cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal policy instruments for externality-producing durable goods under present bias

Abstract When consumers exhibit present bias, the standard solution to market failures caused by externalities—Pigouvian pricing—is suboptimal. I investigate policies aimed at externalities for present-biased consumers. Optimal policy includes an instrument to correct the externality and an instrument to correct the present bias. Either instrument can be an incentive-based policy (e.g. a tax on fuel economy) or a command-and-control policy (e.g. a fuel economy mandate). Under consumer heterogeneity, a command-and-control policy may dominate an incentive-based policy. Calibrated to the US automobile market, simulation results suggest that the second-best gasoline tax is 3–30% higher than marginal external damages. The optimal price policy includes a gasoline tax set about equal to marginal external damages and a fuel economy tax that increases the price of an average non-hybrid car by about $550–$2200 relative to the price of an average hybrid car.
Do natural killer cells engage in regulated reactions against self to ensure homeostasis

Host reactivities not requiring immunization in the mouse, especially natural resistance of irradiated animals to accept grafts of normal or malignant hemopoietic cells, were compared with NK activity against the YAC-1 lymphoma. The effects of several independent variables known to influence natural resistance in vivo had a similar effect on the NK system. Figure 12 lists an impressive array of shared properties and positive correlations. In contrast, the distinctions were few and minor. Many of the positive correlations were of particular significance since the experimental variables either have opposing or no effects on conventional induced immunity. The multiplicity and pervasiveness of these correlations suggest that the cellular mechanisms underlying natural reactivities are similar or common. Cytotoxic effectors mediating natural resistance to normal cells, tumors, and cells infected with intracellular pathogens may be distinct in terms of target selectivity, yet belong to a single cell lineage subject to common regulatory influences for differentiation and function. Regulation of reactivity via suppressor cells was studied in the NK system only. The spleens of mice selected for low levels of NK activity (resulting from young age, irradiation, and treatment with the macrophage-active agents l-carrageenan or hydrocortisone acetate) contained cells capable of inhibiting the lytic function of NK effectors taken from untreated adult donors. All the suppressor cells studied were thymus-independent, as judged by their occurrence in spleens of genetically athymic mice; the suppressive function was resistant to 2000 rads of gamma-rays administered in vitro and was not restricted by the major histocompatibility complex, without exception. However, two major classes of suppressors were identified: (a) macrophagelike cells inducible by l-carrageenan or hydrocortisone acetate, and (b) nonadherent cells found in spleens of untreated infants and of irradiated adult mice. It is proposed that the suppression of NK cytolysis demonstrated in vitro was a manifestation of regulatory mechanisms modulating the level of NK activity in vivo. Macrophagelike cells that are induced, activated, or inactivated by bacteria, viruses, hormones, and other agents may act as regulators of differentiation, maturation, and function of cells belonging to the NK lineage. Nonadherent cells could be either a distinct class of suppressors or immature NK cells capable of binding but not lysing target cells. In the latter case, regulation would be achieved via competitive binding of targets by pre-NK cells presumably in dynamic equilibrium with functional (i.e. matured) NK effectors.
Biology of the Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer

When the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), was held in the laboratory at 20±1.1°C, 65±5% RH, and 24L:OD, an avg of 141 eggs/♀ were laid (11% sterile eggs), adult longevity averaged 3 wk, and the sex ratio was 1.2 ♀:1.0 ♂. Larval instar was determined by measuring the length of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton: the 1st instar averaged 0.1, the 2nd instar 0.2, and the 3rd instar 0.3 mm. At 20° C, time for each stage or instar was egg (6 days), 1st instar (1 day), 2nd instar (2 days), 3rd instar (4 days), and pupa (23 days). Total time required for development was 52 days at 16.7°, 36 days at 20°, 31 days at 22.8°, and 27 days at 25.6°C. Female flies fed by making perforations, “pinholes,” with their ovipositors, and lapping the plant juices. The avg number of such perforations made during a female lifespan was 3769, the equivalent of ca. 1.1 cm3 of alfalfa leaflet. The adult fly damaged laboratory alfalfa by feeding; leaflets dehisced when populations were very high. The larvae damaged the alfalfa leaflet by mining (0.64 cm2 avg area/mine); this too usually resulted in leaflet dehiscence ca. 2 wk after larvae exited from the leaflets to pupate in the soil.
Improving the performance of IS-54/136 through the use of the MDM scheme

In this paper, we analyze the performance of the multiply-detected macrodiversity (MDM) scheme over a correlated-error channel that uses a convolutional coder and a soft decision Viterbi decoder. The MDM scheme is a post-detection combining technique; i.e., the signal from the target mobile is detected by three base-stations simultaneously and the digital data are sent to a central point for combining, which is based on the maximum likelihood criterion. In particular, we have applied our evaluation framework to the IS-54/136 standard, examining the MDM improved performance in its speech channel and in its fast associated control channel (FACCH). These performance figures were then compare with the performance of the traditional selection-based macrodiversity schemes. Our results show that through the use of the MDM scheme, significant improvement can be achieved in the IS-54/136 cellular systems. As few points of reference, for power loss exponent of 4.0 and shadow fading standard deviation of 4.0 dB, the MDM scheme can eliminate about 50% of the FACCH outage events, as compared with the (S/I)-diversity. This corresponds to an increase in the user capacity of 20%-60%. In addition, the word error rate of the FACCH can be decreased, on average, by at least one order of magnitude throughout 80% of the cell area for the power loss exponent of 3.5 and the shadow-fading standard deviation of 8.0 dB.
Rationale of the face-bow in maxillary cast mounting

Abstract 1.The purpose of the face-bow is to orient the maxillary cast to the condyles of the articulator in six defined positions. 2.The immediate history and advantages of the face-bow are outlined. 3.The advantages of the empirical face-bow over the kinematic face-bow are discussed. 4.Errors incorporated by the arbitrary mounting of the casts are discussed as related to bodily malposition of the maxillary cast and intramalposition of the maxillary cast. 5.A procedure involving both the arbitrary and the face-bow method of cast mounting is discussed, and the results are used to illustrate the errors.
Soluble Complement Receptor-1 Protects Heart, Lung, and Cardiac Myofilament Function From Cardiopulmonary Bypass Damage

Background—Host defense system activation occurs with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and is thought to contribute to the pathophysiological consequences of CPB. Complement inhibition effects on the post-CPB syndrome were tested with soluble complement receptor-1 (sCR1). Methods and Results—Twenty neonatal pigs (weight 1.8 to 2.8 kg) were randomized to control and sCR1-treated groups. LV pressure and volume, left atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure and flow, and respiratory system compliance and resistance were measured. Preload recruitable stroke work, isovolumic diastolic relaxation time constant (τ), and pulmonary vascular resistance were determined. Pre-CPB measures were not statistically significantly different between the 2 groups. After CPB, preload recruitable stroke work was significantly higher in the sCR1 group (n=5, 46.8±3.2×103 vs n=6, 34.3±3.7×103 erg/cm3, P=0.042); τ was significantly lower in the sCR1 group (26.4±1.5, 42.4±6.6 ms, P=0.003); pulmonary vascular resistance was significant...
The development of area discrimination and its implications for number representation in infancy

This paper investigates the ability of infants to attend to continuous stimulus variables and how this capacity relates to the representation of number. We examined the change in area needed by 6-month-old infants to detect a difference in the size of a single element (Elmo face). Infants successfully discriminated a 1:4, 1:3 and 1:2 change in the area of the Elmo face but failed to discriminate a 2:3 change. In addition, the novelty preference was linearly related to the ratio difference between the novel and familiar area. Results suggest that Weber's Law holds for area discriminations in infancy and also reveal that at 6 months of age infants are equally sensitive to number, time and area.
Maternal Behavior and Family Constellation as Predictors of Social Competence in Learning Disabled Children

The extent to which the social relationship deficits exhibited by some learning disabled children might be associated with parental behavior is largely undetermined. This study is an attempt to analyze a variety of factors related to maternal behavior and family constellations in a learning disabled population. While the study suffers from a small number of subjects, the results provide preliminary data in a research area largely neglected in learning disabilities.
Dynamic characteristics of laminated thin cylindrical shells: Asymptotic analysis accounting for edge effect

Abstract The dynamic characteristics of composite thin cylindrical shells are examined through a systematic order-of-magnitude analysis. The analysis is used to eliminate terms of secondary importance, while retaining the dominant terms in the dispersion relation and boundary conditions. This results in analytical expressions that can describe the vibration of composite cylindrical shells with high accuracy for a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, the asymptotic analysis is carried out in such a way that the dynamic edge effect is accounted for when determining the vibration mode shapes and the associated internal stresses. Numerical examples are also presented. It is shown that the proposed methodology gives closed-form and analytical results that are in close agreement with numerical solutions of the equations of motion.
Ideology and Science in the Individual Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia

The efficacy of individual psychotherapy for acute schizophrenics has been the source of controversy for many decades. Discussion of the scientific issues, such as design, methodology, and assessment, has been clouded by strong ideological conflicts. The relative value of drugs and psychotherapy for schizophrenics has been the subject of tension and dispute between various psychiatric schools--psychoanalytic, interpersonal, biological, and behavioral. The Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia Project is discussed in terms of the mixture of scientific and ideological issues.
Purification and Properties of 4-Hydroxy-2-Ketopimelate Aldolase from Acinetobacter

Abstract The chemical synthesis of 4-hydroxy-2-ketopimelic acid is described. An aldolase that cleaves this compound to succinic semialdehyde and pyruvate has been purified from Acinetobacter grown at the expense of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. The molecular weight of the enzyme was about 158,000 from sedimentation equilibrium data; other physical determinations gave values in reasonable agreement. The protein was globular and was dissociated in sodium dodecyl sulfate to give a species of molecular weight 25,700. The enzyme attacked both enantiomers of synthetic 4-hydroxy-2-ketopimelate and was stimulated by Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions.
apLCMS—adaptive processing of high-resolution LC/MS data

Motivation: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) profiling is a promising approach for the quantification of metabolites from complex biological samples. Significant challenges exist in the analysis of LC/MS data, including noise reduction, feature identification/ quantification, feature alignment and computation efficiency. Result: Here we present a set of algorithms for the processing of high-resolution LC/MS data. The major technical improvements include the adaptive tolerance level searching rather than hard cutoff or binning, the use of non-parametric methods to fine-tune intensity grouping, the use of run filter to better preserve weak signals and the model-based estimation of peak intensities for absolute quantification. The algorithms are implemented in an R package apLCMS, which can efficiently process large LC/ MS datasets. Availability: The R package apLCMS is available at www.sph.emory.edu/apLCMS. Contact: ude.yrome.hps@8uyt Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A unified approach to supersymmetry breaking

General formulae for the soft SUSY breaking terms, valid in any SUGRA context, were derived in the mid-nineties. Since SUSY is not expected to have quantum anomalies, they should be valid in the quantum theory and be RG invariant down to the soft SUSY breaking scale. This observation enables us to give a uniform treatment of all phenomenological models for SUSY breaking and transmission, such as AMSB, GMSB, etc. In particular we find that the much discussed RG invariant formulae for soft SUSY breaking parameters in AMSB, effectively depend on a strong assumption of factorizability of the matter Kaehler metric. We then argue that there is no necessity for having ad hoc constructions such as mAMSB to counteract the negative squared slepton mass problem, since the natural framework that emerges in a sequestered model is one in which gaugino masses are as in AMSB, and the other soft terms are generated by RG running as in gaugino mediation.
Enhanced disruption and fault tolerant network architecture for bundle delivery (EDIFY)

Data communication challenges exist in some emerging network scenarios where an instantaneous end-to-end path between a source and destination may not exist, and the links between nodes may be opportunistic, predictably connectable, or periodically-(dis)connected. We propose an enhanced disruption tolerant network architecture to address such challenges. In this paper, we present a generalized naming convention for the enhanced DTN architecture that permits separate representations based on network topology, administrative control, physical location, and other factors. In addition, we illustrate possible system operations in this enhanced DTN architecture such as DTN neighbor discovery, gateway selection, mobility management, and route discovery
Vitamin C-induced activation of phospholipase D in lung microvascular endothelial cells: regulation by MAP kinases.

Our earlier studies have shown that vitamin C at pharmacological doses (mM) induces loss of redox-dependent viability in bovine lung microvascular endothelial cells (BLMVECs) that is mediated by oxidative stress. Therefore, here, we investigated the vitamin C-induced activation of the lipid signaling enzyme, phospholipase D (PLD) in BLMVECs. Monolayer cultures of BLMVECs were treated with vitamin C (0–10 mM) for different time periods (0–2 h) and the activity of PLD was determined. Vitamin C induced activation of PLD in BLMVECs in a time- and dose-dependent fashion that was significantly attenuated by antioxidants, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-specific inhibitor (SB203580), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-specific inhibitor (PD98059), and transient transfection of cells with dominant-negative (DN)-p38 MAPK and DN-ERK1/ERK2. Vitamin C also induced phosphorylation and enhanced the activities of p38 MAPK and ERK in BLMVECs in a time-dependent fashion. It was also evident that vitamin C induced translocation of PLD1 and PLD2, association of p38 MAPK and ERK with PLD1 and PLD2, threonine phosphorylation of PLD1 and PLD2 and SB203580- and PD98059-inhibitable threonine phosphorylation of PLD1 in BLMVECs. Transient transfection of BLMVECs with DN-p38 MAPK and DN-ERK1/ERK2 resulted in marked attenuation of vitamin C-induced phosphorylation of threonine in PLD1 and PLD2. We, for the first time, showed that vitamin C at pharmacological doses, activated PLD in the lung microvascular ECs through oxidative stress and MAPK activation.
Drug effects on the results of minimal cortical stimulation

Abstract The effects were investigated of a number of anticonvulsants upon the spread of depression and “convulsoid activity” induced by minimal cortical stimulation. Pentobarbital decreased the wave frequency of the convulsoid activity, increased the threshold of stimulation for Leao's spreading depression and decreased the rate of propagation of this phenomenon. In small doses it “improved” the pattern in between stimulation (interim pattern). Phenobarbital had a similar, although less pronounced effect on the convulsoid activity and on the interim pattern as Pentobarbital. It did not influence the threshold or rate of spread of Leao's depression. Mebaral curtailed the convulsoid activity in small doses. Tridione had no effect on any of the results of cortical stimulation investigated. Mesantoin suppressed the convulsoid activity in rather small doses. Dilantin slowed down the wave frequency of the convulsoid activity, but did not suppress this phenomenon even in relatively large doses. It did not effect the threshold or rate of spread of Leao's depression. The interim pattern deteriorated after the administration of Dilantin.
WOMEN'S AGENCY AND HOUSEHOLD DIPLOMACY: Negotiating Fundamentalism

The overall oppressive effect on women's rights of religious fundamentalism has been well documented in the literature. When looking at women's resistance to fundamentalism, it is important to examine not only organized efforts but individual women's agency in subverting or co-opting these movements toward their own ends. Using a series of narratives, the authors discuss four strategies used by Iranian women to negotiate the patriarchal practices of Islamic fundamentalism. These women crafted agency by responding to the demands of family and state through collaboration, acquiescence, co-optation, and subversion. Their narratives of agency show how some women negotiated the economic hardship and gender oppression brought on by the Iranian revolution and how these negotiations affected women's options when filtered through the rhetoric of Islamic fundamentalism. The purpose of the article is to contribute further to the feminist discourse that has moved beyond victimization narratives.
Characters of groups having fixed-point-free automorphisms of 2-power order

Abstract Let C be a cyclic 2-group that acts fixed-point-freely on a group K, and let T ⊆ C be the subgroup of index 2. The main result of this paper is that the square-free parts of the degrees of the T-invariant irreducible characters of K are never divisible by primes p ≡ − 1 mod | C | .
Adaptive mesh refinement processes for finite element solutions

The nature of adaptive processes is reviewed using as an example a specific finite element problem. Several possible formulations for the objective of mesh refinement processes are given. For the most natural of these objectives the A*-algorithms of artificial intelligence turn out to provide a solution process which is known to be optimal in a certain sense. But practically, there is insufficient information and these processes tend to be inefficient. On the other hand, if the objective is replaced by a strictly local objective based on Pareto-optimality, the error estimates of the resulting mesh sequence are shown to exhibit the order of convergence which is known to be best possible for the type of elements used.
Cavernous sinus tumors

Tumors in the CS may occur in children, are most frequent in the middle-aged, but still occur quite frequently in the older-age group. Female patients outnumber male patients by 2:1. Over 90% of tumors occurring in, or invading the CS are benign meningiomas. Intracavernous tumors in children are, in most cases, neurinomas of nerve V. Many other benign tumors may affect the CS, among which the most frequent are rather invasive but benign tumors of the pituitary gland. Malignant tumors of the CS include sarcomas and carcinomas from the surrounding areas, as well as other malignant tumors. Even metastases can be found in the CS.
Chapter 14 Ion Conductances and Electrochemical Potential Differences across Membranes of Gallbladder Epithelium

Publisher Summary The epithelial layer is particularly appropriate for intracellular microelectrode studies because of its structural simplicity and the relatively large size of the transporting cells. This chapter describes the equivalent electrical circuit, properties of the luminal and basolateral membrane, intracellular ionic activities, and mechanism of NaCl uptake and extrusion by the cells. Sodium activity in the cells is far below the predicted value for passive distribution, whereas chlorine (Cl) and potassium (K) activities are higher than predicted for passive distribution. Because of the low sodium (Na) conductance of the apical membrane, only a small fraction of Na uptake can be diffusional; however, most is neutral, coupled NaCl entry. The basolateral membrane transports Na actively to the serosal medium. Chlorine transport, although downhill, can be only partly diffusional. The largest moiety of the net Cl flux is electrically silent, either coupled to Na or K extrusion or to the uptake of another anion. Experiments with amphotericin B and transport inhibitors, however, do not support the hypothesis of an electrogenic basolateral Na pump in this tissue.
Middleware-based services for virtual cooperative mobile platforms

Mobile computing devices like handhelds are becoming ubiquitous and so is computing embedded in cyber-physical systems like cameras, smart sensors, vehicles, and many others. Further, the computation and communication resources present in these settings are becoming increasingly powerful. The resulting, rich execution platforms are enabling increasingly complex applications and system uses. These trends enable richer execution platforms for running ever more complex distributed applications. This thesis explores these opportunities (i) for cooperative mobile platforms, where the combined resources of multiple computing devices and the sensors attached to them can be shared to better address certain application needs, and (ii) for distributed platforms where opportunities for cooperation are further strengthened by virtualization. The latter offers efficient abstractions for device sharing and application migration that enable applications to operate across dynamically changing and heterogeneous systems without their explicit involvement. An important property of cooperative distributed platforms is that they jointly and cooperatively provide and maintain the collective resources needed by applications. Another property is that these platforms make decisions about the resources allocated to certain tasks in a decentralized fashion. In contrast to volunteer computing systems, however, cooperation implies the commitment of resources as well as the commitment to jointly managing them. The resulting technical challenges for the mobile environments on which this thesis is focused include coping with dynamic network topology, the runtime addition and removal of devices, and resource management issues that go beyond resource usage and scheduling to also include topics like energy consumption and battery drain. Platform and resource virtualization can provide important benefits to cooperative mobile platforms, the key one being the ability to hide from operating systems and applications the complexities implied by collective resource usage. To realize this opportunity, this thesis extends current techniques for device access and sharing in virtualized systems, particularly to improve their flexibility in terms of their ability to make the implementation choices needed for efficient service provision and realization in the mobile and embedded systems targeted by this work. Specifically, we use middleware-based approaches to flexibly extend device and service implementations across cooperative and virtualized mobile platforms. First, for cooperating platforms, application-specific overlay networks are constructed and managed in response to dynamics at the application level and in the underlying infrastructure. When virtualizing these platforms, these same middleware techniques are shown capable of providing uniform services to applications despite platform heterogeneity and dynamics. The approach is shown useful for sharing and remotely accessing devices and services, and for device emulation in mobile settings.
Duplication of Regulatory Genes and Receptors

The manner in which an organism is going to utilize functionally diverged duplicated genes is largely dependent upon whether or not duplicated structural genes can be placed under separate regulatory mechanisms. Although our ignorance on the genetic regulatory mechanism is profound, a discussion on the subject of gene duplication should by necessity consider duplication of regulatory genes.
Device Availability for the Child With Heart Disease

Although pediatric heart disease is the most common malformation in children in the first year of life, it remains quite uncommon when viewed through the lens of human disease as a whole. The frequency of most forms of congenital heart disease, <1 per 1,000 per lesion and <1 per 100 in aggregate, is
Large Laminate and Die Coreless Substrate Packaging with Lid Ties

Coreless flip chip laminate substrates have shown significant advantages over cored versions in terms of wireability due to the absence of large coarse pitch core vias and accompanying via lands. Resistance to widespread acceptance of coreless has been associated primarily with package manufacturability. Increased warpage tendencies for coreless both at room temperature and thermally have driven packaging techniques such as the use of stiffeners prior to chip join increasing packaging costs. A new low Coefficient of Thermal expansion (CTE) laminate dielectric material is being introduced for coreless substrates. A novel method for packaging using lid ties has been developed to enable this new substrate technology. Lid ties are dots of encapsulation material deposited in an array on the coreless laminate substrate outside the chip area prior to capping. Lid ties have been shown to enable excellent results for manufacturability, quality, and reliability of large die large laminate coreless semiconductor pac...
Cellular changes in transplanted human corneas.

Purpose.To measure endothelial cell and keratocyte densities in transplanted corneas and the changes in these densities with time.Methods.The endothelia of 500 consecutive penetrating corneal transplants were studied longitudinally by specular microscopy for 10 to 20 years. The keratocytes of 36 cor
The MAXM hematology autoanalyzer. An alternative

The MAXM™ is a compact blood count and differential analyzer that appeals to both the space-limited, full-service laboratory and the large outpatient practice. The authors compared the performance of the Coulter MAXM to the larger Coulter STKS.™ Linearity and precision studies were comparable to the STKS. MAXM leukocyte differentials were closely correlated with STKS and manual readings, being excellent in the neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil categories but poorer on monocyte counts. Basophil counts did not correlate with STKS or manual counts. Analyzer suspect flagging was similar in both machines, with the MAXM exhibiting slightly reduced sensitivity and greater specificity. MAXM processing of a single sample requires twice the time. The MAXM functions well for a large office practice and as a backup for large medical laboratories but, because of its hands-on requirements and lack of speed, cannot replace the larger, more automated analyzers.
Further studies on serial passage of a mixture of influenza viruses in embryonated eggs.

SummaryUndiluted allantoic fluids were used as inocula for serial passage of a mixture of the PR8 and Lee strains of influenza virus in embryonated eggs. Although wide differences were found in the relative concentrations of the two viruses in the various fluids, the mixture was successfully carried through 52 consecutive passages, and each agent was recovered in an apparently pure culture at the end of the experimental period. Since the two viruses have different growth rates and are capable of interfering with the multiplication of each other, the persistence of both agents during serial passage of the mixture suggests that multiplication of the PR8 and of the Lee viruses may not require the same host factors.
TREATMENT WITH ILIAC FLAP TRANSPLANTING WITH DEEP ILIAC CIRCUMFLEX VESSELS FOR YOUNG-ADULT FEMORAL NECK FRACTURE ACCOMPANIED WITH FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURE

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect for treatment with iliac flap transplanting with deep iliac circumflex vessels for young-adult femoral neck fracture accompanied with femoral shaft fracture.Methods There were 22 young-adult patients of femoral neck fracture with femoral shaft fracture collected from 2003.4-2009.6,who were treated with reconstructive nail internal fixation added with iliac flap transplanting with deep iliac circumflex vessels.Results All the patients of femoral neck fracture were healed well.Conclusion It is a good modus operandi to generalize for treatment with iliac flap transplanting with deep iliac circumflex artery for young-adult femoral neck fracture accompanied with femoral shaft fracture.
Influence of Cooling Methods on Microstructure and Creep Behaviors of HCR-GH4169 Alloy

By means of direct aging treatment,creep properties measurement and microstructure observation,the influence of cooling methods on microstructure and creep behaviors of HCR-GH4169 alloy has been investigated.Results show that,after directly aged treated,the "water cooling" HCR-GH4169 alloy possesses the fine grains in size,and significant amount of the γ′,γ″ phases are dispersedly precipitated within the grain,which can enhance the creep resistance of the alloy.However,the bigger grain in size is displayed within the "air cooling" HCR-GH4169 alloy in which the amount of γ′,γ″ phases decrease.Under the experimental condition,the "water cooling" HCR-GH4169 alloy possesses the longer creep lifetime.The deformation mechanisms of the direct aged HCR-GH4169 alloy are the twinning deformation and single or double orientations slipping of dislocations activated in the matrix.In the later stage of creep,the initiation and propagation of the cracks along the grain boundaries occur to promote the intergranular fracture of the alloy,which is thought to be the fracture mechanism of the HCR-GH4169 alloy during creep.
Access to Breathing Medications in an Uninsured and Underinsured Patient Population

The purpose of this study was to explore access to breathing medications in an uninsured and underinsured patient population and identify needs for additional medication access resources. Quantitative data were collected from a dispensing report, financial database, and medical records review of patients who filled prescription medications at a charitable pharmacy in Ohio between December 11, 2014 and March 11, 2015, and qualitative data were collected from five semi-structured interviews with patients regarding breathing medication access. A total of 181 patients filled a breathing medication during the study period, which is nearly a quarter of the pharmacy’s patient population. The majority of patients were African American or Caucasian, and almost half were uninsured. Ultimately, the pharmacy had to purchase nearly half of breathing medications provided despite utilizing several medication access routes. Thus, access remains a significant challenge. Efforts are needed to ensure that vulnerable populations can consistently access breathing medications. Type: Clinical Experience
Here we go again! The impact of website ad repetition on recall, intrusiveness, attitudes, and site revisit intentions

Internet advertising represents the United States' second-highest advertising expenditure. From the separate perspectives of advertiser and host site, we propose antecedents to online ad recognition and site revisit intentions. Intervening variables include ad intrusiveness and attitudes when faced with repeated ads. Using the reactance theory, we tested our theoretical model on a simulated website in Chile with advertisements collected from real websites. All except one of the hypotheses were supported. Repetition degraded perceptions except for subjects who started with positive perceptions of the ad. Negative perceptions of the ads degraded website-related attitudes and intentions when the number of adimpressions rose.
Enduring sadness : early loss, vulnerability, and the shaping of character

This paper describes the psychoanalysis of two individuals, a child (Andrew) and an adult (Quentin), who suffered from early disruptions in their families. Their fathers played prominent roles as caregivers during prolonged periods and buffered the traumatic loss of their mothers. Both Andrew and Quentin had family histories of depression and both developed depressive and characterological difficulties marked by disturbances in the regulation of aggression, with sadistic and masochistic features. Their early childhoods and experience of recurrent loss, longing, and anger were reconstructed during psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was therapeutically useful in relieving acute symptoms and in helping both patients move ahead in their development more securely and less burdened by diffuse, inner- and outer-directed rage. Andrew returned for psychotherapy twice, in early and late adolescence, and it was possible to follow the course of his character development during the transition from childhood into young adulthood. Using the clinical psychoanalysis as a base, the paper describes aspects of the development of character with a special emphasis on the roles of loss and the representation of aggression.
Addendum to Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. Summary of Activities 2008-2014

This report presents an overview of the activities of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Magdalena Sepulveda Carmona, during the term of her mandate 2008-2014. It summarizes the Special Rapporteur’s country visits to Ecuador, Zambia, Bangladesh, Viet Nam, Ireland, Timor-Leste, Paraguay, Namibia, Mongolia, Mozambique, the Republic of Moldova and Guinea-Bissau (in chronological order). It also highlights the Special Rapporteur’s thematic reports on social protection, welfare reform, penalization of poverty, access to justice, participation, unpaid care work, and the post-2015 development goals as well as her work on advocacy and in concluding the drafting process for the Guiding Principles on extreme poverty and human rights.
Toward Responsive Pedagogy

I came into teaching as a college professor with confidence; after all, I was a successful high school English teacher, and I also had college teaching experience. However, as an immigrant whose formative life experiences were grounded in a different culture, I was apprehensive about what to expect in my new setting. During my first semester of teaching, I observed the classroom of one of my colleagues, and I was able to see how she navigated classroom interactions.
Synthesis and structural characterization of [H2(diaza-18-crown-6)][CuCI4]·H2O

A protonated diaza-18-crown-6 copper(II) chloride complex was crystallized from a mixture of YCl3, BaCl2, and Cu(C2H3O2)2 in 3:1 CH3OH/CH3CN. [H2(diaza-18-crown-6)][CuC4]·H2O crystallizes_in the centric space group, P1 with: a = 7.429(2) A, b = 10.099(3) A, c = 14.779(9) A, α = 83.76(5)°, β = 81.70(3)°, γ = 75.59(3)°, and Dcalc = 1.53 g/cm3 for Z = 2. The [CuC4]-2 anion is a distorted tetrahedron and is hydrogen-bonded to two unique diazacrown molecules. The bonding results in zig-zag contacts that form a polymeric network diagonally oriented in the bc plane. One of the two unique azacrown molecules maintains a slightly distorted D3d conformation stabilized by hydrogen bonding from a disordered water molecule and to the [CuC4]-2 anion. The hydrogen bonding of the disordered water molecule bridges one form of the protonated macrocycle and forms polymeric chains along the a direction. The other unique azacrown molecule adopts a distorted C2 configuration and has no interactions with the water molecule.
Designing sugar mimetics: non-natural pyranosides as innovative chemical tools.

The importance of oligosaccharides in myriad biological processes is becoming increasingly clear. However, these carbohydrate-mediated processes are often challenging to dissect due to the often poor affinity, stability and selectivity of the oligosaccharides involved. To circumvent these issues, non-natural carbohydrates — carbohydrate mimics — are being designed as innovative tools to modify biomolecules of interest or to understand biological pathways using fluorescence microscopy, X-ray or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This review focuses on key examples of recently developed non-natural sugars to answer specific biological needs.
Open system quantum evolution and the assumption of complete positivity (A Tutorial)

Quantum systems which interact with an unknown environment cannot be described in terms of a unitary evolution on the system alone. For such evolution one can use a map from one density operator to another and use any other known information to model the system. Such maps are required to be positive (at least on their domain) — they take positive density operators to positive density operators — so as to be physically reasonable. A map Φ which is positive but not completely positive (CP) is one which takes positive operators to positive operators, but when extended by the identity In, i.e. In⊗Φ does not give a positive map for some In. The map is CP if and only if the extension is positive for all n. Recently some effort has been put forth to try to understand if, and/or, under what circumstances one might utilize a non-CP map. Here, after a tutorial-type introduction to maps from one density operator to another, some examples which do not fit the standard prescription (SP) for deriving a CP map are given. In cases where the physical system is constrained by some knowledge of the interaction, it is possible that the SP cannot be used directly. Our example is robust to changes in the initial and final conditions.
Mechanism of Anticonvulsant Action of ACTH

The effects of adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) in 23 children with intractable epilepsies and its mechanism of action are reported from the Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK.
Triclocarban and Health: the Jury Is Still Out

In a recently published report, Poole et al. utilized a crossover design to determine the effect of nonprescription antimicrobial exposure on the human microbiome ([1][1]). After an initial washout phase, participants were provided either products that contained TCS or products without TCS for use
Fritz Strich, Goethe und die Weltliteratur: Bern: Verlag A. Francke, 1946. Pp. 408. Fr. 16

(1947). Fritz Strich, Goethe und die Weltliteratur. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 150-151.
Impact Makers (a): The Newman's Own of Management Consulting

This case requires students to evaluate alternative dual-share-class corporate structures that allow companies and entrepreneurs to pursue profit with purpose. The case explores Impact Makers, an IT consulting company based in Richmond, Virginia. While original founders of the firm hold all voting rights, the cash flow rights belong to two nonprofits setting the stage for a Newman's Own model of management consulting. The case discusses whether and how the alternative corporate structure aids the firm's overall strategy to attract top-quality employees, pay them competitive salaries, and provide superior service to its clients while donating 100% of its lifetime value to charitable causes, largely through partnerships with various nonprofit organizations. More importantly, the case asks students to evaluate how such a dual-share-class and dual-purpose company can raise capital to fund continued growth. The case opens with CEO Michael Pirron reminding himself of all the questions he had run through to execute a strategy to further grow Impact Makers' consulting business both through expanding a menu of services and through conquering new geographical markets. To do either, or both, the company needed a cash infusion. Internal cash was limited, as up to 40% of it flowed to charitable partners, demonstrating Impact Makers' commitment to its mission. Raising debt for a company without fixed assets was challenging and time consuming. Complicating it all was that being structured as a nonstock corporation rendered equity raising difficult. Could Impact Makers raise money to grow and stay true to community values at the same time? Excerpt UVA-F-1797 Rev. Jul. 25, 2019 Impact Makers (A): The Newman's Own of Management Consulting I'm a fiscal conservative, and I don't believe in unbridled capitalism. Impact Makers is how I could best use my skills, experience, and training to go to work every day and make an impact in the world and change the world. That's not why everyone is here, but that's why I'm here. —Michael Pirron Michael Pirron was looking in a mirror thinking about the difficult task he had at hand. Nine years earlier, in 2006, he founded a new type of company, Impact Makers, with the help of $ 50, a single client, and a laptop. On the surface, the company was no different than any other IT consulting company: it attracted top-quality employees, paid them competitive salaries, and provided superior service to its clients. What was different was that the company was committed to donating 100% of its lifetime value to charitable causes, largely through partnerships with various nonprofit organizations. In 2015, Impact Makers reached annual revenue of $ 17.8 million and had cumulatively contributed more than $ 1 million to local charities since 2006. By any standards, Pirron's built-from-scratch model had made a significant impact on the local community. But was it enough? . . .
The Southern Gas Corridor

The Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) is a project that will start by shipping gas from Azerbaijan to Turkey and then to the EU, while aiming in the long run to serve as a major transit system for gas from multiple sources in Central Asia and the Middle East to reach Europe. This chapter starts by detailing the progress achieved to date in implementing the $39 bn set of projects that constitute the initial stages of the SGC’s development. The SGC’s expansion is then considered with particular regard to the intended doubling of its initial capacity to deliver 6 bcm/y of gas to Turkey and a further 10 bcm/y to south-eastern Europe and the EU to around 12 bcm/y and 20 bcm/y, respectively. The system’s ability to attract further input from a “Next Wave” of offshore Azerbaijani gasfields is addressed, as are the prospects that gas from producers such as Turkmenistan, Iran, northern Iraq and the Eastern Mediterranean might access the system. Finally, the chapter addresses the issue of whether Russia might seek to utilise part of the SGC system to enable it to use its planned Turkish Stream project for at least some deliveries to Italy and the question of whether unrest within Turkey might pose serious dangers to transit pipelines.
Thy Friend is My Friend: Iterative Collaborative Filtering for Sparse Matrix Estimation

The sparse matrix estimation problem consists of estimating the distribution of an $n\times n$ matrix $Y$, from a sparsely observed single instance of this matrix where the entries of $Y$ are independent random variables. This captures a wide array of problems; special instances include matrix completion in the context of recommendation systems, graphon estimation, and community detection in (mixed membership) stochastic block models. Inspired by classical collaborative filtering for recommendation systems, we propose a novel iterative, collaborative filtering-style algorithm for matrix estimation in this generic setting. We show that the mean squared error (MSE) of our estimator converges to $0$ at the rate of $O(d^2 (pn)^{-2/5})$ as long as $\omega(d^5 n)$ random entries from a total of $n^2$ entries of $Y$ are observed (uniformly sampled), $\E[Y]$ has rank $d$, and the entries of $Y$ have bounded support. The maximum squared error across all entries converges to $0$ with high probability as long as we observe a little more, $\Omega(d^5 n \ln^5(n))$ entries. Our results are the best known sample complexity results in this generality.
Cooperative Research Centers as Small Business: Uncovering the Marketing and Recruiting Practices of University-Based Cooperative Research Centers

This chapter contribution to the edited volume addresses the importance of the ability of leaders in cooperative research centers to attract and retain industrial firms as members. Drew Rivers and Denis O. Gray recognize that despite centers’ reliance on industry funding, there has been very little work to understand how cooperative research centers market their services to and recruit new industry members. Their study takes a systematic look at the marketing practices of centers in the National Science Foundation Industry-University Cooperative Research Center program. In the absence of a directly relevant literature base, they review the inter-organizational relationship and relationship marketing literatures for help in understanding and interpreting marketing practices in the cooperative research centers context. Based on survey responses from center directors, they argue that cooperative research centers can be characterized as small businesses. Marketing practices tend to be informal and interactive, relying heavily on networking and relationship building to secure new members. More traditional, transaction-oriented marketing practices are less often utilized, though data suggest these practices could enhance marketing and recruiting outcomes. Implications, limitations, and avenues for future research are discussed. For a complementary examination, see the chapter by Hayton and colleagues on determinants of formalized firm memberships in cooperative research centers.
Unique signatures from printed circuit board design patterns and surface mount passives

Counterfeiting or surreptitious modification of electronic systems is of increasing concern, particularly for critical infrastructure and national security systems. Such systems include avionics, medical devices, military systems, and utility infrastructure. We present experimental results from an approach to uniquely identify printed circuit boards (PCBs) on the basis of device unique variations in surface mount passive components and wire trace patterns. We also present an innovative approach for combining measurements of each of these quantities to create unique, random identifiers for each PCB and report the observed entropy, reliability, and uniqueness of the signatures. These unique signatures can be used directly for verifying the integrity and authenticity of the PCBs, or can serve as the basis for generating cryptographic keys for more secure authentication of the devices during system acquisition or field deployment. Our results indicate that the proposed approaches for measuring and combining these quantities are capable of generating high-entropy, unique signatures for PCBs. The techniques explored do not require system designers to utilize specialized manufacturing processes and implementation is low-cost.