cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel technique for tumor localization and targeted lymphatic mapping in early-stage lung cancer.

Abstract Objective To investigate safety and feasibility of navigational bronchoscopy (NB)-guided near-infrared (NIR) localization of small, ill-defined lung lesions and sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) for accurate staging in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Patients with known or suspected stage I NSCLC were enrolled in a prospective pilot trial for lesion localization and SLN mapping via NB-guided NIR marking. Successful localization, SLN detection rates, histopathologic status of SLN versus overall nodes, and concordance to initial clinical stage were measured. Ex vivo confirmation of NIR + SLNs and adverse events were recorded. Results Twelve patients underwent NB-guided marking with indocyanine green of lung lesions ranging in size from 0.4 to 2.2 cm and located 0.1 to 3 cm from the pleural surface. An NIR + "tattoo" was identified in all cases. Ten patients were diagnosed with NSCLC and 9 SLNs were identified in 8 of the 10 patients, resulting in an 80% SLN detection rate. SLN pathologic status was 100% sensitive and specific for overall nodal status with no false-negative results. Despite previous nodal sampling, one patient was found to have metastatic disease in the SLN alone, a 12.5% rate of disease upstaging with NIR SLN mapping. SLN were detectable for up to 3 hours, allowing time for obtaining a tissue diagnosis and surgical resection. There were no adverse events associated with NB-labeling or indocyanine green dye itself. Conclusions NB-guided NIR lesion localization and SLN identification was safe and feasible. This minimally invasive image-guided technique may permit the accurate localization and nodal staging of early stage lung cancers.
The Dynamics of Livelihood Diversification in Ethiopia Revisited: Evidence from Panel data

Block and Webb (2001) in food policy address the issue of the dynamics of livelihood diversification in Ethiopia using ratio of per capita income derived from crops to all other sources as a measure of livelihood diversification for the years 1989 and 1994. Their study uses small sample and focuses only on areas affected by famine during the survey years. The present study explores further the demographic, ecological and economic determinants of the dynamics of livelihood diversification using rural household data, which covers lager and representative sample, colleted in Ethiopia in 1994 and 1997. The present study analysis not only the determinants of participation and intensity of off-farm activities but also the determinants of the dynamics between the years 1994 and 1997. The results of this study answer the question that to what extent initial conditions (for instance, asset holdings, income level, demographics) prompts households to diversify to off-farm activities overtime. The results show that participation in off-farm activities is mainly driven by demographic factors, where as land and other asset ownership as well as crop income, together with demographic factors, affect intensity of off-farm activities. The dynamic model result shows that initially female headed households and households with more land holdings subsequently realized less diversification into off-farm activities. On the other land, families with larger initial crop income from main harvest season realized greater income share from off-farm activities. As opposed to the static model, the dynamic model implies that off-farm activities are not substitute for farm activities, at least during the main harvest season.
CD1d-dependent CLL progression?

In this issue of Blood , Gorini et al provide compelling evidence for an indirect CD1d- and natural killer T (NKT) cell–dependent mechanism that promotes disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). 1
Life History Evolution

The subterranean environment in general and the cave environment in particular have characteristics that act as strong selective agents in the evolution of life histories. Foremost among these are extreme food scarcity and the reduction in seasonal cues for reproduction. Nearly all cave animals are characterized by increased longevity, greatly diminished reproductive rates, and increased investment in the offspring that are produced, often in the form of increased egg size. The best-studied case of changes in life history as a result of adaptation to cave life is the amblyopsid fish. Relative to surface-dwelling species, cave dwelling species of amblyopsid fish also show an increase in maximum lifetime reproductive effort, a strategy that allows cave-dwelling populations to take advantage of any sudden increases in food supply.
Complex Dynamical Networks Constructed with Fully Controllable Nonlinear Nanomechanical Oscillators

Control of the global parameters of complex networks has been explored experimentally in a variety of contexts. Yet, the more difficult prospect of realizing arbitrary network architectures, especially analog physical networks that provide dynamical control of individual nodes and edges, has remained elusive. Given the vast hierarchy of time scales involved, it also proves challenging to measure a complex network’s full internal dynamics. These span from the fastest nodal dynamics to very slow epochs over which emergent global phenomena, including network synchronization and the manifestation of exotic steady states, eventually emerge. Here, we demonstrate an experimental system that satisfies these requirements. It is based upon modular, fully controllable, nonlinear radio frequency nanomechanical oscillators, designed to form the nodes of complex dynamical networks with edges of arbitrary topology. The dynamics of these oscillators and their surrounding network are analog and continuous-valued and can b...
Adaptive Dead Zone Inverses for Possibly Nonlinear Control Systems

In this chapter, an adaptive dead zone inverse is proposed for control of systems containing an unknown dead zone. Assuming that the output of the dead zone is measurable, it is shown in the chapter that the effect of the unknown dead zone on the closed loop system can be eliminated asymptotically with no assumptions on the persistent excitation of the input signal. The results do not rely on the linearity property of the system and therefore can be easily applied to some nonlinear systems.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Smoking Among U.S. Adults With Depression, 2005-2014.

Introduction The purpose of this study is to estimate changes in the cigarette smoking prevalence among U.S. adults with and without depression from 2005 to 2014 by income and education level and overall. Methods This study examined data from adult respondents (aged ≥18 years) in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an annual cross-sectional study of U.S. individuals. Data from the years 2005 to 2014 were analyzed for a total analytic sample of n=378,733. The prevalence of past-month cigarette smoking was examined annually from 2005 to 2014 among adults with and without past-year major depression, overall and by income/education, using linear trend analyses. Data analysis occurred in 2017. Results The prevalence of smoking declined significantly from 2005 to 2014 among those with depression (37.62% to 34.01%; p Conclusions Disparities in smoking prevalence are pronounced when depression and SES are considered simultaneously. Targeted public health and clinical efforts to reduce smoking among adult smokers of lower SES with depression are needed.
The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300–1700

In The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom, Mohammed Hassen discusses the presence of the Oromo in Ethiopia long before the sixteenth century. The book deconstructs the long-held view most Ethiopian sc...
Modeling of Snow flow

A numerical computer model, based on the finite differencing of the Navier-Stokes fluid equations, is used to simulate snow-avalanche flow. In order to verify and calibrate the numerical model, snow-flow tests 0.20 m deep with flow velocities between 0-18 m/s were conducted. Data concerning position, velocity, and flow depth versus time were collected and compared to model runs on the computer. The frictional force on moving snow is investigated and found to be modeled by a term that is proportional to the square of the flow velocity.
Non-linguistic Speech Processing

There has been an increase in spoken interaction between people from different geographies or different cultural backgrounds prominently in the call center scenario.
Chapter 3 – The Electric Field

In electrostatics, the electric force between two charges can be thought of as instantaneous action at a distance, no matter the separation between the charges. The idea of the electric field (sometimes called the electric force field) is simple: one electric charge produces an electric field, and another electric charge feels a force because of that field. Indispensible for describing dynamic phenomena, the electric field concept also provides insights into static phenomena. Electric field lines for a configuration of electric charges give the pattern of the electric field with only minimal computation. The electric field concept has two additional advantages, even in electrostatics. First, because electric charge is the source of the electric field, there is a deep relationship between field lines and electric charge. Second, electrical potential energy can be expressed in terms of the electric field. The chapter provides the rules for drawing electric field lines that are used to represent the electric field pictorially.
The impact of air exchange rate on ambient air pollution exposure and inequalities across all residential parcels in Massachusetts.

Individual housing characteristics can modify outdoor ambient air pollution infiltration through air exchange rate (AER). Time and labor-intensive methods needed to measure AER has hindered characterization of AER distributions across large geographic areas. Using publicly-available data and regression models associating AER with housing characteristics, we estimated AER for all Massachusetts residential parcels. We conducted an exposure disparities analysis, considering ambient PM2.5 concentrations and residential AERs. Median AERs (h−1) with closed windows for winter and summer were 0.74 (IQR: 0.47–1.09) and 0.36 (IQR: 0.23–0.57), respectively, with lower AERs for single family homes. Across residential parcels, variability of indoor PM2.5 concentrations of ambient origin was twice that of ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Housing parcels above the 90th percentile of both AER and ambient PM2.5 (i.e., the leakiest homes in areas of highest ambient PM2.5)—vs. below the 10 percentile—were located in neighborhoods with higher proportions of Hispanics (20.0% vs. 2.0%), households with an annual income of less than $20,000 (26.0% vs. 7.5%), and individuals with less than a high school degree (23.2% vs. 5.8%). Our approach can be applied in epidemiological studies to estimate exposure modifiers or to characterize exposure disparities that are not solely based on ambient concentrations.
Failure analysis on 14 nm FinFET devices with ESD CDM failure

Abstract Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is an important area for the semiconductor industry because ESD has an impact on production yield and product quality. ESD problems are increasing and have become challenging in the semiconductor industry because of the trends toward higher speed and shrinking in technology node. By continually shrinking the transistor with technology scaling, the process, circuit design, and failure analysis (FA) are getting more challenging. This paper is about FA on a 14 nm Fin-Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) device which has ESD failure after Charged Device Model (CDM) test. In most ESD failure FA, most of the time found Electrical Over Stress (EOS), the important is to understand which process layer or design causing the EOS. At the same time, this paper also discusses the difficulties faced, the FA technique used, the bottleneck of the 14 nm FinFET FA by old technology node FA equipment, and the FA findings. Finally, the ESD failure was identified with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM)/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The FA findings of the failure are related to the front end of line (FEOL), the metal gate of FinFET was fused with active, and the material in the metal gate was out-diffused.
Scaling of All-Optical Switching to Nanometer Dimensions.

Here, we first demonstrate helicity-independent all-optical switching in GdCo, a material chosen for stronger perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) than GdFeCo but with similar ferrimagnetic properties; furthermore, we achieve reliable AOS down to 200 nm diameters. The greater challenge to scaling was maintaining the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for smaller dot dimensions, as was found to be a challenge in. While ion milling is a common method for patterning MTJ pillars for MRAM, it was found to destroy the integrity of the PMA. Instead, a lift-off process with electron -beam lithography was used to pattern the nanodots, ranging in size from 15 pm down to 50 nm, into arrays. Each dot size of diameter d was arrayed with a pitch of 3d in a25 pm x 25 pm square region. The pitch was chosen to be large enough to prevent magnetistatic coupling between the dots, while simultaneously allowing a high areal density of the dots for maximum magnetic signal during subsequent optical measurements.
Composted Cattle Manure as a Nitrogen Source for Sugar Beet Production

Nitrogen management is key to achieving profitable sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and quality. When commercial fertilizer prices increase significantly, producers often consider alternatives, including fresh or composted manure. A 3-yr field trial was conducted in western Nebraska to evaluate the effects of different rates of composted beef (Bos taurus L.) manure (CManure), and urea on sugar beet yield, sucrose content, and quality. Sugar beet followed maize (Zea mays L.) in 2009 and 2010 and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2011. Agronomic efficiency (AE) of N applied as CManure or urea was also evaluated in this study. There was a trend for reduced AE with increasing rate of N input. Beet yield response to composted manure rates plateaued at 23.0 Mg ha–¹ (in 2009–2010) and 13.9 Mg ha–¹ (in 2011) with corresponding fresh beet yields of 62.2 and 77.9 Mg ha–¹. Composted manure treatments at application rates of 18 and 36 Mg ha–¹ statistically matched what urea rates of 67 and 134 kg N ha–¹ achieved in terms of beet yield. These findings found no adverse effect of composted manure in beet production and underscore the potential of solely depending on composted manure to meet N requirement in beet production.
Sustainability and infrastructure challenges

Infrastructure can help us to meet sustainability goals, but we need to recognize the broader and complex challenges at play.
Employer-Sponsored Education Assistance and Graduate Program Choice, Cost, and Finance

This paper studies the impact of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 that amended employer-sponsored education assistance (ESEA) fringe benefits from taxable to nontaxable for graduate studies. ESEA is an integral part of graduate education finance and is the dominant non-loan source of student aid. Using difference-in-difference and triple-difference specifications, we empirically evaluate educational outcomes related to graduate education choice, cost, and finance. The empirical results suggest that post-law reform, non-degree graduate students who exercise ESEA benefits are 12.3% more likely to attend open-admission institutions, 12.5% less likely to attend in-state, 10.3% more likely to attend for-profit colleges, and no changes are identified on cost or education debt loads, relative to their pre-law reform peers. As a whole, no differences in program choice are observed for degree-seeking graduate students. Additionally, the estimates suggest that while degree-seeking graduate students applying ESEA attend programs that cost, on average, $1170 more, no changes are identified post-law reform (2008 dollars). Furthermore, degree-seeking graduate students that apply ESEA benefits take out, on average, $1530 less in student loans, and this declines by an additional $1474 post-law reform (2008 dollars). Analysis by graduate program and also by gender and age suggest substantial heterogeneity from graduate program educational outcomes, especially for MBA students.
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that reacts with an activation antigen on human B cells: reactions on mitogen-stimulated blood lymphocytes and cells of normal lymph nodes.

We describe a monoclonal antibody that reacts with human B-lymphoid cells. We have characterized the reactions of this antibody on normal blood lymphocytes, with and without pokeweed mitogen stimulation, bone marrow lymphocytes, and on frozen sections of normal lymph nodes. The antibody, B532, appears to recognize an activation antigen on human B cells. This activation antigen can apparently be induced both by infection with Epstein-Barr virus and by stimulation with antigens and mitogens, but it is lost on plasma cells. In normal lymph nodes, the antigen is confined to germinal center cells and some of the cells of the “mantle” that surrounds germinal centers. The antigen is not present on T cells.
Chapter 3 – Genetic Neuroanatomy

Publisher Summary The use of gene expression patterns to demarcate regions of the developing nervous system of the mouse is a new approach for identifying subdivisions of the embryonic nervous system, in a manner independent of landmarks such as morphology and cytoarchitecture. This new approach is particularly important, as functional subdivisions of the nervous system in the adult are not obvious in the embryo, because the developing neural tube is divided morphologically into only a few broad regions, and cytoarchitecture is poorly developed. Some of the first indications that gene expression patterns could be used to identify regions of the brain came from the initial studies of Hox gene expression in the hindbrain and Engrailed gene expression in the mesencephalon (midbrain) and anterior hindbrain. The techniques for genetic fate mapping are becoming more refined and more powerful. The use of gene expression to define the embryonic origins of specific regions of the adult brain has had a major impact on developmental neurobiology. The approach is based on a critical assumption that the cells that express a gene in the embryo, do indeed give rise to the predicted adult structures. Genetic fate mapping has also been applied to the forebrain in order to determine whether spatial domains give rise to specific cell types. An important question in neural development is how different cell types are generated from the same pool of proliferating progenitor cells. An important area of research in which fate mapping of genetic neuroanatomy is proving extremely valuable is the analysis of neurological defects in mouse mutants. Studying genetic neuroanatomy utilizing these rapidly evolving genetic fate mapping strategies will become a key approach for understanding the cellular and genetic mechanisms that regulate development of the nervous system.
Resource Utilization Among Portal Users Who Send Messages: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE To examine the association between patients' use of online health portal-based secure messaging and the likelihood of traditional encounters (office visits and telephone calls) and to identify patient characteristics associated with use of the messaging feature of health portals. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used EHR data from 80,801 patients aged 18 and older to determine traditional encounter rates among portal users who sent at least 1 message compared to those who sent none. Association between the number of messages sent and number of traditional encounters, while accounting for other covariates (including number of traditional encounters the year before account activation and other patient characteristics) was examined using a hurdle negative-binomial (NB) model. RESULTS In the year after their portal account activation, 22,789 (28%) patients sent at least 1 message (median = 3, mean = 5.38). Patients who sent messages were more likely to be female (63.9% vs 58.0%, P <0.001), white (92.2% vs 90.0%, P <0.001), and have depression (27.0% vs 24.2%, P <0.001) than those who sent none. We observed a positive association between sending messages and number of traditional encounters. Patients who sent messages were more likely to have a traditional encounter and have more traditional encounters in the year after account activation than those who sent none (mean 17.6 vs 11.4, P <0.001); they also had more in-person office visits (7.6 vs 5.0, P <0.001) and telephone calls (9.9 vs 6.4, P <0.001)) when examined separately. CONCLUSIONS Our study adds to the growing literature that EHR messaging is associated with increased traditional resource utilization. This has the potential to add to workload while diminishing productivity and increasing the risk of staff and physician burnout. Health systems should prepare for the increased visits and calls expected as more patients use secure messaging.
Application of team‐based learning for teaching food analysis

Food analysis courses introduce the theory and application of analytical procedures to characterize foods and their ingredients. Students learn the principles behind analytical techniques commonly used to analyze foods in the industry and evaluate their suitability for the analysis of specific food products. Food analysis courses have traditionally been taught in a lecture‐based format. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing team‐based learning (TBL), an established collaborative learning technique, in an undergraduate food analysis course to enhance student learning. Post‐course student surveys, quizzes, and exam scores were used to assess the effectiveness of the TBL implementation. TBL uses pre‐reading assignments, individual and team quizzes, and problem solving in teams to create an active learning environment in the classroom that increases student engagement and long‐term learning. The results from surveys, quizzes, and exam scores from the Food Analysis course show a successful implementation in the classroom: no significant difference in the average midterm exam scores was observed between the TBL and lecture formats (p ≤ 0.05), indicating that TBL maintained performance on midterm exams, students reported being engaged in the course, and the deliberately designed group work encouraged students to prepare for class and participate in the activities. The students also reported that they were able to recall information better, and that the effectiveness of TBL activities helped them strengthen concepts. In conclusion, the results suggest that TBL is beneficial for students in food analysis, and that implementation in additional food science courses could help improve student learning.
Low UVB Fluences Augment Microvesicle Particle Generation in Keratinocytes.

Microvesicle particles (MVP) are bioactive subcellular particles which have been recently implicated in the keratinocyte response to many environmental stressors including ultraviolet B radiation (UVB). Previous studies have demonstrated that UVB generates high levels of MVP in a process involving the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) and the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase). Yet the fluences of UVB needed to generate MVP are usually above those commonly encountered. Using models including human epithelial cell lines in vitro, human skin explants ex vivo and murine studies in vivo, the present studies indicate that pretreatment of epithelial cells/skin with PAFR agonist/phorbol ester can synergize with low fluences of UVB to generate high levels of MVP. These studies indicate the possibility that MVP could play a role in combinatorial pathologic processes involving UVB.
A novel rat model of temporomandibular disorder with improved face and construct validities.

Abstract Aims Temporomandibular disorders are a cluster of orofacial conditions that are characterized by pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and surrounding muscles/tissues. Animal models of painful temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) are valuable tools to investigate the mechanisms responsible for symptomatic temporomandibular joint and associated structures disorders. We tested the hypothesis that a predisposing and a precipitating factor are required to produce painful TMD in rats, using the ratgnawmeter, a device that determines temporomandibular pain based on the time taken for the rat to chew through two obstacles. Materials and methods Increased time in the ratgnawmeter correlated with nociceptive behaviors produced by TMJ injection of formalin (2.5%), confirming chewing time as an index of painful TMD. Rats exposed only to predisposing factors, carrageenan-induced TMJ inflammation or sustained inhibition of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme by OR-486, showed no changes in chewing time. However, when combined with a precipitating event, i.e., exaggerated mouth opening produced by daily 1-h jaw extension for 7 consecutive days, robust function impairment was produced. Key findings These results validate the ratgnawmeter as an efficient method to evaluate functional TMD pain by evaluating chewing time, and this protocol as a model with face and construct validities to investigate symptomatic TMD mechanisms. Significance This study suggests that a predisposition factor must be present in order for an insult to the temporomandibular system to produce painful dysfunction. The need for a combined contribution of these factors might explain why not all patients experiencing traumatic events, such as exaggerated mouth opening, develop TMDs.
The Modern Prison Paradox: Politics, Punishment, and Social Community

1. The modern prison paradox 2. Symbolic politics, crime control, and the punitive team 3. Public policy, punishment, and the creation of fractured community 4. The culture and consequence of prison institutions: the case of California 5. The social effects of incarceration 6. The social effects of prison work 7. From individuals to communities 8. Criminal justice, community, the road to reform 9. Epilogue (or: how I went to Berkeley and wound up in prison).
Anisotropic impedance surfaces for enhanced antenna isolation

Anisotropic impedance surfaces, which include metasurfaces and high impedance surfaces (HIS), can be designed to control the amplitude and propagation direction of surface electromagnetic waves and are an effective means to enhance the isolation between antennas that share a common ground plane. To date, the majority of metastructures that have been designed for antenna isolation have relied on an isotropic distribution of unit cells that possess a stop band that inhibits the propagation of surface waves between neighboring antennas. A less common approach to isolation has been through the design of a metasurface that enables the re-direction of surface waves away from the location of the antenna structure, which effectively limits the coupling. In this paper, we discuss results from our computational investigation associated with improving antenna isolation through the use of an anisotropic metastructure. Simulated results associated with the isolation performance of two simple, but similar, anisotropic structures are compared to the corresponding results from a broadband magnetic radar absorbing materials (magRAM).
Transmission policies and traffic management in multimedia wireless networks

We consider multimedia wireless networks in environments where traffic characterizations and traffic rates are generally time-varying. For such networks we propose a CDMA transmission policy, in conjunction with a moving boundaries concept induced by a traffic monitoring high-level protocol. The proposed transmission/traffic management technique is analyzed and numerically evaluated.
Men in Cloaks and High-heeled Boots, Men Wielding Pink Umbrellas: Witchy Masculinities in the Harry Potter novels

J. K. Rowling has been accused of perpetuating patriarchal social structures by relying on traditional male-centered heroic narratives, and she has been lauded for creating feminist fairy tales; she has been vilified for championing feminist-inspired witchcraft, while being praised for getting reluctant boys to read; the characters who populate the fictional world of her novels have been described as sexist and stereotypical, or, conversely, as feminist role models. This article argues that these contradictory readings by critics of portrayals of gender in the Harry Potter series coexist because, as is the case with many of the better children's texts, these complex novels function in a space between, where dominant ideology is simultaneously re-enforced, challenged, and negotiated. Ultimately, these books are popular with so many child and adult readers, not because they didactically advocate either feminist or patriarchal ideals, but because, through their complex portrayals of characters, gender, and relationships, they depict the anxieties, tensions, and uncertainties about contemporary gender roles that readers of all ages are continuously working to define and to negotiate.
Engineering in genomics/spl minus/automating the Genome Center

Engineering enters genomics principally through the development of hardware and software tools or processes (operations research) to aid the biologist/geneticist to take different, more, or higher quality data. The Human Genome Project, in order to meet its goals for mapping and sequencing, is pushing to advance the state of the art in instrumentation, automation and computational biology. The focus of the project was to develop the necessary strategies, hardware, and software to complete the identification of all the genes, and obtain the sequence for the entire genome for humans and a select set of relevant organisms (mouse, fruit fly, yeast, E.coli, etc.) by the year 2006. The project has already produced a significant amount of data, is contributing to medicine and is ahead of schedule. But to keep on track, laboratories conducting research in genomics must move into a period where production data gathering is performed in a factory-like setting. The author focuses on some of the research activities of his group, which is developing automation and informatics systems for the Human Genome Project, specifically human genome centers where the production mapping and sequencing will be done. A multidisciplinary group has been assembled from personnel from the Salk Institute (a biological research organization) and General Atomics (an energy and basic sciences research company). The center is conducting research to map and sequence chromosome 11 and Giardia, for starters, and becoming more highly automated daily. >
Study of human growth hormone response to insulin, vasopressin, exercise, and estrogen administration.

Abstract An evaluation of the growth hormone (GH) releasing effects of vasopressin as compared with insulin hypoglycemia, exercise, and estrogen in the same subject has been made. Mean fasting and resting immunoassayable GH was 1.8 mμg per milliliter. Insulin hypoglycemia produced a mean serum GH rise to 29.9 mμg per milliliter at 60 minutes and a doubling of plasma cortisol. Twenty units of intramuscular vasopressin produced a significant rise in cortisol, but GH response was variable and the magnitude of rise was less than with insulin. Six days of diethylstilbestrol pretreatment improved the GH response to vasopressin in some individuals. Ten minutes of exercise on a bicycle ergometer showed a significant mean GH rise to 6.1 mμg per milliliter in females but no response in males. Following 3 days of 10 mg. diethylstilbestrol daily, the mean postexercise GH was 7.3 mμg per milliliter in males and 13.1 mμg per milliliter in females. Prolonged estrogen intake did not further increase the GH response to exercise. None of these changes occurred in 4 hypopituitary females. Insulin hypoglycemia remains the most reliable and effective stimulant of those studied, while results with vasopressin, even with estrogen pretreatment, are variable.
Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Designs

Ideal for graduate and senior undergraduate courses in computer arithmetic and advanced digital design, Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Designs, Second Edition, provides a balanced, comprehensive treatment of computer arithmetic. It covers topics in arithmetic unit design and circuit implementation that complement the architectural and algorithmic speedup techniques used in high-performance computer architecture and parallel processing. Using a unified and consistent framework, the text begins with number representation and proceeds through basic arithmetic operations, floating-point arithmetic, and function evaluation methods. Later chapters cover broad design and implementation topics-including techniques for high-throughput, low-power, fault-tolerant, and reconfigurable arithmetic. An appendix provides a historical view of the field and speculates on its future.An indispensable resource for instruction, professional development, and research, Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Designs, Second Edition, combines broad coverage of the underlying theories of computer arithmetic with numerous examples of practical designs, worked-out examples, and a large collection of meaningful problems. This second edition includes a new chapter on reconfigurable arithmetic, in order to address the fact that arithmetic functions are increasingly being implemented on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and FPGA-like configurable devices. Updated and thoroughly revised, the book offers new and expanded coverage of saturating adders and multipliers, truncated multipliers, fused multiply-add units, overlapped quotient digit selection, bipartite and multipartite tables, reversible logic, dot notation, modular arithmetic, Montgomery modular reduction, division by constants, IEEE floating-point standard formats, and interval arithmetic.Features:* Divided into 28 lecture-size chapters * Emphasizes both the underlying theories of computer arithmetic and actual hardware designs * Carefully links computer arithmetic to other subfields of computer engineering * Includes 717 end-of-chapter problems ranging in complexity from simple exercises to mini-projects * Incorporates many examples of practical designs * Uses consistent standardized notation throughout * Instructor's manual includes solutions to text problems * An author-maintained website http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/~parhami/text_comp_arit.htm contains instructor resources, including complete lecture slides
Calcium channel splicing: mind your Ps and Qs

Bourinet and colleagues show that combinations of P- and Q-like characteristics can arise through alternative splicing of a single gene encoding the calcium channel α1A subunit.
Fusion Reaction Product Transport for Magnetized Target Fusion

This paper deals with magnetized target fusion (MTF), which proposes to use a magnetic field to reduce the electron thermal conduction and to enhance energy deposition by the charged fusion products. Here we discuss two important aspects of charged particle interaction with the magnetized plasma: 1) the effect of the magnetic field on the stopping power of the plasma and 2) increased charged particle path length within the fusion fuel due to the contortion of the path by the field. The effect of the field on the stopping power depends on the ratios of several plasma parameters, including the Debye length, the Larmor radius, and the relative values of plasma, cyclotron, and collision frequencies. For the MTF regime these parameters are linked due to the need to have adequately magnetized plasma for the reduction of electron thermal conductivity and the need for adequately reduced density to insure that the radiation from the plasma is not too high. We use partially analytic results to show how field gradients shrink the size of the fusion ignition region in the Lindl-Widner diagrams.
Information Asymmetry and Incentives for Active Management

This paper presents a model in which fund managers choose between active management and passive management when investors cannot directly observe managers' efforts and skills. In an equilibrium skilled managers actively manage their funds only when skills can add a large value in active management. If active management is not sufficiently valuable, the surpluses of investors and managers are higher when all managers track market indexes. As a result, a pooling equilibrium arises. More competition from other investment vehicles can also lead to a pooling equilibrium. The model suggests that a growth in passive management (e.g., closet-indexing) in the mutual fund industry can be a consequence of the dynamic environment of the money management industries and is in fact an efficient outcome.
A Wnt-er Wonderland—The complexity of Wnt signaling in melanoma

Wnt signaling is a complex process that requires the interplay of several different proteins. In addition to a large cohort of Wnt ligands, and frizzled receptors, some Wnt pathways also require the presence of co-receptors. Wnt ligands may activate one of three pathways, the canonical pathway, involving β -catenin, the planar cell polarity pathway and the Wnt/ calcium pathway. All three pathways have different results for the cells in which they signal. Aberrant activation of these pathways can lead to the development and progression of several cancers. In this review we will discuss the different Wnt pathways, and their contribution to melanoma progression.
Floral initiation in sorghum hastened by gibberellic acid and far-red light

Combinations of far-red light (FR) (4 min) and gibberellic acid (GA3), given at the beginning of a daily 12-h dark period in a growth room, were used to study floral induction in four maturity genotypes of the milo group of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The 12-h dark period without GA3 application or FR induced flowering in only the early genotype; FR hastened initiation in the early genotype, while GA3 hastened floral initiation in the two intermidiate-flowering genotypes. GA3 and FR together had a strong synergistic effect, hastening floral initiation by 30 to more than 80 d in the early and intermediate genotypes. Red light (R) did not hasten flowering; FR preceded by R gave the same effect as FR alone. GA3 promoted stem elongation equally whether floral initiation occurred or not; thus, its effect on stem elongation was independent of floral initiation. The capacity of GA3 to induce flowering in sorghum, a short-day plant, seems to be enhanced by phytochrome being in the PR form at the beginning of the night when GA3 was applied.
Whole mount electron microscopy of human meiotic chromosomes.

Summary Human meiotic chromosomes were examined by whole mount electron microscopy. The synapsed bivalents and synaptonemal complex in pachytene cells were readily visualized. The chromatin fibers attach to the lateral element of the synaptonemal complex and radiate laterally. When the water spread cells were treated with DNase the chromatin could be washed away leaving intact the proteinaceous synaptonemal complex, including the central element. This technique may be of value in studying individuals with translocation chromosomes.
Insights into Hydrocarbon Formation by Nitrogenase Cofactor Homologs

ABSTRACT The L-cluster is an all-iron homolog of nitrogenase cofactors. Driven by europium(II) diethylenetriaminepentaacetate [Eu(II)-DTPA], the isolated L-cluster is capable of ATP-independent reduction of CO and CN− to C1 to C4 and C1 to C6 hydrocarbons, respectively. Compared to its cofactor homologs, the L-cluster generates considerably more CH4 from the reduction of CO and CN−, which could be explained by the presence of a “free” Fe atom that is “unmasked” by homocitrate as an additional site for methanation. Moreover, the elevated CH4 formation is accompanied by a decrease in the amount of longer hydrocarbons and/or the lengths of the hydrocarbon products, illustrating a competition between CH4 formation/release and C−C coupling/chain extension. These observations suggest the possibility of designing simpler synthetic clusters for hydrocarbon formation while establishing the L-cluster as a platform for mechanistic investigations of CO and CN− reduction without complications originating from the heterometal and homocitrate components. IMPORTANCE Nitrogenase is a metalloenzyme that is highly complex in structure and uniquely versatile in function. It catalyzes two reactions that parallel two important industrial processes: the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia, which parallels the Haber-Bosch process in ammonia production, and the reduction of carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons, which parallels the Fischer-Tropsch process in fuel production. Thus, the significance of nitrogenase can be appreciated from the perspective of the useful products it generates: (i) ammonia, the “fixed” nitrogen that is essential for the existence of the entire human population; and (ii) hydrocarbons, the “recycled” carbon fuel that could be used to directly address the worldwide energy shortage. This article provides initial insights into the catalytic characteristics of various nitrogenase cofactors in hydrocarbon formation. The reported assay system provides a useful tool for mechanistic investigations of this reaction while suggesting the possibility of designing bioinspired catalysts based on nitrogenase cofactors.
The effect of psychological contract fulfillment on manager turnover intentions and its role as a mediator in a casual, limited-service restaurant environment

Abstract Job satisfaction is the most consistent predictor of turnover intention; however, its correlation with turnover intention in most studies is modest. Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) has not proven to be a reliable predictor of turnover intention. Meanwhile, the psychological contract has emerged as a useful framework for understanding the employee/employer relationship. In the present research, which utilizes a sample of managers in a casual, limited-service restaurant environment, a structural equation model is developed in which psychological contract fulfillment serves a mediating role between LMX and turnover intention. Psychological contract fulfillment is also found to be a statistically significant predictor of turnover intention. Findings from the study suggest that management turnover may be mitigated if organizational leaders develop strong relationships with their managers based upon respect, trust and mutual obligation and then utilize these relationships to understand and fulfill the unwritten contract perceived to exist between the firm and its management personnel.
Pichia pastoris fermentation with mixed-feeds of glycerol and methanol: growth kinetics and production improvement

Fed-batch fermentation of a methanol utilization plus (Mut+) Pichia pastoris strain typically has a growth phase followed by a production phase (induction phase). In the growth phase glycerol is usually used as carbon for cell growth while in the production phase methanol serves as both inducer and carbon source for recombinant protein expression. Some researchers employed a mixed glycerol-methanol feeding strategy during the induction phase to improve production, but growth kinetics on glycerol and methanol and the interaction between them were not reported. The objective of this paper is to optimize the mixed feeding strategy based on growth kinetic studies using a Mut+ Pichia strain, which expresses the heavy-chain fragment C of botulinum neurotoxin serotype C [BoNT/C(Hc)] intracellularly, as a model system. Growth models on glycerol and methanol that describe the relationship between specific growth rate (μ) and specific glycerol/methanol consumption rate (ν gly, ν MeOH) were established. A mixed feeding strategy with desired μ gly/μ MeOH =1, 2, 3, 4 (desired μ MeOH set at 0.015 h−1) was employed to study growth interactions and their effect on production. The results show that the optimal desired μ gly/μ MeOH is around 2 for obtaining the highest BoNT/C(Hc) protein content in cells: about 3 mg/g wet cells.
Direct Behavioral Evidence for Retronasal Olfaction in Rats

The neuroscience of flavor perception is becoming increasingly important to understand abnormal feeding behaviors and associated chronic diseases such as obesity. Yet, flavor research has mainly depended on human subjects due to the lack of an animal model. A crucial step towards establishing an animal model of flavor research is to determine whether the animal uses the retronasal mode of olfaction, an essential element of flavor perception. We designed a go- no go behavioral task to test the rat's ability to detect and discriminate retronasal odorants. In this paradigm, tasteless aqueous solutions of odorants were licked by water-restricted head-fixed rats from a lick spout. Orthonasal contamination was avoided by employing a combination of a vacuum around the lick-spout and blowing clean air toward the nose. Flow models support the effectiveness of both approaches. The licked odorants were successfully discriminated by rats. Moreover, the tasteless odorant amyl acetate was reliably discriminated against pure distilled water in a concentration-dependent manner. The results from this retronasal odor discrimination task suggest that rats are capable of smelling retronasally. This direct behavioral evidence establishes the rat as a useful animal model for flavor research.
Multiphonon decay of excited states of rare earth ions in crystals

Abstract Although the relaxation of excited electronic states through radiationless multiphonon processes has been well established by experiment, there are several serious problems concerning the current theoretical model in which the electron-phonon interaction is treated as a small perturbation, and the multiphonon transitions are attributed to high order expansion terms of perturbation theory. Here, we approach the problem in the framework of the adiabatic approximation. The rate of the multiphonon process is expressed in the form of the linear response time correlation function which is then evaluated by means of the saddle point approximation. The resulting expression predicts an approximately exponential dependence of the rate on the transition gap and a temperature dependence that agrees quantitatively with experiment.