cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A discrete dislocation analysis of strengthening in bilayer thin films

A two-dimensional (2D) discrete dislocation plasticity framework, which incorporates some three-dimensional mechanisms through constitutive additions, is used to analyse the response to uniaxial tension of nanoscale bilayer thin films. Frank–Read sources, modelled as junction dipoles in 2D, act as sources of dislocations. Infinite, homogeneous medium fields of the discrete dislocations are superposed with a non-singular complementary field that enforces the boundary conditions and accounts for image stresses arising from the difference in elastic properties between the layers. The resulting boundary value problem is solved using the finite element method. Analysis has been carried out for fully coherent bilayer Al/Cu and Cu/Ni films oriented for double slip. The analysis accounts for the effects of three key mechanisms: resistance to dislocation nucleation and motion due to elastic modulus mismatch (e.g. Koehler barrier); single-dislocation bow-out within layers (Orowan process) and slip blocking at interfaces (Hall–Petch mechanism). The relative importance of each mechanism is studied as a function of the bilayer thickness. The results indicate a significant strengthening with decreasing bilayer thickness. Conclusions are drawn regarding the possible causes of the observed strengthening.
Nasopulmonary intubation with feeding tubes: case reports and review of the literature.

Pulmonary aspiration of regurgitated feeding material is a recognized complication of enteral nutrition by feeding tube. Nasopulmonary intubation with feeding tubes has been reported infrequently. We present two patients with such complications. In one, nasopulmonary intubation resulted in a pneumothorax. In the other unrecognized misplacement resulted in pneumonia and hydrothorax. Similar cases in the literature are discussed. Common features of this complication are: (1) patients who are obtunded, debilitated, or without gag reflex; (2) previous successful insertion of a tube; (3) successful passage past endotracheal tubes and tracheostomies; and (4) positive auscultation of insufflated air over the left upper quadrant. Complete prevention of this complication probably is not possible, but health care personnel should be aware of this potential problem in the patient at risk. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition9:618-620, 1985)
Toward automated health services

The fragmented and disorganized nature of health care programs and services acts to impede the acceptance of the technological developments and modern business practices needed to provide comprehensive health services of high quality for every person. A national system in the U.S. to provide for a coherent and comprehensive program of medical research, development, and health care services is described as operated under the structure of a Health Maintenance Corporation. Financial support for technological developments would be provided by a National Health Insurance program and health services would be provided by a national network of group practice prepaid health care plans. The administrative, organizational, and operational arrangements of other public and private services are related to the needs of a modern health care system to suggest how to adopt and exploit technologies from those sectors.
Greetings from the AACC president

As President of the American Automatic Control Council (AACC), it gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the 2010 American Control Conference. It has been a tradition for ACC to be held in eastern United States every third year, and we are pleased to return this year to the east after Seattle (2008) and St. Louis (2009), and hold the ACC in Baltimore, a city rich in history and with a beautiful Inner Harbor with a scenic and popular waterfront, only steps away from the conference hotel. Baltimore has also other attractions, such as Art, Cultural and Historic Museums, the Baltimore Aquarium, the Maryland Science Center, or The Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History.
On the global warming problem due to carbon dioxide

The subject of global warming due to the increased use of fossil fuels is analyzed using a modification of the predator prey equations. The results of the calculation indicate that both the fossil fuels and civilization will both become extinct as time increases.
Asymmetric molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions for C 1s photoejection from CO2; a theoretical study

We report the results of ab initio calculations of cross sections and molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions for C 1s ionization of CO2, and propose a mechanism for the recently observed asymmetry of those angular distributions with respect to the CO+ and O+ ions produced by subsequent Auger decay. The fixed-nuclei, photoionization amplitudes were constructed using variationally obtained electron-molecular ion scattering wave functions. We have also carried out electronic structure calculations which identified a dissociative state of the CO2++ dication that is likely populated following Auger decay. We show that a proper accounting of vibrational motion in the computation of the photoelectron angular distributions, along with reasonable assumptions about the nuclear dissociation dynamics, gives results in good agreement with recent experimental observations.
A Simple Interior Decomposition Model: Its Development And Application

A simple interior decomposition model composed of the product of two terms, a shielding-effectiveness term and a coupling- effectiveness term, has been developed that bounds the measured wire responses within a simple generic test object. A variety of modest to strong perturbations to the test object geometry and composition changed the response trend downward by at most 12 dB and typically only by 3-6 dB. Thus the model, called shielding effectiveness × coupling effectiveness (SEXCE), serves as a reasonable characterization of a broad range of generic geometries. It is useful in understanding the interior coupling response behavior and can be used as a predictive tool.
Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors: Does p53 Modulate Response?

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas have multiple genetic alterations that can influence clinical response to treatment. It is important to evaluate how distinct alterations affect response to targeted agents to identify a subset of patients who can benefit from therapy, improving survival and decreasing toxicity.
Looking for Postmodernism in all the Wrong Places Implementing a New Penology

This paper explores the notion of a postmodern penology by examining a crime control programme called Operation Weed and Seed in the United States. A postmodern penology abandons the idea of reducing crime through broad social programmes and rehabilitative efforts and is aimed at simply managing the harm that crime inflicts. This paper argues that while a postmodern penology may indeed be observable at the discursive level, policy implementation at the local level significantly complicates matters, reorienting programmatic goals to the ideal of aime reduction through expansive state efforts.
Kinetic Mechanism of Human Hypoxanthine−Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase: Rapid Phosphoribosyl Transfer Chemistry†

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) is the locus of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, the activator of the prodrugs 6-mercaptopurine and allopurinol, and a target for antiparasitic chemotherapy. The three-dimensional structure of the recombinant human enzyme in complex with GMP has recently been solved [Eads, J., Scapin, G., Xu, Y., Grubmeyer, C., & Sacchettini, J. C. (1994) Cell 78, 325-334]. Here, ligand binding, pre-steady state kinetics, isotope trapping, and isotope exchange experiments are presented which detail the sequential kinetic mechanism of the enzyme. In the forward reaction, in which a base (hypoxanthine or guanine) reacts with PRPP to form nucleoside monophosphate and PPi, binding of PRPP precedes that of the base, and in the reverse direction, IMP binds first. Compared to k(cat), phosphoribosyl group transfer is rapid in both the forward (131 vs 6.0 s(-1)) and reverse (9 vs 0.17 s(-1)) directions. In the forward direction, product pyrophosphate dissociates rapidly (> 12 s(-1)) followed by release of IMP (6.0 s(-1)). In the reverse direction, Hx dissociates rapidly (9.5 s(-1)) and PRPP dissociates slowly (0.24 s(-1)). The more rapid rate of utilization of guanine than hypoxanthine in the forward reaction is the result of the faster release of product GMP rather than the result of differences in the rate of the chemical step. The kinetic mechanism, with rapid chemistry and slow product dissociation, accounts for the previously observed ability of the alternative product guanine to stimulate, rather than inhibit, the pyrophosphorolysis of IMP. The overall equilibrium for the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transfer reaction lies far toward nucleotide product (Keq approximately 1.6 x 10(5)), at the high end for PRPP-linked nucleotide formation. The three-dimensional structure of the HGPRTase x IMP complex has been solved to 2.4 A resolution and is isomorphous with the GMP complex. The results of the ligand binding and kinetic studies are discussed in light of the structural data.
Delayed light emission as a means of quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables

DLE is probably produced by all fruits, vegetables, and plant materials undergoing photosynthesis. However, the intensity and duration of the emitted light vary widely depending upon many factors. Because of the strong dependence of DLE on the chlorophyll content, variation in the DLE can be expected among different varieties of the same product. Therefore, quality evaluation based on DLE measurements require careful selection of measuring criteria such as duration and intensity of illumination, dark period, and temperature. It is necessary to obtain precise values of DLE for a particular product under a set condition; and the measurement conditions should be carefully validated to establish a standard measuring criteria. In general, the quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables is based on three major aspects: maturity and/or ripeness evaluation, composition analysis, and internal and external defect detection. DLE measurements so far have focused mainly on maturity evaluation because of the definite relationship between the emitted light and chlorophyll concentration, which changes with maturity. It should be noted that chlorophyll alone is not sufficient; it is the complex of in situ chlorophyll and related compounds in plant materials that jointly contribute to the DLE. Composition of fruits such as sugar content has been related to DLE. Recently, DLE measurements have been applied to detect certain physiological stress responses and defects such as chilling injuries. However, these areas of research have not yet been fully explored. Further investigation relating to compositional quality and internal and external defects of fruits and vegetables with DLE measurement may offer solutions to certain complex quality evaluation problems. The duration of DLE after excitation involves a matter of at least several seconds. From a mechanical standpoint, this extended period of light emission offers a convenient time in which to separate excitation and measurement. However, the exponential decay necessitates very precise control of time between illumination and measurement. The broad activation spectrum permits wide choice and simple design of excitation sources. However, size, shape, and varietal variations of plant materials make uniform DLE measurements difficult. It is suggested that DLE measuring instruments be designed to make several measurements over the entire surface of the specimen. An average of such measurements would reduce the effect of surface nature and shape of the product. Reporting the DLE intensity per unit surface area of the product will eliminate the dependence of area of excitation on DLE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Evaluation of a commercially developed indirect immunofluorescence system for the detection of antihuman immunodeficiency virus antibodies

A commercially developed IFA system (Electro Nucleonics, Inc.) was compared to EIA (Abbott Laboratories) and WB (Bio-Rad, Inc.) for detection of HIV-1 antibodies. Of 91 EIA negative sera tested, 76 (83.5%) were negative, and 15 (16.5%) were equivocal by IFA on initial testing. Of 156 EIA positive sera tested, 18 were equivocal by either IFA or WB and could not be directly compared. Of 138 EIA positive sera directly comparable, IFA and WB agreed 137 times (99.3% correlation). Based on these findings, the commercially developed IFA system appears to be most useful as a supplementary test, similar to WB, rather than as a screening test.
Parental Influences on Children's Self-Regulation of Energy Intake: Insights from Developmental Literature on Emotion Regulation

The following article examines the role of parents in the development of children's self-regulation of energy intake. Various paths of parental influence are offered based on the literature on parental influences on children's emotion self-regulation. The parental paths include modeling, responses to children's behavior, assistance in helping children self-regulate, and motivating children through rewards and punishments. Additionally, sources of variation in parental influences on regulation are examined, including parenting style, child temperament, and child-parent attachment security. Parallels in the nature of parents' role in socializing children's regulation of emotions and energy intake are examined. Implications for future research are discussed.
Dispersion of traveling waves in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction

Abstract We use perturbation and numerical methods to calculate the dispersion relation for periodic wave train solutions of diffusion-reaction equations modeling the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction. These results are compared with experimental data for the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reagent and shown to be in good agreement.
Conscious and nonconscious processes: Implications for self-determination theory.

According to Bargh’s Auto-Motive model (Bargh, 1990, 1997a, 1997b; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999), automatic motivational processes are those that are consistently and frequently engaged when environmental cues and contexts similar to that of the past arise. For example, achievement and affiliation have been primed and have been shown to affect behaviour and perceptions in ways similar to conscious activation (e.g., Lakin & Chartrand, 2003). Emerging evidence now suggest that motivational processes related to self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), such as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can be nonconsciously primed and then influence perceptions and behaviours (e.g., Burton, Lydon, D’Alessandro, & Koestner, 2006; Levesque & Pelletier, 2003; Ratelle, Baldwin, & Vallerand, 2005). These nonconscious effects are shown to parallel the conscious effects of motivational processes. These findings challenge researchers interested in SDT and other humanistic theories to think about whether all behaviours and forms of regulation can be nonconsciously determined. In the present paper, the authors argue that automatic nonconscious processes are not always maladaptive and that autonomous (selfdetermined) as well as controlled forms of motivation can be automatically and nonconsciously activated. However, the authors also argue that conscious processes are essential to our daily experiences and necessary to modulate the manifestation and expression of nonconscious processes that are negative or detrimental to growth or well-being.
Combining Different Procedures for Adaptive Regression

Given any countable collection of regression procedures (e.g., kernel, spline, wavelet, local polynomial, neural nets, etc.), we show that a single adaptive procedure can be constructed to share their advantages to a great extent in terms of global squared L2 risk. The combined procedure basically pays a price only of order 1/n for adaptation over the collection. An interesting consequence is that for a countable collection of classes of regression functions (possibly of completely different characteristics), a minimax-rate adaptive estimator can be constructed such that it automatically converges at the right rate for each of the classes being considered. A demonstration is given for high-dimensional regression, for which case, to overcome the well-known curse of dimensionality in accuracy, it is advantageous to seek different ways of characterizing a high-dimensional function (e.g., using neural nets or additive modelings) to reduce the influence of input dimension in the traditional theory of approximation (e.g., in terms of series expansion). However, in general, it is difficult to assess which characterization works well for the unknown regression function. Thus adaptation over different modelings is desired. For example, we show by combining various regression procedures that a single estimator can be constructed to be minimax-rate adaptive over Besov classes of unknown smoothness and interaction order, to converge at rate o(n?1/2) when the regression function has a neural net representation, and at the same time to be consistent over all bounded regression functions.
Democratic language policy for multilingual educational systems: An interdisciplinary approach

This article outlines a proposal for evaluating educational policy and planning for multilingual school systems. Often, debates on language policy in education suffer from a restricted perspective that elevates socio-political considerations above all others. Assigning secondary importance to language learning constraints and developmental principles of second language learning renders the discussion incomplete and incoherent. Bilingual instructional models need to be based on current research findings that prioritize both an early introduction of content-based second language instruction (immersion), and the development of higher-order language abilities through a language that children understand.
Geologic Researches and Scientific Manpower: ABSTRACT

It is a truism, if all too lately recognized, that the more fruitful geological researches today (and tomorrow) depend to an increasing degree on the techniques of the sister sciences and mathematics. So much is this the case that a number of quasigeological "Earth and Space Science" departments or divisions have been created and others are springing up not only at universities but also in private industrial and governmental research complexes, as well. The pendulum has now swung so far from the geologists per se that these organizations are being staffed to a large degree by non-geologists trained in one of the more fundamental, yet supporting, sciences. The advantages are obvious. The disadvantages, which may be equally great, are as yet only dimly perceived. Despite th paradoxical stigma now attached to the use of the time-honored and appropriately descriptive word "geology," the Earth Science Institutes and Departments are still chiefly engaged in geological researches. In such investigations it is just as shortsighted to expect first-rate results from a staff member who has little or no geological background, as to expect outstanding contributions to stem from the "geologist" who does not have considerable mastery of at least one of the more basic scientific disciplines. As an additional adverse factor, we see fewer students entering undergraduate geological studies and, if the trend continues, fewer "genuine" geologists will be available for geological positions in teaching or in industry. In short, the situation feeds on itself. The possible over- ll effects on the science of geology, on the broadly ramifying profession of "petroleum geologist" and on the A.A.P.G. are considered. The serious, national problem of scientific and technical manpower inadequacies is also closely involved in the geological research dilemma, and is discussed in some detail. End_of_Article - Last_Page 354------------
The treatment of fecal incontinence after traumatic vaginal delivery: overlapping sphincteroplasty, internal anal sphincter imbrication, levatorplasty, culdoplasty, and perineorrhaphy

Abstract Objective: To assess the operative procedure used in the treatment of fecal incontinence after traumatic vaginal delivery and the functional outcome after surgery. Methods: Between 1995 and 1998, a prospective nonrandomized study was conducted on 22 patients, all of whom had complete fecal incontinence of gaseous, liquid, and solid stool. Preoperatively, all patients were found to have anterior rupture of the external anal sphincter after vaginal deliveries. All patients underwent overlapping sphincteroplasty, culdoplasty, levator ani plication, and perineorrhaphy. Results: Incontinence to gas was found in only one woman (6%). Liquid incontinence was reported in 3 of 22 patients (13.7%). One patient (6%) experienced incontinence to solid stool. A total of four patients (18.2%) suffered constipation, but in only three patients (17%) did the constipation persist after 1 month. Ninety-five percent of the patients had no incontinence to solid stool. The mean follow-up period was 20 months. Conclusion: Ninety-five percent of patients are continent to solid stool. A total of 82% of patients suffer no fecal incontinence and experience excellent functional status, maintaining Grade III and IV continence.
Urodynamic Effects of Once Daily Tadalafil in Men With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Secondary to Clinical Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled 12-Week Clinical Trial

Purpose: We explored the impact of once daily tadalafil on urodynamic measures in men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia via invasive and noninvasive urodynamic studies.Materials and Methods: We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial comparing once daily tadalafil 20 mg vs placebo during 12 weeks in men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia with or without bladder outlet obstruction. Invasive and noninvasive urodynamics, International Prostate Symptom Score and general safety were assessed. The primary study end point was change in detrusor pressure at maximum urinary flow rate.Results: Urodynamic measures remained largely unchanged during the study with no statistically significant or clinically adverse difference between tadalafil and placebo in change in detrusor pressure at maximum urinary flow rate (mean difference between treatments −2.2 cm H2O, p = 0.33) or ...
A high-dynamic range, broadband, RF transmit modulator IC

This paper presents a high-dynamic range broadband transmit modulator IC. The modulator includes a Voltage to current converter, active mixer core, output current to voltage converter followed by an active differential to single ended converter. A high performance LO quadrature generator is also integrated. The modulator input bandwidth exceeds 700MHz and the RF and LO can operate from 400MHz to 6GHz. At 1GHz RF out, the modulator provides a +26dBm OIP3 with −160dBm/Hz output noise. Designed in 0.35um SiGe complementary bipolar on SOI, the 1.7mm × 1.8mm IC consumes 200mA from a 5V supply.
Does too much government investment retard economic development of a country

The purpose of this paper is to understand how the effect of the government size per capita on the steady‐state level of output and on the growth rate differs between LDC’s and developed countries. It is shown that an increase in government size will increase the steady‐state level of output if the economy is at a low steady‐state (underdeveloped), and will decrease the steady‐state level of output if the economy is at a high steady‐state (developed).
Inferring Nonstationary Gene Networks from Longitudinal Gene Expression Microarrays

Inferring gene networks from longitudinal gene expression microarrays is a crucial step towards the study of gene regulatory mechanisms. A decade ago, expensive microarray technology restricted the number of samples undergoing gene expression profiling in single studies, leading the inference algorithms that assume stationary gene networks to the best solution. Thanks to decreasing cost of modern microarray technologies, more gene expression profiles can be assessed in single studies. With more samples available, we can relax the stationarity assumption and develop a method to infer dynamic gene networks, which can reflect more realistic biology where genes adaptively orchestrate each other. This paper applied the framework of dynamic Bayesian networks to infer adaptive gene interactions by identifying individual transition networks between pairs of consecutive times. Due to high computational burden of inferring the interconnection patterns among all genes over time, we designed a parallelizable inference algorithm to make feasible the task. We validated our approach by two clinical studies: yellow fever vaccination and mechanical periodontal therapy. The inferred dynamic networks achieved more than 90% predictive accuracy, a significant improvement when compared to stationary models (p?<?0.05). The adaptive models can help explain the induction of innate immunology in greater details after yellow fever vaccination and interpret the anti-inflammatory effect of mechanical periodontal therapy.
Thermal effects in singlet delta oxygen generation

The generation of O2(1(Delta) g) using the chlorine--basic hydrogen peroxide reaction is the heart of the chemical oxygen iodine laser. When O2(1(Delta) g) is generated, almost two-thirds of the exothermicity of the reaction is dissipated as heat within the liquid solution. The impact of this heat release on the generation and transport of O2(1(Delta) g) is the subject of this study.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Overdosing on Organization Development: Toward criticalness in pastoral administration

The Organization Development movement is a positive and potentially fruitful influence that is being felt in the area of church administration. However, there may be problems involved in transferring the techniques of the movement directly and uncritically into congregational administration. Alluding to research which suggests that the matrix of congregational administration may be radically different from the matrix in which Organization Development was designed, the author pleads for criticalness in the appropriation of Organization Development techniques by pastors. He further suggests that pastoral administrative behavior in service to goals and values that are shared by both the Organization Development movement and the clergy may at times resemble behavior in service to exactly the opposite values.
Worms reveal essential functions for intermediate filaments.

Intermediate filaments (IF) represent one of the three major cytoskeletal systems found in animal cells. Their somewhat uninspired name was originally derived from their 10-nm diameter, which lies between that of smaller actin-containing microfilaments and larger microtubules. This name, however, belies their importance as critical players in the organization of cells and tissues of vertebrate systems. As to function, it has become obvious from studies of numerous human disorders, such as those that cause blistering diseases of the skin, that IF play important roles in establishing and maintaining the mechanical integrity of cells (1). Depending on the cell type, IF proteins comprise anywhere from 1 to 85% of total cell protein and, despite these quantities, they remain the least studied and understood of all cytoskeletal systems. Historically, there are many reasons for this lack of understanding of their structure and function, the most obvious relates to the fact that the structural proteins that assemble into IF are not highly conserved. For example, humans contain IF that are encoded by over 50 different members of a multigene family. This family is subdivided into six types on the basis of similarities in their amino acid sequences (2). This is in stark contrast to the other cytoskeletal components whose core structures are comprised primarily of the highly conserved subunits of microtubules, α and β tubulin, and actin, the major subunit of microfilaments. By probing the complete worm genome, there now appear to be only 11 genes encoding IF, which makes functional studies much more manageable relative to vertebrate systems.
Role of arginine-163 and the 163REEK166 motif in the oligomerization of truncated alpha A-crystallins.

To gain insight into the mechanism by which Arg-163 influences oligomerization of αA-crystallin, we prepared a series of truncated αA-crystallins with or without mutation of the Arg-163 residue. Expression of the proteins was achieved in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells, and αA-crystallin was purified by size-exclusion chromatography. Molecular mass was determined by molecular sieve HPLC, chaperone activity was assayed with alcohol dehydrogenase as the target protein, and structural changes were ascertained by circular dichroism (CD) measurements. With an increasing number of residues deleted, there was about a 3% decrease in oligomeric size per residue, until 10 residues were deleted. When 11 residues, including Arg-163, were deleted, the oligomeric size decreased 85%. Mutation of Arg-163 to Gly (R163G) did not affect the molecular mass in the full-length αA-crystallin. However, R163G mutants of all the truncated αA-crystallins showed a decrease in oligomeric size, those lacking 8, 9, and 10 resid...
Alignment of Cd atoms by photoionization

The $^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$ excited states of the cadmium ion are produced through photoionization of cadmium atoms by a beam of Hei 584-\AA{} radiation. The presence of alignment in the ions is detected by measuring the degree of linear polarization $P$ of the resulting emission. It is found that $P(^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}0.052\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ for the 4416-\AA{} transition, and $P(^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})=+0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ for the 3536-\AA{} transition, demonstrating that both $^{2}D$ fine-structure components are aligned. A simple calculation is presented which ignores anisotropic final-state interactions. This calculation correctly predicts the sign of the degree of polarization, but fails to reproduce the experimental results.
Induction of Morphologic Differentiation of Endothelial Cells in Culture

Human endothelial cells when grown in cell culture assume a "cobblestone" morphology and do not form tubes or capillarylike structures. We have recently identified a culture substrate containing basement membrane-derived proteins that promotes morphologic differentiation of human umbilical vein and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells into capillarylike tubes. This differentiation is rapid, beginning within 1h and is complete by 8–12h. On electron microscopy these cells form a lumen, derived from remodeling of multiple cells and also by forming holes in the cytoplasm of individual cells. The endothelial cells no longer proliferate when cultured on this substrate known as matrigel, but can be induced to do so when cultured on fibronectin. We have also identified a critical molecular signal for endothelial cell differentiation induced by matrigel. Laminin, a prime constituent of matrigel, and to a lesser extent collagen IV appear to be key elements in the differentiation of endothelial cells induced by matrigel. J Invest Dermatol 93:59S–61S, 1989
Application of The calculated PWM technique in the photovoltaic pumping system

This paper aims to reach at an improved control and optimization between the different functions of the elements of a solar pumping system. The solar panel can supply maximum power only for defined output voltage. The operation to get the maximum power depends on the terminals of load, mostly a non-linear load like induction motor. That is why we have given in this work two different solutions for two problems. Firstly, we used an intelligent control method for the tracking module inserted in the photovoltaic system under variable temperature and irradiance conditions. The tracking module can be used to maintain the operation of the photovoltaic panel at maximum power by controlling the voltage or current generator independently of the load. Secondly, ours pumping system was tested with the calculated pulse wide modulation technique inverter to order to reduce the noise, oscillations of the torque and current, also the disturbance on speed.
Measurement of Power Frequency Fluctuations Using the FFT

A new method for detecting fluctuations in the fundamental frequency component of a power system, by relating it to a leakage coefficient in the FFT, is presented. The phenomenon of leakage in the FFT is used advantageously to increase spectral resolution. The leakage coefficient is a quantitative measure of the deviation from the fundamental frequency component with respect to the sampling frequency. Theoretical aspects are considered along with a method for on-line implementation.
Enhanced graft-versus-host disease in older recipient mice following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

The incidence and severity of GVHD following bone marrow transplantation increases with recipient age. The role of recipient age on the development of GVHD was analyzed in a semi-allogeneic (C57BL/6-->(C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1) murine GVHD system. Young adult (2 months) and old (12-14 months) recipient mice were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with young adult T cell-depleted bone marrow (ATBM) or ATBM and young spleen cells. A significantly higher percentage of old vs young recipients developed lethal GVHD. Furthermore, while pre-transplant conditioning with irradiation was not required to observe increased mortality in old recipients, irradiation predisposed the older animals for a more severe course of GVHD, suggesting that GVHD occurred in old compared to young animals in the absence of pre-transplant conditioning but was exacerbated by irradiation. Histologically, the immunological responses in the GVHD target organs were more severe in the old GVHD animals. In support of this observation, increased spontaneous proliferation was observed using lymphoid cells isolated from old vs young GVHD mice. These findings demonstrate that old recipients develop a more severe course of GVHD following BMT, and may present a unique opportunity to study age-related factors in the generation of GVHD.
Fouling layer growth and distribution at the interface of pressure-driven membranes

Abstract A model of the flow of a dilute particle-laden fluid in the channel with porous walls and the deposition of the particles as a fouling layer on the walls is developed. The equations governing the flow and the rate of change for the fouling layer thickness are non-dimensionalized. As a result, two parameters characterizing the effects of the inertia terms and the fouling layer are obtained. A perturbation solution with variable suction velocity is presented for small wall Reynolds number and thin fouling layer (Rew ⪡ 1 and S ⪡ 0). The equations governing the flow and the rate of change for the fouling layer thickness in a channel are also solved by an integral method. The method is based on assuming a profile for the axial velocity and satisfying the partial differential equations in an integral sense. From the perturbation analysis, it is found that for relatively large values of the dimensionless parameter E (which correspond to microporous systems with high permeability) the pressure, the suction velocity and the fouling layer thickness decay exponentially along the channel. This is in contrast to the solution with constant suction velocity (Berman, 1953, J. appl. Phys.24, 1232–1234), where the pressure gradient remains nearly constant. For small values of E (which correspond to microporous systems with low permeability) the exponential decay is approximately linear, with the wall suction velocity nearly constant. Also, it is noticed that the build-up of the fouling layer tends to decrease the driving pressure force. In other words, the pressure difference required to move the fluid through the channel is less than that which is needed for the undisturbed problem (no fouling layer and inertia terms). The inertia terms lead to a larger pressure difference. The integral method is not restricted by the smallness of the Reynolds number and the fouling layer. The results compare well with those obtained by the perturbation method for small Reynolds number and thin fouling layer. As the fouling layer thickens, the integral method predicts flow reversal.
MIXED TRANSFORM FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR SOLVING THE NON‐LINEAR EQUATION FOR FLOW IN VARIABLY SATURATED POROUS MEDIA

A new computational method is developed for numerical solution of the Richards equation for flow in variably saturated porous media. The new method, referred to as the mixed transform finite element method, employs the mixed formulation of the Richards equation but expressed in terms of a partitioned transform. An iterative finite element algorithm is derived using a Newton–Galerkin weak statement. Specific advantages of the new method are demonstrated with applications to a set of one— dimensional test problems. Comparisons with the modified Picard method show that the new method produces more robust solutions for a broad range of soil– moisture regimes, including flow in desiccated soils, in heterogeneous media and in layered soils with formation of perched water zones. In addition, the mixed transform finite element method is shown to converge faster than the modified Picard method in a number of cases and to accurately represent pressure head and moisture content profiles with very steep fronts. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legal use of nonprescription medications in college health centers.

Abstract The author suggests the use of a standardized procedure as a method of addressing and fulfilling legal concerns regarding the use of nonprescription medications in the college health center. An outline in table form for subjective/objective assessments of a diagnosis, over-the-counter drug suggestions, and contraindications to the use of nonprescription drugs is included.
Applications of staffing, scheduling, and budgeting methodologies to hospital ancillary units

A computer-aided methodology for integrating the budgeting, staffing, and labor productivity systems of Ancillary Services using Respiratory Therapy as an example is presented. The data needed, staffing computations and schedules, and productivity analysis are presented and discussed. A summary of the predicted savings and other benefits for the application hospital are presented with comparisons to present productivity systems.
Persistence of Residues in Milk Following Antibiotic Treatment of Dairy Cattle

A study was conducted to determine the persistence of antibiotic residues in milk beyond the recommended withdrawal period. Composite milk samples (n = 122) were collected from 58 lactating dairy cows in the university herd receiving antibiotic treatments for any reason but only when administered as a single drug. Samples were obtained 72 h posttreatment and sampling continued every 24 h until result for antibiotic residue was negative by the Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay. The antibiotic (n = 7) administered accounted for significant variation in drug persistence; however, route of administration, case number (for cows treated for more than one episode), number of days treated, animal's body weight, lactation number, and daily milk production did not affect drug persistence. Chi-square analysis indicated that 21% of milk samples were positive for residues beyond the recommended withholding period. Milk samples from cows treated with cephapirin and penicillin were the only samples that exceeded recommended withdrawal times. Often doses administered exceeded label directions.
High-performance liquid chromatographic application of the hummel and dreyer method for the determination of colchicine—tubulin binding parameters

An application of the Hummel and Dreyer gel chromatography procedure modified for high-performance liquid chromatography has been used to determine the dissociation constant for the colchicine-tubulin interaction at 25 degrees C. The results obtained are compared with results of other equilibrium and non-equilibrium techniques and demonstrate that the initial interaction of colchicine with tubulin must be rapid and probably reversible. This rapid and sensitive technique, which does not require radioisotopes for measurement of the binding parameters, will be extremely useful for characterization of tubulin-ligand interactions.
Ammonium fixation in selected California decomposed granites

Revegetation on disturbed, low organic matter content, decomposed granite (DG) substrates are limited by low plant-available moisture and nitrogen. Data from a single DG site in northern California, USA, showed that a significant fraction of the ammonium from fertilizers or organic matter mineralization was fixed into silicate interlayer positions. To evaluate the broader relevance of NH 4 + fixation, the NH 4 + fixation capacities of 11 other drastically disturbed DG substrates throughout California were evaluated. The fixation capacities of the substrates were quite varied and increased as added NH 4 + application levels increased (124–1,670 kg NH 4 + ha−1). When amended with 124 kg NH 4 + ha−1, 7 of the 11 substrates fixed between 14 and 78% of the added NH 4 + . Analysis of particle size fractions of a typical material indicated that the very fine sand fraction had the highest fixation capacity and the clays and very coarse sands had the lowest, on a gravimetric basis. The overall fixation capacities showed no significant relation to potential predictive characteristics, including extractable K+, NH 4 + , or total N levels. Three methods of cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurement were tested for their ability to predict NH 4 + fixation. The Ba method which utilizes an indicator cation that is not subject to interlayer fixation was not a reliable indicator of NH 4 + fixation. The NH 4 + method had the strongest relation to NH 4 + fixation in the DG materials. The difference between the measured CEC of the NH 4 + method and the Ba method was found to be most predictive of NH 4 + fixation.
Condensation of photons in a hot plasma

The Compton cooling of a photon gas is studied using the Compton-Fokker-Planck equation. Numerical solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation are presented which illustrate the possibility of forming a temporary excess of low-energy photons. The conditions under which it would be possible to observe this excess of low-energy photons are derived. The possibility of using stimulated Compton scattering to generate coherent x rays is also discussed.
Phosphorylation and Regulation of G-protein-activated Phospholipase C-β3 by cGMP-dependent Protein Kinases

Among the drugs that are known to relax the vascular smooth muscle and regulate other cellular functions, β-adrenergic agonists and nitric oxide-containing compounds are some of the most effective ones. The mechanisms of these drugs are thought to lower agonist-induced intracellular [Ca2+] by increasing intracellular cAMP and cGMP, activating their respective protein kinases. However, the physiological targets of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases are not clear. The molecular basis for the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ by signaling pathways coupled to cyclic nucleotides is not well defined. G-protein-activated phospholipase C (PLC-β) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphates to generate diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, leading to the activation of protein kinase C and the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. In this study, we shown that G-protein-activated PLC enzymes are the potential targets of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG). PKG can directly phosphorylate PLC-β2 and PLC-β3 in vitro with purified proteins and in vivo with metabolic labeling. Phosphorylation of PLC-β leads to the inhibition of G-protein-activated PLC-β3 activity by 50–70% in COS-7 cell transfection assays. By using phosphopeptide mapping and site-directed mutagenesis, we further identified two key phosphorylation sites for the regulation of PLC-β3 by PKG (Ser26 and Ser1105). Mutation at these two sites (S26A and S1105A) of PLC-β3 completely blocked the phosphorylation of PLC-β3 protein catalyzed by PKG. Furthermore, mutation of these serine residues removed the inhibitory effect of PKG on the activation of the mutant PLC-β3 proteins by G-protein subunits. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism for the regulation of G-protein-mediated intracellular [Ca2+] by the NO-cGMP-dependent signaling pathway.
Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a fat chance of curing kidney disease?

Many kidney diseases are associated with inflammation and altered immune response. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and immune modulation. Demonstration that the phenotype and immunosuppressive ability of adipose tissue–derived MSCs are not affected by human kidney disease or uremic serum might have clinical significance if autologous adipose tissue–derived MSCs can be tested to prove their long-term safety and efficacy in treating kidney disease.
The role of theory in combustion science

Prometheus has been identified as the mythological deliverer of combustion science to mankind. Sciences traditionally have been divided into two parts—experiment and theory. A question therefore arises naturally: Was Prometheus more nearly an experimenter or a theoretician? My purpose is to attempt to review for you the history of the contribution of theory to the science of combustion. To do so I need to describe “theory” and “science” and to try to trace combustion from antiquity on into the future. A conclusion will be that today most sciences; and notably that of combustion, must be divided into three rather than the traditional two parts. But first, let's address that burning question raised above.
The endcap shower counters for the MARK III detector

Abstract We describe below the design, construction and performance of the end cap shower counters of the MARK III detector. These counters, made up of layers of aluminum proportional tubes sandwiched between lead sheets, achieve a position resolution for electrons or photons of about 7 mm × 9 mm using charge division for the position measurement along the wire direction. The energy resolution for fully contained electron and photon showers is σ E E = 17% √E . The counters are segmented into twelve individual readouts in depth, allowing the very good pattern recognition needed for the separation of nearby showers. The total depth of the counter, twelve radiation lengths, is adequate for the SPEAR energy range. Good photon detection efficiency extends to energies below 100 MeV.
Elastic proton scattering at high momentum transfer as test of a microscopic optical potential

Measurements of the differential cross section for 200 MeV proton scattering from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ have been extended to momentum transfers between 4 and 6 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These new results are in disagreement with the parameter-free, microscopic optical potential model of Brieva, Rook, and Geramb, which satisfactorily reproduces the data at smaller momentum transfer. Calculations within the framework of a phenomenological optical potential also have difficulty explaining all of the structure observed in the large-angle region; the latter is very sensitive to changes of the potential at small radii.
Role of Rab11 in planar cell polarity and apical constriction during vertebrate neural tube closure

Epithelial folding is a critical process for vertebrate neural tube closure, however, its spatial regulation is largely unknown. Here Ossipova et al. show that Rab11-positive recycling endosomes acquire bilaterally symmetric distribution in the Xenopus neural plate, and that this polarization is essential for neural tube formation.