cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preface: International Reference Ionosphere - Progress in Ionospheric Modelling

The international reference ionosphere (lRI) is the internationally recommended empirical model for the specification of ionospheric parameters supported by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) and recognized by the International Standardization Organization (ISO). IRI is being continually improved by a team of international experts as new data become available and better models are being developed. This issue chronicles the latest phase of model updates as reported during two IRI-related meetings. The first was a special session during the Scientific Assembly of the Committee of Space Research (COSPAR) in Montreal, Canada in July 2008 and the second was an IRI Task Force Activity at the US Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs in May 2009. This work led to several improvements and additions of the model which will be included in the next version, IRI-201O. The issue is divided into three sections focusing on the improvements made in the topside ionosphere, the F-peak, and the lower ionosphere, respectively. This issue would not have been possible without the reviewing efforts of many individuals. Each paper was reviewed by two referees. We thankfully acknowledge the contribution to this issue made by the following reviewers: Jacob Adeniyi, David Altadill, Eduardo Araujo, Feza Arikan, Dieter Bilitza, Jilijana Cander, Bela Fejer, Tamara Gulyaeva, Manuel Hermindez-Pajares, Ivan Kutiev, John MacDougal, Leo McNamara, Bruno Nava, Olivier Obrou, Elijah Oyeyemi, Vadym Paznukhov, Bodo Reinisch, John Retterer, Phil Richards, Gary Sales, J.H. Sastri, Ludger Scherliess, Iwona Stanislavska, Stamir Stankov, Shin-Yi Su, Manlian Zhang, Y ongliang Zhang, and Irina Zakharenkova. We are grateful to Peggy Ann Shea for her final review and guidance as the editor-in-chief for special issues of Advances in Space Research. We thank the authors for their timely submission and their quick response to the reviewer comments and humbly apologize for any delays in the editing process.
Application of n-Butyl Lithium in the Synthesis of Some Methoxy-Substituted Aromatic Carboxylic Acids

The application of n-butyl lithium for the rapid synthesis of methoxy-substituted aromatic carboxylic acids is reported. New compounds associated with this study are described.
Improving Performance Standards: The Potential Impact of Ethical Leadership and Accreditation

Modern medicine has shown significant advancements over the past century; however, the challenge of providing ethical leadership while adhering to evidence-based practice and performance standards ...
A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL-DISTANCE SCORES AMONG COLLEGE-STUDENT SAMPLES.

(1965). A Comparison of Social-Distance Scores among College-Student Samples. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 281-290.
Mucosal Injuries of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract After Smoking Crack or Freebase Cocaine

The introduction of "crack" and 'freebase" cocaine to the United States has resulted in an increased number of patients presenting to emergency rooms with cocaine-related burns of the upper aerodigestive tract. Because symptoms are nonspecific and histories often unreliable, the emergency room physician must keep a high index of suspicion for cocaine use when confronted with these types of patients. We present seven patients who had burns to the upper aerodigestive tract as a result of smoking crack or freebase cocaine. Two of seven patients underwent an emergency tracheotomy, probably because of delayed diagnosis and inadequate early medical intervention. This article reviews the history behind cocaine use, its different modes of administration, potential complications associated with smoking cocaine, diagnostic workup, and treatment options.
Complicating the triangle of race, class and state: the insights of black feminists

This article complicates Wacquant's three-sided schema of race, class and state by adding a focus on gender, the experiences of black women, and a black feminist intersectional analysis. Welfare retrenchment in the USA relied on stereotypes of black women, especially the ‘Welfare Queen’, that were at once sexist and racist and implemented policies targeted specifically at them as the vilified beneficiaries of state largess. Attributing social inequality to black women's childbearing furthers race, gender and class oppression in the context of neo-liberalism by legitimizing intensified deprivation and surveillance. A focus on the regulation of black mothers brings to the fore the child welfare system as a critical institution of social supervision, on a par with workfare and prisonfare. A black feminist analysis of the intersection of welfare, prison and foster care in the systemic punishment of black mothers and of strategies for resistance illuminates how racism and neo-liberalism operate together in the...
Concrete for magnetic shielding

The use of steel paper clips in the amount of 5 vol.% in concrete was found to result in concrete with magnetic shielding (60 Hz) ability comparable to steel mesh. Furthermore, the paper clips did not affect the compressive strength of the concrete. The paper clips were discontinuous enough for mixing with the concrete mix, while their intertwining tendency allowed sufficient continuity for magnetic shielding.
Cotton seedling abrasion and recovery from wind blown sand

Millions of hectares of crops are exposed to wind blown sand abrasion each year, and in many instances the damage is thought to be severe enough to require replanting. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of wind blown sand abrasion duration on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings. Seedlings of three cotton cultivars were exposed to wind velocities of 13.4 m s-1 with sand abrasive flux density of 0.42 g cm-1 width s-1 for six treatment durations ranging from 0 to 40 min. Plants were destructively sampled at the time of the sand abrasion treatment and also at approximately equal to 2 and 4 wk after exposure. These three sampling dates provided two time intervals for assessing the amount of plant damage and regrowth using classical growth analysis. With increasing sand abrasion treatment time, leaf area and leaf, stem, and total shoot biomass were all reduced while final number of mainstem nodes increased (P <or= 0.05). Cultivar differences in leaf mass were significant only at the second destructive sampling date (P <or= 0.05). For the first harvest interval, between the first and second destructive sampling, shoot relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased with increasing sand abrasion treatment time. Regrowth during the second harvest interval revealed the opposite pattern, with RGR and NAR both increasing with increasing sand abrasion treatment time. In both harvest intervals, variation in RGR depended mainly on NAR rather than leaf area ratio (LAR). These results indicate that, despite near-complete defoliation at the longest treatment duration of 40 min, cotton plants receiving this level of damage in the field may not require replanting.
Fortran 95 and beyond

This article discusses the plans for the future evolution of the Fortran Language. The topics covered are: 1) The process that will govern the future revisions of the standard; 2) Some of the history of the development of that process; 3) The evolution of the Fortran 95 feature set; 4) A description of the features included in Fortran 95; 5) The beginnings of the Fortran 2000 feature set; and 6) Information on the submission of requirements for a future revision.
Official and folk flood warning systems: An assessment

Recent floods in West Bengal, India, focused public attention on the inadequacies of the flood warning system. This study examines some socioeconomic constraints on the communication of flood warning messages. It then looks at perceptions of, and responses by, villagers in a flood-prone region of West Bengal to official and folk flood warnings.
Thinking Inside the Box : Comparing Federated Search Results from Google Scholar, Live Search Academic, and Central Search

SUMMARY In a comparison of Google Scholar, Windows Live Search Academic, and Serials Solutions' Central Search, relevant retrieval increases in direct relation to the complexity of the search interface. Central Search, as customized for Florida Gulf Coast University Library, permits far more complex searching than Google Scholar or Windows Academic and performs better than its simpler competitors. However, a close review of sample searches in these three databases reveals that the simpler, more streamlined interfaces may be equally useful, depending on the user's preference, and the information need.
RECOGNITION OF LINEAR CONTEXT-FREE REWRITING SYSTEMS

The class of linear context-free rewriting systems has been introduced as a generalization of a class of grammar formalisms known as mildly context-sensitive. The recognition problem for linear context-free rewriting languages is studied at length here, presenting evidence that, even in some restricted cases, it cannot be solved efficiently. This entails the existence of a gap between, for example, tree adjoining languages and the subclass of linear context-free rewriting languages that generalizes the former class; such a gap is attributed to "crossing configurations". A few other interesting consequences of the main result are discussed, that concern the recognition problem for linear context-free rewriting languages.
The effect of employer recruitment strategies on job placements and match quality

I construct a structural model of recruitment choice in which employers select recruitment strategies with the knowledge that some strategies are more likely than others to generate high-quality matches. The model can be used to analyze the implications of alternative recruitment strategies for vacancy duration, placement rates for different worker groups, the distribution of starting wages, the quality of the resulting worker-job matches and employer profits. Various government policies seek to enhance the labor market outcomes of particular worker groups by altering the incentives and information available to employers. The effects of such policies can only be inferred in the context of a model that accounts for the changes in employers’ recruiting and hiring behavior in response to the policy. I estimate the parameters of the structural model using data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI), a 1992-1995 cross-sectional survey of employers and households in 4 metropolitan areas. I then conduct policy simulations to predict the effects of “information” policies such as the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 and “hiring incentive” policies such as the Welfare-to-Work and Work Opportunity tax credits. I find that the tax credits are superior to the information policy, both in improving placement rates for the low-skilled worker groups they target, and in increasing the starting wage distribution for these workers.
Protecting Research Participants

The protection of human subjects in the United States is undergoing dramatic revision. Changes are occurring because of numerous controversies and concerns that have arisen over the last decade, including the inadequacies of institutional review boards (IRBs), 1,2 the debate over research conducted in the developing world, 3,4 violations of confidentiality in health services research, 5 changing concepts of informed consent,6,7 and the growth of the clinical research endeavor.8 In this issue of Pediatrics , Weil and colleagues9 summarize the protection of human subjects in research reports published in 3 pediatric journals in 2000. Of 379 studies they reviewed, they found that 52% documented IRB approval, 42% documented informed consent, and only 35% properly documented both IRB review and informed consent. Their results are consistent with a number of other reviews, including our own, which suggest that a substantial proportion of research reports do not contain adequate information about the protection of human subjects.10–15 They also found that the rate of reported IRB approval and informed consent varied by study design. This too is consistent with our work.11 We found that 97% of randomized, clinical trials reported IRB approval, whereas only 70% of prospective cohorts, 37% of retrospective cohorts, and 9% of large dataset analyses reported approval. This suggests there is confusion about which types of studies need approval. What role should individual investigators play in protecting human subjects? First, researchers must recognize … Address correspondence to Howard Bauchner, MD, Boston Medical Center, Maternity 4th Floor, 91 East Concord St, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: howard.bauchner{at}bmc.gov
Effect of Feeding–Fasting Cycles on Oxygen Consumption and Bioenergetics of Female Yellow Perch

Abstract We measured growth and oxygen consumption of age-1 yellow perch Perca flavescens subjected to ad libitum (control) or variable feeding cycles of 2 (i.e., 2 d of feed, 2 d of deprivation), 6, or 12 d for a 72-d period. Individual, female yellow perch (initial weight = 51.9 ± 0.9 g [mean ± SE]) were stocked in 110-L aquaria to provide six replicates per treatment and fed measured rations of live fathead minnow Pimephales promelas. Consumption, absolute growth rate, growth efficiency, and oxygen consumption were similar among feeding regimens. However, growth trajectories for fish on the 2-d cycle were significantly lower than other feed–fast cycles. Hyperphagia occurred in all treatments. Bioenergetics model simulations indicated that consumption was significantly underestimated (t = 5.4, df = 4, P = 0.006), while growth was overestimated (t = −5.5, df = 4, P = 0.005) for fish on the 12-d cycle. However, model errors detected between observed and predicted values were low, ranging from −10.1% to +7...
Control of Retinal Sensitivity: I. Light and Dark Adaptation of Vertebrate Rods and Cones

Rods and cones in Necturus respond with graded hyperpolarization to test flashes spanning about 3.5 log units of intensity. Steady background levels hyperpolarize the rods, and the rod responses become progressively smaller as background level is increased. In cones, higher background levels reduce the effectiveness of test flashes, so higher ranges of test intensities are required to elicit the full range of graded responses. When backgrounds are terminated, cones return rapidly, but rods return slowly to the dark potential level. The effects of backgrounds on both rods and cones can be observed at intensities that cause negligible bleaching as determined by retinal densitometry. During dark adaptation, changes are observed in the rods and cones that are similar to those produced by backgrounds. Receptor sensitivities, derived from these results, show that rods saturate, cones obey Weber's law, and sensitization during dark adaptation follows a two-phase time-course.
Dependence of length of muscle fibers upon ATP concentration.

1. 1. The steady-state length of glycerol-extracted psoas fibers is a function of the concentration of ATP and not of the amount of ATP split. 2. 2. Reciprocal Michaelis-Menten constants for the glycerol-treated psoas muscle-ATP system have been obtained by measurements of length (KL) and of rates of dephosphorylation (Kc). 3. 3. Kc and Vmax are essentially independent of diameter in the range 200–600 μ, but both increase if the dimensions are reduced to the order of 2 μ. 4. 4. Kc and Vmax remain approximately constant during storage in 50% glycerol for more than 1 year. 5. 5. At 0.3 M KCl, KL is greater than Kc for fibers of 200–600 μ in diameter, but for fibrils of about 2 μ or less KL is about equal to Kc. 6. 6. KL increases as [KCl] increases and also increases if small amounts of Mg++ are added to fibers in 0.3 M KCl. Possible interpretations of the effects of KCl and of Mg++ or Ca++ are discussed. 7. 7. There is a linear relation between KL of psoas fibers and the rate of shortening of myosin B threads.
Precambrian salic intrusive rocks of the Reading Prong

Approximately one-half of the Reading Prong consists of Precambrian salic intrusive igneous rocks, most of which are now metamorphosed. The intrusive rocks of the western Reading Prong and of the southeastern massif consist predominantly of gneissoid hornblende granite or hornblende granite gneiss. The rocks are relatively poor in clinopyroxene and mesoperthite content and relatively quartz-rich. In the northwestern massif, hornblende and clinopyroxene granite is common, but hornblende- or clinopyroxene-bearing syenitic and monzonitic rocks and their variants are equally abundant. These intrusive rocks are relatively enriched in clinopyroxene and mesoperthite and rather poor in quartz. Reconstruction of the geology of the Reading Prong suggests that the western Reading Prong and the southeastern massif were on strike prior to Paleozoic time. This reconstruction indicates the existence of two parallel intrusive rock belts during Precambrian time — a northwestern syenitic belt and a southeastern granitic belt. It is concluded that the syenitic and monzonitic rocks were generated mainly by very deep-level partial melting of quartzo-feldspathic and anorthositic rocks in a high-temperature, relatively anhydrous environment. A somewhat steeper geothermal gradient in the northwestern Reading Prong might account for the regional differences in intrusive rock distribution.
Blind adaptive filtering in the frequency domain

Efficient block implementations which are based on frequency-domain techniques of the constant modulus and the P-vector least-mean-square blind algorithms are described. These realizations have much less computational complexity than nonblock time-domain methods, and they can have improved convergence properties. Although several implementations are possible, including filter-bank and multirate structures, only linear convolution methods are used. A frequency-domain realization of a T/2-spaced constant modulus algorithm equalizer is examined, and computer simulations are presented. >
Controller Interface and Signal Generator for Use with Robotic Surgery Simulator

Robotic assisted surgery offers surgeons increased stability and control during laparoscopic (minimally invasive) procedures. In order to fully understand the capabilities and advantages of robotic assisted surgery, it would be valuable to have a means to simulate and demonstrate robotic surgery for educational purposes. One such proposed system will use the Nintendo Wii remote controller as part of a controller interface for controlling a robotic arm in a robotic surgery simulator.
Why University-Industry Partnerships Matter

Basic research, much of which emanates from the outstanding academic laboratories located in the United States and abroad, is the foundation for the innovation that has created the new therapies, materials, and processes that benefit humankind and generate wealth for companies that successfully translate discoveries to commercial success. This is not a linear, one-way process; optimizing the process of discovery to innovation demands dynamic and multifaceted approaches to teaming at the university-industry interface.
Accurate yet fast modeling of real-time communication

Accurate modeling of communication is a necessary part of system level design for real-time safety-critical applications. For efficient prediction of a system's performance, Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) is often used which increases the simulation speed by orders of magnitude. The speed advantage, however, comes at the cost of low accuracy.In this paper, we use a novel modeling technique, called Result Oriented Modeling (ROM), which yields 100% accuracy in timing, yet approaches the same speed as traditional TLM. ROM also abstracts away internal details of the communication but, in contrast to TLM, fully maintains accurate timing. ROM optimistically predicts the timing and retroactively takes corrective measures, if necessary.In this paper, we compare the ROM technique to TLM at different levels of abstraction, using a Controller Area Network (CAN) bus example. Our results show that ROM yields a simulation speedup close to the traditional TLM, yet exhibits the same timing accuracy as a bus functional model. Thus, for safety-critical real-time applications, ROM is a viable replacement for the inaccurate TLM.
Utilization of noninvasive ventilation in acute care hospitals: a regional survey.

Purpose Little information is available on the utilization of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) in the United States. Accordingly, we performed a survey on the use of NPPV at acute care hospitals in a region of the United States to determine variations in utilization and between hospitals, the reasons for lower rates of utilization, and the techniques used for application. Methods Using survey methodology, we developed a questionnaire consisting of 19 questions and distributed it by mail to directors of respiratory care at all 82 acute care hospitals in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Nonresponders were contacted by phone to complete the survey. Responses were analyzed using standard statistics, including t tests and Mann-Whitney U tests where appropriate. Results We obtained responses from 71 of the 82 hospitals (88%). The overall utilization rate for NPPV was 20% of ventilator starts, but we found enormous variation in the estimated utilization rates among different hospitals, from none to > 50%. The top two reasons given for lower utilization rates were a lack of physician knowledge and inadequate equipment. In the 19 hospitals that provided detailed information, COPD and congestive heart failure constituted 82% of the diagnoses of patients receiving NPPV, but NPPV was still used in only 33% of patients with these diagnoses receiving any form of mechanical ventilation. Conclusions The utilization rates for NPPV vary enormously among different acute care hospitals within the same region. The perceived reasons for lower utilization rates include lack of physician knowledge, insufficient respiratory therapist training, and inadequate equipment. Educational programs directed at individual institutions may be useful to enhance utilization rates.
RET: A poly A-trap retrovirus vector for reversible disruption and expression monitoring of genes in living cells

Gene trapping is a form of insertional mutagenesis that causes disruption of gene function. Here we report the construction and extensive examination of a versatile retrovirus vector, RET (removable exon trap). The RET vector uses an improved poly A-trap strategy for the efficient identification of functional genes regardless of their expression status in target cells. A combination of a potentially very strong splice acceptor and an effective polyadenylation signal assures the complete disruption of the function of trapped genes. Inclusion of a promoterless GFP cDNA in the RET vector allows the expression pattern of the trapped gene to be easily monitored in living cells. Finally, because of loxP-containing LTRs at both ends, the integrated proviruses can be removed from the genome of infected cells by Cre-mediated homologous recombination. Hence, it is possible to attribute the mutant phenotype of gene-trapped cells directly to RET integration by inducing phenotypic reversion after provirus excision. The RET system can be used in conjunction with cell lines with functional heterozygosity, embryonic stem cells, lineage-committed cell lines that differentiate in response to specific inducing factors and other responsive cell lines that can be selected by virtue of their induced green fluorescence protein expression.
Genital power, mystical

Beliefs are widespread in traditional society, best documented in Africa, that the genitals of people emanate a mystical power that can pollute, or cleanse, and can be intentionally directed by its bearer at others, as a weapon. Polluting effects of the genitals are ancient and are explicit in the Bible; the power in young girls is in some areas believed to cure sexually-transmitted diseases, like HIV/AIDS; and fear of the aggressive use of such power, as a weapon, is very persuasive, and exacerbated because it resembles the behavior of witches. Awareness of such beliefs is important to the fullest understanding of cultural ideas about sexuality. Keywords: genital power; magic; mystical; taboo; virginity; witchcraft
The Role of Research in Art Therapy Master's Degree Programs

Abstract Art therapy master's degree programs are required to provide instruction in research theory and methodology, in accordance with art therapy and professional counseling education standards. Although the art therapy standards outline broad, general principles regarding the study of research, the professional counseling standards are more comprehensive and focused on educating graduate students to be adept evaluators and consumers of research. This viewpoint discusses the role of research in the master's degree curriculum and whether it is pedagogically appropriate to require graduate students, who are in the early stages of mastering clinical skills, to conduct independent research. Recommendations are offered based on a review of existing practice and educational theory.
Aerodynamic Characterizations of Asymmetric and Maneuvering 105-, 120-, and 155-mm Fin-Stabilized Projectiles Derived From Telemetry Experiments

Accurate knowledge of candidate projectiles’ aerodynamics is crucial for successful development of tube- and gun-launched precision munitions. This is especially true when control authority is low, as is often the case with rolling projectiles. In these instances, truth models of the projectiles’ flight characteristics need to be of sufficient quality to enable the guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) system to produce efficient corrective maneuvers. Recently, the Army conducted instrumented flight experiments to quantify aerodynamics and flight dynamics for three precision munitions programs. These projectiles were of different shapes and calibers (105mm, 120mm, and 155mm) but similar in having supercaliber, roll-inducing tailfins and employing nose-mounted canards as their maneuver control mechanisms. In this effort, for the first time, aerodynamic terms for precision airframes and control mechanisms were estimated from data acquired from projectile onboard instrumentation via elevated gun firings. Observations of these complexities were possible because data were collected for the entire free flights of these projectiles encompassing varying Mach numbers and dynamic conditions not previously examined; thereby complementing the pre-flight analyses and reducing cost by enabling characterization of more aerodynamic parameters with less testing.
A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE RANGE SHIFTS OF PLEISTOCENE MAMMALS

Much attention has been focused on the response of species to the climate change associated with the last deglaciation during the Pleistocene. Generally, species respond in an individualistic manner to climate change, and expand and contract their ranges independently; consequently, community composition is extremely variable over time. Although data are available to examine range shifts of species by mapping species ranges over time, most investigations to date have been qualitative. I quantitatively assessed changes in distributions of species to determine the degree to which species shifted their ranges independently over broad time scales. Data on Pleistocene mammal assemblages from the FAUNMAP database were divided into 4 time periods (Pre-Glacial, full Glacial, Post-Glacial, and Modern). Range shifts were characterized by change in the median position of the range from 1 time period to another, change in range size, and direction of the shift. The degree to which species were shifting their ranges independently of one another was evaluated by examining frequency distributions of each range shift parameter and comparing directions wherein species were shifting their range centroids. Many species are shifting their ranges in similar ways. Many species in each time transition change their range size very little. Species shift their range centroids, on average, between 1,200 and 1,400 km. Moreover, if the United States is divided into quadrats and the direction in which species with those quadrats shift their ranges is examined, it becomes clear that in each quadrat there are some directions that are favored over others. The majority of these distributions in the 2 oldest transitions differ from a uniform distribution. Therefore, the prediction that the individualistic responses of species to climate change should result in nonanalog communities likely is oversimplified.
Control of ion content and nitrogen species using a mixed chemistry plasma for GaN grown at extremely high growth rates >9 μm/h by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Utilizing a modified nitrogen plasma source, plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) has been used to achieve higher growth rates in GaN. A higher conductance aperture plate, combined with higher nitrogen flow and added pumping capacity, resulted in dramatically increased growth rates up to 8.4 μm/h using 34 sccm of N2 while still maintaining acceptably low operating pressure. It was further discovered that argon could be added to the plasma gas to enhance growth rates up to 9.8 μm/h, which was achieved using 20 sccm of N2 and 7.7 sccm Ar flows at 600 W radio frequency power, for which the standard deviation of thickness was just 2% over a full 2 in. diameter wafer. A remote Langmuir style probe employing the flux gauge was used to indirectly measure the relative ion content in the plasma. The use of argon dilution at low plasma pressures resulted in a dramatic reduction of the plasma ion current by more than half, while high plasma pressures suppressed ion content regardless of plasma gas chemistr...
microPET Imaging of Glioma Integrin αvβ3 Expression Using 64Cu-Labeled Tetrameric RGD Peptide

Integrin αvβ3 plays a critical role in tumor-induced angiogenesis and metastasis and has become a promising diagnostic indicator and therapeutic target for various solid tumors. Radiolabeled RGD peptides that are integrin specific can be used for noninvasive imaging of integrin expression level as well as for integrin-targeted radionuclide therapy. Methods: In this study we developed a tetrameric RGD peptide tracer 64Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2 (DOTA is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraacetic acid) for PET imaging of integrin αvβ3 expression in female athymic nude mice bearing the subcutaneous UG87MG glioma xenografts. Results: The RGD tetramer showed significantly higher integrin binding affinity than the corresponding monomeric and dimeric RGD analogs, most likely due to a polyvalency effect. The radiolabeled peptide showed rapid blood clearance (0.61 ± 0.01 %ID/g at 30 min and 0.21 ± 0.01 %ID/g at 4 h after injection, respectively [%ID/g is percentage injected dose per gram]) and predominantly renal excretion. Tumor uptake was rapid and high, and the tumor washout was slow (9.93 ± 1.05 %ID/g at 30 min after injection and 4.56 ± 0.51 %ID/g at 24 h after injection). The metabolic stability of 64Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2 was determined in mouse blood, urine, and liver and kidney homogenates at different times after tracer injection. The average fractions of intact tracer in these organs at 1 h were approximately 70%, 58%, 51%, and 26%, respectively. Noninvasive microPET studies showed significant tumor uptake and good contrast in the subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice, which agreed well with the biodistribution results. Integrin αvβ3 specificity was demonstrated by successful blocking of tumor uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2 in the presence of excess c(RGDyK) at 1 h after injection. The highest absorbed radiation doses determined for the human reference adult were received by the urinary bladder wall (0.262 mGy/MBq), kidneys (0.0296 mGy/MBq), and liver (0.0242 mGy/MBq). The average effective dose resulting from a single 64Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2 injection was estimated to be 0.0164 mSv/MBq. Conclusion: The high integrin and avidity and favorable biokinetics make 64Cu-DOTA-E{E[c(RGDfK)]2}2 a promising agent for peptide receptor radionuclide imaging and therapy of integrin-positive tumors.
The Debt Ceiling: What is at Stake

The debt ceiling (or limit), the legal limit the federal government may borrow, is set currently at $14.294 trillion. In his latest report, Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner predicts that the United States will reach the current debt ceiling around May 16, 2011, and the Congressional Research Service estimates the federal government will have to issue an additional $738 billion in debt above the current statutory limit to finance obligations for the remainder of FY2011.Congress is currently considering whether it should raise the debt ceiling. This is not new territory. Congress has raised the debt ceiling ten times in the last ten years. However, raising the debt ceiling for the eleventh time in as many years without recognizing and correcting systemic problems would have consequences beyond merely tapping revenue and assets to meet FY2011 budget commitments. Continuing to pass debt ceiling increases without proper spending reforms would be irresponsible. The United States should not consider defaulting on its debt, nor should it put itself in a position where it has to postpone payment to contractors or “manage” other non-debt obligations. Neither, however, should Congress be forced to raise the debt ceiling under false pretenses. By our calculations, the United States has enough expected cash flow (tax revenue) and assets on hand to avoid either of these unattractive options until at least the end of the current fiscal year in September, perhaps even longer.
A lifetime of fiction: The 500 most recommended reads for ages 2 to 102, by William Patrick Martin

Picking up A Lifetime of Fiction my first thought was, do we really need yet another “recommended reads” list? With so many awards, best-books, and other reading lists available all over print and ...
Assessing Freeway Breakdown and Recovery: A Stochastic Model

AbstractConditions at a freeway bottleneck are predicted with a two-dimensional stochastic differential equation (SDE) model of flow and speed. Stochastic behavior is assumed to be standard Brownian motion. To fully describe conditions observed in the field, it is necessary to couple the SDE model with a stochastic capacity model, thus forming a stochastic capacity-differential equation (SCDE) model. The model contains mechanisms to (1) trigger a breakdown event when the traffic flow reaches or exceeds the freeway capacity, and (2) identify when recovery takes place. Measures of freeway performance are derived from SCDE model predictions. They include breakdown probability, expressed as a function of traffic flow and time-of-day, and recovery time, i.e., the length of time the freeway remains in a congested state before returning to a free-flow state. To achieve dependable model forecasts, it is necessary to impose constraints when fitting the stochastic capacity model. The constraint condition consists o...
Coping with Depression in Single Black Mothers

Very little information exists in the literature about what black women do when they experience symptoms of depression. The purpose of this descriptive study was to analyze the responses of 208 community-residing black single mothers, aged 18 to 45, to an open-ended question asking, "What do you do to feel better when you are feeling down in the dumps?" The theoretical bases of the Ways of Coping Checklist, were used to facilitate categorizing their responses into a coping scale and then a particular coping profile. Percentages were used to categorize the frequency of the responses into the respective coping scale and to categorize the frequency of the combined responses of each woman into a respective coping profile. Of the 333 responses that the women provided, 327 were useable. Findings indicated that a majority of responses fell into the Escape-Avoidance category (n = 206; 63%), followed by the Seeking Social Support (n = 60, 18.3%), Positive Reappraisal (n = 40; 12.2%), Planful Problem Solving (n = 12; 3.7%), Distancing (n = 3; 1%), and Self-Controlling (n = 6; 1.8%) categories. No responses fit the Confrontive Coping or Accepting Responsibility categories and none of the responses indicated that the women sought professional help. Of the 176 women who provided answers to the study question, more than half (64.2%; n = 113) gave only emotion-focused responses, 2.8% (n = 5) gave only problem-focused responses, 2.8% (n = 5) gave mixed responses, and 30.2% (n = 53) reported social support seeking. Implications for future research, cultural theory, and nursing practice are addressed.
Limits of canonicalU-processes andB-valuedU-statistics

It is shown that the limite law of canonicalU-process is the law of a chaos process which has a versio with bounded and ‖·‖2 continuous paths. This is also true forB-valued canonicalU-statistics with values in a separable Banach space. Some properties of Banach spaces of type 2 related withU-statistics are presented.
Food of cougars in the Cascade Range of Oregon

Animal and nonanimal items were identified in the digestive tracts of 61 cougars ( Felis concolor ) collected between 1978 and 1984 from the western slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon. Forty - two (69%) of the cougars were taken by hunters in December and January, 18 (30%) were killed at other times of the year because of their proximity to livestock, and one animal was illegally killed in November. Black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ) was the most common prey item, although domestic sheep ( Ovis airies ), porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum ), and a variety of small mammals were also recorded. Masticated grass was the most common nonanimal item.
Narrative Psychology as Science and as Art

Generally, qualitative inquiry in psychology continues to place its work under the rubric of “science.” This stands to reason: Insofar as the focus of most qualitative inquiry remains largely “informational”—that is, geared toward generating bodies of knowledge that are essentially “detachable” from the data from which they derive—this placement within the context of science is fitting. There is a political dimension as well: eager to establish its legitimacy within the discipline, it has been important for qualitative inquiry to proclaim its continuity with more traditional, especially quantitative, forms of inquiry. Whatever virtues there may be in conceptualizing and conducting qualitative inquiry in this way, there are problems as well. First, and most basically, doing so runs the risk of losing the very specificity that certain modes of qualitative knowing—in the case to be considered herein, narrative knowing—provide; for, in some of these modes, there is no detachment of the informational content of what is said from the form of its presentation. Moreover, there is an irreducible particularity to language itself that renders such modes of knowing different in kind and order from the kind of knowing that science, as customarily conceived, generally relies upon. In view of this situation, one might move in the direction of what has been termed “poetic science” and seek to establish a more capacious view of what science is and does. Valuable though moving in this direction may be, it is questionable as well. Indeed, there are, arguably, circumstances in which it may be more sensible to abandon the scientific project altogether and more readily avow the artful nature of the work in question.
Sucker Rod Design and Energy Conservation Analysis of Pumping System with Load Reducer

Load Reducer realizes depth-pumping with small diameter pump and energy conservation oil production by reducing stress of sucker rod and polished rod load of oil pumping unit horse.The linear equation of sucker rod design is improved based on static equi-strength principle,which makes the design and calculation of sucker rod more reasonable,reduces the polished rod load further,increases service life of sucker rod and ground equipment,and reduces production cost.
Teaching Investigation and Thinking about Non-computer Major "Computer Programming"Course

By responding to the computer programming course for non-computer majors,this article analyses the existing problems and points out that the teaching mode reform of non-computer major Programming Course needs to avoid single teaching goal,strengthen the relevant professional combination and innovate teaching means.
Organic Molecules with Porous Crystal Structures

Porous materials have numerous applications of relevance to energy, the environment, and catalysis. A relatively recent addition to the field are porous molecular crystals, whose solid-state structures contain discrete molecules held together only by weak noncovalent forces. This contribution summarizes recent developments in the area, before providing an account of our own adventures in the field which are centered on the creation of robust fluorinated porous molecular crystals. We will also present the recent discovery of a one-step synthesis of a new class of macrocycles dubbed cyclobenzoins; an example is given of such a shape-persistent structure that translates into mild porosity in the solid state. 1 Introduction 2 Early Days 3 Intrinsically Porous Molecular Crystals 4 Extrinsically Porous Molecular Crystals 5 Fluorinated Porous Molecular Crystals 6 Cyclobenzoins: Shape-Persistent and Intrinsically Porous? 7 Conclusions
Fluorescent cytoplasm and Heinz bodies of hemoglobin Koln erythrocytes: evidence for intracellular heme catabolism

Hb Koln, one of the common mutant hemoglobins responsible for unstable hemoglobin disease, was found to be degraded to a fluorescent yellow pigment (FYP) in circulating erythrocytes. FYP is responsible for a strong green fluorescence observed in the cytoplasm and is particularly abundant in the Heinz bodies of Koln RBC. Front face fluorometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that Heinz bodies emit 10% to 20% of the fluorescence of RBCs. Hb-free FYP was obtained by means of a cellulose column separation of the cytoplasm or from a precipitate formed during the incubation of Koln RBC cytoplasm at 50 degrees C. The absorption and emission spectra of FYP are consistent with those of dipyrroles.
The Cognitive Foundations of Reincarnation

Anthropological records and psychological studies demonstrate the recurrence of ideas about how to determine the identity of reincarnated persons. These ideas are often incoherent with corresponding theological dogma about the process of reincarnation. Specifically, even though reincarnation is represented as a process of change, people often seek out and interpret particular similarities between the deceased and reincarnated agent as evidence that the two are one and the same person. This paper argues that panhuman cognitive tendencies explain, in part, the spread and recurrence of ideas about what provides evidence of reincarnation: specifically, representations of reincarnated agents are informed and constrained by everyday cognitive intuitions that govern representations of continued identity for intentional agents generally. The paper concludes that these constraints go some way towards explaining the recurrent features of reincarnation concepts and behaviors cross-culturally.
Policy Implications from the Study of the Homeless

The article presents contemporary research results, reviews the case histories of selected homeless, discusses inferences deduced from participant observation, and delineates conclusions drawn from an analysis of intake data in facilities for the homeless. Although the problems described by individuals served by the three agencies have different manifestations, the root causes are similar. The data supports the conclusion that although substance abuse and mental illness are often associated with being homeless, they are not usually the principal cause. Clearly the root cause of homelessness is the critical lack of low-cost housing compounded by the inability to find a job. Several complicating factors that contribute to the growing problem of homelessness are also discussed within the context of the increasing importance of the effects of concentrated poverty and the social isolation of the poor. Policy options are outlined that are critical to developing an intelligent response to the problems of homelessness.
Cellular plasticity in kidney injury and repair

Cellular plasticity facilitates organ repair after injury. Here, the authors discuss the modalities and mechanisms of cellular plasticity such as dedifferentiation and progenitor expansion in the kidney and their contribution to renal repair. Terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency or directly to another differentiated cell type in vitro, a capacity termed cellular plasticity. Plasticity is not limited to in vitro manipulations but rather represents an important aspect of the regenerative response to injury in organs. Differentiated adult cells retain the capacity to dedifferentiate, adopting a progenitor-like phenotype after injury or, alternatively, to transdifferentiate, directly converting to a different mature cell type. Emerging concepts on cellular plasticity have relevance to our understanding of repair after kidney injury, including epithelial regeneration. Here we discuss work published in the past 5 years on the cellular hierarchies and mechanisms underlying kidney injury and repair, with a particular focus on potential roles for cellular plasticity in this response.
CURRENT CONCEPTS IN THE TREATMENT OF PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY

Patellar tendon pain is a significant problem in athletes who participate in jumping and running sports and can interfere with athletic participation. This clinical commentary reviews patellar tendon anatomy and histopathology, the language used to describe patellar tendon pathology, risk factors for patellar tendinopathy and common interventions used to address patellar tendon pain. Evidence is presented to guide clinicians in their decision-making regarding the treatment of athletes with patellar tendon pain. Level of Evidence 5
Why and When FSSB Discourages Work Interference with Family: A Resource-Based Perspective

Drawing from the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, we examined both the mediating and moderating roles of job crafting and family-role overload respectively in the relationship between Family...