cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic NEAR-XGRS data processing system for rapid and precise GRB localizations with the interplanetary network

The on-board flight software for the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft was modified to produce continuous 1-sec sampled rate information from the shield of the x-ray and gamma ray spectrometer (XGRS) instrument. Since the XGRS shield can also detect gamma ray bursts (GRB), this rate information can be used in combination with the GRB detections by the Ulysses and near-Earth GRB instruments as part of the interplanetary network (IPN) to triangulate the source direction of GRBs. It is the long baseline of NEAR combined with the Ulysses baseline that makes small error box locations possible. We have developed an automated system to analyze the periodic telemetry dumps from the NEAR spacecraft. It extracts this new data type, scans the ate information for increases which are plausibly of GRB origin, and combines these with the GRB detections from the others spacecraft. Because the processing is automated, the time delay to produce the triangulated positions is kept to a minimum, up to 48 hours. This automated processing and distribution of the GRB locations is done within the GRB Coordinates Network system. About 60 locations per year with errors ranging from a few to tens of arcminutes are expected. These rapid precise localizations may provide about 10 times the rate currently provided by the WFC and NFI instruments on BeppoSAX.
A Correspondence Principle in the Compton Effect

Correspondence theorem for frequencies.---It is well known that the frequency emitted by a hydrogen atom as it falls from one of its quantized states to another may be expressed as a mean value of the frequency of motion of the electron (or overtone thereof) when averaged in the proper manner over orbits intermediate between the initial and final states. In the present paper it is proved that, similarly, the Compton shift is a properly taken mean of the classical Doppler shift. The quantum frequency actually scattered is thus a properly taken average of the frequency which would be scattered on the classical theory as the electron is accelerated from its state of rest to its final recoil condition.Correspondence principle for intensities.---In like manner, the amount of light scattered in various directions may be determined if it is assumed that the intensity in the quantum theory equals a proper average of the intensities scattered according to the classical theory. A comparison is made with observed data on the scattering of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays.The characteristic feature of the present paper is that the corresponding classical electron is assumed to have the same direction of motion as the scattered quantum, whereas an actual classical electron would from symmetry recoil straight forward in the direction of the incident beam, as in Compton's and Woo's theories of intensities. This new point of view eliminates the difficulty of a constant correction-factor which has been encountered by Compton and Woo in their explanation of intensity relations.
DNA fingerprinting of lactococci and streptococci used in dairy fermentations

A DNA fingerprinting procedure was developed for strains of Lactococcus lactis subsps. lactis and cremoris, biovar. diacetylactis, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, used in dairy fermentations. Total cellular DNA was extracted and digested with restriction endonucleases, HindIII or HaeIII, followed by separation of the fragments using agarose gel electrophoresis. L. lactis C2 was used as a representative strain for examining the effect of growth phase and cell concentration, cell washing conditions prior to lysis, type and concentration of the enzyme used to digest the cell wall, composition of the lysis buffer, and gel electrophoresis conditions. Following optimization of the fingerprinting procedure, electrophoretic migration of fragments from 23 strains produced reproducible gel patterns. L. lactis subsp. lactis strains ML3 and C2 appeared to be identical when restrricted with either Hind III or HaeIII. Similarly, S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus strains 19987 and 19258, and L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains 134 and C3, appeared to have identical DNA fingerprints following digestion with HindIII. To determine the usefulness of this technique for monitoring population changes during fermentation, various ratios of two closely related strains were inoculated into milk and allowed to grow for 16 h at 32° C. The initial inoculum ratios were determined by standard plate counts, and the final ratio was deterimined by DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting will be useful in the identification, characterization, and comparison of food fermentation microorganisms.
Application of Ritchey-Common test in large flat measurements

The Ritchey-Common test is a well-known method for large flat measurements. This paper describes a straightforward implementation ofthe formulas, to allow accurate surface height calculation using relatively few separate measurements. Both Ritchey-Common test and direct measurement results are presented. In comparison of the two methods, the RitcheyCommon test is in good agreement with the direct measurement.
Fabrication and Characterization of Bulk Nanocrystalline Layer on Steel Components With Different Microstructures by Air Blast Shot Peening

The fabrication of nano-crystalline (NC) layers in pearlitic and martensitic carbon steels viz. AISI 1018, 1045 and 1075 alloys using ABSP has been studied. The cross-sectional microstructure of the samples showed that a gradual reduction of the grain size near the surface until a clearly demarcated NC layer was observed. The NC layers were characterized using optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microhardness and nanohardness measurements. 2D surface topography of the peened surface was also carried out to measured surface roughness. The roughnesses of the peened surfaces were dependent on the hardness of the sample. Samples with higher hardness had lower surface roughness value. NC layers varying from 5 to 15 μm were observed using the optical and SEM images in the different types of steels. The SEM images clearly showed the dissolution of cementite phase in the NC layers. The nanohardness measurements of the steels showed that the NC layers had much higher hardness than the bulk material. The microhardness measurements also confirmed the mentioned phenomena. A TEM study was carried out on the NC layer and the grain size was confirmed to be 50 to 80 nm.© 2010 ASME
The Islamic revival and women's political subjectivity in Indonesia

Synopsis The global Islamic revival is producing new kinds of Muslim political subjectivities. But what does the revitalization of religion in the public sphere mean for women? This article examines how Islamic piety can be a resource for Muslim women's political mobilization in Indonesia. I argue that the redefinition of Islamic piety as public practice helps to promote women's participation in the Indonesian public sphere. While some activists use Islamic discourses to contest gender inequality, others seek to contribute to the Islamization of Indonesia. Both visions are influenced by the conviction that piety is a public matter, but they reveal deep divisions among Muslims about how the concepts of public and private should be understood. I suggest that the new public piety, influenced by the Islamic revival and neoliberalism, has empowered many women activists, but the political reforms they seek to achieve are diverse and not necessarily egalitarian.
Charge asymmetry in inelastic π−p interactions at 205 GeV/c for particles with transverse momentum > 1.0 GeVc☆

Abstract In 205 GeV / c π − p inelastic interactions, negative particles with transverse momentum greater than 1.0 GeV / c moving forward in the center of mass outnumber similar positive particles by a factor of 3.7 to 1, greatly in excess of the corresponding ratio for small transverse momentum. The asymmetry is reversed in the backward direction. The forward asymmetry is most prominent in 2-, 4-, and 6-prong interactions, but both forward and backward asymmetries are also substantial for higher multiplicity interactions.
Beyond the bladder: management of urinary incontinence in older women.

Unlike urinary incontinence (UI) in younger women, UI in older women is usually multifactoral in etiology and involves factors beyond the more common types of lower urinary tract (LUT) pathophysiology associated with UI in younger women. The evaluation and management of UI in older women, therefore,
Novel technique for the synthesis of ultra-fine porosity metal foam via the inclusion of condensed argon through cryogenic mechanical alloying

It was discovered that mechanical milling of metal powders in an ultra high purity argon atmosphere at cryogenic temperatures can result in argon being incorporated into the metal. This incorporated argon causes expansion by increasing the porosity when the material is annealed. The resulting annealed material can be classified as metal foam due to its highly porous nature. The most porous samples were measured to have nearly 50% porosity. This effect was observed in nominally pure copper and an alloy of 81 at% palladium and 19 at% zirconium.
The haemodynamic effects of milrinone HCl in halothane anaesthetised horses.

The haemodynamic effects of milrinone hydrochloride were determined in halothane-anaesthetised horses. Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised with guaifenesin and thiamylal and maintained with halothane in oxygen (end-tidal halothane concentration of 1.15%). Baseline haemodynamic data were recorded after a 45 min stabilisation period. All 6 horses received a single loading dose of milrinone HCl, 0.2 microgram/kg i.v., followed by progressively increasing infusions of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg bwt/min. Each infusion lasted for 15 min and produced dose related increases in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, maximum rate of increase and decrease of left ventricular pressure (+/- dP/dtmax) and ejection fraction in halothane anesthetised horses. Median artery blood flow increased following milrinone administration. Right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased. Most haemodynamic changes were sustained throughout the infusion period and for 30 min following the termination of milrinone infusion. Systemic vascular resistance was increased above baseline values at 30 min following the termination of milrinone infusion. No adverse side effects were observed during this study although a milrinone infusion rate of 20 micrograms/kg bwt/min increased heart rate to values greater than 50 beats/min. The results of this study suggest that milrinone produces beneficial haemodynamic effects in halothane anaesthetised horses and is potentially useful in the treatment of patients with a reduced cardiac output.
Intentional partial coiling dome protection of complex ruptured cerebral aneurysms prevents acute rebleeding and produces favorable clinical outcomes

The coiling of ruptured cerebral aneurysms protects against acute rebleeding; however, whether partially coiling a ruptured cerebral aneurysm protects against acute rebleeding has never been demonstrated. This study was performed to test our hypothesis that intentional partial coiling of complex ruptured cerebral aneurysms, which are unfavorable for clipping and cannot be completely coiled primarily, prevents acute rebleeding to allow for clinical and neurological recovery until definitive treatment and produces favorable clinical outcomes. Data were collected from the prospective databases of three centers. Only subarachnoid hemorrhage patients that were treated with a strategy of intentional partial coiling for dome protection were included. This did not include patients in whom the goal was complete coiling but only subtotal coil occlusion was achieved. Fifteen patients [aged 51 ± 13 years; HH 3–5 (n = 7); Fisher 3–4 (n = 9)] were treated with intentional partial dome protection. Aneurysm size was 12.8 ± 5.4 mm; neck size 4.9 ± 3 mm; 12 anterior circulation. Four intentional partial coilings were performed with balloon assistance. Definitive treatment was performed 92 ± 90 days later, with no case of rebleeding. Definitive treatment was clipping (n = 8), stent-coiling (n = 5), Onyx (n = 1), further coiling (n = 1). Clinical outcome was favorable in 13 cases (GOS 4–5), fair in one (GOS 3), and death in one (GOS 1). Judicious use of a treatment strategy of intentional partial dome protection for complex aneurysms that are not favorable for clipping and in which complete coiling primarily is not possible may prevent acute rebleeding and produce favorable clinical outcomes.
Administrative Capability and Agricultural Development: An Institution-Building Approach to Evaluation

T HE ultimate success of agricultural development programs, concluded a recent review of efforts to introduce new cereal varieties in less developed countries, depends on indigenous capability to administer their own institutions [ 27]. This burgeoning recognition of the importance of administrative capability, often subsumed under such names as institutional change or structural improvement, raises a number of major questions [15, 22, 27]. We shall restrict ourselves to three of them in this paper: Why is administrative capability important? What is its content? How might we evaluate it as a basis for improvement? The phenomena we are questioning are complex. We have to simplify and abstract major variables in order to deal with them in the limited compass of this paper. Agricultural, like general development is a process of building from what already exists. As a start we need to be able to evaluate existing conditions and capabilities. Our purpose is not to cover all the many aspects but rather to suggest an approach to the problems of evaluating administrative capability. The next step, not discussed here, is to design improvements on the basis of such evaluation. Underlying agricultural development programs are organizations. If the programs are successfully administered, the organizations that carry them become institutions. That is, the organizations survive to become viewed by their environment as having intrinsic value and the innovative patterns they foster become normative for the society. Administrative capability, while the totality of administration, is intimately associated with the building of such institutions. This study draws upon and adapts concepts from institution-building research.1
Current concepts on the use of glucocorticosteroids and beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists to treat childhood asthma.

Purpose of Review—This article reviews current concepts regarding the clinical and scientific rationale for the combined use of glucocorticosteroids (GC) and beta2-adrenoreceptor (β2AR) agonists in the treatment of childhood asthma. Recent findings—Several studies have demonstrated that inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and β2AR-agonists are the most effective medications for the management of asthma in children. Given substantial evidence of an increased clinical benefit when these agents are used together, new studies are being pursued to establish the efficacy and safety of this combinational therapy in infants and children. Ongoing research is also investigating the mechanisms of β2AR and GC signaling and their molecular interactions. This new knowledge will likely lead to novel therapeutic approaches to asthma control. Summary—There is increasing evidence demonstrating that the combination of long-acting β2AR-agonists and ICS may be more effective than high dose ICS therapy alone in the management of children with uncontrolled asthma. In addition, the use of a single inhaler containing ICS and a quick-acting β2AR-agonist might be a convenient alternative to prevent and treat asthma exacerbations. Future investigations should be designed to more specifically evaluate the efficacy and safety of these therapies in the different asthmatic phenotypes of infants and children.
Osteochondroma of the cervical spine: Report of two cases in preadolescent males

Although considered to be rare in the spine, osteochondromas are in fact found there as often as other benign bone tumors. Three percent of all osteochondromas occur in the spine, while forty percent of osteoblastomas are to be found there. Yet, because osteochondromas are so much more common overall than osteoblastomas, their actual occurrences in the spine can be expected to be equal. Two cases of osteochondroma of the cervical spine, one of which was diagnosed by computed tomography, are reported.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Thyroxine Iodine in Thyroid Preparations

An improved quantitative determination of thyroxine iodine in USP thyroid preparations is described. The iodine-containing proteins are dissolved in 8 M urea and separated from cell debris and excipient materials by centrifugation and filtration. One aliquot of the clear yellow filtrate is adjusted to pH 9.0, and a second aliquot is adjusted to pH 5.0. The difference in absorbance between the two is observed at 325, 350, and 360 nm. These values are inserted into an equation utilizing the appropriate absorptivities of the iodoamino acids and dilution factors, and the amount of thyroxine iodine is calculated. The relative standard deviation of the method is ±6.0%. Data are presented to demonstrate the application of this method to several thyroid formulations, thyroid powder USP, tablets, and enteric-coated tablets. Correlation with biological data is shown.
Computational and Experimental Determination of the α-Helix Unfolding Reaction Coordinate

We demonstrate a calculated α-helix peptide folding energy landscape which accurately simulates the first experimentally measured α-helix melting energy landscape. We examine a 21-amino acid, mainly polyalanine peptide and calculate the free energy along the Ψ Ramachandran angle secondary folding coordinate. The experimental free energy landscape was determined using UV resonance Raman spectroscopy. The relative free energy values are very close as are the equilibrium peptide conformations. We find 2.3 kcal/mol activation barriers between the α-helix-like and PPII-like basins. We also find that the α-helix-like conformations are quite defective and the α-helix-like structure dynamically samples 310-helix and π-bulges.
Global Lives: Britain and the World 1550-1800

Global Lives: Britain and the World 1550–1800 Miles Ogborn Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008 xx+343 pp., ISBN: 978-0-521-60718-6 (£17.99 paperback) In Global Lives: Britain and the World ...
Cultural sensitivity and cultural competence: Toward clarity of definitions in cross-cultural counselling and psychotherapy.

The purpose of this study is to clarify definitions of cultural sensitivity and cultural competence in the literature on cross-cultural counselling and psychotherapy by examining the semantic relation between the two terms. These terms were included among ten cultural terms subjected to descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses. Descriptive analyses involved frequency count of the number of hits for each term across several search parameters, and of their co-occurrence in the literature. Multivariate analyses were multidimensional scaling supplemented by cluster analysis. Results indicated that the terms cultural sensitivity and cultural competence are salient and semantically associated in the psychological literature. Implications for cross-cultural training are discussed.
Sudden, unexpected death due to 'pineal apoplexy'

A 20-year-old woman had a minute vascular malformation in the wall of a glial cyst of the pineal body. Bleeding into the cyst lumen caused rapid expansion of the pineal body, resulting in compression of the midbrain and her sudden, unexpected death.
Creating a safe haven for university students: how are we doing?

Too frequently, and often too late, academic librarians learn of patron experiences involving problem patrons, misdemeanor criminal activity, or poorly secured areas. Regrettably, these experiences can irrevocably diminish perceptions of access to the vibrant learning spaces and services offered by our institutions. This article assesses the current state of security personnel staffing and patron security issues at 25 public, four-year universities in two southeastern states.
Congressional District Visits in August

In preparation for the U.S. congressional recess, AGU Public Affairs hosted an instructional webinar about meeting with legislators and their staff at their district offices. Congress is on recess, with most members back in their districts to reconnect with their constituents. The August recess is a great opportunity for AGU members to schedule meetings with their legislators to talk about the importance of their research and the value of science funding. In these meetings, members can initiate a connection with their senator or representative that will allow them to build a relationship as a valuable resource.
Modeling Of Energy And Mass Transport In Laser-Assisted CVD I: Surface Morphology

The chemical vapor deposition of metals induced by continuous laser irradiation of a substrate is modeled. The transient heat conduction problem is solved in the solid substrate, while the gas phase heat and mass transfer processes are assumed to be in a quasi-steady state. Temperature dependent parameters are used and irregularly shaped deposits are considered. Volcano-like deposition profiles are found to occur under certain conditions of gas pressure and laser intensity. The model predictions show that depletion effects and adsorption-desorption phenomena are major factors in the occurrence of volcano-like deposits.
Mechanisms of acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in systemic arteries from mourning doves (Zenaida macroura).

For mammals, acetylcholine (ACh) promotes endothelium-dependent vasodilation primarily through nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin-mediated pathways, with varying reliance on endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factors. Currently, no studies have been conducted on small systemic arteries from wild birds. We hypothesized that ACh-mediated vasodilation of isolated small arteries from mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) would likewise depend on endothelial-derived factors. Small resistance mesenteric and cranial tibial (c. tibial) arteries (80–150 μm, inner diameter) were cannulated and pre-constricted to 50 % of resting inner diameter with phenylephrine then exposed to increasing concentrations of ACh (10−9–10−5 M) or the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10−12–10−3 M). For mesenteric arteries, ACh-mediated vasodilation was significantly blunted with the potassium channel antagonist tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA, 10 mM); whereas responses were only moderately impaired with endothelial disruption or inhibition of prostaglandins (indomethacin, 10 μM). In contrast, endothelial disruption as well as exposure to TEA largely abolished vasodilatory responses to ACh in c. tibial arteries while no effect of prostaglandin inhibition was observed. For both vascular beds, responses to ACh were moderately dependent on the NO signaling pathway. Inhibition of NO synthase had no impact, despite complete reversal of phenylephrine-mediated tone with SNP, whereas inhibition of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) caused minor impairments. Endothelium-independent vasodilation also relied on potassium channels. In summary, ACh-mediated vasodilation of mesenteric and c. tibial arteries occurs through the activation of potassium channels to induce hyperpolarization with moderate reliance on sGC. Prostaglandins likewise play a small role in the vasodilatory response to ACh in mesenteric arteries.
Clustering cell types and identifying cell-type specific transcripts by gene expression profiling in single neurons

Clustering cell types and identifying cell-type specific transcripts by gene expression profiling in single neurons
Applications of TEM imaging, analysis and electron holography to III-nitride HEMT devices

Abstract This paper reviews some of our recent studies of III-nitride high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices using advanced electron microscopy methods. Sample preparation protocols have been developed that can routinely provide thin, electron-transparent specimen regions of uniform thickness extending across entire HEMT devices. The use of focused-ion-beam (FIB) thinning facilitated access to specific device regions, although structural damage and imaging artifacts can result unless suitable precautions are taken during milling to minimize ion-beam damage. The extent of gallium-ion sidewall implantation during FIB milling, and surface damage caused by deposition of Pt protective layers, have been assessed. As-processed device structures have been examined by conventional diffraction contrast imaging as well as high-resolution phase contrast imaging, while nanospectroscopy and nanoscale elemental mapping have been used to measure local variations in chemical composition. Annealing of Ti/Al/Ni/Au ohmic contacts for AlInN/AlN/GaN devices lead to the formation of TiN contact inclusions that are invariably located at mixed-type threading dislocations originating from the underlying GaN layers. Some preliminary observations of device structures after extended periods of operation and after device failure have also been made. The technique of off-axis electron holography has been used to quantify two-dimensional electrostatic fields within cross-sectioned devices with nanometer-scale resolution. Polarization fields of 6.9 MV/cm and a two-dimensional electron gas of ∼2.1 × 1013/cm2 have been measured for an AlInN/AlN/GaN heterostructure. Methods suitable for in situ biasing of HEMT samples during electron holography observations have also been explored.
On the Solid State Structure of 4-Iodobenzoic Acid

The solid-state structure of 4-iodobenzoic acid has been confirmed by variable temperature X-ray diffraction, variable temperature solid-state NMR and differential scanning calorimetry. 4-iodobenzoic acid crystallizes in the space group P21/n, and dimerizes in the solid state about a center of inversion. Using extensive X-ray crystallographic data collections, the placement of the carboxylate H atoms from the residual electron density in difference Fourier maps was determined. The position of the electron density associated with the proton is found to vary with temperature in that the population of the disordered sites changes with varying temperature. Determination of the crystal structure between the temperatures of 248 and 198 K was not possible due to a phase transition, an endothermic event occurring at 230.77 K. The phase transition is also indicated by a change in the relaxation time of the ring carbon atoms in the solid-state NMR data. Though the dominating force in the dimeric unit in the solid s...
Investigation of the solubility relationships of polar, semi-polar and non-polar drugs in mixed co-solvent systems

Abstract The solubility relationships of a non-polar (tioconazole), polar (oxfenieine) and semi-polar (caffeine) drug have been investigated in aqueous ethanol, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) binary co-solvent systems. A semi-empirical equation was deduced to describe the relationship between the amount of drug dissolved and the volume fraction of co-solvent employed. The data for tioconazole and oxfenicine followed the expected semi-logarithmic relationship between solubility and fraction co-solvent. However, the semi-polar drug, caffeine followed this relationship only with PEG 400; the other two co-solvents yielded parabolic relationships. Using the binary solubility data, multiple linear regression was used to deduce an equation for the solubility of tioconazole in ternary ethanol, propylene glycol and PEG 400 co-solvent systems. The derived relationship gave excellent prediction of the drug solubility throughout the complete volume fraction range. This allowed a graphical representation of the drug solubility-co-solvent fraction relationship to be established. This visualization of are drug solubility relationship was then used to demonstrate its utility to optimize drug solubility within the competing constraints of the pharmaceutical system.
Producing lesions for hybrid mammograms: extracted tumors and simulated microcalcifications

Experimental and theoretical investigations of signal detection in medical imaging have been increasingly based on realistic images. In this presentation, techniques for producing realistic breast tumor masses and microcalcifications will be described. The mass lesions were obtained from 24 specimen radiographs of surgically removed breast tissue destined for pathological evaluation. A variety of masses were represented including both lobular and spiculated ductal carcinomas as well as fibroadenomas. Mass sizes ranged from 4 to 18 mm. The specimens included only a small amount of attached normal tissue, so tumor boundaries could be identified subjectively. A simple, interactive quadratic surface generating method was used for background subtraction -- yielding an isolated tumor image. Individual microcalcifications were generated using a 3D stochastic growth algorithm. Starting with a central seed cell, adjacent cells were randomly filled until the 3D object consisted of a randomly selected number of filled cells. The object was then projected to 2D, smoothed and sampled. It is possible to generate a large variety of realistic shapes for these individual microcalcifications by varying the rules used to control stochastic growth. MCCs can then randomly generated, based on the statistical properties of clusters described by LeFebvre et al.
HLA sensitization in ventricular assist device recipients: does type of device make a difference?

Abstract Background We sought to (1) characterize the temporal pattern of T-cell panel reactive antibody during ventricular assist device support, (2) identify predictors of higher T-cell panel reactive antibody during ventricular assist device support, and (3) determine whether device type remained a predictor after accounting for nonrandom device selection. Methods Between December 1991 and August 2000, 239 patients received implantable ventricular assist devices, of whom 231 had T-cell panel reactive antibody measured. Panel reactive antibody was measured before implantation of the assist device, approximately 2 weeks after device implantation, irregularly thereafter depending on clinical events and length of support, and at transplantation. Longitudinal mixed modeling was used to characterize the temporal pattern of sensitization and its predictors during ventricular assist device support. To account for nonrandom factors in device selection when comparing HeartMate (Thermo Cardiosystems, Inc, Woburn, Mass) and Novacor (Baxter Healthcare Corp, Novacor Div, Oakland, Calif) devices, we propensity-matched patients according to baseline characteristics. Results T-cell panel reactive antibody increased rapidly after implantation of the ventricular assist device and then immediately began to decrease. Predictors of higher T-cell panel reactive antibody during support with the assist device were a shorter interval from device implantation to T-cell panel reactive antibody measurement ( P P = .0004), younger age ( P = .01), higher T-cell panel reactive antibody before device implantation ( P = .03), more perioperative red blood cell transfusions ( P = .006), and an earlier date of device implantation ( P = .001). In matched patients, device type was not a predictor of higher T-cell panel reactive antibody during ventricular assist device support ( P = .8). Conclusions HLA sensitization during ventricular assist device support is not constant but increases rapidly at implantation and then decreases. This temporal pattern of sensitization is influenced by patient factors and not by the type of device.
Facilitating Adaptive Emotional Analysis: Distinguishing Distanced-Analysis of Depressive Experiences From Immersed-Analysis and Distraction

Two studies examined the psychological processes that facilitate adaptive emotional analysis. In Study 1, participants recalled a depression experience and then analyzed their feelings from either a self-immersed (immersed-analysis) or self-distanced (distanced-analysis) perspective. Participants in the distanced-analysis group focused less on recounting their experience and more on reconstruing it, which in turn led to lower levels of depressed affect. Furthermore, comparisons to a distraction group indicated that distanced-analysis was as effective as distraction in reducing depressed affect relative to the immersed-analysis group. Study 2 replicated these findings and showed that both 1 day and 7 days after the experimental manipulations, participants in the distanced-analysis group remained buffered against depressed affect and reported experiencing fewer recurring thoughts about their depression experience over time compared to both the immersed-analysis and distraction groups.
An intermediate phase with slow decay of correlations in one dimensional 1/|x−y|2 percolation, Ising and Potts models

We rigorously establish the existence of an intermediate ordered phase in one-dimensional 1/|x−y|2 percolation, Ising and Potts models. The Ising model truncated two-point function has a power law decay exponent θ which ranges from its low (and high) temperature value of two down to zero as the inverse temperature and nearest neighbor coupling vary. Similar results are obtained for percolation and Potts models.
Personality patterns of adolescent poor and good sleepers

To determine whether poor sleepers have a unique personality constellation significantly different from that of good sleepers, a sample of 162 emotionally disturbed adolescent poor sleepers was compared to a sample of 153 emotionally disturbed adolescent good sleepers on standardized personality instruments. Poor sleepers were found to have a high incidence of neurotic psychopathology with personality patterns characterized by depression, fearfulness, inhibition, anxiety, and rumination. In contrast, good sleepers showed quasi healthy and/or characterological patterns. While this study does not resolve cause and effect relationships, it does establish a highly significant relationship between neuroticism and sleep disturbance for adolescent boys and girls, and also demonstrates a similarity of personality dynamics and patterns between adult and adolescent samples of patients with sleep disturbances.
Flame resistant cotton by photoinitiated graft copolymerization

Photoinitiated, free-radical reaction of cotton fabric with vinyl phosphonate oligomer (molecular weight 500–1000) and N-methylolacrylamide monomer from aqueous solutions to form copolymer gave a textile product that had flame resistance (FF 5-74 test). The initiating free radicals were formed on the cellulose molecule when cotton fabric was exposed to ultraviolet radiation. The effects of wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation (254, 300, and 350 nm), reaction time (0–9 ksec), solids in solution (10%–60%), atmosphere (air, nitrogen, and oxygen), and oligomer-to-monomer concentration (1:0.00 to 1:1.20 mole ratio) on efficiency of monomer and oligomer conversion to copolymer (maximum efficiency 70%–80%) were determined. Evaluation of the flame resistant cotton fabric by transmission electron microscopy showed deposits of copolymer throughout the cross sections of the fibers. However, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis showed that copolymer and phosphorus tended to be more concentrated between and on the surfaces of the fibers.
Effective limb length and the scaling of locomotor cost in terrestrial animals

Relative to body size, smaller animals use more energy to travel a given distance than larger animals, but the anatomical variable driving this negative allometry remains the subject of debate. Here, I report a simple inverse relationship between effective limb length (i.e. hip height) and the energy cost of transport (COT; J kg(-1) m(-1)) for terrestrial animals. Using published data for a diverse set of terrestrial species including birds, mammals, reptiles and arthropods, I show that between-species differences in locomotor cost are driven by differences in limb length. Notably, there is no independent effect of body mass on cost. Remarkably, effective limb length explains 98% of the observed variance in locomotor cost across a wide range of terrestrial species including mammals, birds, reptiles and arthropods. Variation about the limb-length/COT scaling relationship is attributable to taxonomic differences in limb design, with birds and arthropods exhibiting greater residuals than mammals. Differences in COT between semi-aquatic, generalist and cursorial species also corresponds to differences in leg length between these groups. These results are discussed in light of previous investigations of the limb length and locomotor cost.
Air Vehicle Enviroment in C++: A Computational Design Environment for Conceptual Innovations

Aerospacetechnologyplannersintheairforceresearchlaboratoryareactivelydeveloping processes that produce a priority order for corporate investments. Technology assessment is one such process. Aerospace technology can be evaluated in the context of computationally intensive designs of innovative vehicle concepts. Computational design optimization traces technology performance metrics to system level design objectives and constraints. The air vehicle environment in C++ will support this process in the form of a pilot code currently underdevelopment.DesigninnovatorswillbenefitfromairvehicleenvironmentinC++atone of three levels. These three levels benefit a) the end user through interactive operations and file input/output, b) the object-oriented programmer through a compiled library of properly documented and inheritable objects, and c) the air vehicle environment in C++ developer who wishes to enhance air vehicle environment in C++ capability with modifications to the source code. The pilot environment described here focuses on parent‐child relationships, automated dependency management, geometry, meshing, analysis, and eventually gradientbased optimization. All together, the overall capability leads to design variant management that will populate a database for either surrogate (response surface) modeling or high-level Pareto optimization. The proposed test case targets a suite of high-altitude-long-endurance aeroelastic concepts with geometric nonlinearity and follower forces.
A Mathematical Model of a Sealed Nickel‐Cadmium Battery

A mathematical model for the charge and discharge of a sealed nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery is presented. The model is used to study the effect of transport properties of the electrolyte and kinetic parameters of the electrode reactions on the cell performance during the charge and discharge period. The model can also be used to demonstrate the changes of cell performance during cycling. Some comparisons between model predictions and experimental results indicate that the model predictions appear to fit the experimental data well. Sensitivity analyses illustrate that the sealed nickel-cadmium battery operates under activation control. It is also shown theoretically that oxygen generated on the positive electrode during charge is reduced electrochemically on the negative electrode.
Icelandic 5th-Grade Girls' Developmental Trajectories in Proportional Reasoning

Understanding of ratio and proportion is critical to the development of higher level mathematical skills. Following Carpenter, Gomez, et al.’s (1999) proposal of a four-level trajectory in the development of proportional reasoning, a 12-week investigation was undertaken of the developmental trajectory of proportional reasoning of girls in two 5th-grade classes in Iceland. Students in these classes were accustomed to instructional practices that encouraged them to devise and explain their own solutions to mathematical problems. Results of the study confirm the learning trajectory with the addition of a further distinct level of development between Level 2 and Level 3. Results showed that girls moved easily, with minimum scaffolding, from Level 1 to 2 and from Level 2 to 3. The transition to Level 4, which involves explicit awareness of ‘within’ and ‘between’ multiplicative relationships, took greater time and effort. Teacher awareness of the four-level learning strategy, with the new emerging Level 3, assists in the design of appropriate problems, class structure, and teaching strategies. Building on Lamon’s notions of unitizing and norming as by Carpenter et al.’s (1999) developmental model, this study contributes to our comprehension of students’ understanding of proportionality and how it develops.
Tabletop fusion revisited.

I do not think that it is possible for R. P. Taleyarkhan et al. (“Evidence for nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitation,” Research Articles, 8 March, p. [1868][1]) to have observed 2.5-MeV neutrons for the simple reason that the pulse-height threshold used in their experiment is greater than
Effects of One Cycle of Recurrent Selection for Early Blight Resistance in a Diploid Hybrid Solanum phureja-S. stenotomum Population

Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is an important foliar disease in potatoes around the world. Heritable early blight resistance was previously identified in a population of Solanum phureja-S. stenotomum (phu-stn). Seventy-two clones, consisting of the most early-blight resistant clone from each of the 72 phu-stn families in this population, were randomly intermated and four horticulturally good clones from each family were selected to constitute the second cycle population. The objective of this study was to determine if this recurrent selection strategy would improve levels of early blight resistance in the second cycle population. Clones from the second cycle population were evaluated in a replicated field trial for two years in Pennsylania, USA. Area under the disease progress curve was calculated from estimates of the percentage of necrotic lesions and defoliation. Broad-sense heritability for resistance was 0.75, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.69–0.81. Narrow-sense heritability was 0.63 ± 0.29. However, the second cycle population was more susceptible and later in maturity than the first cycle population. Because of the negative association between earliness and resistance to early blight, it is likely that selecting horticulturally good clones to constitute the second cycle population favored susceptibility. Alternate breeding strategies to improve early blight resistance will have to be devised.
Infrared imaging of Jupiter in the 8-14-micrometer spectral region

High-spatial-resolution images of Jupiter were produced on the Hale 200-in. telescope. A programmable wobbling secondary was used to raster-scan the planet with 64 by 64 1-arcsec pixels. Images were made with broadband (8-14 microns) and several 1- and 2-micron-wide filters. All images reveal a belt-and-ozone structure similar to visible photographs. Belts in the broadband data appear to be about 2 K hotter than zones, but contrast varies markedly in different parts of the 8-14-micron spectral region. The lowest belt-zone contrast is found in the hydrogen-opacity-dominated region at 12.5 microns, while images at 9.5 microns exhibit the greatest contrast. Isolated areas are observed to be as much as 4 K hotter than surrounding areas at 9.5 microns. This large contrast is probably due to variations in the distribution of the ammonia clouds in the upper atmosphere.
Anisotropie skeletal muscle conductivity in electrical impedance imaging

This work presents an analysis of the detectability of an anisotropic skeletal muscle conductivity in electrical impedance imaging, with a given measurement accuracy. A concentric circle model is used to develop a relationship between the anisotropic conductivity parameters and the measurement accuracy required to detect these parameters.
Particle engineering to enhance or lessen particle uptake by alveolar macrophages and to influence the therapeutic outcome

The alveolar macrophages defend the lung against airborne pollutants and infectious microorganisms. Recent advances in the understanding of the role of macrophages in generation of immunological and inflammatory responses have established that alveolar macrophages could be used as targets for drug delivery. Enhanced uptake of particulate drug carriers by macrophages could be beneficial in pathological conditions such as tuberculosis and HIV where infectious microorganisms utilize macrophages as a safe haven and a vehicle to further infections. In contrary, to achieve prolonged residence time, extended drug release and in desired situations, increased systemic absorption, drug carrying particles that can avoid recognition and uptake by alveolar macrophages may prove to be significantly advantageous. Drug targeting to macrophages can achieve superior therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of medical conditions that involve tumorigenesis, inflammation and infections. Various particulate carriers containing therapeutic agents have been used to deliver drugs to the macrophages residing in the lung. Particulate systems have also been engineered to facilitate or avoid uptake by macrophages. But pathological conditions to be treated and drug delivery goals dictate the engineering approach for reducing or enhancing uptake by macrophages. In this review, we have summarized the influence of various physicochemical properties--composition, size, shape, pegylation and presence or absence of surface ligands--of particulate carriers on their uptake by macrophages. We have also described the macrophage biology and strategies that have been used to influence uptake and avoidance of particulate carriers by macrophages.
Avoiding power loss associated with categorization and ordinal scores in dose-response and trend analysis.

Avoiding Power Loss Associated with Categorization and Ordinal Scores in Dose-Response and Trend Analysis Sander Greenland; Epidemiology
Reactions of β‐nitrostyrenes with tert‐butylmercury halides in the presence of lodide lon

Photolysis of t-BuHgCl/KI with PhC(R2)C(R1)NO2 forms PhC(R2)C(R1)Bu-t when R1 = R2 = H or in low yield when R1 = H, R2 = Ph. When R1 ≠ H, or when R2 = Ph, reactions with t-BuHgI/KI/hv proceed mainly via PhC(R2)C(R1)NO2·-, PhC(R2)C(R1)N(OBu-t)O−HgX+, PhC(R2)C(R1)NO and PhC(R2)C(R1)N(OBu-t)HgX to form a variety of novel products including the dimeric bisnitronic esters (6) with R1 = Me or Ph and R2 = H; PhCH(R2)C(R1) = NOBu-t with R1 = Me or Ph and R2 = H or R1 = H and R2 = Ph; PhC(R2)(OBu-t)C(R1)NOH with R1 = H or Me and R2 = Ph; and 3-phenyl-2-R1-indoles with R1 = H, Me, Ph, PhS or t-BuS and R2 = Ph. Nitrosoaromatics react with t-BuHgX in the dark to form ArN(OBu-t)(OBu-t)HgX+ which condenses with ArNO to form the azoxy compound. tert-Butyl radicals will add to RNO2 [R = Ph, Ph2CCH, Ph2CC(Ph)] in the presence of t-BuHgI2− to form products derived from RN(OBu-t)O−HgI+.
Stimulated Thomson scattering

The theory of stimulated Thomson scattering is investigated both quantum mechanically and classically. In the interaction of a collisionless plasma with two electromagnetic waves, both with frequencies well above the plasma frequency, energy is transferred from the high-frequency wave to the low-frequency wave via stimulated Thomson scattering. This process is mediated by the nonlinear interaction of the plasma electrons with a beat wave at the difference frequency between the two waves; this beat frequency must be well above the plasma frequency. The gain coefficient for stimulated Thomson scattering is calculated both quantum mechanically and classically, and identical results are obtained. The classical calculation also yields the first nonlinear term in the index of refraction due to stimulated Thomson scattering, as well as the details of the saturation of the gain and the index of refraction. The authors present explicit formulas for the gain coefficient and the index of refraction, in the unsaturated limit, for both very cold and very hot plasmas. The calculations indicate that it should be possible to detect stimulated Thomson scattering experimentally by means of polarization enhancement. In an appendix, the theory of stimulated Thomson scattering is used to treat the free-electron amplifier.