cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Buddhisms, Three Buddhisms, and Racism

Over the past several decades, observers of American Buddhism have created numerous typologies to describe different categories of Buddhists in the United States. These taxonomies use different criteria to categorize groups: style of practice, degree of institutional stability, mode of transmission to the U.S., ethnicity, etc. Each reveals some features of American Buddhism and obscures others. None accounts adequately for hybrids or for long-term changes within categories. Most include a divide between convert Buddhists, characterized as predominantly Caucasian, and “heritage” or “ethnic” Buddhists, characterized as Asian immigrants and refugees, as well as their descendants. This article examines several typologies, and considers two dynamics: the effects of white racism on the development of American Buddhist communities; and the effects of unconscious white privilege in scholarly discourse about these communities. It critiques “ethnic” categories and proposes other ways to conceptualize the diverse forms of Buddhism outside Asia.
New-age drug meets resistance

A new sort of anticancer drug, designed to suppress the wayward protein that causes a type of leukaemia, is under the spotlight. Biological detective work has now revealed how this cancer becomes resistant to the drug.
Percolation Behavior in CocMg1-cCl2 and Stage-2 CocMg1-cCl2 Graphite Intercalation Compounds

Abstract The magnetic phase transition of bulk CocMg1-cCl2 and stage-2 CocMg1-cCl2 GIC has been studied by dc and ac magnetic susceptibility, and low field SQUID magnetization measurements. The critical temperature decreases with the dilution of nonmagnetic Mg2+ ions and reduces to zero at the percolation threshold cp: cp ≈ 0.5 for stage-2 CocMg1-cCl2 GIC and Cp ≈ 0.36 for CocMg1-CC12. A possible one-dimensional character of stage-2 CocMg1-cCl2 GIC near c = cp and the irreversible effect of magnetization below the critical temperature for stage-2 CocMg1-cCl2 GIC (0.74 ≤ c ≤ 1) are discussed.
Declarative Computing: A Technology Driver

Over the last 30 years the Declarative Computing paradigm in one form or another has been a continual source of highly publicised research, complex new programs, and vigorous claims of radical breakthroughs. Contrary to popular belief, however, there is significantly more than a shred of truth in these claims. In fact, many of the fundamental changcs that have occurred in the way we approach the process of specifying and performing computation have been driven in a quiet but continuous way by advances in this area. This talk introduces briefly the key threads of the Declarative paradigm, with emphasis on the most novel characteristics not found in conventional computing. Trails arc then drawn to many of today’s “accepted” practices. Following this is a discussion of what the future of Declarative Computing may hold in store, and what may need to be addressed in such developments to broaden its inroads into “industrial strength” computing.
A review of the pharmacology and clinical activity of new chemotherapy agents for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal carcinoma is an important cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. 5-fluorouracil has been the major chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma for the past four decades. This regimen is noncurative, and its impact on survival is unclear. Attempts at identifying more effective chemotherapeutic agents for colorectal cancer have yielded oral formulations and prodrugs of 5-fluorouracil with apparently equivalent efficacy. Specific thymidylate synthase inhibitors are now available. Platinum analogues with activity in colorectal carcinoma, and no cross-resistance to the antimetabolites have also been developed. The topoisomerase I inhibitors represent a new class of agents with a novel mechanism of action. These agents are in phase II and Phase III clinical trials, others have been approved for clinical use within the last 3 years.
Severe rheumatic cardiac disease and pregnancy: The ultimate prognosis☆

Abstract All of 134 women classified as having “functionally severe” rheumatic cardiac disease and surviving pregnancies in 1931 through 1943 have been traced to 1975. Ninety-three percent have died at the exponential rate of 6.3% per year. The women with and without pregnancies following admittance to the series were similar in respect to age at entry, ages in which they lived, and proportionate representation in all but one of five subgroups with extraordinarily high death rates in the first five years of follow-up. Analyses of the data by life tables, average annual death rates, lengths of survival, and average ages at death failed to uncover any evidence for a delayed adverse effect of pregnancy in the whole series or in any of the subgroups. Provided that the patient survives the gestation, the life expectancy is not shortened by pregnancy.
BIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SECRETORY γA IMMUNOGLOBULINS E. Mead Johnson Award Address

The secretory γA globulins have been shown to be the active antiviral neutralizing principle in the respiratory tract. These antibodies are part of the system found in other fluids in contiguity with the exterior, the external secretory system. The presence of these γA associated antibodies has been shown to be correlated with protection particularly in the case of certain infections which are localized in their pathogenesis. The production of these antibodies are favored by either natural infection, attenuated vaccine, or by local application of viral antigens directly to the respiratory tract. When this system is inappropriately stimulated, hypersensitivity phenomena may occur. Finally, these observations suggest that the secretory γA globulins serve as a basis for an understanding of resistance mechanisms in the normal, and for the development of new approaches to the use of vaccines.
Controlling the cost and increasing the utility of network measurement infrastructures

Network measurement is an important tool in network research and operations, and is increasingly utilized in end-user applications. However, active measurements compete with other applications for limited network resources. These measurements are typically performed by individual users and applications, with limited coordination or planning. This dissertation addresses network measurement in the context of a measurement infrastructure, which can coordinate measurements, monitor and control their resource consumption, and even improve the quality of measurement results. We address three specific areas of operation in a measurement infrastructure. We present an architecture for an infrastructure that uses admission control to bound the resource consumption of measurements. We use estimates of the resources consumed by real-world measurement tools in the admission control mechanism. We evaluate methods of estimating the resource consumption of measurements in terms of network bandwidth, and show that these estimates are important to the accuracy of admission control. We propose several algorithms for determining when network measurements can be replaced by a network inference mechanism to reduce measurement load in the network at a cost of measurement accuracy. We experimentally evaluate these algorithms on measurement patterns designed to present difficulties, measurement patterns based on real-world peer-to-peer distributed communication, and random measurements. We show that the algorithms successfully reduce the measurement load on the first two types of graphs, and that they do not incur undue expense on the latter. We design and evaluate a family of methods for selecting vantage points from which to take active measurements to increase reachability into the Internet. We show that two of these methods perform substantially better than selecting vantage points at random, allowing a larger number of hosts to be probed with direct measurements with the same number of vantage points.
Implementing Integrated Services for Adults With Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Research Review

Objective: Over the last 10 years, researchers have been studying integrated mental health and substance abuse service implementations, contributing to the science of implementation. This article reviews the published research on organization-level implementation factors and summarizes the findings. Methods: To identify papers for review, the authors limited the search to all English-language, published, quantitative and/or qualitative research studies that address organization-level factors in integrated service implementation. They employed PubMed to search for papers. The reference lists in the reviewed articles and reviewer comments contributed additional articles that met the criteria. Results: The quantitative and qualitative investigations consistently note that integrated service implementation takes significant time and effort. Successful implementation requires active on-site leadership, management of staff turnover, and technical, financial, and political support from the larger administrative ...
Studies on the regulation of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat liver cells by epinephrine and glucagon.

Abstract The addition of glucagon or epinephrine to isolated rat liver parenchymal cells stimulated gluconeogenesis from alanine, lactate, glycerol, xylitol, oxalacetate, pyruvate, and fructose. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis due to maximal concentrations of epinephrine was additive to that of either glucagon or N6, O2'-dibutyryl adenosine 3' : 5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP). Similarly low concentrations of valinomycin and lysine stimulated gluconeogenesis but the same increases in glucose production due to epinephrine, glucagon, or dibutyryl cyclic AMP were seen in the presence as in the absence of lysine or valinomycin. However, the stimulation of glucose production due to glucagon was not additive to that of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Gluconeogenesis was reduced by the absence of K+ or Ca2+ from the buffer. The addition of 0.65 mm Ca2+ or 2.4 mm K+ restored basal gluconeogenesis and the response to epinephrine or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The effect of epinephrine was potentiated by increasing the Ca2+ concentration from 0.65 to 2.6 mm. The addition of ouabain to liver cells had effects similar to those seen when K+ was omitted from the buffer. These results indicate that the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by glucagon or epinephrine is not restricted to substrates which enter the pathways of glucose formation prior to phosphoenolpyruvate, and support the hypothesis that epinephrine mediated gluconeogenesis occurs by a cyclic adenosine 3' : 5'-monophosphate-independent mode of action distinct from that for glucagon.
Lifestyle modifications in GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is currently managed pharmacologically in the vast majority of patients. However, prior to the advent of highly effective medicines for GERD, the so-called lifestyle modifications are likely to have played a greater role in managing patients’ symptoms. Although less attention is currently being placed on these modifications, many patients and their family members and health-care providers will ask for advice about appropriate steps they might take to help control the symptoms of GERD. In this chapter, we aim to evaluate various modifications to lifestyle that either have been used traditionally or are still being recommended by some practitioners today. While many of these can be endorsed based on good clinical practice for the reasons of health maintenance and promotion, the evidence that they produce subjective improvement in GERD symptoms or objective improvement in measures of acid reflux is often unimpressive. Nonetheless, many of these continue to make sense for routine clinical practice; in essence, while they may reflect “bad science,” they often constitute “good medicine.” It is relatively rare that lifestyle changes alone will control all symptoms in a GERD patient to his/her entire satisfaction although there are some instances of this happening—for example, in pregnancy-related heartburn in a woman without preexisting GERD. However, for most GERD patients, lifestyle modification is, at best, only a sensible addendum to effective drug treatment.
Compression-based analysis of metamorphic malware

Recent work has shown that a technique based on structural entropy measurement provides an effective means of detecting metamorphic malware. This previous work relies on file segmentation using transform techniques. In other previous work, a method based on estimating Kolmogorov complexity using compression ratios has shown promise for malware detection. In this paper, we attempt to improve on these previous techniques by combining the main features of each. Specifically, we use compression ratios and transform techniques for file segmentation. The resulting file segment information is then used to compute scores between pairs of executable files. We test our proposed technique on challenging families of metamorphic malware and we compare our results to relevant previous work.
WikiHyperGlossary (WHG): an information literacy technology for chemistry documents

The WikiHyperGlossary is an information literacy technology that was created to enhance reading comprehension of documents by connecting them to socially generated multimedia definitions as well as semantically relevant data. The WikiHyperGlossary enhances reading comprehension by using the lexicon of a discipline to generate dynamic links in a document to external resources that can provide implicit information the document did not explicitly provide. Currently, the most common method to acquire additional information when reading a document is to access a search engine and browse the web. This may lead to skimming of multiple documents with the novice actually never returning to the original document of interest. The WikiHyperGlossary automatically brings information to the user within the current document they are reading, enhancing the potential for deeper document understanding. The WikiHyperGlossary allows users to submit a web URL or text to be processed against a chosen lexicon, returning the document with tagged terms. The selection of a tagged term results in the appearance of the WikiHyperGlossary Portlet containing a definition, and depending on the type of word, tabs to additional information and resources. Current types of content include multimedia enhanced definitions, ChemSpider query results, 3D molecular structures, and 2D editable structures connected to ChemSpider queries. Existing glossaries can be bulk uploaded, locked for editing and associated with multiple social generated definitions. The WikiHyperGlossary leverages both social and semantic web technologies to bring relevant information to a document. This can not only aid reading comprehension, but increases the users’ ability to obtain additional information within the document. We have demonstrated a molecular editor enabled knowledge framework that can result in a semantic web inductive reasoning process, and integration of the WikiHyperGlossary into other software technologies, like the Jikitou Biomedical Question and Answer system. Although this work was developed in the chemical sciences and took advantage of open science resources and initiatives, the technology is extensible to other knowledge domains. Through the DeepLit (Deeper Literacy: Connecting Documents to Data and Discourse) startup, we seek to extend WikiHyperGlossary technologies to other knowledge domains, and integrate them into other knowledge acquisition workflows.
Integrated photonic crystal waveguides for micro-bioanalytical devices

We report on the fabrication and testing of Si-based photonic crystal waveguides for use and integration with microfluidic and cell-based bioanalytical devices. Single-row, defect-mode waveguides were placed atop steep isolation ridges that provide in-plane and out-of-plane optical access, as well as deep channels that are well-suited for biofluid transport and interface to cellular and molecular systems. A 20 dB attenuation in optical transmission at 1540 nm was measured, confirming the existence of a near-IR optical bandgap.
Psychometric evaluation of novel measures of partner interfering and supportive behaviors among women with cancer.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of complementary and novel measures of partner interfering and partner supportive behaviors in cancer care (PIB-C and PSB-C). Methods Structured telephone interviews were conducted with 378 women (aged 18–79) in partnered relationships and recruited from the Kentucky Cancer Registry. Psychometric analyses of PIB-C and PSB-C were used to determine scale reliability, and scale construct and predictive validity (correlations with indicators of partner abuse, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress after cancer). Results Cronbach's alpha and split-half calculations indicated excellent internal consistency of the 20-item PIB-C (0.936 and 0.87, respectively) and 12-item PSB-C (0.930 and 0.89). Three thematic clusters for the PIB-C and two for the PSB-C were identified through factor analyses. Regarding construct validity, higher PIB-C and lower PSB-C scores were associated with a measure of psychological impacts from abuse. Predictive validity was suggested through (1) lower PSB-C associated with depression, (2) higher PIB-C associated with anxiety, and (3) higher perceived stress associated with higher PIB-C/lower PSB-C scores. Conclusion Both PIB-C and PSB-C have strong psychometric properties and distinguish partner behaviors more likely to negatively impact women's depression, anxiety, and stress during cancer care/recovery. Use of these measures may assist clinical teams in comprehensively assessing women patients' home environment to best ensure cancer care/recovery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Healthy Connection

(1985). A Healthy Connection. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 56, Buyers' Guide Issue, pp. 41-44.
L-20 protocol for adult patients (pts) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): A protocol utilizing prognostic factors, intensive chemotherapy and autologous “purged” marrow transplantation to eradicate minimal residual disease

Recent results in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been encouraging, generally showing half the patients surviving 3 years or more (1, 2) and 5 year relapse free survival ranging from 25–50% in large series (1–3). Conversely, half the patients with ALL will die of their disease or complications associated with their disease or the intensive treatment. Obviously in the patients who die, residual leukemic disease may have persisted, even during their periods of morphologic, biochemical and immunological remission. If our current technological achievements were able to permit detection of minimal residual leukemia, then further refined chemotherapy and/or immunotherapeutic regimens could be administered selectively in hopes of improving the prognosis of those patients who may die within the first five years.
Effect of sound stimulation on visual afterimages.

Summary.-This report describes the structure and operation of a device which provides reliable measurement of changes in the apparent size and brightness of achromatic negative afterimages. Utilizing this device two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of pure tone intensity and frequency on reported size and brightness of afterimages. Intense sound stimulation produced very pronounced increases in afterimage size and brightness. These results were discussed in light of previous Soviet findings.
Evaluation of Smooth Muscle and Collagen Subtypes in Normal Newborns and Those With Bladder Exstrophy

AbstractPurpose: Many patients who undergo bladder exstrophy closure as newborns, subsequent epispadias repair and later bladder neck reconstruction become completely continent yet complications can occur. After successful initial exstrophy closure and later epispadias repair some patients may fail to gain sufficient capacity for bladder neck reconstruction or satisfactory capacity and continence after bladder neck reconstruction. In an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of these failures we compared bladder biopsies from normal neonates and those with exstrophy.Materials and Methods: Bladder biopsies obtained from the midline of the bladder wall just above the base of the trigone from 12 newborns with exstrophy were compared to bladder sections from 9 neonatal cadavers. All bladder specimens were stained with monoclonal antibodies against type I, III or IV collagen and a subset was further stained with Masson's trichrome to define the extracellular matrix. All specimens were then analyzed using a col...
Determination of nitrate in sea water

Abstract Nitrate in sea water is determined by reduction to nitrite with zinc metal in ammoniacal solution in the presence of manganese (IV) as catalyst. The effects of hydrogen ion concentration, reduction temperature, reaction time and the order of reagent addition are discussed. The nascent nitrite diazotizes with sulfanilamide and is then coupled by N-1-naphthylethylenediamine in acid medium forming a diazo-dye which is measured spectrophotometrically.
Alteration of the complement system in children with Henoch Schönlein purpura.

Abstract The complement system was studied in detail in 24 patients with Henoch Schonlein Purpura. Serum levels of C3 and C3–C9 hemolytic titers were normal or elevated. Classical pathway activity was determined by quantitation of serum C1, C4, and C2 titers as well as by the ability of serum to support C3–C9 consumption with an immune precipitate and lysis of sensitized erythrocytes (CH 50 ). All of these studies were normal. Alternative pathway activity was determined by measurement of serum levels of properdin, properdin convertase, and factor B as well as the ability of serum to support C3–C9 activation with zymosan or cobra venom factor and the lysis of unsensitized rabbit erythrocytes. Only the serum levels of properdin and properdin convertase were abnormal. In 11 of 12 patients studied within the first week of the disease, levels of serum properdin (P) were reduced more than 3 SD from the normal mean; similarly, 5 of 12 patients had reduced serum levels of properdin convertase (PC). In addition, of five patients whose initial blood was obtained between the first and second week of the disease, four had low levels of either P or PC. Finally, seven samples were obtained 14 days or more after onset; four had low serum levels of P or PC and three of these were patients assayed from 1–5 years after onset. The length of time required for the P or PC to return to normal was extremely variable.
Reduction of cardiomyocyte S-nitrosylation by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase protects against sepsis-induced myocardial depression

Myocardial depression is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in septic patients. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the development of septic cardiomyopathy, but also has protective effects. Recent evidence has indicated that NO exerts many of its downstream effects on the cardiovascular system via protein S-nitrosylation, which is negatively regulated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), an enzyme promoting denitrosylation. We tested the hypothesis that reducing cardiomyocyte S-nitrosylation by increasing GSNOR activity can improve myocardial dysfunction during sepsis. Therefore, we generated mice with a cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of GSNOR (GSNOR-CMTg mice) and subjected them to endotoxic shock. Measurements of cardiac function in vivo and ex vivo showed that GSNOR-CMTg mice had a significantly improved cardiac function after lipopolysaccharide challenge (LPS, 50 mg/kg) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Cardiomyocytes isolated from septic GSNOR-CMTg mice showed a corresponding improvement in contractility compared with WT cells. However, systolic Ca2+ release was similarly depressed in both genotypes after LPS, indicating that GSNOR-CMTg cardiomyocytes have increased Ca2+ sensitivity during sepsis. Parameters of inflammation were equally increased in LPS-treated hearts of both genotypes, and no compensatory changes in NO synthase expression levels were found in GSNOR-overexpressing hearts before or after LPS challenge. GSNOR overexpression however significantly reduced total cardiac protein S-nitrosylation during sepsis. Taken together, our results indicate that increasing the denitrosylation capacity of cardiomyocytes protects against sepsis-induced myocardial depression. Our findings suggest that specifically reducing protein S-nitrosylation during sepsis improves cardiac function by increasing cardiac myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+.
Microstructural Variations in Radiation Hard and Soft Oxides Observed through Electron Spin Resonance

We find that the radiation tolerance of MOS oxides is correlated with two "trivalent silicon" centers, one in the oxide (E'), one at the Si/SiO2 interface (Pb). We earlier demonstrated a strong correlation between radiation induced Pb concentration and raradiation induced interface state density in relatively soft dry oxide structures. In this paper we report a similar correlation between the density of E' centers (likely holes trapped in oxygen vacancies) and the density of holes trapped in the oxide. We thus have obtained evidence for a microstructural model of both interface states and hole traps. Processing improvement efforts may now be guided by some fundamental understanding of the device degradation process.
Factor VIIa's First Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domain's Role in Catalytic Activity†

Factor VIIa−tissue factor complex formation initiates the extrinsic blood coagulation pathway. We investigated factor VIIa's first epidermal growth factor-like (egf1) domain's role in the catalytic activity increase caused when factor VIIa binds tissue factor. Starting with a factor VIIa with factor IX's egf1 domain (factor VII(IXegf1)a), we made 4 proteins with egf1 residues changed to those in factor VIIa, including E51A, D64Q, FG74−75PA, and K79R. We measured each enzyme's affinity for tissue factor and determined the enzymes' kinetic constants with and without tissue factor. The Kd for factor VII(IXegf1)a binding to tissue factor was 60−200-fold higher than that of factor VIIa depending on the assay employed. Only factor VII(IXegf1)a with the K79R (K79Ra) mutation, among all the mutants, had an effect on binding with a Kd 3−8-fold lower than that of factor VII(IXegf1)a. In kinetic analyses with a small peptide substrate, in the absence of tissue factor, factor VIIa, factor VII(IXegf1)a, and K79Ra had ...
Frontiers in device engineering: synthesis for nonintuitive design

Today, nano-science provides an overwhelmingly large number of experimentally accessible ways to configure the spatial position of atoms, molecules, and other nanoscale components to form devices. The challenge is to find the best, most practical, configuration that yields a useful device function. In the presence of what will typically be an enormous non-convex search space, it is reasonable to assume that traditional ad-hoc design methods will miss many possible solutions. One approach to solving this difficult problem is to employ machine-based searches of configuration space that discover user-defined objective functions. Such an optimal design methodology aims to identify the best brokensymmetry spatial configuration of metal, semiconductor, and dielectric that produce a desired response. Hence, by harnessing a combination of modern compute power, adaptive algorithms, and realistic physical models, it should be possible to seek robust, manufacturable designs that meet previously unobtainable system specifications. Ultimately one can envision a methodology that simultaneously is capable of basic scientific discovery and engineering for technological applications.
Whacked and Rab35 polarize dynein-motor-complex-dependent seamless tube growth

Seamless tubes are found in Drosophila tracheal terminal cells, but it is still unclear how they grow. Ghabrial and colleagues find that the small GTPase Rab35, and its apically localized GAP, Whacked, direct tube shape and growth. They also highlight a role for dynein in this process.
Abstract 4705: Dual targeting of epigenetic pathways and NF-kappaB in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

INTRODUCTION: Current immunochemotherapy can cure approximately two-thirds of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common type of non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma. Drugs that selectively target specific mechanisms of pathogenesis to which the disease is known to be addicted, offer a unique opportunity to intervene in the natural history of the disease, and may hold the key to future breakthroughs in treating DLBCL. While several unique pathogenetic events have been recently identified in driving lymphomagenesis, two potentially interrelated events contributing to the underlying molecular pathogenesis of DLBCL have come to light. The first involves constitutive activation of NF-kappaB, as noted by Rosenwald and colleagues in their identification of the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype of DLBCL, while the second involves dysregulation of the protein acetylation-deacetylation balance due to either inactivating mutations of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) like p300 and CBP, or overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs and HDACs operate epigenetic pathways to modulate gene expression and to control the activity of important oncoproteins such as Bcl6 through posttranslational modification. While Bcl6 and NF-kappaB are known to be closely associated with the pathogenesis of GCB (germinal center B-cell) and ABC subtypes of DLBCL respectively, it has become clear that many ABC lymphomas can have dysregulation of Bcl6, and many cases of GCB DLBCL can have dysregulation of NF-kappaB. Therefore, strategies oriented toward modulation of these biological traits could offer a unique opportunity to treat DLBCL at its molecular roots, potentially sensitizing them to traditional chemotherapy approaches. RESULTS: We have conducted pharmacological and molecular studies of a novel IKKbeta inhibitor, LY2409881, in DLBCL cell lines. We found that LY2409881 specifically inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB and increased apoptosis, and inhibited both ABC and GCB cells that are addicted to NF-kappaB, with moderate potentcy. Furthermore, LY2409881 demonstrated marked anti-lymphoma synergism with HDAC inhibitors; the synergism varied significantly in a cell line and HDAC inhibitor-dependent manner. The discrete patterns of synergism among different HDAC inhibitors with LY2409881 were not solely attributable to acetylation of p65/RelA mediated by HDAC inhibitors, as these inhibitors all stimulated binding of p65/RelA to its target DNA. We will determine the mechanism of the drug: drug synergism by investigating whether knocking down HDAC molecules in lymphoma cells make them hypersensitive to IKK inhibitors. We are using xenograft lymphoma models in mice to confirm the in vivo activity of LY2409881, as a single agent and in combination with HDAC inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4705. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4705
An endogenous factor mediates shock-induced injury.

An endogenous molecule secreted by macrophages during stress is a new mediator for the wave of inflammation triggered during hemorrhagic and septic shock. This finding suggests a potential drug target to reduce organ injury and death after shock (pages 1489–1495).
Mechanism of Ozone Formation in the Silent Electric Discharge

The kinetics of ozone formation from oxygen have been studied in a Siemens ozonizer. Measurements were made at pressures from 70 to 400 mm and temperatures from −30° to −100°C. The results suggest that oxygen atoms, produced in the discharge, both form ozone by three body collisions with oxygen molecules and also destroy it, leading to a steady‐state ozone concentration at sufficiently long residence times. The ratio of rate constants for these two reactions, and their activation energy difference, are similar to those found by Eucken and Patat in the photolysis of oxygen. At the higher temperatures, thermal ozone decomposition becomes an important factor in determining the steady‐state ozone concentration. The variation of steady‐state ozone concentration with pressure suggests that the combination of oxygen atoms and molecules to form ozone changes from termolecular to bimolecular in the pressure range investigated. The lifetime of the activated ozone complex, thus measured, is of the expected order of magnitude for the number of vibrational degrees of freedom involved. The possible role of other ozone destruction reactions is also considered.
Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XXXVIII. Stem Cell Research, Part 2: Reconstructing the Brain

An unexpected form of plasticity in the adult brain is the constant generation of new neurons throughout adult life. The addition of thousands of new neurons each day may be a means of sculpting brain circuitry. This turnover has important implications not only for brain function but also for brain repair and pathological conditions such as tumors. This review will cover neurogenesis and the identity of stem cells in the adult brain. The adult brain contains two main types of cells, neurons and macroglia. Macroglia comprise oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are the cells that form myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons and allow the rapid conduction of electrical impulses. Astrocytes are mysterious cells that have multiple functions, including maintaining homeostasis, absorbing neurotransmitters released by neurons, and providing trophic support. Astrocytes are also induced to divide in response to lesions of the brain resulting in the formation of glial scars. Almost all neurons and glia in the brain are derived from multipotent stem cells located in the germinal layers next to the ventricular cavities of the developing brain. As development proceeds, precursors become progressively more restricted
Control of dendritic field formation in Drosophila: the roles of flamingo and competition between homologous neurons.

Abstract Neurons elaborate dendrites with stereotypic branching patterns, thereby defining their receptive fields. These branching patterns may arise from properties intrinsic to the neurons or competition between neighboring neurons. Genetic and laser ablation studies reported here reveal that different multiple dendritic neurons in the same dorsal cluster in the Drosophila embryonic PNS do not compete with one another for dendritic fields. In contrast, when dendrites from homologous neurons in the two hemisegments meet at the dorsal midline in larval stages, they appear to repel each other. The formation of normal dendritic fields and the competition between dendrites of homologous neurons require the proper expression level of Flamingo, a G protein–coupled receptor-like protein, in embryonic neurons. Whereas Flamingo functions downstream of Frizzled in specifying planar polarity, Flamingo-dependent dendritic outgrowth is independent of Frizzled.
Mothproofing investigations with imidazole.

Woolen cloth treated with imidazole (glyoxaline or 1,3-diazole), combinations of imidazole with boric acid, and boric acid alone were exposed to larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (F.), in standard CSMA mothproofing tests. Boric acid, at the different deposit levels listed, was more effective than imidazole and equally as effective as imidazole and boric acid together. Residues of these chemicals were not resistant to washing but were fairly resistant to drycleaning. Chemical analyses showed that, when the cloths were immersed in the treating baths for 5 minutes, the actual deposits of imidazole ranged from 30 to 42% greater than the calculated deposits based on wet-weight pickup. When the cloths remained in the baths for 16 hr, the actual deposits ranged from 75 to 96% higher than those calculated.
Role of crude oil in the genesis of Mississippi Valley-type deposits. Evidence from the Cincinnati arch

Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) sulfide minerals and oil from deposits along the Cincinnati arch have almost identical [delta][sup 34]S values (-9% to +9% for MVT sulfides, -12% to +9% for oils). These values are very similar to those for MVT sulfides and oil in the Illinois-Kentucky district and support their proposed inclusion in a regional hydrothermal system. Many MVT deposits with low [delta][sup 34]S values are closely associated with oil, whereas MVT deposits with high [delta][sup 34]S values often contain bitumen. Reduced sulfur in MVT deposits with high [delta][sup 34]S values probably came from thermochemical sulfate reduction, whereas that in MVT deposits with low [delta][sup 34]S values probably came from oil and related organic matter. Oil-related sulfur could have been derived from oil fields or disseminated oil and other organic matter in regional wallrocks. 44 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
The Environmental Science/Policy Interface: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries with a Team-Teaching Approach.

ence major to avoid the seemingly irrational operations of policy development and the political arena. As a result, there is an inherent tendency for students of science and policy to operate in separate educational and, later, professional worlds. This cleavage between science and politics, while admittedly oversiplifled, has become part of the intellectual baggage passed implicitly to students in many fields in the natural and social sciences. Teaching courses in environmental politics and policy, for example, one very quickly encounters a problem. Much environmental politics and policy emerge from the claims and findings of the natural sciences, information that is articulated in a very distinct language from that in which public policies are debated and codified. Whether dealing with policies on the emission of greenhouse gases, the liquidation of old-growth forests, or environmental health, teaching environmental politics demands attention to science. Unfortunately, few undergraduates in political science have a thorough understanding of the scientific process, much less the intricacies of global climate change, ecosystem function, toxicology, or other areas of environmental research.
Classification of seasonal snow cover crystals

Snow cover crystals must be classified in a physically meaningful way. Previous classification systems are not sufficiently detailed or not based on sufficient knowledge of the physical processes. A new system is proposed based on our current knowledge of the physical processes of metamorphism. As more information about snow metamorphism is developed, the labels attached to snow grains should evolve too. Two levels of classification are proposed here. For practical purposes only a few terms like rounded and faceted are necessary, but for a more complete description a more detailed system is also given. The most basic description given in the table could be useful to many practitioners, while the more complete description given in the appendix will be necessary for many purposes.
Longer survival time of rats fed oxidized vegetable oils.

SummaryFeeding of mildly heated and aerated butter and lard reduced the average life span (although not statistically significantly) of male rats fed these fats at a level of 20% in their diets. With similarly treated soybean and corn oils, survival was as good as with fresh animal fats whereas feeding of fresh vegetable oils led to significantly shorter life spans. The results were in agreement with those of a previous study comparing beef and chicken fats with olive oil. Thus, fresh olive oil, soybean oil, and corn oil appeared to contain, despite processing for human consumption, materials toxic to rats. These substances were inactivated by mild heating and aeration.The general plan and execution of these experiments was carried out in cooperation with Drs. Helen Oldham and Mildred Adams of the Human Nutrition Research Division, USDA. Oxidation of the fats was done by Mr. N. D. Farel of the Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., Minneapolis. Dr. Henry Azar of this Department helped us with classification of the t...
An Ex Vivo Assay to Assess the Potential of Skin Keratinocytes for Wound Epithelialization

Wound closure following injury to the skin is a complex process involving both dermal contraction and keratinocyte migration. Murine models of wound healing are potentially useful because of the ability to determine protein function through gene manipulation. Owing to the dominant role of dermal contraction, the technical difficulties in preparing the wound site for morphologic studies, and the postnatal phenotypes altering the properties of transgenic skin, there are difficulties in assessing the epithelial contribution to wound closure in mouse skin. We describe a simple ex vivo assay utilizing explant culture that enables a quantitative assessment of the potential of mouse keratinocytes for wound epithelialization. In this assay, the behavior and properties of skin keratinocytes mimic well those that occur at the edge of skin wounds in situ, including a dependence upon connective tissue element(s), proliferation, and migration. The epithelial cell outgrowths emerging from skin explants can be studied in real-time or examined at specific time-points for markers of interest in the epithelialization process. The assay is quantitative and can successfully detect increases or decreases in epithelialization potential, and can be useful in the characterization of transgenic mouse models.
Perceptions of Occupations in a Newly Industrializing Region of Mexico

Surveys conducted in the region of a new industrial Mexican town in 1958 and 1967 provided information regarding perceptions of three occupational roles—the two traditional roles of farmer and shopkeeper, and the recently introduced occupation of factory worker. Comparison of the results of the interviews reveals that there have been radical changes in conceptions of the three occupations during the nine intervening years. Farmers and shopkeepers have greatly devalued their own roles, while developing much more positive attitudes towards factory work. While these changes have not affected their own job preferences, their aspirations for their sons' occupations reflect the alterations in their perceptions of occupations. No immediate change in the relative status of the three occupations is apparent or predicted, but the growing disillusionment of farmers and shopkeepers with their traditional occupations suggests future political repercussions.
Response to alcohol in females with a paternal history of alcoholism.

Rationale Several studies have demonstrated that males with a family history of alcoholism (FHP) show less of a response to alcohol (e.g. lower ratings of intoxication) than males without a family history of alcoholism (FHN). The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if FHP females also showed a reduced sensitivity to alcohol compared to FHN females.
Lymphocele following Renal Transplantation: an Unusual Cause of Urinary Retention

Retroperitoneal pelvic lymphoceles have been reported in 1% to 2% of patients receiving renal transplants (Starzi et al., 1970; Schweizer et al., 1972). They usually become evident within 3 months following transplantation and are thought to be due to disruption of the small lymphatics adherent to the iliac vessels. Their most common mode of presentation has been mild deterioration of renal function caused by ureteric obstruction.
One dimensional photonic crystal microdisk laser

We achieve the spontaneous emission rate (s) 0.9 in a truncated photonic crystal microdisk laser, 30 times higher than that in typical microdisk, and with 50% threshold reduction.
Circumvention of extraretinal photoresponses in assessing recovery of vision following optic nerve crush in goldfish

Earlier experiments indicated that a conditioned light stimulus that was used to investigate the recovery of vision following optic nerve crush could evoke an extraretinal photoresponse. The present experiments sought to identify a visual stimulus that does not evoke a response following removal of both eyes for use in experiments on optic nerve regeneration. A stimulus consisting of a slight up-down movement of a small ring of light, that was kept stationary between conditioning trials, was classically conditioned to shock in eyed fish and the conditioned response consisted of a suppression of branchial ventilation movements. Following bilateral enucleation or a sham operation the fish received additional sessions of conditioning trials over a period of 3 weeks. Postoperative responding to the moving light stimulus was blocked in the enucleated but not the sham-operated fish. When the ring of light was turned on and off as a conditioned stimulus, responding was extensively but not completely eliminated following enucleation. The investigation confirms that extraretinal photostimulation can be classically conditioned to shock in at least some goldfish, and it shows that such conditioning can be circumvented by using a small moving light as the conditioned stimulus.
Methylation and gene expression responses to ethanol feeding and betaine supplementation in the cystathionine beta synthase-deficient mouse.

Background Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) is caused in part by the effects of ethanol (EtOH) on hepatic methionine metabolism. Methods To investigate the phenotypic and epigenetic consequences of altered methionine metabolism in this disease, we studied the effects of 4-week intragastric EtOH feeding with and without the methyl donor betaine in cystathionine beta synthase (CβS) heterozygous C57BL/6J mice. Results The histopathology of early ASH was induced by EtOH feeding and prevented by betaine supplementation, while EtOH feeding reduced and betaine supplementation maintained the hepatic methylation ratio of the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the methyltransferase inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). MethylC-seq genomic sequencing of heterozygous liver samples from each diet group found 2 to 4% reduced methylation in gene bodies, but not promoter regions of all autosomes of EtOH-fed mice, each of which were normalized in samples from mice fed the betaine-supplemented diet. The transcript levels of nitric oxide synthase (Nos2) and DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) were increased, while those of peroxisome proliferator receptor-α (Pparα) were reduced in EtOH-fed mice, and each was normalized in mice fed the betaine-supplemented diet. DNA pyrosequencing of CβS heterozygous samples found reduced methylation in a gene body of Nos2 by EtOH feeding that was restored by betaine supplementation and was correlated inversely with its expression and positively with SAM/SAH ratios. Conclusions The present study has demonstrated relationships among EtOH induction of ASH with aberrant methionine metabolism that was associated with gene body DNA hypomethylation in all autosomes and was prevented by betaine supplementation. The data imply that EtOH-induced changes in selected gene transcript levels and hypomethylation in gene bodies during the induction of ASH are a result of altered methionine metabolism that can be reversed through dietary supplementation of methyl donors.