cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axiomatic derivation of the principle of maximum entropy and the principle of minimum cross-entropy

Jaynes's principle of maximum entropy and Kullbacks principle of minimum cross-entropy (minimum directed divergence) are shown to be uniquely correct methods for inductive inference when new information is given in the form of expected values. Previous justifications use intuitive arguments and rely on the properties of entropy and cross-entropy as information measures. The approach here assumes that reasonable methods of inductive inference should lead to consistent results when there are different ways of taking the same information into account (for example, in different coordinate system). This requirement is formalized as four consistency axioms. These are stated in terms of an abstract information operator and make no reference to information measures. It is proved that the principle of maximum entropy is correct in the following sense: maximizing any function but entropy will lead to inconsistency unless that function and entropy have identical maxima. In other words given information in the form of constraints on expected values, there is only one (distribution satisfying the constraints that can be chosen by a procedure that satisfies the consistency axioms; this unique distribution can be obtained by maximizing entropy. This result is established both directly and as a special case (uniform priors) of an analogous result for the principle of minimum cross-entropy. Results are obtained both for continuous probability densities and for discrete distributions.
Suggestions for improving the effectiveness of oral presentations.

Oral presentations continue to be the most popular form of direct communication of medical facts and opinions. During the past 40 years, I have listened to thousands of lectures and delivered quite a few myself. Despite improvements with the increased use of Microsoft PowerPoint software, persistent problems reduce the effectiveness of many presentations. A number of specific recommendations are provided in this article to improve the effectiveness of oral presentations. The recommendations are mainly for 30- to 60-minute lectures but also apply to 10-minute research presentations. If you have voluntarily agreed to present a talk, never start by apologizing that you are not particularly knowledgeable about the subject. The best way to turn off your audience is to start with, “Although I'm not working in this area and therefore am not particularly expert about this topic, …”. If that is true, don't agree to talk about the subject. Otherwise, assume that you likely know more than your audience does about your topic. …
How long can a euclidean traveling salesman tour be

Where S is a set of N points in the unit square, let $t(S)$ be the Euclidean length of the shortest traveling salesman tour through S. Let $t_N = \max_st (S)$. We improve Few’s bound [Mathematika, 2 (1955), pp. 141–144] that $t_N \leqq \sqrt {2N} + 7/4$ to $t_N \leqq \alpha \sqrt N + 11$, where $\alpha /\sqrt 2 < 0.984$.
Cerebral vasoconstriction in response to hypocapnia is maintained after ischemia/reperfusion injury in newborn pigs.

Hypocapnic cerebral vasoconstriction is used therapeutically to reduce elevated intracranial pressure caused by cerebral edema. Because cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury causes a selective loss of prostanoid-dependent responses, including vasodilation to hypercapnia, we designed these experiments to examine the effect of ischemia/reperfusion on hypocapnic cerebral vasoconstriction.Microvascular responses were studied in 10 newborn pigs (closed cranial window) in response to hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia (PaCO2, 22 +/- 2 mm Hg) both before and 45 minutes after 20 minutes of global cerebral ischemia. Responses to hypercapnia (PaCO2, 63 +/- 3 mm Hg), topical isoproterenol (10(-7) M), and norepinephrine (10(-4) M) were also studied before and after ischemia in the same animals for comparison.Before ischemia/reperfusion, pial arterioles vasoconstricted to hypocapnia (-17 +/- 2%) and norepinephrine (-35 +/- 4%) and vasodilated to CO2 (37 +/- 7%) and isoproterenol (25 +/- 2%). After ischemia/reperfusion...
Please respond ASAP: Workplace telepressure and employee recovery.

Organizations rely heavily on asynchronous message-based technologies (e.g., e-mail) for the purposes of work-related communications. These technologies are primary means of knowledge transfer and building social networks. As a by-product, workers might feel varying levels of preoccupations with and urges for responding quickly to messages from clients, coworkers, or supervisors--an experience we label as workplace telepressure. This experience can lead to fast response times and thus faster decisions and other outcomes initially. However, research from the stress and recovery literature suggests that the defining features of workplace telepressure interfere with needed work recovery time and stress-related outcomes. The present set of studies defined and validated a new scale to measure telepressure. Study 1 tested an initial pool of items and found some support for a single-factor structure after problematic items were removed. As expected, public self-consciousness, techno-overload, and response expectations were moderately associated with telepressure in Study 1. Study 2 demonstrated that workplace telepressure was distinct from other personal (job involvement, affective commitment) and work environment (general and ICT work demands) factors and also predicted burnout (physical and cognitive), absenteeism, sleep quality, and e-mail responding beyond those factors. Implications for future research and workplace practices are discussed.
Josephson junction simulation of neurons

With the goal of understanding the intricate behavior and dynamics of collections of neurons, we present superconducting circuits containing Josephson junctions that model biologically realistic neurons. These "Josephson junction neurons" reproduce many characteristic behaviors of biological neurons such as action potentials, refractory periods, and firing thresholds. They can be coupled together in ways that mimic electrical and chemical synapses. Using existing fabrication technologies, large interconnected networks of Josephson junction neurons would operate fully in parallel. They would be orders of magnitude faster than both traditional computer simulations and biological neural networks. Josephson junction neurons provide a new tool for exploring long-term large-scale dynamics for networks of neurons.
Apoptotic force and tissue dynamics during Drosophila embryogenesis

Understanding cell morphogenesis during metazoan development requires knowledge of how cells and the extracellular matrix produce and respond to forces. We investigated how apoptosis, which remodels tissue by eliminating supernumerary cells, also contributes forces to a tissue (the amnioserosa) that promotes cell-sheet fusion (dorsal closure) in the Drosophila embryo. We showed that expression in the amnioserosa of proteins that suppress or enhance apoptosis slows or speeds dorsal closure, respectively. These changes correlate with the forces produced by the amnioserosa and the rate of seam formation between the cell sheets (zipping), key processes that contribute to closure. This apoptotic force is used by the embryo to drive cell-sheet movements during development, a role not classically attributed to apoptosis.
Quantum-Molecular-Dynamics Simulations of Isotopic Mixtures of Dense, Hot Hydrogen

Calculations of isotopic binary mixtures of hydrogen over a range of densities and temperatures were performed using quantum-molecular-dynamics simulations. The electronic component was treated with three different models including density functional (local density approximation), tight binding, and effective pair potentials. Quantum-mechanical effects were found to be important even at elevated temperatures. Self-diffusion coefficients for each component became comparable in magnitude with increasing density in contradiction to simple mass-scaling rules. Mutual-diffusion coefficients tended to exceed the simple concentration average of the self-diffusion coefficients, but by less than 25%.
Coherent states and quantum nonperturbing measurements

Abstract Spurred by the recent proposal of Braginskii and co-workers, we study the possibility of making quantum nonperturbing (qnp) measurements of coherent states of the electromagnetic field. As a model problem we consider the Compton scattering of electrons from a coherent photon beam. We find (to second order) that the electrons can scatter with only a small probability (per scattered electron) of disturbing the coherence of the ongoing incident beam. Measurement of the scattering rate for a known density of target electrons gives direct information about the absolute square of the coherence eigenvalue of the incident photon beam. We also consider the (somewhat academic) process of pair production by colliding coherent photon beams. In this case coherence is completely preserved at second order, and only higher-order amplitudes (e.g., Delbruck scattering) contribute to its disturbance. Our results, though not directly related to Braginskii's proposed experiment, suggest the potential importance of coherent states for the design of a quantum nonperturbing measuring device.
Primary angiosarcoma of the heart.

Abstract The clinical and pathological findings in a case of primary angiosarcoma of the right atrium are presented. Clinical manifestations were evidences of right heart failure, hemopericardium, and irregularity of the right cardiac border on roentgenogram.
An Inversion Technique to Determine the Aerosol Size Distribution in Multicomponent Systems from In Situ Light Scattering Measurements

An inversion technique based on angular dissymmetry to determine the size distribution of a nonabsorbing aerosol formed in a multicomponent system is developed. The parameters of the lognormal distribution function and an effective refractive index are determined by fitting the computed Mie scattering intensities to measured scattering intensities at multiple angles. The technique is used to determine the evolution of the aerosol size distribution formed by oxidation of silicon tetrachloride, phosphorous oxy-chloride, and germanium tetrachloride. The addition of varying quantities of POCl3 and GeCl4 to a SiCl4 vapor feed on the alteration of the size distribution and morphology of particles is established.
Imexon enhances gemcitabine cytotoxicity by inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase

Purpose Gemcitabine (GEM) is currently the standard first line treatment for pancreatic cancer; however, the overall survival of patients with this disease remains poor. Imexon is a pro-oxidant small molecule which produced a high response rate in combination with GEM in a phase I trial in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we investigate the combination of GEM with a novel redox-active agent, imexon, in vitro and in vivo.
Millimeter-wave fiber optic links using two-section gain-coupled DFB lasers

The potential use of two-section gain-coupled distributed feedback lasers as a source for the generation and distribution of millimeter-wave signals for wireless applications is demonstrated. First we report on the dependence of the tuning range on the device structure and the use of two injection techniques to reduce the linewidth of the millimeter-wave signals generated at 40GHz. The first technique is self sub-harmonic injection locking using a 5GHz signal and the second is direct side-band injection locking using a 20GHz to lock a 40GHz signal. The phase noise is measured and the jitter is calculated. Secondly the fiber-based network architecture of a wireless system based on the two-section DFB laser is proposed. The aim of the networks is to expand the bandwidth for each base station, maximize sharing of the mm-wave source and fiber, reduce the number of active devices at the base and the mobile unit, and expand the role of photonics in the network design. The system we propose is WDM-SCM network architecture.
The role of aggression and social competence in children's perceptions of the child–teacher relationship

The role of children's aggression and three indices of social competence (peer-preferred behavior, teacher-preferred behavior, and school adjustment) in children's perceived relationships with their teachers was assessed. Participants were 1,432 third through fifth graders (688 males, 744 females) and their teachers. The results from hierarchical regression analyses showed statistically significant interaction effects. Poor school adjustment was associated with more negatively perceived child teacher relationships for boys than for girls. In addition, the perceived child–teacher relationship among aggressive children was more favorable among those with high levels of school adjustment than among those who were poorly adjusted at school. Implications for school psychologists and teachers are discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optical sensors and the salt effect: a dual-transducer approach to acidity determination in a salt-containing concentrated strong acid.

A dual-transducer approach has been developed to decompose the optical signals of acid sensors in salt-containing concentrated acid solutions and to give acid and salt concentrations in concentrated LiCl-HCl, CaCl 2 -HCl, and AlCl 3 -HCl solutions, respectively. The optical acid sensors in this approach are films of porous sol-gel SiO 2 or SiO 2 -Nafion composite doped with low-pKa indicators. A novel linear relationship (∂A/∂C salt ) Cacid = β. (dA 0 /dC acid ) Csalt=0 (A = absorbance of the sensor in a salt-containing HCl solution; A° = absorbance of the sensor in a salt-free acid solution) was found, and the current approach is based on a set of nonlinear equations derived from this relationship.
Whipple's treatment of energy production risks

The paper Energy Production Risks by Chris Whipple is critiqued. The major question addressed revolves about whether nonconventional energy systems require energy back-up, storage, or both. The nonconventional sources considered include solar thermal electric, solar photovoltaic, wind, solar space heating, ocean thermal and methanol. (LEW)
Putting the Value Framework to Work in Surgery

Background Health policy experts have proposed a framework defining value as outcomes achieved per dollar spent on health care. However, few institutions quantify their delivery of care along these dimensions. Our objective was to measure the value of our surgical services over time. Study Design We reviewed the data of patients undergoing general and vascular surgery from 2002 through 2012 at a tertiary care university hospital as abstracted by the American College of Surgeons NSQIP. Morbidity and mortality data from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP database were risk adjusted to calculate observed-to-expected ratios, which were then inverted into a numerator as a surrogate for quality. Costs, the denominator of the value equation, were determined for each patient's hospitalization. The ratio was then transformed by a constant and analyzed with linear regression to analyze and compare values from 2002 through 2012. Results A total of 25,453 patients met criteria for inclusion. Overall, the value of surgical services increased from 2002 through 2012. The observed increase in value was greater in general surgery than in vascular surgery, and value actually decreased in vascular procedures. Although there was a similar increase in outcomes in vascular surgery compared with general surgery, costs rose significantly higher ($474/year vs −$302/year; p Conclusions Despite the challenges posed by current information systems, calculating risk-adjusted value in surgical services represents a critical first step for providers seeking to improve outcomes, avoid ill-advised cost containment, and determine the costs of innovation.
Classroom Management: Approaches of Regular Education Teachers and Learning Disability Resource Teachers.

The approaches to classroom management of classroom teachers and learning disability resource teachers were examined. Significant differences in overall approach to classroom management were indicated, with classroom teachers displaying a more sensitizing (punitive) approach to classroom management. Classroom teachers pursuing graduate training in learning disabilities, as compared to elementary education or reading, displayed a significantly less sensitizing approach to classroom management.
Gravity anomalies across the Dead Sea rift and comparison with other rift zones

Abstract A series of gravity profiles across the axis of the Dead Sea rift have been constructed from various sources. Comparison of these profiles with those from other continental rift zones demonstrates an interesting correlation between the sign and magnitude of the Bouguer anomaly field and the width of the rift zone. About 100 km in width is the critical distance for the Bouguer gravity anomaly to change from negative to positive, implying that at least this amount of separation must occur before denser material is able to rise beneath the rift zone and offset the negative effect produced by the shallow, but relatively thick, low-density sediments typically present in continental rift zones.
Castanospermine, a tetrahydroxylated alkaloid that inhibits β-glucosidase and β-glucocerebrosidase

Castanospermine (1,6,7,8-tetrahydroxyoctahydroindolizine) was tested against a variety of commercially available glycosidases and found to be a potent inhibitor of almond emulsin beta-glucosidase, and also to inhibit fungal beta-xylosidase. This alkaloid was inactive on yeast alpha-glucosidase, alpha- or beta-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-L-fucosidase. Fifty-percent inhibition of beta-glucosidase required about 10 micrograms/ml of castanospermine. The amount of inhibition was uniform throughout the time course, and the inhibition with regard to substrate concentration (p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) appeared to be of the mixed type. Castanospermine was also a potent inhibitor of beta-glucocerebrosidase when assayed with fibroblast extracts using either a fluorimetric or a radioactive assay. Interestingly enough, castanospermine also inhibited the lysosomal alpha-glucosidase, and this inhibition required comparable levels of alkaloid to that required for inhibition of beta-glucocerebrosidase. However, a number of other lysosomal glycosidases were not sensitive to castanospermine (i.e., alpha- or beta-galactosidase, alpha- or beta-mannosidase, alpha- or beta-L-fucosidase, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase).
Nonparametric methods for full-waveform ladar images

In the paper, the feasibility of using nonparametric methods to estimate the statistical distributions of full-waveform “Flash” laser radar (ladar) data is demonstrated. Unlike point cloud data, which consists solely of peak range and peak intensity information, full-waveform data captures the entire reflected ladar pulse, which enables more precise ranging and feature segmentation. A correlation-maximization waveform fitting technique yields unexpected values for certain parameters, due to energy loss from absorbent and non-diffuse reflecting surfaces.
Transport of Surface Freshwater from the Equatorial to the Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean

AbstractThe transport of low-salinity water northward in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean influences upper-ocean stratification, vertical mixing, and sea surface temperature (SST). In this study, satellite and in situ observations are used to trace low-salinity water northward from its source in the equatorial Atlantic and to examine its modification through air–sea fluxes and vertical mixing. In contrast to gridded climatologies, which depict a gradual northward dispersal of surface freshwater from the equatorial Atlantic, satellite observations and direct measurements from four moorings in the central tropical North Atlantic show a distinct band of surface freshwater moving northward from the equatorial Atlantic during boreal fall through spring, with drops in sea surface salinity (SSS) of 0.5–2.5 psu in the span of one to two weeks as the low SSS front passes. The ultimate low-latitude source of the low SSS water is found to be primarily Amazon River discharge west of 40°W and rainfall...
Relative Congener Scaling of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans to Estimate Building Fire Contributions in Air, Surface Wipes, and Dust Samples

The United States Environmental Protection Agency collected ambient air samples in lower Manhattan for about 9 months following the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) attacks. Measurements were made of a host of airborne contaminants including volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, asbestos, lead, and other contaminants of concern. The present study focuses on the broad class of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and dibenzofurans (CDFs) with specific emphasis on the 17 CDD/CDF congeners that exhibit mammalian toxicity. This work is a statistical study comparing the internal patterns of CDD/CDFs using data from an unambiguous fire event (WTC) and other data sets to help identify their sources. A subset of 29 samples all taken between September 16 and October 31, 2001 were treated as a basis set known to be heavily impacted by the WTC building fire source. A second basis set was created using data from Los Angeles and Oakland, CA as published by the California Air Reso...
AFFINITY LIGANDS AND RELATED AGENTS FOR BRAIN MUSCARINIC AND NICOTINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS

This study describes the chemical synthesis and receptor binding characteristics of various affinity ligands and related ligands for brain muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors, including the 4-bromoacetamidobenzoic acid esters of dimethylaminoethanol (DMBAB) and choline (BABC) and 4-iodoacetamidobenzoylcholine (IABC). The reversible binding of [3H]3-quinuclidinylbenzilate ([3H]QNB) to calf brain membranes was inhibited in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner by DMBAB, BABC, and IABC with Ki values of 8 x 10(-7), 3 x 10(-7) and 8 x 10(-7) M, respectively; the Ki values for inhibition of reversible binding of the nicotinic ligand, [3H]methylcarbamylcholine ([3H]-MCC), were 1 x 10(-6), 6 x 10(-8), and 1 x 10(-6) M, respectively. The Ki values for irreversible inhibition of [3H]QNB binding were 8 x 10(-7), 1 x 10(-7), and 2 x 10(-7) M for DMBAB, BABC, and IABC, respectively, and for [3H]MCC binding, 8 x 10(-5), 1 x 10(-5), and 2 x 10(-5) M, respectively. Although DMBAB was found to inhibit the QNB-induced hyperactivity in mice, it did not antagonize the toxic or other pharmacologic effects of oxotremorine. Structure-activity studies with various non-affinity analogues of the 4-aminobenzoate ester of dimethylaminoethanol and choline revealed that removal of the NH2 moiety from the phenyl group increased affinity for the muscarinic but not the nicotinic cholinergic site, and quaternization of the ester side chain greatly increased affinity for the muscarinic site. Dimethylation of NH2 in 4-aminobenzoylcholine decreased the affinity for both cholinergic sites. Replacement of NH2 by NO2 increased affinity for the muscarinic but not the nicotinic site, whereas quaternization of the 4-nitrobenzoyl ester markedly increased affinity for the nicotinic site while diminishing affinity for the muscarinic site. The findings indicate that DMBAB and its analogues are useful affinity ligands for examining the biochemical and functional characteristics of brain cholinergic receptors, particularly the muscarinic which has an affinity near the nanomolar concentration range.
On Utilizing Qualitative Preferences in Web Service Composition: A CP-net Based Approach

Traditional approaches to Web service composition have focused on either generating compositions that match the structural and functional requirements of the user, or using quantitative optimization techniques over non-functional attributes. However, users preferences and trade-offs are often qualitative over non-functional attributes of the goal service like security, performance, cost. We propose to capture such requirements as qualitative preferences in addition to structural and functional constraints of the composite goal service. We analyze the theory of CP-nets as a formal model for representing and reasoning with qualitative preferences, and show how it can be used to improve the quality of the generated composition and scalability of the composition algorithm.
Towards miniature step-up power converters for mobile microsystems

There are many emerging research efforts exploring bug-sized mobile autonomous robotic systems that roll, crawl, jump, flap or fly. These concepts introduce numerous challenges in mechanical design, ambulation, sensor subsystems, and autonomous navigation/control. Additionally, all micro-robot or micro-UAV operations are ultimately limited by the availability of a suitable power system, which at small scales poses a remarkably daunting task. Both a power source (battery) and power converter are necessary, and their size and mass are of critical importance to the overall system design. Herein we report on progress towards the development of hybrid boost converters that are intended to provide high voltage gain from a battery source to piezoelectric actuators in an ultra-miniature form factor. The converter here is fabricated in a 130 nm 1.2 V CMOS process and operates at ∼100 MHz using a custom microfabricated air-core inductor. From a 1.2 V source, the converter achieves a maximum conversion ratio of ∼8 and peak efficiency of 37% for 7 V output and 1.6 mA load.
Visual search asymmetries in motion and optic flow fields

In visual search, items defined by a unique feature are found easily and efficiently. Search for a moving target among stationary distractors is one such efficient search. Search for a stationary target among moving distractors is markedly more difficult. In the experiments reported here, we confirm this finding and further show that searches for a stationary target within a structured flow field are more efficient than searches for stationary targets among distractors moving in random directions. The structured motion fields tested included uniform direction of motion, a radial flow field simulating observer forward motion, and a deformation flow field inconsistent with observer motion. The results using optic flow stimuli were not significantly different from the results obtained with other structured fields of distractors. The results suggest that the local properties of the flow fields rather than global optic flow properties are important for determining the efficiency of search for a stationary target.
Knowledge discovery from diagrammatically represented data

Knowledge discovery from diagrammatic data can be facilitated by a language that permits queries on such data. Such a language (Diagrammatic SQL) is being developed to expedite the development of an autonomous artificial intelligent agent with a capacity to deal with diagrammatic information. This language is described and examples of how it can be used to facilitate diagrammatic data mining are detailed.
Dual modality instrument for simultaneous optical coherence tomography imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy

We develop a dual-modality device that combines the anatomical imaging capabilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) with the functional capabilities of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. OCT provides cross-sectional images of tissue structure to a depth of up to 2 mm with approximately 10-microm resolution. LIF spectroscopy provides histochemical information in the form of emission spectra from a given tissue location. The OCT subsystem utilizes a superluminescent diode with a center wavelength of 1300 nm, whereas a helium cadmium laser provides the LIF excitation source at wavelengths of 325 and 442 nm. Preliminary data are obtained on eight postmortem aorta samples, each 10 mm in length. OCT images and LIF spectra give complementary information from normal and atherosclerotic portions of aorta wall. OCT images show structures such as intima, media, internal elastic lamina, and fibrotic regions. Emission spectra ratios of 520/490 (325-nm excitation) and 595/635 (442-nm excitation) could be used to identify normal and plaque regions with 97 and 91% correct classification rates, respectively. With miniaturization of the delivery probe and improvements in system speed, this dual-modality device could provide a valuable tool for identification and characterization of atherosclerotic plaques.
Tasks of a feather flock together: Similarity effects in task switching

Recent research on task switching has paid little attention to how tasks are represented and how the relations between task representations might affect the executive processes engaged to achieve a task switch. Two experiments investigated the effect of task similarity on task switching. Similarity was defined in terms of shared component operations—attentional control settings in Experiment 1 and response modality in Experiment 2—with tasks sharing more component operations said to be more similar to each other than tasks sharing fewer component operations. Across both experiments, task similarity facilitated task switching, seen in reduced switch costs for switching between similar tasks as opposed to dissimilar tasks. These results indicate that task similarity defined in terms of component operations can be used to define a multidimensional task space in which the executive processes of task selection and implementation are active.
Studies of Proliferative Responses by Long-Term-Cryopreserved Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Bacterial Components Associated with Periodontitis

Freezing techniques provide a means for repeating and extending immunological assays with frozen aliquots of an individual's peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction. Lymphocytes which are stored frozen for a limited time retain their ability to respond to polyclonal B-cell activators, mitogens, and antigens of dental interest. Our studies extend these previous findings by determining lymphocyte functional activity following frozen storage for up to 100 weeks. In addition, the autologous immune response was measured by spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation following 0, 1, 40, and 60 weeks of frozen storage. Peak responses for all individuals occurred at day 7 of incubation. The lymphocyte proliferative response to the superantigens toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) were not changed after 100 weeks of frozen storage. Maximum responses varied among the individuals but occurred at equivalent stimulator concentrations. However, slopes generated from data obtained following 0, 4, 13, 20, 30, 50, 88, and 100 weeks of frozen storage showed no significant deviation from zero (P > 0.05) for all individuals tested. After 100 weeks of storage, the total changes in proliferative activity (counts per minute per week) were -2.1% +/- 16.8% and -5.5% +/- 17.0% for TSST-1 and SEA, respectively. The lymphocyte proliferative responses to pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, and sonicates of two periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) following frozen storage were similar to those with TSST-1 and SEA. These results indicate that peripheral blood mononuclear cells stored frozen may serve as appropriate controls to monitor changes in the disease state long-term periodontal treatment.
Safety Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Reduction Technologies

Sabatier, Bosch, Advanced Carbon-formation Reactor System (ACRS), and carbon dioxide electrolysis have long been considered to perform carbon dioxide reduction on long space missions, but they have been developed to different levels of maturity. This report compares their safety using Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA), which is relatively simple and is appropriate for initial comparative assessment of technologies at different levels of maturity. A PHA process is developed for space life support. The process is applied to the technologies, and the hazards identified and assessed. Important hazards are explosion, fire, and toxic gases. Sabatier was found least hazardous, Bosch next, carbon dioxide electrolysis more hazardous, and ACRS most hazardous, since it combines Sabatier with a very high temperature Carbon Formation Reactor (CFR).
Average pressure and skin friction on tapered plates in hypersonic flow.

Average pressure and skin friction on slender two- dimensional wings in hypersonic flow, taking into account displacement effects of boundary layer
Sampling theorems in polar coordinates

We investigate the problem of representing an arbitrary class of real functions f(·) in terms of their sampled values along the radius r and at equal angular increments of the azimuthal angle θ. Two different bandwidth constraints on f(r,θ) are considered: Fourier and Hankel. The end result is two theorems which enable images to be reconstructed from their samples. The theorems have potential application in image storage, image encoding, and computer-aided tomography.
Time Interval between Nucleogenesis and the Formation of Meteorites

WHILE determining the radiogenic argon-40 content of the Beardsley chondritic meteorite1, a mass spectrometric search for xenon-129 produced by decay of iodine-129 was made. The total amount of xenon which was observed was 5 × 10−9 c.c. (s.t.p.) from a 29.86-gm. meteorite sample. Within the limits of experimental error, this xenon had a normal isotopic composition2. The ratio of xenon to argon-36 was in essential agreement with that found in air, indicating that this xenon was due to atmospheric contamination. Since a 30 per cent increase in the abundance of xenon-129 over that observed in normal xenon would have been observable, this indicates that radiogenic xenon-129 was present in this meteorite to less than 1.3 × 10−11 c.c. (s.t.p.)/gm. H. E. Suess and M. G. Inghram (personal communication) have suggested that if the meteorites had been formed soon after the formation of the elements, they would contain an excess of xenon-129 due to decay of iodine-129.
Mean squared residue based biclustering algorithms

The availability of large microarray data has brought along many challengesfor biological data mining. Following Cheng and Church [4], many differentbiclustering methods have been widely used to find appropriate subsets ofexperimental conditions. Still no paper directly optimizes or bounds the MeanSquared Residue (MSR) originally suggested by Cheng and Church. Their algorithm,for a given expression matrix A and an upper bound on MSR, finds kalmost non overlapping biclusters whose sizes are not predefined thus making itdifficult to compare with other methods. In this paper, we propose two new Mean Squared Residue (MSR) based biclusteringmethods. The first method is a dual biclustering algorithm which finds(k × l)-bicluster with MSR using a greedy approach. The second method combinesdual biclustering algorithm with quadratic programming. The dual biclusteringalgorithm reduces the size of the matrix, so that the quadratic programcan find an optimal bicluster reasonably fast. We control bicluster overlappingby changing the penalty for reusing cells in biclusters. The average MSR in [4]biclusterings for yeast is almost the same as for the proposed dual biclusteringwhile the median MSR is 1.5 times larger thus implying that the quadratic programfinds much better smaller biclusters.
An Evaluation of Risk Management and Emergency Management. Relying on the Concept of Comprehensive Vulnerability Management for an Integrated Perspective

Disaster researchers and professional emergency managers have historically been constrained by prior concepts and our failure to understand the implications of alternate theoretical perspectives. The notion of risk management is proactive and addresses risk identification, risk assessment, and risk treatment. However, it does not really provide guidance during the crisis period of disasters or the process of recovery. In contrast, emergency management has traditionally focused on preparedness and response issues while ignoring the need to reduce the occurrence or impact of disasters. This chapter discusses these epistemological problems and then explores how the concept of comprehensive vulnerability management may help bridge the gap between proactive and reactive approaches to disasters. In particular, the chapter argues that the concepts of liability reduction and capacity building may help to unify the disparate views espoused by both scholars and professionals.
Probit Models, B ayesian Analysis of

This article reviews the Albert and Chib (1993) data augmentation approach in the implementation of a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for regression with a binary response variable. The article provides a review of the extensions in the original Albert and Chib paper and the wide range of applications and extensions in the literature using this approach. Keywords: Monte Carlo Markov chain; ordinal regression
Control of the function of substrate-bound C4b-C3b by the complement receptor CR1

The complement fragments C3b and C4b are the main ligands for the membrane receptor CR1. We showed elsewhere that CR1 functions as an essential cofactor for the factor I-mediated enzymatic breakdown of membrane-bound C3b (*C3b) into C3c and * C3dg . One of the main findings of the present paper is that CR1 also promotes the degradation of bound C4b (*C4b) into C4c and *C4d. On a weight basis, the cofactor activity of CR1 in the cleavage of *C4b present on the cell intermediate EAC14 is 10(3)-fold greater than that of the serum cofactor C4-binding protein ( C4bp ). An additional finding is that the effect of CR1 on either *C3b or *C4b is modulated by the presence of the other ligand in its vicinity; that is, *C4b degradation by CR1 plus I is enhanced by neighboring *C3b and vice versa. For example, upon uptake of optimal amounts of *C3b onto EAC142 and the assembly of the C3-convertase EAC1423 , the activity of CR1 in generating C4c is enhanced 5-10 times further. Conversely, when the number of *C3b molecules on EAC1423 is relatively small (or when EAC1423 has been converted by I plus H into EAC1423i ), the presence of neighboring *C4b enhances the conversion of *C3b (or *iC3b) into C3c plus * C3dg . The enhancing effect of *C3b on the cleavage of *C4b by I is observed only if the cofactor of this reaction is CR1. Indeed, the activity of I or I plus C4bp on *C4b is significantly inhibited when *C3b is fixed and the main product of the reaction is * iC4b . Taken together, these findings suggest that degradation of *C4b will be more effective when enough C3b molecules are fixed nearby, thus facilitating the interaction of *C4b*3b clusters with CR1-bearing cells, and that under physiological conditions, *C4b activity can be efficiently controlled by CR1.
Data Envelopment Analysis of Productivity Changes in Higher Education For-profit Enterprises Compared to Non-profits

Data envelopment analysis is used to compare private for-profit colleges to publicly owned colleges in terms of their operating efficiency and productivity. Academic year 2005-09 panel data is used for two-year institutions in the U.S. Results indicate that for-profit efficiency exceeded that of public colleges. Malmquist index results show that colleges in both sectors increased managerial and scale efficiencies, but that both were hindered by technological regress to the extent that overall productivity declined. 2007-08 created efficiency declines across the board, but for-profits managed large technological gains that produced the only annual productivity improvement for either sector. The results are important for better understanding the increasing privatization of higher education through the entry of for-profit institutions and for understanding the inter-sector differential effects and responses to the global financial crisis.
Middle Latency Auditory Responses in Males Who Stutter

Little research exists that explores subcortical function in people who stutter. One study suggested that auditory middle latency response Wave Pb was prolonged in subjects who stutter as compared to controls. Other studies have suggested that Pb was generated within the thalamic portion of the reticular system. MLRs were recorded from 10 males who stutter and 10 controls using a variety of filter passbands in response to clicks presented binaurally at various rates. The latency of Pb was found to be significantly shorter in the group of subjects who stutter.
Sensitivity of Atlantic Salmon Eggs to Mechanical Shock during the First Six Hours after Fertilization

Abstract Eggs from six domestic adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and six sea-run kelts (wild adults held over for a second spawning season) were tested at 0.5 to 6 h after fertilization for sensitivity to mechanical shock produced by dropping eggs from measured heights. Estimates of drop height and force causing 10% (lethal tolerance, LT90) and 25% (LT75) mortality were used to project egg sensitivity to handling while collecting, disinfecting, and transporting eggs to incubation facilities. Differences in LT90 and LT75 drop height or force were not significant among sample times up to 6 h postfertilization. The LT90 estimates of drop heights and force were 23.5–26.9 cm and 5,200–6,000 ergs for domestic eggs and 17.5–38.5 cm or 3,500–7,700 ergs for kelt eggs. The LT75 estimates of drop height and force were 46.1–60.3 cm and 10,200–13,400 ergs for domestic stock eggs and 43.7–65.1 cm and 8,800–13,100 ergs for kelt eggs. Variability in egg shock sensitivity among individual females was high and similar to ...
Attributions in the Advice Columns Actors and Observers, Causes and Reasons

Two hundred explanatory statements were obtained from a sample of 61 letters and replies published in newspaper advice columns. These items were categorized according to Referent Subject (selflactor, otherlobserver, both), Referent Mode (descriptive, prescriptive), Locus of Explanation (internal, external, both), and Cause versus Reason. Reasons outnumbered causes 135 to 65. For descriptive attributions (n = 161), which describe a behavior and then give an explanation, the actor-observer divergence, as modified by theorists interested in the cause/reason distinction, emerged as predicted: Explanations from actors were most often situational (external) reasons; observers' attributions favored internal causes. Prescriptive attributions (n= 39), which state what a person should do or should have done and then explain why, were always reasons and were generally given by observers who cited the advisee's circumstances as justifying the prescription. Findings for descriptive attributions raise questions about t...
Extremal energy properties and construction of stable solutions of the Euler equations

Certain modifications of the Euler equations of fluid motion lead to systems in which the energy decays or grows monotonically, yet which preserve other dynamically important characteristics of the field. In particular, all topological invariants associated with the vorticity field are preserved. In cases where isolated energy extrema exist, a stable steady flow can be found. In two dimensions, highly constrained by vorticity invariants, it is shown that the modified dynamics will lead to at least one non-trivial stationary, generally stable, solution of the equations of motion from any initial conditions. Numerical implementation of the altered dynamics is straightforward, and thus provides a practical method for finding stable flows. The method is sufficiently general to be of use in other dynamical systems. Insofar as three-dimensional turbulence is characterized by a cascade of energy, but not topological invariants, from large to small scales, the procedure has direct physical significance. It may be useful as a parameterization of the effects of small unresolved scales on those explicitly resolved in a calculation of turbulent flow.
The Social Construction of Commitment and Satisfaction with Farm and Nonfarm Work

Abstract The commitment to farm has been regarded as dependent primarily on the farm′s financial viability, from which standpoint submarginal and part-time farms continue to survive only because of income derived from a nonfarm job. The significance of the relative conditions and rewards of farm and nonfarm work for the satisfactions and relative commitments to different jobs, although often recognized, have been rarely analyzed. This study examines hypotheses that satisfaction with, and commitments to, farm and to nonfarm work are socially constructed from the institutional and organizational conditions of work. Analysis of data from a male, part-time, farmer sample reveals that commitment to, and satisfaction with, farming is primarily contingent on the intrinsically rewarding aspects of both farm and nonfarm work. Satisfaction with farming is primarily dependent on the intrinsic rewards of farming activity alone, but this relationship is enhanced as the status of the part-time farmer′s nonfarm job rises. As is typical of "hobby farms," farm performance measures - gross sales and net farm income - are less important to the fanning commitments of part-time than of farmers in general. Part-time farmers′ satisfactions with, and commitments to, their nonfarm jobs are constrained by the intrinsic rewards derived from farming even as they are strengthened by the intrinsic and economic rewards of the nonfarm job. The spouse′s involvement in farming, or lack of it, as well as the farmer′s age and education moderate his commitment to farming, thereby enhancing his commitment to the nonfarm job.
The photo-initiated grafting of vinyl monomers to cellulose and other polymers using anthraquinone vat dyes

Up to 300% of polyacrylonitrile and certain copolymers have been successfully grafted onto cellulose using a photosensitizer and visible or near ultraviolet light. The sensitizers used are photo-tendering dyestuffs, in particular anthraquinone 2,7 disulfonic acid, sodium salt. The grafting which is accompanied by considerable homopolymerization is proportional to the area of the cellulose substrate and presumably is initiated at the surface. After a certain degree of grafting a definite maximum is reached. The effects of sensitizer and monomer concentrations are also reported, a maximum being shown in both cases. Unlike many radical initiated reactions the presence of oxygen does not decrease the rate of grafting and, in fact, appears to give enhanced rates. The results obtained with other polymers and monomers are described and a tentative reaction mechanism proposed. Bis zu 300% Polyacrylnitril und gewisse Copolymere sind erfolgreich auf Cellulose gepfropft worden, unter Benutzung eines Photosensibilisators und sichtbarem oder nahem ultravioletten Licht. Die benutzten Sensibilisatoren waren lichtempfindliche Farbstoffe, insbesondere war es das Dinatriumsalz der Anthraquinon-2,7-disulfosaure. Die Pfropfung, die von einer betrachtlichen Homopolymerisation begleitet wird, ist proportional der Flache des Cellulose-Substrates und wird wahrscheinlich an der Oberflache initiiert. Nach einem bestimmten Pfropfungsgrad wird ein gewisser Hohepunkt erreicht. Uber den Einflus von Sensibilisatoren und der Monomerkonzentration wird berichtet und der Hohepunkt des Einflusses in beiden Fallen angegeben. Im Unterschied zu vielen Radikalreaktionen vermindert die Gegenwart von Sauerstoff die Geschwindigkeit des Pfropfens nicht, sondern steigert sie anscheinend noch. Die Resultate, die mit anderen Polymeren und Monomeren erhalten wurden, werden beschrieben, und ein wahrscheinlicher Reaktionsmechanismus wird vorgeschlagen.