cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coagulation protein function. II. Influence of thiols upon acetaldehyde effects

Abstract It has been reported that prolonged prothrombin time may be a result of the interaction of acetaldehyde (AcH) with clotting proteins to form alkylated inactive products. The current investigation focuses on the influence of l-cysteine (CysH), dl-homocysteine (HC), D -penicillamine, N -acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), l-serine and l-alanine at 0.01 M concentrations, lactalbumin hydrolysate (2 mg/ml), and 1.0 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) on clotting time as well as their interaction with AcH. The sulfhydryl amino acids, as well as DTT prolonged clotting upon preincubation with plasma. Cysteine and NAC, upon addition to plasma prior to the addition of AcH, exhibited a prolongation of clotting time compared to that of AcH alone. On sequential addition of serine, alanine, or lactalbumin hydrolysate to plasma followed by the addition of acetaldehyde, a prolongation of clotting time comparable to that of AcH alone was exhibited. When HC and penicillamine were added to plasma prior to the addition of AcH, a prolonged clotting time was observed, which was significantly less than that of AcH alone. Premixing of serine, alanine, and lactalbumin hydrolysate with AcH for 20 min prior to addition to the plasma reduced the effectiveness of AcH in prolonging clotting time as compared to successive additions of the amino acid and AcH. Since CysH and penicillamine have been reported to form cyclic adducts with AcH, it is suggested that a similar possibility exists for penicillamine and for HC. The reversible cyclic adduct formation reported for CysH may explain why cysteine did not lower the prolonged clotting time induced by AcH. These results lend further biochemical support to the suggestion that alcoholism may promote prolonged prothrombin times by covalent interaction of AcH with clotting factors. In addition, prolonged clotting times observed with thiols suggest that disulfide interchange can occur between thiol amino acids and the disulfide bridges that are common in many clotting factors. The reduction in clotting times that are seen upon preincubation of HC and penicillamine with AcH leads to the proposal that thiols other than glutathione may detoxify AcH, and that detoxification of AcH by some thiols may minimize potential damage by both compounds.
The use of sedative-induced sleep as an aid to electroencephalographic diagnosis in children

Summary The recently reported observation that the sleep state activates the appearanceof epileptiform abnormalities in the electroencephalogram are confirmed and extended. Furthermore it is shown that the use of mildly sedative doses of Nembutal to promote sleep in children does not significantly reduce the activating properties of this state. The routine use of sedative-induced sleep is shown to be a valuable adjunctto routine clinical electroencephalography in children for the following reasons: 1. Latent epileptiform activity not present in a waking record and not activated by such measures as hyperventilation may nevertheless become manifest during sleep. 2. A primary convulsogenic focus may be revealed in sleep when the wakingrecord is of a type suggestive of a generalized convulsive state. 3. Sleep produced by mild sedation provides a means of obtaining diagnostictracings in children in whom, because of mental retardation, physical handicap, or behavioral difficulties, it would not otherwise be possible. The characteristics of the various clearly abnormal electrical dischargeswhich occur during sleep are described and discussed in relation to their clinical correlates.
BAND BLEACHING AND GROWTH DYNAMICS IN 45%GEO2-55%SIO2 FILMS

Photoinduced changes in the ultraviolet absorption bands of GeO2–SiO2 glasses have a clear significance in photosensitive processes. In this letter, the dynamics of bleaching and growth of absorption bands in highly photosensitive germanosilicate thin films following exposure to 248 nm excimer laser radiation are discussed. Strong evidence is found in support of a single‐photon process for the bleaching of a band at 238 nm and growth of a band at 202.5 nm as a source of photosensitivity. Calculated changes in refractive index are eight times greater than those found in two‐photon‐induced grating experiments. This suggests avenues for enhancement of photosensitive effects through proper materials conditioning.
Congenital muscle disease and abnormal findings on computerized tomography.

SUMMARY Two female siblings with suspected congenital muscular dystrophy, normal intelligence and unusual CT scans are described. This combination of features has not previously been described in the literature. RESUME Affection musculaire congenitale et scanner anormal: association unique L'article rapporte le cas de deux soeurs chez qui on suspectait une myopathic congenitale, qui presentaient une intelligence normale et des scanners inhabituels a la tomodensitometrie. Cette affection symptomatique n'a pas ete decrite anterieurement dans la litterature. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Congenitale Muskelerkrankung und abnorme Komputertomographie: eine einmalige Kombination Es werden zwei weibliche Geschwister mit Verdacht auf eine kongenitale Muskel-dystrophie, normaler Intelligenz und ungewohnlichen CT Scans beschrieben. Diese Befundkombination ist bisher in der Literatur noch nicht beschrieben worden. RESUMEN Enfermedad muscular congenita y tomografia computarizada anormal: una asociacion unica Se describen dos hermanas con sospecha de distrofia muscular congenita, inteligencia normal y scanner anomalos. Esta combination de alteraciones no ha sido descrita previamente en la literatura.
Assured destruction, nuclear winter and the changing strategic arsenal

(1986). Assured destruction, nuclear winter and the changing strategic arsenal. Arms Control: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 171-176.
Development and validation of a novel method for evaluating behavior and temperament in guide dogs

Abstract Most guide and service dog organizations would benefit from the development of accurate methods for the early evaluation of canine temperament traits. This paper describes the development and validation of a novel questionnaire method for assessing behavior and temperament in 1-year-old guide dogs. Volunteer puppy-raisers scored a total of 1097 prospective guide dogs on a series of 40 semantic differential-type, behavioral rating scales. Principle components factor analysis of these scores extracted eight stable and interpretable common factors: stranger-directed fear/aggression, non-social fear, energy level, owner-directed aggression, chasing, trainability, attachment, and dog-directed fear/aggression. Three of these eight factors exhibited moderate internal consistency (Cronbach’s α≥0.72), while the reliabilities of the remaining factors were relatively low (Cronbach’s α=0.53–0.61). The eight factors were then validated against the guide dog school’s own criteria for rejecting dogs for behavioral reasons. The results of this analysis confirmed the construct validity of the puppy raisers’ questionnaire assessments of their dogs, and suggested that such methods can provide a useful and accurate means of predicting the suitability of dogs for guiding work. Various modifications to the original questionnaire are proposed in order to enhance its overall reliability.
Invited paper: Comparison of brain models for active vs. passive perception

In a passive information processing system a stimulus input gives information, whichis transduced by receptors into trains of impulses that signify the features of an object. The symbols are processed according to rules for learning and association and are then bound into a representation, which is stored, retrieved and matched with new incoming representations. In active systems perception begins with the emergence of a goal that is implemented by the search for information. The only input accepted is that which is consistent with the goal and anticipated as a consequence of the searching actions. The key component to be modeled in brains provides the dynamics that constructs goals and the adaptive actions by which they are achieved.
Battle of the bulge: miR-195 versus miR-29b in aortic aneurysm.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially lethal condition, capable of progressing to acute rupture—a catastrophic event with an 80% mortality risk. A conservative estimate places annual deaths because of AAA in the United States at ≈15 000, although the actual burden is likely higher.1 These dilations are typically found within the infrarenal aortic segment but are only rarely symptomatic, causing them to remain undiscovered until they are either identified through coincident imaging or rupture occurs. Among the risk factors for AAA are male sex, advanced age, genetic predilection, and a history of tobacco use. No pharmacological approach in humans to date has successfully decreased AAA expansion or prevented rupture.2 Although surgery and endovascular stent grafting are highly effective in preventing death from larger AAAs, they are complex procedures with multiple potential complications. How then, might the battle against AAA be better waged? Article, see p 857 MicroRNAs are intricately woven into a web of epigenetic pathophysiologic regulation. Modulation of any given micro RNA can alter the expression of dozens of target genes, including entire functional gene networks, thereby affecting the progression of a wide array of disease phenotypes. In recent reviews examining the role of microRNAs in AAA, we noted their remarkable potential, both to improve risk stratification and diagnosis and to alter vascular disease therapeutically. In this vein, exciting findings have been published for …
Predatory Voyeurs: Tourists and "Tribal Violence" in Remote Indonesia

Tourism has been theorized in a new ethnography of modernity, stressing the museumization of the premodern and its production as spectacle. In this article, I explore the voice and perspective of the "tribal culture" recently exposed to a new type of gaze. Tourists are perceived as predatory voyeurs on Sumba, a once remote area now receiving increasing numbers of foreign visitors. An idiom of visual consumption encodes a critical awareness of global inequities in access to and use of technology, and a history of changing selfperceptions. The cameras that every tourist brings to capture images of headhunters and primitive violence become the very emblems of the exotic violence that they are designed to capture. [tourism, photography, cultural identity, Eastern Indonesia, violence, headhunting.]
Elimination of soybean lipid emulsion in parenteral nutrition and supplementation with enteral fish oil improve cholestasis in infants with short bowel syndrome.

BackgroundParenteral nutrition–associated liver disease (PNALD) is a potentially fatal complication for children with intestinal failure. Fish oil–based lipid emulsions have shown promise for the treatment of PNALD but are not readily available. Six cases are presented in which cholestasis resolved after soybean lipid emulsion (SLE) was removed from parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral fish oil was given.MethodsA retrospective review at a tertiary children’s hospital (July 2003 to August 2008) identified 6 infants with intestinal failure requiring PN for >6 months who developed severe hepatic dysfunction that was managed by eliminating SLE and providing enteral fish oil.ResultsTwenty-three infants with short bowel syndrome requiring prolonged PN developed cholestasis. SLE was removed in 6 of these patients, and 4 of the 6 received enteral fish oil. Standard PN included 2-3 g/kg/d SLE with total PN calories ranging from 57 to 81 kcal/kg/d at the time of SLE removal. Hyperbilirubinemia resolved after elimi...
Speciation and solubility of palladium in aqueous magmatic-hydrothermal solutions

Combining thermodynamic data at 25C and 1 bar with correlation algorithms enables prediction of equilibrium dissociation constants for aqueous platinum-group-element (PGE) complexes at high pressures and temperatures. We used these data (1) to calculate the speciation of Pd(II) in NaCl solutions at temperatures to 750C, pressures to 2 kbar, and values from 3 to 8, and (2) to predict the solubility of palladium at 2 kbar as a function of temperature, oxygen fugacity (f{sub O2}), pH, and total chloride concentration (m{sub T}Cl{sup {minus}}). Calculations indicate that as pH increases there is a sharp transition from chloride- to hydroxide-complex dominance at all chloride concentrations. This shift occurs at or below neutral pH in dilute solution, but at m{sub T}Cl{sup {minus}} {ge} 1.0, Pd(II) chloride complexes account for the majority of dissolved Pd(II) well into alkaline conditions. Solubility of palladium increases with increasing temperature, m{sub T}Cl{sup {minus}}, and f{sub O2}. At 700C, 2 kbar, and the f{sub O2} set by the FMQ buffer, palladium solubility in a 3.0 m NaCl solution is {approximately}0.3 ppm at a pH of 4, and one-unit pH variation can change palladium solubility by two orders of magnitude. These results suggest that PGE can be transported as chloridemore » complexes in Cl-rich magmatic-hydrothermal solutions like those inferred from petrologic studies of the Stillwater and Bushveld complexes.« less
Characterization and compensation of dynamic errors of a scanning coordinate measuring machine

The necessity for reducing production cycle times while achieving better quality compels metrologists to look for new and improved ways to perform the inspection of parts manufactured. The advent of coordinate measuring machines led to a significant boost in accuracy, flexibility and reliability for measurement tasks. However, these machines are in some instances lagging behind machine tools and need improvement. One major limitation is the execution of measurements with low uncertainty at a reasonably fast rate to make it possible to measure more parts. This would ensure more reliability to the end product and better information to control the manufacturing process. Coordinate measuring machines with scanning capabilities offer the option to output high data density for parts at high speed. However, they are still considerably less accurate at faster measurement speeds and need to be improved. In this work a scanning measuring machine was extensively tested and a compensation model that accounts for part of its dynamic errors affecting measurement of circular features is proposed.
SEX-ROLE ORIENTATION AMONG INCARCERATED WOMEN '

Szi,nmary.-This study of 120 women inmates of a stace prison showed that sexrole orientation was related to the type of offence committed by women but, contrary to the hypothesis about the "new" female offender, violent offenders were more traditionally feminine than financial and drug-related offenders. Drug offenders had high rates of undifferenciated ratings. Women became more traditionally mascuhe or feminine with length of incarceration. Women who had children were more likely to score as traditionally feminine. In the mid-1970s a number of social scientists posited that the increase in the number of women who were being incarcerated for violent crimes was due to changes in women's sex-role orientation brought about by the feminist movement (e.g., Adler, 1975; Simon, 1975; Weis, 1978). Specifically, these theorists speculated that, as women became more "masculinized," they would be more likely to commit violent crimes. These authors also suggested that younger women, who had been more exposed to feminism, would be more violent offenders. Empirical research has not confirmed these hypotheses. A number of studies have found violent offenders and younger offenders to be more traditionally feminine (Campbell, MacKenzie, & Robinson, 1987; Erez, 1988; Lasley, Kuhl, & Roberg, 1985). Campbell, Robinson, MacKenzie, and Winfree (1988) pointed out that most studies have not taken into consideration the effects of incarceration and the fact that violent offenders in samples may have been incarcerated for longer periods of time. The present study examined whether women become more maschized during their incarceration, whether women who committed violent crimes are more traditionally masculine than those committing other types of crime, and whether sex-role orientation is related to other demographic variables.
The effects of chlorine on Fe and Fe2O3 surfaces in H2S environment

Abstract We have used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the effects of chlorine gas on Fe and Fe 2 O 3 surfaces pre-exposed to H 2 S at 105 K. H 2 S chemisorbs on the Fe 2 O 3 surface at 105 K to form adsorbed sulfur (S a ) and sulfylhydril (SH a ) intermediates. Subsequent exposure to Cl 2 vapor at 105 K results in preferential desorption of S a leaving the SH a intermediate intact. Contrasting behavior is observed for SH a and S a on metallic Fe. On the metallic Fe surface, exposure to chlorine vapor at 105 K leads to SH bond scission and thus conversion from SH a to S a . The sulfur chemisorption site on Fe 2 O 3 thus differs substantially from that on the metallic Fe surface.
CFD Results of Cavity Flows With and Without Regularly Spaced Slats

In flow over cavity-backed openings, instability in the shear flow can result in self-excited oscillations of the flow. These can become coupled to a resonant response of the cavity, resulting in high amplitude pressure fluctuations in the cavity. Recent studies have shown that these self-excited oscillations can persist even in the presence of a perforated plate or a series of regularly spaced slats in the opening. In this study, various flow-field quantities of a self-excited cavity flow at different speeds and with and without regularly spaced slats in the opening are examined and compared. Unstructured hybrid RANS/LES methods are used to simulate shear driven cavity flows with and without slats at a resonant-coupled speed, as well as without slats at a lower, nonresonant-coupled speed. The results are compared to experimental data for corresponding conditions to validate the numerical results. Various flow field quantites, including the energy production term and the energy flow vector, are calculated from the data and compared for the different conditions in order to understand the features of the flow associated with self-excited oscillations with slats in the opening.
Evolutionary Theory Versus the Confederacy of Dunces

(1995). Evolutionary Theory Versus the Confederacy of Dunces. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 56-62.
Plastic Surgical Techniques for the Foot and Ankle

Random advancement or rotational flaps, split-thickness skin grafts, and local muscle and pedicle flaps are commonly used for closing a complicated foot and ankle wound. Local flaps are typically based on the geometric designs, the mobility and condition of the surrounding soft tissues, the nature of their movement, and the angiosomes of the foot. Local flaps can be advanced, transposed, or rotated to provide soft tissue coverage of the defect. Split-thickness skin grafts can be used in wounds with exposed granulation tissue, dermis, fascia, muscle, peritenon, paratenon, and periosteum. A split-thickness skin graft may not be used in wounds with greater than 5 mm of exposed bone or tendon, over adipose tissue, and over weight-bearing areas. The main prerequisites for splitthickness skin grafting are the presence of a granular wound bed with no drainage, malodor, periwound erythema, edema, and no systemic signs of infection. Granulation tissue is an indicator of skin graft readiness and survival. Granulation tissue is absent if the wound bed is not well perfused or if infection remains. The pedicle flap is used predominately for durable soft tissue closure of the weightbearing aspect of the foot and is useful when performed in conjunction with a skeletal reconstruction of themidfoot and for closure of calcaneal defects. Themain advantage of a pedicle flap is that extensive soft tissue coverage to the plantar aspect of the foot can be provided without the microvascular anastomosis that is required of a free tissue transfer (Fig. 1). Absolute contraindications to surgical wound closure via plastic surgical techniques include vascular insufficiency despite endovascular or vascular surgery, complicated
Mortuary Behavior and Social Organization at Indian Knoll and Dickson Mounds

Two prehistoric mortuary sites, one from the Archaic and one from the Mississippian period, are compared with regard to the importance of age and sex as status-bearing variables. Statements about social organization in the two societies are examined using mortuary data, specifically, grave-good inclusions with burials. Cluster analyses at Indian Knoll in Kentucky and Dickson Mounds in Illinois show significant differences in cluster formation which can be interpreted in social organizational terms. These interpretations pertain both to the importance of age and sex and to wider principles of organization. Indian Knoll is found to be less egalitarian in organization than expected; Dickson Mounds, less hierarchical than expected.
Intraspecific aggression in rosyside dace, a drift‐feeding stream cyprinid

Individual rosyside dace Clinostomus funduloides in a semi-natural, artificial stream displayed substantial differences in their aggressiveness and could be classified as: (1) non-aggressive (NA, 18 of 30 rosyside dace), (2) moderately aggressive (MA, 9 of 30) and (3) highly aggressive (HA, 3 of 30). Rosyside dace groups, however, did not exhibit linear dominance hierarchies and fish size was only weakly correlated with the number of aggressive acts performed per individual. Small rosyside dace (<56 mm L F ) were always non-aggressive, but larger fish were present in all three aggression classes. The difference in size between the contestants was significantly, although not very strongly, correlated with the probability of winning an agonistic interaction (r 2 =0.39). Aggressive rosyside dace may have ultimately gained higher fitness than less aggressive ones. HA individuals occupied the upstream-most position within foraging groups significantly more often than other rosyside dace. This location should be the most profitable one because its occupant will be the first to encounter prey. HA rosyside dace also occupied significantly higher focal velocities that were closer to energetic optima than MA and NA ones. They also had greater foraging rates and were less solitary than less aggressive fish, but these differences only were significant at the P=0.066 and P=0.081 level, respectively. Finally, HA fish performed significantly more aggressive acts and feedings backwards than other individuals. Despite these differences, the effects of intraspecific aggression in rosyside dace appeared less substantial than those that have been observed in stream salmonids.
How we know our minds: the illusion of first-person knowledge of intentionality

As adults we believe that our knowledge of our own psychological states is substantially different from our knowledge of the psychological states of others: First-person knowledge comes directly from experience, but third-person knowledge involves inference. Developmental evidence suggests otherwise. Many 3-year-old children are consistently wrong in reporting some of their own immediately past psychological states and show similar difficulties reporting the psychological states of others. At about age 4 there is an important developmental shift to a representational model of the mind. This affects children's understanding of their own minds as well as the minds of others. Our sense that our perception of our own minds is direct may be analogous to many cases where expertise provides an illusion of direct perception. These empirical findings have important implications for debates about the foundations of cognitive science.
Lynx: a database and knowledge extraction engine for integrative medicine

We have developed Lynx (http://lynx.ci.uchicago. edu)—a web-based database and a knowledge extraction engine, supporting annotation and analysis of experimental data and generation of weighted hypotheses on molecular mechanisms contributing to human phenotypes and disorders of interest. Its underlying knowledge base (LynxKB) integrates various classes of information from >35 public databases and private collections, as well as manually curated data from our group and collaborators. Lynx provides advanced search capabilities and a variety of algorithms for enrichment analysis and networkbased gene prioritization to assist the user in extracting meaningful knowledge from LynxKB and experimental data, whereas its service-oriented architecture provides public access to LynxKB and its analytical tools via user-friendly web services and interfaces.
Model of morphology evolution in the growth of polycrystalline β-SiC films

The growth of b-SiC films via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been under intensive investigation because this is viewed to be an enabling material for a variety of new semiconductor devices in areas where silicon cannot eVectively compete. However, the diYculty in achieving single-crystal or highly textured surface morphology in films with low bulk defect density has limited the use of b-SiC films in electronic devices. Although several researchers have reported results relating the morphology of b-SiC films to deposition parameters, including substrate temperature and gas composition, detailed knowledge of the eVects of deposition parameters on film morphology and crystallographic texture is still lacking. If these relationships between deposition parameters and film morphology can be quantified, then it may be possible to obtain optimal b-SiC film morphologies via CVD for specific applications such as high-power electronic devices. The purpose of this study is to predict the dependence of the surface morphology of b-SiC films grown by CVD on substrate temperature and inlet atom ratio of Si:C, and to model the morphological evolution of the growing polycrystalline film. The Si:C ratio is determined by the composition of the reactant gases, propane (C 3 H 8 ) and silane (SiH 4 ). A two-dimensional numerical model based on growth rate parameters has been developed to predict the evolution of the surface morphology. The model calculates the texture, surface roughness, and grain size of continuous polycrystalline b-SiC films resulting from growth competition between nucleated seed crystals of known orientation. Crystals with the fastest growth direction perpendicular to the substrate surface are allowed to overgrow all other crystal orientations. When a continuous polycrystalline film is formed, the facet orientations of crystals are represented on the surface. In the model, the growth parameter a 2D , the ratio of the growth rates of the {10} and {11} faces, determines the crystal shapes and, thus, the facet orientations of crystals. The growth rate parameter a 2D used in the model has been derived empirically from the textures of continuous b-SiC films reported in the literature. © 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
An assessment of Putative Sexually Antagonistic Traits in a Freshwater Amphipod Species

Sexual conflict can result in an ‘evolutionary arms race’ between males and females, with the evolution of sexual antagonistic traits used to resolve the conflict in favor of one sex over the other. We assessed the resolution of sexual conflict in a Hyalella amphipod species by manipulating putative sexually antagonistic traits in males and females and used mate-guarding duration as our metric of conflict resolution. We discovered that large male posterior gnathopod size increased mate-guarding duration, which suggests that it is a sexually antagonistic trait in this species. In contrast, female and male body size did not significantly affect mate-guarding duration. Given that male posterior gnathopods show heightened condition dependence, future investigations should explore the interactive effects of sexual conflict and ecological context on trait evolution, phenotypic divergence, and speciation to elucidate the complex mechanisms involved in the evolution of biological diversity.
Association between contraceptive discontinuation and pregnancy intentions in Guatemala.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether contraceptive discontinuation is associated with pregnancies that are conceived earlier than desired (mistimed) or are not wanted at the time of conception (unwanted). METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2002 Guatemala National Maternal and Child Health Survey. Pregnancies within the three years prior to and at the time of the survey (April 1999-November 2002) were classified as either "intended," "mistimed," or "unwanted." The key independent variable was whether the woman had used contraception within 12 months of the pregnancy and, for those who had used it, the reason for discontinuation (either to get pregnant or for another reason). A multinomial logistic analysis was used to determine the degree of association of discontinuation with pregnancy intentions. RESULTS: One of every five mistimed pregnancies and one of every six unwanted pregnancies followed discontinuations that were for reasons other than to become pregnant (e.g., contraceptive failure, side effects, and health concerns). Discontinuations for reasons other than to become pregnant were shown to be positively and significantly associated with a reported mistimed pregnancy (coefficient = 2.15; standard error = 0.27) or unwanted pregnancy (2.68; 0.37) compared to an intended pregnancy. Pregnancies preceded by discontinuations for reasons other than to become pregnant were also more likely to be reported as mistimed or unwanted than pregnancies of women who were not using contraception during the year prior to pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to increase contraceptive continuation. Any program should include an increased effort to reduce contraceptive failure and better address the side effects and the health concerns that women have that can lead to discontinuation. Non-users who want to delay or limit births should also be identified and targeted for outreach in order to reduce unintended pregnancies.
Optical phenomena and dynamics in organic microcavity laser

Formalism for the interaction of organic molecules with a microstructure cavity is presented. We study the effect of emission and absorption properties of organic molecules in a micro-structured cavity on lasing condition. The formalism is based on coupled-mode theory and provides analytical expression for steady state operation. This study suggests routes to obtain an ultra-low threshold organic laser that can ultimately pave the way to development of an electro-luminescent solid-state organic laser device.
Titania Nanotubes: Novel Nanostructures for Improved Osseointegration

Nanostructured one dimensional titanium oxides such as nanotubes and nanowires have raised interest lately due to their unique electronic and optical properties. These materials also have shown significant potential as biomaterials because of their ability to modulate protein and cellular interactions. In this review, synthesis and modification of titania nanotubes have been discussed with emphasis on electrochemical synthesis and wet chemical synthesis and their heat treatment of resulting titania nanotubes. The biomedical applications of titania nanotubes were subsequently discussed in detail with a focus on osseointegration. The areas discussed are cell responses to titania nanotubes, effects of titania nanotubes on stem cell proliferation and differentiation, titania nanotubes as drug delivery vehicles, surface modification of titania nanotubes, and in vivo studies using titania nanotubes. It is concluded that the in vitro and in vivo study clearly demonstrates the efficacy of titania nanotube in enhancing osseointegration of orthopedic implants and much of the future work is expected to focus on improving implant functions by modulating the physical and chemical properties of the nanotubes and by locally delivering bioactive molecules in a sustained manner.
Prediction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae replication origins

Autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) function as replication origins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ARSs contain the 17 bp ARS consensus sequence (ACS), which binds the origin recognition complex. The yeast genome contains more than 10,000 ACS matches, but there are only a few hundred origins, and little flanking sequence similarity has been found. Thus, identification of origins by sequence alone has not been possible. We developed an algorithm, Oriscan, to predict yeast origins using similarity to 26 characterized origins. Oriscan used 268 bp of sequence, including the T-rich ACS and a 3' A-rich region. The predictions identified the exact location of the ACS. A total of 84 of the top 100 Oriscan predictions, and 56% of the top 350, matched known ARSs or replication protein binding sites. The true accuracy was even higher because we tested 25 discrepancies, and 15 were in fact ARSs. Thus, 94% of the top 100 predictions and an estimated 70% of the top 350 were correct. We compared the predictions to corresponding sequences in related Saccharomyces species and found that the ACSs of experimentally supported predictions show significant conservation. The high accuracy of the predictions indicates that we have defined near-sufficient conditions for ARS activity, the A-rich region is a recognizable feature of ARS elements with a probable role in replication initiation, and nucleotide sequence is a reliable predictor of yeast origins. Oriscan detected most origins in the genome, demonstrating previously unrecognized generality in yeast replication origins and significant discriminatory power in the algorithm.
Inflammation and apoptosis in Clostridium difficile enteritis is mediated by PGE2 up-regulation of Fas ligand.

Background & Aims:Clostridium difficile toxin A causes acute inflammation and fluid secretion in experimental animals and patients with C difficile infection. We previously reported that toxin A increased cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression and apoptosis in human colonocytes. Here, we assessed the role of secreted PGE2 in inflammation and enterocyte apoptosis in toxin A enteritis. Methods: Effects of PGE2 and PGE2 blockade on toxin A-induced apoptosis of human colonocytes (NCM460) and of PGE2 or toxin A on the Fas ligand (FasL) induction were analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blot. Functional activity of elevated FasL on colonocytes was assessed by coculture of colonocytes with Fas bearing Jurkat T cells. The involvement of PGE2-dependent Fas/FasL activation in toxin A enteritis was further assessed in either scid or FasL and Fas deficient mice. Results: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by NS-398 and of PGE2 using a blocking antibody markedly attenuated apoptosis in colonocytes exposed to toxin A. Enhanced expression and release of FasL followed PGE2 or toxin A exposure in vivo and in vitro and also was significantly attenuated by treatment with NS-398 and PGE2 blocking antibody. PGE2 acting through an EP1 receptor activated nuclear factor-κB, which induced transcription of FasL. Toxin A enteritis was accompanied by increased cellular infiltration, fluid secretion, and mucosal damage in control mice, but this response was markedly reduced in both Fas−/− and FasL−/− mice. Conclusions: Toxin A enteritis involves release of PGE2, which activates the Fas/FasL system, causing enterocyte apoptosis and inflammation.
Acoustic pressures emanating from a turbomachine stage

A knowledge of the acoustic energy emission of each blade row of a turbomachine is useful for estimating the overall noise level of the machine and for determining its discrete frequency noise content. Because of the close spacing between the rotor and stator of a compressor stage, the strong aerodynamic interactions between them have to be included in obtaining the resultant flow field. A three dimensional theory for determining the discrete frequency noise content of an axial compressor consisting of a rotor and a stator each with a finite number of blades are outlined. The lifting surface theory and the linearized equation of an ideal, nonsteady compressible fluid motion are used for thin blades of arbitrary cross section. The combined pressure field at a point of the fluid is constructed by linear addition of the rotor and stator solutions together with an interference factor obtained by matching them for net zero vorticity behind the stage.
Presence-Exchanges: Toward Sustainable Presence-Sharing

Presence-sharing is a promising platform for cooperative location-aware applications, but applications must provide direct benefit to users for their presence information. If not, these services give users strong incentives to free-load to avoid privacy risks and administrative burden. Modeling presence-sharing as an Iterated Prisoners Dilemma shows that it is not sustainable under these conditions. Thus, to create sustainable presence-sharing, we propose introducing a trusted broker to transform the game from a Prisoners Dilemma to a transactional exchange.
La economía mexicana, 1830-1940: obstáculos a la industrialización (I)

Despues de que Inglaterra comenzara a finales del siglo xviii lo que llego a ser conocido como la Primera Revolucion Industrial, la tecnologia industrial se difundio rapidamente por las naciones del Atlantico Norte. A los cincuenta anos de haberse iniciado la industrializacion en Gran Bretana, el sistema fabril se habia extendido por Europa Occidental y Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, Latinoamerica se quedo atras. No fue hasta el siglo xx cuando la manufactura comenzo a dirigir las economias latinoamericanas y cuando las sociedades agrarias se transformaron en sociedades industriales.
Umbilical cord blood transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia.

Purpose of reviewTo discuss the recent advances in the field of umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplant (UCBT) for the treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia. This topic is particularly relevant given the increasing use of UCBT and the plethora of clinical and biological studies being done to furth
DR. John T. Polhemus, 1929–2013: Summary of Collecting Expeditions, Scientific Publications, and Taxonomic Names Proposed

Abstract. The current paper summarizes the scientific career of Dr. John T. Polhemus, 1929–2013. It begins with a compendium of his extensive field work devoted to the collection of aquatic Heteroptera, cross-referenced to his associated field collection numbers in order to allow future workers to more accurately associate samples and localities. This is followed by a list of his 288 peer-reviewed publications, the taxonomic names proposed within them, comprising 474 species, 54 genera, and 5 tribes, and the holotype repositories for the specieslevel taxa.
Optimizing potential energy functions for maximal intrinsic hyperpolarizability

We use numerical optimization to study the properties of (1) the class of one-dimensional potential energy functions and (2) systems of point nuclei in two dimensions that yield the largest intrinsic hyperpolarizabilities, which we find to be within 30% of the fundamental limit. In all cases, we use a one-electron model. It is found that a broad range of optimized potentials, each of very different character, yield the same intrinsic hyperpolarizability ceiling of 0.709. Furthermore, all optimized potential energy functions share common features such as (1) the value of the normalized transition dipole moment to the dominant state, which forces the hyperpolarizability to be dominated by only two excited states and (2) the energy ratio between the two dominant states. All optimized potentials are found to obey the three-level ansatz to within about 1%. Many of these potential energy functions may be implementable in multiple quantum well structures. The subset of potentials with undulations reaffirm that modulation of conjugation may be an approach for making better organic molecules, though there appear to be many others. Additionally, our results suggest that one-dimensional molecules may have larger diagonal intrinsic hyperpolarizability ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{xxx}^{\mathrm{int}}$ than higher-dimensional systems.
Full-Contact Practice and Injuries in College Football.

BACKGROUND: Despite recent restrictions being placed on practice in college football, there are little data to correlate such changes with injuries. HYPOTHESIS: American football injuries will correlate with a team's exposure to full-contact practice, total practice, and total games. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS: All injuries and athlete injury exposures (AE × Min = athletes exposed × activity duration in minutes) were recorded for an intercollegiate football team over 4 consecutive fall seasons. Weekly injuries and injury rates (injuries per athletic injury exposure) were correlated with the weekly exposures to full-contact practices, total practices, formal scrimmages, and games. RESULTS: The preseason practice injury rate was over twice the in-season practice injury rate (P CONCLUSION: Decreased exposure to full-contact practice may decrease the incidence of practice injuries and practice concussions. However, the game injury rate was over 6 times greater than the practice injury rate and had an inverse correlation with full-contact practice. Language: en
Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Black Folk Pulpit

Clearly, Clayborne Carson, Ralph E. Luker, and their staff at the Martin Luther King, Jr., Papers Project are engaged in the most painstakingly thorough and laudable investigation ever made into Martin Luther King, Jr.'s years as a graduate student. The most important question that Carson and his colleagues raise is not why King plagiarized but how his magisterial language developed. Even the preliminary findings of the project help refute the fallacious answer offered by a squadron of King scholars., Virtually an entire generation of researchers has repeatedly argued that King's intellectual development, ideas, and oratory grew from his philosophical and theological studies in graduate school. Biographers and academics have persistently claimed that King's reading of famous Euro-American philosophers (especially G. W. F. Hegel) and theologians (especially Walter Rauschenbusch, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Paul Tillich) inspired his thought and his language and thus the civil rights movement itself. This view is wrong. What is most striking about Carson's report is its dramatic demonstration of the absence of influence by well-known Western philosophers and theologians (whom I call the Great White Thinkers) on the mature King who led the civil rights movement. Surely Carson's evidence indicates that King's dissertation did not deeply engage his intellectual interests. Neither did several of his term papers. Moreover, he absolutely ignored the assumptions and rules about language that the university had patiently coached him to observe, including the bedrock rule of print culture: "Thou shall not use someone else's language without acknowledgment." While the discovery by Carson and his colleagues has made headlines, we should not be surprised to learn that King's intellectual evolution and language have little to do with the largely abstruse conceptions of the Great White Thinkers. Instead, as I demonstrate in a new book, King's world view and discourse sprang from two major sources: the sermons of Harry Emerson Fosdick and other liberal white
Optimization of a Pretargeted Strategy for the PET Imaging of Colorectal Carcinoma via the Modulation of Radioligand Pharmacokinetics

Pretargeted PET imaging has emerged as an effective strategy for merging the exquisite selectivity of antibody-based targeting vectors with the rapid pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled small molecules. We previously reported the development of a strategy for the pretargeted PET imaging of colorectal cancer based on the bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction between a tetrazine-bearing radioligand and a transcyclooctene-modified huA33 immunoconjugate. Although this method effectively delineated tumor tissue, its clinical potential was limited by the somewhat sluggish clearance of the radioligand through the gastrointestinal tract. Herein, we report the development and in vivo validation of a pretargeted strategy for the PET imaging of colorectal carcinoma with dramatically improved pharmacokinetics. Two novel tetrazine constructs, Tz-PEG7-NOTA and Tz-SarAr, were synthesized, characterized, and radiolabeled with 64Cu in high yield (>90%) and radiochemical purity (>99%). PET imaging and bio...
Infrared Temperature-Jump Study of the Folding Dynamics of α -Helices and β -Hairpins

The laser-induced temperature-jump (T-jump) technique in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy provides a versatile means to study the early events in protein folding. Compared with the commonly used stopped-flow kinetic methods, the T-jump initiation technique offers a faster time resolution. It allows the study of protein folding processes occurring on the nanosecond-to-microsecond time-scales. In addition, infrared spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing backbone conformation and dynamics. In this chapter, we mainly discuss the application of this technique to the study of the helix-coil transition dynamics and the mechanism of beta-hairpin formation.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination in Soils of San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala: Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment.

Exposure to high concentrations of carcinogenic pollutants in soils and sediments can result in increased health risks. Determining the levels and sources of contamination in developing communities is important for helping to reduce pollution and mitigate the risk of exposure. In the Mayan community of San Mateo Ixtatan, Guatemala, 24 samples of topsoil from urban, peri-urban, and agricultural sites and six samples of river sediment were collected and analyzed for 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The sum of the concentrations of these PAHs at the urban and peri-urban sites ranged from 460 to 3251 μg kg (mean, 1401 μg kg), whereas at agricultural sites the range was 350 to 2087 μg kg (mean, 1038 μg kg). Analysis to identify and apportion the source showed that the PAHs emitted from wood stoves contributed 71 and 76% of the total PAHs in urban and agricultural areas soils, respectively. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk due to the ingestion of soil, dermal contact, and dietary intake through corn consumption was greater than the acceptable level of 10 established by the USEPA. Our findings suggest that the residents of rural communities can be at increased cancer risk despite little or no industrial activity in the local area. Alternate domestic fuel sources should be considered to reduce the health risk in local communities.
The Application of Tension to a Curve

The cubic spline sometimes exhibits unnecessary oscillations due to “extraneous” inflection points. In order to eliminate them, it is desirable to intuitively “pull out” these points by increasing tension. This concept was first analytically modeled by Schweikert in [23] and an alternative development was given in [6] and generalized in [19]. A detailed derivation of the generalized form based on a variational principle is given in [1].
Repeasantisation in The United States

This article adopts Van der Ploeg's theory of repeasantisation to demonstrate that, even in the largely industrialised agricultural state of Kansas, USA, there are unexpected interstices within neoliberalised agriculture where industrial farmers can exercise and produce autonomy. This study draws from interviews across a range of production strategies including conventional industrial farmers, entrepreneurial, and self-styled organic farmers. A central claim of this article is that entrepreneurial farmers demonstrate peasant principle practices and therefore a process of repeasantisation is occurring in the USA. Most importantly, this emerging repeasantisation offers a glimpse at the kinds of sustainable agriculture that might be possible in the future. The article concludes that repesantisation strategies may offer hope for societal and ecological repair.