cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Galvanomagnetic effects in polymeric sulfur nitride (SN)x crystals

Abstract Magnetoresistance of (SN)x crystals has been measured for conductivity both parallel and perpendicular to the crystalline b-axis. A measure of the intrinsic conductivity anisotropy is obtained from the dependence of Δϱ⊥/ϱ⊥ on the orientation of the crystal in the magnetic field. The galvanomagnetic tensor has been calculated from the theoretical Fermi surface anisotropy and compared with experimental results. The calculated magnetoresistance anisotropy is in reasonable agreement with the experimentally determined value. At 4.2 K the electron and hole mobilities parallel to the (SNx chains are ≈400 and ≈600 cm2/V-sec respectively with a scattering time of ≈ 10−13 sec.
The ‘New Political Economy’ and British Economic Policy for India*

James Mill, as a high official of the East India Company, had the opportunity after 1819 to establish economic policy for India. In fact, James Mill's Utilitarian philosophy of government and his advocacy of Ricardian rent theory as the basis for revenue policies in India set the pattern for the development of modern India. Both James and John Stuart Mill (who succeeded his father with the company) defended the company against its critics, such as J. R. McCulloch and Richard Jones, who argued that the revenue policy was inhibiting economic development. Modern Indian institutions are an amalgamation of Benthamism, Fabian Socialism, and Brahminism. I IF THE PRESENT mirrors the past, although obscurely, and economic policy helped shape the past, perhaps some broad and general but useful in- ferences can be drawn about the development of India in the 19th and 20th centuries by examining James Mill's attempt to apply Ricardian economics-particularly, the rent theory-to India in the first third of the 19th century. At that time James Mill held one of the most impor- tant posts in the British East India Company, one to which he had been appointed in 1819. Mill had the unique opportunity to fashion guide lines out of the 'new science of political economy' as laid down by Ri- cardo; and to do so without the usual constraints of domestic politics. That James Mill believed that "good economic policy" could change India-and the world-has been shown (1). However, the new political economy espoused by James Mill was not limited merely to appropriate tax and revenue policy to encourage development; but such policy was the lynch-pin in the new rationalistic view of man (Utilitarianism) which guided James Mill in his administration. It is significant that the policy, once established, remained in effect, although with modification, for a century.
Individual-group discontinuity: The role of a consensus rule

Abstract The present experiment examined the conditions necessary for the creation of psychologically real groups (entitativity). Stated differently, the experiment examined the conditions required to make an aggregate of three individuals separately interact with another aggregate of three individuals in the competitive manner characteristic of the way in which a group of three individuals has been observed to interact with another group of three individuals. Interactions occurred between two aggregates of three individuals via 10 versions of a PDG matrix. In four of the five conditions each subject in one aggregate interacted with a single subject from the “opposing” aggregate. In the first, or interdependence, condition the three individuals in each aggregate were placed in separate rooms, although they did share their earnings. In the second, or contact, condition the three individuals were placed in the same room but not allowed to talk to each other. In the third, or discussion, condition the three individuals were required to discuss their separate PDG choices with each other. In the fourth, or consensus, condition the subjects were required to reach consensus regarding their separate PDG choices. In the fifth, or group-all, condition the subjects in each aggregate collectively interacted with the subjects in the opposing aggregate. The results indicated that the group-all and consensus conditions produced equivalently lower amounts of cooperativeness than the interdependence, contact, and discussion conditions. These results were interpreted as indicating that a consensus rule is necessary for the creation of entitativity.
Ontogeny of fetal sheep polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis.

Abstract Premature infants and neonates are vulnerable to bacterial sepsis. This susceptibility may be due to the relative immaturity of their immune systems. To determine if neonates and, in particular, premature infants have decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) phagocytosis, we tested PMN phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus as a function of gestational age in the fetal lamb model. Because phagocytosis is made more efficient by the presence of opsonins in plasma, fetal and postnatal PMN phagocytosis were also measured after exposure to fetal and adult plasma. PMNs were isolated from fetal lambs at 104, 114, 124, and 141 days' gestation (term gestation for the fetal lamb is 145 days), as well as from 10-day-old neonatal sheep and adult sheep. Labeled S aureus were opsonized by incubation in either fetal or adult plasma, or left unopsonized for baseline values. Phagocytosis was measured as a percent of adult PMN phagocytosis after adult plasma opsonization. It was found that fetal PMN function is limited by two factors during the early third trimester: a primary defect in the ability of the PMN to phagocytose S aureaus despite adequate opsonization, and the diminished ability of autologous fetal plasma to opsonize bacteria. The defect in PMN phagocytosis disappears late in the third trimester, but the inability of the fetal plasma to opsonize effectively continues until after birth.
Numerical modeling of cosmogenic deglaciation records, Front Range and San Juan mountains, Colorado

[1] We use cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) exposure ages from polished, striated bedrock to constrain numerical simulations of deglaciation in the Middle Boulder Creek Valley, Colorado Front Range, and the Animas River Valley, San Juan Mountains, Colorado. In both valleys, the cosmogenic ages suggest initiation of deglaciation ∼20 ka and ongoing retreat until 12–13 ka. While the first-order trend in CRN concentrations in each valley suggests a monotonic glacial retreat, we evaluate other retreat scenarios with different implications for post-Last Glacial Maximum regional climate. We use a 2-D numerical glacier simulation with a CRN layer to investigate how CRN-based deglaciation records are affected by retreat histories that are punctuated by periods of glacier readvance. The CRN layer simulates both production during periods of exposure and reduction by glacial erosion during readvances. We simulate glacial occupation of the valleys as they respond to equilibrium line altitude (ELA) histories characterized by stepwise change, gradual rise, or a rise punctuated by short periods of lowering. Each scenario generates a distinct spatial pattern of concentrations in the CRN layer. These results and the spatial pattern of measured concentrations in bedrock constrain the range of ELA histories that reproduce the CRN pattern in each valley. In the Animas River Valley, the exposure ages are well explained by a linear ELA rise from full glacial to deglacial conditions. Ages in Middle Boulder Creek Valley are best explained by a deglaciation history including a stillstand or partial readvance between 16 and 14 ka, followed by rapid retreat.
An analogue of enhanced backscattering in the transmission of light through a thin film with a randomly rough surface

Abstract We study theoretically the transmission of p-polarized light through a thin metal film, one of whose surfaces is randomly rough. It is found that the angular distribution of the intensity of the diffuse component of the transmitted light has a narrow peak at an angle of transmission that corresponds to the antispecular direction. This peak is the analogue for transmission of the enhanced backscattering of p-polarized light from a randomly rough metal surface.
INCREASED NADH OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE RETINA OF THE BBZ/WOR DIABETIC RAT

This morphological study demonstrates a role for endothelial cells in generating reactive oxygen species in early stages of retinopathy in the BBZ/Wor rat, an obese, noninsulin dependent model of diabetes. Hyperglycemia induced pseudohypoxia results in an imbalance in cytosolic NADH/NAD+. In the oxygen-rich environment of the retina, NADH oxidase generates superoxide radical which is dismutated to hydrogen peroxide. Localization of hydrogen peroxide by the cerium NADH oxidase enzyme activity cytochemical localization technique shows a statistically significant increase of peroxide localization in the central retina of diabetic rats as compared to age-matched, nondiabetic controls. Endothelial cell dysfunction, indicated by leakage of endogenous serum albumin, coincided with areas of NADH oxidase activity localization. In diabetic rats there are increased levels of fibronectin in areas of hydrogen peroxide localization. This in vivo, morphological study is the first demonstration of oxidative injury and endothelial cell dysfunction in the retina of a spontaneous, noninsulin dependent model of diabetes.
Developing a tool for knowledge integration: initial results

Knowledge integration is the task of incorporating new information into existing knowledge. The task is difficult because the consequences of an addition to an extensive knowledge base can be numerous and subtle. Current methods for automated knowledge acquisition largely ignore this task, although it is increasingly important with the move toward large scale, multifunctional knowledge bases. To study knowledge integration, we propose to develop and evaluate a knowledge-acquisition tool that helps with extending a knowledge base through interaction with a knowledge engineer. An initial prototype of this tool has been implemented and demonstrated on a complex extension to a large knowledge base.
Evaluating treatment effects in single-subject behavioral experiments using quality-control charts

Quality-control charts can be particularly useful in identifying treatment effects and patterns of behaviors in single-subject behavior-analytic experiments that cannot be determined by visual inspection of their graphs. Using an example from the behavior analysis literature the quality-control charts identified the presence of treatment effects across phases as well as the presence of trends within and between phases. The ease of their calculations suggest use of them by behavior analysts whenever the effects of particular interventions are questionable.
Toward a General Theory of CSRs The Roles of Beneficence, Profitability, Insurance, and Industry Heterogeneity

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a tortured concept. A number of alternative definitions of the construct exist at the theoretical level, and much debate surrounds the meaning (and its rela...
Magnetic resonance specific integral equation solver based on precomputed numerical Green functions

We propose a methodology for the fast analysis of the EM fields generated by the transmit radio-frequency coils when operating in the presence of realistic human body models (RHBM). This work is driven by the need of fast and accurate specific absorption rate (SAR) prediction and coil design analysis in the context of high-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). These RHBM are highly inhomo-geneous voxelized models, whose EM analysis can be expensive. In our approach, the electromagnetic effect of the complex RHBM is captured by a numerically generated Green function (GF). For MRI problems, the electric current sources are generally confined to a very small region where the coils could be located. The RHBM GF is required only for that specific source region and can therefore be effectively pre-computed and stored. These GF can be then assembled and combined with standard surface integral equation based solvers to model the actual coil design, allowing for a fast analysis of the complete problem.
AN ANALYSIS OF DISCOMFORT, RISKTAKING, SOCIABILITY, AND MOTIVATION IN THE L2 CLASSROOM

This study investigated a causal model of second language learning. Particular attention was given to three situation-specific constructs: Language Class Discomfort, Language Class Risktaking, and Language Class Sociability. It was theorized that voluntary Classroom Participation mediates the effect of Language Class Discomfort, Language Class Risktaking, Language Class Sociability, and Strength of Motivation on success in classroom L2 learning. The subjects were students enrolled in first year (first and second quarter) university Spanish classes. Data on Classroom Participation were gathered by means of classroom observation and audio recording. Proficiency was measured by correctness and fluency on a storyretelling task and correctness on a written final examination. The results of the causal analysis included findings that: Language Class Discomfort negatively predicted Language Class Risktaking and Language Class Sociability; Language Class Risktaking positively predicted Classroom Participation; and Classroom Participation positively predicted Oral Correctness for the first quarter students.
Toward a categorization of depression-related psychological constructs.

We conducted two factor-analytic studies of eight depression-related constructs (internal, stable, and global dimensions of attributional style, dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, reassurance-seeking, and cognitive and somatic depressed symptoms) among 673 undergraduates. Study 1's exploratory factor analysis revealed that the attributional stability and globality dimensions comprised an Attributional Generality factor; that dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem loaded onto a separate factor labeled Self-Regard; and that cognitive and somatic depressed symptoms made up their own separate factor, which also included self-esteem. Study 2's LISREL confirmatory factor analyses confirmed Study 1's findings. Results on attributional internality and reassurance-seeking were equivocal. We discuss the implications of the results for depression theory and research.
Focused Attention in the Context of Irrelevant Speech

The purpose of this study was to examine individual differences in focused attention and the influence of these differences on verbal task performance under conditions in which irrelevant speech was present. Subjective workload was also examined (using the NASA TLX, Hart and Staveland, 1984). Fifty-four participants performed three editing task trials under quiet, discontinuous, and continuous speech conditions. The Task Absorption subscale of the Expanded Tellegen Absorption Scale (Jackson, Klein, Reeth, and Waters, 1997) was also administered. Significant differences were found within conditions between High and Low Task Absorbers. The importance of focused attention in the open-plan office is discussed.
The expression of a mountain cedar allergen comparing plant-viral apoplastic and yeast expression systems

Jun a 3, a major allergenic protein in mountain cedar pollen, causes seasonal allergic rhinitis in hypersensitive individuals. Recombinant Jun a 3 was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana interstitial fluid (300 μg/g leaf material) and Pichia pastoris (100 μg/ml media). Polyclonal anti-Jun a 3 and IgE antibodies from the sera of allergic patients both reacted with the recombinant protein. Of the two systems, recombinant protein from the plant apoplast contained fewer contaminating proteins. This method allows for a more convenient and inexpensive expression of the recombinant allergen, which will allow for further structural studies and may prove useful in diagnostic and/or immunotherapeutic strategies for cedar allergy.
The clinicopathologic spectrum of myxoid and round cell liposarcoma: A study of 95 cases

BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with myxoid liposarcoma (ML) or round cell liposarcoma (RCL) has never been adequately defined. METHODS We evaluated the clinical and pathologic features of 95 patients with biopsy proven ML or RCL examined at the Mayo Clinic between 1971 and 1992. Routine hematoxylin and eosin stained slides of all cases were reviewed. Morphologic variables evaluated included percent of round cell differentiation, percent of lipoblastic differentiation, and presence of tumor necrosis. Clinical follow-up was available for 86 patients (range: 6 months–23.4 years; mean: 7.2 years; median: 5.9 years). Flow cytometry for determination of DNA ploidy was performed on paraffin embedded tissue available from 46 cases. Survival analyses for the 86 patients with adequate clinical follow-up were performed by the Kaplan–Meier test using the approximate chi-square statistic for the log rank test. RESULTS Age at diagnosis ranged from 16 to 81 years (median: 44 years). The extremities were involved in 91 cases, the retroperitoneum in 3 cases, and the perineum in 1 case. The single most common location was the thigh (61 cases). Histologically, round cell differentiation was present in 41 cases (43%) ranging from 5% to 100% of the tumor volume. Only one case of “pure” RCL was used in the study. Spontaneous tumor necrosis was noted in 4 cases. By flow cytometry, 38 tumors were diploid, 6 were aneuploid, and 1 was tetraploid. The data from 1 case was uninterpretable. Thirty patients (35%) developed metastasis; 27 (31%) died from the disease. CONCLUSIONS With multivariate analysis, age (>45 years), percent of round cell differentiation (≥25%), and the presence of spontaneous tumor necrosis are significantly associated with a poor prognosis. No correlation was observed between DNA ploidy (i.e., diploid vs. aneuploid) and percent of round cell differentiation or clinical outcome. Cancer 1996; 77:1450-8.
Density-dependent growth in the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, off the coast of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA

Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817) is a large, suspension-feeding bivalve, whose range extends from Nova Scotia to South Carolina. This species is harvested commercially. Shell length and age data were collected for this species from 1980 to 1994 during surveys of population size and structure. These data were used to examine the relationship between the growth rate of S.␣solidissima and intraspecific density. The null hypothesis was that density (represented by number of individuals per tow) would have no effect on rate of growth. A negative relationship would support the alternative hypothesis, that intraspecific competition had taken place. This analysis focused on the surfclam population offshore from the Delmarva Peninsula, USA because: (1) a major recruitment event occurred in 1977, (2) clam fishermen had reported “stunted” surfclams in that area, (3) a wide range of local densities were available to examine, and (4) the existence of a closed area within the study area set up an interesting contrast with areas left open to harvesting. Maps of surfclam abundance across the Delmarva region demonstrate that areas of highest density have generally remained in the same location through time. The results suggested that intraspecific competition has been important in structuring this population. Based on data from 1980 to 1992, shell length was significantly reduced at high density, and a significant interaction between age and density was observed. Growth modeling indicated decreased asymptotic lengths and growth rates with increasing density. In nine out of ten pairwise randomization tests, fitted von Bertalanffy growth curves, representing different densities, were significantly different from each other. High densities of clams have persisted in the area that was closed to harvesting for 11 years (1980 to 1991). In 1994, length at age was significantly less in this closed area compared to that in the surrounding area. This effect was apparent in clams from 3 to 17 years of age, and most pronounced in the cohort that recruited to the Delmarva region in high numbers in 1977. Lower growth rates within the closed area have management implications for the optimal duration of closures.
Improvement in the light fastness properties of dyed and pigmented materials. 1-The effect of antioxidants on the photostabilisation of dyes in cellulose acetate film

The effect of some added antioxidants on the photodegradation of C.I. Solvent Yellow 33 (quinophthalone) and C.I. Direct Red 39 in cellulose acetate films have been investigated. The effects varied according to antioxidant type. For example, the addition of 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, an effective radical scavenger, afforded little protection against photodegradation, while singlet oxygen quenching of antioxidants such as nickel bis(dithiobenzil), nickel dialkyldithiocarbamate, nickel bis(mesitylenesulphonate) conferred improved resistance of the dyes towards photodegradation.
Thermal structure of ions and electrons in Saturn's inner magnetosphere

A theoretical model of thermal ion and electron temperatures in Saturn's inner magnetospheres is presented which is based on a fast model of radial diffusive plasma transport. It is shown that the ion and electron temperatures and the latitudinal behavior of temperatures are consistent with the fast diffusion hypothesis, assuming that O(+) is the dominant ion and that its source is the Dione-Tethys plasma torus. The present results reinforce the conclusions of Barbosa (1990).
Heme Oxygenase in Candida albicans Is Regulated by Hemoglobin and Is Necessary for Metabolism of Exogenous Heme and Hemoglobin to α-Biliverdin

Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that has adapted uniquely to life in mammalian hosts. One of the host factors recognized by this yeast is hemoglobin, which binds to a specific cell surface receptor. In addition to its regulating the expression of adhesion receptors on the yeast, we have found that hemoglobin induces the expression of a C. albicans heme oxygenase (CaHmx1p). Hemoglobin transcriptionally induces the CaHMX1 gene independent of the presence of inorganic iron in the medium. A Renilla luciferase reporter driven by the CaHMX1 promoter demonstrated rapid activation of transcription by hemoglobin and (cobalt protoporphyrin IX) globin but not by apoglobin or other proteins. In contrast, iron deficiency or exogenous hemin did not activate the reporter until after 3 h, suggesting that induction of the promoter by hemoglobin is mediated by receptor signaling rather than heme or iron flux into the cell. As observed following disruption of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog, HMX1, a CaHMX1 null mutant was unable to grow under iron restriction. This suggests a role for CaHmx1p in inorganic iron acquisition. CaHMX1 encodes a functional heme oxygenase. Exogenous heme or hemoglobin is exclusively metabolized to α-biliverdin. CaHMX1 is required for utilization of these exogenous substrates, indicating that C. albicans heme oxygenase confers a nutritional advantage for growth in mammalian hosts.
The early treatment of Parkinson's disease: levodopa, dopamine agonists or both

Much has been written about the pharmacologic management of Parkinson's disease (PD) because of an expanding arsenal of antiparkinson drugs and our quest to alter the natural history of disease. Choice of initial therapy may prove fundamental to a treatment strategy that maximizes symptomatic control while minimizing the chances for long-term complications such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Dopamine agonists (DA) have assumed a primary role in the early therapy of PD because of their antiparkinson effectiveness and low propensity to induce fluctuations and dyskinesias. Four available DA in the United States and an array of recent studies supporting their utility in early PD have shaped current PD management. Moreover, DA have neuroprotective properties in vivo. Nevertheless, levodopa remains the most effective drug for symptomatic control in PD. There is conflicting evidence regarding the putative neurotoxicity of levodopa and the mechanisms for levodopa-related motor fluctuations are not entirely known. Clinicians must therefore weigh the available evidence as they initiate therapy in PD. Clearly, both DA and levodopa will remain essential components of the early management of PD.
Poliovirus polymerase residue 5 plays a critical role in elongation complex stability.

The structures of polio-, coxsackie-, and rhinovirus polymerases have revealed a conserved yet unusual protein conformation surrounding their buried N termini where a β-strand distortion results in a solvent-exposed hydrophobic amino acid at residue 5. In a previous study, we found that coxsackievirus polymerase activity increased or decreased depending on the size of the amino acid at residue 5 and proposed that this residue becomes buried during the catalytic cycle. In this work, we extend our studies to show that poliovirus polymerase activity is also dependent on the nature of residue 5 and further elucidate which aspects of polymerase function are affected. Poliovirus polymerases with mutations of tryptophan 5 retain wild-type elongation rates, RNA binding affinities, and elongation complex formation rates but form unstable elongation complexes. A large hydrophobic residue is required to maintain the polymerase in an elongation-competent conformation, and smaller hydrophobic residues at position 5 progressively decrease the stability of elongation complexes and their processivity on genome-length templates. Consistent with this, the mutations also reduced viral RNA production in a cell-free replication system. In vivo, viruses containing residue 5 mutants produce viable virus, and an aromatic phenylalanine was maintained with only a slightly decreased virus growth rate. However, nonaromatic amino acids resulted in slow-growing viruses that reverted to wild type. The structural basis for this polymerase phenotype is yet to be determined, and we speculate that amino acid residue 5 interacts directly with template RNA or is involved in a protein structural interaction that stabilizes the elongation complex.
Baroclinic Frontal Arrest: A Sequel to Unstable Frontogenesis

Abstract In a large-scale deformation flow, lateral and vertical buoyancy gradients sharpen through baroclinic frontogenesis near the surface boundary. A “thermally direct” ageostrophic secondary circulation cell arises during frontogenesis to maintain geostrophic, hydrostatic (thermal wind) momentum balance for the alongfront flow. Unstable three-dimensional fluctuations can grow during frontogenesis by baroclinic instability of the alongfront shear flow that converts frontal potential energy to fluctuation energy. At finite amplitude, the fluctuations provide alongfront-averaged eddy momentum and buoyancy fluxes that arrest the frontal sharpening even while the deformation flow persists. The frontal ageostrophic secondary circulation reverses to become a “thermally indirect” cell in the center of the front. This allows an approximate opposition between ageostrophic advection and eddy-flux divergence in the frontal buoyancy gradient variance (i.e., frontal strength) balance equation, implying frontal equ...
Positive Temperature Coefficient SiC PiN Diodes

Integration of patterned ballast resistance into the anode of SiC PiNs is a solution to the dilemma of negative dVf /dT for such diodes. In fabricated 4H-SiC PiN diodes, we demonstrate a cross-over from negative to positive temperature coefficient for current densities as low as 80 A/cm2. Adjusting the percentage of the patterned anode area, the positive or neutral dVf /dT can be achieved over a wide current-density range without substantial penalty in the forward voltage drop. This characteristic is crucial for high-power SiC packages with ganged-parallel rectifier arrays.
Inhibition of erythrocyte calcium transport by cetiedil.

The elevated calcium content found in red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia may be of pathophysiologic importance in the hemolysis and vasoocclusion which characterize this disorder. Cetiedi
Targeting G protein-coupled A2a adenosine receptors to engineer inflammation in vivo.

G protein-coupled adenosine receptors are the subject of intense study as immunomodulators of inflammation especially since the recent demonstration that the A2a receptor acts to down-regulate inflammation and inhibit tissue damage in vivo [Nature 414 (6866) (2001) 916]. The adverse effects of overactive inflammation are evident in diseases e.g. sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis underscoring the importance of inhibiting inflammation or selectively enhancing inflammatory processes. It has been shown recently that the A2a adenosine receptor is a critical component of an endogenous "immunosuppressive loop" in which extracellular adenosine that accumulates due to local hypoxia caused by inflammatory insult signals through cAMP-elevating A2a receptors in a delayed negative feedback manner. Understanding how tissues regulate inflammation will provide the information necessary to allow for the engineering, or selective targeting, of endogenous inflammatory pathways. Recognition of A2a receptors as "natural" or endogenous brakes of inflammation provides the intellectual scaffolding needed to pursue these goals.
Measurements of cross-sections for positrons and electrons scattered by Cs atoms

Abstract Total scattering cross-sections have been measured for 1–60 eV positrons and 6–200 eV electrons scattered by Cs atoms using a beam-transmission technique with a heated scattering cell. For 0.5–25 eV positron scattering we have measured both upper and lower limits on positronium formation cross-sections.
HIV Prevention Knowledge, Attitudes, and Sexual Practices of Asian College Students

Abstract While Asian Americans remain one of the ethnic groups least affected by AIDS, recent data suggests that this may be changing. The incidence of AIDS in the Asian community is increasing. The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and sexual practices of a sample of Asian college students. Data were collected from students enrolled at six colleges and universities in a southeastern metropolitan area (n = 2,044). For this analysis, respondents who reported that they were of Asian background and unmarried were included (n = 128). Twenty percent of the subsample (n = 26) indicated they had grown up outside the United States. Descriptive analyses were done by gender and country of early development (U.S. vs. foreign-reared). Results indicated that males were more sexually active, more likely to use condoms and had less positive attitudes toward abstinence than females. U.S.-reared students initiated intercourse at a younger age and had higher knowledge scores than foreign-reared...
The Conservation of Photons

WHATEVER view is held regarding the nature of light, it must. now be admitted that the process whereby an atom loses radiant energy, and another near or distant atom receives the same energy, is characterised by a remarkable abruptness and singleness. We are reminded of the process in which a molecule loses or gains a whole atom or a whole electron but never a fraction of one or the other. When the genius of Planck brought him to the first formulation of the quantum theory, a new kind of atomicity was suggested, and thus Einstein was led to the idea of light quanta which has proved so fertile. Indeed, we now have ample evidence that radiant energy (at least in the case of high frequencies) may be regarded as travelling in discrete units, each of which passes over a definite path in accordance with mechanical laws.
One channel: open and closed.

Kuo et al. (2005) report structural information about the prokaryotic KirBac3.1 inward rectifier family K + channel from Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum . These results from two-dimensional electron cryomicroscopy (EM) shed light on the gating mechanism of members of the Kir channel family.
Management tradeoffs between focal species and biodiversity: endemic plant conservation and solitary bee extinction

Conservation of rare species and ecosystem biodiversity should not lead to conflicts. However, situations may arise when the management of focal species places non-target species at risk. In the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, USA, eradication of a naturally hybridizing Grindelia integrifolia × Grindelia nana (Asteraceae) population from a wildlife refuge to preserve genetically “pure” populations of endemic G. integrifolia populations to the North, eliminated a dominant, late-summer, flowering plant from the plant community. While this decision undoubtedly arose from good intentions, the hybrid Grindelia was the sole pollen resource for the last known population (numbered in 100s prior to Grindelia removal) of an endemic solitary bee, Melissodes pullatella (Anthophoridae), a rare wetland butterfly, Lycaena xanthoides (Lycaenidae), and very likely additional pollinators. Approximately 15 years after the removal of Grindelia from the wildlife refuge, we found several small populations of M. pullatella (<20 individuals sighted) about 70 km to the south of the refuge in hybrid Grindelia-dominated remnant and restored wetlands. We present this case study to highlight the loss of local biodiversity that can accompany single species driven ecosystem management. We hope that land managers will consider not only the preservation of the formally recognized rare species in their conservation strategy but also the impacts of management practices on site biodiversity.
Can sex offenders who minimize on the MMPI conceal psychopathology on the Rorschach

Rorschach sensitivity to minimization is important in forensic evaluations of sex offenders because these individuals frequently deny psychological problems. To study Rorschach minimization, we divided alleged sex offenders according to whether they minimized on the MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) or MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) and compared their Rorschachs on indexes of distress, faulty judgment, interpersonal dysfunction, and cognitive distortions. We predicted there would be no differences between MMPI minimizers and nonminimizers on these indexes and that sex offenders of both groups would show greater psychopathology than normative adult samples. Results indicate that minimizers produce normal MMPI clinical profiles but still show evidence of psychopathology on the Rorschach. As predicted, sex offenders showed more Rorschach psychopathology than normative samples. Sex offenders' protocols that contained sexual content also showed perceptual distortions. These findi...
Higher plant origins and the phylogeny of green algae

5S rRNA sequences from six additional green algae lend strong molecular support for the major outlines of higher plant and green algae phylogeny that have been proposed under varying naming conventions by several authors. In particular, the molecular evidence now available unequivocally supports the existence of at least two well-separated divisions of the Chlorobionta: the Chlorophyta and the Streptophyta (i.e., charophytes) (according to the nomenclature of Bremer). The chlamydomonad 5S rRNAs are, however, sufficiently distinct from both clusters that it may ultimately prove preferable to establish a third taxon for them. In support of these conclusions 5S rRNA sequence data now exist for members of four diverse classes of chlorophytes. These sequences all exhibit considerably more phylogenetic affinity to one another than any of them show toward members of the other cluster, the Streptophyta, or the two Chlamydomonas strains. Among the Charophyceae, new 5S rRNA sequences are provided herein for three genera, Spirogyra, Klebsormidium, and Coleochaete. All of these sequences and the previously published Nitella sequence show greater resemblance among themselves and to the higher plants than they do to any of the other green algae examined to date. These results demonstrate that an appropriately named taxon that includes these green algae and the higher plants is strongly justified. The 5S rRNA data lack the resolution needed, however, to unequivocally determine which of several subdivisions of the charophytes is the sister group of the land plants. The evolutionary diversity of Chlamydomonas relative to the other green algae was recognized in earlier 5S rRNA studies but was unanticipated by ultrastructural work.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wellerisms in The Pickwick Papers

I put in a book once, by hook or by crook The whole race (as I thought) of a 'feller,' Who happily pleas'd the town's taste (much diseas'd), And the name of this person was Weller.1 More than the town's taste was pleased. Dickens and his publishers were jubilant as they watched sales soar from a pre-Weller 500 to 40,000 copies of each monthly number after Sam Weller's appearance in Chapter X. Both Mr. Pickwick and Sam became the objects of a national mania, and the above figures strongly indicate that Sam was carrying Mr. Pickwick on his coat-tails. Pickwick was published in 1836; a year later a dramatization, Sam Weller; or, The Pickwickians, opened in New York and Philadelphia and ran well in spite of poor reviews.2 This is popular success, and Sam is indeed a man of the people, 'as ordinary and perfect a reality as anything in the London street.'3 It is not surprising that the adulation of Weller was accompanied by emulation of the form of proverbial expression that characterized his speech. The form is readily recognizable: ' ,' as said, when (as, and) (s)he . I.e., a quotation, speaker named or otherwise identified, and a clause or phrase which puts the quotation in a new light or an incongruous setting, the total effect being ironic. In the United States alone more than one hundred of what came to be called wellerisms (a term first used in 1845), and were jingoistically referred to as Yankeeisms, appeared in popular books during the five decades following Weller's appearance.4 More than five hundred have been collected from periodical publications of the same period.5 By 1867 the form had attracted scholarly attention, and M. Maass published '39 Odd Similes aus den Pickwick Papers von Charles Dickens.'6 Maass included in his list two simple folk similes-'right as a trivet' and 'looks as convivial as a live trout in a lime-basket'-but he did place each of the items in its immediate context in the story. The notion of context was lost on his successors until very recently. For comparative purposes Maass also demonstrated the prevalence of the form in Germany with examples from proverb collections. Since this pioneering venture, folklorists, philologists, and paremiologists have combed earlier collections and come up with wellerisms from classical Greek, through sixteenth-century German and Italian, down to persistence or revival of the form in the twentieth century.' There are even wellerisms in Africa, almost the only examples collected in context from oral sources.8 Because of this penchant of collectors to collect from collections, one cannot point to versions in nineteenth-century oral tradition of precisely the wellerisms used by Sam and his father, Tony Weller. Clearly the proverbial form was not original with Dickens. Henry Mayhew, although not a folklorist, did field work in London among the urban folk during the first half of the nineteenth century and published interviews with the London poor as closely as possible in their own vernacular. A penny-circus
Occupation for Population Health: An Appreciation

This review of papers in the Special Issue of the Journal of Occupational Science, Occupation for Population Health, finds evidence of a maturing discipline engaged in interdisciplinary dialogues and collaborations applying the core construct of occupation to pressing issues of public health. This achievement realizes the vision of founding editor of JOS, Ann Wilcock, who called for an occupational perspective of health that recognizes units of analysis and intervention greater than the individual. Contributors to the theme issue such as the Inaugural Wilcock Lecturer Anthony Capon cogently argue that pressing and intractable public health problems of our time can be linked to human occupations as cause and cure. Occupational scientists will need to take the lead to steer this conversation, fostering interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research to support occupational conceptualizations of public health problems and their amelioration.
Expanding chemical biology of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases

Beyond established roles in collagen biosynthesis, hypoxic signaling and fatty acid metabolism, recent reports have now revealed roles for human 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases in histone and nucleic acid demethylation and in signaling protein hydroxylation. The emerging role of these oxygenases in enabling a multiplicity of histone modifications has some analogy with their role in enabling structural diversity in secondary metabolism.
Self-Diffusion in Silver-Gold Solid Solutions

The diffusion of silver and gold tracers in silver-gold in crystals of 0, 8, 17, 35, 50, 66, 83, 94 and 100 at.% gold has been measured. It is shown that the limiting error in such measurement is due to temperature uncertainty rather than to the sectioning process. The activation energies obtained do not vary in proportion to the melting point or heat of fusion, and the deviations cannot be rectified in terms of lattice parameter arguments. The activation energies in the pure metals are better accounted for by the theory of Turnbull and Hoffman than by that of Swalin. The suggestion that the vacancy migration energy should vary as (${c}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{c}_{12}$) is not confirmed. From the change in frequency factor with composition it is deduced that the activation entropy of migration of a vacancy decreases linearly with composition by $1.5R$ from pure silver to pure gold. The dependence of diffusion coefficient on gold content is compared with the theories of Hoffman, Turnbull, and Hart, of Reiss, of Manning, and of Lidiard, and impurity correlation factors of reasonable magnitudes are obtained. Particularly difficult to treat, however, is the decrease in diffusion coefficients resulting from additions of the rapid diffuser silver to the slow diffuser gold. An experiment to measure the effects of vacancy flux directly is proposed.
Modeling condom-use stage of change in low-income, single, urban women.

This study was undertaken to identify and test a model of the cognitive antecedents to condom use stage of change in low-income, single, urban women. A convenience sample of 537 women (M=30 years old) attending two urban primary health care settings in western New York State anonymously completed questionnaires based primarily on two leading social-cognitive models, the transtheoretical model and the information–motivation–behavioral skills model. We used structural equation modeling to examine the direct and indirect effects of HIV-related knowledge, social norms of discussing HIV risk and prevention, familiarity with HIV-infected persons, general readiness to change sexual behaviors, perceived vulnerability to HIV, and pros and cons of condom use on condom-use stage of change. The results indicated two models that differ by partner type. Condom-use stage of change in women with steady main partners was influenced most by social norms and the pros of condom use. Condom-use stage of change in women with “other” types (multiple, casual, or new) of sexual partners was influenced by HIV-related knowledge, general readiness to change sexual behaviors, and the pros of condom use. These findings suggest implications for developing gender-relevant HIV-prevention interventions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:122–134, 2002
The use of PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms: preclinical evidences

Material-methods The mRNA expression of PDE5 was determined in rat tissues of the lower urinary tract. To test the functional relevance of the PDE5 expression, sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil were tested on pre-contracted isolated rat bladder, prostate and urethra strips. The in vivo efficacy was tested in a partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) model after acute and chronic treatment.
The effect of propofol/remifentanil rapid-induction technique without muscle relaxants on intraocular pressure.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the effect of propofol (two mg/kg)/remifentanil (4 μg/kg) on intraocular pressure (IOP) when used for rapid-sequence induction. Design Randomized, double-blinded trial. Setting Ambulatory surgery center. Patients 47 adult, ASA physical status I and II patients (ages 18-75 yrs), undergoing outpatient, elective, nonophthalmologic surgery. Interventions After premedication with midazolam (two mg) and glycopyrrolate (0.2 mg), standard monitors and a bispectral index (BIS) monitor were applied. Patients underwent rapid-sequence induction with intravenous (IV) propofol two mg/kg and either remifentanil 4 μg/kg IV or succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg IV. An experienced anesthesiologist, blinded to patient group assignment, performed intubation after 60 seconds. Measurements IOP, heart rate (HR), blood pressure, BIS scores, intubating conditions, and response to intubation (coughing or moving) were recorded at baseline, immediately after completion of induction, one minute after intubation, and three minutes after intubation. Time to return of spontaneous ventilation was also measured. Main Results Remifentanil produced a 39% decrease in IOP immediately after induction, which remained unchanged by laryngoscopy and intubation ( P Conclusions Propofol/remifentanil induction provides adequate intubating conditions, prevents an increase in IOP, and controls the hemodynamic stress response to laryngoscopy and intubation.
Influence of Reservoir Productivity and Juvenile Density on First-Year Growth of Gizzard Shad

Abstract First-year growth of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum varies widely among Missouri reservoirs. Sport fishes tend to grow slowly in reservoirs where age-0 gizzard shad become unavailable as prey because of rapid growth. Age-0 gizzard shad growth and environmental data were used to identify at what larval or juvenile stage growth rates diverged among reservoirs and what factors influenced these growth rates. Growth rates diverged during the juvenile stage (>25 mm total length) and varied nearly twofold among three reservoirs. Within a larger data set (30 reservoir-years including five reservoirs), about 75% of the variation in fall mean length of juveniles was explained by reservoir productivity (indexed by either Secchi depth or chlorophyll-a concentrations) and juvenile density. Juvenile density was not correlated with reservoir productivity. First-year growth of gizzard shad was greater in more-productive reservoirs, apparently because of greater food abundance relative to gizzard shad density.
The early use of minimal enteral nutrition in extremely low birth weight newborns.

To gather information regarding the efficacy of early minimal enteral nutrition on overall feeding tolerance in extremely low birth weight infants. Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the early use of minimal enteral nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants from day 2 to day 7 vs control infants. On day 8, feeding volume in both groups were advanced by 10 ml kg−1 day−1 until full enteral feedings were reached. Time to full feeds, number of intolerance episodes, anthropometric measurements, peak total bilirubin levels, incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and incidence of sepsis were compared between the two groups with t-test and χ2 test. Eighty-four infants were enrolled in the study but only 61 infants completed the feeding protocol. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups with regards to growth patterns, feeding tolerance, mortality, length of hospital stay and incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Early minimal enteral nutrition use in extremely low birth weight infants did not improve feeding tolerance.