cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vicarious experience of justice: when unfair treatment of one’s colleague matters

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which perceptions of one’s colleague’s fair treatment by an authority, termed vicarious justice, can affect an individual’s satisfaction with and cooperation toward the authority, after controlling one’s personal justice experience from the same authority figure. Design/methodology/approach – In Study 1,172 employees filled out a survey about personal and vicarious justice experience at work. In Study 2,208 undergraduate students participated in an online scenario experiment that manipulated vicarious justice experience. Findings – Across both studies, results indicated that, controlling for personal justice perceptions, vicarious justice perceptions positively influenced individuals’ satisfaction with the authority; the effect on satisfaction was stronger for individuals who saw themselves as more similar to the colleague. Results of the experiment also suggested that vicarious justice led to higher cooperation intentions, and such effect wa...
Induction Motor Speed Control via Fuzzy Logic Modification of Reference Model

A novel model reference adaptive control scheme using reference model modification through fuzzy logic to control the speed of an induction motor is presented. This scheme is developed to cope with uncertainties and disturbances that the plant under control might undergo where a single reference model can not handle. The main concept of the proposed philosophy is to ensure automatic change of the controller parameters so that they correspond to the current plant environment and provide an appropriate control action to improve the overall control system performance. This is carried out through a fuzzy logic evaluation block whose input signals are the command signal and an auxiliary output at each sampling interval. This information is then used in the fuzzy rules to compute the proper values of the reference model parameters for that instant. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated through computer simulation. The obtained results fully confirm the validity of the proposed scheme.
Race, Grade Level, and Cigarette Smoking: The 1999 National Youth Tobacco Survey

In the United States, the prevalence of cigarette smoking has remained consistently l ower a mong A fricanAmerican adolescents than among their white counterparts (1), and previous studies (2–4) have not been able to explain the race differential. One fruitful area of research is the examination of how the race gap varies by grade level. This information could provide direction for additional research on the topic. Therefore, a cross-sectional analysis of the 1999 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was performed to answer the question, “At which grade level do race differences in adolescent cigarette smoking first become apparent?” The NYTS was designed to provide nationally representative data about tobacco use among students in grades 6–12. The 1999 NYTS was administered in the fall of 1999. More than 15 000 students completed anonymous, self-administered questionnaires in 131 schools across the country. The school response rate was 90%, and the student response rate was 93%, for an overall response rate of 84%. A weighting factor was applied to each student record to adjust for nonresponse and the various probabilities of selection, including
Headline: Your Academy at Work

At the time of this writing, the board of directors of the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) had just convened for our mid-year board meeting. These board meetings are critical to the organization as we strive to fulfill the Academy's mission and vision and work on ways to accomplish our goals. I thought it would be helpful to share with you how the Academy functions as an organization and how you can be part of the process. According to the Academy's bylaws, the board of directors must meet in person at the time of the annual meeting and at an additional mid-year meeting. As a not-for-profit corporation, the governance functions fall under the jurisdiction of the board of directors, which according to the bylaws, “will determine policies, approve the budget, and maintain oversight of all operations in accordance with the purposes and principles and other requirements of the bylaws and in conformity with applicable laws and regulations.” These board of directors' meetings are the forum in which strategic plans and goals …
Delayed radionucleotide gastric emptying studies predict morbidity in diabetics with symptoms of gastroparesis.

Background & Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of gastric emptying studies on the morbidity associated with diabetic gastroparesis. Methods This was a parallel cohort study of 3 groups. Group A (n = 94) contained diabetic patients (type 1 and type 2) with classic symptoms of gastroparesis (including early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, abdominal swelling, nausea, vomiting, and retching) and delay in radionucleotide gastric emptying study. Group B (n = 94) contained diabetic subjects with classic symptoms of gastroparesis but negative scintigraphy. Group C (n = 94) contained diabetic subjects without symptoms of gastroparesis. Data were gathered on the number of days hospitalized and hospitalizations, office visits, emergency department visits, death rate, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, medications, and past medical history. Results Group A had significantly more hospital days per 1000 patient days (25.5) than both group B (5.1; P P .01). Group A also had significantly more hospitalizations, office visits, and emergency department visits than both group B and group C. Deaths and mean glycosylated hemoglobin levels did not differ between the groups. Patients in group A were more likely to have cardiovascular disease (19.2% vs 6.4%, A vs C; P P = .005), and retinopathy (33% vs 11.7%, A vs C; P Conclusions A delayed radionucleotide gastric emptying study predicts negative health outcomes in diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. We identified a correlation between diabetic gastroparesis and cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and retinopathy that may indicate an underlying vascular etiology.
Integrating waste, manufacturing and industrial symbiosis: an analysis of recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas

The continually increasing volume of the waste stream has led to numerous calls for strategies to close the loop on material use through industrial symbiosis strategies which direct used material and products (wastes) back to production processes. By use of a survey of recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas, this paper asks if these firms can operate as a bridge between production and consumption/waste to efficiently increase the flow of used materials and products back to production processes at the local level. The results suggest that while most materials and used products are collected locally, only some can be re(consumed) locally. Moreover, the firms face negative perceptions about their activities from industry and the public at large that likely slow both the rate of entry of new firms into these markets and the expansion possibilities of existing firms. In addition, the types of conventions that characterize the interactions of more successful firms are not well developed i...
Fabrication of polymer via holes by a combination of hot embossing and indentation processes

In this paper, a new fabrication approach of a polymer micro via hole array on a large area substrate is presented by a combination of hot embossing and indentation processes. Polymer via holes were formed by hot embossing, and opened by an indentation process. An aluminum alloy buffer layer, as a receptor of pins on a stainless steel mold due to the low hardness of aluminum, was used to support a polymer sheet. The via hole array was fabricated by a sequential process of hot embossing and indentation. Polymer micro via hole arrays 100 ?m to 1.0 mm in diameter were fabricated on a 10 cm ? 10 cm area successfully. This facile approach is promising for a low-cost mass fabrication of polymer micro via arrays on a large area substrate.
Identification of retinal neurons in a regressive rodent eye (the naked mole-rat)

The retina consists of many parallel circuits designed to maximize the gathering of important information from the environment. Each of these circuits is comprised of a number of different cell types combined in modules that tile the retina. To a subterranean animal, vision is of relatively less importance. Knowledge of how circuits and their elements are altered in response to the subterranean environment is useful both in understanding processes of regressive evolution and in retinal processing itself. We examined common cell types in the retina of the naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber with immunocytochemical markers and retrograde staining of ganglion cells from optic nerve injections. The stains used show that the naked mole-rat eye has retained multiple ganglion cell types, 1–2 types of horizontal cell, rod bipolar and multiple types of cone bipolar cells, and several types of common amacrine cells. However, no labeling was found with antibodies to the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. Although most of the well-characterized mammalian cell types are present in the regressive mole-rat eye, their structural organization is considerably less regular than in more sighted mammals. We found less precision of depth of stratification in the inner plexiform layer and also less precision in their lateral coverage of the retina. The results suggest that image formation is not very important in these animals, but that circuits beyond those required for circadian entrainment remain in place.
Analysis of MTS1/CDK4 in female breast carcinomas

Multiple factors, both environmental and genetic, are thought to play roles in breast carcinogenesis. The recently cloned multiple tumor suppressor gene (MTS1), the product of which interacts with CDK4 to regulate cell growth, has been found to be mutated with high frequency in a variety of cell lines as well as primary tumors of different histologic types. Using PCR-SSCP, we analyzed exons one (126 bp) and two (307 bp) of the MTS1 gene to determine the incidence of mutation in a population of 50 primary breast adenocarcinomas and corresponding normal tissue. Analysis of five breast tumor cell lines was also performed. We found no mutations in the MTS1 gene in the primary breast tumor samples. One cell line was found to have a homozygous deletion of the gene. Our results suggest that the MTS1 gene is not mutated with increased frequency in primary breast tumors, and thus may not play a major role in breast carcinogenesis.
Scalability of the NOCturne Display

Creating displays that can convey the patterns and insights within a tremendously large set of input data that is continuously updated in real time is a difficult undertaking. The need for these displays typically arises from a domain specific problem space but many of the techniques can be generalized. In this paper we outline the methodology used to address the cyber security domain space and discuss the methodologies we used and how they could be applied to big data visualization challenges in other domains.
Self-Determination, Perception of Peer Pressure, and Drinking Among College Students1

Based on self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985b), the present research tested a model that incorporated motivational orientation, extrinsic reasons for drinking, and perceptions of peer pressure as predictors of drinking among college students. In a sample of undergraduates, support was found for a path model in which global motivation predicted extrinsic reasons for drinking, which predicted perceptions of peer pressure, which in turn predicted alcohol consumption. In addition, the relation between peer pressure and drinking was stronger for those who were oriented toward feeling controlled. Support was found for a similar model in a sample of fraternity students. Results support previous research on self-determination and health.
Photo cell monitoring inspection methodology employing a complementary strategy of advanced darkfield and high sensitivity brightfield inspection tools

Lithography process monitoring has always been a challenging step in foundry fabs. Broadband brightfield inspectors are used to meet the sensitivity requirement on low contrast photo-cell monitoring (PCM) process layers. However, the throughput of brightfield inspectors often requires reducing sampling rates and/or reducing wafer inspection coverage. In this paper, we introduce an innovative and highly efficient inspection methodology for 2x/4xnm PCM applications. This new defect inspection scheme utilizes a complementary inspection tool set comprised of an advanced darkfield inspection tool and a high sensitivity brightfield inspection tool. This combination provides effective process monitoring of PCM layers and significantly reduces Cost of Operation (CoO).
Characteristics of Eggs, Embryos, and Chicks from Broiler Breeder Hens Selected for Growth or Meat Yield

SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to determine if genetic selection among 3 commercial broiler crosses had affected egg, embryo, and chick quality characteristics. It was thought that different selection strategies had affected the development of the chick embryo. Eggs were obtained from 3 maternal strains mated to a common sire strain, and all were similar in flock age (ca. 41 wk). Strains A and B were selected for growth rate and live BW, and strain C was selected for high breast-meat yield. Strain B produced larger eggs with proportionately more shell than strains A and C, whereas yolk and albumen did not differ by strain. Following incubation, hatchability and the distribution of dead germs were similar among hen sources. Chick weight was significantly higher for strain B, which was likely a function of egg weight; however, of the sample chicks dissected, BW, yolk sac, liver, and breast weights were similar for each strain. At 1 wk of age, strains A and B were heavier than strain C, whereas the proportions of bone-in breast and mortality were not affected by hen source. Effects attributed to the maternal strains were minimal initially but later evolved during the first week after hatch.
An examination of the contributions of young scientists in new fields

I examine whether or not new scientific specialties present young scientists with better opportunities to make significant discoveries than established specialties by examining a series of significant discoveries in the first 22 years of the field of bacteriology. I found that it was middle aged scientists, not young scientists, who were responsible for a disproportionate number of significant discoveries. I argue that in order to make significant discoveries scientists need to work their way into the center of the social network of a scientific research community. Only then will they have access to the material and social resources necessary to make such discoveries.
Cosmic Signals from the Hidden Sector

Cosmologically long-lived, composite states arise as natural dark matter candidates in theories with a strongly interacting hidden sector at a scale of 10-100 TeV. Light axionlike states, with masses in the 1 MeV-10 GeV range, are also generic, and can decay via Higgs couplings to light standard model particles. Such a scenario is well motivated in the context of very low-energy supersymmetry breaking, where ubiquitous cosmological problems associated with the gravitino are avoided. We investigate the astrophysical and collider signatures of this scenario, assuming that dark matter decays into the axionlike states via dimension six operators, and we present an illustrative model exhibiting these features. We conclude that the recent data from PAMELA, FERMI, and H.E.S.S. points to this setup as a compelling paradigm for dark matter. This has important implications for future diffuse gamma ray measurements and collider searches.
Accounting Valuation Models: A Short Primer

This note discusses basic issues related to residual income valuation (RIV) and abnormal earnings growth (AEG) models but has only scratched the surface of a complex subject. What clearly emerges from this ‘primer’ is the conclusion that AEG is a more complex valuation model than RIV. This complexity concerns both the mechanics and interpretation of AEG compared to RIV. Furthermore, a study by Penman (2005) raises a question about the usefulness of AEG compared to RIV. His comparisons between RIV and AEG are rather remarkable and suggest that RIV gives estimates of value which are more accurate and less variable than estimates based on AEG. Clearly, these results need further study.
StarRunner: A Single -Stage -to -Orbit, Airbreathing, Hypersonic Propulsion System

40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference And Exhibit Fort Lauderdale, FL, July 11-14, 2004.
Neural correlates of attentional bias for smoking cues: modulation by variance in the dopamine transporter gene.

Cigarette-dependent smokers automatically and involuntarily orient attention toward smoking cues (SCs). This attentional bias is clinically significant, as it may contribute to relapse. Thus, identifying neural and genetic correlates of attentional bias is critical for improving interventions. Our previous studies show that the dopamine transporter (DAT) SLC6A3 genotype exerts profound effects on limbic responses to SCs. One potential mechanism underlying these effects is greater attentional bias for SCs. Here, we explored associations between attentional bias for SCs and neural responses to SCs among ‘sated’ smokers genotyped for the SLC6A3 polymorphism. Pseudo-continuous arterial spin-labeled perfusion functional magnetic resonance imaging images were acquired during SC exposure in 35 smokers genotyped for the SLC6A3 variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism (n = 16, 9-repeats; n = 19, 10/10-repeats). Participants completed a visual dot-probe attentional bias task, which contained pictures of smoking and non-smoking pictures, to examine whether genetic variation in DAT influences attentional bias and to investigate relationships between attentional bias and neural responses to SCs. Although attentional bias to smoking pictures was not significantly different between 9-repeats and 10/10-repeats, 9-repeats showed a positive correlation between attentional bias and increased SC-induced brain activity in the amygdala, whereas 10/10-repeats showed an inverse correlation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). In group comparisons, 9-repeats exhibited positive correlations between attentional bias and SCs in the mOFC and amygdala, relative to 10/10-repeats. Findings suggest that genetic variation in the DAT gene influences brain responses associated with attentional bias; thus, providing additional support for a SC-vulnerable endophenotype.
Uncertainty of trial timing enhances acquisition of conditioned eyeblinks in anxiety vulnerable individuals

Recent work has found that behaviorally inhibited (BI) individuals exhibit enhanced eyeblink conditioning in omission and yoked training as well as with schedules of partial reinforcement. We hypothesized that spacing CS-US paired trials over a longer period of time by extending and varying the inter-trial interval (ITI) would facilitate learning. All participants completed the Adult Measure of Behavioural Inhibition (AMBI) and were grouped as behaviorally inhibited (BI) and non-behaviorally inhibited (NI) based on a median split score of 15.5. All participants received 3 US alone trials and 30CS-US paired trials for acquisition training and 20CS alone trials for extinction training in one session. Conditioning stimuli were a 500 ms tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and a 50-ms air puff unconditional stimulus (US). Participants were randomly assigned to receive a short ITI (mean=30+/- 5s), a long ITI (mean=57+/- 5s) or a variable long ITI (mean=57 s, range 25-123 s). No significant ITI effects were observed for acquisition or extinction. Overall, anxiety vulnerable individuals exhibited enhanced conditioned eyeblink responses as compared to non-vulnerable individuals. This enhanced acquisition of CRs was significant in spaced training with a variable long ITI, but not the short or long ITI. There were no significant effects of ITI or BI on extinction. These findings are interpreted based on the idea that uncertainty plays a role in anxiety and can enhance associative learning in anxiety vulnerable individuals.
The Physiology of Blood Trehalose and its Function During Flight in the Blowfly

1. The finding (Evans & Dethier, 1957) that glucose and trehalose are the normal blood sugars of the blowfly Phormia regina has been confirmed. 2. It is estimated that most of the flight energy is derived from the oxidation of trehalose and, to a lesser extent, of other sugars found in the blood. 3. Several lines of evidence indicate that the concentration of blood trehalose normally regulates the rate at which energy is expended by the flight muscles during flight. ‘Exhaustion’ results when trehalose cannot be supplied to the flight muscle at the necessary rate. 4. Fat body is the chief source of blood trehalose; endogenous and exogenous substrates are used for its synthesis. The rate of blood trehalose synthesis can be very rapid, almost compensating for the rate of utilization by the flight muscle during flight. 5. It appears, therefore, that the intensity of flight is determined largely by the interaction of two rate processes: the rate of trehalose utilization (flight muscles) and the rate of trehalose synthesis (fat body). 6. A diagram is presented which accounts for the establishment of glucose and trehalose as the normal blood sugars of this fly and summarizes our findings on the transfer of carbohydrates between various tissues. 7. The blood volume (6-7 µl.) has been estimated from dilution of injected 14C-inulin. This volume is not changed appreciably by flight.
Dynamic Economic Dispatch Game: The Value of Storage

We formulate a dynamic economic dispatch game in which each generator has its own electricity storage device. The operation of storage introduces time-coupling constraints. We focus on how the use of storage may affect the market structure and market outcomes in the locational marginal pricing mechanism. We first show that even when the independent system operation is unaware of the storage, there exists an efficient bid profile that induces the optimal dispatch. We then demonstrate that the use of storage does not increase the room for strategic play, but may improve the equilibrium outcomes. We provide sufficient conditions under which there exist efficient Nash equilibria. Furthermore, we propose the marginal contribution pricing mechanism that guarantees efficient outcomes.
Induction of tumors of the stomach and esophagus in inbred Chinese hamsters by oral diethylnitrosamine.

SummaryInbred Chinese hamsters receiving 40 ppm diethylnitrosamine in their drinking water over a period of 17–26 weeks developed papillary growths of the esophagus and forestomach in all of the an...
The role of nociceptin in responding for palatable rewards

Aims: Opioid peptides are implicated in processes related to reward and aversion; however, the how specific opioid peptides are involved remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the role nociceptin in behavioral responding for palatable and aversive tastants. Methods: A microstructural licking analysis of the effects of intracerebroventricular administerednociceptinon total licks, total bouts of licking, and lengths of licking bouts was conducted. Additionally, we compared these licking behaviors in wildtype and nociceptin receptor (NOP) knockout mice, to identify the role of endogenous nociceptin in these processes. We hypothesize that NOP knockout mice will show lower levels of licking behavior under normal conditions and will be irresponsive to the appetitestimulating effects of nociceptin administration. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA analyses show that NOP knockout mice generally emit fewer licks than wildtype mice when given access to sucrose solution. Furthermore, results from post-hoc analyses show nociceptin administration increases total number of licking bouts in wildtype mice in both chow sated and hungry states, an effect thatwas absent inNOPknockoutmice. Similar effects were seen for the non-caloric sweetener sucralose, but to a lesser degree. Hunger tended to increase total bouts of licking for sucrose in all mice, but also increased mean bout length in NOPknockoutmiceonly. Finally, adulterating sucrose solutionwith the bitter aversive tastant quinine produced similarly suppressive effects in both wildtype and NOP receptor knockout mice. Conclusions: Together, these results support our hypothesis, suggesting that endogenous nociceptin contributes to the positive incentive properties of palatable tastants. Further understanding of the contributions of opioid neurotransmission to hedonic processing may aid in developing appropriate treatment strategies for pathologies characterized by aberrant reward seeking and taking behaviors. Financial support: Grant #: DA024635, DA09359, and DA05010.
Orbital sonography in children

Orbital sonography with color-flow Doppler imaging is a relatively new technology with significant application in the pediatric patient. This review stresses the primary indications for pediatric ophthalmic ultrasound and also discusses those instances where the use of ultrasound supplements other imaging studies.
In vitro assay for the biosynthesis and metabolism of juvenile hormone by exposed corpora allata of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

A technique has been developed to study JH III biosynthesis in vitro by removing the head and thorax of Aedes aegypti (L.) and exposing the corpora allata (CA). Exposed CA were incubated with [12-3H]methyl farnesoate, and the newly synthesized JH III and JH III metabolites were followed using C18 reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and preparative gas chromatography. The rate of synthesis of [12-3H]JH III by exposed CA from newly emerged adult Ae. aegypti was 23 fmol/CA/h. The rate of synthesis of [12-3H]JH III decreased 4-fold 3 d after adult eclosion and increased to 23 fmol/CA/h 5 h after the blood meal. Exposed CA of blood-fed and sugar-fed Ae. aegypti were also incubated with L-[ methyl -3H]methionine, and the rate of synthesis of JH III was studied. The rate of JH III biosynthesis increased immediately after the blood meal as was found with [12-3H]methyl farnesoate. The potential application of methyl farnesoate in monitoring the de novo synthesis of JH III in mosquitoes in vitro and in vivo is discussed.
Giant Magnetoresistance in Annealed Fe/Cr Multilayers

The giant magnetoresistance effect in antiferromagnetically coupled Fe/Cr multilayers has been attributed to spin dependent scattering at the interfaces between the constituents. One possible source of this spin dependent scattering is chromium impurities in the iron layers due to intermixing at the interfaces. Annealing the films can promote the diffusion of the components, increasing the impurity concentration and therefore the magnetoresistance. For this study Fe/Cr multilayers were annealed at several temperatures and for several durations. Annealing at moderate temperatures (~ 350°C) increases the magnetoresistance, while higher temperature anneals (~ 600°C) cause the magnetoresistance to disappear completely. Long anneals at 330°C (>100 hours) also reduce the magnetoresistance. VSM measurements indicate that the antiferromagnetic coupling is reduced in the annealed samples but show no evidence of magnetically “dead” alloy layers. Low angle X-ray diffraction indicates that the structural effect of annealing is very subtle in comparison to the significant magnetic effect.
High-field giant magnetoresistance in Co-Cu superlattices

We present evidence for a new type of giant magnetoresistance in (111) cobalt-copper superlattices with atomically smooth interfaces. We propose that the lowered dimensionality of the structure leads to an enhancement of the scattering of conduction electrons from paramagnetic interfaces obeying a Langevin-like saturation at very high fields, well beyond the switching field of the Co layers. The findings help to explain similarities in magnetotransport behavior with recently reported granular systems as well as differences with antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers.
Photoaffinity labeling of a peptide secretagogue receptor in the exocrine pancreas.

The photoaffinity label 2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 (NAB-CCK-5) mimics cholecystokinin and the more potent secretagogue cerulein in stimulating discharge of exportable proteins from acinar cells of the guinea pig pancreas in vitro. Photolysis of this affinity label in the presence of pancreatic lobules (small clusters of acini) causes irreversible stimulation of protein discharge which is indistinguishable in rate, magnitude, and morphological aspects from that observed with the most potent doses of cerulein. The irreversible agonist activity cannot be removed by extensive washing of the lobules, and is blocked only by metabolic inhibition. Irreversible agonist activity is not observed without photolysis, nor is it observed after photolysis of lobules in the presence of 2-nitro-5-azidobenzoic acid, 2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl-angiotensin II, 2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl-Gly-Gly-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2, or cerulein, or with previously photolyzed NAB-CCK-5. Protection by native peptide secretagogues against irreversible labeling by NAB-CCK-5, however, could not be demonstrated. Although the biologically active sites which we have labeled appear to be those responsible for peptide secret-agogue-mediated release of exportable proteins, the absence of competition by native secretagogues for labeling shows that the mechanism of labeling NAB-CCK-5 is not understood at this time.
Efficacy of the Technological/Engineering Design Approach: Imposed Cognitive Demands within Design-Based Biotechnology Instruction.

Though not empirically established as an efficacious pedagogy for promoting higher order thinking skills, technological/engineering design-based learning in K–12 STEM education is increasingly embraced as a core instructional method for integrative STEM learning that promotes the development of student critical thinking skills (Honey, Pearson, & Schweingruber, 2014; Kolodner, 2002; NGSS Lead States, 2013). To demonstrate the efficacy of these practices for promoting student use of higher order thinking skills (schematic and strategic knowledge), a group of mixeddiscipline (STEM) students enrolled in a 16-week Biotechnology by Design™ graduate course were immersed in a series of biotechnology design challenges developed to intentionally teach select content and practices of technology and engineering design concurrent with those of science and mathematics. A preexperimental, one-group pretest–posttest design was used to assess student responses to the continuum of cognitive demands imposed by the biotechnology design challenges. Overall findings indicate strong connections between student gains in biotechnology content knowledge and practices and supports the conclusion that technological/engineering design-based learning strategies improve a student’s capacity for responding to all four levels of imposed cognitive demand (declarative, procedural, schematic, strategic), lead to deeper learning of both content and practices, and promote student development of schematic and strategic (higher order) thinking skills.
Adenosine A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of surfactant secretion in rat type II pneumocytes

Phosphatidylcholine secretion in type II pneumocytes has been reported to be stimulated by P1 and P2 purinoceptor agonists. P1 receptors are divided into A1 and A2 subtypes with opposite effects on...
Does transurethral resection of the prostate promote metastatic disease

Previously published data have suggested that transurethral resection of the prostate might promote the subsequent appearance of metastatic disease. To confirm or deny these observations 145 patients underwent radical prostatectomy, after having had the disease diagnosed either by transurethral resection of the prostate or transrectal needle biopsy. Of the 145 patients 6 were excluded from analysis since they had had transurethral resection of the prostate and transrectal needle biopsy. In 33 patients the disease was diagnosed by transurethral resection of the prostate only and in 106 it was diagnosed by transrectal needle biopsy only. The relative distribution of Gleason grade and the positive versus negative margins among the 2 populations were similar. Using time to first evidence of distant disease as the endpoint of the study no difference in failure rates could be detected between the 2 populations. It is concluded that transurethral resection of the prostate does not enhance the appearance of metastatic disease.
Observation of structural inhomogeneity at degraded Fe-doped SrTiO3 interfaces

We report on the detection of structural inhomogeneity across anode and cathode interfaces in electrically degraded reduced and oxidized Fe-doped SrTiO3 (Fe:STO) single crystals by optical second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy. SHG spectra were collected from several regions across the anode and cathode interfaces in both degraded reduced and oxidized Fe:STO crystals. We identify the formation of defect concentration gradients along both degraded reduced and oxidized anode interfaces. While the broken symmetries decrease from the outer region towards the central region of the reduced anode, the opposite trend is seen in the degraded oxidized anode. These results are attributed to the formation of centrosymmetric Fe4+:Ti4+-O6 octahedral structures in the central region of the reduced sample's degraded anode and non-centrosymmetric Jahn-Teller distortions in the central region of the oxidized sample's degraded anode. The observed changes in SHG intensity from the outer region towards the central reg...
Video Based Scientific Visualization

We describe techniques for producing video imagery for scientific visualization. These techniques involve variations of graphics algorithms, distributed computing, and a versatile, low cost, video movie making system. Although video can be used for single frame displays, its obvious advantage is for animated movies. Video movies are made by single frame animation from the output of modeling processes like time dependent, numerical simulations. Visualization algorithms are used to convert abstract data into a geometric form for graphical display. The system uses a distributed architecture and extensive data compression to permit the use of wide area, as well as local area networks connecting the systems generating the data, the graphics, and doing the video recording.
Labor Force Trends and Future Social Security Benefits

Trends in employment and earnings patterns in the population, particularly the increase in the number of two-earner couples, create a hurdle for the long-term modeling of Social Security, because benefits are intricately related to employment and earnings. The spouse and widow benefits of women who are eligible for their own retired worker benefits are particularly problematic because of the dual entitlement reduction under which a woman's spouse or widow benefit is reduced, dollar for dollar, by any increase in the woman's retired worker benefit. This paper examines a technique that allows long-term macromodeling of the economy to incorporate these intricate effects. The technique makes use of a microsimulation model of individual workers, with the microsimulation model specified in such a way that the earnings and employment of its individuals can be constrained to meet specified calendar-year projections for aggregate employment and earnings. The technique is used to carry out a 75-year analysis, examining the sensitivity of Social Security taxes and benefits to changes in women's employment and earnings under three scenarios: an increase in women's employment holding average earnings constant, an increase in women's earnings holding employment constant, and a simultaneous increase in both employment and average earnings. As expected, the dual entitlement reduction limits the increase in benefits for many of the women. Over the 75-year period the increase in payroll taxes from women's higher earnings will more than offset the increase in benefits from their earnings. The simulations indicate, however, that there is an additional effect from higher women's earnings through the national average wage indexing series, which is used to set the overall level of benefits. By raising the national wage index, higher women's earnings can increase the overall level of benefits, thereby offsetting some or all of the increase in payroll taxes.
Pre-fusion F is absent on the surface of formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus

The lack of a licensed vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can be partly attributed to regulatory hurdles resulting from vaccine enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) subsequent to natural RSV infection that was observed in clinical trials of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) in antigen-naive infants. To develop an effective vaccine that does not enhance RSV illness, it is important to understand how formalin and heat inactivation affected the antigenicity and immunogenicity of FI-RSV compared to native virus. Informed by atomic structures of RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein in prefusion (pre-F) and postfusion (post-F) conformations, we demonstrate that FI-RSV predominately presents post-F on the virion surface, whereas infectious RSV presents both pre-F and post-F conformations. This significant antigenic distinction has not been previously appreciated. Thus, a stabilized pre-F antigen is more representative of live RSV than F in its post-F conformation, as displayed on the surface of FI-RSV. This finding has major implications for discriminating current pre-F-based immunogens from FI-RSV used in historical vaccine trials.
LBVs, hypergiants and impostors — the evidence for high mass loss events

Mass loss from massive stars is common. It plays an important role in the evolution of stars above about 20 Mʘ. In the massive hot stars the winds and mass loss are driven by radiation pressure on the lines. The mass loss mechanism in post-main sequence red supergiants is still debated but pulsation and convection play a role. In this short talk, I am emphasizing the evidence for high mass loss episodes in evolved massive stars with specific examples such as VY CMa, IRC +10420 and the giant eruptions of LBVs, the possible origin of these episodes, and their importance in the final stages of massive star evolution. By analogy with the less massive AGB stars, I suggest that VY CMa is a candidate for a second red supergiant stage.
Abstract PR03: Extended inhibition of CDK4/6 inhibits mTORC1 signaling and induces therapeutic senescence in vemurafenib resistant melanoma

Dysregulation of the p16-cyclin D1-CDK4/6-Rb pathway occurs frequently in melanoma; however, the therapeutic efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibition remains to be critically evaluated. We demonstrate that CDK4/6 inhibition inhibits melanoma progression through induction of senescence. Palbociclib, a specific CDK4/6 inhibitor, rapidly induces cell cycle within 24h and continued exposure for 8-days or longer induces senescence. The induction of senescence correlates with inhibition of mTOR and more specifically mTORC1 signaling. Vemurafenib, a specific BRAFV600E inhibitor, has significant clinical efficacy in BRAFV600E positive melanomas but its impact is hampered by a rapid acquisition of resistance. Strikingly, we found that vemurafenib-resistant tumors remain sensitive to palbociclib suggesting that initial treatment with vemurafenib followed by palbociclib with or without mTOR inhibitors might provide an avenue to overcome recurrence of vemurafenib resistant, metastatic disease. Taken together these results support palbociclib as a promising therapeutic for treatment of melanoma. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A14. Citation Format: Akihiro Yoshida, J. Alan Diehl. Extended inhibition of CDK4/6 inhibits mTORC1 signaling and induces therapeutic senescence in vemurafenib resistant melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr PR03.
Ab Initio Simulations of Phase Stability and Martensitic Transitions in NiTi

For NiTi based alloys, the shape memory effect is governed by a transition from a low-temperature martensite phase to a high-temperature austenite phase. Despite considerable experimental and computational work, basic questions regarding the stability of the phases and the martensitic phase transition remain unclear even for the simple case of binary, equiatomic NiTi. We perform ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to describe the temperature-dependent behavior of NiTi and resolve several of these outstanding issues. Structural correlation functions and finite temperature phonon spectra are evaluated to determine phase stability. We show that finite temperature, entropic effects stabilize the experimentally observed martensite (B19') and austenite (B2) phases while destabilizing the theoretically predicted (B33) phase. Free energy computations based on ab initio thermodynamic integration confirm these results and permit estimates of the transition temperature between the phases. In addition to the martensitic phase transition, we predict a new transition between the B33 and B19' phases. The role of defects in suppressing phase transformation temperatures is discussed.
Hybrid centralized/distributed autonomous intersection control: Using a job scheduler as a planner and inheriting its efficiency guarantees

We propose a hybrid centralized/distributed architecture to coordinate autonomous vehicles at intersections. The centralized job scheduler assigns and updates a service time for every vehicle - the time at which the vehicle should go through the intersection at maximum speed. Then, a distributed controller ensures service time is achieved while avoiding collisions. Efficiency bounds for the coordination system are inherited from efficiency guarantees of the job scheduling policy. It is remarkable that provably safe and efficient coordination can be performed without explicitly planning precise trajectories.
Object Theory and Modal Meinongianism

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we compare two theories, modal Meinongianism (MM) and object theory (OT), with respect to several issues that have been discussed recently in the literature. In particular, we raise some objections for MM, undermine some of the objections that its defenders raise for OT, and we point out some virtues of the latter with respect to the former.
Experiences of adolescent mothers in Costa Rica and the role of parental support.

ABSTRACTAdolescent pregnancy is often thought of as a social problem, one that can cause the adolescent mother hardship, including poverty, low-educational attainment, and housing instability. Although much research has been conducted about adolescent pregnancy in the developed world, less has considered adolescent pregnancy in the developing world. This qualitative study focuses on women who were impoverished in Costa Rica who had been pregnant in adolescence. The goal of the study was to gain a better understanding of the lived experiences of the mothers, as well as the kinds of support they received during and after the pregnancy. The research sample consisted of 22 female participants who were impoverished and had experienced an unintended pregnancy in adolescence. The key finding from this study was that parental support was the most important factor in mitigating adolescent experiences of stress and negative feelings about their choices related to the pregnancy. The study has implications for the un...
Optic Nervev Neuropathy and repair in Gloucoma

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of impaired vision and blindness worldwide. It is a disease involving progressive optic nerve pathology and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function loss. 1 Optic neuropathy and RGC death are the hallmarks of glaucoma, which are often associated with structural changes in the optic nerve head. 2,3 Effective therapeutic strategies to treat neuronal damage and restore vision in glaucoma rely heavily on the knowledge and understanding of the cellular and molecular responses in RGCs and the optic nerve.
Prediction of steady-state freeze front position during 3D printing of microstructures

Abstract Additive manufacturing with alloys at micro and meso-scales is an emerging technology with applications in printed, flexible or conformable electronics, solar energy and biomedical science. Among various additive manufacturing techniques, the recently introduced 3D-freeze-printing technique has the potential to revolutionize printed circuits, sensors and conformal wearable electronics. In 3D-freeze-printing, low melting point alloys are dispensed through a micro-scale nozzle on a cooled substrate and frozen simultaneously to create three-dimensional structures. The quality of the 3D printed structures relies on a continuous liquid-to-solid phase change of the printed filamentary structures through the propagation of a freeze-front. Thus to achieve stable printing of complex 3D structures, the study of freeze-front position is critical. In this paper, we present a thermal model to predict the steady-state freeze-front position during the freeze-printing process. Thermal modeling can aid in predicting parameter dependent process response and help achieve robust 3D printing with high accuracy and high throughput. Owing to the disparate length scale and nature of materials, quasi 1D energy equations are developed to model the printed structures and dispensing nozzle, while 2D energy equations are used to model the heat transfer from the liquid alloy reservoir. A finite volume method with a modified variable time-step approach is used for the discretization of governing differential equations to find the freeze front. The validity of this model was experimentally tested for three cases: vertical printed structures with and without a connected nozzle and a horizontally printed structure with a connected nozzle. It was shown that the model predicted the freeze-front position with high accuracy for various substrate temperatures and process conditions.
Graphs and Networks

The Wolfram Language has extensive capabilities to visualize and also characterize graphs and networks. The fields of systems biology have long tackled problems involving networks, particularly in the context of biochemical reactions, and more recently regulatory networks and gene/protein interaction networks are being used to analyze large datasets (see for example Junker and Schreiber, Analysis of biological networks, Wiley, New York, 2011, [8]).
Hosting the comfortably exotic: Cosmopolitan aspirations in the sharing economy

This article draws on interviews with 43 Airbnb hosts in Greater Boston to analyze how this novel economic arrangement brings people together across difference. The first central finding is that a ...