cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining Physiology and Physiologists

A primary problem inherent in the study of any human activity is the definition of the area of investigation; no simple method differentiates those individuals who are physiologists from those who are not. Furthermore, there are many views of physiology as a science: some would include in it nearly all biology; others would restrict it to a study of the mechanisms of organic activity. One type of definition tends to claim other biological disciplines that use techniques and methods of analysis derived from mathematics, physics and chemistry; thus, “Physiology is the science of the phenomena of living nature, and its task is the investigation of life,” or “Physiology is the study of the physical and chemical processes in living units.” Another focuses on objectives: “Physiology is the study, not of mechanisms, but of functions or processes that have a referred meaning for the whole.” Such is the intent of Claude Bernard’s classic formulation, expressed in the easier teleologic phrasing of a century ago: “Admitting that vital phenomena rest upon physico-chemical activities, which is the truth, the essence of the problem is not thereby cleared up, for it is no chance encounter of physicochemical phenomena which constructs each being according to a pre-existing plan, and produces the admirable subordination and harmonious concert of organic activity. There is an arrangement in the living being, a kind of regulated activity, which must never be neglected, because it is, in truth, the most striking characteristic of living things....”
Prisoners’ Voting and Judges’ Powers

Versions of this paper were delivered in Boston and Princeton, and then in Sydney and Fremantle, in the first half of 2014. This SSRN version is essentially that delivered at a public lecture in the University of Notre Dame Australia in Fremantle in June. It reviews decisions of courts in Australia, Canada, and South Africa, and in Strasbourg under the European Convention on Human Rights, with some reference to judicial decisions in the United Kingdom. Its argument that the principal decisions manifest a deeply flawed conception of constitutional governance and law has since been elaborated and extended in Finnis, “Judicial Law-Making and the ‘Living’ Instrumentalisation of the ECHR”, forthcoming in N.J. Barber, Richard Ekins, Paul Yowell, Lord Sumption and the Limits of Law (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2016), 73-120. Also Finnis, “Judicial Power: Past, Present and Future” (a lecture in Gray’s Inn Hall, 20 October 2015).
Acute bronchiolitis and the asthmatic child.

Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in the allergic infant and young child and is followed hy recurrent asthma in 25 to 30%.l, Asthma is a syndrome of recurring dyspnea, more marked on expiration and associated with wheezing. The exciting cause may or may not be protein sensitization.3 Typical expiratory wheezing associated with infection in the respiratory tract is a comnion observation in non-atopic as well as atopic infants. Differentiation of bronchiolitis from asthma can be difficult. Homww-, the striking dyspnea and associated toxicity in bronchiolitis are niost helpful in making this differentiati~n.~ A variety of microorganisnis have been implicated as the etiologic agents in bronchiolitis. These include Hernophilus iiifluenzae, Diplococcus pneumoniac, Coliform bacteria and Respiratory syncytial (RS) , Adeno and Parainfluenza viruses as the most frequently suspected. Recently RS virus has been shown to be the major definable etiologic agent of the bronchiolitis syndrome.5* 6, An allergic diathesis appears to predispose the development of bronchiolitis during RS infection.s This report describes 100 hospitalized infants and children ill with acute bronchiolitis. Viral studies of 40 children implicate the role of allergy and common respiratory infections in the etiology of bronchiolitis. This study was undertaken to answer first the question whether an allergic background predisposes the development of bronchiolitis ; secondly to investigate the possibility that bronchiolitis, an infectious disease, produces and increases the incidence of bronchial asthma.
Evaluation of the Wilma-SIE Virtual Screening Method in Community Structure-Activity Resource 2013 and 2014 Blind Challenges.

Prospective assessments of the Wilma-SIE (solvated interaction energy) platform for ligand docking and ranking were performed during the 2013 and 2014 editions of the Community Structure–Activity Resource (CSAR) blind challenge. Diverse targets like a steroid-binding protein, a serine protease (factor Xa), a tyrosine kinase (Syk), and a nucleotide methyltransferase (TrmD) were included. Pose selection was achieved with high precision; in all 24 tests Wilma-SIE top-ranked the native pose among carefully generated sets of decoy conformations. Good separation for the native pose was also observed indicating robustness in pose scoring. Cross-docking was also accomplished with high accuracy for the various systems, with ligand median-RMSD values around 1 A from the crystal structures. Larger deviations were occasionally obtained due to the rigid-target approach even if multiple target structures were used. Affinity ranking of congeneric ligands after cross-docking was reasonable for three of the four systems, ...
The Burglary Boost: A Note on Detecting Contagion Using the Knox Test

A large body of literature in quantitative criminology finds that the spatio-temporal clustering of burglary is greater than one would expect from chance alone. This suggests that such crimes may exhibit a “boost” effect, wherein each burglary increases the risk to nearby locations for a short period. In this study, we demonstrate that standard tests for spatio-temporal dependence have difficulty distinguishing between clustering caused by contagion and that caused by changing relative risks. Therefore, any estimates of the boost effect drawn from these tests alone will be upwardly biased. We construct an agent-based model to generate simulated burglary data, and explore whether the Knox test can reliably distinguish between contagion (one burglary increases the likelihood of another burglary nearby) and changes in risk (one area gets safer while another gets more dangerous). Incorporating insights from this exercise, we analyze a decade of data on burglary events from Washington, DC. We find that (1) absent contagion, exogenous changes in relative risk can be sufficient to produce statistically significant Knox ratios, (2) if risk is changing over time, estimated Knox ratios are sensitive to one’s choice of time window, and (3) Knox ratios estimated from Washington, DC burglary data are sensitive to one’s choice of time window, suggesting that long-run changes in relative risk are, in part, driving empirical estimates of burglary’s boost effect. Researchers testing for contagion in empirical time series should take precautions to distinguish true contagion from exogenous changes in relative risks. Adjusting the time window of analysis is a useful robustness check, and future studies should be supplemented with new approaches like agent-based modeling or spatial econometric methods.
Narrative and Spatial Form in Digital Media A Platform Study of the SCUMM Engine and Ron Gilbert’s The Secret of Monkey Island

Simplistic by today’s standards, the graphical adventure genre has been overlooked in favor of the vast narratives unfolding across more recent three-dimensional virtual worlds and the complex social relationships within online environments. Yet this genre established practices in game construction that allow developers to foreground narrative experiences. Graphical adventure games made with the Script Creation Utility for Maniac Mansion (SCUMM) engine like Ron Gilbert’s The Secret of Monkey Island were among the earliest to produce a sense of a temporal narrativity across the game’s many spaces that is not inscribed explicitly at the level of code. These games are therefore key to understanding the origins of video games as a narrative medium. This essay examines the source code to the SCUMM engine in order to show both how its spatialized data structures were used to produce temporal effects similar to those found in more familiar narrative media and how Monkey Island parodies the engine’s mechanisms.
Selection of Core Outlet Temperature and Impacts on Fast Reactor Economics

The selection of the operating temperatures for a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) always involves a trade-off between the plant performance and cost. In this work, the general trends with an increase of the core outlet temperature were calculated for the Advanced Burner Reactor (ABR). First, the benefits of higher temperatures in terms of the higher plant efficiency were calculated for several power conversion systems. To characterize the disadvantages of higher temperatures, the safety margins were investigated for the design conditions, normal operational transients, and beyond-design-basis accidents. The limiting criteria were identified for both oxide and metal fuel core designs. In addition, the effect of the higher temperatures on the structural thicknesses was estimated. A preliminary cost analysis incorporating both benefits and cost penalties of higher temperatures showed the economical benefit potential of higher temperatures, provided that the safety requirements are satisfied by the design and/or material selection.
Effect of Argentine Ant Contamination on ABO Blood Typing of Human Saliva Samples

Ants are among the many small invertebrates that readily come into contact with materials later collected as evidence at the scene of a crime. Ants perhaps might contaminate these materials and produce spurious results resembling human ABO blood types in subsequent laboratory analyses. In one such case, we collected Argentine ants, Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), from the site of a rape and murder. Dried saliva found on the victim's body and subjected to laboratory analysis was reported to have produced antigenic reactions characteristic of blood type B. This blood type did not agree with that of the victim, known associates, or the individuals accused of the crime. However, ants had been noted on the body at the time of its discovery. Our absorption/inhibition and absorption/ elution assays of Argentine ant body parts and of materials fed upon or walked upon by ants demonstrate that crushed heads anti/or thoraxes of I. humilis produce a false positive type A response. This does not appear to be associated directly with digestive tract contents although clover honey which they were fed in the laboratory produced a similar false response. None of the materials walked upon by Argentine ants, including slides and filter papers coated with the saliva of an AB nonsecretor, gave any antigenic response, although our test for trail-following behavior demonstrated that I. humilis deposited trail-marking compounds.
Bacterial tweets and podcasts #signaling#eavesdropping#microbialfightclub.

Abstract Once thought to live independently, bacteria are now known to be highly social organisms. Their behaviors ranges from cooperatively forming complex multispecies communities to fiercely competing for resources. Work over the past fifty years has shown that bacteria communicate through diverse mechanisms, such as exchanging diffusible molecules, exporting molecules in membrane vesicles, and interacting through direct cell–cell contact. These methods allow bacteria to sense and respond to other cells around them and coordinate group behavior. In this review, we share the discoveries and lessons learned in the field of bacterial communication with the aim of providing insights to parasitologists and other researchers working on related questions.
Bridging the Gap: Aligning Teaching and Learning Styles

ABSTRACTThe study was conducted to determine the effects of adapting instructional methodology when aligned to students’ common learning styles on student performance in a college classroom. The study was conducted with 27 students registered for a sociology course at a community college in the state of New Jersey. The Felder-Silverman Learning Styles model was used as the theoretical framework for the study. Both students’ learning styles and corresponding teaching techniques were identified and aligned in the classroom based on the Felder-Silverman model. The findings from the study indicated that students achieved higher grades because of the alignment of teaching and learning styles in the classroom. Poor student achievement in higher education has been a major issue facing the United States over the past few decades. For example, American Association of Community Colleges (2012) noted that the United States led the world for generations with respect to college graduation rates but currently holds the...
Women, travel writing, and truth

This edited volume is concise and well organised. It is especially valuable in terms of its thematic rather than historical or geographical approach to women’s travel writing. The selections offer ...
The Interplay between Oncogenic Signaling Networks and Mitochondrial Dynamics

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that alter their organization in response to a variety of cellular cues. Mitochondria are central in many biologic processes, such as cellular bioenergetics and apoptosis, and mitochondrial network morphology can contribute to those physiologic processes. Some of the biologic processes that are in part governed by mitochondria are also commonly deregulated in cancers. Furthermore, patient tumor samples from a variety of cancers have revealed that mitochondrial dynamics machinery may be deregulated in tumors. In this review, we will discuss how commonly mutated oncogenes and their downstream effector pathways regulate the mitochondrial dynamics machinery to promote changes in mitochondrial morphology as well as the physiologic consequences of altered mitochondrial morphology for tumorigenic growth.
Thermal regimes of Li-ion conductivity in β-eucryptite

While it is well established that ionic conduction in lithium aluminosilicates proceeds via hopping of Li ions, the nature of the various hoping-based mechanisms in different temperature regimes has not been fully elucidated. The difficulties associated with investigating the conduction have to do with the presence of grains and grain boundaries of different orientations in these usually polycrystalline materials. Herein, we use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate the ion conduction mechanisms in β-eucryptite, which is a prototypical lithium aluminosilicate. In the absence of significant structural transitions in grain boundaries, we find that there are three conduction regimes for the one-dimensional ionic motion along the c axis channels in the grains, and determine the activation energies for each of these temperature regimes. Activation energies computed from molecular statics calculations of the potential energy landscape encountered by Li ions suggest that at temperatures below 440 °C conduction proceeds via cooperative or correlated motion, in agreement with established literature. Between 440 °C and 500°C, the activation barriers extracted from EIS measurements are large and consistent with those from atomistic calculations for uncorrelated Li ion hopping. Above 500 °C the activation barriers decrease significantly, which indicates that after the transition to the Li-disordered phase of β-eucryptite, the Li ion motion largely regains the correlated character. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Deep Learning for Passive Synthetic Aperture Radar

We introduce a deep learning (DL) framework for inverse problems in imaging, and demonstrate the advantages and applicability of this approach in passive synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image reconstruction. We interpret image reconstruction as a machine learning task and utilize deep networks as forward and inverse solvers for imaging. Specifically, we design a recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture as an inverse solver based on the iterations of proximal gradient descent optimization methods. We further adapt the RNN architecture to image reconstruction problems by transforming the network into a recurrent auto-encoder, thereby allowing for unsupervised training. Our DL based inverse solver is particularly suitable for a class of image formation problems in which the forward model is only partially known. The ability to learn forward models and hyper parameters combined with unsupervised training approach establish our recurrent auto-encoder suitable for real world applications. We demonstrate the performance of our method in passive SAR image reconstruction. In this regime a source of opportunity, with unknown location and transmitted waveform, is used to illuminate a scene of interest. We investigate recurrent auto-encoder architecture based on the $\ell _1$ and $\ell _0$ constrained least-squares problem. We present a projected stochastic gradient descent based training scheme which incorporates constraints of the unknown model parameters. We demonstrate through extensive numerical simulations that our DL based approach out performs conventional sparse coding methods in terms of computation and reconstructed image quality, specifically, when no information about the transmitter is available.
Wheelchair Sports Technology and Biomechanics

This chapter covers the biomechanics of wheelchair technology as applied to various popular wheelchair sports. Each chair must be designed according the goals of the sport—e.g., speed for racing, stability for rugby, etc.—and then specially fitted for the athlete.
Navigating discourses in academia: challenging the status quo

This paper aims to discuss the seepage of current national discourses into the fabric of university classrooms. The authors describe their experiences navigating politics and accompanying discourses in their undergraduate and graduate courses at a rural Midwestern university in the USA. Their narrative provides a socio-historical context in response to events related to the 2016 presidential election.,The authors situate their cultural and linguistic identities within a critical race theory framework and unpack discourses of privilege that “other” students and families from nondominant communities. They highlight promising practices that challenge the status quo, creating opportunities for critical teaching and reflection.,Teacher educators are called on to engage pre- and in-service teachers in practice-based pedagogies and inquiries around authentic issues that present possibilities for transformative social change.,This narrative addresses teaching in contentious times and reflects on transformative practice to engender critical hope.
Model Checking Using Automata Theory

In this chapter, we describe the theory of LTL model checking using w- automata theory. The relation between model checking algorithms and automata theory allows applying various known results about automata to the automatic verification of programs.
Heat-treated iron(III) tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin chloride supported on high-area carbon as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction:: Part III. Detection of hydrogen-peroxide during oxygen reduction

Oxygen reduction was investigated on heat-treated FeTMPP-Cl/BP catalysts in 0.1 M H2SO4. The amount of H2O2 generated in the reaction was detected using a rotating ring-disk electrode. In order to detect H2O2 quantitatively, a method based on cyclization of the ring electrode potential had to be applied. The number of electrons exchanged per O2 molecule was estimated to be between 3.45 and 4, depending on the electrode potential, but with no significant influence of the heat-treatment temperature. It was possible to oxidize and reduce H2O2 electrochemically. The oxidation reaction was found to be faster than the reduction. Based on the data reported here, it is postulated that O2 reduction on this catalyst comprises both direct and series reaction paths. The increase in the catalyst's activity with the increase in the heat-treatment temperature is more likely caused by the decrease in the activation energy of the reaction than by more efficient H2O2 decomposition. The influence of H2O2 on the decay in the activity of the catalyst heat-treated at low temperature was discussed.
Reasoning precisely with vague concepts

Many knowledge-based systems need to represent vague concepts. Although the practical approach of representing vague concepts as precise intervals over numbers is well-accepted in AI, there is no systematic method to delimit the boundaries of intervals, only ad hoc methods. We present a framework to reason precisely with vague concepts based on the observation that the vague concepts and their interval-boundaries are constrained by the underlying domain knowledge. The framework is comprised of a constraint language to represent logical constraints on vague concepts, as well as numerical constraints on the intervalboundaries; a query language to request information about the interval boundaries; and a computational mechanism to answer the queries. A key step in answering queries is preprocessing the constraints by extracting the numerical constraints from the logical constraints and combining them with the given numerical constraints.
Beef heart malic dehydrogenases. V. A kinetic study of the reaction catalyzed by the supernatant enzyme.

Abstract Kinetic studies on beef heart supernatant malic dehydrogenase were carried out in 0.1 m triethanolamine-acetate buffer. Analysis of the data by the method of Dalziel revealed that specific relationships between calculated kinetic parameters did not conform to the criteria proposed for mechanisms involving sequential addition for each pair of substrates. The results also did not conform to the criteria proposed for a mechanism involving a random order of substrate addition to enzyme, in which all of the complexes are in rapid equilibrium with the substrates. These observations can be contrasted with those of Raval and Wolfe (1) on hog heart malic dehydrogenase. With this enzyme, of apparent mitochondrial origin, the results were found to be compatible with a mechanism involving an ordered addition of substrate to the enzyme, with no kinetically active ternary complexes. A kinetic mechanism for supernatant malic dehydrogenase has been proposed; it involves the participation of three binary complexes of substrate and enzyme (enzyme-oxaloacetate, enzyme-diphosphopyridine nucleotide, and enzyme-DPNH) and no kinetically significant ternary complexes. It has further been proposed that the preferred route of the reaction is via the branch of the pathway involving enzyme-DPNH, and that the rate constants are identical for DPNH interacting either with free enzyme or with the enzyme-oxaloacetate complex. This formulation is consistent with the experimentally determined kinetic parameters and with the independently determined dissociation constant for enzyme-DPNH obtained by fluorometric measurements. Substrate inhibition of supernatant malic dehydrogenase by oxaloacetate was observed at pH values below 7.8. This observation may be interpreted as further indication of the existence of a binary enzyme-oxaloacetate complex. However, the possibility that the inhibition is due to the formation of inactive ternary complexes with oxaloacetate cannot be ruled out.
Nuclear Targeting of TGF-β-Activated Smads in Normal and Tumor Biology

Smad proteins spontaneously shuttle between cytoplasm and nucleus. Such intracellular dynamics is essential for Smads to link transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling at the cell surface and the ensuing transcriptional regulation in the nucleus. The subcellular distribution of Smads is controlled so that they accumulate in the nucleus in response to TGF-β stimulation, which confers inducibility to the expression of TGF-β target genes. Oncogenic factors can impede nuclear, translocation of Smads and hence interfere with the growth inhibitory function of TGF-β. Recent studies have unraveled molecular mechanisms underlying the transnuclear pore complex movements of Smads as well as factors that regulate these processes. With this information, we are beginning to understand how nuclear targeting of Smads is controlled by TGF-β and other signaling pathways.
Education Ethics, Civil Education

In this article, I provide a brief overview of the recent history concerning moral education in the schools. I explain how the service-learning movement began to eclipse the moral education endeavors that were popular in the 1970s and 1980s in the schools. This in turn has led to a renewed focus on civic education and civic engagement. I then provide an important example of a program, Public Achievement, that appears promising as a civic engagement strategy that pulls together these various value concepts.
Eating and Weight Disorders

Overview of Eating and Weight Disorders: Bodies to Die For. The Epidemiology and Nature of Eating and Weight Disorders. Understanding, Assessing and Treating Anorexia Nervosa. Understanding, Assessing and Treating Bulimia Nervosa. Atypical Eating Disorders and Binge Eating Disorders: Assessment and Treatment. Obesity: Assessment and Treatment. Further Reading and Resources.
Understanding Creep-Fatigue Interaction in Fe-25Ni-20Cr (wt%) Austenitic Stainless Steel

Gen-IV nuclear reactors require materials to operate under much harsher conditions necessitating the development of advanced structural materials. Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) is a Gen-IV nuclear reactor with a high level of technology readiness. Alloy 709, Fe-25Ni-20Cr (wt%) alloyed with Nb and stabilized with nitrogen, is an advanced austenitic stainless steel having promising set of properties for SFRs. However, the creep-fatigue deformation behavior is unknown for this alloy. This work focuses on evaluating creep-fatigue interaction in this alloy. We report here a creep-fatigue study conducted at 750 °C using triangular waveform following the ASTM standard E2714–13 at 0.1 Hz frequency. The creep-fatigue tests were conducted in strain-controlled mode where strain amplitudes of 0.2% and 0.5% were used. The microstructural examination in as-received and post-deformation conditions were carried out using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The creep-fatigue lives at 0.2% and 0.5% strain amplitudes were 17,416 and 526 cycles, respectively. The comparison of the TEM micrographs between as-received and creep-fatigue deformed at 0.5% strain amplitude showed higher dislocation density and loosely defined subgrains in the deformed alloy. The fractographs indicated that for the samples deformed at 0.2% strain amplitude, fatigue might have been the dominant mode of deformation whereas for the sample deformed at 0.5% strain amplitude, fatigue and creep both might have contributed to the overall deformation of the alloy.
Abstract 584: Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 is Required for NfκB Pathway Activity in Macrophages and Atherosclerosis

Introduction: In preliminary studies, we found that Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF1) supports MΦ migration, phagocytosis, survival and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Moreover, AIF1 limi...
HyperFlow: A Processor Architecture for Nonmalleable, Timing-Safe Information Flow Security

This paper presents HyperFlow, a processor that enforces secure information flow, including control over timing channels. The design and implementation of HyperFlow offer security assurance because it is implemented using a security-typed hardware description language that enforces secure information flow. Unlike prior processors that aim to enforce simple information-flow policies such as noninterference, HyperFlow allows complex information flow policies that can be configured at run time. Its fine-grained, decentralized information flow mechanisms allow controlled communication among mutually distrusting processes and system calls into different security domains. We address the significant challenges in designing such a processor architecture with contributions in both the hardware architecture and the security type system. The paper discusses the architecture decisions that make the processor secure and describes ChiselFlow, a new secure hardware description language supporting lightweight information-flow enforcement. The HyperFlow architecture is prototyped on a full-featured processor that offers a complete RISC-V instruction set, and is shown to add moderate overhead to area and performance.
Physical Inspection & Attacks: New Frontier in Hardware Security

Due to globalization, the semiconductor industry is becoming more susceptible to trust and security issues. Hardware Trojans, i.e., malicious modification to integrated circuits (ICs), can violate the root of trust when the devices are fabricated in untrusted facilities. Literature shows as the microscopy and failure analysis tools excel in the resolution and capability, physical inspection methods like reverse engineering and photonic emission become attractive in helping verify such trust issues. On the contrary, such physical inspection methods are opening new capabilities for an adversary to extract sensitive information like secret keys, memory content or intellectual property (IP) from the chip compromising confidentiality and integrity. Different countermeasures have been proposed, however, there are still many unanswered questions. In this paper, we discuss physical inspection/attack methods using failure analysis tools and analyze the existing countermeasures and security/trust issues related to them. Next, we will introduce challenges related to the development of new countermeasures and trust verification. Finally, we present research roadmap for this emerging field.
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation

OSDI '02 continues the conference's tradition of presenting the best innovative work in the systems software area, taking a broad view of what the area encompasses. We believe that this year's conference contains some of the most original, intriguing, and important work in the field today. OSDI '02 drew a highly competitive selection from a large collection of diverse, original work submitted by authors internationally to form a program of creative, well-developed papers opening up new and innovative areas--not merely incremental results building on prior work.The program presents important results in a wide range of areas, including distributed storage systems, robust software construction, OS kernel innovations, sensor networks, virtual machine monitors, large-scale network simulation, resource management architectures for Internet services, peer-to-peer systems, network analysis, and migration of execution environments.OSDI '02 received 150 submissions; all submissions were reviewed by several members of the program committee and selected external reviewers, comprising roughly 700 reviews. Program committee members did not participate in the review or discussion of any papers co-authored by themselves, members of their home institutions, former students, advisors, or recent collaborators. The program committee met at the Intel Berkeley research lab on July 30, 2002, to make the final program selection during an eleven-hour meeting.
Preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes and Clinical Characteristics as Predictors of 90-Day Cost/Utilization and Complications.

Abstract Background With the advent of mandatory bundle payments for total joint arthroplasty (TJA), assessing patients’ risk for increased 90-day complications and resource utilization is crucial. This study assesses the degree to which preoperative patient-reported outcomes predict 90-day complications, episode costs, and utilization in TJA patients. Methods All TJA cases in 2017 at 2 high-volume hospitals were queried. Preoperative HOOS/KOOS JR (Hip Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score/Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) and Veterans RAND 12-item health survey (VR-12) were administered to patients preoperatively via e-collection platform. For patients enrolled in the Medicare bundle, cost data were extracted from claims. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Results In total, 2108 patients underwent TJA in 2017; 1182 (56%) were missing patient-reported outcome data and were excluded. The final study population included 926 patients, 199 (21%) of which had available cost data. Patients with high bundle costs tended to be older, suffer from vascular disease and anemia, and have higher Charlson scores (P 75th percentile bundle cost, and 90-day bundle cost exceeding target bundle price (P Conclusion Low baseline VR-12 PCS is predictive of high 90-day bundle costs. Baseline HOOS/KOOS JR scores were not predictive of utilization or cost. Neither VR-12 nor HOOS/KOOS JR was predictive of 90-day readmission or complications.
Paucity of Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (RARα) Nuclear Immunostaining in Gliomas and Inability of Retinoic Acid to Influence Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) Expression

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is down-regulated during periods of embryological cell migration and may be important in local tumor migration or metastases. Conflicting information exists in the literature about NCAM expression in human glial tumors and little is known about its expression in human brain metastases. We immunohistochemically stained a panel of 43 primary human brain tumors and their cultured counterparts for NCAM including glioblastoma multiformes, anaplastic astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and contrasted their staining with a panel of 3 meningiomas, 11 brain metastases, and 5 normal brain samples utilizing the monoclonal antibody NKH-1. Most gliomas and metastatic melanomas and lung carcinomas showed a high percentage of cells positive for NCAM expression while NCAM staining was negative for other carcinomas. No difference was seen between intensity or percentage of cells that were NCAM positive, based on tumor grade or type. In glioma cell lines, NCAM expression was lost upon passage. In 15 glioma cell lines we also determined NCAM isoform expression by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) and found that 6 of 15 had message for NCAM 180, 8 of 15 for NCAM 140, and only 3 of 15 had message for NCAM 120. Normal brains always contained message for the 180 isoform and usually had mRNA for all 3 isoforms. Using monoclonal antibodies for retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα), we found nuclear staining in melanomas and lung carcinomas metastatic to brain and only rarely in gliomas. Neither the relative antigen density of NCAM nor the percent of NCAM-positive cells appreciably changed upon incubation with retinoic acid (RA), as measured by flow cytometry. RARα was not found at a level measurable by immunohistochemistry in nuclei of most glial tumors, providing an explanation for why RA might not induce NCAM expression. Whether paucity of RARα on primary gliomas might also correlate with results from clinical trials showing limited efficacy of RA in treatment of human gliomas awaits further study.
What Is a Family? : Answers from Early Modern Japan

What Is a Family? explores the histories of diverse households during the Tokugawa period in Japan (1603–1868). The households studied here differ in locale and in status—from samurai to outcaste, peasant to merchant—but what unites them is life within the social order of the Tokugawa shogunate. The circumstances and choices that made one household unlike another were framed, then as now, by prevailing laws, norms, and controls on resources. These factors led the majority to form stem families, which are a focus of this volume. The essays in this book draw on rich sources—population registers, legal documents, personal archives, and popular literature—to combine accounts of collective practices (such as the adoption of heirs) with intimate portraits of individual actors (such as a murderous wife). They highlight the variety and adaptability of households that, while shaped by a shared social order, do not conform to any stereotypical version of a Japanese family. “Asking fresh questions—and taking up new kinds of evidence—What Is a Family? illuminates household dynamics that have simply not come into focus before. Alongside sturdy formulae for success, the authors find marked diversity, improvisation, and change over time. A lively and provocative collection.” KAREN WIGEN, author of A Malleable Map: Geographies of Restoration in Central Japan, 1600–1912 “An engaging and eye-opening volume. From the spread of the stem family structure across multiple status groups, to the emotional bonds of adoption and marriage, to the gendering of family relations, What Is a Family? is essential reading for students of early modern and modern Japan.” KATE McDONALD, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Santa Barbara MARY ELIZABETH BERRY is Professor of History Emerita at the University of California, Berkeley. Her books include Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period. MARCIA YONEMOTO is Professor of History at the University of Colorado Boulder. Her books include The Problem of Women in Early Modern Japan. A Philip E. Lilienthal Book in Asian Studies
Authoring Future Identities: Latina Girls Reading and Writing the University.

In this article, we describe the campus visit we organized for Latina girls (grades 6–12) that participated in Somos Escritoras/We Are Writers. Somos Escritoras is a creative space that invites Lat...
Adherence to and outcomes of a University-Consortium gastroschisis pathway

Abstract Background Our multi-institutional university consortium implemented a gastroschisis pathway in 2015 to standardize and improve care by promoting avoidance of routine intubation and paralysis during silo placement, expeditious abdominal wall closure, discontinuation of antibiotics/narcotics within 48 h of closure, and early initiation/advancement of feeds. Methods Adherence to the gastroschisis pathway was prospectively monitored. Outcomes for the contemporary cohort (2015–2018) were compared with a historical cohort (2007–2012). Results Good adherence to the pathway was observed for 70 cases of inborn uncomplicated gastroschisis. The contemporary cohort had significantly lower median mechanical ventilator days (2 versus 5; p Conclusion In this study, adherence to a clinical pathway for gastroschisis across different facilities was feasible and led to reduction in exposure to mechanical ventilation and antibiotics. The adoption of a bedside skin closure technique appears to facilitate compliance with the pathway. Level of evidence Level II/III Type of study Prospective comparative study with historical cohort
Do GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is reduce cardiovascular events in women with type 2 diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Aims The risk of cardiovascular disease is often underestimated in women. This leads to a delay in controlling the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and even delays in prescribing medications with cardiovascular benefit. Our aim was to explore if glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i) medications would reduce cardiovascular events in women with type 2 diabetes when atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) predominates. Materials and methods We searched for randomized trials comparing GLP-1RA or SGLT-2i to placebo in people with type 2 diabetes and had a primary outcome exploring major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Data concerning women were then extracted. A sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed according to the class of diabetes medication. Results A total of 9 trials (GLP-1RA in 6 trials and SGLT-2i in 3) were included. Of the 84,258 participants enrolled, 30,784 (37%) participants were women. Pooled results showed a statistically significant lower incidence of MACE favouring diabetes medications (GLP-1RA or SGLT-2i) compared to placebo (RR [95%CI] = 0.87 [0.80, 0.94]). On restricting the analysis to GLP-1RA then to SGLT-2i, results remained significant with GLP-1RA but not SGLT-2i. Conclusions In women with type 2 diabetes who either have increased cardiovascular risk or established cardiovascular disease and ASCVD predominates, GLP-1RA significantly reduce the incidence of MACE while SGLT-2i result in a non-significant reduction. SGLT-2i may have comparable effect when examined in more studies. GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i should be considered without delay in women with type 2 diabetes and increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
Contraceptive use among women with medical conditions: Factors that influence method choice

Abstract Objective To identify factors that influence contraceptive initiation among women with medical conditions. Study design We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional survey of women 18–45 years old with medical conditions who received contraception consultation from complex family planning specialists at five University of California Medical Centers from June 2014-June 2015. We asked survey participants about factors that influence their decision of choosing and initiating a contraceptive method, how they accessed family planning specialists and the impact of this consultation on their contraceptive method choice. Results Among 97 participants, 61 (63%) had one medical condition, 28 (29%) had two medical conditions, and 8 (8%) had three or four medical conditions. A majority of participants initiated long-acting reversible contraceptive methods including an intrauterine device (n = 54, 56%) and the contraceptive implant (n = 17, 18%). The most common reason for initiating contraception was to avoid pregnancy in the immediate future for personal reasons (n = 43, 44%). The most common reason for initiating a particular contraceptive method was safety given their medical condition (n = 19, 20%). After the consultation with the complex family planning specialist, participants commonly reported that the person with the most influence on their contraceptive method choice was the complex family planning specialist (n = 35, 36%) and less commonly the primary care provider (n = 9, 9%) and not at all by a family member or friend (n = 0, 0%). Conclusion Women with medical conditions are highly influenced by a complex family planning specialist in regard to their contraceptive options and when receiving such counseling, will often choose highly effective methods. Implications This study provides insight into contraceptive decision-making among women with medical conditions referred to a complex family planning specialist for contraceptive care.
PD-L1 and prognosis in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: a meta-analysis and bioinformatics study.

Background:The prognostic value of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has been controversial according to previous investigations. Th...
Orientation-dependent stabilization of Mg Cr 2 O 4 spinel thin films

Author(s): Wen, F; Liu, X; Kareev, M; Wu, TC; Terilli, M; Chakhalian, J; Shafer, P; Arenholz, E | Abstract: AB2O4 normal spinels with a magnetic B site can host a variety of magnetic and orbital frustrations leading to spin-liquid phases and field-induced phase transitions. Here, we report the epitaxial growth of (111)-oriented MgCr2O4 thin films. By characterizing the structural and electronic properties of films grown along the (001) and (111) directions, the influence of growth orientation has been studied. Despite distinctly different growth modes observed during deposition, the comprehensive characterization reveals no measurable disorder in the cation distribution nor multivalency issue for Cr ions in either orientation. Contrary to a naive expectation, the (111) stabilized films exhibit a smoother surface and a higher degree of crystallinity than (001)-oriented films. The preference in growth orientation is explained within the framework of heteroepitaxial stabilization in connection to a significantly lower (111) surface energy. These findings open broad opportunities in the fabrication of two-dimensional kagome-triangular heterostructures with emergent magnetic behavior inaccessible in bulk crystals.
Scalar Inferences in the Acquisition of Even

Scalar inferences are ubiquitous in human reasoning. Correspondingly, language has many means of expressing and encoding them. One of these means is the focus particle even, which utilizes scalar inferences to signal the pragmatic status of asserted content as noteworthy. The vehicles that even employs to signal noteworthiness are scalar likelihood inferences. A peculiarity of these inferences is that they are presuppositional in nature (not-at-issue) and yet, they are responsive to the polarity of the sentence expressing the proposition whose likelihood is signaled. This property raises intricate questions about what learners might expect scalar operators of this sort to look like (initial hypothesis space) as well as what type of evidence and learning strategies they have access to as they figure out the specific properties of even in adult English. This paper presents a detailed study of this development, combining data from a series of comprehension experiments and corpus studies. We find that children are sensitive to the basic scalar nature of even much earlier than previous literature has claimed. We additionally find, however, that children sometimes exhibit non-adult-like responses to even sentences, which we argue provide insight into their developing grammar. On this view, the child grammar offers a larger option space for even than the adult grammar. Becoming adult-like, in turn, involves eliminating some of these options, namely those that are underutilized in production due to their limited conversational value.
Proliferative Capacity of Adult Mouse Brain

We studied cell proliferation in the postnatal mouse brain between the ages of 2 and 30 months and identified four compartments with different densities of proliferating cells. The first identified compartment corresponds to the postnatal pallial neurogenic (PPN) zone in the telencephalon; the second to the subpallial postnatal neurogenic (SPPN) zone in the telencephalon; the third to the white matter bundles in the telencephalon; and the fourth to all brain parts outside of the other three compartments. We estimated that about 3.4 million new cells, including 0.8 million in the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampus, are produced in the PPN zone. About 21 million new cells, including 10 million in the subependymal zone (SEZ) in the lateral walls of the lateral ventricle and 2.7 million in the rostral migratory stream (RMS), are produced in the SPPN zone. The third and fourth compartments together produced about 31 million new cells. The analysis of cell proliferation in neurogenic zones shows that postnatal neurogenesis is the direct continuation of developmental neurogenesis in the telencephalon and that adult neurogenesis has characteristics of the late developmental process. As a developmental process, adult neurogenesis supports only compensatory regeneration, which is very inefficient.
Factors Associated With Health‐Related Quality of Life 2 Years After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: Insights From INTERMACS

Background Factors related to health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) 2 years after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation are unknown. We sought to determine whether preimplant intended...