cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical evidence for biogenic amines and immunogold labeling of serotonergic synapses in tentacles of Aiptasia pallida (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)

. Evidence for classical neurotransmitters in sea anemones remains controversial. We used high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) and electron microscopical imunocytochemistry to determine the presence of serotonin and precursor synthetic enzymes of other biogenic amines in tentacles of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida. Using HPLC-EC we found dopamine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in both tentacles and whole animal homogenates. Antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and 5-HT were used with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to reveal positive immunoreactivity to these substances in neurons of tentacles. Immunogold labeling of serial thin sections with the anti-5–HT antibody revealed reactive products in synaptic vesicles at interneuronal, neuromuscular, and neurospirocyte synapses. These results suggest that both catecholamine and indolamine neurotransmitters occur in sea anemones in addition to the neuropeptide Antho-RFamide, indicating the presence of multiple types of transmitter substances in an early nervous system.
Distribution of Holocene deep-sea benthonic foraminifera in the southwest Indian Ocean☆

Abstract The distribution of deep-sea benthonic foraminifera in core top samples from the southwest Indian Ocean is examined. Principal component analysis reveals two major assemblages. One assemblages between 3600 and 4800-m water depth is dominated by Episominella umbonifera and is associated with cold (θ = −0.3 to 0.8°C), low salinity (34.66 to 34.72 × 10−3) Antarctic Bottom Water in the Crozet Basin, in fracture zones, and on the flanks of the Southwest Indian Ridge. A second assemblage, dominated by Planulina wuellerstorfi, Globocassidulina subglobasa, Astrononion echolsi and Pullenia bulloides, is between 1600 and 3800 m on the Crozet Plateau, Madagascar Ridge, Central Indian Ridge, and Southwest Indian Ridge and is associated with relatively warm (θ = 0.8 to 2.6°C), high salinity (34.72 to 34.76 × 10−3) North Atlantic Deep Water. The third principal component divides the P. wuellerstorfi assemblage into two subgroups. One is dominated by Epistominella exigua, P. bulloides, P. wuellerstorfi, and A. echolsi and a second is dominated by G. subglobosa. The distribution of the E. umbonifera assemblage and previous hydrographic studies suggest that AABW flows as a western boundary contour current in the Crozet Basin and penetrates fracture zones in the Southwest Indian Ridge between 55 and 57°E and near 66°E as it travels northward into the Madagascar and Mascarene basins. The faunal-water mass associations from the southeast Indian Ocean are compared; the most notable faunal difference is the absence of Uvigerina as a dominant taxon in the southwest Indian Ocean. A comparison of dissolved oxygen and Uvigerina data shows that oxygen is not a major influence upon the distribution of Uvigerina. A correlation analysis of the faunal data and water depth, potential temperature, in situ temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and 1 − Ω , an index of calcium carbonate undersaturation, was carried out to determine the relationships between fauna and hydrography. The second principal component has a significant positive correlation at the 99.9% level with temperature and negative correlations with water depth and 1 − Ω . A general faunal-water mass correlation exists, but it is not possible to determine which variable controls the faunal distributions.
Intersample ripple resulting from discrete-time feedforward control

Adding feedforward controllers to feedback-only control systems can often improve the transient response performance. In the literature several architectures have been proposed, which combine feedback and feedforward controls together, such as Feedforward Closed-Loop Inverse (FFCLI) and Feedforward Plant Inverse (FFPI). In this paper, we investigate discrete-time feedforward control designs and show how some designs lead to large intersample ripple in the response of the continuous-time plant that is being controlled. If the feedforward controller cancels high frequency zeros with small damping factors in the discretized plant, large intersample ripple can result. Ignoring such zeros in the feedforward controller will suppress intersample ripple significantly, while slightly slowing the response. In this work, this phenomenon is demonstrated with a second-order plant and a fourth-order Torsional Disk System (TDS) plant.
An initial agent behaviour modelling and definition methodology as applied to unmanned aerial vehicle simulations

In some agent-based modelling systems, it is difficult for domain-expert users to define and implement agent behaviours without possessing extensive programming knowledge. This research developed a process through which non-programmer, domain experts can effectively interact with a modelling environment to define, develop and implement agent-based behaviours. This paper presents a new methodology for the definition and implementation of UAV agent behaviours based on diagramming an agent's controller state and using diagram syntax to generate the executable algorithm. No programming knowledge is required to reuse modular behaviours and trigger. After describing the methodology, a sample scenario is presented as a proof-of-concept.
A Planar Light Probe

We develop a novel technique for measuring lighting that exploits the interaction of light with a set of custom BRDFs. This enables the construction of a planar light probe with certain advantages over existing methods for measuring lighting. To facilitate the construction of our light probe, we derive a new class of bi-directional reflectance functions based on the interaction of light through two planar surfaces separated by a transparent medium. Under certain assumptions and proper selection of the two surfaces, we show how to recover Fourier series coefficients of the incident lighting parameterized over the plane. The results are experimentally validated by imaging a sheet of glass with spatially varying patterns printed on either side.
Generation of optical harmonics by intense pulses of laser radiation. II. Single-atom spectrum for xenon

Using time-dependent Hartree–Fock theory, we describe the results of calculations of dipole moments induced in xenon by 1.064-nm radiation of intensities in the range 1013–1014 W/cm2. The calculated spectrum comprises sharply defined optical harmonics to order 61. We comment on the three-dimensional properties of our calculated induced dipole moments and on the spectral background underlying these harmonics.
The analysis of free chlorine in the presence of nitrogenous organic compounds

Abstract Comparative analyses for aqueous chlorine using Standard Methods indicated that in chlorinated solutions containing nitrogenous organic compounds, none of these methods gave a reliable measurement of free available chlorine. Examination of the cyanuric acid-aqueous chlorine system showed that combined chlorine reacted as if it were free chlorine in all the Standard Methods. The implication of these studies for water and wastewater chlorination is that in waters containing nitrogenous organic compounds, N -Chloro compounds form which may result in an overestimation of the disinfecting potential of the added chlorine, when free chlorine is measured by Standard Methods.
Transformation of glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors to the DNA‐binding state

This brief review explores some recent observations relating to the structure of untransformed glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors and the mechanism by which the receptors are transformed to the DNA-binding state. In their molybdatestabilized, untransformed state, progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors exist as a heteromeric 8-9S complex containing one unit of steroid binding phosphoprotein and one or two units of the 90 kD heat shock protein hsp90. When the receptors are transformed, the steroid-binding protein dissociates from hsp90. In cytosol preparations, temperature-mediated dissociation proceeds much more rapidly in the presence of hormone. The dissociated receptor binds to DNA with high affinity, regardless of whether it is in the hormone-bound or the hormone-free state. These observations raise the possibility that the primary, and perhaps the only, role for the hormone is to promote dissociation of the receptor-hsp90 complex. Molybdate, vanadate, and tungstate inhibit receptor transformation to the DNA-binding form, an effect that appears to reflect the ability of these transition metal oxyanions to stabilize the complex between the steroid receptor and hsp90. By promoting the formation of disulfide bonds, hydrogen peroxide also stabilizes the glucocorticoid receptor-hsp90 complex and prevents receptor transformation. A small, heat-stable factor present in all cytosol preparations inhibits receptor transformation, and, when the factor is removed, glucocorticoid receptors are rapidly transformed. This ubiquitous factor has the physical properties of a metal anion, and it is proposed that molybdate and vanadate affect steroid receptor complexes by interacting with a metal anion-binding site that is normally occupied by this endogenous receptor-stabilizing factor.
Has there been a hiatus

Every decade since the 1960s has been warmer than the one before, with 2000 to 2009 by far the warmest decade on record (see the figure). However, the role of human-induced climate change has been discounted by some, owing to a markedly reduced increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) from 1998 through 2013, known as the hiatus ( 1 – 3 ). The upward trend has resumed in 2014, now the warmest year on record, with 2015 temperatures on course for another record-hot year. Although Earth's climate is undoubtedly warming, weather-related and internal natural climate variability can temporarily overwhelm global warming in any given year or even decade, especially locally.
Load balancing and hot spot relief for hash routing among a collection of proxy caches

Hash routing partitions the entire URL space among a collection of cooperating proxy caches. Each partition is assigned to a cache server. Duplication of cache contents is eliminated. Client requests to a cache server for non-assigned partition objects are forwarded to proper sibling caches. As a result, the load level of the cache servers can be quite unbalanced. We examine an adaptable controlled replication (ACR) of non-assigned partition objects in each cache server to reduce the load imbalance and relieve the problem of hot-spot references. Trace-driven simulations are conducted to study the effectiveness of ACR. The results show that: (1) access skew exists, and the load of the cache servers tends to be unbalanced in hash routing; (2) with a relatively small amount of ACR, say 10% of the cache size, significant improvements in load balance can be achieved; and (3) ACR provides a very effective remedy for load imbalance due to hot-spot references.
NFATp, a cyclosporin-sensitive transcription factor implicated in cytokine gene induction.

The transcription factor NFATp (nuclear fac- tor of activated T cells, preexisting) is likely to regulate the cyclosporin-sensitive transcription of cytokine genes and other activation-associated genes during the immune response. NFATp is the first identified member of a new family of transcription factors, whose DNA binding do- mains show a weak sequence similarity to those of the Rd (NF-xB) family of proteins. NFATp is expressed in several types of immune cells as a cytosolic protein that translo- cates to the nucleus following activation. The nuclear translocation is regulated by calcium and calcineurin and inhibited by cyclosporin A and FK506. In the nucleus, NFATp cooperates with Fos-Jun dimers and possibly with other transcription factors at composite elements in the regulatory regions of cytokine genes. The potential roles of NFATp and a related family member, NFATc, in cytokine gene transcription are discussed. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 536-542; 1995.
Ideology and Social Position in Poland: The Determinants of Voting for the Right, 1991-2005

Objective. The far Right's rise to power in Poland in 2005 left many observers curious about the relationship between conditions of rising inequality, recent E.U. accession, and the changing resonance of right-wing ideology. This study analyzes Polish voting patterns over the 1991–2005 period in order to determine the effects of ideological and social-structural variables on political behavior in a postsocialist context. Methods. The study employs bivariate analysis to assess the persistence or novelty of associations between conservative ideologies and right-wing voting throughout a period of macro-structural change. The data are drawn from the Polish General Social Survey. Results. The analysis indicates that by 2001, three ideological factors became newly correlated with voting for the Right: religious traditionalism, anti-Communism, and free market values. Structurally, Poles with more years of education were the new base of party support by 2001. Conclusions. Contrary to expectations, postsocialism's economic “losers”—those with less education, less income, the unemployed—were not more likely to turn to the Right. Middle-class interests began to have greater political influence by the end of this period, a conclusion that seems supported by more recent election outcomes.
Intersection of Smoking, Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Cancer: Proceedings of the 8(th) Annual Texas Conference on Health Disparities.

The Texas Center for Health Disparities, a National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Center of Excellence, presents an annual conference to discuss prevention, awareness education and ongoing research about health disparities both in Texas and among the national population. The 2013 Texas Conference on Health Disparities brought together experts, in research, patient care and community outreach, on the “Intersection of Smoking, Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and Cancer”. Smoking, HIV/AIDS and cancer are three individual areas of public health concern, each with its own set of disparities and risk factors based on race, ethnicity, gender, geography and socio-economic status. Disparities among patient populations, in which these issues are found to be comorbid, provide valuable information on goals for patient care. The conference consisted of three sessions addressing “Comorbidities and Treatment”, “Public Health Perspectives”, and “Best Practices”. This article summarizes the basic science, clinical correlates and public health data presented by the speakers.
Nuclear remodelling: a consequence of nucleocytoplasmic traffic run amok?

This editorial refers to ‘Nuclear pore rearrangements and nuclear trafficking in cardiomyocytes from rat and human failing hearts’ by M.N. Chahine et al. , pp. 31–43, this issue. An intriguing new study by Chahine et al. 1 finds that alterations in nuclear architecture and transport machinery (leading to increased export and decreased import) manifest early on, during hypertrophy development, in both a rat infarct model and human failing hearts. Moreover, it finds that general blockade of the increased nuclear export traffic can prevent or even reverse both the nuclear remodelling and hypertrophic changes. This article forwards the interesting notion that failure of the nuclear import/export pathways themselves is at the basis of the nuclear remodelling process during heart failure development. Cardiac remodelling is a hallmark of heart failure characterized at the myocyte level by cellular hypertrophy and reactivation of a fetal gene program. Studies examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional reprogramming typically focus on the interwoven signalling cascades that culminate in the nucleus …
Realization and interpolation for Schur–Agler-class functions on domains with matrix polynomial defining function in Cn

Abstract We consider a bitangential interpolation problem for operator-valued functions defined on a general class of domains in C n (including as particular cases, Cartan domains of types I–III) which satisfy a type of von Neumann inequality associated with the domain. We show that any such function has a realization in terms of a unitary colligation and the defining polynomial for the domain. We show how the solution of various classes of bitangential interpolation problems for this class of functions corresponds to a unitary extension of a particular partially defined isometry uniquely specified by the interpolation data. Criteria for existence of solutions are given (1) in terms of positivity of a certain kernel completely determined by the data, or, more generally, (2) by the existence of a positive-kernel solution of a certain generalized Stein equation completely determined by the data.
Spatial admittance selection conditions for frictionless force-guided assembly of polyhedral parts in single principal contact

By judiciously selecting the admittance of a manipulator, the forces of contact that occur during assembly can be used to guide the parts to proper positioning. This paper identifies conditions for selecting the appropriate spatial admittance to achieve reliable force-guided assembly of polyhedral parts for cases in which a single feature (vertex, edge, or face) of one part contacts a single feature of the other, i.e., all single principal contact cases. These conditions ensure that the motion that results from frictionless contact always instantaneously reduces part misalignment. We show that, for bounded misalignments, if an admittance satisfies the misalignment-reducing conditions at a finite number of contact configurations, then the admittance will also satisfy the conditions at all intermediate configurations.
Using Study Skills to Become Independent Learners in Secondary Content Classes

Adolescent students with learning disabilities (LD) often have a difficult time in secondary general education classes for a variety of reasons. One reason is the lack of study skills necessary to successfully navigate through content area courses. As secondary students with LD spend more time in the general education classroom, it is important for them to learn and apply these study skills that help them become independent learners. There are many skills that fall under the broad term of study skills; in this article, five strategies that fall under the umbrella term of study skills are discussed: guidelines for using the explicit instruction model for teaching study habits, time management, self-management, obtaining information from textbooks and lectures, and interpreting visual aids.
Neoplasm development after stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations.

erebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may serve as a considerable source of neurological morbidity as C a result of hemorrhage, seizures, and/or focal neurologic deficits. Hemorrhage remains the most common modality of AVM presentation, occurring in approximately 50% of cases (2, 5, 19). Annual AVM hemorrhage rates generally range from 2% to 4%; however, they are largely influenced by a previous history of hemorrhage and AVM angioarchitecture, particularly drainage pattern, location, and associated aneurysms (2, 5, 19). Protection from hemorrhage remains the primary presumed benefit of AVM treatment, whereas the improvement of seizures still remains a matter of debate (10).
The wave-induced solute flux from submerged sediment

The issue of the transport of dissolved nutrients and contaminants between the sediment in the bottom of a lake or reservoir and the body of water above it is an important one for many reasons. In particular the biological and chemical condition of the body of water is intricately linked to these mass transport processes. As the review by Boudreau (Rev Geophys 38(3):389–416, 2000) clearly demonstrates those transport processes are very complex involving mechanisms as diverse as the wave-induced flux between the sediment and the overlying water and the effect of burrowing animals on the transport within the sediment as well as basic diffusion mechanisms. The present paper focuses on one facet of these transport processes; we re-examine the balance of diffusion and wave-induced advection and demonstrate that the wave-induced flux of a solute from submerged sediment is not necessarily purely diffusive as suggested by Harrison et al. (J Geophys Res 88:7617–7622, 1983) but can be dominated by a mean or time-averaged flux induced by the advective fluid motion into and out of the sediment caused by the fluctuating pressure waves associated with wave motion. Indeed along the subtidal shoreline where the fluctuating bottom pressures are greatest, wave-induced advection will dominate the mean, time-averaged transport of solute into or out of the sediment as suggested in the work of Riedl et al. (Mar Biol 13:210–221, 1972). However, the present calculations also indicate that this advective flux decreases rapidly with increasing depth so that further away from the shoreline the advective flux becomes negligible relative to the diffusive flux and therefore the latter dominates in deeper water.
Creation of open universes from de Sitter space

Hawking1,2 has shown that event horizons produce thermal radiation. I propose here a new cosmological model which has an early event horizon and in which the observed3 cosmic microwave background radiation is Hawking radiation. The model starts with de Sitter space—a space-time of constant curvature which is a solution to Einstein's vacuum field equations with a positive cosmological constant. Associated with an event E in de Sitter space there is a quantum barrier penetration tunnelling which leads to an open, negatively curved (k = −1) cosmology. This has an early exponential expansion phase but turns into a standard big-bang solution at late times. The geometry and quantum mechanical treatment within the future light cone of E are similar to that found in the Brout, Englert and Spindel (BES) theory4,5. This model has the following advantages: (1) It has no singularities. (2) The observed isotropy of the cosmic microwave background is explained because the different regions we observe have all been in causal contact. (3) The temperature at early epochs (T0 ∼ 1019 Ge V) is high enough to allow grand unified theories (GUTs) to produce the observed baryon excess from an initial thermal distribution through CP violations6,7. (4) T0 is correct to make the BES scenario work. (5) The early exponential expansion phase can naturally account for the observed large number n0 ∼ 1088 of particles within a volume a3 (where a is the radius of curvature) and the Guth8 flatness problem. (6) It predicts that our Universe is an open k = −1, Ω<1 cosmology consistent with the amount of mass detected in the universe so far9–11. (7) The existence of the event horizon makes it possible to create from the original de Sitter space other k = −1 universes (perhaps an infinite number) which are entirely disjoint from our own and from each other.
Effective resistive drain design considerations for Ni-H/sub 2/ batteries and related battery support equipment

This work discusses some fundamental design parameters associated with both spacecraft batteries and commonly used battery cell resistive drain techniques. Also discussed are recommended methods to minimize the possibility of imposing excessive inadvertent and/or intentional reversal voltages across cells within the battery. Often overlooked, or at least not adequately considered, in the battery design and development phase is the effect of the battery design on the ability to efficiently discharge and remove the hydrogen in nickel precharged nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H/sub 2/) battery cells during routine, or planned, reconditioning. Coupled with the battery design considerations are also those concerns associated with the support equipment used to perform the resistive drain of the batteries. Attention paid to the design details associated with the effective resistive draining of the battery cells will lower the damage risk that may potentially be associated with this procedure. One of the most serious concerns often encountered in practice during resistive drain is the inadvertent, or excessive, voltage reversal of Ni-H/sub 2/ battery cells. Also, there is significant evidence that when Ni-H/sub 2/ battery cells are reversed for a prolonged period and/or for consecutive operations, a subsequent permanent loss of useable storage capacity as well as the potential for a shortened on-orbit life span could be experienced. This paper is primarily aimed at battery designs utilizing either individual pressure vessels (IPV) or common pressure vessels (CPV) and is not intended to examine single pressure vessel (SPV) Ni-H/sub 2/ battery designs (although the basic design principles discussed Are still applicable).
Book Review: I Can, Can You?

Author: Marjorie W. Pitzer Reviewer: Taletha M. Derrington Publisher: Woodbine House, Bethesda, MD, 2004 ISBN: 1-890627-57-7 Cost: $10.95 USD
Entropy of Mixing: Rigid vs Flexible Molecules: Effect of Varying Solvent on Dissolution Temperature

We report a study of the dissolution temperature of n-hexacontane, as a function of concentration, with 52 different solvents, aimed at understanding the effect of molecular flexibility on the entropy-of-mixing. The entropy-of-mixing of rigid molecules may be expected to follow ideal mixing combinatorics and go as ln(mole fraction), while for flexible polymers it is expected to follow Flory–Huggins ln(volume fraction). By isolating the entropy-of-mixing, we have experimentally found that rigidity, through ring structures, causes deviations from the Flory–Huggins behavior; and we have proposed a crossover form for the entropy-of-mixing which varies between ln(volume fraction) and ln(mole fraction) according to molecular rigidity.
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF FITNESS-ASSOCIATED TRAITS AMONG RAPIDLY EVOLVING POPULATIONS OF THE SOAPBERRY BUG.

In this study we used reciprocal rearing experiments to test the hypothesis that there is a genetic basis for the adaptive differences in host-use traits among host-associated soapberry bug populations (described in Carroll and Boyd 1992). These experiments were conducted on two host races from Florida, in which differences in beak length and development were found between natural populations on a native host plant species and those on a recently introduced plant species (colonized mainly post-1950). Performance was generally superior on the host species from which each lab population originated (i.e., on the "Home" host species): in analysis of variance, there was significant population-by-host interaction for size, development time, and growth rate. These results indicate that the population differences in nature are evolved rather than host induced. Increased performance on the introduced host was accompanied by reduced performance on the native host, a pattern that could theoretically promote further differentiation between the host races.
Mechanical Removal and Rescreening of Local Screening Charges at Ferroelectric Surfaces

Charge screening on a polar surface under ambient conditions is difficult to investigate, because the surface is immediately affected by adsorbed polar molecules and ions. The authors control the degree of screening on a ferroelectric surface using charge gradient microscopy, and find that the kinetics is governed by an exponential recovery with a universal time constant, independent of the degree of screening. This study demonstrates that the degree of screening at a ferroelectric surface can be controlled mechanically, without disturbing the polarization beneath.
Protonated Borane−Lewis Base Complexes BH4X+ (X = NH3, PH3, H2O, H2S, CO)1

Structures of protonated borane−Lewis base complexes H4BX+ (X = NH3, PH3, OH2, SH2, CO) as well as their neutral parents were calculated using ab initio method at the MP2/6-31G** level. All of the monocations H4BX+ are B−H protonated involving hypercoordinate boron with a three-center two-electron (3c-2e) bond. Protonation energies of H3BX to form H4BX+ were calculated with the G2 theory and were found to be highly exothermic. The 11B NMR chemical shifts of the compounds were also calculated by the GIAO-MP2 method.
Optimal Sensor/Actuator Placement using an Adjoint Method

An adjoint method is developed in order to optimally locate collocated sensors and actuators on a body in a systematic fashion. The devices are positioned in order to maximize spatial and modal controllability while minimizing the level of observation spillover from unobserved modes. Objective functions are defined using a spatial H2 norm and gradients of the objective and governing equations are calculated for use in a gradient-descent iteration. The approach is demonstrated by a single actuator placement on a slender rod.
Subjectivity in Sartre

Jean-Paul Sartre is unquestionably the best known French philosopher since Bergson. He is also one of the most productive — novels, plays, essays and huge philosophical tomes testify to an unflagging zeal. He has written on topics ranging from psychoanalysis to Marxism. But through all his work, however diverse in form and content, there is a certain unity — a unity of perspective with regard to the nature of man. From his early writings until his latest, Sartre’s basic concept of man has remained essentially unchanged, though it has been progressively elaborated. This understanding of what human subjectivity means underlies not only his philosophical works, but his literary and dramatic writings as well. It is this fundamental theme — Sartre’s notion of the human subject and his intersubjective relationships — that we shall be discussing in this section. The Sartrean view of intersubjectivity can be found expressed in many of his plays and novels. Our examination of it, however, will be made solely from his philosophical writings where he has given a detailed presentation in the technical language of phenomenology.
Preweaning iron deficiency increases non-contingent responding during cocaine self-administration in rats

Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent single-nutrient deficiency worldwide. There is evidence that ID early in development (preweaning in rat) causes irreversible neurologic, behavioral, and motor development deficits. Many of these effects have been attributed to damage to dopamine systems, including ID-induced changes in transporter and receptor numbers in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. These mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons are, in part, responsible for mediating reward and thus play a key role in addiction. However, there has been relatively little investigation into the behavioral effects of ID on drug addiction. In 2002, we found that rats made ID from weaning (postnatal day 21) and throughout the experiment acquired cocaine self-administration significantly more slowly than controls and failed to increase responding when the dose of the drug was decreased. In the present study, we assessed addiction for self-administered cocaine in rats with a history of preweaning ID only during postnatal days 4 through 21, and iron replete thereafter. The results showed that while ID did not affect the number of cocaine infusions or the overall addiction-like behavior score, ID rats scored higher on a measure of continued responding for drug than did iron replete controls. This increase in responding, however, was less goal-directed as ID rats also responded more quickly to the non-rewarded manipulandum than did control rats. Thus, while ID early in infancy did not significantly increase addiction-like behaviors for cocaine in this small study, the pattern of data suggests a possible underlying learning or performance impairment. Future studies will be needed to elucidate the exact neuro-behavioral deficits that lead to the increase in indiscriminate responding for drug in rats with a history of perinatal ID.
The Roles of Racial Discrimination, Cultural Mistrust, and Gender in Latina/o Youth's School Attitudes and Academic Achievement

Gender gaps in achievement are particularly pronounced among Latina/os, who are among the population most affected by the academic achievement gap. This study examined the roles of racial discrimination, cultural mistrust, and economic value of education in the academic achievement of urban, low-income Latina/o adolescents. Participants were 346 high school students. Structural equation modeling revealed that the model of associations was a better fit for male students than for female students. Cultural mistrust mediated the relationship between racial discrimination and values of education, and perceived limitations of education predicted lower attendance rates for male students but not for female students. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.
Silver diamine fluoride, potassium iodide, and esthetic perception: An in vitro pilot study.

Purpose To assess if there was a perceptible difference in staining of restorations in silver diamine fluoride (SDF)-treated teeth, with or without the subsequent application of potassium iodide (KI). Methods 20 extracted teeth with frank cavitated carious lesions were prepared with a spoon excavator to remove superficial soft carious dentin and then randomly divided into two groups of 10. The control group was treated with 38% SDF and then restored with glass-ionomer. The experimental group received similar treatment, with the additional step of KI applied before restoration. All teeth were subjected to 500 thermocycles between 5°C and 55°C, followed by storage in artificial saliva at 37°C for 30 days. Three blinded examiners evaluated all 20 teeth for intensity of staining on a scale from 0-5. Wilcoxon rank sum test compared average staining intensity between control and experimental groups of teeth as perceived by each examiner. Results No significant differences were found (P values: 0.93, 0.67, and 0.97). An aggregate comparison of staining perception between control and experimental groups by repeated measure analysis was done treating the outcome as Poisson distribution also finding no significant difference (P= 0.82). Clinical significance The application of potassium iodide after silver diamine fluoride on caries-affected teeth may improve initial esthetic appearance, but after placement of a glass ionomer restoration, potassium iodide does not seem to result in any significant difference in staining.
Ions and size effects in nanoparticle/liquid crystal colloids sandwiched between two substrates. The case of two types of fully ionized species

Abstract This article reports the combined effect of nanoparticles and alignment layers of the cell on the concentration of mobile ions in liquid crystals. Assuming two types of fully ionized species-contaminants in liquid crystal nanocolloids sandwiched between two substrates, several size effects on their electrical properties are modelled. These effects describe the monotonous and non-monotonous dependence of the total concentration of mobile ions on the thickness of the cell and/or on the concentration of nanoparticles. In addition, the tuning of this dependence by varying the concentration of nanoparticles, their size and ionic purity is also discussed.
Abstract 3470: The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein modulates rate and localization of homologous recombination in human cell lines with the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway

The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is tightly associated with a defining feature of the cancer specific, telomerase-independent telomere-maintenance pathway known as alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT); therefore, PML is an important potential target for chemotherapeutics. Cells running ALT contain large accumulations of telomeric DNA and RNA in the nucleoplasm that are frequently coated in a polymer shell of PML protein. These structures are known as ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs). APBs have been postulated to be major sites of the telomeric sequence homologous recombination believed to be the basis of telomere maintenance in ALT. A CRISPR based strategy was used to knock out the PML gene in two widely used ALT positive osteosarcoma-derived human cell lines; U2OS, and SAOS2. Knockout clones from both cell lines continued to proliferate past passage 90 without crisis, and knockouts were validated at the genetic and protein levels by Sanger sequencing and western blotting, respectively. Chromosome orientation fluorescent in situ hybridization (COFISH) was carried out to determine the number of telomere sequence exchanges occurring in a single cell cycle in these knockouts. A twofold increase in telomere-specific exchanges, presumably telomere sister chromatid exchanges (T-SCE), over the parental line was detected. Intrachromosomal exchanges not specific to telomeres were also analyzed by the harlequin chromosome staining method. A significant increase in these types of exchanges was also observed. In conclusion, the presence of PML is not required for ALT to continue to function, and may be acting to modulate homologous recombination frequency and location in ALT positive cells. Citation Format: Walter Barry, Christopher Heaphy, Alan Meeker. The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein modulates rate and localization of homologous recombination in human cell lines with the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3470. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3470
An integrative model of the intrinsic hippocampal theta rhythm

Hippocampal theta oscillations (4-12 Hz) are consistently recorded during memory tasks and spatial navigation. Despite several known circuits and structures that generate hippocampal theta locally in vitro, none of them were found to be critical in vivo, and the hippocampal theta rhythm is severely attenuated by disruption of external input from medial septum or entorhinal cortex. We investigated these discrepancies that question the sufficiency and robustness of hippocampal theta generation using a biophysical spiking network model of the CA3 region of the hippocampus that included an interconnected network of pyramidal cells, inhibitory basket cells (BC) and oriens-lacunosum moleculare (OLM) cells. The model was developed by matching biological data characterizing neuronal firing patterns, synaptic dynamics, short-term synaptic plasticity, neuromodulatory inputs, and the three-dimensional organization of the hippocampus. The model generated theta power robustly through five cooperating generators: spiking oscillations of pyramidal cells, recurrent connections between them, slow-firing interneurons and pyramidal cells subnetwork, the fast-spiking interneurons and pyramidal cells subnetwork, and non-rhythmic structured external input from entorhinal cortex to CA3. We used the modeling framework to quantify the relative contributions of each of these generators to theta power, across different cholinergic states. The largest contribution to theta power was that of the divergent input from the entorhinal cortex to CA3, despite being constrained to random Poisson activity. We found that the low cholinergic states engaged the recurrent connections in generating theta activity, whereas high cholinergic states utilized the OLM-pyramidal subnetwork. These findings revealed that theta might be generated differently across cholinergic states, and demonstrated a direct link between specific theta generators and neuromodulatory states.
A Seismic Intensity Survey of the 1 April 2014 M 8.2 Iquique, Chile, Earthquake and Tsunami, and a Comparison with Strong‐Motion Data

ABSTRACT We conducted a regional seismic intensity survey in northern Chile following the 1 April 2014 M 8.2 Iquique earthquake to document the level of damage caused by the earthquake and tsunami. We observed very limited damage at the 204 sites surveyed. The modified Mercalli intensities (MMIs) reached a maximum value of VI adjacent to the earthquake rupture plane. The contours of our MMI map are similar in shape to the contour maps of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV). A comparison of our seismic intensities with the recorded PGA and PGV values reveals that our MMI values are one to two units lower than predicted by ground‐motion intensity conversion equations (GMICEs). We propose that this is due to the well‐engineered buildings and moderate levels of high‐frequency (0.5–5 Hz) ground shaking experienced during this earthquake. Whether existing GMICEs consistently overpredict seismic intensities for large subduction‐zone earthquakes deserves further study.
Achieving high spatial resolution using a microchannel plate detector with an economic and scalable approach

A second generation position-sensitive microchannel plate detector using the induced signal approach has been realized. This detector is presently capable of measuring the incident position of electrons, photons, or ions. To assess the spatial resolution, the masked detector was illuminated by electrons. The initial, measured spatial resolution of 276 μ μ m FWHM was improved by requiring a minimum signal amplitude on the anode and by employing digital signal processing techniques. The resulting measured spatial resolution of 119 μ μ m FWHM corresponds to an intrinsic resolution of 98 μ μ m FWHM when the effect of the finite slit width is de-convoluted. This measurement is a substantial improvement from the last reported spatial resolution of 466 μ μ m FWHM using the induced signal approach. To understand the factors that limit the measured resolution, the performance of the detector is simulated.
Are We Violating Student Expectations? Availability, Workload, Class Time Use, and Technology Policies in Undergraduate Courses.

The goal of this study was to better understand what students expect from their college instructors in four areas: availability for out-of-class communication (OCC), student workload, in-class time...
Resource allocation for contingency planning: An inexact proximal bundle method for stochastic optimization

Abstract Resource contingency planning aims to mitigate the effects of unexpected disruptions in supply chains. While these failures occur infrequently, they often have disastrous consequences. This paper formulates the resource allocation problem in contingency planning as a two-stage stochastic optimization problem with a risk-averse recourse function. The solution method proposed relies on an inexact proximal bundle method with subgradient approximations through a scenario reduction mechanism. The paper extends the inexact oracle to a more general risk-averse setting, and proves that it meets the requirements of the oracle in the inexact bundle method, ensuring convergence to an optimal solution. The practical performance of the developed inexact bundle method under risk aversion is investigated for our resource allocation problem. We create a library of test problems and obtain their optimal values by applying the exact bundle method. The computed solutions from the developed inexact bundle method are compared against these optimal values, under different coherent risk measures. Our analyses indicate that our inexact bundle method significantly reduces the computational time of solving the resource allocation problem in comparison to the exact bundle method, and is capable of achieving a high percentage of optimality within a much shorter time.
Ten-year trends in traumatic injury mechanisms and outcomes: A trauma registry analysis.

Abstract Background The Oklahoma Trauma Registry (OTR) collects data from all state-licensed acute care hospitals. This study investigates trends and outcomes of trauma in Oklahoma using OTR. Methods 107,549 patients (2005–2014) with major severity and one of the following criteria were included: length of hospital stay ≥48 h, dead on arrival or death in the hospital, hospital transfer, ICU admission, or surgery on the head, chest, abdomen, or vascular system. Patient characteristics, mechanisms of injury, and outcomes of trauma were analyzed. Results Hospital admissions due to falls increased with an annual percent change of 4.0% (95%CI: 3.1%–4.9%) while hospital admissions due to motor vehicle crashes decreased. The number of overall deaths per year remained stable except for the fall-related deaths, which increased proportionate to the increase in the incidence of fall. Fall-related mortality was 4.2% and intracranial bleeding was present in 60% in these patients. Conclusion Falls are significantly increasing as a mechanism of trauma admissions and trauma-related deaths in Oklahoma. Analysis of state-based trauma registries can identify trends in etiologies of injuries and may indicate a reference point to prioritize preventive plans.
Contemporary Social Work Practice with Veterans: An Introduction to the Special Issue

This special issue is a historical marker for contemporary social work practice with veteran populations. The editors requested papers from private, public, and academic settings that illustrate the special needs of veterans. The articles in this issue address the impact of military culture and the veteran identity, diversity, eras of service, access to care, and different stages psycho-social development on clinical practice. This introduction places the articles submitted in the context of historical and current trends in veterans’ research concluding with a call to recognize resilience inherent in this population. It is hoped that this issue will serve as a tool for clinicians, researchers, and educators to improve upon their work as well as bring a new generation to serve and support those who served.
Crossing Academic Cultures: A Rubric for Students and Teachers.

Mark T. Williams is an Assistant Professor of English and the Composition Program Coordinator at California State University, Long Beach (CSULB). He has published in 18th Century Studies, co-authored a chapter in Perspectives on Rhetorical Invention, and has an article on Kenneth Burke forthcoming in Rhetoric Review. Gladys Garcia has taught composition, literature, and ESL courses in the Chicano/Latino Studies and English Departments at CSULB since 1988. Childhood experiences in Spain and Cuba help to inspire her continuing interest in foreign languages, and she has published and produced educational materials on language acquisition for teacher and student use.
Relaxation Theory Applied to Scattering of Excitations and Optical Transitions in Crystals and Solids

In this chapter, we will discuss the application of standard quantum relaxation theory to the problems of excitation transport and scattering in molecular solids and dephasing of optical transitions in solids and glasses, all at low temperatures. In the next section, we will review the standard theory based on the weak coupling approximation (Redfield theory), and apply a number of simple microscopic models to discuss the dynamics and temperature dependence of various processes. In the third section we apply these ideas to the study of the scattering of delocalized excitations in low-temperature solids, including the effects of impurities to low order. We compare our theoretical results to the experimental results of Schmidt (this volume). In the fourth section, we discuss the homogeneous optical line shapes of localized excitations in crystals and glasses, presenting a number of the dynamical models used to discuss this phenomenon. The many models used to describe the dephasing of the optical transition are compared and it is shown how to derive the results of these models from the standard Redfield theory. Unfortunately, because many of the microscopic parameters are unknown, it is not yet possible to decide which is the correct model. This is discussed in detail in Section 4.