cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shallow water predation risk for a juvenile flatfish (winter flounder; Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Walbaum) in a northwest Atlantic estuary

Many small fish, including several juvenile Atlantic flatfish, are most abundant in shallow areas presumable because these habitats enhance survivorship and/or growth. In this study, we investigated size-dependent depth distributions and the role of shallow habitats as predator refuges for age-0 winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in a northwest Atlantic estuarine nursery. Analysis of trawl surveys performed during the larval settlement period throughout the Navesink River and Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey, showed that as fish increased in size, depth of occurrence gradually decreased, so that individuals >35 mm standard length (SL) were concentrated in habitats ∼1 m deep. Tethering in structurally simple and adjacent shallow and deep habitats showed that predation risk for flounder (30–50 mm SL) was low in shallow water (<1 m) and increased rapidly with depth. Summer flounder (Paralychthys dentatus), which were more abundant in trammel nets in deep habitats and included winter flounder in their diets, appeared to be important consumers of tethered fish. Our results indicate that following larval settlement, winter flounder emigrate from or suffer high mortality in deeper water to become concentrated in shallow habitats that can serve as predator refuges even when they lack complex physical structures. These results highlight the potential for functional habitat loss when natural and/or anthropogenic factors make shallow habitats unavailable to young fish.
Gram-scale synthesis of high-temperature (900 °C) stable anatase TiO2 nanostructures assembled by tunable building subunits for safer lithium ion batteries

Facile gram-scale preparation of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with tunable subunits from a common precursor was achieved. Noticeably, the as-prepared anatase TiO2 nanoparticles of subunit aggregates are phase-stable even at 900 °C, which is rarely observed. The size of subunits in anatase TiO2 nanoparticles can be easily tuned and dramatically affect their reversible lithium ion storage properties: the larger nanocrystallite size offers lower reversible lithium ion storage capacity where lithium ions storage is limited at the surface and near surface or pseudocapacity. The effect of size of the building subunits in high-order anatase TiO2 nanoparticles was investigated for the first time. When charged at higher current rates (from C/3 up to 1.7 C), a good capacity retention was achieved. After 120 cycles a reversible capacity ∼160 mA h g−1 was still maintained after extensive rate testing. Compared to commercially available P25, dramatically improved capacity, cyclability and rate performance were successfully achieved, which demonstrate these materials to be potentially safer and faster anode materials.
Disruption of T lymphocyte positive and negative selection in mice lacking the CD8 β chain

The CD4 and CD8 coreceptors have been shown to play significant roles in the differentiation and activation of helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), respectively. Coordinate binding of coreceptor and T cell receptor (TCR) to the same major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule and coreceptor interaction with the tyrosine kinase p56lck are required for effective signaling. Whereas CD4 is a monomer, CD8 consists of either alpha alpha homodimers or alpha beta heterodimers. Signaling properties of CD8 have been ascribed to the alpha chain, which binds to both the MHC class I and to p56lck, respectively. To study CD8 beta specifically, we have generated mice defective in its expression. We observe a significant reduction in the numbers of CD8+ T cells, but these cells have normal CTL activity. By breeding CD8 beta null mice with animals expressing a class I-specific TCR transgene, we show that CD8 beta plays a significant role in both positive and negative selection of developing thymocytes.
Correlations of Microradiographic and Histological Findings in the Pulmonary Vascular Bed Technique and Application in Pulmonary Hypertension

Obstruction within pulmonary arteries is a well-known cause of pulmonary hypertension in patients with congenital heart disease, but dilatation of the pulmonary vessels is less well understood. The present report has shown that the technique of microradiography is well suited to the study of dilation of the pulmonary microcirculation because (1) vessels as small as capillaries are resolved, (2) whole capillary networks are seen in relation to the arteries feeding them and to the alveoli, and (3) the radiographed tissue may [See Figure in the PDF File] then be sectioned and stained for direct comparison of the histological and microradiographic aspects. The present study demonstrated the technique in a case of normal lungs, one of pulmonary hypertension and a high pulmonary blood flow, and in one of pulmonary hypertension and high pulmonary vascular resistance. Dilated capillaries were demonstrated in both patients with pulmonary hypertension. Greater distortion of the microvascular pattern was seen in the patient with high vascular resistance. Correlation of radiographic and histological examination provides an additional tool for study of the normal and abnormal pulmonary circulation.
A senior design course for computer science

This paper describes a Senior Team Project Design course required of all Computer Science majors at our institution. The course is somewhat unique in that the students are divided into teams, all working on some aspect of the same problem. Thus, there is an emphasis on communication between teams, an emphasis on ensuring that the design of the various subteams interface, and an emphasis on learning to work as part of a group.The team concept described is an attempt to simulate an actual industrial or commercial environment within the structure and safety of the college classroom. To the students' surprise, the goal is not to implement a program (although we do that) but to illustrate the need for clear design techniques, the need for proper testing procedures and, above all, the need for precise communication.
Fever of Unknown Origin: The Roles of FDG PET or PET/CT

Despite advances in medicine in the past decades, fever of unknown origin (FUO) remains a challenging and common clinical problem. There are many different etiologies for FUO. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a powerful technique that has been proven to be useful in elucidating processes that may present as FUO. This article reviews the utility of PET/CT imaging in the evaluation of FUO, with attention to the pediatric population.
Decision making: Linking narratives and action

Narrative-Based Decision Theory (NBDT) describes how narrative thinking leads to concrete action. The first premise is that narratives enable the narrator to make sense of the past and present and allow him or her to make plausible forecasts about the future. The second premise is that the narrator can evaluate the desirability of the forecasted future in light of his or her values and preferences. The third premise is that when the forecasted future is undesirable the narrator can create and implement plans of action aimed at ensuring that the future, when it arrives, is more desirable than what was forecasted. Two kinds of decisions bind these three premises into a unified theory: decisions about the desirability of the forecasted future and decisions about a plan’s potential for remedying things when it is decided that the forecasted future is undesirable — in effect, the plan’s desirability. Both kinds of decisions are made using a single mechanism, the discrepancy test. The NBDT viewpoints on the properties of narratives, on the properties of decisions, and on the properties of the decision mechanism are discussed.
Oriented growth of semiconductors-VI. Stacking disorder in epitaxial indium phosphide☆

Abstract Stacking disorder has been found in layers of InP grown epitaxially on Ge by HCl transport. Electron diffraction patterns show streaks running along 〈1, 1, 1〉 directions of the reciprocal lattice. Nodes of greater intensity are found at reciprocal lattice points for twinned sphalerite and, frequently, also at half of the points for a wurtzite lattice. Comparison of the observed intensity distributions with calculations based on Jagodzinski's two-parameter model for growth faulting leads to the conclusion that the layers are inhomogeneous and contain regions of widely differing fault probabilities with structures which range between nearly perfect cubic and almost random stacking of close-packed planes. Use of the two-parameter model has led to some clarifications of and corrections to the literature; these subsidiary results are given in an appendix.
The relation of rigidity across relationships with symptoms and functioning: An investigation with the revised Central Relationship Questionnaire.

The belief that rigidity across relationships is related to greater symptoms and poorer functioning commonly informs the practice of many psychodynamic and interpersonal therapists. Using a profile correlation approach, we tested this hypothesis in a sample of 250 clients and 90 undergraduate control participants. Symptoms and functioning were assessed with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP), Global Assessment of Functioning scale, and Brief Symptom Inventory. A revised version of the empirically-derived Central Relationship Questionnaire (CRQ) was used to measure interpersonal patterns. Revisions were made to the CRQ to increase the interpersonal dimensions it captured, reduce its length, and model a higher-order factor structure. The psychometric properties of the revised CRQ were found to be adequate. Rigidity as measured with the CRQ was not related to rigidity measured with the IIP (amplitude) and did not differ significantly among individuals with different interpersonal problems or DSM-IV diagnoses. Contrary to theory, however, greater rigidity across relationships was related to fewer symptoms and interpersonal problems. These relations did not appear due to the valence or the extremeness of the interpersonal patterns used in the estimation of rigidity.
KSHV LANA--the master regulator of KSHV latency.

Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), like other human herpes viruses, establishes a biphasic life cycle referred to as dormant or latent, and productive or lytic phases. The latent phase is characterized by the persistence of viral episomes in a highly ordered chromatin structure and with the expression of a limited number of viral genes. Latency Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) is among the most abundantly expressed proteins during latency and is required for various nuclear functions including the recruitment of cellular machineries for viral DNA replication and segregation of the replicated genomes to daughter cells. LANA achieves these functions by recruiting cellular proteins including replication factors, chromatin modifying enzymes and cellular mitotic apparatus assembly. LANA directly binds to the terminal repeat region of the viral genome and associates with nucleosomal proteins to tether to the host chromosome. Binding of LANA to TR recruits the replication machinery, thereby initiating DNA replication within the TR. However, other regions of the viral genome can also initiate replication as determined by Single Molecule Analysis of the Replicated DNA (SMARD) approach. Recent, next generation sequence analysis of the viral transcriptome shows the expression of additional genes during latent phase. Here, we discuss the newly annotated latent genes and the role of major latent proteins in KSHV biology.
Feedback loops shape cellular signals in space and time

Positive and negative feedback loops are common regulatory elements in biological signaling systems. We discuss core feedback motifs that have distinct roles in shaping signaling responses in space and time. We also discuss approaches to experimentally investigate feedback loops in signaling systems.
STM morphology study of ropes of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been performed on ropes of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under ambient conditions. Results show that ropes are generally polycrystalline with grain size ranging from less than 10 nm to more than 100 nm and typical grain size between 10 and 20 nm. Grains remain distinct over the entire rope length. A study of rope shapes reveals that their cross section is not circular. A histogram of the width-to-height ratio presents a marked peak at three with a long tail extending up to twenty. Bundles of SWNTs often have a ribbon-like rather than a rope-like shape.
Internal stress measurements by convergent beam electron diffraction on creep-deformed Al single crystals

Abstract Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) was performed on aluminum single crystals that were creep deformed within the five-power-law regime. Well defined subgrains were formed with a Frank network of dislocations within the subgrains. The objective of this work was to probe the subgrains from one subgrain boundary to another using CBED. This allowed a determination of any changes in the lattice parameter, which would indicate the presence of any internal stresses. Earlier investigations by others suggested that internal stresses may be high in the vicinity of the ‘hard’ subgrain boundaries based on a variety of techniques, including X-ray diffraction, stress-dip tests as well as some preliminary CBED. It was determined in this work that the lattice parameter was unchanged at the equilibrium or stress-free value within the interior of the subgrains and along (within one beam diameter) the subgrain boundaries.
Force Feedback Benefit Depends on Experience in Multiple Degree of Freedom Robotic Surgery Task

Force feedback has been suggested to provide a number of benefits to surgery. Few studies, however, have addressed the benefit of force feedback in the context of the complexities of true surgical tasks. When information is limited (such as depth information in endoscopically guided tasks), force feedback may provide additional information that improves performance. We investigate a two-handed, six degree of freedom, endoscopically guided, minimally invasive cannulation task (inserting one tube into another tube) to test this hypothesis. We used twelve subjects, six of whom were experienced minimally invasive surgeons. Results suggest that force feedback reduces applied forces for both subject groups, but only the surgically trained group can take advantage of this benefit without a significant increase in trial time. We hypothesize that this training difference is due to the interaction between visual-spatial motor abilities and the information contained in the mechanical interaction forces.
Anterior-Posterior Impedance Cardiography: A New Approach to Accurate, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Cardiac Function

The conventional impedance cardiogram is a record of pulsatile changes in the electrical impedance of the chest with each heartbeat. The signal seems intuitively related to cardiac stroke volume. However doubts persist about the validity of stroke volume measurements based on electrical impedance. This paper presents a new electrical axis for impedance cardiography that is perpendicular to the conventional head-to-foot axis in an anterior-posterior direction. Dual chest and back electrodes are concentric, permitting tetrapolar technique. A relatively simple analytical model is developed, and this model is validated in a three-dimensional finite element model of current flow through the human chest. Three-dimensional simulations show predictable relationships between the fractional increase in anterior-posterior chest impedance and the ventricular ejection fraction (cardiac stroke volume/ventricular end-diastolic volume). Ejection fraction can be computed accurately with a roughly 30-fold increase in signal level compared to the conventional impedance cardiogram. Breathing causes only modest changes in the signal. When the axis of current flow is optimized, one can interpret the impedance changes during the cardiac cycle with greater confidence as noninvasive, beat-by-beat indicators of ventricular ejection fraction in a wide variety of clinical settings.
Capillary endothelial cell migration: loss of stress fibres in response to retina-derived growth factor.

While the migration of capillary endothelial cells is believed central to the process of new blood vessel developmentin vivo, the biochemical basis for endothelial motility is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that retina-derived growth factor (RDGF), a mitogen for endothelial cells (EC), stimulates the migration of microvascular endotheliumin vitro. The addition of RDGF directly to the culture medium causes an increase in the random movement (chemokinesis) of the EC as measured by the phagokinetic assay. Release of the factor as a gradient results in a stimulation of the directed migration (chemotaxis) of the microvascular EC. This increased EC migration is associated with a shift in morphology of the stimulated cells from a rounded to a more polarized shape. Concomitant with the RDGF-stimulated migration is a dramatic decrease in stress fibre staining visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy using affinity-purified antibodies to actin and myosin.
Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic determination of time of ductal closure in normal newborn infants.

Literature reference of the time of spontaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus is based on invasive or autopsy studies of selected patients; such patients may not have been normal. Since pulsed Doppler echocardiography permits sensitive and specific diagnosis of PDA, 50 normal newborn infants, appropriate in size for gestational age, were examined by PDE for evidence of PDA. A PDA was diagnosed when diastolic ductal flow into the main pulmonary artery could be recorded, using standard precordial transducer placement, or when continuous turbulent right pulmonary artery flow could be recorded using the suprasternal approach. Infants were examined as soon as possible after birth, and twice daily thereafter until PDA could no longer be detected. Standard M-mode echocardiographic measurements were made at the initial and final examinations. In 92% of infants, PDA was detected at the time of initial examination. Of these, PDA could no longer be detected in 42% by 24 hours of age, in 78% by 40 hours, in 90% by 48 hours, and in all by 96 hours of age. M-mode echocardiographic evidence for a significant left-to-right PDA shunt was not present in any patient. In 28% of patients with PDA, a murmur was heard at some time prior to PDA closure. Of infants 36 to 38 weeks' gestation, five of six had PDA closure later than 32 hours of age; six of seven infants of 40 weeks' gestation had closure of PDA prior to 32 hours of age. There was no clear association between time of PDA closure and birth weight, maternal medication, or duration of labor. We conclude that ductal patency is common in the normal newborn infant, and that spontaneous closure may not occur until considerably later than previously believed.
Quantitative Photoacoustic Tomography: Reconstruction of Optical Absorption Coefficient from Experimental Data

We report on experimental demonstration of quantitative photoacoustic tomography for reconstructing the absolute absorption coefficient of heterogeneous media. Phantom results are obtained using a finite element-based reconstruction algorithm coupled with a scanning photoacoustic imaging system.
Are secret relationships hot, then not? Romantic secrecy as a function of relationship duration.

ABSTRACT Are secret romances alluring or aversive? One theory suggests that romantic secrecy increases obsessive preoccupation with romantic partners and thereby enhances romantic relationships. Another theory suggests that romantic secrecy is burdensome and thereby undermines romantic relationships. We sought to rectify these conflicting perspectives by examining romantic secrecy and relationship duration using a large, Internet-based sample (N = 564). We predicted that romantic secrecy would have a positive influence in newer romantic relationships (obsessive preoccupation theory) and a negative influence in older romantic relationships (burden theory). In contrast, the obtained results indicate that romantic secrecy is a burden to both new and old romantic relationships
Human stratum corneum polar lipids and desquamation

The ceramides and steryl-sulfate components from desquamated and cohesive human stratum corneum were examined using a combination of chemical and chromatographic means. Six structurally distinct series of ceramides were identified, and the relative amounts of these species, as measured by quantitative thin-layer chromatography, did not differ in cohesive and desquamated stratum corneum. In contrast, the level of cholesteryl sulfate was significantly reduced in the desquamated material. The results are in accord with the hypothesis that cholesteryl sulfate serves in cell-to-cell cohesion within the stratum corneum, and its hydrolysis may be necessary to permit shedding of cells from the surface.
Rusty, Jammed, and Well-Oiled Hinges: Mutations Affecting the Interdomain Region of FliG, a Rotor Element of the Escherichia coli Flagellar Motor

The FliG protein is a central component of the bacterial flagellar motor. It is one of the first proteins added during assembly of the flagellar basal body, and there are 26 copies per motor. FliG interacts directly with the Mot protein complex of the stator to generate torque, and it is a crucial player in switching the direction of flagellar rotation from clockwise (CW) to counterclockwise and vice versa. A primarily helical linker joins the N-terminal assembly domain of FliG, which is firmly attached to the FliF protein of the MS ring of the basal body, to the motility domain that interacts with MotA/MotB. We report here the results of a mutagenic analysis focused on what has been called the hinge region of the linker. Residue substitutions in this region generate a diversity of phenotypes, including motors that are strongly CW biased, infrequent switchers, rapid switchers, and transiently or permanently paused. Isolation of these mutants was facilitated by a “sensitizing” mutation (E232G) outside of the hinge region that was accidentally introduced during cloning of the chromosomal fliG gene into our vector plasmid. This mutation partially interferes with flagellar assembly and accentuates the defects associated with mutations that by themselves have little phenotypic consequence. The effects of these mutations are analyzed in the context of a conformational-coupling model for motor switching and with respect to the structure of the C-terminal 70% of FliG from Thermotoga maritima.
Map thefts, library security, collecting, and me: A review of harvey's the island of lost maps

ABSTRACT The use of historic maps is part of an important, ongoing process of trying to understand the past. The theft of maps, and the motivations behind it, are of concern to archivists and map librarians. This review essay examines Miles Harvey's complex book, The Island of Lost Maps, in detail discussing its merits as an introduction to the nature of mapmaking, the history of cartography, the challenges of map handling for library and archival security, the psychology of collecting, as well as a personal narrative of discovery, and a case study of library thievery.
Identification of nonlinear systems with noisy data: a nonlinear mapping-based concept in time domain

It is important to guarantee the accuracy, robustness, and computational stability in identification of nonlinear dynamic systems. This problem becomes a very. challenging and complex one if high power noise is imposed on the measured variables. In control systems, linear and nonlinear filters are used to attenuate the noise in order to implement feedback. This paper studies model-based identification for continuous-time nonlinear multivariable systems in the time-domain by using a nonlinear mapping-based identification concept. The application of linear and nonlinear filters to perform the identification is studied and demonstrated. In particular, the identification problem is formulated and solved using realizable filters to recover the variables to be used to identify the unknown parameters. The importance of the time-domain identification and filtering lie on the need to guarantee accuracy, convergence, computational stability, and robustness. The identification algorithm is demonstrated through its application to nonlinear dynamic systems.
Pain assessment in the intensive care unit: Development and psychometric testing of the nonverbal pain assessment tool

Background Few standardized tools measure pain in nonverbal patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Evidence exists that patient behaviors provide important information about pain in those unable to report their pain. Objective The Nonverbal Pain Assessment Tool (NPAT), a behavioral pain assessment tool, was developed for the nonverbal adult patient in the ICU. Content and criterion validity and internal and interrater reliability were evaluated. Methods The validity of NPAT was assessed against the patients' self-reports of pain. Interrater reliability was tested by 5 teams of 2 nurses assessing pain in nonverbal adult patients in 4 different ICUs. Results The tool underwent 2 revisions and involved 270 patients. During the final evaluation, strong internal reliability (chronbach's α, .82; 95% confidence interval), moderately strong interrater reliability (concordance coefficient, .72; 95% confidence interval; and weighted κ statistic, .35), and moderately strong validity (concordance coefficient, .66; 95% confidence interval) were achieved. Conclusion The NPAT was found to possess moderately strong validity and strong internal and interrater reliability. It is easy to use, and provides a standard approach to assessing pain in the nonverbal adult patient.
Checkpoint Kinase 1 Prevents Cell Cycle Exit Linked to Terminal Cell Differentiation

Trophoblast stem (TS) cells proliferate in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 4, but in its absence, they differentiate into polyploid trophoblast giant (TG) cells that remain viable but nonproliferative. Differentiation is coincident with expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-specific inhibitors p21 and p57, of which p57 is essential for switching from mitotic cell cycles to endocycles. Here, we show that, in the absence of induced DNA damage, checkpoint kinase-1 (CHK1), an enzyme essential for preventing mitosis in response to DNA damage, functions as a mitogen-dependent protein kinase that prevents premature differentiation of TS cells into TG cells by suppressing expression of p21 and p57, but not p27, the CDK inhibitor that regulates mitotic cell cycles. CHK1 phosphorylates p21 and p57 proteins at specific sites, thereby targeting them for degradation by the 26S proteasome. TG cells lack CHK1, and restoring CHK1 activity in TG cells suppresses expression of p57 and restores mitosis. Thus, CHK1 is part of a "G2 restriction point" that prevents premature cell cycle exit in cells programmed for terminal differentiation, a role that CHK2 cannot play.
Case Studies in Inclusion: What Works, What Doesn't

Over the last decade, the nature of special education services has become more inclusive. Four tenets are at the core of this inclusion movement: (a) the inclusive classroom setting is an integrate...
Streptonigrin and related compounds. I. Some 2‐phenyl‐ and 2,2‐pyridylquinoline‐5,8‐diones

Methods for the synthesis of 6-amino-7-methoxy- and 7-amino-6-methoxy-2,2-pyridylquinoline- 5,8-diones and the corresponding 2-phenylquinoline-5,8-diones are described. The 6-aminoquinone system was generated by direct amination with sodium azide and the 7-aminoquinone system via the novel 6-hydroxy-7-nitroquinone intermediates. The basic skeleton was derived by the application of the Friedlander quinoline synthesis.
The relationship of health behaviors with sleep and fatigue in transplant caregivers.

Objective The burden and psychological impact of providing care to a loved one with cancer is significant and associated with a number of problems including sleep disturbance and fatigue. While engaging in healthy behaviors such as proper nutrition, exercise, and stress reduction may improve sleep and fatigue, few studies have focused on this relationship. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship of health behaviors with sleep quality and fatigue in transplant caregivers. Methods Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional survey of 78 caregivers of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Measures included: Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II), Brief Symptom Inventory (Distress), Caregiver Reaction Assessment (Caregiver Burden), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory Short-Form. Results Controlling for age, gender, BMI, burden and distress, health behaviors predicted sleep quality (B = −0.408, p = 0.021) and fatigue (B = −0.966, p < 0.001). Stress management (B = −0.450, p = 0.001), nutrition (B = −0.249, p = 0.048), and interpersonal relationships (B = −0.319, p = 0.049) were the HPLP-II subscales that significantly predicted sleep quality; nearly every HPLP-II subscale predicted fatigue. Conclusions Despite the burden and distress associated with caregiving, engaging in healthy behaviors may help to improve sleep and fatigue in transplant caregivers. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Simple Estimation of Prevalence of Hortonian Flow in New York City Watersheds

This study was a statistical evaluation of the prevalence of infiltration excess runoff ~i.e., Hortonian flow ! for undeveloped areas within New York City ~NYC! watersheds. Identifying the hydrological processes generating runoff is central to developing water- shed management strategies for protecting water quality. Fifteen-minute rainfall data from East Sidney, N.Y. ~1971-2002! were used as maximum observed intensities. Maximum exceedance analyses were performed on a monthly basis to investigate seasonal rainfall intensity trends. Hortonian flow was assumed to occur whenever the rainfall intensity exceeded the soil permeability. Soil permeabilities were obtained from the U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service soil survey. Results show that Hortonian flow is unlikely to occur anywhere for events smaller than the 3-year 15-min event. Only for the summer months, May-August, is Hortonian flow expected for 15-min intensities of ,10-year magnitude. However, the summer results are overpredicted by this analysis because these months typically have the driest soil conditions and thus the highest infiltration capacity. This analysis concludes that infiltration excess runoff is not a dominant runoff process in undeveloped portions of NYC watersheds.
Allylic structures in cancer drugs and body metabolites that control cell life and death.

This review presents data supporting the hypothesis that the anticancer activity of ceramide and many antineoplastic drugs is due to a 3-carbon allylic moiety (–C = C–C–) containing oxygen or nitrogen. The polar atom appears as an alcohol, ether, ester, amide, ketone, amine or imino group. Some drugs lack the allylic moiety, but metabolic oxidation or oxygenation in patients introduces the moiety. The allylic compounds kill cancer cells by: i) interference with ubiquinone in mitochondria, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS); ii) activation of enzymatic hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by the ROS, forming ceramide, which initiates mitochondrial destruction and apoptosis; iii) activation of the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins involved in apoptosis by ceramide and some allylic drugs and iv) activation of certain proteases, such as cathepsin D, by ceramide.
Bayesian graphical models for adaptive filtering

A personal information filtering system monitors an incoming document stream to find the documents that match information needs specified by user profiles. The most challenging aspect in adaptive filtering is to develop a system to learn user profiles efficiently and effectively from very limited user supervision. In order to overcome this challenge, the system needs to do the following: use a robust learning algorithm that can work reasonably well when the amount of training data is small and be more effective with more training data; explore what a user likes while satisfying the user's immediate information need and trade off exploration and exploitation; consider many aspects of a document besides relevance, such as novelty, readability and authority; use multiple forms of evidence, such as user context and implicit feedback from the user, while interacting with a user; and handle various scenarios, such as missing data, in an operational environment robustly. This dissertation uses the Bayesian graphical modelling approach as a unified framework for filtering. We customize the framework to the filtering domain and develop a set of solutions that enable us to build a filtering system with the desired characteristics in a principled way. We evaluate and justify these solutions on a large and diverse set of standard and new adaptive filtering test collections. Firstly, we develop a novel technique to incorporate an IR expert's heuristic algorithm as a Bayesian prior into a machine learning classifier to improve the robustness of a filtering system. Secondly, we derive a novel model quality measure based on the uncertainty of model parameters to trade off exploration and exploitation and do active learning. Thirdly, we carry out a user study with a real web-based personal news filtering system and more than 20 users. With the data collected in the user study, we explore how to use existing graphical modeling algorithms to learn the causal relationships between multiple forms of evidence and improve the filtering system's performance using this evidence.
Determining Ethnicity: The Lubavitch Case

It has been suggested by Cohen [1978] that ethnicity is based on a “series of nesting dichotomizations” of shared diacritics wherein group membership occurs along a social scale of these markers by degree of inclusiveness and exclusiveness perceived of both subjectively and objectively by the group and by others. This paper is an attempt to explain the process of membership through the use of diacritic variables and the determination of sliding internal and external boundaries in the case of the Lubavitch, a contemporary chassidic group. The special problems of this movement surround the need for selection of group-specific markers from multiple socio-cultural and historical Jewish categories which survive in the modern, urban context. Recruitment into the group involves a progressive acceptance of a series of clearly known “markers” that emerge as gradual membership commitments. These diacritics form, therefore, a taxonomy of involvement into a complex set of criteria separating the membership into a differentiating subculture.
Significance analysis of functional categories in gene expression studies: a structured permutation approach

Motivation: In high-throughput genomic and proteomic experiments, investigators monitor expression across a set of experimental conditions. To gain an understanding of broader biological phenomena, researchers have until recently been limited to post hoc analyses of significant gene lists. Method: We describe a general framework, significance analysis of function and expression (SAFE), for conducting valid tests of gene categories ab initio. SAFE is a two-stage, permutation-based method that can be applied to various experimental designs, accounts for the unknown correlation among genes and enables permutation-based estimation of error rates. Results: The utility and flexibility of SAFE is illustrated with a microarray dataset of human lung carcinomas and gene categories based on Gene Ontology and the Protein Family database. Significant gene categories were observed in comparisons of (1) tumor versus normal tissue, (2) multiple tumor subtypes and (3) survival times. Availability: Code to implement SAFE in the statistical package R is available from the authors. Contact:fwright@bios.unc.edu; wbarry@bios.unc.edu; nobel@email.unc.edu Supplementary information: http://www.bios.unc.edu/~fwright/SAFE
Fundamental Study and Equipment for Sintering and Testing of Cermet Bodies: VII, Fabrication, Testing, and Properties of 34 Al2O3-66 Cr-Mo Cermets

The properties of a cermet solid body containing 34% Al2O3 and 66% 80Cr–20Mo alloy (50Al2O3-50 alloy by volume) are given as firing shrinkage, density, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, stress-rupture life, modulus of elasticity, oxidation resistance, thermal-shock resistance, and thermal expansion. It is shown that substitutions of the 80Cr-20Mo alloy for Cr in a similar cermet developed earlier substantially improved thermal-shock resistance.
The UK: Less a liberal market economy, more a post-imperial one:

This article adds a new element to the growing critique of the original varieties of capitalism (VoC) distinction between liberal and coordinated market capitalisms by questioning the usefulness of...
Renal cyst pseudoenhancement at multidetector CT: what are the effects of number of detectors and peak tube voltage?

Renal cyst pseudoenhancement is more pronounced on 64- than on 16-detector CT scanners but can be decreased by using a lower tube voltage setting.
One‐electron redox properties of DNA nucleobases and common tautomers

The redox properties of DNA play an influential role in several important processes such as DNA mutation and the interaction of DNA with drugs. Structural changes in DNA nucleobases from its canonical form to its tautomeric forms can alter these properties and may lead to DNA mutation due to altered base-pairing properties. Experimental results for the standard value of DNA redox properties vary due to choice of methodology and solvent. Theoretical determination of these properties is helpful in pinpointing standard values but still vary depending on methodology and chosen experimental benchmark. However, it is of importance to identify the overall trend of electron mobility within DNA while providing reliable standard values for redox reactions. In this work, we present the results of theoretical calculations for redox properties. Using the thermodynamic cycle, we can approximate reliable values. We report the electron affinities, ionization potentials, and redox potential for the canonical DNA nucleobases and their rare tautomers. For each of these properties, we evaluate its overall trend to gain a greater understanding of the role that electron attachment and electron mobility have within the DNA strand. All calculations are computed at the M06-2X/6–31++G(d,p) level of theory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shielding effectiveness of carbon-filled polypropylene composites

Adding conductive carbon fillers to insulating thermoplastic resins increases composite shielding effectiveness. In this study, varying amounts of three different carbons (carbon black, synthetic graphite particles, and carbon nanotubes) were added to polypropylene resin. The resulting single filler composites were tested for shielding effectiveness. The effects of single fillers and combinations of two different carbon fillers were studied via a factorial design. At the highest single filler loadings, the following shielding effectiveness results were obtained at 800 MHz: 23.4 dB for 10 wt% carbon black/polypropylene, 34.7 dB for 70 wt% synthetic graphite/polypropylene, and 45.9 dB for 15 wt% carbon nanotubes/polypropylene. The factorial results indicated that for the composites containing only single fillers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and synthetic graphite cause a statistically significant increase in composite shielding effectiveness. All composites containing combinations of two different fille...
Physical Chemistry and Clinical Acid-Base Physiology

Unlike most other areas of medicine, critical care does not confine itself to a specific organ or region of the body, or to a specific disease process. Rather, practitioners of critical care are concerned with the interaction of various organs and disease states. Indeed, our practice is often defined by the management of certain syndromes (e.g., sepsis, multi-organ failure) and pathophysiological conditions (e.g., shock) that do not fall neatly into the domain of a single subspecialty. Acid-base regulation is one of these “areas” of medicine that crosses organ-specific boundaries and the intensive care unit (ICU) is often the place where severe derangements in this area exist. For these reasons, intensivists, and others called upon to care for critically ill patients in the ICU, operating room, or emergency department are expected to diagnose and manage complicated disorders of acid-base balance. Accordingly, it is fundamental to the practice of critical care to have an advanced understanding of acid-base chemistry and physiology. Unfortunately, our “acid-base science” has not kept pace with advances in other areas germane to critical care (e.g., mechanisms of inflammation and oxygen delivery to the tissues) and as such, our clinical practice of diagnosis and management of acid-base disorders is far less advanced. Indeed, little has changed in this field in over 40 years.
Reducing situational anxiety and avoidance behavior associated with classroom apprehension

The situational anxiety and the approach‐avoidance behavior of classroom apprehensives (CCA's) was examined under varying classroom conditions, including the manipulation of select situational factors that have been reported to affect state anxiety. State anxiety was reduced by several situational factors including conspicuousness, acquaintance level, and ambiguity reduction. Findings for approach‐avoidance behavior revealed that high CCA's generally reported avoidance of class discussion except when perceiving themselves to be better informed on the discussion topic than other students. Findings as interpreted within the context of previous theoretical conceptualizations of situational factors contributing to state anxiety.
Efficient Structure Learning of Bayesian Networks using Constraints

This paper addresses the problem of learning Bayesian network structures from data based on score functions that are decomposable. It describes properties that strongly reduce the time and memory costs of many known methods without losing global optimality guarantees. These properties are derived for different score criteria such as Minimum Description Length (or Bayesian Information Criterion), Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Dirichlet Criterion. Then a branch-and-bound algorithm is presented that integrates structural constraints with data in a way to guarantee global optimality. As an example, structural constraints are used to map the problem of structure learning in Dynamic Bayesian networks into a corresponding augmented Bayesian network. Finally, we show empirically the benefits of using the properties with state-of-the-art methods and with the new algorithm, which is able to handle larger data sets than before.
A technic for determination of adrenocorticotrophin in blood.

Summary1. The oxycellulose technic for isolation of ACTH from pituitary has been successfully employed to concentrate and quantitatively to measure blood ACTH. The method a) appears to be specific for ACTH since hypophysectomized rat blood induces no adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in the assay animal, b) almost completely recovers ACTH added to hypophysectomized rat blood, c) almost completely recovers endogenous ACTH, d) yields concentrates which are not toxic to the assay animal and e) is reproducible. 2. It is estimated that rat blood, obtained by acute exsanguination of intact animals, contains 2 to 3 mu ACTH per 100 ml, whereas blood obtained under similar conditions from rats bilaterally adrenalectomized for one week contains 10 to 12 mu ACTH per 100 ml.
Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A 38-year-old black man died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) after a 15-month course. The autopsy revealed a pancolitis and a pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV). Exceptionally, there also was a periventricular encephalitis caused by the same organism. Identification of the virus was aided by immunoperoxidase methods.
Oita International Electrocardiology Symposium 2000 “Electrophysiology and Management of Lethal Arrhythmias in the New Millennium: From Genes to Bedside”

The action potential duration is prolonged in cells isolated from left ventricles of failing hearts. Studies of ion channel remodeling in heart failure have focussed on K+ channel down-regulation to account for this prolon. gation. Na+ current that persists late after the peak has passed has been shown to influence the action potential duration, and animal studies have suggested increased late Na+ current in heart failure. In this study we show that late Na+ current is significantly increased in ventricular myocytes from failing human hearts when compared to cells from nonfailing hearts. This late Na+ current may contribute to action potential prolongation and a tendency to arrhythmia in failing human hearts.
The STREAM Mechanism for CPS Security The Case of the Smart Grid

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) integrate computation, communication, and physical capabilities to interact with the physical world and humans. In this paper, we develop a novel strategic resource availability management (STREAM) system to improve information integrity and availability in an energy constrained CPS environment under the presence of malicious adversaries. The term “resource” here can be any component of a CPS. The main elements of STREAM are: 1) difficult but realistic “repeated (adversary-defender) game” settings and 2) a set of provably optimal defender strategies plus effective heuristics, against equally potent adversary moves. STREAM is based on the concept of dynamic games in sequential game theory, and is the first system to incorporate the realistic behavioral aspect that in many CPSs, both, the class of adversaries, as well as the class of CPS protectors, could move in a covert and stealthy manner in order to outwit the other in the war on “resource control.” In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of STREAM strategies to improve CPS resource availability to the nonadversary, we first conduct a thorough theoretical analysis on a model smart grid CPS as a representative example of a CPS. We then follow up the analysis with an extensive simulation study on the standard IEEE 14 smart power grid architecture. The results show that STREAM strategies improve smart grid system integrity and availability by approximately upto 67% when compared to nonstrategic approaches. Our proposed (analysis, simulation) suite for the grid is extendible to general CPS application domains.