cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition Education and Counseling in Community Settings by Clinical Dietitians as Part of National Nutrition Month Activities

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: The participant will be able to identify the impact of a community nutrition education program by clinical dietitians. Dade County, FL is a multiethnic, multilingual community with a high percentage of elderly, poor children and recent immigrants. As part of the National Nutrition Month activities, the dietitians of a publicly funded teaching facility serving Dade County were asked to provide nutrition education and counseling in a variety of community settings and agencies. The purpose of this program was to provide services to traditionally underserved sectors of the community and to promote dietitians as nutrition experts. Arrangements were made with community organizations to include churches, battered women's shelters, schools and congregate meal sites, and dietitians were asked to sign up for an activity of their choice. Some of the activities were joint efforts in partnership with the Miami Dietetic Association. Twelve dietitians conducted presentations that reached 633 participants, provided counseling at two sites and participated in one health fair. The dietitians reported feelings of satisfaction with the activities and a good reception by the participants. This program allowed the clinical dietitians to utilize educational skills not frequently called for in clinical settings and enhanced the reputation of the facility in the communities it serves.
Public School Vandalism Some Revised Strain Theory Perspectives

Incidence of school vandalism is related to school level, SES, student test scores, and school track, and is explained by strain theory.
Ethics, risk, and patient-centered care: How collaboration between clinical ethicists and risk management leads to respectful patient care

Patient-centered care is driven in part by the ethical principle of autonomy and considers patients' cultural traditions, personal preferences, values, family situations, and lifestyles. Patient decision-making capacity, surrogate decision making with or in the absence of a patient's advance directive, and the right to refuse treatment are three patient-care issues that are central to the work done by both the risk manager and the clinical ethicist that have strong relevance to patient-centered care. This article discusses these three issues briefly and offers two challenging case studies involving patient-centered care that illustrate how a clinical ethics consultation may help to avert the escalation that can lead to a tort claim.
Formation of self-assembled epitaxial nickel nanostructures

Highly orientated nickel magnetic nanoparticles were obtained by pulsed laser deposition technique on silicon (100) substrate using epitaxial titanium nitride film as the template. These nanoparticles have been characterized by conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy Z-contrast imaging, and x-ray diffraction techniques. The results have shown that the growth of nickel on epitaxially grown titanium nitride follows a three-dimensional island growth mechanism. The predominant orientation of nickel islands observed is Ni(100)∥TiN(100)∥Si(100), the so-called “cube-on-cube” orientation relation. The islands are faceted with a truncated pyramidal shape and bounded by (111) planes at sides and (100) plane at the top. Islands with nontruncated pyramidal shape were also found in some samples, but with rotational orientation relations, where the nickel crystal rotates with an approximate angle of 90° with respect to one of TiN 〈110〉 directions parallel to the interface. The appearance of this rotational epitaxial growth did not show any obvious deposition temperature dependence in the range of 400–650 °C, rather it seemed to be closely related to the crystalline quality of TiN template. The actual size of islands varies from a few nanometers to tens of nanometers, depending on the deposition time and temperature. The three-dimensional growth of nickel islands and the island faceting could be explained by the surface energy anisotropy of both nickel and titanium nitride.
Image Simulations of Ge Twin Boundaries

General high-angle tilt grain boundaries may be described by an arrangement of repeating structural units. Some grain-boundary defects may also be modeled by the incorporation of structural units of related boundary structures into the boundary. The simulation of these structures requires the use of prohibitively large unit cells. The possibility of modeling these boundaries by the superposition of image simulations of the individual structural units is investigated.
Increasing acceptability of alternative behavioral interventions through education

The extent to which information provided within the context of regular coursework affects acceptability ratings by prospective teachers of four common behavioral interventions (DRI, home-based reinforcement, ignoring, and time-out) was investigated. General learning principles as well as information about the specific interventions were covered in an educational psychology class (experimental group, n = 34), while control subjects (n = 39) did not receive these lectures. Prelecture acceptability ratings showed no differences between experimental subjects and controls, while postlecture ratings indicated significant increases in acceptability of all interventions except DRI for the experimental group. No increases were evidenced for control subjects. Implications for trainers and consultants are discussed.
The role of interfacial energy in crystallite reorientation by twinning

Abstract Based on the results of annealing experiments, inside and outside the electron microscope, a new mechanism has been found for the reorientation of particles on a monocrystalline substrate. Silver particles sintered on the (110) surface of a nickel substrate such that (110)[ 1 1 1 ] Ag ∥(110)[1 11 ] Ni were reoriented by the nucleation and growth of annealing twins. All of the grow ing twins were of one variant. Twins of other orientations did not nucleate, and in particles that contained them before sintering, they did not grow. The driving force for twinning comes from the reduction in the particle/substrate interfacial free energy. These observations are consistent with the hierarchy of Ag/Ni interfacial energies as calculated with the embedded-atom method. The ramifications of the results are discussed for annealing twins and for epitaxy.
Home furnishings consumption choices: a qualitative analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of consumer perceived value relative to home furnishing case good (i.e. furniture made of wood and not upholstered) consumption choices. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach to data collection and interpretation was used. A semi-structured depth-interview and focus group schedule was created based on an extant review of literature and consisted of open-ended questions about shopping for and purchasing home furnishings case goods. Findings – A thematic interpretation of interviews and focus groups led to the development of emergent themes: the key factors influencing participant's value perceptions were quality, comfort, and price; participants decorated first for themselves; a welcoming, attractive environment for family and friends/guests was important; and desires and wants were more salient than needs. Themes were then categorized according to Sheth, Newman, and Gross' five consumption value dimensions. Research limitations/imp...
SDLIP + STARTS = SDARTS a protocol and toolkit for metasearching

In this paper we describe how we combined SDLIP and STARTS, two comple mentary protocols for searching over distributed document collections. The resulting protocol, which we call SDARTS, is simple yet expressible enough to enable building sophisticated metasearch engines. SDARTS can be viewed as an instantiation of SDLIP with metasearch-specific elements from STARTS. We also report on our experience building three SDARTS-compliant wrappers: for locally available plain-text document collections, for locally available XML document collections, and for external web-accessible collections. These wrappers were developed to be easily customizable for new collections. Our work was developed as part of Columbia University's Digital Libraries Initiative--Phase 2 (DLI2) project, which involves the departments of Computer Science, Medical Informatics, and Electrical Engineering, the Columbia University libraries, and a large number of industrial partners. The main goal of the project is to provide personalized access to a distributed patient-care digital library.
17β-Estradiol Prevents Dysfunction of Canine Coronary Endothelium and Myocardium and Reperfusion Arrhythmias After Brief Ischemia/Reperfusion

Background Brief myocardial ischemia is associated with myocardial and coronary endothelial dysfunction caused by oxygen free radicals released during reperfusion. Estrogen, known to have antioxidant activity, may prevent these complications. Methods and Results We assessed the effect of 2 weeks of treatment with 17β-estradiol (E, 100 μg·kg−1·d−1, n=12) or placebo (P, n=15) on myocardial and coronary endothelial function during the first 2 hours of reperfusion in dogs subjected to 15 minutes of ischemia induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Our results show that the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias significantly decreased in E (3 of 12) compared with P (11 of 15). Systolic shortening, significantly depressed in P during early reperfusion, was maintained at preischemic levels in E. During reperfusion, the increase in LAD flow to acetylcholine, attenuated in P (60±6%), was preserved in E (151±28%) and was associated with increased serum nitrite/nitrate concentration...
Role of microtubules in the cytoplasmic compartmentation of neurons. II. Endocytosis in the growth cone and neurite shaft.

Abstract We investigated the role of microtubules in the compartmentation of motility and endocytosis in the neurite shaft and growth cone of cultured chick sensory neurons. As reported previously by Letourneau and Ressler (J. Cell Biol., 98 (1984) 1355–1362), stimulating microtubule polymerization with taxol inhibits growth cone motility. In neurons that had grown for 18–30 h, taxol treatment caused growth cones to round up forming an obvious varicosity (taxol bulb) at the termina. Removal of taxol allowed nearly immediate resumption of cortical motility in all 17 neurons observed by time-lapse videomicroscopy. However, only one of the 17 neurites was observed to elongate measurably even after 5 h of observation. In 14 cases taxol was rinsed out and the concentration of nerve growth factor was increased 10x, 11 14 neurites retracted within the next hour. Endocytic activity was investigated by incubating control and taxol treated neurons in either cationized ferritin or horseradish peroxidase for 30 min. The number and area of label-containing vesicles was measured along with the total area of the growth cone or taxol bulb. We found that taxol treatment caused a 7-fold decrease in the ratio of the area of the labeled vesicles to the area of growth cone or taxol bulb. Conversely, in neurite shafts, normally relatively quiescent with respect to endocytosis, those regions devoid of microtubules in both control and nocodazole-treated cells contained a high concentration of label-containing vesicles. We conclude that the presence of microtubules plays a role in regulating endocytic activity by the overlying cell cortex. We speculate that this could be due either to transport activity mediated by microtubiles or to cortical stabilization by microtubules.
A comparison of the accuracy and precision of several open-water oxygen productivity techniques

Several methods for the estimation of the reaeration coefficient were compared by determining the ability of the methods to recover the correct K value from a computer-simulated stream oxygen record affected by a variety of non-ideal conditions. Noisy data and long observation intervals were not a serious problem for most methods. Saturating photosynthesis, fluctuating light intensity, afternoon depression and temperature variation caused failures by some methods but were well handled by others. Serious impairment of all methods occurred with low productivity or high K. In general, the best-performing methods were the modified hysteresis, nighttime regression, daytime regression, Odum and Hornberger-Kelly daytime methods.
Option introduction and insider trading in the NASDAQ/NMS equity market

This paper investigates and supports the hypothesis that insiders have an incentive to shift their informed trading activities when options initially are listed for a firm. Firm size is found to be related to the level of insider trading activity. There is a significant decrease in insider equity-market volume for the smallest third of firms, a significant increase in insider-equity market volume for the middle third of firms, and a significant decrease in insider equity-market volume for the largest third of firms. This supports the hypothesis of a difference in the degree of impact on equity volume upon option introduction based upon firm size. This research provides additional evidence of informed trading activities when option introduction, insider trading, and firm size are considered simultaneously.
Germanium-silicon separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodetectors fabricated with low temperature high density plasma chemical vapor deposited germanium.

In this paper, we evaluate a commercially available high density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDP-CVD) process to grow low temperature (i.e., Tin-situ & Tepitaxy < ~460°C) germanium epitaxy for a p+-Ge/p-Si/n+-Si NIR separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodetectors (SAM-APD). A primary concern for SAM-APDs in this material system is that high fields will not be sustainable across a highly defective Ge/Si interface. We show Ge-Si SAM-APDs that show avalanche multiplication and avalanche breakdown. A dark current of ~0.1 mA/cm2 and a 3.2×10−4 A/W responsivity at 1310 nm were measured at punch-through. An over 400x photocurrent multiplication was demonstrated at room temperature. These results indicate that high avalanche multiplication gain is achievable in these Ge/Si heterostructures despite the highly defective interface and therefore trap assisted tunneling through the defective Ge/Si interface is not dominant at high fields.
Whither the Area in Area Studies? How Students Teach Us to Rethink the Boundaries of Eastern Europe

The authors examine the state of the field of Russian and East European area studies by bringing student perspectives into dialogue with leading scholarly perspectives on the direction of area studies. They argue that the collapse of communism and increasing globalization do not necessitate the elimination of area studies. Instead, area studies helps to contextualize the shared histories and experiences of neighboring states as well as local particularities within the increasing integration of Europe.
Posthysterectomy vaginal cuff fistula: diagnosis and management of an unusual cause of “incontinence”

Abstract Objectives. Connection between the vaginal cuff and the peritoneal cavity after hysterectomy is a rare event that can mimic urinary incontinence. The appropriate evaluation and treatment of these patients is discussed. Methods. Five patients underwent excision of the vaginal cuff during a 12-month period. All of these patients had a negative workup for urinary incontinence, except for 1 patient who also had stress incontinence and required a vaginal wall sling at the time of cuff excision. Results. All 5 patients are presently free of excess vaginal drainage or significantly improved, with a mean follow-up of 6 months. One patient developed stress incontinence after cuff excision and later required a vaginal wall sling. There have been no perioperative complications and no evidence of recurrent fistula. Conclusions. Fistula of the vaginal cuff is a diagnosis of exclusion after urinary incontinence has been ruled out. A high index of suspicion is often required to make the diagnosis because these patients often present with symptoms highly suggestive of urinary leakage. Fistula of the vaginal cuff is successfully treated with excision of the vaginal cuff and the fistulous tract (if identified), with minimal morbidity.
Mössbauer, magnetic, and x-ray properties of the system (FeS) 1-x (FeSe) x

Abstract Powders of (rmFeS)1−x(FeSe)x have been studied by Mssbauer, magnetic, and X-ray techniques. For our heat treatment of the samples the structure of the solid solutions is NiAs-like for 0≤x≤0.6, beyond which the structure is PbO-like. The samples contain also increasing amounts (with increasing x) of spurious “background” material which consists of metallic iron together with commensurate amounts of Fe7S8 and/or Fe7Se8. The tetragonal (PbO-like) FeSe shows no magnetic hyperfine structure and is thought to exhibit Pauli paramagnetism.
Taurine uptake in chicken leukocytes and erythrocytes

Abstract 1. 1. The intracellular taurine concentration and rate of taurine uptake of chicken erythrocytes and two leukocyte populations were determined from one to six weeks of age. 2. 2. Plasma taurine concentrations increased significantly from the time of hatching to week 2 and remained constant thereafter. 3. 3. Intracellular taurine concentrations in both leukocyte populations increased significantly with age without any significant change in the erythrocytes. 4. 4. Taurine uptake rate for erythrocytes was significantly higher at weeks 1–3 while both leukocyte populations showed no significant change during the six week period studied.
A linear quadratic tracker for Control Moment Gyro based attitude control of the Space Station

The paper discusses a design for an attitude control system for the Space Station which produces fast response, with minimal overshoot and cross-coupling with the use of Control Moment Gyros (CMG). The rigid body equations of motion are linearized and discretized and a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) design and analysis study is performed. The resulting design is then modified such that integral and differential terms are added to the state equations to enhance response characteristics. Methods for reduction of computation time through channelization are discussed as well as the reduction of initial torque requirements.
623 FLUCTUATIONS IN THE RATE OF IV FLUID ADMINISTRATION TO VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS

Rapid blood volume expansion in VLBW infants has been suggested as a cause of ICH. We calculated, prospectively, hourly fluctuation in the rate (ml/kg/day) of fluid actually revived in 10 acutely ill, VLBW (B.Wt. & Gest. Age: 1.07±0.07 kg and 30±0.7 wks), during the first 72 hours. Volume actually received were noted hourly, without nurses' knowledge. Fluctuations from ordered rate were calculated for 614 hours. Mean IV fluid ordered and actually received did not differ, however, wide hourly fluctuations in the rate occurred in all infants. Table gives % of time fluctuation in rate of fluid actually received (expressed as ml/kg/day) occurring in the study infants. During 614 hours only 4% of time infants got ordered amount at ordered rate. 25% of time hourly fluctuations were >50 ml/kg/day. Excess and deficit rates were equal, thus total volume received was equal to ordered amount. Rapid rates >80 ml/kg occurred more often in ICH infants (Stat.N.S.). Fluctuations were due to voltage variation (10%), transfusion (10%), infiltrations of IV and the ‘adjustments’ nurses make to make up ordered volume at the end of 8 hour shift. We conclude: a) Both fluid volume and rate actually received by the infant should be checked hourly in VLBW infants; b) These fluctuations may be responsible for hypo or hyperglycemia, appearance and disappearance of PDA murmurs and possibly ICH in VLBW infants.
Security bugs in embedded interpreters

Because embedded interpreters offer flexibility and performance, they are becoming more prevalent, and can be found at nearly every level of the software stack. As one example, the Linux kernel defines languages to describe packet filtering rules and uses embedded interpreters to filter packets at run time. As another example, the RAR archive format allows embedding bytecode in compressed files to describe reversible transformations for decompression. This paper presents an analysis of common pitfalls in embedded interpreter implementations, which can lead to security vulnerabilities, and their impact. We hope that these results are useful both in augmenting existing embedded interpreters and in aiding developers in building new, more secure embedded interpreters.
Assessing determinants of desirable ES impact on end-user jobs

To increase the likelihood of experts systems' success it is useful to identify the more important determinants to focus managerial attention and resources. Seven major determinants of expert system success, here defined as desirable impact of the system on users' jobs, have been identified from the literature. DuPont's collection of expert systems (ES) provided the sample of 114 applications used in this study. The results corroborate much of what has been proposed in the literature, except for user characteristics which have been found to have no significant relationship to the measure of success. Based on the results, some recommendations are made to expert system development managers, including: (1) besides the recommendations already proposed in the literature, managers should deliberately seek to deal with important, large, labour intensive and complex problems which are important to the organization; (2) the selection of a development shell with the characteristics described in this study, and which matches the problem at hand is an important determinant of success; and (3) even though the primary source of knowledge is one or more domain experts, user involvement in the development process remains an important factor for ES to have a desirable impact on the latter's jobs.
Changes in Concentrated Milk During Frozen Storagea

SUMMARY Prefreezing treatments greatly influence the physical stability of concentrated milk during frozen storage. Treatments that tend to retard lactose crystallization extend storage life. Agitation or cooling procedures that induce nucleation accelerate destabilization, as does the presence of foreign nuclei. Effluent diagrams from a DEAE column show changes in the casein fractions and in β-lactoglobulin. The mechanism of protein insolubilization during frozen storage appears to be more complex than previously suggested.
Management of acquired rectourinary fistulas: outcome according to cause.

PURPOSE: Acquired rectourinary fistulas, an infrequent complication of pelvic conditions, remain a therapeutic problem for which neither a widely accepted classification nor long-term outcome data are available. This study was designed to provide a new etiologic classification system and examine the success of various surgical therapies. It also looked at the need for permanent fecal or urinary diversion or radical excision depending on the cause of the fistula,i.e., benignvs. malignancy-related. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made of 41 patients treated for acquired rectourinary fistulas between 1980 and 1995. Acquired rectourinary fistulas were classified as 1) benign but caused by Crohn's disease, trauma, perirectal sepsis, or iatrogenic injury; and 2) malignancy-related fistulas secondary to neoplasm, radiation, surgery, or combined tumor and treatment effects. Surgical interventions were classified as repair, excision, fecal diversion, and urinary diversion. RESULTS: Thirty-seven males and 4 females with acquired rectourinary fistula were identified with a mean age of 62 (range, 28–90) years. Nineteen patients had fistulas involving their urethras, and 22 patients had fistulas involving the bladder. Eight patients were not treated surgically; one was not treated because of an advanced malignancy, three because of patient preference, three because of sepsis, and one because of a poor general condition. Of the remaining 33 patients, nine had benign fistulas of which two were the result of Crohn's disease, two were the result of trauma, two were from an iatrogenic response, and three were from perirectal sepsis. Twenty-four patients had malignancy-re-lated fistulas, and five patients had neoplasm at their fistula sites. The remaining 19 patients had malignancy-related fistulas that were the result of cancer treatments. Of the 19 malignancy-related fistulas, 5 were from radiation, 9 were from surgical trauma, and 5 were from radiation and surgical trauma. Forty-nine percent of the patients had undergone attempts at fistula treatment before referral. A resolution of symptoms after initial and reoperative surgery occurred more often in patients with benign fistulas (44 and 100 percent; mean, 1.8 surgeries per patient) compared with malignancy-related fistulas (21 and 88 percent; mean, 2.1 surgeries per patient). The rates of permanent fecal, urinary, and fecal plus urinary diversion were also lower for benign fistulas (11, 0, and 33 percent) compared with malignancy-related fistulas (13, 8, and 54 percent). Permanent diversion was avoided in 56 percent of the benign fistulas but in only 25 percent of the malignancy-related fistulas. The rates of excisional and radical (ileal conduit) surgery were lower for benign fistulas than for malignancy-related fistulas (44 and 11 percentvs. 50 and 54 percent). CONCLUSION: Successful management of rectourinary fistulas typically requires aggressive reoperative therapy with permanent diversion more often required for malignancy-related fistulas. Better outcomes can be anticipated for benign fistulas.
Approximate dynamic programming for dynamic capacity allocation with multiple priority levels

This article considers a quite general dynamic capacity allocation problem. There is a fixed amount of daily processing capacity. On each day, jobs of different priorities arrive randomly and a decision has to made about which jobs should be scheduled on which days. Waiting jobs incur a holding cost that is a function of their priority levels. The objective is to minimize the total expected cost over a finite planning horizon. The problem is formulated as a dynamic program, but this formulation is computationally difficult as it involves a high-dimensional state vector. To address this difficulty, an approximate dynamic programming approach is used that decomposes the dynamic programming formulation by the different days in the planning horizon to construct separable approximations to the value functions. Value function approximations are used for two purposes. First, it is shown that the value function approximations can be used to obtain a lower bound on the optimal total expected cost. Second, the valu...
Multiple products of the drosophila Shaker gene may contribute to potassium channel diversity

K+ channels are known through electrophysiology and pharmacology to be an exceptionally diverse group of channels. Molecular studies of the Shaker (Sh) locus in Drosophila have provided the first glimpse of K+ channel structure. The sequences of several Sh cDNA clones have been reported; none are identical. We have isolated and examined 18 additional Sh cDNAs in an attempt to understand the origin, extent, and significance of the variability. The diversity is extensive: we have already identified cDNAs representing at least nine distinct types, and Sh could potentially encode 24 or more products. This diversity, however, fits a simple pattern in which variable 3′ and 5′ ends are spliced onto a central constant region to yield different cDNA types. These different Sh cDNAs encode proteins with distinct structural features.
Nurse staffing and post-surgical complications using the present on admission indicator.

We evaluated the relationship between registered nurse (RN) staffing and six post-surgical complications: pneumonia, septicemia, urinary tract infections, thrombophlebitis, fluid overload, and decubitus ulcers, in a dataset that contained the present on admission (POA) indicator. We analyzed a longitudinal panel of 283 acute care hospitals in California from 1996 to 2001. Using an adaptation of the Quality Health Outcomes Model, we found no statistically significant relationships between RN staffing and the complications. In addition, the signs of the relationships were opposite to those expected. That is, as staffing increased, so did some of the complications. We discuss potential reasons for these anomalous results, including the possibility that increases in RN staffing may result in earlier detection of complications. Other explanations include issues with risk adjustment, the lack of nurse level variables in the model, and issues with the POA indicator itself. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:35–47, 2010
The Alternaria genomes database: a comprehensive resource for a fungal genus comprised of saprophytes, plant pathogens, and allergenic species

Background Alternaria is considered one of the most common saprophytic fungal genera on the planet. It is comprised of many species that exhibit a necrotrophic phytopathogenic lifestyle. Several species are clinically associated with allergic respiratory disorders although rarely found to cause invasive infections in humans. Finally, Alternaria spp. are among the most well known producers of diverse fungal secondary metabolites, especially toxins.
Stochastische Konvergenz von Semimartingalen

Die DooBschen S~itze tiber die Konvergenz fast tiberall yon Martingalen beschr~nkter Variation1), deren Index-(Parameter-)bereich eine Me nge reeller Zahlen und daher eindlinear geordnete Menge darstellt, wurden in [8~ auf den Fall yon Martingalen mit filtrierenden (gerichteten) Indexbereichen fibertragen, und zwar unter einer ,,Vitaliscben" Hypothese Vo, die sich nur auf die Martingalbasis 1) bezieht~ Es erscheint jedoch in vielen F~llen wtinschenswert, auch dann noch tiber eine geeignete Grenzfunktion zu verftigen, wenn V 0 nicht erftillt ist. Da man Konvergenz im Sinne eines Raumes L p nut bei gleichmgBig integrierbaren Martingalen erwarten kann (cf. [6~), so liegt e s nahe, nach stochastischer Konvergenz zu fragen. Das Hauptergebnis dieser Arbeit bildet denn auch der Satz 6,5, dab jedes Martingal yon beschrgnkter Variation nach oben oder unten stochastisch gegen eine integrierbare Funktion konvergiert, und dasselbe gilt ftir i edes Semimartingal beschr~inkter Variation. Da der Begriff der stochastischen Konvergenz ohnehin invariant ist gegentiber Anderungen der beteiligten Funktionen in einer Nullmenge, so betrachten wit yon vornherein die modulo der Nullmengen reduzierte MaB.algebra. Es spielt sich also alles in einer abstrakten Booleschen sigma-Algebra ~3 mit einer Einheit E und einem strikt positiven sigma-endlichen MaB # ab, wodurch sich unsere ~3berlegungen sehr vereinfachen. Eine ~3-meBbare Funktion (zuf~illige Variable) ist etwa im Sinne CARATttI~ODORYs als ,,Ortsfunktion" aufzu~assen, wobei unendliche Werte stets zugelassen werden. Neben der stochastischen Konvergenz yon Moore-Smithschen Folgen ~-meBbarer Funktionen haben wir die tibliche Ordnungskonvergenz (wesentliche Konvergenz), die die .stochastische Konvergenz impliziert und im Fall abzghlbarer Folgen mit der Konvergenz ,,'fast tiberall" identisch ist. Das siebente, letzte Kapitel enth/ilt, a!s eine Art Erggnzul~ zu [8~, den Beweis der Ordnungskonvergenz yon Semimartingalen beschrgnkter Variation unter einer Vitalischen Bedingung V', die V 0 nach sich zieht und im Fall eines linear geordneten Indexbereichs immer erftillt ist. Hieraus folgt zwar die stochastische Konvergenz yon Semimartingalen beschr~inkter Variation, wenn jede konfinale Menge von Indizes eine linear geordnete konfinale Teilmenge enthglt, doch gibt es wichtige Indexbereiche, die diese Eigenschaft nicht haben, so dab der direkte Beweis der stochastischen Konvergenz nicht i~berfltissig ist. Als Beispiel sei das System aller Zeflegungen des EinheitsintervaUs (0, t ) i n endlich wiele Teilintervalle, mit der ,,Verfeinerung" als Ordnungsrelation, erw/ihnt.
Post- versus pre-resonance characteristics of axially excited chiral sculptured thin films

Summary Axially excited chiral sculptured thin films (STFs) are shown to exhibit the circular Bragg phenomenon in the pre-resonant (long-wavelength) regime but not in some parts of the post-resonant (short-wavelength) regime. Chiral STFs act as very good polarization-independent reflectors in the vicinity of material resonances in the latter regime.
Crystal and molecular structure of chloro(tri-t-butylphosphino-C,P) triphenylarsinepalladium(II)

(SP-4-4)-chloro[2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-2-methylpropyl-C,P] (triphenylarsine)palladium(II), C30H41ClPAsPd, has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21 witha=9.611(2),b=14.335(2),C=11.953(1) A,β=111.97(1)° andZ=2. The phasing model was determined by direct methods and the full-matrix least-squares refinement of 302 structural parameters yielded a reliability factor of 0.039 for 2269 unique reflections withI> 3σ(I). The square planar geometry about the Pd atom is angularly distorted due to the steric bulk of the ligands and the formation of the four-membered ring, Pd-P-C(2)-C(1), which is severely distorted. The arsine and phosphine ligands are orientedtrans across the square-planar geometry with an As-Pd-P angle of 163.5(1)°. Details of the structural content and selected bond lengths and angles are discussed. The phenyl rings are planar and in a staggered orientation. Steric bulk illustrations from “ligand profile” calculations (θ/2 vs φ) about the arsine and phosphine ligands are presented.
Challenge or threat? Cardiovascular indexes of resilience and vulnerability to potential stress in humans

Humans continually face situations that require actions to achieve valued goals with meaningful consequences at stake. Although the pursuit of such goals can be a negatively "stressful" experience, it is not necessarily so. According to the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat, evaluations of personal resources and situational demands determine to what extent individuals experience a relatively positive (challenge) versus negative (threat) psychological state in this context. Challenge occurs when evaluated resources meet or exceed demands, whereas threat occurs when demands exceed resources. The challenge response thus reflects resilience in the face of potential stress. Because challenge and threat reliably result in distinct patterns of physiological changes, assessing cardiovascular responses in particular can provide valuable insight into underlying psychological processes. Research applying this methodology to individual differences (e.g., self-esteem level and stability and cumulative lifetime exposure to adversity) has implications for understanding how early life experience could contribute to resilience versus vulnerability to potential stress in daily life.
Scalable optimal traffic grooming in WDM rings incorporating fast RWA formulation

We present a scalable formulation for the traffic grooming problem in WDM ring networks. Specifically, we modify the ILP formulation to replace the constraints related to routing and wavelength assignment (RWA), typically based on a link approach, with a new set of constraints based on the maximal independent set decomposition (MISD) that we recently developed to solve optimally the RWA problem in ring networks. Our experimental study indicates that the new formulation results in an improvement of up to two orders of magnitude in running time. Consequently, it is now possible to solve the traffic grooming problem to optimality for 16-node rings in a few seconds using commodity hardware.
A simple examination of the empirical relationship between dividend yields and deviations from the CAPM

Abstract Several papers have been published in recent years dealing with both the theoretical and the empirical impact of dividend yields on security returns. Dividends have been postulated as affecting stock returns because of tax effects, agency costs and the Wealth Transfer Hypothesis. In this paper we perform a purely empirical examination of whether and to what extent deviations from the zero beta form of the CAPM are explained by divident yields. The paper demonstrates that dividend yield has a large and statistically significant impact on return above and beyond that explained by the zero beta form of the CAPM. This is consistent with the findings of Litzenberger and Ramaswamy. In addition our results are consistent with the findings of small firm effects.
Mutations in ERK2 binding sites affect nuclear entry

The MAPK ERK2 can enter and exit the nucleus by an energy-independent process that is facilitated by direct interactions with nuclear pore proteins. Several studies also suggest that the localization of ERK2 can be influenced by carrier proteins. Using import reconstitution assays, we examined a group of ERK2 mutants defective in known protein interactions to determine structural properties of ERK2 that contribute to its nuclear entry. ERK2 mutants defective in binding to substrates near the active site or to basic/hydrophobic docking (D) motifs were imported normally. Several ERK2 mutants defective in interactions with FXF motifs displayed slowed rates of nuclear import. The import-impaired mutants also showed reduced binding to a recombinant C-terminal fragment of nucleoporin 153 that is rich in FXF motifs. Despite the deficit revealed in some mutants via reconstitution assays, all but one of the ERK2 mutants accumulated in nuclei of stimulated cells in a manner comparable with the wild type protein; the mutant most defective in import remained in the cytoplasm. These results further support the idea that direct interactions with nucleoporins are involved in ERK2 nuclear entry and that multiple events contribute to the ligand-dependent relocalization of these protein kinases.
Competitive Activity-Based Protein Profiling Identifies Aza-β-Lactams as a Versatile Chemotype for Serine Hydrolase Inhibition

Serine hydrolases are one of the largest and most diverse enzyme classes in Nature. Most serine hydrolases lack selective inhibitors, which are valuable probes for assigning functions to these enzymes. We recently discovered a set of aza-β-lactams (ABLs) that act as potent and selective inhibitors of the mammalian serine hydrolase protein-phosphatase methylesterase-1 (PME-1). The ABLs inactivate PME-1 by covalent acylation of the enzyme’s serine nucleophile, suggesting that they could offer a general scaffold for serine hydrolase inhibitor discovery. Here, we have tested this hypothesis by screening ABLs more broadly against cell and tissue proteomes by competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), leading to the discovery of lead inhibitors for several serine hydrolases, including the uncharacterized enzyme α,β-hydrolase domain-containing 10 (ABHD10). ABPP-guided medicinal chemistry yielded a compound ABL303 that potently (IC50 ≈ 30 nM) and selectively inactivated ABHD10 in vitro and in living cel...
A computational study of the thermodynamic properties of sinapic and ferulic acids and their corresponding radical cations

Abstract The gas-phase basicities and gas-phase proton affinities of sinapic acid and ferulic acid, which are common matrices used in matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy, have been calculated using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6-31G** level. Respectively, the GBs of the two acids are 869.0 and 862.4 kJ/mol while the gas-phase PAs of the same systems are 903.4 and 896.0 kJ/mol. Our results indicate that the protonation in these systems takes place on the carboxylic sites. In addition, the GAs of the radical cations of these acids has also been calculated. The calculated GAs of SA and FA radical cations are 899.8 and 889.6 kJ/mol, respectively. Our results indicate that deprotonation in the two radical cations takes place on the phenol sites. We also provide the first estimates of the vertical ionization potentials (IPs) of the same systems at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G** level using the lowest energy structure found for each acid. The calculated IPs of SA and FA are 7.54 and 7.82 eV, respectively.
A rapid stain method for suspension cultured plant cells

A simple method for staining plant cells grown in suspension culture is described. The technique, which involves acid hydrolysis and toluidine blue O staining, provides slide preparations in which cell divisions and nuclear divisions can be observed simultaneously.
Adaptive Plasticity in Primate Motor Cortex as a Consequence of Behavioral Experience and Neuronal Injury

Abstract It is now clear that the motor cortex of adult mammals is capable of widespread functional reorganization. After specific types of motor skill training, the cortical representations of the movements used to perform the task expand, invading adjacent motor representations. After peripheral nerve injury, representations of unaffected muscles expand, invading those of the denervated muscles. After focal cortical injury, representations in the uninjured, adjacent cortical tissue undergo widespread alterations. Specific changes are dependent upon the use of the affected limb during the postinjury period. It now appears likely that motor map alterability results from changes in synaptic efficacy of intrinsic horizontal connections within motor cortex. Taken together, these studies suggest that the neurophysiological circuitry underlying muscle and movement maps within primary motor cortex is continually remodeled throughout an individual's life. The functional organization of motor cortex is constantly reshaped by behavioral demands for the learning of new motor skills.
Urinary output of adrenaline and noradrenaline during anaesthesia and surgery: preliminary study.

Urinary output of adrenaline and noradrenaline was determined in fifteen surgical patients. Two received epidural analgesia and thirteen received light anaesthesia employing cyclopropane, ether, or halothane as the main agent. Results did not show a significant change from the normal urinary output of adrenaline and noradrenaline in any group.
An Equatorial Pacific Ocean Source of Atmospheric Mercury

Pronounced increases in total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the near surface marine atmosphere were found in the equatorial region (4°N to 10°S) of the Pacific Ocean at 160° W. The atmospheric enhancement of TGM corresponded closely to sea-surface manifestations of equatorial upwelling as reflected in measured changes of temperature and nutrient concentrations as well as to variations of reactive mercury in surface seawater. The elevated atmospheric TGM levels most probably result from oceanic mercury evasion associated with upwelling and increased biological production that occurs in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.This evidence of sea-to-air mercury transfer supports model predictions of an oceanic source of atmospheric mercury and suggests that marine-derived mercury emissions should occur in other biologically productive regimes.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES FOR SUPERPAVE GYRATORY COMPACTORS

The experience with the original Superpave gyratory compactors (SGCs) introduced into the paving industry in 1994 was very positive. Consequently, since 1995 several additional manufacturers have developed SGCs to meet the growing demand for such devices. Although these units generally meet the broad requirements of the original SGC specification developed by FHWA, their basic designs are somewhat different. To ensure a systematic means for evaluation of the compactors, FHWA developed a standard protocol, designated AASHTO PP35. This procedure was used to evaluate various gyratory compactors. By using the discriminating value of 0.010 for difference in bulk specific gravity (Gmb), the compactors were evaluated in terms of Gmb. The five gyratory compactors evaluated were the Rainhart, Test Quip, Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. (Troxler), Model 4141, Pine Instrument Company (Pine) Model AFG1A, and Interlaken compactors. These compactors were compared with either Pine Model AFGC125X (Pine 1) or Troxler...
The structure of GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3-dehydratase: a unique coenzyme B6-dependent enzyme.

L-Colitose is a 3,6-dideoxysugar found in the O-antigens of some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and in marine bacteria such as Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis. The focus of this investigation, GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3-dehydratase, catalyzes the third step in colitose production, which is the removal of the hydroxyl group at C39 of GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose. It is an especially intriguing PLP-dependent enzyme in that it acts as both a transaminase and a dehydratase. Here we present the first X-ray structure of this enzyme isolated from E. coli Strain 5a, type O55:H7. The two subunits of the protein form a tight dimer with a buried surface area of ;5000 A u 2 .T his is a characteristic feature of the aspartate aminotransferase superfamily. Although the PLP-binding pocket is formed primarily by one subunit, there is a lo op, delineated by Phe 240 to Glu 253 in the second subunit, that completes the active site architecture. The hydrated form of PLP was observed in one of the enzyme/cofactor complexes described here. Amino acid residues involved in anchoring the cofactor to the protein include Gly 56, Ser 57, Asp 159, Glu 162, and Ser 183 from one subunit and Asn 248 from the second monomer. In the second enzyme/cofactor complex reported, a glutamate ketimine intermediate was found trapped in the active site. Taken together, these two structures, along with previously reported biochemical data, support the role of His 188 as the active site base required for catalysis.
Evidence for a shear velocity discontinuity in the lower mantle beneath India and the Indian Ocean

Abstract SH and sSH seismograms are modeled to determine the shear velocity structure in the D″ region beneath India and the Indian Ocean. The signals show waveform complexities similar to those observed in data sampling the D″ region beneath Alaska, the Caribbean, and Eurasia (Lay and Helmberger), which have been attributed to a 2.7% shear velocity discontinuity ∼ 280 km above the core-mantle boundary. The new data set consists of long-period tangential component recordings at WWSSN stations in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe for 11 intermediate and deep focus Indonesian earthquakes. In the distance range 70–82° the waveforms show an arrival between SH and ScSH with systematic moveout. From 89 to 94° there is a strong distortion of the SH waveforms, indicating the arrival of several phases closely spaced in time. The relative time shifts of similar complexity in the corresponding sSH phases requires a deep mantle origin. The depth dependence and moveout of the interference effects are well-predicted for both SH and sSH phases by a model with a lower mantle discontinuity. Alternative explanations of the interference as resulting from receiver reverberations, SKS contamination, multiple source complexity, or near source multipathing are ruled out by systematic tests. While it is apparent that lateral variations in the lower mantle velocity structure prevent any single model from fitting all of the data, synthetic waveform modeling (using generalized ray theory and reflectivity) shows that the data can be well-fit by a model with a discontinuity similar in size and depth to that proposed for the previously investigated regions (Lay and Helmberger), but with a negative velocity gradient within the D″ layer.