cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
31P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of aluminum phosphate minerals

This study examines the links between 31P solidstate NMR studies of aluminum phosphate minerals and their crystallographic structures. We found that 31P isotropic chemical shift values, δiso, carry little information about mineral structures. There seems to be no relation between the chemical shift anisotropy, Δδ=δ33−δ11 (δ33>δ22> δ11), and indicies of phosphate-tetrahedra distortion. 31P1H heteronuclear magnetic dipole interactions, on the other hand, carry important information about hydrous phosphate mineral structures, information that should prove to be quite valuable in studies of phosphate adsorbed on mineral surfaces. This interaction can be measured through a variety of qualitative and quantitative experiments. It appears that spin diffusion is so rapid that subtle differences in hydrogen-bonding environments cannot be resolved.
Persistency-field Eh-pH diagrams for sulfides and their application to supergene oxidation and enrichment of sulfide ore bodies

Abstract At temperatures prevailing near the Earth's surface, metastable co-existence of chemical substances is common because chemical reactions that would directly lead to the attainment of thermody-namically most stable equilibria are often blocked by high activation energy barriers. The persistency of a metastable assemblage is then governed by alternative reaction paths that provide lower activation energy barriers. Comparison of observed mineral assemblages in the supergene oxidized and enriched sulfide ores with corresponding stability Eh-pH diagrams reveals that the supergene assemblages are mostly metastable due primarily to the persistency of sulfide minerals beyond stability boundaries. A new set of diagrams called persistency-field Eh-pH diagrams has been constructed for binary metal sulfides on the basis of electrochemical and other experimental data. Each diagram delineates the persistency field, which is a combined field of thermodynamic stability and reaction path-controlled metastability, for a specific sulfide mineral. When applied to the supergene assemblages, these new diagrams show much better correspondence to the field observations. Although there may still be room for further refinement, the new diagrams appear to provide a strong visual aid to the understanding of the behavior of sulfide minerals in the supergene conditions.
Country factor differentials as determinants of FDI flow to China

Given the large size and rapid growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China, a systematic analysis of the connection between FDI and the characteristics of source countries provides clearer insights into the roles of home-country factors in the vast but still fast-growing foreign investment in China. Unlike the existing mainstream studies of FDI in China, this analysis focuses on the effects of country-factor differentials (between investing countries and China) on the FDI flow to China. Based on data from 21 source countries over a period of 17 years, this paper examines the impacts of eight variables in three sets of country factors, namely market conditions, risk, and financial factors. The statistical results show that, while the market-condition variables and the high values of source country currencies positively influenced the flow of FDI to China, the relatively high costs of capital borrowing and political and operational risks in China inhibited the flow of FDI. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cluster-size dependent phase transition of Co oxides on Au(111)

Abstract The surface structure of Co oxide nanoparticles supported on Au(111) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Initial Co oxide growth at oxygen pressures orders of magnitude above those required to form bulk Co 3 O 4 resulted solely in small 2-D CoO islands, exhibiting a moire surface characteristic of the rocksalt (111) surface; continued growth led to a transition to fully oxidized 3-D Co 3 O 4 spinel clusters. The CoO–Co 3 O 4 transition is reversible by reduction in vacuum. It is shown that the stabilization of the reduced phase at low coverages can be explained by the higher surface energy of the support and the Co 3 O 4 spinel structure; since a bilayer is the smallest repeat unit of this structure, oxidation increases the exposed area of the high surface energy substrate. In addition, the 2D to 3D transition required to form Co 3 O 4 increases the occupancy of high energy edge sites, thus further stabilizing small CoO clusters against oxidation. The results show how support interactions and particle size can be used to tune the stability of oxide phases.
Monoiodo-oxytocin: Demonstration of Its Biological Activity and Specific Binding to Isolated Fat Cells

Monoiodo-oxytocin was prepared by iodinating oxytocin lightly and then freeing the iodooxytocin from uniodinated oxytocin and free iodide by gel nitration on Sephadex G.25 and chromatography on Dowex IXIO. The iodooxytocin was shown to be essentially all monoiodospecies by spectral titration. Monoiodo-oxytocin had 10-40% of the activity of oxytocin in stimulating adenylate cyclase in homogenates of toad bladder epithelium, and 75-80% activity in stimulating glucose oxidation in isolated fat cells. 125IOxytocin was bound to isolated fat cells: unlabeled oxytocin, lysine-vasopressin, and arginine-vasopressin were about equally potent in competing with 125I-oxytocin for binding. Insulin also competed but much more weakly. Glucagon and angiotensin were without significant effect. The assay can detect as little as .01 JAM of the unlabeled nonapeptide. (Endocrinology 91: 1199, 1972)
Climate-Driven Variability in the Southern Ocean Carbonate System

AbstractSeasonal and interannual variability in the Southern Ocean carbonate system is investigated using output from a historically forced (1948–2007) ocean general circulation model with embedded biogeochemistry. Atmospheric CO2 is fixed at preindustrial levels to investigate carbonate system variability in the absence of an anthropogenic CO2 perturbation. It is found that nearly a quarter of interannual variability in Southern Ocean Pacific sector surface carbonate ion concentration can be explained by variability in ENSO, with Pacific sector surface decreasing by 0.43 mmol m−3 per standard deviation decrease in the ENSO-3.4 index. ENSO-related variability in vertical advection of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) drives this relationship between ENSO and surface . It is also found that positive phases of the southern annular mode (SAM) are associated with decreased Southern Ocean surface , an association driven by SAM-related variability in vertical advection of DIC. Despite the influence of the SAM on...
ACCEPTABILITY OF VARIOUS GROUND BEEF AND PORK PRODUCTS EXTENDED WITH MECHANICALLY SEPARATED BEEF

Six blends of ground beef and six blends of ground pork containing 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 or 75% mechanically separated beef (MSB) were prepared. Also five batches of fermented sausage and spiced luncheon loaf containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% MSB were formulated. Level of MSB was not related to juiciness rating or mealiness scores of cooked beef/MSB or pork/MSB patties. The level of MSB significantly affected overall eating satisfaction ratings for each blend of MSB patties. MSB at levels of 15% or more had a negative effect on flavor acceptability of cooked ground beef or pork. Fermented sausage products could be extended with only 5% MSB without creating defects in visual appearance or sensory properties. However, the inclusion of 20% MSB yielded a spiced luncheon loaf which was higher in eating quality than an all-beef control. The beef/MSB patties, fermented sausage, and spiced luncheon loaves containing 15% MSB were acceptable for visual appearance. Based on this study, MSB produced from a press type machine, can be blended up to 15% with ground beef, ground pork and sausage products without significantly decreasing raw appearance, sensory properties or storage life. Since MSB is a red meat product available at a similar low cost as textured vegetable protein, the red meat industry would benefit from expanded use of this high protein extender.
Measurements of the OH A-X (0,0) 306 nm absorption bandhead at 60 atm and 1735 K

Abstract The R-branch bandhead near 306.5 nm (32,630 cm−1) of the OH A-X (0,0) system was measured in absorption at discrete frequencies for the condition 1735 K and 60 atm. Mixtures of dilute H 2 O 2 in argon reacted in the reflected-shock region of a high-pressure, high-purity shock tube to form transient concentrations of OH. Absorption was measured using the narrow-linewidth laser light provided by a frequency-doubled ring dye laser. Absolute concentrations of OH were derived through a detailed kinetics model and applied to the measured absorption to extract the absorption coefficient. A fit of the measured, composite absorption spectrum to one synthesized from Voigt profiles of known line strength and line position yielded, for the title conditions, a collision width (Δνwidth) of 2.39 ± 0.19 cm−1 and a collision shift (Δνshift) of −0.83 ± 0.11 cm−1. Though obtained at a density nearly 10 times STP, the measured collision width was found to be consistent with the simple proportionality between Δνwidth and pressure set by binary collision theory. The measured collision shift, together with other published data, was used to establish the temperature dependence of Δνshift through an inverse power-law.
Singular limits of absolutely continuous invariant measures for families of transitive maps

We investigate the dependence on the parameters of absolutely continuous invariant measures (acims) for a family of piecewise linear piecewise expanding maps. We construct an example to show that the transitivity of the maps does not imply the convergence of those measures to the acim for the limit map.
RAB7A: THE MASTER REGULATOR OF VESICULAR TRAFFICKING

The membrane flow of eukaryotic cells occurs through vesicles that bud from a donor compartment, move and fuse with an acceptor compartment. Rab (Ras-related in brain), which belong to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, emerged as a central player of vesicle mobility in both secretory and endocytic pathway, Rab7a being a master regulator of late endocytic trafficking. Elucidation of how mutant or dysregulated Rab7 GTPase and accessory proteins contribute to organ specific and systemic disease remains an area of intensive study and an essential foundation for effective drug targeting. Mutation of Rab7 or associated regulatory proteins causes numerous human genetic diseases. Cancer and neurodegeneration represent examples of acquired human diseases resulting from the up- or down-regulation or aberrant function of Rab7. The broad range of physiologic processes affected by altered Rab7 activity is based on its pivotal roles in membrane trafficking and signaling. The Rab7-regulated processes of cargo sorting, cytoskeletal translocation of vesicles and appropriate docking and fusion with the target membranes control cell metabolism, growth and differentiation. In this review, role of Rab7 in endocytosis is evaluated to illustrate normal function and the consequences of dysregulation resulting in human disease. Selected examples are designed to illustrate how defects in Rab7 activity alter endocytic trafficking that underlie neurologic, lipid storage, and bone disorders as well as cancer. Biomedical Reviews 2014; 25: 67-81.
Longitudinal Effects of Family Factors on Alcohol Use among African American and White Non-Hispanic Males during Middle School.

ABSTRACT This study examined the longitudinal effects of five family factors (familism, parent derogation, parent–child communication, family alcohol problems, and family drug problems) on intensity of alcohol use among a sample of 451 African American and White non-Hispanic males from early to mid-adolescence (sixth through eighth grades). Results indicated that all of the family variables except family drug problems were statistically significant predictors of the level of alcohol use in mid-adolescence. Familism had a moderate influence on the dependent variable at both data points, while parent derogation, parent/child communication, and family alcohol problems were weaker predictors. Intensity of alcohol use in sixth grade, however, had the most influence on later levels of use.
Triazolines IX. A new ring transformation reaction of a 4,5‐acyl‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazoline: A new route to the synthesis of enamine and pyrrolidine ketones

A new ring transformation reaction of a 4,5-dibenzoyl-1,2,3-triazoline, which appears to involve nitrogen expulsion followed by a C-N proton shift, is described. The reaction affords a new route to the synthesis of enaminodiketones and tetraacylpyrrolidines, via triazoline intermediates.
Role of Hoogsteen edge hydrogen bonding at template purines in nucleotide incorporation by human DNA polymerase ι

Human DNA polymerase ι (Pol ι), a member of the Y family of polymerases, differs from other DNA polymerases in that it incorporates nucleotides opposite template purines with a much higher efficiency and fidelity than opposite template pyrimidines (4, 6, 19, 21, 26). Pol ι exhibits the highest efficiency and fidelity opposite template A, where it misincorporates nucleotides with frequencies of ∼10−4 to 10−5; opposite template G, Pol ι incorporates a C with an efficiency that is 5- to 10-fold reduced compared to a T opposite template A, and a T is misincorporated opposite template G with an efficiency that is only a fewfold-lowered than that for a C. Pol ι's efficiency and fidelity are much reduced opposite pyrimidine templates, particularly opposite template T (4, 6, 19, 21, 26). The ternary crystal structures of Pol ι with template A and incoming dTTP and with template G and incoming dCTP have shown that the purine template adopts a syn conformation in the Pol ι active site and forms a Hoogsteen base pair with the incoming nucleotide which remains in the anti conformation (14, 16). The binding of the pyrimidine nucleotide induces a conformational change in the template purine from anti to syn in the Pol ι active site, and that results because the active site can accommodate only the ∼8.6-A C1′-C1′ distance of sugars in a Hoogsteen base pair but not the C1′-C1′ distance of ∼10.5 A in a Watson-Crick base pair (14-16). In Pol ι, in the A · T Hoogsteen base pair, two hydrogen bonds are formed between the “Hoogsteen edge” of template A (N7 and N6) and the Watson-Crick (W-C) edge of incoming T (N3 and O4), and in the G · C Hoogsteen base pair, the Hoogsteen edge of G (N7 and O6) hydrogen bonds with the W-C edge of incoming C (N3 and N4) (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). To evaluate the contribution that hydrogen bonding at the “Hoogsteen edge” of template purines makes to the efficiency and fidelity of nucleotide incorporation by Pol ι, here we have examined the effects of substitutions of templates A and G by their analogs which disrupt the hydrogen bonding potential of the Hoogsteen edge. In addition, we have analyzed the impact of DNA lesions 6O-methyl guanine (m6G) and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), which affect the Hoogsteen edge of template G, on DNA synthesis by Pol ι. We conclude from these studies that whereas hydrogen bonding at the N7 position is indispensable for nucleotide incorporation opposite both the purine nucleotides, hydrogen bonding at the N6 of A versus the O6 of G has very different effects on the efficiency and fidelity of nucleotide incorporation by Pol ι. We discuss the implications of these observations for Pol ι's role in promoting synthesis through the DNA lesions which eliminate the Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding potential of the templating purine. FIG. 1. Watson-Crick versus Hoogsteen base pairing. (A) Hydrogen bonding in an A-T base pair. The structures of 2-aminopurine and purine are also shown. (B) Hydrogen bonding in a G-C base pair. The hydrogen bonding for a G · T Hoogsteen base pair is also ...
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of (N‐Heterocyclic carbene)MCl Complexes of Group 11 Metals

The use of microwave heating for the synthesis of (N-heterocyclic carbene)-bearing complexes of Cu, Ag and Au allows for a drastic reduction of the reaction times required by conventional heating, while affording comparable or better yields of the desired complexes.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Vibrational Excitation Dynamics and Desorption in Solid O2

Molecular dynamics calculations were performed to describe vibrational to translational energy transfer processes leading to desorption in a low cohesive energy solid excited by a laser pulse. In t...
BxO : phases present at high pressure and temperature

Boron suboxide compounds are of interest because of their low densities coupled with high hardness. In the present study, we have attempted to determine the nature of the BxO phases that occur in the field defined by pressures of zero to 1.5 GPa, temperature between 1200° and 1700°C, and the compositional range 2/3 x 24. Amorphous boron powder and boric acid B2O3 were the starting reactants for all the runs. The processing of the specimens was carried out in a controlled atmosphere furnace, a hot-pressing assembly, and in a piston—cylinder high-pressure apparatus within quasi-hydrostatic and inductively heated cell assemblies. After processing at elevated temperature and pressure, for compositions over the range 2/3 x 6, B2O3 (identical to the hexagonal starting material) and B6O (R3¯m) were the dominant phases present. For the compositions 6 x 24, B6O and rhombohedral B were the primary phases identified. In general, the hardness of the processed composites was dominated by the occurrence of B6O (approximately equivalent to B4C). However, there is some suggestion of particularly high values of hardness on a very localized scale in specimens near the B22O composition.
The Impact of Directional Antenna Orientation, Spacing, and Channel Separation on Long-distance Multi-hop 802.11g Networks: A Measurement Study

With the increasing popularity of 802.11 wireless technology, such equipment has recently been used to set up long distance links for wireless mesh networks. To be able to increase the range of 802.11 equipment directional antennas are required. In this paper, we investigate the effects of interference between collocated directional antennas, which would be the case for a typical multi-hop node. Results of measurements taken in an experiment show that antenna orientation and placement and channel separation at such a multi-hop node have a significant impact on the achievable throughput.
Plasmodium vivax DBP Binding to Aotus nancymaae Erythrocytes Is Duffy Antigen Dependent

Plasmodium vivax is the second leading cause of malaria worldwide. Invasion of human erythrocytes by P. vivax merozoites is dependent upon the interaction between the parasite Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) and the erythrocyte Duffy antigen receptor. Therefore, disruption of this vital interaction is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Although Aotus nancymaae is a commonly used primate model for human P. vivax infections, it has not been confirmed that the interaction between Ao. nancymaae erythrocytes and P. vivax is Duffy antigen dependent. Our results indicate that normal Ao. nancymaae erythrocytes readily bind to PvDBPII and that this binding is completely abolished with chymotrypsin treatment of the erythrocytes. Furthermore, the results of our inhibition assays show a dose-dependent decrease in binding with increasing amounts of anti-PvDBPII polyclonal rabbit sera or anti-Fy6 monoclonal antibody. These data indicate that the interaction between Ao. nancymaae erythrocytes and P. vivax DBPII is Duffy antigen dependent, validating this model system for in vivo studies of anti-PvDBP inhibition.
An overview of mapping techniques for exploratory pattern analysis

Abstract We present an extensive review of mapping techniques for exploratory pattern analysis. We place these techniques in eight major groups. Among them is our own innovation—the least squares mapping. We also introduce a method that accelerates and increases the precision of mappings based on the Fisher discriminant. In a sequel, to be published in this journal, we describe experiments that show that mapping techniques can be a versatile and powerful tool for cluster analysis and classifier design.
Assessing the magnitude of intra- and interspecific competition in two coral reef fishes

Many field experiments have tested for effects of competition in nature, but relatively few have used designs allowing simultaneous assessment of the influence of intra- and interspecific competition. Using a response surface design and a press manipulation of densities, we tested effects of competition within and between two species of coral reef fishes (Coryphopterus glaucofraneum and Gnatholepis thompsoni). By tracking individually tagged fishes, we showed that the per-capita effect of intraspecific competitors on individual growth was at least twice as great as the effect of interspecific competitors. Growth rate was better predicted by measures of density that incorporated body size, rather than numerical density, suggesting interference competition. Individuals of both species interacted aggressively with conspecifics at least twice as often as with heterospecifics. Individuals of both species also covered more area while foraging and spent less time in shelter when crowded than when at lower densities. In combination, these behaviours suggest that increased metabolic costs at high density contribute to competitive effects on growth. These competitive interactions occurred among adult fishes, so reduced growth may translate to reduced fecundity as well as reduced survival, and so contribute to population regulation.
Fatty Acid Composition of Poultry Offal Fat

Abstract The increased interest in fatty acid requirements of chickens means that there is greater need for accurate calculation of the fatty acid composition of poultry diets. Fat produced from processed poultry offal is used extensively in poultry rations in many areas of the United States. Since no fatty acid composition values were available for this product, samples from two areas of the United States were analyzed to obtain values of sufficient accuracy for use in ration formulation calculations. Three poultry offal fat samples (samples number 1 and 2 from Maryland and sample number 3 from Georgia) were analyzed for fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography. The methyl esters of the fatty acids were chromatogrammed with a Perkin-Elmer Instrument using a 30% diethylene glycol succinate on chromosorb W column, a hot wire detector and a recorder. The percentage of fatty acids was calculated by multiplying the peak areas by the square…
Myocardial performance after contusion with concurrent hypovolemia

Abstract Myocardial contusion may present as a benign nonclinical event or a life-threatening emergency. Although cardiac output is recognized to be decreased with major contusion, the contribution of hypovolcmic shock io myocardial dysfunction is unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between myocardial contusion and hypovolemic shock. After Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, contusions were administered at either 80 psi or 120 psi. Half of each group then underwent hypovolemic shock. After 24 hours of recovery, cardiac hemodynamics were studied in each subgroup using the Neely-Langendorff apparatus. Isoenzymes and histology were evaluated as well. The data showed that rats undergoing hypovolemic shock in each subgroup had a significant decrease in cardiac output when compared with their controls. This decrease was more pronounced in the 120-psi group. Cardiac isoenzyme levels were elevated in all groups. Microscopic evaluations showed contusion in the controls and necrosis in the shuck groups. Patients whose injuries are compatible with myocardial contusion and hypovolemic shock should be resuscitated quickly and evaluated for myocardial dysfunction secondary to infarction.
The Usefulness of Accounting Estimates for Predicting Cash Flows and Earnings

Estimates and projections are embedded in most financial statement items. These estimates potentially improve the relevance of financial information by providing managers the means to convey to investors forward-looking, inside information (e.g., on future collections from customers via the bad debt provision). On the other hand, the quality of financial information is compromised by: (i) the increasing difficulty of making reliable forecasts in a fast-changing, often turbulent economy, and (ii) the frequent managerial misuse of estimates to manipulate financial data. Given the ever-increasing prevalence of estimates in accounting data, whether these opposing forces result in an improvement in the quality of financial information or not is among the most fundamental issues in accounting. We examine in this study the contribution of accounting estimates embedded in accruals to the quality of financial information, as reflected by their usefulness in the prediction of enterprise cash flows and earnings. Our extensive out-of-sample tests, reflecting both the statistical and economic significance of estimates, indicate that accounting estimates beyond those in working capital items do not improve the prediction of cash flows. Estimates do, however, improve the prediction of next year's earnings, though not of subsequent years' earnings. Our economic significance tests corroborate that accounting estimates do not improve cash flow or earnings prediction. We conclude that the usefulness of accounting estimates to investors is limited, and provide suggestions for improving their usefulness.
Combination Chemotherapy with Etoposide, Cisplatin, and Doxorubicin in Mixed Müllerian Tumors of the Adnexa

Eleven patients with ovarian (9) or fallopian tube (2) mixed mullerian tumors who underwent primary surgery at Yale New Haven Medical Center between 1986 and 1994 were treated with etoposide, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. Responses were observed in three (60%) of five evaluable patients with two complete (40%) and one partial (20%) response. Median survival time was 17 months with an estimated 3-year survival of 18%. Survival may have been improved with earlier stage disease, but survival was not significantly improved with optimal surgical cytoreduction in patients with advanced disease. Four patients required dose reductions for myelosuppression and there was one treatment related death. Toxicity was comparable to other combination chemotherapy regimens. EPA has modest therapeutic activity in ovarian and fallopian tube MMT.
α- and β-galactosidase activities in juice vesicles of stored valencia oranges

Abstract Several glycosidase activities were assessed in extracts of Valencia juice vesicles of citrus fruit. Of the enzymes assayed, α- and β-galactosidase were most active, but α- and β-glucosidase were also found. The galactosidases were partially purified and their activities assessed during eight weeks of storage at 10°. Total α-galactosidase activity remained constant but β-galactosidase declined after the eight-week storage period. Both galactosidases were resolved into two enzymatic forms by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Each enzymatic form of the galactosidases had different substrate specificities, pH optima, and responses to inhibitors. α-Galactosidase I, α-galactosidase II, β-galactosidase I, and β-galactosidase II had K m values of 0.47, 0.23, 0.27 and 0.77 mM, and apparent M r s of 36 300, 39 800, 56 200 and 57 200, respectively. Only α-galactosidase II was able to release reducing groups from isolated cell wall material of juice vesicles.
Excited state spectroscopy of para di-substituted benzenes in a supersonic beam using resonant two photon ionization

Abstract Excited state vibronic spectra of p -aminophenol, p -cresol, p -fluoroaniline, p -fluorophenol, hydroquinone and p -toluidine have been obtained using resonant two photon ionization supersonic beam mass spectrometry. Despite marked similarities in the spectra, notable differences exist and different para polyatomic substituents in the same molecule show vibronic evidence of their real molecular symmetry of C 2ν . Expansion of the ring is also noted upon excitation in all cases. Further, it is now evident that the assignment of some vibronic bands historically interpreted as sequence structure must be reconsidered since molecules like hydroquinone are mixtures of cis and trans and others have a vibronic structure arising from the polyatomic nature of the substituents ( c ƒ. CH 3 ).
Antifungal activities of mono- and di-SCCl3 substituted compounds: Structure-activity correlations☆

Abstract The mono- and di-N-SCCl 3 substituted derivatives of lactams, cyclic urea, 5,5-diphenylhydantoin and 5-ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid were synthesized. Many of these compounds have not been reported previously. The antifungal activities were determined by spore germination method using Stemphylium sarcinaeforme, Monilinia fructicola, Helminthosporium maydis and Alternaria solani . Among the lactam and cyclic urea derivatives studied 1,3-bis(trichloromethylthio)-2-imidazolidinone appears to be the most active compound against S. sarcinaeforme , and has activity slightly below those of the commercial products captan and folpet. Among the diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital derivatives the mono-SCCl 3 compounds appear to be more potent than the disubstituted compounds in most of the cases examined, but they are not as active as the imidazolidinone derivative. The antifungal activity appears to be highly dependent on the lipophilic character as measured by the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient. Since the bis-SCCl 3 compounds are less potent than the mono-substituted compounds in both of the series of compounds studied, it is evident that the whole molecule rather than any decomposition products of the N-SCCl 3 moiety is responsible for the fungitoxicity.
On the equivalence of boundary conditions

We show that ifb andb′ are two boundary conditions (b.c.) for general spin systems on ℤ d such that the difference in the energies of a spin configuration σΛ in Λ ⊂ ℤ d is uniformly bounded, |H Λ,b (σΛ)−H Λ,b′(σΛ)|⩽C < ∞, then any infinite-volume Gibbs statesρ and ρ′ obtained with these b.c. have the same measure-zero sets. This implies that the decompositions ofρ and ρ′ into extremal Gibbs states are equivalent (mutually absolutely continuous). In particular, ifρ is extremal,ρ=ρ′. Application of this observation yields in an easy way (among other things) (a) the uniqueness of the Gibbs states for one-dimensional systems with forces that are not too long-range; (b) the fact that various b.c. that are natural candidates for producing non-translation-invariant Gibbs states cannot lead to such an extremal Gibbs state in two dimensions.
Axial ligand bonding in blue copper proteins

Abstract Self consistent field-Xα-scattered wave (SCF-Xα-SW) calculations have been used to characterize the bonding between the Cu(II) ion and the axial methionine residue in blue copper proteins. In addition, the interaction of an axial carbonyl oxygen of a glycine residue found at ∼3 A. from the copper center in azurins has also been considered. Seven blue copper model sites were constructed to probe various changes in copper coordination and to examine the effects of Zn(II) substituted for Cu(II). It was found that the methionine group covalently binds to the Cu(II) ion site at 2.90 A with bond strengths calculated to be ∼30% that of a ‘normal’ ligand-metal bond. The carbonyl oxygen atom of a glycine esidue was found to have essentially no covalent interaction with the blue copper site. The carbonyl oxygen atom does have a weak ionic attraction to the copper ion which is ∼ 1 4 that of the covalent stabilization of the methionine group. The ligand environment in blue copper proteins is best characterized as four coordinate, with three strong ‘in-plane’ ligands (two His and Cys) and a weaker axial bond to methionine. Substitution of Cu(II) by Zn(II) leads to a loss of covalency and an increase in the ionic interaction and results in a reasonable metal-glycine bond.
Guidelines and guidance in lipid modification

In the current issue of Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, Drs. Finkel and Duffy [1] review the evidence that forms the basis for the major changes in the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults. There is general consensus that statins should be the first-line drug of choice in virtually all patients in secondary and highrisk primary prevention patients [2]. Statins should also be the first-line drug of choice for low-risk primary prevention subjects. For all patients and subjects, statins should be considered as adjuncts, not alternatives, to therapeutic lifestyle changes of proven benefit including diet, physical activity, and weight loss where appropriate. In addition, as noted by the authors, some clinicians choose adjunctive therapies that include nicotinic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, fibrates, or ezetimibe. The choice of which adjunctive therapy to use should be left to the judgment of the clinician based on the individual patient. It should be noted, however, that the totality of evidence for adjunctive therapies is far smaller and far less persuasive than for statins
Wnt/β‐catenin signaling mediates oval cell response in rodents

Adult hepatic stem cells or oval cells are facultative stem cells in the liver that are activated during regeneration only during inhibition of innate hepatocyte proliferation. On the basis of its involvement in liver cancer, regeneration, and development, we investigated the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in oval cell response, which was initiated in male Fisher rats with 2-acetylaminofluorine and two-third partial hepatectomy (PHX). Extensive oval cell activation and proliferation were observed at 5 and 10 days post-PHX, as indicated by hematoxylin-eosin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen analysis. A noteworthy increase in total and active β-catenin was observed at this time, which was localized to the oval cell cytoplasm and nuclei by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by double immunofluorescence. A concomitant increase in Wnt-1 in hepatocytes along with increased expression of Frizzled-2 in oval cells was observed. This paracrine mechanism coincided with a decrease in Wnt inhibitory factor-1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β down-regulation leading to β-catenin stabilization. To strengthen its role, β-catenin conditional knockout mice were treated with 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine to induce oval cell activation. A dramatic decrease in the A6-positive oval cell numbers in the absence of β-catenin demonstrated a critical role of β-catenin in oval cell biology. Conclusion: The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a key role in the normal activation and proliferation of adult hepatic stem cells. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Origin of the polar Kerr effect in PtMnSb and NiMnSb

The polar Kerr effect for red light reflected from PtMnSb or NiMnSb crystals is shown to be independent of the half-metallic-ferromagnetic property of these compounds. At low photon energies the interband contribution to the Kerr rotation is attributed to transitions between parallel sheets of energy bands that project onto the metallic spin channel. A previously proposed mechanism in which spin-orbit coupling creates an imbalance in optical transitions between states in the vicinity of the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point, in the semiconducting minority spin channel, does not apply to either PtMnSb or NiMnSb. Only upon inclusion of intraband effects is reasonable agreement with experiment achieved.
Effect of gamma radiation on aqueous ethylene‐oxygen solutions

Mixtures of ethylene and oxygen dissolved in water under pressures ranging from 200 to 700 lb./sq. in. were irradiated with Co60 gamma rays at a dose rate of 180,000 r./hr. G values (molecules/100 ev.) for aldehyde production as high as 200 were observed. Increasing total pressure and dose were found to decrease these G values. Alcohol, acids, hydrogen peroxide, and organic peroxide are also products of the reaction; however, the yields are much smaller.
High resolution space and ground-based remote sensing and implications for landscape archaeology: the case from Portus, Italy

Ground-based archaeological survey methods, together with aerial photography and satellite remote sensing data, provide archaeologists with techniques for analysing archaeological sites and landscapes. These techniques allow different properties to be detected dependent on the nature of archaeological deposits, although clear restrictions exist, either with their physical limitations, or in the extent and nuances of their application. With recent developments in landscape archaeology technologies, it is increasingly necessary to adopt an integrated strategy of prospection, incorporating both ground-based non-destructive methods and remotely sensed data, to understand fully the character and development of archaeological landscapes. This paper outlines the results of a pilot project to test this approach on the archaeological landscape of Portus, the port of Imperial Rome. Its results confirm the potential that exists in enhancing the mapping of this major port complex and its hinterland by means of an integration of satellite remote-sensing data, geophysical survey and aerial photography. They have made it possible for new questions to be raised about Portus and its environs and, by implication, suggest that integrated fieldwork strategies of this kind have much more to tell us about major Classical sites and other large and complex sites across the globe than by addressing them by means of single methods alone.
Differentiation of a Human Monocytic Cell Line Associated with Increased Production of Rift Valley Fever Virus by Infected Cells

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a cause of significant human and animal disease in many parts of Africa. In some cases, it causes a hemorrhagic fever, which is frequently fatal. Prior studies have shown that RVF virus productively infects peritoneal macrophages from susceptible rat strains. The U937 human monocytic cell line was used to determine the effect of monocytic cell differentiation on the degree of viral production by cell cultures infected with RVF virus. Differentiation of U937 cells to more mature monocytic cells by phorbol ester resulted in production of 10 times more infectious virions in comparison with undifferentiated cells. These studies imply that monocytic cell differentiation increases permissiveness for RVF virus production.
Gender-related differences in slowing colonic transit by a 5-HT3 antagonist in subjects with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

Gender-related differences in slowing colonic transit by a 5-HT 3 antagonist in subjects with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Successful Cognitive Aging and Health-Related Quality of Life in Younger and Older Adults Infected with HIV

Neurocognitive impairments commonly occur and adversely impact everyday functioning in older adults infected with HIV, but little is known about successful cognitive aging (SCA) and its health-related quality of life (HRQoL) correlates. Seventy younger (≤40 years) and 107 older (≥50 years) HIV+ adults, as well as age-matched seronegative comparison groups of younger (N = 48) and older (N = 77) subjects completed a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological, psychiatric, medical, and HRQoL assessments. SCA was operationalized as the absence of both performance-based neurocognitive deficits and self-reported symptoms (SCA-ANDS) as determined by published normative standards. A stair-step decline in SCA-ANDS was observed in accordance with increasing age and HIV serostatus, with the lowest rates of SCA-ANDS found in the older HIV+ group (19 %). In both younger and older HIV+ adults, SCA-ANDS was strongly related to better mental HRQoL. HIV infection has additive adverse effects on SCA, which may play a unique role in mental well-being among HIV-infected persons across the lifespan.
The influence of von Willebrand factor on factor VIII activity measurements.

Summary. Background: It has been reported by multiple laboratories that the quantitation of factor (F)VIII by activity-based assays is influenced by the method, procedure and the quality of reagents used in the assays. Objective: To evaluate the influence of von Willebrand factor (VWF) on FVIII activity in vitro. Methods: The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and synthetic coagulation proteome assays were used. Citrated FVIII/VWF-depleted substrate plasma (SP) (both antigens < 0.5%) was used in all APTT assays. Results: The concentration of FVIII antigen in pooled plasma from healthy donors [normal plasma (NP)] was 1.5 nm. The SP reconstituted with 1.5 nm recombinant (r)FVIII clotted in 23.8 ± 0.2 s (standard deviation). The addition of 10 μg mL−1 VWF to the SP increased the clotting time to 28.7 ± 0.1 s; that is, the activity of rFVIII (FVIIIc) decreased to 50%. This inhibitory effect of VWF decreased with decreasing rFVIII concentration in SP, and became negligible at rFVIII ≤ 10% (150 pm). The FVIIIc of 1.5 nm FVIII in two products formulated with VWF (Immunate and Hemofil M) was not affected by the addition of exogenous VWF to the SP, whereas the FVIIIc of the B-domainless rFVIII product ReFacto was decreased to 50% by the addition of VWF. In the synthetic coagulation proteome triggered with 5 pm tissue factor, VWF had no effect on thrombin generation. Conclusions: VWF has an inhibitory effect on the measurement of FVIII clotting activity. This effect depends upon the structure and formulation of the FVIII product.
Transmission and Surface Intensity Profiles in Random Media

We have performed a series of measurements of transmission and surface intensity profiles vs. thickness in which the coherent depth of penetration and the surface reflectivities are varied independently. The excellent agreement of diffusion theory which includes interfacial coupling in a natural way allows us to determine the domain of validity of the diffusion model and to obtain the first accurate values for the coherent penetration depth and the optical transport mean free path.
Sublimation in the intermetallic series Mg2Si, Mg2Ge, Mg2Sn and Mg2Pb

Abstract The sublimation of Mg2Si, Mg2Ge, Mg2Sn and Mg2Pb was studied by mass spectrometric observation of the vapor effusing from a Knudsen cell. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the partial pressure of Mg was used to obtain ΔHMg. The values of ΔHMg reported in this work are shown to correlate with the known melting points of the various compounds and to support metallic interpretation of the high conductivity of Mg2Pb.
A software package for the calculation and statistical analysis of 51Cr-release assays

Abstract A software package has been developed to calculate, store, and statistically analyze the results of 51Cr-release assays. It is written in Applesoft BASIC, is ‘user friendly’, and contains error trapping routines to catch most common mistakes. The greeting program contains a master menu for which one of the following programs may be called up: (1)51Cr-release calculation, (2) statistical analysis, or (3) file manager. These programs give the user the capability to rapidly reduce cpm data to % specific release and statistically analyze the results using randomized design analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test.
Free amino acids and biogenic amines in the brain of the carpenter ant, Campanotus floridanus (Buckley) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Abstract Urea and ammonia together comprised 34.3–37.8% of the total ninhydrin-positive compounds in the brain of various developmental stages of Campanotus floridanus . The most abundant free amino acids were alanine (15.3–16.1%), proline (8.8–10.4%), aspartate (7.1–7.5%), glutamate (6.2–7.2%) and serine (4.3–5.9%). GABA levels increased between the pupal (1–4.1%) and adult worker stages. Taurine levels increased from 3.9% in larval brains to 6.5% in major workers. Brain concentrations of biogenic amines (dopamine, octopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin) increased between larval and adult stages. The possible relationships between neurochemical parameters and age polytheism are discussed.
"Pseudo-conduction block" in vasculitic neuropathy.

The predominant electrophysiologic feature of vasculitic mononeuropathy multiplex is axonal loss. Electrophysiologic findings interpreted as conduction block have, however, also been reported to occur in neuropathy secondary to necrotizing vasculitis. We report 3 patients with mononeuropathy multiplex and biopsy proven vasculitis in whom eight nerves met criteria for conduction block. In each circumstance, serial study demonstrated conversion of the electrophysiologic findings to those most consistent with severe axonal loss. "Conduction block" in vasculitic mononeuropathy multiplex is secondary to focal axonal conduction failure presumably related to infarctive axonal injury. The term conduction block should be used with caution in this disorder and only if serial studies demonstrate findings consistent with this electrophysiologic diagnosis.
The role of tyrosine-114 in the enzymatic activity of the Shiga-like toxin I A-chain.

Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I), the potent cytotoxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, is a member of a burgeoning family of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPS), which share common structural and mechanistic features. The prototype of the group is the plant toxin ricin. Recently we proposed a structural model for the Slt-IA active site, based in part on the known geometry of the enzymatic subunit of the ricin toxin. The model places three aromatic residues within the putative Slt-IA active site cleft: tyrosine 77, tyrosine 114, and tryptophan 203. Here we present biochemical and biophysical data regarding, the phenotypes of conservative point mutants of Slt-IA in which tyrosine 114 is altered. We used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to replace tyrosine 114 with either phenylalanine (Y114F) or serine (Y114S). Periplasmic extracts of E. coli containing wild-type or mutant Slt-IA were tested for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro. Relative to wild-type, the activity of mutant Y1 14F was attenuated about 30-fold, while the mutant Y114S was attenuated about 500 to 1000-fold. In order to address the possibility that differential activation of the mutants rather than local effects at the active site might account for their diminished activity, we engineered the same mutations into a truncated slt-IA cassette that directs expression of a product corresponding to the activated A1 form of Slt-IA (wild-type-Δ). The same general relationships held: relative to wild type-Δ, Y114F-Δ was attenuated about 7-fold, and Y114S-Δ about 300-fold. Tryptic digestion profiles of the mutant proteins were similar to those of the corresponding wild-type, indicating that the amino acid substitutions had not caused major alterations in conformation. We conclude that Y114 plays a significant role in the activity of Slt-IA, one which is quantitatively similar to that of Y77, and one which is predicated on the presence of both its weakly acidic phenolic hydroxyl and its aromatic ring.
Effects of Insulin Treatment on the Cerebrospinal Fluids of Schizophrenics

SummaryThe non-electrolyte/electrolyte ratios (INE/IE) were measured by combined conductivity and interferometry methods in cerebrospinal fluids of schizophrenics treated with insulin. A marked parallelism could be observed between increases of INE/IE and occurrence and frequency and severity of the convulsions. These findings confirm previous observations in epileptics and in schizophrenics under metrazol treatment.