cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion Bernstein instability dependence on the proton-to-electron mass ratio: Linear dispersion theory

Fast magnetosonic waves, which have as their source ion Bernstein instabilities driven by tenuous ring-like proton velocity distributions, are frequently observed in the inner magnetosphere. One major difficulty in the simulation of these waves is that they are excited in a wide frequency range with discrete harmonic nature and require time-consuming computations. To overcome this difficulty, recent simulation studies assumed a reduced proton-to-electron mass ratio, mp/me, and a reduced light-to-Alfven speed ratio, c/vA, to reduce the number of unstable modes and, therefore, computational costs. Although these studies argued that the physics of wave-particle interactions would essentially remain the same, detailed investigation of the effect of this reduced system on the excited waves has not been done. In this study, we investigate how the complex frequency, ω = ωr+iγ, of the ion Bernstein modes varies with mp/me for a sufficiently large c/vA (such that ωpe2/Ωe2≡(me/mp)(c/vA)2≫1) using linear dispersion theory assuming two different types of energetic proton velocity distributions, namely, ring and shell. The results show that low- and high-frequency harmonic modes respond differently to the change of mp/me. For the low harmonic modes (i.e., ωr∼Ωp), both ωr/Ωp and γ/Ωp are roughly independent of mp/me, where Ωp is the proton cyclotron frequency. For the high harmonic modes (i.e., Ωp≪ωr≲ωlh, where ωlh is the lower hybrid frequency), γ/ωlh (at fixed ωr/ωlh) stays independent of mp/me when the parallel wave number, k∥, is sufficiently large and becomes inversely proportional to (mp/me)1/4 when k∥ goes to zero. On the other hand, the frequency range of the unstable modes normalized to ωlh remains independent of mp/me, regardless of k∥.
Final toxicity results from a phase II study of 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and dasatinib (FOLFOX-D) in previously untreated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

4124Background: Systemic chemotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) improves survival but most targeted agents have consistently failed to demonstrate clinical benefits. Src is overexpressed ...
Optimal Response Surface Designs in the Presence of Dispersion Effects

Standard response surface design procedures typically assume homogeneous variance throughout the design region, and the designs used in practice usually reflect this assumption. With two design variables, a replicated two-level factorial design is D-and..
Preparing Young Children for Schools in China

This chapter provides an introduction to the early education al system in China and several major transitions in early childhood. Before they enter the grade schools, young children in China may go through three types of early education programs: child care or nursery (birth to 3), kindergarten (3–6), or pre-primary (5–6). Specifically, four relevant topics were addressed. First, the historical background and theoretical foundations of the Chinese Early Childhood Education were reviewed. Then, the evolution of the early childhood curricula was explored. After that, major transitions for young children were introduced. Finally, the social and cultural influences in preparing young children for schools were discussed.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF FLUNIXIN, KETOPROFEN, AND KETOROLAC FOR TREATING ENDOTOXEMIC NEONATAL CALVES

Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or 1 of 3 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) was administered i.v. to 5 neonatal calves 15 minutes after the start of a 3-hour i.v. infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 micrograms/kg/h). Four additional calves were given a 3-hour i.v. infusion of saline solution alone. Clinical attitude, mean arterial blood pressure, PCV, WBC, and plasma lactate, glucose, and eicosanoid concentrations (thromboxane B2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) were monitored for 12 hours. Flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, i.v.), ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg, i.v.), and ketorolac tromethamine (1.1 mg/kg, i.v.) each ameliorated the clinical signs of endotoxemia and LPS-induced lacticemia, but failed to significantly alter the degree of leukopenia or hypoglycemia associated with infusion of LPS. Although the 3 NSAID prevented eicosanoid production, they provided only partial protection against LPS-induced hypotension. Each NSAID modified the response to LPS, but none was clearly superior to the others in modulating the clinical signs or physiologic alterations induced by infusion of LPS in neonatal calves.
Novel online daily diary interventions for nonsuicidal self-injury: a randomized controlled trial.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), which involves self-damaging behavior (e.g., cutting) causes tissue damage and places people at elevated risk for future suicidal behaviors. Yet few specific treatments for NSSI currently exist. Extreme self-criticism is implicated in the development and maintenance of NSSI. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate Autobiographical Self-Enhancement Training (ASET), a novel, cognitive intervention for NSSI focused on reducing self-criticism and enhancing positive self-worth. We also examined whether Expressive Writing (EW) was a helpful treatment for NSSI. Participants (N = 144) who had engaged in NSSI at least twice in the past month were recruited online and then randomly assigned via Qualtrics to receive the ASET intervention (N = 49), the EW intervention (N = 49), or Daily Journaling [JNL; N = 46]), an active comparison condition. Treatments were designed as month-long daily diaries. Participants in ASET wrote about something that made them feel good about themselves that day, participants in EW described something that had been on their mind that day, and participants in JNL reported on the events of the day in a factually descriptive manner without emotional content. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that, regardless of treatment group, participants showed significant reductions in self-criticism, NSSI episodes, depression, and suicide ideation from baseline to the end of active treatment. Relative to the JNL group, the ASET group reported significantly less self-criticism at post-treatment; this was not maintained at follow-up. There was also a trend toward ASET being associated with less suicide ideation at the end of treatment compared to EW. This difference was significant at the 3-month follow-up. Unexpectedly, the JNL group reported significantly less suicide ideation than the EW group at post-treatment; this was maintained at 3-month follow-up. No significant treatment effects were detected for suicide plans, suicidal behaviors, desire to discontinue NSSI, or likelihood of future NSSI. Self-criticism is an important treatment target in NSSI, but changing self-criticism in people with an established history of NSSI presents challenges. Nonetheless, all approaches provided benefits. This study also established the feasibility of inexpensive and easily disseminated treatments for NSSI. ISRCTN12276176 (retrospectively registered, March 13, 2018).
T1R2 receptor-mediated glucose sensing in the upper intestine potentiates glucose absorption through activation of local regulatory pathways

Abstract Objective Beyond the taste buds, sweet taste receptors (STRs; T1R2/T1R3) are also expressed on enteroendocrine cells, where they regulate gut peptide secretion but their regulatory function within the intestine is largely unknown. Methods Using T1R2-knock out (KO) mice we evaluated the role of STRs in the regulation of glucose absorption in vivo and in intact intestinal preparations ex vivo. Results STR signaling enhances the rate of intestinal glucose absorption specifically in response to the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal. These effects were mediated specifically by the regulation of GLUT2 transporter trafficking to the apical membrane of enterocytes. GLUT2 translocation and glucose transport was dependent and specific to glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) secretion and subsequent intestinal neuronal activation. Finally, high-sucrose feeding in wild-type mice induced rapid downregulation of STRs in the gut, leading to reduced glucose absorption. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that STRs have evolved to modulate glucose absorption via the regulation of its transport and to prevent the development of exacerbated hyperglycemia due to the ingestion of high levels of sugars.
Transient CHO expression platform for robust antibody production and its enhanced N-glycan sialylation on therapeutic glycoproteins

Large-scale transient expression in mammalian cells is a rapid protein production technology often used to shorten overall timelines for biotherapeutics drug discovery. In this study we demonstrate transient expression in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) host (ExpiCHO-S™) cell line capable of achieving high recombinant antibody expression titers, comparable to levels obtained using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. For some antibodies, ExpiCHO-S™ cells generated protein materials with better titers and improved protein quality characteristics (i.e., less aggregation) than those from HEK293. Green fluorescent protein imaging data indicated that ExpiCHO-S™ displayed a delayed but prolonged transient protein expression process compared to HEK293. When therapeutic glycoproteins containing non-Fc N-linked glycans were expressed in transient ExpiCHO-S™, the glycan pattern was unexpectedly found to have few sialylated N-glycans, in contrast to glycans produced within a stable CHO expression system. To improve N-glycan sialylation in transient ExpiCHO-S™, we co-transfected galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase genes along with the target genes, as well as supplemented the culture medium with glycan precursors. The authors have demonstrated that co-transfection of glycosyltransferases combined with medium addition of galactose and uridine led to increased sialylation content of N-glycans during transient ExpiCHO-S™ expression. These results have provided a scientific basis for developing a future transient CHO system with N-glycan compositions that are similar to those profiles obtained from stable CHO protein production systems. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2724, 2019.
Fish Occurrence in a Seasonally Inundated Floodplain of the Willamette River, Oregon

The dynamic nature of large rivers is often diminished by anthropogenic alterations resulting in simplified stream networks with decreased floodplain connectivity and ecological function which adversely impact native organisms. However, little is known about the importance of large river floodplains to fish communities in the Pacific Northwest, especially during winter high flows. Our objectives were to document seasonal use of a Willamette River floodplain for native and non-native fish by measuring: 1) fish community characteristics (species richness, native versus non-native status, relative abundance), 2) spawning and rearing, 3) timing of use and movement, and 4) use by federally protected juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). During fall 2011 through spring 2012, a floodplain was sampled with a backpack electrofisher and out-migrant trap. A total of 12 native and 11 non-native species were detected. During nine electrofishing samples, 691 fish were collected, of which 95% were native. An estimated 42,297 fish were captured by the out-migrant trap; 98% of which were native and most were age-0 threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Native species were detected on the floodplain prior to non-native species and tended to emigrate from the floodplain before non-native species, leading to a higher potential of stranding for non-native species as waters recedes. This study documents use of floodplain habitat by native and non-native fish species for seasonal flood refuge, rearing and spawning. Our results demonstrate native fish communities could potentially benefit from conservation of existing floodplains and restoration of floodplains changed by land use practices and altered flow regimes.
A scale for a-holism in relational communication: Concept explication, scale development, and correlates

Abstract A-holes threaten the overall well-being of many social systems. This study explicates, constructs, and validates a measure for a-holism in relational communication. We identified and constructed items for four dimensions of the a-holism construct: verbal aggression, dominance, entitlement, and resistance to feedback. An online survey was distributed to 315 adults about their perceptions of a-holes they have met in their lives and how they communicated. The a-holism scale demonstrated second order uni-dimensionality. There was also evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Implications for application of the a-holism scale in relational communication are discussed.
Political memory after state death: the abandoned Yugoslav national pavilion at Auschwitz

This article explores the relationship between political memory, state ontological security, and populist movements after state death. When a state dies, ideological space opens up for new state ag...
Non-equilibrium processing of ferromagnetic heavily reduced graphene oxide

Abstract Discovery of ferromagnetism with simultaneous bandgap opening in graphene[ 1 ] provides an attractive platform towards multifunctional spintronic devices. However, device integration of graphene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is hindered by scalability and high temperature required for reducing GO. In this paper, we present a nonequilibrium approach for direct laser writing heavily reduced GO films by melting amorphous carbon in ambient conditions. Nanosecond laser irradiation melts carbon, which regrows into rGO in low undercooling conditions. These rGO films exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism with a high saturation magnetization of 7.0 emu/g and 40 Oe coercivity. The intrinsic ferromagnetic ordering triggers a broad negative magnetoresistance (MR) cusp from 20 to 50 K. An anomalous crossover from weak localization (WL) to weak antilocalization (WAL) is observed below 5 K, suggesting a substantial enhancement in spin-orbit coupling strength, opening a new route to access topological states in rGO. The rGO films exhibit 12.6 cm2/Vs electron mobility with n-type carrier concentration of 1.2 × 1021/cc. Raman spectroscopy and temperature-dependent transport investigations in rGO suggest low-disorder, following 2D Mott variable range hopping (VRH) mechanism with a bandgap of ∼0.22 eV and 3 nm localization length. These findings open a definitive pathway for tuning electrical and magnetic properties in graphene-based materials with laser-writing.
Simple 2-dimensional anatomic model to predict the risk of coronary obstruction during transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Abstract Objective In this study, a 2-dimensional (2D) index relying on preprocedural computed tomography (CT) data was developed to evaluate the risk of coronary obstruction during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedures. Methods Anatomic measurements from pre-TAVR CT scans were collected in 28 patients among 600 who were flagged as high risk (defined as meeting coronary artery height, h, Results Twenty-three of 28 high-risk patients successfully underwent TAVR without coronary obstruction, of whom 1 had coronary obstruction and 4 were deemed non-TAVR candidates. DLC2D/d differed significantly between the 2 groups (P .32). The optimal sensitivity and specificity for DLC2D/d were 85% and occurred at a cutoff of 0.45. The optimal sensitivity and specificity of h and SOVd in this high-risk group were only 60% and 40%, respectively, for cutoffs of h = 10 mm and SOVd = 30.5 mm. Conclusions The 2D geometric model derived in this study shows promise for identifying patients with low-lying coronary ostium and/or small SOVd that may be safely treated with TAVR. DLC2D/d is more predictive of obstruction or poor TAVR candidacy compared with h and SOVd.
Excitation-Wavelength-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a π-Conjugated Diblock Oligomer

Control of photoinduced electron transfer through selective excitation of a π-conjugated diblock oligomeric system featuring tetrathiophene (T4) and tetra(phenylene ethynylene) (PE4) donor blocks c...
A 12.3-μW 0.72-mm² Fully Integrated Front-End IC for Arterial Pulse Waveform and ExG Recording

In this article, a power and area efficient front-end (FE) IC for biomedical instrumentation is presented. In addition to ExG recording, the proposed system provides a noninvasive arterial pulse waveform (APW) detection through direct skin contact with a packaged silicone-coated resistive-bridge pressure sensor. An automatic calibration technique is proposed to compensate for the resistive-bridge offset and reduce it down to 1 mV. High linearity in the FE is provided through the use of an instrumentation amplifier (IA) with a super class-AB output stage. The IA is followed by a single block for programmable gain amplification (PGA), low pass filtering (LPF), and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) functionality. The PGA-LPF-ADC has a reconfigurable gain from 6 to 14 dB and can cover a bandwidth from 100 to 1 kHz, saving 90% of the passives area and 25% of the FE power. Together with on-chip low dropout regulators (LDOs) and reference buffers, the prototype fabricated in 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS technology has an active area of 0.72 mm2 and consumes a 12.3- $\mu \text{W}$ dc power. The APW (ExG) FE measures an input-referred noise of 5.84 (1.22) $\mu \text{V}_{\text {rms}}$ with a total-harmonic distortion of −80 (−81.8) dB.
A perturbation correction of the Flory-Huggins polymer solution theory

A perturbation theory modiﬁcation of the Flory-Huggins polymer solutiontheory is presented. The proposed perturbation equation utilizes the re-sults by Tukur et al [J. Chem. Phys. 110 (7), 3463, 1999] for hard-spherebinary mixture at inﬁnite size ratio. The resulting perturbation theory equa-tions are used to predict properties of three different polymers with differ-ent molecular weights in different solvents. Comparison of the proposedperturbation calculations with those of the Flory-Hugginstheory and theexperimental data indicate that the proposed perturbation method appre-ciably improves the prediction of polymer solution properties especially atlarge polymer/solvent size ratios.Key words: perturbation theory, Flory-Huggins theory, hard-sphereequationPACS: 61.25.Hq, 64, 64.10.+h, 64.60.-I, 65
Physical Layer and MAC Design for Self-Reliant Cognitive Multicast Networks Using LTE Resources

Existing Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks have untapped radio frequency resources, also known as white space, that can be repurposed for cognitive radio applications. A secondary network can opportunistically interweave communication within the white space of an existing LTE signal by leveraging cognitive radio. In this article, we present CIAO-LTE, a novel framework for forming a cognitive interwoven self-reliant secondary network with no additional physical infrastructure, collaboration from the existing primary network, and software or hardware changes in the primary LTE network. For medium access control, CIAO-LTE uses an adapted version of Slotted ALOHA with a no-back-off contention. We analyze parameter settings and conduct extensive simulations to validate performance. The simulation results show that CIAO-LTE achieves throughputs as high as 4.75 Mb/s on a 5MHz LTE signal and approximately 19Mb/s with a 20MHz LTE signal, and average packet delays within a few milliseconds.
A Survey of Machine Learning for Computer Architecture and Systems

It has been a long time that computer architecture and systems are optimized to enable efficient execution of machine learning (ML) algorithms or models. Now, it is time to reconsider the relationship between ML and systems, and let ML transform the way that computer architecture and systems are designed. This embraces a twofold meaning: the improvement of designers' productivity, and the completion of the virtuous cycle. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of work that applies ML for system design, which can be grouped into two major categories, ML-based modelling that involves predictions of performance metrics or some other criteria of interest, and ML-based design methodology that directly leverages ML as the design tool. For ML-based modelling, we discuss existing studies based on their target level of system, ranging from the circuit level to the architecture/system level. For ML-based design methodology, we follow a bottom-up path to review current work, with a scope of (micro-)architecture design (memory, branch prediction, NoC), coordination between architecture/system and workload (resource allocation and management, data center management, and security), compiler, and design automation. We further provide a future vision of opportunities and potential directions, and envision that applying ML for computer architecture and systems would thrive in the community.
Sequential Sparse Bayesian Learning For Doa

Sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) can effectively and accurately solve the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation problem. In this paper, we introduce a sequential SBL method for time-varying DOA estimation. Statistical information provided from previous time steps is modeled by a zero-mean multivariate Gaussian that is characterized by variance parameters. The presented method propagates statistical information across time by means of a prediction and an update step. The prediction step computes the prior distribution of current variance parameters from previous variance parameters and the update step incorporates current observations. A performance evaluation based on simulated and experimental data demonstrates that the proposed sequential SBL method can provide the capability of tracking time-varying sources with a high resolution.
Cyberpl@y: Communicating Online; Folklore and Social media: by Brenda Danet, Oxford and New York, Berg, 2001. edited by Andrew Peck and Trevor J. Blank, Louisville, University Press of Colorado, 2020.

As this summer begins, I am thrilled that the COVID-19 pandemic is starting to diminish in the United States. Playful activity outdoors has been rising slowly. Since we can go out to see friends fa...
Contextual extinction of drug-associated discriminative stimuli fails to attenuate drug-vs-food choice in rhesus monkeys

Background: In drug addiction, relapse can be triggered by cues that function as discriminative stimuli to signal contingencies of drug availability and promote drug-taking behavior. Extinction procedures can weaken the association between drug-associated cues and drug use and may reduce the probability of relapse. This study evaluated effects of a regimen of extinction training on cocaine self-administration maintained in rhesus monkeys under a cocaine-vs.-food choice procedure that has been used previously to evaluate effectiveness of other candidate treatments for cocaine abuse. Methods: Behavior was initially maintained under a concurrent schedule of food delivery (1-g food pellets; fixed-ratio 100 schedule) and cocaine injections (0-0.1 mg/kg/injection; fixed-ratio 10 schedule) during daily 2-h choice sessions in male rhesus monkeys (n=4). Subsequently, choice sessions were supplemented by daily 20-h extinction sessions for 14 consecutive days. During extinction sessions, cocaine-associated discriminative stimuli were presented, but responding did not produce cocaine injections. Cocaine continued to be available during choice sessions. Results: Prior to extinction, cocaine maintained a dose-dependent increase in cocaine vs. food choice. Responding during extinction sessions declined to low levels by the fifth day. Exposure to extinction sessions produced a more gradual but significant decline in cocaine choice and a complementary increase in food choice during choice sessions. Conclusions: These preclinical results support the effectiveness of extinguishing cocaine-associated discriminative stimuli as a non-pharmacological treatment strategy for reducing cocaine choice. Moreover, these results also support the construct validity of preclinical drug vs. food choice procedures as a tool for candidate treatment evaluation for cocaine addiction.
Effects of two dietary crude protein levels on finishing performance, meat quality, and gene expression of market lambs.

Seventeen crossbred lambs were assigned randomly to low-protein (LP; 8% crude protein [CP]; n = 9) and high-protein (HP; 13% CP; n = 8) diets for 9 weeks. The final body weight, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and average daily gain (ADG) of the HP lambs were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the LP lambs; however, gain to feed ratio (G:F) for the LP lambs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the HP lambs. Hot carcass weight (HCW), adjusted fat thickness, and drip loss of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the HP than LP lambs. In contrast, instrumental color values L*, a*, b*, C*, and hue angle (H) of meat from the LP lambs scored significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the HP lambs. The LD muscle from HP lambs had significantly greater CLA of cis-9 trans-11 isomer (P < 0.05) than the LP lambs. The gene expression of metabolism and meat quality-related genes of LP was significantly higher than HP (P < 0.05). These results suggest that a higher dietary CP level promotes growth performance for finishing lambs, whereas lower dietary CP level is beneficial for meat quality, especially when evaluating color characteristics in the final product.
ON THE SHAKEDOWN LIMIT OF A SHIP'S HULL GIRDER

A simple method for calculating the shakedown behavior of the hull girder of a ship or marine vehicle is presented herein. The requirements for shakedown demand allowable bending moments which are generally smaller than those necessary to "break the back of a ship."
Aqueduct Optimization with Intermediate Storage

A new method has been presented for determining optimum aqueduct capacity with intermediate storage along the aqueduct. The method maximizes the net benefits and determines the optimum reservoir size once the reservoir location has been selected by the planner. The model has been designed for development planning purposes. The mathematical model is presented in two sections. In the first section the reservoir is located at the last downstream turnout. In the second section a more general model is presented and the reservoir may be located at any one of the turnouts. A reduction in aqueduct capacity is achieved through storage regulation. Data for the model are only a “test” data representative of existing water resources projects. The results indicate only the nature of the benefits and aqueduct reservoir capacities that may be achieved and are not applicable to any particular water resources project.
Single-Case Research Designs: Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings

Single-case research has played an important role in developing and evaluating interventions that are designed to alter a particular facet of human functioning. Now thoroughly updated in its second edition, acclaimed author Alan E. Kazdin's Single-Case Research Designs provides a notable contrast to the quantitative methodology approach that pervades the biological and social sciences. While focusing on widely applicable methodologies for evaluating interventions--such as treatment or psychotherapy using applied behavior analysis--this revised edition also encompasses a broader range of research areas that utilize single-case designs, demonstrating the pertinence of this methodology in various disciplines, from psychology and medicine to business and industry. This well-written, clear, and thoroughly updated text is ideal for practitioners, instructors, and students alike. Features: * Offers new options in experimental design, presenting combinations of designs that increase the range of questions that can be asked about alternative interventions * Details the underlying rationale and methods of evaluating intervention effects through visual inspection in the area of data evaluation * Provides an expanded description of methods (e.g., assessment) and a greater range of examples * Includes an appendix at the end of the book to encourage discussion of the challenges, advances, and dilemmas of data evaluation in the design
Changes in the photochemical environment of the temperate North Pacific troposphere in response to increased Asian emissions

[1] Measurements during the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) field study characterized the springtime, eastern Pacific ozone distribution at two ground sites, from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft, and from a light aircraft operated by the University of Washington. D. Jaffe and colleagues compared the 2002 ozone distribution with measurements made in the region over the two previous decades and show that average ozone levels over the eastern midlatitude Pacific have systematically increased by ∼10 ppbv in the last two decades. Here we provide substantial evidence that a marked change in the photochemical environment in the springtime troposphere of the North Pacific is responsible for this increased O3. This change is evidenced in the eastern North Pacific ITCT 2K2 study region by (1) larger increases in the minimum observed ozone levels compared to more modest increases in the maximum levels, (2) increased peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) levels that parallel trends in NOx emissions, and (3) decreased efficiency of photochemical O3 destruction, i.e., less negative O3 photochemical tendency (or net rate of O3 photochemical production; P(O3)). This changed photochemical environment is hypothesized to be due to anthropogenic emissions from Asia, which are believed to have substantially increased over the two decades preceding the study. We propose that their influence has changed the springtime Pacific tropospheric photochemistry from predominately ozone destroying to more nearly ozone producing. However, chemical transport model calculations indicate the possible influence of a confounding factor; unusual transport of tropical air to the western North Pacific during one early field study may have played a role in this apparent change in the photochemistry.
Male-Male Sexual Bonding and Male Friendship in Late Imperial China

I t I s a c o n s e n s u s s h a r e d b y m a n y scholars of Chinese cultural and gender histories that male-male sexual relationships during the late imperial period were often characterized by a fairly rigid hierarchy based on the differences of symbolic gender identity, social status, and age. That is, such a relationship often involved two men whose respective roles as the “active” (often the penetrator) and the “passive” (often the penetrated) were almost always clearly defined. Furthermore, this active/passive role differentiation paralleled closely the differentiation of the two men’s contrasting symbolic gender identities as masculine and feminine, as well as their respective social statuses as older and younger or socially powerful and socially weak. This consensus is based on the fact that most of the available historical data from traditional Chinese sources suggest that male-male sexual relationships often took place between members of the social elite and their “junior” partners of lower social status, who were often servants/slaves,
Micropaleontology across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Spitsbergen

Paleobiological studies of early metazoan evolution are critically dependent on the accurate stratigraphic subdivision and correlation of uppermost Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian sequences. Planktonic microfossils evolved rapidly during this period and are widely distributed and abundant in Vendian and Lower Cambrian rocks; therefore, they provide what is potentially one of the best means of correlating successions of this age. In Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen, tillite-bearing detrital rocks of the uppermost Proterozoic Polarisbreen Group are overlain without apparent unconformity by the Tokammane Formation, a tripartite lithologic sequence consisting of quartzarenites (Blarevbreen Member) overlain by dark shales with subordinate sandstone (Topiggane Member) and dolomites (Ditlovtoppen Member). Salterella, hyoliths, and other invertebrate remains occur in the upper part of the Tokammane succession; trace fossils are found in the Tokammane quartzarenites and shales, as well as in the uppermost few meters of the Polarisbreen sequence. Planktonic microfossils occur throughout the succession. They indicate that the Polarisbreen Group is Vendian in age and that a hiatus corresponding in time to the latest Vendian and (perhaps) earliest Cambrian coincides with the Polarisbreen/Tokammane boundary. Lower Topiggane shale samples contain acritarchs comparable to those found in the sub-Holmia Lontova Beds of Eastern Europe. Upper Topiggane samples contain diverse acritarch assemblages that indicate a late Holmia or Protolenus age, suggesting the presence of a second hiatus within the Tokammane Formation. Planktonic microfossils allow biostratigraphic correlation with other sequences both within (East Greenland) and between (East European Platform) paleocontinents. Like those from other areas, diversity trends exhibited by late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian acritarchs from Spitsbergen indicate a major Vendian episode of extinction followed by Early Cambrian rediversification of planktonic microfossils.
Management of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Hypertension in children and adolescents is becoming a greater problem in the developed world. Although traditionally thought of as usually secondary to renal, vascular, or endocrine causes, primary hypertension is becoming the most common form seen in childhood. This changing epidemiology is related to the recent obesity epidemic. The evaluation of high blood pressure in children is more involved than in adults and is aimed both at identifying secondary causes and to identify other co-morbidities of cardiovascular risk. Treatment of hypertension in childhood and adolescence is aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk. While there are a growing number of antihypertensive agents with FDA labeling for children, there remain far fewer options than for adults. This paper reviews the epidemiology, definitions, evaluations, and management of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents.
Unearthing Truth: Forensic Anthropology, Translocal Memory, and “Provention” in Guatemala

This article deliberately examines the search for truth after decades of conflict in Guatemala. Excavations of mass gravesites and the painstaking exhumation processes carried out by professional forensic anthropology teams continue to allow families to locate lost relatives—reclaiming truth and supporting calls for justice. For Guatemalans, the search for truth now transcends national borders, especially among migrant communities in the United States. The family remains the central unit through which the work of Guatemalan forensic anthropologists is undertaken. In an effort to engender deeper insights about these exhumation processes from a social science perspective, this analysis promotes the use of specific “tools” in Guatemalan forensic anthropology investigations. The first is an exhumations concept map, which yields important questions meant to stimulate meaningful analysis. The second, Story Maps, is a technology application with the potential to mediate digital access to the emerging Guatemalan translocal space. The research in this analysis suggests that these “tools” strengthen Burton’s notion of “provention” in Guatemala.
Electro-optic effect of photorefractive hologram

A photorefractive filter with 0.02 nm bandwidth was constructed. Using the Kukhtarev's charge transport model, the spectral response and electrical tuning of the photorefractive filter were analyzed. Electro-optical effect of the PR crystal was measured. Electrical tuning and thermal tuning of the filter were demonstrated.
Precipitation of ACC in liposomes—a model for biomineralization in confined volumes

Biomineralizing organisms frequently precipitate minerals in small phospholipid bilayer-delineated compartments. We have established an in vitro model system to investigate the effect of confinement in attoliter to femtoliter volumes on the precipitation of calcium carbonate. In particular, we analyze the growth and stabilization of liposome-encapsulated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nanoparticles using a combination of in situ techniques, cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Herein, we discuss ACC nanoparticle growth rate as a function of liposome size, carbon dioxide flux across the liposome membrane, pH, and osmotic pressure. Based on these experiments, we argue that the stabilization of ACC nanoparticles in liposomes is a consequence of a low nucleation rate (high activation barrier) of crystalline polymorphs of calcium carbonate.
Detection of question-answer pairs in email conversations

While sentence extraction as an approach to summarization has been shown to work in documents of certain genres, because of the conversational nature of email communication where utterances are made in relation to one made previously, sentence extraction may not capture the necessary segments of dialogue that would make a summary coherent. In this paper, we present our work on the detection of question-answer pairs in an email conversation for the task of email summarization. We show that various features based on the structure of email-threads can be used to improve upon lexical similarity of discourse segments for question-answer pairing.
The Ethics of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Critical Reconsideration of Salpingostomy and Methotrexate

Ethicists have continued to debate about two means of treating ectopic pregnancy, namely, the removal of the embryo from the tube (salpingostomy) and the use of methotrexate. This article examines the major arguments in favor of considering salpingostomy intentional killing. The article goes on to evaluate the major arguments in favor of the conclusion that methotrexate is intentional killing or intentional mutilation. The tentative conclusion reached is that both salpingostomy and the use of methotrexate should be considered morally permissible.
Bone geometry and strength measurements in aging mice with the oim mutation.

Mice with the naturally occurring oim mutation allows investigation of bone pathobiology in the setting of one mutation: a G deletion in the murine Cola-2 gene (exon 52) encoding the proα2(I) C-propeptide. As a result, normal sized mRNA is transcribed, but no secreted protein has been identified in oim/oim fibroblasts or osteoblasts. Here we report longitudinal changes in body mass, bone geometry, and bone structural properties of femurs tested in torsion from wild type (+/+) mice and mice homozygous (oim/oim) and heterozygous (+/oim) for the oim mutation. Femurs from mice 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and >18 months of age were dissected and X-ray films were taken in anterioposterior and mediolateral views to estimate the geometric properties. The metaphyseal ends of femurs were potted in polymethylemethacrylate and mounted on a torsional test fixture designed to convert axial tensile deformation to a torsional load using an INSTRON model 4204 materials tester. Compared with +/+ samples, peak torque at failure was reduced in oim/oim mice. Also, the geometric distribution of midshaft bone for oim/oim mice in terms of cortical area and polar moment was significantly reduced. However, the impact of the mutation on bone distribution was relatively minor for +/oim mice. Consistent with a type III classification in human OI patients, the presence of two nonfunctional alleles in homozygous oim mice significantly reduced body mass compared with age-matched wild type mice. However, no statistical difference in body mass was detected between +/oim and +/+ mice. The absence of a gross phenotypic difference between +/oim and +/+ mice demonstrates a milder phenotype in +/oim mice.
Brain stimulation for surgical epilepsy.

Summary Direct brain stimulation is an emerging treatment of epilepsy especially in patients that are not candidates for epilepsy surgery. Several different approaches of brain stimulation in epilepsy have been developed: stimulation is applied to interrupt epileptic networks in subcortical structures or a stimulus is directly applied to the seizure onset zone. Scheduled stimulation targets mainly subcortical structures like the anterior thalamic nucleus or the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus was studied in a randomized trial in humans. Several case series reported reduction of seizures targeting other subcortical structures. Scheduled stimulation of the seizure onset zone in the hippocampus has also been shown to be safe and effective in a small number of patients. The application of electrical pulses to test for certain brain functions has long been established for the purposes of brain mapping. Traditionally stimulation at 50 Hz for several seconds has been used. This stimulus frequently causes afterdischarges or seizures. Afterdischarges can be terminated by applying a very brief stimulus at the same frequency. Responsive stimulation is based on detection on this principle. Seizures are recorded intracranially and a high-frequency pulse applied whenever seizures evolve electrically. An automated implanted device for seizures detection and stimulation has been developed and shown to be safe for human use. A large clinical trial is currently ongoing. In conclusion, the optimal target and mode of stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy remains under investigation and requires large and costly controlled trials.
Time-resolved particle temperature and mass loss measurements of a bituminous coal during devolatilization

Abstract Time-resolved measurements of the rate of devolatilization of high volatile bituminous coal particles in nitrogen at gas temperatures of 1050 and 1250 K are presented. Size fractions studied here are 63–75 and 106–125 μm in diameter, with particle heating rates approaching 10 4 K/s. Particle samples are collected in a helium-quench probe, and a multielement tracer technique is used to determine overall mass loss due to devolatilization. An in situ method is used for simultaneously measuring the size, temperature, and velocity of individual coal particles during pyrolysis. The particle temperature measurement is performed using infrared pyrometry at wavelengths of 1.3 and 2.2 μm. The minimum detection threshold for a 100-μm particle in this system is 850 K. The measured particle temperature history is combined with the mass loss determinations in order to study overall coal devolatilization rates. Experimentally determined coal devolatilization rates obtained using this facility are compared with published engineering kinetic models. One-step Arrhenius kinetic coefficients indicated by these data are A = 2.3 × 10 14 s −1 and E = 55 kcal/mol.
Multi-Target Tracking by Online Learning a CRF Model of Appearance and Motion Patterns

We introduce an online learning approach for multi-target tracking. Detection responses are gradually associated into tracklets in multiple levels to produce final tracks. Unlike most previous approaches which only focus on producing discriminative motion and appearance models for all targets, we further consider discriminative features for distinguishing difficult pairs of targets. The tracking problem is formulated using an online learned CRF model, and is transformed into an energy minimization problem. The energy functions include a set of unary functions that are based on motion and appearance models for discriminating all targets, as well as a set of pairwise functions that are based on models for differentiating corresponding pairs of tracklets. The online CRF approach is more powerful at distinguishing spatially close targets with similar appearances, as well as in tracking targets in presence of camera motions. An efficient algorithm is introduced for finding an association with low energy cost. We present results on four public data sets, and show significant improvements compared with several state-of-art methods.
AVIRIS Onboard Data Handling And Control

The timing and flow of detector and ancillary data for the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) are controlled within the instrument by its digital electronics assembly. In addition to providing detector and signal chain timing, the digital electronics receives, formats, and rate-buffers digitized science data; collects and formats ancillary (calibration and engineering) data; and merges both into a single tape record. Overall AVIRIS data handling is effected by a combination of dedicated digital electronics to control instrument timing, image data flow, and data rate buffering and a microcomputer programmed to handle real-time control of instrument mechanisms and the coordinated preparation of ancillary data.
How to Make a Young Child Smarter: Evidence From the Database of Raising Intelligence

Can interventions meaningfully increase intelligence? If so, how? The Database of Raising Intelligence is a continuously updated compendium of randomized controlled trials that were designed to increase intelligence. In this article, the authors examine nearly every available intervention involving children from birth to kindergarten, using meta-analytic procedures when more than 3 studies tested similar methods and reviewing interventions when too few were available for meta-analysis. This yielded 4 meta-analyses on the effects of dietary supplementation to pregnant mothers and neonates, early educational interventions, interactive reading, and sending a child to preschool. All 4 meta-analyses yielded significant results: Supplementing infants with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, enrolling children in early educational interventions, reading to children in an interactive manner, and sending children to preschool all raise the intelligence of young children.
Kinetic justification of the solubility product: application of a general kinetic dissolution model.

Using a simple, feldspar-like model and the crystal-based reaction mechanism for water−rock kinetics being developed before, we show directly how the dissolution of euhedral faces of crystals are governed by the nonlinear quantity represented by the solubility product. The kinetic approach requires recognition of the essential role played by the correlation of the dynamics of neighboring sites in a crystal, the statistical dynamics of steps, the coupling of the various kink sites on the surface by the crystal structure, and the inclusion of bond formation as well as bond rupture into the kinetic reaction mechanism. The same kinetic approach, which accounts for the role of the solubility product (or ΔG) in the overall rate, is then shown also to explain the observed inhibition behavior in feldspars as well as the often-written phenomenological rate law, involving a product of a pH term, an activation energy term, and a ΔG term.