cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Actin-Related Protein Is Associated with Daughter Cell Formation in Toxoplasma gondii

Cell division in Toxoplasma gondii occurs by an unusual budding mechanism termed endodyogeny, during which twin daughters are formed within the body of the mother cell. Cytokinesis begins with the coordinated assembly of the inner membrane complex (IMC), which surrounds the growing daughter cells. The IMC is compiled of both flattened membrane cisternae and subpellicular filaments composed of articulin-like proteins attached to underlying singlet microtubules. While proteins that comprise the elongating IMC have been described, little is known about its initial formation. Using Toxoplasma as a model system, we demonstrate that actin-like protein 1 (ALP1) is partially redistributed to the IMC at early stages in its formation. Immunoelectron microscopy localized ALP1 to a discrete region of the nuclear envelope, on transport vesicles, and on the nascent IMC of the daughter cells prior to the arrival of proteins such as IMC-1. The overexpression of ALP1 under the control of a strong constitutive promoter disrupted the formation of the daughter cell IMC, leading to delayed growth and defects in nuclear and apicoplast segregation. Collectively, these data suggest that ALP1 participates in the formation of daughter cell membranes during cell division in apicomplexan parasites.
Utilization and Outcomes of Breast Brachytherapy in Younger Women.

Purpose To directly compare ( 1 ) radiation treatment utilization patterns; ( 2 ) risks of subsequent mastectomy; and ( 3 ) costs of radiation treatment in patients treated with brachytherapy versus whole-breast irradiation (WBI), in a national, contemporary cohort of women with incident breast cancer, aged 64 years and younger. Methods and Materials Using MarketScan health care claims data, we identified 45,884 invasive breast cancer patients (aged 18-64 years), treated from 2003 to 2010 with lumpectomy, followed by brachytherapy (n=3134) or whole-breast irradiation (n=42,750). We stratified patients into risk groups according to age (Age Results Brachytherapy utilization increased from 2003 to 2010: in patients Age P P =.003). Highest absolute 5-year subsequent mastectomy risks occurred in Endocrine−/Age Conclusion In this younger cohort, endocrine status was a valuable discriminatory factor predicting subsequent mastectomy risk after brachytherapy versus WBI and therefore may be useful for selecting appropriate younger brachytherapy candidates.
Lagrangian overturning and the Madden-Julian Oscillation

The Madden – Julian Oscillation (MJO), a planetary-scale disturbance in zonal winds and equatorial convection that dominates intraseasonal variability in the Tropics, is a challenge to explain and notoriously difficult to simulate with conventional climate models. This study discusses numerical experiments conducted with a novel Lagrangian atmospheric model (LAM) that produce surprisingly robust and realistic MJOs, even at very low resolution. The LAM represents an atmosphere as a collection of conforming air parcels with motions that are predicted using Newtonian mechanics. The model employs a unique convective parametrization, referred to as Lagrangian overturning (LO), in which air parcels exchange vertical positions in convectively unstable regions. A key model parameter for simulating MJOs is the mixing between adjacent ascending and descending parcels, with more frequent and stronger MJOs occurring when greater mixing is prescribed. Sensitivity tests suggest that MJOs simulated with the LAM are not particularly sensitive to model resolution, but their structure and propagation speed do depend on sea-surface temperatures, large-scale precipitation patterns and surface fluxes. An important conclusion of this article is that the most fundamental dynamics of the MJO are captured by the LO convective parametrization coupled with large-scale atmospheric circulations.
Corrosion behavior of nitinol in blood serum and PBS containing amino acids

The susceptibility to localized corrosion of metallic, implant medical devices is typically evaluated in a simulated physiological solution, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS). For implant devices in contact with blood, the underlying premise is that proteins and other components in blood do not significantly change the corrosion susceptibility. This study examined the corrosion behavior of nitinol in bovine serum and PBS containing amino acids (cysteine, glutamine, and tryptophan). Tests were performed on mechanically polished (MP) and black oxide (BO) nitinol wire using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. They showed that the susceptibility to pitting corrosion of MP nitinol in PBS can be influenced by the presence of amino acids, depending on the type of amino acid. However, the pitting susceptibility of MP and BO nitinol did not differ significantly (based on a t-test, with p < 0.05 being statistically significant) between serum and PBS, suggesting that the combination of proteins and amino acids in serum had little effect. The impedance spectra showed near-capacitive behavior in serum and in PBS alone and with amino acids, and the data could be fitted by a parallel resistance–capacitance (as a constant phase element) circuit associated with the passive oxide film. The capacitance indicated that serum proteins were adsorbed on nitinol but that little, if any, adsorption of the three amino acids under study occurred at the corrosion potential. There did not appear to be a correlation between breakdown and the adsorption of organic compounds in serum. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Interaction of a biotic factor (predator presence) and an abiotic factor (low oxygen) as an influence on benthic invertebrate communities

We examined the response of benthic invertebrates to hypoxia and predation risk in bioassay and behavioral experiments. In the bioassay, four invertebrate species differed widely in their tolerance of hypoxia. The mayfly, Callibaetis montanus, and the beetle larva, Hydaticus modestus, exhibited a low tolerance of hypoxia, the amphipod, Gammarus lacustris, was intermediate in its response and the caddisfly, Hesperophylax occidentalis, showed high tolerance of hypoxia. In the behavioral experiments, we observed the response of these benthic invertebrates, which differ in locomotor abilities, to vertical oxygen and temperature gradients similar to those in an ice-covered pond. With adequate oxygen, invertebrates typically remained on the bottom substrate. As benthic oxygen declined in the absence of fish, all taxa moved above the benthic refuge to areas with higher oxygen concentrations. In the presence of fish mayflies increased activity whereas all other taxa decreased activity in response to hypoxia. Mayflies and amphipods remained in the benthic refuge longer and endured lower oxygen concentrations whereas the vertical distribution of caddisflies and beetle larvae was not influenced by the presence of fish. As benthic oxygen declined in the presence of fish, all but the beetle larva reduced activity over all oxygen concentrations compared to when fish were absent. As benthic oxygen continued to decline, mayflies and amphipods moved above the benthic refuge and were preyed upon by fish. Thus, highly mobile taxa unable to tolerate hypoxia (mayflies and amphipods) responded behaviorally to declining oxygen concentrations by migrating upward in the water column. Taxa that were less mobile (beetle larvae) or hypoxia-tolerant (caddisflies) showed less of a response. Taxa most vulnerable to fish predation (mayflies and amphipods) showed a stronger behavioral response to predator presence than those less vulnerable (caddisflies and beetle larvae). Because invertebrates differ in their ability to withstand hypoxia, episodes of winter hypoxia could have long-lasting effects on benthic invertebrate communities either by direct mortality or selective predation on less tolerant taxa.
Crystalline photovoltaic cell research status, and future direction

The status of crystalline cell research is reviewed, recent results for both 1-sun and concentrator applications are presented, and future research directions are outlined. Future directions include an initiative to develop reliable, high-efficiency, cost-effective concentrator cells in US industry. Collaborative research into production engineering will be an important aspect of this concentrator initiative. Production-oriented research in cooperation with the US 1-sun crystalline silicon industry will also be the future direction of the 1-sun crystalline cell project. >
Interaction with CREB binding protein modulates the activities of Nrf2 and NF-κB in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by inflammatory lung disease that significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality. Airway epithelial cells play a role in the inflammatory signaling in CF...
Changes in glucose metabolism associated with resistance to DDT and dieldrin in the house fly.

Strains of Musca domestica L. in which resistance to DDT depends on the gene kdr-O (for knockdown resistance-Orlando ) and strains resistant to dieldrin and other cyclodiene insecticides have approximately twice the normal level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity. When the resistance genes were transferred from 1 house fly population to another by appropriate genetic procedures, the high G-6-PD level was similarly transferred. Thus, resistance and high G-6-PD activity are apparently inseparable. In other tests the metabolism of 4C-labeled glucose was compared in several fly strains, both without insecticidal treatment and after treatment with DDT or dieldrin. In all cases, treatment stimulated glucose metabolism with the effect being greater on metabolism via the pentose pathway. The results confirm and extend previous findings in which DDT was shown to increase glucose utilization in insects, and in addition they suggest that changes in ability to metabolize glucose may be a factor in insect resistance to chlorinated insecticides.
C5a stimulates secretion of tumor necrosis factor from human mononuclear cells in vitro : Comparison with secretion of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 alpha

We have demonstrated that purified C5a is a potent stimulus to human PBMC secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-1 alpha, which proceeds in a dose-dependent fashion. At a given concentration of C5a, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta secretion did not differ significantly; both were secreted in significantly greater quantity than IL-1 alpha. Clinical conditions such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections, trauma, and immune complex diseases activate complement. Through the mediation of TNF and IL-1 secreted in response to C5a, these diverse disorders can share common features of fever, coagulopathy, acute phase protein production, and disordered metabolism.
Cruciform formation in a negatively supercoiled DNA may be kinetically forbidden under physiological conditions

Cruciform formation in a pBR322 derivative containing a 68 base pair perfect palindromic sequence has been studied. In relaxed DNA the cruciform is unstable by about 17 kcal mole-1 in free energy. In a supercoiled DNA with a negative specific linking difference (superhelical density) of 0.03 or higher, however, the cruciform becomes the stable species. Nevertheless, even at native superhelical densities (typically around -0.06), cruciform formation is extremely slow, unless the DNA is subjected to conditions that destabilize base pairing. When precautions are taken to avoid artificial triggering of cruciform formation, the 68 bp perfect palindrome-containing plasmid isolated from cells is devoid of the cruciform. The rate of disappearance of the cruciform in linear DNA and the deletion of the palindromic sequence in vivo have also been examined.
Mutational Analysis of Cdc19p, a Schizosaccharomyces pombe MCM Protein

The cdc19(+) gene encodes an essential member of the MCM family of replication proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have examined the structure and function of the Cdc19p protein using molecular and genetic approaches. We find that overproduction of wild-type Cdc19p in wild-type cells has no effect, but cdc19-P1 mutant cells do not tolerate elevated levels of other MCM proteins or overexpression of mutant forms of Cdc19p. We have found genetic interactions between cdc19(+) and genes encoding subunits of DNA polymerase {delta small} and the replication initiator cdc18(+). We have constructed a series of point mutations and sequence deletions throughout Cdc19p, which allow us to distinguish essential from nonessential regions of the protein. Not surprisingly, conserved residues in the MCM homology domain are required for protein function, but some residues outside the core homology domain are dispensable.
Estimation of the geometric survival distribution

This paper discusses both point and interval estimation of the survivor function S/sub 0/=Pr{X/spl ges/x/sub 0/} for the geometric distribution. When the number of devices n/spl ges/50, the performance of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) of S/sub 0/ are essentially equivalent with respect to the relative mean-square-error (RMSE) to S/sub 0/. However, when the failure probability per time unit p/spl ges/0.50, and n/spl les/30, the UMVUE is preferable to the MLE with respect to the RMSE. For interval estimation of S/sub 0/ with no censoring, 4 asymptotic interval-estimators are derived from large-sample theory, and one from the exact distribution of the negative binomial. When p/spl les/0.2 and n/spl ges/30, all 5 interval-estimators perform reasonably well with respect to coverage probability. Since using the interval estimator derived from the exact distribution can assure "coverage probability"/spl ges/"desired confidence", this estimator is probably preferable to the other asymptotic ones when p/spl ges/0.50, and n/spl les/10. Finally, consider right-censoring, in which the failure-time that occurs after a fixed follow-up time period, is censored. We extend the interval estimator using the asymptotic properties of the MLE to account for right censoring. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the performance of this interval estimator; the censoring effect on efficiency is discussed for a variety of situations.
Solubility-Limited Extrinsic n-Type Doping of a High Electron Mobility Polymer for Thermoelectric Applications

The thermoelectric properties of a highperformance electron-conducting polymer, (P(NDIOD-T2), extrinsically doped with dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl (NDBI) derivatives, are reported. The highest thermoelectric power factor that has been reported for a solution-processed n-type polymer is achieved; and it is concluded that engineering polymerdopant miscibility is essential for the development of organic thermoelectrics.
Insights into the mechanisms of lymph node metastasis.

The mechanisms by which malignant tumors leave the primary tumor site, invade lymphatics, and metastasize to regional lymph nodes (RLNs) are complex and interrelated. Although the phenomenon of lymph node metastasis has been recognized for over 200 years, the exact mechanisms have only recently been the subject of intense interest and sophisticated experimentation. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has rapidly entered the clinical mainstream for melanoma and breast carcinoma, and this technique has provided confirmation of the orderly anatomic progression of tumor cells from primary site to the RLNs through lymphatic capillaries and trunks. Exciting studies involving the pathophysiology of interstitial fluid pressure in tumors and the peritumoral extracellular matrix have focused on lymphatic flow and tumor microenvironment and microcirculation. Molecular techniques have led to the definition of unique markers found on lymphatic endothelial cells. These markers have enabled scientists to identify peritumoral and intratumoral lymphatics and to visualize the ingrowth of tumor cells into the lumena of lymphatic capillaries. Tumor-secreted cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)-C and -D, bind to VEGF receptors on lymphatic endothelial cells and induce proliferation and growth of new lymphatic capillaries; this process is similar to the well-known mechanism of angiogenesis, which results from the proliferation of new blood vessel capillaries. Lymphangiogenesis is associated with an increased incidence of RLN metastasis, and it is possible that this step is essential to the metastatic process. Directional movement toward lymphatics and lymph nodes appears to follow a chemokine gradient, and it is likely that some tumor cells that express certain types of chemokine receptors are more likely to metastasize to the RLNs. In contrast, tumor cells that do not express specific receptors that are responsive to lymphatic chemokines may not metastasize. New knowledge regarding the molecules involved in these processes should enable improvements in prognostic and possibly therapeutic approaches to the management of malignant tumors.
Computers in the laboratory-an automatic data acquisition system

An automatic data acquisition system (ADAS) used by students in analog circuits and systems laboratories at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is described. The system uses an HP 9816 personal computer to control test instrumentation on each of five student laboratory benches plus a central demonstration port. The PC controls these eight pieces of test instrumentation using the IEEE 488 (HP-IB) network bus: a frequency synthesizer (HP 3488A), digital voltmeter (HP 3478A), frequency counter (HP 8116A), power supply and controller (HP 6824A and 59501B), printer (HP 82906A), plotter (HP 7470A), and switch/control unit (HP 3488A). The ADAS approach increases student productivity by accelerating routing data acquisition. Students obtain immediate experimental results in familiar forms similar to textbook presentations. Since data manipulation, reduction, and calculations are programmed, they know immediately if their experimental results are valid and if their design configuration satisfies the performance specifications. >
Introduction, Turbomachinery, Applications, Types

Turbomachines are devices within which conversion of total energy of a working medium into mechanical energy and vice versa takes place. Turbomachines are generally divided into two main categories. The first category is used primarily to produce power. It includes, among others, steam turbines, gas turbines, and hydraulic turbines. The main function of the second category is to increase the total pressure of the working fluid by consuming power. It includes compressors, pumps, and fans.
Constitutional epimutation as a mechanism for cancer causality and heritability

Constitutional epimutation, which is an aberration in gene expression due to an altered epigenotype that is widely distributed in normal tissues (albeit frequently mosaic), provides an alternative mechanism to genetic mutation for cancer predisposition. Observational studies in cancer-affected families have revealed intergenerational inheritance of constitutional epimutation, providing unique insights into the heritability of epigenetic traits in humans. In this Opinion article, the potential contribution of constitutional epimutation to the 'missing' causality and heritability of cancer is explored.
Fabrication of Core-shell Type FeCo-Au (Ag) High Moment Magnetic Nanoparticles

We developed a physical vacuum deposition technique combining an on-line sputtering/evaporation process with an integrated nanocluster deposition process to prepare core-shell type nanoparticles. High magnetic moment (Fe60Co40)coreAushell and (Fe60Co40)coreAgshell superparamagnetic nanoparticles with controllable particle size of 10 – 20 nm and Au/Ag shell thickness of 1 – 3 nm were prepared successfully by using method. Au shell is not only functional for the potential biocompatibility but also the key to prevent oxidation of FeCo nanoparticles. Saturation magnetization of (Fe60Co40)coreAushell nanoparticles was found three times higher than that of iron oxide nanoparticles. This novel technique enables us to control independently the dimensions of core and shell and select individually materials for core and shell for other core-shell type nanoparticles.
Ecolabeling: The Private Provision of a Public Good

Engaging in environmentally friendly practices and then informing the public through advertising or on the product packaging is known as ecolabeling. In this paper, we examine how effective this type of competition among firms is as a means of privately providing a public good (environmental protection) even in the absence of private provision by consumers. Our theoretical and experimental analyses indicate that if the firms act as Bertrand competitors, they provide some but not the efficient level of the public good. If firms are Cournot competitors, then our theoretical and experimental analyses indicate that how well the mechanism performs depends on the exact type of the public good and on whether or not the added cost of producing the environmentally friendly version are fixed or variable. In some cases, the efficient level is provided and in the others, some but not the efficient level is provided.
Site-Specific Identification of Lysine Acetylation Stoichiometries in Mammalian Cells.

Functional characterization of the lysine acetylation pathway requires quantitative measurement of the modification abundance at the stoichiometry level. Here, we developed a systematic workflow for global untargeted identification of site-specific Lys acetylation stoichiometries in mammalian cells. Our strategy includes an optimized protocol for in vitro chemical labeling of unmodified lysine with stable isotope-encoded acetyl-NHS ester, deep proteomic profiling with a high resolution mass spectrometer, and a new software tool for quantitative analysis and stoichiometry determination. The workflow was validated using in vitro chemically labeled BSA and synthetic peptides with multiple Lys acetylations at various positions. In the proof-of-concept study, we applied the strategy to analyze the proteome of HeLa cells and determined the stoichiometries of over 600 acetylation sites with good reproducibility. Sodium butyrate treatment induced a significant increase of acetylation stoichiometries in HeLa cells...
Toward a Critical Theological Education

One hundred and seventy years ago, on 17 July 1816, the Society for the Promotion of Theological Education in Harvard University was established, thus beginning a process that led to the founding of a “faculty of theology” or Theological Seminary at the University. Undergraduate education at Harvard College had by this time moved quite far from the founders' original concern to provide a literate ministry to the churches. By the beginning of the nineteenth century Harvard men were educated in a broad curriculum oriented more toward liberal education than professional training. So the theological faculty was created in order to provide specialized training for those preparing to enter the Christian ministry
Professional Ethics in Sports Neuropsychology

There has been unprecedented interest in sport-related concussions from many and varied sources including media, sports leagues, players’ unions, lawyers, legislators, scientists, clinicians, parents, coaches, and the athletes themselves. This interest has been fueled by epidemiologic data which indicate that concussions frequently occur at all ages, at all levels of play, and across a broad range of sports. The ubiquitous nature of the injury has also been coupled with concerns about whether and what type of relationships may exist between sports-related brain injury and the development of later neurodegenerative disease processes. The development of Sports Neuropsychology has largely paralleled the interest in sports concussions, making it a young and rapidly growing area of clinical and research interest. The youth of sports neuropsychology coupled with a focus on a poorly defined injury while being subject to unprecedented media, public, legislative, and legal scrutiny presents unique and important challenges to the ethical practice of sports neuropsychology. This paper explores these challenges by reviewing the brief history of sports neuropsychology, providing a basic review of the APA Code of Ethics, and discussing key ethical constructs such as beneficence, non-maleficence, and autonomy. The role of ethnic/racial cultural considerations in sports neuropsychology is discussed as well as ethical questions related to test use and development, the various roles that sports neuropsychologists play in sports medicine, and several illustrations of the challenges faced by sports neuropsychologists related to confidentiality, competence, role definition, and role boundaries. Although this article does not provide simple answers to complex questions, it does highlight areas in need of thoughtful discourse for clinicians engaged in the dynamic and evolving nature of ethical sports neuropsychology practice.
STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFSHORE CURRENTS

This paper presents the analytical derivation of probability density functions applicable for tidal (high frequency components), residual (low frequency components), and total (the vector sum of tidal and residual) current velocities. The theoretical probability density functions are compared with histograms constructed from measured data. A method to estimate the extreme current velocities in a specified time period is presented by applying extreme value statistics.
Spin-glass behavior in Li 1 − x Zn x V 2 O 4

${\mathrm{LiV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is a transition-metal based heavy fermion compound close to magnetic order. Mixed crystals of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{x}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4},$ $0g~xg~0.3,$ were investigated by zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization and by ac susceptibility measurements at different frequencies and applied external dc fields. The measurements indicate two characteristic temperatures, a freezing temperature ${T}_{f}$ which is almost independent of the applied field and a temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{irr}}$ where strong irreversibilities occur and which strongly decreases on increasing fields. Comparison is made to heavy fermion spin glasses.
Creation of Statistically Equivalent Periodic Unit Cells for Protein-Bound Soils

In 2010, NASA was directed to develop technologies to reduce the cost and risk of space exploration and send humans beyond the International Space Station. A central challenge to long-duration space missions is a lack of available construction materials in situ. This work focuses on a novel class of composites that can be produced extraterrestrially in situ by desiccating a mixture of soil, water, and protein binder to create a strong, versatile material. To date, experimental tests of mechanical properties have shown significant variability among samples.This paper focuses on the creation of Statistically Equivalent Periodic Unit Cells (SEPUC) to stochastically model protein-bound composites for the purpose of creating FE models that provide insights into experimental results. Model inputs include the soil granulometry and volume fractions of the phases. Ellipsoidal particles are placed, and protein coatings and bridges are created, using a Level Set based Random Sequential Addition algorithm. Each image is assigned a statistical descriptor and a simple genetic algorithm is used to optimize for a statistical descriptor close to that of experimental specimens.The framework is validated by comparing experimental images of protein-bound soils obtained by micro-CT scanning with those obtained through the SEPUC framework.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Temperature dependence of Sub-220nm Emission from GaN/AlN Quantum Structures by Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

GaN/AlN structures are utilized to achieve deep-UV emission. By reducing thickenss of GaN QW to 1 ML, 224nm emission is achieved. A further shift to 219 nm is gettable as GaN islands are introduced.
Application of Cluster Analysis in Screening of Maize Hybrid Varieties

To breed and screen maize hybrid varieties with good quality,trials of variety comparison should be carried out. Besides yield potential,the characteristics of growth period,plant height and height of upper ear and etc. should be taken into consideration in the process of variety screening,and only in this way comprehensive evaluation can be established. Cluster analysis is a pluralistic statistic analysis methods frequently used for comprehensive evaluation on varieties. This study applied partition comparison method and designed two repeats of field trials. Cluster analysis was conducted on 26 maize hybrid varieties produced by Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Sciences,and 2 varieties of Mo A and Jingza 6 were set as controls. This study found that this method can make up the limitation where only the yield characteristic was analyzed by the traditional way of analysis of variance,and it can also provide basis for scientific utilization of trial results.
Modeling of Threshold Voltage Distribution in NAND Flash Memory: A Monte Carlo Method

NAND flash reliability (both endurance and retention) degrades with the scaling of NAND flash memory technology and the introduction of multilevel cell (MLC) and triple-level cell (TLC) technologies. As a result, stronger error correction code (ECC) methods are required in the solid-state drive application, especially for MLC and TLC flash memory devices. Modeling of the threshold voltage ( $V_{t}$ ) distribution in the NAND flash memory can make the ECC simulations more effective and efficient. In this paper, we show a semiphysical and Monte Carlo method to generate a reallike $V_{t}$ distribution by mimicking the NAND flash programming and data retention (DR) processes. Probability distributions used in the Monte Carlo method are obtained by the measurements of the NAND devices and data interpolation or extrapolation. Simulations by this model can obtain reallike $V_{t}$ distribution for any given Program/Erase cycle and DR time. Excellent results have been obtained and confirmed by comparing the simulations with the measured data from 16-nm NAND flash devices.
Pyrophosphate-Dependent ATP Formation from Acetyl Coenzyme A in Syntrophus aciditrophicus , a New Twist on ATP Formation

ABSTRACT Syntrophus aciditrophicus is a model syntrophic bacterium that degrades key intermediates in anaerobic decomposition, such as benzoate, cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, and certain fatty acids, to acetate when grown with hydrogen-/formate-consuming microorganisms. ATP formation coupled to acetate production is the main source for energy conservation by S. aciditrophicus. However, the absence of homologs for phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase in the genome of S. aciditrophicus leaves it unclear as to how ATP is formed, as most fermentative bacteria rely on these two enzymes to synthesize ATP from acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and phosphate. Here, we combine transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolite, and enzymatic approaches to show that S. aciditrophicus uses AMP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs1) for ATP synthesis from acetyl-CoA. acs1 mRNA and Acs1 were abundant in transcriptomes and proteomes, respectively, of S. aciditrophicus grown in pure culture and coculture. Cell extracts of S. aciditrophicus had low or undetectable acetate kinase and phosphate acetyltransferase activities but had high acetyl-CoA synthetase activity under all growth conditions tested. Both Acs1 purified from S. aciditrophicus and recombinantly produced Acs1 catalyzed ATP and acetate formation from acetyl-CoA, AMP, and pyrophosphate. High pyrophosphate levels and a high AMP-to-ATP ratio (5.9 ± 1.4) in S. aciditrophicus cells support the operation of Acs1 in the acetate-forming direction. Thus, S. aciditrophicus has a unique approach to conserve energy involving pyrophosphate, AMP, acetyl-CoA, and an AMP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetase. IMPORTANCE Bacteria use two enzymes, phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase, to make ATP from acetyl-CoA, while acetate-forming archaea use a single enzyme, an ADP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetase, to synthesize ATP and acetate from acetyl-CoA. Syntrophus aciditrophicus apparently relies on a different approach to conserve energy during acetyl-CoA metabolism, as its genome does not have homologs to the genes for phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase. Here, we show that S. aciditrophicus uses an alternative approach, an AMP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetase, to make ATP from acetyl-CoA. AMP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetases were previously thought to function only in the activation of acetate to acetyl-CoA.
Carbamazepine-Induced Motor Impairments

Treatment with carbamazepine (CBZ) in therapeutic levels was associated with motor impairments in 19 children with epilepsy, studied during and 6 months after treatment was withdrawn at Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
Risk and protective factors for comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems among economically disadvantaged African American youth

Comorbidity of internalizing and externalizing problems and its risk and protective factors have not been well incorporated into developmental research, especially among racial minority youth from high-poverty neighborhoods. The present study identified a latent comorbid factor as well as specific factors underlying internalizing and externalizing problems among 592 African American adolescents living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods (291 male; M age = 15.9 years, SD = 1.43 years). Stressful life events and racial discrimination were associated with higher comorbid problems, whereas stressful life events and exposure to violence were associated with higher specific externalizing problems. Collective efficacy was associated with both lower specific externalizing problems and lower comorbid problems. Moreover, high collective efficacy buffered the risk effects of stressful life events and racial discrimination on comorbid problems. Our results demonstrated the advantages of latent variable modeling to understanding comorbidity by articulating impacts of risk factors on comorbid and specific components underlying internalizing and externalizing problems. They also highlighted the protective effect of collective efficacy in mitigating risks for these problems. These findings broadly call for more studies on comorbidities in developmental psychopathology among youth from diverse sociocultural backgrounds.
Village Worlds: Yan Lianke’s Villages and Matters of Life

Yan Lianke (b. 1958) is one of China’s foremost contemporary writers of fiction and short stories, winning the Lu Xun Literary Prize in 2000 and the Franz Kafka Prize in 2014. This paper will exami...
The Blame of Karkinos: Theorizing Theatrical Space

Both of the two principle mid-twentieth-century theorists of drama, Antonin Artaud and Berthold Brecht, met the Aristotelian tradition head-on. Of the two, Brecht is the more explicitly anti-Aristotelian, but Artaud is perhaps the more radical and is the one who will be compared with Aristotle in what follows. Artaud overturns the Aristotelian ranking of the parts of tragedy, putting the spectacle on top. Whereas Aristotle had said that tragedy could have its effect through reading or recitation,1 without performance, Artaud would largely do away with a written text and, to the extent possible, with an author. Comparison of Aristotle and Artaud brings out, in the first place, the subordinate, and somewhat ambiguous, position of spectacle in the former and its overwhelming importance in the latter. One would not need Artaud, however, in order to be aware of the problematic nature of the spectacle in the Poetics: For this subject, classical scholarship would be a sufficient startingpoint and guide. Artaud becomes useful at the point at which he introduces into theory of drama problems with which, for whatever reason, Aristotle was completely unconcerned. One such problem is space. For Aristotle is so far from concern with theatrical space that, even when he speaks of opsis, he means only the visual aspects of the actors.2 It is fair to say that such concepts as theater space, stage space, and dramatic space—to invoke some distinctions that will become important later in this paper—could hardly be derived from the Poetics.
A simple mathematical approach to the analysis of polypharmacology and polyspecificity data.

There many possible types of drug-target interactions, because there are a surprising number of ways in which drugs and their targets can associate with one another. These relationships are expressed as polypharmacology and polyspecificity. Polypharmacology is the capability of a given drug to exhibit activity with respect to multiple drug targets, which are not necessarily in the same activity class. Adverse drug reactions (‘side effects’) are its principal manifestation, but polypharmacology is also playing a role in the repositioning of existing drugs for new therapeutic indications. Polyspecificity, on the other hand, is the capability of a given target to exhibit activity with respect to multiple, structurally dissimilar drugs. That these concepts are closely related to one another is, surprisingly, not well known. It will be shown in this work that they are, in fact, mathematically related to one another and are in essence ‘two sides of the same coin’. Hence, information on polypharmacology provides equivalent information on polyspecificity, and vice versa . Networks are playing an increasingly important role in biological research. Drug-target networks, in particular, are made up of drug nodes that are linked to specific target nodes if a given drug is active with respect to that target. Such networks provide a graphic depiction of polypharmacology and polyspecificity. However, by their very nature they can obscure information that may be useful in their interpretation and analysis. This work will show how such latent information can be used to determine bounds for the degrees of polypharmacology and polyspecificity, and how to estimate other useful features associated with the lack of completeness of most drug-target datasets.
Role of the At 2 Receptor in the Cardioprotective Effect of At 1 Antagonist in Mice with Chronic Heart Failure Induced by Coronary Ligation

P63 Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts mainly on two receptor subtypes: type 1 (AT 1 ) and type 2 (AT 2 ). Most of the known biological actions of Ang II are mediated via AT 1 receptors; however, the role of the AT 2 receptor is less well defined. We hypothesized that blockade of AT 1 receptors increases circulating Ang II levels, which in turn activates the AT 2 receptor and induces cardioprotection. In mice which lack AT 2 receptors, the effect of an AT 1 antagonist (AT 1 -ant) would be diminished or absent. AT 2 receptor knockout mice (-/-) and their wild-type littermates (+/+) were subjected to myocardial infarction (MI) by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. One month after MI, each strain of mice received either vehicle or AT 1 -ant (valsartan, 50 mg/kg/day in drinking water) for 3 months. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly and echocardiography performed once a month. Basal SBP and cardiac function did not differ between +/+ and -/-. Three months after MI, SBP and cardiac function changed similarly in both strains receiving vehicle. Valsartan significantly increased EF and decreased LVDd and mass and these effects were diminished in -/- (table). Our results suggest that under basal conditions, the AT 2 receptor may not play an important role in regulation of blood pressure and cardiac function; however, it does appear to be an important component in the cardioprotective effect of AT 1 -ant.
Invasive Fungal Infections Secondary to Traumatic Injury

Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a rare but serious complication of traumatic injury. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology, natural history, mycology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes associated with post-traumatic IFI in military and civilian populations. The epidemiology of post-traumatic IFI is poorly characterized, but incidence appears to be rising. Patients often suffer from severe injuries and require extensive medical interventions. Fungi belonging to the order Mucorales are responsible for most post-traumatic IFI in both civilian and military populations. Risk factors differ between these cohorts but include specific injury patterns and comorbidities. Diagnosis of post-traumatic IFI typically follows positive laboratory results in the appropriate clinical context. The gold standard of treatment is surgical debridement in addition to systemic antifungal therapy. Patients with post-traumatic IFI may be at greater risk of amputation, delays in wound healing, hospital complications, and death as compared to trauma patients who do not develop IFI. More research is needed to understand the factors surrounding the development and management of post-traumatic IFI to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.
Urological Surveillance and Medical Complications in the United States Adult Spina Bifida Population.

Objective To evaluate urologic follow-up and prevalence of medical complications among adult patients in the United States with myelomeningocele (MMC) who are Medicare beneficiaries. Methods We performed a retrospective study using a 5% Medicare sample from 2007 to 2010. We defined acceptable minimum follow-up criteria as patients receiving all of the following: serum creatinine, upper urinary tract imaging, and a urologist evaluation within a 2-year period. We queried associated diagnoses and relevant complications using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, graded based on clinical impact. A regression model identified factors associated with evaluation completeness as well as with increased prevalence of medical complications. Results We identified 825 patients with MMC, predominantly Caucasian (85.1%) and female (61.3%), with a mean age of 51.2 ± 17.2 years. Only 33.5% of the patients met the minimum acceptable follow-up criteria. Forty-four percent saw a urologist within the 2-year period. Most complications observed were mild, observed in 27.6% of patients. Moderate and severe complications were observed in 17.0% and 6.6% of patients, respectively. The most common complications were cystitis (16.4%), pressure ulcers (7.1%), chronic kidney disease (4.4%), and pyelonephritis (3.7%). Logistic regression indicated that younger age, male gender, and adequate follow-up were associated with increased prevalence of complications. Conclusion Despite high prevalence of complications in patients with MMC, most are not receiving the minimum recommended follow-up. The 33.5% of patients who received adequate surveillance were diagnosed with more complications, likely secondary to improved disease ascertainment. Prospective studies are needed to look at follow-up strategies and how these can improve outcomes for patients with MMC.
Emulating galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing into the deeply non-linear regime: Methodology, information, and forecasts

National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program [DGE-1343012]; Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellowship Program of the Office of Science; National Nuclear Security Administration in the Department of Energy [DE-FG02-97ER25308]; National Science Foundation [AST-1516997, AST-1313285, 1228509]; Department of Energy Office of Science grant [DOE-SC0013718]; Simons Foundation Investigator; Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics at the Ohio State University; Faculty of Arts and Sciences Division of Science, Research Computing Group at Harvard University
Health literacy and its correlates in informal caregivers of adults with memory loss

Abstract This secondary analysis examined health literacy among informal caregivers of community-dwelling older adults with memory loss and assessed correlates of caregiver health literacy using the Abilities, Skills and Knowledge Model. Caregiver health literacy (n = 91) was assessed by the Newest Vital Sign. Limited health literacy presented in 38.5% caregivers, with significantly low document literacy. Health literacy was associated bivariately with age, education, global cognitive function, executive function, and working memory (all p s p = 0.015). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that older age ( p = 0.017), and lower global cognitive function ( p p = 0.001), and academic skills (years of education) ( p = 0.004), independently predicted lower health literacy (R 2 = 0.54). Medication knowledge, however, was not found to be an independent predictor in the model. Findings suggest limited health literacy is a potential issue among informal caregivers of adults with memory loss. Appropriate assessment and personalized support are needed for informal caregivers who are at high risk for poor health literacy.
Regenerative Medicine/Injured Human Hearts

Abstract In human development, the fertilized egg gives rise to stem cells, which generate the body's organs and play an important role in forming the appearance, intellect, and uniqueness of each person. Tissues and organs, including the heart, have a rescue system of circulating stem cells and resident stem cells that is intended to repair injuries, such as those caused by heart attacks and strokes. Although this elegant rescue system is critical for sustaining human development and health, the function of stem cells can be limited, and their potential in clinical medicine has not yet been fully explored.
In vitro metabolism of desomorphine.

Abstract Desomorphine is reported to be the principal pharmacologically active opioid in Krokodil, a homemade injectable drug that is perceived to be a cheaper alternative to heroin. There have been limited studies regarding its pharmacology or detection in biological matrices. The goal of this study was to contribute further knowledge regarding its metabolism. Recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes (rCYPs) and recombinant uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (rUGTs) were used to investigate the biotransformational pathways involved. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight–mass spectrometry (LC–Q/TOF–MS). Seven rCYP (rCYP2B6, rCYP2C8, rCYP2C9, rCYP2C18, rCYP2C19, rCYP2D6 and rCYP3A4) enzymes were found to contribute to desomorphine metabolism and eight phase I metabolites were identified, including nordesomorphine, desomorphine-N-oxide, norhydroxydesomorphine, and five hydroxylated species. Inhibition assays were used to confirm individual rCYP isoenzyme activity. Nine rUGTs (rUGT1A1, rUGT1A3, rUGT1A8, rUGT1A9, rUGT1A10, rUGT2B4, rUGT2B7, rUGT2B15, and rUGT2B17) were found to contribute to the formation of desomorphine-glucuronide.