cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulus-response relationships in the cutaneous slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in hairy skin of the cat.

Abstract The skin mechanoreceptor responded to sustained mechanical stimulation with a three-phase action potential sequence composed of displacement-rate, transient, and displacement sensitive components. The stimulus-response relations of the displacement-rate phase were studied by application to the skin pads containing the receptor terminal of linear displacements over a stimulus continuum ranging from 0.26 to 40.8 μ/msec with final displacement of 250 μ. In response, the full carrying capacity of the group-A fiber was utilized; pulse trains of uniform interval, averaging 90 to 100 impulse/sec, were evoked. Over much of the stimulus range, the response frequency was related to the displacement rate by a power function. The alpha and beta coefficients of this relationship ranged from 1.919 to 2.396 and 0.304 to 0.592, respectively, for the twenty-nine terminals studied at normal skin temperature. Greater uniformity was obtained among receptors within a tactile unit than with those among units. The data from all the terminals were found to be ordered by the highly significant negative correlation among the coefficients, a relationship which provided a description of the stimulus-response boundaries of the system. Skin temperature (17–40 C) influenced the sensitivity, general activity level, and extent of the operating region. These effects appeared to be related to axonal properties which are influenced by temperature. Displacement-rate sensitivity was shown to be a dominant property of this receptor.
Secretory cells in the medulla of the bursal follicle: the small lymphocyte-like cells are precursors of the secretory cells.

Abstract In our morphological study we have identified Sll which are structurally similar to small lymphocytes. It is suggested that the Sll belong to the null cell population of the bursa of Fabricius are blood-borne cells with proliferative capabilities and are precursors of the secretory cells. The transformation of Sll into Sc may be facilitated by Cy treatment.
Flame base structure of small-scale pool fires

This paper attempts to answer the question, “Why are small-scale pool fires anchored?” by providing and interpreting a new set of experimental data. For momentum-controlled, high Reynolds ( Rc ) number turbulent-jet diffusion flames, the formation of a premixing zone is suggested as the primary reason for the flame anchoring. For buoyancy-controlled pool fires, however, the existence of the premixing zone at the flame base is not clear because both Re and Fr (Froude number) are low. To improve our understanding of the flame-unchoring mechanism and structure of buoyancy-controlled liquid pool fires, we employed small-scale pool fires whose diameters range between 1.5–20 cm. Our measurements include flow visualization by a particle-track laser-sheet technique (PTLS) combined with a high-speed video camera and temperature profiles by a fine thermocouple. We found from those measurements that major air entrainment occurred through the primary anchoring zone, PA, which consists of a small area covering approximately 1 cm high and around the circumference just above the dark zone; while air entrainment through the quenching zone (a dark zone formed between the visible flame edge and the burner port) was negligible. The structure of the PA was found to be premixed flame (another interpretation may be that it is similar to counter-diffusion flame). This enables the pool fires to anchor at the burner port. In addition, we visualized the existence of a vortex ring at a stagnation zone in the fuel vapor phase for both propanol and hexane pool fires, in agreement with qualitative observation by other workers.
A Novel Membrane-bound Glutathione S-Transferase Functions in the Stationary Phase of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) represent a significant group of detoxification enzymes that play an important role in drug resistance in all eukaryotic species. In this paper we report an identification and characterization of the twoSaccharomyces cerevisiae genes, GTT1 andGTT2 (glutathionetransferase 1 and 2), coding for functional GST enzymes. Despite only limited similarity with GSTs from other organisms (∼50%), recombinant Gtt1p and Gtt2p exhibit GST activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate. Both Gtt1p and Gtt2p are able to form homodimers, as determined by two hybrid assay. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated that Gtt1p associates with the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression of GTT1 is induced after diauxic shift and remains high throughout the stationary phase. Strains deleted for GTT1 and/or GTT2 are viable but exhibit increased sensitivity to heat shock in stationary phase and limited ability to grow at 39 °C.
Factors related to the development of communication in CHARGE syndrome

Parents of 28 children and a young adult with CHARGE syndrome participated in a survey on factors related to communication development. Information was obtained using a questionnaire and a follow-up interview. Parents were asked to (1) specify their child's primary mode of communication, (2) judge the significance of the effects of physical disorders, sensory deficits, and behavior on development and communication, (3) provide lists of their child's conditions and disorders, and (4) provide information about intervention related to communication and education. Thirty-nine percent of the participants (11/28) did not use symbolic language to communicate. The results suggest that factors affecting the majority of participants--physical disorders, vision loss, and hearing loss--may adversely affect communication ability. However, these factors did not preclude the development of symbolic language. Factors that were related to the development of symbolic language were success in the treatment of hearing loss with amplification, the ability to walk independently, and communication training initiated by 3 years of age. Other factors that may be related to the development of symbolic language are also discussed.
The Center for the Study of Social Work Practice: A Profile

The Center for the Study of Social Work Practice is a joint endeavor of a major school of social work and a major social agency. Structured around an administrative core and three major research streams, it offers one possible model for establishing the linkages between research and practice so essential to meaningful research on social work practice. This article describes the concept and origin of the center, advantages and limitations of its structure and funding arrangements, and its current programs of research and research dissemination. Despite inevitable difficulties, experience thus far suggests that it is both possible and productive to institutionalize practice-research partnerships on a structural, organizational basis, as well as between social work researchers and practitioners on an individual basis. Organized around a central theme, the development of practice knowledge, the center may thereby contribute to the development of indigenous social work theory as well.
Market Evolution: 1996-2012

We trace the evolution of U.S. stock markets during four time periods: Before Decimalization, from 1996 to 2000, After Decimalization, from 2001 to 2005, Electronic Trading I, from 2006 to 2010, and Electronic Trading II, from 2011 to 2012. The analysis shows how the influence of the basic variables that determine trading volume—shares outstanding, stock prices, and volatility—changed over this time span. The increase in trading volume is related to the decimalization of stock prices, the emergence of electronic stock exchanges in the last decade, and the concomitant increase in algorithmic trading.
Research on Sound Source Localization System Based on Time Delay Estimation

In the estimation of time delay, there always would not appear obvious peak with the basic cross-correlation (CC). In order to solve the problem of the basic cross-correlation method, this essay represents an improved time delay estimation method based on the generalized cross-correlation (GCC) and combines with the microphone array structure to achieve sound source localization. Finally, the simulation results show that this method could measure the sound source’s location accurately with noise and reverberation, and the distance positioning error is less than 10cm, the direction angle error is below 3°.
Social correlates of a linguistic variable:A study in a Spanish village

In this study, linguistic and anthropological research methods are employed in investigating the use of one salient feature in the speech of a small community in northern Spain. Though set in rural Spain, the study is of interest both to readers with special interest in Spain and to those concerned mostly with broader possibilities of inference from linguistic data. In the first case, findings provide insight into social change experienced by generations of villagers marked by the Spanish Civil War and the Franco regime. In the second, data provide evidence that, in this small and relatively homogeneous community, sex and political orientation are factors that influence the use of an established sociolinguistic variable. Speech data used in the study were obtained in a series of recorded interviews conducted by the author. Material of an ethnographic nature was collected during field research over a period of approximately two years. (Linguistic variation, social motivation, Spanish dialectology, Spanish regionalism, Cantabria, montanes)
A Hitchhiker's Guide to Mechanobiology

More than a century ago, it was proposed that mechanical forces could drive tissue formation. However, only recently with the advent of enabling biophysical and molecular technologies are we beginning to understand how individual cells transduce mechanical force into biochemical signals. In turn, this knowledge of mechanotransduction at the cellular level is beginning to clarify the role of mechanics in patterning processes during embryonic development. In this perspective, we will discuss current mechanotransduction paradigms, along with the technologies that have shaped the field of mechanobiology.
Aerothermodynamic Testing of Ablative Reentry Vehicle Nosetip Materials in Hypersonic Ballistic-Range Environments

The NASA-Ames Hypersonic Free-Flight Aerodynamic Facility is a unique ground-based facility for real-gas aerothermodynamic testing, offering the ability to independently vary the launch velocity, the effective altitude (static pressure), and the test gas composition. This paper reviews the aerothermodynamic testing capabilities of the NASA-Ames ballistic range, and, by example, shows recent results documenting the influence of ablated surface roughness on blunt-body transition to turbulence in hypersonic free flight.
The impact of MPI queue usage on message latency

It is well known that traditional microbenchmarks do not fully capture the salient architectural features that impact application performance. Even worse, microbenchmarks that target MPI and the communications subsystem do not accurately represent the way that applications use MPI. For example, traditional MPI latency benchmarks time a ping-pong communication with one send and one receive on each of two nodes. The time to post the receive is never counted as part of the latency. This scenario is not even marginally representative of most applications. Two new microbenchmarks are presented here that analyze network latency in a way that more realistically represents the way that MPI is typically used. These benchmarks are used to evaluate modern high-performance networks, including Quadrics, InfiniBand, and Myrinet.
Reproducibility of Intratumor Distribution of 18F-Fluoromisonidazole in Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose—Hypoxia is one of the main causes of the failure to achieve local control using radiotherapy. This is due to the increased radioresistance of hypoxic cells. 18 F-fluoromisonidazole ( 18 F-FMISO) positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can assist in the identification of intratumor regions of hypoxia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of 18 F-FMISO intratumor distribution using two pretreatment PET scans. Methods and Materials—We enrolled 20 head and neck cancer patients in this study. Of these, 6 were excluded from the analysis for technical reasons. All patients underwent an 18 Ffluorodeoxyglucose study, followed by two 18 F-FMISO studies 3 days apart. The hypoxic volumes were delineated according to a tumor/blood ratio ≥1.2. The 18 F-FMISO tracer distributions from the two 18 F-FMISO studies were co-registered on a voxel-by-voxel basis using the computed tomography images from the PET/computed tomography examinations. A correlation between the 18 F-FMISO intensities of the corresponding spatial voxels was derived. Results—A voxel-by-voxel analysis of the 18 F-FMISO distributions in the entire tumor volume showed a strong correlation in 71% of the patients. Restraining the correlation to putatively hypoxic zones reduced the number of patients exhibiting a strong correlation to 46%. Conclusion—Variability in spatial uptake can occur between repeat 18 F-FMISO PET scans in patients with head and neck cancer. Blood data for one patient was not available. Of 13 patients, 6 had well-correlated intratumor distributions of 18 F-FMISO—suggestive of chronic hypoxia. More work is required to identify the underlying causes of changes in intratumor distribution before singletime-point 18 F-FMISO PET images can be used as the basis of hypoxia-targeting intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
Confocal and Multi-Photon Imaging of Living Embryos

By its very nature, developmental biology requires thinking in four dimensions. Not only do embryos change dramatically over time, as the seemingly featureless single-celled zygote is transformed into an embryo with recognizable body axes and organ systems, but this remarkable transformation occurs in three spatial dimensions. The coordinated changes that occur within the developing embryo include carefully orchestrated signaling events, changes in gene expression, and morphogenetic movements, that is, regulated cell divisions and cell movements that sculpt the basic body plan as a recognizable organism emerges.
Modeling p-i(multi quantum well)-n solar cells: a contribution for a near optimum design

The AMO efficiency of p-i-n solar cells with quantum wells in the intrinsic region is calculated with the consideration of a large range of geometrical parameters. The near optimum design is set when the device exhibits an increase in photocurrent output with minimum open circuit voltage degradation. The method is applied to an InP cell with InGaAs MQWs added in the intrinsic region. The authors' model leads to estimates of the p-i(MQW)-n photocurrent and open circuit voltage; as well as efficiency versus well and intrinsic zone widths. The effect of the generation-recombination current on device performance is also treated. Moreover, the use of internal Bragg reflectors placed between the buffer layer and the cell structure is investigated.
Comparison of Miniaturized Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer and Enzyme-Coupled Luciferase High-Throughput Screening Assays to Discover Inhibitors of Rho-Kinase II (ROCK-II)

Kinases are important drug discovery targets for a wide variety of therapeutic indications; consequently, the measurement of kinase activity remains a common high-throughput screening (HTS) application. Recently, enzyme-coupled luciferase-kinase (LK) format assays have been introduced. This format measures luminescence resulting from metabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via a luciferin/luciferase-coupled reaction. In the research presented here, 1536-well format time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) and LK assays were created to identify novel Rho-associated kinase II (ROCK-II) inhibitors. HTS campaigns for both assays were conducted in this miniaturized format. It was found that both assays were able to consistently reproduce the expected pharmacology of inhibitors known to be specific to ROCK-II (fasudil IC50: 283 +/- 27 nM and 336 +/- 54 nM for TR-FRET and LK assays, respectively; Y-27632 IC50: 133 +/- 7.8 nM and 150 +/- 22 nM for TR-FRET and LK assays, respectively). In addition, both assays proved robust for HTS efforts, demonstrating excellent plate Z' values during the HTS campaign (0.84 +/- 0.03; 0.72 +/- 0.05 for LK and TR-FRET campaigns, respectively). Both formats identified scaffolds of known and novel ROCK-II inhibitors with similar sensitivity. A comparison of the performance of these 2 assay formats in an HTS campaign was enabled by the existence of a subset of 25,000 compounds found in both our institutional and the Molecular Library Screening Center Network screening files. Analysis of the HTS campaign results based on this subset of common compounds showed that both formats had comparable total hit rates, hit distributions, amount of hit clusters, and format-specific artifact. It can be concluded that both assay formats are suitable for the discovery of ROCK-II inhibitors, and the choice of assay format depends on reagents and/or screening technology available.
Group Purchasing Organizations, Monopsony, and Antitrust Policy

Group purchasing organizations (GPOs) consolidate the purchasing power of their members and negotiate contracts with input suppliers on their behalf. GPOs have received attention from the Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission because of concerns over monopsony power and standardization of hospital production costs. GPOs have been criticized in the literature for their contracting practices, which may appear to be exclusionary, and their funding mechanism, which may lead to incentive incompatibility. We analyze these competitive concerns in turn. We find GPOs to be procompetitive and suggest an antitrust policy that preserves the benefits of GPO operations while protecting consumers from any competitive shortcomings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RELAXIN INCREASES THE ACCUMULATION OF NEW EPITHELIAL AND STROMAL CELLS IN THE RAT CERVIX DURING THE SECOND HALF OF PREGNANCY

Both cervical and vaginal growth are relaxin dependent during rat pregnancy. We recently reported a relaxin-dependent 1.5-fold increase in cervical and vaginal DNA content from midpregnancy until term. This finding indicated that relaxin probably promotes cervical and vaginal growth at least in part by promoting cellular proliferation. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify cells in the cervix and vagina that proliferate during the second half of rat pregnancy in response to relaxin. Primiparous pregnant rats were ovariectomized or sham ovariectomized (group C; n = 8) on day 9 of pregnancy (D9). Ovariectomized rats were then treated with physiological doses of progesterone plus estrogen (n = 7) or progesterone, estrogen, and porcine relaxin (n = 7). Cellular proliferation was determined by continuously administering a low dose of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) via miniature osmotic pump from D9–D22. On D22, cervices and vaginas were collected, fixed in formalin, paraffin embedded, and se...
An aerogenic Pasteurella-like organism isolated from horses.

Thirteen strains of a gram-negative, fermentative bacterium that produced gas from glucose were isolated from horses with a variety of clinical conditions. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of this bacterium are similar to those described for the family Pasteurellaceae. These strains appear to constitute a new taxon within the genus Pasteurella; however, the final taxonomic position of this group depends upon more detailed genetic studies. Case histories indicate that this bacterium may be a primary respiratory pathogen and may play a secondary role in various other disease conditions. Members of the genus Pasteurella are commonly isolated from a variety of animal species including cat- tle, sheep, swine, poultry, dogs, cats, and rabbits, but are rarely isolated from horses. Outbreaks of Pasteu- rella multocida infection have been reported among horses and donkeys in India. 12 Pasteurella haemolytica has been isolated from horses in cases of neonatal sep- ticemia, l3 pneumonia, l5 abortion, l8 and ulcerative lymphangitis. 10 Pasteurella haemolytica has also been incriminated in an epizootic disease in Mexico that resulted in the death of more than 7,000 horses and donkeys? This report describes the characteristics of an aerogenic Pasteurella-like organism isolated from horses.
On the Cause of Ventricular Asystole during Vagal Stimulation

In anesthetized dogs the vagus nerve was stimulated for 2 min; during the first minute the ventricles were driven at a rate higher than the control sinus rate; after discontinuation of the drive, the duration of asystole was prolonged. When the ventricles were driven at a rate lower than the sinus rate during vagal stimulation the subsequent asystole was shortened. Slowing sinus activity by graded vagal stimulation before maximal vagal stimulation led to a shorter asystole. Driving the ventricles at a rate higher than the sinus node rate before vagal stimulation resulted in longer asystole. In animals with chronic atrioventricular block, "overdriving" the ventricles resulted in subsequent temporary inhibition of ventricular pacemakers. In dogs with atrioventricular block, coronary sinus plasma potassium increased during the period of ventricular overdriving, and the magnitude of the rise was a function of the driving rate. These results support the concept that ventricular asystole results from the suppressive action of the fast rate imposed by the sinus node upon the slowly discharging ventricular pacemakers. Suppression of sinus node activity by the vagus reveals the rate-dependent inhibition of ventricular pacemakers. The mechanism of inhibition may be related to changes in ionic concentration gradients.
The Indicator Browser: A Web-Based Interface for Visualizing UrbanSim Simulation Results

UrbanSim is a large scale land use and transportation simulator that models the possible long-term effects of different policies on urban regions. The output is presented using indicators, which are variables that convey information on significant aspects of the simulation results. To support their use, we designed and implemented the Indicator Browser, a Web-based interface for visualizing and browsing indicator results in the form of tables, charts, or maps. This interface was designed and evaluated via design techniques including value sensitive design, paper prototyping, and frequent user testing. The Indicator Browser was implemented on top of an evolving system, developed using agile test-first software development strategies. This paper presents the Indicator Browser as an illustrative e-government infrastructure case study. We describe its interface and system design, implementation process, and evaluation by a set of potential users, and discuss our plans for deployment
STAINING TOMATO FRUIT CUTICLE AND EXOCARP TISSUES

Immature fruit of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (Celebrity), was examined to observe the cuticle, its interface with the epidermis, and the general histology of the outer exocarp. Paraffin sections were stained first with Bismarck brown Y. Structures already stained in various hues of brown were stained again with either azure B, aluminum hematoxylin and alcian blue 8GX, or the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. Bismarck brown-azure B displayed the cuticle in strong contrast with subjacent tissue; however, nuclei were not easily identified at low magnification. Bismarck brown-hematoxylinalcian blue produced a sharply contrasted combination of yellow cuticle, bright blue cell walls and purple nuclei. Nuclei stained purple with hematoxylin were easily identified at × 100. Bismarck brown-PAS stained the cuticle golden brown and subjacent tissues magenta red. Surprisingly, epidermal cells stained specifically and intensely with PAS while pretreatment with an aldehyde blockade and omission of periodic acid...
Using Marketing Research and Positioning Techniques to Create IMC Campaigns for Private, Charter, or Public Magnet Schools

This article describes how two common tools of consumer marketers, marketing research and positioning analysis, were used to promote enrollment at a private elementary school that draws students from across district lines. The case study uses literature in the relevant fields to follow the process from the development, methodology, and results of the marketing research study to their inclusion in a positioning analysis and map of the school's perceived strengths and weaknesses, to the final integrated marketing communications (IMC) campaign that resulted.
Low-distortion embeddings of general metrics into the line

A low-distortion embedding between two metric spaces is a mapping which preserves the distances between each pair of points, up to a small factor called distortion. Low-distortion embeddings have recently found numerous applications in computer science.Most of the known embedding results are "absolute",that is, of the form: any metric Y from a given class of metrics C can be embedded into a metric X with low distortion c. This is beneficial if one can guarantee low distortion for all metrics Y in C. However, in any situations, the worst-case distortion is too large to be meaningful. For example, if X is a line metric, then even very simple metrics (an n - point star or an n -point cycle) are embeddable into X only with distortion linear in n. Nevertheless, embeddings into the line (or into low-dimensional spaces) are important for many applications.A solution to this issue is to consider "relative" (or "approximation") embedding problems, where the goal is to design an (a-approxiation) algorithm which, given any metric X from C as an input, finds an embedding of X into Y which has distortion a *cY (X), where cY (X)is the best possible distortion of an embedding of X into Y.In this paper we show algorithms and hardness results for relative embedding problems.In particular we give: •an algorith that, given a general metric M, finds an embedding with distortion O (Δ3⁄4 poly(cline (M))), where Δ is the spread of M•an algorithm that,given a weighted tree etric M, finds an embedding with distortion poly(cline (M)) •a hardness result, showing that computing minimum line distortion is hard to approximate up to a factor polynomial in n,even for weighted tree metrics with spread Δ=nO (1).
2D resonant microscanner for dual axes confocal fluorescence endomicroscope

In this paper, we present a two-dimensional (2D) electrostatically actuated Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) resonant microscanner for a miniature dual axes confocal fluorescence endomicroscope with an outer diameter (OD) of 5 mm, in which the scanner will be used to achieve a large field of view (FOV) in real-time for en-face imaging. The device has a compact and robust gimbal structure design, which enables a reflective mirror with high fill-in factor to perform high-speed 2D scanning with large tilting angles. Devices with a good optical quality mirror surfaces are produced using a three-step deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE)” silicon-on-isolator (SOI) micromachining process on a single wafer with three masks.
Use of Troponin as a Screen for Chest Pain in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Troponin levels are commonly employed in the assessment of adults presenting with chest pain or concern for coronary ischemia. However, the utility of troponin measurements in children is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to review the use and clinical yield of serum troponin assay in a large pediatric emergency department (ED). We identified all patients <22 years of age, not previously known to have cardiac disease, who presented with chest pain and whose troponin levels were evaluated in our pediatric ED during a 7-year period. Test results were correlated to patient factors, such as chief complaint, cardiac history, diagnostic workup, and discharge diagnoses. Of the 212 study patients who presented with chest pain, troponin levels were increased (≥0.1 ng/ml) in 37 (17%) subjects. The disposition for these 37 subjects included transfer to adult facility (n = 6), admission to our pediatric inpatient service (n = 27), and discharge to home from the ED (n = 10). Only one subject had an acute myocardial infarction. For those with increased troponin level, 18 of 37 (48%) cases were attributed to a primary cardiac diagnosis with the most common discharge diagnosis of myocarditis or pericarditis. In the pediatric ED setting, selective use of troponin assay may be a useful test in the management of patients with chest pain. Most cases of increased troponin level related to chest pain represent myocarditis, often mild and self-resolving. Given the low likelihood that acute coronary syndrome is the etiology of chest pain, immediate transfer to an adult facility for the majority of patients with increase of troponin does not appear warranted.
Clinical evaluation of cuff and tube tip position in a newly designed paediatric preformed oral cuffed tracheal tube.

Background To assess the adequacy of the position of the tracheal tube cuff and tracheal tube tip in the recently introduced preformed oral Microcuff paediatric endotracheal tube (PET) using the manufacturers recommendations for Microcuff tracheal tube size selection. Methods With Hospital Ethics Committee approval and informed parental consent, the tracheas of children from birth to adolescence were orally intubated with the preformed oral Microcuff PET. First, the position of the tracheal tube's intubation depth mark in relation to the vocal cords was assessed. Second, the distance ‘tracheal tube tip-to-carina’ was endoscopically measured with the patient supine and the head in a neutral position and the tube placed with the centre mark at the lower incisors or alveolar ridge. Results A total of 166 children aged from 0.1 to 16.4 yr (median 5.9 yr) were studied. In five patients the intubation depth mark was above (5 mm each), in 22 patients at the level of and in the remaining 139 patients below the vocal cords. No endobronchial intubation occurred. In four patients the distance ‘tracheal tube tip-to-carina’ was smaller than the safety margin to prevent endobronchial intubation during head-neck flexion. Conclusion The new oral preformed cuffed tracheal tubes allow safe placement in almost all patients when inserted according to the tube bend. The critically low tube tip and the high cuff positions in a few tubes when placed according to the tube bend requires clinical alertness.
Revisiting the Deific-Decree Doctrine in Washington State

The deific-decree exception to Washington's M'Naughten insanity standard first appeared in case law a quarter century ago in State v. Crenshaw. A few subsequent cases have attempted to refine the contours of the deific decree; however, the deific-decree doctrine has had only limited utility as a basis for the insanity defense. After about a decade of no activity in this area, the Washington courts have recently revisited the deific-decree doctrine in a case involving two defendants.
RADIATION OSTEITIS OF THE RIBS

1. Radiation osteitis of the ribs associated with pathological fracture is a slowly developing lesion which may appear at varying intervals following initial irradiation. The eleven-year interval in the case presented is believed to be one of the longest reported in the literature. 2. Healing of such fractures may occur, but the process is very slow, as exemplified by the presence of only partial healing in one such fracture during a six-year observation period. 3. The importance of distinguishing radiation osteitis from metastatic carcinoma should be emphasized.
Managing Agitation Associated with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in the Emergency Setting.

Introduction Patient agitation represents a significant challenge in the emergency department (ED), a setting in which medical staff are working under pressure dealing with a diverse range of medical emergencies. The potential for escalation into aggressive behavior, putting patients, staff, and others at risk, makes it imperative to address agitated behavior rapidly and efficiently. Time constraints and limited access to specialist psychiatric support have in the past led to the strategy of “restrain and sedate,” which was believed to represent the optimal approach; however, it is increasingly recognized that more patient-centered approaches result in improved outcomes. The objective of this review is to raise awareness of best practices for the management of agitation in the ED and to consider the role of new pharmacologic interventions in this setting.
An overview of mobile device network activities: Characteristics of heterogeneous network interfaces

In this paper, we provide an overview and results of a long-term field study that captured network interface traffic on-device for 30 participating mobile devices. For the involved devices, the majority of applications installed are found to exhibit network activity, resulting in a high traffic variability. Bursts of data are observed for about 20 minute durations, with an overall average volume of 317 kByte in a two-minute time frame, while exhibiting an average inter-arrival of observed bursts of about 18 hours. We discover a significant dominance of the download direction of network traffic, to a majority on wireless LAN interfaces. We attribute this behavior to the common practice of mobile data offloading. We furthermore find a lack of distinct long-range dependence or self-similarity in the analyzed traffic, across interface types as well as directions. Our findings could impact the ongoing efforts to decrease networking battery impacts on mobile devices, such as through anticipatory resource optimization, as little correlation between directions and interfaces were observed in this data set.
Organizing websites : A dilemma for libraries

Websites are proliferating dramatically, and many should be organized and made available to users since they are of high quality and of great interest to users. There are several ways a library can capture (i.e., obtain and hold) and organize Websites: cataloging is, of course, a traditional way of organizing information in a library, but cataloging Websites poses a dilemma for many libraries, as Websites are essentially different from traditional information resources. Making relevant Website lists and subject gateway links is usually a more popular choice, or just leaving the job to search engines like Google. This article looks at these means of organizing and capturing Websites, as well as their advantages and issues for the library and users, and determines which is the most efficient and cost-effective method.
Directly and rapidly analysising lead in whole blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Objective:To establish the method of analysising the lead in the whole blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(AAS) directly and rapidly.Methods:The atomic absorption spectrometer was optimized,Nitric acid and TritonX-100 dealed with the sample dilution,Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate(ADP) acted as the basal body improver,then transversal heated the Zee-man and deduct the background,the sample was automatic sampling and the lead was detected by AAS.Results:Analying the contents of lead in standard ox blood GBW(E) 090033,090035 coincided with the certified value.Sample introduction 1ul,the lowest detected mass concentration was 2.13 μg/L,the linear range was 0.00~50.0 μg/L.the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 0.043%~0.67%,the sample was dected continuously in six days and the relative standard deviation was 1.23%~6.54%,the recovery rate of adding standard ox blood was 98.6%~104.6%.Conclusion:This methed has higher sensitivity,better reproducibility and the result is exact.The interference of basal body is fewer and the operation is convenient.
Suppression of the ovary using a gonadotropin releasing-hormone agonist prior to stimulation for oocyte retrieval*

Five women with prior suboptimal ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) were pretreated with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist beginning in the midluteal phase of the preceding menstrual cycle. The four women with normal luteal function had castrate estrogen levels following regression of the corpus luteum, whereas one woman with an abnormal luteal phase and perimenopausal levels of gonadotropins had an agonistic response. In the three women with adequate stimulation, 20 oocytes were obtained and one woman became pregnant. Initiation of GnRH agonist therapy during the luteal phase of a normal menstrual cycle may be an efficient way of obtaining ovarian suppression without an agonistic response.
Nanoscale Concentration Quantification of Pharmaceutical Actives in Amorphous Polymer Matrices by Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy

We demonstrated the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to evaluate the composition of phenytoin:hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) spin-coated solid dispersions (SDs). To overcome the inability of bright-field and high-angle annular dark-field TEM imaging to distinguish between glassy drug and polymer, we used the π–π* transition peak in the EELS spectrum to detect phenytoin within the HPMCAS matrix of the SD. The concentration of phenytoin within SDs of 10, 25, and 50 wt % drug loading was quantified by a multiple least-squares analysis. Evaluating the concentration of 50 different regions in each SD, we determined that phenytoin and HPMCAS are intimately mixed at a length scale of 200 nm, even for drug loadings up to 50 wt %. At length scales below 100 nm, the variance of the measured phenytoin concentration increases; we speculate that this increase is due to statistical fluctuations in local concentration and chemical changes induced by electron irradiation. We also ...
Mentoring and Informal Socialization

Understanding the context of both Chinese and American academia and education culture sets a solid foundation to investigate Chinese women’s lived experiences in the U.S. science and engineering environment. The upcoming section, which consists of Chapters 7 to 11, reveals the unknown side of Chinese women’s experiences in U.S. science and engineering programs and the workforce. The content not only delineates these women’s interactions with mentors, and the daily challenges and institutionalized bias against them, but also describes the strategies they are using to cope with various problems they face in American academia and workplaces.
Analyst variability in labeling of unsupervised classifications

Analyst variability in the labeling of unsupervised classifications is tested for Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper image products covering two test sites in southern California. The accuracy of results are tested using samples from a photo interpreted base map of the area. The significance of differences between analysts is indicated by comparing Kappa statistics derived from error matrices. Analyst variability is found to be statistically significant in most cases. Certain analysts provided consistently better results for a given study area or degree of training. This work demonstrates the potential influence of analyst bias on what would otherwise seem to be a fairly objective method and suggests that controls for this subjectivity should be factored into experimental designs.
P120 Correlation between FlowPRA® and LABScreen Class II single antigen beads for the detection of HLA DQB antibodies: Not all assays are created equal

Aim Several publications have shown the clinical importance of donor-specific DQ antibodies, post-transplant, in kidney, heart and lung. We wanted to determine if FlowPRA®(F-PRA) screening beads would be a cost-effective way to assess the presence of DQB antibodies. Methods Patients with monospecific and well defined DQB specificities were identified for testing. Both F-PRA screen and LABScreen Class II single antigen bead (SAB) (One Lambda, Inc) assays were performed using serial dilutions of these sera to determine the detection “end-point” for each method. Results Our data showed that for DQB1 specificities, ∗02, ∗04, ∗05/∗06, and ∗03:01/02/03, when MFI values were high; eg: >10,000, the F-PRA displayed distinct positive staining architecture. However, when diluted, SABs could identify the presence of DQB antibody at dilutions that were negative by F-PRA (Fig. 1). The corresponding SAB MFI values ranged from ∼ 750 – 5300 (Table 1). Conclusions Our data show that the F-PRA will fail to detect HLA DQB antibody at concentrations that yield moderate MFI values by LABScreen Class II SABs. Hence, F-PRA cannot be used alone to rule out the presence of HLA DQB antibodies. The reason for this discrepancy may be differences in antigen density between the two products as each one uses a different type of cell line for antigen purification. We are in the process of performing similar studies, including crossmatches, for other HLA loci. Download : Download high-res image (220KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (66KB) Download : Download full-size image
Thoughts on the Translation of Husserl’s Ideen, Erstes Buch

There are two parts to this essay. The first part, §§1–3, traces the genesis of my translation of Ideen I. The second part, §§4–5, sketches the gist of what the author learned from the study of Ideen I, including the realization that Husserl’s “phenomenological ‘idealism’” does not exclude a “phenomenological realism.”
Do parents still model news consumption? Socializing news use among adolescents in a multi-device world:

This study seeks to understand how American youth (aged 12–17 years) learn to consume the news, with specific concern for which devices (television, computer, tablet, and mobile phone) they employ ...
Corneal Refractive Procedures for the Treatment of Presbyopia.

Purpose Refractive surgery has been in use for a long time and is evolving at a fast pace with several new corneal procedures being used for the correction of presbyopia. The purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive review of the literature to evaluate the outcome and success of different corneal refractive surgical procedures in presbyopic patients. Methods We performed a comprehensive search on PubMed to identify published reports of the various procedures utilized in the past and present to correct presbyopia. The outcomes of these procedures were recorded. Results and conclusion We found that varying rates of success have been reported with these procedures. The results of our exhaustive search are presented in this report for review.
Factors affecting the 13.56-MHz radio-frequency-mediated heating of gold nanoparticles

ABSTRACTThe use of radio-frequency (RF) energy for the thermal activation of tumor-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising non-invasive hyperthermic treatment because RF waves penetrate deep through tissue. Nonetheless, while the approach has been demonstrated using gold (Au) and iron oxide NPs, the RF-mediated heating mechanism of AuNPs has been controversial. A part of the reason is that measuring and modeling the heating of AuNPs in an RF field is a complex endeavor that depends on the chemical and physical properties of the AuNPs, interfacial phenomena involving AuNP coatings and the sample medium, and the antenna design and characteristics of the RF field. Herein, the mechanisms and factors affecting the 13.56-MHz RF-mediated heating of AuNPs are reviewed, a new factor concerning the thermal isolation of RF antennae is presented, and the ability of a new water-free cooling system to thermally isolate samples from the heat generated by metal RF-induction coils is demonstrated.
Probabilistic inference of Internet node geolocation with anomaly detection

Many Internet Protocol geo-location services and applications assume that all IP addresses within the same /24 IP version 4 prefix are in the same physical location, and in this paper we consider the challenge of detecting when this assumption is not valid. In the literature, block co-locality is often evaluated on the basis of the characteristics of latency measurements between Internet nodes with the assumption that similar delay measurements indicate that nodes reside in similar locations. In this paper, our contribution revolves around computing the probability of IP addresses in a pair of /24 blocks belonging to a pair of clusters. These probabilities are computed using hierarchical clustering combined with the bootstrap method and these methods promise to provide many important insights into the relationship between geolocation information and communication latencies. We will discuss how such information can be used for cyber-defense related applications including detection of virtual private networks and anomalous access patterns.
Quantitative Analysis of a Pathogen-Induced Premature Collapse of a “Leading Edge” Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Population in Virginia

The population dynamics of a “leading edge” (= at the edge of the expanding gypsy moth invasion) gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), population was monitored for 3 years (1995–97), with emphasis on the interactions of the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV) and the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, & Soper. Gypsy moth populations in the woodlots varied from very sparse to high (potentially defoliating) levels. LdNPV was strongly density dependent, being confirmed only from the higher populated woodlots. In contrast, the fungus was similarly active in both sparse and highly-populated woodlots. In 1995, the fungal epizootic developed late in the season, with most larvae succumbing during stadia 5–6 and producing mainly resting spores (azygospores). Estimated mortality due to fungus averaged 68% in high-density plots and 85% in low-density plots. LdNPV mortality occurred in a two-wave epizootic, although second-wave LdNPV mortality was undoubtedly reduced because of the reduction of late-...
Intermittent hypoxia suppression of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the neonatal rat liver

Abstract Objectives Extremely low gestational age neonates with chronic lung disease requiring oxygen therapy frequently experience fluctuations in arterial oxygen saturation or intermittent hypoxia (IH). These infants are at risk for multi-organ developmental delay, reduced growth, and short stature. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) system, an important hormonal regulator of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, promotes neonatal growth and development. We tested the hypothesis that increasing episodes of IH delay neonatal growth by influencing the GH/IGF-I axis. Design Newborn rats were exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 hypoxic episodes (12% O 2 ) during hyperoxia (50% O 2 ) from P0-P7, P0-P14 (IH), or allowed to recover from P7-P21 or P14-P21 (IHR) in room air (RA). RA littermates at P7, P14, and P21 served as RA controls; and groups exposed to hyperoxia only (50% O 2 ) served as zero IH controls. Histopathology of the liver; hepatic levels of GH, GHBP, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and leptin; and immunoreactivities of GH, GHR, IGF-I and IGF-IR were determined. Results Pathological findings of the liver, including cellular swelling, steatosis, necrosis and focal sinusoid congestion were seen in IH, and were particularly severe in the P7 animals. Hepatic GH levels were significantly suppressed in the IH groups exposed to 6–12 hypoxic episodes per day and were not normalized during IHR. Deficits in the GH levels were associated with reduced body length and increase body weight during IHR suggesting increased adiposity and catchup fat. Catchup fat was also associated with elevations in GHBP, IGF-I, leptin. Conclusions IH significantly impairs hepatic GH/IGF-1 signaling during the first few weeks of life, which is likely responsible for hepatic GH resistance, increased body fat, and hepatic steatosis. These hormonal perturbations may contribute to long-term organ and body growth impairment, and metabolic dysfunction in preterm infants experiencing frequent IH and/or apneic episodes.