cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat shock genes: regulatory role for differentiation in parasitic protozoa

The parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major are transmitted by insect vectors to their mammalian hosts. The temperature difference between the hosts (25 degrees and 37 degrees C) may induce a heat shock response in the parasite. Transcripts of heat shock genes (homologous to Hsp70 and Hsp83) were 25 to 100 times more abundant in Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms (trypomastigotes) than in insect (procyclic) stages. In Leishmania major the patterns of heat shock gene expression in promastigotes (insect-adapted) and amastigotes (mammal-adapted) were different. A temperature shift in vitro induced differentiation of Leishmania major from promastigotes to amastigotes. Therefore, heat shock genes may be responsible for differentiation of these vector-borne parasites.
Refining Plains Woodland Chronology

Twenty-three AMS age determinations, obtained from annual plant remains and ceramic residues, are presented as a guide in addressing potential changes to the chronology of the central Plains Woodland period. When compared to older conventional wood charcoal dates, these new AMS dates demonstrate the need to critically evaluate existing temporal ranges of several Woodland cultures. In particular, the new dates help fill in temporal gaps in our understanding of significant cultural transitions during the Plains Woodland. Areas for further research on the Plains Woodland are also suggested.
Roles of the two Drosophila CRYPTOCHROME structural domains in circadian photoreception.

CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) is the primary circadian photoreceptor in Drosophila . We show that CRY binding to TIMELESS (TIM) is light-dependent in flies and irreversibly commits TIM to proteasomal degradation. In contrast, CRY degradation is dependent on continuous light exposure, indicating that the CRY-TIM interaction is transient. A novel cry mutation ( crym ) reveals that CRY's photolyase homology domain is sufficient for light detection and phototransduction, whereas the carboxyl-terminal domain regulates CRY stability, CRY-TIM interaction, and circadian photosensitivity. This contrasts with the function of Arabidopsis CRY domains and demonstrates that insect and plant cryptochromes use different mechanisms.
Effect of sulphate ion on the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole and N-methylpyrrole

Pyrrole and N-methylpyrrole were electrochemically polymerized in an identical manner in aqueous electrolytes containing (Et4N)BF4, LiClO4 or Na2SO4 to give films of the corresponding p-doped polymers. The polymer obtained from the aqueous Na2SO4 electrolyte, [(poly N-methylpyrrole)+y (SO4)y/22-]x, differed from the other polymers in that it exhibited a very low conductivity (≈ 10−7 S/cm), contained a high concentration of > C=O groups and had an EPR linewidth, ΔHpp, more than an order of magnitude greater than that found in the corresponding polymers obtained from the (Et4N)BF4 and LiClO4 electrolytes. A sample of [(polyN-methypyrrole)+y(BF4)y−]x electrochemically synthesized in CH3CN and subsequently converted electrochemically to the corresponding sulphate in the Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte exhibited normal behaviour. A mechanism is proposed for the introduction of > C=O groups into the poly(N-methylpyrrole) polymer during its electrochemical polymerization in the Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte.
Somatic mutations and proteins.

A large body of data has now been accumulated concerning the ways in which heritable mutations can affect protein structure. Such mutations are usually presumed to arise in the germ line, and are studied by progeny analyses of various types. Today, I would like to consider how somatic mutations might be genetically predisposed and thereby made available to an organism during its adaptation to environmental hazards or during its development. The highly specialized immune system of higher animals can profitably be discussed from this viewpoint, and I shall describe a possible molecular mechanism (Smithies 1965) for implementing the immune response, and then consider very briefly its relevance to other adaptive and developmental processes. The immune response The essential questions which are posed by the immune system can be stated simply: (i) How can many different antibodies be specified by an initially fixed genetic endowment? (ii) How can selection be made against anti-self antibodies and for anti-foreign antibodies? (iii) How can an antigen instruct the organism to respond more effectively to repeated encounters with the same foreign substance? (i) Antibody variability could be the consequence of the organism having a relatively large number of related but not identical genes in the initial zygote from which to select combinations forming useful antibodies. This possibility is un­attractive for reasons of economy, and such a system would probably be genetic­ally unstable. I have consequently preferred to explore one of many alternative possibilities, namely that there are a limited number of genetic loci determining antibody structure which have evolved so that they can provide many different proteins as a result of genetically predisposed somatic mutations.
"INSULIN" ALLERGY DUE TO ZINC

An investigation of two unrelated patients who had local cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions after injection of any commercially available insulin preparation has shown that the cause of the allergy was zinc. Zinc-insulin and zinc sulphate induced transformation and proliferation of peripheral-blood lymphocytes from these patients; they also induced the production of a specific leucocyte inhibitory factor. Intradermal skin-tests for zinc were positive in both patients. Similar studies carried out in a patient whose cutaneous allergy to insulin was corrected by changing from mixed beef-pork to pure pork insulin were negative. Zinc-free insulin did not produce any allergy in the first patients. The number of patients in whom zinc (which is present in all commercially available insulin preparations) is a cause of "insulin" allergy is unknown. These patients may by identified by intradermal skin-tests. This previously unrecognised allergy should be considered in all patients whose insulin allergy does not respond to conventional therapy.
Detection of forest harvest type using multiple dates of Landsat TM imagery

Abstract A simple and relatively accurate technique for classifying time-series Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to detect levels of forest harvest is the topic of this research. The accuracy of multidate classification of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) were compared and the effect of the number of years (1–3, 3–4, 5–6 years) between image acquisition on forest change accuracy was evaluated. When Landsat image acquisitions were only 1–3 years apart, forest clearcuts were detected with producer's accuracy ranging from 79% to 96% using the RGB-NDMI classification method. Partial harvests were detected with lower producer's accuracy (55–80%) accuracy. The accuracy of both clearcut and partial harvests decreased as time between image acquisition increased. In all classification trials, the RGB-NDMI method produced significantly higher accuracies, compared to the RGB-NDVI. These results are interesting because the less common NDMI (using the reflected middle infrared band) outperformed the more popular NDVI. In northern Maine, industrial forest landowners have shifted from clearcutting to partial harvest systems in recent years. The RGB-NDMI change detection classification applied to Landsat TM imagery collected every 2–3 years appears to be a promising technique for monitoring forest harvesting and other disturbances that do not remove the entire overstory canopy.
Effects of lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone and analogs on steroidogenesis and spermiation in male sea lampreys.

The biological activities of lamprey GnRH and analogs were determined in the adult male lamprey,Petromyzon marinus. Two successive injections of lamprey GnRH at 0.005, 0.065 or 0.163 μg/g body weight or [D-Ala6,Pro9-NHEt] mammal GnRH at 0.05 μg/g stimulated plasma estradiol and progesterone levels in adult male lampreys undergoing final maturation. In these experiments, a lamprey GnRH putative antagonist, [D-Phe2,6,Pro3] lamprey GnRH, at 0.075, 0.150 or 0.3 μg/g stimulated plasma estradiol but not progesterone levels. Four successive injections of lamprey GnRH at 0.05 or 0.1 μg/g stimulated plasma progesterone and spermiation. [D-Phe2,6,Pro3] lamprey GnRH at 0.05 or 0.1 μg/g depressed plasma progesterone levels and inhibited spermiation. In contrast, lamprey GnRH analog, [D-Ala6,Pro9-OH free carboxylic acid] lamprey GnRH, at 0.05 or 0.1 μg/g stimulated plasma progesterone levels and inhibited spermiation. In summary, lamprey GnRH is biologically active in stimulating the pituitary-gonadal axis in adult male lampreys as determined by steroidogenesis and spermiation.
Replication and persistence of different strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus in an in vitro embryo production system.

Recent studies have shown that exposed, in vitro-derived embryos remain contaminated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) after washing. However, introduction of a Genotype II versus Genotype I strain of BVDV into an IVF system was reported to provide greater potential for transmission of disease. The primary objective of this study was to compare the potentials for different strains of noncytopathic BVDV to replicate in an IVF system, associate with IVF embryos and infect co-cultured cells via association with washed embryos. The secondary objective was to compare the effect of different strains of BVDV on embryonic development. Two Genotype I (SD-1 and NY-1) and 2 Genotype II (CD-87 and PA-131) strains of BVDV were evaluated. After IVM and IVF of oocytes, presumptive zygotes were washed and transferred into in vitro cultures containing uterine tubal cells (UTC) and medium that was free of BVDV-neutralizing activity. Immediately before addition of zygotes, the cultures were inoculated with 105 cell culture infective doses (50%, CCID50) of a strain of BVDV or maintained as a negative control. Cultures of zygotes were then incubated for 7 d. Embryonic development was observed on Days 3 and 7, and attempts were made to isolate BVDV from UTC and medium on Day 7. Also on Day 7, groups of intact, washed blastocysts were either transferred into virus-free secondary cultures containing UTC or sonicated with sonicate fluid assayed by both virus isolation and single-closed-tube reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR). After 3 d in secondary culture, hatched embryos were enumerated, and medium from the cultures, washed UTC and embryos were tested for BVDV by virus isolation. In addition, washed UTC and embryos were tested for BVDV using RT-nPCR. All strains of BVDV persisted and replicated in the embryo culture environment, but cleavage beyond the 4-cell stage, blastocyst development and hatching varied among cultures contaminated with different strains of virus. Further, the quantity of BVDV associated with washed embryos from both initial and secondary cultures varied among strains, but the variation was unrelated to difference in genotype (SD-1 and PA-131 greater than NY-1 and CD-87). Although all strains of BVDV replicated in UTC in the initial in vitro cultures and remained associated with washed blastocysts, susceptible UTC in the secondary in vitro cultures were seldom infected by any strain of virus.
Diazepam: A Useful Hypnotic Drug for Direct-Current Cardioversion

Diazepam was administered intravenously in doses of 10 to 40 mg to 18 consecutive patients who underwent 21 elective, direct-current countershock procedures for ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias. Hypnosis lasting 15 to 30 minutes with complete amnesia for the event was induced on 20 occasions. One patient remained semiconscious and did recall three shocks up to 400 w/sec. No significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or respiratory rate were noted following administration of diazepam. The drug is safe, and it has enhanced the simplicity of the entire procedure.
Legislators, Bureaucrats, and Canadian Democracy: The Long and the Short of It

The bureaucratization of the political process that characterizes twentieth century politics in many countries has not bypassed Canada—as evidenced by skyrocketing rates of government employment and expenditure and, even more dramatically, by the ever-expanding policy-making power of Canadian bureaucracy. One observer sees the civil service as occupying an increasingly strategic role in Canadian politics, a condition that reflects in part the expanding role of modern government into highly technical areas, which tends to augment the discretion of permanent officials because legislators are obliged to delegate to them the administration of complex affairs, including the responsibility for drafting and adjudicating great amounts of sub-legislation required to “fill in the details” of the necessarily broad, organic statutes passed by Parliament. Some indication of the scale of such discretion is found in the fact that, during the period 1963–8, an annual average of 4,130 Orders-in-Council were passed in Ottawa, a substantial proportion of which provided for delegating authority to prescribe rules and regulations to ministers and their permanent advisers. By contrast, the number of laws passed annually by Canadian federal parliaments is rarely over one hundred.
The differential effects of simulating malingering, closed head injury, and other CNS pathology on the Wisconsin card sorting test: Support for the “Pattern of performance” hypothesis

Abstract We investigated the effects of faking bad on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, comparing the performance of simulating malingerers ( M ; n = 24) to controls ( C ; n = 21), closed head-injured patients ( CHI , n = 70), and patients with mixed CNS pathology other than CHI alone ( CNS ; n = 89). Stepwise discriminant functions achieved good accuracy (91–96%), sensitivity (58–100%), and specificity (92–100%) in differentiating simulating malingerers from these groups. The Categories score was a consistent significant independent discriminating variable. Categories alone could differentiate between the M and C groups. However, in discriminating between simulating malingerers and both CHI or CNS patients, more complex patterns of performance emerged, consisting of relatively poorer performance ratios on Categories compared to Perseverative Errors. This supported the Pattern of Performance theory of the effects of simulating malingering on neuropsychological tests, which holds that people simulating malingering do more poorly on obvious vs. subtle tasks compared to people with verified brain damage. Due to the difficulty of tracking one's performance on several different indices simultaneously, known patterns of performance for patients with verified brain dysfunction should be very difficult to fake, even with coaching.
Human muscle protein turnover--why is it so variable?

We undertook a comprehensive review of the literature to unravel the nature of the variability in the reported rate of human muscle protein synthesis. We analyzed the results from studies that repo...
Survival differences among American Indians/Alaska Natives with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background American Indians/Alaska Natives experience poor overall survival. Data are limited on American Indians/Alaska Natives with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods We identified all cases of HNSCC among American Indians/Alaska Natives, and white patients from 1996 to 2007 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Univariate, multivariate, and Cox models were fit to analyze racial differences in sex, age, stage, treatment, and survival. Results American Indians/Alaska Natives experienced decreased survival for oropharyngeal cancer (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.4; p = .008). After adjusting for demographic factors, survival was decreased for oral cavity cancer (HR = 1.3; p = .05) and hypopharyngeal/laryngeal cancer (HR = 1.6; p = .04). These disparities were eliminated after adjusting for treatment for oral cavity cancer (HR = 1.2; p = .17) and stage for hypopharyngeal/laryngeal cancer (HR = 1.4; p = .12). American Indians/Alaska Natives received less surgery for oral cavity cancer (78% vs 85%; p = .02). Conclusion Disparities in survival exist among American Indians/Alaska Natives patients with HNSCC. They are related to stage and differential treatment patterns. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Nontraditional approaches to first-in-human studies to increase efficiency of drug development: will microdose studies make a significant impact?

Much has been written recently about low productivity in the pharmaceutical industry and the high cost of drug development.1,2 Over a 10-year period ending in 2000, only approximately 11% of compounds tested in humans across 10 large pharmaceutical companies were eventually approved for marketing in the United States and/or Europe.1 Attrition was highest during phase II (62%) but still significant in phase III (45%) and at the time of registration (23%).1 Clearly, given the high cost and time required for clinical development, these late-stage failures are unsustainable. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 81, 24–26. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100058
Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma of the Orbit

Abstract An 11-month-old white female with a three-month history of swelling of soft tissue around the right eye presented with a proptotic globe and marked limitation of motility. A CT scan showed a soft-tissue mass in the orbit, which was biopsied and examined by light and electron microscopy. The specimen consisted of large polygonal and cuboidal cells of uniform appearance arranged in seudo-alveoli around capillaries. The nuclei were pale and ovoid with prominent nucleoli and rare mitoses. The cytoplasm was packed with lipid droplets and the paranuclear region contained clusters of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, diastase-resistant granules and needle-shaped crystals, which showed a linear periodicity of 100 nm by electron microscopy. These cytoplasmic crystals, which were diagnostic for alveolar soft-part sarcoma, were also found to be acid phosphatase-positive and, therefore, components of the lysosomal system. A lid-sparing exenteration of the right orbit was performed, and subsequent radiation therapy by cesium implant delivered 24,000 rads to the operative site. The patient is alive at 22 months following initial biopsy with no evidence of tumor recurrence.
Market structure and the effects of trade restrictions with endogenous import quality

This article examines the role of market structure in analyzing the effects of various trade restrictions in an industry supplied only by imports. It is shown that the effects of an ad valorem or a specific tariff and a minimum important quality requirement are dependent on market structure, but the effects of a quota are not.
A New Americanist's supplemental notes to comparativist analyses of the New American Studies

AbstractThese supplementary notes consider how this issue of Comparative American Studies offers mediations concerning the relationships between national and transnational Americanist practices of the past and into the future, as well as meditations on what affiliates New Americanist scholarship with previous work in the field. Individually and collectively the contributors to this issue, Donald E. Pease argues, demonstrate how the internationalism informing Alan Trachtenberg's American Studies scholarship and the New Americanists' transnational orientation were involved in a relationship of supplementarity rather than mutual opposition.
The Insulin Receptor in Vertebrates Is Functionally More Conserved during Evolution than Insulin Itself

The characteristics of the insulin-receptor interaction have been examined in different species of vertebrates, including mammals (man, rat, mouse, and guinea pig), birds (turkey and chicken), amphibians (frog), and bony fish (trout). We found that low vertebrates, such as frogs and fish, have insulin receptors that by multiple function criteria are very similar to those of birds and mammals. Thus, a sharp pH dependence of binding was observed with both mammalian (optimum, 7.8–8.0) and nonmammalian (optimum, 7.2–7.6) receptors. The effect of temperature on association, dissociation, and steady state binding was also very similar. In general, at higher temperatures (30–37 C) binding was faster than at lower temperature (4 C), but at steady state the level of binding was inversely related to the temperature. Further, in all of the species examined, analysis of equilibrium binding data produced curvilinear Scatchard plots, and unlabeled insulin accelerated the dissociation of labeled insulin compatible with ...
Notes on the production function in Soviet postwar industrial growth

Abstract The comparative results of different econometric inquiries into the sources of postwar growth of Soviet industrial production are explored. In view of limitations in the underlying data and occasional marked divergences in results, the validity of the obtained estimates is problematic. A priori grounds point to the same conclusion. The econometric inquiries serve, nevertheless, to alert us to a wide range of possibilities regarding the parameters. However, the comparison of the technical progress achieved by the USSR and various Western countries is not critically affected by the precise magnitude of one key parameter, the elasticity of factor substitution.
Simple and effective link-time optimization of Modula-3 programs

Modula-3 supports development of modular programs by separating an object's interface from its implementation. This separation induces a runtime overhead in the implementation of objects, because it prevents the compiler from having complete information about a program's type hierarchy. This overhead can be reduced at link time, when the entire type hierarchy becomes available. We describe opportunities for link-time optimization of Modula-3, present two link-time optimizations that reduce the runtime costs of Modula-3's opaque types and methods, and show how link-time optimization could provide C++ which the benefits of opaques types at no additional runtime cost.Our optimization techniques are implemented in mld, a retargetable linker for the MIPS, SPARC, and Intel 486, mld links a machine-independent intermediate code that is suitable for link-time optimization and code generation. Linking intermediate code simplifies implementation of the optimizations and makes it possible to evaluate them on a wide range of architectures. mld's optimizations are effective: they reduce the total number of instructions executed by up to 14% and convert as many as 79% of indirect calls to direct calls.
Impact of Telemedicine on Access to Acute Stroke Care in the State of Texas.

Background To examine the impact of telemedicine (TM) on access to acute stroke care and expertise in the state of Texas. Methods Texas hospitals were surveyed using a standard questionnaire and categorized as: (1) stand-alone Primary Stroke Centers (PSC) not using TM for acute stroke care, (2) PSC using TM for acute stroke care, (3) non-PSC hospitals using TM for acute stroke care, or (4) non-PSC hospitals not using TM for acute stroke care. Population data were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Neilson Claritas Demographic Estimation Program. Access within 60 min to a designated facility was calculated at the block group level. Results Over 75% of Texans had 60-min access to a stand-alone PSC. Including PSC using TM increased access by 6.5%. Adding non-PSC that use TM for acute stroke care provided 60-min access for an additional 2% of Texans, leaving 16% of Texans without 60-min access to acute stroke care. Approximately 62% of Texans had 60-min access to more than one type of facility that provided acute stroke care. Conclusion The use of TM in the state of Texas brought 60-min access to >2 million Texans who otherwise would not have had access to acute stroke expertise. Our findings demonstrate that using TM for acute stroke has the ability to provide neurologically underserved areas access to acute stroke care.
Use of the total station for load testing of retrofitted bridges with limited access

As new technologies are increasingly applied to civil infrastructure, the need for structural monitoring systems becomes more critical. Serviceability, or deflection, is very important in monitoring the health of not only a structural system, but also in analyzing the affects of a new technology applied in the field. Traditionally, Linear Variable Displacement Transducers (LVDT’s) are used to measure deflection in many filed load tests. In the field, access can easily become an issue with this instrumentation system that is truly designed for laboratory use. LVDT instrumentation for load testing typically requires several labor intensive hours to prepare for a load test in the field; the system is accompanied by wiring and expensive electronics that may not only become a safety issue but is also very sensitive to the elements. Set up is especially difficult, if not impossible, on tall bridge spans and bridge spans over water. A recent research project required serviceability monitoring through a series of load tests for several retrofitted bridges in Missouri. For these tests, surveying equipment was employed in attempt to make serviceability measurement more practicable. Until recently, surveying equipment would not have produced the accuracy required for structural monitoring use; however, manufacturers of this equipment have developed new technologies to increase the accuracy of the instrumentation. The major component used, the total station, can measure deflection accurate to 0.2 millimeters (0.0079 in.). This monitoring system is much easier to set up and use, reducing labor and time requirements. The system has almost no site restrictions. This paper will compare and contrast the total station to traditional load testing monitoring equipment (LVDT).
Mathematical models and computer simulations of proliferation of human diploid fibroblast clones.

Abstract A mathematical model based on the simple concept of an oscillatory mechanism for regulation of cellular proliferation has been developed that describes the growth of clones of human diploid fibroblasts in vitro. Lineages of these cells have been obtained from time-lapse cinematographic sequences of proliferating clones. Computer simulations based upon the oscillator model have generated genealogies that behave as the experimentally-derived genealogies.
An Analysis of Copper-Oxide Rectifier Circuits

THE analysis of circuits containing copper-oxide rectifiers is based upon the selection of a proper representation of the variable impedance of the rectifier element. In this analysis, the element is replaced by 2 constant resistances effective during the 2 directions of current flow through the rectifier. On the basis of this representation, an equivalent circuit is developed, which is a modification of the usual perfect rectifier circuit. The method is illustrated by analyzing circuits in which the loads consist of resistance and inductance and of resistance and capacitance. The computed results are then compared with observations made by an oscillograph.
Safe: a semantic technique for transforming programs in the presence of errors

Language designers and implementors have avoided specifying and preserving the meaning of programs that produce errors. This is apparently because being forced to preserve error behavior limits severely the scope of program optimization, even for correct programs. However, error behavior preservation is desirable for debugging, and error behavior must be preserved in any language that permits user-generated errors (i.e., exceptions).This article presents a technique for expressing general program transformations for languages that possess a rich collection of distinguishable error values. This is accomplished by defining a higher-order function called Safe, which can be used to annotate those portions of a program that are guaranteed not to produce errors. It is shown that this facilitates the expression of very general program transformations, effectively giving program transformations in a language with many error values the same power and generality as program transformations in a language with only a single error value.Using the semantic properties of Safe, it is possible to provide some useful sufficient conditions for establishing the correctness of transformations in the presence of errors. In particular, a Substitutability theorem is proven, which can be used to justify “in-context” optimizations: transformations that alter the meanings of subexpressions without changing the meaning of the whole program. Finally, the effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated by some examples of its use in an optimizing compiler.
Theory of improper decay of binary solid solutions

A phenomenological theory of improper decay of solid solutions has been developed for the first time. This theory differs from the previous versions by consideration of three- and four-particle interactions. One of possible two-dimensional cross sections of the complete phase diagram is presented, which includes all possible versions of improper decay at the one-component order parameter, describing the proper ordering that leads to decay. This cross section makes it possible to understand the dissolution of ordered nanoregions in PbMg 1/3Nb2/3O3 with a decrease in temperature.
Enzymatic reactions below 0° of α-chymotrypsin in methanol-water solvents

Abstract Rate measurements and incubation experiments gave evidence that irreversible and reversible denaturation in α-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) occurred rapidly in 42% methanolic solution near room temperature. Below 15°, the enzyme in 40, 50 and 60% methanolic solvents proved to be stable over time intervals long for safety beyond those needed for initial rate measurements. Below 10°, the kinetic properties were reversible with temperature. The dependence of enzymatic rates on methanol concentrations and temperature from +10° to −10° was determined. Rates were linear with enzyme concentrations and in the low range of concentrations with concentration of substrate, N- acetyl - l - tryptophan ethyl ester. Activation energies of the enzymatic rates in 40, 50 and 60% methanolic solutions were almost equal between +10° and −10°. α-Chymotrypsin in 50% methanol gave measurable rates within an hour at −33°; in 80% methanol the rate at −33° required a day for measurement.
Behavior of microfluidic amplifiers

Abstract Two types of microfluidic amplifiers (wall-attachment and jet-deflection) have been implemented in silicon using standard micromachining methods and anodic sealing with a glass cap. The devices have areas of approximately 1 mm×0.5 mm and the complete structures with interconnection channels have areas of 12 or 18 mm×6 mm. Flow control and flow gain are demonstrated with supply pressures ranging up to 630 kPa, using dry nitrogen as the test fluid. An asymmetric output flow is observed from the two output ports at sufficiently high supply pressures in both devices, suggesting possible shock-wave formation. The jet-deflection microfluidic amplifier presents a more symmetric behavior and provides higher flow variation than the wall-attachment device. The ratio of the maximum and minimum output flows, as measured for the jet-deflection device for various control and supply pressures, reveals a performance degradation at the onset of choked supply flow.
Formation of GFAP cytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes and their disaggregation by αB-crystallin

In several neuropathological conditions, αB-crystallin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) accumulate and form cytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes. To explore the pathogenesis of the inclusions and the possible functions of the accumulated αB-crystallin, GFAP and αB-crystallin were overexpressed in cultured astrocytes by transient transfection. Human GFAP formed filamentous, cytoplasmic inclusions in mouse astrocytes, NIH3T3 cells, rat C6 glioma cells, and human U251 glioma cells. These human GFAP inclusions did not contain the endogenous vimentin or β-tubulin, and the intermediate filament and microtubular networks of the transfected cells appeared normal. αB-crystallin and hsp25 were associated with the GFAP inclusions. Increasing intracellular αB-crystallin levels using recombinant adenoviruses, either before or after GFAP inclusions were formed, decreased the number of inclusion-bearing astrocytes and converted the human GFAP from an inclusion to a spread, filamentous form. These results suggest that αB-crystallin reorganizes abnormal intermediate filament aggregates into the normal filamentous network.
COMPARISON OF EARLY LATERAL VEIN FORMATION IN LINUM USITATISSIMUM LEAVES WITH THEORETICAL NETWORK MODELS.

The plastochron age of the Linum leaf that first exhibited lateral leaf vein divergences, the divergent leaf, increased through shoot ontogeny, but the size of the divergent leaf remained constant. There were progressive decreases in the plastochron and relative plastochron rate of leaf elongation, but no significant change in relative chronological rate of leaf elongation, through ontogeny. Thus, divergent leaves of similar sizes occupied different relative positions in the array of leaves on stems of different plastochron ages. These observations are partially consistent with theoretical network model predictions on early leaf vein development. The empirical data of this study suggest additional features of leaf development that should be incorporated into future simulation models for leaf vein development. VASCULAR INTERCONNECTIONS between leaves are fundamental to the functional integration of the leaves on plant stems, yet little is known about how this integration is achieved and maintained in the growing plant shoot. Pulawska (1965) investigated both the development of the vascular system and stem growth of Actinidia arguta shoots. She concluded that the origin of new procambial leaf trace divergence appeared similar in origin to the most basipetal lateral leaf vein divergence except that in the former, the new procambial strand developed in the stem axis rather than in the leaf lamina. Pulawska further observed that the initiation rate and rate of growth of successive leaves changed during ontogeny, which re
Hepatic apolipoprotein B biogenesis: an update.

Approximately one half to two thirds of newly synthesized apolipoprotein B (apoB) in Hep G2 cells (a human hepatoma cell line) is degraded. The intracellular degradation of apoB associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is reviewed in the context of our current understanding of proteasome-mediated degradation of ER-associated proteins. A model of hepatic apoB biogenesis is presented.
Writing Violence on the Northern Frontier: The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century New Mexico and Florida and the Legacy of Conquest

On writing violence: An introduction Reading Cabeza de Vaca, or how we perpetuate the culture of conquest The mediation of the law in the New Mexico corpus, 1539-1609 Aesthetics of colonial violence: The massacre of Acoma in Gaspar de Villagra's Historia de la Nueva Mexico Violence in de Soto Narratives: Moralistic terrorism in Oviedo's Historia general "Porque soy indio": Subjectivity in Garcilaso's La Florida del Inca Of massacre and representation: Painting hatred and ceremonies of possession in Protestant anti-Spanish pamphleteering Epilogue: Before history
Transplacental exposure to inorganic arsenic at a hepatocarcinogenic dose induces fetal gene expression changes in mice indicative of aberrant estrogen signaling and disrupted steroid metabolism

Abstract Exposure to inorganic arsenic in utero in C3H mice produces hepatocellular carcinoma in male offspring when they reach adulthood. To help define the molecular events associated with the fetal onset of arsenic hepatocarcinogenesis, pregnant C3H mice were given drinking water containing 0 (control) or 85 ppm arsenic from day 8 to 18 of gestation. At the end of the arsenic exposure period, male fetal livers were removed and RNA isolated for microarray analysis using 22K oligo chips. Arsenic exposure in utero produced significant ( p S -methyltransferase, were suppressed. Thus, exposure of mouse fetus to inorganic arsenic during a critical period in development significantly alters the expression of various genes encoding estrogen signaling and steroid or methionine metabolism. These alterations could disrupt genetic programming at the very early life stage, which could impact tumor formation much later in adulthood.
The Writing Process of Young Children: A Developmental Perspective

Abstract For the past 20 years, researchers, teachers, and parents have learned much about how young children learn to write. In this article the author explores seven developmental stages through which most young children progress in writing: (1) they use processes similar to those they use to acquire oral language; (2) they engage in pseudowriting practices; (3) they learn basic principles for recording language in graphic form; (4) they use invented spellings; (5) they learn to compose in writing; (6) they learn to write in more than one mode; and (7) they learn to improve the quality of their writing by composing within social contexts. All educators need to be aware of these seven stages fora deeper appreciation of the learning processes young children use during the early stages of their writing development.
Adsorption of hydrogen on Pt(111) and Pt(100) surfaces and its role in the HOR

Hydrogen adsorption isotherms, evaluated by combination of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, are reported on Pt(1 1 1) and Pt(1 0 0) surfaces in 0.1 M HClO{sub 4}. We found that at E > 0.05 V Pt(1 1 1) and Pt(1 0 0) are only partially covered by the adsorbed hydrogen (H{sub ad}). On both surfaces, a full monolayer of the adsorbed hydrogen is completed at -0.1 V, i.e. the adsorption of atomic hydrogen is observed in the hydrogen evolution potential region. We also found, that the activity of the hydrogen oxidation reaction is mirrored by the shape of the hydrogen adsorption isotherms, implying that H{sub ad} is in fact a spectator in the HOR.
Transformational nuclear sensors — Real-time monitoring of WMDs, risk assessment & response

Transformational nuclear particle sensor systems have been developed for detecting a variety of radiation types via interactions with ordinary fluids such as water and acetone placed under metastable states of tensioned (yes, sub-zero or below-vacuum) liquid pressures at room temperature. Advancements have resulted in the development of lab-scale prototypes which provide real-time directionality information to within 10 degrees of a neutron emitting weapons of mass destruction (WMD) source, with over 90% intrinsic efficiency, with ability to decipher multiplicity and to detect WMD-shielded neutrons in the 0.01 eV range, to unshielded neutrons in the 1–10 MeV range, and with the ability to detect alpha emitting special nuclear material (SNM) signatures to within 1–5 keV in energy resolution, and detection sensitivities to ultratrace levels (i.e., to femto-grams per cc of SNMs such as Pu, and Am). The tension metastable fluid detector (TMFD) systems are robust, and are built in the laboratory with costs in the ∼$100+ range — with inherent gamma blindness capability. A multi-physics design framework (including nuclear particle transport, acoustics, structural dynamics, fluid-heat transfer, and electro-magnetics), has also been developed, and validated.
Early treatment for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome is associated with appropriate discharge care

Background Acute treatment is associated with improved in-hospital outcomes for patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS). Hypothesis Patients who receive appropriate acute treatment are more likely to receive guideline-recommended therapy at hospital discharge. Methods Use of aspirin (ASA), β-blockers, and clopidogrel was evaluated in the first 24 hours and upon hospital discharge according to the 2002 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC AHA) guidelines for NSTE ACS. We compared the relationship between 3 groups: (1) ASA therapy given in the emergency department (ED); (2) ASA therapy not given in the ED, but within the first 24 hours; and (3) no acute ASA treatment. The ASA data set includes 10, 468 high risk patients with positive cardiac biomarkers or ischemic ST-segment changes on ECG from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) Quality Improvement Initiative. β-Blocker therapy was evaluated in 11, 838 and clopidogrel treatment in 17, 513 patients presenting to over 345 US hospitals. Results Patients who received acute ASA in the ED, ASA in the first 24 hours but not in the ED, and patients who did not receive ASA therapy within 24 hours had discharge ASA treatment rates of 91.8%, 91.4%, and 55.6%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Patients eligible for β-blocker and clopidogrel therapy had discharge β-blocker treatment rates of 91.1%, 92.4%, and 46.6% (P < 0.0001), and discharge clopidogrel treatment rates of 86.6%, 92.4%, and 38.5% (P < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusions Acute treatment for NSTE ACS in-hospital is associated with appropriate treatment on hospital discharge. This link between early treatment and discharge therapy may lead to new approaches ensuring the delivery of high-quality, guideline-based care for patients with NSTE ACS. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Socioeconomic factors impact colon cancer outcomes in diverse patient populations.

Purpose Cancer disparities among racial and ethnic groups are major public health concerns. Our objective was to examine the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on survival of colon cancer patients within major racial and ethnic groups.
Analysis of Carrier Transport in Short-Channel MOSFETs

A method for extracting transport parameters in short-channel FETs is presented in the context of the Lundstrom model for quasi-ballistic short-channel FETs. The parameters extracted from measured data are unidirectional thermal velocity, critical length, and mean free path at low and high drain biases. The method is based on an analysis of the channel length dependence of apparent mobility and virtual-source (VS) velocity, which are obtained by fitting the VS model to measured data. Data from (100)-oriented undoped-body extremely thin silicon-on-insulator FETs with neutral stress liners are used to validate the method. Since this method does not assume any theoretical knowledge of band structure parameters, it can be applied to short-channel FETs with any geometry, any channel material, and with unknown levels of channel stress.
Towards Proactive Forensic Evidentiary Collection

Forensic investigations have traditionally relied on data that exists as a by-product of normal operating system and application operation on a system following an incident. We propose a research agenda targeted at expanding the information available to an investigator in computing environments in which software can be installed on the target systems ahead of any incident. In these cases, information can be preserved proactively and stored until needed for examination. In our first ongoing project, we are working to modify a file system to selectively recover disk blocks that are less likely to contain useful information when space is needed for a new file. In our second, we are keeping small amounts of information about files on a system that are deleted, copied, or modified. This allows us to perform certain types of investigations on files that are overwritten or otherwise missing from the system.
Crack growth for the double slip plane and the modified dsp crack model-II. fatigue crack growth with and without blunting

Abstract The double slip plane (DSP) crack model was used to obtain crack growth equations for the mode II and III crack under a monotonically increasing stress in the Part I paper. In this paper the growth law under cyclic stress (the Paris fatigue crack growth equation) is found. The success of the analysis depends upon the fact that the DSP crack closely approximates a Bilby-Cottrell-Swinden (BCS) crack when the slip zone is large compared with the slip plane to crack plane spacing. Consequently the dislocation distribution on the slip planes approximates the BCS crack one ahead of the crack tip. The results obtained are: if no work hardening of the slip planes takes place and the crack does not blunt a 2nd power Paris equation is found. If blunting occurs the exponent of the Paris equation is reduced to a 4 3 rd power. Crack advance starts well below the peak stress intensity factor K p is reached. For both the blunting and the nonblunting cases work hardening reduces the value of the Paris exponent. A modified DSP plane is also investigated. In this model the dislocations on the slip behind the crack tip move into the crack and are annihilated. When no blunting occurs a 4th power Paris equation is obtained. When blunting occurs both 4th power and 2nd power Paris equations can be derived. If no work hardening occurs the fatigue crack does not advance. Crack advance starts well below a stress intensity factor of K p when the power exponent is 2 or smaller. The advance starts almost at the level K p for a 4th power equation.
400 µJ 79 ns amplified pulses from a Q-switched fiber laser using an Yb^3+-doped fiber saturable absorber

We report a passively Q-switched all-fiber laser using a large mode area (LMA) Yb3+-doped fiber cladding-pumped at 915 nm and an unpumped single-mode Yb3+-doped fiber as the saturable absorber (SA). The saturable absorber fiber and gain fiber were coupled with a free-space telescope to optimize the coupling efficiency between the disparate fibers, preferentially bleaching the SA fiber before gain depletion in the pumped fiber. Using this scheme we first demonstrate a Q-switched oscillator with 40 μJ 79 ns pulses at 1026 nm, and show that pulses can be generated from 1020 nm to 1040 nm. The associated peak power of the oscillator alone is more than two orders of magnitude larger than that reported in previous experimental studies using an Yb3+-doped fiber as a saturable absorber. We further demonstrate an amplified pulse energy of 0.4 mJ using an Yb3+-doped cladding pumped fiber amplifier. Experimental studies in which the saturable absorber length, pump times, and wavelengths are independently varied reveal the impact of these parameters on laser performance.