cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Hard X-Ray Bursts and Associated Emissions

Multiple hard X-radiation, along with associated emission at optical and radio wavelengths, is discussed for three events in particular: December 13, 1970–1832 UT; December 12, 1970–1843 UT; June 28, 1970–2001 UT. Characteristics of these events as well as other multiple hard X-ray bursts observed by the author (e.g., Vorpahl, J.: Solar Phys. 29, 447, 1973) are given at the end. Data originated from hard X-ray experiments on the OGO-5 (Kinsey Anderson) and OSO-5 (Ken Frost) satellites and were compared so that the effect of pulse pile-up in the OGO-5 data could be observed. The two December flares occurred in different active regions separated by about 100000 km yet both produced hard X-ray bursts with similar structure. This suggests that the two regions were joined by extended field lines with the acceleration mechanism somewhere in between. Although nothing was visible in Hα (such as surges or post flare ejections) that would indicate connecting field lines, higher coronal structures could explain the similarity in hard X-rays from two separate regions.
Thymidylate synthetase in mouse erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei.

Thymidylate synthetase in mouse erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei increases markedly during cellular parasitization. The malaria enzyme has been compared with enzymes from normal mouse reticulocytes and Escherichia coli by kinetic and physical means. When folic acid analogues were used as cofactors, distinct kinetic differences were apparent when thymidylate synthetases from P. berghei and E. coli were compared. However, no significant kinetic dissimilarities were revealed in a comparison of enzymes from P. berghei and the host mouse reticulocytes. Upon gel filtration the P. berghei thymidylate synthetase exhibits an apparent molecular weight in excess of 100,000 whereas the normal mouse reticulocyte enzyme shows an apparent molecular weight of 68,000, similar to the enzyme from E. coli .
Effects of analogical processes on learning and misrepresentation

Although the facilitative effects of instructional analogies have been well-documented, research has ignored their potential role in the formation of domain-specific misconceptions. A model for predicting the likelihood of analogical misrepresentation is presented. The model assumes that two factors interact to influence the potential for misrepresentation: locus of generation (learner-generated or teacher-generated) and component analogical process (selection or mapping). The research reviewed provides support for the model's predictions that (a) selection difficulties increase the potential for misrepresentation under learner-generated conditions, and (b) mapping difficulties increase the potential for misrepresentation under teacher-generated conditions. Application of research findings with proportional analogies and analogical problem-solving to a systematic investigation of the effects of instructional and elaborative analogies is recommended.
Analysis of radial variations in material properties and matrix composition of chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogel constructs

Summary Objective To examine the radial variations in engineered cartilage that may result due to radial fluid flow during dynamic compressive loading. This was done by evaluating the annuli and the central cores of the constructs separately. Method Chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogels were grown in free-swelling and dynamic, unconfined loading cultures for 42 days. After mechanical testing, constructs were allowed to recover for 1–2h, the central 3mm cores removed, and the cores and annuli were retested separately. Histological and/or biochemical analyses for DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen, type I collagen, type II collagen, and elastin were performed. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between the biochemical and material properties of the constructs. Results The cores and annuli of chondrocyte-seeded constructs did not exhibit significant differences in material properties and GAG content. Annuli possessed greater DNA and collagen content over time in culture than cores. Dynamic loading enhanced the material properties and GAG content of cores, annuli, and whole constructs relative to free-swelling controls, but it did not alter the radial variations compared to free-swelling culture. Conclusion Surprisingly, the benefits of dynamic loading on tissue properties extended through the entire construct and did not result in radial variations as measured via the coring technique in this study. Nutrient transport limitations and the formation of a fibrous capsule on the periphery may explain the differences in DNA and collagen between cores and annuli. No differences in GAG distribution may be due to sufficient chemical signals and building blocks for GAG synthesis throughout the constructs.
Situating Technology Professional Development in Urban Schools

The Center for Technology and School Change (CTSC) is a research and development center specializing in professional development, evaluation and technology integration research. The goal of the qua...
Stimulatory effects of calcium on protein synthesis in adrenal (and thyroidal) cell-free systems as related to trophic hormone action.

Calcium directly stimulates incorporation of [H3]-leucine into protein during incubations of adrenal 15,000 × g-supernatant fluid which contains microsomes and soluble cell fraction. Effects of calcium are observed at concentrations as low as 10-7 M, and the peak effect usually occurs at 10-5 M. Since ATP, GTP, and magnesium are present in excess, the effect of calcium is not related to these factors. Calcium does not stimulate formation of the amino acyl- transfer-RNA complex, but does enhance the transfer of amino acid from the amino acyl- transfer-RNA complex to protein. The stimulatory effect of calcium is also demonstrable when purified polysomes are used in place of microsomes in the incubations, but does not appear to be due to changes in the ribosome-polysome fraction. The effect of calcium is apparent only if the soluble cell fraction is derived from control adrenals. With soluble cell fraction from ACTH-stimulated adrenals (wherein transfer enzyme activity is already enhanced), there is little o...
Five new isocoumarins from Sonoran desert plant-associated fungal strains Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata and Chaetomium chiversii

Five new isocoumarins, paraphaeosphaerins A–C and chaetochiversins A and B, biogenetically related to monocillin I and radicicol, have been isolated from solid agar cultures of Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata and Chaetomium chiversii, two fungal strains living in association with the Sonoran desert plants, Opuntia leptocaulis and Ephedra fasciculata, respectively. A new chroman-4-one, aposphaerin C, was also isolated from P. quadriseptata. Their structures and stereochemistry were elucidated using a combination of 1H and 13C homo- and hetero-nuclear 2D NMR techniques, 1H NMR analysis of Mosher's esters, and chemical correlations.
Back pain and fever

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: (Dr. A. Kushner) A 54year-old Mexican-American woman presented to the emergency center approximately 3 months after falling on her hip while mopping a floor. She denied loss of consciousness or any subsequent difficulty walking. However, during the past month, she had developed increasingly severe pain in her lower back. She had been seen in a local physician’s office and treated for a urinary tract infection with antibiotics and muscle relaxants, but the pain had worsened and subjective fevers had developed. By history, the patient was generally healthy and had not been previously hospitalized. She denied hypertension, diabetes, or cardiac or pulmonary diseases. She had undergone no previous operations and was receiving no chronic or prescription medications. She denied the use of alcohol, cigarettes, or illicit drugs. On examination, the patient appeared alert but acutely uncomfortable with a fever of 101°, a regular pulse of 98, and a blood pressure of 120/72 mm Hg. Her cardiopulmonary examination was normal, and her abdomen was flat and soft without masses, organomegaly, or tenderness. However, her back was moderately tender to percussion in the lumbar area, especially on the right side. In addition, marked discomfort was present with extreme flexion or external rotation of the right hip. Sensorimotor function was intact in all extremities, and deep tendon reflexes were symmetric and brisk. Laboratory results were unremarkable except for a white blood cell count of 16,600. All liver function tests and the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values were normal. A contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a large, loculated fluid collection within the right iliopsoas muscle compartment (Fig. 1). Right-sided hydronephrosis was also present and was associated with dilation of the ureter proximal to the area of inflammation. Osteolysis was noted in the vertebral body that was adjacent to the fluid collection. All abdominal and pelvic viscera appeared normal. GROUP DISCUSSION: (Faculty) It was agreed that the presence of a well-defined inflammatory collection within the psoas muscle mandates rigorous therapy with antibiotics and drainage. Several discussants suggested that interventional radiological methods should be used to gain initial control and that operative therapy should be reserved for intractable cases or radiological failures. Neurosurgical consultation was considered advisable to assist in the management of the apparent vertebral and disk infection.
The Horns of the Dilemma Race Mixing and the Enforcement of Jim Crow in New York City

In early twentieth-century New York City, newly opened black-owned cabarets and hotels became important sites of cultural production for African American musicians and artists. White New Yorkers also began to frequent these establishments—to dance, drink, and socialize with African Americans. New York City’s most influential antivice organization, the Committee of Fourteen, sent its undercover investigators out to gather information on “race mixing.” City officials had delegated remarkable powers to the Committee of Fourteen, and the Committee used its power to push New York City’s black bourgeoisie into making a precarious bargain. The controversy over black-owned drinking establishments trapped black leaders in an untenable position, as they were forced to engage in trade-offs in the quest for both social equality and economic self-sufficiency. Ultimately, this debate demonstrates the way race was used as a marker of morality and how segregation was imposed in a state with strong antidiscrimination laws.
Gravitational and Electrostatic Forces

IN a recent communication1, it was pointed out that dimensional difficulties met with in the usual gravitational equation F = GM2L−2, where F is the attractive force and G the gravitational constant, are avoided if the mass of a body is replaced by N1e, where N1 is the number of positive (or negative) charges contained in the body and e is the elementary charge. It then follows that for two bodies placed a distance r apart and containing N1 and N2 charges, respectively, F∝N1N2e2r−2.
Some new factor screening designs using the search linear model

Abstract Factor screening designs for searching two and three effective factors using the search linear model are discussed. The construction of such factor screening designs involved finding a fraction with small number of treatments of a 2 m factorial experiment having the property P 2 t (no 2 t columns are linearly dependent) for t =2 and 3. A ‘Packing Problem’ is introduced in this connection. A complete solution of the problem in one case and partial solutions for the other cases are presented. Many practically useful new designs are listed.
A linear programming embedded probabilistic tabu search for the unequal-area facility layout problem with flexible bays

Abstract In this paper, a probabilistic tabu search (PTS) approach is proposed to solve the facility layout problem (FLP) with unequal area departments. For the representation, the flexible bay structure (FBS), which is a very common layout in many manufacturing and retail facilities, is used. In this paper, the FBS is relaxed by allowing empty spaces within bays, which results in more flexibility in assigning departments into bays. In addition, departments are allowed to be located more freely within the bays, and they can have different side lengths as long as they are within the bay boundaries and do not overlap. To achieve these goals, department shapes and their locations within bays are determined LP. A PTS approach is developed to search an overall layout structure that describes relative positions of departments for the relaxed-FBS (RFBS). The proposed LP embedded PTS–RFBS approach is used to solve thirteen FLP instances from the literature with varying sizes. The comparative results show that this approach is very promising and able to find new best solutions for several test problems.
Spin labelling studies of cytolysis induced by fatty acids.

Rat thymocytes, spleen lymphocytes and isolated nuclei were incubated with fatty acids and then labelled with 5-doxylstearic acid and 12-doxylstearic acid. The ESR spectra only in the case of 5-doxylstearic acid showed changes which were demonstrable only under those conditions which resulted in cytolysis. Thymocytes in medium with 10% serum showed the effect at 10 μM, splenic lymphocytes at 100 μM. The effect was maximal at 2 min and was not enhanced by higher concentrations. The uptake of fatty acid by spleen cells required to cause this change was determined using 14C-oleic acid, to be 0.6 μmol/g tissue. This quantity is less than that required (label: lipid ratio < 1:10) to produce major perturbations in membranes. Free fatty acids of C-8 to C-18 produced the effect, but not esters or amides. It was concluded that free fatty acids induce changes proximal to the polar region of membrane lipids which, if not progressive and essential to the ultimate process of lysis, are at least indicative of impending cell death at an early time.
Fertility preservation strategies for male patients with cancer

With the increasing number of patients surviving cancer, there is increasing interest in long-term quality of life, especially with respect to cancer-related infertility. Although infertility most commonly occurs as the result of treatment with gonadotoxic agents, it can also manifest before treatment has commenced. Current fertility preservation strategies for the postpubertal male patient with cancer focus on sperm cryopreservation before therapy. Sperm acquisition techniques should be discussed with the patient as early as possible, by either an oncologist or a specialist in male reproduction. For patients rendered infertile by cancer treatment who did not cryopreserve sperm beforehand, there are no techniques currently available to restore fertility. For the prepubertal male patient, cryopreservation of sperm is impossible. However, emerging research--primarily in animal models--into promising fertility preservation and restoration strategies might provide a clinical solution in the future. Advances in the protection and cryopreservation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) might translate into clinical options for fertility preservation before treatment. Restoring fertility after treatment might also be possible via SSC autotransplantation or in vitro maturation of SSCs. Before any of these techniques become clinically viable, a number of scientific, logistical and ethical issues will need to be resolved.
Coupled-channel calculations of ionisation and charge transfer in p+Li+,2+ and transfer in Li2+,3+ +H(1s) collisions

Coupled-channel calculations have been carried out for p+Li+ collisions in the 70 to 400 keV amu-1 energy range and for p+Li2+ for energies between 50 and 200 keV amu-1, in the authors' 'perturbative one-and-a-half-centre' (POHCE) formulation. This work includes the first test of the POHCE method for a system with more than one electron. Various effective one-electron target potentials for Li+, and their effect on the scattering cross sections, are discussed. The authors' p+Li+ cross sections for capture and ionisation, as well as their sum (total electron loss), are compared with the experiments of Gilbody's group and with other theoretical calculations. Their ionisation result is in good agreement with experiment; it would have been up to 50% too high without the POHCE modification of the single-centre method. Their capture result is lower than the measured cross section, as it was for p+He+. By time reversal their calculations also give capture cross sections for Li2++H and Li3++H, for capture into each state in the lithium-centred part of the basis.
Effects of destratification on autotrophic and heterotrophic microplankton productivity in eutrophic aquaculture ponds

Abstract The effect of vertical mixing on microbial production rates in the water column of freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) aquaculture ponds in Hawaii was examined using data collected over a period of 17 months. Ponds were judged as being stratified or well mixed based on the temperature difference between the top and bottom (depth 1 m). During stratified and well-mixed conditions this difference averaged 1.9 ± 0.8°C and 0.1 ± 0.2°C, respectively. The seston of stratified ponds was found to be characterized by a significantly higher carbon/nitrogen ( C N ) ratio (8.2 ± 1.2 versus 4.0 ± 0.6 by weight) and a significantly lower carbon/chlorophyll a ( C chl a) ratio (27 ± 4 versus 80 ± 55 by weight) than the seston of well-mixed ponds. However, there was no significant difference between stratified and well-mixed ponds in terms of mean chl a concentration, or surface primary production rates and productivity indices. Vertical profiles of microbial DNA and RNA synthesis over a 40-h period during typical stratified and well-mixed conditions revealed a pronounced vertical gradient in the lower 0.5 m of the water column during stratified conditions, but only a 20–30% difference between stratified and well-mixed conditions in water-column-integrated microbial DNA and RNA synthesis rates, and no significant difference in microbial growth rates as inferred from DNA/RNA synthesis rate ratios. Stratification events in these ponds are evidently of such short duration that microbial production and growth rates are rarely limited by the availability of organic and inorganic substrates.
Voluntary disclosures of intangibles information by U.S.-listed Asian companies

Abstract This paper provides evidence on the voluntary disclosure of intangibles information for U.S.-listed Asian companies. The paper examines the following issues: (1) the effect of firm size, ownership concentration, proportion of foreign revenue, and leverage on voluntary disclosures of intangibles information by U.S.-listed Asian companies; and (2) the use of international standards, and the effect of domestic and global culture on those disclosures. Results indicate that larger firms, firms with greater ownership dispersion, and firms with lower leverage provide more voluntary disclosure of intangibles information. The paper also documents that companies from countries that are more individualistic provide more voluntary disclosure of intangibles information than companies from countries that are collectivist. Therefore, it appears that domestic culture does affect the voluntary disclosure of intangibles information in the U.S. This paper uses the index developed for Portuguese companies by Oliveira, Rodrigues, and Craig (2006) , to measure voluntary disclosures of intangibles information thereby providing external validity to their instrument.
Rigid polyurethane foams from diethanolamides of carboxylated oils and fatty acids

New polyols of high hydroxyl content and reactivity were made from linseed and soybean oils and acids by catalytic carboxylation followed by reaction with diethanolamine. Urethane foams made with these diethanolamides were stronger than those made with castor oil at equivalent polyol wt. Because of their higher hydroxyl content, a larger amount of diethanolamides could be incorporated in foam formulations than is possible with castor oil. The rigid urethane foams prepared with the new polyols meet the requirements of commercial products with respect to density, compressive strength, and dimensional stability.
Geometric specification of dynamics: learning to visually perceive kinetic quantities from static images.

In a single experiment, perceivers viewed computer-generated hammer-like objects and estimated a kinetic property. Each hammer comprised a cylinder of some diameter and height, attached to a handle—a second cylinder of fixed diameter and variable length. On 5 blocks of trials, three groups of perceivers reported a property reflecting mass, torque, or moment of inertia. Blocks 2–4 were training blocks on which numerical feedback was given. On blocks 6 and 7, perceivers were asked to report the kinetic properties not reported on blocks 1–5. We were interested in how geometrical object properties affected the perception of kinetic properties, and how that perception changed with experience. To determine how geometrical object properties informed reports of kinetics, a continuous information space of head diameter and height, and handle length was created, and perceivers’ loci within that space were determined. Perceivers began at various distances from the optimum for the to-be-reported property and were clo...
Uncooled IR imaging: technology for the next generation

Uncooled IR sensor technology has accelerated rapidly in the past few years. Higher performance sensor, electronics integration, and enhanced signal processing are generating new applications and increasing production volume. Uncooled sensor are being considered to replace cooled sensor in some applications, but most importantly, the unique characteristics of the uncooled sensor spawn novel uses of the technology. Very small, lightweight and lower power sensor are possible with the uncooled IR. However, moderate levels of performance are expected even from the smallest sensors. This demand for performance stimulates new ideas for thermal detector structures operating at or near the theoretical limit. This paper reviews the exciting new applications of the uncooled technology and investigates the novel technical approaches necessary to bring about a new generation of uncooled IR sensor technology.
Level structure of 39Ar by the 40Ar (d, t)39Ar reactions

Abstract Angular distributions were obtained for the first four excited states of 39 Ar. Using DWBA calculations, values of angular momentum transfer of l n = 3, 1, 2 and 0 respectively were obtained which are in agreement with the data from the (p,d) reaction.
Virtual reality simulation for construction safety promotion

Safety is a critical issue for the construction industry. Literature argues that human error contributes to more than half of occupational incidents and could be directly impacted by effective training programs. This paper reviews the current safety training status in the US construction industry. Results from the review evidence the gap between the status and industry expectation on safety. To narrow this gap, this paper demonstrates the development and utilisation of a training program that is based on virtual reality (VR) simulation. The VR-based safety training program can offer a safe working environment where users can effectively rehearse tasks with electrical hazards and ultimately promote their abilities for electrical hazard cognition and intervention. Its visualisation and simulation can also remove the training barriers caused by electricity's features of invisibility and dangerousness.
T cell receptor CDRs: starring versus supporting roles.

Specific docking of the three T cell receptor complementary-determining regions (CDRs) onto the peptide-MHC complex is the basis of immune recognition. However, the contribution of each CDR to peptide-MHC binding is not routine.
Evidence for prejunctional and postjunctional antagonism of the sympathetic neuroeffector junction by acetylcholine in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers

This study determined whether acetylcholine inhibited changes in action potential duration and developed tension in canine Purkinje fibers produced by norepinephrine released during field stimulation more than it inhibited changes produced by superfusion with norepinephrine. Field stimulation increased action potential duration measured at 75% of repolarization by 9.6 ms and increased active tension by 35.5%. Acetylcholine (10-6M) almost completely inhibited changes in action potential duration and developed tension during field stimulation. Norepinephrine (10-SM to 5 x 10-8M) superfusion during normal pacing increased developed tension by 40.6%. Acetylcholine (10-6/I/) reduced this increase to 19.7%. Thus, acetylcholine inhibited the increase in tension during field stimulation by 90.7%, whereas it inhibited equivalent increases in tension produced by superfusion with norepinephrine by only 51.4% (p These data suggest that acetyicholine antagonizes the effects of adrenergic stimulation by pre- and postjunctional inhibitory actions in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.
Coherence and Confirmation through Causation

Coherentism maintains that coherent beliefs are more likely to be true than incoherent beliefs, and that coherent evidence provides more confirmation of a hypothesis when the evidence is made coherent by the explanation provided by that hypothesis. Although probabilistic models of credence ought to be well-suited to justifying such claims, negative results from Bayesian epistemology have suggested otherwise. In this essay we argue that the connection between coherence and confirmation should be understood as a relation mediated by the causal relationships among the evidence and a hypothesis, and we offer a framework for doing so by fitting together probabilistic models of coherence, confirmation, and causation. We show that the causal structure among the evidence and hypothesis is sometimes enough to determine whether the coherence of the evidence boosts confirmation of the hypothesis, makes no difference to it, or even reduces it. We also show that, ceteris paribus, it is not the coherence of the evidence that boosts confirmation, but rather the ratio of the coherence of the evidence to the coherence of the evidence conditional on a hypothesis.
Towards a visual query interface for phylogenetic databases

Querying and visualization of phylogenetic databases remain a great challenge due to their complex tree type semi structured nature. Naturally, successful phylogenetic databases such as the Tree of Life database at the University of Arizona are implemented as Web documents in HTML. While Web implementation of such databases facilitate the representation, and in part, visualization of their contents, querying remains an issue. The interoperability of Web-based phylogenetic databases with other similar databases such as TreeBase and RDB which are implemented using traditional database management systems, has not been possible due to the impedance mismatch between the underlying query and data representation framework. In this paper, we present a novel approach to phylogentic database management using existing database technologies without compromising potential opportunities for visualization and interoperability. We present a Web-based tool for the creation, querying and visualization of phylogenetic databases. We demonstrate the functional capabilities and strengths of our system by recreating the Tree of Life database in our system and performing queries that are not possible in the original Tree of Life database.
Cataract surgery in patients with Fuchs' corneal dystrophy: expanding recommendations for cataract surgery without simultaneous keratoplasty.

Objective To evaluate the use of preoperative pachymetry in patients with Fuchs' dystrophy who are undergoing cataract extraction to predict the need for future penetrating keratoplasty and to compare these findings with current published recommendations. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants A series of patients with Fuchs' dystrophy (136 eyes) undergoing cataract surgery. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 136 patients with Fuchs' dystrophy who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation between October 1990 and May 2002. Main outcome measures Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, pachymetry, and postoperative corneal decompensation requiring penetrating keratoplasty. Results The average preoperative corneal thickness was 584±39.5 μm (range, 482–674 μm). Fifty eyes (36.8%) had preoperative corneal thickness of ≥600 μm. The average postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/33 (range, 20/15–20/250). Of the 50 eyes with preoperative pachymetry measurements of ≥600 μm, 5 (10%) progressed to penetrating keratoplasty; 90% of the 50 eyes did not need corneal transplants within the first year after cataract surgery and had an average postoperative BCVA of 20/35 (range, 20/20–20/200). Of those with a corneal thickness of ≥640 μm, 83% did not need a corneal transplant within this same time period and had an average postoperative BCVA of 20/50 (range, 20/20–20/200). Conclusions To avoid unnecessary cost and delay in visual rehabilitation, we suggest changing the current recommendations for an initial triple procedure for eyes with preoperative pachymetry measurements of >600 μm. Our data suggest that current cataract removal techniques allow for excellent visual rehabilitation in patients with Fuchs' dystrophy who have a preoperative corneal thickness of >600 μm, and we suggest that preoperative pachymetry measurements of >640 μm may be a better guideline. This recommendation can be further expanded above 640 μm if a visual acuity of less than 20/20 is acceptable. A prospective randomized controlled study is required for validation of this analysis.
Trevira®: une nouvelle prothèse en polyester pour la cure des éventrations. Résultats d'une étude expérimentale

Resume But de l'etude. – Les filets synthetiques avec lesquels sont actuellement operees la plupart des eventrations sont en polyester en France et en polypropylene en Allemagne. Une autre polymere de polyester existe pourtant, utilisee avec d'excellents resultats pour les protheses de ligaments croises, le Trevira ® . Cette etude experimentale en a evalue les resultats pour les cures d'eventration comparees au polypropylene. Materiel et methodes. – Une resection de 10 × 10 cm de la paroi abdominale excluant le peritoine a ete operee chez 12 porcs et une grande prothese de 15 × 15 cm, en polyethylene terephtalate (Trevira ® ) pour la moitie des animaux et en polypropylene (Prolene ® ) pour l'autre moitie, a ete implantee en sous aponevrotique. Apres deux et six mois, la taille des protheses a ete mesuree et la reaction de rejet evaluee par le decompte microscopique des cellules geantes polynucleees. Resultats. – Aucune difference significative de la taille des protheses n'etait observee, ni entre les deux groupes d'animaux, ni entre les deux moments d'observation. En revanche, la reaction de rejet au polypropylene etait significativement plus forte qu'avec polyethylene terephtalate (nombre de cellules geantes polynucleees apres deux mois : Prolene ® : 2,2 ± 0,4, Trevira ® : 0,8 ± 0,2, apres six mois : Prolene ® : 4,6 ± 1,3, Trevira ® : 1,1 ± 0,5). Apres six mois, tous les prelevements de polypropylene presentaient des calcifications, contrairement au polyethylene terephtalate. Conclusion. – Trevira ® comporte une forte tolerance biologique avec une faible reaction de rejet et constitue donc une prothese prometteuse pour la cure des eventrations.
The explanatory role of belief ascriptions

Some recent studies of how the content of intentional mental states is individuated in ordinary discourse have sparked much debate. These studies are striking because they imply that the contents of a person's thoughts are not determined by (do not supervene on) his or her phenomenological, functional or physiological states. The contents of a person's thoughts, it is claimed, may be affected by features of the external environment of which he or she is entirely ignorant. The line of argument which is taken to lend support to this conclusion was first described by Putnam (1975) and has been developed by Burge in a series of papers (1979, 1982a, 1982b). The argumentative strategy is to test claims about the determinants of mental content by describing thought-experiments in which physically and functionally type-identical subjects occupy different environments. It is then argued that our practice of thought attribution dictates that such subjects have propositional attitudes with different contents, since different belief ascriptions are true of them. 1 The topic of this paper is the ingenious thoughtexperiment described by Burge (1979) and the conclusion he draws from it. 2 Burge's conclusion is that the linguistic practices of the community to which a person belongs partly determine the contents of his or her intentional mental states. The thought-experiment held to support it can be described as follows. Burge invites us to consider an English-speaker -- let us call her Jane -- who misuses the word 'arthritis', applying it to rheumatoid diseases in the bones as well as in the joints. This, Burge argues, does not prevent us from reporting her beliefs using ascriptions in which the word 'arthritis' occurs in the content-clause. Suppose that Jane says to her doctor, 'I have arthritis in my thigh,' that the doctor replies 'You
Civil conflict, education, and the work of schools: Twelve propositions

Education and civil conflict are deeply intertwined in complex ways. The author posits a series of hypotheses about interrelationships by which schools are a natural arena for conflict—attracting violence, sometimes helping to prevent it, and fostering it as well. Violence affects schools at multiple levels; attacking individuals, communities, and systems, and weakening their sense of agency.
Private events made public.

Recent notes criticizing and defending the use of phenomenological observations in psychology are criticized for failing to take into account the means through which observations can be made objective and public. Objectivity is attained through the use of objects or instruments of measurement, and the public nature of an event is a function of its replicability from laboratory to laboratory. Phenomenological observations are seen from this point of view to be necessarily subjective and private.
Rates and predictors of seizure freedom in resective epilepsy surgery: an update

Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological disorder affecting approximately 1 % of the world’s population. Drug-resistant focal epilepsies are potentially surgically remediable. Although epilepsy surgery is dramatically underutilized among medically refractory patients, there is an expanding collection of evidence supporting its efficacy which may soon compel a paradigm shift. Of note is that a recent randomized controlled trial demonstrated that early resection leads to considerably better seizure outcomes than continued medical therapy in patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. In the present review, we provide a timely update of seizure freedom rates and predictors in resective epilepsy surgery, organized by the distinct pathological entities most commonly observed. Class I evidence, meta-analyses, and individual observational case series are considered, including the experiences of both our institution and others. Overall, resective epilepsy surgery leads to seizure freedom in approximately two thirds of patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and about one half of individuals with focal neocortical epilepsy, although only the former observation is supported by class I evidence. Two common modifiable predictors of postoperative seizure freedom are early operative intervention and, in the case of a discrete lesion, gross total resection. Evidence-based practice guidelines recommend that epilepsy patients who continue to have seizures after trialing two or more medication regimens should be referred to a comprehensive epilepsy center for multidisciplinary evaluation, including surgical consideration.
Contributions of Terminal Peptides to the Associative Behavior of αs1-Casein

Abstract The N- and C-terminal segments of bovine α s1 -casein-B (f1-23 and f136-196) were characterized under conditions that promoted or inhibited self-association to determine the relative contributions of each fragment to the interaction of α s1 -casein with itself or with other caseins. In earlier studies of f1-23, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that its conformation was thermostable between 10° and 25°C. In contrast, NMR studies of f136-196 indicated temperature sensitivity between 10 and 60°C, as did near-UV and far-UV CD data, suggesting a molten globule-like structure at higher temperatures. To compare the effects of temperature on conformational attributes of α s1 -casein and its terminal peptides, additional CD studies were conducted over a broader temperature range (10 to 70°C). The far-UV CD spectra indicated little temperature sensitivity for α s1 -casein, and the N-terminal peptide remained thermostable. During molecular dynamics simulations, the N-terminal peptide conformation did not change significantly, but the conformation of the C-terminal peptide (f136-196) was dramatically altered. These changes are correlated with the thermal instability observed by both CD and NMR in f136-196. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies of the self-association reactions of genetic variants A, B, and C of α s1 -casein showed that at 37°C the associative state is primarily dimeric; the amounts of higher order polymers significantly decreased when temperature was increased from 20 to 37°C. In all 3 genetic variants, the C-terminal portion of the whole molecule showed thermal instability with respect to aggregation to higher polymers, confirming the predictions of CD data and molecular dynamics simulations. The temperature dependency of these conformational changes suggests a possible function for α s1 -casein in facilitating casein-casein interactions in casein micelle formation.
Coughing up a diagnosis: a cavitary lung lesion with worsening eosinophilia.

PRESENTATION A 37-year-old woman from Botswana appeared to have community-acquired pneumonia, but in fact, she had a more exotic infection. She was hospitalized with a productive cough and dyspnea of 2 days’ duration. Right lower lobe consolidation was seen on a chest x-ray. Her past medical history was unremarkable. Laboratory testing revealed a leukocyte count of 9.5 10 cells/ L with neutrophil predominance (8.6 10 cells/ L; 91%), and an osinophil count of 0.19 10 cells/ L (2%). She did well on levofloxacin therapy and was discharged. Four days later, she was rehospitalized with recurrent symptoms.
A Transcriptional Regulatory Element of the Gene Encoding the 67,000‐Mr Form of Human Glutamate Decarboxylase Is Similar to a Drosophila Regulatory Element

We have isolated the 5' flanking DNA sequences of the human gene encoding the 67,000-M(r) form of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), the gamma-aminobutyric acid synthetic enzyme. Transcription begins at a single promoter (P1) in adult brain but at two tandem promoters, P1 and P2, in fetal brain. P1, which is 3' to P2, resembles the promoter regions of many constitutively expressed genes, whereas P2 resembles a tissue-specific promoter. P1 contains a 10-base sequence (dec-1) that closely matches the element I cis-regulatory sequence identified in the promoter region of Drosophila 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase. Gel shift and transient expression assays demonstrate that the dec-1 sequence plays a role in the transcription of the human GAD67 gene.
Surgical Pearl: Cups for caps—monitoring doses of local anesthesia

wound bed. As the thermoplastic cools, it becomes inflexible and maintains the shape of the graft. Once hardened, it can be trimmedwith scissors to extend 5 mm beyond the graft margins. Next, a piece of nonadherent dressing covered in ointment is applied to the graft, and the thermoplastic dressing is sutured or stapled into place (Figs 2 and 3). An absorbent dressing can be placed over the thermoplastic dressing. The thermoplastic bolster is removed in 5 to 7 days. In summary, the thermoplastic dressing increases surface adherence between a full-thickness skin graft and its recipientwoundbed.Once sutured into place, it immobilizes the graft against mechanical forces. One of its major advantages is that the moldable plastic can be shaped to fit the convex and concave surfaces of the nose and ear. In contrast to traditional gauze bolsters, the perforated thermoplastic dressing allows the patient to shower normally. A potential complication is the possibility of contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Expense may be another disadvantage based on the size, color, and number of dressings purchased. A package of 10 (33 3-in), ivory thermoplastic splints costs $46. In our clinic, we have not observed graft failure or any other adverse outcome related to this dressing. We have found it tobeapractical tool forsecuring full-thickness skingrafts.
Preliminary Parametric Study of Gurney Flap Dependencies

Introduction T HE Gurney flap1,2 is typically a small plate, which is attached at or near the trailing edge of an airfoil on the pressure side. The flap has been shown to be a highly effective small-scale (typically 0.5–1.5% of the chord) modification that can achieve significant lift and pitching-moment generation.1,2 The Gurney functions by essentially increasing the downward deflection of the trailingedge flow, facilitated through the formation of a series of counterrotating vortices similar to that of a von Karman vortex street. A subsequent effect is an apparent violation of the trailing-edge Kutta condition; experimental data show that finite loading is carried to the trailing edge. The Gurney flap increases the effective chord and camber of the airfoil, so by augmenting circulation. Liebeck3 suggested a flow pattern where a “virtual” cusped trailing edge is formed downstream of the Gurney from the shear layers merging downstream of the flap. The final pressure recovery would then occur off-surface, which is analogous to violation of the Kutta condition. Experimental and computational studies exploring the effect of Gurney flaps have been undertaken covering effects of flap height,4 angle,5 effects on multi-element airfoils,2 etc. In this Note, the database is increased through evaluation of the effects of flap porosity, inclination, and spacing from the surface. It would also be useful for experimental design and conceptual understanding to have correlations that relate Gurney-flap geometric parameters to performance. Consequently, such correlations are developed.
Ross-Schiff Analysis of a Proposed Test of General Relativity: A Critique

Using a model of circular coplanar orbits and an analysis accurate to first order in the sun's gravitational radius, Ross and Schiff discussed the recent proposal to test general relativity by measuring round-trip travel times of radar pulses transmitted from the earth towards an inner planet. Their main conclusion, that such measurements would be sensitive to a nonlinear term in Einstein's theory, we find to be invalid. Since first-order differences between Newtonian and Einsteinian orbits are well known to depend on a nonlinear term in the metric, one might expect the round-trip travel times also to depend in first order on such a term. Curiously, this expectation is not realized for circular orbits. When expressed as a function solely of clock readings, the first-order formula for travel time in the circular-orbit model is strictly independent of the nonlinear term. Even were the combined use of radar-pulse travel times and the results of "exact" optical measurements envisioned, their sensitivity to this nonlinear term would be masked almost completely by unavoidable uncertainties in the estimates of other unknown parameters such as the mass of the sun. For noncircular orbits, however, the travel-time measurements will be noticeably sensitive to this nonlinear term through its effect on the advance of the perihelion. In addition to re-examining the circular-orbit model, we describe the operational procedures that we have developed for testing general relativity with data obtained from actual planetary observations. These data cannot be expected in the near future to provide a significant test of more than the first-order influence of solar gravity on radar-pulse travel times and the non-Newtonian advance of Mercury's perihelion, as we previously pointed out.
Quantitative SENSE-MRSI of the human brain.

Purpose To develop a method for estimating metabolite concentrations using phased-array coils and sensitivity-encoded (SENSE) magnetic resonance spectroscopic images (MRSI) of the human brain.
Mechanical Property Changes in Reactor Vessel Materials Thermally Aged for 209 000 H at 260°C

Surveillance materials consisting of a SA-508 Class 2 forging, a Mn–Mo–Ni Linde 80 submerged-arc weld, and an SA-533, Grade B, Class 1, correlation monitor material were thermally aged on a commercial reactor pressure vessel. The materials were exposed to a thermal environment of 260, °, C, , , , for 209, 000, h, , , , . This temperature is below the range (minimum of 370, °, C, , , , ) where the effects of long-term thermal aging are typically considered relevant. Charpy impact, master curve transition temperature, upper-shelf fracture toughness, and tensile testing were conducted to evaluate the long-term thermal aging changes in material properties. Small changes in the impact properties were observed for all the materials, but were generally within the 95 % confidence bounds for typical Charpy data. Upper-shelf energy also showed small variations, but a general decrease for all materials was not seen. Fracture toughness testing at the upper shelf indicated that the upper-shelf toughness had increased, however the data is scattered. Master curve T, 0, , , , testing in the transition region showed little change in the forging and plate results; however an improvement in the transition temperature of the weld metal was measured.
Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Cerebrospinal Fluid from Brain-Biopsied Patients and Correlation with Disease

Isolation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from brain tissue after biopsy has been considered the reference standard for the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). During the evaluation of antiviral treatment of HSE, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from patients with clinical disease indicative of HSE who underwent diagnostic brain biopsy. HSV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in CSF of 53 (98%) of 54 patients with biopsy-proven HSE and was detected in all 18 CSF specimens obtained before brain biopsy from patients with proven HSE. Four of 19 CSF specimens were positive after 2 weeks of antiviral therapy. Positive results were found in 3 (6%) of 47 patients whose brain tissue was culture-negative. Detection of HSV DNA in the CSF correlated significantly with age and focal radiographic findings. Thus, PCR detection of HSV DNA should be the standard for diagnosis of HSE.
Non-aqueous modification of synthesized hematite nanoparticles with oleic acid

Abstract A process for non-aqueous surface modification of synthesized hematite nanoparticles is presented in this paper. Oleic acid was successfully grafted onto a hematite nanoparticle surface in methanol. The FTIR results demonstrated that chemical bonding formed between oleic acid and the hematite surface. Further studies indicated that the binding mechanism between the oleic acid and the hematite surface caused monodentate interaction. The grafted density of oleic acid onto the hematite surface increased linearly at the beginning with oleic acid concentration in the treatment solution and then leveled off at high oleic acid concentration. The saturated grafted density was 2.94 mmol/m 2 . As more oleic acid was grafted onto the hematite surface, the hydrophobicity of the hematite nanoparticle changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic.