cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding histone-DNA interactions in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important source of plant protein, and member of the legume family, which includes soybean, cowpea, and lentils. With its relatively small genome size, well-characterized cytogenetics, and recently sequenced genome, common bean serves as a good model for legume epigenetics. Accumulation of recent and ongoing bean community-wide genomic and transcriptomic sequence data along with advances in sequencing technology enables the further understanding of the roles of histone-DNA interactions, small RNAs, and cytosine methylation in gene regulation in common bean. Till date, there has not been much progress in studying various epigenomic marks in common bean, and therefore, the long-term objective of this research is to identify protein-DNA interaction sites in the common bean genome to include histones, as well as, non-histone proteins such as transcription factors involved in biotic and abiotic stress. The short-term objective of this work is to develop the first reference epigenomes in four common bean genotypes ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"G19833","term_id":"1340404","term_text":"G19833"}}G19833, Bat93, Jalo, and Sierra) as related to histone modifications. Common bean genotypes can be broadly classified into those of Andean and Mesoamerican origin, and these genotypes were selected for their importance and use in genomics, as well as breeding. The immediate goal of this work is to identify the hierarchy of binding of histones H4K12ac and H3K9me2 in the common bean genome using Illumina sequencing. To achieve this goal, a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) protocol was developed for common bean, and chromatin from leaves of these four genotypes was isolated and used for ChIP and ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq). Sequence analyses of this data is enabling the understanding of the layout of these histone modifications across the genomes of these four genotypes when compared to the reference genome sequence of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"G19833","term_id":"1340404","term_text":"G19833"}}G19833. This work serves as the first reference histone-DNA interaction map in common bean and lays a foundation for comprehensive analyses and large-scale studies of histone modifications and global protein binding sites in this important plant species, further facilitating the annotation of the common bean genome.
Student Perceptions of Sales Careers: Implications for Educators and Recruiters

While sales careers offer tremendous job potential, they are frequently overlooked by graduating college students. Previous research suggests that negative sales stereotypes have influenced students’ desire for sales careers. In this paper we revisit student attitudes toward sales careers to identify student segments most likely to have positive and realistic views of sales careers. We found that marketing majors or students who have taken two or more sales classes view sales careers more positively than other business students. Non‐marketing majors or students exposed to sales careers either through internships/work experience or having family members in sales did not exhibit positive attitudes toward sales. We also observed some interesting gender differences on attitudes toward sales. We suggest that corporate recruiters may want to focus their recruiting efforts on marketing majors or students who have taken sales classes to identify students with positive and realistic views of sales careers: resulting in better employee task fit, lower job turnover, and reduced costs of recruitment.
RNA-Seq profiling of spinal cord motor neurons from a presymptomatic SOD1 ALS mouse.

Mechanisms involved with degeneration of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's Disease) are poorly understood, but genetically inherited forms, comprising ∼10% of the cases, are potentially informative. Recent observations that several inherited forms of ALS involve the RNA binding proteins TDP43 and FUS raise the question as to whether RNA metabolism is generally disturbed in ALS. Here we conduct whole transcriptome profiling of motor neurons from a mouse strain, transgenic for a mutant human SOD1 (G85R SOD1-YFP), that develops symptoms of ALS and paralyzes at 5–6 months of age. Motor neuron cell bodies were laser microdissected from spinal cords at 3 months of age, a time when animals were presymptomatic but showed aggregation of the mutant protein in many lower motor neuron cell bodies and manifested extensive neuromuscular junction morphologic disturbance in their lower extremities. We observed only a small number of transcripts with altered expression levels or splicing in the G85R transgenic compared to age-matched animals of a wild-type SOD1 transgenic strain. Our results indicate that a major disturbance of polyadenylated RNA metabolism does not occur in motor neurons of mutant SOD1 mice, suggesting that the toxicity of the mutant protein lies at the level of translational or post-translational effects.
Plastic deformation of MgGeO3 post-perovskite at lower mantle pressures.

Polycrystalline MgGeO3 post-perovskite was plastically deformed in the diamond anvil cell between 104 and 130 gigapascals confining pressure and ambient temperature. In contrast with phenomenological considerations suggesting (010) as a slip plane, lattice planes near (100) became aligned perpendicular to the compression direction, suggesting that slip on (100) or (110) dominated plastic deformation. With the assumption that silicate post-perovskite behaves similarly at lower mantle conditions, a numerical model of seismic anisotropy in the D″ region implies a maximum contribution of post-perovskite to shear wave splitting of 3.7% with an oblique polarization.
AB initio calculations of Diels–Alder transition structures for hetero-dienophile additions to cyclopentadiene

Transition states for the hetero-Diels–Alder addition of formaldehyde, formaldimine, diazene and nitrosyl hydride to cyclopentadiene were located with ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Asynchronous transition structures were located for the asymmetric hetero-dienophiles, whereas the symmetrical hetero-dienophile, cis-diazene, produced a synchronous transition structure. The relative reactivities are in good agreement with the LUMO energies of the hetero-dienophiles, and the transition states with the exo oxygen or nitrogen lone pairs have lower energies than the corresponding endo lone electron pair transition states. Endo/exo energy differences are much higher than in the addition of ethylene derivatives to cyclopentadiene.
Heterocyclic amines, cytochrome P4501A2, and N-acetyltransferase: Issues involved in incorporating putative genetic susceptibility markers into epidemiological studies

Abstract PURPOSE: Heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are found mainly in well-cooked meat, require metabolic activation to function as mutagens and animal carcinogens. Enzymes such as cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) and N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) perform this task and are subject to interindividual variation. The source of this variation may be genetic, as in the case of NAT2 , or both genetic and environmental as with CYP1A2 . The present study examined the effect of HCAs on the NAT2 and CYP1A2 phenotypes in 33 males and 33 females. METHODS: The subjects consumed a low HCA-containing diet for 1 week followed by a high HCA diet for the subsequent week. The subjects were phenotyped for CYP1A2 and NAT2 at the time of entry into the study (free-living), 1 week later (end of low-HCA or low-induction diet) and 2 weeks later (end of high-HCA or high-induction diet). RESULTS: Consistent with genetic sources of variability, NAT2 showed little effect of a high-HCA diet and exhibited high intraindividual correlation. CYP1A2, in contrast, was induced by a high-HCA diet and exhibited a more modest intraindividual correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating putative genetic susceptibility makers in population studies requires consideration of issues of induction and inhibition of metabolizing enzymes, and effects of covariates.
Defects and faults in QCA-based PLAs

Defect tolerance will be critical in any system with nanoscale feature sizes. This article examines some fundamental aspects of defect tolerance for a reconfigurable system based on Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). We analyze a novel, QCA-based, Programmable Logic Array (PLA) structure, develop an implementation independent fault model, and discuss how expected defects and faults might affect yield. Within this context, we introduce techniques for mapping Boolean logic functions to a defective QCA-based PLA. Simulation results show that our new mapping techniques can achieve higher yields than existing techniques.
Specific hydrogen-bond formation between pyramidines and purines in deoxyribonucleic acids.

Abstract From crystal structure data for purines and pyrimidines it is concluded that in Watson and Crick's structure for DNA cytosine and guanine should form three hydrogen bonds. This conclusion strengthens the arguments of Watson and Crick as to the role of complementariness of structure of two DNA polynucleotide chains in the duplication of the gene.
Multi‐Firm City Versus Company Town: A Micro Foundation Model of Localization Economies

When do we have a company town and when do we have a multi-firm city? In this paper I analyze the impact of public infrastructure investment decisions on types of cities in a decentralized urban system. This is done in a one-sector spatial general equilibrium model of a closed economy. Investment in public infrastructures reduces the fixed set up cost of all firms within the city resulting in multi-firm cities. Thus, in this approach localization economies are modelled explicitly instead of assuming that larger industrial size within the city enhances productivity. On the other hand, when the infrastructure is not provided, a company town will be formed by a developer because of the fixed cost required by each firm. The decision of whether to invest in the provision of public infrastructures depends on the type of city that will provide households with the highest utility. This paper characterizes the conditions that lead to each of the two equilibrium configurations.
Pauses, transition relevance, and speaker change in multiple‐party interactions

This study explores the predictive value of the Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974) model of turn‐taking behavior when applied to parties of three or more participants. Advancing the hypotheses set out by the model and empirically tested by Thomason and Hopper (1992), this study shows that the Sacks et al. (1974) model does do a good job of predicting when speaker change will occur. However, the data show that the model's predictive ability is not as robust for multiple‐party interactions as was found for dyadic telephone conversations in Thomason and Hopper (1992). Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
DNA looping by Ku and the DNA-dependent protein kinase

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is required for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and may play a role in the regulation of transcription. The DNA-PK holoenzyme is composed of three polypeptide subunits: the DNA binding Ku70/86 heterodimer and an ≈460-kDa catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). DNA-PK has been hypothesized to assemble at DNA DSBs and play structural as well as signal transduction roles in DSB repair. Recent advances in atomic force microscopy (AFM) have resulted in a technology capable of producing high resolution images of native protein and protein–nucleic acid complexes without staining or metal coating. The AFM provides a rapid and direct means of probing the protein–nucleic acid interactions responsible for DNA repair and genetic regulation. Here we have employed AFM as well as electron microscopy to visualize Ku and DNA-PK in association with DNA. A significant number of DNA molecules formed loops in the presence of Ku. DNA looping appeared to be sequence-independent and unaffected by the presence of DNA-PKcs. Gel filtration of Ku in the absence and the presence of DNA indicates that Ku does not form nonspecific aggregates. We conclude that, when bound to DNA, Ku is capable of self-association. These findings suggest that Ku binding at DNA DSBs will result in Ku self-association and a physical tethering of the broken DNA strands.
Crystal Statistics of a Two-Dimensional Triangular Ising Lattice

An example of a two-dimensional crystal in which each lattice point interacts with six neighbors is the so-called "triangular Ising lattice." The unit cell is a parallelogram with interactions along each of the sides and along the shorter diagonal. The thermodynamic properties of this lattice can be calculated for arbitrary interaction constants in the three independent directions by a simple extension of the procedure used previously by the author to solve the two-dimensional rectangular Ising lattice.The triangular lattice generally has an order-disorder transition of a type very similar to that of the rectangular lattice, which is indeed but a limiting case of the triangular problem. The only lattice having no transition is that for which one or three of the three interactions are antiferromagnetic (negative) and the two interaction constants of smallest absolute magnitude have equal absolute value.
An hallucinogenic amphetamine analog (DOM) in man

The amphetamine analog, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), was studied in 18 volunteer subjects given single doses ranging from 2 to 14 mg. The former was a threshold dose, with definite psychotomimetic effects being evident from doses over 5 mg. The clinical syndrome greatly resembled that of the LSD-mescaline-psilocybin series of drugs, including its time-course. Somewhat more sedation was produced by DOM than would have been expected from the others, despite concomitant evidence of peripheral sympathetic stimulation. Just as with the other drugs, DOM increased plasma free fatty acids, decreased phosphorus and creatinine clearance, decreased circulating eosinophils and had little effect on catecholamine excretion. Performance of psychometric tests was impaired. Chlorpromazine treatment concurrently was found to attenuate the reaction. Tolerance rapidly developed when the drug was used chronically by patients.
Nucleotide sequence of the Stp-1 gene coding for rat spermatid nuclear transition protein 1 (TP1): homology with protamine P1 and assignment of the mouse Stp-1 gene to chromosome 1

Abstract Spermatid transition protein l (TP1) is a 54 amino acid (aa), highly basic chromosomal protein found in mammals during the brief period when histones are being replaced by protamines in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. Using a cDNA clone as probe, we have isolated the gene ( Stp-1 ) coding for rat TP1 from a population of recombinant bacteriophage λ. The nucleotide (nt) sequence was established from a point 126 nt upstream from the mRNA cap site to a point about 30 nt downstream from the predicted site of polyadenylation. The gene contains a single intron separating the codon for aa 45 of the mature protein. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences for Stp -1 and the mouse gene coding for protamine P1 suggests a possible evolutionary relationship. Southern blot hybridization to genomic DNA isolated from a panel of mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrids unambiguously mapped Stp -1 to mouse chromosome 1.
Generating ranking groups in the analytical hierarchy process

The paper introduces a convenient procedure of ranking N alternatives through direct comparisons in AHP. The alternatives are divided into groups in such a way that dominant relationship exists between the groups but not among the alternatives within each group. This method is suitable for situations where the strict ranking in a sequence for all alternatives is not reliable or not necessary. Two procedures are proposed to construct the AHP ranking groups. The proposed grouping procedures can be used in conjunction with the traditional approaches.
Transient Solidification of a Binary Mixture in an Inclined Rectangular Cavity

This paper reports the main procedures and results of an experimental investigation of the problem of transient freezing of a binary mixture in an inclined rectangular cavity. The mixture was a solution of NH 4C1 in water. One wall of the cavity was cold and the remaining walls adiabatic. Three different regions existed in the cavity during the solidification phenomenon. A solid region, a liquid region, and a mixed-phase region. The mixedphase region consisted of a solid matrix saturated with liquid and was located between the solid and the liquid regions. Characteristic temperature distributions in the cavity for a host of inclination angles were obtained. The history of the solidification process was studied by tracing the evolution of the interface between the solid and the mixed-phase regions as well as the interface between the mixed-phase and the liquid regions. The natural convection flow in the liquid, driven by both temperature and concentration gradients, seriously affected the solidification process. An engineering correlation for the dependence of the solidified volume fraction of the cavity on time, inclination angle, and initial concentration is also reported in the course of the study.
An Investigation of Cognitive Level and Performance of Total Teaching Duties of Public School Teachers

Summary.-The purpose was to assess differences in cognitive functiooing of teachers ranked in the upper 25% on performance of total teaching duties as evaluated by building administrators and those ranked in the lower 25%. No statistically significaot differences were noted. Many national reports such as the Carnegie Report ( 1986) have recently identified a number of concerns and need for change in the education of teachers. One of the concerns mentioned frequently is the quality of persons preparing to become teachers. The critics state that standards should be higher for admission into training programs so more qualified persons enter the public school classroom. It may be that good teachers differ in thinking processes or cognitive ability from those who ate not so considered. Pursuing this line of inquiry, the major purpose of this smdy was to assess differences in cognitive functioning of teachers ranked in the upper 25% in the performance of their total teaching duties as evaluated by building administrators and those ranked in the lowest 25%. In addition, the cognitive levels of practicing teachers from all grades were compared with those of a variety of undergraduate majors. Piaget ( 1972) teste? elementary and secondary pupils in his early research because he found that formal operations emerged in his research populations during early adolescence (12 to 15 yr. old). More recently a number of researchers have found that many adults have not yet achieved formal thinking. Schwebel (1975), Lovell (1961) and McKinnon ( 1970) all reported that many college freshen were not consistently using formal reasoning. Dunbar and Taylor (1983) noted that the mean Piagetian score of college freshmen and sophomores on a paper-and-pencil instrument for determining cognitive level (Burney, 1974) was the lowest score possible at the formal operational level. Many might be reasoning below the formal level. Some researchers have attempted to identify the nature of thinking processes during the transition between concrete operations and formal operations. Kuhn (1979) characterized chis transition as a reversal in the direction of thinking between concrete reality and multiple possibilities. In a classroom setting a teacher at the concrete level would be able to teach basic facts to students but would have great difficulty in helping them apply those facts to new situations. At the formal operational level teachers, on the other hand,
High power X-band (8.4 GHz) SiGe/Si heterojunction bipolar transistor

A high-performance double-mesa type Si/SiGe/Si power HBT at X-band (8.4 GHz) frequency is demonstrated. Under continuous wave operation, a single 20-finger common-base Si/Si/sub 0.75/Ge/sub 0.25//Si (2/spl times/10 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ of each emitter finger) HBT has an output power of 27.4 dBm and an associated power gain of 7 dB at peak PAE of 32.3%. These parametric values represent the state-of-the-art power performance of SiGe-based HBTs.
Numerical modeling of silicon oxide particle formation and transport in a one-dimensional low-pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor

Abstract A numerical model is presented for particle formation and transport during low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of silicon dioxide films from silane and oxygen. A detailed chemical kinetics approach was used to model silicon oxide clustering that leads to homogeneous nucleation. A moment-type aerosol dynamics model was developed, which includes particle growth by surface reactions and coagulation, and particle transport by convection, diffusion and thermophoresis, assuming a lognormal particle size distribution function. A chemical clustering mechanism was coupled to the aerosol dynamics model in an axisymmetric stagnation–flow reactor. Simulations were conducted to predict steady-state spatial distributions of major particle characteristics such as particle concentration, diameter and volume fraction. The effects of various system parameters were assessed for conditions around 1.5 Torr (200 Pa ) , 800°C, 200 sccm and an inlet oxygen-to-silane ratio of 20. Model predictions are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data and indicate that, unlike the case of particle formation in silane pyrolysis, the results are relatively insensitive to temperature. On the other hand, we observe a large sensitivity to pressure change, which is corroborated by experiment.
Use of the biased estimator in the interpretation of spectroscopic ellipsometry data

The use of the biased estimator in the fitting of spectroscopic ellipsometry data is examined and applied to data from two-channel polarization modulation ellipsometry experiments. It is pointed out that the use of the biased estimator, as opposed to the unbiased estimator that is usually found in the literature, allows the experimentalist to weight properly the more accurate parts of the spectrum, to switch among different representations of the data, and to calculate a goodness of fit. The fit to data taken on a 59-nm SiO2 film on Si is examined with both the biased and the unbiased estimators.
EVALUATING THE MOTIVATION OF OTHER STUDENTS TO CHEAT: A Vignette Experiment

This study uses students' evaluations of a hypothetical situation to assess their beliefs about other students' decisions to cheat on an exam. Participants read a vignette describing an examination in which the protagonist has the opportunity to cheat. The description of the vignette's protagonist was manipulated with respect to his perceived competence in the course and the source (intrinsic or extrinsic) of his motivation. In addition, students rated their own likelihood of cheating in the hypothetical situation. Their self-reported motivation and actual cheating behavior were assessed as well. Vignette results indicate main effects for both competence and motivation, with high competence and intrinsic motivation leading to lower expected rates of cheating. A three-way interaction among the participants' gender, motivation and competence is also evident. As these results are consistent with available theory, support is provided for both the theory and the experimental method.
Microbiological and enzymatic treatments for utilizing agricultural and food processing wastes

Abstract Agricultural and food industry wastes include both solids and liquids that pose potentially severe pollution problems and are subject to increasing governmental regulations. In this presentation, emphasis is placed on microbiological and enzymatic processes for recovering animal feeds, food additives, chemicals and fuels from these wastes. Under aerobic conditions, carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in wastes can be converted by microorganisms to yield microbial biomass or single‐cell proteins to be used for animal feeds or human foods. Also, they can serve as substrates for producing chemicals or enzymes, or for enzymatic conversion to sugar syrups, fatty acids, or amino acids. Under anaerobic conditions, wastes containing carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can be digested to yield methane. Also ethanol or organic acids can be produced from carbohydrates by anaerobic microbiological processes. Key considerations in determining the advisability of utilizing these wastes include the following: co...
An in situ silver cationization method for hydrocarbon mass spectrometry

We have developed a novel cationization method for the analysis of long-chain hydrocarbons via UV laser desorption mass spectrometry. In this technique we electrospray a thin coating of AgNO3 over a sample and perform UV laser desorption to produce Ag+ cationization of sample molecules. Use of this technique in our microscope/TOF-MS allows us to determine the spatial distribution of the species we detect in the sample. We demonstrate 8-μ spatial resolution, and submicron resolution is possible in principle. In mixed samples containing aromatic and aliphatic compounds, the aromatic compounds ionize directly and do not form adducts, and thus give single peaks as opposed to doublets from silver cations. This enables distinction between aromatic and aliphatic compounds that are in the same sample.
Translocation of rhoA Associated with Ca2+ Sensitization of Smooth Muscle

Abstract We determined the relationship between the localization of rhoA and Ca2+ sensitization of force in smooth muscle. In α-toxin-permeabilized rabbit portal vein at pCa 6.5, the particulate hydrophobic fraction ofrhoA (10 ± 1.6% of the total) was significantly increased by phenylephrine to 18 ± 5.5% at 5 min, by AlF4 − to 26 ± 8.4% at 20 min, and dose-dependently up to 62 ± 9.5% by guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS; 0.3–50 μm). Translocation of rhoA was selective (Rac1 and Cdc42 were not translocated) and was quantitatively correlated (up to ∼50%; r = 0.91,p < 0.05) with Ca2+ sensitization; high GTPγS concentrations (≥10 μm) further increased translocation without increasing force. The initial recruitment ofrhoA to the membrane paralleled the time course of contraction, but sensitization could be reversed without a decrease in particulate rhoA. High [Ca2+] (pCa 4.5) also increased particulate rhoA to 31 ± 5.8%. Membrane-associated rhoA in unstimulated portal vein was a good substrate for in vitroADP-ribosylation, whereas the large amount translocated by GTPγS was not. We conclude that 1) translocation of rhoA plays a causal role in Ca2+ sensitization, and 2) membrane-boundrhoA can exist in two or more states.
General features of certain RNA populations from gametes and cumulus cells

Results described herein provide insight regarding certain features of gamete RNA and how they compare to cumulus cell RNA. In particular, 28S/18S rRNA ratio and size distribution of RNA molecules differed in total RNA from oocytes versus surrounding cumulus cells. Specifically, oocyte total RNA had a lower rRNA ratio and an increased abundance of smaller RNA sizes compared to RNA from surrounding cumulus. Extensive efforts demonstrated that observed differences were repeatable whether oocyte maturation occurred in vitro or in vivo, and were similar between the nuclear stages examined. Features of oocyte RNA were conserved across six mammalian species, yet differed from surrounding cumulus. Profiles of sperm RNA were also examined but had no discernible ribosomal RNA peaks and were conserved across four mammalian species. Because the oocyte and spermatozoon are highly specialized cells representing unique molecular entities required for proper embryo development, dissimilarities described herein likely represent real gamete versus cumulus RNA differences.
Streaming Video Capacities of LTE Air-Interface

The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems have been designed to deliver higher peak data rates, higher capacity and lower air-interface latency compared to prior 2G and 3G systems. This high performance will make it possible to support more demanding applications beyond web browsing and voice, which will require higher data rates and QoS guarantees. Video services are becoming very popular over the Internet. With the wide deployment of LTE in the near future, the demand for high data-rate video applications over cellular wireless will grow. However, in order to make these services commercially viable, it is necessary that the LTE air-interface can deliver high quality services to a sizeable number of users simultaneously. In this paper we investigate the downlink video capacities of the LTE air-interface by dynamic system simulation using realistic video traffic models and detailed models of the LTE air-interface. We investigate how video quality and system outage criteria impact the air-interface video capacities and describe observations on video stream quality and operator revenue under certain cost assumptions.
Far-IR spectrum, conformation stability, barriers to internal rotation, vibrational assignment, and ab initio calculations of 3-chloro-2-methylpropene

Abstract The far-IR spectrum from 375 to 30 cm −1 of gaseous 3-chloro-2-methylpropene, CH 2 =C(CH 3 )CH 2 Cl, has been recorded at a resolution of 0.10 cm −1 . The fundamental asymmetric torsional mode for the gauche conformer is observed at 84.3 cm −1 with three excited states falling to lower frequency. For the higher energy s-cis conformer, where the chlorine atom eclipses the double bond, the asymmetric torsion is observed at 81.3 cm −1 with two excited states falling to lower frequency. Utilizing the s-cis and gauche torsional frequencies, the gauche dihedral angle and the enthalpy difference between conformers, the potential function governing the interconversion of the rotamers has been calculated. The determined potential function coefficients are (in reciprocal centimeters): V 1 =189±12, V 2 =−358±11, V 3 =886±2 and V 4 =−12±2 with an enthalpy difference between the more stable gauche and s-cis conformers of 150 ±25 cm −1 (430 ± 71 cal mol −1 ). This function gives values of 661 cm −1 (1.89 kcal mol −1 ), 1226 cm −1 (3.51 kcal mol −1 ) and 812 cm −1 (2.32 kcal mol −1 ), for the s-cis to gauche, gauche to gauche , and gauche to s-cis barriers, respectively. From the methyl torsional frequency of 170 cm −1 for the gauche conformer, the threefold barrier of 678 cm −1 (1.94 kcal mol −1 ) has been calculated. The asymmetric potential function, conformational energy difference and optimized geometries of both conformers have also been obtained from ab initio calculations with both the 3–21G * and 6–31G * basis sets. A normal-coordinate analysis has also been performed with a force field determined from the 3–21G * basis set. These data are compared with the corresponding data for some similar molecules.
Silence and Speech: Figures of Dislocation and Acculturation in Edwidge Danticat's THE DEW BREAKER

In The Dew Breaker (2004), Haitian American author Edwidge Danticat explores the aftermath of one man's violent career as a tonton macoute, colloquially called a “dew breaker,” or torturer during t...
The German Image of American Education through the Weimar Period

Dieser Beitrag beiast sich mit dem deutschen Interesse am Erziehungswesen in den Vereinigten Staaten von der zweiten Halfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende der Weimarer Republik. Dabei scheinen v.a. zwei Stromungen von historischer Bedeutung gewesen zu sein. Zum einen haben verschiedene Gruppierungen in Deutschland die politischen, sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und intellektuellen Bereiche des amerikanischen Lebens mit Symbolwerten versehen, deren Bedeutung sich aber im Verlauf der Zeit anderte, so das sowohl positive als auch negative Amerikabilder entstehen konnten. Zum anderen auserte sich das deutsche Interesse am amerikanischen Erziehungswesen zu bestimmten Zeiten starker in praktischer Hinsicht, zu anderen Zeiten dagegen starker in soziokultureller Hinsicht. Wahrend einige deutsche Padagogen die Vorbildfunktion des amerikanischen Bildungswesens betonten, suchten andere eher nach Theoriebildung und wissenschaftlicher Analyse.
Group representations in the Liouville representation and the algebraic approach

Group representations on the Liouville representation spaces are considered. It is shown that the state space I1(H) of trace class operators on Hilbert space H and the observable space L(H) of bounded operators are completely reducible under physically induced representations of compact Hausdorff groups when appropriate topologies are used. For state space I1(H) both the norm topology and the weak topology lead to complete reducibility, while for observable space L(H) the weak‐* topology—but not the norm topology—suffices. This leads to conservation laws, selection rules, and Wigner–Eckart theorems for the Liouville representation. It is shown that serious difficulties are encountered when a similar theory is attempted on the observable space and state space used in the algebraic approach.
Galois field hardware architectures for network coding

This paper presents and analyzes novel hardware designs for high-speed network coding. Our designs provide efficient methods to perform Galois field (GF) dot products and matrix inversions, which are important operations in network coding. Encoder designs that perform GF dot products and vary with respect to the number of messages combined, Galois field size, and input message size are implemented and analyzed to evaluate design tradeoffs. We investigate single cycle, multicycle, and pipelined designs with and without feedback mechanisms for encoding multiple sets of messages. The decoder is implemented as a multi-cycle design and performs GF matrix inversion followed by multiple GF dot products. Our designs are synthesized with a 65nm standard cell library and compared in terms of area, critical path delay, and throughput. Designs combining four messages achieve throughputs of more than 30 Gbps. Our designs can scale to achieve much higher throughput through the use of additional hardware.
Preparation of Drosophila Polytene Chromosome Squashes for Antibody Labeling

Drosophila has long been a favorite model system for studying the relationship between chromatin structure and gene regulation due to the cytological advantages provided by the giant salivary gland polytene chromosomes of third instar larvae. In this tissue the chromosomes undergo many rounds of replication in the absence of cell division giving rise to approximately 1000 copies. The DNA remains aligned after each replicative cycle resulting in greatly enlarged chromosomes that provide a unique opportunity to correlate chromatin morphology with the localization of specific proteins. Consequently, there has been a high level of interest in defining the epigenetic modifications present at different genes and at different stages of the transcription process. An important tool for such studies is the labeling of polytene chromosomes with antibodies to the enzyme, transcription factor, or histone modification of interest. This video protocol illustrates the squash technique used in the Johansen laboratory to prepare Drosophila polytene chromosomes for antibody labeling.
Cloud macroscopic organization: order emerging from randomness

Clouds play a central role in many aspects of the climate system and their forms and shapes are remarkably diverse. Appropriate representation of clouds in climate models is a major challenge because cloud processes span at least eight orders of magnitude in spatial scales. Here we show that there exists order in cloud size distribution of low-level clouds, and that it follows a power-law distribution with exponent gamma close to 2. gamma is insensitive to yearly variations in environmental conditions, but has regional variations and land-ocean contrasts. More importantly, we demonstrate this self-organizing behavior of clouds emerges naturally from a complex network model with simple, physical organizing principles: random clumping and merging. We also demonstrate symmetry between clear and cloudy skies in terms of macroscopic organization because of similar fundamental underlying organizing principles. The order in the apparently complex cloud-clear field thus has its root in random local interactions. Studying cloud organization with complex network models is an attractive new approach that has wide applications in climate science. We also propose a concept of cloud statistic mechanics approach. This approach is fully complementary to deterministic models, and the two approaches provide a powerful framework to meet the challenge of representing clouds in our climate models when working in tandem.
Expression of genes participating in regulation of fatty acid and glucose utilization and energy metabolism in developing rat hearts

The heart is a unique organ that can use several fuels for energy production. During development, the heart undergoes changes in fuel supply, and it must be able to respond to these changes. We hav...
Optimal Occupation in the Complete Graph

We consider N sites ( N ≤ ∞), each of which may be either occupied or unoccupied. Time is discrete, and at each time unit a set of occupied sites may attempt to capture a previously unoccupied site. The attempt will be successful with a probability that depends on the number of sites making the attempt, in which case the new site will also be occupied. A benefit is gained when new sites are occupied, but capture attempts are costly. The problem of optimal occupation is formulated as a Markov decision process in which the admissible actions are occupation strategies and the cost is a function of the strategy and the number of occupied sites. A partial order on the state-action pairs is used to obtain a comparison result for stationary policies and qualitative results concerning monotonicity of the value function for the n -stage problem ( n ≤ ∞). The optimal policies are partially characterized when the cost depends on the action only through the total number of occupation attempts made.
Critical success factors for knowledge-based software engineering applications

A key problem in KBSE is evaluating the utility of KBSA tools. This paper analyzes the utility of ten KBSA prototype applications that were developed as part of an advanced course. Based on this analysis, we hypothesis three new critical success factors for explaining their utility. The factors identify key elements of KBSA tools that contribute towards their utility. >
POLYCATIONIC MODIFIED PAPER FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY

We herein present an initial report on the preparation and use of a new modified paper chromatography system. Specifically, Whatman #1 chromatographic paper has been modified chemically by the incorporation of polycationic appendages. The present report concerns our initial efforts on the preparation of such modified paper and the effect of such appendages on the chromatographic characteristics of that paper relative to unmodified paper for amino acids and simple peptides.
Accelerator availability and reliability issues

Maintaining reliable machine operations for existing machines as well as planning for future machines' operability present significant challenges to those responsible for system performance and improvement. Changes to machine requirements and beam specifications often reduce overall machine availability in an effort to meet user needs. Accelerator reliability issues from around the world will be presented, followed by a discussion of the major factors influencing machine availability.
Another Look at the Dimensionality of the School Participant Empowerment Scale.

Teacher empowerment is a cornerstone of most educational (restructuring) reform movements. This investigation explored the stability, reliability, and validity of scores on the subscales of Short and Rinehart's School Participant Empowerment Scale with data from a large sample of classroom teachers working in Ohio. The sample of 4,091 teachers was representative of state and national populations of classroom teachers. Confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm the subscales identified by Short and Rinehart. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify six revised subscales. Use and validity for scores on the new subscales are discussed.
Puzzling Phosphorus: Unlikely Results

Discordant plasma phosphorus concentrations (Table 1) were obtained with 2 clinical instruments (concentration range, 4.5–23.8 mg/dL; reference interval, 2.5–4.6 mg/dL) for a 50-year-old woman. Her medical history was positive for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic kidney disease (stage 1), severe right heart failure, ascites, and thrombocytopenia. During hospitalization, the patient received enteral feeding, cefuroxime, docusate, dronabinol, gabapentin, …
Evaluation and improvement of the Community Land Model (CLM4) in Oregon forests

Ecosystem process models are important tools for determining the interactive effects of global change and disturbance on forest carbon dynamics. Here we evaluated and improved terrestrial carbon cycling simulated by the Community Land Model (CLM4), the land model portion of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.0.4). Our analysis was conducted primarily in Oregon forests using FLUXNET and forest inventory data for the period 2001–2006. We go beyond prior modeling studies in the region by incorporating regional variation in physiological parameters from >100 independent field sites in the region. We also compare spatial patterns of simulated forest carbon stocks and net primary production (NPP) at 15 km resolution using data collected from federal forest inventory plots (FIA) from >3000 plots in the study region. Finally, we evaluate simulated gross primary production (GPP) with FLUXNET eddy covariance tower data at wet and dry sites in the region. We improved model estimates by making modifications to CLM4 to allow physiological parameters (e.g., foliage carbon to nitrogen ratios and specific leaf area), mortality rate, biological nitrogen fixation, and wood allocation to vary spatially by plant functional type (PFT) within an ecoregion based on field plot data in the region. Prior to modifications, default parameters resulted in underestimation of stem biomass in all forested ecoregions except the Blue Mountains and annual NPP was both over- and underestimated. After modifications, model estimates of mean NPP fell within the observed range of uncertainty in all ecoregions (two-sided P value = 0.8), and the underestimation of stem biomass was reduced. This was an improvement from the default configuration by 50% for stem biomass and 30% for NPP. At the tower sites, modeled monthly GPP fell within the observed range of uncertainty at both sites for the majority of the year, however summer GPP was underestimated at the Metolius semi-arid pine site and spring GPP was overestimated at the Campbell River mesic Douglas-fir site, indicating GPP may be an area for further improvement. The low bias in summer maximum GPP at the semi-arid site could be due to seasonal response of V cmax to temperature and precipitation while overestimated spring values at the mesic site could be due to response of V cmax to temperature and day length.
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING GROUP

The story of the formation of the Aeronautical Information Group differs from that of the other groups in that we had to persuade the Director of Aslib of the necessity of forming such a group. He felt doubtful whether there were in Aslib a sufficient number of members who would be interested. Possibly the most telling point in our argument was the list which we compiled of aircraft firms who were not members of Aslib, but who might join because of the formation of the group.
Transorganizational Development in Urban Policy Coalitions

Transorganizational Development (TD) is a purposive, planned change strategy concerned with creating and improving the effectiveness of interorganizational coalitions. Unlike bounded, overorganized systems found within most organizations, coalitions frequently exhibit indefinite boundaries and underorganization. As such, they may demand more than the traditional organization development (OD) strategies to effect change. This research focuses on four social problem solving coalitions in an urban setting. Based on field research and a review of recent writings on TD and coalitions, a TD checklist was developed to guide change agents in dealing with coalitions. Borrowing from political science literature, we suggest that a “policy entrepreneur” may possess the centrality and purpose to serve as a TD intervener. Developing or increasing shared norms and values, and establishing predictable, regular structures, roles, and technologies are primary tasks of the policy entrepreneur/TD change agent.
High-speed adaptive RF phased array

We demonstrate dynamic power maximization and synchronization of a wireless RF communication link through adaptation of the radiation pattern of a phased array at the transmitter. Adaptation is performed through a multi-dithering, coherent detection gradient descent analog controller chip, and compensates for phase variations in the communication link. The chip, located at the transmitter, controls the phase of each element in the array so that all transmitted signals combine coherently in phase at the receiver. The control objective is the downconverted RF signal at the receiver, which is fed back to the input of the chip through a reverse, lower bandwidth analog RF link. Measurements on the demonstrated prototype, consisting of a 4-element phased array at the transmitter and an omnidirectional receiver, indicate microsecond scale continuous-time optimization of the system.
Potential models for multicomponent oxides: Hexa-aluminates

Abstract Our recent experiences in the use of interatomic potential models for the simulation of complex multicomponent oxides are discussed, with particular reference to alkaline-earth hexa-aluminates. We have found that simply transferring parameters from models of binary oxides to these ternary oxides is not necessarily valid, and that the usual test of reproducing the experimental property data such as crystal structural parameters is not by itself sufficient. Additional checks on the viability of the potential model, such as considerations of thermodynamic stability, are also highly desirable. A re-examination of the potential model for strontium magnetoplumbite SrAl12O19, revealed the need to include a consideration of cation coordination, as had been found desirable in simulations of spinels. Furthermore, by taking account of cation coordination only within the spinel-structured blocks in hexa-aluminate structures, and otherwise transferring an appropriate set of binary oxide potentials, the thermo...
Towards a general distributed platform for learning and generalization

Different learning models employ different styles of generalization on novel inputs. The need for multiple styles of generalization to support a broad application base is discussed. The priority ASOCS (PASOCS) model (priority adaptive self-organizing concurrent system) is presented as a potential platform which can support multiple generalization styles. PASOCS is an adaptive network composed of many simple computing elements operating asynchronously and in parallel. PASOCS can operate in either a data processing mode or a learning mode. During data processing mode, the system acts as a parallel hardware circuit. During learning mode, PASOCS incorporates rules, with attached priorities, which represent the application being learned. Learning is accomplished in a distributed fashion in time logarithmic in the number of rules. The new model has significant learning time and space complexity improvements over previous models. >
Does H2 Rotate Freely Inside Fullerenes

Calculations were done on H2 inside of C60, mostly at the level of Hartree−Fock with a basis set 6-31G(d,p). They show a negligible distortion of the fullerene cage. To a high degree of accuracy, one can treat the cage as being spherically symmetric. There is a small torque on the H2 when it is off center, because of its anisotropy.