cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing Mobility Barriers to Inclusion for People With Intellectual Disabilities

Many disability advocates and professionals believe they will recognize community inclusion when they see it, yet “inclusion” is a nuanced subjective construct that may hold a somewhat different meaning for each person. A comparison of the disability movement and accessibility laws and policies reveals community inclusion to be an ideal repeatedly sought by individuals with disabilities and advocates alike. This article recounts national and international efforts toward inclusion and suggests some reasons why these have fallen short. Research has revealed that limited financial resources, inadequate social supports and transportation, and unwelcoming or negative reciprocal attitudes are important community barriers to inclusion. These barriers are significant to all individuals with disabilities but especially to persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). Regarding ID in the context of person–environment interactions, the authors suggest that other significant barriers to community inclusion may be found in the built environment and result from negative attitudes of the professionals responsible for its creation. Because the built environment plays a substantial role in community inclusion for individuals with ID, it is important to ensure the congruency of designers' attitudes with the philosophies that underlie accessible design and inclusion. The authors suggest that the negative attitudes of the creators of the built environment may be amenable to change through education. The authors highlight the need for an integrated and preventive interdisciplinary educational approach, particularly targeting design professionals, as one meaningful step toward creating truly inclusive and disability-friendly communities.
Mathematically facile adolescents with math-science aspirations: New perspectives on their educational and vocational development.

This longitudinal study tracked 1,110 adolescents identified as mathematically precocious at Age 13 (top 1%) with plans for a mathscience undergraduate major. Participants’ high school educational experiences, abilities, and interests predicted whether their attained undergraduate degrees were within mathscience or nonmathnonscience areas. More women than men eventually completed undergraduate degrees outside mathscience, but many individuals who completed nonmathnonscience degrees ultimately chose mathscience occupations (and vice versa). At Age 33, the 2 degree groups reported commensurate and uniformly high levels of career satisfaction, success, and life satisfaction. Assessing individual differences is critical for modeling talent development and life satisfaction; it reveals that equal male–female representation across disciplines may not be as simple to accomplish as many policy discussions imply. The male–female disparity in math and science is well documented and is particularly apparent at rising levels along the educationalvocational continuum (Lane, 1999; Lawler, 1999,
Occipital Ossification of Balaenopteroid Mysticetes

The bones of the posterior portion of the mammalian skull often exhibit incomplete ossification of the joints between the bones at the time of birth, with complete ossification at some point after birth. The sequence of ossification of these joints in mysticetes can be used to characterize the relative age in the calf and early juvenile ontogenetic stages. This study examined occipital joints ossification of 38 dry prepared neonate specimens in four mysticete species from two families (Eschrichtiidae: Eschrichtius robustus; Balaenopteridae: Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Balaenoptera physalus, and Megaptera novaeangliae). Each of the joints responsible for the fusion of the occiput were examined and rated for degree of ossification. The cranial ossification analysis indicates that E. robustus calves have open occipital joints until ! 6 months of age and are born at a less mature stage than closely related balaenopterids. All of the species followed the same sequence of ossification: basioccipital/exoccipital joint, followed by the basioccipital/basisphenoid joint, and completed by the supraoccipital/exoccipital joint. Anat Rec, 294:391‐398, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Positive scalar curvature and periodic fundamental groups

is formed by double contraction of the riemannian curvature tensor of g (compare [He, pages 74-75]). Geometrically speaking, the scalar curvature function measures the difference between the volumes of the riemannian and euclidean geodesic disks. The existence of a riemannian metric with positive scalar curvature on a smooth manifold turns out to be of interest in many contexts. For example, by results of J. Kazdan and F. Warner [KW] the entire question of realizing a smooth function as a scalar curvature reduces to the existence of such a metric, and results of R. Schoen [Schn] on the Yamabe problem show that a metric with positive scalar curvature can be conformally deformed to one with
Heat accumulation with relative blood volume decrease

Abstract Background: Both hypovolemia and heat accumulation act as powerful perturbations of blood pressure control. In hemodialysis, hypovolemia and heat accumulation often develop simultaneously, and the question arises of whether and to what extent these perturbations are linked. Methods: Heat accumulation was measured by the amount of thermal energy ( E ) removed from a patient during prescribed ultrafiltration under isothermic hemodialysis conditions, ie, constant patient temperature. Measurement and control of temperatures and thermal energies were performed using the blood temperature monitor. Relative blood volume ( RBV ) was measured using the blood volume monitor. Results: Thirty-eight treatments were analyzed in 12 patients (3 women). During treatments lasting 189 ± 28 minutes, 5.1% ± 1.3% of postdialysis body weight were removed from patients by ultrafiltration at a mean rate of 1.1 ± 0.3 L/h. Blood volumes decreased to 85% ± 7% of initial values, and 229 ± 106 kJ of E were removed from patients at a cooling rate ( J ) of 20 ± 8 W, corresponding to 28% ± 11% of estimated energy expenditure ( H% ). E , J , and H% significantly increased as RBV decreased ( P J and RBV showed that approximately 1 W had to be removed from the patient for each percentage of change in blood volume ( J = −102.38 + 0.97 * RBV ; r 2 = 0.63). Conclusion: Results show that the probability for the effect of heat stress during hemodialysis increases with ultrafiltration-induced blood volume changes. Temperature control is an important aspect of hemodialysis treatment. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Non-uniform key distribution and address calculation sorting

It is currently far from uncommon for researchers to be confronted with the problem of sorting large files of data, e.g., 20,000 items or keys. One sorting procedure, known as address calculation sorting, is a two stage process in which an address calculation function is constructed by a preliminary examination of the keys. This function is used to insert each key into a location, hopefully near its position in the final sorted file. This process has been referred to as “rough focusing.” In the second phase the tentatively inserted key is compared to its neighbors to assure that it has been inserted correctly in relation to previously processed keys. This is referred to as “fine focusing.” It is currently far from uncommon for researchers to be confronted with the problem of sorting large files of data, e.g., 20,000 items or keys. One sorting procedure, known as address calculation sorting, is a two stage process in which an address calculation function is constructed by a preliminary examination of the keys. This function is used to insert each key into a location, hopefully near its position in the final sorted file. This process has been referred to as “rough focusing.” In the second phase the tentatively inserted key is compared to its neighbors to assure that it has been inserted correctly in relation to previously processed keys. This is referred to as “fine focusing.”
Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOs) in the New Media Classroom

Recent research demonstrates that videogames enhance literacy, attention, reaction time, and higher-level thinking. Several scholars have suggested that massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) such as Everquest and Second Life have educational potential, but we have little data about what happens when such tools are introduced in the classroom. This paper reports findings from two MMO-based courses in the context of situated learning theory. The first course, focused on the ethnography of on-line games, used the game Everquest as a vehicle for teaching research methods to 36 students in an undergraduate communication course. The second course used the game Second Life to teach the fundamentals of videogame design and criticism. Synthesizing comments from student web logs with data collected from followup surveys, the paper highlights key findings and offers concrete suggestions for instructors contemplating the use of multiplayer games in their own courses. Recommending that potential virtual environments be selected on the basis of genre, accessibility, and extensibility, it is suggested that game-based assignments are most effective when they build bridges between the domain of the game world and an overlapping domain of professional practice.
A numerical model study of plume fumigation during nocturnal inversion break-up

Abstract The elimination of the ground based nocturnal inversion during the morning hours may be associated with very high surface pollutant concentrations, as elevated plumes fumigate into the developing mixed layer. The common approach of studying this phenomenon is based on the application of Gaussian plume model concepts using prescribed meteorological data. Such a methodology, however, is deficient during fumigation when the meteorological fields are spatially and temporally non-homogeneous. In the present study a more appropriate approach is suggested. A three-dimensional numerical solution of the advection-diffusion equation in a fine mesh grid has been carried out for an elevated source. The dispersion data is provided by a numerical boundary layer meteorological model. A simulated fumigation event is illustrated and discussed.
SOFT-TISSUE PRESERVATION OF THE HIND GUT IN A NEW GENUS OF CLADID CRINOID FROM THE MISSISSIPPIAN (VISEAN, ASBIAN) AT ST ANDREWS, SCOTLAND

Soft-tissue preservation of the hind gut, or anal sac, in the tegmen of Tubulusocrinus (gen. nov.) doliolus (Wright) from the Mississippian (Visean, Asbian) Pitten- weem Formation at St Andrews, Scotland, is the first of its kind known in crinoids; it sheds important new light on the nature of the cladid tegmen. Many cladid crinoids had a cal- cite-plated anal sac that may have functioned like a chimney to prevent fouling of the ambulacra. The tubular, uncalcified anal sac of Tubulusocrinus may have functioned like a hose by pointing down current between the arms to avoid fouling of the ambulacra. Its smaller size may also have required less energy to produce than a heavy-plated sac. The hind gut is apparently preserved by haematite replacement, which was probably altered from original authigenic pyrite that formed soon after catastrophic burial.
An apporach to automatic three‐dimensional finite element mesh generation

Recently developed solid modelling systems for the design of complex physical solids using interactive computer graphics offer the exciting possibility of an integrated design/analysis system. Called geometric modellers, these systems build complex solids from primitive solids (cubes, cylinders, spheres, solid patches, etc.) and macro solids (combination of primitives)3, 4, 8, 16, 18, 25, 38. To provide an effective structural analysis capability for these systems, methods must be devised to ease the burden of discretizing the solid geometry into a user controlled (usually locally graded) finite element mesh. The purpose of this paper is to describe an interactive solid mesh generation system capable of generating valid meshes of well-proportional tetrahedral finite elements for the decomposition of multiply connected solid structures. The system uses a semi-automatic node insertion procedure to locate element node points within and on the surface of a structure. An independent automatic three-dimensional triangulator then accepts these nodes as input and connects them to form a valid finite element mesh oftetrahedral elements. Although this report makes use of a modeller based on a constructive solid geometry representation (a so-called CSG modeller), the mesh generation strategy elaborated herein is completely general and makes no particular use of the CSG representation.
An overview of consumer non‐problem gaming research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the extant research around the non‐pathological gaming customer and then propose research for future study of this customer.Design/methodology/approach – Academic literature combined with the results of primary research is used to examine the incidence of gambling and non‐problem gaming research trends in the hospitality industry.Findings – The overview of the publicly available research on the casino gaming consumer leads to a host of suggestions for future research.Practical implications – The practical implications include recent developments in gaming consumer profiles, as well as suggested for future research to further understand the non‐problem gaming consumer.Originality/value – The paper examines existing literature and is valuable for anyone who wishes to begin studying the gaming consumer. This paper provides direction for future study.
An image rejection down-converter for low-IF receivers in 130 nm CMOS

Implemented in 4.1 mm/sup 2/ in 130 nm CMOS, a dual-conversion image rejection down-converter applied to the WCDMA standard draws 13 mA from 1.8 V. Using an IF of 2.5 MHz, the WCDMA image rejection band is widened from between 0.58 MHz and 4.42 MHz to between 0.48 MHz and 5.2 MHz - a bandwidth ratio of 10.8 - to accommodate process, voltage, and temperature variations in high-volume production. Ten samples are measured and fully characterized: average image rejection ratio (IRR) is 46.6 dBc; gain is 12 dB; NF is 10.8 dB. Typical IRR is 44.8 dBc, 46.5 dBc, and 47.5 dBc at -20/spl deg/C, 25/spl deg/C, and 80/spl deg/C, respectively.
Fabrication of metal-oxide nano-hairs for effective index optical elements

We present a method for fabricating high aspect ratio metal-oxide, sub-wavelength grating structures. These “nano-hair” structures are composed of alumina cylindrical pillars, partially embedded in a supporting fused silica substrate. The fabricated nano-hair structures demonstrate phase control of the transmitted beam while maintaining a peak transmitted power greater than 93% around a central wavelength of λo = 1.55 µm. Based on this principle, discrete and continuous phase functions can be encoded by controlling the lithographic process.
Integrating Intergenerational Service-Learning into the Family Science Curriculum

Abstract Schools can be instalments of social change when they adopt a curriculum that intimately joins didactic instruction and experiential learning, otherwise known as service-learning (Boyer, 1997; Bringle & Kremer, 1993; Myers-Lipton, 1996). As a type of “scholarship of engagement” (Boyer, 1997), service-learning is a methodology which enables family educators to incorporate community service opportunities into established family science curriculum. Having received support from an intergenerational service-learning grant from the Association of Gerontology in Higher Education (AGHE) and the University of Pittsburgh's Generation's Together (GT), we will describe the way in which service-learning was integrated into an existing aging course. This class helps our students to meet the human development content area requirement for the National Council on Family Relation's (NCFR) Certified Family Life Educator (CFLE) program. More specifically, we will provide a description of the Elder Service Partnershi...
Coupling of M2 muscarinic receptors to Src activation in cultured canine colonic smooth muscle cells

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Src tyrosine kinases are one of the signaling intermediaries linking M2 receptor stimulation to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitoge...
FACTORS AFFECTING THE MAGNITUDE OF PREMIUMS PAID TO TARGET-FIRM SHAREHOLDERS IN CORPORATE ACQUISITIONS

The wide range of reported abnormal returns to target-firm shareholders has recently encouraged several researchers to investigate the determinants of the magnitude of these returns. This paper extends the work of these authors by presenting and testing a model of the premium paid to target-firm shareholders in completed corporate acquisitions. The model examines the premium as opposed to the more traditional abnormal return to focus on those factors that might be considered by a bidding-firm's management in the formulation of its offering price. The study also contributes to the corporate control literature by examining a larger data set than previous studies (748 acquisitions that occurred between 1964 and 1983), by examining variables that have not been examined in previous studies, and by examining interactions between variables.
Direct Observation of Abortive Initiation and Promoter Escape within Single Immobilized Transcription Complexes

Using total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy equipped with alternating-laser excitation, we were able to detect abortive initiation and promoter escape within single immobilized transcription complexes. Our approach uses fluorescence resonance energy transfer to monitor distances between a fluorescent probe incorporated in RNA polymerase (RNAP) and a fluorescent probe incorporated in DNA. We observe small, but reproducible and abortive-product-length-dependent, decreases in distance between the RNAP leading edge and DNA downstream of RNAP upon abortive initiation, and we observe large decreases in distance upon promoter escape. Inspection of population distributions and single-molecule time traces for abortive initiation indicates that, at a consensus promoter, at saturating ribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations, abortive-product release is rate-limiting (i.e., abortive-product synthesis and RNAP-active-center forward translocation are fast, whereas abortive-product dissociation and RNAP-active-center reverse translocation are slow). The results obtained using this new methodology confirm and extend those obtained from diffusing single molecules, and pave the way for real-time, single-molecule observations of the transitions between various states of the transcription complex throughout transcription.
Value-added models and the measurement of teacher productivity

Abstract Research on teacher productivity, as well as recently developed accountability systems for teachers, relies on “value-added” models to estimate the impact of teachers on student performance. We consider six value-added models that encompass most commonly estimated specifications. We test many of the central assumptions required to derive each of the value-added models from an underlying structural cumulative achievement model and reject nearly all of them. While some of the six popular models produce similar estimates, other specifications yield estimates of teacher productivity and other key parameters that are considerably different.
Association of Restraint and Disinhibition to Gestational Weight Gain among Pregnant Former Smokers.

Abstract Introduction Gaining excessive weight during pregnancy is associated with immediate maternal and fetal complications as well as longer term obesity. Prepregnancy body mass index, age, and smoking cessation have been related to gestational weight gain (GWG); however, less is known about how eating behaviors, that may be amenable to modification and have been related to weight gain outside of pregnancy, affect GWG. Methods The present study evaluated the relationship of dietary restraint and disinhibition to GWG in a sample of women (n = 248) who quit smoking before or early in pregnancy. Women self-reported height and prepregnancy weight during their third trimester. GWG was calculated by subtracting prepregnancy weight from third trimester weight. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire assessed restraint and disinhibition. Results Average GWG was 14.60 (±7.64) kg and 47% of women had a GWG greater than the Institute of Medicine recommendations. Linear regression models were used to examine restraint and disinhibition as correlates of GWG, and multinomial logistic regressions were utilized to determine whether eating behaviors were associated with inadequate or excessive GWG. Restraint was associated positively with total GWG, but disinhibition was not associated with GWG. Thus, conscious attempts to restrict intake were associated with GWG beyond the influence of covariates. Conclusion These findings highlight the potential influence of modifiable eating behaviors on GWG and demonstrate the need for additional research to determine how these behaviors relate to GWG over the course of pregnancy.
Sentence Comprehension in Autistic Children.

Comprehension and strategy use by autistic children were tested in two experiments. Eighteen autistic subjects were compared with thirty normal 3- and 4-year-olds, matched on the PPVT and Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices. In Experiment I subjects were asked to act out active and passive, biased and reversible sentences. The autistic group's overall comprehension was lower than that of the normal controls; although the autistic subjects did use a word-order strategy, they did not generally use a probable-event strategy. These findings were confirmed in Experiment II, in which the same procedure with anomalous three-word items was used. The results are interpreted as evidence that in autism there is a semantic-cognitive deficit in utilizing conceptual knowledge about relational aspects of the environment and that this deficit underlies the comprehension difficulties of autistic persons.
Identification and Reduction of Retracker-Related Noise in Altimeter-Derived Sea Surface Height Measurements

AbstractData from the Jason-2 calibration/validation mission phase have been analyzed to identify the correlation between sea surface height (SSH) and significant wave height (SWH) errors. A cross-spectral analysis indicates that the SSH and SWH errors are nearly white and significantly correlated at scales from 12 to 100 km, consistent with the hypothesized error source, the waveform retracker. Because of the scale separation between the SWH signal and noise, it is possible to correct the SSH data by removing the SSH noise correlated with the SWH noise. Such a correction has been implemented using the empirical correlation found during the Jason-2 calibration orbit phase and applied to independent data from other phases of the Jason-1 mission. The efficacy of the correction varies geographically, but variance reductions between 1.6 and 2.2 cm2 have been obtained, corresponding to reductions of 20%–27% in the noise floor of along-track spectra. The corrections are obtained from and applied to conventional...
Innovation policy for cloud-computing contracts

Like any truly disruptive technological leap that alters real-space behavior, the shift to cloud computing carries with it implications for the design and implementation of legal systems. This paper explores, with a focus on choice of law and contract law, how legal institutions can facilitate the diffusion of cloud services. It proceeds in three parts. First, it relates the results of a new survey of cloud service contracts. The survey shows that choice-of-law provisions in cloud contracts have become ubiquitous, overwhelmingly favor U.S. over non-U.S. jurisdictions, and heavily favor California over other U.S. states. Second, the paper offers normative suggestions, based on analogous Internet-related jurisprudence, for how choice-of-law analyses should proceed in the cloud context. Third, the paper analyzes the future of the cloud. Two alternative paths present themselves: (1) the cloud may continue to be delivered by a thick core of large providers, or (2) by leveraging blockchain technology, the cloud may shift to a distributed model. This decentralized cloud would likely rely heavily on smart contracts — replacing choice of law with “choice of code” and (via self-enforcement mechanisms) rendering much of traditional contract law obsolete. The paper concludes by suggesting extralegal systems to address the gaps left by this obsolescence.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor activation of Stat3 alpha and Stat3 beta in immature normal and leukemic human myeloid cells

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the cytokine critical for directing neutrophilic granulocyte differentiation. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells, which frequently arise from this lineage, respond aberrantly to G-CSF by proliferating without differentiating. The basis for this abnormal responses is unknown. In the present study, we investigated whether G-CSF signaling in immature normal and leukemic human myeloid cells diverges at the level of activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins. We compared the profile of STAT proteins activated in G-CSF-stimulated immature normal and leukemic human myeloid cells. G-CSF activated Stat3 alpha in all AML cell lines examined except HL60 and in three of six uncultured AML patient samples. In normal human CD34+ bone marrow cells and HL60 cells, both reported to differentiate in response to G-CSF, G-CSF did not activate Stat3 alpha; rather, it activated only an 83 kD form of Stat3 that proved to be the human homologue of a short form of Stat3, Stat3 beta. Because the transcriptional activity of Stat3 beta is distinct from Stat3 alpha, these results suggest that the balance of the two Stat3 isoforms in myeloid cells may influence the cellular pattern of gene activation and consequently the ability of these cells to differentiate in response to G-CSF.
Surgery in transition. One discipline or many

Surgery, like other areas of medicine, has become increasingly specialized. What is the role today of the general surgeon? When I saw that Dr Carey, who has served on both the American Board of Surgery and the American Board of Medical Specialties, would chair a panel discussion on this subject at a recent meeting of the American College of Surgeons, I invited him to summarize the discussion for us here. I am delighted to welcome his guest editorial
Ceramic variation and negotiated communities in the Late Valdivia phase of coastal Ecuador

Abstract Previous research of prehispanic coastal Ecuador has argued for the development of social hierarchies during the Late Valdivia period (2400–1800 BCE), based on changing regional settlement patterns, increased long-distance exchange, and increasing intra-site differentiation. Recent investigations at Valdivia sites have highlighted the diversity of settlement patterns and social forms during this period. The present research utilizes a negotiated community framework to investigate practices of community formation and maintenance. Through a comparative analysis of ceramic assemblages from four Late Valdivia sites I highlight differences in ceramic use and assemblage composition that indicate diverging ways of fomenting community through participation in communal eating. These differences point to the negotiated nature of communities, highlighting differing strategies for community maintenance at different sites, and emphasizing the contingent nature of increasing social complexity within Valdivia society.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy reduces postoperative adhesion formation and reformation after adhesiolysis in rat models for adhesion formation and endometriosis * †

Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) therapy on adhesion formation and reformation in established rat models for surgically induced adhesion formation and endometriosis. Design Before surgery, female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with GnRH-a or control diluent. Six days later, rats were assigned to one of four surgical groups: [1] endometriosis, [2] endometriosis sham, [3] adhesion model, or [4] adhesion sham. Three weeks after surgery, a second-look laparotomy was performed, adhesions were scored (0=no adhesions to 3=severe adhesions) and mechanically disrupted, and rats received a second GnRH-a or diluent injection either analogous to their initial injection or in a crossover design. Three weeks after the second injection, rats were killed and adhesion reformation was scored. Data were evaluated using nonparametric tests including Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Friedman's tests comparing GnRH-a treatments with diluent controls. Results Preoperative GnRH-a therapy reduced adhesion scores in rats with surgically induced endometriosis (mean±SEM; GnRH-a 1.1±0.2 versus diluent 2.2±0.2) and adhesions (GnRH-a 0.3±0.1 versus diluent 0.6±0.1). Pretreatment GnRH-a therapy did not affect adhesion scores in the endometriosis sham procedure. Combined preoperative and postoperative GnRHa therapy (GnRH-a-GnRH-a) but not postoperative GnRH-a therapy alone (diluent-GnRH-a) reduced adhesion reformation after adhesiolysis in the endometriosis model (GnRH-a-GnRH-a 1.1±0.3, diluent-GnRH-a 1.6±0.7), the endometriosis sham (GnRH-a-GnRH-a 0.7±0.2, diluent-GnRHa 1.8±0.1), and the adhesion model (GnRH-a-GnRH-a 0.3±0.2, diluent-GnRHa 1.0±0.5). No adhesions were observed in the adhesion sham group. Conclusions Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy was successful in reducing adhesion formation and reformation. These studies suggest that GnRH-a therapy for adhesion prevention in women should be explored.
Arabinogalactan-Proteins, Place-Dependent Suppression and Plant Morphogenesis

Experiments in which several antagonists of the synthesis of Hyp-containing proteins (Hyp-proteins) induced profound changes in the morphogenetic patterns exhibited by five different species of leafy liverworts led to a hypothesis that some of the Hyp-proteins had a morphoregulatory function (Basile 1980, Basile and Basile 1982). The class to which the morphoregulatory Hyp-proteins belonged could not be known from the methods used. Two main classes of Hyp-proteins had been distinguished in plants by the time the series of experiments was completed. One class was referred to as “extensins” (Lamport 1963) and the other as arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) (Clarke et al 1979). Although there is no direct evidence to exclude “extensins”, available evidence obtained in subsequent studies suggested that the type of Hyp-protein modified would be characterized as AGPs (Basile et al 1986). What follows are some examples of how by antagonizing Hyp-protein synthesis at different stages of plant ontogeny, three separate aspects of plant morphogenesis are modified. In each case the experimentally induced changes in plant morphogenesis could be correlated with quantitative and/or qualitative differences in AGPs.
A note on subject clitics in Akan

This paper is concerned with the analysis of pronominal subject clitics (SCLs) in Akan within the Priniciples and Parameters framework of syntactic theory. Two kinds of analysis are considered: one, where the SCL is a true pronoun, generated in an argument position (the argument analysis); the other, where the SCL is an inflectional element residing in Infl, which identifies a null pronominal (pro) in subject position (the pro analysis). On the basis of the distribution of null objects in causative constructions, it is argued that the pro analysis provides a more elegant account of the facts of Akan than does the argument analysis. Akan is therefore analyzed as a pro-drop, or null subject, language, permitting null pronominal subjects under certain circumstances. Finally, possible implications for Universal Grammar are considered.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update on Chemotherapy for Stage IV Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

ASCO published a guideline on use of chemotherapy in advanced stage non–small-cell lung cancer in 1997. The latest update covers treatment with chemotherapy and biologic agents and reviews literature from 2002 to 2009.
The Par3 polarity protein is an exocyst receptor essential for mammary cell survival

The exocyst is an essential component of the secretory pathway required for delivery of basolateral proteins to the plasma membranes of epithelial cells. Delivery occurs adjacent to tight junctions (TJ), suggesting that it recognizes a receptor at this location. However, no such receptor has been identified. The Par3 polarity protein associates with TJs but has no known function in membrane traffic. We now show that, unexpectedly, Par3 is essential for mammary cell survival. Par3 silencing causes apoptosis, triggered by phosphoinositide trisphosphate depletion and decreased Akt phosphorylation, resulting from failure of the exocyst to deliver basolateral proteins to the cortex. A small region of PAR3 binds directly to Exo70 and is sufficient for exocyst docking, membrane-protein delivery and cell survival. PAR3 lacking this domain can associate with the cortex but cannot support exocyst function. We conclude that Par3 is the long-sought exocyst receptor required for targeted membrane-protein delivery.
Neoliberalism and the entrepreneurial subject: Tracking bevirʼs decentered theory of governance

Governance is central to our current understanding of public administration and policy. Mark Bevirʼs work provides governance studies solid epistemological grounding through a social constructionist approach which gives rise to a decentered theory of governance. This article explains decentered theory by examining the entrepreneurial subject as an artifact of neo-liberal governance. In doing so, it explores the key concepts that give shape to decentered theory.
Austria’s Status in International Organizations

Austria has taken an active part in a large number of international organizations since its liberation in 1945. This Chapter is not meant to be a historical account of Austria’s role in these organizations. It is rather intended to deduce certain conclusions concerning Austria’s international status on the basis of evidences revealed by the records of the various organizations which have been concerned with Austria’s status or of which Austria has been a member. At the outset it must be noted that the mere fact that Austria has participated in such a large number of international organizations is in itself evidence of her acceptance in the international community at large.
Seaboard stock exchange's emerging e-commerce initiative

While Seaboard Stock Exchange remains one of the top stock exchanges in the United States, its relative position in the world is slipping. E-commerce is threatening the organization by accelerating the rate ofdisintermediation and the entrance of new competitors into Seaboard's market. Against this backdrop, Seaboard's e-commerce initiative has emerged. Tension between control and experimentation surfaces as the association attempts to incorporate emerging technology while maintaining its traditional way of doing business. The organization struggles to merge new technology with existing IT strategy while internal entrepreneurs strive to shape a Web development methodology and define an appropriate role for standards and controls in an emerging technology environment.
Desmosomal Proteins as Autoantigens in Pemphigus

Pemphigus is a group of rare autoimmune blistering skin diseases mediated by autoantibodies against desmosomal members of the cadherin superfamily. There are several variants of pemphigus, each with unique clinical, histological, and immunologic features. Interestingly, when different desmosomal proteins are targeted by the autoimmune response, different clinical and histological features are seen. In this chapter we review the key intercellular junctions and proteins that mediate keratinocyte adhesion, the pemphigus group disease variants, and the specific antigenic protein(s) targeted in each and conclude with a discussion of pathogenic mechanisms that may explain how autoantibody binding these protein targets induces acantholysis and clinical disease.
The Gender Divide: Are Female Team Physicians Adequately Represented in Professional and Collegiate Athletics?:

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the demographics of female representation among team physicians in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and professional sports o...
Preoperative opioid use in patients undergoing shoulder surgery

BackgroundOpioids are commonly used to manage pain from acute injury or chronic degenerative diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of preoperative opioid use in patient...
Outcomes in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction.

Abstract Background End-stage (ES) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has been considered a particularly grim and unfavorable disease complication, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, frequently requiring heart transplant. Previous reports have included small numbers of patients with relatively short follow-up, predominantly in prior treatment eras. Objectives The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate clinical profile and prognosis for end-stage heart failure in a large HCM cohort with contemporary management strategies. Methods Patients at Tufts HCM Institute, from 2004 to 2017, were identified with ES and systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction [EF] Results Of the 2,447 patients, 118 (4.8%) had ES-HCM (EF 39 ± 9%; range 12% to 49%) at age 48 ± 15 years. Notably, over follow-up, 57 patients (48%) achieved clinical stability in New York Heart Association functional classes I/II with medical treatment (or cardiac resynchronization therapy), including 6 patients ≥10 years from ES diagnosis (up to 14 years). In total, 61 other patients (52%) developed refractory heart failure to disabling New York Heart Association functional classes III/IV (5.2%/year); 67% have survived, including 31 with heart transplant. Of the 118 ES patients, 21 had appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy terminating potentially lethal tachyarrhythmias, with no difference in frequency of events in patients with EF 35% to 49% versus EF Conclusions Although ES remains an important complication of HCM, contemporary treatment strategies, including ICDs and heart transplant, are associated with significantly lower mortality than previously considered. Primary prevention ICDs should be considered when EF is
Ureteral Diameter as Predictor of Ureteral Injury during Ureteral Access Sheath Placement.

Purpose:We determined the association between ureteral diameter and ureteral injury during ureteral access sheath placement.Materials and Methods:Patients were prospectively enrolled in the study f...
Using Response Times and Response Accuracy to Measure Fluency Within Cognitive Diagnosis Models

The recent “Every Student Succeed Act" encourages schools to use an innovative assessment to provide feedback about students’ mastery level of grade-level content standards. Mastery of a skill requires the ability to complete the task with not only accuracy but also fluency. This paper offers a new sight on using both response times and response accuracy to measure fluency with cognitive diagnosis model framework. Defining fluency as the highest level of a categorical latent attribute, a polytomous response accuracy model and two forms of response time models are proposed to infer fluency jointly. A Bayesian estimation approach is developed to calibrate the newly proposed models. These models were applied to analyze data collected from a spatial rotation test. Results demonstrate that compared with the traditional CDM that using response accuracy only, the proposed joint models were able to reveal more information regarding test takers’ spatial skills. A set of simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of model estimation algorithm and illustrate the various degrees of model complexities.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Asian Countries: An Empirical Analysis

The increasing importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the global economy manifests the efforts of countries to attract foreign investment. The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the determinants of inward FDI for a panel of Asian countries. A pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), semi-log fixed-effects (FE) regression model is utilized to analyze the determinants of FDI in a sample of six Asian countries. The balanced panel data consists of India, Singapore, China, South Korea, Turkey, and Malaysia from 1995-2013. The dependent variable is FDI net inflows. The explanatory variables include democracy, inflation, human capital, economic growth, domestic investment, trade openness, and financial development. The fixed effects regression results show all variables with exception of the financial development variable are statistically significant and have the expected sign. Key words: Foreign Direct Investment; Global Trade; Economic Growth and Development.
Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Disparities in Health Care Use Before First-Episode Psychosis Among Privately Insured Young Patients.

Importance Racial/ethnic disparities in health care use and clinical outcomes for behavioral health disorders, including psychosis, are well documented, but less is known about these disparities during the period leading up to first-episode psychosis (FEP). Objective To describe the racial/ethnic disparities in behavioral health care use and prescription drug use of children and young adults before the diagnosis of FEP. Design, Setting, and Participants An observational cohort study was conducted using medical and prescription drug claims from January 1, 2007, to September 30, 2015, obtained from Optum’s deidentified Clinformatics Data Mart Database, a commercial claims database augmented with race/ethnicity and socioeconomic variables. Data analysis was performed from February 6, 2018, to October 10, 2020. First-episode psychosis was determined by the presence of psychosis diagnoses on claims for at least 1 hospitalization or 2 outpatient events, with a continuous enrollment requirement of at least 2 years before the first diagnosis. Participants included 3017 Black, Hispanic, or White patients who were continually enrolled in commercial insurance plans and received an FEP diagnosis between the ages of 10 and 21 years. Main Outcomes and Measures Race/ethnicity was determined from a commercial claims database. Rates of inpatient admission, emergency department presentation, and outpatient visits (including psychotherapy), behavioral health disorder diagnoses, and antipsychotic/antidepressant prescription fills were determined for the year before FEP. Race/ethnicity was also obtained from Optum’s claims database. With use of multivariable logistic regression, results were adjusted for covariates including estimated household income, age, sex, and geographic division in the US. Results Of the 3017 patients with FEP, 643 Black or Hispanic patients (343 [53.3%] Black, 300 [46.7%] Hispanic, 324 [50.4%] male, mean [SD] age, 17.2 [2.76] years) were less likely than 2374 White patients (1210 [51.0%] male, mean age, 17.0 [2.72] years) to receive comorbid behavioral health disorder diagnoses in the year before the diagnosis of FEP (410 [63.8%] vs 1806 [76.1%], χ2 = 39.3;P Conclusions and Relevance The results of this study extend existing research findings of well-known racial/ethnic disparities in the population of patients who are diagnosed with FEP. These differences were apparent in young patients with continuous commercial health insurance and after controlling for household income. Providing equal access to preventive outpatient behavioral health care may increase opportunities for timely detection of psychotic symptoms and early intervention and improve differential outcomes after FEP.
The toc132toc120 heterozygote mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulates decreased levels of the major chloroplast lipids.

Abstract We used ESI-MS/MS to profile glycerolipids in a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that is null and heterozygous for the TOC132 and TOC120 genes, and is referred to as the toc132toc120± mutant. The goal was to assess the impact of a defective atToc132/120 receptor on the accumulation of chloroplast lipids. The mutant accumulated decreased amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). In the cold-acclimated mutant, PG accumulated at the control levels. However, 34:4-PG (18:3/16:1Δ3trans) was significantly decreased, which indicates that the mutant was impaired in synthesis of the chloroplast-derived PG. Major molecular species of MGDG and DGDG were significantly decreased, which was indicative of the decreased levels of triunsaturated fatty acids in galactolipids. The cold-acclimated mutant accumulated increased levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), which indicate that defect in the atToc132/120 receptor did not impair the ER pathway of lipid synthesis. Both cold-acclimated wildtype and mutant plants accumulated increased levels of phosphatidic acid (PA). The increased levels of major molecular species of PA suggest that some pool of PA was derived from degradation of both the chloroplast and extra-chloroplast lipids. The cold-acclimated mutant had decreased double bond index (DBI) and increased acyl chain length (ACL), which was indicative of decreased membrane fluidity. However, a decrease in the ratio of MGDG to DGDG indicate that the mutant was capable of remodeling membrane lipids in response to low temperatures. We conclude that the defective Toc132/120 receptor resulted in decreased synthesis of chloroplast lipids and decreased membrane fluidity.
Telemedicine in Primary Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Provider and Patient Satisfaction Examined.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic telemedicine was rapidly expanded and incorporated into day-to-day practice by primary care providers to allow continued access to care for patients during this time. The quick adoption of telemedicine occurred out of necessity for social distancing, and evidence-based approaches are needed to determine the future utility of this approach to delivering care. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with both provider and patient satisfaction with telemedicine visits in a primary care setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This survey-based study was conducted in 2020. Surveys were distributed electronically by e-mail to providers and patients. Participants: Surveys related to satisfaction levels with telemedicine were distributed to 73 primary care providers and 6,626 patients. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary measures of this study were satisfaction level with telemedicine in primary care. Results: Studies were completed by 23 primary care providers and 1,692 patients. Most patient participants were female (70.8%), white (89.7%), non-Hispanic or non-Latino (96.6%), and Massachusetts residents (96.9%). Variables that were found to be significantly associated with higher levels of satisfaction with telemedicine visits included: travel time saved >30 min (odds ratio [OR] 1.8), having an easy visit connection (OR = 3.2), use of Zoom© video visit over telephone only (OR = 2.8), and identifying as female (OR 1.8). Conclusions and Relevance: Patients and providers reported high levels of satisfaction with telemedicine visits in a primary care setting. Providers felt that telemedicine visits usually take the same amount or less time than in-person visits. Both providers and patients reported a desire to see telemedicine visits continued after the pandemic. Patients who saved more than 30 min of travel time found it easy to connect or those who were female were more likely to be satisfied with telemedicine visits, while those that had telephone visits were less likely to be satisfied than those that had Zoom© visits.