cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of p53, WAF1/p21 AND BCL-2 expression during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of NB4 promyelocytic cells

Abstract The NB4 cell line, established from a patient with APL, carries the t(15;17) and undergoes differentiation along the granulocytic pathway when exposed to retinoic acid (RA). The NB4 cell line was used as a model for exploring the expression of genes and proteins implicated in growth regulation, differentiation and apoptosis during treatment with RA. NB4 cells undergo a series of cytological and molecular alterations during RA treatment—Day 1: cell differentiation marked by an increase in CD11b is evident. Day 2: WAF1/p21 mRNA and then protein rise, though they drop 2 days later. Day 3: the percentage of cells in S phase begins to decrease and G1 arrest begins. Day 4: p53 mRNA level and then protein levels fall. Day 5: CD11b/BCL-2 double staining cells are markedly reduced. No signs of apoptosis were observed after up to 8 days of treatment with RA. These results demonstrate that NB4 cells treated with RA rapidly differentiate and arrest at G1 phase concurrent with p53-independent WAF1/p21 induction; in addition, phenotypic differentiation appears to commence before changes in cell cycle progression. An explanation for the decrease in p53 as well as the lack of apoptosis immediately after BCL-2 downregulation will require further study.
Telecommunication technology and its implications for farmers and Extension Services

Abstract The telecommunication revolution holds important implications for both farmers and the Extension Service. With the proliferation of communication technologies, farmers have a broad array of channels and sources for information, leading some to argue that traditional modes of information delivery will be replaced. Based on survey data from Iowa farms, this article examines the extent to which farmers have adopted electronic communication. Next, we explore their interest in precision farming which is expected to be related to their adoption of telecommunication. Finally, we examine farmers’ preferences for receiving information. Based on indicated preferences, the analysis finds that the capacity to receive information via various means of telecommunication reinforces producer support for more one-on-one and personalized communication. We conclude that telecommunications may supplement rather than replace traditional delivery methods, suggesting that it may increase rather than decrease the demand for Extension education.
Transcriptional inhibition of etv2 expression is essential for embryonic cardiac development

E-twenty six variant 2 (Etv2) transcription factor participates in cardiac, vascular-endothelial and blood cell lineage specification decisions during embryonic development. Previous studies have identified genomic elements in the etv2 locus responsible for vascular endothelial cell specification. Using transgenic analysis in zebrafish, we report here an etv2 proximal promoter fragment that prevents transgene misexpression in myocardial progenitor cells. This inhibition of etv2 expression in the cardiac progenitor population is partly mediated by Scl and Nkx2.5, likely through direct binding to the etv2 promoter, and cis-regulatory elements located in the first and second introns. The results identify an etv2 cis-regulatory mechanism controlling cardiovascular fate choice implying that etv2 participates in a transcriptional network mediating developmental plasticity of endothelial progenitor cells during embryonic development.
Effect of Bt-cotton expressing Cry1A(c) on the survival and fecundity of two hymenopteran parasitoids (Braconidae, Encyrtidae) in the laboratory

Abstract We examined the effect of Bt-cotton (Event 531) plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin CryIA(c) on two hymenopteran endoparasitoids, Cotesia marginiventris and Copidosoma floridanum . In the laboratory, parasitized and unparasitized Pseudoplusia includens larvae were reared on foliage from a conventional soybean cultivar (Pioneer 97B61), a conventional cotton cultivar (DPL 5415), or a Bt-cotton cultivar (NuCotn 33B). C. marginiventris developed significantly faster within P. includens larvae feeding on Pioneer 97B61 and DPL 5415 compared to those feeding on NuCotn 33B. C. marginiventris that developed inside P. includens larvae feeding on NuCotn 33B suffered reduced longevity, and females had fewer ova. NuCotn 33B also affected the growth and development of P. includens parasitized with C. floridanum and life history parameters of adult C. floridanum . Parasitized and unparasitized P. includens developed more slowly when they were fed NuCotn 33B and the prepupae weighed less. Survival of parasitized and unparasitized P. includens was lower when larvae were fed NuCotn 33B and some evidence points to higher susceptibility of parasitized caterpillars to intoxication by NuCotn 33B. Fewer C. floridanum adults emerged from hosts fed NuCotn 33B, but pupal weight and adult longevity were unaffected. Analysis comparing the two experiments conducted with C. floridanum suggests that older NuCotn 33B plants (90–120 days after planting) may affect parasitoid development and adult survival less than younger NuCotn 33B plants (60–90 days after planting). Feeding on NuCotn 33B by P. includens affected the survival and development of the two hymenopteran endoparasitoids studied here, and the degree of the effect was similar to that observed with natural resistance found in soybean plants. It remains to be determined if the effects demonstrated here are less than, equal to, or greater than the impact of conventional insecticide applications used in conventional, non-transgenic, cotton.
Tryptophan loading test in premenstrual syndrome

SummaryAn oral tryptophan loading test (SOmg/kg) was performed in both women with premenstrual syndrome and controls. In controls at all sampling intervals, and the premenstrual syndrome subjects in the follicular and mid-luteal phases, tryptophan loading consistently increased whole blood serotonin levels. By contrast, during the late luteal phase, in subjects with premenstrual syndrome there was a decrease in blood serotonin.
The structure of sulfonium ylides stabilized by the malonylide moiety

The crystal structures of four thioxanthenium bis(carbomethoxy)methylides and methylides of di-(p-nitro-phenyl)sulfonium and dimethylsulfonium have been determined. The carbanion moiety in all cases is planar and the pi-system is rotated 90° with respect to the sulfur lone pair. All compounds exhibit a pseudo-equatorial orientation of the carbanion system except for the 2,4-dimethylthioxanthenium ylide. The compounds are described in terms of the geometries around the sulfur atom, the interplanar angles and sulfur-oxygen and oxygen-oxygen interactions. Surprisingly, the sulfur atom is not symmetrically placed with respect to the two phenyl rings in the thioxanthenium compounds. The sulfur is coplanar with one phenyl ring but is significantly out of the plane of the other. The 13C and 1H spectra of the ylides are discussed along with the temperature dependence which indicates restricted rotation about the +SC− bond in several cases. The factors contributing to the stability of the ylides are analyzed.
Sublingual granuloma in infancy (Riga-Fede's disease)

Summary 1. Two cases of Riga-Fede's disease are reported. 2. The disease is a granuloma of the frenulum linguae following abrasion by the lower central incisors and secondary infection. 3. Excision of the mass in our patients resulted in prompt recovery.
Constructing easily iterated functions with interesting properties

A number of schools have recently introduced new courses dealing with various aspects of iteration theory or at least have found ways of including topics such as chaos and fractals in existing courses. In this note, we will consider a family of functions whose members are especially well suited to illustrate many of the concepts involved in these topics. The main advantage of these functions is that the student can create and investigate his or her own examples using the approach given in this note.
Mix-and-match interferometric and optical lithographies for nanoscale structures

Optical lithography (OL) is the manufacturing base for patterning of semiconductor integrated circuits (IC). Fundamental limits on optical imaging at features below 200-nm potentially limit its continued applicability. Interferometric lithography (IL) techniques provide a demonstrated, low-cost, large area nanoscale patterning capability with dense feature resolution to ∼ 50 nm. An important next step is demonstating the capability of applying IL to an existing pattern defined by OL. We report on a mix-and match scheme for writing a critical layer in an electrical linewidth test structure. Two important issues are the accuracy and the overlay of the grids for the two exposure techniques. Moire techniques are used to evaluate the grid absolute accuracy for IL with expanding spherical wavefronts. For a 1-m distance to the wafer plane, the period variation is less than 5×10 -5 over a 1 cm field leading to a placement error of±60 nm over the field. This error scales as the inverse square of the distance to the wafer plane and can be reduced to arbitrarily levels. Collimation will eliminate this systematic error to the extent that lens aberrations are compensated. Preliminary experimental results in qualitative agreement with the analysis are presented.
Synaptic inputs to single neurons in the lateral geniculate nuclei of normal and monocularly deprived squirrel monkeys

Neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of normal and monocularly lid-sutured squirrel monkeys were recorded electrophysiologically, and some were injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to examine and compare their synaptic inputs. Limited tests of the receptive field properties did not show any differences between the normal, nondeprived, or deprived neurons. Sixteen injected neurons were examined at the light microscopic level with most of these located in the P-laminae (n = 14). Ten of these were either from normal monkeys (n = 9) or received input from the nondeprived eye of a monocularly deprived monkey (n = 1). The remaining six neurons received input from the deprived eye. The dendritic trees of deprived neurons did not differ from those of normal or nondeprived neurons. Three normal and five deprived neurons from the P-laminae were examined at the electron microscopic level. Afferent distributions were not significantly different between normal and deprived neurons. Retinal, cortical, and gamma aminobutyric (GABA)ergic afferents accounted for nearly all inputs (avg., 42%, 23%, and 32%, respectively) and selectively contacted proximal, distal, or all parts of the dendrites. Overall, synaptic densities (synapses per length of dendrite) were high proximally and decreased with distance from the soma. However, the synaptic densities onto deprived neurons were higher at all distances compared to those onto normal neurons. Furthermore, HRP-filled deprived neurons received an average of 25 synapses onto their somata compared with only an average of 7 somal synapses on the HRP-filled normal neurons. Most of the increase in the number of synapses onto the deprived neurons was from GABAergic type profiles. This abnormality of the deprived neurons of the dLGN could be the underlying cause of their lesser responses compared with normal or nondeprived dLGN neurons. It could also be the initial stage that causes blindness in monocularly lid-sutured primates.
Note on the effectiveness of indoor shelter as a countermeasure to achieve reduced radionuclide inhalation in the event of a nuclear accident

A simple mathematical model is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of early warning to seek low ventilation shelter for reducing internal radiation dose from inhaled radionuclides in the case of a nuclear accident.
Verbal conditioning of angina pectoris during exercise testing

A 40 year old man with far advanced coronary heart disease consistently experienced pain and exhibited marked S-T segment depression after 44 crossings during a Master two-step test. When the number of times traversed was miscounted so that he exercised less, the pain occurred at the precise count of 44 and he showed the same marked degree of S-T depression. However, when the count was accurate, he had neither pain nor S-T segment deviation at the reduced exercise level. The possible basis for verbal conditioning provoking angina pectoris is explored.
An Evaluation of Rubber Dam Clamps and a Method for their Selection

The dentist can select the proper rubber dam clamp by using a method that is based on measurement of the tooth. Three manufacturers supplied clamps for which the mesiodistal dimensions of the buccal and lingual jaws were measured. In a clinical situation, the dentist would measure the buccal and lingual aspects of the tooth and select the clamp that most closely approximates the size of the tooth. A close fit of the clamp on the proximal corners and surfaces of the tooth ensures its retention.
Solar Semidiurnal Tides in the Troposphere: Detection by Radar Profilers

A short review of solar semidiurnal atmospheric tides is presented. Semidiurnal atmospheric tides have been documented in the troposphere primarily through analyses of long time series of surface pressure measurements, although the winds produced by these tides have, by now, been well documented in the middle and upper atmosphere. Recent research using UHF and very-high-frequency radar wind profilers has now identified tidal wind perturbations in tropospheric data. This review focuses on the tidal wind characteristics and the distinctive signature of this wind system in radar profiler data analyses.
Simultaneous Chandra and Very Large Array Observations of Young Stars and Protostars in ρ Ophiuchus Cloud Core A

A 96 ks Chandra X-ray observation of ρ Ophiuchus cloud core A detected 87 sources, of which 60 were identified with counterparts at other wavelengths. The X-ray detections include 12 of 14 known classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs) in the field, 15 of 17 known weak-lined TTSs (WTTSs), and 4 of 15 brown dwarf candidates. The X-ray detections are characterized by hard, heavily absorbed emission. Most X-ray detections have visual extinctions in the range AV ≈ 10-20 mag, but several sources with visual absorptions as high as AV ≈ 40-56 mag were detected. The mean photon energy of a typical source is E ≈ 3 keV, and more than half of the detections are variable. Prominent X-ray flares were detected in the unusual close binary system Oph S1, the X-ray-bright WTTS DoAr 21, and the brown dwarf candidate GY 31 (M5.5). Time-resolved spectroscopic analysis of the DoAr 21 flare clearly reveals a sequence of secondary flares during the decay phase that may have reheated the plasma. We find that the X-ray luminosity distributions and spectral hardnesses of CTTSs and WTTSs are similar. We also conclude that the X-ray emission of detected brown dwarf candidates is less luminous than TTSs, but spectroscopically similar. Simultaneous multifrequency Very Large Array (VLA) observations detected 31 radio sources at 6 cm, of which 10 were also detected by Chandra. We report new radio detections of the optically invisible IR source WLY 2-11 and the faint Hα emission line star Elias 24 (class II). We confirm circular polarization in Oph S1 and report a new detection of circular polarization in DoAr 21. We find no evidence that X-ray and radio luminosities are correlated in the small sample of TTSs detected simultaneously with Chandra and the VLA. We describe a new nonparametric method for estimating X-ray spectral properties from unbinned photon event lists that is applicable to both faint and bright X-ray sources. The method is used to generate fX, log T, and LX light curves. In addition, we provide a publicly available electronic database containing multiwavelength data for 345 known X-ray, IR, and radio sources in the core A region.
A Price Dispersion Equilibrium in a Spatially Differentiated Housing Market with Search Costs

An equilibrium model of search in a spatially differentiated rental housing market is formulated that predicts both rent dispersion and equilibrium vacancies. The equilibrium rent distribution is determined on the landlord's (rental supply) side given tenants' search strategies. Then tenants' optimal search strategy, denned by the share of the market a tenant searches, is determined given the costs and benefits of search and the distribution of landlords' rents. The equations of supply and demand for rental units are then combined to derive a costly information, free-entry Nash equilibrium in the market rents. Finally, the sensitivity of equilibrium vacancies and rents to changes in search costs and other exogenous parameters is explored.
Automated Testing of LTL Formula Generation by Prospec

The Prospec software tool facilitates the construction of formal specifications in LTL by automating Dwyer’s Specification Pattern System as extended by Mondragon and Salamah. The LTL generation has been verified through the automated creation of a rigorous test set. Over 3 million test cases were generated and executed, providing extensive coverage of the system.
Cu island growth on Cu(110)

Abstract Submonolayer deposition of a metal upon a well-characterized surface of the same metal can be used to study the properties of surface diffusion. Satellite diffraction peaks can be observed, whose shape is related to the island size and spacing distributions. Here we present results for Cu/Cu(110) for which the temperature and rate dependencies of the resulting distributions have been examined on beamline X16A at NSLS. The results are interpreted in terms of rate-equation theories.
Ultrasound detects rapid progression of erosive disease in early rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective longitudinal study

Objective To evaluate and compare sequential ultrasound exams (US) with power-Doppler (PD) to radiography for the detection of synovitis and erosions in patients with early RA.
Review of Ibuprofen for Osteoarthritis

Pain is the predominant reason for seeking treatment in patients with osteoarthritis. Management is multifactorial, involving psychological, physical, pharmaceutical, and sometimes surgical measures. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents play a valuable role in the overall treatment program. A review of 28 clinical trials involving ibuprofen for osteoarthritis shows sometimes conflicting results in efficacy, often because of inadequacies in study design or dosage. In fact, 17 of these 28 studies employed doses of less than 1,600 mg/day. Nonetheless, several trends are clear. Ibuprofen at a dose of over 1,200 mg daily was superior to placebo and at doses of 1,200 to 1,800 mg/day was as effective or more effective than 3,200 to 3,600 mg/day of aspirin or 4,500 mg/day of aspirin plus acetaminophen. In trials with a wide variety of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen was often as effective as the comparison agent. Tolerability was consistently excellent with ibuprofen, and adverse reactions were few.
Visual acuity and stereopsis screening results in an underserved community.

Abstract Background This report provides a background of pediatric eye examinations and their importance and necessity from a public health perspective. In addition, it introduces a new clinical service that assists educational institutions in achieving goals of improving access to pediatric eye examinations through vision screenings. Methods This study focused on visual acuity and stereopsis results obtained from 5 vision screenings at local Boys and Girls Clubs in Boston. These screenings were affiliated with an educational institution to assist in optometric student education and exposure. Results A total of 252 children from various demographic backgrounds were screened. There was a mean failure rate of 37.4%, with 23.7% of failures attributed to reduced visual acuity and 24.2% attributed to reduced stereopsis. Conclusion This study confirms the need for vision screenings and appropriate follow-up through pediatric eye examinations. Furthermore, this study stresses the importance of community collaboration to improve access of care and adequate penetration within communities.
Possibilities of discovering a heavy top quark in the lepton-multijet channel

Abstract As the Fermilab experiments steadily increase the top quark mass limit, one has to study the top quark discovery in an scenario where its mass is larger than 150 GeV. We will show in this paper that one can apply simple and efficient cuts in the single lepton plus inclusive four jets channel which will reduce the QCD background by a factor of at least 5, while the top quark signal efficiency is more than 70%. With these cuts a discovery limit of 180 GeV can be set for an integrated luminosity of 100 pb−1. This limit is much higher than previously quoted in the literature and does not use the method of heavy quark tagging. The analysis includes energy smearing of the measured jets to simulate the most important detectors effects.
Alcohol Consumption and Females’ Recognition in Response to Date Rape Risk: The Role of Sex-Related Alcohol Expectancies

This study examined the pharmacological and psychological effects of alcohol on women’s recognition of and response to dating sexual aggression. Female participants completed measures of prior sexual victimization experiences, sex related alcohol expectancies, general alcohol expectancies, and drinking habits. Using a 2 (alcohol) × 2 (expectancy) balanced placebo research design, women were exposed to an audiotape date rape vignette and asked to press a button when the man’s sexual advances had gone to far. Upon pressing the button, the tape was stopped and participants were instructed to imagine themselves in the same situation and generate a response describing what they would say and/or do at that point. Results indicated that although alcohol and expectancy were not related to risk perception, individuals who consumed alcohol displayed significantly less resistant role play refusals. A significant interaction between expectancy set and pre-existing sex-related alcohol expectancies was observed indicating participants believing alcohol affects sexual behavior generated less resistant refusal responses when they expected to receive alcohol. Moreover, for those who expected to receive alcohol, stronger pre-existing sex-related alcohol expectancies predicted less resistant refusal responses over above the effects of blood alcohol level and general alcohol expectancies. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Computer simulation of amorphous thin films of hard spheres

Abstract The simulation of Henderson et al. of the structural anisotropy of amorphous thin films is modified. As a result, the density is increased while preserving the anisotropic columnar growth in the simulated film.
One-pot synthesis and the X-ray structures of rhenium(I) diphosphine hydrides, fac-(CO)3(P–P)ReH [P–P = dppp, dppb, and dppfe]

Abstract The reactions of Re2(CO)10 with chelated diphosphines, P–P, where P–P are 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb), and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppfe), in refluxed 1-pentanol or 1-hexanol afford the corresponding hydrides 1–3 fac-(CO)3(P–P)ReH, (for 1, P–P is dppp, for 2, P–P is dppb, and for 3, P–P is dppfe) in high yield. The hydrides 1–3 have been characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystal structure determinations.
In vitro studies of pigment epithelium-derived factor in human Schwann cells after treatment with axolemma-enriched fraction.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with known anti-angiogenic and trophic properties, capable of promoting the survival and growth of Schwann cells (SC). Normal rat SCs and ganglioneuroma-derived human SCs secrete PEDF. The ability of normal SC to secrete a number of trophic factors is controlled by axonal contact. Normal human Schwann cells (HSC) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) cell lines synthesize and secrete PEDF as determined by reverse transcription PCR analysis for PEDF mRNA, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot analysis for PEDF protein. Two MPNST cell lines secreted higher levels of PEDF than did HSC. A 90.3% decrease in PEDF mRNA and a 29.3% decrease in secreted PEDF were observed after treatment of HSC with axolemma-enriched fraction (AEF, 100 μg/ml), a neuronal membrane fraction of the axonal plasma membrane used with cultured SC to mimic axonal contact in vitro. PEDF levels remained unchanged, however, in MPNST-derived SC conditioned media under the same treatment paradigm. These results suggest that MPNST SC lose the ability to downregulate PEDF upon axonal contact, which is characteristic of HSC. The elevated PEDF levels expressed by MPNST cell lines may serve to promote their proliferation and survival. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hormonal induction of behavioral estrus modified by electrical stimulation of hypothalamus

Abstract Sexual receptivity was induced by sequential injections of estrogen and progesterone in ovariectomized female rats which had bilateral, monopolar electrodes permanently implanted into either the medial preoptic area (MPOA) or the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). Intermittent electrical stimulation of the MPOA during the first 6 hours of estrogen priming significantly reduced the intensity of estrous behavior measured 2 days later. Comparable stimulation of the MBH produced a non-significant increase in receptivity. The use of electrical stimulation to study the ways in which hormones affect central sites of action is discussed.
Observation of the v = 0–13 levels of Na2 b3Πu by OODR 3Λg-b3Πu fluorescence spectroscopy

Abstract The absolute vibrational numbering of the Na2 b3Πu state has been established by direct observation of the v = 0–13 levels. These b3Πu levels appear as the lower levels in rotationally resolved fluorescence spectra resulting from OODR excitation of 3Πg, 3Δg, and 3Σg+ states via b3Πu ∼ A1Σu+ mixed intermediate levels. The molecular constants for the Na2 b3Πu state are (in cm−1, one standard error in parentheses) T e 13 517.2 (1.3) B e 0.1434 (0.0027) ω e 153.6 (1.1) α e 9×10−5 (4×10−4) ω e ξ e 0.47 (0.09) r e 3.20 (0.03) A A e 7.85 (0.60) α A 0.19 (0.16)
Tunneling effect on the composite fermion pairing state in bilayer quantum Hall systems

We discuss the composite fermion pairing state in bilayer quantum Hall systems. After evaluation of the range of the interlayer separation in which the quantum Hall state is stabilized, we discuss the effect of interlayer tunneling on the composite fermion pairing state at $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2.$ We show that there is a cusp at the transition point between the Halperin (3,3,1) state and the Pfaffian state.
Glasses for lithography

The highest resolution in a lithographic process is often determined by the properties of the resist material. With the currently used polymeric resists, a resolution of better than 100 nm has been achieved under manufacturing conditions, but the future nanoscale devices will require a 10 times superior resolution. In this paper we present an overview of the resist materials, especially with regard to limiting resolution. In principle, inorganic resists should have higher limiting resolution than polymer resists due to smaller fundamental structural units and stronger bonds in the former. However, compositional and/or structural inhomogeneities may limit their ultimate resolution. New results are presented that indicate chalcogenide glasses as promising photo and electron beam resists, which also have the advantages of greater hardness, resistance to acids, easy fabrication in thin film form, and the unique phenomena like radiation enhanced diffusion.
Mother and Child Reports of Hurricane Related Stressors: Data from a Sample of Families Exposed to Hurricane Katrina

Families exposed to disasters such as Hurricane Katrina are at risk for numerous adverse outcomes. While previous literature suggests that the degree of disaster exposure corresponds with experiencing negative outcomes, it is unclear if parents and children report similar levels of disaster exposure. The purpose of this paper was to examine levels of disaster stressor agreement among mother–child dyads affected by Hurricane Katrina, and to examine whether discrepancies in disaster stressor reports are associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. Participants in this study consisted of 353 dyads of mothers (age M = 38.79 years, SD = 7.52; 68 % African American) and children (52 % girls; age M = 11.61 years, SD = 1.57) exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Parents and children were assessed at two timepoints, 3–7 months and 14–17 months postdisaster. Parent and child responses to items regarding hurricane related stressor exposure and PTS symptoms were analyzed. Agreement on hurricane related exposures was predominately slight to moderate, with kappas ranging from κ = 0.19 to κ = 0.83. Polynomial regression analyses revealed that when mothers reported low levels of Immediate Loss/Disruption stressors and children reported high levels of these stressors, children reported higher levels of Time 2 PTS symptoms, b = −0.72 (0.33), p = .03. Overall, levels of mother–child response agreement were low. Discrepancies in mother and child reports predicted higher levels of child PTS symptoms. Clinicians may want to query both parents and children about their disaster experiences when working with families postdisaster.
LANGUAGE, LITERACY, AND POWER IN SCHOOLING

LANGUAGE, LITERACY, AND POWER IN SCHOOLING. Teresa L. McCarty (Ed.) . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005. Pp. xxvi + 317. $34.50 paper. The ways in which macro factors of global socioeconomic power shape micro language/literacy interactions in education have increasingly gained attention in applied linguistics research. This volume, which emerged from an American Anthropological Association symposium in 1999, sets out to examine this dialectic through the lens of critical ethnographic research. In her introduction, McCarty draws on the new literacy studies paradigm to challenge dichotomizing discourses—oral versus literate, literate versus illiterate, monolingual versus bilingual—as well as current calls for standardization, homogeneity, and universalist approaches to language and literacy education. Instead, the editor situates the volume within a social practices framework, which emphasizes the multiplicity and variability of literacy practices shaped by context, power, culture, and purpose.
Alternative approaches to Hsp90 modulation for the treatment of cancer

Hsp90 is responsible for the conformational maturation of newly synthesized polypeptides (client proteins) and the re-maturation of denatured proteins via the Hsp90 chaperone cycle. Inhibition of the Hsp90 N-terminus has emerged as a clinically relevant strategy for anticancer chemotherapeutics due to the involvement of clients in a variety of oncogenic pathways. Several immunophilins, co-chaperones and partner proteins are also necessary for Hsp90 chaperoning activity. Alternative strategies to inhibit Hsp90 function include disruption of the C-terminal dimerization domain and the Hsp90 heteroprotein complex. C-terminal inhibitors and Hsp90 co-chaperone disruptors prevent cancer cell proliferation similar to N-terminal inhibitors and destabilize client proteins without induction of heat shock proteins. Herein, current Hsp90 inhibitors, the chaperone cycle, and regulation of this cycle will be discussed.
Light Scattering and Gloss of an Experimental Quartz-filled Composite

For samples of polymethylmethacrylate with and without quartz filler, the inverse of the contrast-gloss ratio is shown to be related to surface roughness and to the optical scattering coefficient. This finding adds to the importance of optical scattering, which has been widely studied because of its relation to color and translucency of materials. Furthermore, optical scattering by composite fillers is shown to be linearly related to the concentration of the filler material within the range of concentrations studied. Quartz fillers were incorporated at concentrations from 5 to 20 weight percent and were short fibers or granular powder, with the granular particles ranging in median equivalent spherical diameter from 15 to 3.3 μm. The efficiency of optical scattering for the granular quartz filler increased as the size of the filler decreased.
The influence of early life sexual abuse on oxytocin concentrations and premenstrual symptomatology in women with a menstrually related mood disorder.

Oxytocin (OT), associated with affiliation and social bonding, social salience, and stress/pain regulation, may play a role in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders, including menstrually-related mood disorders (MRMD's). Adverse impacts of early life sexual abuse (ESA) on adult attachment, affective regulation, and pain sensitivity suggest ESA-related OT dysregulation in MRMD pathophysiology. We investigated the influence of ESA on plasma OT, and the relationship of OT to the clinical phenomenology of MRMD's. Compared to MRMD women without ESA (n=40), those with ESA (n=20) displayed significantly greater OT [5.39 pg/mL (SD, 2.4) vs. 4.36 pg/mL (SD, 1.1); t (58) = −2.26, p =.03]. In women with ESA, OT was significantly, inversely correlated with premenstrual psychological and somatic symptoms (r's = −.45 to −.64, p's < .05). The relationship between OT and premenstrual symptomatology was uniformly low and non-significant in women without ESA. In women with ESA, OT may positively modulate MRMD symptomatology.
Recent and remote spatial memory in mice treated with cytosine arabinoside

Clinical studies suggest that chemotherapy is associated with long-term cognitive impairment in some patients. A number of underlying mechanisms have been proposed, however, the etiology of chemotherapy-related cognitive dysfunction remains relatively unknown. As part of a multifaceted approach, animal models of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment are being developed. Thus far, the majority of animal studies have utilized a rat model, however, mice may prove particularly beneficial in studying genetic risk factors for developing chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. Various chemotherapy agents, including cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), have been found to impair remote spatial memory in rats in the Morris water maze. The present study evaluated the effects of Ara-C on remote (30 d) spatial memory in mice. In addition, the possibility that time relative to chemotherapy treatment may modulate the effect of chemotherapy on spatial learning and/or recent (1 d) memory was explored. Male C57BL/6J mice received either Ara-C (275 mg/kg i.p. daily for 5 days) or saline. Spatial learning and memory was assessed using the Morris water maze. Half the mice performed a remote (30 d) memory version of the task and the other half performed a recent (1 d) memory version of the task. The experiment was designed such that the probe trial for the recent memory version occurred on the same day relative to chemotherapy treatment as the remote memory version. Despite significant toxic effects as assessed by weight loss, Ara-C treated mice performed as well as control mice during acquisition, recent memory, and remote memory portions of the task. As are some humans, C57BL/6J mice may be resistant to at least some aspects of chemotherapy induced cognitive decline.
Synthesis and NMR Characterization of (Z,Z,Z,Z,E,E,ω)-Heptaprenol

We describe a practical, multigram synthesis of (2Z,6Z,10Z,14Z,18E,22E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27-heptamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22,26-octacosaheptaen-1-ol [(Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol, 4] using the nerol-derived sulfone 8 as the key intermediate. Sulfone 8 is prepared by the literature route and is converted in five additional steps (18% yield from 8) to (Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol 4. The use of Eu(hfc)(3) as an NMR shift reagent not only enabled confirmation of the structure and stereochemistry of 4, but further enabled the structural assignment to a major side product from a failed synthetic connection. The availability by this synthesis of (Z(4),E(2),ω)-heptaprenol 4 in gram quantities will enable preparative access to key reagents for the study of the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell envelope.
Factors influencing lobulo-alveolar development and mammary secretion in the rat.

During pregnancy, the mammary gland of the rat undergoes a marked transformation so that, near the end of gestation, it consists of grape-like clusters of alveoli in lobule formation. Two days before parturition, secretion within the alveoli becomes visible (Turner and Schultze, 1931). Full development of the mammary gland, therefore, is attained when lobulo-alveolar development with secretion is established. In the absence of pregnancy, full development of the mammary gland has been produced experimentally in rats by injection of the gonadotropic substance from the urine of pregnant women (Selye et al., 1933). This hormone causes intense luteinization of the ovaries and complete lobulo-alveolar development of the gland but no secretion. If the stimulated ovaries are excised, secretion will follow about thirty-six hours later and the gland will then present the appearance of full development.
Comparison of a mixture formulation with a similarity solution for binary alloy solidification

Abstract Motivated by a principal interest in the continuous casting of alloys, an application of a mixture theory has been proposed for examining problems involving solidification of a multicomponent system. The formulation provides a basis for studying the solidification of a binary alloy in which the two phases may be present in arbitrary amounts. Balance laws for mass, momentum and energy for each phase are written which account for interactions between the mixture components. The present work describes methods for modeling the rate of growth of solid in terms of a mass exchange: incorporates drag, buoyancy and interfacial pressure forces in the momentum exchange: and includes the latent heat and dissipation in the energy exchange. For unidirectional solidification under equilibrium cooling conditions, the thermal field is resolved and compared with a classical similarity solution.
Surgical management of adrenal metastases from lung cancer

Background and Objectives: Adrenal metastases from lung cancer usually indicate systemic disease and incurability. However, a small subset of patients with isolated adrenal metastases may achieve long-term survival with aggressive surgical resection of the adrenal gland. To clarify the role of adrenalectomy for metastatic lung cancer, we undertook a review of the published literature on this topic. Methods The English-language medical literature was searched for papers reporting surgical resection of adrenal metastases from lung cancer. Eleven articles were retrieved and their data pooled for analysis. Results Sixty patients (including seven previously reported from our institution) formed the basis of this collective review. Thirty-two patients pooled from small series and case reports had a median survival of 24 months, and approximately one-third were 5-year survivors. Twenty-eight patients reported in two large series had a less favorable survival (approximately 14 months median survival). Conclusions Surgical resection of isolated adrenal metastases from lung cancer appears to have a modest survival advantage over nonoperative therapy, and it occasionally results in long-term survival. However, the relatively encouraging survival results reported in the literature could be related to careful patient selection for this aggressive therapy, publication bias in favor of positive treatment outcomes, or a combination of the two. Nevertheless, the results are encouraging enough to justify further investigation of this aggressive treatment strategy. Practical guidelines for management are proposed. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;69:54–57. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Comparative Analysis of Durkheim's Theory of Egoistic Suicide: a Comment*

K. D. Breault and Karen Barkey's recent paper makes a number of important contributions to the sociological research on suicide. As Emile Durkheim once said, good sociology is comparative sociology. The generalizations documented in the Breault and Barkey investigation are more solid than those in noncomparative research. The relationships between suicide and selected independent variables were found to hold in the institutional and cultural frameworks of over 40 nations. In addition, Breault and Barkey make an important advancement in the methodology of suicide: they are the first to systematically document an inverse exponential function between suicide and political and religious variables. While their paper has a number of strengths, there are a number of important weaknesses left unaddressed. These lie in the areas of their conceptual framework, model specification, and literature review. First, there are some conceptual problems regarding the phenomena of integration and religious commitment (Breault and Barkey, 1982: 325). What Durkheim really meant by integration has been the subject of much debate (Johnson, 1965; Pope, 1976). It is important that authors address the thorny issue of how their measures get at the heart of the integration problem. The present authors have an innovative and ingenious measure of the religious factor: religious book production. There is a problem, however, seeing this as an index of Durkheimian integration. Breault and Barkey do not clearly demonstrate how religious book production is a measure of religious integration They assert that it is a measure of "religious commitment," which, in turn, is used as a synonym for integration (Breault and Barkey, 1982:322, 325). However, religious integration and commitment are distinct concepts. Durkheim (1966: 156-70) used the term religious integration to describe a group with a large number of shared religious beliefs and practices. Catholics-with a rigid church hierarchy to preserve traditional religious orthodoxy and with a greater number of practices, such as mandatory weekly church attendance and confession-were viewed by Durkheim as more "integrated" than Protestants. Whether Catholics produce or consume more religious books is open to question. It is possible for a group to be highly integrated without publishing a disproportionate number of religious books. Conversely, it is also possible for a nation to be low in religious integration and high in religious book production. For example, nation marked by religious pluralism (many religious denominations and/or religions with varied beliefs and practices) would be low in integration, but its level of religiosity or commitment could be quite high. Considerable debate between denominations over orthodoxy and norms regarding religious practices would indicate each
STUDIES ON TUBERCULIN FEVER III. MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE RELEASE OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN IN VITRO

In a search for the source of the circulating endogenous pyrogen (EP) that mediates tuberculin-induced fever, tuberculin was incubated in vitro with various tissues of rabbits sensitized by intravenous infection with BCG. Evidence was obtained that tuberculin specifically stimulates cells in the blood of sensitized rabbits to generate pyrogen in vitro, whereas both lymph node and spleen cells from the same donors were inactive. Since normal blood cells, incubated in plasma of sensitized donors, were similarly activated, it is postulated that circulating antibodies play a role in sensitizing cells (presumably granulocytes) to release pyrogen on contact with tuberculin) both in vitro and in vivo. Release of endogenous pyrogen in vitro may be a sensitive means of detecting immunologic reactions between antigen and specifically sensitized blood cells-in other allergic states accompanied by fever.
U.S. Farm Policy and the Volatility of Commodity Prices and Farm Revenues

A dynamic three-commodity rational-expectations storage model is used to compare the impact of the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996 with a free-market policy, and with pre-FAIR policies. Results suggest that FAIR did not lead to significant increases in long-run price volatility or revenue volatility. The main impact of pre-FAIR, relative to the free-market regime, was to substitute government storage for private storage in a way that did little to support prices or to stabilize farm incomes. Results also indicate that U.S. grain market volatility in 1995-2000 was due to fundamental market forces and not to FAIR.
What Is It They Say About Best Intentions? A Life Lesson in Empathy and Sympathy

This narrative exposes a critical communication lesson through a true account. In describing empathy and sympathy, it ushers readers on a brief journey where one vital exchange goes awry. A lesson emerges for clinical staff and patients communicating in sensitive circumstances. Empathy and sympathy both express feelings but differ in how these interwoven emotions emerge. It is suggested that sympathy shares feeling whereas empathy shares understanding. The narrative includes a dilemma and the consequence that results from ineffective communication, and concludes with suggestions to successfully manage similar communication encounters.
Phenylketonuria: outcomes and treatment

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism affecting approximately one in every 10,000 infants born in Europe and the USA. Unless treated with a phenylalanine-restricted diet beginning in infancy, PKU can be associated with mental retardation, seizures, eczema and other symptoms. Treatment prevents the most severe consequences of PKU, but compliance with the strict dietary regimen is poor, especially in adolescents and adults. Despite the decline in IQ and increased emotional problems associated with poor adherence to the diet, few novel advances in treatments for PKU have occurred since 1963, when it became the first condition for which newborn screening was available. Sparked in part by acceptance of the policy of lifelong dietary treatment, alternative therapies are being investigated. These include innovations in production of low-protein foods, psychosocial interventions, new medications, enzyme therapy and perhaps even gene therapy in the future.
Aztreonam in the Treatment of Bone and Joint Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacilli

Aztreonam was used successfully in 17 of 17 patients with orthopedic infections due to gram-negative bacilli (11, osteomyelitis; six, septic arthritis). Duration of treatment ranged from 14 to 55 days, and the period of follow-up was four to 18 months. Causative organisms included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter gergoviae, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Aztreonam was well tolerated. The only definite reactions attributable to aztreonam were asymptomatic increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) and serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) in four patients; none of these reactions interfered with completion of therapy. Adverse reactions that were possibly attributable to aztreonam included rash (two patients), diarrhea (one patient), and leukopenia (one patient). All of these patients were receiving antibiotics active against gram-positive organisms in mixed infections in addition to aztreonam. Aztreonam is a promising new monobactam without significant toxicity. It has good activity against gram-negative aerobic bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, and is effective in the treatment of serious infections due to gram-negative aerobes.
Open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a centenarian

We present the case of a 101-year-old female who was successfully operated for an open elective repair of a symptomatic 9 cm abdominal aortic aneurysm. This is the oldest case reported in the literature for elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with successful outcome. This case raises an important ethical issue of human life expectancy and the appropriateness of high-risk surgery on a centenarian.