cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Bending Effects on Resistance of Screen-Printed Silver Conductors

Flexible electronics are becoming more and more widely used in all fields, such as wearable devices, flexible displays, flexible sensors, and so on. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the reliability of flexible electronics under various loading conditions. In this article, the mechanical and electrical behavior of printed conductors was tested under reciprocating adaptive curvature flexure bending. The silver-ink conductors of different widths were screen-printed on polyimide (PI) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates and served as the samples. Through the tests, the resistance of the conductors was measured by a four-wire method continuously. The tests were carried out under different gap distances and moving ranges. Besides the tests, SEM imaging was also performed to understand the microstructure change of the printed conductor before, during, and after the tests. Finite-element simulations were performed to track the strain history of specific locations of the printed conductor. Finally, a two-stage process of resistance increase was identified in the reciprocating adaptive curvature flexure test. The resistance change of the conductors under different loading conditions was determined. The parameters that affect the resistance change were also figured out. Cracks and delamination in the printed conductor were observed and related to the resistance increase phenomena under small tensile and compressive bending radius, respectively.
Trust of Airspace Configuration Transition Concerning the Fluctuation of Air Traffic

Dynamic Airspace Configuration (DAC) has caught attention in tackling the increasing demand for flight operation in the National Airspace System (NAS). In recent years, sectorisation methods, such as the Voronoi diagram, dynamic programming, genetic algorithm, have been developed to find the optimal sector design. However, by restructuring the airspace, most design methods reduce the airline’s delay but increase the complexity of airspace configuration, which causes uncertainties to safe air traffic management. Furthermore, adaptive airspace reconfiguration schemes are also desired to accommodate the designs of different types of airspace. This paper presents a study exploring the concept of time-variant stability of airspace configuration transition in response to the assumed flight fluctuation. We exploited the airspace capacity in explaining the potential long-term effects caused by the graph-based airspace partitioning algorithm. According to the imbalanced distribution of air traffic, the aircraft counts of each divided sector are computed through time to estimate the workload of air traffic controllers (ATC).The number of flights in the sub-sector is computed through two months’ time length. Airspace designs from the Voronoi diagram are presented and evaluated by the airspace capacity of the ZJX ARTCC sector. Two configuration scenarios are chosen to present the algorithms’ evolving performance. The simulation results show that the existing graph partitioning method is not adapted to imbalanced traffic patterns, which does not show the potential of the reconfiguration algorithm’s robustness in response to the fluctuation of air traffic. As part of the necessary analysis we developed, we concluded the airspace sectorization for imbalanced traffic patterns and complex airspace characteristics, which provides the transferable features of airspace design between different ARTCC sectors.
Inter-Cohort Comparisons of Reincarceration Rates

The specific question addressed in this chapter is, “How did the transformation of Texas criminal justice in the 1980s, a period when the burgeoning prison population led to a dramatically expanded use of parole, affect recidivism patterns of successive yearly cohorts of parolees released between 1984 and 1987?” The primary analytic strategy is once again analysis of survival patterns and hazard rates.
Expression of the hepatitis delta virus large and small antigens in transgenic mice.

Abstract Simultaneous infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in humans is often associated with severe viral liver disease including fulminant hepatitis. Since HBV is thought to be noncytopathic to the hepatocyte, the enhanced disease severity observed during dual infection has been attributed to either simultaneous immune responses against the two viruses or direct cytotoxic effects of HDV products on the hepatocyte or both. To examine these alternate possibilities, we produced transgenic mice that express the small and large delta antigens (HDAg) in hepatocyte nuclei at levels equal to those observed during natural HDV infection. No biological or histopathological evidence of liver disease was detectable during 18 months of observation, suggesting that neither the large nor small form of HDAg is directly cytopathic to the hepatocyte in vivo.
Comparative study of dynamic response of earth dam

Full-scale experimentally determined dynamic characteristics of an earth dam determined from imposed dynamic forces are compared with those estimated from earthquake responses. The measured frequencies and modes of upstream-downstream vibrations are compared with those predicted by an existing two-dimensional shear-beam model. Shear strains and shear moduli were estimated from the full-scale tests and were plotted along with those estimated from the earthquake response analysis. The same procedure was followed for damping versus shear strain at different levels. Then the combined results were interpolated and extrapolated. The dynamic properties of the dam’s constituent materials estimated from low-strain full-scale tests are consistent with those determined from relatively large strains induced by the two earthquakes. Also the tests revealed substantial change in the dynamic properties of the dam; the behavior is typical of a yielding dynamic system.
Institutional Commitment to Improved Pain Management: Sustaining the Effort

Greater attention to the problem of pain has led to development of clinical practice guidelines and subsequent efforts to implement these principles into practice. Efforts focused on increasing ins...
The formation and habitability of terrestrial planets in the presence of close-in giant planets

‘Hot jupiters,’ giant planets with orbits very close to their parent stars, are thought to form farther away and migrate inward via interactions with a massive gas disk. If a giant planet forms and migrates quickly, the planetesimal population has time to re-generate in the lifetime of the disk and terrestrial planets may form [P.J. Armitage, A reduced efficiency of terrestrial planet formation following giant planet migration, Astrophys. J. 582 (2003) L47–L50]. We present results of simulations of terrestrial planet formation in the presence of hot/warm jupiters, broadly defined as having orbital radii 0.5 AU. We show that terrestrial planets similar to those in the Solar System can form around stars with hot/warm jupiters, and can have water contents equal to or higher than the Earth’s. For small orbital radii of hot jupiters (e.g., 0.15, 0.25 AU) potentially habitable planets can form, but for semi-major axes of 0.5 AU or greater their formation is suppressed. We show that the presence of an outer giant planet such as Jupiter does not enhance the water content of the terrestrial planets, but rather decreases their formation and water delivery timescales. We speculate that asteroid belts may exist interior to the terrestrial planets in systems with close-in giant planets.  2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Sensitive Micro Data Protection Using Latin Hypercube Sampling Technique

We propose use of Latin Hypercube Sampling to create a synthetic data set that reproduces many of the essential features of an original data set while providing disclosure protection. The synthetic micro data can also be used to create either additive or multiplicative noise which when merged with the original data can provide disclosure protection. The technique can also be used to create hybrid micro data sets containing pre-determined mixtures of real and synthetic data. We demonstrate the basic properties of the synthetic data approach by applying the Latin Hypercube Sampling technique to a database supported a by the Energy Information Administration. The use of Latin Hypercube Sampling, along with the goal of reproducing the rank correlation structure instead of the Pearson correlation structure, has not been previously applied to the disclosure protection problem. Given its properties, this technique offers multiple alternatives to current methods for providing disclosure protection for large data sets.
Technological Advances in Medicine: It's Personal [Guest editors' introduction]

Current technological advances and those still being developed are poised to revolutionize medicine--creating tremendous opportunities for real-time, personalized patient monitoring and treatment, but also posing significant risks for medical data security.
Interface structures in MgB 2 thin films on (0001) SiC

The structure of the MgB2∕SiC interface has been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. Most of the defects at the interface are dislocations with Burgers vector [0001]. In addition, a minority of dislocations with Burgers vector [112¯0]∕3 are also generated to relax the mismatch stress between film and substrate. Energy loss spectra obtained from nanometer regions show that the interface is not affected by oxygen.
Reliabilism and Brains in Vats

According to epistemic internalism, the only facts that determine the justificational status of a belief are facts about the subject’s own mental states, like beliefs and experiences. Externalists instead hold that certain external facts, such as facts about the world or the reliability of a belief-producing mechanism, affect a belief’s justificational status. Some internalists argue that considerations about evil demon victims and brains in vats provide excellent reason to reject externalism: because these subjects are placed in epistemically unfavorable settings, externalism seems unable to account for the strong intuition that these subjects’ beliefs are nonetheless justified. I think these considerations do not at all help the internalist cause. I argue that by appealing to the anti-individualistic nature of perception, it can be shown that skeptical scenarios provide no reason to prefer internalism to externalism.
Haemoproteus spp. and Leukocytozoon spp. in a captive raptor population.

Raptors are commonly infected with two blood parasites of the family Haemoproteidae, Haemoproteus spp. and Leukocytozoon spp. To determine if age or length of time in captivity influence prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. and Leukocytozoon spp. infection in captive raptors, blood samples were collected from 55 birds from April 1999 to May 2000. Blood smears were examined for parasitemia and influence of age and length of time in captivity at the time of sample collection were compared. We found juvenile and adult birds were more likely to be infected with Leukocytozoon spp. than were nestlings (P=0.006) and birds present for >365 days were more likely to be infected with Haemoproteus spp. and/or Leukocytozoon spp. than were birds captive for <365 days.
Auditory nerve model for predicting performance limits of normal and impaired listeners

A computational auditory nerve (AN) model was developed for use in modeling psychophysical experiments with normal and impaired human listeners. In this phenomenological model, many physiologically vulnerable response properties associated with the cochlear amplifier are represented by a single nonlinear control mechanism, including the effects of level-dependent tuning, compression, level-dependent phase, suppression, and fast nonlinear dynamics on the responses of high, medium, and low spontaneous-rate (SR) AN fibers. Several model versions are described that can be used to evaluate the relative effects of these nonlinear properties.
Self-consistent band theoretic models of DNA

Previously investigated models are further elaborated here, with particular application to DNA. Accepting the premise that DNA may be characterized as an intrinsic semiconductor with a band gap energy of approximately 2 eV, a self-consistent method reveals term energies of reasonable magnitude. The treatment also determines that the mobilities are of the order of 10 to 102 cm2/V sec, indicating delocalization of the electrons with respect to the base pairs.
Mechanism of Action of rab3A in Mossy Fiber LTP

In mossy fiber synapses of the hippocampal CA3 region, LTP is induced by cAMP and requires the synaptic vesicle protein rab3A. In contrast, CA1-region synapses do not exhibit this type of LTP. We now show that cAMP enhances glutamate release from CA3 but not CA1 synaptosomes by (1) increasing the readily releasable pool as tested by hypertonic sucrose; (2) potentiating release evoked by KCl depolarization, which opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels; and (3) by enhancing Ca2+ action on the secretory apparatus as monitored by the Ca2+-ionophore ionomycin. In rab3A-deficient synaptosomes, forskolin still enhances KCl- and sucrose-induced glutamate release but not ionomycin-induced release. Our results show that cAMP has multiple actions in mossy fiber synapses, of which only the direct activation of the secretory apparatus requires rab3A and functions in mfLTP.
Pedagogies of Survival: Cultural Resources to Foster Resilience Among Mexican-American Community College Students

This in-depth case shows how five Mexican-American community college students use their pedagogies of survival to build resistance and navigate through the barriers of community colleges. Pedagogies of survival emanate from social, cultural, economic, and historical struggles of the students, their families, and their communities which engender orgullo (pride) and sabiduria (wisdom) and fosters their resilience. This resilience evolves from a long history of inequitable treatment and is maintained from birth to the present.
Effect of magnetic substitutions Ni, Co, Fe for Cu on thermal conductivity of BiSCCO whiskers

Abstract We have measured the thermal conductivity κ of Bi2(SrCa)3(Cu1−xTx)2Oy (T=Ni,Co,Fe) whiskers containing up to 1.5% substitution for Cu. Increased substitution suppresses both Tc and the usual enhancement of κ seen below Tc in undoped samples. Additionally, substitution strongly decreases thermal transport by carriers which reveals the phonon thermal conductivity of Bi2(SrCa)3Cu2Oy. The phonon contribution was found to be glass-like and when subtracted from the measured κ allows a fit of the electronic thermal conductivity to a phenomenological model that includes partial condensation of carriers in Bi2(SrCa)3Cu2Oy.
Structural Analysis of Muscles Elevating the Hyolaryngeal Complex

A critical event of pharyngeal swallowing is the elevation of the hyolaryngeal complex to open the upper esophageal sphincter. Current swallowing theory assigns this function to the submental and thyrohyoid muscles. However, the attachments of the long pharyngeal muscles indicate that they could contribute to this function, yet their role is uninvestigated in humans. In addition, there is evidence the posterior digastric and stylohyoid contribute to hyoid elevation. A cadaver model was used to document the structural properties of muscles. These properties were used to model muscle groups as force vectors and analyze their potential for hyolaryngeal elevation. Vector magnitude was determined using physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs) of muscles calculated from structural properties of muscle taken from 12 hemisected cadaver specimens. Vector direction (lines of action) was calculated from the three-dimensional coordinates of muscle attachment sites. Unit force vectors in the superior direction of submental, suprahyoid (which includes the submental muscles), long pharyngeal, and thyrohyoid muscles were derived and compared by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to document each muscle’s potential contribution to hyolaryngeal elevation. An ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc analysis of unit force vectors showed no statistically significant difference between the submental (0.92 ± 0.24 cm2) and long pharyngeal (0.73 ± 0.20 cm2) muscles. Both demonstrated greater potential to elevate the hyolaryngeal complex than the thyrohyoid (0.49 ± 0.18 cm2), with P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively. The suprahyoid muscles (1.52 ± 0.35 cm2) demonstrated the greatest potential to elevate the hyolaryngeal complex: greater than both the long pharyngeal muscles (P < 0.01) and the thyrohyoid (P < 0.01). The submental and thyrohyoid muscles by convention are thought to elevate the hyolaryngeal complex. This study demonstrates that structurally the long pharyngeal muscles have similar potential to contribute to this critical function, with the suprahyoid muscles having the greatest potential. If verified by functional data, these findings would amend current swallowing theory.
SU-FF-I-01: 3D Computer-Aided Detection of Masses and Micro-Calcifications From Cone Beam CT Scans: A Breast Phantom Study

Purpose: Cone Beam Breast Computed Tomography (CBBCT) has emerged as a promising new modality for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Compared to conventional X‐ray mammography, CBBCT provides much greater detail of breast tissue in three‐dimensions (3D) as well as improved patient comfort. However, these benefits come at the cost of hundreds of image slices for each scan. Here, a validation study was performed using CBBCT data of a breast phantom with known nodules and micro‐calcifications. A novel 3D computer‐aided detection algorithm based on 3D template‐matching was applied to this dataset to evaluate the performance of CAD‐CBBCT. Method and Materials: The CBBCT dataset of the breast phantom consisted of 371 slices with isotropic resolution of 0.27 mm. The central 250 contiguous slices were used in our analysis. The selected imaging volume contained 8 masses with diameter ranging from 0.5–10mm (appearing on 9–37 pixels), and 13 micro‐calcifications with diameter ranging from 0.2–0.5 mm (appearing on 3–5 pixels). Our CAD algorithm models masses and micro‐calcifications as spheres (templates) of varying sizes and searches for structures similar to the templates throughout the entire imaging volume. Templates of 9 different sizes were applied. The end result is a single index (the normalized cross correlation coefficient) for each mass and calcification candidate. An optimal correlation threshold for each template size was then selected to best identify the nodules and micro‐calcifications. Results: 8 out of 8 masses down to 0.5 mm and 12 out of 13 micro‐calcifications down to 0.2 mm were successfully detected, with only 1 false positive finding. The processing time for each template was ∼80 seconds (on a Mac Pro with 2.66GHz CPU, 5G memory). Conclusion: CBBCT and 3D CAD were able to detect in a breast imaging phantom very small nodules and micro‐calcifications with high sensitivity and specificity.
Languages based on science

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of how two races who are in contact only by radio can develop a common language. We argue that the capacity for radio communication and a sufficient knowledge of science will enable our races to construct such a language. The use of pictures in this kind of communication is also discussed.
“Shock” meets “community service”: J.C. Corcoran at KMOX

KMOX‐AM in St. Louis hired J.C. Corcoran to try to update its sound. Corcoran and KMOX represented two contrasting styles in talk radio— “shock”; and “community service.”; These styles can be seen as reflecting two visions of America—a modernist vision of civic discourse and public participation, and a postmodernist vision in which distinctions have blurred between the public and private spheres and between news and entertainment. The authors qualitatively examine the talk on a program hosted by a “shock jock”; on a respected news‐talk radio station.
Considerations on the use of ferroelectric ceramic light modulators with integrated driver circuits in display applications

Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT--a transparent, ferroelectric ceramic) exhibits a large quadratic electro-optic effect, allows full modulation at relatively low voltages and is commercially available in wafer form up to 150 mm diameter. PLZT modulators can handle large amount of light power. They can be configured for either reflective or transmissive operation and the pixel switching speed is in the order of 500 ns. High contrast ratio (4000:1) and throughput (90%) can be accommodated. A new technique referred to as direct bonding that involves the bonding of a thin Si film containing circuits onto PLZT substrates allows a monolithic-like integration without affecting the performance of modulators or electronic circuits. Lenslet arrays and Wollaston prisms can be added to the input of the modulator array to improve the light throughput for unpolarized light. An electro-optic light deflector stage added to the output will improve the space-bandwidth product by trading off the speed of the PLZT modulator. The availability of an excellent modulator and the possibility for monolithic integration with Si circuits makes Si/PLZT technology attractive for high performance display applications.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Factor analysis and the index of clustering

The initial problem of factor analysis is described as a search for clustering of the test vectors. Curves are developed which give a visual picture of the clustering tendency, and an index of clustering is derived which provides a simple estimate for the number of factors.
Theory of Luminescent Emission in Nanocrystal ZnS:Mn with an Extra Electron

We consider the effect of an extra electron in a doped quantum dot ZnS:Mn 2 + . The Coulomb interaction and exchange interaction between the extra electron and the states of the Mn ion will mix the wave functions, split the impurity energy levels, break the previous selection rules, and change the transition probabilities. Using this model of an extra electron in the doped quantum dot, we calculate the energy and the wave functions, the luminescence efficiency, and the transition lifetime and compare with the experiments. Our calculation shows that two orders of magnitude of lifetime shortening can occur in the transition 4 T 1 - 6 A 1 , when an extra electron is present.
A new roadway lighting measurement system

Past studies have shown that the level of roadway lighting is an important factor for nighttime roadway safety. To evaluate roadway lighting systems and maintain their functionality, it is essential to perform field lighting measurements. Currently, field measurements of roadway lighting systems are often conducted by handheld light meters using a short sample section. The evaluation of an entire corridor or a longer section is difficult when using the traditional manual measurement methods. This paper addresses this difficulty by developing a new lighting measurement system that can be used to collect massive amounts of lighting level data in an efficient, safe, and effective manner. The system consists of a light meter, a distance measurement instrument (DMI), a computer, software, and an electronic converter circuit to connect the computer and other hardware. Software was developed for the communication link between the computer and the light meter, and to record both the distance and illuminance data. The system was calibrated and validated with the field data. The new system will not only reduce future data collection costs, but also improve safety for field data collection personnel. The system has been approved for use to collect illuminance data on Florida state roads greater than or equal to 250-miles in length.
Patch testing for allergic contact dermatitis in the allergist office.

The identification of allergens responsible for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is key to the management of this disease. The patch test (PT) is the only safe, objective, scientific, and practical method for the diagnosis of ACD. There is no single PT panel that will screen all the relevant allergens in a patient’s environment. It is generally thought that 20 to 30 allergens in routine screening tests can identify 50% to 70% of clinically relevant ACD. However, the usefulness of patch testing is enhanced with the number of allergens tested. Although the PT might be simple to apply, it might be difficult to read, interpret, and correlate to the patient’s symptoms. A familiarity with the patient’s environment, the process of the industry in that environment, and the uses of various chemicals in the industry is needed in most cases.
Carbon monoxide protects hepatocytes from TNF-α/Actinomycin D by inhibition of the caspase-8-mediated apoptotic pathway

We have previously shown that carbon monoxide (CO) (250 ppm) prevented tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced apoptosis and activated the transcription factor NF-kappaB in hepatocytes both in vivo and in vitro. These studies were conducted to further determine the mechanisms by which CO suppresses apoptotic signaling in TNFalpha (10 ng/ml) and Actinomycin D (ActD, 200 ng/ml)-treated hepatocytes. Consistent with our previous findings, CO protected against TNFalpha/ActD-induced cell death, which is in part dependent on NF-kappaB activation. This was associated with a reduction in mitochondrial damage, a decrease in cytochrome c release, and an inhibition of translocation of Bcl proteins to mitochondria. In conjugation with inhibition of these mitochondrial events, CO also suppressed caspases-8 and -3 cleavage in response to TNFalpha/ActD. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation resulted in diminished CO-induced cFLIP expression and increased caspase-8 cleavage from cells treated with TNFalpha/ActD. These data indicate that CO interferes with apoptotic signaling at a proximal step.
Rate studies of the reactions of the (CH3)2N radical with O2, NO, and NO2

The kinetics of the reactions of the (CH3)2N radical with NO, NO2, and O2 were studied using FTIR spectroscopy. The nature of the products and the ratio of rate constants for these reactions were determined. The results were used to evaluate the potential for nitrosamine and nitramine formation in NONO2hydrocarbonamine-polluted atmospheres.
A question of gas.

P n D t a c o a One of the most challenging issues in gastrooesophageal eflux disease is abdominal gas. This is frequently made orse after fundoplication. Patients with gastrooesophageal eflux disease feel the urge to frequently swallow saliva to ither clear the oesophagus of refluxed material or because f their experience that alkaline saliva helps to neutralize cid within the oesophagus and decreases their symptoms. eflex salivation due to oesophageal irritation also increases he need to swallow accumulated saliva in the mouth. Each ime they swallow, gas is drawn into the oesophagus and tomach, leading to the accumulation of abdominal gas with ts consequences. This habitual air swallowing may persist ven after effective medical or surgical therapy. Patients are requently unaware of the fact that they continue to swallow ir leading to unpleasant abdominal symptoms and belching. The return of competence of the lower oesophageal phincter after fundoplication certainly leads to increased bdominal gas due to the inability to easily belch accumuated air in the stomach [1,2]. This gas remains in the bowel nd may cause troublesome gas bloat, borborygmi, diarrhoea nd in almost all patients, increased flatus. It therefore makes ense that a partial fundoplication should in all likelihood roduce less symptoms of abdominal gas since these patients eport that it is easier to belch after surgery compared to those fter a 360◦ fundoplication. A study in this issue of the joural [3] indicates that this is indeed the case. Patients with a artial fundoplication were found to have a better ability to omit and fewer problems with aerophagia. The authors come o the conclusion that this should lead surgeons to choose a artial fundoplication rather than a complete fundoplication. his may be the case in their hands but others have shown hat a partial fundoplication is not as effective as a complete undoplication in controlling reflux [4].
The Social Psychology of Intergroup Reconciliation: From Violent Conflict to Peaceful Co-existence by Nadler, A., Malloy, T. E., & Fisher, J. D.

What is intergroup reconciliation and how can it be achieved? What role does identity play, intergroup contact, group narratives, emotions, trauma, culture, respect and esteem, power differentials,...
Proton Polarizability of Hydrogen-Bonded Network and its Role in Proton Transfer in Bacteriorhodopsin

Room-temperature time-resolved step-scan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to study the photocycle of native bacteriorhodopsin (bR) suspension in both H2O and D2O. The kinetics of the retinal isomerization, and that of the protonation/deprotonation of the proton acceptor, Asp85, are compared in the μs to ms time domain. It is found that hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) isotope exchange does not significantly affect the kinetics of the retinal isomerization and relaxation processes. However, the protonation/deprotonation processes of Asp85 COO- become slower in D2O. We also studied the kinetics of the continuum absorbance change in the 1850−1800 cm-1 frequency region, which has previously been proposed to correspond to the absorption of the delocalized proton that is involved in the proton transport to the surface during the photocycle. An H/D isotope shift of the frequency range of this continuum absorbance has been confirmed by the observation that the band in the 1850−1800 cm-1 disapp...
Carotenoid extraction from plants using a novel, environmentally friendly solvent.

Few environmentally friendly solvents are available to extract carotenoids for use in foods. The most effective known solvents are products of the petroleum industry and toxic for human consumption. Yet carotenoid extracts are desirable for use in dietary supplements and as additives to enhance the health benefits of processed foods. Ethyl lactate is an excellent solvent to extract both trans- and cis-lycopene isomers from dried tomato powder, the extraction efficiency of which is enhanced by the addition of the antioxidants α-tocopherol and α-lipoic acid, both of which are known to benefit human health. It is also useful to extract lutein and β-carotene from dried powders prepared from white corn and carrots. Because of its low flammability and its origin as a byproduct of the corn and soybean industries, it is more advantageous than ethyl acetate, which is a petroleum product.
Not to Perish: Recommendations from An Outgoing Editor

Recommendations on manuscripts which are to be submitted to quality journals are made. Problems encountered by many authors and some strategies to overcome those problems are reviewed. Procedures and purposes of journal editing are considered.
Hypercapnia Induces Centrally Mediated Prolongation of Expiratory Time in Early Postnatal Life in Rats ♦ 1644

The respiratory network that generates rhythmic activity is continuously subjected to excitatory and inhibitory inputs which regulate tidal breathing and respiratory timing: inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory (Te) duration. Recently we have shown in unrestrained, 5 day (but not 3 wk old) rat pups, that hypercapnia induced increases in tidal volume are accompanied by reduction in frequency due to an increase in Te. To identify if this maturational change in timing response to CO2 is central or peripheral in origin, we examined the effect of graded increases in inhaled CO2 on phrenic activity in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated rat pups at 4-6 (n=8), 12-17 (n=9), and 36-40 (n=8) days. Hypercapnia always induced an increase in peak phrenic activity, which was associated with a CO2 concentration-dependent increase in Te at 4-6 but not 12-17 or 36-39 days (Fig). Hypercapnia had no significant effect on Ti. These results indicate that in early postnatal life CO2 increases phrenic output in parallel with a prolongation of Te which is centrally mediated and not related to changes in vagal or upper airway reflexes. We postulate that in the youngest animals, prolongation of Te during hypercapnia provides sufficient time to empty the lungs, regulate functional residual capacity and optimize work of breathing. Excessive prolongation of Te during hypercapnia, however, might compromise the ventilatory response.
Maceral Partitioning through Beneficiation of Illinois Basin Coals

Coals from 28 Illinois Basin preparation plants, primarily in western Kentucky, were studied for maceral partitioning around several unit operations. Consideration was also given to two sets of plants with similar designs; in one case cleaning the same seam and in the other case cleaning three different seams. More consistent maceral partitioning was exhibited in the finer fractions than in the coarse coal with the fine clean coal being enriched in vitrinite and the fine refuse being enriched in fusinite plus semifusinite. Comparison of coals prepared through similar operations indicated that a significant difference existed in the maceral partitioning both between different coals cleaned in one plant and between the same coal seam (different mines) beneficiated through similar design plants. The petrographic characteristics of each coal appear to be site specific and include inherent factors, such as maceral-mineral associations, as well as factors imposed during mining.
NF-κB and FLIP in arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced apoptosis in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a potent stimulus of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), is up-regulated in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Here, we show that bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) and purified CD34+ cells from patients with low-grade/early-stage MDS (refractory anemia/refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts [RA/RARS]) have low levels of NF-κB activity in nuclear extracts comparable with normal marrow, while patients with RA with excess blasts (RAEB) show significantly increased levels of activity (P = .008). Exogenous TNF-α enhanced NF-κB nuclear translocation in MDS BMMCs above baseline levels. Treatment with arsenic trioxide (ATO; 2-200 μM) inhibited NF-κB activity in normal marrow, primary MDS, and ML1 cells, even in the presence of exogenous TNF-α (20 ng/mL), and down-regulated NF-κB-dependent antiapoptotic proteins, B-cell leukemia XL (Bcl-XL), Bcl-2, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), and Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (FLICE) inhibitory protein (FLIP), leading to apoptosis. However, overexpression of FLIP resulted in increased NF-κB activity and rendered ML1 cells resistant to ATO-induced apoptosis. These data are consistent with the observed up-regulation of FLIP and resistance to apoptosis with advanced MDS, where ATO as a single agent may show only limited efficacy. However, the data also suggest that combinations of ATO with agents that interfere with other pathways, such as FLIP autoamplification via NF-κB, may have considerable therapeutic activity.
Negotiated Meanings and State Transformation: The Trust Issue in the Progressive Era

State transformation theory links social movements to state policy formation processes by focusing on the role of cultural meaning in organized political struggles. Despite a resemblance among concepts and concerns, constructionist ideas found in the social problems, social movements, and symbolic politics literatures have not been incorporated into the theory. In this paper I draw on these three literatures to enhance state transformation theory. I emphasize how competing political actors struggle to reframe issues that shape subsequent policy. The negotiation over meanings occurs in a historically contingent process that depends on shifting definitions, strategic alliances, and organizational innovation. I apply the expanded theory to the “trust problem” in U.S. history. During the Progressive Era, the “trust” was a social problem at the forefront of public debate. After more than a decade of struggling, a politically mobilized segment of the dominant class succeeded in reframing the volatile issue into a more palatable and benign form that was later institutionalized as federal antitrust policy.
Laboratory evaluation of two bioenergetics models applied to yellow perch: identification of a major source of systematic error

Laboratory growth and food consumption data for two size classes of age 2 year yellow perch Perca flavescens, each fed on two distinct feeding schedules at 21°C. were used to evaluate the abilities of the Wisconsin (WI) and Karas-Thoresson (KT) bioenergetics models to predict fish growth and cumulative consumption. Neither model exhibited consistently better performance for predicting fish body masses across all four fish size and feeding regime combinations. Results indicated deficiencies in estimates of resting routine metabolism by both models. Both the WI and KT models exhibited errors for predicting growth rates. which were strongly correlated with food consumption rate. Consumption-dependent prediction errors may be common in bioenergetics models and tire probably I he result of deficiencies in parameter values or assumptions within the models for calculating energy costs of specific dynamic action, feedings activity metabolism or egestion and excretion. Inter-model differences in growth and consumption predictions were primarily the result of differences in egestion and excretion costs calculated by the two models. The results highlighted the potential importance of parameters describing egestion and excretion costs to the accuracy of bioenergetics model predictions, even though bioenergetics models are generally regarded as being insensitive to these parameters. The findings strongly emphasize the utility and necessity of performing laboratory evaluations of all bioenergtics models for assurance of model accuracy and for facilitation of model refinement.
Using ion mobility data to improve peptide identification: intrinsic amino acid size parameters.

A new method for enhancing peptide ion identification in proteomics analyses using ion mobility data is presented. Ideally, direct comparisons of experimental drift times (tD) with a standard mobility database could be used to rank candidate peptide sequence assignments. Such a database would represent only a fraction of sequences in protein databases and significant difficulties associated with the verification of data for constituent peptide ions would exist. A method that employs intrinsic amino acid size parameters to obtain ion mobility predictions that can be used to rank candidate peptide ion assignments is proposed. Intrinsic amino acid size parameters have been determined for doubly charged peptide ions from an annotated yeast proteome. Predictions of ion mobilities using the intrinsic size parameters are more accurate than those obtained from a polynomial fi tt otD versus molecular weight data. More than a 2-fold improvement in prediction accuracy has been observed for a group of arginine-terminated peptide ions 12 residues in length. The use of this predictive enhancement as a means to aid peptide ion identification is discussed, and a simple peptide ion scoring scheme is presented.
Trust-region reflective adaptive controller for time varying systems

The new algorithm presented in this study, called TRAC (trust-region reflective adaptive controller), performs online adaptive control of time-varying linear or linearisable systems subject to parametric disturbances. The process of accomplishing such adaptive control consists of feeding the measured output signal back to TRAC – which occupies the outer loop of a control scheme – as well as the reference signal. Knowing the order of the closed-loop system in the inner loop, a parametric model of the time-varying output is derived as a function of the system's variables, such as damping and natural frequencies. Using trust-region optimisation, these parameters are estimated in real-time by recursively fitting the actual output into the parametric model. This allows for the location of the actual poles to be estimated in the s -domain after the poles have been shifted by the disturbance. Accordingly, the gains are re-tuned in order to return the actual poles to their desired location and absorb the disturbance. The primary advantage of TRAC relative to the state-of-the-art is its computational simplicity which is owed to search space restriction and heuristic approximations with trust-region search. A video of a sample application describing real-time TRAC-based control can be found on the IET's Digital Library.
Divergent Outcomes of Labor Reform Politics in Democratized Korea and Taiwan

This article seeks to explain the conditions that determine the divergent fates of union actors under democratic governments by examining union activism around four labor reform episodes (union rights recognition, wage increases, workweek reductions, and job protection/anti-privatization) in democratized Korea and Taiwan. This study first describes that labor reform politics in these two new democracies involved contrasting processes and produced divergent outcomes. Korean unions that have resorted to contentious mobilization have been more successful in areas where their sheer mobilizing strength matters (such as company-level bargaining of wages and other material benefits), but less successful in national policy reforms. On the contrary, Taiwanese unions have been more effective in securing labor policy concessions, while obtaining less drastic changes at the company-level gains. This article contends that these divergent outcomes for unions’ gains would not have been possible without the differences they faced in the degree of permeability within their respective formal political institutions and partisan interests that draw these unions into these labor reform politics.
Characterization of fast and slow transported proteins in dorsal root and sciatic nerve of cat.

Labeled components, carried by axoplasmic transport into the cat dorsal roots and sciatic nerves following injection of 3H-leucine into the lumbar seventh (L7) dorsal root ganglia, were studied. The pattern of activity present in the subcellular fractions was similar for the two branches of the ganglion neurons entering the nerve and the dorsal root. Fractionation of the proteins present in the high speed supernatant fraction shows that slow transport carries a major proportion of high molecular weight soluble proteins. Further fractination of the soluble proteins with Sephadex G-200 showed labeled activity present in three peaks: Ia, proteins of 480,000 M. W., lb, proteins of 60,000–120,000 M. W. containing colchicine binding (microtubular) protein, and peak II polypeptides, 5,000–10,000 M. W. Isoelectrofocusing of la proteins gave three peaks at pl 4.0, 4.05, and 4.15, and of lb proteins gave peaks at pl 4.0, 4.45, and 4.8 with several minor peaks also present. A gradual shift in pl values of the labeled proteins from acidic to neutral pH was seen from 3 hr to 7 days after the injections. A small amount of soluble proteins and some free leucine is carried down by fast transport, which is characterized by a high amount of activity in the particulate component. A comparison of the distribution of labeled incorporation in the crest and plateau region of fast transported materials showed a somewhat smaller percentage of activity in the small particulate fraction in the plateau, with more labeling of the soluble fraction and with no free leucine present. The results are in conformity with the concept of a compartmentalization of incorporated proteins in the cell body from which materials of somewhat different compositions later enter the axon for transport.
Analytical Applications of Matrix Isolation Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

A review of analytical applications of matrix isolation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is presented. The characteristics of matrix isolation spectroscopy are discussed along with practical techniques for obtaining analytically useful results. A few studies relating to matrix isolation used in conjunction with Raman and conventional IR spectroscopy are reviewed. The majority of analytical applications of matrix isolation vibrational spectroscopy has entailed the use of FT-IR techniques. Qualitative and quantitative results from a number of sample types are presented. The coupling of matrix isolation vibrational spectroscopy with chromatographic separations is reviewed.
Transient Thermal Analysis of Epoxy-Impregnated Superconducting Windings in Linearly Ramped Fields

Heat is generated in superconducting windings whenever the magnetic field changes. During these transient periods, the current carrying capability of the superconductor is limited by the temperature distribution inside the winding, especially in epoxy-impregnated winding composites that have limited thermal conductance. A finite-difference transient thermal analysis of a superconducting winding composite is presented. The analysis is employed to predict the critical current of a cylindrical coil and a modular racetrack winding under linear ramping of the magnetic field, when eddy current losses and hysteresis losses prevail. The dependence of these losses on the magnetic field and temperature is properly accounted for. The analytical predictions are compared to experimental data and the agreement is excellent.
3D optical contrast-recovery in MR guided diffuse optical spectroscopy

It is well known that diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has limited spatial resolution, and sufficient contrast recovery is limited to lesions greater than ~6 mm[1]. However, with the addition of multimodality methods that combine high spatial resolution imaging, such as MRI, it has been shown that quantification and feature recovery improves[2]. However, it is not known how well MRg-DOS will perform with characterizing small lesions in 3D. These limits need to be established in order to determine the practical limitations of optical imaging. This paper investigates the contrast resolution limits of 3 dimensional MRg-DOS. Short irregular inclusions of various diameters are added to a homogeneous background. Two case studies are presented which represent these limiting situations.
Measuring the professional learning environment of schools: Linkages to school effectiveness and effects

Abstract This study is a conceptual and empirical extension of a variety of recent investigations that have attempted to establish linkages between and syntheses among school environment characteristics and school effectiveness. Of particular interest was the extent to which the adult professional learning environment characteristics of schools can be conceptualized, operationalized, and linked to multiple indices of school effectiveness. The development and construct validation of a measure of teachers' perceptions of structural and cultural factors enhancing their learning in the school environment is described for a large sample of teachers in elementary, middle, and secondary schools. Implications for future research and theory development on school level environments are discussed.
Single molecule emission characteristics in near-field microscopy.

In near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), the measured fluorescence lifetime of a single dye molecule can be shortened or lengthened, sensitively dependent on the relative position between the molecule and aluminum coated fiber tip. The modified lifetimes and other emission characteristics are simulated by solving Maxwell equations with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The 2D computation reveals insight into the lifetime behaviors and provides guidance for nonperturbative spectroscopic measurements with NSOM. This new methodology is capable of predicting molecular emission properties in front of a metal/dielectric interface of arbitrary geometry.