cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epitaxial Si films Grown on Lattice Matched (LaxY1-x)O3/Si (111) Structures by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Growth of epitaxial Si epitaxial overlayers on lattice matched (LaxY1-x)2O3/Si (LaYO/Si) structures has been investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction. Results indicate that smooth two-dimensional near lattice-matched LaYO (111) films can be grown on Si (111) substrates. However, subsequent Si epitaxial growth on the LaYO/Si structures nucleates as three-dimensional islands, a consequence of the high energy of the Si overlayer/LaYO interface. We have investigated the effect of growth temperature on the microstructure of the Si overlayers. Higher temperatures resulted in the nucleation of large faceted islands and rough overlayers while lower temperatures result in smaller islands that coalesce at an early stage and produce smoother films. In addition, formation of planar defects in these films is attributed to stacking errors on the {111} facets of initial Si islands with lower temperatures resulting in a higher density of stacking faults and twins.
Facts, values, and evaluative explanation: Contributions of Leo Strauss to contemporary debates

As the 20th century comes to a close, sociologists remain mired in the long-standing debate surrounding facts and values. The tensions between value-neutral and value-relevant sociologists have raged for decades and no resolution appears likely; at least no resolution is likely within the parameters of the existing debate. This essay is an introduction to the work of social thinker Leo Strauss, whose orientation provides a different perspective on the issue. It was Strauss's conviction that sociologists were fiddling Neros, oblivious to the crisis of value they helped engender, but excused on grounds that they did not know they fiddled and that they did not know Rome burned. A value-free social science that denied the possibility of reasoned discourse on value, while surreptitiously advancing a vision of the good, created little but confusion while undermining the basis on which any vision of the good could be defended. A value-driven social science, animated by what Strauss called the “historical sense,” likewise undermined the legitimacy of the value this social science was designed to serve while casting suspicion on all subsequent value claims. Works by Bellah, Wallerstein and Alexander, Seidman, Collins and Denzin, among others, are used for illustrative purposes. Following Strauss, it is suggested that evaluation and explanation cannot be divorced; theirs was a natural relationship that modern philosophy, beginning with Machiavelli, had unwittingly denied. Strauss advocated a social science that understood value as something to quest for, rather than something to be assumed, and he judged theory to be a guide for action, rather than its substitute. It is suggested that Strauss's reading of the classics could be of benefit to sociologists seeking resolution to the crisis of facts and values.
Fragipan degradation and nodule formation in Glossic Fragiudalfs of the lower Mississippi River Valley.

Glossic Fragiudalfs comprise several million hectares of agronomically important soils within the silty uplands of the lower Mississippi River Valley (Major Land Resource Area [MLRA] 134). These soils are typified by a fragipan within 100 cm of the surface overlain by a 5-cm-thick, or more, glossic horizon containing bleached coatings (albic material) along primary ped faces, indicating fragipan degradation. Concentrations of Fe-Mn nodules also occur in horizons above the fragipan. There is limited documentation regarding the in situ morphology of the nodules or their relationship to the underlying fragipan. The objectives of this study were to document (i) the profile distribution of nodules, (ii) variations in nodule morphology with depth, and (iii) the role of fragipans in nodule formation. Nodules were most common and largest directly above the fragipan horizons. Field and micromorphological observations suggested the nodules formed in remnants of the brittle fragipan matrix as a result of the conversion of Btx material to E' material (albic material) that isolated and surrounded brittle fragipan peds. The brittle peds that are the precursors to nodules appeared to decrease in size and became more highly impregnated with Fe and Mn oxides with distance above the fragipan. Spatial relationships of Fe concentrations and argillans within the nodules illustrated that the nodules were being formed in place and were not transported despite having distinct borders. With time the glossic horizon expands at the expense of the fragipan, resulting in a horizon consisting of Fe-Mn nodules and a few isolated brittle peds in a matrix of albic material.
The corrosion of ferritic stainless steels and high-purity Fe-Cr alloys in basaltic lava and simulated magmatic gas

Three ferritic stainless steels, types 410, 430, and 446, containing 12, 17, and 26% Cr, respectively, and two high-purity binary alloys, Fe-19Cr and Fe-24Cr, were subjected to molten tholeiitic basaltic lava with a cover gas simulating magmatic gas at 1150°C for periods up to 400 hr. The oxygen and sulfur partial pressures were 9.8×10−10 and 7.0×10−3, respectively. All alloys formed Cr2O3 scales. Internal sulfidation occurred in the commercial alloys resulting in the formation of chromium and manganese sulfides. Internal oxidation of silicon also occurred. The extent of internal sulfidation decreased with increasing chromium content. There was a “critical” chromium content between 12 and 17%, above which internal sulfidation did not occur in 96 hr. However, the “critical” chromium level increased with exposure time to nearly 26% for 400 hr. Little internal sulfidation was observed in the high-purity alloys. The different behavior between the commercial and high-purity alloys may be attributed to (i) the formation of more perfect scales on the latter, which inhibited the inward migration of sulfur, and (ii) changes in the sulfur activity gradient across the scale caused by the presence of silicon and manganese.
The molecular weight and substrate specificity of 20 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Streptomyces hydrogenans

Abstract The molecular weight of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was 111,000 when determined by agarose gel fitration and 106,000 by density gradient centrifugation. From gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, after treatment with urea and 2-mercaptoethanol, the molecular weight was 27,000, consistent with the native molecule containing four subunits. After gel electrophoresis at pH 8.1, a single band was detected which stained for protein and activity with 5α-pregnan-20β-ol-3-one and 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol. 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was inactivated at pH 4.5 and the time course of inactivation was independent of the steroid used for activity measurements. Steroid substrates did not protect 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase against acid inactivation or affect enzyme fluorescence. It was concluded that the activity observed with the two substrates occurred at the same active center and that under the experimental conditions little steroid was bound to the enzyme in the the absence of coenzyme.
In vitro exploration of a circadian rhythm in adrenocorticotropic activity of C mouse hypophysis.

Ein circadianer Rhythmus in der adrenocorticotropen Wirkung der Hypophyse bei Inzucht-C-Mausen wird durch einin vitro-Verfahren nachgewiesen. Es werden Angaben der Phasenunterschiede zwischen dem hypophysaren Rhythmus und den gleichfalls circadian-periodischen Schwankungen gemacht: (1) im Serum-Corticosteron und (2) in der Reaktion der Nebenniere auf ACTH,in vitro.
The Scope of the Direct Proline-Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Ketones to Imines

A full account of catalytic direct asymmetric Mannich-type reactions is presented describing the scope of amino acid-catalyzed additions of unmodified ketones to a large variety of imines. These reactions are performed under very mild, operationally simple, and environmentally friendly and benign conditions employing a one-pot, three-component protocol as well as preformed imines. Typically, products were obtained with high regio- and diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities. The methodology developed was applied as a powerful approach toward the synthesis of enantiomerically pure functionalized α-amino acids, γ-lactones, oxime-functionalized amino acids as well as pharmacologically important targets such as (R)-cyclohexylglycine.
Standalone modem design using the Am79C12

Abstract A standalone modem design using the Am79C12 modem chip and MC6803 processors is described in the paper. The MC6803-based controller adds user-friendly features to the modem chip. Details of the controller design, functions, modem chip interface and software flow chart are given.
Political Regimes and the Extractive Capacity of Governments: Taxation in Democracies and Dictatorships

Recent political and economic transformations in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe have brought about a renewed interest in the incentives and capabilities of different types of political regimes to implement policies that are deemed necessary for economic development, in particular, policies aimed at increasing tax revenue. One central question is whether democracies can collect as much in taxes as dictatorships. This article addresses this question by examining whether regime type, classified as democracy or dictatorship, has a causal impact on a government's capacity to mobilize resources through taxation. On the basis of data gathered for 108 countries for the period between 1970 and 1990, the article concludes that observed differences across countries regarding the level of taxes collected by the government are not due to the fact that some are under a democracy and others under a dictatorship. Concerns about the inability of democratic regimes to collect taxes are, therefore, unfounded.
Development of the Astoria Canyon-Fan physiography and comparison with similar systems

A detailed bathymetric study of Astoria Canyon and Astoria Fan provides a model for typical submarine canyon-fan systems. The present canyon head is 9 miles (17 km) west of the Columbia River mouth but buried Pleistocene channels appear to have connected the two features in the past. The canyon, which is distinguished by its relief, V-shaped profiles, and numerous tributaries, winds sinuously and is coincident with apparent structural trends across the continental shelf and slope. At the fan apex, the canyon mouth merges smoothly into Astoria Channel, which is characterized by its U-shaped profiles, lower walls of even height, and levee development. Astoria Channel and the fan valley at the base of the continental slope are the most recently active of a series of main fan valleys that appear to have: (1) progressively “hooked left”; (2) migrated from north to south across the fan during its formation; and (3) been partly responsible for the asymmetrical shape of the fan. The deep, narrow upper fan valleys that characterize the steep (> 1:100, or 0°35′) and rough (10–30 fathoms, or 18–55 m) upper fan surface break into distributaries on the middle fan, where there is the sharpest change in gradient. The main valleys become broader and shallower down the fan, while the generally concave fan surface grades to nearly a flat seafloor (to gradients < 1:1000, or 0°0.5′), (< 10 fathoms, or 18 m relief). Similarity of Astoria Canyon-Fan system with other deep-sea fan and alluvial fan systems, suggests the hypothesis that size of drainage basin, sediment size, and sediment load control the size, gradient, and valley development of any fan system. Data from bathymetry, seismic refraction stations, and sediment load of the Columbia River indicate that the cutting of Astoria Canyon and the deposition of the unconsolidated sediment layer forming Astoria Fan could have been accomplished during the Pleistocene. A similar history can be suggested for other major submarine canyon-fan systems.
Theoretical study of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrone and fulminic acid with substituted ethylenes

Molecular orbital calculations were performed to examine the electronic effects involved in the regioselectivity in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrone and fulminic acid. The substituted ethylene dipolarophiles were selected to represent a range of electron-donating/withdrawing abilities: amino, methyl, carbaldehyde (both in the s-cis and the s-trans conformations), and nitrile. The reactions were all asynchronous, with early transition sites. The regioselectivity was correlated with the ability of the substituent to donate or withdraw electrons. With electron-donating substituents, the substituent was directed preferentially to the oxygen end of the dipole and this shifted toward the other regioisomer as the electron-withdrawing ability of the substitutent increased. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 1795–1804, 1998
Consumer search behavior and sunk costs

Abstract This paper presents the results of four economic experiments involving 41 undergraduate students who were assigned the task of searching for the lowest price from a known distribution of prices. Economic theory predicts that individuals should continue to draw until the expected gain of another search is less than the marginal search cost. Additionally, once individuals have made a draw and then continued, they should never return to a price drawn earlier (exercise recall). Both of these predictions are tested in the paper and the results show that behavior is not always consistent with them. It appears that individuals are making decisions based on the total return from searching, rather than simply the marginal return from another draw.
Structural analysis of metal ion ligation to nucleotides and nucleic acids using pulsed EPR spectroscopy.

Metal ions play key structural and functional roles in many nucleic acid systems, particularly as required cofactors for many catalytic RNA molecules (ribozymes). We apply the pulsed EPR technologies of electron spin−echo envelope modulation and electron spin−echo-electron nuclear double resonance to the structural analysis of the paramagnetic metal ion Mn(II) bound to nucleotides and nucleic acids. We demonstrate that pulsed EPR, supplemented with specific isotope labeling, can characterize ligation to nucleotide base nitrogens, outer-sphere interactions with phosphate groups, distances to sites of specific 2H atom labels, and the hydration level of the metal ion. These techniques allow a comprehensive structural analysis of the mononucleotide model system MnGMP. Spectra of phenylalanine-specific transfer RNA from budding yeast and of the hammerhead ribozyme demonstrate the applicability of the methods to larger, structured RNA systems. This suite of experiments opens the way to detailed structural chara...
Evaluation and rehabilitation of glossectomy speech behavior.

Abstract Current methods of evaluation and rehabilitation of glossectomy speech behavior are reviewed. These methods include the application of articulatory compensations, phoneme substitution consistency and manipulation of vocal parameters on certain aspects of glossectomy intelligibility. This selective review indicates the need for utilizing objectively based methods of evaluating postoperative changes in speech intelligibility. Only then will clinicians be able to effectively plan therapy, indicate progress and predict ultimate communicative potential for their clients. In addition to the clinical rehabilitation methods, two procedures involving the restoration of lost tongue functions by using a mandibular tongue prosthesis and oral reconstructive surgery are included.
A problem in discrete distributive justice

Abstract We study the assignment of one unit each of m items (of which there are at least n units and whose prices are given) to n individuals for a given preference profile, subject to a budget constraint and a certain fairness criterion. This problem is studied for the following fairness mechanisms: (1) The utilitarian principle, (2) Rawl's difference principle and weak Pareto optimality, and (3) Foley's no-envy principle and weak Pareto optimality. We solve the problem for (1) and (2) by developing algorithms for finding the solution. For (3), it can be shown by a counterexample that a solution may not exist.
Cotton Resistance to Root-Knot Nematode: I. Penetration and Reproduction

Nematode parasitism of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has become increasingly important because of yield losses and increased distribution across cotton production regions. Penetration and reproduction of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, Race 3, was compared on three cotton genotypes differing in level of resistance: M-8, susceptible to root-not; M-78 (M-78 RNR), moderately resistant; and M-315 (M-315 RNR), resistant. Responses were characterized by penetration of plant roots by root-knot nematode juveniles and by reproduction, measured as number of eggs, egg-masses per plant, and eggs per eggs-mass. Susceptible, moderately resistant, and highly resistant cotton genotypes were penetrated about equally by juveniles. Production of egg-mass, and eggs per plant by nematodes were different among the three cotton genotypes. The development of egg masses was delayed in M-78 and M-315 as compared with M-8, with the greatest delay and prevention of the formation of significant numbers of egg-masses in the highly resistant M-315. Production of eggs and second-stage infective juveniles in the moderately resistant M-78 were sufficient to contribute significantly to the build-up of the next generation of root-knot populations in cotton production fields. Reproduction on M-315 was so low that nematode populations would be expected to decrase significantly under continuous culture. M-315 possesses two major genes for resistance and is a valuable source of root-knot nematode resistance for cotton improvement programs. These genes in combination do not alter penetration of the root-knot nematode juvenile stage into cotton roots, but do have major negative effects on survival and reproduction of the nematodes
Hydrocracking mechanisms in molten zinc chloride. Isotope scrambling and pyrolysis studies

Bruceton coal was hydrocracked in molten zinc chloride using H/sub 2/--D/sub 2/ mixtures. No H--D was observed. The pyrolysis of Bruceton coal and a lignite in molten zinc chloride and an inert salt was carried out and the tetrahydrofuran and pyridine extractability of the products determined. In the absence of H/sub 2/, zinc chloride is not an effective cracking catalyst. It is tentatively concluded that the catalytically active species is formed from zinc chloride and something in the coal and H/sub 2/. The interactions between zinc chloride and the lignite appear to be significantly different than the interactions between zinc chloride and the bituminous coal.
5-Hydroxytryptamine1A receptors are linked to a Gi-adenylate cyclase complex in rat hippocampus.

Abstract The ability of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the 5-HT 1A selective agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) to modulate adenylate cyclase activity was measured in rat hippocampus. In vitro ADP ribosylation of GTP-binding proteins by pertussis toxin in this tissue abolished both 5-HT- and 8-OH-DPAT-induced inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. These findings indicate that 5-HT 1A receptors are linked a pertussissensitive G i protein in rat hippocampus.
Uncompensated 10.7 Gb/s transmission over a 470 km hybrid fiber link with in-line SOAs

We experimentally demonstrate uncompensated WDM transmission over a 470 km hybrid fiber link using two versions of duobinary and in-line SOA amplification. MLSE receiver technology partially mitigates the accumulated dispersion of approximately 3300 ps/nm.
Statistical assessment of analytical method transfer

Analytical method transfer is an important part of analytical method development and maintenance. The current common practice of analytical method transfer is based on the equivalence of the means between the original laboratory and the receiving laboratory. However, for some assays the most scientifically sound approach would be to show the equivalency of individual sample readings between the two laboratories. In this study, statistical approaches such as limit of agreement, total deviation index, and tolerance interval approach to address individual equivalence between laboratories are discussed. Using a tolerance interval approach that is equivalent to the two one-sided hypothesis testing is proposed. These approaches are compared with each other and also with the mean equivalence approach on their statistical properties. Examples are presented to illustrate each analysis approach and the comparisons.
NMR imaging in medicine: history, principles and prospects

The history of applications of nuclear magnetic resonance to biology and medicine is reviewed, with emphasis on medical imaging. The basic principles are presented, along with some notes on possible future developments.
Binding of the Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Protein E2 to CD81 Inhibits Natural Killer Cell Functions

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Little is known about how this virus is able to persist or whether this persistence might be because of its ability to alter the early innate immune response. The major HCV envelope protein E2 has been shown to bind to CD81. Thus, HCV binding to natural killer (NK) cells could result in the cross-linking of CD81. To explore this possibility, we investigated whether cross-linking CD81 on NK cells could alter NK cell function. CD81 cross-linking by monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for CD81 or by immobilized E2 have been shown to result in costimulatory signals for human T cells. In this study, we show that CD81 cross-linking via immobilized E2 or mAbs specific for CD81 inhibits not only non major histocompatibility complex–restricted cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells but also interferon (IFN)-γ production by NK cells after exposure to interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, or CD16 cross-linking. These results show that CD81 cross-linking mediates completely different signals in NK cells versus T cells. Importantly, these results suggest that one mechanism whereby HCV can alter host defenses and innate immunity is via the early inhibition of IFN-γ production by NK cells.
Is the PTP Test Useful

We show empirically that the PTP test has very little discriminatory power, with highly significant PTP test probabilities often being associated with parsimony data that produce trees with low confidence (as measured by bootstrapping) and resolution. Because of this, we argue that the PTP test is useful only in the following, very limited way: if a data set fails the PTP test, it should not be used in a phylogenetic analysis. More conservative methods of measuring confidence such as the bootstrap or decay index are preferable.
Plushbot: an application for the design of programmable, interactive stuffed toys

In recent years, a burgeoning landscape of tangible, interactive toys has emerged--construction kits, robotic characters, and so on. At the same time, there has been relatively little development in software systems that permit users (including younger users) to design and create their own computationally-enhanced tangible figures. This paper presents Plushbot, a prototype system whose purpose is to allow people to create and customize programmable stuffed toys. Plushbot includes features specifically aimed at facilitating the incorporation of computational elements within stuffed fabric designs. Here we describe the current (still early) state of the system, show a completed project employing the system, and outline near- and medium-term directions for its continued development.
Identification of MUC5B Mucin Gene in Human Middle Ear With Chronic Otitis Media

Objectives: To identify the mucin gene and its expressing cells in the middle ear mucosa with chronic otitis media (COM), and to study the correlation between infiltration of inflammatory cells in the submucosa and expression of the mucin gene in the mucosal epithelium with COM. Study Design: Middle ear mucosal specimens removed from the inferior promontory area of 19 patients undergoing middle ear surgery for COM were studied. Methods: Sections were stained with H&E, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS), polyclonal MUC5B antibody, and specific MUC5B riboprobe for histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and mucin mRNA analyses. Results: H&E staining revealed pseudostratified epithelia in 18 of the middle ear specimens with COM and cuboidal secretory epithelia in one. AB-PAS staining of epithelia revealed abundant secretory cells and their products (glycoconjugates). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated that the secretory cells of the middle ear mucosa with COM expressed MUC5B mucin mRNA and its product MUC5B mucin. Conclusions: The MUC5B mucin gene and its product were identified in the middle ear secretory cells of patients with COM. Its expression was extensive in pseudostratified mucosal epithelia and related to infiltration of inflammatory cells in the submucosa of the middle ear cleft with COM, suggestive that inflammatory cell products are involved in the production of MUC5B.
S-shaped magnetic macroparticle filter for cathodic arc deposition

A new magnetic macroparticle filter design consisting of two 90/spl deg/ filters forming an S shape is described, The transport properties of this S filter are investigated using Langmuir and deposition probes. It is shown that the filter efficiency is the product of the efficiencies of two 90/spl deg/ filters, and the deposition rate is still acceptably high to perform thin-film deposition. Films of amorphous hard carbon have been deposited using a 90/spl deg/ filter and the S filter, and the macroparticle contents of the films are compared.
Fortune Tellers, Optical Engineering, World Events, and the Future

This PDF file contains the editorial “Fortune Tellers, Optical Engineering, World Events, and the Future” for OE Vol. 50 Issue 05
Formation of Dimethylselenonium Compounds in Soil

Selenium (Se) methylation/volatilization from Se-contaminated environments has been extensively studied over the last 15 years, but the methylation pathway of Se still remains largely unknown. We developed a sequential purge-and-trap system to collect volatile dimethylselenide (DMSe) and dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe) and to extract dimethylselenonium compounds. These dimethylselenonium compounds included dissolved DMSe and DMDSe, dimethylselenoxide (DMSeO), methylselenomethionine (MSemet), and dimethylselenoniopropionate (DMSeP). We monitored volatile DMSe and DMDSe and soluble dimethylselenonium compounds in a soil spiked with selenomethionine (Semet) at levels ranging from 16 to 80 μg of Se/g. In a moist soil spiked with Semet (80 μg of Se/g), concentrations of volatile DMSe and DMDSe were much higher than those of dissolved DMSe and DMDSe, DMSeO, MSemet, and DMSeP, although all of these compounds followed a similar trend in concentration over the course of the experiment. Concentration of dissolved DMSe a...
Plantar fasciitis treated with local steroid injection: comparison between sonographic and palpation guidance.

Purpose To compare the effectiveness of sonographically guided and palpation-guided steroid injection for the treatment of proximal plantar fasciitis. Patients and Methods Twenty-five consecutive patients with unilateral proximal plantar fasciitis were recruited and randomly divided into a sonographically guided group (n = 12) and palpation-guided group (n = 13). Proximal plantar fascia was assessed with a 5- to 12-MHz linear-array transducer. Pain intensity was quantified using a “tenderness threshold” (TT) and a visual analog scale (VAS). Injection of 7 mg (1 ml) of betamethasone and 0.5 ml of 1% lidocaine into the inflamed proximal plantar fascia was performed under the guidance of sonography or palpation. Patients were evaluated clinically and sonographically before injection and at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 1 year after injection. VAS- and TT-measured pain intensity, thickness, and echogenicity of the proximal plantar fascia, as well as the recurrence of heel pain, were assessed. Results Both VAS- and TT-measured levels of pain improved significantly after steroid injection in both groups (p < 0.001). Also, the thickness decreased significantly after injection (p < 0.01 in the palpation-guided group; p < 0.001 in the sonographically guided group). The number of patients with hypoechogenicity at the proximal plantar fascia decreased after steroid injection in both groups (p < 0.01 for both groups). The recurrence rate of plantar fasciitis in patients of the palpation-guided group (6/13) was significantly higher than that of the sonographically guided group (1/12) (p < 0.05). Conclusions Steroid injection can be an effective way to treat plantar fasciitis, and injection under sonographic guidance is associated with lower recurrence of heel pain. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound34:12–16, 2006
Soil Development in Low-Arctic Tundra of the Northern Brooks Range, Alaska, U.S.A.

Thirty-six Gelisols were investigated in the vicinity of Galbraith Lake and Toolik Lake (68?30'N, 149?30'W) in northern Alaska. The soils formed on surfaces previously interpreted as ranging from -110 ka BP to late Holocene in age. Sixteen of the profiles (44%) contained evidence of cryoturbation and were classified as Turbels, while the others were classified as Orthels. While most of the Orthels are developed in coarse-textured outwash, all of the Turbels are restricted to finegrained till and colluvium with ice-rich permafrost. There were no significant differences in profile quantities of weathering products, such as H+ ion, clay, silt, silt-plus-clay, and loss on ignition, between Orthels and Turbels. However, there were significant or nearly significant differences in profile quantities of H+ ion, silt, and silt-plus-clay as a function of age, with the lowest values in Holocene soils, intermediate values for the two younger drifts, and greater values for the oldest surface. A key finding of this study is that despite pervasive cryoturbation, soil properties can be used to determine relative age in the Low Arctic. Our results confirm previous age estimates that Itkillik II surfaces are of late Wisconsin age, with Itkillik I surfaces being somewhat older.
Implementing and evaluating a rural community-based sexual abstinence program: challenges and solutions

Informing both program evaluation and practice research, this paper describes lessons learned during the planning, implementation, and pilot phases of an abstinence education program based in a rural community in a southern state in the USA. Although a number of challenges can emerge in successfully implementing and evaluating such a program in a school and community setting, few publications have focused on bringing these challenges to light and highlighting strategies that were used to overcome them. This paper fills this knowledge gap by describing a community-based abstinence education evaluation project, outlining the challenges in implementing and evaluating the pilot phase of the project, and presenting strategies to address these challenges.
The Pieris napi/bryoniae hybrid zone at Pont de Nant, Switzerland: broad overlap in the range of suitable host plants

1. The butterflies Pieris napi and Pieris bryoniae hybridize in a narrow zone at ≈ 1200 m in the Alps and Carpathians of Europe. They feed as larvae on a variety of hosts in the Brassicaceae, and few host species occur on both sides of the hybrid zone. 2. Females were captured on either side of the hybrid zone at Pont de Nant, Switzerland, eggs obtained, and larvae were offered plants from nineteen species of Brassicaceae and Reseda lutea (Resedaceae). 3. Nine of the hosts were found to have eggs or larvae already on them. Only Capsella bursa-pastoris and R. lutea were unsuitable. 4. Significant survivorship differences among suitable hosts were found. There was no interaction between butterfly species and host plant, which would indicate adaptation by these taxa to their respective suites of hosts. 5. Among suitable hosts, larvae of both taxa had higher mortality on plants with hairy leaves and on older plants beginning to senesce. 6. Differential selection on host use, if it occurs at all, is likely to be a very minor factor in the dynamics of the Pieris napi/bryoniae hybrid zone.
COMPONENTS OF THE DIFFERENCE IN HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOOD BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES

Hemoglobin and the per cent transferrin saturation (TS) distributions of 742 black and 3074 white women drawn from a large probability sample of the US civilian noninstitutionalized population (HANES I) were examined to ascertain the magnitude and nature of an observed systematic difference in hemoglobin levels. This significant hemoglobin difference was primarily related to a different relationship between hemoglobin and TS for blacks and whites, and not related to differences in TS between the races. This difference between the races in the relationship between hemoglobin and TS explained almost all of the difference in hemoglobin concentration at the mean, the median and higher percentiles, and half or more of the difference at the first and third percentiles of the cumulative hemoglobin distributions of the white and black populations sampled. The practical implication of these findings is that white hemoglobin diagnostic criteria (standards) are inappropriate for blacks, and vice versa, both at the mean and at the lower hemoglobin levels of clinical interest.
The last lavas erupted during the main phase of the Siberian flood volcanic province: results from experimental petrology

The final lavas of the Siberian flood basalts are a ~1,000 m thick section of meimechites, high-al- kali, high-titanium, hydrous lavas that contrast sharply with the tholeiites that precede them. This paper pre- sents a phase equilibrium study indicating that a can- didate primary meimechite magma with 1 wt% water originated at ~5.5 GPa and 1,700� C, both hotter and shallower than other estimates for melting beneath continental lithosphere. The experiments also suggest that a higher volatile content was involved in meime- chite source genesis. Both the absence of orthopyrox- ene in any experiment and the close field association with carbonatites suggest that the meimechite source region may have been metasomatized with a CO2-rich fluid. A small additional quantity of CO2 and water would move magma origination to ~1,550-1,600� C.
The cortical actin cytoskeleton of unactivated zebrafish eggs: Spatial organization and distribution of filamentous actin, nonfilamentous actin, and myosin-II

Actin and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain (myosin-II) have been identified and localized in the cortex of unfertilized zebrafish eggs using techniques of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and fluorescence microscopy. Whole egg mounts, egg fragments, cryosections, and cortical membrane patches probed with rhodamine phalloidin, fluorescent DNase-I, or anti-actin antibody showed the cortical cytoskeleton to contain two domains of actin: filamentous and nonfilamentous. Filamentous actin was restricted to microplicae and the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane where it was organized as an extensive meshwork of interconnecting filaments. The cortical cytoplasm deep to the plasma membrane contained cortical granules and sequestered actin in nonfilamentous form. The cytoplasmic surface (membrane?) of cortical granules displayed an enrichment of nonfilamentous actin. An antibody against human platelet myosin was used to detect myosin-II in whole mounts and egg fragments. Myosin-II colocalized with both filamentous and nonfilamentous actin domains of the cortical cytoskeleton. It was not determined if egg myosin was organized into filaments. Similar to nonfilamentous actin, myosin-II appeared to be concentrated over the surface of cortical granules where staining was in the form of patches and punctate foci. The identification of organized and interconnected domains of filamentous actin, nonfilamentous actin, and myosin-II provides insight into possible functions of these proteins before and after fertilization. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of ICEPEL Predictions With Single-Elbow Flexible Piping System Experiment

The ICEPEL Code for coupled hydrodynamic-structural response analysis of piping systems is used to analyze an experiment on the response of flexible piping systems to internal pressure pulses. The piping system consisted of two flexible Nickel-200 pipes connected in series through a 90-deg thick-walled stainless steel elbow. A tailored pressure pulse generated by a calibrated pulse gun is stabilized in a long thick-walled stainless steel pipe leading to the flexible piping system which ended with a heavy blind flange. The analytical results of pressure and circumferential strain histories are discussed and compared against the experimental data obtained by SRI International.
Controlling for Individual Differences in a Dual-Task Setting: Equating the Baselines of Single Task Performance:

Individual differences in human performance is an issue that confounds many studies and has not been properly controlled in the ergonomics/human factors literature. This paper examines the concept of individual differences in performance primarily from the perspective of cognitive performance. A study was designed to test the effect of a secondary visual task on a primary visual task. In one condition, participants performed the dual task, while assigning no weight to the secondary task. In the second condition, the primary task was performed simultaneously with the secondary task. The effect of the added workload was measured via the effect on primary task performance. In the baseline portion of the task participants had their baseline (80–90% accuracy) of performance collected by adjusting the stimulus duration. The individual participant stimulus duration was then used as the experimental stimulus duration and the effect of secondary task performance on primary task performance was measured.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Acute Coronary Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction Within the United States: From Demographics to Outcomes

In the United States, different races, ethnicities, and their subgroups experience disparities regarding acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and myocardial infarction (MI). This review highlights these differences across 4 stages that comprise the ACS/MI narrative: (1) patient demographics, (2) patient comorbidities and health risks, (3) treatments and their delays, and (4) outcomes. Overall, black and Hispanic ACS/MI patients are more likely to present with comorbidities, experience longer delays before treatment, and suffer worse outcomes when compared with non-Hispanic white patients. More specifically, across the studies analyzed, black and Hispanic ACS/MI patients were consistently more likely to be younger or female, or to have hypertension or diabetes, than non-Hispanic white patients. ACS/MI disparities also exist among Asian populations, and these are briefly outlined. However, black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white ACS/MI patients were the 3 most-studied racial and ethnic groups, indicating that additional studies of other minority groups, such as Native Americans, Asian populations, and black and Hispanic subgroups, are needed for their utility in reducing disparities. Despite notable improvement in ACS/MI treatment quality measures over recent decades, disparities persist. Causes are complex and extend beyond the healthcare system to culture and patients' personal characteristics; sophisticated solutions will be required. Continued research has the potential to further reduce or eliminate disparities in the comorbidities, delays, and treatments surrounding ACS and MI, extending healthy lifespans of many underserved and minority populations, while reducing healthcare costs.
A Viable Anionic N-Heterocyclic Dicarbene

The first anionic N-heterocyclic dicarbene, polymeric [:C{[N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)]2CHCLi(THF)}]n 1, containing both normal (C2) and abnormal carbene (C4) centers in the same five-membered imidazole ring (III), has been prepared by lithiation of the imidazole monocarbene, :C{N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)CH}2. The dicarbene nature of 1 was unambiguously demonstrated by the formation of the group 13 Lewis acid adducts (THF)2Li:C{[N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)]2CHC(LA)}, where LA = AlMe3 [2·(THF)2] and BEt3 [3·(THF)2].
Increased aldosterone output during sodium deprivation in normal men.

SummaryIn 2 healthy men, restriction of sodium intake to 11 mEq./day was followed by increased aldosterone output, which mirrored the reduction of urine sodium. Insignificant changes were observed in renal clearance of inulin and endogenous creatinine and in the output of 17-hydroxy-corticoids and 17-ketosteroids.
Large-scale millimeter-wave phased arrays for 5G systems

The construction of large phased arrays, composed of 256–1024 elements, with relatively low-cost is one of the main problems of 5G systems. In this talk, we will present our effort in this area and show 256 element and 1024 element phased arrays operating at 60GHz. This is done using highly complex and integrated silicon (SiGe) chips, capable of phase shifting and frequency translation functions, and operation up to 100C. Measured patterns and communication links capable of 2–4 Gbps over hundreds of meters will be shown.
Endoscopic Injection of Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Bovine Dermal Collagen for Correction of Vesicoureteral Reflux

From November 1986 through May 1989, a Food and Drug Administration approved investigational study was done to assess the safety and efficacy of glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine dermal collagen in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. Over-all, 57 patients (92 ureters) were treated. The majority of ureters (68.5%) had grade II to III/V vesicoureteral reflux (international classification). One treatment was given in 61.4% of the patients, while 33.3% required 2 and 5.3% required 3 treatments. Nonduplicated/primarily refluxing ureters comprised 68.5% of the total, while 13% were duplex/primarily refluxing and 18.5% were surgical failures. The procedures were performed on an outpatient basis in all but 3 patients. Patients were evaluated by voiding cystourethrogram and renal/bladder sonography before and after treatment at 1 month and 1 year. Cure at 1 month after the last treatment was achieved in 75% of the ureters. Among the ureters cured at 1 month the cure persisted in 79% at 1 year after treatment. Cure at 1 year was achieved in 65% of all ureters evaluated, regardless of the status at 1 month. Procedure-related morbidity was minimal and there were no adverse reactions to the implant substance. Thus, glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine dermal collagen appears to be safe and effective in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.
Induction Technique: Beyond Simple Response to Suggestion

The hypnotic induction is intended to induce hypnosis. This implies that what is sought is intended to go beyond what might be wrought by mere suggestion, expectancy, and social influence. The experimentally controlled research showing that the induction makes a difference and how small changes in wording of suggestions can produce orthogonal responses is briefly reviewed. This article explains the principles of induction and three critical phases of hypnotic induction in detail. An arm levitation scripted protocol demonstrating how to respond to the patient using the three phases to maximize responses to hypnotic suggestions is presented.
Brain Dystrophin in Duchenne Dystrophy

To define the potential pathogenic role of dystrophin deficiency in the cognitive impairment characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the protein in brain cortical synapses of an 8-year-old patient examined at autopsy and an age-matched control subject dying of myelogenous leukemia was analysed in the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ.
Phase Change Memory

In this paper, recent progress of phase change memory (PCM) is reviewed. The electrical and thermal properties of phase change materials are surveyed with a focus on the scalability of the materials and their impact on device design. Innovations in the device structure, memory cell selector, and strategies for achieving multibit operation and 3-D, multilayer high-density memory arrays are described. The scaling properties of PCM are illustrated with recent experimental results using special device test structures and novel material synthesis. Factors affecting the reliability of PCM are discussed.
Multi-dimensional knowledge of malaria among Nigerian caregivers: implications for insecticide-treated net use by children

Poor malaria knowledge can negatively impact malaria control programmes. This study evaluates knowledge distribution in the domains of causation, transmission, vulnerability, symptoms, and treatment of malaria. It assesses the association between a caregiver’s knowledge about malaria and ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) by children. Some 1939 caregivers of young children were recruited through a school-based survey in two Nigerian states. A 20-item, multi-dimensional survey instrument was developed and used to rank each caregiver’s knowledge in five dimensions (cause, transmission, vulnerability, symptoms, treatment of malaria). Scores for each domain were used to create an aggregate knowledge score for each caregiver. The outcome measures were ITN ownership, and ITN use the night and week before the study. Regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between caregiver’s knowledge (individual domains and aggregate score) and ownership and use of ITN after controlling for likely confounders. The main predictor of ITN use was ITN ownership (r = 0.653; p < 0.001); however, ownership only explains 43 % of variance in net use. Total knowledge index for the study population was significantly associated with both ITN ownership (r = 0.122; p = 0.001) and use (r = 0.095; p = 0.014). The spectrum of caregiver’s knowledge of malaria and its causes captured in the various domains was, however, found to be poor. Fifty percent of the respondents knew that malaria is transmitted by female mosquitoes and 65 % still believe that too much exposure to the sun is a risk factor for malaria. Knowledge of populations most vulnerable to malaria (83 %) and knowledge of malaria transmission (32 %) were the domains with the highest and lowest average correct answers. There is a need to improve ITN coverage in Nigeria as ITN ownership was associated with ITN use. Additionally, treating knowledge as a multi-dimensional phenomenon revealed that a lot of misperceptions about malaria still exist. Distribution of ITNs through the public/private sector may need to be augmented with tailored behavioural change communication to dispel myths and improve the multi-dimensional knowledge of malaria in the local population.