cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Complete Isometric Consistency Chart for the Natural Constants e , m and h

The purpose of this paper is to show in greater detail the construction and use of a certain type of consistency chart already briefly described by the author in a previous paper, and by means of it to exhibit, with a few minor changes and some important new additional data, the present status of the dilemma regarding the values of $e$, $m$ and $h$ which grows out of the discrepancy between various results of careful measurements of functions of these variables. The discrepancy itself remains practically as glaring and just as unexplained as ever. Scales have been added permitting the values of $e$, $m$ and $h$ corresponding to any intersection point to be read off directly.
The Killing Game: An Ecofeminist Critique of Hunting

(1996). The Killing Game: An Ecofeminist Critique of Hunting. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 30-44.
Reliability and validity of the DBT-VLCS: A measure to code validation strategies in dialectical behavior therapy sessions

AbstractObjective: There are six strategies or validation levels in dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), yet there are no measures designed to code for them. This absence limits our understanding of the relationship between validation strategies and treatment outcome. The DBT-Validation Level Coding Scale (DBT-VLCS) was developed to overcome this limitation. Method: This research reports on the interrater reliability and content validity for the DBT-VLCS. Results: Overall, interrater reliability was excellent for all items, with the exception of two items that demonstrated good reliability. Good content validity was demonstrated for six of the seven items. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that the DBT-VLCS is a reliable and valid measure to code the presence of validation in DBT. This measure creates the opportunity for research that has not previously been possible.
Ecology and Physiology of the Pathogenic Cyanobacterium Roseofilum reptotaenium

Roseofilum reptotaenium is a gliding, filamentous, phycoerythrin-rich cyanobacterium that has been found only in the horizontally migrating, pathogenic microbial mat, black band disease (BBD) on Caribbean corals. R. reptotaenium dominates the BBD mat in terms of biomass and motility, and the filaments form the mat fabric. This cyanobacterium produces the cyanotoxin microcystin, predominately MC-LR, and can tolerate high levels of sulfide produced by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) that are also associated with BBD. Laboratory cultures of R. reptotaenium infect coral fragments, suggesting that the cyanobacterium is the primary pathogen of BBD, but since this species cannot grow axenically and Koch’s Postulates cannot be fulfilled, it cannot be proposed as a primary pathogen. However, R. reptotaenium does play several major pathogenic roles in this polymicrobial disease. Here, we provide an overview of the ecology of this coral pathogen and present new information on R. reptotaenium ecophysiology, including roles in the infection process, chemotactic and other motility responses, and the effect of pH on growth and motility. Additionally, we show, using metabolomics, that exposure of the BBD microbial community to the cyanotoxin MC-LR affects community metabolite profiles, in particular those associated with nucleic acid biosynthesis.
Formation and structure of an unusual complex from the reaction of formaldehyde with alkali halide salt molecules in argon matrices

La reaction entre halogenure d'alkyle et formaldehyde ne donne pas naissance au transfert d'anion halogenure attendu et a la formation de l'anion CH 2 XO − . On observe plutot une interaction ion-dipole inhabituelle
The decay of 155Tb(5.6 d) and 155Eu(1.81y) to levels in 155Gd

Abstract The electron capture decay of 155 Tb(5.6 d) and the beta decay of 155 Eu(1.81 y) to excited states in 155 Gd have been studied with a Ge(Li) detector and a scintillation spectrometer in singles and coincidence. The 155 Tb sources were obtained from the 153 Eu(α,2n) 155 Tb and 154 Gd(α,3n) 155 Dy reactions. Previously unreported transitions in the decay of 155 Tb with energies of 200.3, 235.1, 326.0, 383.1, 391.4, 427.4, 487.5, 532.4, and 647.8 keV were observed. The results including coincidence data permit an improvement of the level scheme of 155 Gd previously proposed on the basis of internal conversion electron data. Gamma-ray transitions have been incorporated into a consistent level scheme for 155 Gd with levels at 60.0, 86.5, 105.3, 118.0, 146.0, 235.1, 266.6, 268.6, 286.8, 326.0, 367.7, 427.3, 451.3, 488.8, 592.6 and 647.7 keV. Ratios of experimental gamma-ray transition probabilities from the 488.8, 451.3, 326.0, 286.8, 118.0, 105.3 and 86.5 keV states are presented. An attempt has been made to discuss the level scheme of 155 Gd in terms of the Nilsson model.
Ultrafast Electron Diffraction and Structural Dynamics: Transient Intermediates in the Elimination Reaction of C2F4I2

We give a full account of our earlier report on the structural dynamics in the elimination reaction of C_2F_4I_2, as studied with the newly constructed third-generation apparatus for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED3) at Caltech (Ihee, H.; Lobastov, V. A.; Gomez, U., Goodson B. M.; Srinivasan, R.; Ruan, C.-Y.; Zewail, A. H. Science 2000, 291, 458). Improvements in experimental stability, sensitivity, resolution, and versatility provided by UED3 permitted the reaction to be probed with spatial and temporal resolution of ∼1 ps and ∼0.01 A, respectively, and with a sensitivity to chemical change of ∼1%. In addition to the improvements in apparatus design, a number of advancements in data processing, analysis, and modeling were developed which are described here in detail for the first time. With UED, we directly observed the prompt (within 5 ps) formation of the C_2F_4I transient structure, and its subsequent decay with a rate of (25 ± 7 ps)^(-1). The molecular structure of the C_2F_4I radical was determined to be classical, not bridged-and was refined via a least-squares fitting procedure. These experimental results are compared with recent predictions obtained from ab initio and density functional theory calculations (Ihee, H.; Kua, J.; Goddard, W. A.; Zewail A. H. J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 3623), yielding quantitative agreement to within 0.03 A between the experimental and theoretical structures for the transient intermediate.
Display of acoustic reflection profiles using a dot matrix plotter

Abstract Acoustic reflection profiling data display is traditionally done with the aid of a facsimile type of recorder. It is not uncommon to record the unprocessed acoustic data on a tape recorder for subsequent playback through a laboratory computer. This still involves the use of some sort of facsimile recorder for the ultimate display of profiles. This paper presents the results of a study to adapt a high-speed digital dot matrix plotter for the ultimate display in place of the conventional facsimile recorder. Because a minicomputer drives the display directly, a host of signal conditioning procedures are permitted, with the final display being generated in real time. Algorithms are developed to control the marking density, allow adaptive threshold control, bottom tracking, automatic gain control, and de-emphasis of water column boundary reverberation. These techniques are just a few of the many that can be employed since the computer can readily be carried on a large ship in deep water, or a small vessel in a harbour. Shallow water is the difficult case for high energy acoustic sources because the water column boundaries behave much like an excited acoustic cavity. For this reason, a section of seismic profile is shown which was obtained with a 7·5 kHz pinger in only 8 m of water in Narragansett Bay. This research was partiallysupported by the Division of Computer Research of the National Science Foundation.
Novel aspects of wet milling for the production of microsuspensions and nanosuspensions of poorly water-soluble drugs

Micronization and nanoparticle production of poorly water-soluble drugs was investigated using single wet milling equipment operating in the attritor and stirred media modes. The drug particles in the median size range of 0.2?2??m were prepared by changing the milling mode and operating conditions of a Micros mill with a purpose of elucidating the dynamics of the wet milling process. It was determined that particle breakage due to mechanical stresses and aggregation due to insufficient stabilization are two competing mechanisms which together control the wet milling dynamics of the poorly water-soluble drugs. The study in the attritor mode using four different classes of stabilizers with six drugs indicated that steric stabilization worked better than electrostatic stabilization for the drugs studied. In addition, the existence of different minimum polymer concentrations for the stabilization of microsuspensions and nanosuspensions was indicated. The major role of a non-ionic polymer during the production of fine particles is its stabilization action through steric effects, and no experimental evidence was found to support the so-called Rehbinder effect. Periodic addition of the polymer as opposed to the addition of the polymer at the start of milling process was introduced as a novel processing method. This novel method of polymer addition provided effective stabilization and breakage of drug particles leading to a narrower and finer particle size distribution. Alternatively, it may allow shorter processing time and lower overall power consumption of the milling process for a desired particle size.
Unexpected anomalies in the behaviour of neutral red and related dyes.

THE colour base of neutral red, 2-amino-8-N,N-dimethylamino-3-methylphenazine, together with 2-amino-8-N,N-dimethylaminophenazine (the colour base of ‘neutral violet’ in German usage), the amphoteric 8-amino-2-phenazinol, and 2-amino-7-N,N-di-methylaminophenazine have been made for the first time by unambiguous means: bomb-tube reactions of aqueous ammonia with the corresponding chloro- or bromo-N,N-dimethylaminophenazines, or with the halogenated 2-phenazinol1. The phenazines were made by ring closure through the nitro group of the corresponding 2-nitrodiphenylamines, according to the method of Waterman and Vivian2.
Emericellopsis stolkiae sp.nov. from saline soils in Wyoming

A fungus herein described as a new species in Emericellopsis van Beyma was isolated from soil collected near the margin of a saline (MgSO4) lake in southeastern Wyoming, U.S.A. E. stolkiae sp.nov. differs from E. minima Stolk, originally reported from coastal saline muds, in the character of its ascospores (average dimensions 6·6×3·7 μm, dark green, with attenuated wing-like appendages up to 10·0 μm long) and in conidium size and shape. Ascospore size along with wing size and morphology are adjudged to constitute a valid basis for specific distinction in the genus. A key to the eleven described taxa in Emericellopsis is appended.
The impact of research synthesis methods on industrial–organizational psychology: The road from pessimism to optimism about cumulative knowledge

This paper presents an account of the impact that research synthesis methods, in the form of psychometric meta-analysis, has had on industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology. This paper outlines the central contributions of psychometric meta-analysis in providing a method for developing cumulative knowledge. First, this paper describes the concerns and the state of the field before the development of meta-analytic methods. Second, the paper explains how meta-analysis addressed these concerns. Third, the paper details the development of psychometric meta-analysis through VG research and describes how the use of psychometric meta-analysis spread to other topic areas in the field. Finally, the paper presents illustrative example literatures, such as training and leadership, where meta-analysis had crucial impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of multimagnetometer systems on a spacecraft

Magnetometers on a radial boom may be employed to determine the first N-1 multipole contributions to the spacecraft field and improve the total accuracy of a magnetic field experiment. The total error for systems of one to four magnetometers is investigated. The optimal magnetometer locations, for which the total error is a minimum, are found for given boom-length, instrument errors and magnetic field models characteristic for spacecraft with only a restricted or ineffective magnetic cleanliness program.
Preattentive texture segmentation and grouping by the boundary contour system

An improved boundary contour system (BCS) neural network model of preattentive vision is applied to two images that produce strong 'pop-out' of emergent groupings in humans. The improved BCS model is able to segment multi-element textures in a manner analogous to texture segmentation by human observers. In humans, these images generate groupings that are collinear with or perpendicular to image contrasts. Analogous groupings occur in computer simulations of the model. Long-range cooperative and short-range competitive processes of the BCS dynamically form the stable groupings of texture regions in response to the images. The groupings of the model shown attempt to emulate one of the most difficult and fundamental of human visual competencies: the dynamic, automatic synthesis of the perceptually salient units in a visual scene. >
Philosophy in mixed methods teaching: The transformative paradigm as illustration

As teachers of mixed methods, we have a responsibility to nurture our students' abilities to think through their choices in terms of mixed methods research based on a critically examined understanding of their philosophical assumptions. The belief systems associated with the transformative paradigm are used to illustrate the importance of teaching philosophical frameworks as a part of mixed methods instruction. Teachers and students of research will improve their practice by engaging in critical self-reflection and dialogue about the philosophical assumptions that underlie their positions as researchers. This is an important area of exploration for mixed methods researchers who seek to improve the validity of their findings.
Frequency noise measurement of diode-pumped Nd:YAG ring lasers

The combined frequency noise spectrum of two lightwave Model 120-01A nonplanar ring oscillator lasers was measured by first heterodyne detecting the IF signal and then measuring the IF frequency noise using an RF frequency discriminator. The results indicated the presence of a 1/f/sup 2/ noise component in the power spectral density of the frequency fluctuations between 1 Hz and 1 kHz. After incorporating this 1/f/sup 2/ into the analysis of the optical phase tracking loop, the measured phase error variance closely matches the theoretical predictions. >
HASTE MRU in the evaluation of acute flank pain

A 20 year old, otherwise healthy, G2PO, 21 week pregnant female presented to the emergency de-partment with a one day history of left flank pain, nau-sea, and vomiting. She denied a history of fevers, chills, or dysuria. Physical examination revealed left costo-vertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory evaluation was significant for leukocytosis (14,000), normal creatinine (0.6), and unremarkable urinalysis. Renal ultrasound demonstrated mild left hydroureteronephrosis without evidence of stone. Subsequent HASTE magnetic reso-nance urography (MRU) revealed a 3mm left ureteral stone, mild hydronephrosis, and a forniceal rupture (Figure-1). The patient was managed conservatively with hydration and oral narcotics. Urolithiasis is not an uncommon finding in pregnancy with an estimated incidence of 1/1,500 pregnancies (1). Although pregnancy does not confer an increased risk of urolithiasis, a shift in stone profile in pregnant patients has been observed. Specifically, there is an increased incidence of calcium phosphate stones as opposed to calcium oxalate stones most commonly observed in non-pregnant females. Rea-sons for this shift in stone composition include an ab-sorptive hyercalciuria and relatively alkaline urine pH that occur in this population (2). Despite the common occurrence of stone disease in pregnancy, safe and ac-curate diagnosis remains a dilemma. When subjecting pregnant patients to diag-nostic imaging studies the potential impact to the fe-tus must be considered. Computed tomography (CT), the gold standard for stone diagnosis, exposes the pa-
Ankyrin-B Is Required for Intracellular Sorting of Structurally Diverse Ca2+ Homeostasis Proteins

This report describes a congenital myopathy and major loss of thymic lymphocytes in ankyrin-B (−/−) mice as well as dramatic alterations in intracellular localization of key components of the Ca2+ homeostasis machinery in ankyrin-B (−/−) striated muscle and thymus. The sacoplasmic reticulum (SR) and SR/T-tubule junctions are apparently preserved in a normal distribution in ankyrin-B (−/−) skeletal muscle based on electron microscopy and the presence of a normal pattern of triadin and dihydropyridine receptor. Therefore, the abnormal localization of SR/ER Ca ATPase (SERCA) and ryanodine receptors represents a defect in intracellular sorting of these proteins in skeletal muscle. Extrapolation of these observations suggests defective targeting as the basis for abnormal localization of ryanodine receptors, IP3 receptors and SERCA in heart, and of IP3 receptors in the thymus of ankyrin-B (−/−) mice. Mis-sorting of SERCA 2 and ryanodine receptor 2 in ankyrin-B (−/−) cardiomyocytes is rescued by expression of 220-kD ankyrin-B, demonstrating that lack of the 220-kD ankyrin-B polypeptide is the primary defect in these cells. Ankyrin-B is associated with intracellular vesicles, but is not colocalized with the bulk of SERCA 1 or ryanodine receptor type 1 in skeletal muscle. These data provide the first evidence of a physiological requirement for ankyrin-B in intracellular targeting of the calcium homeostasis machinery of striated muscle and immune system, and moreover, support a catalytic role that does not involve permanent stoichiometric complexes between ankyrin-B and targeted proteins. Ankyrin-B is a member of a family of adapter proteins implicated in restriction of diverse proteins to specialized plasma membrane domains. Similar mechanisms involving ankyrins may be essential for segregation of functionally defined proteins within specialized regions of the plasma membrane and within the Ca2+ homeostasis compartment of the ER.
Piezoelectric Micro-power Generation to Charge Supercapacitor with Optimized Duty Cycle

Energy harvesting has been proved to be a novel solution to replace the batteries in remote power supply applications. Unfortunately, the limited capacity and low efficiency of output power constraint the practical applications of energy harvesting in daily life. After a systematic review of previous researches about energy harvesting in power management perspective, a circuit design, which focuses on low-frequency mechanical vibration, is introduced. With classical piezoelectric cantilever configuration, the maximum charging current of a supercapacitor can be obtained by optimizing the duty cycle of a buck regulator through software implemented pulse width modulation. The results of experiments prove the capacitive electric model of the piezo, the existence of maximum charging current of the supercapacitor, and the adaptive control of the designed circuits. With the duty cycle optimized to 2.17%, the maximum charging current of 17.36 mA is measured, which is approximately four times fold of previous rese...
CANNULATION STRATEGY FOR AORTIC ARCH RECONSTRUCTION USING DEEP HYPOTHERMIC CIRCULATORY ARREST

Background Aortic arch reconstruction in neonates is commonly performed using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. However, concerns have arisen regarding potential adverse neurologic outcomes from this complex procedure, raising questions about the best arterial cannulation approach for cerebral perfusion and effective systemic hypothermia. In this study, we use computational fluid dynamics to investigate the effect of different cannulation strategies in neonates. Methods We used a realistic template of a hypoplastic neonatal aorta as the base geometry to investigate four cannulation options: (1) right innominate artery, (2) innominate root, (3) patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), or (4) innominate root and PDA. Performance was evaluated according to the numerically predicted cerebral and systemic flow distributions compared with physiologic perfusion under neonatal conditions. Results The four cannulation strategies were associated with different local hemodynamics; however, this did not translate into any significant effect on the measured flow distributions. The largest difference only represented 0.8% of the cardiac output and was measured in the innominate artery, which received 23.2% of the cardiac output in option 3 vs 24% in option 4. Pulmonary artery snaring benefited all systemic vessels uniformly. Conclusions Because of the very high vascular resistances in neonates, downstream vascular resistances dictated flow distribution to the different vascular beds rather than the cannulation strategy, allowing the surgical team to choose their method of preference. However, patients with aortic coarctation warrant further investigation and will most likely benefit from a 2-cannulae approach (option 4).
Children with Diabetes: Satisfaction with School Support, Illness Perceptions and HbA1C Levels

Children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) need support at school to help them manage disease-related symptoms. This pilot study assessed children’s perceptions of their satisfaction with support from school nurses, teachers, and friends in their classrooms as well as the types of support they needed from each group. The sample consisted of children with T1D, attending a summer camp, and their parents. Findings indicated that children were satisfied with their support at school, but would like more support during after-school activities. Children who reported greater satisfaction with school support and had lower glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) had lower HbA1c at a 6-month follow-up. Children who reported greater sadness at having diabetes and who believed it was less fair that they had diabetes had higher HbA1c at 6-months. Other diabetes related attitudes were not related to glycemic control. Future research should continue to assess relations among support, including things that are not supportive at school, and disease management as well as continue to develop the Revised How is School Scale for use as a tool for developing individual medical plans at school.
The Effect of Humidity on the Dry Flashover Potential of Pin-Type Insulators

This paper shows that humidity affects considerably the flashover voltages of porcelain and Pyrex insulators. The flashover potential rises as the humidity is increased. The tests were made on pin-type insulators and on rods. The results show that this rising characteristic is a surface effect which varies with the absolute water content of the surrounding atmosphere.
Multiroot: Towards Memory-Efficient Router Virtualization

Network virtualization has become a powerful scheme to make efficient use of networking hardware. It allows multiple virtual networks to co-exist on the same physical networking substrate. This requires the hardware router to maintain multiple lookup tables. Hence, ultimately the hardware router should be capable of handling packets from different virtual networks. In this paper, we introduce a memory-efficient solution for router virtualization named, Multiroot. We propose this potential scheme for Provider Edge (PE) router virtualization after examining the address space requirement of such networks. Multiroot is a novel merging technique to consolidate all the routing tables to a single merged table. The shared data structure used in our algorithm results in a significant memory usage reduction in the lookup data structure while guaranteeing traffic isolation which is critical in a virtualized environment. This improvement in memory usage results in a very scalable solution for router virtualization in terms of resource usage of the hardware router. Multiroot uses trie data structure and can be implemented on a hardware or a software platform. Experiments show that our solution can achieve up to 5 fold memory usage reduction compared to state-of-the-art techniques present in literature.
Deposition of β1h globulin in kidneys of patients with immune renal disease

Renal biopsies from patients with a variety of immune type renal diseases were examined by immunofluorescence for the presence of C3 and its control protein, beta 1H globulin. Deposits of beta 1H were found in every instance (21 of 21 biopsies) in which C3 deposits were observed, irrespective of the underlying disease resulting in the C3 deposits, including lupus nephritis, acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis, and Goodpasture's syndrome. In no instance was beta 1H found independently of C3. As previously shown in in vitro systems, beta 1H also binds to C3, presumably C3b, during activation of the complement system in immunologically induced renal disease.
Relative Ammonia Concentrations, Dust Concentrations, and Presence of Salmonella Species and Escherichia coli Inside and Outside Commercial Layer Facilities

Abstract Three air contaminants that may have serious health consequences to humans and poultry are ammonia, dust, and aerosolized bacteria. This study measured ammonia concentrations, dust concentrations, and the presence or absence of aerosolized Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli inside and outside five commercial layer facilities. The average outside ammonia concentration measurements decreased as the distance from the facility increased from 10 to 40 ft. The measurements at 10 ft from the facilities were consistently higher than the average concentrations inside the facilities. The ammonia measurement trends inside of the facilities were affected by the temperature-dependent ventilation systems. Average dust concentrations inside the five facilities were consistently below 2 mg/m3. Three facilities also experienced average outside dust concentrations at all measured distances below 2 mg/m3. Two facilities had relatively high average dust measurements at 10 ft from ventilation fans (32.12 mg/m3 and ...
Exploring Associations among Writing Self-Perceptions, Writing Abilities, and Native Language of English-Spanish Two-Way Immersion Students.

The current study, with 409 fourth graders in two-way immersion programs, explored the writing self-perceptions of native English and native Spanish speakers and the relationship between self-perceptions and writing performance. An adapted version of the Writer Self-Perception Scale (WSPS) was administered along with a writing task. Native English speakers reported higher English writing self-perceptions than native Spanish speakers. However, native Spanish speakers did not report consistently higher Spanish writing self-perceptions than native English speakers. Regression analyses demonstrate positive associations between self-perceptions and performance in both languages. The present study supports the value of capturing students’ writing self-perceptions in two languages.
The Foulston & Siefkin Lecture. Tales of Death: Storytelling in the Physician-Assisted Suicide Litigation

This article analyzes the litigation rhetoric used by parties in the physician-assisted suicide cases decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1997. The one case, Washington v. Glucksberg, involved the Washington State law against assisting suicide; the other case, Vacco v. Quill, involved a similar New York statute. The article follows those cases from their initial complaints through their trial court, circuit court and Supreme Court phases looking at the language used by the various attorneys in making their arguments and judges in rendering their rulings. In dealing with this issue, all parties appealed to stories about life and death with or without physician-assisted suicide in presenting their views. In large part, the final verdict depends on whether one believes that, on the whole, individual autonomy is increased or decreased through recognizing a constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide. There are compelling stories on both sides, as this article indicates.
A1.29 CD4+ T cell subpopulations in blood and synovial fluid defined by differential expression of integrins

Background CD4 + T cells are important mediators of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis; however, the specific CD4 + T cell populations most important in driving disease pathology remain unclear. CD4 + T cells are often divided into subsets based on effector functions (e.g. Th1, Th2, Th17). Here we describe an alternative strategy of defining T cell subpopulations in blood and synovial fluid based on differential expression of integrins and other migratory receptors that help cells localise to specific target tissues. Blockade of integrin-dependent migration is already employed clinically; therefore, understanding patterns of migratory receptor expression that allow infiltration into the joint and other target organs is of significant interest. Methods We developed multiparametric flow cytometry panels to characterise expression of integrins and other migratory receptors on blood and synovial fluid CD4 + T cells. Dimensional reduction was performed using Spanning tree Progression of Density normalised Events (SPADE) to identify CD4 + T cell subpopulations that express specific combinations of migratory receptors. Results More than half of circulating memory CD4 + T cells coordinately express α3, α5, and α6 integrins. α4 integrin is expressed on ˜25%–50% of circulating memory CD4 + T cells, but in a distinct pattern such that memory CD4 + T cells can be divided into 3 groups based on the differential expression of α4 and α6 integrin (α4+α6-, α4-α6+, α4+α6+). Both central memory and effector memory CD4 + T cell subsets contain these populations, while naive T cells lack significant expression of either α chain. Interestingly, both CD4 + CD25 + CD127- regulatory T cells and CD4 + CLA+’skin-homing’ cells fall predominantly within the α4-α6+ population. Both α4- α6+ and α4+α6+ cells co-express β1, while α4+α6- cells co-express β7 rather than β1. α4β7+ cells constitute ˜10%–20% of circulating memory CD4 + T cells; however, these cells are rare in inflammatory synovial fluid, in which almost all CD4 + T cells express β1. Small populations of circulating memory CD4 + cells also express α1, α2, αV, and αE integrins and CD146, with certain subsets substantially enriched in synovial fluid. SPADE analyses allowed for visual demonstration of cell subpopulations defined by migratory receptor expression. Conclusion Differential integrin expression identifies CD4 + T subpopulations in a manner non- redundant with traditional methods of classifying T cells. Specific integrin-defined memory CD4 + subpopulations are enriched in synovial fluid compared to blood, suggesting that certain integrins, in particular β1 integrins, may promote CD4 + T localisation to the joint. Further characterisation of integrin-defined T cell subpopulations that can infiltrate the joint may lend new insights into mechanisms of synovial inflammation.
Poultry as an Economical Producer of Food

ABSTRACT Poultry is continually becoming more important as a food producer in this country, making the question of the economy of producing poultry flesh and of egg production of considerable importance. It is estimated that the present value of the poultry industry exceeds one billion dollars. Poultry has shown a constant and quite rapid gain according to the census reports, fowls having increased 17 per cent in numbers between 1900 and 1910 and the production of eggs increased 23 per cent. During that period the population of the country increased 21 per cent but the production of live stock not only did not increase but actually decreased. Estimated production and what figures are available of receipts of eggs showed a very rapid increase in the production of poultry products up to the war and although the conditions during and since the war have upset the normal growth, the census figures for . . .
Matrix for wave propagation through a Spiral Phase Plate

A matrix formalism for wave propagation through a spiral phase plate (SPP) is presented. From the matrix, analytic equations describing the wave characteristics on the input and output planes of the SPP device is calculated.
Complex stock price dynamics under Max Weber’s spirit of capitalism hypothesis

We introduce Max Weber’s spirit of capitalism hypothesis into a benchmark Lucas’ tree asset pricing model by assuming that economic agents derive direct utility from wealth. We prove the existence of perfect foresight equilibria where the price-dividend ratio displays explosive rational bubble solutions, endogenous periodic cycles and chaotic dynamics.
Phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Orta: has functional structure recovered in one of the largest acidic lakes in the world?

Lake Orta (Northern Italy) became one of the world’s largest acidic lakes, following industrial pollution, beginning in the late 1920s. Prior to pollution, Lake Orta supported a rich and diversified phytoplankton community dominated by diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates. Their taxonomic composition was comparable to that of the nearby Lake Maggiore, which provides a useful reference comparison. After pollution, Lake Orta was so acidic and contaminated with trace metals that only a few tolerant phytoplankton species persisted, supplemented by sudden and short living outbursts of occasional colonists. The lake was limed in 1989-1990. This has permitted the gradual recovery of its chemistry and biology, and many phytoplankton species that inhabit Lake Maggiore are now re-appearing in Lake Orta. I tested the two hypotheses that Lakes Orta and Maggiore would now have a similar phytoplankton taxonomic assemblages, and similar diversity of functional groups given their similar morphometry, physical features and trophic states. The two hypotheses were tested by comparing the phytoplankton assemblages of lakes Maggiore and Orta for the first 10 years after liming, i.e. 1990 to 2001. Phytoplankton was classified according the Reynolds' Morpho Functional Groups and five diversity indices were calculated ( S , number of units; H , Shannon-Wiener; E , evenness; D , dominance; J , equitability). SHE analysis (an analysis of diversity changes based on the relationship among species richness (S), H Index (H) and evenness (E)) was also carried out, in order to compare the long term trend of both functional groups and taxa biodiversity. Both taxonomic and the functional composition differed in the two lakes, likely because chemical quality have played a role in taxa selection. Moreover, it was quite clear that, during the first post-liming decade, Lake Orta’s phytoplankton was characterized by low diversity and evenness and by marked year-to-year fluctuations. However, SHE analysis showed that the colonization rate was higher in Lake Orta than in Lake Maggiore, and that the environmental modifications caused by the liming were opening new ecological niches, allowing some colonists to thrive in the changing, albeit still unusual chemical environment of the lake.
Application of vegetation remote sensing in shallow groundwater finding

To quickly,globally and dynamically discover the extension of shallow groundwater,and decrease risk and blindness of conventional ground investigation,the relation between vegetation and shallow groundwater was firstly analysed and based on the indication of vegetation,the technique of remote sensing was applied to extracting the vegetation fraction in the studied area.Considering the influence of terrain geomorphy and hydrography,a perspective model for finding shallow groundwater was built.The results of the spot investigation show that the prediction of this method is coincident with the actual satuation,so this method has some feasibility,practicability and reference value in exploring shallow groundwater by remote sensing.
Advance in Research of Hypertension Health Education

Hypertension is a typical chronic disease.A comprehensive and effective way to control hypertension is using drugs,and another essential way is health education.This paper mainly discusses the mode,content,evaluation of hypertension health education,proposes the existence of the problem and explores the future direction of hypertension health education.
Cosmetic Considerations in Surgery of the Hand

As the hand is superseded only by the face in portraying one’s personality, cosmetic aspects are prominent factors in treating disorders of the hand. Manner of usage is as important as form and color in determining the inconspicuousness of a deformity.
Third and Fourth Order Weighted ENO Schemes for Hamilton-Jacobi Equations on 2D Unstructured Meshes

We present our recent work on designing third and fourth order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes for solving the nonlinear Hamilton-Jacobi equations on two-dimensional unstructured meshes. The main ideas are nodal based approximations, the usage of monotone Hamiltonians as building blocks on unstructured meshes, nonlinear weights using smooth indicators of second and higher derivatives, and a strategy to choose diversified smaller stencils to make up the bigger stencil in the WENO procedure. Both third-order and fourth-order WENO schemes use combinations of second-order approximations with nonlinear weights. A brief introduction to the methods and a selected few numerical experiments are included here.
Improved attenuation correction in PET/MRI by combining MR image segmentation and joint estimation approaches

150 Objectives The goal is to improve MR-based PET attenuation correction in PET/MRI by combining two complementary approaches: 1) constructing an attenuation map based on MR image segmentation and 2) jointly estimating attenuation and activity maps from PET emission data. We hypothesize that the convergence of the two approaches enables us to meet challenges of addressing bone/lung/implant attenuation and segmentation errors. Methods A whole-body MR-based attenuation map (MRAM) is generated by segmenting Dixon fat-water images into 4 tissue classes (air, lung, fat and water) and then assigning predetermined attenuation coefficients to each class. In the MRAM, bone/implant components and patient-specific lung attenuation are not considered and classification/registration errors may exist. To address these problems, uncertain regions, likely to include bones/implants and lungs, are identified in MR images and then the attenuation coefficients in the identified regions are updated by estimating them jointly with an activity map from TOF PET data. In this study, regions likely to include lungs, ribs and/or vertebrae are identified in MR images by automatic procedures and then their attenuation values are updated by the joint estimation approach. Results For evaluation, a tri-modality (PET/CT and MR) clinical dataset was used. In an automatically identified vertebral region, the selective update by joint estimation improved MR-based attenuation coefficients when compared to reference CT-based attenuation coefficients (p=0.001, paired-sample t-test); a voxel-wise correlation coefficient of attenuation coefficients with the reference values increased from 0.58 to 0.84. A similar improvement was observed for an alternative region automatically identified as likely to include lungs, ribs and vertebrae (p Conclusions The proposed method of selectively updating MR-based attenuation maps by joint estimation demonstrated a promise to extract bone and patient-specific lung attenuation and address segmentation errors.
Moral Intuition or Moral Disengagement? Cognitive Science Weighs in on the Animal Ethics Debate

In this paper I problematize the use of appeals to the common intuitions people have about the morality of our society’s current treatment of animals in order to defend that treatment. I do so by looking at recent findings in the field of cognitive science. First I will examine the role that appeals to common intuition play in philosophical arguments about the moral worth of animals, focusing on the work of Carl Cohen and Richard Posner. After describing the theory of Moral Disengagement—which has been used to explain how people live with themselves when they commit acts that they themselves believe are wrong—I will review the recent empirical research that details the nature of the moral disengagement that accompanies animal treatment. This includes studies that reveal that those who eat animals engage in the following behaviors: They minimize the nature of the harm of killing animals by casting the practice in a positive light; They obscure personal responsibility by blaming others for harms; They minimize the effect of the conduct on the animals by avoiding reference to the animal origins of meat; They derogate vegetarians as a way of avoiding feelings of guilt for their own practices. Perhaps most importantly, a number of empirical studies have shown that people’s intuitions about the moral worth of animals are shaped by their practice of eating animals—and not the other way around. In addition to the studies on moral disengagement, there is another body of research that has attempted to discover what accounts for the individual differences in attitudes people have toward the moral worth of animals. These studies have linked masculinity and traits like Authoritarianism, Social Dominance Orientation and Right Wing Authoritarianism to the tendency to disregard the moral worth of animals. I will briefly summarize this body of research and will then conclude by arguing that this data should cause us to be highly skeptical of the value that the common intuition that people who eat animals have about the moral status of animals may have in helping us understand the actual moral worth of animals.
Role of K(+)(ATP) channels and adenosine in regulation of coronary blood flow in the hypertrophied left ventricle.

In the hypertrophied heart, increased extravascular forces acting to compress the intramural coronary vessels might require augmentation of metabolic vasodilator mechanisms to maintain adequate cor...
Multiscale Genome Modeling for Predicting the Thermal Conductivity of Silicon Carbide Ceramics

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics have been widely used in industry due to its high thermal conductivity. Understanding the relations between the microstructure and the thermal conductivity of SiC ceramics is critical for improving the efficiency of heat removal in heat sink applications. In this paper, a multiscale model is proposed to predict the thermal conductivity of SiC ceramics by bridging atomistic simulations and continuum model via a materials genome model. Interatomic potentials are developed using ab initio calculations to achieve more accurate molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Interfacial thermal conductivities with various additive compositions are predicted by nonequilibrium MD simulations. A homogenized materials genome model with the calculated interfacial thermal properties is used in a continuum model to predict the effective thermal conductivity of SiC ceramics. The effects of grain size, additive compositions, and temperature are also studied. The good agreement found between prediction results and experimental measurements validates the capabilities of the proposed multiscale genome model in understanding and improving the thermal transport characteristics of SiC ceramics.
"Not human, dead already": Perceptions and experiences of drug-related stigma among opioid-using young adults from the former Soviet Union living in the U.S.

Abstract Background Young people from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in the U.S. are engaging in opioid and injection drug use (IDU) in substantial numbers, paralleling nationwide trends. Yet opioid-using FSU immigrants face distinctive acculturation challenges, including perceived stigmatisation as drug users within their immigrant communities, which may exacerbate the negative health and psychosocial consequences of such use. Methods This qualitative study draws on semi-structured interviews with 26 FSU immigrant young adults (ages 18–29) living in New York City who reported opioid use in the past month and/or were currently in treatment for opioid use disorder. Interviews probed youths' drug use histories, immigration/acculturation experiences, family and peer relationships, and service utilisation. Interviews or focus groups were also conducted with 12 FSU mothers of opioid-using youth and 20 service providers familiar with the FSU population. In a content-based thematic analysis, verbatim transcripts were coded for salient themes. Results All three participant groups emphasized that stigma towards drug users within the FSU community is pervasive and acute, in contrast to the cultural acceptance of heavy drinking, and is rooted in punitive Soviet-era drug policies, fostering widespread ignorance about drugs and addiction. Young adults and service providers reported instances in which anticipation of community stigmatisation deterred youth from accessing drug treatment and harm reduction services. Similarly, stigma contributed to parents' failure to recognize early signs of their children's opioid problems and their reluctance to seek drug treatment for their children until opioid use had become severe. Young adults described how drug-use stigma is frequently internalized, leading to shame and loss of self-esteem. Conclusion Findings indicate an urgent need for community-wide education about drugs within FSU immigrant communities, and suggest specific service modalities that may be less stigmatizing for youth, such as peer-delivered syringe exchange and harm reduction education, and technology-based interventions that can be accessed privately and discreetly.
In Vitro Percutaneous Permeation of Betamethasone and Betamethasone 17-Valerate

The percutaneous permeation and sorption isotherm (equilibrium) profiles of betamethasone and betamethasone 17-valerate were estimated in an in vitro study with excised human skin. Corticosteroids were measured by HPLC. The stratum corneum (dry weight)/water partition coefficient of betamethasone 17-valerate was 20 times greater than that of betamethasone. Nevertheless, when aqueous saturation was maintained in the donor solution, the mean steady-state flux of betamethasone 17-valerate through split-thickness skin was 57.6 ng/cm2/h, whereas that of betamethasone was 15.2 ng/cm2/h. This was presumably because the aqueous saturation concentration of betamethasone (60 micrograms/mL) was 11 times greater than that of betamethasone 17-valerate (5.4 micrograms/mL), so that the calculated saturation concentrations of the two corticosteroids in stratum corneum were within a factor of 2. However, the drug amounts or concentrations of the more lipophilic corticosteroid (betamethasone 17-valerate) attained in viable layers (viable epidermis and dermis) at steady state were predicted to be greater than those of the less lipophilic corticosteroid (betamethasone) when the results in the permeation and equilibrium studies were interpreted by a mathematical model. The drug distribution pattern predicted (i.e., that a more lipophilic corticosteroid preferentially partitions into viable layers) was reasonable when compared with that observed in the permeation study. The mean drug amount of betamethasone 17-valerate in dermis was four times greater than that of betamethasone, whereas the drug amounts of both corticosteroids in epidermis were similar to each other.
Durable Medical Equipment: Types and Indications

There are various treatments for musculoskeletal-related conditions, including the use of durable medical equipment (DME). Numerous DME devices are currently available. This article addresses several of the common DME devices used for treating upper and lower extremity orthopedic conditions.