cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traditional Expectations Versus US Realities: First- and Second-Generation Asian Indian Perspectives on End-of-Life Care

BACKGROUND Although end-of-life care preferences vary across racial/ethnic groups, little is known about how cultural values affect end-of-life care preferences among South Asian immigrants and their offspring in the US.
Invasion of erythrocytes by malaria merozoites

An electro-optical system was developed to record microscope images with high resolution at low light intensities. The system was used to study the invasion of erythrocytes by malaria merozoites. Invasion consists of attachment of the anterior end of the parasite to the erythrocyte, deformation of the erythrocyte, and the entry of the parasite by erythrocyte membrane invagination.
Reaction- and sample-specific inhibition affect standardization of qPCR assays of soil bacterial communities

Abstract Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a popular technique used to quantify target sequences from DNA isolated from soil, but PCR inhibition makes it difficult to estimate gene copy number. Here, we evaluated the extent to which inhibition associated with reaction conditions and sample-specific properties influence the linear range of amplification, and the efficiency and sensitivity of qPCR assays of three bacterial gene targets. We adopted a sample pool approach and exploited the mathematical basis of qPCR to correct for sample-specific effects on amplification. Results revealed that qPCR efficiency and sensitivity were dependent on all conditions tested. In addition, the effect of annealing temperature and SYBR green PCR kit was target-specific, suggesting that the sample pool approach is appropriate for evaluating the quality of new primers. Likewise, the efficiency and sensitivity of qPCR amplification was sample-specific and is likely a result of site and date-specific co-extractants. When relativized against calculations based on plasmid curves alone, reaction-specific and sample-specific inhibition influenced calculations of gene copy number. To account for these differences, we present a brief protocol for soil samples that will facilitate comparison of future datasets.
Effect of Tunnel-Graft Length on the Biomechanics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Knees Intra-articular Study in a Goat Model

Background:In anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using hamstring grafts, the graft can be looped, resulting in an increased graft diameter but reducing graft length within the tunnels.Hypothesis:After 6 and 12 weeks, structural properties and knee kinematics after soft tissue ACL reconstruction with 15 mm within the femoral tunnel will be significantly inferior when compared with the properties of ACL reconstruction with 25 mm in the tunnel.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:In an intra-articular goat model, 36 ACL reconstructions using an Achilles tendon split graft were performed with 15-mm (18 knees) and 25-mm (18 knees) graft length in the femoral tunnel. Animals were sacrificed 6 weeks and 12 weeks after surgery and knee kinematics was tested. In situ forces as well as the structural properties were determined and compared with those in an intact control group. Histologic analyses were performed in 2 animals in each group 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Statistical analysis...
Catalytic Steam Gasification of Biomass for Methanol and Methane Production

The purpose of the project is to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of producing specific gas products via the catalytic gasification of biomass. The results of research conducted from October 1980 to November 1982 are presented. The project was comprised of laboratory studies, process development, and economic analyses. The laboratory studies were conducted to develop operating conditions and catalyst systems for generating methane-rich gas, synthesis gases, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. The process development unit (PDU), previously used for tests at atmospheric pressure, was modified for operation at absolute pressures of up to 10 atm (1000 kPa). A program for use on a microcomputer was written to determine the effect of yield changes at elevated pressures on process economics.
Fertility services for human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: provider policy, practice, and perspectives.

Objective To examine demand for, and access to, fertility services for HIV-positive patients in the United States. Design An electronic survey. Setting The URL for the Web-based survey was e-mailed to those surveyed. Patient(s) The 916 members of the Society of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Main Outcome Measure(s) Policy and practice in evaluation and treatment of HIV-positive and HIV-serodiscordant couples who desire conception, demand for services, and perceived barriers to providing these services. Result(s) The response rate was 22%. Forty percent of respondents reported policies. Fifty-one percent reported requests. Sixty-four percent reported offering treatment to HIV-serodiscordant couples, and 57% reported offering treatment to HIV-positive couples. Treatments most frequently offered to HIV-serodiscordant male-positive couples were reproductive surgery (50%), ovulation induction (46%), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (45%). Twenty-nine percent of those offering treatment test-washed specimens for HIV. Factors limiting care included the following: low volume of requests (45%), concern for child welfare (37%), no laboratory policy (32%), and legal risk (32%). Conclusion(s) Patients who are HIV-positive are seeking fertility services in the United States. The small demand is a major limiting factor to provision of services. There is a lack of global application of current American Society of Reproductive Medicine guidelines. Provider education is needed to ensure that the safest reproductive services are offered to HIV-positive patients. Legal reform is imperative to improve access to reproductive services for the HIV-positive population.
Marijuana use and HIV risk among adolescent offenders: the moderating effect of age.

Abstract Purpose: This study examined gender and age as potential moderators of the association between marijuana use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk among 272 adolescent offenders. Methods Analyses were based on biological and self-report measures of both marijuana use and HIV risk. Results: Results revealed that the association between marijuana use and HIV risk was moderated by age but not gender across both biological and self-report measures. Specifically, marijuana use was associated with a higher occurrence of HIV risk among younger but not older adolescent offenders. Implications: These findings provide meaningful information that can be used to guide future research as well as interventions with adolescent offenders.
Differential involvement of E2A-corepressor interactions in distinct leukemogenic pathways

E2A is a member of the E-protein family of transcription factors. Previous studies have reported context-dependent regulation of E2A-dependent transcription. For example, whereas the E2A portion of the E2A-Pbx1 leukemia fusion protein mediates robust transcriptional activation in t(1;19) acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the transcriptional activity of wild-type E2A is silenced by high levels of corepressors, such as the AML1-ETO fusion protein in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia and ETO-2 in hematopoietic cells. Here, we show that, unlike the HEB E-protein, the activation domain 1 (AD1) of E2A has specifically reduced corepressor interaction due to E2A-specific amino acid changes in the p300/CBP and ETO target motif. Replacing E2A-AD1 with HEB-AD1 abolished the ability of E2A-Pbx1 to activate target genes and to induce cell transformation. On the other hand, the weak E2A-AD1-corepressor interaction imposes a critical importance on another ETO-interacting domain, downstream ETO-interacting sequence (DES), for corepressor-mediated repression. Deletion of DES abrogates silencing of E2A activity by AML1-ETO in t(8;21) leukemia cells or by ETO-2 in normal hematopoietic cells. Our results reveal an E2A-specific mechanism important for its context-dependent activation and repression function, and provide the first evidence for the differential involvement of E2A-corepressor interactions in distinct leukemogenic pathways.
Flow caused by an Air-lubricated Edge moving over Viscoelastic Liquid

REINER1–4 has reported a “centripetal-pump effect” in air and attributed it to second-order stresses, or “cross-stresses”3.
Influence of flosequinan on autonomic tone in congestive heart failure: Implications for the mechanism of the positive chronotropic effect and survival influence of long-term vasodilator administration☆

The vasodilator flosequinan has been shown to be effective in the management of symptoms of congestive heart failure but has been found to influence survival adversely when administered in selected doses. A moderate positive chronotropic response accompanies long-term administration of this agent, which may be associated with an activation of the neurohormonal axis that itself may contribute to the reported increase in mortality. This investigation used the technique of spectral analysis of heart rate variability to examine the autonomic response to long-term flosequinan administration in 39 patients enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of this vasodilator to determine whether autonomic mechanisms account for the observed changes in heart rate. Although heart rate significantly increased in the flosequinan-treated patients, parasympathetic tone increased and sympathetic drive decreased compared with placebo, as reflected by high- and low-frequency heart rate variabilities, respectively. It is concluded that (1) autonomic inputs to the myocardium that would be expected to produce increases in heart rate do not result from long-term flosequinan administration; (2) accordingly, a direct positive chronotropic effect must account for the heart rate changes observed with this vasodilator; and (3) the increased mortality associated with the administration of this agent in the doses examined does not appear to result from reflex changes in autonomic tone and must result from other properties of this vasodilator.
Imaging performance of crystalline and polycrystalline oxides

Knowledge of the scatter characteristics of candidate infrared sensor dome materials is necessary for the evaluation of image quality and susceptibility to bright off-axis sources. For polycrystalline materials in particular, the scattering levels are high enough to warrant concern. To evaluate the effects of scatter on image quality, estimates of the window Point Spread Function (PSF), or its transform, the Optical Transfer Function (OTF) are required. Additionally, estimates of the material scatter cross-section per unit volume are essential for determining flare susceptibility. Experimental procedures and models in use at JHU/APL allow the determination of each. Measurement results are provided for samples of A1203 (ordinary ray), Y203, LaO3-doped Y203, MgAL2O4, and ALON. Applications of these results are illustrated for planar windows having arbitrary orientations with respect to the optical axis.
Sonographic assessment of an inaccessible chemotherapy infusion port.

A 46-year-old woman with stage III ovarian carcinoma underwent surgical placement of an intrapentoneal chemotherapy infusion catheter (BardPort; Bard, Salt Lake City, UT) using two sutures to secure the port. Six days later, at the scheduled time of her initial chemotherapy treatment, the port was easily palpated but could not be successfully accessed despite multiple attempts. A supine abdominal radiograph (Fig. 1A) suggested that placement and orientation were appropriate. Percutaneous access again was attempted, and 10 ml of sodium meglumine diatrizoate (Renografin-60; Bracco Diagnostics, Princeton, NJ) was injected through the access needle. A second abdominal radiograph (Fig. lB) showed all injected contrast material to be subcutaneous. The patient was referred for port access under sonographic guidance. Sonography was performed with a 10-MHz linear transducer (Aspen; Acuson, Mountain View, CA). Images obtained over the port (Fig. lC) revealed a smooth shadowing shelf with multiple posterior echogenic parallel lines representing a reverberation artifact and indicating that the imaged surface was a flat base plate rather than the conical shape expected to extend posteriorly from the injection dome (Fig. I D). These observations suggested that the port had rotated 180#{176}, with the injection dome directed away from the skin surface. At operative port revision 5 days later, the sutures were intact but the port had rotated 180#{176}, corroborating the sonographic findings. The port was appropriately repositioned without complication. The patient subsequently received intraperitoneal chemotherapy without further access difficulties or additional sonography. After completion of her course of chemotherapy, the port and catheter were removed.
Human Trafficking: Fighting the Illicit Economy with the Legitimate Economy

Since the beginning of research on human trafficking, there has been attention paid to the challenges surrounding the illicit economy. In creating new strategies and initiatives on combatting human trafficking, there needs to be more discussion surrounding the legitimate economy and how the business sector can make an impact in the fight against trafficking. Currently, there is a growing movement of businesses that are looking to address human trafficking through training, education, and leadership initiatives; codes of conduct; supply chain management; and financial analysis. This paper will examine the latest in these strategies and approaches by businesses in the global war against human trafficking, in addition to a discussion of a new initiative engaging the private sector co-led by Dr. Louise Shelley and Christina Bain through the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council Network.
Change and Mystery: The Grist of How's and Why's in Inquiry Indicator Chemistry

In this activity, students mix mystery chemicals in a freezer bag to produce reactions that are unexpected. As a result, one chemical seems to disappear, the bag expands, and then the bag turns hot and cold. Participants then ask questions and design their own activities to answer their self-generated questions. The research cycle continues until all of the questions have been answered. The initial and follow-up investigations generate more questions than students can answer. As students investigate, they are assigned to work in teams and write research reports.
Field performance of full depth precast concrete panels in bridge deck reconstruction

There have been many applications of full depth precast and precast, prestressed concrete deck panels for bridge rehabilitation in North America. This paper presents the findings obtained through an investigation conducted in the United States to evaluate the field performance of bridge deck panels. The states included in the investigation were Illinois, Connecticut, Virginia, Maryland, lowa, California, New York, Alaska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D. C. The investigation mainly consisted of a visual inspection of bridges selected through an earlier phase of the overall study. The inspection process entailed a general visual search for any problems associated with the joints between adjacent precast concrete panels as well as the connection between the deck and supporting system and the condition of the overlay system. The investigation also included discussions with state engineers regarding the design, construction, and performance of the precast concrete panels. This paper is part of an investigation carried out for an Illinois Department of Transporlation rehabilitation program
Irwin׳s conjecture: Crack shape adaptability in transversely isotropic solids

Abstract The planar crack propagation problem of a flat elliptical crack embedded in a brittle elastic anisotropic solid is investigated. We introduce the concept of crack shape adaptability: the ability of three-dimensional planar cracks to shape with the mechanical properties of a cracked body. A criterion based on the principle of maximum dissipation is suggested in order to determine the most stable elliptical shape. This criterion is applied to the specific case of vertical cracks in transversely isotropic solids. It is shown that contrary to the isotropic case, the circular shape (i.e. penny-shaped cracks) is not the most stable one. Upon propagation, the crack first grows non-self-similarly before it reaches a stable shape. This stable shape can be approximated by an ellipse of an aspect ratio that varies with the degree of elastic anisotropy. By way of example, we apply the so-derived crack shape adaptability criterion to shale materials. For this class of materials it is shown that once the stable shape is reached, the crack propagates at a higher rate in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. We also comment on the possible implications of these findings for hydraulic fracturing operations.
US Outbreak Investigations Highlight the Need for Safe Injection Practices and Basic Infection Control

Current understanding of viral hepatitis transmission in United States health care settings indicates progress over the past several decades with respect to the risks from transfusions or blood products. Likewise, risks to health care providers from sharps injuries and other blood and body fluid exposures have been reduced as a consequence of widespread hepatitis B vaccination and the adoption of safer work practices. Increasing recognition of outbreaks involving patient-to-patient spread of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections, however, has uncovered a disturbing trend. This article highlights the importance of basic infection control and the need for increased awareness of safe injection practices.
Nitrogen Content in Riparian Arthropods is Most Dependent on Allometry and Order

I investigated the contributions of body mass, order, family, and trophic level to nitrogen (N) content in riparian spiders and insects collected near the Colorado River in western Arizona. Most variation (97.2%) in N mass among arthropods was associated with the allometric effects of body mass. Nitrogen mass increased exponentially as body dry-mass increased. Significant variation (20.7%) in N mass adjusted for body mass was explained by arthropod order. Adjusted N mass was highest in Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, and Odonata and lowest in Coleoptera. Classifying arthropods by family compared with order did not explain significantly more variation (22.1%) in N content. Herbivore, predator, and detritivore trophic-levels across orders explained little variation (4.3%) in N mass adjusted for body mass. Within orders, N content differed only among trophic levels of Diptera. Adjusted N mass was highest in predaceous flies, intermediate in detritivorous flies, and lowest in phytophagous flies. Nitrogen content in riparian spiders and insects is most dependent on allometry and order and least dependent on trophic level. I suggest the effects of allometry and order are due to exoskeleton thickness and composition. Foraging by vertebrate predators, such as insectivorous birds, may be affected by variation in N content among riparian arthropods.
Semper Fidelis — Consumer Protection for Patients with Implanted Medical Devices

In October, after 38 months on the U.S. market and 268,000 implantations worldwide, the Medtronic Sprint Fidelis was voluntarily recalled because of its propensity to fracture. Dr. William Maisel writes that the controversy highlights the shortcomings of the regulatory system for medical devices and underscores the urgent need for legislation that will ensure adequate protection for patients.
Enhancing effects of estrogen on inhibitory avoidance performance may be in part independent of intracellular estrogen receptors in the hippocampus

Estradiol (E(2)) can have classical actions via intracellular estrogen receptors (ERs) in the dorsal hippocampus, as well as effects independent of ERs ('non-genomic' mechanisms). These experiments investigated whether E(2)'s cognitive enhancing effects in the inhibitory avoidance task require actions at ERs in the dorsal hippocampus. Ovariectomized (ovx) rats were administered E(2) (s.c. or to the dorsal hippocampus), an E(2) conjugate (E(2):BSA), or vehicle and/or an ER antagonist, tamoxifen (10 mg/kg s.c.) or ICI 182,780 (10 microg intrahippocampally), or vehicle for 2 days prior to training (Day 3) and testing (Day 4) in the inhibitory avoidance task. Exp 1: crossover latencies in the inhibitory avoidance task were significantly increased in ovx rats with s.c. E(2) silastic capsules or s.c. injections of 1000 or 10 microg E(2) compared to vehicle-administered rats. Exp 2: bilateral inserts of E(2) to the dorsal hippocampus significantly increased crossover latencies compared to vehicle. Exp 3: s.c. tamoxifen, the ER antagonist, did not block the increased crossover latencies produced by 10 microg E(2) s.c. (compared to vehicle). Exp 4: s.c. tamoxifen did not block the increased crossover latencies produced by intrahippocampal E(2) (compared to vehicle). Exp 5: ICI 182,780 was unable to attenuate the increased crossover latencies produced by intrahippocampal E(2). Exp 6: E(2):BSA administered to the dorsal hippocampus significantly enhanced performance on the inhibitory avoidance task compared to control implants to the hippocampus. The ability of systemic and intrahippocampal E(2) to similarly enhance inhibitory avoidance performance suggests that actions of E(2) in the dorsal hippocampus are sufficient to enhance cognitive performance. Further, that neither tamoxifen nor ICI 182,780 blocked E(2)'s enhancing effects on inhibitory avoidance and that E(2):BSA was able to enhance performance suggest that non-genomic mechanisms may in part mediate E(2)'s cognitive enhancing performance in this task.
Molecular biology of human xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochromes P450: role of vaccinia virus cDNA expression in evaluating catalytic function

Mammalian xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochromes P450s are membrane-bound enzymes that use O2 and electrons from NADPH to oxidize their substrates. For most chemical substrates, stable metabolites are produced that are destined for further metabolism and elimination from the cell. These enzymes are also capable of metabolically-converting promutagens and procarcinogens to their active proximate metabolites that can kill and transform cells. The xenobiotic-metabolizing P450s reside with three distinct families of the large P450 super-family. To study the catalytic activities of P450s, particularly human P450s that cannot be easily purified, a cDNA expression system was developed using vaccinia virus. P450 cDNAs incorporated into this lytic virus are efficiently expressed into catalytically-active enzymes that can be used to determine substrate specificities of specific human P450s forms. Activation of the hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 was determined using a series of vaccinia virus-expressed P450s establishing that it is metabolically-activated to a DnA-binding derivative by several human P450 forms, albeit to differing extents.
Structure and interaction of inhibitors with the TEA/H+ exchanger of rabbit renal brush border membranes

The renal secretion of organic cations (OCs) involves a carrier-mediated exchange of OC for H+ in the luminal membrane of proximal cells. To assess the influence of chemical structure on the interaction of potential substrates with this process we examined the effect of a series of quaternary ammonium compounds on the transport of the OC tetraethylammonium (TEA) in a preparation of isolated renal brush-border membrane vesicles. Apparent inhibitory potency varied over a factor of 104, as expressed in inhibitor coefficients (KiTEA) whose approximate values ranged from 0.5 μM to 5 mM. The poorest inhibitors of TEA/H+ exchange were those molecules with carboxyl or hydroxyl residues, whereas the addition of methylene groups to a parent molecule tended to increase inhibitory potency. A plot of apparent KiTEA versus calculated octanol:water partition coefficient (expressed in terms of a relative lipophilicity factor) showed a clear correlation between these two parameters, although there was considerable variability between apparent lipophilicity and KiTEA for molecules with very different parent structures. For select groups of molecules with similar parent structures (e.g., the n-tetraalkylammoniums or the 4-phenylpyridinium, 3-phenylpyridinium, and quinolinium compounds) the correlation between calculated lipophilicity and apparent KiTEA was more marked. However, even within these groups of closely related parent structures, there appeared to be subtle, but systematic, variations in inhibitory potency that may have been related to the influence of steric factors on the binding of inhibitors to the TEA/H+ exchanger. We conclude that the lipophilic nature of a quaternary ammonium compound represents the predominant factor in the binding to, and subsequent inhibition of, luminal TEA/H+ exchange. Specific steric factors may influence the binding of substrate to the exchanger, but play a secondary role in this interaction.
Is evans' longitudinal ghost field B (3) unknowable?

M.W. Evans has hypothesized every photon to have a longitudinal "ghost" magnetic field and commented extensively on this field, most recently in this journal. It is pointed out that Evans' field—being time-independent and spatially uniform—is unknowable, and thus lies outside the pale of physics.
Seasonal Leaf Area-Leaf Weight Relationships in the Cotton Canopy

Specific leaf area (SLA), the ratio of leaf area to leaf dry weight, is used in crop simulation models to estimate total leaf area or dry weight. This experiment was designed to study changes in SLA in various parts of a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) canopy throughout the growing season. The main stem of the cotton plant was divided into five-node segments. Leaf area and leaf dry weight were measured for each segment throughout the growing season
A novel digital tomosynthesis (DTS) reconstruction method using a deformation field map

We developed a novel digital tomosynthesis (DTS) reconstruction method using a deformation field map to optimally estimate volumetric information in DTS images. The deformation field map is solved by using prior information, a deformation model, and new projection data. Patients’ previous cone-beam CT (CBCT) or planning CT data are used as the prior information, and the new patient volume to be reconstructed is considered as a deformation of the prior patient volume. The deformation field is solved by minimizing bending energy and maintaining new projection data fidelity using a nonlinear conjugate gradient method. The new patient DTS volume is then obtained by deforming the prior patient CBCT or CT volume according to the solution to the deformation field. This method is novel because it is the first method to combine deformable registration with limited angle image reconstruction. The method was tested in 2D cases using simulated projections of a Shepp–Logan phantom, liver, and head-and-neck patient data. The accuracy of the reconstruction was evaluated by comparing both organ volume and pixel value differences between DTS and CBCT images. In the Shepp–Logan phantom study, the reconstructed pixel signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for the 60° DTS image reached 34.3 dB. In the liver patient study, the relative error of the liver volume reconstructed using 60° projections was 3.4%. The reconstructed PSNR for the 60° DTS image reached 23.5 dB. In the head-and-neck patient study, the new method using 60° projections was able to reconstruct the 8.1° rotation of the bony structure with 0.0° error. The reconstructed PSNR for the 60° DTS image reached 24.2 dB. In summary, the new reconstruction method can optimally estimate the volumetric information in DTS images using 60° projections. Preliminary validation of the algorithm showed that it is both technically and clinically feasible for image guidance in radiation therapy.
Implementation and validation of atmospheric compensation algorithms for Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) pipeline processing

The Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) is a satellite system developed by the DoE. It has 10 spectral bands in the reflectance domain and 5 in the thermal IR. It is pointable and, at nadir, provides 5m IFOV in four visible and short near IR bands and 20m IFOV at longer wavelengths. Several of the bands in the reflectance domain were designed to enable quantitative compensation for aerosol effects and water vapor (daytime). These include 3 bands in and adjacent to the 940nm water vapor feature, a band at 1380nm for cirrus cloud detection and a SWIR band with small atmospheric effects. The concepts and development of these techniques have been described in detail at previous SPIE conferences and in journals. This paper describes the adaptation of these algorithms to the MTI automated processing pipeline (standardized level 2 products) for retrieval of aerosol optical depth (and subsequent compensation of reflectance bands for calibration to reflectance) and the atmospheric water vapor content (thermal IR compensation). Input data sources and flow are described. Validation results are presented. Pre-launch validation was performed using images from the NASA AVIRIS hyperspectral imaging sensor flown in the stratosphere on NASA ER-2 aircraft compared to ground based sun photometer and radiosonde measurements from different sources. These data sets span a range of environmental conditions.
Users and citation management tools: use and support

Purpose – As the number of citation management tools including Refworks and EndNote increased in recent years, academic libraries struggle to remain on top of new developments and support all of the tools used by their users. This paper seeks to address these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A librarian at the University of Illinois surveyed graduate students and faculty about which tools they use, reasons for tool adoption, features that influence adoption, and support they expect from their library. Findings – The results highlight that many users still use older tools including EndNote and RefWorks, but do have interests for and reasons to use new tools including Zotero and Mendeley and may not need as much library support as librarians believe. Originality/value – This is the first research paper on citation management use and can influence what products libraries use and the support they offer.
Change in college students' attitude toward child-bearing from 1971 to 1973.

Summary: Two samples of college students, one obtained in 1971 and one in 1973, were asked to draw a picture of a happily married couple. Some subjects were asked to draw the couple after two years of marriage and some after five years of marriage. The pictures were scored for the presence or absence of children as an estimate of the attitude that children are necessary for a happy marriage. A large decrease in the "presence of children" from the 1971 to 1973 sample was interpreted as indicating that fewer college students now accept the notion that children are necessary for marital happiness.
Life history strategies and sex ratios for a cultivar and a wild population of Buchloe dactyloides (Gramineae)

Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. is a perennial, sod-forming shortgrass of the grasslands of central North America from Montana to northern Mexico. The objectives of this research were to compare a cultivar (Sharps Improved) and a wild population from the Oklahoma panhandle, both in the field and in the greenhouse over several growing seasons, in regard to life-history strategies, sex ratios, and constancy of sex expression. Sex ratios of offspring from individual burs (usually 1-5 seeds per bur) and for all surviving plants germinated from seeds in the greenhouse were markedly different for the two populations. The wild population exhibited a 1:1 male/female ratio with no monoecious plants and complete stability in sex expression over 3 yr of study in the greenhouse. In contrast, 13% of the cultivar plants were monoecious, and its unisexual plants showed a female bias. Burs of the two populations, in flats exposed to three separated month-long periods of favorable moisture with intervening "drought" periods, showed differential germinability of seeds within burs. The cultivar had less dormancy and produced a greater number of seedlings in the first and second periods; wild burs significantly exceeded cultivar burs in the number of seedlings during the third period and in the number of burs giving rise to seedlings in all three periods. Field and greenhouse measurements of vegetative (VRE) and sexual reproductive effort (SRE) per plant indicated that SRE was minimal (ca. 2% of aboveground biomass) in relation to asexual ramet propagation by rapidly growing stolons (VRE = ca. 80%). Mean SRE and VRE were not only similar for the populations, but also for the males and females within a population, although the values for individual plants were highly variable. It is concluded that Buchloe dactyloides is largely dioecious, with at least
What men and women value at work: implications for workplace health.

Abstract Background: Current research suggests that workplace culture can influence health outcomes. Objective: This study was conducted to determine what men and women value at work, how each defines a healthy workplace, and what work factors best predict their health outcomes and stress. Methods: A national study was conducted by LLuminari, Inc., a health education company, via a Harris Interactive Inc. online panel that screened for US participants who were employed full-time in organizations with >1000 employees. The online questionnaire used stimulus words/phrases to which respondents verbally free-associated. Each verbatim response was given a weighted score based on the order in which it was written, then thermatically clustered with similar responses to form categories for each stimulus item. Results: A total of 1123 individuals participated in the study (608 males, 515 females). Results indicated that men and women value the same aspects of work but ranked them differently. Men valued pay, money, and benefits, as well as power, authority, and status significantly more than women did (P Conclusions: Knowing and managing gender differences may help to effectively motivate employees, increase productivity, foster loyalty, and improve physical and mental well-being.
A practical guide to the management of hypertension in renal transplant recipients.

Hypertension as well as hypotension can be harmful to a newly transplanted renal allograft. Elevated blood pressure is also a major risk factor for cardiovascular death, which is a frequent occurrence despite successful renal transplantation. Renal artery stenosis, immunosuppressive drugs, chronic rejection, retained native kidneys, and excessive extracellular fluid volume may all contribute to post-transplant hypertension. Antihypertensive agents are widely used in the management of post-transplant hypertension. Careful clinical judgement and knowledge of the pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reaction profiles, potential contraindications, and drug-drug interactions of anti-hypertensive agents are important when therapy with antihypertensive drugs is initiated in renal transplant recipients. Since blood pressure elevation in any individual is determined by a large number of hormonal and neuronal systems, the effect of antihypertensive agents on the allograft should be considered a critical factor in the management of hypertension in renal transplant recipients. Most renal transplant recipients have other risk factors for premature cardiovascular death such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, obesity, left ventricular hypertrophy and ischaemic heart disease. Initial antihypertensive therapy should be tailored individually according to the patient’s risk factors. A realistic therapeutic goal for blood pressure management in the initial postoperative state is a systolic blood pressure <160mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure <90mm Hg with lower pressure targets becoming applicable late post-transplantation.
Basalt vesicularity as a measure of atmospheric pressure and palaeoelevation

THE pressure in, and thus the size of, a bubble in a lava flow is determined by the atmospheric pressure and the hydrostatic pressure of the overlying lava. If atmospheric sea-level pressure is known (or assumed), vesicle size distributions in basalt flows can thus be used as an indicator of the palaeoelevation of emplacement1. Here we show by analysis of the vesicle size distribution of basalt samples collected from the summit and base of Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii that the technique provides estimates of ambient pressure that are accurate to within 0.1 bar, and thus estimates of elevation with a resolution of about 1,400m. This palaeoaltimetric technique should find useful application in palaeogeographical reconstruction2 for times when sea-level pressure was similar to the present value. (Conversely, if the elevation of emplacement is known, our technique should be able to provide a measure of sea-level palaeopressure.) Unlike palaeo-botanical methods for estimating elevations3–6, this method does not have to assume a relationship between temperature and altitude; on the other hand, its use is restricted to lava flows that have had a simple emplacement history.
Analysis of interpretations of full-mouth and panoramic surveys

Abstract The purposes of this study were to determine differences in interpretation of radiographic findings of full-mouth and panoramic surveys by junior and senior dental students and differences in their interpretive skills. The parameters of interest were caries, incipiencies, lamina dura interruptions, periodontal membrane changes, and periapical bone changes. The questions to be answered regarding the differences between the full-mouth and panoramic surveys were: (1) In which type of radiograph were the most lesions found? (2) In which type of radiograph are the most “nonexisting” lesions found? (3) In which type of radiograph are the most lesions undetected? (4) Does the junior or senior dental student demonstrate the most accuracy in his interpretation?
Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida

High-resolution side-scan mosaics, sediment analyses, and physical process data have revealed that the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic, inner shelf of west-central Florida supports a highly complex field of active sand ridges mantled by a hierarchy of bedforms. The sand ridges, mostly oriented obliquely to the shoreline trend, extend from 2 km to over 25 km offshore. They show many similarities to their well-known counterparts situated along the US Atlantic margin in that both increase in relief with increasing water depth, both are oriented obliquely to the coast, and both respond to modern shelf dynamics. There are significant differences in that the sand ridges on the west-central Florida shelf are smaller in all dimensions, have a relatively high carbonate content, and are separated by exposed rock surfaces. They are also shoreface-detached and are sediment-starved, thus stunting their development. Morphological details are highly distinctive and apparent in side-scan imagery due to the high acoustic contrast. The seafloor is active and not a relict system as indicated by: (1) relatively young AMS 14C dates (<1600 yr BP) from forams in the shallow subsurface (1.6 meters below seafloor), (2) apparent shifts in sharply distinctive grayscale boundaries seen in time-series side-scan mosaics, (3) maintenance of these sharp acoustic boundaries and development of small bedforms in an area of constant and extensive bioturbation, (4) sediment textural asymmetry indicative of selective transport across bedform topography, (5) morphological asymmetry of sand ridges and 2D dunes, and (6) current-meter data indicating that the critical threshold velocity for sediment transport is frequently exceeded. Although larger sand ridges are found along other portions of the west-central Florida inner shelf, these smaller sand ridges are best developed seaward of a major coastal headland, suggesting some genetic relationship. The headland may focus and accelerate the N–S reversing currents. An elevated rock terrace extending from the headland supports these ridges in a shallower water environment than the surrounding shelf, allowing them to be more easily influenced by currents and surface gravity waves. Tidal currents, storm-generated flows, and seasonally developed flows are shore-parallel and oriented obliquely to the NW–SE trending ridges, indicating that they have developed as described by the Huthnance model. Although inner shelf sand ridges have been extensively examined elsewhere, this study is the first to describe them in a low-energy, sediment-starved, dominantly mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary environment situated on a former limestone platform.
The Diurnal Cycle of Land–Atmosphere Interactions across Oklahoma’s Winter Wheat Belt

Abstract This manuscript documents the impact of Oklahoma’s winter wheat belt (WWB) on the near-surface atmosphere by comparing the diurnal cycle of meteorological conditions within the WWB relative to conditions in adjacent counties before and after the wheat harvest. To isolate the impact of the winter wheat belt on the atmosphere, data from several meteorological parameters were averaged to create a diurnal cycle before and after the wheat harvest. Observations from 17 Oklahoma Mesonet sites within the WWB (during a period of 9 yr) were compared with observations from 22 Mesonet sites in adjacent counties outside the winter wheat belt. The average diurnal cycles of dewpoint, temperature, and surface pressure exhibited patterns that revealed a distinct mesoscale impact of the wheat fields. The diurnal patterns were consistent with the status of the wheat crop and the grassland in adjacent counties. The impact of the WWB was shown to be more significant during a month when soil moisture was abundant, and...
Cloning and Functional Expression of a Voltage-gated Calcium Channel α1 Subunit from Jellyfish

Abstract Voltage-gated Ca2+channels in vertebrates comprise at least seven molecular subtypes, each of which produces a current with distinct kinetics and pharmacology. Although several invertebrate Ca2+ channel α1 subunits have also been cloned, their functional characteristics remain unclear, as heterologous expression of a full-length invertebrate channel has not previously been reported. We have cloned a cDNA encoding the α1 subunit of a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel from the scyphozoan jellyfishCyanea capillata, one of the earliest existing organisms to possess neural and muscle tissue. The deduced amino acid sequence of this subunit, named CyCaα1, is more similar to vertebrateL-type channels (α1S, α1C, and α1D) than to non-L-type channels (α1A, α1B, and α1E) or low voltage-activated channels (α1G). Expression of CyCaα1 in Xenopus oocytes produces a high voltage-activated Ca2+ current that, unlike vertebrateL-type currents, is only weakly sensitive to 1,4-dihydropyridine or phenylalkylamine Ca2+ channel blockers and is not potentiated by the agonist S(−)-BayK 8644. In addition, the channel is less permeable to Ba2+than to Ca2+ and is more permeable to Sr2+. CyCaα1 thus represents an ancestral L-type α1 subunit with significant functional differences from mammalian L-type channels.
Monitoring Sintering / Densification and Crystallization / Grain-Growth in Tl-Based High Temperature Superconductors by Electrical Conductivity Measurements

An "in situ" electrical resistance method has been used to monitor sintering to best achieve a high percentage of Tl-2223 structure. By this means, the sequential formation of syntactic intergrowths, 2201, 2212 and 2223 structures, was followed as a function of temperature, time, seeding and gaseous atmosphere. At 895°C, slight melting assists the formation of ~95% pure 2223; the presence of carbonate is probably deleterious.
Development of 19F NMR for measurement of [Ca2+]i and [Pb2+]i in cultured osteoblastic bone cells.

Lead (Pb) has been shown to perturb cellular calcium (Ca) homeostasis, altering sizes and flux rates of cellular pools of exchangeable Ca and impairing Ca-mediated cell processes. To date, however,...
Application of Multi-port Power Electronic Interface: Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Platform

Mass integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will lead to transmission line congestion, transformer overload, necessary power plant construction, and power quality problems on the electric grid. In this work, Multi-port Power Electronics Interface (MPEI) is proposed as a solution. It is shown that MPEI, especially coupled with some distributed generation source(s), can perform the required functions to eliminate the harsh effects of mass EV market penetration. An MPEI is built to perform these functions in conjunction with a fleet of electrified golf carts. The reduction in CO2 emissions, reduction in cost of energy, reduced impact to the electric grid, and battery management systems will be discussed in the context of this application and as a solution to EV integration.
Habitat effects on American lobster (Homarus americanus) movement and density: insights from georeferenced trap arrays, seabed mapping, and tagging

Understanding the influence of heterogeneous marine landscapes on the movements of benthic megafauna is often hampered by limited spatial resolution and insufficient sample size. Here, we combined the benefits of seabed mapping, georeferenced trap arrays, and conventional tagging methods to quantify the effect of substrate on movements of the American lobster (Homarus americanus). In total, 21 848 lobsters were tagged, and movements were tracked among spatially referenced research and commercial traps. We found that lobster densities from diver surveys were highest on rocky habitat, but catch rates in traps were highest on unstructured sediment, resulting in traps on level bottom having a larger effective fishing area than traps on structurally complex habitat. Moreover, tag returns indicated that lobsters initially caught and released on sediment moved farther and faster than those initially caught in traps on rocky substrate. These observations are consistent with previous reports of the existence of a ...