cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roles of antiviral sensing and type I interferon signaling in the restriction of SARS-CoV-2 replication

SUMMARY Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019. Few studies have compared replication dynamics and host responses to SARS-CoV-2 in cell lines from different tissues and species. Therefore, we investigated the role of tissue type and antiviral genes during SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primate (kidney) and human (liver, respiratory epithelial, gastric) cell lines. We report different viral growth kinetics and release among the cell lines despite comparable ACE2 expression. Transcriptoimcs revealed that absence of STAT1 in nonhuman primate cells appeared to enhance inflammatory responses without effecting infectious viral titer. Deletion of RL-6 in respiratory epithelial cells increased viral replication. Imparied infectious virus release was detected in Huh7 but not Huh7.5 cells, suggesting a role for RIG1. Gastric cells MKN45 exhibited robust antiviral gene expression and supported viral replication. Data here provide insight into molecular pathogenesis of and alternative cell lines for study SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Applying Financial Models: To Value, Structure, and Negotiate Stock and Asset Purchases

Abstract In this chapter, the focus is on the application of financial modeling to value and structure mergers and acquisitions (M&As). A detailed discussion of how to construct M&A financial models is beyond the scope of this chapter. Rather, the intent of this chapter is to provide the reader with an appreciation of the general characteristics of such models, their data input requirements, and how they may be used to address questions relating to valuation, deal structuring, and financing, as well as their limitations. For example, models help an acquirer determine the implications of various possible deal structures before submitting an initial offer and in assessing the implications of various financing or postclosing capital structures. However, caution is required when assessing model outputs as they can be manipulated to reflect the biases of their users. Both acquirers and target firms can use models to evaluate rapidly alternative proposals and counterproposals likely to arise during the negotiation process. Models also help all parties to the transaction understand the key determinants of value and the relative contribution of each party to value creation. Such information is critical to each side in the negotiating process in determining an appropriate purchase price and distribution of risk. This chapter also describes in detail how to quantify synergy, the mechanics of estimating the value of options, warrants, and convertible securities in the context of financial modeling, lists common sources of data used in the modeling process, financial statement illustrations, model workflow diagrams, and the logic underlying offer price determination.
Lipocalin2 regulates the p38MAPK-PGC1α-UCP1 pathway to activate the thermogenic program in subcutaneous white adipocytes via a non-adrenergic mechanism (133.5)

Thermogenic activity in adipocytes is negatively correlated with obesity. Adrenergic activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) mediated thermogenesis is well established. Recentl...
Knowledge Life Cycles and Entrepreneurial Ventures

Knowledge, its life cycles, and its relationship with entrepreneurial ventures are investigated. Knowledge types are discussed, together with how knowledge evolves in a firm and in a broader environmental context. Knowledge life cycles are examined from two perspectives: (i) the transformation of knowledge from idea through product development and organizational knowledge-sharing within an organization or new venture and (ii) the evolution of the individual idea from a single firm to a larger network and ultimately to commoditization as a public good. Suggestions are provided for future research direction. Keywords: knowledge; knowledge life cycles; knowledge types; knowledge sharing; new ventures; product commercialization
A Bi-Level Model for Planning Signalized and Uninterrupted Flow Intersections in an Evacuation Network

This paper will address the lack of an advanced model in the literature to locate the optimal set of intersections in the evacuation network for implementing uninterrupted flow and signal control strategies, respectively, which can yield the maximum evacuation operational efficiency and the best use of available budgets. An optimization model, proposed in response to such needs, contributes to addressing the following critical questions that have long challenged transportation authorities during emergency planning. Given the topology of an evacuation network, evacuation demand distribution, and a limited budget the questions are: (1) how many intersections should be implemented with the signals and uninterrupted flow strategies; (2) what are their most appropriate locations; and (3) how should turning restriction plans be properly designed for those uninterrupted flow intersections? The proposed model features a bi-level framework. The upper level determines the best locations for uninterrupted flow and signalized intersections as well as the corresponding turning restriction plans by minimizing the total evacuation time, while the lower level handles routing assignments of evacuation traffic based on the stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) principle. The proposed model is solved by a genetic algorithm-based heuristic. Extensive analyses under various evacuation demand and budget levels have indicated that the location selection of uninterrupted flow and signalized intersections plays a key role in emergency traffic management. The proposed model substantially outperforms existing practices in prioritizing limited resources to the most appropriate control points by significantly reducing the total evacuation time by up to 39%.
Hypotensive transfusion reactions in the era of prestorage leukoreduction.

BACKGROUND Clinical characteristics of hypotensive transfusion reactions (HyTRs) have not been evaluated in the context of universal prestorage leukoreduction. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective review of medical records of patients with HyTRs during the years 2011 and 2012 was performed at two academic medical institutions. RESULTS Thirty-five patients with 35 HyTRs were identified, with an incidence of 1.33 per 10,000 transfusions. Red blood cells (RBCs) were implicated in 21 (60.0%) reactions and platelets (PLTs) and plasma (PL) in 11 (31.4%) and three (8.6%), respectively. The HyTR rate per blood component was 0.019% for PLTs, 0.015% for RBCs, and 0.006% for PL. Mean patient age was 65 years (range, 2 months-87 years), five (14.3%) were pediatric (<18 years), and 20 (57.1%) were male. The most frequent clinical settings associated with HyTRs were cardiac surgery (n = 13; 37.1%), hematology-oncology diseases (n = 11; 31.4%), and general surgery (n = 7; 20.0%). Extracorporeal circuits were used within 24 hours before the reaction in 16 patients (45.7%), including nine patients on cardiopulmonary bypass, four on dialysis or continuous venous-venous hemodialysis, and three on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Four patients (11.4%) received an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor within 24 hours before the HyTR. Seventeen patients (48.6%) responded to stopping the transfusion and supportive treatment. Thirteen patients (37.1%) had severe reactions. No HyTR resulted in death. CONCLUSION In the absence of bedside leukoreduction filters, several medical situations are associated with HyTRs. The pathophysiology of HyTRs is yet to be defined. The US hemovigilance system allows for standardization of transfusion reactions, which facilitates their classification and study.
Neonatal T Cells in an Adult Lung Environment Are Competent to Resolve Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

Initiation of the pulmonary inflammatory response to Pneumocystis carinii is delayed by 3 wk in mice infected as neonates compared with adults. There was no difference in the proliferative response of draining lymph node T cells from mice infected as neonates compared with adults when stimulated in vitro with either Con A or anti-CD3 mAb. However, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA expression in the lungs of P. carinii -infected neonates was significantly lower than in adults indicating a lack of appropriate activation signaling in the local environment. This may have been due to active suppression because TGF-β mRNA expression was significantly elevated in neonatal lungs compared with adults. To determine whether T cells from 10-day-old mice would effect resolution of P. carinii if harbored in an adult lung environment, cells were adoptively transferred to SCID mice with established P. carinii infections. There was no difference in the kinetics of T cell migration into the lungs or of clearance of P. carinii organisms when SCID mice were reconstituted with splenocytes from young mice as compared with adult mice. Furthermore, splenocytes from young mice stimulated both TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA expression to levels that were similar to that in the lungs of SCID mice reconstituted with adult cells. These data indicate that neonatal lymphocytes are competent to resolve P. carinii infection when harbored in an adult lung environment, suggesting that the neonatal lung environment, and not the T cells, is ineffective at responding to P. carinii infection.
Strength-degrading mechanisms for chemically-vapor-deposited SCS-6 silicon carbide fibers in an argon environment

The room-temperature tensile strengths of chemically-vapor-deposited SCS-6 silicon carbide fibers were measured after 1 to 400 h heat treatments in 0.1 MPa of argon at temperatures up to 2100°C. The fibers heat-treated for 1 h above 1400°C and those heat-treated for 400 h above 1300°C showed strength degradation. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination of the degraded fibers showed formation of a recrystallization region within the outer zone of the SiC sheath and the growth of SiC particles in the carbon-rich surface coating. The activation energy for the growth of the recrystallization region was ∼370 kJ/mol. The tensile strength of the fibers was found to vary as an inverse function of the recrystallized zone thickness.
Data-intensive spatial filtering in large numerical simulation datasets

We present a query processing framework for the efficient evaluation of spatial filters on large numerical simulation datasets stored in a data-intensive cluster. Previously, filtering of large numerical simulations stored in scientific databases has been impractical owing to the immense data requirements. Rather, filtering is done during simulation or by loading snapshots into the aggregate memory of an HPC cluster. Our system performs filtering within the database and supports large filter widths. We present two complementary methods of execution: I/O streaming computes a batch filter query in a single sequential pass using incremental evaluation of decomposable kernels, summed volumes generates an intermediate data set and evaluates each filtered value by accessing only eight points in this dataset. We dynamically choose between these methods depending upon workload characteristics. The system allows us to perform filters against large data sets with little overhead: query performance scales with the cluster's aggregate I/O throughput.
Robotic radical prostatectomy learning curve of a fellowship-trained laparoscopic surgeon.

Background and Purpose: Several experienced practitioners of open surgery with limited or no laparoscopic background have adopted robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP) as an alte...
Buoyant axisymmetric turbulent diffusion flames in still air

Abstract A theoretical and experimental study of buoyant, axisymmetric, turbulent, diffusion flames is described. Measurements included profiles of mean velocity, velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stress, mean temperature, and mean concentrations for two flames having heat release rates of 1.67 and 8.51 kW, respectively. Flame shape and the variation of flame radiation along the axis were also measured. A portion of the measurements were compared with a k - ϵ - g turbulence model which was developed earlier and has been calibrated for a variety of combusting and noncombusting forced flows at relatively high Reynolds numbers. The model provides for buoyancy in the governing equations for mean quantities, but neglects effects of buoyancy on turbulence characteristics. The model provided an estimation of data trends; however, errors in the predictions were greater than for forced combusting flows. The greatest discrepancy involved the width of the flow in the upper portions of the flames, which the model underestimated by as much as 50%. Although care was taken to minimize room disturbances during the tests, it is felt that they may be an important factor in the discrepancy. Effects of low Reynolds numbers and buoyancy on turbulence properties, uncertainties in estimating the initial conditions for the computations, and the accuracy of the measurements are also advanced as factors contributing to the differences between predictions and measuremnets.
A mathematical model of rat ascending Henle limb. II. Epithelial function

A mathematical model of ascending Henle limb (AHL) epithelium has been fashioned using kinetic representations of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2), KCC4, and type 3 Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE3), with transporter densities selected to yield the reabsorptive Na+ flux expected for rat tubules in vivo. Of necessity, this model predicts fluxes that are higher than those measured in vitro. The kinetics of the NKCC and KCC are such that Na+ reabsorption by the model tubule is responsive to variation in luminal NaCl concentration over the range of 30 to 130 mM, with only minor changes in cell volume. Peritubular KCC accounts for about half the reabsorptive Cl- flux, with the remainder via peritubular Cl- channels. Transcellular Na+ flux is turned off by increasing peritubular KCl, which produces increased cytosolic Cl- and thus inhibits NKCC2 transport. In the presence of physiological concentrations of ammonia, there is a large acid challenge to the cell, due primarily to NH4+ entry via NKCC2, with diffusive NH3 exit to both lumen and peritubular solutions. When NHE3 density is adjusted to compensate this acid challenge, the model predicts luminal membrane proton secretion that is greater than the HCO3(-)-reabsorptive fluxes measured in vitro. The model also predicts luminal membrane ammonia cycling, with uptake via NKCC2 or K+ channel, and secretion either as NH4+ by NHE3 or as diffusive NH3 flux in parallel with a secreted proton. If such luminal ammonia cycling occurs in vivo, it could act in concert with luminal K+ cycling to facilitate AHL Na+ reabsorption via NKCC2. With physiological ammonia, peritubular KCl also blunts NHE3 activity by inhibiting NH4+ uptake on the Na-K-ATPase, and alkalinizing the cell.
Planning and performance in Australian retailing

This article reports on a research study undertaken among Australian retailing organizations. ‘Quality of Planning’ ratings for fourteen firms in Australian Retailing were derived from the application of predetermined weights to the results of a questionnaire on planning. It was found that high quality planning is significantly associated with a high level of performance (as measured by improvement in profits, rates of return on invested capital and rates of return on total funds employed; and on the absolute rate of return on invested capital). Moderate quality planning is associated with moderate performance. When planning is of a low level of quality, the relationship between the quality of planning and performance becomes ambiguous.
A note on arc length

We consider how the arc length integral of the graph of a function in the plane is connected with the hyperbola and its rational parameterization.
Renal artery stenosis and pheochromocytoma: Coexistence and treatment

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop an optimal treatment plan for coexisting pheochromocytoma and renal artery stenosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the evaluation and management of a hypertensive 14-year-old boy was conducted. Results: Secondary causes of hypertension were excluded initially including intracranial, cardiac, and endocrine abnormalities. A renal scan showed right renal function at 39%. Angiography confirmed a 90% subsegmental stenosis, as well as noting a blush suggesting a tumor. A computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen showed a right adrenal mass. Serum epinephrine was 3,006 pg/mL (normal, Conclusions: Extraadrenal pheochromocytomas (paragangliomas) occur more frequently in children and are most commonly located in the renal hilum. In this location, they may present initially as renal artery stenosis as a result of direct arterial compression, fibrous bands, or catecholamine-induced vasospasm. Our experience supports tumor resection of extraadrenal pheochromocytomas as the definitive treatment for both conditions. J Pediatr Surg 35:714-716. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Spectrum of NAFLD and diagnostic implications of the proposed new normal range for serum ALT in obese women.

The upper limit of normal for ALT activity has been recommended to be lowered to ≤30 U/L in men and ≤19 U/L in women. These changes have been suggested to be diagnostically useful in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and spectrum of NAFLD with regard to the new ALT guidelines in 233 women with class II/III obesity. We compared our prior reference range for ALT (ULN ≤ 30 U/L in women) with the new standard. Our study demonstrates that only 86 patients (36.9%) would be classified as having normal ALT levels compared with 169 patients (72.5%) by the new and old standards, respectively. In patients with normal ALT activity (new vs. old standard), the prevalence of fatty liver (FL: 39.5% vs 40.2%), portal fibrosis, and steatosis (IPF: 37.2% vs. 33.7%) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH: 23.3% vs. 26%) were similar. In comparison, newly defined patients with elevated ALT levels (>19 U/L) demonstrated an increased prevalence of FL (36%) and IPF (11.6%) but a 23.8% decrease in the prevalence of NASH as compared with the old standard. The sensitivity and specificity for NASH were 42% and 80% (ALT > 30 U/L) compared with 74% and 42% (ALT > 19 U/L). In conclusion, a significant increase in the prevalence of FL and IPF is detected in subjects with elevated ALT levels with the application of the new standard. However, the diagnostic utility for ALT to identify NASH or IPF remains poor, and significant healthcare expenditures may be incurred if this standard is adopted. (HEPATOLOGY 2005.)
Sample-dependent resolution in scanning tunneling microscopy.

In any microscopy or spectroscopy, quantitative analysis of data requires some knowledge of the instrumental resolution function. Analysis in fact often involves image deconvolution, at least implicitly. However, for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the very definition of resolution becomes problematic and has until now been addressed only for metals, the simplest case. Here a natural general expression for the resolution of STM is developed. This definition gives a resolution function which may be strongly sample dependent in the case of semiconductors or semimetals, and which has an anomalous line shape and linewidth in certain cases. Thus image deconvolution is not generally possible, even in principle, without an understanding of the sample electronic structure.
The superconducting high-resolution soft X-ray spectrometer at the advanced biological and environmental X-ray facility

Abstract We have built a 36-pixel superconducting tunnel junction X-ray spectrometer for chemical analysis of dilute samples in the soft X-ray band. It offers an energy resolution of ∼10–20 eV FWHM below 1 keV, a solid angle coverage of ∼10−3, and can be operated at total rates of up to ∼106 counts/s. Here, we describe the spectrometer performance in speciation measurements by fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Advanced Biological and Environmental X-ray facility at the ALS synchrotron.
The design and construction of a Pb/scintillator sampling calorimeter with wavelength shifter fiber optic readout

Abstract A Pb/scintillator sampling calorimeter covering the pseudorapidity interval of η = 0.83 to 4.20 has been designed and constructed for Experiment 814 of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The calorimeter uses wavelength shifting optical fibers for readout. Such fibers allow the construction of a highly granular and longitudinally compact device. A novel scheme for coupling a fiber to a scintillator plate has been designed that yields a high photoelectron response. Longitudinally, the calorimeter has a depth of four interaction lengths divided into two electromagnetic sections and two hadronic sections of 0.4, 0.4, 1.6, and 1.6 interaction lengths, respectively.
Influenza Vaccination in Adolescents With High-Risk Conditions

OBJECTIVES We assessed influenza vaccination rates from 1992 to 2002, individual continuity of vaccination, and missed opportunities for vaccination in adolescents with high-risk conditions. METHODS We performed a retrospective observational study of 18 703 adolescents with high-risk conditions who were enrolled in a large health maintenance organization and received care at a multisite practice for >or=1 influenza season and the preceding year, between 1992 and 2002, was performed. Subjects were identified as having a high-risk condition if they had >or=1 visit with an associated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code during the season or previous year. Influenza vaccination rates were compared by season in logistic regression analyses, using generalized estimating equations for repeated measurements of subjects enrolled for multiple seasons. Vaccination continuity was measured for adolescents who were enrolled for 4 consecutive seasons (1999-2002) as the number of seasons during which vaccine was received. Missed opportunities were defined as visits during the first 4 months of influenza season at which an unvaccinated adolescent did not receive vaccine. RESULTS For adolescents with high-risk conditions, influenza vaccination rates varied from 8.3% to 15.4%. Rates improved significantly from 1992 to 1993, from 8.3% to 12.8%, and again in 2001, reaching 15.4%. Only 11.1% of those enrolled continuously from 1999 to 2002 received vaccine during all 4 seasons. According to season from 1992 to 2002, 45.7% to 53.6% of unvaccinated subjects had >or=1 missed opportunity. CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccination rates in adolescents with high-risk conditions improved from 1992 to 2002 but were still low in recent years. Individual vaccination continuity was poor. Numerous opportunities already exist for improving coverage.
Acid phosphatase activity in phosphorus‐deficient white lupin roots

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) develops proteoid roots when grown in phosphorus (P)-deficient conditions. These short, lateral, densely clustered roots are adapted to increase P availability. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown proteoid roots have higher rates of non-photosynthetic carbon fixation than normal roots and altered metabolism to support organic acid exudation, which serves to solubilize P in the rhizosphere. The present work indicates that proteoid roots possess additional adaptations for increasing P availability and possibly for conserving P in the plant. Roots from P-deficient (–P) plants had significantly greater acid phosphatase activity in both root extracts and root exudates than comparable samples from P-sufficient (+P) plants beginning 10 d after emergence. The increase in activity in –P plants was most pronounced in the proteoid regions. In contrast, no induction of phytase activity was found in –P plants compared to +P plants. The number of proteoid roots present was not affected by the source of phosphorus supplied, whether organic or inorganic forms. Adding molybdate to the roots increased the number of proteoid roots in plants supplied with organic P, but not inorganic P. Increased acid phosphatase activity was detected in root exudates in the presence of organic P sources. Native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that under P-deficient conditions, a unique isoform of acid phosphatase was induced between 10 and 12 d after emergence. This isoform was found not only within the root, but it comprised the major form exuded from proteoid roots of –P plants. The fact that exudation of proteoid-root-specific acid phosphatase coincides with proteoid root development and increased exudation of organic acids indicates that white lupin has several coordinated adaptive strategies to P-deficient conditions.
Predicting and confirming the effectiveness of systems for managing low-probability chemical process risks

This article addresses the role of a facility's process safety management system (PSMS) in preventing low probability–high consequence (LP–HC) accidents. We review the rationale for the hypothesis that a facility's PSMS is the central driver of accident prevention, and we discuss how this rationale has been incorporated implicitly into the OSHA Process Safety Management standard (PSM) in 1992 and explicitly into both the EU Seveso II Directive and the USA EPA Risk Management Program regulation (RMP) in 1996. We then note that the limited process accident incidence data available to date have not resolved the issue of determining or predicting characteristics of a facility's PSMS that are likely to be effective in reducing LP–HC accidents. Based on a variety of considerations, the authors propose retrospective and prospective case-control studies on facilities with and without RMP reported process accidents using candidate survey instruments to test which survey factors appear to have the greatest predictive power for the likelihood of future LP–HC accidents. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Methane gas migration through geomembranes

The objectives of this technical note are to review the gas transport mechanisms through flexible geomembranes, and to measure the methane gas transmission rate, permeance, and permeability coefficient of PVC, LLDPE, and HDPE geomembranes by performing the standard gas transport test (ASTM D 1434). The measured methane gas permeability coefficient through a PVC geomembrane is 7.55×104 ml(STP).mil/m2.day.atm, which is slightly less than the gas permeability coefficient of 8.61×104 ml(STP).mil/m2.day.atm through an LLDPE geomembrane, but slightly higher than the gas permeability coefficient of 3.91×104 ml(STP).mil/m2.day.atm through an HDPE geomembrane. Thus HDPE exhibits a lower gas permeability coefficient than LLDPE. A field design chart for estimating the methane gas transmission rate for different geomembrane thicknesses is proposed using the measured permeability coefficients for PVC, LLDPE, and HDPE geomembranes and Fick's law. This chart can be used by landfill designers to evaluate the methane gas ...
Retinitis of Cardiovascular and of Renal Diseases

The form of retinitis first recognized in association with Bright's disease may arise independently of any kidney lesions. This paper endeavors to discriminate between the different lesions found in association with acute nephritis, chronic hypertension and nephritis and arteriosclerosis. Presented before the Sioux Valley Eye and Ear Academy, Sioux City, Iowa, January, 1921.
A Qualitative Assessment of Wheelchair Users' Experience with ADA Compliance, Physical Barriers, and Secondary Health Conditions

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) Title III mandates that public goods and services are to be accessible to persons with disabilities. A decade has passed and monitoring is cumbersome. It is actually individuals' perceptions of communities' accessibility that is crucial. In this study, the impact of physical barriers upon five men's access to the community and issues of isolation and secondary health conditions are explored. The following themes emerged in our research: (1) marked ADA knowledge and value variability; (2) persistence of physical barriers; (3) isolation experiences; (4) the attitude of settling for less; and (5) secondary health conditions (depression, inadequate exercise opportunity, pain, and neurological issues).
Tuberculosis in Texas 2011--victories and challenges.

As the year 2010 came to an end, Texas (like most of the United States) found itself watching its number of tuberculosis cases declining. It was at once a cause for celebration and a cause for concern. There is nothing glamorous about tuberculosis. There are few accolades or headlines associated with the work it has taken to reduce theburdenofTBdisease in theUS. It is a testament to thehard work and dedication of committed public health servants and diligent researchers that the numbers are at the lowest this country has ever seen. Are we becoming victims of our own success? Funding streams for TB research have always been modest when measured against the lives affected; now funding for health departments has also dwindled. Real concerns about the sustainability of the efforts that have driven the numbers down are becoming apparent.
Ethically Questionable Research with Children: The Kennedy Krieger Lead Abatement Study

(2002). Ethically Questionable Research with Children: The Kennedy Krieger Lead Abatement Study. Accountability in Research: Vol. 9, No. 3-4, pp. 167-175.
274 Awareness of Advisories for Mercury in Fish

Top of pageAbstract Background: Methyl mercury, a known neurotoxin, is found primarily in fish. No prior studies have investigated inner-city population awareness of these guidelines. Objective: To determine knowledge of the federal commercial fish mercury advisory among an inner city population. Design/Methods: A cross-sectional survey of subjects using a 14-item questionnaire that was pilot-tested and modified by a group of experts and then administered by the same researcher to all subjects. We inquired about awareness of the source of methyl mercury toxicity, at-risk populations for mercury toxicity, and knowledge of the types of fish that should be both avoided and limited in the diets of the at-risk population. Results: 1000 subjects participated, of whom 85% were women, 73% were women of childbearing age (defined as younger than age 40), 43% were African American, and 42% were Hispanic/Latino. Overall, 44% of participants did not know that children should limit fish intake, 42% did not know that mercury was found in high levels in certain fish, and 40% did not know that nursing mothers should limit fish intake. When asked about young children, nursing mothers, pregnant women, and women who may become pregnant, 52% of subjects were unaware about limiting the consumption of tuna, 50% did not know the guidelines for swordfish, and 42% did not know the advisory for shark. Similarly, 53% of subjects did not know the recommendations for consumption of shrimp. Conclusions: A substantial number of subjects were unaware of the federal recommendations for commercial fish consumption. The majority of participants were women of childbearing age, a target population for the advisories. Inner city children have been shown to be at increased risk for developmental delays and thus, may be more vulnerable to mercury toxicity. Our findings suggest a need for further education targeted to this at-risk population.
Ultrastructure of Leukocytes in Acutely Inflamed Dermis and Muscle of Channel Catfish at Different Temperatures

Abstract Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were acclimated for 35 d at 21°C, 15°C, and 9°C. Fish were injected 3 mm beneath the skin surface with 15 μL of turpentine, and inflamed skin and muscle samples were excised after 48 and 72 h for ultrastructural examination. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages were present in the inflamed tissues at all times and temperatures; eosinophils and basophils were not found. Neutrophils were identified by their oval-to-elongate granules with a striated or crystalline core, heavy deposits of glycogen, longitudinal cristae of the mitochondria, and eccentrically located nuclei. Macrophages were distinguished by their numerous pseudopodia, vacuoles, lysosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lymphocytes were distinguished by their chromatin-dense nucleus, numerous free ribosomes, and small volume of cytoplasm. Neutrophils were the most common inflammatory cell present, and there were no apparent differences in relative abundance within the inflammatory foci of fish...
Modification of crystallinity and crystalline structure of Acetobacter xylinum cellulose in the presence of water-soluble β-1,4-linked polysaccharides: 13C-NMR evidence

Cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum in medium containing 0.5% xyloglucan or glucomannan showed altered crystallinities and shifted I alpha/I beta ratios when analysed by solid-state 13C-NMR. By estimating the spectra of cellulose components in each composite, a decreased I alpha content was shown to be countered by increased I beta content in cellulose aggregated in the presence of xyloglucan, causing minimal loss of crystallinity. However, the I alpha decrease was linked primarily to increased disordered content in cellulose produced in medium containing glucomannan. These results are considered in the light of two models for the morphological disposition of the I alpha phase: (i) a series model, proposed on the basis of electron diffraction measurements for an algal cellulose, in which regions of I alpha and I beta alternate along the length of a microfibril, and (ii) a superlattice model, in which the I alpha and I beta domains co-exist throughout the cross-section of each microfibril and form as a result of hierarchical aggregation. The latter model offers clearer insight into the role of the polysaccharides in inhibiting the formation of I alpha crystalline regions. In this superlattice model, polysaccharides adsorbed on surfaces of the most elementary aggregates are displaced to varying degrees during subsequent aggregation, with the presence of these polysaccharides altering the extent of I alpha production at interfaces.
Growth dependence of phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase activity in cultured rat liver cells.

Rat liver epithelial cells in culture (WIRL-3C) have the enzymes that synthesize serine from 3-phosphoglyceric acid. Both phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase (PGAD) and serine-phosphate (serine-P) forming activities fluctuate with time after subculture and are higher in growing than confluent cells. This activity pattern was not common for other dehydrogenases in WIRL-3C cells, nor was it common for PGAD activity in other cultured cells. At time of sub-culture, cells are removed from spent medium, treated with trypsin, and fed fresh medium. None of these parameters causes the rise in activity; in contrast, reduction in cell density and the accompanying stimulation of growth do. PGAD activity decreases when growth is slowed either as the cells progress to the end of the culture cycle, when cells are treated with dexamethasone-phosphate (Dx-P) or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP) and theophylline or when the serum concentration of the medium is reduced to 0.2%. Under these conditions, decreased PGAD activity is paralleled by a decline in growth and DNA accumulation. PGAD activity in WIRL-3C cells is regulated in a manner closely resembling what has been observed previously in rat liver from the whole animal. The possible use of this system in studying regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells is discussed.
Processing–property interactions in poly(vinylidene fluoride). II. Morphology and property characterization of extruded films

The effects of flow history, processing temperature, and exit draw ratio have been studied for a poly(vinylidene fluoride) resin. Quantification of the stress fields and flow kinematics were described in Part I while, in this publication, attention has been addressed to the evaluation of film properties. Hot-stage and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) analyses were used to characterize the thermal behavior; polarized light optical microscopy and electron microscopy were used to characterize the morphology; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) were used to evaluate crystal structure; and mechanical testing was used to evaluate tensile properties. Extensional melt stresses on the order of 1.4 × 106 dyne/cm2 were necessary to induce row-nucleated crystallization in undrawn samples, and in all cases, preorientation of the melt by extensional flow enhanced the efficiency of the α β transformation with drawing. The various transformations on drawing were as follows: unoriented α to oriented superheatable α phase for draw ratio (DR) 25.
Computed tomographic diagnosis of an intracardiac metastasis from osteosarcoma

Abstract A report of the demonstration of an asymptomatic intracardiac osteogenic sarcoma metastasis by computed tomography. This metastasis was successfully excised along with associated pulmonary metastases. Intensive chemotherapy and agressive surgical excision of metastatic osteosarcoma lesions have resulted n 40%–60% long-term survival in these patients.
Kant's Phenomena: Extrinsic or Relational Properties? A Reply to Allais1

Kant's claim that we are ignorant of things in themselves is a claim that we cannot know 'the intrinsic nature of things', or so at least I argued in Kantian Humility.2 I'm delighted to find that Lucy Allais is in broad agreement with this core idea, thinking it represents at the very least a part of Kant's view. She sees some of the advantages of this interpretation. It has significant textual support. It does justice to Kant's sense that we are missing out on something, in our failure to know things as they are in themselves. And it makes tellable, after all, Kant's at first sight untellable tale, about the knowable existence of unknowable things: for we can know that things exist, without knowing what their intrinsic properties are. However, Allais is critical of the way I fill out this core idea, and she has an alternative to offer. She thinks Kant's distinction between things in themselves and phenomena is not a distinction between two kinds of properties, intrinsic and relational. She is critical of my interpretation of causal powers, which I take to be the relevant relational properties: my idea, first, that causal powers are in fact relational properties; second, that causal powers are only contingently associated with intrinsic properties, so that creating substances with intrinsic properties is insufficient for creating causal power; and, third, that intrinsic properties are causally inert. Her criticisms of these three ideas will be the topics of Sections 1-3 below. The last of these, the idea of inertness, will strike many as strange; but it provides an explanation for ignorance of things in themselves. If intrinsic properties are, for Kant, causally inert, then that explains why a receptive knower could have no knowledge of them: Kant's understanding of intrinsic properties and causal powers helps to explain his humility.
A perceptual comparison: All-voiced versus typical reading passage read by children

Abstract The present investigation tested the modified vocalization hypothesis (Hutchinson and Brown, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1978, 3, 149) in young stuttering subjects. In this study, stuttering children ages 7–13 yr were instructed to read two experimentally constructed passages. One passage contained both voiced and voiceless phonemes; the second passage was constructed using only voiced phonemes. Results indicated there was neither a quantitative nor a qualitative difference in the stuttering blocks during the reading of either experimental passage. These results would appear not to be supportive of the modified vocalization hypothesis in children; however, as has been indicative of similar studies, 8 of 22 subjects did demonstrate more dysfluencies during the reading of the passage that contained both voiced and voiceless phonemes.
The Value of Quantitative Analysis for a Critical Understanding of Crime and Society

The value of quantitative analysis for a critical understanding of crime and society has often been questioned. This paper joins the debate by reviewing quantitative evidence on key criminological topics: the causes of crime, public opinion on crime, and the operation and impact of the criminal justice system. This evidence highlights the importance of economic deprivation and racial prejudice and discrimination for understanding U.S. crime and justice and points to the ineffectiveness of the nation’s “get tough” approach to crime control. In these ways, quantitative analysis has already bolstered central propositions in critical criminology and promises to continue to do so.
Tradition and Sentiment in Indonesian Environmental Islam

In 2010-2011, new public messages circulated in Indonesia’s public sphere to “green” Islam. Formal and semi-formal religious education increasingly reflected and supported new ecological curricula and models. Messages of “eco-dakwah” (religious and environmental outreach) by religious authorities connected theory and practice, long established in the pesantren (madrasa) tradition. This paper highlights two affective strategies that were emerging as forms of environmental Islam: first, adapting “tradition” to be a resource for experiential awareness; and, second, the related expectation that feeling and emotion carry persuasive power to alter perception and inspire action. This dakwah cast moral sentiment and action in this world with respect to natural states anticipated in the world to come.
Discovery of a Potent and Efficacious Peptide Derivative for δ/μ Opioid Agonist/Neurokinin 1 Antagonist Activity with a 2', 6'- Dimethyl-L-Tyrosine: In Vitro, In Vivo and NMR-Based Structural Studies

Multivalent ligands with δ/μ opioid agonist and NK1 antagonist activities have shown promising analgesic potency without detectable sign of toxicities, including motor skill impairment and opioid-induced tolerance. To improve their biological activities and metabolic stability, structural optimization was performed on our peptide-derived lead compounds by introducing 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine (Dmt) instead of Tyr at the first position. The compound 7 (Dmt-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-[3',5'-(CF(3))(2)-Bzl]) showed improved multivalent bioactivities compared to those of the lead compounds, had more than 6 h half-life in rat plasma, and had significant antinociceptive efficacy in vivo. The NMR structural analysis suggested that Dmt(1) incorporation in compound 7 induces the structured conformation in the opioid pharmacophore (N-terminus) and simultaneously shifts the orientation of the NK1 pharmacophore (C-terminus), consistent with its affinities and activities at both opioid and NK1 receptors. These results indicate that compound 7 is a valuable research tool to seek a novel analgesic drug.
The miR-17/92 cluster: a comprehensive update on its genomics, genetics, functions and increasingly important and numerous roles in health and disease

The miR-17/92 cluster is among the best-studied microRNA clusters. Interest in the cluster and its members has been increasing steadily and the number of publications has grown exponentially since its discovery with more than 1000 articles published in 2012 alone. Originally found to be involved in tumorigenesis, research work in recent years has uncovered unexpected roles for its members in a wide variety of settings that include normal development, immune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and aging. In light of its ever-increasing importance and ever-widening regulatory roles, we review here the latest body of knowledge on the cluster's involvement in health and disease as well as provide a novel perspective on the full spectrum of protein-coding and non-coding transcripts that are likely regulated by its members.
BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY OF PHOSPHOLIPASE D IN HUMAN NEUTROPHILS

Abstract Neutrophils play a major role host defense against invading microbes. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the phospholipase D (PLD) in the signalling cascade leading to neutrophil activation. Phospholipase D catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid with secondarily generation of diradylglycerol; both of these products have been implicated as second messengers. Herein, we discuss the regulation and the biochemistry of the receptor-regulated PLD in human neutrophils. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest an activation mode in which initial receptor-linked activation of phospholipase C generates diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate. The resulting calcium flux along with the diacylglycerol activate a conventional isoform of protein kinase C (PKC, probably PKC β1. This PKC, in turn phosphorylates a plasma membrane component resulting in PLD activation and a second outpouring of diradylglycerol. The small GTP-binding proteins, RhoA and ARF, also participate in this process, and synergize with a 50 kDa cytosolic regulatory factor.
Performance model of a novel evacuated-tube solar collector based on minichannels

Thermal performance of a novel minichannel-based solar collector is investigated numerically. The particular collector consists of a U-shaped flat-tube absorber with a selective coating on its external surface. The working fluid flows inside an array of minichannels located in the cross-section of the absorber along its length. The absorber is enclosed in an evacuated-glass envelope to minimize convective losses. Performance and pressure drop are evaluated for different inlet temperatures and flow rates of the working fluid. Thermal performance of minichannel-based solar collector is compared to that of an evacuated tube collector without minichannels from the literature. Configurations with and without a concentrator are analyzed.
Annulus fibrosus calcification in the cervical spine: radiologic — pathologic correlation

Intervertebral disc calcification can be secondary to a variety of pathologic processes including some of the arthritidies, metabolic diseases, and trauma. The annulus fibrosus is the most commonly calcified component and may mimic vertebral body fracture, limbus vertebra, or a persistent ring apophysis. We describe two young patients who developed calcification in the anterior annulus fibrosus and present radiologic-pathologic correlation in this condition in another case. This calcification may actually be secondary to subclinical or chronic stress on the involved intervertebral disc.
High-Risk Pediatric Orthopedic Pitfalls

Pediatric patients often present to the emergency department with orthopedic pathology that can challenge the emergency department physician. This article focuses on key diagnoses that are frequently mismanaged. These diagnoses require specific knowledge to execute appropriate treatment. Pediatric fractures, compartmental syndrome, bone and joint infection, limp and non-accidental trauma are reviewed. Approach to the workup of these patients and treatment algorithms are discussed.
Assessing the Health of Individuals and Populations in Surveys of the Elderly: Some Concepts and Approaches.

Most health survey research in devoted to assessing the health of individuals in a defined population. Various measures include the prevalence and incidence of diseases, signs and symptoms, functional states, and use of health services. However, assessing individual biologic robustness can be problematic, and some suggestions for testable approaches are offered. Additionally, there are characteristics of the health of populations or communities, not referent to individual constituents, that have been underutilized. These include measures of the physical, social, and health service environment.
leaf cuticular alkanes of cultivated Polyscias

Abstract Leaf cuticular alkane analysis of 34 cultivars of Polyscias generally supported morphological classifications of this genus, but variability within groups such as P. crispatum suggested that alkane data by itself is insufficient for classification of the various cultivars into species. Alkanes with 27–33 carbon atoms were present in most species, with C 31 predominating.