cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of the viscous flow fields over three-dimensional complicated geometries

A 'thin-layer' Navier-Stokes code capable of predicting steady state viscous flows is applied to complicated three-dimensional flow fields. The code is written in a generalized coordinate system, and a recently developed grid generation procedure is used for the flow-field discretization. Application is made to the vortical flow over a delta wing at high angle of attack, and the computed results are compared with experimental results. The results indicate that the present method can capture the physical phenomenon well. It is observed that a leading-edge separation vortex is formed over the wing, as is a secondary separation vortex near the leading edge. The flow field behind the trailing edge is also well described. Application is also made to the transonic flow over the Shuttle configuration. The result appears to be reasonable even though no experimental data are available for comparison. These results indicate that the present approach is capable of computing complicated three-dimensional flow fields.
Goiter and myxedema from iodine

Abstract Three cases are added to the growing list of goiters due to prolonged iodine administration; 1 of these patients also had myxedema. These patients seem to have an unusual sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of iodine on the production of effective thyroid hormone, either within the thyroid gland or its release from the thyroid gland. This mechanism is reversible by complete withdrawal of the iodine. The myxedema disappears within days to weeks; the goiter slowly becomes smaller over a period of many months and occasionally persists.
Abstract 2137: Prevention of HER2 overexpressing early stage breast disease progression by lapatinib

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Currently, Tamoxifen and Aromatase inhibitors are used for prevention of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer; however, there is no effective prevention strategy for ER- breast cancer. HER2 overexpression (HER2+) can be detected in up to 60% early stage breast lesions, such as atypical hyperplasia (ADH) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Up to 40% of ER- breast cancers are HER2+. Thus, targeting HER2 signaling may be an effective chemoprevention strategy for these ER- and HER2+ breast cancer. Here, we stable introduced ErbB2-expressing retroviruses into the ER-, non-transformed MCF10A cells (MCF10A.B2) to establish an ER- and HER2+ early breast disease model. We show that Lapatinib, a FDA-approved dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor for both HER2 and EGFR, reduced the proliferation rate and increased the apoptosis in MCF10A.B2 cells. In 3D culture, Lapatinib treatment starting at day 6 prevented the MCF10A.B2 cells from forming abnormal acini, and the numbers of DCIS-like acini have been significantly decreased compared to control group. Untreated MCF10A.B2 cells forms DCIS-like acini in 3D culture by day 10, which have been reverted to normal or ADH-like acini when lapatinib treatment started by day 10. Furthermore, MMTV-neu mouse model develop ER- mammary tumors in 6.4 months, whereas lapatinib treatment (30mg/kg/day, six days per week) starting at 10 weeks of age significantly delayed the tumor initiation and progression in this mouse model as detected by mammary gland biopsy and fiber optic micro-endoscope (FOME) imaging. Mice treated with lapatinib had fewer premalignant lesions and reduced noninvasive tumors in their mammary glands, which are correlated with reduced proliferation rate and increased apoptosis rate, indicating that lapatinib is a promising agent for the prevention/intervention of ER- and HER2+ breast cancers. To identify effective and reliable biomarkers to assess the risk of ER-/HER2+ lesions and efficacy of lapatinib for prevention and intervention, cDNA microarray and reverse phase protein array (RPPA) were performed on MCF10A.B2 cells and control MCF10A cells. We have identified several molecular pathways activated by HER2+ in this model which will be tested for their roles in the initiation of mammary tumors and as potential targets for prevention of ER-/HER2+ breast disease. Our study brings better understanding of the mechanism underlying ER-/HER2+ early stage breast disease progression to cancer and could be rapidly translated into the clinic for prevention of ER-/HER2+ breast cancers. Citation Format: Jia Xu, Shalini Jain, Dihua Yu. Prevention of HER2 overexpressing early stage breast disease progression by lapatinib. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2137. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2137
The complexity of the Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm

The Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm has been proposed as a general purpose algorithm for solving hard optimization problems on a quantum computer. Early work on very small sizes indicated that the running time (complexity) only increased as a (quite small) power of the problem size N. We report results of Quantum Monte Carlo simulations, using parallel tempering, with which we determine the minimum energy gap (and hence get information the complexity) for much bigger sizes than was possible before. The aim is to see if there is a “crossover” to exponential complexity at large N. We present data for the typical (median) complexity as a function of N, which indicate a crossover to a first order transition at large sizes. This implies that the complexity is exponential at large N, at least for the problem studied.
Alternative splicing of the Menkes copper Atpase (Atp7a) transcript in the rat intestinal epithelium.

The intestinal Menkes copper Atpase (Atp7a) gene is strongly induced by iron deficiency in the rat intestine. We sought to develop an in vitro model to understand the mechanism of this induction by...
Handicapped, disabled, or exceptional: Terminological issues

Often the terms “disabled,” “handicapped,” and “exceptional” are used interchangeably to describe individuals eligible for special education services. The term “exceptional” is the most preferable of the three because the other two can lead to negative attitudes toward individuals so labeled.
Spectra, Variability, Size, and Polarization of H2O Microwave Emission Sources in the Galaxy

Radio spectral line radiation of water molecules at a wavelength of 1.35 centimeters has been measured from eight sources in the galaxy. The sources are less than I arc minute in diameter, have extremely high brightness temperatures, and show many spectral features. Some spectral features are slightly polarized and some have changed greatly in intensity in a few weeks time.
The Activities of Organization Development Practitioners at the Turn of the Decade of the 1990s: A Study of Their Predictions

Organization development practitioners generated predictions about the activities they would engage in at the turn of the decade. Factor analyses were conducted and revealed 13 different activity factors. Examination of these factors suggest that group development and action research activities are predicted to be engaged in to a great degree in the future, whereas strategic planning and forecasting will be given much less attention.
Scripted Sequences of Teacher Interaction: A Versatile, Low-Impact Procedure for Increasing Appropriate Behavior in a Nursery School.

Sequences of managerial statements delivered by a teacher during supervised playtime were identified, and a scripting procedure was used to modify these sequences while retaining the overall structure of teacher-student interactions. Five preschool-age children participated in the study. Following an initial assessment phase, the alternative sequence of scripted interactions was implemented first by an experimenter using an ABAB reversal design and then by the classroom teacher. The scripted interaction sequence was effective in increasing levels of appropriate play behavior in all five children, and these levels were maintained when control of the procedure was transferred to the teacher. Moreover, the teacher quickly learned to implement the procedure, did so with a high degree of integrity, and judged it to be moderately acceptable. The value of scripted interactions as an effective yet flexible management strategy that can be used in teacher training is discussed.
Trends in subtrochanteric, diaphyseal, and distal femur fractures, 1984–2007

Summary The incidence of non-hip femur fractures increased between 1984 and 2007, with an increase in the rates for women after 1996.
Sanstext: classifying temporal topic dynamics of twitter cascades without tweet text

Understanding the dynamics of cascades in Twitter is an important modeling problem with multiple applications like viral marketing and the detection and forecasting of emerging events. Key hashtags rise in popularity to a peak and fall, with profiles characteristic to the specific topical area of the hashtag. Traditional text-based classification approaches are inadequate as new hashtags get created dynamically and because social media vocabulary evolves. We demonstrate a text-free approach SansText to classify emerging cascades by modeling the phenomenological patterns of rise and fall. We illustrate the utility of this approach over several specific event classes as well as more general topics in a collection of more than 2 million tweets from multiple countries of Latin America.
Parametric study of cavity length and mirror reflectivity in ultralow threshold quantum well InGaAs/AlGaAs lasers

Record low CW threshold currents of 16 μA at-room temperature and 21 μA at cryogenic temperature have been demonstrated in buried heterostructure strained layer, single quantum well InGaAs/AlGaAs lasers with a short cavity length and high reflectivity coatings.
Properties and chemical stability of hot‐rolled Ag(7 at. % Cu)‐sheathed Bi2Sr2Ca0.64Cu1.64Ox powder‐in‐tube tapes

Bi2Sr2Ca0.64Cu1.64Ox (nominally Bi2212) powders were fabricated into powder‐in‐tube Ag‐ and Ag(7 at. % Cu)‐sheathed tapes by cold and hot rolling to investigate the effects of sheath composition and rolling conditions on their microstructural development and superconducting properties. Bi2212 tapes with Ag(Cu) sheaths exhibited improved grain alignment and interfacial uniformity, as well as enhanced formation of the Bi‐free phase (≊Sr7.5Ca6.5Cu14Ox), relative to the Ag‐sheathed specimens. The hot‐rolled Ag(Cu)‐sheathed tapes displayed superior critical current densities (Jc), where magnetization Jcm=1.5×106 (H∥c) and 4.6×105 A/cm2 (H⊥c) at T=5 K, H=1 T. Correspondingly, these specimens had transport critical current densities (Jct) of 6.7×104 A/cm2 (H∥c) and 5.4×104 A/cm2 (H⊥c) at T=4.2 K, H=0 T and 2.2×104 A/cm2 (H∥c) and 3.0×104 A/cm2 (H⊥c) at T=4.2 K, H=14 T. The chemical stability of the Ag(Cu) sheath regions during the partial melting process was also studied. Rapid oxidation of copper produced Cu2O ...
The Caspian Sea geopolitical game: prospects for the new millennium

The break-up of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s opened the door for the international oil companies to explore and develop the Caspian Sea's hydrocarbon resources. The full utilisation of this wealth, however, has been hindered by disagreement over the ownership of the basin and the choice of export routes. In addition, there is no consensus on the exact quantity of resources there. This study examines all these issues and focuses on the rivalry between a regional power – the Islamic Republic of Iran – and an international one – the United States of America. The contention is that they have a mutual interest in promoting economic development and political stability in the Caspian region.
A frequency/pattern reconfigurable modified dipole antenna array

This paper presents a reconfigurable antenna array that is made of four printed dipole elements. The change in the array operating frequency is achieved by feeding separately each array element via an external reconfigurable feeding network. The pattern diversity is achieved by incorporating a printed reflector between the array elements. A prototype antenna is fabricated and tested.
Transdermal therapies for Peyronie’s disease

Topical treatment of Peyronie’s disease has recently emerged as a noninvasive option to decrease the deformity and pain associated with this disorder. This article reviews the literature on this subject with attention to topical verapamil gel, which has been used extensively in the United States. However, no published independent placebo-controlled trials exist to confirm its beneficial effect. This article also reviews iontophoresis, a form of topical energy therapy also known as electromotive drug administration (EMDA). Topical energy therapy without drug administration has been shown to enhance wound healing as a result of the energy transfer. Recent studies have also examined EMDA therapy with verapamil and other agents to encourage scar remodeling with subsequent reduction in penile deformity for the man with Peyronie’s disease.
Protein synthesis inhibitors prevent the induction of laminin B1, collagen IV (α1), and other differentiation‐specific mRNAs by retinoic acid in F9 teratocarcinoma cells

Several differentiation-specific genes, including those for collagen IV and laminin, are induced by retinoic acid (RA) in mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Dibutyryl cAMP can enhance the effect of RA in these cells, but dibutyryl cAMP alone does not induce these genes. Inhibition of RNA synthesis with 5-6-dichloro-1-B-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole prevents the induction of these genes by RA; inhibition of DNA synthesis with aphidicolin does not prevent the induction. In vitro transcription studies (Wang et al., Dev. Biol., 107:75-86, 1985) demonstrate that these differentiation-specific genes are regulated by RA at least partially at the level of transcription. To determine whether the regulation of transcription of these differentiation-specific genes is a primary effect of RA, we measured the sensitivity of the induction of mRNAs specific for these RA-inducible genes to inhibitors of protein synthesis. RNA was isolated from F9 cells that had been treated for 20 hr with RA (with or without dibutyryl cAMP) in the presence or absence of either cycloheximide or puromycin. We then hybridized the 32P-labeled recombinant plasmids collagen IV (alpha 1) (pcI5), laminin B1 (pcI56), and pcJ6 to RNA from the treated cells. Both cycloheximide and puromycin inhibited the RA induction of the collagen IV (alpha 1), laminin B1, and J6 mRNAs. In contrast, in a control experiment, a 20-hr treatment with cycloheximide did not inhibit the accumulation of metallothionein I-specific mRNA in response to zinc in F9 cells. Thus protein synthesis is required for the expression of the collagen IV (alpha 1), laminin B1, and J6 genes, and this result suggests that the transcriptional regulation of these genes by RA is indirect.
A comparative study of active appearance model annotation schemes for the face

Active appearance models (AAM), a group of flexible deformable models, have been widely used in various applications such as, object tracking, medical image segmentation and synthesis. AAMs are statistical models which model the shape and texture of an object. There has been much published work in this field to improve the speed and fitting accuracy. However, there has not been any significant study related to the quantity and selection of annotation points (landmarks) used to define the object and its texture. This paper proposes four different annotation schemes used for modeling the human face and evaluates each scheme in regard to reconstructing face images. In pursuit of choosing a particular annotation scheme for age progression and synthesis, this paper presents qualitative and quantitative methods for evaluation.
Wire‐Guided Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty: Instrument Selection, Lesion Characterization, and Operator Technique

Laser angioplasty has now been successfully performed on over 2,000 patients worldwide. Two systems (Advanced Interventional Systems, and Spectranetics, Corp.) have now received initial approval from the Food and Drug Administration. As with all new interventional techniques designed as an alternative to balloon angioplasty, there are a variety of instrument related issues that merit consideration in terms of patient selection as well as operator technique. While the ultimate role of laser angioplasty in the percutaneous revascularization of coronary artery disease remains to be established with certainty, laser angioplasty is, in fact, being currently used on a widespread basis as an alternative or an adjunct to balloon angioplasty in a large number of centers worldwide.1–5 Industry projections suggest that the use of this technique will increase further over the next decade. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to discuss specific issues regarding instrumentation, native anatomical considerations, operator technique, and complications that relate specifically to the applied use of this technology as it is currently being used. (J Interven Cardiol 1992; 5:275–291)
The Concurrent Validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests among Students with Mild Learning Problems.

Previous research has revealed moderate to high validity coefficients between the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests. However, the same research has indicated rather consistently that the latter instrument provides significantly lower means than do several screening tests currently being used in the field. This investigation replicated and extended previous research by comparing the two instruments across three grade clusters in order to determine whether the lower Woodcock scores are equally robust for each level. As in prior research, validity coefficients were moderate to high in magnitude. However, the differences between the means of two instruments were found to decrease in size from earlier to later grades. That is, seven of the eight significantly different means were found to occur in grades 1 through 4. Only one significant difference was found for grades 5 through 8. Discussion sought to explain the results in terms of the representativeness of the Woodcock norms and the novel method that Woodcock used to estimate sample means and standard deviations.
Collaborative learning in engineering ethics

This paper discusses collaborative learning and its use in an elective course on ethics in engineering. Collaborative learning is a form of active learning in which students learn with and from one another in small groups. The benefits of collaborative learning include improved student performance and enthusiasm for learning, development of communication skills, and greater student appreciation of the importance of judgment and collaboration in solving real-world problems such as those encountered in engineering ethics. Collaborative learning strategies employed in the course include informal small group discussions/problem solving, role-playing exercises, and cooperative student group projects, including peer grading. Student response to these techniques has been highly favorable. Realizing the benefits of collaborative learning is a challenge to both teachers, who must give up some control in the classroom, and students, who must be willing to take greater responsibility for their learning.
Propagated vasodilation in the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch.

Propagated vasodilation has been observed in the peripheral vasculature and may be significant in integrating the behavior of terminal arterioles and larger vessels. We have studied the characteristics of propagated vasodilation induced by acetylcholine in the microcirculation of the cheek pouch of the golden hamster. The technique of microionophoresis was used as a means of achieving relatively precise temporal and spatial application of drugs to single arterioles. Application of acetylcholine to an arteriole usually resulted in vasodilation which spread rapidly upstream and downstream from the point of application at a rate much greater than could be accounted for by diffusion or by other means of movement of the agent. Longitudinal propagation velocities for a series of arterioles 20 to 40µ in diameter averaged 0.02 cm/sec. The propagated response was relatively specific, being induced by acetylcholine but not by histamine, K+, H+, or eledoisin. The response was graded in both extent and magnitude, was propagated bidirectionally from the point of origin, was observed in vessels as small as 15µ o.d., and could be blocked by lidocaine.
A robot vision system for recognition of generic shaped objects

Abstract Generic shape recognition is the problem of determining the pose and dimensions of objects for which only shape models are available and the object's size is unknown. One application domain for generic object recognition is the handling and sorting of postal objects. Because metrical information relating object features to one another is not available, the more common featurebased approaches are inadequate. Our system, INGEN (INference engine for GENeric object recognition), uses a data-driven approach to determine the pose and size of objects with generic shapes such as parallelepipeds and cylinders. This system successfully recognizes occluded objects in heaps. It also handles scenes which have irregularities in surfaces and edges—such irregularities are common to postal objects—as well as shadows and irregularities in the range data itself. The three most important parts of INGEN are (1) the procedures for constructing object hypotheses, computing their attributes, and evaluating how well they fit the data, (2) the geometric reasoning process which determines the size of object hypotheses by finding points of contact with other object hypotheses and also detects geometric inconsistencies in the scene interpretation, and (3) the recognition process which allows backtracking when object hypotheses are rejected due to insufficient support or geometric conflict with other object hypotheses. INGEN has been used successfully to guide a robot in removing postal objects from a pile. We show the results of these experiments.
Credentialing of the cardiac sonographer: the need for unification.

Credentialing is a process in which a candidate submits to an examination established by a recognized board of examiners. If the candidate fulfills the standards established by the board, the candidate is then permitted to use a given title. For example, radiologic technologists complete a given course of study. After graduation these individuals are permitted to use the title radiologic technologist (RT) after their name. Once these individuals successfully complete the examination offered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists they are permitted the title ofRT(R), where the final R indicates "registered." . In many cases a candidate's involvement in the examination and credentialing process is not mandated by law and is therefore voluntary. Gaining the credential-generally enhances the individual's professional status and provides a higher salary premium. In the case of radiologic technology there is a unified credentialing board. It acts independently but with the support of many technologist and physician groups interested in the credentialing process. The credentialing process must be differentiated from the accreditation process. Accreditation refers to the certification of training programs, not individuals. For most allied health professionals, accreditation of training programs is provided by the American Medical Association (AMA) Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation. This is a complex process in which interested professional societies define an allied health profession and petition the AMA for recognition. Once recognized, an independent body referred to as a Joint Review Committee (JRC) is established. Interested societies adopt documents of essentials and guidelines by which the JRC approves educational programs. Professional societies are generally meant to define
Diffusion bonding of aluminum alloy, 8090

Ability to diffusion bond aluminum (Al) alloys, in particular superplastic aluminum alloys, will complete the technology-base that is strongly needed to enhance the use of superplastic forming (SPF) technology. Diffusion bonding (DB) is an attractive manufacturing option for applications where the preservation of the base metal microstructure and, in turn, mechanical properties is important in the bond area. As the technology moves from the laboratory to production, the DB process has to be production-feasible and cost-effective. At the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the DB study of SPF Al alloys has been initiated. This paper describes the effect of surface chemistry on the DB properties of the Al alloy, 8090 (2.4Li-1.18Cu-0.57Mg-0.14Zr-Al). The integrity of the diffusion bonds was evaluated for both interlayered and bare surfaces. Two interlayer elements, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), were compared. Although the eutectic temperature of Al-Cu is 548 C, a thin Cu layer in contact with 8090 has been shown to lower its eutectic temperature to [approximately]521 C. In 8090, Cu is one of the primary alloying elements but has a limited solubility in Al at the bonding temperature. Zinc, on the other hand, forms a considerably lower eutectic (380 C) with Al and is highlymore » soluble in Al. The diffusivity of Zn in Al is much faster than that of Cu, but Zn forms a more thermodynamically stable oxide. These subtle metallurgical differences will affect the transient liquid phase (TLP) formation at the interface, which will subsequently influence the bond quality.« less
The Maximum Entropy Formulation of Inverse Problems of NDE

This paper introduces the Maximum Entropy method of resolving underdetermined objects (flaws or inclusions) by a physicists’ brand of nonlinear processing of the image data. We survey three areas of research: (1) synthetic aperture imaging to resolve three dimensional flaws, with the aid of selective back projection, (2) scattering from anomalies according to the inhomogeneous Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, and (3) ultrasonic flaw characterization by the boundary integral equation method. A simple example is offered to illustrate the potential resolving power of the ME method for problems in area (2). We present some criteria for effective ME inversion.
Solar system: Sandcastles in space.

Analysis of a kilometre-sized, near-Earth asteroid shows that forces weaker than the weight of a penny can keep it from falling apart. This has implications for understanding the evolution of the Solar System. See Letter p.174 Some asteroids are solid bodies but others, known as 'rubble-pile' asteroids, are loose aggregates of sand- to boulder-sized components. The conventional view, that rubble piles are held together by gravitational and frictional forces alone, has recently been questioned. It has been suggested that small van der Waals forces between constituent grains may be an important factor. Here, Ben Rozitis et al. report that the kilometre-sized rubble-pile asteroid (29075) 1950 DA is rotating faster than the breakup limit for its density calculated assuming the action of gravity and friction alone. They conclude that inter-particle cohesive forces must be holding the asteroid together and that the forces are comparable to, though somewhat less than, those found between the grains of lunar regolith.
Blunted Behavioral and C Fos Responses to Acidic Fumes in the African Naked Mole-Rat

Acidosis in the skin triggers activation of pain pathways and behaviors indicative of pain in vertebrates. The exception is the naked mole-rat, the only known vertebrate to show physiological and behavioral insensitivity to acid pain in the skin. The goal of the present study was to determine behavioral and physiological responses of this species to airborne acidic fumes, which would be expected to affect the trigeminal pain pathway in other species. Behaviorally, naked mole-rats did not avoid fumes from moderately high concentrations of acetic acid (10 and 20%), and c Fos labeling showed no increase in activity in the trigeminal nuclei and nucleus tractus solitarius. In contrast, these concentrations triggered behavioral aversion and increased Fos activity in other laboratory rodents. For a very high concentration of acetic acid (50%), naked mole-rats showed significant avoidance behavior and increased Fos labeling in the nucleus tractus solitarius caudal region, which receives vagal chemosensory information. However, there was no increase in trigeminal labeling, and in fact, activity significantly decreased. This pattern is opposite of that associated with another irritant, ammonia fumes, which elicited an increase in trigeminal but not nucleus tractus solitarius Fos labeling, and no behavioral avoidance. Behavioral avoidance of acidic fumes, but no increased labeling in the trigeminal pain nucleus is consistent with the notion of adaptations to blunt acid pain, which would be advantageous for naked mole-rats as they normally live under chronically high levels of acidosis-inducing CO2.
Alcohol Intake Increases High-grade Prostate Cancer Risk Among Men Taking Dutasteride in the REDUCE Trial

Abstract Background Although most studies found no association between alcohol intake and prostate cancer (PCa) risk, an analysis of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial found that high alcohol intake significantly increased PCa risk among men randomized to the 5α-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) finasteride. Objective Determine whether alcohol affects PCa risk among men taking the 5-ARI dutasteride. Design, settings, and participants Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events was a 4-yr, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to compare PCa after dutasteride administration (0.5mg/d) with placebo. Participants had a baseline prostate-specific antigen between 2.5 and 10.0 ng/ml and a recent negative prostate biopsy. Alcohol intake was determined by baseline questionnaire, and participants underwent a prostate biopsy to determine PCa status at 2 yr and 4 yr of follow-up. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between alcohol intake and low-grade (Gleason 7) PCa. Results and limitations Of 6374 participants in our analysis, approximately 25% reported no alcohol consumption, 49% were moderate drinkers (one to seven drinks per week), and 26% were heavy drinkers (more than seven drinks per week). Alcohol intake was not associated with low- or high-grade PCa in the placebo arm and was not associated with low-grade PCa among men taking dutasteride. In contrast, men randomized to dutasteride and reporting more than seven drinks per week were 86% more likely to be diagnosed with high-grade PCa ( p =0.01). Among alcohol abstainers, dutasteride was associated with significantly reduced risk of high-grade PCa (OR: 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38–0.90), but dutasteride was no longer associated with reduced high-grade PCa among men reporting high alcohol intake (OR: 0.99; 95% CI, 0.67–1.45). Conclusions Alcohol consumption negated a protective association between dutasteride and high-grade PCa. Patient summary We confirmed a prior study that alcohol affects PCa prevention in patients taking 5-ARIs. Patients taking 5-ARIs may wish to eliminate alcohol intake if they are concerned about PCa.
Electrical activation of visual pathways substitutes for tonic light input in triggering EEG correlates of food reward during conditioned behavior in cats

Summary Cats trained to press a lever for 1 cc of milk reward normally show during the consummatory response high voltage 6–8 c/sec EEG synchronization associated with epicortical positive steady potential shift over the primary and secondary visual projections. The emergence of this postreinforcement synchronization (PRS) and Reward Contingent Positive Variation (RCPV) is known to depend upon appropriate gustatory input and presence of ambient light, although visual perception of reward and/or environment is not essential as shown in cats wearing translucent ‘milky’ contact lenses. Training the animals in a paradigm in which a ‘light-off’ cue signaled the availability of reward, and thus assigned positively reinforcing quality to the dark condition, also failed to restore the PRS-RCPV phenomenon in the absence of light. However, brief electrical stimuli applied to either the optic tract or the lateral geniculate nucleus substituted for unpatterned light input and fully restored the PRS-RCPV in the dark. The suprathreshold stimuli were effective only during the consummatory response. Maximum effect could be produced during a brief time period between 0.8 and 1.5 sec after the onset of consummatory response as judged by lapping activity, thus showing the specificity of the effect of visual input. Even during a relaxed wakefulness after satiation or during slow wave sleep or REM sleep the same electric stimuli were ineffective although they produced well-developed evoked potentials with all characteristic wave components. The results indicate that brain pathways utilize unpatterned i.e. noisy visual input in complex integrative processes involving gustatory input.
Random sequential adsorption of mixtures.

We present a theory that describes the random sequential adsorption of a two-component mixture of hard disks of greatly differing diameters on a flat surface. The jamming limit of the large disks can be obtained from a numerical solution of two coupled first-order differential equations. In the special case of a mixture of disks and point particles the equations take on a simple form, and the kinetics and jamming limit can be determined essentially exactly for certain ranges of the adsorption rate constants.
The Ultraviolet Continuum Emission of Radio Galaxies. I. Description of Sources from the Hubble Space Telescope Archives

This paper describes the UV continuum radiation in the range from 1400 to 3700 A of radio galaxies. The analysis is deferred to the next paper in this series. The sample of radio galaxies was compiled by searching the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archives for images taken with the Faint Object Camera (FOC) prior to 1993. Altogether the sample consists of 30 3C and Parkes radio galaxies that have redshifts below 0.2 (the majority have redshifts of ~0.03) and radio powers of ~1025-27 WHz-1 (using H0 = 50 km s-1 Mpc-1 and q0 = 0.0). We show the FOC contour plots of the radio galaxies and calculate the UV fluxes and magnitudes within the standard HST medium and wide filter bands (F130M, F140M, F152M, F165W, F170M, F190M, F231M, F320W, F342M, and F372M). We detect UV emission at wavelengths ≤2300 A only for FR II galaxies that are broad emission line galaxies BLRGs and for FR I galaxies that have optical jets, that are BL Lac objects or that are BLRGs. The UV magnitudes range from 15.0 to 18.0, and the fluxes range from 10-28.5 to 10-30.5 W m-2 Hz-1. For sources without UV emission, upper limits are typically ~19.0 mag or ~10-31 W m-2 Hz-1. We model the UV emission by assuming a combination of a point source (the nuclear component excluding the jet) and an extended galaxy component. We find that the nuclear contribution at wavelengths ≤2300 A is close to 100% for BL Lacs and BLRGs and ranges from 20% to 70% for FR I galaxies with optical jets. At longer wavelengths ≥3100 A, the nuclear contribution tends to be less (not for BL Lacs which are still dominated by the nuclear component) and extended UV components are detected for all FR I and FR II galaxies in the sample. We compare the structure of the extended UV emission to optical (mostly R-band HST-WFPC2) images. At wavelengths ≤2300 A, the extended UV emission looks roughly spherical and shows some differences to the optical structure. Thus, we speculate that scattered light is an important contributor to the extended UV light wavelengths ≤2300 A. At wavelengths ≥3100 A, the extended UV and the optical images are roughly comparable although somewhat "blobbier." Thus, the extended flux at wavelengths ≥3100 A is probably due to hot stars. However, since some of the polarization images show differences in the UV emission, scattered light from the active galactic nuclei may also contribute.
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease).

1. Eugene D. Shapiro, MD* 1. *Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, and Investigative Medicine, Yale University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, CT. * Abbreviations: DEET: : N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide ELISA: : enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EM: : erythema migrans STARI: : southern tick–associated rash illness 1. Although Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi , is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States, there is considerable misunderstanding about the clinical manifestations and consequences of this infection. (1)(2) 2. When to perform diagnostic tests and how to interpret the results for antibodies against B burgdorferi are common sources of confusion for physicians and patients. (3)(4)(5) 3. Misinformation about chronic Lyme disease on the Internet and in popular media has led to publicity and anxiety about Lyme disease that is out of proportion to the actual morbidity that it causes. (6)(7)(8) After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand the ecology and the epidemiology of Lyme disease. 2. Know when to order and how to interpret serologic tests for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. 3. Understand the clinical manifestations of Lyme disease and appropriate treatment Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. In the United States, the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (hereafter termed B burgdorferi ) is the only pathogen that causes Lyme disease. However, in Europe and Asia, Borrelia afzelii , Borrelia garinii, and other related species, in addition to B burgdorferi , cause Lyme disease. In the United States, these bacteria are transmitted by hard-bodied ticks, including Ixodes scapularis (the black-legged tick, commonly called a deer …
Founding family controlled firms: Efficiency and value

Abstract We examine the efficiency and value of founding family controlled firms (FFCFs), firms whose CEOs are either the founder or a descendant of the founder. We find that FFCFs are more efficient and valuable than non-FFCFs that are similar with respect to industry, size, and managerial ownership. We also observe that descendant-controlled firms are more efficient than founder-controlled firms. Finally, we show that younger founder-controlled firms are more efficient than older ones. These results are robust after controlling for the age of the firm and a variety of investment opportunity measures. Our results are consistent with the notions that managerial ownership is endogenous to the firm and that family relationships improve monitoring while providing incentives that are associated with better firm performance.
Experimental Microbial Populations Thirty‐five Years Later: The Influence of Food on the Symbiosis of Paramecium aurelia Syngen 4, 51.7

SYNOPSIS Changes in the nutrition of Paramecium aurelia affect its ability to serve as host for the bacteroid parasite, kappa, and the presence or absence of kappa affects its ability to grow in axenic culture. Loss of kappa, tested by the presence or absence of killer reaction, occurred in cultures of P. aurelia growing at a reduced division rate on autoclaved Enterobacter aerogenes in suspensions of lettuce and yeast autolysate 14–17 days after they had been rendered bacteria-free by washing. Killer Paramecium sterilized of bacteria by treatment with an antibiotic mixture of penicillin-G and streptomycin in combination with a nonbacterial nonliving culture medium, lost the ability to kill after from 6 to 48 hours in the sterilizing medium. The ciliates from which kappa had been lost during exposure to antibiotics could be transferred immediately and maintained in axenic culture, but those washed free of bacteria could not be maintained axenically until kappa had been lost during cultivation in a medium containing killed bacteria. It is suggested that a knowledge of the nutritional requirements of symbiotic microorganisms is essential for understanding the ecological aspects of eutrophication of aquatic environments.
Dynamic pricing and inventory control with nonparametric demand learning

This paper studies joint dynamic pricing and inventory planning with demand learning. Demand is assumed to be a function of price with an uncertain price-sensitivity parameter. We introduce a nonparametric functional-coefficient autoregressive (FAR) state-space model without assumptions on the parametric structure and apply a Bayesian method using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to estimate model parameters. We develop an optimal control model and obtain optimal pricing and inventory plan based on the estimated parameters. We use numerical computations with single and dynamic replenishment policies to evaluate the proposed demand learning algorithm and optimal control based methods and demonstrate the importance of dynamic pricing, inventory control, and demand learning.
Elastic wave scattering by an inclusion in a multilayered medium submerged in fluid. II. Three-dimensional model

Abstract Response of plane three-dimensional multilayered medium enclosing an elastic inclusion of arbitrary shape and submerged in fluid is investigated. The system is subjected to an oblique plane incident wave from within the fluid. The steady-state free-field response is modeled by the Thomson-Haskell method using delta-matrix modification and the scattered wave field by a boundary method. The transient response is evaluated using the Fourier synthesis. Numerical results are presented for a single layer plate with an ellipsoidal inclusion. The steady-state results show that the response along the fluid-solid interface is sensitive to the aspect ratio and location of the inclusion, impedance contrast, and the angle of incidence. In addition, the results of the three-dimensional analysis for the nonaxisymmetric problem indicate significant variation of the radial and azimuthal displacement components with the change in the azimuthal angle. Comparison of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional models indicates that for the harder inclusion, both the models show similar qualitative trends in the transient and steady-state responses. However, for a softer inclusion, the steady-state responses of the two models are found to differ significantly from each other. The transient studies clearly indicate the horizontal wave traveling at the solid-fluid interface with the acoustic wave velocity of the fluid. The effect of the scatterer on the vertical displacement is found to be significant only in the vicinity of the inclusion.
Consuming less than 4 alcoholic drinks per week does not increase risk of pre-term delivery

Abstract Question Is there an association between the amount and type of alcohol consumed during pregnancy and the risk of pre-term delivery? Study design Prospective cohort study. Main results Of 40, 892 pregnant women, 1880 (4.6%) had pre-term delivery. The adjusted relative risk of pre-term delivery in all women consuming 2–3.5 drinks per week was lower than in non-drinkers (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.96). The risk was not statistically significant when only nulliparous women were included. Other levels of alcohol consumption were not associated with a statistically significant increased or decreased risk of pre-term delivery compared with non-drinkers except for nulliparous women who drank ⩾7 drinks per week (RR 2.91, 95% CI 1.29 to 6.55). There was no relationship between risk of pre-term delivery and the preferred type of alcohol (wine, beer, spirits or mixed). Authors’ conclusions Consumption of 7 or more drinks per week was associated with an increased risk of pre-term delivery in woman having their first child. Pre-term delivery was not affected by type of alcohol intake.
Microwave plasma reactor design for high quality and high rate diamond synthesis

Since the first demonstration of microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPACVD) of diamond by Matsumoto [1] microwave plasma reactor technologies have evolved into a variety of commercially available technologies which have been applied to numerous applications. Some of the most notable applications are the synthesis: (1) of optical quality large area (~10cm diameter), thick, free standing polycrystalline diamond (PCD) plates and (2) of multi-carat, single crystal diamond (SCD) plates with properties that suggest potential and significant, gem, optical, and electronic applications. Recently the evolution of MPACVD diamond reactor technologies has resulted in diamond synthesis occurring at pressures of 150-300 torr and associated high discharge power density ranges of 150-1000 W/cm3 [2,3]. These new reactor designs have resulted in the production of high quality diamond at rates of 10-100 microns/hour and have involved the development of new and potentially important commercial MPACVD reactor configurations that operate over the 50-400 torr regime.
The Impact of Future Climate Change on TC Intensity and Structure: A Downscaling Approach

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change in a warming climate is undertaken with high-resolution (6- and 2-km grid spacing) idealized simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. With the goal of isolating the influence of thermodynamic aspects of climate change on maximum hurricane intensity, an idealized TC is placed within a quiescent, horizontally uniform tropical environment computed from averaged reanalysis data for the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The analyzed tropical environment is used for control simulations. Changes between the periods 1990–99 and 2090–99 are computed using output from 13 GCMs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), for the A1B, A2, and B1 emissions scenarios. These changes are then added to the reanalysis-derived initial and boundary conditions used in the control simulations. Some processes known to impact TC intensity, such as environmental vertical wind shear and sea surf...
Surgical Repair of True Femoral Aneurysms

True aneurysms are rare. All patients were white Caucasian males. The most common physical sign was an expanding pulsatile mass. Femoral aneu rysms should be exercised with graft replacement. The complication of distal arterial emboli or rupture will be obviated. When the superior femoral artery is completely occluded in the presence of a femoral aneurysm femoral-popliteal bypass also should be done. The occurrence of both abdominal or iliac aneu rysms and femoral aneurysm can call for staging or complete repair. This judg ment depends on the patient's condition and the surgeon's experience.A retrospective study revealed that 23 patients had 31 arteriosclerotic true femoral aneurysms. Twenty-three of 27 patients had a complete recovery with aneurysmectomy and prosthetic grafts. Preprosthetic endoaneurysmorrhaphy resulted in two early and late below-knee amputations. No improvement in claudication was present in two patients.
Zephyr: toward true compiler-based programming in Prolog

Prolog is widely used in prototyping, especially in artificial intelligence, but it has yet to gain widespread acceptance in application development. We think that the problems in this area result from the programming style enforced in existing Prolog systems. Zephyr is a new Prolog system refined and enhanced to help solve such problems. It allows users to do modular programming by always using a compiler instead of an interpreter. In this paper, we describe the unique features of Zephyr which make this possible, focusing especially on package, metafunctions, and tables, and the implementation of the system on OS/2®.