cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Management Services: A Comparison of Medical Record Documentation With Actual Billing in Community Family Practice

OBJECTIVE To compare the concordance of family physicians' billing for evaluation and management services with medical record documentation. DESIGN Multi-method, cross-sectional observation study. SETTING Eighty-four family practices in northeast Ohio. PARTICIPANTS Four thousand fifty-four outpatients visiting 138 family physicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The degree of concordance between evaluation and management Current Procedural Terminology codes billed by physicians, with those codes assigned by trained research nurses using American Medical Association criteria to code medical records for the same visits. RESULTS Discrepancies between the multifactorial nature of family practice outpatient visits and the Current Procedural Terminology coding criteria, which dictate overcoding for depth rather than breadth, made coding difficult (multiple-rater kappa statistic between research nurses = 0.36). Among 4137 outpatient visits with complete billing information, 57% of the Current Procedural Terminology codes generated by medical record review were concordant with the actual billing code assigned by physicians. Undercoding and overcoding occurred at a similar frequency (21% and 19%, respectively) and differed by more than 1 code in fewer than 4% of visits. Visits by new patients were more likely to be inaccurately coded than visits by established patients. CONCLUSIONS Record documentation by community family physicians largely reflects the level of services billed using evaluation and management codes. Undercoding is as common as overcoding. Efforts from regulatory agencies should be redirected from penalizing physicians for overcoding to focusing on the development of coding criteria that reflect the multifactorial nature of outpatient primary care practice.
Study of the immunopathogenesis of tubulointerstitial nephritis using model systems.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), as studied experimentally, can be induced by many of the same humoral immune mechanisms now recognized to cause immune forms of glomerular injury [reviewed in 1–5] (Table 1). In addition, there is compelling evidence of direct cellular immune involvement in some forms of TIN. In general, however, less is known about the immunopathogenesis of human TIN than its glomerular counterpart. For example, the specific mechanisms responsible for many of the instances of TIN associated with drug hypersensitivity remain unclear. Much of what is known comes from the study of experimental models of TIN. In addition, these model systems are being used to forward the understanding of control of nephritogenic immune reactions [6–10]. This paper will focus on a discussion of the different immune mechanisms that have been shown to contribute to TIN in experimental models and their extension to human TIN as appropriate.
Predicted effects of prescribed burning and harvesting on forest recovery and sustainability in southwest Georgia, USA.

Abstract A model-based analysis of the effect of prescribed burning and forest thinning or clear-cutting on stand recovery and sustainability was conducted at Fort Benning, GA, in the southeastern USA. Two experiments were performed with the model. In the first experiment, forest recovery from degraded soils was predicted for 100 years with or without prescribed burning. In the second experiment simulations began with 100 years of predicted stand growth, then forest sustainability was predicted for an additional 100 years under different combinations of prescribed burning and forest harvesting. Three levels of fire intensity (low, medium, and high), that corresponded to 17%, 33%, and 50% consumption of the forest floor C stock by fire, were evaluated at 1-, 2-, and 3-year fire return intervals. Relative to the control (no fire), prescribed burning with a 2- or 3-year return interval caused only a small reduction in predicted steady state soil C stocks (⩽25%) and had no effect on steady state tree wood biomass, regardless of fire intensity. Annual high intensity burns did adversely impact forest recovery and sustainability (after harvesting) on less sandy soils, but not on more sandy soils that had greater N availability. Higher intensity and frequency of ground fires increased the chance that tree biomass would not return to pre-harvest levels. Soil N limitation was indicated as the cause of unsustainable forests when prescribed burns were too frequent or too intense to permit stand recovery.
Progress in the Search for Ideal Drugs

The search for ideal drugs to improve patient care requires applications of modern scientific methods to both discovery and development. Using these modern methods, the pharmaceutical industry with strong academic and government collaboration has introduced in the last 25 years many new drugs that approach the ideal. After reviewing Bjornsson's classification of drug action and the notion of contributory causality, this commentary defines an ideal drug from the perspectives of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutics. Examples of new drugs for hypertension, heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, asthma, ulcer, and migraine headaches are described. Finally, the profound implications of progress in developing ideal drugs not only for the patient but also for the academic, educational, and regulatory establishments are briefly reviewed.
Cerebellar Pathway Changes Following Cerebral Hemispherectomy

Following unilateral cerebral injury, several patterns of cerebellar metabolism have been noted on positron emission tomography (PET); these changes have been attributed both to the distant diaschisis as well as to reorganizational changes within the cerebellum. We used diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study 14 children who had undergone cerebral hemispherectomy because of intractable epilepsy and compared them with those from 17 controls. In 10 children who had preoperative and postoperative scans, a paired comparison was performed. Our findings showed significantly higher fractional anisotropy values in corticopontocerebellar pathways postoperatively compared to preoperatively. When compared to controls, we found a higher rate of age-related fractional anisotropy changes of corticopontocerebellar pathways in the postoperative scans. Our results indicate reorganizational changes in the contralateral (intact) corticopontocerebellar pathway and the cerebellar white matter. These changes likely contribute to the far better motor outcomes seen in children compared to adults sustaining such cortical injuries.
Class II Histone Deacetylases Act as Signal-Responsive Repressors of Cardiac Hypertrophy

The heart responds to stress signals by hypertrophic growth, which is accompanied by activation of the MEF2 transcription factor and reprogramming of cardiac gene expression. We show here that class II histone deacetylases (HDACs), which repress MEF2 activity, are substrates for a stress-responsive kinase specific for conserved serines that regulate MEF2-HDAC interactions. Signal-resistant HDAC mutants lacking these phosphorylation sites are refractory to hypertrophic signaling and inhibit cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Conversely, mutant mice lacking the class II HDAC, HDAC9, are sensitized to hypertrophic signals and exhibit stress-dependent cardiomegaly. Thus, class II HDACs act as signal-responsive suppressors of the transcriptional program governing cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Random walks on periodic and random lattices. II. Random walk properties via generating function techniques

We investigate the random walk properties of a class of two-dimensional lattices with two different types of columns and discuss the dependence of the properties on the densities and detailed arrangements of the columns. We show that the row and column components of the mean square displacement are asymptotically independent of the details of the arrangement of columns. We reach the same conclusion for some other random walk properties (return to the origin and number of distinct sites visited) for various periodic arrangements of a given relative density of the two types of columns. We also derive exact asymptotic results for the occupation probabilities of the two types of distinct sites on our lattices which validate the basic conjecture on bond and step ratios made in the preceding paper in this series.
Cooking for the gods: sensuous ethnography, sensory knowledge, and the kitchen in Lucumí tradition

This article considers the ways “sensuous ethnography” can illuminate the dynamism of embodied religious perception and behavior. It discusses the author's ethnographic research in an African-American community of Lucumi/Santeria practitioners on the South Side of Chicago, and explores the sensorily attentive methodological approach adopted to engage with this house of worship, Ile Laroye. The kitchen of Ile Laroye became the author's main fieldwork site, and this article historicizes the kitchen in Lucumi tradition as a woman-centered space that has privileged complex forms of labor defined as generative of virtue and ritual competence. It is argued that post-sacrificial food preparation in particular has served to prepare the uninitiated for the rigors of Lucumi priesthood, and proven necessary for the internalization of dispositions and sensibilities that lead to initiation. The author contends that kitchen work has played a key role in transmitting somatic knowledge indispensable for the practice of t...
Sociospatial Applications of Remote Sensing in Urban Environments

Although the development and application of remote sensing data and techniques has been uneven, new sensors, techniques, and research questions have enabled human geographers and workers in other fields to use geospatial technologies to study sociospatial phenomena in built areas. This article describes how remote sensing data have been used in urban areas and highlights some research areas where remote sensing may continue to aid urban geographical inquiry, and some potential pitfalls. It is concluded that remote sensing has a critical role to play in the analysis of the interactions that occur between people and urban environments that may help shape our understanding of humans and the principle environment in which they live. The article also demonstrates how remote sensing can be used to improve the quality of life in the sustainability of cities.
Contemporary Kazaks: Cultural and Social Perspectives

Contemporary Kazaks: Cultural and Social Perspectives. Ingvar Svanberg. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. vi. 152 pp., illustrations, bibliography, index,
Electrodeposition of copper–tin alloy thin films for microelectronic applications

The continuing shrink in device size has generated great interest to create interconnects with low resistivity and superior resistance to electromigration (EM) and stress migration (SM) in comparison to the existing Al or Al-alloy interconnections. Copper has become the metal of choice to meet the needs of present and future generation devices. In order to improve the intrinsic resistance of copper to EM/SM induced failure, alloying elements can be added into copper metallurgy. In the present investigation, we discuss a method to co-deposit an alloy of copper and tin in sub-microscopic features with high aspect ratio using a sulfate bath. It is observed that a small amount tin begins to co-deposit at potentials smaller than the equilibrium reduction potential. Under activation control regime, the composition is not affected by current density. The results of this study conclude that substantial tin deposition occurs upon onset of mass-transport limitation. It is found that a finite amount of time is required before electrolysis is controlled by mass-transfer. The transition time and hence, the composition of the plated film is affected by the hydrodynamic conditions, current density, and electrolyte composition. These factors must be taken into account in order to control the composition profile of tin in vias and trenches.
On linear combinations of special operators

In this note we continue the study begun in ([4], [7], [8], [9]) of the linear span of sets of special operators in an operator algebra. First we apply a result of Herstein to simple C*-algebras which arise as quotients of properly infinite von Neumann algebras. Ifi the existence of a nontrivial idempotent appears to be an annoying necessity. Finally, another contribution is made toward solving the problem of which von Neumann algebras are linearly spanned by their projections. In [7], Pearcy and the author showed that any properly infinite algebra is so spanned, extending the result of Fillmore [3] for B(Y). Pearcy and the author have recently shown [S] that certain II,-factors discovered by Wright are linearly spanned by their projections E satisfying E N I E. In [4], Fillmore
Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides: an overview.

Purpose of review This review is intended to provide an overview of this section on 'Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides' and to emphasize both similarities and differences between 'classic' hormones and those peptides synthesized within, and released from, the gastrointestinal tract. It will also discuss recent investigation involving these peptides and their physiological properties and pathologic potential. Recent findings More recent investigation, much of which is discussed in this section, has looked at the central role of the gastrointestinal tract, and specifically gastrointestinal regulatory peptides, in nutrient homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of obesity and other nutritional disorders. Summary Regulatory peptides are chemical messengers that provide a means of communication between two cells which are commonly located in different organ systems. The peptides interact via a shared aqueous environment; whereas this environment is endocrine in nature for classic hormones and gastrointestinal peptides, the latter also include those peptides that communicate more directly with their target via paracrine, neurocrine, and autocrine routes. The field of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides is in its infancy, and the coming decades will witness the development of these peptides, as well as analogues and antagonists, as potential new forms of therapy of obesity and other nutrition-related disorders, as well as other maladies.
Tuning intramolecular carbenic insertions

The 1,2-carbenic hydride shift of neopentylmethoxycarbene was suppressed by the methoxy substituent. Thermally activated hydride shifts were observed with phenoxymethylmethoxycarbene and phenoxymethyltrifluoro-ethoxycarbene, where appropriate potentiating substituents were introduced at both the migration origin and the migration terminus. Similarly, the 1,3-CH insertion reaction of tert-butylfluorocarbene could be induced by thermal activation.
A Comparison of Outlier Detection Algorithms for Hydro-Acoustic Positioning

In this paper the outlier detection problem in hydro-acoustic positioning is analyzed. A set of methods for detecting them are presented and evaluated by simulation.
Can Money Buy Happiness? A Statistical Analysis of Predictors for User Satisfaction

ABSTRACT 2007 data from LibQUAL+™ and the ACRL Library Trends and Statistics database were analyzed to determine if there is a statistically significant correlation between library expenditures and usage statistics and library patron satisfaction across 73 universities. The results show that users of larger, better funded libraries have higher expectations for information resource availability, but not higher satisfaction scores. Furthermore, the data show no significant correlation between library usage statistics and user satisfaction. The researchers conclude that the lack of expected correlations could be attributed to limitations in the LibQUAL+™ method of measuring patron satisfaction, or the difficulty of using the quantitative measurements found in ACRL statistics to try and accurately predict user satisfaction.
Enhancement of nonlinear self-action in CS/sub 2/ for nanosecond optical limiting

Summary form only given. We have shown that the nonlinear refraction in CS/sub 2/ for nanosecond pulses is due to a combination of the molecular reorientation (Kerr) effect and electrostriction. The latter works best for tightly focused beams and longer pulses. Modeling indicates that without the electrostrictive effect, the CS/sub 2/ would not be able to protect the PbPc cell from optical damage. We have also studied other mechanisms that might further improve the CS/sub 2/ limiting, including solutions of two-photon absorbers in the CS/sub 2/ and the suspension of carbon black particles in the CS/sub 2/. Carbon black suspensions (CBS) are known to produce strong limiting due to their nonlinear scattering properties. We show how the addition of CBS to the CS/sub 2/ enhances the limiting effect at low to moderate energies with a small penalty in linear transmittance.
A one-time signature using run-length encoding

A one-time signature scheme using run-length encoding is presented, that in the random oracle model offers security against chosen-message attacks. For parameters of interest, the proposed scheme enables about 33% faster verification with a comparable signature size than a construction of Merkle and Winternitz. The public key size remains unchanged (1 hash value). The main price for the faster verification is an increase of the time for signing messages and for key generation.
Lung transplantation and coronary artery disease.

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a relative contraindication to lung transplantation. We have offered lung transplantation and coronary revascularization to selected patients with discrete CAD and preserved left ventricular function. The purpose of this report is the following: (1) to examine the short-term and medium-term outcome of patients after coronary revascularization and lung 3transplantation; and (2) to compare the short-term and medium-term outcome of this cohort to a matched group of lung transplant recipients without CAD. Methods From January 2000 to March 2010, 27 patients with CAD underwent coronary revascularization and lung transplantation. The control group was matched based on age, diagnosis, lung allocation score, and type of procedure. Results Lung transplant recipients with CAD and the control group had similar incidence of primary graft dysfunction (grade III). The duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay were the same. At a mean follow-up of 3 years, the incidence of composite adverse cardiac events was similar in the 2 groups. Conclusions Lung transplant recipients with CAD and the control group also had similar medium-term survival. Lung transplantation can be considered in patients with preexistent CAD with acceptable early and medium-term outcomes.
Shades of Chanel Design Award: Effective Use of Historical Influences, 2005

Shades of Chanel is a two-piece tweed suit influenced by the many design touches pioneered by Coco Chanel, including frayed edges, ribbon accents, decorative shirring, uneven hemlines, texture mixi...
OASIS vs. GDSII stream format efficiency

The OASIS format was designed to be a replacement for the GDSII stream format. Previous papers have reported that OASIS files can be 5-20X smaller than comparable GDSII files. This paper examines the storage capabilities of OASIS, as well as other benefits, in more detail. The primary focus of this study is on OASIS integers, deltas, point-lists, and its explicit support for rectangles & squares. We also show how the two OASIS integer types and four delta types can be implemented using a single core procedure.
The P2Y1 purinergic receptor expressed by enteric neurones in guinea‐pig intestine

Electrophysiological recording methods provided evidence for presynaptic release of ATP from enteric neurones and postganglionic sympathetic fibres in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of guinea-pig intestine (J Physiol Lond 2003; 550: 493-504). The released ATP acted at postsynaptic P2Y(1) receptors to evoke slow synaptic excitation in neurones in the submucosal division of the ENS. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the P2Y(1) receptor, which was found in the guinea-pig submucosal layer. A 1178 bp cDNA clone was isolated from guinea-pig submucosal RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cDNA contained an open-reading frame of 1119 bp, encoding a 373 amino acid polypeptide of the same length and with 95% identity to the human P2Y(1) receptor. Stable expression of the guinea-pig cDNA in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells was accompanied by a marked increase in sensitivity for elevation of free intracellular calcium evoked by ATP or related nucleotides. The potency order for ATP and its analogues was: 2-methio-adenosine diphosphate > 2-methio-adenosine triphosphate > ADP > ATP-gamma-S > ATP. The selective P2Y(1) receptor antagonist, MRS2179, was a competitive antagonist for the receptor with a pA(2) value of 6.5. The results add to existing evidence for expression of a functional P2Y(1) purinergic receptor in neurones of the submucosal division of the ENS.
GLUT-1 expression in mesenchymal tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 247 soft tissue and bone neoplasms

GLUT-1, an erythrocyte-type glucose transporter protein expressed in juvenile hemangiomas, has recently been shown to be a sensitive marker of perineurial cells and their tumors in a small number of cases. However, GLUT-1 expression has not been systematically examined in other mesenchymal neoplasms. Prompted by a recent report of GLUT-1 expression in epithelioid sarcoma, a tumor not generally felt to show perineurial differentiation, we examined GLUT-1 expression in a wide variety of mesenchymal tumors. Sections from 247 mesenchymal tumors of a variety of histologic subtypes were retrieved from our archives and immunostained for GLUT-1 using heat-induced epitope retrieval and the DAKO ADVANCE detection system (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA). Scoring was as follows: negative ( 50% of cells). All benign nerve sheath tumors showed a peripheral rim of positive normal perineurial cells, with 2 neurofibromas and 3 schwannomas showing more extensive staining. Three of 4 perineuriomas showed strong GLUT-1 expression. All juvenile hemangiomas were GLUT-1 positive. GLUT-1 expression was also seen in a wide variety of benign and malignant mesenchymal tumors. However, GLUT-1 expression was absent in nonjuvenile hemangioma endothelial tumors and in almost all low-grade lesions that enter the histologic differential diagnosis of perineurial tumors, including low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and myxofibrosarcoma. We conclude that GLUT-1 expression in mesenchymal tumors is by no means specific for perineurial differentiation, but may instead represent upregulation of this protein within hypoxic zones, secondary to upstream activation of proteins such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha.
Radioimmunoassay of motilin. Validation and studies on the relationship between plasma motilin and interdigestive myoelectric activity of the duodenum of dog.

A radioimmunoassay method of motilin was developed in our laboratory and was validated in dogs with a platinum monopolar electrode in the duodenum. We confirmed that a bolus infusion of 0.3 M tris-buffer solution or 0.1 N HCl solution in the duodenum produces a significant rise in plasma immunoreactive motilin (IRM) concentrations. This coincided with a marked increase in the percentage of spike potentials on slow waves of the duodenum, similar to phase III of interdigestive myoelectric-activity (MA). A possible relationship between plasma IRM and interdigestive MA of canine duodenum was studied. It was found that cyclic changes occurred in the fasting plasma IRM concentrations in dogs. While the peak motilin concentration was always observed in phase III, the lowest concentration of motilin was found in phase I of interdigestive MA in the duodenum. In dogs with the electrodes in the duodenum and jejunum, the peak IRM concentration did not correlate with phase III of interdigestive MA in the jejunum. A dose of synthetic porcine motilin, 0.06 μg/kg/hr, which produced the plasma IRM concentration comparable to the peak fasting motilin concentration, could induce an identical phase III in the duodenum. These observations indicate that there is a relationship between cyclic changes in plasma IRM concentrations and interdigestive MA of the duodenum. It is suggested further that motilin is a hormone which may play an important role in inducing phase III of interdigestive MA in the duodenum.
Optimal bayesian feature filtering

Recent work proposes a Bayesian hierarchical model for feature selection in which a prior describes the identity of feature sets as well as their underlying class-conditional distribution. In this work, we consider this model under an independence assumption on both feature identities, and the underlying class-conditional distribution of each feature. This framework results in optimal Bayesian feature filtering. Closed form solutions, which are applicable to high dimensional data with low computation cost, can be found. In addition, this model may be used to provide feedback on the quality of any feature set via closed-form estimators of the expected number of good features missed and the expected number of bad features selected. Synthetic data simulations depict outstanding performance of the optimal Bayesian feature filter relative to other popular feature selection methods. We also observe robustness with respect to assumptions in the model, particularly the independence assumption, and robustness under non-informative priors on the underlying class-conditional distributions. Furthermore, application of the optimal Bayesian feature filter on gene expression microarray datasets provides a gene list in which markers with known links to the cancer in question are highly ranked.
Cationic liposome-nucleic acid complexes: Liquid crystal phases with applications in gene therapy

Cationic liposome (CL) carriers of nucleic acids are studied primarily because of their applications in gene delivery and gene silencing with CL-DNA and CL-siRNA (short-interfering RNA) complexes, respectively, and their implications for ongoing clinical gene therapy trials worldwide. A series of synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering studies, dating back to 1997, has revealed that CL-nucleic acid complexes spontaneously assemble into distinct novel liquid crystalline phases of matter. Significantly, transfection efficiency (TE; a measure of expression of an exogenous gene that is transferred into the cell by the lipid carrier) has been found to be dependent on the liquid crystalline structure of complexes, with lamellar complexes showing strong dependence on membrane charge density (σM) and non-lamellar complexes exhibiting TE behaviour independent of σM. The review describes our current understanding of the structures of different liquid crystalline CL-nucleic acid complexes including the recent...
Gender differences of young drivers on injury severity outcome of highway crashes

PROBLEM: Gender differences of young drivers involved in crashes and the associated differences in risk factors have not been fully explored in the United States (U.S.). Accordingly, this study investigated the topic, where the odds ratios (ORs) were used to identify differences in crash involvements between male and female young drivers. METHOD: Logistic regression models for injury severity of young male drivers and young female drivers were developed. Different driver, environmental, vehicle, and road related factors that have affected young female drivers' and young male drivers' crash involvements were identified using the models. RESULTS: Results indicated that some variables are significantly related to female drivers' injury risk but not male drivers' injury risk and vice versa. Variables such as driving with valid licenses, driving on weekends, avoidance or slow maneuvers at time of crash, non-collision and overturn crashes, and collision with a pedestrian were significant variables in female driver injury severity model but not in young male driver severity model. Travel on graded roadways, concrete surfaces, and wet road surfaces, collision with another vehicle, and rear-end collisions were variables that were significant in male-driver severity model but not in female-driver severity model. SUMMARY: Factors which increase young female drivers' injury severity and young male drivers' injury severity were identified. This study adds detailed information about gender differences and similarities in injury severity risk of young drivers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: It is important to note that the findings of this study show that gender differences do exists among young drivers. This sends a message to the industry that the transportation professionals and researchers, who are developing countermeasures to increase the traffic safety, may need to pay attention to the differences. This might be particularly true when developing education materials for driver training for young/inexperienced drivers. Language: en
Possible Correlated-Electron Behavior from Quadrupolar Fluctuations in PrInAg2.

The temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and electrical resistivity were measured on PrInA${\mathrm{g}}_{2}$. A broad peak, which is identified as a Kondo anomaly, is observed in the specific heat at $\ensuremath{\sim}0.4\mathrm{K}$ with a strongly enhanced linear contribution at lower temperatures. PrInA${\mathrm{g}}_{2}$ is a Pr-based heavy-fermion compound and has one of the largest known Sommerfeld coefficients of $\ensuremath{\sim}6.5\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{mol}{\mathrm{K}}^{2}$. A new type of nonmagnetic interaction between the conduction electrons and the non-Kramers doublet ground state of the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ion may be responsible for this behavior. Related features are also observed in the susceptibility and resistivity.
Gravity‐measurements in Guatemala

In geology and astronomy the time-element is a dominating factor. From the human standpoint geological processes move along at a snail's pace and ten thousand years is generally too short a time-interval to use in dating geological events. There are, of course, exceptions to this statement, namely, the catastrophic phenomena, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, which occur in the twinkling of an eye and may bring destruction and woe to the inhabitants of a region. Because of their spectacular effects they have long interested the human race, and geologists have given much time and effort to their study.
Effects of Geometric Imperfections on Vibrations of Biaxially Compressed Rectangular Flat Plates

This paper deals with the effects of geometric imperfections on the vibration frequencies of simply supported flat plates under in-plane uniaxial or biaxial compression. The analysis is based on a solution of the nonlinear von Kdrmdn equations for finite deflections, incorporating the influence of an initial geometric imperfection. It is found that significant increase in the vibration frequencies may occur for imperfection amplitude of the order of a fraction of the plate thickness, even in the absence of in-plane forces.
Effects of Zidovudine and Stavudine on Mitochondrial DNA of Differentiating 3T3-F442a Cells Are Not Associated with Imbalanced Deoxynucleotide Pools

To test whether zidovudine (3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine) (AZT) inhibition of thymidine phosphorylation causes depletion of the TTP pool resulting in mitochondrial DNA depletion, 3T3-F442a cells were differentiated in the presence of AZT and analyzed to determine mitochondrial DNA content and deoxynucleotide levels. These results suggest that AZT toxicity may not be related to deoxynucleotide pool alterations.
Offset of Late Mesozoic Basement Terrains by the San Andreas Fault System

Two assumptions provide the basis for a new generalized reconstruction of California and Baja California prior to the major Tertiary strike-slip faulting of the San Andreas system. (1) The contrasting Franciscan and batholith basement types originally formed two parallel belts such as are found elsewhere around the Pacific margin; and (2) rhombochasms or zones of extension must be found to account quantitatively for any major displacement of crustal blocks along these strike-slip faults, and conversely, zones of Tertiary extension must be closed in any Mesozoic reconstruction. The Gulf of California rhombochasm of Carey (1958) and Hamilton (1961) is large enough to account for all of the apparent offset in southern California but only half of that in central and northern California. It is here proposed that this additional offset may be accounted for in the deep-water region of the continental borderland of northern Baja California. This region is thus considered to be analogous to the Gulf of California rhombochasm. This implies a two-stage movement history of the San Andreas system with an intervening change in direction of block movement by about 25° and related left-lateral faulting in the Transverse Ranges. Salinia would have moved twice for a total of approximately 600 km and would once have lain off southern California and northern Baja California, while southern and Baja California would have moved only once for approximately 300 km.
Chemical regeneration of granular activated carbon from an operating water treatment plant

Abstract Granular activated carbon (GAC) from an operating water treatment plant was used to study the effectiveness of a chemical regeneration procedure. The ability of new, used and regenerated carbon to remove dissolved organic (DOC) and taste and odour causing compounds from water was established using simple column experiments. Surface properties of the carbon were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface titrations and microelectrophoresis. The results have been interpreted in terms of surface characteristics caused by variation in pH.
The Tariff, 1929–30

I. The principle of equalizing costs professes to extend no favors, 175; in actual legislation, there is a scramble for favors, 177.—II. The Tariff Commission was established in 1916 as a body for inquiry and report, 178.—The great changes, in the flexible provisions of 1922, 179.—III. The Session of 1929–30, 180.—The make-up and procedure of the House and Senate Committees, 181.—The revolt of the insurgents, 184.—IV. The principle of merely equalizing costs ignored; aid to depressed industries (such as sugar) the dominant note, 186.—The farmers' representatives press for aid in other ways than by increased tariff rates, 189.—V. The Tariff Commission again; its unsatisfactory working after 1922, 191.—VI. Possibilities of the future, 194.—Tariff Boards in other English-speaking countries; the combination of power and responsibility in a Minister, 196.—Nothing of the kind in the United States, 197. — The President's position, 198.—Possibilities suggested by the methods elsewhere; Cabinet members and Congress, 199.—VII. No far-reaching changes to be expected, 200.—Maintenance and improvement of the present system the only practicable policy, 201.
Laws and constrained kinds: a lesson from motor neuroscience

In this paper, I want to explore the question of whether or not there are laws in psychology. Jaegwon Kim has argued (Supervenience and mind. MIT press, Cambridge; 1993; Mind in a physical world. MIT press, Cambridge 1998) that there are no laws in psychology that contain reference to multiply realized kinds, because statements about such kinds fail to be projectible. After reviewing Kim’s argument for this claim, I show how his conclusion hinges on a hidden assumption: that a kind can only feature in a projectible statement if it is defined by an internal physical property. This assumption, however, is false: constrained kinds can feature in projectible statements, and yet they are not defined by any set of internal physical properties. I suggest that many mental terms actually refer to constrained kinds, and give an example from motor neuroscience of a constrained kind that is multiply realizable and “projectible”: the intention to move voluntarily in a specific direction.
The expected number of pairs of connected nodes: Pair-connected reliability

To date, the majority of researchers studying reliability and survivability in communication networks have been concerned either with the global connectivity of a probabilistic network or the probability that two specified nodes s and t are connected. Several other reliability measures have been proposed, but they receive comparatively little attention. We introduce here a general formula that encompasses the various reliability/survivability measures in the literature, and it makes clear the probabilistic rating of component failure and the ''penalty function'' aspect of measuring the amount of disruption that is created by the failure of certain elements. Each instance of the general formula can be interpreted as the expected value of a random variable. In particular, global connectivity and two-terminal connectivity are instances for which the random variable is an indicator variable (taking only zero-one values). This probablistic formulation suggests a whole family of reliability/survivability measures, with what we have called the ''pair-connected'' measure being the expected value of a sum of indicator variables. We present many introductory results concerning this pair-connected reliability.
The Utility and Limitations of Interest Group Theory in Non-American Field Situations

At A MONG SOME AMERICAN SCHOLARS . .. there exists the tenA dency to consider that schemes used in the United States for the analysis of political reality are perfectly adequate, except for some slight modification, for the study of political questions in the countries of Western Europe.... But it is enough to make a few concrete observations to understand the vanity and the dangers of such a position. Nothing will free European specialists in political science from the obligation to engage in an original methodological effort. In our discipline, analytical and, more logically, explicative schemes must be strictly adapted to the realities studied. Once this effort will have been made in each country, then one will be able to proceed to real and exact comparative studies. Without doubt, much time will pass before really satisfactory results are obtained, but which is the sector of human understanding the construction of which has not demanded the efforts of several generations?"' Thus concludes Jean Meynaud in an article on French interest groups written for Italian consumption. It is not the first time that he has questioned whether the conceptual apparatus that has evolved in connection with American studies of interest groups is validly or usefully transferable to French or other European settings. Indeed, while he is quick to recognize that European political scientists might well follow some of their Anglo-Saxon colleagues in the exploration of the role of interest groups in Continental political systems, he is nevertheless skeptical about some of the claims made for the interest-group focus as the key to the systematic understanding of political systems anywhere. Meynaud's caveats appear at a time when European scholars in
Substrate interactions with brain (Ca + Mg)-ATPase.

ATP hydrolysis by a partially purified (Ca+Mg)-ATPase preparation from rat brain increased with substrate concentration in a biphasic fashion, with apparentKm values of 3 μM and 0.1 mM. Ca-dependent phosphorylation, however, had only a singleKm value, 3 μM. KCl increased ATPase activity in both concentration ranges, but theK0.5 for KCl decreased from 7 mM to 0.3 mM as the ATP concentration was reduced from 1 mM to 10 μM. TheK0.5 for MgCl2 decreased somewhat less, from 3 mM to 0.6 mM with ATP concentrations from 1 mM to 1 μM, but was far lower for steady-state phosphorylation, 0.03 mM. (Ca+Mg)-dependent hydrolysis was not demonstrable with other nucleotide triphosphates or p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and these substances, as well as a reaction product, Pi, were also inhibitors. On the other hand, ADP inhibited at both ATP concentration ranges, and also stimulated dephosphorylation. This pattern of responses to substrate and cations is reminiscent of that of well-characterized transport ATPases, suggesting similar roles and mechanisms.
How a singularity forms in continuum damage mechanics

Abstract In this work we show how a singularity arises in a continuous region within the framework of continuum damage mechanics. We postulate and illustrate mathematically the internal damage processes leading to a singularity. It is not the aim of this work to show where, when, or why the singularity forms – just how it forms. The singularity could be interpreted in various ways – it could be the crack tip of a forming micro-crack, the tip of a forming micro-void, or the tip of other types of micro-defects. It is understood that when the singularity forms the process of fracture initiates. Thus this work could potentially provide a crucial link between the subjects of damage mechanics and fracture mechanics.
Nurses' attitudes toward nursing research at a metropolitan medical center.

Abstract To support the implementation of a nursing research initiative in a large medical center, we collected baseline data on nurses' attitudes toward nursing research, perception of the institution as a research environment, and personal involvement in research activities. This study replicates that conducted by Rizzuto, Bostrom, Suter, and Chenitz [Predictors of nurses' involvement in research activities. Western Journal of Nursing Research , 16 (2), 193–204] in 1994. To better understand the findings, we traced the historical evolution of nursing research through successive American Nurses Association codes of ethics. Our review of the literature presents (in table format) factors that encourage and those that impede nursing research. The study results validate the work of other researchers: nurses' positive attitudes toward research are discordant with their actual involvement in research activities. The data suggest that positive attitudes and perceived institutional support are not enough to increase involvement in nursing research; as such, we describe additional institutional infrastructure and forms of educational support.
Terminal Pleistocene change in mammal communities in southeastern Washington State, USA

Small mammal communities in western North America experienced declines in taxonomic richness across the late Pleistocene to Holocene transition (PHT), a recent natural global warming event. One community also experienced a decline in evenness and others replaced one species with a congener. Variability in response of small mammal communities to PHT warming is apparent. At the presently arid and xeric Marmes site in the Columbia Basin of southeastern Washington State, megafauna were absent by about 13,000 cal yr BP, evenness of small mammals declined about 11,700 cal yr BP and again about 11,400 cal yr BP whereas richness declined about 11,400 cal BP. Regional faunal turnover was, however, minimal among small-bodied taxa. Local mammal communities are depauperate as a result of megafaunal extinctions and subsequent decreases in small-mammal richness and evenness. The latter chronologically corresponds with a decrease in primary productivity driven by increasing warmth and aridity. More faunas must be studied in order to fully document the range of variability in the responses of mammalian communities to PHT warming. Documentation of patterns in those responses will facilitate understanding and enhance predictive accuracy with respect to responses of mammalian communities to modern global warming.
A New Medium and “mimic” MPN Method for Clostridium perfringens Isolation and Enumeration

SUMMARY A new medium and “mimic” MPN method for the isolation and enumeration of Clostridium perfringens are described. A MPN technique is employed, followed by the confirmation of each MPN tube for the presence or absence of sulfite-reducing anaerobes. The medium and method were compared statistically with the existing sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine (SPS) agar method, and found significantly better by a factor of 2.
Investigation of plasma exposed W-1% La2O3 tungsten in a high ion flux, low ion energy, low carbon impurity plasma environment for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

Abstract Previous investigations of tungsten for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) were focusing on using energetic ion beams whose energies were over 1 keV. This study presents experimental results of exposed W–1% La 2 O 3 in high ion flux (10 22 m –2 ), low ion energies (about 110 eV) steady-state deuterium plasmas at elevated temperatures (873–1250 K). The tungsten samples are floating during plasma exposure. Using a high-pressure gas analyzer, the residual carbon impurities in the plasma are found to be about 0.25%. No carbon film is detected on the surface by the EDX analysis after plasma exposure. An infrared pyrometer is also used as an in situ detector to monitor the surface emissivities of the substrates during plasma exposure. Using the scanning electron microscopy, microscopic pits of sizes ranging from 0.1 to 5 μm are observed on the plasma exposed tungsten surfaces. These pits are believed to be the results of erupted deuterium gas bubbles, which recombine underneath the surface at defect locations and grain boundaries, leading to substrate damage and erosion loss of the substrate material. Low temperature plasma exposure of a tungsten foil indicates that deuterium gas (D 2 ) is trapped inside the substrate. Macroscopic blisters are observed on the surface. The erosion yield of the W–1% La 2 O 3 increases with temperature and seems to saturate at around 1050 K. Scattered networks of bubble sites are found 5 μm below the substrate surface. High temperature plasma exposure appears to reduce the population as well as the size of the pits. The plasma exposed W–1% La 2 O 3 substrates, exposed above 850 K, retain about 10 19 D/m 2 , which is two orders of magnitude less than those retained by the tungsten foils exposed at 400 K.
Effect of iron overload and iron deficiency on atherosclerosis in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit

Abstract It has been suggested that iron plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, primarily by acting as a catalyst for the atherogenic modification of LDL. Although some epi...
Book Review: Politics, Judicial Review and the Separation of Powers

The American Supreme Court by Robert G. McCloskey (revised by Sanford Levinson), Chicargo, IL: The University of Chicargo Press, 2004. Pp. XV + 331. £11.50 pb ISBN 0 226 55682 4. The Most Active Su...
Transcriptional responses of the rat vasopressin gene to acute and repeated acute osmotic stress

To determine the impact of hypertonic saline administration upon rat arginine vasopressin (AVP) gene transcription in supraoptic nucleus neurons, a probe complementary to the first intron (AVP1) of AVP was used to measure changes in AVP heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA) levels. Animals that received hypertonic saline had increases in AVP1 after 15 and 30 min, with a return to baseline levels by 180 min. In a double injection paradigm, animals were given an injection of normal or hypertonic saline followed 180 min later by a second injection of normal or hypertonic saline and sacrificed 30 min later. When both injections were hypertonic saline (H-H), AVP1 levels were greater than levels seen after a single hypertonic saline injection, or after an injection of normal saline followed by a second injection of hypertonic saline (N-H). This study shows acute, repeated exposure to hypertonic saline causes a robust increase in vasopressin gene transcription. Since a second hyperosmotic stimulus is known to increase neuronal firing rate and activity, our results suggest that a correlation exists with intracellular mechanisms regulating vasopressin gene transcription.