cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The arts as cultural capital among elites: Bourdieu's theory reconsidered

Abstract Pierre Bourdieu's influential theory of cultural capital has increasingly been subject to criticism. This paper addresses Bourdieu's ideas about the role of the arts in class cohesion among elites, a group to whom the theory should be most applicable. It finds that the arts are valued by elites and do contribute to class cohesion, but not entirely in the way his theory describes. In contrast to Bourdieu's emphasis on aesthetic knowledge and tastes. I propose that culture's importance for class cohesion, at least in the American context, is rooted in the social organization of elite participation in the arts. Thus, the link that cultural capital theory draws between the arts and class cohesion is correct, but it occurs through an alternative mechanism. This argument is developed through an analysis of 175 in-depth personal interviews from two studies of elites conducted by the author.
Status of a multiplexed single photon on-demand source

We present the status of our work implementing a single photon on-demand source based on a multiplexed arrangement of parametric downconverters. An array of downconverters with multiplexed outputs makes it possible to create light pulses with increased probability of containing a single photon, while suppressing the probability of producing more than one photon. This is crucial for quantum cryptographic applications. Our current setup implements the scheme in a greatly simplified manner that produces photons along with a measure of the likelihood that the light pulse emitted is just a single photon. This implementation uses a virtual array of downconverters and an array of staggered length optical fibers allowing a single detector to measure a herald photon output by a series of downconverters. This single detector arrangement is a great savings considering the cost of such detectors. The timing of the herald tells us which path the herald took, which in turn, provides information on the single vs. multiphoton probabilities. So far, our work shows that the individual correlated photon peaks are clearly resolvable with our 2.4 ns delay line steps and the 1 ns full width half maximum (FWHM) of the correlated photon peaks, and that we can observe four correlated photon peaks simultaneously, a requirement to fully implement our scheme. Our current efforts are to increase the brightness and utility of the system for incorporation into a quantum communication testbed.
Improved motor performance in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in mice by cerebellar Purkinje-cell specific Dyt1 conditional knocking-out

Early-onset generalized torsion dystonia (dystonia 1) is an inherited movement disorder caused by mutations in DYT1 (TOR1A), which codes for torsinA. Most patients have a 3-base pair deletion (ΔGAG) in one allele of DYT1, corresponding to a loss of a glutamic acid residue (ΔE) in the C-terminal region of the protein. Functional alterations in basal ganglia circuits and the cerebellum have been reported in dystonia. Pharmacological manipulations or mutations in genes that result in functional alterations of the cerebellum have been reported to have dystonic symptoms and have been used as phenotypic rodent models. Additionally, structural lesions in the abnormal cerebellar circuits, such as cerebellectomy, have therapeutic effects in these models. A previous study has shown that the Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in (KI) mice exhibit motor deficits in the beam-walking test. Both Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in (KI) and Dyt1 Purkinje cell-specific knockout (Dyt1 pKO) mice exhibit dendritic alterations of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Here, Dyt1 pKO mice exhibited significantly less slip numbers in the beam-walking test, suggesting better motor performance than control littermates, and normal gait. Furthermore, Dyt1 ΔGAG KI/Dyt1 pKO double mutant mice exhibited significantly lower numbers of slips than Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous KI mice, suggesting Purkinje-cell specific knockout of Dyt1 wild-type (WT) allele in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous KI mice rescued the motor deficits. The results suggest that molecular lesions of torsinA in Purkinje cells by gene therapy or intervening in the signaling pathway downstream of the cerebellar Purkinje cells may rescue motor symptoms in dystonia 1.
The History of Neuropeptide Research: Version 5.a

Two reviews published recently reflect the history of neuropeptide research. One of them1 reports the results of a computer search of the scientific literature since 1966. It found more than a quarter of a million papers published concerning those peptides that now are known to be able to exert some effects on the central nervous system (CNS).
Evaluating binge eating disorder in children: development of the children's binge eating disorder scale (C-BEDS).

Objective: Binge eating disorder (BED) may manifest itself differently in children than adults. Recently researchers have proposed provisional criteria for measuring BED in children. The purpose of this study was to develop a brief, simple, structured, interviewer-administered scale (C-BEDS) to measure BED in children according to the provisional criteria and to compare diagnostic results with SCID diagnoses. Method: A total of 55 children between the ages of 5 and 13 were interviewed with both the SCID and the C-BEDS. Results: There was a significant association between the two measures (p = .001). Both measures adequately identified children with binge eating behaviors. Conclusion: Both the provisional criteria and the C-BEDS may be developmentally appropriate for use with children, although the C-BEDS may be a better screening instrument as it quickly identified children with subsyndromal BED. If used by physicians and other health providers, this brief measure may assist with identifying early onset binge eating behaviors and avoiding the associated consequences, including adult BED, obesity, and other comorbidities. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Role of structure and morphology in the elastic modulus of carbon nanotube composites

The nature of nanoscale reinforcements in the carbon nanotube composites indicates nanocomposite properties are heavily dependent on the micro/nano-structure and morphology. Macroscopic parameter-based properties estimation may lead to deviation as large as 30%. In this paper, a modified shear-lag model, combined with probability statistical theory and composites morphology, is established to investigate the elastic properties of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)-reinforced polymer composites. The computational results indicated that elastic modulus of nanocomposite was remarkably dependent on the micro/nano-structure, including diameter, length, and orientation of the dispersed SWNTs. Microstructure-dependent shape factor and orientation effect factor played a key role on achieving high-performance nanocomposites. Elastic modulus of nanocomposite with well-dispersed carbon nanotubes was more susceptible to the orientation. Similarly, nanocomposite modulus was more subject to the dispersion influence when SWNTs were well-aligned. The maximal modulus was located in the zone of small rope diameters and small orientation angles when adequate interfacial bonding was provided. The computational results were also compared with experimental outcome and demonstrated good consistence.
Corrosion inhibition by aniline oligomers through charge transfer: a DFT approach

Abstract Prototype materials based on aniline oligomers have been shown to inhibit corrosion. The electronic behavior of these aniline trimers parallels that of polyaniline (PAni), but the oligomers are a much more tractable system for analysis. The anti-corrosion process involves the acid/base chemistry of the oligomers, their electron donor/acceptor properties, and the interaction of the oligomers with the metal surface. Thermodynamic parameters for several competing reaction sequences occurring during the interaction of an iron (or aluminum) surface and aniline trimers are determined by hybrid ab initio/density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These parameters are used to interpret the extent of electron transfer at the polymer–surface interface at equilibrium. The rate of electron transfer from the metal to trimer, and from one trimer to another, is estimated using Marcus–Hush theory. The relevance of these rates to the corrosion process is illustrated. The pH dependence of corrosion inhibition by oligoanilines and the effect of the spin state of the oligomer is discussed.
Observation of two surface-plasmon modes on gold particles

Annealed, thin films of gold were studied by electron microscopy and optical transmission. The particles ranged in size from less than 5 to 100 nm (longest dimensions). The observation of two surface-plasmon peaks was analyzed by treating the particles as oblate spheroids in which the average shape, as determined by optical measurements, is governed by the heat treatment and evaporation thickness. The depolarizing effect of the substrate was clearly demonstrated by shifts in the frequencies of the resonance peaks. Two resonances associated with surface-plasmon modes of oscillation were observed for each of the two axes of the model oblate spheroids.
Induced thermal resistance in HeLa cells

IN mammalian cells, hyperthermia causes temperature-dependent changes in cell growth parameters1, reduces DNA and protein synthesis rates2 and cell metabolism3, and leads to a loss of proliferative capacity4,5. Harris6 has shown that temperature-resistant pig kidney cells can be obtained after multiple exposures to very high thermal doses (colony-forming ability reduced to 10−5–10−6 of controls). The purpose of our experiments was to determine whether a single hyperthermic treatment (44 °C for 1 h) could induce a state of thermotolerance in cells, and if so, what was the mode of origin of the thermal resistant cells.
Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor κB Regulates the Inducible Expression of the Human B1 Receptor Gene in Inflammation

Expression of the bradykinin B1 receptor gene is up-regulated in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to a variety of inflammatory stimuli. We isolated the 5'-flanking region of the human bradykinin B1 receptor gene and examined its promoter activity by transient transfection analysis. This region (-2582 to +34) showed promoter activity inducible by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in VSMCs. Further deletion analysis revealed that constructs containing 111 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence were sufficient for transcriptional induction. Mutagenesis of a nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-like site at -64 to -55 abolished most of the LPS, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta inducibility, whereas a mutation of a cyclic AMP response element at -50 to -43 markedly reduced the basal promoter activity, and a mutation of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) site at -78 to -72 had minimal effects. Nuclear extracts from LPS, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta-treated VSMCs, IL-1beta-treated human hepatoma HepG2, and human lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells showed strong inducible binding activity to the NF-kappaB-like site by gel shift assays. These results demonstrated that NF-kappaB-like nuclear factor was involved in the inducible expression of the human bradykinin B1 receptor gene during inflammatory processes.
A study of several color reactions for the determination of cholesterol.

Abstract Several reagents have been described which give quantitative color reactions with cholesterol and its esters. The phases of the reactions have been studied and these include extraction, interferences, spectra and recoveries. It is believed that the modified ferric ammonium chloride reagent along with the extraction procedure described is suitably simple and accurate for the clinical laboratory.
Recommendations for Energy–Water–Food Nexus Problems

The chronic water problems in parts of India are probably due mainly to mismanagement. The rolling blackout and brownout problems in the larger Indian cities are due to lack of generation capacity. Since about ninety percent of the world's electricity is generated based on the steam Rankine cycle, environmental water is necessary for cooling, and freshwater is used as the working fluid. Furthermore, electricity is tied to water as part of the bigger water energy nexus phenomena occurring worldwide. China has started and continued with many initiatives to correct problems with water management. Projects do exist where the climatically dry north is being fed water from the wet south. China has water energy nexus conditions occurring too. The review of the scientific literature on studies about the sources of the Ganges, the Yangtze, the Yellow river, the Indus and the Mekong (the drinking water source of about forty percent of the World's population), the glaciers that feed these sources and how they are shrinking with global warming, has yielded a simple policy decision. Mass balance considerations provide the answer that the logical solution of the recent accelerated water changing from solid to liquid on mountain tops, requires dams and storage areas (lakes) to prevent all that freshwater from escaping to the lowlands, and ultimately being discharged into the oceans. One of the other major contributions in this work is to suggest conversion of (old) Rankine cycle generation of electricity to (new) combined gas cycle generation and/or simple gas cycle generation. The combined gas cycle generation can achieve efficiencies of 55–60%, while that of the Rankine cycle power generation languishes around 30%. Less water is required per MW electric power generated for condenser cooling in the combined cycle. The simple gas cycle generation can achieve 40% thermal efficiency on the average and use no water for cooling. There is also the suggestion to upgrade to supercritical power plants due to the advances in power plant technologies. The improved thermal efficiencies gained from this upgrade generate other benefits as well. Another contribution is the suggestion to use seawater for closed system condenser cooling in power plants that are not near the sea or ocean or any large body of freshwater. The open system seawater condenser cooling has been practiced for years throughout the world. This will definitely reduce the demand for freshwater, which could otherwise be used for human consumption or agriculture. Additionally, the rising seas problem locally may be reduced somewhat if enough of the seawater is used.
Mechanism of the Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroalkylation of 7-Octene-2,4-dione

Cyclization of (E)-7,8-dideuterio-7-octene-2,4-dione [(E)-1-7,8-d2] catalyzed by PdCl2(CH3CN)2 (2) formed cis-2-acyl-3,4-dideuteriocyclohexanone (cis-3-3,4-d2) in 64% yield as the exclusive isotopomer. This experiment, in conjunction with additional deuterium labeling experiments, was in accord with a mechanism for the conversion of 1 to 3 catalyzed by 2 involving attack of the enol carbon atom on a palladium-complexed olefin followed by palladium migration and protonolysis from a palladium enolate complex.
The amino acid sequences of two large glycopeptides derived from the carbohydrate-carrying region of α1-acid glycoprotein

Abstract Specific fragmentation with cyanogen bromide and subsequent reduction and carboxymethylation of α 1 -acid glycoprotein, a normal human plasma globulin, permitted isolation of a large fragment which was shown to represent the amino-terminal half and to contain the total carbohydrate moiety of this protein. The amino acid sequences of two large glycopeptides derived from this fragment were established. One glycopeptide was composed of 22 amino acid residues and one carbohydrate unit, and the other consisted of 65 amino acid residues and carried four carbohydrate units.
Lipid lateral mobility in the plasma membrane of whole plant cells

Fluorescence photobleaching recovery was used to measure the apparent lateral diffusion coefficient and mobile fraction of a fluorescent lipid probe in the plasma membranes of whole plant cells, i.e., in the presence of cell walls. Interfering fluorescence from the cell wall was reduced by extensive washing and then subtracted from the recovery recordings. Mobility characteristics of plasma membrane lipids in whole cells were found to be very similar to those in protoplasts.
Arsenic and antimony in laundry aids by instrumental neutron activation analysis.

>The measurement of trace amounts of arsenic and antimony in laundry aids by neutron activation analysis is described. The results for arsenic are compared with those obtained by other analytical techniques. The concentratlons ln the various laundry aids tested ranged from 5 to 51 ppM of arsenic and from 1 to 8 ppM of antimony. (auth)
Intraarticular volume and clearance in human synovial effusions

Intraarticular volumes were measured by radiolabeled albumin (RISA) distribution in chronic knee effusions from 11 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 9 osteoarthritis patients. Volumes of synovial fluid obtained at joint aspiration were substantially less than those found by RISA dilution. Up to 24 hours was needed for full distribution of RISA throughout the intraarticular compartment. Measured 123I and RISA radioactivity over the knee described monoexponential rate constants, lambda (minute-1). The clearance of 123I and RISA from synovial effusions was derived by the formulation volume (ml) X lambda (minute-1) = clearance (ml/minute). RISA clearance in rheumatoid effusions was significantly greater than that found in osteoarthritis effusions. Intraarticular volume and isotope clearance were easily quantified and provide measures for further evaluating the microvascular physiology of synovial effusions.
Buckling Gel-Phase Membranes is a Way to Measure their Mean Bending Regidity

The elasticity of lipid membranes can be characterized by two curvature moduli: the mean bending modulus and the Gaussian curvature modulus. Due to the relevance of the mean bending modulus for countless biological processes, considerable effort has been devoted to determine it_both in experiment and in computational studies. The most common computational approach is to measure the power spectrum of shape undulation modes [1]. Unfortunately, this technique is challenging for gel-phase membranes, because their larger modulus renders their fluctuations correspondingly smaller. In contrast, methods that infer a membrane's rigidity from actively bending it yield a signal that becomes stronger as the membrane becomes stiffer. One recently proposed method derives the modulus from the stress-strain relation of a buckled membrane, and it has been shown to provide accurate results for fluid membranes [2,3]. Using a coarse-grained lipid model, we show that this buckling method can also calculate the mean bending modulus of a gel phase membrane. We discuss the efficient implementation of the technique, paying special attention to difficulties that can arise while simulating a membrane in the gel phase. The method also provides insights into the contribution of entropy to the bending modulus, and hence its the temperature dependence.[1] Goetz R., Gompper G., and Lipowsky R., “Mobility and elasticity of self-assembled membranes”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 221-224 (1999).[2] Noguchi H., “Anisotropic surface tension of buckled fluid membranes”, Phys. Rev. E 83, 061919 (2011).[3] Hu M., Diggins P., and Deserno M., “Determining the bending modulus of a lipid membrane by simulating buckling”, J. Chem. Phys. 138, 214110 (2013).
The Solar Nebula as a Process–An Analytic Model

Abstract We have constructed an analytic model of the solar nebula based on a time-dependent accretion disk theory. Until now, this problem has been solved only numerically. Our model offers explicit formulas for a spatial structure and temporal evolution of the nebula. The model is characterized by only three major parameters: initial mass of the nebula, initial angular momentum of the nebula, and viscosity parameter α. The values of these parameters are relatively well constrained. Models of the solar nebula obtained using our formulas are in good agreement with previously published numerical results. An analytic model has the advantage of embodying all the different scenarios, thus providing much deeper insights into the dynamical evolution of the nebula. We have found that the evolution of the nebula passes through different epochs, each characterized by a different rate of evolution. The number of different epochs, and thus the character of the evolutionary history of the nebula, depends on a particular set of parameters. We have shown that very different evolutionary scenarios arise from even modest changes in the values of the parameters. The analytic model can help to link disk theory to observations, as well as to provide a valuable tool for cosmogonic studies.
Adaptive Control for Regulation of a Quadratic Function of the State

We propose an adaptive controller for a dynamical system, where we need a quadratic function of the state to track a given reference signal. This problem appears in the control of generators in weak-grid conditions for example. While the controller can measure the tracking error, the main difficulty arises from the fact that the parameters of the quadratic function itself are not known to the controller. Our approach consists of simultaneously estimating the quadratic function while tracking the reference signal, similar to the approach employed in adaptive control. The quadratic structure of the tracking function necessitates, however, a new adaptive law for estimating the parameters. Even though estimation and control are in general two contradicting requirements, using this new adaptive law and a multilevel controller we prove that the tracking error converges to zero in the absence of measurement noise. In the presence of bounded noise we show that the tracking error can be driven to a neighborhood around the origin.
Process flowsheet optimization strategies: recent results and further directions

Abstract Optimization strategies based on detailed and rigorous models of process flowsheets have been of interest to process engineers for the past 25 years. Here we review earlier optimization strategies and emphasize more recent strategies based on successive quadratic programming (SQP). Application of SQP strategies to process optimization have reduced the computational effort by more than an order of magnitude over conventional methods and now create the potential to make simulator-based optimization with complex process models a powerful tool. This report describes the process optimization problem with a simple flowsheeting model and briefly discusses the infeasible path approach, which permits simultaneous recycle convergence and optimization with SQP. Several improvements to the infeasible path algorithm are then outlined that include better gradient calculation and scaling strategies, a more efficient line search function and more reliable performance through intermediate recycle convergence. These concepts are applied to a large-scale process problem and resulting improvements are demonstrated. Finally, we present a brief discussion of open research questions and directions for future research.
Minor Deviant Behaviors and Adolescent Sexual Activity

Using three waves of longitudinal data from 73 adolescent girls and 79 adolescent boys and their parents, this research investigated the effects of early tobacco and alcohol use on adolescent sexual behaviors 2 years later. The results indicated that when controlling for physical maturation, all of the effects of early tobacco and alcohol use at Year 1 on adolescents' sexual activity during Year 3 were mediated by their effects on adolescents' sexual attitudes and peer associations during Year 2. The findings suggest that the relationship between age-related deviant behaviors and sexual activity is largely due to the effects of early transitions to such behaviors on peer associations.
High-performance liquid chromatography of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) using chemically-bonded and solvent-generated ion exchangers

cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cisplatin), a neutral square planar platinum(II) complex useful in the clinical management of a variety of neoplasms, was found to be retained on chemically-bonded and solvent-generated anion exchangers. The solvent-generated anion exchanger was prepared by the adsorption of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide onto the surface of a hydrophobic stationary phase. Investigations into the effects of ionic strength, organic modifiers and temperature revealed certain fundamental differences between the two systems. However, the retention mechanism of cisplatin on both types of cationic stationary phases was most readily explained in terms of ion-dipole interaction.
Corrigendum to “Convexity and concavity constants in Lorentz and Marcinkiewicz spaces” [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 343 (2008) 337–351]

Abstract In this note we state the accurate formulas of convexity and concavity constants in Lorentz spaces, correcting the formulas from Kaminska and Parrish (2008) [2] .
Triassic Paleocaliche in Red Beds of Dolores Formation, Southwestern Colorado: ABSTRACT

Early diagenesis of Upper Triassic lacustrine mudrocks and sandstones in southwestern Colorado includes pedogenic accumulation of calcium carbonate. Petrocalcic horizons, 0.4 to 1.5 m thick, are dominated by unlaminated micritic caliche concretions which range from pellets 1 mm in diameter to nodules 30 mm in diameter. Evidence for in-situ origin of these limestone concretions includes: irregular shape, floating texture, inverse grading, and truncation of back-filled burrows. Mature paleocaliche profiles are capped by calcium carbonate plugged horizons which contain rootlets 1 to 2 mm in diameter. These plugged horizons also contain paleofracture systems filled with reddish brown mudrock. Locally paleofracture morphology suggests plant-root control in its development. In very fine sandstones, micritic caliche nodules coalesce in upward coarsening, sinuous vertical stacks that suggest a rhizo-concretion origin. A maximum of nine petroclastic profiles were observed over a vertical interval of 56 m in one outcrop north of Durango, Colorado. The most mature profile observed exhibited the Stage III development of Gile and others. Caliche nodules and pellets occur throughout the Dolores Formation in southwestern Colorado either in pedogenic profiles or as transported clasts in fluvial, lacustrine deltaic distributary, or fan delta deposits. Literature descriptions suggest that caliche nodules are also present in the correlative Chinle Formation of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado. Based on the areal distribution of modern caliche, a semiarid climate is suggested for the Late Triassic in the Four Corners region of the western United States. End_of_Article - Last_Page 678------------
Leprosy in five armadillo handlers

Five patients with leprosy are presented. Each had had extensive and chronic contact with armadillos. No other potential risk factor for the development of leprosy could be identified. Since the nine-banded armadillo is a known carrier of leprosy in the southern area of the United States, we believe that these patients may have contracted leprosy from infected armadillos.
Control of Satellite-Packet Switched Telecommunications Networks

This paper discusses the results of an investigation of control techniques for packet switching networks utilizing satellite transmission under stressed conditions. Emphasis is placed on controlling TDM satellite networks to enhance traffic carrying capacity and maintain performance under stressed conditions.
Assessing and Changing Organizational Culture and Climate for Effective Services.

The 2007 Aaron Rosen Lecture was presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Social Work and Research, January 12, 2007, in San Francisco, CA. The lecture begins by describing the gap between what is known about efficacious treatments and other evidence-based practices on the one hand and the services that are provided in actual community-based practice settings on the other. To address this gap, the lecture calls for the development of a science of implementation effectiveness and describes the author's research on assessing and changing the social context of mental health and social service organizations as contributing to that effort. The findings of two national studies and one controlled clinical trial are summarized to (a) link organizational social context to service outcomes, (b) describe a new profiling system for assessing organizational social context, and (c) demonstrate how social context can be changed with planned organizational intervention strategies.
Angular dependence of surface acoustic wave characteristics in AlN thin films on a-plane sapphire substrates

AlN thin films have been grown on a-plane sapphire (Al2O3(1120)) substrates. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate the films are fully c-plane (0001) oriented with a full width at half maximum of the AlN(0002) rocking curves of 0.92. The epitaxial growth relationships have been determined by the reflection high energy electron diffraction analysis as AlN[1100]//Al2O3[0001] and AlN[1120]//Al2O3[1100]. Angular dependence of important surface acoustic wave (SAW) characteristics, such as the phase velocity and electromechanical coupling coefficient, has been investigated on the AlN(0001)/Al2O3(1120) structure. While the SAW is excited at all propagation angles with an angular dispersion of the phase velocity in the range of 5503–6045 m/s, a higher velocity shear-horizontal (SH) mode is observed only at 0°, 105° and 180° off the reference Al2O3[1100] over a 180° angular period. The phase velocity of the SH mode shows dispersion (6089–6132 m/s) as a function of the SAW wavelength. Temperature coefficients of frequency are also demonstrated for both modes.
Simulated Hail Damage to Rice: I. Susceptible Growth Stages

Hail damage often occurs to rice (Oryza sativa L.) and crop insurance adjusters need guidelines to assess likely yield reductions. Moreover, defoliation and other types of crop damage can also occur from insects and wind and potential yield effects need to be determined for crop management decisions. Field experiments designed to evaluate effects of simulated hail damage were conducted on a Crowley silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Albaqualfs) near Stuttgart, AR, from 1980 through 1984. Treatments began with attempts to simulate hail damage and were refined over time based on data from earlier studies. Preflood N fertilization treatments were tested to determine whether vegetative defoliation yield reductions could be remedial. Simulated hail damage at vegetative growth stages resulted in highly variable yield responses. In one treatment, however, leaf removal prior to reproductive growth was remedied by additional preflood N. Significant yield reductions were consistently found for simulated bail damage treatments during reproductive stages of growth. The most severe damage resulted from defoliation followed by culm severing; the least damage was caused by culm bending. These experiments established that yield losses from simulated hail damage could be documented for four stages of growth (panicle initiation, booting, heading, and some time during grain-filling) for three different kinds of damage (leaf removal, culm severing, and culm bending)
Uptake of Selenite labelled with Selenium-75 by Human Leucocytes in vitro

PREVIOUS work (reviewed in ref. 1) has shown that after the injection of selenite labelled with selenium-75 ( ) into animals radioactivity is incorporated into the proteins of various tissues. Recent studies in our laboratory2 have demonstrated that in humans selenite is rapidly taken up by the liver, kidneys and by malignant tumours. Analyses of both normal and tumour tissues have indicated that the selenium is bound to tissue protein by a covalent linkage. We have investigated the mechanism by which inorganic selenium is taken up by human cells.
Alveolar type II cell responses to chronic inhalation of chrysotile asbestos in rats.

The effects of chronic exposure to chrysotile asbestos on alveolar type II cells were examined in the lungs of Fischer 344 rats. Morphometric and three-dimensional analyses were used to characterize the alveolar type II cell and to determine the relationship of asbestos fiber localization to ultrastructural change in these cells. During the 2-yr period of study, type II cell number and volume increased to values more than 4 times those seen in controls. Ultrastructurally, cisternal dilations of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) composed 12% of the total cell volume after 12 mo of exposure to asbestos and was still 15% of the total cell volume 1 yr after fiber exposure had ended compared to less than 1% in control cells. Asbestos fiber density surrounding these cells was directly proportional to the degree of cisternal dilatation in the cell; however, lamellar body volume and number in these cells were not different from that found in control type II cells. The incidence of a subset of type II cells wi...
Discrimination among schematic stimuli as a function of response mode, constraint redundancy and form of Markov rule

This experiment demonstrated that Ss can successfully discriminate among VARGUS 7 stimuli having different central tendencies. Moreover, neither same-different classification responses nor similarity judgments varied as a function of the particular Markov prototypes used in the discrimination task. The results thus suggest that the three prototypes were equally encodable, and that the schema clusters were subjectively equidistant, regardless of the amount of noise introduced into the stimuli.
Abstract 3407: Regulation of c-Myc and p53 by splicing factor SRp20

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA SRp20 is a member of the highly conserved SR protein family of splicing regulators. Our previous study found that SRp20 was overexpressed in ovarian and breast tumors compared to corresponding normal tissues and knockdown of SRp20 expression inhibited tumor cell growth. Suppression of SRp20 by 90% triggered apoptosis of tumor cells through intrinsic pathway, which was accompanied by a downregulation of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. However, it is unclear what mechanism mediates the induction of apoptosis and downregulation of Bcl-2 by SRp20 knockdown. To address this question, we conducted microarray analysis to identify the genes whose expression or splicing are altered in SRp20-knockdown A2780 cells. Among hundreds of identified genes, the expression of c-Myc and p53 was downregulated. The downregulation was further validated by quantitative PCR. Because of the fundamental importance of p53 and c-Myc in cancer biology and apoptosis, we further examined the expression of these two genes at protein levels. Western blotting showed that p53 is upregulated at protein level in SRp20 knockdown cells, contradictory to its expression at the mRNA level, while the expression of c-Myc is consistent at the protein level and at the mRNA level. These results suggest that SRp20 knockdown-induced apoptosis could be mediated by upregulated p53 protein or reduced c-Myc or both, given already established connection between these two proteins and apoptosis. How SRp20 is involved in the regulation of p53 and c-Myc remains to be determined and is currently under investigation. Citation Format: Xiaolong He, Jilai Yang, Shijie Wang. Regulation of c-Myc and p53 by splicing factor SRp20. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3407. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3407
Erosion-Oxidation of Carbon Steel in the Convection Section of an Industrial Boiler Cofiring Coal–Water Fuel and Natural Gas

Walsh et al. (1994) reported measurements of erosion of carbon steel by fly ash and unburned char particles in the convective heat transfer section of an industrial boiler cofiring coal-water fuel and natural gas. Changes in shape of the surface were measured using a surface profiler. Time-averaged maximum erosion rates were obtained from the differences between the original surface height and the lowest points in the profiles. A model was developed by Xie (1995) to describe wastage of tube material in the presence of erosion by particle impacts and oxidation of the metal. The observed changes in erosion rate with temperature and oxygen concentration were consistent with a mechanism based upon the following assumptions: (1) metal was eroded as a ductile material, at a rate that increased with increasing temperature; (2) oxide was eroded as a brittle material, at a rate independent of temperature; (3) the oxide scale was strongly attached to the metal; (4) the erosion resistance of metal and scale was a linear combination of the resistances of the individual components; (5) oxide formed according to the parabolic rate law, with a rate coefficient proportional to the square root of the oxygen partial pressure; (6) erosion resistance frommore » particles sticking to, or embedded in, the surface was negligible. Using the model and rate coefficients for metal and oxide erosion derived from the measurements, estimates were made of the erosion rate of a boiler tube as functions of impaction angle and gas velocity. Under the conditions of metal temperature, gas composition, particle size, particle concentration, and particle composition investigated, erosion of carbon steel is expected to be slower than 0.05 {micro}m/h when the gas velocity in the convection section is less than approximately 8 m/s.« less
The effect of hepatic enzyme inducers on busulfan neurotoxicity and myelotoxicity

Anticonvulsants are commonly used empirically to prevent seizures in patients receiving high-dose busulfan in preparation for bone marrow transplantation. This study evaluates the effects of two anticonvulsants with enzyme-inductive properties, phenytoin and phenobarbital, and an enzyme inducer without anticonvulsant properties, Aroclor 1254, on the myelotoxicity and acute neurotoxicity of busulfan in a murine model. To assess the neuroprotective effects of these agents, we studied the effects of a single dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. busulfan, previously shown in this model to be uniformly lethal due to neurotoxicity. A significantly greater proportion of mice survived when pretreated with phenytoin or phenobarbital as compared with Aroclor 1254 pretreatment or an untreated control group. Busulfan myelotoxicity was studied in another group of mice treated with 135–150 mg/kg given in divided doses over 6 days. The proportion of animals surviving the otherwise myeloablative effects of this regimen were significantly improved by Aroclor 1254, high-dose phenytoin, and phenobarbital pretreatment. We conclude that anticonvulsants offer protection from the acute neurotoxicity of busulfan. However, these enzyme-inducing agents may reduce the myelosuppresive effects as well. These results suggest than an inducible enzyme system such as microsomal or glutathione S-transferases plays an important role in busulfan metabolism, warranting concern over concomitant administration of agents that either induce or inhibit these enzymes.
RULE-BREAKING BEHAVIOR AND ACQUIESCENCE RESPONSE BIAS

The apparent contradiction of studies predicting conforming behavior based on response biases or styles may be resolved by recognizing that social desirability (SD) responding is predictive of conforming behavior while acquiescence responding is not. Marlowe and Crowne (3) found that high SD scorers commented favorably on a meaningless laboratory task, spool packing, while Strickland (6) found that high SD scorers were yielders in an Asch-type social conforming situation. In contrast, Foster (2) using the Gage Information-True Test found that the true score, i.e., acquiescence response bias, did not predict conforming behavior in an Asch-type situation. McGee (4) used several acquiescence measures but found no predictive validity for Ss' attitudes after spool packing or shifts in Sherif's autokinetic problem after being exposed to an Asch-type social pressure situation. Many studies have reported negative correlations berween SD and acquiescence responding. These range from -0.12 (5) to -0.46 ( 1 ) . The purpose of this study was to investigate two hypotheses: (1) Chronic rulebreakers (high school boys) would have a higher total true score on extremely difficult tests than rule-obeyers. (2) Chronic rule-breakers would take less time to complete their tests than the rule-obeyers. Male high school students between the ages of 14 and 19 yr. were given difficult, achievement-type, true-Ealse tests designed to elicit response bias. The 139 students were divided into rwo groups (Ns = 70, 69) based on the behavioral criterion of breaking, as opposed to complying with, high school rules. Groups were matched for verbal intelligence as measured by the VR subtest of the DAT, reading speed and comprehension level as measured by the Davis Reading Test, chronological age, grade level and SES as measured by the Warner Scale. Analysis of variance of the true scores for the two groups yielded F = 9.75 (df = 1/138, p < .01). Rule-breakers, as expected, responded true more frequently than nonrule breakers which was operationally defined as being more acquiescent. An analysis of variance of the total time scores for the two groups yielded no differences.
The development and ultrastructure of the juxtaglomerular cell granule

Juxtaglomerular apparatuses from normal rats and monkeys, from patients with renovascular hypertension and from rats with constricted renal arteries were studied with the electron microscope. The juxtaglomerular cell granule appears to arise from protogranules with a crystalline pattern having a periodicity which, in different crystals, varies from 50 to 100 A. Protogranules, about 90–400 mμ long, are seen within the dilated cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. They present variable contours, from a round to a diamond shape. A species difference regarding the shape and the density of the protogranules is noticed. Near the Golgi apparatus multiple protogranules and small vesicles are contained in large smooth-surfaced membranous sacs. Coalescence of protogranules within large smooth-surfaced sacs results in an irregularly shaped conglomerate in which the protogranules retain their individual and independently oriented crystalline patterns. The mature granules, known from light microscopy, may be formed from these conglomerates or from a single protogranule. Crystalline patterns may persist in fully developed granules, although these usually lack crystalline patterns. Crystalline protogranules appear more abundant in the granular cells from rat and human kidneys with narrowed renal arteries. This abundance could be related to increased synthesis of the secretory product which is thought to be renin.
Spontaneous disappearance of blue-gray facial pigmentation during amiodarone therapy (out of the blue)

Abstract Amiodarone hydrochloride (Cordarone ® ) was originally introduced in Europe in 1965 as an antianginal drug. In the early 1970s its antiarrhythmic potency was recognized. Currently, amiodarone is approved for use in patients with refractory malignant ventricular arrhythmia. The drug has a number of untoward effects that include adverse skin reactions. Photosensitivity occurs in 30 to 57% of patients receiving amiodarone. 1 A slate-gray or blue-gray discoloration of sun-exposed areas occurs in 2 to 24% of patients given amiodarone and is often preceded by a phototoxic skin reaction. 1,2 The pigmentation appears dose- and duration-dependent and is reported to fade gradually over many months or years after amiodarone therapy is discontinued. 3 We report the case of a patient in whom the typical amiodarone-induced pigmentation spontaneously disappeared despite continued amiodarone therapy.
Children&#8217;s Cognitive Ability, Schooling and Work: Evidence from Ethiopia

Abstract I investigate the relationship between children's cognitive ability and parental investment using a rich dataset on a cohort of children from Ethiopia. The data come from Young Lives, a long-term international study of childhood poverty in four countries. Ability is measured by scores on a cognitive test. A child's enrollment in school, participation in work and work hours are employed as measures of parental investment in human capital. The results provide strong evidence of reinforcing parental investment – higher ability children are more likely to be enrolled in school and less likely to work and, conditional on participation, also work fewer hours. These results are mostly robust to addressing potential feedback effects between schooling and test scores and household heterogeneities. On the policy front, the results suggest that the seeds of adulthood inequality in human capital and earnings capability may be sown quite early in childhood, and thereby underscore the importance of interventions that, among others, attempt to improve prenatal and early life health and nutrition, which are often cited as the sources of deficiencies in children's cognitive ability.
Lipids and two-pore domain K+ channels in excitable cells.

Abstract Two-pore domain potassium channels (2PK) make up the newest branch of the potassium channel super-family. The channels are time- and voltage-independent and carry leak or “background” currents that are regulated by many different signaling molecules. These currents play an important role in setting the resting membrane potential and excitability of excitable cells, and, as a consequence, modulation of 2PK channel activity is thought to underlie the function of physiological processes as diverse as the sedation of anesthesia, regulation of normal cardiac rhythm and synaptic plasticity associated with simple forms of learning. Lipids, including arachidonate and its lipoxygenase metabolites, platelet-activating factor and anandamide have been identified as important mediators of some 2PK channels. Regulation can be effected by several different mechanisms. Some channels are regulated by G-protein-coupled receptors using well described signaling pathways that terminate in the activation of protein kinase C, whereas others are modulated by the direct interaction of the lipid with the channel.
Generation of selective microenvironment at the cell periphery through bulk-phase hydrophilic polymers

Abstract In order to understand the previously demonstrated effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on the stimulation of lymphocyte responses to syngeneic tumor cells (Ben-Sasson, S.A. and Henkart, P.A. (1977) J. Immunol. 119, 227–231), we have investigated the effects of addition of poly(ethylene glycol) to the medium in a number of cellular systems. The binding of trimeric IgG to tumor-lymphocyte Fc receptors was greatly enhanced by poly(ethylene glycol); a substantial increase in binding of trimeric IgG to non-Fc-receptor-bearing tumor cells was also observed. Similarly, the binding of labeled bovine serum albumin to lymphocyte surfaces was increased by poly(ethylene glycol), implying that nonspecific binding of proteins to cells was generally enhanced. The dose-response curve of concanavalin A mitogenesis was shifted to the right, as would be expected from a local increase in concanavalin A concentration. Antibody binding to erythrocytes as detected by complement lysis was similarly increased. It was found that in aqueous two-phase mixtures created by poly(ethylene glycol) and dextran, erythrocytes partition into the dextran phase through exclusion into dextran-rich microdroplets. It is proposed that addition of poly(ethylene glycol) to cell culture media creates a similar separate phase around the cell surface in which the local concentration of proteins is greater than that in the bulk medium. This concept explains many of the diverse effects of addition of poly(ethylene glycol) to the medium. It also can partially explain the requirement for serum to observe the poly(ethylene glycol) effect on the lymphocyte response to syngeneic tumor cells.