cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using polyclonal antibodies to detect predation by dogwhelks Nucella lapillus (L.)

Interactions between predators and their multiple prey species can vary greatly among locations where they coexist. As a method to assess spatial variation in predation by intertidal dogwhelks on their dominant prey, immunoassays of dogwhelk gut contents from experimental populations and field collected individuals were evaluated using polyclonal antibodies raised separately to soluble proteins from Mytilus edulis L. mussels and Semibalanus balanoides (L.) barnacles. Both antisera produced strong reactions against their homologous antigens but no cross reactions between prey species. Experimental trials tested the critical hypothesis that prey species had equal detection intervals in dogwhelk guts. Two groups of 225 dogwhelks were starved for 14 days, provided with either mussels or barnacles for five days, and then sampled over 22 days. Independent immunoassays of dogwhelk gut contents against each antibody revealed a consistent, weak cross reaction between the anti-mussel antibody and dogwhelk gut tissues. After accounting for this cross reaction, the strength of immunoassays against both prey species declined exponentially and at similar rates. The proportions of dogwhelks that tested positive for their provided prey species declined linearly through time and were not significantly influenced by prey type. Prey were detectable throughout the sampled post-feeding period and were projected to have detection limits of 24.4 days (barnacles) and 26.5 days (mussels), demonstrating that immunoassay results are not biased by dissimilar prey detection intervals. Reactions against the antibody from the non-provided prey were time invariant and occurred at relatively low frequencies. Immunoassays of dogwhelks collected from five intertidal sites on Swans Island, Maine, USA revealed patterns similar to field observations, though immunoassays classified far fewer individuals as non-feeders and more as barnacle feeders than indicated by direct field observations. Unlike single observations, immunoassays also revealed the presence of both prey in dogwhelks from four sites, though most individuals tested positive for only a single prey type. Immunoassays facilitate concurrent collections of predation data from many individuals and will enable further local- to regional-scale assessments of dogwhelk predation at additional sites around the Gulf of Maine.
The Metabolism of I-Diethylcarbamyl-4-Methylpiperazine in the Rat and the Sheep

(1971). The Metabolism of I-Diethylcarbamyl-4-Methylpiperazine in the Rat and the Sheep. Xenobiotica: Vol. 1, No. 4-5, pp. 321-322.
Relationship of the Wechsler pre-school and primary scale of intelligence and the Stanford-Binet (L-M) in lower class children

Abstract Using 72 lower class children, concurrent validity of the WPPSI was studied employing Form L-M of the Stanford-Binet as the criterion. Correlations between SB and WPPSI were moderately high (.86 for FS, .81 for VS, .73 for PS), but the WPPSI appeared a somewhat more difficult test for the sample employed. Mean SB IQ (94.61) was higher than the mean FS (90.71), VS (89.38) and PS (93.68) IQs; it exceeded WPPSI IQ in 72% of all cases. On the WPPSI, PS IQ was significantly greater than either VS or FS IQs. Amont the WPPSI subtests, Vocabulary was significantly lower than all other subtests and Comprehension lower than Picture Completion, Mazes, and Block Design. The only significant sexual difference favored females on Similarities. For subjects whose FS IQ was below the group median IQ, relationships among each of the WPPSI scales and subtests were lower than for those subjects who scored above the median. This was particularly true for the Vocabulary, Animal House, and Picture Completion subtests.
Thermally stable SiO 2 /AlN/SiO 2 Lamb wave resonators utilizing the lowest-order symmetric mode at high temperatures

Thermal compensation at high temperatures for Lamb wave resonators utilizing the lowest symmetric (S0) mode in a SiO2/AlN/SiO2 sandwiched structure is theoretically investigated in this work. When temperature raises from room temperature to 600°C, the deformation and displacement caused by the thermal expansion mismatch in the SiO2/AlN/SiO2 symmetric composite plate is much less than a conventional temperature compensation plate, i.e. the AlN/SiO2 composite plate. Acoustic characteristics of the SiO2/AlN/SiO2 symmetric membrane with three main electrode configurations are investigated, exhibiting higher phase velocity and larger electromechanical coupling coefficient than the common AlN/SiO2 layered structure since the symmetric sandwiched plate traps more acoustic waves in the AlN layer. In addition, with proper thicknesses of the AlN and SiO2 layers, the S0 mode can simultaneously achieve a turnover temperature at high temperatures and a large intrinsic k2 in the SiO2/AlN/SiO2 sandwiched structure.
The Effect of Water/Residual Oil Emulsions on Air Pollutant Emissions and Efficiency of Commercial Boilers

Two commercially available water-in-oil emulsifiers were tested to determine the effect of water/residual oil emulsions on air pollutant emissions and thermal efficiency of a packaged boiler. Of the two emulsifiers, one (Cottell reactor) utilized low pressure mechanical and ultrasonic energy and the other (total emulsifier) utilized high pressure mechanical energy. Each emulsifier was tested at a constant oil flow rate with varying amounts of water over a range of stoichiometric ratios. Water/residual oil emulsions from both emulsifiers significantly reduced particulate mass. With the Cottrell reactor smoke emissions were significantly reduced, whereas with the total emulsifier smoke emissions increased and peaked with a 20 percent water emulsion, then decreased as water was increased to 30 percent. Neither emulsifier had any significant effect on emissions of NO, SO/sub 2/, or HC when firing water/residual oil emulsions. Both emulsifiers were capable of improving efficiency by approximately 2 percent under certain conditions.
Differential effects of arsenite and arsenate to Drosophila melanogaster in a combined adult/developmental toxicity assay.

Current concern of the environmental consequences of chemical wastes in soils has led to the development of microbial, plant, and, to a lesser extent, animal bioassays for terrestrial ecosystems. This paper evaluated a Drosophila assay that yields data both on acute toxicity to adults and on developmental toxicity to offspring and which is applicable for screening extracts from soils contaminated with chemical wastes. Acute toxicity assays with Drosophila have been used to evaluate the relative potencies of chemicals. The acute toxicity to adults and the developmental exposure bioassays were designed to be performed as separate tests. This paper combined these two tests into a single bioassay, using arsenic compounds as the test agents. Arsenite and arsenate were selected to evaluate the sensitivity of this combined assay in distinguishing between the toxicities of closely related chemicals.
Infrared studies of classical novae and their contributions to the ISM

Abstract We review the use of infrared (IR) observations to quantify the physical parameters of classical nova outbursts and to assess their contributions to the Inter-Stellar Medium (ISM). Metal abundances in the ejecta can be deduced from dust emission features and “coronal” emission. The observations described here can provide basic information about the thermo-nuclear runaway (TNR) that causes the nova explosion, the chemical composition of the white dwarf (WD) upon which the TNR occurs, and the nature of the WD’s progenitor star. We conclude that some recent bright novae ejected shells that were extremely overabundant in CNO, Ne, Mg, Al, and Si. The properties of dust produced by novae are reviewed and compared to those of the small grains released from comet nuclei.
Social engagement and cross-cultural adaptation: An examination of direct- and mediated interpersonal communication activities of educated non-natives in the United States

Abstract This study explores whether or not technology-mediated interpersonal communication activities with co-ethnics weakens the vital role that direct social engagements with members of the host society play in the cross-cultural adaptation process. Grounded in Kim's integrative theory of cross-cultural adaptation, this study addresses this question through a detailed examination of the extent to which non-natives participate in face-to-face and mediated “host interpersonal communication” and “ethnic interpersonal communication” through dyadic relationships and organizational affiliations. The analysis utilizes portions of the quantitative and qualitative data obtained from in-depth interviews with 51 relatively well-educated foreign-born residents in the United States. The results indicate that: (1) technology-mediated forms of communication such as email and the Internet serve as the primary means for maintaining contacts with family and friends who remain in the country of origin; (2) non-natives are engaged predominantly in activities of host interpersonal communication rather than ethnic interpersonal communication; and (3) non-natives’ involvements in direct host interpersonal communication, but not their ethnic interpersonal communication, are significantly correlated with their functional and psychological well-being. These and related findings suggest the continuing primacy of non-natives’ direct social engagement with members of the host society in the cross-cultural adaptation process.
Intrasite Spatial Analysis of Bone: Subtracting the Effect of Secondary Carnivore Consumers

Animal bones discarded by people are commonly subject to disturbance by carnivores. These carnivores are present throughout the world and include wolves, coyotes, hyenas, and many others. This disturbance not only modifies and destroys bone, but also moves many of the bone fragments away from their original position of discard. Intrasite spatial analyses of bone that seek patterns meaningful to human behavior thus need to subtract the effect of carnivore disturbance. Experimental studies with spotted hyenas show that the position of a bone fragment on a limb bone, combined with bone surface modification, can be used to identify a class of bone fragments that are minimally affected by carnivores and are thus the best indicators of spatial patterning resulting from human behavior. Limb-bone ends are moved significant distances, as are shaft fragments as a general class. However, middle-shaft portions of limb bones that preserve percussion marks from hammerstone breakage retain nearly the precise spatial position as originally discarded by hominids. Thus, any spatial analysis of bone, when carnivores are implicated as contributors or consumers at an archaeological site, should focus on middle-shaft portions of limb bones with percussion marks.
On resonance Hamiltonian systems without the Palais–Smale condition

Abstract In this paper, we study periodic solutions of resonance Hamiltonian systems. By combining Conley index theory and Galerkin approximation method, we prove the existence of periodic solutions of Hamiltonain systems where both the Palais–Smale condition and the strong resonance method fail.
Delay-optimal Power Control Policies

The delay till success (DTS) is the mean number of transmissions needed, averaged over the fading, until a single packet is successfully received (decoded) over a wireless link. This paper shows that under a mean and a peak power constraint, random power control can significantly reduce the DTS. We derive the optimal power control policies that minimize the DTS at one link of given length. For most commonly used fading distributions, these optimal power control policies are random on-off policies, whose parameters depend on the fading statistics and the link distance. We present two applications of this result in the context of noise-limited wireless networks: minimizing the local delay (mean delay for successful nearest-neighbor communication) and minimizing the local anycast delay (mean delay for a transmission to any node).
Adaptation of a Genotype 3 Hepatitis E Virus to Efficient Growth in Cell Culture Depends on an Inserted Human Gene Segment Acquired by Recombination

An infectious cDNA clone of a genotype 3 strain of hepatitis E virus adapted to growth in HepG2/C3A human hepatoma cells was constructed. This virus was unusual in that the hypervariable region of the adapted virus contained a 171-nucleotide insertion that encoded 58 amino acids of human S17 ribosomal protein. Analyses of virus from six serial passages indicated that genomes with this insert, although initially rare, were selected during the first passage, suggesting it conferred a significant growth advantage. RNA transcripts from this cDNA and the viruses encoded by them were infectious for cells of both human and swine origin, the major host species for this zoonotic virus. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the S17 insert was a major factor in cell culture adaptation. Introduction of 54 synonymous mutations into the insert had no detectable effect, thus implicating protein, rather than RNA, as the important component. Truncation of the insert by 50% decreased the levels of successful transfection by ~3-fold. Substitution of the S17 sequence by a different ribosomal protein sequence or by GTPase-activating protein sequence resulted in a partial enhancement of transfection levels, whereas substitution with 58 amino acids of green fluorescent protein had no effect. Therefore, both the sequence length and the amino acid composition of the insert were important. The S17 sequence did not affect transfection of human hepatoma cells when inserted into the hypervariable region of a genotype 1 strain, but this chimeric genome acquired a dramatic ability to replicate in hamster cells.
A Novel Method for the Templated Synthesis of Homogeneous Samples of Hollow Carbon Nanospheres from Cellulose Chars

A novel method for the production of homogeneous samples of hollow carbon nanospheres is reported from cellulose, an inexpensive and renewable precursor. The nanospheres are of diameter 50 nm, graphitic wall thickness 5−10 nm, and can easily be produced in several hundred milligram batches. The nanospheres are derived from the laser pyrolysis of a nickel chloride templated cellulose char via open Ni-core shells.
An algebraic method for steady-state responses of linear state equations with periodic input

An algebraic method is presented to evaluate periodic conditions for the steady-state responses of state equations with a continuous or piecewise-continuous periodic input. As a result, the analytical and experimental steady-state responses to periodic excitation may be directly obtained.
Service learning in science education: a valuable and useful endeavor for biology majors

All college students can benefit from becoming more engaged in their local community. This is especially true for biology majors who can play an active role in enhancing science education opportunities for students in the local K-12 school system. One such service-learning (SL) opportunity is presented where Nova Southeastern University college students work together with local schools by engaging young students in the excitement of hands-on science learning. This type of SL activity is beneficial to all those involved. College students gain valuable public speaking experience while learning how to explain potentially complex scientific concepts in a fun and engaging way. School students gain a varied learning experience and access to role models attending college. Elementary school teachers get some much appreciated support in bringing hands-on science opportunities to their students. College faculty are able to play a positive role providing a community need in their own children's school or a local neighborhood school.
Cosmic Sparks from Superconducting Strings

We investigate cosmic sparks from cusps on superconducting cosmic strings in light of the recently discovered millisecond radio burst by Lorimer et al.. We find that the observed duration, fluence, spectrum, and event rate can be reasonably explained by grand unification scale superconducting cosmic strings that carry currents approximately 10{5} GeV. The superconducting string model predicts an event rate that falls off only as S{-1/2}, where S is the energy flux, and hence predicts a population of very bright bursts. Other surveys, with different observational parameters, are shown to impose tight constraints on the superconducting string model.
Preclinical episodes of orofacial pain symptoms and their association with health care behaviors in the OPPERA prospective cohort study

The course of preclinical pain symptoms sheds light on the etiology and prognosis of chronic pain. We aimed to quantify rates of developing initial and recurrent symptoms of painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and to evaluate associations with health behaviors. In the OPPERA prospective cohort study, 2,719 individuals aged 18 to 44years with lifetime absence of TMD when enrolled completed 25,103 quarterly (3-monthly) questionnaires during a median 2.3-year follow-up period. Questionnaires documented TMD symptom episodes, headache, other body pain, health care attendance, and analgesic use, and. Kaplan-Meier methods for clustered data estimated symptom-free survival time. Multivariable models assessed demographic variation in TMD symptom rates and evaluated associations with health care and analgesic use. One-third of the study subjects developed TMD symptoms and for a quarter of symptomatic episodes, pain intensity was severe. Initial TMD symptoms developed at an annual rate of 18.8 episodes per 100 persons. The annual rate more than doubled for first-recurrence and doubled again for second or subsequent recurrence such that, 1year after first recurrence, 71% of study subjects experienced a second recurrence. The overall rate increased with age and was greater in African Americans and lower in Asians relative to those of white race/ethnicity. The probability of TMD symptoms was strongly associated with concurrent episodes of headache and body pain and with past episodes of TMD symptoms. Episodes of TMD symptoms, headache, and body pain were associated with increases of ∼10% in probability of analgesic use and health care attendance. Yet, even when TMD, headache, and body pain occurred concurrently, 27% of study subjects neither attended health care nor used analgesics.
Buoyancy corrections for the potential of an impurity in a 4He nanodroplet

This paper presents correction terms for the effective potential for the translation and rotation of an impurity atom or molecule solvated in a helium nanodroplet that were previously published (Lehmann, K. K., 1999, Molec. Phys., 97, 645). The correction arises from changes in the total He-He potential energy of the displaced liquid as a function of the solute position within the droplet. For the alkali atoms, this buoyancy type correction removes the large barrier to ejection of the atom from the droplets, which is predicted if this term is neglected.
Exploring relationships among teacher change and uses of contexts

The three middle level mathematics teachers in this set of case studies were engaged in a longitudinal professional development program that sought to impact teaching practices through increasing participants’ mathematical knowledge for teaching. This study investigates how teachers use the contexts in which their teaching practices are situated. Data collected include multiple classroom observations, videotapes, and interviews. The roles of contextual elements in the three teachers’ teaching practices vary greatly, influenced by teachers’ knowledge and beliefs. The realities of contexts were less important than how teachers chose to use those contexts. These cases specifically illuminate the complexities in teachers’ uses of school structure, professional development, curriculum, testing policies, principal expectations, community expectations, and extra-curricular activities. For the three teachers in this study, the roles of contextual elements in their teaching practices varied greatly; such roles are influenced by teachers’ knowledge and beliefs. While much of this analysis is specific to mathematics, some teaching practices transcend mathematics and thus be interesting to a wide audience.
Biochemistry of the oxidation of lignin by Phangerochate chrysosporium

The objective of this research was to identify the biochemical agents responsible for the oxidative degradation of lignin by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. We examined the hypothesis that activated oxygen species are involved, and we also sought the agent in ligninolytic cultures responsible for a specific oxidative degradative reaction in substructure model compounds. Results of studies of the production of activated oxygen species by cultures, of the effect of their removal on ligninolytic activity, and of their action on substructure model compounds support a role for hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and possibly superoxide (O(2)(*)(-)) in lignin degradation. Involvement of hydroxyl radical (*OH) or singlet oxygen (1O(2)) is not supported by our data. The actual biochemical agent responsible for one important oxidative C-C bond cleavage reaction in non-phenolic lignin substructure model compounds, and in lignin itself, was found to be an enzyme. The enzyme is extracellular, has a molecular weight of 42,000 daltons, is azide-sensitive, and requires H(2)O(2) for activity.
Female directors and IPO underpricing in the US

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore how initial public offering (IPO) investors view female presence on boards of directors in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – This study utilizes hierarchical regression and analyzes data collected from firms undertaking their IPO’s in the USA during 1997 and 2007. Findings – The findings of this study suggest that US IPO investors react negatively to female presence on the board of directors. However, this negative effect has weakened post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Research limitations/implications – The results of this study may not generalize to other settings. Practical implications – Gender bias against females in the boardroom exists but appears to be weaker post-Sarbanes-Oxley. Social implications – One hurdle to greater female representation in entrepreneurial ventures in the USA may be weakening as a result of greater awareness of female director contributions to board functioning. Originality/value – First, the study represents one of the few attem...
Update to Konigsberg and Ousley's “Multivariate Quantitative Genetics of Anthropometric Traits from the Boas Data” (1995)

Our 1995 paper was entirely based on anthropometric data from American Indians that had been collected under Franz Boas's direction for the 1893 World Colum- bian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. The original data sheets had been rediscov- ered by Richard Jantz and had been carefully entered into a computer database, which served as the basis for a number of projects. Our 1995 publication was but one such project. Given the 102- year lapse between the Columbian Exposition and our 1995 paper, we might not expect that the passage of 15 more years would have brought much change to the interpretations of our basic results. We would be correct in this particular expectation but wildly incorrect in the supposition that the particular question we were examining has lain dormant. In the 1995 paper we asked, What is the relationship between phenotypic and additive genetic variance- covariance matrices? Our results supported an argument that the matrices were proportional, such that P -1 G was a diagonal matrix with a single common trait heritability on the diagonal. This finding has implications for biological distance analysis, because the proportionality then also extends to Mahalanobis distances. Specifically, the genetic Mahalanobis distance matrix is then equal to the pheno- typic distance matrix divided by the common trait heritability. The proportional- ity also applies to F ST such that the phenotypically measured F ST divided by the heritability is equal to the true F ST . And finally, when P and G are proportional, multivariate phenotypic and genetic allometry coefficients are equal. Our examination of proportionality between the P and G matrices was largely based on Cheverud's (1988) paper in which he suggested that "the genetic- variance/covariance matrix may be roughly estimated by 0.35P" (Cheverud 1988: 965). Cheverud based this argument on an analysis of phenotypic and genetic correlations among traits within 41 animal data sets. It is interesting to note that in the same year that our publication appeared, Roff (1995) published an article demonstrating close correspondence between genetic and phenotypic correlations in the sand cricket. The following year Roff (1996) published a broader study that showed comparability of genetic and phenotypic correlations across 51 plant and 1
A linear algorithm for analysis of minimum spanning and shortest-path trees of planar graphs

We give a linear time and space algorithm for analyzing trees in planar graphs. The algorithm can be used to analyze the sensitivity of a minimum spanning tree to changes in edge costs, to find its replacement edges, and to verify its minimality. It can also be used to analyze the sensitivity of a single-source shortest-path tree to changes in edge costs, and to analyze the sensitivity of a minimum-cost network flow. The algorithm is simple and practical. It uses the properties of a planar embedding, combined with a heap-ordered queue data structure.
α3Na+/K+-ATPase Is a Neuronal Receptor for Agrin

Agrin, through its interaction with the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK, mediates accumulation of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the developing neuromuscular junction. Agrin has also been implicated in several functions in brain. However, the mechanism by which agrin exerts its effects in neural tissue is unknown. Here we present biochemical evidence that agrin binds to the alpha3 subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) in CNS neurons. Colocalization with agrin binding sites at synapses supports the hypothesis that the alpha3NKA is a neuronal agrin receptor. Agrin inhibition of alpha3NKA activity results in membrane depolarization and increased action potential frequency in cortical neurons in culture and acute slice. An agrin fragment that acts as a competitive antagonist depresses action potential frequency, showing that endogenous agrin regulates native alpha3NKA function. These data demonstrate that, through its interaction with the alpha3NKA, agrin regulates activity-dependent processes in neurons, providing a molecular framework for agrin action in the CNS.
Partially ordered epochs for thread-level speculation

Thread-Level Speculation TLS) can be used to exploit parallelism in programs where static analysis fails. When a dependence violation is dynamically detected, the violating thread is rolled-back and restarted. However, we believe that for many applications, the restrictions imposed by referencing the sequential execution model to interpret dependence ordering will unnecessarily throttle parallelism. In this paper, we consider the possibility that the application requires that threads merely be partially ordered. We analyze the sufficient conditions for TLS to produce semantically correct results with this relaxed constraint. We apply our methodology, which we call Partially-Ordered Thread-level Speculation POTS), to priority-based scheduling and graph search algorithms and demonstrate that such a methodology still yields semantically correct execution while yielding substantially more parallelism than TLS
Control of a locus that is required for growth ofAnabaena PCC7120 at low temperature

Mutant TLT2, obtained by insertion of alux-bearing transposon inAnabaena sp. strain PCC7120, increases in luminescent intensity when transferred from 30° to 20°C. The addition of different types of antibiotics to the culture medium showed that some of those known to have the ribosome as target led to an increase of luminescence of TLT2 at 30°C, in accord with the idea that ribosomes may be sensors of cold shock. Furthermore, rifampicin, which destabilized luminescence at 20°C, decreased the rate of loss of luminescence upon transfer of TLT2 from 20° to 30°C; this suggests that luminescence of TLT2 is transcriptionally controlled by a repressor at 30°C.
Perturbations in O-linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Protein Modification Cause Severe Defects in Mitotic Progression and Cytokinesis *

The dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a regulatory post-translational modification that is rapidly responsive to morphogens, hormones, nutrients, and cellular stress. Here we show that O-GlcNAc is an important regulator of the cell cycle. Increased O-GlcNAc (pharmacologically or genetically) results in growth defects linked to delays in G2/M progression, altered mitotic phosphorylation, and cyclin expression. Overexpression of O-GlcNAcase, the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc, induces a mitotic exit phenotype accompanied by a delay in mitotic phosphorylation, altered cyclin expression, and pronounced disruption in nuclear organization. Overexpression of the O-GlcNAc transferase, the enzyme that adds O-GlcNAc, results in a polyploid phenotype with faulty cytokinesis. Notably, O-GlcNAc transferase is concentrated at the mitotic spindle and midbody at M phase. These data suggest that dynamic O-GlcNAc processing is a pivotal regulatory component of the cell cycle, controlling cell cycle progression by regulating mitotic phosphorylation, cyclin expression, and cell division.
Characterization of flow oblique to a circular cylinder with low aspect ratio using 3-D detached eddy simulation

Abstract Large-amplitude vibrations of stay cables in cable-stayed bridges can threaten the safety and serviceability of the structures. Understanding of the excitation mechanism is necessary to mitigate such vibrations effectively and efficiently. Experimental research has investigated the mechanism of oscillation using flow oblique to a cylinder; however, since the aspect ratio of the cylinder is much lower than that of a real stay cable in bridges, the results might not reliably describe the real phenomenon. The aim of this study is (1) to provide better understanding of aspect ratio effects of a circular cylinder on aerodynamic characteristics of the cylinder oblique to flow associated with the large-amplitude cable vibrations and (2) to provide the experimentalists suggestions of a requisite aspect ratio and appropriate pressure-measuring positions of a cylinder for fully developed flow around the cylinder. To this end, the current work applied three-dimensional detached eddy simulations (DES) to flow around a yawed and inclined cylinder to investigate the importance of the aspect ratio of the cylinder when flow oblique to the cylinder develops fully along its spanwise axis. The Reynolds number is 1.4 × 105 based on the incoming flow velocity and the diameter of the cylinder. Three aspect ratios (L/D=10, 20, and 30; L: a cylinder length; D: a cylinder diameter) and two numerical conditions (slip and periodic) on spanwise boundaries were employed. Results showed that three-dimensional flow and the associated forces on a yawed and inclined cylinder are significantly influenced by the spanwise aspect ratios and spanwise boundary conditions. This study suggests that when a wind tunnel experiment investigates flow oblique to a very slender cylinder, such as attempting to model a stay cable, experimentalists should use a sufficiently high spanwise aspect ratio of the cylinder. For the case of the 30° yaw and 45° inclined cylinder, the requisite ratio would be approximately 60 or higher and appropriate pressure-measuring positions of a half to two-thirds of the cylinder length from its upper/upstream end in order to accurately model inherently three-dimensional characteristics of the flow.
Unsolicited commercial e‐mail, the internet and the first amendment: Another free speech showdown in cyberspace?

This study examines and analyzes efforts to deal with unsolicited commercial e‐mail or “spam.” Using the Central Hudson test for commercial speech as a benchmark, various legislative proposals to address the spam problem are categorized and evaluated. With legal and technical solutions at hand, the author argues that source‐based, content restrictions on unsolicited commercial e‐mail are potentially unconstitutional. The impact of lawsuits against spammers and the prospects for industry self‐regulation are also discussed.
Subchronic feeding study of herbicide-tolerant soybean DP-356Ø43-5 in Sprague-Dawley rats

Optimum GAT1 soybean is a genetically modified (GM) soybean containing event DP-356O43-5 (356043) that was produced by integration of the coding sequences of the GAT4601 and GM-HRA proteins. In planta expression of these proteins confers tolerance to glyphosate and sulfonylurea/imidazolinone herbicides, respectively. This paper reports the results from a subchronic rat feeding study conducted with 356043 soybeans. Dehulled/defatted toasted meal and toasted ground hulls were prepared from soybeans from untreated plants (356043), herbicide-treated plants (356043+Gly/SU), non-transgenic isoline control (091), and three commercial non-transgenic reference varieties (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40). Individual diets conforming to standard certified rodent chow formulation (Purina Rodent LabDiet) 5002) were prepared with 20% meal (w/w) and 1.5% hulls (w/w). Diets were fed to young adult Sprague-Dawley rats (12/sex/group) for at least 93 days. Compared with rats fed the isoline control or conventional reference diets, no biologically-relevant, adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing 356043 or 356043+Gly/SU soybean with respect to body weight/gain, food consumption/efficiency, clinical signs, mortality, ophthalmology, neurobehavioral assessments (sensory response, grip strength, motor activity), clinical pathology (hematology, coagulation, serum chemistry, urinalysis), organ weights, and gross and microscopic pathology. The results from this study indicate that 356043 soybeans are as safe and nutritious as conventional non-GM soybeans.
Post-Newtonian gravitational radiation and equations of motion via direct integration of the relaxed Einstein equations. III. Radiation reaction for binary systems with spinning bodies

Using post-Newtonian equations of motion for fluid bodies that include radiation-reaction terms at 2.5 and 3.5 post-Newtonian (PN) order ($O[(v/c{)}^{5}]$ and $O[(v/c{)}^{7}]$ beyond Newtonian order), we derive the equations of motion for binary systems with spinning bodies. In particular we determine the effects of radiation reaction coupled to spin-orbit effects on the two-body equations of motion, and on the evolution of the spins. For a suitable definition of spin, we reproduce the standard equations of motion and spin-precession at the first post-Newtonian order. At 3.5 PN order, we determine the spin-orbit induced reaction effects on the orbital motion, but we find that radiation damping has no effect on either the magnitude or the direction of the spins. Using the equations of motion, we find that the loss of total energy and total angular momentum induced by spin-orbit effects precisely balances the radiative flux of those quantities calculated by Kidder et al. The equations of motion may be useful for evolving inspiraling orbits of compact spinning binaries.
Receptor antagonists for gastrointestinal peptides

Receptors for gastrointestinal peptides are all G protein-coupled receptors. Since the discovery that dibutyryl guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate was a cholecystokinin-receptor antagonist, a variety of receptor antagonists have been developed for a number of different gastrointestinal peptides. These antagonists have been useful in classifying receptors for gastrointestinal peptides and in elucidating complex regulation of gastrointestinal function. Some antagonists also have therapeutic potential. Based on the receptors with which they interact, gastrointestinal peptides can be grouped into families, and, in general, a given receptor antagonist is specific for a given family. This review covers the different families of gastrointestinal peptides and the major antagonists that exist for each family.
Exploiting robot simulation techniques to succeed in entertainment industry

Robots have been used in automotive industry since some decades. Both car manufacturers and their suppliers exploit industrial robots to accomplish high level manufacturing with key focus on quality and factory output. In the last decade robots have become also interesting for small and medium sized companies which has been a continuously growing market. In contrast to standard robot applications we present here two examples, where industrial robots were successfully taken out of their well known environment of production and manufacturing processes. KUKA's RoboCoaster/spl trade/ is composed primarily from a high pay-load robot with a two-seater mounted to the robot's hand. Due to the free programmable 6 degrees-of-freedom one can imagine a huge variety of possible motion sequences for a s RoboCoaster/spl trade/ ride. The second example describes the installation and usage of KUKA robots in the new "Die Another Day/spl copy/" James Bond/spl copy/ movie. For both applications we discuss the role of simulation techniques to assist in the successful product development and placement to succeed in this very challenging robotic applications.
Novel Gastro-Renal Axis and Sodium Regulation During Hypertension

See related article, pp 927–933 Hypertension is one of the most prevalent multifactorial cardiovascular disorders caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Overwhelming evidence shows that abnormal sodium regulation because of either hereditary factors or overconsumption of salt may lead to salt-sensitive hypertension.1,2 Sodium regulation is complex mainly because of its dependence on neuronal, hormonal, and local factors.1,2 Hormonal regulation involves a complex array of both natriuretic and antinatriuretic hormones affecting renal sodium reabsorption.1,2 During normal sodium intake, antinatriuretic hormones predominate whereby renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system maintains positive sodium balance by increasing renal sodium absorption mainly because of the activation of tubular sodium transporters.1,2 However, under sodium replete conditions, natriuretic factors, such as dopamine, nitric oxide, and arterial natriuretic peptide, inhibit renal tubular sodium transporters, leading to increased sodium excretion.1,2 The kidney, especially the renal proximal tubule, which is responsible for ≈60% of total renal sodium reabsorption, is critical in the regulation of sodium balance.1,2 Reports from our laboratory and others have shown that dopamine produced by the kidney is critically involved in the excretion of an Na+ load.3,4 Dopamine, via D1-like (composed of D1 receptor [D1R] and D5 receptor subtypes) and D2-like receptors (composed of D2 receptor, D3 receptor, and D4 receptor subtypes), increases sodium excretion secondary to a decrease in the activity …
THE EFFECT OF OWN-FIRM AND OTHER-FIRM EXPERIENCE ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT SURVIVAL IN THE UNITED STATES, 1987-92

We argue that foreign firms operating in a host country generate information spillovers that have potential value for later foreign direct investment. We test two predictions. First, we expect foreign direct investments by firms with experience in a host country to be more likely to survive than investments made by first-time entrants. Second, foreign direct investments will be more likely to survive the greater the foreign presence in the target industry at the time of investment, subject to two contingencies. The first contingency is that the relationship will be weak or nonexistent among firms with no experience in the host country, because these firms have difficulty evaluating and taking advantage of the information spillovers. The second contingency is that the presence of other foreign firms will not affect investment survival among firms that already have a presence in the target industry and undertake expansion. These firms already possess general information about the target industries and are unlikely to gain additional benefit from information spillovers. We find supportive evidence based on the survival to 1992 among 354 U.S. investments undertaken by foreign firms in manufacturing industries during 1987. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Strat. Management J. Vol. 18: 811‐824, 1997 No of Figures: 1. No of Tables: 3. No of References: 35.
THE EFFECT OF CONVECTION ON DENDRITIC GROWTH UNDER MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) is an orbital space flight experiment, launched by NASA, in March, 1994, as part of the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-2). The IDGE provided accurately measured dendritic growth rates, tip radii of curvature, and morphological observations of ultra-pure succinontrile obtained at supercoolings in the range 0.05-2.0 K. Data were received in the form of pairs of digitized binary images telemetered to the ground from orbit in near-real-time, and as 35mm photographic film received 3 months after the flight. The IDGE flight data has now been analyzed, permitting a comprehensive comparison between dendritic growth under terrestrial and microgravity conditions. The measured growth kinetics, in the form of velocity versus supercooling, is markedly different from those observed in terrestrial experiments. Above 0.4 K supercooling in microgravity, the process of dendritic growth is diffusion controlled, i.e., thermal conduction is the rate limiting process....
Dietary Sweeteners Containing Fructose: Overview of a Workshop on the State of the Science

The occurrence and impact of fructose in the American food supply has garnered much recent attention in the popular press as well as the scientific community. This paper provides an overview of a workshop cosponsored by the International Life Sciences Institute North America and the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, titled "State of the Science on Dietary Sweeteners Containing Fructose." Papers in the workshop addressed the chemical composition and properties of dietary sweeteners that contain fructose, the sources and amount of fructose in the American diet, and the metabolism of fructose in the human body. Further, the authors of each paper assessed the strength of the existing data linking dietary fructose intake and risk for overweight, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and other disorders. The assessment considered factors in study design, including the amount fed, the food form, the length of the study, the characteristics of the subjects, the specific methodology, and other potential confounders including diet. In addition to papers assessing the basic science of fructose, some papers also addressed consumer concern about sugars and fructose in the diet, the way fructose and other sugars are presented in the media, and the resulting confusion of consumers about fructose and other sugars in the diet. The purpose of the papers in the aggregate was to clarify what data exist about fructose and what the gaps are in the data and to help both scientists and consumers understand issues surrounding fructose in the food supply.
A temperature forecasting model for the continental United States

Two major entities that play a major role in understanding Global Warming is temperature and Carbon Dioxide. The purpose of the present study is to utilize historical temperature in the Continental United States from 1895 to 2007 to develop a forecasting process to estimate future average monthly temperatures. In addition, we shall study through our modeling if there is a difference in the two methods that are being used to collect and massage the temperatures in the Continental United States.
Synthesis of biofilm resistance characteristics against antibiotics

A phenomenological model for the biofilm resistance against biocide activity is analyzed in this work. The effect of different biofilm physical attributes when exposed to antibiotic treatment is investigated. Pertinent aspects affecting the biofilm resistance characteristics such as transport of the bulk fluid within the reactor, diffusive-reactive transport of the dissolved phase into the biofilm, convective-reactive transport of particulate phase, dynamic biofilm thickness, cell detachment, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production and persister cell formation are analyzed and incorporated in the presented model. Microbial survival fraction is correlated in terms of pertinent non-dimensional groups from biofilm and bulk fluid governing equations and the effect of persister cell formation on the biofilm response to biocide disinfection is demonstrated. To the authors’ best knowledge, the current model is the first comprehensive model that considers several physical attributes simultaneously and presents a set of correlations to predict the microbial survival of a biofilm subject to the biocide treatment.
Nuclei of Planetary Nebulae

In 1969 Aller and I collected information about the spectra of emission-line nuclei of planetary nebulae. (See also Aller, 1967, for classification of both emission and absorption spectra.) We classified them and compared them to the spectra of Population I stars. Our idea was to follow this general classification by detailed observation and comparison of stars in each of the classes. Most of the detailed studies are not complete, but already the picture has changed from the way Aller and I saw it.
Refinement and Testing of a Brook Trout Bioenergetics Model

Abstract The brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis is an important species across North America, being the focus of restoration and conservation efforts in the eastern United States and considered a threat to native salmonids in the western part of the country. Bioenergetics models have emerged as useful tools for studying the ecology and management of fish species, but these models should be critically evaluated prior to widespread application. We conducted laboratory experiments to refine model parameters (metabolism and the activity multiplier) and to test a model for brook trout. Brook trout metabolic rates increased with temperature up to 20°C, then declined sharply. Specific metabolism declined with increasing fish size. Validation experiments conducted for 7, 21, and 31 d at 12-16°C showed that the model predicted consumption within 1.6 ± 3.6%, growth within 2.3 ± 12.5%, and final weight within 1.7 ± 5.1% of measured values. The results of this study will allow biologists to better use bioenergetics mo...
Dichlorobis(tri‐o‐tolylphosphine)palladium(II)

[40691-33-6] C42H42Cl2P2Pd (MW 786.07) InChI = 1S/2C21H21P.2ClH.Pd/c2*1-16-10-4-7-13-19(16)22(20-14-8-5-11-17(20)2)21-15-9-6-12-18(21)3;;;/h2*4-15H,1-3H3;2*1H;/q;;;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = OTYPIDNRISCWQY-UHFFFAOYSA-L (catalyzes arylation of organozinc reagents;1 catalyzes carbon–carbon bond formation via stannyl enolates;2 catalyzes aromatic cyanomethylation and amination3) Physical Data: mp 285–295 °C (yellow crystals from toluene).4 Preparative Method: prepared by stirring PdCl2 and P(o-Tol)3 in methanol at rt for 2 h.4, 5