cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies provide new insights into Japan's March 2011 tsunami

New data, field studies, modeling efforts, and surveys are revealing a wealth of information about the devastating tsunami that followed the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The earthquake and resulting tsunami caused massive destruction and the loss of about 20,000 lives. At the AGU Fall Meeting last week in San Francisco, Calif., scientists reported a variety of new insights about the tsunami and its effects and about tsunami defense mechanisms, ways to forecast tsunami inundation, and public perception of risk. For example, part of the reason the tsunami generated by the Tohoku quake was so large and destructive was that it was a “merging tsunami.” Merging tsunamis, which have been hypothesized but not previously observed with certainty, grow in size dramatically when seafloor topography alters the direction in which the waves are traveling and causes two waves to merge into a larger wave. The alteration of wave paths by complex ocean-floor topography makes it difficult to predict where the largest waves will strike land. “Tsunamis often destroy some coastal areas while leaving others with little damage,” explained Tony Song of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, at a 5 December press conference.
Negative Ion Mass Spectra of Organic Nitriles

Negative ion mass spectra organic nitriles have been determined using 1 Torr of methane moderator/reagent gas in a chemical ionization source. The spectra contain abundant (M – 1)− ions, and fragmentations are minimal. Ion/molecule reactions with residual oxygen, methane, and between sample molecules and ions form diverse products with low abundances relative to the (M – 1)−. Detection limits are comparable with positive ion methods, and for selected compounds, can be several orders of magnitude lower.
Pentylenetetrazol: inhibitory avoidance behavior, brain seizure activity, and [3H]lysine incorporation into brain proteins of different mouse strains.

The effects of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ,Metrazol) on step-through inhibitory avoidance behavior, brain seizure activity, and Z 3 H]lysine incorporation into brain proteins were examined in Swiss/ICR and C57B1/6J mice. Immediate post-training administration of PTZ (60 mg/kg) resulted in significant retention deficits in both strains of mice when tested 24 hr later. In Swiss/ICR mice, subconvulsive doses of PTZ (50 mg/kg) were sufficient to produce amnesia, and there was no correlation between the presence or absence of convulsions and the induction of amnesia. Electrographic recordings from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus indicated that behavorial convulsions always accompanied sustained high-voltage spiking activity in the hippocampus and cortex. Both convulsive and nonconvulsive doses of PTZ inhibited the incorporation of Z 3 H]lysine into brain proteins during the first 10 min after training and PTZ administration. There was no correlation between the presence or absence of convulsions and the degree of inhibition of Z 3 H]lysine incorporation in the brains of Swiss/ICR mice receiving 50 mg/kg of PTZ. PTZ also inhibited Z 3 H]lysine incorporation into liver proteins. In C57B1/6J mice administered a convulsive dose of PTZ, the inhibition of Z 3 H]lysine incorporation showed the following regional distribution: cortex > diencephalon + striatum > hippocampus ⋍ brainstem. Thus, PTZ both produced amnesia and inhibited the incorporation of Z 3 H]lysine into brain proteins in the absence of gross electrographic abnormalities, but neither of these effects was related to the presence or absence of convulsions.
Resource reciprocity: An event-related brain potentials analysis

The amplitude of the P300 component of the Event-Related Potential (ERP) has proven useful in identifying the resource requirements of complex perceptual-motor tasks. In dual-task conditions, increases in primary task difficulty result in decreases in the amplitude of P300s elicited by secondary tasks. Furthermore, P300s elicited by discrete primary task events increase in amplitude with increases in the difficulty of the primary task. The reciprocity in P300 amplitudes has been used to infer the processing tradeoffs that occur during dual-task performance. The present study was designed to investigate further the P300 amplitude reciprocity effect under conditions in which primary and secondary task ERPs could be concurrently recorded within the same experimental situation. Forty subjects participated in the study. Measures of P300 amplitude and performance were obtained within the context of a pursuit step tracking task (the primary task) performed alone and with a concurrent auditory discrimination task (the secondary task). Primary task difficulty was manipulated by varying both the number of dimensions to be tracked (from one to two), and the control dynamics of the system (velocity or acceleration). ERPs were obtained from both secondary task tones and primary task step changes. Average root-mean-square (RMS) error estimates were also obtained for each tracking condition. Increased primary task difficulty, reflected in increased RMS error scores, was associated with decreased secondary task P300 amplitudes and increased primary task P300 amplitudes. The increases in primary task P300 amplitudes were complementary to the decrements obtained for the secondary task, supporting the hypothesis of reciprocity between primary and secondary task P300 amplitudes across different manipulations of primary task difficulty.
Ni–Al composite coatings: diffusion analysis and coating lifetime estimation

Abstract The interdiffusion of Ni matrix/Al particle composite coatings and nickel substrates was studied using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and a one-dimensional diffusion model. The initial coating microstructure was a two-phase mixture of γ(Ni) and γ′(Ni 3 Al). The coating/substrate assemblies were aged at 800 to 1100°C for times up to 2000 h. It was found that aluminum losses to the substrate are significant at 1000°C and above. The experimental results for the diffusion of Al into the substrate were compared with model predictions based on a diffusion equation for a finite layer on an infinite substrate. Using combined experimental and model results, the effects of temperature and coating thickness were determined and a rationale was developed for coating lifetime prediction.
High frequency space charge layer capacitance of strongly inverted semiconductor surfaces

Abstract The finite spatial extension of the inversion layer minority carriers shunts the dielectric capacitance of the inversion layer and increases the high frequency semiconductor surface space charge layer capacitance in the strong inversion range by about 5 per cent. This distributed minority carrier distribution also gives rise to a small (about 1 per cent) high frequency capacitance minimum near the onset of strong surface inversion. A simple two-lump model is developed which is accurate to within 0·4 per cent of the numerical solution obtained from the exact transmission line model. Applied gate voltages at the capacitance minimum are presented graphically as a function of oxide thickness with the substrate impurity concentration as a parameter. Surface quantization effect is not taken into account.
Effects of surface roughness on surface polaritons

We have studied the effect of surface roughness on the behavior of surface polaritons in samples of GaP by means of Raman scattering. The roughness of the surfaces of thin-slab samples (\ensuremath{\approx} 15 \ensuremath{\mu}m thickness) was controlled by the size of the final polishing powder and by etching and annealing. The surface-polariton linewidth broadens as the surface is roughened, and the dispersion curve is depressed below the theoretical value based on the flat-surface assumption. Both the increase in damping and the shift in frequency are well accounted for by existing theories. The most striking effect of surface roughness is the increase in the Raman-scattering intensity for which there is no adequate theoretical explanation.
Excitation of Piezoelectric Plates by Use of a Parallel Field with Particular Reference to Thickness Modes of Quartz

The parallel field excitation of piezoelectric plates, particularly of plates vibrating in thickness modes, and their resulting piezoelectric stress constants in general and of various quartz cuts are considered. Quartz AT-cut crystals excited by a parallel field are of practical interest for high precision frequency control and the data of the equivalent electric circuit of a 1000-kc AT quartz oscillator excited by a parallel field are given.
Immediate quantitative effects of recreational music therapy on mood and perceived helpfulness in acute psychiatric inpatients: An exploratory investigation

Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the immediate quantitative effects of single recreational music therapy interventions on mood utilizing a pre- posttest research design. Participants (N = 41) were acute psychiatric inpatients. Using the Quick Mood Scale ( Woodruffe-Peacock, Turnbull, Johnson, Elahi, & Preston, 1998 ), the researchers compared pre- and posttest measures in participants’ moods with 10 different recreational music therapy interventions. Results indicated positive and significant immediate changes in four mood factors after a single recreational music therapy session: (a) wide awake/drowsy, (b) relaxed/anxious, (c) cheerful/depressed, and (d) friendly/aggressive. There were no significant between-intervention differences concerning mood or posttest measures of perceived helpfulness and enjoyment. From the results of this study, it seems that recreational music therapy interventions can have an immediate positive impact on acute psychiatric inpatients’ moods but the specific type of recreational music therapy intervention utilized does not affect outcome. Limitations, suggestions for future research, and implications for clinical practice are provided.
Resins and asphaltenes in sintering petroleum coke

One of the directions in utilization of sintering coke breeze that may be effective is its addition to a coal or coal briquet charge to coke ovens in place of sintering and weakly sintering coals in coal-tar chemical production. For their investigation they took commercial samples of petroleum coke breeze (0-25 mm) obtained from different types of raw material: (1) a semitar (medium straight-run resid) produced from mixed Perm' and West Siberian crudes by the Industrial Association Permnefteorgsintez; (2) a blend of vacuum resid and tar from cracking atmospheric resid (1:1), from the Krasnovodsk refinery; (3) a blend of cracked tars from processing vacuum resid and thermal gasoil (1:1.5), from the Novo-Ufa refinery. The dependence of the yield of resins and asphaltenes in thermal breakdown of coke as a function of the calcination temperature and the coke size distribution was investigated with continuous heating (2-4/sup 0/C/min) and isothermal (high-speed) heating.
Sorption and conformational characteristics of reconstituted plant cuticular waxes on montmorillonite.

Plant cuticular waxes are essential barriers that regulate the transport of water and organic molecules to intact cuticular membranes. They also compose a significant fraction of the recalcitrant aliphatic components of soil organic matter (SOM). In this study, we examined the sorption and desorption of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene (NAPH), phenanthrene (PHEN), and pyrene (PYR), by cuticular waxes of green pepper (Capsicum annuum) that had been reconstituted by loading them onto montmorillonite (at four different loadings). The reconstituted wax samples, with and without sorbed PAHs, were characterized by solid-state 13C NMR to supply the evidence of melting transition. The sorption isotherms fit well to a Freundlich equation. Sorption isotherms were practically linear except for that of PYR sorption to the low-load wax−montmorillonite sample. The organic-carbon-normalized sorption coefficients (Koc) depended on PAH's lipophilicity (e.g., octanol−water partition coefficient) a...
SO2 quantification using the LINUS UV imaging spectrometer

The Lineate Imaging Near Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS)1,2 has been used to remotely detect and measure sulfur dioxide (SO2). The sensor was calibrated in the lab, with curves of growth created for the 0.29 - 0.31 μ spectral range of the LINUS sensor. Field observations were made of a coal burning plant in St. John's, Arizona at a range of 537 m. The Salt River Coronado plant stacks were emitting on average about 100 ppm and 200 ppm from the left and right stacks respectively. Analysis of the LINUS data matched those values within twenty percent. Possible uses for this technology include remote verification of industry emissions and detection of unreported SO 2 sources.
Intracellular Ca2+ Fluctuations Modulate the Rate of Neuronal Migration

Transient elevations of intracellular Ca2+ levels play critical roles in neuronal development, but such elevations have not been demonstrated in migrating neurons. Here, we show that the amplitude and frequency components of Ca2+ fluctuations are correlated positively with the rate of granule cell movement in cerebellar microexplant cultures. Moreover, depression of the amplitude and frequency components of Ca2+ fluctuations by blockade of Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane results in a reversible retardation of cell movement. These results indicate that the combination of amplitude and frequency components of intracellular Ca2+ fluctuations may provide an intracellular signal controlling the rate of neuronal cell migration.
The small bowel as a source of gastrointestinal blood loss

The small bowel is a rare but important source of blood loss from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In approximately 5% of all patients with GI bleeding, no cause for the bleeding is evident even after an extensive workup. This bleeding is often termed "gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin" or "obscure gastrointestinal bleed" (OGIB). Recent advancements in enteroscopy have contributed to a better understanding of the small bowel as a source of bleeding. On average, 27% of patients with OGIB have been shown to have lesions in the small bowel, with common findings including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and small bowel tumors. The trend in primary diagnostic workup for obscure GI bleeding or suspected small bowel lesions is shifting toward enteroscopic examination. Availability of an accessory channel now offers the clinician management options such as endoscopic injection therapy, electrocautery, and polypectomy. The "gold standard" for examination of the entire small bowel is intraoperative enteroscopy. A newer technique involving laparascopic assistance may lower the morbidity associated with this examination. Combined hormonal therapy may be an alternative treatment for patients with AVMs or an unknown cause of bleeding after enteroscopic examination.
The elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants of tetragonal PbTiO3 single crystals

The sound velocities of the longitudinal and transverse vibrational modes in various directions have been measured by Brillouin scattering on high-quality twin-free single crystals of tetragonal PbTiO3. By using these velocities and the dielectric permittivity measured by the impedance method, a complete set of coefficients for the electromechanical properties has been determined at ambient temperature. They are the six elastic stiffness moduli, CEijkl, three piezoelectric stress constants, erij, and four dielectric permittivity constants, eTij and esij.
The moon: sources of the crustal magnetic anomalies.

Evidence from low altitude Apollo 16 subsatellite magnetometer measurements of the lunar near side is presented showing that basin and crater ejecta are major sources of lunar magnetic anomalies. It is found that anomalies increase in amplitude and complexity with a decrease in altitude, indicating localized, near surface sources, but it is also found that anomalies are less intense and numerous over maria than over highlands. Also, few anomalies are found to be associated with young craters, eliminating direct shock magnetization as a possible cause, but numerous anomalies are present over formations not flooded by mare basalts. The largest observed anomaly is well correlated with the location of a conspicuous deposit, believed to be crater ejecta, with a mean magnetization level of 5.2 + or - 2.4 x 10 to the -2 electromagnetic units/g. It is also concluded that the magnetization of the lunar crust must have taken place over a period of over one billion years.
A design methodology to achieve low input impedance and non-constant gain-bandwidth product in TIAs for optical communication

This paper demonstrates a method to achieve low input impedance and a non-constant gain-bandwidth product using SiGe NPN and PNP devices in order to attain a large bandwidth and gain in transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) for optical communication. The major obstacle to achieving wide bandwidth and high gain in a TIA design is the large parasitic capacitance associated with the input photo-diode. This challenge can be overcome by using a common-base input stage to decrease the input impedance and employing a technique to introduce a non-constant gain-bandwidth product into the system. The nonconstant gain-bandwidth product can be realized by utilizing global feedback (as opposed to local) with a common-base input stage. The circuit was designed and simulated using a complementary SiGe HBT on SOI process technology.
Canonical systems which produce periodic sets

Canonical systems with productions of the form a x,b x → c x and xa → xc are shown to produce only the periodic sets. Thus, these systems are equivalent to finite-state grammars.
Burn Scar Contractures of the Pediatric Neck

Neck deformities remain a cause of significant morbidity in children who sustain burns. Reconstructive efforts must be directed not only at restoring satisfactory head position, flexion/extension, and rotation but also at satisfying the cosmetic and functional needs of the individual patient. We pre
SYNTHESIS AND SPECIALIZATION IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

SUMMARY In the social sciences specialization is just as unavoidable as in other branches of science but requires a counterweight in the form of collaboration between economics, sociology and political science, and between all these and history. Each social structure, a shop, an office, a club, has at the same time economic, political and sociological significance, and is also rooted in the past. Economic activity especially is embedded in non-economic contexts not only in primitive or proto-capitalistic societies - as Karl Polanyi has stated - but always and everywhere, and most economic activities are enveloped by economic contexts. Therefore, if one wants to understand the full meaning of social reality one has to look at it from the point of view of all the social sciences. Today this is often done in regional studies and in city planning. But this spotty kind of interdisciplinary collaboration is insufficient, especially because it does not lay the groundwork for an education in integrated social science. Such science would systematically study all the typical processes, in whatever part of society, which the individual disciplines analyze each from its own viewpoint. This unified kind of social science will exist only when in the scholarly world synthesis is recognized as an endeavor just as valuable and meritorious as specialized research. Recognition for synthesis in social science will also bring two practical problems closer to solution: How good teaching can receive more credit, since the synthesizing approach is essential for the teacher, and how we can loosen up the negative attitude which many of our students display toward scholarly effort because they feel that it is too hyper-specialized to have much relevance to life problems.
Colonisation of Heliconia caribaea by aquatic invertebrates: resource and microsite characteristics

Colonisation of ephemeral aquatic habitats via oviposition by invertebrates may be influenced by a variety of factors, such as the quality of aquatic habitat and the characteristics of the surrounding terrestrial environment. The water- holding bracts of Heliconia caribaea , a subtropical herb that produces ephemeral aquatic habitats, are colonised by a variety of aquatic invertebrates. To date, no experiments have been conducted to identify the cues that affect colonisation patterns via oviposition selection in Heliconia . 2. Artificial bracts were used to assess the influence of two types of resources found in bracts (plant produced carbohydrates and terrestrial snail faeces) on oviposition site- selection by invertebrate taxa via a replicated factorial design at four locations in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico, U.S.A. Eleven microsite characteristics thought to affect oviposition were measured for each experimental container. 3. Most taxa responded in a minor way to microsite characteristics, whereas site selection by the most numerically dominant groups (e.g. Syrphidae) were influenced principally by resources within artificial bracts. Overall, the greatest response by particular taxa was to the presence of snail faeces. At the community level, total abundance, richness, and evenness of invertebrates increased with increasing biomass of faeces. Variation in sugar produced a more complex response. 4. In general, the terrestrial matrix surrounding these aquatic habitats was only a secondary determinant of population and community attributes; the principal factor affecting site selection was the quality of the aquatic habitat.
THE SIGNIFICANCE AND INTERPRETATION OF CANONICAL ANALYSIS

With the increasing complexities involved in analyzing marketing problems, it is often necessary to use complex multivariate-statistical techniques. Although canonical analysis in many respects is similar to other multivariate techniques, it is not as easy to interpret the results as in the case of the more familiar techniques of multiple regression and discriminant analysis. This article provides insights into the problems which arise in interpreting the results of canonical analysis. Specifically, it deals with the two tests of significance and the three analytical phases–canonical correlation, extracted variance, and redundancy.
Multimode radio fingerprinting for localization

We study the feasibility of multimode radio fingerprinting for indoor localization with smart phones. Leveraging the sensing capabilities of these devices (WiFi radio, cellular communications radio, accelerometer, magnetometer), we present an application integrating both offline and online phases of fingerprinting in the same smart phone, and delivering an accuracy of up to 1.5 meters. Moreover, a new approach for the statistical processing of radio signal strengths is utilized, showing that it can outperform existing deterministic techniques. We also examine the possibilities offered by Digital TV (DTV), with the intention to build a multimodal solution for localization.
Is extraterrestrial organic matter relevant to the origin of life on Earth

I review the relative importance of internal and external sources of prebiotic molecules on Earth at the time of life’s origin ~3.7 Gyr ago. The efficiency of synthesis in the Earth’s atmosphere was critically dependent on its oxidation state. If the early atmosphere was non-reducing and CO2dominated, external delivery might have been the dominant source. Interplanetary dust grains and micrometeorites currently deliver carbonaceous matter to the Earth’s surface at a rate of ~ 3 × 105 kg/yr (equivalent to a biomass in ~2Gyr), but this may have been as high as 5 × 107 kg/yr (a biomass in only ~10 Myr) during the epoch of late bombardment. Much of the incoming material is in the form of chemically inactive kerogens and amorphous carbon; but if the Earth once had a dense (~10-bar) atmosphere, small comets rich in a variety of prebiotic molecules may have been sufficiently air-braked to land non-destructively. Lingering uncertainties regarding the impact history of the Earth and the density and composition of its early atmosphere limit our ability to draw firm conclusions.
Nek8 Regulates the Expression and Localization of Polycystin-1 and Polycystin-2

Nek8 is a serine/threonine kinase that is mutated in the jck (juvenile cystic kidneys) mouse, a model of autosomal recessive juvenile polycystic kidney disease, but its function is poorly understood. We used the jck mouse to study the functional relationship between Nek8 and other proteins that have been implicated in polycystic kidney diseases. In the collecting tubules and collecting ducts of wild-type mice, we found that Nek8 was localized to the proximal portion of primary cilia and was weakly detected in the cytosol. In the jck mutant, however, Nek8 was found along the entire length of cilia. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that Nek8 interacted with polycystin-2, but not with polycystin-1, and that the jck mutation did not affect this interaction. Western blot analysis and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR revealed that the protein and mRNA expression of polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2) were increased in jck mouse kidneys. The jck mutation also led to abnormal phosphorylatin of PC2, and this was associated with longer cilia and ciliary accumulation of PC1 and PC2. Our data suggests that Nek8 interacts with the signal transduction pathways of the polycystins and may control the targeting of these ciliary proteins. Dysfunction Nek8 may lead to cystogenesis by altering the structure and function of cilia in the distal nephron.
Molecular features of immunoreactive myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid of persons with multiple sclerosis

The molecular weight of the myelin basic protein (BP)-like material appearing in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 2 persons with active-phase multiple sclerosis (MS) and 3 with recent cerebral infarctions was determined by gel filtration chromatography under acidic conditions. Column fractions were examined by radioimmunoassay for BP peptide 43-88 antigen as well as for binding activity to BP. Material cross-reactive with BP peptide 43-88 eluted over a wide spectrum of molecular weights. Greater representation of lower molecular weight species occurred in MS. Fractionated CSF from 2 patients with MS and 2 with cerebral infarction contained binding activity, presumably antibody, to BP which was greater than that in unfractionated CSF. Binding to BP was also examined in unfractionated CSF from 70 persons, including 16 with MS and 36 with other neurological diseases. Although CSF from MS patients showed higher binding, the presence of BP binding activity was not specific for MS. Our findings suggest that the antigen cross-reacting with BP and its fragments in CSF appears in a spectrum of molecular weight species, with lower forms predominating in MS. The detection of binding activity to BP as well as its enhancement by treatment at low pH suggest that the BP-like antigen in CSF may exist in free as well as in complexed forms.
Simulation of the Kinetics of an Aqueous Emulsion Copolymer System

Emulsion polymerization systems have become increasingly complex in the number of comonomers, modification of initiator systems, and means of controlling molecular weight and composition distributions/ with the result that correlating process variables with polymer properties has become more and more difficult.
A precise bearing estimation method of digital split-beam array system

A precise bearing estimation method of digital split-beam array system is considered. The method is based on time delay estimation in terms of cross power spectrum of a two-element system proposed by A.G. Piersol. By using the concept of equivalent acoustic center, this method is generalized to linear array and circular array with multiple elements. The incidental angle of target signal can be calculated directly from the input data. The method of weighting the estimation value in each frequency bin of DFT in terms of its power spectrum value is shown to be an effective method to achieve good accuracy. Some results of system simulation are presented. For a digital sonar it is possible to track more than one target simultaneously in real time by using the method described in this paper.
Simpler Is Better New Lessons Learned From the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram

“It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important” — —Sherlock Holmes in “A Case of Identity” by Arthur Conan Doyle Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can have a profound therapeutic impact on appropriately selected patients. However, even when the current clinical guidelines for CRT1 are rigorously applied, the response rate is ≈70%. Nearly a third of patients who undergo implantation of a CRT device are clinical nonresponders and more may be “remodeling nonresponders.” An extensive body of literature reports on a wide variety of methods that can be better used to identify potential responders by measurement of mechanical dyssynchrony. Factors responsible for nonresponse include comorbid conditions, cardiac substrate, left ventricular (LV) lead location, and device programming. Comorbid conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, right-sided heart failure, and type of intraventricular conduction delay should be considered at the preprocedural stage. Device programming may help minimize the number of nonresponders. Prediction of responders by invasive hemodynamic assessment is impractical for daily clinical practice. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is too expensive for routine use and is not an option for many patients who already have devices and need upgrades. The appeal of echocardiography for predicting responders by identifying mechanical dyssynchrony has been dampened by its limited reproducibility and poor predictive value.2 It is also impractical to perform echocardiography during implantations. The prolonged QRS duration (QRSd; electric dyssynchrony), as measured on a standard 12-lead ECG, remains the best method for identifying candidates for CRT. In an elegant and important study reported in this issue of Circulation , Sweeney and colleagues3 use the 12-lead ECG and show that, despite its apparent simplicity, analysis of the standard 12-lead ECG can yield both pitfalls and impressive rewards. Article see p 626 Current clinical guidelines specify a …
Continuum structures equivalent in normal mode vibrations to single-walled carbon nanotubes

Axial, torsional and radial breathing mode (RBM) vibrations of free–free unstressed (i.e., relaxed) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of different helicities having aspect ratio (length/diameter) of about 15 have been studied using the MM3 potential. It is found that for axial and torsional vibrations, frequencies of the second and the third modes of SWCNTs equal, respectively, twice and three times that of the corresponding first mode. A similar relation also holds for axial and torsional vibrations of a homogeneous linear elastic prismatic body. The RBM frequencies are also used to validate computed frequencies of SWCNTs. Equivalent continuum structures (ECSs) whose frequencies in axial, torsional and radial breathing modes are equal to those of the SWCNTs are identified. The consideration of free ends eliminates the effect of boundary conditions and avoids resolving equivalence between boundary conditions in the analysis of SWCNTs and their ECSs. It is found that the ECS made of a linear elastic homogeneous material is a cylindrical tube of mean radius and length equal to those of the SWCNT. Poisson’s ratio of the ECS (and hence of the SWCNT) computed without assuming any value for the wall thickness converges with an increase in the diameter of the SWCNT to 0.20 for armchair, 0.23 for zigzag, and 0.21 for chiral tubes. For a wall thickness of the ECS equal to 3.4 A ˚ , Young’s modulus of the material of the ECS (and hence of the SWCNT) equals � 1 TPa and is independent of the helicity and the diameter of the SWCNT. However, the shear modulus varies with the diameter and the helicity of the underlying SWCNT. In the more common terminology, normal modes of vibrations of a SWCNT give Young’s modulus of � 1 TPa in the axial and the circumferential directions, and the shear modulus of � 0.4 TPa. Whereas Young’s modulus of a SWCNT is found to be independent of its diameter and helicity, the shear modulus depends weakly upon them. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 46.70.Lk
Efficient computation of long-range electromagnetic interactions without Fourier transforms

A generalized finite-difference method is proposed as an alternative to Ewald summation for problems with point charges or dipoles. Higher accuracy is achieved by incorporating the exact analytical expression for the "rough" (singular, discontinuous, or rapidly changing) component of the potential and solving only for the residual smooth component. A numerical example in the context of the York-Yang method is given.
Early Mobilization After Myocardial Infarction: Historical Perspective and Critical Appraisal

The current pattern of care for the patient with myocardial infarction, particularly the patient with an uncomplicated or minimally complicated clinical course, is characterized by an abbreviation of the period at bed rest, by a decrease in imposed activity restriction and invalidism with an earlier resumption of physical activity, and by earlier discharge from the hospital for appropriately selected individuals. Indeed, early ambulation and early hospital dismissal commonly go hand in hand, the former enabling the latter to occur.
An XML based system of systems agent-in-the-loop simulation framework using discrete event simulation

This paper extends an XML based system of systems simulation framework using DEVS to support hardware-in-the-loop simulations for SoS. A system of systems approach enables the simulation and analysis of multiple complex, independent, and cooperative systems by concentrating on the data transferred among systems. This paper wraps information exchanged among heterogeneous systems in XML to enable receiving systems to correctly parse and interpret the information. A Groundscout robot is deployed as a real agent working cooperatively with virtual agents in a robotic swarm. The DEVS activity concept facilitates communication between the real system and virtual systems in the SoS. A robust threat detection example is provided. Initial performance metrics of the SoS are briefly discussed.
Effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis by the isolated perfused rat liver.

Glucagon stimulated both carbohydrate and urea production by isolated perfused glycogen-depleted rat livers. This effect was demonstrable at concentrations of the hormone of about 1 μg/I of plasma and was maximal at concentrations of 4–5 μg/1- This range is similar to that which was previously shown to induce modest to maximal glycogenolysis in this experimental system, and is of the same order of magnitude as the glucagon concentrations which result from endogenous secretion of the hormone. It is concluded that glucagon plays a dual physiologic role, stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis as well as glycogenolysis. In contrast to its glycogenolytic effect, which is of brief duration, stimulation of gluconeogenesis persists for at least 60–90 min after all the glucagon in the system has presumably been inactivated. (Endocrinology 78: 538, 1966)
Corpus callosum and experimental stroke: studies in callosotomized rats and acallosal mice.

Background and Purpose—Interhemispheric inhibition via the corpus callosum has been proposed as an exacerbating factor in outcome from stroke. Methods—We measured infarct volume and behavioral outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion in callosotomized rats and acallosal mice. Results—Neither callosotomy in rats nor callosal agenesis in mice improved infarct volume or behavioral outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Conclusions—These findings argue against a role for transcallosal projections in exacerbating focal cerebral ischemia.
Extensive skin bridging with glans epithelium replacement by penile shaft skin following newborn circumcision.

Abstract Introduction Extensive skin bridging with replacement of glans epithelium by shaft skin is an unusual complication of newborn circumcision not previously described. Materials and methods Patients with extensive skin bridges and replacement of at least 50% of glans epithelium with shaft skin underwent lysis of the bridges and excision of displaced skin. Fibrin glue was used to coat the raw glans surface, and urinary diversion was provided for 1 week. Results Six boys aged 2–15 years underwent the procedure. In each the glans healed with a smooth, cosmetically normal appearance. There were no complications. Conclusions Skin bridges after newborn circumcision can be associated with unsightly replacement of normal glans epithelium by shaft skin. Correction involves division of the skin bridges and excision of all abnormal skin with a coating of fibrin glue over the raw surface. Glans epithelium subsequently recovers the glans, restoring a normal appearance.
Norway Moves Toward the Right

Losses by the Labor party—looked upon as one of the most radical of Western European labor parties—and gains by the non-socialist groups at the Storting elections on October 20, 1930, resulted in a notable, though not a decisive, move toward the right in Norwegian parliamentary politics. The move was a remarkable one in that the Labor party lost 12 of its 59 seats in the Storting; the Conservative party added 13 to the 31 seats it already held; and the Communists, who had held three seats, were unable to elect a single representative. The move lacked decisiveness, however, because the Laborites, in spite of their losses, still constitute the largest parliamentary party. At the same time, the popular vote registered for the party was the largest ever given to any Labor or Socialist group in the history of Norway. The Conservatives did not take over the government, and the Radical government under the premiership of Mowinckel continued. While the Radicals joined with the other non-socialist parties in the fight against Labor, it advocates, nevertheless, a progressive social program. Furthermore, the present move to the right is not nearly so marked as was the move to the left in the last triennial election in 1927. The new Storting remains farther to the left than was the Storting before the 1927 elections.The chief reason why this election deserves attention is that in it there were placed before a literate, alert, and intelligent electorate—representing a homogeneous people with a democratic background—vital issues involving the acceptance or rejection of an advanced socialistic program.
Acoustic Orientation of Marine Fishes and Invertebrates

The obvious problems surrounding a complete understanding of the acoustic orientation of marine fishes and invertebrates are great enough so that at this time it seems only possible to point out (1) some concrete evidences that acoustic orientation is of some importance in the lives of these marine animals, (2) some discussion of the acoustic behaviour of a few species, and (3) some indirect evidences which seem to relate the migrations, movements and behavioural patterns of some of these marine animals to their acoustic environment.
Restoration of stable metabolic conditions during islet suppression in dogs.

These studies were undertaken to examine the stability of metabolic conditions during islet suppression with fixed-rate insulin and glucagon replacement. Somatostatin was infused peripherally at 0.8 microgram.min-1.kg-1, insulin was infused intraportally at 200 microU.min-1.kg-1, and glucagon was infused intraportally at 0, 0.6, 1, 2, 5, or 20 ng.min-1.kg-1 in conscious overnight-fasted dogs. [3-3H]glucose was infused for measurement of glucose kinetics. During infusion, plasma insulin was 7.2 +/- 0.4 microU/ml. Plasma glucagon rose linearly with glucagon dose, achieving basal levels at 2 ng.min-1.kg-1 infusion (164 +/- 18 vs. basal = 182 +/- 57 pg/ml). Plasma glucose and hepatic glucose output (HGO) decreased from basal at doses 0, 0.6, and 1 ng.min-1.kg-1, increased from basal at doses 5 and 20 ng.min-1.kg-1, and remained close to basal at dose 2 ng.min-1.kg-1 (92 +/- 20 vs. basal = 99 +/- 3 mg/dl and 2.4 +/- 0.2 vs. basal = 2.7 +/- 0.2 mg.min-1.kg-1 for glucose and HGO, respectively; P greater than 0.47). Glucose clearance and blood lactate were also closely matched to basal at dose 2 ng.min-1.kg-1. Coefficients of variation during 2 ng.min-1.kg-1 glucagon infusion (last hour) were 3.4, 4.6, 4.9, and 4.7% for glucose, HGO, clearance, and lactate, respectively. These findings indicate that fasting metabolic conditions, as inferred from blood glucose, lactate, insulin, and glucagon levels, and the rates of glucose production and uptake can be recreated in toto during fixed-rate islet hormone replacement.
Amelia Opie's Fiction: Contagious and Recuperative Texts

This essay considers how moral and physical contagion feature repeatedly in the fiction of Amelia Opie, and argues that despite her reputation as a conservative writer, Opie offers a radical reevaluation of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century discourses of virtue and fallenness. Though stereotypical “fallen” characters initially appear to be the agents of contagion in narratives like The Father and Daughter, Adeline Mowbray, and Madeline, Opie reveals that the actual contaminating forces at work in each case are ideological ones, rooted in society's constrained and often hypocritical definitions of virtue. Her texts allow for the social and moral recovery of the transgressive woman, and posit that the true need for recuperation lies not in the fallen woman, but in the world that sees her as such. By the very “respectable” works through which she distances herself from the radical politics of her youth, then, Opie insidiously infects readers with lingering questions about and criticisms of the status quo.
Case studies of the impact of orbital sampling on stratospheric trend detection and derivation of tropical vertical velocities: solar occultation vs. limb emission sounding

Abstract. This study investigates the representativeness of two types of orbital sampling applied to stratospheric temperature and trace gas fields. Model fields are sampled using real sampling patterns from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), the HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). The MLS sampling acts as a proxy for a dense uniform sampling pattern typical of limb emission sounders, while HALOE and ACE-FTS represent coarse nonuniform sampling patterns characteristic of solar occultation instruments. First, this study revisits the impact of sampling patterns in terms of the sampling bias, as previous studies have done. Then, it quantifies the impact of different sampling patterns on the estimation of trends and their associated detectability. In general, we find that coarse nonuniform sampling patterns may introduce non-negligible errors in the inferred magnitude of temperature and trace gas trends and necessitate considerably longer records for their definitive detection. Lastly, we explore the impact of these sampling patterns on tropical vertical velocities derived from stratospheric water vapor measurements. We find that coarse nonuniform sampling may lead to a biased depiction of the tropical vertical velocities and, hence, to a biased estimation of the impact of the mechanisms that modulate these velocities. These case studies suggest that dense uniform sampling such as that available from limb emission sounders provides much greater fidelity in detecting signals of stratospheric change (for example, fingerprints of greenhouse gas warming and stratospheric ozone recovery) than coarse nonuniform sampling such as that of solar occultation instruments.
Handing down heritage of Zhejiang medical schools of thoughts in the South Song Times together with their achievements

In the South Song Times, there existed numerous medical schools of thoughts such as schools of gynecology of Xiaoshan Zhilinsi, gynecology of Shaoxing Qian Family, gynecology of Ningbo Song Family, gynecology of Chen Mushan, gynecology of Haining Guo Family, traumatology of Shaoxing Sanliujiiu, and Yongjia medical school. They all produced unique treatment methods with marked effects, and were highly recognized by the South Song government which was located in Linan (presently called Hangzhou). These medical schools therefore formed a complete system of theories of Chinese medicine. Their medical thoughts were handed down from generation to generation and made great contributions to development of Chinese medicine.
Mandated Retirement Systems and Implied Benefits and Costs for Workers from Various Generations in Selected Countries

In recent years, aging populations and growing pension costs have led to a number of concerns over existing retirement systems across much of the developed world. These concerns range from the macroeconomic effects of mandated retirement plans on national saving, labor supply, economic productivity, and intra- and intergenerational equity to more microeconomic issues and, notably, the efficiency of these systems as retirement savings vehicles. This article’s analysis explores the latter issue. It examines the mandatory retirement systems covering workers in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and considers the marginal costs levied against workers’ earnings when they are covered under the respective programs and the benefits that they receive at retirement. The relative costs and benefits of retirement system participation for workers reaching retirement today are considered at three earnings levels across the four countries, and estimates are made of how the systems will treat the generations coming to retirement in 2025, 2035, and 2045 if current policies persist. The article also discusses briefly the possible effects of different reforms of Social Security on workers of different generations.
Measurement of somatosensory evoked potential in the Mongolian gerbil: the effects of cerebral ischaemia.

AbstractNormal somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) as well as changes after incomplete cerebral ischaemia following bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCO) were characterized in the Mongolian gerbil. BCO significantly decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF). Reperfusion CBF at 10 min and 2, 3 and 4 h was significantly below preischaemic control values. BCO decreased SEP amplitude but had no effect on EP-P3 central conduction time. BCO did significantly increase EP-P11 central conduction time. Reperfusion amplitudes at 10 min and 2, 3 and 4 h revealed a significant increase only at 4 h when compared to the ischaemic amplitude. EP-P11 central conduction time at 10 min reperfusion showed dramatic improvement compared to ischaemic values, although values at 2, 3 and 4 h reperfusion were not statistically different from ischaemic values. A separate group of animals prepared identically but without BCO showed no significant changes in either SEP or CBF over time. These studies establish the protocol necessary to ...