cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prefusion structure of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B and structural basis for membrane fusion

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes congenital disease with long-term morbidity. HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) transitions irreversibly from a metastable prefusion to a stable postfusion conformation to fuse the viral envelope with a host cell membrane during entry. We stabilized prefusion gB on the virion with a fusion inhibitor and a chemical cross-linker, extracted and purified it, and then determined its structure to 3.6-A resolution by electron cryomicroscopy. Our results revealed the structural rearrangements that mediate membrane fusion and details of the interactions among the fusion loops, the membrane-proximal region, transmembrane domain, and bound fusion inhibitor that stabilized gB in the prefusion state. The structure rationalizes known gB antigenic sites. By analogy to successful vaccine antigen engineering approaches for other viral pathogens, the high-resolution prefusion gB structure provides a basis to develop stabilized prefusion gB HCMV vaccine antigens.
Fostering equity in education and academic outcomes in children with sickle cell disease

Objective Children with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), who are predominantly Black, face academic disparities in part because of the impact of longstanding racially biased education systems. Adverse systemic factors in addition to neurologic complications put children with SCD at risk for poor academic outcomes. Providing caregivers with information on how to select quality schools and advocate for their child's specific educational needs may influence academic outcomes and reduce educational disparities. We aimed to provide information to caregivers of children with SCD on school selection/quality, enrollment, and special education options. Methods Forty-six caregivers of children with SCD between the ages of 2 and 5:11 years participated in a structured informational session. Caregivers' sense of empowerment regarding educational options for their child was assessed via survey before and after the structured informational session. Results Caregivers reported feeling more informed and empowered following their participation in an informational session on school selection/quality, enrollment, and special education options for their child than before the informational session. Conclusions It is essential that families of children with SCD have the knowledge, skills, and sense of empowerment to access quality schools beginning in early childhood. Future research will determine if this intervention will improve children's access to academic support and academic outcomes. We theorize improvements in academic outcomes along with addressing systemic disparities may ultimately create a positive impact on vocational and quality of life outcomes in the lives of children with SCD.
Stagflation in American Jurisprudence

This Article endeavors to be the first law review article which analyzes stagflation in American jurisprudence. The first part of this Article discusses the history of stagflation and its prevalence, particularly during the years of the presidency of President Jimmy Carter. The Article then analyzes how courts have historically considered stagflation in American jurisprudence and examines several courts which have cited stagflation in their analysis. The final part of the Article analyzes whether stagflation may be considered a force majeure event. Utilizing cases involving inflation and force majeure clauses as well as the COVID-19 pandemic as comparisons, the Article addresses the question of whether stagflation would qualify as a force majeure event. With stagflation possibly on the horizon in the United States, analysis of this question will provide more clarity for contracting parties as well as the courts in the event a period of stagflation occurs.
A partnership between the University of Nebraska College of Medicine and the community: Fostering positive attitudes towards the aged

Over the last 20 years, older people have served as teachers for students as part of the formal curriculum in geriatrics at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. In recent years, we have supported a more in-depth, longitudinal experience that connects medical students with elders in the community. The program was initiated as a special project of our Aging Interest Group and is called the Senior Companionship Program (SCP). Although the SCP is optional, when combined with the required experiences for medical students, it triples the contact time that students have with older adults in community settings. The student-run SCP is fostering positive attitudes towards older adults. Comments from participating students indicate that the SCP is a valuable experience, and well worth their time commitment. We describe the program structure, changes to the program based upon the input of participants, as well as the program's strengths, limitations, and prospects.
Alzheimer's Disease: Search for Therapeutics

Over the next 50 years the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the United States is expected to triple from about 420,000 new cases in 1999 to 1.32 million per year. Assuming no successful intervention, the prevalence of AD could be expected to rise over the next 50 years by a factor of about 3.7–8.94 million, with the range of 4.55–15.81 million in the United States alone. With the exception of early-onset familial AD (FAD) the disease is age correlated and its incidence grows exponentially with age. In part, because of their increased longevity, women represent and will continue to represent the majority (68% in 1997) of the affected population. If one adds the year 2000 U.S. census figures to the population of the European Union (EU-15) and Japan, the prevalence of AD in “the major pharmaceutical markets” for that year could be estimated as close to 8.7 million. The as yet uncertain etiology of AD precluded the attempts to prevent its onset. Cholesterol, immune response, and oxidation damage appear to precede the deposition of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) and formation of senile (neuritic) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. This is why the epidemiology and in vitro studies fail to point to right therapies. The statins, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, estrogens, or testosterone may belong to preventive measures but may fail as therapeutics. At present, no agent is available to arrest, delay, or reverse the progress of the disease. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; genetic determinants; presenilins; amyloid precursor protein (APP); genetic risk factors; apolipoprotein E; tau protein; nongenetic risk factors; traumatic head injury; hypercholesterolemia; low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol; prevalent hypothesis; compounds affecting Aβ production and behavior; γ-secretase inhibitors; β-secretase inhibitors; α-secretase inhibitors; statins; compounds affecting fibril formation; inhibitors of Aβ aggregation; accelerators of Aβ fibril disaggregation; Aβ catabolism and removal; modulators of Aβ neurotoxicity; APP gene-knockdown agents; γ-secretase shift; attenuation of cholinergic transmission; acetylcholine esterase inhibitors; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists and antagonists; nicotinic acetylcholine receptors agonists; modulation of AMPA response; estrogens and androgens; immunotherapy; immunosuppression; inhibitors of apoptosis; anti-inflammatory agents; antioxidants
The Announcement Effect of Real Estate Joint Ventures on Returns to Stockholders: An Empirical Investigation

This study compares the market reaction to the announcement of real estate joint venture on returns to stockholders of real estate and non-real estate firms. The main objectives were to examine the...
Initial-state interactions, factorization, and the Drell-Yan process

In his series of lectures on QCD, C.H. Llewellyn-Smith indicated the central role played by the factorization “theorems” in any perturbative analysis1. He also alluded to some possible loopholes in the theorems due to the effects of initial state hadronic interactions. In this talk I will present the results of some work done in collaboration with S.J. Brodsky and G.P. Lepage in which we investigated the effects of initial state interactions in the Drell-Yan process2.
Increasing the Speed of Control Algorithms

This paper discusses two complementary approaches for increasing computational speed of control and signal processing algorithms. The first approach is concerned with the development of algorithmically specialized computational structures. As illustrative examples we describe structures to implement Riccati equations and polynomic transformations. The second approach achieves the speed increase by constraining the algorithm to a computationally efficient structure. The approach recognizes that even with state of the art technology it may become necessary to find an optimum compromise in the speed/performance characteristics. The technique, termed array constrained design, is illustrated with a signal reconstruction problem.
Comparative Administrative Law: An Introduction

This book, COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, is the first in the series RESEARCH HANDBOOKS IN COMPARATIVE LAW available from Edward Elgar Publishing. Edited by Susan Rose-Ackerman (Yale) and Peter L. Lindseth (University of Connecticut), this volume represents a broad, multi-method approach to the topic of comparative administrative law, combining perspectives from the social sciences and history with more strictly legal analysis. Comparisons of the United States, continental Europe, and the British Commonwealth are complemented by contributions focusing on Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The work aims to stimulate comparative research on public law more generally, reaching across countries and scholarly disciplines. Specifically available for download here is the book’s introduction, along with the table of contents and list of contributors.This volume attempts to capture the complexity of the field while also distilling certain key elements for comparative study. Because administrative law is intimately bound up with the development of the modern state, it begins with a set of historical reflections on its interactions with social and political change over the last two centuries. The remaining parts are broadly thematic. The first concentrates on the relationship between administrative and constitutional law - uncertain, contested, and deeply essential. The book next focuses on a key aspect of this uneasy relationship - administrative independence with its manifold implications for separation of powers, democratic self-government, and the boundary between law, politics, and policy. The next two parts highlight the tensions between impartial expertise and public accountability. They cover, first, internal processes of decision-making (including transparency, participation, political oversight, and policy or impact analysis), and, second, external legal controls on administrative decision-making (that is, ‘administrative litigation’ writ large). The final part considers how administrative law is shaping and is being shaped by the changing boundaries of the state. This part confronts two basic structural issues: the evolving boundary between public and private, and the similarly evolving boundary between the domestic and transnational regulatory orders. In considering this second question, the chapters focus on the EU, as the most evolved transnational regulatory order now operating.
Method of cylindrical harmonic analysis of magnetic field of objects with inductive magnetization

Запропоновано метод створення аналітичної моделі магнітного поля та намагніченості індуктивно намагніченого феромагнітного циліндру у зовнішньому аксиально-симетричному полі за допомогою циліндричних гармонік. Побудовані на його основі аналітичні моделі магнітного моменту, а також сили притягання, яка створюється електромагнітом з індуктивно намагніченим циліндричним осердям
Robust Driving Forces for Transmembrane Helix Packing

The packing structures of transmembrane helices are traditionally attributed to patterns in residues along the contact surface. In this view, besides keeping the helices confined in the membrane, the bilayer has only a minor effect on the helices structure. Here, we use two different approaches to show that the lipid environment has a crucial effect in determining the cross-angle distribution of packed helices. We analyzed structural data of a membrane proteins database. We show that the distribution of cross angles of helix pairs in this database is statistically indistinguishable from the cross-angle distribution of two noninteracting helices imbedded in the membrane. These results suggest that the cross angle is, to a large extent, determined by the tilt angle of the individual helices. We test this hypothesis using molecular simulations of a coarse-grained model that contains no specific residue interactions. These simulations reproduce the same cross-angle distribution as found in the database. As the tilt angle of a helix is dominated by hydrophobic mismatch between the protein and surrounding lipids, our results indicate that hydrophobic mismatch is the dominant factor guiding the transmembrane helix packing. Other short-range forces might then fine-tune the structure to its final configuration.
Bone Dysplasia ‘Families’

Bone dysplasia families are recognized by distinct patterns of radiographic changes. These patterns are understood as manifestations of distinct pathogenetic processes. The concept is evident in dysostosis multiplex and in osteogenesis imperfecta and is hypothetical in other families. The concept may aid in the diagnostic classification and pathogenetic elucidation of individual bone dysplasias.
Radical Cation Probes for Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Metal−Organic Complexes

Two transition metal complexes of the type fac-(bpy)ReI(CO)3(DA)+ (where bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine and DA is a pyridine ligand that is substituted with a 1,2-diamine electron donor) have been prepared. The 1,2-diamine serves as a “reactive donor ligand” owing to its propensity to undergo rapid C−C bond fragmentation when activated by single electron transfer oxidation. Photoexcitation of the diamine complexes affords a ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) state via intramolecular electron transfer quenching of a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state, [(bpy)ReI(CO)3(DA)]+ + hν → [(bpy•-)ReII(CO)3(DA)]+*(MLCT) → [(bpy•-)ReI(CO)3(DA•+)]+*(LLCT). Photochemical product and quantum efficiency studies indicate that the diamine reactive donor ligand undergoes photoinduced C−C bond fragmentation with high efficiency, presumably via the radical cation (DA•+) which is present in the LLCT excited state. Laser flash photolysis allows direct detection of the metal complex based radicals that are formed by C−C bon...
Public attitudes about different types of anti-bullying laws: Results from a national survey

State anti-bullying laws have been enacted across the United States to address bullying both by and of youths. Although these statutes can provide critical protection to youth, there is debate about whether such laws should enumerate protected classes of youth. Weight-based bullying is an increasingly prevalent form of harassment and it has been overlooked in policy initiatives. Enumeration in existing laws might help protect overweight victims. As no research has examined this issue, we conducted a national survey of American adults (N=1155) to assess public opinion about enactment of anti-bullying laws that vary according to whether or not they enumerate distinguishing characteristics. Our results demonstrated substantial public agreement (ranging from 2/3 to 3/4 of participants) with enactment of state and federal anti-bullying laws that enumerate distinguishing characteristics, including physical appearance and weight, which are currently absent in most statutes. Our evidence can inform policy and legal approaches to protect youth effectively from bullying.
Free-space optical channel propagation tests over a 147-km link

A free-space optical communications link spanning 147 km between the islands of Hawaii and Maui was studied as part of AFRL's IRON-T2 program and in support of risk reduction efforts for DARPA's ORCA program in September/October 2008. Over 14 days, the performance of a 10-Gbps bi-directional link was tested during different periods of the day. This paper will present the test configuration, discuss the effects of atmospheric turbulence on the 10 Gbps link, and compare its performance to the available turbulence measurements. Additionally, modeling of the link configuration will be presented and comparisons will be made to collected data including local Cn 2 to understand the impact of atmospheric turbulence on future long distance links.
Visible chemical lasers from alkali-based electronic inversions

We discuss two approaches to create electronically inverted Na based atomic and diatomic configurations: (1) highly efficient near resonant intermolecular energy transfer and (2) highly efficient and selective fast direct chemical reaction.
Nutrition and prevention of Alzheimer's dementia

A nutritional approach to prevent, slow, or halt the progression of disease is a promising strategy that has been widely investigated. Much epidemiologic data suggests that nutritional intake may influence the development and progression of AD. Modifiable, environmental causes of AD include potential metabolic derangements caused by dietary insufficiency and or excess that may be corrected by nutritional supplementation and or dietary modification. Many nutritional supplements contain a myriad of health promoting constituents (anti-oxidants, vitamins, trace minerals, flavonoids, lipids,…etc.) that may have novel mechanisms of action affecting cellular health and regeneration, the aging process itself, or may specifically disrupt pathogenic pathways in the development of AD. Nutritional modifications have the advantage of being cost effective, easy to implement, socially acceptable and generally safe and devoid of significant adverse events in most cases. Many nutritional interventions have been studied and continue to be evaluated in hopes of finding a successful agent, combination of agents, or dietary modifications that can be used for the prevention and or treatment of AD. The current review focuses on several key nutritional compounds and dietary modifications that have been studied in humans, and further discusses the rationale underlying their potential utility for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Incommensurate ground states of a commensurate Peierls-Hubbard Hamiltonian.

The possibility of long-period (``superlattice'') ground states is systematically investigated in a commensurate (3/4-filled), one-dimensional two-band Peierls-Hubbard Hamiltonian. This model has been proposed to describe halogen-bridged mixed-valence linear-chain compounds and is a one-dimensional analog of a Hamiltonian proposed to model cuprate and bismuthate oxide superconductors. Conventional superlattice phases are driven by competing length scales (for example, from incommensurate filling or an external incommensurate potential). However, these long-period ground states are intrinsic to a competition between long-range repulsive Coulomb forces and the attractive on-site electron-phonon interaction, even at exactly 3/4 filling where a period of four lattice constants might be naively expected by Peierls's argument.
Coherent addition of AlGaAs lasers using microlenses and diffractive coupling

A near single‐lobed far‐field pattern was obtained from coherent operation of a nonevanescently coupled AlGaAs laser diode array. A diffractive microlens array collimated the individual beams to approximate a plane wave, and diffractive coupling from an external cavity mirror provided mutual coherence. A diffraction‐limited far‐field pattern was observed with 82% of the power contained in the central lobe. The method is directly applicable to two‐dimensional laser arrays and can be implemented as a single thin optical element.
Effective topological spaces III: Forcing and definability

On etudie les espaces topologiques effectifs. On analyse les interrelations entre la definissabilite et le «forcing»
Changes observed in hemolymph proteins of the lawn armyworm, Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides, during growth, development, and exposures to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus☆

Abstract Vertical electrophoresis with acrylamide gel was used to study the effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) on the hemolymph proteins of Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides . An electrophoretic pattern consisting of 20 basic bands of proteins was separated in hemolymph of normal larvae which were older than 17 days. These hemolymph proteins increased quantitatively during growth. All 20 proteins could not be detected in hemolymph of younger larvae by the techniques utilized. Additional proteins were separated with metamorphosis. Lethal doses of NPV resulted in a general reduction of hemolymph proteins (hypoproteinemia) in infected larvae. Sublethal doses of NPV elicited an increase in certain hemolymph proteins. Similar increases in proteins were also observed in larvae surviving ostensibly lethal levels of NPV, in larvae subjected to physical stress, and in larvae reared axenically without formaldehyde in their diets. These same proteins, however, were present in approximately the same quantities in mature larvae. Physiopathology of NPV in S. mauritia appears to involve stress factors, host reactions, and the host endocrine system.
A hybrid finite-element method for axisymmetric waveguide-fed horns

A new method for finding radiation patterns and the reflection coefficients associated with an axisymmetric waveguide fed horn is presented. The approach is based on a hybrid finite element method (FEM) wherein the electromagnetic fields in the FEM region are coupled to the fields outside by two surface integral equations. Because of the local nature of the FEM, this formalism allows for the presence of inhomogeneities to be included in the problem domain. The matrix equation which results from the application of this method is shown to be complex-symmetric. Comparisons of calculated and measured data for two different horns show good agreement.
Deformation mechanisms in toughened poly(phenylene oxide)-polyamide blends

The deformation behaviour of several toughened poly(phenylene oxide)-Nylon 6,6 blends made with different coupling agent levels and having different copolymer concentrations has been studied by tensile dilatometry and scanning electron microscopy. Volume strains were measured at rates from 10−3 to 10−1 sec−1. At high copolymer concentrations, shearing was the primary deformation mode with dilation accounting for only 25% of the total strain. At lower copolymer levels, fracture occurred abruptly with no measurable increase in the level of cavitation prior to failure. Samples without rubber exhibited lower levels of dilation than their toughened counterparts. The observed differences in behaviour are discussed in terms of microscopic failure processes in the materials. Rate-dependent values for selected engineering parameters are presented.
Manual control of the upper esophageal sphincter

Objectives/Hypothesis: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) is common and costly. In order to improve quality of life for patients and costs to society, better treatments than currently available are needed. The author hypothesized that manual control of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is possible by pulling the larynx directly forward with anterior traction on the cricoid cartilage. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual control of the UES as a possible therapy for OPD. Study Design: Retrospective chart review, medical device development, prospective cadaver trial, and prospective animal experiment. Methods: Charts were reviewed of all persons with OPD who had a traction suture placed by the author around the anterior rim of the cricoid cartilage. The opening of the UES was assessed with and without traction on the suture. The ability of the cricoid suture to improve UES opening was evaluated under fluoroscopy. The Swallow Expansion Device (SED) was designed to manually control the UES. The ability of the SED to manually open the UES was evaluated. The SED was implanted in 10 cadavers, and 5,000 pulls of the device were performed on each specimen to evaluate for gross damage to the cricoid cartilage. The ability of the SED to open the UES was evaluated under direct laryngoscopy. The safety and efficacy of the SED was evaluated in an ovine model of OPD. The SED was implanted in eight sheep. Five thousand pulls of the device were performed on each animal weekly for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, damage to the cricoid cartilage was evaluated histologically, and the ability of the SED to open the UES and eliminate aspiration was assessed fluoroscopically. Results: Six patients with OPD who had a suture placed around the anterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage were identified. Anterior traction on the suture improved UES opening by 0.36 cm (±0.19 cm) (P < .01). A titanium-coated ferrous implant that secures to the cricoid cartilage was fabricated (SED). An external magnetic device that affixes to the implant across intact skin was developed. Anterior traction of the SED opened the UES in cadavers a mean of 1.16 cm (±0.22 cm) (P < .001). Anterior traction on the SED opened the UES in sheep a mean of 1.27 cm (±0.36) (P < .001). Aspiration was eliminated in 100% of the animals. The implant became infected and had to be removed in one (12.5%) animal. Remodeling of the cricoid cartilage was evident, but there was no histologic evidence of cartilage damage. Conclusions: Manual control of the upper esophageal sphincter is possible. Simple anterior traction on the suture placed around the cricoid cartilage improved UES opening by 0.36 cm (±0.19) in a cohort of dysphagic patients. The Swallow Expansion Device opened the UES of cadavers and living sheep to superphysiologic proportions (P < .001). There was no histologic evidence of cricoid damage from prolonged use of the implant. Laryngoscope, 120:S1–S16, 2010
Jupiter Rising: A Decade of Clos Topologies and Centralized Control in Google's Datacenter Network

We present our approach for overcoming the cost, operational complexity, and limited scale endemic to datacenter networks a decade ago. Three themes unify the five generations of datacenter networks detailed in this paper. First, multi-stage Clos topologies built from commodity switch silicon can support cost-effective deployment of building-scale networks. Second, much of the general, but complex, decentralized network routing and management protocols supporting arbitrary deployment scenarios were overkill for single-operator, pre-planned datacenter networks. We built a centralized control mechanism based on a global configuration pushed to all datacenter switches. Third, modular hardware design coupled with simple, robust software allowed our design to also support inter-cluster and wide-area networks. Our datacenter networks run at dozens of sites across the planet, scaling in capacity by 100x over ten years to more than 1Pbps of bisection bandwidth.
The Persian Empire – By Lindsay Allen

The author is a research fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford University, with relevant experience in Persian antiquities at the British Museum, London, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. H...
Use of a kinestatic charge detector for megavoltage portal imaging

The potential of a research prototype Kinestatic Charge Detector and data acquisition system for megavoltage portal imaging is discussed. Monte Carlo modeling of, and experimental results for, the line-spread function, modulation transfer function, energy efficiency and quantum detection efficiency are given and compared with those of portal film detectors. The first phantom images from the small-field system are compared with images of the same phantoms taken with commercial portal film systems. Future directions are discussed.
Is Access Management Good for Business? Business Perceptions of the Effects of Traffic Access Management on Accessibility and Patronage

Access management is widely defined as the planning, design and implementation of land-use and transportation strategies that control the flow of traffic between roads and surrounding land. Previous studies focus mainly on the positive benefits of access management on safety and traffic flow. To ensure optimal transportation design, the design process must be based on a sound understanding of the issues perceived to be important by businesses, residences and other users. This study explores how businesses perceive the economic impacts of access management, along with safety and congestion impacts. About 280 businesses along six major commercial corridors in Western Washington State were surveyed. The analytical framework was developed using the simultaneous logit model, which allows the simultaneous modeling of perceptions of different performance metrics, through an endogenous relationship. The findings show that significant factors affecting business perceptions include business type and operational variables, corridor and street environment variables, as well as willingness-to-pay (WTP) measures.
Comparison of stannous and stannic chloride as sensitizing agents in the electroless deposition of silver on glass using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The effectiveness of SnCl2 and SnCl4 in the sensitization of soda lime silicate glass for silver mirror production was investigated using XPS. Precleaned glasses treated with 2.5 × 10−3 M solutions of either SnCl2 or SnCl4 showed similar levels of tin uptake (3 to 5 at%) that could not be removed by extensive rinsing in distilled water. Oxidation states of the bound tin were not easily distinguished by XPS measurements, however their chemical reactivities were quite dissimilar. Upon exposure of the sensitized glass surfaces to ammoniacal silver nitrate, approximately two silver atoms became attached per surface tin atom for the SnCl2-treated specimens. In contrast, most of the tin was lost from the SnCl4-treated glass surfaces after identical treatment. Approximately one silver atom became bound per remaining three tin atoms in the latter case. Auger parameter data indicated that the ionic character of the silver-tin bond was greater than that of metallic silver but less than that of the silver-oxygen bond in either silver oxide or ion-exchanged silver in the glass. An oxidation-reduction mechanism is proposed for the sensitization reaction of silver with surface stannous ions that is consistent with XPS results.
Gender differences in coping: A further test of socialization and role constraint theories

To further test role constraint and socialization theories of gender differences in coping, two studies were conducted to examine coping strategies in individuals occupying similar roles. The relations between coping strategy frequency and effectiveness and between coping strategy use and psychological functioning also were examined. Predominantly Caucasian female and male college students participated in the studies. Results indicated support for both socialization and role constraint theories. Effectiveness and frequency of coping strategy use were moderately correlated. Gender differences in cognitive appraisal varied with dispositional vs. situational assessment. The need for a more integrated model to explain gender differences in coping and implications for existing theories are discussed.
Neurological morbidity after fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia

Background Fetal tachyarrhythmia is a well-documented entity which, in the absence of pharmacological intervention, may lead to congestive heart failure, fetal hydrops and eventually fetal demise. The success rate of the implemented treatment is generally measured by survival and achievement of control of the arrhythmia. We report on the occurrence of associated cerebral damage in three patients with fetal tachycardia. Methods We describe three patients with a history of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia who developed cerebral complications in utero. Results Two patients had cerebral hypoxic–ischemic lesions and one had hemorrhagic lesions present at birth. They had developed severe congestive heart failure and fetal hydrops secondary to fetal tachyarrhythmia, and there were no other obvious causes for the cerebral pathology. Two of these patients were referred to us antenatally. Therapy was instituted and resulted in control of the tachycardia and resolution of hydrops. The third patient was referred to our clinic shortly after birth because of severe circulatory problems secondary to fetal tachyarrhythmia. Conclusion From these observations, we believe that a fetus with tachyarrhythmia and subsequent hydrops is at increased risk for the development of cerebral complications, due to the circulatory disturbances and sudden changes in heart rate which may lead to fluctuations in cerebral perfusion. This would imply that it is of the utmost importance to aim at immediate and complete control of the heart rate in the treatment of fetal tachyarrhythmia.
Production of Embryonic and Fetal-Like Red Blood Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We have previously shown that human embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into embryonic and fetal type of red blood cells that sequentially express three types of hemoglobins recapitulating early human erythropoiesis. We report here that we have produced iPS from three somatic cell types: adult skin fibroblasts as well as embryonic and fetal mesenchymal stem cells. We show that regardless of the age of the donor cells, the iPS produced are fully reprogrammed into a pluripotent state that is undistinguishable from that of hESCs by low and high-throughput expression and detailed analysis of globin expression patterns by HPLC. This suggests that reprogramming with the four original Yamanaka pluripotency factors leads to complete erasure of all functionally important epigenetic marks associated with erythroid differentiation regardless of the age or the tissue type of the donor cells, at least as detected in these assays. The ability to produce large number of erythroid cells with embryonic and fetal-like characteristics is likely to have many translational applications.
A range-energy table for heavy particles in silicon*

Stopping-power S and R tables for protons, deuterons, tritons, 3He, 4He, and 7Li ions of energies between 1- and 200-MeV penetrating silicon absorbers are presented. Auxillary data are included in tables for the coefficents C and α needed for the approximate expression S = C·Eα and in figures giving the energy dependence for the coefficients of R = CR·Eβ. Included is a short review of principles to be considered in detector applications.
Silicosis and Lung Cancer in U.S. Metal Miners

The association between silicosis and lung cancer mortality was estimated in 9,912 (369 silicotics and 9,543 nonsilicotics) white male metal miners. These miners were examined by the U.S. Public Health Service during 1959-1961 and were followed through 1975. Miners were excluded from this study if they were employed in a mine during 1959-1961 that used diesel equipment underground. The ores that were mined consisted of copper, lead-zinc, iron, mercury, lead silver, gold and gold-silver, tungsten, and molybenum. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR, U.S. white male rates) for lung cancer was 1.73 (95% CI: .94-2.90) in silicotics and 1.18 (95% CI: .98-1.42) in nonsilicotics. Additionally, SMRs were higher in silicotics than in nonsilicotics, even in most subgroups stratified by cigarette smoking habit, type of ore mined, years of service in an underground job, radon exposure group, or year of hire. When lung cancer mortality between silicotics and nonsilicotics was compared, the age-adjusted rate ratio (95% CI) was 1.56 (.91-2.68), and the age- and smoking-adjusted rate ratio was 1.96 (.98-3.67). Corresponding figures for miners who were employed in mines with low levels of radon exposure were 1.90 (.98-3.67) and 2.59 (1.44-4.68), respectively. These findings indicate that lung cancer mortality risk was increased in silicotics, and this probably did not result from chance or bias. However, confounding from radon exposure could not be ruled out. The findings indicate that further follow-up of this cohort is needed.
One-dimensionally incoherent surface structures☆

Abstract Unusual surface structures of Na on Ni (110) occur in which evenly spaced Na atoms are positioned incoherently with respect to the Ni substrate atoms along troughs in the close packed direction of the substrate surface. In the first case considered for coverages between about 0.25 and 0.31 monolayers, alternate troughs on the Ni(110) surface contain incoherent rows of Na atoms. The rows are randomly out of phase with one another and in addition the interatomic spacing between Na atoms in these rows varies inversely with the coverage. The second case concerns coverages from about 0.64 to 0.71 monolayers where every trough contains an incoherent row of Na atoms and the rows are in phase with one another. The interpretation of the one-dimensionally incoherent sodium structures and their dependency on the two-fold symmetry of the substrate discussed in this study may have applicability to surface structures observed in other similar LEED adsorption studies.
Augmentative and alternative communication in developing countries: challenge of the future

This case study chronicles the development of a multimodal augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system by a hearing impaired, physically disabled adult, Cathy. Beginning with her first experience with formal education at age 13, Cathy expanded her use of communication modes from typing and manual signs to communication boards and, finally, at age 35, to use of a voice output communication aid (VOCA). This ongoing process is documented, with emphasis on the gradual integration of each successive communication mode into Cathy's total AAC system and her multimodal use both across and within communicative situations. Cathy's functional use of her various communication modes is described along with implications for future AAC development.
Effect of sample pretreatment on extractable soil potassium

Abstract Effect of soil sample treatment on potassium (K) release characteristics of Northern Great Plains soils was studied. Samples of agricultural soils were extracted with neutral normal ammonium acetate for K after selected pretreatment. Field‐moist sub‐soil samples with approximately 100 mg/kg extractable K release nearly double this amount after they were air on oven‐dried prior to analysis. The percentage increase in extractable K in dried soils decreased as the K level in the field‐moist soils increased. At 420 and 500 mg/kg, the extractable K content of air‐dried and oven‐dried soils, respectively, equaled the extractable K content of field‐moist samples. Above these concentrations, drying decreased extractable K. Oven‐drying (60 C) affected extractable K more severely than did air‐drying the soils. Drying and grinding the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth samples significantly increased exchangeable K compared to field‐moist samples. Rehydration of oven‐dried soils to 40% water did not affect extractable K. H...
Overexpression of miR-429 induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in metastatic ovarian cancer cells.

Abstract Objective Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies primarily due to the sloughing-off of highly metastatic cells from primary tumors and their subsequent spread throughout the peritoneal cavity. Since the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of OC cells located at the periphery of primary tumors is essential to this process, molecular interventions that can block EMT are of potential clinical significance. Members of the miR200 family of microRNAs have been implicated in EMT in other cancers. Our purpose was to determine if miR200 family microRNAs may be involved in EMT in OC and of potential therapeutic value in reducing OC metastasis. Methods Gene expression profiles of two OC cell lines with different metastatic potentials were monitored using qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). The effect of over-expression of a miR-200 family microRNA (miR-429) in metastatic OC cells was monitored on molecular (qRT-PCR and microarray) and functional (morphology, migration, invasiveness and anchorage independence assays) levels. Results Molecular profiling of two OC cell lines with differing metastatic potentials identified significant differences in previously established epithelial and mesenchymal cell biomarkers including E-cadherin, ZEB1, ZEB2, miR-205 and miR-200 family microRNAs. Ectopic overexpression of miR-429, a member of the miR-200 family of microRNAs, in mesenchymal-like OC cells resulted in reversal of the mesenchymal phenotype (mesenchymal–epithelial transition, MET). Conclusions Our results indicate that miR-429 may not only be a useful biomarker of EMT in ovarian cancer, but also of potential therapeutic value in abating OC metastasis.
Plasma MHPG in untreated panic disorder

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On the accuracy of the Eddington approximation for radiative transfer in the microwave frequencies

The paper examines how well an Eddington approximation can reproduce brightness temperatures obtained from a more complete, N-stream discrete ordinate solution in the microwave regime. Radiation propagation through a plane parallel medium is considered. Although model discrepancies are complicated functions of the cloud constituents, the differences between an eight-stream discrete ordinate solution and an analytical Eddington solution were found to be generally small, ranging from 0 to 6 K when only one uniform layer of hydrometeors was considered. When realistic multilayered cloud hydrometeor profiles were used, the differences between these two models never exceeded 3 K over the entire range of microwave frequencies considered (6.6-183 GHz). The models agreed to within 0.2 K in the absence of scattering constituents.
What is "next" in event processing?

Event processing systems have wide applications ranging from managing events from RFID readers to monitoring RSS feeds. Consequently, there exists much work on them in the literature. The prevalent use of these systems is on-line recognition of patterns that are sequences of correlated events in event streams. Query semantics and implementation efficiency are inherently determined by the underlying temporal model: how events are sequenced (what is the "next" event), and how the time stamp of an event is represented. Many competing temporal models for event systems have been proposed, with no consensus on which approach is best.We take a foundational approach to this problem. We create a formal framework and present event system design choices as axioms. The axioms are grouped into standard axioms and desirable axioms. Standard axioms are common to the design of all event systems. Desirable axioms are not always satisfied, but are useful for achieving high performance. Given these axioms, we prove several important results. First, we show that there is a unique model up to isomorphism that satisfies the standard axioms and supports associativity, so our axioms are a sound and complete axiomatization of associative time stamps in eventsystems. This model requires time stamps with unbounded representations. We present a slightly weakened version of associativity that permits a temporal model with bounded representations. We show that adding the boundedness condition also results in a unique model, so again our axiomatization is sound and complete. We believe this model is ideally suited to be the standard temporal model for complex event processing.
Efficient numerical computation of the plasma dispersion function

Abstract An algorithm for the efficient numerical computation of the plasma dispersion function is described, and error criteria and convergence questions are discussed.
Exploring the potential of heterogeneous von neumann/dataflow execution models

General purpose processors (GPPs), from small inorder designs to many-issue out-of-order, incur large power overheads which must be addressed for future technology generations. Major sources of overhead include structures which dynamically extract the data-dependence graph or maintain precise state. Considering irregular workloads, current specialization approaches either heavily curtail performance, or provide simply too little benefit. Interestingly, well known explicit-dataflow architectures eliminate these overheads by directly executing the data-dependence graph and eschewing instruction-precise recoverability. However, even after decades of research, dataflow architectures have yet to come into prominence as a solution. We attribute this to a lack of effective control speculation and the latency overhead of explicit communication, which is crippling for certain codes. This paper makes the observation that if both out-of-order and explicit-dataflow were available in one processor, many types of GPP cores can benefit from dynamically switching during certain phases of an application's lifetime. Analysis reveals that an ideal explicit-dataflow engine could be profitable for more than half of instructions, providing significant performance and energy improvements. The challenge is to achieve these benefits without introducing excess hardware complexity. To this end, we propose the Specialization Engine for Explicit-Dataflow (SEED). Integrated with an inorder core, we see 1.67× performance and 1.65× energy benefits, with an Out-Of-Order (OOO) dual-issue core we see 1.33× and 1.70×, and with a quad-issue OOO, 1.14× and 1.54×.
What makes good games go viral? The role of technology use, efficacy, emotion and enjoyment in players' decision to share a prosocial digital game

Serious digital games may be an effective tool for prosocial message dissemination because they offer technology and experiences that encourage players to share them with others, and spread virally. But little is known about the factors that predict players' willingness to share games with others in their social network. This panel study explores how several factors, including sharing technology use, emotional responses, and game enjoyment, contribute to players' decision to share the game Darfur is Dying, with others. College students played the game and completed questionnaires that assessed whether they had shared the games at two different time points: during game play and after game play. Positive emotions predicted sharing while students played the game, but negative emotions predicted whether the game was shared after initial game play. Game enjoyment predicted players' intentions to share the game, but it did not predict actual sharing behavior. Neither players' general use of sharing technologies nor their satisfaction related to sharing digital content predicted sharing intentions or behavior. These findings have implications for the study of viral social marketing campaigns, and serious game design and theory.