cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of three highly mutable genes involving pigmentation in Anthirrhinum majus

Abstract Unstable alleles at three unlinked loci ( delilah, nivea and pallida ) can mutate somatically to allow the production of clones of pigmented cells (“flakes”) in particular parts of the corolla. The size of the flakes depends on the timing of the mutations during the development of the flower. The allele delilah results in a lack of purple anthocyanin pigment in the corolla tube; delilah recurrens is an unstable allele manifesting itself by streaks of pigmentation in the corolla tube where mutations to Delilah + occur. The alleles nivea and pallida each result in a lack of purple anthocyanin pigment throughout the corolla, and nivea in addition abolishes the yellow aurone pigment which occurs instead of anthocyanin on the corolla face of the normal flower. The unstable alleles nivea recurrens and pallida recurrens , when mutating somatically to Nivea + and Pallida + , respectively, cause purple flakes throughout the corolla (except the face area), and nivea recurrens when mutating to Nivea + additionally gives rise to yellow flakes on the face. When all three unstable alleles are combined in the homozygous condition in one plant, the frequencies and sized of pigment flakes reflect different combinations of mutational events. The aurone-producing face area shows flakes due to mutation of nivea recurrens alone; the upper and lower lobes exhibit anthocyanin flakes at a rate governed by the timing and frequency of coincident mutations of nivea recurrens and pallida recurrens ; and the corolla tube shows cells with pigment only when the three unstable genes have all mutated in the same tissue. It was found that the unstable alleles at the three loci appear to behave independently of one another in two ways: ( 1 ) the mutation rate of each unstable allele was unaffected by the presence of other unstable alleles in the genotype of the plant; ( 2 ) coincident mutation of different unstable alleles in the same tissue occurred at a rate approximating randomness. However, preliminary tests indicated that in the doubly homozygous pal-rec, niv-rec plants the niv-rec allele had to mutate prior to pal-rec if anthocyanin was to be produced. This sequence also gave the best fit for the theoretical prediction of the number of coincident mutations. The implications for other systems of these consequences of combined mutation of different genes are discussed.
Examining the Antecedents and Consequences of CIO Strategic Decision‐Making Authority: An Empirical Study*

Despite the strategic importance of information technology (IT) to contemporary firms, chief information officers (CIO) often still have varying degrees of strategic decision-making authority. In this study, we apply the theory of managerial discretion to define CIO strategic decision-making authority and argue that the CIO's level of strategic decision-making authority directly influences IT's contribution to organization performance. We also draw on the power and politics perspective in the strategic decision-making literature to identify the direct antecedents to the CIO's strategic decision-making authority. A theoretical model is presented and empirically tested using survey data collected from a cross-industry sample of 174 matched pairs of CIOs and top business executives through structural equation modeling. The results suggest that organizational climate, organizational support for IT, the CIO's structural power, the CIO's level of strategic effectiveness, and a strong partnership between the CIO and top management team directly influence the CIO's level of strategic decision-making authority within the organization. The results also suggest that the CIO's strategic decision-making authority in the organization directly influences the contribution of IT to firm performance and that effective CIOs have a greater influence on IT's contribution when provided with strategic decision-making authority.
Genomic imprinting: employing and avoiding epigenetic processes

Genomic imprinting refers to an epigenetic mark that distinguishes parental alleles and results in a monoallelic, parental-specific expression pattern in mammals. Few phenomena in nature depend more on epigenetic mechanisms while at the same time evading them. The alleles of imprinted genes are marked epigenetically at discrete elements termed imprinting control regions (ICRs) with their parental origin in gametes through the use of DNA methylation, at the very least. Imprinted gene expression is subsequently maintained using noncoding RNAs, histone modifications, insulators, and higher-order chromatin structure. Avoidance is manifest when imprinted genes evade the genome-wide reprogramming that occurs after fertilization and remain marked with their parental origin. This review summarizes what is known about the establishment and maintenance of imprinting marks and discusses the mechanisms of imprinting in clusters. Additionally, the evolution of imprinted gene clusters is described. While considerable information regarding epigenetic control of imprinting has been obtained recently, much remains to be learned.
Optical metrology of the Hubble Space Telescope simulator by means of Hartmann tests

This paper describes the use of a Hartmann-type pupil mask and CCD Camera to perform wavefront and focus validation of the Hubble Space Telescope simulator before and during environmental testing of the second-generation Wide Field and Planetary Camera.
An extensionist environmental ethic

Environmental ethics consists of a set of competing theories about whether human actions and attitudes to nature are morally right or wrong. Ecocentrists are holists whose theory locates the primary site of value in biological communities or ecosystems and who tend to regard actions interfering with the progress of an ecosystem toward its mature equilibrium state as prima facie wrong. I suggest that this form of ecocentrism may be built on a questionable scientific foundation, organismic ecology, and that a better scientific foundation for environmental ethics may be found in individualistic neo-Darwinian population biology. However, the latter approach probably requires a corresponding shift away from ethical holism and toward approaches locating value primarily in individuals. I call such environmental ethicists ‘extensionists’ and briefly outline an extensionist environmental ethic.
X-ray emission following K − L double ionization by electron impact and K capture: Vacancy-production probabilities and structure of the K α satellite spectra

$K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x-ray satellites following $K$-electron capture in $^{55}\mathrm{Fe}$ and electron impact on Mn have been measured with a high-resolution spectrometer. Ratios of double- to single-vacancy-production probability are found to be ${P}_{\mathrm{KL}}=(2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3} \mathrm{and} (9.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for capture and impact, respectively. An evaluation of vacancy rearrangement in the $L$ shell before satellite emission has been carried out with the use of published level widths. It is found that in electron impact, as distinct from $K$ capture, essentially only satellites associated with a $2p$ spectator vacancy are observed. This observation is at variance with certain commonly used satellite assignments. Energies and intensities of the satellite transitions have been calculated in intermediate coupling and coordinations are proposed for the stronger lines.
A Website Content Analysis of Women’s Resources and Sexual Assault Literature on College Campuses

In an effort to examine how higher education institutions have provided women with resources to handle issues that disproportionately affect them, this study assessed the availability of women’s resource centers on college campuses within the United States, with a particular focus on sexual assault-related resources. A website content analysis was conducted, through which we coded to assess ease of use, clarity, and comprehensiveness of the programs and information made available to women. Although many universities had sexual assault literature, few had women’s resource centers. In addition, the quality of literature and programs varied greatly among the universities. Future research should attempt to explain organizational differences in college responses to the call for resources, as well as examine women’s experiences with resources on campus.
Commercial Cell-based Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Horses

Several cell-based therapeutic options to treat musculoskeletal injuries in horses are commercially available. The current literature supports the use of cell-based therapies to treat equine musculoskeletal injuries. Researchers continue to search for more effective cell-based therapies to provide practitioners with optimal treatment tools for musculoskeletal injuries in horses. Cell-based therapies require specialized facilities and technical competencies that might not be available or economically justifiable in many private practices. This review provides a summary of current commercially available cell-based therapeutic products for equine applications, their similarities and differences, and current objective data relating to their clinical efficacy.
Lipid composition of the normal and flight forms of adult cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus

Abstract Normal and flight forms of adult cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus , within 24 hr after completing ecdysis, were analyzed for lipid content and composition. The flight forms had nearly twice as much total body lipid as did the normal insects but less body water. Most of the lipid increase in the flight form was due to triglycerides which was also the major lipid class in the normal form. No differences were found in the fatty acid composition of the two forms with oleic and palmitic acids accounting for over 56 and 22% of the total respectively. Females of both forms contained more total lipid and triglycerides than did males but the fatty acid composition did not differ. The relationship of lipid storage to flight and reproduction is discussed.
A universal small molecule, inorganic phosphate, restricts the substrate specificity of Dicer-2 in small RNA biogenesis.

The enzyme Dicer is central to the production of small silencing RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Like other insects, Drosophila melanogaster uses different Dicers to make siRNAs and miRNAs: Dicer-1 produces miRNAs from pre-miRNAs, whereas Dicer-2 generates siRNAs from long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). How do the 2 Dicers achieve their substrate specificity? Here, we review recent findings that inorganic phosphate restricts the substrate specificity of Dicer-2 to long dsRNA. Inorganic phosphate inhibits Dicer-2 from binding and cleaving pre-miRNAs, without affecting the processing of long dsRNA. Crystal structures of a fragment of human Dicer in complex with an RNA duplex identify a phosphate-binding pocket that recognizes both the 5′-monophosphate of a substrate RNA and inorganic phosphate. We propose that inorganic phosphate occupies the phosphate-binding pocket in the fly Dicer-2, blocking binding of pre-miRNA and restricting pre-miRNA processing to Dicer-1. Thus, a small molecule can alter the substrate specificity of a nucleic acid-processing enzyme.
Identification and Mapping of Protein-Protein Interactions between gp32 and gp59 by Cross-linking

The bacteriophage T4 59 protein (gp59) plays a vital role in recombination and replication by promoting the assembly of the gene 41 helicase (gp41) onto DNA, thus enabling replication as well as strand exchange in recombination. Loading of the helicase onto gp32 (the T4 single strand binding protein)-coated single-stranded DNA requires gp59 to remove gp32 and replace it with gp41. Cross-linking studies between gp32 and gp59 reveal an interaction between Cys-166 of gp32 and Cys-42 of gp59. Since Cys-166 lies in the DNA binding core domain of gp32, this interaction may affect the association of gp32 with DNA. In the presence of gp32 or DNA, gp59 is capable of forming a multimer consisting of at least five gp59 subunits. Kinetics studies suggest that gp59 and gp41 exist in a one-to-one ratio, predicting that gp59 is capable of forming a hexamer (Raney, K. D., Carver, T. E., and Benkovic, S. J. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 14074–14081). The C-terminal A-domain of gp32 is needed for gp59 oligomer formation. Cross-linking has established that gp59 can interact with gp32-A (a truncated form of gp32 lacking the A-domain) but cannot form higher species. The results support a model in which gp59 binds to gp32 on a replication fork, destabilizing the gp32-single-stranded DNA interaction concomitant with the oligomerization of gp59 that results in a switching of gp41 for gp32 at the replication fork.
Light-enhanced genetic toxicity of crystal violet.

Crystal violet has been used not only in experimental biology to study a variety of biological and biochemical processes ]3], but has had numerous industrial uses including dying and surface coating of paper, and preparation of ball-point-pen inks and typewriter ribbons [4, 10]. It is also used medicinally as an antiseptic in the treatment of burns and pubic lice [4] and in gum and toe therapy [7] and commercially in hair dyes. A previous study of the mutagenicity of hair-dye components reported that crystal violet (alias methyl violet, or gentian violet) was not mutagenic for either Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain XV185-14C, or for any of 5 strains of Salmonella typhimurium [10]. A more recent study confirmed these negative results for 4 strains of Salmonella, showing only toxicity, but reported genetic toxicity with the Rosenkranz E. coli polymerase Asystem [2]. The latter study also reported that in the presence of rat-liver microsomes, the genetic toxicity of crystal violet was eliminated in the Ames assay and somewhat reduced in the Rosenkranz assay. The authors suggested that this action was due to metabolic inactivation of crystal violet by the liver detoxification system. The present study concerns the light-enhanced genetic toxicity of crystal violet and the effect of rat-liver $9 fraction on its genetic toxicity in the Rosenkranz assay and in 3 strains of Salmonella. The E. coli polymerase Aassay was used to detect repairable DNA damage. The wild-type strain (W3110) and its polymerase A deficient mutant (p3478) were kindly provided by Dr. H.S. Rosenkranz. The assay was conducted as described by Slater et al. [ 11 ]. Repairable DNA damage was detected by dispensing 0.1-ml aliquots of a log-phase culture, with 0.5 ml of $9, if indicated (0.08 ml/ml mix) into 2.0 ml of molten top agar. The mixture was then poured onto the surface of an agar plate. Both the top agar and the bottom agar contained HA medium supplemented with 5.0 ~g/ml of thymine [9]. After solidification of the top agar, a sterile 6-mm filter paper disc impregnated with 10/~1 of a known concentration of the test agent was
Maneuvers in the Depths: The Politics of Identity in Anton Boisen’s Pastoral Care

This article examines Anton Boisen’s political negotiations within the identity categories of ministry and madness in the aftermath of his own repeated episodes of psychosis. In conversation with contemporary queer theorists Judith Butler, Jose Esteban Munoz, and Lee Edelman, the article characterizes Boisen’s negotiations between dominant and marginalized identity spheres as a political performance of disidentification in which a subject moves and negotiates between disempowered and hegemonic social spheres, simultaneously displacing but also, as Boisen’s example demonstrates, reifying the norms of the latter. The article illustrates how Boisen sought to change many of the practices of pastoral care for those consigned to madness, while at the same time his actions also reestablished the very boundaries and exclusions he sought to displace.
Multimodal Comparative Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Here we provide a brief description of our program to improve diagnostic accuracy in cases with phenotypically similar presentations that are due to distinct histopathologic abnormalities. We propose a staged approach to diagnosis, beginning with a screening assessment of specific, quantitative neuropsychological measures, and followed by assessments of imaging and biofluid biomarkers. Our goal is to determine the specific histopathologic abnormalities contributing to an individual's neurodegenerative condition.
Rapid Dual Channel Frequency and Frame Synchronizer for OFDM Packet Transmission

Rapid frequency and frame synchronization scheme is proposed to minimize channel switching time and improve the synchronization performance during channel switching in IEEE 802.11p standard. As a measure of performance, theoretical formula for false alarm and detection probability is derived. It is shown that optimal threshold value is less than 0.5 dB and overall performance gain is given by the amount of the power gain of control channel, which is normally 10 dB
Human aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism promotes miRNA binding and regulates gene expression

Hypertension is a serious risk factor for myocardial infarction, heart failure, vascular disease, stroke, and renal failure. Like other complex diseases, hypertension is caused by a combination of ...
Development of vector basis functions in vector generalized finite element method for inhomogeneous domains

In this paper, we have developed additional basis functions for inhomogenous domains. The basis functions satisfy all the boundary condition requirements. These basis functions are defined on each subdomain and tested using hexahedral elements but they can be readily generalized to any linear subdomains. This enables us to use available meshing structures such that any material discontinuity in PU domain can be handled, and in fact, is the first step in making this method applicable the analysis of practical problems. The performance of the developed basis functions have been tested and validated by simulating eigenmodes of a cavity. Our current research is on application of the VGFEM with the proposed basis functions for practical problems, and these results will be presented at the conference.
A wavelet-based approach for compressing kernel data in large-scale simulations of 3D integral problems

Second-generation surface wavelets can be an effective tool for compressing integral operator matrices arising from large-scale simulations of 3D problems. The author's approach generalizes previously reported results on wavelet-based operator compression to nonuniform grids and fairly general domains.
Creating volume models from edge-vertex graphs

The design of complex geometric models has been and will continue to be one of the limiting factors in computer graphics. A careful enumeration of the properties of topologically correct models, so that they may be automatically enforced, can greatly speed this process. An example of the problems inherent in these methods is the “wire frame” problem, the automatic generation of a volume model from an edge-vertex graph. The solution to this problem has many useful applications in geometric modelling and scene recognition.This paper shows that the “wire frame” problem is equivalent to finding the embedding of a graph on a closed orientable surface. Such an embedding satisfies all the topological properties of physical volumes. Unfortunately graphical embeddings are not necessarily unique. But when we restrict the embedding surface so that it is equivalent to a sphere, and require that the input graph be three-connected, the resulting object is unique. Given these restrictions there exists a linear time algorithm to automatically convert the “wire frame” to the winged edge representation, a very powerful data structure. Applications of this algorithm are discussed and several examples shown.
A virtual reality testbed for brain-computer interface research

Virtual reality promisers to extend the realm of possible brain-computer interface (BCI) prototypes. Most of the work using electroencephalograph (EEG) signals in VR has focussed on brain-body actuated control, where biological signals from the body as well as the brain are used. The authors show that when subjects are allowed to move and act normally in an immersive virtual environment, cognitive evoked potential signals can still be obtained and used reliably. A single trial accuracy average of 85% for recognizing the differences between evoked potentials at red and yellow stop lights is presented and future directions discussed.
Feeling Worse to Feel Better Pain-Offset Relief Simultaneously Stimulates Positive Affect and Reduces Negative Affect

Although pain itself induces negative affect, the removal (or offset) of pain induces a powerful state of relief. Despite being implicated in a wide range of psychological and behavioral phenomena, relief remains a poorly understood emotion. In particular, some theorists associate relief with increased positive affect, whereas others associate relief with diminished negative affect. In the present study, we examined the affective nature of relief in a pain-offset paradigm with psychophysiological measures that were specific to negative valence (startle eyeblink reactivity) and positive valence (startle postauricular reactivity). Results revealed that pain offset simultaneously stimulates positive affect and diminishes negative affect for at least several seconds. Results also indicated that pain intensity differentially affects the positive and negative valence aspects of relief. These findings clarify the affective nature of relief and provide insight into why people engage in both normal and abnormal behaviors associated with relief.
Shock‐free redesign using finite elements

A finite element formulation and algorithm for calculation of shock-free compressible flows and design of shockless airfoils is developed. The formulation is conceptually similar to current finite difference methods in that it combines the use of a fictitious gas for a regularized compressible potential flow calculation, together with the method of characteristics in the supersonic pocket. The redesigned shock-free airfoil surface is determined from a subsidiary streamline calculation. In the present analysis, a variational finite element method is used and optimal control techniques are employed to compute the solution to the discrete problem. Numerical results and comparison studies with finite difference results for a representative case are given.
Practice and personhood in professional interaction: Social identities and information needs

This article reports two studies of “intermediary” conduct in naturally occurring online computer search interactions. The first study examines assumptions about professional practice and relational control as these are manifest in the “opening moves” produced by four intermediaries in interaction with two “users” each. The second study seeks to verify individual differences identified in the analyses reported in the first study. Specifically, the distribution of three pronouns “I,” “you,” and “we,” produced by intermediaries in their interaction with users was compared within and across intermediaries through log-linear analysis. Lack of significant within-intermediary variability indicates that the proportional distribution of the three pronouns sampled did not differ between the two interactions. Significant between-intermediary variability in pronoun distribution was, however, observed. The specific patterns of results gained through this quantitative study were consistent with those achieved interpretively in study one. Finally, the results of these studies are discussed within a proposed theoretic framework developed from the perspective of a constitntive theory of communication.
Functional anatomy of ventromedial prefrontal cortex: implications for mood and anxiety disorders

In recent years, an increasing number of neuroimaging studies have sought to identify the brain anomalies associated with mood and anxiety disorders. The results of such studies could have significant implications for the development of novel treatments for these disorders. A challenge currently facing the field is to assimilate the large and growing corpus of imaging data to inform a systems-level model of the neural circuitry underlying the disorders. One prominent theoretical perspective highlights the top–down inhibition of amygdala by ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as a crucial neural mechanism that may be defective in certain mood and anxiety disorders, such as major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. In this article, we provide a critical review of animal and human data related to this model. In particular, we emphasize the considerable body of research that challenges the veracity (or at least completeness) of the predominant model. We propose a framework for constructing a more comprehensive model of vmPFC function, with the goal of fostering further progress in understanding the neuropathophysiological basis of mood and anxiety disorders. Molecular Psychiatry (2012) 17, 132–141; doi:10.1038/mp.2011.88; published online 26 July 2011
Piezoelectric Glass-Ceramics as Low Temperature-Coefficient SAW Substrate Materials

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) properties of piezoelectric glass-ceramics based on fresnoite (Ba,Si,TiO,) are examined in this paper. Fresnoite-based formulations are prepared initially in the glass form, then thermally processed to produce glass-ceramics having a well-oriented fibrous grain structure at the surface; this surface region is piezoelectric owing to the fact that the surface region has olar as well as crystallo
Cellular immune response to adenoviral vector infected cells does not require de novo viral gene expression: Implications for gene therapy

Replication-defective adenoviral (RDAd) vectors can be generated at high titers and infect both dividing and nondividing cells. Long term expression in the transduced tissue, however, has been a problem because of the cellular immune responses against the infected cells. We demonstrate that mice injected with RDAd vectors containing mouse leptin gene reduce food intake and lose weight for only 7 to 10 days. Splenocytes obtained from infected mice are able to lyse target cells infected with RDAd vectors. Surprisingly, target cells infected with psoralen-treated, UV-crosslinked, biologically inactive RDAd also were lysed efficiently by the effector cells. Furthermore, splenocytes obtained from mice injected with inactive RDAd vectors efficiently lysed target cells infected with RDAd vectors. Whether RDAd vectors were injected i.m. or i.v. or through an i.p. route, the extent of lysis was similar. We propose that cells infected with RDAd vectors present antigens for recognition by class 1 major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes by a mechanism that does not require viral replication or de novo protein synthesis. These results should prompt reevaluation of the use of RDAd vectors for gene therapy when long-term expression is required.
Improving human brain mapping via joint inversion of brain electrodynamics and the BOLD signal

We present several methods to improve the resolution of human brain mapping by combining information obtained from surface electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the same participants performing the same task in separate imaging sessions. As an initial step in our methods we used independent component analysis (ICA) to obtain task-related sources for both EEG and fMRI. We then used that information in an integrated cost function that attempts to match both data sources and trades goodness of fit in one regime for another. We compared the performance and drawbacks of each method in localizing sources for a dual visual evoked response experiment, and we contrasted the results of adding fMRI information to simple EEG-only inversion methods. We found that adding fMRI information in a variety of ways gives superior results to classical minimum norm source estimation. Our findings lead us to favor a method which attempts to match EEG scalp dynamics along with voxel power obtained from ICA-processed blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) data; this method of joint inversion enables us to treat the two data sources as symmetrically as possible.
The garbling decision maker: A model of bounded rationality

A model is constructed of a garbling decision maker-one who randomizes his decision in response to the quantity of information he uses to make his decision. This model is supposed to capture the effects of bounded rationality on decision making and is imbedded in a team problem to model the organization designer's problem. A few results are derived from the linear-quadratic-Gaussian static team formulation developed here.
Changes in antioxidative system and membrane damage of lettuce in response to salinity and boron toxicity

Abstract Individual and combined effects of salinity and B toxicity on growth, the major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activities, ascorbic acid, proline, and H 2 O 2 accumulation, and stomatal resistance (SR), malondialdehyde (MDA), membrane permeability (MP) and the concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and boron (B) of lettuce were investigated. Boron toxicity and salinity reduced growth of lettuce plants. Under B toxicity, B concentration of the plants was increased, but in the presence of NaCl, the concentration of B was significantly reduced. Sodium and Cl concentrations were increased in B + NaCl and NaCl treatments. Membrane damage was more pronounced in NaCl and B + NaCl treatments. Stomatal resistance of the plants was significantly increased by salinity treatments. The accumulation of proline and ascorbic acid was the highest in the B + NaCl treatment. In general, stress conditions significantly increased H 2 O 2 and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and APX) activities. The present results indicate that stomatal closure is an important response of lettuce against NaCl and B + NaCl stress. Furthermore NaCl and B + NaCl toxicity-induced oxidative stress in lettuce resulting in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and also accumulation of ascorbic acid and proline are involved in order to overcome B- and NaCl-induced oxidative stress.
Measurement of the sea-air DMS flux and transfer velocity using eddy correlation

[1] We report the successful eddy-correlation (EC) measurement of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) fluxes using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (APIMS). Calculated hourly transfer velocities span the range of two widely used parameterizations. The results suggest that factors in addition to wind speed also control the flux, but some of the scatter in each wind speed interval is no doubt due to measurement uncertainties. We can at last measure the flux of a marine biogenic gas on a time scale of tens of minutes, with an accuracy of tens of percent. This enables investigations into the physical controls of air-sea gas transfer common to many important trace gas species.
Living Up to the Code’s Exhortations? Social Workers’ Political Knowledge Sources, Expectations, and Behaviors

The National Association of Social Workers' (NASW's) Code of Ethics urges social workers to engage in political action. However, little recent research has been conducted to examine whether social workers support this admonition and the extent to which they actually engage in politics. The authors gathered data from a survey of social workers in Austin, Texas, to address three questions. First, because keeping informed about government and political news is an important basis for action, the authors asked what sources of knowledge social workers use. Second, they asked what the respondents believe are appropriate political behaviors for other social workers and NASW. Third, they asked for self-reports regarding respondents' own political behaviors. Results indicate that social workers use the Internet and traditional media services to stay informed; expect other social workers and NASW to be active; and are, overall, more active than the general public in many types of political activities. The comparisons made between expectations for others and their own behaviors are interesting in their complex outcomes. Social workers should strive for higher levels of adherence to the code's urgings on political activity. Implications for future work are discussed.
The Effect of Financial Incentive Framing and Descriptive Norms on Internal Whistleblowing

Recent regulations promoting external whistleblowing heighten the need for internal whistleblowing programs to encourage whistleblowing within firms. However, it remains controversial how firms should provide financial incentives for internal whistleblowing. Drawing on social psychology research, we argue that framing financial incentives for internal whistleblowing as a penalty is more effective at communicating injunctive norms than framing them as a reward, and that consistency between injunctive norms and descriptive norms leads to greater injunctive norm salience, which, in turn, results in greater internal whistleblowing. We test our hypotheses experimentally using a 2x2 between-subjects design that manipulates the framing of financial incentives promoting whistleblowing (Reward vs. Penalty) and social norms supporting or opposing whistleblowing (Norms For vs. Norms Against). As predicted, we find an ordinal interaction effect between financial incentive framing and descriptive norms such that descriptive norms for whistleblowing will increase internal whistleblowing to a greater extent when financial incentives for whistleblowing are framed as penalties than when these incentives are framed as rewards.
Surfing for Scores: School Quality, Housing Prices and the Changing Cost of Information

In this paper we investigate the relationship between school quality and information disclosure in housing markets. When presented with the option of identifying their local public school in a real estate listing, we find that sellers with homes assigned to higher-performing schools are more likely to provide this information, an effect that is stronger for sellers of large single-family units. Further, we find that controlling for school quality, information disclosure has no independent effect on housing prices for single-family homes, implying that buyers with a high willingness-to-pay for school quality will seek out information on school quality on their own. On the other hand, we find that sellers’ disclosures about schools have a large positive impact on the sale price of small and attached residential units in 2001-02, but the effect disappears by 2006-07. Presumably, the increasing ubiquity of the Internet and the availability of new data under No Child Left Behind dramatically reduced the cost of gathering information on school quality over this period. Taken together the results reveal substantial heterogeneity in buyers’ willingness-to-pay for information on school quality, they support the findings of the education literature on the importance of school quality in housing markets, and they confirm the “unraveling” theory of information disclosure found in other markets.
Cataphoretic Velocity of the Typhoid Bacillus as a Function of Culture Age and Type of Medium

The recent interest of chemists and physicists in surface phenomena has accompanied an increasing attention to interfacial conditions in the biological sciences. The bacteriologist now looks hopefully toward the electrical measurement of certain surface characteristics as a key to facts inaccessible to former methods. Measurements of the ^-potential by microcataphoresis cells have been placed on a sound theoretical basis by Ellis,1 Smoluchowski2 and others, while notable contributions to the technic of such measurements have been made by Northrop and Kunitz3 and Abramson.4 Like many another technic involving electrical determinations, however, microcataphoresis presents numerous possibilities for error to the inexperienced, while the interpretation of the f-potential requires the mastery of certain hydrodynamic and electrical theorems not usually included in the biologist's training. In surveying the growing literature on microcataphoresis as applied to bacteriology and immunology, one is struck by the large number of experiments which ambitiously attempt to relate the f-potential to such large aspects of bacterial activity as virulence and organ-specificity, while the number of attempts to determine simple basic variables seems relatively small. There has arisen in certain quarters a tendency to forget or neglect the true significance of the f-potential: that of a relation between the organism and the suspending fluid in which measurements are made, a meaning inherent in the word "potential," which implies relativity. Thus one finds the f-potential considered by some as an absolute characteristic of a given organism, much like the ability to ferment lactose or the reaction to the Gram stain. It is needless to refer here to the large volume of experimental work which has demonstrated the f-potential to vary in a generally predictable way with the concentration of specific ions in the suspending medium, or to point out that to speak of "the f-potential of an organism" without reference to the medium in which it is measured is just as meaningless as to speak of the "velocity of a man" without stating whether he is moving on land, swimming in the water or falling freely through space. Even among those who well appreciate the relativity of the f-potential, however, there prevails the feeling that if ionic concentration is carefully controlled and the suspending medium kept constant in all other respects, then
Low-Cost Optical Diagnostic Systems for Point of Care Applications

I will discuss the designs, manufacturing methods, imaging performance and costs of integrated optical systems used for POC. A number of technological choices will be presented (opto-mechanics, optical elements, electronics and control). Examples of POC applications will be also provided.
Behavior of weak acid anions in response to changes in mobile phase pH in indirect photometric chromatography

Indirect photometric chromatography involves the separation of analytes via ion-exchange chromatography and indirect photometric detection. Weak organic acids are typically used as eluting ions. Changes in mobile phase pH affect the speciation of the analytes and thus affect the retention and detection characteristics of analytes. The situation is complicated in the case of weak acid eluents whose speciation is also affected by the pH changes. In this study, the retention and detection characteristics of several weak and strong acids were studied as a function of mobile phase pH with a phthalate-based eluent. Trends in both the detection and retention properties of the weak acids reflected the changing speciation and provided estimates of the dissociation constants of the acids.
The actin filament-associated protein AFAP-110 is an adaptor protein that modulates changes in actin filament integrity

The actin filament-associated protein of 110 kDa (AFAP-110) was first identified as an SH3/SH2 binding partner for the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Src. Subsequent data have demonstrated that AFAP-110 can interact with other Src family members. AFAP-110 contains additional protein binding modules including two pleckstrin homology domains, a leucine zipper motif and a target sequence for serine/threonine phosphorylation. AFAP-110 interacts with actin filaments directly via a carboxy terminal actin-binding domain. Thus AFAP-110 may function as an adaptor protein by linking Src family members and/or other signaling proteins to actin filaments. AFAP-110 also has an intrinsic capability to alter actin filament integrity that can be revealed upon conformational changes associated with phosphorylation or mutagenesis. Recent data has indicated that AFAP-110 may also serve to activate cSrc in response to this conformational change as well. Thus, AFAP-110 may function in several ways by (1) acting as an adaptor protein that links signaling molecules to actin filaments, (2) serving as a platform for the construction of larger signaling complexes, (3) serving as an activator of Src family kinases in response to cellular signals that alter its conformation and (4) directly effecting actin filament organization as an actin filament cross-linking protein. Here, we will review the structure and function of AFAP-110 as well as potential binding partners and effectors of AFAP-110's ability to alter actin filament integrity.
Determination and application of monitoring warning value at Liujiaxia dam

Warning value of dam safety monitoring is always an issue on which operation management departments pay a lot of attention. Basing on statistical analysis and combining with design,construction and operation data,the warning values of dam safety monitoring at Liujiaxia hydropower station were determined.
Fine Structure of the Ground States of N 15 and O 17

An attempt has been made to fit the experimental values of the ground-state splittings for ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ by using the same nucleon-nucleon spin-orbit force for both cases. It is found that the spin-orbit force constants for the ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ case must be made about twice as large as those for the ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ case. The magnitudes of the spin-orbit force parameters required to account satisfactorily for the ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ ground-state splittings have been found to be from 5 to 10 times larger than those necessary to obtain agreement between the calculated and the experimental values of the ground state splitting in ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$.The exchange-integral contributions to the splittings have been found to be from \textonequarter{} to \textonehalf{} of the direct integral contributions; therefore, the concept of a one-body spin-orbit force is not accurately applicable in the cases of the ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ ground state splittings.Gaussian error potentials and wave functions have been used. The wave-function range parameters have been adjusted by means of experimental Coulomb energies and examined by means of binding energies. Effects of excited configurations have not been included and no claim of an exhaustive consideration of all possible adjustments of wave function and potential parameters is made.
The Influence of a Nearly Free Methyl Rotor on the Dynamics of Vibrational Predissociation and IVR

Intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) rates can be profoundly changed by simple chemical modifications. An example occurs in the molecular pair p-difluorobenzene (pDFB) and p-fluorotoluene (pFT). These molecules are related by the replacement of a pDFB fluorine with a methyl group to produce pFT. IVR in 300 K gas phase molecules has been characterized for regions of the S1 manifold where the ring mode density is 100–2000 states per cm−1 [1,2]. The methyl substitution increases IVR rates by about a hundred-fold [2]. The time scales change from 15–300 psec to sub-psec.
Nonlinear and Robust Control of Parabolic PDE Systems with Time-Dependent Spatial Domains

There is a large number of industrial control problems which involve highly nonlinear transport-reaction processes with moving boundaries such as crystal growth, metal casting, gas-solid reaction systems, and coatings. In these processes, nonlinear behavior typically arises from complex reaction mechanisms and their Arrhenius dependence on temperature, while motion of boundaries is usually a result of phase change (like melting or solidification), chemical reaction, and/or mass and heat transfer. The mathematical models of transport-reaction processes with moving boundaries are usually obtained from the dynamic conservation equations and consist of nonlinear parabolic PDEs with time-dependent spatial domains
A Lost Generation? Why Latin American Development Depends on Growth

The Latin American debt crisis is but one aspect of the growing interdependence between North and South, reflecting the global linking of trade and financial markets in the postwar period. The 1970s brought about a dramatic rise in Latin America’s terms of trade, not only for the energy-producing countries but for most raw materials and primary producers, even those dependent on energy-intensive agricultural products, which make use of fertiliser and irrigation. This may be explained in part by the oil exporting countries’ difficulty in absorbing real resources during the 1970s. It also relates to the desire of the oil-importing countries, as well as a broad range of Latin American commodity export economies, to postpone adjustment by borrowing to sustain domestic growth and increase public expenditure.
State-based curriculum-making: the Illinois Learning Standards

AbstractThis case study of the development of the Illinois Learning Standards of 1997 parallels a study of the development of the Norwegian compulsory school curriculum of 1997, Laereplanverket 1997. The pair of case studies is designed to explore the administration of state-based curriculum-making and, in particular, the use of the administrative tools of compartmentalization, segmentation and licencing. Often the use of these tools serves to make the curriculum as a guiding instrument largely symbolic and/or ideological.
Attenuation of Microbial Growth on Modified Atmosphere-Packaged Fish.

Four species of fish from Atlantic waters, Meronia americanus (perch), Cynoscion regalis (seatrout), Micropogon undulatis (croaker) and Pomatomus saltatrix (bluefish), were processed (gutted or filleted), packaged under carbon dioxide and refrigerated. Stability of the fish under the modified atmosphere preservation (MAP) system was compared to that of fish stored conventionally. Use of the MAP system resulted in a 45 to 55% increase in stability, primarily due to an extension in the lag phase of psychrotrophic organisms and to their reduced growth rate in the logarithmic phase. By the 10th day of storage, the conventionally packed fish always exhibited a 100-fold higher psychrotroph count than the CO2-packed fish. Levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were negligible in this MAP system and no Salmonella spp. or Staphylococcus aureus was detected, even at an abuse temperature (10°C) of storage. Positive evidence for preformed Clostridium botulinum toxin was lacking.
Most small $${\varvec{}}$$-grous have an automorhism of order 2

Let f(p, n) be the number of pairwise nonisomorphic p-groups of order \(p^n\), and let g(p, n) be the number of groups of order \(p^n\) whose automorphism group is a p-group. We prove that the limit, as p grows to infinity, of the ratio g(p, n) / f(p, n) equals 1/3 for \(n=6,7\).
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Gastric Cancer

Despite its decreasing incidence, gastric cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is the second leading cause of cancerrelated death with the incidence being highest in Japan, China, Eastern Europe and Latin America. In 2002, it was estimated that nearly 934,000 new cases were diagnosed with approximately 700,000 deaths from this disease (Parkin et al 2005). In the United States, approximately 22,000 new cases of gastric cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2005 with 11,500 deaths predicted (Jemal et al 2005). Stomach cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with delayed symptoms. Complete surgical resection remains the only curative modality of