cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved forecasting of autoregressive series by weighted least squares approximate REML estimation

Abstract Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation has recently been shown to provide less biased estimates in autoregressive series. A simple weighted least squares approximate REML procedure has been developed that is particularly useful for vector autoregressive processes. Here, we compare the forecasts of such processes using both the standard ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates and the new approximate REML estimates. Forecasts based on the approximate REML estimates are found to provide a significant improvement over those obtained using the standard OLS estimates.
Fluoroalkylation of cobalt complexes: selective reactions at the metal or the cyclopentadienyl ring

Abstract Reactions of [Co( η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(CO) 2 ] with perfluoro- n -propyl iodide proceeds by selective fluoroalkylation at the metal center to give [Co( η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(CO)(R F )] ( 3 ; R F = CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ). Treatment of 3 with excess PMe 3 affords cationic fluoroalkyl complex [Co( η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(PMe 3 ) 2 (R F )] + I − ( 4 ; R F = CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ), which does not react further. The molecular structure of 4 has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Complex 4 co-crystallizes with two water molecules in the space group P 1 , Z = 2, a = 7.9001(5)A, b = 10.38(1)a c = 14.758A, α = 85.48(1)°, β = 83.630(10)°, γ = 77.02(7)° at T = 298 K. In contrast, reaction of [Co( η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(PMe 3 ) 2 ] with perfluoro- n -propyl iodide proceeds with completely different selectivity to afford the ring- exo -fluoroalkylated complex [Co( η 4 -C 5 H 5 R F )(PMe 3 ) 2 I] ( 5 ; R F = CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ). Possible mechanisms for these reactions are discussed.
EPR SPECTRUM OF X-IRRADIATED ADAMANTANE: THE 2-ADAMANTYL FREE RADICAL.

Abstract The EPR spectrum of 2-adamantyl radical is reported; previously published spectra are shown to result from impurities. Possible mechanisms for the unusually high selectivity of damage to impurities included in the adamantane matrix are discussed.
Can voice conversion be used to reduce non-native accents?

Voice-conversion (VC) techniques aim to transform utterances from a source speaker to sound as if they had been produced by a target speaker. This includes not only organic properties (i.e., voice quality) but also linguistic cues (i.e., regional accents) of the target speaker. For this reason, VC is generally ill-suited for accent-conversion (AC) purposes, where the goal is to capture the voice quality of the target speaker but the regional accent of the source speaker. In this paper, we propose a modification of the conventional training process for VC that allows it to perform as an AC transform. The approach consists of pairing source and target vectors based not on their ordering within a parallel corpus, as is commonly done in VC, but based on their linguistic similarity. We validate the AC approach on a corpus containing native-accented and Spanish-accented utterances, and compare it against conventional VC through a series of perceptual listening tests. We also analyze the extent to which phonological differences between the two languages (Spanish and American English) help predict the relative performance of the two methods.
The phenomenon of conglomerate crystallization. VIII. Spontaneous resolution in coordination compounds. VI. The chiral behaviour of [trans-(P, or M)-Co(NH3)2 (NO2)4]− anions, dissymmetric by virtue of their propeller conformation

Abstract Octahedral coordination compounds chiral by virtue of having fixed propeller conformations are, apparently, quite rare. Despite the fluxionality of the anion [trans-(P, or M)-Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]−, it is possible to establish its chiroptical properties in the solid. Our studies of its salts suggest that, conformationally, it is relatively impervious to the nature of the compensating cation and to variations in packing forces. Consequently, a useful method of determining the chiral symbol of this anion is proposed based on that of stereochemically rigid cations with which it forms diastereoisomeric salts. In the case of solutions of the ions [cis-Co(en)2(NO2)2]+ and [trans-Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]−, the crystals obtained from a conglomerate are expected to contain Λ(δλ)-(−)589-[cis-Co(en)2(NO2)2][trans-(P)- Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] and Λ(δλ)-(+)589-[cis-Co(en)2(NO2)2][trans-(M)-Co(NH3)2(NO2)4].
Practical die design via section analysis

Abstract A finite-element modeling (FEM) program, sheet-s , was developed using line elements for simulating the stretch/draw forming operation of an arbitrarily-shaped, plane-strain section. sheet-s employs an implicit, incremental, algorithm based on a rigid-viscoplastic constitutive equation, with corrections for materials unloading. Geometric and material non-linearities are considered within each time step. Contact and friction are introduced through a mesh-normal, which compatibly describes arbitrary tool surfaces and FEM meshes without depending on the explicit spatial derivatives of the tool surfaces. The membrane approximation is adopted under the plane-stress assumption. Equilibrium, contact and constitutive equations are satisfied at the end of each time except under certain draw-in conditions when convergence cannot be obtained. In such cases, a quasi-rigid material law is adopted, such that strains stop developing. In order to describe the arbitrarily-shaped tool surface, a generalized tool description method is introduced. Not only are analytical tools, such as the cylindrical punch, flat-top punch, or composite punches composed of lines and arcs, etc., available, but also any tool described by equally-spaced or non-equally spaced digital data can be used, based on cubic B-spline or piecewise linear basis functions. sheet-s was tested in the die-tryout of a typical automotive inner panel. After finding a single friction coefficient and suitable boundary length using FEM results and measurements of thinning for a trial, stretched section, additional sections using original and final die designs were simulated. Good agreement between measured and computed thickness strains was obtained and sheet-s was able to identify impractical die designs which were rejected during experimental die-tryout. The computation times for simulating stretch sections were 2–3 minutes using a Digital Equipment Vax 8550 or 5–6 minutes using an Intel 80486 microprocessor based microcomputer.
Dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 prime potent CD8+ Tc1 responses in vivo.

Dendritic cells (DC) comprise a system of professional antigen-presenting cells, which induce the stimulation of very rare antigen-specific naive T cells. DC progenitors can be stimulated to differentiate into immature DC by various growth factors, including GM-CSF and IL-4. Here we show that IL-15, in combination with GM-CSF, is a growth factor for murine DC. Murine bone marrow cells, depleted of T cells, B cells, I-A+ cells and Gr-1+ granulocytes, and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 (IL-15 DC), yielded DC expressing high levels of CD11c and MHC class II molecules, as well as CD11b. These cells expressed significant levels of CD40, CD80 and CD86, and could stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells efficiently. Interestingly, IL-15 DC were farsuperior to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 in stimulating allogeneic CD8+ T cells in vitro. Consistent with this, IL-15 DC induced much more potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses with high levels of Th1 cytokines in vivo, compared to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4, or with GM-CSF plus TGF-β, or with GM-CSF alone. Together, these data suggest that IL-15 promotes the development of DC, which induce potent Th1 and Tc1 responses in vivo. This suggests potential roles for these IL-15 DC cells in the immunotherapy of tumors and infectious diseases.
Stress sensitization of ethanol withdrawal-induced reduction in social interaction: inhibition by CRF-1 and benzodiazepine receptor antagonists and a 5-HT1A-receptor agonist.

Repeated withdrawals from chronic ethanol sensitize the withdrawal-induced reduction in social interaction behaviors. This study determined whether stress might substitute for repeated withdrawals to facilitate withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. When two 1-h periods of restraint stress were applied at 1-week intervals to rats fed control diet, social interaction was reduced upon withdrawal from a subsequent 5-day exposure to ethanol diet. Neither this ethanol exposure alone nor exposure to three restraint stresses alone altered this measure of anxiety. Further, the repeatedly stressed singly withdrawn rats continued to exhibit a reduction in social interaction 16 days later, upon withdrawal from re-exposure to 5 days of chronic ethanol, consistent with a persistent adaptation by the multiple-stress/withdrawal protocol. Weekly administration of corticosterone in place of stress induced no significant change in social interaction upon withdrawal from the single chronic ethanol exposure, indicative that corticoid release is not responsible for the stress-induced reduction in anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal. In the multiple-withdrawal protocol, stress applied during withdrawal from voluntary ethanol drinking by P-rats facilitated ethanol drinking sufficiently, to induce a withdrawal-induced reduction in social interaction. Administration of a CRF-1 receptor antagonist, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, or a 5-HT1A receptor agonist prior to each stress minimized sensitization of the withdrawal-induced reduction in anxiety-like behavior. Since these pharmacological consequences on the induction of anxiety-like behavior following the stress/withdrawal protocol are like those previously seen when these drug treatments were given prior to multiple withdrawals, evidence is provided that repeated stresses and multiple withdrawals sensitize the withdrawal reduction in social interaction by similar central adaptive mechanisms.
Comparison of MOS and Schottky W/Pt–GaN diodes for hydrogen detection

Abstract W/Pt contacted GaN Schottky diodes show forward current changes of >1 mA at low bias(3 V) in the temperature range 350–600 °C when the measurement ambient is changed from pure N2 to 10%H2/90%N2. In this paper we show that use of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) diode structure with Sc2O3 gate dielectric and the same W/Pt metallization show these same reversible changes in forward current upon exposure to H2-containing ambients over a much broader temperature range (90 to >625 °C). The increase in current in both cases is the result of a decrease in effective barrier height of the MOS and Schottky gates of 30–50 mV 10%H2/90%N2 ambients relative to pure N2 and is due to catalytic dissociation of the H2 on the Pt contact, followed by diffusion to the W/GaN or Sc2O3/GaN interface. The presence of the oxide lowers the temperature at the hydrogen which can be detected and in conjunction with the use of the high temperature stable W metallization enhances the potential applications of these wide bandgap sensors.
Doxorubicin Resistance Conferred by Selective Enhancement of Intracellular Glutathione Peroxidase or Superoxide Dismutase Content in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

To examine the role of doxorubicin-stimulated oxyradical formation in tumor cell killing, we introduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) into MCF-7 cells by "scrape loading." Control cytoplasmic GSH Px and SOD levels increased from (mean +/- S.E.) 0.37 nmol/min/mg and 0.58 microgram SOD/mg, respectively, to 3.99 or 7.63 nmol/min/mg and 1.40 or 1.83 micrograms SOD/mg after treatment with either 150 or 300 units/ml of GSH Px or 20 or 40 mg/ml SOD. Resistance to doxorubicin was correlated with the level of GSH Px introduced into the MCF-7 cells; a one-hour exposure to 1.75 microM doxorubicin decreased the cloning efficiency of control cells loaded with medium alone to 34%, whereas doxorubicin-treated cells augmented with 150 or 300 units/ml of GSH Px had plating efficiencies of 56 or 86%, P less than 0.05. Introduction of SOD increased MCF-7 resistance to doxorubicin similarly. The heat-inactivated enzymes were not protective. Cells loaded with GSH Px were also resistant to the redox cycling anticancer quinone mitomycin C but not to the redox inactive analogs 5-iminodaunorubicin and mitoxantrone, suggesting that amplification of GSH Px or SOD levels can produce doxorubicin resistance in MCF-7 cells.
Socially induced inhibition of genetically determined maturation in the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus

Maturation in Xiphophorus maculatus (Pisces; Poeciliidae) is under control of the sex-linked P gene. However, when two individuals are reared together the socially dominant individual delays the maturation of the subordinate. Nevertheless, it is not a requirement that a fish be socially dominant to become mature. The data suggest that inhibition of maturity takes place when an individual is not dominant at a time near the genetically determined age of maturation. Two hypotheses are offered to explain these results.
Periodic-orbit theory of the blowout bifurcation

This paper presents a theory for characterization of the blowout bifurcation by periodic orbits. Blowout bifurcation in chaotic systems occurs when a chaotic attractor, lying in some symmetric invariant subspace, becomes transversely unstable. We present an analysis and numerical results that indicate that the bifurcation is mediated by changes in the transverse stability of an infinite number of unstable periodic orbits embedded in the chaotic attractor. There are two distinct groups of periodic orbits: one transversely stable and another transversely unstable. The bifurcation occurs when some properly weighted transverse eigenvalues of these two groups are balanced. Our results thus categorize the blowout bifurcation as a unique type of bifurcation that involves an infinite number of periodic orbits, in contrast to most previously known bifurcations that are mediated by only a finite number of periodic orbits.
A comparison of punishment exchange rates between offenders under supervision and their supervising officers

Abstract Previous research revealed gender and racial differences in offender preferences for prison compared to alternative sanctions, in the amount of an alternative sanction offenders would serve to avoid prison, and in the severity ranking of criminal sanctions. Nevertheless, opinions of officers who supervised those clients have all but been ignored. In this study, this literature was extended by comparing perceptions of Kentucky probation and parole officers regarding the amount of alternative sanctions that offenders would serve to avoid one year of imprisonment to perceptions of the offenders whom they supervised regarding the same topic. Based on analysis of data from an electronic survey of approximately 230 probation and parole officers and approximately 600 probationers and parolees, results suggested that there were significant differences in “exchange rates” of officers when compared to those of offenders. Justifications for these findings and their implications for correctional policy and practice are discussed.
Over-ground and robotic-assisted locomotor training in adults with chronic stroke: a blinded randomized clinical trial.

Purpose: The purpose was to compare the effectiveness of robotic-assisted body weight supported treadmill training using the Lokomat® to over-ground gait training (OGT) in adults with chronic stroke. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to the Lokomat® or OGT interventions. Both protocols included 40 sessions over 8 weeks. Primary outcome measures were the 10-meter walk test and 6-minute walk distance. Secondary measures included the Functional Independence MeasureTM locomotion score, Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity Motor Score (FM-LE), Barthel Index, and Stroke Impact Scale. Blinded assessors tested the participants at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up. Results: Eleven Lokomat® and nine OGT participants completed the study. Within group differences in the FM-LE score and Barthel Index occurred over time from baseline to post-intervention and baseline to 3-month follow-up. No other within group differences and no between group differences were observed. Conclusions: Although walking me...
A 6 GHz silicon bipolar power transistor

The design features of an experimental 6 GHz power transistor are presented. The power performance of the transistor in class A - common emitter, and in class B - common base for a range of inputs, is shown. In class C - common base, the gain and efficiency at 4, 5 and 6 GHz are plotted. The contributing factors to this performance are discussed.
Inhibition of growth of obligately chemolithotrophic Thiobacilli by amino acids.

1. The effects of eighteen l-amino acids and two peptides, added individually to an otherwise autotrophic medium, on the growth of Thiobacillus thioparus, Thiobacillus neapolitanus and Thiobacillus thiooxidans were tested. Under these conditions, specific l-amino acids, which differed for each of the thiobacilli, inhibited growth. 2. All inhibitory effects were reversed, completely or in part, in the presence of non-inhibitory concentrations of casein hydrolysate. 3. l-tyrosine or l-tryptophane reversed the l-phenylalanine inhibition of T. thioparus and T. neapolitanus; l-serine inhibition of T. thiooxidans was partially reversed by l-threonine and completely by l-valine plus l-leucine; and l-valine inhibition of T. thiooxidans was similarly reversed by l-leucine or l-isoleucine. 4. In cell-free systems derived from T. thiooxidans, l-valine or l-isoleucine inhibited the activity of acetolactate-forming enzyme. Repression of synthesis of this enzyme by l-valine, l-isoleucine and l-leucine could not be demonstrated. 5. d-valine and d-isoleucine were also inhibitory to T. thioparus. The inhibition by d-valine was not reversed in the presence of any combination of the l-isomers of valine, isoleucine and leucine. 6. It is concluded that inhibition of growth of these three obligately chemolithotrophic thiobacilli by l-amino acids is due to amino acid imbalances that derange normal regulatory processes as also occurs in chemoorganotrophic bacteria.
Statistical signal processing using wavelet-domain hidden Markov models

Most wavelet-based statistical signal and image processing techniques treat the wavelet coefficients as though they were statistically independent. This assumption is unrealistic; considering the statistical dependencies between wavelet coefficients can yield substantial performance improvements. In this paper, we develop a new framework for wavelet-based signal processing that employs hidden Markov models to characterize the dependencies between wavelet coefficients.
UNION DECERTIFICATION RESEARCH: REVIEW AND THEORETICAL INTEGRATION

We present a comprehensive literature review and critique of union decertification research, and develop a theoretical framework that should prove useful for future research. The framework incorporates three theoretical viewpoints from several research traditions: the expected utility, social‐political, and workplace voice perspectives. We provide suggestions for how each viewpoint can be modeled in future research. Additionally, although some previous decertification research was theoretically rich, the empirical findings across prior studies were ambiguous and inconsistent. We analyze the reasons for the ambiguous and inconsistent prior findings, and note how future research can avoid or minimize the empirical problems of the past.
Identity, community, and prejudice

A new and urgent developmental task of adulthood is to learn to live with those who differ from oneself along dimensions of race, gender, ethnicity, religion, social class, and nationality. In order to promote discussion aimed toward achieving a better understanding of issues of multiculturalism and diversity, a conceptual framework is proposed. The conceptual framework is based on distinctions in how we define ourselves and our relationship to others and on contrasting perspectives on our intentions with respect to others. The conceptual framework is then used as a tool for setting forth a number of issues of multiculturalism and diversity. The article concludes with a discussion of the dynamics within the conceptual framework, including intraindividual and interindividual variation in adulthood.
Development of algorithms for automated spectrophotometric titrations

Abstract A versatile method for evaluation of equilibrium constants from automated spectrophotometric titrations is described. General algorithms were derived for normalized titration curves of reactions having various stoichiometric ratios. Normalization of data involve converting it from absorption versus time to product formed (0 to 1) versus equivalents of titrant added. Relevance of derived algorithms was assessed by the quality of their fit to real data. The demonstration system chosen for this investigation was the 1:3 complexation reaction of Fe(II) and 1,10-phenantroline (o-Phen). Titrations were performed at three distinct infusion rates under controlled pH of 5.0 and at 25.0 °C, with sets produced using both Fe(II) and o-Phen as the titrant. Direct fitting of titration curves yielded values for overall equilibrium constants. Furthermore, resulting curves revealed reproducible initial deviation, consistent with step-wise reaction, when titrating Fe(II) with o-Phen. No unusual deviations were evident anywhere in the titration curves when Fe(II) was the titrant. Overall, our approach facilitates adoption of automated titrimetry and data analysis methodologies for the determination of stoichiometries and equilibrium constants of many UV/Vis active reactions.
Yield impact from physical design at advanced technology nodes

As technology approach physical and atomic limit, designers need to understand yield impact with various physical design trade-offs. In this paper, we present various yield models and their relationship to physical layout in technology node 65 nm and beyond. We like to address (1) random, (2) systematic and (3) parametric variability yield models and how can physical design guidelines to reduce or minimize yield loss in those areas. One approach is to use restricted design rule, which tries to patch the technology marginality. One extreme case of reduced design rule is PdBrix which is use regular layout brick as design blocks. With limited blocks (less than 50), we can optimum designed blocks with respect to selected yield models as alternative to restricted DR approach or standard cell library.
Fat body stimulation of ecdysone synthesis in Heliothis zea

Abstract Prothoracic glands of Heliothis zea pupae require both a humoral factor and prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) to synthesize ecdysone. The humoral factor is absent when pupae are maintained at diapause-sustaining temperatures. Thus, pupae remain in diapause despite the release of PTTH at or before larval-pupal ecdysis. Tissue implantation experiments revealed that a diapause-terminating factor is present in the fat body of non-diapausing pupae. Other tissue implantation experiments showed that, when diapausing pupae were transferred from 19 to 27°C, diapause-terminating activity appeared first in the fat body and then the fat body into the haemolymph. HPLC separation of the haemolymph and fat body fractions followed by bioassay demonstrated that fractions containing diapause-terminating activity eluted from both tissues within 28–30 min. These results suggest that the factors found in the fat body and haemolymph may be the same compound. Evidence from ecdysone radioimmunoassay experiments ruled out the possibility that the diapauseterminating activity was due to either free or conjugated ecdysteroids. Corresponding in vitro experiments in which the prothoracic glands were cultured with brain extracts versus fat body and haemolymph fractions also indicated that the haemolymph/fat body factor was not PTTH.
Give spontaneity and self-discovery a chance in ASD: spontaneous peripheral limb variability as a proxy to evoke centrally driven intentional acts

Autism can be conceived as an adaptive biological response to an early unexpected developmental change. Under such conceptualization one could think of emerging biological compensatory mechanisms with unique manifestations in each individual. Within a large group of affected people this would result in a highly heterogeneous spectral disorder where it would be difficult to tap into the hidden potentials of any given individual. A pressing question is how to treat the disorder while harnessing the capabilities and predispositions that the individual has already developed. It would indeed be ideal to use such strengths to accelerate the learning of self-sufficiency and independence, important as the person transitions into adulthood. In this report, we introduce a new concept for therapeutic interventions and basic research in autism. We use visuo-spatial and auditory stimuli to help augment the physical reality of the child and sensory-substitute corrupted kinesthetic information quantified in his/her movement patterns to help the person develop volitional control over the hand motions. We develop a co-adaptive child-computer interface that closes the sensory-motor feedback loops by alerting the child of a cause-effect relationship between the statistics of his/her real-time hand movement patterns and those of external media states. By co-adapting the statistics of the media states and those of the child's real-time hand movements, we found that without any food/token reward the children naturally remained engaged in the task. Even in the absence of practice, the learning gains were retained, transferred and improved 2-4 weeks later. This new concept demonstrates that individuals with autism do have spontaneous sensory-motor adaptive capabilities. When led to their self-discovery, these patterns of spontaneous behavioral variability (SBV) morph into more predictive and reliable intentional actions. These can unlock and enhance exploratory behavior and autonomy in the individual with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
Nanosilver paste: Its sintering behavior and applications for chip interconnection

European power module manufacturers pioneered the development of a silver sintering technology, called low-temperature joining technology (LTJT) for lead-free chip attach. Sintered chips on substrate are shown to have better performance and significantly higher reliability at chip junction temperature over 175°C. However, the European process is complex requiring pressure of 20 to 40 MPa to lower the sintering temperature of micron-size silver flakes/powder down to around 250°C. A nanomaterial technology involving the use of silver nanoparticles is described to achieve low-temperature sintering without any applied pressure. The nanosilver paste can be readily stencil-printed or dispensed on substrate for die-attach in air or controlled atmosphere at temperature below 260°C and under zero pressure with small power chips or low pressure of 3 MPa with large IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) chips. Findings on the sintering behavior of the nanosilver paste and properties of the sintered joints are presented to demonstrate the nanosilver-enabled LTJT as a promising lead-free chip-attach solution with improved thermal and electrical performance and thermo-mechanical reliability of power devices and modules. As a specific application example, the nanosilver-enabled LTJT was used to make planar power modules in which both sides of the IGBT chips were bonded by the sintered nanosilver joint. The planar power modules have low parasitic inductances thus less ringing noises from the device-switching action and can be cooled from both sides of the devices to improve heat dissipation. Details on the design and processing of the double-side cooled power modules and test results on their electrical and thermal performance will be presented.
NEGATIVE AGING STEREOTYPES AND THE AGENTIC-COMMUNAL DICHOTOMY

Summary.-Prior research has documented negative aging stereotypes. Our hypothesis is that these only apply when a certain dimension of traits is employed and when older persons occupy certain roles. 42 college students were asked to rate the extent to which each of several "agentic" traits, e.g., active, aggressive, independent, and "communal" traits, e.g., understanding, warm, helpful, chdldccerized a roommate and college professor, both of whom were stated to be either 23 or 65 years of age. For the roommate (but not the professor), the young person was seen as more agentic than the older person. No differences were found on the dimension of communality. It was concluded that young college students may attribute negative behaviors to older persons but chis is more Wtely when the negative behaviors are agentic in nature and the older person occupies certain roles such as "retired person." Negative stereotypes are frequently applied by young persons to older ones. For example, Wetle (1991) found traits of sick, sedentary, sexless, senile, and poor being attributed to the elderly. Brewer, Dull, and Lui (1981) reported that the young stereotype older persons in terms of being sick, sedentary, victimized, dependent on family, vulnerable, and weak. But Brewer, et al. (1981) also found that positive stereotypes were applied, e.g., generous, useful, understandmg, loving, supportive of others. To us, these characterizations seem to fall on an "agentic-communal" dimension (Eagly & Steffen, 1984) on which "mascuhe" or agentic traits such as aggressive, active, and independent are contrasted with "feminine" or communal traits such as understanding, warm, and helpful. When negative stereotypes are applied to the elderly, they seem to imply lower "agency" and when positive stereotypes are applied, they seem to imply higher "communion." One purpose of the present study was to see if' differential ratings of agency and communion would be given by the college students to hypothetical older and same-aged persons. The stereotypes applied to others may depend, in part, on their occupation. Eagly and Steffen (1984) found that the attribution of agentic and communal tralts to a hypothetical man or woman varied primarily as a function of whether this person was described as a business person or a homemaker. Schwalb and Sedlacek (1990) found that college students applied
Screening of collapsed mouse urinary bladders by optical matched filtering

The principles of optical matched filtering are applied to the problem of screening specimens of mouse urinary bladders that may exhibit hyperplasia or contain carcinomas resulting from the ingestion of controlled amounts of 2-acetylaminofluorene. The construction of the matched filter and the experimental procedure are optimized for a small group of specimens to the extent that thirteen of twenty-two normal specimens are correctly classified, and all fifteen of the abnormal specimens are correctly classified.
Relative positioning of variational part models for design analysis

Abstract A collection of functionally oriented assembly relations serves as an implicit representation for part positions in an assembly. The actual determination of part positions from the assembly relations has been extensively researched for assemblies in which parts are at their nominal shapes and sizes. However, design-analysis algorithms such as those used in tolerance analysis require the determination of the final assembly configuration, where the individual part geometries incorporate simulated manufacturing variations. The paper describes a constrained-optimization technique for the determination of part positions in assemblies of nonideal parts. Because the manufacturing variations are relatively small, the authors' technique linearizes the rotational elements in the constraint formulation. The constraint-optimization formulation seeks to satisfy the assembly relations to the maximum extent possible that is consistent with their relative functional significance. Noninterference constraints between the mating parts are enforced.
Urinary incontinence in the elderly. Drug treatment options

Urinary incontinence is commonly seen in the elderly. It has multiple complications and is often the reason an elderly person is forced to abandon independent living and enter a nursing home. There are multiple causes of urinary incontinence: it is not a single entity or a specific diagnosis. In most patients, the incontinence can be placed into 1 of the following 4 categories: detrusor overactivity (urge incontinence), overflow incontinence, stress incontinence (outlet incompetence) or functional incontinence. To understand the pathophysiology of urinary incontinence, some knowledge of the urinary tract anatomy and physiology is required. It is also important to know how the anatomy and physiology changes in response to the aging process. Successful treatment depends on the specific cause of the incontinence. If incorrectly diagnosed, various treatments may actually worsen the incontinence or cause other problems. Since most elderly patients do not volunteer a problem of urinary incontinence, questions regarding the presence of symptoms must be asked. In most patients, the specific type of incontinence can be diagnosed with a thorough medical history and physical examination. Several simple and widely available laboratory tests may also be useful in the evaluation. Occasionally, urological consultation or urodynamic testing should be performed. Once correctly diagnosed, there are a large number of pharmacological as well as nonpharmacological treatments (behavioural, surgical) available. This article concentrates on the pharmacological therapies for patients with various types of urinary incontinence. Since most patients with urinary incontinence are elderly, they are more susceptible to the effects as well as the adverse effects of medications. This must be taken into account before any pharmacological therapy is initiated. Although many elderly patients believe their symptoms of urinary incontinence to be a part of growing old, urinary incontinence is never a normal change of aging. With proper evaluation and treatment, the majority of patients with urinary incontinence can be helped or cured.
Unstable evolution of pointwise trajectory solutions to chaotic maps.

Simple chaotic maps are used to illustrate the inherent instability of trajectory solutions to the Frobenius–Perron equation. This is demonstrated by the difference in the behavior of δ‐function solutions and of extended densities. Extended densities evolve asymptotically and irreversibly into invariant measures on stationary attractors. Pointwise trajectories chaotically roam over these attractors forever. Periodic Gaussian distributions on the unit interval are used to provide insight. Viewing evolving densities as ensembles of unstable pointwise trajectories gives densities a stochastic interpretation.
How do morals change

Emotions such as empathy and disgust might be at the root of morality, but psychologists should also study the roles of deliberation and debate in how our opinions shift over time, argues Paul Bloom.
Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities: Management of asymptomatic disease and claudication

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) continues to grow in global prevalence and consumes an increasing amount of resources in the United States health care system. Overall rates of intervention for PAD have been rising steadily in recent years. Changing demographics, evolution of technologies, and an expanding database of outcomes studies are primary forces influencing clinical decision making in PAD. The management of PAD is multidisciplinary, involving primary care physicians and vascular specialists with varying expertise in diagnostic and treatment modalities. PAD represents a broad spectrum of disease from asymptomatic through severe limb ischemia. The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Practice Guidelines committee reviewed the evidence supporting clinical care in the treatment of asymptomatic PAD and intermittent claudication (IC). The committee made specific practice recommendations using the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. There are limited Level I data available for many of the critical questions in the field, demonstrating the urgent need for comparative effectiveness research in PAD. Emphasis is placed on risk factor modification, medical therapies, and broader use of exercise programs to improve cardiovascular health and functional performance. Screening for PAD appears of unproven benefit at present. Revascularization for IC is an appropriate therapy for selected patients with disabling symptoms, after a careful risk-benefit analysis. Treatment should be individualized based on comorbid conditions, degree of functional impairment, and anatomic factors. Invasive treatments for IC should provide predictable functional improvements with reasonable durability. A minimum threshold of a >50% likelihood of sustained efficacy for at least 2 years is suggested as a benchmark. Anatomic patency (freedom from restenosis) is considered a prerequisite for sustained efficacy of revascularization in IC. Endovascular approaches are favored for most candidates with aortoiliac disease and for selected patients with femoropopliteal disease in whom anatomic durability is expected to meet this minimum threshold. Conversely, caution is warranted in the use of interventions for IC in anatomic settings where durability is limited (extensive calcification, small-caliber arteries, diffuse infrainguinal disease, poor runoff). Surgical bypass may be a preferred strategy in good-risk patients with these disease patterns or in those with prior endovascular failures. Common femoral artery disease should be treated surgically, and saphenous vein is the preferred conduit for infrainguinal bypass grafting. Patients who undergo invasive treatments for IC should be monitored regularly in a surveillance program to record subjective improvements, assess risk factors, optimize compliance with cardioprotective medications, and monitor hemodynamic and patency status.
Regulation of Fas Ligand Expression By Estrogen in Normal Ovary

The clinical significance of the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system in hormone-sensitive carcinomas such as breast and ovary has been reported. However, only a few studies have investigated the potential hormonal regulation of its expression. In this study, we evaluated the expression of FasL in normal ovarian tissue during the normal female reproductive cycle with the goal of identifying potential hormones that can regulate FasL expression. We used Western blot analysis to examine the expression of FasL in the rat ovary throughout the natural estrous cycle. We employed Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to study hormonal regulation of FasL in human ovarian epithelial cells and normal ovarian tissues. FasL protein expression levels change in the ovary during the female reproductive cycle. FasL protein appeared intensively in estrus, declined sharply in metestrous, further decreased to a very low level in diestrus, and was absent in proestrus. Because the protein expression pattern of FasL in the cycling ovary was similar to the estrogen receptor beta expression pattern, we examined the effect of estrogen on the level of FasL protein and found that estrogen indeed upregulates the expression of FasL protein and mRNA levels in ovarian epithelial cells as well as in normal ovarian tissues. Furthermore, we showed that the estrogen-induced increase in the FasL protein and mRNA levels could be abolished by 4-hydroxytamoxifen, which suggests that the observed increase in FasL expression was mediated by estrogen receptor. Our findings support the hypothesis that the expression of FasL in normal ovary is hormonally sensitive and could have a key role in the physiology of normal ovarian tissue.
Families adopting children with or at-risk of HIV infection

This paper examines the issue of adoption for children from the AIDS epidemic. The policies that impact the adoption of children from the epidemic are reviewed. A pilot study of families adopting these children is presented with recommendations for policy development, practive and research.
Desmoid tumors in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

Background. Sporadic desmoid tumors occur mainly in the abdominal wall and in extraabdominal sites. Desmoid tumors in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) usually occur in the abdominal wall and in the bowel mesentery. Surgical resection of desmoids in patients with FAP has been controversial. Methods. A retrospective review of patients with FAP and desmoid tumors treated from 1950 to 1991 was performed. Patients were evaluated for gender, age, site of desmoid tumors, treatment, recurrence, and survival. Results. Twenty-one of 24 patients underwent 60 surgical procedures related to the desmoid tumors. Seven of nine patients who underwent potentially curative surgery had recurrences; three were reresected. Major morbidity after palliative or curative surgery was 47%. Five patients were alive with no evidence of disease at a median of 198 months, 10 patients were alive with disease at a median of 102 months, and 5 patients died with disease at a median of 31 months after diagnosis. Conclusions. Desmoid tumors are common in patients with FAP. Unresectability and recurrence are more common than cure. Palliative and curative resections have a high morbidity. Surgery should be reserved for those patients with symptomatic mesenteric desmoids.
Surgical treatment of Freiberg's infraction in athletes

Ten patients with 11 cases of Freiberg's infraction were studied retrospectively. The patients had varying amounts of sports participation. All cases were treated surgically, most after some form of nonoperative intervention. Surgery consisted of metatarsophalangeal joint debridement, except in 1 patient where the metatarsal head was resected. All patients had improvement of their symptoms and 80% of normal joint range of motion was restored. No patient had joint space narrowing or major arthritic changes on follow-up roentgenographic studies.
Precision measurements of the diffusion of reactive atoms

Resonance ionization spectroscopy is described for precision measurements of the diffusion of reactive atoms in gaseous media. Results are given for Cs atoms in an Ar-CH4 mixture and are used to test a rigorous solution of the diffusion equation.
Abstract 500: Vitamin D Supplementation Attenuates ADAM-12-mediated Proliferation of Carotid Artery Smooth Muscle Cells of Hypercholesterolemic Swine

Introduction: Risk of hypertension, peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction and development of human atherosclerosis has been linked to vitamin D deficiency. Atheromatous cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family growth factors are released at the site of atherosclerosis and boost the activity of proteolytic enzymes such as ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases). ADAM-12 cleaves proHB-EGF (Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor) activating EGFR, resulting in increased proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D on IL-6 and TNF-α-induced ADAM-12, pEGFR expression, HB-EGF release and SMC proliferation. Methods: Micro-swine were fed with vitamin D-deficient high cholesterol diet, high cholesterol diet containing 900 IU of vitamin D, and high cholesterol diet containing 3000 IU of vitamin D for total of 12 months. After six months, serum cholesterol levels of 500-600 mg/dL were achieved in all the three groups. The protein expression of ADAM-12 & pEGFR, and HB-EGF release, in presence or absence of IL-6, TNF-α and Calcitriol, in SMCs was quantified by western Blot. HB-EGF release was measured by ELISA. The proliferation was assayed by [3H]-Thymidine incorporation and cell counting method. Results: The protein expression of ADAM-12 & pEGFR, HB-EGF release were significantly reduced in carotid artery SMCs isolated from Vitamin D-supplemented swine. IL-6 and TNF-α treatment increased the protein expression of ADAM-12 & pEGFR and HB-EGF release in carotid artery SMCs. Proliferation capacity was higher in SMCs isolated from Vitamin D-deficient swine carotid artery, potentiated by IL-6 and TNF-α. Calcitriol inhibited the ADAM-12, pEGFR expression and HB-EGF released in SMCs of hypercholesterolemic swine. Calcitriol also inhibited the proliferation of carotid artery SMCs isolated from Vit D-deficient, D-sufficient and D-supplemented swine. Conclusion: Together, these results suggest that vitamin D deficiency enhances proliferation of SMCs, which is potentiated by atheromatous cytokines. Whereas, vitamin D supplementation regulates ADAM-12-mediated cleavage of proHB-EGF and activation of EGFR inhibiting SMC proliferation.
Effects of surgical mandibular advancement and rotation on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder: a 2-year follow-up study.

Introduction: The possible effects of orthognathic surgery on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) are still controversial. We prospectively investigated the association between the amount of advancement and rotation of the mandible during bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) and the development of TMD signs and symptoms. Methods: Class II patients (n = 127) received mandibular advancement with BSSO. We used factorial analysis of covariance to assess whether the magnitude ( Results: Counterclockwise rotation of the mandible was associated with more muscle tenderness, especially in patients receiving long advancements. The combination of long advancement with counterclockwise rotation was also associated with increased joint symptoms. All symptoms declined over the 2-year follow-up period. Conclusions: Counterclockwise rotation of the mandible is related to a slight increase in muscle symptoms after BSSO. The combination of counterclockwise rotation with long advancement also might increase joint signs and symptoms. All symptomatology tended to decline over time, suggesting that the amount of advancement and mandibular rotation should not be considered as risk factors for the development of TMD in patients without preexisting conditions.
UROLOGIC DISEASES IN AMERICA PROJECT: BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the most common benign neoplasm in American men, is a chronic condition that is associated with progressive lower urinary tract symptoms and affects almost 3 of 4 men during the seventh decade of life. Approximately 6.5 million of the 27 million white men who are 50 to 79 years old in the United States in 2000 were estimated to meet the criteria for discussing treatment.Materials and Methods: The analytical methods used to generate these results have been described previously.Results: In 2000 approximately 4.5 million visits were made to physician offices to for a primary diagnosis of BPH and almost 8 million visits were made with a primary or secondary diagnosis of BPH. In the same year approximately 87,400 prostatectomies for BPH were performed in inpatients in nonfederal hospitals in the United States. While the number of outpatient visits for BPH increased consistently during the 1990s, there was a dramatic decrease in the use of transurethral prostatectomy...