cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of Impurities in Germanium

A method is described for the study of diffusion of impurities in semiconductors; results are obtained by the observation of the $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junction formed as the diffusing impurity penetrates the specimen. Studies have been made upon germanium using this technique, and comparisons with the radioactive tracer method have shown the $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junction method to give valid results. Measurements on indium, gallium, aluminum, arsenic, boron, phosphorus, antimony, and zinc are described. The diffusion coefficients of these elements in germanium range, at 900\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. The activation energy for bulk diffusion in germanium is about 2.5 ev, or 57 000 cal/mole. Applications are given for the study of the $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junction method to the study of surface and grain-boundary diffusion. The method has also been applied to the study of new elements and their electrical activity in germanium. It is concluded that the rapidity with which results can be obtained by the junction method, and its applicability to elements not conveniently available in radioactive form make it a valuable adjunct to the radioactive tracer method for studying diffusion.
Weintrauboa, a new genus of pimoid spiders from Japan and adjacent islands, with comments on the monophyly and diagnosis of the family Pimoidae and the genus Pimoa (Araneoidea, Araneae)

The spider genus Weintrauboa new genus (Araneae, Pimoidae) is described to place two species of pimoids from Japan and adjacent islands that were formerly classified in the linyphiid genus Labulla. Weintrauboa contortipes (Karsch) new comb., the type species, and W. chikunii (Oi) new comb. are redescribed. Parsimony analysis of morphological characters provides robust support for the monophyly of the genus Weintrauboa and corroborates the monophyly of Pimoa, Pimoidae, and the clade Linyphiidae plus Pimoidae. New diagnoses for Pimoa and Pimoidae are provided. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 139, 261–281
Neutrons and Photons in Nondestructive Detection

Active, nondestructive interrogation with neutrons and photons has seen a renaissance in recent years, owing to a broad spectrum of important applications in security, nuclear nonproliferation, contraband detection and materials analysis. Active methods are of high interest for such applications because they provide at least an order of magnitude greater sensitivity than passive methods. Accelerator-based neutron and photon active methods exploit two important factors to attain greater sensitivity: these are (i) the control of interrogating beam properties such as directionality, energy, intensity, polarization and the temporal distribution of radiation; (ii) well-founded, low energy nuclear physics that yields distinct "signatures" for elemental and isotopic content. This review addresses accelerator-based neutron and photon nondestructive testing methods and issues when applied to modern and emerging wide-ranging challenges in nondestructive detection.
Heat energy and temperature concepts of adolescents, adults, and experts: Implications for curricular improvements

We conducted two studies of beliefs about laboratory and everyday thermal phenomena. The first study identified concepts of heat energy and temperature held by adolescents, adults, and scientists. We found a classic separation of “school” and “everyday” knowledge in each population. We conducted clinical interviews with 37 middle school students, 9 adults, and 8 chemists and physicists to obtain their predictions and explanations of real-world phenomena. Many students believed that metals “conduct,” “absorb,” “trap,” or “hold” cold better than other materials and that aluminum foil would be better than wool or cotton as a wrapping material to keep cold objects cold. Respondents in each group held many intuitive ideas that were well established. Although scientists made more accurate predictions than students and gave theoretical definitions of terms, they too had difficulty explaining everyday phenomena. The second study investigated the impact of a middle school science curriculum designed to help students understand everyday thermal events. We found marked improvements in posttest scores and clinical interview responses as a result of instruction that built on students' intuitions.
CKD stage-to-stage progression in native and transplant kidney disease

Background. Kidney half-life and inter-stage progression rates in native chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CKD-transplant (CKD-T) remain unknown. Methods. We examined stage-to-stage progression/ regression rates in patients with CKD (n ¼ 601) and CKD-T (n ¼ 431) between 1991 and 2001. Kidney function was estimated by Cockcroft–Gault and MDRD eGFR formulae. Kaplan–Meier analyses determined progression and regression half-lives, defined as the time required for 50% of kidneys to advance towards a higher or lower stage of CKD, respectively. Results. Most (67%) of the patients were in stage 3. Patients with native CKD were more likely to progress compared to CKD-T (inter-stage progression rates 12 vs 4 cases per 100 patient-years, P < 0.0001). Accordingly, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)-based progression half-lives were significantly shorter in CKD compared to CKD-T [6 vs 9.6 years, P < 0.0001, hazard ratio (HR) 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 2.5–3.7]. Creatinine clearance (CCR)based stage half-lives were 7.2 months shorter in each group (5.4 and 9 years in CKD and CKD-T, respectively). Despite slower progression rates in patients with transplant kidney disease, adjusted patient survival rates were significantly decreased in CKD-T compared to CKD. Only Scr and CCR-based formulae were significantly associated with patient and allograft outcomes in the CKD-T group. Moreover, death rates were not different in stage 3 compared to stage 2 CKD-T, suggesting that eGFR and the current staging classification have a limited value to predict patient death in this cohort. Conclusion. Kidney half-lives per stage of CKD may be a novel tool to examine disease progression.
The Development of Qualitative Health Research: Taking Stock

The purpose of this article, which was a keynote presentation at the Qualitative Health Research Conference (QHR 2000) in Banff, Canada, is to provide a historical perspective of qualitative research in nursing over the past 20 years. Van Gennep’s model of rites of passage is used as a heuristic. A discussion of the stages of stopping, waiting, transition, and entry is followed by speculation about the key characteristics necessary for qualitative research to be valued and valuable in the future.
Brief Rotating stall control for axial flow compressors

Rotating stall is a primary constraint for the performance of axial flow compressors. This paper establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for a feedback controller to locally stabilize the critical equilibrium of the uniform flow at the inception of rotating stall. The explicit condition obtained in this paper provides an effective synthesis tool for rotating stall control.
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1974

Abstract The 1974 hurricane season produced 96 “tropical systems,” of which 25 acquired the closed circulation of a depression. The origin of nearly half of these, 52, was over the continent of Africa. African seedlings initiated five of the seven named Atlantic storms, and disturbances of Atlantic origin spawned 12 of the 17 East Pacific named storms.
The Importance of Product/Service Quality for Frontline Marketing Employee Outcomes: The Moderating Effect of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)

Drawing from a social identity perspective of the organizational identification theory, we propose a model in which product and service quality serve as antecedents to frontline employee identification with the organization, which, in turn, is proposed to be positively related to job satisfaction, commitment, and customer orientation. The model also proposes leader-member exchange (LMX), which refers to the different types of relationships that leaders (i.e., supervisors) develop with each of their subordinates (i.e., employees), as a boundary condition for the associated outcomes. The model was tested using data collected from 265 employees of a business-to-business service industry firm. The overall model was supported. All hypotheses were supported, except for the moderating effects of LMX on the relationship between organizational identification and job satisfaction.
Abstract 469: Intra-vital FRET Imaging Reveals Basal α-adrenergic Dominated Tone in Mouse Femoral Conduit Arteries

Enhanced vascular tone is always observed and responsible for the blood pressure elevation in hypertension. The cellular mechanisms that control vascular tone in vivo, particularly in hypertension, however, are not known with certainty. Here, using intra-vital FRET imaging in smooth muscle-specific exogenous myosin light chain kinase biosensor mice, we aimed to study the mechanism(s) that control the basal tone in femoral conduit arteries under normal physiological conditions (Zhang et al., Am J Physiol 299: H946-56, 2010). Quantification of arterial [Ca 2+ ] i and diameter revealed that, in the basal state, femoral arteries exhibit 33 ± 3% tone (percentage of passive diameter, 400 ± 30 μm, obtained in Ca 2+ -free solution), [Ca 2+ ] i is 233 ± 18 nM. Acute ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium (30 mg/kg wt, i.p.) lowered [Ca 2+ ] i by 216 ± 23 nM, reduced the basal tone by 67 ± 12%, and decreased mean blood pressure by ∼60 mm Hg, suggesting a dominant autonomic/sympathetic control of the basal tone. To assess contribution of the major sympathetic neurotransmitters, noradrenaline (NE), ATP and neuropeptide Y (NPY), to the basal tone in vivo , respective agonists and antagonists were applied locally to segments of exposed arteries. Prazosin (0.01-3 μM), an α1 adrenoceptor blocker, dose-dependently decreased [Ca 2+ ] i and basal tone, without affecting blood pressure or heart rate. Yohimbine (0.1-1 μM), an α2 adrenoceptor blocker, reduced tone with negligible effect on [Ca 2+ ] i ( n = 4). These effects were abolished by chemical destruction of sympathetic nerves locally with hydroxydopamine (2 mM), indicating that the basal tone is maintained by neurotransmitters released from nerve terminals, but not activated by circulating neurotransmitter-like factors. Suramin (a purinergic receptor blocker), BIBO 3304 (a NPY receptor blocker), and losartan (angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker), had negligible effect on either [Ca 2+ ] i or diameter. Our results indicate that femoral arteries possess basal neurogenic tone, primarily α-adrenergic, under normal physiological condition. This basal tone observed in femoral arteries could be particularly useful for assessing sympathetic nerve activity in disease models, such as hypertension.
Study of Transport Through Low-Temperature GaAs Surface Insulator Layers

Since epilayers of GaAs grown at low substrate temperature (LTGaAs) and annealed at 600°C were first demonstrated to be an effective buffer layer for eliminating backgating effects, the material properties and electronic characteristics of bulk LTGaAs have been actively investigated. Less attention has been paid to thin layers of LTGaAs (∼2000A), although these have been shown to improve gate-to-drain breakdown characteristics when incorporated as the surface insulator layer in GaAs MISFET's. In bulk LTGaAs that has been annealed for 10 minutes at 600°C, the formation of arsenic precipitates with a density of 1018 cm-3 has been observed. These are considered to be at least partially responsible for the high resistivity of LTGaAs 2 . While the exact mechanism of precipitate formation is currently unknown, it would seem reasonable to expect the availability of the growth surface to have a significant effect on any defect redistribution during the anneal. This surface effect would become increasingly apparent as the LTGaAs layer thickness was decreased. It is desirable for MISFET applications that the LTGaAs gate insulator layer be as thin as possible, whilst maintaining high breakdown, in order to maximize device transconductance. To achieve this, it is important to understand how the observed bulk features (such as ∼60A size arsenic precipitates) are affected in thin LTGaAs layers
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Dislocations and Defects in Materials at Atomic Resolution Using Electron Tomography

1.Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. 2.National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. 3.Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. 4.Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
Why Research into Explosion Mechanisms of Flammable Cloud Is Still Necessary: Reducing Uncertainty Will Make Risk Assessment and Decision Making Stronger

Maintaining the process industry, including power plants, has become crucial to our way of life. The process industry, however, involves large quantities of hazardous substances that when spilt may...
"Hoping for Greatness": Exploring the Notion of "Novicity" in Communication Support Partnerships.

This research explores the stage of novicity in communicative partnerships between new facilitators and the individuals with disabilities who use supported typing as their primary method of communi...
Incorporating scaffolding and tutor context into Bayesian knowledge tracing to predict inquiry skill acquisition

In this paper, we incorporate scaffolding and change of tutor context within the Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) framework to track students’ developing inquiry skills. These skills are demonstrated as students experiment within interactive simulations for two science topics. Our aim is twofold. First, we desire to improve the models’ predictive performance by adding these factors. Second, we aim to interpret these extended models to reveal if our scaffolding approach is effective, and if inquiry skills transfer across the topics. We found that incorporating scaffolding yielded better predictions of individual students’ performance over the classic BKT model. By interpreting our models, we found that scaffolding appears to be effective at helping students acquire these skills, and that the skills transfer across topics.
Reducing stunting by improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition in regions such as South Asia: evidence, challenges and opportunities.

Meeting the high nutrient needs of pregnant and lactating women and their young children in regions such as South Asia is challenging because diets are dominated by staple foods with low nutrient density and poor mineral bioavailability. Gaps in nutritional adequacy in such populations probably date back to the agricultural revolution ~10 000 years ago. Options for improving diets during the first 1000 days include dietary diversification and increased intake of nutrient-rich foods, improved complementary feeding practices, micronutrient supplements and fortified foods or products specifically designed for these target groups. Evidence from intervention trials indicates that several of these strategies, both prenatal and post-natal, can have a positive impact on child growth, but results are mixed and a growth response is not always observed. Nutrition interventions, by themselves, may not result in the desired impact if the target population suffers from frequent infection, both clinical and subclinical. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying both prenatal and post-natal growth restriction. In the meantime, implementation and rigorous evaluation of integrated interventions that address the multiple causes of stunting is a high priority. These intervention packages should ideally include improved nutrition during both pregnancy and the post-natal period, prevention and control of prenatal and post-natal infection and subclinical conditions that restrict growth, care for women and children and stimulation of early child development. In regions such as South Asia, such strategies hold great promise for reducing stunting and enhancing human capital formation.
The effect of peer influence on the amount of physical activity performed in 8-12 year old boys

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of physical and sedentary activity normal-weight and at-risk-for/overweight boys perform when alone, with a peer of similar weight and with a peer of different weight. Participants included boys, ages 8–12 years, classified as either normal-weight (<85th BMI percentile; N = 12) or at-risk-for/overweight (<85th BMI percentile; N = 12). At-risk-for/overweight boys allocated a greater amount of time to sedentary activities and accumulated fewer accelerometer counts than normal-weight boys in the alone condition. Once paired with a peer of either similar or different weight there were no differences between groups. These results indicate the presence of an unknown peer has a positive effect on at-risk-for/overweight children’s physical activity behavior.
Perinatal attentional retraining intervention for smoking – A pilot study

Aims: Almost half of women who smoke prior to pregnancy achieveabstinenceduringpregnancy, butnearly50%relapsewithin 2 weeks of delivery. Despite considerable study, there are few strategies that effectively combat smoking relapse in this population. Thus, we tested a novel technique: the use of smart-phones to administer attentional retraining (AR) as an ecological momentary assessment intervention for relapse prevention in postpartum women. We hypothesized that relative to control, women randomized to AR would show less attentional bias (AB) toward smoking-related stimuli, and a decrease in craving. Methods:Women (N=11)were recruitedduringpregnancyand carried a smart-phone as they went about their daily lives for 1–2 weeks in the lastmonthofpregnancyand immediatelypostpartum. Participants were randomized to receive AR (N=6) or attentional control (N=5). The smartphone randomly alerted participants (4 times/day) to respond to questions assessing subjective states, followed by AR (or control) procedures utilizing a visual probe task. Outcomemeasures included attentional bias for smoking and craving. Results: Participants carried a smartphone for a mean of 20.2 days, completed 444 assessments (60.14% pregnancy; 39.86% postpartum) and 2.92 assessments per day. Craving increased from pregnancy (M=1.40, SD=1.23) to postpartum (M=2.28, SD=2.27); postpartum participants reported having smoked since the last assessment on 12.64% of assessments, and 8 women reported smoking at least 1 cigarette during the study. AB was more negative in theAR group (n=35 assessments,M=−52.6ms, SD=122) vs. controls (n=44 assessments, M=18.5ms, SD=146) (p<0.05, using a linear mixed model). Conclusions: Findings suggest that AR reduced AB to smoking cues and that women in the AR group attended away from smoking cues. This study demonstrates that AR can be administered on a mobile device, women experience craving postpartum, which is associated with AB, and AR can reduce AB to smoking cues in perinatal women. Financial support: This study was funded by NIDA, K12-DA000167.
Mass Youth Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa (2002-2015): An Assessment of the European Union Action Plan

Over the last decade, European governments and international organizations have increasingly turn attention on the deaths of thousands of young Sub-Saharan Africans undertaking perilous journeys to Europe to escape the scourges of poverty, conflict, and leadership and governance failure. The increasing alarm made the phenomenon a major international policy challenge for the European Union (EU) and its African partners. Policy makers, researchers, academics, and civil society organizations have also played an important role in raising awareness. This article provides an assessment of the European Union Action Plan on migration from Sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that European Union control mechanisms have failed to address poverty, conflict and state failure as the root causes of youth migration from Sub-Saharan Africa. To examine the exodus, the paper gives a background of migration trend in the first part. Second, it provides a conceptual analysis of migration, refugees, internal displacement and state failure. Third, the paper analyzes the triggers of migration. Fourth, the paper provides an assessment of the European Union regional wide anti-migration response mechanisms. Fifth, it provides policy recommendations in the context of an international security multidimensional developmental approach.
On Application of Accounting Data Analytics in the Accounting Curriculum

Data analytics are an important part of the accounting profession and accountants are more and more in need of data analytics skills. There is a debate as to where should be the focus of analytics in accounting curriculum. Our paper introduces a road map for the integration of accounting data analytics in the accounting curriculum. To integrate data analytics some emphasize mastery of certain tools and propriety data set, others suggest focusing on statistical tools and data crunching. Accounting data can be used to improve analytical thinking skills of students in various accounting courses. We encourage our students to ask “interesting” questions, then we use data and tools to answer them in class.This paper reports on some experiences of accounting professors using analytics in accounting courses. We utilized publicly available accounting data products/services in the classroom and developed a series of questions for students that require accounting data analytics. These questions are carefully designed to relate to the course subject matter, and require quick responses, given data services/tools available in class. Overall, the integration of accounting data analytics we offer seems to help students apply classroom learning to the real world, and therefore make learning more effective. Too often the focus on textbook materials could get boring without any “action” or live data analytics demonstration regarding the topic of interest. We can make accounting more interesting if students in the classroom can quickly analyze a scenario and come up with potential answers. We restrict our discussion to data services/tools that are freely available to academics. Finally, this paper is intended to primarily show the accounting faculty opportunities available to integrate accounting data analytics into selected accounting courses. As such it is not a classroom teaching case, thought examples are suitable for classroom use.
The Poetics of Dramatic Prose in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons

It wasn’t by accident that Turgenev and Flaubert were “pen pals.” For Turgenev, the germ of the story was never plot. It was the representation of certain persons. The individual was most important and Turgenev made a dossier for each of his characters. Turgenev’s story consists of the motions of a group of selected characters that are not the result of a preconceived action, but as a consequence of the qualities of the actors. But Turgenev, like Flaubert, was a master of organizational structure and before he began dealing with his characters he was very concerned in their environment and how that environment affected characters’ personalities and their behavior. This essay addresses both of those issues.
The art and science of Matrix preconditioning—a review

The objective of this paper is to present a brief review of a number of techniques for matrix preconditioning. Preconditioners are almost always needed when solving large problem by using the Method of Moments (MoM) [1], since the matrices associated with such problems are often ill-conditioned, and iterative techniques such as the Conjugate Gradient and GMRES algorithms either fail to converge at all or are very slowly converging [2–11]. While a wide variety of preconditioners have been proposed by researchers in Matrix Methods to address the problem of slow convergence of ill-conditioned matrices, a ‘magic bullet’ that is robust enough to handle all types of ill-conditioned matrices has yet to be found. Consequently, this field is currently very active as a quick literature search will readily reveal.
Serum sclerostin decreases following 12months of resistance- or jump-training in men with low bone mass.

Abstract Purpose We previously reported that 12 months of resistance training (RT, 2 ×/wk, N = 19) or jump training (JUMP, 3 ×/wk, N = 19) increased whole body and lumbar spine BMD and increased serum bone formation markers relative to resorption in physically active (≥ 4 h/wk) men (mean age: 44 ± 2 y; median: 44 y) with osteopenia of the hip or spine. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the effects of the RT or JUMP intervention on potential endocrine mediators of the exercise effects on bone, specifically IGF-I, PTH and sclerostin. Methods Fasting blood samples were collected after a 24-h period of no exercise at baseline and after 12 months of RT or JUMP. IGF-I, PTH and sclerostin were measured in serum by ELISA. The effects of RT or JUMP on IGF-I, PTH and sclerostin were evaluated using 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA (time, group). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the University of Missouri IRB. Results Sclerostin concentrations in serum significantly decreased and IGF-I significantly increased after 12 months of RT or JUMP; while PTH remained unchanged. Conclusion The beneficial effects of long-term, progressive-intensity RT or JUMP on BMD in moderately active men with low bone mass are associated with decreased sclerostin and increased IGF-I.
Formal Deadlock Analysis of SpecC Models Using Satisfiability Modulo Theories

For a system-on-chip design which may be composed of multiple processing elements running in parallel, improper execution order and communication assignment may lead to problematic consequences, and one of the consequences could be deadlock. In this paper, we propose an approach to abstracting SpecC-based system models for formal analysis using satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). Based on the language execution semantics, our approach abstracts the timing relations between the time intervals of the behaviors in the design. We then use a SMT solver to check if there are any conflicts among those timing relations. If a conflict is detected, our tool will read the unsatisfiable model generated by the SMT solver and report the cause of the conflict to the user. We demonstrate our approach on a JPEG encoder design model.
Autoimmune Cardiotoxicity of Cancer Immunotherapy

Contemporary immunotherapies (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors), which enhance the immune response to cancer cells, improve clinical outcomes in several malignancies. A recent study reported the cases of two patients with metastatic melanoma who developed fatal myocarditis during ipilimumab and nivolumab combination immunotherapy; these examples highlight the risk of unbridled activation of the immune system.
State of the world’s tourism statistics and what to do about it

Analogous to national economic statistics, national tourism statistics communicate the sizes of various tourism activities for individual countries. The World Tourism Organization annually compiles the national tourism statistics for most countries of the world. An analysis of the completeness of country reports discloses how extensive the Systems of Tourism Statistics (STS) are for 209 countries. Reporting countries are grouped into five tiers according to the extent of their STS. The study finds only 11% of countries fall in the most comprehensive STS tier, while 57% fall in the least extensive STS tiers. Logistic regression is employed to identify factors predicting tier membership and 2 among 12 are found to be significant predictor variables: Global Competitiveness and Political Freedom–Civil Liberties. This suggests which countries in higher tiers might assist tiers 4–5 countries in extending their STS. Additional recommendations for improving the extent of the world’s tourism statistics are presented.
The Hermit Kingdom versus the World: North Korea in the 2010 World Cup

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), better known as simply “North Korea,” is, without a doubt, one of the most secretive states in the world. Until recently, North Koreans had almost no access to information from the outside world, and likewise that outside world had relatively little knowledge of the domestic situation inside the DPRK. The state’s ongoing isolationism has led some modern observers to label North Korea “the Hermit Kingdom,” 1 a term used in reference to the entire Korean peninsula since the nineteenth century, when Western missionaries and would-be imperialists encountered stiff and sometimes violent resistance to outsiders. 2
Left Ventricular Unloading by Impella Device Versus Surgical Vent During Extracorporeal Life Support

Background Patients supported with extracorporeal life support (ECLS) can experience severe complications from increased left ventricular (LV) afterload. The Impella (Abiomed, Danvers, MA) percutaneous ventricular assist device (PVAD) may offer an attractive option for unloading the LV in these patients. This study describes the efficacy and outcomes of PVAD use during ECLS compared with surgically placed LV vent. Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed patients supported by ECLS with PVAD or surgical LV vent for cardiogenic shock between April 2010 and May 2016. Included were 23 patients with PVADs and 22 with surgical vents. Patients' baseline characteristics, hemodynamic data, and outcomes were collected immediately preceding combined support initiation, at 48 hours, intensive care unit discharge, and 30 days. Results After 48 hours, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure was significantly reduced in the PVAD (23.3 ± 8.4 vs 15.6 ± 4.2, p = 0.02) and surgical vent groups (20.1 ± 5.9 vs 15.6 ± 5.4, p = 0.01), and radiographic evidence of pulmonary edema was reduced or unchanged in 90% of PVAD patients and in 76% of surgical vent patients. The primary end points of survival to 30 days (43% vs 32%, p = 0.42) and intensive care unit discharge (35% vs 23%, p = 0.37) were not different between the two methods of support. The PVAD and surgical vent groups were also not significantly different in the rate of vascular complications or in the number decannulated from ECLS and transitioned to durable LV assist device. Conclusions PVAD use in ECLS patients is an effective means of LV unloading and preventing worsened pulmonary edema, with outcomes and complications that are comparable to surgical LV vent.
The Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence

As discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, the absorption and reemission of radiation in the atmosphere affect the signal level at the detector and also limit the sensitivity, in terms of the background power. In addition, aerosol and molecular scattering are particularly important background sources in the visible region of the spectrum, because of the sun’s radiation. Detailed data on absorption and scattering may be found in Wolfe (1965) and in the RCA Electro-Optics Handbook, hereinafter referred to as EOH (1974). We shall treat some of these effects in Chapter 11, but here shall consider another atmospheric property, turbulence, which has a profound effect upon heterodyne as well as incoherent-detection efficiency. The literature on turbulence is voluminous, and has recently been reviewed by Fante (1975). We shall here give a simple one-dimensional treatment based upon the work of Fried (1967a). In the first section, we find the limitation on effective aperture area in a heterodyne system and in the second, the minimum field of view allowed for an incoherent detector.
KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF THE TWO ELECTRON GATE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II: STUDIES OF THE COMPETITION BETWEEN PLASTOQUINONE AND INHIBITORS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses kinetics of the reaction of the two electron gate of photosystem II (PSII). Studies of the mechanism of the two-electron gate by which electrons are transferred form PS II to the plastoquinone (PQ) pool have shown that a number of inhibitors act by competing with PQ from the pool for a binding site at which it undergoes reduction by one electron. In a study discussed in the chapter, the titration curves were measured for inhibition by a series of alkyl HNQ homologues. In each case, a similar pattern of inhibition after one or two flashes was seen but inhibitory effectiveness increased with length of the alkyl chain. When values for I 50 were plotted on a logarithmic scale for a full range of alkyl chain lengths, the effectiveness of inhibition was proportional to chain length suggesting that partition into the lipid phase was an important parameter. The binding of UHNQ before the flash was assayed by observing the fraction of centers that showed an uninhibited rate of Q A – oxidation immediately after the flash.
Controlled electrospinning to produce polymer nanofibers with specified diameters

Rapidly growing needs for large-scale industrial production of polymer nanofibers produced by electrospining require better control on electrospinning. Essential electrical aspects of electrospinning are often ignored. Observations of electrical phenomenon and adjustments of experimental variables in an electrospinning process are needed to create a feedback system for controlled electrospinning. In this paper, conductivity of the polymer solution, together with concentration and surface tension of the polymer solution, were adjusted to conduct controlled electrospinning. Nanofibers of polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylidene fluoride were successfully electrospun, with specified diameters in the range from 100 nm to 400 nm.
Development and Validation of the Written Communication Assessment of the HEIghten® Outcomes Assessment Suite

Proficiency with written communication (WC) is critical for success in college and careers. As a result, institutions face a growing challenge to accurately evaluate their students' writing skills to obtain data that can support demands of accreditation, accountability, or curricular improvement. Many current standardized measures, however, lack the ability to balance authenticity (i.e., requiring students to produce a sample of writing) with psychometric quality. To this end, we discuss the development of a newly developed measure, the WC assessment of the HEIghten® outcomes assessment suite, and present pilot test results based on a sample of 985 test takers from 33 higher education institutions. Overall, we found that the measure includes well-functioning items (i.e., highly discriminating and lacking gender-differential item functioning), an essay task that can be reliably scored by combining human scores with scores provided by an automated algorithm, evidence to support reporting separate selected-response and essay scores to individuals and institutions, and adequate convergent validity evidence. Such results suggest that the HEIghten WC assessment demonstrates promise in providing institutions with a time- and cost-efficient measure of WC that may allow for actionable data to drive decision-making and improve teaching and student learning.
Review of policies to increase fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in 49 low- and middle-income countries.

Background Inadequate physical activity (PA) and consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) are known risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages the development of policies to increase PA and FV consumption. We reviewed available policies between 2004 and 2013 to increase FV consumption and PA from a convenience sample of 49 LMICs. Method Information on national policies were obtained from government ministries involved with the formulation of nutrition and PA policies, WHO databases and from PubMed and Scopus. Results Of the 49 countries, 57% had policies to increase FV consumption, and 76% had policies to promote PA. Policy reviews indicated strategies that focus on schools, communities, the general public, the environment, the economy, mass media and WHO recommendations. Of the 28 countries with FV policies, 18% had formulated policies that met the WHO recommendations for daily intake of FV. Likewise, of the 37 countries with PA policies, 24% had policies that promoted the WHO recommendations for daily PA. Conclusion Greater progress has been made in developing policies to increase PA compared to policies to increase FV consumption in low- and middle-income countries. However, most countries are still lagging behind in developing policies to meet the WHO recommendations.
Barriers to the Integration of Faith and Learning in Christian Graduate Training Programs in Psychology

Although significant strides have been made in developing graduate training programs in psychology with a distinctively Christian perspective, much remains to be done. In this paper, the author exa...
Comments on “Fuzzy-Model-Based Quantized Guaranteed Cost Control of Nonlinear Networked Systems”

This letter indicates that there exist some fatal errors in the work of R. Lu, H. Cheng, and J. Bai, “Fuzzy-model-based quantized guaranteed cost control of nonlinear networked systems,” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. , vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 567–575, Jun. 2015, that is, the main result (Theorem 2 ) and inequality (29) in this work are incorrect. Thus, the proposed approach to stabilizing nonlinear networked systems is vacuous.
3-D FDTD Modeling of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Magnetized Plasma Requiring Singular Updates to the Current Density Equation

A new finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm for electromagnetic wave propagation in magnetized plasma is proposed. This algorithm permits the use of two time step increments: one for Maxwell’s equations, ${\Delta t}$ , and the other for the current density equation derived from the Lorentz equation of motion, ${\Delta }{t}_{c}$ . A major advantage of this algorithm over previous approaches is that only a single update iteration is needed for the current density equation even when ${\Delta }{t}_{c} . This provides significant time savings that can make previously infeasibly long simulations now practical. The algorithm’s implementation is also relatively simple and it has relatively low memory requirements. The algorithm is validated against analytical results. A stability analysis is performed.
Negative coeffcient polynomial kernel density estimation for visualization

The N egative Co efficient P olynomial (NCoP) employs nonparametric K ernel D ensity E stimation (KDE) technique to post process images and to produce difference images and statistics that offer meaningful measures to determine the kernel function effectiveness in object extraction. In this paper, three NEW kernel functions of NCoP was developed (Hyperbolic Cosecant, Skewed Polynomial and Negative Polynomial kernel functions) to compare with commonly used kernel functions. Four experiments were designed to evaluate the KDE functions: 1) moving object 2) lighting change 3) moving background and 4) missing object. Results indicate that the polynomial functions yielded a 70% false detection rate compared to <5% for the other functions in the lighting change experiment. The Negative Polynomial outperformed all functions in the other experiments by averaging <3% false detection while achieving object extraction. Concluding, the Negative Polynomial produced better results for object extraction using KDE when the lighting was constant.
Binomial Regression in R

Abstract Binomial regression is used to assess the relationship between a binary response variable and other explanatory variables. Popular instances of binomial regression include examination of the etiology of adverse health states using a case–control study and development of prediction algorithms for assessing the risk of adverse health outcomes (e.g., risk of a heart attack). In R, a binomial regression model can be fit using the glm() function. In this chapter, we demonstrate the following aspects of binomial regression, with R code, using real data examples: • To highlight the main components of a binomial model fitting using the glm() function • How to evaluate the modeling assumptions in binomial regression? • How to relax the assumptions when they are violated? • How to fit binomial models for non-independent data? • How to develop and evaluate prediction models for binary response? The chapter is meant to be a quick, practical guide to binomial regression using R. We particularly envision the accompanying task view to be a useful resource on all topics closely related to binomial regression.
Taxonomic diversity and interactions of insect-associated ascomycetes

Many ascomycetes are associated with insects to form symbioses. The fungi are necrotrophic and biotrophic parasites, endosymbionts, insect-dispersed forms, and other obligate associates that provide nourishment for insects. Diversity among these fungi can be categorized in several different ways: taxonomic diversity, variety of interaction types occurring within a fungal lineage, and number of fungal species. Previously our inability to produce well supported phylogenetic hypotheses has obscured these views of diversity. Over the past 5 years our knowledge of insect-associated fungi has been improved by the use of DNA sequence analysis. Such studies have revealed that ascomycetes in almost all major clades are associated intimately with insects. Of particular interest has been the sorting out of relationships of taxa with convergent morphologies, unique characters, and lost characters, including those associated with sexual reproduction. Within some fungal groups the types of interactions with insects are diverse, and eventually phylogenetic analysis will help to trace the evolutionary development of symbioses. Molecular studies also contribute to our understanding of the number of species which may vary according to species concepts used in their study.
Positive and negative social influences and crime acceleration during the transition from childhood to adolescence: The interplay of risk and protective factors

Background Social influences are believed to play a vital role in delinquency development within the context of the child-to-adolescent transition. Aims It was hypothesised that (a) positive social influences would be at least as important as negative social influences in shaping later offending behaviour during the child-to-adolescent transition; (b) parental social influences would be more prominent during childhood, and sibling and peer social influences would be more prominent during adolescence; and (c) parents would have a more positive influence than siblings or peers. Methods Participants were 857 adult respondents (416 men, 441 women) from the 1942 and 1949 Racine birth cohorts. Most were White (87%), with 8% African Americans, and 5% Hispanics. Participants provided retrospective accounts of positive and negative social influences during childhood (ages 6-13) and offending both then and during adolescence (ages 14-18). These retrospective accounts, which were organised into positive and negative influence scales by the original researchers, were then subjected to multiple regression analyses. Results A range of positive and negative social influences, not confined to parenting, were associated with adolescent offending, after allowing for the effects of sex, race, education, family structure, and parental and peer criminality. Change was a predominant theme in these data; whereas parental and sibling influences peaked during childhood and were overwhelmingly positive, peer influences peaked during adolescence and were less preponderantly positive. Conclusions and implications These results support a risk model in which positive and negative social influences accumulate to determine a person's propensity for future offending. This propensity can be reduced by encouraging positive influences and discouraging negative ones during the child-to-adolescent transition.
Adaptation in Polluted Waters: Lessons from Killifish

The world is changing at a pace that has forced us to reevaluate the capabilities and rate of the evolutionary process. As industrial development continues to increase and as we improve analytical environmental chemistry methods, we have observed a growing number of contaminated environments. This increasing pressure from chronically released and persistent contaminants has amplified the importance of evolutionary toxicology. In this chapter, we aim to convey the principles of this relatively young field through a review of evolutionary adaptation in Atlantic and Gulf killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus and F. grandis). Killifish have been widely studied with regard to evolutionary toxicology and anthropogenic adaptation. In the past 20 years, researchers have identified multiple populations of both F. heteroclitus and F. grandis, which have adapted to resist high levels of various classes of industrial contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). Heritability of resistance has been confirmed, with offspring showing a similar capacity to resist the cardiovascular teratogenesis associated with early life stage exposures to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). As more populations have been discovered and studied, different aspects of the acquired resistance have been revealed, but also unique attributes of the independently adapted populations have been identified. Populations adapted to PAHs exhibit high resistance to many classes of contaminants, while populations adapted to PCB contamination are only partially resistant to PAHs. PAH-adapted populations of F. heteroclitus and PCB-adapted populations of F. grandis are more tolerant to oxidative stress, while PCB-adapted populations of F. heteroclitus are more sensitive. Even geographically close adapted populations in F. grandis differ in their levels of cross-resistance to pesticides. These are only some of the ways in which populations of Fundulus with phenotypically similar genetic adaptations create a much more varied and intricate story to be explored in evolutionary toxicology. Here we summarize considerations in the field of evolutionary toxicology through a case study of anthropogenic adaptation in Fundulus, including its environmental and evolutionary relevance.