cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sorptive Reconstruction of the CuAlCl4 Framework upon Reversible Ethylene Binding

Three ethylene adducts to CuAlCl(4) have been characterized by single crystal and/or powder X-ray diffraction, (13)C, (27)Al and (63)Cu MAS NMR and diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy. (C(2)H(4))(2)CuAlCl(4), a = 7.1274(5) b = 12.509(1) c = 11.997(3) beta = 91.19 degrees, Pc, Z = 4; alpha-(C(2)H(4))CuAlCl(4), a =7.041(3) b = 10.754(8) c =11.742(9) beta = 102.48(6), P2(1), Z = 4 and beta-(C(2)H(4))CuAlCl(4), a = 7.306(2), b = 16.133(3), c = 7.094(1), Pna2(1), Z = 4. Up to 2 equiv of ethylene ( approximately 200 cm(3)/g relative to stp) are sorbed at room temperatures and pressures as low as 300 Torr. The ethylene ligands are bound to copper (I) primarily through a sigma-interaction, because the AlCl(4)(-) groups also bound to copper prevent any significant pi-back-bonding. The olefin binding is reversible and has been characterized by gravimetric and volumetric adsorption analysis and by time and pressure resolved synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. Comparison of the parent crystal structure to those of the adduct phases provide an atomistic picture of the sorptive reconstruction reactions. These are proposed to proceed by a classic substitution mechanism that is directed by the van der Waals channels of the parent crystalline lattice.
CH and PC bond activations of PMe2Ph ligands by an octahedral Ru6 cluster

Abstract The compound Ru 6 (CO) 15 (PMe 2 Ph) 2 (μ 6 -C) ( 1 ) was obtained from the reaction of Ru 6 (CO) 17 (μ 6 -C) with PMe 2 Ph. Compound 1 exists in solution as a mixture of two slowly interconverting isomers. It is decarbonylated by treatment with Me 3 NO·2H 2 O to yield two new products Ru 6 (CO) 13 (μ-PMe 2 )(μ 3 -η 3 -Me 2 PC 6 H 4 )(μ 6 -C) ( 2 ) and Ru 6 (CO) 14 (PMe 2 Ph)(μ-η 2 -MePhPCH 2 )(μ 6 -C)(μ-H) ( 3 ). Compound 2 is also obtained from 1 by thermal decarbonylation at 127 °C together with two additional compounds: Ru 6 (CO) 14 (μ-PMe 2 )(μ-η 2 -MePhPCH 2 )(μ 6 -C) ( 4 ) and Ru 6 (CO) 12 (μ-PMe 2 ) 2 (μ 3 -η 2 -C 6 H 4 )(μ 6 -C) ( 5 ). Compound 2 reacts reversibly with CO to form the CO adduct Ru 6 (CO) 14 (μ-PMe 2 )(μ-η 2 -Me 2 PC 6 H 4 )(μ 6 -C) ( 6 ). The structures of compounds 1 – 6 were established crystallographically. All contain octahedral Ru 6 clusters with a carbido ligand in the center. Except for 1 , all contain phosphine ligands in various stages of degradation. Compound 2 contains one bridging PMe 2 ligand formed by loss of a phenyl ring from a PMe 2 Ph ligand and a bridging η 3 -Me 2 PC 6 H 4 ligand formed by ortho-metallation of the phenyl ring of the second PMe 2 Ph ligand. Compound 3 contains a bridging η 2 -MePhPCH 2 ligand formed by metallation of one of the methyl groups of a PMe 2 Ph ligand. Compound 4 contains a bridging PMe 2 and a bridging η 2 -MePhPCH 2 ligand. Compound 5 contains two bridging PMe 2 ligands and a bridging (μ 3 -η 2 -C 6 H 4 ) benzyne ligand fromed by cleavage of a phenyl ring from one of the PMe 2 Ph ligands. Compound 6 contains one bridging PMe 2 ligand and a bridging η 2 -Me 2 PC 6 H 4 ligand formed by ortho-metallation of the phenyl ring of one of the PMe 2 Ph ligands.
Potentially Petroliferous Trends in Florida as Defined by Geothermal Gradients: ABSTRACT

A newly constructed geothermal gradient map of Florida suggests both the presence of areas with high petroleum potential and the thickness of the potentially petroliferous section. The base of the "potential section" is defined by the depth of the basement, and the top is defined by the depth at which the minimum temperature exists for petroleum maturation. From previous studies this upper limit is assumed to coincide with the 221°-isotherm depth. A "potential section" map has been prepared which includes all of the presently productive fields and new discoveries within favorable areas. Locations of thick sediment sections of proper temperature for oil occurrence are: the Western Panhandle, a small area of the central Panhandle, and the extreme southwestern part of t e peninsula. Over most of central and north Florida and in the southern Keys the basement may be penetrated before encountering the requisite minimum temperature for petroleum maturation. Tests in these areas run a higher probability of being barren. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1698------------
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN INFANCY

Renal transplantation is an established therapeutic modality for end-stage renal failure in adults and older children. However, there have been few reports of success in infancy. We report our experience of renal transplantation in 8 infants grafted at ages 1-21 months, weighing 2.3 to 7.0 Kg. and followed for 6 months to 3½ years. Kidneys were obtained from cadaver donors: 2 anencephalic newborns, 6 others aged 2-21 years. Four of eight recipients had well functioning grafts (serum create nine <1.5mg/dl) 1 year posttransplantation. Four children are still alive, 2 with well functioning grafts, 2 on chronic peritoneal dialysis awaiting a second transplant. Two recipients died in the immediate postoperative period; one of cardiopulmonary arrest and the other of sepsis. One patient survived 3½ years with excellent renal function and growth, but died suddenly of hypertensive encephalopathy secondary to chronic rejection. The remaining recipient died 1 year after transplantation of an hepatoblastoma; allograft was still functioning. Immunosuppression consisted of prednisone (0.2-0.4 mg/Kg/day), azathioprine (2 mg/Kg/day), and anti-thymocyte globulin (Upjohn) (20-30 mg/Kg/day) with added doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate to ≥ 20 mg/Kg. twice daily for 3-5 days for rejection. Growth resumed in the 3 children with good renal function but none demonstrated catch-up growth. We believe renal transplantation in infancy is technically feasible and resumption of growth can be anticipated in recipients with sustained renal function.
Calibration of a Cyclone for Monitoring Inhalable Particles

A cyclone for monitoring inhalable particles was tested to determine the 50% collection particle diameters at various airflow rates. The orientation of the air flow leaving the cyclone used in this study was opposite from that of other cyclonic devices, i.e., through the bottom of the cyclone rather than through the top. The 50% collection efficiencies at three airflow rates were determined. For all three flow rates, the 50% collection particle diameter occurred with a definite demarcation in the calibration curves developed. Certain collection characteristics of the cyclone were revealed and are examined. The collection performance of the cyclone compares well with the existing empirical theory.
A CLINICAL STUDY OF THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL THICKNESS AND CURVATURE OF THE HUMAN CORNEA

Measurements of corneal thickness and curvature were taken with a modified Haag-Streit type 1 attachment and a Topographic Ophthalmometer along the visual axis and at 257° temporal to this direction in the right eyes of 65 subjects aged 18 to 27 years (35 females and 30 males). A positive relationship was found between the central and peripheral cornea for both curvature and thickness. No sex difference was apparent for either central or peripheral corneal thickness. The peripheral corneal curvature was found to correlate significantly with the peripheral corneal thickness (a thick peripheral cornea being found in an eye with a flat peripheral curvature) although central corneal thickness was not found to be related to central corneal curvature. These findings are considered in relation to a suggested form for the posterior corneal surface and in the aetiology of closed angle glaucoma.
On the normalization of the electrical orientation of the heart and the representation of electrical axis by means of an axis map

R outine clinical electrocardiography currently includes the interpretation of 12 individual leads by trained readers. A variety of other methods of recording the electrical activity of the heart have been suggested. In general, each method has some desirable and some undesirable characteristics for cardiac diagnosis. For example, the vectorcardiogram reflects the time phase of voltages in various electrocardiographic leads. This advantage is obtained, however, at the expense of an adequate representation of other temporal relations. In a similar fashion, other recording methods each have characteristics which make some information more accessible and some less accessible than does the routine electrocardiogram. The purpose of this report is to describe a method of electrocardiographic recording and analysis which provides information that is not easily accessible in other records of cardiac electrical activity. Limited clinical experience with the method will also be reported. The method employs a lead system which provides the three mutually perpendicular components of the heart vector. These voltages are passed through a device (“resolver”) which alters the lead system so that the relative orientation of the heart with respect to the lead axes is changed. This process can be considered as an effective rotation of the heart within the body. The resolver is adjusted to “rotate” the heart, for both the QRS and T complexes, so that in each case the mean axis of the heart vector points toward the left side, and the plane of its motion is perpendicular to the long axis of the body. The original mean axis of the vector is then determined from the settings of the resolver knobs, and plotted on a map, along with the direction of motion of the vector. The voltages in the three new “normalized” leads are also recorded. The information inherent in the three original electrocardiograms is thus separated into (1) a map which shows the mean axes of the QRS and T heart vectors, as
Mars: Measurements of its Brightness Temperature at 1. 85 and 3. 75 cm Wavelength

Abstract New measurements of the microwave temperature of Mars are reported. The brightness temperatures measured during the planet's close approach in 1967 were 182° ± 15°K (m.e.) at 1.85 cm, and 200° ± 11°K (m.e.) at 3.75 cm.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY BASED PREDICTION OF ANGIOGRAPHIC DEPLOYMENT ANGLES MAY REDUCE PROCEDURE TIME AND CONTRAST MEDIUM VOLUME FOR TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Accurate device positioning in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) requires selection of an angiographic projection angle perpendicular to the annulus plane. The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the ability of pre-procedural computed tomography (CT) to predict a suitable
Approximation of Ocean Heat Storage by Ocean–Atmosphere Energy Exchange: Implications for Seasonal Cycle Mixed Layer Ocean Formulations

Abstract The approximation of ocean heat storage by the net surface energy flux and the implications for zonal mean SST simulation using mixed layer ocean formulation are examined. The analysis considers both constant and variable depth mixed layers. Simulated zonal-mean net surface energy fluxes, taken from a low-resolution atmospheric GCM with prescribed SST, are compared to observed flux and ocean heat storage data. The impact of limitations of the mixed layer ocean formulation on SST simulation are assessed to impacts of simulation errors of the atmospheric model. The results indicate the important in determining errors in the atmospheric model simulation for the net surface energy flux when assessing anticipated improvement in SST simulation as neglected physical processes (e.g., ocean heat transport) are incorporated in the ocean component of an interactive model. Noting the current limited availability of observations, the approximation of ocean heat storage by the simulated net surface energy flux...
Management of childhood depression: Developmental considerations

Abstract The experience and expression of depression in children changes according to the child's stage of development. In young children, feelings of sadness are often unaccompanied by depressive ideation. Older children begin to react less directly to problems in their environment and more to their judgments about these situations and events. Awareness of the different nature of depressive reactions in children of differing ages, and of the most effective interventions for each age group, is essential for management of these problems.
Regenerative Vibration Control of Tall Buildings Using Model Predictive Control

The regenerative Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) can convert the vibration energy of the tall building into the electricity, by replacing the damping element with electromagnetic harvester. The energy harvesting circuit therein which can regulate the electricity and control the vibration will introduce some constraints when designing vibration controller. This paper designed the vibration controller based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). The control force constraints were taken into consideration before designing the controller. The building model with semi-active constraints due to the regenerative properties of the TMD is converted into a Mixed Logical Dynamical (MLD) system first. Then the optimal controller is designed by solving the Mixed Integer Quadratic Programming (MIQP) problem. The results were evaluated and compared to the ones using “clipped-optimal” controller with the same constraints. It is found that the MPC controller can provide the same or better vibration control Results depending on the predicted horizon. Besides, an explicit MPC is obtained to reduce the online computation effort.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Systematic Inactivation and Phenotypic Characterization of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems of Enterococcus faecalis V583

ABSTRACT The ability of enterococci to adapt and respond to different environmental stimuli, including the host environment, led us to investigate the role of two-component signal transduction in the regulation of Enterococcus faecalis physiology. Using a bioinformatic approach, we previously identified 17 two-component systems (TCS), consisting of a sensory histidine kinase and the cognate response regulator, as well as an additional orphan response regulator (L. E. Hancock and M. Perego, J. Bacteriol. 184:5819-5825, 2002). In an effort to identify the potential function of each TCS in the biology of E. faecalis clinical isolate strain V583, we constructed insertion mutations in each of the response regulators. We were able to inactivate 17 of 18 response regulators, the exception being an ortholog of YycF, previously shown to be essential for viability in a variety of gram-positive microorganisms. The biological effects of the remaining mutations were assessed by using a number of assays, including antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and environmental stress. We identified TCS related to antibiotic resistance and environmental stress and found one system which controls the initiation of biofilm development by E. faecalis.
Insula White Matter Volume Linked to Binge Drinking Frequency Through Enhancement Motives in Treated Adolescents

Background Given the insula's role in the representation of bodily states associated with hedonic (i.e., enhancement motives) and aversive (i.e., craving) aspects of substance use, this longitudinal study examined associations between insula structure (i.e., white matter [WM] and gray matter [GM] volume), enhancement motives for alcohol and cannabis use, craving for alcohol and marijuana, and alcohol and cannabis involvement in treated adolescents. Enhancement motives and craving, as conscious representations of bodily states associated with use, were hypothesized as mediators (i.e., linking mechanisms) of the association between insula volume and substance use. Methods Adolescents (age 14 to 18, N = 30) recruited from substance use treatment reported on enhancement motives and obsession/craving for both alcohol and cannabis at baseline (near the start of treatment), and on alcohol and cannabis involvement (e.g., binge drinking, alcohol abuse/dependence symptom count) at baseline and over 1-year follow-up. Insula WM and GM volumes were determined using FreeSurfer. Results Enhancement motives for drinking served as a link between left insula WM volume and frequency of binge drinking at baseline and 1-year follow-up. This novel finding is consistent with the insula's role in representing bodily states (e.g., “high” associated with binge drinking) that can motivate drinking behavior. Although right insula WM volume was positively correlated with obsession/craving for alcohol, and obsession/craving was positively correlated with alcohol outcomes, the indirect effect was not significant. Insula WM volume was not associated with cannabis-related variables. Insula GM volume was not associated with enhancement motives, obsession/craving, or alcohol involvement. Conclusions Enhancement motives for alcohol use, but not obsession/craving for alcohol, provided an important link between left insula WM volume and frequency of binge drinking in treated adolescents. Results are consistent with the insula's role in the processing of hedonic bodily states available to conscious awareness, particularly in the form of enhancement motives for alcohol use.
Diagnostic capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in acute cervical spinal column injury.

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating acute cervical spinal column injury and compare these results to that of computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Forty-nine patients undergoing MRI at a Level I and regional spinal cord trauma center to evaluate cervical spinal column injury were studied. Seventy-one injuries were identified by MRI. These injuries were classified as osseous (fracture/dislocation) (n = 21), disc herniation (n = 29), and spinal cord injury (edema/contusion/transection) (n = 21). Diagnostic imaging results in 33 of the 49 patients undergoing both MRI and CT were compared. CT demonstrated 22 fracture/dislocations compared to 10 on MRI. MRI demonstrated 19 disc protrusions compared to 7 on CT. Additionally, MR imaged 13 cord injuries as compared to 0 by CT. MR imaging proved superior in demonstrating spinal cord pathology and intervariabral disc herniation. CT was superior to MRI in demonstrating osseous injury. CT and MRI may be useful together in determining presence and extent of spinal coiumn injury.
Effects of copulation on reproductive function in aged female rats

Abstract Old female rats in persistent vaginal estrus (PVE) were exposed to varying degrees of copulatory stimulation. While limited mating experiences had no noticeable effects on reproductive function, cohabitation with sexually vigorous males or other forms of exposure to extended mating experiences disrupted the PVE state. Prolonged diestrus, irregular cycles, pseudopregnancy and pregnancy were observed subsequent to extensive copulatory experiences. Except for a tendency to be less receptive to initial mounts old females displayed sexual behavior comparable to that observed in younger, virgin animals. Ten or more intromissions disrupted the PVE. Induction of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy appears to require 30 or more intromissions in these animals. It is concluded that the PVE observed in aged female rats is at least partly due to the absence of coital stimulation. These observations are taken to suggest that age-related changes in the reproductive capacity of female rats may be attributable to alterations in the sensitivity of ovulatory and progestational mechanisms to hormonal and sensory influences.
A novel ML protein from Manduca sexta may function as a key accessory protein for lipopolysaccharide signaling

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most important pathogen-associated molecular patterns and a potent elicitor in innate immunity. In human, TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and MD-2 (myeloid differiation-2) form a receptor complex to transduce the LPS signal into cells. However, in invertebrates, receptors that recognize LPS have not been determined. Here we report the purification, characterization and cDNA cloning of an ML (MD-2-related lipid-recognition) protein from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. The full-length cDNA of this M. sexta ML protein, named MsML-1, is 532 bp with an open reading frame of 456 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 151 amino acids containing an ML domain. MsML-1 is a secreted glycoprotein and its mRNA is expressed in fat body and hemocytes. The expression level of MsML-1 mRNA in fat body and hemocytes as well as MsML-1 protein in hemolymph are not induced by immune challenge. Recombinant MsML-1 protein specifically binds to LPS from several Gram-negative bacteria and LPS Re mutant, as well as to lipid A, but not to KDO (2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate). Our results suggest that MsML-1 may function as a key accessory protein for LPS signaling in M. sexta against Gram-negative bacterial infection.
Interferometric Pump-Probe Study of Intense Field Excitation of Sapphire

Under intense optical excitation, the polarizability of transparent optical materials has a significant third order, nonlinear contribution. This manifests itself in a wide variety of effects, which, under certain conditions, are collectively referred to as white light continuum generation. We report on a new approach that isolates, for the first time, some of these effects.
Spectroscopic properties of (nd)10 transition metal complexes

Abstract Photoluminescence has been observed from a series of Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes containing both N-heterocyclic and aromatic thiol ligands. The emission consists of overlapping bands, a structured phosphorescence that arises from the lowest 3 ππ * state of the heterocycle and a broad band luminescence that maximizes at still lower energies and decays on the order of 10–50 μs. This new band is assigned to an interligand charge-transfer excited configuration in which electronic charge has been transferred from the coordinated thiol ligand(s) to the N-heterocycle via the metal ion. A superexchange mechanism is proposed to account for the disposition of singlet and triplet states.
Nonlatent and latent hepatic glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity during perinatal development and liver regeneration in rats and in rat placenta*

Summary We have studied glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (GIT) activity in differentiating rat liver during parturition and neonatal growth and during compensatory liver growth. Parturition is characterized by a rapid but transient increase in total (i.e., nonlatent plus latent) hepatic GIT activity resulting from changes in the quantity (Vm) of the enzyme while neonatal growth is characterized by an increase in the nonlatent (active) form which persists until just prior to weaning. During liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy, GIT activity/mg protein is lowest after 12 h of regeneration and then progressively increases exceeding the control levels after 72 h of regeneration. Placenta from near-term rats contain a significant concentration of GIT which is immunologically similar to hepatic GIT.
Humor as a negatively accelerated function of the degree of incongruity

The method of limits with weights was employed to determine whether a positive or inverted-U relation described the function between the degree of incongruity and indicators of humor. The degree of incongruity was defined as the difference between the mean of six previous Comparisons and a seventh heavier Comparison ranging from 250 to 7040 grams. Facial expressions and humor and surprise ratings to the seventh Comparison increased in a negatively accelerated fashion with the degree of incongruity. Downward trends in humor indicators with increased incongruity did not occur, and thus the inverted-U relation was not supported. Studies finding an inverted-U relation were interpreted as being the result of the incongruous stimulus coming from another dimension rather than from within the same dimension as the internal standard.
Service Provision for the Global Economy: The Evolving Indian Experience

Since 1995, the offshoring of services to India has rapidly evolved from a curiosity only studied by a few scholars to a phenomenon portending a major shift in the geography of global economic activity. The article examines the evolution of Indian global services provision quantitatively and qualitatively through the use of four case studies. The first case study examines the challenge that the Indian information technology systems integrators (ITSIs) pose to the formerly larger—but now roughly comparable in terms of employment—incumbent developed-nation ITSIs. Because IT systems have become central to nearly every enterprise, the second case study illustrates the wide variety of enterprises that now have significant Indian offshore operations. The third case study describes the rapid growth of offshore integrated circuit design in India, a nation with now commercial-scale integrated circuit production. The final case study describes the emergence of high-opportunity entrepreneurial startups in India and the increasing number of Silicon Valley startups that very early in their lives or even as part of their business model have significant operations in India. The concluding discussion situates India within the global economy and speculates upon its future evolution.
Integration of passive components with high performance quantum dot lasers on silicon

In this paper, the authors devised a novel laser design that use InAs QD lasers monolithically integrated with silicon waveguides and other Si photonic passive components. Due to their unique structures, the QD lasers have been proven by several groups to have the combination of high temperature stability, large modulation bandwidth and low power consumption compared with their QW counterparts, which makes it an ideal candidate for Si photonic applications.
Optimization of antenna excitation phases for transmit beam nulling with MIMO radar

In this article, the excitation phases of the antenna arrays of MIMO radar are optimized via minimizing the transmit beam power in certain pre-selected directions. A novel algorithm, adopted from the Fletcher's new variable metric method (VMM), is employed for antenna phase optimization. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
The reconstruction of large bone defects in the upper limb

Large bone defects in the upper limb pose many challenges in reconstructive surgery. Conventional and innovative methods have been described, employing the use of microsurgical and non-microsurgical techniques to overcome both bony and soft tissue defects. This article reviews the success and pitfalls of different techniques of reconstruction of large bone defects in the upper limb, including microsurgical transfer of the free vascularised fibula graft as a diaphyseal bone replacement and as a hemivascularised joint transplant, and non-microsurgical options using conventional bone grafting, the induced membrane technique and the role of callotatic distraction-lengthening procedures.
Intrauterine fetal death in mice caused by cytomegalovirus-derived peptide induced aPL antibodies

Immunization of mice with β2 glycoprotein I (β2 GPI) and also with GDKV, a synthetic peptide representing the phospholipid (PL)-binding site of β2 GPI, induced pathogenic aPL antibodies that bind and activate endothelial cells, enhanced thrombus formation and caused fetal death in pregnant mice. TIFI is a PL-binding peptide spanning the Thr101-Thr120 of ulb0-hcmva from human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which shares structural similarity with the PL-binding site of β2 GPI. Immunization with this peptide induced pathogenic aPL and anti-β2 GPI antibodies in mice. These antibodies activated endothelial cells and enhanced thrombus formation in vivo, but whether these antibodies cause fetal death in mice is not known. The objectiveof this study was to examine the effects of these antibodieson pregnancyoutcomein mice. Two groups of pregnantBALB/c mice were injected with either hybridoma supernatant containing D3/AC10, a CMV-peptide-induced monoclonal aPL, at days four, eight and 12 of the pregnancy, 100 m g per mouse...
Anisotropic growth of diffusion-limited aggregates.

Two problems in the analysis of diffusion-limited aggregation are studied here: the isotropy of the growing aggregate and the meaning of the large-$N$ limit as a practical matter. The isotropy of the aggregate is quantified by the ratio of the radii of gyration of the aggregate about its principal axes. The ratio varies from \ensuremath{\sim}0.70 for $N=200 \mathrm{to} \ensuremath{\sim}0.90$ for $N=50000$. The next particle capture radius is directionally dependent with respect to the principal axes and scales with the respective radii of gyration. A lower bound is obtained for the size $N$ necessary for the emergence of a single dominant length scale by taking this as the size for which the radii of gyration are equal. In $d=2$ the lower bound is $N\ensuremath{\simeq}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$; in $d=3$ it is $N\ensuremath{\simeq}8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$.
The Interwoven Architecture of the Mu Transposase Couples DNA Synapsis to Catalysis

Mu transposition occurs exclusively using a pair of recombination sites found at the ends of the phage genome. To address the mechanistic basis of this specificity, we have determined both where the individual subunits of the tetrameric transposase bind on the DNA and where they catalyze DNA joining. We demonstrate that subunits do not catalyze recombination at the site adjacent to where they are bound, but rather on the opposite end of the phage genome. Furthermore, subunits bound to two different sites contribute to catalysis of one reaction step. This interwoven subunit arrangement suggests a molecular explanation for the precision with which recombination occurs using a pair of DNA signals and provides an example of the way in which the architecture of a protein-DNA complex can define the reaction products.
Liposomal Formulations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Drugs: Local versus Systemic Drug Delivery in a Rat Model

Based on adherence to intestinal mucosa, intralumenally administered liposomal formulations of 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) were studied for their potential to enhance local drug delivery to intestinal tissue for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. 5-ASA was encapsulated in standard phospholipid liposomes while 6-MP required encapsulation in nonphospholipid liposomes to obtain equivalent drug loading. Encapsulation efficiency was measured by size-exclusion chromatography/high-performance liquid chromatogtaphy (HPLC). Liposomal formulations or solution of the drugs were injected into unligated jejunum to compare pharmacokinetics and into ligated loops of rat ileum and colon to evaluate local delivery. Dextran sulfate and acetic acid induced colitis were used as models of lower intestinal inflammation. Plasma, tissue and luminal drug and metabolite levels were measured by liquid scintillation counting or HPLC. Encapsulation efficiency of 6-MP was dependent on lipid content and composition. While liposomal encapsulation significantly reduced systemic absorption of 5-ASA this was not the case for 6-MP. Liposomal adherence to intestinal tissue resulted in increased tissue levels for 5-ASA; however, 6-MP local tissue levels were not improved compared to solution drug. Nonphospholipid liposomes optimize encapsulation of 6-MP. While liposomal formulations show potential for local drug delivery to diseased bowel, drug physicochemical properties, absorption, and metabolic profiles dictate tissue-targeting potential. Liposomes reduce systemic availability from paracellular absorption of hydrophilic 5-ASA, but fail to improve local tissue delivery of 6-MP, a molecule absorbed by passive membrane permeation that undergoes extensive first- pass metabolism.
Assessing the Professional Development Needs of Distance Librarians in Academic Libraries

Abstract Professional development is essential for academic librarians to keep current with skills, knowledge, and competencies in rapidly changing times. The authors surveyed distance librarians in academic libraries to determine their professional development needs. Respondents were asked to indicate which professional development activities they are currently participating in and those they are likely to engage in within the next five years. Findings from the survey will inform library administrators, distance librarians, and professional associations of the professional development needs of distance librarians. doi:10.1300/J111v45n01_05
Electron-phonon interactions and the breakdown of the dissipationless quantum Hall effect

The quantum Hall effect is manifested by plateaus in the Hall conductivity at which the current flows without loss. Recently it has been observed that as the current is increased to a critical value, corresponding to a carrier drift velocity of the order of the speed of sound, there is a dramatic onset of dissipation. We investigate the role in the breakdown of phonon-assisted transitions between Landau levels and calculate the steady-state power absorption. As the drift velocity of the carriers is increased there is a sudden onset of dissipation, and an upper limit for the critical current is obtained.
Properties of hemoglobin a and hemoglobin Zurich (β63 histidine→arginine): Quantitative evaluation of functional abnormalities in hemoglobins

Abstract The abnormal hemoglobin Zurich (β63 his→arg) exhibits abnormal properties. Thus, νCO occurs at 1951 cm−1 for HbACO while HbZCO shows bands at 1950 cm−1 and 1958 cm−1 for CO bound in α and β chains respectively (the βCOs are displaced less readily by O2). Acid catalyzed reductive displacement of superoxide by azide is slower on the β chain of HbZO2 than on the α chain under conditions where with HbAO2 both chains appear equally reactive. The one electron donor hydroquinone produces metHb and peroxide more rapidly from HbZO2 than from HbAO2. These property differences can be related to the β63 residue. Such studies provide generally useful probes of the structural basis for hemoglobin diseases.
Neurological applications of transcranial high intensity focused ultrasound

Advances in transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound have renewed interest in lesioning procedures in functional neurosurgery with a potential role in the treatment of neurological conditions such as chronic pain, brain tumours, movement disorders and psychiatric diseases. While the use of transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound represents a new innovation in neurosurgery, ultrasound has been used in neurosurgery for almost 60 years. This paper reviews the major historical milestones that have led to modern transcranial focused ultrasound and discusses current and evolving applications of ultrasound in the brain.
Autoradiographic localization of "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine binding sites in the rat brain, heart and kidney.

The localization of peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites has been accomplished using quantitative receptor autoradiography after labeling slidemounted tissue sections with [3H]-RO 5-4864. Specific [3H]-RO 5-4864 binding sites were observed in the choroid plexus and ependyma cells within the brain. Lower levels of specific binding were seen in areas corresponding to the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Stereotaxic administration of the excitotoxin, ibotenic acid, into the piriform cortex produced a dramatic increase in binding to the peripheral-type site in this brain region. Binding in the kidney was associated with the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule, while in the heart a more diffuse binding was found throughout the ventricle wall. The localization of peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites to areas involved in ion transport gives additional support to previously suggested physiological roles for these sites.
Evaluation of a computerized arrhythmia alarm system

A prospective study of a computerized arrhythmia alarm system was carried out in the coronary care unit during 200 patient hours of monitoring. The computer system was designed to activate an alarm on the development of rhythm and conduction disorders including asystole, ventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, frequent premature ventricular beats, atrial fibrillation and bundle branch block. Study patients were simultaneously monitored by the computer system and a conventional analog heart rate alarm system. All alarms generated by the two systems were evaluated. Of 79 computer alarms, 42 (53 percent) were true positive alarms; during the same period there were 167 analog alarms of which only 13 (8 percent) were true positive alarms. In both systems, false positive alarms were primarily due to patient movement, but they occurred only 25 percent as often with the computer system as with the analog system. These results indicate that computerized arrhythmia monitoring systems offer significant advantages over conventional monitoring techniques.
A framework for the park–people relationship: insights from protected areas in Nepal and Myanmar

While local residents are recognized as critical to the conservation of protected areas (PAs), most studies are done on a case-by-case basis, with no conceptual underpinnings to facilitate comparisons. The lack of a common framework limits not only our understanding, but also the development of future research areas and approaches to balancing conservation and sustainable development around protected areas. If we are to understand and address fundamental PA–people issues, we need a descriptive framework that enables the understanding of the relationship that people have with PAs and that facilitates comparisons among PAs. I propose a framework for PA–people relationships based on research conducted in Nepal and Myanmar. The framework consists of: (1) people's physical relationship with the PA; (2) their attitude toward the PA, which consists of their liking or disliking the area and the perceptions they have of the PA; and (3) the linkage of the PA–people relationship to the broader social, political, and...
Docetaxel in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Based on the survival benefit demonstrated in large randomized clinical trials, docetaxel is approved for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in both the first- and second-line settings. The efficacy of docetaxel in combination with cisplatin is equivalent to some, and superior to other, platinum-based doublets for first-line management of NSCLC, and has a manageable toxicity profile. Carboplatin-based regimens and nonplatinum combinations with docetaxel also have proven efficacy in first-line therapy of patients with advanced NSCLC. Combinations of docetaxel with various novel targeted agents have produced encouraging data in Phase II studies. This article reviews recent studies of docetaxel as a single agent and in combination regimens with cytotoxic and more recent targeted agents in the management of advanced NSCLC.
A NEW SCALABLE MULTI-NODE EVENT LOGGING SYSTEM FOR BABAR

The BaBar experiment is currently operating near the rate limit of its ability to log event data to disk and tape using the existing hardware and software systems. Consequently we have chosen to design and implement a new system for logging event data. The new system is designed to be scalable, so that the data rate can be increased by adding systems at one of three levels. It also has the property that data can be logged at almost unlimited burst rates without introducing dead time. The key to these features lies in the use of many nodes within the level three trigger system of BaBar. This allows the events to first be logged to local disks within the trigger system, and then later to be merged to any of multiple merge servers in non-real-time.
MRF: Engineering large-scale crystals for improved wavefront

Magneto-rheological finishing techniques have been applied to Yb:S-FAP and Ti:sapphire crystals to compensate for submillimeter distortions; improving the transmitted wavefront (10times) and increasing the availability of large aperture parts (>10 cm).
A multivariate rate equation for variable-interval performance.

A value-like parameter is introduced into a rate equation for describing variable-interval performance. The equation, derived solely from formal considerations, expresses rate of responding as a joint function of rate of reinforcement and “reinforcer power.” Preliminary tests of the rate equation show that it handles univariate data as well as Herrnstein's hyperbola. In addition, a form of Herrnstein's hyperbola can be derived from the equation, and it predicts forms of matching in concurrent situations. For the multivariate case, reinforcer values scaled in concurrent situations where matching is assumed to hold are taken as determinations of reinforcer power. The multivariate rate equation is fitted to an appropriate set of data and found to provide a good description of variable-interval performance when both rate and power of reinforcement are varied. Rate and power measures completely describe reinforcement. The effects of their joint variation are not predicted and cannot be described by Herrnstein's equation.
Molecular Epidemiology: Insights Into Cancer Susceptibility, Risk Assessment, and Prevention

Recent molecular epidemiologic research provides compelling new evidence that environmental factors are major contributors to human cancer and that their risks are strongly influenced by genetic and acquired susceptibility. In particular, molecular epidemiology has demonstrated substantial variability in biologic response to carcinogens and suggests that certain groups-such as the very young, those with predisposing genetic traits or nutritional deficits, and even certain ethnic groups-are likely to have greater risk from selected exposures than other members of the population. This work implies that major gains in prevention of cancer, which will claim more than 554 000 American lives this year, will necessitate health and regulatory policies that protect these more susceptible groups and individuals from risks of man-made and naturally occurring environmental carcinogens. The specific implication from this research is that, to be effective in prevention, risk assessments developed in support of these policies by regulatory bodies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, should reflect the available scientific data on individual variability in both exposure and susceptibility.
Service science: catalyst for change in business school curricula

For a service delivery system to produce optimal solutions to service-related business problems, it must be based on an approach that involves many of the traditional functional areas in an organization. Unfortunately, most business school curricula mirror the older traditional organizational structure that dominated businesses throughout most of the twentieth century. This structure typically consisted of vertically organized functions (or silos), such as production, marketing, and finance, with each silo operating largely independently of the others. Similarly, business schools today are usually organized by functional departments-such as marketing, finance, accounting, and operations management-with little interaction among them. Within this traditional silo-structured environment, it is very difficult to properly develop a curriculum, or even a course, in service management. Consequently, a significant gap exists between the education received by business school graduates and the skills that they need to succeed in today's service-intense environment. This paper explores the underlying causes of this gap and suggests ways in which the emerging field of service science can facilitate the changes in business school curricula that will make them more relevant in meeting the needs of today's businesses and organizations.
On Optimal Outage in Relay Channels With General Fading Distributions

This correspondence deals with the outage capacity of relay networks in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. This work is motivated by the fact that in relay channels, unlike multi-antenna point-to-point links, the transmitters, i.e., source and relays, may not be co-located and therefore their channel statistics can be quite different. It has been recently shown that bursty amplify and forward (BAF) is outage optimal when all the links have a Rayleigh distribution. In this correspondence, it is shown that BAF is in fact outage optimal for a wide class of independent channels with smooth distribution functions. Optimality of BAF is further generalized to a special class of dependent channels, namely, the case where we opportunistically use only the best relay (out of N relays). It turns out that relative to the strategy where all the N relays are used, this opportunistic best relay strategy uses significantly smaller average power (independent of ) while suffering negligible increase in outage. This holds out potential for significant gains in an ad hoc network scenario where minimizing interference to possibly other users as well as conserving power are important considerations.
Spectral-domain determination of the propagation constant in biaxial planar media

The problem of finding the propagation constant (and other related characteristics) of biaxial medium planar waveguide structures is formulated in terms of Maxwell's equations. The special case of a diagonalized biaxial permittivity tensor in the coordinate system of interest is treated. From the approach given, the tensor Green's function in the Fourier (spectral) transform domain is found for three longitudinal-to-an-axis coupled electric-magnetic field sets applied to a simple layered structure. These Green's functions, which are analogous to circuit immittance matrices, are of use in the method of moments numerical calculations employing techniques such as Galerkin's method for finding the propagation constant. It is also demonstrated that the biaxial treatment properly reduces to the biaxial case. The treatment is applicable to the frequency-dispersive regimes of planar structures.
Numerical experiment of the Shannon entropy in partially coherent imaging by Koehler illumination to show the relationship to degree of coherence

This paper describes the Shannon entropy in a partially coherent imaging system with Koehler illumination. Numerical simulation shows that the entropy has a one-to-one relationship with the normalized mutual intensity given by the van Cittert–Zernike theorem. Analytical evaluation shows that the entropy is consistent with the definition of coherence and incoherence, which is also verified by numerical simulations. Additional numerical experiments confirm that the entropy depends on the source intensity distribution, polarization state of the source, object, and pupil. Therefore, the entropy quantitatively measures the degree of coherence of the partially coherent imaging system.
Photocathode driven linac at UCLA for FEL and plasma wakefield acceleration experiments

The UCLA compact 20-MeV/c electron linear accelerators is designed to produce a single electron bunch with a peak current of 200 A, an RMS energy spread of 0.2% or less, and a short 1.2-ps RMS pulse duration. The linac is also designed to minimize emittance growth down the beamline so as to obtain emittances on the order of 8 pi mm-mrad in the experimental region. The linac will feed two beamlines, the first will run straight into the undulator for FEL experiments while the second will be used for diagnostics, longitudinal bunch compression and other electron beam experiments. A description is given of the considerations that went into the design of the accelerating structures and the transport to the experimental areas. >