cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parathyroid Hormone: A Dynamic Regulator of Bone, Immune, and Hematopoietic Cells

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an endocrine mediator circulating from the parathyroid gland to its primary target organs bone and kidney to regulate calcium homeostasis via the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor (PPR). The actions of PTH in bone have focused mainly on its role in stimulating osteoclastogenesis via indirectly targeting cells of the osteoclast lineage as well as its role in stimulating bone formation via increasing osteoblast numbers. Less well characterized but a vital part of PTH actions is its role in modulating other cells of the hematopoietic lineage in the bone marrow microenvironment. With the current pharmacologic use of the amino terminal PTH 1–34 analogue (teriparatide) in the management of osteoporosis, there is increasing interest to elucidate novel functions of PTH in the bone marrow microenvironment. In this review, current understanding of the interaction between PTH and hematopoietic lineage cells including osteoclasts, lymphocytes, and hematopoietic stem cells is summarized and the physiologic relevance and therapeutic potential of the immunomodulatory function of PTH in humans is discussed.
Disruption of GPR35 Exacerbates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice.

G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is an orphan receptor and is vastly expressed in immune cells and gastrointestinal cells, suggesting the potential physiological importance of GPR35 in these cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the lack of GPR35 expression in the colon mucosa exacerbates the severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice. Colitis was induced in GPR35 wild-type (GPR35+/+) and GPR35 knockout (GPR35−/−) mice through the administration of DSS in drinking water for 5 days followed by regular facility water for 1 day. Induction of colitis was evaluated by measuring relative body weight loss, clinical illness scores, and morphological changes in the colon. Abolition of Gpr35 gene expression in the colon mucosa of GPR35−/− mice was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Gene expressions of inflammatory and tissue remodeling cytokines were detected by qPCR. Human colorectal epithelial Caco cells were transfected with siRNA against GPR35 before treated with 1% DSS in vitro. Protein expressions were measured using Western blot. GPR35−/− mice receiving DSS showed a significantly worsened colitis disease with profound loss of body weight and a considerable amount of severe clinical illness compared to GPR35+/+ mice that received DSS. The histology of colon sections from GPR35−/− mice showed extensive pathological changes including submucosal edema, diffuse ulcerations, and evidence of complete loss of crypts compared to wild-type mice. The mean histopathological score was significantly higher in GPR35−/− mice as compared to GPR35+/+ mice. The qPCR data revealed significant expression of pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling cytokines in GPR35−/− colon mucosa, including IL-1β, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL2, HMGB1, TGFβ1, TGFβ3, MMP1/9/12. The protein expressions of Zonula occludens-1, E-cadherin, Claudin1 were decreased upon knocking down GPR35 with or without 1% DSS treatment. Our experimental data suggest that lack of GPR35 resulted in worsened disease outcome in DSS-induced experimental colitis, indicating that GPR35 could play a crucial role in protecting from colonic inflammation and serve as a therapeutic target.
Parks, Rhetoric and Environmental Education: Challenges and Opportunities for Enhancing Ecoliteracy.

Adult environment literacy in the USA remains disturbingly low, despite the urgency of environmental problems. In the face of federal attack on many of the gains made in the last half a century to protect and sustain natural resources and human health, increasing understanding of complex ecological processes and the human role in environmental change is crucial. Non-formal environmental education in the USA for adults is less regulated and less studied that environmental education for children. Preserves are the most common place in which adults encounter nature and may be exposed to new ideas about the environment. This study conducts a rhetorical analysis of education programs at local preserves in southwest Florida to determine approaches utilized in promoting environmental literacy. Using rhetorical criticism, we identify the dominant levels of environmental literacy targeted by the sample parks through an analysis of audiences and messages. We also identify opportunities and barriers to an increased role for preserves in providing education to the public that advances environmental literacy.
Bowel Obstructions in Bariatric Surgery Patients: How Are They Managed Differently from Other Surgical Patients?

Obesity is steadily increasing throughout the world with an increasing number of bariatric surgeries performed annually. The three most commonly performed procedures include adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Small bowel obstructions occurring in bariatric patients have a much higher rate of necessitating surgical intervention. Slippage of adjustable gastric bands leading to obstruction requires removal. Obstruction following sleeve gastrectomy requires endoscopic dilation or conversion to Roux-en-Y. Obstructions in the setting of Roux-en-Y require treatment of strictures and closure of mesenteric gaps preventing hernias following weight loss.
Fungal-Bacterial Networks in the Populus Rhizobiome Are Impacted by Soil Properties and Host Genotype.

Plant root-associated microbial symbionts comprise the plant rhizobiome. These microbes function in provisioning nutrients and water to their hosts, impacting plant health and disease. The plant microbiome is shaped by plant species, plant genotype, soil and environmental conditions, but the contribution of these variables are hard to disentangle from each other in natural systems. We used bioassay common garden experiments to decouple plant genotype and soil property impacts on fungal and bacterial community structure in the Populus rhizobiome. High throughput amplification and sequencing of 16S, ITS, 28S and 18S rDNA was accomplished through 454 pyrosequencing. Co-association patterns of fungal and bacterial taxa were assessed with 16S and ITS datasets. Community bipartite fungal-bacterial networks and PERMANOVA results attribute significant difference in fungal or bacterial communities to soil origin, soil chemical properties and plant genotype. Indicator species analysis identified a common set of root bacteria, as well as endophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Populus in different soils. However, no single taxon, or consortium of microbes, was indicative of a particular Populus genotype. Fungal-bacterial networks were over-represented in arbuscular mycorrhizal, endophytic, and ectomycorrhizal fungi, as well as bacteria belonging to the orders Rhizobiales, Chitinophagales, Cytophagales, and Burkholderiales. These results demonstrate the importance of soil and plant genotype on fungal-bacterial networks in the belowground plant microbiome.
Hearing differences in Hartley guinea pig stocks from two breeders

Abstract Across the world, dozens of outbred Hartley guinea pig stocks are used for auditory experiments. The genetic makeup of these different stocks will differ due to differences in breeding protocols, history and genetic drift. In fact, outbred breeding protocols are not intended to produce genetically identical animals, neither across breeders, nor across time. For this reason, it is unclear how reproducible experimental results are likely to be using animals from different stocks. We evaluated the consistency of cochlear function using both clicks and tones in Hartley guinea pigs as a function of breeder (Kuiper and Charles River) and sex using archival Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR) data and tissue from our own laboratory. Sound levels required to reach baseline threshold for click-induced ABRs were similar between male Charles River and male Kuiper guinea pig stocks. However, the median and average thresholds after exposure to high level noise were larger in the Kuiper population than in the Charles River population with corresponding threshold shifts higher in the Kuiper than in the Charles River animals. We evaluated the relationship between pure-tone thresholds and sex, age, breeder stock, left or right cochleas, weight and 5 test frequencies before and after noise exposure using a linear mixed statistical model. Across all frequencies, the effect of breeder on baseline threshold is statistically significant, with effect sizes most pronounced at the lower frequencies before exposure to noise. After noise exposure, the differences are minimal in the model, indicating that differences in threshold shift are chiefly due to differences in initial baseline hearing. However, a contingency calculation comparing response/no response at the highest speaker output at 32 kHz gave a statistically significant difference between the stocks: 28% of Kuiper cochleas responded to the highest output of the speaker as compared with 71.4% of Charles River cochleas, indicating that noise exposure induced a larger threshold shift in a greater proportion of Kuiper animals. Using our archival cochlear tissue from these studies, we confirmed the sex of each animal by PCR, then compared males and females of the Kuiper stock. Across all baseline frequencies, the effect of sex on threshold is statistically significant, with no noticeable difference after exposure. The effect sizes for baseline thresholds are most pronounced at lower frequencies. These data demonstrate that Hartley guinea pig stocks from different breeders are not uniform in their auditory characteristics, and that due to these differences, results and conclusions can differ among laboratories. Moreover, within a single stock, males and females can provide different data, confirming that male and female animals must be individually evaluated in any auditory protocol.
EVIDENCE FOR SPATIALLY COMPACT Lyα EMISSION IN z = 3.1 Lyα-EMITTING GALAXIES*

We present the results of a high spatial resolution study of the line emission in a sample of z = 3.1 Lyα-emitting galaxies (LAEs) in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South. Of the eight objects with coverage in our HST/WFPC2 narrowband imaging, two have clear detections and two are barely detected (~2 σ). The clear detections are within ~0.5 kpc of the centroid of the corresponding rest-UV continuum source, suggesting that the line-emitting gas and young stars in LAEs are spatially coincident. The brightest object exhibits extended emission with a half-light radius of ~1.5 kpc, but a stack of the remaining LAE surface brightness profiles is consistent with the WFPC2 point-spread function. This suggests that the Lyα emission in these objects originates from a compact (2 kpc) region and cannot be significantly more extended than the far-UV continuum emission (1 kpc). Comparing our WFPC2 photometry to previous ground-based measurements of their monochromatic fluxes, we find at 95% (99.7%) confidence that we cannot be missing more than 22% (32%) of the Lyα emission.
Contractual Complexity in Debt Agreements: The Case of EBITDA

We document significant variation in the contractual definition of EBITDA across syndicated loans and develop a permissiveness score based on the number of adjustments included in EBITDA definitions. We show that permissiveness is associated with tighter covenants but fewer violations. Market responses to covenant violations are more negative when permissiveness is higher. We also find that permissiveness is positively (negatively) related to accrual (cash flow) volatility, suggesting accruals may be less informative about borrowers’ underlying ability to meet their obligations. Our findings suggest that permissiveness in EBITDA definitions enhances the informativeness of covenant realizations by refining EBITDA to better reflect the borrower’s true financial condition.
Screening for HIV Infection and Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection.

J.S., a 29-year-old transgender woman, presents for her first maintenance visit with a new family physician. It has been three years since her previous visit with a primary care physician. She has no chronic illnesses, stopped using tobacco products four years ago, and reports that she has never used illicit substances.
The Civil Rights Act

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is comprehensive federal anti-discrimination legislation that applies based on race, color, religion, and national origin. This article focuses on the impacts of four main aspects of the Civil Rights Act: public education and employment opportunities directly included in its language, and the related benefits of housing and income opportunities. The article assesses the current state in these four areas in the United States, and evaluates what still needs to be done to achieve the goals of the Civil Rights Act.
Spiral Zipper Manipulator for Aerial Grasping and Manipulation

This paper presents a novel manipulator for aerial vehicles to perform grasping and manipulation tasks. The goal is to design a low-cost, relatively light but strong manipulator with a large workspace and compact storage space that can be mounted on an unmanned aerial system. A novel design solution based on the Spiral Zipper, an expanding tube, combined with tether actuators is presented. A model of the system is introduced and the control method and pose estimator are developed and tested with some experiments showing the reliable performance of the overall system. An experiment with a self-sealing suction cup gripper demonstrates manipulation while mounted on the aerial vehicle frame.
Developmental Delay and Disability among 0-6 Year Children in Rural and Urban Kashmir India

Background: every high risk child is most vulnerable to developmental delay, early detection of delay in this group and identification of associated prenatal, postnatal factors and there prevention can prevent disability in later life. Methods: An observational cross sectional study was conducted during the period of June 2017-Jan2018 in the clinical posting of department of physical therapy composite regional bemina Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India. As a group of 115 objects were taken for the study at randomly developmental screening was conducted by the special trained physiotherapists using standard tools like denver developmental screening tool II, Trivandrum developmental screening chart and amiel tison method of tone assessment. Associated prenatal and postnatal factors were identified, early intervention was initiated on those detected with developmental delay. Results: Developmental delay was detected 39.1% of the study population over all incidence of developmental delay differ significantly among the various age groups but maximum was detected in the age group of >24-36 months 22.2%, neonatal illness like sepsis pneumonia, meningitis and convulsions also show association with developmental delay of 45 with developmental delay 8 were preterm, 34 were LBW, with history of sepsis in 9, birth asphyxia in 8, severe jaundice in 6 , convulsions in 7 and meningitis in 4 Conclusion: Incidence of developmental delay was higher in >24-36v age group and in LBW Childs, prematurity and neonatal illness are major contributors most of Childs go undetected , and early intervention of the grass root level will down the incidence of developmental challenges and will decrease the burden of future disability in this vulnerable group.
Fleeing the Excremental Stain Through Acquisition: Getting to the Bottom of Black Suburban Splendor in Gloria Naylor’s Linden Hills

Like Ishmael Reed’s novel, Gloria Naylor’s Linden Hills, a modern-day revision of Dante’s Inferno, uses scatological satire to address the construction of race within the nation. Still, the text is less interested in showing the impact of sanitary and social engineering on black subjects than it is in presenting the ways in which black characters seek to move past excremental association through financial gain and acquisition of property, to achieve, in other words, the American dream of wealth and property ownership. Because African Americans in the novel are demarcated as excessive national bodies—the two main characters are named “White” and “Shit, for example—they experience a double alienation from the body; they must overcome not only the individual body’s movement toward excreta, but also national discourses that drench and inject black bodies with innate racial difference. To transcend constructions of blackness rooted in national fantasies of bodily differentiation, the novel shows how black suburban characters deny multiple bodily excesses in order to gain entrance into capitalist understanding and recognition of value or worth. In other words, characters cleanse themselves of excremental blackness, of white shit, by replacing bodily life with inanimate objects in the belief that the acquisition of property will erase or cover racial difference. In presentation of suburban subjects fleeing the excremental stain, the text refuses to celebrate monetary success epitomized by the collection of objects or homes in the African American suburb, but instead calls for the negation of such subjectivity dedicated to possession, which in the context of the novel is the replacement of full bodily life and human connectivity with inanimate objects. In the two main characters’ sojourn through the black suburb, White and Shit bemoan the sacrifice of bodily life and human intimacy as characters attempt to escape abject blackness through acquisition. Combining Brown’s and Freud’s insights into “filthy lucre” with Fanon’s work in Black Skin, White Masks, the chapter explores the ways in which Linden Hills presents the double alienation of the black subject from bodily life. Further, analysis of the novel shows how Naylor presents an alternative way of responding to racial demarcation as excess by reveling in what is believed to be useless by white, capitalist society: organic excess and worthless bodily pleasure.
Learning in LIDA

Abstract LIDA is a systems-level, biologically-inspired cognitive architecture. More than a decade of research on LIDA has seen much conceptual work on its learning mechanisms, and resulted in a set of conceptual commitments that constrain those mechanisms; perhaps the most essential of these constraints is the Conscious Learning Hypothesis from Global Workspace Theory, which asserts that all significant learning requires consciousness. Despite these successes, many conceptual challenges remain, and bridging the divide between LIDA’s conceptual model and its implementations has been challenging. The contributions of this paper are threefold: We present a detailed survey of learning in LIDA, during which we clarify, elaborate on, and synthesize together ideas from numerous papers, using updated terminology that reflects the continuing evolution of LIDA. We explore foundational issues in learning, such as, “What must be innate or built-in?” versus “What can be learned?”, the nature of LIDA’s representations, and the relationship between the LIDA conceptual model and its computational realizations. Finally, we provide a roadmap for future work. We believe that this paper will direct and catalyze our research endeavors, and provide a thorough introduction to the conceptual foundations of LIDA’s learning mechanisms that will be useful to anyone that would like a deeper understanding of LIDA or for those that plan to implement LIDA-based agents.
Characterization of US population levels of urinary methylcarbamoyl mercapturic acid, a metabolite of N,N -dimethylformamide and methyl isocyanate, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 and 2011–2016

Methylcarbamoyl mercapturic acid (MCAMA, N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine) is a urinary metabolite of N,N-dimethylformamide and methyl isocyanate, which are volatile organic compounds that are harmful to humans. N,N-dimethylformamide exposure causes liver damage, and methyl isocyanate inhalation damages the lining of the respiratory tract, which can increase risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. This study characterizes urinary MCAMA levels in the US population and explores associations of MCAMA concentrations with select demographic and environmental factors. We used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure MCAMA in urine collected from study participants ≥ 12 years old (N = 8272) as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006 and 2011–2016. We produced multiple regression models with MCAMA concentrations as the dependent variable and sex, age, fasting time, race/ethnicity, diet, and cigarette smoking as independent variables. Cigarette smokers and nonsmokers had median urinary MCAMA concentrations of 517 μg/g creatinine and 127 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Sample-weighted multiple regression analysis showed that MCAMA was positively associated with serum cotinine (p 0.015–≤ 10 ng/mL and 0 cigarettes smoked per day) was associated with 20% higher MCAMA (p 20 cigarettes per day was associated with 416% higher MCAMA (p < 0.0001). These findings underscore the strong association of tobacco smoke exposure with urinary MCAMA biomarker levels.
Dealing with Complications and Avoiding Medicolegal Issues

It is not enough to be an excellent clinician and surgeon. In our current medical environment, knowledge about documentation, electronic health records, informed consent, and medicolegal issues is also required. Optimizing communication with patients, family members, nurses, and office staff is critical to maintain a healthy workplace environment and minimize risks. This chapter focuses on tips to prevent patient complications and avoid medicolegal issues.
Dual inhibition of MEK1/2 and MEK5 suppresses the EMT/migration axis in triple-negative breast cancer through FRA-1 regulation.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents a clinical challenge due to the aggressive nature of the disease and a lack of targeted therapies. Constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been linked to chemoresistance and metastatic progression through distinct mechanisms, including activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) when cells adopt a motile and invasive phenotype through loss of epithelial markers (CDH1), and acquisition of mesenchymal markers (VIM, CDH2). Although MAPK/ERK1/2 kinase inhibitors (MEKi) are useful antitumor agents in a clinical setting, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MEK1,2 dual inhibitors cobimetinib and trametinib, there are limitations to their clinical utility, primarily adaptation of the BRAF pathway and ocular toxicities. The MEK5 (HGNC: MAP2K5) pathway has important roles in metastatic progression of various cancer types, including those of the prostate, colon, bone and breast, and elevated levels of ERK5 expression in breast carcinomas are linked to a worse prognoses in TNBC patients. The purpose of this study is to explore MEK5 regulation of the EMT axis and to evaluate a novel pan-MEK inhibitor on clinically aggressive TNBC cells. Our results show a distinction between the MEK1/2 and MEK5 cascades in maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype, suggesting that the MEK5 pathway may be necessary and sufficient in EMT regulation while MEK1/2 signaling further sustains the mesenchymal state of TNBC cells. Furthermore, additive effects on MET induction are evident through the inhibition of both MEK1/2 and MEK5. Taken together, these data demonstrate the need for a better understanding of the individual roles of MEK1/2 and MEK5 signaling in breast cancer and provide a rationale for the combined targeting of these pathways to circumvent compensatory signaling and subsequent therapeutic resistance.
Non-contact terahertz spectroscopic measurement of the intraocular pressure through corneal hydration mapping

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) results in endothelial layer damage that can induce corneal hydration perturbations. We investigated the potential of terahertz spectroscopy in measuring the IOP levels through mapping corneal water content. We controlled the IOP levels in ex vivo rabbit and porcine eye samples while monitoring the change in corneal hydration using a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) scanner. Our results showed a statistically significant increase in the THz reflectivity between 0.4 and 0.6 THz corresponding to the increase in the IOP. Endothelial layer damage was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the corneal biopsy samples. Our empirical results indicate that the THz-TDS can be used to track IOP levels through the changes in corneal hydration.
UBA1 and DNMT3A Mutations in VEXAS Syndrome. A Case Report and Literature Review

VEXAS syndrome is a recently described X-linked autoinflammatory condition associated with somatic mutation of the UBA1 gene. It often coexists with MDS which can occur due to DNMT3A mutation. These patients, predominantly males, present after the fifth decade of life with unique systemic inflammatory clinical features and have hematological abnormalities and vacuolated precursor cells on bone marrow pathology. Here we describe a unique case of VEXAS syndrome in a patient harboring DNMT3A gene mutation with coexisting UBA1 mutation with a review of literature.
Trouble in paradise? Europe in the 21st century

Trouble in Paradise? Europe in the 21st Century, Steven Philip Kramer and Irene Kyriakopoulos (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996), pp. 77, ISBN 9780788131691
An Electromyographic Study of the Push-Up for Women

Abstract The problem of this study was to examine, through electromyography, the muscular activity required to perform four types of push-up exercises and to determine the existence of patterns of muscular contractions among them. It involved the triceps brachii, deltoid, pectoralis major, trapezius, serratus anterior, rectus abdominis, and external oblique, and was limited to the full, bench, and knee push-ups, and the full let-down. Surface electrodes were used throughout. Ten women who were able to perform 10 or more full push-ups (Group I) and 10 who could perform no more than five knee push-ups (Group II) performed the full, bench, and knee push-ups, or the knee push-up and let-down respectively. The anterior deltoid followed by the triceps brachii, trapezius, and clavicular portion of the pectoralis major were most involved in the push-up exercises. A similar pattern of muscular involvement existed among the push-ups, with the subjects in Group II consistently showing greater muscular activity durin...
Harmonic sluicing: Which remnant/correlate pairs work and why

In this paper, I claim that two generalizations about sluicing in the recent literature are epiphenomenal, emerging from the interaction of independent properties of sluicing and answerhood. The primary focus is on the generalization in Dayal & Schwarzschild 2010, dubbed Antecedent-Correlate Harmony. The empirical pattern is shown to follow from how the semantics of Wh-phrases and correlates interact with Barker’s (in press) Answer Ban generalization, where the antecedent cannot be an answer to the sluiced question. In the latter part of the paper, I shift focus from ACH to the Answer Ban and show how the Answer Ban fills a previously unnoticed gap in Romero’s (1998) empirical coverage of inheritance of content effects in sluicing. The Answer Ban is, in turn, shown to follow straightforwardly from the recent semantic condition on sluicing proposed in AnderBois 2011.
Using School-based Intramurals as Early Field Experiences for Physical Education Teacher Education Majors

One way teacher education experts suggest to enhance the clinical teaching components of their programs is through the inclusion of multiple early field experiences for preservice teachers. This article describes how a clinical focus within school-based intramurals can provide unique field experiences for preservice teachers that will help them develop into effective physical education teachers.
The Photodissociation of Interstellar CH

Three new excited states of CH + which can be reached by a dipole transition from the ground state with photon energies less than 13.6 eV have been obtained from accurate theoretical calculations. As these states are unbound with respect to nuclear motion, photon absorption into them results in dissociation of the molecule. Photodissociation cross sections have been calculated, and the CH + photodissociation rates in the interstellar radiation field as a function of optical depth have been determined. The rates are approximately 500 times larger than previously assumed. We have compared these new photodissociation rates with the rates of other CH + destruction mechanisms in three different models of the interstellar medium. Photodissociation appears to be a significant destruction mechanism in any model requiring large interstellar radiation fields.
Timing of POLST Form Completion by Cause of Death

Abstract Context The physician orders for life-sustaining treatment (POLST) paradigm allows health care professionals to document the treatment preferences of patients with advanced illness or frailty as portable and actionable medical orders. National standards encourage offering POLST orders to patients for whom clinicians would not be surprised if they died in the next year. Objectives To determine the influence of cause of death on the timing of POLST form completion and on changes to POLST orders as death approaches. Methods This was a cohort study of 18,285 Oregon POLST Registry decedents who died in 2010–2011 matched to Oregon death certificates. Results The median interval between POLST completion and death was 6.4 weeks. Those dying of cancer had forms completed nearer death (median 5.1 weeks) than those with organ failure (10.6 weeks) or dementia (14.5 weeks; P Conclusion More than half of POLST forms were completed in the final two months of life. Cause of death influenced when POLST forms were completed. POLST forms changed in the two years preceding death, more frequently recording fewer life-sustaining treatment orders than the earlier form(s).
Postnatal development of acetylcholinesterase in the caudate-putamen nucleus and substantia nigra of rats

The postnatal development of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and NADH-diaphorase was examined in the caudate-putamen nucleus and substantia nigra of rats ranging from 3 to 90 days in age. From 3 to 15 days post partum islands of AChE and NADH-diaphorase activity were observed in the caudate-putamen nucleus. Individual neuronal somata could also be seen in AChE-stained sections up to 15 days. At later ages neuropil staining became increasingly dense, and this presumably accounted for the infrequent visualization of cell bodies in the brains of older animals. During development AChE appeared in the caudate-putamen nucleus in a lateral to medial topographic order; analogously, enzyme staining in the neostriatum reappeared in the same lateral to medial topographic order in adult rats following irreversible AChE inhibition by intramuscularly injected bis-(1-methylethyl)phosphorofluoridate (di-isopropylfluorophosphate: DFP). Furthermore, DFP treatment in mature animals revealed the presence of AChE in striatal neurons having morphologies similar to those observed in newborn rats. A similar time-course of postnatal AChE development was observed in the substantia nigra. In both the pars compacta and pars reticulata individual cell bodies, which were visible at early ages (3-10 days), became increasingly obscured at later times after birth by extra-somata staining. Between the 6th and 15th postnatal days AChE-containing fibers were seen projecting apparently from pars compacta into pars reticulata. Comparison of the present results with histochemical data of other investigators on the postnatal development of monoamines indicated the likelihood of cholinergicmonoaminergic interactions in the neostriatum and substantia nigra.
Relaxation and neuromuscular tension control and changes in motor performance under induced tension.

Silmmary.-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of specific instructions in relaxation and neuromuscular tension control on changes in the performance of a motor test under stress. The motor test was throwing darts at a specific target for speed and accuracy. Stress was induced by a verbal threat of failure. GSR, respiration rate, and EMG recordings were obtained from each S on initial and final tests. The verbal threat produced stress in all Ss (P = .01). Ss in the exercise control group had a significantly lower respiration rate than the other Ss. The experimental treaunent given to the relaxation group did not have a significant influence in reducing neuromuscular tensions during the performance of the motor test.
Ubiquitylation, phosphorylation and Orc2 modulate the subcellular location of Orc1 and prevent it from inducing apoptosis

Previous studies have suggested that the activity of the mammalian origin recognition complex (ORC) is regulated by cell-cycle-dependent changes in its Orc1 subunit. Here, we show that Orc1 modifications such as mono-ubiquitylation and hyperphosphorylation that occur normally during S and G2-M phases, respectively, can cause Orc1 to accumulate in the cytoplasm. This would suppress reassembly of pre-replication complexes until mitosis is complete. In the absence of these modifications, transient expression of Orc1 rapidly induced p53-independent apoptosis, and Orc1 accumulated perinuclearly rather than uniformly throughout the nucleus. This behavior mimicked the increased concentration and perinuclear accumulation of endogenous Orc1 in apoptotic cells that arise spontaneously in proliferating cell cultures. Remarkably, expression of Orc1 in the presence of an equivalent amount of Orc2, the only ORC subunit that did not induce apoptosis, prevented induction of apoptosis and restored uniform nuclear localization of Orc1. This would promote assembly of ORC-chromatin sites, such as occurs during the transition from M to G1 phase. These results provide direct evidence in support of the regulatory role proposed for Orc1, and suggest that aberrant DNA replication during mammalian development could result in apoptosis through the appearance of `unmodified9 Orc1.
Detection of Intestinal Cancer by Local, Topical Application of a Quenched Fluorescence Probe for Cysteine Cathepsins

Early detection of colonic polyps can prevent up to 90% of colorectal cancer deaths. Conventional colonoscopy readily detects the majority of premalignant lesions, which exhibit raised morphology. However, lesions that are flat and depressed are often undetected using this method. Therefore, there is a need for molecular-based contrast agents to improve detection rates over conventional colonoscopy. We evaluated a quenched fluorescent activity-based probe (qABP; BMV109) that targets multiple cysteine cathepsins that are overexpressed in intestinal dysplasia in a genetic model of spontaneous intestinal polyp formation and in a chemically induced model of colorectal carcinoma. We found that the qABP selectively targets cysteine cathepsins, resulting in high sensitivity and specificity for intestinal tumors in mice and humans. Additionally, the qABP can be administered by either intravenous injection or by local delivery to the colon, making it a highly valuable tool for improved detection of colorectal lesions using fluorescence-guided colonoscopy.
Women's Fear of Victimization: Shadow of Sexual Assault?

This article considers the thesis that sexual assault may operate as a master offense among women, heightening their fear of other victimizations. Measures of fear and perceived risk of victimization from a national survey of adults are used to examine the shadow hypothesis across nine separate offenses. Fear of sexual assault substantially increases the explained variance in fear of personal crime, eliminating or reversing the gender difference. Fear of sexual assault also influences fear of property offenses, but its effect is smaller than for personal crimes. The results show that women are more afraid of all victimizations, but this is principally due to their perceived risk of such offenses and their fear of rape in everyday life
Forensic nursing: An emerging competency for contemporary practice

Abstract Forensic nursing is an emerging specialty field of practice for nurses. Nurses have been challenged to share responsibility with the legal system to augment the resources available to patients with liability-related injuries, crime victims, and perpetrators or suspects in police custody. These challenges have prompted collaboration between faculty from nursing and law enforcement technology criminal justice to develop an introductory forensic nursing course utilizing an interdisciplinary teaching approach. Health care and the law often become enmeshed during the critical moments when patient care supersedes the concern for social justice. This interdisciplinary course was designed to increase awareness and practical application of principles of forensic science in the professional nurse. This article describes an interdisciplinary collaboration focusing on student and faculty perceptions of utilizing an interdisciplinary approach for teaching introductory forensic nursing principles.
Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the sand crab families Albuneidae and Blepharipodidae (Crustacea: Anomura: Hippoidea)

Many unrelated crustaceans sharing a suite of convergent specialisations for a sand-burrowing existence have been placed in the anomuran family Albuneidae at one time or another. Although most of these non-albuneids have long since been reassigned to other families, recent molecular and morphological evidence has suggested a further split within the family between the Albuneidae (sensu stricto) and the Blepharipodidae. We used 173 morphological characters to test phylogenetic hypotheses about the monophyly of the Albuneidae and Blepharipodidae, as well as their constituent genera. We included 61 known species of albuneids and blepharipodids (including eight fossil species) and six outgroup species in five anomuran families. Analyses confirm that the Albuneidae and the Blepharipodidae are separate and monophyletic taxa that have convergently evolved similar adaptations to sand burrowing. Zygopa Holthuis, 1961 and Squillalbunea Boyko, 2002 are sister-taxa to the rest of the Albuneidae; all other Recent genera of albuneids are well supported and form two clades at the subfamily level. An Indo-Pacific origin for the Albuneidae is proposed and various scenarios regarding possible routes of dispersal are discussed.
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function of gold-plated sandpaper.

Gold-plated sandpaper was investigated for use as a Lambertian standard reference reflector for the IR spectrum. Various grit sizes from 3 to 400 microm and material types (i.e., silicon carbide and aluminum oxide) were studied. The different gold-plated sandpaper grit sizes were measured in the same way using three laser wavelengths (0.6328, 3.39, and 10.6 microm) at five angles of incidence of the source (0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 degrees ). All the scattering measurements were performed in the plane of incidence. The best choices of sandpaper grit sizes were 9-microm A1(2)O(3) for 0.6328- and 3.39-microm radiation and 600 grit by Armak Co. for 10.6-microm radiation. These choices were compared with other commonly used reflectors such as magnesium oxide, halon, sintered bronze, and flowers of sulfur. An attempt was made to correlate surface roughness (size of grit) to the degree of approximation to a good Lambertian reflector, but it was found that grit size is not as important as the filling factor, or density of particles, over a given area. It was found that fairly good approximations to Lambertian behavior result when the angle of incidence is small but not when the angle of incidence is as large as 60 degrees .
Remote Pollution Probing by Laser-Induced Luminescence Techniques

The general problem of remote detection for laser stimulated luminescent systems is considered. A simple optical model is employed to calculate the maximum practical range of detection for several such luminescent systems. Some experimental verification of the model is included. Consideration is also given to the practicality of using such a system for the remote detection of casual oil spills. The results of this study indicate that laser-induced fluorescence is a practical technique for the remote detection of pollutants. The ranges calculated from the simplified model are, in general, greater than those reported in the literature, but appear to be realizable.
Adaptive subband transforms in time-frequency excisers for DSSS communications systems

A smart time-frequency exciser for DS-SS communications is proposed in this correspondence. This technique utilizes the concept of uncertainty in time-frequency analysis of signals. It brings the novel concept of domain switchable signal processing. Hence, the adaptive time-frequency (ATF) exciser has the capability of deciding the domain of the interference cancellation. Additionally, adaptive subband transforms are utilized for frequency domain excision. For time-domain excision, the ATF excision algorithm utilizes a sliding time window to reject the nonstationary, pulsed (time-localized) interference. It is shown that the proposed adaptive time-frequency exciser-based DS-SS communications receiver drastically outperforms the existing systems. Its performance is nearly optimal and very robust to the inter and intradomain variations of the undesired signal.
Multilayer electromechanical composites with controlled piezelectric coefficient distribution

We have fabricated multilayer electromechanical composites with controlled piezoelectric coefficient distributions using tape casting. Tapes of doped lead zirconate titanate were cut and stacked in accordance with their characteristic electromechanical coupling values and modulus of elasticity. This technique is an extremely versatile method to fabricate displacement actuators to fabricate monolithic ceramic parts with controlled material property gradients. To obtain a quantifiable method to optimize this type of transducer, we have devised a processing model. Given the functional distribution of the electromechanical coupling coefficient, d31, and the functional distribution of elastic modulus through the thickness of the transducer, the analysis predicts the displacement as a function of loading. The tape casting method coupled with the model provides an actuator that maximizes displacement and generated force for the given material properties.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Decays of heavy pseudoscalar mesons

The decays of pseudoscalar mesons containing heavy $t$ or $b$ quarks is discussed. In particular, we show that $t$ or $b$ production by neutrinos should not lead to any substantial increase in the observed dimuon rate above threshold.
Responses of DCN-PVCN neurons and auditory nerve fibers in unanesthetized decerebrate cats to AM and pure tones: analysis with autocorrelation/power-spectrum.

Abstract We investigated amplitude-modulated (AM) tone encoding behavior of dorsal and posteroventral cochlear-nucleus (DCN and PVCN) neurons and auditory nerve (AN) fibers in decerebrate unanesthetized cats. Some of the modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were narrowly-tuned band-pass functions; these included responses at moderate and high stimulus levels of DCN pause/build-type-III neurons and the following types of DCN and PVCN chopper neurons: chop-S and/or chop-type-I/III. Other MTFs were broad low-pass or complex functions. Chop-T neurons of the DCN and PVCN tended to exhibit low-pass or flat MTFs. The band-pass MTF neurons exhibited intrinsic oscillations (IOs) in responses to AM or pure tones. The IOs, which were detected in autocorrelation functions and power spectra, were closely correlated (r = 0.863) with the best envelope frequency (BEF). All of the AN fibers showed broad low-pass MTFs with some showing a rudimentary peak in the MTF. The MTFs of DCN-PVCN neurons and AN fibers showed, respectively: (1) BEFs ranging 50–500 Hz, and 400–1300 Hz; (2) upper cut-off frequencies ranging 200–1200 Hz, and 1600–3200 Hz. At stimulus levels of 60–85 dB SPL, maximum modulation gains were as high as 12 dB for DCN-PVCN neurons but were limited to below about 0 dB for AN fibers. The median dynamic ranges of DCN and PVCN neurons (51 and 42 dB, respectively) were substantially wider than those of the low and high spontaneous rate AN fibers (30 and 31 dB, respectively). The observation of higher modulation gain, wider dynamic range, and more narrowly-tuned MTF of DCN-PVCN neurons than AN fibers supports the concept that the capabilities to encode dynamic signals are enhanced in DCN-PVCN neurons compared with AN fibers.
SYPHILITIC MYOCARDITIS IN THE RABBIT.

In the course of routine postmortem examinations of rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum , six cases of pronounced granulomatous myocarditis were encountered. Treponemata were not demonstrated in the lesions, but the clinical history, and the gross and microscopic appearance of the lesions seemed to warrant a diagnosis of syphilitic myocarditis. The lesions measured 1.0 cm. or more in diameter and histologically were practically identical with those described by Warthin in cases of syphilitic myocarditis in man. These are the first cases of syphilitic myocarditis or of visceral syphilis in the rabbit that have been reported.
On a property of the set of radiation patterns

Abstract Consider the exterior boundary value problem (▽2 + K2) u = 0, in Ω, k >0. u¦ Γ = h , where Γ is a smooth closed connected surface in R 3, u ~ exp (ik ¦x¦)¦x¦ −1 ∝(k, n) as ¦X¦→ ∞, n = x¦x¦ −1 , ∝ is called the radiation pattern. We prove that when h runs through any dense set in L2(Γ) the corresponding radiation pattern ∝(k,n) runs through a dense set in L2(S2) for any k >0, where S2 is the unit sphere in R 3.
Concentrations of Airborne PCBs Over Lake Michigan

Abstsract Air samples were collected on Lake Michigan and analyzed for polycholorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations of PCBs in air from two urban areas (Milwaukee and Madison, Wisconsin) were also measured for comparison purposes. Values of PCB concentrations (filterable + nonfilterable) in air over Lake Michigan exhibited both a lower average (1.0 ng/m 3 ) and a narrower range (0.63 - 1.46 ng/m 3 ) than those from the urban areas (∼5 ng/m 3 and 0.8 - 8.07 ng/m 3 , respectively). The average ratio of filterable to nonfilterable airborne PCBs, thought to be a reasonable indication of particulate vapor phase partitioning, was about 1:11 for the three sampling locations. The PCB vapor composition at the three sampling areas was predominantly Aroclor 1242. Particulate PCBs over Lake Michigan were enriched in Aroclor 1242 when compared to those collected in Milwaukee and Madison.
Conversion of [(tBuCH2)2TaN]5 to Cubic TaN: Related Syntheses, EHMO Calculations, and MAS and Spin Echo 15N NMR Spectroscopies

The conversion of pentamer [(tBuCH2)2TaN]5 (2) and ammonia to cubic TaN0.8 (5) proceeds via precipitate 1/n[TaC1.41H3.90N1.90]n (3) and amorphous TaN (4). Precursors other than (tBuCH2)3TaCHtBu (1)...