cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of LSD on classical conditioning as a function of CS-UCS interval: Relationship to reflex facilitation

Abstract Classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response was accomplished by presenting a 100-msec tone CS at intervals 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 msec before the presentation of a 100-msec shock UCS. In addition, tone-alone trials were used to monitor CR acquisition and shock-alone trials to measure facilitating of the nictitating membrane reflex by the tone CS at the various CS-UCS intervals. LSD at a dose of 13 μg/kg (30 nmol/kg) increased the excitatory effects of the shock UCS as measured by a greater frequency and amptitude of UCRs elicited across a wide range of UCS intensities and by the ability of a low intenstity shock to produce reflex facilitation. Consequently, LSD produced a higher amplitude of UCRs on UCS-alone trials on paired trials across all CS-UCS intervals during measurement of tone-induced reflex facilitation. LSD also enhanced CR acquisition across all CS-UCS intervals. Because LSD produced larger amplitude reference UCRs on the UCS-alone trials as compared with controls, calculations of reflex facilitation as a percentage change from these reference amplitudes led to an artifactually smaller effect for the LSD group as compared with controls. Nevertheless, both reflex facilitation as measured prior to CR acquisition on the first day of conditioning and CR acquisition across 10 conditioning sessions were a function of CS-UCS intervals and these two measures were highly correlated in the LSD (+0.94) and vehicle control (+0.85). It was concluded that LSD enhances CR acquisition by enhancing the excitatory effects of both the CS and UCS and thus increasing their ability to enter associative learning.
Ion channels, oxygen sensation and signal transduction in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle

In contrast to systemic arteries those of the pulmonary circulation constrict in response to hypoxia: a mechanism known as "hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction" (HPV). It is has been established that changes in alveolar oxygen tension are the primary stimulus for triggering HPV. The mechanisms underlying this unique response are unknown. Neither the role of the endothelium nor that of the smooth muscle of the pulmonary arteries in oxygen sensing has been elucidated, although both tissues may be involved. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that K+ channels located in the plasma membranes of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells may play an important role in oxygen sensing. This process may involve novel mechanisms of signal transduction and K+ channel regulation by charged intermediates, redox reactions or membrane-delimited factors.
SITS: a covalently bound fluorescent retrograde tracer that does not appear to be taken up by fibers-of-passage.

Abstract Experiments in the rat indicate that the plasma membrane marker SITS is a sensitive retrograde tracer that is not taken up in detectable amounts by preterminal axons. SITS contains a reactive isothiocyanate group that binds covalently to proteins under mild aqueous conditions, and its use is fully compatible with autoradiographic, HRP, and immunohistochemical methods, as well as with certain other fluorescent tracers. In addition, it neither diffuses from retrogradely labeled cells, nor is degraded after prolonged survival times.
T-Cell Receptor Biases and Clonal Proliferations in Blood and Pleural Effusions of Patients with Lung Cancer

We sought evidence that pulmonary carcinomas mediate a cellular immunologic response by analyzing T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain variable gene (TCRBV) repertoires of lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBL) and malignant pleural effusions (PEL) of five lung cancer patients. Expression levels of 27 TCRBV were quantitated by multiprobe RNase protection assay (RPA), and clonal expansions were identified by sequence enrichment nuclease assay (SENA) and junctional region sequencing. Abnormal TCRBV expansions were identified in all subjects by RPA (mean 6.9 +/- 1.7/patient), and their number closely correlated with elapsed time since initial diagnosis (r = 0.97). SENA, performed in specimens from three patients, confirmed the presence of mono or oligoclonality in 48% of abnormal RPA expansions, and further identified T-cell clones among TCRBV with normal expression levels. The majority of clonal expansions were among PEL, and were nearly equally divided between CD4 and CD8. These data show that T-cell repertoires of lung cancer patients are characterized by marked abnormalities and frequent clonal expansions, most likely representing responses to unique, tumor-specific antigens (TSA). Moreover, this process appears exaggerated among PEL, further suggesting that malignant effusions include local proliferations of tumor reactive T cells. These findings imply the presence of lung cancer TSA capable of eliciting cellular immune responses and raise the possibility that selective immunotherapies can ultimately be developed.
HASKO, VICTORIA, & PERELMUTTER, RENEE (Eds.). New Approaches to Slavic Verbs of Motion. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins 2010. Pp. x, 392. $149.00, cloth. ISBN 978–9–02720–582–7.

The article reviews the book "New Approaches to Slavic Verbs of Motion," edited by Victoria Hasko and Renee Perelmutter.
Tag loss and short-term mortality associated with passive integrated transponder tagging of juvenile Lost River suckers

Abstract Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags are commonly used to mark small catostomids, but tag loss and the effect of tagging on mortality have not been assessed for juveniles of the endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus. I evaluated tag loss and short-term (34-d) mortality associated with the PIT tagging of juvenile Lost River suckers in the laboratory by using a completely randomized design and three treatment groups (PIT tagged, positive control, and control). An empty needle was inserted into each positive control fish, whereas control fish were handled but not tagged. Only one fish expelled its PIT tag. Mortality rate averaged 9.8 ± 3.4% (mean ± SD) for tagged fish; mortality was 0% for control and positive control fish. All tagging mortalities occurred in fish with standard lengths of 71 mm or less, and most of the mortalities occurred within 48 h of tagging. My results indicate that 12.45- × 2.02-mm PIT tags provide a viable method of marking juvenile Lost River suckers that are 7...
Kinetic studies on the interaction of TMPD with cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase.

Abstract The kinetics of the reduction of cytochrome c by ascorbate and ascorbate plus TMPD 3 have been examined. TMPD increases the reduction rate of cytochrome c by a factor of 30 relative to ascorbate alone. It is concluded that this is the principal reason why TMPD increases the activity of cytochrome c oxidase at a fixed concentration of cytochrome c and markedly diminishes the apparent K m value for cytochrome c . The reduction of cytochrome oxidase by ferrocytochrome c is identical in the presence or absence of TMPD (3.5 × 10 7 m −1 sec −1 ). The oxidation of TMPD in the absence of cytochrome c shows an average maximal turnover of two electrons (heme a ) −1 sec −1 when cytochrome a measured at 605 mμ is over 60% reduced. This identifies a slow rate of electron transfer between a and a 3 . It is suggested that in the presence of cytochrome c the reaction pathway may be directly from c to a 3 .
A solution-adaptive method for efficient compressible multifluid simulations, with application to the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability

The evolution of high-speed initially laminar multicomponent flows into a turbulent multi-material mixing entity, e.g., in the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, poses significant challenges for high-fidelity numerical simulations. Although high-order shock- and interface-capturing schemes represent such flows well at early times, the excessive numerical dissipation thereby introduced and the resulting computational cost prevent the resolution of small-scale features. Furthermore, unless special care is taken, shock-capturing schemes generate spurious pressure oscillations at material interfaces where the specific heats ratio varies. To remedy these problems, a solution-adaptive high-order central/shock-capturing finite difference scheme is presented for efficient computations of compressible multi-material flows, including turbulence. A new discontinuity sensor discriminates between smooth and discontinuous regions. The appropriate split form of (energy preserving) central schemes is derived for flows of smoothly varying specific heats ratio, such that spurious pressure oscillations are prevented. High-order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes are applied only at discontinuities; the standard approach is followed for shocks and contacts, but material discontinuities are treated by interpolating the primitive variables. The hybrid nature of the method allows for efficient and accurate computations of shocks and broadband motions, and is shown to prevent pressure oscillations for varying specific heats ratios. The method is assessed through one-dimensional problems with shocks, sharp interfaces and smooth distributions of specific heats ratio, and the two-dimensional single-mode inviscid and viscous Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with re-shock.
Lipoic acid: energy metabolism and redox regulation of transcription and cell signaling.

The role of R-α-lipoic acid as a cofactor (lipoyllysine) in mitochondrial energy metabolism is well established. Lipoic acid non-covalently bound and exogenously administered to cells or supplemented in the diet is a potent modulator of the cell’s redox status. The diversity of beneficial effects of lipoic acid in a variety of tissues can be mechanistically viewed in terms of thiol/disulfide exchange reactions that modulate the environment’s redox and energy status. Lipoic acid-driven thiol/disulfide exchange reactions appear critical for the modulation of proteins involved in cell signaling and transcription factors. This review emphasizes the effects of lipoic acid on PI3K and AMPK signaling and related transcriptional pathways that are integrated by PGC-1α, a critical regulator of energy homoestasis. The effects of lipoic acid on the neuronal energy-redox axis are largely reviewed in terms of their outcomes for aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Performance of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety/Depression on the WISC-III and Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in cognitive performance between samples of children diagnosed with ADHD, anxiety and/or depression, and the normative groups on two tests of ability. Matched samples of 25 children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder were contrasted with 25 children diagnosed with anxiety/depression. Both groups were also compared to the normative values for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition (WISC-III) and tests of Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive cognitive processes from the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). Children with ADHD had lower Planning scores than those with anxiety/depression (6.5 points; effect size of 0.6) and lower Planning scores than the standardization sample (12.7 points; effect size of 0.9). No significant difference was found between children with ADHD, children with anxiety and depression, and the matched clinical sample on the WISC-III. The findings are commensurate with other studie...
Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and carbonylation of the perfluorophenoxyiridium(I) complex, trans-(C6F5O)Ir(CO)(PPh3)2

Abstract rans-(C6F5O)Ir(CO)(PPh3)2 is readily prepared by reaction of NaOC6F5 with trans-Ir(CO)(PPh3)2Cl. Reaction of trans-(C6F5O)Ir(CO)(PPh3)2 with CO does not lead to carbonylation of the IrO bond, consistent with expectations of OC6F5−1 loss from the coordination sphere. To further define the bonding of OC6F5−1 to the iridium we have determined the structure. trans-(C6F5O)Ir(CO)(PPh3)2 crystallizes in the centrosymmetric triclinic space group P 1 (Ci1; No. 2) with a 11.901(3), b 12.823(4), c 14.153(5) A, α 74.223(24), β 88.044(25), γ 66.267(23)°, V 1895.8(10) A3 and Z = 3. Diffraction data (Mo-Kα, 2θ 4.5–50.0°) were collected with a Syntex P21 automated four-circle diffractometer and the structure was refined to RF 4.0% for all 6727 independent data (RF 3.3% for those 5870 data with |F0| > 6σ (|F0|)). The d8 iridium(I) atom has the expected square-planar coordination geometry with IrP 2.320(1) and 2.321(1) A, IrCO 1.798(6) A and IrOC6F5 2.058 (3) A. Molecular dimensions are very similar to those of trans-PhOIr(CO)(PPh3)2 except for the IrOC6F5 angle of 135.4(3)°, a value 8.9 ± 0.4° greater than the IrOC6H5 angle of 126.5(3)°. This is interpreted as due to increased donation of p-electron density from oxygen to the electronegative C6F5 (vis a vis C6H5) group.
Self-aligned silicon fins in metallic slits as a platform for planar tunable nanoscale resonant photodetectors

We demonstrate self-aligned fabrication of etched silicon fins in metallic slits and show that this structure supports both dielectric and plasmonic resonances and photodetection that can be tuned by varying the width of the fin
Iron meteorite evidence for early formation and catastrophic disruption of protoplanets

A new study of the cooling rates of IVA group iron meteorites provides support for a recent proposal that metal-rich meteorites come from the debris of collisions between Moon-to-Mars sized bodies. The terrestrial planets of the Solar System are thought to have formed by collisional growth from smaller bodies, and the new results are consistent with an origin in a metallic body with a radius of 150 km that cooled in space, and not from the metallic core of a much smaller rocky asteroid, as previously believed. The metallic body probably formed in the early Solar System as a result of a collision between protoplanets before the planets formed. Cooling rates for group IVA iron meteorites that range from 100 to 6,000KMyr−1 are reported. Improvements in the cooling rate model, smaller error bars, and new data from an independent cooling rate indicator show that the conventional interpretation is no longer viable. Our results require that the IVA meteorites cooled in a 300-km-diameter metallic body that lacked an insulating mantle. In our Solar System, the planets formed by collisional growth from smaller bodies. Planetesimals collided to form Moon-to-Mars-sized protoplanets in the inner Solar System in 0.1–1 Myr, and these collided more energetically to form planets1. Insights into the timing and nature of collisions during planetary accretion can be gained from meteorite studies. In particular, iron meteorites offer the best constraints on early stages of planetary accretion because most are remnants of the oldest bodies, which accreted and melted in <1.5 Myr, forming silicate mantles and iron-nickel metallic cores2,3,4. Cooling rates for various groups of iron meteorites suggest that if the irons cooled isothermally in the cores of differentiated bodies, as conventionally assumed, these bodies were 5–200 km in diameter5,6. This picture is incompatible, however, with the diverse cooling rates observed within certain groups, most notably the IVA group7,8, but the large uncertainties associated with the measurements do not preclude it. Here we report cooling rates for group IVA iron meteorites that range from 100 to 6,000 K Myr-1, increasing with decreasing bulk Ni. Improvements in the cooling rate model, smaller error bars, and new data from an independent cooling rate indicator9 show that the conventional interpretation is no longer viable. Our results require that the IVA meteorites cooled in a 300-km-diameter metallic body that lacked an insulating mantle. This body probably formed ∼4,500 Myr ago in a ‘hit-and-run’ collision between Moon-to-Mars-sized protoplanets10. This demonstrates that protoplanets of ∼103 km size accreted within the first 1.5 Myr, as proposed by theory, and that fragments of these bodies survived as asteroids.
Intraoperative positioning during cesarean as a cause of sciatic neuropathy.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Sciatic nerve compression has been well documented as a cause of perioperative sciatic neuropathy but rarely during cesarean. CASE: A parturient complained of left foot drop after cesarean delivery for twins performed under spinal anesthesia. Intraoperatively, her right hip was raised with padding under the right buttock to tilt the pelvis approximately 30 degrees to the left. Postoperatively, the patient had weakness, sensory changes, and diminished reflexes in the left lower extremity. Electrodiagnostic studies supported a diagnosis of neurapraxia and partial denervation in the distribution of the sciatic nerve. By postpartum week 6, she had full recovery. CONCLUSION: Elevating the right buttock during cesarean can cause compression of the underlying structures of the left buttock and result in sciatic neuropathy. Decreasing the duration of time the patient is in the left lateral position may reduce the risk of this uncommon but debilitating complication.
Discrimination of restrictions in sequentially blocked auditory displays: Shifting block designs

Finite-state Markov sequences were generated by a digital computer, translated to electrical pulse trains, and converted to sound by earphones. The sequences were constrained in terms of the maximum number of occurrences of any state within any block of successive items. The discriminability among such sequences was measured in terms of the threshold interstate interval difference that is required to achieve a given level of discrimination among the sequences. These thresholds are closely related to the number of selections available to the source generator for each position of the sequence.
Molecular Determinants of Epidermal Growth Factor Binding: A Molecular Dynamics Study

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family that plays a role in multiple cellular processes. Activation of EGFR requires binding of a ligand on the extracellular domain to promote conformational changes leading to dimerization and transphosphorylation of intracellular kinase domains. Seven ligands are known to bind EGFR with affinities ranging from sub-nanomolar to near micromolar dissociation constants. In the case of EGFR, distinct conformational states assumed upon binding a ligand is thought to be a determining factor in activation of a downstream signaling network. Previous biochemical studies suggest the existence of both low affinity and high affinity EGFR ligands. While these studies have identified functional effects of ligand binding, high-resolution structural data are lacking. To gain a better understanding of the molecular basis of EGFR binding affinities, we docked each EGFR ligand to the putative active state extracellular domain dimer and 25.0 ns molecular dynamics simulations were performed. MM-PBSA/GBSA are efficient computational approaches to approximate free energies of protein-protein interactions and decompose the free energy at the amino acid level. We applied these methods to the last 6.0 ns of each ligand-receptor simulation. MM-PBSA calculations were able to successfully rank all seven of the EGFR ligands based on the two affinity classes: EGF>HB-EGF>TGF-α>BTC>EPR>EPG>AR. Results from energy decomposition identified several interactions that are common among binding ligands. These findings reveal that while several residues are conserved among the EGFR ligand family, no single set of residues determines the affinity class. Instead we found heterogeneous sets of interactions that were driven primarily by electrostatic and Van der Waals forces. These results not only illustrate the complexity of EGFR dynamics but also pave the way for structure-based design of therapeutics targeting EGF ligands or the receptor itself.
Investigation of Portland Cement and Pure C3S Using 1-D Sans

The effect of contrast matching in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and pure C3S has been investigated as a function of time after hydration using the 1-D small-angle scattering technique. The observed scattering response of OPC hydrated with 100% D2O increased in time, while the response of OPC hydrated with a null water mixture did not. The increase in scattering is therefore attributed to the formation of bubbles in the water-filled pores of the hydrating cement paste. The addition of 1% CaCl2 to OPC increased the kinetics of bubble formation considerably. Based on similar contrast measurements, we have concluded that bubbles do not form in pure C3S. However, the addition of 1% CaCl2 was found to induce bubble formation in the hydrated C3S compound.
Metallation of unsaturated polymers and formation of graft copolymers

The use of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) is known to enhance the metallation of capability of butyllithium. It has been found that this TMEDA–BuLi reagent smoothly metallates olefins in high yields at 50°C in less than 4 hr by replacement of allylic hydrogen. This reaction has been applied to unsaturated polymers such as polybutadiene and polyisoprene. The resulting products have lithium atoms scattered along the chain. The amount of lithium on the chain can be varied over wide limits. Each lithium atom on the chain can act as a site for grafting or adding functional groups to the base polymer. Thus, this method allows the preparation of polymers having controlled amounts of branching as well as the introduction of functional groups into the polymer. Through the use of this metallation technique, polymers containing styrene and butadience grafts are specifically reported. In addition, polymers containing hydroxyl or carboxyl groups along the backbone are prepared by using this technique.
An empirical approach toward the prediction of students' science achievement in the United States and Hubei, China

An empirical approach is adopted in this article to explore a possible model for the prediction of students' science achievement in China and the United States. The construction of the model was based on the ninth-grade data base from Phase II of the Second IEA Science Study (SISS) in the United States, and the SISS Extension Study in the Hubei province of China. The common independent variables of the students' science achievement are classified into five categories: students' gender, attitude, home background, classroom experience, and personal effort, according to distinction between visible and latent characteristics, and scree plots from principal component analyses. Latent factors are represented by the first principal components in each of the four latent categories: students' attitudes, home background, classroom experience, and personal effort. Predictors of the model are constructed by polynomials of the visible and latent factors and their interactions in a multivariate Taylor series. Significant predictors at α = .05 were selected through a backward elimination procedure using the Statistical Analysis System. The structure of the four latent factors and the model complexity are compared between the two countries in terms of their educational, political, social, and cultural contexts. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nothing to it: Precursors to a Zero Concept in Preschoolers

Abstract Do young children understand the numerical value of empty sets prior to developing a concept of symbolic zero? Are empty sets represented as mental magnitudes? In order to investigate these questions, we tested 4-year old children and adults with a numerical ordering task in which the goal was to select two stimuli in ascending numerical order with occasional empty set stimuli. Both children and adults showed distance effects for empty sets. Children who were unable to order the symbol zero (e.g., 0
Duration of blood pressure elevation in accurately predicting surgical cure of renovascular hypertension.

Abstract Among 110 patients who underwent corrective surgery for unilateral renovascular hypertension, we lound that a preoperative duration of hypertension was a highly important predictor of postoperative achievement of normotension. Those with less than a 5-year history of hypertension experienced 78% incidence of successful outcome, compared to such a salutary frequency of only 25% in patients with longer hypertension duration. Although the best renal vein renin (RVR) boundary ratio (1.4) was less predictive of overall surgical success in the population studied, the prognostic value of this test improved considerably when analysis of RVR ratio results were confined to patients not receiving reninsuppressing agents during RVR sampling and who had technically satisfactory operations. Highest surgical benefit rate occurred in the group of patients with both short duration of hypertension and high RVR ratio. Conversely, patients with long hypertension duration and low RVR ratio exhibited lowest surgical success frequency. Therefore, duration of hypertension is hereby shown to be an important factor in the preoperative evaluation of appropriate management of patients with renovascular hypertension.
Effective on-line algorithms for reliable due date quotation and large-scale scheduling

We consider the sequencing of a series of jobs that arrive at a single processor over time. At each job's arrival time, a due date must be quoted for the job, and the job must complete processing before its quoted due date. The objective is to minimize the sum (or average) of quoted due dates, or equivalently, the average quoted lead time. In this paper, we propose on-line heuristics for this problem and characterize the conditions under which these heuristics are asymptotically optimal. Computational testing further demonstrates the relative effectiveness of these heuristics under various conditions.
Global seismicity of 1977: centroid-moment tensor solutions for 471 earthquakes

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 471 earthquakes that occurred during 1977.
Neurosyphilis Update: Atypical is the New Typical

Syphilis has reemerged as an important cause of neurological disease, affecting any part of the neuraxis at any stage of infection. What was once a dwindling diagnosis is now redoubling, particularly in the HIV-positive and in men who have sex with men populations. In the era of antibiotics and HIV coinfection, neurosyphilis presentations are protean, making diagnosis notoriously challenging. Advanced disease may be irreversible, and so early detection and treatment are ideal. Herein, we review recent advances in understanding neurosyphilis.
Network formations to bridge or extend wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) that require bridging to other networks or extending sensor coverage must keep high link availability to reduce energy wasted on error control. This paper first details the relationship of individual link probability of availability to E b /N o and to upper protocol layers. Then the efficient computation of the network probability of availability is shown, and applied to four extensible, planned formations of nodes. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these formations in examples of bridging and extensions of WSNs, and discuss how to deploy them.
Ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules. Review of 74 cases including 27 with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and four with adenoma malignum of the cervix†

The sex cord tumor with annular tubules (SCTAT) is a distinctive ovarian neoplasm the predominant component of which has morphologic features intermediate between those of the granulosa cell tumor and those of the Sertoli cell tumor; focal differentiation into either granulosa cell or Sertoli cell tumor may occur. Of the 74 cases that form the basis of this investigation 27 were associated with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome; these tumors were all benign and were typically multifocal, bilateral, very small or even microscopical in size and calcified. Twelve of the 27 patients had symptoms suggestive of hyperestrinism attributable to the SCTAT; menstrual irregularity had occurred in eleven cases and postmenopausal bleeding in one. Four of the 27 patients had "adenoma malignum" of the cervix and two of them died of it. The 47 tumors from patients without evidence of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome were unilateral and usually large. Twenty-five of them were accompanied by symptoms suggestive of hyperestrinism, such as menstrual irregularity, postmenopausal bleeding or sexual precocity; seven were malignant and four of these were fatal.
Proflavin-induced mutations in the L-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli. I. Production and genetic analyses of such mutations.

Abstract Mutations were induced in the l -arabinose (ara) operon of the bacterium Escherichia coli by treatment of conjugational zygotes with proflavin in the dark. Diploidy of the ara region was found to be obligatory for this mutagenesis. On the basis of several criteria, including reversion patterns and identification of the revertants as double mutants, these mutations have been classified as “frameshifts” (small insertions and deletions).
General effective actions

We investigate the structure of the most general actions with the symmetry group [ital G], spontaneously broken down to a subgroup [ital H]. We show that the only possible terms in the Lagrangian density that, although not [ital G] invariant, yield [ital G]-invariant terms in the action, are in one to one correspondence with the generators of the fifth cohomology classes. For the special case of [ital G]=SU([ital N])[sub [ital L]][times]SU([ital N])[sub [ital R]] broken down to the diagonal subgroup [ital H]=SU([ital N])[sub [ital V]], there is just one such term for [ital N][ge]3, which for [ital N]=3 is the original Wess-Zumino-Witten term.
Image registration error analysis using pattern recognition algorithms

Image segmentation is one of the important applications in computer vision applications. In this paper, we present an image registration method that stiches multiple images into one complete view. Also, we demonstrate how image segmentation is used as an error metric to evaluate image registration. This paper explains about the error analysis using pattern recognition algorithm such as watershed algorithm for calculating the error for image registration applications. In this paper, we compare pixel intensity-based error metric with object-based error metric for evaluating the registration results. We explain in which situation pattern recognition algorithm is superior to other conventional algorithm such as mean square error.
Online learning of electric vehicle consumers' charging behavior with missing data

Learning in the presence of missing data is a pervasive problem in statistical data analysis. This paper deals with tracking the dynamic charging behavior of electric vehicle consumers, when some of the consumers' consumption decisions are missing. The problem is then formulated as an online classification task with missing labels. An online algorithm is proposed to jointly impute the missing data while at the same time learn from the complete data using an online convex optimization approach.
Debating Deposits: An Interobserver Variability Study of Lymph Nodes and Pericolonic Tumor Deposits in Colonic Adenocarcinoma

Context.—The American Joint Committee on Cancer's Cancer Staging Manual 7th edition defines pericolonic tumor deposits (TDs) as discrete tumor foci in pericolic fat showing no evidence of residual ...
Resource Production Under Uncertainty: A Stochastic Control Approach to Timber Harvest Scheduling

Most empirical natural-resource-management problems are intertemporal optimization problems under uncertainty. The Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) method derives an approximate stochastic solution to such problems. The error in modeling resource dynamics and error in observing resource stocks are incorporated explicitly into the LQG problem solution. The LQG is outlined briefly and applied to the harvest-scheduling problem on the Stanislaus National Forest. The importance of knowing management preferences precisely is shown by stochastic simulations. Harvest levels and the cost of a given source of uncertainty are shown to be quite sensitive to the objective-function specification, permitting a more-rational scheduling of production and allocation of research funds. 16 references, 3 tables.
Estimating Scale and Truncation Parameters for the Truncated Exponential Distribution with Type-I Censored Sampling

Abstract For time censored sampling from the truncated exponential distribution, maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) are derived for both the scale and truncation parameters. Both “conditional” and “unconditional” estimators are considered as well as estimators when the scale parameter is restricted to the positive axis. Asymptotic joint distributions of the estimators of scale and truncation point are found for all three versions of MLE. Small sample biases and mean squared errors of the estimators are studied by simulation. The estimators are applied to data on the size of forest fires. These data are also used to see how closely the estimates with censoring resemble the full sample estimates for varying degrees of censoring.
Incorporating Immunological Ideas in Epidemiological Models

Abstract Many diseases show important interactions between epidemiology and immunology. Both models and datat suggest that epidemiologically controlled variables, like frequency and intensity of exposure, can affect immunological outcomes in a wide variety of diseases. Conversely, the results of the immunological “battle” between host and parasite determine the ability of the parasite to spread. I present a simple model with two possible states of infection, which assumes that higher exposure to infection is correlated with likelihood of acquiring a more severe infection. For some parameter values, this model leads to simultaneous stability of the disease-free equilibrium and an endemic equilibrium, implying that the disease might be able to persist in a population that it could not invade. I also derive a simple and interpretable sufficient condition for multiple stable states. The “cartoon” model presented here shows that interaction between epidemiology and immunology can have important effects on the invasion and persistence of diseases. In particular, it raises the possibility that this mechanism can lead to mathematical “catastrophe” and to long-term cycles in disease prevalence.
Sky exposure, crown architecture, and low‐temperature photoinhibition in conifer seedlings at alpine treeline

In the alpine-treeline ecotone of the Snowy Range in Wyoming, USA, microsite sky exposure of Englemann spruce (Picea englemannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) seedlings (< 5 years) was associated with the avoidance of low-nocturnal temperatures and high insolation, factors which appeared to result in low-temperature photoinhibition. In a field experiment, light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat) in current-year seedlings (newly germinated) of fir increased significantly (approximately seven-fold) in response to increased long-wave irradiance at night (warming), solar shading (approximately five-fold), and the combination of the two treatments (approximately eight-fold). Asat in current-year spruce remained unchanged in response to all treatments, but was over four-times higher than fir in control plots. These results indicated substantial low-temperature photoinhibition, and were supported by similar Asat trends in natural seedlings. Increased needle inclination and clustering in more exposed microsites for both species implicates the possible role of structural adaptations for decreased sky exposure and warmer leaf temperatures at night.
Tuomela on the explanation of human action

Raimo Tuomela's Human Action and Its Explanation1 embeds a full-scale theory of action in a scientific realist ontology and a covering-law theory of explanation. The book ranges over most of the problems currently central in the philosophy of action, and it dis cusses the main theories of action advanced in recent decades. Tuomela's strategy is to combine substantive, non-technical argumentation with a formal representation of his central ideas. A major aim of the book-whose subtitle is 'A Study on the Philoso phical Foundations of Psychology'is to build a bridge between scientific psychology and common-sense intentionalistic thinking about action. By arguing that the latter may be best understood on causalist lines and that ordinary action-explanations fit a version of the covering-law model of explanation, Tuomela lays the ground work for a conception of scientific psychology as a discipline which, at least in explaining human action, develops theories out of the common-sense intentionalistic framework, nomically conceived. It will not be possible here to consider all the noteworthy ideas in a book of this ambitious scope. I shall simply provide a sense of the structure and range of the book and then discuss critically just a few important aspects of Tuomela's overall theory. Section I will be devoted to the first of these tasks, Section II to the second. The concluding section will attempt to view the book from a wider perspective.
From Storefront to Dental Office

A neglected storefront in one of Chicago’s North Shore suburbs has been transformed into a trend-setting dental office for orth­ odontist Gerald L. Ashley. The empty space, approximately 17x60 feet, or 1,000 square feet, might not have looked promising to others, but Doctor Ashley liked the location and decided to con­ sult with designer Neil Frarikel about what could be done. Frankel worked with the space and the requirements—a reception and waiting area; space for X-ray equipment, files, and storage; a private office; a private onechair operatory; a tooth-brushing area and open operatory containing three dental chairs; a lavatory; a darkroom; and a labor­ atory—and created an office that is not only technically functional but esthetically ex­ citing. The use of color, various ceiling eleva­ tions, and the absence of traditional rec-
Progressive axonal transport and synaptic protein changes correlate with behavioral and neuropathological abnormalities in the heterozygous Q175 KI mouse model of Huntington's disease

A long-term goal of modeling Huntington’s disease (HD) is to recapitulate the cardinal features of the disease in mice that express both mutant and wild-type (WT) huntingtin (Htt), as HD commonly manifests as a heterozygous condition in humans, and loss of WT Htt is associated with loss-of-function. In a new heterozygous Q175 knockin (KI) mouse model, we performed an extensive evaluation of motor and cognitive functional deficits, neuropathological and biochemical changes and levels of proteins involved in synaptic function, the cytoskeleton and axonal transport, at 1–16 months of age. Motor deficits were apparent at 6 months of age in Q175 KI mice and at that time, postmortem striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were elevated and mutant Htt inclusions were present throughout the brain. From 6 months of age, levels of proteins associated with synaptic function, including SNAP-25, Rab3A and PSD-95, and with axonal transport and microtubules, including KIF3A, dynein and dynactin, were altered in the striatum, motor cortex, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of Q175 KI mice, compared with WT levels. At 12–16 months of age, Q175 KI mice displayed motor and cognitive deficits, which were paralleled at postmortem by striatal atrophy, cortical thinning, degeneration of medium spiny neurons, dense mutant Htt inclusion formation, decreased striatal dopamine levels and loss of striatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Data from this study indicate that the heterozygous Q175 KI mouse represents a realistic model for HD and also provides new insights into the specific and progressive synaptic, cytoskeletal and axonal transport protein abnormalities that may accompany the disease.
Evaluating the Evaluators: Teachers' Perceptions of the Principal's Role in Professional Evaluation:

Eighty-six educators from five northwest Florida counties were surveyed to examine their perceptions of theirprincipals as effective evaluators. The results suggest that teachers'perceptions of an effective evaluation process involve a focus on their pincipals' knowledge, skills, and abilities as both experienced educator and educational leader. From the respondents' comments, four key domains emerged as pivotal components to a successful professional evaluation process: interactions between principal and educator; consistent evaluations; principal commitment to effective professional evaluation; and a principal knowledgeable in pedagogy, content, and evaluation.
A robotic biarticulate leg model

Biarticulate muscles have been shown to perform the function of power transfer from the upper to lower leg, such as in tasks such as running, jumping, and stair climbing. A new robotic model of the human leg is described. This robotic leg transfers power from motors on the hip to the ankle. The importance of timing in maximizing the force transfer to push off at the toe is explored.
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF SMALL DAM REMOVAL ON A FRESHWATER MUSSEL ASSEMBLAGE

Dam removal is increasingly used to restore lotic habitat and biota, but its effects on freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are not well known. We conducted a four-year study to assess short-term effects on mussels after removal of a small hydropower dam on the Deep River (Cape Fear River drainage), North Carolina, USA, in 2006. We conducted annual pre- and post-removal monitoring of mussel density, richness, and survival (post removal only) with transect surveys and quadrat excavation, and assessed changes in substrate composition at two impact sites (tailrace and impoundment) and two reference sites. Before-after-control-impact (BACI) analyses of variance did not detect a significant change in mussel density (total or individually for the three most abundant species), spe cies richness, Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) mean length, or substrate composition in the tailrace or drained impoundment following dam removal. Apparent annual survival estimates of Eastern Elliptio at the tailrace site did not differ among sampling periods and were similar to control sites. We observed minimal mussel mortality from stranding in the dewatered reservoir. These results demonstrate that adverse short-term impacts of dam removal on downstream mussel assemblages can be minimized with appropriate planning, timing, and removal techniques, but additional monitoring is warranted to determine long-term effects on mussels within the restored river reach.
Chromatographic Separation of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is shown to be an effective method to characterize single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) dispersions. SEC separates nanotube dispersions by size, and measures the intrinsic viscosity on-line as a function of hydrodynamic size as is determined by Universal Calibration. This scaling contains information about the shape of the dispersed particles. This characterization method was tested on three representative dispersions: octadecyl amine functionalization in tetrahydrofuran (THF), butyl group functionalization in THF, and DNA wrapping in aqueous solution. Significant differences between the dispersions were found. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) produced results consistent with the SEC method.
Bradykinin induces microvascular preconditioning through the opening of calcium-activated potassium channels

Background This study was designed to investigate whether the activation of calcium-activated potassium (K Ca ) or adenosine triphosphate sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels are required for bradykinin-induced microvascular preconditioning. Methods Isolated rabbit hearts underwent retrograde perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) followed by 60 minutes of ischemic arrest with cold crystalloid cardioplegia (CCCP). Eight CCCP hearts received no pretreatment. Six bradykinin-preconditioned hearts received a 10-minute coronary infusion of 10 –8 mol/L bradykinin-enriched KHB followed by a 5-minute recovery period before CCCP. Six hearts received both 10 –8 mol/L charybdotoxin (a K Ca channel blocker) and bradykinin preconditioning. Finally, 6 other hearts received 10 –5° mol/L glibenclamide (a K ATP channel blocker) to bradykinin-enriched KHB. All hearts were reperfused for 30 minutes with KHB. Results Bradykinin preconditioning significantly improved the recovery of left ventricular and microvascular function, as compared with control. On the other hand, bradykinin preconditioning significantly reduced the contractile responses to U46619, a thromboxane A 2 analogue. Charybdotoxin significantly inhibited the improved recovery of bradykinin-induced left ventricular and microvascular function. Glibenclamide tended to diminish the bradykinin preconditioning–enhanced recovery of left ventricular function, but failed to affect bradykinin preconditioning–improved recovery of microvascular function. Conclusion Both K Ca and K ATP channels were involved partially in bradykinin-induced myocardial preconditioning. However, bradykinin induces microvascular preconditioning through the opening of K Ca channels rather than K ATP channels.
Sapflow and water use of freshwater wetland trees exposed to saltwater incursion in a tidally influenced South Carolina watershed.

Sea-level rise and anthropogenic activity promote salinity incursion into many tidal freshwater forested wetlands. Interestingly, individual trees can persist for decades after salt impact. To unde...
Structural and mechanistic studies of enolase

Abstract The high-resolutionstructure of yeast enolase cocrystallized with its equilibrium mixture of substrate and product reveals the stereochemistry of substrate/product binding and therefore the groups responsible for acid/base catalysis and stabilization of the enolate intermediate. Expression and characterization of site-specific mutant forms of the enzyme have confirmed the roles of amino acid side chains in the catalysis of the first and second steps of the reaction. Coordination of both required magnesium ions to the carboxylate of the substrate/product indicates a role for these cations in stabilization of the intermediate.
Locating XML Documents in a Peer-to-Peer Network Using Distributed Hash Tables

One of the key challenges in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network is to efficiently locate relevant data sources across a large number of participating peers. With the increasing popularity of the extensible markup language (XML) as a standard for information interchange on the Internet, XML is commonly used as an underlying data model for P2P applications to deal with the heterogeneity of data and enhance the expressiveness of queries. In this paper, we address the problem of efficiently locating relevant XML documents in a P2P network, where a user poses queries in a language such as XPath. We have developed a new system called psiX that runs on top of an existing distributed hashing framework. Under the psiX system, each XML document is mapped into an algebraic signature that captures the structural summary of the document. An XML query pattern is also mapped into a signature. The query's signature is used to locate relevant document signatures. Our signature scheme supports holistic processing of query patterns without breaking them into multiple path queries and processing them individually. The participating peers in the network collectively maintain a collection of distributed hierarchical indexes for the document signatures. Value indexes are built to handle numeric and textual values in XML documents. These indexes are used to process queries with value predicates. Our experimental study on PlanetLab demonstrates that psiX provides an efficient location service in a P2P network for a wide variety of XML documents.