cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Promise and Paradox of Max Weber's Legal Sociology: The 'Categories of Legal Thought' as Types of Meaningful Action and the Persistence of the Problem of Judicial Legislation

Unsurpassed in its ambition and historical scope, Max Weber‘s legal sociology centers around the four ― categories of legal thought‖ that follow from his distinction between formal and substantive modes of rationality and irrationality in the conduct of lawfinding and lawmaking activity. At the same time, Weber‘s general sociology is built around four ideal types of possible meaningful conduct by individual actors, ranging from the instrumentally rational to the affective. Despite its visibility, the lack of meaningful connection Weber makes between these two categorical schemes has never adequately been remedied or even explained by his inheritors. This article seeks to do both by arguing that a clearer perspective can be gained on Weber‘s sociology of law by reconstructing his categories of legal thought in terms of his ideal types of meaningful action. Considered, instead, as ideal types of legal action by juristic actors in the course of undertaking lawmaking and lawfinding activity, Weber‘s categories of legal thought not only are rendered more intelligible but also more powerful in scope. For viewed in this way, Weber‘s choice of conceptually segregating the categories of legal thought from his general sociology of meaningful action is revealed as a precocious, even if ultimately unsuccessful, tactic for solving the problem of judicial legislation. In this way, Weber‘s legal scholarship was not just sociological but driven by much of the same concern that continues to preoccupy scholars of legal theory and jurisprudence into our own day. Therefore, the limitations of his solution are not simply of historical interest but vitally relevant to understanding the ongoing difficulties that have plagued our own contemporary attempts at elaborating an adequate philosophy of legal reason.
Fabrication of gallic acid loaded yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) microcapsules: Effect of plasmolysis treatment and solvent type on bioactivity and release kinetics

Abstract In this study, gallic acid (GA) which is one of the most popular phenolics was encapsulated using yeast cell (S. cerevisiae) and effects of plasmolysis treatment and solvent type of encapsulation media (H2O or EtOH:H2O) on encapsulation performance, bioactive properties, morphological-conformational characteristics and release behavior at simulated gastric and intestine medium (pH 1.2 and 6.8) were investigated. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined to be significantly higher in nonplasmolysed yeast cells treated with H2O (NPYC–H2O). GA concentration of microcapsules ranged between 6.48 and 94.76 mg GAE/g sample and the microcapsules showed antioxidant and antiradical activity. It was revealed that the solvent type of encapsulation media showed significant effect on the EE and studied bioactive parameters. GA released from yeast cells efficiently in both pH 1.2 and 6.8, more than 80% after 2 h of release and the releasing behavior was explained by Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model by high fitting performance. It was concluded that GA could be encapsulated by nonplasmolysed yeast cell in aqueous media effectively.
Learning on knowledge graph dynamics provides an early warning of impactful research.

The scientific ecosystem relies on citation-based metrics that provide only imperfect, inconsistent and easily manipulated measures of research quality. Here we describe DELPHI (Dynamic Early-warning by Learning to Predict High Impact), a framework that provides an early-warning signal for ‘impactful’ research by autonomously learning high-dimensional relationships among features calculated across time from the scientific literature. We prototype this framework and deduce its performance and scaling properties on time-structured publication graphs from 1980 to 2019 drawn from 42 biotechnology-related journals, including over 7.8 million individual nodes, 201 million relationships and 3.8 billion calculated metrics. We demonstrate the framework’s performance by correctly identifying 19/20 seminal biotechnologies from 1980 to 2014 via a blinded retrospective study and provide 50 research papers from 2018 that DELPHI predicts will be in the top 5% of time-rescaled node centrality in the future. We propose DELPHI as a tool to aid in the construction of diversified, impact-optimized funding portfolios. Biotechnology-related papers predicted to be of long-term impact are identified in a machine learning framework (DELPHI) that analyzes relationships among a range of features from the scientific literature over time.
Combat Experience and Foreign Policy Attitudes: Evidence from World War II

How does combat exposure affect political attitudes? In the realm of foreign policy, some scholars view violence as promoting belligerence, while others argue military experience fosters caution and restraint. We adjudicate this debate using archival military surveys fielded by the US War Department during World War II. Drawing on a large, representative sample of active-duty, enlisted US soldiers in 1945, we assess the consequences of combat. We find that combat reduces support for an active US role in world affairs, Marshall Plan aid, and the formation of the United Nations, and increases support for a punitive peace imposed on Axis powers. We find no evidence that combat veterans hold more negative views of the enemy in general. Overall, this study offers micro-level evidence for existing theories about how combat experience fosters conservatism about foreign policy in general, but hardens attitudes in support of military action to preserve hard-won victories.
Primary Tumor Location Predicts Survival in Melanoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 239,257 Melanoma Patients

The link between primary tumor location and overall survival in melanoma has been studied in the past, but its associated population and prognostic significance is less understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize melanoma demographics and disease-specific survival (DSS) in relation to primary tumor site. Data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program were retrospectively analyzed; from 1973 to 2015, 239,257 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma were included in the study and separated into three cohorts based on primary tumor site. The effect of primary location on melanoma survival was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. Tumors were predominantly localized and had a depth of ≤1 mm. Patients diagnosed with tumors originating in the upper and lower extremities had significantly increased DSS probability compared to those of the head and neck. Characteristics, including woman sex, married or widowed status, treated on the Pacific coast, and increasing year of diagnosis, were associated with greater DSS. Conversely, non-white or Hispanic origin, higher age at diagnosis, tumors with increased depth, or nodular or acral melanoma histology were associated with lower DSS. Primary tumor site is a significant predictive factor of DSS in cutaneous melanoma along with additional characteristics supported in our study.
Pion inelastic scattering to the three lowest 2 + states of O 18

Angular distributions were measured for excitation of the ${2}_{1}^{+}$(1.98), ${2}_{2}^{+}$(3.92), and ${2}_{3}^{+}$(5.26) states of $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ by ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ scattering at ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$=164 MeV. The data have been compared with distorted-wave impulse-approximation calculations using transition densities from the collective model, from electron scattering, and from the coexistence model. The calculations using (e,e') transition densities reproduce the shapes of the angular distributions very well and the magnitudes of the cross sections to within 15%. The collective-model transition densities fail to fit the data unless the radius is adjusted from the ground-state value.
Dilational viscoelastic properties of fluid interfaces-II: Experimental study

A longitudinal wave technique combined with tracer particle measurements offers a promising method for the measurement of dalational,viscoelastic properties of fluid interfaces containing surface active agents and other chemical additives. In this technique, a longitudinal wave disturbance is imparted to an interface by means of a sinusoidafly oscillating barrier, and the resulting response of the interface is measured in terms of amplitude and time tag of the tracer particle motion relative to the original disturbance. An apparatus constructed for this purpose is capable of measuring the dilational elastic properties from 10−2 to 10 dyne/cm, and the viscosides from 10−3 to 10 surface poise. Surface viscoelasticity measurements have been conducted on decanoic acid solutions-representing an adsorbed monolayer system; and on stearic acid films-representing a deposited monolayer system. A significant observation from the measurements on stearic acid monolayers in the range of 35–45 A2/molecule was that the delational surface viscosity of these monolayers was 15–400 times greater than the corresponding shear viscosity. This experimental evidence, reported for the first time in this study, indicates the extent of the importance of interfacial dilational properties in comparison with interfacial shear properties.
MIMO wireless channels made simple

Fundamental understanding of the interaction between the signal space and the channel is key to reliable communication. We propose a virtual channel representation for multi-antenna fading channels that captures the essence of such such interaction in the spatial dimension. The virtual representation describes the channel via spatial basis functions defined by fixed virtual angles. The resulting virtual channel matrix provides a simple geometric interpretation of the scattering environment and clearly reveals the two key factors affecting capacity: the number of parallel channels and the level of diversity. Via the concepts of spatial zooming and aliasing, the virtual representation also provides a transparent interpretation of the effects of antenna spacing on channel statistics and capacity.
Histone metabolism during amphibian metamorphosis. Isolation, characterization, and biosynthesis.

Abstract The amino acid incorporation rates of several classes of liver protein from Rana catesbeiana tadpoles were examined at different stages of spontaneous and thyroxine-induced metamorphosis, particular attention being given to histones. Incorporation data were corrected for the specific radioactivity of the free amino acid pools in tadpole liver. Little change was observed in the overall incorporation rates for the crude mitochondrial and total liver proteins during thyroxine treatment or at selected stages of spontaneous metamorphosis, except that the incorporation rates for these proteins were approximately twofold greater for the newly metamorphosed froglet than for the other stages. However, an increase in the ratio of the specific radioactivities of the total and crude mitochondrial liver protein within each set of animals was observed during late stages of spontaneous metamorphosis, as well as during the second through sixth days of thyroxine treatment. The amino acid incorporation rates of the histones for the late metamorphic and froglet stages of spontaneous metamorphosis were three- to fourfold higher than those of premetamorphic animals, but no significant changes were observed during thyroxine treatment. Thyroxine treatment also produced no detectable changes in the relative amounts or incorporation rates of the histone fractions or subfractions. Apparently the developmental changes induced by thyroxine do not involve a reorganization of the histone complement of chromatin at this level of analysis. Furthermore, since histone and DNA syntheses are tightly coupled, our results show that the extensive metabolic changes induced in tadpole liver by thyroxine occur in the absence of significant levels of cell division.
Relationship between temperature and triazinone herbicide activity. II: Herbicide absorption by protoplasts and herbicide inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in thylakoids

Abstract The absorption of metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4 H )-one] and its ethylthio analog (ethyl-metribuzin) [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(ethylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4 H )-one] by protoplasts of downy brome ( Bromus tectorum L.) and jointed goatgrass ( Aegilips cylindrica Host) was assayed by a modified silicone oil centrifugation method. In these experiments, 75 to 83% of the protoplasts were intact after centrifugation. Herbicide uptake was maximum within 30 sec, the shortest measurement period. The absorption of both herbicides was greater than predicted based solely on the volume of protoplasts, indicating that the herbicide had partitioned and/or bound to the membranes. The absorption of ethyl-metribuzin and metribuzin by protoplasts was similar and did not vary with temperature or species. Herbicide absorption by protoplasts of both species was linear with increasing concentrations (0.01 to 100 μ M ) and did not approach saturation. In thylakoids, oxygen evolution (photosynthetic electron transport) was inhibited more by metribuzin than by ethyl-metribuzin, and inhibition correlated with increases in temperature. Thus, the increase in triazinone activity in cells exposed to increasing temperatures appears to be due to an increased inhibition of oxygen evolution in thylakoids and is not related to increased herbicide binding.
An Observational Study of High-Latitude Stratospheric Planetary Waves in Winter

Abstract Nimbus 4 and 5 radiances, representing temperatures in the upper and lower stratosphere, are analyzed to obtain power and coherence squared spectra at high latitudes during the winters of both hemispheres. The spectra for zonal wavenumbers 1–3 are presented, indicating a variety of wave features which exist in the upper stratosphere. An eastward moving wavenumber 1 feature with ∼4 day period is described in greater detail; the possible nature of this wave is briefly discussed. A second wave. observed only in the Southern Hemisphere wavenumber 2 field, is found to be westward moving with period near 2.3 days.
Conditional Conservatism in Accounting: New Measure and Tests of Determinants

Following Basu's (1995, 1997) seminal work, accounting literature adopted the Basu coefficient to measure conditional conservatism (among others, Ball et al. 2003; Ball et al. 2000; Ball et al. 2005; Ball and Shivakumar 2005; Lobo and Zhou 2006; Chandra et al. 2004). However, Basu's choice of proxy for measuring the arrival of good/bad news, stock returns, introduces inaccuracy in the measure of conditional conservatism (Dietrich et al. 2007; Roychowdhury and Watts 2007; Givoly et al. 2007). To address the problem, I introduce a new measure of conditional conservatism, which results from a Least Absolute Deviation (LAD) piecewise regression and adopts the number of changes in financial analysts' EPS forecasts as a proxy for good/bad news about future earnings and extends the analysis to two-year and three-year time horizons. I use this new measure to test three determinants that prior literature suggested to explain the presence of accounting conservatism. Results show that companies with high debt-to-assets ratio - closer to default on their debt covenants, with large portion of executives' compensation tied to the firm's performance, and in the year prior to a going concern opinion from their auditors report aggressively, recognizing future good news in annual earnings more quickly than bad news.
A Short Course on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

A brief review of standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory and the related observations of the light element isotopes is presented.
Surgical Simulation Centers as Educational Homes for Practicing Surgeons

Given the pace of change in surgery today and a growing need to decrease variability in the delivery of health care to optimize quality while minimizing cost, surgeons need an "educational home" where they can return to intermittently through their career to retool. We need as robust of an educational structure to support practicing surgeons as we have for students and postgraduate trainees.
Spontaneous symmetry breakings in graphene subjected to in-plane magnetic field

Application of the magnetic field parallel to the plane of the graphene sheet leads to the formation of electron- and holelike Fermi surfaces. Such situation is shown to be unstable with respect to the formation of an excitonic condensate even for an arbitrary weak magnetic field and interaction strength. At temperatures lower than the mean-field temperature, the order parameter amplitude is formed. The order parameter itself is a U(2) matrix allowing for the combined rotations in the spin and valley spaces. These rotations smoothly interpolate between site and bond centered spin-density waves and spin-flux states. The trigonal warping, short-range interactions, and the three-particle umklapp processes freeze some degrees of freedom at temperatures much smaller than the mean-field transition temperature, and make either Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless [Sov. Phys. JETP 32, 493 (1971); J. Phys. C 5, L124 (1972); 6, 1181 (1973)] (driven either by vortices or half-vortices) or Ising type transitions possible. Strong logarithmic renormalization for the coupling constants of these terms by the Coulomb interaction is calculated within one-loop renormalization group. It is found that in the presence of the Coulomb interaction, some short-range interaction terms become much greater than one might expect from the naive dimensionality counting.
Electrochemical characterization of copper chemical mechanical planarization in KIO3 slurry

Abstract Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of copper was performed using KIO3 as oxidizer and alumina particles as abrasives. For planarization of the surface morphology, the control of the surface passivation of Cu is critical during polishing. The copper removal rate decreased dramatically with increasing slurry pH without and with 0.1 M KIO3. However, the removal rate is lower at pH 2 in slurry with 0.1 M KIO3. The interaction between the Cu and the slurry was investigated by potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements under static condition. The electrochemical measurements revealed higher corrosion susceptibility at pH 2. XPS analysis indicates the severe precipitation of CuI on Cu at pH 2 in solution with 0.1 M KIO3. The lower removal rate at pH 2 could be due to the reduced friction force of the pad with the precipitation of CuI on it. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) measurements were performed on both the etched surface and polished surface. It was shown that the surface roughness of the polished surfaces is better at pH 4 than that of pH 2.
Implications of Gender Bias in the Family Business

The prevalence of biases toward females and some underlying perceptions in regard to gender within the context of the family business are explored in this article. The implications of gender bias for the well-being of family businesses are analyzed, with particular reference to the issue of succession planning. Women's changing professional and family roles are also examined.
Frontal Interaction with the Appalachian Mountains. Part I: A Climatology

Abstract A comparison between the climatological structure of retarded and unretarded fronts aligned parallel to the Appalachian Mountains is investigated. With the average height of the Appalachians being 1 km, retarded and unretarded fronts are common occurrences during the cold season. Because of the narrow half-width of 100 km and the 1000-km length of the mountain chain, a comparison to two- and three-dimensional numerical studies can be performed. Of the 142 cases of frontal passages over the Appalachians during the winters between October 1984 and April 1990, over 55% of all cold fronts were retarded by the mountains. Statistical analysis showed that retarded fronts have a stronger cross-front temperature gradient and a weaker cross-front pressure gradient. Composite fields of sea level pressure, 850-, 500-, and 200-mb heights; quasigeostrophic potential vorticity and its advection, and potential height (U/N) were computed for all retarded and unretarded fronts. Unretarded fronts were associated wi...
FK-506 synthetic studies. 3. An efficient asymmetric synthesis of the C(24)–C(34) fragment of FK-506, FR-900520, and FR-900523

Abstract An efficient asymmetric synthesis of the C(24)–C(34) fragment of the FK-506 family of immunosuppressants has been achieved.
Processing of ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FE-NiTi) composites using spark plasma sintering

Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy (FSMA) particulate composites are processed using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) with various weight fractions of NiTi (51 at% Ni) and Fe powders. Various processing conditions are experimented to obtain the optimum heating rate, holding time and holding temperature in order to maximize relative density, superelasticity and magnetic saturation of the composite. Mechanical strength is evaluated using compression tests.
Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic polymer chemistry

This review is introduced by an examination of the historical roles that quantized building blocks, such as atoms and monomers have played in the development of small molecule and traditional polymer synthesis, respectively. The unique features of traditional macromolecular architectures (i.e. linear, crosslinked, branched), as well as controlled nanostructures in biology were used as frames of reference to anticipate potential new properties, phenomena and synthetic constructs that should be expected to emerge at the interface of the ‘dendritic architectural state’ with the nanotechnology revolution. Intrinsic new properties associated with the ‘dendritic architectural state’, such as the ability to control monodisperse nanoscale sizes, shapes and presentation of surface functionality are reviewed. Unique ‘dendritic effects’ related to de Gennes dense packing (i.e. unimolecular encapsulation, periodic nanocontainer properties), polyvalency (nanoscaffolding), as well as shape designing both within (i.e. cystamine core dendrimers) and beyond dendrimers (i.e. core–shell tecto(dendrimers)) to mimic biological proteins are described. The precise, quantized core–shell architectural properties and monomer shell filling features of dendrimers are compared to the electron shell filling patterns of elemental atoms by utilizing the Niels Bohr Periodic Table. This comparison has provided a rationale for explaining autoreactivity patterns observed at the sub-nanoscale (atoms), lower nanoscale (dendrimers) and higher nanoscale levels involving either unsaturated electron shells, monomer shells or dendrimer shells, respectively. Clearly, dendritic polymers, especially dendrons and dendrimers are expected to fulfill important roles as fundamental, reactive modules for nanoscale polymer syntheses.
Nitrous oxide effects on EEG and awareness

Abstract Studies of the behavioural and electrophysiological effects of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are of importance because of its wide use, occasional abuse and its proposition as a model for studying the effects of sedatives and anaesthetics on memory and cognition. The gas is the first drug whose effects on memory and cognition have been studied, dating from 1799. Its effects on the electroencephalogram (EEG) were also described shortly after the introduction of the EEG. The drug causes a decrease in amplitude and frequency of alpha rhythm and activation of high beta range frequencies. Initiation of inhalation of the gas and its cessation may result in transient high amplitude delta activity, a relatively uncommon phenomenon. When used in combination with other anaesthetic agents, the EEG effects become additive. The gas does not change the bispectral index (BIS) or the early auditory evoked potentials (AEP). However, the somatosensory evoked potentials and the P300 of the AEP are sensitive. Also, when the gas is added to a propofol anaesthetic, it increases the BIS value at which subjects would not respond. N 2 O in subanaesthetic concentrations produces substantial impairment of learning in humans and animals. Explicit memory may be more impaired than implicit memory. Surgery may enable more learning resulting in a relatively high incidence of recall of intra-operative events when N 2 O is used as the sole anaesthetic. A relatively high incidence of unpleasant dreams and unconscious memory may also occur under the same conditions. Opioid supplementation of the gas is not adequate to block these sequelae during surgery. The addition of potent volatile agents, in end-tidal concentrations of at least 0·8–1 MAC, or intravenous anaesthetics should obliterate these types of memories.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECTS IN A BIMOLECULAR LIPID MEMBRANE IN THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT SENSITIVE INORGANIC IONS

— A new membrane photoeffect of high quantum efficiency is reported. The presence of a number of inorganic ions in the bathing solution of a bimolecular lipid film of oxidized cholesterol causes a change in the measured e.m.f. from -100 to -40 mV (photo e.m.f. effect) and increase in the conductivity by a factor of 100–200 (photoconductive effect) when the ions are excited by light. A model system, based upon the classical Becquerel Effect phenomenon of electronic charge injection into the membrane from electronically excited ions, is suggested and experiments verifying this model are reported. An extension of this model is used to suggest a new mechanism of the visual receptor process in biological photoreceptor structures.
An aluminosilicate concrete for the production units of the magnesium sector

The strength of the concrete depends on the content of phosphorus anhydride and the moisture content of the batch. The optimal proportion of P2O5 in PAC is 11.5 wt. %, which corresponds to 0.10–0.12 liter orthophosphoric acid of density 1.7 g/cm3 per l kg composition.
Determination of moisture content of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Several techniques were evaluated for the establishment of reliable water/moisture content of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Karl Fischer titration (KF) provides a direct measure of the water content and was used for benchmarking against results obtained by conventional oven drying, desiccation over anhydrous magnesium perchlorate as well as by thermogravimetry and prompt gamma-ray activation analysis. Agreement amongst results was satisfactory with the exception of thermogravimetry, although care must be taken with oven drying as it is possible to register mass gain after an initial moisture loss if prolonged drying time or elevated temperatures (120 °C) are used. Thermogravimetric data were precise but a bias was evident that could be accounted for by considering the non-selective loss of mass as volatile carbonaceous components. Simple drying over anhydrous magnesium perchlorate for a minimum period of 8–10 days is recommended if KF is not available for this measurement.
Nutritional Management of the Patient With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The prevalence and prognostic importance of malnutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the factors that contribute to development of nutritional depletion, and the available evidence regarding effects of nutrition support in these patients are the subjects of this review. Nutritional depletion, as indicated by weight loss and loss of lean body mass, is a common complication of advanced COPD (particularly, but not limited to, the emphysematous type). Low body weight or recent weight loss and in particular depleted lean body mass in patients with COPD have been shown to be independent predictors of mortality, outcomes after acute exacerbations, hospital admission rates, and need for mechanical ventilation. The factors thought to contribute to nutritional depletion in these patients include elevated resting and activity-related energy expenditure, reduced dietary intake relative to resting energy expenditure, accelerated negative nitrogen balance, particularly during acute exacerbations of COPD, medication effects, and perhaps most importantly an elevated systemic inflammatory response. Studies to date suggest that, although it can help limit weight loss and negative energy balance in these patients, the effect of nutritional supplementation alone on clinically significant outcomes such as pulmonary function and exercise capacity is minimal. However, nutritional supplementation may have a role in the management of COPD when provided as part of an integrated rehabilitation program incorporating a structured exercise component as an anabolic stimulus.
IAA oxidase, peroxidase, and barrier zone formation in red maple.

Wounding the cambium of red maple {Acer rubrum L.) altered peroxidase lsoenzymes and enhanced the activities of peroxidase and indole-3-acetic acid oxidase in homogenates of adjacent cambial tissue. Four separate experiments were conducted, in May and July in each of two successive years. Wounds made m July caused greater increases in enzyme activity than those made in May. Alterations in peroxidase lsoenzyme pattern were consistent for all experiments. These changes are lntrepretable as aspects of the molecular regulation of barrier zone formation.
EFFECT OF S-R DISCONTIGUITY AND DOUBLE RESPONDING ON TWO-ODD ODDITY LEARNING BY RETARDATES

Summary.-36 institutionalized children whose MA scores were at least 3 yr, below their CAs were divided into three matched groups of 12 subjects each and presented with a two-odd oddity discrimination. In two groups (S . . , R and Double-response), a 6-in. spatial gap was imposed between rhe oddity stimuli and the site response. Group Double-response differed from Group S . . . R only in requiring a double response, i.e., couching a chosen S before making R. In a rhird group (S+R), no sparial discontiguity berween S and R existed; subjects responded directly to the oddity stimulus and not to the remote response block. In contrast to earlier studies there was Little effect of discontiguity or of double responding on performance. Most subjecrs learned the oddity discrimination regardless of their experimental condition and in this regard were unlike rerardates of orher studies. Several possible explanations are offered. A number of studies have shown that monkeys, normal children, and retardates (Meyer, Treichler, & Meyer, 1965; Wunderlich, 1967; Wunderlich, Nazzaro, & Youniss, 1968) have difficulty in learning a two-choice pattern discrimination when a sparia1 gap is imposed between S and R. As minimal a discontiguity between S and R as 3/4 in, is sufficient to retard performance (Schuck, 1960) and a greater degree of discontiguity may make the task impossible for most subjects (Otteson, Sheridan, & Meyer, 1962). Spacial separation of a stimulus (pointer) from a food dispensing well also caused deterioration in performance for monkeys (Davis, Lampert, & Rumelhart, 1964). An attempt was made to enhance performance by mediating the spacial separation with a position relevant sign as well as a reward attached to the pointer. These conditions bettered the performance in the S-R separacion problem, but there was no transfer when the sign and reward were removed from the pointer (Sayner & Davis, 1972 ). Only the technique of double responding, couching the stimulus before responding to a remote site, has consistently been shown to eliminate the S-R discontiguity effect in primates (Murphy & Miller, 1958; Polidora & Fletcher, 1964; Polidora & Thompson, 1965) as well as in retardates (Wunderlich, 1967, 197 1; Wunderlich & Lozes, 1973 ) . The present experimenr was designed to extend the research with rerardates concerning the effects of spatial conrigi~iry-discontipity on learning and to explore further the effectiveness of the double response technique in improving performance. The study employed a two-odd oddicy problem as a means of assessing the effects of contiguity and double responding on a task more complex than the two-choice discrimination problems studied earlier.
MDS 3.0 Section M: Skin Conditions: What the Medical Director Needs to Know

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has released the new Resident Assessment Instrument version 3.0, which went into effect October 1, 2010. The intention of the revised Resident Assessment Instrument is to improve health-related quality of life and care planning, and incorporate evolving standards of terminology, assessment, and technology. To reach this goal, Section M: Skin Conditions has been greatly expanded and will alter the process of pressure ulcer assessment in all long-term care facilities across America. Details of this assessment instrument include upgraded criteria for risk factors, staging, identification, tracking, and evolution of pressure ulcers. The medical director can and should assume a leadership role in education and collaboration with primary care physicians and wound clinicians to accommodate changes in revised Section M. Integrating the medical director into the facility's wound care program will improve the quality of care for residents of long-term care facilities.
Synthesis and resolution of putative diastereomeric N2-deoxyguanosine and N6-deoxyadenosine adducts of biologically active cyclopentaPAH

Abstract Synthesis of the putative DNA adducts from 1,2-dihydroaceanthrylene-1,2-oxide and the exocyclic amino groups of deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine and from 3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[ cd ]pyrene and the exocyclic amino group of deoxyguanosine is reported.
A sensor array system for profiling moisture in unsaturated rock and soil

As the scope of hydrologic investigations extend deeper into the subsurface profile, and increasingly include fractured rock, there is a growing need for techniques that can accurately monitor saturation changes at a high spatial and temporal resolution in this environment. We have developed a technique, the Electrical Resistance Sensor Array System (ERSAS), to track moisture dynamics in vadose zone regions that include both fractured rock and soil. The performance of ERSAS was compared with the time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique under controlled and field conditions. We found that ERSAS was effective in determining patterns of saturation changes along vertical soil/rock profiles. Because of the small size of individual sensors, it was able to resolve travel times associated with a wetting front and peak saturation better than TDR. In addition, ERSAS is significantly cheaper than the TDR system, and the sensor arrays are relatively easier to install in the subsurface profile. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State‐to‐state differential and integral cross sections for vibrational‐rotational excitation and elastic scattering of electrons by N2 at 5–50 eV: Calculations using extended‐basis‐set Hartree–Fock wave functions

We have calculated differential, integral, and momentum‐transfer cross sections for vibrational‐rotational excitation as well as for pure rotational excitation, pure vibrational excitation, and elastic scattering for electron collisions with N2 at 5–50 eV impact energy. Scattering calculations were carried out in the fixed‐nuclei approximation and excitation cross sections obtained using the sudden approximation. The interaction potential used in these calculations consists of three terms: static and local‐exchange potentials, calculated from extended‐basis‐set Hartree–Fock wave functions as functions of internuclear distance, and a semiempirical polarization potential. Two different local exchange potentials were employed. The results are compared to each other, to previous calculations, and to experiment.
Role of patient experience in antidepressant adherence: A retrospective data analysis

Abstract Background: In a previous study, we found that past medication use was associated with medication adherence in patients prescribed atypical antipsychotics. Objective: The present study aimed to determine whether past medication experience was associated with adherence in patients prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Methods: Deidentified computerized pharmacy records of patients from 1157 pharmacies throughout the United States were used to select patients who were dispensed extended-release venlafaxine, controlled-release paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, escitalopram, and/or citalopram between October 1, 2003, and March 31, 2004. Patients who were dispensed an antidepressant during this enrollment period were stratified into 2 groups. One group consisted of patients to whom an antidepressant medication had not been dispensed in the 180-day period prior to the index date. The other group was composed of individuals who had been dispensed an antidepressant during that period. Discontinuation was defined as being ≥30 days late for a scheduled refill. Adherence was measured using Kaplan-Meier analysis during a 360-day follow-up period. Results: Of 211,565 patients analyzed, 38.5% had not received an antidepressant previously; 74.0% of the total sample were women. The mean age was 50.5 years. The median times to medication discontinuation were 67 days in patients not previously dispensed an antidepressant and 184 days in those who were. Discontinuation in the first 30 days was observed in 38.8% of patients not previously dispensed an antidepressant and in 18.8% of those who were. Conclusions: Prior antidepressant receipt rather than the use of a particular medication was associatedwith antidepressant adherence in this analysis. Patients without prior antidepressant receipt faced twice the risk for discontinuation during the first 30 days of treatment.
Reprint of: Efficient crawling through URL ordering

In this paper we study in what order a crawler should visit the URLs it has seen, in order to obtain more ''important'' pages first. Obtaining important pages rapidly can be very useful when a crawler cannot visit the entire Web in a reasonable amount of time. We define several importance metrics, ordering schemes, and performance evaluation measures for this problem. We also experimentally evaluate the ordering schemes on the Stanford University Web. Our results show that a crawler with a good ordering scheme can obtain important pages significantly faster than one without.
Managed care in transition.

Managed care now dominates health care in the United States. By 1999, only 8 percent of persons with employer-sponsored health insurance coverage had traditional indemnity insurance.1 This reflects...
Aromatic amines: a comparison of electron-donor strengths.

The electron-donor abilities of ten aminophenyl systems and an additional aminothienyl system are compared using density functional theory calculations. The systems studied here include those with ...
Scruffy Text Understanding: Design and Implementation of the NOMAD System

The task of understanding unedited naval ship-to-shore messages is implemented in the presence of a large database of domain specific knowledge. The program uses internal syntactic and semantic expectations to analyze the texts and to correct errors that arise during understanding, such as syntactic errors, missing punctuation, and errors of spelling and usage. The output of the system is a well-formed English translation of the message. This paper describes some of the knowledge mechanisms that have been implemented in the NOMAD system.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirms clearance of visible Helicobacter spp. associated with gastritis in dogs and cats

Background: The results of studies examining the role of Helicobacter spp. in the pathogenesis of canine and feline gastritis are inconclusive. Furthermore, data evaluating the effectiveness of medical therapy for eradication of Helicobacter infection are limited. Aim: To detect Helicobacter spp. in mucosal biopsies of dogs and cats diagnosed with gastritis, with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Animals: Three dogs and 2 cats with signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease. Methods: Dogs and cats infected with Helicobacter spp. were treated with triple antimicrobial therapy and fed an elimination diet for 21 days. Helicobacter spp. status in endoscopic (3 dogs, 1 cat) or surgical biopsies (1 cat) of gastric mucosa was compared pre- and posttreatment in each animal by histology, FISH analysis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Gastritis of varying severity with intraglandular spiral bacteria was observed in all animals. Pretreatment diagnostic tests confirmed the presence of mucosal Helicobacter spp. in all animals by FISH and histopathology and in 4/5 animals by PCR. Rapid resolution of vomiting episodes was observed in all animals. Gastric biopsies performed after triple therapy revealed clearance of visible Helicobacter spp. by histopathology and negative FISH analysis, as well as PCR in all animals. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Application of FISH to routine biopsy specimens enabled rapid and specific identification of Helicobacter spp. within the gastric mucosa of dogs and cats. Although medical therapy was useful in resolution of clinical signs and clearance of visible Helicobacter spp. in gastric biopsies, gastric inflammation persisted.
Interpretation of ac dielectrophoretic behavior of tin oxide nanobelts using Maxwell stress tensor approach modeling

In order to explain the dielectrophoretic behavior of ethanol suspended tin oxide (SnO2) nanobelts observed experimentally, modeling of the ac dielectrophoresis (DEP) phenomenon is carried out. Nanobelts are a type of ribbon like semiconducting oxide nanowire with rectangular cross-sections. To calculate the DEP induced forces and torques the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) approach is used. DEP experiments have indicated negative DEP (repulsion) in the low frequency range (<100 kHz) and positive DEP (attraction) in the high frequency range (∼1–10 MHz) of the applied ac electric field. The experimentally observed DEP characteristic is unusual if the nanobelt is treated as possessing uniform bulk material electrical properties of tin oxide. Several different nanobelt models are studied using simulations to explain the unusual behavior. The model providing the best explanation is the one where the nanobelt has an electrically conductive interior and a non-conductive outer layer, depleted of charge carriers. This is consistent with the surface depletion phenomenon commonly observed in SnO2 and other semiconducting metal oxide materials. This work demonstrates the importance of surface dominant properties of nanostructures in DEP manipulation and assembly.
Synthesis of non-bridging 18O3 labeled phosphate monoesters

A new method is reported for the synthesis of tri-18O substituted phosphate monoesters where the phosphoryl oxygen ester bond is 16O. The method relies on the reactivity of trivalent phosphorus toward hydrolysis and oxidation to produce dimethyl [18O3]-phosphorochloridate with a minimal excess of labeled water. This chlorophosphate diester can be used to prepare a wide variety of phosphate monoesters where the three peripherial oxygens are labeled.
Measurement of interfacial energy of adhesion by scanning electron microscopy

Abstract The interfacial and adhesive properties of liquid-solid and solid-solid particle/substrate systems have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. it is demonstrated that particle shapes conform to those expected on the basis of contact angle measurements, thereby confirming the shape theory of Winterbottom. The adhesive energies for Hg/Al, Hg/glass and Hg/Pd were measured as 64, 92 and 720 ergs/cm2, respectively, at 25°C. By comparison, the adhesive energies of the solid-solid systems Ni/ThO2 and stainless steel/Al2O3 were measured to be 1100 and 1440 ergs/cm2 respectively at 1200°C.
Hypertriglyceridemia and its relation to tissue lipoprotein lipase activity in endotoxemic, Escherichia coli bacteremic, and polymicrobial septic rats

Abstract Hypertriglyceridemia, commonly observed in septic patients, may result from a decreased ability of tissues to remove plasma triacylglycerol due to depressed lipoprotein lipase activity. While endotoxin administration results in substantial decreases in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity, enzyme activity is increased in animals subjected to other forms of stress and trauma. The present study was initiated to compare changes in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and tissue lipoprotein lipase activities in rats challenged with endotoxin or live Escherichia coli (iv or ip) or rats subjected to polymicrobial peritoneal sepsis. Sixteen hours post-treatment plasma triacylglycerol levels were increased 200 to 300% in endotoxin- and E. coli -treated rats but did not differ from control animals subjected to peritoneal sepsis. At the same time, endotoxin administration resulted in significant decreases in heart (71–80%), soleus muscle (52–74%), and adipose tissue (21–32%) lipoprotein lipase activity regardless of the route injected. Intravenous E. coli also lead to a decrease in the three tissues examined while ip administration of E. coli reduced muscle and adipose tissue but not heart lipoprotein lipase activity. In contrast to endotoxemic and E. coli bacteremic rats, polymicrobial peritonitis resulted in significant increases in heart (46–89%) and skeletal muscle (18–39%) lipoprotein lipase activity. Thus, hypertriglyceridemia is not necessarily a consequence of sepsis but occurred in endotoxemic and bacteremic states when muscle and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activities were reduced. These findings support the postulate that sepsis-induced hypertriglyceridemia is likely to be associated with a decreased ability of lipoprotein lipase-containing tissues to clear circulating triacylglycerol.
500 to 10 000 V power supply with variable sweep rates

Abstract The stability and low ripple of the supply described allows finite analysis of mass peak in a mass spectrometer. Resolution of the peaks is improved at least 50%. The sweep feature makes possible a spectrum analysis.
The Amplidyne Generator Applied to Speed-Controlled Electric Gun Turrets for Aircraft

THE PURPOSE of this paper is to explain the action of a particular type of Amplidyne generator in terms of its relationship to the turret performance and to attempt to separate its characteristics from those of the turret.
Evidence for suitability of glutathione peroxidase as a protective enzyme: Studies of oxidative damage, renaturation, and proteolysis☆

Abstract The stability of glutathione peroxidase was assessed in vitro via oxidative inactivation by peroxides and a peroxidizing fatty acid and by renaturation and proteolysis. The stability of glutathione peroxidase to methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, H 2 O 2 , linoleic acid hydroperoxide, and peroxidizing methyl linolenate was compared with the stability of several other enzymes. Sulfhydryl enzymes were the most labile to all four treatments. Some of the enzymes tested were very stable to methyl ethyl ketone peroxide but very labile to linoleic acid hydroperoxide treatment. Glutathione peroxidase in the absence of glutathione was relatively slowly inactivated by each treatment. Linoleic acid hydroperoxide damage to glutathione peroxidase was characterized by release of a nonstoichiometric amount of selenite from the protein. Glutathione peroxidase samples lost all of their activity when (i) acidified to pH 2, (ii) heated 5 min at 100 °C, and (iii) treated with 6 m guanidinium hydrochloride or 8.5 m urea and heated 5 min at 100 °C. When the pH 2 sample was neutralized or the guanidinium hydrochloride-treated sample was diluted 101-fold, about 80% of the original activity was recovered in 30 min. The samples treated with urea and heat recovered no activity when diluted 101-fold. No loss of glutathione peroxidase occurred during treatment for 24 h within trypsin or thermolysin. Based on these results, glutathione peroxidase appears to be a relatively stable enzyme, and thus is is well-suited to perform its role in peroxide detoxification and prevention of oxidative deterioration of cells.