cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of post‐receptor insulin signaling by trivalent chromium in hepatoma cells is associated with differential inhibition of specific protein‐tyrosine phosphatases

Various molecular forms of chromium have been implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism, and chromium deficiency can be associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), which negatively regulate signaling through the insulin receptor, are potential targets of chromium action, since this transition metal may inhibit catalysis at the thiol-dependent active sites of these enzymes. Treatment of cultured rat hepatoma cells with 0.1 mM CrCl3 for 16 h increased the insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of high Mr insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins by 49% to 7.3-fold over basal (n = 7; P= 0.03), without altering basal insulin receptor or IRS tyrosine phosphorylation or insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation, suggesting a post-receptor effect of chromium on signal transduction. PTPase activity in cell extracts of CrCl3-treated hepatoma cells before or after insulin stimulation was unchanged, indicating that if chromium acted via cellular PTPases, the effect was reversible and limited to the in vivo state. Chromium (Cr+3) ion and two organic derivatives, an oligopeptide chromium complex from bovine liver (Cr-pep), and a synthetic multinuclear complex of chromium with carboxylate ligands (Sm-Cr) were also tested for their direct in vitro inhibition of the enzymatic activity of LAR and PTP1B, two structurally variant PTPases that have been implicated in regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. PTP1B (rat and human) was strongly inhibited by CrCl3 to 21–33% of control (n = 4–6; P< 0.001). In contrast, LAR activity was actually enhanced by CrCl3 to 47% above the control value (n = 12; P< 0.001). The Cr-pep and Sm-Cr complexes had no effect on PTP1B and LAR activity at the tested concentrations using the pNPP assay. These data suggest that the metabolic effects of chromium may be mediated by inhibition of PTP1B, a PTPase that negatively modulates insulin signaling, consistent with other recent studies implicating PTP1B in the regulation of the dephosphorylation of post-insulin receptor substrate proteins. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:393–404, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetic films and optics in computer memories

The thermal cycle-time and read bandwidth are calculated for a magnetic film memory which is written by heating from focussed light and read by the same beam at reduced power. The heat flow model approximates the memory bit as a planar disc source and the cycle time T is determined by the condition that, for repetitive writing, the ratio of transient to dc temperature must be >1. Then it is found that the bit radius a must be = thermal diffusion length in time T ( k = thermal diffussivity of substrate); for T s and an Ag substrate this gives a \sim 5 \mu . For a magneto-optical reflection coefficient k \sim 10^{-3} the shot-noise limited bandwidth is then found to be ∼100 MHz for a temperature rise of 10 degrees in the memory bit. Surface noise due to imperfections will limit the bandwidth to less than the shot-noise limit unless some form of signal processing can be used to extract the magnetic information. For incident light polarized at, say, 45° to the plane of incidence, phase modulation of one of the components will generate a magneto-optical signal with a phase of 0 or π relative to the modulation, depending on the magnetic state of the memory bit. Additional topics which are considered include a review of magneto-optical enhancement using multilayer dielectric films, a discussion of possible memory materials, and a proposal for a content-addressed memory which is interrogated magneto-optically.
Landau-Ginzburg model for antiferroelectric phase transitions based on microscopic symmetry

The only Landau-type model for antiferroelectric phase transitions was proposed by Kittel, in which two interpenetrating sublattices with opposite polarizations of equal amplitude were assumed. The theory, however, did not include any mechanism to specify the relative spatial positions of the two sublattices, and therefore could not address the cell doubling during antiferroelectric phase transitions. We propose a Landau-Ginzburg-type model based on microscopic symmetry and group theory, which can, without having to assume sublattices, account for all aspects of antiferroelectric states, including local dipole orientation and cell doubling. The average of these dipoles naturally leads to the Kittel model. The inclusion of gradient terms in the free energy allows the modeling of multidomain structures and domain walls in antiferroelectric states.
Intrinsic Bistable Guided-Wave Devices: Theory And Applications

Novel all-optical signal processing devices can be realized by utilizing optical power-dependent refractive-index materials in guided-wave resonators. The resonators are channel waveguide structures that obtain their feedback by means of cleaved mirrors, a corrugation, or a ring geometry. The nonlinear material can be part of the waveguide, of the cladding, or both. As the power carried by the guided wave in the resonator is increased, the effective refractive index of the waveguide changes, the optical path length is modified, and the resonator switches between transmission and reflection states. As a result, the resonator exhibits optical hysteresis, and acts as an intrinsic bistable device. We present the general theory of power-dependent refractive-index waveguides, and apply the theory to some devices that can serve as all-optical signal processors, such as optical amplifiers, discriminators and memory devices.
MEASUREMENT-CONTROL HETERARCHICAL NETWORKS IN LIVING SYSTEMS

The recognition of levels in physical theories has always been at least a pragmatic necessity because of the enormous range of scales in space, time, number, and complexity. The objective reality of higher levels of scale is a metaphysical question that is not empirically decidable, whereas the causal structure of events often appears to produce a more objective levels structure. However, causality has many forms, and is not a measurable quantity. I restate the argument that biological systems are distinguished from physical systems by measurement-control networks that are functionally irreducible. These heterarchical measurement-control networks provide a complementary description to the more common hierarchical causal chains models. The current controversies in evolution theory over levels of selection arise largely from such a hierarchical causal view of organisms. Heterarchical models of measurement-control networks show greater internal selection and autonomy of organisms and less influence from envi...
Criers, liars, and manipulators: Probation officers' views of girls

This study examines the perceptions of girls held by juvenile probation officers, psychologists, and others involved in juvenile court decision making. Through qualitative analysis of girls' probat...
Deletion of the entire NF1 gene detected by FISH: Four deletion patients associated with severe manifestations

Genetic analysis of NF1 has indicated a wide diversity of mutations, including chromosome rearrangements, deletions, insertions, duplications, and point mutations. Recently, five severely affected individuals have been found by Kayes et Al. [1994] to have deletions encompassing the entire gene. These deletions were detected by quantitative Southern analysis. To simplify deletion detection, we have employed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using intragenic probes. Thirteen unrelated individuals with NF1 have been studied. Among six with severe manifestations, four have been found to have deletions detected by probes cFF13, cFB5D, cP5, yA43A9, yA113D7 and yD8F4. All four deletions patients have severe developmental delay, minor and major anomalies (including one with bilateral iris colobomas), and multiple cutaneous neurofibromas or plexiform neurofibromas which were present before age 5 years. FISH provides a simple and rapid means of identification of NF1 gene deletions and will allow more rigorous testing of the hypothesis that such deletions are associated with severe manifestations.
Dosage compensation: Making 1X equal 2X

Animals that have XX females and XY or XO males have differing doses of X-linked genes in each sex. Overcoming this is the most immediate and vital aspect of sexual differentiation. A number of systems that accurately compensate for sex-chromosome dosage have evolved independently: silencing a single X chromosome in female mammals, downregulating both X chromosomes in hermaphrodite Caenorhabditis elegans and upregulating the X chromosome in male Drosophila all equalize X-linked gene expression. Each organism uses a largely non-overlapping set of molecules to achieve the same outcome: 1X = 2X.
Quantification and semantic memory

Two models are considered for how people verify explicitly quantified sentences, such as All fathers are parents and Some fathers are parents. The models share the same second stage, but have different first-stage mechanisms. In the Predicate Intersection Model, suggested by Meyer (1970), the first stage involves a serial, self-terminating search among names of categories that intersect the predicate category. In the Feature Comparison Model (Smith, Shoben & Rips, 1974a), the first stage involves evaluating the overall relatedness between the subject and predicate categories by comparing their semantic features. To test the models, three reaction time experiments required subjects to verify statements quantified by Some or All. In the first experiment, the semantic relatedness of categories in false Some-statements was varied. Contrary to predictions of the Predicate Intersection Model, related categories increased reaction time for both true and false Some-statements. While the first experiment revealed that All-statements took longer to verify than comparable Some-statements, the second experiment demonstrated that the All-Some difference can be eliminated by presenting both statement types in the same block of trials, also disconfirming the Predicate Intersection Model. Finally, Experiment III examined the meaning of Some-statements in more detail by having subjects interpret the quantifier Some as “some but not all.” With this interpretation, Some-statements took longer to verify than All-statements. Overall the results support the Feature Comparison Model.
The Professorship in Educational Administration--A Personal View.

This article was orginally published as thePhi Delta Kappa MeritoriousAward Monograph—No. 3in honor of Dr. Roald F. Campbell, the recipient ofthe 1979 Phi Delta Kappa Award for Meritorious Contributions to Education through Research, Evaluation, and Development. The article was made avaitable for publication in theEAQ through the cooperation of Dr. Campbell and Phi Delta Kappa.
Implications of controlled short-wavelength light exposure for sleep in older adults

Environmental and physiological conditions make older adults more likely to lose synchronization to their local time and experience sleep disturbances. A regular, 24-hour light/dark cycle promotes synchronization. It is now well established that the circadian system is maximally sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) light. The purpose of the present study was to measure dose effectiveness (amounts and durations) of short-wavelength (blue) light for stimulating the circadian systems of older adults. We investigated the impact of six corneal irradiances (0.7 to 72 μW/cm2) of 470-nm light on nocturnal melatonin production. Nine participants, each over 50 years of age completed a within-subjects study. Each week, participants were exposed to one of the six irradiances of 470-nm light for 90 minutes. A two-factor (6 corneal irradiances × 10 exposure durations), within-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the melatonin suppression levels. The ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of corneal irradiance (F5, 30 = 9.131, p < 0.0001), a significant main effect of exposure duration (F9, 54 = 5.731, p < 0.0001), and a significant interaction between these two variables (F45,270 = 1.927, p < 0.001). Post hoc t-tests revealed that corneal irradiances as low as 2 μW/cm2 reliably suppressed melatonin after 90-minute exposure whereas 0.7 μW/cm2 did not. Sleep disorders are common and a serious problem for millions of older adults. The present results showed that comfortable, precise and effective doses of light can be prescribed to older adults to reliably stimulate the circadian system that presumably would promote entrainment and, thus, regular sleep. Field studies on the impact of short-wavelength-light doses on sleep efficiency in older adults should be performed.
An optimal timing model of water reallocation and reservoir construction

Abstract Growth of the users base often reduces the efficiency of existing water allocation policies and causes new water supplies to cost more than the value of water in existing use. Historically, water management authorities have shown a bias toward undertaking of new supply projects and delay of necessary reallocations. This study provides an analysis of the timing and adjustments associated with construction of new reservoirs and reallocation of existing supplies. A dynamic model yields simultaneously the optimal construction timing of new projects and guidelines for reallocation of existing supplies. A number of sensitivity results provide additional insights.
A large area, high charge resolution, scintillation counter telescope for cosmic ray studies☆

Abstract A cosmic ray telescope consisting of a 1.7 m long gas Cerenkov detector sandwiched between two large scintillator detectors has been flown from balloons to study high energy heavy nuclei in the primary cosmic radiation. This paper discusses the design and testing of the scintillation detectors. It is demonstrated that geometry factors two orders of magnitude larger than are in common use can be achieved with no loss of charge resolution. With a geometry factor in excess of 500 cm 2 ·sterad we have obtained unambiguous charge determination up to Z = 20. This resolution is comparable to that obtainable with emulsions using photometric techniques.
Cell wall metabolism during fruiting of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune.

During the development of fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, the alkali-insoluble (R glucan) and alkali-soluble (S glucan) cell wall fractions are synthesized during the entire course of morphogenesis. The water soluble glucan (WSG) is not synthesized after an early stage. There is also a relative increase in the proportion of S glucan during development which appears related to a change in the proportion of the components synthesized. Data are also presented to show that several fruiting mutants also have specific cell wall differences, and that there is a significant contribution to cell wall structure by genes which do not cause a macroscopically observable change in phenotype.
Evaluation and Optimization of Mass Spectrometric Settings during Data-Dependent Acquisition Mode: Focus on LTQ-Orbitrap Mass Analyzers

Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics has evolved as the preferred method for the analysis of complex proteomes. Undoubtedly, recent advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation have greatly enhanced proteomic analysis. A popular instrument platform in proteomics research is the LTQ-Orbitrap mass analyzer. In this tutorial, we discuss the significance of evaluating and optimizing mass spectrometric settings on the LTQ-Orbitrap during CID data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode to improve protein and peptide identification rates. We focus on those MS and MS/MS parameters that have been systematically examined and evaluated by several researchers and are commonly used during DDA. More specifically, we discuss the effect of mass resolving power, preview mode for FTMS scan, monoisotopic precursor selection, signal threshold for triggering MS/MS events, number of microscans per MS/MS scan, number of MS/MS events, automatic gain control target value (ion population) for MS and MS/MS, maximum ion injection time for MS/MS, rapid and normal scan rate, and prediction of ion injection time. We furthermore present data from the latest generation LTQ-Orbitrap system, the Orbitrap Elite, along with recommended MS and MS/MS parameters. The Orbitrap Elite outperforms the Orbitrap Classic in terms of scan speed, sensitivity, dynamic range, and resolving power and results in higher identification rates. Several of the optimized MS parameters determined on the LTQ-Orbitrap Classic and XL were easily transferable to the Orbitrap Elite, whereas others needed to be reevaluated. Finally, the Q Exactive and HCD are briefly discussed, as well as sample preparation, LC-optimization, and bioinformatics analysis. We hope this tutorial will serve as guidance for researchers new to the field of proteomics and assist in achieving optimal results.
Carbon K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory examination of metal-carbon bonding in metallocene dichlorides.

Metal–carbon covalence in (C5H5)2MCl2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) has been evaluated using carbon K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) as well as ground-state and time-dependent hybrid density functional theory (DFT and TDDFT). Differences in orbital mixing were determined experimentally using transmission XAS of thin crystalline material with a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM). Moving down the periodic table (Ti to Hf) has a marked effect on the experimental transition intensities associated with the low-lying antibonding 1a1* and 1b2* orbitals. The peak intensities, which are directly related to the M–(C5H5) orbital mixing coefficients, increase from 0.08(1) and 0.26(3) for (C5H5)2TiCl2 to 0.31(3) and 0.75(8) for (C5H5)2ZrCl2, and finally to 0.54(5) and 0.83(8) for (C5H5)2HfCl2. The experimental trend toward increased peak intensity for transitions associated with 1a1* and 1b2* orbitals agrees with the calculated TDDFT oscillator strengths [0.10 and 0.21, (C5H5)2TiCl2; 0.21 and 0.73, (C5H5)2ZrCl...
Study of Density Gradients in Certain Oil-in-Water Emulsions Using Multichannel Gamma Ray Analysis

Variations in the attenuation of the 0.084 MeV. total absorption gamma photopeak of 170Tm result when o/w emulsions exhibiting any separation (not necessarily visible) are placed in plastic parallel-sided containers and moved vertically between a radioactive source and a scintillation detector arranged horizontally. Slow raising or lowering of emulsion systems allows the making of an attenuation “map” of the system when data are accumulated using a multichannel analyzer in multiscale mode, and read out viu a tape printer. Curves showing log attenuation (and hence density) versus channel number, their first differences. and equations are presented.
On the valence bond diatomics‐in‐molecules method. I. A projection operator reformulation

A rederivation of the diatomics‐in‐molecules (DIM) method for obtaining potential energy surfaces is presented in terms of projections onto fragment diatomic and atomic subspaces. This approach renders the approximations inherent in the DIM method transparent. The method is considered from both ab initio and semiempirical viewpoints. Nonadiabatic and spin–orbit coupling in the fragments is discussed. Comparison with previous DIM formulations is made.
Early outcomes of thoracic endovascular stent-graft repair for acute complicated type B dissection using the Gore TAG endoprosthesis

We assessed the technical success and early outcome of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissection treated at a single institution using a commercially available device. All patients with symptomatic complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissection treated with TEVAR since Food and Drug Administration approval of the Gore (Flagstaff, AZ) TAG endoprosthesis were identified from a prospectively maintained vascular registry. Clinical indications, operative technique, perioperative complications, follow-up imaging, and mortality were analyzed. Between March 2005 and November 2007, 127 TEVARs using the TAG endoprosthesis were performed, of which 15 (11.8%) were for complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissection. Indications for repair were malperfusion (53%), persistent pain (27%), and primary aortic failure (33%). Technical feasibility and success with deployment proximal to the entry tear was 93.3%, requiring at least partial coverage of the left subclavian artery in seven (46.7%). Adjunctive procedures required at the time of TEVAR included renal stent (n = 2), iliac stent (n = 3), and access-artery open repair (n = 2). Twelve patients (80%) had immediate resolution of the malperfusion deficit. Major perioperative complications included paraplegia (13.3%), renal failure requiring hemodialysis (13.3%), and stroke (6.7%). Perioperative mortality was 13.3%, occurring in one patient presenting with rupture and one with profound heart failure on admission. For complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissection, TEVAR using commercially available stent grafts showed high technical success, excellent results at resolving malperfusion, and acceptably low complications and perioperative mortality.
Collaborative Care for Adults With Congenital Heart Disease

The number of adults who have survived with congenital heart disease is increasing rapidly. Although prevalence studies have not been performed, estimates of expected numbers of people reaching adulthood with congenital heart disease (CHD) can now be made because birth prevalence has been studied and mortality rates have begun to stabilize. Birth prevalence for all forms of congenital heart disease detected in the first year of life is estimated at 8.1 per thousand live births on the basis of data from the Centers for Disease Control1; estimates for disease of sufficient severity to result in a catheterization, surgery, or death in the first year of life are 2.3 per thousand, using population-based data derived from the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium.2 In 1990, the National Center for Health Statistics reported the number of US live births to be 4 158 212.3 Age-specific mortality data were obtained from the complete life table for the US population4 and from population-based death rates during hospital admission using data from 6 states in 1992. Estimates of numbers of individuals reaching adulthood born in 1990 with congenital heart disease of sufficient severity to be diagnosed or treated during the first year of life are shown in the Figure. Disregarding all patients born before 1990 and those not diagnosed in the first year and assuming stable mortality in early adulthood, by 2020, nearly 760 000 individuals will have CHD, with 200 000 in the more severe subgroup. Number of children born after 1990 with congenital heart disease estimated to reach adulthood. □ indicates diagnosed in the first year of life; ⋄, undergoing catheterization or surgery in the first year of life. This striking increase in the estimated number of patients with congenital heart disease who will require competent care within the …
Interpretando la(s) cultura(s) después de la televisión: sobre el método

Este ensayo explora los metodos y las preguntas adecuadas para una antropologia de la television; para ello, sostiene que la nocion de “descripcion densa” de Clifford Geertz necesita ser creativamente reelaborada para asi ser pertinente en el estudio de las vidas humanas influidas por los medios de comunicacion de masas.
Bioinspired touch sensors for medical applications

This paper summarizes recent work aimed at developing touch sensors for robotic medical procedures such as robotic surgery and catheter radio-frequency ablation. Robotic surgery with miniaturized incision allows targeted intervention and quicker recovery. However, surgeons are stripped of the touch sensation. As such, the safety and effectiveness of robotic surgery is diminished. The paper also provide a background overview of bioinspired sensor design and multimodal touch sensors.
Corrigendum to “The inhibitors of histone deacetylase suberoylanilide hydroxamate and trichostatin A release nitric oxide upon oxidation” [Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47/4 (2009) 419–423]

Corrigendum Corrigendum to “The inhibitors of histone deacetylase suberoylanilide hydroxamate and trichostatin A release nitric oxide upon oxidation” [Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47/4 (2009) 419–423] Yuval Samuni, Wilmarie Flores-Santana, Murali C. Krishna ⁎, James B. Mitchell, David A. Wink Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Comparative assessment of two distributed watershed models with application to a small watershed

Distributed watershed models are beneficial tools for the assessment of management practices on runoff and water-induced erosion. This paper evaluates, by application to an experimental watershed, two promising distributed watershed-scale sediment models in detail: the Kinematic Runoff and Erosion (KINEROS-2) model and the Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model. The physics behind each model are to some extent similar, though they have different watershed conceptualizations. KINEROS-2 was calibrated using three rainfall events and validated over four separate rainfall events. Parameters estimated by this calibration process were adapted to GSSHA. With these parameters, GSSHA generated larger and retarded flow hydrographs. A 30% reduction in both plane and channel roughness in GSSHA along with the assumption of Green-Ampt conductivity KG-A = Ks, where Ks is the saturated conductivity, resulted in almost identical hydrographs. Sediment parameters not common in both models were calibrated independently of KINEROS-2. A comparative discussion of simulation results is presented. Even though GSSHA's flow component slightly overperformed KINEROS-2, the latter outperformed GSSHA in simulations for sediment transport. In spite of the fact that KINEROS-2 is not geared toward continuous-time simulations, simulations performed with both models over a 1 month period generated comparable results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Retention of Nonfinancial Performance Measures in Compensation Contracts

This study empirically investigates firms' decisions to retain the use of nonfinancial performance measures as part of the compensation contracts following their initial implementation. Using three‐stage regression and survival analysis, we provide explanations for the decision to retain the use of nonfinancial performance measures after controlling for possible endogeneity. Based on a sample of firms that used nonfinancial measures during the period 1993–1998, we find that the appropriate match of nonfinancial measures and firm characteristics and subsequent enhanced performance are crucial factors in deciding whether a firm will retain nonfinancial performance measures in compensation contracts. The analyses provide evidence that the effects of significant firm characteristics on the decision to retain nonfinancial performance measures are time invariant while the effects of performance are time variant during the study period. The results suggest that adverse performance is a reflection of a nonoptimiz...
Polymer NSR spectroscopy. II. The high resolution spectra of methyl methacrylate polymers prepared with free radical and anionic initiators

Spectra of methyl methacrylate polymers in chlorofornm solution at 90° show three α-methyl proton peaks. Measurements of their areas in spectra of polymers prepared with free radical and anionic initiators indicate that these may be attributed to (1) iso- tactic sequences (ddd or lll), (2) syndiotactic sequences (ldl or dld), and (3) heterotactic sequences (ldd, dll, ddl, or lld). The conformation and stereochemical configuration of the chains may thus be examined with considerable discrimination; degrees of regularity. block sizes, etc. appear to be determinable. Free radical polymers of methyl methacrylate are found to be predominantly syndiotactic, whereas those produced with anionic initiators. such as n-butyllithium, are shown to be predominantly isotactic, in agreement with the findings of others. The backbone methylene resonance also shows striking changes with chain stereochemical configuration, such as to provide absolute, independent confirmation of the assigned structures.
Cooperation between VEGF and β3 integrin during cardiac vascular development

In the developing myocardium, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–dependent neovascularization occurs by division of existing vessels, a process that persists for several weeks following birth. During this remodeling phase, mRNA expression of β3 integrin in the heart decreases significantly as vessel maturation progresses. However, in male mice lacking β3, coronary capillaries fail to mature and continue to exhibit irregular endothelial thickness, endothelial protrusions into the lumen, and expanded cytoplasmic vacuoles. Surprisingly, this phenotype was not seen in female β3-null mice. Enhanced VEGF signaling contributes to the β3-null phenotype, because these vessels can be normalized by inhibitors of VEGF or Flk-1. Moreover, intravenous injection of VEGF induces a similar angiogenic phenotype in hearts of adult wild-type mice. These findings show a clear vascular phenotype in the hearts of mice lacking β3 and suggest this integrin plays a critical role in coronary vascular development and the vascular response to VEGF.
u -Singularity and t -Topos Theoretic Entropy

We will give descriptions of u-singularities as we introduce the notion of t-topos theoretic entropies. The unifying methodology for a u-singularity is the universal mapping property of an inverse or direct limit. The qualitative, conceptual, and structural analyses of u-singularities are given in terms of inverse and direct limits of micro decompositions of a presheaf and coverings of an object in t-site in the theory of temporal topos.
Physiologic stress index of lactating dairy cows based on diurnal pattern of rectal temperature

Abstract Diurnal rectal temperatures of lactating Holstein cows were utilized in a series of studies involving shade modifications with spray and fan in addition to herd data during winter and summer to derive a physiologic index. Physiologic stress degree hours was the product of hours of rectal temperature greater than 39°C. Rectal temperature of cows in shade averaged 39.5°C for 19.6 hours (774.5°C h) compared to 39.3°C for 12 hours (471.6°C h) for shade with spray. Nighttime rectal temperature of cows in both groups was 38.5°C, but milk production declined significantly for cows in shade only. In a follow‐up study, shade modification with spray and fan eliminated hours of rectal temperature above 39°C while rectal temperature averaged 39.4°C for 12 hours for cows in shade (471.8°C h). Rectal temperature of cows in different stages and intensities of milk production was similar during winter. On a record hot day (41.4°C), diurnal pattern of rectal temperature identified high producing cows in early lac...
Castability of Low Gold Content Alloys

A test pattern composed of 14 gauge sprue wax and various gauges of nylon lines was constructed, and used to differentiate the castability of several alloys. The castability of seven commercial low gold content alloys for porcelain fused to metal restorations was compared. Five commercial low gold content yellow alloys for full cast restorations were compared to each other and to a Type III certified control.
Low-mass stars in the Hyades

We present VRI photometry for a proper-motion-selected sample of candidate Hyades members, complete to V=19 over 110 deg 2 . 210 stars in the magnitude range 8<V<19 have colours consistent with membership, although not all have a high probability of cluster membership once the proper motion data are taken into account. Based on these data and previously published observations of brighter stars, we construct colour-magnitude diagrams and luminosity functions for the cluster. The luminosity function, Φ(M v ), peaks at M v ∼+12, with a sharp decline in number density at fainter magnitudes, and the bolometric luminosity function (inferred from M I ) is very similar to that derived from recent deep photometric surveys in the field. We discuss the possibility of detecting further faint cluster members
Mesomeric mixing in the π energy levels of amino-benzenes studied by photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The photoelectron spectra of a number of amino-benzenes have been obtained and observed energy levels compared with predictions of NCDO/2 and EHT calculations. Strong mesomeric mixing of the nitrogen “lone-pair” electrons and benzene π electrons is observed and discussed in terms of Mulliken electron and overlap populations.
Putative antihyperpyretic factor induced by LPS in spleen of guinea pigs.

We reported previously that the onset of LPS-induced fever, irrespective of its route of administration, is temporally correlated with the appearance of LPS in the liver and that splenectomy significantly increases both the febrile response to LPS and the uptake of LPS by Kupffer cells (KC). To further evaluate the role of the spleen in LPS fever production, we ligated the splenic vein and, 7 and 30 days later, monitored the core temperature changes over 6 h after intraperitoneal (ip) injection of LPS (2 μg/kg). Both the febrile response and the uptake of LPS by KC were significantly augmented. Like splenectomy, splenic vein ligation (SVL) increased the febrile response and LPS uptake by KC until the collateral circulation developed, suggesting that the spleen may normally contribute an inhibitory factor that limits KC uptake of LPS and thus affects the febrile response. Subsequently, to verify the presence of this factor, we prepared splenic extracts from guinea pigs pretreated with LPS (8 μg/kg ip) or pyrogen-free saline, homogenized and ultrafiltered them, and injected them intravenously into splenectomized (Splex) guinea pigs pretreated with LPS (8 μg/kg ip). The results confirmed our presumption that the splenic extract from LPS-treated guinea pigs inhibits the exaggerated febrile response and the LPS uptake by the liver of Splex guinea pigs, indicating the presence of a putative splenic inhibitory factor, confirming the participation of the spleen in LPS-induced fever, and suggesting the existence of a novel antihyperpyretic mechanism. Preliminary data indicate that this factor is a lipid.
Relative IgA-deficient recipients have an increased risk of severe allergic transfusion reactions

Background Absolute IgA deficiency is the most common immunodeficiency in the Western world. These patients are at risk of severe allergic reactions when receiving a transfusion with a plasma-containing blood product. However, it is unclear whether patients with relative IgA deficiency, that is levels below detection on routine assays, are also at risk of severe reactions. This retrospective study evaluated the number of severe allergic transfusion reactions in relative IgA-deficient patients who were transfused with unwashed blood products. Study Design and Methods Patients who had an IgA measurement performed for any reason over a 10-year period were compared with a list of transfusion recipients over the same period. Those who had both an IgA measurement and a transfusion were then compared with the transfusion reaction database to determine whether an allergic reaction had been reported, and if so, the severity of the reaction. Patients with IgA concentrations of <7 mg/dL were defined as relative IgA deficient. Results Of the 22 362 IgA measurements performed on 19 737 patients over 10 years, a total of 168 relative IgA-deficient patients were identified; 39 of these patients were also transfusion recipients and 4 of 39 (10%) experienced a severe allergic transfusion reaction (SALTR). Eight SALTRs were reported amongst 1545 (0·52%) IgA replete transfusion recipients. Conclusion The significantly increased risk of SALTRs in relative IgA-deficient patients warrants consideration of premedications and/or washing of plasma-containing blood products.
Influence of Invasive Earthworms on Above and Belowground Vegetation in a Northern Hardwood Forest

Abstract Scientists are beginning to have a firm grasp on the dramatic influence invasive earthworms can have on nutrient cycling in northern hardwood forests, yet a concrete understanding of their effects on plant communities is still needed. Towards this effort, we examined both the above and belowground plant communities, along with soil organic matter, pH, texture and light in Arnot Forest located in south central New York. Two transects were aligned parallel to previously defined gradients of earthworm density and were sampled in the spring and summer of 2008. We found plots codominated by multiple earthworm species decreased belowground seed abundance and species richness. Aboveground plant cover and diversity along with soil organic matter was lower along the transect with multiple earthworm species. In addition, we found earthworm density increased with soil pH, but did not detect relationships with soil texture or light intensity. Our results were consistent with previous findings of earthworms n...
User Requirement Analysis for an Online Collaboration Tool for Senior Industrial Engineering Design Course

Many undergraduate industrial engineering programs offer a capstone senior design course that gives students an opportunity to apply the knowledge gained through their coursework to real-world projects. In this article, we present the results of a user requirements analysis of online collaboration tools containing Web 2.0 features for teaching such courses. A structured focus group analysis was conducted in which subjects evaluated several Web 2.0 features implemented using HUBzero in a prototype online collaboration tool. Our subjects included undergraduate students, faculty members, teaching assistants, and company representatives who had recently participated in an industrial engineering senior design course. On the basis of the responses of the 40 subjects, we identified desirable features for online collaboration tools to be used when teaching capstone senior design courses. A follow-up supplementary survey of 108 students currently enrolled in an industrial engineering senior design course offered at Purdue University revealed results consistent with the findings of the focus group study. Features found to be particularly important components of such a collaboration tool included file sharing, the ability to form user groups, provision of online comments and feedback, easy organization of content, and communication methods for remote collaboration. The usability of the tool was also rated as being very important.
mutation spectra in salmonella of complex mixtures: Comparison of urban air to benzo[a]pyrene

We used an ion-exchange procedure coupled to the Salmonella assay to fractionate the dichloromethane-extractable particulate organics from an urban air sample collected in Boise, Idaho. A resulting base/neutral fraction contained 81% of the mutagenic activity but only 36% of the mass of the unfractionated sample. Chemical analysis showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accounted for much of the mutagenic activity of the air sample. Colony probe hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequence analysis were then used to determine the mutations induced by the complex mixtures and a model PAH, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) in approximately 900 revertants of the frameshift hisD3052 allele and approximately 400 revertants of the base-substitution hisG46 allele. The majority (93-94%) of the mutations induced at the frameshift allele in strain TA98 by the whole or base/neutral fraction of the urban air sample was a hotspot 2-base deletion of a CG or GC within the sequence CGCGCGCG. The remaining mutations were complex frameshifts that consisted of -2 or +1 frameshifts associated with a flanking base substitution. BAP induced a somewhat similar pattern of mutations, with 70% being the hotspot mutation, 23% being complex frameshifts, and the remaining being deletions. The inferred base-substitution specificity associated with the complex frameshifts at the hisD3052 allele (primarily G.C-->T.A transversions) was consistent with the observation that this same transversion was the primary mutation induced by the whole urban air sample and BAP at the base-substitution allele in strain TA100. At the frameshift allele, adducts that promote correct incorporation/slippage could account for hotspot mutations, whereas those that promote misincorporation/slippage could account for complex frameshifts. At the base-substitution allele, a mixture of adducts or of adducts with multiple conformations could account for the observed proportion of transitions and transversions. Combined with the bioassay-directed chemical analysis, these results from the first mutation spectra of a complex mixture suggest that such spectra reflect the dominance of particular classes of chemical mutagens within the mixture.
Chromosome-specific and noisy IFNB1 transcription in individual virus-infected human primary dendritic cells

The induction of interferon beta (IFNB1) is a key event in the antiviral immune response. We studied the role of transcriptional noise in the regulation of the IFNB1 locus in primary cultures of human dendritic cells (DCs), which are important ‘first responders’ to viral infection. In single cell assays, IFNB1 mRNA expression in virus-infected DCs showed much greater cell-to-cell variation than that of a housekeeping gene, another induced transcript and viral RNA. We determined the contribution of intrinsic noise by measuring the allelic origin of transcripts in each cell and found that intrinsic noise is a very significant part of total noise. We developed a stochastic model to investigate the underlying mechanisms. We propose that the surprisingly high levels of IFNB1 transcript noise originate from the complexity of IFNB1 enhanceosome formation, which leads to a range up to many minutes in the differences within each cell in the time of activation of each allele.
Review of NDT Techniques at Radio and Microwave Frequencies

Clearly the natural transition for NDT science is the use of higher frequencies, namely microwaves. The behavior of EM waves at these frequencies is well known and their interaction with material media has received a great deal of attention [1]. Moreover, making use of the coherency property of microwaves, images of objects and defects may be produced. Research in microwave NDT, with defect detection and classification in mind, has received minimal attention. However, microwaves show great promise in developing techniques and tools for NDT purposes.
Dense Stereo Matching over the Panum Band

Stereo matching algorithms conventionally match over a range of disparities sufficient to encompass all visible 3D scene points. Human vision, however, works over a narrow band of disparities-Panum's fusional band-whose typical range may be as little as 1/20 of the full range of disparities for visible points. Only points inside the band are fused visually; the remainder of points are seen diplopically. A probabilistic approach is presented for dense stereo matching under the Panum band restriction. It is shown that existing dense stereo algorithms are inadequate in this problem setting and the main problem is segmentation, marking the image into the areas that fall inside the band. An approximation is derived that makes up for missing out-of-band information with a ?proxy? based on image autocorrelation. It is shown that the Panum Proxy algorithm achieves accuracy close to what can be obtained when the full disparity band is available, and with gains of between one and two orders of magnitude in computation time. There are also substantial gains in computation space. Panum band processing is also demonstrated in an active stereopsis framework.
Self-Awareness in Autistic Subjects and Deeply Hypnotized Subjects: Dissociation of Self-Concept versus Self-Consciousness

By refining past tests of self-awareness in mirrors, current testing demonstrates that autistic subjects' percepts are dissociated from self-concept, whereas hypnotized subjects' sensations are dissociated from self-consciousness. In the current test of self-concept, subjects could not directly see a line inside the box on their lap, but subjects could see the line indirectly in a televised mirror image. When instructed to touch the line, autistic subjects reached towards the televised line, whereas nonautistic subjects reached towards the actual line occluded inside the box. This first result suggests that the autistic subject's visual percept of the televised line is dissociated from its spatial relationship to the subject's self-concept. In the current test of self-consciousness, subjects were told to use a televised mirror-image to move their hands together until touching, but were not told that they were actually seeing a pre-recorded tape of their hands struggling unsuccessfully to touch. When queri...
Genome-wide RNAi screen reveals a specific sensitivity of IRES-containing RNA viruses to host translation inhibition

The widespread class of RNA viruses that utilize internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) for translation include poliovirus and Hepatitis C virus. To identify host factors required for IRES-dependent translation and viral replication, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in Drosophila cells infected with Drosophila C virus (DCV). We identified 66 ribosomal proteins that, when depleted, specifically inhibit DCV growth, but not a non-IRES-containing RNA virus. Moreover, treatment of flies with a translation inhibitor is protective in vivo. Finally, this increased sensitivity to ribosome levels also holds true for poliovirus infection of human cells, demonstrating the generality of these findings.
Increasing the Lifetime of a Key: A Comparative Analysis of the Security of Re-keying Techniques

Rather than use a shared key directly to cryptographically process (e.g. encrypt or authenticate) data one can use it as a master key to derive subkeys, and use the subkeys for the actual cryptographic processing. This popular paradigm is called re-keying, and the expectation is that it is good for security. In this paper we provide concrete security analyses of various re-keying mechanisms and their usage. We show that re-keying does indeed "increase" security, effectively extending the lifetime of the master key and bringing significant, provable security gains in practical situations. We quantify the security provided by different rekeying processes as a function of the security of the primitives they use, thereby enabling a user to choose between different re-keying processes given the constraints of some application.
Relative Effects of Visualized and Verbal Presentation Methods in Communicating Environmental Information Among Stakeholders: Okavango Delta, Botswana

The present study examined the relative effectiveness of 2 public instructional communication methods in improving selected predictors of knowledge-sharing behaviors among communities in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. A total of 120 subjects took part in a quasiexperimental study, with 2 experimental treatments: (a) visualized PowerPoint presentation and (b) verbal presentation with no visual aids. The results showed that neither method was more effective than the other. However, significant differential effects of method by grouping factor, position, were found among belief and intention measures. The study concluded that neither method was more effective, but recommended use of integrated public instructional communication methods.