cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Montgomery, “Racial Terror” Lynching Remembrances, and Municipal Quests for American Truth and Reconciliation

This chapter engages the National Memorial for Peace and Justice and the Legacy Museum in the heart of the former Confederacy: Montgomery, Alabama. Constructed by the Equal Justice Initiative in 2018, these darker places and space of memory are forcing locals to confront their city’s historical role in the horrors of slavery and lynching. Like other transnational cities that have confronted darker genocidal pasts, such as Berlin and Johannesburg, the EJI is activating forgotten memoryscapes for needs in the present by specifically encouraging audiences to consider the ways the legacy of racial terrorism has penetrated the criminal justice system.
A neurodegeneration gene, WDR45, links impaired ferritinophagy to iron accumulation.

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the abnormal accumulation of brain iron and the progressive degeneration of the nervous system. One of the recently identified subtypes of NBIA is β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN). BPAN is caused by de novo mutations in the WDR45/WIPI4 (WD repeat domain 45) gene. WDR45 is one of the four mammalian homologs of yeast Atg18, a regulator of autophagy. WDR45 deficiency in BPAN patients and animal models may result in defects in autophagic flux. However, how WDR45 deficiency leads to brain iron overload remains unclear. To elucidate the role of WDR45, we generated a WDR45-knockout (KO) SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing. Using these cells, we demonstrated that the non-TF (transferrin)-bound iron pathway dominantly mediated the accumulation of iron. Moreover, the loss of WDR45 led to defects in ferritinophagy, a form of autophagy that degrades the iron storage protein ferritin. We showed that impaired ferritinophagy contributes to iron accumulation in WDR45-KO cells. Iron accumulation was also detected in the mitochondria, which was accompanied by impaired mitochondrial respiration, elevated reactive oxygen species, and increased cell death. Thus, our study links WDR45 to specific iron acquisition pathways and ferritinophagy.
Cardiosomes and Cardiac Remodeling: Role of Exercise

Recent findings that exosomes are released from myocytes have pumped up the role of exosomes in cardiac remodeling. Our electron microscopy findings show the release of exosomes from endothelial ce...
Effects of light and CO2on victorin-induced symptom development in oats

Abstract Victorin is a host-selective toxin produced by Cochliobolus victoriae the causal agent of victoria blight of oats. Victorin-binding and biochemical analyses have implicated the glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC), a key component of the photorespiratory cycle, as a possible site of action of the toxin. Plant dependence on a functional GDC is greatest under photorespiratory conditions and photorespiratory activity is increased with increasing light and decreased with increasing concentrations of CO 2 . We have found that both low light and increased CO 2 concentrations reduce the extent of victorin-induced symptom development in sensitive oats. These data provide physiological evidence that the GDC is a biologically significant site of action of victorin.
Assessing the Effects of the Zero-Interest-Rate Policy Through the Lens of a Regime-Switching DSGE Model

Standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models assume a Taylor rule and forecast an increase in interest rates immediately after the 2007-2009 economic recession given the predicted output and inflation, contradictory to the extended period of near-zero interest rate policy (ZIRP) conducted by the Federal Reserve. In this paper, I study two methods of modeling the ZIRP in DSGE models: the perfect foresight rational expectations model and the Markov regime-switching model, which I develop in this paper. In this regime-switching model, I assume that, in one regime, the policy follows a Taylor rule, while, in the other regime, it involves a zero interest rate. I also construct the optimal filter to estimate this regime-switching DSGE model with Bayesian methods. I fit those modified DSGE models to the U.S. data from the third quarter of 1987 to the third quarter of 2010, and then, starting from the fourth quarter of 2010, I simulate the U.S. economy forward with a nd without the ZIRP intervention. I compare the predicted paths of the macro variables, and I find that the ZIRP intervention has a significant effect. The estimated regime-switching model I develop implies a substantial stimulative effect (on average a 0.12% increase in output growth rate and a 0.9% increase in inflation accumulatively over 20 quarters if ZIRP is kept for 6 quarters). The actual path from the fourth quarter of 2010 onward is closer to the predicted path derived from the regime-switching model than that generated by the perfect foresight model. The perfect foresight model generates an explosive and spurious rise in inflation. Therefore, the regime-switching model I propose is more appropriate to assess the effectiveness of the ZIRP, which is effective in stimulating the economy.
Growth and Development: Implications for Teaching

(1981). Growth and Development: Implications for Teaching. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 57-58.
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems

It is our pleasure to welcome you to the Fourteenth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS XIV). This year's symposium continues its tradition of being the premier forum for presentation of research results on leading edge issues that cross the boundaries of computer architecture, programming languages and compilers, and operating systems. The call for papers attracted abstracts from around the world and resulted in 113 full papers being submitted to the Program Committee (PC). This year we used Borbala Online Conference Services's CyberChairPRO submission and review software. Papers were submitted for double-blind review without authors' names or identifying information. PC members were limited to no more than two paper submissions; a total of 13 papers were submitted which had a PC members as a (co)author. The Program Chair assigned each paper to three reviewers from the PC and two external reviewers. 524 of the 543 assigned reviews were submitted, giving an impressive return rate of 96%. On papers where the Program Chair had a conflict-of-interest, Prof. Margaret Martonosi from Princeton chose the reviewer assignments and also ran the discussions at the PC meeting. Prior to the PC meeting, there was an author rebuttal period during which authors could see and respond to their reviews. The Program Committee met on Saturday, November 1, 2008 at the Chicago O'Hare Hilton. The PC discussed the most highly ranked 51 papers (including 10 PC papers) during the meeting. Each paper discussed had a PC member assigned as lead discussant. PC (co)authored papers were discussed as a group roughly midway through the meeting; these papers were held to a higher standard. The PC selected 29 papers (including 7 PC papers) for an acceptance rate of 25.7%. Seven of these papers were conditionally accepted with shepherding provided by a PC member to ensure that the final papers adequately addressed concerns expressed in the reviews. This year, for the first time, we decided to give a Best Paper Award selected by a sub-committee of the PC from papers nominated by the entire PC.
CNO Abundances and Nova Outburst Strengths

Simple theories of hydrogen shell flashes on accreting white dwarfs are used to find the requisite conditions for classical novae. It is shown that enhancement of CNO abundances, relative to the Sun, is necessary for fast novae yet slow novae, such as DQ Her, can still occur with large CNO abundances. An analysis of observational data indicates that the white dwarfs in nova binaries have masses typically 1.1 For some old novae, the accretion rate, deduced from the accretion disk luminosity, is too high to permit a strong enough hydrogen flash to give the observed nova strength. Some possible resolutions to this paradox are suggested.
Huauhtla Nahuatl Texts

Es esta una interesante coleccion de textos en nahuatl, segun se habla esta lengua en las cercanias de Huautla, estado de Hidalgo. La informante que los proporciono, Antonia Osorio, habla de sus primeras experiencias en la escuela y de una serie de momentos particularmente significativas en su vida familiar: los quehaceres de su madre, el nacimiento y la crianza de los ninos, ceremonias para obtener la curacion y preparacion de tamales para las fiestas. Incluye asimismo algunas oraciones que, de algun modo, son recuerdo lejano de los antiguos h uehuetlatolli .
Joule heating associated with auroral electrojets during magnetospheric substorms

[1] The magnetospheric substorm is important not only because it involves many interesting physical processes but also because it plays a key role in the solar wind energy dissipation into the ionosphere. This paper focuses on a quantitative description of the Joule heating production rate generated during substorms by auroral electrojets that are composed of two aspects: convection electrojets and the substorm electrojet. First, the natural orthogonal component (NOC) method is carefully discussed by examining its methodology and by comparing with other mathematical techniques and ionospheric observations. It is concluded that the NOC method is a very helpful and unique method that sheds insight into the electric potential patterns in the high-latitude ionosphere. Then, using the AMIE electric potential and the NOC method, the sawtooth event on 18 April 2002 and an isolated substorm on 15 November 2001 are studied. Electric fields and Joule heating rates corresponding to the convection electrojets and the substorm electrojet, respectively, are obtained. It is found that the Joule heating associated with the substorm electrojet is only one fourth to one third of that associated with the convection electrojets during the sawtooth event. However, the former dominated the total Joule heating during the expansion phase of the isolated substorm, and the two types of the Joule heating are comparable in magnitude in the isolated substorm recovery phase.
Toward a More Rational Environmental Policy

This Essay takes as its starting point the idea that U.S. environmental policy should operate in accordance with five major components of rationality. First, cost-benefit analysis provides a tractable means of weighing the tradeoffs involved in setting environmental policy between environmental goals and other social values. Improving environmental quality is not a cost-free enterprise, and decisionmakers should aim to maximize the net benefits — benefits minus costs — delivered by a policy. Second, cost minimization requires choosing the cheapest way to attain a given environmental objective. Even if policy goals are not chosen to maximize net benefits, a cost-minimizing approach would nonetheless lead to the cheapest way to meet that goal. Third, flexible market-based instruments, such as marketable permit schemes, are one important mechanism for achieving cost minimization, by providing economic incentives to take advantage of the cheapest cost-abatement opportunities. Such schemes also provide desirable incentives for technological innovation and economic growth. Fourth, in order to avoid excessively broad exemptions for existing sources from the pollution standards applicable to new sources, as has been common in the history of U.S. environmental regulation, placing appropriate constraints on grandfathering should be regarded as an important element of a rational environmental policy. This goal has become particularly pressing more than four decades after 1970, when sources, some of which were already obsolete at the time, were initially grandfathered. Fifth, an important feature of our environmental policy concerns the allocation of decision-making authority between the federal government and the states. In this context, the control of interstate externalities provides the most compelling argument for federal regulation. Providing the right incentives on this issue should be regarded as a critically important design element.The Essay shows that this past Term, the Supreme Court of the United States decided two significant cases, both interpreting the Clean Air Act, which together should be seen as producing a significant move toward rationality in environmental policy. And it did so with the full support of six members — Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan — and the partial support of Justice Scalia.
Economics of the Bioconversion of Biomass to Methane and Other Vendable Products

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the sensitive cost factors (both technical and economic) which influence the profitability of anaerobic digestion yielding methane and other vendable products to the economics of energy production operative. A number of possibilities for vendable products and credits from anaerobic digestion have been suggested. Economic studies have been performed on the possibility of compressing the biogas and separating the carbon dioxide for sale , refeed of digester protein from dairy and steer fermentation , direct sale of digester solids as fertilizer , upgrading digester residues with supplemental nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to produce “organic fertilizer , ” and on-site use in marketing of electricity from digester-produced methane. The data were derived from pilot-scale studies that had been verified as applicable to consistent performance of the process over relatively long periods of time. The results has been developed from over 1000 scenarios which have been run using computer outputs generated with the modified program.
An interface‐enriched generalized finite element analysis for electromagnetic problems with non‐conformal discretizations

Summary An interface-enriched generalized finite element method is presented for analyzing electromagnetic problems involving highly inhomogeneous materials. To avoid creating conformal meshes within a complex computational domain and preparing multiple meshes during optimization, enriched vector basis functions are introduced over the finite elements that intersect the material interfaces to capture the normal derivative discontinuity of the tangential field component. These enrichment functions are directly constructed from a linear combination of the vector basis functions of the sub-elements. Several numerical examples are presented to verify the method with analytical solutions and demonstrate its h-refinement convergence rate. The proposed interface-enriched generalized finite element method is shown to achieve the same level of accuracy as the standard finite element method based on conformal meshes. Two examples, involving multiple microvascular channels and circular inclusions of different radii, are analyzed to illustrate the capability of the proposed approach in handling complicated inhomogeneous geometries. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomechanical muscle stimulation and active-assisted cycling improves active range of motion in individuals with Parkinson's disease

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder which often results in joint rigidity, bradykinesia and decreased range of motion (ROM). Segmental biomechanical muscle stimulation (BMS) can increase ROM in healthy young adults. However, acute effects on ROM in PD have not been examined. Objective To examine whether BMS and active-assisted cycling (AAC) of the legs results in acute changes in ROM in PD. Methods Seventeen individuals with PD completed four sessions. Subjects first came to the lab 'on' PD medications and completed baseline assessments. During session 2, subjects were 'off' PD medications and watched a video describing the interventions. In the 3rd and 4th visits, subjects were 'off' medications and the order of AAC or BMS was counterbalanced. Shoulder and hip ROM was measured prior to and immediately after each intervention and hip kinematics were examined during over-ground walking. Results There was a significant improvement in hip and shoulder ROM after BMS and AAC. Hip velocity during over-ground walking improved after BMS but not after AAC. Conclusions Single bouts of BMS and AAC have a positive effect on ROM and hip velocity during over-ground walking. This suggests that BMS and AAC may be altering central motor control processes.
Saturn and His Anses

For Saturn alone stands apart from the pattern of the remaining celestial bodies, and shows so many discrepant phases, that hitherto it has been doubted whether it is a globe connected to two smaller globes or whether it is a spheroid provided with two conspicuous cavities or, if you like, spots, or whether it represents a kind of vessel with handles on both sides, or finally, whether it is some other shape.
Gallium-67 scan: Aid to diagnosis and treatment of renal and perirenal infections

Abnormal uptake of gallium by kidneys was seen in 8 patients with sepsis. When employed judiciously, gallium scanning is valuable for investigation of renal and perirenal inflammatory lesions.
Design of an integrated programming and operating system: part v: the system's cobol compiler

The general considerations underlying the design of the system's COBOL compiler are discussed. A brief outline of the operation and structure of the compiler is included. Finally, attention is focused on certain techniques which are incorporated within the compiler.
The effect of sevoflurane versus desflurane on the incidence of upper respiratory morbidity in patients undergoing general anesthesia with a Laryngeal Mask Airway: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials ☆

Abstract Study Objective To compare the incidence of upper airway morbidity with sevoflurane versus desflurane in patients undergoing general anesthesia with a Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Setting Operating room of an academic medical center. Measurements A systematic review of RCTs of patients receiving general anesthesia with a LMA was performed. Sevoflurane and desflurane were used for maintenance of anesthesia in the RCTs. A wide search was performed to identify RCTs comparing desflurane with sevoflurane on the incidence of upper respiratory adverse events in patients undergoing surgery with a LMA. The primary outcomes were incidence of cough and laryngospasm. A random-effects model was used to perform quantitative analysis. Main Results Data originating from 7 studies comprising 657 subjects were analyzed. The confidence interval (CI) was large relative to a clinically significant difference in the incidence of overall cough and laryngospasm in patients receiving desflurane versus sevoflurane (odds ratio [OR; 95% CI] of 1.44 [0.49 - 4.1] and 3.06 [0.43 - 21.62]), respectively. The incidence of cough at emergence was greater in subjects receiving desflurane compared with sevoflurane (OR [95% CI] of 2.43 [1.2 - 4.7], number needed to harm [NNH] = 9.0); however, the analysis was limited by the presence of an asymmetric funnel plot suggesting the possibility of publication bias. Conclusions There is a lack of evidence that desflurane causes a greater incidence of upper airway adverse events than sevoflurane in patients undergoing general anesthesia with a LMA.
In vitro and in vivo effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutrophils in glycogen storage disease type 1B: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy corrects the neutropenia and the defects in respiratory burst activity and Ca2+ mobilization.

Children with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1b are susceptible to recurrent bacterial infections and have chronic neutropenia accompanied by phagocytic cell dysfunction including decreased superoxide anion (O2-) generation, calcium (Ca2+) mobilization, and chemotactic activity. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a cytokine that corrects neutropenia in other diseases, in vitro enhances f-Met-Leu-Phe-triggered neutrophil O2- generation. Short-term pretreatment (15 min) of GSD 1b neutrophils with G-CSF increased the rate of O2- production (p < 0.01); however, this rate was still significantly below the rate of O2- production in control neutrophils. Recombinant human G-CSF (5 micrograms/kg/d) was administered s.c. to a GSD 1b patient. Before treatment, absolute neutrophil counts were < 500/mm3. Two d after G-CSF administration, the absolute neutrophil counts increased to 1333 and remained in the normal range during a 12-mo follow-up period. In vivo, G-CSF therapy increased f-Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated O2- production to 52% of control after 1 mo, and by mo 4, O2- production reached control levels. Our previous studies (J Clin Invest 56:196-202, 1990) demonstrated that decreased O2- production in neutrophils was associated with impaired Ca2+ mobilization. In vivo administration of G-CSF increased f-Met-Leu-Phe-triggered Ca2+ mobilization by neutrophils to 43% of control by mo 1 of G-CSF therapy and to 93% of control by mo 4, thus paralleling the improvements in O2- generation. In contrast, G-CSF therapy had no effect on the defective neutrophil chemotaxis. In summary, G-CSF therapy produced a rapid increase in circulating neutrophils and a gradual correction of O2- production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of coexisting pain and depression

Abstract A group of moderately to severely depressed individuals with moderate anxiety were studied to determine the frequency and nature of pain complaints and their response to doxepin. It was discovered that 100% of these subjects had chronic pain complaints, most of which paralleled the course of depression. Headache was most commonly noted. Doxepin's analgesic effects were intimately associated with its antidepressant effects. There was a highly significant relationship between improvement of depression and reduction of pain on doxepin (P
AUTOMATED PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTING: INTERPRETATION AND STANDARDIZATION

Several different approaches can be used in automated interpretation of pulmonary function tests. All of these approaches either directly or indirectly benefit from standardization, primarily by facilitating comparison of data between laboratories and studies. For most pulmonary function tests, the most difficult portion to automate and standardize is the measurement technique. Yet, unless the problems of measurement technique are resolved, any interpretation of the pulmonary function test will be less than optimal.
Cytological study of philly mouse cataract

Abstract Lenses of Philly mouse, a new congenital cataract animal model derived from Swiss Webster mice, were studied by light and electron microscopy. The lenses developed normally until the first postnatal week. In the beginning of the second postnatal week an early cataractous change was noted due to the appearance of particles in the bow cortex. By the 10th day, distribution of the particles extended mainly to the anterior subcapsular area of the lens cells. Two weeks after birth, enlargement of persisting bow nuclei became prominent. On about the fourth postnatal week, when posterior lens fibers were swollen, degenerating cells and large intercellular spaces were present in the superficial bow cortex. Between five and seven weeks, epithelial cells at the equator became tall, and the number of their mitotic figures was markedly reduced. The lens cells in the posterior cortex became degenerative causing the widening of the posterior suture. At this stage the lenticular nucleus became markedly opaque. These findings suggest that the lens cells of the Philly mouse maintained normal function only until the 7th postnatal day and that the marked loss of differentiating ability causes subsequent cytological changes in various areas of the lens.
Effect of antigen charge on immune complex interaction with glomerular cells in culture

The effect of antigen charge on immune complex (IC) interaction with glomerular cells was evaluated using cultured rabbit glomerular cells. Rat albumin (Alb) was modified to produce a cationic charge; isoelectric point (pI) 7.4–8.0; anionic charge, pI 4.0–4.2; or left unmodified, pI 6.2–6.4. I125-IC (100 μg Alb in complex) was incubated with cells for 44 hr. Cationic Alb IC (CAT IC) interaction was 7 and 10 times greater than unmodified (UM) and anionic (AN) IC, 7596 ± 613 vs 1016 ± 176 and 746 ± 106 pg I125-Alb/μg cell protein, mean ± SE (P < 0.01). A 10-fold excess of unlabeled CAT Alb decreased CAT IC interaction (6342 + 432 vs 1246 ± 296 pg I125-Alb/μg cell protein, P < 0.01) increased UM IC (981 ± 186 vs 3994 ± 394 pg I125-Alb/μg cell protein, P < 0.01), and had no effect on AN IC. A 10-fold excess unlabeled CAT IC increased interaction of both CAT IC (7067 ± 514 vs 37,416 ± 3026 pg I125-Alb/μg cell protein) and UM IC (994 ± 123 vs 12,922 ± 566 pg I125-Alb/μg cell protein) but not of AN IC. Incubation of cells with CAT, UM, or AN Alb followed by specific antibody demonstrated increased antibody interaction with cells exposed to CAT Alb (15,212 ± 676 vs 3866 ± 406 and 1785 ± 206 pg I125-IgG/μg cell protein for UM and AN Alb, respectively).
A Study of the Maximal Ventilatory Flow Rates in Health and Disease

1 The maximal expiratory and inspiratory flow rates, abbreviated as the MEFR and MIFR is a rapid, practical test and compared to the maximal breathing capacity less demanding on patients who more willingly offer full participation and the required maximal effort. It is only rarely that the test cannot be done because of the patient's clinical condition. 2 The initial 1000-1500 cc. of expired volume is often represented as a steep rectilinear line of maximal flow, and the MEFR 780 and MEFR 1280 are derived from this segment. 3 The MEFR decreases with age, and within the same age group women have lower flow values than men. The same is true of the MIFR which in young normals and elderly men is approximately 55 per cent of the MEFR, but older women have a proportionately higher MIFR/MEFR ratio due to a greater fall in MEFR. 4 The correlation of maximal expiratory flow rate and maximal breathing capacity in all groups is reported, but for reasons outlined in the paper it is not as good as in other studies whose primary purpose was to correlate the two tests. The MEFR should be performed as an independent pulmonary function test and not as an indirect estimate of MBC. 5 The normal range of the MEFR 280-1280 was 477 liter per minute ± 143 liters per minute for men between 20-35 years, and 304 liters per minute ± 123 liters per minute for men older than 45. For women 309 liters per minute ± 88 liters per minute and 180 liters per minute ± 59 liters per minute for the respective age distribution. For abnormals it has shown considerable reduction, but marked restrictive disease measurement at MEFR 280-780 will give normal values. The explanations for this are described.
Topological Organic Chemistry. 12. Whole-Molecule Schultz Topological Indices of Alkanes

A whole-molecule modified Schultz index was devised from the application of linear filtration to the constant interval reciprocal distance matrix. The resultant descriptors of alkanes were unique w...
Sources of fine particles in the South Coast area, California.

Abstract PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) speciation data collected between 2003 and 2005 at two United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Speciation Trends Network monitoring sites in the South Coast area, California were analyzed to identify major PM2.5 sources as a part of the State Implementation Plan development. Eight and nine major PM2.5 sources were identified in LA and Rubidoux, respectively, through PMF2 analyses. Similar to a previous study analyzing earlier data ( Kim and Hopke, 2007a ), secondary particles contributed the most to the PM2.5 concentrations: 53% in LA and 59% in Rubidoux. The next highest contributors were diesel emissions (11%) in LA and Gasoline vehicle emissions (10%) in Rubidoux. Most of the source contributions were lower than those from the earlier study. However, the average source contributions from airborne soil, sea salt, and aged sea salt in LA and biomass smoke in Rubidoux increased. To validate the apportioned sources in this study, PMF2 results were compared with those obtained from EPA PMF ( US EPA, 2005 ). Both models identified the same number of major sources and the resolved source profiles and contributions were similar at the two monitoring sites. The minor differences in the results caused by the differences in the least square algorithm and non-negativity constraints between two models did not affect the source identifications.
Landscapes of Power: Ownership and Identity on the Middle Kavango River, Namibia*

This article examines traditions of origin among riparian communities living in a semi-arid environment as a means of exploring how the environment and socio-political identities are mutually constituted. Within Namibian Kavango communities over the past half century, such traditions have fallen into two general categories: those of the royal clans (accepted by most residents) which state that they were the first to settle this section of the river, and those of other groups who claim that their own clans were the real first-comers but were later subordinated by the immigrant kings. Each group of traditions claims prior origins from similar riparian environments as a means of demonstrating how their group was able to tame the wilderness. Indeed, both the royalist and the indigenous traditions rest on shared assumptions about how ownership is established: through first-comer status and through creating ‘country’, or a place fit for human communities, out of ‘bush’ or wilderness. Autochthon–immigrant relati...
Analysis of bandwidth requirements for ASON/ASTN signaling networks

While designing ASON/ASTN systems, the bandwidth requirements for signalling networks should be made clear in advance. An analysis model based on queueing theory is proposed, and queueing delay is used as the performance metric. A simulation model and an analytical model are presented. These models can be used to guide the design of ASON/ASTN signalling networks. We analyze the bandwidth requirements for ASON/ASTN signalling networks with RSVP-TE protocol. The analysis results show that, the main signalling network bandwidth consuming packets are RSVP-TE soft state refresh packets and establishing/releasing connection packets. The upper bound of bandwidth requirement of soft state refresh can be determined directly. But the establishing/releasing connection process is a stochastic process, and its bandwidth requirement depends mainly on mean arrival rate of the signalling packets at the rush hour, or the number of concurrent requests.
Chondrites - Their metallic minerals, thermal histories, and parent planets.

Chondrite metallic minerals, thermal history and parent planets noting nickel, taenite and kamacite crystal components
On the assessment of the value of the seasonal forecast information

Seasonal climate forecasts are now routinely produced at many operational and research centres. With the availability of the emerging technology of seasonal climate predictions for managing risks, however, it has proven difficult to quantify the value of seasonal climate forecasts in various applications. The definition of the value in the context of the use of the Seasonal Forecast Information (SFI) is the net benefit a user (or society) incurs as a result of change in management practices in response to the availability of the SFI. A review of the difficulties associated with the value assessment of the SFI is presented. The paper includes a broad overview of pathways how the SFI is used by the various users and applications. The discussion then summarizes difficulties associated with isolating the benefits of the use of the SFI leading to the current paradigm where the value assessments from the use of the SFI are hard to quantify. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
WHICH ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL MAGNETIC FIELD CONFIGURATIONS IN NATURE

The dipole field represents a magnetic paradigm. It occurs in a hierarchy of scale, from elementary particles, to ferromagnetic domains, to laboratory magnets, up to the earth itself. Nevertheless, the present magnetic paradigm for plasma physics and astrophysics is not the dipole, but the Beltrami field , k a constant or scalar function. Such fields are regarded as the most stable, and are extensively used in models of cosmic and laboratory plasmas. The problem is that these two classes of supposedly paradigmatic vector fields are incompatible, as it is impossible to transform one into the other via a continuous limiting process. This paper attempts to resolve this basic contradiction by identifying the configurations corresponding to extrema of the field energy. It is found that, contrary to a long-held belief, Beltrami fields correspond to a point on an energy plane (the flat limiting case of a saddle) and not to a minimum. The classes of energy minima derived here include axisymmetric toroidal and axisymmetric poloidal fields. The latter naturally reduce to dipole fields in the limit of a microscopic current, in agreement with the magnetic paradigm. Some of the situations which have traditionally used Beltrami fields as a model can be explained with the minimum-energy fields derived here. The observed instability of axisymmetric magnetoplasmas follows from a separate energy equipartitioning mechanism.
Is diastolic heart failure synonyms with heart failure with present ejection fraction: Reply

One of the first, if not the first, study to use the term “diastolic heart failure” was by Dr. Kessler in 1988 [(1)][1]. His report was truly innovative and showed remarkable insight into a difficult clinical problem. I enthusiastically agree with Dr. Kessler's point of view and I am grateful to
Immune responses and immunoregulation in relation to human schistosomiasis in Egypt. III. Immunity and longitudinal studies of in vitro responsiveness after treatment.

Abstract Immune responsiveness of schistosomiasis patients was assayed longitudinally, before and for two years after chemotherapeutic treatment with praziquantel, by in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) proliferation upon exposure to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), or soluble schistosomal antigenic preparations from eggs (SEA), adult worms (SWAP) or cercariae (CAP). Parallel faecal and urine examinations documented the infection status of the patients during this time. Treatment resulted in substantially increased responsiveness to the schistosome-derived materials but not to PHA or C. albicans extract. The responses to SEA, SWAP and CAP often remained elevated for one to two years after treatment. However, those patients who became reinfected had significantly lower PBMN responses to SEA or CAP at the time of the last blastogenesis assay before the observation that they were again stool-positive for Schistosoma mansoni eggs. No other demonstrable differences (such as age, sex, household location, pre-treatment intensities of infection or occupation) were observed between those who remained uninfected for at least two years (resistant?) and those who became reinfected during this time (susceptible?).
Bacterial translocation in the newborn rabbit: effect of age on frequency of translocation

Sepsis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates, and in a significant number of cases no predisposing factors can be identified. We hypothesize that bacterial translocation (BT) may be the etiology of neonatal sepsis when no source is identified. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen (SPL), and liver (LIV) were harvested from 36 rabbit pups ranging in age from 4 to 24 days and divided into three groups based on their age: group I, 4-6 days; group II, 13-15 days; and group III, 22-24 days. Tissues from each organ were homogenized and placed in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. After 48 h the number of colony-forming units/g tissue was identified. The total percentage of positive growth was significantly higher in group ! for MLN (33%) and LIV (23%) when compared to groups II and III (<4% for both groups). Gram-negative growth (as selected by MacConkey (MC) media) was significantly higher in all tissue speci- mens from group I (MLN = 35%, SPL = 20%, LIV = 25%) compared to groups II and III (0% growth in all MC plates, P <0.01). These data support the hypothesis that sponta- neous BT occurs With significant frequency in the neonate.
Arm-Crank Ergometry: A New Method for the Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract We have developed an electrocardiographic stress test to evaluate coronary heart disease using an arm-crank device (modified bicycle ergometer) in patients unable to perform leg exercise. With an initial work load of 200 kg-m/min at 40 revolutions/min for 3 minutes, followed by 100 kg-m/min increments every 3 minutes to a maximum of 700 kg-m/min at the same speed, a linear relation between the increase in heart rate and work load was observed. Twenty-one patients underwent both conventional treadmill exercise (modified Bruce protocol) and arm-crank exercise on separate days. Peak heart rate was slightly slower with arm-crank exercise (81 ± 4 [standard error] vs. 85 ± 3 percent of maximal predicted heart rate for age, P 0.5) and (22.0 ± 1.2 vs. 22.5 ± 1.2 × 103, P > 0.1). Ten patients with documented coronary artery disease, including 7 with angina pectoris, had an ischemie S-T segment response (0.08 second depression greater than 1 mm) by both methods and 10 patients (7 with previous myocardial infarction and 3 with normal coronary arteriograms) had negative results by both techniques. One patient with normal coronary arteriograms had a negative arm-crank test and a positive treadmill test. In 26 patients unable to perform leg exercise the mean peak heart rate, systolic blood pressure and double product with arm-crank exercise were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those achieved by the ambulatory patients (73.2 ± 1.9 vs. 81.0 ± 4.0 percent, 167 ± 8 vs. 157 ± 7 mm Hg and 22.4 ± 1.2 vs. 22.0 ± 1.4 × 103, respectively). Six of 26 patients unable to perform leg exercise had a positive arm-crank test. Four of these six patients had angina pectoris and three had a previous myocardial infarction. We conclude that arm-crank exercise is comparable to treadmill exercise and is a reliable alternative method for the evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease in patients unable to perform leg exercise.
Modulations of neurofilament axonal transport during the development of rabbit retinal ganglion cells

We have compared the polypeptides undergoing axonal transport in the retinal ganglion cells of neonatal and adult rabbits, and have observed the following: (1) Representative polypeptides of five different adult transport groups are axonally transported from the time of birth. (2) Polypeptides of group IV (a group that includes actin and myosin) are transported two-fold more rapidly in neonates than in adults. (3) Two polypeptides, M (145K) and L (73K) that are components of neurofilaments and move with the fifth, slowest group of transported proteins, are transported approximately eight-fold more rapidly in neonatal rabbits than in adults. (4) H, a third group V polypeptide, that serves to crosslink neurofilaments, was not detected in the rabbit optic nerve until 12 days after birth. We consider the possibility that the late induction of the crosslinker precipitates a cytoskeletal "phase transition" that may be responsible for the developmental alterations in apparent transport velocities, and may have additional consequences for neuronal development.
Recursive filter initialization.

Description of an initialization technique which partially accounts for the interrelation between the true-state vector errors when recursive filtering is applied in space navigation systems. The technique reduces the undesirable transient effects of the first few measurements and inhibits filter divergence when the interval between measurements is inordinately large. The key feature of this technique is the inclusion of the effect of a number of pseudo-measurements of certain orbital parameters into the initial covariance matrix. The pseudo-measurement technique has been shown to be useful when reinitialization of the error covariance matrix is required to prevent filter divergence.
Survey of Compliance with American Heart Association Guidelines for Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis

A total of 359 dentists were surveyed to find out how they determine which patients require antibiotic medication before dental treatment for prevention of bacterial endocarditis; how they treat patients with a history of heart murmur; and what specific antibiotic regimen they use for preoperative medication when it is indicated.
Subjective quality factor revisited: a unification of objective sharpness measures

A number of observer based objective measures of image sharpness have been proposed: Higgins, Granger, Cohen & Carison and Barten. Many of these measures, seemingly different in concept, are highly correlated with the psychovisual perception of sharpness. We re-examine the basis for these sharpness measures, and will show that: The signal power spectra of a number of real scenes exhibit a 1/u2 dependence. The corresponding amplitude spectra can be interpreted as the frequency disiribution of spatial frequency content in average scenes. The relationship of these results to simple models of image structure will be discussed. The log spatial integration used in all the measures is equivalent to performing a linear spatial frequency integration with a weighting function (1/u) given by the frequency of occurrence of information in real scenes. While the forms of the visual MTF are substantially different, the measures belong to a class of generalized log frequency sharpness measures that, for equivalent viewing conditions, provide equivalent objective measures of sharpness. The linear dependence of subjective sharpness with the generalized SQF makes this class of sharpness measures a useful tool for product development in both the photographic and display industries.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Similarity of trait construal and consensus in interpersonal perception

Abstract This study examined the roles of similarity of trait construal and length of acquaintanceship in interpersonal consensus. Pairs of roommates were asked to rate a mutual acquaintance on six ambiguous traits and to describe their behavioral definitions of those traits. They were then asked to rate the acquaintance again, once on the basis of their own definition of the trait and then on the basis of their roommate’s definition of the trait. Consensus was greater when roommates based their judgments on the same, shared trait definitions than when they based their judgments on their own unshared trait definitions. Furthermore, those roommates who reported similar trait construals exhibited significantly higher consensus in their initial unrestricted judgments of the mutual acquaintance than did those whose trait construals were dissimilar. Length of acquaintance appeared unrelated to similarity of trait construal and consensus. Discussion focuses on trait construal, interpersonal agreement, and social judgment.
Phase equilibria in transition metal Al-Ga-N systems and thermal stability of cantacts to AlGaN

As a first step in predicting the phase equilibria in TM-Al-Ga-N systems, where TM denotes a transition metal from the first three transition series, phase equilibria are calculated in the TM-Al-N systems, and the condensed phases in equilibrium with both AlN and N2 gas are discussed with respect to the position of the transition metal in the periodic table, temperature, and nitrogen pressure. Possible phases for use as stable electrical contacts to AlGaN are identified using these predictions, similar previous predictions for the TM-Ga-N systems and experimental findings.
Dynamics of nasopharyngitis in children

PURPOSE: Our goal was to characterize the dynamics and bacterial interaction of the aerobic and anaerobic flora of nasal discharge of children at different stages of uncomplicated nasopharyngitis.METHODS AND PATIENTS: Serial semiquantitative nasopharyngeal (NP) and quantitative nasal discharge (ND) cultures were taken every 3 to 5 days from 20 children in whom purulent discharge eventually developed (group 1), and a single culture was obtained from a group of 20 who had only clear discharge (group 2).RESULTS: Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were isolated from all NP cultures. Bacterial growth was present in 8 (40%) NDs of group 2. Only 7 (35%) of the clear NDs of group 1 showed bacterial growth; the number increased to 14 (70%) at the mucoid stage and 20 (100%) at the purulent stage. It declined to 6 (30%) at the final clear stage. The number of species and total number of organisms increased in the NDs of group 1. Group 1 patients had higher recovery rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influ...
RELATION OF THYROID TO GROWTH I. EFFECTS OF CRYSTALLINE THYROXIN UPON RATE OF GROWTH, FOOD INTAKE AND BODY COMPOSITION OF FEMALE ALBINO MICE1,2

IT HAS BEEN KNOWN for many years that small amounts of thyroid material exert an anabolic effect when administered to hypothyroid animals. The literature is not in agreement, however, upon the effects when thyroid material is given to normal animals. Using body weight as an indication of activity, most investigators have concluded that thyroid material has a ‘catabolic’ effect, i.e., it will cause a sup′pression of growth or an actual loss of body tissue when fed to intact laboratory ani′mals. The literature on this subject is extensive. For reviews see references 1,2 and 3. Nevertheless, there have been a few notable exceptions to this general agree′ment. Moussu (4) and Dott (5) reported that feeding small amounts of thyroid tissue to immature dogs always resulted in acceleration of the growth rate. Dott (5) con′eluded that the early rapid growth was followed by premature closure of the epiphy′sis of the long bones resulting in a small mature stature. Moussu, however, observed that the maximum size attai...
Studies on transfer of amino acids to ribosomes.

Abstract On purification of rabbit-reticulocyte ribosomes, additional requirement for soluble components could be demonstrated for the transfer of amino acids to ribosomes. Soluble RNA from rabbit reticulocytes, rabbit liver and Escherichia coli was used as amino acid donor to rabbit-reticulocyte ribosomes. The nature of soluble proteins synthesized in each instance was investigated.