cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of the DSM-5 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder age-of-onset criterion in the US adolescent population.

Objective The present study aims to compare the prevalence and clinical correlates of DSM-IV versus DSM-5 –defined attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subtypes in a nationally representative sample of US youth based on the age-of-onset criterion. Method The sample includes 1,894 participants 12 to 15 years of age from cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) surveys conducted from 2001 to 2004. Data on DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for ADHD were derived from administration of the parental ADHD module of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (DISC-IV). Results Extension of the age-of-onset criterion from 7 to 12 years led to an increase in the prevalence rate of ADHD from 7.38% ( DSM-IV ) to 10.84% ( DSM-5 ). Youth with later age of onset did not differ from those with earlier age of onset in terms of severity and patterns of comorbidity. However, the group with later age of onset was more likely to be from lower income and ethnic minority families. Conclusion The comparability of the clinical significance of the early and later age-of-onset groups supports the DSM-5 extension of the age-of-onset criterion in ADHD.
DPP : A Distributed Process Planning Approach Using Function Blocks

The objective of this research is to develop a new methodology for intelligent and distributed process planning. The primary focus of this paper is on the architecture of the new process planning approach, using function blocks as controller language. The secondary focus is on the other supporting technologies such as machining feature-based design and agent-based decision-making. The methodology proposed for distributed process planning is based on a design-for-machining concept that can seamlessly integrate feature-based design and agent-based planning into function block-based CNC control. Different from traditional methods, the proposed approach has a two-layer structure – supervisory planning and operation planning. The supervisory planning is performed in advance at shop floor level, followed by the operation planning accomplished at run-time at machine level by open CNC controllers. Through decentralization, the distributed process planning shows promise of improving system performance within today’s continually changing shop floor environment.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Orbital-Correction Method

A method for calculating the total energy of complex systems, such as molecules, is proposed. It is a perturbation expansion with two novel features. First, the starting point is an approximate state (rather than an approximate Hamiltonian) and the expansion is in the orbital correction to that state (rather than in a perturbing Hamiltonian). This permits application to complicated molecules where there is no soluble unperturbed Hamiltonian resembling the real system. The second feature is the evaluation of the total energy without the diagonalization of a Hamiltonian matrix. This is accomplished in a way analogous to, but basically different from, the use of the invariance of a trace under a similarity transformation. This permits the treatment of arbitrarily large systems. The principal approximations in the theory are a self-consistent-field approximation to the electron-electron interaction and the truncation at second order of an expansion which would be exact if carried to all orders. If the method were applied to metals, with the approximate starting states taken as orthogonalized plane waves, the theory becomes rigorous nonlocal pseudopotential theory. In molecules linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals (LCAO) starting states are envisaged and the theory is a systematic improvement upon (as well as simplification of) LCAO theory. Pseudopotentials do not play a central role in the application to molecules, though their use will improve the accuracy and the improvement may be an important one. The results of application of the method to the central hydrides, methane and hydrogen fluoride, by Meserve are given.
Clinical utility of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis in infancy.

Objective To determine the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, and urine for rapid diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis in infants 3 months of age and younger. Study design We identified prospectively infants 3 months of age and younger coming to the emergency department with fever whose examination included a lumbar puncture, blood culture, or both. Samples of CSF, serum, urine, throat, and stool specimens were collected for viral culture and, with the exception of stool, for PCR assay. Those infants who had not received prior antibiotic therapy and had sterile bacterial cultures of CSF, blood, and urine were selected for the present analysis. Results A total of 259 specimens for viral culture and 203 specimens for PCR assay were collected from 64 infants. Comparison of results of PCR assay of CSF with viral culture, the gold standard for diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis, demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90%. Because enteroviruses are not always detectable by culture, the following modified standard was established to define enteroviral meningitis: either CSF pleocytosis, sterile bacterial cultures and detection of an enterovirus in stool culture or positive viral culture of CSF, or both. With this modified definition, the sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay of CSF were 92% and 94%, respectively. PCR assay of serum and urine offered no benefit over PCR assay of CSF alone for diagnosis of meningitis. Conclusion PCR assay of CSF is useful for the rapid and reliable diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis. Application of this technique in the clinical setting can potentially diminish unnecessary hospitalization and use of antibiotics.
Reliability of the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Diagnostic for Children (ASD-DC).

Abstract The reliability of a new scale to assess Autistic Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger's Disorder in children was examined. Parents or other caregivers rated symptoms of 207 children between 2 and 16 years of age. The scale, which had 40 items in the final version, correlated highly with DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 criteria and proved to have good inter-rater reliability and, excellent test–retest, and internal consistency reliability. These data are considered to have clinical utility given the need to establish data-based distinctions between these three subtypes of ASD. Furthermore, the measure is part of a more extensive battery measuring comorbid psychopathology and challenging behaviors. Implications for future research of this comprehensive assessment battery are discussed.
Paul Drude’s Prediction of Nonreciprocal Mutual Inductance for Tesla Transformers

Inductors, transmission lines, and Tesla transformers have been modeled with lumped-element equivalent circuits for over a century. In a well-known paper from 1904, Paul Drude predicts that the mutual inductance for an unloaded Tesla transformer should be nonreciprocal. This historical curiosity is mostly forgotten today, perhaps because it appears incorrect. However, Drude's prediction is shown to be correct for the conditions treated, demonstrating the importance of constraints in deriving equivalent circuits for distributed systems. The predicted nonreciprocity is not fundamental, but instead is an artifact of the misrepresentation of energy by an equivalent circuit. The application to modern equivalent circuits is discussed.
An automated neck flexibility tester

We investigate automation and control options for the neck flexibility tester (NFT) (P. McClure et al., 1998), a device originally used to measure the flexibility of the human cervical spine. The motivation is to lay the foundations for design and implementation of investigative devices that would allow studies of mechanical properties of the spine under repetitive dynamic loading. We derive the equations of motion for an automated NFT (ANFT) using a Lagrangian formulation. These equations, which represent a simplified first-order model of the dynamics, are used to simulate the ANFT using the software package Simulink. Two control schemes are examined: proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) control and dynamic inversion. Both are simulated for setpoint and tracking control. It appears that PID control is preferred due to its simplicity of design and relative insensitivity to the dynamic model of the ANFT.
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. Rod Ellis. (Oxford Introductions to Language Study, H. G. Widdowson, Series Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. x + 147. $10.95 paper.

Imagine my surprise when I received an SLA textbook by Rod Ellis to review, and it turned out to be a paperback weighing only 7 ½ ounces! Something must be different, and indeed it is: This new volume is intended for the novice student (or for others without academic engagement in linguistics). For such an audience, the volume opens up a fresh niche for SLA classes, one that is not all that common, at least at North American universities.
American Realism and the New Global Realities

The three books reviewed in this essay, Morality Among Nations: An Evolutionary View (Mary Maxwell), Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age (Joel H. Rosenthal), and Securing Europe (Richard H. Ullman), in some sense represent a reaction to Reagan's ideological policies. Maxwell's book appeals to the sociobiological nature of international morality. Rosenthal's book invites the reader to consider the valid view of the realist model as a venue toward integration of morals with decision making in international relations. Ullman's main premise is that the disintegration of the Soviet empire and reunification of Germany gave a strong impetus for the European states to seek a common ground in all areas through cooperation, particularly on security issues.
Employer-Employee Social Contracts: Fashioning a New Compact for Workers

During last year's Academy of Management meeting in Atlanta, the public affairs forum addressed a management issue that is of urgent concern to the general public today—the withering of the traditional relationships between corporations and their employees. Three speakers presented their views on the topic: Louis Uchitelle, New York Times; J.T. Battenberg III, former Chairman and CEO of Delphi; and Thomas Kochan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. To follow are their remarks. Denise Rousseau from Carnegie Mellon University and Rosemary Batt from Cornell University moderated the session. Later, they offer a review of the three presentations and put them into a larger context.
Quantifying Nonspecific TEM β-Lactamase (blaTEM) Genes in a Wastewater Stream

To control the antibiotic resistance epidemic, it is necessary to understand the distribution of genetic material encoding antibiotic resistance in the environment and how anthropogenic inputs, such as wastewater, affect this distribution. Approximately two-thirds of antibiotics administered to humans are beta-lactams, for which the predominant bacterial resistance mechanism is hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. Of the beta-lactamases, the TEM family is of overriding significance with regard to diversity, prevalence, and distribution. This paper describes the design of DNA probes universal for all known TEM beta-lactamase genes and the application of a quantitative PCR assay (also known as Taqman) to quantify these genes in environmental samples. The primer set was used to study whether sewage, both treated and untreated, contributes to the spread of these genes in receiving waters. It was found that while modern sewage treatment technologies reduce the concentrations of these antibiotic resistance genes, the ratio of bla(TEM) genes to 16S rRNA genes increases with treatment, suggesting that bacteria harboring bla(TEM) are more likely to survive the treatment process. Thus, beta-lactamase genes are being introduced into the environment in significantly higher concentrations than occur naturally, creating reservoirs of increased resistance potential.
Comparison of three intellectual screening tests in a rehabilitation setting.

Summary.-Scores from three brief intellectual screening in strum en^ were compared with WAIS IQs. The Quick Test, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Revised Bern, and the WAIS were administered to 70 clients of a vocational rehabilitation center. All IQ estimates from the brief measures correlated highly with WAIS IQs. The Quick Test and the Peabody significantly underestimated the WAIS Verbal IQ. No differences were found between any of the brief measures and the WAIS Performance Scale or Full Scale. The Quick Test showed the greatest agreement with the WAIS when clients were classified into categories of intelligence based on their test scores. Most vocational rehabilitation settings offer services to persons with a wide range of disabilities including mental illness, mental retardation, and physical handicaps. Indications of intellectual functioning are needed, but resources to administer an extensive intelligence test to everyone are not available; instead, a screening instrument is used to provide an estimate of intellectual functioning. In the rehabilitation center which provided the context for this study, the Quick Test (Amrnons & Amrnons, 1962), the Revised Beta (Kellog & Morton, 1934), and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Dunn, 1959) have been used as screening instruments. The Quick Test and the Peabody employ similar formats which require the testee to give a recognition (pointing) response to one of four visual stimuli in reply to a verbal query from the examiner. The Beta uses a pencil-and-paper format; the items require various nonverbal responses to stimuli which are primarily pictorial in nature. The Quick Test is of particular interest since it has been the primary screening instrument used at the center where the present study was conducted. Previous research efforts have demonstrated some usefulness for brief intellectual screening measures with the three major client populations served by rehabilitation centers. Maloney, Steger, and Ward (1973.) and Maloney, Nelson, Duval, and Kirkendall (1978) found high correlations between the Quick Test and the WAIS Full Scale IQs for groups of adult psychiatric inpatients. The second study also showed the Peabody to be effective as a screening device. Davis and Dizzonne ( 1970) demonstrated the usefulness of the ,Quick Test with neuropsychiatric inpatients and presented evidence that the Quick 'Request reprints from H. C. Ridtard, Graduate School of Experimental and Clinical Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 2968, University, Alabama 35486. The authors wish to thank Mr. Donald Hand and staff members at the West Alabama Rehabiliration Center for the opportunity to conduct this study. We are appreciative, also, for the testing services provided by Rhonwyn Carson and Larry Woods.
States' Accountability and Progress in Serving Young Children With Disabilities

Since the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), there has been a growing focus on improving the quality of programs for children with disabilities and meas...
A human germline modification scale.

With progress in genetic research advancing as it is, a host of novel theoretical and practical challenges are thereby being raised. From a bioethical perspective, it is easy to get the feeling that, because of this rapid progress, many fundamental concepts that should be in place arent yet in place. This lack may be felt especially in relation to human gene modification. with the Human Genome Projects (HUGOS) potential to yield innumerable applications, one of the things that should be in place is a set of fundamental conceptual guidelines demarcating the kinds of genetic modifications (I will use this term to stand both for various kinds of genetic therapies and enhancements) that should count as ethically acceptable and legally permissible. In this paper, my goal is to articulate such guidelines, specifically for the set of all possible human germline (rather than somatic) modifications.
Terrestrial feeding in the Mudskipper Periophthalmus (Pisces: Teleostei): A cineradiographic analysis

Mudskipping gobies (Periophthalminae) are among the most terrestrial of amphibious fishes. Specializations associated with terrestrial prey capture and deglutition have been studied in Periophthalmus koelreuteri by light and X-ray cinematography which permits direct visualization of pharyngeal jaw movement during deglutition. Anatomical specializations of the pharyngeal jaws are described and include depressible teeth, a large ventral process on ceratobranchial five, and muscular modifications. Multiple terrestrial feedings occur by Periophthalmus without a return to the water, and cineradiography reveals that the buccal cavity is often filled with air during terrestrial excursions in contrast to some previous hypotheses. Transport of the prey into the oesophagus occurs primarily by anteroposterior movement of the upper pharyngeal jaw. The lower pharyngeal jaw plays a limited role in food transport and may serve primarily to hold and position prey. The bite between upper and lower pharyngeal jaws occurs between the anterior teeth, and both jaws are protracted together during raking of food into the oesophagus. Functional specializations correlated with terrestrial feeding include obligatory use of pharyngeal jaws for swallowing even small prey items and positioning of the prey in the pharynx by pharyngeal jaw and hyoid movements alone. This analysis of terrestrial feeding allows hypotheses of design constraints imposed by the aquatic medium on fishes to be raised and tested.
Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profile in Morbidly Obese Patients After Laparoscopic Total Gastric Vertical Plication

In recent years sleeve (vertical) gastrectomy has been increasingly used as a stand-alone procedure, effecting significant weight reduction, resolution of obesity comorbidities and minor nutritional deficits at 5 years of follow-up (1, 2). Sleeve gastrectomy has also been shown to have comparable early changes in gastro-intestinal hormones as the more complicated Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbidly obese type II diabetic subjects (3). The new procedure of laparoscopic total gastric vertical plication (LTGP), used by Golpaie et al. has similarities with sleeve gastrectomy in deriving its bariatric effect through reduction of stomach capacity (4). It is thus timely that LTGP is being investigated as an alternative to sleeve gastrectomy. Unsurprisingly, Golpaie et al. have found that significant weight loss and improvement in lipid profile and insulin resistance occurred within six weeks of LTPG in 15 patients (4). As pointed out by Talepour et al. technical details of LTGP i.e. anterior versus greater curvature plication and remnant stomach capacity needs clearer definition (5). These authors have also pointed out possible cost advantage, reversibility and lower leakage complications with LTPG. These need to be verified by a larger experience. Nevertheless, there is the potential disadvantage of the sequestrated plicated part of the stomach being out of reach for gastroscopic surveillance and hence delay in diagnosis of subsequent pathology. This would be a consideration, especially in East Asia where there is a high incidence of gastric cancer.
Engagement techniques in family therapy

A number of basic engagement techniques in family therapy are identified and illustrated. These include (1) techniques that enable the therapist to achieve a position of influence with family members or to gain entry into the family system, (2) techniques utilized in teaching the family how to behave in the therapy setting, and (3) the tactics the therapist may use to manage difficult moments in the session. Issues in the relationship between technique and the theory and practice of family intervention are also examined.
Radiation complications and tumor control after plaque radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma with macular involvement.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the outcome of plaque radiotherapy in the treatment of macular choroidal melanoma and to identify the risk factors associated with the development of radiation complications, tumor recurrence, and metastasis. METHODS: Chart analysis of 630 consecutive patients (630 eyes) with macular choroidal melanoma managed by plaque radiotherapy between July 1976 and June 1992. RESULTS: The median largest basal tumor diameter was 10 mm, and the median tumor thickness was 4 mm. By means of Kaplan-Meier estimates, visually significant maculopathy developed at 5 years in 40% of the patients, cataract in 32%, papillopathy in 13%, and tumor recurrence in 9%. Vision decrease by 3 or more Snellen lines was found in 40% of the patients at 5 years. Sixty-nine eyes (11%) were enucleated because of radiation complications and recurrence. Twelve percent of the patients developed metastasis by 5 years and 22% by 10 years. Results of multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses showed that the significant predictors for tumor recurrence were a distance of tumor margin from the optic disk of less than 2 mm ( P = .003) and retinal invasion ( P = .009). The significant variables that were predictive of metastasis included tumor thickness greater than 4 mm ( P = .02) and largest basal tumor diameter greater than 10 mm ( P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Plaque radiotherapy offers a 91% 5-year local tumor control rate for macular choroidal melanoma. Despite good local tumor control, the risk for metastasis is 12% at 5 years and 22% at 10 years. In 11% of the patients, enucleation eventually became necessary because of radiation complications and tumor recurrence.
Developing multiple-site kinetic models in catalysis simulation : A case study of O2 + 2NO ↔ 2NO2 oxidation-reduction chemistry on Pt(100) catalyst crystal facets

Abstract It is generally recognized that developing a kinetic model for a supported catalyst is difficult because of the existence of multiple sites. These sites can arise from a distribution of crystal facets (e.g., (100), (110)) each with its unique intrinsic site types (e.g., atop, bridge, hollow). Additional complexities arise from non-basel plane site types (e.g., defect, edge, corner), the differing lateral interaction energies of which may be coverage-dependent for each of their pairwise interactions. To demonstrate the complexities that develop for even a greatly simplified system, we examine a multiple site kinetic model of the reaction 2NO + O 2 ↔ 2NO 2 on an ideal Pt(100) catalyst. A model of the Pt(100) surface is adopted where atop, bridge, and fourfold hollow sites are responsible for O 2 , NO, and NO 2 chemisorption to form Pt O, Pt NO, and Pt NO 2 species. In our kinetic scheme, equilibrium is assumed for O 2 , NO, and NO 2 chemisorption due to their high sticking coefficients (all >0.1). A single rate-determining step of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood type was chosen to describe the oxidation of NO on platinum via the reaction Pt H,A,B O + Pt H,A,B NO ↔ Pt H,A,B + Pt H,A,B NO 2 , where H, A, and B represent hollow, atop, and bridge sites. Equal kinetic parameters for all site combinations were assumed to exist and were in part taken from the literature to be Δ H † = 83 kJ / mol and Δ S † = 20 J / ( K mol ) . The exercise here is largely hypothetical but offers insight into how more detailed kinetic models may be developed, such as through the use of reaction velocity matrices, a concept introduced here. Specifically for this system, the model yielded insight into NO x chemistry on Pt(100) in that it predicted that the greatest reaction velocities (forward and reverse) occurred via the reaction Pt O(atop) + Pt NO(bridge) ↔ Pt(atop) + Pt NO 2 (bridge). We believe that the framework of a site-specific modeling scheme presented here is an important starting point for future site-specific microkinetic modeling. In particular, a definition and description of use of surface coverages, reaction rate coefficients, and computed reaction velocity matrices are presented.
The Influence of Divergent Growth Selection on Semen Traits, Fertility and Hatchability

The effects of divergent growth selection for 18 generations on semen characteristics, fertility and hatchability were investigated. Males from the low weight line produced semen with a significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher sperm concentration and a highly significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) lower methylene blue reduction time than the males from the high line. Differences between lines for semen volume, sperm motility, percent of live sperm, fertility and hatchability were not statistically significant.
Zero-sequence current dynamics in parallel-connected voltage source converters

Multiple three-phase voltage source converters may be connected in parallel to supply an AC voltage bus or a load in excess of the rating of an individual power converter. Without a circulating path, a zero-sequence current generally does not exist in a single power converter; however, it typically exists in parallel-connected three-phase power converters. The presence of zero-sequence currents in three-phase systems, which may be caused by the circuit asymmetry, introduces further asymmetry of electrical variables and is indicative of abnormal condition of the circuit in which these components are found. This paper presents a detailed small-signal mathematical model that can represent the zero-sequence current dynamics in the parallel-connected voltage source converters and investigates the effects of a variety of factors on the zero-sequence currents. Time-domain simulation studies are performed to verify the controller performance and the effects of the system and controller parameter variations on the zero-sequence currents.
Low-loss silicon-on-diamond optical waveguides

Low-loss optical rib waveguides (2.5 μm × 700 nm) have been fabricated on a silicon-on-diamond (SOD) substrate. 0.74 dB/cm propagation loss is measured. Benefits to heat dissipation for active photonic devices are studied.
A hybrid CBR-IR approach to legal information retrieval

In this paper we discuss a hybrid approach combining CaseBased Reasoning (CBR) and Information Retrieval (IR) for the retrieval of legal documents. Our hybrid CBR-IR approach takes as input a standard symbolic representation of a problem ease and retrieves texts of relevant cases from a document corpus dramatically larger than the case base available to the CBR system. Our system works by first performing a standard HYPO-style CBR anatysis and then using texts associated with certain important classes of cases found in this analysis to “seed” a modified version of INQUERY’s relevance feedback mechanism in order to generate a query. Our approach provides two benefits: it extends the reach of CBR (for retrievat purposes) to much larger corpora, and it enables the injection of knowledgebased techniques into traditional IR. We deseribe our CBRIR approach and report on on-going experiments performed in two different legal domains.
Inhibition of isoprene biosynthesis pathway enzymes by phosphonates, bisphosphonates, and diphosphates

We have investigated the docking of a variety of inhibitors and substrates to the isoprene biosynthesis pathway enzymes farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), isopentenyl diphosphate/dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase (IPPI) and deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) using the Lamarckian genetic alogorithm program, AutoDock. The docked ligand structures are predicted with a ∼0.8 A rms deviation from the structures determined crystallographically. The errors found are a function of the number of atoms in the ligand (R = 0.91, p < 0.0001) and, to a lesser extent, on the resolution of the crystallographic structure (R = 0.70, p < 0.008). The structures of three isoprenoid diphosphates docked to the FPPS enzyme reveal strong electrostatic interactions with Mg2+, lysine and arginine active site residues. Similar results are obtained with the docking of four IPPI inhibitors to the IPPI enzyme. The DXR substrate, deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate, is found to dock to Mn2+−NADPH−DXR in an almost identical manne...
Constructing stream surfaces in steady 3D vector fields

A streamline is a curve which is everywhere tangent to a fluid velocity field. A stream surface is the locus of an infinite set of such curves, rooted at every point along a continuous originating line segment, or rake. A stream surface may be approximated by the triangular tiling of adjacent pairs of integrated streamlines. Such a surface may be refined by repeatedly splitting the widest of the ribbons by the insertion of new curves.A more efficient method begins with a discretization of the rake. These particles are repeatedly advanced a short distance through the flow field. New polygons are appended to the downstream edge of the surface. The spacing of the particles is adjusted to maintain an adequate sampling across the width of the growing surface. This approach more efficiently accesses the flow field volume data and produces a better distribution of points over the two dimensions of the stream surface.
Daily Timing of Mating and Age at Reproductive Maturity in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Abstract The psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama vectors a bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, in Florida which is responsible for citrus greening disease (huanglongbing), one of the most serious diseases of citrus. Despite the great economic importance of D. citri to citrus production, little is known about the reproductive biology and behavior of this insect. We conducted studies to determine the copula duration, the age at which both males and females reach reproductive maturity, the pre-oviposition period, the daily timing of mating activity in a laboratory colony, and the temporal dynamics in the sex ratio of a cohort of newly eclosed adults. The emergence patterns of males and females were strikingly similar, with no evidence for protandry or protogyny. Both sexes reached reproductive maturity by 2-3 d post-eclosion. Oviposition generally began within 1 d after mating, but was longer when females were mated at 2 d of age. Mean ± SEM copula duration was 48.3 ± 8.4 minutes (range: 15.2-98.0). ...
Three projects to emphasize the design in lens design

Lens design is a cornerstone of optical engineering education. At Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, our implementation begins with a review of paraxial optics and system layout before moving into a theoretical treatment of monochromatic and chromatic aberration theory and image quality; small design problems presented along the way provide context and exposure to lens design software (Code V and Zemax). At the undergraduate level, pedagogical methods which focus on open-ended design/synthesis are especially important as these skills are still developing in students. To this end, a series of three design projects were recently introduced. The first project is the design of a fast photographic zoom lens. Constraints are provided for sensor format, overall length, allowable glasses, maximum number of elements, maximum distortion, and the required image quality. In the second design project, students are tasked with the design of a reflective spectrometer system utilizing off-the-shelf optics from a provided list. Design specifications are placed on the wavelength span, resolution bandwidth, input format, and module footprint. The third design project places students in the position of selecting the best design for manufacture based on the results of an inverse sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo tolerance analysis. The results are weighed against the expected manufacturing cost. This paper details the implementation of these projects, including lessons learned, assessment methodology, and student outcomes. Anecdotally, students who successfully complete all three projects demonstrate deeper understanding of lens design and several specific topics (optimization, multiconfiguration systems, coordinate breaks, diffractive optics, and tolerancing).
Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) for Quantitative Proteomics

Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) is a powerful approach for high-throughput quantitative proteomics. SILAC allows highly accurate protein quantitation through metabolic encoding of whole cell proteomes using stable isotope labeled amino acids. Since its introduction in 2002, SILAC has become increasingly popular. In this chapter we review the methodology and application of SILAC, with an emphasis on three research areas: dynamics of posttranslational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and protein turnover.
Compaq v. Commissioner - Where Is the Tax Arbitrage?

The transactions that gave rise to the Fifth Circuit decision in Compaq Computer Corporation v. Commissioner and to the Eighth Circuit decision in IES Industries Inc. v. Commissioner have been characterized as blatant tax avoidance schemes, undeserving of respect by decent people. The pro-taxpayer decisions in those cases have been attacked as illogical and dangerous. Professors Klein and Stark attempt to cast a different light on the transactions. They offer a more benign characterization of the transactions and suggest that the proper judicial treatment is far from clear. Their analysis is based on the propositions that the transactions involved true economic arbitrage rather than classic tax arbitrage and that the foreign tax credit was not, analytically, a crucial element. They conclude that the circuit courts properly rejected the Commissioner's theory that the transactions were economic losers apart from taxes. They suggest, however, that the transactions could possibly have been rejected because of their contrived nature or because of the particular taxpayers' state of mind in entering into them.
Modeling the Aggregate Distribution of Flights in En route Air Traffic Streams

The Cleveland Air Route Traffic Control Center is one of the most congested and delay prone regions of air space in the continental United States. To ensure the orderly flow of easterly and westerly traffic through this Center, special Traffic Management Coordinator positions exist in Cleveland. One of the primary responsibilities of the coordinator handling the easterly flow of traffic is to sequence internal departures into this congested overhead stream. To facilitate the duties of this coordinator a linear programming based aggregate flow distribution algorithm was developed, which c an be used to allocate an optimal combination of en route and departing flights into a shared air traffic stream. To demonstrate the utility of this algorithm, alternative distributions of traffic were modeled for the Chicago O’Hare International Airport arrival stream, which crosses over the Pullman fix and through the Cleveland Center, during a time interval that was nominally impacted by a miles -in -trail restriction. An intuitive flight allocation methodology was also proposed for mapping actual flight s into the modeled aircraft stream produced by the linear programming algorithm. Some of the modeled stream distributions were shown to reduce delays and increase system throughput in one of the most congested regions of airspace in the National Airspace System.
Own It! Constructions of Masculinity and Heterosexuality on Reality Makeover Television

Makeover television shows are notorious for presenting oppressive and unrealistic images of women, but a sizable portion of makeover contestants are men. What does this mean for the impact of such shows on gender culture? Using data collected from transcripts of five different programs, we find that gender, power, and heterosexuality intertwine within makeover plots in three ways. First, makeover shows link the promise of personal transformation to uncovering an accentuated femininity or masculinity lurking beneath surface-level shortcomings. Second, shows featuring male contestants make status and wealth central to their transformations. While female contestants focus on their bodies, men are offered opportunities and encouragement to engage in ‘manhood acts’ (Schrock and Schwalbe, 2009): deliberate efforts to claim membership in the privileged gender group. Third, makeovers rely upon heteronormative understandings of masculinity and femininity as opposites that attract. For men in particular, heterosexu...
Estrogen reduction in a coupled wetland and ground water flow-through system

Hormones, 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), have been reported in surface water. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serves as a major point source as humans excrete E2 and E1 in urine and feces. WWTPs are not designed to remove the hormones, and elevated concentrations of E1 and E2 have been observed in treated eff luent. Recently, WWTPs have been incorporating wetlands as a tertiary treatment. The project objective was to investigate the reduction of E2 and E1 in treated wastewaters subjected to a tertiary treatment composed of a coupled wetland and ground water flow through system. E2 and E1 were measured in the treated effluent entering the wetland, the wetland waters, and in the ground water downgradient of the wetlands. Treated effluent had the highest mean concentrations of E2, 32 ng/L, and E1, 76 ng/L. Wetland waters had slightly lower concentrations of 27 ng/L for E2 and 55 ng/L for E1. Measurable concentrations of E2 were observed only once in five of the 13 wells at a maximum concentration of 18 ng/L, while E1 was observed only in two wells. Higher concentrations of both E2 and E1 were measured in the treated effluent than in the wetlands, indicating that the wetlands are serving as a sink for E2 and E1. The absences of E2 and E1 within the ground water indicate that both are being effectively removed within the groundwater system.
Innovations in point-of-care testing for enhanced United States disaster caches.

Objective: To describe, innovate, recommend, and foster the implementation of point-of-care (POC) testing in disaster caches to enhance crisis standards of care and to improve triage, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and management of victims and volunteers in complex emergencies and disasters. Design and settings: The authors compared POC testing in United States disaster caches to commercially available POC testing to enhance the caches and to reflect current state-of-the-art diagnostic capabilities. The authors also provided recommendations based on literature review and knowledge from newly developed POC technologies from the UC Davis Pointof-Care Technologies Center. Results: Presently, US POC testing caches comprise chemistry/electrolytes, pregnancy, hemoglobin, cardiac biomarkers, hematology, fecal occult blood, drugs of abuse, liver function, blood gases, and limited infectious diseases. Deficiencies with existing POC tests for cardiac biomarkers, hematology, and infectious diseases should be eliminated. POC resources can be customized for pandemics, complex emergencies, or disasters based on geographic location and potential infectious diseases. Additionally, a new thermally stabilized container can help alleviate environmental stresses that reduce test quality. Conclusions: Innovations in POC technologies can improve response preparedness with enhanced diagnostic capabilities. Several innovations, such as the i-STAT® Wireless, OraQuick ADVANCE® HIV-1/2, VereTrop™ Lab-on-a-Chip, and new compact hematology analyzers will improve test clusters that facilitate evidence-based decision making and crisis standards of care during US national disaster responses. Additionally, strategic resources and operator training should be globally harmonized to improve the efficiency of international responses.
Comparison of external beam radiation and brachytherapy to external beam radiation alone for unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Background: Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHC) is a rare malignancy with a relatively poor prognosis. There are no randomized, prospective data to help define the optimal method of radiation delivery for unresectable EHC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefit of adding brachytherapy to external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for unresectable EHC. Methods: A retrospective review of 1,326 patients with unresectable EHC using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was completed. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to analyze the primary endpoint, overall survival. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify and control for potential confounding variables, including age at diagnosis, sex, stage, grade, histology, race, year of diagnosis, and reason for no surgery. Results: Of the 1,326 patients with unresectable EHC, 1,188 (92.9%) received EBRT only, while 91 (7.1%) received both EBRT and brachytherapy. Patients receiving combined modality radiation therapy were more likely to be treated prior to the year 2000. Median overall survival for patients receiving EBRT and EBRT plus brachytherapy was 9 and 11 months, respectively (P=0.04). Cause specific survival was 12 months for those receiving EBRT only, and 15 months for those who received EBRT + brachytherapy (P=0.10). Survival analysis performed on patients with locoregional disease only revealed a trend towards prolonged overall survival with those receiving EBRT + brachytherapy (P=0.08). Multivariate analysis revealed grade and stage of disease were correlated with both overall survival and cause specific survival (P≤0.05). Conclusions: Among patients with unresectable EHC, the addition of brachytherapy to EBRT is associated with a prolonged median overall survival. However, the use of brachytherapy boost decreased in the last decade of the study.
Short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs

Objective To determine short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. Design Prospective randomized study. Animals 775 cats and 1,213 dogs. Procedure Animals undergoing gonadectomy were allotted into 3 groups on the basis of estimated age (group 1, or = 24 weeks old). Complications during anesthesia, surgery, and the immediate postoperative period (7 days) were recorded. Complications were classified as major (required treatment and resulted in an increase in morbidity or mortality) or minor (required little or no treatment and caused a minimal increase in morbidity). An ANOVA was used to detect differences among groups in age, weight, body temperature, and duration of surgery. To detect differences in complication rates among groups, chi 2 analysis was used. Results Group 1 consisted of 723 animals, group 2 consisted of 532, and group 3 consisted of 733. Group-3 animals had a significantly higher overall complication rate (10.8%) than group-1 animals (6.5%), but did not differ from group-2 animals (8.8%). Differences were not detected among the 3 groups regarding major complications (2.9, 3.2, and 3.0% for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively), but group-3 animals had significantly more minor complications (7.8%) than group-1 animals (3.6%), but not group-2 animals (5.6%). Clinical implications In this study, prepubertal gonadectomy did not increase morbidity or mortality on a short-term basis, compared with gonadectomy performed on animals at the traditional age. These procedures may be performed safely in prepubertal animals, provided that appropriate attention is given to anesthetic and surgical techniques.
Wearables, Wearing, and the Rhetorics that Attend to Them

The essays in this special issue identify and analyze the rhetorics enabled and disabled, disclosed and foreclosed by wearable devices and the discourses attending to them, focusing on new rhetoric...
Emergency Medical Services for Children

Emergency medical services for children require the integration of many community resources to operate optimally. In both urban and rural areas, the abilities of the receiving hospitals and medical staffs must be defined to develop a system that considers severity of injury and illness as well as transport times.
The Anthrax Capsule: Role in Pathogenesis and Target for Vaccines and Therapeutics

The polyglutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis is a well-established virulence factor, conferring antiphagocytic properties on the bacillus. We have shown that the capsule also confers partial resistance to killing by human defensins. In our research we targeted the anthrax capsule for developing medical countermeasures, first using the capsule as a vaccine, similar to successful efforts with other bacteria, and secondly, by developing a novel therapeutic against the capsule. Our experiments showed that a capsule vaccine is protective in the mouse model and its efficacy could be enhanced by conjugation to a protein carrier. In initial experiments using high challenge doses, a capsule conjugate vaccine was not protective in rabbits but did show some protection in nonhuman primates. This suggests it may be useful as an addition to a protective antigen-based vaccine. We are also developing the use of the B. anthracis capsule-depolymerizing enzyme, CapD, as a therapeutic. We demonstrated that in vitro treatment of the encapsulated anthrax bacillus with CapD enzymatically removed the capsule from the bacterial surface making it susceptible to phagocytic killing. Initial experiments in vivo showed that CapD could be used successfully to treat experimental anthrax infections. Such a novel approach to target the capsule virulence factor might be of value in the treatment of infections due to antibiotic-resistant strains.
Appendix to Chapter 4

TEXT OF COMMITTEE STAFF SURVEY Scheduling: How many times a week does your committee meet, and for approximately how long? About how many bills are heard at each meeting? Does your committee meet over the interim? Committee composition: In your view, has there been any systematic change in the extent to which committees mirror the partisan and ideological composition of the house? Does the committee membership ever change over the course of a session in your state, and have you noticed a change in the frequency of this practice since term limits? Committee procedures: In what ways has the operation of committees changed since the implementation of term limits? Have staffing levels increased, or has the way in which staff members present their analyses been altered? Have the chair's prerogatives remained the same? Has there been any change in the use of conference committees in response to term limits? Committee behavior: How frequently are bills amended in your committee, and have term limits altered the number or complexity of amendments? When bills heard by your committee reach the floor, are the committee's recommendations or amendments approved by the committee ever overruled? Have term limits seemed to have any effect on how much deference the floor grants to the committee that you staff?
A Phenomenological Analysis of the Crabs in the Barrel Syndrome

This paper empirically explores the existence, nature and definition of the Crabs in the Barrel Syndrome (CBS)--a metaphor used to describe the mentality and behaviors of individuals belonging to o...