cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in a Day-Care Center

An outbreak of diarrhea due to infection with Cryptosporidium occurred in a day-care center. During a period of 2 months, 23 of 53 (43%) children attending the day-care center and 15 of 104 (14%) household contacts had diarrhea. Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in 13 of 20 (65%) symptomatic children tested compared with three of 27 (11%) asymptomatic children (chi 2 = 12.56, P less than .001). Enteropathogenic bacteria, enteroviruses, rotavirus, and other protozoan parasites were ruled out as the cause of the diarrhea. A history of diarrhea in household contacts was associated with excretion of Cryptosporidium oocysts by the children. Human-to-human transmission of the infection was suggested by the epidemiology.
Death in the balance: alternative participation of the caspase-2 and -9 pathways in neuronal death induced by nerve growth factor deprivation.

The data presented here demonstrate that sympathetic neurons have the potential to activate two alternative caspase-dependent pathways either of which is capable of mediating death induced by NGF deprivation and that these neurons have the potential to switch from one pathway to the other. The presence of these two alternative pathways to trophic factor deprivation-induced death may have implications for ensuring the correct development of the nervous system. In wild-type neurons, a caspase-2-dependent pathway is required for death, and a caspase-9-dependent pathway appears to be suppressed by endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). In contrast, for caspase-2-null neurons, death is dependent on the caspase-9 pathway. The mechanism underlying the shift is the result of a threefold compensatory elevation of caspase-9 expression and a doubling of levels of direct IAP binding protein with low pI (DIABLO)/second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac), an IAP inhibitor, both at the mRNA and protein levels. These findings resolve seemingly discrepant findings regarding the roles of various caspases after NGF deprivation and raise a cautionary note regarding the interpretation of findings with caspase-null animals. The choice of the death-mediating caspase pathway in the sympathetic neurons is thus dependent on the regulated relative expression of components of the pathways including those of caspases, IAPs, and IAP inhibitors.
Shi'i Resistance — Contextual Activism

The notion of Shi’ism as a sect characterized by activism and resistance is incomplete. Throughout the course of Shi’i history, there have been a variety of circumstances, which require a muted understanding of activism and resistance. Born out of persecution and pragmatism, the Shi’a have incorporated a variety of doctrines that allow for the expression of resistance in a variety of overt and covert contexts. This “contextual activism” has not only resulted in the survival of the Shi’i sect, but has also provided for the lasting integrity of the Shi’i community.
Orthostatic Intolerance and Vasovagal Syncope After Spaceflight

Postflight orthostatic intolerance is commonly observed in astronauts after their return to Earth. It is defined as the development of symptomatic intolerance to upright posture after flight, with concomitant tachycardia and progressive hypotension. With sustained upright posture, progression to frank vasovagal syncope is possible, though rare. This phenomenon is a consequence of several physiologic and autonomic adaptations that occur during spaceflight, including loss of plasma volume, muscle mass, cardiac atrophy, loss of vasoconstrictor function, vestibular dysfunction, and alterations in autonomic function. A variety of in-flight and postflight countermeasures have been developed to counteract these neurophysiologic consequences of spaceflight.
On the restrictions imposed by non-affine material symmetry groups for elastic rods: application to helical substructures

Wire ropes, DNA strands and helical springs are among those bodies which can be modeled as an elastic rod with a helical substructure. The resulting form of the strain-energy function is a matter of material symmetry. This symmetry is explored using a novel treatment which combines non-affine transformations and a relabeling of the material coordinates. The restrictions this treatment imposes on the strain-energy function include a periodic dependency on torsional strain. In addition, comparisons are made with results from a recent treatment of helical symmetry by Healey. Finally, conclusions applicable to material symmetry restrictions for other polar elastic continua are presented.
Do principles of motor learning enhance retention and transfer of speech skills? A systematic review

Background: It is well documented in limb motor research that providing the optimal practice and feedback conditions can have positive outcomes for the learning of new movements. However, it remains unclear if the training conditions used for limb movements can be directly applied to the speech motor system of healthy adults and individuals with acquired motor speech disorders. Collectively these practice and feedback conditions are known as the principles of motor learning (PML), and they have recently been applied to the rehabilitation of motor speech disorders with promising results. Aims: The purpose of this systematic review is to identify which PML have been examined in the speech motor learning literature, to determine the effectiveness of these principles, and to ascertain future lines of research. Methods & Procedures: A systematic search of the literature was completed that involved the combination of a primary search term with a secondary search term. All articles were independently reviewed an...
Distal radius malunion and forearm rotation: a cadaveric study.

As the most common fracture, distal radius fractures comprise ∼15% of all fractures that occur. The principles of treatment of this condition consists of reducing the fracture and maintaining position with cast immobilization, external and/or internal fixation.1 2 Several studies have shown that many of patients have experienced suboptimal results from treatment of their fracture.3 4 5 6 7 Unreduced fractures or those with unrecognized loss of reduction lead to malunion, eventual arthrosis, and a resultant decrease in function of the forearm, wrist, and digits and may require an osteotomy to realign the radiocarpal and radioulnar joints and regain function.4 5 8 In many cases, the degree of the deformity does not correlate with the severity of the function loss. Fig. 1 demonstrates a case of a patient with pain and a severe deformity but good range of motion of the wrist. Fig. 1 (a) An anteroposterior view demonstrates a distal radius malunion with significant loss of height and radial inclination. (b) This lateral radiograph demonstrated the reversal of the normal palmar inclination to a severely dorsally tilted malunion. (Reprinted ... As a result of a distal radius fracture, patients can experience considerable disability from loss of motion due to either changes in the alignment in the joint or contracture of the soft tissues following the injury and immobilization. Possible biomechanical explanations for the decreased wrist motion in the setting of a malunion include a decrease in the volume and contact pressures in the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ).9 Another biomechanical study suggests that the radius malunion may cause altered carpal kinematics.6 These patients are often enrolled in therapy programs to regain their range of motion (ROM). On one hand, the fact that many patients do not regain full motion despite adherence to therapy regimens is possibly due to DRUJ malposition caused by distal radius malalignment rather than to soft tissue scarring. If joint malalignment is the etiology of motion loss, then continued therapy would be of no benefit to the patient. On the other hand, a clinical report of corrective osteotomy of radii malunions suggests that correcting the deformity does not restore functional motion.5 Therefore, a cadaveric model of the upper extremity was used to determine how varying degrees of fracture malalignment affect the limits of forearm rotation.
Task Decomposition Through Competition in a Modular Connectionist Architecture: The What and Where Vision Tasks

A novel modular connectionist architecture is presented in which the networks composing the architecture compete to learn the training patterns. An outcome of the competition is that different networks learn different training patterns and, thus, learn to compute different functions. The architecture performs task decomposition in the sense that it learns to partition a task into two or more functionally independent tasks and allocates distinct networks to learn each task. In addition, the architecture tends to allocate to each task the network whose topology is most appropriate to that task. The architecture's performance on “what” and “where” vision tasks is presented and compared with the performance of two multilayer networks. Finally, it is noted that function decomposition is an underconstrained problem, and, thus, different modular architectures may decompose a function in different ways. A desirable decomposition can be achieved if the architecture is suitably restricted in the types of functions that it can compute. Finding appropriate restrictions is possible through the application of domain knowledge. A strength of the modular architecture is that its structure is well suited for incorporating domain knowledge.
The aging face in patients of color: minimally invasive surgical facial rejuvenation-a targeted approach.

: We are in the midst of exciting times from a demographic standpoint as the population of darker-skinned people grows exponentially in the United States. Although there is a growing demand for facial cosmetic procedures amongst people of color, the total number of individuals undergoing surgical facial rejuvenation is dwarfed by the current Caucasian market. In order to provide optimal options for facial rejuvenation, cosmetic surgeons must have an underlying appreciation for the dynamic interplay among ethnicity, facial morphology, and the progression of aging. The purpose of the present article is to outline the minimally invasive surgical options for facial rejuvenation best suited for the patient of color. Although the population of individuals with darker-pigmented skin is quite vast, the present paper will focus on individuals of African descent, with whom the author has the most experience. Preferred surgical techniques include blepharoplasty, autologous facial fat transplantation, percutaneous cheek lift, and submental liposuction. Cutaneous surgeons familiar with soft-tissue surgery and facial anatomy should feel comfortable performing these techniques.
Heat/Mass Transfer in a 4:1 AR Smooth and Ribbed Coolant Passage With Rotation in 90-Degree and 45-Degree Orientations

The paper presents an experimental study of heat/mass transfer coefficient in 4:1 aspect ratio rectangular channel with smooth or ribbed walls for Reynolds number in the range of 5,000 to 30,000, rotation numbers in the range of 0–0.12 and for two different orientations of the test-section (90-degree and 45-degree relative to the plane of rotation). Such passages are encountered close to the trailing sections of the turbine blade. Inline normal tips (e/Dh = 0.15625 and p/e = 11.2) are used and placed on the leading and the trailing sides. The experiments are conducted in a rotating two-pass coolant channel facility using the naphthalene sublimation technique. It is observed that for the 45-degree orientation of the test-section, all the walls show an increase in the heat transfer with rotation as opposed to the 90-degree orientation where the stabilized wall shows reduction and the destabilized wall shows enhancement. The spanwise mass transfer distributions in the smooth and the ribbed cases are also presented, and show significant variations in the spanwise direction for the smooth channel.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A generalized rheological model for inelastic fluid foods

A versatile four-parameter model is presented for the rheological characterization of inelastic fluid foods. The model has been shown to accurately represent shear stress versus shear rate, and apparent viscosity versus shear rate relationships for several food materials. By appropriate specification of the four parameters of the model, conventional rheological models used in fluid food analyses (power law, Bingham plastic, Herschel-Bulkley, Casson, Heinz-Casson, and Mizrahi-Berk) can be obtained from the generalized equation.
A method for simultaneous analysis of phytosterols and phytosterol esters in tobacco leaves using non aqueous reversed phase chromatography and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detector.

While numerous analytical methods for phytosterols have been reported, the similar polarity and large molecules of phytosterol esters have made the methods lengthy and complicated. For this reason, an analytical method that could completely separate phytosterol esters including the higher fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in addition to phytosterols without preliminary separation was developed. The separation was accomplished by non-aqueous reversed phase chromatography technique using only acetone and acetonitrile. An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry detector configured at selected ion monitoring mode was hyphenated with the separation system to detect phytosterols and phytosterol esters. Twenty-four types of these were consequently separated and then identified with their authentic components. The calibration curve was drawn in the range of about 5 to 25,000 ng/mL with a regression coefficient over 0.999. The limit of detection and limit of quantification, respectively, ranged from 0.9 to 3.0 ng/mL and from 3.0 to 11.0 ng/mL. Recovery rates ranged from 80 to 120%. The quantification results were subjected to statistical analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, and were used to determine the differences in the amounts of phytosterols and phytosterol esters across tobacco leaves. The newly developed method succeeded in clarifying the whole composition of phytosterols and phytosterol esters in tobacco leaves and in explaining compositional differences across the variety of tobacco leaves.
TEACHMET: An Expert System for Teaching Weather Forecasting

Abstract Students or weather forecasting need to learn to identify efficiently the information relevant to the elements they predict. One way students learn these skills is by engaging in discussions of interesting weather situations as they occur. In these discussions, the mentor explains his reasoning in developing the forecast, and his rationale for using particular data. This process is very time consuming and relies on the student's willingness to ask questions. In this project, we developed a computer-assisted instructional system that interactively guides the student of weather forecasting in choosing and interpreting the wide variety of available data. The system is capable of giving detailed responses to the student's questions and is available whenever the student wishes to use it. The system incorporates the expertise of several faculty members and graduate students, as well as two National Weather Service forecasters. A description is given of the creation and evaluation of the system as well ...
Diffusion and electrotransport of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium-titanium and vanadium-chromium alloys

The diffusion coefficient $D$ and electrotransport effective charge number ${Z}^{*}$ of hydrogen and deuterium in V, ${\mathrm{V}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{x}$, and ${\mathrm{V}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{y}$ were measured as a function of temperature using resistance techniques. Measurements were performed for hydrogen (deuterium) concentrations of approximately 1 at.% and alloys with $x=0.03 \mathrm{and} 0.08$ and $y=0.04 \mathrm{and} 0.10$. Alloying vanadium with either titanium or chromium was found to lower both $D$ and ${Z}^{*}$ over the entire temperature range studied (310-480 K). The diffusion data obey an Arrhenius relation, the alloys having larger activation energies for diffusion than pure vanadium. No currently existing microscopic theory seems capable of explaining the dependence of $D$ on alloy composition, nor can the data be consistently explained by a simple two-state trapping model. In every sample, ${Z}^{*}$ was observed to decrease with increasing temperature and host-metal resistivity for both hydrogen and deuterium. In addition, ${Z}^{*}$ was found to be larger for deuterium than hydrogen.
Energy research and the contributions of the social sciences: A contemporary examination

Abstract This article reports on changes in climate science, social science, public administration, and policymaking over the past twenty-five years. It responds to Gene I. Rochlin's “retrospective examination” of energy research and the social sciences. In 2014, we find that social scientists are still disadvantaged by policymaker biases and inaccessible deliberative systems, but also better poised to conduct original humanistic energy research and produce targeted social change interventions. We review promising social scientific advancements, particularly in the realm of citizen action research. We conclude with the case study of evidence-based practice, a model from the health field that illustrates how climate change and energy research, practice, and policymaking could benefit from the inclusion of social science perspectives and methods.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Insulin Regulation of 17β-estradiol Secretion and Granulosa Cell Proliferation within Immature Rat Ovaries Maintained in Perifusion Culture*

The present study examined the effects of FSH and insulin (IN) on 17 beta-estradiol (E2) secretion and granulosa cell proliferation. For these studies, immature rat ovaries were maintained in perifusion culture and continuously exposed to FSH (0-800 ng RP-1 eq/ml) and /or IN (0.2 U/ml). At specific times, the ovaries were removed from perifusion, and the perifusate was assayed for E2 by RIA. The ovaries were then incubated with [3H]thymidine ([3H]T) in order to estimate granulosa cel mitotic activity. FSH increased E2 secretion in a dose-dependent manner (P less than 0.05), but did not enhance [3H]T incorporation (P greater than 0.05) after 48 h of perifusion. Conversely, IN increased [3H]T incorporation (P less than 0.05) without stimulating E2 secretion (P greater than 0.05) after 48 h of perifusion. FSH alone or in combination with IN stimulated [3H]T incorporation at 24 h of perifusion compared to both zero hour control (P less than 0.05) and IN treatments (P less than 0.05). The inability of FSH to stimulate [3H]T incorporation after 48 h did not appear to be due to increased E2, since IN stimulated [3H]T incorporation in the presence of 100 ng E2/ml. Further, continuous exposure to FSH was required to maintain E2 secretion, demonstrating that after 24 h, FSH loses its capacity to stimulate granulosa cell [3H]T incorporation, but not E2 secretion. Finally, when ovaries are pretreated with FSH for 48 h and then exposed to FSH and/or IN, [3H]T incorporation was stimulated, and E2 secretion inhibited. These data suggest that 1) initially, FSH acts to stimulate mitosis then promotes granulosa cell E2 secretion; and 2) once granulosa cells begin to secrete E2 they are still capable of mitosis, but their mitotic activity is no longer directed by FSH.
The Laguerre method for solving integro-differential equations

The Laguerre method proposed by Furmanski and Petronzio [Nucl. Phys. B 195 (1982), 237] is used to solve integro-differential equations found in high energy scattering processes and solid state physics. The method uses properties of Laguerre polynomials to convert the integral to a sum, while the remaining differential equation is solved analytically using an evolution operator approach to avoid numerical approximation errors. The present approach is more general in the evolution operator development and in implementation so that the method may be used in solving a more general class of integro-differential equations. The Laguerre method is shown to be more efficient and accurate than other methods used to solve this type of equation.
Methadone ileus syndrome: report of a fatal case.

METHADONE MAINTENANCE for the control and t r ea tment of he ro in add ic t ion has become widespread since its i ncep t ion at Beth Israel Medical Center in 1964. 3 T h e therapy is based on the work of Dole et al.2, 4, s Pat ients are enrol led in a Methadone M a i n t e n a n c e T r e a t m e n t P rog ram for their total medical care; at our ins t i tu t ion , in add i t i on to d rug t reatment , they receive a thorough medical eva lua t ion as well as social and psychiatric guidance. Me thadone m a i n t e n a n c e involves a onetotwo-month i n d u c t i o n period, d u r i n g which time tolerance to the d rug gradual ly develops and the dose becomes fixed at a m a x i m u m of 100 mg per day. At this level, patien, ts lose their craving for narcotics. Because me thadone is a long-act ing oral narcotic, it e l iminates the "highs" and "sicks" characteristic of hero in ; therefore, pa t ien ts on a m a i n t e n a n c e r eg imen are able to lead product ive lives. I n addi t ion , they are free of the medical compl ica t ions associated wi th nonster i le paren te ra l he ro in usage. I n 1975, we described five methadonem a i n t e n a n c e pa t ients who had a syndrome of fecal impac t ion associated wi th impa i red
“Human Non-Subjects Research”: Privacy and Compliance

The provisions and categories delineated under the Common Rule have become such an integral part of the research enterprise that we sometimes direct more attention to its provisions than we do to t...
Work in progress: A model for facilitating problem based learning

This work in progress reports preliminary findings from a study of six teams in a well-established Problem Based Learning (PBL) curriculum. As PBL gains popularity in engineering curricula, it is increasingly important to understand faculty roles in order to best prepare faculty for this type of teaching and to effectively design meaningful learning environments. Because PBL facilitation requires skills and techniques that differ markedly from traditional content-delivery modes, engineering faculty need a clear model to describe their roles and practices in such an environment. To develop such a model, we employ the theory of cognitive apprenticeship to analyze audio-video recorded sessions of PBL in engineering.
Differential Expression of Peroxiredoxins in Prostate Cancer: Consistent Upregulation of PRDX3 and PRDX4

BACKGROUND. The peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are emerging as regulators of antioxidant defense, apoptosis, and therapy resistance in cancer. Because their significance in prostate cancer (PCa) is unclear, we investigated their expression and clinical associations in PCa. METHODS. Transcript expression of PRDX1–6 in PCa was evaluated in cancer gene microarray datasets, whereas protein expression was evaluated by immunoblotting in prostate cell lines, and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in prostate tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing tumor (n ¼ 80) and control (n ¼ 17) tissues. PRDX3 was also analyzed in TMAs containing PCa tissues from African-American and Caucasian patients (n ¼ 150 per group). PRDX expression was correlated with patients’ clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS. Analysis of PRDX expression in cancer microarray datasets revealed consistent upregulation (tumor vs. normal) of PRDX3 and 4. All PRDXs exhibited elevated protein expression in PCa cell lines, compared with non-tumor cells. IHC revealed significant overexpression of PRDX3 and 4 in PCa, associated with age, increased prostate specific antigen (PSA), tumor stage, or Gleason score. High PRDX3 staining was associated with early age and elevated Gleason score at time of radical prostatectomy in African-American but not in Caucasian patients with PCa. PSA recurrence free survival in patients with low PRDX3 tumor expression was significantly longer in Caucasians compared to African-Americans, but no difference was detected for high expression. CONCLUSIONS. PRDXs exhibit differential expression in prostate tumors, with PRDX3 and 4 consistently upregulated. Their role in PCa development, and their potential as biological determinants of PCa health disparities and novel therapeutic targets, deserve further investigation. Prostate 71: 755–765, 2011. # 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is Social Capital a Protective Factor Against Obesity and Diabetes? Findings From an Exploratory Study

Purpose The aim of this exploratory study is to examine the relationship between social capital and the important public health variables of obesity and diabetes in the adult population in the United States. Methods State-level correlational analyses were conducted. Predictor variables included social capital (Putnam's measure), income inequality, and poverty. Outcome variables were state-level rates of obesity and diabetes as reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Results Social capital and poverty had significant bivariate relationships with obesity and diabetes; multivariate linear regression showed social capital to be the strongest predictor of both outcome variables (explaining 10% of the variance in obesity and 44% of the variance in diabetes). Social capital was related inversely to both variables, indicating a protective effect. Sensitivity analyses showed that an alternate measure of income inequality had a bivariate relationship with diabetes, but was not as strong a predictor as social capital in multivariate analyses. Conclusions These exploratory study results suggest that greater levels of social capital are protective against obesity and diabetes. This initial finding warrants subsequent empirical investigations designed to identify strategies that can be used to foster the creation of social capital in areas of the United States with an especially high prevalence of obesity and diabetes. In addition, these investigations should operate at multiple levels, examining individual, social-network, and community-level measures of social capital.
Diversity Within the Virtual Classroom

The dynamic nature of virtual classrooms presents numerous challenges to assessment and interpretation. This chapter provides an overview of these challenges and sets forth general measures to guide research.
Employment and India's development and reforms

Abstract An analytical description of the employment generation process in the Indian economy and a critical assessment of the concepts and definitions used in various sources of data on employment are presented. Using the data since early 1970s from the National Sample Survey, linear trend regressions on rates of employment, unemployment, labour force participation and employment status (i.e., being self-employed, in regular wage and salary employment and in casual employment) are estimated. They show no sustained trend in the growth and structure of employment. Nearly 60% of the usually employed persons in rural areas and little over 40% in urban areas were self-employed even as recently as 2005–2006. The pursuit of a strategy of capital intensive industrialization founded on insulating the economy from domestic and import competition underlies the poor employment performance. Reforms of strategy began hesitantly in the mid-80s and became more systemic and extensive 1990–1991. Reforms accelerated aggregate growth considerably but had little effect on employment. Only further and deeper reforms can generate sustained and rapid growth of productive employment.
FEAR OF SUCCESS AMONG BUSINESS STUDENTS

The concept of "Fear of Success" was measured with 352 male and female business students using the prompt, After first term finals, Ann(John) finds her(him)self at the top of her(his) Medical/Nursing school class. Analysis indicated a greater frequency of fear-of-success imagery among men than women and in particular to the John in Medical school and Ann in Nursing school cues. In addition, the Ann cue and the Medical school cue generated more fear-of-success responses among men than women.
Novel approach to accelerating Newton's method for sup-norm optimization arising in H ∞ -control

We present algorithms for solving general sup-norm minimization problems over spaces of analytic functions, such as those arising inH∞ control. We also give an analysis and some theory of these algorithms. Part of this is specific to analytic optimization, while part holds for general sup-norm optimization. In particular, we are proposing a type of Newton-type algorithm which actually uses very high-order terms. The novel feature is that higher-order terms can be chosen in many ways while still maintaining a second-order convergence rate. Then, a clever choice of higher-order terms greatly reduces computation time. Conceivably this technique can be modified to accelerate Newton algorithms in some other circumstances. Estimates of order of convergence as well as results of numerical tests are also presented.
Revision and re-evaluation of the Early Jurassic dinosaurian ichnogenus Otozoum

Otozoum moodii Hitchcock, 1847 is one of the classic Connecticut Valley ichnotaxa established by Edward Hitchcock between 1836 and 1865. The taxon is redescribed, and AC 4/1a re-established as the holotype specimen. Otozoum minus and O. caudatum are synonymised with O. moodii. The syntypes of Kalosauropus pollex (nomen nudum) are described as O. pollex sp. nov. Cladistic, quantitative, and comparative methods of trackmaker identification suggest that Otozoum was made by a prosauropod dinosaur. In quantitative analyses, only those phalanges likely to contribute to footprint morphology were considered; claws were also excluded due to their highly variable styles of impression. Several diagnostic characters distinguish Otozoum from Brachychirotherium, Chirotherium, Batrachopus, Tetrasauropus, and Pseudotetrasauropus; these ichnotaxa are probably attributable to crurotarsan archosaurs. Otozoum is found primarily in Hettangian strata of the Hartford, Deerfield, and Fundy rift basins of eastern North America; it is also present in the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone (Colorado Plateau, USA) and Clarens Formation (Lesotho). The taxon is unknown in older strata; Triassic material previously referred to Otozoum (including O. grandcombensis) instead belongs in Pseudotetrasauropus. Correlation of sediments and comparison of faunal assemblages, particularly within the Newark Supergroup, suggest that the Otozoum trackmakers were restricted to arid environments.
Auditory habituation at primary cortex as a function of stimulus rate

Abstract Rapid developing habituation was examined as a function of stimulus rate. The evoked responses (ER) recorded from primary auditory cortex were summated in awake cats. By using mean values for an n -series of clicks, it was possible to obtain values that were independent of each other. Changes in the rate of stimulation produced varying degrees of decreased ER; the faster the rate of delivery, the more marked the decrease in the ER. Three sections of the ER were measured; the early, positive wave (ER p ), the late slow wave (ER N ), and maximum deflection (ER PN ). Both ER p and ER PN showed a decrease that as a function of the rate of stimulation, whereas ER N showed a decrease which was not correlated with the rate of stimulation. The rate of the decrease was found to be the same for the different rates of delivery. The regularity of stimulation was found not to be important. The period of spontaneous recovery is very short; approximately 1 min. Because this develops so rapidly and the spontaneous recovery is so short, we refer to this phenomena as short-term habituation.
Measuring Accountability for Results in Interagency Collaboratives

This article examines the intersection of two types of innovations that are increasingly common in public administration—accountability for results and interagency collaboration. Recent scholarship suggests four approaches that collaborators can use to increase their accountability for results. The article proposes measures of these four approaches to assess a collaborative's capacity for accountability, and uses them to compare the accountability of human services collaboratives in 10 states. The findings indicate that collaboratives tend to use the four approaches together with one another. In combination, the various approaches may help collaborators manage their stake holders' expectations about their actions and accomplishments. Further research is needed to determine whether a collaborative's capacity for accountability for results actually correlates with improvements in outcomes.
Comparison of nonneurological events in high-risk patients treated by carotid angioplasty versus endarterectomy.

Abstract Objective To compare results of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in high cardiac risk patients. Methods Patients ineligible for carotid revascularization by North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial/Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study criteria were treated with CAS (n = 11) or CEA (n = 10). Results Significant numbers had cardiac (CAS 72%, CEA 60%; P = 0.66) and hypertensive (CAS 82%, CEA 80%; P = 0.64) risk factors. Adverse hemodynamic events were more frequent in the CAS group (CAS 73%, CEA 20%; P = 0.03). Major complications were noted in 1 patient in each group (CAS, myocardial infarction; CEA, death). Postoperative stay was similar (CAS 2.1 ± 1.4, CEA 1.8 ± 1.1 days; P = 0.60). However, 4 in the CAS group were readmitted within 1 month (congestive heart failure 2, myocardial infarction 1, rest pain 1), compared with no new events in the CEA group ( P = 0.09). Conclusions Currently, the use of CAS in patients with cardiac risk factors may not be justifiable.
Quantifying flooding regime in floodplain forests to guide river restoration

Determining the flooding regime needed to support distinctive floodplain forests is essential for effective river conservation under the ubiquitous human alteration of river flows characteristic of the Anthropocene Era. At over 100 sites throughout the Connecticut River basin, the largest river system in New England, we characterized species composition, valley and channel morphology, and hydrologic regime to define conditions promoting distinct floodplain forest assemblages. Species assemblages were dominated by floodplain-associated trees on surfaces experiencing flood durations between 4.5 and 91 days/year, which were generally well below the stage of the two-year recurrence interval flood, a widely-used benchmark for floodplain restoration. These tree species rarely occurred on surfaces that flooded less than 1 day/year. By contrast abundance of most woody invasive species decreased with flooding. Such flood-prone surfaces were jointly determined by characteristics of the hydrograph (high discharges of long duration) and topography (low gradient and reduced valley constraint), resulting in increased availability of floodplain habitat with increasing watershed area and/or decreasing stream gradient. Downstream mainstem reaches provided the most floodplain habitat, largely associated with low-energy features such as back swamps and point bars, and were dominated by silver maple (Acer saccharinum). However, we were able to identify a number of suitable sites in the upper part of the basin and in large tributaries, often associated with in-channel islands and bars and frequently dominated by sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and flood disturbance-dependent species. Our results imply that restoring flows by modifying dam operations to benefit floodplain forests on existing surfaces need not conflict with flood protection in some regional settings. These results underscore the need to understand how flow, geomorphology, and species traits interact to produce characteristic patterns of floodplain vegetation, and that these interactions should form the basis of effective river restoration and conservation.
Pauli correlations in heavy-ion collisions at high energies

We calculate the effects of short-range correlations on the Glauber expansion for nucleus-nucleus collisions using the Fermi gas model for nuclei. When we neglect the Pauli principle for collisions between heavy nuclei, calculation of the optical phase-shift function leads to non-unitary results and we cannot obtain cross sections. When we include Pauli correlations we find important cancellations in the optical phase-shift function, which make possible the calculation of total and differential cross sections for heavy nuclei.
SUPERRADIANT EFFECTS IN SYSTEMS OF TWO-LEVEL ATOMS.

The problem of the evolution in time of a system of two-level atoms that are coupled through their electromagnetic fields, is studied and solved in the framework of semiclassical radiation theory. The atoms may be in any initial states and the radiation reaction is fully taken into account. Both superradiance and time-dependent frequency shift or chirping effects are found. The assumption that all the atoms see the same field is shown to place severe constraints on the evolution of the system, in the form of constants of the motion. These constraints are most easily pictured in terms of the Bloch-vector representation of the atomic system, and they lead to explicit solutions for the time development of each atom. It is shown that the evolution of the complex system is describable by means of a collective super Bloch vector, whose behavior is similar to the behavior of the Bloch vector for a single isolated atom. The constraints on the motion also imply that the system cannot radiate all its energy coherently; some of it remains trapped, to be dissipated ultimately by incoherent processes. Some curves are presented to illustrate the behavior of the system in special cases.
Sperm hyperactivation as quality control for sperm penetration assay.

The sperm penetration assay (SPA) performed on patients having in vitro fertilization (IVF) is subject to wide individual variation so a sperm hyperactivation assay was explored as a quality control check for SPA results. Sperm hyperactivity (HA) refers to helical thrashing circling or star-spin with wide amplitude head and tail activity but no forward motion of human sperm. HA occurs 2-6 hours after incubation in washing medium during the precapacitation phase. The SPA test uses zona-free hamster oocytes and involves 3 spin washes in medium a 3-hour preincubation or 21-hour preincubation before incubating sperm with hamster eggs for 3 hours. HA was estimated by observing and counting sperm under light microscopy. Linear regression SPA in the 0-50% range and HA tests produced a significant correlation of 0.688 (p=0.001) for the 3-hour preincubation sample but no significant correlation for the raw semen 1st washing or 21-hour preincubation samples. 20% of greater SPA is considered acceptable for doing IVF therefore 20% on the HA assay would be an acceptable quality control result. A mean of 20% HA was reported by others.
Unexpected crystallization of 1,3‐bis(4‐fluorophenyl)propan‐2‐one in paratone oil

The title compound, C15H12F2O, crystallizes in paratone oil as a room-temperature decomposition product of the crystalline air- and moisture-sensitive lithium enolate of 1,3-di(p-fluoro­phen­yl)acetone diethyl ether solvate. Such spontaneous crystallization in paratone oil is rare, yet in this case it yielded X-ray quality crystals. The title compound can be prepared directly by a modified procedure of Resendiz & Garibay [Org. Lett. (2005), 7, 371–374]. The mol­ecular features are typical: the endocyclic angles at the electron-withdrawing F substituent average 123.0 (2)°, while the endocyclic angles at the methyl­ene C atom average 118.3 (3)°. These findings are in excellent agreement with the values of 122.3 and 118.5° computed for the theoretically (DFT, density functional theory) optimized geometry of the title compound.
Atherosclerosis: the eicosanoid connection.

This bird's eye view presents connections between the metabolically short-lived local hormones (collectively known as eicosanoids) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The discussion will be centered around an overview of coronary atherosclerosis with an emphasis on the sequences involved in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions; structure and historical background of oxygenated fatty acids cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products — eicosanoids; the generation of free radicals during the formation of endoperoxides by cyclooxygenase; the involvement of eicosanoids in the atherosclerotic inflammatory process, and finally, the effects of non-steroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the synthesis of eicosanoids and experimental atherosclerosis. Little is known about the exact role of eicosanoids in the genesis of atherosclerosis.
The binding of calcium with deoxyribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complexes

Abstract The binding of Ca 2+ to highly polymerized DNA in the presence of several different small cations has been studied by the technique of equilibrium dialysis. In the neutral range of pH, the cations Na + , diamine 2+ , La 2+ , Th 4+ , spermidine 3+ and sperimine 4+ compete with Ca 2+ for the phosphate binding sites. The competitive effect for a given ion is almost entirely a function of the magnitude of the cationic charge. The effect of pH on the binding of Ca 2+ also shows the electrostatic nature of the binding process because the binding curve is closely correlated with the H + titration curve in the pH range 2.0–11.0. In studies with DNA-protein complexes, competition between Ca 2+ and cationic proteins is also shown. When the Ca 2+ concentration is below 5 mM, cationic proteins such as protamine and histones will block DNA binding sites for Ca 2+ in direct proportion to the concentration of cationic groups present. When the concentration of Ca 2+ is greater than 20 mM, Ca 2+ is bound to its full-capacity to DNA, indicating a complete displacement of protein from the binding sites.
Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in men: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Abstract Background: Aerobic exercise is recommended for improving lipoprotein and lipid levels which at less than their optimal levels are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Evidence seems lacking for the effectiveness of exercise in reducing these levels, possibly due to small sizes in studies. We concluded a meta-analysis of the studies to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in adult men. Methods: Studies were retrieved via computerized literature searches, cross-referencing from retrieved articles, hand-searching, and expert review of our reference list. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials, aerobic exercise ≥8 weeks, adult men ≥18 years of age, studies published in journal, dissertation, or master's thesis format, studies published in the English-language between January 1, 1955 and January 1, 2003, and assessment of one or more of the following lipids and lipoproteins: total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-densi...
Computed tomography findings in gastrointestinal involvement by opportunistic organisms in acquired immune deficiency syndrome

The computed tomography findings in two cases of gastrointestinal superinfection by opportunistic organisms in acquired immune deficiency syndrome are presented. Findings included thickening of the mucosal folds and the bowel wall in the small intestine and colon associated with cytomegalovirus and cryptosporidiosis. These cases indicate that it is important to look carefully at the gastrointestinal tract when performing computed tomography in this group of patients. Unsuspected bowel pathology may be demonstrated, or disease may be confirmed in clinically suspected cases.
Toward Participation: A Sample Citizenship Lesson Plan

Some of the most innovative, flexible, and creative ESL and literacy materials seem to emerge from Canada. Towards Participation is no exception. As the title suggests, this short, concise guidebook has a participatory perspective on citizenship. That is, citizenship is viewed as a process where people shape and challenge their roles as citizens rather than passively assimilating into the status quo. This participatory perspective is reflected in the kind of lesson planning encouraged by the authors.
The Effect of a Gust on the Flapping Wing Performance

The effect of a wind gust on the aerodynamic characteristics of a rigid wing undergoing insect-based flapping motion is studied numerically. The turbulent flow near the flapping wing is described by the 3-D unsteady compressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The governing equations are solved using a second-order node-centered finite volume scheme on a hexahedral body-fitted grid that rigidly moves along with the wing. A low-Mach-number preconditioner is used to accelerate the convergence at each time step. The effects of wind gust direction with respect to a wing orientation are investigated. Our numerical results show that the centimeter-scale wing considered in the present study is susceptible to strong downward wind gusts. In the case of frontal and side gusts, the flapping wing can alleviate the gust effect if the gust velocity is less or comparable with the wing tip velocity. For all cases considered, the thrust coefficient returns to its original baseline profile within one full stroke after the gust is removed, thus indicating that the flapping wing can effectively recover from wind gust fluctuations.