cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitric oxide synthase: aspects concerning structure and catalysis.

Michael A. Marletta Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy and Department of Biological Chemistry School of Medicine The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 46109-l 065 The rapid development of our understanding of the biologi- cal actions of nitric oxide (NO) has, to a large degree, been paralleled by our understanding of the enzyme responsi- ble for the synthesis of NO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The relatively fast pace of advance in NOS enzymology is primarily due to the fact that structure/function questions have crossed over several well-established enzymatic problems. As will be outlined below, NOS is a complex enzyme involving several tightly bound redox cofactors that are apparently organized into discrete domains that can be associated with a particular activity. First, the en- zyme has significant homology to NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase and has been shown to contain a cyto- chrome P-450-type heme and to carry out P-450 chemistry in the formation of NO. What then is the relationship of NOS to the large class of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes? Second, constitutive NOS isoforms require Ca*+ and cal- modulin (CaM) while inducible NOS (INOS) shows no re- quirement, although these isoforms apparently have CaM as a tightly bound subunit. What is the nature of this im- portant difference in the recognition and binding of CaM? NOS also has a tightly associated reduced pterin that is very important for an enzyme activity whose function is still not known. Third, the product of the reaction, NO, typically is a strong heme ligand. How is it that the enzyme escapes self-inactivation during turnover? These ques- tions shall be the main the focus of this review. General Characteristics of the Reaction The reaction catalyzed by NOS is illustrated in Figure 1. As shown, the reaction requires molecular oxygen (02) and reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH (Marletta, 1993). Except for some minor structural modifications, all NOS isoforms specifically utilize L-arginine as the sub- strate. The products of the reaction are NO and citrulline (presumed to be the L-isomer). It is assumed, given the monooxygenase-like activity of NOS and the heavy iso- tope labeling studies, that H20 is the ultimate fate of the other oxygen atom. The initial NOS cDNA isolated was that of the neuronal isoform from rat cerebellum, where sequence analysis showed a significant homology of NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase to the C-terminal sequence of this NOS isoform (Bredt et al., 1991). All clones isolated subsequently have demonstrated the same homology. Given that the normal function of this reductase is to supply reducing equivalents to cytochrome P-450, it has been assumed that this domain in NOS serves the same function. The findings that NOS also con-
Development of a Standardized Tool for Intergenerational Programming: The Intergenerational Observation Scale

ABSTRACT Innovative intergenerational programs continue to grow in number and scope. The development of standardized evaluation instruments, however, lags behind, leaving many researchers and practitioners without tools to effectively assess their programs. Evaluation data often focus on outcomes without attention to the nature of the interactions between generations. Understanding the process of intergenerational contact is central to understanding its outcomes. We developed the Intergenerational Observation Scale to assess the social interactions and affect of young and old participants during intergenerational activities. Our three-step observer training process demonstrated good scale reliability. We present the process of developing the scale, achieving observer reliability, and next steps to continue exploring the scale's utility across intergenerational populations and settings.
Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in swine. Part I: Lung homogenate in healthy pigs and pigs challenged intratracheally with lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli

The objective of the study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in lung tissue homogenate (LT) and plasma from healthy and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged pigs. Clinically healthy pigs were allocated to two dosing groups of 36 animals each (group 1 and 2). All animals were treated with tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg). Animals in group 2 were also challenged intratracheally with LPS from Escherichia coli (LPS-Ec) 3 h prior to tulathromycin administration. Blood and LT samples were collected from all animals during 17-day post-tulathromycin administration. For LT, one sample from the middle (ML) and caudal lobes (CL) was taken. The concentration of tulathromycin was significantly lower in the ML after the intratracheal administration of LPS-E. coli (P < 0.02). In healthy pigs and LPS-challenged animals, the distribution of the drug into the lungs was rapid and persisted at high levels for 17-day postadministration. The distribution of the drug within the lung seems to be homogenous, at least between the middle and caudal lobes within dosing groups. The concentration versus time profile of the drug and pharmacokinetic parameters in two different lung areas (middle and caudal lobe) were consistent within the groups. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.
Sealed-Off Hg 198 Atomic-Beam Light Source

A sealed-off atomic-beam light source which utilizes the single isotope Hg198 is described. The emitted 2537 A line was investigated interferometrically with Fabry-Perot interferometers. Interferograms are shown for retardations of 0.4, 1.53, and 2.04 m with order numbers 1.6, 6.0, and 8.1 million, respectively. For each retardation, the theoretical contour of the observed fringes is shown. Theoretically predicted fringe contours are shown for retardations up to 6 m, the approximate limit of interference. It is concluded from the interferograms that the Hg198 2537 A line has a half-width of 0.0016 cm−1, as compared to 0.012 cm−1 for the Kr86 6056 A line proposed as the new primary standard of length. Owing to the small half-width and the extremely low level of pertubation in the atomic beam, this Hg198 line would be suitable for the primary standard of length.
Dragma hippomanicum X: Astragali (Leguminosae) nevadenses novi criticive, singulo peruviano adjecto

One new species,Astragalus tiehmii, and two new varieties,A. convallarius var.margaretae andA. oophorus var.lavinii, are described from Nevada; the relationships of each are discussed and the first is illustrated. Two new combinations,A. eurylobus (Barneby) Barneby andA. serenoi var.shockleyi (M. E. Jones) Barneby are proposed and defended. A new species,A. bryogenes, is described from high Andean Peru (Junin).
Detached-Eddy Simulations of Vortex Breakdown over a 70-Degree Delta Wing

An understanding of the vortical structures that comprise the vortical flowfield around slender bodies is essential for the development of highly maneuverable and high angle-of-attack flight. This is primarily due to the physical limits this phenomenon imposes on aircraft and missiles at extreme flight conditions. Demands for more maneuverable air vehicles have pushed the limits of current computational fluid dynamics methods in the high Reynolds number regime. Simulation methods must be able to accurately describe the unsteady, vortical flowfields associated with fighter aircraft at Reynolds numbers more representative of full-scale vehicles. One of the goals of this paper is to demonstrate the ability of detached-eddy simulation, a hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier―Stokes large-eddy simulation method, to accurately predict the vortical flowfield over a slender delta wing at Reynolds numbers above 1 × 10 6 . Although detached-eddy simulation successfully predicted the location of the vortex breakdown phenomenon in previous work, the goal of the current effort is to further validate the method with additional experimental data from the Office National d'Etudes et Recherches Aerospatiales, such as surface pressures and turbulent kinetic energy in the vortex core. The effect of grid density and an adaptive mesh refinement technique is also assessed through comparisons with the experiment. Detailed wind-tunnel geometry, such as tunnel walls and the sting mount system, are simulated and found to make a measurable difference. Finally, modeling the laminar-to-turbulent transition is demonstrated to have a significant effect on the vortical flowfield.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in the rabbit choroid plexus: its possible function in fatty acid metabolism and transport.

The purpose of the present study was to measure the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in the lateral and fourth ventricular choroid plexus (LVCP, FVCP) as an example of an enzyme committed to mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation. The CPT activity measured with both assays determines total CPT activity, that is, the activity of both CPT-A (outer form) and CPT-B (inner form). CPT-assay 1 (forward reaction) activity was 893.3 +/- 44.5 mU/g and 803.3 +/- 71.3 mU/g (mean +/- S.E.M.) in LVCP and FVCP, respectively. CPT-assay 2 (backward reaction) activity was 3673.7 +/- 92.4 and 3417.0 +/- 277.1 mU/g in LVCP and FVCP, respectively. These data demonstrate that CPT activity is present in the rabbit choroid plexus, and that the activity is somewhat higher per gram wet weight of tissue than the activity observed in the skeletal muscle (CPT-assay 1 = 514.4 +/- 159, CPT-assay 2 = 2492 +/- 576 mU/g). CPT activity has been exclusively localized to the mitochondria of the liver, heart, kidney and the skeletal muscles. Our present study further demonstrates that the choroid plexus is another organ in which high activity of CPT exists.
Ground water transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in the presence of dissolved organic matter.

The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in soil columns were investigated. Three compounds (naphthalene, phenanthrene and DDT) that spanned three orders of magnitude in water solubility were used. Instead of humic matter, molecularly well-defined DOM represented by Triton X-100, a nonionic industrial detergent, and bovine serum albumin protein were used. In batch isotherm studies, the sorption of naphthalene to both model DOMs appeared to be hydrophobic in nature and quantitatively similar to the binding to humic materials. Equations were derived to model the enhanced transport of organic compounds by DOM based on octanol/water partition coefficients, Kow. For a specific soil and DOM level, it was shown theoretically and experimentally that all organic compounds with Kow values above a specific value should move at the same rate in ground water. In some situations, DOM can increase the movement of highly hydrophobic compounds, such as DDT, by a factor of a thousand or more. This enhanced transport in the presence of DOM can either be a problem, as with ground water contaminant spreading, or a benefit, as with contaminated aquifer cleanup.
Identification of sources of atmospheric PM at the Pittsburgh Supersite, Part I: Single particle analysis and filter-based positive matrix factorization

Abstract During the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS), July 2001–September 2002, three co-located instruments analyzed the composition of ambient particulate matter (PM): (1) A single particle mass spectrometer, RSMS-3, was deployed to obtain high-temporal-resolution measurements of single particle size (>1.1 μm) and composition which were correlated with meteorological data to identify sources; (2) PM2.5 and PM10 were collected on cellulose filters using high-volume (hi-vol) samplers, followed by microwave-assisted digestion and analysis by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify possible source categories; and (3) a micro-orifice uniform-deposit impactor (MOUDI) obtained size-distributed samples of PM. Several days of MOUDI filters were selected for microwave-assisted digestion and analysis by ICP–MS. In this paper, sources identified using the single particle data were compared to the PMF results for the hi-vol/ICP–MS data. The strengths of each method were combined to hypothesize the most likely sources of various elements in ambient PM in Pittsburgh. In the final results, Mo and Cr are attributed to local specialty steel facilities; Fe, Mn, Zn, and K are attributed to a steel mill SE of the monitoring station; internally mixed Pb-containing particles are attributed to a major source to the NW; and Ga is attributed to coal combustion sources to the NW. There is a notable lack of oil combustion sources. The MOUDI data were used to resolve discrepancies between the single particle and hi-vol/ICP–MS data concerning the detection of Ti and Se. The hi-vol data showed appreciable Ti and Se masses, but RSMS-3 was unable to detect significant numbers of Ti-containing particles because of their large size, while we hypothesize that the volatility of Se caused it to be distributed more evenly over all emitted particles such that the amount of Se in any individual particle is below the limit of detection.
Structure, Luminescence, and Vapochromism of Bridged Cationic Copper(I) Dimers and Polymers

The dimeric complex of Cu(I) [Cu2(PPh3)4(MeCN)2(Bpy)](BF4)2 (1a, Bpy = 4,4′-dipyridyl) self-assembles in CH2Cl2 or acetone and shows intense photoluminescence (excitation λmax = 356 nm, emission λmax = 486 nm, ϕ = 0.47). The MeCN ligands are readily removed from 1a, producing [Cu2(PPh3)4(Bpy)](BF4)2 (1b) and altering the photophysical behavior (excitation λmax = 336 nm, emission λmax = 568 nm, ϕ = 0.07). The desolvated compound 1b reversibly absorbs many vapor phase nucleophiles, as revealed by thermogravimetry. Intense luminescence emission is restored for 1b/Nu, Nu = MeCN (1a), acetone, tetrahydrothiophene (THT), and Et2S. Films of 1b are produced when CH2Cl2 solutions of 1a are cast onto glass. The films also react with Nu vapor, again producing intense emission. The pyrazine-bridged dimer [Cu2(PPh3)4(MeCN)2(Pyz)](BF4)2 (2a) is produced in CH2Cl2, while [Cu2(PPh3)4(MeCN)(acetone)(Pyz)](BF4)2∙½[Cu2(PPh3)4(MeCN)2(Pyz)](BF4)2 (2b) is formed in acetone. The crystal structure of the polymer {[Cu(PPh3)2(Bpy)](BF4)∙acetone} n (3) is reported, as is the mixed polymer/dimer structure {[Cu(PPh3)2(Pyz)](BF4)} n ∙½n[Cu2(PPh3)4(BF4)2(Pyz)] (4b) in which the dimer units show Cu–FBF3 coordination. The Pyz dimer and the Pyz and Bpy polymers show much weaker luminescence behavior than that of Bpy dimers 1a and the related 1b/Nu adducts. Nucleophile adduct structures [Cu2(PPh3)4(THT)2(Bpy)](BF4)2∙½ethyl ether (5) and [Cu2(PPh3)4(Py)2(Bpy)](BF4)2∙CH2Cl2 (6) confirmed the coordination of one Nu per Cu to 1b.
Urinalysis is an inadequate screen for rhabdomyolysis.

Abstract Study Objectives Hematuria by urine dipstick with absent red blood cells (RBCs) on microscopy is indicative of rhabdomyolysis. We determined the sensitivity of this classic urinalysis (UA) finding in the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Methods We conducted a retrospective electronic medical record review of patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis with a creatine phosphokinase (CPK) greater than 1000 IU/L and a UA within the first 24 hours. Data were collected using a standardized data form, and a blinded panel of 3 emergency medicine physicians reviewed selected cases. Sensitivity and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for detection of rhabdomyolysis by UA. Results During the study period, 1796 patients were diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis, of whom 228 met inclusion criteria. The mean peak CPK was 27 509 IU/L. One hundred ninety-five (86%) had a urine dip-positive for blood. However, only 94 patients (41%) had a positive urine dip and negative microscopic hematuria, resulting in a sensitivity of 41% (95% CI, 35%-47%). In a subset of 66 patients (29%) with more severe rhabdomyolysis (initial CPK, ≥ 10 000 IU/L; mean CPK, 53 365 IU/L), UA had a sensitivity of 55% (95% CI, 43%-67%). Broadening the definition of negative microscopy from 0 to 3 RBCs to less than 10 RBCs only increased the sensitivity to 79% (95% CI, 73%-83%). Conclusions The combination of a positive urine dip for blood and negative microscopy is an insensitive test for rhabdomyolysis, and the absence of this finding should not be used to exclude the diagnosis.
Diverticular bleeding: An appraisal based on stigmata of recent hemorrhage

Diverticulosis of the colon is often diagnosed as the bleeding site in patients who are hospitalized with severe hematochezia and anemia. In the past, indirect evidence, such as the presence of diverticula on barium enema or elective colonoscopy, was used to make a diagnosis and plan therapy. Surgery was considered definitive management. Various investigators are now recommending a change in this approach because of reports of the success of thoroughly cleansing the colon of blood and clots, the safety and efficacy of urgent colonoscopy, the recognition of incidental diverticulosis, and finding of stignata of diverticular hemorrhage. Also, there are reports that the outcomes of definitive diverticular hemorrhage are significantly improved by endoscopic treatment, compared with medical-surgical therapy, for active bleeding or nonbleeding visible vessels or adherent clots. Furthermore, long-term medical therapy of patients with definitive diverticular hemorrhage (after endoscopic hemostasis) and presumed diverticular hemorrhage appears to prevent most recurrences of colonic diverticular hemorrhage. In other words, surgery to prevent an inevitable recurrence of diverticulosis is not required. A standardized approach to patients with severe hematochezia and colonic diverticulosis is discussed and recommended.
Superconducting kinetic inductance photon detectors

We are investigating a novel superconducting detector and readout method that could lead to photon counting, energy resolving focal plane arrays. This concept is intrinsically different from STJ and TES detectors, and in principle could deliver large pixel counts, high sensitivity, and Fano-limited spectral resolution in the optical/UV/X-ray bands. The readout uses the monotonic relation between the kinetic surface inductance L s of a superconductor and the density of quasiparticles n , which holds even at temperatures far below T c . This allows a sensitive readout of the number of excess quasiparticles in the detector by monitoring the transmission phase of a resonant circuit. The most intriguing aspect of this concept is that passive frequency multiplexing could be used to read out ~10 4 detectors with a single HEMT amplifier. Single x-ray events have been observed in prototype detectors.
Economics of intrastate trucking regulation: Some empirical evidence

Abstract There is a widespread misconception that the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 thoroughly deregulated the U.S. trucking industry. Actually, the Act only partially reduced the federal regulation of interstate trucking operations. At the state level, the Act left the decision to deregulate intrastate trucking to state regulators who could decide (a) whether there should be any intrastate deregulation, and (b) the institutional arrangements under which such deregulation would take place. While several states subsequently adopted deregulation, most states continue to regulate either the trucking rates charged by intrastate motor carriers, the entry of new carriers, or both. One purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that influence the regulators' net political returns from regulating the trucking industry and the probability of a state regulating the trucking industry. In addition, we investigate empirically whether such regulation has influenced the rates charged for intrastate trucking services. Our results suggest that variables reflecting the relative strengths of special interest groups explain the fact that some states choose to deregulate intrastate trucking while others do not. Special interest groups exerting influence on regulation of intrastate trucking are: (1) providers of railroad services, (2) providers of sea transportation, (3) regulators, (4) and farmers. This paper yields some empirical evidence showing that as special interest groups gain or lose strength over time and/or across states it affects states' decisions to adopt or unadopt policies.
VACCINE-PREVENTABLE VIRAL INFECTIONS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS POST RENAL TRANSPLANT: A REPORT FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN PEDIATRIC RENAL TRANSPLANT COOPERATIVE STUDY (NAPRTCS). 2146

Viral infection remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after renal transplantation in children. A frequency analysis was performed to assess the burden of vaccine-preventable viral illness in this population. NAPRTCS centers were queried to identify all transplant(TX) pts who were hospitalized during the 1st post-TX year due to a viral infection. Responses from 51 of 74 centers were received, accounting for 2517/3688 (68%) of pediatric TX recipients, aged 0-18 years, from 1987 -1993.
THE PROPERTIES OF LIPID BILAYER MEMBRANES SEPARATING TWO AQUEOUS PHASES: FORMATION OF A MEMBRANE OF SIMPLE COMPOSITION.

The formation of a lipid membrane 61 A in thickness from a system composed of a highly purified egg phosphatidyl choline and n-tetradecane dissolved in a chloroform-methanol solvent is described. This membrane, which is formed in aqueous 0·1 M -NaCl at 36°C in a manner analogous to the generation in air of so-called “black” soap films, has a D.C. ohmic resistance of about 1 × 1×106 Ω cm2, a dielectric breakdown voltage of 200 mv, a surface tension of 0·5 dyne cm−1 and a water permeability coefficient of 0·16 microns min−1 atm−1. The effects of lipid composition, solvent composition and temperature on the formation and stability of the membrane are investigated. The physical properties together with the composition and the extreme thinness of the membrane suggest that the structure is very similar to the bimolecular lipid leaflet which is widely accepted to constitute an integral part of membranes of natural origin.
Proving properties of interacting processes

The Set of Interacting Procedures (SIP) model, a graph model suitable for representing interacting computations, is presented. It includes notation for creating and destroying processes, permits well-defined critical sections, and facilitates examining the logical properties of the modeled procedures. The essential parts of a theory of correctness of interacting processes are informally presented. These include a definition of correctness with respect to an assertion, a non-interference condition which justifies the use of the SIP model, and a set of sufficient conditions for correctness. To illustrate the use of the model and theory, a solution to the reader-writer problem is presented and modeled. An assertion expressing the correctness of the solution is formulated, and the SIP model of the solution is shown to be correct with respect to the assertion. Finally, the non-interference condition shows that the conclusions about the model also apply to the solution itself.
Damage in metals from MeV heavy ions

Despite the long-held belief that MeV-ion initiated damage in metals arises only from nuclear recoils, recently it has been convincingly established that at high levels of ion energy loss to electronic excitation (∼ 1 keV/A) the response of some metals is significantly influenced. In this paper I present a simple model of how this occurs that is in good agreement with the extensive experimental data available for damage produced by GeV heavy ions in Fe. The parameters of the model behave in a reasonable fashion for other metals where these effects are observed (Ti, Zr, Co, Nb, and Pt), which suggests that more detailed measurements on these materials could provide a useful check on the model's generality.
In-situ measurement of reader gap length

We are presenting a technique to perform the reader-gap length in-situ measurement. It utilizes the presence of the first gap minimum on the third harmonic readback signal spectrum to calculate the electrical reader-gap length, and factor the electrical result to the physical reader-gap length. Compared with existing metrology-based methods, the measurement is non-destructive, dynamic, and insensitive against the skew angle change.
Pickup ion phase space distributions: Effects of atmospheric spatial gradients

[1] Spatial variations of the neutral source gases of pickup ions are known to affect the velocity distributions of the ions. An expression for the phase space density of pickup ions is derived from the Vlasov equation with a delta function ion source in velocity space that explicitly accounts for the spatial variation of the neutral gas. The background plasma velocity is uniform and perpendicular to a constant ambient magnetic field, which together produce a uniform motional electric field. The neutral source density is one dimensional, varying exponentially along the flow axis with a fixed scale height. The solutions apply to the limiting case of a weak interaction with negligible mass loading. The resulting ring distribution is applied to two examples approximating these criteria; i.e., pickup ions formed in the solar wind interaction with the Earth's Moon and the interaction of Saturn's rotating magnetosphere with Titan. A fundamental parameter appears in the resulting phase space density expression; namely, α = rg/H, the ratio of the gyroradius to the scale height. When α ≪ 1, the interaction is fluid-like with all orbit phases of pickup ion cycloidal motion present at an observation point. If α ≫ 1, the pickup ions appear as ion beams, where the phase space distribution peaks over a small velocity range at an observation site in the source region and the ions will have only executed the beginning phases of their cycloidal motion. The principal contribution to the ions in the velocity peak derives from ions born over a neutral scale height upstream from the observation site. The pickup ion phase space density expression, constrained by spacecraft plasma ion spectrometer and magnetometer measurements, can be used to estimate the neutral source densities of a planetary body's exosphere and its composition. Potential applications are the lunar surface composition, Venus' atmospheric interaction with the solar wind, the interaction of the Galilean moons with Jupiter's magnetosphere, Saturn's icy moons interacting with its magnetosphere, and Titan's interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere.
Hyperparasitism by Paragordius varius (Nematomorpha: Gordiida) Larva of Monostome Redia (Trematoda: Digenea)

Gordiid larvae enter and encyst within a large variety of aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. Cysts of a single species of gordiid have been found in such diverse hosts as insect larvae, snails, crustaceans, fish, and many others. One particularly surprising host report was made nearly 100 yr ago, i.e., cysts within adult trematodes. The origin of these cysts remained unclear, but it was suggested that the gordiid larvae gained entry into the adult flukes via their definitive, vertebrate host. In the present study, the finding is reported of gordiid cysts within monostome redia within a Physa gyrina snail. This is the first time gordiid cysts have been reported within redia, and this provides an alternative explanation for the presence of cysts within adult trematodes.
Prenatal cocaine use and maternal depression: effects on infant neurobehavior.

Abstract Objective The present study examined the impact of both perinatal maternal depression and cocaine use on infant neurobehavior at 1 month of age in a large, multi-site study. Methods Infant neurobehavior was examined in 1053 infants at 1 month of age using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). Mothers were interviewed using The Addiction Severity Index to determine present and past psychiatric history. Four groups were derived from the total sample: 385 prenatally cocaine-exposed infants, 76 whose mothers reported current postpartum depression (DEP/COC) and 309 without current postpartum depression (nonDEP/COC); 668 infants were not exposed to cocaine, 104 whose mothers reported current postpartum depression (DEP/nonCOC), 564 without current postpartum depression (nonDEP/nonCOC). A 2 × 2 Analysis of Covariance was used with covariates (birthweight, maternal age, SES, nicotine, alcohol, and research site) to examine infant neurobehavior in these four conditions. Secondary analyses were conducted to examine the effects of amount and timing of prenatal cocaine exposure. Results DEP group by COC exposure status interactions were significant; there was only a DEP effect in the nonCOC infants. Infants in the nonCOC/DEP group had poorer self-regulation and more stress signs, excitability, and arousal than infants in the other groups. Conclusions Postpartum maternal depression has negative effects on infant neurobehavior at 1 month of age. Prenatal cocaine exposure may serve to suppress or buffer the effects of postpartum depression on infant neurobehavior. Maternal mood could explain some of the inconsistencies found in the prenatal cocaine exposure literature.
Preparation of nursing students for health care teams

The rapid increase in scientific knowledge and technology in the health field in the past quarter century has necessitated specialization. This specialization has resulted in the emergence of multiple health disciplines. In some instances health problems are missed because the many disciplines involved in providing health care fail to do a comprehensive assessment. Fragmentation of care is a major problem in the health care delivery system (Bower, 1977). Several disciplines may concentrate on one patient but do not coordinate their treatment plans, which may create additional problems. The health case system contains few mechanisms for unifying the endeavors of the many health disciplines. One proposal for reducing fragmentation is the use of health care teams. A health care team is defined by Orem (197 1) as: “An organized group of health care workers who have roles related to meeting the health care needs of a patient or a group of patients. A team does not exist unless there are common goals, cooperative relationships, and coordinated activities,” However, health care teams are not utilized widely in the health care delivery system. One of the major factors cited for the small usage of teams is the lack of educational preparation for teams received by students in the health disciplines (de Tornyay, 1976; Freyman, 1974). Horowitz (1970) states that if practice in interdisciplinary teams is becoming increasingly important in the professions, it follows that cultivation of team readiness and relevant aptitudes and skills in students in the health disciplines is a reponsibility to which professional schools in the health field should be turning their attention. Concern for improvement in health care and a reduction of fragmentation of care prompted the investigator to ask the questions, “To what extent do schools of nursing prepare nursing students to function as members of health teams?” and “Does this preparation affect the degree to which students interact with other disciplines in the clinical area?” Because few actual health teams existed, interactions with other disciplines was examined. It is especially relevant to look at the preparation nursing students receive for functioning on health care teams since nurses are the largest health care profession.
Comparative biochemistry of phagocytizing insect hemocytes

Abstract 1. 1. The respiratory increment associated with phagocytosis by mammalian leukocytes is absent in Blaberus craniifer hemocytes. 2. 2. The glycolytic pathway provides energy for particle engulfment in both mammalian leukocytes and B. craniifer phagocytes. 3. 3. Hexose monophosphate pathway activity of roach hemocytes, unlike mammalian cells, is not stimulated by phagocytosis. 4. 4. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, characteristic of mammalian phagocytes, is absent in B. craniifer cells. 5. 5. B. craniifer hemocytes utilize antimicrobial systems other than the myeloperoxidase-H 2 O 2 -halide system of mammals.
Parental feeding practices and socioeconomic status are associated with child adiposity in a multi-ethnic sample of children

Parental feeding practices have been associated with children's weight status, but results have been inconsistent across populations. Research is needed to elucidate the relationship between parental feeding practices and adiposity in diverse populations. The present study tested if: (1) parental feeding practices differed by race/ethnicity, (2) parental pressure to eat and parental restriction were associated with adiposity levels, and (3) to investigate the relationship between parental feeding practices and/or child adiposity with socioeconomic status (SES). Structural equations modeling was conducted to test the model in 267 children aged 7-12 years self-identified as African American (AA), European American (EA), or Hispanic American (HA) from economically diverse backgrounds. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scanning were used to determine body composition and abdominal fat distribution, respectively. Parental restriction was a significant predictor of child adiposity while parental pressure to eat had an inverse relationship with child adiposity. HA parents reported significantly higher levels of restriction and pressure to eat, whereas EA parents reported the lowest. SES was positively associated with child adiposity and inversely related to parental restriction and pressure to eat. Thus, parental feeding practices differ across racial/ethnic groups and SES and may contribute to population differences in child adiposity.
The Impact of Social Media and Technology on Professionalism in Medical Education

The use of social media is the norm among the digital native generation, with 75% of the Millennial Generation connected through Facebook. For students in medical education who struggle to distinguish between personal and professional boundaries, social media provides yet another challenge. Incidents of unprofessional conduct and academic dismissal have been reported. Administration, faculty, and students would benefit from clear policies and procedures, case scenarios of social media violations, and suggestions for using social media wisely.
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY: AN EXAMINATION OF SUPREME COURT DECISIONS IN THE 1990s TO PREDICT THE REEMERGENCE OF FLAGELLANCE

ABSTRACT Corporal punishment and correctional institutions share a common history. Since 1968, however, when corporal punishment was declared unconstitutional in the 8th Circuit, correctional institutions across the United States have abandoned the use of corporal punishment. This paper examines the possible reemergence of corporal punishment as a form of punishment in correctional institutions. An examination of the current Supreme Court's characteristics and mood, i. e. decisions on cases heard in the 1990's pertaining to corrections issues, reveals that the Supreme Court would likely allow the reintroduction of corporal punishment in correctional institutions provided that adequate policies and procedures were in place for the practice.
Molecular signatures suggest a major role for stromal cells in development of invasive breast cancer

Background Breast cancer invasion and metastasis involves both epithelial and stromal changes. Our objective was to delineate the pivotal role stroma plays in invasion by comparing transcriptomes among stromal and epithelial cells in normal tissue and invasive breast cancer. Methods Total RNA was isolated from epithelial and stromal cells that were laser captured from normal breast tissue (n = 5) and invasive breast cancer (n = 28). Gene expression was measured using Affymetrix U133A 2.0 GeneChips. Differential gene expression was evaluated and compared within a model that accounted for cell type (epithelial [E] versus stromal [S]), diagnosis (cancer [C] versus normal [N]) as well as cell type-diagnosis interactions. Results Compared to NE, the CE transcriptome was highly enriched with genes in proliferative, motility and ECM ontologies. Differences in CS and NS transcriptomes suggested that the ECM was being remodeled in invasive breast cancer, as genes were over-represented in ECM and proteolytic ontologies. Genes more highly expressed in CS compared to CE were primarily ECM components or were involved in the remodeling of ECM, suggesting that ECM biosynthesis and remodeling were initiated in the tumor stroma. Conclusion Based on identified molecular cross-talk between the two contiguous cell populations, a mechanistic model that spurs invasion is proposed, that shows breast cancer invasion proceeds through the acquisition of a motile phenotype in tumor epithelial cells and a reactive phenotype in cancer associated fibroblasts.
A review of salt scaling: II. Mechanisms

Salt scaling is a major durability issue for concrete. Despite this, and an extensive research effort, the cause of this damage is unknown. Therefore, no means for preventing salt scaling can be identified. One of the primary reasons for this shortcoming is the lack of a critical review on the state of the research in this field. Such a compilation is presented in this series of articles. In Part I, the characteristics of salt scaling were outlined. In this article, proposed mechanisms are discussed, and their adequacy is judged based on their ability to account for the phenomenology.
Method for evaluation of predictive models of microwave ablation via post-procedural clinical imaging

Development of a clinically accurate predictive model of microwave ablation (MWA) procedures would represent a significant advancement and facilitate an implementation of patient-specific treatment planning to achieve optimal probe placement and ablation outcomes. While studies have been performed to evaluate predictive models of MWA, the ability to quantify the performance of predictive models via clinical data has been limited to comparing geometric measurements of the predicted and actual ablation zones. The accuracy of placement, as determined by the degree of spatial overlap between ablation zones, has not been achieved. In order to overcome this limitation, a method of evaluation is proposed where the actual location of the MWA antenna is tracked and recorded during the procedure via a surgical navigation system. Predictive models of the MWA are then computed using the known position of the antenna within the preoperative image space. Two different predictive MWA models were used for the preliminary evaluation of the proposed method: (1) a geometric model based on the labeling associated with the ablation antenna and (2) a 3-D finite element method based computational model of MWA using COMSOL. Given the follow-up tomographic images that are acquired at approximately 30 days after the procedure, a 3-D surface model of the necrotic zone was generated to represent the true ablation zone. A quantification of the overlap between the predicted ablation zones and the true ablation zone was performed after a rigid registration was computed between the pre- and post-procedural tomograms. While both model show significant overlap with the true ablation zone, these preliminary results suggest a slightly higher degree of overlap with the geometric model.
A Comparative Study of the Accurate Measurement of Endotoxin in Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin

We have examined three different methods of endotoxin determination utilizing the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay to accurately determine endotoxin levels in Liposome Encapsulated Hemoglobin (LEH), 1) the gel-clot method, 2) chromogenic spectroscopic-based LAL, and 3) the turbidimetric method which determines endotoxin levels in solutions based on the time needed to reach a specific degree of turbidity. Both the chromogenic and turbidimetric methods require significant dilution of the LEH preparation before accurate measurement can be made. We have tested the levels of endotoxin in LEH solutions using these methods and measured LEH, liposome, and hemoglobin samples spiked with known amounts of endotoxin. A comparison of the three methods shows that the absolute value of endotoxin measured in LEH by the three methods can vary significantly. However, within any one assay the spiked amount of endotoxin in the sample can be accurately measured. The accuracy of these methods may also be complicated by the binding of endotoxin to LEH. This was evident by mixing free endotoxin with LEH followed by centrifugation to separate the LEH. Biological activity of endotoxin bound to LEH was measured by exposure to RAW264.7 followed by the expression of tumor necrosis factor.
Effects of dietary PCBs (Aroclor 1254) on serum levels of lipoprotein cholesterol in Fischer rats.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the effects of dietary PCBs (Aroclor 1254) on serum levels of lipoprotein cholesterol in weanling Fischer rats. Within this overall goal two important factors were considered. The dietary PCB concentrations were selected to reflect minimally toxic doses and the number of days of dietary treatment were specified to produce hypercholesterolemia.
The modulatory effects of leukotrienes C4 and D4 on methacholine- and substance P-induced salivary secretion in rats.

Abstract Although certain prostaglandins have been found to be inhibitory to nerve-evoked salivary flow, little is known of the effects the leukotrienes on salivary secretion. It was the purpose of this investigation to examine the effects of leukotrienes C4 (LTC4) and D4 (LtD4) on salivary secretion in the rat, using methacholine or substance P to induce basal secretion, and to test whether or not the observed effects of these eicosanoids were receptor-mediated by using the leukotriene receptor blocker FPL-55712. Methacholine (3 × 10−4 M), or substance P (1 × 10−6 M) was infused intra-arterially to stimulate secretion and saliva was collected separately from the parotid gland and the submandibular gland of anesthetized rats. LTC4 and LTD4 (each at 1 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−6 M) were found to reduce methacholine- and substance P-induced salivary flow in a dose-related manner. Salivary protein concentration and amylase activity were not significantly altered by the leukotrienes; however, arginine-esterase activity, stimulated by substance P, was increased by both leukotrienes. FPL-55712 (1 × 10−8 M) was shown to reduced the inhibitory effects of LTC4 and LTD4, suggesting the involvement of leukotriene receptors for these agents in their action.
Adaptation and Constraint at Toll-Like Receptors in Primates

Frequent positive selection is a hallmark of genes involved in the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, but the incidence of positive selection for genes underlying innate immunity in vertebrates has not been well studied. The toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system represent the first line of defense against pathogens. TLRs lie directly at the host‐environment interface, and they target microbial molecules. Because of this, they might be subject to frequent positive selection due to coevolutionary dynamics with their microbial counterparts. However, they also recognize conserved molecular motifs, and this might constrain their evolution. Here, we investigate the evolution of the ten human TLRs in the framework of these competing ideas. We studied rates of protein evolution among primate species and we analyzed patterns of polymorphism in humans and chimpanzees. This provides a window into TLR evolution at both long and short timescales. We found a clear signature of positive selection in the rates of substitution across primates in most TLRs. Some of the implicated sites fall in structurally important protein domains, involve radical amino acid changes, or overlap with polymorphisms with known clinical associations in humans. However, within species, patterns of nucleotide variation were generally compatible with purifying selection, and these patterns differed between humans and chimpanzees and between viral and nonviral TLRs. Thus, adaptive evolution at TLRs does not appear to reflect a constant turnover of alleles and instead might be more episodic in nature. This pattern is consistent with more ephemeral pathogen‐host associations rather than with long-term coevolution.
Data Stream Management: Aggregation, Classification, Modeling, and Operator Placement

Data stream management is concerned with managing large streams of data arriving from data communications or sensor networks. Interest in this area is increasing, and it will grow rapidly over the coming decade, driven by rapid growth in the pervasiveness and bandwidth of digital-communications networks and an impending explosion in sensor networks. This special issue provides a snapshot of ongoing work in this area.
Anthropometry and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND The association between anthropometric factors and ovarian cancer risk was investigated using data from 762 cases and 1348 controls participating in a population-based case-control study in the Delaware Valley from 1994–1998. Because factors such as oral contraceptive (OC), hormone therapy (HT), and parity may affect weight and hormone levels, the associations were examined in women with and without these characteristics. METHODS Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals while controlling for age, race, parity, family history of ovarian cancer, tubal ligation, and OC use. RESULTS Compared with controls, cases were taller and heavier in recent years and at age 18. Results did not differ by OC or HT use. However, anthropometric associations differed significantly based on parity, as increasing anthropometric measures were associated with increased ovarian cancer risk among nulliparous women only. Adjusted OR for recent body mass index (BMI) quartile 4 compared with quartile 1 for nulliparous women was 2.53 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39, 4.61) compared with 0.96 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.31) for parous women. Additionally, adult weight gain was significant only for nulliparous women. Adjusted OR for weight change (recent to age 18) quartile 4 compared with quartile 1 for nulliparous women was 3.73 (95% CI: 1.88, 7.42) versus 1.09 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.51) for parous women. CONCLUSIONS BMI and weight in women's adult lifetime may be positively associated with ovarian cancer risk. Observations were most apparent for nulliparous women, possibly reflecting an interaction between local inflammation caused by incessant ovulation and increased estrogen exposure on ovarian epithelium. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Daclizumab induction therapy associated with tacrolimus-MMF has better outcome compared with tacrolimus-MMF alone in pediatric living donor liver transplantation.

Aims. Imunosuppression therapy for the control of immunologic rejection is a key aspect in liver transplantation. The objective of this study was to evaluate induction therapy with daclizumab (DAC) in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children. Methods. We compared 2 different imunosuppression protocols in 30 children undergoing LDLT. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 12 patients received tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil (TAC-MMF), and 18 patients received tacrolimus with MMF and DAC induction therapy at days 0 and 14 after LDLT (DAC-TAC-MMF). Both groups were similar with regard to age, sex, weight, and indication for liver transplantation. The incidence of biopsy-proved rejection episodes, posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), and renal dysfunction were evaluated. Tacrolimus levels at posttransplantation day 14 and at 2 months after transplantation were compared in the 2 groups. Results. Acute rejection episodes were observed in 8 patients in the TAC-MMF group (66%), and none in the DAC-TAC-MMF group (0%; P <.05). Neither PTLD nor renal dysfunction was seen in any patient. Mean Tacrolimus level on posttransplantation day 14 was 10.67 ± 5.4 ng/mL in the TAC-MMF group and 5.65 ± 3.6 ng/mL in the DAC-TAC-MMF group (P <.05). After the second month the mean tacrolimus levels were 7.2 ± 2.9 ng/mL and 6.8 ± 3.5 ng/mL in the TAC-MMF and DAC-TAC-MMF groups, respectively. (P = NS). Conclusion. Induction therapy with DAC is safe and associated with a lower incidence of rejection episodes among children undergoing LDLT.