation, but not when applied 4 d after inoculation. Field experiments were conducted from 2004 to 2006 to investigate the comparative efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam and boscalid using alternating sequences of those fungicides or no fungicide for each of three sprays per season. In the field, applications of fungicide that preceded the largest incremental increase in disease incidence provided the best control of disease or increased yield. In both the field and greenhouse studies boscalid performed marginally better than fluazinam. Disease advisories or intensive scouting should be used to determine when epidemics initiate so that a fungicide can be applied prior to infection.
Supporting requirements reuse in multi-agent system product line design and evolution

A principal goal of agent-oriented software engineering (AOSE) is to provide the mechanisms for reusing, maintaining and allowing the evolution of agent-based software systems. Our AOSE methodology, Gaia-PL, enables the design and development of multi-agent system product lines (MAS-PL)1 by providing the software engineering processes to define and reuse requirements specifications and design artifacts. In this paper we extend our Gaia-PL methodology with automated tool support to enable the reuse and verification of MAS-PL requirements to better facilitate specification reuse during both initial system development and evolution. Specifically, we show how use of our product-line requirements management and verification tool along with feature modeling can support correct variation point selection, reuse and MAS-PL evolution. We illustrate and evaluate this work through an application to a proposed NASA agent-based pico-spacecraft swarm.
Exploring the natural foundations of religion.

A new cognitive approach to religion is bringing fresh insights to our understanding of how religious concepts are maintained, acquired and used to motivate and direct actions. This approach suggests that seemingly extraordinary thoughts and behaviours can be supported by quite ordinary cognition and may thus be termed ‘natural’. Simultaneously, this research is expanding the domain of concepts and causal reasoning in general. This review examines recent research into religious rituals, communication and transmission of religious knowledge, the development of god-concepts in children, and the origins and character of religious concepts in adults. Together, these studies consistently emphasize and support the notion that the cultural phenomena typically labeled as ‘religion’ may be understood as the product of aggregated ordinary cognition. The new cognitive science of religion should eventually provide a fuller account of the distinctive and apparently extraordinary properties of religion.
A sleeping epidemic among first-grade children: crisis intervention.

A crisis developed in a small, southern, rural community when several 6-year-old children mysteriously began falling asleep in a first-grade classroom of one of the schools. During this widely publicized crisis physicians, public health officials, education administrators, and psychologists were called in for consultation on the sleeping epidemic. The psychological factors involved and the treatment program for the situation are described. The role of the consultant in dealing with the community crisis is presented as an example of crisis intervention.
Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial

The most effective dietary pattern for breast cancer prevention has been greatly debated in recent years. Studies have examined hypocaloric diets, with particular emphasis on macronutrient composition, yielding inconclusive data. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of calorie-restricted low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets (LFD and LCD, respectively) on circulating adipokines among overweight and obese premenopausal women. Seventy-nine overweight and obese premenopausal women were randomized to either LFD or LCD, with increased physical activity, for 52 weeks. Serum adiponectin, leptin and the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio (A/L) were measured at baseline, and at weeks 34 and 52 to assess intervention effects. While there were no significant changes in serum adiponectin concentrations following the LCD and LFD interventions, leptin concentrations significantly decreased by week 34 of the intervention period (LCD: 35.3%, P = 0.004; LFD: 30.0%, P = 0.01), with no difference by intervention arm. At week 52, these reductions were statistically non-significant, indicating a return to baseline levels by the end of the intervention. While there were non-significant increases in the A/L ratio following the LCD and LFD intervention arms, the overall trend, across groups, was marginally significant (P = 0.05) with increases of 16.2% and 35.1% at weeks 34 and 52, respectively. These findings suggest that caloric-restricted LCD and LFD dietary patterns favorably modify leptin and possibly the A/L ratio, and lend support to the hypothesis that these interventions may be effective for obesity-related breast cancer prevention through their effects on biomarkers involved in metabolic pathways. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT01559194 .
TEXTURAL CHANGES IN CHOCOLATE CHARACTERIZED BY INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY TECHNIQUES

Cocoa butter has a distinct texture due to unique interactions of polymorphic lipid structures. Part of chocolate’s appeal is smooth mouthfeel; as fat or sugar bloom forms, textural change is perceived. Correlation of instrumental and sensory texture analysis has not been conducted in stored chocolate. The objective of this study was to analyze texture and color of dark and milk chocolate stored under conditions leading to fat and/or sugar bloom by instrumental and sensory measurements. Milk and dark chocolate was stored 5 weeks at various temperatures and relative humidity (RH), followed by instrumental and sensory texture analysis. All attributes, except springiness, were significantly affected by treatments. According to partial least squares linear regression, instrumental hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess modeled sensory hardness. The 30.0C incubator experienced temperature fluctuations, resulting in severe fat bloom. Temperature fluctuations during storage had more influence on texture perception than storage at high temperatures or high RH.
Occlusion of the Carotid Artery: Prognosis (Natural History) and the Possibilities of Surgical Revascularization

A retrospective study was made of a group of 44 patients with arteriosclerotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery trying to identify a group that might benefit from extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass. Eight of the 44 patients died of cerebral infarction. Seven of these deaths were due to the cerebral infarction that prompted the arteriogram and the only fatal infarct during the period of follow-up occurred in the opposite cerebral hemisphere. Four nonfatal strokes occurred during the follow-up period, and these also were in the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the carotid occlusion. We conclude that the role of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass is limited to the occasional patient who has recurrent symptoms due to vascular insufficiency in the cerebral hemisphere distal to an occluded carotid or middle cerebral artery. The main role of surgery appears to lie in the opening of the occluded carotid artery in selected patients with acute stroke and in the prophylactic repair of contralateral carotid stenosis.
Library-publisher experimentation and partnership in alternative models for journal content

After a challenge to librarians by a British journal publisher to consider an alternative “pay only for use” model for journal articles, an extended e-mail conversation took place with the head of collections in one American academic library. That discussion explored issues in the current journal publication system and led to adoption of the model on an experimental basis. In practice, the model shed light on issues, strengths, and weaknesses of alternative and pay-per-view distribution of journal content, as part of an overall collection development strategy.
Fiber-based combined optical coherence and multiphoton endomicroscopy

A fiber-based multimodal imaging system that combines multiphoton microscopy (MPM) with Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is reported. The system uses a fiber-based femtosecond laser, a fiber coupler, and a double-clad fiber (DCF) device. The fiber laser has a central wavelength of 1.04 μm and bandwidth of 29 nm. Longer excitation wavelength is used to increase penetration depth and increase the excitation efficiency for dyes, such as red fluorescent dyes. A single mode fiber coupler is used to replace the free-space beam splitter and one arm of the coupler is fused with a double-clad fiber device. The MPM and OCM share the same excitation light path in the core of a double-clad fiber, while the OCM and MPM signals were collected by the core and clad of the double-clad fiber, respectively. The performance of the introduced double-clad device is analyzed. The device can confine all the excitation light in the core and has a collection efficiency of 20% for the MPM signal. The efficiency can be further increased by fusing more multimode fibers with the DCF. Simultaneous optical coherence microscopic imaging, second harmonic generation imaging, and two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging are demonstrated in biological samples.
Physical Activity Patterns by Campus Housing Status Among African American Female College Students

Physical activity protects against heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and cancer. Fewer than 40% of African American women obtain recommended amounts of physical activity. Healthy Campus 2010 identifies physical activity as a top priority for improving the health of college students. However, during college, women tend to reduce their levels of physical activity. This study examines the relationship between campus housing and physical activity behaviors in a sample of African American female college students (N = 138). Participants who lived on campus were significantly more likely to meet the recommended amounts of both moderate and vigorous physical activity than students who lived off campus (44% vs. 19%). The results demonstrate the importance of campus fitness resources in explaining the role that the built environment can play in increased physical activity among this population. Recommendations for the use of the campus’s built environment and fitness resources are provided.
Page table management in local/remote architectures

We conjecture that a paged memory with page migration by the operating system may be an effective system environment for a local/remote shared memory architecture executing a single parallel computation. Implementing a paged memory in such an architecture raises several issues with respect to page table management. These issues include page table placement, page table replication level, and page table storage overhead. We discuss these issues, propose alternative solutions, and present an experimental evaluation of the solutions.The experiments were conducted using software implemented page tables on a 32-node BBN Butterfly. The experiments have investigated the case of a single shared-memory parallel computation with one user process per processor. The implementation captures the costs of page table entry locking and reference information updating. Each user process has a copy of the computation's code and non-shared variables in local memory. Only shared data references use the page tables. A separate processor has a migration daemon that periodically unblocks itself and examines the page tables to make policy decisions concerning page migration.The conclusions drawn include that: 1) a fully replicated page-indexed page table significantly reduces network, memory, and lock contention in comparison to a single copy, 2) a fully replicated page-indexed page table faces a severe memory utilization problem in large-scale architectures, 3) a proposed approach based on inverted page tables appears to be a promising alternative to a fully replicated page-indexed page table.
Gendered Activism: A Cross-national View on Gender Differences in Protest Activity

Despite an established tradition of comparative research that focuses on gender differences in the amount of protest, relatively little cross-national research examines gender differences in the ki...
Fibrinolytic Therapy in Intraventricular Hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE:To review the literature concerning intraventricular administration of fibrinolytic agents to treat patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).DATA SOURCES:An extensive literature search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Conference Proceedings) was conducted to identify articles in English published between 1966 and May 2000 pertaining to the pathophysiology of IVH and its treatment by intraventricular administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) or urokinase (u-PA). The bibliographies of selected identified articles were also screened for publications not found in the computerized search.STUDY SELECTION:All pertinent publications were reviewed and considered. Those describing the intraventricular administration of fibrinolytic agents to patients with IVH were included.DATA SYNTHESIS:IVH has a poor prognosis, partly due to the mass effect of blood clots on the ventricular walls. The cerebrospinal fluid has a limited fibrinolytic system. Therefore, clots may remain in the ventricle...
Software pattern communities: current practices and challenges

Software pattern designers and users have few resources available to support pattern-based development practices. Patterns are currently disseminated in disjoint collections in various publishing mediums with little or no technology support. As the number of patterns and diversity of pattern types continue to proliferate, pattern users and developers are faced with difficulties of understanding what patterns already exist and when, where, and how to use or reference them properly. This defeats the very purpose of patterns as a medium to encapsulate and disseminate recurring design experiences. In this paper, an initial study among a set of pattern collections is performed to better understand the difficulties related to improve pattern-based support for software development activities. Based on the empirical survey, challenges are identified that define impediments to the federation of software patterns into an interconnected body of knowledge. A Semantic Web ontology is presented as an initial attempt at solving some of these issues through the use of Web-based ontologies.
Binding of the G protein βγ subunit to multiple regions of G protein-gated inward-rectifying K+ channels

Abstract We have previously shown that direct binding of the βγ subunit of G protein (Gβγ) to both the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal domain of a cloned G protein-gated inward-rectifying K+ channel subunit, GIRK1, is important for channel activation. We have now further localized the Gβγ binding region in the N-terminal domain of GIRK1 to amino acids 34–86 and the Gβγ binding region in the C-terminal domain of GIRK1 to two separate fragments of amino acids 318–374 and amino acids 390–462. Of the four cloned mammalian GIRK subunits, GIRK1–4, GIRK1 and 4 form heteromeric K+ channels in the heart and similar channels in the brain include heteromultimers of GIRK1 and 2, and possibly other GIRK homomultimers and heteromultimers. We found that the N-terminal and the C-terminal domains of all four GIRKs bound Gβγ. The Gβγ binding activities for the C-terminal domains of GIRK2–4 were lower than that for the C-terminal domain of GIRK1. The higher Gβγ binding activity for the C-terminal domain of GIRK1 is due to amino acids 390–462 which are unique to GIRK1. We also found that the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of GIRKs interacted with each other, and the N-terminal domain of either GIRK1 or GIRK4 together with the C-terminal domain of GIRK1 exhibited much enhanced binding of Gβγ. These results are consistent with the idea that the N- and C-terminal domains of the cardiac G protein-gated K+ channel subunits may interact with each other to form higher affinity binding site(s) for Gβγ.
Threat Sensitivity, Incentive Sensitivity, and the Experience of Relief

Relief is a positively valenced affect that occurs when a threat is removed or avoided. Among dimensional theories, this experience is accounted for by appealing to one of two different self-regulatory systems. Some hold that an approach system is responsible for all types of positively valenced affect, including this one. Others hold that an avoidance system is responsible for this particular positive affect. Two studies are reported (total N=422) that examined this issue, using a method in which individual differences in overall threat sensitivity and incentive sensitivity were assessed and related to responses to relief-related hypothetical scenarios. Threat sensitivity was the strongest positive correlate of relief in both studies. Reward responsiveness also related positively (independently) to relief. Fun seeking related inversely to relief. Discussion centers on theoretical implications of the findings for viewing effects of threat sensitivity, and on relations between dimensional and appraisal-based views of affective experience.
Oral health maintenance of the institutionalized handicapped child

The oral hygiene of handicapped children was periodically measured to determine if there was an improvement after attendants were individually instructed on live models. The oral hygiene of handicapped institutionalized children at the University of Iowa was significantly improved after each attendant was individually instructed using the handicapped child as a model. This was found to be more effective than the group approach using a model of a dentition for demonstration.
Regulating a Formation of a Large Number of Vehicles

Various control algorithms have been developed for fleets of autonomous vehicles. Many of the successful control algorithms in practice are behavior-based control or nonlinear control algorithms, which makes analyzing their stability difficult. At the same time, many system theoretic approaches for controlling a fleet of vehicles have also been developed. These approaches usually use very simple vehicle models such as particles or point-mass systems and have only one coordinate system which allows stability to be proven. Since most of the practical vehicle models are six-degree-of-freedom systems defined relative to a body-fixed coordinate system, it is difficult to apply these algorithms in practice. In this paper, we consider a formation regulation problem as opposed to a formation control problem. In a formation control problem, convergence of a formation from random positions and orientations is considered, and it may need a scheme to integrate multiple moving coordinates. On the contrary, in a formation regulation problem, it is not necessary since small perturbations from the nominal condition, in which the vehicles are in formation, are considered. A common origin is also not necessary if the relative distance to neighbors or a leader is used for regulation. Under these circumstances, the system theoretic control algorithms are applicable to a formation regulation problem where the vehicle models have six degrees of freedom. We will use a realistic six-degree-of-freedom model and investigate stability of a fleet using results from decentralized control theory. We will show that the leader-follower control algorithm does not have any unstable fixed modes if the followers are able to measure distance to the leader. We also show that the leader-follower control algorithm has fixed modes at the origin, indicating that the formation is marginally stable, when the relative distance measurements are not available. Multi-vehicle simulations are performed using a hybrid leader-follower control algorithm where each vehicle is given a desired trajectory to follow and adjusts its velocity to maintain a prescribed distance to the leader. Each vehicle is modeled as a three-degree-of-freedom system to investigate the vehicle’s motion in a horizontal plane. The examples show efficacy of the analysis.
Endovascular Thrombolysis in the Management of Iliofemoral Thrombosis in Children: A Multi-Institutional Experience.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate technical feasibility, complications, and clinical outcomes of endovascular thrombolysis for iliofemoral thrombosis at two tertiary-care children's hospitals. Materials and Methods Institutional review board–approved retrospective review from March 2003 through June 2013 showed that venous thrombolysis for iliofemoral thrombosis was performed in 57 children (64 limbs) with a median age of 16.1 years (mean age, 14.5 y; range, 1.0–17.8 y). Techniques included catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT), percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT), and pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis (PCDT) with adjunctive angioplasty and/or stent placement. Villalta and modified Villalta scales were applied retrospectively to follow-up data to assess postthrombotic syndrome (PTS). Results Technical success (≥ 50% thrombolysis) rate was 93.7%: grade III (100%) in 19 limbs, grade II (50%–99%) in 41 limbs, and grade I ( Conclusions Endovascular thrombolysis is technically feasible and safe for iliofemoral thrombosis in children. Variable results were seen with two scales to assess PTS, suggesting an acute need for standardization of outcome measurement in children.
Nanoscale Pattern Definition on Nonplanar Surfaces Using Ion Beam Proximity Lithography and Conformal Plasma-Deposited Resist

Ion beam proximity lithography (IBL) is a technique where a broad beam of energetic light ions floods a stencil mask and transmitted beamlets transfer the mask pattern to resist on a substrate. With a depth-of-field up to 20000 times larger than the minimum feature size and the high-throughput potential of a parallel exposure tool, IBL is very attractive for prototyping and manufacturing nanoelectromechanical systems over the steep topography of micromachined silicon wafers. This paper reports a conformal resist coating process that unlocks this potential. This negative-tone resist, plasma-polymerized methyl methacry- late, has a sensitivity of 27 muC/cm2 and a contrast of 1.3 for 30-keV He+ ion exposures and amyl acetate developer. Sub-100-nm features have been printed down the sidewall and across a membrane at the bottom of a 500-mum-deep anisotropically etched pit in a silicon wafer. Pattern fidelity is near 2 nm for 10-nm features. Lines have also been formed on unpolished substrates, including rolled titanium foils and coarse-ground silicon wafers. Patterns on ground silicon have been etched into the surface using a nickel hard mask and SF6/O2 reactive ion etching.
Competition theory and the structure of ecological communities

We develop a theory of competition based on two mechanisms that we call the cost of rarity (Mechanism R) and the cost of commonness (Mechanism C). These reduce the rate of population increase only at high densities (asexual organisms) or both at high and low densities (sexual species). The theory predicts that, in certain circumstances, the number of coexisting species in any assemblage will be finite and that these species will differ in their utilization of resources (and in associated morphological traits) more than expected by chance. Specifically, it predicts such nonrandom assortment in assemblages of three or more (i.e. multispecies) sexual species, especially in those communities where a few species are numerically dominant, but not in two-species associations and not in asexual forms. Unlike other theories, however, ours does not predict any specific value of morphological ratio or limiting similarity.
The development of the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex Loew; Diptera: Agromyzidae) in temperate zones: a degree-day model.

BACKGROUND: The asparagus miner is a putative vector of Fusarium spp., which have been implicated in globally declining asparagus production. Growers currently apply broad-spectrum insecticides for the asparagus miner, but lack management guidelines for adequately controlling the pest. Our aims were (1) to determine the lower developmental threshold of the asparagus miner, (2) develop and validate a degree-day model describing its phenology, and (3) create a developmental time budget for the asparagus miner to help guide growers’ management decisions. RESULTS: We found that the lower developmental threshold for the asparagus miner was 12.1 ◦ C, and that the phenology of the asparagus miner could be reliably predicted over the course of a two-year study. Predictions from the model match well withpreviouslypublishedinformationonthebionomicsoftheasparagusminer,butfitbetterforsamplingdatacollectedfrom the midwestern and eastern United States than for the United Kingdom. The life cycle of the asparagus miner likely requires between 1500 and 2000 degree-days to complete; the longest developmental time requirement was for the pupal stagen CONCLUSION: This study provides tools for the targeted management of the asparagus miner by offering a degree-day model that may be used to predict its life stages in the north-eastern United States. c � 2013 Society of Chemical Industry Supportinginformationmaybefoundintheonlineversionofthisarticle.
Government and Market: A Critique of Professor James Buchanan’s ‘What Should Economics Do?’

For Professor James Buchanan, government is just one more player in the market, along with all others, such as consumers, landlords, farmers, etc. This view is subjected to sharp criticism by the present author, who makes the case that the government differs from all other participants in society in that it and it alone enjoys a legal monopoly over initiatory aggression against person and property. No individual presumes to take on the role accorded the state (e.g., to "tax" anyone, or prevent businesses from merging under threat of fine or jail); the government does this every day.
Repression of zygotic gene expression in the Xenopus germline

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) in Xenopus are specified through the inheritance of germ plasm. During gastrulation, PGCs remain totipotent while surrounding cells in the vegetal mass become committed to endoderm through the action of the vegetal localized maternal transcription factor VegT. We find that although PGCs contain maternal VegT RNA, they do not express its downstream targets at the mid-blastula transition (MBT). Transcriptional repression in PGCs correlates with the failure to phosphorylate serine 2 in the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). As serine 5 is phosphorylated, these results are consistent with a block after the initiation step but before the elongation step of RNAPII-based transcription. Repression of PGC gene expression occurs despite an apparently permissive chromatin environment. Phosphorylation of CTD-serine 2 and expression of zygotic mRNAs in PGCs are first detected at neurula, some 10 hours after MBT, indicating that transcription is significantly delayed in the germ cell lineage. Significantly, Oct-91, a POU subclass V transcription factor related to mammalian Oct3/4, is among the earliest zygotic transcripts detected in PGCs and is a likely mediator of pluripotency. Our findings suggest that PGCs are unable to respond to maternally inherited endoderm determinants because RNAPII activity is transiently blocked while these determinants are present. Our results in a vertebrate system further support the concept that one strategy used repeatedly during evolution for preserving the germline is RNAPII repression.
Structure of the transcriptional network controlling white‐opaque switching in Candida albicans

The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans can switch between two phenotypic cell types, termed 'white' and 'opaque'. Both cell types are heritable for many generations, and the switch between the two types occurs epigenetically, that is, without a change in the primary DNA sequence of the genome. Previous work identified six key transcriptional regulators important for white-opaque switching: Wor1, Wor2, Wor3, Czf1, Efg1, and Ahr1. In this work, we describe the structure of the transcriptional network that specifies the white and opaque cell types and governs the ability to switch between them. In particular, we use a combination of genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation, gene expression profiling, and microfluidics-based DNA binding experiments to determine the direct and indirect regulatory interactions that form the switch network. The six regulators are arranged together in a complex, interlocking network with many seemingly redundant and overlapping connections. We propose that the structure (or topology) of this network is responsible for the epigenetic maintenance of the white and opaque states, the switching between them, and the specialized properties of each state.
Dividing women: the framing of trafficking for sexual exploitation in magazines

Each year thousands of women are trafficked for sexual exploitation. To understand how the mass media represent trafficking, a qualitative framing analysis of magazines, published from 2000 through to 2010, was conducted. Results showed magazines presented complementary frames of victimization and benevolence. Magazine articles shed light on trafficking, which operates in society’s shadows and is far removed from many people’s lives, but articles reinforce hierarchies and divisions: between women and men; among women; and among “good” prostitutes who deserve help and “bad” prostitutes who do not. Articles imply that the problem of trafficking is one of individual vulnerability, which can be remedied by charitable efforts, and ignore the larger cultural, political, economic, and educational systems of sex discrimination. Traffickers and men who buy sex were largely absent from magazine stories, and focus on the sale of sexual services, rather than the purchase, emphasized women’s role in the trafficking pr...
Making Sense of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins.

Proteins form the molecular scaffolding of life and are essential to catalyzing the chemical reactions that sustain living systems. These characteristics have led us to think that proteins function only when folded into the right structure. The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information encoded in the DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA and then translated into a sequence of amino acids, which folds into a protein. The mechanisms that govern how a linear sequence of amino acids folds into the correct three-dimensional structure are still not well understood.