cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fully constrained target fraction estimation from noise-reduced hyperspectral images

Estimating abundance fractions of materials in hyperspectral images is a problem often studied in remote sensing. It can be used in reconnaissance and surveillance applications. The major difficulty of fraction estimation in hyperspectral images is due to the fact that the sampling distance is generally larger than the size of the targets of interest. Under this circumstance, estimation should be carried out at the sub-pixel level. In a linear mixture model, the spectrum of a mixed pixel is represented as a linear combination of the endmember spectra present in the pixel area weighted by fractional area coverage. Accurate fraction estimation requires two constraints SC imposed on abundance fractions: the abundance sum-to-one constraint and abundance non-negativity constraint NC. In this article, we present a new fully constrained least squares computational method to estimate abundance fractions. Another contribution of this article is that the estimation is, unlike many other proposed methods, performed on noise-reduced hyperspectral images instead of original images. Experiments using synthetic data and Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer AVIRIS data demonstrate that this fully constrained estimation outperforms the unconstrained and partially constrained least squares methods and that noise reduction can considerably improve the capability of our approach when the noise intensity rises.
Ethical Implications for Living with Adversity: The Ever-Present Experience in the Global Nursing Community

The discipline of nursing is experiencing the ever-present phenomenon of living with adversity or opposition. As a global nursing community, what are the possible ethical implications for global health in view of professional nursing practice and education? Professional nurses worldwide struggle with choosing and doing what is right while abiding with contexts or situations incarnated with conflict. With a global shortage of nursing faculty and practitioners, this column begins a nursing ethical discussion for pondering the need for community change. Ethical implications for the possibilities of faithfulness in adversity will be discussed from a human becoming nursing theoretical perspective.
Interspecific aggression between two parrotfishes (Sparisoma, Scaridae) in the Florida Keys

Abstract When resources are economically defendable, interspecific aggression may occur when one species attempts to use the defended resources to the detriment of the defending species. In the Florida Keys, we investigated vigorous and frequently observed aggression between the Redband Parrotfish, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, and the Redtail Parrotfish, Sparisoma chrysopterum, along with microhabitat overlap and foraging overlap. Sparisoma chrysopterum home ranges extensively overlap S. aurofrenatum territories. Both parrotfishes are found over and feed upon Halimeda opuntia, a green calcareous alga, significantly more than all other microhabitats. Interspecific aggression by these parrotfishes is primarily directed toward confamilials. Extensive overlap in distributions combined with overlap in microhabitat and foraging behavior likely play a role in fostering the disproportionately high interspecific aggression observed between these two parrotfishes in the Florida Keys.
Diagnosis of a Jet Streak in the Vicinity of a Severe Weather Outbreak in the Texas Panhandle

Abstract This is a case study of the synoptic and mesoscale aspects of a severe-weather outbreak in the Texas Panhandle. We offer circumstantial evidence that the rising branch of a thermally indirect circulation in the exit region of an unusually intense upper-level jet streak played a role in storm formation and sustenance. The jet streak's vertical circulation could not be accounted for by straight dynamics alone; curvature was important, especially along the right side of the exit region. The geostrophic momentum approximation leads to a reasonable qualitative explanation of the ageostrophic circulation, while quasi-geostrophic theory does not.
Aviators, Moguls, Fashionistas and Barons: Economics and Ownership in Second Life

Second Life is a digital world that relies on a unique combination of grid computing and streaming technology [Rosedale03] to enable virtually all of its content to be created by its residents. To maximize the quality and quantity of user-created content, Second Life has embraced strong economic and legal connections to the real world. This approach is quite different than conventional massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs). Since Second Life launched in June of 2003, significant changes have been made to the business model and internal economic structure. These changes have shaped the many approaches residents have taken to creating content, building experiences and making real-world profits. This Article will discuss the evolution of Second Life's business model and internal economy, its entrepreneurial activities, and the impact of those activities on Second Life's residents and community.
'The New Internationals': Human Rights and American Evangelicalism

The birth of the human rights movement was one of the great twentieth century revolutions, but the significant contribution of religious communities and ideas to this movement has been significantly underappreciated and poorly understood. This is especially the case with respect to evangelicals. American evangelicals were slow, particularly in comparison to Roman Catholics, mainline Protestants, and Jews, to become vigorously engaged in international human rights issues. Yet as the New York Times recently noted (“Evangelicals Sway White House on Human Rights Issues Abroad,” 10/26/2003), the evangelical community has emerged as one of the most powerful voices within the human rights movement. This shift occurred rapidly over the past two decades. The first part of this chapter traces the emergence of an evangelical human rights movement, focusing on the issues (e.g. Sudan, religious freedom, sex trafficking, right to proselytize) and institutions (e.g. National Association of Evangelicals, Institute for Global Engagement, International Justice Mission) that have spurred this development. This section considers the causes behind this transformation in evangelical thinking about human rights and assesses the relationship between evangelicals and the broader human rights movement. The second part of this chapter considers the evangelical human rights movement from a theological perspective. In particular, it examines the manner in which the resources of evangelical theology have been marshaled to defend the concept of human rights. It considers both the strengths evangelical theology possesses for this task, as well as its limitations. Comparative reference to the Catholic tradition of thinking about human rights illumines this discussion, as these two traditions have engaged the liberal language of rights in distinctive ways. While Catholics possess the natural law tradition and the capacity to discourse with modern politics without excessive recourse to theological presuppositions, evangelicals have found it more difficult (or unacceptable) to circumscribe the biblical basis for their support of human rights. Finally, this discussion concludes with an examination of how the human rights revolution in evangelical thought might be situated within the broader tradition of evangelical political theology, including evangelical understandings of political authority, theological anthropology, and the relationship between the church and the secular state.
Adsorption of dysprosium on the graphite (0001) surface: Nucleation and growth at 300 K

We have studied nucleation and growth of Dy islands on the basal plane of graphite at 300 K using scanning tunneling microscopy, density functional theory (DFT) in a form that includes van der Waals interactions, and analytic theory. The interaction of atomic Dy with graphite is strong, while the diffusion barrier is small. Experiment shows that at 300 K, the density of nucleated islands is close to the value predicted for homogeneous nucleation, using critical nucleus size of 1 and the DFT-derived diffusion barrier. Homogeneous nucleation is also supported by the monomodal shape of the island size distributions. Comparison with the published island density of Dy on graphene shows that the value is about two orders of magnitude smaller on graphite, which can be attributed to more effective charge screening in graphite. The base of each island is 3 atomic layers high and atomically ordered, forming a coincidence lattice with the graphite. Islands resist coalescence, probably due to multiple rotational orientations associated with the coincidence lattice. Upper levels grow as discernible single-atom layers. Analysis of the level populations reveals significant downward interlayer transport, which facilitates growth of the base. This island shape is metastable, since more compact three-dimensional islands form at elevated growth temperature.
Generic model of a large flexible space structure for control concept evaluation

The objective of the paper is to propose a generic model on the shape and attitude control of a representative space structure. Reduction of the finite element model is based on modal identities and modal cost analysis. The model may help to: (a) suggest improved methods for designing reduced order controllers for large elastic spacecraft, (b) enhance coherence between the frequency-response and time-response multivariable applications, (c) examine computational efficiency of the multivariable control algorithms, and (d) suggest other desirable theoretical and numerical research areas.
Fish Culture and the Dawn of Concern over Water Pollution in the United States

Most historians have assumed that concern for the protection of natural resources in the United States did not appear until the "Progressive Era," though they often stretch the boundaries of that period to include the 1890s or even the late 1880s. In 1975, John F. Reiger challenged this assumption, claiming that the seeds of the conservation movement were planted in the 1870s and 1880s, by sportsmen rather than scientists, public officials, or protectors of a vanishing wilderness such as John Muir. American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation was and is a provocative, controversial, suggestive book. For example, Reiger argued that "the fish-culture movement [of the 1870s and 1880s] was the very first environmental crusade to capture a significant percentage of the American public" and that "the adoption of a national fish-culture program .. included efforts to control water pollution.. . ." Unfortunately, Reiger devoted only a few pages to fish culture and pollution, and he failed to view the pollution problem in the broader context of urban growth and the state of scientific knowledge concerning water and human health. This essay attempts to provide an overview of the motives behind the antipollution crusade of the late 19th century and suggest why that movement did not enjoy greater success.' 117
A thermally tunable phononic crystal

A thermally tunable periodic structure is proposed and studied through analytical and finite element methods to investigate the effect of thermomechanical coupling in dynamic regime. Bimaterial ligaments composed of two strips with contrast in their thermal expansion coefficients are employed to design local resonators inside a periodic structure. The thermally induced large deformations are utilized to exploit pattern change in the structure to control elastic wave propagation. Geometric and material nonlinearities are taken into account to study the dynamic response of the deformed structure. Once the temperature gradient is removed the structure tends to return to the initial state providing opportunities to be used as thermally tunable acoustic switches and filters.
Managing Heterotopic Ossification After Total Ankle Replacement

The development of osteophytes, ectopic bone, or malleolar impingement following total ankle replacement represents common complications that will frequently lead to secondary procedures to relieve painful impingement. Many studies have been conducted to discover the cause of these postoperative impingement syndromes; however, there is a paucity of literature in regard to the prevention, diagnosis, and management of these conditions. The authors discuss the potential causes of formation of osteophytes and ectopic bone formation, as well as malleolar impingement syndromes following primary total ankle replacement with focus placed on diagnosis and management of these complications.
Generator phase advance tests and data analysis for Xinjiang main grids

The characteristics of generator phase advance operation adopted by Xinjiang main grids in recent years are summarized through phase advance tests.Taking the data on phase advance tests for water turbine generators of Jilintai Hydropower Station and steam turbine generators of Manasi Power Plant as examples,the method of curve fitting was used to obtain the P-Q curve for generator phase advance operation and the fitting curve and fitting formulation for stator end temperature rise.The fitting effect was judged by the data on fitting errors.
Mutational analysis of a type II topoisomerase cleavage site: distinct requirements for enzyme and inhibitors.

Abstract We have analyzed the DNA sequence requirements for cleavage of a 30 bp oligonucleotide that contains a strong bacteriophage T4 type II topoisomerase site. A novel method was used to generate substrates with each of the four nucleotides at 10 positions surrounding the cleavage site, and mutant substrates were also prepared for the four internal positions of the staggered cleavage site. The substrates were tested for cleavage in the presence of several inhibitors that induce enzyme-mediated cleavage: four antitumor agents of different classes (an aminoacridine, a substituted anthraquinone, an ellipticine derivative and an epipodophyllotoxin) and one antibacterial quinolone. At eight nucleotide positions flanking the cleavage site, the same preferred bases were found regardless of which inhibitor was present. These preferred bases show dyad symmetry with respect to the cleavage site, indicating that both protomers of the topoisomerase homodimer interact with DNA in an analogous manner. In addition, we found that the preferred bases on the 5' side of each cleaved phosphodiester bond are highly specific to the inhibitor used in the cleavage reaction. These results strongly suggest that the inhibitors interact directly with the DNA bases at the cleavage site, placing the inhibitor binding site precisely at the site of DNA cleavage.
Learning, Interactional, and Motivational Outcomes in One-to-One Synchronous Computer-mediated versus Face-to-Face Tutoring

Face-to-face (FTF) human-human tutoring has ranked among the most effective forms of instruction. However, because computer-mediated (CM) tutoring is becoming increasingly common, it is instructive to evaluate its effectiveness relative to face-to-face tutoring. Does the lack of spoken, face-to-face interaction affect learning gains and motivation? In this study, pairs of undergraduate students and tutors worked on physics problems either face-to-face or via a typed chat window. Although face-to-face tutoring took less time, students learned equal amounts in the two conditions. In both conditions, short tutor turns were associated with increased student learning. In both conditions, students who were more active had higher learning gains. Students in the CM condition who gained more produced more words per conversational turn. The same relationship was found in the FTF context only after back-channel feedback was taken out. A more direct measure of student activity, the relative proportion of student-initiated actions in problem-solving, was more strongly associated with student learning in the FTF context, but only for students with higher verbal SAT scores. Of the motivational variables we investigated, only students' ability goals (i.e. wanting to demonstrate one's ability to others) were influenced somewhat differently by the two contexts. These results suggest that although the difference in communication medium changes superficial characteristics of the tutoring such as its duration, most of the important pedagogical characteristics - learning gains, tutorial interaction, the activity measures associated with learning gains, and student motivation - were not affected.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermolysis of Dibenzo-7-dimethylgermanorbornadiene

The dibenzo-7-dimethylgermanorbornadiene Me2GeA (A = C14H10) has been synthesized in one step by treatment of MgA·3THF with Me2GeCl2 in tetrahydrofuran (−35 °C) and isolated in 69% yield. The thermolysis of Me2GeA in toluene leads to the effective expansion of the bicyclic framework to the dibenzo-7,8-tetramethyldigermabicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene (Me2Ge)2A, isolated in 71% yield (based on germanium). The bicyclic compounds Me2GeA and (Me2Ge)2A have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and their structures discussed.
Neuro, trauma, or med/surg intensive care unit: Does it matter where multiple injuries patients with traumatic brain injury are admitted? Secondary analysis of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multi-Institutional Trials Committee decompressive craniectomy study.

INTRODUCTIONPatients with nontraumatic acute intracranial pathology benefit from neurointensivist care. Similarly, trauma patients with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI) fare better when treated by a dedicated trauma team. No study has yet evaluated the role of specialized neurocritical (NICU
Optical frequency synthesis using a dual-Kerrmicroresonator frequency comb

We report a photonic-chip optical-frequency synthesizer using interlocking 1 THz and 22 GHz Kerr microcombs, which provide f-2f self-referencing and a dense comb spanning the C-band, respectively. We demonstrate the optical synthesizer with Hz resolution.
Graphene and Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications: a Review

Supercapacitors, as one of the energy storage devices, exhibit ultrahigh capacitance, high power density, and long cycle. High specific surface area, mechanical and chemical stability, and low cost are often required for supercapacitor materials. Graphene, as a new emerging carbon material, has attracted a lot of attention in energy storage field due to its intrinsic properties. Polymers are often incorporated into graphene for a number of enhanced or new properties as supercapacitors. In this paper, different polymers which are used to form composite materials for supercapacitor applications are reviewed. The functions, strategies, and the enhanced properties of graphene and polymer composites are discussed. Finally, the recent development of graphene and polymers for flexible supercapacitors are also discussed.
Using Burstable Instances in the Public Cloud: Why, When and How?

To attract more customers, public cloud providers offer virtual machine (instance) types that trade off lower prices for poorer capacities. As one salient approach, the providers employ aggressive statistical multiplexing of multiple cheaper instances on a single physical server, resulting in tenants experiencing higher dynamism in the resource capacity of these instances. Examples of this are EC2's "type" instances and GCE's "shared-core" instances.We collectively refer to these as burstable instances for their ability to dynamically "burst" (increase the capacity of) their resources. Burstable instances are significantly cheaper than the "regular" instances, and offer time-varying CPU capacity comprising a minimum guaranteed base capacity/rate, which is much smaller than a short-lived peak capacity that becomes available upon operating at lower than base rate for a sufficient duration. Table 1 summarizes our classification of resource capacity dynamism for GCE and EC2 instances along with the nature of disclosure made by the provider. To exploit burstable instances cost-effectively, a tenant would need to carefully understand the significant additional complexity of such instances beyond that disclosed by the providers.
Ultrafine TiB2-TiNiFeCrCoAl high-entropy alloy composite with enhanced mechanical properties

Abstract This paper introduces a novel TiB 2 −10 wt% TiNiFeCrCoAl high-entropy alloy (HEA) composite with an enhanced hardness and indentation fracture toughness. Comparing with the traditional TiB 2 -Ni composite, the addition of TiNiFeCrCoAl HEA can remove the oxide impurities in TiB 2 to enhance the sintered density; and decrease the solubility of TiB 2 in HEA and the solid-liquid surface energy to inhibit the grain growth. The further observation on the microstructure shows the hardening is due to the fine grain size and high contiguity; and the toughening can be attributed to the crack deflection, branching, bridging, and grain pull-out.
Shall We Fabricate?: Collaborative, Bidirectional, Incremental Fabrication

The recent emergence of digital fabrication allows everyday designers to make, deploy, and enjoy their creation. However, the excitement over digital fabrication presumes that users have sufficient domain knowledge to create complex models by understanding the underlying principles, can be self-creative without computational supports. This paper presents a new fabrication framework that lowers the boundary of solving everyday issues with fabrication. A formalism and accompanying finite state machine (FSM) model that help assign a fabrication machine intelligence to appreciate humans' design actions was proposed, with a view towards a new fabrication framework empowering collaborative, incremental fabrication. Empowered by the novel framework, this paper envisions a future of fabrication that pushes the ceiling, a collaborative fabrication, processing intermittent, unpredictable events as live input and reflect them in the emerging outcomes by co-design process between a designer and a machine.
Analisis Pengukuran Kualitas Pelayanan Sistem Informasi Perbankan Dengan Menggunakan Cobit 5

The role of information technology today is very necessary especially for companies that are service-based. With the development of technology and technology utilization of course can improve banking services to be better. The field of development and Information Technology is a part that will manage the Information Technology in the Company in the field of banking. Standard and banking procedures, especially in the field of service and security performance measurement of information technology using COBIT 5 Framework. So with the measurement of service quality Information System to customers can provide enter to the company and is expected to contribute suggestions and recommendations to the management proposal. that the current banking services have a good standard of Information Technology and need to improve the information system better.
A customizable artificial auditory fovea

Neuroscience shows that auditory neurons extract a variety of specific signal parameters such as frequency, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and onsets. Furthermore, biology gives us examples of auditory foveae in bats and owls where there is overrepresentation of behaviorally relevant signal parameters. This shows that biology finds nuances of these parameters to be more important than compact coding considerations such as orthonormal basis functions. In contrast to typical spectrogram approaches where a specific time window is chosen and where the Fast Fourier Transform provides non-overlapping orthogonal rectangular tilings, we start with the smallest tiling possible. The uncertainty principle gives us this tiling as the Gaussian modulated sinusoid. We can rotate this tiling in the time-frequency plane, which gives us a chirplet. We then construct many chirplets (a chirplet set) centered at the same time-frequency point. We then find the chirplet that best matches the signal at this point. Our ability to sample at arbitrary locations in the time-frequency plane with different chirplet sets gives us the ability to create customizable artificial auditory foveae. We use this chirplet front-end for a classification task of identifying Marmoset vocalizations and comparisons to typical spectrogram methods for audio classification are made.Neuroscience shows that auditory neurons extract a variety of specific signal parameters such as frequency, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and onsets. Furthermore, biology gives us examples of auditory foveae in bats and owls where there is overrepresentation of behaviorally relevant signal parameters. This shows that biology finds nuances of these parameters to be more important than compact coding considerations such as orthonormal basis functions. In contrast to typical spectrogram approaches where a specific time window is chosen and where the Fast Fourier Transform provides non-overlapping orthogonal rectangular tilings, we start with the smallest tiling possible. The uncertainty principle gives us this tiling as the Gaussian modulated sinusoid. We can rotate this tiling in the time-frequency plane, which gives us a chirplet. We then construct many chirplets (a chirplet set) centered at the same time-frequency point. We then find the chirplet that best matches the signal at this point. O...
Impression Management in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice

1. The Meaning and Nature of Impression Management 2. A Cybernetic Model of Impression Management 3. Individual and Organizational Contributing Factors 4. Substantive Approaches to Self-Presentation 5. Surface-Level Approaches to Self-Presentation 6. Being Impressive by Making Others Feel Good 7. Self-Protection Tactics 8. Impression Management for Job Search and Performance Evaluation 9. Impression Management for Leaders 10. Impression Management by Organizations 11. Functional and Dysfunctional Consequences of Impression Management
Site specific, high-resolution characterisation of porosity in graphite using FIB-SEM tomography

Abstract Graphite is used as a moderator of fast neutrons in some types of nuclear reactors and for other industrial applications. The influence of smaller pores on the mechanical and physical properties of graphite remains to be fully understood. In this work, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomography was applied to characterise the porosity of AGX graphite – an electrode material. FIB-SEM tomography consists in alternating the ion milling and SEM imaging at an area of interest with the objective of creating a 3D reconstruction. Regions containing a filler and a mixture of filler and binder were selected as the areas of interest. Resolutions of a few nanometers were achieved in volumes up to 1400 μm3 for both regions. Typical porous structures were detected in the filler and binder regions such as thermal cracks, gas evolution porosity and lenticular pores. The resolution achieved with these experiments made possible detection of pores smaller than 150 nm in diameter, that is of the length scale of voids generated by neutron irradiation, and an improvement in spatial resolution of traditional x-ray tomography studies. The resolution achieved by FIB-SEM tomography may be essential for the study of the microstructure of graphite, providing complimentary data to x-ray tomography experiments.
Chemosensory structure and function in the filarial nematode, Brugia malayi

Abstract Nematode chemosensory behaviors underlie fundamental processes and activities in development, reproduction, tropisms and taxes. For parasitic species, chemosensation is essential for host seeking and host and tissue invasion behaviors. Such fundamental biology presents an attractive target for developing behavior-blocking anthelminthic drugs, but the anatomy and functional relevance of parasitic nematode chemosensory machinery are poorly understood. The goals of this study were to better understand the chemosensory apparatus and behaviors of infectious stage Brugia malayi (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), a mosquito-borne nematode and etiological agent of Lymphatic Filariasis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that amphids, the major chemosensory organs, are present on adult B. malayi and arranged in a conserved manner. Internal sensory neuroanatomy display structural differences between life stages, and a simpler chemosensory architecture as compared to free-living nematodes. Positive and negative chemotactic behaviors were identified for a repertoire of chemicals with known chemostimulatory activity for the mosquito host that may facilitate host-selectivity and invasion. This is the first description of chemosensory anatomy and chemotactic behaviors in B. malayi that reveal the involvement of chemosensation in parasite transmission and host invasion. Key findings •Amphidial arrangement in B. malayi is less complex than free-living nematodes. •Chemosensory neuroanatomy is stage-specific and simpler than free-living nematodes. •B. malayi responses to stimuli can be measured using a plate-based assay. •Chemostimulants associated with mosquito host-seeking induce negative and positive tropisms for L3 stage B. malayi.
Minimally Invasive Lateral Transpsoas Interbody Fusion at the L4/5 Level: A Review of 61 Consecutive Cases.

BACKGROUND Reported complication rates for minimally invasive lateral transpsoas interbody fusion (MIS-LIF) vary widely. The risk of lumbar plexus injury is particularly concerning at the L4-5 disc space. We report our experience with MIS-LIF at L4-5, and discuss the risk profile of transpsoas approaches at this level. OBJECTIVE To evaluate safety of MIS-LIF at the L4/5 level. METHODS This was a retrospective, IRB-approved cohort study performed at a single institution from 2011 to 2016. Patients who underwent MIS-LIF at L4-5 were included. Patients with multilevel fusions were excluded. We analyzed postoperative sensory and motor deficits, the date of resolution, health-related quality-of-life scores, and rate of fusion. RESULTS Over a 5-yr period, 303 patients underwent MIS-LIF at our institution. Sixty-one patients had surgery only at the L4-5 level (20.1%). Twelve of these patients (19.6%) had postoperative neurological deficits including 2 motor deficits (2/61 = 3.2%) and 11/61 (18%) sensory deficits. At 12-mo follow-up, 3 of the deficits persisted for a long-term complication rate of 3/61 (4.9%), motor complication 2/61 (3.2%). Hospital stay and follow-up averaged 2.1 d and 15 mo. Average Oswestry Disability Index improved from 51.1 to 31.1 (P < .00001). Visual Analog Scale (VAS) improved from 7.4 to 3.9 (P < .016). There were no reoperations secondary to hardware failure or pseudoarthrosis. Fusion rate was 89% at 12 mo. CONCLUSION MIS-LIF is a safe and effective approach for interbody fusion at L4-5 with low rate of lumbar plexus injury. Most immediate postoperative deficits will resolve over time.
Does Incarceration Increase Crime

This paper studies the causal effect of incarceration on reoffending using discontinuities in state sentencing guidelines and two decades of administrative records from North Carolina. A regression discontinuity analysis shows that one year of incarceration reduces the likelihood of committing new assault, property, and drug offenses within three years of conviction by 38%, 24%, and 20%, respectively. Incarceration sentences temporarily incapacitate offenders by removing them from society but can also influence post-release criminal behavior. To parse the non-linear and heterogeneous effects of these channels, we develop an econometric model of sentencing length and recidivism. Our model allows for Roy-style selection into sentencing on the basis of latent criminality. We propose a two-step control function estimator of the model parameters and show that our estimates accurately reproduce the reduced form effects of the sentencing discontinuities we study. Our parameter estimates indicate that incarceration has modest crime-reducing behavioral effects that are diminishing in incarceration length. A cost-benefit analysis suggests, however, that the benefit of reducing crime by lengthening sentences (through both incapacitation and behavioral channels) is outweighed by the large fiscal costs of incarceration.
Statins Stimulate Hepatic Glucose Production via the miR-183/96/182 Cluster

Statins are the most common pharmacologic intervention in hypercholesterolemic patients, and their use is recognized as a key medical advance leading to a 50% decrease in deaths from heart attack or stroke over the past 30 years. The atheroprotective outcomes of statins are largely attributable to the accelerated hepatic clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol from circulation, following the induction of the LDL receptor. However, multiple studies suggest that these drugs exert additional LDL-independent effects. The molecular mechanisms behind these so-called pleiotropic effects of statins, either beneficial or undesired, remain largely unknown. Here we determined the coding transcriptome, miRNome, and RISCome of livers from mice dosed with saline or atorvastatin to define a novel in vivo epitranscriptional regulatory pathway that links statins to hepatic gluconeogenesis, via the SREBP2-miR183/96/182-TCF7L2 axis. Notably, multiple genome-wide association studies identified TCF7L2 (transcription factor 7 like 2) as a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes, independent of ethnicity. Conclusion: our data reveal an unexpected link between cholesterol and glucose metabolism, provides a mechanistic explanation to the elevated risk of diabetes recently observed in patients taking statins, and identifies the miR183/96/182 cluster as an attractive pharmacological candidate to modulate non-canonical effects of statins.
Being at Genetic Risk: Toward a Rhetoric of Care

In 2013, Angelina Jolie went public with her choice to have a risk-reducing bilateral mastectomy after discovering her BRCA1 mutation via genetic testing – the gene in question, BR-east CA-ncer1, n...
Interaction of Surgeon Volume and Nurse-to-Patient Ratio on Post-operative Outcomes of Medicare Beneficiaries Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy

We sought to assess the effect of nurse-to-patient ratio on outcomes with a focus on defining whether nurse-to-patient ratio altered outcomes relative to pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) surgeon specific volume. Medicare SAFs from 2013–2015 were used to identify patients who underwent PD. Nurse-to-patient ratio, PD specific surgeon volume were stratified. Association of factors associated with short term outcomes was evaluated. Overall, 6668 patients (median age 73, IQR 68–77; 52.8% male) were identified. The median annual PD volume of surgeons in the highest volume tier was 24 (IQR 21–29), whereas surgeons in the lowest tier performed 2 PDs annually (IQR 1–3) (p < 0.001). Compared with hospitals that had the highest nurse-to-patient ratio tier, patients at hospitals with the lowest nurse-to-patient ratio tier were 26% more likely to have a complication (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02–1.55). Additionally, patients of surgeons in the lowest tier had 43% greater odds of suffering a complication compared to patients of surgeons in the highest tier (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11–1.84). However, patients who underwent a PD by a surgeon within the lowest tier had similar odds of a complication irrespective of nurse-to-patient ratio (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.97–1.86). Compared with patients who underwent an operation by a surgeon in highest PD volume tier, patients treated by surgeons in the lowest tier had higher odds of post-operative complications which was not mitigated by a higher nurse-to-patient ratio.
The multiple ligament-injured knee: When is primary repair an option?

Abstract Background Treatment of multiple ligament-injured knees (MLIKs) remains complex and most often requires ligament reconstruction surgery. Reconstruction effectively restores knee stability but the procedure is invasive and can be complicated by stiffness or arthrofibrosis. There has been recent resurgence of interest in primary repair of knee ligaments. The goal was therefore to assess incidence of repairable ligaments in MLIKs, and determine patient and injury characteristics associated with potential for primary repair. Methods A retrospective review of all MLIK patients surgically treated between 2009 and 2018 was conducted. All patients were treated with the same algorithm: primary repair was performed if the ligament was proximally or distally avulsed, and otherwise, reconstruction was performed. Patient characteristics, injury patterns, treatment specifics, and short-term outcomes were compared using independent t-tests and chi-square tests. Results Forty-eight patients were included (mean age 32 years ± 14; 54% were male). Ultimately, 55% of ACL, 73% of PCL, 88% of MCL/PMC, and 87% of LCL/PLC injuries were repaired. Patients above 35 years (OR 6.9, P = 0.010) and higher BMI (OR 3.5, P = 0.046) were more likely to undergo ACL repair. No significant correlation was found in other ligaments. At a minimum of six-month follow-up (range 0.5–7.2 years), ACL repair failed in nine percent, PCL repair in 17%, MCL/PMC repair in 0%, and LCL/PLC repair in 18% of patients. Conclusions This study noted high incidences of repairable ligaments when MLIKs are treated within six weeks following injury. Although preliminary outcomes following primary repair in MLIK are good, further long-term follow-up studies are needed.
Sex differences in intensive care unit electrocardiographic alarms

Abstract Multiparameter physiologic monitoring, including electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring, in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains unsatisfactory as evidenced by the well-known alarm fatigue problem. For example, in one study, a single ICU patient generated over 700 alarms per day. At our institution, an average of 187 audible alarms were generated in our ICU per bed per day during a 1-month assessment. Of note, 88.8% of the audible ECG arrhythmia alarms were determined to be false. Alarm fatigue occurs when clinicians, mainly nurses since they are typically responsible for bedside ECG monitoring, are desensitized by frequent alarms, most of which are false or do not require a clinical action (i.e., “nuisance” alarms). In 2010, excessive alarm burden was identified as a significant patient safety concern in the public arena, following the death of a patient who was being monitored at a prestigious medical center. Despite multiple heart rate alarms for bradycardia that occurred prior to the patient's cardiac arrest, no one working on the unit that day recalled hearing the alarms. In the investigation that followed, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reported: “Nurses not recalling hearing low heart rate alarms and adjustments made to alarm volume was indicative was indicative of alarm fatigue, and contributed to the patient's death.”. The most recent data from the past 5 years show that alarm fatigue was responsible for over 650 hospital deaths, a number believed to be a substantial underrepresentation because of non- or under-reporting. Over time, clinicians/nurses learn to deal with alarm fatigue by: (1) assimilating alarm noise into their workflow; which can lead to an alarm(s) being unintentionally missed; (2) silencing alarms without assessing the patient; (3) lowering the alarm volume; (4) permanently disabling alarms; and/or (5) delaying a response to an alarm. These actions place patients at risk for serious adverse events, including death, because true alarms are missed. While clinicians/nurses experience alarm fatigue from repeated exposure to alarms, patients are subjected to both psychological (i.e., fear, sleep deprivation, delirium) and physiological (i.e., increased heart rate, blood pressure) stresses from alarm noise. Patients also report being frightened by frequent alarms that often go unanswered.
I Can't Breathe: Reflections from Black Women in CSCW and HCI

In this paper, three Black women in HCI and CSCW share their experiences of being Black women academics enduring a global pandemic that is disportionately impacting the Black community while simultaneously experiencing the civil unrest due to racial injustice and police brutality. Using Black feminist epistemologies as a theoretical framework and auto-ethnography and testimonial authority as both methodology and epistemic resistance, the authors exercise epistemic agency to testify to their lived intersectional experiences and the various fronts on which they fight to be seen, to be heard, and to live. Additionally, they advocate for more inclusionary policies of Black women and other marginalized populations within the CSCW and HCI communities. We conclude with a call to action for both communities to: 1) stand in solidarity with Blacks in computing; and 2) acknowledge, disavow, and dismantle Whiteness and oppressive power structures in the field of computing, specifically HCI and CSCW.
Identity Safety Cues Predict Instructor Impressions, Belonging, and Absences in the Psychology Classroom:

Background:Students with marginalized identities report a lack of cultural competence among faculty in higher education classrooms. Identity safety cues (ISCs) signal to minority group members that...
Sintering of 3D printable simulated lunar regolith magnesium oxychloride cements

Abstract This study investigates the formulation, processing, hardened state properties, and additive manufacturing of sintered 3D-printable simulated lunar regolith magnesium oxychloride (MOC) cements. Sintering of these materials up to 1200 °C leads to full decomposition of the lunar regolith based MOC cement with release of HCl and water, which could potentially be captured and reused without compromising material properties. The sintering process reduces porosity and increases compressive strength, particularly when the material is initially pre-dried. 3D print manufacturing of the simulated lunar regolith cement is demonstrated using a powder binder jetting technique, showing expected pattern reproduction suitable for the manufacturing of small-scale parts. This material and processing approach could provide opportunities for future lunar fabrication of parts using additive manufacturing and in-situ resources, reducing the need for dedicated manufacturing facilities, distant transport of materials, and minimizing water demands through partial recovery during processing.
VA Academic Affiliations Matter in the Era of Community Care: A Model From California.

Background The Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 1 of 3 administrative branches in the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), is the largest integrated health care system in the United States. The VHA has 4 missions: providing health care to eligible veterans; supporting research to benefit veterans and the larger society; providing education for health care trainees; and supporting emergency response. Observations In service of these goals, the VA has academic affiliations with training institutions throughout the country, offering unique and extensive training and research opportunities. These affiliations are a 2-way street where both the VA and the affiliate provide and gain from their partnership. For example, VA affiliations with University of California (UC) medical schools benefit veteran care and are a major contributor to the UC academic mission. This article explores the history of the VA, current veteran demographics and needs, academic affiliations, and the integrated care model of training in all VHA facilities. The VA and UC academic affiliation system is described further with regard to shared research and educational functions. Conclusions We identify risks to academic affiliations if a shift occurs from VHA care to VA-managed community-based care following the implementation of recent legislation. We also provide suggestions for VA academic affiliates to help assess and guide the potential impact of increased VA-managed community care.
Two-bond 13C–13C spin-coupling constants in saccharides: dependencies on exocyclic hydroxyl group conformation

Seven doubly 13C-labeled isotopomers of methyl β-D-glucopyranoside, methyl β-D-xylopyranoside, methyl β-D-galactopyranoside, methyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside and methyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranoside were prepared, crystallized, and studied by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy to determine experimentally the dependence of 2JC1,C3 values in aldopyranosyl rings on the C1-C2-O2-H torsion angle, θ2, involving the C2 carbon of the C1-C2-C3 coupling pathway. Using X-ray crystal structures to determine θ2 in crystalline samples and by selecting compounds that exhibit a relatively wide range of θ2 values in the crystalline state, 2JC1,C3 values measured in crystalline samples were plotted against θ2 and the resulting plot compared to that obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. For θ2 values ranging from ∼90° to ∼240°, very good agreement was observed between the experimental and theoretical plots, providing strong validation of DFT-calculated spin-coupling dependencies on exocyclic C-O bond conformation involving the central carbon of geminal C-C-C coupling pathways. These findings provide new experimental evidence supporting the use of 2JCCC values as non-conventional spin-coupling constraints in MA'AT conformational modeling of saccharides in solution, and the use of NMR spin-couplings not involving coupled hydroxyl hydrogens as indirect probes of C-O bond conformation. Solvomorphism was observed in crystalline βGal-(1→4)-βGlcOCH3 wherein the previously-reported methanol solvate form was found to spontaneously convert to a monohydrate upon air-drying, leading to small but discernible conformational changes in, and a new crystalline form of, this disaccharide.
Higgs searches and prospects at CDF

The Standard model of electroweak interactions (SM) has been extremely successful in describing interactions of elementary particles over the last decades. The Higgs scalar boson is one of the key elements of the SM: Higgs interactions with the other particles generate the particle masses and allow to keep the theory renormalizable at electroweak scale. All the particles predicted by the SM but the Higgs boson have already been observed experimentally and therefore search for the Higgs is one of the most important scientific goals for high energy physics. The current lower limit on the SM Higgs mass M{sub H} > 114.4 GeV at 95% CL has been established by LEP experiments. In this paper we review CDF Run I results on Higgs searches including the Higgs bosons predicted by the minimal supersymmetric extention of the Standard Model (MSSM) and discuss the Run II prospects.
HYDROCLIMATIC ANALYSIS OF SEVERE DROUGHT IN THE SACRAMENTO RIVER BASIN, CALIFORNIA

Climatic water budget principles provide an analytical basis for expressing drought severity as the cumulative moisture deficiency in biologic and hydrologic systems. This conceptual framework emphasizes the disparity between real-time and expected precipitation, soil moisture, and runoff in quantifying the cumulative moisture deficiency, and it facilitates incorporation of spatial characteristics in assessing drought severity. Comparison of the temporal and spatial properties of the severe 1924 and 1977 droughts in the Sacramento River Basin illustrate the procedure. The 1924 drought has a larger average water deficiency, or magnitude, but the 1977 drought has a longer duration and its cumulative moisture deficiency, or severity, is 1.4 times greater than the 1924 drought. Expressed volumetrically, the greater cumulative moisture deficiency for the 1977 drought is 13.3 times larger than the moisture deficit difference indicated by calculations of natural runoff for water years 1924 and 1977.