cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing quasi-conservative averaging and dissipation energy balancing methods in non-linear random vibration

The approximate solution techniques of quasi-conservative averaging and dissipation energy balancing for non-linear random vibration problems are based on totally different physical concepts. In most cases, they produce the same result for the stationary probability density of the energy envelope of the system response. The exception can be traced to the so-called Wong-Zakai correction terms which change the effective stiffness in the system. This discrepancy can be removed by obtaining the Wong-Zakai correction terms on the basis of the original equation. The case of a single degree-of-freedom oscillator is treated in detail.
Developmental programming for allergy: a secondary analysis of the Mothers, Omega-3, and Mental Health Study

Objective Fetal dysregulation of T helper cell pathways may predispose to allergy, as high cord blood T helper 2/T helper 1 ratios have been shown to precede development of allergic diseases. We aimed to determine whether prenatal eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation reduces T helper 2 to T helper 1-associated chemokine ratios. We also explored the effect of mode of delivery on T helper 2/T helper 1 ratios. Study Design We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized placebo controlled trial initially performed to assess the effects of docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation on pregnancy-related depressive symptoms among 126 participants. Cord plasma specimens from 98 newborns were assayed for chemokines associated with T helper 2 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine [CCL17], macrophage-derived chemokine [CCL22], eotaxin [CCL 11]) and T helper 1 (interferon-inducible protein-10 [CXCL 10]) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Multiplex immunoassays. Ratios of log-transformed chemokines macrophage-derived chemokine/interferon-inducible protein-10 and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/interferon-inducible protein-10 were compared between groups by analyses of variance. Multiple linear regression was performed to examine associations between treatments and chemokine ratios, adjusting for covariates. Results After adjusting for gestational age at delivery, birthweight, and mode of delivery, both omega-3 supplementation groups were associated with lower macrophage-derived chemokine/interferon-inducible protein-10 ratios than placebo (eicosapentaenoic acid: coefficient −1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], −3.6 to −0.05; P = .04; docosahexaenoic acid: −2.0; 95% CI, −3.9 to −0.07; P = .04). Similar associations were found for thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/interferon-inducible protein-10 (eicosapentaenoic acid: −1.5; 95% CI, −3.0 to 0.06; P = .06; docosahexaenoic acid −2.2; 95% CI, −3.8 to −0.52; P = .01). Cesarean delivery was associated with higher macrophage-derived chemokine/interferon-inducible protein-10 (1.6; 95% CI, 0.01−3.3; P = .049) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/interferon-inducible protein-10 (1.5; 95% CI, 0.1−2.9; P = .042) ratios than vaginal delivery. Conclusion Prenatal supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid resulted in decreased cord blood T helper 2/T helper 1 chemokine ratios. Cesarean delivery was associated with a pronounced T helper 2 deviation at birth.
Mutation-based validation of high-level microprocessor implementations

In this paper we present a preliminary method of validating a high-level microprocessor implementation by generating a test sequence for a collection of abstract design error models that can be used to compare the responses of the implementation against the specification. We first introduce a general description of the abstract mutation-based design error models that can be tailored to span any coverage measure for microprocessor validation. Then we present the clustering-and-partitioning technique that single-handedly makes the concurrent design error simulation of a large set of design errors efficient and allows for the acquisition of statistical data on the distribution of design errors across the design space. We finally present a method of effectively using this statistical information to guide the ATPG efforts.
Manganese–chromium isotope systematics of carbonaceous chondrites

Abstract In this article we present the results of Cr isotope investigations of different types of carbonaceous chondrites and of the pallasite Eagle Station. The 53 Cr/ 52 Cr ratios in the bulk samples of carbonaceous chondrites are correlated with 55 Mn/ 52 Cr ratios. The slope of the correlation line yields a 53 Mn/ 55 Mn ratio of (8.5 ± 1.5) × 10 − 6 at the time of Mn/Cr fractionation. Mapping this ratio onto an absolute time scale yields a time for this event of 4568.1 + 0.8/− 1.1 Ma ago. This time is very similar to the formation age of Efremovka CAIs of 4567.2 ± 0.6 Ma [Y. Amelin, A. N. Krot, I. D. Hutcheon, A. A. Ulyanov, Lead isotopic ages of chondrules and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions, Science 297 (2002) 1678–1683], to a time of the chondrule formation of 4568 ± 1 Ma ago [L.E. Nyquist, D. Lindstrom, D. Mittlefehldt, C.-Y. Shih, H. Wiesmann, S. Wentworth, R. Martinez, Manganese-chromium formation intervals for chondrules from the Bishunpur and Chainpur meteorites, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36 (2001) 911–938], which, most likely, constrains early global high-temperature Mn/Cr fractionation in a nebular setting. The bulk samples of carbonaceous chondrites exhibit clear 54 Cr excesses ( 54 Cr ⁎ ) that are correlated with the 53 Cr excesses ( 53 Cr ⁎ ) and also with Mn/Cr ratios. One possible explanation of this correlation is that 54 Cr ⁎ is also radiogenic, like 53 Cr ⁎ , and was formed by the decay of the short-lived parent radionuclide 54 Mn. The very short half-life of 54 Mn of 312 days would require that both short-lived radionuclides 53 Mn and 54 Mn were generated locally in spallation reactions during the early period of an active sun. The alternative and possibly more plausible explanation is the heterogeneous addition of presolar material. The presolar component, enriched in 54 Cr, is mostly contained in the matrix of carbonaceous chondrites. The relative amount of matrix decreases in the sequence CI > CM > CO,CV. A large proportion of Mn is associated with the matrix while Cr preferentially resides in the chondrules. Thus, the Mn/Cr ratio also follows the sequence CI > CM > CO > CV and is correlated with 54 Cr. The acid-resistant residues of carbonaceous chondrites are characterized by relatively large excesses of 54 Cr and moderate deficits of 53 Cr. The magnitude of these excesses and deficits decreases in the sequence CI, CM, CV and may imply that Cr in the CM, and CV residues is increasingly more equilibrated with Cr from the rest of the meteorites. The 53 Cr/ 52 Cr and 54 Cr/ 52 Cr ratios in the residues are anti-correlated indicating that there are at least two Cr components of possibly presolar origin. All residues have large excesses of the most neutron-rich Ti isotope, 50 Ti ⁎ . The pattern of 50 Ti ⁎ does not exactly follow that observed for 54 Cr ⁎ but it is generally similar. The Cr isotope systematic of the pallasite Eagle Station indicates that the precursor of this meteorite was a CV-type material. The 53 Mn– 53 Cr system indicates that the Cr isotopes equilibrated in this meteorite 4557.5 ± 0.6 Ma ago.
735 HLA ANTIGENS IN MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME (MLNS)

Associations of specific histocompatibility antigens with certain human diseases may elucidate basic mechanisms of disease. Since there is evidence for a disordered immune response in MLNS, HLA antigens were evaluated by NIGH standard technique in 27 patients (3 Oriental, 1 black) fulfilling CDC criteria for MLNS. In contrast to previous Japanese studies, we found no incidence of HLA-Bw22. We did, however, find a significant increase in HLA-Bw51: CHANCES OF DISTRIBUTION OF HLA PHENOTYPES IN CAUCASIANS To our knowledge, this is only the second disease associated with HLA-B5 specificity. In preliminary studies, 10/17 Caucasian patients with MLNS were DR-2 (frequency in control population 23%, p<0.01). In other studies (Geha, et al), suppressor T-cells(OKT8) were found decreased in the acute phase of MLNS. Thus, MLNS, like systemic lupus erythmatosus and multiple sclerosis, is associated with both decreased suppressor cells and DR-2. Such findings may have genetic implications regarding inter-human variation in immune responsiveness. Infectious agents, toxins, or endogenous immune stimulation may trigger, in genetically susceptible persons, an inappropriate immune response.
Linking Screening for Emotional and Behavioral Problems to Problem-Solving Efforts: An Adaptive Model of Behavioral Assessment

This paper addresses several objectives of the special issue on universal screening by addressing gaps in the current research base concerning universal screening for mental, emotional, and behavio...
Quantum coherence in a ferromagnetic metal: Time-dependent conductance fluctuations

Quantum coherence of electrons in ferromagnetic metals is difficult to assess experimentally. We report measurements of time-dependent universal conductance fluctuations in ferromagnetic metal $({\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.2})$ nanostructures as a function of temperature and magnetic field strength and orientation. We find that the Cooperon contribution to this quantum correction is suppressed, and that domain wall motion can be a source of coherence-enhanced conductance fluctuations. The fluctuations are more strongly temperature dependent than those in normal metals, hinting that an unusual dephasing mechanism may be at work.
Schumpeter and Underdeveloped Countries: Comment

In a recent article in this Journal, Professor P. S. Laumas has taken on an interesting task: that of applying Schumpeterian innovations to developing areas.' In briefly reviewing the controversy concerning the applicability or nonapplicability of the Schumpeterian system to these regions, the author disagrees with Douglas Rimmer who has maintained that the size of the innovation responsible for development is of no consequence.2 On first glance it would seem that Professor Laumas is correct in his disagreement, for the tone of Schumpeter's writings seems at least to imply that the size of the innovation is crucial to the development process, i.e., a "big" disturbance is needed. But in various places Schumpeter flatly contradicts this notion that the reader may take from his work. For example, in an article entitled "The Creative Response in Economic History," he expresses the matter succinctly: "It should be observed at once that the 'new thing' need not be spectacular or of historic importance. It need not be Bessemer Steel or the explosion motor. It can be the Deerfoot Sausage." 3 Thus it does not seem that Laumas is correct in his charge. It appears that Rimmer, in stressing disturbance to the circular flow rather than the size of the innovation, is on firmer ground and more faithful in interpreting Schumpeter. For in the 1934 edition of The Theory of Economic Development, Joseph Schumpeter spells out the necessity of a disturbance to the circular flow in stating that the size of the "new thing," though small to begin with, may evolve to something bigger and still not produce development:
Initial conditions mediate the interaction between Daphnia and bloom-forming cyanobacteria

To assess whether Daphnia populations in eutrophic lakes can increase when bloom-forming cyanobacteria dominate the phytoplankton assemblage and whether such an increase can result in strong suppression of phytoplankton biomass, I created contrasting initial conditions (high Daphnia pulicaria, low cyanobacteria vs. low D. pulicaria, high cyanobacteria) via fish manipulation in large enclosures, then removed fish from some enclosures and subsequently monitored zooplankton and phytoplankton abundance for 48 days. After being released from fish predation, D. pulicaria was apparently able to reduce cyanobacteria and total phytoplankton biomass to very low levels despite the fact that the phytoplankton assemblage was initially composed of about 90% Microcystis aeruginosa, a species that has inhibited Daphnia growth and reproduction in many laboratory studies. Thus, it appears possible for Daphnia to graze down an established bloom of cyanobacteria. In contrast, in enclosures where fish were never present, M. aeruginosa was eventually able to increase from low levels despite initially high D. pulicaria biomass. As a result, the apparent effect of D. pulicaria on M. aeruginosa at the end of the experiment was very different across enclosures with different initial conditions.
The Prevention, Identification, and Cognitive Determinants of Math Difficulty.

This study examined the efficacy of preventive 1st-grade tutoring in mathematics, estimated the prevalence and severity of mathematics disability, and explored pretreatment cognitive characteristics associated with mathematics development. Participants were 564 first graders, 127 of whom were designated at risk (AR) for mathematics difficulty and randomly assigned to tutoring or control conditions. Before treatment, all participants were assessed on cognitive and academic measures. Tutoring occurred 3 times weekly for 16 weeks; treatment fidelity was documented; and math outcomes were assessed. Tutoring efficacy was supported on computation and concepts/applications, but not on fact fluency. Tutoring decreased the prevalence of math disability, with prevalence and severity varying as a function of identification method and math domain. Attention accounted for unique variance in predicting each aspect of end-of-year math performance. Other predictors, depending on the aspect of math performance, were nonverbal problem solving, working memory, and phonological processing.
Misrepresentation of Academic Accomplishments by Applicants for Gastroenterology Fellowships

Objective: To determine whether two applicants who misrepresented their accomplishments in applications for gastroenterology fellowships reflected isolated incidents or whether misrepresentation wa...
Experimental Investigation of the Implementation of Fermi-Eyges-Hogstrom Electron Beam Model of the Pinnacle3 System at Extended SSDs

Abstract A commercially available ADAC Pinnacle3 radiation treatment planning system has been used to model electron beams from a Varian Clinac 2300C/D in the energy range of 6 to 22 MeV. Prior to clinical use, the dosimetric characteristics of the beams have to be modeled accurately. As a first step for beam modeling, a number of dose profile and depth dose measurements were taken at standard source-to-surface distance (SSD) of 100 cm. Dose profiles and depth dose measurements at extended SSDs up to 120 cm are important for ascertaining accuracy of the model, as well as their clinical usefulness in the treatment of some sites (e.g., head-and-neck tumors). Modeled and measured beam data were compared. Over 98% of comparison points (modeled vs. measured) at 100-cm SSD were within 2.5% or 2.5 mm. At 110 cm SSD, over 98% of compared points were within 4% or 4 mm, and at 120-cm SSD, over 98% of compared points were within 5% or 5 mm. Overall, more than 98% of compared points were within 4% or 4 mm. Better models were produced for lower energies (6 to 15 MeV) than higher energies (18 and 22 MeV). For 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV, 89% of compared points were within 2% or 2 mm. For 18- and 22-MeV electron energies, 75% and 67%, respectively, were within 2% or 2 mm. These results are consistent with the recommendations of AAPM Task Group Report 53.
AN APPARATUS FOR PREPARATIVE TEMPERATURE-REGULATED POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS.

Abstract 1. 1. An apparatus suitable for preparative temperature-regulated polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in discontinuous buffer systems is described. 2. 2. The usefulness of the apparatus has been demonstrated by the separation of hemoglobins A and S. Loads of up to 40 mg of hemolyzate were fractionated and the fractions containing hemoglobins A and S were demonstrated to be homogeneous by re-electrophoresis and fingerprinting. 3. 3. Preliminary application to enzymes (dCMP hydroxymethylase and guanylate kinase) has demonstrated the feasibility of purification and recovery of activity.
Ultrasound and computed tomography of the infant brain: A clinical comparison

The ultrasound and computed tomography examinations of the brain in 89 infants were correlated and compared. In 85% of cases both provided information of equal diagnostic accuracy. In the remaining 16% it was the combination of both examinations that provided the maximal information about anatomical localisation, extent of disease and tissue characterisation.
Finite element analysis and validation of dielectric elastomer actuators used for active origami

The field of active origami explores the incorporation of active materials into origami-inspired structures in order to serve as a means of actuation. Active origami-inspired structures capable of folding into complex three-dimensional (3D) shapes have the potential to be lightweight and versatile compared to traditional methods of actuation. This paper details the finite element analysis and experimental validation of unimorph actuators. Actuators are fabricated by adhering layers of electroded dielectric elastomer (3M VHB F9473PC) onto a passive substrate layer (3M Magic Scotch Tape). Finite element analysis of the actuators simulates the electromechanical coupling of the dielectric elastomer under an applied voltage by applying pressures to the surfaces of the dielectric elastomer where the compliant electrode (conductive carbon grease) is present. 3D finite element analysis of the bending actuators shows that applying contact boundary conditions to the electroded region of the active and passive layers provides better agreement to experimental data compared to modeling the entire actuator as continuous. To improve the applicability of dielectric elastomer-based actuators for active origami-inspired structures, folding actuators are developed by taking advantage of localized deformation caused by a passive layer with non-uniform thickness. Two-dimensional analysis of the folding actuators shows that agreement to experimental data diminishes as localized deformation increases. Limitations of using pressures to approximate the electromechanical coupling of the dielectric elastomer under an applied electric field and additional modeling considerations are also discussed.
The Contribution of Family Adversity and Verbal IQ to Criminal Behavior

Several scholars have employed the risk factor prevention paradigm in identifying risk factors and protective factors that increase and decrease the odds of offending. Farrington suggested that multiplicative interactions of such factors should be explored in an attempt to understand how they are linked to differential offending behaviors such as offending prevalence and early onset of offending. The authors examine Moffitt’s interactional hypothesis that states that two specific risk factors, verbal IQ and family adversity, interact to increase the probability of particular types of criminal behavior. Using data from the Philadelphia portion of the Collaborative Perinatal Project of 987 African American youth, logistic regression analyses indicate that the combined effect of verbal IQ and family adversity did not significantly increase the odds of becoming an offender, whereas the combined effect of low verbal IQ scores at age 7 and family adversity significantly increased the odds of early onset of offe...
Laminarization of a Turbulent Boundary Layer in Nozzle Flow—Boundary Layer and Heat Transfer Measurements With Wall Cooling

Boundary layer and heat transfer measurements for turbulent boundary layer laminarizing in conical nozzle flow with wall cooling
The age of cleavage development in the Ross orogen, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar whole-rock slate ages

Abstract Metamorphic conditions accompanying regional S1 cleavage development and whole-rock slate 40Ar/39Ar age spectra indicate that the Ross orogeny occurred at ca 500 Ma. Subsequent deformation associated with development of a major thrust overprinted the regional cleavage. Existing cleavage micas were not themally reset and syntectonic mica did not crystallize during thrusting. A regional, low-grade thermal event of Middle Jurassic age may be suggested by the variably discordant age spectra.
Fidelity and scaling of the PARSEC benchmark inputs

A good benchmark suite should provide users with inputs that have multiple levels of fidelity for different use cases such as running on real machines, register level simulations, or gate-level simulations. Although input reduction has been explored in the past, there is a lack of understanding how to systematically scale input sets for a benchmark suite. This paper presents a framework that takes the novel view that benchmark inputs should be considered approximations of their original, full-sized inputs. It formulates the input selection problem for a benchmark as an optimization problem that maximizes the accuracy of the benchmark subject to a time constraint. The paper demonstrates how to use the proposed methodology to create several simulation input sets for the PARSEC benchmarks and how to quantify and measure their approximation error. The paper also shows which parts of the inputs are more likely to distort their original characteristics. Finally, the paper provides guidelines for users to create their own customized input sets.
Attitude and affect: new frontiers of research in the 21st century

Abstract This paper offers a commentary on some of the salient issues related to attitude and affect. It also serves as an introduction to the special issue by summarizing and integrating the articles that appear in the issue.
Correlates of excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease

Measures of excessive daytime sleepiness, neuropsychologic function, and mood were assessed in twenty-two persons with mid-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) and sixteen age-matched healthy controls. Levodopa dose equivalents (LDE) were computed for the patients. While Epworth sleepiness score (ESS), Mini Mental State Exam, logical memory, Stroop, and the mood scales, reliably distinguished patients from controls, only the mood scales (especially anxiety) were reliably associated with ESS. LDE was not significantly associated with ESS. Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with mid-stage PD may be more strongly related to anxiety than to other neuropsychologic dysfunction or dopaminergic dosing levels.
The action of insulin of glycogen synthesis in rat diaphragm from intracellular and extracellular glucose

Rat hemidiaphragms were loaded with [U-14C] glucose at 2°C and subsequently incubated at 37°C with non-labeled glucose or [14C] glucose in the presence or absence of insulin. The incorporation of isotope into glycogen and lactate was determined. The results showed that insulin markedly stimulated the synthesis of glycogen from extracellular glucose while it had no effect on incorporation of isotope into glycogen from intracellular glucose. Lactate formation was not influenced by insulin. It was concluded that glucose transport in muscle is linked to glycogen sythesis and that insulin preferentially directs glucose entering the cell toward the formation of glycogen.
Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands: Part I: sand behaviour

The undrained response of cohesive soils is of paramount importance in geomechanics and it has been modelled extensively for the last 50 years. In comparison, drained behaviour of clays has received only modest attention. Drained and undrained behaviour is significantly affected by past consolidation stress history. This paper evaluates the capabilities of the MIT-S1 effective stress model, described in a companion paper, for predicting the anisotropic stress–strain–strength behaviour of clays. The paper illustrates the selection of model parameters for Lower Cromer Till, using data from standard types of laboratory tests. Comparison of model simulations with measured response for Lower Cromer Till and Boston Blue Clay illustrate model capabilities. The work focuses initially on comparisons of model predictions with measurements from undrained triaxial and plane strain tests on initially K0-consolidated specimens. Comparisons with measured data from undrained shear tests performed in different modes of shearing for LCT and BBC show that the model: (a) gives excellent predictions of maximum shear stress conditions and accurately describes the non-linear shear stress–strain behaviour; (b) accurately describes the anisotropic shear stress–strain–strength conditions for different consolidation stress histories; and (c) gives realistic description of mobilized friction angles, especially at large OCR's. The paper then focuses on the effects of consolidation stress history for isotropically consolidated specimens of resedimented Lower Cromer Till and Boston Blue Clay. Finally, the paper compares model predictions for drained shear tests on K0 and isotropically consolidated specimens with overconsolidation ratios, OCR⩽10, used to evaluate particular aspects of the critical state framework of soil behaviour. Overall, the model gives excellent predictions of the effect of initial anisotropy and overconsolidation stress history on the shear stress–strain and volumetric behaviour of clays. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imprints of a Primordial Preferred Direction on the Microwave Background

Rotational invariance is a well-established feature of low-energy physics. Violations of this symmetry must be extremely small today, but could have been larger in earlier epochs. In this paper we examine the consequences of a small breaking of rotational invariance during the inflationary era when the primordial density fluctuations were generated. Assuming that a fixed-norm vector picked out a preferred-direction during the inflationary era, we explore the imprint it would leave on the cosmic microwave background anisotropy, and provide explicit formulas for the expected amplitudes of the spherical-harmonic coefficients. We suggest that it is natural to expect that the imprint on the primordial power spectrum of a preferred spatial direction is approximately scale-invariant, and examine a simple model in which this is true.
The end of religion in Hegel and Kierkegaard

L'A. se propose de faire une synthese sur le theme de la fin de la religion dans les œuvres de Kierkegaard et de Hegel. Cet article est une reaction a un livre qui reflete la mentalite actuelle lorsque celle-ci parle d'eclipse de Dieu ou de fin de la religion, en confondant realite sociologique de la religion avec son essence. Pour accomplir ce travail, l'A. distingue trois sens dans l'expression fin de la religion: la fin comme mort, la fin comme conclusion, la fin comme synonyme de but. Pour repondre a sa problematique, il s'appuie sur une analyse comparative entre les pensees de Kierkegaarde et d'Hegel sur ce point
The Growth of Developmental Thought: Implications for a New Evolutionary Psychology.

Abstract Evolution has come to be increasingly discussed in terms of changes in developmental processes rather than simply in terms of changes in gene frequencies. This shift is based in large part on the recognition that since all phenotypic traits arise during ontogeny as products of individual development, a primary basis for evolutionary change must be variations in the patterns and processes of development. Further, the products of development are epigenetic, not just genetic, and this is the case even when considering the evolutionary process. These insights have led investigators to reconsider the established notion of genes as the primary cause of development, opening the door to research programs focused on identifying how genetic and non-genetic factors coact to guide and constrain the process of development and its outcomes. I explore this growth of developmental thought and its implications for the achievement of a unified theory of heredity, development, and evolution and consider its implications for the realization of a new, developmentally based evolutionary psychology.
Automatic detection of speaker state: Lexical, prosodic, and phonetic approaches to level-of-interest and intoxication classification

Traditional studies of speaker state focus primarily upon one-stage classification techniques using standard acoustic features. In this article, we investigate multiple novel features and approaches to two recent tasks in speaker state detection: level-of-interest (LOI) detection and intoxication detection. In the task of LOI prediction, we propose a novel Discriminative TFIDF feature to capture important lexical information and a novel Prosodic Event detection approach using AuToBI; we combine these with acoustic features for this task using a new multilevel multistream prediction feedback and similarity-based hierarchical fusion learning approach. Our experimental results outperform published results of all systems in the 2010 Interspeech Paralinguistic Challenge - Affect Subchallenge. In the intoxication detection task, we evaluate the performance of Prosodic Event-based, phone duration-based, phonotactic, and phonetic-spectral based approaches, finding that a combination of the phonotactic and phonetic-spectral approaches achieve significant improvement over the 2011 Interspeech Speaker State Challenge - Intoxication Subchallenge baseline. We discuss our results using these new features and approaches and their implications for future research.
The effects of state anxiety on recall performance in older learners

The relationship between state anxiety and free recall was examined in 74 elderly community‐dwelling adults who had completed a memory improvement program. State anxiety (as measured by the state version of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory) was a significant predictor of recall performance after accounting for age, vocabulary, and study time. State anxiety and age were negatively associated with performance scores, whereas study time and vocabulary were both positively correlated. The evidence suggests that state anxiety should be considered a potential source of variation in verbal learning studies with older adults. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
Interface-Reaction-Controlled Kinetics in the Hot Isostatic Pressing of Submicrometer Alumina Powder

The kinetics of densification of alumina powder compacts at 1000° to 1200°C were studied by using a dilatometer to monitor volumetric changes during hot isostatic pressing. The densification rate is proportional to the square of the applied pressure, and densification does not occur below a threshold pressure. Results are interpreted in terms of an interface-controlled reaction mechanism involving the movement of grain-boundary dislocations.
Trojan detection via delay measurements: a new approach to select paths and vectors to maximize effectiveness and minimize cost

One of the growing issues in IC design is how to establish trustworthiness of chips fabricated by untrusted vendors. Such process, often called Trojan detection, is challenging since the specifics of hardware Trojans inserted by intelligent adversaries are difficult to predict and most Trojans do not affect the logic behavior of the circuit unless they are activated. Also, Trojan detection via parametric measurements becomes increasingly difficult with increasing levels of process variations. In this paper we propose a method that maximizes the resolution of each path delay measurement, in terms of its ability to detect the targeted Trojan. In particular, for each Trojan, our approach accentuates the Trojan's impact by generating a vector that sensitizes the shortest path passing via the Trojan's site. We estimate the minimum number of chips to which each vector must be applied to detect the Trojan with sufficient confidence for a given level of process variations. Finally, we demonstrate the significant improvements in effectiveness and cost provided by our approach under high levels of process variations. Experimental results on several benchmark circuits show that we can achieve dramatic reduction in test cost using our approach compared to classical path delay testing.
Influence of herbaceous ground cover on forest restoration of eastern US coal surface mines

Competitive effects of dense herbaceous vegetation (ground cover) can inhibit forest restoration on mine sites. Here we review the evidence of ground cover interactions with planted tree seedlings on coal surface mines of the eastern US, discuss recent research into these interactions, and draw conclusions concerning ground cover management when restoring forests on reclaimed coal mines. Reclaimed mine sites have a high potential to support productive forests, however forest establishment is inhibited by reclamation practices that included soil compaction, and the seeding of competitive ground covers. In the first few years after tree planting, a dense ground cover of grass and legume species commonly seeded on mine sites often affect growth and survival negatively. Herbaceous vegetation providing less extensive and competitive ground coverage may either facilitate or inhibit tree establishment, depending on site conditions. The use of quality planting stock promotes the competitive ability of seedlings by improving nutrient status and the ability to capture available resources. Herbaceous species have contrasting functional characteristics, and thus compete differently with trees for available resources. Negative interactions with trees are more frequently reported for non-native cool-season grasses than for native warm-season grasses, while the effects of legumes change over time. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of tree/ground cover interactions. The development of seeding mixes that can control erosion, facilitate survival and growth of planted trees, and allow establishment by unplanted native species would aid forest restoration on eastern US, coal mines.
Measurement of oceanic inelastic scattering using solar Fraunhofer lines

ABSTRACT It is demonstrated that Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum will be filled in by inelastic scattering in the ocean. The relative depth of a Fraunhofer line, ij, defined as the ratio of the irradiance at the center of the Fraunhofer line to the background continuum, can then be used to measure the amount of inelastic scattering in the light field,i.e., by measuring ij, the relative contributions of elastic and inelastic processes to the light field can be deduced. An oceanographic instrument was developed to measure in-sifti inelastic scattering in the ocean. It utilizes a 1 m monochrometer, a CCD camera, and two irradiance collectors with a fiber optic light guide. Results of preliminaryfield measurements are presented and discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION Oceanic inelastic processes are increasingly being postulated as important sources in the underwater light field butuntil now no direct measurements of these processes in ambient light conditions have been reported.It has been demonstrated, theoretically, that Raman scattering can play a significant role in radiative transfer in
Cells, proteins, and certain physical‐chemical properties of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) blood

Laboratory brook trout were used to evaluate, refine, or develop biochemical procedures for the analysis of fish blood. Analytical values were obtained for the following blood properties: total and differential leucocytes and erythrocytes; erythrocyte and plasma proteins (by electrophoresis); plasma refractive index; erythrocyte sedimentation rate; erythrocyte osmotic fragility; blood surface tension and density; haemoglobin; and packed cell volume. These blood factors are discussed with reference to fish health and disease and to changes caused by deleterious quantities of water pollutants.
A Spatially Distributed Model to Simulate Water, Energy, and Vegetation Dynamics Using Information from Regional Climate Models

Studies seeking to understand the impacts of climatevariability and change on the hydrology of a region need to take into account the dynamics of vegetation and its interaction with the hydrologic and energy cycles. Yet, most of the hydrologic models used for these kinds of studies assume that vegetation is static. This paper presents a dynamic, spatially explicit model that couples a vertical energy balance scheme (surface and canopy layer) to a hydrologic model and a forest growth component to capture the dynamic interactions between energy, vegetation, and hydrology at hourly to daily time scales. The model is designed to be forced with outputs from regional climate models. Lateral water transfers are simulated using a 1D kinematic wave model. Infiltration is simulated using the Green and Ampt approximation to Richard's equation. The dynamics of soil moisture and energy drives carbon assimilation and forest growth, which in turn affect the distribution of energy and water through leaf dynamics by altering light interception, shading, and enhanced transpiration. The model is demonstrated in two case studies
Identification of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel-lining residues in and flanking the M6 membrane-spanning segment

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) forms a chloride channel that is regulated by phosphorylation and ATP binding. Work by others suggested that some residues in the sixth transmembrane segment (M6) might be exposed in the channel and play a role in ion conduction and selectivity. To identify the residues in M6 that are exposed in the channel and the secondary structure of M6, we used the substituted cysteine accessibility method. We mutated to cysteine, one at a time, 24 consecutive residues in and flanking the M6 segment and expressed these mutants in Xenopus oocytes. We determined the accessibility of the engineered cysteines to charged, lipophobic, sulfhydryl-specific methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents applied extracellularly. The cysteines substituted for Ile331, Leu333, Arg334, Lys335, Phe337, Ser341, Ile344, Arg347, Thr351, Arg352, and Gln353 reacted with the MTS reagents, and we infer that they are exposed on the water-accessible surface of the protein. From the pattern of the exposed residues we infer that the secondary structure of the M6 segment includes both alpha-helical and extended regions. The diameter of the channel from the extracellular end to the level of Gln353 must be at least 6 A to allow the MTS reagents to reach these residues.
Promoting a ‘Greener’ image of nuclear power in the U.S. and Britain

Abstract This comparative study examines the corporate public relations strategies of the nuclear industry in the U.S. and Britain to influence public opinion and shape public policy in favor of a pro-nuclear agenda. The study seems to confirm a direct relationship between the function in an organization and the degree of input into corporate policy-making by public relations. The data also suggest that, given a prominent role within an organization, public relations does develop programs to pro-actively manage public policy issues in support of organizational objectives. As a case in point, the nuclear industry has launched an advocational campaign to communicate ‘green’ pro-nuclear messages so as to capitalize upon public concern about the environment, enhance its corporate reputation, and influence public policy. Survey data in the U.S. and U.K. suggest such efforts indeed may be positively affecting public opinion.
Distribution of trace elements between clays and zeolites formed by hydrothermal alteration of synthetic basalts

Abstract Is an attempt to determine the fractionation of various trace elements by the structure of the crystals forming, gels and glasses of gross basaltic composition containing 0·5 per cent by weight of boron, gallium, nickel, and strontium were treated hydrothermally in sealed systems at 350°C and 15,000 lb/in 2 . The experiments were repeated introducing the trace elements into solution. The analcite and montmorillonite formed by this process were separated from each other and each analyzed for the above trace elements using emission spectrography. Boron was enriched in the clay phase relative to the zeolite, but most of the boron went into the solution phase. Gallium was equally distributed between the clay and the zeolite with little or none going into solution. In comparison to analcite, montmorillonite shows a marked preference for nickel to the extent that it acts as a collector for the element. In the sea water environment strontium prefers to form its own minerals rather than be taken up by the clay or zeolite. The main geologic significance of this study is that the distribution of the elements observed in the laboratory is similar to that observed in nature. This similarity indicates a potential usefulness for laboratory studies to investigate certain aspects of element distribution which might be obscured in nature by processes which may be controlled in the laboratory.
Chromomagnetic stability of the CFL phase with a meson current

We show that the color-flavor locked (CFL) phase of dense quark matter is unstable with respect to the formation of a Goldstone boson current in the vicinity of the point m s 2 = 2 μ Δ . In this Goldstone boson current phase all components of the magnetic screening mass are real.
Broadening the Actuation Temperature Range for Acrylic Dielectric Elastomers

Dielectric elastomer actuators are an important branch of electroactive polymers with a host of applications proposed. However, the temperature range over which these elastomers are active has been limited by the glass transition temperature and thermal stability. Acrylic elastomers, VHB adhesive films from 3M Company, exhibit high actuation strain and stress at room temperature, but become too rigid to actuate below 0 °C. By lowering their glass transition temperature with the addition of a plasticizer, we show that the soft polymer actuators can be made to function at −40 °C. The plasticized films have been able to achieve >100% areal strain at −40°C. This helps extend the scope of dielectric elastomer actuators to demanding automotive applications.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
GRAPHITE-MELT EQUILIBRIA DURING MANTLE MELTING : CONSTRAINTS ON CO2 IN MORB MAGMAS AND THE CARBON CONTENT OF THE MANTLE

Abstract Melts produced under fluid-absent, graphite-saturated conditions have tightly constrained oxidation states and CO 2 contents. A model is presented for the generation of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) magma by fluid-absent partial melting of graphite-saturated upper mantle. The model results in melt ferric/ferrous ratios and oxygen fugacities which are consistent with observed values in glassy MORBs and oceanic peridotites. Increasing the degree of partial melting causes decreases in the ferric/ferrous ratio of the melt, the oxygen fugacity, and the concentration of CO 2 in the melt. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the initial ferric-iron concentration in the source region has the greatest effect on the results. For the range of probable initial values, the oxygen fugacity of the graphite-saturated primary MORB magma at 1 GPa is 2.5 log 10 units below the Ni–NiO buffer, and the CO 2 content of the melt ranges from 900 to 1800 ppm (mass). The amount of source region carbon consumed during partial melting is between 40 and 80 ppm. The dissolved CO 2 in MORBs represents a flux of 3.5 to 7×10 10 kg/year which is significantly greater than estimates based on the measured CO 2 content of glassy MORB samples.
Expression of potassium channels in gerbil outer hair cells during development does not require neural induction

Mammalian outer hair cells (OHCs) contain Ca and K channels in their synaptic pole. We questioned if the ontogeny of potassium currents of OHCs depends on the neural induction of early afferent contact. By recording whole-cell currents of OHCs grown in organotypic cultures deprived of afferent innervation, we show that a Ca-activated K channel is expressed in these cells, suggesting that the ontogeny of the K channel is an intrinsic process.
Linking Microscopic Spatial Patterns of Tissue Destruction in Emphysema to Macroscopic Decline in Stiffness Using a 3D Computational Model

Pulmonary emphysema is a connective tissue disease characterized by the progressive destruction of alveolar walls leading to airspace enlargement and decreased elastic recoil of the lung. However, the relationship between microscopic tissue structure and decline in stiffness of the lung is not well understood. In this study, we developed a 3D computational model of lung tissue in which a pre-strained cuboidal block of tissue was represented by a tessellation of space filling polyhedra, with each polyhedral unit-cell representing an alveolus. Destruction of alveolar walls was mimicked by eliminating faces that separate two polyhedral either randomly or in a spatially correlated manner, in which the highest force bearing walls were removed at each step. Simulations were carried out to establish a link between the geometries that emerged and the rate of decline in bulk modulus of the tissue block. The spatially correlated process set up by the force-based destruction lead to a significantly faster rate of decline in bulk modulus accompanied by highly heterogeneous structures than the random destruction pattern. Using the Karhunen-Loeve transformation, an estimator of the change in bulk modulus from the first four moments of airspace cell volumes was setup. Simulations were then obtained for tissue destruction with different idealized alveolar geometry, levels of pre-strain, linear and nonlinear elasticity assumptions for alveolar walls and also mixed destruction patterns where both random and force-based destruction occurs simultaneously. In all these cases, the change in bulk modulus from cell volumes was accurately estimated. We conclude that microscopic structural changes in emphysema and the associated decline in tissue stiffness are linked by the spatial pattern of the destruction process.
Cardiovascular complications of obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder with an increasing public health burden. It is characterized by repeated upper airway narrowing and closure, leading to apneas, hypopneas and increased respiratory effort-related arousals. Continuous positive airway pressure is an effective modality of treatment for OSA. Apart from being responsible for daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment, OSA has been implicated in various systemic diseases, particularly of the cardiovascular system. This article reviews some of the extensive literature implicating OSA in the development of cardiovascular diseases and describes the intermediary pathophysiologic mechanisms involved. Repetitive nocturnal oxygen desaturation and reoxygenation and increased intrathoracic pressure changes related to OSA result in the intermediary pathophysiologic mechanisms that affect the neural, humoral, thrombotic, inflammatory and metabolic pathways responsible for the development of cardiovascular disorders. This review also exam...
A Cue‐Isolation Experiment to Determine if Caspian Tern Parents Learn Their Offspring's Down Color

A ground-nesting gull or tern (Laridae) parent will attack a foreign conspecific chick that is substituted for the parent's chick at about the time the parent's chick is mobile. Presumably, parents discriminate among chicks using some combination of vocal, morphologic, and behavior cues. It is not known which cues are used. Morphologic variation in chicks' down potentially provides discrimination cues in some species of Laridae, such as the Caspian tern (Sterna caspia). To test discrimination based on the down color of chicks, a parent's chick was replaced sequentially with foreign conspecific chicks that were similar and dissimilar to the down color of the parent's chick. This cue-isolation experiment indicated that parents rejected dissimilar chicks more frequently. Thus, parents learn the down color of their chicks and then use this information as a basis for aggressive rejection of foreign chicks. A recognition system based on morphology allows parents to detect and reject foreign chicks with a probability greater than chance.