cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WAVELENGTH ACCURACY OF THE KECK HIRES SPECTROGRAPH AND MEASURING CHANGES IN THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT

We report on an attempt to accurately wavelength calibrate four nights of data taken with the Keck HIRES spectrograph on QSO PHL957, for the purpose of determining whether the fine structure constant was different in the past. Using new software and techniques, we measured the redshifts of various Ni II, Fe II, Si II, etc. lines in a damped Lyalpha system at z = 2.309. Roughly half the data were taken through the Keck iodine cell which contains thousands of well calibrated iodine lines. Using these iodine exposures to calibrate the normal Th-Ar Keck data pipeline output, we found absolute wavelength offsets of 500 m s{sup -1} to 1000 m s{sup -1} with drifts of more than 500 m s{sup -1} over a single night, and drifts of nearly 2000 m s{sup -1} over several nights. These offsets correspond to an absolute redshift of uncertainty of about DELTAz approx 10{sup -5}(DELTAlambda approx 0.02 A), with daily drifts of around DELTAz approx 5 x 10{sup -6} (DELTAlambda approx 0.01 A), and multiday drifts of nearly DELTAz approx 2 x 10{sup -5}(approx0.04 A). The causes of the wavelength offsets are not known, but since claimed shifts in the fine structure constant wouldmore » result in velocity shifts of less than 100 m s{sup -1}, this level of systematic uncertainty may make it difficult to use Keck HIRES data to constrain the change in the fine structure constant. Using our calibrated data, we applied both our own fitting software and standard fitting software to measure DELTAalpha/alpha, but discovered that we could obtain results ranging from significant detection of either sign, to strong null limits, depending upon which sets of lines and which fitting method were used. We thus speculate that the discrepant results on DELTAalpha/alpha reported in the literature may be due to random fluctuations coming from underestimated systematic errors in wavelength calibration and fitting procedure.« less
Optimal Design of Stagnation-Flow MOVPE Reactors with Axisymmetric Multi-Aperture Inlets

An approach for optimal design of vertical stagnation flow Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) reactors that minimizes parasitic pre-reactions between the film precursors is presented. The use of axisymmetric multi-aperture inlets (e.g. tube-in-tube or concentric-ring inlets) enables the separation of incompatible precursors, while preserving the axial symmetry of the reactor. A careful selection of the inlet velocity of each stream and the distance between the inlet and the susceptor (reactor height) can lead to complete mixing just above the substrate, while keeping the contact time between the precursors in the gas phase low enough to suppress pre-reactions. This idea has been used by our group for growing high quality ZnSe films on GaAs substrates from (CH3)2Zn:N(C2H5)3 and H2Se diluted in H2 in a stagnation flow MOVPE reactor with an axisymmetric split inlet. A transport model describing the MOVPE of ZnSe, for conditions at which the growth rate is limited by the precursors' arrival rate at the surface, has been developed. A parametric study was performed aiming at identifying operating conditions in industrial-scale reactors that maximize film thickness uniformity while minimizing precursor contact time. Operation at Gr/Re2<100 eliminated flow recirculations in the region above the substrate. Such recirculations may lead to formation of particulates by trapping reactants. Optimal conditions correspond to equal velocities of the inlet streams, satisfying the above criterion, and to the minimum possible reactor height leading to uniform film thickness across the substrate.
The Importance of Intergalactic Structure to Gravitationally Lensed Quasars

Image flux ratio anomalies have been attributed to substructures within the gravitational lens and to small-mass halos (M 1010 M☉) in intergalactic space. In this paper, analytic calculations are presented that help in the understanding of how intergalactic halos affect magnification ratios. It is found that intergalactic halos can produce anomalies at a level similar to those that are observed. Intergalactic halos with masses <1010 M☉ are expected to cause relative deflections between images of order 10 mas, which are then magnified by the primary lens. They will also cause fluctuations in the surface density on the several percent level. The importance of intergalactic halos depends strongly on the radial profile of the halos and the primordial power spectrum at small scales. Strongly lensed quasars provide an opportunity to probe these properties. A strong dependence on the QSO redshift is predicted and can be used to distinguish between intergalactic structure and substructure as the cause of magnification anomalies. This analytic approach also explains why some previous semianalytic estimates disagreed with numerical calculations.
Is Transnational Terrorism Becoming More Threatening? A Time-Series Investigation

This study applies time-series techniques to investigate the current threat posed by transnational terrorist incidents. Although the number of incidents has dropped dramatically during the post-cold war period, transnational terrorism still presents a significant threat. In recent years, each incident is almost 17 percentage points more likely to result in death or injuries. Three alternative casualties series (incidents with injuries and/or deaths, the proportion of incidents with casualties, and incidents with deaths) are investigated. These series increased in November 1979 with the takeover of the U.S. embassy in Tehran and again after the fourth quarter of 1991. The growth of religious terrorism appears to account for the increased severity of terrorist attacks since the last quarter of 1991. All three casualties series displayed more deterministic factors than the noncasualties series, which is largely random after detrending. Cycles in the aggregate incident series are solely attributable to the un...
Synthesis and characterization of the first borane adducts and boron cations of some N-alkyl and N-aminotriphenylphosphoranimines

Abstract The first borane adducts of N-alkyl and N-aminotriphenylphosphoranimines, Ph3P[dbnd]N—R, were prepared by two different general synthetic methods. The first method involved displacement of THF (tetrahydofuran) from THF-borane by the free imines, and the second employed the reaction of LiBH4 with iminium bromides, Ph3P[dbnd]N(R)HBr, in diethyl ether. Imine boranes, Ph3P[dbnd]N(R)BH3, were synthesized where R [dbnd] methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, t-butyl. dimethylamino, phenylamino, and methyl, phenylamino as the nitrogen attached groups. Symmetrical boron cations, (Ph3P[dbnd]NR)2, BH2 +, where R = methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl, were synthesized by displacement of iodide from in-situ generated iodoborane adducts, Ph3P[dbnd]N(R)BH2I, by the free imines. An attempt to form an unsymmetrical boron cation from (CH3)3 NBH2I and Ph, P[dbnd]N(n-C3H7) resulted only in a mixture of the corresponding symmetrical boron cations. Physical, chemical and spectral properties of the borane adducts and b...
Analysis of image gathers in factorized VTI media

Because events in image gathers generated after prestack depth migration are sensitive to the velocity field, they are often used in migration velocity analysis for isotropic media. Here, we present an analytic and numerical study of P‐wave image gathers in transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI) and establish the conditions for flattening such events and positioning them at the true reflector depth. Application of the weak‐anisotropy approximation leads to concise expressions for reflections in image gathers from homogeneous and factorized v(z) media in terms of the VTI parameters and the vertical velocity gradient kz. Flattening events in image gathers for any reflector dip requires accurate values of the zero‐dip NMO velocity at the surface [Vnmo (z = 0)], the gradient kz, and the anellipticity coefficient η. For a fixed error in Vnmo and kz, the magnitude of residual moveout of events in image gathers decreases with dip, while the moveout caused by an error in η initially incr...
On anthropic solutions of the cosmological constant problem

Motivated by recent work of Bousso and Polchinski (BP), we study theories which explain the small value of the cosmological constant using the anthropic principle. We argue that simultaneous solution of the gauge hierarchy problem is a strong constraint on any such theory. We exhibit three classes of models which satisfy these constraints. The first is a version of the BP model with precisely two large dimensions. The second involves 6-branes and antibranes wrapped on supersymmetric 3-cycles of Calabi-Yau manifolds, and the third is a version of the irrational axion model. All of them have possible problems in explaining the size of microwave background fluctuations. We also find that most models of this type predict that all constants in the low energy lagrangian, as well as the gauge groups and representation content, are chosen from an ensemble and cannot be uniquely determined from the fundamental theory. In our opinion, this significantly reduces the appeal of this kind of solution of the cosmological constant problem. On the other hand, we argue that the vacuum selection problem of string theory might plausibly have an anthropic, cosmological solution.
Boundedness of trajectories for weakly reversible, single linkage class reaction systems

This paper is concerned with the dynamical properties of deterministically modeled chemical reaction systems with mass-action kinetics. Such models are ubiquitously found in chemistry, population biology, and the burgeoning field of systems biology. A basic question, whose answer remains largely unknown, is the following: for which network structures do trajectories of mass-action systems remain bounded in time? In this paper, we conjecture that the result holds when the reaction network is weakly reversible, and prove this conjecture in the case when the reaction network consists of a single linkage class, or connected component.
Add-drop filters based on mode conversion cavities

A resonator defined by mode-converting gratings in a waveguide is proposed. This resonator can exhibit narrow resonances similar to Fabry-Perot with an advantage of being a four-port device capable of serving as an add-drop filter.
Computation of Hypersonic Flows Using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method

The direct simulation Monte Carlo method has evolved over 50 years into a powerful numerical technique for the computation of complex, nonequilibrium gas flows. In this context, “nonequilibrium” means that the velocity distribution function is not in an equilibrium form due to a low number of intermolecular collisions within a fluid element. In hypersonic flow, nonequilibrium conditions occur at high altitude and in regions of flowfields with small length scales. In this paper, the theoretical basis of the direct simulation Monte Carlo technique is discussed. In addition, the methods used in direct simulation Monte Carlo are described for simulation of high-temperature, real gas effects and gas–surface interactions. Several examples of the application of direct simulation Monte Carlo to flows around blunt hypersonic vehicles are presented to illustrate current capabilities. Areas are highlighted where further research on the direct simulation Monte Carlo technique is required.
Look at me when you say that: an electronic negotiation simulation

This article extends the growing body of research on computer-mediated communication to a negotiations setting. The author compares face-to-face negotiation outcomes with computermediated negotiation outcomes using an integrative (win-win) negotiation. There were two main results of interest. First, computer-mediated final agreements are somewhat more integrative than those negotiated face-to-face, suggesting there is no efficiency loss from negotiating long distance using information technology. Second, computer-mediated agreements tend to be significantly more equal than face-to-face agreements.
Stem cells in Nanomia bijuga (Siphonophora), a colonial animal with localized growth zones

Siphonophores (Hydrozoa) have unparalleled colony-level complexity, precision of colony organization, and functional specialization between zooids (i.e., the units that make up colonies). Previous work has shown that, unlike other colonial animals, most growth in siphonophores is restricted to one or two well-defined growth zones that are the sites of both elongation and zooid budding. It remained unknown, however, how this unique colony growth and development is realized at the cellular level. To understand the colony-level growth and development of siphonophores at the cellular level, we characterize the distribution of proliferating cells and interstitial stem cells (i-cells) in the siphonophore Nanomia bijuga. Within the colony, we find evidence that i-cells are present at the tip of the horn, the structure within the growth zone that gives rise to new zooids. Co-localized gene expression of vasa-1, pl10, piwi, nanos-1, and nanos-2 suggests that i-cells persist in the youngest zooid buds and that i-cells become progressively restricted to specific regions within the zooids until they are mostly absent from the oldest zooids. The examined genes remain expressed in gametogenic regions. No evidence for i-cells is found in the stem between maturing zooids. Domains of high cell proliferation include regions where the examined genes are expressed, but also include some areas in which the examined genes were not expressed such as the stem within the growth zones. Cell proliferation in regions devoid of vasa-1, pl10, piwi, nanos-1, and nanos-2 expression indicates the presence of mitotically active epithelial cell lineages and, potentially, progenitor cell populations. We provide the first evidence for i-cells in a siphonophore. Our findings suggest maintenance of i-cell populations at the sites of growth zones and that these sites are the main source of i-cells. This restriction of stem cells to particular regions in the colony, in combination with localized budding and spatial patterning during pro-bud subdivision, may play a major role in facilitating the precision of siphonophore growth. Spatially restricted maintenance of i-cells in mature zooids and absence of i-cells along the stem may explain the reduced developmental plasticity in older parts of the colony.
Public opinion on issues of federalism in 2007: A bush plus?

A 2007 trend survey revealed more Americans saying that the federal government gives them the least for their money and has too much power. The proportions citing high trust in the federal government and saying the federal government needs more power were low. The proportions holding positive attitudes toward state and local government were high, though local government scored best on most questions. More than half of Americans reported that their state is treated with the respect it deserves in the US federal system, compared with less than half of Canadians stating the same about their province. Slightly more than half of the US public judged three major federalism actions of President George W. Bush to have been helpful to state and local governments.
Cost Efficiency Estimates for a Sample of Crop and Beef Farms

This paper examines the impact of specialization on the cost efficiency of a sample of crop and beef farms in Kansas. The economic total expense ratio was used to measure cost efficiency. The relationship between the economic total expense ratio and specialization was not significant.
Synthesis and Electrode Properties of Nanocrystalline Lithium Copper Iron Oxide Cathodes

Lithium copper iron oxides (Li x Cu 1-y Fe y O z ) have been synthesized by a solution-bused procedure involving the oxidation of a mixture consisting of Fe 2+ and Cu 2+ ions with the oxidizing agent Li 2 O 2 in presence of LiOH.H 2 O. The samples before and after heat-treatment at various temperatures (200-800°C) have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The composition of the product Li x Cu 1-x Fe y O z is controlled by the concentration of the reactants. TEM data reveal the 200°C samples to be nanocrystalline although X-ray diffraction does not show any discernible reflections. The 200-300°C heated samples show high initial capacity of around 300 mAh/g in the voltage range of 1.5 to 4.3 V. With optimized compositions, a reversible capacity of around 230 mAh/g could be achieved with good cyclability.
The dampening effect of bank foreign liabilities on monetary policy: Revisiting monetary cooperation in East Asia

Abstract This paper addresses the cost of formal monetary cooperation from the perspective of monetary policy effectiveness. As banks tend to borrow from abroad in foreign currencies to fund domestic lending, monetary policy may have a reduced effect on the credit market and the economy. Results derived from bank level data in East Asia indicate that bank foreign liabilities significantly reduce the effectiveness of the credit channel of monetary policy, implying a relatively low cost of giving up monetary autonomy.
Iterative techniques for minimum phase signal reconstruction from phase or magnitude

In this paper, we develop iterative algorithms for reconstructing a minimum phase sequence from the phase or magnitude of its Fourier transform. These iterative solutions involve repeatedly imposing a causality constraint in the time domain and incorporating the known phase or magnitude function in the frequency domain. This approach is the basis of a new means of computing the Hilbert transform of the log-magnitude or phase of the Fourier transform of a minimum phase sequence which does not require phase unwrapping. Finally, we discuss the potential use of this iterative computation in determining samples of the unwrapped phase of a mixed phase sequence.
Social science knowledge and induced institutional innovation: an institutional design perspective

In this paper I advance a model in which institutional innovation is induced by changes in resource endowments, cultural endowments and technical change. I also introduce the role of advances in social science knowledge as a source of institutional innovation. The sources of institutional innovation are illustrated by changes in land tenure and labor relations in Philippine agriculture, by the development of institutional design principles based on studies of small scale resource management, and by the transition from command and control to market based systems of resource management at the national level in the United States. In a final section I elaborate a pattern model that maps the general equilibrium relationship among change in resource endowments, cultural endowments, technology and institutions.
The H2ONaCl–sucrose phase diagram and applications in cryobiology

The liquidus surface of the primary ice phase field of the H2ONaCl–sucrose ternary system has been determined by differential thermal analysis (d.t.a.) techniques. Except in the region of high sucrose concentrations, the line of two-fold saturation bounding this field also was determined. Non-equilibrium glassy phases were formed throughout the system. The degree of metastability of these phases increases with sucrose concentration. At high sucrose levels, the metastability was such that detection of the line of two-fold saturation was precluded. In general, it was found that sucrose was less effective on a weight percent basis than dimethyl sulphoxide and glycerol in depressing the melting point of primary ice and, consequently, less effective in suppressing salt concentration effects at low temperatures in the liquid phase which is residual to primary ice formation.
SPIN CURRENT IN SPIN–ORBIT COUPLING SYSTEMS

We present a simple and pedagogical derivation of the spin current as the linear response to an external electric field for both Rashba and Luttinger spin–orbital coupling Hamiltonians. Except for the adiabatic approximation, our derivation is exact to the linear order of the electric field for both models. The spin current is a direct result of the difference in occupation levels between different bands. Moreover, we show a general topological spin current can be defined for a broad class of spin–orbit coupling systems.
Decomposition of wheat and barley straw treated with urea-sulfuric acid

Summary. Wheat straw treated with 0.5 or 1.0 ml/g urea-sulfuric acid (1 : 1 acid in water v/v) and incubated in Protneuf or Woodburn silt loam soils in the laboratory decomposed faster than nontreated straw the first 4-6 weeks but at 12 weeks the nontreated straw had decomposed 25% – 45% more. In a field experiment, urea-sulfuric acid treated straw, removed at 40-day intervals over 160 days, decomposed faster than nontreated straw. The differences were attributed to salt buildup in the laboratory samples, where electrical conductivities up to 17.6 dS/m were observed. In the field, leaching removed the excess salts. Nitrification produced up to 1875 mg NOF -N/kg Portneuf silt loam soil in the laboratory, indicating that nitrifying bacteria were not suppressed by the salt. Total plate counts with no straw were 1.8 x 10 6 microorganisms/g and with urea-sulfuric acid treated straw were 15.7 x 10 6/g soil after 14 days incubation. The respective actinomycete counts were 0.3 x 10 6 and 6.7 x 10 6/g for the no straw and straw-treated soils, respectively. The urea-sulfuric acid treatments suppressed straw decomposition in the laboratory and accelerated straw decomposition in the field.
Redox Decomposition Reactions of Copper(III) Peptide Complexes

Coordination of deprotonated-N(peptide) groups to copper helps to stabilize the trivalent oxidation state of copper.1 Electrode potentials (E°) (eq 1, where P = peptide and n = number of $$C{u^{III}}({H_{ - n}}P) + e \to C{u^{III}}({H_{ - n}}P),{E^o}$$ (1) protons displaced) of tri- and tetrapeptide complexes vary from 0.37 to 1.01 V (vs NHE). In many cases, it is possible to oxidize copper(II) complex to the corresponding copper(III) complex by bulk electrolysis in a flow-through column. Copper(III) peptides with low E° values are slow to undergo redox decomposition. Thus, tri-α-aminoisobutyryl amide (Aib3a) forms CuIII(H-3Aib3a) (structure 1), a complex with an E° value of 0.37 V that is indefinitely stable in neutral solutions as long as it is not exposed to light.2 Even in 1 M acid or 1 M base the complex is stable for weeks. The CuIII(H-2Aib3) complex (structure 2) with E° = 0.66 V is sufficiently stable to permit crystals to be grown for its structure determination.3
Vibrational energy distribution in the NO produced by the reaction of N(4S) with O2

Abstract Infrared emission (Δν = 2) has been observed from NO (ν =2–7) produced by the reaction N( 4 S) + O 2 →NO(ν) + O. The apparent NO vibrational energy distribution is different from the distribution initially produced by the reaction owing to stepwise V-V quenching of NO(ν) by collision with O 2 . A time-to-steady-state flowing afterglow experiment has been used, along with data obtained elsewhere, to define the ν dependence of this quenching process. After correction for the O 2 quenching effect, we conclude that 24.4% of the NO molecules produced in levels ν = 2–7 are produced in ν = 2 and 15.8%, 25.2%, 22.6%, 7.3% and 4.7% are produced in ν = 3 through 7, respectively.
A relative rate study of the reaction of bromine atoms with a variety of organic compounds at 295 K

Reactions des atomes de brome avec des alcanes, des aldehydes, des alcenes, le cyclopentane et l'acetylene
The role of responsibility in strategic risk-taking

We explore play between groups where one member of each 2-person group dictates the play of that group and is therefore responsible for the payoff of the other group member. We compare this to play when the game is the same, but each person is playing only for herself. Consistent with the principle of responsibility-alleviation described by Charness [Charness, G., 2000. Responsibility and effort in an experimental labor market. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 42, 375–384], we find that a sense of responsibility for the welfare of others has an effect. While the issue of responsibility does not appear to influence the decisions of 2/3 of the population, almost 90 percent of the remaining 1/3 of the population plays a less risky strategy when choosing for a group than when playing only for herself.
Primary prevention of colorectal cancer: diet and drugs

Primary prevention of colonic adenomas and cancer through dietary interventions or chemoprevention has great appeal. This article discusses primary prevention goals and promising nutritional or chemopreventive strategies. There is substantial observational evidence that diets high in total calories and fat and or low in fruits and vegetables or total fiber as well as low levels of physical activity are related to the risk of colonic neoplasia. Similar observational data indicate that diets high in specific nutrients such as antioxidant vitamins or calcium may be protective. The article describes some of the newer chemopreventive agents and reviews the data linking diet and lifestyle to colorectal cancer risk, focusing on interventions that have also been studied in prospective clinical trials. Finally the evidence supporting the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the chemoprevention of CRC is reviewed and the status of several other promising newer agents that are entering human trials is summarized.
Stability studies of transition-metal linkage isomers using quantum mechanical methods. Groups 11 and 12 transition metals.

Several hypotheses to elucidate the linkage isomer preference of the thiocyanate (SCN-) ion have been offered. For complexes with small coordination numbers (i.e., 1 and 2) and groups 11 (Cu-triad) and 12 (Zn-triad) metals, different levels of theory and a variety of basis sets have been employed to study linkage isomerism. Similar results are obtained for all density functionals tested, pure and hybrid. Overall, good agreement, vis-a-vis experimentally identified linkage isomers, is achieved for ab initio techniques, whereas semiempirical quantum mechanical methods show a bias toward S-ligated isomers. Despite the seeming ease for the a priori prediction of the most stable thiocyanate isomers using acid/base principles, this research highlights the sensitivity of quantitative calculations of transition-metal linkage isomerism to the choice of basis set and electron correlation, particularly with post-Hartree−Fock treatments.
Scaling Theory of Electrically Doped 2D Transistors

In this letter, it is shown that the existing scaling theories for chemically doped transistors cannot be applied to the novel class of electrically doped 2D transistors and the concept of equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) is not applicable anymore. Hence, a novel scaling theory is developed based on analytic solutions of the 2D Poisson equation. Full band atomistic quantum transport simulations verify the theory and show that the critical design parameters are the physical oxide thickness and distance between the gates. Accordingly, the most optimized electrically doped devices are those with the smallest spacing between the gates and the thinnest oxide, and not the smallest EOT.
Weaving versus blending: a quantitative assessment of the information carrying capacities of two alternative methods for conveying multivariate data with color

In this poster we present the results of two experiments in which we seek insight into the fundamental information-carrying capacities of two alternative methods for encoding multivariate information using color: color blending and color weaving [1].We begin with a baseline experiment, in which we assess participants' abilities to accurately read numerical data encoded via one of six different single-hued color scales defined via joint variations in saturation and luminance from 6 base colors (fig 1). To obtain the base colors, we selected six points evenly spaced about a circle of large constant saturation in the monitor gamut on a plane of constant luminance in the Lab color space (figure 2). From our first experiment, we were able to determine the average baseline level of accuracy that participants were able to achieve on the color matching task when asked to match a single color.In our main experiment, we assessed participants' abilities to read combinations of 2, 3, 4 and 6 different data values simultaneously represented across a common region of the domain, encoded using either color blending, in which a single mixed color is formed via linear combination of the individual component colors, defined in Lab space (figure 3), or color weaving, in which the individual component colors appear side-by-side in a high frequency texture that fills the region (figure 4). Participants' viewing distance was restricted so that the blocks of constant color within this texture would subtend either 3 or 6 minutes of visual angle.Our results indicate that performance was significantly better when the original color information was available via the high frequency texture than when the colors were blended (fig 5), and that this difference increased with the number of components.
The Cosmological Constant

This is a review of the physics and cosmology of the cosmological constant. Focusing on recent developments, I present a pedagogical overview of cosmology in the presence of a cosmological constant, observational constraints on its magnitude, and the physics of a small (and potentially nonzero) vacuum energy.
WASP-12b AND HAT-P-8b ARE MEMBERS OF TRIPLE STAR SYSTEMS

We present high spatial resolution images that demonstrate that WASP-12b and HAT-P-8b orbit the primary stars of hierarchical triple star systems. In each case, two distant companions with colors and brightnesses consistent with M dwarfs co-orbit the hot Jupiter planet host as well as one another. Our adaptive optics images spatially resolve the secondary around WASP-12, previously identified by Bergfors et al. and Crossfield et al. into two distinct sources separated by 84.3 ± 0.6 mas (21 ± 3 AU). We find that the secondary to HAT-P-8, also identified by Bergfors et al., is in fact composed of two stars separated by 65.3 ± 0.5 mas (15 ± 1 AU). Our follow-up observations demonstrate physical association through common proper motion. HAT-P-8 C has a particularly low mass, which we estimate to be 0.18 ± 0.02 M☉ using photometry. Due to their hierarchy, WASP-12 BC and HAT-P-8 BC will enable the first dynamical mass determination for hot Jupiter stellar companions. These previously well studied planet hosts now represent higher-order multi-star systems with potentially complex dynamics, underscoring the importance of diffraction-limited imaging and providing additional context for understanding the migrant population of transiting hot Jupiters.
Synthesis of diaryl ketones via a phosphine-free Fukuyama reaction.

The synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl ketonesvia the Fukuyama coupling of thioesters and organozinc reagents is described. Typically, the synthesis of diaryl ketones using this methodology provides low yields. The simple complex, Pd(dba)2, was found to convert a variety of aryl thioesters to diaryl ketones in good yields.
Shannon meets Nyquist: Capacity limits of sampled analog channels

We explore several fundamental questions at the intersection of sampling theory and information theory. In particular, we study how capacity is affected by a given sampling mechanism below the channel's Nyquist rate, and what sampling strategy should be employed to maximize capacity. Two classes of sampling mechanisms are investigated: uniform sampling with filtering and uniform sampling with a filter bank. Optimal filters that maximize capacity are identified for both cases. We also highlight connections between capacity and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation from sampled data. Our results indicate that maximizing capacity of sampled analog channels is a joint optimization problem over both the transmission strategy and the sampling technique.
Fundamentals and current status of steep-slope tunnel field-effect transistors

The tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) utilizes a metal-oxide-semiconductor MOS structure to control the Zener tunneling current in a p+n+ junction. Current understanding and status in the development of TFETs with steep inverse-subthreshold-slope is reviewed.
Synthesis of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP)

Abstract Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of methylboronic acid with 2-chloro-3-nitropyridine produced 2-methyl-3-nitropyridine 4 in one step in high yield. Oxidation of 4 with selenium dioxide gave aldehyde 5. Alternatively, condensation of 4 with DMFDMA followed by oxidation gave 5 in a two step higher yielding conversion. Subsequent direct coupling of 5 with thiosemicarbazide followed by reduction of the nitro group using stannous chloride or sodium sulfide provided 3-AP (3). Reduction with sodium hydrosulfite gave 3-HAP (8). Finally a route which avoids the reduction of a nitro function was devised. Thus direct coupling of styrene with 2-chloro-3-aminopyridine 9 under Heck reaction conditions gave 16 which was converted to 17, oxidized to the aldehyde 18 and converted to 3-AP (3) with in situ deblocking of the t-Boc functionality.
Invulnerability without Threat The Swiss Concept of General Defense

The notion of'military strength' must be divided into two different concepts. One is offensive power, the ability to inflict harm on others or to exert threats. This stimulates the arms race and is detrimental to international security. The other is defensive power, invulnerability, the ability to resist harm intended by others, which strengthens international security.This paper classifies various measures, both military and non-military, intended to protect national security, along the offensive-defensive dimension. Among the defensive measures considered is the potential for self-sufficiency in vital sectors of the economy, such as food and energy, during an emergency, as an alternative to reliance on obtaining such supplies from abroad, if necessary by force. It is then examined to what extent the Swiss concept of general defense corresponds to a desirable model.Ways are proposed in which a country can contribute to international peace, without risking its security through unilateral disarmament, thro...
Combining various modeling techniques for power electronic systems in automotive applications

Rapidly increasing complexity of electrical designs in automotive applications leads to growing role of system level modeling and simulation techniques in the design verification. This kind of verification requires integration of models describing system behavior at various fidelity levels: from behavioral control blocks to single device electrical models. Growing interest in power electronics applications due to hybrid vehicles developments has become another challenge for modeling and simulation engineers. This papers describes combination of various modeling techniques - from state diagrams to transistor level modeling - which allow time efficient and accurate representation of both steady-state and transient response (including self-heating effects) of a complex power electronics system in automotive applications.
On the portents of peak oil (and other indicators of resource scarcity)

Economists have studied various indicators of resource scarcity but largely ignored the phenomenon of “peaking” due to its connection to non-economic (physical) theories of resource exhaustion. I consider peaking from the economic point of view, where economic forces determine the shape of the equilibrium extraction path. Within that framework, I ask whether the timing of peak production reveals anything useful about scarcity. I find peaking to be an ambiguous indicator. If someone announced the peak would arrive earlier than expected, and you believed them, you would not know whether the news was good or bad. However, I also show that the traditional economic indicators of resource scarcity (price, cost, and rent) fare no better, and argue that previous studies have misconstrued the connection between changes in underlying scarcity and movements in these traditional indicators.
Do Pharmacists Buy Bayer? Informed Shoppers and the Brand Premium*

We estimate the effect of information and expertise on consumers’ willingness to pay for national brands in physically homogeneous product categories. In a detailed case study of headache remedies we find that more informed or expert consumers are less likely to pay extra to buy national brands, with pharmacists choosing them over store brands only 9 percent of the time, compared to 26 percent of the time for the average consumer. In a similar case study of pantry staples such as salt and sugar, we show that chefs devote 12 percentage points less of their purchases to national brands than demographically similar nonchefs. We extend our analysis to cover 50 retail health categories and 241 food and drink categories. The results suggest that misinformation and related consumer mistakes explain a sizable share of the brand premium for health products, and a much smaller share for most food and drink products. We tie our estimates together using a stylized model of demand and pricing.
ESTIMATION OF TREATMENT EFFECTS WITHOUT AN EXCLUSION RESTRICTION: WITH AN APPLICATION TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE SCHOOL BREAKFAST PROGRAM

While the rise in childhood obesity is clear, the policy rami…cations are not. School nutrition programs such as the School Breakfast Program (SBP) have come under much scrutiny. However, the lack of experimen- tal evidence, combined with non-random selection into these programs, makes identi…cation of the causal eects of such programs di¢ cult. In the case of the SBP, this di¢ culty is exacerbated by the apparent lack of exclusion restrictions. Here, we compare via Monte Carlo study several existing estimators that do not rely on exclusion restrictions for identi…cation. In addition, we propose two new estimation strategies. Simulations illustrate the usefulness of our new estimators, as well as provide applied researchers several practical guidelines when analyzing the causal eects of binary treatments. More importantly, we …nd consistent evidence of a bene…cial causal eect of SBP participation on childhood obesity when applying estimators designed to circumvent selection on unobservables.
NUCLEON RESONANCES AND QUARK STRUCTURE

A review of the past 50 years of study of resonances, leading to our understanding of the quark content of baryons and mesons. The quark structure of the proton as revealed through deep inelastic scattering. Structure functions and what they reveal about proton structure. Prospects for further studies with new and upgraded facilities, particularly a proposed electron-ion collider.
The restricted P + 2 body problem

Abstract In this paper we study a special case of the restricted n-body problem, called by us the restricted P + 2 body problem. The equilibrium configuration which the P + 1 bodies with mass form consists of one central mass encircled by a ring of P equally spaced particles of equal mass, the ring rotating at a specific angular velocity. We briefly discuss the stability of this configuration. We consider the dynamics of an infinitesimal mass under the influence of such a configuration. First the equilibrium points will be discussed, then the zero-velocity curves. We show that there are 3P, 4P or 5P equilibrium points, depending on the ratio of the ring particle mass to the central body mass. Next motion about the equilibrium points is considered. We show that if the ring particle mass is small enough there will be P stable equilibrium points. Also if the number of particles, P, is large enough and the ratio of the ring particle mass to the central body mass is large enough there will be P different stable equilibrium points. Finally an analysis of the dynamics of the infinitesimal mass will be performed under the restriction that the particle does not cross or come close to the ring and lies in the plane of the ring. Under this restriction an approximate potential can be found which can be made arbitrarily close to the real potential under some circumstances. The dynamics of the particle under the approximate potential are integrable. We find a periodic orbit in this case with the Poincare-Lindstedt method using the mass of the ring as a small parameter. The predictions from this approximate solution of the problem compare well with numerical integrations of the actual system.
Gold-Catalyzed Allylation of Aryl Boronic Acids: Accessing Cross-Coupling Reactivity with Gold

A sp(3)-sp(2) C-C cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by gold in the absence of a sacrificial oxidant is described. Vital to the success of this method is the implementation of a bimetallic catalyst bearing a bis(phosphino)amine ligand. A mechanistic hypothesis is presented, and observable transmetalation, C-Br oxidative addition, and C-C reductive elimination in a model gold complex are shown. We expect that this method will serve as a platform for the development of novel transformations involving redox-active gold catalysts.
The Boats That Did Not Sail: Asset Price Volatility in A Natural Experiment

What explains short-term fluctuations of stock prices? This paper exploits a natural experiment from the 18 century in which information flows were regularly interrupted for exogenous reasons. English shares were traded on the Amsterdam exchange and news came in on sailboats that were often delayed because of adverse weather conditions. The paper documents that prices responded strongly to boat arrivals, but there was considerable volatility in the absence of news. The evidence suggests that this was largely the result of the revelation of (long-lived) private information and the (transitory) impact of uninformed liquidity trades on intermediaries' risk premia.
Preoperative Cardiac Evaluation

Guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery have been published. The integration of clinical risk factors, surgery-specific risk,and functional capacity should be used to determine the need for further diagnostic evaluation. The use of beta-adrenergic blockade in high-risk patients,particularly those with documented myocardium at risk undergoing vascular surgery, has been shown to reduce perioperative risk and may obviate the need for more invasive procedures. Coronary intervention should be reserved for those patients who warrant intervention independent of the noncardiac surgery.
Signal-to-noise ratio in squeezed-light laser radar

The formalism for computing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for laser radar is reviewed and applied to the tasks of target detection, direction finding, and phase-change estimation with squeezed light. The SNR for heterodyne detection of coherent light using a squeezed local oscillator is lower than that obtained using a coherent local oscillator. This is true for target detection, for phase estimation, and for direction finding with a split detector. Squeezing the local oscillator also lowers SNR in balanced homodyne and heterodyne detection of coherent light. Loss places an upper bound on the improvement that squeezing can bring to direct-detection SNR.
On the Growth of Steam Droplets Formed in a Laval Nozzle Using both Static Pressure and Light Scattering Measurements

Abstract : A series of experiments on steam condensation have been made in a Laval nozzle over a variety of starting conditions such that the onset of condensation occurs in the range -40 to 40 C. The homogeneous nucleation and growth of the new phase is documented with both static pressure and laser light scattering. Since even at onset the majority of the condensed phase is due to droplet growth the nucleation and growth are coupled and the availability of two measured quantities is helpful in comparing a particular combination of nucleation rate and growth law. For detailed calculations on one of the experiments there is excellent agreement with both measurements throughout the condensation zone and a theoretical calculation using the classical nucleation rate expression due to Volmer and a droplet growth law due to Gyarmathy.
Turning Waste into By-Product

This paper studies how a firm can create and capture value by converting a waste stream into a useful and saleable by-product (i.e., implementing by-product synergy (BPS)). We show that BPS creates an operational synergy between two products that are jointly produced. In essence, BPS is a process innovation that reduces the marginal cost of the original product and/or the by-product. The firm creates value through this process innovation and can capture this value by capturing newly created market opportunities, taking market share from competitors, or licensing the innovation to its competitors. We determine the optimal operating and licensing strategies for the firm and find market conditions under which the firm would benefit most from implementing BPS. We show that the optimal operating and licensing strategies are driven by the size of the cost reduction enabled by the BPS process innovation. We also show that leveraging the synergies between the original product and by-product can lead to counterintuitive profit-maximizing operating strategies such as increasing the amount of waste generated, and strategically increasing the quantity of original product above the business as usual production volume. We present a framework for assessing the environmental impact of BPS that incorporates the impact of the optimal operating and licensing strategies.
Intrusion detection using continuous time Bayesian networks

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) fall into two high-level categories: network-based systems (NIDS) that monitor network behaviors, and host-based systems (HIDS) that monitor system calls. In this work, we present a general technique for both systems. We use anomaly detection, which identifies patterns not conforming to a historic norm. In both types of systems, the rates of change vary dramatically over time (due to burstiness) and over components (due to service difference). To efficiently model such systems, we use continuous time Bayesian networks (CTBNs) and avoid specifying a fixed update interval common to discrete-time models. We build generative models from the normal training data, and abnormal behaviors are flagged based on their likelihood under this norm. For NIDS, we construct a hierarchical CTBN model for the network packet traces and use Rao-Blackwellized particle filtering to learn the parameters. We illustrate the power of our method through experiments on detecting real worms and identifying hosts on two publicly available network traces, the MAWI dataset and the LBNL dataset. For HIDS, we develop a novel learning method to deal with the finite resolution of system log file time stamps, without losing the benefits of our continuous time model. We demonstrate the method by detecting intrusions in the DARPA 1998 BSM dataset.