cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Legalization of Emotion: Managing Risk by Managing Feelings in Contracts for Surrogate Labor

Despite a rich literature in law and society embracing contracts as exchange relations, empirical work has yet to consider their emotional dimensions. I explore the previously unmapped case of surrogacy to address the interface of law and emotions in contracting. Using 115 semistructured interviews and content analyses of 30 surrogacy contracts, I explain why and how lawyers, with the help of matching agencies and counselors, tactically manage a variety of emotions in surrogates and intended parents before, during, and after the baby is born. I establish that a web of “feeling rules” concerning lifestyle, intimate contact, and future relationships are formalized in the contract, coupled with informal strategies like “triage,” to minimize attachment, conflicts, and risk amidst a highly unsettled and contested legal terrain. Feeling rules are shared and embraced by practitioners in an increasingly multijurisdictional field, thereby forging and legitimating new emotion cultures. Surrogacy offers a strategic site in which to investigate the legalization of emotion—a process that may be occurring throughout contemporary society in a variety of exchange relations.
Happy City, Happy Citizens? The Private Good and the Common Good in Plato's Republic

Several times in the Republic, Socrates declares that he and his interlocutors are making a city that is happy as a whole, but he never defines what it means for a city to be happy as a whole. This statement has been interpreted in two basically competing ways: either the happiness of the city is ultimately reducible to the happiness of its citizens (reductionism), or else the city's happiness is other than and perhaps even independent of the happiness of its citizens (holism). In this paper, I argue that the text itself is ambiguous, but that all existing reductionist interpretations are inconsistent with the text. At the same time, there is reason to doubt that holism is a plausible alternative. I conclude that Socrates is deliberately ambiguous on this topic, and that the Republic exhibits a persistent and deliberately unbridged gap between the private good and the common good, even in the best regime. I also conclude that Socrates' ambiguity can only be recognized and accounted for if one reads the Republic as a dramatic dialogue where characterization matters, and not as a dramatized philosophical treatise (as the reductionists read it).
Leveraging graph locality via abstraction

The use of abstraction to speedup problem solving is ubiquitous in AI, especially in the field of heuristic search where abstraction has proven a crucial technique for creating highly accurate memory-based heuristics known as pattern databases (PDBs). While PDBs are intrinsically based on problem abstractions [1], the converse is not necessarily true, and this suggests that abstraction should play a much bigger role than simply improving the quality of the heuristic.
Therapeutic options for the management and prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Atypical mycobacteria that cause disseminated disease result in significant morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency viral infection. Although significant progress has been made with respect to our understanding of the epidemiology, microbiology, and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), treatment and prevention strategies are still emerging. A series of case-controlled studies and clinical trials evaluated various combinations of traditional and investigational antimycobacterial agents, and demonstrated modest clinical and microbiologic success in the treatment of disseminated MAC infection. Prevention studies proved rifabutin and clarithromycin to be rational prophylaxis agents. Continued identification of optimum combination regimens remains essential to curtail the increasing frequency of disseminated MAC disease in patients with AIDS.
Last Words, Last Meals, and Last Stands: Agency and Individuality in the Modern Execution Process

Despite the historical transformation of executions in the United States into cloistered, bureaucratic affairs, two past practices have persisted in modern executions: the opportunities for the condemned to request a special last meal and to make a speech to those assembled to witness the execution. The retention of these practices and the communication of their contents by the state and the media to the public reinforce a conception of those executed as autonomous actors, endowed with agency and individuality. Through these practices, the state and the media reflect and strengthen the oxymoronic construction of offenders in contemporary discourses as self-made monsters who are intrinsically different by choice. Presenting offenders in this way may ultimately maintain the emotional satisfaction needed to sustain the death penalty. Arguments are supported by published last meal requests and final statements in the state of Texas.
Medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy in patients with normal MRI: surgical outcome in twenty-one consecutive patients.

Abstract Introduction Abnormal MRI findings localizing to the mesial temporal lobe predict a favorable outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. The purpose of this study is to summarize the surgical outcome of patients who underwent a tailored antero-temporal lobectomy (ATL) with normal 1.5T MRI. Specifically, factors that may be associated with favorable post-surgical seizure outcome are evaluated. Methods A retrospective analysis of the Rush University Medical Center surgical epilepsy database between 1992 and 2003 was performed. Patients who underwent an ATL and had a normal MRI study documented with normal volumetric measurements of hippocampal formations and the absence of any other MRI abnormality were selected for this study. Demographic information was collected on all patients. Seizure outcomes were evaluated using Engel's classification. A two-sided Fisher exact test with Bonferroni correction was performed in statistical analyses. Results Twenty-one (21) patients met the inclusion criteria of normal 1.5T MRI and underwent a tailored temporal lobectomy. Mean age at time of surgery was 28years (SD=8.1, range 11–44) and mean duration of the seizure disorder was 13.4years (range 2–36). Risk factors for epilepsy included head injury ( n =4), encephalitis ( n =3), febrile seizures ( n =2), and 12 patients had no risk factors. Pathological evaluation of resected tissue revealed no abnormal pathology in 12/21 patients (57%). After a mean 4.8years follow-up post-surgical period, 15/21 (71%) patients were free of disabling seizures (Engel I outcome). At 8.3years follow-up, 13/21 (62%) patients had similar results. Absence of prior epilepsy risk factors was the only statistically significant predictor of an Engel class I outcome ( p Conclusion Patients with medically intractable epilepsy and normal MRI appear to benefit from epilepsy surgery. Absence of prior epilepsy risk factors may be a positive prognostic factor.
Two New Species of Flagellates Cultivated from Insects of the Genus Gerris

Two species of trypanosomatid flagellates: Critkidia flexonema from Gerris remigis at Ames, Iowa, and Leptomonas collosoma from Gerris dissortis at St. Paul, Minnesota, were isolated in pure culture and are described as new species. Blastocrithidia gerridis, which differs irorn bath of the new species in possessing an undulating membrane, failed to establish itself in culture.
Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism

A classic work of feminist scholarship, Ain't I a Woman has become a must-read for all those interested in the nature of black womanhood. Examining the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism among feminists, and the black woman's involvement with feminism, hooks attempts to move us beyond racist and sexist assumptions. The result is nothing short of groundbreaking, giving this book a critical place on every feminist scholar's bookshelf.
Charge Transfer States in the Photophysics and Photochemistry of Polyimides and Related Phthalimides

Polyimides such as 6F-6F and 6F-ODA and model N-arylphthalimides are stabilized against photooxidative degradation by their electron donor (D) – acceptor (A) character. We have investigated the precise origin(s) of this effect using D and A substituents on the N-aryl groups of these compounds. The lowest excited singlet state (S1) of N-arylphthalimides is an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state. A nominally twisted compound, N-(2-t-butylphenyl)phthalimide, shows greatly diminished CT absorption and blue-shifted fluorescence with reduced quantum yield when compared to the 4-t-butyl isomer with an identical N-aryl donor group. It therefore seems unnecessary to claim that the ICT state of phthalimides is a so-called TICT state. Quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime measurements lead to the conclusion that enhanced internal conversion from the ICT state (S1) to the ground state makes a significant contribution to photostabilization of these compounds by suppressing formation of the reactive triplet state. Further stabilization of polymer films may be afforded by triplet state self-quenching which is enhanced for 6F-ODA in increasingly poor solvents. N-alkylarylphthalimides in which the aryl and phthalimide groups are not formally conjugated but, rather, joined by flexible methylene ‘spacers’, exhibit a different kind of fluorescent intramolecular CT singlet state whose formation can also stabilize these compounds by suppressing triplet state formation.
GABAC RECEPTOR BINDING OF QUANTUM-DOT CONJUGATES OF VARIABLE LIGAND VALENCY

Highly fluorescent CdSe quantum dots (qdots) can serve as a platform for tethering multiple copies of a receptor-targeted ligand, affording study of how the level of multivalency affects receptor binding. We previously showed that qdots conjugated with long PEG chains terminated by muscimol, a known GABAC agonist, exhibit specific binding to the surface membrane of GABAC receptor-expressing Xenopus oocytes. The present report addresses the effect of varying the number, i.e., valency, of muscimol- (M-) terminated PEG chains attached to the qdot on binding of the resulting conjugate to GABAC receptors. M-PEG-qdots of differing muscimol valency were prepared by conjugating AMP-CdSe/ZnS qdots with muscimol-terminated and methylamine-terminated PEG chains in proportions designed to yield varying percentages of muscimol-terminated chains among the total ∼150−200 chains bound to the qdot. The investigated valencies represented 0%, ∼25%, ∼50%, and 100% loading with muscimol (preparations termed M-PEG-qdot0, M-PEG...
The infection control information system of the Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Abstract In December 1990 the Investigation and Prevention Branch, Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), developed the Hospital Infections Program infection control information system (HIP ICIS) to respond more efficiently to more than 200 public inquiries (telephone or written) that HIP receives daily. The HIP ICIS allows anyone with a Touch-Tone telephone, fax machine, or computer to access CDC information that answers the most commonly asked questions from infection control practitioners and other health care workers. The HIP ICIS has received approximately 56,608 inquiries; of these, 33% were about CDC guidelines on prevention and control of nosocomial infections, 25% about issues related to HIV, 16% about sterilization and disinfection of medical devices, 8% about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , 3% about long-term care facilities, and 17% about miscellaneous topics (e.g., nosocomial infection rates, infection control courses, and ventilation, construction, and renovation of hospitals). The HIP ICIS is an efficient method of providing infection control guidance to the infection control community. In this article, we a) review the history of the HIP ICIS, b) present data on HIP ICIS usage, c) summarize the current HIP ICIS contents, and d) present step-by-step instructions on how to access the HIP ICIS.
Equations of motion from an electromagnetic action.

After transforming a charged-particle action from Lagrangian to Eulerian notation according to standard techniques we obtain Euler-Lagrange equations which are equivalent to the Maxwell-Lorentz force set. These equations differ from those reported previously in the literature and lead to the conclusion that a quantity often referred to as ``the canonical momentum of a charged fluid'' is not necessarily a constant of the fluid's motion.
Inhibition of the M. tuberculosis 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase by Azasteroids

Abstract The cholesterol metabolism pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is a potential source of energy as well as secondary metabolite production that is important for survival of M. tb in the host macrophage. Oxidation and isomerization of 3β-hydroxysterols to 4-en-3-ones is requisite for sterol metabolism and the reaction is catalyzed by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Rv1106c). Three series of 6-azasteroids and 4-azasteroids were employed to define the substrate preferences of M. tb 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. 6-Azasteroids with large, hydrophobic side chains at the C17 position are the most effective inhibitors. Substitutions at C1, C2, C4 and N6 were poorly tolerated. Our structure–activity studies indicate that the 6-aza version of cholesterol is the best and tightest binding competitive inhibitor (Ki = 100 nM) of the steroid substrate and are consistent with cholesterol being the preferred substrate of M. tb 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
The Future Of Silicide For CMOS Contacts

This paper examines the challenges for silicide contacts in current and future CMOS technologies and assesses the capability of TiSi2 and related materials, as well as CoSi2, to meet the technology requirements. Specific issues such as maintaining low resistance in narrow lines, source/drain silicon consumption, and silicide thermal budget, are discussed. In this regard we evaluate the salient features of the basic titanium salicide process, and variations such as alloying, implantation, selective CVD, and laser silicidation. Data are presented from recent experiments to assess progress in each approach towards meeting the necessary goals. Finally, projections of the future of silicide processing are given.
Cloning of the human activin receptor cDNA reveals high evolutionary conservation

The entire coding region of the human activin receptor was obtained from a human testis cDNA library. Analysis of the 1539 nucleotide (513 amino acid) sequence of the receptor reveals that there are only 83 nucleotide differences compared to the coding sequence of the mouse activin receptor. Similar to its ligands, the amino acid sequence of the activin receptor is highly conserved with only two conservative amino acid differences (Lys-39 and Val-92 in human versus Arg-39 and Ile-92 in the mouse). This high degree of conservation of the activin receptor illustrates a strong evolutionary selection and confirms that activin and its receptor play an important role in development.
Inhibition of fast sodium current in rabbit ventricular myocytes by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

The present study investigated the effects of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the fast sodium current (I Na) in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Single rabbit ventricular myocytes were isolated enzymatically using Langendorff perfusion. I Na was recorded using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique at room temperature. The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein, AG957, ST638, and PP2 reversibly inhibited I Na in a concentration-dependent manner. At a test pulse potential of −30 mV, genistein (n=7) inhibited I Na by 37.7±3.2%, 53.4±2.5%, and 71.8±2.7% at concentrations of 15, 50, and 100 µM, respectively, without changing the voltage dependence of activation, while 100 µM AG957, 100 µM ST638, and 30 µM PP2 inhibited I Na by 38.7±2.4, 35.8±3.4, and 21.1±3.9%, respectively. Genistein (100 µM) and AG957 (100 µM) shifted the voltage for half-maximal inactivation of I Na from −76.7±2.0 mV (n=10) in control to −88.37±2.6 mV (n=6, P<0.05), and −82.9±1.7 (n=4, P<0.05), respectively, without changing the slope factor. Genistein and AG957 also significantly prolonged the time course of I Na recovery from inactivation. Daidzein and PP3, inactive analogs of genistein and PP2, respectively, did not inhibit I Na significantly. We conclude that protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathways may play an important role in regulation of I Na in cardiac myocytes.
Localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine in blood platelets: an autoradiographic and ultrastructural study.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) was found by electronmicroscope autoradiography to be localized in dense granules in platelets. Evidence of radioactivity from tritium-labelled 5-HT was also found at other sites within platelets, but without evidence of concentration at those sites. Studies on human platelets showed that the dense granules were present in different forms, and structural evidence suggested that the dense granules containing 5-HT may be derived from alpha granules. After clotting of platelet-rich plasma, and before the structural integrity of the platelets was lost, radioactivity was present in relation to dense granules, but had been lost from other sites, suggesting firmer binding of 5-HT to the granules.
A MEAN FIELD DESCRIPTION OF THE KINETICS OF PRECIPITATE FREE ZONE FORMATION

A precipitate free zone (PFZ) refers to the dissolution of second phase particles in the vicinity of a grain boundary, interphase boundary or free surface due to the local depletion of solute concentration. Since the early work of Thomas and Nutting, it is well known that the presence of PFZ`s can have an adverse effect on the mechanical behavior, fracture resistance and stress corrosion cracking resistance of several Al-based alloys. The purpose of the present work is to describe the diffusion process valid for PFZ growth in a more rigorous fashion by treating the precipitates as point sources for solute. A Greens function solution to the diffusion equation together with a mean field description of the precipitate spatial distribution leads to an expression for the dissolution rate of the particles and in turn predicts a kinetic expression for the PFZ growth rate. It will be shown that the growth rate constant derived from the model agrees well with previously published experimental measurements from the Al-Li and the Al-Zn systems.
Radial imbedding theorems for invariant subspaces

Let I denote an inner function on the unit disk in the complex plane. Associate with I the star- invariant subspace K p , (I) of the usual Hardy space H p , where 1<p<∞. We show that the condition is equivalent to the continuous imbedding of K2(I) in where 0<α<1 and 2≦q≦∞. If q=∞ this reduces to a theorem of Ahern and Clark. Similar embedding theorems are discossed for Kp(1) and Lq(dv) where u is a measure supported on the radius [O, 1].
Effects of cocaine self-administration on plasma corticosterone in rats: relationship to hippocampal type II glucocorticoid receptors.

1. The effects of chronic (i.e., 30-day), high-dose (i.e., 1.0 mg/kg/infusion) intravenous cocaine self-administration and non-contingent infusions of cocaine and saline on plasma corticosterone and hippocampal Type II glucocorticoid receptors (GR) were investigated in adult male Wistar rats implanted with indwelling jugular catheters using a self-administration/yoked infusion triad design. 2. In self-administering rats and rats receiving yoked infusions of cocaine, basal corticosterone measured 24 hours after the experimental sessions was reduced relative to yoked-saline controls and to pre-acquisition values. 3. In contrast, corticosterone measured immediately following the self-administration sessions remained unaltered throughout the course of the experiment. 4. In cocaine self-administering rats, the effects on basal corticosterone were observed earlier than they were in rats receiving yoked infusions of cocaine. 5. The effects of self-administered and yoked cocaine were associated with statistically non-significant increases in hippocampal GR density relative to yoked-saline controls as measured by Western blot analysis using the anti-GR monoclonal antibody BuGR2.
Data Acquisition System for a Time Projection Chamber

A data acquisition system has been designed to digitize the trajectory information of muon decay every eight milliseconds. A time projection chamber is used which operates in a solenoidal magnetic field. It has 315 sense wires which induce signals on 5355 pads and thus create approximately 402,000 bits of data for each event or 55 megabits per second. Most of the data are zeros which are handled using a hardware-aided compaction scheme. The meaningful data are extracted by a modular system consisting of three basic building blocks. These are flash encoders with associated storage, wire hit memory boards, and bit-slice data preprocessors described herein.
Estimating Suspended Sediment Concentration in Streams by Diffuse Light Attenuation

AbstractA light attenuation sensor system (LASS) for measurements in waters is described in this paper. The LASS records irradiance at multiple levels in the water column to provide a measure of the diffuse light attenuation coefficient which is strongly affected by suspended sediment. Dimensional analysis and geometric optical theory are used to relate the irradiance attenuation to sediment properties through a dimensionless product. The latter is termed as a light attenuation number for suspended sediment in waters. The LASS and dimensional analysis results are validated in the laboratory using fluvial sediments collected from a third-order stream and monodisperse quartz sediment. The attenuation coefficient estimated with LASS data varied nonlinearly with total suspended sediment concentration due to particle shadowing and multiple scattering at large optical depths. The light attenuation coefficient for each sediment type is well described as a function of total suspended sediment concentration by emp...
Innate immunity and the regulation and mobilization of keratinocyte stem cells: Are the old players playing a new game?

The skin provides an anatomical barrier to physical, chemical and biological agents. Hence, it is not surprising that it has well-developed innate immunity. What we find surprising is that the CD49f+/CD34+ hair follicle stem cells should have an enriched expression profile of so many genes involved in innate immunity. Do these stem cells require extra protection from environmental insults? Or, could there be a new role for these genes? To probe these questions, we first summarize the roles of some key players in epidermal innate immunity. We next focus on their expression in CD49f+/CD34+ hair follicle stem cells. Then, we consider recent data suggesting a new role for these ‘old players’ in the regulation and mobilization of haematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we hypothesize that the ‘old players’ in these hair follicle stem cells may be playing a ‘new game’.
A new class of locally decoupled Gough-Stewart platform manipulators

This paper analytically finds a new, significantly more general class of locally decoupled 2p - UPS, parallel manipulators encompassing and expanding several earlier classes. Its closed form solution leads directly to simple analytic formulas for the system eigenvalues in terms of geometric design parameters. To illustrate the power of the theory, the new methods are used to re-design an actual manipulator currently in use on the International Space Station. Unlike the existing manipulator, the new design is dynamically decoupled and isotropic.
Artificial insemination of subtropical commercial beef cattle following synchronization with cloprostenol (ICI 80996): II. Estrous response.

Data collected from two controlled breeding field trials involving 561 Bos indicus × Bos taurus cows and heifers were analyzed for estrous and fertility response following a cloprostenol ICI-80, 996 (CLP) synchronization regime. Fertility data were discussed in a companion paper (1). In Trial 1, 128 animals were assigned to four treatments: 1) controls which were inseminated at the naturally occurring estrus; 2) Animals artificially inseminated at approximately 72 hr and 96 hr following a second CLP; 3) Animals artificially inseminated at approximately 72 hr following a second CLP; and 4) Animals artificially inseminated approximately 12 hr after detection of estrus post-second CLP. Trial II included 391 heifers distributed among six treatments: 1) Artificially inseminated between 70 and 90 hr post-second CLP; 2) Sham inseminated between 70 and 90 hr post-second CLP; 3) Processed with no manipulation of the genital tract between 70 and 90 hr post-second CLP; 4) Artificially inseminated approximately 12 hr after the detection of estrus following a second CLP; 5) Artificially inseminated at the naturally occurring estrus and 6) Non-treated heifers exposed to fertile bulls. Cloprostenol ICI-80996 was effective (P < .01) in synchronizing estrus in comparisons of treated vs non-treated controls in Trials I and II (82 vs 29%; 57 vs 19%, respectively). However, a significant reduction in the expression of estrus was observed following Timed AI when compared to heifers bred 12 hr after detection of CLP-induced estrus in Trial II (37 vs 54%, P < .05). The authors conclude that a single timed insemination of Brahman crossbred heifers suppresses the behavioral expression of estrus. Other evidence (1) indicates that the fertility during this period is similarly reduced.
Correspondence of Self-Concept Measures with Levels of Reading Achievement

This investigation, utilizing 227 incoming college freshmen as subjects, was designed to determine differences in measured self-concept among college freshmen grouped by demonstrated reading ability, by sex, and by enrollment in a reading skills program. It was found that there were significant differences in measured self-concept between the various groups; the greatest differential being between those that did and those that did not enroll in a reading skills course. A large number of students reach the university level unprepared for the extensive amount of reading required in most curricula. Colleges and universities are relentless in their demands that a student be able to comprehend satisfactorily large quantities of written discourse. The effect of these demands on many students may be overpowering, reducing their ability to cope with initial college experiences. Provision for appropriate remediation programming is essential. Unless such programming is comprehensive, that is, supplemented with personality adjustment and reinforcement procedures, any initial reading improvement gains may well be of little value in reducing scholastic casualties. This has been pointed out by Sawyer and Martin (1969) who combined a program in college study skills and developmental reading instruction with psychological counseling. Anderson, et al. (1968) found that student enrollees in a study-skills program felt a decisive need for more attention to their own attitudes and personality characteristics, even though they felt that their fundamental reading skills had improved. For the most part, studies of college reading programs have neglected the role of self-concept and/or related personality variables in the achievement of academic success in the development of realistic goals. The major purpose of this study was to determine differences in measured self-concept among college freshmen grouped by demonstrated reading ability. The emphasis was to determine possible *Request reprints from the senior author, Muskego Intermediate School, W183 S750 Racine Ave., Muskego, Wisconsin, 53150. 160 Journal of Reading Behavior 1974 VI, 2 personality differences among the reading groups which could be used as a base for programming future remediation. The assumption was made that, in a college environment, the relationship between reading skills and self-concept is likely to be high. A person's ability to read effectively appears to have a direct relationship to his ability to acquire and to maintain an acceptable level of academic achievement.
SU‐C‐105‐04: Measurement of Absorbed Dose Due to Secondary Radiation Produced by Passively Scattered and Uniformly Scanned Proton Beams

Purpose: Using the dual ionization chamber (IC) method we compare the neutron and combined gamma + proton (γ+p) components of absorbed dose in water due to secondary radiation produced by passively scattered and uniformly scanned proton beams collimated by a tungsten MLC. Methods: We adapt the dual IC method of mixed field dosimetry for use in measuring the components of absorbed dose due to secondary radiation produced by proton beams. Measurements are performed in water 5 cm beyond the distal edge and 15 cm lateral to the beam isocenter for passively scattered/uniformly scanned proton beams. Beams with ranges of 15 cm or 25 cm and modulation 10 cm (R15M10 and R25M10) are employed, collimated to 10 × 10 cm field size at isocenter with the MLC. Results: Measured neutron dose per primary proton dose ranges from 0.2–0.4 mGy/Gy for R15M10 and 0.3–0.8 mGy/Gy for R25M10 beams. The secondary γ+p dose is 0.3–0.7 mGy/Gy for R15M10 and 0.5–2.0 mGy/Gy for R25M10. Doses are reported here as physical dose without application of a radiation quality factor. Conclusion: The largest difference in secondary radiation dose for the two modalities is seen at 5 cm beyond the distal edge for R15M10, with increases of 40–50% for neutron dose and 20% for γ+p for scattered over scanned beams. For the R25M10 beam the difference is smaller, about 10% higher neutron and γ+p doses for scattered over scanned beams. Outside the beam at 15 cm lateral to isocenter, the γ+p dose dominates the neutron dose and smaller differences are observed between the two beam delivery modalities. This work was supported by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under Contract Agreement No. DAMD17-W81XWH-07-2-0121. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Army. This work was supported by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under Contract Agreement No. DAMD17-W81XWH-07-2-0121. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Army.
Exploring album structure for face recognition in online social networks

Abstract In this paper, we propose an album-oriented face-recognition model that exploits the album structure for face recognition in online social networks. Albums, usually associated with pictures of a small group of people at a certain event or occasion, provide vital information that can be used to effectively reduce the possible list of candidate labels. We show how this intuition can be formalized into a model that expresses a prior on how albums tend to have many pictures of a small number of people. We also show how it can be extended to include other information available in a social network. Using two real-world datasets independently drawn from Facebook, we show that this model is broadly applicable and can significantly improve recognition rates.
Little People, Images, and Child Health

Abstract This article reviews the activities and purposes of little people as well as the powers attributed to them in relation to: 1) the origin and ends of images and thinking processes and common images which develop in a variety of cultures; 2) the development of imagery in the thinking processes of children and its relationship to play patterns, creativity, and adult achievements; and 3) the diminution of imaginative processes in adults. Consideration of the origins of images and their significance also leads to questions regarding the time period that may elapse between internal acceptance of an image and its positive or negative effects on physiologic processes.
Simulation and analysis of ultrafast laser pulse induced plasma generation in dielectric materials

Recent experiments on optical damage by ultrashort laser pulses have demonstrated that the temporal pulseshape can dramatically influence plasma generation in fused silica and sapphire. In this work a modified 3+1D nonlinear Schroedinger equation for the pulse propagation coupled to a rate equation for the plasma density in the dielectric material is used to simulate pulse propagation and plasma formation in a range of dielectric materials. We use these simulations to analyze the influence of pulse-width, pulse-shape and beam geometry on the formation of the electron plasma and hence damage in the bulk material. In particular, when possible, we simulate the effect of pulses reconstructed from experimental data. It is expected that a better understanding of the dynamics of laser-induced plasma generation will enable the accurate simulation of optical damage in a variety of dielectrics, ultimately leading to an enhanced control of optical damage to real materials and optical devices.
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes: pathogenesis and physiopathology.

Since 1965 when the first paraneoplastic antineuronal antibody was reported by Wilkinson and Zeromski (55), the number of immunological responses detected in association with paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system has steadily increased. These responses are characterized by the presence of antineuronal antibodies in serum and CSF and/or infiltrates of T-cells in the tumor and nervous system. A few syndromes are mediated by antibodies; they include those resulting from dysfunction of the neuromuscular junction at the pre- or post-synaptic level (Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis) or ion channel dysfunction in the peripheral nervous system (i.e, Voltage-gated potassium channel and neuromyotonia). In most other paraneoplastic syndromes, including those involving the central nervous system, the pathogenic role of highly specific antineuronal antibodies (anti-Hu, anti-Yo, etc.) has not been established; nevertheless these antibodies should be regarded as useful markers of specific paraneoplastic syndromes and tumors. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that in some of these syndromes T-cell mediated mechanisms can cause the neurologic dysfunction and contribute to tumor rejection. Some paraneoplastic syndromes are caused by the tumor secretion of antibodies (macroglobulinemia and MAG antibodies), hormones, and cytokines. In other instances, the tumor may compete with the nervous system for an essential substrate (glucose, tryptophan) and result in neurologic dysfunction.
Statistical methods for designing and assessing the effectiveness of community-based interventions with small numbers

Community-based interventions are, by their nature, tailored to the particular needs of the members and stakeholders of the community. In the area of safety promotion, the multifaceted aspects of violence and unintentional injuries necessitate complex intertwining of strategies and approaches. The evaluation of the effectiveness of any ‘intervention’ programme, either as a whole or of its discrete components, is thus challenging. In addition, standard experimental research designs involving controlled comparisons and the use of randomisation are often not practical. The evaluation is complicated further when the numbers of events in the community that constitute outcomes to be measured, before and after the interventions, are small. This manuscript reviews some of the statistical considerations that impact the evaluation of the effectiveness of such intervention approaches, and proposes a meta-regression methodology to address this complex issue. The application of the proposed methodology to the ‘Safe Co...
Electron spin resonances of a living system (Drosophila) on normal and carcinogenic diets

This investigation was a study of the free radical concentration of a living system, Drosophila melanogaster, by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The paramagnetic content of the organism was measured as a function of age, mutant strain, and diet (normal vs. carcinogenic). In all cases, 4 to 6 days after ecdysis the free radical concentration decreased to approximately 70% of its value as measured shortly after ecdysis. The different mutant strains exhibited distinctly different free radical concentrations in accord with visual observations of the degree of pigmentation. Drosophila raised on a carcinogenic diet always showed a lower concentration of free radicals than the control groups on a normal diet.
Discourse, Party, and Policy: The Case of Abortion, 1965–1972

This article compares disparate actions in the pre-Roe period (1965-72) that resulted in Pennsylvania adopting the most conservative abortion policy in the US and its neighboring state of New York the most liberal. The study methodology combines agenda-setting theory and a municipal reform hypothesis to propose that the nature of the discourses employed by activists as well as the permeability of the Democratic party in each state acted interdependently to produce these policy differences. After an introduction and comment on the methodology the article reviews agenda-setting theory and clarifies the abortion policy disparity by applying a slightly modified version of Dianis 1996 examination of the role of access influential allies and divided elites on social change. This analysis reveals that in the 1960s municipal reformers in Manhattan transformed the Democratic party from within and retained its organizational structure while those at work in Philadelphia altered the citys fiscal practices and left the party unchanged. The article then reviews the religious and legal discourses on abortion and uses the case studies to reveal that the ability of activists to use discourse to institutionalize change depended upon the permeability of the political system their strategies and the degree of access they obtained. The article concludes that differing degree of political party permeability and the strategies and discourses employed by activists led to the disparate policies in the two states and that the struggle to control the abortion discourse continues to this day.
Determination of Scattering Parameters from Precision Coaxial Air-Line Standards

Scattering parameter expressions are developed for the principal mode of a coaxial air line. Dimensional variations in the inner and outer conductors and skin effect are included in the model. An error analysis reveals accuracy of the scattering parameters is primarily dependent on the conductor radii measurements precision.
Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population.

We investigated the association between self-reported constipation and several demographic and dietary variables in 15,014 men and women 12-74 years of age examined between 1971-75 during the first Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Overall, 12.8 percent reported constipation. Self-reported constipation correlated poorly with stool frequency. Nine percent of those with daily stools and 30.6 percent of those with four to six stools/week, reported constipation. Constipation was more frequent in Blacks (17.3 percent), women (18.2 percent), and those over age 60 (23.3 percent); after adjusting for age, sex, and race it was more prevalent in those with daily inactivity, little leisure exercise, low income, and poor education. Constipated subjects reported lower consumption of cheese, dry beans and peas, milk, meat and poultry, beverages (sweetened, carbonated and noncarbonated), and fruits and vegetables. They reported higher consumption of coffee or tea. They consumed fewer total calories even after con...
Potential Mammalian Filovirus Reservoirs

Ebola and Marburg viruses are maintained in unknown reservoir species; spillover into human populations results in occasional human cases or epidemics. We attempted to narrow the list of possibilities regarding the identity of those reservoir species. We made a series of explicit assumptions about the reservoir: it is a mammal; it supports persistent, largely asymptomatic filovirus infections; its range subsumes that of its associated filovirus; it has coevolved with the virus; it is of small body size; and it is not a species that is commensal with humans. Under these assumptions, we developed priority lists of mammal clades that coincide distributionally with filovirus outbreak distributions and compared these lists with those mammal taxa that have been tested for filovirus infection in previous epidemiologic studies. Studying the remainder of these taxa may be a fruitful avenue for pursuing the identity of natural reservoirs of filoviruses.
Common astrocytic programs during brain development, injury and cancer

In addition to radial glial cells of neurohistogenesis, immature astrocytes with stem-cell-like properties cordon off emerging functional patterns in the developing brain. Astrocytes also can be stem cells during adult neurogenesis, and a proposed potency of injury-associated reactive astrocytes has recently been substantiated. Astrocytic cells might additionally be involved in cancer stem cell-associated gliomagenesis. Thus, there are distinguishing roles for stem-cell-like astrocytes during brain development, in neurogenic niches in the adult, during attempted reactive neurogenesis after brain injury or disease and during brain tumorigenesis.
STUDIES IN VIVO ON HEXOSE METABOLISM IN DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM.

Abstract During differentiation of D. discoideum , the intracellular concentrations of glucose and UDPG change, peaking at the culmination stage. Experiments using 1- and 6-C 14 -glucose have shown that the exogenous glucose concentration affects the relative rates of C 14 O 2 evolution from 1- and 6-C 14 -glucose. These studies have led to the conclusion that the changing hexose levels occurring during development also exert an influence on the pathways of hexose metabolism.
Effects of Two Nonpersonal Information Sources on Student Buyers Evaluation of Apparel Merchandise

This study was designed to identify the impact of two nonpersonal information sources, fashion videos and fashion photographs, on evaluation of apparel merchandise by student retail buyers. Two subject groups were asked to view three styles of a vendor's collection by media of a fashion video or a fashion photograph. Subjects responded to six questions about quality, price level, likelihood of purchase, amount of information, ease of purchase decision, and confidence in purchase decision. MANOVA and ANOVA were performed to determine whether the responses of the two groups differed based on medium used for presentation. Subjects were more likely to purchase fashion styles from a fashion video than from a fashion photograph. Subjects received significantly more information from the fashion video to use in making a purchase decision than from fashion photographs. Results from this study suggest that vendors should be encouraged to produce fashion videos to communicate product information and updates to retai...
Public anonymity and the connected world

We defend public anonymity in the light of the threat posed by digital technology. Once people could reasonably assume that they were fairly anonymous when they left the house. They neither drove nor walked around with GPS devices; they paid their highway tolls in cash; they seldom bought on credit; and no cameras marked their strolls in the park or their walks down the street. Times have changed. We begin with a brief discussion of the concept of anonymity. We then argue that public anonymity helps promote privacy in public. Next, we argue that public anonymity is worth protecting insofar as it promotes autonomy. After that we attempt to show how digital technology threatens public anonymity in the context of CCTV and GPS devices. We argue for a significant scaling back of public surveillance. We close with some thoughts on what we take to be the gratuitous costs imposed on those who would attempt to preserve their anonymity in public.
Novel Electrical and Fluidic Microbumps for Silicon Interposer and 3-D ICs

Fine-pitch electrical microbumps (25- $\mu{\rm m}$ diameter and 50- $\mu{\rm m}$ pitch) and annular-shaped fluidic microbumps (150- $\mu{\rm m}$ inner diameter and 210- $\mu{\rm m}$ outer diameter) are presented to enable high-bandwidth die-to-die signaling, embedded microfluidic cooling and power delivery for silicon interposer and 3-D integrated electronic systems. Electrical and fluidic testing demonstrates good bonding of the electrical and fluidic microbumps; the average resistance of a single electrical microbump is 13.5 ${\rm m}\Omega$ . The bonded fluidic microbumps are successfully tested up to 100 kPa without any leakage. Moreover, the power supply noise (PSN) of 3-D chip stacks is analyzed using a compact physical model. Based on the model, increasing the number of power/ground pads is effective in suppressing PSN, motivating the need for fine-pitch electrical microbumps. Impact of the number of dice in a stack, die thickness, and the area of on-die decoupling capacitors on PSN is also investigated.
Determination of the relative sign of neutron and proton transition matrix elements for the S34(0 22+) transition

Measurement of the alpha inelastic-scattering cross sections for the first two 2/sup +/ states in /sup 34/S shows unambiguously that the relative sign of the neutron and proton transition matrix elements for both 2/sup +/ states are positive, just as in the cases of /sup 26/Mg and /sup 30/Si. Consideration of coupled-channel effects in inelastic scattering do not change this overall result. The present results are in contradiction with the predictions of recent shell-model calculations.
A Comparative Analysis of Senate-House Voting on Economic and Welfare Policy, 1953–1964

The manifest purpose of the roll call analysis described in this paper is that of demonstrating the existence of two policy dimensions in Congressional voting: economic and welfare. Support is sought for two propositions:I. Each of the two dimensions appears in both the House and the Senate in each of six Congresses, the 83rd through the 88th, 1953–1964;II. Roll call voting on the economic policy dimension is more heavily influenced by partisan differences while welfare policy voting is more subject to constituency constraints.The second proposition is significant as an attempt to distinguish between a policy dimension on which partisan differences appear to be responsible for the greater part of the voting variation, and a policy dimension on which constituency factors have a substantial impact. This bears upon the more general concern with distinguishing those party differences in voting behavior which are a function of an independent partisan factor from those which may be attributed to any number of factors correlated with partisan affiliation. This problem will be viewed from different analytic perspectives, including an analysis of the effects of intra-party and inter-party personnel turnover on the policy positions taken by representatives of the same constituency.
Attempts to induce leukaemia by incubation of mouse thymus cells with leukaemic cell nucleic acid.

Attempts to Induce Leukaemia by Incubation of Mouse Thymus Cells with Leukaemic Cell Nucleic Acid