cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Rate of Cancer Detection by Colonoscopy in Asymptomatic, Average-Risk Subjects with Negative Results From Fecal Immunochemical Tests.

Background & Aims Screening colonoscopies are of uncertain benefit for persons with negative results from a fecal immunochemical test (FIT). We investigated detection of CRC by colonoscopy in asymptomatic, average-risk, FIT-negative subjects. Methods We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study of 96,804 subjects with an initial negative result from a FIT at ages 50–75 years, from 2008 through 2014, who then underwent colonoscopy, using the Kaiser Permanente California databases. We identified participants diagnosed with CRC from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2015 from a cancer registry. Subjects were followed until initial colonoscopy, health plan disenrollment, death, or December 31, 2015. We reviewed records from 400 randomly selected persons without CRC (controls) for risk features to estimate the proportion who underwent screening colonoscopy. We performed logistic regression to identify variables associated with CRC detection. Results Of 257 subjects with a diagnosis of CRC, 102 did not have a record of CRC risk factors; 86 of these patients (84.3%) had non-advanced-stage CRC (no regional node spread/distant metastases). Of the 400 controls, 299 (74.75%; 95% CI, 70.49%–79.01%) lacked CRC risk features, enabling estimation that 72,263 (mean age, 57.5 ± 7.0 y; 54.5% female) had undergone screening colonoscopy. CRC was detected in 1.4 per 1000 persons after 1 FIT, without association with increasing FITs (P = .97). CRC was detected in 1.3 per 1000 persons in 2 y or less after the last FIT and in 4.4 per 1000 persons more than 2 y after the last FIT (P Conclusions In asymptomatic, average-risk persons with a negative result from a FIT, CRC is infrequent within 2 y after the last FIT (especially for persons younger than 60 y), usually non-advanced, and unrelated to the number of FITs performed.
Enhanced Acid-Catalyzed Lignin Depolymerization in a Continuous Reactor with Stable Activity

A continuous process to depolymerize maple wood lignin dissolved in γ-valerolactone (GVL) to monomeric phenols is demonstrated in a stirred reactor using a mesoporous Zr-KIT-5 catalyst. The yield o...
Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City.

Covid-19 in New York City In this series of 393 consecutive patients admitted with Covid-19 to two New York City hospitals from March 3 to March 27, a third of patients received invasive mechanical...
How Dietary Deficiency Studies Have Illuminated the Many Roles of Vitamin A During Development and Postnatal Life

Vitamin A deficiency studies have been carried out since the early 1900s. Initially, these studies led to the identification of fat soluble A as a unique and essential component of the diet of rodents, birds, and humans. Continuing work established that vitamin A deficiency produces biochemical and physiological dysfunction in almost every vertebrate organ system from conception to death. This chapter begins with a review of representative historical and current studies that used the nutritional vitamin A deficiency research model to gain an understanding of the many roles vitamin A plays in prenatal and postnatal development and well-being. This is followed by a discussion of recent studies that show specific effects of vitamin A deficiency on prenatal development and postnatal maintenance of the olfactory epithelium, brain, and heart. Vitamin A deficiency studies have helped define the necessity of vitamin A for the health of all vertebrates, including farm animals, but the breadth of deficient states and their individual effects on health have not been fully determined. Future work is needed to develop tools to assess the complete vitamin A status of an organism and to define the levels of vitamin A that optimally support molecular and systems level processes during all ages and stages of life.
Developmental Disability and Employment: A Social Work Priority

Americans with developmental and other disabilities are often excluded from society due to the assumption that they cannot or do not wish to work. This paper examines the possibilities for and benefits of creating jobs for persons with developmental disabilities through the lenses of policy, law, evidence-based practice and social work ethics. While different perspectives on this issue exist, it is important to reframe our assumptions about the employment of people who have developmental disabilities, taking our cues from these individuals, rather than personal, professional, or societal notions. These notions, if they frame people as unable to participate in our culture, can undermine the many achievements that those with disabilities have fought for in law and public perception. Including people with developmental disabilities in the workplace is beneficial to these individuals and society in a variety of ways. This paper provides an overview of some excellent models of how to create space for people with developmental disabilities who wish to be employed in the workplace and outlines reasons why this type of economic inclusion is essential in order for these individuals to be included in American society. As specialists in understanding the gap between society and those who are typically rejected from it, social workers are well positioned to find creative solutions for this problem.
Brodie Abscess: Case Series of 15 Pediatric Patients Treated Surgically

BACKGROUND:Brodie abscess is a form of circumscribed sub-acute osteomyelitis. Benjamin Brodie, a British surgeon first described subacute osteomyelitis in 1832 with a pus-filled cavity, vascularized wall and hard sclerotic surrounding bone. In 1951, Wiles suggested Brodie abscesses as a particular form of osteomyelitis that follows an acute attack, when the virulence of the pathogen and the resistance of the host are evenly balanced. Kirkaldy-Willis from East-Africa classified it radiologically and subsequently modified by Roberts in 1973. Non-specific pain and swelling, lack of inciting trauma and systemic symptoms makes it difficult to diagnose in pediatric population. Though several case reports have been reported, there are no case …
Thermal aging reliability of socketable, surface-modified solder BGAs with and without polymer collars

Ball Grid Array (BGA) package designs are increasingly used in surface mount applications while Land Grid Array (LGA) designs are predominantly used in socketing. The need to converge to a single package design has been driving the need to enable socketable BGAs. BGA spheres with a noble metal surface provide a stable mechanical contact interface with the socket paddles. These noble contact interfaces, however, have to remain intact through the socketing life of the product, considering accelerated testing temperatures of 100-120 °C. Under such conditions, it has been reported that the solder from the ball-attach joints undergoes solid-state wicking along the surface of the ball, leading to complete Au dissolution and potential undesirable intermetallic formation with the socket paddles, along with a drop in ball shear strength due to depletion of the solder from the joints. This paper discusses the use of polymer collars to address this challenge and improve the thermal aging reliability of packages with surface-modified BGA interconnections. The polymer collars were spin-coated on the package, which was aged alongside a reference package with no collars, at accelerated test temperatures of 100 °C and 120 °C, respectively. XPS studies showed that after 650 h of aging, no Au signal but a strong Sn signal was observed in the package without collars, which confirmed complete solder wicking to the top of the ball, while the Au signal remained for the package with the collars, confirming that polymer collars are effective in inhibiting solid-state solder wicking from the ball-attach joints. The joints with polymer collars also showed mechanical stability throughout thermal aging with a 3X improvement in joint shear strength.
Multimodal detection of protein isoforms and nucleic acids from low starting cell numbers

Protein isoforms play a key role in disease progression and arise from mechanisms involving multiple molecular subtypes, including DNA, mRNA and protein. Recently introduced multimodal assays successfully link genomes and transcriptomes to protein expression landscapes. However, the specificity of the protein measurement relies on antibodies alone, leading to major challenges when measuring different isoforms of the same protein. Here we utilize microfluidic design to perform same-cell profiling of DNA, mRNA and protein isoforms (triBlot) on low starting cell numbers (1-100 s of cells). After fractionation lysis, cytoplasmic proteins are resolved by molecular mass during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), adding a degree of specificity to the protein measurement, while nuclei are excised from the device in sections termed "gel pallets" for subsequent off-chip nucleic acid analysis. By assaying TurboGFP-transduced glioblastoma cells, we observe a strong correlation between protein expression prior to lysis and immunoprobed protein. We measure both mRNA and DNA from retrieved nuclei, and find that mRNA levels correlate with protein abundance in TurboGFP-expressing cells. Furthermore, we detect the presence of TurboGFP isoforms differing by an estimated <1 kDa in molecular mass, demonstrating the ability to discern different proteoforms with the same antibody probe. By directly relating nucleic acid modifications to protein isoform expression in 1-100 s of cells, the triBlot assay holds potential as a screening tool for novel biomarkers in diseases driven by protein isoform expression.
Interrogating Structural Racism in STEM Higher Education

The racialized structure of STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) higher education maintains gross inequities that are illustrative of structural racism, which both informs and is re...
Border Jumping and Migration Control in Southern Africa

In his first monograph Francis Musoni sets out to ‘understand why and how travelers crossed the border between [Zimbabwe and South Africa] without following official channels’ (x). Tracing the hist...
Wave energy resource characterization employing joint distributions in frequency-direction-time domain

Abstract Joint and marginal distributions in the frequency, direction, and time domain are employed to demonstrate their value for wave energy resource characterization when full spectra are available. Insights gained through analysis of these distributions support wave energy converter concept design, operation and maintenance. Spatial trends in the wave energy resource and contributing wave energy systems along the continental shelf of the West Coast of the United States are investigated using the most recent two-dimensional wave spectra measurements at four buoys over an eleven year period (2008 to 2018). Resource hot spots and dominant resolved energy resource bands in the frequency-direction-time domain are delineated. Resource attributes, including frequency and directional spreading, and seasonal variability, are characterized using joint distributions and marginal distributions of wave power spectra. North Pacific westerly swells in the winter season, augmented by Aleutian low-pressure southwesterly swells, are the principal suppliers of the dominant resource and main drivers influencing resource attributes. The modification of these systems southward, especially the North Pacific westerly swells, explains the observed spatial resource trends. The dominant resource wave period shifts two seconds to higher wave periods, thirty degrees in the dominant direction band to a more northward orientation, and forward by one month.
The How, What, Why, and More of Writing Farm Processes

Deming said that when any process is in control, variability will be only 6%. He defined two types of variation. Special cause variation is unpredictable and represents a process that is out of control. 94% of the variability in a process under control is common cause. Common cause variation represents the normal ebb and flow of things that affect the process output. This could be the small number of new mastitis infections that occur on a dairy on a regular basis, for example. When a process is out of control, more of the variability in results is due to special cause variation, such as a malfunctioning milking system or irregular prep procedure. The process is in control when the product or output falls within theupper and lower control limits. Proper documentation of protocols on a dairy can help keep variability within 6%. Most dairies probably never approach this level of consistency in critical process, yet in any environment consistent execution of processes is the key to consistent results. Dairies, like any other small business must learn to define processes for critical areas of the business. If they do this, and have methods in place to ensure that employees will execute the processes correctly, they can predict results and achieve their goals. If they don't results will be inconsistent. This inconsistency will be blamed on the weather, bad luck, bad employees, or a bad advice. You, astute diagnostician, expert veterinary consultant, and super duper management consultant can help dairies achieve this consistency of results. You can help them achieve their goals.
Janus Kinase inhibitors for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been successfully utilized in the clinical treatment of several rheumatologic (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) and inflammatory diseases (e.g. hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis). Based on the growing evidence that moderate and severe COVID-19 infections are associated with a dysregulated inflammatory state, this class of medications has been repurposed as a potential therapy for COVID-19, an infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. RECENT FINDINGS: Three JAK inhibitors have been evaluated in human studies of COVID-19: Baricitinib, Tofacitinib, and Ruxolitinib. Most published studies are observational, but three randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trials have been completed: two large trials (Nâ=â2,558 patients) with baricitinb demonstrated significant faster improvement in clinical status and reduction in the recovery time, as well as, significant reduction in the progression to invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality. One smaller randomized trial (Nâ=â289) involving tofacitinib showed significant reduction in the progression to invasive ventilation or death. Notably, these three randomized placebo-controlled trials with close to 3,000 patients did not reveal any safety concerns associated with JAK inhibitors in terms of secondary infections or venous thromboembolism. Based on this high-quality evidence, both the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the National Institutes of Health guidelines recommend using baricitinib as part of the treatment approach for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. SUMMARY: JAK inhibitors are novel treatment agents in the field of infectious diseases. One JAK inhibitor, baricitinib has demonstrated significant clinical and survival benefits in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials. Baricitinib is already recommended for clinical practice by multiple guidelines.
Establishing Age-calibrated Normative PROMIS Scores for Hand and Upper Extremity Clinic.

The purpose of our study is to investigate differences in normative PROMIS upper extremity function (PROMIS-UE), physical function (PROMIS-PF), and pain interference (PROMIS-PI) scores across age cohorts in individuals without upper extremity disability. Methods Individuals without upper extremity disability were prospectively enrolled. Subjects were administered PROMIS-UE, PROMIS-PF, and PROMIS-PI forms. Retrospective PROMIS data for eligible subjects were also utilized. The enrolled cohort was divided into age groups: 20-39, 40-59, and 60-79 years old. ANOVA, ceiling and floor effect analysis, and kurtosis and skewness statistics were performed to assess PROMIS scores trends with age. Results This study included 346 individuals. In the 20-39 age group, mean PROMIS scores were 56.2 ± 6.1, 59.8 ± 6.9, and 43.1 ± 6.7 for PROMIS-UE, PROMIS-PF, and PROMIS-PI, respectively. In the "40-59" age group, mean PROMIS computer adaptive test scores were 53.3 ± 7.5, 55.3 ± 7.6, and 46.6 ± 7.8 for PROMIS-UE, PROMIS-PF, and PROMIS-PI, respectively. In the 60-79 age group, mean PROMIS scores were 48.4 ± 7.6, 48.5 ± 5.6, and 48.7 ± 6.9 for PROMIS-UE, PROMIS-PF, and PROMIS-PI, respectively. Differences in mean PROMIS scores were significant across all PROMIS domains and age cohorts (P < 0.001). Conclusion Younger individuals without hand or upper extremity disability show higher normative PROMIS-UE and PROMIS-PF scores and lower PROMIS-PI scores, indicating greater function and less pain than older counterparts. A universal reference PROMIS score of 50 appears suboptimal for clinical assessment and decision-making in the hand and upper extremity clinic.
Inhalation of Tungsten Metal Particulates Alters the Lung and Bone Microenvironments Following Acute Exposure.

Inhalation of tungsten particulates is a relevant route of exposure in occupational and military settings. Exposure to tungsten alloys is associated with increased incidence of lung pathologies, including interstitial lung disease and cancer. We have demonstrated, oral exposure to soluble tungsten enhances breast cancer metastasis to the lungs through changes in the surrounding microenvironment. However, more research is required to investigate if changes in the lung microenvironment, following tungsten particulate exposure, can drive tumorigenesis or metastasis to the lung niche. This study examined if inhalation to environmentally relevant concentrations of tungsten particulates caused acute damage to the microenvironment in the lungs and/or systemically using a whole-body inhalation system. Twenty-four female BALB/c mice were exposed to Filtered Air, 0.60 mg/m3, or 1.7 mg/m3 tungsten particulates (<1 µm) for 4 h. Tissue samples were collected at days 1 and 7 post-exposure. Tungsten accumulation in the lungs persisted up to 7 days post-exposure and produced acute changes to the lung microenvironment including increased macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, and an increased percentage of activated fibroblasts (alpha-smooth muscle actin+). Exposure to tungsten also resulted in systemic effects on the bone, including tungsten deposition and transient increases in gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, acute whole-body inhalation of tungsten particulates, at levels commonly observed in occupational and military settings, resulted in changes to the lung and bone microenvironments that may promote tumorigenesis or metastasis and be important molecular drivers of other tungsten-associated lung pathologies such as interstitial lung disease.
Comunidades de parásitos de dos tiburones, Etmopterus granulosus (Squaliformes) y Schroederichthys bivius (Carcharhiniformes), del sur de Chile: Parasite communities of two sharks, Etmopterus granulosus (Squaliformes) and Schroederichthys bivius (Carcharhiniformes), from Southern Chile Comunidades

The shark-parasite associations for most shark species in Chile are poorly known. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the parasite community of two shark species from Southern Chile. A total of 24 specimens of the southern lanternshark Etmopterus granulosus, and seven specimens of the narrowmouthed catshark Schroederichthys bivius were collected from the Strait of Magellan during January of 2017 and 2018. We recorded a total of 87 parasites associated with the examined E. granulosus and 192 parasites associated with the examined S. bivius, with higher average of parasite abundance in the latter species (27.5 ± 25.5 parasites/host) compared to E. granulosus (3.5 ± 3.3 parasites/host). A few parasites were prevalent and abundant; the nematodes Pseudoterranova sp. (41.7% prevalence; 1.46 parasites/host) and Anisakis sp. (29.2% prevalence; 1.21 parasites/host) present in E. granulosos, whereas the copepod Tautochondria sp. (85.7% prevalence; 9.14 parasites/host) and the nematode Proleptus niedmanni (71.4% prevalence; 14.86 parasites/host) present in S. bivius. Similitude in terms of parasite composition between the two shark species was low (14.6%). Thus, despite the sympatry of the two sharks species analyzed in this study, the parasite composition was different because only two parasite species were shared, the anisakid nematodes Pseudoterranova sp. and Anisakis sp. Therefore, the difference in parasite composition of the E. granulosus and S. bivius could be due to their evolutionary history, involving several differences in the ecology of the hosts.
The Isolation and General Properties of Escherichia coli Malonyl Coenzyme A-Acyl Carrier Protein Transacylase

Abstract Malonyl coenzyme A-acyl carrier protein transacylase of Escherichia coli was purified 4800-fold by procedures which included chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-100, Sephadex G-75, DEAE-Sephadex, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation, and by amino acid analysis. A molecular weight of 36,660, obtained with carboxymethylated enzyme by sedimentation equilibrium measurements, agreed with determinations on the native enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (36,500) and by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography (37,000). An s20,w = 2.31 S was determined for the enzyme by sedimentation velocity measurements. Amino acid analysis and determination of the isoelectric point (pH 4.65) both showed the enzyme to be acidic. The purified enzyme was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and to a lesser extent by iodoacetamide, but inhibition by both reagents was significantly increased at pH values above 7.3. Preincubation of the enzyme with malonyl-CoA protected against inactivation by both sulfhydryl reagents. Reduction of aged enzyme preparations by incubation with dithiothreitol was shown to stimulate enzyme activity approximately 5-fold. These experiments suggest that a reduced sulfhydryl group(s) on the enzyme is required for maximal catalytic activity.
Effect of dietary selenium on the primary and secondary immune response in calves challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus

The present study was conducted to determine if a selenium deficiency affects the primary and secondary humoral immune response of calves challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) and to evaluate changes in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and creatine phosphokinase activities associated with selenium deficiency and viral stress. Treatments included 1) +Se (0.2 mg/kg diet) and 2) -Se (0.03 mg/kg diet). Calves were adapted to their assigned diets during an 84-d depletion period. By d 42 of the depletion period, whole-blood GSH-Px was lower for -Se calves than for +Se calves. Differences between treatments in plasma GSH-Px were observed by d 14. On d 84, Se-dependent GSH-Px activity in liver was higher in +Se calves. After depletion of -Se calves, animals in both treatments were intranasally inoculated with IBRV on d 0 and 35 of the 70-d challenge phase. Whole-blood and plasma GSH-Px increased after IBRV inoculation in +Se calves but not in Se-deficient calves. Serum IgM was higher for +Se calves throughout the challenge phase. Serum IgM increased in both treatments after primary IBRV inoculation but was unaffected by secondary challenge. Serum IgG was not affected by selenium status but increased in both treatments after secondary IBRV challenge. Serum IBRV antibody titers increased after inoculation on d 0 and 35. By d 49, IBRV antibody titers were higher for +Se calves than in Se-deficient calves. These results indicate that selenium deficiency may depress the immune response of calves challenged with a foreign pathogen.
Financial Accounting Theory and Research

Financial accounting emerged in response to managers' need to communicate to owners whether the latter's capital has been preserved intact and whether investments have yielded income, and, if so, how much. Keywords: financial accounting theory and research; environment; uniformity versus flexibility; principles versus rules; descriptive role of accounting
Characterization of Cardiac Amyloidosis by Atrial Late Gadolinium Enhancement Using Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Correlation With Left Atrial Conduit and Contractile Function.

The diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) often necessitates invasive myocardial biopsy. We sought to evaluate whether late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the atrial myocardium by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was associated with impaired left atrial (LA) function and whether the extent of LA LGE may enhance diagnostic differentiation of CA from other cardiomyopathies. Twenty-two patients with biopsy-proven CA, 37 with systemic hypertension (SH), and 22 with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDC) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiographic evaluation. Patients with CA had greater minimal LA volume (57 ± 53 vs 24 ± 18 in SH and 19 ± 25% in NIDC, p = 0.003), and significantly lower total LA emptying function (19 ± 14 vs 40 ± 14 in SH and 33 ± 20% in NIDC, p = 0.0006). The mean proportion of atrial enhancement (LGE LA %) was significantly greater in patients with CA than with SH and NIDC (59 ± 36% vs 7.4 ± 2.1 and 2.9 ± 9.0%, p r = −0.69, p = 0.001; r = −0.67, p = 0.01, respectively) with LGE LA % for patients with CA. In multivariate regression analysis, LGE LA % was the strongest adjusted predictor for CA diagnosis. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, LGE LA % ≥33% produced the greatest diagnostic utility for CA (sensitivity 76%, specificity 94%). Patients with CA may have extensive LGE of the LA myocardium, which is associated with marked reduction in LA emptying function. The extent of LA LGE was highly predictive for the diagnosis of CA.
Premature celebrations: The persistence of inter-district funding disparities

Two interlocking claims are being increasingly made around school finance: that states have largely met their obligations to resolve disparities between local public school districts and that the bulk of remaining disparities are those that persist within school districts. These local decisions are described as irrational and unfair school district practices in the allocation of resources between individual schools. In this article, we accept the basic contention of within-district inequities. But we offer a critique of the empirical basis for the claims that within-district gaps are the dominant form of persistent disparities in school finance, finding instead that claims to this effect are largely based on one or a handful of deeply flawed analyses. Next, we present an empirical analysis, using national data, of 16-year trends (1990 to 2005) and recent patterns (2005 to 2007) of between-district disparities, finding that state efforts to resolve between-district disparities are generally incomplete and inadequate and that in some states between-district disparities have actually increased over time.
Investment Treaties and Investor Corruption: An Emergent Defense for Host States?

Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are famously asymmetric. They grant investors rights but not obligations, while imposing upon states obligations unaccompanied by rights. Recent cases suggest, however, that BIT tribunals are poised to recognize a defense to state BIT liability that, in effect, imposes upon investors the obligation to avoid involvement in public corruption in the course of making a treaty-­protected investment. In this short article I sketch out the contours of this emergent defense, focusing on the recent investment treaty arbitration between Siemens, A.G. and Argentina. Siemens was awarded $200 million for Argentina’s expropriation of its investment, but Siemens voluntarily abandoned the award in response to post-­award revelations that Siemens had procured the investment through the systematic bribery of Argentine officials. While the Siemens tribunal never had the chance to rule on the legal consequences of the bribery allegations, jurisprudential trends suggest that it would likely have used the fact of corruption to either decline jurisdiction or to otherwise refuse to recognize Siemens’ substantive treaty-­based rights. I nonetheless argue that the specific contours of this emerging corruption defense are uncertain, and I suggest model investment treaty text for states that wish to secure their reliable access to it.
The polynomial hierarchy and intuitionistic bounded arithmetic

Intuitionistic theories IS 2 i of Bounded Arithmetic are introduced and it is shown that the definable functions of IS 2 i are precisely the □ i p functions of the polynomial hierarchy. This is an extension of earlier work on the classical Bounded Arithmetic and was first conjectured by S. Cook. In contrast to the classical theories of Bounded Arithmetic where Σ i b -definable functions are of interest, our results for intuitionistic theories concern all the definable functions.
“Glorified Messengers for Management” or “Legitimate Unionism”? An Analysis of Local Independent Unions in the Post-Company Union Era

Local independent unions (LIUs), which have represented a sizable minority of union members, largely emerged from company unions once they had been declared illegal upon the upholding of the National Labor Relations Act. This paper constructs and analyzes three distinct patterns of the organizational transformation of company unions into LIUs to determine if these LIUs became autonomous and independent of management or remained controlled by the employer. It was discovered that, in a majority of the cases, these LIUs were legitimate unions that operated independently of employer domination.
MAES:TRO: a practice system to track, record, and observe for novice orchestral conductors

Conductors use their entire bodies to communicate with an orchestra to guide musicians through a piece of music. Currently, novice conductors learn basic conducting techniques through solo practice, which lacks factors that exist in a live orchestra rehearsal. We propose MAES:TRO: a conducting practice room that provides an immersive rehearsal experience and utilizes hand gestures, body orientation, and eye-gaze directions to directly alter a musical score. With the use of auditory/visual feedback and a report of incorrect beat, tempo, and instrumental emphasis, conductors are able to self-reflect and improve basic techniques. Our user testing of a low-fidelity prototype showed the system's potential to improve the effectiveness of novice conductor's solo practice.
Decrease of the major surface glycoprotein gp160 in activated macrophages

Abstract The quantity of surface-radioiodinated gp160, the previously described trypsin- and plasmin-sensitive surface glycoprotein of guinea pig macrophages was reduced 70% in macrophages activated in vivo in comparison to elicited macrophages. The reduction of gp160 was also detected by Coomassie blue staining, demonstrating that the absolute number of gp160 molecules is lower in activated macrophages. Gp160 was present on activated macrophages as single-chain intact molecules; no proteolytically cleaved gp160 was detected. Biosynthesis of gp160 was compared for activated and elicited macrophages by culturing with [ 35 S]methionine. Whereas biosynthetically labeled gp160 was readily detected in elicited macrophages, negligible [ 35 S]methionine-labeled gp160 was detected in parallel cultures of activated macrophages, suggesting that a major cause of decreased surface gp160 on activated macrophages lies at the level of synthesis.
Polyaniline Nanofiber Gas Sensors: Examination of Response Mechanisms

Using a new interfacial polymerization method for the synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers, we have developed nanofiber sensors and compared them to conventional polyaniline sensors. Five different response mechanisms are explored: acid doping (HCl), base dedoping (NH3), reduction (with N2H4), swelling (with CHCl3), and polymer chain conformational changes (induced by CH3OH). In all cases, the polyaniline nanofibers perform better than conventional thin films. Their high surface area, porosity and small diameters enhance diffusion of molecules and dopants into the nanofibers.
Film boiling of discrete droplets of mixtures of coal and water on a horizontal brass surface

Abstract The effect of coal on the evaporation of water from mixtures of coal and water was studied in a Leidenfrost-type experiment. Pulverized bituminuous coal was mixed with water in volume concentrations of 14% and 26%, with corresponding total droplet volumes of 0.052 cm 3 and 0.055 cm 3 , respectively. Evaporation times were recorded by videotape over a range of plate temperatures from just above the Leidenfrost point of water to 670°K. The test surface used in all the experiments was brass, and the pressure was kept constant at atmospheric. Three stages in the evaporation lifetime of the coal/water droplets were observed: (1) evaporation of levitated sessile shaped drops; (2) a regime in w Results showed that evaporation times of water were lower in the presence of coal than for a pure water droplet containing the same volume of water as
The Hydration of Formic Acid

We examine organic acids as precursors to aerosol formation. We do this by examining the hydration of formic acid with up to three water molecules. This approach starts at the molecular level, providing insight to the first steps of the processes that result in nucleation. Our methodology involves high-level molecular calculations. We present structures and energetics for these species. Using these methods, we predict a cooperative bonding effect that may be present in other aerosol precursors. This methodology also may provide some insight into the hygroscopic growth of these particles. We discuss some possible atmospheric implications of this work.
Effect of Ceria Support on the Structure of Ni Nanoparticles

The effect of nanostructures of ceria associated with oxygen vacancies as well as Ti dopant on the structure of Ni was investigated by adopting model Ni/ceria systems consisting of Ni nanoparticles...
Challenges in the Interdisciplinary Teaching of Food and Foodways

This paper explores what constitutes truly interdisciplinary teaching and learning with respect to food studies and foodways. Drawing on experience and feedback from the team-taught course “The Ecology, Ethics, and Economics of Food” at the University of La Verne in La Verne, California, the paper offers dual perspectives from a cell and molecular biologist and from a cultural historian on the challenges of teaching about food from a combined science/humanities perspective. These challenges include defining substantive and methodological priorities, communicating across disciplinary boundaries, and balancing effectively the different styles of learning traditional to different disciplines. In addition, the paper addresses the larger questions of what comprises food studies, what constitutes interdisciplinarity, and how scholars from widely divergent fields and backgrounds can work together cooperatively in an effective pedagogical context.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization in cancer and radiation biology

This review describes molecular cytogenetic approaches to genetic analysis including fluorescence in situ hybridization, primed in situ labeling and comparative genomic hybridization. It also summarizes the applications of this technology to physical mapping, cancer diagnosis and prognostication and in radiation biology.
ONTOLOGY-GUIDED SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE COMPOSITION TO SUPPORT COMPLEX AND TAILORABLE PROCESS DEFINITIONS

Services as abstractions of functionality have enabled the engineering of systems that support well-defined processes with relative ease. This success leads to aspirations for achieving greater complexity with the service-oriented paradigm. In particular, we address the case where the process definition is tailored differently in each instantiation based on negotiations among stakeholders of a socio-technical context. For such cases the process definition invariably crosscuts the architecture of a process-support system that composes available services. However, use of pre-defined process variations may bias the tailoring effort and thus, act against the original motivation of having a flexible definition. On the other hand, the characteristics of process complexity and tailorability introduce differences between stakeholder understanding of the process activities and their manifestation in tool support. We encounter these issues while developing a service-oriented process-support system for a security Certification and Accreditation (C&A) process. In this paper, we present our approach to effectively separate the C&A process definition from the architecture of its process-support system. We employ ontological modeling techniques to explicitly model the process definition and later expose it as a service to provide weaving rules for dynamically composing the process-support system architecture at runtime. The feasibility of our approach has been demonstrated in the design of a service-oriented architecture for a prototype workbench that supports the Department of Defense Certification and Accreditation Process (DITSCAP).
A removable auxiliary for amidomercuration reactions: The stereocontrolled preparation of vicinal aminoalcohols

Abstract Unsaturated amidals 1 , derived from allylic alcohols and containing a stereogenic amidal center, undergo amidomercuration with high 1,3-stereoinduction from the amidal center. In substrates derived from secondary allylic alcohols, the influence of the stereogenic amidal center overrides the competing 1,2-stereoinduction from the allylic substituent. Consequently, starting from a single secondary allylic alcohol, the amidal auxiliary enables the selective preparation of either a syn or an anti vicinal aminoalcohol.
Computing uses in higher education: some opinions

The preceding article reports the results of a survey of university computer center directors conducted in the Spring of 1980. The results have been reported separately so that readers may review the data and make their own assessment of the implications for computing technology in higher education institutions in the future. That is what I have done, and this article reflects my opinions, based on the data, of the state of the art of the use of computer technology in universities at present, and some ideas of what can be expected in the future.
Subchronic Toxicity Studies of t-Butyl Alcohol in Rats and Mice

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of t-butyl alcohol, an important commodity chemical, an additive to unleaded gasoline, and a contaminant of drinking water. Ninety-day toxicity studies were conducted in B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 (F344) rats of both sexes using dosed water. Dose levels of t-butyl alcohol were 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% (w/v). Lethality was observed at the 4% level of both sexes and species. Weight-gain depression was present in all dose levels of male rats; 4% female rats; 1, 2, and 4% male mice; and 2 and 4% female mice. Water consumption was increased at lower dose levels in male rats and decreased in the higher dose levels of both sexes of rats and female mice. Clinical signs in rats were ataxia in both sexes and hypoactivity in males. Clinical signs in mice were ataxia, abnormal posture, and hypoactivity. In rats, urine volumes were reduced, in association with crystalluria. Gross lesions at necropsy were urinary tract calculi, renal pelvic and ureteral dilatation, and thickening of the urinary bladder mucosa. Microscopic lesions were hyperplasia of transitional epithelia and inflammation of the urinary bladder. In male rats treated with t-butyl alcohol, microscopic renal changes were suggestive of alpha-2 mu-globulin nephropathy. No-effect levels for the urinary tract lesions were 1% in male rats and mice (803.7 mg/kg/day for the male rats and 1565.8 mg/kg/day for the male mice) and 2% in female rats and mice (1451.5 mg/kg/day for the female rats and 4362.9 mg/kg/day for the female mice). The results indicate that in rodents the urinary tract is the target organ for t-butyl alcohol toxicity, and males are more sensitive to t-butyl alcohol toxicity than females.
Nearly optimal symbolic-numerical algorithms for structured integer matrices and polynomials

Our unified superfast algorithms for solving Toeplitz, Hankel, Vandermonde, Cauchy, and other structured linear systems of equations with integer coefficients combine Hensel's symbolic lifting and numerical iterative refinement and run in nearly optimal randomized Boolean time for both solution and its correctness verification. The algorithms and nearly optimal time bounds are extended to some fundamental computations with univariate polynomials that have integer coefficients. Furthermore, we develop lifting modulo powers of two to implement our algorithms in the binary mode within a fixed precision.
Peak lifting velocities of men and women for the reduced inertia squat exercise using force control

The purpose of the research was to determine peak velocities for the reduced inertia squat exercise at various resistance levels based on an isometric strength assessment for both men and women. On a Smith machine modified for pneumatic resistance, 12 males and 12 females previously trained college-age participants performed a maximal isometric strength assessment with knee angles of 90°, 110°, 130°, 150° and 170° (180° = full extension) followed by dynamic maximal effort squats with resistance maintained at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of their lowest maximum isometric strength. No interaction existed between the men and women during isometric strength tests with the men stronger in every joint position (P < 0.05). The lowest isometric strength occurred at 90° without variation. There was an interaction between men and women for peak lifting velocity during the dynamic lifts (P = 0.021) with the men producing higher velocities at all levels of resistance (P < 0.05). The difference in peak velocity between the sexes was greatest at the lowest resistance level and that difference was less significant at the higher resistance levels. The relationship between resistance force and peak lifting velocity is applicable to increasing the efficiency of the squat by maximizing force output per repetition by varying the resistance as the lifter approaches peak velocity similar to isokinetics with preloading and active instead of reactive resistance.
Über fluorhaltige Verbindungen der Elemente der V. Hauptgruppe. II. Tetrachlorphosphonium‐hexafluorophosphat, [PCl4]+[PF6]−

Aus Phosphor(V)-chlorid, [PCl4]+[PCl6]−, last sich in AsCl3 als Losungsmittel durch Zugabe einer aquivalenten Menge an AsF3 die Verbindung [PCl4]+[PF6]− nach der Gleichung [PCl4][PCl6] + 2 AsF3 [PCl4][PF6] + 2 AsCl3 gewinnen. Die neue Substanz, ein weises hygroskopisches Salz, das bei etwa 135°C unter partieller Zersetzung sublimiert, ist in AsCl3 schwer loslich und entsteht bei dieser Reaktion in quantitativer Ausbeute. Die Struktur des Salzes wird chemisch bewiesen. Der Ionenaufbau des [PCl4]+[PF6]− geht eindeutig aus Leitfahigkeitsmessungen in Acetonitril hervor. Das [PCl4]+[PF6]− ist ein gutes Ausgangsmaterial zur Darstellung von Hexafluophosphaten und Phosphorpentafluorid. Die Eigenschaften der Verbindungen [PCl4]+[PF6]− und [AsCl4]+[AsF6]− werden miteinander verglichen.
Whither the Oral Abstract Presentation

![Figure][1] Like many of you, I just returned home from the ACC Annual Scientific Sessions meeting. As in the past, the meeting was outstanding and provided a venue for important new research findings, state-of-the-art education, information on health policy and legislation, and display of
What You Should Know About Location Modeling

Facility location models have been applied to problems in the public and private sectors for years. In this article, the author first presents a taxonomy of location problems based on the underlying space in which the problem is embedded. The article illustrates problems from each part of the taxonomy with an emphasis on discrete location problems. Selected recent research in the area is also discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 55: 283-294, 2008
Workplace Mobbing: Individual and Family Health Consequences

In this article, the concept of workplace mobbing is introduced and described. The health consequences for the individuals who have been mobbed and for their families are identified and discussed. The contribution of organizational and personality dynamics to workplace mobbing is examined, and possible counseling interventions are presented. The article concludes with two clinical case studies of workplace mobbing in academia.
Dissolution Rate Srudies I:Continuous Recording Technique for Following Rapid Reactions in Solution

An automatic recording apparatus was developed to follow the process of dissolution. Results were obtained as a recording of per cent transmittance vs . time. The recorder was equipped with various speed chart drive motors that permitted readings to be taken from the graph at intervals down to 0.375sec. Several experiments were performed to demonstrate the applicability of this apparatus to the determination of dissolution rates, and constants obtained agreed well with those obtained by the usual method of removing samples with a pipet.
Mercury concentrations in Quagga Mussels, Dreissena bugensis, from Lakes Mead, Mohave and Havasu.

The recent invasion of the Dressenid species, the quagga mussel, Dreissena bugensis, into Lakes Mead, Mohave and Havasu has raised questions about their ability to alter contaminant cycling. Mussels were collected from 25 locations in the three lakes. The overall average was 0.036 ± 0.016 μg g−1 Hg dry wt. The range of the three lakes was from 0.014–0.093 μg g−1 Hg dry wt. There were no significant differences in mercury concentrations among the three lakes (F = 0.07; p = 0.794). From this baseline data of contaminants in quagga mussels from the lower Colorado River, this species may be used to biomonitor lake health.
Repetitively pulsed, tunable ruby laser with solid etalon mode control.

A repetitively pulsed, tunable ruby laser has been designed and constructed as a light source for high resolution absorption spectroscopy and selective photochemical excitation. The frequency is tuned over a range of approximately 20 cm−1 by changing the temperature of the ruby. The use of a solid sapphire etalon for mode control results in linewidth and stability within 0.04 cm−1 over durations exceeding 25,000 consecutive pulses. Repetition rates of up to 2 pulses/sec at output energies of 0.5 J/pulse are maintained. Design and performance features of the laser are presented, and examples of its application are shown.