cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter e43 – Network Forensics

Today's cyber-criminal investigator faces a formidable challenge: tracing network-based cyber criminals. The possibility of becoming a victim of cyber-crime is the number-one fear of billions of people. This concern is well founded. The findings in the annual Computer Security Institute/Federal Bureau of Investigation Computer Crime and Security Surveys confirm that cyber-crime is real and continues to be a significant threat. Trace-back and attribution are performed during or after cyber violations and attacks to identify where an attack originated, how it propagated, and what computer(s) and person(s) are responsible and should be held accountable. The goal of network forensics capabilities is to determine the path from a victimized network or system through any intermediate systems and communication pathways, back to the point of attack origination or the person who is accountable. In some cases, the computers launching an attack may themselves be compromised hosts or be controlled remotely. Attribution is the process of determining the identity of the source of a cyber-attack. Types of attribution can include both digital identity [computer, user account, Internet Protocol (IP) address, or enabling software] and physical identity (the actual person using the computer from which an attack originated). Cyber-crime has become a painful side effect of the innovations of computer and Internet technologies. With the growth of the Internet, cyber-attacks and crimes are happening every day and everywhere. It is very important to build the capability to trace and attribute attacks to the real cyber criminals and terrorists, especially in this large-scale human-built networked environment. In this chapter, we discuss the current network forensic techniques in cyber-attack trace-back. We focus on the current schemes in IP spoofing trace-back and stepping-stone attack attribution. Furthermore, we introduce the trace-back issues in Voice over Internet Protocol, botmaster, and online fraudsters.
Sex-specific median life expectancies from ex situ populations for 330 animal species.

We present life expectancy estimates for hundreds of vertebrate species based on carefully vetted studbook data from North American zoos and aquariums. These data include sex-specific median life expectancies as well as sample size and 95% confidence limits for each estimate. Existing longevity data for animals primarily consist of maximum lifespan values, which are single observations rather than statistically derived estimates of longevity. Moreover, all of our estimates are based on the same type of data and calculated using consistent, standardized methods. To derive these estimates, we conducted Kaplan-Meier survival analyses using individual-level demographic data (i.e., records of birth and mortality events) from studbook records for each ex situ population. Our species set represents a range of vertebrate taxa (primarily mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles) and diverse life histories. This dataset will have broad utility, not only for informing comparative demographic and life history studies, but also more broadly for any research or conservation application that requires sex- or species-specific life expectancy information. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
Tongue Kinematics. Cortex-dependent corrections as the mouse tongue reaches for, and misses, targets

Abstract Precise control of the tongue is necessary for drinking, eating, and vocalizing. Yet because tongue movements are fast and difficult to resolve, neural control of lingual kinematics remains poorly understood. We combine kilohertz frame-rate imaging and a deep-learning based artificial neural network to resolve 3D tongue kinematics in mice performing a cued lick task. Cue-evoked licks exhibit previously unobserved fine-scale movements which, like a hand searching for an unseen object, were produced after misses and were directionally biased towards remembered locations. Photoinhibition of anterolateral motor cortex (ALM) abolished these fine-scale adjustments, resulting in well-aimed but hypometric licks that missed the spout. Our results show that cortical activity is required for online corrections during licking and reveal novel, limb-like dynamics of the mouse tongue as it reaches for, and misses, targets.
Addressing Diabetes in Primary Care: Hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation Study of Lifestyle Redesign ® Occupational Therapy.

Importance: Primary health care is rapidly developing as an occupational therapy practice area. Yet, to date, little evidence supports occupational therapy’s feasibility and efficacy in primary care settings. Objective: To report on the implementation and preliminary clinical outcomes of a Lifestyle Redesign® (LR)–occupational therapy (LR–OT) diabetes management intervention in a primary care clinic. Design: Patients were randomized to be offered LR–OT or to a no-contact comparison group (data not reported). We assessed implementation outcomes using mixed methods. Setting: Safety-net primary care clinic. Participants: Clinic providers and staff; English- or Spanish-speaking clinic patients ages 18–75 yr with diabetes and a current hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 9.0%. Intervention: Eight 1-hr individual sessions of LR–OT focused on diabetes management. Outcomes and Measures: Clinical and health behavior outcomes were assessed via electronic medical record (EMR) review and self-report surveys of patients receiving LR–OT at initial evaluation and discharge. We assessed implementation outcomes (acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, efficiency, and timeliness) using patient and staff surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observations. Results: Seventy-three patients were offered LR–OT: 51 completed one or more sessions, and 38 completed the program. Clinical outcomes among program completers indicate beneficial changes in HbA1c, diabetes self-care, and health status. Implementation challenges included a need for patient and staff education, securing adequate workspace, and establishing a referral process. Factors contributing to implementation success included strong buy-in from clinic leadership, colocation, and shared EMR documentation. Conclusions and Relevance: LR–OT is a feasible approach to enhancing service delivery and clinical outcomes in primary care. What This Article Adds: This study provides insight into factors that may create challenges or contribute to the success of implementing occupational therapy services within primary health care settings. In addition, this study provides preliminary evidence of occupational therapy’s effectiveness in improving clinical outcomes among ethnically diverse, low-income patients with diabetes in a safety-net primary care setting.
Interdiffusion, Solubility Limit, and Role of Entropy in FCC Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni Alloys

High entropy and sluggish diffusion “core” effects were investigated in an FCC Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni alloy by examining the nonequiatomic compositions generated by the concentration profiles within the solid-to-solid diffusion couple, Al48Ni52vs Co25Cr25Fe25Ni25, annealed at 900 °C, 1000 °C, 1100 °C, and 1200 °C. The average effective interdiffusion coefficients of individual components and the maximum solubility limit of Al in nonequiatomic Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni alloys were determined as a function of temperature. The magnitudes of the average effective interdiffusion coefficients in Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni alloys were compared to the interdiffusion coefficients in relevant ternary and quaternary alloys. The solubility limit of Al in nonequiatomic AlpCoqCrrFesNit alloys was compared to that of Al in equiatomic AlxCoCrFeNi determined from the equilibrium pseudo-binary phase diagram. A reduction in the magnitude of interdiffusion coefficients was not observed for individual components in Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni alloys. The maximum solubility of Al in nonequiatomic AlpCoqCrrFesNit alloys was observed to be higher than that in equiatomic AlxCoCrFeNi alloys at a temperature of 1100 °C or above. Correspondingly, the free energy of mixing for nonequiatomic AlpCoqCrrFesNit alloys was determined to be lower than that of equiatomic AlxCoCrFeNi alloys at a temperature of 1100 °C or above. At a temperature of 1100 °C or above, the role of enthalpy of mixing was estimated to be significant in achieving higher thermodynamic stability of the nonequiatomic AlpCoqCrrFesNit alloy than in the equiatomic AlxCoCrFeNi alloy for the compositions corresponding to the highest solubility limit for Al. The compositions of nonequiatomic AlpCoqCrrFesNit alloys were observed to follow the existing empirical rules for the formation of single phase in high entropy alloys (HEAs).
Early Identification of Patients with Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding using Electronic Health Record Phenotyping

Background and Aim Guidelines recommend risk stratification scores in patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), but such scores are uncommonly employed in practice. Automation and deployment of risk stratification scores in real time within electronic health records (EHRs) would overcome a major impediment. This requires an automated mechanism to accurately identify (“phenotype”) patients with GIB at the time of presentation. The goal is to identify patients with acute GIB by developing and evaluating EHR-based phenotyping algorithms for emergency department (ED) patients. Methods We specified criteria using structured data elements to create rules for identifying patients, and also developed a natural-language-processing (NLP)-based algorithm for automated phenotyping of patients, tested them with tenfold cross-validation (n=7144) and external validation (n=2988), and compared them with the standard method for encoding patient conditions in the EHR, Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED). The gold standard for GIB diagnosis was independent dual manual review of medical records. The primary outcome was positive predictive value (PPV). Results A decision rule using GIB-specific terms from ED triage and from ED review-of-systems assessment performed better than SNOMED on internal validation (PPV=91% [90%-93%] vs. 74% [71%-76%], P Conclusions An automated decision rule employing GIB-specific triage and review-of-systems terms can be used to trigger EHR-based deployment of risk stratification models to guide clinical decision-making in real time for patients with acute GIB presenting to the ED.
Cortical priming strategies for gait training after stroke: a controlled, stratified trial

Stroke survivors experience chronic gait impairments, so rehabilitation has focused on restoring ambulatory capacity. High-intensity speed-based treadmill training (HISTT) is one form of walking rehabilitation that can improve walking, but its effectiveness has not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, cortical priming with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and movement may enhance HISTT-induced improvements in walking, but there have been no systematic investigations. The objective of this study was to determine if motor priming can augment the effects of HISTT on walking in chronic stroke survivors. Eighty-one chronic stroke survivors participated in a controlled trial with stratification into four groups: 1) control–15 min of rest (n = 20), 2) tDCS–15 min of stimulation-based priming with transcranial direct current stimulation (n = 21), 3) ankle motor tracking (AMT)–15 min of movement-based priming with targeted movements of the ankle and sham tDCS (n = 20), and 4) tDCS+AMT–15 min of concurrent tDCS and AMT (n = 20). Participants performed 12 sessions of HISTT (40 min/day, 3 days/week, 4 weeks). Primary outcome measure was walking speed. Secondary outcome measures included corticomotor excitability (CME). Outcomes were measured at pre, post, and 3-month follow-up assessments. HISTT improved walking speed for all groups, which was partially maintained 3 months after training. No significant difference in walking speed was seen between groups. The tDCS+AMT group demonstrated greater changes in CME than other groups. Individuals who demonstrated up-regulation of CME after tDCS increased walking speed more than down-regulators. Our results support the effectiveness of HISTT to improve walking; however, motor priming did not lead to additional improvements. Upregulation of CME in the tDCS+AMT group supports a potential role for priming in enhancing neural plasticity. Greater changes in walking were seen in tDCS up-regulators, suggesting that responsiveness to tDCS might play an important role in determining the capacity to respond to priming and HISTT. ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03492229. Registered 10 April 2018 – retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03492229 .
Practicing tiered and heterogeneous grouping tasks in differentiated EFL classrooms at a military institution in Taiwan

This study implemented differentiated instruction (DI) featuring tiered tasks and heterogeneous grouping tasks in three mixed-level English classes at a military institution in Taiwan, a setting th...
Work of 'Recognized Stature' under VARA: Recognized by Whom?

In the United States, the Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) provides artists moral rights (droit moral) for certain types of visual art. To receive protection from destruction under VARA, a work has to be one “of recognized stature.” Exactly who gets to recognize the work implicates social justice matters, within the arts and the broader society. This book chapter explores the intersection of artists moral rights and social justice, through VARA’s recognized stature requirement.[enter Abstract Body]
Spatial-Temporal Graph Data Mining for IoT-enabled Air Mobility Prediction

Big data analytics and mining have the potential to enable real-time decision-making and control in a range of Internet of Things (IoT) application domains, such as the Internet of Vehicles, the Internet of Wings and the Airport of Things. The prediction toward air mobility, which is essential to the studies of air traffic management, has been a challenging task due to the complex spatial and temporal dependencies in air traffic data with highly nonlinear and variational patterns. Existing works for air traffic prediction only focus on either modeling static traffic patterns of individual flight or temporal correlation, with no or limited addressing of the spatial impact, namely the propagation of traffic perturbation among airports. In this paper, we propose to leverage the concept of graph and model the airports as nodes with time-series features and conduct data mining on graph-structured data. To be specific, firstly, Airline On-Time Performance (AOTP) Data is preprocessed to generate a temporal graph dataset, which includes three features: the number, average delay, and average taxiing time of departure and arrival flights. Then a spatial-temporal graph neural networks model is implemented to forecast the mobility level at each airport over time, where a combination of graph convolution and time-dimensional convolution is used to capture the spatial and temporal correlation simultaneously. Experiments on the dataset demonstrate the advantage of the model on spatial-temporal air mobility prediction, together with the impact of different priors on adjacency matrices and the effectiveness of temporal attention mechanism. Finally, we analyze the prediction performance and discuss the capability of our model. The prediction framework proposed in this work has the potential to be generalized to other spatial-temporal tasks in IoT.
Traceability of tomatoes (Solanun lycopersicum) based on their enzymatic profile

Abstract This study aimed at evaluating the effect of organic and conventional farming systems on enzymatic profiles of tomatoes so as to find a biomarker for their safe traceability and certification. Three tomato varieties (Khaki, Italian and Cherry), officially certificated and sold in fruit shops, were collected in different seasons. The fruits of each variety were standardized in analytical samples in relation to their ripeness indicators (color, sugar/acidity rate). Assays used for determining enzymatic activities were previously standardized to invertases (INV), polygalacturonases (PG), peroxidases (PO), polyphenoloxidases (PPO), catalases (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Enzymatic activities were correlated with the farming systems by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Enzymatic activities of PO, PPO, CAT and PAL proved to be useful for tomato certification and traceability, since their correlation was above 0.9. The statistical analysis confirmed that PO and CAT activities were the most promising to find a model of response to the farming system. Enzymatic profiles of both Italian and Cherry varieties were the most affected by the farming system.
Breaking It Down: Disaggregated Personal Finance Test Scores of Teachers and Students:

The financial and public health crises that have impacted the global economy in the past two decades have heightened awareness of the importance of financial literacy for consumers, businesses, and...
Seismic Signal Processing of Ultrasound Imaging Data

Medical ultrasound images often contain spurious signals that interfere with the diagnostically relevant information. The severity of the imaging problems may vary widely and range from overall haze or clutter in the image to unwanted bright reflectors. Even though the physical causes of these artifacts may not be known, the overall problem can be posed as enhancing signal-to-noise. The challenge is that the unwanted signals, some of which may be external to the imaging plane, are spatially variant as well as being time dependent.
Columnar Organization of the Motor Cortex: Direction of Movement

The discovery by Vernon B. Mountcastle of the columnar organization of the cerebral cortex (Mountcastle VB, J Neurophysiol 20:408–434, 1957, Brain 120:701–722, 1997) was the single most important discovery of the twentieth century in cortical physiology. Not only did it serve as the framework for the orderly arrangement of knowledge concerning cortical organization and function (Edelman and Mountcastle, The mindful brain. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1978) but also as a framework for exploring and investigating new ideas and for revisiting old ones about the organization of particular cortical areas. Here I review the history of facts and ideas about the organization of the motor cortex and discuss the evidence that the direction of movement is the principle governing motor cortical columnar organization.
Litigation with the federal government : cases and materials

This book takes a comprehensive look at the federal government as a civil litigant and related laws. You'll find in-depth substantive discussion supported by expert analysis and commentary, case citations, statutes, and court rules. Reap the benefits of the author's experience, opinions, and insight. Representative topics include suits against federal officers, the United States as plaintiff, the federal government as civil litigant, and the doctrine of federal sovereign immunity.
Chapter 16 Role of chemical reaction engineering in sustainable process development

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of chemical reaction engineering in sustainable process development. It is reviewed how some micro-level concepts such as atom efficiency and optimum catalyst development affect reactor choice and pollutants generated. At the meso-level, optimizing the catalyst properties and choosing the right media significantly reduces the adverse environmental impact of chemical processes. Clearly, proper understanding and application of the principles of multiphase reaction engineering are very important for proper execution of truly environmentally benign processes since almost all processes involve more than one phase. At the macro-level, it is crucial to estimate the hydrodynamic effects on reactor performance as this will lead to the selection of the right reactor. Furthermore, novel approaches to reactor design using process intensification concepts can be implemented to improve efficiency and minimize pollution. In addition, environmental impact analysis of the developed process has to be evaluated to see if green chemistry conditions are met and to assess the overall global impact of these changes.
A bright future for Chlamydomonas

A report on the 12th International Conference on the Cell and Molecular Biology of Chlamydomonas, Portland, USA, 9-14 May 2006.
Color-based surface reflectance separation for scene illumination estimation and rendering

Given the importance of color processing in computer vision and computer graphics, estimating and rendering illumination spectral reflectance of image scenes is important to advance the capability of a large class of applications such as scene reconstruction, rendering, surface segmentation, object recognition, and reflectance estimation. Consequently, this dissertation proposes effective methods for reflection components separation and rendering in single scene images. Based on the dichromatic reflectance model, a novel decomposition technique, named the Mean-Shift Decomposition (MSD) method, is introduced to separate the specular from diffuse reflectance components. This technique provides a direct access to surface shape information through diffuse shading pixel isolation. More importantly, this process does not require any local color segmentation process, which differs from the traditional methods that operate by aggregating color information along each image plane. Exploiting the merits of the MSD method, a scene illumination rendering technique is designed to estimate the relative contributing specular reflectance attributes of a scene image. The image feature subset targeted provides a direct access to the surface illumination information, while a newly introduced efficient rendering method reshapes the dynamic range distribution of the specular reflectance components over each image color channel. This image enhancement technique renders the scene illumination reflection effectively without altering the scene’s surface diffuse attributes contributing to realistic rendering effects. As an ancillary contribution, an effective color constancy algorithm based on the dichromatic reflectance model was also developed. This algorithm selects image highlights in order to extract the prominent surface reflectance that reproduces the exact illumination chromaticity. This evaluation is presented using a novel voting scheme technique based on histogram analysis. In each of the three main contributions, empirical evaluations were performed on synthetic and real-world image scenes taken from three different color image datasets. The experimental results show over 90% accuracy in illumination estimation contributing to near real world illumination rendering effects.
On Systems of Standards

Rigorous formulations closely following current practice, are proposed for the absolute and the relative estimation of certain target quantities. A system of standards is defined as a set of estimates that has certain properties. This is followed by a discussion of the meaning of “reducing estimates to a specified system” and certain procedures are suggested for making this process less ambiguous. It is finally shown that relative estimates can be employed for replacing a system which is based on absolute measurements alone by another, more accurate system.
Robust power system stabilizer design using /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// loop shaping approach

A robust power system stabilizer (PSS) is designed using Glover-McFarlane's /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// loop shaping design procedure. Guidance for setting the feedback configuration for loop shaping and /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// synthesis are presented. The resulting PSS ensures the stability of a set of perturbed plants with respect to the nominal system and has good oscillation damping ability. Comparisons are made between the resulting PSS, a conventionally designed PSS, and a controller designed based on the structured singular value theory.
Planning for the development of a community mental health center. I. Catchment area, administration, continuity of care, staffing and funding.

The development of a community mental health center as described in federal legislation requires an understanding of certain basic principles and guidelines which are applicable regardless of the geographical or cultural setting. This paper focuses on the catchment area, administration, continuity of care, staffing and funding of community mental health centers. A companion paper explores the area of planning for services.
The road to sustainable fusion power

Fusion energy has the potential to provide a vital, environmentally attractive energy option for a growing world population in the next century and beyond. While the development of a new energy source is not a critical near term need for the USA, there is a need to develop long term energy options that alleviate the environmental problems associated with fossil fuels. Presently, a worldwide fusion energy R&D program is working toward the goal of establishing the scientific and technological foundations for fusion energy. This paper concentrates on issues related to determining the scientific feasibility of fusion using magnetic confinement.
Effective Blended Learning Techniques.

Blended learning is becoming more prevalent in higher education courses. Reasons for blending range from accommodating more students to improving the quality of courses offered. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to discuss student attitudes towards blended courses versus face-to-face versus completely online courses, and (2) to consider the effects of different blended learning techniques on overall learning.
In situ SAXS studies of the structural changes of polymer nanocomposites used in battery applications

In situ small-angle X-ray scattering studies have been conducted to monitor the structural changes of polymer nanocomposites upon heating. These nanocomposites are made of different mass ratios of poly(ethylene oxide) and synthetic lithium hectorite. The samples were heated under nitrogen to avoid oxidation of the organic matrix. On the basis of the in situ results, it was found that the polymer matrix losses its crystallinity at about 60 °C and the composite is stable up to 150 °C.
Modifications of myelin basic protein which occur during its isolation.

— Chromatography of myelin basic protein (BP) on carboxymethylcellulose gives a pattern of multiple components, of which three are major. Component 1 is considered the unmodified species of BP while component 2 has been found to be modified primarily by deamidation and component 3 by phosphorylation (Chouet al., 1976).3 In contrast to BP prepared from tissue delipidated in the standard fashion in chloroform–methanol (CM powder), BP prepared from tissue delipidated first in acetone and then in chloroform–methanol (ACM powder) gave an elution pattern on carboxymethylcellulose characterized by a decrease in component 1 and an increase in the earlier eluting, less basic components. Studies with radiolabelled component 1 showed that this difference in elution patterns was due to the partial conversion of component 1 to less basic components during the extraction of ACM powder at neutral pH. The components derived from component 1 (D2, D3 and D4) were then isolated and subjected to tryptic peptide map analyses and determination of their carboxy-terminal arginine content and content of phosphorus. None of the derived components contained phosphorus but tryptic peptide map analyses did show the presence of two minor peptides, T14M2 and T20M, previously found in component 2 from CM powder and considered to be the deamidation products of their parent peptides T14 and T20 (Chouet al., 1976). In addition components D3 and D4 were shown to have lost appreciable arginine from their carboxy-termini. Since none of the efforts to reduce enzyme activity in vitro had any appreciable effect on components 2 and 3 it was concluded that phosphorylation probably occurs exclusively in vivo, that deamidation occurs both in vivo and in vitro and that loss of carboxy-terminal arginine occurs exclusively in vitro.
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model predictions of linear instability. II. Shock-driven flows

Applying the formalism for buoyancy- and shear-driven instabilities developed in Paper I [B.M. Johnson and O. Schilling, J. Turbul. 12(36) (2011), pp. 1–38], it is shown here that Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models describe the early phase of shock-driven instabilities: the amplification of velocity fluctuations due to the passage of a shock for shock–turbulence interaction and the initial deposition of solenoidal velocity at an interface by a shock for the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. The correspondence between the closed RANS equations in the absence of turbulent diffusion and the unclosed RANS equations under the assumptions of linear theory discussed in Paper I is shown here to extend to shock-driven flows. In order to compare the models with linear theory, a form of linear interaction analysis appropriate for short-wavelength perturbations is developed and applied to a shock interacting with an ambient velocity field. It is shown that relaxing Morkovin's hypothesis can result in arbitrar...
Supernumary Polylogarithmic Ladders and Related Functional Equations

The nature of the polylogarithmic ladder is briefly reviewed, and its close relationship to the associated cyclotomic equation explained. Generic results for the base determined by the family of equationsup +uq = 1 are developed, and many new supernumary ladders, existing for particular values ofp andq, are discussed in relation to theirad hoc cyclotomic equations. Results for ordersn from 6 through 9, for which no relevant functional equations are known, are reviewed; and new results for the base θ, where θ3 + θ = 1, are developed through the sixth order.
Mismodeling in gravitational-wave astronomy: The trouble with templates

Waveform templates are a powerful tool for extracting and characterizing gravitational wave signals, acting as highly restrictive priors on the signal morphologies that allow us to extract weak events buried deep in the instrumental noise. The templates map the waveform shapes to physical parameters, thus allowing us to produce posterior probability distributions for these parameters. However, there are attendant dangers in using highly restrictive signal priors. If strong field gravity is not accurately described by general relativity (GR), then using GR templates may result in fundamental bias in the recovered parameters, or even worse, a complete failure to detect signals. Here we study such dangers, concentrating on three distinct possibilities. First, we show that there exist modified theories compatible with all existing observations that would fail to be detected by the LIGO/Virgo network using searches based on GR templates, but which would be detected using a one parameter post-Einsteinian extension. Second, we study modified theories that produce departures from GR that turn on suddenly at a critical frequency, producing waveforms that do not directly fit into the simplest parametrized post-Einsteinian (ppE) scheme. We show that even the simplest ppE templates are still capable of picking up these strange signals and diagnosing a departure from GR. Third, we study whether using inspiral-only ppE waveforms for signals that include merger and ringdown can lead to problems in misidentifying a GR departure. We present a simple technique that allows us to self-consistently identify the inspiral portion of the signal, and thus remove these potential biases, allowing GR tests to be performed on higher mass signals that merge within the detector band. We close by studying a parametrized waveform model that may allow us to test GR using the full inspiral-merger-ringdown signal.
TREATING THE NEW ANXIETY: A COGNITIVE‐THEOLOGICAL APPROACH

By Kirk A. Bingaman. (New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007) 160 pp. $70.00. (hard cover). $29.95. (paperback). “Evolving Evil” was the headline that flashed in response to an updated...
Electrical Stimulation, Hot‐Boning and Prerigor Cookery Effects on Lamb Longissimus Tenderness

Paired halves of 32 lamb carcasses were either electrically stimulated (ES) or not (NES), then assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) hot-boned, cooked prerigor, frozen and reheated (HEPRC); (2) conventionally chilled and boned, cooked, frozen and reheated (CB-ARC); (3) hot-boned, frozen and cooked (HB); and (4) cold- boned, frozen and cooked (CB). Electrical stimulation lowered (P < 0.05) peak force (PF) of chops from CB-ARC, HB and CB treatments. Nonstimulated HB-PRC chops had a lower (P < 0.05) PF than ES, HB-PRC chops. Lower (P < 0.05) compression values were noted for HEPRC and CB-ARC chops than for HB and CB chops. Electrical stimulation reduced (P < 0.05) PF regardless of cooking method. Chops cooked in the microwave had lower (P < 0.05) work values than chops cooked in the convection oven.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Standardized Parent Training Program in Altering the Interaction of Mothers and their Noncompliant Children

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of a parent training program designed to alter interactions of parents and their noncompliant children. Mother-child pairs were assigned to either a treatment or a waiting list control group. Parent training was conducted in a controlled learning environment. The following pre- and posttreatment measures were collected: clinic observational data, home observational data, and parent verbal report measures. The results indicated that both parents and children in the treatment group demonstrated multiple behavior changes in the clinic and home, whereas the control group did not change over the waiting period. Both treatment and control group mothers demonstrated positive changes on most of the parent verbal report measures.
Rates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia colonization and infection in relation to antibiotic cycling protocols.

This study evaluated whether antibiotic cycling programmes using broad-spectrum agents including carbapenems were associated with increased rates of colonization or infection by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Retrospective analyses of colonization or infection by S. maltophilia from 1992 to 2002 were conducted using University of Virginia Hospital clinical microbiology records of patients with any culture positive for S. maltophilia and hospital epidemiology records of nosocomial S. maltophilia infections. Incidence rates were calculated and compared for cycling and non-cycling periods. No significant differences were found in incidence rates of S. maltophilia isolates between cycling and non-cycling periods, but there was a significant secular increase in the hospital-wide rate of infections caused by S. maltophilia ( P =0·01728). Antibiotic cycling protocols were not associated with a significantly increased rate of colonization of S. maltophilia as determined by the frequency of patients having at least one positive routine clinical culture in this hospital.
Using nitrogen and carbon dioxide molecules to probe arsenic(V) bioaccessibility in soils.

Highly specialized personnel and high cost are typically required for in vivo risk assessment of arsenic (As) exposure to humans in As-contaminated soils. Arsenic bioaccessibility in soils, as determined with the aid of in vitro tests, is quite variable, and its magnitude depends upon unidentified soil properties. Use of soil chemical properties is a common practice for construction of As(V) sorption and bioaccessibility models with relative success. We propose a novel As(V) bioaccessibility model, which was tested on 17 soils. The model includes only two parameters characterizing surface properties of soils that are readily determined from N2- and CO2-based specific surface areas (SSAs), and total organic carbon (OC) content. We found that N2 and CO2 molecules act as As(V) “surrogates”, probing easily accessible and relatively difficult to access soil porosity, respectively. Three interrelated linear models were constructed using two terms (CO2/N2-based SSAs and OC) that were significant (p < 0.001) in e...
Evaluation of proadifen HCL as a synergist for temporary immobilization and toxicity of eight chemicals in coturnix quail

Proadifen HCl (SKF-525A), a hepatic microsomal enzyme inhibitor, was evaluated as a synergist for eight chemicals that produced temporary immobilization (TI) at sublethal levels in birds. Probit analysis showed that Proadifen HCl administered orally and concurrently at 100 mg/kg to quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with four of the test chemicals (alpha-chloralose, chlordiaz-epoxide, nicotine sulfate and phencyclidine) significantly lowered (p = 0.05) the estimated median lethal (LD50) and/or temporary immobilization response (TI50). Proadifen HCl reduced the LD50 dose for alpha-chloralose 1.56-fold and the TI50 2.03-fold; the TI50 dose for chlordiazepoxide HCl 2.47-fold; the LD50 dose for nicotine sulfate 4.10-fold and the TI50 2.98-fold; and the LD50 dose for phencyclidine HCl 2.35-fold and the TI50 27.5-fold. The synergism exhibited by Proadifen HCl with metomidate and tribromoethanol was less or negative. The LD50 of metomidate was reduced 1.96-fold, but the TI50 was not affected. The LD50 of tribromoethanol was increased 1.15-fold, but the TI50 was reduced by a factor of 1.48. There was no synergism between Proadifen HCl and methiocarb or pentobarbital. These data show that the LD50 and/or TI50 of temporary immobilizing agents for birds can be affected by the use of a synergist such as Proadifen HCl, and indicate that synergism between bird control chemicals or pesticides and drugs could be used to improve efficacy, lower application rates and reduce environmental contamination.
Determining Change in Self-Perceived Knowledge and Skills About Disease/ Medication Therapy Management Programs in P3 Students

The study objectives were to determine a change in the self-perceived knowledge and skills of the third-professional year Doctor of Pharmacy students after taking a course on developing, implementing, and evaluating a disease/medication therapy management program. The study used a cross-sectional before-and-after design in which the data were collected once at the beginning of the course and then upon course completion. A self-administered questionnaire that had 4 sections and 36 questions, focusing on self-perceived knowledge and skills was administered. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 14.0. Descriptive statistics, paired sample t tests, and repeated measures analysis of variance were conducted. A total of 95 students completed the pretest, and 69 students completed the posttest. There was an overall increase in average self-perceived knowledge and skills about disease/medication therapy management programs after the students completed the course. Therefore, classes focusing on disease/medicati...
Characterization of Submicron Particles of Tetragonal BaTiO3

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) powders of varying particle sizes were grown under hydrothermal conditions at a temperature of 240 °C. This was accomplished by varying the hydroxide concentration of the r...
Ghosts of Jim Crow: ending racism in post-racial America

The oxymoronic nature of legal scholar Michael Higginbotham's title hangs over this richly researched and passionately written book: the legacies of the civil rights era are in constant battle with...
The synthesis and chemical reactivity of thieno[2,3‐c]‐ and thieno[3,2‐c] pyridines

The syntheses and reactions of various thieno[2,3-c]- and thieno[3,2-c] pyridines are described. Molecular orbital calculations were performed on thieno[2,3-c]pyridine (1) in order to determine the most susceptible sites to electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. Superdelocalizability values, Sr- are reported for each position in this molecule to give relative orders of reactivity towards the two types of reactions. Electrophilic attack was found to occur experimentally at C-3 in all the thienopyridines studied. Peracid oxidation of thieno[2,3-c]- and thieno[3,2-c]pyridines produced only the N-oxide. The lack of reactivity of certain thienopyridines under Vilsmeier formylation and Friedel-Crafts acetylation conditions was related to their basicities. The dissociation constants of various thienopyridinium salts are reported.
Activity of Bacillus cereus proteinases in milk.

Abstract The selective activity of the proteinase enzyme system of a strain of Bacillus cereus was determined in sterile nonheated and pasteurized skimmilks. They were inoculated with B. cereus spores, incubated at 35C for 12 hours, and changes in the protein system were followed by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. For the proteins soluble in acid whey, two major changes were noted in the electrophoretic patterns: The proteose-peptone fraction disappeared completely within 12 hours and a new fraction appeared with a mobility similar to that of the dye marker. The caseins were degraded, being more pronounced for β - than for α s -casein and more rapid in pasteurized than in raw unheated skimmilk.
Developmental Needs of Older Adults: Implications for Community Colleges.

In an environment in which late life development includes an understanding of human capacities as expanding, continued learning is essential to aiding the growth of such capacities. Because much co...
Kinetics of the precipitation of cryoimmunoglobulins

The kinetics of the cryoprecipitation of two monoclonal IgG and two monoclonal IgM cryoimmunoglobulins, two IgM/IgG mixed cryoglobulins and a series of cold soluble monoclonal IgG and IgM immunoglobulins in the presence of polyethylene glycol have been compared by time dependent turbidity measurements. The effects of temp and ionic strength on kinetic processes are described in detail. The monoclonal cryoimmunoglobulins display lag times which are not seen with the other proteins, suggesting a critical nucleation event. The protein concn dependence of the lag times indicate that these nucleation centers contain only a few immunoglobulin molecules. Direct evidence for the existence of precipitation nuclei was obtained from dynamic light scattering studies of two of the monoclonal proteins during their lag periods. Both proteins manifested an approx. 20% decrease in their mean diffusion coefficients (corresponding to a 25% increase in Stokes' radius) prior to detectable precipitation. This suggests the formation of nuclei between 2 and 8 times the size of the monomeric proteins. It is postulated that the increasing size of mixed cryoglobulin complexes with decreasing temp provides analogous nucleation sites. The latter stages of precipitation appear to be kinetically similar for all proteins examined, although the size and shape of the aggregates are quite variable.
Dysphagia in the adult population

Occupational therapists, traditionally concerned with activities of daily living, are now addressing the problems of eating caused by dysphagia. Adult-onset dysphagia results from either neurological or mechanical, i.e., structural, causes. Following a description of the normal swallowing process, this paper reviews the various disorders that cause dysphagia. General evaluation principles are offered with treatment methods appropriate to the category of disorders. Although specific treatment methods have been used clinically, many remain untested. More recently, a growing number of studies have been published which measure the effectiveness of rehabilitation for dysphagics. Active intervention in the problem of adult-onset dysphagia consists largely of detailed evaluation of oral structures, manipulation of diet, techniques to elicit normal swallowing mechanisms, and assistive devices to compensate for lost structures. In addition, cognitive status, nutrition, posture, and position are addressed in a comprehensive therapy program. The goal of treatment is to promote a safe and nutritional oral diet to the fullest extent possible.
System-on-a-Chip (SoC) Based Hardware Acceleration for Video Codec

Nowadays, from home monitoring to large airport security, a lot of digital video surveillance systems have been used. Digital surveillance system usually requires streaming video processing abilities. As an advanced video coding method, H.264 is introduced to reduce the large video data dramatically (usually by 70X or more). However, computational overhead occurs when coding and decoding H.264 video. In this paper, a System-on-a-Chip (SoC) based hardware acceleration solution for video codec is proposed, which can also be used for other software applications. The characteristics of the video codec are analyzed by using the profiling tool. The Hadamard function, which is the bottleneck of H.264, is identified not only by execution time but also another two attributes, such as cycle per loop and loop round. The Co-processor approach is applied to accelerate the Hadamard function by transforming it to hardware. Performance improvement, resource costs and energy consumption are compared and analyzed. Experimental results indicate that 76.5% energy deduction and 8.09X speedup can be reached after balancing these three key factors.
Motion analysis by translational decomposition

Abstract The Local Translational Decomposition (LTD) is a low-level description of image motion, constructed by applying procedures for processing translational motion to small image areas. This yields a 3D vector for local areas which approximates the direction of motion of the corresponding area in the environment. The LTD profoundly simplifies processing for motion constrained to an unknown plane, and simplifies the rigidity constraint to a quadratic equation with a single unknown.
The Contradictions of Latin American Export Promotion: The Growth of Manufactured Exports, Debt, and Deindustrialized Labor

The current emphasis on export promotion (EP) in Latin America has formed the basis of a strategy that sought to establish structural reforms and stabilization policies that would overcome economic volatility and destabilizing debt (InterAmerican Development Bank [IDB] 1997). Central components of the package of neoliberal policies involved trade and capital market liberalization that brought down barriers to flows of goods and capital. The privatization of state enterprises and the acquisition of private firms, both under foreign ownership, expanded (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [CEPAL] 2003a). Labor market reforms dismantled work contract rules and made the employment decision more "flexible" (IDB 2004; Weiler 2001). Macro stabilization pushed by international financial institutions promoted tight monetary and fiscal policies with the objectives of containing inflation and government deficits, thereby reassuring foreign creditors that debt was manageable. Less comprehensive efforts at market liberalization had occurred in earlier decades for particular countries. What distinguished the present wave of neoliberal reform after the mid-1980s from earlier country-specific liberalizations was the apparent willingness of many governments under pressure by international financial institutions to make comprehensive and concurrent reforms that affected markets for both tradeable final goods and productive factors.1 One of the immediate impacts of the reform era was to induce a large shift toward manufactured and processed exports that substituted for traditional, primary commodity exports. The resulting shift away from the historic overreliance
Aortic Valve-Sparing Reimplantation and Mitral Repair in a Pregnant, Second Trimester Marfan Patient: Surgical Decision

We describe a combined aortic valve-sparing reimplantation procedure and mitral valve repair in a 20-year-old pregnant Marfan patient who presented at 12 weeks' gestation with an asymptomatic 5.3-cm aortic root aneurysm and moderate mitral regurgitation. Because the risk of aortic dissection and worsening mitral regurgitation becomes significant in the third trimester, elective intervention was undertaken at 14 weeks' gestation. The mother recovered uneventfully, and the baby was delivered at term by cesarean section. This case supports early elective surgery in pregnant Marfan patients with aortic and mitral diseases to avoid potentially fatal cardiovascular complications later in the pregnancy.