cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the fetal membranes using optical coherence tomography: part 1.

Abstract Introduction In vitro studies on the structure of human fetal membranes have involved light or electron microscopy with fixation, dehydration, and staining. Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging technology, has provided high-resolution cross-sectional images of living biological tissues, with a penetration of 2–3 mm. We evaluated the use of this technology to examine the histologic features of human fetal membranes immediately after delivery. Methods Samples of fetal membranes of ten patients undergoing cesarean deliveries (four uncomplicated pregnancies, four with preeclampsia, and two with chorioamnionitis) and eight patients undergoing vaginal deliveries (six uncomplicated pregnancies and two with chorioamnionitis) were collected immediately after delivery. Samples were stretched across customized disks, rinsed, and analyzed using a time-domain OCT imaging system. Following OCT scanning, the samples were placed in formalin for histologic study. The OCT images were compared to histologic images of common human fetal membrane features. Results We were able to delineate the layers of the fetal membranes using bench-top time-domain OCT. The system was able to image histologic features of the fetal membranes, such as microscopic chorionic pseudocysts, ghost villi, meconium stained membranes, and chorioamnionitis. The OCT images corresponded with the histologic findings. Discussion This feasibility study demonstrates the potential of OCT technology for real-time assessment of human fetal membranes and may provide clinically useful information at delivery.
The effect of 5′-amino-5′-deoxythymidine on the pattern of polyadenylation of herpes simplex virus type 1 ribonucleic acid

Abstract Treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected Vero cells with 5′-amino-5′-deoxythymidine (AdThd) causes a 65% reduction in the amount of total viral RNA present at late times of infection. This decrease is apparent as early as 6 hours post infection, affecting the levels of viral cytoplasmic polyadenylated (poly(A+)) species to a greater extent than non-polyadenylated (poly(A−)) RNA. Cytoplasmic viral poly(A+) RNA is present in AdThd-treated cultures at only 10% control poly(A+) levels, yet there is no evidence of a direct inhibition of RNA polyadenylation. Underrepresentation of RNA species in the cytoplasm is not sequence-specific. The results suggest that the antiviral activity of AdThd may involve not only incorporation into viral DNA, with a resultant decrease in viral transcription, but also perturbation of the relative amounts of viral poly(A+) RNA and poly(A−) RNA.
Improved verification of hardware designs through antecedent conditioned slicing

Static slicing has shown itself to be a valuable tool, facilitating the verification of hardware designs. In this paper, we present a sharpened notion, antecedent conditioned slicing that provides a more effective abstraction for reducing the size of the state space. In antecedent conditioned slicing, extra information from the antecedent is used to permit greater pruning of the state space. In a previous version of this paper, we applied antecedent conditioned slicing to safety properties of the form G(antecedent ⇒ consequent) where antecedent and consequent were written in propositional logic. In this paper, we use antecedent conditioned slicing to handle safety and bounded liveness property specifications written in linear time temporal logic. We present a theoretical justification of our technique. We provide experimental results on a Verilog RTL implementation of the USB 2.0 functional core, which is a large design with about 1,100 state elements (10331 states). The results demonstrate that the technique provides significant performance benefits over static program slicing using state-of-the-art model checkers.
Goal attainment on long tail web sites: an information foraging approach

The long tail has attracted substantial theoretical as well as practical interest, yet there have been few empirical studies that have explicitly examined the factors that drive online conversions at these sites. This research tests several hypotheses derived from Information Foraging Theory (IFT) that pertain to goal achievement on long tail Web sites. IFT introduced concepts of information patches and information scent to model information seeking behavior of individuals, but has mostly been tested in production rule environments where the theory is used to simulate user behavior. Testing IFT-driven hypotheses on real data required learning information patches and scents using an inductive approach and in this paper we adapt existing algorithms for these discovery tasks. Our results based on clickstream data from forty-seven small business Web sites show both the existence of valuable information patches and information scent trails as well as their importance in explaining conversion on these sites. The majority of the hypotheses were supported and we discuss the implications of this for researchers and practitioners.
Absolute stereochemistry of (+)-trans-1,2-dihydroxyacenaphthene, a mammalian metabolite of acenaphthylene

Abstract A sample of (+)- trans -1,2-dihydroxyacenaphthene, a mammalian metabolite of acenaphthylene, was prepared by stereoselective partial hydrolysis of the corresponding synthetic racemic diacetate using the mold, Rhizopus nigricans . The absolute stereochemistry of the trans -diol was established as (1 R ,2 R ) by conversion to the known dimethyl (2 S ,3 S )diacetoxysuccinate.
Supplemental risk evaluations of Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis for biological control of yellow starthistle

Abstract Additional tests of native North American Cirsium species, Saussurea americana , and modern safflower cultivars ( Carthamus tinctorius ) were requested by regulators and specific interest groups during the risk assessment of foreign isolates of Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis for biological control of yellow starthistle (YST, Centaurea solstitialis ) in the United States. These tests supplement an earlier, extensive host range determination that established P. jaceae from YST as generally host specific and potentially useful for biological control. The additional research was in response to potential hazards identified in an earlier study, changes in safflower cultivars, and concern that P. jaceae might cause a safflower seedling disease similar to hypocotyl infections from infestation by Puccinia carthami teliospores. S. americana , a close relative of yellow starthistle, had not been tested previously. All tests were conducted in a containment greenhouse. Foliage of 19 Cirsium species, 11 safflower cultivars, and S. americana was inoculated with urediniospores and subjected to a 16-h dew period at 18–20 °C. Neither the Cirsium species nor S. americana became infected after foliar inoculations. Compared to foliar infections by P. carthami from safflower in California, only minor infections developed from inoculations with P. jaceae . These were similar to infections observed in earlier studies, and it was not possible to maintain P. jaceae under optimal greenhouse conditions on safflower foliage. Quantitative teliospore inoculations with P. jaceae did not cause infection on safflower hypocotyls, even though large cankers occurred on plants inoculated with P. carthami teliospores. Clear microscopic evidence of infection also was observed in hypocotyls inoculated with P. carthami . These data suggest that native (including rare, threatened, or endangered) Cirsium spp., modern safflower cultivars, and S. americana are not likely to be adversely affected by the use of P. jaceae for biological control of YST. Results from these studies substantiate previous findings and were incorporated in a proposal for permission to use P. jaceae for YST control in California.
Interferon γ Potentiates Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection of Neuronal Cells by Modulation of HLA Class I Expression

HCN-1A, a human cerebral cortical neuron cell line, was examined for its susceptibility to human coronaviruses. The 229e strain replicated efficiently, but the OC43 strain did not replicate well, if at all. Treatment of the cells with interferonγ at 20U/ml for 48 hr markedly increased the susceptibility of the cells to infection with OC43 virus as shown by a 100-fold increase in secretion of infectious virus over a four day period as compared to untreated controls. The increased susceptibility was shown to be due to membrane expression of HLA class I by receptor-blockade with a monoclonal antibody specific for HLA molecules.
Decomposition Kinetics of Tetraethoxysilane on SiO2

The decomposition of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) on a thermally grown SiO2 surface has been studied using molecular beam scattering, with mass spectrometric detection and time of flight techniques. Decomposition was characterized over a range of temperatures from ambient to 1100 K using a mass spectrometer having a line of sight to the sample surface. Time of flight measurements were used to characterize parent and product species and to determine surface residence time. The initial step in the decomposition process at low temperatures is the loss of one ethoxy ligand to produce triethoxysilane, ethylene and possibly water as gas phase products. At temperatures above 850 K there is a change in the rate limiting process and an abrupt increase in the decomposition probability. Observed kinetics are explained in terms or an adsorbed molecular precursor mechanism.
An agoraphobic patient with dental anxiety: report of case

A 46-year-old woman made an appointment for dental therapy. The patient's agoraphobia and dental anxiety presented a difficult treatment situation. An open dialogue between patient and dentist along with a flexible treatment plan and unhurried appointments contributed to the success of the dental rehabilitation.
Models and experiments with pervaporation membrane reactors integrated with an adsorbent system

A new concept of a hybrid pervaporation membrane reactor (PVMR) system, which integrates the pervaporation step through a membrane with adsorption in the permeate side is described. Coupling pervaporation with adsorption provides potential synergies in overcoming the equilibrium limitations in reversible reactions, particularly for dilute reacting systems, slow reactions, nonvolatile products, or imperfect membranes. A model experimental system is selected, namely the esterification of acetic acid by ethanol, coupled through an asymmetric hydrophilic polymeric membrane to a water adsorbent system. The emphasis in this paper is also on utilizing the experimental data for validating a model, previously developed by our group, for the study of such reactors. The reactor model performs adequately in describing the experimental data.
Barbiturate-induced glycogen accumulation in brain. An electron microscopic study.

Abstract Glycogen accumulation in the mouse brain during prolonged barbiturate anesthesia (6 h with sodium phenobarbital, 250 mg/kg) was studied with the electron microscope. Areas examined included hypothalamus, hippocampus (area dentata), midbrain reticular formation, cerebellar cortex and frontal cerebral cortex. Large increases of particulate glycogen were noted in astrocytes of the area dentata and the frontal cortex. Smaller increases were sometimes seen in astrocytes of the cerebellar cortex. No changes were noted in the hypothalamus or midbrain reticular formation and glycogen was never seen in neurons, oligodendroglia or microglia. The greatest accumulation of astrocytic glycogen occured in areas of high synaptic density and near neuronal perikarya. These results suggest that the fluctuations in brain glycogen resulting from barbiturates and other drugs, as described in numerous biochemical and pharmacological studies, are probably occuring primarily in astrocytes and that astrocytic glycogen levels may be influenced by changes in neuronal activity.
Comparative effects of latanoprost (Xalatan) and unoprostone (Rescula) in patients with open-angle glaucoma and suspected glaucoma.

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare, in paired eyes of open-angle glaucoma patients and glaucoma suspects, hydrodynamic and visual changes after 1 month of topical latanoprost in one eye and unoprostone in the other. DESIGN: Single-center, institutional randomized clinical trial. METHODS: After completing a washout period off all topical medication, 25 adults (mean age 54 ± SEM 2 years) with bilateral open-angle glaucoma or glaucoma suspect status underwent morning (8 to 10 am) and afternoon (1 to 3 pm) measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP), pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF), contrast, sensitivity, frequency doubling technology, and Humphrey 10-2 perimetry (HVFA II) in both eyes. Each then started unoprostone 0.15% (Rescula) in one randomly assigned eye and latanoprost 0.005% (Xalatan) in the other. Unoprostone was administered at 8 am and 8 pm and latanoprost at 8 pm with placebo at 8 am, both from masked bottles. After 28 days, differences were determined for each measured variable by two-tailed paired t test. RESULTS: Starting from similar baseline IOP levels, after 1 month of treatment, the mean morning IOP values differed according to the topical agent received (16.2 ± SEM 0.6 mm Hg for latanoprost vs 17.9 ± 0.7 mm Hg for unoprostone; P = .001). These morning pressures were 2.6 mm Hg lower than baseline in the eyes receiving latanoprost ( P P = .02). Afternoon values were 3.1 ± SEM 0.6 lower than corresponding baseline in eyes receiving latanoprost, and 2.4 ± SEM 0.6 mm Hg in unoprostone-treated eyes ( P P = .04). Eyes receiving unoprostone showed a 1.7-db improvement in frequency doubling mean deviation ( P = .03), the only significant visual function change observed. Pulsatile ocular blood flow increased 30% relative to baseline in eyes receiving latanoprost, ( P P = .05) by the morning of day 28. That afternoon, mean POBF had increased 30% ( P P = .03) among those receiving unoprostone (interdrug change difference, P = .05). Humphrey perimetry and contrast sensitivity remained stable with both prostanoids. CONCLUSIONS: Both latanoprost and unoprostone produced significant reductions in IOP and increases in POBF, with stable central and perimacular visual function. Latanoprost once daily produced IOP reduction and POBF increases nearly twofold greater than those obtained with unoprostone twice daily. These differences in IOP and POBF change between unoprostone and latanoprost were statistically significant.
High-accuracy surface figure measurement of silicon mirrors at 80 K

This report describes the equipment, experimental methods, and first results at a new facility at the Goddard Space Flight Center Optics Branch for interferometric measurement of cryogenically-cooled spherical mirrors. A mirror is cooled to 80 K and 20 K within a cryostat; and its surface figure error is measured through a fused-silica window using standard phase-shifting interferometry. The first mirror tested was a concave spherical silicon foam-core mirror with a clear aperture of 120 mm. The optic surface was measured at room temperature outside the dewar using standard "absolute" techniques; and then the change in surface figure error within the dewar from room temperature to 80 K was measured, and the two measurements added to create a representation of the two-dimensional surface figure error at 80 K, with a combined standard uncertainty of 3.4 nm rms. The facility and techniques will be used to measure the surface figure error at 20K of prototype lightweight silicon carbide and Cesic mirrors developed by Galileo Avionica (Italy) for the European Space Agency (ESA).
Permeation of Aromatic Isomer Vapors through Oriented MFI-Type Membranes Made by Secondary Growth

Oriented MFI-type membranes made by secondary (seeded) growth exhibit potential for size-selective separation of p-xylene from its bulkier o- and m-xylene isomers, as judged by substantial single-component (up to 40) or mixture (up to 18) permeation flux ratios at 100 °C. However, increased permeation of the bulkier isomers, attributed to the flexibility of the MFI framework and resulting in lower selectivities, is observed under conditions of high temperature or high p-xylene loading in the MFI membranes.
Renal Artery Pressure Gradients in Patients With Angiographic Evidence of Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis

Abstract From October 1979 to August 1991, 231 patients underwent renal artery balloon angioplasty at The Ohio State University Hospitals. Atherosclerotic renal vascular disease was present in 171 of these patients. From this cohort, 138 patients undergoing their first angioplasty had renal artery pressure gradients performed before and after renal artery angioplasty. The demographics of this group included age 66.9 ± 10 years (±SD), male 51%, white 94%, black 6%, diabetes mellitus 28%, systolic blood pressure 157 ± 26 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 86 ± 13 mm Hg, standard daily doses of antihypertensive medications 4.2 ± 3, and serum creatinine 2.6 ± 2.3 mg/ dL. Plasma renin activity was measured in 25 patients and was shown to be elevated in 16. The renal artery stenoses were main renal artery 75%, orificial 22%, distal renal artery 1.4%, and combinations of the above 2.2%. Solitary kidneys were present in six patients (4.3%). Bilateral renal artery stenosis was present in 45% of patients and bilateral angioplasties were performed in one third of these patients. The preangioplasty systolic blood pressure gradient was 109 ± 50 mm Hg (range, 20 to 230 mm Hg) and the postangioplasty renal artery pressure gradient was 12 ± 16 mm Hg (range, 0 to 78 mm Hg) (P
An application of spreadsheets in a computer aided design course

Abstract Electronic spreadsheets are being increasingly used by engineers in their work related to design and data processing. They are also valuable teaching aids for engineering educators. This paper describes some applications of spreadsheets in a computer aided design course offered to mechanical engineering students. Some design exercises where spreadsheets can be very effective are described.
Annealing of CH3I films on TiO2(110) studied with TPD and UV-induced desorption

Abstract Annealing of CH 3 I films formed on TiO 2 (110) at 90 K has been investigated using thermal desorption and photodesorption. At a surface temperature of 90 K, the multilayer film of CH 3 I grows stochastically. Thermal desorption and photodesorption studies indicate that annealing a CH 3 I film at temperatures of 120–125 K for less than ∼12 min induces the desorption of weakly bound molecules and produces two CH 3 I phases on TiO 2 (110): a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer phase and a three-dimensional (3D) multilayer phase. After annealing at ∼125 K for 12 min, the 3D multilayer phase is completely desorbed and only the 2D monolayer phase is left on the TiO 2 (110) surface. This 2D layer has a saturation molecular density greater than that of the 1 ML film deposited at 90 K. When the annealing temperature is increased to above 130 K, the thermal stability of the 2D film increases and the number of the CH 3 I molecules left on the TiO 2 (110) surface decreases.
Strategic campaigning, closeness, and voter mobilization in U.S. Presidential elections

The scholarly literature on voter mobilization is ambivalent regarding the effects of closeness on turnout. Economic analyses of turnout (i.e. the classic calculus of voting) contend that as elections become closer, voters perceive their participation as more valuable because there is a greater chance that they will cast the deciding vote. Other work argues that voters do not take closeness into account because the probability that their vote uniquely changes the outcome of an election is quite small even in close elections. Still, this second perspective maintains that closeness may increase turnout because elites distribute campaign resources to places where election results could be affected by mobilizing additional supporters. While the latter perspective is theoretically well-developed, empirical support for the notion that elite activity (rather than citizen perceptions) connects closeness and turnout is limited. Using improved measures of closeness and campaign activities, we test for citizen perception and elite mobilization effects on turnout in the context of U.S. Presidential elections. Results show that while closeness has no direct effect on turnout, elites indeed target campaign activities on close states and the asymmetric distribution of resources across states results in higher turnout in battleground states.
Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986

Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986. Virginia M. Fields (editor). The Palenque Round Table Series, Volume 8, Merle Greene Robertson, general editor. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. vii + 359 pp., maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $65.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–8061–2277–3.
Use of peripheral ultrafiltration in the postoperative cardiac surgery patient.

BackgroundAfter cardiac surgery, most patients have development of third-space fluid retention, commonly treated with diuretics. In some patients diuretics are ineffective. In this subset, a simpli...
A localized algorithm for parallel association mining

Discovery of association rules is an important database mining problem. Mining for association rules involves extracting patterns from large databases and inferring useful rules from them. Several parallel and sequential algorithms have been proposed in the literature to solve this problem. Almost all of these algorithms make repeated passes over the database to determine the commonly occurring patterns or itemsets (set of items), thus incurring high I/O overhead. In the parallel case, these algorithms do a reduction at the end of each pass to construct the global patterns, thus incurring high synchronization cost. In this paper we describe a new parallel association mining algorithm. Our algorithm is a result of detailed study of the available parallelism and the properties of associations. The algorithm uses a scheme to cluster related frequent itemsets together, and to partition them among the processors. At the same time it also uses a different database layout which clusters related transactions together, and selectively replicates the database so that the portion of the database needed for the computation of associations is local to each processor. After the initial set-up phase, the algorithm eliminates the need for further communication or synchronization. The algorithm further scans the local database partition only three times, thus minimizing I/O overheads. Unlike previous approaches, the algorithms uses simple intersection operations to compute frequent itemsets and doesn’t have to maintain or search complex hash structures. Our experimental testbed is a 32-processor DEC Alpha cluster inter-connected by the Memory Channelnetwork. We present results on the performance of our algorithm on various databases, and compare it against a well known parallel algorithm. Our algorithm outperforms it by an more than an order of magnitude.
Human chorionic gonadotropin β (HCGβ) down-regulates E-cadherin and promotes human prostate carcinoma cell migration and invasion

BACKGROUND Membrane-associated human chorionic gonadotropin β (HCGβ) is correlated with a poor prognosis in localized prostate adenocarcinoma. The relationship between HCGβ and metastasis, however, is unclear. METHODS To shed some light on the issue, two stable prostate carcinoma cell lines overexpressing HCGβ, designated DU145 HCGβ and PC3 HCGβ, were created and compared with empty vector stably transfected DU145 and PC3 cells (control cells). RESULTS HCGβ expression resulted in a change in morphology; the cells were more elongated and had multiple pseudopodia, while the control cells were more rounded. This change in morphology was duplicated by incubating control cells in conditioned medium from the DU145 HCGβ or PC3 HCGβ cells, or by adding purified HCGβ to control medium. The DU145 HCGβ and PC3 HCGβ cells were also less adherent than the controls, as assessed by the ease with which trypsin-EDTA could remove them from culture plates. Reduced adherence could be duplicated by incubation of control cells with either conditioned medium or purified HCGβ. Western blot analysis showed that DU145 HCGβ and PC3 HCGβ cells expressed less E-cadherin than control cells and that a change of medium increased expression of E-cadherin. Addition of conditioned medium, or purified HCGβ, to control cells down-regulated E-cadherin. Cell migration and invasion assays showed that DU145 HCGβ and PC3 HCGβ cells were more migratory and invasive than controls and that treatment of control cells with either conditioned medium or purified HCGβ increased their migratory/invasive capacity. CONCLUSION The data indicate that HCGβ is directly responsible for changes in prostate carcinoma cells associated with an increased metastatic phenotype. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
On the feasibility of high-power radios in sensor networks

Wireless sensor nodes are constrained by limited energy resources. A significant portion of this limited energy is spent in communication, making energy efficiency of the radio a very important factor in increasing the overall lifetime of a sensor node. An ideal radio, in terms of energy efficiency (ignoring issues of transmission range and delay), should satisfy two requirements. First, it should minimize the energy used per bit when transmitting or receiving. Second, its idle time energy consumption should be minimal. Unfortunately, no such "ideal" radio exists. Current sensor radios (e.g., CC2420) meet the second requirement - the energy consumption in the inactive states is very low in comparison to IEEE 802.11 radios, which are comparatively energy-inefficient due to high switching-on cost and idle state energy consumption. On the other hand, IEEE 802.11 radios perform much better when it comes to energy consumption per bit. So the natural question to ask is whether there exists a way to combine the positive features of these two types of radios leading to increased energy conservation. We argue that this objective can indeed be achieved by adding a high-power IEEE 802.11 radio to the mote platform alongside the already existing sensor radio and managing them by an energy-efficient scheme as proposed in this work.
The structure of cones of matrices

Abstract If K is a cone in R n we let Γ( K ) denote the cone in the space M n of n X n matrices consisting of all A such that AK ⊆ K . We show first that Γ( K ) is indecomposable if and only if K is indecomposable. Next we let Γ( K ) ∗ be the dual of Γ( K ). Then we show that Γ(K)=Γ(K) ∗ if and only if K is the image of the nonnegative orthant under an orthogonal transformation.
Differentiation of β-glucocerebrosidase from β-glucosidase in human tissues using sodium taurocholate

Abstract Human tissues contain at least two enzymes capable of releasing glucose from 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- d -glucopyranoside, but only one of these enzymes can hydrolyze glucocerebroside and is deficient in individuals with Gaucher's disease. In the present report, we demonstrate that, in human liver, these two β-glucosidases differ in terms of their subcellular localization, chromatographic behavior on ion-exchange columns, substrate specificity, and sensitivity to inhibition or activation by sodium taurocholate and phospholipids. We also demonstrate that when the relatively nonspecific, artificial β-glucoside substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- d -glucopyranoside, is used under assay conditions optimal for glucocerebroside hydrolysis, it is effective in measuring relative glucocerebroside:β-glucosidase activity and can be used to evaluate an individual's status with respect to Gaucher's disease. These conditions of assay require a pH near neutrality (pH 5.5–6.5) and the presence of the detergent sodium taurocholate. The inclusion of sodium taurocholate in assays using 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- d -glucopyranoside as substrate permits the specific measurement of glucocerebroside:β-glucosidase activity because sodium taurocholate inhibits the nonspecific β-glucosidase not involved in Gaucher's disease and stimulates the relevant β-glucocerebrosidase activity.
Studies toward the synthesis of phomactin A. An approach to the macrocyclic core

An approach to the macrocyclic core of phomactin A is described. Central to this strategy is the use of a cis-fused oxadecalin intermediate, prepared using the dihydropyrone Diels-Alder reaction. The conformational bias inherent to this system is then used to facilitate macrocycle formation via an intramolecular B-alkyl Suzuki coupling.
Low temperature carbon nanotube film transfer via conductive polymer composites

A low temperature process for transferring carbon nanotube (CNT) film from a silicon wafer to a copper surface via conductive polymer composites is proposed. The morphologies and electrical properties of the transferred CNT films were studied. An ohmic contact was formed between a CNT film and a highly conductive polymer composite and the resistance of the as-transferred CNT film was 0.08 Ω, while a semiconductor joint was formed between a CNT film and a high resistivity polymer composite.
Differential diagnosis of cyanotic congenital heart disease

Abstract The differential diagnosis of cyanotic congenital heart disease depends on information regarding the natural history of specific malformations and clinical clues derived from the patient's history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest film. Precise diagnosis is afforded by selective angiocardiography combined with cardiac catheterization measurements. Clinical and diagnostic features of some common malformations that may produce cyanosis are discussed in two groups: group 1, malformations of right-sided valves, and group 2, malformations of great vessel (arterial) origin. Illustrative angiocardiograms are presented of each of the six lesions particularly discussed: tricuspid atresia, Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve, severe pulmonic stenosis with intact ventricular septum, complete transposition of the great vessels, and truncus arteriosus.
The pattern of myelination along the developing rat optic nerve.

Abstract The pattern of myelination along the developing rat optic nerve was analyzed by quantitating the number of myelinating fibers in transverse sections. A general rostro-caudal gradient extends from the eye to the lateral geniculate nucleus but sharp variations exist within this gradient. For example, the number of myelinating fibers in the optic foramen decreases as much as 75% when compared to adjacent intraorbital and intracranial sections.
Influence of Dietary Cation-Anion Balance on Milk, Blood, Urine, and Rumen Fluid in Lactating Dairy Cattle

Twelve lactating Holstein cows were blocked according to age and milk production into groups of three cows and assigned to three 4 x 4 Latin squares in a split-plot design with subtreatments. Treatments on each square were four diets formulated to provide -10, 0, +10, or +20 meq/Na + K) -Cl/100 g diet DM. The four balances were achieved on squares 1, 2, and 3 by manipulating Na, K, and Cl, respectively. Actual milk yield was 8.6% higher on +20 than -10 averaged across the three squares. Blood pH and bicarbonate increased linearly with dietary cation-anion balance. Rumen pH increased linearly with dietary cation-anion balance, but fermentation patterns were largely unaffected. Urine pH increased linearly and quadratically with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Square times balance response differences proved nonsignificant for all parameters except blood bicarbonate and rumen isovalerate, indicating responses could be attributed to the dietary cation-anion balance itself rather than to the effects of a single ion. Regulation of dietary cation-anion balance may become a useful tool for improving the performance of lactating dairy cattle.
Computational approaches to species phylogeny inference and gene tree reconciliation

An intricate relation exists between gene trees and species phylogenies, due to evolutionary processes that act on the genes within and across the branches of the species phylogeny. From an analytical perspective, gene trees serve as character states for inferring accurate species phylogenies, and species phylogenies serve as a backdrop against which gene trees are contrasted for elucidating evolutionary processes and parameters. In a 1997 paper, Maddison discussed this relation, reviewed the signatures left by three major evolutionary processes on the gene trees, and surveyed parsimony and likelihood criteria for utilizing these signatures to elucidate computationally this relation. Here, I review progress that has been made in developing computational methods for analyses under these two criteria, and survey remaining challenges.
A Reliable Dry Ceramic Dual In-Line Package (CERDIP)

The ceramic DIP package utilizing low temperature (~500°C) sealing glasses has been simultaneously widely deployed for packaging IC's and condemned for many high reliability applications because of high, moisture content in the sealed cavity. This paper describes the construction, characteristics, and reliability performance of a volume producible, cost-effective Cerdip which has a sealed moisture content typically less than 500ppmv.
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Phalanx

A 79-year-old man presented with a history of clear cell carcinoma of the right kidney, Fuhrman grade 2, 12 years after nephrectomy, and a history of low-risk prostate adenocarcinoma 11 years after brachytherapy. One year before presentation, the renal cell carcinoma had metastasized to his axial skeleton, and temsirolimus was started. Approximately 1 year later, he presented with a new, painful, lytic lesion in a rare site, his middle phalanx, which was biopsy proven to be clear cell carcinoma.
A summary of guidelines for managing the diabetic foot.

PURPOSETo familiarize the physician and registered professional nurse with an overview of updated guidelines for the prevention and/or management of pressure ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and surgical site infections.TARGET AUDIENCEThis continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nu
Amphibian egg cytoplasm response to altered g-forces and gravity orientation

Elucidation of dorsal/ventral polarity and primary embryonic axis development in amphibian embryos requires an understanding of cytoplasmic rearrangements in fertile eggs at the biophysical, physiological, and biochemical levels. Evidence is presented that amphibian egg cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized. The effects of altered orientation to the gravitational vector (i.e., egg inversion) and alterations in gravity force ranging from hypergravity (centrifugation) to simulated microgravity (i.e., horizontal clinostat rotation) on cytoplasmic compartment rearrangements are reviewed. The behavior of yolk compartments as well as a newly defined (with monoclonal antibody) nonyolk cytoplasmic compartment, in inverted eggs and in eggs rotated on horizontal clinostats at their buoyant density, is discussed.
Space-contracting, space-dilating, and positive admissible clustering algorithms

Abstract G. N. Lance and W. T. Williams (Comput. J. 9, 373–380 (1967)) proposed an infinite parameterized family of agglomerative clustering algorithms. This family is interesting because it contains most common agglomerative algorithms. This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for Lance and Williams' algorithms to be admissible in each of three senses: space-contracting, space-dilating, and positive. The space-contracting and space-dilating properties of agglomerative algorithms were introduced in Lance and Williams, while positive admissibility is new.
Assessment and Treatment of Social Contexts: Towards an Interactional Therapy

This paper presents a description and justification for conducting an interactional therapy. Such a therapy is based on the analysis of and intervention in social contexts. An examination of the recent history of interactional assessment and therapy from social psychological and psychiatric perspectives is presented. The chapter concludes with a description of how personal and therapeutic realities are constructed. Research findings supportive of the systems model are also described.
Thermal management methods for compact high power LED arrays

The package and system level temperature distributions of a high power (>1W) light emitting diode (LED) array has been investigated using numerical heat flow models. For this analysis, a thermal resistor network model was combined with a 3D finite element submodel of an LED structure to predict system and die level temperatures. The impact of LED array density, LED power density, and active versus passive cooling methods on device operation were calculated. In order to help understand the role of various thermal resistances in cooling such compact arrays, the thermal resistance network was analyzed in order to estimate the contributions from materials as well as active and passive cooling schemes. An analysis of thermal stresses and residual stresses in the die are also calculated based on power dissipation and convection heat transfer coefficients. Results show that the thermal stress in the GaN layer are compressive which can impact the band gap and performance of the LEDs.
Fanning the flames: Jews in the Warsaw Press, 1905–1912

Pendant mille ans les Juifs et les Polonais ont partage un territoire commun, tout en gardant leurs cultures, religions, langues et coutumes respectives. Les relations entre les catholiques et les Juifs n'ont jamais ete tres faciles, mais c'est au XIXe siecle qu'elles se sont envenimees pour des raisons politiques, economiques, sociales et ideologiques. Toutefois, la rupture n'est intervenue qu'apres la Revolution de 1905-6. Dans cet article, l'A. revele les causes et la chronologie de cette rupture en examinant la presse de Varsovie pendant la periode allant de 1905 au debut du boycottage antijuif du Royaume de Pologne en 1912.
A theory of the structure of tetrahedrally bonded amorphous solids

Abstract A theory is presented in which the radial distribution function (RDF) of a tetrahedrally bonded solids is taken to be the sum of n-bond neighbor distributions Jn(r). The Jn(r) are calculated, for n = 1–4, using parameters estimated from crystalline studies, and free parameters governing the dihedral angle distribution, ring statistics and bond-angle distortion. The accuracy of the theory is established by comparison with the results of structural models of amorphous Ge. Application of the theory to the structure of amorphous Ge accounts quantitatively for the experimental RDF out to a radius of 6 A. Limits are placed on the dihedral angle distribution, indicating that staggered configurations are more probable than eclipsed configurations. In general, the location of the third peak in the RDF is found to correlate with the fraction of staggered configurations.
Influence of air and material damping on dynamic elastic modulus measurement

In this paper, air and material damping effects on the dynamic elastic modulus measurement of a flexural vibrating beam with free ends are evaluated, according to the Bernoulli-Euler beam equation. The theoretical analysis indicates that the measured elastic modulus is not substantially influenced by material damping. However, the measured modulus decreases with an increasing extent of air damping. In addition to theoretical analysis, experimental results for glass and alumina specimens also show that air damping decreases the measured modulus.
Mondrian, eye movements, and the oblique effect

Observers prefer paintings by Piet Mondrian in their original orientation compared to when rotated – “The Oblique Effect” (Latto et al., 2000). We tested whether eye movements could provide any insight into this aesthetic bias. We presented 8 Mondrian paintings (1921-1944) on a computer monitor in their original and seven rotated positions to 10 observers. These 64 images were randomly presented for 20 sec each while recording eye movement duration and saccade length. During a 5 sec ISI observers used a 1-7 Likert-scale to report how (dis)pleasing they found each image. In 6 cases an original orientation was judged as significantly more pleasing than a rotated image, while a rotated image was preferred in 3 cases. Overall, over the 20 sec trial interval, fixation durations increased linearly, while fixation duration increased more for pleasing than for non-pleasing images. Moreover, saccade distances oscillated over the viewing interval; with the pleasing image fit being more variable (i.e., saccade distance oscillations were larger) than the non-pleasing image fit. Both these findings agree with earlier work by Nodine, Lochear and colleague; and suggest that the more pleasing an abstract painting is, the greater the diversive/specific types of image exploration become (Berlyne, 1971).
The ease of generating chaotic behavior in economics

Abstract Supported by the wealth of models demonstrating chaotic behavior in economics, it becomes appropriate to examine whether this phenomenon is restricted to concocted models or is central to economics. After showing why this behavior is prevalent, aspects of economics causing this behavior are identified. Surprisingly, the basic source of problems from choice theory also generate some of the random motion of economics.
The albedo of Arctic leads in summer

This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The International Glaciological Society and can be found at: http://www.igsoc.org/annals/.
Effect of polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors on alkaloids and organogenesis in tobacco callus cultures.

We studied the effects of inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and spermidine synthase (Spd synthase) on organogenesis and the titers of polyamines (PA) and alkaloids in tobacco calli. DL-α-difluoromethylarginine (DFMA) and D-arginine (D-Arg), both inhibitors of ADC activity, were more effective than DL-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ODC, in reducing titers of PA and the putrescine (Put)-derived alkaloids (nornicotine and nicotine). Dicyclohexylammonium sulfate (DCHA), an inhibitor of Spd synthase, was also more efficient than DFMO in reducing PA and alkaloid levels. Root organogenesis is inversely related to the titers of Put and alkaloids. Thus, DFMA and D-Arg, which strongly inhibit Put and alkaloid biosynthesis, markedly promote root organogenesis, while control callus with high Put and alkaloid content showed poor root organization. These results suggest that morphological differentiation is not required for activation of secondary metabolic pathways and support the view that ADC has a major role in the generation of Put going to the pyrrolidine ring of tobacco alkaloids.
Some conditions for sustained oscillations in chain processes with feedback inhibition and saturable removal

A biochemical chain with feedback inhibition, enzymatic removal and catalyzed input is considered. Some conditions on the parameters are given for which the result is a simple limit cycle behavior or a limit cycle surrounding an unstable limit cycle and a stable point. In the latter case, the system in the steady state can either be at rest or oscillate around the point at rest, depending on the initial conditions.
An Investigation of the Deformation Mechanisms in Sn5% Sb Alloy Using Tensile , Creep and ABI Tests from Ambient to 473K

Tensile, creep, and automated ball indentation (ABI) tests have been conducted to study deformation mechanisms in Sn5%Sb alloy between ambient and 473 K. A power law relationship was obtained between minimum creep rate and applied stress, with stress exponent,n=5 and activation energy,Q=12.6±1.1 kCal/ mole. At 473 K, a transition fromn=5 ton=3 was observed at low stresses. ABI tests showed a power law relationship between strain rate and ultimate tensile stress with values ofn=5 andQ=13.0±1.8 kCal/mole. Tensile results were in broad agreement with the creep and ABI data. A new deformation mechanism is proposed for then=5 region involving viscous glide of dislocations assisted by dislocation core diffusion.
Spatial Sensing in Fibroblasts Mediated by 3′ Phosphoinositides

The directed movement of fibroblasts towards locally released platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a critical event in wound healing. Although recent studies have implicated polarized activation of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase in G protein-mediated chemotaxis, the role of 3′ PI lipids in tyrosine kinase-triggered chemotaxis is not well understood. Using evanescent wave microscopy and green fluorescent protein–tagged Akt pleckstrin homology domain (GFP–AktPH) as a molecular sensor, we show that application of a shallow PDGF gradient triggers a markedly steeper gradient in 3′ PI lipids in the adhesion zone of fibroblasts. Polar GFP–AktPH gradients, as well as a new type of radial gradient, were measured from front to rear and from the periphery to the center of the adhesion zone, respectively. A strong spatial correlation between polarized 3′ PI production and rapid membrane spreading implicates 3′ PI lipids as a direct mediator of polarized migration. Analysis of the temporal changes of 3′ PI gradients in the adhesion zone revealed a fast diffusion coefficient (0.5 μm2/s) and short lifetime of 3′ PIs of <1 min. Together, this study suggests that the tyrosine kinase-coupled directional movement of fibroblasts and their radial membrane activity are controlled by local generation and rapid degradation of 3′ PI second messengers.
A Symbolic Execution Framework for JavaScript

As AJAX applications gain popularity, client-side JavaScript code is becoming increasingly complex. However, few automated vulnerability analysis tools for JavaScript exist. In this paper, we describe the first system for exploring the execution space of JavaScript code using symbolic execution. To handle JavaScript code’s complex use of string operations, we design a new language of string constraints and implement a solver for it. We build an automatic end-to-end tool, Kudzu, and apply it to the problem of finding client-side code injection vulnerabilities. In experiments on 18 live web applications, Kudzu automatically discovers 2 previously unknown vulnerabilities and 9 more that were previously found only with a manually-constructed test suite.
Purposes for Doing Homework Reported by Middle and High School Students

The author examined purposes for doing homework perceived by 920 students in Grades 5-12. Through an exploratory factor analysis, 8 homework purposes were reduced to 2 factor structures: Intrinsic Reasons and Extrinsic Reasons, Both factors related positively to students' use of homework management strategies. However, only Intrinsic Reasons was related to lower frequency of incomplete homework and to higher self-reported grade. Each factor was further subjected to a 2 x 2 x 2 (Grade x Gender x Homework Help) analysis of variance. Older students and students who did not receive homework help were more likely to disagree that they did homework for extrinisc reasons. The effect of homework help on Intrinsic Reasons was apparent among only the boys.
Dynamic instruction reuse

This paper introduces the concept of dynamic instruction reuse. Empirical observations suggest that many instructions, and groups of instructions, having the same inputs, are executed dynamically. Such instructions do not have to be executed repeatedly --- their results can be obtained from a buffer where they were saved previously. This paper presents three hardware schemes for exploiting the phenomenon of dynamic instruction reuse, and evaluates their effectiveness using execution-driven simulation. We find that in some cases over 50% of the instructions can be reused. The speedups so obtained, though less striking than the percentage of instructions reused, are still quite significant.