cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-Post Tornado Effects on Aggressive Children's Psychological and Behavioral Adjustment Through One-Year Postdisaster.

Using a risk-resilience framework, this study examined how varying levels of exposure to a natural disaster (EF-4 tornado) and children’s characteristics (sex; anxiety) influenced the behavioral and psychological adjustment of children who shared a common risk factor predisaster (elevated aggression) prior to exposure through 1-year postdisaster. Participants included 360 children in Grades 4–6 (65% male; 78% African American) and their parents from predominantly low-income households who were already participating in a longitudinal study of indicated prevention effects for externalizing outcomes when the tornado occurred in 2011. Fourth-grade children who were screened for overt aggressive behavior were recruited in 3 annual cohorts (120 per year, beginning in 2009). Parent-rated aggression and internalizing problems were assessed prior to the tornado (Wave 1), within a half-year after the tornado (Wave 2), and at a 1-year follow-up (Wave 3). Children and parents rated their exposure to aspects of tornad...
10-Year trend in crystalloid resuscitation: Reduced volume and lower mortality.

Abstract Background Liberal emergency department (ED) resuscitation after trauma may lead to uncontrolled hemorrhage, reduced organ perfusion, and compartment syndrome. Recent guidelines reduced the standard starting point for crystalloid resuscitation from 2 L to 1 L and emphasized "balanced" resuscitation. The purpose of this study was to characterize how an urban, Level 1 trauma center has responded to changes in crystalloid resuscitation practices over time and to describe associated patient outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective review of trauma patients who sustained moderate to severe injury (ISS > 9) and received crystalloid resuscitation in the ED during 1/2004–12/2013 at an urban, Level 1 trauma center. Patient data collected included age, gender, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, initial systolic blood pressure (SBP), mechanism of injury, regional Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score, Injury Severity Score (ISS), volume of blood products and crystalloids administered in the ED. Patients who received Results 1571 moderate to severely injured patients received crystalloid resuscitation; 1282 (82%) were low-volume and 289 (18%) were high-volume. Compared to high-volume patients, low-volume patients presented with a higher median SBP (134 vs. 122 mmHg, p p p p p = 0.008). Decreased rates of high-volume resuscitation and overall mortality were demonstrated over the 10-year study period. Conclusions The observed decrease in high-volume crystalloid resuscitations in the ED paralleled a reduction in mortality over the ten-year period. In addition, adjusted mortality was higher in those receiving high-volume resuscitation.
Diagnostik und Therapie des Melanoms im Wandel der letzten 25 Jahre

Im zuruckliegenden Vierteljahrhundert hat sich unser Verstandnis maligner Melanome enorm erweitert, und dies fuhrte zu einer Vielzahl neuer Diagnostik- und Behandlungsstrategien. Nach einer als erfolgreich bewerteten Pilotphase in Schleswig-Holstein wurde wegen der hohen und standig noch steigenden Hautkrebsinzidenz 2008 die Hautkrebsfruherkennung auf Kosten der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen deutschlandweit eingefuhrt. Die Fruherkennung und -beseitigung regionarer Lymphknotenmetastasen von Patienten mit mitteldicken und dicken Hautmelanomen gelang durch die Etablierung und innerhalb weniger Jahre erreichten Optimierung der Sentinel-Lymphonodektomie. Dabei erweist sich zudem die mikromorphometrische Klassifikation des Sentinel-Lymphknotenbefalls als erstrangiges Prognose- und Therapieleitkriterium, etwa fur die Indikation zur radikalen Komplettierungsdissektion oder zur adjuvanten Interferon-alpha-Therapie. In fortgeschrittenen Metastasierungsstadien stehen erstmals erfolgreichere Systemtherapien als die Dacarbazin-Monotherapie zur Verfugung. Bei knapp 50 % der Melanome findet sich in der BRAF-Kinase des MAPK-Signaltransduktionsweges eine aktivierende V600-Mutation, die sich wirksam mit den oral verfugbaren Medikamenten Vemurafenib oder Dabrafenib blockieren lasst. Die so rasch erzielbare Metastasenregression wird durch Kombination mit einem MEK-Inhibitor (z. B. Trametinib) noch nachhaltiger. Von den Immuntherapien erreichten Antikorper gegen die immunbremsenden T-Zell-Rezeptoren CTLA4 und PD-1 die besten Therapieergebnisse. Obwohl es darunter selten zu Vollremissionen kommt, konnen bei einem Teil der Patienten in fortgeschrittenen Melanomstadien anhaltende Tumorkontrollen erzielt werden. Die hochste Tumorkontrollrate ergab sich in Studien mit der Kombination des PD-1-Antikorpers Nivolumab und des CTLA4-Antikorpers Ipilimumab. Die sinnvolle Nutzung und Kombination dieser innovativen therapeutischen Eingriffe eroffnet erstmals die Chance, die Melanommortalitat trotz weiter steigender Inzidenz zu senken. Schon jetzt zeichnet sich allerdings ab, dass dies nicht ohne prazise Charakterisierung von Melanomsubentitaten sowie die sorgfaltige Herausarbeitung von Prognosekriterien gelingen wird. Eine derartig differenzierte Patientenversorgung lasst sich sowohl aus medizinischer als auch okonomischer Sicht am besten durch interdisziplinare Kooperation im Rahmen von Hautkrebszentren realisieren.
Music for Various Groups of Performers (After Lucier): An Improvised Electroencephalographic Group Performance

Music for Various Groups of Performers (After Lucier) (MfVGoP) is an experimental audio-visual improvised group performance employing sonified electroencephalographic (EEG) signals and computer music. The data generated by performers' brain waves are used as control parameters for custom built audio software using the Pure Data (Pd) environment. The piece explores and investigates group and individual dynamics within a performance context. The title references composer Alvin Lucier's 1965 work Music for Solo Performer in which the composer attempted to control electro-acoustic instruments via EEG signals produced by his brain. In contrast Music for Various Groups of Performers (After Lucier) investigates the roles of individuals and small groups through the context of EEG monitored performance considering the individual performers, their relationships with each other and the audience as well as their interaction with the technology.
Critical materials issues in the performance and manufacturability of LiNbO3 integrated optics

LiNb03 integrated optics is a sufficiently mature technology that several devices are close to commercial realization. These include high speed modulators, switch arrays, and optical circuitry for the fiber gyroscope and for optical time domain reflectometry. Although the physical principles which underlie the operation of these devices are well understood, predictable and reproducible performance is often difficult to achieve and maintain. This is due to an absence of a detailed understanding of the materials science of LiNb03 and of the processes associated with integrated optics device fabrication. In this presentation I focus on the materials issues which affect the performance, yield, and the design predictability of these devices.
Notation and preliminaries

Bandit problems are described formally in this chapter. One purpose of the chapter is to develop some necessary notation. Another is to define strategies rigorously. It is shown that optimal strategies exist and that the ‘fundamental equation of dynamic programming’ is satisfied.
Entrepreneurship Education and Research outside North America

Many developing countries have been forced by growing budget deficits and mounting foreign debt burdens to find ways to reduce the size of the public sector or at least to arrest further growth. Th...
Free radical induced respiratory muscle dysfunction.

It is now recognized that respiratory muscle fatigue contributes to the development of respiratory failure in some patients with lung disease. This observation has prompted an examination into the mechanisms of development of muscle fatigue, with the understanding that an elucidation of these processes may lead to new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of these patients. A series of recent studies examining this issue have, moreover, discovered that oxygen-derived free radicals generated during strenuous contraction may modulate respiratory muscle contractile function and contribute to the development of muscle fatigue. The data supporting this concept include: (a) direct (e.g. EPR, ESR studies) and indirect (evidence of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation, glutathione oxidation) evidence that there is heightened free radical production in contracting muscle, (b) evidence that pharmacologic depletion of muscle antioxidant stores increases degree of muscle fatigue present after a period of exercise, and (c) evidence that administration of agents that act as free radical scavengers retard the development muscle fatigue. Free radicals may produce these changes in muscle force generating capacity by interacting with and altering the function of a number of intracellular-biophysical processes (i.e. sarcolemmal action potential propagation, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium handling, mitochondrial function, contractile protein interactions).
Epilepsy, Precipitating Factors

Seizures are a common phenomenon with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 10%. The majority of people who have a seizure do not have epilepsy, and have likely experienced a precipitated seizure due to the effect of an extrinsic factor on the brain. Epilepsy is a condition that is defined by the occurrence of seizures due to intrinsic brain predisposing factors and an epileptic disturbance, but individuals with epilepsy may also experience precipitated seizures. All of the factors that precipitate seizures in individuals without epilepsy may also affect individuals with epilepsy. In addition, individuals with epilepsy may be sensitive to other, specific, precipitating factors.
Fitness, genetic load and purging in experimental populations of the housefly

The relative effects of purging of the genetic load versus thefixation of deleterious alleles, under inbreeding, will influencea population's probability of extinction. The relative contributionof these two phenomena is expected to depend upon the rate ofinbreeding. A further complication is due to the fact that a purgingof the genetic load in one environment does not necessarily implya purging of the genetic load in other environments. To addressthese two issues, we compare fitness and genetic load in populationsexperiencing similar levels of inbreeding, but occurring as either ashort-term bottleneck or as a consequence of long-term reducedpopulation size, over a range of environments. Inbred populationshave consistently lower fitness than outbred populations acrossall environments tested. However, the bottlenecked populationssuffer less inbreeding depression for a given level of inbreeding,whether or not challenged by novel environments, than populationskept at a constant small size. The results of this study demonstratethat populations initiated from a small number of founders are ableto recover fitness and survive novel environmental challenges,provided that habitat is available for rapid population growth.
Calcitonin gene related family peptides: importance in normal placental and fetal development

Synchronized molecular and cellular events occur between the uterus and the implanting embryo to facilitate successful pregnancy outcome. Nevertheless, the molecular signaling network that coordinates strategies for successful decidualization, placentation and fetal growth are not well understood. The discovery of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptides (CT/CGRP) highlighted new signaling mediators in various physiological processes, including reproduction. It is known that CGRP family peptides including CGRP, adrenomedulin and intermedin play regulatory functions during implantation, trophoblast proliferation and invasion, and fetal organogenesis. In addition, all the CGRP family peptides and their receptor components are found to be expressed in decidual, placental and fetal tissues. Additionally, plasma levels of peptides of the CGRP family were found to fluctuate during normal gestation and to induce placental cellular differentiation, proliferation, and critical hormone signaling. Moreover, aberrant signaling of these CGRP family peptides during gestation has been associated with pregnancy disorders. It indicates the existence of a possible regulatory role for these molecules during decidualization and placentation processes, which are known to be particularly vulnerable. In this review, the influence of the CGRP family peptides in these critical processes is explored and discussed.
Self-configuring CMOS Microsystems

The continuing evolution and maturation of techniques to integrate MEMS with CMOS is enabling creation of complex on-chip microsystems. The “More than Moore” trend in the microelectronics industry is accelerating the pace of advanced packaging, which will become increasingly exploited for MEMS integration and blur the lines between monolithic integration and heterogeneous stacked multi-chip systems. A requirement of many emerging MEMS component applications is the need for self-configuration and control in the presence of manufacturing and environmental variability. These are general attributes that hold promise of providing high manufacturing yield, resiliency and redundancy for critical applications. One class of such systems are RF circuits tightly integrated with multiple electrothermally actuated MEMS capacitors that lead to a variety of low-loss, frequency reconfigurable circuit blocks. Two exemplary self-configuring systems are micro-instrumented scanning probe arrays for tip-based nanomanufacturing and self-healing resonant mixer-filters for RF front-ends.
Grand Narratives, Metamodernism, and Global Ethics

Some philosophers contend that to effectively address problems such our global environmental crisis, humans must collectively embrace a polyphonic, environmentalist grand narrative, very different from the narratives accepted by modernists. Cultural theorists who write about metamodernism likewise discuss the recent return to a belief in narratives, and contend that our society’s current approach to narratives is very different from that of the modernists. In this paper, I articulate these philosophers’ and cultural theorists’ positions, and I highlight and explore interconnections between them. Additionally, I argue that if the authors I discuss are correct, then we morally ought to embrace a metamodernist, polyphonic, environmental grand narrative, in order to effectively address an array of global crises. Such a grand narrative is a necessary ingredient of an adequate global ethics.
An Online Transition of Speed-dependent Reference Joint Trajectories for Robotic Gait Training

Rehabilitation robots reduce the physical burden on therapists, quantify training and allow greater dose of therapy on individuals with neurological impairments. Robots are also capable of precisely customizing therapy based on the user’s physiology and/or needs, for example, customizing a reference trajectory for gait training. While a number of methods for obtaining reference gait patterns have been proposed, these approaches lack the ability of altering the trajectories according to the varying walking speed in real-time. The objective of this paper is to develop an online algorithm that can provide a continuous, speed-dependent reference gait pattern for robotic gait training. We employed Fourier series and profile blending methods to generate natural transitions in gait patterns, and synchronized the gait cycle time according to the given arbitrary walking speed. The simulation results suggest that the algorithm can stably change the gait patterns with the given walking speed in a synchronous manner. We conclude that the method can provide online speed-dependent walking motion that can be used for general robotic gait training applications.
Project management and innovation in the manufacturing industry in Czech Republic

Abstract In the current dynamic environment, the importance of project management keeps increasing in relation to continuous changes. The organizations that do not adapt to the evolving environment and do not innovate do not have a chance to stay on the market for a long time. Project approach to problem solving is becoming increasingly popular. The reason is that it is not possible to solve every change in the same way, so it is necessary to create innovative projects that respond flexibly to the requirements of both the current state and the target state. The aim of the paper is to compare the approaches of the enterprises with and without project management in the manufacturing industry to investments in innovation and access to the factors that limit their further development. About 70% of the surveyed enterprises (164) are project-driven. These organizations innovate much more. The lack of skilled employees is the most limiting factor of the development.
Clinical Applications of Machine Learning in Stroke Care

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. In recent years, machine learning (ML) methods have been increasingly applied to stroke care. This research work reviewed studies using ML approach in stroke care to provide an overview of this field. The advances of ML techniques have made it possible to automatically examine carotid plaques (for stroke risk stratification), detect stroke lesions on imaging, identify possible treatment complications in patients, facilitate brain-computer-interface (BCI)-aided rehabilitation, and predict stroke prognosis. The performances of certain machine learning applications are non-inferior to clinicians in areas such as measuring carotid intima-media thickness and detecting early damage of ischemic stroke on CT imaging. In addition, ML applications in clinical outcome prediction have similar or better performances than the conventional method logistic regression. However, there are still challenges in areas such as automated lesion segmentation, BCI-aided rehabilitation and long-term stroke prognosis prediction. Newly developed ML methods such as deep learning may be promising to overcome the challenges. Further research is needed to verify and optimize these ML applications, and large-sample studies and proper validation are warranted to make these ML methods more accurate, generalizable and reliable. As the need for precision medicine in stroke grows and as the technology of machine learning advances, it is anticipated that the potential of machine learning applications will be released to improve computer-aided stroke prevention and transform conventional stroke medicine into data-driven personalized stroke management, which will reduce morbidity and mortality rates, enhance stroke care and set patients free from stroke-caused disability.
Abstract 2782: Targeted Delivery of Plasmid DNA by Ultrasound Following Acute Angioplasty

Introduction : Although stents have been shown to be able to deliver therapeutic drugs to the blood vessel wall, safety issues are still a concern. FDA-approved microbubble contrast reagents can be modified to carry therapeutic reagents, as well as DNA, and visualized in vivo by non-invasive ultrasound. Moreover, acoustic parameters can be altered to ``burst” microbubbles and increase cell permeability and reagent penetration into the target tissue. We tested the hypothesis that a reporter gene can be delivered to the vascular wall following balloon angioplasty via ultrasound-triggered microbubble delivery. Methods : Lipid monolayer microbubbles formed by self-assembly during ultrasonic dispersion of decafluorobutane gas in an aqueous micellar mixture of phosphatidylcholine and PEG stearate with rapamycin (0.2 mg/ml). Positively charged microbubbles were coated with plasmid DNA expressing red fluorescent protein (CMV-RFP, 4 ug/ml). Acoustic parameters were optimized in vitro using rat aortic SMCs and applied in vivo in the rat carotid artery balloon injury model. Results : Ultrasound-triggered (8 MHz, Mechanical Index = 1.9) release of CMV-RFP resulted in effective RFP expression. Release of rapamycin (final conc. 10 ng/ml) decreased proliferation by 65% in SMCs maintained in growth media. Microbubbles and/or ultrasound alone did not result in toxicity. CMV-RFP microbubbles were infused (2x10 7 bubbles/min) into the right jugular vein of a rat that had undergone balloon injury. Microbubbles were visualized in the injured left carotid artery by non-invasive ultrasound (Sequoia, Siemens). Using the same acoustic parameters to release reagents in vitro , focused ultrasound was delivered for 5 minutes to the injured blood vessel. 3 days after CMV-RFP delivery, the animal was euthanized and vessels were processed for frozen histological cross sectioning. RFP expression was visible by fluorescence microscopy in the inner-most SMC layer of the injured vessel and not in the contralateral vessel. Conclusion : We demonstrate that CMV-RFP can be delivered to a blood vessel following angioplasty and that this method may be useful for clinical gene therapy as well as potential drug delivery to prevent in-stent restenosis.
Colluvial legacies of millennial landscape change on individual hillsides, place-based investigation in the western Pyrenees Mountains

We detect transition to agropastoral land use in a mountain landscape by radiocarbon dating physical signatures (sedimentation rates, charcoal concentrations, magnetic susceptibility) of conversion from native forest to pasture contained within colluvial stratigraphic sections. Focus is on two study sites located on toeslopes directly beneath zero-order hollows draining several hectares in the commune of Larrau (Pyr�� Atlantiques, France) along the international drainage divide of the western Pyrenees. Sample sites maximize likelihood of spatially and temporally uniform slopewash sedimentation. This constitutes a place-based approach to decipher the chronology of agropastoral activities within individual fields, which is applicable to other mountain ranges of the world. Stratigraphic columns were augured in contiguous 10 cm sample levels, which produced temporal resolution of decades to several centuries. We interpret relatively high concentrations of charcoal, rapid sedimentation, and magnetic susceptibility patterns as evidence of the intentional use of fire to transform forests into pastures. Results indicate that intentional burning and clearing probably were initiated by the Late Neolithic (ca. 5000 e6000 cal. BP). However, intense burning, extensive forest clearance, and erosional degradation occurred later during the Bronze Age at one site, and during the Iron Age at the other site. This non-synchronous pattern of charcoal abundance and sedimentation rates is consistent with human agency of land clearance driving the chronology rather than paleoclimatic drivers. Stratigraphic zones of rapid sedimentation at both sites constitute “legacy” sediment of great antiquity. Our results are consistent with similar shifts in fire regimes and vegetation assemblages derived from direct association with anthropogenic proxies (e.g. pastoral pollen taxa, fungal spores of sheep dung, and archaeological sites) elsewhere in the Pyrenees and other European mountains. Consequently, our method may provide a good indicator of human presence and land-use activities for mountainous areas where paleoenvironmental records from bogs, lakes, and archaeological sites are limited.
Patterned Multilayer Systems and Directed Self‐Assembly of Functional Nano‐Bio Materials

Patterned and controlled layer-by-layer (LbL) films on surfaces can serve as excellent molecular templates for applications in optoelectronic display materials, biosensor arrays, and drug screening devices. The ionic LbL assembly technique, introduced by Decher in 1991 [1, 2], is among the most exciting developments in this area. Films formed by electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged poly-ion species to create alternating layers of sequentially adsorbed poly-ions are called polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). One of the soft lithographic methods, microcontact printing (mCP), has been used in physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology to transfer patterned thin organic films to surfaces with sub-micron resolution [3, 4]. Unlike other fabrication methods that merely provide topographic contrast between the feature and the background, mCP also allows chemical contrast to be achieved by selection of an appropriate ink. Microcontact printing offers advantages over conventional photolithographic techniques because it is simple to perform and is not diffraction limited. Lee and coworkers at the Michigan State University have challenged new patterning approaches for the last several years. For the first time, they have demonstrated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) patterning on PEMs, as opposed to on gold or silicon substrates [5]. In the work, the process of creating chemically patterned and physically structured surfaces was described by stamping polyethylene acid molecules on PEM coated surfaces, as illustrated in Figure 41.1. The activated carboxylate functional group binds ionically to the topmost positive surface of the PEM surfaces, and the other end (PEG units) resists the deposition of subsequent polymer (polyelectrolyte) layers. To deposit thin uniform PEG SAMs on PEMs, ionic interactions were capitalized. The deposited PEG patterns acted like an efficient resisting area which resists non-specific adsorption of polyelectrolytes, charged particles, and biomolecules and cells. The exposed PEM regions served as active surfaces attracting a variety of functional species (Figure 41.2) [5].
New productive forces and the contradictions of contemporary capitalism

The analysis that we have put forward is necessarily incomplete without developing its implications for political practice. However, considerations of space prevent us from elaborating on this aspect of our argument here. It is also the case that our ideas on politics are less coherent and developed than the theoretical perspective that we have outlined. This seems inevitable, since political thinking must be a collective project; political programs written by isolated individuals always sound hollow and abstract.
Role of arcuate frontal cortex of monkeys in smooth pursuit eye movements. I. Basic response properties to retinal image motion and position.

Anatomical and physiological studies have shown that the “frontal pursuit area” (FPA) in the arcuate cortex of monkeys is involved in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements. To further analyze...
Peer assessment on presentations of “real world” information systems case studies by students

This paper attempted to have students assess the presentation component of “real world” information systems case studies by fellow students and present the results of the peer assessment. The results could be of help to those who consider using peer assessment on presentations of “real world” information systems case studies by students.
Calculation of Thermal Conductivity from Lithology and Laboratory Measurements on Oil Well Cores: ABSTRACT

The harmonic mean thermal conductivity of the whole rock column traversed by a well is calculated from the thicknesses of the different kinds of rock in the section and their respective thermal conductivities. Lithologic logs provide the thicknesses; laboratory measurements on cores, the conductivities. Heat flow can be then calculated by multiplying the mean conductivity by the temperature gradient obtained from corrected bottom-hole temperatures. In the sedimentary basins of Sumatra and Brazil the conductivities range from 4.1 to 6.5 mCal/cm°C sec but the average for all the basins is close to 5. The mean conductivity of a well depends on the sand-shale ratio and can probably be calculated without loss of precision without recourse to more measurements on samples. onductivity determinations and heat flow in three Tertiary basins in Sumatra and in two Cretaceous basins in Brazil involving over 2,000 wells are reviewed. It is suggested that calculations of mean conductivity and heat flow be added to the existing AAPG compilation of temperature gradients in North America. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1364------------
Spatial Constraint and the Location of Urban Public Facilities

The effect of urban spatial form, that is, the size, shape, and arrangement of the residential areas of social groups, on the equitable location of public facilities is analyzed. Three measures of ...
Reactions of NO+ with Isomeric Butenes from 225 to 500 K†

The rate constants and branching fractions have been measured for the reaction of NO+ with the four butene isomers of C4H8 from 225 to 500 K in a variable temperature-selected ion flow tube. The cis- and trans-2-butene isomers react at the collision rate via charge transfer over the entire temperature range. Isobutene also reacts at the collision rate at all temperatures, primarily through charge transfer; however, an association channel also competes effectively at the lowest temperatures studied because the charge transfer reaction is only 0.02 eV exothermic. The reaction of NO+ with 1-butene is much slower than observed for the other butenes and has a negative temperature dependence. The negative temperature dependence is consistent with the predominant product channel being association. Other products are also observed with 1-butene, including C4H7+ from hydride transfer, C4H8+ from charge transfer at higher temperatures, and several other products involving significant rearrangement and chemical bond...
Accurate measurement of relative oscillator strengths by phase-matched nonlinear optics

A new method for accurately measuring relative oscillator strengths is presented. The method is based on measurements of the frequencies at which a nonlinear-optical sum-mixing process is phase matched. By applying this technique to Ca I, the relative strengths of the $4{s}^{2}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}4\mathrm{snp}^{1}P_{1}^{0}$ transitions for $n=10\ensuremath{-}13$ are measured to an accuracy of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2%, more than six times better than previous measurements.
Addressing new security and privacy challenges

Now that Y2K is behind us, IT professionals have been tempted to rest on their laurels particularly because the economic recession has significantly slowed spending on IT equipment and services. However, the tragic events of 11 September and a series of serious worms and denial-of-service attacks should serve as an urgent wake-up call that society is indeed vulnerable to threats against critical infrastructure. These critical systems include those for telecommunications, transportation, energy, banking and finance, government, and emergency services systems vital to the world's normal functioning and well being. Incapacitating any one or multiple portions of these infrastructures could compromise economies and public safety.
Connect to Protect®: utilizing community mobilization and structural change to prevent HIV infection among youth.

Infection with HIV often results in myriad negative social, physical, and psychological consequences for adolescents and young adults. At the end of 2007, an estimated 25,036 adolescents and young adults 13 to 24 years of age were living with HIV in the 37 states and 5 U.S. dependent areas with confidential name-based HIV infection reporting (CDC, 2010). HIV is not equally distributed among adolescents of all ethnic groups. In 2008, 50% of adolescents/young adults living with HIV were African American, 29% were White, 20% were Latino, and 1% each were Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, and multi-ethnic (CDC, 2010). Although the primary route of HIV transmission among youth is sexual activity, differences exist across gender and sexual activity categories. In 2008, males accounted for approximately 71% of adolescents aged 13–19 years diagnosed with HIV, and 80% of young adults aged 20–24 years (CDC, 2010). HIV infections resulting from male-to-male sexual activity among adolescents/young adults increased from 57% in 2005 to 68% in 2008—the rates of HIV due to heterosexual contact decreased from 32% to 25% during this time (CDC, 2010). As HIV continues to proliferate in the adolescent and young adult populations, its impact is most predominate among young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (especially young men of color) and heterosexual young women of color. These are populations that experience varying degrees of social control and power in most societies, and experience oppression in the form of ageism, sexism, racism, and heterosexism (Diaz, Ayala, & Bein, 2004; Harper, 2007; Harper & Schneider, 2003). Such individuals may lack the social power and resources to access HIV prevention services, as well as primary medical care if they do become infected. In addition, the available HIV prevention approaches that are being implemented in communities where these young people live may be limited with regard to their cultural appropriateness (both ethnic culture and sexual orientation culture), and may not impact the larger social forces and structures that may place these youth at risk for HIV. Further, despite the disproportionately high rates of HIV infection among gay/bisexual male adolescents and other young men who have sex with men, prior reviews of rigorously evaluated HIV prevention programs for adolescents in peer-reviewed journals have almost exclusively been focused on heterosexual youth (Kim, Stanton, Li, Dickersin & Galbraith 1997; Pedlow & Carey, 2003, 2004; Robin, Dittus, Whitaker, Crosby, Ethier, et al., 2004; Rotheram-Borus, O’Keefe, Kracker & Foo, 2000; Stanton, Kim, Galbraith & Parrott, 1996).
Classroom procedures for remediating behavior disorders

Numerous effective interventions for the control of behavior problems in the classroom have been developed. These have included relatively simple strategies such as providing contingent attention for appropriate behaviors and social reprimands or timeout for inappropriate behavior. Behavior control procedures have grown in sophistication to involve more complex systems such as token economies, skill straining strategies, peer interventions, and self-control procedures. Each technique has proved effective in improving classroom behavior, however, the combination of multiple techniques has had the most powerful effects on students. The ultimate goal of remediating complex behavior disorders such that appropriate behavior generalizes across new settings and events will require more comprehensive programs and continued analysis of new and promising practices.
Effect Of Liquidity On Firms' R&D Spending

The effect of firms financial condition on their R&D investment is explored using a relatively long panel data set for five high-technology industries. We find that financial condition, whether measured as cash flow, the stock of liquid assets or the ratio of liquid assets to current liabilities, does affect the R&D spending of small firms. The effect persists after controlling for unobserved permanent firm effects, and the pattern of significance of lagged effects supports the interpretation of causality running from liquidity to R&D. For larger firms, there is no evidence of such an effect. Using these data, we cannot say whether the absence of an effect in larger firms results from better access to capital markets or from higher adjustment costs in R&D.
Co-site interference mitigation for VHF com voice and datalink operations

The use of datalink communication in the VHF avionics band is increasing. This expansion increases the opportunity for interference between a datalink transmitter and a co-sited conventional AM type receiver for voice reception. The interference is audible by the pilot using the AM receiver and takes the form of periodic or aperiodic noise bursts or clicks heard over incoming voice traffic. Signal processing techniques can subjectively eliminate or greatly reduce the interference caused by simultaneous voice and datalink operations. This paper describes a method that has been used to demonstrate the technique.
Genomic loss is our gain

[Comment on Mestre-Escorihuela et al, page 271][1]Identification of biallelic chromosomal deletions in non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines coupled with gene expression profiling identifies novel tumor suppressor genes and potential therapeutic targets. Chromosome imbalances occur frequently in B-cell
Rapid isolation of chloride cells from pinfish gill

Enriched fractions of chloride cells with good ultrastructural integrity have been obtained from gill filaments of the euryhaline teleost, Lagodon rhomboides. The branchial epithelium from seawater-adapted fish was dissociated by gentle mechanical means in a Ca++, Mg++ -free balanced salt solution. Density gradient centrifugation of the mixed cell suspensions through a Ficoll gradient yielded a fraction containing between 50 and 70% chloride cells. This fraction showed a 3- to 4-fold enrichment over comparable gill homogenate values for sodium plus potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase, (Na+, K+-ATPase), an enzyme concentrated in chloride cells. Isolation of chloride cells from fish adapted to one-third seawater was less successful, due to the smaller size and reduced number of these cells, although fractions with at least a 2-fold enrichment of the enzyme were obtained. These results continue to support the belief that chloride cells are responsible for the osmoregulatory activity associated with the branchial epithelium of teleosts and that this vital function is mediated through the activity of the transport associated enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase, the specific activity of which increases with osmotic stress.
A genetic map of reovirus II. Assignment of the double-stranded RNA-negative mutant groups C, D, and E to genome segments

Abstract The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of recombinants derived from crosses of the dsRNA-negative, temperature-sensitve (ts) mutants of reovirus type 3 and reovirus serotypes 1 or 2 were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of deletions and replacements in the recombinants allowed identification of genome segments containing the ts lesions. In this way the location of the mutation of the group C prototype mutant tsC(447) os genome segment S2, that of the group D prototype mutant tsD(357) is genome segment L1, and that of the group E prototype mutant tsE(320) is genome segment S3. In addition the location of the temperature-sensitive lesion of serotype 2 is genome segment S1.
Analysis of Solvent Nucleophile Isotope Effects: Evidence for Concerted Mechanisms and Nucleophilic Activation by Metal Coordination in Nonenzymatic and Ribozyme-Catalyzed Phosphodiester Hydrolysis†

Heavy atom isotope effects are a valuable tool for probing chemical and enzymatic reaction mechanisms; yet, they are not widely applied to examine mechanisms of nucleophilic activation. We developed approaches for analyzing solvent (18)O nucleophile isotope effects ((18)k(nuc)) that allow, for the first time, their application to hydrolysis reactions of nucleotides and nucleic acids. Here, we report (18)k(nuc) for phosphodiester hydrolysis catalyzed by Mg(2+) and by the Mg(2+)-dependent RNase P ribozyme and deamination by the Zn(2+)-dependent protein enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Because ADA incorporates a single solvent molecule into the product inosine, this reaction can be used to monitor solvent (18)O/(16)O ratios in complex reaction mixtures. This approach, combined with new methods for analysis of isotope ratios of nucleotide phosphates by whole molecule mass spectrometry, permitted determination of (18)k(nuc) for hydrolysis of thymidine 5'-p-nitrophenyl phosphate and RNA cleavage by the RNase P ribozyme. For ADA, an inverse (18)k(nuc) of 0.986 +/- 0.001 is observed, reflecting coordination of the nucleophile by an active site Zn(2+) ion and a stepwise mechanism. In contrast, the observed (18)k(nuc) for phosphodiester reactions were normal: 1.027 +/- 0.013 and 1.030 +/- 0.012 for the Mg(2+)- and ribozyme-catalyzed reactions, respectively. Such normal effects indicate that nucleophilic attack occurs in the rate-limiting step for these reactions, consistent with concerted mechanisms. However, these magnitudes are significantly less than the (18)k(nuc) observed for nucleophilic attack by hydroxide (1.068 +/- 0.007), indicating a "stiffer" bonding environment for the nucleophile in the transition state. Kinetic analysis of the Mg(2+)-catalyzed reaction indicates that a Mg(2+)-hydroxide complex is the catalytic species; thus, the lower (18)k(nuc), in large part, reflects direct metal ion coordination of the nucleophilic oxygen. A similar value for the RNase P ribozyme catalyzed reaction provides support for nucleophilic activation by metal ion catalysis.
Delayed Cleavage of Rabbit Ova After Fertilization by Young Epididymal Spermatozoa

The testes and epididymides of 359 male rabbits were removed and subjected to isolation of the proximal and distal segments of the corpus in 269 or of only the proximal segment in 90. This material was used for the insemination of isolated ova. The cleavage of those ova fertilized by spermatozoa found in the proximal corpus epididymides was slightly but consistently delayed when compared with the rate of cleavage of those ova fertilized by spermatozoa taken from the distal segments of the same animals. Data obtained are presented in tabular form.
Experiences in treatment of epiglottal entrapment using a hook knife per nasum.

Summary Thirty eight horses with epiglottal entrapment were examined. In 29 the dorsally displaced mucosa was split axially with a curved hook knife, per nasum. The condition was also treated by subepiglottal mucosal resection (4 horses) and solely by the administration of an anti-inflammatory throat spray (4 horses). All surgical cases were treated with an anti-inflammatory throat spray and parenteral phenylbutazone. Those horses treated via a laryngotomy incision were box rested until the laryngotomy incision healed. The other horses were restricted to walking and trotting exercise for 10 days before endoscopic re-assessment. If the condition had resolved by this stage the horse was then returned to full exercise. Epiglottal entrapment was alleviated in 22 horses treated by axial section but it recurred in 4 and 3 cases were lost to follow up. Two of 4 cases were treated successfully but mucosal resection and 2 of 4 cases by Nd:YAG laser. Three out of the 4 horses treated medically also recovered. Of the 38 horses, 6 required a second operation and 2 had a third surgical procedure. Of the horses treated by axial section of the displaced mucosa, 14 ran successfully without a respiratory sound or obstruction and 4 won races. In conclusion, using the hook knife inserted via the nasal passages offers a safe, relatively inexpensive and successful method of treating epiglottal entrapment.
Neuronal HIF-1α protein and VEGFR-2 immunoreactivity in functionally related motor areas following a focal M1 infarct

Clinical and experimental data support a role for the intact cortex in recovery of function after stroke, particularly ipsilesional areas interconnected to the infarct. There is, however, little understanding of molecular events in the intact cortex, as most studies focus on the infarct and peri-infarct regions. This study investigated neuronal immunoreactivity for hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in remote cortical areas 3 days after a focal ischemic infarct, as both HIF-1alpha and VEGFR-2 have been implicated in peri-infarct neuroprotection. For this study, intracortical microstimulation techniques defined primary motor (M1) and premotor areas in squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri). An infarct was induced in the M1 hand representation, and immunohistochemical techniques identified neurons, HIF-1alpha and VEGFR-2. Stereologic techniques quantified the total neuronal populations and the neurons immunoreactive for HIF-1alpha or VEGFR-2. The results indicate that HIF-1alpha upregulation is confined to the infarct and peri-infarct regions. Increases in VEGFR-2 immunoreactivity occurred; however, in two remote regions: the ventral premotor hand representation and the M1 hindlimb representation. Neurons in these representations were previously shown to undergo significant increases in VEGF protein immunoreactivity, and comparison of the two data sets showed a significant correlation between levels of VEGF and VEGFR-2 immunoreactivity. Thus, while remote areas undergo a molecular response to the infarct, we hypothesize that there is a delay in the initiation of the response, which ultimately may increase the 'window of opportunity' for neuroprotective interventions in the intact cortex.
A rapid microassay for myocardial ATPases.

Abstract Current techniques for detection and assaying ATPase are cumbersome, inaccurate, compromising, whereas the modified coupled enzymatic assay for Mg +2 -dependent, Ca +2 -dependent, Ouabain-suppressible, and azide-inhibited ATPase is quick, reproducible, accurate, and truly measures maximal reaction rates. The assay allows these determinations on minute amounts of myocardiac tissue (as small as 18 mg), which in turn enables investigators to obtain paired biochemical and physiological data. The current assay design also allows simultaneous measurement of the various types of ATPases. This technique appears to be a useful part of biochemical armortorium in cardiac research.
Neutron-Induced Radioactivity of Long Life in Cobalt

When cobalt is bombarded by neutrons, an activity of long half-life is obtained. The radioactive element has been shown by a chemical analysis to be an isotope of cobalt. The radiations emitted in the disintegration of this element have been investigated, principally by the absorption method. A gamma-ray is observed with a mass absorption coefficient in Pb of about 0.047 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/g, and a spectrum of soft beta-rays with an estimated limiting range of 30 mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of aluminum, representing an energy of 160 kv. A group of more penetrating particles completely absorbed only by about 0.65 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of aluminum is also indicated. This group may represent a relatively infrequent disintegration process, in which the total energy is carried off by the beta-particle and no gamma-ray is emitted. Results of a measurement on the half-life indicate that it is 2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 years.
Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Admission for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases

Context Evidence on the health risks associated with short-term exposure to fine particles (particulate matter 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5]) is limited. Results from the new national monitoring network for PM2.5 make possible systematic research on health risks at national and regional scales. Objectives To estimate risks of cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions associated with short-term exposure to PM2.5 for Medicare enrollees and to explore heterogeneity of the variation of risks across regions. Design, Setting, and Participants A national database comprising daily timeseries data daily for 1999 through 2002 on hospital admission rates (constructed from the Medicare National Claims History Files) for cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes and injuries, ambient PM2.5 levels, and temperature and dew-point temperature for 204 US urban counties (population 200000) with 11.5 million Medicare enrollees (aged 65 years) living an average of 5.9 miles from a PM2.5 monitor. Main Outcome Measures Daily counts of county-wide hospital admissions for primary diagnosis of cerebrovascular, peripheral, and ischemic heart diseases, heart rhythm, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory infection, and injuries as a control outcome. Results There was a short-term increase in hospital admission rates associated with PM2.5 for all of the health outcomes except injuries. The largest association was for heart failure, which had a 1.28% (95% confidence interval, 0.78%-1.78%) increase in risk per 10-µg/m 3