cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dealing with danger: the normalization of risk in cycling.

This article addresses how physical risk and injury in recreational cycling can be understood as constitutive of the culture of sport. Using data from interviews with racing cyclists, accounts of cycling accidents posted on an Internet website, and items related to accidents and safety issues from cycling publications, the paper explores how the perception of risk and the occurrence of injury are constructed as everyday expected elements of the sport. Although the sport is objectively dangerous, cyclists construe risk as a salient feature of participation and routinely engage in conversational practices that normalize its occurrence, thus defusing it as a deterrent to continued participation. Cyclists were found to warrant risk as part of the terrain of riding, along with crashes, close calls, injuries and premonitions. These motifs constitute storied events, which often serve both to exhibit and to assert membership in the cycling subculture.
An Overlooked Teaching Tool: The Analytically Adjusted Debt-to-Equity Ratio

Abstract The rapidly changing nature of the accounting profession has created a challenge for accounting educators to develop more effective ways of presenting the information and techniques that their students will need to know in their future careers. Though many innovative strategies are being devised, educators should take advantage of existing teaching tools that are currently underused. One such tool is the “analytically adjusted debt-to-equity ratio” (AADER). By using information disclosed in the notes to financial statements in order to make analytical adjustments to a commonly used measure of financial risk, the AADER offers an opportunity for professors to integrate, reinforce, and emphasize the kinds of information required to be disclosed and the impact this information can have on decisionmaking. Rather than dealing with accounting issues such as the reporting of leases, pensions, postretirement healthcare benefits, and inventories in an isolated, topic-by-topic manner, the consideration of a...
Methoxy-Substituted Phenalenyl-Based Neutral Radical Molecular Conductor

We report the synthesis, crystallization, and solid-state characterization of spiro-bis(3,7-dimethoxy-1,9-dioxophenalenyl) boron neutral radical 17; the radical is distinguished by its oxygen functionalization and we show that our strategy of oxygen substitution at the active positions of the phenalenyl units reduces the electrochemical disproportionation potential. The crystal structure shows that the radical exists as a π-dimer at room temperature and a one-dimensional (1D) π-chain of alternating superimposed and partially superimposed phenalenyl units at 100 K. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that in the solid state, the radical remains paramagnetic but there is significant spin−spin interaction between the molecules along the π-chains. Band structure calculations delineate the response of the electronic structure to the structural changes observed in the crystal lattice, although magnetic and conductivity measurements do not show any sign of a phase transition. The room temperature electrica...
Pectic polysaccharides of maize coleoptiles and proso millet cells in liquid culture

Abstract The chemical composition of the pectin fraction of growing cells of two cereal grasses, maize and proso millet, was examined. Chelator-soluble pectin comprised less than 15 wt% of the cell wall. About one-third of this material was glucuronoarabinoxylan similar to that of the hemicellulose fraction, and about an equal amount was galacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan typical of dicot pectins. The rhamnosyl units were more highly branched than those typically found in dicots; side-chains were composed predominantly of (1→5)-linked arabinosyl and (1→4)-linked galactosyl units with numerous branches. A type II arabinogalactan containing (1→3)-, (1→6)-, and (1→3,1→6)-linked galactosyl units comprised the remainder of the pectic polysaccharides.
SLAM: scalable locality-aware middleware for I/O in scientific analysis and visualization

Whereas traditional scientific applications are computationally intensive, recent applications require more data-intensive analysis and visualization. As the computational power and size of compute clusters continue to increase, the I/O read rates and associated network cost for these data-intensive applications create a serious performance bottleneck when faced with the massive data sets of today's "big data" era.In this paper, we present "Scalable Locality-Aware Middleware" (SLAM) for scientific data analysis applications. SLAM leverages a distributed file system (DFS) to provide scalable data access for scientific applications. To reduce data movement and enforce data process locality, a data-centric scheduler (DC-scheduler) is proposed to enable scientific applications to read data locally from a DFS. We prototype our proposed SLAM system along with the Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) on two well-known scientific applications. We find in our experiments that SLAM can greatly reduce I/O cost and double the overall performance, as compared to existing approaches.
Theoretical study of the freezing of polystyrene sphere suspensions

We present a theoretical study of the freezing curve of suspensions of charged polystyrene spheres (polyballs) in water. The spheres are assumed to have the same size and charge, and to interact via a modified Debye–Huckel potential. The free energy of the liquid phase is calculated as a function of sphere density and pH of the solution, using a variational procedure in which an effective hard‐sphere diameter is the variational parameter. The freezing curve is obtained from a ‘‘Lindemann criterion’’ that the volume fraction occupied by the effective hard spheres should be a constant. The resulting curve is confirmed by analogous Lindemann calculations for the solid phase, and by a calculation of the curve along which liquid and solid phase free energies are equal. For a ‘‘point‐like’’ Debye‐Huckel interaction for which corrections due to finite polyball radius are neglected, the melting curve is reentrant: For fixed electrolyte concentration, the fluid first crystallizes, then remelts, as the polyball density increases. Reentrance disappears when realistic size corrections are incorporated. The modified melting curve then agrees fairly well with experiment. It is concluded that the freezing of monodisperse polyball suspensions can be understood within the framework of the classical theory of dense fluids with short range repulsive interactions.
Central venous access: accidental arterial puncture in a patient with right-sided aortic arch.

ObjectiveTo describe an unusual case of accidental insertion of a central line into an anomalous right-sided aortic arch.DesignCase report, clinical.SettingsCommunity hospital, university-affiliated.ConclusionsIntraoperative radioscopy, chest radiographs, and pressure transducer monitoring usually a
Note on the Calculation of Zero Order Eigenfunctions

An elementary procedure is outlined for obtaining zero approximation eigenfunctions of many electron problems. The procedure allows a calculation of these functions as linear combinations of products of functions, each involving one electron only. The proper combinatin of products for one of the terms of highest multiplicity may, as a rule, be obtained by inspection; the remaining functions are obtained from this by the use of angular momentum operators. The "strong field" eigenfunctions for equivalent and non-equivalent electrons are obtained first, and from these are found the "weak field" eigenfunctions. The usual solution of the secular equation is unnecessary wherever the resultant states may be interpreted as having a definite and known kind of vector coupling (e.g. Russell-Saunders, or ($\mathrm{jj}$)).
Ethical dilemmas in performance appraisal revisited

In managers' dynamic, real-world environments, they often feel it is necessary to exercise some creative discretion over employee ratings. Most managers do not describe their ratings of subordinates in performance appraisals as completely honest or accurate. The inaccuracy is often in the form of inflated ratings. They justify the inaccuracy by sighting, among other things, the need to avoid confrontation with subordinates, damaging working relationships, and creating permanent written documents which may later harm a subordinate's career. Many of these motives are not only well intentioned, but are designed to enhance individual, unit, and organizational performance (some of the ultimate objectives of performance appraisal systems.) This paper examines the ethics of this sort of deliberate manipulation of performance appraisal systems. It suggests that at the organizational level, performance appraisal is usually seen as an end in itself, and a formalist ethical critique is applied. At the managerial level, performance appraisal is usually seen as a means to an end, and a utilitarian critique is applied. Since both perspectives are essential, we conclude that a Janus-Headed analysis is needed. We suggest some duties and obligations for both the organization and the manager engaged in performance appraisal.
Correlates of protective immunity against HIV-1 infection in immunized chimpanzees

Abstract Several experimental vaccination strategies have been developed to prevent primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and as immunotherapeutics for infected individuals. Many of the putative vaccines have been tested in chimpanzees ( P. troglodytes ) to determine their safety, efficacy, and to delineate immune correlates of protection. To date, approximately 25 candidate vaccines representing active or passive strategies have been evaluated in chimpanzees, and efficacy has been based on protection against primary infection following intravenous or mucosal challenge with cell-free or cell-associated virus. Active immunization has been attempted with whole inactivated virus, envelope depleted viral preparation, vaccinia vector expressing gp160 in combination with other viral gene products, and subunit vaccines containing recombinant gp 120 derived from different isolates. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity have been utilized for pre- and post-exposure passive immunization to block primary infection with HIV.
Design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel Magmas inhibitors.

Abstract Magmas (mitochondria associated, granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor signaling molecule), is a highly conserved and essential gene, expressed in all cell types. We designed and synthesized several small molecule Magmas inhibitors (SMMI) and assayed their effects on proliferation in yeast. We found that the most active compound 9 inhibited growth at the 4 μM scale. This compound was shown by fluorometric titration to bind to Magmas with a K d = 33 μM. Target specificity of the lead compound was established by demonstrating direct binding of the compound to Magmas and by genetic studies. Molecular modeling suggested that the inhibitor bound at the predicted site in Magmas.
Cotransplanted hepatic stellate cells enhance vascularization of islet allografts

Islet transplantation is an alternative to whole pancreas transplantation in curative therapy of diabetics. The outcome of engraftment of islet, however, remains disappointing. Rapid and adequate islet revascularization is crucial for the survival and function of transplanted islets. In this study, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were cotransplanted with islet allografts, achieving marked prolongation of islet allografts. This was associated with enhanced revascularization within islet grafts as determined by anti-CD31 antibody staining.
Probabilities as potentially problematic

Theorists of rational decision act as though probabilities were ubiquitously available for virtually every sort of possible eventuations. As they see it, the existence of probabilities is cost-free and ever-practicable. The present paper argues that—and illustrates how—this supposition can be mistaken. It shows that the postulation of probabilities can have substantive implications that can transform decision issues into something quite different from their initial situation.
SU-E-J-26: Analysis of Image Quality in CBCT QA Using a Treatment Planning System

Purpose: The objective of this study is to propose an alternative QA technique that analyzes imaging quality(IQ) in CBCT-QA processing. Methods: A catphan phantom was used to take CT imaging data set that were imported into a treatment planning system - Eclipse. The image quality was analyzed in terms of in-slice geometry resolution, Hounsfield numbers(HU) accuracy, mean-slice thickness, edge-to-center uniformity, low contrast resolution, and high contrast spatial resolution in Eclipse workstation. The CBCT-QA was also analyzed by OBI-workstation and a commercial software. Comparison was made to evaluation feasibility in a TPS environment. Results: The analysis of IQ was conducted in Eclipse v10.0 TPS. In-slice geometric resolution was measured between 2-rods in section CTP404 and repeated for all 4 rods with the difference between expected and measured values less than +/−0.1 cm. For HU, the difference between expected and measured values in HU was found much less than +/−40. Mean slice thickness measured by a distance on the wire proportional to scanner increment multiplying by a factor of 0.42. After repeating measurements to 4 wires, the average difference between expected and measured values was less +/−0.124 mm in slice thickness. HU uniformity was measured in section CTP486 with the tolerance less than +/−40 HU. Low contrast resolution in section CTP515 and high contrast resolution in section CTP528 were found to be 7 disks in diameter of 4 mm and 6 lp/cm, respectively. Eclipse TPS results indicated a good agreement to those obtained in OBI workstation and ImagePro software for major parameters. Conclusion: An analysis of IQ was proposed as an alternative CBCT QA processing. Based upon measured data assessment, proposed method was accurate and consistent to IQ evaluation and TG142 guideline. The approach was to utilize TPS resource, which can be valuable to re-planning, verification, and delivery in adaptive therapy.
Re-evaluation of the therapy of severe pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

With the advent of modern microbiology, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was identified as the cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the most patients [1]. The case fatality rate (CFR) of untreated bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia was 80%. Early studies defined the importance of opsonizing antibodies to the infecting serotype. Serum therapy was instituted in the 1930s and resulted in the decrease of the CFR to 50%. With the advent of antimicrobial therapy in the 1940s, the CFR of bacteremic pneumococcal disease was decreased further to 20%. The changing pattern of pneumococcal pneumonia was recognized [2]. Over the next 50 years, even though the pneumococcus remained susceptible to penicillin, the CFR remained constant. Modern ICUs failed to improve on the 20% CFR [3]. To further complicate matters, in the 1990s, some S pneumoniae strains developed resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents used to treat pneumonia [4]. Several retrospective studies have suggested that combination therapy with a b-lactam and a macrolide antimicrobial agent results in a lower CFR than does therapy with a b-lactam alone [5–7]. This article addresses the available data on the treatment of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia and discusses the biologically feasible explanations behind new therapy.
A projection from the entorhinal cortex to the nucleus accumbens in the rat.

A study was performed in which both anterograde ([3H]leucine radioautography) and retrograde (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry) tracing methods were employed to identify the origin of the fimbrial projection to the nucleus accumbens in the rat. The data reveal that this pathway arises predominantly from layers II–III of the anterior two-thirds of entorhinal cortex rather than from any part of hippocampal formation.
A preliminary study of interactions between species of vesicular-arbuscular fungi in a sand dune

Interactions between five species of VA mycorrhizal fungi sporulating in association with the dominant plants on a single barrier dune were examined. The observed frequency of simultaneous occurrence of any two species did not differ significantly from the expected value in any pairing. Spore densities of individual fungal species in the same sample were analyzed to determine if a stimulation or inhibition of sporulation resulted from high or low levels of sporulation by other VA species. The effect of host species on occurrence of VA species and spore density in the rhizosphere also was studied. Two fungi were absent or rare on three hosts, and spore production by Acaulospora scrobiculata was significantly greater in association with Ammophila breviligulata than with Lathyrus japonicus var. glaber. It was concluded that interaction between VA fungi is of less importance in determining species presence and spore density than are the species of host plant and other environmental factors.
Hormonal regulation of growth in cultured plant cells

The group of naturally occurring plant hormones known as the cytokinins are defined by their ability to stimulate cell division in mature, differentiated, mitotically inactive cells in tissue culture. Evidence from the literature suggests that cytokinins play a specific role in regulating the progress of a plant cell through its division cycle;. the hormone appears to trigger the transition from G2 to mitosis. However the cytokinins are capable of evoking an array of physiological and developmental responses (many of which do not involve cell division) from different plant tissues and organs. One biochemical effect of the cytokinins is a dramatic and rapid stimulation of polyribosome formation in cultured soybean, cells which require these hormones for growth. Stationary-phase soybean cells, transferred to a medium containing a cytokinin, double in cell number within 36 hr, but when transferred to a medium of the same composition lacking a cytokinin, they do not grow., In vivo labeling with [35S] methionine and slab-gel electrophoresis demonstrated that cytokinin brings about qualitative changes in the spectrum of proteins synthesized by soybean cells which precede hormone-induced cell division. We have shown that cytokinin-induced polyribosome formation is the result of an effect of the hormone on protein synthesis at the translational level. We propose that, in the absence of the hormone, certain genes are transcribed but their messengers are not translated. These include mRNA's for specific cell division proteins. Cytokinins act as permissive factors, allowing cells to complete a genetically programmed sequence of events which was initiated by other factors.
Abstract 4384: Differential expression and function of peroxiredoxin genes in normal vs. cancerous breast epithelial cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Peroxiredoxins are thiol-specific antioxidants that reduce a wide variety of cellular peroxides and protect cells from oxidative stress-induced damage and death. These proteins have been implicated in numerous disease processes associated with increased oxidative stress, including cancer. We sought to compare peroxiredoxin expression between the normal MCF10A and cancerous MCF7 breast epithelial cell lines and examine the effect of Prdx1 and Prdx6 suppression in each line. Prdx1 and Prdx6 suppression was achieved through transient transfection of siRNA, and the relative expression of all six mammalian peroxiredoxin genes was determined by real time PCR and western blotting. We also examined the effect on peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that MCF7 cells express significantly higher levels of Prdxs 1-5, while Prdx6 levels are comparable in the two lines. We achieved approximately 90% mRNA suppression of Prdx1 and Prdx6 in both lines using siRNA. Interestingly, Prdx1 suppression in both lines led to a marked reduction in Prdx2 expression and significant induction of Prdx4 expression. In addition, several Prdx genes were upregulated in MCF10 cells when either Prdx1 or Prdx6 were suppressed. We further demonstrated that Prdx1 and Prdx6 suppression caused a differential increase in peroxide-induced ROS levels and cytotoxicity in the two lines, and that simultaneous knock-down of both genes in MCF10 cells leads to a much more pronounced effect than in MCF7 cells. Together, these data suggest coordinated and complex regulatory interactions between the peroxiredoxin genes, and implicate a potentially different function for these proteins in transformed vs. untransformed cells. The elevated expression of peroxiredoxins in MCF7 cells may also represent a cellular adaptation to the cancerous state. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4384.
Temperature dependence of the magnetic phase transitions of CoCl2·2H2O

Abstract The H - T phase diagram for the antiferromagnet CoCl 2 ·2H 2 O has been measured. The two meta-magnetic transitions are observed to meet at a triple point at 8.8 K and 38.5 kG. A molecular field calculation is in good agreement with experiment.
Rapid structural state conversions in intermediate composition plagioclase

Anorthositic plagioclase (An50) with a low-transitional or low structural state converts to a high-transitional or high structural state during triaxial compression experiments at temperatures from 800° C to 1200° C and confining pressures between 5–17 kb during 30 to 45 min tests. The amount of converted plagioclase increases with increasing temperature from 800° C to 1 200° C. Structural conversion is most pronounced in the central portion of anorthosite cores, where temperature is highest, and decreases outward in either direction towards the cooler ends of cores. Alteration of plagioclase during testing implies that water is present to facilitate the structural conversion. Microprobe analysis indicates that no chemical rearrangement has occurred during the structural conversion.
The Effects of Reversibility and Noise on Stochastic Phosphorylation Cycles and Cascades

The phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle is a common motif in cellular signaling networks. Previous work has revealed that, when driven by a noisy input signal, these cycles may exhibit bistable behavior. Here, a recently introduced theorem on network bistability is applied to prove that the existence of bistability is dependent on the stochastic nature of the system. Furthermore, the thermodynamics of simple cycles and cascades is investigated in the stochastic setting. Because these cycles are driven by the ATP hydrolysis potential, they may operate far from equilibrium. It is shown that sufficient high ATP hydrolysis potential is necessary for the existence of a bistable steady state. For the single-cycle system, the ensemble average behavior follows the ultrasensitive response expected from analysis of the corresponding deterministic system, but with significant fluctuations. For the two-cycle cascade, the average behavior begins to deviate from the expected response of the deterministic system. Examination of a two-cycle cascade reveals that the bistable steady state may be either propagated or abolished along a cascade, depending on the parameters chosen. Likewise, the variance in the response can be maximized or minimized by tuning the number of enzymes in the second cycle.
Delayed ovarian development and reduced serum steroid levels in female largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacépède, raised on pelleted feed

Female largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacepede, were raised on pelleted feed or a forage diet consisting of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.). At the start of the present study, forage-fed bass were significantly smaller than pellet-fed bass. Forage-fed bass exhibited a significant increase in body weight, but not length, during the first month of the study; no further increases were seen in subsequent months. Pellet-fed bass did not grow significantly during the course of the study. In forage-fed bass, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) reached maximum levels in March; pellet-fed bass exhibited delayed ovarian recrudescence, reaching peak GSI approximately 4 weeks later than the forage-fed bass. There was no significant difference in the maximum GSI obtained in the two groups of fish. Serum levels of testosterone and oestradiol-17β reflected the pattern of GSI in both groups. Delayed ovarian recrudescence and suppressed serum steroid levels in pellet-fed bass might result from negative feedback effects of elevated levels of steroids found in the pelleted feed. These effects appear to be transient since pellet-fed bass resume ovarian development despite continuing to receive high steroid levels in their feed.
Thyrotropic Hormone Secretion in Cattle after Prolonged Thyroxine Therapy and after Complete Withdrawal

Abstract Seven lactating cows of several breeds were injected with thyroxine daily 50% in excess of their experimentally determined thyroxine secretion rate (TSR) for a period of 11–12 wk, and in one Holstein cow for 21 wk after the animals had passed their peak lactation. The Holstein cow also received a supplemental thyroxine treatment of 100% over its TSR for a further period of 8 wk. On cessation of thyroxine administration, milk yield decreased rather precipitously in all the animals for 10–12 days. After this period, there was a small rise in milk yield in some animals for a few days before a plateau was established. I 131 uptake by the thyroid was determined every other day in all animals for 3 wk. Thyroid I 131 uptake commenced 12 days after cessation of thyroxine treatment and attained normality by 3 wk. The time at which the thyroid began to show avidity for iodine collection synchronized with the time at which no further decline in milk yield was noticed after thyroxine withdrawal. It is suggested that the precipitous decline in milk yield after thyroxine withdrawal is due to subnormal levels until endogenous thyroxine secretion is re-established.
The use of midazolam in the preterm neonate.

Sir: Numerous recent reports have demonstrated the occurrence of pain and stress and their many effects in critically ill neonates. They emphasize the importance of analgesia and sedation in such patients, usually achieved with an opiate/benzodiazepine combination [1, 4]. The use of diazepam, a long-acting benzodiazepine, during the perinatal period is limited by its long elimination half-life and by the accumulation of a hypnotic metabolite, N-desmethyldiazepam, which leads to prolonged sedation. By contrast, in adults midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine, and its major metabolite, 1-hydroxymidazolam, is less active than the parent drug. This therefore seemed a promising sedative drug for preterm neonates and an increase in the use of midazolam in neonatal intensive care units has been observed, although very limited data concerning pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam in the preterm neonate are available. Only Jacqz-Aigrain [3] studied pharmacokinetics of midazolam in ten critically ill neonates (gestational age: 34-41 weeks). They showed an elimination half-life of 6.52 h, indicating that midazolam in preterm neonates is not really short-acting. Furthermore in this study there was no clinical evidence of any adverse effect. We have observed several adverse effects in premature neonates with a gestational age below 32 weeks. Hear t rate and arterial blood pressure decreased directly following an intravenous bolus injection of 0.2mg/kg midazolam, but the most disturbing'observation was the appearance of involuntary epileptiform movements lasting for 15-30 s. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon is speculative, but perhaps in these preterm infants the decrease in arterial pressure and heart rate have also an impact on cerebral blood flow or there is a direct effect of midazolam on the brain. Before the more frequent use of this drug in our neonatal intensive care units is advocated, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (i.e. using 24-h E E G monitoring [2]) of midazolam should be studied.
Bioactive Isomalabaricane Triterpenoids from Rhabdastrella globostellata that Stabilize the Binding of DNA Polymerase β to DNA

Four isomalabaricane triterpenoids were isolated from an extract of the sponge Rhabdastrella globostellata that was active in an assay measuring stabilization of the binding of DNA with DNA polymerase beta. The known compounds stelliferin riboside (1) and 3-epi-29-acetoxystelliferin E (2) were shown to induce 29% and 23% binding, respectively, at 28 microg/mL, while the new compound stellettin J (3) induced 5% binding at 28 microg/mL. The new compound stellettin K (4) had no activity in the binding assay. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. These compounds displayed varying levels of activity toward the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line, revealing structure-based effects on both the level of cytotoxicity and DNA-polymerase beta binding. This is the first report of natural products with the ability to promote stabilization of the DNA-polymerase beta covalent binary complex.
General equation for determining the dissociation constants of polyprotic acids and bases from additive properties: Part III. Calculation of errors

A weighted least squares method is used to calculate the dissociation constants of polyprotic acids and bases from measurement of additive properties, and to evaluate the effect of the errors of measurement on these constants. The method is based on the theory of statistical adjustment of data, which was originally described in detail by Deming [W.E. Deming, Statistical Adjustment of Data, Wiley, London, 1943]. The advantage of the theory is that it makes the propagation of errors of measurements of all variables explicit and easy to analyze. The theory is presented in this paper in a general form by adapting the formalism of Wentworth [W.E. Wentworth, J. Chem. Educ. 42 (1965) 96], and then applied to the measurements of additive properties. Illustrative examples from spectrophotometry and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography are presented.
Analysis of interinjection-locked oscillators for integrated phased arrays

The behavior of a system of coupled oscillators is shown to have potential applications in the generation of power for integrated phased antenna arrays. Nonlinear differential equations are derived to describe a system of oscillators coupled by an arbitrary frequency-dependent network. State-variable analysis of the linearized equations leads to closed-form solutions for one- and two-dimensional phased array systems. Experimental data for a VHF prototype system is presented, and practical considerations in system design are discussed.
Strong dusty bursts of star formation in galaxies falling into the cluster RX J0152.7-1357

We have observed the cluster RX J0152.7-1357 (z ~ 0.83) at 24 μm with the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS). We detected 22 sources associated with spectroscopically confirmed cluster members, while 10 more have photometric redshifts compatible with membership. Two of the 32 likely cluster members contain obvious active nuclei, while the others are associated with dusty star formation. The median IR-determined star formation rate among the remaining galaxies is estimated at 22 M☉ yr-1, significantly higher than in previous estimates from optical data. Most of the mid-infrared (MIR) emitting galaxies also have optical emission lines, but a few do not and hence have completely hidden bursts of star formation or AGN activity. An excess of MIR-emitting galaxies is seen in the cluster, compared to the field at the same redshift. The MIR cluster members are more associated with previously detected infalling late-type galaxies rather than triggered by the ongoing merging of bigger X-ray clumps. Rough estimates also show that ram pressure may not be capable of stripping the gas away from cluster outskirt galaxies, but it may disturb the gas enough to trigger the star formation activity. Harassment can also play a role if, for example, these galaxies belong to poor galaxy groups. Thus, bursts of star formation occur in the cluster environment and could also help consume the galaxy gas content, in addition to ram pressure, harassment, or galaxy-galaxy strong interactions.
Effect of some herbicides on microbial activity in soil

Abstract The effect of 25 herbicides and herbicide combinations, in amounts comparable to those used in agriculture, on microbial activity in two soil types was determined in the laboratory. Herbicides did not affect respiration, assayed by CO2 evolution and dehydrogenase activity, in either silty clay loam or loamy sand. Organic matter decomposition, determined by the amount of CO2 evolved and inorganic N formed from decomposing alfalfa tissue, was also not affected. Alteration in soil pH or moisture content did not affect herbicide action. Addition of herbicides 3 weeks before amendment, or fertilizer application, also did not influence herbicide activity. Selected herbicides (trifluralin, linuron, dinoseb) at concentrations 100-fold higher than the recommended rates did not affect alfalfa decomposition. Solubilization of Ca3(PO4)2 in soil was not affected by herbicides. S oxidation to SO2−4 in soil, however, was increased by most herbicides. In silty clay loam, 18 of the 25 herbicides and herbicide combinations increased S oxidation almost up to 3-fold. Results in loamy sand were similar. Dinoseb effectively reduced the algal population in loamy sand by more than 90%. Trifluralin, linuron, and metribuzin did not inhibit algal populations.
Use of acousto-optic techniques to detect subharmonic and cavitation activity

Abstract Observations were made of the diffraction patterns produced by the acousto-optic effect in superfluid helium and in methanol for both cylindrical and plane wave sound fields. Thresholds for the subharmonic of order 1 2 and transient cavitation were determined by observation of abrupt changes in the diffraction patterns. The onset of the subharmonic produced additional diffracted signals in a stable diffraction pattern while onset of cavitation completely disrupted the diffraction pattern.
Metabolic causes of encephalopathy in horses.

Hyperammonemia secondary to intestinal disease or dysfunction appears to be more common in horses than in other species. The reason for the relatively high ncidence of this disease in horses is unknown. The exact cause of the disorder is also nknown but is presumed to be a result of excessive ammonia production within the ntestinal tract. The hypothesis is that this excessive production and absorption of mmonia would overwhelm normal liver metabolism causing ammonia toxicity and he encephalopathic signs. There is some possibility that intestinal overgrowth of yperammonia-producing bacteria may be responsible for the disorder although no pecific bacteria have been documented to be associated with the condition. vergrowth of specific hyperammonia-producing bacteria and increases in intestinal H are known to increase intestinal ammonia production in cattle, although neuroogic signs were not reported in the cattle. Most horses with the hyperammonemia ncephalopathy exhibit either colic and/or diarrhea during or preceding the neuroogic signs. This provides circumstantial evidence of intestinal dysfunction or disease being associated with the presumed overgrowth of the hyperammoniaproducing bacteria and/or increased absorption of ammonia. A recent epidemiologic investigation of 13 documented cases did not find any breed or gender predisposition to the disease; the average age was 12 years (range 4–24 years). Most cases presented between March and October, and most affected horses had access to pasture but no specific type of pasture, hay, or grain could be found in common to all cases. In cattle, there are more hyperammonia-producing bacteria in forage-fed cattle than in grain-fed cattle, which might be consistent with the evidence that most horses with hyperammonemia are not on a high grain diet. In most reports, only a single horse on the farm is affected, although in one report, 2 horses on a single small farm were affected on the same day. One recent report has also identified 10 foals with intestinal hyperammonemia.
A COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF ORBITOFRONTAL AND HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS UPON DISCRIMINATION LEARNING AND REVERSAL IN THE CAT.

In contrast to normals and brain-damaged controls, cats with bilateral hippocampal or orbitofrontal lesions are severely impaired in their ability to reverse tactile discrimination problems. These lesions do not interfere with discrimination learning per se, and do not affect the cat's ability to learn new discrimination problems. Both effects are quantitatively and qualitatively similar. It takes either preparation more than twice as many trials than normal to master a reversal. The effect of removal of both structures in the same animal is not additive.
Stereoselective μ- and δ-opioid receptor-related antinociception and binding with (+)-thebaine

Abstract In vivo and in vitro binding studies with natural thebaine and its enantiomer, (+)-thebaine were conducted to elucidate further their interactions with the opioid system. (−)-Thebaine a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of morphine in the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum) and in mammalian tissue, was poorly effective antinociceptively in mice at doses to 30 mg/kg. Its principal behavioral manifestation was lethal convulsions. Naltrindole, at doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg did not block either the convulsions or lethal effects, suggesting that the δ-opioid receptor system was not involved in this action. Surprisingly, the dextrorotatory isomer exhibited significant antinociceptive activity in the tail-flick [ED50=8.9 (3.4–22.1) mg/kg], hot-plate [ED50=22.9 (10.9–48.1) mg/kg] and phenylquinone [ED50=1.9 (1.6–9.5) mg/kg] assays. Studies with opioid receptor-subtype antagonists, β-funaltrexamine, nor-binaltorphimine and naltrindole, indicated that antinociception was associated with μ- and δ-opioid receptors. Results of displacement experiments supported the in vivo data. Significant competition for [ 3 H ]diprenorphine binding with both isomers for cloned μ- and δ-opioid receptors was observed. However, (−)-thebaine was more effective at the δ-opioid receptor (Ki=1.02±0.01 μM) whereas (+)-thebaine was more effective at the μ-opioid receptor (Ki=2.75±0.01 μM). Opioid-induced antinociception associated with unnatural thebaine raises the possibility of additional μ- and δ-opioid receptor sites.
Water-shedding ability of waterfowl and the brachistochrone problem

The hypothesis is taken that the shape of a duck breast is as to shed water drops in minimum time. If a water drop is further assumed to be a frictionless bead, then analogy arises with the classic brachistochrone problem. Here a frictionless bead is one constrained to fall along a wire threading it so that it travels between two arbitrary points without friction. The brachistochrone problem is to specify the shape of that wire so that the bead completes its fall in minimum time. The shape of that wire is called a cycloid curve and it is the solution to the brachistochrone problem. Waterfowl might desire that water drops shed their breast region in minimum time and those drops resemble beads in the brachistochrone problem. Thus it might be expected that waterfowl breast profiles resemble the brachistochrone curve (cycloid), and strikingly they do. We find further this match is statistically significant compared to the general bird population, in support of the hypothesis.
Neogene tephra correlations in eastern Idaho and Wyoming: Implications for Yellowstone hotspot-related volcanism and tectonic activity

The explosive rhyolitic eruptions that define the track of the Snake River Plain–Yellowstone volcanism have produced a large volume of tephra found in late Miocene and younger basin-fill sediments throughout the western United States. Here we use 40Ar/39Ar isotopic dating, paleomagnetic analysis, major- and trace-element geochemistry, and standard optical techniques to establish regional tephra correlations. We focus on tephra deposits in three Neogene basins in spatially separated areas—Grand Valley, in eastern Idaho; Jackson Hole, in northwestern Wyoming; and the Granite Mountains area, in central Wyoming. These basins have experienced relatively continuous deposition from the late Miocene to the Holocene. We found tephra layers that directly tie the stratigraphy between all three basins. Using these correlations we found that basins experienced discrete pulses of extension separated by long periods of relative quiescence, the dates of which are staggered between basins. An early pulse of extension occurred in Grand Valley and Jackson Hole between 10.3 Ma and 16.33 Ma with a second pulse initiating between 4.54 Ma and 2.09 Ma. The Granite Mountains basin experienced a single pulse of extension sometime between 11.14 Ma and 6.75 Ma. These pulses of accelerated extension, along with evidence of similar pulses in other basins, present a pattern of west-to-east migration that we suggest is related to the Yellowstone hotspot. The later pulse of activity in Grand Valley and Jackson Hole corresponds to the migration of the North American Plate over the tail of the Yellowstone hotspot. We speculate that the earliest pulse in each basin is related to the more rapid movement of the sublithospheric hotspot head as it spreads out from its earliest known location, where the Columbia River Plateau Flood Basalt Province initiated in southeastern Oregon, to its outermost edge under central Wyoming. Our results are consistent with this model of a plume head, though not unique to it. The results of our study also indicate that previous suggestions that the rate of Snake River Plain explosive volcanism has decreased by a factor of 2 or 3 since emplacement of the middle Miocene Trapper Creek tuffs likely underestimate post–Trapper Creek eruption rates. We have discovered a large number of previously unidentified post–middle Miocene major eruptive events, both as ash-flow tuffs and as vitric air-fall tuffs. Recalculation to include these newly discovered events results in a rate of major eruptions that is fairly uniform until ca. 4.54 Ma. However, there is a substantial gap in major silicic eruptions in the interval between 4.54 Ma and 2.09 Ma, which we call the “post–Heise eruptive gap.” With the exception of this gap, the rate of major eruptions on the Snake River Plain has been roughly constant since inception of the eastern Snake River Plain–Yellowstone volcanic track between 16 Ma and 17 Ma.
Molecular cloning, structural characterization and functional expression of the human substance P receptor

A cDNA encoding the human substance P receptor (SPR) was isolated and the primary structure of the protein was deduced by nucleotide sequence analysis. This SPR consists of 407 residues and is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. Comparison of rat and human SPR sequences demonstrated a 94.5% identity. The receptor was expressed in a COS-7 cell line and displayed a Kd for Tyr-1-SP binding of 0.24 nM. Ligand displacement by naturally occurring tachykinin peptides was SP much greater than neurokinin A greater than neurokinin B. SP stimulation of transfected cells resulted in a rapid and transient inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate response. RNA blot hybridization and solution hybridization demonstrated that SPR mRNA was about 4.5 Kb in size, and was expressed in IM-9 lymphoblast and U373-MG astrocytoma cells, as well as in spinal cord and lung but not in liver.
Airline deregulation and the airline labor market

The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 has had a significant impact on the airline industry and its labor market. The structure of the airline labor market before the Act is examined in light of certain significant historical events including legislative intervention and regulatory practice. The Act and other coincident extraneous events are considered to show how deregulation and other unrelated economic and technological factors operated as a catalyst, sparking substantial short-term upheaval in the airline labor market. It is argued that in the longer term airline employees have little to fear from deregulation and that deregulation may eventually enhance labor’s position in view of the increased employment opportunities that an expanded market may bring and the abolition of the industry strike insurance scheme.
Sleep Disorders and the Development of Insulin Resistance and Obesity

Normal sleep is characterized both by reduced glucose turnover by the brain and other metabolically active tissues, and by changes in glucose tolerance. Sleep duration has decreased over the last several decades; data suggest a link between short sleep duration and type 2 diabetes. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) results in intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, and also is associated with impaired glucose tolerance. Obesity is a major risk factor for OSA, but whether OSA leads to obesity is unclear. The quality and quantity of sleep may profoundly affect obesity and glucose tolerance, and should be routinely assessed by clinicians.
Optical functions of silicon-germanium alloys determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract The optical functions of silicon-germanium alloys have been determined using two-channel spectroscopic polarization modulation ellipsometry. The optical thickness of the overlayer is determined using the experimental ellipsometry parameters at long wavelengths, thereby increasing the accuracy of the optical functions determined from the data. Extensive tables of the refractive index and extinction coefficient are presented for wavelengths between 240 and 840 nm (5.16 to 1.48 eV), and the results are compared with other results in the literature.
Suppression of presynaptic inhibition and cerebellar disfacilitation by bicuculline.

Abstract Bicuculline, a potent and specific gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, markedly reduced or completely eliminated cerebellar disfacilitation and presynaptic inhibition of the segmental potentials. Direct inhibition of the segmental potentials and reticular inhibition of the quadriceps potentials were unaffected by bicuculline. These studies support the suggestion that GABA may be the neurotransmitter involved in spinal presynaptic inhibition and Purkinje mediated cerebellar disfacilitation.
Effect of inflation pressures on coronary angioplasty balloons

Abstract It is a common conception that the balloons used in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty will inflate to a certain designated diameter and maintain this diameter over the wide range of inflation pressures. With use of an optical magnification system, the diameters of multiple angioplasty dilating catheters made of polyvinyl chloride (USCI) and polyethylene (Advanced Cardiovascular System, Inc.) were measured with designated balloon diameter sizes of 2.0 to 3.7 mm. All balloons had a linear increase in diameter over a range of pressures from 2 to 10 atm. The average increase in diameter over this pressure range was 15% (range 7 to 18%). Polyvinyl chloride balloons reached their specified diameter at less than 5 atm and exceeded it at higher Inflation pressures. Polyethylene balloons reached their specified diameter at 8 to 10 atm, and were below specified diameters at lower pressures. There was slight variation in size and only a minimal difference in compliance between balloons of the same material and size. A given balloon achieved the same diameter at a given pressure even after multiple Inflations and maintained a stable diameter during prolonged Inflations.