cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enriched Galerkin methods for two-phase flow in porous media with capillary pressure

Abstract In this paper, we propose an enriched Galerkin (EG) approximation for a two-phase pressure saturation system with capillary pressure in heterogeneous porous media. The EG methods are locally conservative, have fewer degrees of freedom compared to discontinuous Galerkin (DG), and have an efficient pressure solver. To avoid non-physical oscillations, an entropy viscosity stabilization method is employed for high order saturation approximations. Entropy residuals are applied for dynamic mesh adaptivity to reduce the computational cost for larger computational domains. The iterative and sequential IMplicit Pressure and Explicit Saturation (IMPES) algorithms are treated in time. Numerical examples with different relative permeabilities and capillary pressures are included to verify and to demonstrate the capabilities of EG.
Nightmare Deconstruction and Reprocessing for PTSD Nightmares

The increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military personnel and veterans in the OEF/OIF/OND era has highlighted the challenges of treating PTSD and nightmares and other sleep disturbances which are among the most common refractory symptoms. This chapter introduces a psychotherapy called Nightmare Deconstruction and Reprocessing (NDR), a novel approach that combines deconstruction of and exposure to nightmare images, meaning making and reprocessing, and dream reconstruction.
Ambient wintertime particulate air pollution and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Monroe County, New York

Abstract Background Previous studies have reported associations between ambient fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). However, none have examined whether ultrafine particles (UFP; Methods Electronic medical records and birth certificate data were linked with land-use regression models in Monroe County, New York in 2009–2013 to predict monthly pollutant concentrations during winter (November-April) based on maternal residential address for 16,637 births. Using multivariable logistic regression, we estimated the odds of HDP associated with each interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5, UFP, AMP, BC, and Delta-C concentrations during each gestational month, adjusting for maternal characteristics, birth hospital, temperature, and relative humidity. Results Each 0.52 µg/m3 increase in Delta-C concentration during the 7th gestational month was associated with an increased odds of HDP (odds ratio (OR) = 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01, 1.45), with a similar sized estimate in month 8 (OR = 1.18; 95%CI = 0.98, 1.43). Non-statistically significant increased odds of HDP associated with IQR increases in BC concentrations during months 3 (OR = 1.12; 95%CI = 0.98, 1.28) and 7 (OR = 1.12; 95%CI = 0.96, 1.29) were observed. Increased odds of HDP were not observed for PM2.5, UFP, or AMP. Conclusions Our findings suggest that maternal exposure to wood smoke in Monroe County during winter is associated with an increased odds of HDP during late gestation. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effect of wood smoke on HDP and to explore effects on other pregnancy outcomes.
Opioid Consumption Following Carotid Revascularization

Abstract Introduction Opioid overdose is now the leading cause of injury-related death in the United States. Over prescription of opioids is one factor contributing to this epidemic. Previous studies demonstrated an over prescription of opioids, compared to patient consumption, following general surgery procedures. The objective of this study is to evaluate opioid consumption following carotid revascularization. Methods This is a retrospective review of the opioid prescribing habits following discharge of carotid revascularization. Patients who were documented to receive an opioid prescription were included in the study. A phone survey was conducted to determine patient consumption of the prescribed pills. Surgical procedures include carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and transcarotid arterial revascularization (TCAR). The primary outcome is the difference between opioids prescribed and opioids consumed. Results There were 209 patients available for inclusion. The mean age was 68 years with white (98%) males (58%) making up most patients. CEA and TCAR accounted for 75% and 25% of cases, respectively. 98 (47%) patients were prescribed opioids following discharge. 8 were excluded from analysis (3 for prior opioid use, 5 declined participation). 71% of patients participated in the survey. A total of 1623 pills were prescribed (25.4 ±5.5 per patient), but only 336 pills consumed (5.3 ±1.1 per patient). 1287 (79% of total) pills were not consumed. Conclusion These data are the first to compare opioid prescription with opioid consumption following carotid revascularization. We demonstrate that patients consume much less opioids than prescribed. These findings indicate that a reduction in opioid prescriptions may be possible following carotid revascularization.
The Role of Legal Rules in Recollections of Trauma

It is tempting in a discussion about recollections of trauma dominated by psychologists to assume that the role of the legal system in addressing recollections of trauma is at best irrelevant and at worst anti-therapeutic. Not only does this thinking ignore explicit pro-therapeutic legal efforts, as for example in the recognition of a psychotherapist-patient privilege limiting compelled disclosure of relational communications (Jaffee v. Redmond,1966), but it also inaccurately assumes the existence of a monolithic world legal system. The wide differences in world legal systems, and the wide differences in the experiences of different countries to the issues surrounding recollections of trauma addressed in this conference, fuel speculation about the role that these legal systems may play in explaining, for example, the varying frequencies with which allegations of “recovered repressed memories” of childhood sexual abuse arise in different countries. For example, does the availability of tort damages provide an incentive for patients to remember forgotten traumatic tortious events; does the availability of tort damages provide an incentive for therapists to encourage patients to remember traumatic tortious events to fund therapy; and, does the availability of tort damages provide an incentive for researchers to conduct studies that may enhance their prestige as expert witnesses? By their response to issues surrounding recollections of trauma, legal systems may shape not only the behavior of those who identify themselves as abuse survivors, but also the behavior of therapists who treat them and the researchers whose work addresses this treatment and related phenomena.
Prevalence, Correlates, and Outcomes of Co-Occurring Depression and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.

Background: Depression and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are common morbidities during pregnancy. However, our knowledge about the national prevalence, correlates, and outcomes of co-occurring depression and HDP remains unknown. Materials and Methods: Using a multiyear (2002-2014) nationwide inpatient sample, we conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study. Cases, behavioral and clinical covariates, and outcomes were identified using International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification Codes. Rates of depression and HDP were calculated across demographics, hospital characteristics, and morbidities. We estimated adjusted odds ratios that represent the unique and joint association of depression and HDP with birth outcomes. Joinpoint regression was used to describe temporal trends in depression and HDP. Results: Among the over 58-million hospitalizations, there were 2,346,619 (3.99%), 1,117,857 (1.90%), and 63,081 (0.11%) cases of HDP, depression, and co-occurring depression and HDP, respectively. Compared to pregnant women without depression and HDP, women with depression and HDP were 3.41 times (confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.15-3.68), 1.94 times (95% CI: 1.65-2.27), and 4.10 times (95% CI: 3.89-4.32) more likely to experience intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth, and preterm labor, respectively, even after adjusting for potential demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical confounders. Depression- and HDP-related hospitalizations resulted in an additional cost of over $5 billion during the study period. Conclusion: Depression and HDP are associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcomes and significant health care cost, with HDP being the main driving factor. Screening for both HDP and depression followed by multidisciplinary care could alleviate the health and economic burden of HDP and depression.
A Goal-Oriented Design Evaluation Model

This paper presents a prescriptive goal-oriented design evaluation model. The approach uses goals or targets as is commonly observed in design practice. After providing motivation for a goal-oriented approach in the early stages of product design the concept and method, based upon subjective probabilities of acceptance, are formalized. A unidimensional acceptability function is defined and the mathematical construction of a multidimensional acceptability function is presented. Issues related to simplicity and measurement accuracy are discussed. Finally, the significance of uncertainty in relation to design improvement potential is discussed. The proposed method is then applied to an engine concept selection problem.
Electret behavior of unpoled carbon fiber with and without nickel coating

Abstract Unpoled continuous polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber is an electret, as tested along the fiber direction of a 12,000-fiber tow. The open-circuit DC electric field before (E1) and after (E2) polarity reversal are opposite in sign, with │E2│ slightly less than E1, which is contributed by voltmeter-current-induced polarization. Both E1 and │E2│increase linearly with inter-electrode distance l, with E1 varying with l more significantly. At l = 140 mm,│E2│ is 5.5 × 10−5 V/m. The short-circuit current density is 3.5 A/m2. Both E1 and │E2│ decrease to zero upon discharge (short-circuited) and recover upon charge (open-circuited), though E1 is partly contributed by polarization. For l = 140 mm, discharge-charge testing gives participating charge density 1.8 × 103 C/m3, participating carrier density 1.2 × 1022 m−3, fraction of carriers that participate 1.7 × 10−3 and volumetric power density 1.9 × 10−4 W/m3. Discharge and charge in multiple cycles behave similarly. During discharge/charge, the electric field changes faster than the charge amount. Nickel coating increases the participating charge density, volumetric/gravimetric power density and current density, but decreases the electric field and the time for discharge completion divided by the participating charge. These results and previously reported inverse proportionality of capacitance with l support modeling an electret as electric dipoles of length much smaller than l in series electrically.
A novel application of small area estimation in loblolly pine forest inventory

Forest Modeling Research Cooperative; Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech; United States Department of Agriculture McIntire-Stennis program [VA-136630]
Detecting Invasive Fungal Disease in Surgical Patients: Utility of the (13)- β-d-Glucan Assay

Background: The specificity and sensitivity of the (13)-β-d-glucan (BDG) assay in surgical patients needs further investigation. We hypothesized that the BDG assay would have lower sensitivity/spec...
Capturing the Equilibration Pathway of Nanomaterials Metastable in Both Crystal Structure and Morphology

In this issue of Matter, Li et al. used in situ electron microscopy to investigate the equilibration pathway of Au nanoribbons that are metastable in terms of both crystal structure and morphology when they are subjected to thermal stress.
Psyllium supplementation is associated with changes in the fecal microbiota of horses

Prophylactic supplementation of psyllium husk is recommended to enhance passage of ingested sand from the gastrointestinal tracts of horses. We hypothesized that psyllium supplementation would increase fecal sand passage and favorably alter bacterial populations in the hindgut. Six yearlings and six mature mares were fed a psyllium supplement in the diet daily for seven days. Voluntarily-voided feces were collected over the course of 29 days, prior, during, and after treatment. Feces were analyzed for acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent insoluble ash analyses. Microbial DNA was also isolated, and the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was PCR-amplified and sequenced using MiSeq technology. Fecal ADF concentration was greater in adults while silica concentration was greater in yearlings. Mature mare fecal ADF decreased during and just after supplementation but thereafter increased. No changes in silica levels were noted in either group over time. Fecal microbial population phylogenetic diversity was greatest mid-supplementation and lowest at 11 days post-supplementation. Functional profiles of the microbial communities presented some benefits for psyllium supplementation. These findings provide compelling evidence for further detailed studies of prophylactic psyllium supplementation.
The Dark Kinase Knowledgebase: An online compendium of knowledge and experimental results of understudied kinases

Kinases form the backbone of numerous cell signaling pathways, with their dysfunction similarly implicated in multiple pathologies. Further facilitated by their druggability, kinases are a major focus of therapeutic development efforts in diseases such as cancer, infectious disease and autoimmune disorders. While their importance is clear, the role or biological function of nearly one-third of kinases is largely unknown. Here, we describe a data resource, the Dark Kinase Knowledgebase (DKK; https://darkkinome.org), that is specifically focused on providing data and reagents for these understudied kinases to the broader research community. Supported through NIH's Illuminating the Druggable Genome (IDG) Program, the DKK is focused on data and knowledge generation for 162 poorly studied or 'dark' kinases. Types of data provided through the DKK include parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) peptides for quantitative proteomics, protein interactions, NanoBRET reagents, and kinase-specific compounds. Higher-level data is similarly being generated and consolidated such as tissue gene expression profiles and, longer-term, functional relationships derived through perturbation studies. Associated web tools that help investigators interrogate both internal and external data are also provided through the site. As an evolving resource, the DKK seeks to continually support and enhance knowledge on these potentially high-impact druggable targets.
Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Electron Beam Patterned SiO2

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to study the patterns obtained from E-beam patterning of SiO2. The SiO2 is patterned using an E-beam, a plasma etcher and a chemical P-etch. Once patterned, the sample is studied with the AFM to determine the topography. Various patterns are made to determine the feasibility of this patterning technique in designing optical devices. Ideal patterning parameters are also explored.
Thank You for Having Me

The present paper is a response to Dr. Burch’s clinical case and theoretical discussion (this issue) regarding the process of working with and through white privilege and whitewashing in her consul...
Utilization of RP-HPLC fingerprinting analysis for the identification of diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana

Identification of diterpene glycosides present in the commercial extracts of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana was achieved by employing a reversed-phase (RP)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using charged aerosol detector (CAD). Using the RP-HPLC method, the individual retention times for 26 naturally occur- ring ent-kaurane diterpene glycosides identified from S. rebaudiana were identified. Further, the HPLC method has been successfully utilized in identifying the presence of various steviol glycosides from the crude stevia ex- tracts obtained from Pure Circle, Stevia Food (ShenZhen) Company Limited, Heilongjinag Hailin Farm Stevia Refi- nery, Qingdao Sanfood Company Limited, DIC LifeTec Company Limited, and Daepyung Company Limited.
Twitter as a Tool to Spread Communication Regarding Genitourinary Cancers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objectives To better characterize the relay of information about prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer on Twitter in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods Tweets containing the joint hashtags "#COVID-19" and either "#bladder cancer", "#kidney cancer", or "#prostate cancer" were identified on the Twitter platform from January 1, 2020 to July 30, 2020. The Twitter handle responsible for each tweet was categorized as an Academic, Medical Education, Patient Advocacy Groups/Non-Profits, Pharmaceutical, or Other entity based on content domain. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data on Twitter handle characteristics stratified by disease category (bladder, kidney, and prostate). Median/interquartile range and percentages were used to summarize continuous and categorical data, respectively. Number of tweets containing the relevant joint hashtags were tracked over time in relation to the cumulative United States case count of COVID-19. Results The content of 730 total tweets containing the joint hashtags "COVID-19" and either "#bladder cancer" (138 tweets), "#kidney cancer" (137 tweets), or "#prostate cancer" (455 tweets) from January 1, 2020 to July 31, 2020 were analyzed. We identified 326 unique Twitter handles across all disease states (62 bladder, 47 kidney, and 217 prostate-related). Academic Twitter handles accounted for the greatest number of tweets containing the joint hashtags (31%). Temporal tracking of tweets with regard to monthly U.S. COVID cases revealed that communication surged in March of 2020 and peaked in April for both bladder and kidney cancer, whereas related prostate cancer Twitter communication peaked in May of 2020. Conclusions As COVID-19 case counts rose in the United States initially, so too did communication surrounding COVID-19 and genitourinary cancers on Twitter. Many of these conversations were driven by academically-associated Twitter accounts.
Counterbalancing influences of aerosols and greenhouse gases on atmospheric rivers

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are filamentary conduits of intense water vapour transport in the extratropics, accounting for the majority of poleward moisture transport in the mid-latitudes and acting as a key precipitation source for coastal regions. How ARs have responded to climate change nevertheless remains uncertain. Here we use a series of coupled model experiments to show that there was little to no change in mean AR characteristics in 1920–2005 due to opposite but equal influences from industrial aerosols, which weaken ARs, and greenhouse gases (GHGs), which strengthen them. Despite little historical change, the simulations project steep intensification of ARs in the coming decades, including mean AR-driven precipitation increases of up to ~20 mm per month, as the influence of GHGs greatly outpaces that of industrial aerosols. We also investigate the extent to which future AR changes are dynamically and thermodynamically driven, highlighting the need to conceptualize AR change beyond the scaling of humidity with warming. Atmospheric rivers, concentrated plumes of moisture important to extratropical precipitation, have not changed with historical warming. Model simulations suggest that this is due to the competing weakening effect of aerosols and strengthening effect of greenhouse gases, which dominates with future warming.
Analytical modeling of conjugate heat transfer between a bed of phase change material and laminar convective flow

Abstract Latent heat of a phase change material (PCM) is commonly used for energy storage and thermal management. A flat bed configuration is commonly used in latent energy storage systems, in which, fluid flow over a PCM bed results in heat transfer to/from and melting/solidification of the PCM. Understanding the nature of heat transfer in such systems is critical for design and performance optimization. This paper presents an analytical model for conjugate heat transfer in a flat bed latent energy storage system. The model solves the governing energy conservation equations by utilizing the interfacial conditions to iterate between the PCM and fluid flow. Good convergence of the iterative technique is demonstrated. The model is used to study phase change propagation and energy storage as functions of various problem parameters such as imposed temperature difference, flow velocity and thermal properties of PCM and fluid flow. It is found that the convective heat transfer coefficient between the PCM and fluid flow is not constant, but, rather, is a function of space and time, and is affected by flow speed and properties, as well as thermal properties of the PCM. The general methodology presented here can be adapted for annular and other latent energy storage configurations. This work contributes towards a fundamental understanding of heat transfer processes in an important energy storage system that is commonly encountered in practical applications.
Basics of diffusion measurement

This chapter discusses how nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to observe signals from the proton ( 1 H) of water molecules (H 2 O). The chapter demonstrates how this can be used to measure the diffusion constant of water molecules. The signal intensity information must be related to the water diffusion process. The only information which is usually used for NMR/MRI is signal intensity; peak height in NMR spectroscopy or pixel intensity in MRI. The intensity is dominated by water concentration (proton density). It is also influenced by signal relaxation time such as T 1 and T 2 . The signal intensity is sensitized to the amount of water diffusion or diffusion constant. For this purpose a special device called “pulsed magnetic field gradient” is used. The magnetic field gradient is a technology that introduces a linear magnetic field in homogeneity, that is, gradient). It is shown that the strength and polarity (positive and negative) of the gradient can be controlled. In addition, gradients can be turned off at any point of time.
DENTAL CARIES IN TWINS--I. A COMPARISON OF THE CARIES EXPERIENCE OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS, DIZYGOTIC TWINS AND UNRELATED CHILDREN.

Abstract A study involving 35 pairs of monozygotic twins, 31 pairs of dizygotic twins and 25 pairs of unrelated children indicates that there is a genetic component which influences the occurrence of dental caries in children. Dizygotic twin pairs show a greater variance than monozygotic twin pairs. Unrelated children show a greater variance than either the monozygotic or dizygotic twin pairs, but not significantly so when comparing the latter two groups. There is a greater variance between the dizygotic twin pairs than the monozygotic twin pairs in interproximal (smooth surface) lesions but not in the pit and fissure type, indicating that there may be a greater genetic component involved with the former type of lesions.
Emmprin (CD147), a cell surface regulator of matrix metalloproteinase production and function.

Publisher Summary Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a central role in numerous normal and pathological events. The precise regulation of production and activation of MMPs is important in determining their correct localization and the appropriate extent of their action. Because MMPs have an incredibly diverse number of substrates and because cleavage of these substrates leads to numerous cellular responses, inappropriate regulation is potentially destructive and, accordingly, MMPs have been implicated in a number of disease processes. Many physiological regulators of MMP production that have been characterized are soluble cytokines and growth factors, but the possibility that cell-surface interactions regulate MMP production and activation has also been appreciated. Emmprin (basigin, CD147) is an integral plasma membrane glycoprotein of the Ig superfamily that has the ability to induce synthesis of various MMPs. This chapter reviews the current knowledge of emmprin, especially with respect to induction of MMP production in cancer. Tumor cells create a pericellular environment in which many MMPs and other proteases become concentrated, thereby enhancing their ability to invade extracellular matrices and to process precursors of factors that promote tumor progression. Several emmprin-binding partners, including MMP-1, have been characterized but their roles in MMP induction and in tumor progression are not clear. Although recent evidence suggests that stromal production of MMPs promotes tumor progression, the relative contributions of stromal versus tumor cell production of MMPs and the role of emmprin in regulating MMP production from either source need to be elaborated. In addition to cancer, emmprin is involved in numerous physiological and pathological events that may or may not involve regulation of MMP synthesis.
The Design and Performance of Modern, Large Turbine Generators [includes discussion]

Advancements in the art of design and construction of large turbine generators have brought about marked improvements in the familiar designs of these machines. New methods of cooling give machines new and different characteristics. The physical sizes of conventionally cooled generators are largely determined by their heat-dissipating ability. Their efficiencies are not greatly influenced by their physical size. Conductor-cooled generators, on the other hand, have such increased heat-dissi-pating ability that their size is determined almost entirely by other factors. The balance of such economic considerations as generator size and efficiency tends to govern the design of machines with this type of cooling. Losses are an interrelated function of machine size, hydrogen pressure, coolant pumping pressure, and the geometry of the coolant passages. The choice of hydrogen pressure for maximum capability is affected by such performance characteristics as efficiency, short-circuit ratio, and capability in air. It is shown how these various factors are related and the way in which their influence is brought to bear, first on the choices made while the generator is being designed and, second, on the performance of the generator after it is installed.
Multimodal analgesic approach incorporating paravertebral blocks for open radical retropubic prostatectomy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study

Introduction Perioperative pain management influences both the quality as well as the speed of recovery following surgery.
The Persuasive Power of Youtube in International Discourse: Israel's Online Video Campaign

Social media’s political power and significance continue to expand and have in many ways surpassed the influence of traditional media, such as television and newspaper. The powerful effect of ‘new’ media is seen in a growing number of international conflicts. For example, during the ‘Arab Spring’ Facebook and Twitter were used to circumvent state-controlled media. Media has long been seen as the key to the way in which events are perceived and the priorities they are given in governments’ policies. The increasing influence of online news and social media has made this one of the most important battlefields for international public opinion. This research employs quantitative and qualitative analyses of YouTube videos posted by Israeli institutions and pro-Israeli groups and individuals, who are unaffiliated with Israeli institutions, aimed at persuading international audiences to accept Israel’s policy positions and reject those criticizing the state. This paper examines the different approaches adopted by the various video uploaders and which comprise the most effective use of YouTube.
Tortuous vertebrobasilar system: a cause of cranial nerve signs.

Elongation of the vertebrobasilar system into the cerebellopontine angle may cause abnormalities of the cranial nerves. The diagnosis may be suspected at pneumoencephalography or with posterior fossa pantopaque studies and be confirmed by vertebral angiography.
Chemical Process Fault Diagnosis Using Kernel Retrofitted Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm Based Learner (FGAL) with a Hidden Markov Model

A hybrid generative-discriminative diagnostic system based on a symbolic learner (FGAL) retrofitted with Gaussian kernel densities for generating instantaneous class probabilities which are further used by a hidden Markov model to estimate the most likely state (fault) given the past evidence is introduced for real time process fault diagnosis. The system allows symbolic knowledge extraction, it is modular and robust. The diagnostic performance of the developed system is shown on a nonisothermal cascade controlled continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR).
Hydrothermal synthesis of KNbO3 and NaNbO3 powders

Orthorhombic KNbO3 and NaNbO3 powders were hydrothermally synthesized in KOH and NaOH solutions (6.7–15 M) at 150 and 200 °C. An intermediate hexaniobate species formed first before eventually converting to the perovskite phase. For synthesis in KOH solutions, the stability of the intermediate hexaniobate ion increased with decreasing KOH concentrations and temperatures. This led to significant variations in the induction periods and accounted for the large disparity in the mass of recovered powder for different processing parameters. It is also believed that protons were incorporated in the lattice of the as-synthesized KNbO3 powders as water molecules and hydroxyl ions.
PACS-1 Mediates Phosphorylation-Dependent Ciliary Trafficking of the Cyclic-Nucleotide-Gated Channel in Olfactory Sensory Neurons

Impaired ciliary protein transport in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) leads to anosmia, and is a newly recognized clinical manifestation of a class of human disorders called ciliopathies. Surprisingly little is known regarding the mechanisms controlling trafficking to this unique neuronal compartment. Here, we show a novel role for phosphofurin acidic cluster-sorting protein 1 (PACS-1) in the ciliary trafficking of the olfactory cyclic-nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel. PACS-1 is an intracellular sorting protein that mediates its effects through the binding of acidic clusters on cargo protein. This interaction is dependent on CK2 phosphorylation of both PACS-1 and its cargo. We show that CNGB1b contains two putative PACS-1 binding sites, which are phosphorylated by the serine/threonine protein kinase, CK2. Additionally, we show that PACS-1 is expressed in OSNs and interacts in complex with the CNG channel. CK2 inhibition in native OSNs causes a loss of CNG channel from cilia and subsequent olfactory dysfunction, while adenoviral expression of mutant PACS-1 causes similar mislocalization. These results provide a mechanism for the subunit-dependent ciliary trafficking of the CNG channel and offer insight into the mechanisms of ciliary transport.
The faltering solid organ donor pool in the United States (2001-2010)

Background Organ shortage is the greatest challenge facing the field of organ transplantation today. Use of more organs of marginal quality has been advocated to address the shortage. Method We examined the pattern of donation and organ use in the United States as shown in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database of individuals who were consented for and progressed to organ donation between January 2001 and December 2010. Results There were 66,421 living donors and 73,359 deceased donors, including 67,583 (92.1 %) identified as donation after brain death and 5,776 (7.9 %) as donation after circulatory death (DCD).Comparing two periods, era 1 (01/2001-12/2005) and era 2 (01/2006-12/2010), the number of deceased donors increased by 20.3 %from33,300 to 40,059while there was a trend for decreasing living donation. The DCD subgroup increased from 4.9 to 11.7 % comparing the two eras. A significant increase in cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease as a cause of deathwas also noted, from38.1 %in era 1 to 56.1 %in era 2 (p <0.001), as was a corresponding decrease in the number of deaths due to head trauma (48.8 vs. 34.9 %). The overall discard rate also increased from 13,411 (11.5 %) in era 1 to 19,516 (13.7 %) in era 2. This increase in discards was especially prominent in the DCD group [440 (20.9 %) in era 1 vs. 2,089 (24.9 %) in era 2]. Conclusions We detect a significant change in pattern of organ donation and use in the last decade in the United States. The transplant community should consider every precaution to prevent the decay of organ quality and to improve the use of marginal organs.
Low Complexity Feature-Based Modulation Classifier and Its Non-Asymptotic Analysis

In this paper, we propose a reduced-complexity modulation classifier using multi-cycle features extracted from the Spectral Correlation Function (SCF) in order to distinguish among QAM, BPSK, MSK and AM modulation schemes. We analytically derive SCF statistics of the noise and signal features used for classification for finite number of samples, and use Chebyshev inequality to upper bound the minimum number of spectral averages required to attain a predetermined correct classification probability. Both theoretical and simulation results show that the proposed classifier requires on the order of 50 spectral averages to achieve a correct classification probability of 0.9 at SNR = 5 dB. The algorithm and corresponding analysis presented in this paper can be extended to classify other modulation schemes.
Epigenetics: a new frontier for post-traumatic stress disorder?

. In the past decade, a major focus of PTSD research has been to under-stand how such fearful memories are created and stored in the brain, and the conditions and pre-disposing factors by which traumatic expe -riences lead some individuals, but not others, to develop PTSD. As a result of these efforts, it is now widely appreciated that a complex inter -action between genes and experience confer susceptibility for developing this increasingly prevalent and debilitating disorder
Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Biomonitoring Cooked Meat Carcinogens and Their Metabolites in Human Urine

The cooked meat carcinogens 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and their principal metabolites produced by cytochrome P450 and/or uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferases were simultaneously measured at the parts per trillion level in urine of omnivores, by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a Michrom Advance CaptiveSpray source and a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer. Quantitation was performed in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The UPLC method is much more rapid and sensitive than our earlier capillary HPLC method: the duty cycle of the UPLC method is 19 min compared to 57 min for capillary HPLC. The performance of the UPLC assay was evaluated with urine samples from three subjects over 4 different days. The intraday and interday precisions of the estimates of PhIP, MeIQx, and their metabolites, reported as the coefficients of variation, were ≤10%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) values for ...
A Comparison of the Radiation Response of ${\rm TaO}_{\rm x}$ and ${\rm TiO}_2$ Memristors

The effects of radiation on memristors created using tantalum oxide and titanium oxide are compared. Both technologies show changes in resistance when exposed to 800 keV Ta ion irradiation at fluences above 1010 cm-2. TaOx memristors show a gradual reduction in resistance at high fluences whereas TiO2 memristors show gradual increases in resistance with inconsistent decreases. After irradiation TaOx devices remain fully functional and can even recover resistance with repeated switching. TiO2 devices are more variable and exhibit significant increases and decreases in resistance when switching after irradiation. Irradiation with 28 MeV Si ions causes both technologies to switch from the off-state to the on-state when ionizing doses on the order of 60 Mrad(Si) or greater (as calculated by SRIM) are reached without applying current or voltage to the part. Irradiation with 10 keV X-rays up to doses of 18 Mrad(Si) in a single step show little effect on either technology. TaOx and TiO2 memristors both show high tolerance for displacement damage and ionization damage and are promising candidates for future radiation-hardened non-volatile memory applications.
Study of bulk properties at high energy nuclear collisions—the search for the partonic equation of state at RHIC

We discuss recent results from RHIC. Issues of energy loss and partonic collectivity from Au + Au collisions at {radical}s{sub NN} = 200 GeV are the focus of this paper. We propose a path toward the understanding of the partonic Equation of State in high energy nuclear collisions.
Serum testosterone concentration in prepubertal and pubertal female rats

Serum testosterone concentration (S.T.) by radioimmunoassay and ovarian adrenal and uterine weights were evaluated in prepubertal (PP), aged 26–33 days and pubertal (P) aged 36–43 days,on day of autopsy, female rats.Only in P rats a significant positive correlation (P <0.01) between S.T. and ovarian weight was revealed. In P rats with minor signs of sexual maturation a highly significant decrease in S.T. (P <0.001) was noticed when compared to P rats of the same age with advanced sexual maturation and to PP rats.In both groups of P rats a significant fall (P < 0.005) in relative adrenal weight in comparison with PP rats was apparent.It is suggested that the fall in S.T. and an adrenal ovarian interplay might be implicated in the process of sexual maturation.
A confirmation perspective on perceived service quality

Purpose – The paper seeks to provide a theoretical and empirical investigation of the relationship between consumer expectations and consumer perceptions of service quality.Design/methodology/approach – The theory of cognitive reference points, adaptation‐level theory, and assimilation‐contrast theory are used to formulate hypotheses concerning the relationships between perceived service quality, consumer expectations, and perceptions. These hypotheses were empirically investigated through an experiment that manipulated expectations and perceptions while measuring perceived service quality.Findings – The principal finding is that consumer expectations are positive predictors of perceived service quality (i.e. higher expectations lead to higher perceptions of quality). Another finding is that the relationship between expectations and perceived service quality is much stronger than prior literature suggests.Practical implications – The practical implication of this study is that practitioners should seek to...
A Study of Horizontal-to-Vertical Component Spectral Ratio in the New Madrid Seismic Zone

The horizontal-to-vertical component (H/V) spectral ratio of the small and moderate earthquake ground motions for the shear-wave window was used as an estimation of the site response in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). The database used in this study consisted of 500 broadband seismograms from 63 events of magnitude Mw 2.5 to 5.2, recorded on 11 stations operated by the University of Memphis Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) at the University of Memphis. All the broadband stations were located within the Mississippi embayment. Soil deposits overlying the rock basement of the embayment strongly affected the amplitudes of the ground motions. The horizontal-to-vertical component ratios were evaluated for the frequency range of 0.2 to 20 Hz. The observed average H/V ratios suggested site amplification between 2 and 4 in the low-frequency range (f ≤ 5 Hz) for stations located on the lower shear-wave velocity deposits (lowlands). The higher shear-wave velocity deposits (uplands) indicated low-frequency amplification be- tween 1.5 and 3 Hz. The observed average H/V ratios were also compared with the soil amplifications in the upper Mississippi embayment developed by Romero and Rix (2005) from the 1D (equivalent linear) method for generic regional profiles. The H/V ratios were also compared with the theoretical quarter-wavelength approx- imation. These comparisons suggested that the H/V ratios could be a first estimate of the site amplifications. Finally, the variability of the H/V ratios with distance was examined and no discernible trends were found; therefore, the path effect model developed by Zandieh and Pezeshk (2010) for thevertical ground motions in NMSZ using the database of this study was also applicable for the horizontal ground motions.
Phosphorylation-Driven Assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 Complex Regulates Programmed Necrosis and Virus-Induced Inflammation

Programmed necrosis is a form of caspase-independent cell death whose molecular regulation is poorly understood. The kinase RIP1 is crucial for programmed necrosis, but also mediates activation of the prosurvival transcription factor NF-kappaB. We postulated that additional molecules are required to specifically activate programmed necrosis. Using a RNA interference screen, we identified the kinase RIP3 as a crucial activator for programmed necrosis induced by TNF and during virus infection. RIP3 regulates necrosis-specific RIP1 phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of RIP1 and RIP3 stabilizes their association within the pronecrotic complex, activates the pronecrotic kinase activity, and triggers downstream reactive oxygen species production. The pronecrotic RIP1-RIP3 complex is induced during vaccinia virus infection. Consequently, RIP3(-/-) mice exhibited severely impaired virus-induced tissue necrosis, inflammation, and control of viral replication. Our findings suggest that RIP3 controls programmed necrosis by initiating the pronecrotic kinase cascade, and that this is necessary for the inflammatory response against virus infections.
Mobility of Electrons in Compensated Semiconductors. I. Experiment

Ionized-impurity scattering mobilities were obtained from Hall-mobility measurements for a series of n-type germanium samples between 10 and 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The specimens were prepared by transmutation doping, and contain a constant concentration of minority impurities (${N}_{\mathrm{Ga}}=2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$), while the compensation ratio $K=\frac{{N}_{\mathrm{minor}}}{{N}_{\mathrm{major}}}$ varies from 0.27 to 0.95. At the low temperatures considered, the number of electrons in the conduction band is very small, and the number of ionized impurities is essentially the same in all samples, ${N}_{I}\ensuremath{\cong}2{N}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$. Under these conditions, the screening of scattering centers is due to ionized impurities rather than to electrons, and it is possible to study the dependence of this effect on the concentration of majority impurities.
Generalized hamiltonian circuits in the cartesian product of two‐directed cycles

We find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a closed walk that traverses r vertices twice and the rest once in the Cayley digraph of Zm ⊕ Zn. This is a generalization of the results known for r = 0 or 1.
4-Aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adducts in fetuses exposed to the tobacco smoke carcinogen in utero.

Maternal-fetal exchange of a potent tobacco-related human carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, was studied in smoking (n = 14) and nonsmoking (n = 38) pregnant women. N-Hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl, the active metabolite of 4-aminobiphenyl, forms chemical addition products (adducts) with hemoglobin. Levels of 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adducts were measured in maternal-fetal paired blood samples obtained from smoking and nonsmoking women during labor and delivery. Carcinogen-hemoglobin adducts were detected in all maternal and fetal blood samples. Levels of such adducts were significantly higher (P less than .001) in maternal and fetal blood samples from smokers: the mean 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct level was 92 +/- 54 pg/g of hemoglobin in blood samples from fetuses of smokers, and 17 +/- 13 pg/g of hemoglobin in blood samples from fetuses of nonsmokers; the mean maternal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct level was 183 +/- 108 pg/g of hemoglobin in smokers, and 22 +/- 8 pg/g of hemoglobin in nonsmokers. Fetal carcinogen-adduct levels were consistently lower than maternal levels: the mean maternal to fetal ratio was 2.4 +/- 1.1 in smokers and 1.9 +/- .98 in nonsmokers. Fetal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels were strongly associated (correlation coefficient [r2] = .51, P = .002) with maternal 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels when paired samples from smoking mothers were analyzed. A measure of third-trimester tobacco smoke exposure based on number of cigarettes smoked per day, amount of each cigarette smoked, and depth of inhalation was associated (r2 = .59, P = .029) with maternal 4-aminobiphenyl levels but not with fetal 4-aminobiphenyl levels. This study demonstrates that a potent tobacco-related carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, or its active metabolite, N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl, crosses the human placenta and binds to fetal hemoglobin in concentrations that are significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers.
Producing Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants: The Case of Canadian Rapeseed, 1954–1991

ABSTRACT The paper develops a theoretical framework to explain changes in crop genetic resources. For this purpose the genetic diversity of crop plants is treated as a social/natural co-construct of human beings in particular historical settings. To illustrate the potential of such an approach, the history of rapeseed (Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L.) breeding in Canada from 1954 to 1991 is examined. Pedigree and cluster analyses are used to evaluate the genetic diversity of rapeseed cultivars as well as its change through time. Relationships between the genetic diversity of crop plants and the ecological sustainability of agriculture are discussed.
Negative creep and mechanochemical spinodal in amorphous metals

Abstract The observed negative creep behavior in amorphous metals (length shrinkage under a tensile stress) is explained by assuming microstructural instability in which the second-order derivative of the Helmholtz free energy is negative with respect to a variable which contains volume or strain in addition to composition. Hence the system is unstable with respect to spatial variations in such a variable. The decomposition of such “mechanochemical” spinodal could be a source of internal stresses which cause embrittlement on annealing.
Diversion of Salmonid Smolts Tagged with Passive Integrated Transponders from an Untagged Population Passing through a Juvenile Collection System

Abstract We evaluated a system to divert salmonid smolts tagged with passive integrated transponders (PIT) from the general migrant population as they passed through a juvenile collection system at a hydroelectric dam on the Snake River. Our goal was to maximize the diversion of PIT-tagged fish while simultaneously minimizing the diversion of untagged fish. The slide-gate system that was tested diverted 81% of PIT-tagged fish detected. The number of untagged fish entering the diversion system with every PIT-tagged fish was proportional to fish abundance and averaged one untagged fish for every PIT-tagged fish. Measures of descaling, injury, and mortality for all fish in the diversion system were similar to those for fish that were not diverted. These results established our basic PIT-tag diversion system as a major tool for conducting research on Snake River anadromous salmonids.