cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA variation and psychopharmacology of the human serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene.

One of the neurotransmitter serotonin’s receptors, HTR1B, is of interest for many neuropsychiatric traits, illnesses and treatments for multiple reasons, especially its tissue distribution, pharmacological profile and findings from mice lacking the receptor, along with reasons generally implicating serotonin. Eight mutation scans have uncovered sixteen polymorphisms in the coding sequence and surrounding 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions and much is now known of the distribution of these polymorphisms in various ethnic groups and their linkage disequilibrium relationships. Thus far, evidence exists that the uncommon missense T371G (Phe124Cys) and the common promoter region A-161T polymorphisms may exhibit functional effects and possibly that the common synonymous G861C (or more likely a variant in linkage disequilibrium with G861C) does as well. From the eighteen reported population-based case control studies of HTR1B to multiple disorders, several facts stand out. There exists preliminary evidence for asso...
Community-based organizations (CBOs) and norms of participation in Tanzania: working against the grain

The "institutional turn" in contemporary development theory has empha- sized the importance of facilitating the emergence of institutions that will improve citizens' abilities to make choices. More important, it has suggested that the ef- fectiveness of these institutions depends upon their ability to "work with the grain" of the local sociocultural environment. This article argues that community-based organizations (CBOs), as one prominent embodiment of institutional blueprints guiding relationships between state and nonstate actors in development efforts, are a poor fit in the context of contemporary urban Tanzania. This is because they are not consonant with the norms that have long governed popular participation in either the development process or associational life. Although the specific conclu- sions are limited to Dar es Salaam, the study calls for a method of interrogation that is not only historically and sociologically grounded, but also broadly applicable to other development issues. Resume: Le "tournant institutionnel" dans la theorie du developpement contem- porain a mis l'emphase sur l'importance de faciliter l'emergence d'institutions qui amelioreront la capacite des citoyens a faire des choix. En outre, il a ete suggere que l'efficacite de ces institutions dependent de leur habilite a travailler "dans la veine" de l'environnement local socioculturel. Cet article propose que les organisations communautaires (CBOs), posees comme modele pour guider les relations entre les acteurs du developpement relevant ou non du gouvernement, ne sont pas un guide approprie dans le contexte de la Tanzanie urbaine moderne. Ceci vient du fait qu'elles ne fonctionnement pas en accord avec les normes regissant la participa- tion du peuple que ce soit dans le processus de developpement ou la vie associative. Bien que mes conclusions soient specifiques a la situation de Dar El Salaam, cette etude pose les bases d'une methode de questionnement qui est non seulement fon-
Systems Biology and Pharmacology

Drug action depends not only on the direct consequences of the interaction between the drug and its target but also on other consequences within the complex physiological system that is the human body. The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) has brought together investigators from the emerging field of systems biology with pharmacologists to explore possible avenues for utilizing the concepts of systems biology to explore problems in pharmaceutical action and drug discovery.
On turing degrees of Walrasian models and a general impossibility result in the theory of decision-making

Abstract M.O. Rabin of Harvard has remarked that ‘it is obvious that not all games that are considered in the theory of games are actually playable by human beings’. Following Rabin's remark, if we interpret H. Simon's concept of bounded rationality within Church's thesis, it is possible to ask which games are computationally rational in the sense that they can be realized by recursive procedures of computations that are effective in a well-defined mathematical sense. We will discuss the complexity of realizing certain types of game-theoretic structures in terms of the partial ordering associated with the set of Turing degrees of unsolvability, and show that the degrees of complexity for recursively presented Walrasian models of general equilibrium are not among the class of R.E. degrees. This result follows by showing that the minimal degrees for the class of recursively presented Walrasian models of general equilibrium are bounded below strictly away from 0′ in the Kleene-Mostowski hierarchy. As a consequence of this bound, it follows that non-trivial Walrasian models of general equilibrium are not recursively realizable by a class of general devices of artificial intelligence known as Turing machines. A by-product of this consequence is a generalization of Kramer's (1974) impossibility result on the realization of rational choice functions for finite state machines since the class of finite state machines is properly included in the class of Turing machines.
Inference of equatorial field-line-integrated electron density values using whistlers

The nighttime electron density integrated along a magnetic field line at very small L-values (about 1.06) is inferred by comparing whistler dispersions, measured from a sounding rocket, with model ionospheric calculations. At a local time of 0500 LT, the electron density in the F-layer valley was found to be about 1000 per cu cm. It is suggested that this technique can be applied to earlier times in the local evening to determine ionospheric conditions which benefit the growth of low-latitude plasma instabilities.
INTRAVESICAL DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE FOR PRIMARY AMYLOIDOSIS OF THE BLADDER

Primary bladder amyloidosis is a rare disease. Treatment recommendations are necessarily anecdotal. We report a case of a 52-year-old woman treated successfully with intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide instillation.
Successful Treatment of Child Neuro-Behcet's Disease with Infliximab

Behcet’s disease is a systemic vasculitis, characterized by recurrent oral aphthous ulcers, recurrent genital ulcers, skin lesion, and ocular involvement. Monoclonal antibody to the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is considered as a possible therapeutic approach to achieve clinical improvement, preventing relapse in Behcet’s disease refractory to conventional anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressive durgs. We report the use of infliximab, which is one of the TNF-α monoclonal antibodies, in a 17-year-old girl with Behcet’s disease exhibiting severe mucocutaneous, ocular and neurological involvement refractory to standard treatment.
An investigation of graphite nanoplatelets as lubricant in grinding

Cooling and lubrication are very critical to ensure workpiece quality in grinding due to the high friction and intense heat generation involved in the process. Liquid lubricants have traditionally been used in flood form or minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), raising however, major environmental and economic concerns. The focus of this study is to evaluate the performance of graphite nanoplatelets as a lubricant in surface grinding. The role of graphite's characteristics such as form, size and concentration; and the effect of the carrying medium and the graphite's application method are determined based on an experimental study. The results indicate that graphite nanoplatelets significantly reduce the grinding forces, specific energy, and improve surface finish during surface grinding of hardened D-2 tool steel. A comparison with results obtained in conventional MQL grinding is also provided. The proper selection of graphite, carrying medium and application method can lead to a low cost, nontoxic and simple alternative to solid lubrication or MQL grinding.
An analysis of convective heat transfer to laminar dispersed flow in eccentric annuli

Abstract Analysis is carried out for fully-developed, laminar dispersed flow heat transfer in eccentric annuli for post-dryout conditions where the inner wall is maintained at a constant temperature while the outer wall is insulated. The heat transfer contribution of saturated droplets in the superheated vapor stream is considered as distributed heat sinks. The size and the population density of the droplets are considered as constants. The results indicate no explicitly dependence of vapor temperature profile on the mean vapor temperature, which is different from previous investigations. The effects of the droplet characteristics on the convection heat transfer are studied for a wide range of eccentrities and radius ratios.
Effect of solvents on the photodegradation rates of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Commercially produced pentachlorophenol that is used primarily as a wood preservative may contain up to 2,000 {mu}g/g of OCDD along with smaller amounts of less highly chlorinated dioxins and furans. The possibility that OCDD could be photolytically degraded to some of the more toxic CDD's has resulted in a number of publications that address that phenomenon. Studies of the formation of OCDD from pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the surface of treated wood indicated that the PCP carrier solvent could influence the levels of OCDD present. Generally, the more highly chlorinated CDD's are photolyzed more rapidly than the less highly chlorinated CDD's. A linear correlation between relative biological potency and photolysis half-lives was also noted for certain isomers of CDD's. Results indicate that OCDD is less rapidly degraded than some of the other chlorinated CDD's. Other studies with 2,3,7,8-TCDD examined the effects of solubilization, photochemical reduction, and of different surfaces. The primary objective of this study was to determine if the presence of different solvents affected the rate of photolysis of OCDD and also to determine the effect of these solvents on the photolysis products.
Secondary task boundaries influence drivers' glance durations

Drivers show a wide range of behavior while performing a secondary task behind the wheel. In the current study, we categorized drivers into groups based on their glance behavior at task boundary (i.e., pressing a touch screen button after reading driving-related messages) and compared driving capabilities of drivers in each group. The comparison between the groups identifies different eye glance strategies, or task switching decisions, and associated vehicle control behaviors. Senders' uncertainty model was adapted to explain the results and to suggest future directions in developing driver models.
A case of infection with brucella sius, causing endocarditis and nephritis; Death from rupture of mycotic aneurysm

Abstract The case of a man with Br. suis bacteriemia is reported. The infection lasted approximately two hundred days, during which endocarditis and nephritis developed. He recovered from uremia, only to succumb to rupture of a mycotic aneurysm of the left femoral artery. Sulfonamide therapy and the administration of convalescent serum failed to influence the infection. The pooled serum was prepared from the blood of donors who had recovered from Br. suis bacteriemia. Anatomic studies after death revealed, among other things, ulceration and vegetations on a previously normal mitral valve. The specific nature of the lesions was proved, during life, by the repeated isolation of Br. suis in pure culture from the blood stream, and, after death, by obtaining pure cultures of Br. suis from the vegetations from the endocardium, the walls of the mycotic aneurysm, and other tissues. The blood contained specific agglutinins, but the skin did not react to brucellergin intradermally. So far as we are aware, this is the first reported case in which ulcerative endocarditis has been proved, beyond doubt, to be due to Br. suis . It is the second reported instance in which rupture of a mycotic aneurysm due to Br. suis has caused death.
Swim-Tank Measurement of Radiation-Induced Behavioral Incapacitation:

A swim tank was designed to measure behavioral incapacitation in rats. A preliminary experiment is reported in which the swim tank was used to identify both the phase of early transient incapacitation and that of permanent complete incapacitation which occur after a supralethal pulse of mixed neutron and gamma radiation.
Measurements and analysis of carbon and oxygen neutron inelastic cross sections below 10 MeV

Abstract Inconsistencies and errors have been found in standard neutron cross-section libraries. In particular, cross-sections for the production of gamma-rays induced by the interactions of fast neutrons with carbon and oxygen have been found to be in error. Accurate values for these particular cross-sections are important for the simulation and design of non-intrusive inspection systems based on nuclear techniques. To support the simulations, several experimental measurements have been performed and analyzed. These include both relative measurements of angular distributions and absolute measurements of differential cross sections. Simple analysis has been performed for all of the data collected, and detailed analysis has been performed for data collected at a neutron energy of 8.51 MeV. A description of the experimental setup, the analysis of the data, and the results are presented.
Fenestration of supraclinoid internal carotid artery and associated aneurysm: embryogenesis, recognition, and management.

Objective Fenestration of internal carotid artery (ICA) is extremely rare and may be associated with aneurysms arising from the fenestrated segment. Here we report two cases with successful surgical clipping of associated saccular aneurysms, and we systematically review the 12 previously reported cases. Methods In one case of 39-year-old female patient, the aneurysm and fenestration were found incidentally in the course of a workup for headaches and a thyroid nodule. In the second case, a 32-year-old female patient, the aneurysm was associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage in the setting of suspected postpartum eclampsia. In both instances the fenestration involved the supraclinoid ICA, and the aneurysm arose from the duplicated segment proximal to the origin of the posterior communicating artery. The aneurysms were more proximal than typical posterior communicating artery aneurysms, and fenestration was suspected by rotational three-dimensional angiography, and confirmed at surgery. Results In both instances the aneurysm was approached via an extended pterional craniotomy. In one case, partial anterior clinoidectomy was necessary, along with decompression of the optic nerve canal for optimal exposure of the aneurysm neck. Clip reconstruction was successful, obliterating the aneurysm and preserving ICA patency. Conclusions ICA fenestration should be considered when one analyzes ventral supraclinoid ICA aneurysms. In these and other reported cases, aneurysm is generally amenable to surgical clipping despite broad neck incorporating the fenestrated arterial segment.
Differential Gsr Conditioning Accompanied by a Two-Light Prediction Task

Summary The tenability of Spence's “inhibitory set” concept to account for differential galvanic skin responding (GSR) was explored by embedding differential conditioning trials within a two-light prediction, indication, or observation task. The masking of the tone (conditioned stimulus, CS)/shock (unconditioned stimulus, UCS) relationship was expected to result in reduced differential responding (DR) with the reduced DR attributable to a failure by S to inhibit the response to the negative stimulus. Differential conditioning trials embedded in four task conditions [predicting (P), verbally indicating (I), or visually observing (O) a two-light pattern, and conditioning alone with no lights presented (CA)] were factorially combined with two different light patterns. Thirty-six Ss were run in each of the eight groups. The DR was reduced when either the P or O task was involved. The response to the positive stimulus was significantly smaller for the P group as compared to the CA group. However, the response ...
Learning discriminative features and metrics for measuring action similarity

Measuring the similarity of human actions in videos is a challenging task. Two critical factors that affect the performance include low-level feature representations and similarity metrics. However, finding the right feature representations and metrics is hard. In this paper, we describe a novel approach that jointly learns both of them from the data, while current approaches either only learn one or not learn at all. We propose a generative plus discriminative learning method based on gated auto encoders to simultaneously learn the features and their associated metrics. Our method differs from existing feature or metric learning methods in two ways: 1) while other methods treat feature learning and metric learning as independent tasks, we argue that they should be learned jointly since features and metrics are tightly inter-dependent; 2) our method learns more discriminative features than its purely generative counterparts.
Measurement of the kinetics of biological systems at elevated temperatures utilizing flow techniques

Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.
Early prediction of ultimate outcome in newborn infants with severe respiratory failure

L'analyse retrospective des dossiers de 969 nouveau-nes admis en unite de soins intensifs en 1984-86, pour insuffisance respiratoire grave, a montre qu'il est possible d'utiliser certaines mesures d'assistance respiratoire mecanique et d'echanges gazeux pour prevoir l'evolution de leur etat, ce qui pourrait faciliter l'indication des nouvelles therapeutiques plus delicates (oxygenation extra-corporelle ou ventilation a haute frequence)
Evolution and Game Theory

Introduced by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern (1944), energized by the addition of John Nash’s (1950) equilibrium concept, and popularized by the strategic revolution of the 1980s, noncooperative game theory has become a standard tool in economics. In the process, attention has increasingly been focused on game theory’s conceptual foundations. Two questions have taken center stage: Should we expect Nash equilibrium play—that is, should we expect the choice of each player to be a best response to the choices of the other players? If so, which of the multiple Nash equilibria that arise in many games should we expect? In the 1980s, game theorists addressed these questions with models based on the assumptions that players are perfectly rational and have common knowledge of this rationality. In the 1990s, however, emphasis has shifted away from rationalitybased to evolutionary models. One reason for this shift was frustration with the limitations of rationality-based models. These models readily motivated one of the requirements of Nash equilibrium, that players choose best responses to their beliefs about others’ behavior, but less readily provided the second requirement, that these beliefs be correct. Simultaneously, rationality-based criteria for choosing among Nash equilibria produced alternative “equilibrium refinements”—strengthenings of the Nash equilibrium concept designed to exclude implausible Nash equilibria—with sufficient abandon as to prompt despair at the thought of ever choosing one as the “right” concept. A second reason for the shift away from rationality-based game theory was a change in the underlying view of what games represent. It was once typical to interpret a game as a literal description of an idealized interaction, in which an assumption of perfect rationality appeared quite
Development of a Peptide–Drug Conjugate for Prostate Cancer Therapy

TGX-221 is a highly potent phosphoinositide 3-kinase β (PI3Kβ) inhibitor that holds great promise as a novel chemotherapeutic agent to treat prostate cancer. However, poor solubility and lack of targetability limit its therapeutic applications. The objective of this present study is to develop a peptide–drug conjugate to specifically deliver TGX-221 to HER2 overexpressing prostate cancer cells. Four TGX-221 derivatives with added hydroxyl groups were synthesized for peptide conjugation. Among them, TGX-D1 exhibited a similar bioactivity to TGX-221, and it was selected for conjugation with a peptide promoiety containing a HER2-targeting ligand and a prostate specific antigen (PSA) substrate linkage. From this selection, the peptide–drug conjugate was proven to be gradually cleaved by PSA to release TGX-D1. Cellular uptake of the peptide–drug conjugate was significantly higher in prostate cancer cells compared to the parent drug. Moreover, both the peptide–drug conjugate and its cleaved products demonstrate...
The Online Information System at Georgia Tech

The catalog of a library's collection is the focal point of most major automated systems. It is certainly an essential tool, but it helps the user find monographs and journals only at the most general level. At the Georgia Institute of Technology Library, as at other libraries specializing in science and technology, having access at article level to journal literature is of primary importance. Therefore, when planning a major automated system, the library specified this type of access as a highly desirable component.
The effect of two different cyclosporine formulations on the long-term progression to chronic rejection in renal allograft recipients.

: Introduction: The introduction of the microemulsion formulation of cyclosporine (CsA) (Neoral – NEO) has been shown to provide improved absorption and less intrapatient variability than the previous formulation (Sandimmune – SIM) in kidney transplant recipients. It has been suggested that the use of the microemulsion formulation results in less acute rejection, and therefore permits better long-term transplant outcomes. Our aim was to determine whether the microemulsion formulation of cyclosporine has reduced the long-term (5 yr or more) rates of chronic rejection (allograft nephropathy) in a renal transplant population. Methods: The study population included 792 (508 cadaveric and 284 living donor) transplants performed in 786 patients at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and its affiliate hospitals between July 1, 1987 and July 1, 1998. Patients who were less than 18-yr-old or had less than 12 months of graft function were excluded from the analysis. Over 90% of the cadaveric and 11% of the live donor recipients were given an induction antibody. A total of 591 patients were given the SIM formulation and 201 the NEO formulation of cyclosporine. Additional maintenance therapy included either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. All patients were followed to graft loss, death, or return to dialysis. The NEO group was followed until December 2001. The diagnosis of acute rejection was biopsy confirmed in >92% of cases. Chronic rejection was identified by clinical and biopsy criteria. Demographic and clinical data was collected from medical records, interviews, and phone contact with patients and treating physicians. Results: The mean follow-up was 84 ± 31 months for the SIM group, and 54 ± 14 months for the NEO group. At 70 months there was no significant difference (p = 0.17) – actuarial patient survival between the SIM (90.7%) vs. the NEO (93%) treated patients. In addition, at 70 months there was no significant difference (p = 0.55) in death censored actuarial graft survival between the SIM (84.3%) and the NEO treated (85.7%) patients. The acute rejection-free rate was 10% higher for the NEO vs. the SIM patients (79 vs. 69%, p = 0.0004). Chronic rejection was diagnosed in 141 of 591 (24%) of the SIM patients and in 56 of 201 (28%) of the NEO patients (p = ns). At 5 yr the mean serum creatinine (mg/dL) was 2.07 ± 1.69 for the SIM and 2.15 ± 1.61 for the NEO patients (p = ns). Conclusions: The use of the microemulsion formulation of CsA has led to the improved delivery of the parent drug, and a decrease in the number of acute rejection episodes post-transplant. However, patient and graft survival, renal function, and progression to chronic allograft nephropathy at 5 yr were no different. The advantages of greater drug exposure from the microemulsion formulation may be counterbalanced by increased drug induced nephrotoxicity over time.
Severity of appendicitis correlates with the pediatric appendicitis score

The pediatric appendicitis score (PAS) has been used as a diagnostic tool for the assessment of acute abdominal pain. Our institution has utilized this scoring system as part of a clinical pathway for acute appendicitis. We sought to discover if the PAS could also serve as a prognostic indicator. Patients treated within the clinical pathway were divided into three groups (A, B, and C) based on the PAS assigned on admission. Data pertaining to intraoperative findings and length of hospital stay were collected prospectively. In 4 months, 112 patients were enrolled in the study (median age 10.5, range 1–18). 69 of these patients underwent early laparoscopic appendectomy. For group A, 75% had simple appendicitis and 5% were complex. For group B, 68.4% patients had simple appendicitis and 26.3% were complex. For group C, 27.3% were simple and 63.6% were complex. Mean length of hospital stay increased from 1.63 ± 0.34 for patients in group A to 5.9 ± 1.37 for patients in group C. Our observational data suggests that the PAS may be a prognostic tool for acute appendicitis. It thereby may impact on preoperative management and postoperative clinical pathways. A larger cohort is necessary to validate our findings.
Is speeding a form of gambling in adolescents

Speeding is a major contributor to motor vehicle accidents, which are the leading cause of death in adolescents. This study compares the extent to which adolescents with gambling behavior and substance use reported driving over the posted speed limits (“speeding”). Florida adolescents ages 13–17 (n = 1051) were surveyed, and asked about gambling activities, problems related to gambling, substance use, demographic questions, and speeding. Of the 562 respondents who were drivers, the gender distribution was 52.1% male and 47.9% female. Of those respondents, 76.9% were Caucasian, 6.8% were African American, 10.1% were Hispanic, and 6.1% were Native American/Asian/Other. Simple correlation analysis revealed that self-reported speeding is significantly related to gambling behavior and substance use. When a linear regression model was used, four factors showed the most significant influence on self-reported speeding: past year gambling tendency, age, trouble with the police due to drinking, and tranquilizer usage. Gambling behavior and high-risk speeding (driving ≥ 10 mph over speed limit) also were noted to be positively correlated. Our data indicate a relationship between risky driving, gambling, and other risk-taking behaviors in adolescents, and support the hypothesis that speeding may be a form of gambling behavior in this age group.
The Navier-Stokes equations in space dimension four

Solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations in four space dimensions are continuous except for a closed set whose three dimensional Hausdorff measure is finite.
Enrichment of Na+-Ca2+ exchange in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles by alkaline extraction

Abstract Exposure of canine cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles to alkaline media (⩾ pH 12) results in the extraction of 33% of the protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that specific proteins are being solubilized. Most of the phospholipid and sialic acid remains with the pellet after centrifugation. Electron microscopy reveals that alkaline treatment does not cause gross morphological damage to the vesicles, although freeze-fracture demonstrates some aggregation of intramembrane particles. The data indicate that high pH probably removes peripheral proteins and leaves the integral proteins in place. We find complete recovery of Na + -Ca 2+ exchange activity in alkaline-extracted membranes after solubilization and reconstitution. These vesicles contain only 50% of the protein of vesicles reconstituted from control sarcolemma. Thus, the specific activity of Na + -Ca 2+ exchange is doubled. Alkaline extraction is a useful and reproducible procedure for enrichment of the Na + -Ca 2+ exchange protein. NNa + + K + )-ATPase is completely inactivated by exposure to pH 12 medium though immunodetection shows that the (Na + + K + )-ATPase proteins are not extracted. We detect both α and α + forms of (Na + + K + )-ATPase and deduce that the Na + pump proteins do not comprise a major fraction of sarcolemmal protein.
Cascading Effects of Transformational Leadership and its Impact on Mission Valence

In this paper we explore the impact of transformational leadership on employee attitudes and behavior associated with organizational success. We argue that transformational leaders ingrain their ow...
Beyond truth and beauty: a fourth family of particles.

To understand why some physicist think a fourth family of quarks may exist, but that there are not many more than four, one must first understand what is currently explained and unexplained by the standard model of particle physics. The standard model is based on the assumption that ordinary matter is composed of two types of particles, quarks and leptons, and that the forces between them are transmitted by a third category of particles called bosons. Leptons include the familiar electron and neutrino; the less familiar quarks combine to make up such large particles as the proton and the neutron. Three families of quarks have been discovered experimentally, each consisting of two particles, making a total of six quarks. Each family of quarks is roughly 10 times as massive as the preceding family. Experimentally, it turns out that every family of quarks is associated with a family of leptons, each consisting of a charged lepton and a neutral one. The standard model has a number of series defects. It does not prescribe the number of families of quarks and leptons. It also fails to predict the mass of all the remaining particles. Another major mystery is the fact that whereasmore » different kinds of quarks are often observed to transform into one another, leptons are never observed to do so. The proliferation of mysteries has led some theorists to suspect the existence of a fourth family of quarks and leptons. The discovery of such a family might clear up some long-standing questions. One of them has to do with the phenomena known as charge-parity violation. 9 figs.« less
The structure of monolayer SiO2 on Mo(112) : A 2-D [Si-O-Si] network or isolated [SiO4] units?

In this letter, atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) images obtained from monolayer SiO2/Mo(1 1 2) are presented. The results are consistent with a previously proposed structural model of isolated [SiO4] units based on vibrational features observed by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and oxygen species identified by ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). These results are inconsistent with a structural model that assumes a two-dimensional (2-D) [Si–O–Si] network. These data illustrate that a metal substrate, although coated with an oxide thin layer, can be directly imaged at the atomic-scale with STM. � 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On the absence of cysteine in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides has a subunit molecular weight of 55,000, determined by SDS gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is reported. An unusual feature which has not been reported for any other dehydrogenase, is the complete absence of cystine or cysteine. This establishes the fact that cysteine is not an obligatory participant in the mechanism of action of NAD(P)-linked dehydrogenases.
Conflicted Membership: Women in Fathers’ Rights Groups

Women who participate in mixed-gender, antifeminist movements are not a homogeneous group of actors who face no identity-based conflicts when they mobilize for these causes. Using 23 in-depth interviews with women involved in the American fathers’ rights movement—which has as its goal the reformation of child support and child custody laws in ways that are more favorable to men and less favorable to women—I argue that mixed-gender, antifeminist activism has the potential to produce high levels of tension for female participants between their various social identities and their collective movement identity. Indeed, almost half of these women elaborate on how two particular manifestations of their social identities—as simultaneous members of other feminist groups and simply as women—clash with the collective identity generated by the fathers’ rights movement. Ultimately, these women coped with these competing allegiances in a variety of proactive ways. In contrast, the other half of the sample experienced no such tensions. These differential patterns of identity-based conflicts are suggestive of the hazards associated with a social movement's efforts to attract a wider membership base over time.
Evolutionary genetics of birds IV rates of protein divergence in waterfowl (Anatidae)

An electrophoretic comparison of proteins in 26 species of waterfowl (Anatidae), representing two major subfamilies and six subfamilial tribes, led to the following major conclusions: (1) the genetic data, analyzed phenetically and cladistically, generally support traditional concepts of evolutionary relationships, although some areas of disagreement are apparent; (2) species and genera within Anatidae exhibit smaller genetic distances at protein-coding loci than do most non-avian vertebrates of equivalent taxonomic rank; (3) the conservative pattern of protein differentiation in Anatidae parallels patterns previously reported in Passeriforme birds. If previous taxonomic assignments and ages of anatid fossils are reliable, it would appear that the conservative levels of protein divergence among living species may not be due to recent age of the family, but rather to a several-fold deceleration in rate of protein evolution relative to non-avian vertebrates. Since it now appears quite possible that homologous proteins can evolve at different rates in different phylads, molecular-based conclusions about absolute divergence times for species with a poor fossil record should remain appropriately reserved. However, the recognition and study of the phenomenon of apparent heterogeneity in rates of protein divergence across phylads may eventually enhance our understanding of molecular and organismal evolution.
Mexico City in Juan O'Gorman's Imagination

AbstractThis essay offers a new interpretation of Juan O'Gorman's Paisaje de la Ciudad de Mexico (1949), which won first prize in a contest sponsored by the Mexico City newspaper Excelsior that year. Since then, the painting has been hailed as a positive representation of Mexico City that seems to support the policies of the government of Miguel Aleman. Undertaking a careful icono-graphic analysis of the painting, and situating it in relation to the artist's other works, including his extensive writing on architecture, I argue that the painting is a critique of the ideological shifts and the developmentalist policies underway in the 1940s. O'Gorman is also hailed as the founding father of architectural modernism in Mexico, but his criticism of the style and its politics has not been brought to bear on his pictorial production. In 1936, O'Gorman abandoned architecture and turned to painting. His pessimistic images have been categorized as Surrealist, but have yet to be examined contextually. This essay rec...
Effect of lac repressor oligomerization on regulatory outcome.

Summary Regulatory outcome in a bacterial operon depends on the interactions of all the components which influence mRNA production. Levels of mRNA can be altered profoundly by both negative and positive regulatory elements which modulate initiation of transcription. The occupancy of regulatory sites on the DNA by repressors and activators is determined not only by the affinity of these proteins for their cognate site(s) but also by the oligomeric state of the regulatory protein. The lac operon in Escherichia coli provides an excellent prototypic example of the influence of protein assembly on the transcriptional status of the associated structural genes. DNA loop formation is essential for maximal repression of the lac operon and is contingent upon the presence of multiple operator sites in the DNA and the ability of the repressor to self-associate to form a bidentate tetramer. The stability of this looped complex is enhanced significantly by DNA supercoiling. Tetramer assembly from dimers apparently occurs via interactions of a‘leucine zipper’motif in the C-terminal domain of the protein, and the tetramer is essential to formation of looped complexes. Furthermore, analysis of the DNA-binding characteristics of dimeric mutants has established that the monomer-dimer association and dimer-DNA binding (monomer does not bind to DNA) are coupled equilibria. Thus, dimer assembly is essential for generating a DNA-binding unit, and tetramer assembly is required for formation of the stable looped DNA structure that maximally represses mRNA synthesis. Protein-protein interactions therefore play a pivotal role in the regulatory activities of the lac repressor and must be considered when analysing the activities of any oligomeric DNA-binding protein.
OPTIC NEUROPATHY FOLLOWING AMIODARONE THERAPY

Ocular changes during treatment with amiodarone are almost universal but are rarely serious. In this article we describe three patients from a single electrophysiology practice in whom optic neuropathy developed during treatment with amiodarone. All three patients were more than 65 years of age. The doses of amiodarone ranged from 100 to 400 mg/day, and the time intervals between the initiation of the amiodarone therapy and the appearance of first symptoms of optic neuropathy were 5 to 19 months. Two patients had bilateral involvement, and one had only unilateral involvement. Whether this result was due solely to amiodarone therapy, to the underlying poor health of these patients, or to the combination of these two factors is uncertain. These findings prompt us to recommend that all patients who receive amiodarone undergo complete ophthalmologic examinations, including careful evaluation of the ocular fundus regularly during such therapy. No randomized study had been undertaken to determine the true incidence of complications associated with this medication.
The stationary distribution of an asymmetrical model of selection in a random environment.

Abstract The stationary distribution for the asymmetrical form of the SAS-CFF model of selection in a random environment is presented. Also presented are the conditions for the stable coexistence of K alleles. These conditions are the same as the conditions obtained from the classical constant-fitness model with the formal substitution of geometric mean fitnesses for the constant fitnesses of the classical model. Two examples are explored. In the “equally spaced” example, increases in the degree of asymmetry raise the homozygosity, which is accompanied by loss of alleles from the population. In the “best allele” example, increases in the degree of asymmetry raise the homozygosity without the loss of alleles. In both cases the frequency spectra are altered by the changes in the degree of asymmetry.
Human motion intention based scaled teleoperation for orientation assistance in preshaping for grasping

In this paper, we present an algorithm that provides human motion intention based assistance to users teleoperating a remote gripper for preshaping over an object in order to grasp it. Human motion data from the remote arm is used to train a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) offline. During the execution of a grasping task, the motion data is processed in real time through the HMM to determine the intended preshape configuration of the user. Based on the intention, the motion of the remote arm is scaled up in those orientation directions that lead to the desired configuration, thus providing the necessary assistance to the user to preshape for grasping. Tests on healthy human subjects validated the hypothesis that the users are able to preshape quicker and with much ease. Average time savings of 36% were obtained.
Simulating the miscibility of nanoparticles and polymer melts

While the miscibility and spatial dispersion of nanoparticles (NPs) in a polymer melt critically affects the properties of the resulting nanocomposite, little simulation work exists on understanding this critical issue. We use isothermal–isobaric ensemble simulations and show that larger NPs disperse more easily than small NPs, implying the relative dominance of NP–polymer attractions over depletion-induced inter-NP attractions. Similarly, polymer chain length only plays a secondary role, probably because the entropic, depletion-induced inter-NP attractions only occur over length scales comparable to the correlation length in the melt, namely the segment size, σ. Importantly, no NP self-assembly is observed, and the only transition that occurs for polymer systems with large enough NPs (σNP ≥ 6σ) is of a purely, first-order solid–fluid type. This result follows from the fact that the range of effective attractions between the NPs, δ = σ/σNP, is short enough to preclude a vapor–liquid transition. This finding is given more weight since an equivalent sticky sphere model can reproduce the essence of our simulations. The observed behavior is captured by an effective two-body, polymer-mediated, inter-NP interaction potential, a surprising result in light of conventional wisdom in this field which implies the importance of many body effects.
Effects of testosterone replacement therapy on skeletal muscle after spinal cord injury

Study design: Randomized control. Objective: To examine the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on skeletal muscle 11 weeks after complete SCI. Setting: Athens, Georgia USA. Methods: Soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius (GA), tibialis anterior (TA), vastus lateralis (VL) and triceps brachii (TRI) muscles were taken from twelve young male Charles River rats 11 weeks after complete SCI (T-9 transection, n=8) or sham surgery (n=4). Rats received either TRT (two 5 cm capsules, n=4) or empty capsules (n=8) implanted at surgery. Muscle samples were sectioned and fibers analyzed qualitatively for myosin ATPase and quantitatively for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), α-glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and actomyosin ATPase (qATPase) activities using standard techniques. Results: SCI decreased average fiber size (49±4%) in affected muscles and the percentage of slow fibers in SOL (93±3% to 17±2%). In addition, there was a decrease in SDH and an increase in GPDH and qATPase activities across the four hind-limb muscles of the SCI animals. Fiber size in the TRI was increased (31±2%) by SCI while enzyme activities were not altered. Average fiber size across the four hind limb muscles was decreased by only 30% in TRT SCI animals and their SOL contained 39±2% slow fibers. TRT also attenuated changes in enzyme activities. There was no effect of TRT on the TRI relative to SCI. Conclusions: TRT was effective in attenuating alterations in myofibrillar proteins during 11 weeks of SCI in affected skelatal muscles. Sponsorship: Supported by a grant from The National Institutes of Health (HD-33738) and HD-37645 to KV, and HD-39676 to GAD.
Relationship between remagnetization, magnetic fabric and deformation in Paleozoic carbonates

Abstract We have studied the magnetic fabric of Paleozoic carbonates from numerous sites in the North American midcontinent, for comparison with paleomagnetic behavior and calcite twinning strains. Sites carrying a Kiaman remagnetization have significantly lower anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) anisotropy (less than 3%) than other sites. Minimum axes of ARM ellipsoids are distributed in a vertical plane trending approximately SE-NW. This trend is very similar to the orientation of Alleghenian layer-parallel shortening, as inferred by mechanical twinning in calcite. Sites lacking a Kiaman overprint invariably have steeply-oriented minimum ARM axes and relatively strong anisotropy, whereas the most strongly remagnetized sites have nearly horizontal minima and weak anisotropy. These observations suggest that diagenetic/authigenic magnetites formed independently of any pre-existing fabric of precursor sulphides and host rock, and that the magnetic fabric of the whole midcontinent was at least partially affected by Alleghenian syn-orogenic activity.
Bacteriophage in relation to nitrogen fixation by red clover

Cultures of Rhizobium trifolii resistant to the action of a given bacteriophage, may vary appreciably in their nitrogen fixing ability in association with the proper host plant. Likewise, cultures of Rh. trifolii, sensitive to bacteriophage may or may not benefit the host plant as judged by nitrogen fixation.
Conceptual and strategic foundations for effective media campaigns for preventing the spread of HIV infection

Abstract To alter the course of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, public health campaigns are needed which directly and explicitly focus on reducing risk behaviors that transmit HIV infection. Such campaigns wilt require the effective use of media, but there are practical and theoretical barriers that limit the impact of media-facilitated risk behavior change. This paper reviews some of the problems exhibited by the first part of the “America Responds to AIDS” campaign and describes an integrative framework that addresses the problems of that campaign and which can be used for mounting more effective media-based efforts. The framework is then used to formulate an exemplary AIDS prevention campaign for adolescents. The urgency of the AIDS epidemic presents an unusual opportunity for the behavioral sciences to demonstrate their ability and advance their disciplines through the design, implementation, and evaluation of prevention campaigns that have firm conceptual and strategic bases.