cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cold + Hot and Cold Dark Matter Cosmologies: Analysis of Numerical Simulations

We present a series of four simulations of cold dark matter (CDM) and cold + hot dark matter (CHDM) cosmologies, which we analyze together in this and subsequent papers. These dissipationless simulations were done using the particle mesh method with a 5123 mesh, corresponding to a resolution of approximately 200 kpc for an assumed Hubble parameter of H0 = 50 km s-1 Mpc-1, and with approximately 17 × 106 cold and (for CHDM) an additional 34 × 106 hot particles. In this paper we discuss the power spectrum and correlation functions in real and redshift space, with comparisons to the CfA2 and IRAS redshift data, the pairwise velocity of galaxies in real space, and the distribution of hot and cold particles in CHDM simulations. We confirm that CHDM with cold/hot/baryon density ratios Ωc/Ων/Ωb = 0.6/0.3/0.1 is a good fit to a wide variety of present-epoch data, much better than CDM. In particular, with reasonable assumptions about identification of galaxies and biasing, we find that the power spectrum from our CHDM simulations agrees rather well with both the CfA2 and IRAS power spectra in both the nonlinear and linear regimes. New variants of the CHDM scenario (e.g., with 20% of the mass in hot particles or with two massive neutrinos) predict a significantly larger rate of formation of galaxies at high redshift, which may be needed to explain some observational data. At the same time, the difference between the variants is rather small at z = 0. The results presented in this paper are interesting for two purposes: (i) For a rough comparison with other classes of models (like CDM or models with cosmological constant ΛCDM) at z = 0—indeed, we have used the simulations described here as a test bed for developing a number of new statistics for quantifying large-scale structure and comparing it to observations; (ii) As a reference point for comparison between different variants of the CHDM model. In addition, we explain here how we modify the usual Zeldovich approximation used to set up the initial conditions for both cold and hot particles in our simulations, taking into account that the growth rates of both kinds of fluctuations are different from the usual CDM case. We have also added an Appendix on issues of resolution in particle mesh simulations.
Synthetic approaches to new doubly modified nucleosides: Congeners of cordycepin and related 2′-deoxyadenosine

Abstract The syntheses of novel analogues of cordycepin (compounds 20-25) and 2′-deoxyadenosine (compounds 11, 13–15, 18, 19) are reported. In order to obtain entry into both the 3′-deoxy and 2′-deoxy isomeric series from a common starting compound, 2-amino-6-chloropurine ribonucleoside, this precursor was protected by conversion to a mixture of 2′, 5′- and 3′,5′- bis -silyl compounds prior to modifications at the 2′- or 3′- positions of the carbohydrate moiety and the 2-position of the base component. Observation of silyl group isomerization is discussed. The other key transtormations in the syntheses were radical deoxygenations (carbohydrate moiety), radical iodinations (tailoring of base for modification), and metal-mediated functionalization reactions (regio-specitic modifications of base component). Structures of the final target molecules and their purities were established by UV, high-field 1 H and 13 C NMR, and FAB HBMS data. The synthetic approaches presented have generality and provide entry into a variety of doubly modified nucleosides.
The relation between earnings management and financial statement fraud

Abstract This paper provides new evidence on the characteristics of firms that commit financial statement fraud. We examine how previous earnings management impacts the likelihood that a firm will commit financial statement fraud and in doing so develop three new fraud predictors. Using a sample of 54 fraud and 54 non-fraud firms, we find that fraud firms are more likely to have managed earnings in prior years and that earnings management in prior years is associated with a higher likelihood that firms that meet or beat analyst forecasts or that inflate revenue are committing fraud. We further find that fraud firms are more likely to meet or beat analyst forecasts and inflate revenue than non-fraud firms are even when there is no evidence of prior earnings management. This paper contributes to the fraud detection literature and the earnings management literature, and can help practitioners and regulators develop better fraud detection models.
An enantioselective synthesis of (6R)-lactacystin

Abstract The first enantiospecific, stereocontrolled total synthesis of (6R)-lactacystin, a potential neurotrophic agent, is described.
Reaction of 5-acetyl-10,11-didehydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine with pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole, imidazole and N-methylimidazole : cycloaddition versus Michael addition

Reaction of 5-acetyl-10-bromo-5H-dibenz[b, f]azepine 1 with potassium t-butoxide results in the reactive intermediate 5-acetyl-10,11-didehydro-5H-dibenz[b, f]azepine (2). The intermediate 2 reacts with N-methylpyrrole to give a mixture of the Michael addition adduct 10-(2-N-methylpyrrolyl)-5H-dibenz[b, f]azepine (9) and the Diels-Alder/retro Diels Alder adduct 8H-(N-methylpyrrolo[3,4-d]dibenz[b, f]azepine (8a). Reaction of 2 with pyrrole gives a mixture of two Michael addition adducts 10-(1-pyrrolyl)-5H-dibenz[b, f]azepine (16) and 10-(2-pyrrolyl)-5H-dibenz[b, f]azepine (18). Reaction of 2 with imidazole results in the Michael addition adduct 10-(1-imidazolyl)-5H-dibenz[b, f]azepine (21).
Results on identified charged hadrons from the PHENIX experiment at RHIC

Abstract Recent results on identified hadrons from the PHENIX experiment in Au+Au collisions at mid-rapidity at √ s NN = 200 GeV are presented. The centrality dependence of transverse momentum distributions and particle ratios for identified charged hadrons are studied.
Participation and pay

A distinction is made between the technical details of pay plans and the decision process that is used in developing and administering them. Data are presented which show that pay plans which are identical in technical details can produce quite different results in terms of motivation and satisfaction. It appears that when employees are active participants in the development and administration of pay plans, plans are more likely to be successful. Several studies are cited which support this point and it is argued that the reasons for this include the fact that participation increases employee trust of a pay plan. Finally, it is pointed out that pay can serve as a change agent in organization development efforts if the efforts begin with and involve employees participating in pay decisions.
An endogenous sleep-inducing compound is a novel competitive inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase

Abstract 2-Octyl γ-bromoacetoacetate (OγBr), an endogenous compound originally isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), has previously been demonstrated to increase REM sleep duration in cats. Based on the chemical structure of OγBr and its reported sleep-inducing effects, we synthesized OγBr along with chemically related analogs and tested these compounds as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a brain enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty acid amides. OγBr was found to competitively inhibit FAAH activity with IC 50 and K i values of 2.6 μM and 0.8 μM, respectively [for the ( R )-enantiomer of OγBr ( 1 )]. A set of synthetic analogs of OγBr was examined to define the structural features required for FAAH inhibition and inhibitor potencies were assessed at pH 9.0 (near the pH optimum of FAAH) and pH 7.0. Interestingly, at pH 7.0 the γ-halo β-keto ester inhibitors proved to be significantly more potent than the trifluoromethyl ketone of oleic acid, one of the most potent FAAH inhibitors described to date. This study supports the possibility that OγBr may be a physiological regulator of FAAH activity and fatty acid amide levels in vivo. Additionally, the characterization of γ-halo β-keto esters as powerful FAAH inhibitors near physiological pH may aid in future studies of the enzymology and biological properties of FAAH.
Measurement and Prediction of the Thermomechanical Response of Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composite Beams

An experimental and numerical investigation into the static and dynamic responses of shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) beams is performed to provide quantitative validation of a recently commercialized numerical analysis/design tool for SMAHC structures. The SMAHC beam specimens consist of a composite matrix with embedded pre-strained SMA actuators, which act against the mechanical boundaries of the structure when thermally activated to adaptively stiffen the structure. Numerical results are produced from the numerical model as implemented into the commercial finite element code ABAQUS. A rigorous experimental investigation is undertaken to acquire high fidelity measurements including infrared thermography and projection moire interferometry for full-field temperature and displacement measurements, respectively. High fidelity numerical results are also obtained from the numerical model and include measured parameters, such as geometric imperfection and thermal load. Excellent agreement is achieved between the predicted and measured results of the static and dynamic thermomechanical response, thereby providing quantitative validation of the numerical tool.
A parallel graph partitioning algorithm for a message-passing multiprocessor

We develop a parallel algorithm for partitioning the vertices of a graph into $p \geq 2$ sets in such a way that few edges connect vertices in different sets. The algorithm is intended for a message-passing multiprocessor system, such as the hypercube, and is based on the Kernighan-Lin algorithm for finding small edge separators on a single processor. We use this parallel partitioning algorithm to find orderings for factoring large sparse symettric positive definite matrices. These orderings not only reduce fill, but also result in good processor utilization and low communication overhead during the factorization. We provide a complexity analysis of the algorithm, as well as some numerical results from an Intel hypercube and a hypercube simulator.
Mean-field stationary state of a Bose gas at a Feshbach resonance

We study the steady state of a zero-temperature Bose gas near a Feshbach or photoassociation resonance using a two-channel mean-field model that incorporates atomic and molecular condensates, as well as correlated atom pairs originating from dissociation of molecules into pairs of atoms. We start from a many-body Hamiltonian for atom-molecule conversion, and derive the time-dependent version of the mean-field theory. The stationary solution of the time-dependent model is rendered unique with an approximation that entails that all noncondensate atoms are correlated, as if emerging from dissociation of molecules. The steady state is solved numerically, but limiting cases are also found analytically. The system has a phase transition in which the atomic condensate emerges in a nonanalytic fashion. We quantify the scaling of the observable quantities, such as fractions of atomic and molecular condensates, with the detuning and the atom-molecule conversion strength. Qualitatively, the dependence on detuning rounds out with increasing coupling strength. A study of the thermodynamics shows that the pressure of the atom-molecule system is negative, even on the molecule side of the resonance. This indicates the possibility of mechanical instability.
Development of Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cells That Operate at 500°C

Solid‐oxide fuel cells based on doped ceria electrolytes and operating at 500°C are shown to be feasible. The operating regime of doped ceria electrolytes is discussed. It is shown that the ionic conductivity of ceria‐based fuel cells is sufficiently high for operation with hydrogen fuel at low temperatures. The major challenges of fabricating a thin electrolyte by a conventional method and the development of high‐performance cathodes capable of operating at 500–600°C are addressed. Cells based on thin‐film ceria electrolytes also exhibited good open‐circuit voltages between 0.97 and 1 V. Cathode materials with high performance have been developed from pyrochlores, perovskites, and cermets of silver and doped bismuth oxide. The advantages and disadvantages of different cathode materials are discussed. The maximum power density obtained at 500°C was . © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Decarbonylation of tetrasubstituted barbituric acids as a versatile method for preparation of N,N′,2,2-tetrasubstituted malonamides

Abstract A procedure for the preparation of 1,3,5,5-tetrasubstituted-2,3,4(1 H ,3 H ,5 H )pyrimidinetriones (barbituric acids) through alkylation of the less substituted 2,3,4(1 H ,3 H ,5 H )pyrimidinetriones (barbituric acids) and decarbonylation of the tetrasubstituted product into the N,N ′,2,2-tetrasubstituted-manlonamides are described.
F-injectivity and Buchsbaum singularities

Let $$(R,\mathfrak {m}, K)$$ be a local ring that contains a field. We show that, when $$R$$ has equal characteristic $$p>0$$ and when $$H_\mathfrak {m}^i(R)$$ has finite length for all $$i<\dim R$$ , then $$R$$ is $$F$$ -injective if and only if every ideal generated by a system of parameters is Frobenius closed. As a corollary, we show that such an $$R$$ is in fact a Buchsbaum ring. This answers positively a question of S. Takagi that $$F$$ -injective singularities with isolated non-Cohen–Macaulay locus are Buchsbaum. We also study the characteristic $$0$$ analogue of this question and we show that Du Bois singularities with isolated non-Cohen–Macaulay locus are Buchsbaum in the graded case.
Reconsidering social capital: a latent class approach

Social capital has proven to be a useful concept, but has not been well-measured in the economics literature. We motivate and demonstrate the application of latent class models to measure social capital, based on the idea that social capital is an unobservable multidimensional construct. We explain and show the construction of latent classes that measure an individual’s social capital using data from the General Social Survey. Our method generates meaningfully different conclusions about the accumulation of social capital than those obtained by previous research. We present evidence that higher income influences social capital accumulation because of a higher opportunity cost of time. We also find evidence of complementarities in social capital accumulation within an individual’s peer group. Finally, we show that community heterogeneity influences the likelihood that individuals adhere to certain social norms independent of their propensity to participate in voluntary organizations.
Tidal Love numbers of neutron stars

For a variety of fully relativistic polytropic neutron star models we calculate the star's tidal Love number k2. Most realistic equations of state for neutron stars can be approximated as a polytrope with an effective index n ≈ 0.5–1.0. The equilibrium stellar model is obtained by numerical integration of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkhov equations. We calculate the linear l = 2 static perturbations to the Schwarzschild spacetime following the method of Thorne and Campolattaro. Combining the perturbed Einstein equations into a single second-order differential equation for the perturbation to the metric coefficient gtt and matching the exterior solution to the asymptotic expansion of the metric in the star's local asymptotic rest frame gives the Love number. Our results agree well with the Newtonian results in the weak field limit. The fully relativistic values differ from the Newtonian values by up to ~24%. The Love number is potentially measurable in gravitational wave signals from inspiralling binary neutron stars.
Cardiovascular and hemodynamic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that has been shown to have hemodynamic and cardioprotective capacity in addition to its better characterized glucoregulatory actions. Because of this, emerging research has focused on the ability of GLP-1 based therapies to drive myocardial substrate selection, enhance cardiac performance and regulate heart rate, blood pressure and vascular tone. These studies have produced consistent and reproducible results amongst numerous laboratories. However, there are obvious disparities in findings obtained in small animal models versus those of higher mammals. This species dependent discrepancy calls to question, the translational value of individual findings. Moreover, few studies of GLP-1 mediated cardiovascular action have been performed in the presence of a pre-existing comorbidities (e.g. obesity/diabetes) which limits interpretation of the effectiveness of incretin-based therapies in the setting of disease. This review addresses cardiovascular and hemodynamic potential of GLP-1 based therapies with attention to species specific effects as well as the interaction between therapies and disease.
Planar channeling radiation from relativistic positrons and electrons in LiF

Abstract Channeling radiation has been measured for planar-channeled 54- and 83-MeV positrons and 17-, 31-, and 54-MeV electrons in the ionic crystal LiF. The results are shown to be in reasonable, but not perfect, agreement with the results of many-beam calculations based upon a model of the crystal as an array of isolated Li+ and F− ions.
Transient formyl derivatives of rhenium carbonyls. The facile ligand dissociation of halorhenate species

Abstract Borohydride reduction of halopentacarbonylrhenium(I) affords the corresponding formyl complex I , e.g., BrRe(CO) 4 CHO − , which differs from that of many other formylmetals in that its stability is unaffected by tin hydrides. This unusual behavior is attributed to the facile loss of the halide from I to afford the coordinatively unsaturated formyl species Re(CO) 4 CHO which can either rearrange to the hydride complex HRe(CO) 5 or undergo oxidative addition of tin hydride. The behavior toward ligands such as phosphines, carbon monoxide and methyl isocyanide is also described. Although the tin hydride adduct could not be isolated it afforded upon water workup a dirhenium μ-oxodistannylene product, the novel structure of which is established by X-ray crystallography. The pathways for the decomposition of formylrhenium species are discussed.
A noncommutative extended de Finetti theorem

Abstract The extended de Finetti theorem characterizes exchangeable infinite sequences of random variables as conditionally i.i.d. and shows that the apparently weaker distributional symmetry of spreadability is equivalent to exchangeability. Our main result is a noncommutative version of this theorem. In contrast to the classical result of Ryll-Nardzewski, exchangeability turns out to be stronger than spreadability for infinite sequences of noncommutative random variables. Out of our investigations emerges noncommutative conditional independence in terms of a von Neumann algebraic structure closely related to Popa's notion of commuting squares and Kummerer's generalized Bernoulli shifts. Our main result is applicable to classical probability, quantum probability, in particular free probability, braid group representations and Jones subfactors.
ON THE CHAOTIC FLUX DYNAMICS IN A LONG JOSEPHSON JUNCTION

Flux dynamics in an annular long Josephson junction is studied. Three main topics are covered. The first is chaotic flux dynamics and its prediction via Melnikov integrals. It turns out that DC current bias cannot induce chaotic flux dynamics, while AC current bias can. The existence of a common root to the Melnikov integrals is a necessary condition for the existence of chaotic flux dynamics. The second topic is on the components of the global attractor and the bifurcation in the perturbation parameter measuring the strength of loss, bias and irregularity of the junction. The global attractor can contain coexisting local attractors, e.g. a local chaotic attractor and a local regular attractor. In the infinite dimensional phase space setting, the bifurcation is very complicated. Chaotic attractors can appear and disappear in a random fashion. Three types of attractors (chaos, breather, spatially uniform and temporally periodic attractor) are identified. The third topic is ratchet effect. Ratchet effect can be achieved by a current bias field which corresponds to an asymmetric potential, in which case the flux dynamics is ever lasting chaotic. When the current bias field corresponds to a symmetric potentially, the flux dynamics is often transiently chaotic, in which case the ratchet effect disappears after sufficiently long time.
Structure of fluctuation terms in the trace dynamics Ward identity

We give a detailed analysis of the anti-self-adjoint operator contribution to the fluctuation terms in the trace dynamics Ward identity. This clarifies the origin of the apparent inconsistency between two forms of this identity discussed in chapter 6 of our recent book on emergent quantum theory.
A quantitative study of differentiated services for the Internet

The Differentiated Services architecture provides router mechanisms for aggregate traffic, and edge mechanisms for individual flows, that together can be used to build services with varying delay and loss behaviors. In this paper, we compare the loss and delay behaviors that can be provided using the services based on combinations of two router mechanisms, threshold dropping and priority scheduling and two packet marking mechanisms, edge-discarding and edge-marking. In the first part of our work, we compare the delay and loss behaviors of the two router mechanisms coupled with edge-discarding for a wide range of traffic arrivals. We observe that priority scheduling provides lower expected delays to preferred traffic than threshold dropping. In addition, we find that a considerable additional link bandwidth is needed with threshold dropping to provide same delay behavior as priority scheduling. We further observe little difference in the loss incurred by preferred traffic under both router mechanisms, except when sources are extremely bursty, in which case threshold dropping performs better. In the second part of our work, we examine the throughput of a TCP connection that uses a service built upon threshold dropping and edge-marking. Our analysis shows that a significant improvement in throughput can be achieved. However, we find that in order to fully achieve the benefit of such a packet marking, the TCP window must take the edge-marking mechanism into consideration.
Liquefaction in silty soils—screening and remediation issues

Abstract Current techniques for liquefaction screening, ground modification for liquefaction mitigation, and post-improvement verification rely on knowledge gained from extensive research on clean sands, field observations of liquefied ground, and judicial correlation of normalized penetration resistance [(N1)60,qc1N] or shear wave velocity (vs1) data with field liquefaction observations. Uncertainties prevail on the direct extrapolation of such techniques for silty soil sites. This paper examines laboratory data on liquefaction resistance, strength, and vs1 of sands and silty soils using grain contact density as the basis. Effect of silt content on cyclic resistance, strength, mv, and cv is examined in this light. Rational insights on effects of silt content on the current screening techniques based on (N1)60, qc1N, and vs1 to silty soils are offered. Recent advances and modifications to the traditional densification, drainage, and permeation grouting techniques to make them viable for silty soils are discussed.
Effect of transmembrane potential on the deformability of RBC's suspended in carbohydrate-saline solutions

The effect of transmembrane potential on the deformability of red blood cells (RBC) suspended in isotonic glucose-saline and galactose-saline solutions was determined using the micropipette aspiration technique. In this method, a negative pressure was applied to the RBC membrane via a micropipette and the resulting deformation was analyzed using a Kelvin model to yield a membrane elastic modulus E. When glucose concentration was increased from 0 to 0.3 M/dm3 in the extracellular media, the membrane elastic modulus increased seven-fold (p < 0.0001) with most increase occurring in the 0–0.1 M/dm3 range. Whereas, galactose had no significant effect on the membrane elasticity up to a concentration of 0.28 M/dm3. However, in pure galactose (isotonic) solution (0.308 M/dm3), the membrane elastic modulus decreased by a factor of 3 (p < 0.001). Increase in the RBC elastic modulus in the presence of glucose may be due to binding of glucose to the membrane and intracellular proteins, and decrease in the presence of pure galactose may be due to the transmembrane potential generated by chloride ions.
SmI2-mediated nitrile aldol reaction

Abstract The SmI 2 -mediated coupling of α-bromoacetonitrile and α-bromopropionitrile with aliphatic ketones and aldehydes produces β-hydroxynitriles in good yields. Reactions typically proceed with little diastereoselectivity, but selectivity enhancement occurs with the addition of tetra- n -hexylammonium bromide.
Sterile neutrino production via active-sterile oscillations: The Quantum Zeno effect

We study several aspects of the kinetic approach to sterile neutrino production via active-sterile mixing. We obtain the neutrino propagator in the medium including self-energy corrections up to (G2F), from which we extract the dispersion relations and damping rates of the propagating modes. The dispersion relations are the usual ones in terms of the index of refraction in the medium, and the damping rates are Γ1(k) = Γaa(k)cos2 θm(k); Γ2(k) = Γaa(k)sin2 θm(k) where Γaa(k) G2F kT4 is the active neutrino scattering rate and θm(k) is the mixing angle in the medium. We provide a generalization of the transition probability in the medium from expectation values in the density matrix: Pa→s(t) = [(sin2 2θm)/4][e−Γ1t+e−Γ2t−2e−½(Γ1+Γ2)t cos(ΔEt)] and study the conditions for its quantum Zeno suppression directly in real time. We find the general conditions for quantum Zeno suppression, which for ms ~ keV sterile neutrinos with sin 2θ 10−3 may only be fulfilled near an MSW resonance. We discuss the implications for sterile neutrino production and argue that in the early Universe the wide separation of relaxation scales far away from MSW resonances suggests the breakdown of the current kinetic approach.
On discrete orthogonal polynomials of several variables

Let V be a set of isolated points in R^d. Define a linear functional L on the space of real polynomials restricted on V, [email protected]?"x"@?"Vf(x)@r(x), where @r is a nonzero function on V. Polynomial subspaces that contain discrete orthogonal polynomials with respect to the bilinear form =L(fg) are identified. One result shows that the discrete orthogonal polynomials still satisfy a three-term relation and Favard's theorem holds in this general setting.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over a lithium-promoted magnesium oxide catalyst

Lithium-promoted magnesium oxide is an effective catalyst for the conversion of ethane to ethylene. A selectivity of 75% for ethylene was obtained at 40% ethane conversion over 6.5 g of 3 wt% Li{sup +}/MgO catalyst at 600 C. These results were obtained with initial pressures of 95 Torr C{sub 2}H{sub 6} and 47 Torr O{sub 2} at a space velocity of 260 h{sup {minus}1}. An apparent activation energy of 37.3 kcal mol{sup {minus}1} was observed for this process. The carbon oxides are formed both by the direct oxidation of ethane and the secondary oxidation of ethylene. In the reactor employed in this study homogeneous reactions became dominant at temperatures greater than 675 C. The catalytic system is believed to involve the generation of C{sub 2}H{sub 5} {center dot} radicals on the surface, followed by the emanation of these radicals into the gas phase where they react with O{sub 2} to form C{sub 2}H{sub 4}. The ability of this catalyst to generate alkyl radicals from CH{sub 4} or C{sub 2}H{sub 6} appears to be a general phenomenon. The subsequent reactions of these alkyl radicals (e.g., coupling or reaction with O{sub 2}) determines to a large extent the final product distribution. Ethylenemore » also may be formed via surface ethoxide ions.« less
A system of APL functions to study computer networks

A collection of programs and procedural conventions will be described which were developed as part of a larger study of modeling and design of computer networks. This work was conducted under Navy Contract N0014-72-C-0299, and was based on approaches developed by Dr. R. G. Casey, to whom I am indebted for his helpful suggestions and encouragement. The programs are written on the APL terminal system. For proper understanding of the programming language used, it is desirable for the reader to refer to Reference 1.
Practical Experience With a Mobile Methanol Synthesis Device

A methanol synthesis unit (MSU) that directly converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methanol and water was developed and tested. The MSU consists of: a high-pressure side that includes a compressor, a reactor, and a throttling valve; and a low-pressure side that includes a knockout drum, and a mixer where fresh gas enters the system. Methanol and water are produced at high pressure in the reactor and then exit the system under low pressure and temperature in the knockout drum. The remaining, unreacted recycle gas that leaves the knockout drum is mixed with fresh synthesis gas before being sent back through the synthesis loop. The unit operates entirely on electricity and includes a high-pressure electrolyzer to obtain gaseous hydrogen and oxygen directly from purified water. Thus, the sole inputs to the trailer are water, carbon dioxide, and electricity, while the sole outputs are methanol, oxygen, and water. A distillation unit separates the methanol and water mixture on site so that the synthesized water can be reused in the electrolyzer. Here, we describe and characterize the operation of the MSU and offer some possible design improvements for future iterations of the device, based on experience.
Chiral fermions, anomalies and Chern-Simons currents on the lattice

Abstract I discuss the zeromode spectrum of lattice chiral fermions in the domain wall model suggested recently. In particular I give the critical momenta where the fermions cease to be chiral and show that the spectrum is directly related to the behaviour of the Chern-Simons current on the lattice. First results for the domain wall model on the finite lattice indicate that the relevant features of the model in the infinite system survive for the finite lattice.
Synthesis of naphthalenes through three-component coupling of alkynes, Fischer carbene complexes, and benzaldehyde hydrazones via isoindole intermediates.

The synthesis of naphthalene derivatives through three-component coupling of 2-alkynylbenzaldehyde hydrazones with carbene complexes and electron-deficient alkynes has been examined. The reaction involves formation of an isoindole derivative, followed by intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction, followed by nitrene extrusion. The reaction was highly regioselective using unsymmetrical alkynes.
Rate Gain Region and Design Tradeoffs for Full-Duplex Wireless Communications

In this paper, we analytically study the regime in which practical full-duplex systems can achieve larger rates than an equivalent half-duplex systems. The key challenge in practical full-duplex systems is uncancelled self-interference signal, which is caused by a combination of hardware and implementation imperfections. Thus, we first present a signal model which captures the effect of significant impairments such as oscillator phase noise, low-noise amplifier noise figure, mixer noise, and analog-to-digital converter quantization noise. Using the detailed signal model, we study the rate gain region, which is defined as the region of received signal-of-interest strength where full-duplex systems outperform half-duplex systems in terms of achievable rate. The rate gain region is derived as a piecewise linear approximation in log-domain, and numerical results show that the approximation closely matches the exact region. Our analysis shows that when phase noise dominates mixer and quantization noise, full-duplex systems can use either active analog cancellation or baseband digital cancellation to achieve near-identical rate gain regions. Finally, as a design example, we numerically investigate the full-duplex system performance and rate gain region in typical indoor environments for practical wireless applications.
Automatic Discovery of Sub-molecular Sequence Domains in Multi-aligned Sequences: A Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Multiple Alignment Segmentation

Automatic identification of sub-structures in multi-aligned sequences is of great importance for effective and objective structural/functional domain annotation, phylogenetic treeing and other molecular analyses. We present a segmentation algorithm that optimally partitions a given multi-alignment into a set of potentially biologically significant blocks, or segments. This algorithm applies dynamic programming and progressive optimization to the statistical profile of a multi-alignment in order to optimally demarcate relatively homogenous sub-regions. Using this algorithm, a large multi-alignment of eukaryotic 16S rRNA was analyzed. Three types of sequence patterns were identified automatically and efficiently: shared conserved domain; shared variable motif; and rare signature sequence. Results were consistent with the patterns identified through independent phylogenetic and structural approaches. This algorithm facilitates the automation of sequence-based molecular structural and evolutionary analyses through statistical modeling and high performance computation.
MALLIAVIN CALCULUS FOR LIE GROUP-VALUED WIENER FUNCTIONS

Let G be a Lie group equipped with a set of left invariant vector fields. These vector fields generate a function ξ on Wiener space into G via the stochastic version of Cartan's rolling map. It is shown here that, for any smooth function f with compact support, f(ξ) is Malliavin differentiable to all orders and these derivatives belong to Lp(μ) for all p > 1, where μ is Wiener measure.
Ethynyl sulfides as participants in cascade cycloaromatizations

Isomerization of soluble precursor compounds to produce fused-ring systems is an attractive approach for preparing conjugated polymers and oligomers. Cycloaromatization chemistry has previously been explored in this capacity employing reactions based on the Bergman cyclization. Using ethynyl sulfides with a terminal o-diethynylbenzene unit, an alternative strategy is demonstrated that offers selectivity advantages in the kinetically controlled radical cyclizations. The products are acene-fused thiophenes in which the diethynylsulfide acts as a relay for the diradical produced in a Bergman cyclization.
Every mapping class group is generated by 6 involutions

Abstract Let Mod g , b denote the mapping class group of a surface of genus g with b punctures. Luo asked in [Torsion elements in the mapping class group of a surface, math.GT/0004048 , v1 8Apr2000] if there is a universal upper bound, independent of genus, for the number of torsion elements needed to generate Mod g , b . We answer Luo's question by proving that 3 torsion elements suffice to generate Mod g ,0 . We also prove the more delicate result that there is an upper bound, independent of genus, not only for the number of torsion elements needed to generate Mod g , b but also for the order of those elements. In particular, our main result is that 6 involutions (i.e., orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of order two) suffice to generate Mod g , b for every genus g ⩾3, b =0 and g ⩾4, b =1.
A parametric graphical display technique for on-line use

Graphical displays are gaining unquestioned importance in the growing field of communication between man and digital computers. The development of time-shared digital computers further accentuates the need for widely-used graphical interaction within the framework of certain economic constraints. Typically, these constraints involve the use of relatively low telephone-channel data rates, and the temporary storage of graphical data at the display site. User requirements dictate both an input and output ability of alphanumeric and graphical data for typical applications. A typical time-shared application, which gave rise to the technique and prototype described in this paper, involves the online design of electronic circuits. Here, a designer communicates graphically a circuit to the computer, visually observes circuit-analysis results in the form of curves, and modifies on-line circuit parameters and topology in order to improve circuit performance.
A comparison of coronal and interplanetary current sheet inclinations

The HAO white light K-coronameter observations show that the inclination of the heliospheric current sheet at the base of the corona can be both large (nearly vertical with respect to the solar equator) or small during Cararington rotations 1660 - 1666 and even on a single solar rotation. Voyager 1 and 2 magnetic field observations of crossing of the heliospheric current sheet at distances from the Sun of 1.4 and 2.8 AU. Two cases are considered, one in which the corresponding coronameter data indicate a nearly vertical (north-south) current sheet and another in which a nearly horizontal, near equatorial current sheet is indicated. For the crossings of the vertical current sheet, a variance analysis based on hour averages of the magnetic field data gave a minimum variance direction consistent with a steep inclination. The horizontal current sheet was observed by Voyager as a region of mixed polarity and low speeds lasting several days, consistent with multiple crossings of a horizontal but irregular and fluctuating current sheet at 1.4 AU. However, variance analysis of individual current sheet crossings in this interval using 1.92 see averages did not give minimum variance directions consistent with a horizontal current sheet.
Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood

Previous studies of spatial contrast sensitivity in adulthood have produced conflicting results. To clarify the situation, we measured contrast sensitivity functions on a large sample of adults (n = 91), ranging in age from 19 to 87. All observers were free from significant ocular pathology and were individually refracted for the test distance. Sensitivity for stationary gratings of low spatial frequency remained the same throughout adulthood. At higher spatial frequencies, sensitivity decreased with age beginning around 40 to 50 years. When a low spatial frequency grating was drifted, young adults' sensitivity improved by a factor of 4-5 over sensitivity to a static grating; this motion enhancement was markedly diminished in adults over 60 years, implying an impairment of temporal processing in the elderly. Reduced retinal illuminance characteristic of the aged eye could account for a large part of older adults' deficit in spatial vision, but appeared to play little role in their deficit in temporal vision.
On Evaluating the Rate-Distortion Function of Sources with Feed-Forward and the Capacity of Channels with Feedback

We study the problem of computing the rate-distortion function for sources with feed-forward and the capacity for channels with feedback. The formulas (involving directed information) for the optimal rate-distortion function with feed-forward and channel capacity with feedback are multi- letter expressions and cannot be computed easily in general. In this work, we derive conditions under which these can be computed for a large class of sources/channels with memory and distortion/cost measures. Illustrative examples are also provided.
Microwave-assisted C-H bond activation: a rapid entry into functionalized heterocycles.

Microwave irradiation strongly accelerates the rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular coupling of a benzimidazole C−H bond to pendant alkenes. The cyclic products were formed in moderate to excellent yields with reaction times less than 20 min. Additionally, the use of microwave irradiation allowed the reactions to be performed without any solvent purification and with minimal precautions to exclude air.
Reduction of optimum light power with Heisenberg-limited photon-counting noise in interferometric gravitational-wave detectors

We study how the behavior of quantum noise, presenting the fundamental limit on the sensitivity of interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, depends on properties of input states of light. We analyze the situation with specially prepared nonclassical input states which reduce the photon-counting noise to the Heisenberg limit. This results in a great reduction of the optimum light power needed to achieve the standard quantum limit, compared to the usual configuration.
Lying, Integrity, and Cooperation

While talk is cheap to some, it is expensive to others for whom moral considerations come into play. We employ a simple two-stage modified prisoner's dilemma game where integrity is endowed on a continuum to analyze when agents will lie in random economic interactions. If there is sufficient integrity in the population, all agents make a promise in the first stage to cooperate in the second. Some agents always lie, some always tell the truth, and some behave conditionally. Enhanced cooperation is a byproduct of integrity. In a second random interaction without the possibility of exit, some agents “switch” their behavior, that is, some who lied in the first period now tell the truth in the second (they've “reformed”), and some who told the truth in the first period now lie in the second (they've become “cynical”).
Out of equilibrium dynamics of a Quantum Heisenberg Spin Glass

We study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of the infinite range quantum Heisenberg spin glass model coupled to a thermal relaxation bath. The $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ spin algebra is generalized to $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ and we analyze the large-$N$ limit. The model displays a dynamical phase transition between a paramagnetic and a glassy phase. In the latter, the system remains out-of-equilibrium and displays an aging phenomenon, which we characterize using both analytical and numerical methods. In the aging regime, the quantum fluctuation-dissipation relation is violated and replaced over a very long time by its classical generalization, as in models involving simple spin algebras studied previously. We also discuss the effect of a finite coupling to the relaxation baths and their possible forms. This work completes and justifies previous studies on this model using a static approach.
A framework for efficient IC/VLSI CAD databases

Abstract CAD databases have been used to store design data and to integrate design tools in IC/VLSI design systems. However, the requirements for a “good” CAD database are much more complex than those for a conventional database. Due to both the complexity of various design processes and the enormous amount of data involved in a practical CAD database, we believe that a two-level hierarchical database including a global database and a set of local databases is necessary. In this paper, we propose a framework for such CAD databases. We concentrate on the overall system architecture.
A Useful Approximation to the Cooling Coefficient of Trace Elements

Radiative cooling is an important ingredient in hydrodynamical models involving evolution of high-temperature plasmas. Unfortunately, calculating an accurate cooling coefficient generally requires the solution of over 100 differential equations to follow the ionization. We discuss here a simple two-parameter approximation for the cooling coefficient due to elements heavier than H and He, for the temperature range T = 104-108 K. Tests of the method show that it successfully tracks the ionization level in severe dynamical environments and accurately approximates the nonequilibrium cooling coefficient of the trace elements, usually to within 10% in all cases for which cooling is actually important. The error is large only when the temperature is dropping so rapidly due to expansion that radiative cooling is negligible, but even in this situation, the ionization level is followed sufficiently accurately. The current approximation is fully implemented in publicly available FORTRAN code. A second paper will discuss general approaches to approximation methods of this type, other realizations that could be even more accurate, and the potential for extension to calculations of nonequilibrium spectra.
Differential effects of methacholine and antigen challenge on gas exchange in allergic subjects

Abstract In order to better characterize the differential effects of nonspecific and specific (antigen) bronchial challenge on gas exchange, seven ragweed-sensitive subjects with a history of asthma underwent progressive inhalation challenge with methacholine and ragweed extract on two different days. For comparable severity of bronchospasm (mean specific airway conductance 0.05 sec −1 cm −1 H 2 O for methacholine and 0.06 sec −1 cm −1 H 2 O for ragweed), there was a greater decrease in mean arterial oxygen saturation after ragweed (4.7%) than after methacholine challenge (2.7%) (p
Spontaneous compactification of extended supergravity in ten dimensions

Abstract Chiral N=2, D=10 supergravity describes the massless sector of one of the two possible type II superstring theories. After discussing reasons why this superstring theory appears promising as a unified field theory, we present the field equations of the supergravity theory and discuss the problem of finding solutions that describe compactification of undesired spatial dimensions.
An argument for including W.E.B. DuBois in the criminology/criminal justice literature

W.E.B. DuBois, renowned African American scholar of the late 19th and early 20th century, made significant contributions to the history and study of African Americans. Although he is not identified...
Collusive behavior and partial ownership of rivals

Abstract Others have shown in static models that increasing cross ownership among rival firms leads to more collusive outcomes. In contrast, this paper shows that if firms interact repeatedly, then increasing cross ownership may reduce the likelihood of collusion. A high level of cross ownership may even entail a lower likelihood of collusion than would no cross ownership.
Counting numerical sets with no small atoms

A numerical set S with Frobenius number g is a set of integers with min(S)=0 and max(Z-S)=g, and its atom monoid is A(S)={n@?Z|n+s@?Sfor alls@?S}. Let @c"g be the ratio of the number of numerical sets S having A(S)={0}@?(g,~) divided by the total number of numerical sets with Frobenius number g. We show that the sequence {@c"g} is decreasing and converges to a number @c"~~.4844 (with accuracy to within .0050). We also examine the singularities of the generating function for {@c"g}. Parallel results are obtained for the ratio @c"g^@s of the number of symmetric numerical sets S with A(S)={0}@?(g,~) by the number of symmetric numerical sets with Frobenius number g. These results yield information regarding the asymptotic behavior of the number of finite additive 2-bases.
Norepinephrine as a central synaptic transmitter

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the importance of norepinephrine as a central synaptic transmitter. The ultimate test of the function of central noradrenergic synapses must result from the selective activation of these terminals and from the detection of their activity patterns in the unrestrained experimental animal. Excitatory responses to NE in the cerebral cortex were found to be more frequent when the animal was unanesthetised or under the influence of halothane anesthesia, while inhibitory cortical responses were more frequent with barbiturate anesthesia. Similarly, the pH of the NE solution to be iontophoretically applied also takes on critical importance, as pH values less than 4 are associated with major increases in the frequency of excitatory NE responses. The NE-containing pathway has not been amenable to selective electrical activation for comparisons of qualitative and pharmacological results on the specified postsynaptic population of test neurons. It is found that synaptic effects which were subjectible to selective activation were neither exclusively NE-containing nor sensitive to NE antagonists.