cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation and Classification of Structural Topologies With Genetic Algorithm Speciation

Extending previous efforts, this article describes how a speciating genetic algorithm is used to distribute subsets of the evolving population of solutions over the design space. This distribution of solutions is analogous to different species exploiting different niches in an ecosystem. In addition to reviewing genetic algorithms with an emphasis on techniques to cause such niche exploitation, we describe how we use statistical cluster analysis techniques to quantify the extent to which a population is speciated and how this measure can be used to probabilistically encourage mating of reasonably similar designs (i.e., intraspecies mating). Results demonstrate the creation of different good designs of characteristically different topology and shape.
Designing topology-aware collective communication algorithms for large scale InfiniBand clusters: Case studies with Scatter and Gather

Modern high performance computing systems are being increasingly deployed in a hierarchical fashion with multi-core computing platforms forming the base of the hierarchy. These systems are usually comprised of multiple racks, with each rack consisting of a finite number of chassis, and each chassis having multiple compute nodes or blades, based on multi-core architectures. The networks are also hierarchical with multiple levels of switches. Message exchange operations between processes that belong to different racks involve multiple hops across different switches and this directly affects the performance of collective operations. In this paper, we take on the challenges involved in detecting the topology of large scale InfiniBand clusters and leveraging this knowledge to design efficient topology-aware algorithms for collective operations. We also propose a communication model to analyze the communication costs involved in collective operations on large scale supercomputing systems. We have analyzed the performance characteristics of two collectives, MPI_Gather and MPI_Scatter, on such systems and we have proposed topology-aware algorithms for these operations. Our experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithms can improve the performance of these collective operations by almost 54% at the micro-benchmark level.
Resonant bolometer: results and an application.

By using a capacitor in parallel with a semiconducting bolometer, the inductive part of the bolometer impedance is resonated out. The resultant system is a bolometer with a resonant response over a band of ≈2 Hz. This can be viewed as an amplifier with the potential of large gain, with no decrease in signal-to-noise ratio. The resonant bolometer may be useful for very low temperature bolometers, where one could boost the bolometer noise over the amplifier noise.
Performance of decomposition methods for complex workshops under multiple criteria

We evaluate the performance of decomposition procedures for scheduling complex job shops such as semiconductor testing facilities with respect to several different scheduling criteria. We find that schedules developed to minimize maximum lateness also perform well with respect to makespan and total tardiness, and experience only minor degradation in number of tardy jobs.
Enzymatic-mediated production of cellulose nanocrystals from recycled pulp

Endoglucanase was used to hydrolyze recycled pulp to produce cellulose nanocrystals. The highest yields of cellulose nanocrystals were obtained by treatment with 84 EGU of endoglucanase per 200 mg recycled pulp at 50 °C for 60 min of microwave and conventional heating. Of the two modes of heating investigated, microwave heating at each treatment gave a higher yield than conventional heating. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic analysis of suspensions showed cellulose nanocrystals with widths of 30 nm to 80 nm and lengths of 100 nm to 1.8 μm). This was within range of the length of cellulose crystals (100 nm to 3.5 μm) obtained using dynamic light scattering analysis. The average zeta potential of cellulose nanocrystals was −31.37 mV. X-ray diffraction of cellulose nanocrystals, recycled pulp and residues of recycled pulp shows a gradual change in the particle size.
Detection of minimum-ionizing particles in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Based on previously-reported results of the successful detection of alpha particles and 1 and 2 MeV protons with hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) diodes, detection of a single minimum-ionizing particle will require a total sensitive thickness of approximately 100–150 μm, either in the form of a single thick diode, or as a stack of several thinner diodes. Signal saturation at high d E d x makes it necessary to simulate minimum ionization in order to evaluate present detectors. Two techniques, using pulsed infrared light, and pulsed X-rays, give single-pulse signals large enough for direct measurements. A third, using beta rays, requires multiple-transit signal averaging to produce signals measurable above noise. Signal amplitudes from the a-Si: H limit at 60% of the signal size from Si crystals extrapolated to the same thickness. This is consistent with an a-Si: H radiation ionization energy, W = 6 eV/electron-hole pair. Beta-ray signals are observed at the expected amplitude.
Putting a spin on LA-ICP-MS analysis combined to isotope dilution

The determination of Zn, Sr, Ba, and Pb in solid samples has been achieved by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma isotope dilution mass spectrometry using a spinning platform. The fast rotation of a sample and an isotopically enriched spike placed close together on a sample holder allowed performing the isotope dilution directly inside the ablation cell. The proportion of spike versus sample of the aerosol mixture obtained has been determined online by isotope dilution in order to correct for differences in ablation rate although both materials were placed on the axis of rotation of the motor. Homogeneous, time-stable, and reusable samples were prepared by lithium borate fusion. A unique isotopically enriched spike glass was used to analyze four Standard Reference Materials of different matrix (after a simple polishing): two sediments Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1944 and SRM 2702 and two soils SRM 2586 and SRM 2711a. The proposed method yielded mass fractions with a deviation from the certified value usually lower than 12 % and a precision of less than 9 % RSD (except for Zn in SRM 2586 and 2711a). Although direct spiking of the solid before fusion could presumably provide better isotopic mixing, the presented methodology allows the reuse of the spike glass (thus, decreasing drastically the cost of the analysis) and is relatively faster because the spike does not need to be weighted, added, and evaporated each time. These results demonstrate the potential of this newly developed method for fast analysis of solid samples using isotope dilution at a low cost.
Social dominance and predatory behavior of chacma baboons

Members of two chacma baboon ( Papio ursinus ) groups in Botswana were observed eating 28 vertebrate prey items over a three-year interval. Adult males captured most of the prey, including all impala and vervet monkeys, the largest prey. For adult males social rank is significantly correlated with the number of times individuals were the first observed consumers of a carcass; first and second ranking males were the first observed consumers of 15 of the 28 prey. Adult females obtained carcasses seven times and lost possession of them five times. The results suggest that the lincar dominance hierarchy of these troops limits the meat eating potential for most troop members.
Reward learning in normal and mutant Drosophila

Hungry fruit flies can be trained by exposing them to two chemical odorants, one paired with the opportunity to feed on 1 M sucrose. On later testing, when given a choice between odorants the flies migrate specifically toward the sucrose-paired odor. This appetitively reinforced learning by the flies is similar in strength and character to previously demonstrated negatively reinforced learning, but it differs in several properties. Both memory consolidation and memory decay proceed relatively slowly after training with sucrose reward. Consolidation of learned information into anesthesia-resistant long-term memory requires about 100 min after training with sucrose compared to about 30 min after training with electric shock. Memory in wild-type flies persists for 24 hr after training with sucrose compared to 4-6 hr after training with electric shock. Memory in amnesiac mutants appears to be similarly lengthened, from 1 hr to 6 hr, by substituting sucrose reward for shock punishment. Two other mutants, dunce and rutabaga, which were isolated because they failed to learn the shock-avoidance task, learn normally in response to sucrose reward but forget rapidly afterward. One mutant, turnip, does not learn in either paradigm. Reward and punishment can be combined in olfactory discrimination training by pairing one odor to sucrose and the other to electric shock. In this situation, the expression of learning is approximately the sum of that obtained by using either reinforcement alone. After such training, memory decays at two distinct rates, each characteristic of one type of reinforcement.
Method for the Detection of Desmethylbromethalin in Animal Tissue Samples for the Determination of Bromethalin Exposure

Bromethalin, a potent neurotoxin, is widely available for use as a rodenticide. As access to other rodenticides is reduced due to regulatory pressure, the use of bromethalin is likely to increase with a concomitant increase in poisonings in nontarget animals. Analytical methods for the detection of bromethalin residues in animals suspected to have been exposed to this rodenticide are needed to support post-mortem diagnosis of toxicosis. This paper describes a novel method for the analysis of desmethylbromethalin (DMB), bromethalin’s toxic metabolite, in tissue samples such as liver, brain, and adipose. Samples were extracted with 5% ethanol in ethyl acetate, and an aliquot of the extract was evaporated dry, reconstituted, and analyzed by reverse phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer utilized electrospray ionization in negative ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring. This method was qualitatively validated at a level of 1.0 ng/g in liver tissue. The ...
Stable periods of a semilinear wave equation and bifurcation of periodic solutions

We consider a semilinear wave equation $$u_{tt} - u_{xx} = f(\lambda ,x,u), t \in \mathbb{R}, x \in (0,\pi ), \lambda \in \mathbb{R}$$ together with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions atx=0 andx=π. We are interested in solutions which are periodic int and which bifurcate from the trivial solutionu=0. A central question is which periods of the linearized problem $$u_{tt} - x_{xx} = f_u (\lambda _0 ,x,0)u$$ persist for the nonlinear problem. We assume thatfu(λ, x,0)=a(λ) is independent ofx∈[0,π]. Ifa(λ)=λ we use variational methods which, however, are not applicable in the general case. Here we apply a new bifurcation theorem for potential operators.
Development and optimization of a doxorubicin loaded poly(lactic acid) contrast agent for ultrasound directed drug delivery.

Abstract An echogenic, intravenous drug delivery platform is proposed in which an encapsulated chemotherapeutic can travel to a desired location and drug delivery can be triggered using external, focused ultrasound at the area of interest. Three methods of loading poly(lactic acid) (PLA) shelled ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) with doxorubicin are presented. Effects on encapsulation efficiency, in vitro enhancement, stability, particle size, morphology and release during UCA rupture are compared by loading method and drug concentration. An agent containing doxorubicin within the shell was selected as an ideal candidate for future hepatocellular carcinoma studies. The agent achieved a maximal drug load of 6.2 mg Dox/g PLA with an encapsulation efficiency of 20.5%, showed a smooth surface morphology and tight size distribution (poly dispersity index = 0.309) with a peak size of 1865 nm. Acoustically, the agent provided 19 dB of enhancement in vitro at a dosage of 10 µg/ml, with a half life of over 15 min. In vivo , the agent provided ultrasound enhancement of 13.4 ± 1.6 dB within the ascending aorta of New Zealand rabbits at a dose of 0.15 ml/kg. While the drug-incorporated agent is thought to be well suited for future drug delivery experiments, this study has shown that agent properties can be tailored for specific applications based on choice of drug loading method.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology's Recurring Identity Crises: It's a Values Issue!

It's important to place the issues expressed by Ryan and Ford (2010) in historical perspective. Although they acknowledge some earlier expressions of concern, especially with respect to professional training (Naylor, 1971), I think it's fair to characterize the overall tenor of their essay as one of sounding the alarm: a new and unique impending identity crisis. However, as previously noted, “industrial-organizational psychology seems to be subject to recurring identity threats” (Lefkowitz, 2005, p. 18).
Subspace fluid re-simulation

We present a new subspace integration method that is capable of efficiently adding and subtracting dynamics from an existing high-resolution fluid simulation. We show how to analyze the results of an existing high-resolution simulation, discover an efficient reduced approximation, and use it to quickly "re-simulate" novel variations of the original dynamics. Prior subspace methods have had difficulty re-simulating the original input dynamics because they lack efficient means of handling semi-Lagrangian advection methods. We show that multi-dimensional cubature schemes can be applied to this and other advection methods, such as MacCormack advection. The remaining pressure and diffusion stages can be written as a single matrix-vector multiply, so as with previous subspace methods, no matrix inversion is needed at runtime. We additionally propose a novel importance sampling-based fitting algorithm that asymptotically accelerates the precomputation stage, and show that the Iterated Orthogonal Projection method can be used to elegantly incorporate moving internal boundaries into a subspace simulation. In addition to efficiently producing variations of the original input, our method can produce novel, abstract fluid motions that we have not seen from any other solver.
A novel Doppler-tolerant polyphase codes for pulse compression based on hyperbolic frequency modulation

The conventional polyphase pulse compression codes including Frank code, P1, P2, P3, and P4 code suffer severe signal loss in performance under Doppler environment. This paper proposed a new polyphase pulse compression codes which are conceptually derived from the step approximation of the phase curve of the hyperbolic frequency modulated chirp signal. Comparing with the above conventional codes and the sidelobe-optimized polyphase P(n,k) code, the peak value of this new polyphase codes degrades much slower and the range solution as well as maximum sidelobe level are almost constant when Doppler frequency increases. The main disadvantage of this polyphase code is the relatively high sidelobe level without Doppler effect, which can be addressed by applying the proper window function. The desired Doppler-tolerant property of this new polyphase codes is very attractive for radars employing digital signal processing.
Cobalt Carbonyl Nitrosyl Complexes: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations

Reactions of laser-ablated cobalt atoms with CO and NO mixtures in excess argon during condensation at 7 K generate a series of unsaturated cobalt carbonyl nitrosyls including Co(CO)(NO), Co(CO)[NO], OCo(NCO), CO(CO)2(NO), Co(CO)2[NO], and Co(CO)(NO)2, and the saturated Co(CO)3(NO) molecule. The observed infrared bands of reaction products are identified by isotopic substitution, isotopic ratios, and isotopic distributions (13CO, 15NO, 15N18O, and mixtures). DFT/BPW91 vibrational fundamental calculations reproduced the observed frequencies and isotopic shifts very well. The isocyanate OCo(NCO) is formed from the side-bonded Co[NO] reaction with CO, which is relevant to catalytic reduction processes.
Pipe-routing algorithm development: case study of a ship engine room design

Abstract This study presents an automatic pipe-routing algorithm accommodating all major detail-design facets. First, the algorithm uses pattern-match methods to provide candidate paths. A cell-generation method is developed which satisfies geometric constraints. This makes the generation and evaluation of paths effective and efficient. Next, various non-geometric aspects, such as material costs, installation costs, and valve operability, are assessed from a fiscal point of view. Then, from a tree of combinations, the algorithm chooses an appropriate path for each pipeline from the candidate paths. Finally, a general approach toward detail design automation is suggested. The software implementation was done with Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and Access 2000, Heide Corporation Intent! for AutoCAD 2000, and AutoDesk AutoCAD 2000.
Comparison of Waist Circumference Versus Body Mass Index in Diagnosing Metabolic Syndrome and Identifying Apparently Healthy Subjects at Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

The goal of this study was to compare the impact of differences in waist circumference (WC) defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and body mass index (BMI) on cardiovascular disease risk factors in 402 apparently healthy volunteers of European ancestry. Consequently, measurements were made of the WC, BMI, blood pressure, glucose, and lipid components of metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Subjects were divided according to WC (IDF and ATP III criteria) and by normal weight, overweight, or obesity using BMI, and comparisons were made of the effect of these different indexes of adiposity on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The results indicated that WC and BMI significantly correlated (p <0.001) and were associated with differences in insulin-mediated glucose uptake to a similar degree in men (r = 0.57 and r = 0.59) and women (r = 0.53 and r = 0.52). Prevalences of MS were essentially identical irrespective of the measure of WC used (ATP III vs IDF), as were metabolic characteristics of those classified using IDF or ATP III criteria. Cardiovascular disease risk factor status did not vary substantially when subjects were divided on the basis of WC or BMI. In conclusion, prevalences of MS or cardiovascular disease risk factors did not vary as a function of differences in IDF and ATP III criteria for WC. BMI identified individuals at increased cardiovascular disease risk as effectively as determination of WC.
Wavelet-Based Model for Stochastic Analysis of Beam Structures

A wavelet-based model for stochastic analysis of beam structures is presented. In this model, the random processes representing the stochastic material and geometric properties are treated as stationary Gaussian processes with specified mean and correlation functions. Using the Karhunen-Loeve expansion, the process is represented as a linear sum of orthonormal eigenfunctions with uncorrelated random coefficients. The correlation and the eigenfunctions are approximated as truncated linear sums of compactly supported orthogonal wavelets, and the integral eigenvalue problem is converted to a finite dimensional eigenvalue problem. The energy-principle-based finite element approach is used to obtain the equilibrium and boundary conditions. Neumann expansion of the stiffness matrix is used to write the nodal displacement vector in terms of random coefficients. The expectation operator is applied to the nodal displacements and their squares to obtain the mean and standard deviation of the displacements. Studies show that the results obtained using this method compare well with Monte Carlo and semianalytical techniques.
Elimination of Salmonellae from Inoculated Filler Flats

Abstract THE use of reclaimed egg casing material is quite common in the egg products industry. In some plants eggs are brought to the grading plant in used cases, and then the graded eggs are shipped in new material. Eggleton and Carpenter (1961) discussed economic factors associated with continued reuse of egg cases. They did not discuss possible economic losses due to transportation of disease producing microorganisms through used cases. Organisms belonging to the genus Salmonella have been reported on shell eggs (Board et al., 1963; Harvey et al., 1963). It is evident that these organisms might also be found on used filler flats contaminated from the infected shell eggs. Since the eggs come into closer contact with the filler flats than with the egg cases, a method to assure salmonellae free filler flats was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The organisms used in the first test included Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Salmonella…
International Expert Organizations and Policy Adoption: The World Bank and Microfinance in the 1990s

Microfinance as a development policy tool has enjoyed an increasing popularity in the last few years. The United Nations declared 2005 as the international year of microcredit. Since Muhammad Yunus and his Grameen Bank shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, microfinance is once more under the spotlight. The prominence of development programs is mainly promoted by powerful international organizations like the World Bank. This article examines the World Bank's World Development Reports over time to demonstrate how the Bank became interested in, interpreted, and framed microfinance in accordance with its general background assumptions on poverty and development. The neoliberal interpretation by the Bank in the 1990s of notions such as social capital and gender is crucial for understanding its adoption of microfinance.
Safety considerations in treating concomitant diseases in patients with asthma.

The treatment for asthma usually involves a combination of drugs used for bronchodilation and to treat underlying airway inflammation. When asthma is severe, the regimen used to treat asthma can become quite complicated, often using as many as 3 or 4 separate pharmacological agents. As patients with asthma get older, their medication regimen can become even more complex with the development of numerous other age-related diseases requiring their own list of medications. Diseases of the joints, diseases of the eye, cardiovascular disease, neurological disease and urological problems represent the most common conditions that patients develop, at times needing medications which might interfere with asthma management. Many of these diseases require the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, well known to provoke wheezing in patients with intrinsic asthma, and diseases of the eye and cardiovascular system frequently require use of β-blockers which can cause or exacerbate asthma. Managing patients with asthma who have other diseases requires constant supervision of their medication usage and careful and cautious review of the entire list of medications at each presentation.
Physiological assessment of renal artery stenosis: comparisons of resting with hyperemic renal pressure measurements.

OBJECTIVES We compared resting and hyperemic pressure gradients induced by intrarenal papaverine for the assessment of renal artery stenosis (RAS). We also investigated the incidence of the QT interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. BACKGROUND In the coronary circulation, maximal hyperemia is essential in determining the significance of a stenosis. In the renal circulation, the role of maximal hyperemia for the assessment of RAS has not been established. METHODS In 55 patients with RAS (67 RAS), resting P(d)/P(a) ratio (the ratio between distal renal pressure to the aortic pressure), renal fractional flow reserve (FFR), and resting and hyperemic systolic gradients (RSG and HSG, respectively) were measured with a pressure guidewire. In a subset of 16 patients, renal vein renin activity (RVRA) was measured. RESULTS HSG was significantly greater than RSG (20 ± 14 mm Hg vs. 9.0 ± 13 mm Hg, respectively; P < 0.001). Renal FFR was significantly lower than baseline P(d)/P(a) ratio (0.91 ± 0.06 vs. 0.94 ± 0.06 vs. respectively; P < 0.001). RVRA increased from 50 ± 66% at rest to 122 ± 112% at hyperemia, P < 0.01. At HSG of 21 mm Hg or renal FFR of 0.90, RVRA increased markedly (120%), but RVRA increased modestly (18%) when RSG was 16 mm Hg or resting P(d)/P(a) ratio was 0.93. The corrected QT intervals at baseline vs. hyperemia were not significantly different (433 ± 26 vs. 436 ± 25 msec, respectively; P = NS); no episodes of ventricular arrhythmias were noted. CONCLUSIONS Renin production, an index of renal ischemia, was markedly greater at hyperemia than at rest, suggesting that RAS, with either an HSG of 21 mm Hg or a renal FFR of 0.90, can be considered a hemodynamically significant stenosis. Intrarenal papaverine neither prolonged the QT interval nor induced ventricular arrhythmias and the safety of which will need to be corroborated in a large study. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of nitrogen level on the performance of Antirrhinum cultivars grown in greenhouse conditions

The effects of nitrogen level on characters relating to the performance of four early and three late flowering cultivars of Antirrhinum majus were assessed. Biometrical techniques were used to distinguish the effects of nitrogen from those due to sowing time and to varietal differences. The usefulness of these techniques to the breeder and to the grower are outlined.
Intracellular H+ buffering power and its dependency on intracellular pH.

Intracellular H + buffering power and its dependency on intracellular pH. Intracellular hydrogen ion (H + ) buffering power, conventionally defined as the amount of acid or base that would have to be introduced into the cell cytosol to decrease or increase ipH by one pH unit, is generally said to increase as intracellular pH (ipH) decreases. This implies that the cell has a lesser capability to resist acute acid or base perturbations at its steady state ipH than at any lower ipH. We re-examined this notion, reasoning that the logarithmic nature of the pH unit could limit the validity of the conventional expression of buffering power in imparting physiologic insight into the mechanisms of cellular H + homeostasis. The mathematical derivation of the formula, Δ i [NH 4 + ]/Δ i pH, conventionally used to estimate buffering power using the NH 4 C1 technique, revealed that this parameter is, by design, inversely proportional to the exponential of ipH. This a priori dependence on pH dictates an increase in buffering power with decreasing ipH, and thereby interferes with the assessment of the physiologic capability of the intracellular milieu to buffer protons at different ipH levels. To circumvent this problem, buffering power was defined as the amount of hydrogen ions that would have to be added to or removed from the cell to effect a change in the concentration of H + in the cell cytosol of 1mM (a term heretofore referred to as the cell H + buffering coefficient). The mathematical derivation of the formula used to calculate the cell H + buffering coefficient, Δ i [NH 4 + ]/Δ i [H] i , does not suffer from an a priori dependence on ipH. Using this approach we found that in rat thymocytes suspended in a HCO 3 /CO 2 solution, the total cell buffering coefficient decreased as ipH was lowered from 7.3 to 6.6. The decrease in total cell buffering coefficient was associated with a decrease in the buffering power of buffers other than CO 2 /HCO 3 (that is, the intrinsic buffering coefficient), therefore unravelling a pattern of dependence on ipH that is the opposite of that portrayed by the conventional expression of the buffering power. The component of intracellular buffering contributed solely by the HCO 3 /CO 2 system also decreased with decreasing ipH as expected in an open buffer system. We, thus, conclude that the intrinsic cell H + buffering power, estimated from the use of the cell buffering coefficient, decreases as ipH is reduced from 7.3 to 6.6 whereas it increases when estimated by the conventional approach. The coefficient of cell H + buffering, unlike the traditional buffering power, provides insight into the physiologic ipH dependency of the cell's capability to resist acute acid or base perturbations.
Demographic and referral analysis of a free chiropractic clinic servicing ethnic minorities in the Buffalo, NY area.

Abstract Objective The overall purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of patients presenting to a free clinic in an ethnic poor neighborhood and how they came to find out about this clinic. The objective of this study was to collect and analyze the demographic and referral information of a free clinic. Methods Information was collected on patient age, race, sex, chief complaint, comorbidities, stages of care, zip code distribution, and referral source. The information collected was processed via Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, Wash) and compared with other studies in the literature. Results The patient population (n = 256) was 65% (167) female and 35% (89) male. The race of most of the patients was African American (63%, 161). Lumbopelvic complaints were most common (57%, 147), followed by the neck (18%, 45) and thoracic complaints (7%, 17). Most conditions were chronic in nature (68%, 174), and most patients came from Buffalo zip codes (88%, 225) and/or were in poverty (78%, 199). Referrals were from patients (27%, 69), walk-ins (25%, 65), or the result of multiple marketing efforts (34%, 98). Discussion The low back/extremity chief complaints, number of female patients, and number of walk-ins to this free clinic were higher than expected when compared with other studies. Conclusion Most of the patient population seen at the Lighthouse Free Chiropractic Clinic was African American, female, from Buffalo, in poverty, and had lumbopelvic and/or chronic chief complaints. The largest number of referrals was from patients or walk-ins.
General methods of sequence comparison

Mathematical methods for comparison of nucleic acid sequences are reviewed. There are two major methods of sequence comparison: dynamic programming and a method referred to here as the regions method. The problem types discussed are comparison of two sequences, location of long matching segments, efficient database searches and comparison of several sequences.
Vegetation and soil profiles in some solifluction and mound areas in Alaska.

During the summer of 1949 while investigating grasslands and other types of vegetation in Alaska, opportunities became available to compare a number of solifluction and non-solifluction areas. The main areas studied (see map, fig. 1) were located on Eagle Summit (station E) on the Steese Highway between Fairbanks and Circle Hot Springs, in Mount McKinley National Park (station M), near Healy (station H), in the Craigie Creek Valley (station C) in the Talkeetna Mountains, and in the vicinity of Kotzebue (station K). Solifluction is widespread in the mountains in various parts of Alaska (Cairnes '12, Capps '13, '40, Eakin '16, Leffingwell '15, '19, Mertie '17, Sharp '42, Smith '10, '17, Taber '43), but little information is available concerning the vegetation of solifluction areas. The purpose of the present paper is to point out some relationships between the vegetation, the soil profile, and solifluction in Alaska. The term "solifluction" was proposed by Andersson ('06) for the slow flowing from higher to lower elevations upon frozen ground ("tjdle") of masses of soil material saturated with water. Salomon-
Knowledge Nomads: Organizational Commitment and Worker Mobility in Positive Perspective

The authors propose a new Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) perspective on the relationship between organizational commitment and worker mobility. Theories have long presumed that worker mo...
High-throughput DNA synthesis in a multichannel format

We describe an approach to high-throughput parallel DNA synthesis in which a multiwell format is used. The reactions are carried out in open wells using an argon ambient atmosphere to prevent reagent contamination. The controlled-pore glass beads which form the substrate for synthesis are held in individual wells with high-density polyethylene filter bottoms through which reagents are drawn into a vacuum manifold. The synthesis is carried out using direct reagent dispensing into the individual reaction wells. A computer controls the sequence in which reagents are dispensed and the timing of the periodic vacuum pulses required to synthesize the desired sequence. Experiments to date have demonstrated the viability of the approach for a variety of test sequences. Results obtained with HPLC analysis demonstrate coupling efficiencies as high as 99.5% under optimized conditions. Use of the oligomers for DNA sequencing templates and as PCR primers has been demonstrated in production applications. The current instrument design consists of a series of discrete reaction chambers in a 12 channel module which can be multiplexed in a 12 x n format where n can be 1-8, i.e. 96 wells. A projected time interval for 12 parallel syntheses is 2.5 h, with 96 syntheses in 3.5 h. Because of the reduced volume of reagents required in the open well format, significant cost savings are projected.
Prospective spatial prediction of infectious disease: experience of New York State (USA) with West Nile Virus and proposed directions for improved surveillance

Infectious disease surveillance has become an international top priority due to the perceived risk of bioterrorism. This is driving the improvement of real-time geo-spatial surveillance systems for monitoring disease indicators, which is expected to have many benefits beyond detecting a bioterror event. West Nile Virus surveillance in New York State (USA) is highlighted as a working system that uses dead American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) to prospectively indicate viral activity prior to human onset. A cross-disciplinary review is then presented to argue that this system, and infectious disease surveillance in general, can be improved by complementing spatial cluster detection of an outcome variable with predictive “risk mapping” that incorporates spatiotemporal data on the environment, climate and human population through the flexible class of generalized linear mixed models.
Mechanism of the intramolecular 1H nuclear Overhauser effect in peptides and depsipeptides.

Abstract 1 H NMR double resonance studies of valinomycin in (CD 3 ) 2 SO were conducted at 90 MHz (FT-mode) and 250 MHz (correlation mode) to determine the mechanism of intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE). These studies set specific constraints on any model for the conformation of valinomycin in (CD 3 ) 2 SO and illustrate that NOE experiments of this type hold considerable promise for conformational studies of peptides, proteins and other biomolecules. The NOE's are positive at the lower frequency and negative at the higher frequency. Consideration of the theoretical dependence of the NOE on the proton-proton internuclear correlation time and on the resonance frequency indicates that these results are explained by a predominantly dipolar relaxation mechanism.
Abstract B12: Complete characterization of the “microRNAome” of a human acute myeloid leukemia

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Most current studies utilize array-based or quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approaches to measure miRNA expression. However, these approaches do not interrogate all known (or predicted) miRNAs and are unable to detect mutations in miRNAs. Herein, we use next-generation sequencing approaches to comprehensively assess miRNA expression, to identify genetic variants of all miRNA genes and miRNA binding sites in a patient with AML. Methods: This patient (AML1) was a female in her 50s. Routine cytogenetics revealed a normal 46 XX karyotype, and highresolution comparative genomic hybridization studies revealed no somatic copy number alterations at a resolution of ~5kb. We previously reported the sequence of genic regions in the cancer genome of this patient (Nature 456:66, 2008). Massively parallel sequencing of small RNAs isolated from the myeloblasts of AML1 was performed using the ABI SOLiD sequencing platform. Pooled RNA isolated from CD34+ bone marrow cells of 4 healthy volunteers (CD34) was used as control. To detect genetic variants of miRNA genes, we used 454-based sequencing of all 695 miRNA genes in the Sanger miR database (version 12.0). Finally, we analyzed the previously generated whole genome sequence for AML1 for genetic variants in the 39-untranslated regions (39-UTR) of all coding genes. Results: 28×10 and 20×10 small RNA sequence reads were obtained from AML1 and CD34 respectively. 8 novel miRNAs were identified from sequences that mapped to unannotated regions of human genome. Expression of 498 known miRNAs was detected with miR-233 being the most highly expressed miRNA in both AML1 and CD34; remarkably, it represented 47.3% of all miRNA reads in AML1. MiRNA gene sequencing of AML1 leukemic blast identified several single nucleotide variants. The whole genome sequence of AML1 skin DNA was used to differentiate germline polymorphism (SNPs) from somatic mutations. 13 novel SNPs and no somatic mutation were detected. Analysis of the 39UTR of all coding genes in leukemic blasts and skin of AML1 revealed a single somatic mutation in the 39-UTR of TNFAIP2. This mutation results in suppression of TNFAIP2 protein expression in a miRNA dependent fashion possibly by creating a new miRNA binding site. However, no recurrent mutations in the 39-UTR of TNFAIP2 were detected in an additional 180 patients with AML. Conclusions: These data demonstrate the feasibility of ‘next generation’ sequencing technologies to identify novel miRNAs, accurately measure mature miRNA expression, and identify both somatic and germline genetic variants of miRNA genes and miRNA binding sites in primary cancer. Using this platform, studies are underway to comprehensively characterize miRNAs in additional human AML samples. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):B12.
Effects of Haptic Data compression on user performance in Collaborative Haptic Virtual Environment

This paper presents an experimental study on the effects of haptic data compression on user performance in a Collaborative Haptic Virtual Environment (CHVE) using a Fitts' type task. Several compression methods have been implemented, including Position-Based Haptic Data (PBHD) and Position-Force Haptic Data (PFHD), and the Perception Deadband (PD). In this paper, we have also proposed and investigated a velocity-based Position Extrapolation (PE) method to improve the Perception Deadband technique. We have designed and developed a virtual Fitts' type task for this study. Experiments have been conducted using this task to objectively measure user performance in the CHVE, when the compression methods have been applied to the haptic data. Although, our focus has mostly been on the effects of the compression methods on user performance, associate user perception ratings have also been reported in this paper. Results show that subjects did higher errors when PBHD model were in use, compared to PFDB. In addition, the results show that applying PE method improved the subjects' perception rating with a small increase in the task error.
The Body Divine: Tantric Śaivite Ritual Practices in the Svacchandatantra and Its Commentary

This work examines ritual, cosmology, and divinization as articulated in select passages of the Svacchandatantra and its commentary by the late tenth century non-dual theologian, Kṣemarāja. Both the Svacchandatantra and its commentary prescribe the worship of the deity Svacchandabhairava, a form of Śiva, and his consort Aghoreśvarī. Drawing on Gavin Flood’s notion of entextualization, I examine how the rituals described seek to inscribe the corporeal body so that the practitioner is made part of the larger Tantric body and tradition. This present study serves to illustrate the formulation of a Tantric body in the rituals prescribed in the Svacchandatantra and commentary and to extend the theory of entextualization to include the ritual environment. I argue that a Tantric Śaivite religious identity is formulated through rituals which seek to create linkages between the cosmos, the body, and by extension, the ritual environment.
Intellectual disability and bariatric surgery: a case study on optimization and outcome.

The 2008 AACE/ASMBS/TOS guidelines for bariatric surgery identify a lack of comprehension of risks, benefits, expected outcomes, alternatives, and lifestyle changes required with bariatric surgery as a contraindication [1] and the updated 2013 guidelines focus on the need for informed consent [2]. Such contraindications were also noted, in part, by the National Institutes of Health consensus statement on weight loss surgery 420 years ago stating that candidates should be “well-informed and motivated” [3]. Given that those with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities may have difficulty achieving these goals, many programs do not consider such patients surgical candidates. In a survey of present practices, 81.6% of programs consider severe intellectual disability (Intelligence Quotient [IQ] o 50) to be a definite contraindication and 13.6% consider it a possible contraindication [4]. Mild to moderate disability (IQ between 70 and 50) is considered a definite contraindication by 45.7% of programs and a possible contraindication for an additional 46.9% or respondents. Only 6.2% of bariatric surgery centers do not think of this level of disability as any type of contraindication [4]. In contrast, individuals with intellectual disabilities are more likely to be obese than control populations and more likely to have related co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and osteoarthritis [5]. Thus, a subset of individuals who may be of greater need of weight loss surgery may also be less likely to receive it.
A cross-national study of the association between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and exports to the United States

Abstract This research uses panel data (1989–2003) to examine the relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and exports for 169 countries. Fixed effects regression results indicated that within country worldwide exports and United States exports are positively related to per capita carbon dioxide emissions. However, when both exports to the world and to the U.S. are examined simultaneously, only exports to the U.S. are related to carbon dioxide emissions. Additional analysis suggests that not all exports to the U.S. are responsible for the carbon-exports relationship. Specifically, the association between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and exports to the U.S. is largely the result of the oil and gas, petroleum and coal products, chemicals, and re-import industries. The data suggest consumption practices in the U.S. are partially responsible for elevated per capita carbon dioxide emissions in other nations, and that carbon dioxide trends in other nations are in part driven by U.S. demands for goods. These results also indicate that inefficient production methods among countries that export products to the United States may signal a problematic trend in global carbon dioxide emissions.
The Crédit Mobilier Scandal and the Supreme Court: Corporate Power, Corporate Person, and Government Control in the Mid-nineteenth Century

In 1867, Francis Train, a powerful director of the Union Pacific Railroad, devised a surefire way to make some money. Train established a trust company, Credit Mobilier of America, which was completely owned by a small group of directors of the Union Pacific. The group soon became known as the Pacific Railroad Ring. Because they controlled the board of directors of the Union Pacific, the ring was able to award building contracts to Credit Mobilier, giving wildly favorable terms and paying exorbitant prices for the work. They used this scheme to siphon money out of the Union Pacific and into the coffers of their own company. In actuality, the primary function of the Credit Mobilier Company was to shift money—money that came from the U.S. Treasury and the pockets of the Union Pacific's minor shareholders. As railroad reformer Charles Frances Adams Jr. put it, “They receive money into one hand as a corporation, and pay it out into the other as a contractor.” The profit they kept for themselves.1
Examining the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide in an inpatient veteran sample.

Suicide among veterans is a pressing public health concern. The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide proposes that perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness lead to suicidal desire, whereas the acquired capability for suicide leads to suicide attempt in the presence of suicidal desire (Joiner, 2005). Two hypotheses derived from the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide were tested in 185 veterans (96 women) entering inpatient psychiatric treatment. Burdensomeness and its interaction with belongingness significantly predicted current suicidal ideation. The three-way interaction between burdensomeness, belongingness, and acquired capability did not significantly predict number of past suicide attempts. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. Language: en
Altering the time cycle of heat treatment by controlling grain boundary and subboundary structure

The spectrum of grain and subgrain boundary structures in the matrix phase can frequently be changed by processes such as texturing and polygonization. These changes can markedly alter the morphology, kinetics of nucleation and/or growth and even the identity of the precipitate formed during subsequent heat treatment. The numerous effects of grain and subgrain boundary structure upon precipitation processes are summarized and discussed. When the boundary structure is of the dislocation type many of the noncrystallographic effects are qualitatively explicable in terms of Cahn’s theory of nucleation at isolated dislocations or by simple extensions of this theory; but a more detailed study of the strain energy interactions between a plate-like nucleus and a dislocation boundary is needed for a quantitative understanding of these effects. Some anomalies which are presently unexplained are noted. At general high-angle grain boundaries, on the other hand, the effects of boundary structure are simpler and better understood. Grain boundary allotriomorphs are normally the only morphology present. A question remains about the detailed mechanism of nucleation, but the relative roles of volume diffusion directly to allotriomorphs and of volume diffusion aided by interfacial diffusion in the growth kinetics of allotriomorphs are becoming increasingly well established.