cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell-Intrinsic gp130 Signaling on CD4+ T Cells Shapes Long-Lasting Antiviral Immunity

The IL-6 cytokine family utilizes the common signal transduction molecule gp130, which can mediate a diverse range of outcomes. To clarify the role of gp130 signaling in vivo during acute viral infection, we infected Cd4-cre Il6st(fl/fl) mice, in which gp130 is conditionally ablated in T cells, with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. We found that by day 12, but not at day 8, after infection the number of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells was reduced in the absence of gp130, and this was sustained for up to 2 mo postinfection. Additionally, gp130-deficient T follicular helper cells had lower expression of Maf, IL-21, and ICOS, and this was accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of germinal center B cells and plasmablasts. Remarkably, at 2 mo postinfection the proportion of IgG2a/c(+) memory B cells and the systemic levels of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific IgG2 Abs were dramatically decreased, whereas there was a corresponding increase in IgG1(+) memory B cells and virus-specific IgG1 Abs. In the same animals gp130-deficient virus-specific CD8(+) T cells showed a reduced proportion of memory cells, which expressed lower levels of Tcf7, and displayed diminished recall responses on secondary infection. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that the aforementioned gp130 effects on CD4(+) T cells were cell intrinsic. Overall, our data show that gp130 signaling in T cells influences the quantity and quality of long-lasting CD4(+) T cell responses as well as CD8(+) T cell- and Ab-mediated immunity after acute viral infection.
Clinically suspected fibrocartilaginous embolism: clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes.

Objective: To study the frequency, demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients with an antemortem diagnosis of fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE), a rare cause of spinal cord and cerebral infarction because of the presumed embolization of nucleus pulposus material into the vascular circulation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the institutional experience of patients who received an antemortem diagnosis of FCE by their treating physician at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN, USA) from 1997 to 2009. All patients underwent laboratory, radiological, and clinical exclusion of other possible and related diagnoses. Results: Of 164 patients with acute spinal cord infarction seen during the study timeframe, 9 (5.5%; 95% CI 2.5, 10.2%) met inclusion criteria for high likelihood of FCE (6 men, 3 women; median age 46 years old, range 21–64). All patients were severely affected (median modified Rankin Scale 4, median Barthel index 45; mean time to evaluation 57 days). One patient (1/9) experienced concomitant cerebral infarction. No patients had noticeable improvement from steroid treatment. Conclusion: The diagnosis of FCE in life is common at this referral center, accounting for 5.5% of all cases of acute spinal cord infarction seen. Although FCE is a postmortem diagnosis, we propose clinical criteria for FCE in life to better characterize the relatively high number of patients with unexplained ischaemic myelopathy.
Requirement for Protein Synthesis in rec-Dependent Repair of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Escherichia coli after Ultraviolet or X Irradiation

Deprivation of amino acids required for growth or treatment with chloramphenicol or puromycin after irradiation reduced the survival of Rec(+) cells of Escherichia coli K-12 which had been exposed to either ultraviolet (UV) or X radiation. In contrast, these treatments caused little or no reduction in the survival of irradiated recA or recB mutants. The effect of chloramphenicol on the survival of X-irradiated cells was correlated with an inhibition of repair of single-strand breaks in irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), previously shown to be controlled by recA and recB. In UV-irradiated cells no effect of chloramphenicol was detected on the repair of single-strand discontinuities in DNA replicated from UV-damaged templates, a process controlled by recA but not by recB. From this we concluded that inhibiting protein synthesis in UV or X-irradiated cells may interfere with some biochemical step in repair dependent upon the recB gene. When irradiated Rec(+) cells were cultured for a sufficient period of time in minimal growth medium before chloramphenicol treatment their survival was no longer decreased by the drug. After X irradiation this occurred in less than one generation time of the unirradiated control cells. After UV irradiation it occurred more slowly and was only complete after several generation times of the unirradiated controls. These observations indicated that replication of the entire irradiated genome was probably not required for rec-dependent repair of X-irradiated cells, although it might be required for rec-dependent repair of UV-irradiated cells.
Cloning, genetic characterization, and nucleotide sequence of the hemA-prfA operon of Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The first step in heme biosynthesis is the formation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Mutations in two genes, hemA and hemL, result in auxotrophy for ALA in Salmonella typhimurium, but the roles played by these genes and the mechanism of ALA synthesis are not understood. I have cloned and sequenced the S. typhimurium hemA gene. The predicted polypeptide sequence for the HemA protein shows no similarity to known ALA synthases, and no ALA synthase activity was detected in extracts prepared from strains carrying the cloned hemA gene. Genetic analysis, DNA sequencing of amber mutations, and maxicell studies proved that the open reading frame identified in the DNA sequence encodes HemA. Another surprising finding of this study is that hemA lies directly upstream of prfA, which encodes peptide chain release factor 1 (RF-1). A hemA::Kan insertion mutation, constructed in vitro, was transferred to the chromosome and used to show that these two genes form an operon. The hemA gene ends with an amber codon, recognized by RF-1. I suggest a model for autogenous control of prfA expression by translation reinitiation.
Genetic heterogeneity among blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus , continental nurseries along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

Genetic population structure of the blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus, a commercially and recreationally important species in the southeast U.S. shark fishery, was investigated using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Neonate blacktip sharks were sampled from three nurseries, Pine Island Sound, Terra Ceia Bay, and Yankeetown, along the Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida (Gulf) and one nursery, Bulls Bay, on the Atlantic Ocean coast of South Carolina (Atlantic). Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial control region of 169 neonates revealed 10 polymorphic sites and 13 haplotypes. Overall haplotype diversity and percent nucleotide diversity were 0.710 and 0.106%, respectively. Haplotype frequencies were compared among nurseries to determine if the high mobility and seasonal migrations of adult blacktip sharks have maintained genetic homogeneity among nurseries in the Atlantic and Gulf. Chi-square analysis and AMOVA did not detect significant structuring of haplotypes among the three Gulf nurseries, P(χ2)=0.294, ΦST=−0.005 to −0.002. All pairwise AMOVA between Gulf nurseries and the Atlantic nursery detected significant partitioning of haplotypes between the Gulf and Atlantic (ΦST=0.087–0.129, P<0.008), as did comparison between grouped Florida Gulf nurseries and the Atlantic, ΦCT=0.090, P<0.001. Based upon the dispersal abilities and seasonal migrations of blacktip sharks, these results support the presence of philopatry for nursery areas among female blacktip sharks. Our data also support the treatment of Atlantic and Gulf blacktip shark nursery areas as separate management units.
Dendritic architecture: form and function.

A study now demonstrates how dendritic architecture and differential synaptic innervation can account for functional heterogeneity of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra.
Implementing & evaluating Undergraduate Research in renewable energy at Colorado School of Mines

In 2011 Colorado School of Mines hosted 20 students in a Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program in renewable energy. Students participated in weekly technical seminars, professional development sessions, laboratory tours, social activities, and an end-of-summer poster session with other nearby students in the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network program at the University of Colorado, Boulder. The REU also joined the 2011 cohort of the Cornell Office for Research on Evaluation (CORE) Evaluation Partnership program, which stressed intensive modeling centered on stakeholder interviews. A CSM faculty member led this modeling effort and determined that diversity and integration of community members were as important as an individual's research experience. Moreover, it was thought that successfully controlling these REU parameters would lead to a better understanding of what role community plays in student attitudes and could inform a set of best practices for arbitrary REU communities. From this perspective, a set of mixed-method measures was constructed leading to an introductory evaluation of program aspects. This paper provides an overview of the Colorado School of Mines' renewable energy REU, the evaluation protocols applied to the program, and their implications that will be integrated into the second year of the project.
Measurement and Structural Model Class Separation in Mixture CFA: ML/EM Versus MCMC

Parameter recovery was assessed within mixture confirmatory factor analysis across multiple estimator conditions under different simulated levels of mixture class separation. Mixture class separation was defined in the measurement model (through factor loadings) and the structural model (through factor variances). Maximum likelihood (ML) via the EM algorithm was compared to a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimator condition using weak priors and a condition using tight priors. Results indicated that the MCMC weak condition produced the highest bias, particularly with a weak Dirichlet prior for the mixture class proportions. Specifically, the weak Dirichlet prior affected parameter estimates under all mixture class separation conditions, even with moderate and large sample sizes. With little knowledge about parameters, ML/EM should be used over MCMC weak. However, MCMC tight produced the lowest bias under all mixture class separation conditions and should be used if tight and accurate priors can be plac...
Of Heaven and Hell: Narrating Hieronymus Bosch

The author reads Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Delights as a hermeneutic text. In a dreamlike sequence, the author undertakes a trek through the three panels of the triptych, usually taken to represent Hell, Purgatory, and the Garden of Eden. In each panel, he discusses the enigmatic and highly controversial images of humans, animals, and fruits. The painting has been interpreted in a great variety of very discordant ways. According to the author, therefore the Garden of Delights is an excellent example of the ever-changing nature of textual readings, as well as of Habermas's notion of critical hermeneutics. In addition, because very little is known about Bosch himself, interpretations of the painting inform the readers about authorial influence and textual interpretations.
Volcanic triggering of a biogeochemical cascade during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2

Several periods of global ocean anoxia punctuated the Cretaceous period. Marine-sediment chemistry indicates that extensive volcanism at the beginning of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 released sulphur to the oceans, triggering a biogeochemical cascade that led to enhanced surface productivity and depletion of oxygen in the underlying waters. During the Cretaceous period (∼145–65 million years ago), there were several periods of global ocean anoxia, each lasting less than one million years. These events, known as ocean anoxic events, were marked by significant increases in organic carbon burial1, and are generally attributed to increased primary productivity in surface waters2. The details underpinning the initiation, maintenance and termination of these events, however, remain equivocal. Here we present sulphur isotope data spanning the Ocean Anoxic Event 2 (about 94.5 million years ago) from sedimentary rocks in Colorado that were formed in the Western Interior Seaway; this seaway ran north–south, splitting North America during the Cretaceous. Sulphate levels increased rapidly from relatively low background levels at the onset of the event, most likely from the release of sulphur by massive volcanism, and fell during the anoxic event. We infer that the input of sulphate facilitated increased carbon remineralization, which enhanced nutrient recycling and increased global primary productivity, eventually resulting in widespread ocean anoxia. Our scenario indicates that Ocean Anoxic Event 2 may have persisted until sulphate levels were stabilized by the formation and burial of the sulphur mineral pyrite, which returned primary productivity to background levels. We suggest that fluctuations in sulphate levels may have regulated the marine carbon cycle during past periods of low oceanic sulphate concentration.
The veloepiglottic sphincter and obligate. Nose breathing in the neonate

SUMMARY A case of phenylketonuria in an American Negro infant is reported. The importance of routine testing for phenylketonuria in all newborn children is emphasized. We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mrs.
Perceptual latency as a function of stimulus onset and offset and retinal location

Abstract Relative perceptual latency to stimulus onset and to stimulus offset was determined in the fovea and parafovea using the perceived-order method. Offset latency was shorter than onset latency at all luminance levels in the fovea. In the parafovea, however, offset latency was found to be shorter than onset latency only at low test stimulus luminances; offset and onset functions converged at higher luminance levels. Contradictory findings obtained in early phases of the present study and conflicting results existing throughout onset-offset literature are discussed in terms of visual persistence.
Evidence for a relation between executive function and pretense representation in preschool children

Several theoretical formulations suggest a relation between children's pretense and executive function (EF) skills. However, there is little empirical evidence for a correlation between these constructs in early development. Preschool children (N = 104; M age = 4-0) were given batteries of EF and pretense representation measures, as well as verbal, memory, and appearance-reality control tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed two separable but overlapping aspects of EF (Conflict and Delay). EF was significantly related to pretense after accounting for all controls. Understanding the pretend-reality distinction was strongly related to Conflict EF, whereas performing pretend actions was more strongly related to Delay EF. These results, although correlational, are consistent with the claim that EF skills are implicated in pretense, such as inhibiting reality and flexibly manipulating dual representations, and offer a potential mechanism by which pretend play interventions may enhance childhood EF.
SOI-based micro scanning grating interferometers: device characterization, control and demonstration of parallel operation

An array of micro scanning grating interferometers (μSGIs) with tunable gratings is designed, fabricated and successfully tested for simultaneous static and dynamic displacement measurements. Each μSGI has capabilities of an optical scanning interferometer and in addition, miniaturization has made array operation feasible. All of the μSGIs in an array can actively tune the distances between the gratings and the corresponding samples, simultaneously and independent of the other gratings, to maintain a bias position in a fringe for high displacement measurement sensitivity. The μSGIs are fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers and the gratings are moved by electrostatic actuation. The fabricated tunable gratings exhibit the first resonance mode at 50 kHz and a small damping ratio of ~0.05. The gratings show a sufficient (~500 nm) displacement range for tuning to a high sensitivity position, achieved with a 30 V operating voltage range. Simulation results obtained from the finite element model of the μSGI are in agreement with the experimental results. A control algorithm is implemented in real time in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to track the surface and to actively reduce the vibration noise. The use of the FPGA enables parallel and independent control and also operation of two μSGIs. Experimental results show that approximately 40 dB vibration noise reduction is obtained at 100 Hz with the current setup.
Innate immunity as a hired gun: but is it rheumatoid arthritis?

Inflammatory forms of arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are chronic diseases that primarily affect peripheral synovial joints. The pathogenesis of RA is multifactorial, including genetic influences on susceptibility, postnatal events in immune maturation, environmental factors, and
Inactivation and partition of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type III, during ethanol fractionation of plasma.

: Because of concern about the safety of immune globulins prepared for injection, we studied the effects of ethanol fractionation of human plasma on human lymphotropic virus, type III, (HTLV-III) by spiking the products of various fractionation stops with HTLV-III. Tests of inactivation and removal indicated that the ratio of residual live virus in plasma fractions/live virus in starting plasma was about 1 × 10-15 for precipitate II from which immune globulin for injection is manufactured. The results are reassuring regarding the potential safety of immune globulin.
A model for assessment and mitigation of threats on the college campus

Purpose – An increase in the number of disruptive and violent events on college and university campuses instigated this review of the methods used to interrupt the trend, with the goal of identifying a preliminary model for systematic management of such threats. The intent is to instigate research, review and discussion in order to decrease the number and severity of threatening incidents on college campuses.Design/methodology/approach – Thorough review of plans from primary and secondary education, plans in use in higher education, literature on risk and threat assessment, literature on “whistle blowers”, and of violent events on college campuses was used to construct a model.Findings – It was found that, in terms of managing and reducing threats to people who study, live and work in post‐secondary educational institutions, insufficient attention has been given to the unique needs of this setting and therefore efforts to mitigate threats have been insufficient. The investigation resulted in the developme...
Cryo-electron tomography of clathrin coated vesicles – structural implications for coat assembly

Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate vesicular traffic in cells. Three-dimensional image reconstructions of homogenous populations of in vitro assembled clathrin coats have yielded a molecular model for clathrin and its interactions with some of its partners. The intrinsic averaging required for those calculations has precluded detailed analysis of heterogeneous populations of clathrin-coated vesicles isolated from cells. We have therefore used cryo-electron tomography to study the lattice organization of individual clathrin-coated vesicles and the disposition of the captured vesicle with respect to the surrounding coat. We find a wide range of designs for the clathrin lattice, with different patterns of pentagonal, hexagonal, and occasionally heptagonal facets. Many coats, even smaller ones, enclose membrane vesicles, which are generally offset from the center of the clathrin shell. The electron density distribution between the coat and the underlying vesicle is not uniform, and the number of apparent contacts that anchor the clathrin lattice to the vesicle membrane is significantly less than the number of clathrin heavy chains in the assembly. We suggest that the eccentric position of the vesicle reflects the polarity of assembly, from initiation of coat formation to membrane pinching.
Stage of change and other predictors of participant retention in a behavioral weight management program in primary care.

High attrition often limits the efficacy of weight management programs, particularly those that serve primary care patients. We investigated stage of change and other predictors of retention in a behavioral intervention program that enrolled adult obese patients at three primary care sites. The program included practice improvements and provider training, as well as individual lifestyle counseling and educational group classes for participants. We analyzed predictors of whether participants returned for counseling visits and whether they attended group classes. The 461 participants were mainly women (84%) and minorities (87%), and most of them were in the preparation stage for dietary and physical activity changes. A total of 134 (29%) participants returned for at least one follow-up visit with their counselor and 85 (18%) attended at least one class. Baseline stage of change was not significantly associated with either return visits or class attendance (p = .875 and .182, respectively). Men and participa...
Laser Heat Treatment Of Iron-Base Alloys

Laser heat treatment of iron-base alloys is influenced by factors such as beam intensity profile, beam absorptance, heat conduction, and core microstructure of workpiece. In this article a number of techniques designed to improve the efficiency of the laser heat-treatment process are presented. Methods to obtain a laser beam profile with uniform intensity involve the use of beam-integrating optics with Fresnel number higher than 10. Approaches to increase beam absorptance involve the use of infrared energy-absorbing coatings or the use of linearly polarized laser beams. A numerical solution to the three-dimensional, time- dependent, heat conduction equation is used to calculate and experimentally validate the heat-affected and hardened zone profiles in finite-length workpieces. The numerical solution uses an implicit time- accurate finite-difference procedure based on Newton iteration and triple approximate factorization. Core microstructure influences the hardened depth that can be obtained by laser heat treatment. This is due to the influence of carbon diffusion distance for a specific core microstructure on the rate of structural transformation for surface hardening.
Theory of atomistic simulation of spin-transfer torque in nanomagnets

In spin-transfer torque (STT) for technological applications, the miniaturization of the magnet may reach the stage of requiring a fully quantum-mechanical treatment. We present an STT theory which uses the quantum macrospin ground and excited (magnon) states of the nanomagnet. This allows for energy and angular momentum exchanges between the current electron and the nano-magnet. We develop a method of magnetization dynamics simulation which captures the heating effect on the magnet by the spin-polarized current and the temperature dependence in STT. We also discuss the magnetostatics effect on magnon scattering for ferromagnetic relaxation in a thin film. Our work demonstrates a realistic step towards simulation of quantum spin-transfer torque physics in nanoscale magnets.
Current Status of Management of Malignant Disease: Current Management of Gastric Cancer

Despite a continually decreasing incidence trend, gastric cancer remains a high-risk malignancy. Symptoms are often unspecific, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the key modality for diagnosing early and intermediate-stage disease. Surgeons play a critical role in guiding and managing multiple aspects of gastric cancer diagnosis and care. Potentially curable gastric adenocarcinoma has to be free of distant metastasis and should be staged through endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography. Early (T1N0) gastric cancer can be considered for endosopic mucosal resection or submucosal dissection. All other M0 stage groups should be evaluated for preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiation followed by resection through a multidisciplinary approach. Laparoscopic staging, complete (R0) resection, and extended lymphadenectomy (D2 dissection) are critical operative components that optimize curability during gastrectomy. The morbidity potential after gastrectomy remains high; splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy should be avoided if possible to minimize postoperative complications. Laparoscopic gastric cancer resections are increasingly pursued and have not shown disadvantages to open gastrectomy as long as oncologic principles are followed. For the palliation of specific symptoms in patients with incurable gastric cancer, operative interventions should be applied selectively if less invasive modalities are insufficient and only if a meaningful benefit can be expected from a resection or bypass procedure. Prophylactic total gastrectomy should be considered for individuals at risk for hereditary diffuse-type gastric cancer through germline E-cadherin gene mutations. Surgeons engaging in gastric cancer care are expected to provide specialty expertise in order to plan and deliver appropriate care, minimize postoperative morbidity, and optimize resulting survival.
Activation of CB1 inhibits NGF-induced sensitization of TRPV1 in adult mouse afferent neurons

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-containing afferent neurons convey nociceptive signals and play an essential role in pain sensation. Exposure to nerve growth factor (NGF) rapidly increases TRPV1 activity (sensitization). In the present study, we investigated whether treatment with the selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) affects NGF-induced sensitization of TRPV1 in adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) afferent neurons. We found that CB1, NGF receptor tyrosine kinase A (trkA), and TRPV1 are present in cultured adult mouse small- to medium-sized afferent neurons and treatment with NGF (100ng/ml) for 30 min significantly increased the number of neurons that responded to capsaicin (as indicated by increased intracellular Ca(2 +) concentration). Pretreatment with the CB1 agonist ACEA (10nM) inhibited the NGF-induced response, and this effect of ACEA was reversed by a selective CB1 antagonist. Further, pretreatment with ACEA inhibited NGF-induced phosphorylation of AKT. Blocking PI3 kinase activity also attenuated the NGF-induced increase in the number of neurons that responded to capsaicin. Our results indicate that the analgesic effect of CB1 activation may in part be due to inhibition of NGF-induced sensitization of TRPV1 and also that the effect of CB1 activation is at least partly mediated by attenuation of NGF-induced increased PI3 signaling.
The borderline empathy effect: Do high BPD individuals have greater empathic ability? Or are they just more difficult to “read”?

Abstract Clinical psychologists have suggested that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are unusually accurate at “reading” other people. We investigated this claim by obtaining measures of trait accuracy and empathic accuracy in 38 same-sex dyads, each composed of one high BPD and one low BPD member. At first glance, the results suggested that the high borderline dyad members displayed both better trait accuracy and better empathic accuracy. Additional analyses revealed, however, that these effects were instead a consequence of the high BPD participants having more unusual, harder-to-predict personalities and more difficult-to-infer thoughts and feelings than those of their low BPD counterparts. We conclude that the relative empathic advantage displayed by high BPD individuals does not reflect greater ability; instead, they are simply more difficult to “read” than low BPD individuals are.
A coasean general equilibrium model of regulation

Abstract Although marginal cost pricing is necessary for welfare maximization, firms that produce under conditions of decreasing average cost incur losses if they price at marginal cost. In this paper, the Coase two-part tariff is extended to several cases of common costs by assessing surplus in order to recover the losses of the regulated natural monopolist; the existence of equilibria in these cases is demonstrated. Three models are considered in the context of an Arrow–Debreu private ownership economy: a model of the regulated monopolist who charges hookups to both households and firms who use the good; a model of the regulated natural monopolist who is allowed to make positive economic profit; and finally a model where two or more monopolists are under the control of a single regulator.
The contemporary gender agenda of the US public accounting profession: embracing feminism or maintaining empire?

Abstract In this paper we analyze the social relations operating within the contemporary gender agenda of the United States (US) public accounting profession, with the ultimate goal of revealing the role that that agenda plays in the expansion of empire. Competing narratives of globalization are used to support our characterization of the US as a contemporary empire, and to develop the role played by the US profession in that imperial project. A feminist account of the ideology of domesticity serves as a framework to critique the contemporary gender agenda of the US profession, and feminist critiques of globalization and development are used to interpret the gendered nature of the economic agenda that is currently being exported by the US profession and its multinational clients. The analysis leads to conclusions about the involvement of the US profession in facilitating empire and about complexities embedded in the roles held by women in the US public accounting profession.
On the toughening of ceramics by strong reinforcements

Abstract Some effects of intact particles in the crack wake on the fracture toughness of ceramics have been analyzed. The results have been applied to interpretation of the toughening of ceramics by strong well-bonded metal particles and by whiskers. Trends in toughness with microstructure have been predicted for various reinforced ceramic systems.
OISF Pattern and Grown-in Precipitates in Heavily Boron Doped Silicon

We study the pattern of oxidation induced stacking faults (OISF) on heavily boron doped silicon wafers. The measured radii of the OISF pattern are compared with V/G simulations and the dependence of the critical V/G value (ξ) on boron concentration is constructed. Theξ value for undoped silicon (ξ 0 ) is assumed to be close to 0.13 mm 2 /min K. The critical value rises steadily with boron concentration following a logarithmic dependency. The OISF ring located in the P band, commonly observed in lightly doped silicon, is not detected. We observe the banded OISF pattern, which reflects the residual vacancy profile according to the qualitative model for microdefects formation proposed by Voronkov and Falster [J. Cryst. Growth, 204, 462 (1999)]. Such OISF distribution is not reported so far. As an explanation, abnormal oxygen precipitation during crystal growth due to heavy boron doping and high oxygen content is assumed. Consequently, the grown-in oxygen precipitates, whose density corresponds to the residual vacancy concentration, are stable at the temperature above 1050°C and serve as the OISF nuclei. Furthermore, we observe fine structure of the L band and a strong dependence of the OISF pattern appearance on the oxygen content and the crystal thermal history. A..
The role of the posterior medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in modulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis responsiveness to acute and chronic stress

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) plays a prominent role in brain integration of acute responses to stressful stimuli. This study tests the hypothesis that the BST plays a complementary role in regulation of physiological changes associated with chronic stress exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral ibotenate lesions or sham lesions of the posterior medial region of the BST (BSTpm), an area known to be involved in inhibition of HPA axis responses to acute stress. Chronic stress was induced by 14-day exposure to twice daily stressors in an unpredictable sequence (chronic variable stress, CVS). In the morning after the end of CVS, stressed and non-stressed controls were exposed to a novel restraint stress challenge. As previously documented, CVS caused adrenal hypertrophy, thymic involution, and attenuated body weight gain. None of these endpoints were affected by BSTpm lesions. Chronic stress exposure facilitated plasma corticosterone responses to the novel restraint stress and elevated CRH mRNA. Lesions of the BSTpm increased novel stressor-induced plasma ACTH and corticosterone secretion and enhanced c-fos mRNA induction in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). In addition, lesion of the BSTpm resulted in an additive increase in CVS-induced facilitation of corticosterone responses and PVN CRH expression. Collectively these data confirm that the BSTpm markedly inhibits HPA responses to acute stress, but do not strongly support an additional role for this region in limiting HPA axis responses to chronic drive. The data further suggest that acute versus chronic stress integration are subserved by different brain circuitry.
Large neutrino magnetic moments in supersymmetry in light of the new data

Abstract We re-analyze the magnetic moments of Dirac and Majorana neutrinos in a supersymmetric extension of the MSSM with singlet right-handed neutrinos. We show that if one incorporates left–right slepton mixing, the neutrino magnetic moment becomes proportional to the corresponding lepton, rather than the neutrino, mass. Incorporating the new SuperKamiokande, the solar and the LSND data, the magnetic moments are larger than previous calculations indicate, and proportional to the tau mass, without invoking any additional symmetries or introducing any exotic particles. The supersymmetric contribution to the magnetic moments of either Dirac or Majorana neutrinos can become of order O (10 −12 )μ B and therefore of interest experimentally.
Volunteerism and Social Problems: Making Things Better or Worse?

Volunteerism is described and defined and then a model of the decision to volunteer is presented. Data from an archival analysis of volunteering after the September 11, 2001 attacks and an on-line survey of volunteers are presented in support of the model. Finally, the implications of increasing volunteerism for the solution of social problems are considered. The focus of this article is on prosocial behavior, that is, behavior intended to provide some benefit to another person or group of people. Among most contemporary social psychologists the phrase prosocial behavior still brings to mind bystander interventions in an emergency, the phenomenon so brilliantly studied
Proximal percutaneous balloon angioplasty and distal bypass for multilevel arterial occlusion

Multiple sites of atherosclerotic occlusion in high risk patients may be treated by angioplasty of the iliac obstruction and distal reconstruction. We report 18 male patients with symptomatic peripheral vascular disease in whom proximal iliac percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was combined with femoropopliteal bypass (11), femorotibial bypass (2), or femorofemoral bypass (5). There were no operative deaths. The pretreatment ankle brachial index of 0.40 ± 0.04 was increased to 0.64 ± 0.04 by discharge (p = 0.0001), and remained significantly increased through 27 months (0.65 ± 0.07) (p = 0.0001). During the follow-up period of 2–57 (mean 27 months) one dilated iliac artery required repeated percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and revision of the femoropopliteal bypass at three months. Two late amputations of study limbs occurred at two years and three years due to progression of distal disease in the infrapopliteal segment. Four patients died during the follow-up period of ischemic heart disease (3) and lung carcinoma (1). Life table analysis shows a 76% success rate for the combined procedures at two years. In selected, high risk patients, proximal iliac dilatation and distal bypass is an acceptable alternative reconstruction for multilevel occlusion.
A Robust, Fully Adaptive Hybrid Level-Set/Front-Tracking Method for Two-Phase Flows with an Accurate Surface Tension Computation

We present a variable time step, fully adaptive in space, hybrid method for the accurate simulation of incompressible two-phase flows in the presence of surface tension in two dimensions. The method is based on the hybrid level set/front-tracking approach proposed in [H.D. Ceniceros and A. M. Roma, J. Comput. Phys., 205, 391400, 2005 ]. Geometric, interfacial quantities are computed from front-tracking via the immersed-boundary setting while the signed distance (level set) function, which is evaluated fast and to machine precision, is used as a fluid indicator. The surface tension force is obtained by employing the mixed Eulerian/Lagrangian representation introduced in [S. Shin, S.I. Abdel-Khalik, V. Daru, and D. Juric, J. Comput. Phys., 203, 493-516, 2005] whose success for greatly reducing parasitic currents has been demonstrated. The use of our accurate fluid indicator together with effective Lagrangian marker control enhance this parasitic current reduction by several orders of magnitude. To resolve accurately and efficiently sharp gradients and salient flow features we employ dynamic, adaptive mesh refinements. This spatial adaption is used in concert with a dynamic control of the distribution of the Lagrangian nodes along the fluid interface and a variable time step, linearly implicit time integration scheme. We present numerical examples designed to test the capabilities and performance of the proposed approach as well as three applications: the long-time evolution of a fluid interface undergoing Rayleigh-Taylor instability, an example of bubble ascending dynamics, and a drop impacting on a free interface whose dynamics we compare with both existing numerical and experimental data. AMS subject classifications: 35R35, 65M50, 68U05, 74S20, 76D45, 76T99. ∗Corresponding author. Email addresses: hdc@math.ucsb.edu (H.D. Ceniceros), roma@ime.usp.br (A.M. Roma), aristeus@mecanica.ufu.br (A. Silveira-Neto), mmvillar@mecanica.ufu.br (M.M. Villar) http://www.global-sci.com/ Global Science Preprint
Business Games as Pedagogical Tools

This paper discusses business games as teaching tools in technology management (TM). The discipline's traditional teaching methods, while appropriate for the dissemination of foundational knowledge, may not be the optimal means to provide students with a platform to link abstract concepts and real world problems. We suggest that business simulation games are an effective way to engage students in TM topics; that they prepare students to understand and cope with the ambiguities associated with real-world organizations. Specifically, we discuss our experience with the International Operations Simulation Mark/2000 (INTOPIA), a game designed to channel students into a stream of entrepreneurial decision-making. We employed the game over 12 semesters with approximately 1000 advanced MBA candidates. Our findings indicate that business games represent a sufficiently novel approach to teaching and learning.
The new and old definitions of acute myocardial infarction: a data-based comparison.

Abstract Purpose To measure the agreement between the newer European Society of Cardiology–American College of Cardiology (ESC-ACC) definition of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the traditional definition established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Basic Procedures All adult ED patients admitted to our institution with at least one abnormally elevated cardiac biomarker were determined to have had an AMI by either or both definitions. The degree of agreement and the frequency of the reasons for disagreement between these 2 definitions were measured. Main Findings A final study population consisted of 339 patients; 196 (58%) had an AMI by one or both definitions. Among them, 126 (64%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 57-71) were discordant for these 2 definitions: 104 (53%; 95% CI, 46-60) met only the ESC-ACC, whereas 22 (11%; 95% CI, 6-16) met only the WHO definition. Among those who met only the ESC-ACC definition, 37 (36%; 95% CI, 27-45) met none of the 3 traditional WHO criteria. Principal Conclusions More patients are discordant than concordant for the 2 standard definitions of AMI. Among them, a large majority meet only the new ESC-ACC definition.
Inlet development for the NFAC 80- by 120-foot indraft wind tunnel

This paper describes the inlet design requirements of the National Full-Scale Aerodynamic Complex (NFAC), a closed-loop 4-by-80 foot wind tunnel and indraft 80-by-120 foot wind tunnel. The requirements are based upon desired test section flow quality, atmospheric wind isolation, and noise attenuation. An aerodynamic design study of the inlet treatment is described along with the analysis method and the small-scale testing program used. Measurements taken in the full-scale facility are presented, and the flow quality is summarized. The results are compared with theoretical predictions and small-scale model results.
INITIAL MTI ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION PERFORMANCE

The Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) is a satellite-based imaging system that provides images in fifteen spectral bands covering large portions of the spectrum from 0.45 through 10.7 microns. This article describes the current MTI radiometric image calibration, and will provide contrast with pre-launch plans discussed in an earlier article. The MTI system is intended to provide data with state-of-the-art radiometric calibration. The on-orbit calibration relies on the pre-launch ground calibration and is maintained by vicarious calibration campaigns. System drifts before and between the vicarious calibration campaigns are monitored by several on-board sources that serve as transfer sources in the calibration of external images. The steps used to transfer calibrations to image products, additional radiometric data quality estimates performed as part of this transfer, and the data products associated with this transfer will all be examined.
Interactive program execution in Lispedit

We describe a powerful interactive debugger (Heval) embedded in a larger programming environment (Lispedit). In Lispedit, the programmer creates, edits and files Lisp functions from a uniform editor interface that makes use of the structure of Lisp expressions. With Heval, the programmer can execute Lisp expressions and functions in a very natural way through the editor interface. We describe the debugging interface and how it has evolved over several years of use.
A labor-oriented quarterly econometric forecasting model of the youngstown-Warren SMSA☆

Abstract Our model contains forty-two stochastic equations and thirty-two identities designed to explain variation in manhours of work, employment, weekly wages and the wage bill by sector of activity for the Youngstown-Warren SMSA. Methodology in the development of these equations is discussed and the regression results shown. The paper evaluates the simulation results of the model by showing the root mean squares error and percent root mean squares error for the major aggregates using both dynamic and historic system simulations.
Solar energetic particles: is there time to hide?

Abstract In the large solar energetic particle (SEP) events that constitute a serious radiation hazard, particles are accelerated at shock waves driven out from the Sun by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). A self-regulating mechanism of wave formation by the streaming particles limits SEP intensities early in the event. Hazardous intensities do not occur until the arrival of the shock itself. This provides an opportunity to warn astronauts to take shelter after the onset of the event at the Sun and before arrival of the shock, a time of ∼12 h or more. The actual time history of particle intensities depends strongly on the longitude of the event at the Sun, on the width the CME, and especially on the speed of the shock. Fortunately, hazardous events are relatively rare. Unfortunately, this gives us few events to study, so we are forced to extrapolate knowledge gained at lower energies in the frequent smaller events. It is essential that the spacecraft with our best instrumentation be positioned outside the Earth’s magnetosphere where they can observe these rare large events when they do occur.
Modeling and error analysis for assessing spindle radial error motions

Abstract The rotating accuracy of a machine tool spindle directly affects the roundness of machined parts. Commonly, a precision arbor and one or two probes are used to inspect the spindle axis error motion. When the spindle error motion is in the same order of magnitude as the accuracy of the reference arbor, it is desirable to separate the roundness error of the reference arbor from the spindle error. One of the methods used is the three-probe method. This paper presents an exact geometric model and error analysis for the conventional three-probe method. The exact model is used to show that there is an approximation error in the commonly used governing equations of the three-probe method. To reduce inaccuracy in the converted axis motion and arbor contour, the reference arbor accuracy should be at least ten times better than that of the axis motion. It is also shown that the mounting error of the probes should be less than one-fiftieth of the size of the axis motion and the arbor size. The exact geometric model developed in this paper can also be extended to analyze the accuracy of other spindle inspection or roundness measurement methods.
Morphometry of pancreatic β cell populations during larval growth and metamorphosis of Rana catesbeiana

Abstract Insulin secreting (β) cell and pancreas volumes were estimated from bullfrogs at different stages in the life cycle. Estimations were made after immunostaining and planimetry of serial pancreas sections. The β cell volume increased during larval life and is the most likely source of the increased insulin-like immunoreactivity extracted from tadpole pancreases ( J. Hulsebus and E. S. Farrar (1985) . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol . 58 , 114–119). Metamorphic climax was associated with a loss of pancreas and β cell volumes and insulin-like immunoreactivity. The β cell pancreatic volume increased following metamorphosis and growth continued in juveniles and adults. The β cell mass formed a relatively constant percentage of the total pancreatic volume throughout the life cycle.
Biochemical markers of bone turnover: A look at laboratory tests that reflect bone status

Chemicals in serum and urine can serve as markers for monitoring bone loss, bone reformation, and the effectiveness of therapy in patients with osteoporosis. Although not yet well recognized or readily available, tests for these markers may prove preferable to densitometry in some settings or for some patients. In the future, biochemical markers may provide important information on fracture risks as well.
Sampling Corn and Soybeans I. Probing Methods

ABSTRACT IN tests conducted at Iowa country elevators, mechanical grain probes were compared with the official hand probe. Comparisons were based on the percentage of foreign material (FM) in corn and soybean samples. In-load suction probes over-estimated FM by about 1.50 points in corn and 1.05 points in soybeans. Performance of gravity-fill and core probes varied among models and between grains. The core probe was the most accurate design for FM sampling. In a laboratory experiment, the official hand probe collected corn samples with higher BCFM content than known control concentrations. At 3% BCFM, the hand probe collected 3.5%. Hand probe errors increased with the square of BCFM content.