cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of local anesthetics on lipid multilayers. A spin probe study.

Abstract The effects of a series of local anesthetics on multilayers formed from ox brain white matter lipids were investigated using an intercalated spin-labeled analog of cholestane as a monitor of molecular organization. Local anesthetics could disorder or disrupt these films at pH values approaching or above the p K of the anesthetic. At a constant concentration of a local anesthetic this effect increased with increasing pH. In films formed from lipids with a reduced cholesterol content, local anesthetics promoted the formation of ordered multilamellar arrays and increased their thermal stability. This effect required a lower concentration of local anesthetic than did the disordering effect, and each local anesthetic exhibited an optimal pH range. Depending upon the lipid, the concentration of anesthetic, and the pH of the bathing solution, local anesthetics can either stabilize or disrupt lipid bilayers.
Gender Labor, Assimilationism, and Transformative Practices: The Relational Negotiations of Cisgender Women and their Transgender Men Partners

Despite the rise in research on the experiences of transgender men (female-to-male, FTM) in recent years, little academic attention has been paid to the partners of these individuals. The experiences of a large portion of this population, cisgender women whose partners transition from female to male, provide a unique perspective on how individuals negotiate performances of normative gender ideals and heteronormative practices in transitioning non-normative relationships. Research has shown that when these cisgender women find themselves in relationships that are socially defined as heterosexual, they often begin questioning their sexual orientation in relation to their partner's gender identity as well as the role and applicability of their beliefs regarding gender equality and anti-heteronormative practices. This article provides an overview of the current literature that addresses the enactment of gender labor, the practice of reaffirming another person's gender through physical, emotional, and sexual care, by cisgender women whose partners transition from female to male. Specific focus is given to how, in some situations, the performance of gender labor manifests in assimilationist ways that adhere to typically heteronormative frameworks as well as how, in others, the performance of gender labor manifests in potentially transformative and destabilizing ways that serve to challenge normative structures. Gaps in the existing literature as well as directions for future research are also explored.
Managing Stigma: Disclosure-Response Communication Patterns in Pro-Anorexic Websites

Pro-anorexic websites are a popular online venue for individuals with anorexia, but recent research suggests that they play a role of "online negative enabling support groups" because they can undermine recovery and encourage negative behaviors by validating pro-anorexic views. By analyzing 22,811 messages from 5,590 conversations from the Pro-Ana Nation online discussion board forum, this study examines communicative mechanisms of online negative enabling support through language analysis of disclosure-response sequences, changes in the language of the initial discloser within an interaction exchange, and the role of responses in eliciting those changes. The findings show that initiating disclosures containing stigma-related emotion words, anorexia-specific content, and sociorelational content are typically met with negatively valenced responses from other members of the pro-anorexic community. Moreover, although the act of revealing stigmatized information has some cathartic effects, disclosers use more, not fewer, stigma-related emotion words when they receive negatively valenced responses. These results provide insight into communicative dynamics and effects of online negative enabling support through validation of the pro-anorexic identity and the dangerous cycle of stigma escalation in disclosure-response exchanges on pro-anorexic online communities.
On valid clocking for combinational circuits

We consider the problem of determining a valid clock setting for a combinational circuit. The performance of a circuit depends on its clock period. The shorter a valid clock period is, the better the performance is. We have proposed two new bounds for clock period by considering a type of paths called functionally sensitizable paths. Then these results are extended to wavepipelined circuits. We have compared the new bounds with the previously proposed bounds and it has been shown that these new bounds may have better performance for certain combinatorial circuits. We have also given an example to show that the path delays obtained by two-vector model may not be valid when used for clock setting. The bounds on clock period can alternatively be viewed as optimization objectives. We present some experimental results to show various bounds on clock period for ISCAS benchmark circuits and discuss the potential complexity of optimizing circuits with these bounds. >
Survey Page Length and Progress Indicators: What Are Their Relationships to Item Nonresponse?

The popularity of online student surveys has been associated with greater item nonresponse. This chapter presents research aimed at exploring what factors might help minimize item nonresponse, such as altering online survey page length and using progress indicators.
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders Mimicking Myopathy

Although electrodiagnostic (EDx) studies are indispensable for evaluating patients with neuromuscular disorders, they occasionally yield nonspecific or misleading findings that can lead to a delay in diagnosis.1–3 This is particularly true with myopathic disorders, where needle electromyography (EMG) findings overlap with those affecting the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).4 Short-duration, small-amplitude motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) can be seen in NMJ disorders from intermittent blocking of some muscle fiber action potentials due to failed neuromuscular transmission; clinicians commonly associate this appearance with myopathic disorders in which degenerating muscle fibers prevent the transmission of action potentials along their length (Fig. 1A). The presence of MUAP instability can suggest abnormal neuromuscular transmission, but these findings are often subtle and overlooked. Figure 1 (A) Diagram of motor units and EMG findings in neuromuscular junction disorder patients compared with normal. NMJ dysfunction produces blocking of some action potentials, resulting in a motor unit action potential (MUAP) of shorter duration and smaller ... Misidentification of an NMJ disorder as a primary myopathy may result in unnecessary diagnostic procedures and delay appropriate treatment. In this case report and retrospective chart review, we highlight the pitfalls of reliance on EMG alone in distinguishing between myopathic and NMJ disorders. We propose inclusion of repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) or single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) in the evaluation of patients who present with weakness.
A Two Stage Click-Based Library of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulators of signal transduction pathways. Potent and selective PTP inhibitors are useful for probing these pathways and also may serve as drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases including type 2 diabetes and infection by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. In this report Cu(I)-catalyzed 'click' cycloaddition reactions between azides and alkynes were employed to generate two sequential libraries of PTP inhibitors. In the first round library methyl 4-azidobenzoylformate was reacted with 56 mono- and diynes. After hydrolysis of the methyl esters, the resulting alpha-ketocarboxylic acids were assayed in crude form against the Yersinia PTP and PTP1B. Four compounds were selected for further evaluation, and one compound was chosen as the lead for generation of the second round library. This lead compound was modified by conversion of an alcohol into an azide group, and the resulting azide was reacted with the same 56 mono- and diynes that were used in the first generation library. After screening the crude inhibitors against the Yersinia PTP and PTP1B, four compounds were selected and evaluated in pure form against the Yersinia PTP, PTP1B, TCPTP, LAR, and CD45. The best bis(alpha-ketocarboxylic acid) inhibitor 34 had an IC(50) value of 550nM against the Yersinia PTP and an IC(50) value of 710nM against TCPTP. The most potent inhibitor containing a single alpha-ketocarboxylic acid group 32 had IC(50) values of 2.1, 5.7, and 2.6 microM against the Yersinia PTP, PTP1B, and TCPTP, respectively.
The preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of different strains of mice: sex differences and development.

Abstract While sex differences in neural morphology in the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH) have been demonstrated in many species, their existence in mice have been controversial. Given the increased use of transgenic and gene-disrupted mice, we characterized sex differences using Nissl stains, and the immunocytochemical location of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) and galanin in the POA/AH of two widely used strains, C57BL/6 and 129SvEv, and a mixed strain (C57BL/6×129Sv); the wild-type littermates of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) gene-disrupted mice. Cell grouping was not a reliable marker of sex. In adults, cells located beneath the anterior commissure (AC) were reliably larger in females than males in 129SvEv, but not in the other strains. Caudally, cells in a group medial to the medial extension of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) were significantly larger in males than females in C57BL/6J and SF-1 gene-disrupted wild-types. Cell groups discernible by embryonic day (E) 18 were not sexually dimorphic for cell size in C57BL/6J mice at E18 or postnatal day (P) 4. The pattern of distribution of cells containing ER-α was similar among the strains, reduced in the group medial to the BST; a pattern established by P0. Galanin-containing cells and fibers were seen from E15 to adulthood ventral to the AC. Caudally, a smaller group ventromedial to the BST was found only in 129SvEv adults. Sex differences in neural morphology which develop within the POA/AH depend upon multiple factors, particularly including genetic background.
Collapse of composite rings due to delamination buckling under external pressure

The collapse of cylindrical shells under external pressure is known to be controlled by global elastic buckling, material failure, or a combination thereof. In the case of composites, delamination is another factor affecting the stiffness and stability of the structural component. Thin inner delaminated layers are expected to locally buckle inwards, under hoop compression, reducing the effective thickness of the ring wall. This may lead to a premature collapse of composite rings. The problem is numerically treated and parametrically studied. A Fourier series-based finite-element model is formulated for delaminated composite tubular cross sections. A special “chord length” procedure is developed to enable the convergence of the local buckling solution in quasi-static nonlinear analysis. Parametric studies are conducted to assess the influence of delamination length, depth, location, out-of-roundness imperfection, and ring layup on the pressure levels at delamination buckling and collapse.
Induction of the homeotic gene Hoxa1 through valproic acid's teratogenic mechanism of action.

Abstract Background Valproic acid (VPA) exposure in utero has been associated with an increased risk of both neural tube defects and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The terata induced by VPA suggest interference with pattern formation. Retinoic acid produces similar terata and is known to act in part by increasing the expression of Hoxa1. We tested the hypotheses that exposure to VPA would alter the expression of Hoxa1 in rat embryos during times of normal Hoxa1 expression (d10.5–13.5) and that exposure at earlier and later stages would induce inappropriate expression. Method Hoxa1 expression levels were determined by real-time PCR in individual embryos 1 h after exposure on gestational d10, 12, 13, 14, or 15. Additionally, teratogenic (4-yn-VPA) and nonteratogenic analogs of VPA (IE-VPA), retinoic acid (RA), and saline were compared for effects on Hoxa1 expression on d12. Embryos were allowed to develop for 1, 2, 4, 6, or 24 h, to follow the time course of effects. Results In utero exposure to VPA on gestational d10 and on d12–14 significantly increased the level of Hoxa1 expression compared to saline-exposed embryos at developmental ages prior to, during and after the normal expression period for this gene. On gestational d12, exposures to VPA and 4-yn-VPA significantly increased Hoxa1 expression at all sacrifice times, compared to saline-exposed embryos. RA significantly elevated Hoxa1 expression at all time points except 24-h post-treatment. The nonteratogenic VPA analog, IE-VPA, did not affect Hoxa1 expression. Conclusions VPA and 4-yn-VPA exposures elevated Hoxa1 mRNA during its normal expression period and induced expression outside of the normal period. This may explain, in part, how VPA disrupts development.
Current Practice of Exercise Stress Testing Among Pediatric Cardiology and Pulmonology Centers in the United States

The objective of this study was to characterize current practice patterns for clinical exercise stress testing (EST) in children in the United States. We conducted a survey of 109 pediatric cardiology programs and 91 pediatric pulmonology programs at children’s hospitals or university hospitals in the United States. A total of 115 programs from 88 hospitals responded (response rate, 58%). A higher percentage of cardiology programs (98.7%) have exercise laboratories compared with pulmonology programs (77.5%). Sixty-three percent of respondents have both a treadmill and a cycle ergometer. A larger proportion of respondents (76%) rely primarily or exclusively on treadmill, whereas a smaller number use cycle ergometer (24%). Sixty-seven percent of respondents reported that they include metabolic measurements in EST protocols. Respondents have varying minimum age criteria for EST, with 9% reporting ≤ 4 years, 25% reporting 5 years, 31% reporting 6 years, 16% reporting 7 years, and 20% reporting ≥8 years. Programs using cycle ergometers tend to test children at a younger age and to measure metabolic parameters. Seventy-nine percent of respondents use Bruce and modified Bruce protocols. Institutional protocols are used by 14%. Ninety percent of respondents use technicians to perform EST and 8% use nurses, but 76% require physician presence during testing. The majority of respondents (57%) perform <100 pediatric tests per year. There are wide variations in the current practice of EST among pediatric subspecialty programs in the United States. Treadmills are used more frequently than cycle ergometers, and Bruce and modified Bruce protocols are commonly used. Most survey respondents measure metabolic parameters during EST.
Moment estimation in delay tomography with spatial dependence

Parametric models for estimating network link delays with incomplete data that incorporate spatial correlation are formulated. Fast numerical methods for estimation of parameters and confidence intervals are derived. It is shown that including correlation in the model gives better model fit on sample data. Finally, certain results from graphical models are described, which can be applied in model search.
Repetition effects and retroactive facilitation: Immediate and delayed recall performance

A study was conducted using a continuous paired-associate task varying the retention interval after one of two presentations of a pair of words. The lag between presentations was also varied. Half of the two presentation items represented an A-B, A-C negative transfer design while the other half were A-B A-B items. Two different groups were instructed, with regard tc the A-B, A-C items, to recall on test trials only Response B or only Response C. Under some A-B, A-C conditions, retroactive-facilitation was found. Specifically, with a relatively long retention interval and short lags, the presentation of A-C was as effective as a second presentation of A-B for the recall of B.
Change of Rate Limiting Step in General Acid-Catalyzed Benzo[a]pyrene Diol Epoxide Hydrolysis

The rates of reaction of (±)-7β,8α-Dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (1) in 1:9 dioxane−water buffer solutions containing primary amines whose pKa values span the range of 5.4−10.7 have been determined. For those amines with pKa values ca. 8, both acid and base forms of the buffer react with 1. The magnitude of the kinetic term in the base form of the amine (RNH2) increases with amine pKa and is attributed to nucleophilic addition of the amine to the epoxide group. Curvatures in plots of the kinetic term due to buffer (kbuff)...
Acetonitrile as a substitute for ethanol/propylene oxide in tissue processing for transmission electron microscopy: Comparison of fine structure and lipid solubility in mouse liver, kidney, and intestine

Tissue processing for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is commonly accomplished using ethanol (EtOH) as a dehydrating solvent and propylene oxide (PO) as a transition fluid. Both solvents have some undesirable properties: EtOH solubilizes lipids; PO is highly flammable, volatile, toxic, and potentially carcinogenic. Their replacement by a compound devoid of these characteristics is therefore desirable. Acetonitrile (AN) appears to be such a solvent. It is freely miscible with water, alcohols, acetone, and epoxy resins; it does not interfere with epoxy polymerization; and the resulting cured resins have excellent cutting quality and beam stability. AN is also an excellent dehydrating agent whose use does not necessitate modification of current techniques. Most importantly, the low solubility of phospholipids (PL) in AN limits the loss of membrane lipids and, hence, leads to a better preservation of tissue features.
Mapping and visualizing service provider and client interactions: the case for participation

The interactions between service providers and their clients (touchpoints) define the service experience for clients and providers alike. In the context of IT outsourcing services, where one company contracts with another for IT services, these interactions are frequent and occur across an increasingly globally distributed delivery organization. The scope and complexity of these interactions provide a challenge for managing the service experience in that it is difficult for members of the delivery team to be aware of the wide range of interactions taking place with clients. This project is focused on designing ways to enable delivery teams to create awareness of their touchpoints with clients and to make changes to improve the overall client experience.
Naughty Behavior of Maize Minichromosomes in Meiosis

Imagine a plant genetics lab in the year 2020. After the genomics era, the function of nearly every plant gene is known. Inexpensive resequencing methods allow easy access to natural genetic variation and creation of multiple mutant alleles for each locus. Geneticists can pursue what has been a life
Clustering with relational c-means partitions from pairwise distance data

Abstract The conventional (or hard) c-means algorithm is a widely used method for finding hard partitionings of objects represented by particular observations { x i } in some data set X = {x1,x2,|, x xn. Although the approach generally produces good hard partitionings for the case when X is directly available, it cannot be applied when information about the objects to be partitioned is available only through a matrix Δ of pairwise squared distances δ( x i , x j ) . In this paper we present an approach which produces hard c-means clusterings directly from Δ, without reference to the feature vectors {xi}. Our approach is illustrated by a simple numerical example. Finally, we point out that the same algorithm can be extended to the family of fuzzy c-means functionals.
BikeNet: A mobile sensing system for cyclist experience mapping

We present BikeNet, a mobile sensing system for mapping the cyclist experience. Built leveraging the MetroSense architecture to provide insight into the real-world challenges of people-centric sensing, BikeNet uses a number of sensors embedded into a cyclist's bicycle to gather quantitative data about the cyclist's rides. BikeNet uses a dual-mode operation for data collection, using opportunistically encountered wireless access points in a delay-tolerant fashion by default, and leveraging the cellular data channel of the cyclist's mobile phone for real-time communication as required. BikeNet also provides a Web-based portal for each cyclist to access various representations of her data, and to allow for the sharing of cycling-related data (for example, favorite cycling routes) within cycling interest groups, and data of more general interest (for example, pollution data) with the broader community. We present: a description and prototype implementation of the system architecture based on customized Moteiv Tmote Invent motes and sensor-enabled Nokia N80 mobile phones; an evaluation of sensing and inference that quantifies cyclist performance and the cyclist environment; a report on networking performance in an environment characterized by bicycle mobility and human unpredictability; and a description of BikeNet system user interfaces.
The Influence of Glucose and Exogenous Glutathione on the Red Cell Membrane Effect of the Antimalarial Drugs 1,4‐Naphthoquinone and β‐Naphthol

Summary. Glucose-depleted red cells incubated with primaquine, primaquine degradation products, quinine and quinacrine demonstrated far less osmotic fragility than did glucose-repleted cells. The increase in osmotic fragility in the presence of glucose could not be correlated with an effect of the drug on the levels of glutathione or methaemoglobin. The prelytic loss of cell K+ caused by these agents was unaffected by the presence or absence of glucose. In contrast to the antimalarial drugs, the osmotic fragility produced by 1,4-naphthoquinone and β-naphthol was not glucose-dependent. Glutathione added to incubating cell suspensions in molar concentrations seven and one-half times that of the drug, greatly decreased, but did not eliminate, the hypotonic haemolysis and the prelytic loss of cell K+ caused by 1,4-naphthoquinone. It offered red cells no protection against the membrane action of antimalarial drugs and β-naphthol. 1,4-Naphthoquinone was the only drug capable of reacting stoichiometrically with glutathione. The studies demonstrate distinctive differences in the action of these actual or potential oxidant drugs on the red cell membrane. A possible explanation for the glucose-dependent haemolysis produced by antimalarial drugs is presented.
Evaluating soil resilience in long-term cultivation: a study of pre-Columbian terraces from the Paca Valley, Peru

This study evaluated the soil properties of pre-Hispanic stone-walled terraces by comparing soil quality along terraced catenas in the Paca Valley, a tributary of the Mantaro Valley, Peru. Micromorphological and bulk analyses of terrace soils revealed that despite terracing soil horizonation largely followed the catena. Upland terraced fields had deeper A-horizons with higher biotic activity than uncultivated controls, but less fine material and greater carbonate accumulation. Midslope fields were highly variable in depth and soil properties reflecting considerable substrate and anthropogenic variations in this growing zone. Silts and clay accumulated in valley bottom terraces where pedofeatures indicate an ongoing downhill movement of fine material. The distribution of soil separates down Paca hillsides demonstrates that terraces help moderate, rather than control, the erosion of key soil fractions required for long-term agricultural productivity. This study illustrates how the loss of fine material is partly mitigated by soil consolidation in dense topsoil peds, microaggregates and saprolite. These aggregates are retained by terraces and contribute to deep soil profiles. Nevertheless, many fields show signs of degradation, especially from insufficient organic matter amendment. In addition to farming itself, buried soils and associated artefacts in valley bottom fields indicate mass soil movement, a likely result of disruption caused by Inca road and terrace construction. The poor soil quality of many upland terraces also confirms that stone-walled terraces were constructed on mediocre substrates for farming, indicating a high labour investment for marginal agricultural returns in these areas. Overall, Paca Valley terraces improve topsoil retention and promote deep soil profiles. However, these fields present quite varied growing substrates. It is also apparent that over the last millennium, soil depletion from cultivation has compromised soil quality through loss of fine material and organic matter. Shifts in farming practice away from pre-Hispanic practices such as long-fallow and middening appear to exacerbate this trend.
Lack of specific correlation of the deoxycytidine triphosphate pool level with rate of DNA synthesis

Abstract The levels of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and the distribution of cells in the various phases of the cell cycle have been examined in Chinese hamster cells as thymidine, present as a regular constituent in the growth medium, was removed in stages. The results indicate that: 1. 1. Duration of the DNA synthetic phase was lengthened when thymidine was removed from the growth medium. 2. 2. Temporally correlated with lengthening of the DNA synthetic phase upon thymidine removal was a 7-fold increase in level of the dCTP pool, reduction in the dTTP and dGTP pools, and little or no change in dATP pool. 3. 3. Radioactive labeling procedures indicated that expansion of the dCTP pool could be completely accounted for by increased ribonucleotide reductase activity and that the dTTP pool switched from a largely exogenous thymidine source to endogenous dTTP synthesis as the extracellular thymidine concentration was reduced. 4. 4. Deoxyuridine and thymidine were apparently transported by the same system in Chinese hamster cells, while deoxycytidine was transported by a different system. Although deoxycytidine transport was unaffected by thymidine, phosphorylation of intracellular deoxycytidine compounds to the triphosphate level was stimulated by thymidine. Cytidine transport was not significantly affected by thymidine.
Optimal evasive tactics against a proportional navigation missile with time delay.

The optimal control for an evasive target in a particular pursuit-evasion conflict has been determined. The pursuit vehicle has a fixed gain proportional navigation guidance system in which a pure time delay is present. The mathematical model assumes two-dimensional linearized dynamics. It is found that for fixed control energy, the evasive control depends strongly upon the gain and time delay of the pursuit system. Even in the worst case, however, the evader can significantly increase the miss distance that results from no evasive action. In addition, the results indicate the solution to an associated minimax type problem, viz., the choice of gain for the pursuer so as to minimize the (maximum) miss of the optimal evader. The results indicate that for all cases the optimal gain is approximately equal to the fuel optimal gain against a nonmaneuvering adversary and lower than the value obtained by a no-delay differential game analysis.
Abstract IA14: Functional genomics to identify cancer targets and resistance

Recent advances in genomics now make it possible to consider enumerating all of the genetic lesions in specific cancers. While these approaches will yield critical information regarding the identity, number, and types of alterations found in human tumors, a complementary approach to decipher the molecular basis of malignant transformation depends upon the application of genome scale tools to annotate the function of genes involved in cancer initiation and progression. Over the past several years, we have developed genome scale RNAi libraries and open reading frame expression libraries that permit a systematic evaluation of genes involved in cancer initiation and maintenance. Using these libraries, we have now performed screens in a panel of human cancer cell lines to systematically identify cancer vulnerabilities. By combining these functional approaches with information derived from mapping the structural abnormalities present in cancer genomes, we have identified several new oncogenes that contribute to cancer development. In pilot studies, we have identified several genes that act as synthetic lethal partners to known oncogenes or mediate resistance to targeted therapies. In recent work, we have expanded the scale of these experiments to genome scale in more than 100 cell lines, which has permitted greater expansion and deeper investigation into genes that program the malignant state. Together, these studies suggest that combining forward and reverse genetic approaches with information derived from the cancer genome characterization projects will yield a comprehensive list of cancer vulnerabilities and establish a general approach for the rational identification of oncogenic and codependent pathways in cancer.
MUNIDOPSIS ALBATROSSAE, A NEW SPECIES OF DEEP-SEA GALATHEIDAE (DECAPODA, ANOMURA) FROM THE EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN

Description d'une nouvelle espece de Galatheidae gigantesque, Munido psis albatrossae n. sp., du Pacific oriental au large de la Basse Californie, Mexique, a 3219 m de profondeur.
Vibro-acoustic response of an infinite, rib-stiffened, thick-plate assembly using finite-element analysis

The vibration of and sound radiation from an infinite, fluid-loaded, thick-plate assembly stiffened periodically with ribs are investigated numerically using finite-element analysis. First, numerical simulations are compared to the analytical solutions presented recently for this particular problem [Hull and Welch, J. Sound Vib. 329, 4192–4211 (2010)]. It is shown that the solutions reported in this reference are partially incorrect because the number of modes was not chosen correctly. Subsequently, the numerical model is used to study the effect of repeated and equally spaced void inclusions on the vibro-acoustic response of the system.
Influence of preceding liquids on stop-consonant perception

When a syllable‐final liquid precedes a syllable‐initial stop, it may influence the perceived place of stop‐consonant production. To demonstrate this phenomenon, the CV portions of natural tokens of /al da/, /al ga/, /at da/, and /at ga/ were excised and replaced with closely matched synthetic stimuli forming a /da/‐/ga/ continuum. The resulting hybrid disyllables were then presented to listeners who labeled both liquids and stops. More “g” responses were given to stops which replaced /ga/ than to those which replaced /da/, indicating that the preceding VC portion (/al/ or /ar/) contained cues to the following stop consonant. In addition, many more “g” responses were given to stops which followed /al/ than to those which followed /ar/. Spectrograms of the original utterances suggest, in accordance with this perceptual finding, that stops following /l/ are produced with a relatively more forward place of articulation than those following /r/. More detailed acoustic measurements are now in progress. Here, it seems, is another instance where coarticulation accounts for a perceptual context effect. [Work supported by NICHD and BRS.]
Survey on Teaching Science to K-12 Students with Disabilities: Teacher Preparedness and Attitudes

Students with disabilities are increasingly included in general education science classrooms and are expected to demonstrate academic proficiency on standardized assessments. Teacher preparation and attitudes have been cited as major factors contributing to either the success or failure of students with disabilities in science. In order to assess the current state of what could be facilitative or inhibitory influences, a national online survey to which 1,088 K-12 science teachers responded was conducted. Mixed methods’ analyses suggest that science teachers receive little formal training and feel underprepared to teach students with disabilities. Results identify specific gaps in science teachers’ education, as well as attitudinal and institutional barriers that may inhibit students with disabilities’ success. However, science teachers remain highly receptive to training and collaboration. Implications for science teacher education are discussed.
Parallel tandem: a program for parallel processing of tandem mass spectra using PVM or MPI and X!Tandem.

A method for the rapid correlation of tandem mass spectra to a list of protein sequences in a database has been developed. The combination of the fast and accurate computational search algorithm, X!Tandem, and a Linux cluster parallel computing environment with PVM or MPI, significantly reduces the time required to perform the correlation of tandem mass spectra to protein sequences in a database. A file of tandem mass spectra is divided into a specified number of files, each containing an equal number of the spectra from the larger file. These files are then searched in parallel against a protein sequence database. The results of each parallel output file are collated into one file for viewing through a web interface. Thousands of spectra can be searched in an accurate, practical, and time effective manner. The source code for running Parallel Tandem utilizing either PVM or MPI on Linux operating system is available from http://www.thegpm.org. This source code is made available under Artistic License from...
Charged-Particle Scattering in the Presence of a Strong Electromagnetic Wave

A simple and convenient approximation is obtained for the multiphoton energy-transfer processes which accompany the scattering of a charged particle by a scattering potential in the presence of a strong external electromagnetic field. It is expressed in terms of the differential elastic-scattering cross section combined with known functions, and is valid when the scattering potential is weak or when the wave frequency is small. A detailed form of the classical limit is obtained.
Three in vivo promoter phenotypes in MHC class II deficient combined immunodeficiency.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II deficient combined immunodeficiency (CID), also referred to as type II bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS), is a genetic disease which impairs immune responses by abrogating the expression of the MHC class II genes (LisowskaGrospierre et al. 1985). The defect in gene expression is at the transcriptional level and affects all the class II genes coordinately (DePreval et al. 1988). Studies of CID patient families demonstrated that the disease locus segregates independently from the MHC locus (DePreval et al. 1985), which suggested that the defect was not in the MHC genes themselves. This was confirmed by fusing EpsteinBarr virus (EBV)-transformed B-lymphocyte cell lines from CID patients to healthy B-lymphocyte cell lines, which resulted in reexpression of the class II genes (Yang et al. 1988; Hume and Lee 1989; Benichou and Strominger 1991). Thus, the CID defect is thought to reside in a trans-acting regulatory factor(s). Fusion experiments between the various CID cell lines have defined four different genetic complementation groups (Benichou and Strominger 1991). The regulatory factors defective in these cell lines have not yet been identified. However, evidence from DNase I hypersensitivity studies suggested that the chromatin structure of class II promoters is altered in certain CID cell lines (G6nczy et al. 1989). To better characterize the nature of the regulatory defect in class II deficient CID, we have examined the occupancy of class II promoters in various CID cell lines in vivo by genomic footprinting. Using a small number of cell lines and the HLA-DRA gene, we previously demonstrated two different in vivo promoter phenotypes (Kara and Glimcher 1991). Here, we extend this study to a complete panel of CID-derived and experimentally-derived class II-negative cell lines for three class II genes, HLA-DRA, -DRB, and -DQB, and describe a third in vivo phenotype.
Defect microstructural evolution in ion irradiated metallic nanofoils: Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation versus cluster dynamics modeling and in situ transmission electron microscopy experiments

Understanding materials degradation under intense irradiation is important for the development of next generation nuclear power plants. Here we demonstrate that defect microstructural evolution in molybdenum nanofoils in situ irradiated and observed on a transmission electron microscope can be reproduced with high fidelity using an object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) simulation technique. Main characteristics of defect evolution predicted by OKMC, namely, defect density and size distribution as functions of foil thickness, ion fluence and flux, are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the in situ experiments and from previous continuum-based cluster dynamics modeling. The combination of advanced in situ experiments and high performance computer simulation/modeling is a unique tool to validate physical assumptions/mechanisms regarding materials response to irradiation, and to achieve the predictive power for materials stability and safety in nuclear facilities.
Reactions of azidoquinones with nucleophiles. Synthesis of heterocyclic quinones

Pergamon Preao. Tetrahedron Letters No. 47, pp 4695 - 4698, 1973. REACTIONS WITH NUCLEOPHILES OF AZIDOQUINONES SYNTHESIS Gloria Cajipe, OF HETEROCYCLIC David Rutolo, Printed in Great Britain. QUINONES and Harold W. Moore’ Department of Chemistry University of California Irvine, California in USA 31 August 1973; received (Received in UK for publioatioa 9 October 1973) A potentially general synthetic route to a large variety of heterocyclic formally outlined below. (1) followed l Specifically, by its intramolecular of heterocyclic ring systems quinones is generation of an adequately substituted ring closure would provide a versatile aminoquinone pathway to a number Until now, the above approach has been ignored since no good method was known for the generation of the key substituted aminoquinone of introducing substituents displacements, nucleophilic intermediates on the quinone nucleus, are untenable for aminoquinones That is, classical such as 1,4-additions methods and nucleophilic since the amino group effectively inhibits attack on the double bond to which it is attached. We have taken advantage of the fact that azidohydroquinones, which - can be generated by Michael addition reactions to azidoquinones, readily disproportionate to the corresponding aminoquinones . In this way the key intermediate (1) can be generated and thus the heterocyclic quinone can be obtained in effectively 1,4benzoquinone text-butyl is, operation. 2-Azido-5-tert-butyl- (3) was chosen as the azidoquinone for initial investigations group would sterically of course, a one step laboratory also conceivably inhibit nucleophilic possible attack at position-6. since the bulky Electronic for those quinones having strong electron inhibition donating
The physical locations of structural genes in adenovirus DNA.

Abstract Interserotypic recombinants are formed in crosses between temperature-sensitive ( ts ) mutants of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and the nondefective adenovirus 2-SV40 hybrid virus Ad2 + ND1. The positions of Ad2 + ND1 and Ad5 DNA sequences in recombinant genomes can be determined by analysis of their DNA with restriction endonucleases and the sites of the mutation in many ts mutants have been mapped [Grodzicker, T., Williams, J. F., Sharp, P. A., and Sambrook, J. (1974), Cold Spring Harbor Zymp. Quant. Biol. 39 , 439–446; Sambrook, J., Williams, J., Sharp, P. A., and Grodzicker, T. (1975), J. Mol. Biol. 97 , 369–390]. We show here that several Ad5 polypeptides can be distinguished from their Ad2 + ND1 counterparts by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the polypeptides encoded by recombinants of known genetic constitution has allowed us to locate several structural genes on the adenovirus genetic and physical maps and to assign ts mutants to specific genes. Furthermore, we have physically mapped the early Ad5 mutant ts 125 which has a defect in the gene for the adenovirus-specific single-stranded binding protein. In addition, we show that the virus-associated RNAs of Ad2 and Ad5 can be separated electrophoretically, permitting rapid and simple determination of the origin of the DNA surrounding position 0.30 in interserotypic recombinants.
Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in alopecia areata patients-a secondary analysis of the National Alopecia Areata Registry Data.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a nonscarring and recurrent disease characterized by hair loss that may significantly affect patient health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Given the lack of reliable and accurate reporting of HRQoL status in patients with AA, we analyzed data from 532 AA patients from the National Alopecia Areata Registry whose registry record included HRQoL assessments using three validated instruments: Skindex-16, brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and Dermatology Life Quality Index. The mean HRQoL scores were compared with previously reported HRQoL levels from healthy controls and patients with other skin diseases. Two-step cluster analysis of Skindex-16 scales divided patients into two groups: 481 (57%) with good HRQoL and 361 (43%) with poor HRQoL. Multivariate logistic regression modeling revealed a set of risk factors for poor HRQoL: age
Two Independent Mechanisms Promote Expression of an N-terminal Truncated USP18 Isoform with Higher DeISGylation Activity in the Nucleus *

Expression of the ISG15 specific protease USP18 is highly induced by type I interferons. The two main functions of USP18, i.e. its enzymatic activity and down-regulation of type I interferon signaling, are well characterized. However, to date all functional studies focused on full-length USP18. Here, we report that translation of human USP18 is initiated by a rare start codon (CUG). Usage of this non-canonical initiation site with its weak translation initiation efficiency promotes expression of an N-terminal truncated isoform (USP18-sf). In addition, an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) located in the 5′-coding region of USP18 also contributes to translation of USP18-sf. Functionally, both isoforms exhibit enzymatic activity and interfere with type I interferon signaling. However, USP18-sf shows different subcellular distribution compared with the full-length protein and enhanced deISGylation activity in the nucleus. Taken together, we report the existence of an N-terminal truncated isoform of USP18, whose expression is controlled on translational level by two independent mechanisms providing translational flexibility as well as cell type-specific resistance to inhibition of cap-dependent translation.
Environmental Contamination by Cobalt in the Vicinity of a Cemented Tungsten Carbide Tool Grinding Plant

Surface soil and dust samples have been collected from the vicinity of a hard metal (cemented tungsten carbide) tool grinding factory. As a result of poor waste management practices, dusts generated by the grinding operation were, for the most part, swept from the interior of the building onto open ground at the rear of the plant. The potential for contamination of the local environment with cobalt, tungsten, and other metals as a result of dust being either resuspended from the resulting uncontrolled mound of debris or emitted from the factory vents was considerable. Levels of cobalt in local soils were found to be as high as 12,700 mg kg{sup -1}; almost 2000 times higher than the average value for in the United States. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis examination of the waste dust particles revealed that the individual particles were, in general, composites containing variable quantities of tungsten, cobalt, calcium, titanium, and iron. Individual particles in soil samples collected at some distance from the plant were less heterogenous, and fewer particles contained detectable quantities of cobalt. This would suggest that a degree of disassociation had occurred in the soil environment resulting in a mobilization of the cobalt.more » 31 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.« less
The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self Versus Others

Three studies suggest that individuals see the existence and operation of cognitive and motivational biases much more in others than in themselves. Study 1 provides evidence from three surveys that people rate themselves as less subject to various biases than the “average American,” classmates in a seminar, and fellow airport travelers. Data from the third survey further suggest that such claims arise from the interplay among availability biases and self-enhancement motives. Participants in one follow-up study who showed the better-than-average bias insisted that their self-assessments were accurate and objective even after reading a description of how they could have been affected by the relevant bias. Participants in a final study reported their peer’s self-serving attributions regarding test performance to be biased but their own similarly self-serving attributions to be free of bias. The relevance of these phenomena to naive realism and to conflict, misunderstanding, and dispute resolution is discussed.
Properties of Ni3Al-bonded Titanium Carbide Ceramics

Abstract Cemented carbides are widely used in applications where resistance to abrasion and wear are important, particularly in combination with high strength and stiffness. In the present case, ductile nickel aluminide (Ni 3 Al), was used as a binder phase to fabricate dense TiC cermets by either sintering of mixed powders or a melt-infiltration sintering process. The choice of an aluminide binder was based on the exceptional high temperature strength and chemical stability exhibited by these alloys. The resultant TiC–Ni 3 Al composites exhibit improved oxidation resistance, Young’s moduli > 375 GPa, high fracture strengths (> 1 GPa) that are retained to ≥ 900°C, and fracture toughness values 10 MPa√m. The thermal diffusivity at 200°C for the composites is ∼0·070 to 0·075 cm 2 s −1 while the thermal expansion coefficient rises with Ni 3 Al content from ∼8 to ∼11 × 10 −6 K −1 over the range of 8 to 40 vol% Ni 3 Al. The oxidation and acidic corrosion resistances appear to be promising as well. Finally, they also exhibit good electrical conductivity allowing them to be sectioned and shaped by electrical discharge machining (EDM) processes.
Fossil palm flowers in Dominican and Baltic amber

Five palm flowers in Dominican amber and one in Baltic amber are described or characterized. Palaeoraphe dominicanagen. et sp. nov. in the subtribe Livistoninae, is described from one perfect flower in Dominican amber. Roystonea palaeasp. nov. is described from one staminate and one pistillate flower in Dominican amber. Three other palm flowers, two perfect flowers from Dominican amber and one staminate flower from Baltic amber, are briefly characterized and figured. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 361–367.