cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Carboxylation of Styrenes Using CO2

A nickel-catalyzed reductive carboxylation of styrenes using CO2 has been developed. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions using diethylzinc as the reductant. Preliminary data suggests the mechanism involves two discrete nickel-mediated catalytic cycles, the first involving a catalyzed hydrozincation of the alkene followed by a second, slower nickel-catalyzed carboxylation of the in situ formed organozinc reagent. Importantly, the catalyst system is very robust and will fixate CO2 in good yield even if exposed to only an equimolar amount introduced into the headspace above the reaction.
An Attempt to Probe the Radio Jet Collimation Regions in NGC 4278, NGC 4374 (M84), and NGC 6166

NRAO Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of NGC 4278, NGC 4374 (M84), NGC 6166, and M87 (NGC 4486) have been made at 43 GHz in an effort to image the jet collimation region. This is the first attempt to image the first three sources at 43 GHz using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) techniques. These three sources were chosen because their estimated black hole mass and distance implied a Schwarzschild radius with large angular size, giving hope that the jet collimation regions could be studied. Phase referencing was utilized for the three sources because of their expected low flux densities. M87 was chosen as the calibrator for NGC 4374 because it satisfied the phase-referencing requirements: near the source and sufficiently strong. Having observed M87 for a long integration time, we have detected its subparsec jet, allowing us to confirm previous high-resolution observations made by Junor, Biretta, & Livio, who have indicated that a wide opening angle was seen near the base of the jet. Phase referencing successfully improved our image sensitivity, yielding detections and providing accurate positions for NGC 4278, NGC 4374, and NGC 6166. These sources are point dominated but show suggestions of extended structure in the direction of the large-scale jets. However, higher sensitivity will be required to study their subparsec jet structure.
Ultracold Molecule Production via a Resonant Oscillating Magnetic Field

A novel atom-molecule conversion technique has been investigated. Ultracold $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms sitting in a dc magnetic field near the 155 G Feshbach resonance are associated by applying a small sinusoidal oscillation to the magnetic field. There is resonant atom to molecule conversion when the modulation frequency closely matches the molecular binding energy. We observe that the atom to molecule conversion efficiency depends strongly on the frequency, amplitude, and duration of the applied modulation and on the phase space density of the sample. This technique offers high conversion efficiencies without the necessity of crossing or closely approaching the Feshbach resonance and allows precise spectroscopic measurements. Efficiencies of 55% have been observed for pure Bose-Einstein condensates.
Structural Transformations in the Decomposition of Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3

A transmission electron microscopy study has been carried out to understand the structural transformation mechanisms of decomposition of Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3 under vacuum. Both Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3 decompose topotactically to yield porous pseudomorphic MgO of normal structure with definite orientation relationships. The decomposition of Mg(OH)2 yields MgO with a single orientation relationship, but that of MgCO3 leads to one major and two minor orientation relationships with two, six, and three variants, respectively. The major orientation relationships in the formation of 2- to 3-nm cubic MgO particles are discussed in terms of a correlation between oxygen octahedra in the reactant solids. The small cubic MgO particles may aggregate spontaneously to reduce the excess surface energy and result in minute cracks.
Multicomponent, Mannich-type assembly process for generating novel, biologically-active 2-arylpiperidines and derivatives

A multicomponent, Mannich-type assembly process commencing with commercially available bromobenzaldehydes was sequenced with [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition reactions involving nitrones and azomethine ylides to generate collections of fused, bicyclic scaffolds based on the 2-arylpiperidine subunit. Use of the 4-pentenoyl group, which served both as an activator in the Mannich-type reaction and a readily-cleaved amine protecting group, allowed sub-libraries to be prepared through piperidine N-functionalization and cross-coupling of the aryl bromide. A number of these derivatives displayed biological activities that had not previously been associated with this substructure. Methods were also developed that allowed rapid conversion of these scaffolds to novel, polycyclic dihydroquinazolin-2-ones, 2-imino-1,3-benzothiazinanes, dihydroisoquinolin-3-ones and bridged tetrahydroquinolines.
Towards absolute neutrino masses

Various ways of determining the absolute neutrino masses are briefly reviewed and their sensitivities compared. The apparent tension between the announced but unconfirmed observation of the 0νββ decay and the neutrino mass upper limit based on observational cosmology is used as an example of what could happen eventually. The possibility of a “nonstandard” mechanism of the 0νββ decay is stressed and the ways of deciding which of the possible mechanisms is actually operational are described. The importance of the 0νββ nuclear matrix elements is discussed and their uncertainty estimated.
Moment instabilities in multidimensional systems with noise

We present a systematic study of moment evolution in multidimensional stochastic difference systems, focusing on characterizing systems whose low-order moments diverge in the neighborhood of a stable fixed point. We consider systems with a simple, dominant eigenvalue and stationary, white noise. When the noise is small, we obtain general expressions for the approximate asymptotic distribution and moment Lyapunov exponents. In the case of larger noise, the second moment is calculated using a different approach, which gives an exact result for some types of noise. We analyze the dependence of the moments on the system’s dimension, relevant system properties, the form of the noise, and the magnitude of the noise. We determine a critical value for noise strength, as a function of the unperturbed system’s convergence rate, above which the second moment diverges and large fluctuations are likely. Analytical results are validated by numerical simulations. Finally, we present a short discussion of the extension of our results to the continuous time limit.
Stereotactic Excisional Breast Biopsies Utilizing the Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrumentation System

Objective. To compare the stereotactic excisional breast biopsy ABBI (Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrumentation) system with “open” excisional breast biopsy with needle localization. Methods. Twenty-three women underwent excisional breast biopsy using the ABBI system; 23 women concomitantly underwent needle localization and excisional breast biopsy. All women had mammograms displaying microcalcifications or nonpalpable noncystic nodular densities suspicious for cancer. Results. Biopsies with ABBI were undertaken with local anesthesia whereas needle localization biopsies were undertaken using general anesthesia. The ABBI system allowed completion mammography. Although preoperative mammograms were comparable, biopsy spsecimen diameter, volume, and weight were less with ABBI, and patients acceptance was higher. Efficacy, procedural duration, and blood loss were not different between the techniques. Conclusions. The ABBI system is a minimally invasive yet efficacious excisional breast biopsy technique. It is utilized with local anesthesia in an environment more relaxed and less expensive than the operating room. It allows for smaller biopsy specimens and higher patient acceptance and is as efficacious as needle localization biopsy techniques. The ABBI system belongs in the surgical armamentarium against indeterminant nonpalpable mammographic breast lesions.
Enantioselective synthesis of the C11-C24 segment of macrolactin a via organoiron methodology

Abstract The enantioselective synthesis of the Fe(CO) 3 completed C11-C24 segment of macrolactin A has been accomplished from rac -(methyl 6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoate)Fe(CO) 3 in 11 steps (>50% ee).
Distributed Parameter-Dependent Modeling and Control of Flexible Structures

In this paper, distributed parameter-dependent modeling and control approaches are proposed for flexible structures. The distributed model is motivated from distributed control design, which is advantageous in reducing control implementation cost and increasing control system reliability. This modeling approach mainly relies on a central finite difference scheme to capture the distributed nature of the flexible system. Based on the proposed distributed model, a sufficient synthesis condition for the design of a distributed output-feedback controller is presented using induced L2 norm as the performance criterion. The controller synthesis condition is formulated as linear matrix inequalities, which are convex optimization problems and can be solved efficiently using interior-point algorithms. The distributed controller inherits the same structure as the plant, which results in a localized control architecture and a simple implementation scheme. These modeling and control approaches are demonstrated on a non-uniform cantilever beam problem through simulation studies.
Generalized dynamic domain shape calculation in ferroelectric liquid crystals

We have developed an analytical algorithm analogous to the Wulff construction for calculating the spatial evolution of growing two-dimensinal (2D) domains as a function of time for arbitrary starting shapes. Applying the method to polarization domain growth in surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals, we can derive the full 2D shapes of polarization domains with curved walls from the directional variation of the velocity of planar walls as measured by computer simulations in only 1D. It is shown that the domain shape is determined in the present model by the anisotropic nematic elastic properties of the material. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A New Family of Nucleophiles for Photoinduced, Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings via Single-Electron Transfer: Reactions of Thiols with Aryl Halides Under Mild Conditions (O °C)

Building on the known photophysical properties of well-defined copper–carbazolide complexes, we have recently described photoinduced, copper-catalyzed N-arylations and N-alkylations of carbazoles. Until now, there have been no examples of the use of other families of heteroatom nucleophiles in such photoinduced processes. Herein, we report a versatile photoinduced, copper-catalyzed method for coupling aryl thiols with aryl halides, wherein a single set of reaction conditions, using inexpensive CuI as a precatalyst without the need for an added ligand, is effective for a wide range of coupling partners. As far as we are aware, copper-catalyzed C–S cross-couplings at 0 °C have not previously been achieved, which renders our observation of efficient reaction of an unactivated aryl iodide at −40 °C especially striking. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with these photoinduced C–S cross-couplings following a SET/radical pathway for C–X bond cleavage (via a Cu(I)–thiolate), which contrasts with nonphoto...
Rationality properties of unipotent representations

We describe those unipotent representations of a finite group of Lie type which are defined over the rational numbers.
Dense antihydrogen: its production and storage to envision antimatter propulsion

We discuss the possibility that dense antihydrogen could provide a path towards a mechanism for a deep space propulsion system. We concentrate at first, as an example, on Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) antihydrogen. In a BEC, matter (or antimatter) is in a coherent state analogous to photons in a laser beam, and individual atoms lose their independent identity. This allows many atoms to be stored in a small volume. In the context of recent advances in producing and controlling BECs, as well as in making antihydrogen, this could potentially provide a revolutionary path towards the efficient storage of large quantities of antimatter, perhaps eventually as a cluster or solid.
Informal Governance and the Eurozone Crisis

Europe's sovereign debt crisis has left no doubt that Germany has the ultimate authority in financial matters in the EU. However, between 2009 and 2012 Germany has been unable to safeguard its core objectives, which we define as follows: (1) stabilizing the eurozone; (2) limiting the taxpayers' financial guarantee exposure; and (3) keeping inflation low. This outcome is at odds with the expectation of the informal governance literature that the dominant country will always be able to protect its core interests after overriding the ordinary procedure. We argue that Germany's quandary can be explained by two interrelated factors. First, policymakers were subject to an incentive structure that encouraged crisis mitigation efforts, but not preparedness. This explains Germany's long hesitation before offering any assistance to its partners. Second, once financial guarantees were provided, political disagreements over the sequence of reform steps as well as instruments and conditionality of financial assistance...
Bringing the Future Forward: The Effect of Disclosure on the Returns‐Earnings Relation

This paper studies how firm disclosure activity affects the relation between current annual stock returns, contemporaneous annual earnings and future earnings. Our results show that firms with relatively more informative disclosures “bring the future forward” so that current returns reflect more future earnings news. We also find that changes in disclosure activity are positively related to changes in the importance of future earnings news for current returns. These results suggest that a firm’s disclosure activity reveals credible, relevant information not in current earnings, and that this information is incorporated into the current stock price.
INTERIOR NUMERICAL APPROXIMATION OF BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS WITH A DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA

We study the approximation properties of a harmonic function u ∈ H1−k(Ω), k > 0, on a relatively compact subset A of Ω, using the generalized finite element method (GFEM). If Ω = , for a smooth, bounded domain , we obtain that the GFEM-approximation uS ∈ S of u satisfies ‖u − uS‖ ≤ Chγ‖u‖, where h is the typical size of the “elements” defining the GFEM-space S and γ ≥ 0 is such that the local approximation spaces contain all polynomials of degree k + γ. The main technical ingredient is an extension of the classical super-approximation results of Nitsche and Schatz (Applicable Analysis 2 (1972), 161–168; Math Comput 28 (1974), 937–958). In addition to the usual “energy” Sobolev spaces H1(), we need also the duals of the Sobolev spaces Hm(), m ∈ ℤ+. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Synthesis and fluorescent properties of a new photostable thiol reagent “BACM”

The 3-maleimidocoumarin BACM (2d) is a new tag designed to react with thiols in biological materials to form fluorescent derivatives whose emission is in the 500 nm (green) region with good resistance to fading. The fluorescence properties of its N-acetyl-L-cysteine derivative are described. BACM itself is non-fluorescent, as is its predecessor, DACM (1a). A synthesis of BACM is reported which avoids the formation of nitrocoumarin isomers obtained in the reported synthesis of DACM. The synthesis of the related 3-(4-maleimidophenyl)coumarin is also described.
On the conjecture of King for smooth toric Deligne-Mumford stacks

Abstract We construct full strong exceptional collections of line bundles on smooth toric Fano Deligne–Mumford stacks of Picard number at most two and of any Picard number in dimension two. It is hoped that the approach of this paper will eventually lead to the proof of the existence of such collections on all smooth toric nef-Fano Deligne–Mumford stacks.
A neglected Mayan galactagogue - ixbut (Euphorbia lancifolia).

Abstract A herbal tea, made of leaves of ixbut (Euphorbia lancifolia Schlecht.), has been used for several centuries by postpartum Mayan women in Guatemala to stimulate and increase the flow of mother's milk. Ixbut , when mixed with cattle fodder, is reputed to have increased milk yields in cows. To date, the active principle of ixbut has never been isolated. However, this medicinal herb, a natural galactagogue of Central American origin, would appear to be worthy of further chemical and pharmacological study. The following illustrated article describes the history and use of ixbut , and includes chromatographic analyses of dried ixbut leaves from Guatemala.
Induced staggered magnetic fields in antiferromagnets: Microscopic mechanisms

The induced staggered magnetic field effects recently proposed by Blume et al. on the basis of general symmetry considerations are discussed in terms of detailed microscopic mechanisms, with special reference to the experimental situation in dysprosium aluminum garnet (DAG). It is shown that all of the low-field effects observed in DAG can be accounted for quantitatively by a mechanism based on the way in which the completing interactions affect the spin-spin correlations. Approximate calculations of the high-field effects are also discussed, and it is found that the same mechanism is probably responsible for these as well. A second mechanism, which is based upon the inequivalence of the $g$ tensors of different spins is also considered, and although this mechanism does not appear to be important in any of the experiments performed to date, we find that it will be the dominant mechanism at both low and high temperatures. It is possible for the two mechanisms to compete, and if this should be the case, it would lead to a new phase transition in a hitherto uninvestigated region of the phase diagram below about 1.1 K. Two additional mechanisms involving higher-order Zeeman effects and anisotropic non-Ising spin-spin interactions are also considered, but their effects are found to be negligible in DAG. In other antiferromagnets for which symmetry also allows induced staggered field effects, any or all of these microscopic mechanisms may be important, and a correspondingly wide range of behavior may be expected. Semiquantitative estimates predict relatively small effects in Co${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, but large and readily observable effects in several rare-earth gallium and aluminum garnets.
TWO NEURAL NET-LEARNING METHODS FOR MODEL BASED FAULT DETECTION

Abstract Residual generation is an essential part of model-based fault detection schemes. For nonlinear systems, the task of residual generation is sometimes complicated by the size of the problem, or by the lack of a suitable model from where the residual can be generated. This paper develops and implements neural-networks based system identification techniques for nonlinear systems with the specific goal of residual generation for fault detection purposes. Two NN structures were investigated in this paper: a new structure of partially connected neural networks (PCNN), and a conventional, fully connected neural network (FCNN). The two approaches are tested on a Boeing 747 aircraft model. Results of computer experiments are reported. Performance comparisons of the two neural networks are presented.
An Electronic Daily Diary Study of Anal Intercourse in Drug-Using Women

Women (N = 138) with histories of illicit drug use were recruited into an electronic diary study that used Android smartphones for data collection. The diary was to be completed each day for 12 weeks using an “app” created in HTML5 and accessed over the Internet via smartphone. Data collection included information on sexual behaviors with up to 10 partners per day and contextual factors surrounding sexual behavior such as drug use before/after, type of sexual behavior (oral, vaginal, anal), and other activities such as using condoms for vaginal and anal intercourse and use of sexual lubricants. The sample was predominantly African American (58 %); 20 % Latina, 20 % White and 2 % reported as Other. Most women reported either less than a high school education (33 %) or having a high school diploma (33 %). The mean age was 39 years (SD = 11.78). Anal intercourse occurred on days when women also reported using illicit drugs, specifically methamphetamine and cocaine. Anal intercourse was not an isolated sexual activity, but took place on days when vaginal intercourse and giving and receiving oral sex also occurred along with illicit drug use. Anal intercourse also occurred on days when women reported they wanted sex. HIV prevention interventions must address the risks of anal intercourse for women, taking into account concurrent drug use and sexual pleasure that may reduce individual harm-reduction behaviors.
Stereoselective synthesis of fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methyl-substituted alkenes using free radical fluoroalkylation

Abstract (PhSO2)2CFI was prepared in quantitative yield by the iodination of fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane and utilized in facile radical bis(phenylsulfonyl)monofluoromethylation of various terminal alkenes. The synthetic methodology was further extended for the preparation of monofluoromethyl-substituted alkenes.
A palladium-catalyzed cyclization-carbonylation-coupling reaction between aryl halides and γ-Hydroxyallenes to form aryl (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)vinyl ketones

Abstract γ-Hydroxyallenes undergo cyclization-carbonylation-coupling with aryl (and one alkenyl) halides in the presence of catalytic Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , base, and CO to form the title ketones in good yields. The reaction was temperature dependent: at 80 °C, the CO insertion did not readily occur, while at 55–60 °C the ketone products predominated. Yields for the Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization-coupling reaction (without insertion) improved when tert -butyl isocyanide was added (with no CO present), implying that a good π acid ligand improves the cyclization-coupling reactions between arylpalladium(II) halides and γ-hydroxyallenes.
The second law of thermodynamics and stability

Abstract : There are several indications pointing to an intimate relationship between the second law of thermodynamics and 'stability'. Here I attempt to establish a different connection between stability and the second law, in that 'stability' will be interpreted as continuous dependence of thermodynamic processes upon initial state and supply terms. The ideas will be presented within the context of thermoelasticity theory, without heat conduction. The hyperbolic character of the field equations causes the breakdown of smooth solutions and the development of shock waves so the class of smooth functions is far too narrow to encompass all processes of physical interest. The natural framework is the class of proper processes, characterized by the property that velocity, deformation gradient, specific entropy, stress, temperature and internal energy are functions of bounded variation.
The reductive cyclization of 8,8'-bisbromomethyl-1,1'-binaphthyl

Abstract Reductive cyclization of the title compound to the corresponding dinaphthocyclooctatriene is a facile process. The dinaphthocyclooctatriene does not undergo ring inversion on the NMR time scale, even at elevated temperatures.
Quantum healing of classical singularities in power-law spacetimes

We study a broad class of spacetimes whose metric coefficients reduce to powers of a radius r in the limit of small r. Among these four-parameter 'power-law' metrics, we identify those parameters for which the spacetimes have classical singularities as r → 0. We show that a large set of such classically-singular spacetimes is nevertheless non-singular quantum mechanically, in that the Hamiltonian operator is essentially self-adjoint, so that the evolution of quantum wave packets lacks the ambiguity associated with scattering off singularities. Using these metrics, the broadest class yet studied to compare classical with quantum singularities, we explore the physical reasons why some that are singular classically are 'healed' quantum mechanically, while others are not. We show that most (but not all) of the remaining quantum-mechanically singular spacetimes can be excluded if either the weak energy condition or the dominant energy condition is invoked, and we briefly discuss the effect of this work on the strong cosmic censorship conjecture.
Magnetization dynamics of cobalt grown on graphene

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spin pumping is a rapidly growing field which has demonstrated promising results in a variety of material systems. This technique utilizes the resonant precession of magnetization in a ferromagnet to inject spin into an adjacent non-magnetic material. Spin pumping into graphene is attractive on account of its exceptional spin transport properties. This article reports on FMR characterization of cobalt grown on chemical vapor deposition graphene and examines the validity of linewidth broadening as an indicator of spin pumping. In comparison to cobalt samples without graphene, direct contact cobalt-on-graphene exhibits increased FMR linewidth—an often used signature of spin pumping. Similar results are obtained in Co/MgO/graphene structures, where a 1 nm MgO layer acts as a tunnel barrier. However, magnetometry, magnetic force microscopy, and Kerr microscopy measurements demonstrate increased magnetic disorder in cobalt grown on graphene, perhaps due to changes in the growth process and an increase in defects. This magnetic disorder may account for the observed linewidth enhancement due to effects such as two-magnon scattering or mosaicity. As such, it is not possible to conclude successful spin injection into graphene from FMR linewidth measurements alone.
UBV photometry of Triton

UBV measurements of Triton relative to Neptune were obtained with an area-scanning photometer on 11 nights during the 1977 apparition. Observed orbital brightness variation shows that Triton is locked in synchronous rotation around Neptune. Its leading side, seen at greatest western elongation, is found to be 0.06 mag brighter than its trailing hemisphere.
Comment: Causal Inference in the Medical Area

It is an honor to be a discussant to the Morris Hansen Lecture, and a pleasure to be discussing Don Rubin's talk. Dr. Rubin has clarified over the years many of the deep issues relating to causal inference. Let me start with a story. About 20 years ago when I was teaching at UCLA, I was eating breakfast one morning at my kitchen table, and my two-and-a-half year-old daughter was in the next room, lying on her back and kicking the wall with her feet. I told her to stop, which she did for a few seconds, and then be gan again. I told her to stop again, and that I really meant it. The kicking stopped for a longer period this time, maybe 30 seconds, and then started up again. Just then the Whittier-Narrows earthquake hit, 5.9 on the Richter scale. Our 50-year-old house started shaking like crazy. As I was running into the next room to get my daughter, I ran into her running into the kitchen screaming "I'm sorry, Daddy, I'm sorry. I didn't mean to do it!" Which brings me to my first point: causal inference can be tricky. Causal inference can be tricky not just for small chil dren, but for epidemiologists and biostatisticians, too. As an example, consider hormone-replacement therapy for postmenopausal women. Dozens of observational studies (including case-control studies and cohort stud ies) had suggested a 40-50% reduction in coronary heart disease (Stampfer and Colditz, 1991). However, the recently reported results of the Women's Health Initiative trial demonstrated that the treatment had an elevated incidence of coronary heart disease (Manson et al., 2003). Now the statisticians who worked on these epidemiologic studies thought they were mak ing a valid causal inference. In fact, many women took estrogen replacement therapy partly because they be lieved that it would offer cardiovascular benefits. How
Experimental and theoretical study of deviations from Vegard's law in the SnxGe1-x system

First principles density functional theory is used to study the compositional dependence of the structural, elastic, electronic, and bonding properties of newly prepared SnxGe1-x alloys and compoun...
A Survey of Exchange Rate Pass‐Through in Asia

Exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) refers to the transmission of exchange-rate changes into import (export) prices of goods in the destination-market currency as well as into aggregate domestic prices. This paper examines the analytical and empirical literature on ERPT with particular reference to Asia. It is generally believed that Asian economies are potentially susceptible to ERPT into domestic inflation since they are highly trade-dependent. Particular attention is paid to production sharing—a key characteristic of Asian trade—and its implications for ERPT.
A Novena to St. Jude, or Four Edifying Case Studies in Mathematical Programming

R. E. D. WOOLSEY is principal scientist in The Institute for Opera tions Research, and professor at the Colorado School of Mines. He is co-owner and operator of the Woolsey Ranch in Williamson County, Texas, and a consultant to Sandia Corporation and the Information Systems Division of General Electric Company in the general areas of operations research and mathematical/integer/geometric programming. He has previously held positions with Control Data Corporation and Sandia Corporation, where he authored several major research reports. His basic interest is the study of methods to solve real world problems.
Duality and exact results in product group theories

Abstract We study the non-perturbative behavior of some N = 1 supersymmetric product-group gauge theories with the help of duality. As a test case we investigate an SU(2) × SU(2) theory in detail. Various dual theories are constructed using known simple-group duality for one group or both groups in succession. Several stringent tests show that the low-energy behavior of the dual theories agrees with that of the electric theory. When the theory is in the confining phase we calculate the exact superpotential. Our results strongly suggest that, in general, dual theories for product groups can be constructed in this manner, by using simple-group duality for both groups. Turning to a class of theories with SU(N) × SU(M) gauge symmetry we study the renormalization group flows in the space of the two gauge couplings and show that they are consistent with the absence of phase transitions. Finally, we show that a subset of these theories, with SU(N) × SU(N − 1) symmetry break supersymmetry dynamically.
Synthesis of Novel Retinoid X Receptor-Selective Retinoids

Retinoids 1−5 have been identified as potent RXR agonists for evaluation in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Highly convergent syntheses of 1−5 have been developed. The core tetrahydronaphthalene 7, employed in the synthesis of 1 and 2, was prepared in 98% yield using an AlCl3-catalyzed (0.03 equiv) Friedel−Crafts alkylation of toluene with 2,5-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane 6. A nitromethane-mediated Fridel−Crafts acylation of 7 with chloromethylnicotinate 9 was developed to prepare ketone 10 in 68% yield. Chelate-controlled addition of MeMgCl to 10 followed by dehydration afforded olefin 11 in 65% yield. Cyclopropanation of 11 with trimethylsulfoxonium ylide, followed by saponification, completed a five-step synthesis of 1 in 33% yield. FeCl3-catalyzed (0.05 equiv) Friedel−Crafts acylation of 7 with chloromethylterephthalate 14 afforded ketone 15 in 81% yield. Saponification of 15 and reaction with 50% aqueous NH2OH in AcOH afforded a 9:1 mixture of cis and trans ...
HMM Word and Phrase Alignment for Statistical Machine Translation

Estimation and alignment procedures for word and phrase alignment hidden Markov models (HMMs) are developed for the alignment of parallel text. The development of these models is motivated by an analysis of the desirable features of IBM Model 4, one of the original and most effective models for word alignment. These models are formulated to capture the desirable aspects of Model 4 in an HMM alignment formalism. Alignment behavior is analyzed and compared to human-generated reference alignments, and the ability of these models to capture different types of alignment phenomena is evaluated. In analyzing alignment performance, Chinese-English word alignments are shown to be comparable to those of IBM Model 4 even when models are trained over large parallel texts. In translation performance, phrase-based statistical machine translation systems based on these HMM alignments can equal and exceed systems based on Model 4 alignments, and this is shown in Arabic-English and Chinese-English translation. These alignment models can also be used to generate posterior statistics over collections of parallel text, and this is used to refine and extend phrase translation tables with a resulting improvement in translation quality.
Standardization of the neutron probe for the assessment of masonry deterioration

Abstract Standardizing the neutron probe for the measurement of salt and water in brick walls consisted of calibrating of the H and Cl γ-ray signals against a brick test wall. This held a ceramic container loaded with a mixture simulating a nominal brick elemental composition, along with specified amounts of salt and water. The calibration function for H2O and NaCl are nearly linear over the ranges typically found in the field. Precision of 15% or better can be achieved.
Synthesis and reactions of the β-sultone of perfluorovinylsulfonyl fluoride

Abstract Reactions of perfluorovinylsulfonyl fluoride, CF2CFSO2F (1), with SO3 forms the novel β-sultone OCF 2 CF(SO 2 F)S O2 (2) in good yield. Compound 2 undergoes ring-opening upon heating or reaction with fluoride ion to give F(O)CCF(SO2F)2 (3). Hydrolysis of 3 and 2 yields the new compounds CHF(SO2F)2 (4) and HO3SCHFSO2F (5), respectively.
Opportunistic Spatial Orthogonalization and Its Application in Fading Cognitive Radio Networks

Opportunistic Spatial Orthogonalization (OSO) is a cognitive radio scheme that allows the existence of secondary users and hence increases the sum throughput, even if the primary user occupies all the frequency bands all the time. The key idea is to exploit the spatial dimensions to orthogonalize users and hence minimize interference. However, unlike the time and frequency dimensions, there is no universal basis for the set of all multi-dimensional spatial channels, which motivated the development of OSO. On one hand, OSO can be viewed as a multi-user diversity scheme that exploits the channel randomness and independence. On the other hand, OSO can be interpreted as an opportunistic interference alignment scheme for asymmetric users, where the interference from multiple secondary users is opportunistically aligned at the direction that is orthogonal to the primary user's signal space. In the case of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, the OSO scheme can be interpreted as “riding the peaks” over the eigen-channels, and ill-conditioned MIMO channel, which is traditionally viewed as detrimental, is shown to be beneficial with respect to the sum throughput. Throughput advantages are thoroughly studied, both analytically and numerically.
Some new monotonicity formulas and the singular set in the lower dimensional obstacle problem

We construct two new one-parameter families of monotonicity formulas to study the free boundary points in the lower dimensional obstacle problem. The first one is a family of Weiss type formulas geared for points of any given homogeneity and the second one is a family of Monneau type formulas suited for the study of singular points. We show the uniqueness and continuous dependence of the blowups at singular points of given homogeneity. This allows to prove a structural theorem for the singular set. Our approach works both for zero and smooth non-zero lower dimensional obstacles. The study in the latter case is based on a generalization of Almgren’s frequency formula, first established by Caffarelli, Salsa, and Silvestre.
Quark Models of Baryon Masses and Decays

Abstract The application of quark models to the spectra and strong and electromagnetic couplings of baryons is reviewed. This review focuses on calculations which attempt a global description of the masses and decay properties of baryons, although recent developments in appling large Nc QCD and lattice QCD to the baryon spectrum are described. After outlining the conventional one-gluon-exchange picture, models which consider extensions to this approach are contrasted with dynamical quark models based on Goldstone-boson exchange and an algebraic collective-excitation approach. The spectra and electromagnetic and strong couplings that result from these models are compared with the quantities extracted from the data and each other, and the impact of various model assumptions on these properties is emphasized. Prospects for the resolution of the important issues raised by these comparisons are discussed.
Stability and existence of a periodic solution

Many authors have discussed the existence of a periodic solution of a periodic system of differential equations under the assumption that the system has a bounded solution which has some kind of stability. LaSalle [Z] has discussed a more general case by considering an asymptotic stability property of motions. Hale [2] and the author [3] have discussed the existence of a periodic solution of functional-differential equations (more generally, the existence of an almost periodic solution) under the assumption that the system has a bounded solution which is uniformly asymptotically stable in the large by applying Liapunov’s second method. Jones [4] also has discussed the existence of a periodic solution by assuming that a set has an asymptotic stability property in some sense. Recently, Sell [5] has shown the existence of a periodic solution of a periodic system of period w under the assumption that the system has a bounded solution which is uniformly asymptotically stable or uniformly asymptotically stable in the large. However, Sell’s definition of uniform asymptotic stability differs from the usual one. (See [a). His type of stability is weaker than the uniform asymptotic stability in the usual sense and it is stronger than the asymptotic stability. Actually, as is seen below, it is also stronger than the equiasymptotic stability. Sell shows that there exists a periodic solution of period KW for some integer K > 1. In this paper, we shall show that Sell’s concept is stronger than the equiasymptotic stability and that for a periodic system Sell’s concept for uniform asymptotic stability of a bounded solution is equivalent to the usual concept, and consequently we have a periodic solution of period w under the assumption that a bounded solution is uniformly asymptotically
Osmotic Pressure of Aqueous Chondroitin Sulfate Solution: A Molecular Modeling Investigation

The osmotic pressure of chondroitin sulfate (CS) solution in contact with an aqueous 1:1 salt reservoir of fixed ionic strength is studied using a recently developed coarse-grained molecular model. The effects of sulfation type (4- vs. 6-sulfation), sulfation pattern (statistical distribution of sulfate groups along a chain), ionic strength, CS intrinsic stiffness, and steric interactions on CS osmotic pressure are investigated. At physiological ionic strength (0.15 M NaCl), the sulfation type and pattern, as measured by a standard statistical description of copolymerization, are found to have a negligible influence on CS osmotic pressure, which depends principally on the mean volumetric fixed charge density. The intrinsic backbone stiffness characteristic of polysaccharides such as CS, however, is demonstrated to contribute significantly to its osmotic pressure behavior, which is similar to that of a solution of charged rods for the 20-disaccharide chains considered. Steric excluded volume is found to play a negligible role in determining CS osmotic pressure at physiological ionic strength due to the dominance of repulsive intermolecular electrostatic interactions that maintain chains maximally spaced in that regime, whereas at high ionic-strength steric interactions become dominant due to electrostatic screening. Osmotic pressure predictions are compared to experimental data and to well-established theoretical models including the Donnan theory and the Poisson-Boltzmann cylindrical cell model.
Extremal trigonometric and power polynomials in several variables

Abstract In this paper we investigate extremal non-negative polynomials of several variables. Our approach is based on the use of multilevel Toeplitz matrices, i.e., block Toeplitz matrices whose blocks have the Toeplitz structure as well.
Competition Under Generalized Attraction Models: Applications to Quality Competition Under Yield Uncertainty

We characterize the equilibrium behavior in a broad class of competition models in which the competing firms' market shares are given by an attraction model, and the aggregate sales in the industry depend on the aggregate attraction value according to a general function. Each firm's revenues and costs are proportional with its expected sales volume, with a cost rate that depends on the firm's chosen attraction value according to an arbitrary increasing function. Whereas most existing competition papers with attraction models can be viewed as special cases of this general model, we apply our general results to a new set of quality competition models. Here an industry has N suppliers of a given product, who compete for the business of one or more buyers. Each of the suppliers encounters an uncertain yield factor, with a given general yield distribution. The buyers face uncertain demands over the course of a given sales season. The suppliers compete by selecting key characteristics of their yield distributions, either their means, their standard deviations, or both. These choices have implications for their per-unit cost rates.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Acetylenic Schmidt Reaction

Substituted pyrroles were prepared by a gold(I)-catalyzed acetylenic Schmidt reaction of homopropargyl azides. The reaction allows for regiospecific substitution at each position of the pyrrole ring under mild conditions. A mechanism in which azides serve as nucleophiles toward gold(I)-activated alkynes with subsequent gold(I)-aided expulsion of dinitrogen is proposed.
Comment on “Theory of semiconductor heterojunctions: The role of quantum dipoles”

Tersoff’s heterojunction model is critically analyzed using extensive experimental data obtained from photoemission measurements of the valence-band discontinuity.
Measures of corruption and determinants of US corruption

This paper contributes to the literature by examining whether conclusions from empirical models of corruption determinants are robust with respect to three alternative measures of corrupt activity for the US states. Are the determinants of US corruption sensitive to the choice of the measure of corruption? Overall, the answer to this question is that the choice of the measure of corruption matters in explaining corruption. However, some findings are robust across measures. For instance, greater educational attainment lowers corruption, while greater judicial employment adds to corruption. Southern states were found to be more corrupt, ceteris paribus. We also provide evidence that it is important to control for enforcement efforts in empirical modeling using convictions as a measure of corruption. Significant differences, however, across corruption measures occur in a number of other instances. Specifically, the effects of urbanization, economic prosperity, population size, media, government spending, and enforcement are sensitive to the measure of corruption. Further, the influences of the nation’s foreign neighbors and of the location of the state relative to the nation’s capital remain unclear.
Sound speed measurements in liquid lead at high temperature and pressure

Recently sound speed measurements in high temperature liquid lead have been made over a wide density range. Such measurements may be combined with other thermophysical properties measured with the isobaric expansion experiment (IEX) to yield several additional thermodynamic quantities. Results of calculations based on the sound speed measurements are presented, and their impact on liquid metal phenomenology is discussed.
Real‐Time Centimeter‐Accuracy GPS: Initializing While in Motion (Warm Start Versus Cold START)

The initialization of real-time centimeter-accuracy GPS (i.e., based on carrier phases) can be performed while in motion. Although included results are postprocessed, the algorithms are currently being implemented for real-time navigation, and the results will be essentially the same. The goal of the initialization procedure is to determine the double-difference carrier phase integer ambiguities. This paper reports the benefit to the initialization procedure of additional knowledge or constraints. As an example, it shows the speedup (meaning fewer epochs, not computational speed) of the initialization procedure and increased reliability using a priori knowledge of the average ellipsoidal height of the antenna phase center on a marine platform. As another example, it shows the benefit of prior knowledge of one or two double-difference integer biases, either alone or coupled with a priori knowledge of the ellipsoidal height of the antenna phase center.
Properties of different estimates of the regularizing parameter for the least-squares image restoration problem

regularizing parameter which trades fidelity to the data with smoothness of the restored image. For mostproblems of interest the choice of the regularizing parameter is not known a priori. Methods based on theproperties of the residuals and on the generalized cross-validation have been proposed for estimating the
Parity measurements in quantum optical metrology

We investigate the utility of parity detection to achieve Heisenberg-limited phase estimation for optical interferometry. We consider the parity detection with several input states that have been shown to exhibit sub-shot-noise interferometry with their respective detection schemes. We show that with parity detection, all these states achieve the sub-shot-noise limited phase uncertainty. Thus making the parity detection a unified detection strategy for quantum optical metrology. We also consider quantum states that are a combination of a NOON state and a dual-Fock state, which gives a great deal of freedom in the preparation of the input state, and is found to surpass the shot-noise limit.
Business cycles through international shocks: A structural investigation

Abstract This paper investigates the sources of output volatility by decomposing the international shocks into finance and trade shocks. Through structural Bayesian estimations of an open-economy DSGE model on 16 countries, on average, international shocks explain around 70% of output fluctuations.
Sonochemistry: Science and Engineering

Sonochemistry is the use of ultrasound to enhance or alter chemical reactions. Sonochemistry in the true sense of the term occurs when ultrasound induces “true” chemical effects on the reaction system, such as forming free radicals which accelerate the reaction. However, ultrasound may have other mechanical effects on the reaction, such as increasing the surface area between the reactants, accelerating dissolution, and/or renewing the surface of a solid reactant or catalyst. This comprehensive review summarizes several topics of study in the sonochemical literature, including bubble dynamics, factors affecting cavitation, the effects of ultrasound on a variety of chemical systems, modeling of kinetic and mass-transfer effects, the methods used to produce ultrasound, proposed cavitation reactors, and the problems of scaleup. The objective of this paper is to present a critical review of information available in the literature so as to facilitate and inspire future research in the field of sonochemistry.