cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How machine learning can help tackle climate change

Climate change poses a major threat to society, requiring rapid action from all corners. Machine learning can be a potentially useful tool for addressing climate change, when applied in coordination with policy, engineering, and other areas of action.
Synthetic CAISO Frequency Regulation Signal

The balancing of demand and supply in the electric power grid is a crucial element to grid reliability. While this balancing is typically provided by conventional power plants, with spinning generators, distributed energy resources (DER) and electric vehicles (EVs) pose a great potential to provide such service. This project conducted a field demonstration at the Los Angeles Air Force Base (LA-AFB) where a fleet of 29 mixed-use bi-directional EVs were actively participating in the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) market for frequency regulation. The fleet provided a total of 255 megawatt-hours (MWh) of regulation up and 118 MWh of regulation down. While promising, a major drawback in designing control systems and assessing potential revenue is the lack of example frequency regulation signals. This paper introduces an open-source dataset for 143 days of four-second regulation data, and a software module to synthetically generate frequency regulation signals of any length.
Comparison of clinical and procedural outcomes between high-power short-duration, standard-power standard-duration, and temperature-controlled noncontact force guided ablation for atrial fibrillation

INTRODUCTION High-power short-duration (HPSD) ablation is a novel strategy using contact force-sensing catheters optimized for power-controlled radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). This study investigates the outcomes of HPSD (50 W delivered for up to 15 s, Lesion Size Index of 5-6) compared to standard-power standard-duration (SPSD) (20-25 W until 400-500 gram seconds, up to 60 s) and temperature-controlled noncontact (TCNC) (20-40 W up to 60 s of ablation) settings. METHODS We studied consecutive cases of patients with AF undergoing pulmonary vein isolation with TCNC, SPSD, and HPSD between January 7th, 2013 and January 11th, 2019. Procedural data collected include time to isolate the left (LPVT) and right pulmonary veins (RPVT), total ablation time (TAT), and radiofrequency ablation delivery time (RADT). Clinical data collected include sinus rhythm maintenance postprocedure. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-one patients were studied (44 TCNC, 51 SPSD, 76 HPSD). RADT was shorter when comparing HPSD to SPSD (25 vs. 41 min; p < .01), HPSD to TCNC (25 vs. 76 min; p < .01), and SPSD to TCNC groups (41 vs. 76 min; p < .01). TAT, LPVT, and RPVT were reduced between HPSD versus SPSD, HPSD versus TCNC, and SPSD versus TCNC groups, respectively (p < .01). There was no difference in sinus rhythm maintenance by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (log rank test p = .12), after 3 or 12 months between groups overall, and when stratified by AF type, left atrial volume, CHA2 DS2 -VASc score, or left ventricular ejection fraction. CONCLUSION AF ablation with HPSD reduced procedure times with similar sinus rhythm maintenance compared to SPSD and TCNC.
Smaller Feeding Bottle Size in Newborns Reduces Overfeeding on First Day of Life which is a Risk Factor for Later Life Overweight and Obesity

Background/Purpose The prevalence of obesity among infants less than 2 years of age has increased 60% over the last 30 years. Obese infants and toddlers are at an increased risk for staying overweight. Metabolic programming in animal models has shown early life feeding habits having life-long changes in hormone balance and metabolism. Our previous research suggested that overfeeding as early as the first day of life (DOL1) is a risk factor for obesity. The current study extends this research by exploring the impact of smaller bottle size implemented at one academic center's newborn nursery on reducing overfeeding and subsequent increased BMI. …
Stability of neocortical synapses across sleep and wake states during the critical period in rats.

Sleep is important for brain plasticity, but its exact function remains mysterious. An influential but controversial idea is that a crucial function of sleep is to drive widespread downscaling of excitatory synaptic strengths. Here we used real-time sleep classification, ex vivo measurements of postsynaptic strength, and in vivo optogenetic monitoring of thalamocortical synaptic efficacy to ask whether sleep and wake states can constitutively drive changes in synaptic strength within the neocortex of juvenile rats. We found that miniature EPSC amplitudes onto L4 and L2/3 pyramidal neurons were stable across sleep and wake dense epochs in both primary visual (V1) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Further, chronic monitoring of thalamocortical synaptic efficacy in V1 of freely behaving animals revealed stable responses across even prolonged periods of natural sleep and wake. Together these data demonstrate that sleep does not drive widespread downscaling of synaptic strengths during the highly plastic critical period in juvenile animals. Whether this remarkable stability across sleep and wake generalizes to the fully mature nervous system remains to be seen.
Genomewide Association Studies in Pharmacogenomics.

The increasing availability of genotype data linked with information about drug-response phenotypes has enabled genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that uncover genetic determinants of drug response. GWAS have discovered associations between genetic variants and both drug efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Despite these successes, the design of GWAS in pharmacogenomics faces unique challenges. In this review we analyze the last decade of GWAS in pharmacogenomics. We review trends in publications over time, including the drugs and drug classes studied and the clinical phenotypes used. Several data sharing consortia have contributed substantially to the PGx GWAS literature. We anticipate increased focus on biobanks and highlight phenotypes that would best enable future pharmacogenomics discoveries.
Practice makes better: quiz retake software to increase student learning

In the past few years, we have made several pedagogical changes to the way we teach and assess student knowledge in our courses.These courses are undergraduate software engineering courses taken in the third or fourth years, and graduate (non-research) courses taken as part of a master’s degree. They are taken by software engineering majors and computer science majors. This paper focuses on a specific technique–allowing students to retake weekly quizzes.We use weekly quizzes to offer more frequent, yet lower stakes,assessments than the traditional midterm exam. Quizzes are usually given at the beginning of class meetings. We offer students who under-performed or who missed a quiz the chance to try again. A major contribution of this paper is a description of scheduling soft-ware we developed to facilitate the retake process. Retake quizzes are different from the original quizzes, but cover the same material and are of similar difficulty. Our goal is to improve student learning and retention. This paper presents a post-hoc retrospective analysis of student performance on retake quizzes. In such a scenario, only limited conclusions can be drawn. Nonetheless, we see encouraging signs that students not only achieve higher overall scores when retaking quizzes, but that some students perform better on the final exam.
Federated Authorization for Managed Data Sharing: Experiences from the ImPACT Project

This paper presents the rationale and design of the trust plane for ImPACT, a federated platform for managed sharing of restricted data. Key elements of the architecture include Web-based notaries for credential establishment based on declarative templates for Data Usage Agreements, a federated authorization pipeline, integration of popular services for identity management, and programmable policy based on a logical trust model with a repository of linked certificates. We show how these elements of the trust plane work in concert, and set the ideas in context with principles of federated authorization. A focus and contribution of the paper is to explore limitations of the resulting architecture and tensions among competing design goals. We also point the way toward future extensions, including policy-checked data access from cloud-hosted data enclaves with enhanced defenses against data leakage and exfiltration.
The Epidemic Subsidence Model

Once the presence of smallpox in a previously disease-free region is recognized, a concerted effort is made to bring the epidemic to an end. It should however be realized that awareness of the disease and effort at its control, no matter how conscientious, do not reduce the basic contagiousness of the disease. What is changed is the rate at which infectives are identified and isolated from further contact with susceptible individuals. The result is that the total number of individuals infected over time will continue to grow, but the removal rate will increase so as to exceed the infection rate, and consequently the epidemic will eventually die out. The purpose of the epidemic subsidence model is to predict the total number of individuals who contract smallpox before the epidemic runs its course. Two versions of the epidemic subsidence model will be presented. Although these models are formally very different, they lead to identical results. It is instructive to see both as they graphically demonstrate that there is not a single “right way” to formulate the mathematical model.
Time Periodic Solutions of A Semilinear Wave Equation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses time periodic solutions of a semilinear wave equation. It discusses a result for the problem of finding time-periodic solutions of a specific semilinear wave equation. The chapter presents a theorem whose proof relies on the minimax existence techniques from the calculus of variations and regularity arguments from the theory of elliptic partial differential equations. A few remarks are about the statement of the theorem and some generalizations. The definition of a superlinear function is also presented in the chapter.
Nitric oxide in the central nervous system

1. The reactions of nitric oxide with superoxide can lead to neurotoxicity through formation of peroxynitrite, and not by NO. alone, at least under our conditions. 2. Transfer of NO+ groups to thiol(s) on the NMDA receptor can lead to neuroprotection by inhibiting Ca2+ influx. These findings suggest that cell function can be controlled by, or through, protein S-nitrosylation, and raise the possibility that the NO group may initiate signal transduction in or at the plasma membrane. 3. The local redox milieu of a biological system is of critical importance in understanding NO actions as disparate chemical pathways involving distinct redox related congeners of NO may trigger neurotoxic or neuroprotective pathways. These claims are highlighted in the CNS by the recent finding that tissue concentrations of cysteine approach 700 microM in settings of cerebral ischemia (Slivka and Cohen, 1993); these levels of thiol would be expected to influence the redox state of the NO group. 4. Finally, our findings suggest novel therapeutic strategies. For example, downregulation of NMDA receptor activity via S-nitrosylation with NO+ donors could be implemented in the treatment of focal ischemia, AIDS dementia, and other neurological disorders associated, at least in part, with excessive activation of NMDA receptors.
The Rare decay K+ ---> pi+ neutrino anti-neutrino as a standard model 'standard'

A priori one would expect that extensions of the Standard Model can significantly enhance (or suppress) BR(K+ → π+νν. We have analyzed many different classes of such extensions: models with a non-minimal Higgs sector or with right-handed currents; fourth family extensions; SUSY in both the minimal and non-minimal version, and even with broken R-parity.We find that - apart from a few somewhat exotic exceptions - these extensions have little direct impact on K+ → π+νν due to constraints that are inferred from Bd−Bd and K0−K0 mixing and upper bounds on B → K∗γ. Accordingly K+ → ν+νν probes very cleanly the top mass and the KM parameter |V(td)V(ts)|, two fundamental parameters in the Standard Model.
Incorporation in vitro of labeled amino acids into proteins of rabbit reticulocytes.

Continuing our work on the incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins (1), we have begun a study of the incorporation in vitro of C14-labeled glycine, L-histidine, L-leucine, and L-lysine into the proteins of rabbit reticulocytes. In preliminary experiments the incorporation into the hemoglobin isolated from the reticulocytes was determined. But, after it was found that plasma contains factors accelerating amino acid incorporation, it was decided to proceed as rapidly as possible toward the identification of these factors; we have, therefore, measured incorporation into the total proteins of the reticulocytes, since isolation of the hemoglobin was time-consuming. The results obtained with hemoglobin and with the total proteins are essentially the same, indicating that the other proteins of the reticulocytes incorporate amino acids at approximately the same rate as hemoglobin.
Platforms for Software Execution: Databases vs. Operating Systems vs. Browsers

Software researchers and practitioners face the following question regarding the future direction of software: When we develop a software application, should we develop it so that it runs on top of an operating system, a World-Wide-Web browser, or a database? The underlying issue is which of these three “platforms” will become the de facto software execution platform in the future. Or will some hybrid or alternative emerge? The stakes are high for application developers, users, and researchers.
Repair of segmental bone defects in the rat: an experimental model of human fracture healing ∗

Bone repair models in animals may be considered relevant to human fracture healing to the extent that the sequence of events in the repair process in the model reflect the human fracture healing sequence. In the present study, the relevance of a recently developed segmental defect model in rat fibula to human fracture healing was investigated by evaluating temporal progression of rigidity of the fibula, mineral content of the repair site, and histological changes. In this model, a surgically created 2-mm-long defect was grafted with a 5-mm-long tubular specimen of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) by inserting it over the cut ends of the fibula. The temporal increase in rigidity of the healing fibula demonstrated a pattern similar to biomechanical healing curves measured in human fracture healing. This pattern was characterized by a short phase of rapidly rising rigidity during weeks 4-7 after surgery, associated with a sharp increase in the mineral content of the repair tissue. This was preceded by a phase of nearly zero rigidity and followed by a phase of slow rate of increase approaching a plateau. Histologically, chondroblastic and osteoblastic blastema originating from extraskeletal and subperiosteal (near fibula-graft junction) regions, infiltrated the DBM graft during the first 2 weeks. The DBM graft assumed the role of a "bridging callus." By weeks 6-8, most of the DBM was converted to new woven and trabecular bone with maximal osteoblastic activity and minimal endochondral ossification. Medullary callus formation started with direct new bone formation adjacent to the cortical and endosteal surfaces in the defect and undifferentiated cells in the center of the defect at 3 weeks. The usual bone repair process in rodents was altered by the presence of the DBM graft to recapitulate the sequential stages of human fracture healing, including the formation of a medullary callus, union with woven and lamellar bone, and recreation of the medullary canal.
Signal transduction on the fly.

The NF-κB family of transcription factors are central to signaling from Toll family receptors. The IKKγ protein of Drosophila has been found to regulate NF-κB family–member Relish, but not the similar protein DIF, in the fly innate immune response.
Incomplete Contingency Tables

Incomplete contingency tables have cells with no observations. When empty cells are predicted on the basis of theory or characteristics of the population, the cells have structural zeros. When empty cells occur from deficiencies in sampling, the cells have sampling zeros. While the analytic consequences of structural zeros are usually benign, the consequences arising from sampling zeros are often not so. The primary problem is deterioration in the accuracy of the G2 and χ2 approximations for testing the fit of loglinear models. Under these conditions, various strategies can be used to improve model testing. Keywords: loglinear models; generalized likelihood ratio statistic; chi-squared distribution; exact methods; contingency tables
The fluorometric measurement of the nucleotides of riboflavin and their concentration in tissues.

SUMMARY 1. A convenient fluorometric procedure is described which permits separate measurement of riboflavin, riboflavin monophosphate, and ribo- flavin dinucleotide. The measurement of the dinucleotide is based on the fact that it has much less fluorescence than riboflavin, and that it can be readily converted into riboflavin monophosphate which exhibits the same fluorescence as riboflavin. Riboflavin is distinguished from its two deriva- tives by its very much greater partition coefficient between beneyl alcohol and water. 2. Data are presented concerning some of the properties of riboflavin dinucleotide, particularly its rate of hydrolysis in acid and the influence of pH and solvent on its fluorescence. 3. Evidence is given that riboflavin monophosphate and dinucleotide account for practically all of the riboflavin of rat kidney. 4. The riboflavin dinucleotide content of liver, kidney, and heart was measured both fluorometrically and enzymatically with concurring re- sults. 5. The data are given for the concentration of the three riboflavin frac- tions in five major rat tissues, both normal and riboflavin-deficient, and for the total riboflavin and dinucleotide concentrations in sixteen others. Free riboflavin was found to be present in quantitatively insignificant amounts. The dinucleotide accounted in general for 70 to 90 per cent of the total riboflavin.
Characterization of the ATG8-conjugation system in 2 Plasmodium species with special focus on the liver stage: Possible linkage between the apicoplastic and autophagic systems?

Plasmodium parasites successfully colonize different habitats within mammals and mosquitoes, and adaptation to various environments is accompanied by changes in their organelle composition and size. Previously, we observed that during hepatocyte infection, Plasmodium discards organelles involved in invasion and expands those implicated in biosynthetic pathways. We hypothesized that this process is regulated by autophagy. Plasmodium spp. possess a rudimentary set of known autophagy-related proteins that includes the ortholog of yeast Atg8. In this study, we analyzed the activity of the ATG8-conjugation pathway over the course of the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum and during the liver stage of Plasmodium berghei. We engineered a transgenic P. falciparum strain expressing mCherry-PfATG8. These transgenic parasites expressed mCherry-PfATG8 in human hepatocytes and erythrocytes, and in the midgut and salivary glands of Anopheles mosquitoes. In all observed stages, mCherry-PfATG8 was localized to tubular st...
Irreversible airway obstruction in childhood asthma? A clinician's viewpoint.

Even though childhood asthma is assumed to comprise reversible airway obstruction, some children develop irreversible airway obstruction (not reversed by a bronchodilator or corticosteroids); this may be due to inflammation that has caused remodeling. Lately, it has been claimed that in the absence of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, most patients will develop progressive irreversible obstruction. Several studies culminating with the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) study, which was the first randomized placebo-controlled prospective long-term study designed to test for irreversible obstruction, did not show the development of such progressive irreversible obstruction. Nevertheless, deterioration in pulmonary function does occur in some patients, probably due to inadequate anti-inflammatory treatment, and possibly also due to maintenance adrenergic treatment. Most previous studies concentrated on forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)), a test assessing mostly large airway obstruction. More studies are needed to investigate the presence of small airway obstruction.
Informed Consent in the Context of Communities

This article discusses the history of institutional review boards and the change from a focus on protection of subjects from harm from research to a concern for equitable access to research protocols and potential benefits from participating in a study. The concern about an overemphasis on potential benefits to the detriment of individual subjects is discussed. Finally, the distinction between protection of individuals as it is separate from communities, issues that are raised about obtaining informed consent in communities, as well as the need for trust among researchers, individuals, and communities is examined. J. Nutr. 135: 918-920, 2005.
Noncovalent Derivatives of Hydroquinone: Complexes with Trigonal Planar Tris(N,N-dialkyl)trimesamides

The solid-state behavior of hydroquinone 1 with tris(N,N-diethyl)trimesamide 2 and tris(N,N-dimethyl)trimesamide 3 has been determined using phase diagrams and X-ray diffraction techniques. A 3:2 complex, 4, forms between 1 and the diethyl derivative 2, while a 2:1 complex, 5, forms between 1 and the dimethyl derivative 3. X-ray structure determinations of the cocrystals reveal that the structures both contain a persistent (30) hydrogen bond ring system. The packing of the ring depends on the differing steric requirements of the methyl and ethyl substituents on trimesamides 2 and 3.
Toxicity of Zinc and Copper to Brassica Species: Implications for Phytoremediation

The toxicity of Zn and Cu in three species from the genus Brassica was examined to determine if these plants showed sufficient tolerance and metal accumulation to be used to phytoremediate a site contaminated with these two heavy metals. Hydroponically grown 12-d-old plants of Brassica juncea, B. rapa, and B. napus were grown for an additional 14 d in the presence of either elevated Zn (6.5 mg L{sup {minus}1}), Cu (0.32 mg L{sup {minus}1}), or Zn+Cu to quantify the toxic effects of these metals on several different growth parameters. With few exceptions, both root and shoot dry weight for all three species decreased significantly in the presence of heavy metals. Cu inhibited lateral root elongation in B. rapa, B. napus, and, to a lesser extent, B. juncea, while Zn tended to decrease only lateral root diameter. Both metals reduced shoot Fe and Mn concentrations in all three Brassica spp. to levels associated with Fe and Mn deficiencies. These deficiencies, however, did not correlate with observed patterns of leaf chlorosis. Nonetheless, heavy metal-induced inhibition of Fe and Mn accumulation may have been a significant factor in reducing plant growth. In terms of heavy metal removal, the Brassica spp, were more effectivemore » at removing Zn from the nutrient solution than Cu. The extent of Zn and Cu removal was reduced in the presence of both metals, as compared to the single heavy metal treatments. The implications of these results for phytoremediation are discussed. 20 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less
Peptide homologs, isosteres, and isomers: a general approach to structure-activity relationships.

A general approach to study peptide structure is presented using three areas of ongoing research in our laboratories. The first involves the molecular basis for taste of peptide derivatives. We synthesized dipeptides based on L-aspartyl-α-aminocycloalkane carboxylic acid methyl ester. A homologous series of cycloalkane derivatives was studied. The cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and cyclopentane derivatives are sweet, the cyclohexane and cycloheptane peptides are bitter, and the cyclooctane homolog is tasteless. The related acyclic analog L-aspartyl-aminoisobutyric acid methyl ester is sweet, while the L-aspartyl diethyl glycine carboxylic acid methyl ester is tasteless. A model is presented to explain these experimental observations. The second area involves depsipeptides as isosteric replacements of α-hydroxy acids for amino acid residues in peptide chains. We have synthesized sequentially defined polydepsipeptides as model systems for polypeptides. A detailed analysis of the conformational order for these polydepsipeptides is presented. The third area involves partial retro–inverso peptide modifications of isomeric cyclic enkephalin analogs, which illustrate the relationship between the modification and biological activity. We are probing the intramolecular hydrogen-bonding features for these biologically active molecules. From such findings we are relating the structural and conformational preferences deduced from spectroscopy and molecular mechanics to biological activity.
NET database programmability and extensibility in microsoft SQL server

The integration of the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) into the SQL Server DBMS enables rich business logic written in modern .NET languages to run close to the data. Database application developers can write business logic as functions, stored procedures, and triggers. They can also extend the native capabilities of the DBMS by adding new scalar data types, and aggregates. A previous paper [2] described the architecture and design principles of the integration of the CLR inside SQL Server. Here we present new aspects of this work. First, we describe the extensibility contracts for user-defined types and aggregates in detail. Second, we present the advances to the CLR integration in SQL Server 2008 which significantly enhances the breath of applications supported by SQL Server. In particular, we describe the support for large (greater than 8000 byte) user-defined types and aggregates, multiple-input user-defined aggregates, and order-aware table valued functions. Third, we show how we leveraged scalar type extensibility to provide a hierarchical identifier data type that enables encoding of keys describing hierarchies as well as built-in support for spatial applications. This support includes both flat- and round-earth spatial types, as well as a spatial index. Fourth, we present how we use Language Integrated Query (LINQ) enhancements in .NET languages to improve developer productivity when creating routines that require data access. Finally, we present preliminary performance results showing the efficiency of streaming TVFs and aggregates relative to equivalent native features.
An empirical Bayes smoothing technique

In the empirical situation we assume that a random parameter ( occurs according to an unknown distribution G(O). We then observe the value of a random variable X according to a conditional distribution F(x I), where 0 is the unknown value of 0. We require an estimator for 0 which has small expected squared error. We assume further that this is a routinely reoccurring situation and that this is its nth occurrence. We can therefore base our estimate on the values of all n observations, xl, x2, ..., Xn. It should be emphasized here that we require an estimate of fn which is the parameter in the distribution of only the last observation. The empirical Bayes approach to the problem was introduced by Robbins (1955) and neatly summarized by Rutherford & Krutchkoff (1969). One obtains the Bayes estimator for the situation, the mean of the posterior distribution, in a form which does not contain the prior distribution explicitly. Generally, the form contains marginal density or mass functions which can be estimated using xj, x2, ..., xn. As was shown by Clemmer & Krutchkoff (1968), available estimators for density functions afford the empirical Bayes procedures excellent small sample properties. On the other hand, Maritz (1966) showed that for the discrete case the usual estimator for mass functions gives the empirical Bayes procedures poor small sample properties. He suggests smoothing the estimates for discrete probabilities. Here we present a simple general procedure for smoothing estimates of discrete probabilities and demonstrate its effect on the small sample properties of the empirical Bayes procedure for the Poisson situation.
To the Trained Eye: Perceptual Expertise Alters Visual Processing

Perceptual expertise refers to learning that is specific to a domain, that transfers to new items within the trained domain, and that leads to automatic processing in the sense that expertise effects can be measured across a variety of tasks. It can be argued that most of us possess some degree of perceptual expertise in a least one, if not several domains, thereby giving the study of perceptual expertise broad application. Some object categories may in fact be objects of perceptual expertise to the majority of people: Faces appear to be one such example. Thus, the use of face stimuli, or the comparison of face and object perception, can be a powerful way to ask whether a given process is influenced by perceptual expertise. Here, we emphasize one characteristic way that face processing appears to differ from nonface processing: that is, the degree to which they recruit a "holistic" rather than a "featural" perceptual strategy. This review brings evidence that expertise influences perceptual processing together with recent findings that the capacity of visual short-term memory is greater in perceptual experts and explores the relationship between the two.
Polymorphs or solvates? Coordination of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate to copper and zinc metal centers

Abstract Infinite polymeric 1D chains of [Cu(3,5-dhb)(pyridine)2]n (1a and 1b) and [Cu2(3,5-dhb)4]n (2) were prepared by reacting copper acetate hydrate with 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in the molar ratios of pyridine to Cu(II) of 5:1 and 1.1:1, respectively. In contrast, a zinc monomer Zn(3,5-dhb)2(pyridine)2, (3), was obtained under similar reactant conditions to the synthesis of 1a, but with zinc acetate. In compounds 1, the copper centers are coordinated in a near octahedral fashion containing four 3,5-dhb ligands and two pyridine molecules. Interestingly, the Cu containing molecules in compound 1a share the same formula with compound 1b, but they are solvates with different conformations. The structure of 2 revealed a paddlewheel dicopper core bridged by four carboxylate groups in a syn,syn mode. Each copper center is coordinated in a square pyramidal fashion. In contrast, the geometry around the zinc center is distorted tetrahedral and consists of two monodentate 3,5-dhb and two pyridine ligands. Compounds 1–3 were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV–Vis and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Compounds 1a and 1b were further studied by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses and X-ray powder diffraction experiments.
Merging High Spectral Resolution Sounder Data with High Spatial Resolution Imager Data to infer Global Cloud Cover Properties

AIRS cloud top pressure (CTP) determinations are regressed against AIRS measurements convolved to MODIS spectral response functions; that regression is applied to MODIS measurements. Resulting CTPs are compared to CALIPSO and CloudSat measurements.
Monte Carlo simulations as a tool to optimize target detection by AUV/ROV laser line scanners

The widespread use of laser line scanners (LLS) aboard autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) and remotely operated vehicles (ROV) in the last decade has opened a unique window to a series of homeland security applications. Numerical experiments were performed to calculate the target signal and the effect of background medium (bottom, water) signals on target identification of fan-type LLS (Real-time Ocean Bottom Optical Topographer, ROBOT). Several 2-D Monte Carlo simulations were run with various bottom albedos, optical properties of the water, laser wavelengths, target distances, and source-detector angles. A forward 1-D Monte Carlo model was validated using Hydrolight based on upwelling and downwelling irradiance values computed at different depths. Signal/noise values (S/N) at the ROBOT detector were obtained by dividing the target peak by the path-radiance peak for each line-spread function. Since bottom-target reflectance was assumed Lambertian, target contribution was symmetrical with respect to the center of the target. Conversely, background contributions evidenced a bulge on the path radiance side of the target center, which was more apparent at higher turbidities. As expected, S/N values were higher when ROBOT was closer to the target. For daylight simulations, system noise includes both LLS path radiance and environmental path and target radiances because they reduce the laser-line contrast. The Hybrid marine optical model (HyMOM) provided the environmental radiance field. Optimum target detection based on laser wavelength and source-detector angle will depend on chosen ambient light conditions and AUV-ROVs altitude settings.
THE SUCCESSFUL USE OF THE TAGUCHI METHOD TO INCREASE MANUFACTURING PROCESS CAPABILITY

The Taguchi Method is a variant on the design of experiments method to optimize processes for performance to specifications. It was developed by Dr. Genichi Taguchi for better design through quality in Japan in the 1950s. In this case study, the Taguchi..
Quantitative Analysis of Montmorillonite Platelet Size by Atomic Force Microscopy

This work focuses on the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) for quantitative analysis of the size of suspended, exfoliated platelet materials. In particular, we study a model materialmontmorillonite (MMT) clayand use tapping-mode AFM with image analysis software to quantify the distributions of MMT platelet thickness and aspect ratio. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and AFM confirm that, upon dispersion in water, MMT particles exfoliate into stable platelet suspensions, as is well-known. We use dry weight analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and AFM to assess the impact of sample preparation procedures for exfoliation and obtaining high-quality AFM images. Unexfoliated MMT and other contaminant particles can be removed by low-speed centrifugation; however, large exfoliated platelets are increasingly removed as centrifugal acceleration increases. Dilution of MMT suspensions with acetone prior to deposition onto mica leads to high-quality AFM images with many isolated...
The vectorcardiographic equivalent of the "crochetage" of the QRS of the electrocardiogram in atrial septal defect of the ostium secundum type. Preliminary report.

Abstract 1. 1. Eleven patients who were diagnosed as having atrial septal defect of the ostium secundum type comprised the material of this study. Confirmation of the diagnosis in all patients was made at surgery. 2. 2. A brief summary of the clinical findings was included together with 3. laboratory data. 4. 3. Laboratory data included electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic studies, indicator dye dilution curves, and cardiac catheterization. 5. 4. With but one exception, these patients were all ambulatory and without significant clinical symptoms. 6. 5. Particular emphasis is placed on electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic correlations. A definite relationship was demonstrated between the frontal and sagittal projections in the vectorcardiogram and the “crochetage” in the QRS complexes in Leads II, III, and aVF of the electrocardiogram.
MICROANOMIE: THE COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANOMIE AND DEVIANCE*

Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton spawned a century of research on the effects of anomie on rule-breaking behavior. During that time “strain” emerged as the social psychological mechanism producing deviant behavior from the effects of anomie. This research challenges the primacy of the affective strain mechanism, arguing that anomie produces a cognitive state—referred to as microanomie—where self-enhancing values are higher priority than self-transcending values. Data from a sample of university students support the association between dominant self-enhancing values and deviant behavior. These data also demonstrate how the microanomie condition can explain gender differences in offending. A synthesis with the affective strain mechanism is suggested.
A physiologic and anatomic study of experimental fat embolism in dogs.

Abstract Homologous fat was injected intravenously into 17 dogs. Hemodynamic changes in the pulmonary and femoral arteries were recorded before and after injection of the fat. Histological examination of tissues was made on animals sacrificed from 4 hours to 4 weeks after the introduction of the fat. There was a tendency for the pulmonary artery pressure to fall. This change was probably attributable to the profound ectasia of the lesser circulation with decreased pulmonary blood flow. The most striking histologic changes resided in the lungs. One could reconstruct the sequence of changes in the distribution of fat from an initial intravascular to a subsequent extravascular location. The clearing action of the lesser circulation and lymphatics is described. Histologic changes in the heart, kidneys, and brain are described and their possible physiological effects are conjectured.
CH4/CD4 Isotope Effect and the Mechanism of Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas over Rh/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

Partial oxidation pulse experiments with CH4/O2 (2/1) and with CD4/O2 (2/1) have been carried out over the 0.05 and 1.0 wt % Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalysts to determine the isotope effect of the reaction. On the basis of the results obtained for the isotope effect as a function of temperature and Rh loading, one could conclude that the mechanism of the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas is dependent on both metal loading and temperature. It is likely that at low loadings (e.g., 0.05 wt %), the combustion−reforming mechanism is responsible for the reaction, while at high loadings (e.g., 1.0 wt %) a combination of the combustion−reforming and pyrolysis−oxidation mechanisms is responsible at low temperatures (≤500 °C) and the pyrolysis−oxidation mechanism becomes dominant at high temperatures (≥650 °C).
FEM Validation of a Spectral Viscoelastic Model of Posterior Sclera

The eye is biomechanical pressure vessel, and mathematical and computational modeling of the posterior pole of the primate eye can be utilized to investigate the role of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the development and progression of glaucoma. The objective of this study is to validate an experimentally-derived, spectral viscoelastic characterization of scleral material properties utilizing a finite element model under cyclic loading.© 2002 ASME
Distinct Neuronal Coding Schemes in Memory Revealed by Selective Erasure of Fast Synchronous Synaptic Transmission

SUMMARY Neurons encode information by firing spikes in isolation or bursts and propagate information by spiketriggered neurotransmitter release that initiates synaptic transmission. Isolated spikes trigger neurotransmitter release unreliably but with high temporal precision. In contrast, bursts of spikes trigger neurotransmission reliably (i.e., boost transmission fidelity), but the resulting synaptic responses are temporally imprecise. However, the relative physiological importance of different spike-firing modes remains unclear. Here, we show that knockdown of synaptotagmin-1, the major Ca 2+ sensor for neurotransmitter release, abrogated neurotransmission evoked by isolated spikes but only delayed, without abolishing, neurotransmission evoked by bursts of spikes. Nevertheless, knockdown of synaptotagmin-1 in the hippocampal CA1 region did not impede acquisition of recent contextual fear memories, although it did impair the precision of such memories. In contrast, knockdown of synaptotagmin-1 in the prefrontal cortex impaired all remote fear memories. These results indicate that different brain circuits and types of memory employ distinct spikecoding schemes to encode and transmit information.
Automatic deburring utilizing a real-time impedance control strategy

Abstract The design, development and testing of a new and improved real-time active impedance control system and its applications in deburring processes are presented. This control system is capable of simulating an active compliant device (mass, spring, and dashpot) to accommodate the effects of the normal interaction forces occurring during the deburring operation. Another useful feature of this control system is that it provides a bandwidth of 25 Hz. The mass, stiffness, and damping coefficients of the impedance controller can be selected or modified, and input by the user via a personal computer to study different behavior patterns in the controlled system. Results of actual deburring tests using this impedance controller incorporating both force and position control strategies are included.
Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in cross-linked lysozyme crystals: An isotope dilution experiment

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) relaxation times are measured for water protons in cross-linked lysozyme crystals below the freezing event as a function of the mole fraction of protons in the water phase. Proton longitudinal nmr relaxation in these samples is nonexponential and the slow longitudinal relaxation component becomes slower linearly with decreasing proton mole fraction in the water. The data are analyzed using a cross relaxation model that eliminates the necessity of postulating long residence times for water molecules in the domain of the protein. The observed isotope dilution behavior is consistent with the cross relaxation model. The deuterium nmr relaxation is also reported for deuterium oxide in the cross-linked protein crystal sample below the freezing event and the relaxation is shown to be accurately exponential.
Mostueine: synthesis and structure revision☆

Abstract A total synthesis of mostueine (1) based upon the intramolecular alkylation of the indole nitrogen is described. A revision of the reported sterochemistry of mostueine to 3SR , 19RS as elucidated by synthesis and NOE data is disclosed.
Transition metal chloride complexes with phenazine 5-oxide[1]

Abstract Complex compounds of the types (CrCl3)3L2·18H2O, (MnCl2)3L2·H2O, FeCl3L·2H2O, CoCl2L3·6H2O, (CuCl2)3L2, (CuCl2)2L3·2H2O and ZnCl2L2·H2O with phenazine 5-oxide(L) as ligand were prepared by interaction of predried solutions of L and metal chloride. The new metal complexes were characterized by means of their IR and electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III) and Cu(II) complexes appear to be polynuclear, comprising bridging L(O- or O,N-bonded) or Cl ligands. Both Cu(II) complexes are characterized by subnormal magnetic moments, which were attributed to spin-spin coupling, occurring by a superexchange mechanism, operating through the orbitals of the bridging oxygen atoms (CuO2Cu bridges, involving O-bonded bridging L groups). The Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes are apparently monomeric, involving both N- and O-bonded L ligands.
Preobrazhenski and the Economics of Soviet Industrialization

I. Introduction, 57. — II. The "goods famine," 59; the disparity between supply and demand, 59; the peasants' "freedom of choice," 61. — III. The tempo of industrialization: long-range arguments, 62; overpopulation, 63; the technological factor, 65; the "chain connection," 67. — IV. The law of "primitive socialist accumulation," 68; the formulation of the law, 68; the "socialist protectionism," 70; taxation by price, 72. — V. The debate, 75. — VI. The solution of the Preobrazhenski dilemma, 80.
High Strain Rate Compression Testing of Ceramics and Ceramic Composites

The compressive deformation and failure behavior of ceramics and ceramic-metal composites for armor applications has been studied as a function of strain rate at Los Alamos National Laboratory since the late 1980s. High strain rate ({approx}10{sup 3} s{sup -1}) uniaxial compression loading can be achieved using the Kolsky-split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique, but special methods must be used to obtain valid strength results. This paper reviews these methods and the limitations of the Kolsky-SHPB technique for this class of materials. The Kolsky-split-Hopkinson pressure bar (Kolsky-SHPB) technique was originally developed to characterize the mechanical behavior of ductile materials such as metals and polymers where the results can be used to develop strain-rate and temperature-dependent constitutive behavior models that empirically describe macroscopic plastic flow. The flow behavior of metals and polymers is generally controlled by thermally-activated and rate-dependent dislocation motion or polymer chain motion in response to shear stresses. Conversely, the macroscopic mechanical behavior of dense, brittle, ceramic-based materials is dominated by elastic deformation terminated by rapid failure associated with the propagation of defects in the material in response to resolved tensile stresses. This behavior is usually characterized by a distribution of macroscopically measured failure strengths and strains. The basis for anymore » strain-rate dependence observed in the failure strength must originate from rate-dependence in the damage and fracture process, since uniform, uniaxial elastic behavior is rate-independent (e.g. inertial effects on crack growth). The study of microscopic damage and fracture processes and their rate-dependence under dynamic loading conditions is a difficult experimental challenge that is not addressed in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to review the methods that have been developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to perform valid, uniaxial, dynamic compression experiments on brittle materials using the Kolsky-SHPB technique and to emphasize the limitations of this technique. Kolsky-SHPB results for several ceramic and ceramic-metal(cermet) materials of interest for armor applications have been measured and show little or no strain rate sensitivity compared to quasi-static compression results.« less
Beyond the research article: University faculty genres and EAP graduate preparation

Abstract In ESP, few studies have explored the range of genres that university faculty write, faculty experiences writing them, or ways of familiarizing potential faculty – including non-native English speakers (NNESs) – with these genres. Studies of writing in academe and related teaching applications have focused heavily on research genres, and there has been little investigation of writing in other areas of faculty work, such as teaching and service. Through a study of faculty writing at one university, our research aims to shed light on some of the genres NNESs may write in some North American university contexts, as well as the different challenges these texts may pose to faculty. Data for the study come from a survey of 106 full-time faculty at a mid-size comprehensive state university in California. The survey findings illuminate the relative time respondents spend writing genres in three areas of their work – teaching, research, and service – as well as different features they are conscious of when writing these texts. In addition, the results highlight genres that may be particularly difficult for faculty at this university and the degree to which graduate school prepared them for writing different texts. Based on our analysis, we make recommendations for how graduate EAP curricula and faculty seminars might help prepare future faculty writers.