cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of storage and release of metaraminol in the rat heart.

Abstract Field stimulation or incubation with tyramine of heart slices from rats treated with tritium-labeled metaraminol caused a release of the false adrenergic transmitter. Regardless of whether unlabeled metaraminol was given 16 or 40 hr either before or after the labeled compound, the release of labeled metaraminol by either field stimulation or tyramine reflected the specific activity of the total heart metaraminol content. Similarly, giving unlabeled metaraminol 40 hr after administration of the isotope resulted in a specific activity in the intact animal heart which did not change over a further 4-day period, even though total content decreased markedly. It is concluded that intraneuronal release of metaraminol by nerve stimulation or by tyramine occurs from either a single pool or from a functional site in rapid equilibrium with the main storage pool rather than from a site semi-sequestered from a semi-inert main storage pool.
Principles of Carbonate Sedimentation

Most, though not all, carbonate sedimentation results basically from chemical or biochemical processes occurring in a special marine environment: one of clear, warm, shallow water. A world map (Fig. I-1) showing areas of modern carbonate deposition demonstrates clearly a positive correlation between such deposition and the equatorial belt and areas of warm ocean currents. Fairbridge (Chilingar et al., 1967, p. 404) presented a graph showing that neritic carbonates exist chiefly north and south of the equator below latitudes of 30 degrees. Furthermore, whereas the bottoms of deep ocean basins between 40 degress north and south latitudes contain much planktonic carbonate, those in higher latitudes do not, except in the north Atlantic along the Gulf stream. Invertebrates precipitate thicker calcite and aragonite shells in clear, warm waters, many more calcareous algae thrive there, and algal-dependent hermatypic or reef-building corals are restricted to such an environment. Cooler marine waters do support swarms of invertebrates whose tests and shells may form local accumulations of shelly lime sand (Lees, 1973; Chave, 1967), but other types of lime sediment, such as ooids, grapestones, peloids, reefy boundstone and lime mud accumulations, are confined to tropical and subtropical waters.
The beetle family Carabidae of Costa Rica and Panam : Descriptions of four new genera and six new species with notes on their way of life (Insecta: Coleoptera)

A new genus and two new species of Bembidiini, Tachyina, (type localities in parentheses) Tachysbembix sirena Erwin new genus, new species (P.N. Corcovado, Llorona, 20 km N Estaci n Sirena, 1 100 m, 08 37 N 083 42 W, LS 270500,508300) and Tachysbembix wendyporrasae Erwin new genus, new species (Guanacaste, Nandayure, Estero Jabilla, sea level, 10 02 N 085 11 W, LN 199225,395300), two new genera and two new species of Lachnophorini, Pseudophorticus puncticollis new genus, new species (Lim n, Hamburg Farm, Rio Reventazon, Ebene, 100 m, 10 15' N, 083 28' W) and Guatemalteca virgen Erwin new genus, new species (Heredia, 16.0 km SSE La Virgen, 1050 1150 m, 10 16' N, 84 05' W, LN527381,257085), and a new genus and two new species of Lebiini, Agrina, Valeriaaschero flora Erwin new genus, new species (Guanacaste, P.N. Guanacaste, Estaci n Pitilla, Santa Cecilia, 700 m, 10 59' 33" N, 085 25' 46' W, LN330200,380200) and Valeriaaschero nigrita Erwin new genus, new species (Puntarenas, Peninsula de Osa, Rancho Quemado, 200 m, 8 40' 44" N, 83 34' 00" W, LS292500,511000) are diagnosed, described and illustrated. Thus far, all species are known only from Costa Rica except Valeriaaschero flora Erwin which also occurs in northwestern Panam . The bembidiines live at the sea shore; the lachnophorines live amongst leaf litter in lowland or cloud forests; the lebiines are arboreal in lowland forests. This paper validates the names of the new genera and species so that information about them can be made available for enhancing the National Biodiversity Inventory Project of Costa Rica. In addition, the following species described originally in the genera Euphorticus or Lachnophorus are transferred to Pseudophorticus: Pseudophorticus semirufa (Bates) from Lachnophorus (Bates 1878); Pseudophorticus lucidus (Bates) from Lachnophorus (Bates 1883); Pseudophorticus subauratus (Bates) from Euphorticus (Bates 1884), new combinations.
Characteristics of guided and leaky waves on multilayer thin-film structures with planar material gratings

This paper presents the characteristics of guided (surface) waves and leaky waves on multilayer structures with planar implanted periodic dielectric blocks. A three-dimensional (3-D) integral-equation formulation in conjunction with the method of moments (MoM's) is used to find the propagation constants of the surface-wave and leaky-wave modes. The analysis deals with layered structures with irregular implants. Photonic band-gaps of both guided waves and leaky waves for rectangular air-implants are identified. Anisotropic properties of the surface waves and leaky waves are investigated. The design of leaky-wave antennas with the information of mode characteristics is discussed. The analysis is validated through the comparison with a low-frequency effective-medium approach and results for linear gratings.
Effect of indomethacin administration on glucose homeostasis and pancreatic hormones in lactating goats.

Abstract To determine glucogenic and hormonal responses in ruminants to indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, four lactating Toggenburg goats were used in a crossover design. Fifteen milligrams of indomethacin or 3ml of saline were injected subcutaneously twice daily with propionate infused intrajugularly at a rate of 2m M /min for 75min as a challenge. Plasma glucose concentrations were increased by indomethacin injections. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α were not affected by indomethacin injections. Propionate infusion elevated plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations. A decreased insulin release in response to propionate challenge was observed with indomethacin injections.
Summary of microsatellite instability test results from laboratories participating in proficiency surveys: proficiency survey results from 2005 to 2012.

Context.—The College of American Pathologists surveys are the largest laboratory peer comparison programs in the world. These programs allow laboratories to regularly evaluate their performance and...
Site selectivity of Mn atoms in γ-TiAl alloys determined by x-ray scattering

The relative variations of the intensities of the superlattice peaks in the x-ray scattering of Ti50−xMnxAl50 alloys (x = 0, 0.77, 1.85, and 3.30) are used to determine the site occupancy by Mn atoms. It is concluded that up to x = 1.85, Mn occupies the Ti sites whereas for x = 3.30, some Al sites may also be occupied in the L10 structure of γ–TiAl alloys.
Adverse Effects of Reduced-Dose d-Penicillamine in Children with Mild-to-Moderate Lead Poisoning

BACKGROUND:Oral chelation therapy with d-penicillamine (d-PCN) has been proven to be effective in the treatment of mild-to-moderate lead poisoning. However, d-PCN is associated with a relatively high incidence of adverse effects when given in the standard dose of 25–30 mg/kg/d. Lower doses of d-PCN may reduce the rate of adverse effects without a significant reduction in the drug's efficacy.OBJECTIVE:To examine the incidence of rash, white blood cell and platelet count depression, and abnormal urinalysis with d-PCN when given in a dose of 15 mg/kg/d to children with blood lead concentrations <40 μg/dL.METHODS:Retrospective analysis of a clinical treatment course of children who received d-PCN during 1996 in the Lead and Toxicology Clinic of Children's Hospital, Boston. All children were treated under a reduced-dose d-PCN chelation protocol.RESULTS:During the study period, 55 children (mean age 37.4 mo) received 66 courses of d-PCN. Mean blood lead concentration before chelation was 24 μg/dL (range 15–37),...
Relationship between Secondary Metabolism and Fungal Development

Filamentous fungi are unique organisms-rivaled only by actinomycetes and plants-in producing a wide range of natural products called secondary metabolites. These compounds are very diverse in structure and perform functions that are not always known. However, most secondary metabolites are produced after the fungus has completed its initial growth phase and is beginning a stage of development represented by the formation of spores. In this review, we describe secondary metabolites produced by fungi that act as sporogenic factors to influence fungal development, are required for spore viability, or are produced at a time in the life cycle that coincides with development. We describe environmental and genetic factors that can influence the production of secondary metabolites. In the case of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, we review the only described work that genetically links the sporulation of this fungus to the production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin through a shared G-protein signaling pathway.
Extended Chest Wall Resection and Reconstruction in the Setting of Lung Cancer

Abstract Reconstruction of large chest wall defects after resection remains a significant undertaking. Obtaining a negative margin is of paramount importance for long-term survival. While reconstructing the chest wall, recreating a stable chest wall with adequate functional capacity and reasonable cosmesis are always the end goals. Morbidity from these procedures is significant, and mortality continues to hover around 5%. With continued advancement in reconstructive techniques and improved perioperative management, these procedures will continue to result in improved outcomes for patients.
Automated quantification of mitral valve regurgitation based on normalized centerline velocity distribution

Previous echocardiographic techniques for quantifying valvular regurgitation are limited by factors including uncertainties for orifice location and a hemispheric convergence assumption that often results in overand underestimation of flow rate and regurgitant orifice area. Using computational fluid dynamics simulations, these factors were eliminated, allowing a more accurate assessment of regurgitation. A model was developed to allow automated quantification of regurgitant orifice diameter based on the centerline velocity data available from color M-mode echocardiography. The model, validated using in vitro unsteady flow data, demonstrated improved accuracy for orifice diameter (y=0.95x+0.38, r=0.96) and volume (y=1.18x-4.72, r=0.93).
Immediate percutaneous medialization for acute vocal fold immobility with aspiration.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of immediate bedside or office percutaneous, trans-thyroidal injections of a bioabsorbable gelatin material (Gelfoam, Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI) to decrease the risk of aspiration resulting from acute vocal fold immobility. Study Design: Retrospective review of patients presenting with acute vocal fold immobility and aspiration or high aspiration risk at an urban, tertiary care university hospital. Methods: All patients were evaluated by videostroboscopy, functional endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), and objective voice measures. Patients with acute vocal fold immobility and evidence of aspiration on history or FEES were given the option of medialization by Gelfoam injection. Injections were performed percutaneously in the office or at the bedside under laryngoscopic guidance. FEES was repeated after injection to verify improvement in aspiration. Results: Eleven patients underwent Gelfoam injection for treatment of aspiration and vocal fold immobility. All were significantly improved on post-injection FEES study. All patients were returned to an oral diet, avoiding the need for long-term enteral access. Conclusion: Percutaneous Gelfoam injections is a rapid, temporary solution to the common problem of aspiration resulting from acute vocal fold immobility.
Evaluating the risks of alternative energy policies: a case study of industrial energy efficiency

Numerous studies have shown the potential for US manufacturing to cut its energy costs by installing more efficient equipment that offers competitive payback periods, but the realization of this potential is hindered by numerous obstacles. This paper evaluates seven federal policy options aimed at revitalizing US manufacturing by improving its energy economics while also achieving environmental and energy reliability goals. Traditionally, policy analysts have examined the cost-effectiveness of energy policies using deterministic assumptions. When risk factors are introduced, they are typically examined using sensitivity analysis to focus on alternative assumptions about budgets, policy design, energy prices, and other such variables. In this paper, we also explicitly model the stochastic nature of several key risk factors including future energy prices, damages from climate change, and the cost of criteria pollutants. Using these two approaches, each policy is "stress tested" to evaluate the likely range of private and social returns on investment. Overall, we conclude that the societal cost-effectiveness of policies is generally more sensitive to alternative assumptions about damages from criteria pollutants and climate change compared with energy prices; however, risks also vary across policies based partly on the technologies they target. Future research needs to examine the macroeconomic consequences of the choice between a lethargic approach to energy waste and modernization in manufacturing versus a vigorous commitment to industrial energy productivity and innovation as characterized by the suite of policies described in this paper.
Hybrid Temporal Pattern Mining with Time Grain on Stock Index

Both sequential pattern mining and temporal pattern mining have become highly relevant data mining topics in this decade. In 2009, Wu and Chen proposed a representation for hybrid events and an HTPM mining method. However, their approach neither addresses nor analyzes the length of event time. An event representation may stand for the same event with extremely different time lengths, which may induces the loss of accurate mining results. This paper addresses this difficulty and explores different models and solutions. Firstly, this paper introduces the concept of the time grain, and proposes new hybrid models as well as the pattern mining algorithms associated with the concept of event length limit. Events in hybrid sequences are divided or distinguished according to a given threshold, to enable a detailed exploration of the more frequent hybrid sequence of events. Secondly, this paper utilizes the Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX) as the testing data, to examine the proposed model and the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm.
Cephalosporins in overcoming β-lactamase-producing bacteria and preservation of the interfering bacteria in the treatment of otitis, sinusitis and tonsillitis

The treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is complicated by the resurgence of β-lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) and the absence of interfering bacteria. BLPB can have a direct...
Correlation between Motor Vehicle Mortality Rate and Density of Medical Resources

An inverse correlation has been reported between motor vehicle crash mortality rate (MVCMR) and population density. The reasons for this are unknown, but variations in prehospital and hospital resources are a possible explanation.Hypothesis:Densities of prehospital and hospital resources correlate inversely with motor vehicle crash mortality rates.Methods:Data regarding population, area, number of motor vehicle deaths, and number and types of hospital and prehospital care resources for 1987, were obtained from the Michigan State Department of Public Health and transformed to create measures of resource per square mile by county. Correlation coefficients were computed between motor vehicle death rate and medical resource densities.Results:Small negative correlations were seen for all variables. Correlation coefficients ranged from -0.224 (EMTs per sq mi) to -0.167 (beds per sq mi). Only the coefficient for EMTs per square mile was statistically significant (p=0.043).Conclusion:Small negative correlations exist in Michigan counties between MVCMR and medical resources. We conclude that only a small proportion of MVCMR variation can be accounted for by the density of medical resources.
Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale: A multinational review

The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale is a 29-item questionnaire measuring self-stigma among persons with psychiatric disorders. It was developed with substantial consumer input and has been widely used, but its psychometric qualities have not been comprehensively evaluated across multiple versions. Here we review the 55 known versions, and provide the 47 available versions, including: Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Bulgarian, Chinese (Mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong), Croatian, Dutch, English (USA, South Africa), Estonian, Farsi, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Lithuanian, Lugandan, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese (Portugal, Brazil), Romanian, Russian, Samoan, Slovenian, Spanish (Spain), Swahili, Swedish, Tongan, Turkish, Urdu, and Yoruba, and qualitative English and Swahili versions, as well as versions for depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, eating disorders, epilepsy, inflammatory bowel disease, leprosy, smoking, parents and caregivers of people with mental illness, and ethnicity. The various versions show reliability and validity across a wide range of languages, cultures, and writing systems. The most commonly reported findings of studies using the ISMI are that internalized stigma correlates with higher depression, lower self esteem, and higher symptom severity. Initial studies of ways to reduce internalized stigma are promising and warrant further investigation.
The Biology and Clinical Utility of EBV Monitoring in Blood

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in blood can be quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in circulating cell-free (CCF) DNA specimens, or in whole blood. CCF viral DNA may be actively released or extruded from viable cells, packaged in virions or passively shed from cells during apoptosis or necrosis. In infectious mononucleosis, viral DNA is detected in each of these kinds of specimens, although it is only transiently detected in CCF specimens. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CCF EBV DNA is an established tumor marker. In EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma and in EBV-associated extranodal NK-/T-cell lymphoma, there is growing evidence for the utility of CCF DNA as a tumor marker.
BDPA-Doped Polystyrene Beads as Polarization Agents for DNP-NMR

The aromatic free radical BDPA (α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl), which has been widely used as a polarizing agent for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) of hydrophobic analytes, has been incorporated into nanometer-scale polystyrene latex beads. We have shown that the resulting BDPA-doped beads can be used to hyperpolarize (13)C and (7)Li nuclei in aqueous environments, without the need for a glassing cosolvent. DNP enhancement factors of between 20 and 100 were achieved with overall BDPA concentrations of 2 mM or less. These Highly-Effective Polymer/Radical Beads (HYPR-beads) have potential use as an inexpensive polarizing agent for water-soluble analytes, and also have applications as model nanoparticles in DNP studies.
Biologically-active exosomes in plasma of AML patients inhibit innate immunity and promote leukemia progression

AML patients are reported to have impairments of immune cells which contribute to leukemia progression. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) have recently emerged as carriers of the molecular and genetic cargo with potent immunosuppressive properties. We showed that plasma of newly-diagnosed AML patients prior to any therapy contained high levels of exosomal proteins relative to those in plasma of normal donors (NC). AML exosomes were enriched in membrane-associated TGF-β1, MICA/MICB and markers of myeloid blasts. We hypothesize that these plasma-derived virus-size (30-100nm) membrane-bound vesicles operating in AML deliver suppressive signals to immune cells and thus may promote leukemia progression.
Perceptions of Policing: Improving Communication in Local Communities:

Public perceptions of policing have provided a good deal of concern in recent years. However, there is also a growing body of evidence that suggests that part of the issue for policing local communities may stem from an ability to communicate effectively with the local populace. This article discusses the role of public perception and identifies a number of key factors implicit to the experience of policing. These include fairness in policing, media representation and the use of new (social) media in order to recognise and support the changing demographic in a local population. Among our conclusions, we suggest that further investment is needed in new media in order to provide for a positive front-facing service, aimed at engaging younger — often at-risk — populations, that become the future consumers of service.
Strain-Rate Amplification of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber Compounds

On etudie la vitesse de deformation amplifiee de plusieurs caoutchoucs contenant divers concentrations en noir de carbone
Characterization of Vertebrate Homologs of Drosophila Photoreceptor Proteins

In invertebrates, a large body of evidence about the molecular mechanisms governing the visual cascade has been derived from the molecular genetic dissection of the components of the Drosophila photoreceptor machinery (1 – 5). As the best genetically characterized metazoan system, Drosophila provides an advantage in some respects over the mammalian system in that the genes can be both molecularly and genetically dissected facilitating the association of a particular gene product with its in vivo cellular function. Several of the Drosophila mutants identified with changes in the light evoked responses also lead to photoreceptor degeneration. These are of particular interest, as retinal degeneration is a major cause of inherited blindness in humans. In addition, electrophysiological studies in Limulus photoreceptors cells have also provided us with an important insight into the physiology of the invertebrate visual cascade (6).
Soft X-ray Si 2p core-level spectra of H8Si8O12 physisorbed on Si(111)-H: additional experimental evidence regarding the binding energy shift of the HSi03 fragment

The hydridospherosiloxane cluster H8Si8O12 has been physisorbed onto Si(111)-H and soft X-ray Si 2p core-level photoemission spectra obtained. The results of these experiments provide strong support for previous binding energy assignments of HSi03 moieties at -3.6 eV.
Could dynamic ventilation waveforms bring about a paradigm shift in mechanical ventilation

today, mechanical ventilators are the primary life-support systems routinely used in every intensive care unit around the world. Mechanical ventilators first reached widespread use in the United States during the poliomyelitis epidemic in the 1940–1950s. Initial devices, known as “iron lungs
Commentary on: Motivations, Expectations, and Experiences of Labiaplasty: A Qualitative Study.

Although labiaplasty and other “genital beautification” procedures remain far less common compared to other aesthetic procedures,1 interest in these procedures raise a number of thought-provoking questions. Many individuals in the general public may intuitively wonder how someone becomes dissatisfied with the appearance of their genitals to the point that they consider and undergo surgical correction. Some of this wondering may be a byproduct of the number of “reality-based” television programs that have shared the stories of women and men interested in these procedures. Even professionals within the aesthetic surgery community may wonder about the psychosocial status and functioning of a woman who expresses dissatisfaction with the appearance of her labiaplasty in an initial consultation. This well written paper provides important information on the motivations and expectations of a small group of women who have undergone labiaplasty.2 As research on the motivations and psychosocial status of patients interested in aesthetic procedures has evolved over the past two decades, …
Social Sequence Analysis: Theoretical Foundations of Social Sequence Analysis

Regardless of whether we are considering people, organizations, cities, or nations, all social actors are connected to each other and to larger society through a dynamic series of ordered states and events. This book details the family of analytic methods that are designed to identify overarching patterns in the sequences through which actors experience these processes. This involves the systematic, empirical analysis of narratives, interdependencies and contingencies among social phenomena, and temporal and spatial regularities. This is a crucial task, as social structure, and actors' positions within it, are revealed and constituted through these aspects of social sequences (Bales 1951; Bourdieu 1984; Blumer 1969; Camic 1986; Collins 2004; Gershuny 2000; Giddens 1984; Goffman 1959, 1967; Nadel 1957; Parsons 1951; Sacks 1995; Schutz [1932] 1967; Sorokin and Berger 1939; Sorokin and Merton 1937; Strauss 1993; White 2008; Zerubavel 1981). Knowing how to detect patterns in the order in which social phenomena unfold yields unparalleled insight into social structure. The purpose of this chapter is to clarify what social sequences are and to discuss why it is so important to understand them. What Are Social Sequences? Sequences are sets of ordered things – states, events, activities, preferences, or other phenomena. These elements may be social in nature (e.g., social activities) or otherwise (e.g., proteins or nucleotides), but this book is concerned only with social sequences. Knowing that time plays a large role in structuring social action, we typically think of temporal order when we think about sequences (e.g., referring to events that unfold over a period of time). This suggests the following straightforward definition: “[S]ocial sequences are empirically observed, temporally ordered regularities” (Stovel 2010:5). Indeed, the majority of sequence analyses in contemporary social science are concerned with biographical, historical, or other forms of temporal order. But scholars are often concerned instead with various types of sequences in which order is not temporally defined. A social sequence may also reflect spatial order, preference order, hierarchical order, logical order, a cognitive schema or script, or other types of order. An urban development plan, for example, might consist of the logically planned phases or steps (which may or may not be implemented in practice) that are designed to revitalize a neighborhood (logical order).
Research on the Development Models of Non-profit Scientific Intermediary Organization in China

According to the different classfied stardands, the article divides the development models of non-profit scientific intermediary organization into the development models of many subjects, the developmengt medels of many fields cross and the development models of many roads. The article analyses the concept and contents of three development models by theory and practice. Unquestionable, the research will be helpful to make non-profit scientific intermediary organization more rapidly develop.
Analyzing the difference of the knowledge between men and women COPD patients for COPD in rural area

Objective To explore the difference of the knowledge of men and women COPD patients for COPD in Tongshan County.Methods After matching the age、education and the disease duration between male and female,a face-to-face interview was performed to investigate the patients at their home,146 questionnaires were used.Results There were differences of smoking rate(69.9% vs 19.2%,P0.001)、presently smoking rate(30.1% vs 10.9%,P0.005)、passive smoking rate(43.8% vs 26.0%,P 0.005)、cooking history(31.5% vs 75.3%,P0.001)、cooking years(23.91±15.86year vs 39.29±12.90year,P0.001)and participating exercise(12.3% vs 1.4%,P0.005)between men and women.There was the difference of knowledge in inducing COPD of smoking and cooking between men and women(56.2% vs 12.3%,P0.001).The treatment rate of male was higher than that of female.Most male patients want treatment knowledge of COPD(93.2% vs 57.5%,P0.001),against most male patients want treatment knowledge of COPD(79.5% vs 45.2%,P0.001).Conclusions The cognition for COPD of COPD patients were poor in Tongshan County,there was a difference between men and women.Therefore,we need to guide the patients to develop the suitable life habits and strengthen healthy education on them,in order to improve their life quality.
Adsorption Properties for Uranyl Ion by Black Tea Scrap

Powdery adsorbent was prepared using the scrap of black tea produced in Wuyi Mountain Fujian China.Then,the adsorption properties of uranyl ion on this adsorbent were studied,the influence of pH,ionic strength and other factors on adsorption were discussed.The adsorption mechanism was inferred by fitting experimental results with dynamic model and adsorption isotherm model,and the FT-IR characterization of the adsorbent before and after adsorption was analyzed. Finally,the effect of concentration of uranyl ion,flow rate of solution and dosage of adsorbent on dynamic adsorption was tested by fixed bed.
Activating KRAS mutation is prognostic only among patients who receive preoperative chemotherapy before resection of colorectal liver metastases.

Background and Objectives While the prognostic role of KRAS status after resection of CRLM has been previously explored, the importance of KRAS status relative to the receipt of preoperative chemotherapy remains largely unknown. Methods A total of 430 patients who underwent curative-intent surgery for CRLM between 2000 and 2015 and who had available KRAS genotype data were identified. Data regarding KRAS mutation status, receipt of preoperative chemotherapy, and overall survival (OS) were assessed using univariable and multivariable analyses. Results Median patient age was 58 years (IQR, 50.4–66.4 years). A total of 258 patients (60.0%) received preoperative chemotherapy, while 172 (40.0%) had upfront surgery. Median and 5-year OS in the entire cohort was 65.1 months and 53.2%, respectively. KRAS mutation was associated with a worse 5-year OS compared with wild-type tumors (HR 1.41; P = 0.042). After stratifying by the receipt of preoperative chemotherapy, the prognostic value of KRAS mutation only persisted among patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy (HR 1.67; P = 0.012). In contrast, KRAS mutation status had no impact on OS among patients who had not received preoperative chemotherapy (P = 0.597). Conclusions KRAS mutation status was an independent predictor of OS among patients undergoing liver resection of CRLM. However, after stratifying by receipt of preoperative chemotherapy, KRAS was informative relative to prognosis only among patients who received preoperative chemotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A bedside tool predicted the need for dialysis after cardiac surgery.

Source Citation Mehta RH, Grab JD, O’Brien SM, et al. Bedside tool for predicting the risk of postoperative dialysis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2006;114:2208-16. 17088458
Pleasure in Ancient Greek Philosophy: Contemporary conceptions of pleasure

I will conclude this study with an examination of the ancient contributions in relation to contemporary conceptions of pleasure. To that end, this penultimate chapter presents an overview of contemporary treatments of pleasure. As with my discussions of the Greek material, my treatment of the contemporary material is, among other things, intended to underscore the historical nature of the contributions – and this is so, even while some of the history here is very recent. In the course of the chapter, the reader will also notice many points of comparison with the ancient material. To facilitate the exposition, I note some of these points, but relegate them to footnotes. Once again, I return to the points of comparison, which will be the focus of the discussion, in the final chapter. INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHICAL EXAMINATION OF PLEASURE IN THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD In the first half of the twentieth century, philosophical discussion of the identity question was sparse. Contrast the work of psychologists who had been examining the nature of pleasure extensively since the end of the nineteenth century, that is, since the work of Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) and Edward Titchener (1867–1920). It was only in the second half of the twentieth century that philosophers began a concerted examination of the identity and the related kinds question. Accordingly, I will refer to this period of philosophical investigation of pleasure as the “contemporary” period.
Priests of Keats: Wilfred Owen’s Pre-War Relationship to Wilde

In 1936, William Butler Yeats famously excluded the Great War combatant poets from his Oxford Book of Modern Verse. In the Introduction to that volume, he justified his decision as a matter of thematics and, more subtly, poetic fashion. I have rejected these poems for the same reason that made Arnold withdraw his Empedocles on Etna from circulation; passive suffering is not a theme for poetry. In all the great tragedies, tragedy is a joy to the man who dies; in Greece the tragic chorus danced. When man has withdrawn into the quicksilver at the back of the mirror no great event becomes luminous in his mind; it is no longer possible to write The Persians, Agincourt, Chevy Chase: some blunderer has driven his car on to the wrong side of the road—that is all.1 Ostensibly, the poet needs to remain an active force that cannot be overwhelmed by local conditions, even if these conditions involve industrial slaughter on an unprecedented scale. Additionally, just before the passage excerpted above, Yeats characterizes the war poems as having ‘for a time considerable fame’;2 the seemingly throw-away qualifier ‘for a time’ of course implies that whatever notoriety the war poets had achieved by the mid 1930s was a temporary anomaly. Their passivity was a fad; the Yeatsian active version of the egotistical sublime would soon return to its proper place of dominance.
National Banking Era: 1864–1912

Financial historians refer to the national banking era as the period between the creation of nationally chartered banks and the creation of the Federal Reserve. The opportunity to obtain national bank charters came with the passage of the 1863 National Currency Act and its subsequent revision as the National Bank Act of 1864. The Federal Reserve Act was codified in December of 1913. Thus, the national bank era refers to a period of approximately 51 years in American banking history. As this chapter details, it was a period of much greater federal regulation and instability than the antebellum era that preceded it.
Four Book Reviews

This book1 contains eleven of Professor Broad’s articles and lectures. All of them have been published before; but several of them were not easily accessible, and one, the lecture on ‘War Thoughts in Peace Time’, has long been out of print. The book is divided into three sections, (I) Psychical Research, (II) Religion, and (III) Politics. It would not be relevant here to comment on Section III, though it is of great interest to philosophers because it contains Professor Broad’s only published contributions to political philosophy. On the other hand, students of psychical research should not neglect Section II. At the beginning of the paper on ‘The Validity of Belief in a Personal God’ there is an analysis of the concept of Personality (pp. 159–62). Towards the end of the paper on ‘Arguments for the Existence of God’ there is a discussion of mystical experience and of the grounds for accepting some ‘queer’ experiences as veridical and rejecting others as delusive (pp. 193–201, cf. also p. 242). In the paper on ‘Bishop Butler as a Theologian’ there are some remarks on the survival hypothesis (pp. 209–16). And finally, the paper on ‘The Present Relations of Science and Religion’ contains a discussion of miracles, in which ‘a miracle’ is equated with ‘a supernormal event’ (pp. 224–34); and in the same paper there are some further remarks on the survival hypothesis and on the evidence for and against it (pp. 234–7).
Defining biotypes for depression and anxiety based on large‐scale circuit dysfunction: a theoretical review of the evidence and future directions for clinical translation

Complex emotional, cognitive and self-reflective functions rely on the activation and connectivity of large-scale neural circuits. These circuits offer a relevant scale of focus for conceptualizing a taxonomy for depression and anxiety based on specific profiles (or biotypes) of neural circuit dysfunction. Here, the theoretical review first outlines the current consensus as to what constitutes the organization of large-scale circuits in the human brain identified using parcellation and meta-analysis. The focus is on neural circuits implicated in resting reflection (default mode), detection of "salience," affective processing ("threat" and "reward"), "attention," and "cognitive control." Next, the current evidence regarding which type of dysfunctions in these circuits characterize depression and anxiety disorders is reviewed, with an emphasis on published meta-analyses and reviews of circuit dysfunctions that have been identified in at least two well-powered case:control studies. Grounded in the review of these topics, a conceptual framework is proposed for considering neural circuit-defined "biotypes." In this framework, biotypes are defined by profiles of extent of dysfunction on each large-scale circuit. The clinical implications of a biotype approach for guiding classification and treatment of depression and anxiety is considered. Future research directions will develop the validity and clinical utility of a neural circuit biotype model that spans diagnostic categories and helps to translate neuroscience into clinical practice in the real world.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Children and Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease.

Abstract Pulmonary hypertension occurs in 20–40% of adults with sickle cell disease and has a poor prognosis; age of onset and prevalence in childhood are not well established. In adults, recurrent acute chest syndrome is associated with chronic sickle cell lung disease and perhaps pulmonary hypertension. Hematologically normal children with obstructive sleep apnea are at risk for pulmonary hypertension. We sought to determine the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease, explore potential association with abnormal pulmonary function or sleep apnea, and identify other clinical or laboratory factors associated with this potentially life-threatening complication. Forty-eight patients (age 5–21 years, median 12 years) consented to participate. Thirty-eight (79%) had Hb SS; five each had Hb SC and S-beta thalassemia (three beta plus and two beta zero) (10.4%). Eleven (22.9%) were on chronic transfusion (seven for stroke, three for abnormal TCD velocity screening, and one for recurrent pain crises); nineteen (39.5%) were on hydroxyurea (ten for recurrent acute chest syndrome and nine for recurrent pain). A detailed history and physical examination were done on all enrolled subjects (history was comprehensive, but specifically included cardiopulmonary symptoms; neurological problems; number of pain crises and acute chest syndrome; blood transfusions; use of hydroxyurea; and a screening for obstructive sleep apnea). If apnea history was suggestive, polysomnography was done. In addition, all study subjects had Doppler echocardiography and pulmonary function tests (PFT). Pulmonary hypertension was defined as an age and body mass index-adjusted tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) of greater than 2.5 mm/sec. Among the study group, 31 (64.5%) had pulmonary function tests; 17 (54.8%) had restrictive abnormalities on PFT, three (9.6%) had obstructive changes and 11 (35.4%) had normal PFT. Three patients (6.2%) had a history suggestive of apnea, then polysomnography; one was normal and two had OSA. Four of the 48 patients (8.3%) had PHT (TRV values 2.52, 2.55, 2.61, and 2.91). All had Hb SS. Two were age 17 and 18 years and two were 10 and 11. All were asymptomatic. One had restrictive PFT and none had OSA. There was no correlation between the presence of PHT and pulmonary function abnormalities or sleep apnea. Of the various other clinical and laboratory parameters examined, only an elevated serum indirect bilirubin was associated with PHT; there was a trend toward association with elevated reticulocyte count and low fetal Hb levels. In summary, the prevalence of PHT our pediatric sickle cell population is 8.3%. As reported in adults, there may be an association between PHT and more severe hemolysis. We could find no association with abnormal pulmonary function or obstructive sleep apnea. Characteristics of study patients PHT No PHT P Value Fetal Hb(%) (Mean) 3.7 7.9 .154 Age (Mean) 13.5 years 12 years .564 Reticulocytes (%) 13.8 8.25 .087 Indirect bilirubin (mg/dl) (Mean) 5.4 2.2 .027
How School Counselors Implement Social Stories: Results of a Qualitative Study

Social stories are an evidence-based intervention that have been used for decades in the educational field to address youth’s social skills. In recent years, scholars have begun discussing the use ...
Cortical Substrate of Supraspinal Fatigue following Exhaustive Aerobic Exercise Localizes to a Large Cluster in the Anterior Premotor Cortex.

Strenuous exercise leads to a progressive reduction in the performance of voluntary physical exercise. This is due to a process described as fatigue and is defined as the failure to maintain the required or expected power output. While some of this is muscular in origin, fatigue may also be modulated by central mechanisms. Critically, previously reported fatigue-induced changes in cortical activity might actually reflect fMRI BOLD signal drift and/or neural habituation. In order to address this concern, we used a novel fMRI paradigm that enabled us to control for these potential confounds. In a counterbalanced within-subjects design, participants cycled until either lightly fatigued or until they reached a state of general exhaustion on two separate days. On each day, participants were scanned while contracting their hand before, during and after exercising their hand to exhaustion. We identify sites in the anterior ventral premotor cortex (aPMv), insula and postcentral gyrus as critical nodes in the brain network underlying supraspinal fatigue. Our data suggests that activity in the ipsilateral aPMv and adjacent areas in the premotor cortex correlates with both localized fatigue (fatigue specific hand contraction), and generalized, full-body exhaustive fatigue. Additionally, we show that the effects of BOLD signal drift can be modeled and effectively removed from studies that examine supraspinal fatigue. Once the loci of central fatigue are isolated in this way, treatments aimed at modulating activity in these premotor areas may reduce exercise-induced fatigue and perhaps also benefit various clinical conditions in which fatigue is a major symptom.
Investigating the learning dynamics of deep neural networks using random matrix theory

There is evidence that a well-conditioned singular value distribution of the input/output Jacobian can lead to substantial improvements in training performance for deep neural networks. For deep linear networks there is conclusive evidence that initializing using orthogonal random matrices can lead to dramatic improvements to the training. However, the benefit of such initialization strategies has proven much less obvious for more realistic nonlinear networks. We use random matrix theory to study the conditioning of the Jacobian for nonlinear neural networks after random initialization. We show that the singular value distribution of the Jacobian is sensitive not only to the distribution of weights but also to the nonlinearity. Surprisingly we find that the benefit of orthogonal initialization is negligible for rectified linear networks but substantial for tanh networks. We provide a rule of thumb for initializing tanh networks such that they display dynamical isometry over their full depth. Finally, we perform experiments on MNIST and CIFAR10 using a wide array of optimizers. We show conclusively that the singular value distribution of the Jacobian is intimately related to learning dynamics. Finally, we show that the spectral density of the Jacobian evolves relatively slowly during training so good initialization affects learning dynamics far from the initial setting of the weights.
Dispersal mechanisms for zebra mussels: population genetics supports clustered invasions over spread from hub lakes in Minnesota

Invasion genetic studies show great promise for inferring sources, pathways and vectors of spread, but have to date focused on introductions from native ranges at continental scales and larger. Here we present genetic analyses of post-introduction (i.e. secondary) spread of zebra mussels at the scale of a US state, Minnesota (MN). We genotyped 9 microsatellite DNA loci in 2047 zebra mussels collected from 40 lakes and 4 rivers that geographically and chronologically span the MN invasion. We analyzed genetic variation, geographic differentiation, and genetic clustering of populations across water bodies, and performed invasion-scenario contrasts using Approximate Bayesian Computation. Our population genetic analyses revealed that the pattern of spread of zebra mussels to inland lakes did not conform to the hub-lake model that is often proposed for this species. Consistent with a stratified dispersal model, lake rich regions were colonized from afar, followed by spread within regions by short-distance dispersal, but high-traffic hub lakes made no contribution. For the first time, we obtained evidence about the pattern of spread of zebra mussels to inland lakes that is not based on inference from analysis of boater movements; rather it derives from direct evaluation of genetic attributes of invasive populations. Local introductions overwhelmed more distant ones in three independently invaded regions, suggesting a need to understand the lake colonization process and identify the vectors responsible.