cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can an apple a day keep the doctor away

The modern pharmaceutical industry based on synthetic chemistry severed the historical connection between plants, food and medicines. The growing costs of discovering new chemical entity-based drugs through high throughput screening methods may yet again reconnect plants and human health at a new level of technological sophistication. Multi-component botanical therapeutics that comprise functional foods, dietary supplements and botanical drugs hold several advantages over conventional drugs that may earn them a more prominent place in the medicine of the future. They can deliver mixtures of multi-functional molecules with potentiating and synergistic effects and pleiotropic targeting at a reasonable cost and with fewer regulatory constraints. They are well suited for long-term disease prevention in an era of genetic testing and increased life expectancy. They also provide additional vehicles for delivering health and wellness. Technologies that address the needs of discovery, development and manufacturing of multi-component botanical therapeutics are emerging. They include computational and bioinformatics approaches, cell based gene expression and high-content screening systems, and phytochemical elicitation and unique plant cultivation / extraction methods designed to optimize the production of bioactives, standardize overall extract composition and assure batch-to-batch product consistency. Nevertheless, multi-component botanical therapeutics carry risks associated with potential interactions with conventional drugs and adverse reactions, which are difficult to detect and diagnose. They face problems of acceptance by the medical community and pharmaceutical industry, safety and efficacy validation, poor standardization and quality control, and difficulties in identifying active ingredients and determining their complex mode(s) of action. Solving these problems will accelerate the merger of grocery stores with pharmacies and agriculture with chemical manufacturing and provide physicians and patients with broader and more individualized choices for disease prevention and treatment.
Spontaneous recovery of a classically conditioned response by planarians

Thirty flatworms, Cura foremanii, were classically conditioned with light and shock. Ss were given acquisition training of 20 trials a day for five days and then were divided into two matched groups. One group was given 40 extinction trials on day six. The other group was given 20 extinction trials on day six and 20 extinction trials on day seven. Spontaneous recovery of the response was demonstrated by significant differences between the groups as a result of the 24-hr. delay in extinction trials.
Status and Analysis of Next Generation Post-combustion CO2 Capture Technologies

Abstract Post-combustion CO 2 capture technologies tested above ∼20 MWe on flue gas slip streams from coal-fired power plants are thus far exclusively aqueous solutions of amines or ammonia. These near-term technologies, when combined with compression to pipeline pressures, impose a ∼25-30% load on a coal-fired power plant and nearly double the cost of electricity. Much of this increase is due to the relatively low CO 2 concentration and ambient conditions of flue gas, which poses an inherently difficult separation. Nonetheless, this relatively high energy and monetary cost provides an incentive for the development of next generation lower-energy and lower-cost capture processes. Since 2006, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has had an active program to review and conduct due diligence on emerging post-combustion CO 2 capture technologies. Using this knowledgebase, we critically review and analyze the status of the broad spectrum of next generation technologies, including solvents, adsorbents, membranes, and other capture processes. This effort spans some 125 post-combustion capture technologies and is part of EPRI's on-going effort to understand the landscape of CO 2 capture technologies, to identify research gaps, and to accelerate relevant research fields. We use the taxonomy of technology readiness level (TRL) to rank and classify the landscape of CO 2 capture technologies. We provide overview results of this ranking exercise and show how the findings will be used by EPRI and the utility industry to better identify opportunities to accelerate the development cycle and to anticipate the timing of major pilots and eventual commercial offerings. This analysis also leads us to several important insights, especially for capture technologies applied at power plant scales.
Capital breeding and allocation to life-history demands are highly plastic in lizards.

AbstractThe use of stored resources to fuel reproduction, growth, and self-maintenance in the face of uncertain nutrient availability is a tactic common to many organisms. The degree to which organisms rely on stored resources in response to varied nutrients, however, is not well quantified. In this study, we used stable isotope methods to quantify the use of stored versus incoming nutrients to fuel growth and egg and fat body development in lizards under differing nutrient regimes. We found that the degree of capital breeding is a function of an individual’s body condition. Furthermore, given sufficient income, lizards in poor condition can allocate simultaneously to storage, growth, and reproduction and “catch up” in body size and reproductive allocation to better-conditioned animals. Using natural variation in the δ13C of environmental nutrient pulses, we also found a high degree of variation in capital breeding in a lizard community. These findings demonstrate that capital breeding in lizards is not s...
Updates to Multi-Dimensional Flux Reconstruction for Hypersonic Simulations on Tetrahedral Grids

The quality of simulated hypersonic stagnation region heating with tetrahedral meshes is investigated by using an updated three-dimensional, upwind reconstruction algorithm for the inviscid flux vector. An earlier implementation of this algorithm provided improved symmetry characteristics on tetrahedral grids compared to conventional reconstruction methods. The original formulation however displayed quantitative differences in heating and shear that were as large as 25% compared to a benchmark, structured-grid solution. The primary cause of this discrepancy is found to be an inherent inconsistency in the formulation of the flux limiter. The inconsistency is removed by employing a Green-Gauss formulation of primitive gradients at nodes to replace the previous Gram-Schmidt algorithm. Current results are now in good agreement with benchmark solutions for two challenge problems: (1) hypersonic flow over a three-dimensional cylindrical section with special attention to the uniformity of the solution in the spanwise direction and (2) hypersonic flow over a three-dimensional sphere. The tetrahedral cells used in the simulation are derived from a structured grid where cell faces are bisected across the diagonal resulting in a consistent pattern of diagonals running in a biased direction across the otherwise symmetric domain. This grid is known to accentuate problems in both shock capturing and stagnation region heating encountered with conventional, quasi-one-dimensional inviscid flux reconstruction algorithms. Therefore the test problems provide a sensitive indicator for algorithmic effects on heating. Additional simulations on a sharp, double cone and the shuttle orbiter are then presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the new algorithm on more geometrically complex flows with tetrahedral grids. These results provide the first indication that pure tetrahedral elements utilizing the updated, three-dimensional, upwind reconstruction algorithm may be used for the simulation of heating and shear in hypersonic flows in upwind, finite volume formulations.
Finely Crafted Distinctions and the Art of Clinical Ethics

Making finely crafted distinctions and deploying them in intellectually rigorous and clinically applicable judgments define, to a considerable degree, the art of clinical ethics. The papers in this Clinical Ethics number of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy demonstrate the art of clinical ethics in their consideration of respect for autonomy vs. respect for persons, the role of risk in triggering assessment of decisional capacity vs. the role of risk in the concept and assessment of decisional capacity, intention vs. foresight in the clinical management of ectopic pregnancy, preserving life vs. relieving suffering in physician-assisted suicide, and what is essential vs. non-essential in defining the core areas of ethics education for members of hospital ethics committees.
Minimize sub-carrier reallocation in elastic optical path networks using traffic prediction

Spectrum-sLICed Elastic optical path (SLICE) networks enable elastic and flexible allocation of spectral resources. SLICE networks distribute data on a number of sub-carriers overlapped in frequency domain to provide efficient sub-wavelength and super-wavelength traffic accommodation. In SLICE networks, a routing and spectrum allocation algorithm assigns a spectrum path to any demand with just enough contiguous sub-carriers while following the sub-carrier consecutiveness and spectrum-continuity constraints. In this paper, we propose novel sub-carrier allocation algorithms that employ the proposed Interference Graph technique to assign sub-carriers to a spectrum path based on the historic traffic profile. These algorithms try to achieve minimal disruptions to the live connections while minimizing the blocking probability. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes can effectively accommodate the dynamic traffic while minimizing the network reconfiguration cost in SLICE networks, with or without the traffic prediction.
Research on Application of UPQC in Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment

In order to improve the power quality problems caused by electric vehicle charging equipment, this paper put forward the research on Application of Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) in the charging field. Based on the mathematical model of UPQC, current control unit with state feedback single loop PI controller and voltage control unit based on dual PI loop controller are designed. Based on the mathematical model, the design reference parameters are derived. Finally, a UPQC prototype is developed and experiment is carried out, results show that UPQC has good application prospect in the field of electric vehicle charging.
Magnetoencephalography reveals altered auditory information processing in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often report sensory intolerances which may lead to significant functional impairment. This study used auditory evoked fields (AEFs) to address the question of whether neural correlates of sensory auditory information processing differ in youth with OCD compared with healthy comparison subjects (HCS). AEFs, recorded with a whole head 275-channel magnetoencephalography system, were elicited in response to binaural auditory stimuli from 10 pediatric subjects with OCD (ages 8-13, mean 11 years, 6 males) and 10 age- and gender-matched HCS. Three major neuromagnetic responses were studied: M70 (60-80 ms), M100 (90-120 ms), and M150 (130-190 ms). When compared with HCS, subjects with OCD demonstrated delayed latency of the M100 response. In subjects with OCD the amplitude of the M100 and M150 responses was significantly greater in the right hemisphere compared with the left hemisphere. Current results suggest that when compared with HCS, subjects with OCD have altered auditory information processing, evident from the delayed latency of the M100 response, which is thought to be associated with the encoding of physical stimulus characteristics. Interhemispheric asymmetry with increased M100 and M150 amplitudes over the right hemisphere compared with the left hemisphere was found in young OCD subjects. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the high variability rate of responses in both HCS and OCD subjects, as well as the possible effect of medication in OCD subjects.
Some Factors Affecting Iodine Secretion in Milk

Summary A series of experiments was conducted to study the manner in which iodine enters cows' milk: (a) Eight cows averaging 23.2lb milk daily were paired with their identical twins in later lactation averaging 10.7lb. Iodine 131 was administered intravenously followed by seven-day collection periods; (b) milk secretion was stopped in the left udder halves of eight cows by allowing a 24-hr accumulation of milk, and the right halves were milked prior to intravenous administration of I 131 . Left and right udder halves were milked at 8- and 32-hr intervals thereafter for six days; (c) Iodine 131 was infused into the gland cisterns of six cows after the morning milking. Absorption of administered I 131 from the mammary gland into the blood stream was estimated from the percentage of the dose recovered in the milk during subsequent milkings. Results indicate that iodide passes easily in both directions between the cow's mammary gland and blood, and that it can enter the milk independent of milk secretion. Protein-bound iodine did not appear to transfer between blood and milk in either direction. It is indicated that iodide enters the cow's udder passively (regardless of secretory activity), but that once it is in the milk-collecting spaces, a portion of the iodine is bound in some manner and is not available for resorption. The greater iodine secretion of higher-yielding cows is related primarily to their greater volume of milk.
Molecular motors, membrane movements and physiology: emerging roles for myosins.

Abstract Myosins are a large family of structurally diverse mechanoenzyme which, upon interaction with actin filaments, convert energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force. Consistent with the ubiquitous association of actin with membranes, many of these novel myosins are membrane-associated. In the past two years, evidence has emerged that suggests roles for actin-based molecular motors in a wide range of membrane phenomena such as cell locomotion, phagocytosis, secretion, organelle transport, signal transduction and mechanoregulation of membrane protein function.
Quasielastic processes in the 28Si + 208Pb reaction at 6 MeV/nucleon.

Quasielastic yields have been measured for the $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$${+}^{208}$Pb reaction at ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}{(\mathrm{}}^{28}}$Si)=166 MeV. A coupled-channels analysis was performed on the elastic and inelastic scattering, resulting in a good description of all data except for the angular distribution associated with inelastic excitation of the ${3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. A large fraction of the total reaction cross section was found to be contained in quasielastic single-neutron and single-proton transfer. The one-nucleon transfer data were analyzed using the distorted-wave Born approximation with optical-model parameters deduced from the elastic scattering analysis, and spectroscopic factors taken from the literature. The magnitudes of the single-nucleon transfer cross sections are reproduced to within a factor of 1.6 or better.
Dermal fibrosis secondary to autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury

Spinal Cord Injury patients with injuries above T6 who have autonomie dysfunction have been observed to develop skin changes which appear clinically as brawny induration and pathologically show dermal fibrosis. Twenty patients were studied. There were no consistent changes in laboratory values. Histochemical studies of skin biopsies showed that aminergic innervation of the erector pili muscles and blood vessels were intact but the cholinergic supply to the Pacinian corpuscles and sweat glands was markedly decreased. Studies of the skin biopsies with indirect immunofluorescence for collagen typing showed a reduction in Type III collagen in the upper dermis with almost exclusive Type I collagen in the dermis and adipose tissue, resembling the late stage of progressive systemic sclerosis. It is hypothesised that autonomie dysfunction, with either an excess or deficiency of autonomie mediators, initiates cellular and/or vascular alterations which primarily or secondarily induce the observed fibroproliferative changes.
The Genetics of Canine Skull Shape Variation

A dog’s craniofacial diversity is the result of continual human intervention in natural selection, a process that began tens of thousands of years ago. To date, we know little of the genetic underpinnings and developmental mechanisms that make dog skulls so morphologically plastic. In this Perspectives, we discuss the origins of dog skull shapes in terms of history and biology and highlight recent advances in understanding the genetics of canine skull shapes. Of particular interest are those molecular genetic changes that are associated with the development of distinct breeds.
Influence of temperature and photoperiod on plasma melatonin in the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus

A melatonin (MEL) radioimmunoassay employed previously only in mammals was used to estimate plasma MEL in a salamander, Necturus maculosus. Validation procedures included thin-layer chromatography of plasma extracts, parallel inhibition curves of authentic MEL and serially diluted plasma and plasma extracts and quantitative recovery of authentic MEL added to pooled Necturus plasma. A diel cycle of plasma MEL was demonstrated in mudpuppies acclimatized for a minimum of 3 weeks under a 12L:12D photoperiod and 15 +/- 1 degrees and sampled in late March. The MEL cycle persisted under a reversed photoperiod (lights on, 1800 hr), but the amplitude of the MEL peak was diminished, and the peak was more than 180 degrees out of phase with the corresponding peak under a normal photoperiod. In animals acclimated to 5 degrees in mid-June under a 12L:12D photoperiod, the diel cycle of plasma MEL continued, but both midphotophase and midscotophase concentrations were reduced compared with 15 degrees controls. The diel cycle was also present in animals acclimated to 25 degrees, but the decrease in MEL concentrations was less marked than that in 5 degrees animals. Photoperiod is apparently the primary cue for cycles in plasma MEL in Necturus, but the cycle can be influenced by temperature.
IS PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH A BIAS TOWARDS TH2 TYPE CYTOKINE (CYT) PRODUCTION? † 1712

The immunological mechanism(s) of fetal survival as a semiallograft remains poorly understood. It was demonstrated in animal models that the fetus protects itself by directing the immune response towards production of specific CYTs mediating humoral immunity, called TH2 type CYT (IL4, IL5, IL6, and IL10). It has also been suggested that cell mediated immunity regulated by TH1 type CYT (IFNγ, TNFα and IL2) are harmful to the maintenance of the fetus. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that TH2 type CYT predominates in human pregnancy. We studied CYT production from placenta, amniotic fluid, maternal serum and stimulated maternal T cells, from early (8-12 weeks) and late pregnancies (38-40 weeks) using enzyme immunoassay. In late pregnancy, there was an increased production of placental IL10 with no significant change in the production of IFNγ(Fig., Mean±SE), TNFα and IL6. Neither IL2 nor IL4 could be detected in early or late pregnancy. To assess the relative amount of placental production of TH2 vs TH1 type CYT we compared placental IL10/IFNγ ratio with those detected from stimulated T cells, as we can't directly compare the unit value of different CYTs. In late pregnancy there was persistently high TH2/TH1 CYT ratio detected in the placenta, which differs from that observed with T cells (Table). We conclude that in late pregnancy there is increased production of placental IL10 with elevated placental TH2/TH1 CYT ratio when compared to T cells. Our results suggest that there are dynamic changes in the placental CYTs that vary with gestation with a bias towards TH2 type CYT production.
Comparison of women's and coeducational college classrooms. I: Course assignments

This study examined the number of assignments in 502 course syllabi collected from 18 women's colleges and 18 matched coeducational colleges. The number of assignments was significantly higher at women's colleges, at colleges with lower selectivity for admissions, and in introductory classes. Significant differences among the four disciplines examined (psychology, mathematics, English, and art history) were found. Three of the factors (gender, discipline, and level) interacted. The most prominent difference was that, in introductory courses with quantitative and scientific content (psychology and mathematics), women's colleges required many more assignments than coeducational colleges
Remote sensing of lunar pyroclastic mantling deposits

Reflectance spectra from several regional lunar pyroclastic deposits are presented in support of the theory that mantling units have a unique spectral signature indicative of the presence of a significant, Fe-bearing volcanic glass component. The Rime Bode region discussed is illustrative of an area in which several types of remote sensing data were used to reconstruct the geologic events associated with the emplacement of a regional pyroclastic mantling deposit. Five new areas are identified on the basis of the present data which may represent higher albedo regional pyroclastic deposits.
Dephasing of Electron Spin Echo in the Triplet State of Orientationally Disordered Crystals

Conventional and pulse optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to study the dynamics of electronic energy transfer process in two orientationally disordered crystals, 1-bromo-4-c...
Effects of different components of male courtship behaviour on environmentally induced ovarian recrudescence and mating preferences in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

Experiments determined the relative effectiveness of different components of male courtship behaviour in facilitating environmentally-induced ovarian recrudescence (OR) and in mate selection in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Results indicate that the male's ability to extend the dewlap is important in both male-facilitation of environmentally-induced OR and in mate-selection while the speciestypical red dewlap-colour is apparently unimportant. The role of the dewlap in inter- and intraspecific communication among anoline lizards is discussed.
Applications of some significance tests for the median which are valid under very general conditions.

Abstract In two other papers ([1] and [2]) order statistics were used to derive some tests for the population median which have significance levels which are either exact or bounded under some very general conditions. These order statistic tests were found to be very efficient for small samples from a normal population; also they can be applied with very little computation. This paper contains applications of these tests to several well known statistical problems. Also a graphical method of applying the tests of [1] is outlined. * The results presented in this paper were obtained in the course of research conducted under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research. This research was performed while the author was at Princeton University.
Metamorphic evidence for an inverted crustal section, with constraints on the Main Karakorum Thrust, Baltistan, northern Pakistan

Abstract The Shyok Suture Zone separates rocks in the Asian plate from rocks in the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc. In Baltistan, this suture has been reactivated by the late ‘break-back’Main Karakorum Thrust (MKT). The P-T histories of metamorphic rocks both north and south of the MKT have been determined in an effort to place constraints on the tectonic history of this zone. The terranes north and south of the MKT have different, unrelated metamorphic histories. Rocks from the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc south of the MKT have undergone a static low-P (2–4 kbar, c. 500° C) thermal metamorphism. The P-T paths and metamorphic textures of these rocks are consistent with metamorphism due to emplacement of plutonic rocks into the island arc. This metamorphism pre-dates folding and deformation of these rocks. Rocks in the Karakorum Metamorphic Complex, north of the MKT, have experienced a complex deformational and metamorphic history. Prograde metamorphic isograds have been deformed by subsequent south-verging folding and by gneiss dome emplacement. However, decompression metamorphic reactions occurred during nappe emplacement. Higher pressure rocks are associated with higher level nappes, creating an inverted pressure metamorphic sequence (8–9-kbar rocks over 5–6-kbar rocks). There is little variation in temperature with structural level (550–625° C). These two different terranes have been juxtaposed after metamorphism by the late south-directed MKT.
A prospective evaluation of elevated serum theophylline concentrations to determine if high concentrations are predictable.

Abstract purpose: To evaluate prospectively whether serum theophylline concentrations of 25 mg/L and greater were predictable (and presumably preventable) by use of basic pharmacokinetic calculations. design: Prospective study. patients: Fifty-five patients with a serum theophylline concentration of at least 25.0 mg/L were evaluated initially and if subsequent elevated theophylline concentrations occurred. interventions: The predicted steady-state serum theophylline concentration was calculated from the dosage rate divided by the predicted clearance to determine how many elevated concentrations (greater than 20 mg/L) were predictable. Predicted clearances were 0.04 L/kg/hour for normal subjects less than 70 years of age and 0.02 L/kg/hour for patients with congestive heart failure, chronic obstrucive pulmonary disease, or liver disease. Estimated clearances were determined and compared with predicted clearances. If patients did not have steady-state concentrations, additional calculations were made. main results: From 6,368 consecutive theophylline determinations, 69 (1.08%) samples from 55 patients were 25 mg/L or higher. Predictably high concentrations occurred in 23 of 33 (69.7%) fully evaluable cases. These concentrations occurred because of a failure to consider decreased elimination clearance from congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or hepatic disease. Five fatalities occurred, and in two cases, theophylline appeared to contribute to the patient's death. Three other patients experienced syncope. The predicted elimination clearance of theophylline of 0.02 L/kg/hour was too high in eight patients over 70 years old with cardiac or pulmonary disease. Nursing and pharmacy oversights were identified as three patients were given two theophylline products simultaneously. conclusions: Most elevated theophylline concentrations are predictable (and preventable) by basic pharmacokinetic calculations. Patients experiencing elevated theophylline concentrations often had comorbid conditions and were greater than 60 years of age. The dosage rate of theophylline (mg/hour) can be estimated from predicted clearance (L/kg/hour) times desired steady-state serum concentration (mg/L).
Coherent propagation and optical pumping in three-level systems

We develop a theory to take into account the effects in coherent propagation of a small overlapping of the pump and probe pulses in a three-level system. The Maxwell equations reduce to coupled equations for variables which are related to the time-integrated field envelopes. We make comparisons of the propagation results to the Burnham-Chiao theory for a two-level amplifier and can predict when this theory breaks down. An application to superfluorescence is presented where a lengthening of the delay time is found. We treat Doppler broadening and find simplified equations in two cases: (a) a very broad line and (b) a very narrow line where the initial and final states are degenerate. For the broad-line case, with an appropriate choice of initial parameters, we can make the probe pulse approach any desired area for certain configurations of the levels.
Specificity of renotropin receptors in murine Wilms tumor model

Abstract Contralateral kidneys; removed forty-eight hours after unilateral nephrectomy, contain renotropic growth factors with different effects on normal kidney and Wistar/Furth rat Wilms tumor. Receptors on tumor cells bind factors which, when eluted followed by in vivo bioassay, stimulate the growth of Wilms tumor. Receptors on normal kidney cortex cells bind factrs which, when eluted, produce kidney hypotrophy in nontumor-bearing rats.
Counselors' Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence in Same‐Sex Versus Opposite‐Sex Relationships

Domestic violence is often perceived to occur only in heterosexual relationships. However, domestic violence is also prevalent in same-sex relationships. The majority of the research indicates that counselors perceive same-sex domestic violence differently than heterosexual domestic violence. This literature review synthesizes the research investigating attitudes toward same-sex domestic violence. La violencia domestica se suele percibir como un evento que ocurre solamente en las relaciones heterosexuales. Sin embargo, la violencia domestica tambien es prevalente en relaciones del mismo sexo. La mayor parte de las investigaciones indican que los consejeros perciben la violencia domestica entre personas del mismo sexo de forma diferente a como perciben la violencia domestica heterosexual. Esta resena de la literatura sintetiza las investigaciones que tratan sobre las actitudes hacia la violencia domestica entre personas del mismo sexo.
Fine-grained hidden markov modeling for broadcast-news story segmentation

We present the design and development of a Hidden Markov Model for the division of news broadcasts into story segments. Model topology, and the textual features used, are discussed, together with the non-parametric estimation techniques that were employed for obtaining estimates for both transition and observation probabilities. Visualization methods developed for the analysis of system performance are also presented.
Feeding habits ofMysis relicta - an overview

Mysis relicta has been recognized as an important component of many limnetic food webs. The first approach to studying the feeding habits of M. relicta was the analysis of stomach contents. Assumptions regarding stomach content analysis have been tested and seasonal feeding estimates of M. relicta have been reported recently. Laboratory grazing and/ or predation experiments have recently been completed using M. relicta primarily from Lakes Michigan and Tahoe. Mysis relicta is concluded to be opportunistic, capable of utilizing a variety of food resources. It may play an important role in structuring limnetic food webs.
The effect of interleaving an alternate task during tutoring and testing

The effect of interleaving an alternate task during tutoring and testing was studied in the context of an online problem-solving software tutor. A controlled study was used and ANOVA was used for data analysis. It was found that introduction of the alternate task did not result in any difference in the scores of control and test groups during testing. It did not promote greater cognitive or affective learning during tutoring. Some possible reasons for the negative results are discussed.
#126 Experimental infection of birds with West Nile virus: Level of infection in the CNS

Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that the host autonomic nervous system (ANS)might influenceHIVpathogenesis. To investigate the neuroanatomical basis for sympathetic nervous system (SNS) influences on lentiviral pathogenesis, we analyzed the spatial relationship between catecholaminergic neurons and SIV replication in lymph nodes from rhesus macaques experimentally infected with SIVmac251. Sites of viral replication were mapped by in situ hybridization for SIV env, gag, and nefRNA, and catecolaminergic neurons from the sympathetic nervous system were mapped by SPG chemofluorescence. Spatial statistical analyses showed that active SIV replication was 3.8-fold more likely to occur in the vicinity of catecholaminergic neurons (p < .0001). Density of both SNS innervation and SIV replication differed across cortical, paracortical, and medullary regions of the lymph node, but analyses of each region separately continued to show increased SIV replication in the vicinity of catecholaminergic neurons. Comparisons with lymph nodes fromuninfected rhesusmacaques revealed a 38% reduction in the density of SNSneurons in tissues from SIV-infected animals, suggesting that lentiviral pathogenesis might deplete lymph node neurons. Consistent with this hypothesis, the number of SIV replication sites was inversely correlated with the density of catecholaminergic neurons among SIV-infected animals. These data are consistent with human clinical studies and in vitro experimental studies in suggesting that catecholamine neurotransmitters from the SNS might enhance progression of lentiviral infection. Given the deleterious effects of SIV infection on neural density, these results also suggest that SNS influences may be most pronounced during the early phases of infection prior to virally induced depletion of lymph node neurons. Sources of support: National Institute of Mental Health (MH049033), the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease and Neurological Disorders and Stroke (AI/ NS52737), the University of California University wide AIDS Research Program (CC99-LA-02), the Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, and the James B. Pendelton Charitable Trust.
Reprogramming of gastric motility with "pulse therapy" (metoclopramide and erythromycin) in severe gastroparesis

Gastroparesis is a very common condition, however many times it becomes difficult to manage even after long-term treatment due to multiple etiologies or improper therapy. Patients with severe gastroparesis are considered candidates for gastric electrical stimulants. The "Pulse Therapy" using metoclopramide and erythromycin to reprogram gastric motility can delay or even avoid the need for gastric electrical stimulants. This case report focuses on a patient with severe gastroparesis, who was considered for a gastric pacemaker implantation and was instead treated successfully with "Pulse Therapy." As a part of this regimen, he was given metoclopramide continuously for 3 months along with pulses of erythromycin for 10 days a month for 3 months. Patient recovered dramatically that he no longer remained a candidate for gastric pacemaker implantation. This case study emphasizes on how the proper use of prokinetic agents based on symptoms and gastric emptying study can reprogram the stomach motility in these patients with severe gastroparesis.
Ultrasound diagnosis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: determinants of pyloric length and the effect of prematurity.

Abstract AIM: To evaluate the determinants of sonographic measurements of pyloric length and muscle thickness in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) and to determine whether infants born prematurely have proportionately smaller measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was carried out of 190 infants operated on for HPS at Bristol Children's Hospital over a 5-year period. Sonographic measurements of pyloric length and muscle thickness were related to age, history of prematurity, weight, sex and family history of HPS. RESULTS: Pyloric length in infants with HPS was significantly greater in those born at term compared to those born prematurely (18·6 mm [SD 2·2] vs 17·3 mm [SD 3·1], P = 0·043); this was explainable by body weight, with length increasing by 1·13 mm (SE 0·35) per kilogram ( P = 0·002). There was no significant relationship with measured muscle thickness. CONCLUSION: Sonographic measurement of pyloric length is strongly correlated with the weight of the infant, irrespective of other factors. The relationship of length and weight may be useful in confirming the presence of HPS in small and premature infants Haider, N. et al . (2002). Clinical Radiology 57 , 136–139.
Synsedimentary dissolution pipes and the isolation of ancient bacteria and cellulose

Coarse, clear halite from synsedimentary dissolution pipes in the Permian Salado Formation in southeastern New Mexico (USA) yielded viable halotolerant bacteria and well-preserved cellulose believed to be Permian in age. Here, we show that geologic and hydrologic conditions have isolated these rocks since Permian time. Pipes were dissolved, most likely along cracks (created by thermal contraction or desiccation) and the boundaries of salt polygons (saucers), on exposed Salado Formation salt-pan surfaces down to the level of the water (brine) table. Macropores developed at the brine level in some horizons. As the water level rose, coarse halite cemented the open space. Fluid inclusions (millimeter-scale) trapped bacteria, which were probably in a spore state, as well as cellulose. Inclusion water from pipes in some cycles may have isotopic values reflecting Permian meteoric water, while other cycles may show evaporated Permian seawater. Exposure surfaces are more prominent in the upper part of Salado Formation depositional cycles due to basin desiccation, as indicated by cracks and dish-shaped laminae. Clays were concentrated on many exposure surfaces by floods, wind, and dissolution. Dissolution pipes formed from these surfaces, and a synsedimentary age is confirmed by undisturbed overlying halite beds. Salado Formation halite has very low permeability (∼10 −22 m 2 ), effectively preventing significant fluid flow and passage of fluids through the formation, either to recrystallize salt or to introduce modern bacteria. Stratigraphic relationships, halite textures, fluid inclusion chemistry, and hydraulic properties are all consistent with a synsedimentary origin of the dissolution pipes, their crystals, and the bacteria and cellulose recovered from the Salado Formation.
Converting detail reservoir simulation models into effective reservoir management tools using SRMs; case study – three green fields in Saudi Arabia

Reservoir management requires tools that can provide assessment of the field operation, at high speed and accuracy. Informed decision making requires comparison of a large number of scenarios, considering the uncertainties and risks, in a short period of time. To accomplish reservoir management tasks one must sacrifice either the accuracy or the speed. Numerical models provide accuracy but not at reasonable speed. Analytical techniques provide fast responses but fail to provide accuracy. Surrogate reservoir model (SRM) is developed to address this short coming in reservoir management. SRM replicates the functionalities of numerical model with high accuracy while running at fractions of a second. SRM is trained to learn the principles of fluid flow through porous media as applied to the complexities of the given reservoir, from the simulation model. Application of SRM to three green fields, with multi-million cells models, in Saudi Arabia is demonstrated in this manuscript. (Received: December 23, 2012; Accepted: April 30, 2013)
Timing of self-compatibility, flower longevity, and potential for male outcross success in Leptosiphon jepsonii (Polemoniaceae)

When fertilization triggers flower senescence, early autonomous selfing may cause flowers to senesce before pollen has dispersed, discounting unused pollen. Selfing-induced flower senescence was examined in Leptosiphon jepsonii, a species that varies in the timing of self-compatibility. In field and greenhouse experiments, fertilization had a large effect on flower senescence; most outcrossed flowers senesced after 1 d whereas emasculated flowers lasted 2-5 d. In a comparison of inbred lines from three populations, longevity of autonomously selfed flowers of early self-compatible individuals was significantly less than that of late self-compatible individuals. In field experiments, autonomously selfed flowers were shorter-lived in a predominantly early-selfing population than in a predominantly late-selfing population. Pollen was available and viable beyond the first day of anthesis, suggesting that reductions in flower longevity caused by autonomous selfing could incur a cost to male outcross fitness. We argue that this effect is likely to be most pronounced under intermediate rates of pollinator visitation. Observed pollinator visitation rates ranged from 0.035-0.775 visits per flower per day, indicating a potential for selfing-induced flower senescence to incur pollen discounting in Leptosiphon jepsonii.
Radio Frequency Distortion in Plasmas

RF harmonic and intermodulation distortion produced by glow discharge and high energy flame plasmas during electromagnetic wave propagation
Seasonal Variation in the Helminth Community of the Brown Anole, Anolis sagrei (Sauria: Polychrotidae), from Oahu, Hawaii

Abstract Seasonal prevalence and abundance of helminth species in an introduced population (Oahu, Hawaii) of the brown anole Anolis sagrei were examined. One species of Cestoda Oochoristica sp., four species of Nematoda Atractis scelopori, Physaloptera squamatae, Physocephalus sp. (larvae) and larval Acuariidae, one species of Acanthocephala Acanthocephalus bufonis and one species of Pentastomida Raillietiella frenatus were found. Seasonal prevalence of Atractis scelopori is correlated with the seasonal reproductive cycle of Anolis sagrei with highest prevalence found during periods of maximum reproductive activity.
On the Interactions of Conormal Waves for Semilinear Wave Equations

Let Ω ⊆ R 3 be an open subset and P be a second order strictly hyperbolic differential operator in Ω. Let S j , 1 ≤ j ≤ n, be smooth characteristic hypersurfaces for P simply tangent along a line L.
MHVR-independent cell-cell spread of mouse hepatitis virus infection requires neutral pH fusion.

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) attaches to susceptible cells through the interaction of MHV spike glycoprotein (S) with cellular receptors of the murine carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family1,2. Cells that lack murine CEA, including cells that are not of murine origin, are resistant to infection3; binding to MHV receptors appears to be a necessary step in the infection of cells by virions. The presence of murine CEA, however, is not required for cell-cell spread of MHV infection4. Cells that lack a functional MHV receptor can become productively infected through incorporation into MHV-induced syncytia. Syncytium formation is a consequence of spike-mediated cell-cell fusion. In this report, we investigated the role of spike-mediated fusion in receptor-independent, cell-associated spread of MHV infection.
Synthetic aperture inversion for arbitrary flight paths in the presence of noise and clutter

This paper considers synthetic aperture radar and other synthetic aperture imaging systems from an arbitrary (known) flight path. We assume a single-scattering model for the radar data, and we assume that the ground topography is known but not necessarily flat. We focus on cases in which the antenna footprint is so large that the standard narrow-beam algorithms are not useful. For this case, (Nohan, CJ and Cheney, M, 2003) gave an explicit backprojection imaging formula that corrects for the ground topography, flight path, antenna beam pattern, source waveform, and other geometrical factors. In this paper, we show how to modify the backprojection algorithm to account for statistical information about noise and clutter.
Nonuniform oversampled filter banks for audio signal processing

In emerging audio technology applications, there is a need for decompositions of audio signals into oversampled subband components with time-frequency resolution which mimics that of the cochlear filter bank and with high aliasing attenuation in each of the subbands independently, rather than aliasing cancellation properties. We present a design of nearly perfect reconstruction nonuniform oversampled filter banks which implement signal decompositions of this kind.
Sorbent Cost and Performance in CO2 Capture Systems

Power plants are prime candidates to apply CO2 capture for final storage as a mitigation option for climate change. Many CO2 capture concepts make use of a sorption−desorption cycle to separate CO2 from flue gas or O2 from air. These include commercial absorption processes, as well as processes using new sorbent formulations, adsorption, and high-temperature chemical looping cycles for CO2 and O2. All of these new processes must confront the large scale of carbon flows typical in a power plant. In this work, a common mass balance for all of these processes is used to define a parameter that highlights the minimum sorbent performance required to keep sorbent makeup costs at an acceptable level. A well-established reference system for which reliable commercial data exist (absorption with monoethanolamine, MEA) is used as a technoeconomic baseline to show that some of the sorbents being proposed in the open literature might need to be tested under laboratory conditions for tens of thousands of sorption−desor...
Statistical characteristics of cloud variability. Part 1: Retrieved cloud liquid water path at three ARM sites

Statistical characteristics of cloud variability are examined for their dependence on averaging scales and best representation of probability density function with the decade-long retrieval products of cloud liquid water path (LWP) from the tropical western Pacific (TWP), Southern Great Plains (SGP), and North Slope of Alaska (NSA) sites of the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. The statistical moments of LWP show some seasonal variation at the SGP and NSA sites but not much at the TWP site. It is found that the standard deviation, relative dispersion (the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean), and skewness all quickly increase with the averaging window size when the window size is small andbecomemoreorlessflatwhenthewindowsizeexceeds12h.Onaverage,thecloudLWPattheTWPsitehas the largest values of standard deviation, relative dispersion, and skewness, whereas the NSA site exhibits the least. Correlation analysis shows that there is a positive correlation between the mean LWP and the standard deviation. The skewness is found to be closely related to the relative dispersion with a correlation coefficient of 0.6. The comparison further shows that the lognormal, Weibull, and gamma distributions reasonably explain the observed relationship between skewness and relative dispersion over a wide range of scales.
Fluid-structure interaction modeling and performance analysis of the Orion spacecraft parachutes

We focus on fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modeling and performance analysis of the ringsail parachutes to be used with the Orion spacecraft. We address the computational challenges with the latest techniques developed by the T*AFSM (Team for Advanced Flow Simulation and Modeling) in conjunction with the SSTFSI (Stabilized Space-Time Fluid-Structure Interaction) technique. The challenges involved in FSI modeling include the geometric porosity of the ringsail parachutes with ring gaps and sail slits. We investigate the performance of three possible design configurations of the parachute canopy. We also describe the techniques developed recently for building a consistent starting condition for the FSI computations, discuss rotational periodicity techniques for improving the geometric-porosity modeling, and introduce a new version of the HMGP (Homogenized Modeling of Geometric Porosity).