cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW OF MERCURY POROSIMETRY

The mercury intrusion method is commonly used to characterize a porous material as to its pore-size distribution by means of a mercury porosimeter. It is a device capable of generating suitably high pressures and measuring the volume of mercury taken up by the pores. The volume change with increase of pressure may be measured several ways. The most common way has been direct visual observation through a window in the pressure vessel called the “Sight Gauge”. It had an advantage over the remote type of measuring devices, such as resistance wires, capacitive bridges, and followers, in that it allowed direct visual observation of the volume change and direct reading of the dilatometer. The disadvantage of this method is that it is virtually hopeless to attempt to build such a “Sight Gauge” for high pressure operation, where the window would have to withstand pressures above 15,000 PSI. Therefore, a more practical and economical approach has been to use the remote read-out devices. Platinum-Iridium resistance wire has been used in the dilatometer to relate the change in resistance to the change in volume of the dilatometer.
Distortion- and Noise-Robust Digital Watermarking Using Input and Fourier-Plane Phase Encoding

In this chapter, we propose a technique for information hiding using input and Fourier-plane phase encoding. The proposed method uses a weighed double-phase-encoded hidden image embedded within a host image as the transmitted image. We develop an analytical presentation for the system performance using the statistical properties of double-phase encoding. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) metric is used as a measure for the degradation in the quality of the host image and the recovered hidden image. We test, analytically, the distortion of the hidden image due to the host image and the effect of occlusion of the pixels of the transmitted image (that is, the host image containing the hidden image). Moreover, we discuss the effect of using only the real part of the transmitted image to recover the hidden image. Computer simulations are presented to test the system performance against these types of distortions. Simulations illustrate the system’s ability to recover the hidden image under distortions and the robustness of the hidden image against removal trials.
A uniform flow effective diffusivity approach for conjugate forced convection from a discrete rectangular source on a thin conducting plate

A model for uniform parallel flow over the surface of a rectangular source of heat on a conducting plate is used to demonstrate the use of analytic Greens functions to formulate the conjugate problem. The Greens functions are solutions to the temperature field that arise from a point source of heat on the surface. They provide a relationship between the local heat flux and surface temperature on the plate, effectively serving the same role as the heat transfer coefficient. By coupling the pointwise Greens function to a finite element discretization of the thin plate, the surface temperature and convective heat flux distributions on the heat source and its substrate are found by a non-iterative procedure. A parametric study showed that at high Peclet numbers, the heat transfer from the source approached the behavior of an infinite 2D source of heat. The average Nusselt numbers for rectangular sources of different aspect ratios were found to be insensitive to source aspect ratio at high Peclet numbers. Board conduction reduced the average Nusselt numbers over the source when it was defined in terms of the freestream temperature. New correlations for the source Nusselt number as a function of flow Peclet number and board conductivity are presented.
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON'S EVOLUTIONARY WORDSWORTH

While crediting William Wordsworth's tutelage in his 1887 essay “Books Which Have Influenced Me,” Robert Louis Stevenson indicates that the poet's contribution to his writing is difficult to pin down: “Wordsworth should perhaps come next. Every one has been influenced by Wordsworth and it is hard to tell precisely how” (164). Seeking to understand this relationship, I examined Stevenson's copy of Wordsworth's The Poetical Works (1858) at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. Stevenson's penciled markings, cross-references, and annotations fill the six-volume set, indicating careful and repeated reading over many years. Stevenson purchased the edition as he was entering adulthood in Edinburgh, and kept it with him until the end of his life in Samoa. While Stevenson's marginalia cannot be precisely dated, the handwriting alongside Wordsworth's poetry ranges from the large sloped script of his early years (1870--1874) to the smaller, more rounded and upright letters he used in the final period of his life (1890–1894). Given this record and the frequency and depth of Stevenson's allusions to Wordsworth in his fiction, essays, and letters, it is surprising that no study of the relationship has been undertaken. In recent book-length studies of Romantic influences on Victorian writing, Stevenson is rarely mentioned, and never in connection with Wordsworth. Even Stephen Gill's encyclopedic Wordsworth and the Victorians makes no reference to Stevenson.
Statins, Ezetimibe, and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin–Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors to Reduce Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Events

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the physiologically normal levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the thresholds for development of atherosclerosis and adverse coronary events are in the 30- to 70-mg/dl range. More patients have been studied in randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of statins on outcomes than any other drug class in the history of medicine. This cumulative body of evidence documents that atherosclerosis progression is halted and coronary heart disease events are minimized when statin therapy with or without ezetimibe, and possibly proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, is used to drive down the LDL-C to a range of about 30 to 50 mg/dl. Thus far, these agents appear to be safe even when LDL-C is lowered to about 50 mg/dl, although more robust outcome and safety data are required, particularly for the PCSK9 inhibitors and very low LDL-C levels (e.g., down to 25 mg/dl). In conclusion, the current national guidelines specifying only the use of a high-potency statin without specific LDL-C goals may lead to substantial undertreatment of high-risk patients, leaving them vulnerable to future adverse cardiovascular events.
Collaborative computer graphics product development between academia and government: a dynamic model

Collaborations and partnerships between academia and government agencies are common, especially when it comes to research and development in the fields of science, engineering and technology. However, collaboration between a government agency and an art school is rather atypical. This paper presents the Collaborative Student Project, which aims to explore the following challenge: The ideation, development and realization of education and public outreach products for NASA's upcoming ICESat-2 mission in collaboration with art students.
Sham-Controlled Trials for Coronary Interventions: Ethically Acceptable and Ethically Important.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) transformed modern cardiology. The evolution of our understanding of its role has been similarly remarkable. The COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation) trial, for
Hopf C*-Algebras And Their Representations

In this paper, we study the finite dimensional unitary representations of Hopf C*-algebras. First of all, we study the characters of representations, and show the orthogonal relations for characters of finite dimensional irreducible representations and the matrix coefficients of finite dimensional irreducible representations, these are generalizations of the results about repersentations of compact groups; also, we consider the representation algebras of Hopf C*-algebras, and prove a Peter-Weyl type theorem for representation algebras. Finally, we pose some open problems on Hopf C*-algebra theory for possible future development.
BILATERAL ADRENAL MYELOLIPOMAS PRESENTING AS ACUTE ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY IN AN ADULT WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA

Introduction Adrenal myelolipomas are relatively rare, benign tumors composed of adipocytes and myeloid cells that arise in response to chronic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. We present the case of bilateral adrenal myelolipomas in a patient with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) presenting with acute adrenal insufficiency and severe virilization. Case A 39-year-old Hispanic adult, who raised as a male, presented with nausea, vomiting, and hypotension. Phenotypically, he was a man of short stature. He was noted to have hyperpigmentation of the skin, gingiva and nail beds. Genital examination revealed micropenis and no palpable testes. Laboratory testing was significant for hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, a low cortisol and elevated ACTH, consistent with primary adrenal insufficiency. An abdominal computerized tomography showed 6×4.5×5 cm right and 2.3×1.4×2.5 cm left adrenal masses with radiological characteristic of myelolipomas. A magnetic resonance imaging of pelvis revealed a...
Eicosanoids and Bioactive Lipids as Modifiers of Multistage Carcinogenesis In Vitro

Every cancer arises through a multistep process involving a series of genetic events. While one or more of the steps requires activation of normal cellular genes into oncogenes (1) the ultimate course and frequency of the neoplastic process are largely determined by an interplay of exogenous and endogenous factors (1,2). Permissive factors such as hormones act as co-transforming agents and potentiate carcinogenesis (1). These are balanced under normal conditions by cellular protective factors which suppress the neoplastic process.
Phase Transitions & Pattern Formation in Monolayers

There is a long history of research into the properties of insoluble monolayers at the air/water interface. This topic is receiving renewed attention because of the availability of new techniques that provide information about the microscopic structures of monolayer phases1 and because the properties of monolayers are related to those of more complex fluids composed of amphiphiles. I will focus primarily on the results of one type of experiment, fluorescence microscopy, and I will briefly describe some of the rich variety of phenomena that can be observed in studies of equilibrium and dynamic properties with this method.
Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in breast cancer.

Background: Elevated platelet count at the time of diagnosis has been suggested to identify a subset of patients with cancer (e.g. ovarian and lung adenocarcinoma) and poor prognosis. The evidence on the incidence and prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in breast cancer is, however, incomplete. Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 127 consecutive patients with breast cancer at our Institution. Results: None of the 81 newly- diagnosed patients had an elevated platelet count (mean=252×10 6 /l). Out of the 31 patients with metastatic disease, one exhibited mild thrombocytosis (445×10 6 /l) but the mean value (239×10 6 /l) was similar to that seen in patients with localized disease. Conclusion: We conclude that thrombocytosis in breast cancer is rare and thus, unlike in other types of cancer, and has limited (if any) value in clinical decision making. Thrombocytosis can be an early indicator of cancer. In fact, one in three women with ovarian adenocarcinoma have thrombocytosis (average platelet count=558×10 6 /l) at the time of diagnosis (1). Importantly, paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in these patients was associated with advanced disease and shortened survival (1). Indeed, in a mouse model of ovarian cancer, the elevated platelet count directly correlated with the tumor size, as well as the burden of metastatic disease, and the use of anti-platelet antibody reduced tumor size and increased survival. By contrast, preoperative thrombocytosis was not a prognostic indicator of survival in colorectal cancer (2). The literature on thrombocytosis and breast cancer is scant and controversial. High interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and platelet counts were reported in patients with metastatic breast cancer compared to those with localized disease (3). In a large retrospective study involving 4,300 patients, moderate thrombocytosis (453×10 6 /l) was noted in a small (3.7%) subset of patients with breast cancer who tended to be younger and were more likely to present with T2 or T3 disease (4). These patients had shorter overall survival (risk ratio=1.73) (4). By contrast, a recent study suggested that it is the platelet- to-lymphocyte ratio, and not the thrombocyte count per se, that predicts survival in patients with breast cancer (5). Of note, in a mouse model of breast cancer, no thrombocytosis was detected in sharp contrast to ovarian and pancreatic cancer models that showed marked thrombocytosis (1). Our objective was to determine the incidence and prognostic significance of thrombocytosis pre-treatment in patients with newly-diagnosed breast cancer in a community hospital setting.
Signal transduction in phytochrome responses

The absorption of red light (R) by phytochrome initiates a cascade of causally related biochemical events in responsive cells that culminate in major changes in plant growth and development. This chain of biochemical events transduces the light signal into critical adaptive changes, and the study of these events is an active and exciting area of research in the phytochrome field today. The purpose of this chapter is to review the evidence on what may be some of the key transduction events in the cascade leading from the photoactivation of phytochrome to the many-varied displays of photomorphogenesis.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging of Primary Brain Tumors

Brain tumors comprise 2–5 % of all neoplastic lesions in adults and remain a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in the USA. The estimated incidence of brain tumors is 14 per 100,000 people/year with 40–60 % of these individuals being diagnosed with having gliomas [1, 2]. Unfortunately, because of the aggressive infiltrative nature of these tumors, most gliomas continue to result in significant disability and death despite the use of the best therapies currently available [3].
Volar Vascularized Strut Graft for Avascular Scaphoid Nonunion Using the 1,2 Intercompartmental Supraretinacular Artery

In this retrospective study, we report the preliminary results of a novel technique for volar vascularized strut grafting to treat avascular scaphoid nonunion by using the 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery through a single incision. Forty-three of 45 patients with avascular scaphoid non
Technique: Transversus Abdominis Release

The goal of modern ventral hernia surgery is to restore the functionality of the abdominal wall. Therefore, tissue-based reconstruction with concurrent prosthetic reinforcement techniques has gained popularity in the past decades.
Traduzione in lingua araba degli abstracts dei numeri 1 (2016) e 2 (2017)

Translation in Arabic of the titles and summaries of numbers 1 (2016) and 2 (2017) by Marwa Marnaoui (PhD student, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy).
Characterization and functional biology of the soybean aleurone layer

Soybean is a globally important oil seed crop. Both the high protein and oil content of soybean seeds make this crop a lucrative commodity. As in higher eukaryotic species with available genomes, the functional annotation of most of soybean’s genes still remains to be investigated. A major hurdle in the functional genomics of soybean is a rapid method to test gene constructs before embarking on stable transformation experiments. In this paper we describe the morphology and composition of the persistent single-cell aleurone layer that derives from the endosperm of developing soybean seeds. Its composition compared to cotyledonary tissue indicates the aleurone layer plays a role in both abiotic and biotic stress. The potential utility as the aleurone layer as a transient expression system in soybean was shown. As a near transparent single-cell layer it can be used as a transient expression system to study transgene expression and inter- and intra-cellular targeting as it is amenable to microscopic techniques. The transparent single cell aleurone layer was shown to be compositionally comparable to cotyledonary tissue in soybean with an enrichment in oxidative response proteins and shown to be a potential transient expression platform.
Abbreviated Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Breast Cancer Screening: Concept, Early Results, and Considerations

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly utilized, especially in screening for high-risk cases, because of its high sensitivity and superior ability to detect cancers as compared with mammography and ultrasound. Several limitations such as higher cost, longer examination time, longer interpretation time, and low availability have hindered the wider application of MRI, especially for screening of average-risk women. To overcome some of these limitations and increase access to MRI screening, an abbreviated breast MRI protocol has been introduced. Abbreviated breast MRI is becoming popular and challenges the status quo. This review aims to present an overview of abbreviated MRI, discuss the current findings, and introduce ongoing prospective trials.
The Development of English and Spanish Among Children in Immigrant Families in the United States.

The variable language skills of children from immigrant families create challenges for families, teachers, and policy makers. A first step toward meeting those challenges is to understand the factors that influence language development in children who hear a language other than the country’s majority language at home. We present findings from analyses of longitudinal data on children in immigrant families in the United States that contribute to that understanding. Our findings support four broad conclusions: (1) Children who are exposed to two languages simultaneously will lag behind monolingual children in their rates of single language growth. This is the normal result of distributed language exposure. (2) Language exposure provided by native speakers is more supportive of language growth than exposure provided by nonnative speakers. Therefore, immigrant parents should be encouraged to interact with their children in the language that allows the richest, most meaningful conversations, not necessarily in the majority language. (3) Preschool attendance does not always provide support for majority language skill. Attention needs to be paid to the quality of language support provided in preschool classrooms if they are to benefit language growth. (4) Acquiring the heritage language does not interfere with acquiring the majority language. Rather, it is heritage language acquisition that is vulnerable.
Hear Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells ROR.

In this issue of Cell, Lytle et al. (2019) integrate functional genomic approaches to identify molecular dependencies of pancreatic cancer stem cells that may be exploited therapeutically. The comprehensive analysis reveals an unexpected role for retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ), a T-cell-associated transcription factor, in defining the stemness and the aggressive behavior of pancreatic cancer.
AUFLIP - An Auditory Feedback System Towards Implicit Learning of Advanced Motor Skills

How can people learn advanced motor skills such as front flips and tennis swings without starting from a young age? The answer, following the work of Masters et. al., we believe, is implicitly. Implicit learning is associated with higher retention and knowledge transfer, but that is unable to be explicitly articulated as a set of rules. To achieve implicit learning is difficult, but may be taught using obscured feedback - that is feedback that provides little enough information such that a user does not overfit a mental model of their target action. We have designed an auditory feedback system - AUFLIP - that describes high level properties of an advanced movement using a simplified and validated physics model of the flip. We further detail the implementation of a wearable system, optimized placement procedure, and takeoff capture strategy to realize this model. With an audio cue pattern that conveys this high-level, obscured objective, the system is integrated into a gymnastics-training environment with professional coaches teaching novice adults how to perform front flips. We perform a pilot user study training front flips, evaluating using a matched-pair comparison.
Consecutive days of exercise decrease insulin response more than a single exercise session in healthy, inactive men.

It is reported that a single bout of exercise can lower insulin responses 12–24 h post-exercise; however, the insulin responses to alternate or consecutive bouts of exercise is unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise pattern on post-exercise insulin and glucose responses following a glucose challenge. Ten male participants (n = 10, mean ± SD, Age 29.5 ± 7.7 years; BMI 25.7 ± 3.0 kg/m2) completed three exercise trials of walking for 60 min at ~ 70% of VO2max. The trials consisted of: three consecutive exercise days (3CON), three alternate exercise days (3ALT), a single bout of exercise (SB), and a no exercise control (R). Twelve to fourteen hours after the last bout of exercise or R, participants completed a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and blood was collected at 30 min intervals for the measurement of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. Calculated incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose and C-peptide was not different between the four trials. Insulin iAUC decreased 34.9% for 3CON compared to R (p < 0.01). Three consecutive days of walking at ~ 70% VO2max improved insulin response following an OGTT compared to no exercise. It is possible, that for healthy males, the effect of a single bout of exercise or exercise bouts separated by more than 24 h may not be enough stimulus to lower insulin responses to a glucose challenge.
Are safe routes effective? Assessing the effects of Chicago’s Safe Passage program on local crimes

Abstract This study investigates whether Chicago’s Safe Passage anti-violence program has changed local crime. The program enhances the safety of students traveling to and from public school by monitoring designated routes. Longitudinal data for several school years and geographic level as fine as street segments are used to examine how the program affects several categories of crime in the safe routes and its closest neighbors during the day and at night. I find that the intervention decreases crime along high school safe routes while in effect. There is no evidence of temporal displacement. However, geographic spillovers do occur: the nearest neighbors of designated streets also see a drop in crime, while streets farther away experience a slight increase.
A tale of three subspecialties: Diagnosis recording patterns are internally consistent but Specialty-Dependent

Background Structured diagnosis (DX) are crucial for secondary use of electronic health record (EHR) data. However, they are often suboptimally recorded. Our previous work showed initial evidence of variable DX recording patterns in oncology charts even after biopsy records are available. Objective We verified this finding's internal and external validity. We hypothesized that this recording pattern would be preserved in a larger cohort of patients for the same disease. We also hypothesized that this effect would vary across subspecialties. Methods We extracted DX data from EHRs of patients treated for brain, lung, and pancreatic neoplasms, identified through clinician-led chart reviews. We used statistical methods (i.e., binomial and mixed model regressions) to test our hypotheses. Results We found variable recording patterns in brain neoplasm DX (i.e., larger number of distinct DX-OR = 2.2, P < 0.0001, higher descriptive specificity scores-OR = 1.4, P < 0.0001-and much higher entropy after the BX-OR = 3.8 P = 0.004 and OR = 8.0, P < 0.0001), confirming our initial findings. We also found strikingly different patterns for lung and pancreas DX. Although both seemed to have much lower DX sequence entropy after the BX-OR = 0.198, P = 0.015 and OR = 0.099, P = 0.015, respectively compared to OR = 3.8 P = 0.004). We also found statistically significant differences between the brain dataset and both the lung (P < 0.0001) and pancreas (0.009<P < 0.08). Conclusion Our results suggest that disease-specific DX entry patterns exist and are established differently by clinical subspecialty. These differences should be accounted for during clinical data reuse and data quality assessments but also during EHR entry system design to maximize accurate, precise and consistent data entry likelihood.
Embracing Maternal Eroticism: Queer Experiences of Pleasure in Maggie Nelson’s The Argonauts

In this essay I approach The Argonauts (2015), specifically Nelson’s attention to maternal desire and eroticism through the lens of motherhood studies and matricentric feminism. I argue that The Argonauts provides a compelling contribution to a fairly new, but increasingly pertinent, discourse of empowered mothering. Nelson’s accounts of the erotic experience of mothering, coupled with details of her sexual experiences within and outside of her relationship with her partner, Harry, address what has heretofore been a deep-seated contradiction between the maternal body and sexual and erotic pleasure and desire. Nelson makes space for the consideration of motherhood and the erotic not as antithetical, but deeply entwined realms of experience. By drawing on Audre Lorde’s meditations on the erotic, as well as scholarship on maternal eroticism, I contend that The Argonauts exposes aspects of feminine and maternal experiences that transgress a patriarchal institution of motherhood which ultimately seeks to contain these experiences within the private sphere of the family.
A Tribute to Angelo Miele

When Professor Skowronski asked me to say a few words about Professor Angelo Miele after dinner tonight, I was both pleased and honored. And perhaps, a little surprised as well.
Ethical Representation by Patient Advocacy Organizations Also Requires Responsible Management of Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest.

In addition to the important question examined in this issue’s target article by McCoy et al. (2020) regarding who can credibly represent a particular patient population, society must address how t...
Zionism - The integral component of Jewish identity that Jews are historically pressured to shed

The yearning and determination of Jews to re-establish their Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel is “Zionism” – an integral component of Jewish identity. It is more than the political movement la...
Chapter 8 – Programming in C and C++

Publisher Summary A C program has one or more procedures of which the first to be executed is called main, and the others are “subroutines” or “functions” if they return a value. An important feature of C is its ability to describe variables and the addresses of variables. If “a” is a variable, then “a “&” in front of a formal parameter is like VAR. An object's data are data members, and its procedures are function members; data and function members are encapsulated together in an object. Object-oriented programming has very useful features for designing the state of the art microcomputer's I/O device software.
Global alterations to the choroid plexus blood-CSF barrier in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The choroid plexus (CP) is a highly vascularized structure located in the ventricles that forms the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) and separates the blood from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition to its role as a physical barrier, the CP functions in CSF secretion, transport of nutrients into the central nervous system (CNS) and a gated point of entry of circulating immune cells into the CNS. Aging and neurodegeneration have been reported to affect CP morphology and function and increase protein leakage from blood to the CSF. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with both upper and lower motor neuron loss, as well as altered proteomic and metabolomic signatures in the CSF. The role of the BCSFB and the CP in ALS is unknown. Here we describe a transcriptomic and ultrastructural analysis of BCSFB and CP alterations in human postmortem tissues from ALS and non-neurologic disease controls. ALS-CP exhibited widespread disruptions in tight junctional components of the CP epithelial layer and vascular integrity. In addition, we detected loss of pericytes around ALS blood vessels, accompanied by activation of platelet aggregation markers vWF and Fibrinogen, reminiscent of vascular injury. To investigate the immune component of ALS-CP, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of cytokines and chemokine panels in CP lysates and found a significant down-regulation of M-CSF and V-CAM1 in ALS, as well as up-regulation of VEGF-A protein. This phenotype was accompanied by an infiltration of MERTK positive macrophages into the parenchyma of the ALS-CP when compared to controls. Taken together, we demonstrate widespread structural and functional disruptions of the BCSFB in human ALS increasing our understanding of the disease pathology and identifying potential new targets for ALS therapeutic development.
Lower Eyelid Retraction: Anterior Lamellar Correction Using Midface Lifting

Lower eyelid retraction is a common sequel to anterior transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty surgery. This chapter describes the use of endoscopic midface lifting for recruiting midface skin to help address anterior lamellar deficiencies and to address mid lamellar scarring via an endoscopic approach.
Complementary Medicine: Medications and Supplements

Complementary medications such as herbal (botanicals, including cannabis), dietary or nutritional supplements, vitamins, and minerals are popular with patients due to the perception that these agents are natural and therefore “safe” and promote healthy living. With limited or a complete lack of evidence for efficacy of many complementary medicines, consumption of these exogenous substances may not only be non-beneficial but also a risk to patient safety if not evaluated by a medical professional. Best practice requires healthcare providers to explicitly ask patients during medication reviews about any over-the-counter (OTC) medications, herbals, dietary, or vitamin supplements. This chapter provides an overview of complementary medicine issues in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) patients.
The Effect of Social Pressures on CEO Compensation

We find that social pressures have a positive effect on CEO compensation. Social pressures come from frequent interactions with other CEOs and wealthy people (Forbes 400 people and social elites) in the local area; from attending industry, alumni, and charitable events; and from displaying and comparing wealth through luxury homes. Pay premiums associated with social pressures (social premiums) are calculated after incorporating the effect of other pay determinants: local economic conditions, firm characteristics and performance, and corporate governance. We show that social premiums are lower when the physical distance is longer and social interactions less frequent. Our results hold in a pay change regression. They are also robust to adding state fixed effects and firm fixed effects, and to controlling for the industry pay norm.
Is It Worth the Risk? Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy With Immediate Bilateral Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND An increasing number of women are choosing to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy with immediate bilateral breast reconstruction. Operating on the contralateral noncancer side is not without its own set of risks. We sought to compare complication rates between the cancerous and contralateral prophylactic breasts. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of all patients undergoing immediate postmastectomy bilateral breast reconstruction for unilateral breast cancer between January 2008 and January 2019 at a single institution. Data were collected on patient demographics, cancer and adjuvant/neoadjuvant treatments, tumor, reconstruction, hospital stay, and complications. Complications were compared between the cancerous and the noncancerous breasts. RESULTS One hundred sixty patients met the inclusion criteria of this study. Of these 160 patients, 33 (20.6%) had complications (major and minor) only to the cancerous breast, 7 (4.4%) had complications only to the noncancerous breast, and 7 (4.4%) had bilateral complications. Most patients underwent tissue expander/implant reconstruction (93.8%) with the rest (6.2%) undergoing abdominally based flap or latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction. Patients with complications were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes, exposure to radiation, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Complications included wound dehiscence, hematoma, cellulitis, seroma, capsular contracture, infected implant, and skin necrosis. Overall, there were significantly more complications to the cancerous breasts than the noncancerous breasts (P < 0.001). In addition, although exposure to radiation to the affected side significantly increased the likelihood of complications to that side (P < 0.0001), patients who were not exposed to any radiation were also more likely to have complications to the cancer side than to the noncancer side (P = 0.00065). However, after controlling for the effects of radiation, there was no significant difference in complications between the cancer side and the prophylactic side when stratifying by specific complications. CONCLUSIONS Although contralateral prophylactic mastectomy with immediate bilateral reconstruction is not without added risk when compared with a unilateral procedure, this study shows that the incidence of complications to the noncancerous breast is less than that to the cancerous breast. This information can be used to help counsel patients with unilateral breast cancer on their treatment options and associated risks.
A risk-based approach for managing hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity.

Risks from induced earthquakes are a growing concern that needs effective management. For hydraulic fracturing of the Eagle Ford shale in southern Texas, we developed a risk-informed strategy for choosing red-light thresholds that require immediate well shut-in. We used a combination of datasets to simulate spatially heterogeneous nuisance and damage impacts. Simulated impacts are greater in the northeast of the play and smaller in the southwest. This heterogeneity is driven by concentrations of population density. Spatially varying red-light thresholds normalized on these impacts [moment magnitude (Mw) 2.0 to 5.0] are fairer and safer than a single threshold applied over a broad area. Sensitivity tests indicate that the forecast maximum magnitude is the most influential parameter. Our method provides a guideline for traffic light protocols and managing induced seismicity risks.
The fate of cannibalized fundamental-plane ellipticals

Evolution and disruption of galaxies orbiting in the gravitational field of a larger cluster galaxy are driven by three coupled mechanisms: 1) the heating due to its time dependent motion in the primary; 2) mass loss due to the tidal strain field; and 3) orbital decay. Previous work demonstrated that tidal heating is effective well inside the impulse approximation limit. Not only does the overall energy increase over previous predictions, but the work is done deep inside the secondary galaxy, e.g. at or inside the half mass radius in most cases. Here, these ideas applied to cannibalization of elliptical galaxies with fundamental-plane parameters. In summary, satellites which can fall to the center of a cluster giant by dynamical friction are evaporated by internal heating by the time they reach the center. This suggests that true merger-produced multiple nuclei giants should be rare. Specifically, secondaries with mass ratios as small as 1\% on any initial orbit evaporate and those on eccentric orbits with mass ratios as small as 0.1\% evolve significantly and nearly evaporate in a galaxian age. Captured satellites with mass ratios smaller than roughly 1\% have insufficient time to decay to the center. After many accretion events, the model predicts that the merged system has a profile similar to that of the original primary with a weak increase in concentration.
In-vivo evaluation of molybdenum as bioabsorbable stent candidate

Abstract Biodegradable stents have tremendous theoretical potential as an alternative to bare metal stents and drug-eluting stents for the treatment of obstructive coronary artery disease. Any bioresorbable or biodegradable scaffold material needs to possess optimal mechanical properties and uniform degradation behavior that avoids local and systemic toxicity. Recently, molybdenum (Mo) has been investigated as a potential novel biodegradable material for this purpose. With its proven moderate degradation rate and excellent mechanical properties, Mo may represent an ideal source material for clinical cardiac and vascular applications. The present study was performed to evaluate the mechanical performance of metallic Mo in vitro and the biodegradation properties in vivo. The results demonstrated favorable mechanical behavior and a uniform degradation profile as desired for a new generation ultra-thin degradable endovascular stent material. Moreover, Mo implants in mouse arteries avoided the typical cellular response that contributes to restenosis. There was minimal neointimal hyperplasia over 6 months, an absence of excessive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation or inflammation near the implant, and avoidance of significant harm to regenerating endothelial cells (EC). Qualitative inspection of kidney sections showed a potentially pathological remodeling of kidney Bowman's capsule and glomeruli, indicative of impaired filtering function and development of kidney disease, although quantifications of these morphological changes were not statistically significant. Together, the results suggest that the products of Mo corrosion may exert beneficial or inert effects on the activities of inflammatory and arterial cells, while exerting potentially toxic effects in the kidneys that warrant further investigation.
Clozapine and COVID-19: A Case Report and Clinical Considerations.

Background The emergence of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and the subsequent global epidemic of COVID-19, brought with it innumerable new clinical experiences across all medical specialties, and psychiatry is no exception. Individuals with serious mental illness, in particular schizophrenia and related disorders, may be especially susceptible to coronavirus infection given the overlapping risk factors of vulnerable sociodemographic status, increased challenges with quarantining requirements, and limited compliance with "respiratory etiquette." The case presented here describes a patient with schizophrenia who was being managed on clozapine and who developed symptomatic COVID-19 infection. Special care was taken to ensure that potential interactions between clozapine and the associated COVID-19 treatments were safe for the patient's mental and physical wellbeing. Case presentation A 71-year-old schizophrenic Caucasian male is being managed with clozapine. While hospitalized, the patient was screened positive for COVID-19 and was admitted to the ICU due to his declining respiratory status. He was treated with both remdesivir and prednisone. He was able to fully recover from his COVID-19 infection. Conclusion The authors review the clinical characteristics of the case, highlighting both the overlapping synergistic effects and antagonistic influences of clozapine therapy in combination with COVID-19 and its associated treatments. A review of the literature offers an opportunity to examine various frameworks for individualized clinical decision-making while making the case for greater epidemiologic research into the optimal management of individuals with a psychotic disorder who are diagnosed with COVID-19 infection.
Units in speech perception

This work was sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant GN-534.1 from the Office of Science Information Service to the Computer and Information Science Research Center, The Ohio State University.
Leadership and Global Justice

Douglas A. Hicks & Thad Williamson Introduction * Gillian Brock Global Justice and Leadership Challenges: How Do We Overcome the Difficulties Involved in Realizing or Advancing Global Justice? * Mathias Risse Justice, Accountability, and the WTO * David A. Crocker Democratic Leadership, Citizenship, and Social Justice * Daniel K. Finn Power, Leadership, and the Struggle Against Government Corruption * Steve Vanderheiden Leadership, Moral Authority, and Global Climate Change * Simon Caney Global Justice, Climate Change, and Human Rights * Jennifer Prah Ruger Global Health Justice * Andrea Sangiovanni Justice and the Free Movement of Persons: Educational Mobility in the European Union and the United States*Waheed Hussain Filling the Gap: Political Consumerism in a World of Weak States * Rebecca Todd Peters Examining the Value of Solidarity as a Moral Foundation for Poverty Alleviation * Thad Williamson and Douglas Hicks Concluding Essay
Statistical refinement of primer design parameters

Publisher Summary In the course of developing markers to build high-resolution radiation hybrid maps of the human genome, various primer pairs are developed for amplifying sequences from complex, mammalian, and whole genome DNA templates. The scale of this development allows examining the parameters used for designing successful oligonucleotide pairs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using statistical modeling on large data sets. This chapter presents the results of such a statistical analysis and shows that modifying primer design parameters significantly reduces marker development failures. Here, three primer parameters are identified –length, GC content, and, specifically, the GC content of the 3' half of the primer. By modifying the primer selection parameters, the marker development success gets highly improved. This statistical analysis demonstrates the potential of exploratory data analysis to optimize primer parameters, or other quantifiable PCR variables, to maximize experimental success. While the focus is on primers designed for marker development, the results of this analysis should apply whenever high specificity of priming with a complex template is required.
Asymptotically Optimal Kinodynamic Motion Planning for Self-reconfigurable Robots

Self-reconfigurable robots are composed of many individual modules that can autonomously move to transform the shape and structure of the robot. In this paper we present a kinodynamically optimal algorithm for the following “x-axis to y-axis” reconfiguration problem: given a horizontal row of n modules, reconfigure that collection into a vertical column of n modules. The goal is to determine the sequence of movements of the modules that minimizes the movement time needed to achieve the desired reconfiguration of the modules. Prior work on self-reconfigurable (SR) robots assumed a constant velocity bound on module movement and so required time linear in n to solve this problem.
The post-spinel transformation in Mg2SiO4 and its relation to the 660-km seismic discontinuity

The 660-km seismic discontinuity in the Earth's mantle has long been identified with the transformation of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 from γ-spinel (ringwoodite) to (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O-magnesiowustite. This has been based on experimental studies of materials quenched from high pressure and temperature1,2,3, which have shown that the transformation is consistent with the seismically observed sharpness and the depth of the discontinuity at expected mantle temperatures4. But the first in situ examination of this phase transformation in Mg2SiO4 using a multi-anvil press5 indicated that the transformation occurs at a pressure about 2 GPa lower than previously thought (equivalent to ∼600 km depth) and hence that it may not be associated with the 660-km discontinuity. Here we report the results of an in situ study of Mg2SiO4 at pressures of 20–36 GPa using a combination of double-sided laser-heating and synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a diamond-anvil cell. The phase transformation from γ-Mg2SiO4 to MgSiO3-perovskite and MgO (periclase) is readily observed in both the forward and reverse directions. In contrast to the in situ multi-anvil-press study5, we find that the pressure and temperature of the post-spinel transformation in Mg2SiO4 is consistent with seismic observations4,6 for the 660-km discontinuity.
Mountain hydrology of the western United States

Climate change and climate variability, population growth, and land use change drive the need for new hydrologic knowledge and understanding. In the mountainous West and other similar areas worldwide, three pressing hydrologic needs stand out: first, to better understand the processes controlling the partitioning of energy and water fluxes within and out from these systems; second, to better understand feedbacks between hydrological fluxes and biogeochemical and ecological processes; and, third, to enhance our physical and empirical understanding with integrated measurement strategies and information systems. We envision an integrative approach to monitoring, modeling, and sensing the mountain environment that will improve understanding and prediction of hydrologic fluxes and processes. Here extensive monitoring of energy fluxes and hydrologic states are needed to supplement existing measurements, which are largely limited to streamflow and snow water equivalent. Ground-based observing systems must be explicitly designed for integration with remotely sensed data and for scaling up to basins and whole ranges. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.
Characterizing the effectiveness of tutorial dialogue with hidden markov models

Identifying effective tutorial dialogue strategies is a key issue for intelligent tutoring systems research. Human-human tutoring offers a valuable model for identifying effective tutorial strategies, but extracting them is a challenge because of the richness of human dialogue. This paper addresses that challenge through a machine learning approach that 1) learns tutorial strategies from a corpus of human tutoring, and 2) identifies the statistical relationships between student outcomes and the learned strategies. We have applied hidden Markov modeling to a corpus of annotated task-oriented tutorial dialogue to learn one model for each of two effective human tutors. We have identified significant correlations between the automatically extracted tutoring modes and student learning outcomes. This work has direct applications in authoring data-driven tutorial dialogue system behavior and in investigating the effectiveness of human tutoring.