cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The likelihood of becoming a pedestrian fatality and drivers’ knowledge of pedestrian rights and responsibilities in the Commonwealth of Virginia

Abstract Pedestrian–vehicle crashes represent a small percentage of all Virginia crashes (less than 2% over the past 10 years). However, approximately 10% of crash fatalities are pedestrians. We analyzed pedestrian crash trends from 1990–1999 and investigated variables believed to predict these crashes, such as location (urban versus rural setting), sex, age, pedestrian drinking, driver drinking, driver violation, and time of day. A logistic regression analysis, controlling for year, found all of these variables significantly predicted the odds of dying versus being injured in a pedestrian crash. The typical fatality victim was an older male who had been drinking and was walking in a rural area between 12:00 and 5:59 a.m. A driver who had been drinking but would not be cited for a violation more likely struck this pedestrian. Crash data do not tell us about the knowledge drivers and pedestrians have regarding pedestrian laws, and how such knowledge suggested typical self-reported behaviors. Thus, we conducted a telephone survey of licensed Virginia drivers to assess such self-reported knowledge and behaviors. Most respondents reported knowing and following state laws regarding driver yielding and walking across streets. However, we found one area of particular concern. Respondents tended to believe pedestrians had the right-of-way at all times even when not crossing at crosswalks or intersections when Virginia law does not yield right-of-way to pedestrians in all cases. Virginia does not assign right-of-way in all cases to any group; rather the context determines who may proceed while others yield. Additional analyses from the crash trends and survey are reported in the text. The authors also draw parallels between their US research and that of the international community.
Hydrogen pairing and anisotropic potential for hydrogen isotopes in yttrium.

The potential for H isotopes in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-phase (hexagonal) ${\mathrm{YH}(\mathrm{D})}_{0.18}$ has been probed by neutron spectroscopy. The results reveal a highly unusual potential, which is considerably softer and anharmonic along the $c$ axis than in the basal plane, even though the near-neighbor arrangement of metal atoms is only slightly distorted from regular tetrahedral symmetry. Low-temperature results show a splitting of the $c$-axis vibrational modes, consistent with the pairing of hydrogen on either side of yttrium atoms.
The effect of monooxygenase inducing agents on the incorporation of [35S]methionine into hepatic microsomal protein of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Abstract 1. Treatment of rainbow trout ( Saimo gairdwri ) with 150 mg/kg BNF resulted in an increase in hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity as assessed by ECOD and EROD when compared to those activities in corn oil-pretreated animals. Administration of 100 mg/kg 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) to trout had no significant effect on these catalytic activities or on BeND. 2. The amount of radioactivity in hepatic microsomes at 24, 48 or 72 hr following the administration of 75 μCi of [ 35 S]methionine was consistently higher in animals pretreated with BNF than in those treated with corn oil or 6-CB. 3. Autoradiography/fluorography of electrophoretograms demonstrated the appearance of at least three radiolabeled bands in the 50,000-60,000 mol. wt range in solubilized microsomes from BNF-treated fish which were not present in microsomes from control animals or fish treated with 6-CB. 4. These data indicate that the stimulation of hepatic microsomal catalytic activities observed following the administration of 3-MC-type agents to rainbow trout is due, at least in part, to induction of enzyme(s) rather than activation of existing enzyme(s). These results further support the observation that fish appear to be non-responsive to phenobarbital-type inducing agents.
Self-Reported Anger Among Traumatized Children and Adolescents

This investigation sought to establish if anger is associated with PTSD among children and adolescents or with trauma exposure in the absence of PTSD. The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) was administered to youth with PTSD (n=24), traumatized youth without PTSD (n=58), and a non-traumatized control group (n=38). In the absence of potentially confounding major comorbid disorders, the PTSD group had significantly higher scores on the STAXI State, Trait, and Angry Temperament scales. Trauma exposure in the absence of PTSD was not associated with higher anger scores.
A Need to Belong as a Driver of Newcomer Organizational Citizenship Behavior

While much attention has been paid to the explicit benefits and, more recently, costs of Organizational Citizenship Behavior, little consideration has been given to the implicit psychological benef...
Risk of Sexual Abuse Among Adolescents with Cervical Dysplasia

Background Adolescents with cervical dysplasia are known to be at risk for other STDs; many have initiated intercourse at a young age. This study was undertaken to assess the risk of a history of sexual abuse/vaginal or rectal penetration in this population. Methods One hundred twenty-two adolescents (ages 12–21) were seen in a hospital-based adolescent dysplasia clinic for evaluation of abnonnal Pap smears and genital condylomata from September 1991 until September 1993. As part of an initial screening intake evaluation, demographic data and infonnation about past sexual experiences, STDs, contraceptive use, and general health was obtained. These adolescents clinic were asked if they had ever been sexually abused. In particular, the question was worded: “Have you ever been forced to have sex when you didn’t want to?” Results The mean age was 16.8; 70% were African American, 45% were Medicaid/25% self pay. Thirty-two percent of adolescent dysplasia patients reported a past history of forced vaginal or rectal penile penetration. This percentage does NOT include adolescents who reported fondling. The mean age of initiation of sexual intercourse was 13.9 years. Dysplasia patients reported a mean of 3.6 sexual partners, with six girls reporting 7 or more partners. A history of STDs other than genital warts/dysplasia was reported by 66% of dysplasia patients. Conclusions Adolescent females with cervical dysplasia represent a high risk population. They are at high risk for having experienced other STDs as well as past sexual abuse. Adolescents with a history of cervical dysplasia should be questioned about past experiences of sexual abuse. Conversely, patients with a history of sexual abuse should have regular Pap smears perfonned. Sexual abuse during or prior to adolescence is potentially a risk marker/factor for sexual behaviors which put an adolescent at risk for cervical dysplasia and other STDs.
Progress in the utilization of urea as a protein replacer for ruminants. A review.

I t has been known for almost a century that ruminant animals have the unique abili ty to convert nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) to protein. Becker (11) reviewed the early use of NPN compounds as protein replacers for ruminants. Weiske et al. (221) may have been the first (in 1879) to suggest using NPN compounds as protein substitutes in ruminant rations. Urea has been the most widely used NPN compound in ruminant rations. Reid (176) and Briggs (28) reviewed the literature on urea as a protein replacement for ruminants. Recent estimates are that current use of feed urea in the United States exceeds 300,000 tons annually (211), equivalent to about 20% of the high-protein meal consumption. T h e annual rate of increase in urea usage for all ruminants in the U.S. apparent ly is 25,000 to 30,000 tons. The increase results from demand for the natural supply of supplementary feed protein, the economic advantage of using urea, increased acceptance of urea by farmers, improved methods of using urea in feeds, and reduced price of urea resulting from larger urea-manufacturing plants and technological improvements. This review presents discussion of the methods that have been used to improve urea utilization by ruminants. Various aspects of urea metabolism and animal response to urea supplementation are also discussed.
Adopting Healthy and Sustainable Food Service Guidelines: Emerging Evidence From Implementation at the United States Federal Government, New York City, Los Angeles County, and Kaiser Permanente

For many Americans, what we eat daily is determined by the available foods in institutional settings such as schools, day care centers, workplaces, hospitals, correctional facilities, and senior centers. Guidelines supporting healthy and sustainable food service at institutions can assist in increasing the availability of healthy choices, thus influencing the diet of a large portion of the US population. The increase in market demand for healthier foods due to institutional guidelines can affect the food system at large, potentially leading to a general overall increase in the production and availability of healthier foods. Healthy and sustainable food service guidelines, such as the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)8 and the General Services Administration (GSA) Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations (HHS/GSA Guidelines) or the 2009 Institute of Medicine school meal nutrition recommendations, can be used for procuring, preparing, serving, and selling healthier foods and beverages with the intent of improving the quality of dietary intake and increasing the ecological benefits to the food system (1, 2).
Validation of radio-frequency dielectric heating system for destruction of Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella species in nonfat dry milk

Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella species have been associated with human illnesses from consumption of contaminated nonfat dry milk (NDM), a key ingredient in powdered infant formula and many other foods. Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella spp. can survive the spray-drying process if milk is contaminated after pasteurization, and the dried product can be contaminated from environmental sources. Compared with conventional heating, radio-frequency dielectric heating (RFDH) is a faster and more uniform process for heating low-moisture foods. The objective of this study was to design an RFDH process to achieve target destruction (log reductions) of C. sakazakii and Salmonella spp. The thermal destruction (decimal reduction time; D-value) of C. sakazakii and Salmonella spp. in NDM (high-heat, HH; and low-heat, LH) was determined at 75, 80, 85, or 90 °C using a thermal-death-time (TDT) disk method, and the z-values (the temperature increase required to obtain a decimal reduction of the D-value) were calculated. Time and temperature requirements to achieve specific destruction of the pathogens were calculated from the thermal destruction parameters, and the efficacy of the RFDH process was validated by heating NDM using RFDH to achieve the target temperatures and holding the product in a convection oven for the required period. Linear regression was used to determine the D-values and z-values. The D-values of C. sakazakii in HH- and LH-NDM were 24.86 and 23.0 min at 75 °C, 13.75 and 7.52 min at 80 °C, 8.0 and 6.03 min at 85 °C, and 5.57 and 5.37 min at 90 °C, respectively. The D-values of Salmonella spp. in HH- and LH-NDM were 23.02 and 24.94 min at 75 °C, 10.45 and 12.54 min at 80 °C, 8.63 and 8.68 min at 85 °C, and 5.82 and 4.55 min at 90 °C, respectively. The predicted and observed destruction of C. sakazakii and Salmonella spp. were in agreement, indicating that the behavior of the organisms was similar regardless of the heating system (conventional vs. RFDH). Radio-frequency dielectric heating can be used as a faster and more uniform heating method for NDM to achieve target temperatures for a postprocess lethality treatment of NDM before packaging.
ACUTE WOUND FAILURE

A general surgeon closes thousands of abdominal incisions during a typical career, and most surgeons do this quite well. It would be presumptuous to say that this article delineates the technique of wound creation and closure that all surgeons should adopt to minimize acute wound failure. The search for the optimal laparotomy technique has gone on for more than 100 years and will continue. Contained here is a review of what has been studied and what is believed to be true regarding acute wound failure; an opinion is given on which methods currently seem best to avoid and manage this problem.
Healthy and Unhealthy Emotion Regulation: Personality Processes, Individual Differences, and Life Span Development

Individuals regulate their emotions in a wide variety of ways. Are some forms of emotion regulation healthier than others? We focus on two commonly used emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal (changing the way one thinks about a potentially emotion-eliciting event) and suppression (changing the way one responds behaviorally to an emotion-eliciting event). In the first section, we review experimental findings showing that reappraisal has a healthier profile of short-term affective, cognitive, and social consequences than suppression. In the second section, we review individual-difference findings, which show that using reappraisal to regulate emotions is associated with healthier patterns of affect, social functioning, and well-being than is using suppression. In the third section, we consider issues in the development of reappraisal and suppression and provide new evidence for a normative shift toward an increasingly healthy emotion regulation profile during adulthood (i.e., increases in the use of reappraisal and decreases in the use of suppression).
Cytomegalovirus disease among donor-positive/recipient-negative lung transplant recipients in the era of valganciclovir prophylaxis.

Background Valganciclovir prophylaxis is advocated for lung transplant recipients, but its efficacy is unknown. Methods Retrospective review was done of 109 donor-positive/recipient-negative lung transplant patients who received alemtuzumab induction and valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis. Results Median duration of follow-up after transplant was 27 months. Valganciclovir dose reductions ( n = 15) or gastrointestinal symptoms ( n = 2). Of the 109 patients, 34 (31%) had no CMV infections, 45 (41%) had asymptomatic viremia, and 30 (27%) had CMV disease. CMV disease developed off prophylaxis in 10 patients (18%) at a median of 8.7 months after transplant and 2 months after valganciclovir discontinuation. Breakthrough disease occurred during prophylaxis in 10 patients (9%) at a median of 6.7 months. Patients with asymptomatic viremia or no CMV infection received prophylaxis for median 8.6 and 8.7 months, respectively. Risk factors for CMV disease by univariate analysis were increased age ( p = 0.01), single-lung transplant ( p = 0.03), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( p = 0.05), reduced-dose valganciclovir ( p = 0.001), and less than 6 months of prophylaxis ( p = 0.005). By multivariate analysis, advanced age ( p = 0.01) and reduced-dose valganciclovir ( p = 0.0006) were independent risk factors for CMV disease. CMV disease developed in 4 patients (4%) due to ganciclovir-resistant viruses. CMV-attributable mortality was 5% (5 of 109), including 100% (4 of 4) with ganciclovir-resistant disease. Conclusions Valganciclovir prophylaxis among donor-positive/recipient-negative lung transplant recipients delayed but did not eliminate CMV disease or CMV-related deaths and was limited by toxicity and ganciclovir-resistance. Our experience suggests that valganciclovir at reduced-doses or for less than 6 months is sub-optimal in preventing CMV disease.
MAPPING DIGITAL NETWORKS From cyberspace to Google

This paper examines how the metaphor of mapping has been formative in the public's apprehension of Internet technologies since the early 1990s. It explores how cyberspace was represented as a map in popular films and novels as well as by popular commentators and thought leaders. Jean Baudrillard's contention that the ‘map precedes the territory’ is indicative of a view of cyberspace or virtual reality that was contained and separate from lived experience. But with the introduction of Web 2.0 technologies, this began to change. Frederic Jameson's conception of the cognitive map better describes how users have come to order and plot their lives into dynamic interfaces. Google Maps and the myriad of applications that followed brought the physical location of users and data into clear view. While location has promised tremendous freedoms for users, this paper questions whether or not those freedoms are outside the significant constraints of the consumer network.
The phase center of horn antennas

The calculation of phase centers for rectangular and diagonal horns is presented. The calculation is based on a vector approach, by deriving the phase center from the expressions for the far field. Different expressions are derived for the phase center of the E and H planes. The phase center for an arbitrary plane is calculated from the E- and H -plane phase centers. Graphs are presented showing the dependence of the phase centers on horn dimensions.
Thallium-205 NMR determination of the thermodynamics of the interaction between the thallous ion and gramicidin dimers incorporated into micelles.

A study has been made of the thermodynamics of the interaction between the thallous ion and gramicidin dimers incorporated into micelles using thallium-205 NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift data obtained are interpreted interms of a model in which the dimer has only one tight binding site. The variation of the binding constant over the temperature range 303-323 K is used to determine the changes in enthalpy and entropy of binding giving values of -11.3 kcal/mole and -16 e.u. at 303 K, respectively.
Effects of cardiac thin filament Ca2+: statistical mechanical analysis of a troponin C site II mutant.

Cardiac thin filaments contain many troponin C (TnC) molecules, each with one regulatory Ca2+ binding site. A statistical mechanical model for the effects of these sites is presented and investigated. The ternary troponin complex was reconstituted with either TnC or the TnC mutant CBMII, in which the regulatory site in cardiac TnC (site II) is inactivated. Regardless of whether Ca2+ was present, CBMII-troponin was inhibitory in a thin filament-myosin subfragment 1 MgATPase assay. The competitive binding of [3H]troponin and [14C]CBMII-troponin to actin.tropomyosin was measured. In the presence of Mg2+ and low free Ca2+ they had equal affinities for the thin filament. When Ca274+ was added, however, troponin's affinity for the thin filament was 2.2-fold larger for the mutant than for the wild type troponin. This quantitatively describes the effect of regulatory site Ca2+ on troponin's affinity for actin.tropomyosin; the decrease in troponin-thin filament binding energy is small. Application of the theoretical model to the competitive binding data indicated that troponin molecules bind to interdependent rather than independent sites on the thin filament. Ca2+ binding to the regulatory site of TnC has a long-range rather than a merely local effect. However, these indirect TnC-TnC interactions are weak, indicating that the cooperativity of muscle activation by Ca2+ requires other sources of cooperativity.
Cardinality change-based early detection of large-scale cyber-attacks

Cyber-attacks are happening every day, with a variety of behaviors and objects. For example, email spammers may compromise computers to sign-up millions of email accounts for sending spam emails; during worm spreading, each infected host may try to connect to many hosts to further spread the worm, etc. However, many such large-scale and often distributed cyber-attacks share a common characteristic that the activities involved in them result in changes in the cardinality of attack traffic. Examples include: the cardinality of the accounts signed up by a compromised host often increases in spam email delivery scenarios, and the cardinality of the connections made from a host may increase in worm spreading scenarios. In this paper, we focus on changes in the cardinality of the network/attack traffic that may indicate on-going cyber-attacks. We formulate this problem as cardinality-based change point detection in distributed streams of attack traffic, and develop a nonparametric error-bounded scheme for it. Our scheme supports the capability of merging information collected from multiple monitoring points to detect large-scale attacks. Also, our scheme uses small space as well as constant processing time, which makes it applicable for spaceconstrained network or security systems. We have conducted experiments using both real-world traces and synthetic data. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that our scheme can detect changes in the cardinality within given time and error bounds. We expect the solutions of this work will be deployed as a building block in network and security monitoring systems to detect large distributed cyber attacks.
A comparison of blood carbonic anhydrase of various mammals

Carbonic anhydrase activity was studied in the blood of fifteen species of mammals ranging in body weight from about 0·006 to 600 kg. In general, the red cells of the small animals were found to have a higher enzyme activity than those of the larger species. The relationship, when considered in terms of the requirements for CO2 transport, indicates that the enzyme is present in excess of the requirements even for the smaller animals with high metabolic rates. It is instead suggested that the enzyme could influence oxygen dissociation of hemoglobin due to a combination of the following factors: (a) small animals with high metabolic rates have the largest CO2 production and the largest amount of red cell carbonic anhydrase. (b) Small species also have more acid sensitive hemoglobins (marked Bohr effect). Therefore, a rapid hydration of CO2, forming carbonic acid, might allow the Bohr effect in the small animals to cause the delivery of more oxygen to the tissues during the short time the red cells remain in the capillaries.
Strong Field Enhanced Thermionic Electron Emission from a New Oxide Coated Carbon Nanotube Cathode

Summary form only given. We have developed a new type of field enhanced thermionic cathode. This cathode is capable of emitting much higher electron current, because of the strong field enhancement factor induced by incorporating needle like geometrical feature into the cathode structure. Field enhancement effect is usually negligible for conventional thermionic cathodes. However, in this case significant field enhancement thermionic emission is induced by introducing sharp carbon nanotubes tips. The cathode consists of a metal coil/substrate with carbon nanotubes grown on top of its surface by plasma enhanced CVD technique. The carbon nanotubes are further coated with thermionic emission materials (BaO/SrO/CaO) - a typical thermionic emission material system used in fluorescent lighting and many other applications. The oxides are coated on carbon nanotubes by magnetron sputter deposition and spin coating techniques. During operation, the cathode is heated up to a thermionic emission temperature by flowing an electric current through the metal coil. The emission current and current density from this cathode are found at least an order of magnitude higher than conventional thermionic cathode coated with same emission materials and operated at same temperature. We will present comparison results on electron emission for three different cathodes: 1) oxide coated carbon nanotube cathode, 2) conventional oxide cathode, and 3) carbon nanotube cathode
Linear demultiple solution based on the concept of bottom-multiple-generator (BMG) approxiamtion: some new results

Recent advances in the demultiple technique have shown that a multidimensional convolution of a portion of data containing only primaries with the whole data (containing both primaries and multiples) can allow us to predict and attenuate all orders of free-surface multiples that are relevant for practical purposes. One way of constructing the portion of the data containing only primaries is by muting the actual data just above the first free-surface multiple to arrive. The location of the mute is generally known as the bottom-multiple-generator (BMG) reflector; the portion of the data containing only primaries required for constructing the free-surface multiples is located above the BMG. The outstanding question about this method is how effective can the technique be when the BMG cuts through several seismic events, as is the case in long-offset data or in very complex shallow geology. We present new results which demonstrate the fact that the BMG location may cut through several seismic events without affecting the accuracy or the cost of demultiple.
The effect of a finite response time upon the propagation of sinusoidal oscillations of fluids in porous media

In dieser Arbeit wird die Fortpflanzung sinusoidaler Druckschwankungen in einem porosen Korper mit complexer Struktur betrachtet.
Optimal harvesting in continuous time with stochastic growth

Abstract We investigate a simple stochastic control problem whose solution represents the optimal harvest function for managing a renewable resource.
Fröhlich's model of bose condensation in biological systems

Frohlich's model of Bose-Einstein condensation in biological systems is analyzed using finite temperature Green's function techniques. The thermal average of the rate of change of vibrational mode quanta in the biological system is calculated and compared with Frohlich's postulated rate equations. The appropriate phonon lifetime is also calculated and represents the minimum time needed to produce the condensed phase. The possible importance of this lifetime and its relation to recent microwave absorption experiments is discussed.
A choice theory of spatial interaction

Abstract A general probabilistic theory is developed for modeling a variety of spatial interaction choices by individual behaving units. This theory, designated as the Choice Theory, is shown to be consistent with a wide class of empirical spatial interaction hypotheses, designated as Gravity Hypotheses. Moreover, it is shown that under certain structural conditions the Choice Theory completely characterizes this class of hypotheses. Finally, a number of explicit statistical procedures for testing the Choice Theory are developed and discussed.
TU-E-BRC-07: A New Reconstruction Algorithm for Improved Cone-Beam CT Image Quality

Purposes: Scatter and noise are well‐known factors that degrade the cone‐beam CT(CBCT)image quality. In addition to these factors, the fundamental reconstruction process adopted by most commercial systems is also imperfect. The reconstructions are mostly based on the Feldkamp formula. Such algorithm gives the accurate solution for the central slice but approximations for the remaining slices. The error increases when the slices are further away from the center due to “incompleteness” of the projection data. To combat this problem, we developed in this work a new reconstruction algorithm, which improved the CBCTimage quality significantly. Methods and Materials: The reconstruction algorithm integrated the Feldkamp formula into an iterative optimization process. For validation, a three‐dimensional (3D) digital thoracic phantom was constructed based on a patient CTimage and used to simulate CBCT projections. Noise and scatter were excluded from the simulation in order to isolate the basic theoretical issues in reconstruction. The projections were reconstructed with the Feldkamp algorithm, Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART), and our proposed “FDK‐ART” algorithm, respectively. The images were then systematically evaluated. Results: Artifacts became apparent for outer slices when Feldkamp algorithm was used. These artifacts were significantly reduced with the proposed algorithm. Although Feldkamp gives an accurate solution for the central slice, the root mean square error was shown to be reduced greatly by the proposed algorithm. By visual and profile comparison, it was found that the image resolution using our new method was clearly superior to that obtained with traditional Feldkamp algorithm or SART algorithm. The algorithm converged within 5 iterations for all sample cases tested. Conclusions: A new reconstruction algorithm has been developed for CBCTimaging. The new algorithm not only reduced the errors for outer slices, but also significantly improved the image resolution and the overall quantitative accuracy for every slice.
Psychiatric diagnoses among self-referred dental injection phobics.

Abstract In order to determine the psychiatric characteristics of people with dental injection phobia, 118 dental injection phobics were systematically assessed using a structured clinical interview and a written questionnaire. Fifty-four percent of subjects had a current Axis I diagnosis other than dental injection phobia, mainly anxiety, mood or adjustment disorder, and 68.6% of subjects had an additional lifetime Axis I diagnosis. Subjects with additional current Axis I diagnoses reported higher dental anxiety, greater severity of injection fear cognitions, and poorer relationships with dental professionals, than did subjects without any or with past Axis I diagnoses. Further investigation is needed to explore the treatment possibilities for patients with and without additional current diagnoses.
Calculation of the relative stability of molecular alumoxanes

Abstract Calculations have been performed on a series of alumoxane rings and cages having the formula [HAlO] n ( n = 2–10). Results from these calculations are in excellent agreement with previous calculations on methyl alumoxane rings and cages and experimental structures of organic alumoxane rings and cages. Optimized aluminum–oxygen bond lengths of both rings and cages were found to increase with decreasing stability of these compounds. Comparison of the calculated IR spectra for all of these cages with the experimental spectra of methyl alumoxane (MAO) catalyst suggests that the structure of MAO is composed of large cages containing both four- and six-membered rings.
The self is virtual, the will is not illusory

Wegner makes an excellent case that our sense of ownership of our actions depends on multiple factors, to such an extent that it could be called virtual or even illusory. However, two other core functions of will are initiation of movement and maintenance of resolution, which depend on our accurate monitoring of them. This book shows that will is not an imponderable black box but, rather, an increasingly accessible set of specific functions.
To Each According to his Need? Variability in the Responses to Inequity in Non-Human Primates

While it is well established that humans respond to inequity, it remains unclear the extent to which this behavior occurs in our non-human primate relatives. By comparing a variety of species, spanning from New World and Old World monkeys to great apes, scientists can begin to answer questions about how the response to inequity evolved, what the function of this response is, and why and how different contexts shape it. In particular, research across non-human primate species suggests that the response is quite variable across species, contexts, and individuals. In this paper, we aim to review these differences in an attempt to identify and better understand the patterns that emerge from the existing data with the goal of developing directions for future research. To begin, we address the importance of considering socio-ecological factors in non-human primates in order to better understand and predict expected patterns of cooperation and aversion to inequity in different species, following which we provide a detailed analysis of the patterns uncovered by these comparisons. Ultimately, we use this synthesis to propose new ideas for research to better understand this response and, hence, the evolution of our own responses to inequity.
Endurance exercise performance in acute hypoxia is influenced by expiratory flow limitation

We sought to determine if expiratory flow limitation influences intensive aerobic exercise performance in mild hypoxia. Fourteen trained male cyclists were separated into flow-limited (FL, n = 7) and non-FL (n = 7) groups based on the extent of expiratory flow limitation exhibited during maximal exercise in normoxia. Participants performed two self-paced 5-km cycling time trials, one in normoxic (F IO2 = 0.21) and one in mild hypoxic (F IO2 = 0.17) conditions in a randomized, balanced order with the subjects blinded to composition of the inspirate. Percent change from normoxia to hypoxia in average power output (%ΔP TT) and time to completion (%ΔT TT) were used to assess performance. Hypoxia resulted in a significant decline in estimated arterial O2 saturation and decrements in performance in both groups, although FL had a significantly smaller %ΔP TT (−4.0 ± 0.5 vs. −9.0 ± 1.8 %) and %ΔT TT (1.3 ± 0.3 vs. 3.7 ± 0.9 %) compared to non-FL. At the 5th km of the time trial, minute ventilation did not change from normoxia to hypoxia in FL (3.4 ± 3.1 %) or non-FL (2.3 ± 3.7 %), but only the non-FL reported a significantly increased dyspnea rating in hypoxia compared to normoxia (~9 %). Non-FL athletes did not utilize their ventilatory reserve to defend arterial oxygen saturation in hypoxia, which may have been due to an increased measure of dyspnea in the hypoxic trial. FL athletes experience less hypoxia-related aerobic exercise performance impairment as compared to non-FL athletes, despite having less ventilatory reserve.
Pain catastrophizing and interpersonal problems: a circumplex analysis of the communal coping model

Abstract Using the circumplex model of interpersonal behavior [Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology, 1982], this study tested the communal coping model of catastrophizing (CCM) in a large (N=179) sample of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a common, benign chronic pain disorder associated with significant painful extraintestinal comorbidity (e.g. headache, low back pain). Patients completed the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. The main findings were: (1) individuals who reported higher levels of catastrophizing described greater interpersonal problems; (2) the interpersonal problems described by catastrophizers fell within the friendly and friendly submissive quadrants of the circumplex supporting the notion that they have an interpersonal style demanding support and care-taking [Pain 103 (2003) 151]; (3) the pain coping behavior most strongly associated with interpersonal problems was catastrophizing; and (4) the relationship between interpersonal problems and catastrophizing remained after removing the influence of general symptomatic distress (i.e. an overall tendency to complain of psychological problems in general). In general, data provide evidence supporting the interpersonal distinctiveness of pain catastrophizing as postulated by the CCM. Advantages of a circumplex model and of interpersonal theory for understanding and testing the CCM are discussed.
Localization of radioiodine in the tissues of swine: An autoradiographic study

Summary An attempt was made to visualize the sites of accumulation and distribution of 131 I and 125 I in the organs and tissues of swine by a modified autoradiographic dipping technique. Radioactivity was substantially higher with the injection of 125 I than that of 131 I. There was a tendency in all tissues for concentration of radioiodine to vary inversely with the age of the animals. Concentration was evident in the lung, muscle, liver, pancreas, intestinal mucosa, thymus and spleen, in addition to the known accumulation sites, such as the adrenal, pituitary and gonads. The isotopes were concentrated at the striated border of the epithelial cells of the duodenum. The submandibular gland had a marked concentration in the collecting ducts and a lesser one in the secretory parenchyma of the gland. The most radioactive organ examined was the thyroid gland. The radioactivity was consistently higher in the follicular epithelial cells than in the connective tissue between the follicles. The bound radioiodine formed rings over the colloid-cell interface.
Synthesis of C-glycosylarenes by way of internal reactions of benzylated and benzoylated carbohydrate derivatives

Abstract “Internal” C -glycosylarenes [ e.g. , (2 R ,3 S ,3a S ,9b R )-3,3a,5,9b-tetrahydro-3-methoxy- and -3,7-dimethoxy-2-methoxymethyl-2 H -furo[3,2- c ][2]benzopyran] were prepared by intramolecular reactions of 2- O -benzyl derivatives of methyl 3,5-di- O -methyl- d -xylofuranoside ( 2 ) and their conversion into authentic C -glycosylated aromatic systems was investigated. The auxiliary benzylic linkage could not be cleaved by hydrogenolysis; isochroman derivatives { e.g. , (3 S )-3,4-dihydro-3-[(1 R ,2 R )-2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxypropyl]-5- methoxy-1 H -2-benzopyran} were obtained under these conditions. However, oxidation of the primary benzylic position with ruthenium tetraoxide gave the corresponding lactone {a dihydroisocoumarin derivative, e.g. , (2 R ,3 S ,3a S ,9b R )-2,3,3a,9b-tetrahydro-3,7-dimethoxy-2-methoxy-methyl-5 H -furo[3,2- c ][2]benzopyran-5- one} which could be opened by saponification, thereby leading to a stereochemically unique C -glycosylbenzoic acid derivative. The same type of lactone was obtained directly from a derivative of 2 bearing a sufficiently reactive benzoyl group at O-2 (3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl); this process provides a useful approach to a heterocyclic system present in a variety of natural products. In related studies, the 2- O -phenyl substituent was found to be much less reactive than the 2- O -benzyl group in intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reactions of 2- O -substituted glycofuranosides. The first examples of successful internal C -arylation in the pyranoid series were achieved from 2- O -(3-methoxybenzyl)- d -mannopyranosides; the resulting “internal C -glycosides” {(2 R ,3 S ,4 S ,4a S ,10b S )-2,3,4,4a,6,10b-hexahydro-3,4,8-trimethoxy-2-methoxymethylpyrano [3,2- c ][2]benzopyran and 3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-2-benzyloxymethyl-8-methoxy analog} contain a heterocyclic skeleton closely related to that of the natural product bergenin.
Homelessness among trash pickers.

50 aluminum can pickers were personally interviewed. 76% indicated that they couldn't find another job or that they were disabled or too old for other employment. Fifty-eight percent were judged impaired because of alcoholism, mental retardation or psychosis. 18% were considered homeless.
From decision problems to dethroned dictators

Abstract Economic models as well as aggregation and decision problems with “holes” in the domain can be difficult to analyze because, unexpectedly, they are related to Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem: embedded within the model may be “topological dictators.” But, just as it is possible to remove the negative impact of Arrow’s dictator by recognizing that the problem is caused by not using crucial, available information (about voter preferences), the obstacles confronting these economic decision problems can be removed by identifying what kind of available information is not being used.
Plasma and Brain Angiotensin Concentrations Associated with Water Response Behavior in the Desert Anuran, Scaphiopus Couchii under Natural Conditions in the Field

Terrestrial amphibians obtain water by absorption across a specialized region of the ventral skin and exhibit a behavior, the water absorption response (WR) to place that region in contact with moist surfaces. Spadefoot toads (Scaphiopus couchii) spend dry months of the year in burrows, then emerge during brief periods of summer rainfall and seek water sources for rehydration and reproduction. We tested the hypothesis that these toads have changes in plasma and/or central angiotensin concentrations that are associated with seasonal emergence and WR behavior. Immunoreactive concentrations of combined angiotensin II and III (ir-ANG) were measured in plasma samples and microdissected regions of brain tissue taken from toads moving across the road or toads showing WR behavior in shallow puddles on the road. Plasma ir-ANG concentrations were not significantly different between these groups, but were significantly higher in the periventricular region of the hypothalamus in toads showing WR behavior. Concentrations in other brain regions, while highly variable among individuals, were not different between groups. Within the context of the natural history of a specialized desert toad, these results support the hypothesis that ir-ANG is associated with WR behavior in spadefoot toads in a manner analogous to oral drinking exhibited by other vertebrate clades.
Staff and Resident Involvement in a Therapeutic Community: For Better or Worse?.

Therapeutic communities are a commonly used context for counseling persons with drug problems or emotional problems and for other populations of clients. The group dynamics of therapeutic communities are very complex. When the staff members of a therapeutic community develop communication problems with one another or when these staff members become overly involved with residents, staff problems almost always have a negative impact on the program of the therapeutic community. This article describes how staff problems can negatively affect the program of a therapeutic community and also relates the kinds of problems encountered in a therapeutic community to the problems encountered in rehabilitation programs in other settings.
Redundant regulatory elements account for the developmental control of a ribosomal protein gene of Dictyostelium discoideum

In Dictyostelium discoideum, ribosomal protein genes along with other growth specific genes appear to be coordinately regulated, primarily in response to differences in the translational capacity of developing versus growing cells. In particular, expression of the members of this large class of genes is rapidly and dramatically deactivated when the developmental program is initiated and growth and division cease. In order to understand the mechanisms behind the deactivation event and how it is coupled to the transition from growth to development, we have analyzed the promoter of the V18 gene, a ribosomal protein gene characteristic of this class of growth specific genes. We have delineated three discrete regions involved in the transcription and regulation of the V18 gene. A initiator region which appears to function in a TATA-independent manner was required for transcription and for establishing start site utilization. Two regions upstream of this were defined, both of which were found to independently confer proper developmental regulation.
The relationship of alpha-L-iduronidase and Hurler corrective factor.

Abstract Hurler corrective factor (the protein that normalizes the faulty mucopolysaccharide catabolism of fibroblasts derived from Hurler patients) was previously identified as the enzyme α- l -iduronidase. However, not all α- l -iduronidase functions as Hurler corrective factor. The corrective and noncorrective forms of the human urinary enzyme have been separated from each other by chromatography on Sepharose-bound heparin. They have similar catalytic properties, some difference in ability to bind to the galactose-specific lectin of castor bean, and a significant difference in molecular weight (87,000 and 67,000 for the corrective and noncorrective forms, respectively). Only the corrective form is efficiently internalized by Hurler fibroblasts.
Blue light and milk.

Feeling the warmth of my son's voice or his broad, reassuring man's hand on my shoulder, I travel by reflex back half my lifetime and nearly all of his, returning to a night when his eyes wouldn't ...
The Evolving Revolutionary All-Electric Airplane

The "all-electric airplane" is described as it would apply to a military fighter. Emphasis is placed on implementation issues, on the mutual influence between all-electric and airframe design, and on the cost of ownership. It finishes with a projection of what an all-electric airplane might actually be like.
Three sympatric species of Neotoma: dietary specialization and coexistence.

Three sympatric species of Neotoma occur in the southern Great Basin Desert in northern Arizona. Observations and experiments from 1980–1984 focused on diet and den selection to determine to what extent woodrats partition available food and shelter. Analyses included microscopic inspection of feces from live-trapped animals, forage moisture content, and seasonal habitat utilization. Each species of woodrat was found to selectively forage on a different genus of the three evergreens on the study site: N. albigula was the only species to eat appreciable amounts of Yucca, while N. devia, specialized on Ephedra epidermis, and N. stephensi on Juniperus. Observations in the laboratory showed a linear dominance hierarchy where the larger species dominated smaller ones, i.e., N. albigula>N. stephensi>N. devia. To determine if such a hierarchy existed in the field, the behaviorally dominant species (N. albigula and N. stephensi) were continually removed (from a 25 ha experimental plot) over a 12-month period leaving only the subordinate species (N. devia) in the area. In these experiments, 40% of the “dominant”-species dens became occupied by 20 of the “subordinate”-species on the removal plot, whereas there were no interspecific den site (n=39) changes among species on the control plot. Removal of the two dominant Neotoma spp resulted in an increase of N. devia from a pre-removal high of 16 to a post-removal population of 26 individuals. These data suggest that while these woodrats may not compete for food, the subordinate species compete with the dominant species for den sites, prime dens being sequestered by the behaviorally dominant species.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Dynamics of the Production of CO from the CH3 + O and CD3 + O Reactions

Combined experimental and theoretical investigations of the title reactions are presented. Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) emission studies of CO (v = 1) produced from the CH{sub 3} + O and CD{sub 3} + O reactions show that there is approximately a one-third reduction in the branching to the CO channel upon deuteration of the methyl radical. Direct dynamics, classical trajectory calculations using a B3LYP potential surface, confirm the existence of the CO producing channel. The calculations show that the CO comes from the decomposition of HCO produced by the elimination of H{sub 2} from highly vibrationally excited methoxy radicals. Scans of the potential surface reveal no saddle point for the direct elimination of H{sub 2} from methoxy. The minimum-energy path for this elimination is a stepwise process involving first a CH bond cleavage, forming H + H{sub 2}CO, followed by an abstraction, forming H{sub 2} + HCO. However, at the high internal energies produced in the initial O + CH{sub 3} addition, trajectories for the direct elimination of H{sub 2} from methoxy are observed. The predicted branching ratio between the CO and H{sub 2}CO channels is in good agreement with previous room-temperature measurements, and there is predicted to bemore » little temperature dependence to it. The observed reduction in the branching to the CO channel upon deuteration is also well reproduced in the calculations.« less