cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education for Thinking

I. Introduction 1. Why Go to School? 2. What Are We Doing Here? II. Inquiry 3. Learning to Learn 4. The Skills of Inquiry 5. Developing Inquiry Skills III. Argument 6. Why Argue? 7. The Skills of Argument 8. Developing Argument Skills IV. Conclusions 9. Becoming Educated References Index
Introducing Students to Computer-Based Group Work Practice

Given the increasing use of technology for linking individuals and groups, it is imperative that educators consider how to teach students about the potential of computers for conducting social group work practice. This article describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a class session aimed at increasing the comfort and competence of students with computer-based client and task groups. The session was centered on a simulation of a computer group, supplemented with lecture, class discussion, and readings. Results indicated that this combination of experiential and cognitive instruction increased students’ knowledge, comfort, and likelihood of using computer groups.
Method for Determination of Xanthene Dyes in Guava Fruits and Its Application in a Field Dissipation Study

Xanthene dyes, i.e., phloxine B and uranine or phloxine B alone, are phototoxic to tephritid fruit flies infesting guava fruits. An analytical method was developed for determination of residues of these dyes used in bait solutions for suppression of the tephritid fruit fly population in guava fruits. The procedure involved solvent extraction, anion-exchange cleanup, and determination by liquid chromatography or capillary zone electrophoresis. The dyes were extracted from 50 g guava fruit at 45 degrees degrees with 400 mL methanol-acetonitrile (1 + 1) and 5 g magnesium oxide added as an alkaline and clarifying agent. The guava extract was adjusted to pH 8.5 and subjected to an amino column cleanup. Average recoveries of xanthene dyes added to guava purees ranged from 77 to 99% for phloxine B and from 79 to 102% for uranine at spiking levels of 0.05-1.00 microg/g. The method was applied to the determination of phloxine B residues in guava fruits collected from a dye-sprayed orchard. After phloxine B was applied at a rate of 62.5 g/ha for 14 weekly sprayings, it was found on guava fruits at an average concentration of 111 +/- 18 ng/g 4 h after the llth spraying. The concentration of phloxine B was 426 +/- 94 ng/g in selected fruits with high deposits of the dye 4 h after spraying. Average concentrations of phloxine B 5 days after the 7th and 14th sprayings were 29 +/- 7 and 19 +/- 8 ng/g, respectively.
Prospects on Strategies for Therapeutically Targeting Oncogenic Regulatory Factors by Small‐Molecule Agents

Although the Human Genome Project has raised much hope for the identification of druggable genetic targets for cancer and other diseases, this genetic target-based approach has not improved productivity in drug discovery over the traditional approach. Analyses of known human target proteins of currently marketed drugs reveal that these drugs target only a limited number of proteins as compared to the whole proteome. In contrast to genome-based targets, mechanistic targets are derived from empirical research, at cellular or molecular levels, in disease models and/or in patients, thereby enabling the exploration of a greater number of druggable targets beyond the genome and epigenome. The paradigm shift has made a tremendous headway in developing new therapeutic agents targeting different clinically relevant mechanisms/pathways in cancer cells. In this Prospects article, we provide an overview of potential drug targets related to the following four emerging areas: (1) tumor metabolism (the Warburg effect), (2) dysregulated protein turnover (E3 ubiquitin ligases), (3) protein-protein interactions, and (4) unique DNA high-order structures and protein-DNA interactions. Nonetheless, considering the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneities that characterize cancer cells, the development of drug resistance in cancer cells by adapting signaling circuitry to take advantage of redundant pathways or feedback/crosstalk systems is possible. This "phenotypic adaptation" underlies the rationale of using therapeutic combinations of these targeted agents with cytotoxic drugs.
Ion Channels: Computational Analysis

Ion channels are proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer and open water filled pores for ion conduction. This article briefly discusses applications of the methods of computational chemistry to model structure and properties of ion channels. Molecular dynamics simulations are applied to study structure–function relationships in ion channels, their interaction with the lipid bilayer, as well as some aspects of gating and selectivity. Ion permeation properties of the channels are typically modeled using coarse-grained theories based on continuum representation of water, protein and sometimes permeating ions. In such models, interaction of ions with the environment is governed by the Poisson equation of classic electrostatics. Dynamic flow of ions is modeled by using either Brownian Dynamics (BD) [or alternatively Dynamic Monte Carlo methods (DMC)] or by using continuum diffusion formalism. A model that combines continuum diffusion formalism with the Poisson equation is termed Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) theory. A generalized continuum flow theory that accounts for a single ion interaction with the environment is termed Potential of Mean Force PMP (PMFPNP). The main limitation of both BD and PNP theories stems from the rigid representation of the protein and the membrane. In many hybrid models, this limitation has been overcome.
On the characteristic functions of the positive part and absolute value of a random variable

Let X be an arbitrary real-valued random variable (r.v.), with the char- acteristic function (c.f.) f. Expressions for the c.f.'s of the r.v.'s max(0,X) and |X| in terms of (f and) the Hilbert transform of f are given. AMS 2000 subject classifications: Primary 60E10; secondary 44A15. I have been recently asked whether results of (5) could be used to derive an expression for the characteristic function (c.f.) fX+ of the random variable (r.v.) X+ := max(0,X) in terms of the c.f. fX of an arbitrary given r.v. X. It might appear that a general simple enough expression of this kind does not exist at all; see e.g. (1). Yet, here such an expression is provided. It may indeed be possible to do that by using results of (5) with the limit transition as p ↓ 0. However, it seems easier to get the result from scratch, by similar methods. To understand why an expression in question may/should exist, observe that the dis- tribution µX+ of the r.v. X+ is a simple affine transformation of the distributionµX of X, given by the formula R R hdµX+ = R (0,1) hdµX + h(0)µX (−∞,0) � for all nonnegative Borel functions h on R. At that, the c.f.'s fX+ and fX are related with µX+ and µX via the one-to-one affine Fourier transformation. Therefore,fX+ is an affine transformation offX, and one may hope that this transformation can be rather simply described. Indeed, since the mapping fX 7→fX+ is affine, one can start, as in ( 5), with the case when µX is an extreme point - that is, a vertex - of the simplex of all probability distributions on R; this simply means that the corresponding "extreme" r.v. X takes only one value, say
trans activation of the simian virus 40 late promoter by large T antigen requires binding sites for the cellular transcription factor TEF-1.

Abstract Simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen stimulates the level of transcription from several RNA polymerase II promoters, including the SV40 late promoter. The mechanism of trans activation appears to be indirect since binding of T antigen to specific DNA sequences is not required. However, specific promoter elements that respond to T antigen have not previously been defined. We identified DNA sequences from the SV40 late promoter whose ability to stimulate transcription is induced by the expression of T antigen. In particular, the Sph I + II motifs of the SV40 enhancer can confer T-antigen inducibility to the normally uninducible herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene promoter when multiple copies of the sequence are inserted 5' of the transcription initiation site and TATA sequence. Binding sites for the cellular transcription factor TEF-1 and octamer binding proteins are contained within the Sph I + II motifs, as well as at other positions in the SV40 promoter. To study the role of individual protein-binding sites in trans activation by T antigen, mutations were constructed in various TEF-1 and octamer protein-binding sites of the SV40 late promoter. These mutations did not significantly affect basal promoter activity. However, mutation of all three TEF-1 sites prevented detectable activation by T antigen. DNase I footprinting of the mutated promoters with purified proteins demonstrated that inducibility by T antigen correlated with binding affinity of TEF-1 for the DNA and not with binding affinity of an octamer binding protein.
On Hilbert 2-class fields and 2-towers of imaginary quadratic number fields

Abstract Inspired by the Odlyzko root discriminant and Golod–Shafarevich p-group bounds, Martinet (1978) asked whether an imaginary quadratic number field K / Q must always have an infinite Hilbert 2-class field tower when the class group of K has 2-rank 4, or equivalently when the discriminant of K has 5 prime factors. No negative results are known. Benjamin (2001, 2002) and Sueyoshi (2004, 2009, 2010) systematically established infinite 2-towers for many K in question, by casework on the associated Redei matrices. Others, notably Mouhib (2010), have also made progress, but still many cases remain open, especially when the class group of K has small 4-rank. Recently, Benjamin (2015) made partial progress on several of these open matrices when the class group of K has 4-rank 1 or 2. In this paper, we partially address many open cases when the 4-rank is 0 or 2, affirmatively answering some questions of Benjamin. We then investigate barriers to our methods and ask an extension question (of independent interest) in this direction. Finally, we suggest places where speculative refinements of Golod–Shafarevich or group classification methods might overcome the “near miss” inadequacies in current methods.
International Banking: A Special Look at Foreign Banks in the U.S.

The usefulness of profit maximization hypothesis in explaining the multinationalization of the industrial corporate entity has been validated time and again through various empirical tests. This study uses the profit maximization hypothesis as a basis for a model to explain the multinationalization of the banking firm. A testable equation is derived, and tests using OLS are conducted. Empirical results are presented that support the hypothesis.
Effects of the electric field on the virtual mass of a flowing fluid sphere

A hydrodynamic solution was used to calculate the virtual mass coefficients of a flowing fluid sphere in a liquid medium subjected to an electric field. The values of the virtual mass coefficient of the bubble and a drop were found to be different from the classical value of half. The new result was validated by comparison with the experimental data of other investigators.
Interactions between 3-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine and Tetracaine, Phencyclidine, or Histrionicotoxin in theTorpedo Species Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ion Channel

3-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine ([125I]TID) and [3H]tetracaine, an aromatic amine, are noncompetitive antagonists (NCAs) of theTorpedo species nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), which have been shown by photoaffinity labeling to bind to a common site in the ion channel in the closed state. Although tetracaine and TID bind to the same site, the amine NCAs phencyclidine (PCP) and histrionicotoxin (HTX), which are also believed to bind within the ion channel, interact competitively with tetracaine but allosterically with TID. To better characterize drug interactions within the nAChR ion channel in the closed state, we identified the amino acids photoaffinity labeled by [125I]TID in the presence of tetracaine, PCP, or HTX. In the absence of other drugs, [125I]TID reacts with αLeu-251 (αM2-9) and αVal-255 (αM2-13) and the homologous residues in each of the other subunits. None of the NCAs shifted the sites of [125I]TID labeling to other residues within the ion channel. Tetracaine inhibited [125I]TID labeling of M2-9 and M2-13 without changing the relative125I incorporation at these positions, whereas PCP and HTX each altered the pattern of [125I]TID incorporation at M2-9 and M2-13. These results indicate that tetracaine and TID bind in a mutually exclusive manner to a common site in the closed channel that is spatially separated from the binding sites for PCP and HTX.
The Influence of a Premonitory Cue and Subsequent Shock for Errors upon Human Maze Performance

(1963). The Influence of a Premonitory Cue and Subsequent Shock for Errors upon Human Maze Performance. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 81-88.
Right and left ventricular pump function in infants and children with primary myocardial disease presenting with heart failure

Right and left ventricular (RV, LV) function were evaluated by quantitative bi-plane cineangiocardiography in 20 patients, aged 1 day to 6 years, who had primary myocardial disease presenting with heart failure. RV end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) was 157%±63% (\(\bar X\)±SD) of normal (P \(\bar X\)−2 SDs of normal) were compared with six patients with normal RVEF. Patients with subnormal RVEF had larger left ventricles, lower LVEFs, and higher RV peak systolic pressure than those with normal RVEF (P<.05 for all three comparisons). A separate subgroup of ten patients who died was compared with a subgroup of eight surviving patients followed up for one to four years after diagnosis. Patients who died had lower values for LVEF and LV systolic output and higher values for LV end-diastolic pressure than did survivors. There were no significant differences between patients who died and survivors in any of the RV variables measured. RV functional abnormalities were generally present in both infants and children who had myocardial disease presenting with heart failure and may especially contribute to the symptoms in infants.
Attitudes Toward Food as Indicators of Subcultural Value Systems

The intent of this paper is to focus attention on the relationships of food habits to under lying attitudes and values of subcultures and to suggest a possible approach for studying these relationships. The specific research objective was to investigate the relationship of attitudes toward food to the subcultural variables of race, religious locality, and age of homemakers. The objective also was to relate these attitudes toward food to “American” value systems so that possible differences in subcultural value systems could be detected. Homemakers from a systematic random sample of two small towns with distinctive reli gious and race subcultures were interviewed. The following attitude indexes related to food were developed through the use of principal component factor analyses: Propensity to Change, Convenience, Frugality, Health, Social Status, and Sociability Aspects. Attitude index scores were subjected to least-squares analyses of variance by the following variables: religious locality, race, age, age by race, education, and income. Significant differences by religious locality were found on the Social Status Index. Race differences were found for all indexes except Propensity to Change. An age by race interac tion was found on the Propensity to Change Index and an age difference was significant on the Convenience Index.
Numerical Modeling of Pulsatile Turbulent Flow in Stenotic Vessels

Pulsatile turbulent flow in stenotic vessels has been numerically modeled using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation approach. The commercially available computational fluid dynamics code (CFD), FLUENT, has been used for these studies. Two different experiments were modeled involving pulsatile flow through axisymmetric stenoses. Four different turbulence models were employed to study their influence on the results. It was found that the low Reynolds number k-omega turbulence model was in much better agreement with previous experimental measurements than both the low and high Reynolds number versions of the RNG (renormalization-group theory) k-epsilon turbulence model and the standard k-epsilon model, with regard to predicting the mean flow distal to the stenosis including aspects of the vortex shedding process and the turbulent flow field. All models predicted a wall shear stress peak at the throat of the stenosis with minimum values observed distal to the stenosis where flow separation occurred.
Radical Clock Reactions under Pseudo-First-Order Conditions Using Catalytic Quantities of Diphenyl Diselenide. A 77Se- and 119Sn-NMR Study of the Reaction of Tributylstannane and Diphenyl Diselenide

A method for the trapping of alkyl radicals by constant, catalytic quantities of PhSeH as a clock reaction in radical kinetics is presented. PhSeH is introduced in the form of PhSeSePh and regenerated by slow addition of a stoichiometric quantity of Bu3SnH. Using this method the rate constant for cyclization of the 6,6-diphenyl-5-hexenyl radical was found to be 6.8 × 107 s-1 at 20 °C, in fair agreement with the literature value of 4 × 107 s-1. An extension of the method was used to determine the rate of quenching of the 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetoxy-1-glucosyl radical by PhSeH as 3.6 × 106 s-1 at 78 °C. The reaction of Bu3SnH and PhSeSePh was studied by a combination of 77Se- and 119Sn-NMR spectroscopy.
The relationship between chloroplast number and genome size in Zea mays ssp. mays

Abstract Fifteen maize populations were analyzed with respect to their genome size and chloroplast number per guard cell. The reported genome sizes of these populations range from 9.82 pg to 13.8 pg. When all the populations were analyzed, a positive correlation between genome size and chloroplast number was observed. Upon removal of two of the populations from the analyses, a significant positive correlation was observed with an r value of 0.72. These results are consistent with published data which demonstrate a positive correlation between interspecific genome size and chloroplast number. Genome size does appear to influence the number of chloroplasts per guard cell within the species Zea mays ssp. mays . Two of the populations have chloroplast numbers indicative of large genome size, yet have small genome sizes. In these populations, genetic factors appear to regulate chloroplast number per guard cell. Nucleotypic factors, in addition to genetic factors, should be included in those mechanisms which regulate chloroplast number within as well as among species.
Rimantadine Therapy of Influenza A Infection in Mice

Eighty per cent of mice infected with a mouse-adapted strain of influenza virus died within 3 to 8 days after infection. Rimantadine given at maximum protective doses reduced mortality to 10%. This protection is dose related and can be demonstrated with doses from 4.5 to 24 mg per kg per day. Significant survival rates are shown by delaying treatment as long as 48 hr after infection. Lungs of treated mice have significantly less virus than those of controls at 24, 48, and 72 hr after infection. Antibody production as measured by hemagglutination inhibition is not different in treated and controlled mice. These results indicate that rimantadine is an effective prophylactic and therapeutic agent and that its activity is associated with decreased viral titers.
Ascertainment and age of onset in pedigree analysis.

The method of pedigree analysis proposed by Elston and Stewart [1971] is extended to allow for variable age of onset and ascertainment via probands; the extension is not completely analogous to the ordinary method of (two-generational) segregation analysis
Age-associated time delays in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction with primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Multiple studies have shown that age is a significant factor associated with suboptimal treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We performed a retrospective pilot study using a chart review of patients who presented with AMI who were subsequently treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) from November 1995 to January 1997 at our institution. Ninety-four patients met inclusion criteria, with 5 excluded for insufficient data. Mean time for "door-to-balloon" in all patients was 118 ± 48 minutes. The mean patient age was 60 years. Mean times (minutes) for patients grouped by decades of life are as follows: 143 ± 59 (30-39 years), 114 ± 51 (40-49 years), 99 ± 41 (50-59 years), 116 ± 44 (60-69 years), 135 ± 47 (70-79 years), and 133 ± 133 (80 years and older). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance ( P = 0.04). In this study, age was associated with treatment delays. There was a parabolic relationship of age with time, with a greater time delay occurring in "younger" and "older" patients.
Gas—liquid partition chromatographic separations in columns packed with porous particles — a model for uniform thickness liquid film

Abstract A linear mathematical model for gas—liquid chromatography is presented for application to either analytical or larger-scale equipment. The model includes the effects of axial dispersion, interparticle mass transfer, intraparticle gas diffusion, and diffusion in a thin, uniform thickness liquid film. The governing differential equations are solved in the Laplace transform domain for a general input pulse. Temporal moments of the output pulses are expressed in terms of geometrical, equilibrium and transport parameters. The moment theory is related to HETP and to resolution of separation. The optimization of the process and scale-up to industrial size are discussed.
In Situ Polymerized Carboxylated Diacetylene as a Hole Conductor in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

A solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated using in situ polymerized carboxylated diacetylene for hole transporting. Our preliminary experiments showed a short-circuit current density of 4.25 mA/cm2 and an efficiency of 0.89%. These proof-of-concept results are believed to be some of the highest reported for polymeric hole transporting material based devices.
Effect of nonstoichiometry on the terahertz absorption of Y3Al5O12 optical ceramics

We report the effect of nonstoichiometry on the terahertz absorption of fully dense optical ceramics of Y3Al5O12 and compare to that of undoped and 1 at.% Nd3+ doped single crystals. Our research is motivated primarily by the necessity of having better control of stoichiometry during the preparation of transparent yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) ceramics. A set of twenty ceramic samples was prepared by solid-state sintering of Y2O3 and Al2O3 powder mixtures with compositions ranging from −0.62 to +0.96 mol% of Y2O3 on each side of the stoichiometric garnet composition. After sintering, the samples were highly translucent in the visible range, with attenuations better than 2 cm−1. These samples were characterized using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy between 0.06 and 2.8 THz. Ceramic and single-crystal samples exhibit a similar broad absorption band, which we assign to a 2-phonon difference process, and whose width and intensity depend upon composition.
India’s vision for health: Perspectives from the XIIth five-year plan (2012-2017)

Public provisioning of quality health care to make available affordable and reliable health services constitutes the focal point of national health programs and policies. Significant progress has been achieved over the decades during the various 5-year plan periods. The present paper discusses the changes achieved in the key areas of health over the XI 5-year plan period and further proposals for important areas under the XII 5-year plans.
Recent Star Formation in Shapley Constellation III in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We present UBV photometry of four fields within Shapley Constellation III and one field on the edge of the shell. Our fields cover roughly 20% of the region, mostly in the southern half. Determinations are made of ages of the fields, the star formation densities, and the initial mass function (IMF) slopes. The field-age determinations inside the constellation show ages between 12 and 16 Myr uncorrelated with distance from the center, while the age of the field on the edge of the constellation shows an age of around 6–7 Myr. The southern part of the constellation shows star formation densities and IMF slopes typical of OB associations and giant H II regions, while the northern part shows significantly fewer intermediate-mass stars and a steeper IMF slope. We compare these properties of Constellation III with those of 30 Doradus, another LMC star-forming region of comparable size to Constellation III. Although the regions formed from roughly the same amount of gas, we estimate that 30 Doradus formed a few times more stars than Constellation III.
Racial discrimination in apartment rentals: A replication

Summary To provide unambiguous evidence for racial discrimination in rentals, black and white confederates (six male, six female) visited 18 apartment house managers. They inquired about the availability of an apartment and the amount of rent and other fees. While no racial discrimination with respect to rents and fees was found, data revealed substantial discrimination with respect to apartment availability. Results are discussed in terms of other research on interracial interactions.
Study of force induced melting of dsDNA as a function of length and conformation

We measure the constant force required to melt double-stranded (ds) DNA as a function of length for lengths from 12 to 100 000 base pairs, where the force is applied to the 3'3' or 5'5' ends of the dsDNA. Molecules with 32 base pairs or fewer melt before overstretching. For these short molecules, the melting force is independent of the ends to which the force is applied and the shear force as a function of length is well described by de Gennes theory with a de Gennes length of less than 10 bp. Molecules with lengths of 500 base pairs or more overstretch before melting. For these long molecules, the melting force depends on the ends to which the force is applied. The melting force as a function of length increases even when the length exceeds 1000 bp, where the length dependence is inconsistent with de Gennes theory. Finally, we expand de Gennes melting theory to 3'5' pulling and compare the predictions with experimental results.
Anomalous Hall effect in paramagnetic two-dimensional systems

We investigate the possibility of observing the anomalous Hall effect in paramagnetic two-dimensional systems. We apply the semiclassical equations of motion to carriers in the conduction and valence bands of wurtzite and zinc-blende quantum wells in the exchange field generated by magnetic impurities and we calculate the anomalous Hall conductivity based on the Berry phase corrections to the carrier velocity. We show that under certain circumstances, this conductivity approaches one-half of the conductance quantum. We consider the effect of an external magnetic field and show that for a small enough field the theory is unaltered.
The effects of acetyl-strophanthidin on the kinetics of potassium and Rb86 in the myocardium of dogs

Abstract 1. 1. The kinetics of potassium in the dog myocardium were studied immediately following the administration of acetyl-strophanthidin, utilizing a Rb 86 -tracer technique. 2. 2. The immediate loss of potassium from the myocardium following administration of acetyl-strophanthidin averaged 0.25 mEq. per kilogram of left ventricle per minute. 3. 3. The amount of tracer extracted from the blood by the myocardium declined immediately after the administration of acetyl-strophanthidin, indicating a reduction in the amount of potassium entering the myocardium from the plasma. There was probably a smaller reduction in the amount of potassium leaving the myocardium and entering the plasma, since the estimated decrease in the uptake of potassium was almost twice as much as the net loss of myocardial potassium. Calculations indicate that the decrease in the extraction of Rb 86 by the myocardium after acetyl-strophanthidin could be explained by a fall of 42 per cent in the flux of potassium across the myocardial capillary or by a doubling of the amount of plasma functionally shunted past myocardial capillaries.
On The Border: An Environmental History Of San Antonio

This collection of eleven essays, edited by Char Miller, examines the environmental history of San Antonio, drawing upon an interdisciplinary array of authors and insights to highlight the evolving relationship between the city's residents and the South Texas landscape, showing the citizens and the environment have shaped each other. The essays trace the city s environmental history over the last 300 years, from the Spanish explorers to the present. Many of the essays discuss issues that challenge San Antonio today--urban sprawl, water rights, and unchecked economic development--and show the events that led to their complexity. The border of the title refers to San Antonio s location at the edge of the Great Plains on the north and the coastal plain on the South, at the intersection of the eastern half of the country with the western half. It also refers, as Andrew Hurley writes, to the city s social landscape. The book looks beyond the natural environment to assess the city s social ecology, chronicling the history of the city s parks, water and sewer systems, and other infrastructures and concluding that San Antonio s power brokers "did not conceive of the community as a community.""
Improving methods to estimate energy and carbon footprints of global telecommunications

Companies are increasingly estimating and reporting their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) for voluntary and mandatory purposes. This paper includes a review of the quality of company GHG reporting for the global telecommunications sector. We find that company emissions vary significantly, from 3 metric tons CO 2 equivalent per million dollars operating revenue (MTCO 2 e/$M) to 215 MTCO 2 e/$M. We find that company reported emissions can also vary significantly annually (over 50% in some cases). Some of this variance is due to boundary issues, exclusion of in-scope emissions, unit conversion issues, and differences in electricity GHG intensity. We also find that focusing on Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions may distort a company's GHG estimates by ignoring Scope 3 emissions, which are likely a significant part of its overall GHG footprint. We end by offering recommendations on improving reporting methods.
Birth order differences in normal personality traits: Perspectives from within and outside the family

Abstract The hypotheses of Sulloway (1996) regarding birth order differences in five-factor model personality traits were tested in a sample of 231 college students with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992 ). Data were collected from three sources (self, peer, and parent) to systematically evaluate previous observations that birth order differences are more commonly found when ratings are obtained from family members than from observers outside the family ( Ernst & Angst, 1983 ). Using a between-family design, students were selected only from families with two or three full biological siblings and no half-siblings, step-siblings, or adopted siblings. Firstborn ( n = 103) and laterborn ( n = 128) students were compared using NEO-FFI ratings by the self, by a same-sex college peer, and by a biological parent. No birth order differences were found for any of the five NEO-FFI scores using any of the three rating sources. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d ) were less than .20 for all comparisons. Suggestions for new approaches to the study of birth order differences are considered, including the use of within-family designs and more contextualized personality variables.
Synthesis of Phosphorodithioate DNA via Sulfur-Linked, Base-Labile Protecting Groups(1).

Phosphorodithioate DNA, a new and potentially useful DNA analog with a deoxynucleoside-OPS2O-deoxynucleoside internucleotide linkage, was synthesized from deoxynucleoside 3‘-phosphorothioamidites h...
Impact of the construction of a large dam on riparian vegetation cover at different elevation zones as observed from remotely sensed data

Abstract The impact of the construction of a large dam on riparian vegetation cover can be multifold. How the riparian vegetation cover changes at different elevation zones in response to the construction of a large dam and the subsequent impound of reservoir water is still an open question. In this study, we used satellite remote sensing data integrated with geographic information system (GIS) to monitor vegetation cover change at different riparian elevation zones on a large spatial scale, taking the Three Gorges Dam in China as an example. Due to the large scale of this newly formed reservoir, it is expected to impact the riparian vegetation canopy both directly and indirectly. We chose to monitor vegetation cover changes along the 100 km riparian stretch of river directly upstream of the Three Gorges Dam site, over the construction period of eleven years (2000–2010), using MODIS vegetation indices products, digital elevation model (DEM) data from ASTER, and the time series water level data of the Three Gorges reservoir as the data sources. Results show that non-vegetated area increased in the inundated zone (below 175 m), as expected; area of densely vegetated land cover increased within the elevation zone of 175–775 m and no change in vegetation cover was observed above 775 m in elevation. Regression analysis between the vegetation index data and the reservoir water level shows that increasing water levels have had a negative impact on vegetation cover below 175 m, a positive impact on vegetation cover is limited to the region between 175 and 775 m, and no significant impact was observed above 775 m. MODIS EVI product is less sensitive in mapping non-vegetated land cover change, but more sensitive in mapping vegetated land cover change, caused by the reservoir water level variation; both products are similar in effectively tracking a trend between land cover change in each elevation zone with time or with reservoir water level.
Evidence for structural diversity in light chains of kappa type human cold agglutinins

Abstract The light chains of three IgM cold agglutinins have been isolated and analyzed by peptide mapping. These light chains were all of K type, but when compared by peptide mapping did not show any obvious similarity. Some of the trypic peptides have been eluted from peptide maps and analyzed for amino acid composition. These analyses and the comparison of peptide maps obtained from aminoethylated and carboxymethylated light chains allowed identification of the peptides corresponding to the first 23 residues of the variable half of two proteins. The light chains from two of the cold agglutinins belonged to different K subtypes and preliminary evidence has been obtained that the third light chain examined belongs to still a different K subtype.
The effects of undernutrition upon the energy reserve of the brain and upon other selected metabolic intermediates in brains and livers of infant rats.

—Rats undernourished from the first to the ninth day of life exhibited no decrease in the energy reserve (P-creatine, ATP, glucose and glycogen) of the brain, although they underwent a 41 per cent decrease in body weight. The apparent increase in the cerebral levels of glucose-6-phosphate and the decreases in hepatic glucose and lactate in the starved animals were probably a consequence of the fact that they froze faster than the control animals rather than of any essential differences in vivo. However, decreases in cerebral glutamate (11 per cent) and hepatic glutamate (33 per cent) in the undernourished animals cannot be explained on this basis. Possible explanations for this decrease in cerebral glutamate content are: a decreased supply of glutamate from the liver, a decreased synthesis of glutamate by the brain, or an increased use of glutamate as an energy source. Since levels of glutamate in the brain increase progressively during the first weeks of life, another interesting possibility is that the lower level of cerebral glutamate in undernourished rats represents a biochemical indicator of a delay in the maturation of specific morphological components which are rich in glutamate and are characteristic of the brain.
The origin of monozygotic twinning

The incidence of monozygotic twinning appears to be increasing within the field of assisted human reproduction. Many theories have been put forward as to how and when this occurs. Whatever the cause, the normal events of embryo development, which necessarily involve axis formation, patterning and polarization, need to be adhered to in order to obtain a viable offspring. This paper describes the course of development in terms of axis formation and polarity and offers suggestions as to how either a disruption of this or duplication events in the course of the formation of these parameters could prevent or contribute to a twinning event. The likelihood of twinning occurring at any point is discussed in terms of the establishment of polarity and axes.
Becoming a physician: The influence of the undergraduate experience

This study employed a national sample of college students who initially aspired to be, or later became, physicians to determine the influence of precollege characteristics, college origins, and the academic and social experience of college on the likelihood of becoming a physician. Estimates of a 14-variable causal model indicated that the major direct effects on attainment were attributable to college characteristics and the academic experience of college. Net of other causes, the selectivity/prestige of the undergraduate institution attended, collegiate academic achievement, and majoring in the physical or life sciences each had significant direct effects on becoming a physician. The direct positive influence of college quality, however, was partially counterbalanced by its negative indirect effect. Moreover, the greatest advantage in attending an elite institution accrued to those students with relatively high levels of academic performance. As academic performance declined, so did the positive effect of college quality. The effects of precollege characteristics on becoming a physician were largely indirect, mediated by the student's college experience. Net of other factors, women were no less likely than men to become physicians, but being female had a significant negative indirect effect. Conversely, secondary school achievement did not directly influence attainment but did have a large positive indirect influence.
On a texture-context feature extraction algorithm for remotely sensed imagery

An image data set of 54 scenes was obtained from 1/8" by 1/8" areas on a set of 1:20,000 scale photography. The scenes which consisted of 6 samples from each of the nine categories scrub, orchard, heavily wooded, urban, suburban, lake, swamp, marsh, and railroad yard was analyzed manually and automatically. For the automatic analysis, a set of features measuring the spatial dependence of the grey tones of neighboring resolution cells was defined. On the basis of these features and a simple decision rule which assumed that the features were independent and uniformly distributed on identification accuracy of 70% was achieved by training of 53 samples and assigning an identification to the 54th sample and repeating the experiment 54 times. This identification accuracy must be compared with the average 81% correct identification which five photointerpreters achieved with the same scenes, although the 81% correct identification is the accuracy achieved when they used the 9" × 9" photograph to interpret from. Note that the photograph is data of considerably higher resolution having much more context information on it than the small digitized 1/8" × 1/8" area the automatic analysis had available.
Producibility advances in hybrid uncooled infrared devices II

Producibility and factory improvements continue to advance the state-of-the-art in hybrid uncooled infrared detector manufacturing. The emphasis has shifted from proof-of- principle experiments to implementation and refinement in the areas of facilities, statistical process control, wafer level processing, and in the resolution of several key yield problems. Improvements in yield, throughput, and consistency demonstrate the maturation of Texas Instruments' detector factory from a research and development oriented lab to a production facility. Reliability and field testing are also confirming detector suitability to the market. The present discussion addresses these recent developments and their impact on the evolution toward a low cost, infrared detector.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
BIOLOGIC VARIATIONS IN GIANT-CELL LESIONS OF THE MOUTH.

T issue specimens from various oral lesions occasionally contain giant cells. The origin, identification, behavior, and response to treatment of these lesions have been controversial subjects, creating much confusion among clinicians in the management of patients. Therefore, in this article we will discuss some biologic variations of giant-cell lesions of the mouth and illustrate problems in diagnosis and treatment by presentin, 0 a group of cases of histologically classified giant-cell lesions.
The stoichiometry of the components of arthropod thin filaments.

Limulus thin filaments confer calcium sensitivity on calcium-independent myosins and contain in addition to actin and tropomyosin, three troponin components. The molar ratio of actin:tropomyosin: troponin sub-unit T (TN-T): troponin sub-unit C (TN-C) is approximately 7:1:1:1, as in vertebrates, but twice the amount of the troponin sub-unit I (TN-I) may be present. Arthropod troponin binds approximately 1 mole Ca/mol troponin, a significantly smaller amount than bound by vertebrate troponin.
Demonstration of the longitudinal modes and aberration-correction properties of a continuous-wave dye laser with a phase-conjugate mirror

We have experimentally demonstrated a cw dye laser incorporating a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM). The mirror was generated by using four-wave mixing in sodium. The unique bandwidth and pump–probe detuning properties of such a PCM permitted the first reported demonstration of the c/4L spaced paired half-axial modes. In addition, the aberration correction ability is demonstrated.
Microcode Bit Optimization is NP-Complete

The general problem of formatting microinstructions so as to minimize the width of words in control memory is shown to be computationally difficult. Hence, we should not attempt to solve the general case, but concentrate on heuristics for reasonable subcases.
Long-term functional dynamics of an aphidophagous coccinellid community remain unchanged despite repeated invasions.

Aphidophagous coccinellids (ladybeetles) are important providers of herbivore suppression ecosystem services. In the last 30 years, the invasion of exotic coccinellid species, coupled with observed declines in native species, has led to considerable interest in the community dynamics and ecosystem function of this guild. Here we examined a 24-year dataset of coccinellid communities in nine habitats in southwestern Michigan for changes in community function in response to invasion. Specifically we analyzed their temporal population dynamics and species diversity, and we modeled the community’s potential to suppress pests. Abundance of coccinellids varied widely between 1989 and 2012 and became increasingly exotic-dominated. More than 71% of 57,813 adult coccinellids captured over the 24-year study were exotic species. Shannon diversity increased slightly over time, but herbivore suppression potential of the community remained roughly constant over the course of the study. However, both Shannon diversity and herbivore suppression potential due to native species declined over time in all habitats. The relationship between Shannon diversity and herbivore suppression potential varied with habitat type: a positive relationship in forest and perennial habitats, but was uncorrelated in annual habitats. This trend may have been because annual habitats were dominated by a few, highly voracious exotic species. Our results indicated that although the composition of the coccinellid community in southwestern Michigan has changed dramatically in the past several decades, its function has remained relatively unchanged in both agricultural and natural habitats. While this is encouraging from the perspective of pest management, it should be noted that losses of one of the dominant exotic coccinellids could result in a rapid decline in pest suppression services if the remaining community is unable to respond.
Evaluation of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children.

Past medical history: 6 to 8 episodes of otitis by age 3 years Chronic mouth breathing and snoring Persistent nasal drainage Ventilating tubes and tonsillectomy at 2 years "Wheezing" with viral infections Diagnosis of sinusitis by previous physician Social history: Oldest of two children Mother remarried Day care 8 hours/day, with 15 other children Mother and stepfather smoke at home Natural father has asthma Physical examination: Retracted eardrums with tympanosclerosis Negative flattened peaks on tympanogram Aflergic shiners and purulent nasal drainage Absent tonsils, posterior pharyngeal lymphatic studding Shotty cervical nodes Transmitted inspiratory rhonchi
Diet and obesity.

Purpose of review Obesity continues to increase in the United States and worldwide. There is controversy surrounding different dietary patterns used to promote weight loss, and none has emerged as clearly more effective. This paper briefly reviews the factors that influence energy intake and dietary treatments used to promote weight loss. Recent findings Increasing portion size, eating away from home, and consuming a variety of high-energy dense foods appear to increase energy intake. Hormonal influences on diet continue to be explored. Very-low-calorie diets and low-carbohydrate diets lead to greater initial weight loss, but long-term results are no better than more moderate calorie-restricted diets. A program using meal replacements appears to lead to weight loss slightly greater than calorie-restricted diets and offers one option to treat obesity. Dietary patterns low in energy density and glycemic index have potential in treating obesity and should be studied further. Summary Clearly, a dietary pattern that prescribes a lower total energy intake is necessary for weight loss, and this pattern should be sustainable to maintain weight loss. Although many dietary programs can achieve short-term loss of weight, dietary treatment should be recommended that emphasizes lifestyle changes and is consistent with other dietary guidelines to promote long-term health. Features consistent with this are a dietary pattern low in total calories, saturated fat, and refined carbohydrate; moderate in whole grains; and high in low-energy dense vegetables and fruits. Future studies should explore dietary strategies and combination therapies that contribute to weight loss, long-term weight maintenance, and improved health.
Professor Lutz and the Structure of Interest Rates

I. Lutz's theory, 132. — II. Criticisms of Lutz's theory, 136. — III. Modifications of the "expected short rate" theory, 143.