cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of the C6-zinc cluster protein, AFLR, to the promoters of aflatoxin pathway biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus parasiticus.

Abstract AFLR is a Zn 2 Cys 6 -type sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that is thought to be necessary for expression of most of the genes in the aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus , and the sterigmatocystin gene cluster in A. nidulans . However, it was not known whether AFLR bound to the promoter regions of each of the genes in the cluster. Recently, A. nidulans AFLR was shown to bind to the motif 5′-TCGN 5 CGA-3′. In the present study, we examined the binding of AFLR to promoter regions of 11 genes in the A. parasiticus cluster. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the genes nor1 , pksA , adhA , norA , ver1 , omtA , ordA , and, vbs , had at least one 5′-TCGN 5 CGA-3′ binding site within 200 bp of the translation start site, and pksA and ver1 had an additional binding site further upstream. Although the promoter region of avnA lacked this motif, AFLR bound weakly to the sequence 5′-TCGCAGCCCGG-3′ at −110 bp. One region in the promoter of the divergently transcribed genes aflR / aflJ bound weakly to AFLR even though it contained a site with at most only 7 bp of the 5′-TCGN 5 CGA-3′ motif. This partial site may be recognized by a monomeric form of AFLR. Based on a comparison of 16 possible sites, the preferred binding sequence was 5′-TCGSWNNSCGR-3′.
Fragment Hamiltonian model potential for nickel: metallic character and defects in crystalline lattices

The Fragment Hamiltonian (FH) model is introduced as the basis for a new class of atomistic potentials that may be viewed as generalizations of the embedded atom method (EAM) and related atomistic potentials. Many metals and alloys have been successfully modeled by this method and other related methods, but the nature of the metallic character in the models has been lost. Here we attempt to recover this character, at a qualitative level, by defining an embedding energy as a function of two variables through the FH model. One of these variables, called the ionicity, is associated with the established concept of background density in EAM models. The FH embedding energy is composed of two types of energies, one for energies of different states of an atom and the other for hopping energies that transform an atom from one state to another. A combination of the energies for the states of an atom yield a local gap energy that conforms to a generalized definition of the 'Hubbard-U' energy. The hopping energies compete with the gap energy to provide a notion of metallic behavior in an atomic-scale model. Lattices of nickel with different coordinations and spatial dimensions, elastic constants, energies for several types of defects in three-dimensional lattices and two surface energies are calculated to show the strengths and limitations of the current implementation and to explore their metallic character.
Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly in Weyl semimetals: Application to pyrochlore iridates

Weyl semimetals are three-dimensional analogs of graphene where the energy of the excitations is a linear function of their momentum. Pyrochlore iridates $({A}_{2}{\text{Ir}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7}$ with A yttrium or a lanthanide element) are conjectured to be examples of such a system, with the low-energy physics described by 24 Weyl nodes. An intriguing possibility is that these materials provide a physical realization of the Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly. In this Rapid Communication we investigate the properties of pyrochlore iridates in an applied magnetic field. We find that the dispersion of the lowest Landau level depends on the direction of the applied magnetic field. Consequently, the velocity at low energies can be manipulated by changing the direction of the applied field. The resulting anisotropy in longitudinal conductivity is investigated.
Applause sign in parkinsonian disorders and Huntington's disease

The applause sign has been previously reported to be indicative of neurodegenerative disorders, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). In order to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value, we tested it in patients with PSP, Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Subjects were asked to clap three times after demonstration by the examiner. The performance was scored as follows: 3 = claps only three times; 2 = claps four times; 1 = claps 5 to 10 times; 0 = claps >10 times. The clap test was videotaped and rated. Patients with CBD, MSA, and PSP showed significant differences in clap scores compared with normal controls. The test differentiated patients with CBD from those with PD (P < 0.005) and HD (P < 0.005), but failed to discriminate patients with PSP from other parkinsonian groups. The specificity of the applause sign is 100% in distinguishing parkinsonian patients from normal subjects with the highest sensitivity in CBD patients. We concluded that the applause sign is highly specific for parkinsonian disorders but it is not a specific sign for PSP; it appears to be most sensitive for CBD.
Homing missile autopilot response sensitivity to stability derivative variations

In a recent study, the robustness of a tail controlled homing missile constant gain autopilot to changes in the aerodynamic stability derivative M? was examined. The constant gains were determined from nominal values of the aerodynamic control derivative, M?, and the stability derivative. The stability derivative was then varied in the positive direction until damping degraded to unacceptable levels and in the negative direction until the system time constant became too slow to achieve a successful intercept against a maneuvering target. Therefore the range of M?'s realized represented an allowable uncertainty in M?. In this paper it is shown that the robustness to variations in M? of an autopilot designed about a nominal M? and M? is strongly dependent on M? and less dependent on the nominal value of M?. If M? and M? values are known accurately and gains can be calculated at each value, then a variable gain flight control system can be designed. It is shown that the range of M? values which a variable gain flight control system can tolerate is much larger than the range of M? values which a fixed gain flight control system can handle. The effect of the open loop crossover frequency ?CR and the actuator bandwidth on the allowable region of M? for both a constant gain and a variable gain flight control system is also discussed. This expansion on the previous study will become more important as improvements in computer technologies such as larger throughput and memory capability allow the autopilot to become more sophisticated.
The number of turns in globular proteins

PEPTIDE chain turns are those parts of a globular protein where the backbone is folded back upon itself. We show here that the number of turns is a linear function of the number of amino acid residues in the protein, and we compare the two contrasting models for turn formation. In a sequence-dependent model, turns are a linear function of the molecular weight, while in a shape-dependent model, they are a function of the two-thirds power of the molecular weight. But, a shape-dependent model also behaves, to a good approximation, as a linear function within the domain of interest. We suggest some consequences of this work for protein folding.
Closeout of four phase II Vanguard trials and patient rollover into a large international phase III HIV clinical endpoint trial.

Abstract Large phase III clinical trials typically require many years of planning and preparation. During this time, proposed study methods and overall trial feasibility can be assessed in smaller pilot studies. However, the patients enrolled in these pilot studies are not routinely included in the larger study. In preparation for a multinational randomized clinical end point trial of interleukin-2 in HIV-infected patients, four phase II “Vanguard” studies were initiated. These Vanguard trials served to increase safety and surrogate marker data in diverse patient cohorts, increase clinical experience with the study medication, and identify the optimal dose of medication for the phase III trial. These trials also served to assess patient recruitment potential and to develop international clinical trial coordination experience. The Vanguard trials were designed to allow continued follow-up of their patients as participants of the phase III trial once the feasibility of the phase III trial was confirmed. The purpose of this paper is to describe the steps taken in the closeout of these four phase II trials while reconsenting these patients to the phase III trial. Specifically, the reconsent process, the data collection transition plan, and the steps taken to minimize bias due to differential reconsent according to the assigned treatment arm in the phase II trial are described. The procedures employed are relevant to the reconsent of patients for long-term follow-up at the completion of clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 2001;22:42–48
Congenital laryngotracheal (LT) cleft: Report of a successful repair in an adult

Congenital laryngotracheal (LT) cleft is an uncommon and highly lethal deformity unless corrected early in life. An unusual case of a patient whose cleft was diagnosed and repaired at age 24 years is described. The embryodysgenesis, clinical staging, and the diagnostic and management considerations are reviewed. A limited cleft (Evans Type I) may be more prevalent than is recognized and may be the cause of some presently unaccountable throat symptoms.
A sequential procedure for estimating the steady-state mean using standardized time series

We propose SPSTS, an automated sequential procedure for computing point and confidence-interval (CI) estimators for the steady-state mean of a simulation output process. This procedure is based on variance estimators computed from standardized time series, and it is characterized by its simplicity relative to methods based on batch means and its ability to deliver CIs for the variance parameter of the output process. The effectiveness of SPSTS is evaluated via comparisons with methods based on batch means. In preliminary experimentation with the steady-state waiting-time process for the M/M/1 queue with a server utilization of 90%, we found that SPSTS performed comparatively well in terms of its average required sample size as well as the coverage and average half-length of its delivered CIs.
Evaluation of Second Look Procedures for Pediatric Cholesteatomas

Objective. This study aims to identify factors that may help predict recurrence, the need for second-look operations, and other outcomes in the pediatric population.Study Design. Case series with chart review.Setting. Tertiary medical center.Subjects and Methods. Five hundred and seventeen ears in 493 patients underwent primary acquired cholesteatoma resection over a 37-year period. Demographic (age, sex, and other medical conditions), cholesteatoma laterality, presence of perforation or otorrhea on otoscopic exam, preoperative and most recent audiologic data, and detailed intraoperative data were collected.Results. Overall, 47.2% of patients underwent second-look operations, with 48.0% having recurrent cholesteatoma visualized with attic recurrence being the most common location. In total, 22.7% of all patients in this study had recurrent disease. Factors at initial operation associated with a statistically significant increased risk of recurrence included cholesteatoma in the sinus tympani (odds ratio =...
Robotic Motion Compensation for Beating Heart Intracardiac Surgery

3D ultrasound imaging has enabled minimally invasive, beating heart intracardiac procedures. However, rapid heart motion poses a serious challenge to the surgeon that is compounded by significant time delays and noise in 3D ultrasound. This paper investigates the concept of using a one-degree-of-freedom motion compensation system to synchronize with tissue motions that may be approximated by 1D motion models. We characterize the motion of the mitral valve annulus and show that it is well approximated by a 1D model. The subsequent development of a motion compensation instrument (MCI) is described, as well as an extended Kalman filter (EKF) that compensates for system delays. The benefits and robustness of motion compensation are tested in user trials under a series of non-ideal tracking conditions. Results indicate that the MCI provides an approximately 50% increase in dexterity and 50% decrease in force when compared with a solid tool, but is sensitive to time delays. We demonstrate that the use of the EKF for delay compensation restores performance, even in situations of high heart rate variability. The resulting system is tested in an in vitro 3D ultrasound-guided servoing task, yielding accurate tracking (1.15 mm root mean square) in the presence of noisy, time-delayed 3D ultrasound measurements.
LONG‐LOTS IN THE RIO ARRIBA*

ABSTRACT The partitioning of land into long-lot fields was an integral part of the Spanish-American land system of New Mexico's upper Rio Grande Valley, the Rio Arriba. Largely Introduced with colony grants, this field pattern accommodated a frontier agricultural population in a semiarid region where floodplans contained limited irrigable cropland. Long lots provided settlers with stream or ditch frontage. The Rio Arriba remained the homeland of the Spanish-Americans, but the land system which had been flexible enough to allow adaptation to the environment and population growth for many years had outlived its practicality by the late 1800s.
Foaming of rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites through a continuous extrusion process

The effects of chemical foaming agent (CFA) types (endothermic versus exothermic) and concentrations as well as the influence of all-acrylic processing aid on the density and cell morphology of extrusion-foamed neat rigid PVC and rigid PVC/ wood-flour composites were studied. Regardless of the CFA type, the density reduction of foamed rigid PVC/wood-flour composites was not influenced by the CFA content. The cell size, however, was affected by the CFA type, independent of CFA content. Exothermic foaming agent produced foamed samples with smaller average cell sizes compared to those of endothermic counterparts. The experimental results indicate that the addition of an all-acrylic processing aid in the formulation of rigid PVC/wood-flour composite foams provides not only the ability to achieve density comparable to that achieved in the neat rigid PVC foams, but also the potential of producing rigid PVC/wood-flour composite foams without using any chemical foaming agents.
Aristotle's Bad Advice about Becoming Good

In the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle remarks that 'we are inquiring not in order to know what virtue is, but in order to become good'1 (1103b27-28; cf. 1095a5-6, 1105b2-5, 1179a35-b4.). In fact, however, the NE contains much discussion of what virtue is, but only a few actual recommendations about moral improvement. Moreover, these recommendations are not very good. I shall argue that Aristotle's three explicit recommendations in II 9 conflict not only with each other and with central components of Aristotle's ethical theory, but also with the facts of moral development.
BQL: capturing and reusing debugging knowledge

When fixing a bug, a programmer tends to search for similar bugs that have been resolved in the past. A fix for a similar bug may help him fix his bug or at least understand his bug. We designed and implemented the Bug Query Language (BQL) and its accompanying tools to help users search for similar bugs to aid debugging. This paper demonstrates the main features of the BQL infrastructure. We populated BQL with bugs collected from open-source projects and show that BQL could have helped users to fix real-world bugs.
Preventing traffic analysis in packet radio networks

Traffic analysis poses a serious threat to communication security, especially in wireless networks. Strong encryption and traffic padding are often used to hide message contents as well as traffic patterns. In a dynamic environment, when real traffic patterns change, i.e. when the network switches its operation mode, determining an optimal cover mode such that the real traffic service is not degraded and the real traffic patterns are not revealed becomes a challenge. In this paper, we discuss different methods of constructing a traffic cover mode, we formulate an optimality problem, and we present a solution to it.
Mantle cell lymphoma: observation to transplantation

Mantle cell lymphoma as a rare non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma can present in different clinical presentations such as an aggressive form or a more indolent picture. Treatment modality is based on multiple factors including age, presence or absence of symptoms, and comorbidities. Watchful waiting is a reasonable approach for asymptomatic patients especially in elderly. In symptomatic patients, treatment is chemo-immunotherapy followed by maintenance immunotherapy or autologous bone marrow transplant. Allogeneic bone marrow transplant has a potential benefit of cure for relapsed/refractory cases, but it has a high mortality rate. Novel treatment with agents such as ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown promising results in relapse/refractory cases. We extensively review the most recent data on diagnostic and therapeutic management of mantle cell lymphoma through presenting two extreme clinical scenarios.
Non-equilibrium gating in cardiac Na+ channels: an original mechanism of arrhythmia.

Background—Many long-QT syndrome (LQTS) mutations in the cardiac Na channel result in a gain of function due to a fraction of channels that fail to inactivate (burst), leading to sustained current (I sus) during depolarization. However, some Na channel mutations that are causally linked to cardiac arrhythmia do not result in an obvious gain of function as measured using standard patch-clamp techniques. An example presented here, the SCN5A LQTS mutant I1768V, does not act to increase Isus (0.1% of peak) compared with wild-type (WT) channels. In fact, it is difficult to reconcile the seemingly innocuous kinetic alterations in I1768V as measured during standard protocols under steady-state conditions with the disease phenotype. Methods and Results—We developed new experimental approaches based on theoretical analyses to investigate Na channel gating under non-equilibrium conditions, which more closely approximate physiological changes in membrane potential that occur during the course of a cardiac action potential. We used this new approach to investigate channel-gating transitions that occur subsequent to channel activation. Conclusions—Our data suggest an original mechanism for development of LQT-3 arrhythmias. This work demonstrates that a combination of computational and experimental analysis of mutations provides a framework to understand complex mechanisms underlying a range of disorders, from molecular defect to cellular and systems function. (Circulation. 2003;107:2233-2237.)
Development and initial validation of a self-report assessment tool for anxiety among older adults: The Geriatric Anxiety Scale

Anxiety is a common experience among older adults and can be a cause for major clinical concern. Brief and psychometrically sound screening instruments are needed to detect anxiety in later life. The purposes of this study were to develop a brief, self-report measure of anxiety for use with older adults (called the Geriatric Anxiety Scale [GAS]) and to report on its preliminary psychometrics. The GAS includes 30 self-report items of which 25 items represent three common domains of anxiety symptoms among older adults (cognitive, somatic, and affective) and 5 items represent common content areas of worry. The GAS total score and subscale scores demonstrated good internal reliability in community dwelling and in clinical samples. In addition, correlation analyses provided solid evidence of convergent and construct validity for the GAS in both samples. Present results support the preliminary validity of the GAS for clinical and research purposes. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and future research topics.
MAPPING BETWEEN TODA AND KDV FLOWS IN THE HERMITIAN MATRIX MODEL

The scaling operators are studied at finite N. We find new singular potentials for which an orthogonal polynomial identity gives the string equation at the double scaling limit. They are free from the degeneracy between even and odd potentials, and provide the mapping between the sl(∞) Toda and the generalized KdV flows. The degeneracy in formal Virasoro conditions are derived explicitly.
Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage by CHOO, MIHO, with HYE–YOUNG KWAK

A review of the book "Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage," by Miho Choo and Hye-Young Kwak is presented.
Influence of Pituitary, Thyroid, and Adrenal Hormones on Norepinephrine Turnover and Metabolismin the Rat Heart

Norepinephrine turnover was estimated in the rat heart from the rate of release of tracer 3H-norepinephrine and the depletion of endogenous norepinephrine after inhibition of synthesis. Cardiac norepinephrine turnover was markedly increased in chronically hypophysectomized rats. Thyroidectomy and adrenalectomy were also associated with increased cardiac norepinephrine turnover, whereas ovariectomy was not. Chronic treatment of hypophysectomized rats with thyroxine and ACTH restored the turnover to normal, the replacement of thyroxine being quantitatively more significant. Cardiac atrophy and decreased blood pressure occurred concomitantly with increased norepinephrine turnover in the hypophysectomized rat and were restored to normal with thyroid treatment. Ganglionic blockade of the hypophysectomized rat also restored the turnover toward normal. The metabolites of 3H-norepinephrine were shifted with a decrease in O-methylated metabolites and an increase in deaminated products. This evidence suggests that thyroid deficiency and, to a lesser extent, adrenal deficiency are associated with an increase in cardiac norepinephrine turnover mediated by an increase in sympathetic nervous activity. The role of the increased turnover in relation to the hormonal deficiencies is discussed.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Clinical Samples

Identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck is rapidly becoming a means of tracking the presence and progress of disease relating to all aspects of patient care, including prognosis, tumor staging (ie, identifying site of tumor origin), and selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from tailored therapeutic options. At present, there is no standard approach for HPV testing of clinical samples. The challenge for the oncologic community is to implement standardized HPV testing using a method that is highly accurate, technically feasible, and cost effective. The use of p16 immunohistochemical staining is acceptable as a method of HPV detection, provided it is used and interpreted in a defined context that takes into account certain anatomic factors, histologic findings, and staining characteristics. The development of detection assays that are optimized for cytologic samples will lead to more widespread implementation of HPV testing and may obviate tissue acquisition and processing.
Determinant attributes in nursing home choice: profiling attribute segments.

Abstract The majority of research of nursing home choice focuses on attribute importance. In comparison, this study identifies attributes that determine choice. Utilizing dual-questioning methodology, 177 nursing home decision-makers rated not only the importance of ten attributes to their choice, but also how different they perceived nursing homes to be on those attributes. When compared, determinant attributes were different from importance attributes. Respondents reported that cleanliness, location, and reputation were most determinant in nursing home choice. However, depending on profile characteristics such as income and relationship of the decision maker to the patient, determinant attributes differed. Therefore, profile characteristics influence determinant attributes.
Asynchronous uplink MC-CDMA with multiuser detection and frequency offset

We analyze the performance of code division multiple access (CDMA) systems with multicarrier (MC) that employ multiuser detection in asynchronous uplink frequency selective fading channels. We obtain the bit error rate (BER) performance of MC-CDMA in terms of the number of users, the spreading factor, the number of sub-carriers and frequency offset. The analytical and simulation results show that MC-CDMA with decorrelation detection displays the BER that varies with frequency offset as well as system loading.
Two-Stage Controller Algorithm for Multi-Spacecraft Interferometric Imaging Systems

In this article a method to calculate near fuel optimal trajectories for imaging missions using multi-spacecraft interferometric imaging systems (MSIIS) is described. The trajectories are calculated using an algorithm that calculates near-minimum fuel solutions subject to near-Earth orbit dynamics, taking into account that the relative distance between target and formation is varying during the time of the imaging maneuver. The algorithm extends previous works where a two-stage algorithm was used to find near-minimum solutions for the optimal fuel problem under Clohessy-Wiltshire equations of motion in a geostationary configuration. The algorithm consists of a higher level nonlinear programming problem, and a low-level linear quadratic tracker that solves for near-minimum trajectories and calculates the dynamics and fuel requirements for this type of maneuver. As application of this methodology, different cases where it could be applied are simulated.
Zebrafish as a model for normal and malignant hematopoiesis

Zebrafish studies in the past two decades have made major contributions to our understanding of hematopoiesis and its associated disorders. The zebrafish has proven to be a powerful organism for studies in this area owing to its amenability to large-scale genetic and chemical screening. In addition, the externally fertilized and transparent embryos allow convenient genetic manipulation and in vivo imaging of normal and aberrant hematopoiesis. This review discusses available methods for studying hematopoiesis in zebrafish, summarizes key recent advances in this area, and highlights the current and potential contributions of zebrafish to the discovery and development of drugs to treat human blood disorders.
Genomics and the nature of behavioral and social risk.

The author reflects on the Human Genome Project and on the relationship between genomics and the nature of behavioral and social risk. He suggests that the project is providing medical professionals with information on the factors that are featured in behavioral and social risk for disease. He argues that while concerns about the project must be addressed, the project will provide payoffs in terms of the prevention of diseases.
Exploring advanced architectures using performance prediction

In this work we show how by the examination of the key characteristics of an application, analytical performance models can be formed. These models are parameterized in terms of computational and communication performances of an individual system and can be used to explore achievable performance of an application prior to system availability. Two applications are considered: an adaptive mesh refinement code on structured meshes, and an Sn transport code on unstructured meshes. These are representative of part of the ASCI workload. One of the models is utilized to validate the performance of a Compaq Alpha-server ES45 supercomputing system being built at Los Alamos, and expected to grow to 30 TFLOPS peak performance in the next year. In addition, the models are used to explore the achievable performance on hypothesized future systems with increased peak computation and communication performance.
Low-Power CMOS Equalizer Design for 20-Gb/s Systems

The power consumption of wireline circuits has become increasingly more critical as the pin count and data rate rise. This paper describes a power scaling methodology and a new half-rate speculative architecture for decision-feedback equalizers (DFEs) to relax the speed-power trade-offs. Designed in 90-nm CMOS technology, a 20-Gb/s prototype consisting of a linear equalizer and a one-tap DFE compensates for the loss of an 18-in FR4 trace while drawing 40 mW from a 1-V supply.
Progress monitoring in mental health and addiction treatment: A means of improving care.

Although monitoring of treatment response is standard practice for many medical conditions, practitioners in mental health treatments, and substance abuse treatment in particular, have been slow to adopt these practices. Progress monitoring (PM), consisting of measurement and feedback, has the potential to significantly improve treatment outcomes. This paper reviews the existing literature on the effects of PM in mental health and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. Whereas previous reviews have examined aspects of PM in mental health treatment, this is the first such review to cover monitoring efforts in substance abuse treatment, conceptualized here as diverse forms of measurement-based care. To address drug use, monitoring in SUD treatment has typically relied on treatment attendance and urine screens as indicators of treatment progress. However, some research has shown that other means of PM can significantly improve SUD treatment effectiveness. Previous meta-analyses show that PM significantly improves outcomes in mental health treatment. More extensive research on three particular measures, demonstrate the effectiveness of PM in mental health treatment. With the growing focus on quality improvement in medical care, there is need for further research and adoption of progress monitoring methods in mental health and SUD treatment.
A comprehensive comparison of graph theory metrics for social networks

In this paper, we explore the relationship between two metrics that appear in the literature of social networks, local efficiency and the clustering coefficients. Next, we investigate these properties for a selection of real-world networks involving fMRI data from athletes and show for non-sparse graphs the relationship between the two properties is very close to linear.
The Musical Shape of Cultural Assimilation in the Religious Practice of Pennsylvania-Dutch Lutherans

The Pennsylvania Lutherans, who spoke Pennsylvania Dutch along with their German Reformed neighbors, were the largest ethnic group in early America outside of the English-speaking population. Like all ethnic minorities, they went through a process of change to the dominant English-speaking society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This process (full ethnic retention, adaptation, acculturation, and amalgamation) is reflected in the Pennsylvania Dutch tune and chorale books that supported various stages of this evolution, depending on location and the editor. Each publication between the 1790s and 1850 contributed to this change linguistically, theologically, and musicologically. Books that supported and promoted full ethnic retention retained the German language entirely had a simple preface outlining the book’s purpose, employed a pure European repertoire, utilized unrealized figured bass or a harmonization on three staves, were printed from engraved or punched plates, and sought to retain German theology from the Reformation era. Later examples were not produced for ethnic reasons, but for theological reasons that resulted in the retention of traits in European chorale books. Tune books moved away from the use of the German language and European repertoire and employed singing-school introductions. Assimilating publications embraced revivalist theology and a type of consumerism that made the books and users look more like their English-language equivalents than their European predecessors. All the while, Pennsylvania Dutch culture was disappearing. This chapter studies retention and assimilation, analyzing the tune and chorale books in the context of folk life. A comparative component allows the reader to view the Lutherans of Pennsylvania Dutch country against the plain people (Sektenleute) of the same region (Amish and Mennonites) to bring this large ethnic group into focus so that Southeast Pennsylvania may be understood as a rich center of religious activity and belief. Further research using the assimilation model is encouraged.
Comparative Cost Analysis of Sequential, Adaptive, Behavioral, Pharmacological, and Combined Treatments for Childhood ADHD

We conducted a cost analysis of the behavioral, pharmacological, and combined interventions employed in a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized, and adaptive trial investigating the sequencing and enhancement of treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Pelham et al., 201X; N = 146, 76% male, 80% Caucasian). The quantity of resources expended on each child's treatment was determined from records that listed the type, date, location, persons present, and duration of all services provided. The inputs considered were the amount of physician time, clinician time, paraprofessional time, teacher time, parent time, medication, and gasoline. Quantities of these inputs were converted into costs in 2013 USD using national wage estimates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the prices of 30-day supplies of prescription drugs from the national Express Scripts service, and mean fuel prices from the Energy Information Administration. Beginning treatment with a low-dose/intensity regimen of behavior modification (large-group parent training) was less costly for a school year of treatment ($961) than beginning treatment with a low dose of stimulant medication ($1,669), regardless of whether the initial treatment was intensified with a higher "dose" or if the other modality was added. Outcome data from the parent study (Pelham et al., 201X) found equivalent or superior outcomes for treatments beginning with low-intensity behavior modification compared to intervention beginning with medication. Combined with the present analyses, these findings suggest that initiating treatment with behavior modification rather than medication is the more cost-effective option for children with ADHD.
Youth Self-Views, Coping with Stress, and Behavioral/Emotional Problems: The Role of Incremental Self-Theory

Previous research has established associations between stress and coping processes and internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and emerging adults. The purpose of the present study was to integrate this literature with research demonstrating the importance of self-theory—views that individuals hold about themselves and their abilities. We examined the extent to which self-theory may influence both coping processes and internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and emerging adults. Using moderated mediation, we tested whether coping serves as a mechanism through which self-theory of both intelligence and personality influences internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and emerging adults. One hundred and forty participants (adolescents aged 14–17; emerging adults aged 18–30; 60 % female; 8.5 % ethnic minority) completed questionnaires on self-theory, coping responses, and behavioral/emotional problems. Results of moderated mediation analyses were consistent with coping as a mechanism through which self-theory influences psychopathology symptoms such that more malleable beliefs are associated with increased productive coping strategies and lower levels of internalizing and externalizing problems. The current findings also indicate that these associations were significant for adolescents but not for emerging adults. Although cross-sectional, findings suggest that fostering malleable beliefs among adolescents may increase the use of productive coping strategies and positively influence adjustment.
Violent video game exposure and aggression A literature review

Over the last 30 years, the video game industry has grown into a multi-billion dollar business. More children and adults are spending time playing computer games, consoles games, and online games than ever before. Violence is a dominant theme in most of the popular video games. This article reviews the current literature on effects of violent video game exposure on aggression-related variables. Exposure to violent video games causes increases in aggressive behavior, cognitions, and affect. Violent video game exposure also causes increases in physiological desensitization to real-life violence and decreases in helping behavior. The current video game literature is interpreted in terms of the general aggression model (GAM). Differences between violent video game exposure and violent television are also discussed.
Electron and hole drift mobility measurements on methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells

We report nanosecond domain time-of-flight measurements of electron and hole photocarriers in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells. The mobilities ranged from 0.06 to 1.4 cm2/Vs at room temperature, but there is little systematic difference between the two carriers. We also find that the drift mobilities are dispersive (time-dependent). The dispersion parameters are in the range of 0.4–0.7, and they imply that terahertz domain mobilities will be much larger than nanosecond domain mobilities. The temperature-dependences of the dispersion parameters are consistent with confinement of electron and hole transport to fractal-like spatial networks within nanoseconds of their photogeneration.
Update in Geriatric Medicine: Evidence Published in 2015.

This Update summarizes studies published in 2015 that the authors consider highly relevant to the practice of geriatric medicine.
Governing with Words: The Political Dialogue on Race, Public Policy, and Inequality in America

Rather than considering political discussions and rhetoric as symbolic, inconsequential forms of politics, Governing with Words conceptualizes them as forms of government action that can shape institutions and societal norms. Daniel Q. Gillion refers to this theory as 'discursive governance'. Federal politicians' statements about racial and ethnic minority concerns aid the passage of minority public policies and improve individual lifestyle behaviors. Unfortunately, most of the American public continues to disapprove of politicians' rhetoric that highlights race. The book argues that addressing racial and ethnic inequality continues to be a tug-of-war between avoiding the backlash of the majority in this nation while advocating for minority interests. Even though this paradox looms over politicians' discussions of race, race-conscious political speech, viewed in its entirety, is the mechanism by which marginalized groups find a place in the democratic process. Such race-conscious discussions, the book argues, have ramifications both within and outside of government.
The Teaching and Learning of Elementary Science

Publisher Summary The traditions of teaching elementary science are set within a context of how most elementary schools are structured. Science is regarded as a form of discourse that has evolved as a relatively recent activity of humankind. The goal of science is to make sense of a universe of phenomena in terms of knowledge that is viable. The teachers at the executive elite school attempted to teach more subject matter and more difficult concepts than in any other school. Constructivism recognizes the central role of the learner in all parts of the process of constructing, reconstructing, and enacting knowledge. If a teacher adopts a role that is constrained by a fair judge metaphor, the possible actions of students in assessment tasks will be constrained by the teacher's role. Performance tasks in science usually involve the use of materials to engage a task, identify a problem, and seek solutions. Materials are frequently manipulated, measurements are taken, and calculations are made as data are manipulated in a process of problem solving.
Outer membrane vesicles in service as protein shuttles, biotic defenders, and immunological doppelgängers

Characterization of host microbial interactions typically occurs on the cellular or protein level. Recently, a more thorough and accurate appreciation of cellular interactions has come into better focus with improved understanding of membrane vesicles (OMV). While OMVs are documented primarily in Gram-negative bacteria, certain Gram-positive species generate these structures, despite the obvious physical limitations of the cell envelope. Here, we briefly review the current understanding of OMVs in content and function, their role in pathogenesis, and the consequences of somatic cell gene expression on these events.
Radix and Dorsum

The radix and dorsum are fused anatomically, aesthetically, and surgically. For the vast majority of patients, their three main complaints in order of importance are the “bump” on profile, the lack of tip definition, and the wide nose. Thus, two of three complaints are located in the radix and dorsum. Anatomically and embryologically, the bony vault and the cartilaginous vault are a single entity – the osseocartilaginous vault (hereinafter the dorsum). The key to designing the optimal surgical solution is the nasofacial angle (NFA), which most surgeons consider to be the most important aesthetic angle in the entire face. The setting of the ideal nasion point determines the nasofacial angle and also whether the radix area needs to be augmented or reduced. Equally, the line connecting the nasion to the tip reveals the need for dorsal modification. This linkage is expressed in the “balanced approach” to the dorsum. For example, a radix augmentation decreases the amount of dorsal reduction required thereby preserving a more natural profile. Osteotomies to nar row the bony vault are neither an automatic maneuver nor a single technique. The cartilage vault requires equal emphasis with spreader grafts done to preserve function and to improve aesthetics. Failure to stabilize the midvault can lead to a visible inverted-V deformity with internal valve collapse. The importance of understanding the dorsum and selecting the optimal operation is obvious in examining a large number of secondary rhinoplasty patients where the sign of a “nose job” is now dorsal deformities rather than tip problems.
"Guess what! You're the First to See this Event": Increasing Contribution to Online Production Communities

In this paper, we describe the results of an online field experiment examining the impacts of messaging about task novelty on the volume of volunteers' contributions to an online citizen science project. Encouraging volunteers to provide a little more content as they work is an attractive strategy to increase the community's output. Prior research found that an important motivation for participation in online citizen science is the wonder of being the first person to observe a particular image. To appeal to this motivation, a pop-up message was added to an online citizen science project that alerted volunteers when they were the first to annotate a particular image. Our analysis reveals that new volunteers who saw these messages increased the volume of annotations they contributed. The results of our study suggest an additional strategy to increase the amount of work volunteers contribute to online communities and citizen science projects specifically.
Mutant-Allele Tumor Heterogeneity Scores Correlate With Risk of Metastases in Colon Cancer.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, has a very broad mutational spectrum, and there is no clinically available biomarker that can predict which patients with stage II or stage III colorectal cancer will develop metastatic disease. Patients and Methods We used a targeted next-generation sequencing approach to analyze the mutational spectra in stage II and III colon cancer patient samples. Results Amidst a broad range of acquired mutations and variants, we found evidence of tumor heterogeneity that distinguished the tumors in different groups. When heterogeneity was quantified using the Mutant-Allele Tumor Heterogeneity (MATH) score, there was a strong correlation between higher MATH score and risk of metastases. Conclusions Measures of tumor heterogeneity might be useful biomarkers for identifying patients with colon cancer who are at risk of developing metastases. This might allow for more specific, tailored follow-up and adjuvant therapies after standard surgery.
The Making of a Skull Base Team and the Value of Multidisciplinary Approach in the Management of Sinonasal and Ventral Skull Base Malignancies

The management of sinonasal and ventral skull base malignancies is best performed by a team. Although the composition of the team may vary, it is important to have multidisciplinary representation. There are multiple obstacles, both individual and institutional, that must be overcome to develop a highly functioning team. Adequate training is an important part of team-building and can be fostered with surgical telementoring. A quality improvement program should be incorporated into the activities of a skull base team.
Analytical Methods Used in the Study of Autoxidation Processes

Fat autoxidation produces flavor deterioration in lipid-containing foods and may decrease assurance of their nutritional quality and safety. Although the classical problems of oxidative deterioration in foods have considerable economic importance, they are now overshadowed by the biological problems of lipid peroxidation that cause damage to membranes, enzymes, vitamins, proteins and vital cell functions. There is now evidence that singlet oxygen plays a role in initiating autoxidation in unsaturated fats.1–4 Singlet oxygen, superoxide and other species of activated oxygen have also been implicated in many biological oxidation processes,5–9 in aging,8,10 as well as in environmental pollution.11–13 For these reasons, there is renewed interest in the problems of fat autoxidation, and oxidation chemistry has become an intensively active area of research.14–19 This review discusses different analytical tools applied in our laboratory to the study of autoxidation. The last section of this review deals with some mechanistic implications of our results.
Goals and the Informativeness of Prior Probabilities

I argue that information is a goal-relative concept for Bayesians. More precisely, I argue that how much information (or confirmation) is provided by a piece of evidence depends on whether the goal is to learn the truth or to rank actions by their expected utility, and that different confirmation measures should therefore be used in different contexts. I then show how information measures may reasonably be derived from confirmation measures, and I show how to derive goal-relative non-informative and informative priors given background information. Finally, I argue that my arguments have important implications for both objective and subjective Bayesianism. In particular, the Uniqueness Thesis is either false or must be modified. Moreover, objective Bayesians must concede that pragmatic factors systematically influence which priors are rational, and subjective Bayesians must concede that pragmatic factors sometimes partly determine which prior distribution most accurately represents an agent’s epistemic state.