cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All in the family: parental substance misuse, harsh parenting, and youth substance misuse among juvenile justice-involved youth.

Abstract Purpose Research consistently connects parental and youth substance misuse, yet less is known about the mechanisms driving this association among justice-involved youth. We examine whether harsh parenting is an explanatory mechanism for the association between parental substance use and parental mental health and youth substance use disorder in a sample of justice-involved youth. Methods Data were drawn from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a large-scale longitudinal survey of mental health and substance misuse in a representative sample of youth in juvenile detention. Harsh parenting, child maltreatment, youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder, and parental substance misuse and mental health were assessed among 1,825 detained youth (35.95% female) at baseline, three-year follow-up, and four-year follow-up. Results At baseline, over 80% of youth used alcohol and/or cannabis; at the four-year follow-up, 16.35% and 19.69% of the youth were diagnosed with alcohol and cannabis use disorder, respectively. More than 20% of youth reported their parent misused substances and 6.11% reported a parent had a severe mental health need. Black youth experienced significantly fewer types of harsh parenting compared to White youth. Multivariate path analyses revealed harsh parenting mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder. Harsh parenting that does not rise to the level of child maltreatment mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol use disorder; in contrast, child maltreatment did not mediate these associations. Multigroup analyses revealed the effect of harsh parenting on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder did not vary across sex or race-ethnic subgroups. Conclusions Harsh parenting represents one mechanism for the intergenerational continuity of alcohol and cannabis misuse and should be regularly assessed for and addressed in juvenile justice settings.
The Role of Extraneous Oxygen in the Formation of Oxide Inclusions in 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Oxide inclusions in stainless steel act as initiation sites for microvoids which result in significant effects on mechanical properties. In the case of additive manufacturing (AM) 316L stainless steel, oxide inclusions can nucleate during laser melting and remain in the solidified microstructure. This work is aimed at assessing whether extraneous oxygen in process environment contributes to inclusion formation. The stainless-steel alloy 316L was employed and fabricated under series of different oxygen content environments. The characterization of oxide inclusions in AM processed materiel were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and they are found enriched in oxygen getters such as Si and Mn. Inert gas fusion (IGF) was used to measure oxygen content before and after AM processing. Results indicated that extraneous oxygen from the process environment played a role in oxide inclusion formation. Furthermore, the average inclusion size was found to increase with increasing oxygen content in process environment, suggesting a coarsening mechanism of oxides due to the interactions between them in the melt pool.
Clinical and Surgical Management of Pediatric Diseases of the Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinus, and Skull Base

Pathologic lesions of the nose and paranasal sinuses can be broadly divided into those that present externally visible on the nose; those that present within the nasal cavity typically with associated nasal obstruction and/or nasal discharge; and those that present in the bony craniofacial skeleton with deformity. External nasal lesions are easily seen but may require imaging if there is concern about deeper extension. The intranasal lesions are usually identified by anterior rhinoscopy and nasendoscopy, and imaging is usually needed to determine extent in relationship to the sinuses. Those lesions that involve the craniofacial skeleton may in some cases only be identifiable through imaging, as they may not extend intra- or extranasally.
The human nose organoid respiratory virus model: an ex-vivo human challenge model to study RSV and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and evaluate therapeutics

There is an unmet need for pre-clinical models to understand the pathogenesis of human respiratory viruses; and predict responsiveness to immunotherapies. Airway organoids can serve as an ex-vivo human airway model to study respiratory viral pathogenesis; however, they rely on invasive techniques to obtain patient samples. Here, we report a non-invasive technique to generate human nose organoids (HNOs) as an alternate to biopsy derived organoids. We made air liquid interface (ALI) cultures from HNOs and assessed infection with two major human respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infected HNO-ALI cultures recapitulate aspects of RSV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, including viral shedding, ciliary damage, innate immune responses, and mucus hyper-secretion. Next, we evaluated the feasibility of the HNO-ALI respiratory virus model system to test the efficacy of palivizumab to prevent RSV infection. Palivizumab was administered in the basolateral compartment (circulation) while viral infection occurred in the apical ciliated cells (airways), simulating the events in infants. In our model, palivizumab effectively prevented RSV infection in a concentration dependent manner. Thus, the HNO-ALI model can serve as an alternate to lung organoids to study respiratory viruses and testing therapeutics.
Synthetic Studies of Maleimide Derivatives for Bioconjugates Polymers by RAFT polymerization.

An efficient method for the synthesis of maleimides derivatives in toluene in presence of PTSA is described. The method features a broad substrate scope of utility in both simple and complex setting and provide access to valuable derivatives without any column chromatography purification is described.
Empowering Future People by Empowering the Young

A number of recent writers have argued that the obligations of modern states to people who will exist in the future may far outstrip their obligations to their present citizens, given the vast number of people who will exist in the future and whose livelihoods depend on our actions (Beckstead 2013, Greaves and MacAskill 2019, John 2020, Tarsney 2019). And yet modern states do precious little on behalf of future generations, choosing to allow and incentivize destructive practices such as the widespread burning of fossil fuels, while failing to take preventative measures that could deter global pandemics and other catastrophes. The state is plagued with problems of political short-termism: the excessive priority given to near-term benefits at the cost of future ones (Gonzalez-Ricoy and Gosseries 2016B). By the accounts of many political scientists and economists, political leaders rarely look beyond the next 2-5 years and into the problems of the next decade. There are many reasons for this, from time preference (Frederick et al 2002, Jacobs and Matthews 2012) to cognitive bias (Caney 2016, Johnson and Levin 2009, Weber 2006) to perverse re-election incentives (Arnold 1990, Binder 2006, Mayhew 1974, Tufte 1978), but all involve foregoing costly action in the short term (e.g. increasing taxes, cutting benefits, imposing regulatory burdens) that would have larger moderate- to long-run benefits. Such behavior fails not only the generations of people who are to come, but also the large number of existing citizens who still have much of their lives left to lead. One type of mechanism for ameliorating political short-termism that receives much attention these days involves apportioning greater relative political influence to the young. As the story goes: younger citizens generally have greater additional life expectancy than older citizens, and it therefore looks reasonable to expect that they have preferences that are extended further into the future. If we apportion greater relative political influence to the young, it therefore seems that our political system as a whole will show greater concern for the future. In light of this story, a number of particular mechanisms have been proposed for apportioning greater relative political influence to the young, including lowering the voting age (Piper 2020), weighting votes inversely with age (MacAskill 2019, Parijs 1998), disenfranchising the elderly (Parijs 1998), and instituting youth quotas in legislatures (Bidadanure 2016, MacKenzie 2016). In what follows, I argue that merely apportioning greater political power to the young is unlikely to make states significantly less short-termist, but underexplored age-based mechanisms may be more successful. In particular, states might mitigate short-termism by employing age-based surrogacy and liability incentives mechanisms within a deliberative body of young people charged with representing the young.
Biological approaches for polychlorinated biphenyl degradation.

The accumulation of xenobiotic compounds in our environment has had a profound effect on our physical, social, economic, and political well-being. Some of these substances have been found to be harmful to humans, while others, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have only been implicated as such. In either case, there has been a growing demand for their safe disposal or, preferably, destruction.
Managing, Manipulating and Maneuvering Biology in the Early 21st Century: Reflections on Discursive Practice, Empirical Events and Power in Pursuit of Bio-commerce

A critical survey and analysis of the past two decades of work and research on bioprospecting and biopiracy (primarily from sources written in English).
Genetic studies with tumorigenic adenoviruses: I. Isolation of cytocidal (cyt) mutants of adenovirus type 12

Abstract A class of cytocidal mutants, designated cyt mutants, have been isolated from two highly tumorigenic strains of adenovirus type 12 (Ad. 12), i.e., Huie and 1131. Parental viruses were plated on cell plates of low efficiency of plating, such as human amnion FL cell and human embryonic kidney (HEK) diploid cell plates. Small clear plaques, distinct from the majority of minute parental plaques, were isolated. After purification these plaques were found to be cyt mutants. Parental cyt+ stocks contain approximately 0.001% spontaneous mutants recoverable by this method. Ultraviolet irradiation of cyt+ stocks to 10−1 to 10−2 survival increases the proportion of cyt mutants by a factor of about 5. In contrast to the adenovirus-type cytopathic effect (CPE) of cyt+ viruses, the CPE produced by cyt mutants is characterized by cellular destruction. The cyt mutants produce large clear plaques on HEK plates, while cyt+ viruses form small fuzzy-edged plaques. Under conditions of mixed infection cyt+ CPE is dominant over cyt CPE. The cyt mutants are much less tumorigenic in newborn hamsters than parental viruses and fail to transform newborn hamster kidney cells in vitro. The cyt mutants cooperate in tumorigenicity with low tumorigenic cyt+ field strains as well as with Ad. 7 or Ad. 3. Thus it may be hypothesized that the cyt gene of Ad. 12 is responsible both for the production of cyt+ CPE and for the tumorigenicity and may be equivalent to c1 gene of temperate phage λ.
Annual Cognitive Assessment for Older Adults: Update for Nurses

Alzheimer's disease is predicted to bankrupt Medicare by 2050 if current trends in disease prevalence do not change (Alzheimer's Association, 2012). Earlier diagnosis and access to health care for Alzheimer's disease result in decreased health care costs (Brosch & Matthews, 2014). Consequently, in January 2011 screening for cognitive impairment became a component of the annual wellness visit (AWV) outlined in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Many community health nurses are unaware of this benefit. This article includes a review of the updated 2011 definition of Alzheimer's disease, the components of the AWV, and tools for conducting cognitive assessment.
Direct effects of temperature on forest nitrogen cycling revealed through analysis of long-term watershed records

The microbial conversion of organic nitrogen (N) to plant available forms is a critical determinant of plant growth and carbon sequestration in forests worldwide. In temperate zones, microbial activity is coupled to variations in temperature, yet at the ecosystem level, microbial N mineralization seems to play a minor role in determining patterns of N loss. Rather, N losses often appear to vary with seasonality in hydrology and plant demand, while exports over longer periods are thought to be associated with increasing rates of anthropogenic N deposition. We analyzed long-term (21-32 years) time series of climate and stream and atmospheric chemistry from two temperate deciduous forest watersheds in the southeastern USA to understand the sensitivity of internal forest N cycles to climate variation and atmospheric deposition. We evaluated the time series with a simple analytical model that incorporates key biotic constraints and mechanisms of N limitation and cycling in plant-soil systems. Through maximum likelihood analysis, we derive biologically realistic estimates of N mineralization and its temperature sensitivity (Q 10 ). We find that seasonality and long-term trends in stream nitrate (N0 3 ) concentrations can in large part be explained by the dynamics of internal biological cycling responding to climate rather than external forcing from atmospheric chemistry. In particular, our model analysis suggests that much of the variation in N cycling in these forests results from the response of microbial activity to temperature, causing NO 3 losses to peak in the growing season and to accelerate with recent warming. Extrapolation of current trends in temperature and N deposition suggests that the upturn in temperature may increase future N export by greater than threefold more than from increasing deposition, revealing a potential direct effect of anthropogenic warming on terrestrial N cycles.
Establishing a hematopoietic genetic network through locus-specific integration of chromatin regulators.

The establishment and maintenance of cell type-specific transcriptional programs require an ensemble of broadly expressed chromatin remodeling and modifying enzymes. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the contributions of these enzymes to specialized genetic networks that control critical processes, such as lineage commitment and cellular differentiation. We have been addressing this problem in the context of erythrocyte development driven by the transcription factor GATA-1 and its coregulator Friend of GATA-1 (FOG-1). As certain GATA-1 target genes have little to no FOG-1 requirement for expression, presumably additional coregulators can mediate GATA-1 function. Using a genetic complementation assay and RNA interference in GATA-1–null cells, we demonstrate a vital link between GATA-1 and the histone H4 lysine 20 methyltransferase PR-Set7/SetD8 (SetD8). GATA-1 selectively induced H4 monomethylated lysine 20 at repressed, but not activated, loci, and endogenous SetD8 mediated GATA-1–dependent repression of a cohort of its target genes. GATA-1 used different combinations of SetD8, FOG-1, and the FOG-1–interacting nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex component Mi2β to repress distinct target genes. Implicating SetD8 as a context-dependent GATA-1 corepressor expands the repertoire of coregulators mediating establishment/maintenance of the erythroid cell genetic network, and provides a biological framework for dissecting the cell type-specific functions of this important coregulator. We propose a coregulator matrix model in which distinct combinations of chromatin regulators are required at different GATA-1 target genes, and the unique attributes of the target loci mandate these combinations.
Estrogen stimulation of P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity in cultures of human placental syncytiotrophoblasts

The present study determined whether estrogen has a role in regulating the P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and/or de novo/deesterification cholesterol pathways involved in progesterone biosynthesis within human syncytiotrophoblasts. Human placental syncytiotrophoblasts were cultured for 48 h with estradiol, and P450scc activity was determined by the formation of progesterone from 25-hydroxycholesterol. Estradiol at 10(-7) or 10(-6) M and 25-hydroxycholesterol increased mean (+/- SE) progesterone production by syncytiotrophoblasts (ng/0.5 x 10(6) cells) to a value (19.2 +/- 1.1) that was 104% (p < 0.001) higher than that of the untreated controls (9.4 +/- 0.8) and 52% higher (p < 0.001) than with 25-hydroxycholesterol alone (12.6 +/- 0.9). The stimulation of progesterone secretion apparently was not the result of a change in progesterone metabolism to its principal metabolite, because 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one represented a minor secretory component (0.7-1.7 ng/0.5 x 10(6) cells) under these conditions, and levels were not substantially altered by estrogen. In contrast to the stimulatory effect of estradiol on P450scc activity, estrogen did not alter either the P450scc mRNA levels or the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase and cholesterol ester hydrolase-rate-limiting enzymes for the de novo and deesterification pathways, respectively, for cholesterol formation in syncytiotrophoblasts in culture. Collectively, these results indicate that estrogen regulates the P450scc component of the progesterone biosynthetic pathway, which we suggest signals functional/biochemical differentiation of syncytiotrophoblasts during primate pregnancy.
Subjective Expected Utility Theory with State-Dependent Preferences

Abstract This paper extends Savage′s subjective expected utility theory to include state-dependent preferences. The dependence of the decision maker′s preferences over consequences on the states of nature is represented by state-specific mappings of the set of consequences onto itself. Within this framework Savage′s postulates are reformulated and it is shown that there exist subjective expected utility representations of the preference relation over acts with unique, nonatomic, probability measure on the algebra of all events, and a state-dependent utility function over the set of consequences. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D81.
A micro-culture technique for the mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes fromMacaca mulatta (rhesus) andMacaca fascicularis (cynomolgus)

A micro-culture technique was developed to determine the optimum culture conditions for the mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes fromMacaca mulatta (rhesus) andMacaca fascicularis (cynomolgus).
Total Breakdown of Ribosomal and Transfer RNA in a Mutant of Escherichia coli

STABLE RNA, including rRNA and tRNA, turns over slowly, if at all, during steady state growth of Escherichia coli1–4. It is evident, however, that E. coli cells can degrade stable RNA, which is slowly broken down to various extents under such conditions as starvation phosphate5,6, magnesium7,8, potassium9 and nitrogen10,11 The mutant described here very rapidly degrades what is essentially all its stable RNA when RNA synthesis is stopped in cultures at 42° C. The degradation can be prevented if antibiotics are added that inhibit breakdown of polysomes.
Slow Earthquakes, Preseismic Velocity Changes, and the Origin of Slow Frictional Stick-Slip

Earthquakes normally occur as frictional stick-slip instabilities, resulting in catastrophic failure and seismic rupture. Tectonic faults also fail in slow earthquakes with rupture durations of months or more, yet their origin is poorly understood. Here, we present laboratory observations of repetitive, slow stick-slip in serpentinite fault zones and mechanical evidence for their origin. We document a transition from unstable to stable frictional behavior with increasing slip velocity, providing a mechanism to limit the speed of slow earthquakes. We also document reduction of P-wave speed within the active shear zone before stick-slip events. If similar mechanisms operate in nature, our results suggest that higher-resolution studies of elastic properties in tectonic fault zones may aid in the search for reliable earthquake precursors.
Evaluation of the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of dihydroetorphine

Abstract These experiments examined whether dihydroetorphine (DHE) could serve as a reinforcer in rhesus monkeys and evoke the discriminative stimulus effects of heroin (HER) in rats, two procedures useful in predicting the overall abuse potential of compounds. Rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer i.v. HER (10 μg/kg for monkeys M-BA, M-NI, and M-HO; 3 μg/kg for monkey M-PO) during daily, 2-h experimental sessions under FR 10 Timeout 4 min schedules. VEH and doses of HER (1–30 μg/kg), codeine (COD; 30–1000 μg/kg), and DHE (1–100 ng/kg) were then substituted for the HER maintenance doses. Results indicated that DHE served as a reinforcer. The dose of DHE that maintained peak numbers of infusions was 171 and 8571 times smaller than those maintaining peak numbers of infusions of heroin and codeine, respectively. Additionally, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 0.3 mg/kg HER s.c. from vehicle (VEH) in an FR 10 (fixed-ratio 10), food-reinforced, operant procedure. During tests, HER, morphine (MOR), and DHE dose-dependently evoked heroin-lever responding with ED 50 s of 0.055, 0.74, and 0.00033 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that DHE is self-administered by rhesus monkeys, and potently produces the discriminative stimulus effects of HER in rats, and suggest that DHE would have a substantial potential for abuse.
Myocardial regeneration by exogenous and endogenous progenitor cells

A problem in need of resolution concerns the origin of cardiac progenitor cells and the mechanisms by which these cells are preserved within the cardiac niches. This might be accomplished by migration of progenitor cells from the bone marrow to the myocardium. Alternatively, the progenitor cell compartment in the heart may be maintained by asymmetric division of resident cells. These two possibilities are not mutually exclusive and both exogenous and endogenous progenitor cells may contribute to cardiac homeostasis.
Identification of a hypaxial somite enhancer element regulating Pax3 expression in migrating myoblasts and characterization of hypaxial muscle Cre transgenic mice

Pax3 encodes a transcription factor that functions in the embryonic central nervous system, neural crest, and somitic mesoderm. Prior studies suggest that distinct regulatory elements regulate temporal and spatial expression of Pax3 in neural crest and mesoderm. Here, we describe a discrete enhancer element, conserved between mouse and human genomes, that directs Pax3 expression in the ventral-lateral lip of interlimb somites. These regions give rise to hypaxial musculature including limb, ventral body wall, diaphragm, and tongue muscles. Transgenic mice harboring the hypaxial muscle enhancer driving lacZ expression initiate β-galactosidase expression at E10.0, significantly later than endogenous Pax3 expression in presomitic and segmented mesoderm. Initiation of transgene expression is not dependent on Pax3 itself, since expression is detectable in homozygous Splotch embryos. Transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase in hypaxial myoblasts were generated and characterized. These results suggest that Pax3 is differentially regulated within the somite in both spatial and temporal domains. Hypaxial muscle Cre mice will allow for specific manipulation of gene expression in this subset of developing skeletal muscle. genesis 41:202–209, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
F-Actin Differentially Alters Epithelial Transport and Barrier Function

Vectorial ion transport and barrier function are two fundamental and defining properties of all epithelial cells. To define the role of F-actin in these dual properties, we studied the effects of two probes of cytoskeletal function on the well-differentiated human intestinal epithelial cell line T84: cytochalasin D, a fungal metabolite widely used to disrupt microfilament function by an uncertain mechanism, and phalloidin, a more specific agent which binds and stabilizes F-actin with high affinity, thus preventing actin depolymerization. T84 cells grown on collagen-coated permeable supports were studied by dual voltage-current clamping; transepithelial resistance to passive ion flow (R, an indirect measure of junctional integrity) and short-circuit current (a measure of net electrogenic ion transport response to the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin was preserved. In contrast, stabilization of F-actin by incubation with phalloidin for up to 24 hr produced no change in R but caused a profound inhibition of cAMP-stimulated short-circuit current. Thus, cytochalasin D was found to perturb barrier but not transport function of T84 monolayers; conversely, stabilization of F-actin by phalloidin was found not to affect barrier function but markedly attenuated electrogenic ion transport. The results suggest that the dual properties of barrier function and ion transport in intestinal epithelia may be differentially influenced by dynamic alterations in F-actin.
The Wind of the Hundred Days: How Washington Mismanaged Globalization

Book Reviewed by Michael J. Greenwood and John M. McDowell Kalamazoo, Michigan: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1999, pp. xii, 295. Book Reviewed by Jagdish Bhagwati Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, 383 pp.
Human Power Generation in Fitness Facilities

As energy usage across the world continues to rise, there is a strong need to develop new methods for energy conservation and power generation, particularly approaches that have less environmental impacts. Although human power is not ideal in terms of life cycle costs [1], there are promising application areas for human power in emerging regions where electric power is either not available or not affordable [2]. There is also untapped potential for harnessing human power at most fitness facilities. This paper focuses on the feasibility of capturing this energy at fitness facilities, particularly the Recreational Sports Facility (RSF) at University of California, Berkeley, which averages over 2,800 patrons per day. In particular, we estimated that patrons using 28 elliptical machines would supply approximately 10,000 kWh into the electric grid over a year. This amounts to only 0.7% of the RSF’s total energy needs, but is valuable nonetheless. An additional benefit in human power generation is its positive social impact. A survey of the RSF users has evinced remarkable enthusiasm for implementing energy generation technology into the facility, both as a power generation tool and as an educational resource. This paper will also address the social benefits of human power generation technology in the gym.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Ontogeny of Cytosolic Androgen Receptors in the Brain of the Fetal Rhesus Monkey

In this study we compared the binding characteristics of methyltrienolone (R1881) in pooled cytosols from the hypothalamus-preoptic area-amygdala-septum (HPAS) of adult and fetal rhesus macaques. In addition, we studied the ontogeny of cytosolic androgen receptors (AR) in fetal neural tissue. Intact adult males and fetal rhesus monkeys of known gestational age were our experimental subjects. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section at 50, 65, 80, and 150 days gestation. HPAS cytosols from 150-day fetuses and adult males were incubated with the synthetic ligand, [3H]R1881, for determining AR characteristics and to validate the assay. A single high affinity, low capacity receptor for R1881 was found in HPAS cytosols. The apparent dissociation constant was similar between adult and fetal HPAS (1.09 X 10(-10) vs. 1.59 X 10(-10) M, respectively). Binding specificity was determined by the addition of excess radioinert testosterone (T), 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, or progesterone to the incubation tube. R1881 binding was displaced by the addition of excess amounts of T and dihydrotestosterone, but not of estradiol or progesterone. There were no differences between fetal and adult animals. Single point analyses of AR numbers in fetal animals showed significant age and regional differences (P less than 0.05). Since no sex differences were apparent, data from males and females were combined. In the hypothalamus-preoptic area there was a significant increase in AR throughout gestation [1.3 +/- 0.4 (+/- SE) fmol/mg protein; n = 7 (50 days gestation) vs. 6.2 +/- 0.3 fmol/mg protein; n = 4 (150 days of gestation); P less than 0.01]. These values differed significantly from adult male hypothalamic-preoptic area (14.1 +/- 0.3 fmol/mg protein; P less than 0.01; n = 3). AR levels in frontal and temporal cortex were high on day 50 of gestation, but showed a significant decline by day 150 (P less than 0.05). The administration of testosterone propionate (25 mg/kg.day) to pregnant animals from 40-50 days gestation, which resulted in elevated levels of serum T in female, but not male, fetuses had no effect on AR in any brain region studied. These studies confirm the presence of AR in fetal monkey brain. New information is provided on the changes in AR numbers in cortical and hypothalamic tissues during the critical period for sexual differentiation of the primate brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nucleon Isobar Production in Proton-Proton Collisions between 3 and 7 GeV c

A systematic study has been made of the reactions $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pp}$ and $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{N}^{*}$ in the angular range from ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}={10}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ to ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}={90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$. An orthogonal dispersion magnetic spectrometer detected protons from interactions in hydrogen with momentum transfer ($\ensuremath{-}t$) in excess of 0.5 ${(\mathrm{GeV})}^{2}$. Well-defined peaks in the missing-mass spectra occurred at average ${N}^{*}$ masses of 1240\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6, 1508\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, and 1683\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 MeV with average full widths of 102\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, 92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3, and 110\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 MeV, respectively. Below 2400 MeV no other significant enhancements were found. The ${N}^{*}$ production cross sections $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}$ near ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}={90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the statistical model. For each isobar the differential cross section at fixed energy varies as $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{v}{{v}_{0}})$, where $v\ensuremath{\equiv}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{tu}}{(t+u)}]$; ${v}_{0}$ varies systematically with energy and tends toward the same value ($\ensuremath{\approx}0.4$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$) for each isobar at the upper limit of our energy range.
Structural characterization of ultra-thin metal overlayers on Cu(001) by atom beam scattering

Abstract Helium beam scattering has been used to study the growth and structures of ultra-thin metal films of Hg and Pb on Cu(001). In this article we principally describe adsorption of lead on a Cu(001) surface at 150 K. We observe a new ordered phase with square symmetry, and show that this new phase has a buckled superstructure. Subsequent adsorption of lead does not yield a Stranski-Krastanov growth, as observed for room-temperature adsorption, but a simultaneous multilayers growth. We summarize also our studies, reported in detail elsewhere, of mercury adsorption on Cu(001) and compare them with the results for lead on Cu(001).
Sustainable Cotton Dyeing

Conventional methods of dyeing cotton with direct and fiber reactive dyes involve large amounts of water and salt and generate significant amounts of highly colored effluent that is difficult to treat in waste water treatment facilities. Cationization of cotton with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride allows dyeing with direct and fiber reactive dyes with less water and energy usage as well as the eliminating the need for salt. This paper summarizes work to date on the benefits of using cationized cotton.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Correlates with the Overall Activities of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Sympathetic System in Healthy Humans

To assess the association of the overall amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and the activities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic system, we performed polysomnography and measured 24-h urinary free cortisol and catecholamine excretion in 21 healthy adults. After an adaptation night, each subject was recorded in the sleep laboratory for 3 consecutive nights while 24-h urine specimens were collected. Urinary free cortisol, epinephrine, dihydroxyphenylglycol, and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels were significantly and positively correlated with the average values of percent REM sleep (P < 0.05). There were no correlations between hormone values and REM latency, other variables of REM distribution, or REM density, an index of phasic activity during REM sleep. The positive correlations between stress system activity and REM sleep are consistent with hormonal and sleep alterations in melancholic depression, a state characterized by increased cortisol and catecholamine secretion.
Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine secretion by stilbene disulfonates in alveolar type II cells

Abstract Various agents stimulate the secretion of lung surfactant from alveolar type II cells by increasing intracellular Ca2+, cyclic adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP), or diacylglycerol. A few agents, including the purified surfactant protein A, are known to inhibit the secretion by an unknown mechanism. In the present study, we demonstrated that stilbene disulfonic acids, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), are potent but reversible inhibitors of lung surfactant secretion. The inhibition was concentration dependent, and the ec 50was 5 μM for DIDS and 50 μM for SITS. The inhibition was not specific to agonists for any one type of receptor, and was also observed for secretion stimulated by 8-bromo-cAMP, or tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, suggesting that the site of inhibition was distal to the generation of intracellular second messengers. This was also supported by the failure of DIDS to block the stimulus-mediated increase in diacylglycerol content of type II cells. Further, DIDS and SITS were also inhibitory for basal secretion. Based on the reversibility of inhibition and the fact that inhibition was observed with both basal and stimulated secretion, we suggest that stilbene disulfonic acids affect a component of the exocytosis process that occurs at or near the plasma membrane.
The courtship and mating of the Iberian midwife toad Alytes cisternasii (Amphibia: Anura: Discoglossidae)

Sexual encounters were staged in the laboratory among hormonally-primed Iberian midwife toads, Alytes cisternasii. In this species, pairing and fertilization are terrestrial. The male cares for the developing embryos on land, carrying them twined around his hind limbs until they hatch into tadpoles which he releases into water; his investment in the offspring then ends. The courtship of A. cisternasii can be divided into a pre- and post-ovulatory phase. An encounter is initiated when the female approaches the male and is clasped by him in inguinal amplexus. Both the male and the female produce vocalizations during the period prior to the initiation of amplexus. During amplexus, only the female vocalizes, changing her call to one that is of lower intensity, longer duration and more regularly emitted than before. During inguinal amplexus, the male engages in bouts of intense pedalling and gentle rocking behaviour, each bout being initiated when the female repositions herself beneath him. Rocking and pedalling cease when the female ovulates, at which time she exhibits a posture that we call Unkenkrampf. Ovulation occurs at this time, and is followed by sperm release by the male (seen as a series of lateral compressions of his body). After sperm release, the male moves forwards to engage the female in cervical amplexus and then manoeuvres his hind limbs such that the egg string becomes tangled around his ankles. The female may exhibit additional episodes of Unkenkrampf during this period, but these are not accompanied by further egg release. Episodes of Unkenkrampf (without ovulation) also may occur after the male dismounts from the female. Similar behaviour patterns to those observed in the laboratory are seen in natural populations of A. cisternasii. We compare and contrast our observations of A. cisternasii with those of other authors for this species and also for the common midwife toad, A. obstericans.
Materials and Devices for Silicon On-Chip Optical Interconnect

We review progress on growth of direct-bandgap GaInP/GaP and other materials for light emitters monolithic on silicon, and discuss design, fabrication, process compatibility, and performance issues for optical emitters and detectors made in these materials.
Effect of moisture content of oil type sunflower seed on fungal growth and seed quality during storage

Oil-type hybrid sunflower seed exposed to relative humidities of 65%, 84% and 93% in environmental chambers at 10 C attained equilibrium moisture contents (mc) of 7.5±0.2%, 10.1±0.2% and 13.4±0.5% and were stored under these conditions for up to 60 weeks (wk). At 7.5% mc, germinability of seed changed very little during storage, but at 10.1% mc and 13.4% mc, germination significantly decreased during storage. At 7.5% mc, free fatty acid (FFA) levels in extracted oil did not change significantly during 60 wk of storage. However, at 10.1% mc, FFA increased significantly during 40 wk of storage and were significantly correlated with the invasion of seed by the storage fungusAspergillus (r=0.81) At 13.4% mc, FFA increased significantly during storage and were positively correlated with the invasion of seed byAspergillus andPenicillium and negatively correlated with germination percentage. Invasion of surface-disinfected seed by fungi decreased from 83% to ca 66% of total seed during storage at 7.5% mc. The predominant fungus wasAlternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. A previously unreportedAlternaria sp., morphologically similar toA. ricini (Yoshii) Hansford andA. macrospora, was isolated from 9% of the seed. At 10.1% mc, fungal invasion also decreased for 24 wk and then began increasing again. At 24 wk of storage,Aspergillus began invading the seed. At 13.4% mc, 100% of the seed were invaded with fungi within 8 wk of storage. TotalAlternaria rapidly decreased during storage: and after only 4 wk of storage, the seed were invaded by bothAspergillus andPenicillium. After 24 wk of storage, the predominant genus wasAspergillus, followed byPenicillim andAlternaria. Other fungi invading the seed wereCladosporium, Phoma, Mucor, Rhizopus and several unidentified fungi.
B-EM: a classifier incorporating bootstrap with EM approach for data mining

This paper investigates the problem of augmenting labeled data with unlabeled data to improve classification accuracy. This is significant for many applications such as image classification where obtaining classification labels is expensive, while large unlabeled examples are easily available. We investigate an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for learning from labeled and unlabeled data. The reason why unlabeled data boosts learning accuracy is because it provides the information about the joint probability distribution. A theoretical argument shows that the more unlabeled examples are combined in learning, the more accurate the result. We then introduce B-EM algorithm, based on the combination of EM with bootstrap method, to exploit the large unlabeled data while avoiding prohibitive I/O cost. Experimental results over both synthetic and real data sets that the proposed approach has a satisfactory performance.
IBM Blue Gene/Q memory subsystem with speculative execution and transactional memory

The memory subsystem of the IBM Blue Gene®/Q Compute chip features multi-versioning and access conflict detection. Its ordered and unordered transaction modes implement both speculative execution (SE) and transactional memory (TM). Blue Gene/Q's large shared second-level cache serves as storage for speculative versions, allowing up to 30 MB of speculative state for the 64 threads of a Blue Gene/Q node, which in the extreme can be associated with a single large transaction. Using the shared access to speculative data, the SE model implements forwarding, allowing data produced by one thread to be accessed by another thread while both are still speculative. This paper presents an overview of Blue Gene/Q's approach to TM and SE: the memory subsystem hardware and operating system extensions, IBM XL compiler support via OpenMP® extensions, and a cost estimation model for executing code speculatively. The model is validated using synthetic benchmarks.
Frequency of Isolated Proximal Colonic Polyps Among Patients Referred for Colonoscopy

• The American Cancer Society now advocates screening asymptomatic populations over the age of 40 to 50 years for colonic malignancy. It is possible, however, that fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy to 60 cm would fail to identify patients with adenomatous polyps located only in the proximal colon. The purpose of this study was to determine how many patients without polyps in the distal 60 cm of the colon would have more proximal lesions. Ninety-eight consecutive patients with positive fecal blood test results or suspicious barium enema results were studied, using the assumption that if they had been seen six months earlier, when asymptomatic, they would have been candidates for screening examination. Forty-one (42%) of 98 patients had adenomatous polyps or cancer, and 15 (37%) of these patients had isolated proximal lesions. The polyp detection rate from 0 to 60 cm was significantly less than the detection rate for a full colonoscopy (27% vs 42%). We conclude that isolated proximal colonic polyps may be common. ( Arch Intern Med 1988;148:473-475)
Heating Environment and Protection during Jupiter Entry

result, average degradation rates over complete pulses increased with the mean rate of change of applied heating. Average measured surface recession rates were approximately constant, however. The experimental transient heating ablation measurements were compared with calculated response based on steadystate heating test results. For minimum and maximum rates of change of applied heating, respectively, the measured degradation was ~15% less to 30% more than calculated over complete pulses, and 7% to 36% more than calculated during increasing heating. The corresponding measured surface recession measurements were approximately 10% more to 7% less than calculated over complete pulses, and 15% more to 10% less than calculated for increasing heating. These results indicate that the analytical procedures used in transient heating ablation cases should include analyses of the mechanism producing the transient effects.
Airway changes in obstructive sleep apnoea patients associated with a supine versus an upright position examined using cone beam computed tomography.

Objective: This study aimed to describe total volume and cross-sectional area measurement changes in obstructive sleep apnoea patients associated with a supine versus an upright position. Method: A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent cone beam computed tomography in upright and supine positions was performed, and the images were analysed. Results: Five obstructive sleep apnoea patients (all male) underwent both upright and supine cone beam computed tomography imaging. Mean age was 35.0 ± 9.3 years, mean body mass index was 28.1 ± 2.7 kg/m 2 and mean apnoea–hypopnoea index was 39.3 ± 23.0 per hour. The airway was smaller when patients were in a supine compared with an upright position, as reflected by decreases in the following airway measurements: total volume; posterior nasal spine, uvula tip, retrolingual and tongue base (not significant) cross-sectional areas; and site of the minimum cross-sectional area (of the overall airway). Total airway volume decreased by 32.6 per cent and cross-sectional area measurements decreased between 32.3 and 75.9 per cent when patients were in a supine position. Conclusion: In this case series, the airway of obstructive sleep apnoea patients was significantly smaller when patients were in a supine compared with an upright position.
End-plate voltage-gated sodium channels are lost in clinical and experimental myasthenia gravis.

This study examined the loss of voltage-gated Na + channels as well as acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) from the end-plate region in patients with acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) and in rats with experimental autoimmune passively transferred MG (PTMG). Rats received a monoclonal IgG antibody directed against an extracellular epitope of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of muscle (AChR) to produce PTMG. At the end-plate border we examined miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs), sodium current (I Na ) amplitude, and action potential (AP) properties; the latter two were also examined on the extrajunctional membrane. In the normal situation, the safety factor for neuromuscular transmission is ensured by the large I Na at the end plate, which reduces the AP threshold. Among different fiber types, I Na was largest for type IIb fibers and smallest for type I fibers. When end-plate border properties of fibers from 3 MG patients and 15 PTMG rats were compared with controls, I Na was reduced, AP thresholds were higher, and rates of AP rise were reduced. Amplitudes of MEPPs and I Na at the end plate indicated that loss of AChRs was greater than loss of Na+ channels in patients with MG and rats with PTMG; I Na was reduced to about 60% of control values, whereas MEPPs were reduced to less than 30% of control values. On the extrajunctional membrane, I Na and AP thresholds and rates of rise were similar for MG patients, PTMG rats, and controls. This evidence for loss of voltage-gated Na + channels at the motor end plate in both patients with MG and in rats with PTMG reveals a hitherto unrecognized consequence of the end-plate damage initiated by the binding of complement-fixing IgG to end-plate AChRs.
LEARNED RESPONSES TO TARGETS AT SUBCEPTUAL LEVELS.

Absolute judgment was investigated as a function of light intensity subceptually and perceptually for the verbal report, GSR, and motor-conditioning systems. Training to supraliminal targets was given simultaneously to the three systems prior to the random presentation of the seven targets at seven levels of illumination for two successive tests. Thus, the size discrimination presentations were given at the detection thresholds and at three levels above and three levels below the detection thresholds for the stimuli. Subception was obtained for the verbal report and GSR systems, but not for finger movement. Judgment was apparently independent of intensity for GSR. Learning for verbal report was greater below threshold than above it, while no learning was evidenced at the detection (50%) threshold (DT). The total percentage of correct responses, however, was greater for supraliminal discrimination. Shock and non-shock targets for verbal report and GSR were differentiated more accurately at levels below awa...
Fluorometric determination of partition coefficients of naphthalene homologues in octanol‐water mixtures

Abstract The octanol/water partition coefficients of 12 naphthalene homologues have been measured using a newly developed fluorometric technique. The log P values of alkyl substituents obtained by this method were found to be in reasonable agreement with the literature values.