cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-traditional settings for influenza vaccination of adults: costs and cost effectiveness

Influenza vaccination rates remain far below national goals in the US. Expanding influenza vaccination in non-traditional settings such as worksites and pharmacies may be a way to enhance vaccination coverage for adults, but scant data exist on the cost effectiveness of this strategy. The aims of this study were to (i) describe the costs of vaccination in non-traditional settings such as pharmacies and mass vaccination clinics; and (ii) evaluate the projected health benefits, costs and cost effectiveness of delivering influenza vaccination to adults of varying ages and risk groups in non-traditional settings compared with scheduled doctor’s office visits. All analyses are from the US societal perspective. We evaluated the costs of influenza vaccination in non-traditional settings via detailed telephone interviews with representatives of organizations that conduct mass vaccination clinics and pharmacies that use pharmacists to deliver vaccinations. Next, we constructed a decision tree to compare the projected health benefits and costs of influenza vaccination delivered via non-traditional settings or during scheduled doctor’s office visits with no vaccination. The target population was stratified by age (18–49, 50–64 and ≥65 years) and risk status (high or low risk for influenza-related complications). Probabilities and costs (direct and opportunity) for uncomplicated influenza illness, outpatient visits, hospitalizations, deaths, vaccination and vaccine adverse events were derived from primary data and from published and unpublished sources. The mean cost (year 2004 values) of vaccination was lower in mass vaccination ($US17.04) and pharmacy ($US11.57) settings than in scheduled doctor’s office visits ($US28.67). Vaccination in non-traditional settings was projected to be cost saving for healthy adults aged ≥50 years, and for high-risk adults of all ages. For healthy adults aged 18–49 years, preventing an episode of influenza would cost $US90 if vaccination were delivered via the pharmacy setting, $US210 via the mass vaccination setting and $US870 via a scheduled doctor’s office visit. Results were sensitive to assumptions on the incidence of influenza illness, the costs of vaccination (including recipient time costs) and vaccine effectiveness. Using non-traditional settings to deliver routine influenza vaccination to adults is likely to be cost saving for healthy adults aged 50–64 years and relatively cost effective for healthy adults aged 18–49 years when preferences for averted morbidity are included.
Dampening of Transverse Dispersion in the Halocline in Karst Limestone in the Northeastern Yucatan Peninsula

A range of hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients was estimated for fracture-fluid and combined fracture and pore-fluid flow within the halocline of the limestone aquifer forming the surface of the northern Yucatan Peninsula. The coefficients are fit parameters in a model reproducing observed halocline profiles in a sinkhole and in a borehole near the northeastern coast. Fitted coefficients range from 10−7 to 10−4 cm2/sec, of which molecular diffusion, without transverse (vertical) dispersion, can account for 10−7 to 10−5 cm2/sec. The mechanical stability of the vertical density gradient in the halocline dampens transverse dispersion in pore fluids and in fracture fluids that are transitional between laminar and turbulent flow. The dampening is proportional to the ratio of the energy needed for the fluid to rise and displace a less dense fluid to the vertical component of the kinetic energy of the fluid. The ratio of these two energies is at a maximum during the initial stage of development of a halocline and decreases as the halocline widens.
Merging mythology and morphology: the multifaceted lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis

Proteus mirabilis, named for the Greek god who changed shape to avoid capture, has fascinated microbiologists for more than a century with its unique swarming differentiation, Dienes line formation and potent urease activity. Transcriptome profiling during both host infection and swarming motility, coupled with the availability of the complete genome sequence for P. mirabilis, has revealed the occurrence of interbacterial competition and killing through a type VI secretion system, and the reciprocal regulation of adhesion and motility, as well as the intimate connections between metabolism, swarming and virulence. This Review addresses some of the unique and recently described aspects of P. mirabilis biology and pathogenesis, and emphasizes the potential role of this bacterium in single-species and polymicrobial urinary tract infections.
Analysis of cycle stealing with switching cost

We consider the scenario of two processors, each serving its own workload, where one of the processors (known as the "donor") can help the other processor (known as the "beneficiary") with its jobs, during times when the donor processor is idle. That is the beneficiary processor "steals idle cycles" from the donor processor. We assume that both donor jobs and beneficiary jobs may have generally-distributed service requirements. We assume that there is a switching cost required for the donor processor to start working on the beneficiary jobs, as well as a switching cost required for the donor processor to return to working on its own jobs. We also allow for threshold constraints, whereby the donor processor only initiates helping the beneficiary if both the donor is idle and the number of jobs at the beneficiary exceeds a certain threshold.We analyze the mean response time for the donor and beneficiary processors. Our analysis is approximate, but can be made as accurate as desired, and is validated via simulation. Results of the analysis illuminate several interesting principles with respect to the general benefits of cycle stealing and the design of cycle stealing policies.
Dose-dependent uptake, distribution, and elimination of inhaled n-hexane in the Fischer-344 rat

Abstract n-Hexane-induced neuropathy is thought to be mediated through metabolism to 2,5-hexanedione (2,5HD), but there is no information on target tissue concentrations of 2,5HD after inhalation exposure to a range of n-hexane vapor concentrations. Male Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 500, 1000, 3000, and 10,000 ppm n-hexane in the air. n-Hexane and its metabolites methyl-n-butyl ketone (MBK), 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMFU), 2,5HD, 2-hexanol, and 1-hexanol were quantified by GC MS in several tissues at time intervals during and following a single 6-hr exposure to n-hexane. Urinary metabolites were quantified following a single n-hexane exposure. n-Hexane concentrations achieved an apparent steady state within 2 hr in all tissues. Peak blood concentrations of n-hexane were 1, 2, 8, and 21 μg/ml and peak sciatic nerve concentrations were 12, 48, 130, and 430 μg/g at 500, 1000, 3000, and 10,000 ppm, respectively. The half-lives of n-hexane and MBK were on the order of 1 to 2 hr in all tissues except the kidneys ( t 1 2 = 5 to 6 hr ). The data showed a complex relationship between n-hexane exposure and peak concentrations of the remaining metabolites. Tissue concentrations of 2,5HD, the metabolite of greatest toxicological interest, were not proportional to dose. Highest 2,5HD concentrations were found following exposure to 1000 ppm n-hexane in the blood, kidneys, and sciatic nerve (6.1, 55, and 25 μg/g, respectively). The data indicated that the metabolism and elimination of n-hexane were dependent upon exposure concentration. Consequently, n-hexane exposure concentration cannot be directly correlated with tissue 2,5HD concentrations, and severity of neuropathy may not be directly related to n-hexane exposure concentration.
Retinal Hemorrhage in Abusive Head Trauma

Retinal hemorrhage is a cardinal manifestation of abusive head trauma. Over the 30 years since the recognition of this association, multiple streams of research, including clinical, postmortem, animal, mechanical, and finite element studies, have created a robust understanding of the clinical features, diagnostic importance, differential diagnosis, and pathophysiology of this finding. The importance of describing the hemorrhages adequately is paramount in ensuring accurate and complete differential diagnosis. Challenges remain in developing models that adequately replicate the forces required to cause retinal hemorrhage in children. Although questions, such as the effect of increased intracranial pressure, hypoxia, and impact, are still raised (particularly in court), clinicians can confidently rely on a large and solid evidence base when assessing the implications of retinal hemorrhage in children with concern of possible child abuse.
Uses of Technology by Science Education Professors: Comparisons With Teachers' Uses and the Current Versus Desired Technology Knowledge Gap

A survey of the AETS membership was conducted to examine potential gaps in their current versus desired knowledge about technology uses relative to science teacher education.
Radionuclide evaluation of renal transplants

In this review article, the following topics are treated: the radiopharmaceuticals 99m Tc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 131 I-orthoiodohippurate (OIH), 99m Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG 3 ), 67 Ga-citrate, radioiodinated fibrinogen, 99m Tc-sulfur colloid, 11 In-labelled white cells and platelets; gamma camera methods based on images, on first pass and on tubular transit; blood clearance methods; and the diagnosis of surgical complications, acute rejection (AR), acute tubular necrosis (ATN), chronic rejection (CR), and cyclosporine—A (CYA) toxicity.
STUDIES ON THE PHOTOBIOLOGY OF BANGIA FUSCOPURPUREA1

SUMMARY In the Rhodophyta there are few reports of light-mediated responses. In Bangia fuscopurpurea the formation of the fertile cell rows by the Conchocelis phase meets criteria established for the definition of photoperiodism in higher plants. Throughout the life history of the alga maintained in culture, cell fate and cell function fire under photoperiodic regulation. Maintenance and conversion photoperiods are established. Sequential induction studies suggest the absence of metabolic effects operative in the induction, response of fertile cell row formation. Preliminary studies of non-24-hr photoperiods suggest the absence of short-term endogenous rhythms involved in spore formation. A phytochrome response involved in the formation of the fertile cell rows is demonstrated.
CHIRAL SYMMETRY AND THE PENGUIN INTERACTION

It is shown how the "penguin" interaction, proposed by Shifman, Vainshtein, and Zakharov in the theory of nonleptonic weak decays, is consistent with the constraints of chiral symmetry. For the $K\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ transition this involves including a diagram which was missed in previous work. The formulas for the $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\pi}$ matrix elements are found to be a factor of 2 larger than the original estimates using the vacuum-saturation method. In addition the equivalence of a procedure using a normal-ordered operator and the more standard technique is demonstrated.
Centrosome and microtubule dynamics during meiotic progression in the mouse oocyte

The disposition, function and fate of centrosomes were analysed in mouse oocytes undergoing in vitro meiotic maturation, using multiple-label fluorescence microscopy. Oocytes fixed at various points during meiotic progression were double labeled with either human centrosome-specific antibody, 5051, and anti-tubulin antibodies or 5051 and MPM-2 antibodies in order to evaluate the microtubule nucleation capacity and phosphorylation status of centrosomes during this process. Double labeling with anti-tubulin antibodies revealed two populations of centrosomes that undergo stage-specific changes in number, location and microtubule nucleation capacity in relation to spindle assembly and cytoplasmic events. Specifically, one population was consistently associated with chromatin throughout meiotic maturation whereas a second population of cytoplasmic centrosomes exhibited maximal numbers and nucleation capacity at prometaphase and anaphase of meiosis-I. Quantitative evaluation of cytoplasmic centrosomes indicated increased numbers during the transition from diakinesis to prometaphase and metaphase to anaphase and total disappearance during telophase. Colocalization studies with MPM-2 revealed that centrosomes were always phosphorylated. However, at metaphase of meiosis I and II the microtubule nucleation capacity of centrosomes was diminished. These results suggest the existence of two discrete populations of centrosomes in the mouse oocyte that are coordinately regulated to subserve aspects of microtubule organization relative to both nuclear and cytoplasmic events.
The Effectiveness of Screening for Prostate Cancer

Abstract Although screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or digital rectal exam (DRE) is commonly done, evidence is currently lacking to show a benefit of such testing on survival. The current study used a nested case-control design to assess the impact of screening with PSA (with or without DRE) on mortality. Among 71,661 patients receiving ambulatory care during 1989–1990 at any of ten VA Medical Centers in New England, case subjects were men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1991–1995 who died during 4–9 years of follow-up. Control subjects (1:1 sampling ratio) were men who are alive at the time of death of the corresponding case, matched for year of birth and VA facility. The exposure variables were screening with PSA alone, or PSA and DRE, done for screening purposes; potential screening tests must have occurred prior to the diagnosis of prostate cancer for the cases or the corresponding date for controls. The assessment of screening was also done blind to case-control status, and tests were classified by an algorithm that took into account the clinical context of the exams. A total of 501 matched case and control subjects (1002 total patients) were included in final analyses. The frequency of screening with PSA was similar among cases (14.0%) and controls (13.0%); with an unadjusted odds ratio of 1.10 (95% C.I. 0.75 to 1.62). After adjusting for race and comorbidity, the odds ratio remained quantitatively and statistically non-significant at 1.08 (95% C.I. 0.71 to 1.64). Screening was also not associated with improved survival in analyses involving screening with PSA or DRE, among men less than 70 years of age, and using data from patients during last three years of intake when PSA testing was more commonly done. The results do not support the effectiveness of PSA or DRE in screening for prostate cancer.
Polar Integration for Exact Space-Time Quadrature in Time-Domain Integral Equations

A space-time polar quadrature technique for numerical integration of Green's function interactions in time-domain integral equations is presented. The method transforms 2-D surface space-time integrals associated with vector and scalar potentials to a 1-D integral that is performed using Gauss-Legendre integration. The advantage of the presented technique compared to standard 2-D Gaussian quadrature is that time delays between each section of the source basis function and the observation point are accounted for exactly in an analytic manner. This ensures highly accurate temporal behavior of the Green's function interactions thereby contributing to the stability of the overall time-domain integral equations
ASAP: An Advertisement-based Search Algorithm for Unstructured Peer-to-peer Systems

Most of existing search algorithms for unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems share one common approach: the requesting node sends out a query and the query message is repeatedly routed and forwarded to other peers in the overlay network. Due to multiple hops involved in query forwarding, the search may result in a long delay before it is answered. Furthermore, some incapable nodes may be easily overloaded when the query traffic becomes intensive or bursty. In this paper, we present a novel content-pushing, Advertisement-based search algorithm for unstructured P2P systems called ASAP. An advertisement (ad in brief) is a synopsis of contents a peer tends to share, and appropriately distributed and selectively cached by other peers in the system. In ASAP, nodes proactively advertise their contents by delivering ads, and selectively store interesting ads received from other peers. Upon a request, a node can locate the destination nodes by looking up its local ads repository, and thus obtain a one-hop search latency with modest search cost. Comprehensive experimental results show that, compared with traditional query-based search algorithms, ASAP achieves much better search efficiency, and maintains system load at a low level with small variances. In addition, ASAP works well under node churn.
The accuracies of DNA-based estimates of genetic merit derived from Angus or multibreed beef cattle training populations.

Several organizations have developed prediction models for molecular breeding values (MBV) for quantitative growth and carcass traits in beef cattle using Bovine SNP50 genotypes and phenotypic or EBV data. Molecular breeding values for Angus cattle have been developed by IGENITY, Pfi zer Animal Genetics, and a collaboration between researchers from Iowa State University and the University of Missouri-Columbia (ISU/UMC). The U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC; Clay Center, NE) has also developed MBV for 16 cattle breeds using 2 multibreed populations, the Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program and the 2,000 Bull Project (2K ALL ), and 2 single breed subpopulations of the 2,000 Bull Project, Angus (2K AN ) and Hereford (2K HH ). In this study, these MBV were assessed relative to commercial ranch EBV estimated from the progeny phenotypes of Angus bulls naturally mated in multisire breeding pastures to commercial cows: 121 for USMARC MBV, 99 for ISU/UMC MBV, and 29 for IGENITY and Pfi zer MBV (selected based on number of progeny carcass records). Five traits were analyzed: weaning weight (WW), HCW, marbling score (MS), rib-eye muscle area (RE), and, for IGENITY and Pfi zer only, feedlot ADG. The average accuracies of MBV across traits were 0.38 ± 0.05 for IGENITY, 0.61 ± 0.12 for Pfi zer, 0.46 ± 0.12 for ISU/UMC, 0.16 ± 0.04 for GPE, 0.26 ± 0.05 for 2K ALL , 0.24 ± 0.04 for 2K AN , and 0.02 ± 0.12 for 2K HH . Angus-based MBV (IGENITY, Pfi zer, ISU/UMC, and 2K AN ) explained larger proportions of genetic variance in this population than GPE, 2K ALL , or 2K HH MBV for the same traits. In this data set, IGENITY, Pfi zer, and ISU/UMC MBV were predictive of realized performance of progeny, and incorporation of that information into national genetic evaluations would be expected to improve EPD accuracy, particularly for young animals.
A new assessment of the use of wide bandgap semiconductors and the potential for GaN

An advantage for some wide bandgap materials, that is often overlooked, is that the thermal coefficient of expansion (CTE) is better matched to the ceramics in use for packaging technology. It is shown that the optimal choice for uni-polar devices is clearly GaN. It is further shown that the future optimal choice for bipolar devices is C (diamond). A new expression relating the critical electric field for breakdown in abrupt junctions to the material bandgap energy is derived and is further used to derive new expressions for specific on-resistance in power semiconductor devices. These new expressions are compared to the previous literature and the efficacy of specific power devices, such as heterojunction MOSFETs, using GaN are discussed.
Interval computations, rigour and non-rigour in deterministic continuous global optimization

Deterministic branch and bound methods for the solution of general nonlinear programs have become increasingly popular during the last decade or two, with increasing computer speed, algorithmic improvements, and multiprocessors. Presently, there are several commercial packages. Although such packages are based on exhaustive search, not all of them rigorously take account of roundoff error, singularities, and other possibilities. Popular non-rigorous packages have much in common with mathematically rigorous packages, including overall structure and basic techniques. Nonetheless, it is not trivial to make non-rigorous packages rigorous. We define different kinds of answers that global optimization software can claim to provide, explain where rigour might be needed and where it is not practical, briefly review salient techniques common to deterministic branch and bound methods, illustrate pitfalls in non-rigorous branch and bound methods, outline some of the techniques to make non-rigorous software rigorous, and provide guidance for research into and implementation of these techniques, provide some theoretical backing, with examples, for convergence of common relaxation techniques.
Architectural vs. delivered performance of the IBM RS/6000 and the Astronautics ZS-1

The paper presents a comparative performance evaluation of two novel superscalar architectures, the IBM RS/6000 and the Astronautics ZS-1. The machine architectures are presented to lay the groundwork for discussing performance issues, with a RISC architecture, the Decstation 3100, serving as a baseline architecture. Important qualitative observations are made to highlight similarities between the RS/6000 and the ZS-1. Performance measurements from running systems are presented to examine delivered performance. An analytic method of bounding machine performance is introduced to help strip out implementation related details. By comparing these performance bounds, and their component terms, to the achieved performance, the authors assess how well an application code does and how well it might do, in capitalizing on the available performance. Common sources of performance losses are revealed, areas for improvement are highlighted, and specific improvements are suggested. >
Implementing an enterprise ATM network

This paper proposes the strategy of conducting a staged and controlled implementation of an ATM LAN within an enterprise in order to reducing the risk to the general corporate user as legacy connections are replaced. Project implementation is broken into eight separate sub-projects, each of which can stand on its own once implemented.
Gender, the Labor Process and Dignity at Work.

This study brings together gender inequality and labor process research to investigate how divergent control structures generate inequality in work experiences for women and men. Content-coded data on 155 work groups are analyzed using Qualitative Comparative Analysis to identify combinations of control techniques encountered by female and male work groups and their relationship to outcomes measuring workplace dignity. Results suggest that male work groups more often encounter persuasive “bundles” of control that enhance autonomy, creativity, meaningfulness and satisfaction, while female work groups confront more coercive arrangements, especially direct supervision, that erode these and other foundations of dignity at work. I conclude with implications of these findings relative to understandings of the labor process, workplace sex segregation and forms of inequality not so easily quantified in dominant approaches to stratification.
Distribution of substance P binding sites in equine airways

Summary Autoradiography with [125I]-Bolton Hunter substance P ([I]-BHSP) was used to detect substance P binding sites in the equine lung. Specific [I]-BHSP binding sites were very dense over small bronchial vessels, tracheobronchial glands and airway epithelium in large and small airways. The density of [I]-BHSP binding sites over airway smooth muscle was much lower than in the preceding tissues. Competition with an excess of either a specific neurokinin 1 receptor agonist, or a specific neurokinin 2 receptor agonist indicated that most specific [I]-BHSP binding sites in the equine lung represent neurokinin 1 receptors. The receptor-mediated effects of substance P in the equine lung are most likely to involve regulation of vascular tone and airway secretions based upon the density of specific [I]-BHSP binding sites in these tissues. Activation of intrapulmonary afferent nerves containing Substance P by noxious stimuli such as inhaled allergens or irritants may lead to increased mucus secretion and decreased airway diameter due to vascular congestion.
NATURAL COURSE OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS: INSIGHTS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN INFECTIONS, AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS

Lymphatic filariasis has been described as a "spectral disease". Analysis of the natural course of infection in nonendemic individuals as well as experimental infections of "volunteers" suggests that the filarial parasites are not inherently aggressive infectious agents. Experimental infections of humans with infective larvae result in transient, low-level microfilaremia, if at all. Nonendemic individuals with limited exposure show no evidence of persistent infection or pathology. Nonendemic individuals exposed to repeated infections show accelerated pathology. It is tempting to speculate that normal, immunocompetent residents in an endemic area show either (a) no pathology (endemic normals) because they are subject to the relatively low levels of infection or (b) chronic pathology if they are repeatedly infected. It would appear that only those individuals rendered immunologically tolerant to filarial parasites become productively infected with the filarial parasites. The intensity of transmission may underlie the differences in clinical presentation seen in diverse global pockets of endemicity.
Finite-SNR diversity performance of rate-adaptive MIMO systems

The diversity performance of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless system is analyzed at finite signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) when the data rate increases with SNR. The target data rate at each SNR is proportional to the capacity of an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with an array gain. The proportionality constant, which can be interpreted as a finite-SNR spatial multiplexing gain, dictates the sensitivity of the rate adaptation policy to SNR. The diversity gain as a function of SNR for a fixed multiplexing gain is defined by the negative slope of the outage probability versus SNR curve. The finite-SNR diversity gain provides an estimate of the additional power required to decrease the outage probability by a target amount. A lower bound on the outage probability of the MIMO system is used to characterize the diversity performance. It is seen that the achievable diversity gains at finite SNRs are significantly lower than asymptotic values given in the literature. This diversity characterization is useful in determining suitable rate adaptation strategies at realistic SNRs.
Detection of HIV-Specific Antibodies in Infancy by Isoelectric Focusing and Affinity Immunoblotting

Asymptomatic congenital HIV infection cannot be diagnosed in infants less than 15 mo by routine serologic techniques because of the presence of passively acquired maternal antibody in the infants' circulation. Possibly, infants who synthesize antibody to highly conserved HIV proteins may be recognized by the detection in serum of clonally distinct IgG antibodies to HIV. To test this hypothesis, isoelectric focusing in thin-layer agarose gels was combined with affinity immunoblotting to antigen-coated nitrocellulose membranes. In all 10 cases examined, the presence or absence of clonotypically distinct bands of IgG antibodies was concordant with infectious status. Thus, this technique may provide an accurate serologic approach to the diagnosis of congenital HIV infection.
Carbon dioxide and high temperature effects on growth of young orange trees in a humid, subtropical environment.

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and global warming could impact growth of citrus trees. Five 2-year-old Ambersweet orange trees on Swingle citrumelo rootstocks were transplanted into soil containers in two temperature-gradient greenhouses on 9 August 1994 at Gainesville, FL, USA. Either 360 or 720 mmol (CO2) mol 1 (air) was maintained in the greenhouses. Two containers were located in each of four temperature zones maintained at 1.5 8C increments between each zone with a 4.5 8C difference between zones 1 and 4. The main objective was to test the hypothesis that biomass growth ratios of CO2-enriched to ambient CO2-exposed young sweet orange trees would be similar to the large growth enhancements (about 2.6-fold) reported from Phoenix, AZ, USA during the first 3 years of growth of sour orange trees. One tree per container was harvested in 1995 and four trees per container were harvested in 1996. Growth parameters were different between years except leaf fresh weight and fine root biomass. Elevated CO2 increased growth parameters except leaf growth and fine root biomass. Biomass response ratios to CO2 (720/360) for 1995 and 1996, respectively, were 1.57 and 1.18 for shoot wood, 1.34 and 1.15 for total above-ground, 1.46 and 1.08 for tap roots, 1.67 and 1.54 for secondary roots, 1.29 and 0.95 for fine roots (NS-CO2), 1.40 and 1.19 for total roots, 1.47 and 1.18 for total wood, and 1.37 and 1.17 for total plants. The decrease in response to CO2 in the second year was attributed to crowding of shoot and root space. Components of shoot wood, total above ground, taproot, fine root, total root, total wood, and total plant biomass increased slightly (0.01 < P < 0.05) with increasing temperature. No CO2 temperature interactions were significant. The hypothesis that elevated CO2 would cause biomass increases of about 2.6-fold compared to ambient CO2 treatments (as found in the midlattitude desert environment of Phoenix) was not supported. May through September mean maximum daily vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was 5.54 and 2.25 kPa for Phoenix and Gainesville, respectively, a ratio of 2.5. High summertime VPD coupled with limited water flow capacity within citrus trees that lead to pronounced midday depressions in photosynthesis in ambient CO2 is discussed as the underlying environmental cause of the large CO2 enrichment effects in a midlattitude desert compared to the Gainesville humid subtropical climate.
Improvement in Body Image, Perceived Health, and Health-Related Self-Efficacy Among People With Serious Mental Illness: The STRIDE Study.

Objective:The authors examined secondary outcomes of STRIDE, a randomized controlled trial that tested a weight-loss and lifestyle intervention for individuals taking antipsychotic medications.Methods:Hierarchical linear regression was used to explore the effects of the intervention and weight change at follow-up (six, 12, and 24 months) on body image, perceived health, and health-related self-efficacy.Results:Participants were 200 adults who were overweight and taking antipsychotic agents. Weight change × study arm interaction was associated with significant improvement in body image from baseline to six months. From baseline to 12 months, body image scores of intervention participants improved by 1.7 points more compared with scores of control participants; greater weight loss was associated with more improvement. Between baseline and 24 months, greater weight loss was associated with improvements in body image, perceived health, and health-related self-efficacy.Conclusions:Participation in STRIDE impro...
Relaxation of human bronchial smooth muscle by S-nitrosothiols in vitro.

S-Nitrosothiols (RS-NO) relax tracheal smooth muscle from a variety of animal species, and may have physiological relevance. We therefore studied their effects on human bronchial smooth muscle. S-Nitroso adducts of glutathione, cysteine, N-acetylcysteine and bovine serum albumin relaxed tissues contracted with methacholine with mean IC50 +/- S.E.M. of 3.3 (+/- 14), 22 (+/- 45), 25 (+/- 22) and 36 (+/- 7.1) microM, respectively; they were more potent as inhibitory agonists than the corresponding reduced thiol, NaNO2, or theophylline, but less potent than isoproterenol (P < .001). Despite large differences in their molecular weights and dissociation kinetics, the IC50 of these RS-NO did not differ significantly from one another, from nitric oxide (NO.) or from sodium nitroprusside. Consistent with the role of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in mediating relaxation responses, S-nitroso-N-acetyl cysteine (S-NO-AC) (100 microM) increased tissue cGMP levels 4-fold, and 8-bromo-cGMP caused modest tissue relaxation which was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, dipyridamole (1 microM). However, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitors, methylene blue (100 microM) and LY 83583 (50 microM), failed to modify the relaxation response to S-NO-AC (sodium nitroprusside and NO.), while altering the accumulation of cGMP. Further, hemoglobin (100 microM) failed to inhibit relaxation by S-NO-AC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Basic genetic concepts for the orthopedic surgeon.

As a result of scientific advances in genetics understanding of a large number of defects and inherited diseases has been increased including many that involve orthopdic conditions. These disorders in which defects in genetic information are of prime importance are distinguished from those in which a combination of genetic and environmental factors are responsible. Disorders resulting from environmental hazards are not dealt with in this presentation. The focus is on the genetic disorders that are of 3 types - single gene defects chromosomal aberrations and multifactorial traits. Single gene defects are caused by mutant genes and these mutations may be present singly or in a double dose. Discussion focuses on autosomal inheritance sex linkage and irregularities in Mendelian pedigree patterns. Chromosomal aberrations are discussed in terms of numerical and structural aberrations causes of chromosomal aberrations and Downs syndrome. A number of relatively common defects and diseases that are familiar do not fit all the expectations for Mendelian inheritance. These have been shown to be accounted for by multifactorial inheritance of a continuously distributed variable with a developmental threshold separating the continuous distribution into 2 discontinuous segments those showing and those not showing the defect. The characteristic features of the family distribution of certain congenital malformations are presented. Genetic counseling frequently involves the occurrence of a particular disease in a child and the concern of the parents as to whether their future children might be similarly affected. Other areas of concern that lead people to seek genetic counseling are presented along with a discussion of the genetic counseling interview and information pertaining to locating a genetic counselor.
Effect of Various Amino Acids on Motility of Excised Segments of the Small Intestine

Summary and ConclusionThe results with aspartic and glutamic acids are the same as those reported by Hirschfelder and Cantwell even though much weaker solutions were used in our experiments. Their explanation, that the depressant action is probably due to a decrease in pH was checked and found to hold also for the present work. Alanine and phenylalanine exerted only a slight temporary depressing action despite the fact that the molar concentration of the alanine was much higher than that of either aspartic or glutaniic acid.Since the bacterial cultures used in the previous work by Weinstein and Rettger were alkaline in reaction and the amino acids, when neutralized, had no effect on intestinal motility, as judged by experiments of the type here described, it must be concluded that the depressant action of the bacterial cultures was not due to their content of amino acids.
Effects of liver feeding on growth and ovarian development in the hyperthyroid rat.

SummaryThe administration of liver completely counteracted the retardation of growth and inhibition of ovarian development observed in immature rats fed toxic amounts of thyroid. Wheat germ, yeast, or increased amounts of salt mixture, casein, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, inositol, p-aminobenzoic acid, biotin or folic acid were ineffective in this regard. The suggestion is made that liver contains some factor other than the above required for normal growth and ovarian development in the immature thyroid-fed rat.
Examining the effect of nonlocality in (d ,n ) transfer reactions

Background: In the past year we have been exploring the effect of the explicit inclusion of nonlocality in $(d,p)$ reactions.Purpose: The goal of this paper is to extend previous studies to $(d,n)$ reactions, which, although similar to $(d,p)$ reactions, have specific properties that merit inspection.Method: We apply our methods (both the distorted-wave Born approximation and the adiabatic wave approximation) to $(d,n)$ reactions on $^{16}\mathrm{O},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}^{40}\mathrm{Ca},^{48}\mathrm{Ca},^{126}\mathrm{Sn},^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ at 20 and 50 MeV.Results: We look separately at the modifications introduced by nonlocality in the final bound and scattering states as well as the consequences reflected on the differential angular distributions. The cross sections obtained when using nonlocality explicitly are significantly different than those using the local approximation, just as in $(d,p)$ reactions. Due to the particular role of the Coulomb force in the bound state, often we found the effects of nonlocality to be larger in $(d,n)$ than in $(d,p)$ reactions.Conclusions: Our results confirm the importance of including nonlocality explicitly in deuteron-induced reactions.
Introduction: Government Speech

Introduction to Law Review Law Review Symposium 2010: Government Speech: The Government's Ability to Compel and Restrict Speech, Cleveland, OH
Bayesian multiplicity control for multiple graphs

We discuss inference for graphical models as a multiple comparison problem. We argue that posterior inference under a suitable hierarchical model can adjust for the multiplicity problem that arises by deciding inclusion for each of many possible edges. We show that inference under that hierarchical model differs substantially from inference under a comparable non-hierarchical model. With increasing size of the graph the difference between posterior distributions under the two models, as measured by Kullback–Liebler (KL) divergence, increases. We discuss several stylized inference problems, including estimation of one graph, comparison of a pair of graphs, estimation of a pair of graphs and, finally, estimation for multiple graphs. Throughout the discussion we assume that the graph is used to identify a conditional independence structure, that is, the graph represents a Markov random field. Model construction starts with a prior model for the random graph, conditional on which a sampling model is proposed for the observed data. There are no constraints on the nature of the sampling model. Most of the discussion is general and remains valid for any sampling model, subject to some technical constraints only. The discussion is motivated by two case studies. The first application is to model single cell mass spectrometry data for inference about the joint distribution of a set of markers that are recorded for each cell. Another application is to model Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) protein expression data, for inference about changes of underlying biomolecular pathways across three biologic conditions of interest. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 45: 44–61; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Stiripentol in the Management of Epilepsy

Stiripentol is a structurally unique antiepileptic drug that has several possible mechanisms of action, including diverse effects on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor and novel inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase. Because of its inhibition of several cytochrome P450 enzymes, it has extensive pharmacokinetic interactions, which often necessitates reduction in doses of certain co-therapies, particularly clobazam. Stiripentol also has a neuroprotective action, by reducing calcium-mediated neurotoxicity. Evidence of its efficacy is most robust for Dravet syndrome, where stiripentol added to clobazam and valproic acid reduces seizure frequency and severity in the majority of cases. Small case series have also suggested benefit for malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy, super-refractory status epilepticus, and intractable focal epilepsy, although larger prospective studies are needed in these disorders.
The coordination of membrane fission and fusion at the end of autophagosome maturation

The two major objectives of macroautophagy are to sequester cargo away from the cytoplasm and deliver this material for breakdown in the lysosome. Sequestration is complete when the autophagosome membrane undergoes fission to produce separate inner and outer membranes, while delivery into the lysosome requires fusion of the outer autophagosome membrane with the lysosome membrane. Thus, the merging of membranes through fission and fusion underlies each of the pivotal events in macroautophagic clearance. How these merging events are controlled in the cell is poorly understood. Several recent studies however suggest that the two events may be temporally coordinated and rely upon members of the classic membrane fusion SNARE family as well as the autophagy-specific family of Atg8 proteins.
Sovereignty and the Vicissitudes of Recognition: Peoplehood and Performance in a De Facto State

In this article, I examine the issues of statehood, sovereignty, and recognition through the case of Transnistria, an unrecognized, de facto state located in eastern Moldova. This article explores the relationship between sovereignty and (the lack of) recognition by examining the forms recognition takes vis-a-vis the Transnistrian state and its constituents. I argue that a monopoly on coercion is not sufficient for sovereignty. Rather, a distinct people and form of peoplehood must exist and be recognized as such. This article presents an ethnographic approach to recognition that examines the interplay between sovereignty, performance, and peoplehood in Transnistria. The relationship between recognition and state sovereignty is, I argue, fourfold, and includes (1) international recognition by other states, (2) the recognition of a state's sovereign authority by its own population, (3) the recognition of a degree of collective “peoplehood” by the population themselves, and (4) the consequent recognition of this peoplehood by the state.
The Impact of EMRs on Communication Within the Doctor-Patient Relationship

This chapter addresses the impact of electronic medical record (EMR) use on the patient–doctor relationship and communication. It starts by defining the principles of patient–centered care, explores the phenomena of treating the “iPatient” on the screen while ignoring the real patient, and discusses the myth of multitasking in the context of EMR use with patients. The chapter summarizes current research findings on how EMR use alters the patient–doctor interaction and outlines physician behaviors that may have a positive or negative impact on the clinical encounter and patient perceptions. In addition, the chapter presents evidence-based best practices to foster patient-centered communication, promote patient engagement, education, and shared decision making. Lastly, strategies to teach best practices as well as an institutional model for a longitudinal curriculum of EMR-based communication skills is provided.
Convex relaxations of spectral sparsity for robust super-resolution and line spectrum estimation

We consider recovering the amplitudes and locations of spikes in a point source signal from its low-pass spectrum that may suffer from missing data and arbitrary outliers. We first review and provide a unified view of several recently proposed convex relaxations that characterize and capitalize the spectral sparsity of the point source signal without discretization under the framework of atomic norms. Next we propose a new algorithm when the spikes are known a priori to be positive, motivated by applications such as neural spike sorting and fluorescence microscopy imaging. Numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
An Introduction and Guide to the Volume

The notion that humans have a taste for fairness, equity, and justice is both profoundly empirically satisfying, and troublesome, theoretically. It is comforting to know that “from cooperative hunting to contributing to charitable causes to helping stranded motorists, humans in all societies, industrialized and small-scale alike, frequently engage in acts that benefit other unrelated individuals, often at a non-trivial cost to themselves” (Tracer, this volume); in other words, that humans are intensely prosocial creatures. But this same fact is at once problematic for theories of human motivation and behavior. Most theories of human behavior in the social sciences rely upon the premise that we are fundamentally self-regarding maximizers of personal gain. This is alternatively known as the “selfishness axiom” or the Homo economicus model of human behavior (Henrich et al., 2004). Are humans prosocial creatures or selfish maximizers? In this volume, we examine the concepts of fairness, equity, and justice from an interdisciplinary perspective. Before we proceed to the various perspectives from disciplines as diverse as neuroscience, psychology, bioethics, and anthropology, this chapter offers a brief introduction to and definition of the terms, concepts, and theories in which much of the work reported in this volume is grounded. It also provides a brief justification for approaching the concepts of fairness, equity, and justice from an interdisciplinary perspective, as well as a guide to the volume to illustrate how its individual chapters fit together to provide some answers to the enigma of human prosociality and our taste for fairness, equity, and justice.
Biophysical Specializations of Neurons that Encode Timing

The auditory system integrates synaptic inputs that have both precise timing and very fast kinetics. This level of temporal precision is necessary to identify, localize, and categorize sounds that contain information in time domains ranging from seconds to microseconds. The basic biophysical requirements and constraints for rapid and precise temporal processing require that many auditory neurons utilize specialized combinations of ion channels. The nuclei of the brainstem auditory pathways in particular have high levels of expression of potassium channels and cation-selective channels. Specific combinations of channels are seen frequently, such as Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 heteromultimers that form a low-voltage-activated potassium current, in conjunction with Kv3.1 subunits that form the high-threshold delayed rectifier. Together, the levels of expression of these channels in different cell types can largely explain the excitability that leads to phasic, short-time constant neurons, as seen in bushy and octopus cells of the cochlear nucleus, neurons of the medial superior olive and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Such neurons are well suited to have narrow temporal integration windows, and to fire precisely timed action potentials. Neurons with little or no low-voltage-activated potassium current are regular firing, and are associated with pathways that do not carry fine temporal information. Other neurons, including dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cells, cochlear nucleus granule cells, some olivocochlear and lateral superior olive neurons, and neurons of the inferior colliculus, have spike timing regulated in part by a rapidly inactivating transient potassium conductance. Together, these biophysical specializations play important roles in central auditory information processing.