cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic imaging techniques for dynamic PET data

Summary form only given, as follows. A variety of sophisticated physiologic models is available for the quantitative interpretation of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) data. Two techniques for computing metabolic images in terms of such models are discussed: PIXEL carries out a pixelwise parameter optimization; MIXEL incorporates an additive mixture representation to account for effects induced by instrumental and biological blurring. The implementation of these methods makes use of divisive clustering and recursive backwards elimination techniques. Appropriate cross-validation statistics are developed. The methodology is being implemented operationally for a set of PET protocols studying cancer. Examples of metabolic images defined in terms of axially distributed compartmental models have been obtained for studies using labeled thymidine, glucose, and fluoromizonidisole tracers. >
Regenerating Stuart Hall

ABSTRACTIn this personal essay I remember Stuart Hall and evaluate his contribution to the foundation of Cultural Studies. Some of his best-known written work comes out of the teacher–student interaction in the working environment of the seminar and classroom. Hall was a great teacher who inspired his students. This, I suggest, is the basis of his renown as a seminal figure in the emergence of Cultural Studies as the global field of inquiry that it is today.
Absence of an N-Linked Glycosylation Motif in the Glycoprotein of the Live-Attenuated Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever Vaccine, Candid #1, Results in Its Improper Processing, and Reduced Surface Expression.

Junin virus (JUNV), a highly pathogenic New World arenavirus, is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The live-attenuated Candid #1 (Can) strain currently serves as a vaccine for at-risk populations. We have previously shown that the Can glycoprotein (GPC) gene is the primary gene responsible for attenuation in a guinea pig model of AHF. However, the mechanisms through which the GPC contributes to the attenuation of the Can strain remain unknown. A more complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the attenuation and immunogenicity of the Can strain will potentially allow for the rational design of additional safe and novel vaccines. Here, we provide a detailed comparison of both RNA and protein expression profiles between both inter- and intra-segment chimeric JUNV recombinant clones expressing combinations of genes from the Can strain and the pathogenic Romero (Rom) strain. The recombinant viruses that express Can GPC, which were shown to be attenuated in guinea pigs, displayed different RNA levels and GPC processing patterns as determined by Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. Analysis of recombinant viruses containing amino acid substitutions selected at different mouse brain passages during the generation of Can revealed that altered Can GPC processing was primarily due to the T168A substitution within G1, which eliminates an N-linked glycosylation motif. Incorporation of the T168A substitution in the Rom GPC resulted in a Can-like processing pattern of Rom GPC. In addition, JUNV GPCs containing T168A substitution were retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and displayed significantly lower cell surface expression than wild-type Rom GPC. Interestingly, the reversion A168T in Can GPC significantly increased GPC expression at the cell surface. Our results demonstrate that recombinant JUNV expressing Can GPC display markedly different protein expression and elevated genomic RNA expression when compared to viruses expressing Rom GPC. Additionally, our findings indicate that the N-linked glycosylation motif at amino acid positions 166 to 168 is important for trafficking of JUNV GPC to the cell surface, and the elimination of this motif interferes with the GPC release from the ER.
Trends in 30-Day and 1-Year Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized With Cirrhosis From 2004 to 2013.

Trends in 30-Day and 1-Year Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized With Cirrhosis From 2004 to 2013
How to Think About Social Identity

What does it mean to identify with a social group? Are individuals’ group attachments tied to material or nonmaterial payoffs? What is the existing evidence for social identification due to nonmaterial payoffs? When do identities matter and for what sorts of behaviors? We highlight findings from several literatures in political science, ranging from voting and redistribution to violence and conflict, focusing on nonmaterial, identity-based motivations for behavior in these domains. Doing so allows us to draw out commonalities across research areas that are often held in isolation from one another and that frequently employ overlapping terminology. We summarize important findings and identify open questions; these questions include what the role played by elites is in shaping mass mobilization around identities and what the relationship is between social identities and social norms.
Business and Geopolitical Implications of American Shale Energy

High-quality and low-cost domestic Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) are fuelling a renaissance in US manufacturing. Appalachia is positioned to be the natural gas capital of America, and the center of advanced plastics production in the world. American exports of shale energy are surging, providing new opportunities for US firms and the economy. Driven by domestic political considerations and its new energy security, America’s commitment to the post-World War II international system is waning. American foreign policy will be much more reactive, unpredictable, and insular than anytime in the past. With American security guarantees being removed from around the world, the threat of major wars and conflicts will reappear, as geopolitics “returns to history.”
Virtue Theory, Ethics, and Epistemology

I examine virtue theory, in this chapter, especially in an effort to define virtue first, and then vice. After examining the nature of virtue and vice, especially from a historical perspective, I then turn to a brief discussion of contemporary virtue ethics and virtue epistemology.
Structure mapping for jeopardy! clues

The Jeopardy! television quiz show asks natural-language questions and requires natural-language answers. One useful source of information for answering Jeopardy! questions is text from written sources such as encyclopedias or news articles. A text passage may partially or fully indicate that some candidate answer is the correct answer to the question. Recognizing whether it does requires determining the extent to which what the passage is saying about the candidate answer is similar to what the question is saying about the desired answer. This paper describes how structure mapping [1] (an algorithm originally developed for analogical reasoning) is applied to determine similarity between content in questions and passages. That algorithm is one of many used in the Watson question answering system [2]. It contributes a significant amount to Watson's effectiveness.
Северокавказский Город Как Особый Феномен Урбанизации (North Caucasus City as a Special Phenomenon of Urbanization)

Russian Abstract: В данной работе рассматриваются теоретические подходы к анализу городов в период разрушения традиционного общества и формирования современных городских сообществ, а также применимость данных теорий к анализу городских сообществ на Северном Кавказе (на примере Махачкалы). Процессы урбанизации на Северном Кавказе рассматриваются также в сопоставлении с трансформацией городских сообществ, характерных для центральной России конца XIX - начала XX века. Продемонстрировано, что последствия разложения традиционного общества в Махачкале по-разному оцениваются «прогрессистами» и «консерваторами», причем принадлежность к той или иной группе не зависит от религиозных взглядов участников исследования (те, кого относят к религиозным фундаменталистам, по своим взглядам могут принадлежать как к консервативному, так и к прогрессистскому направлению).English Abstract: This paper discusses the theoretical approaches to the analysis of cities in the period of the destruction of traditional society and the formation of modern urban communities, as well as the applicability of these theories to the analysis of urban communities in the North Caucasus (for example, Makhachkala). Urbanization in the North Caucasus are also considered in relation to the transformation of urban communities characteristic of central Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. Demonstrated that the effects of the expansion of the traditional society in Makhachkala differently valued by "progressives" and "conservatives" and belonging to one group or another does not depend on religious beliefs of study participants (those who belong to religious fundamentalists in their views may belong to both the conservative and to progressivist direction).
Hamann’s “Authorship”: Form (Style)

“No work in the German language is as difficult to understand as any one of the writings of Hamann.”1 No discussion of Hamann can proceed even for a few moments without introducing the problem of his style. When the Socratic Memorabilia appeared (end of 1759) the reviewer in the Hamburgische Nachrichten commented on the style: No alchemist, no Jacob Boehme, no insane fanatic can speak and write more senseless and unintelligible stuff than what we have to read here.(Quoted by Hamann; II, 86).
A Forensic Medical Examination Form for Improved Documentation and Prosecution of Elder Abuse

SUMMARY A new innovative tool for improved elder abuse documentation and prosecution has been developed in California. Created by a cross-disciplinary group of elder abuse experts, the form provides a format for thorough evaluation of the multiple forms of abuse as well as guiding the examiner through both physical and psychological findings. The form is in two parts. The first part provides systematic documentation of basic demographic information, a checklist to document the victim's concurrent forms of abuse, assessment of independent function, and cognitive screening. The second part leads the examiner to describe the physical status of the patient and to document all injuries on body diagrams.
Oral vancomycin prophylaxis during systemic antibiotic exposure to prevent Clostridiodes difficile infection relapses.

Objective:To determine whether oral vancomycin prophylaxis accompanying systemic antibiotics reduces the risk of relapse in patients with history of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).Design:Retrospective cohort study.Patients:Adult inpatients with a history of CDI who received systemic antibiotics in either of 2 hospitals between January 2009 and June 2015.Methods:We compared relapse rates in patients who started oral vancomycin concurrently with systemic antibiotics (exposed group) versus those who did not. We assessed for CDI relapse by toxin or nucleic acid testing at 90 days. We used inverse probability weighting and machine learning to adjust for confounders, to estimate propensity for treatment, and to calculate odds ratios for CDI relapse. We performed secondary analyses limited to toxin-positive relapses, patients with 1 versus >1 prior CDI episodes, and patients who received oral vancomycin on each antibiotic day.Results:CDI relapse occurred within 90 days in 19 of 193 exposed patients (9.8%) versus 53 of 567 unexposed patients (9.4%; unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60–1.81; adjusted OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.35–1.14). CDI relapses at 90 days were less frequent in exposed patients with only 1 prior episode of CDI (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.19–0.93) but not in those with >1 prior episode (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.42–3.33). Our findings were consistent with a lack of benefit of oral vancomycin when restricting results to toxin-positive relapses and to patients who received vancomycin each antibiotic day.Conclusions:Prophylactic oral vancomycin was not consistently associated with reduced risk of CDI relapse among hospitalized patients receiving systemic antibiotics. However, patients with only 1 prior CDI episode may benefit.
Ruminococcus gnavus , a member of the human gut microbiome associated with Crohn's disease, produces an inflammatory polysaccharide.

A substantial and increasing number of human diseases are associated with changes in the gut microbiota, and discovering the molecules and mechanisms underlying these associations represents a major research goal. Multiple studies associate Ruminococcus gnavus , a prevalent gut microbe, with Crohn’s disease, a major type of inflammatory bowel disease. We have found that R. gnavus synthesizes and secretes a complex glucorhamnan polysaccharide with a rhamnose backbone and glucose sidechains. Chemical and spectroscopic studies indicated that the glucorhamnan was largely a repeating unit of five sugars with a linear backbone formed from three rhamnose units and a short sidechain composed of two glucose units. The rhamnose backbone is made from 1,2- and 1,3-linked rhamnose units, and the sidechain has a terminal glucose linked to a 1,6-glucose. This glucorhamnan potently induces inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) secretion by dendritic cells, and TNFα secretion is dependent on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We also identify a putative biosynthetic gene cluster for this molecule, which has the four biosynthetic genes needed to convert glucose to rhamnose and the five glycosyl transferases needed to build the repeating pentasaccharide unit of the inflammatory glucorhamnan.
Flexible Partitioning of Scientific Workflows Using the JX Workflow Language

Scientific workflows are typically expressed as a graph of logical tasks, each one representing a single program along with its input and output files. A conventional workflow manager transforms each logical task into a discrete batch job and submits it to an underlying execution system. However, converting every logical task into one batch job is not necessarily the most efficient partitioning of a workflow. By grouping multiple logical tasks into a single batch job, we may decrease data transfer, increase system utilization, and reduce the execution time of a workflow. This paper presents JX (JSON eXtended), a declarative language that can express complex workloads as an assembly of sub-graphs that can be partitioned in flexible ways. We present a case study of using JX to represent complex workflows for the Lifemapper biodiversity project. We evaluate partitioning approaches across several computing environments, including HTCondor at the University of Notre Dame, TACC Stampede2, and SDSC Comet, and show that a coarse partitioning results in faster turnaround times, reduced data transfer, and lower master utilization across all three systems.
Dedication to Mingjia Dai, Ph.D. for Discovery of the First Successful Treatment of the Mal de Debarquement Syndrome.

It is with deep sadness that we note the passing of Mingjia Dai, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Neurology on February 7th, 2019, from esophageal and lung cancer. He was 71 years old. Dai grew up in Guangzhou, China, and completed his Ph.D. in Sydney, Australia with Drs. Michael Halmagyi and Ian Curthoys. In 1989, he came to Mount Sinai to work with Dr. Cohen. Dai was an innovative, imaginative scientist who loved working with patients. He dedicated the later part of his life to studying a rare neurological disorder, the Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS). His warmth and ability to establish relationships with patients affected by MdDS made him famous in the US and all over the world.
Double descent and intermittent color diffusion for landscape exploration

In this work, we present a method to explore the landscape of a smooth potential in the search of global minimizers, combining a double-descent technique and a basin-escaping technique based on intermittent colored diffusion. Numerical results illustrate the performance of the method.
3D video games: no programming required

An approach to teaching a one-semester introductory course in making video games is described. Its focus is on designing and creating game levels and custom content for a popular commercial game. This approach can be used with computing majors, art majors, or a general audience and can be implemented with or without a programming component. It enables students to move beyond the simple demos they could create in one semester with programming alone to create a sophisticated, 3D game with modern features, roughly comparable to those they play in their spare time.
Lateral External-fixation Adjacent to Radial Nerve.

Introduction The aim of our study was to describe the injury pattern and outcomes of active-duty subjects that underwent humeral external fixation and to determine if the placement of external fixator pins outside of the radial nerve safe zones is correlated with injury to the radial nerve. Materials and methods We examined all US Service members treated with humeral external fixation at our facility from June 2005 through June 2015. The mechanism of injury, injury pattern, location of external fixation application, pre- and postoperative radial nerve function, presence or absence of radial nerve transection from injury or external fixation, anatomic location of pins in relation to the radial nerve safe zone, and final radial nerve outcomes were recorded. We defined the proximal safe zone as 5 cm distal to the acromion to 14.8 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle, and we defined the distal safe zone as the proximal 70% of the transepicondylar width of the humerus when projected proximally from the lateral epicondyle. Results For our study, 123 patients were identified over our date range, and 16 subjects were included with documentation regarding nerve function/injury characteristics, appropriate radiographs, and active duty status. Around 80% of injuries resulted from a blast mechanism, and 80% of injury patterns included either an intraarticular or open fracture. The radial nerve safe zone was violated in 15 of the 16 subjects (94%). The one subject with a safe construct did not sustain a nerve injury. Complete preoperative documentation on nerve function was only available for half of the subjects. Two of five subjects known to have intact function prior to external fixation had a postoperative neurologic deficit (40%). Of eight subjects with unknown radial nerve function prior to external fixation, seven subjects had full nerve function at the final follow up, and one subject had partial sensory function only. Of the three subjects with impaired preoperative radial nerve function, two made a full recovery, and the third recovered sensory function only. Around 50% of all subjects required medical retirement. Conclusion External fixation of upper extremity injuries in combat is rarely absolutely indicated, often results in the placement of pins outside of the radial nerve safe zone, and is associated with up to a 40% incidence of radial nerve injury.
Integrated Perception and Control at High Speed: Evaluating Collision Avoidance Maneuvers Without Maps

We present a method for robust high-speed quadrotor flight through unknown cluttered environments using integrated perception and control. Motivated by experiments in which the difficulty of accurate state estimation was a primary limitation on speed, our method forgoes maintaining a map in favor of using only instantaneous depth information in the local frame. This provides robustness in the presence of significant state estimate uncertainty. Additionally, we present approximation methods augmented with spatial partitioning data structures that enable low-latency, real-time reactive control. The probabilistic formulation provides a natural way to integrate reactive obstacle avoidance with arbitrary navigation objectives. We validate the method using a simulated quadrotor race through a forest at high speeds in the presence of increasing state estimate noise. We pair our method with a motion primitive library and compare with a global path-generation and pathfollowing approach.
‘Satan in the form of an angel’? The Russian Orthodox Church’s controversial case against the Moscow brattsy, 1909 to 1913

This contribution examines the Russian Orthodox Church’s controversial case against the popular lay preachers of scripture and sobriety, Ivan Koloskov and Dmitrii Grigor’ev, in the early years of l...
Envisioning the future of precision oncology trials

Precision oncology trials based on cancer biomarkers have the potential to improve outcomes by guiding the optimal choice of therapies for patients. For this to be truly achieved, computational methods such as virtual molecular tumor boards, dynamic precision medicine and digital twins are needed to support cohort selection and trial enrollment at scale.
Design and Development of a High-Speed UAS for beyond Visual Line-of-Sight Operations

This paper provides details on best practices for vehicle design for BVLOS missions, with a focus on robust control links and real-time health monitoring.The development work presented herein focuses on a specific mission to set the speed and distance world record for a fully autonomous vehicle, requiring development of analytic tools for estimating vehicle range and endurance, as well as models for predicting command and control link integrity while operating BVLOS. Range and endurance estimates are developed using a novel real-time system identification algorithm onboard the vehicle for aerodynamic parameter estimation, and propulsion system characterization. Flight-testing methods and results are presented demonstrating the capabilities of these algorithms, with results from a unique test-case involving an unintended fault during the record flight. In addition to the vehicle performance assessment, Friis-based models are introduced to provide a pseudo real-time communications link range assessment. The predictive communications range models were refined using specific antenna and system characterization data measured in a compact range facility resulting in a detailed link budget useful for addressing BVLOS command and control requirements. The combination of aircraft and radio-frequency performance prediction models with supporting flight-testing techniques applied to small unmanned aerial systems provides critical insight into the design of future vehicles, and validation of existing systems tasked with performing BVLOS missions.
Climate Change and Its Impact on Rice Productivity and Quality

Most of the population of Asian and African countries completely depend on rice for their daily food, and 90% of world rice comes from Asia. Nearly four and half billion of the total world population completely depend on rice as a primary source of their food. In India and other parts of the world, rice is taken as a staple food. Considering its importance, the United Nation declared the year 2004 as the International Year of Rice. The sustainable goals of the United Nation are to reduce hunger, poverty, malnutrition, yearning, and ailing health of the world. A 100 g of white, short-grain, and cooked rice contains 130 calories, 28.7 g carbohydrate, 2.36 g protein, and 0.19 g fat. Agriculture, horticulture, agroforestry, and all agriculture-related ecosystems are very much closely linked with climatic variables. So climate change and its impact on all these agro-ecosystems have been the prime agenda for research in recent times. Environmental changes and extreme biotic and abiotic stresses are posing genuine hurdles for rice production which affects badly to farmers’ livelihood. There is an earnest need to devise and outline systematic procedures against these extremes, to adapt against these negative effects of climate change. The current chapter gives an outline of the ongoing studies on climate change and its likely effects on rice productivity and quality. Further, it suggests the mitigation strategy through crop improvement and crop management technologies.
Unraveling the Heterogeneity of Hidradenitis Suppurativa with Phenotype Schema.

One of the major challenges faced with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is the variability in manifestations and treatment responses. Cazzaniga et al. (2020) conducted a cross-sectional study and latent class analysis to explain disease heterogeneity and formulate HS phenotypes. HS phenotypes might be useful for disease or treatment outcomes. Future studies should assess rater reliability and predictive validity for outcomes such as treatment response or disease progression.
Behavioral and psychological consequences of social identity-based aggressive victimization in high school youth

Research suggests many youth report being victimized in school due to ptheir social identities (e.g., race, gender, sexual orientation). We compared the consequences of social identity-based victim...
Formulating an Effective Cross-Border Insolvency Framework under the Indian Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

In 2016, India introduced the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code largely in response to the non-performing crisis that plagued the domestic banking and financial sector for nearly two decades. However, given the large and growing presence of Indian businesses abroad, as well as multi-national corporations in India, a bankruptcy code without a cross-border insolvency framework was a task half done. This Note analyzes the nascent cross-border insolvency legal regime in India and makes recommendations for establishing an effective cross-border insolvency regime. In particular, it argues for the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency with certain modifications. Further, it also argues for the adoption of alternatives in the form of bilateral treaties and cross-border protocols in addition to the Model Law.
Provably Secure Contact Tracing with Conditional Private Set Intersection.

The novel coronavirus COVID-19 spreads easily through personal contact, requiring the use of contact tracing to track the spread of the disease. Many existing approaches either trust a public health authority with private data, or publish patients’ data, leading to privacy breaches. Private Set Intersection based on Homomorphic Encryption is a promising solution, but it is limited because the management of keys is challenging and further filtering of contacts is not included. We present a protocol for secure and private conditional contact tracing, allowing the tracking of users’ contacts subject to extra conditions. We construct and apply our new primitive of Conditional Private Set Intersection and combine it with a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to construct a protocol with provable security and a high degree of functionality. Our approach moves the memory- and computation-intensive portions of contact tracing out of the TEE to a cloud server. We also present how multi-hop contact tracing can be done with minimal user communication. Our proof-of-concept implementation with Microsoft SEAL allows users to perform their computation in less than 9 min, and the cloud’s per-user computation can be as little as 11 min for a population of 50,000 users with 500 infected (assuming 40 contacts/user) in a day. With other HE libraries/schemes that allows customized parameter sets, our protocol will show much higher scalability.
Are coupled renewable-battery power plants more valuable than independently sited installations?

Author(s): Gorman, Will; Crespo Montanes, Cristina; Mills, Andrew D; Kim, James Hyungkwan; Millstein, Dev; Wiser, Ryan H | Abstract: Coupled renewable-battery powerplants differ from the traditional concept of independent siting of electricity resources within transmission networks. Prior research on the value proposition and cost savings from coupling did not consider the geographic constraint of co-location. This paper fills the gap by assessing how pricing volatility differences between nodes within electricity markets impact the system value of coupled renewable-battery projects as compared to independent VRE and battery installations. We use wholesale power market prices from 2012–2019 across the seven main U.S. independent system operators (ISOs) with a linear optimization program to compare the electricity market value of coupled projects to the value of the same underlying sub-components, deployed separately. We find that additional value from adding a 4-hour battery sized to 50% of renewable-plant nameplate capacity is $10/MWh across ISOs on average. The highest boost occurs in California ($15/MWh), where the value of adding storage to solar rises over time in tandem with increased solar penetration in the region. If renewables and batteries are deployed independently, we estimate that $12.5/MWh of additional value could be achieved because of more flexibility on battery siting and operation. The $12.5/MWh coupling penalty is reduced to $1.6/MWh when considering alternative approaches to integrating battery storage. This result implies that renewable-battery power plants will play an increasing role in electricity systems if they can be built for $2–$13/MWh less than independent projects of comparable size. However, the wide regional variation in coupling penalties, along with the importance of conditions captured in our sensitivity cases, suggests the tradeoff between coupling penalties and savings will vary by situation. Therefore, roles exist for independent and coupled projects from a system optimization perspective.
Active Control and Gate-Driver Design for Voltage Balancing of Both MOSFETs and Body-Diodes in Series-Connected SiC MOSFETs

Series-connected SiC MOSFETs under ac load current requires the voltage balancing for both MOSFETs and body-diodes. The passive snubber solution improves the voltage sharing of both MOSFETs and body-diodes but significantly increases the switching losses. Although the existing active voltage balancing (AVB) methods minimize the extra switching losses, they can only achieve the voltage adjustment of MOSFETs. To achieve the active voltage adjustment for both MOSFETs and body-diodes, this paper proposes a new AVB method for two series-connected SiC MOSFETs: after the turn-off transient, an extra short-pulse gate signal is applied on one device to adjust the channel resistance and control the voltage sharing. This paper first presents the detailed impact and implementation of the short-pulse gate signal on the voltage sharing under ac load current. The closed-loop control of short-pulse width and its integration with gate driver design is then introduced. To verify the proposed AVB approach and the designed gate driver, experiments with two series-connected 10 kV SiC MOSFETs under different conditions are conducted and presented at the end of the paper.
Types of Memory

In a very real sense the present and the next chapter on memory are a continuation of the previous chapter on learning. The processes of learning and memory are so interrelated and so interdependent that it is often difficult to determine whether or not they are distinct. For example, if a man does not learn, he has nothing to remember. Conversely, if he cannot remember, there is no sign of his having learned.
Overview of Resistance to Systemic Therapy in Patients with Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American women. It was the second most common cancer in the world in 2002, with more than 1 million new cases. Despite advances in early detection and the understanding of the molecular bases of breast cancer biology, about 30% of patients with early-stage breast cancer have recurrent disease. To offer more effective and less toxic treatment, selecting therapies requires considering the patient and the clinical and molecular characteristics of the tumor. Systemic treatment of breast cancer includes cytotoxic, hormonal, and immunotherapeutic agents. These medications are used in the adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and metastatic settings. In general, systemic agents are active at the beginning of therapy in 90% of primary breast cancers and 50% of metastases. However, after a variable period of time, progression occurs. At that point, resistance to therapy is not only common but expected. Herein we review general mechanisms of drug resistance, including multidrug resistance by P-glyucoprotein and the multidrug resistance protein family in association with specific agents and their metabolism, emergence of refractory tumors associated with multiple resistance mechanisms, and resistance factors unique to host-tumor-drug interactions. Important anticancer agents specific to breast cancer are described.
The evolution of molecular clouds

Molecular cloud birth, lifetime and destruction are discussed. Cloud collapse, fragmentation and star formation are also presented.
MLEM2—Discretization During Rule Induction

LEM2 algorithm, a rule induction algorithm used by LERS, accepts input data sets only with symbolic attributes. MLEM2, a new algorithm, extends LEM2 capabilities by inducing rules from data with both symbolic and numerical attributes including data with missing attribute values. MLEM2 accuracy is comparable with accuracy of LEM2 inducing rules from pre-discretized data sets. However, compared with other members of the LEM2 family, MLEM2 produces the smallest number of rules from the same data. In the current implementation of MLEM2 reduction of the number of rule conditions is not included, thus another member of the LEM2 family, namely MODLEM based on entropy, induces smaller number of conditions than MLEM2.
Spontaneous Intra-Uterine Amputation

1. One case of spontaneous intra-uterine amputation and one case of spontaneous amputation occurring shortly after birth as a result of slough at a point of constriction have been presented. 2. Both cases presented illustrate associated constricting bands and subsequent osseous overgrowth of the amputation stump. 3. Spontaneous intra-uterine amputation, frequently associated with constricting bands of the other extremities, may be due to focal faulty development and is probably not due to amniotic bands or umbilical-cord encirclement. This type of late congenital limb absence differs from the absence due to limb-bud arrest. It is to be remembered that the limb buds appear on the truncal wall at four weeks after ovulation. The sequence of growth is from proximal to distal. The cartilaginous miniature of the extremity is complete at seven weeks after ovulation. 4. Osseous overgrowth of the stump in the spontaneous intra-uterine amputation is a phenomenon paralleling the overgrowth seen in children after a traumatic amputation. 5. The exact etiology of both types of congenital limb absence is not known. A genetic origin is probable. To date, there have been no reported studies regarding the possible role of chromosomal abnormalities in these entities.
Resolution of Sensory Ambiguities for Gaze Stabilization Requires a Second Neural Integrator

The ability to simultaneously move in the world and maintain stable visual perception depends critically on the contribution of vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs) to gaze stabilization. It is traditionally believed that semicircular canal signals drive compensatory responses to rotational head disturbances (rotational VOR), whereas otolith signals compensate for translational movements [translational VOR (TVOR)]. However, a sensory ambiguity exists because otolith afferents are activated similarly during head translations and reorientations relative to gravity (i.e., tilts). Extra-otolith cues are, therefore, necessary to ensure that dynamic head tilts do not elicit a TVOR. To investigate how extra-otolith signals contribute, we characterized the temporal and viewing distance-dependent properties of a TVOR elicited in the absence of a lateral acceleration stimulus to the otoliths during combined translational/rotational motion. We show that, in addition to otolith signals, angular head position signals derived by integrating sensory canal information drive the TVOR. A physiological basis for these results is proposed in a model with two distinct integration steps. Upstream of the well known oculomotor velocity-to-position neural integrator, the model incorporates a separate integration element that could represent the "velocity storage integrator," whose functional role in the oculomotor system has so far remained controversial. We propose that a key functional purpose of the velocity storage network is to temporally integrate semicircular canal signals, so that they may be used to extract translation information from ambiguous otolith afferent signals in the natural and functionally relevant bandwidth of head movements.
Review article: Commercialization of whole‐plant systems for biomanufacturing of protein products: evolution and prospects

Summary Technology for enabling plants to biomanufacture nonnative proteins in commercially significant quantities has been available for just over 20 years. During that time, the agricultural world has witnessed rapid commercialization and widespread adoption of transgenic crops enhanced for agronomic performance (herbicide-tolerance, insect-resistance), while plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) and plant-made industrial products (PMIPs) have been limited to experimental and small-scale commercial production. This difference in the rate of commercial implementation likely reflects the very different business-development challenges associated with ‘product’ technologies compared with ‘enabling’ (‘platform’) technologies. However, considerable progress has been made in advancing and refining plant-based production of proteins, both technologically and in regard to identifying optimal business prospects. This review summarizes these developments, contrasting today’s technologies and prospective applications with those of the industry’s formative years, and suggesting how the PM(I)P industry’s evolution has generated a very positive outlook for the ‘plant-made’ paradigm.
Multiresolution estimation of 3-D motion parameters

We propose a multiresolution solution to the problem of motion estimation where objects in the world may move relative to each other and the camera. Our basic contribution is twofold. Firstly, we show that contrary to current assumptions, the error in estimate of time-derivative is not zero-mean IID Gaussian. We show that it is image dependent and use wavelets to estimate its mean and covariance. Experimental results show a significant improvement in motion estimates using our technique. Secondly, we formulate a multiresolution solution to the (as yet unsolved) object motion problem. We assume an a-priori probability density of motion and our method works best when motion is small, as is the case in a sequence of television images. Our technique is distinct from wavelet based pyramidal searches. >
A Multicomponent Intervention Helped Reduce Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake in Economically Disadvantaged Hispanic Children.

Abstract Purpose. This study aimed to examine the effect of a multicomponent intervention program on consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and lifestyle factors associated with SSB intake, in Hispanic children from low-income families. Design. A five-wave longitudinal study using a quasi-experimental design was conducted. Setting. Five elementary schools in West Texas served as the setting. Subjects. Participants included 555 predominantly Hispanic children (ages 5–9 years) from low-income families and their parents (n = 525). Intervention. A multicomponent intervention program was implemented. Measures. Children's anthropometric measures were obtained. Their weight status was determined based on body mass index for age and gender. Parents responded to a demographic questionnaire, a shelf inventory, an acculturation scale, and a family survey. Analysis. Growth curve analyses were used to test differences between intervention and comparison participants' SSB intake and to examine potential covar...
Comparative and evolutionary dimensions of the energetics of human pregnancy and lactation

The purpose of this article is to compare the energetics of reproduction for human and other primates in order to evaluate the extent to which human reproductive energetics are distinct from other primates and other large-bodied placental mammals. The article also evaluates the energetics of human and primate gestation and lactation using data from a variety of different populations living under different environmental circumstances. Energetics refers to energy intake and expenditure, and changes in body fat stores. Human and nonhuman primates have longer periods of gestation and lactation and slower prenatal and postnatal growth than other mammals of similar size. This reduces daily maternal energy costs. The development of sizable fat stores is not unique to humans, but fat stores are typically greater in human females and may play a greater role in reproduction. The strategies used to meet the energy costs of pregnancy vary among populations of humans and nonhuman primates and among humans interindividual variability is high. In pregnancy, some increase energy intake but others apparently do not. Increases in metabolic efficiency are evident in some human populations, whereas decreases in physical activity occur, but are not seen in all human or primate populations. Lactation is more energetically costly on a daily basis among humans and nonhuman primates, but has not been as well studied. It appears that both nonhuman and human primates tend to increase energy intake to meet in part the cost of lactation. They also use other strategies such as relying on body tissue stores, reductions in physical activity, and/or increases in metabolic efficiency to meet the remainder of the cost. It is also clear that human females in different populations and different women in the same population use a different combination of strategies to meet the cost of lactation.
The components and neuroanatomic bases of prosody

Following a discussion of the various aspects and types of prosody, the literature relevant to its neuroanatomy and neuropsychology in normal, brain-injured, and psychiatric populations is reviewed. Evidence linking neurophysiologic mechanisms with components of prosody is presented.
A simulation-based approach to the design of control systems with uncertain parameters

A design method for control systems with uncertain parameters is presented. The method utilizes a generalized sensitivity approach which separates the parameter space into regions which produce a system response that satisfies given design criteria and regions which do not. Nonparametric statistics and confidence limits for the binomial distribution are used to determine degree of parameter sensitivity and to locate regions in the parameter space which maximize the probability of producing a desirable system response. In an example it is shown that a given parameter may have to be known to a lesser degree of uncertainty to be able to specify a satisfactory design.
Improving the evaluation and impact of mental health and other supportive school-based programmes on students' academic outcomes

Schools are under increased pressure to demonstrate that all programming promotes student academic achievement. As a result, school-based programmes originally designed to address non-academic issues are now being asked to demonstrate the impact on academic outcomes. The current special issue is the first of two that will examine the association between school-based non-academic services (such as school mental health, family support and mentoring) and students' academic success. These papers provide empirical tests of three programmes and commentary on theoretically and empirically based recommendations for improvement. The final paper provides evidence for the effectiveness of one approach. As these articles highlight, tying the activities of these supportive programmes more closely to academic outcomes, setting clear academic goals, monitoring academic progress and providing feedback to practitioners about progress towards these goals may help increase the probability of non-academic programmes positive...
Sages at the Games: Intellectual Displays and Dissemination of Wisdom in Ancient Greece

Abstract This paper explores the role the Panhellenic centers played in facilitating the circulation of wisdom in ancient Greece. It argues that there are substantial thematic overlaps among practitioners of wisdom (σσοοφφοοίί), who are typically understood as belonging to different categories (such as presocratics, sophists, poets, et al.). By focusing on the presence of σσοοφφοοίί at the Panhellenic centers in general, and Delphi in particular, we can acquire a more accurate picture of the particular expertise they possessed, and of the range of meanings the Greeks attributed to the word σσοοφφίίαα. This approach seeks to challenge the conventional categories of modern scholarship and to offer a broader and more inclusive interpretive framework in its stead. One such thematic overlap is the way in which many σσοοφφοοίί are described as exerting an almost uncanny, yet highly conventional ability to attract listeners and enchant them with their verbal performances. There is plenty of material to support the view that σσοοφφοοόό, through tapping into the repository of σσοοφφίίαα that Delphi constituted and by aligning themselves with its authority, were seen as themselves being a conduit for a similar type of charismatic speech.
Inhibition and photoinactivation of the bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase by the cytotoxic agent, dequalinium

The bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase is inhibited in the dark by the amphipathic cation, dequalinium, with a I0.5 of about 12 microM at pH 7.5. When illuminated at 350 nm in the presence of 1.7 microM dequalinium, the F1-ATPase is inactivated with a pseudo-first order rate constant of 7.9 X 10(-3) min-1. The apparent Kd of the dequalinium-enzyme complex was estimated to be about 12.5 microM by examining the rate of inactivation of the ATPase with 1.7-16.7 microM dequalinium. ATP, ADP, Pi, and Mg2+, singly or in combination, protected the ATPase against photoinactivation, with Mg2+ plus Pi being the most effective.
TRICHOME MORPHOLOGY IN HEDERA ( ARALIACEAE )

Trichomes of Hedera L. taxa have long been used as an important character in delimiting species. Hedera exhibits two distinct trichome types: scale-like and stellate. This study examined the trichome variation in sixteen currently recognized Hedera taxa using scanning electron microscopy. Measurements of trichome morphology were taken, and variation among taxa compared. Of the taxa with scale-like trichomes, H. maderensis Rutherford subsp. maderensis has the largest overall length, longest rays, and largest fusion of rays. Of the species with stellate trichomes, H. helix has the largest overall, and also has the longest rays and widest rays.
Assessment of Morphological and Optical Properties of Molecularly Mediated Thin Film Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles

This paper reports the results of an investigation of the optical properties of molecularly mediated thin film assemblies of nanoparticles. Thin film assemblies of gold nanoparticles of different sizes that are linked by dithiols and carboxylic acid functionalized thiols of different alkyl chain lengths are studied as a model system. These thin films have been assembled on different substrates for the systematic measurements of the morphological and optical properties. The correlation of the d-spacing values between the experimental and theoretical results has revealed the presence of ordered nanostructures in the thin film assemblies. The wavelength of the surface plasmon resonance band of the nanoparticles in these thin film assemblies is shown to be linearly dependent on the particle size and the interparticle linker chain length. The analyses of the optical properties theoretically using Mie theory and experimentally using reflectometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry have provided important informatio...
Intracavity spectral shaping and inverse bow-tie semiconductor optical amplifiers for high-power hybrid mode-locked semiconductor lasers

We have presented results that show the promise of intracavity spectral shaping to avoid gain-narrowing effects in modelocked semiconductor diode lasers and have produced optical pulses of 330 fs duration. High average powers were obtained by employing novel inverse bow-tie semiconductor optical amplifiers and have generated average mode-locked output powers of 0.4 W.