cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraluminal pH and goblet cell density in Barrett's esophagus.

Goblet cells in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) vary in their density within the Barrett’s segment. Exposure of Barrett’s epithelium to bile acids is a major stimulant for goblet cell formation. The dissociation of bile acids into forms that penetrate Barrett’s epithelium is known to be pH dependent. We hypothesized that variations in the esophageal luminal pH environment explains the variability in goblet cell density. The aim of this study was to correlate esophageal luminal pH with goblet cell density in patients with BE. A customized six-sensor pH catheter was positioned with the most distal sensor in the stomach and the remaining sensors located 1 cm below and 1, 3, 5, and 8 cm above the upper border of the lower esophageal sphincter in five normal subjects and six patients with long-segment BE. The luminal pH was measured by each sensor for 24-h and expressed as median pH. Patients with BE had four quadrant biopsies at levels corresponding to the location of the pH sensors. Goblet cell density was graded from 0 to 3 based on the number per high-power field. In normal subjects, the median pH values recorded in the sensors within the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and esophageal body were all above 5. In patients with BE, the median pH recorded by the sensor within the LES was 2.8 and increased progressively to 4.7 in the sensor at 8 cm above the LES. Goblet cell density was significantly lower in the distal Barrett’s segment exposed to a median pH of 2.2 and increased in the proximal Barrett’s segment exposed to a median pH of 4.4 (p = 0.003). Patients with BE have a goblet cell gradient that correlates directly with an esophageal luminal pH gradient. This suggests that goblet cell differentiation is pH dependent and likely due to the effect of pH on bile acid dissociation.
A comparison of the fine structure of small blood vessels in intracranial and retroperitoneal malignant lymphomas.

The fine structure of the blood vessels of an apparently primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma was compared with those in another malignant lymphoma in a retroperitoneal lymph node. The essential features of the blood vessels in both cases were the same. They resembled the blood vessels found in normal lymph nodes and were both distinctly different from those seen in normal brain. It was concluded that the direction of differentiation of the blood vessels which arise to nourish the neoplastic tissue is determined by the nature of the tumor rather than the vessels from which they originate.
The Population Explosion, Conservative Eugenics, and Human Evolution

The oocyte achieves maturation in expelling the two polar bodies. During these divisions, the number of chromosomes is cut in half. Fertilized by the spermatozoon which has also undergone meiosis, the ovule becomes the germ of a new individual. Crow's essay (1966) on "The Quality of People: Human Evolutionary Changes" posed a number of important problems concerning the evolutionary future of the human species. Particularly important are the problems resulting from the slow increase in frequency of mutant genes in human populations which must inexorably follow in the most obvious democratic and humane termination of the population explosion. Among knowledgeable biologists, much confidence is placed in our present understanding of the broad outlines of the evolutionary process in populations of sexual organisms. Evolution is seen to result from the interplay of the genetic endowment of the members of an interbreeding population with that population's environment. The genetic endowment is continuously subject to recombinations as a result of processes associated with sexual reproduction. Occasional random physical rearrangements, duplications, etc., provide opportunities for linking together of especially adaptive recombinations. Rare random point mutations of the coded genetic message provide the seeds for adaptive innovation. Those mutuations and rearrangements that provide their carriers with some adaptive advantage will, on the average, gradually replace the parental stock. Those mutations which, on the average, confer a selective disadvantage to their carriers are generally eliminated or held at low incidencein competition with the parental stock. Thus, evolution results from a balanced interaction of random mutation and selection (Dobzhansky, 1951).
Stressful environments induce novel phenotypic variation: hierarchical reaction norms for sperm performance of a pervasive invader

Genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity is ubiquitous and important. However, the scale of such variation including the relative variability present in reaction norms among different hierarchies of biological organization (e.g., individuals, populations, and closely related species) is unknown. Complicating interpretation is a trade-off in environmental scale. As plasticity can only be inferred over the range of environments tested, experiments focusing on fine tuned responses to normal or benign conditions may miss cryptic phenotypic variation expressed under novel or stressful environments. Here, we sought to discern the presence and shape of plasticity in the performance of brown trout sperm as a function of optimal to extremely stressful river pH, and demarcate if the reaction norm varies among genotypes. Our overarching goal was to determine if deteriorating environmental quality increases expressed variation among individuals. A more applied aim was to ascertain whether maintaining sperm performance over a wide pH range could help explain how brown trout are able to invade diverse river systems when transplanted outside of their native range. Individuals differed in their reaction norms of phenotypic expression of an important trait in response to environmental change. Cryptic variation was revealed under stressful conditions, evidenced through increasing among-individual variability. Importantly, data on population averages masked this variability in plasticity. In addition, canalized reaction norms in sperm swimming velocities of many individuals over a very large range in water chemistry may help explain why brown trout are able to colonize a wide variety of habitats.
Density fluctuations in a flame in a Karman vortex sheet

The interaction of a premixed C2H4-air flame with a Karman vortex street was studied. Rayleigh scattering was used to measure total gas density. Density statistics obtained from Rayleigh scattering measurements were compared with predictions by the Bray-Mbss-Libby (B-M-L) model which neglects intermediate states. Density fluctuations were overpredicted by the B-M-L model by a small amount for Reynolds numbers 73 and 110. The flame was essentially a wrinkled-lamin ar flame for these conditions. However, for Reynolds number 500 the flame consisted of a distributed reaction zone and intermediate states accounted for as much as 80% of all states encountered in positions of the flame. The B-M-L model significantly overpredicted density fluctuation intensities for this condition.
Finite Elements for Initial Value Problems in Dynamics

Abstract : The work of C. D. Bailey amply demonstrates that a variational principle is not a necessary prerequisite for the formulation of variational approximations to initial value problems in dynamics. While Bailey successfully applies global power series approximations to Hamilton's Law of Varying Action, the work herein shows that a straightforward extension to finite element formulations fails to produce a convergent sequence of solutions. The source of the difficulties and their elimination are discussed in some detail and a workable formulation for initial value problems is obtained. The report concludes with a few elementary examples showing the utility of finite elements in the time domain.
Mutuality-An Expression of Nursing Presence

Nursing exists in the details of relationships. One crucial element of therapeutic nurse-patient/parent relationships is the attribute of mutuality. Mutuality not only embodies the philosophy of family-centered-care, it acknowledges and supports the evolution of parents and nurses toward greater competency in their role. Using concept analysis, this article explores the phenomenon of mutuality. The desired outcome is to provide a theoretical and operational definition of mutuality that will help guide practice and direct future research in the area of therapeutic nurse-parent relationships.
The Posner argument for transferring health spending from old women to olden men

Abstract Posner suggests several arguments for increasing health care spending on males and reducing it on females in his book entitled Aging and old age. I offer a new formalization of his verbal argument.
Localization of attractors by their analytic properties

The global attractor of a dissipative system of ordinary differential equations can be characterized as the set of solutions which permit an extension to a bounded analytic function on a uniform strip in a complex plane. Using this property, we present two methods for constructing sequences of functions, which may be explicitly computed from the system, and from which one can deduce whether a specific point belongs to the attractor or not. Approximation methods obtained in this way are tested on the Lorenz system and compared with those from Foias and Jolly (1995 Nonlinearity 8 295 - 319).
Light emitted from molecules adsorbed on a metal surface

Abstract The angular intensity distribution of light emitted by molecules adsorbed on a metal surface is calculated. The cases of infrared emission from vibrational transitions and visible emission from electronic transitions are both considered. The presence of the metal surface has a drastic effect on the intensity pattern of the emitted radiation. In the infrared case the best viewing angle is 70° to 80° from the surface normal; the emitted intensity in the direction normal to the surface is approximately zero. The optimum viewing angle for visible light emission is about 60°.
Spectral/spatial annealing of hyperspectral imagery initialized by a supervised classification method

A simulated annealing method of partitioning hyperspectral imagery, initialized by a supervised classification method, is investigated to provide spatially smooth class labeling for terrain mapping applications. The method is used to obtain an estimate of the mode a Gibbs distribution defined over a symmetric spatial neighborhood system that is based on an energy function characterizing spectral disparities in Euclidean distance and spectral angle. Experiments are conducted on a 210-band HYDICE scene that contains a diverse range of terrain features and that is supported with ground truth. Both visual and quantitative results demonstrate a clear benefit of this method as compared to spectral-only supervised classification or unsupervised annealing that has been initialized randomly.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The author recognition and magazine recognition tests, and free voluntary reading as predictors of vocabulary development in English as a foreign language for Korean high school students

Abstract In Author and Magazine Recognition Tests, subjects are asked to indicate whether they recognize authors and magazines. Stanovich, West and associates have demonstrated that performance on these measures is a consistent predictor of first language literacy development. In this study, these measures were also found to predict second language vocabulary among high school EFL students in Korea. Reported free reading in English was also related to vocabulary development, replicating previous research, but the effect of the author and magazine recognition tests was independent of free reading. Alone, the author recognition test accounted for 38% of the variance in the vocabulary test.
Development of Ag-sheathed Bi2223 superconducting wires

Abstract Sumitomo Electric Industries has established an integral scheme on I – E evaluation and total length assurance for Ag-sheathed Bi2223 superconducting wires to meet advanced application studies. It consists of three systems of evaluation: a sequential critical current measurement system with an automatic defect inspection system for total length, a I – E characteristics measurement system for total length covering the low electric field, and I c – B – T measurement system. The integrated information from these three systems assures the wide range I – E performance under any required conditions of temperature and magnetic field, which is a priority requirement for all of the superconducting applications.
Differential roles of Mac-1+ cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in primary nonfunction and classic rejection of islet allografts.

The high rate of persistent hyperglycemia, termed primary nonfunction, after islet allotransplantation in C57BL/6 mice recipients of B10.BR strain islets, as compared with B10.BR recipients of C57BL/6 islets, led to a series of experiments to determine whether islet allograft primary nonfunction was attributable to technical aspects of the transplant procedure or whether it was a consequence of alloimmunity. Primary nonfunction was prevented by systemic pharmacologic immunosuppression of the host with cyclosporine. Selective immunodepletion of host CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes significantly extended the time of classic rejection but did not significantly affect the rate of primary nonfunction. However, modulation of macrophages by administration to the host of silica completely abolished primary nonfunction. These observations, in conjunction with the immunohistological findings of intense macrophage infiltration in islet allografts from recipients exhibiting persistent post-transplant hyperglycemia, support the hypothesis that primary nonfunction results from a cell-mediated host-immune response of rapid onset that is dependent on macrophages or macrophage byproducts as the main effectors.
MRI diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in pediatric small bowel Crohn disease: Correlation with MRI findings of active bowel wall inflammation

Background Restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences during magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) has been shown in segments of bowel affected by Crohn disease. However, the exact meaning of this finding, particularly within the pediatric Crohn disease population, is poorly understood.
The effect of harpin protein on plant growth parameters, leaf chlorophyll, leaf colour and percentage rotten fruit of pepper plants inoculated with Botrytis cinerea

Abstract In this study, harpin protein was applied to the peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. cvs. ‘Demre’, ‘Yalova Charleston’ and ‘Sari Sivri’) grown under natural conditions. These plants were subjected to artificial inoculation with Botrytis cinerea, which causes fruit spoilage in peppers. Changes in vegetative growth, total chlorophyll content in leaves, leaf colour and percentage of rotten fruits were determined after treatments. The number of leaves per plant value was quite low in all cultivars and the plant height value was low only in cv. ‘Sari Sivri’ treated with B. cinerea. Values obtained from vegetative growth parameters in the plants subjected to harpin protein + B. cinerea treatment were only higher than B. cinerea treatment. Leaf chlorophyll values exhibited significant decline in the plants subjected to B. cinerea treatment in all cultivars. However, the chlorophyll content in the plants subjected to harpin protein + B. cinerea treatment was low. The colour values obtained from leaves supported the chlorophyll findings. Fruit spoilage percentages were lower in the fruits picked from the plants of harpin protein + B. cinerea treatment compared with those picked from the plants only subjected to B. cinerea treatment.
Moral Expertise and the Credentials Problem

Philosophers have harbored doubts about the possibility of moral expertise since Plato. I argue that irrespective of whether moral experts exist, identifying who those experts are is insurmountable because of the credentials problem: Moral experts have no need to seek out others’ moral expertise, but moral non-experts lack sufficient knowledge to determine whether the advice provided by a putative moral expert in response to complex moral situations is correct and hence whether an individual is a bone fide expert. Traditional accounts of moral expertise require that moral experts give reliably correct moral advice supported by adequate justification, an account which, I argue, is too lean in allowing for the possibility of a moral expert who is motivationally indifferent to her own moral judgments and advice. Yet even if the proposition that a moral expert is an individual who provides reliably correct moral advice supported by adequate justification and is necessarily motivated by that advice exhausts the necessary and sufficient conditions for moral expertise, this proposition cannot function as an applicable criterion for non-experts to use in appraising would-be experts’ claims to expertise. The credentials problem thus remains unanswered.
Low temperature deformation kinetics of ruthenium aluminide alloys

The kinetics of low temperature deformation were investigated in several different polycrystalline RuAl alloys with the use of strain rate change experiments at 77 K and 298 K. Compositions investigated include RuAl, RuAl+0.5%B, Ru{sub 51.5}Al{sub 48.5}, Ru{sub 52}Al{sub 48}, Ru{sub 53}Al{sub 47}+0.5%B. Ru{sub 54.5}Al{sub 45.5}, and Ru{sub 52}Al{sub 43}Sc{sub 5}. Flow stresses did not vary substantially with temperature between 77 K and 298 K. Rate sensitivities were low compared to other B2 compounds and similar in all compositions investigated. Analyses of dislocation substructures after low strain deformation were conducted. The deformation kinetics and substructural observations suggest a higher intrinsic deformability for RuAl alloys with respect to the other high temperature B2 aluminides.
Mythologising the Algerian war of independence: Tahir Wattar and the contemporary Algerian novel

One could argue convincingly that no modern Arab national literature, with the exception of Palestinian literature, is as intricately connected to one national historical event as is Algerian literature. The rejection of French colonial rule and the quest for national liberation merged in the bitter struggle for independence, forever known as the ‘War of a Million Martyrs’, that began in 1954 and ended in 1962, and came to be the guiding force of a new independent Algerian nation, not to mention the greatest source of inspiration for its cultural life, especially its creative literature. Not only is the movement for national liberation deeply imbedded in both the real and mythological dimensions of modern Algerian history, but so too in every novel that seeks to call itself Algerian, beginning with the first modern Francophone novels of the early 1950s of Mouloud Feraoun, Muhammad Dib, Kateb Yacine, Asia Djebbar, and so on, and continuing into the next decade with Tahir Wattar (Tahar Ouettar) and Abdelham...
Serious and Fatal Injuries to Workers on Highway Construction Projects

An analysis of 240 accidents resulting in hospital-level or fatal injuries to workers on New York State Department of Transportation highway and bridge construction projects between 1993 and 1997 identifies types of accidents resulting in worker injuries. Construction accidents accounted for nearly four-fifths of all serious injuries and nearly three-fifths of the fatalities. Traffic accidents accounted for about one-fifth of the serious worker injuries and more than two-fifths of the fatalities. Construction accidents involving tools and equipment were most frequent, accounting for nearly half of the serious worker injuries and 20 percent of the fatalities. Fall accidents accounted for one-quarter of all serious construction injuries, with falls from heights the most common occurrence. Serious injuries from trench or excavation collapse and electrical contacts were rare, but electrical contacts resulted in two fatalities. Although not as frequent as construction accidents, traffic accidents also represen...
Testosterone, androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone: Effects on mating behavior of male rats

Abstract The relative effectiveness of testosterone, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone in maintaining mating behavior following castration of male rats was studied. In Experiment 1 testosterone, but not dihydrotestosterone, was found to maintain mating. In Experiment 2 testosterone and androstenedione were found to be equally effective in maintaining mating. Dihydrotestosterone failed to maintain mating and was no more effective than no treatment at all. Testosterone, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone significantly enhanced seminal vesicle and penis weight. In Experiment 3 castrated male rats were administered radiolabeled testosterone, androstenedione, or dihydrotestosterone. Radioactivity was found in hypothalamic and seminal vesicle samples indicating that these steroids can be accumulated by brain as well as peripheral androgen-sensitive tissues. It was concluded that the peripherally active steroid dihydrotestosterone probably plays no role in the maintenance of sexual behavior.
Solid-state NMR spectroscopic studies on the interaction of sorbic acid with phospholipid membranes at different pH levels

2H, 31P, and 1H-magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopic methods were used to elucidate the interaction between sorbic acid, a widely used weak acid food preservative, and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) bilayers under both acidic and neutral pH conditions. The linewidth broadening observed in the 31P NMR powder pattern spectra and the changes in the 31P longitudinal relaxation time (T1) indicate interaction with the phospholipid headgroup upon titration of sorbic acid or decanoic acid into DMPC bilayers over the pH range from 3.0 to 7.4. The peak intensities of sorbic acid decrease upon addition of paramagnetic Mn2+ ions in DMPC bilayers as recorded in the 1H MAS NMR spectra, suggesting that sorbic acid molecules are in close proximity with the membrane/aqueous surface. No significant 2H quadrupolar splitting (Δ γQ) changes are observed in the 2H NMR spectra of DMPC-d54 upon titration of sorbic acid, and the change of pH has a slight effect on Δ γQ, indicating that sorbic acid has weak influence on the orientation order of the DMPC acyl chains in the fluid phase over the pH range from 3.0 to 7.4. This finding is in contrast to the results of the decanoic acid/DMPC-d54 systems, where Δ γQ increases as the concentration of decanoic acid increases. Thus, in the membrane association process, sorbic acids are most likely interacting with the headgroups and shallowly embedded near the top of the phospholipid headgroups, rather than inserting deep into the acyl chains. Thus, antimicrobial mode of action for sorbic acid may be different from that of long-chain fatty acids.
Iterative design of nonlinear memoryless systems

Abstract This paper considers the problem of designing nonlinear multiport memoryless systems with prescribed driving point and transfer characteristics. It is shown that if the structure of the multiport system is given the input-output characteristics of the nonlinear elements can be obtained iteratively. This is achieved by implementation of a generalized steepest descent criterion.
Health Effects of Atmospheric Particulates: A Medical Geology Perspective

In this review, atmospheric particulates as composite airborne earth materials often containing both natural and anthropogenic components were examined in the context of medical geology. Despite a vast number of both experimental and epidemiological studies confirming the direct and indirect links between atmospheric particulates and human health, the exact nature of mechanisms affecting the particulate-induced pathogenesis largely remains unexplored. Future in depth research on these areas would be most successful if potential mechanisms are examined with reference to the physical (e.g., size, shape and surface), chemical, mineralogical and source characteristics of particulate matters. The underlying goal of this review was to present the relevant terminology and processes proposed in the literature to explain the interfaces and interactions between atmospheric particles and human body within the framework of “atmospheric particle cycles.” The complexities of the interactions were demonstrated through c...
Sunlight Flavor in Milk. II. Complex Formation between Milk Proteins and Riboflavin

Abstract Spectral adsorption studies indicated milk proteins form a loosely bound complex with riboflavin. The complex was dependent upon the presence of tryptophan in the protein. When aqueous solutions of riboflavin and purified milk protein were frozen, then exposed to sunlight, a shift toward the red side of the spectrum was observed. Thus, the loosely bound complex absorbed light, undergoing an electronic transition to an excited state. Decreases in riboflavin and tryptophan concentrations indicated that complete electron transfer had occurred, followed by dissociation of the complex. In contrast, under anaerobic conditions the spectra of mixtures of riboflavin and purified milk protein were characteristic of riboflavin. No shift in color was observed when frozen samples were exposed to sunlight and a loss of tryptophan did not occur. These observations indicate the reaction is oxygen-dependent. A working scheme is proposed for the development of sunlight flavor.
A comparison of order and orientation of crossbridges in rigor and relaxed muscle fibres using fluorescence polarization

Information has been obtained concerning the spatial disposition of the fluorescent reagent 5-(iodoacetamidoethylaminonaphthalene)-1-sulphonic acid bound covalently to muscle proteins in chemically skinned fibres of rabbit psoas muscle, using a novel time-gated fluorescence detection system to reject scattered incident light selectively. The results are consistent with a model of muscle crossbridge organization in which a particular crossbridge axial angle is strongly favoured in the rigor state. The structure in relaxation is less well ordered, but the favoured axial angle appears to be very close to that in rigor. This conclusion does not depend upon which of the models of crossbridge organization considered here is chosen, and is essentially unchanged if results obtained using a different fluorophore are analysed in the same way.
ESTIMATES OF SPERM WHALE ABUNDANCE IN THE NORTHEASTERN TEMPERATE PACIFIC FROM A COMBINED ACOUSTIC AND VISUAL SURVEY

We estimate the abundance of sperm whales in a 7.8 million km 2 study area in the eastern temperate North Pacific using data from a ship-based acoustic and visual line-transect survey in spring 1997. Sperm whales were detected acoustically using a hydrophone array towed at 15 km/h and 100 m depth. The hydrophone array was towed for 14,500 km, and locations were estimated acoustically for 45 distinct sperm whale groups. Whales producing slow clicks (.2-s period) were detected at greater distance (up to 37 km), and the estimation of effective strip widths was stratified based on initial click period. Visual survey effort (using 253 binoculars and naked eyes) covered 8,100 km in Beaufort sea states 0‐5 and resulted in only eight sightings. The effective strip width for visual detections was estimated from previous surveys conducted using the same methods and similar vessels in the eastern Pacific. Estimated sperm whale abundance in the study area was not significantly different between acoustic (32,100, CV ¼0.36) and visual (26,300, CV ¼0.81) detection methods. Acoustic techniques substantially increased the number of sperm whales detected on this line-transect survey by increasing the range of detection and allowing nighttime surveys; however, visual observations were necessary for estimating group size.
Time-dependent risk associated with deterioration of highway bridge networks

Abstract Risk-based performance indicators offer valuable information on the performance of spatially distributed systems, such as highway bridge networks, whose functionality is vital for economic and social purposes. In this paper, the time-dependent expected losses of deteriorated highway bridge networks are investigated. A five-state Markov model is used to predict the time-dependent performance of bridges. The direct consequences are assessed on the basis of scenarios characterized by individual bridge failures and maintenance shutdowns. The indirect consequences are quantified on the basis of scenarios characterized by single and multiple bridges out-of-service, by solving the traffic assignment problem. The variation of direct, indirect and total expected losses in time is computed. The proposed methodology is suitable for the assessment of losses due to the service loads and the effects of deterioration. The proposed approach is illustrated on a highway bridge network. The results indicate that the maximum total expected indirect loss is much higher than the maximum total expected direct loss. The expected loss profiles show a pattern that first increases and then decreases due to the time-variation of the Markov chain state probabilities.
Multiphysics hillslope processes triggering landslides

In 1996, a portion of a highly instrumented experimental catchment in the Oregon coast range failed as a large debris flow from heavy rain. For the first time, we quantify the 3-D multiphysical aspects that triggered this event, including the coupled sediment deformation-fluid flow processes responsible for mobilizing the slope failure. Our analysis is based on a hydromechanical continuum model that accounts for the loss of sediment strength due to increased saturation as well as the frictional drag exerted by the moving fluid. Our studies highlight the dominant role that bedrock topography and rainfall history played in defining the failure mechanism, as indicated by the location of the scarp zone that was accurately predicted by our 3-D continuum model.
Therapy Insight: weight-loss surgery and major cardiovascular risk factors

Weight-loss surgery is an effective treatment for severe, medically complicated and refractory obesity. It reverses, eliminates or significantly ameliorates major cardiovascular risk factors related to obesity. In a large proportion of patients, the therapy produces significant weight loss, reduces the risk of disability and premature death, and improves quality of life. Surgical treatment by gastric-restrictive and malabsorptive procedures started several decades ago in the US. Since the 1970s, accrued clinical experience and advances in technology, particularly in minimally invasive surgical approaches, have changed this therapy. Some procedures have evolved, whereas others have become obsolete. Today's weight-loss operations are safe, effective and potentially life-saving options for severely obese cardiology patients. This review describes weight-loss surgery procedures and their effects on cardiovascular risk factors.
Photosensitized oxidation of methyl linolenate monohydroperoxides: Hydroperoxy cyclic peroxides, dihydroperoxides and hydroperoxy bis-cyclic peroxides

To elucidate the biological and flavor significance of lipid secondary oxidation products, cyclic peroxides were prepared by photosensitized oxidation of the hydroperoxides in autoxidized methyl linolenate. The oxidation product was fractionated by silicic acid chromatography, followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a microporous silica column. Products characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS) included 6-membered cyclic peroxides (9-hydroperoxy-10,13-epidioxy-11, 15-and 16-hydroperoxy-12,15-epidioxy-9, 13-octadecadienoates), 15-membered cyclic peroxides (9-hydroperoxy-10,12-epidioxy-13,15- and 16-hydroperoxy-13, 5-epidioxy-9,11-octadecadienoates), dihydroperoxides (9,12-; 9,16-; 10,12-; 10,15-; 10,16-; 13,15-; 13,16-dihydroperoxy octadecatrienoates) and hydroperoxy bis-cyclic peroxides, each with one 5-and one 6-membered ring (9-hydroperoxy-10,12,13,16-bis-epidioxy-14- and 16-hydroperoxy-9,12,13, 15-bis-epidioxy-10-octadecenoates). The 6-membered cyclic peroxides are formed by 1,4-addition of singlet oxygen to the conjugated diene system in 9- and 16-linolenate hydroperoxide isomers after their isomerization to thetrans, trans configuration. The bis-cyclic peroxides are formed by 1,4-addition of singlet oxygen to the hydroperoxy 5-membered cyclic peroxides derived from the 12- and 13-linolenate hydroperoxide isomers. Secondary oxidation products similar to those identified in this study previously have been shown to be important precursors of volatile compounds that may contribute to flavor deterioration of fat-containing foods.
Lifting Subregular Spreads

Let S k denote a set of k reguli in a Desarguesian affine plane $$\sum_{q^2}$$ of order q 2. It is shown that, for every odd integer s > 1, there is a corresponding set S s k of k reguli in any Desarguesian plane $$\sum_{q^{2s}}$$ of order q 2s such the line intersection properties of the reguli of S s k are inherited from those of S k . Hence, sets of mutually disjoint reguli in $$\sum_{q^2}$$ ‘lift’ to sets of mutually disjoint reguli in $$\sum_{q^{2s}}$$ . Thus, the existence of a subregular spread in PG(3, q) produces an infinite class of subregular spreads in spaces PG(3, q s ).
Personality Differences and Computer Related Stress in Business Students

There has been long‐term interest in the processes that affect human‐computer interaction, particularly those causing stress. Computer related stress has previously been correlated to general stress (Cohen, Kamarack, and Mermelstein 1983) and to somatic complaints (Derogatis et al. 1974). A negative correlation between perceived stress and academic performance has also been documented (Hudiburg and Jones 1991). This study compares computer related stress levels in three business student populations (239 students): juniors who have not begun their major course work, seniors who are MIS majors, and graduate MBA students. Using standard analysis of variance, we found that MIS students experienced a significantly higher number of stressors than the other two groups and a greater average severity of stress than the premajors. Human‐computer interaction is suspected to be more stressful for MIS students than other business students because their use of computers is greater and their grades are more heavily weig...
The effect of loaded language on audience comprehension of speeches

(1947). The effect of loaded language on audience comprehension of speeches. Speech Monographs: Vol. 14, No. 1-2, pp. 176-186.
SOFT GLUON CORRECTIONS TO SHORT DISTANCE HADRONIC CROSS-SECTIONS

Abstract Soft-gluon corrections which occur when hadronic cross sections are normalized by deeply inelastic scattering structure are organized to all orders. They are shown to exponentiate in terms of moments, including non-leading logarithms. The result of van Neerven's explicit calculation of the α 2 s ln 3 (n) term for Drell-Yan is rederived from one-loop calculations.
Risk of Re-Reporting Among Infants Who Remain at Home Following Alleged Maltreatment

Maltreatment that begins during infancy is likely to be chronic in duration and developmentally consequential if the appropriate intervention is not delivered. Repeated reports of maltreatment may signal unmet service needs. This study prospectively followed infants who remained at home following an initial report of maltreatment to determine the rate of re-reporting within 5 years. Birth records for all children born in California in 2006 were linked to statewide child protection records through 2012; 5.2% (n = 29,135) of children were reported for abuse or neglect prior to age 1. Following an initial report, 81.9% of infants remained in the home, the majority (60.7%) of whom were re-reported within 5 years. The highest rate of re-reporting was observed among infants whose initial allegation was substantiated and who had a case opened for family maintenance services (69.1%). Infants whose initial allegation was not investigated had re-reporting rates that were equal to or higher than other infants remaining in the home without services. FINDINGS highlight that most families with infants reported for maltreatment are not formally served through the child protection system. High rates of re-reporting underscore the challenge of delivering services that remedy conditions necessitating child protection follow-up and call attention to the importance of accessing data from community service providers. Language: en
The new gilded age: The critical inequality debates of our time

The new gilded age: The critical inequality debates of our time, edited by David B. Grusky and Tamar Kricheli-Katz, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2012, 297 pp., $24.95 (paperback), ISBN ...
Infant grating acuity is temporally tuned

Studies of infant visual development have shown that acuity estimated with pattern visually evoked potential (VEP) techniques is higher than acuity estimated with preferential looking (PL) techniques. A major difference is that VEP stimuli are temporally modulated while PL stimuli are typically stationary. We measured PL acuity in 2-10-month-old infants for stationary gratings and for gratings phase alternating at 2.5, 7.5, 14 and 23 reversals/sec using a computer generated staircase method. The acuity functions were temporally tuned at 7.5 or 14 rev/sec for infants 3 months and older. Acuity for 7.5 and 14 rev/sec gratings was 0.5 to 1.0 octave higher than for stationary, 2.5 and 23 rev/sec gratings. When adults' grating acuity was measured foveally and 5 deg eccentrically, tuning occurred only for the eccentric targets, suggesting that the retinal area used by the infants to detect gratings acts like the adult perifovea. In a second experiment, VEP and PL acuity were both measured from the same infants using 14 reversals/sec gratings. The VEP/PL acuity difference was less for phase alternating gratings than for stationary gratings. The magnitude of the difference was age dependent, decreasing from 2 octaves at 2 months to 0.5 octave at 12 months. Even though the use of phase alternating gratings results in improved PL acuity, temporal modulation does not completely account for the difference between VEP and PL acuity.
Pd- and Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in the synthesis of organic electronic materials.

Organic molecules and polymers with extended π-conjugation are appealing as advanced electronic materials, and have already found practical applications in thin-film transistors, light emitting diodes, and chemical sensors. Transition metal (TM)-catalyzed cross-coupling methodologies have evolved over the past four decades into one of the most powerful and versatile methods for C–C bond formation, enabling the construction of a diverse and sophisticated range of π-conjugated oligomers and polymers. In this review, we focus our discussion on recent synthetic developments of several important classes of π-conjugated systems using TM-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, with a perspective on their utility for organic electronic materials.
Lossless abstraction of imperfect information games

Finding an equilibrium of an extensive form game of imperfect information is a fundamental problem in computational game theory, but current techniques do not scale to large games. To address this, we introduce the ordered game isomorphism and the related ordered game isomorphic abstraction transformation. For a multi-player sequential game of imperfect information with observable actions and an ordered signal space, we prove that any Nash equilibrium in an abstracted smaller game, obtained by one or more applications of the transformation, can be easily converted into a Nash equilibrium in the original game. We present an algorithm, GameShrink, for abstracting the game using our isomorphism exhaustively. Its complexity is o(n2), where n is the number of nodes in a structure we call the signal tree. It is no larger than the game tree, and on nontrivial games it is drastically smaller, so GameShrink has time and space complexity sublinear in the size of the game tree. Using GameShrink, we find an equilibrium to a poker game with 3.1 billion nodes—over four orders of magnitude more than in the largest poker game solved previously. To address even larger games, we introduce approximation methods that do not preserve equilibrium, but nevertheless yield (ex post) provably close-to-optimal strategies.
Chronic inflammation, albuminuria, and functional disability in older adults with cardiovascular disease: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2008.

Abstract Objective Although C-reactive protein (CRP) and albuminuria are well-documented cardiovascular risk markers, the functional implications of these biomarkers and their combination on functional disability and metabolic risks in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are unknown. Methods Data were from 1403 adults (≥60 years, mean 73.2 years) with CVD, ascertained by self-reported diagnosis of angina, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction or stroke, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008. Disability in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), leisure and social activities (LSA), general physical activities (GPA), and lower-extremity mobility (LEM) were obtained from self-reports. The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) was calculated by dividing the urinary albumin value by the urinary creatinine concentration. CRP levels were quantified by latex-enhanced nephelometry. Results Inflammation and albuminuria were associated with disability. In the full-adjusted models, odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of disability in ADL, LSA, and LEM were 1.60 (1.13–2.28), 1.76 (1.22–2.55) and 2.31 (1.62–3.31), respectively, comparing participants in the highest CRP quartile to the lowest ( p values for trend across CRP quartiles Conclusions Elevated levels of CRP and UACR independently correlate with disability among older adults with CVD. There is a combined association of inflammation and albuminuria on multiple domains of disability and metabolic risks, suggesting the presence of elevated UACR may amplify the association of inflammation with disability and with metabolic risk in older adults living with CVD.
Identification of a binding site for glycoprotein Ibα in the apple 3 domain of factor XI

Abstract Factor XI (FXI) is a homodimeric plasma zymogen that is cleaved at two internal Arg369–Ile370 bonds by thrombin, factor XIIa, or factor XIa. FXI circulates as a complex with the glycoprotein high molecular weight kininogen (HK). FXI binds to specific sites (Kd = ∼10 nm, Bmax = ∼1,500/platelet) on the surface of stimulated platelets, where it is efficiently activated by thrombin. The FXI Apple 3 (A3) domain mediates binding to platelets in the presence of HK and zinc ions (Zn2+) or prothrombin and calcium ions. The platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex is the receptor for FXI (Baglia, F. A., Badellino, K. O., Li, C. Q., Lopez, J. A., and Walsh, P. N. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 1662–1668). Using surface plasmon resonance, we determined that FXI binds specifically to glycocalicin, the extracellular domain of GPIbα, in a Zn2+-dependent fashion (Kd = ∼52 nm). We now show that recombinant FXI A3 domain inhibits FXI inbinding to glycocalicin in the presence of Zn2+, whereas the recombinant FXI A1, A2, or A4 domains have no effect. Experiments with full-length recombinant FXI mutants show that, in the presence of Zn2+, glycocalicin binds FXI at a heparin-binding site in A3 (Lys252 and Lys253) and not by amino acids previously shown to be required for platelet binding (Ser248, Arg250, Lys255, Phe260, and Gln263). However, binding in the presence of HK and Zn2+ requires Ser248, Arg250, Lys255, Phe260, and GLn263 and not Lys252 and Lys253. Thus, binding of FXI to GPIbα is mediated by amino acids in the A3 domain in the presence or absence of HK. This interaction is important for the initiation of the consolidation phase of blood coagulation and the generation of thrombin at sites of platelet thrombus formation.
Silica-coated, Au/Ag striped nanowires for bioanalysis.

Striped metallic nanowires (NW) have been coated with a silica shell of controllable thickness (6−150 nm), and the assay performance of coated vs uncoated NW has been compared. The silica coating does not interfere with identification of the metal striping pattern and protects Ag segments from oxidation, extending the range of assay conditions under which barcoded NW can be used. Much higher and more uniform fluorescence intensities were observed for dye-labeled ssDNA bound to SiO2-coated as compared to intensities for uncoated NW. Simultaneous, multiplexed DNA hybridization assays for three pathogen-specific target sequences on SiO2-coated NW showed good discrimination of complementary from noncomplementary targets. Application of SiO2-coated NW in discrimination of single base mismatches corresponding to a mutation of the p53 gene was also demonstrated. Finally, we have shown that thiolated probe DNA resists desorption under thermocycling conditions if attached via siloxane chemistry to SiO2-coated NW, ...
Ganglioside AGF2 prevents the cognitive impairments and cholinergic cell loss following intraventricular colchicine

Ganglioside AGF2 prevented the cognitive and locomotor alterations induced by intraventricular colchicine. Adult male rats were initially trained to perform a standard radial arm maze (RAM) task. Following training, they were injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg AGF2 (COL/AGF2), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF/AGF2) or the saline vehicle (COL/SAL, CSF/SAL) for 3 days prior to and for 14 days following the bilateral injection of colchicine (7 micrograms/0.5 microliters) or artificial CSF into the lateral ventricles. Colchicine (COL/SAL) impaired performance of the standard RAM task as well as a working memory version of the task in which various delays were imposed between the fourth and fifth arm choices. Colchicine also produced a transient hyperactivity which subsided within 10 weeks following surgery. In contrast, AGF2 (COL/AGF2) prevented the impairments in RAM performance and the alterations in locomotor behavior. Colchicine also produced significant decreases in hippocampal ChAT activity and high affinity choline uptake that were prevented by prior treatment with AGF2. Finally, colchicine produced a 35% decrease in the number of acetylcholinesterase-positive (cholinergic) neurons in the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VLDB) which was also prevented by AGF2. Thus, the behavioral and neurochemical protection afforded by AGF2 was paralleled by a prevention of the loss of hippocampal cholinergic parameters and cholinergic neurons in the MS/VLDB.
Envisioning and Developing Sustainable Enterprise A Macromarketing Approach

Sustainable Enterprise: A Macromarketing Approach explains how businesses can benefit by taking a more holistic approach to the marketplace. Macromarketing—taking a systems view of the interplay between marketing and society—has had a rich history of scholarship for more than three decades. Over this time, accomplished scholars have contributed meaningfully to understanding the role of marketing in society. Traditional macromarketing topics have included quality of life, ethics, the environment, marketing systems, marketing history, and poor countries. After presenting macromarketing concepts, Sustainable Enterprise: A MacromarketingApproach uses a macromarketing lens to explain market dynamism of contemporary markets, as well as how businesses are becoming more mindful of the environment, and more mindful of poor consumers around the world. Today, businesspersons are increasingly seeking answers for how to approach new complexities of the marketplace that macromarketers have studied over the years. Susta...