cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who's Your Paddy? Racial Expectations and the Struggle for Irish American Identity Jennifer Nugent Duffy. New York: New York University Press, 2014.

Who's Your Paddy? Racial Expectations and the Struggle for Irish American Identity Jennifer Nugent Duffy. New York: New York University Press, 2014.The Irish have long occupied an uncertain position in the racial and ethnographic history of the United States. Variously vilified, romanticized, demeaned, and eventually celebrated over the course of American history, the collective ideas and ideals surrounding American "Irishness" have prompted much scholarly work to determine how and to what extent the Irish have been woven into the American racial tapestry. Jennifer Nugent Duffy's aptly-named book contributes a focused study of Irish racial identity that simultaneously reinforces other works in the field while upsetting the conventional narrative of Irish acceptance in the contemporary United States.More than an eye-catching pun title, Who's Your Paddy}, serves to investigate the question of Irish racial identity in the context of twentieth-century American society. While other scholars have focused on the racialization of Irish immigration and settlement (Matthew Frye Jacobson and David Roediger foremost among them), their focus has primarily been centered on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in which scientific racism seemed to enjoy a powerful, if temporary, ubiquity in American (and Western) intellectual culture. Duffy's book shifts the timeline to focus on the continued racialization of Irish identity from the twentieth century onward, demonstrating the interactions between Irish immigrants and those Americans who continued to judge the Irish through the lens of race well after the boundaries of whiteness had supposedly shifted to firmly include the Irish within its fickle parameters.The book documents the general experience of Catholic Irish arrivals to Yonkers, New York from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, though there is special emphasis on the last five decades. Duffy categorizes the generations of Irish who settled in Yonkers over the past century into three distinct migratory waves: descendants of nineteenth-century immigrants, the suburbian "white flighters" who left New York City in the 1960s and 1970s, and a group of primarily undocumented immigrants who began to arrive in the 1990s. Each successive wave encounters challenges to immediate social acceptance that are inevitably couched in the language of race. Duffy finds that, through the assimilatory process in which Irish immigrants and their descendants become an established part of the social landscape in Yonkers, a specter of "racial hazing" projected by American nativists serves as a surveillance device to bring newcomers into line in the idealized racial environment of the suburbs. …
POPULATION SUBDIVISION AND GENETIC DIVERGENCE IN THE RED-BELLIED NEWT, TARICHA RIVULARIS.

Many vertebrates exhibit homing behavior during breeding migration. Such behavior is adaptive, obviously, if individuals reproduce most successfully in habitats where they themselves were spawned. Nevertheless, by reducing gene exchange among local breeding populations, homing behavior may have profound evolutionary consequences at the species level. Considerable divergence in allelic frequencies will develop by random genetic drift among geographically isolated demes or even over continuously distributed populations isolated by virtue of low dispersal and distance (Wright, 1931, 1943, 1951; Malecot, 1969). Moreover, natural selection may promote local adaptation and diversification of demes if unopposed by the homogenizing influence of interdemic gene flow (Ehrlich and Raven, 1969). Studies of genetic variation and population structure in animals with homing instincts, therefore, should yield insight into the process and mechanisms of evolutionary divergence among conspecific populations. How much divergence among demes is due to random genetic drift and how much is due to natural selection has proved difficult to evaluate. Because natural selection may act in a complex manner on complex phenotypes, general consequences of homing behavior on gene frequency distributions cannot be specified. On the other hand, frequency distributions of selectively neutral genes have been precisely stated for a number of applicable population models. Unfortunately, even these testable predictions depend on pa-
Changing the Paradigm for the Treatment and Development of New Therapies for FSGS

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a renal pathology finding that represents a constellation of rare kidney diseases which manifest as proteinuria, edema nephrotic syndrome, hypertension and increased risk for kidney failure. Therapeutic options for FSGS are reviewed displaying the expected efficacy from 25 to 69% depending on specific therapy, patient characteristics, cost, and common side effects. This variability in treatment response is likely caused, in part, by the heterogeneity in the etiology and active molecular mechanisms of FSGS. Clinical trials in FSGS have been scant in number and slow to recruit, which may stem, in part, from reliance on classic clinical trial design paradigms. Traditional clinical trial designs based on the “learn and confirm” paradigm may not be appropriate for rare diseases such as FSGS. Future drug development and testing will require novel approaches to trial designs that have the capacity to enrich study populations as well as adapt the trial in a planned way to gain efficiencies in trial completion timelines. A clinical trial simulation is provided that compares a classical and more modern design to determine the maximum tolerated dose in FSGS.
High-Resolution Analytical Electron Microscopy Investigation of Metastable Tetragonal Phase Stabilization in Undoped, Sol-Gel Derived Zirconia Nanoceramics

The mechanisms underlying stabilization of the metastable tetragonal (t)-phase in sol-gel derived, nanocrystalline ZrO2 were studied by high-resolution analytical electron microscopy, utilizing parallel electron-energy loss (PEEL) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies. The powders were synthesized by hydrolysis of Zr (IV) n-propoxide at ratios of molar concentration of water to Zr n-propoxide, R=5 and 60, respectively, followed by calcination at 400°C. Dense particles of the as-precipitated ZrO2 (R=5) revealed 4–11 nm-sized nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous matrix that may serve as nuclei for the t-phase during calcination. The calcined particles consist of 10–100 nm–sized t-crystals. For as-precipitated ZrO2 (R=60), week aggregates (50–100 nm) of largely amorphous 4–20 nm-sized particles after calcination yield a mixture of t-and monoclinic (m-) nanocrystals. PEELS fingerprints of the band structure with the intensity threshold matching the expected position of a direct bandgap at 4–5 eV allow to differentiate between the amorphous and nanocrystalline ZrO2. Stabilization of t-phase (R=5) with sizes up to 16 times larger than reported earlier is likely due to strain-induced confinement from surrounding growing grains, which suppress the volume expansion associated with the martensitic t-m transformation. For R=60, loose nanoparticle agglomerates cannot suppress the transformation. In this case, the t-phase may be partially stabilized due to a crystal size effect and /or to the presence of m-phase.
Impotence: a diagnostic approach.

AbstractA diagnostic approach to erectile impotence using a sexual function questionnaire, nocturnal penile plethysmography, penile blood pressure measurement, cavernosograms, cystometrograms and plasma testosterone levels is presented. Case examples demonstrate the clinical value of these diagnostic tools. Psychogenic impotence should be diagnosed only after nocturnal penile plethysmography has demonstrated the presence of complete erections.
Reproductive impairment and the malformed uterus

The reproductive potential of the malformed uterus is assessed with emphasis on problems of vertical and lateral fusion. An obstructive transverse vaginal septum which appears to result from a rare autosomal recessive gene can be encountered in infancy or may not manifest symptoms until the onset of menstruation when menstrual blood accumulates. Hysterectomy is the recommended treatment except in rare cases where there is only partial failure of the cervix to develop or there is a very short distance between the vagina and the endometrial cavity. Only 1 case of successful reproduction has been documented among women with this condition. Pregnancies have been reported in instances of partial transverse vaginal septum; however postpartum pyometra and pyocolpos can develop requiring emergency surgical drainage. Symptoms in women with obstructed lateral fusion are related to the site of obstruction. Reproduction may occur after removal of the vaginal septum in women with a uterus didelphys with a double vagina and low vaginal obstruction. Ectopic pregnancies have been reported inw women with an obstructed rudimentary horn. Unilateral obstruction is almost always accompanied by absence of the ipsilateral kidney suggesting that bilateral obstruction is associated with bilateral kidney agenesis with consequent nonviability of the developing embryo. Reproduction appears to be somewhat compromised by infertility pregnancy wastage and premature labor in patients with either a didelphic or a unicornuate uterus. The bicornuate uterus causes only minimal reproductive problems while the septate uterus is almost always associated with reproductive failure. Examination under anesthesia or laparoscopy may be required to distinguish between these 2 types of double uterus. Excision of the septum by wedge is the recommended operative treatment of a septate uterus. After this procedure 77% of patients in 1 series had a term delivery. 73% of all pregnancies following the surgery were carried to term.
NeuroDebian Virtual Machine Deployment Facilitates Trainee-Driven Bedside Neuroimaging Research

Freely available software, derived from the past 2 decades of neuroimaging research, is significantly more flexible for research purposes than presently available clinical tools. Here, we describe ...
pH sensor using nano electrodes in organic semiconductor

A pH sensor using nano electrodes in organic semiconductor P3HT (regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)) has been designed, fabricated and characterized in this work. In this sensor, the organic semiconductor is directly exposed to pH sample solution, and an electrical field is applied to drive the protons in the solution to the polymer surface. The accumulated protons at the interface between organic semiconductor and solution change the electron density at organic semiconductor surface, so that the conductivity of the organic semiconductor film is modulated. In order to improve the sensitivity of sensor, P3HT is coated on the interdigitated array nanoelectrodes, and the conductivity of P3HT between two bands of electrodes is measured for pH characterization. A good conductivity modulation by the proton concentration or pH value is shown in the sensor testing.
Sizing the battery power for PHEVs based on battery efficiency, cost and operational cost savings

The incremental cost for increasing the power of Li-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) is moderate. Hence, the reduction of fuel consumption by using battery power at high vehicle speeds rather than engine power results in high net present value for the total cost of the battery and future fuel savings. The variation of designed efficiency at rated power is also evaluated to examine the cost for the thermal management system and improved life and cold temperature performance. Two types of PHEVs and two lithium-ion battery chemistries of batteries are considered in this study.
Effects of Coaching on Teachers’ Implementation of Tier 1 School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support Strategies:

Fidelity of implementation of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) procedures within schools is critical to the success of the program. Coaching has been suggested as...
Fission following capture reactions of S 32 + Pb 208

Fission fragment mass and angular distributions were measured for /sup 32/S induced reactions on /sup 208/Pb at the laboratory energies of 180, 210, 250, and 266 MeV. By measuring the folding angle distributions between coincident fissionlike fragments at several beam energies it is shown that essentially the entire mass of the projectile is transferred to the composite system, which subsequently decays via symmetric fission. With increasing projectile energy the width of the mass distribution increases approximately as the square root of the nuclear temperature. The energy dependence of the angle integrated fusion-fission cross sections can be well described by classical trajectory calculations using the proximity potential and one-body dissipation. The fission fragment angular distributions become more anisotropic with increasing beam energy. Even at the lowest energy of 180 MeV, the angular distributions are more anisotropic than expected from statistical model calculations using saddle point shapes of the rotating liquid drop model. A simple parametrization of the angular momentum dependence of the effective moment of inertia gives a consistent description of the energy dependence of the angular distributions.
Cluster Analysis in Nursing Research: An Introduction, Historical Perspective, and Future Directions

The use of cluster analysis in the nursing literature is limited to the creation of classifications of homogeneous groups and the discovery of new relationships. As such, it is important to provide clarity regarding its use and potential. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to distance-based, partitioning-based, and model-based cluster analysis methods commonly utilized in the nursing literature, provide a brief historical overview on the use of cluster analysis in nursing literature, and provide suggestions for future research. An electronic search included three bibliographic databases, PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science. Key terms were cluster analysis and nursing. The use of cluster analysis in the nursing literature is increasing and expanding. The increased use of cluster analysis in the nursing literature is positioning this statistical method to result in insights that have the potential to change clinical practice.
Miller plateau as an indicator of SiC MOSFET gate oxide degradation

This paper presents a new indicator of SiC MOSFET gate oxide degradation based on Miller plateau. The physical mechanism of Miller plateau shift with gate oxide electric field is first analyzed. The relationship between Miller plateau and ambient temperature is then explored by theoretical analysis. The electro-thermal simulation is conducted in LTSpice to verify the Miller plateau shift with ambient temperature. Besides, 20 groups of High Electric Field (HEF) acceleration tests are conducted with V gs stress amplitude of 25 V, 30V, 35V, 40V and stress duration of 10, 40, 70, 85, 100 hours. 5 SCT2120AF SiC MOSEFTs from Rohm are stressed in each group. After ageing tests, the stressed devices are used to verify dynamic characteristic change in the designed double pulse test platform. After 100-hour HEF tests with 40V V gs stress, Miller plateau shift can reach up to 1.5V. Finally, comparison is made among Miller plateau, threshold voltage and gate resistor turn-on energy. Analysis shows that Miller plateau can be used as an indicator of SiC MOSFET gate oxide degradation with detectable amplitude shift as well as inherent gate driver integration and online monitoring characteristics.
Interactions, induced by heating, of whey protein isolate (WPI) with sugar beet pectin (SBP) in solution: Comparisons with a dry-state Maillard reaction

Abstract We investigate changes in the molecular structures of whey proteins (WPI) caused by heat-induced interaction and reaction with varying concentrations of sugar beet pectin (SBP) in aqueous solution at neutral pH. The resulting complexes were examined using circular dichroism (CD) and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Far-UV CD spectroscopy combined with spectral deconvolution revealed noticeable reduction (up to 5%) in the amount of antiparallel β-sheet element of WPI upon interacting with SBP. Analyses from the UV-VIS and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopies showed changes in the molecular electronic states of both WPI and the feruloyl moieties of SBP upon heat-induced interaction and conjugation. The tertiary structural contacts in WPI, studied by the intrinsic Trp fluorescence, were also disrupted in the presence of SBP in the form of FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) complexes, most noticeably at a high level of SBP (3%), contrasting to the results from dry-heating. The thermal stability of WPI, at both secondary and tertiary structural levels, did not increase considerably by interacting and conjugating with SBP, especially at an equal concentration of SBP (3%). However, the stability of feruloyl groups of SBP saw moderate improvement and was less pronounced than that of the dry-state reactions.
The Devil's Dominion: The Serpent that Lies in the Grass Unseen: Clerical and Lay Opposition to Magic

They say, that in some Towns it has been a usual thing for People to cure Hurts with Spells, or to use detestable Conjurations, with Sieves, Keys, and Pease, and Nails, and Horseshoes, and I know not what other Implements, to learn the things for which they have a forbidden, and an impious Curiosity. 'Tis in the Devils Name, that such things are done; and in Gods Name I do this day charge them, as vile Impieties. Cotton Mather, Wonders of the Invisible World On 2 May 1687, Joseph Beacon was lying in bed. In retrospect, Beacon could not be sure whether he was asleep or awake, but he suspected the latter. As he lay there, he saw an apparition of his brother, who lived in London, “distanced from him a thousand Leagues.” The apparition appeared at about five o'clock in the morning. Beacon saw that his brother's “Countenance was very Pale, G[h]astly, Deadly, and he had a bloody wound on one side of his Fore-head.” Understandably “Affrighted,” he cried out, “What's the matter, Brother? How came you here!” The apparition replied, “Brother, I have been most barbarously and injuriously Butchered, by a Debauched Drunken Fellow, to whom I never did any wrong in my Life.”
The roles of AAV rep proteins in gene expression and targeted integration

Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV), a nonpathogenic human virus, can either integrate into host chromatin and remain latent or replicate following infection. The outcome depends on the cellular conditions. Under conditions permissive for AAV DNA replication (e.g., during adenovirus coinfection), AAV gene expression is induced. The single-stranded AAV genome of 4680 nucleotides is organized into two open reading frames (ORFs) that encode structural capsid proteins (Cap) and nonstructural proteins (Rep) (Fig. 1). Two promoters at AAV map units 5 and 19, p5 and p19, direct expression of the rep gene. The cap gene is regulated by the p40 promoter. A common intron results in the production of four Rep proteins: p5 initiated Rep78, Rep68 and p19 initiated Rep52, Rep40. The inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) function as viral origins of replication required for encapsidation of the of AAV DNA. The production of AAV Rep proteins enables viral DNA to replicate, resulting in a geometric increase in the number of viral genomes. The AAV p5 initiated regulatory proteins Rep78 and Rep68 interact with the viral promoters to establish a feedback loop. These Rep proteins are involved directly in viral DNA replication as well.
Physical medicine and rehabilitation at the Mount Sinai medical center during the 20th century.

The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at the Mount Sinai Medical Center has a long history, beginning in 1910 with the establishment of the Department of Physical Therapy, headed by Heinrich Wolf, M.D. In 1935, William Bierman, M.D., was appointed director. He was, at that time, one of the leading physicians of physical therapy in the United States, and a prolific researcher, writer and clinician. In 1948, the name of the department was changed to the Department of Physical Medicine, reflecting the newly established specialty of the Board of Physical Medicine. In 1959, Lawrence Wisham, M.D., was appointed chairman, and shortly thereafter the name of the department was changed to Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Under Dr. Wisham's leadership, services were provided to inpatients on the acute wards of the hospital, and to outpatients. In 1968, the name of the department was changed to Rehabilitation Medicine. In 1986, Kristjan T. Ragnarsson, M.D., became chairman of the department, and shortly thereafter an inpatient rehabilitation medicine service was established and outpatient services expanded. Since that time, rapid growth has occurred within the department, particularly in delivery of clinical services and research. The role of rehabilitation medicine in the delivery of clinical services to people with temporary or permanent disability is now well established, but efficient and effective delivery must be ensured in the current and future healthcare environment.
Ontogeny of Social Behavior in the Genus Cebus and the Application of an Integrative Framework for Examining Plasticity and Complexity in Evolution

The infant primate grows up slowly in a socially complex environment. Characterized by an extended period of dependency and neuro-social development, it has an intricate web of relationships to keep track of, each with a unique history embedded in ongoing group dynamics. Information crucial to survival is often disseminated through social networks, and those networks influence how young primates experience the world. The ability to simultaneously navigate through and manipulate such a landscape results from adaptive feedback systems between the individual and the broader social environment in which it lives. How can we better contextualize the data we now have from decades of wild and captive studies, and situate such complex behavioral strategies within a modern theoretical discussion?
Characterization of the interpolation bias in the analysis of deflectometry measurement data

Zonal integration techniques are commonly used for surface shape reconstruction from slope measurements for phase measuring deflectometry (PMD) systems. The stability of zonal surface reconstruction algorithms relies on the symmetry of numerical differential equations for uniformly sampled grids. Modified zonal integration methods for non-uniformly sampled slope data can yield accurate results for the measurement of a single camera yet fail to produce accurate results for stereo deflectometry. In this publication, we identify and quantify a large systematic bias in the deflectometry measurement that is introduced during resampling or interpolation of phase data onto a uniform sample grid. This interpolation is commonly done in all forms of deflectometry and cannot be avoided in stereo phase measuring deflectometry. This surface reconstruction bias is largely independent of the integration method and the accuracy of the integration algorithm under different grid assumptions. This bias is a significant contributor to the well-known micronlevel low spatial-frequency errors in deflectometry that are commonly attributed to calibration errors. We show the dependence of the bias on different system parameters including surface shape, curvature, and the geometry of the system components, providing guidance on setup geometry for stereo PMD.
Implications of Riemannian geometry in underwater acoustics

Signal processing involving source localization and detection in underwater acoustics often depends on comparing covariance or cross-spectral density matrices (CSDMs) estimated for data, replica or noise source data from passively sensed acoustic fields incident on sensor arrays. Such comparisons often depend on a measure of similarity between matrix pairs and this typically involves a Euclidean metric. While Euclidean-based metrics are ubiquitous, convenient and useful, they are not fundamental to this task. By exploiting the facts that a CSDM is Hermitian and positive semi-definite, one can interpret such matrices as points constrained to a Riemannian, rather than a Euclidean manifold, with the implication that similarity between matrix pairs should be measured using a metric consistent with the manifold’s intrinsic structure. This geometric interpretation leads to alternative matched-field processors for source localization involving the Riemannian distance as a measure of similarity and can be used to solve this inverse problem. Some implications of this non-Euclidean approach in underwater acoustics, as well as a possible extension to source detection are discussed. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
Individualistic Welfare Analysis in the Age of Behavioral Science

Experimental demonstration of systematic errors and biases in human choice behavior might seem to undermine the conceptual basis of the individualistic approach to welfare analysis, in which people’s interests are inferred from the choices that they are observed to make. This essay argues that one need not give up on individualistic welfare analysis, and discusses two ways in which empirical studies can seek to infer people’s true interests, while recognizing that people do not always choose the outcome that is best for them under all circumstances.
Screening for Intimate Partner Violence, Elder Abuse, and Abuse of Vulnerable Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Intimate partner violence (IPV), elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults are common and result in adverse health outcomes. Objective To review the evidence on screening and interventions for IPV, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. Data Sources MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and trial registries through October 4, 2017; references; experts; literature surveillance through August 1, 2018. Study Selection English-language randomized clinical trials (RCTs), studies evaluating test accuracy, and cohort studies with a concurrent control group assessing harms. Data Extraction and Synthesis Dual review of titles and abstracts, full-text articles, and study quality; qualitative synthesis of findings. Data were not pooled, primarily because of heterogeneity of populations, interventions, and outcomes. Main Outcomes and Measures Abuse or neglect, morbidity caused by abuse, test accuracy, and harms. Results Thirty studies were included (N = 14 959). Three RCTs (n = 3759) compared IPV screening with no screening; none found significant improvements in outcomes (eg, IPV or quality of life) over 3 to 18 months and 2 (n = 935) reported no harms of screening. Nine studies assessed tools to detect any past-year or current IPV in women; for past-year IPV (5 studies [n = 6331]), sensitivity of 5 tools ranged from 65% to 87% and specificity ranged from 80% to 95%. The accuracy of 5 tools (4 studies [n = 1795]) for detecting current abuse varied widely; sensitivity ranged from 46% to 94% and specificity ranged from 38% to 95%. Eleven RCTs (n = 6740) evaluated interventions for women with screen-detected IPV. Two enrolling pregnant women (n = 575) found significantly less IPV among women in the intervention group: 1 home visiting intervention (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.34 [95% CI, −0.59 to −0.08]) and 1 behavioral counseling intervention for multiple risks (IPV, smoking, depression, tobacco exposure) (SMD, −0.40 [95% CI, −0.68 to −0.12]). No studies evaluated screening or interventions for elder abuse or abuse of vulnerable adults. One study assessing a screening tool for elder abuse had poor accuracy (sensitivity, 46% and specificity, 73% for detecting physical or verbal abuse). Conclusions and Relevance Although available screening tools may reasonably identify women experiencing IPV, trials of IPV screening in adult women did not show a reduction in IPV or improvement in quality of life over 3 to 18 months. Limited evidence suggested that home visiting and behavioral counseling interventions that address multiple risk factors may lead to reduced IPV among pregnant or postpartum women. No studies assessed screening or treatment for elder abuse and abuse of vulnerable adults.
Sternoclavicular Amyloid Arthropathy in a Patient With End-Stage Renal Disease.

Amyloidosis is an extracellular deposition of amyloid located in different organs or in a systemic distribution. We present a case of a 78 year-old male with hemodyalisis assosciated amyloidosisis ...
Revolutions and the Centralized Media, an Inverse Relation

In this paper I will argue that revolutions defined as mass political violence aimed at deposing the incumbent leadership are more probable in the absence of the centralized media such as television and newspapers. The lack of intermediary sources of communication between the state and the people fosters local news production and propagation on the individual level, deprives the state from a normalizing apparatus, and sets the stage for the cascades of collective action. I use historical and statistical examples to demonstrate this point and provide a formalization based on the network structure, personal engagement thresholds, and learning mechanisms.
374. Complication with Bacterial Pneumonia in Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Background: Early reports have indicated widespread empiric antimicrobial usage in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) As data regarding bacterial complications in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are limited and emerging, it is important to delineate the burden of complications with bacterial pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 and its implication on antimicrobial usage Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 based on detection of SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR from March 1, 2020 to May 10, 2020 Data were collected retrospectively to determine the presence of bacterial pneumonia among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and to identify demographics, comorbidities, or laboratory values that may help to distinguish patients with bacterial pneumonia Fisher's exact test was used to analyze categorical data and Student's t test was used to analyze differences between means Results: Among 99 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the study period, complication with bacterial pneumonia was seen in 17 (17%) based on sputum, tracheal aspirate or lower respiratory tract cultures performed 8 9 ± 7 8 (mean ± SD) days from the detection of SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism in 8 (47%) cases while Enterobacteriaceae were isolated in 7 (41%) cases, Burkholderia cepacia in one (6%) and Rahnella aqualitis in one (6%) case There were no significant differences in demographics, comorbidities, or laboratory findings between patients with or without complication with bacterial pneumonia However, those with complication with bacterial pneumonia were more likely to be intubated (24% vs 88%, p< 0 01), on vasopressors (23% vs 82%, p < 0 01), and require intensive care unit admission (37% vs 94%, p< 0 01) Conclusion: Nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonia were commonly seen among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring intubation and intensive care use admission With complications of bacterial pneumonia common among critically-ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, widespread antimicrobial usage may increase the selective pressure for antibiotic resistance in this patient population
Delegated Learning and Non-Credible Communication

We consider a setting in which an impatient agent acquires payoff-relevant information about the true state of the world. The agent endogenously chooses when to stop learning, at which point an uninformed principal takes an action to maximize her own expected payoff. The agent's preferences are biased relative to the principal's, generating misalignment of expected payoffs. When communication is non-credible, the principal can only rely upon the agent's endogenous stopping rule when strategically specifying her course of action. In the no-communication equilibrium, the agent adopts a one-sided stopping rule as a function of her posterior belief that is consistent with the principal's pre-specified course of action at the time of stopping. When the principal has commitment power, relative to the full-communication equilibrium, the agent is always worse off; for intermediate values of prior beliefs, the principal is better off. The one-sided equilibrium stopping rule (and associated action) can switch discretely as a function of prior beliefs, generating dramatic regime changes for arbitrarily small changes in beliefs. When learning is initiated in the no-communication equilibrium there is a non-zero probability of indefinite delay, in which the agent never ceases learning and the principal never takes an action.
Student perception on the impact of the Livescribe smartpen as an accommodation

The goal of this exploratory qualitative study was to determine how students with disabilities in higher education are using the Livescribe smartpen in their note-taking process and the perceived impact on their academic tasks. Based on participant interviews, many are using the Livescribe smartpen for recording class lectures while taking notes and for engaging with the content outside of the class session. All but one participant reported a perceived positive impact from the use of the Livescribe pen. The positive impacts included improved focus, higher academic outcomes, independence, and capturing complete notes. One unexpected trend that was revealed is that the majority of the participants adjusted their use of the Livescribe smartpen accommodation based on the professor’s teaching style and course structure.
Modernity’s University, Social Justice, and Social Responsibility: A Cosmo-Ubuntu Critique

Centered on the experience of Eduardo Mondlane in three universities in the United States, this article highlights the importance of universities to assume a social responsibility stance that is critical of its philosophical foundation and roots itself on perceptions of human beyond the current cartesian ethos. Conceptually, the article centers its discourse on the divergent conceptualizations of human drawn from humanism and uBuntu, as foundational differentiators of perceptions and practices of justice and social responsibility. Theoretically, it leans on a critique of modernity and humanism by presenting uBuntu and Cosmo‑uBuntu as alternative philosophical and theoretical lenses for problematizing and explaining justice and social responsibility. Methodologically, it draws from reflexivity, hermeneutics (especially, textual criticism), and archival documentary research. Its purpose is to inspire universities to engage in reflexivity about their social responsibility claims and to encourage an intentional commitment to social responsibility that is informed by exterior to modernity theorizing.
Enhancing anti-tumor immunity by autophagy inhibition

Two recent studies demonstrate how autophagy, in both tumor cells and host tissues, regulates anti-tumor T cell responses. These works add to accumulating evidence that inhibitors of autophagy could be used in combination with immunotherapy in certain cancer types.
Salmonella aortitis successfully treated with antibiotics without surgery.

Aortitis is an inflammation of the aorta that is linked to large vessel vasculitis and other rheumatologic cases. Less often, an infectious etiology of aortitis is diagnosed. Aortitis is associated...
Cosmic symplectite recorded irradiation by nearby massive stars in the solar system's parent molecular cloud

Abstract The Sun’s astrophysical birth environment affected the formation and composition of the Solar System. Primitive meteorites display mass-independent oxygen isotope anomalies that were likely caused by ultraviolet (UV) photochemistry of CO gas-phase molecules, either (i) in the outer solar nebula by light from the young Sun or (ii) in the parent molecular cloud by light from nearby stars. However, measurements of oxygen isotopes alone cannot unambiguously constrain the UV spectrum of the source responsible for the photochemistry. Sulfur, with four stable isotopes, can be used as a more direct probe of the astrophysical environment of mass-independent photochemistry. Here, we report the in situ isotopic analysis of paired oxygen and sulfur isotope systematics in cosmic symplectite (COS), magnetite-pentlandite intergrowths, in the primitive ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094. We show that COS grains contain mass-independent sulfur isotope anomalies (weighted means of Δ33S = +3.84 ± 0.72‰ and Δ36S = −6.05 ± 2.25‰, 2SE) consistent with H2S photochemistry by UV from massive O and B stars close to the Solar System’s parent molecular cloud, and inconsistent with UV from the protosun. The presence of coupled mass-independent sulfur and oxygen (Δ17O = 86 ± 6‰, 2SE) isotope anomalies in COS imply that these anomalies originated in the same astrophysical environment. We propose that this environment is the photodissociation region (PDR) of the Solar System’s parent molecular cloud, where nearby massive stars irradiated the edge of the cloud. We conclude that the Sun’s stellar neighbors, likely O and B stars in a massive-star-forming region, affected the composition of the Solar System’s primordial building blocks.
Enhanced physical stabilization of fenofibrate nanosuspensions via wet co-milling with a superdisintegrant and an adsorbing polymer

Abstract Drug nanoparticles in suspensions can form aggregates leading to physical instability, which is traditionally mitigated using soluble polymers and surfactants. The aim of this paper was to explore common superdisintegrants, i.e., sodium starch glycolate (SSG), croscarmellose sodium (CCS), and crospovidone (CP), as novel class of dispersants for enhanced stabilization of fenofibrate (FNB), a model BCS Class II drug, suspensions. FNB was wet-milled with superdisintegrants along with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a soluble adsorbing polymer, in a stirred media mill. For comparison, FNB was also milled in the presence of HPMC and/or SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) without superdisintegrants. Laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, viscometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the suspensions. The results show that 2% HPMC along with 1% SSG or 1% CCS mitigated the aggregation of FNB nanoparticles significantly similar to the use of either 5% HPMC or 1% HPMC–0.075% SDS, whereas CP was not effective due to its low swelling capacity. CCS/SSG enhanced steric–kinetic stabilization of the FNB suspensions owing to their high swelling capacity, viscosity enhancement, and physical barrier action. Overall, this study provides a mechanistic basis for a novel method of formulating surfactant-free drug nanosuspensions with co-milled superdisintegrants.
An Updated Comparison of Drug Dosing Methods

Aminoglycoside antibiotics continue to be useful for the treatment of Gram-negative infections. Available dosing methods include predictive algorithms and nomograms, pharmacokinetics-based dosing methods, and methods that incorporate Bayesian forecasting. The individualised Sawchuk-Zaske and Bayesian methods have been extensively evaluated since the previous review in the Journal. Both methods continue to be rapid and accurate means of individualising dosage requirements for patients with diverse pharmacokinetic profiles. The predictive performance of the Bayesian method can be further enhanced when population-based parameters reflect the patient population being monitored. There are now several cost-effectiveness studies that demonstrate that pharmacokinetic dosing services for aminoglycosides result in cost savings, better therapeutic concentrations, fewer toxic serum concentrations, and shorter mean durations of hospital stay and aminoglycoside therapy. Further studies are needed for cost-effectiveness and comparison of various dosing methods in paediatric and neonatal patients.
Phosphonic acids and esters

Abstract The Taft equation has been found to apply satisfactorily to the first and second dissociations of alkylphosphonic acids. Observed deviations may be attributed to steric inhibition of solvation and imply markedly different solvations for the mono- and di-anions; the reaction constants for the two di-ssociations are nearly identical. Attempted assignments of σ * values to the -PO 3 H − group by application of the relationship to bisphosphonic acids failed.
Targeting components in vector saliva.

Blood-feeding arthropods transmit some of the most debilitating infections known to mankind, including malaria, lymphatic filariasis, African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, plague, Chagas' disease, onchocerciasis, Lyme disease, dengue fever, and a multitude of encephalitic diseases. Conversely, salivary components can enhance the virulence of some pathogenic organisms, facilitating infection by inhibiting host immune responses. This chapter outlines the major findings supporting the notion that exploiting vector saliva for vaccine development is a viable proposition, focusing on the arthropod vectors most extensively studied: sand flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. It discusses salivary proteins as immunomodulators and enhancers of Leishmania infection. In addition to reports of exacerbative effects of Phlebotomus papatasi saliva on L. major infection, studies aimed towards finding immunogenic salivary molecules that can drive a Th1-type immune response considered protective against Leishmania infection were undertaken. A brief account of molecules recently identified from tick saliva, their contribution towards disease exacerbation, and their potential as vaccine candidates against human disease is provided in this chapter. If vector salivary proteins as vaccine components are to be realized, it will be necessary to undertake studies of natural vector populations to determine pertinent features of their biology. The rapid spread of vector-borne diseases, attributed partly to global warming and insecticide resistance, emphasizes the need to use all available arsenals at our disposal to develop protective vaccines. Therefore, one cannot afford to ignore the potential that vector salivary proteins are present in this regard.
A graphical test for robust stability with distributed feedback

The performance of a nominally designed state feedback control for a linear systems is analyzed in the case that the information, available at time t for feedback, consists of a functional of the state over the interval [t − T, t]. Sufficient conditions are given for the stability and asymptotic stability, independent of the matrix valued weight functions on the delay-perturbed state. These sufficient conditions lead to new graphical criteria, akin to the Nyquist criterion, to obtain the delay perturbation stability margin.
Lineare polybenzyle, 6. Polymerisation von α‐methylbenzylchlorid

α-Methylbenzylchloride (1) was polymerized in ethyl chloride and in 1-nitropropane at various temperatures with AlCl3 as catalyst, mainly at −115 and at 0°C. The polymers obtained were crystalline or amorphous, depending on the reaction conditions. The reactions were complete within seconds. The tacticity of the polymers was determined by 1H and 13C NMR-spectroscopy. Polymers prepared at low temperatures in ethyl chloride showed isotactic sequences; in 1-nitropropane at 0°C atactic configuration. A reaction mechanism for the formation of the isotactic polymer is proposed on the basis of GPC-data. DSC-data are reported and discussed.
PROTECTING THE WOMB: THE MYTH OF PRIVACY IN REPRODUCTION

This paper examines the policing of the sexuality of juvenile females, pregnant women and abortion within a framework of the public/private dichotomy using Gerald Turkels typology of Marxian postulates. It explores five primary roles of women under the capitalist system in the United States and relates them to policies directed at women's reproductive rights based on the public/private distinction.
How Can it All be Stable

My contribution to this Joint Discussion can hardly be termed very novel or original. Rather, I just want to call your attention here to two headaches — one perhaps only a hangover, but the other a real migraine. Sooner or later these two headaches beset anyone who persists in asking how the random motions of stars in the only vicinity where we tolerably observe them can possibly jibe with the sensible presumption that not only our neighborhood but this entire Galaxy should by now be reasonably stable.
Modeling Simple Genetic Algorithms for Permutation Problems

Abstract An exact model of a simple genetic algorithm is developed for permutation based representations. Permutation based representations are used for scheduling problems and combinatorial problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem. A remapping function is developed to remap the model to all permutations in the search space. The mixing matrices for various permutation based operators are also developed.
Patterns of stock option exercise in the United States

Stock options granted by an employer corporation to its employees offer many benefits. They: (i) provide optionees with incentives to increase the stock price of the firm; (ii) serve as ‘golden handcuffs’ that bind optionees to firms during the vesting period; (iii) allow optionees to recognize income at times that coincide with favorable tax treatment or personal liquidity needs; and (iv) may be treated as ‘off income statement compensation’ by the employer for financial statement purposes.
Therapeutic pancreatic endoscopy

Therapeutic endoscopy in pancreatitis has included biliary or pancreatic sphincterotomy, or both, for microlithiasis and sphincter dysfunction. Alternatively, endoscopic treatment has been used to treat ductal disruption, including external or internal fistulas (high amylase effusions, pancreatic ascites, pancreaticoenteric communications, or pseudocysts). Finally, endoscopy has been used to treat obstructive disease, including both stones and strictures. This article reviews the state of the art in this field over the past year. Unfortunately, this is an area in which the appropriate approaches are still poorly defined, and prospective studies randomly assigning patients to endoscopic treatment in comparison with medical or surgical therapy remain few and far between.
Guest Loading and Multiple Phases in Single Crystals of the van der Waals Host p- tert-Butylcalix[4]arene

We have followed the loading of xenon into the low density form of a van der Waals solid host, p- tert-butylcalix[4]arene (tBC), with solid-state NMR and X-ray diffraction (XRD), techniques sensitive to local and long-range order, respectively. Even though there was little change in the unit cell parameters, 13C and 129Xe solid-state NMR spectra indicate that significant structural changes occur in local order even at low levels of loading. In particular, 129Xe double quantum experiments, which probe distance-dependent 129Xe− 129Xe dipolar interactions, reveal that the closest Xe−Xe distances increase with Xe loading into the tBC host, suggesting that the tBC undergoes structural rearrangements as it absorbs Xe. Indeed, in light of the solid-state NMR results, a re-examination of partially loaded single crystals by XRD showed that up to a loading level (Xe/tBC ratio) of 0.25, the structure was closely related to that of the empty form with the typical calixarene bilayer structure; however, at higher loadi...