cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Menopausal effects on presentation, treatment, and survival of women with non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background Small population studies have reported higher survival rates for women than men with non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Because human NSCLC cells express estrogen receptors, we evaluated hormonally active and inactive women to identify biologically mediated differences. Methods A total of 14,676 US women with stage I through IV primary non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from the 1992 to 1997 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were grouped into two categories based on the average menopausal age of 51 years as defined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: ages 31 to 50 premenopausal (n = 2,230, 15%) and ages 51 to 70 postmenopausal (n = 12,446, 85%). Extreme ages were excluded. Statistics were calculated with χ 2 or Mann-Whitney tests, Kaplan–Meier estimates with log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models. Results Premenopausal women more commonly presented with advanced clinical stage, less favorable histology (adenocarcinoma), and poorly differentiated tumors, and more often underwent pneumonectomies. Surgery with curative intent was performed in 31% premenopausal and 33% postmenopausal women ( p = 0.03). Overall survival for premenopausal and postmenopausal women was not significantly different (median 10 and 9 months, all stages; 70 and 71 months, stages I and II). Adjusting for significant covariates (stage, histology, size, grade, extent of surgery), postmenopausal women had higher lung-cancer–related deaths (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.27). Conclusions Premenopausal women presented more often with advanced disease and underwent more extensive resection, yet had survival advantage after covariate adjustment. Additionally, postmenopausal women had a survival advantage compared with their male counterparts. Results suggest that estrogen exposure creates a milieu that may confer a protective effect through some yet unknown mechanisms that determine outcome of the neoplastic process and warrant further investigation.
General theory of the Kaiser effect

Abstract A theory for the generalized Kaiser effect is discussed. Using the concept of a damage surface, the one-dimensional Kaiser effect is extended to a general stress state. Comparisons between the theory and experimental data show agreement in the predicted and observed properties of the Kaiser effect. Implications for the use of the Kaiser effect to determine in situ stress are discussed. It is shown that the commonly-used uniaxial loading method for determining in situ stress is not in accord with theory or observations of the Kaiser effect induced by laboratory-applied stress. An alternative theory of the Kaiser effect observed in cores loaded in situ is proposed.
Diversity study circles in teacher education practice: An experiential learning project

Abstract This paper addresses the dilemma of trying to prepare primarily white preservice teachers for educational arenas in which they will interface with students of colour and many who are socially disadvantaged. This paper describes how diversity study circles can be integrated as integral to education that is multicultural in the development of preservice teachers’ critical self-reflection as a bridge to developing a critical lens for classroom practice and a democratic society.
Fundamental imaging characteristics of a slot-scan digital chest radiographic system

Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the fundamental image quality characteristics of a new slot-scan digital chest radiographysystem (ThoraScan, Delft Imaging Systems/Nucletron, Veenendaal, The Netherlands). The linearity of the system was measured over a wide exposure range at 90, 117, and 140 kVp with added Al filtration. System uniformity and reproducibility were established with an analysis of images from repeated exposures. The modulation transfer function(MTF) was evaluated using an established edge method. The noise power spectrum (NPS) and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of the system were evaluated at the three kilo-voltages over a range of exposures. Scatter fraction (SF) measurements were made using a posterior beam stop method and a geometrical chest phantom. The system demonstrated excellent linearity, but some structured nonuniformities. The 0.1 MTF values occurred between 3.3–3.5 mm −1 . The DQE(0.15) and DQE(2.5) were 0.21 and 0.07 at 90 kVp, 0.18 and 0.05 at 117 kVp, and 0.16 and 0.03 at 140 kVp, respectively. The system exhibited remarkably lower SFs compared to conventional full-field systems with anti-scatter grid, measuring 0.13 in the lungs and 0.43 in the mediastinum. The findings indicated that the slot-scan design provides marked scatter reduction leading to high effective DQE ( DQE eff ) of the system and reduced patient dose required to achieve high image quality.
Cholesterol Modulates the Membrane Effects and Spatial Organization of Membrane-Penetrating Ligands for G-Protein Coupled Receptors

The ligands of certain G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane soluble and reach their target from the lipid bilayer. Lipid composition and dynamics will therefore modulate the activity of these receptors, but specific roles of lipid components, including the ubiquitous cholesterol (Chol), are not clear. We have probed the organization and dynamics of such a lipid-bilayer-penetrating ligand, the endogeneous ligand for the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) dynorphin A (1−17) (DynA), using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of DynA in cholesterol-depleted and cholesterol-enriched model membranes. DynA is found to penetrate deep inside fluid dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers, and resides with its N-terminal helix at ∼6 A away from the bilayer midplane, in a tilted orientation, at an ∼50° angle with respect to the membrane normal. In contrast, DynA inside DMPC/Chol membranes with 20% cholesterol (DMPC/Chol) is situated with its helical segment ∼5 A higher, i.e., closer to the lipid/water interfac...
Characterization of solids and surfaces using ion beams and mass spectrometry

Abstract : In this review, we will examine the possibility of utilizing energetic ion beams as tools to characterize the chemistry and structure of solids and surfaces. This approach may appear somewhat unusual to most spectroscopists who are generally concerned with the quantum mechanical interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. But, there have been a number of developments that have surfaced over the last few years which have attracted our attention to this particular field and which merit close consideration. (Author)
Actual and predicted word-recognition performance of elderly hearing-impaired listeners.

Word-recognition scores in quiet and in noise were obtained from both ears of 101 elderly listeners demonstrating sensorineural hearing loss. These performance scores were compared to word-recognit...
High speed rotational atherectomy: outcome in calcified and noncalcified coronary artery lesions.

Objectives This study sought to determine the success and complication rates of high speed rotational coronary atherectomy in calcified and noncalcified lesions. Background Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and directional coronary atherectomy of calcified lesions are associated with reduced procedural success and increased complications. Rotational atherectomy using the Rotablator catheter abrades noncompliant plaque and may improve outcome in calcified lesions. Methods Data from the completed Multicenter Rotablator Registry of 2,161 rotational atherectomy procedures in single lesions were analyzed to determine the relative efficacy of rotational atherectomy for 1,078 calcified and 1,083 noncalcified lesions. The power of the study was 0.86 to detect a significant difference in outcome, if the true success rates in the noncalcified and calcified lesions were 96% and 93%, respectively. Results Patients with calcified lesions were older (mean [±SD] age 66.2 ± 10.3 vs. 60.5 ± 11.0 years, p = 0.0001) than those with noncalcified lesions. Calcified lesions were more frequently new (75% vs. 64%, p = 0.0001), angulated (27% vs. 22%, p = 0.02), eccentric (75% vs. 64%, p = 0.0001) and long (32% vs. 27%, > 10 mm in length, p = 0.01). They were also more often complex (57% vs. 46%, p = 0.001) and located in the left anterior descending coronary artery (51% vs. 44%, p = 0.001). Adjunctive coronary angioplasty was used in 82.9% of calcified and 66.9% of noncalcified lesions. Procedural success, defined as Conclusions In this review of data from a large multicenter registry, the success rate of rotational atherectomy was not reduced by calcification despite the more frequent complex nature of the calcified lesions. The Rotablator catheter is likely to be the device of choice for percutaneous intervention in calcified lesions, but definitive conclusions await the results of randomized trials.
The impact of age and reading on the desire for training of managers in entrepreneurial ventures

The goal of this paper is to determine the effects of age and reading of popular business periodicals on an entrepreneur's view of training needs for their management staff. This paper uses a sampling of 107 entrepreneurs between the ages of 18 and 45 who completed a survey that used Likert scale questions. The results are analysed with a repeated measure ANOVA for evaluating the effect of age and a discriminant analysis for the effect of reading. The results show that age has an effect on entrepreneur's views on training needs, but does not on reading popular business periodicals. Determination of the extent of those needs is reserved for future papers.
An electrothermal microactuator with Z-shaped beams

This paper introduces a Z-shaped thermal microactuator for in-plane motion, which could be complementary to the well-established comb drives and V-shaped thermal actuators. The Z-shaped actuators share many features in common with the V-shaped ones, but offer certain advantages such as smaller feature size and larger displacement. They also offer a large range of stiffness and output force that is between those of the V-shaped actuators and comb drives. In particular, they can achieve smaller stiffness without buckling, which renders them as simultaneous load sensors. The Z-shaped actuator was modeled analytically and verified by multiphysics finite element analysis. Among all the design parameters, the beam width and the length of the central beam were identified as the major ones in tuning the device displacement, stiffness, stability and output force. Experimental measurements of three arrays of Z-shaped thermal actuators agreed well with the finite element analysis. In addition, the quasi-static and dynamic performances of individual Z-shaped thermal actuators were measured. The average temperature in the device structure was estimated from the electric resistivity at each actuation voltage. The bandwidth of the Z-shaped thermal actuators can be increased for devices with a substrate underneath.
Detecting generalized dynamic inter-relationship in a frame experiment with measures of information flow and interdependence

Structural system identification, historically, has largely consisted of seeking linear relationships among vibration time series data, e.g., auto/cross-correlations, modal analysis, ARMA models, etc. This work considers how dynamical relationships may be viewed in terms of 'information flow' between different points on a structure. Information or interdependence metrics (e.g., time-delayed mutual information) are able to capture both linear and nonlinear aspects of the dynamics, including higher-order correlations. This work computes information-based metrics on a frame experiment where nonlinearity is introduced by the loosening of a bolt. Both linear and nonlinear measures of dynamical interdependence are then used to assess the degree of degradation to the joint. Results indicate clear differences in the way linear and nonlinear measures quantify the bolt loosening.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identification and cloning of yeast phosphofructokinase 2.

Fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase (‘phosphofructokinase 2’) was purified from a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking fructose-6-phosphate 1-kinase. After chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, Sephacryl blue, CM-Sephadex and rechromatography on CM-Sephadex with fructose-6-phosphate elution, the specific activity was 1.6 U/mg protein. Although the latter value is high for fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase, as was the purification factor of 3 × 104, staining with Coomassie blue showed the fraction to still contain many proteins. Incubation with [γ-32P]ATP and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase gave a further increase in specific activity and labeling of, only, 96-kDa and 93-kDa polypeptides. Antiserum raised against these polypeptides recognized them in an immunoblot and could be used to remove the enzyme activity from crude extracts. Tryptic peptide profiles were obtained from about 10 pmol of the 96-kDa and 93-kDa polypeptides. The profiles were similar and sequencing allowed construction of mixed probes and identification of a putative single structural gene. Returned to yeast on a multicopy plasmid, phosphofructokinase 2 activity was considerably above the wild-type level, as was polypeptide revealed by immunoblotting.
Festivals, Feasts, and Gender Relations in Ancient China and Greece

Introduction Part I. Among Men: 1. Greece: comrades, citizens, and boys 2. China: ancestors, brothers, and sons Part II. Between Men and Women, among Women: 3. Public festivals and domestic rites 4. At the table and behind the scenes Part III. Female Experience and Male Imagination: 5. What women sang of Conclusion.
Evaluation of Soybean Plant Introductions from China for Resistance to Brown Stem Rot

A new set of soybean accessions from south-central China were added to the USDA germplasm collection in 1996. Previous studies have shown that accessions with high levels of resistance to brown stem rot (BSR) can be found in germplasm collected from central and southern China. The objective of this study was to screen these accessions and identify those with resistance to BSR. In a preliminary study, 85 of 623 accessions tested were identified as resistant to BSR. In the second study, these 85 accessions were challenged with multiple biotypes of Phialophora gregata f. sp. sojae to identify those accessions with the strongest resistance. From these two studies, ten accessions were identified that had BSR resistance equal to or greater than the current resistant sources.
Situation or Social Problem: The Influence of Events on Media Coverage of Homelessness

Despite a strong interest in media coverage of social problems, sociologists have failed to examine when and why news outlets present issues as problems in need of public action within short time periods. Through content analysis of 475 newspaper articles and negative binomial regression, I show that coverage of homelessness varies in the extent to which it presents homelessness as a social problem. The fact that not all news coverage discusses social problems challenges the claim that social problems necessarily compete for attention in a zero-sum game. I also examine the effects of three types of events (events promoted to the media by their actors and high- and low-profle events not promoted by their actors) on newspapers' likelihood of describing homelessness as a social problem. While previous researchers predicted that events not promoted by their actors would lead to media coverage that challenged the status quo, I fnd that actor-promoted events are much more likely to do so. This fnding highlights the importance of institutionalized action in calling attention to social problems.
A synergistic role for IL-1β and TNFα in monocyte-derived IFNγ inducing activity

Although much is known about classic IFNgamma inducers, little is known about the IFNgamma inducing capability of inflammasome-activated monocytes. In this study, supernatants from LPS/ATP-stimulated human monocytes were analyzed for their ability to induce IFNgamma production by KG-1 cells. Unexpectedly, monocyte-derived IFN inducing activity was detected, but it was completely inhibited by IL-1beta, not IL-18 blockade. Moreover, size-fractionation of the monocyte conditioned media dramatically reduced the IFNgamma inducing activity of IL-1beta, suggesting that IL-1beta requires a cofactor to induce IFNgamma production in KG-1 cells. Because TNFalpha is known to synergize with IL-1beta for various gene products, it was studied as the putative IL-1beta synergizing factor. Although recombinant TNFalpha (rTNFalpha) alone had no IFNgamma inducing activity, neutralization of TNFalpha in the monocyte conditioned media inhibited the IFNgamma inducing activity. Furthermore, rTNFalpha restored the IFNgamma inducing activity of the size-fractionated IL-1beta. Finally, rTNFalpha synergized with rIL-1beta, as well as with rIL-1alpha and rIL-18, for KG-1 IFNgamma release. These studies demonstrate a synergistic role between TNFalpha and IL-1 family members in the induction of IFNgamma production and give caution to interpretations of KG-1 functional assays designed to detect functional IL-18.
The Implementation of a High Performance GPGPU Compiler

In this paper we present our experience in developing an optimizing compiler for general purpose computation on graphics processing units (GPGPU) based on the Cetus compiler framework. The input to our compiler is a naive GPU kernel procedure, which is functionally correct but without any consideration for performance optimization. Our compiler applies a set of optimization techniques to the naive kernel and generates the optimized GPU kernel. Our compiler supports optimizations for GPU kernels using either global memory or texture memory. The implementation of our compiler is facilitated with a source-to-source compiler infrastructure, Cetus. The code transformation in the Cetus compiler framework is called a pass. We classify all the passes used in our work into two categories: functional passes and optimization passes. The functional passes translate input kernels into desired intermediate representation, which clearly represents memory access patterns and thread configurations. A series of optimization passes improve the performance of the kernels by adapting them to the target GPGPU architecture. Our experiments show that the optimized code achieves very high performance, either superior or very close to highly fine-tuned libraries.
Interception and persistence of parathion and fenvalerate on cotton plants as a function of application method

Parathion (O,O-diethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) and fenvalerate [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] were applied by controlled droplet applicators (CDAs) and conventional hydraulic nozzles in refined soybean oil, soybean oil + water, or water, to mature cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as ULV (ultra-low volume, < 5 litre ha−1), VLV(very low volume, 5-50 litre ha−1), or LV(low volume, 50–200 litre ha−1) carrier rates. The use of CDA or soybean oil applied as ULV and VLV sprays did not produce greater deposition or persistence for either insecticide during the 49-h test period following application. In general, insecticide persistence was greatest when applied with water or soybean oil + water as LV sprays using the conventional TX8 hydraulic nozzle.
Clinical Science Lactoferrin Concentration in Human Parotid Saliva as Measured by an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was found to be a reliable and accurate method for quantitating lactoferrin in parotid fluid. In saliva from normal glands, the concentration was usually below 1 mg% and was always higher in unstimulated than in stimulated secretion.
A Time Series Analysis of Binary Data

Abstract Binary data d 1, d 2, …, dn are assumed to be generated by an underlying real-valued, strictly stationary process, {Xk }, and a response function F. For a given monotone nondecreasing function F from R to [0, 1], Dk takes on 1 with probability F(xk ) and 0 with probability 1 - F(xk ), where Xk = xk. It is shown that all strictly stationary binary processes are characterized by such a procedure. Several approximations to the n-dimensional joint probabilities of Dk are developed when Xk is a Gaussian first-order autoregressive process. Model-building procedures and methods by which to estimate parameters of a given model are discussed. The predictor of d n + 1 that minimizes probability of error among all randomized rules is determined and for certain cases a bound for this probability is found.
Keratoacanthoma: Clinical and histopathologic features of regression

Background The clinical and histopathologic features of regressing keratoacanthomas have not been adequately described in the literature. Objective "True" keratoacanthomas (ie, squamous tumors with evidence of spontaneous resolution) were studied clinically and histopathologically. Methods Nineteen crateriform tumors with a partial biopsy histopathologically compatible with keratoacanthoma were followed over time for correlation with biologic behavior (ie, regression). Tumors displaying spontaneous resolution, arbitrarily defined as a decrease in size of at least 25%, were categorized as keratoacanthomas. Results Seven regressing keratoacanthomas tended to show flattening before a decrease in diameter. Histopathologically, there was variable epidermal hyperplasia with generally prominent hyperkeratosis, retained crateriform architecture, and dermal fibrosis. Limitations This study has a small sample size. Conclusions Regressing keratoacanthomas show persistent crateriform architecture, clinically and histopathologically. Lesions become flatter before decreasing in diameter, and keratinocytes appear banal and lack glassy pink cytoplasm during regression.
A multisource limb flare observed at multiple radio wavelengths

A flare with several radio sources occurred on the solar limb at 2155 UT on 1989 June 20. It was observed by the Very Large Array (VLA) and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO). The VLA data consisted of images at 1.4 GHz, while OVRO provided spectral and spatial information over the range 1-15 GHz. We develop a new gyrosynchrotron model to analyze the sources observed at flare peak. This model differs from many previous ones in that it contains spatial variations of both the magnetic field and accelerated particle density. It uses a new gyrosynchrotron approximation which is valid at very low harmonics of the gyrofrequency. For the first time we find that the cause of the change of microwave source size with frequency in the event studied was due primarily to the spatial variation of the accelerated electron density. This is contrary to the common assumption that the variation in size is due to a nonuniform magnetic field. We also investigate a polarized source which brightened later in the flare, finding that it could have been due to plasma radiation or gyrosynchrotron emission.
A successful support model for student consultants at Rutgers University

In January 1986, a program which provided non-curriculum, general academic microcomputing for students began at Rutgers University. This consisted of 25 Apple Macintoshes, 24 AT&T 6300s, laser printers, software, and consultants at four libraries on the New Brunswick campus.A support plan consisting of two full-time staff and approximately 40 students developed from the philosophy of a) you need technically qualified, personable consultants and staff to serve the users and associated departments, b) satisfied, challenged, and rewarded consultants have a higher probability of desiring continued employment, and c) if the consultants aren't happy, neither are your users. Student positions included clerical assistant, consultant, programmer, site manager, software preparer and technical writer.Four steps were used in managing the student staff: obtaining students with the necessary technical and people skills, training and maintaining the skills of the workers, retaining student employees, and evaluation. Obtaining student personnel involved determining job requirements, soliciting the appropriate potential applicants, interviewing and selective hiring. Interpersonal and communications skills were more important that technical skill for perspective student consultants. Humanities and liberal arts majors were encouraged to apply. All potential employees were subjected to a standardized interview for the job applied. All exceptional students were hired. Additional staff were hired to compensate for attrition and for substitution.Extensive training of student consultants was done. This included initial workshops, a consultant's handbook, monthly meetings, and training exercises.The ability to retain student employees depended on hiring the correct candidate, attractiveness of the job, and fate. Prioritizing work before social life, reporting to work faithfully, and carrying a reasonable course load were characteristics found in returning students.
Comprehensive, Integrated, Three-Tiered Models of Prevention: Why Does My School—and District—Need an Integrated Approach to Meet Students’ Academic, Behavioral, and Social Needs?

In this introductory article, the authors provide an overview of and rationale for comprehensive, integrated, three-tiered models of prevention—one approach to integrated tiered systems of support. The authors (a) describe core features of comprehensive, integrated, three-tiered models; and (b) discuss associated benefits, emphasizing those for students with and at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders. The authors conclude by providing a brief overview of the articles in this special issue, which collectively offer a step-by-step process for designing, implementing, evaluating, and sustaining comprehensive, integrated, three-tiered models in schools and school districts.
Production of Quiescent Plasmas in a Magnetic Field by a Beam-Plasma Discharge

Very quiet, steady-state plasmas in axial magnetic fields with density fluctuations less than 0.1% may be produced in a beam-plasm discharge. The dependence of the density and electron temperature on the discharge parameters are in accordance with the predictions of a one-dimensional plasma model.
Studies on Calcium Dependence Reveal Multiple Modes of Action for Triptolide

Triptolide, a diterpene triepoxide isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal vine Trypterygium wilfordii hook f., has been shown to induce rapid apoptosis in a myriad of cancer cell lines and inhibit NFkappaB transactivation. To understand further the general cellular mechanisms for this therapeutically relevant natural product, binding and biological activities were assessed. Studies showed that triptolide binding was saturable, reversible, and primarily localized to cell membranes. Depletion of calcium enhanced overall binding while differentially modulating biological function. Furthermore, triptolide's structural moieties demonstrated variability in the regulation of cell death versus inhibition of NFkappaB transactivation. These results implicate triptolide in the manipulation of at least two distinct cellular pathways with differing requirements for calcium and effective triptolide concentration in order to elicit each particular biological function.
Effect of secondary electron emission on the plasma sheath

In this experiment, plasma sheath potential profiles are measured over boron nitride walls in argon plasma and the effect of secondary electron emission is observed. Results are compared to a kinetic model. Plasmas are generated with a number density of 3 × 1012 m−3 at a pressure of 10−4 Torr-Ar, with a 1%–16% fraction of energetic primary electrons. The sheath potential profile at the surface of each sample is measured with emissive probes. The electron number densities and temperatures are measured in the bulk plasma with a planar Langmuir probe. The plasma is non-Maxwellian, with isotropic and directed energetic electron populations from 50 to 200 eV and hot and cold Maxwellian populations from 3.6 to 6.4 eV and 0.3 to 1.3 eV, respectively. Plasma Debye lengths range from 4 to 7 mm and the ion-neutral mean free path is 0.8 m. Sheath thicknesses range from 20 to 50 mm, with the smaller thickness occurring near the critical secondary electron emission yield of the wall material. Measured floating potenti...
cis-Regulatory Complexity within a Large Non-Coding Region in the Drosophila Genome

Analysis of cis-regulatory enhancers has revealed that they consist of clustered blocks of highly conserved sequences. Although most characterized enhancers reside near their target genes, a growing number of studies have shown that enhancers located over 50 kb from their minimal promoter(s) are required for appropriate gene expression and many of these 'long-range' enhancers are found in genomic regions that are devoid of identified exons. To gain insight into the complexity of Drosophila cis-regulatory sequences within exon-poor regions, we have undertaken an evolutionary analysis of 39 of these regions located throughout the genome. This survey revealed that within these genomic expanses, clusters of conserved sequence blocks (CSBs) are positioned once every 1.1 kb, on average, and that a typical cluster contains multiple (5 to 30 or more) CSBs that have been maintained for at least 190 My of evolutionary divergence. As an initial step toward assessing the cis-regulatory activity of conserved clusters within gene-free genomic expanses, we have tested the in-vivo enhancer activity of 19 consecutive CSB clusters located in the middle of a 115 kb gene-poor region on the 3(rd) chromosome. Our studies revealed that each cluster functions independently as a specific spatial/temporal enhancer. In total, the enhancers possess a diversity of regulatory functions, including dynamically activating expression in defined patterns within subsets of cells in discrete regions of the embryo, larvae and/or adult. We also observed that many of the enhancers are multifunctional-that is, they activate expression during multiple developmental stages. By extending these results to the rest of the Drosophila genome, which contains over 70,000 non-coding CSB clusters, we suggest that most function as enhancers.
Application of a strip-yield model to predict crack growth under variable-amplitude and spectrum loading - Part 1: Compact specimens

Abstract Fatigue-crack-growth tests were conducted on compact, C ( T ), specimens made of D16Cz (clad) aluminum alloy under constant-amplitude loading, a single spike overload, and simulated aircraft spectrum loading. Constant-amplitude tests were conducted to generate crack-growth-rate data from threshold to near fracture over a wide range of stress ratios ( R = P min / P max = 0.1–0.75) using the new compression pre-cracking test methods. Comparisons were made between test data generated on the C ( T ) specimens with test data from the literature on middle-crack-tension, M ( T ), specimens machined from the same sheet. A crack-closure analysis was used to collapse the rate data from both specimen types into a narrow band over many orders of magnitude in rates using proper constraint factors. The constraint factors were established from constant-amplitude (CA) and single-spike overload tests. The life-prediction code, FASTRAN, which is based on the strip-yield model concept, was used to calculate crack-length-against-cycles under CA loading and a single-spike overload (OL) test, and to predict crack growth under simulated aircraft spectrum loading tests on C ( T ) specimens. The calculated crack-growth lives under CA loading were generally within about ±25% of the test results, but slower crack growth under the double-shear fatigue mode, unlike the single-shear mode (45 o slant crack growth), may be the reason for some of the larger differences. The predicted results under the single-spike overload and the Mini-Falstaff+ spectrum were within 10% of the test data.
Strategic Display and Response to Emotions: Developing Evidence‐based Negotiation Expertise in Emotion Management (NEEM)

This article conceptualizes emotion management as a form of negotiation expertise, and integrates the nascent empirical literature on emotion in negotiation with concepts from the learning sciences literature to suggest how negotiation expertise in emotion management (NEEM) can be taught. We argue that NEEM differs from emotional intelligence in fundamental ways, and that it consists of sensitivity to strategically relevant emotional cues, ability to strategically display and respond to emotions in negotiations, and the inclination to manage emotions for superior objective and subjective negotiation performance. We propose a method of developing NEEM in the classroom and identify directions for future research.
Incentives and beneficence

Whether an action is beneficent may depend on its effect on incentives for future behavior of the beneficiary. This strategic consideration makes our moral account of beneficence far more complex than most discussions suggest. Its effect on utilitarian and Kantian moral theories is discussed. In general, strategic incentive considerations recommend institutional rather than individual resolution of many problems, so that moral theory must in part be political and institutional.
plantsUPS: a database of plants' Ubiquitin Proteasome System.

Background The ubiquitin 26S/proteasome system (UPS), a serial cascade process of protein ubiquitination and degradation, is the last step for most cellular proteins. There are many genes involved in this system, but are not identified in many species. The accumulating availability of genomic sequence data is generating more demands in data management and analysis. Genomics data of plants such as Populus trichocarpa, Medicago truncatula, Glycine max and others are now publicly accessible. It is time to integrate information on classes of genes for complex protein systems such as UPS.
Dynamic Emulation Using a Resistive Control Input

Dynamic load emulation using a resistive control input is a key topic of Hardware-In-The-Loop implementation. Three control configurations are available to design a load emulator. When the bandwidth of the reference system is low enough compared to the bandwidth of the actuator, a one degree-of-freedom (DOF) feedback emulator can be successful. When the reference loop has a very large bandwidth compared to the actuator, the one-DOF feedback design yields poor performance with a possible loss of stability. In this case, if accurate plant model parameters or, alternatively, online adaptation is available, a one-DOF feed forward design can secure stability and improve the performance; otherwise, a two-DOF emulator is the choice to utilize both feedback and feed forward signals and to obtain robust stability and robust performance. To emulate the load dynamics, the usage of a resistance as the control input imposes some fundamental limitations to the closed-loop performance. This paper presents the following: (i) Generalization of load emulation problems and control configurations, (ii) Analysis of performance limitations for resistively controlled systems, and (iii) Design examples including simulation and experimental results.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Recent graduates' and current dental students' evaluation of their prosthodontic curriculum

This survey of recent graduates and third- and fourth-year dental students at Indiana University School of Dentistry determined whether the prosthodontic curriculum adequately prepared students for the prosthodontic portion of dental practice and whether there was material that should be added to or omitted from the prosthodontic curriculum. The survey evaluated 106 topics in the prosthodontic curriculum and areas related to prosthodontics. On the basis of their importance to the respondents, 59.4% of the topics were considered adequately emphasized, 2.9% of the topics were overemphasized and should be reduced in emphasis or eliminated, and 37.7% of the topics were underemphasized, which indicated the need to increase time devoted to these topics. Most of the underemphasized topics dealt with new materials, alternate techniques, private practice and its management, and the prosthodontic needs of special types of patients.
Simulation and analysis of ultrafast-laser-pulse-induced plasma generation in fused silica

Recent experiments on optical damage by ultrashort laser pulses have demonstrated that the temporal pulse shape can dramatically influence plasma generation in fused silica. We use a modified 3+1D nonlinear Schrodinger equation for the pulse propagation coupled to a rate equation for the plasma density in the dielectric material to simulate pulse propagation and plasma formation in fused silica. We use these simulations to analyze the influence of pulse shape and beam geometry on the formation of the electron plasma and hence modification in the bulk material. In particular, we simulate the effect of pulses reconstructed from experimental data. It is expected that a better understanding of the dynamics of laser-induced plasma generation will enable the accurate simulation of optical damage in a variety of dielectrics, ultimately leading to an enhanced control of optical damage to real materials and optical devices.
Alzheimer's disease diagnostic criteria: practical applications

Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be identified prior to the occurrence of dementia by using biomarkers. Three phases of AD are recognized: an asymptomatic biomarker-positive phase, a phase with positive biomarkers and mild cognitive deficits, and a dementia phase. Codification of these phases was first accomplished in 2007 by an International Work Group (IWG) led by Bruno Dubois. The definitions relevant to the approach were further clarified in 2010. In 2011, the National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Association (NIA/AA) established three work groups to develop definitions and criteria for these three phases of AD. The criteria of the IWG and those of the NIA/AA have many similarities and important differences. The two sets of criteria concur in recognizing the onset of AD prior to dementia. The three phases of AD described in both sets of criteria embrace the same clinical entities but with different terminologies and emphases. IWG criteria emphasize a single clinico-biological approach that includes all symptomatic phases of AD and uses the same diagnostic framework across the spectrum of symptomatic disease; the NIA/AA criteria apply different diagnostic approaches to the three phases. Biomarkers are an integrated and required part of the IWG criteria and are optional in the NIA/AA approach. Both sets of criteria have substantial strengths, but new information demonstrates shortcomings that can be addressed in future revisions of the criteria. These new criteria have profound implications, including greatly increasing the number of people identified as suffering from AD and increasing the time that patients will spend with knowledge of the presence of the disease.
The Challenges of Human Subject Research in the New Millenium

best of times and the worst of times” when it comes to advances in medical technologies and human subject research. Antibiotics, vaccinations, dialysis technologies, chemotherapeutic agents, and thrombolytic agents are just a few of the remarkable breakthroughs that have saved countless lives. Yet, these same decades are also peppered with egregious examples of abuses in human subject research. The most infamous examples were exposed in the Nuremberg Doctors’ Trials: research studies in which prisoners were injected with the tuberculosis bacilli or rickettsia typhi, studies on hypothermia and rapid decompression from high altitude, radiation studies, and the particularly appalling twin studies of Josef Mengele in which research on one twin was performed with the expected result of death, followed by the killing of the other twin to allow comparison of the organs affected by the research with nonaffected organs.1–3 Examples of such abuses are not limited to far away times and places. Indeed, abuses in human subject research have occurred in the United States and still occur. In the late 1960s, a journalist reported on disabled children in Willowbrook State School for the Retarded in New York who were knowingly infected with hepatitis in order to study the disease from its earliest stages of infectivity. A few years later, in 1972, the Tuskegee syphilis study came to light. The US Public Health Service studied African American men with untreated syphilis in Macon County, Alabama, from 1932 through 1972. The truth of their disease and the availability of penicillin in the late 1940s was actively kept from these men in order to allow continued documentation of the “natural course” of the disease. In 1993, a cascade of information poured into the public domain about a number of human
A Lightning Prediction Index that Utilizes GPS Integrated Precipitable Water Vapor

The primary weather forecast challenge at the Cape Canaveral Air Station and Kennedy Space Center is lightning. This paper describes a statistical approach that combines integrated precipitable water vapor (IPWV) data from a global positioning system (GPS) receiver site located at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) with other meteorological data to develop a new GPS lightning index. The goal of this effort is to increase the forecasting skill and lead time for prediction of a first strike at the KSC. Statistical regression methods are used to identify predictors that contribute skill in forecasting a lightning event. Four predictors were identified out of a field of 23 predictors that were tested, determined using data from the 1999 summer thunderstorm season. They are maximum electric field mill values, GPS IPWV, 9-h change in IPWV, andK index. The GPS lightning index is a binary logistic regression model made up of coefficients multiplying the four predictors. When time series of the GPS lightning index are plotted, a common pattern emerges several hours prior to a lightning event. Whenever the GPS lightning index falls to 0.7 or below, lightning occurs within the next 12.5 h. An index threshold value of 0.7 was determined from the data for lightning prediction. Forecasting time constraints based on KSC weather notification requirements were incorporated into the verification. Forecast verification results obtained by using a contingency table revealed a 26.2% decrease from the KSC’s previous-season false alarm rates for a nonindependent period and a 13.2% decrease in false alarm rates for an independent test season using the GPS lightning index. In addition, the index improved the KSC desired lead time by nearly 10%. Although the lightning strike window of 12 h is long, the GPS lightning index provides useful guidance to the forecaster in preparing lighting forecasts, when combined with other resources such as radar and satellite data. Future testing of the GPS lightning index and the prospect of using the logistic regression approach in forecasting related weather hazards are discussed.
Mining search topics from a code search engine usage log

We present a topic modeling analysis of a year long usage log of Koders, one of the major commercial code search engines. This analysis contributes to the understanding of what users of code search engines are looking for. Observations on the prevalence of these topics among the users, and on how search and download activities vary across topics, leads to the conclusion that users who find code search engines usable are those who already know to a high level of specificity what to look for. This paper presents a general categorization of these topics that provides insights on the different ways code search engine users express their queries. The findings support the conclusion that existing code search engines provide only a subset of the various information needs of the users when compared to the categories of queries they look at.
Plasmid-Encoded ComI Inhibits Competence in the Ancestral 3610 Strain of Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT Natural competence is a process by which bacteria construct a membrane-associated machine for the uptake and integration of exogenous DNA. Many bacteria harbor genes for the DNA uptake machinery and yet are recalcitrant to DNA uptake for unknown reasons. For example, domesticated laboratory strains of Bacillus subtilis are renowned for high-frequency natural transformation, but the ancestral B. subtilis strain NCIB3610 is poorly competent. Here we find that endogenous plasmid pBS32 encodes a small protein, ComI, that inhibits transformation in the 3610 strain. ComI is a single-pass trans-membrane protein that appears to functionally inhibit the competence DNA uptake machinery. Functional inhibition of transformation may be common, and abolishing such inhibitors could be the key to permitting convenient genetic manipulation of a variety of industrially and medically relevant bacteria.
5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors differentially modulate rate and timing of auditory responses in the mouse inferior colliculus

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is a physiological signal that translates both internal and external information about behavioral context into changes in sensory processing through a diverse array of receptors. The details of this process, particularly how receptors interact to shape sensory encoding, are poorly understood. In the inferior colliculus, a midbrain auditory nucleus, 5-HT1A receptors have suppressive and 5-HT1B receptors have facilitatory effects on evoked responses of neurons. We explored how these two receptor classes interact by testing three hypotheses: that they (i) affect separate neuron populations; (ii) affect different response properties; or (iii) have different endogenous patterns of activation. The first two hypotheses were tested by iontophoretic application of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists individually and together to neurons in vivo. 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists affected overlapping populations of neurons. During co-application, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists influenced spike rate and frequency bandwidth additively, with each moderating the effect of the other. In contrast, although both agonists individually influenced latencies and interspike intervals, the 5-HT1A agonist dominated these measurements during co-application. The third hypothesis was tested by applying antagonists of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors. Blocking 5-HT1B receptors was complementary to activation of the receptor, but blocking 5-HT1A receptors was not, suggesting the endogenous activation of additional receptor types. These results suggest that cooperative interactions between 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors shape auditory encoding in the inferior colliculus, and that the effects of neuromodulators within sensory systems may depend nonlinearly on the specific profile of receptors that are activated.
ATYPICAL CELLULITIS DUE TO GROUP-B STREPTOCOCCUS

In a minority of late-onset Group B streptococcal (GBS) cases in neonates, facial or buccal cellulitis has been described. We report a case of sepsis with GBS, in which an atypical cellulitis in the inguinal area was seen as presenting symptom.
Detection of antibody to hepatitis-associated antigen in hemophilia patients and in voluntary blood donors.

. The sera from 385 hemophilia patients and 360 normal voluntary blood donors were tested by a variety of methods for antibodies against the hepatitis- associated or hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag). Anti-HB Ag was detected in 79.8% of the hemophilia sera and 7.5% of the normal blood donor sera by a ‘sandwich’ solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. The RIA method was compared with other serologic methods (agar-gel diffusion, counterelectrophoresis, complement fixation and passive hemagglutination [PHA]) and found to be significantly more sensitive than all methods except PHA. The RIA and PHA methods were approximately equal in sensitivity as judged both by endpoint titrations and tests on the 745 sera for antibodies. The RIA method is also applicable to HB Ag detection.