cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural killer (NK) cell immunodeficiency in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. II. Successful cloning and amplification of natural killer cells.

Defective natural killer (NK) cell populations from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), that reacted with both HNK-1+ and B73.1+ antibodies, were obtained by a flluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). These fractions, along with NK fractions from normal donors which reacted with both antibodies, were expanded as bulk cultures or clones by limiting dilution, for 4 weeks in the presence of 10% interleukin 2 (IL 2), human type AB plasma, and irradiated human allogeneic mononuclear cells. Successfully established clones from patients with CML, with lytic activity against autologous and more differentiated neoplastic granulocytes, were generated more efficiently from B73.1+ than from HNK-1+ subsets. However, there were no significant differences among the generations of B73.1+ and HNK-1+ clones for both patients and normal donors with lytic activity against NK susceptible K-562 targets. Fresh myeloblast preparations from a blast crisis were found to be more susceptible to lysis by IL 2-proliferative B73.1+ and HNK-1+ clones than were fresh myelocyte preparations from a chronic phase CML patient, which were lytically susceptible to only B73.1+ clones. B73.1+ and HNK-1+ subsets from CML patients demonstrated major histocompatibility complex nonrestricted killing, and showed the following predominant phenotypes: B73.1+T3+T8+ or B73.1+T3+T8− from B73.1+ subsets; and HNK-1−T3+T8+ (initially HNK-1+) from HNK-1+ subsets. In contrast, B73.1+ and HNK-1+ clones from normal donors showed the following predominant phenotypes: B73.1+T3−T8−; and HNK-1−T3−T8− or HNK-1−T3−T8+ (initially all HNK-1+). Short-term in vitro IL 2 or interferon treatment of fresh NK defective subsets from CML patients resulted in minimal cytotoxic augmentation. In contrast, defective NK cells from CML patients, whether HNK-1+ or B73.1+ subsets, proliferated with complete regeneration of cytolytic activity after a 3–4 week exposure to IL 2, but differed in phenotypic profiles as compared to those of normal donors. These observations imply that not only fresh defective NK cells but also the cytotoxically restored clones from CML patients are derived from different NK subsets and may represent undifferentiated forms of NK cells that may be arrested at an early stage of development by yet unknown mechanism(s). In vitro substantiation of autologous leukemia cell killing by IL 2-proliferative NK cell clones is encouraging and may allow for new in vivo immunotherapeutic modalities in CML patients.
The essence and features of strategic planning in the interests of political security

У статті розкрито сутність та особливості стратегічного планування в інтересах забезпечення політичної безпеки. З’ясовано, що ефективність державно-управлінських стратегій щодо адекватного реагування на виклики та загрози політичній безпеці значною мірою визначається якістю вказаного планування. Встановлено, що головна увага суб’єктів стратегічного планування в інтересах забезпечення політичної безпеки має бути зосереджена на забезпеченні якості результатів стратегічного аналізу. Вони обов’язково мають враховувати наслідки реалізації тих чи інших управлінських рішень у перспективі, суспільну підтримку, ресурсні можливості, вирішення завдань суспільно-політичного розвитку, планування та здійснення відповідних зовнішньополітичних акцій. Акцентовано увагу на важливості наукового супроводження стратегічного планування у сфері політичної безпеки.
Mental health treatment and work among African American and Caribbean Black welfare recipients.

Objective Untreated depression among Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) participants greatly reduces chances of securing and holding gainful employment. Method Logistic regression models were estimated on data describing 1,000 African American and Caribbean Black TANF recipients and 2,123 African American and Caribbean Black non-TANF recipients obtained from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). Results Black TANF participants were more likely than Black non-TANF participants to be depressed and treated. Treatment odds were lower for Caribbean Black than for U.S.-born Black TANF participants. Conclusion Results indicated that mental health treatment was likely among Black TANF participants if depression was identified. TANF participants working less than full-time did not receive as much treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Abnormal glycogen storage in tuberous sclerosis complex caused by impairment of mTORC1-dependent and -independent signaling pathways

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant syndrome that causes tumor formation in multiple organs. TSC is caused by inactivating mutations in the genes encoding TSC1/2, negative regulators of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Diminished TSC function is associated with excess glycogen storage, but the causative mechanism is unknown. By studying human and mouse cells with defective or absent TSC2, we show that complete loss of TSC2 causes an increase in glycogen synthesis through mTORC1 hyperactivation and subsequent inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a negative regulator of glycogen synthesis. Specific TSC2 pathogenic mutations, however, result in elevated glycogen levels with no changes in mTORC1 or GSK3β activities. We identify mTORC1-independent lysosomal depletion and impairment of autophagy as the driving causes underlying abnormal glycogen storage in TSC irrespective of the underlying mutation. The defective autophagic degradation of glycogen is associated with abnormal ubiquitination and degradation of essential proteins of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, such as LC3 and lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 and 2 (LAMP1/2) and is restored by the combined use of mTORC1 and Akt pharmacological inhibitors. In complementation to current models that place mTORC1 as the central therapeutic target for TSC pathogenesis, our findings identify mTORC1-independent pathways that are dysregulated in TSC and that should therefore be taken into account in the development of a therapeutic treatment.
Membrane Localization of HspA1A, a Stress Inducible 70-kDa Heat-Shock Protein, Depends on Its Interaction with Intracellular Phosphatidylserine

HspA1A is a cytosolic molecular chaperone essential for cellular homeostasis. HspA1A also localizes at the plasma membrane (PM) of tumor and stressed cells. However, it is currently unknown how this cytosolic protein translocates to the PM. Taking into account that HspA1A interacts with lipids, including phosphatidylserine (PS), and that lipids recruit proteins to the PM, we hypothesized that the interaction of HspA1A with PS allows the chaperone to localize at the PM. To test this hypothesis, we subjected cells to mild heat-shock and the PM-localized HspA1A was quantified using confocal microscopy and cell surface biotinylation. These experiments revealed that HspA1A's membrane localization increased during recovery from non-apoptotic heat-shock. Next, we selectively reduced PS targets by overexpressing the C2 domain of lactadherin (Lact-C2), a known PS-biosensor, and determined that HspA1A's membrane localization was greatly reduced. In contrast, the reduction of PI(4,5)P2 availability by overexpression of the PLCδ-PH biosensor had minimal effects on HspA1A's PM-localization. Implementation of a fluorescent PS analog, TopFluor-PS, established that PS co-localizes with HspA1A. Collectively, these results reveal that HspA1A's PM localization and anchorage depend on its selective interaction with intracellular PS. This discovery institutes PS as a new and dynamic partner in the cellular stress response.
Identifying the Very-High-Risk Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Patient: Does It Really Matter?∗

More than 20 years ago, the 27th Bethesda Conference ([1][1]) noted that the intensity of treatment should match the patient risk of future cardiovascular events. The Third Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program in 2001 ([2][2]) first used risk scoring to stratify the
Relationship between initiation of 340B participation and hospital safety-net engagement.

Objective The 340B program allows safety-net hospitals to acquire discounted outpatient drugs and charge payers full price. We examined whether 340B participation increases safety-net engagement. Data sources 340B participation data, Medicare hospital cost reports, American Hospital Association Survey, and Schedule 990 nonprofit hospital tax returns. Study design Quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design comparing 340B hospitals (the "treatment" group) before and after participating to changes over time to three alternative "control" groups: all other nonprofit and public hospitals, hospitals that are not participating during our study, and hospitals that were not-yet-participating but started after 2015. Outcome measures include a range of safety-net care measures that are alternatives to the standard uncompensated care: charity care, community benefit spending, charity care policies, and low-profit service-line provision. Data extraction We extracted data on all nonprofit and public hospitals from 2011 to 2015. We linked 340B participation data to Medicare hospital cost reports and American Hospital Association data using Medicare hospital identifiers. 990 Data was linked on name and address. Principal findings New 340B participation was not associated with a change in uncompensated care, but was associated with a 28.9 percent increase in charity care spending (SE = 8.8), or about $880,000 per hospital. However, total community benefit spending (including charity care) did not change. 340B was associated with an increase in the probability of offering discounted care (4.3 percentage points, SE = 1.6) from 84 to 88 percent and an increase in the income eligibility limit for discounted care (18.9 percentage points, SE = 5.6) from 294 to 313 percent. Participation was not associated with the probability of offering low-profit medical care services. Conclusions Alternative measures show that newly participating hospitals may increase charity care, potentially through offering more patients discounted care. However, increases appear to be fully offset by reductions in other community benefit programs.
Diurnal effects on sporangium and zoospore production by Phytophthora ramorum on Rhododendron ‘Cunningham’s White’

We evaluated sporangium and zoospore production by three isolates of Phytophthora ramorum on Rhododendron ‘Cunningham’s White’ leaves under light and dark conditions at both variable and constant (...
O-029 Brain tissue iron quantification at the periphery of the hematoma by MRI in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: translational evidence in first 10 patients

Objective Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has devastating consequences in the human population. No specific outcome modifying treatment or objective risk stratifying measure currently exists in ICH patients. The goal of our study is to validate an MRI based algorithm to reliably quantify the iron levels in the periphery of the hematoma. Methods Institutional IRB was obtained for the study. We secured NIH funding to undertake the study in September 2018. We recruited 10 patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria established for the study. The study protocol was to obtain MRI at day 3, 14 and 30 following ICH. The MRI scans were performed without contrast. The sequences performed were T1, T2 and PADRE plus a multi-echo susceptibility weighted sequence. Relaxivity (1/T2* - R2*) maps were then created utilizing the multi-echo sequence in Matlab. Two consecutive volumes of interest (VOI) 1 & 2 rings were then manually drawn on the maps around the periphery of the hematoma, on all the axial slices demonstrating the hematoma, on all available date points in each individual patient. Identical contralateral brain VOI (Normal Control - NC) was also drawn at each corresponding MRI axial image slice. The average measurement values were then tabulated at pre-specified time points over a period of one month following the ICH. The R2* value was then extrapolated to an iron concentration (IC) measured from an iron phantom MRI with identical sequences. Results 10 eligible patients with ICH and two controls were recruited to the study. The Mean R2* value Day 3: VOI 1; 53.59 (SD: 6.01) - IC 0.16 SD 0.02, VOI 2: 28.35 (SD: 5.17) - IC 0.08 SD 0.02, NC: 19.47 (SD: 2.85) - IC 0.05 SD 0.01. Day 14: VOI 1; 47.97 (SD: 5.43) - IC 0.14 SD 0.02, VOI 2: 27.19 (SD: 2.19) - IC 0.08 SD 0.01, NC: 18.94 (SD: 1.62) - IC 0.05 SD 0.01. Day 30: VOI 1; 49.14 (SD: 6.44) - IC 0.15 SD 0.02, VOI 2: 30.10 (SD: 3.41) - IC 0.09 SD 0.01, NC: 19.93 (SD: 2.82) - IC 0.05 SD 0.01. Conclusion Our study, the first translational study of its kind, shows relatively reliable iron concentration measurements by MRI at the periphery of the hematoma over a period of 1 month following the ICH, showing good correlation with previous animal study data over a similar duration. Larger study is needed with extended 180 day follow up to further validate the measurement algorithm with a view to potentially becoming an MRI based risk stratification strategy in ICH patients. In addition, the algorithm may be utilized for monitoring iron chelate therapy in ICH. Disclosures N. Chaudhary: None. A. Pandey: None. J. Griauzde: None. J. Gemmete: None. R. Keep: None. G. Xi: None.
Directions in Sociolinguistics: Report on an Interdisciplinary Seminar

A 1964 summer seminar hosted by the SSRC’s Committee on Sociolinguistics highlighted tensions between sociology and linguistics when scholars gathered to address how their disciplines can deepen research on language’s impact on society. For example, sociologists questioned linguistics’ lack of definition for language or dialect while linguists raised concerns about sociology’s reliance on large quantified data. However, by the end of the seminar, the scholars agreed the encounter had raised important questions and opened new paths of investigation through both sociological and linguistic approaches, including the study of language and social stratification, multilingualism, and language standardization.
Regression Analysis of Brain Biomechanics Under Uniaxial Deformation

Traumatic brain injury is one of the most prevalent health conditions in the United States. However, despite its significance and frequency there is not that much understanding of the mechanism that controls the brain response during injurious loading. Because brain testing conditions are different between several assessment methods, this is considered as a confounding problem as brain biomechanics cannot be analyzed and understood completely. Multivariate linear regression has been applied in this article as a statistical method to expound the correlations between brain biomechanical response and in vitro brain testing conditions under uniaxial deformation. Neighborhood component analysis has been used to extract ten relevant continuous parameters, namely, age, strain rate, diameter, thickness, length, width, height, storage temperature, testing temperature, and post-mortem preservation time, five different categorical parameters, namely, stress condition, species, specimen location, brain matter composition, and geometry. In addition, multivariate regression model has been estimated with the storage, loss, and complex moduli as the responses. Intercept, strain rate, gray brain matter, and white brain matter have been discovered to be the most consistently significant parameters across the three response variables.
Peripheral Enthesitis in Spondyloarthritis: Lessons from Targeted Treatments

A significant proportion of patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) have peripheral enthesitis. Data suggest that psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients with enthesitis have a higher disease burden than those without enthesitis. Over the past decade, there has been a proliferation of treatment options for spondyloarthropathy. These medications target multiple signaling pathways, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-12/23, IL-23, thymus (T)-cell co-stimulation, intracellular Janus kinases, and phosphodiesterase enzymes. As a key domain in SpA, enthesitis outcomes are included in pivotal trials of these agents and are reported as secondary outcome measures. One significant limitation is that the clinical evaluation of enthesitis relies on eliciting tenderness on palpation and is insensitive when compared with imaging. Furthermore, direct comparisons between studies are not available due to the use of different outcome measures, lack of consistent and comprehensive reporting outcomes, and subgroup analyses with a lower number of patients with enthesitis. This systematic review describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and available targeted therapies against enthesitis, as well as a detailed report of their efficacy. One major trend identified during this review is incomplete reporting of outcome measures, as many studies reported proportions of enthesitis prevalence. Factors that affected responsiveness in clinical trials included the entheseal instrument used, the number of subjects available for comparison, as well as the therapeutic agent. In general, anti-TNF and anti-IL-17 agents, as well as Janus kinase inhibitors, show moderate responsiveness for enthesitis. The data for IL-23 targeting is contradictory.
An Lp-DPG method for the convection–diffusion problem

Abstract Following Muga and van der Zee (Muga and van der Zee, 2015), we generalize the standard Discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin (DPG) method, based on Hilbert spaces, to Banach spaces. Numerical experiments using model 1D convection-dominated diffusion problem are performed and compared with Hilbert setting. It is shown that Banach-based method gives solutions less susceptible to Gibbs phenomenon. h-adaptivity is implemented with the help of the error representation function as error indicator.
Convolutional Neural Network for Detection of Residential Photovoltalc Systems in Satellite Imagery

Due to recently growing adoption, residential photovoltaic (PV) installations are becoming a key contribution to renewable energy production. In order to efficiently track the inherently decentralized deployment of these PV systems, this study leverages widely available high-resolution satellite imagery, along with the demonstrated ability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in image classification tasks. In particular, this effort presents development of a custom-trained CNN that operates on images of residential areas received as part of a larger image processing pipeline. This custom-trained CNN is shown to achieve comparable accuracy to the state-of-the-art achieved via transfer learning, but with reduced computational burden and required image resolution. Using imagery from two cities in California, this approach achieves PV classification with a precision of 91.9% and recall of 92.4%. This accuracy is sufficient to inform actionable insights from satellite imagery regarding the political, social, and economic factors affecting PV deployment.
Social Determinants of Health Influence Access to Care and Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

Purpose To investigate the impact social determinants of health (SDOH) have on accessing orthopaedic treatment after an anterior cruciate ligament injury, as well as patient-reported and surgical outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods A systematic search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Epub Ahead of Print, Embase, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify studies that reported at least 1 SDOH and its effect on patient-reported outcomes or surgical outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Our search identified 937 studies. After eliminating 273 duplicates, 2 authors screened 664 articles on the basis of title and abstract. After this initial screening, 76 studies were evaluated for data extraction. Studies were categorized based on the social determinant(s) of health reported. Results Twenty-two articles published between 2002 and 2020 were included in this study, encompassing 15 retrospective cohort studies, 3 prospective cohort studies, 3 cross-sectional studies, and 1 case-control study from 9 journals across 3 countries. Of these articles, 9 investigated race/ethnicity, 8 investigated insurance status, 4 investigated income, 5 investigated education level, 2 investigated employment status, and 5 investigated socioeconomic status. Reported outcomes included time to treatment, concomitant knee injury, patient-reported outcome measurement scores, postoperative complications, need for additional surgery, and postoperative healthcare utilization. Conclusions Certain SDOH, including black race, Hispanic ethnicity, public health insurance, and lower socioeconomic status contribute to a delay in access to care, which may result in increased severity of concomitant knee injuries encountered at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and inferior outcomes. Study Design Level III, systematic review of level I-III evidence.
Adsorption Characteristics of Activated Carbon Fibers in Respirator Cartridges for Toluene.

Respirator use has been shown to be associated with overall discomfort. Activated carbon fiber (ACF) has potential as an alternative adsorbent for developing thinner, lightweight, and efficient respirators due to its larger surface area, microporosity, and fabric form. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the adsorption characteristics of commercially available ACF in respirator cartridges with varying ACF composition for toluene protection. Seven ACF types (one cloth, six felt) with varying properties were tested. Seven ACF cartridge configurations with varying ACF composition were challenged with five toluene concentrations (20–500 ppm) at constant air temperature (23 °C), relative humidity (50%), and air flow (32 LPM). Breakthrough curves were obtained using photoionization detectors. Breakthrough times (10%, 50%, and 5 ppm) and adsorption capacities were compared among ACF cartridge configurations to determine their suitable application in respiratory protection. Results showed that ACF cartridges containing the densest ACF felt types had the longest average breakthrough times (e.g., ~250–270 min to reach 5 ppm breakthrough time) and those containing ACF felt types with the highest specific surface areas had the highest average adsorption capacity (~450–470 mg/g). The ACF cartridges demonstrated breakthrough times of <1 h for 500 ppm toluene and 8–16 h for 20 ppm toluene. The ACF cartridges are more reliable for use at low ambient toluene concentrations but still have potential for use at higher concentrations for short-term protection. ACF felt forms with appropriate properties (density of ~0.07 g/cm3; specific surface area of ~2000 m2/g) have shown promising potential for the development of lighter and thinner respirators for protection against toluene.
Accounting for Plant-level Misallocation

Using a micro-level dataset of all Korean manufacturing plants, we show that dispersion in the average product of capital are 1) volatile and persistent at the plant-level, 2) small at the industry-level (2- and 5-digit industries), and 3) systematically related to the size and age of a plant. Using a model of industry dynamics calibrated to match salient facts on plant-level investment, exit and growth, we find that non-convex capital adjustment costs account for a small fraction (less than 3%) of the observed dispersion in the average product of capital. In contrast, borrowing frictions account for a substantial fraction of the observed dispersion in the average product of capital. We also document the extent to which measurement issues (overhead labor, variable capacity utilization, departures from a Cobb-Douglas production function) can generate some of the observed dispersion in the average revenue product of capital.
Linking ecological immunology and evolutionary medicine: the case for apolipoprotein E

Summary 1. Evolutionary medicine seeks to understand whether and to what extent aspects of human disease are adaptations for coping with infections or injuries, or the consequence of mismatches between modern and ancestral environments. Ecological immunology by comparison focuses largely on how organisms balance investments in immune defences against other traits (e.g., cognitive and reproductive functions) to maximize fitness. 2. Here we address the potential benefit of merging these two young disciplines by reviewing the biomedical literature involving variation at the human apolipoprotein epsilon (apoE) locus. Allelic variants at this locus are differentially susceptible to certain parasites [e.g. herpes-simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and Chlamydia pneumoniae], as well as Alzheimer’s and coronary artery disease, although susceptibility is impacted by environmental factors such as exercise and diet. ApoE variants also exhibit extensive physiological differences, particularly in immune and cognitive traits. 3. Considered altogether, we suggest that apoe-associated diseases are maladaptive plastic responses to conditions in modern environments, and predict that allelic variation at the apoE locus arose as both a consequence of genetic accommodation of historically adaptive environmental responses and because of the particular susceptibility of lipid transport molecules as infection pathways for certain parasites. 4. The goal of this paper is not to support unequivocally this hypothesis because relevant data remain scarce. We intend instead to provide a framework whereby existing hypotheses, which tend to emphasize faulty signalling via one allele (apoE4), can be evaluated through ecologically-informed experiments.
Law in the Time of Cholera: Disease, State Power, and Quarantines Past and Future

Throughout the course of the nineteenth and twentieth century, the United States faced multiple epidemics of deadly diseases. In the face of such epidemics and often in moments of panic, governments instituted significant quarantines and like the war against terror, public health officials understood quarantines as crucial to protecting the well-being of the nation. Such quarantines most harshly affected those who stood on the margins of society, often poor immigrants and non-whites. Deadly epidemics raise the question of how we respond as a nation to fear and how much liberty we are willing to sacrifice for an abstract concept of the general welfare of the nation. It also provokes the question of precisely whose liberty is at stake and how we define who is to be included or excluded from the community that deserves protection.This article examines two episodes of threatened epidemics that occurred in 1892 in New York City. Both of these potential epidemics, one involving typhus and the other cholera, resulted in the quarantine of thousands of people, the large majority of whom were poor immigrants, primarily Italians and Russian Jews. The article interrogates the discourse surrounding these epidemics and the roles that local, state, and federal governments played. It also analyzes how law ultimately failed to protect some of the most vulnerable people - those who were imagined to have the capacity to pollute the country and the body politic. The article then goes on to examine a number of other large scale quarantines that occurred at the turn of the century and the emerging jurisprudence that they produced.
Protein synthesis and polyribosomes in the calf lens.

Abstract A cell-free system capable of incorporating amino acid into protein has been isolated from calf lens. Polyribosomes have been shown to be present in the ribosomal fraction and to be responsible for most of the protein-synthesizing capacity of this fraction. The polyribosomes have been examined by electron microscopy and appear to be composed of long strands of ribonucleic acid, ranging from 7,000 A to 20,000 A, and containing a large number of ribosomes with an average diameter of about 140 A.
Stability of the Nucleic Acids of L Cells After Infection with the Meningopneumonitis Agent

The stability of host nucleic acids in L cells infected with Chlamydia psittaci (strain meningopneumonitis) was studied. The L cells were prelabeled with either 32P-orthophosphate, 3H-uridine, or 3H-thymidine. After infection, the redistribution of each label among the different fractions of host and parasite was quantitatively determined and compared. There were no signs of accelerated degradation of host nucleic acid as the consequence of meningopneumonitis infection. Comparison of the specific activities of the meningopneumonitis nucleic acids with that of the acid-soluble fraction of host cell cytoplasm suggested that the major source of precursors for parasite nucleic acid synthesis was the common cytoplasmic pool of the infected host cell.
Adenine aminohydrolase. An investigation of mechanism.

Abstract The adenine aminohydrolase of Azotobacter vinelandii has been shown not to catalyze the incorporation of products (hypoxanthine or chloride) into the substrate 6-chloropurine during the course of its hydrolysis of the latter compound. This was the case over a wide range of pH and under conditions which would have readily permitted the detection of 0.01% equilibration of either product into the substrate. A preliminary report of such incorporation (1) is shown to have been artifactual and dependent upon the presence of radioactive impurities in the labeled materials used. These results are consistent with a concerted mechanism and are inconsistent with any mechanism involving the reversible formation of purinyl-enzyme or chloro-enzyme intermediates.
Reply to: Hemichorea Associated with CASPR2 Antibody.

This letter was written in reply to this letter to the editor: Vynogradova I, Savitski V, Heckmann JG. Hemichorea associated with CASPR2 antibody. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2014; 4. doi: 10.7916/D8VM49C5. The above letter to the editor was written in response to this article: Ramdhani RA, Frucht SJ. Isolated Chorea Associated with LGI1 Antibody. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2014; 4. doi: 10.7916/D8MG7MFC
Hubble Space Telescope observations of magellanic cloud planetary nebulae: Stellar winds

Narrow-band [OIII] 500.7 nm images and ultraviolet spectrophotometry are obtained for ≈20 planetary nebulae (PNe) in the Magellanic Clouds using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Four objects show P Cygni-like features in the ultraviolet HST data, and/or broad emission complexes near the HeII 468.6 nm and CIV 580.6 nm lines in ground-based spectra. All objects are of excitation class four or lower, and all are compact and dense compared to other objects in the sample. The likelihood of detecting ultraviolet P Cygni-like profiles in future HST spectroscopy of other objects is discussed.
Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage

Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage. Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. xviii. 326 pp. 90 halftones, notes, index. $50.00 (cloth), $18.95 (paper).
Enhancing the carrying capacity of a DWDM network

Routing and wavelength assignment problems occupy a central place in the design of DWDM networks. More recent studies have proposed means to achieve fairness among traffic classes that traverse multiple nodes over a light-path operating under the wavelength continuity constraint. This paper focuses on the traffic carrying capacity of the network as a whole, and it proposes means to enhance the same using techniques of wavebanding and preferential treatment to different classes of traffic. We use example topologies to illustrate the impact of different disciplines on traffic classes.
How to Organize a Real Life Problem-Based Learning Project in a Business Class Using Strength Assessment to Determine Team Assignment

This paper discusses the benefits and challenges of using real world projects as a learning experience in college classes. Specific strategies and tips are shared for maximizing the likelihood of success of the project for both students and the client firm. Particular emphasis is placed on using strength assessments to assign student roles in the project.
Silver stringers and junior journalists: active information producers

Two projects, Silver Stringers and Junior Journalists, are examples of a shift in the role of the news consumer--community members are actively engaged in publishing pursuits previously confined to the traditional media. Their activities range from news gathering and dissemination to asking questions and debating issues of importance, whether local, international, or topical in scope. This paper describes the evolution of these projects, the experiences of the participants, the technologies developed and employed, and the epistemological impact.
Detached solidification of InSb on earth

Detached solidification of lightly gallium-doped indium antimonide was achieved in the laboratory only when the ampoule was coated with hexagonal boron nitride and when the material appeared to be oxide-free. A furnace was constructed with the temperature increasing with height in order to minimize bouyancy-driven convection, so as to maximize transport of segregated dissolved gases into the gap between the growing solid and the ampoule wall. There appeared to be no difference in results with freezing rates of 5 mmh and 10 mm/h. Best results were obtained when the ampoule was backfilled with 20 kPa of Ar-10%H2 prior to sealing. The detached portions were depressed by several pm from adjacent attached regions, were rough, and sometimes had microfacets and steps.
Effects of mannitol on turgor and on failure stress and strain in potato tuber tissue

Abstract Discrepancies between preliminary results and published literature prompted an investigation into the effects of mannitol manipulation of turgor on failure stress and strain in potato tuber tissue. Tissue samples from two potato tuber cultivars ( Solanum tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank and Atlantic) were treated in 0.15 M (hypotonic) and 0.35 M (hypertonic) mannitol (C 6 H 14 O 6 ) solutions to determine whether mannitol changes fundamental tissue failure properties beyond the effects of turgor change. The use of mannitol for turgor pressure adjustment either above or below the isotonic concentration resulted in distortion of tuber tissue failure properties under dynamic axial loading conditions for potato tissue samples 10 mm in diameter by 15 mm long for both the Russet Burbank and Atlantic cultivars. Sample length did change and shock wave speed (a small strain property) behaved similarly to samples naturally dehydrated. However, the failure stress and strain tended to increase with time regardless of the mannitol treatment, even when these variables should have decreased. Results of this work confirm that mannitol solutions alter both turgor and the potato tuber tissue failure properties under dynamic loading and therefor should not be used to adjust turgor pressure in experiments investigating failure properties.
The crystal and molecular structure of trans-PtI(CMeNC6H4Cl)-(PEt3)2: A compound derived from the insertion of an isocyanide into a metalcarbon bond

Abstract The title compound, obtained from the reaction of the platinum alkyl compound, PtI(Me)(PEt 3 ) 2 , and p -chlorophenyl isocyanide, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c with four molecules per unit cell with dimensions a 20.903(3), b 8.531(1), c 15.176(2)A and β = 107.76(1)°. Its crystal and molecular structure was determined, and refined by full-matrix isotropic-anisotropic least squares on 1791 independent counter data, to a final unweighted R factor of 3.8%. The structure of this species consists of discrete molecular units, in which the platinum atom assumes its expected four-coordinate square planar geometry with PtP distances of 2.314(3) and 2.321(3)A, a PtI distance of 2.712(1)A, and a PtC distance of 2.027(11)A. The intramolecular PtN distance, the distance between the nitrogen of the acylimino-group and the metal atom, is found to be 3.042(10)A. This is clearly a non-bonding distance, refuting an earlier suggestion based on PMR data that the metal atom achieves pseudo five-coordination in these species through coordination to this atom. No unusual intermolecular distances are observed in this structure, with the closest PtPt distance being 8.531 A.
Colitis of Behçet's syndrome--radiologic and pathologic features.

Three patients with Behcet's syndrome and colitis are described. The radiologic and histologic appearances of the colitis are discussed. The similarities of Behcet's colitis to Crohn's disease are outlined. The cases demonstrate the necessity to consider Behcet's syndrome in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease.
Section Review: Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Corticotropin releasing factor and Alzheimer's disease: recent developments with implications for more effective therapies

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system characterised neuropathologically by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in amygdala, hippocampus and neocortex [1,2]. Dysfunction and death of basal cholinergic neurones projecting to forebrain targets are associated with marked decreases in cholinergic markers, including the activity of choline acetyl transferase [3]. Although cerebral cortical levels of somatostatin and somatostatin receptors have been reported to be reduced in AD, no consistent changes have been reported in other neuropeptide systems [4,5]. Here we review the current understanding of the role of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in AD and discuss the possibilities of exploiting this neuropeptide system for a molecular therapy to treat AD.
Menopause and the Menopausal Transition

Menopause and the menopausal transition present unique preventive health and quality-of-life challenges for women. The number of patients in the menopausal age group is increasing and represents a significant portion of the population. Care of the menopausal patient can be challenging for the caregiver. This chapter reviews the major health care challenges as well as evaluation and treatment of common quality-of-life issues for menopausal patients.
Shaping Digital Library Content

This article explores issues related to the selection and purchase of digital content, both from vendors and creation in house, and the degree to which standard collection management principles apply.
Vaccine Design: Innovative Approaches and Novel Strategies

Vaccines, vaccine research and vaccination have become increasingly popular with an ever-increasing number of international meetings and symposia. It is evident that the breadth of these endeavors ...
Visual temporal discrimination: A point of order

The discrepancies in results between two experiments on the visual detection of temporal order are discussed, and it is suggested that the differences arise in great part from the definition of interstimulus interval. The controversy resulting from the misunderstanding is reviewed briefly but optimistically.
Experience of giftedness “eight great gripes” six years later

Building on the foundation of a previous study (Galbraith, 1985) of the “eight great gripes” of gifted children and adolescents, this article describes qualitative perspectives on giftedness among predominantly seventh‐ and eighth‐grade students attending a summer enrichment program. Students responded in writing to a probe (i.e. “What's it like to be gifted?”) designed to elicit their spontaneous perspectives on their experience of giftedness. Responses were compiled and analyzed as they relate to negative and positive perspectives on giftedness and to the needs of gifted children.
Kant, the Republican Peace, and Moral Guidance in International Law

Just as Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes became etched into the minds of international relations scholars as the oracles of realpolitik during the Cold War, Immanuel Kant appears to be well on his way to becoming the prophet of “progressive international reform” in the post—Cold War era. Not only has Kant's thought provided the underpinnings of one of the major traditions of international law, but there is a groundswell of interest among international relations scholars today in the question of whether contemporary events, particularly the proliferation of republican states and attempts to create them, signal the march forward to the Kantian ideal of republican peace. Yet, prior to asking what contemporary events signify for the attainment of the Kantian ideal, we should analyze the conflicting interpretions fo Kantian political thought so as to understand the meaning and implications of the ideal itself. Such a task is not merely pedantie—it is necessary to determine the utility of political philosophy for providing understanding and guidance in the real world.
Targeted mutation in the col5a2 gene reveals a regulatory role for type V collagen during matrix assembly

The tissue–specific organization of collagen molecules into tridimensional macroaggregates determines the physiomechanical properties of most connective tissues, but the factors and mechanisms controlling this process are unknown. It has been postulated that quantitatively minor types V and XI collagen regulate the growth of type I and II collagen fibrils, respectively. To test this hypothesis, we created mice that produce a structurally abnormal α2(V) collagen chain. Homozygous mutant mice survive poorly, possibly because of complications from spinal deformities, and exhibit skin and eye abnormalities caused by disorganized type I collagen fibrils. Our results demonstrate that type V collagen is a key determinant in the assembly of tissue–specific matrices, and provide an animal model for human connective tissue disorders
Dendritic Cells from Aged Subjects Display Enhanced Inflammatory Responses to Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chlamydophila pneumoniae (CPn) is a common respiratory pathogen that causes a chronic and persistent airway infection. The elderly display an increased susceptibility and severity to this infection. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the initiators and regulators of immune responses. Therefore, we investigated the role of DCs in the age-associated increased CPn infection in vitro in humans. Though the expression of activation markers was comparable between the two age groups, DCs from aged subjects secreted enhanced levels of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and CXCL-10 in response to CPn. In contrast, the secretion of IL-10 and innate interferons, IFN-α and IFN-λ, was severely impaired in DCs from aged donors. The increased activation of DCs from aged subjects to CPn also resulted in enhanced proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T cells in a DC-T coculture. Furthermore, T cells primed with CPn-stimulated DCs from aged subjects secreted increased levels of IFN-γ and reduced levels of IL-10 compared to DCs obtained from young subjects. In summary, DCs from the elderly displayed enhanced inflammatory response to CPn which may result in airway remodeling and increase the susceptibility of the elderly to respiratory diseases such as asthma.
Effects of intrastriatal hormones on the dorsal immobility response in male rats.

Abstract Previous research has shown that estradiol administered either peripherally or directly into the striatum potentiates the dorsal immobility response (DIR) in ovariectomized female rats. Male rats are even more responsive than females to intrastriatal estradiol, and furthermore respond to the effects of catecholestrogens while females do not. In order to determine whether the heightened effects of estrogens in males are due to conversion to catecholestrogens, castrated male rats were given bilateral intrastriatal implants of moxestrol, which cannot be readily converted to a catecholestrogen, and diethylstilbestrol, which can. To determine whether the effects of intrastriatal estradiol in male rats might be related to the effects of androgens on the striatum, castrated male rats were given bilateral intrastriatal implants of testosterone, which can be aromatized to estrogen, and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, which cannot. The effects of each of the hormones tested were measured against those of cholesterol (an inactive control substance) and 17β-estradiol. In each case the DIR was measured four hours after the hormone implant. Both synthetic estrogens and 17β-estradiol significantly potentiated the DIR, while neither of the androgens had an effect. Thus, the effects of estradiol, synthetic estrogens and catecholestrogens on the male striatum appear to be due to the estrogenic properties of these hormones.
An inexpensive hot-wire anemometer suitable for behavioral research

Abstract 1. 1. Hot-wire anemometers can be used to monitor properties of air current stimuli in behavioral research. 2. 2. Instructions are presented for the construction of an inexpensive hot-wire anemometer. Calibration procedures and specifications are included.
Altertoxins with potent anti-HIV activity from Alternaria tenuissima QUE1Se, a fungal endophyte of Quercus emoryi

Screening of a small library of natural product extracts derived from endophytic fungi of the Sonoran desert plants in a cell-based anti-HIV assay involving T-cells infected with the HIV-1 virus identified the EtOAc extract of a fermentation broth of Alternaria tenuissima QUE1Se inhabiting the stem tissue of Quercus emoryi as a promising candidate for further investigation. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of this extract led to the isolation and identification of two new metabolites, altertoxins V (1) and VI (2) together with the known compounds, altertoxins I (3), II (4), and III (5). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis and those of 3-5 were established by comparison with reported data. When tested in our cell-based assay at concentrations insignificantly toxic to T-cells, altertoxins V (1), I (3), II (4), and III (5) completely inhibited replication of the HIV-1 virus at concentrations of 0.50, 2.20, 0.30, and 1.50 μM, respectively. Our findings suggest that the epoxyperylene structural scaffold in altertoxins may be manipulated to produce potent anti-HIV therapeutics.