cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: From Evolution to Epidemiology

For most of human history, the environmental demands of survival necessitated prodigious amounts of physical exertion. The avoidance of predators, hunting, gathering, and the literal "chopping wood and carrying water" of daily existence provided a wholesome dose of physical activity that obviated the need for deliberate exercise. Nevertheless, 21st century humans are now immersed within an environment explicitly designed to eliminate physical labor. Over the past century and especially the past 50 years, an accrual of epidemiological evidence has established that the unintended consequence of humankind's predilection for labor-saving contrivances is an epidemic of hypokinetically induced cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality. This review surveys data from observational studies supporting the premise that physical activity, exercise training, and improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness are essential elements in the prevention and treatment of the cardiovascular diseases induced by an environment in which survival no longer obligates physical exertion.
Imprecise testing and endogenous limits to bonds

Abstract When testing is imprecise, given heterogenous labor and shirking, bonding can be costly because non-shirkers are discharged (Type II error). Thus firms must pay higher wages to compensate for this possibility. In this case, an inefficient allocation of labor results.
Stabilization of prolactin receptor in breast cancer cells

The role of the hormone prolactin (PRL) in the pathogenesis of breast cancer is mediated by its cognate receptor (PRLr). Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the PRLr that negatively regulates PRL signaling is triggered by PRL-mediated phosphorylation of PRLr on Ser349 followed by the recruitment of the beta-transducin repeats-containing protein (β-TrCP) ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase. We report here for the first time that interaction between PRLr and β-TrCP is less efficient in human breast cancer cells than in non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both PRLr degradation and PRLr phosphorylation on Ser349 are impaired in breast tumor cells and tissues, an observation that directly correlates with enhanced expression of the PRLr in malignant breast epithelium. These findings represent a novel mechanism through which altered PRLr stability may directly influence the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
The role of routine immunohistochemistry for Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Documenting the presence of H pylori in a gastric biopsy is essential for appropriate patient care. Several special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain for H pylori are available, and many laboratories are routinely using one of them. We introduced routine IHC for H pylori about a year ago, and this study aims to investigate the value of this protocol. A total of 224 patients qualified for the study criteria during this period. The diagnoses were chronic active gastritis (68), chronic gastritis (76), no pathologic abnormality (50), reactive gastropathy (24), and polyps (6). Fifty-four cases were positive for H pylori on IHC, including 50 chronic active gastritis and 4 chronic gastritis. The IHC positive rate was 73.5% (50/68) in chronic active gastritis, 5.3% (4/76) in chronic gastritis, and 0% (0/80) in other diagnoses. The sensitivity/specificity of finding H pylori by blindly reviewing hematoxylin and eosin slides was 100%/100%, 100%/100%, 95%/100%, and 100%/100% from the 4 authors. Our results showed that many gastric biopsies (35.7%, 80/224) had no pathologic abnormality or reactive gastropathy and did not need a routine IHC for H pylori. Hematoxylin and eosin slide review had a very good sensitivity and specificity with all levels of observers. In summary, IHC for H pylori should not be routinely used, especially during these economically challenging times. Immunohistochemistry should be reserved for unexplained gastritis and previously treated patients with likely low organism density.
Mapping studies and modified templates in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.

This Viewpoint discusses the concept of retroperitoneal surgical templates for lymph node dissection in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. The author evaluates the benefits and limitations of this approach and argues that the use of modified templates could increase the risk of unresected disease, leading to relapse, repeat surgery, and inferior survival.
Did Deepwater Horizon Hydrocarbons Transit to the West Florida Continental Shelf

Abstract Hydrocarbons that originated from Deepwater Horizon were observed at the surface along west Florida’s northern coastline in June 2010. The farthest eastward advance nearly to Cape San Blas occurred during the last week of June before the surface oil retreated back westward and dissipated. Surface oil was not observed on the portion of the West Florida Continental Shelf (WFS) situated to the southeast of Cape San Blas. Nevertheless, there were numerous anecdotal occurrences of reef fish caught on the WFS with lesions and other deformities. Subsequent systematic sampling of WFS reef fish provided additional evidence for damage that extended as far south as the Dry Tortugas. Here we examine the possibility that hydrocarbons of Deepwater Horizon origin transited to the WFS beneath the surface. We use a numerical circulation model simulation run for the entirety of 2010 and quantitatively gauged against in situ observations. A passive tracer is introduced into the model to mimic the movement of subsurface hydrocarbons, either dissolved or of sufficiently small particle size to effectively be dissolved. The tracer, driven primarily by an anomalously strong and persistent upwelling circulation, eventually covered most of the WFS. Using reasonable estimates of what the initial tracer concentration may have been with respect to hydrocarbons, we conclude that the transport of subsurface hydrocarbons to the WFS is both plausible and consistent with the observed distribution of fish lesions, fish liver chemistry and other chemical and ecological evidence.
The Induction of Cytochrome P4502E1 by Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Heterocycles: Expression and Molecular Regulation

Abstract Several structurally related sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles including thiazole, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, thiophene, and triazole, which are present in tobacco, tobacco smoke, and certain foods, have been employed with the goal of characterizing the effects of these agents on the inhibition and expression of P4502E1 in hepatic tissue and on the molecular level regulatory events governing enhanced expression. The results of this study reveal that whereas the binding constants of these compounds to 2E1 moderately correlated with the percentage inhibition of metabolic activity in vitro (r = 0.66), neither inhibition of metabolic activity nor binding to P4502E1 correlated with relative induction of P4502E1 levels (r = 0.07 and 0.03, respectively). Thiazole, which produced the greatest inhibition of metabolic activity (88%) and exhibited the highest binding affinity for P4502E1 (35 μM), induced P4502E1 ∼fourfold. In contrast, pyrazine and pyridazine, which only marginally inhibited metabolic activity (54 and 41%, respectively), and weakly bound 2E1 (73 and 384 μM, respectively), increased P4502E1 levels ∼four- and fivefold, respectively. A common feature associated with these inducers, however, was the substantial decrease in hepatic P4502E1 poly(A)+ RNA levels in treated animals relative to untreated animals. Slot and Northern blot hybridization analyses revealed an ∼80% decrease in P4502E1 poly(A)+ RNA levels at 48 hr following treatment of rats with thiazole, and at 24 hr following treatment of animals with either pyrazine or pyridazine, relative to controls. P4502EI poly(A)+ RNA levels appeared to increase gradually, returning to levels which approximated 60% of the P4502E1 poly(A)+ RNA levels present in untreated animals at 48 and 72 hr following treatment with pyrazine or pyridazine, respectively. The results of these experiments show that thiazole, pyrazine, and pyridazine induce P4502E1 in rats, that the induction of 2E1 is associated with a concomitant decrease in 2E1 poly(A)+ RNA levels, and that these agents differentially affect the expression of P4502E1.
Growth and morphological characteristics of a species of Flexibacter.

1. An organism belonging to the genus Flexibacter (Soriano emend. Lewin) has been isolated from soil and designated FS-1. 2. Flexibacter FS-1 is a Gram negative flexuous, gliding, multinucleate filament 0.7 μm in diameter. The moles per cent guanine plus cystosine is 48.7%. The organism possesses orange carotenoid-like pigments but no photosynthetic pigments. 3. The length of the cells was shown to be a function of the growth temperature and composition of the medium, and can range from 10–400 μm long. Cross-walls are rarely seen along the length of the long filaments. The filamentous cells fragment extensively when the culture enters the stationary phase of growth. 4. Starch, protein, peptides, or a limited variety of mono-and disaccharides can serve as the sole source of carbon and energy when the cells are grown at 25°C or 30° C. However, cells grown at 35° C on a glucose+salts medium require a supplement of yeast extract. Single amino acids or mixtures of such can provide nitrogen but cannot replace the carbon and energy sources. None of the carboxylic acids tested supported growth.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Induces Caspase-cleaved Tau Aggregation in Situ

Tau is a substrate of caspases, and caspase-cleaved tau has been detected in Alzheimer's disease brain but not in control brain. Furthermore, in vitro studies have revealed that caspase-cleaved tau is more fibrillogenic than full-length tau. Considering these previous findings, the purpose of this study was to determine how the caspase cleavage of tau affected tau function and aggregation in a cell model system. The effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a well established tau kinase, on these processes also were examined. Tau or tau that had been truncated at Asp-421 to mimic caspase cleavage (Tau-D421) was transfected into cells with or without GSK3β, and phosphorylation, microtubule binding, and tau aggregation were examined. Tau-D421 was not as efficiently phosphorylated by GSK3β as full-length tau. Tau-D421 efficiently bound microtubules, and in contrast to the full-length tau, co-expression with GSK3β did not result in a reduction in the ability of Tau-D421 to bind microtubules. In the absence of GSK3β, neither Tau-D421 nor full-length tau formed Sarkosyl-insoluble inclusions. However, in the presence of GSK3β, Tau-D421, but not full-length tau, was present in the Sarkosyl-insoluble fraction and formed thioflavin-S-positive inclusions in the cell. Nonetheless, co-expression of GSK3β and Tau-D421 did not result in an enhancement of cell death. These data suggest that a combination of phosphorylation events and caspase activation contribute to the tau oligomerization process in Alzheimer's disease, with GSK3β-mediated tau phosphorylation preceding caspase cleavage.
On the unique satisfiability problem

UNIQUE SAT is the problem of deciding whether a given Boolean formula has exactly one satisfying truth assignment. This problem is a typical (moreover complete) representative of a natural class of problems about unique solutions. All these problems belong to the class DIFe= {L1--L2:L1,Lz~NP} studied by Papadimitriou and Yannakakis. We consider the relationship between these two classes, particularly whether UNIQUE SAT is DIFe-complete: It is if NP = co- NP. We construct an oracle relative to which UNIQUE SAT is not complete for DIF ~, and another oracle relative to which UNIQUE SAT is complete for DIF e, whereas NP v ~ co - NP.
Electrophoretic Analysis of N-Glycans on Microfluidic Devices

We report rapid and efficient electrophoretic separations of N-glycans on microfluidic devices. Using a separation length of 22 cm and an electric field strength of 750 V/cm, analysis times were less than 3 min, and separation efficiencies were between 400 000 and 655 000 plates for the N-glycans and up to 960 000 plates for other sample components. These high efficiencies were necessary to separate N-glycan positional isomers derived from ribonuclease B and linkage isomers from asialofetuin. Structural isomers of N-glycans derived from a blood serum sample of a cancer patient were also analyzed to demonstrate that clinically relevant, complex samples could be separated on-chip with efficiencies similar to those derived from model glycoproteins. In addition, we compared microchip and capillary electrophoresis under similar separation conditions, and the microchips performed as well as the capillaries. These results confirmed that the noncircular cross section of the microchannel did not hamper separation ...
Hydrodynamic analysis and simulation of a flow cell ammonia electrolyzer

Abstract The hydrodynamic analysis and simulation of a non-ideal single pass flow cell alkaline ammonia electrolyzer was performed after the scale-up of a well-characterized deposited polycrystalline Pt on Ni anode. The hydrodynamic analysis was performed using the residence time distribution (RTD) test. The results of the hydrodynamic investigation provide additional insights for the kinetic analysis of the ammonia electrooxidation reaction on polycrystalline Pt electrocatalysts -which are typically obtained under controlled flow regime, e.g., rotating disk electrode- by including the flow non-uniformity present in the electrolyzer. Based on the RTD function, the ammonia electrolyzer performance was simulated as a non-steady stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and the unknown kinetic parameters were obtained by fitting the simulation results with an experimental current profile, obtaining an adequate prediction of the ammonia conversion. This simplified approach for the simulation of the ammonia electrolyzer could be implemented in process simulation packages and could be used for the design and scale-up of the process for hydrogen production and wastewater remediation.
Quantitative real-time PCR as a screening tool for estimating transgene copy number in WHISKERS™-derived transgenic maize

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was adapted to estimate transgene copy number in transgenic maize callus and plants. WHISKERS™-derived transgenic callus lines and plants were generated using two different gene constructs. These transgenic materials represented a range of copy number. A 'standard curve' was established by mixing plasmid DNA with non-transgenic genomic maize DNA using a calculated ratio of target gene to host genome size. 'Estimated' copy number in the callus lines and plants using qRT-PCR was correlated with the 'actual' copy number based on Southern blot analysis. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between the two methods with both gene constructs. Thus, qRT-PCR represents an efficient means of estimating copy number in transgenic maize.
Spectroscopic Evidence for Reaction of Prostaglandin H Synthase-1 Tyrosyl Radical with Arachidonic Acid

The coupling between the peroxidase and cyclooxygenase activities of prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) has been proposed to be mediated by a critical tyrosyl radical through a branched chain mechanism (Dietz, R., Nastainczyk, W., and Ruf, H. H. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem. 171, 321-328). In this study, we have examined the ability of PGHS isoform-1 (PGHS-1) tyrosyl radicals to react with arachidonate. Anaerobic addition of arachidonate following formation of the peroxide-induced wide doublet or wide singlet tyrosyl radical led to disappearance of the tyrosyl radicals and emergence of a new EPR signal, which is distinct from known PGHS-1 tyrosyl radicals. The new radical was clearly derived from arachidonate because its EPR line shape changed when 5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-octadeuterated arachidonate was used. Subsequent addition of oxygen to samples containing the fatty acyl radical resulted in regeneration of tyrosyl radical EPR. In contrast, the peroxide-generated tyrosyl radical in indomethacin-treated PGHS-1 (a narrow singlet) failed to react with arachidonate, consistent with the cyclooxygenase inhibition by indomethacin. These results indicate that the peroxide-generated wide doublet and wide singlet tyrosyl radicals serve as immediate oxidants of arachidonate bound at the cyclooxygenase active site to form a carbon-centered fatty acyl radical, which reacts with oxygen to form a hydroperoxide. These observations represent the first direct evidence of chemical coupling between the peroxidase reaction and arachidonate oxygenation in PGHS-1 and support the proposed role for a tyrosyl radical in cyclooxygenase catalysis.
Exhaled carbon monoxide and urinary cotinine as measures of smoking in pregnancy

We examined the relationships among self-reported cigarette consumption, exhaled carbon monoxide, and urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio in pregnant women. Information on these measures of smoking was collected at first and 36th week prenatal visits. Correlations between cigarette consumption and exhaled carbon monoxide were .65 at the first visit and .70 at the 36th-week visit. For urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio, the correlations were .61 and .65, respectively, at these visits. Correlations with change in cigarette consumption between the two visits were .37 for change in carbon monoxide and .33 for change in urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio had slightly higher overall agreement with self-reported smoking status and was less likely to misclassify smokers than carbon monoxide. We conclude that urinary cotinine/creatinine ratio is the more accurate measure for validating smoking status among pregnant women, but exhaled carbon monoxide is the better measure of cigarette consumption and of changes in consumption.
Confessions of a Video Vixen: My Autocritography of Sexuality, Desire, and Memory

The video vixen holds a special place in American society's underbelly. Good hair, firm breasts, round ass, slim waist, and pouty mouth, she is beautiful according to European and African American standards. She personifies sex. After seeing Case serenade and propose to Beyonce in his music video “Happily Ever After,” I wanted to be the video vixen. I wanted my desirability memorialized in a video. Nelly was my chance, or so I thought. In this autocritography, I use performative writing to confess my short-lived career as a video vixen. My intention is to trouble boundaries of gender and sexuality by telling and re-telling my experience on the set of Nelly's “Country Grammar (Hot Shit)” music video shoot alongside my anthem at the time, Jay-Z and Pharell's “I Just Wanna Love You (Give It 2 Me).” I illuminate how bodies move between and beyond boundaries established by language due to the intersectional properties of our experiences, counter-memory, and re-membering.
Ceramide modulates nicotinic receptor‐dependent Ca2+ signaling in rat chromaffin cells

Ceramide, which is an integral component of the sphingomyelin signaling pathway, can attenuate voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel (VGCC) activity in a number of cell types. The aim of the present study was to determine whether ceramide can also modulate VGCC activity, and as a consequence nicotinic receptor-dependent Ca(2+) signaling and catecholamine secretion, in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. Short-term C(6)-ceramide (CER) treatment dose-dependently inhibited nicotine (NIC)-induced peak intracellular Ca(2+) transients. Sphingomyelinase elicited similar responses, whereas the inactive ceramide analog C(2)-dihydroceramide had no effect on NIC-induced Ca(2+) transients. CER suppressed KCl- and NIC-induced Ca(2+) transients to a similar extent, suggesting that the voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel was a primary site of inhibition. In direct support of this concept, whole-cell patch-clamp analysis demonstrated that CER and sphingomyelinase significantly reduced peak Ca(2+) currents. Pretreatment with staurosporine significantly attenuated CER-dependent inhibition of both NIC-induced Ca(2+) transients and peak Ca(2+) current, suggesting that the effects of CER are mediated at least in part by protein kinase C. Consistent with suppressed Ca(2+) signaling, CER also significantly inhibited NIC-induced catecholamine secretion measured at the single-cell level by carbon fiber amperometry. This effect of CER was also significantly attenuated by pretreatment with staurosporine These data demonstrate that the sphingomyelin signaling pathway can modulate nicotinic receptor-dependent Ca(2+) signaling and catecholamine secretion in rat chromaffin cells.
Symmetry, equivalence, and molecular self-assembly.

Molecular self-assembly at equilibrium is fundamental to the fields of biological self-organization, the development of novel environmentally responsive polymeric materials, and nanofabrication. Our approach to understanding the principles governing this process is inspired by existing models and measurements for the self-assembly of actin, tubulin, and the ubiquitous icosahedral shell structures of viral capsids. We introduce a family of simple potentials that give rise to the self-assembly of linear polymeric, random surface (``membrane''), tubular (``nanotube''), and hollow icosahedral structures that are similar in many respects to their biological counterparts. The potentials involve and an interplay between directional (dipolar, multipolar) and short-range (van der Waals) interactions. Specifically, we find that the dipolar potential, having a continuous rotational symmetry about the dipolar axis, gives rise to chain formation, while particles with multipolar potentials, having discrete rotational symmetries (square quadrupole or triangular ring of dipoles or ``hexapole''), lead to the self-assembly of open sheet, nanotube, and hollow icosahedral geometries. These changes in the geometry of self-assembly are accompanied by significant changes in the kinetics of the organization.
Implementing an In Situ Alkaline Transesterification Method for Canola Biodiesel Quality Screening

Increasing demand for canola (Brassica napus) as an edible oil crop and biodiesel (B100) feedstock has encouraged genetic development for increased oil yields and expanded acreage in the US Northern Plains. Crop production environment and plant genetics influence metabolism and fatty acid composition, but the influence of this interaction on the resulting fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is not clearly understood. The objective of this study was to develop a canola in situ transesterification (TE) method for facilitating the identification of genetic, abiotic or biotic factors impacting B100 quality, and to evaluate FAME quality properties from conventional TE (degummed oil) and in situ TE methods. In situ reactions containing 40 g canola flour conducted for 6 h at 60 °C with a 275:1:1.05 M ratio of methanol:triacylglycerol (TAG):KOH provided 80% conversion of seed lipid to FAME. Replicated reactions provided sufficient FAME volume for measuring several ASTM D6751-09 standards including cloud point, kinematic viscosity, acid value, moisture content, oxidative stability, and total glycerin, but adjustments are necessary to provide sufficient volumes for routine analysis of cold soak filtration test. The established in situ protocol would permit weekly analysis of 40 samples and the in situ TE method provides an opportunity to evaluate the impact of genetic or environmental factors on B100 quality.
SU-E-J-97: Evaluation of Multi-Modality (CT/MR/PET) Image Registration Accuracy in Radiotherapy Planning.

Purpose: Evaluate accuracy of multi‐modality image registration in radiotherapy planning process. Methods: A water‐filled anthropomorphic head phantom containing eight ‘donut‐shaped’ fiducial markers (3 internal + 5 external) was selected for this study. Seven image sets (3CTs, 3MRs and PET) of phantom were acquired and fused in a commercial treatment planning system. First, a narrow slice (0.75mm) baseline CT scan was acquired (CT1). Subsequently, the phantom was re‐scanned with a coarse slice width = 1.5mm (CT2) and after subjecting phantom to rotation/displacement (CT3). Next, the phantom was scanned in a 1.5 Tesla MR scanner and three MR image sets (axial T1, axial T2, coronal T1) were acquired at 2mm slice width. Finally, the phantom and center of fiducials were doped with 18F and a PET scan was performed with 2mm cubic voxels. All image scans (CT/MR/PET) were fused to the baseline (CT1) data using automated mutual‐information based fusion algorithm. Difference between centroids of fiducial markers in various image modalities was used to assess image registration accuracy. Results: CT/CT image registration was superior to CT/MR and CT/PET: average CT/CT fusion error was found to be 0.64 ± 0.14 mm. Corresponding values for CT/MR and CT/PET fusion were 1.33 ± 0.71mm and 1.11 ± 0.37mm. Internal markers near the center of phantom fused better than external markers placed on the phantom surface. This was particularly true for the CT/MR and CT/PET. The inferior quality of external marker fusion indicates possible distortion effects toward the edges of MR image. Peripheral targets in the PET scan may be subject to parallax error caused by depth of interaction of photons in detectors. Conclusions: Current widespread use of multimodality imaging in radiotherapy planning calls for periodic quality assurance of image registration process. Such studies may help improve safety and accuracy in treatment planning.
Application of Immersional Calorimetry to Investigation of Solid–Liquid Interactions: Microcrystalline Cellulose–Water System

Abstract A comprehensive characterization of the specific solid-liquid interaction for microcrystalline cellulose and water is presented. The procedure consisted of a conjoint vapor adsorption and immersional wetting experiment. The following information was obtained with respect to the solid. Estimates of the total surface area (138 m 2 /g) and the external surface (9.2 m 2 /g) were calculated from the adsorption and immersion data, respectively. Existence of an energetically homogeneous surface was verified by a linear decrease in the heat of immersion of samples containing adsorbed moisture approximately up to monolayer capacity. Integral and differential free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes accompanying the adsorption process were calculated, and a lack of swelling was substantiated by comparison with a similar study of cellulose fibers. Immersional hysteresis was observed, and its magnitude suggested that sorption hysteresis was of enthalpic as well as entropie origin. The experimental method is potentially valuable for routine characterization of hydrophilic powders.
Automated most-probable loss tomography of thick selectively stained biological specimens with quantitative measurement of resolution improvement.

Abstract We describe the technique and application of energy filtering, automated most-probable loss (MPL) tomography to intermediate voltage electron microscopy (IVEM). We show that for thick, selectively stained biological specimens, this method produces a dramatic increase in resolution of the projections and the computed volumes versus standard unfiltered transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. This improvement in resolution is attributed to the reduction of chromatic aberration, which results from the large percentage of inelastic electron-scattering events for thick specimens. These improvements are particularly evident at the large tilt angles required to improve tomographic resolution in the z -direction. This method effectively increases the usable thickness of selectively stained samples that can be imaged at a given accelerating voltage by dramatically improving resolution versus unfiltered TEM and increasing signal-to-noise versus zero-loss imaging, thereby expanding the utility of the IVEM to deliver information from within specimens up to 3 μm thick.
ON THE TENACITY OF CHRISTIAN ANTI‐JUDAISM1

Joachim of Fiore's three ages of Father, Son and Spirit demonstrated that the supersessionist gambit Christianity had introduced against Judaism is a logic any successor can employ. Modernity (cf. modo, “now”) is constituted by a relentless supersessionist logic; the modern issue is less supersessionism than a conflict of supersessionisms. Christianity has repeatedly overspiritualized God's “bodily covenant” with Israel (Wyschogrod). This distortive tendency is intensified in modernity by Christianity's anxiety that it too will appear old/“Jewish” vis-a-vis a new New Testament of infinite spiritual freedom (cf. Romanticism.) One corrective would be for Christianity to return to a more Jewish understanding of election.
Percutaneous ablation of gallstones.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if gallstones could be safely and effectively ablated in the pig using a proprietary percutaneous rotor-tipped catheter, the Kensey-Nash Lithotrite (KNL). All gallstones in a single human gallbladder were defined as a gallstone set. Human gallstone sets not meeting current treatment criteria for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were placed in the gallbladder (GB) of male pigs (N = 8; 80–100 kg). A percutaneous transhepatic guide wire was put into the GB and the abdomen closed. The KNL was then introduced under fluoroscopy using the Seldinger technique and activated. Gallstone ablation was monitored by tactile and auditory feedback to the operator and by fluoroscopy. Once completed the device was withdrawn, the GB irrigated, and the 9F sheath removed. Animals were sacrificed immediately (Group 1, N = 4) and at 28 ± 5 days (Group 2, N = 4). Gallstones were ablated in 26 ± 8 min. No pig had significant hemorrhage, GB perforation, or pancreatitis. One acute animal had stone fragments > 2 mm in the gallbladder. No other animals had any fragments > 1 mm present in the GB, cystic duct, common duct, ampulla, or duodenum. Histologic examination of the GB showed acute hemorrhagic mucosal injury in Group 1 and extensive mucosal regeneration with some stone fragment granulomata and mural fibrosis in Group 2. We conclude that percutaneous gallstone ablation with the KNL is safe and effective in this short-term pig model and appears to be a safe procedure for gallstone ablation. Long-term safety and effectiveness remain to be demonstrated. This device should be useful for treatment of symptomatic gallstones in patients not treatable by ESWL.
How wide is a road? The association of roads and mass-wasting in a forested montane environment

A spatial data base of 1609 landslides was analysed using a geographic information system to determine landslide frequency in relation to highways. A 126 km long transportation network in a 201km 2 area of humid-tropical, mountainous, forested terrain in Puerto Rico was used in conjunction with a series of 20 buffer (disturbance) zones varying from 5 to 400 m in length, measured perpendicular to the highways. Average landslide frequency in the study area at distances greater than 85 m from roads was about six landslides per square kilometre. At distances of 85 m or less on either side of a highway, landslide frequency was about 30 landslides per square kilometre. On average, this elevated disturbance rate affected 330 m 2 km -2 a -1 within the 170 m swath. The mass-wasting rate outside of the disturbance zone affected 40 m 2 km -2 a -1 . These results indicate that the rate of mass-wasting disturbance is increased from five to eight times in a 170 m wide swath along road corridors. The lateral extent of the environmental impact of roads in the study area is greater than is commonly perceived. The approach described herein demonstrates a simple method to assess the spatial association of mass-wasting with highways. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renewable energy in Taiwan : Its developing status and strategy

With limited indigenous conventional energy resources, Taiwan imports over 97% of its energy supply from foreign countries, mostly from the Middle East. Developing independent renewable energy resources is thus of priority concern for the Taiwanese government. A medium subtropical island surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Taiwan has enormous potential to develop various renewable energies, such as solar energy, biomass energy, wind power, geothermal energy, hydropower, etc. However, owing to the importance of conventional fossil energy in generating exceptionally cheap electricity, renewable energy has not yet fully developed in Taiwan, resulting from a lack of market competition. Consequently, numerous promotional and subsidy programs have recently been proclaimed by the Taiwanese government, focused on the development of various renewables. This study reviews the achievements, polices and future plans in this area.
Chemotactic factor concentration gradients in chemotaxis assay systems

Abstract In most assays of chemotaxis the gradient of the chemotactic factor is established and later destroyed by its diffusion through some matrix. The characteristics of the gradient depend upon the geometry of the assay system, the diffusion coefficient of the chemotactic factor and the concentration of the chemotactic factor added. We have solved the diffusion equations to characterize the gradients present in 3 assays of ceemotaxis in current use: the millipore, under-agarose and visual assay systems. In each case the solutions are presented for various assay times and for chemotactic factors with various diffusion coefficients.
A next-neighbors theory of maximum undercooling☆

Abstract Considering the equilibrium between a small spherical crystal and its melt, as influenced by the interface curvature and the interface tension, and introducing the next-neighbors theory which he had developed, the author shows that the smallest crystal which exhibits the full “macro” interface tension has a radius r = 3.5 d , where d is the distance between next neighbors. Assuming that below r = 3.5 d the interface tension decreases very rapidly and the capillary influence on the melting equilibrium practically ceases to exist, the author arrives at a general relation between the absolute temperature of maximum undercooling and the melting-point T m , which, for the c.f.c. and hex.c.p. systems is given by T max . und . = 0.81 T m The formula gives a surprisingly good agreement with the experimental figures for the c.f.c. and h.c.p. metals, and a reasonably good agreement for other metals and for water.
Feature tracking strain is similar to harmonic phase cardiac magnetic resonance in Fontan patients: a validation study

Background Feature tracking strain (FTS) is a new technique to evaluate myocardial deformation from routinely acquired cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) cine images, however, it has not been validated in single ventricle patients. The purpose of this study is to validate FTS against myocardial tagged harmonic phase (HARP) images, considered the reference standard in non-invasive deformation analysis.
Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right

In this history of the "other Sixties," Gregory L. Schneider traces the influence of Young Americans for Freedom, a conservative political group that locked horns with the New Left and spawned many of the major players in the contemporary conservative movement, from the Goldwater campaign in 1964 to Reagan's revolution in the 1980s. Cadres for Conservatism reveals how young political conservatives, unlike their leftist counterparts, avoided fracture in the wake of the Sixties. Rather, YAF continued to serve as a seedbed for future conservative leaders, many of whom drew on the contacts and (counter-)activism of their youth to consolidate conservative power. Schneider's talent for trenchant archival research is supplemented by a plethora of detailed interviews with virtually every past national chairman and executive director of the YAF, as well as important sponsors such as William F. Buckley, William Rusher, and M. Stanton Evans.
Structural analysis of Pneumocystis carinii and human DHFR complexes with NADPH and a series of five potent 6-[5'-(ω-carboxyalkoxy)benzyl]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.

Structural data are reported for five antifolates, namely 2,4-diamino-6-[5′-(5-carboxypentyloxy)-2′-methoxybenzyl]-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, (1), and the 5′-[3-(ethoxycarbonyl)propoxy]-, (2), 5′-[3-(ethoxycarbonyl)butoxy]-, (3), 5′-[3-(ethoxycarbonyl)pentyloxy]-, (4), and 5′-benzyloxy-, (5), derivatives, which are potent and selective for Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcDHFR). Crystal structures are reported for their ternary complexes with NADPH and pcDHFR refined to between 1.4 and 2.0 A resolution and for that of 3 with human DHFR (hDHFR) to 1.8 A resolution. These data reveal that the carboxylate of the ω-carboxyalkoxy side chain of 1, the most potent inhibitor in this series, forms ionic interactions with the conserved Arg75 in the substrate-binding pocket of pcDHFR, whereas the less potent ethyl esters of 2–4 bind with variable side-chain conformations. The benzyloxy side chain of 5 makes no contact with Arg75 and is the least active inhibitor in this series. These structural results suggest that the weaker binding of this series compared with that of their pyrimidine homologs in part arises from the flexibility observed in their side-chain conformations, which do not optimize intermolecular contact to Arg75. Structural data for the binding of 3 to both hDHFR and pcDHFR reveals that the inhibitor binds in two different conformations, one similar to each of the two conformations observed for the parent pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, piritrexim (PTX), bound to hDHFR. The structure of the pcDHFR complex of 4 reveals disorder in the side-chain orientation; one orientation has the ω-carboxy­alkoxy side chain positioned in the folate-binding pocket similar to the others in this series, while the second orientation occupies a new site near the nicotinamide ring of NADPH. This alternate binding site has not been observed in other DHFR structures. Structural data for the pcDHFR complex of 5 show that its benzyl side chain forms intermolecular van der Waals interactions with Phe69 in the binding pocket that could account for its enhanced binding selectivity compared with the other analogs in this series.
The Enhanced Association of Apolipoprotein E With Apolipoprotein B–Containing Lipoproteins in Serum-Stimulated Hepatocytes Occurs Intracellularly

Abstract Synthesis and secretion of VLDL in HepG2 cells are stimulated by several lipogenic factors, including serum. We previously found that the amount of apolipoprotein (apo) E associated with large lipoproteins such as VLDL increased under conditions of stimulated lipogenesis. The present study was designed to determine if the increased apoE association with VLDL occurs intracellularly or after secretion. In addition to HepG2, we studied rat hepatoma McA-RH7777 cells for production of endogenous rat apoE and transfected human apoE3. In both hepatoma cell lines stimulation of lipogenesis and production of large apoB-containing lipoproteins by serum resulted in increased apoE association with these particles and in decreased apoE association with HDL without affecting the total apoE output. Although evidence of apoE redistribution was seen among lipoproteins in the media, the apoE newly secreted under conditions of stimulated lipogenesis mainly associated with apoB-containing lipoproteins at the expense of its association with HDL. However, this effect was not attributable to reduced HDL lipid and apoA-I mass. Finally, redistribution of apoE from HDL to apoB-containing lipoproteins was also observed intracellularly in both HepG2 and transfected McA-RH7777 cells expressing human apoE3. These data suggest that the redistribution of apoE from HDL to apoB-containing lipoproteins upon activated lipogenesis in hepatoma cells occurs intracellularly and is not attributable to a decrease in HDL production.
Myxoid liposarcoma. Experience with chemotherapy

Background. Myxoid liposarcoma (ML) is the most common type of liposarcoma. It has been classified as an intermediate grade tumor with a definite metastatic potential but a relatively indolent natural history. Little is known about its sensitivity to chemotherapy. Method. The authors reviewed their experience with chemotherapy in ML from 1986 to 1992. The patient population was identified through a search of the database maintained by the Department of Melanoma-Sarcoma Medical Oncology of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Results. Forty-four patients each with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of ML were identified. Twenty one were treated with chemotherapy. The median age was 45 years (31-69 years); there were 14 men and 7 women. The ML in 19 patients was in the lower extremity, one in the head and neck, and one pelvic. The median size of the primary tumor was 15 cm (range, 7-48 cm) in maximum dimension. Of the 18 patients who received doxorubicin- and dacarbazine-based chemotherapy as a frontline regimen [median of 3 (2-9) cycles] and were evaluable for response, 8 (1 completed response, 7 partial responses) achieved an objective response (44%, 95% confidence interval 21-67%). Two of the remaining three patients who were also treated with a similar regimen were not evaluable for response (one received chemotherapy postoperatively, and the other received concomitant radiation and doxorubicin), and the third patient received ifosfamide as frontline chemotherapy because of a significant cardiac history. Seven patients received chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting, 13 for recurrent ormetastatic disease, and 1 postoperatively after complete tumor resection. At the last follow-up, 10 patients were alive with no evidence of disease, 3 were alive with disease, and 8 had died. The median follow-up was 51 months (range, 6-199 months) from diagnosis. Conclusion. The authors conclude that doxorubicin and dacarbazine-based chemotherapy is effective in the treatment of ML.
The effects of ionizing radiation on DNA: The role of thiols as radioprotectors

Electron loss from N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (PSH) gave an EPR detectable radical anion, PS-.SP(-). When the PSH derivative was frozen in aqueous DNA solutions to 77 K and exposed to ionizing radiation, normal damage to the DNA was detected by EPR spectroscopy. However, on annealing above 77 K, central EPR features for the DNA base radical cations and anions gave central features assigned to PS-.SP(-) sigma*-radical anions, together with outer features for 5-6-dihydro-5-thymyl radicals, TH.. It is proposed that on freezing, the PSH molecules are constrained into a glassy region around the DNA, and that, on annealing, electron donation gives PS. radicals, with loss of quanine radical-cations, G(.+). The PS. radicals were not detectable, but on reaction with another PSH molecule, gave good EPR spectra for PS-.SP(-) radical-anions. These results indicate that PSH had little effect on the yield of the other base radicals C(.-)/T(.-). Also, growth of TH. radicals, formed from protonated thymine radical-anions, T(.-), were detected. We conclude that the primary effect of PSH is to capture the G(.+) centers, and thus could either prevent or repair radiation damage to DNA.
The Effect of Immediate Intraperitoneal Carboplatinum on Wound Healing

Abstract The effect of introducing intraperitoneal carboplatinum on wound healing immediately after wound closure was studied using a rat model. All animals were opened through a midline incision. A bowel anastomosis was then performed in a single- or two-layer fashion using 6-O suture. Immediately after closing the abdominal wall, each animal was percutaneously injected with either normal saline for controls ( n = 11), or carboplatinum, 3 ( n = 8), 9, ( n = 19, or 12 mg/kg ( n = 4). Abdominal and skin incisions were closed separately using 4-O silk suture. Animals were sacrificed 7 days postoperatively. Adhesions were blindly assessed on the following scale: 0 (no adhesions), 1 (filmy adhesions), 2 (firm adhesions), and 3 (dense adhesions). Anastomoses were assessed for leakage. Three centimeters of the incision were harvested to evaluate wound breaking strength. Analysis of abdominal wound breaking strengths showed control=1320 g ± 220, 3 mg=1055 g ± 155, 9 mg=891 g ± 127, and 12 mg=594 g ± 165 ( P P
Utility of Synovial Fluid Aspirations in Failed Metal-On-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty

White blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil percentage from preoperative synovial fluid aspirations are used to help determine the presence or absence of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in failed total hip arthroplasty (THA). The clinical levels indicative of infection have not been delineated in metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings. We identified 39 patients who received a preoperative synovial fluid aspiration prior to MoM revision. Thirty-five of 39 cases were culture negative and 4 of 39 were culture positive. WBC count >3000 cells/μL was 100% sensitive and 57.1% specific. Neutrophil percentage >80% was 100% sensitive and 97.1% specific. Both CRP and ESR >8.0mg/L and >22 mm/h, respectively were 75.0% sensitive and 67.6% specific. Our data suggest that synovial WBC count and serum ESR and CRP have poor predictive value in diagnosing PJI for failed MoM THA, whereas synovial neutrophil percentage is a highly accurate marker for diagnosing infection in this patient population.
A Cell Culture Model to Identify Biologically Active Peptides Generated by Bacterial Hydrolysis of Casein

Consumption of fermented dairy foods has been linked to reduced incidence of colon cancer in population groups. Recently, biologically active compounds have been isolated from these products. Bacterial proteinases, produced by dairy starter cultures, generate a variety of peptides from casein. Some of these casein-derived peptides are likely to alter intestinal cell kinetics. Effects on colon cell kinetics because of the presence of casein-derived peptides may be a mechanism through which fermented dairy foods reduce the risk of colon cancer. We have used two intestinal cell lines (IEC-6 cells, derived from normal rat intestine, and Caco-2 cells, derived from human colon adenocarcinoma) to identify casein peptides that affect intestinal cell kinetics. Cell culture media containing casein were inoculated with three commercial starter cultures and incubated for 4, 8, or 24 h. The bacteria-conditioned media were then filter-sterilized and incubated with the intestinal cells for 6 or 24 h. Rates of [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell cycle kinetics determined by flow cytometry were affected by the culture-modified media in both cell lines. The IEC-6 cells tended to reduce, and Caco-2 cells to increase, rates of cell division after exposure to the media. Intestinal cell response varied among the starter cultures. The results support the use of intestinal cell cultures to identify casein peptides generated by dairy starter cultures, which affect intestinal cell kinetics.