cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication Differences Between Physicians and Their Patients in an Oncology Setting

The physician-patient relationship has critical importance in the quality of medical care, especially in the oncology setting. Of particular interest over the past two decades has been the communication between physicians and their patients. It is understood that communication is related to patient and physician satisfaction as well as other medical outcomes. However, despite this interest and attention, investigators have only recently begun to assess the communication between physicians and patients from the patient's point of view. Additionally, previous investigations have primarily relied upon retrospective reports of the interaction from patients or physicians. The current investigation assessed physician–patient communication in an oncology setting, both as it was occurring and following the interaction. The units of analysis included participant ratings as well as those of trained observers. Findings revealed that physicians and patients disagree as to the valence of the messages which transpired. Additionally, results suggest that it is the patients who distort the messages in the positive direction. Research and clinical implications of this disagreement and positivity bias are discussed.
Frailty and Greater Health Care Resource Utilization Following Major Urologic Oncology Surgery

Abstract Background In the setting of value-based care, it is critical to improve our understanding of surgical risk and greater health care resource utilization (HRU) as it relates to frailty. Objective To evaluate the impact of frailty on HRU and surgical morbidity in urologic oncology surgery using the five-item frailty index. Design, setting, and participants A retrospective cohort study was conducted using subjects from the 2012–2016 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program who underwent radical cystectomy or minimally invasive or open radical prostatectomy, radical nephrectomy, or partial nephrectomy. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association between frailty index and any increase in HRU, which was defined as prolonged length of stay greater than the 75th percentile, discharge to continued care, or unplanned readmission within 30 d. Results and limitations In the overall cohort of 92 999 subjects and within each surgery type, increasing frailty score was associated with significant stepwise increases in HRU. Logistic regression adjusting for patient demographics revealed statistically significant odds ratios of 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–1.3; p Conclusions Frailty in major urologic oncology surgery is associated with greater HRU and surgical morbidity. Patient summary We assessed the impact of frailty on greater health care resource utilization and complications after major urologic cancer surgery in a large US population. With each increase in a frailty score, there was an increase in the likelihood of having complications, prolonged hospital stay, more discharges to continued care, and unplanned readmissions within 30 d.
Redrawing the Civil-Criminal Boundary

This essay explores the effect of the destabilization of the criminal-civil divide upon constitutionally-required procedural protections. To maintain a system that grants special procedural protections to defendants in criminal proceedings, we must be able to distinguish public criminal actions from private civil ones. This has become unworkable with the increase in hybrid actions, such as state statutes that mandate that exemplary damages in civil tort actions be shared with the government, state and federal statutes that mandate victim restitution as part of a criminal verdict, and state and federal statutes that allow a government plaintiff to use the civil setting to sanction individuals and entities for conduct that is also proscribed by the criminal law. The Court has long struggled with the last example, providing inconsistent opinions both as to whether the imposition of punishment is the feature which marks a given proceeding as criminal for the purpose of procedural protections, and what it means for a given sanction to be punitive. For a brief period between 1989-1994, the Court attempted to draw independent and principled distinctions between punitive and non-punitive sanctions, and appeared willing to impose select criminal procedural protections in otherwise civil proceedings. However, more recently the Court has abandoned this effort. In a series of cases heard during the 1995-1997 terms, the Court has chosen to simply bow to the legislative labeling of an action as criminal or civil, regardless of the sanction imposed. Moreover, the Court has adopted an all-or-nothing approach to proceedings--they are either entirely civil and merit no criminal procedural protections, or they are entirely criminal and merit the full array of criminal procedural protection listed in the Bill of Rights. I predict that these decisions will have the following two effects: (1) an increasing number of formerly punitive sanctions imposed in criminal proceedings will be transformed by legislatures into remedial sanctions appropriate for civil fora, and new statutes will receive the civil appellation as a matter of course; and (2) this will lead to surprising developments in Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment jurisprudence. Unfortunately, a return to the neat criminal-civil dichotomy of days gone by is both theoretically and practically impossible. I conclude that our best hope of protecting against a slow but steady shrinkage in the scope and content of procedural protections we have come to rely upon when important interests are at stake is to accept compromise procedures in hybrid actions.
Integrity and the Incongruities of Justice: A Review of Daniel Markovits, A Modern Legal Ethics: Adversary Advocacy in a Democratic Age

Daniel Markovits’ recent book, A Modern Legal Ethics: Adversary Advocacy in a Democratic Age, begins by articulating an ethical quandary common to litigators: how can I advocate zealously for a client whose story might not be true and whose causes might not be just? In Markovits’ hands, the dilemmas of the adversary advocate are transformed into a philosophical puzzle about the nature of integrity and the very idea of fidelity to a client. Lawyers face a far more onerous ethical burden than is sometimes recognized, Markovits argues, for the adversary advocate in our legal sytem is professionally obligated to lie and cheat. It turns out, he argues, that such lawyer behavior is in principle justifiable, for it is part of what allows our society to have an institutional structure of adjudication that enjoys the virtue of political legitimacy. The political legitimacy of adjudication depends upon the availability of lawyers who give their clients voice and take fidelity seriously. The review essay takes issue with every one of Markovits’ basic claims, devoting special attention to refuting his claim that lawyers are professionally obligated to lie. Representing one’s client’s position when one is unsure of its truth is a far cry from lying, and the distinction matters a great deal. The review essay concludes, however, by returning to what generated Markovits’ project: some lawyers’s perceptions of themselves as lacking integrity, because they often advocate on behalf of causes that run counter to their own moral and political inclinations. The problem, I argue, is that there is no guarantee that justice-reinforcing activity of giving clients a voice will lead to justice being done. That is because there are many forms of justice – including, at least, constitutive justice, corrective justice, retributive justice, and distributive justice – and these forms of justice are not congruent with one another. Lawyers should deal with misgivings about their integrity by practically engaging with our system in ways aimed to diminish the incongruities of justice, not by wrapping themselves in the cocoon of a detached professional role.
Long-term outcomes after transplantation after support with a pulsatile pediatric ventricular assist device

BACKGROUND There has been increasing use of durable ventricular assist devices (VAD) in children as a bridge to transplantation (BTT). The Berlin Heart investigational device exemption (IDE) trial was the first pediatric VAD trial to demonstrate excellent survival outcomes as a BTT. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to compare the expanded post-transplant outcomes for children enrolled in the Berlin Heart IDE trial to a matched Pediatric Heart Transplant Study (PHTS) cohort not requiring mechanical circulatory support (MCS). SETTING University Hospitals. METHODS This was a retrospective review of linked PHTS and Berlin Heart IDE databases for pediatric (≤18 years) recipients transplanted from 2007-2011. Subjects with <5 years of follow up were excluded. VAD supported patients were matched 1:2 to non-VAD supported controls from the PHTS database. RESULTS Among 109 Berlin Heart IDE study enrollees, 83 were merged with the PHTS database and matched to 166 non-MCS supported patients. There was no difference in diagnosis, status at listing, and age between groups with the expected difference in inotrope use in the non-MCS supported patients. Compared to their matched cohort, there was no statistical difference in 5-year patient survival between VAD and non-VAD patients (81% vs 88%; p = 0.09) nor was there a difference in freedom from rejection or infection. CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that children supported with a Berlin Heart VAD had similar survival, infection and rejection rates compared to those not requiring MCS support. Continued surveillance of the Berlin Heart IDE trial population post heart transplantation is warranted.
Prologue: Orchestrating A Cast of Thousands

A curious sight can be observed early on a December morning in the mountain resort town of Davos, Switzerland. There, on a typical workday before the sun rises above the peak of Pischahorn, and with the street noise muffled by fresh snow, one can see a stream of people walking the streets, all in the same direction. The crowd is much larger than one would expect at this hour, especially in a resort town. These people are not dressed to go skiing or hiking; instead they are wearing comfortable sports clothes, dressed warmly enough for the typical cool mountain air of the season. This stream of humanity, coming out of the various hotels, appear wholly unconnected to all the snow that covers the ground. Instead of skis, they are equipped with computer shoulder bags, books, and folders. These men and women give the impression of young professionals and are, apparently, from all over the world. What are all of these hundreds of people doing in the middle of the Swiss Alps, in winter, if not to go skiing? (Exhibit 1.1)
Testing the effects of messaging on physical activity motivation in active and non-active adults

Abstract Objectives This study investigated the effects of messaging on physical activity (PA) motivation, and whether the effectiveness of messages aimed to promote either affective benefits, physical health benefits, or a combination of benefits varied based on one’s current PA status. Methods Adult participants (N = 188) completed an online survey assessing demographic information and current stage of change. They then viewed one of four randomly assigned promotional flyers for a campus PA program. The flyers mentioned either the: (a) affective benefits of participation, (b) physical health benefits, (c) a combination of affective and physical health benefits, or (d) a control message. Participants then responded to questions about the flyers, their perceived control for participating, followed by their interest, intention to participate, likelihood of participating, and whether they wanted to sign-up. Results A 2 (activity status) x 2 (affective message) x 2 (physical health message) between-subjects ANOVA found that the effectiveness of the promotional messages on overall cognitive motivation (i.e., a combination of interest, intention, and likelihood of participating) varied based on the respondents’ PA status. Simple effects showed that messages promoting affective benefits led to greater scores for those who are active. A logistic regression showed that PA status, message condition, and their interactions were non-significant predictors of participants’ agreeing to schedule a session in the program. Conclusion Using specific messages to sell PA may help increase motivation. However, the type of message that effectively promotes PA appears to vary depending on the message receiver’s current PA.
Scale-Factor Enhancement

A large SF is very important for MEMS gyroscopes to achieve small noise equivalent rotation rate and low rotation rate output bias. A smaller noise equivalent rotation rate directly translates to a smaller ARW and higher resolution. And a lower rotation rate output bias will lead to smaller rotation rate bias variations therefore lower bias instability. This chapter focuses on enhancing the SF of MEMS pitch and roll gyroscopes, which involves the study and optimization of nonlinearity, energy coupling, and energy dissipation in the gyroscope resonators. Novel fabrication technique and gyroscope designs will be presented to significantly enhance the SF and SNR of high-frequency MEMS resonant pitch or roll gyroscopes.
Outcome analysis for melanoma patients undergoing deep pelvic lymph node dissection

8514 Background: The benefits of deep pelvic lymph node dissection (DLND) for node-positive melanoma patients continue to be debated. The objective of our analysis was to assess factors associated ...
Microbiology and clinical characteristics of acute cholangitis with their impact on mortality; a retrospective cross sectional study.

Objective To evaluate microbiological and clinical characteristics of acute cholangitis along with their impact on mortality, and to compare the role of early versus late biliary drainage in the management of cholangitis. Methods The retrospective study was conducted at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised records of all patients presenting with acute cholangitis from June, 2012, to June, 2017. The risk factors, presence of bacteremia, resistance pattern of microbial pathogens and severity were assessed according to Tokyo guidelines in addition to associated mortality and recurrence at 3 months. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results Of the 230 patients, 137(59.6%) were male. The overall mean age was 56±13 years. The most common isolated organism was Escherichia coli 54(70.1%). Clinical severity (p=0.001), late biliary drainage (p=0.001) and use of multiple stents (p=0.03) were associated with increased mortality. However, in multivariable analysis, only high body mass index (p=0.01) and Tokyo severity grades II (p=0.04) and III (p=0.001) were significant factors associated with mortality. Conclusions Early identification of risk factors, administration of appropriate antibiotics and establishing early biliary drainage were found to be the key management steps to reduce cholangitis-related mortality.
Self-reported cognition and marijuana use in older adults: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III.

Abstract Marijuana use among older adults is on an unprecedented rise, yet little is known about its effects on cognition in this population where, due to advanced age, risk for cognitive decline is high. Thus, we investigated whether marijuana use and use characteristics were associated with self-reported cognition among older adults ages ≥ 50 years using the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Respondents either had never used marijuana (“never”: n = 10,976), used but not in the past 12 months (“former”: n = 2990), or used in the past 12 months (“current”: n = 712). Self-reported cognition was measured using the Executive Function Index. Marijuana and substance use characteristics were obtained using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5. Covariates included demographics, mental health and disability, and comorbid mental and substance use disorder. Using general linear models of cross-sectional data, we found that current users, particularly those with cannabis use disorder, reported worse cognition than never or former users, but these effects were small in magnitude. Among both former and current users, greater duration of past use was associated with worse cognition. Frequent use within the past 12 months was associated with worse cognition among current users, but daily users reported better cognition compared to monthly or weekly users. Thus, marijuana use may impact self-reported cognition in older adulthood, although these effects may be subtle, specific to particular use characteristics, and possibly affected by self-awareness of deficits. Future work using objective measures such as neuropsychological testing or neuroimaging may better elucidate these effects.
Continuous Transfer Learning with Label-informed Distribution Alignment.

Transfer learning has been successfully applied across many high-impact applications. However, most existing work focuses on the static transfer learning setting, and very little is devoted to modeling the time evolving target domain, such as the online reviews for movies. To bridge this gap, in this paper, we study a novel continuous transfer learning setting with a time evolving target domain. One major challenge associated with continuous transfer learning is the potential occurrence of negative transfer as the target domain evolves over time. To address this challenge, we propose a novel label-informed C-divergence between the source and target domains in order to measure the shift of data distributions as well as to identify potential negative transfer. We then derive the error bound for the target domain using the empirical estimate of our proposed C-divergence. Furthermore, we propose a generic adversarial Variational Auto-encoder framework named TransLATE by minimizing the classification error and C-divergence of the target domain between consecutive time stamps in a latent feature space. In addition, we define a transfer signature for characterizing the negative transfer based on C-divergence, which indicates that larger C-divergence implies a higher probability of negative transfer in real scenarios. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our TransLATE framework.
Electrochemical Separation of Lanthanum Oxide in Molten FLiNaK Salt

The electrochemical behavior of La2O3 was investigated in LiF-NaF-KF (FLiNaK, 46.5-11.5-42.0 mol %) eutectic at 700°C. In the electrochemical tests, two kinds of working electrodes, i.e., tungsten ...
Understanding Students' Computational Perspectives and Figured Worlds of Computing

Efforts expanding computing for all continue in earnest across the U.S.. Many are short-term in nature; while it is generally known that short-term engagement in computing before college does not necessarily result in students going into computing majors or careers, there may be other outcomes from these programs that may be equally important or meaningful but currently missed. To examine this, I draw from the theoretical framework of figured worlds to see what former participants perspectives on computing are and how short-term computing education programs affect their participation in computing.
Reputation Concerns Under At-Will Employment

We study a continuous-time model of long-run employment relationship with ﬁxed wage and at-will ﬁring; that is, termination of the relationship is non-contractible. Depending on his type, the worker either always works hard, or can freely choose his effort level. The ﬁrm does not know the worker’s type and the monitoring is imperfect. We show that, in the unique Markov equilibrium, as the worker’s reputation worsens, his job becomes less secure and the strategic worker works harder. We further demonstrate that the relationship between average productivity and job insecurity is U shaped, which is consistent with typical ﬁndings in the organizational psychology literature.
Commentary on “Validation Methods for Aggregate-Level Test Scale Linking: A Case Study Mapping School District Test Score Distributions to a Common Scale”

This paper begins by setting the linking methods of Reardon, Kalogrides, and Ho in the broader literature on linking. Trends in the validity data suggest that there may be a conditional bias in the...
Design Issues in Running a Web Server on Bare PC Multi-Core Architecture

We consider the design and implementation of a bare PC Web server with no OS or kernel running on a multicore architecture. Previous work has demonstrated initialization, loading and running of a 32-bit web server on a single core in a multicore configured system. The main design issues that need to be addressed are balancing the load, designing re-entrant code, enforcing concurrency control, partitioning network logic, sharing the network interface and designing multi-tasking execution. We describe a novel bare PC Web server architecture and design for addressing these issues. We also provide initial performance measurements that demonstrate the feasibility of this architecture and its implementation. It is shown that with this design and implementation, the main bottleneck impeding multicore parallelism is using a single Ethernet card in the system to handle multiple cores. This work serves as a basis for identifying issues that may exist in other networking and multicore configurations for a bare PC Web server
Metamaterial Absorbers for Lining System Shield Box and Packaging: Cavity Analysis and Equivalent Material Design

Metamaterial absorbers have been introduced as custom-designed solutions for mitigating radiated emissions from a system shield box. In this article, the analysis of these system enclosures is generalized by using a cavity analysis approach. Inspecting surface current, frequency, and quality factor of the resonant cavity modes of a shield box with metamaterial lining provides insight into evaluating and quantifying the efficacy of an absorber solution. The increased radiated emission from an enclosed system is traced back to the potential excitation of resonant cavity modes. The cavity modes can be excited when common mode signals are present at proper locations. In a generic high-speed differential signaling system, common mode signals are shown to be created as a result of differential line phase mismatches and demonstrated to yield strong spectral components at twice the harmonics of Nyquist frequency. A second design approach is introduced herein that involves finding the equivalent complex permittivity and permeability, i.e., an equivalent bulk material characteristic for the metamaterial absorber. This approach expedites the design of metamaterial absorbers and evaluation of their effectiveness for emission reduction from few hours to few minutes.
“Drawing” your Own Conclusions: Sketchnoting as a Pedagogical Tool for Teaching Ecology

Sketchnoting is a design methodology that involves communicating concepts visually. This active learning tool has shown potential for influencing student learning but its applications have been limited. Adopting the principles of research related to the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning and employing Mayer’s cognitive theory of multimedia learning, our interdisciplinary team from industrial design, biology, and education incorporated this pedagogical tool in an undergraduate upper-level ecology course and assessed its effectiveness. We found that students’ perceptions of the value of using tools such as sketchnoting did not significantly change after being introduced to the tool, but over two-thirds of students found the tool valuable and would recommend it to other students. The percentages of students who used the tool never or seldom, remained similar over the semester, but a much higher percentage of students increased their use of sketchnoting. We found that there were differences in how students utilized sketchnoting for learning. Students reported the importance of using sketchnoting for communicating. Because drawings are critical ways to communicate science, teaching visual representation techniques such as sketchnoting can improve science students’ability to identify and solve problems; subsequently improving their long-term success. Additional research exploring why and how this approach could be integrated within college coursework and how it can support learning in science is needed. Framed as an example of SoTL work, our efforts also highlight the iterative nature of these projects and the importance for researchers and faculty members to embrace the multiple roles of teacher and learner.
Corrigendum to “Torsion subgroups of rational elliptic curves over the compositum of all D4 extensions of the rational numbers” [J. Algebra 509 (2018) 535–565]

Abstract In [2] , the author claims that the fields Q ( D 4 ∞ ) defined in the paper and the compositum of all D 4 extensions of Q coincide. The proof of this claim depends on a misreading of a celebrated result by Shafarevich. The purpose is to salvage the main results of [2] . That is, the classification of torsion structures of E defined over Q when base changed to the compositum of all D 4 extensions of Q main results of [2] . All the main results in [2] are still correct except that we are no longer able to prove that these two fields are equal.
Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse?—Simple Analysis

This paper presents a simplified approximate analysis of the overall collapse of the towers of World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001. The analysis shows that if prolonged heating caused the majority of columns of a single floor to lose their load carrying capacity, the whole tower was doomed. DOI: 10.1061/~ASCE!0733-9399~2002!128:1~2! CE Database keywords: New York; New York City; Disasters; Buildings; High-rise; Collapse; Analysis; Terrorism.
Operational Insights From the Longitudinal Analysis of a Linear Accelerator Machine Log.

Purpose This study aimed to perform a longitudinal analysis of linear accelerator (linac) technical faults reported with a cloud-based Machine Log system in use in a busy academic clinic and derive operational insights related to linac reliability, clinical utilization, and performance. Methods We queried the Machine Log system for the following parameters: linac type, number of reported technical faults, types of fault, number of faults where the linac was disabled, and estimated clinical downtime. The number of fractions treated and monitor units (MU) delivered were obtained from the record and verify system as metrics of linac utilization and to normalize the number of reported linac faults, facilitating inter-comparison. Two Varian TrueBeam C-arm linacs (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA), one Varian 21iX C-arm linac (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA), and one newly installed Varian Halcyon ring gantry linac (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) were evaluated. The linacs were studied over a 30-month period from September 2017 to March 2020. Results Over 30 months, comprising 677 clinical days, 1234 faults were reported from all linacs, including 153 "linac down" events requiring rescheduling or cancellation of treatments. The TrueBeam linacs reported nearly twice as many imaging, multileaf collimator (MLC), and beam generation faults per fraction, and MU as the Halcyon. Halcyon experienced fewer beam generation/steering, accessory, and cooling-related faults than the other linacs but reported more computer and networking issues. Although it employs a relatively new MLC design compared to the C-arm linacs and delivers primarily intensity-modulated treatments, Halcyon reported fewer MLC faults than the other linacs. The 21iX linac had the fewest software-related faults but was subject to the most cooling-related faults, which we attributed to extensive use of this linac for treatment techniques with extended beam-on times. Conclusions A longitudinal analysis of a cloud-based Machine Log system yielded operational insights into the utilization, performance, and technical reliability of the linacs in use at our institution. Several trends in linac sub-system reliability were identified and could be attributed to either age, design, clinical use, or operational demands. The results of this analysis will be used as a basis for designing linac quality assurance schedules that reflect actual linac usage and observed sub-system reliability. Such a practice may contribute to a clinic workflow subject to fewer disruptions from linac faults, ultimately improving efficiency and patient safety.
FORMULAE FOR THE TRACTIVE-ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF VEHICLES DRIVING THE EPA SCHEDULES

A comprehensive analysis of the tractive-energy requirements of the EPA urban and highway driving schedules has been made. The results are compact formulas in which the specific tractive energy required to negotiate a schedule is correlated primarily with the ratio of effective aerodynamic frontal area to vehicle mass; the tire rolling resistance coefficients are additional variables. The formula coefficients permit easy determination of the proportions of the input energy required for overcoming the aerodynamic and rolling resistances, and for supplying the net powered increases in vehicle kinetic energy, respectively. The specific energy dissipated by braking has also been formulated.
Elicitation of Probabilities and Probability Distributions

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 7, pp. 4412–4417, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with an updated Bibliography section supplied by the Editor.
Polar localization of the Escherichia coli oriC region is independent of the site of replication initiation

The location of the origin-linked region of the Escherichia coli chromosome was analysed in strains lacking the core origin locus, oriC. In these strains, which initiate replication from F factors integrated at different locations around the chromosome, origin-linked DNA remains localized near the cell poles, as in wild-type cells. In contrast, minichromosomes containing 7 kb of chromosomal DNA including oriC are generally excluded from the ends of the cell. Thus, we propose that positioning of the wild-type origins at the poles is not a function of their order of replication but a sequence-specific phenomenon. It is proposed that there are centromere-like sequences, bordering the wild-type origin of replication, which are used by host mechanisms to direct the proper placement of the origin region of the chromosome. This function, combined with other host processes, may assure efficient segregation of the E. coli chromosome.
Osler, MacNalty, and the Recognition of Encephalitis Lethargica in England (S30.005)

OBJECTIVE: To explain why it was difficult to recognize encephalitis lethargica in England, and why Osler’s initial diagnosis was incorrect. BACKGROUND: In 1917, von Economo reported an epidemic of a new disorder, encephalitis lethargica, characterized by lethargy and eye movement abnormalities. DESIGN/METHODS: Review of material concerning encephalitis lethargica, Osler, and MacNalty in the archives of the Osler Library and the American Philosophical Society. RESULTS: In 1918, the English medical inspector Arthur MacNalty examined several patients with lethargy and ophthalmoplegia. MacNalty thought the patients had a new disease, being unaware of von Economo’s publication because war prevented journal circulation. William Osler saw many of these patients at the request of MacNalty, and initially thought that the patients had a cerebral form of poliomyelitis. George Draper, America’s leading expert on the clinical manifestations of polio, examined some of the patients in England and agreed with Osler. Osler corresponded with the polio researcher Simon Flexner, who concurred with Osler. MacNalty and coworkers published their findings in an October 1918 special report to the Local Government Board. MacNalty contributed 38/74 pages, wrote the section on the clinical manifestations in 168 patients, and effectively argued that this was a new disease. By the time of MacNalty’s writing, von Economo’s paper had made it to England. The outbreak in England was identical with encephalitis lethargica, as originally described by von Economo. Osler reconsidered his initial diagnosis, and eventually agreed with MacNalty on the diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica, giving full credit to MacNalty in the ninth edition of his textbook. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition of encephalitis lethargica in England was delayed because war prevented von Economo’s Austrian report from crossing borders. The broad classification of polio in the early 1900s complicated the new disease’s detection, and lead Osler to diagnose a cerebral form of polio. Draper and Flexner influenced Osler’s diagnosis more than MacNalty initially, but in the end, Osler agreed with MacNalty. Study Supported by: Not applicable. Disclosure: Dr. Boes has nothing to disclose.
Open Market Valuation of Player Performance in Cricket: Evidence from the Indian Premier League

This paper investigates the final bid prices for players during the first three seasons of the Indian Premier League (IPL). Although the IPL imposes a salary cap and other labor-market restrictions, it is anticipated that final bid prices reflect the aggregate value of player productivity statistics, potential leadership skills, and auction characteristics. The empirical analysis follows the methodology used to investigate wage determination in other professional sports. We find that cricketer salaries are influenced by player characteristics and that the marginal values have not been changing during the first three years of the league. We find little evidence for systematic wage discrimination against players who are not Indian nationals. We also find little evidence for systematic differences in average salaries paid across the eight franchises in the league.
Response to Experimental Infection with Mumps Virus in Rhesus Monkeys

Experiments were conducted in which rhesus monkeys were infected with mumps virus by inoculation into the parotid gland. Virus was isolated from buccal swab specimens from animals up to 6 days after inoculation. Immunofluorescence staining for mumps antigen was positive, and infectious virus was recovered from tissue biopsies of inoculated glands. Histological examination of biopsied glands revealed lymphocytic infiltration of the tissue. Virus was not isolated from urine, buffy coat, or biopsies of thyroid and spleen. In other experiments, animals were infected by inoculation into the thyroid gland. Virus was not isolated from buccal swabs, urine specimens, or thyroid tissues from these monkeys. All inoculated animals responded immunologically to mumps virus regardless of route of infection. Previously infected animals did not shed virus when challenged with mumps virus. A histological response to challenge in glandular tissue was observed which suggested a hypersensitivity to mumps antigen. The response was qualitatively identical to that in acutely infected tissue but more intense. None of the animals infected developed antibodies to thyroid tissue regardless of route of injection of virus or site of challenge of immune monkeys.
Oversampled finite-discrete Gabor transforms

This paper considers the construction and fast computation of non-periodic discretizations of the Gabor transform. We first derive a reasonable finite version of the continuous transform by discretizing the integrals over regular in the time-frequency domain. We next apply the novel decomposition of the Gabor transform presented by Redding and Newsam (see Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing III, p.5-8, 1994) to reduce the discrete system to a collection of independent overdetermined Toeplitz mosaic systems. For the special case of an integer oversampling ratio, appealing to new results on the generalized inverses of Toeplitz mosaic systems then establishes that the discrete oversampled transforms and their generalized inverses can be repeatedly computed in O(J log J) operations, after an initial setup cost of O(Jlog/sup 2/ J) operations to appropriately factorize the inverse (J is the number of samples in the time-frequency domain). The paper thus generalizes the results of Zibulski and Zeevi (see IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing vol.42, p.942-945, 1994) on the fast computation of oversampled Gabor transforms and their inverses by removing the requirement for a periodic window function. >
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors LIN-32 and HLH-2 function together in multiple steps of a C. elegans neuronal sublineage

bHLH transcription factors function in neuronal development in organisms as diverse as worms and vertebrates. In the C. elegans male tail, a neuronal sublineage clonally gives rise to the three cell types (two neurons and a structural cell) of each sensory ray. We show here that the bHLH genes lin-32 and hlh-2 are necessary for the specification of multiple cell fates within this sublineage, and for the proper elaboration of differentiated cell characteristics. Mutations in lin-32, a member of the atonal family, can cause failures at each of these steps, resulting in the formation of rays that lack fully-differentiated neurons, neurons that lack cognate rays, and ray cells defective in the number and morphology of their processes. Mutations in hlh-2, the gene encoding the C. elegans E/daughterless ortholog, enhance the ray defects caused by lin-32 mutations. In vitro, LIN-32 can heterodimerize with HLH-2 and bind to an E-box-containing probe. Mutations in these genes interfere with this activity in a manner consistent with the degree of ray defects observed in vivo. We propose that LIN-32 and HLH-2 function as a heterodimer to activate different sets of targets, at multiple steps in the ray sublineage. During ray development, lin-32 performs roles of proneural, neuronal precursor, and differentiation genes of other systems.
Theory Programs and Theoretical Problems

Some sociologists argue that sociological theory does not grow and the reason why it does not grow is that the discipline lacks a core of highly developed, almost universally accepted, paradigms; even worse, because it is reflexive, its criteria of problem and theory choice are so noncognitive that there are no paradigms, hence no progress, in its future. We do not question that sociology lacks a core of almost universally accepted paradigms, nor that highly developed paradigms may be a sufficient condition of theory growth, but we question both that universal acceptance of them is necessary and that sociology has nothing like them. We argue that theoretical research programs—sets of strategies, sets of interrelated theories embodying these strategies, and empirical models interpreting these theories—are sufficient for theoretical growth. An examination of three theoretical research programs in this article shows that they perform some of the same functions for theory growth as, in Kuhn, are performed by ...
Scaling Relations for Laser Damage Initiation Craters

General physical relations connect the expected size and depth of laser damage induced craters to absorbed laser energy and to the strength of the material. In general, for small absorbers and instantaneous energy release, one expects three regions of interest. First is an inner region in which material is subjected to high pressure and temperature, pulverized and ejected. The resultant crater morphology will appear melted. A second region, outside the first, exhibits material removal due to spallation, which occurs when a shock wave is reflected at the free surface. The crater surface in this region will appear fractured. Finally, there is an outermost region where stresses are strong enough to crack material, but not to eject it. These regions are described theoretically and compared to representative observed craters in fused silica.
Fast volumetric phase-gradient imaging in thick samples

Oblique back-illumination microscopy (OBM) provides high resolution, sub-surface phase-gradient images from arbitrarily thick samples. We present an image formation theory for OBM and demonstrate that OBM lends itself to volumetric imaging because of its capacity for optical sectioning. In particular, OBM can provide extended depth of field (EDOF) images from single exposures, by rapidly scanning the focal plane with an electrically tunable lens. These EDOF images can be further enhanced by deconvolution. We corroborate our theory with experimental volumetric images obtained from transparent bead samples and mouse cortical brain slices.
Using a Dacon Scoop to Recover a Loaded Liferaft at Sea

Service and supply vessels that perform standby duties in the offshore sector are equipped with a variety of resources with which to perform rescue at sea. For light to moderate sea conditions, techniques currently understood and practiced tend to involve using a fast rescue craft (FRC) to rescue survivors and subsequently transfer them to a safe haven (often a standby vessel). Rescuing evacuees in higher, more challenging sea states, however, is difficult given that it can be unsafe to launch and recover FRCs in such conditions. For these cases, many standby vessels in Eastern Canada and the North Sea are equipped with a device called a Dacon Scoop. The Dacon Scoop is a 6 to 8m semi-rigid net that is deployed directly from the side of the standby vessel and designed to rescue people directly from the water. While not a conventional use, it has been suggested that the scoop could also be used to recover small rescue craft (life rafts, lifeboats and fast rescue craft) at sea. Although life rafts provide occupants with some protection from the elements, there are still issues that can make it less than desirable to remain inside for extended periods of time if an effective means of system recovery is available. This paper presents the findings of research carried-out to determine if it is safe to use a Dacon Scoop to recover a loaded liferaft. The research trials made use of a loaded inflatable 25 person davit launched life raft and two different standby vessels 75m in length. A total of 34 tests were carried out over three days in significant wave heights up to 3.7m. Recommendations are given in the context of a human factor assessment related to the procedures, equipment and field trials experiences.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Treatment of elastosis perforans serpiginosa with the flashlamp pulsed dye laser.

Background. Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) is an uncommon and chronic dermatosis characterized by the transepidermal elimination of altered elastic fibers originating in the dermis. Frequently arranged in an arcuate or serpiginous pattern, the end stage of the disease is atrophic or stellate-shaped scars. Objective. Prior therapy has primarily involved cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen which may cause scar or keloid formation. We present our experience using the flashlamp pulsed dye laser to treat EPS. Methods. A young man with Down syndrome was referred by his primary care physician for treatment of a chronic dermatosis unresponsive to topical therapy. The clinical findings were consistent with EPS, and a biopsy specimen and elastic tissue stain confirmed the diagnosis histologically. After a successful test spot, treatment was begun on the erythematous papules using a flashlamp pulsed dye laser (585 nm) with a 5 mm spot size and fluences of 6.0–7.0 J/cm2. Results. Treated areas showed moderate to marked improvement overall. There was less erythema, thickness, and scarring in treated areas compared with active or end-stage lesions. Conclusion. The flashlamp pulsed dye laser may be an effective treatment method for EPS.
Anemia and anemia correction: surrogate markers or causes of morbidity in chronic kidney disease?

In this Review, Nosratola Vaziri endeavors to reconcile two apparently conflicting sets of evidence from patients with chronic kidney disease: the observational association between greater severity of anemia and increased risk of poor outcomes, and the increased risk of adverse outcomes in patients assigned to normal, rather than subnormal, hemoglobin targets in randomized clinical trials. The author focuses on data from basic and translational studies, which are often overlooked in the design and interpretation of clinical studies and in the formulation of clinical guidelines. Observational studies have shown a strong positive correlation between the severity of anemia and the risk of poor outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This observation was initially taken to imply that adverse outcomes in CKD are caused by anemia. However, the assumption of causality ignores the possibility that anemia and adverse outcomes might be unrelated and that both are caused by underlying inflammation, oxidative stress and comorbid conditions. Randomized clinical trials of anemia correction have revealed an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients assigned to normal, rather than subnormal, hemoglobin targets. As a result, correction of anemia is now considered potentially hazardous in patients with CKD. Notably, individuals who did not reach the target hemoglobin level in the clinical trials, despite receiving high doses of erythropoietin and iron, experienced a disproportionately large share of the adverse outcomes. These observations point to overdose of erythropoietin and iron, rather than anemia correction per se, as the likely culprit. This Review explores the reasons for the apparent contradiction between the findings of observational studies and randomized clinical trials of anemia treatment in CKD. I have focused on data from basic and translational studies, which are often overlooked in the design and interpretation of clinical studies and in the formulation of clinical guidelines.
Domain switch toughening in polycrystalline ferroelectrics

Mode I steady crack growth was analyzed to determine the toughening due to domain switching in ferroelectric ceramics. A multi-axial, electromechanically coupled, incremental constitutive theory is applied to model the material behavior of the ferroelectric ceramic. The constitutive law is then implemented within the finite element method to study steady crack growth. The effects of mechanical and electrical poling on the fracture toughness are investigated. Results for the predicted fracture toughness, remanent strain distributions, and domain switching zone shapes and sizes are presented. Finally, the model predictions are discussed in comparison discrete switching models and to experimental observations.
Mass and kinetic energy distributions in near-barrier fission of /sup 182/W

Mass and kinetic energy distributions have been measured for the fission of /sup 182/W at an excitation energy above the fission barrier E(-E/sub f/roughly-equal20 MeV. A primary motivation for these studies was to search for evidence of asymmetric mass division and anomalously low total kinetic energy release, as predicted by scission-point model calculations which include deformed (Strutinsky) shell effects. Double kinetic energy measurements of coincident fission fragments were performed, from which fragment mass distributions were derived. From the data it is concluded that at this excitation energy, liquid-drop behavior dominates the fission of /sup 182/W and any shell strength, if present, is less than 20 percent of full strength.