cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

For more than a century, it has been known that juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can affect the temporomandibular joint. With advances in medical imaging in more recent decades, there has been an increase in awareness of the spectrum of pathology that can affect the temporomandibular joint in children with JIA. This pathology can lead to symptoms ranging from decreased chewing ability, jaw and facial pain, headaches and malocclusion to craniofacial morphological changes such as a retrognathic mandible. The purpose of this review is to suggest an MR imaging protocol for the temporomandibular joint and to illustrate normal and abnormal appearances of the joint in children with JIA.
Electronic leadership: A guide to moderating online conferences

Presents effective leadership styles and skills for moderating online meetings and facilitating electronic groups. Appropriate structures, processes, tasks, and roles are reviewed, with emphasis on problem-solving techniques and modes of encouraging participation.
Role of prostanoids and lipid peroxides as mediators of the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate effect on cell growth.

Confluent cultures of guinea pig smooth muscle cells (SMC) or human fibroblasts (HNF) were treated with 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Prostanoid levels were measured by the radioimmunoassay of 6-keto-PGF1α and PGE2, and lipid peroxides were measured by the thiobarbituric acid test for malondialdehyde (MDA). Cells were seeded at low densities, and growth was calculated both from the cell count (Coulter Counter) and the colony number (image analysis). When confluent SMC and HNF were incubated in media alone, 6-keto-PGF1α levels were a function of the TPA concentration, increasing to a maximum at 10−8 M TPA and then decreasing at higher TPC concentrations. When confluent SMC and HNF were incubated in media containing exogenous arachidonic acid, 6-keto-PGF1α levels again increased to a maximum at 10−8M TPA but decreased at higher TPA concentrations only with SMC. The increase in 6-keto-PGF1α levels was much greater in HNF (1310%) than SMC (680%). SMC synthesized similar amounts of 6-keto-PGF1α and PGE2, and the stimulatory effect of TPA was similar with 6-keto-PGF1α and PGE2. Indomethacin (IM) blocked prostanoid synthesis at all TPA concentrations. TPA did not have a significant effect on MDA levels in either cell line. The lipid antioxidants α-tocopherol and α-tocopherylquinone blocked lipid peroxidation without affecting the stimulation of prostanoid synthesis with TPA. Cell number decreased to a minimum at 10−8M TPA in both cell lines. The decrease in cell number was much greater in HNF (72%) than SMC (30%). SMC colony number decreased at 10−8 TPA and then increased at 10−6M TPA. IM did not block the TPA effect on cell number in either cell line. The lipid antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) did not block the TPA effect on SMC cell number. The IM and the BHT data show that the TPA effect on cell growth is not mediated by prostanoid or lipid peroxide products of arachidonic acid metabolism. However, the increase in prostanoid synthesis parallels the decrease in cell number, and the effects are maximal at the same TPA concentration. These correlations suggest a common cellular process affecting both prostanoid synthesis and cell growth that is initiated or enhanced by TPA.
Evaluation of surface‐bonded polyethylene glycol and polyethylene imine in capillary electrophoresis

A procedure for bonding polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene imine (PEI) onto the capillary surface through a highly crosslinked polysiloxane layer containing epoxy groups has been developed. Systematic variation of the coatings can be used to (a) allow separations over a pH range of 3 to 9, (b) provide for adjustment of electro-osmotic flow, and (c) reduce the adsorption of peptides and proteins. The variation of electroosmotic flow on these coated columns at different operational conditions can be explained using electrical double layer theory. Separations of substituted aromatic compounds and peptides on these coated columns were much improved over similar separations on untreated columns. The results indicate that PEI coated columns are suitable for the separation of basic proteins and PEG coated columns are suitable for acidic proteins. Separations of simple oligonucleotides which differ by only one base were also achieved.
Deformations and End Effects in Isolated Blood Vessel Testing

Blood vessels are commonly studied in isolation to define their mechanical and biological properties under controlled conditions. While sections of the wall are sometimes tested, vessels are most often attached to needles and examined in their natural cylindrical configuration where combinations of internal pressure and axial force can be applied to mimic in vivo conditions. Attachments to needles, however, constrain natural vessel response, resulting in a complex state of deformation that is not easily determined. As a result, measurements are usually limited to the midsection of a specimen where end effects do not extend and the deformation is homogeneous. To our knowledge, however, the boundaries of this uninfluenced midsection region have not been explored. The objective of this study was to define the extent of these end effects as a function of vessel geometry and material properties, loading conditions, and needle diameter. A computational fiber framework was used to model the response of a nonlinear anisotropic cylindrical tube, constrained radially at its ends, under conditions of axial extension and internal pressure. Individual fiber constitutive response was defined using a Fung-type strain energy function. While quantitative results depend on specific parameter values, simulations demonstrate that axial stretch is always highest near the constraint and reduces to a minimum in the uninfluenced midsection region. Circumferential stretch displays the opposite behavior. As a general rule, the length of the region disturbed by a needle constraint increases with the difference between the diameter of the needle and the equilibrium diameter of the blood vessel for the imposed loading conditions. The reported findings increase the understanding of specimen deformation in isolated vessel experiments, specifically defining considerations important to identifying a midsection region appropriate for measurement.
Optimization of a 48Ca–43Ca double-spike MC-TIMS method for measuring Ca isotope ratios (δ44/40Ca and δ44/42Ca): limitations from filament reservoir mixing

We used a Monte Carlo error model to optimize a 48Ca–43Ca double-spike technique for measuring Ca isotope ratios (δ44/40Ca and δ44/42Ca) by Multi-Collector Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MC-TIMS). The model considers errors for counting statistics and Johnson noise, as well as changes in collector cup efficiency (drift). For a 20 V 40Ca ion-beam implemented in a three-hop, dynamic multi-collection routine, the model predicts that a wide range of 48Ca/43Ca and spike/sample ratios should yield internal precisions (2σSEM) of 0.015–0.020‰ for δ44/40Ca and 0.025–0.030‰ for δ44/42Ca. Using a Thermo Fisher MC-TIMS (Triton), we tested 48Ca/43Ca = 1.5 [43Ca/(48Ca + 43Ca) = 0.40 mol mol−1] and spike/sample = 0.66 [Cadsp/(Cadsp + Casmp) = 0.40 mol mol−1] by repeatedly analyzing OSIL Atlantic seawater, NIST SRM 915a, NIST SRM 915b, USGS BHVO-1, and CaF2 over 4 sessions spanning 1 month. While the measured internal precisions generally agreed with model predictions, external reproducibility (2σSD) was much worse than expected. For the 81 measurements made, the average external reproducibility was 0.223‰ for δ44/40Ca and 0.126‰ for δ44/42Ca. After processing raw data through the double-spike equations, nearly all fractionation-corrected ratios showed remnant fractionation patterns. Such patterns reflect deviation from ideal exponential mass-fractionation due to mixing of multiple, independently fractionating reservoirs on the filament. Additional model simulations, as well as comparison against δ44/40Ca values determined with a 43Ca–42Ca double-spike, support the concept of an “average mass rule”, which states that inaccuracies in fractionation-corrected data are greater for isotope ratios having an average mass further away from the average mass of the normalizing ratio. Until advancements are made to eliminate filament reservoir effects, 43Ca–42Ca and 46Ca–43Ca double-spikes should yield the most precise δ44/40Ca and δ44/42Ca values, respectively, when using MC-TIMS. Within the limits of the 48Ca–43Ca double-spike technique, we observed no evidence for 40Ca enrichments among the standards analyzed. Finally, we found that sample matrix effects do not influence the quality of Ca isotope measurements by MC-TIMS, and we tentatively propose that the external reproducibility determined from the repeated analysis of standards can represent the uncertainty of a single sample analysis.
Relationship of Processing Conditions to Growth Rate and Quality of Diamond Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Diamond quality is strongly coupled to growth rate. Incorporation of nondiamond (sp2) carbon and morphological instabilities both increase with increasing growth rates. The intersection of twins with the growth surface produces re-entrant corners that enhance growth in the plane of the twin. Morphology and the development of texture both depend on substrate temperature and methane concentration and hence on growth rate. Experimental evidence and modeling results that relate growth rates and quality to controllable process parameters are reviewed.
Simulated real time image guided intrafraction tracking-delivery for hypofractionated prostate IMRT.

Hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has been tested for prostate cancer radiotherapy. This study aims to investigate the dosimetric effects of intrafraction prostate motion on the target and the normal structures for SBRT. For prostate cancer patients treated with an image-tracking CyberKnife system, the intrafraction prostate movements were recorded during 50-70 min treatment time. Based on the recorded intrafraction prostate movements, treatment plans were created for these cases using intensity modulated beams while scaling the average time patterns from the CyberKnife treatment to simulate hypofractionated intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) delivery. The effect of delivery time on the intrafraction organ motion was investigated. For a nominal single fraction delivery of 9.5 Gy with IMRT, we found that the dosimetric effect of the intrafraction prostate movement is case dependent. For most cases, the dose volume histograms exhibited very small changes from the treatment plans that assumed no intrafractional prostate motion when the maximum intrafraction movements were within {+-}5 mm. However, when sporadic prostate movements greater than 5 mm were present in any one direction, significant changes were found. For example, the V{sub 100%} for the prostate could be reduced by more than 10% to less than 85% of the prostate volume coverage.more » If these large movements could be excluded by some active correction strategies, then the average V{sub 100%} for the simulated plan could be restored to within approximately 2% of the ideal treatment plans. On average, the sporadic intrafraction motion has less dosimetric impact on the prolonged treatment delivery versus fast treatment delivery. For example, the average V{sub 100%} for the clinical target volume was reduced from the original 95.1% to 92.1{+-} 3.7% for prolonged treatment, and to 91.3{+-}5.4% when the treatment time was shortened by 50%. Due to the observed large sporadic prostate motions, we conclude that an on-line target motion monitoring and correction strategy is necessary to implement hypofractionated SBRT with intensity modulated beams for prostate cancer treatments.« less
Illuminating the Lateral Organization of Cell-Surface CD24 and CD44 through Plasmon Coupling between Au Nanoparticle Immunolabels

CD44 and CD24 are important cell surface glycoproteins whose relative expression levels are used to identify so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs). While current diagnostic applications of CD44 and CD24 focus primarily on their expression levels, we demonstrate here that noble metal nanoparticle (NP) immunolabeling in combination with plasmon coupling microscopy (PCM) can reveal more subtle differences, such as the spatial organization of these surface species on subdiffraction limit length scales. We quantified both expression and spatial clustering of CD44 and CD24 on MCF7 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells through analysis of the labeling intensity and the electromagnetic coupling of the NP labels, respectively. The labeling intensity was well correlated with the receptor expression, but the inspection of the labeled cell surface in the optical microscope revealed that the NP immunolabels were not homogeneously distributed. Consistent with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of the targeted CD24 and CD44 in the plasma membrane, a significant fraction of the NPs were organized into clusters, which were easily detectable in the optical microscope as discrete spots with colors ranging from green to orange. To further quantify the spatial organization of the targeted proteins, we characterized individual NP clusters through spatially resolved elastic scattering spectroscopy. The statistical analysis of the single cluster spectra revealed a higher clustering affinity for CD24 than for CD44 in the investigated cancer models. This preferential clustering was removed upon lipid raft disruption through cholesterol sequestration. Overall, these observations confirm a preferential enrichment of CD24 in lipid rafts and a more random distribution of CD44 in the plasma membrane as cause for the observed differences in protein clustering.
Food restriction in female Wistar rats. III, Thermotropic transition of membrane lipid and 5'-nucleotidase activity in hepatocytes

The effect of diet restriction was measured on the anisotropy parameter of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and 5'-nucleotidase enzyme activity in liver plasma membrane preparates. Diet restriction was applied to rats 3.5 months old on an every-other-day schedule (EOD) and the rats were killed at the age of 28-29 months. Six months and 24 months rats, fed ad libitum (AL), were used as controls. The Arrhenius plots of anisotropy parameter of liver membranes from young, old AL and old EOD animals exhibited well defined breakpoints at 16.3 degrees C, 19.5 degrees C and 16.7 degrees C, respectively. The breakpoint temperature of 5'-nucleotidase activity was lower in samples from young rats as compared to those from old AL rats, whereas no difference was observed comparing young and EOD fed rats. Present results support the hypothesis that diet restriction modifies lipid composition of liver plasma membranes in such a way that the appearance of age-dependent alterations is delayed.
A characterization of equilibria in the Groves–Ledyard mechanism

Abstract In this paper, we characterize all interior and boundary equilibria of the Groves–Ledyard mechanism for a large class of economies and determine their stability properties. We show that the mechanism admits three types of equilibria: a symmetric, efficient, stable interior equilibrium, a large set of asymmetric, efficient, unstable, interior equilibria, and a large set of asymmetric, inefficient, stable boundary equilibria. We further show that asymmetric equilibria fail to exist for large values of the punishment parameter or if the message space is bounded sufficiently. The boundary equilibria previously had not been located nor had the instability of the asymmetric equilibria been known. Interestingly, the stability of the symmetric equilibrium rests on two dynamics that individually produce instability.
Automatic generation of triangular irregular networks using greedy cuts

Proposes a new approach to the automatic generation of triangular irregular networks (TINs) from dense terrain models. We have developed and implemented an algorithm based on the greedy principle used to compute minimum-link paths in polygons. Our algorithm works by taking greedy cuts ("bites") out of a simple closed polygon that bounds the yet-to-be triangulated region. The algorithm starts with a large polygon, bounding the whole extent of the terrain to be triangulated, and works its way inward, performing at each step one of three basic operations: ear cutting, greedy biting, and edge splitting. We give experimental evidence that our method is competitive with current algorithms and has the potential to be faster and to generate many fewer triangles. Also, it is able to keep the structural terrain fidelity at almost no extra cost in running time and it requires very little memory beyond that for the input height array.
Plasmon-Enhanced Emission Rates from III-Nitride Quantum Wells Using Tunable Surface Plasmons

Two-dimensional arrays of silver nanocylinders fabricated by electron-beam lithography are used to demonstrate plasmon-enhanced near-green light emission from nitride semiconductor quantum wells. Large enhancements in peak photoluminescence intensity (up to a factor of over 3) are obtained, accompanied by a substantial reduction in recombination lifetime indicative of increased internal quantum efficiency. The measured enhancement factors exhibit a strong dependence on the nanoparticle dimensions, underscoring the importance of geometrical tuning for this application.
Effect of Statins on Metabolism of Apo-B–Containing Lipoproteins in Hypertriglyceridemic Men

Our investigations indicate that most patients with moderate hypertriglyceridemia have marked defects in the metabolism of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apolipoprotein B. Moreover, these patients have 2 major defects in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, i.e., an accumulation of remnant lipoproteins (due in part to delayed hepatic clearance) and increased fractional conversion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) to LDL. Defective triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism has been associated with insulin resistance. Statin therapy in hypertriglyceridemic patients improves the lipoprotein profile by decreasing both LDL cholesterol and remnant lipoproteins. However, statin therapy does not normalize LDL apolipoprotein B metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels remain low. Therefore, consideration may be given to combining a statin with a drug that alters triglyceride metabolism (e.g., fibrate or nicotinic acid) in high-risk patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
Service-Learning in Economics: A Detailed Application

(1998). Service-Learning in Economics: A Detailed Application. The Journal of Economic Education: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 365-376.
A Gata3-Mafb transcriptional network directs post-synaptic differentiation in synapses specialized for hearing.

Different types of neurons in the nervous system communicate with each other through different types of synapses. In the auditory system, for example, it is essential for the timing of signals to be preserved as they are sent from the ear to the brain, and this places special demands on the synapses in this part of the nervous system. In particular, the ribbon synapses that are found between the inner hair cells of the ear, which convert sound waves into neural signals, and the neurons of the spiral ganglion in the cochlea, which carry information about the frequency, intensity and timing of sounds to the brain, can transmit signals with remarkable fidelity. Little is known about the mechanisms by which synapses become specialized for particular functions. Previous work has suggested that a protein called Gata3 is important for the development of the neurons and synapses in the spiral ganglion, including ribbon synapses. Gata3 is a transcription factor that controls the expression of a wide range of genes that are involved in the auditory systems, including genes that are expressed as other transcription factors. Yu et al. used transgenic mice to explore what happened when one of these transcription factors, Mafb, was missing from neurons in the spiral ganglion. The results showed that ribbon synapses did not form when Mafb was absent, which meant that they were unable to respond normally to sounds. Yu et al. also studied mice in which Gata3 was absent: normally Mafb would not be present in these mice, but when genetic techniques were used to force the expression of the gene for Mafb, ribbon synapses were formed. As well as revealing a molecular pathway by which synapses become specialized for rapid and accurate transmission of auditory information, these findings might lead to new approaches to treating hearing loss in humans.
Utilization of heme as an iron source by marine Alphaproteobacteria in the Roseobacter clade.

ABSTRACT The bioavailability and utilization of porphyrin-bound iron, specifically heme, by marine microorganisms have rarely been examined. This study used Ruegeria sp. strain TrichCH4B as a model organism to study heme acquisition by a member of the Roseobacter clade. Analogs of known heme transporter proteins were found within the Ruegeria sp. TrichCH4B genome. The identified heme uptake and utilization system appears to be functional, as the heme genes were upregulated under iron stress, the bacterium could grow on ferric-porphyrin complexes as the sole iron source, and internalization of 55 Fe from ferric protoporphyrin IX was observed. The potential ability to utilize heme in the Roseobacter clade appears to be common, as half of the isolates in the RoseoBase database were found to have a complete heme uptake system. A degenerate primer set was designed and successfully used to identify the putative heme oxygenase gene (hmus) in the roseobacter heme uptake system from diverse nonenriched marine environments. This study found that members of the Roseobacter clade are capable of utilizing heme as an iron source and that this capability may be present in all types of marine environments. The results of this study add a new perspective to the current picture of iron cycling in marine systems, whereby relatively refractory intracellular pools of heme-bound iron may be taken up quickly and directly reincorporated into living bacteria without previous degradation or the necessity of a siderophore intermediate.
Peak strain detection in EFPI sensors via direct phase difference synthesis

This paper presents a method for estimating peak strain using EFPI fiber-optic sensors. The method involves directly synthesizing the optical phase difference from the measured interference signal. Empirical results are presented which demonstrate that this method can measure peak strain to within about ±5 % of the strain measured with respect to a resistive strain gauge sensor.
Digitized speech's serial position effect

Speech is becoming a more important user interface with the advent of multimedia capable video game systems, personal computers and workstations. Speech can be synthetically generated or natural speech can be digitized for storage and replay. Several studies have shown that synthetic speech is not understood as well as natural speech [2]. Synthetic speech lacks prosodic (timing) and acoustical cues to phonetic segments in comparison to natural speech. Luce et. al. [2] attributed the difficulty with synthetic speech to increased processing time requirements to encode the degraded sound. Waterworth and Thomas [3] replicated Luce et. al. serial position effect experiment and reported additional support for the encoding hypothesis by having subjects repeat words. When they adjusted for correct word encoding, the synthetic speech was similar to natural speech.
Histogenesis of fetal mouse isocortex and hippocampus in reaggregating cell cultures.

Abstract Hippocampus and isocortex from brains of fetal mice of gestational age 16 days to newborn (19–20 days postconception) were dissociated with trypsin to produce suspensions of single cells. These were allowed to aggregate in liquid medium in rotating cultures at 36.5°C for 6–8 days. The histogenetic patterns formed in the aggregates were characteristic of the brain region sampled and depended closely on the developmental stage of the tissue at the time of dissociation. For hippocampus, cells dissociated at gestational ages of 16–18 days produced large aggregates with segregation of hippocampal pyramidal cells from other cell populations, but without further organization. Cells dissociated at a very narrow time range about 18.5 days gestation produced in aggregates a remarkable histogenetic pattern closely resembling normal hippocampal architecture, with a characteristic curved pyramidal cell layer of appropriate thickness bounded above and below by cell-sparse zones, and in isolated cases a dentate gyrus and subiculum in their normal relations to the pyramidal layer. The histogenetic events included parallel alignment of elongate hippocampal pyramidal cells and uniform orientation of their apical processes. Cells from fetuses older than 18.5 days mixed randomly in the aggregates, apparently having lost the capacity for self-organization. Thus the orienting mechanism is shown to be operative only at a very specific time in the developmental history of the hippocampus. The histogenetic events occurring in aggregates of cells from different developmental stages correlated closely with the state of histogenetic development in the intact undissociated hippocampus. A similar analysis was performed with dissociated and aggregated cerebral isocortical cells. Cells dissociated at gestational ages between 17.5 and 18.5 days formed spherical aggregates containing an outermost cell-sparse “molecular layer” and a deeper, sharply delimited, concentrically arranged cortical plate composed of young neurons with apical dendrites disposed radially toward the outer surface of the aggregate. Cells dissociated from younger fetuses attained little organization in 7 days in vitro , and cells from older fetuses formed only poor aggregates with randomly mixed cells.
Towards a procedure for eliciting verbal expression of non-verbal experience without reactivity: interpreting the verbal overshadowing effect within the theoretical framework for protocol analysis

The reactive effects of verbal overshadowing are discussed within Ericsson and Simon's (1980, 1984/1993) theoretical framework, which guided the design of procedures that elicit valid and non-reactive verbal reports. These procedures encourage participants to give free verbal expression to their thoughts. In contrast, the procedures in the verbal overshadowing paradigm require participants to produce prescribed types of verbalizations. Participants are explicitly told how to verbally describe the face, namely ‘to describe each facial feature in as much detail as possible’ and to continue doing so for the full 5 minutes. The reactive effects of ‘verbal overshadowing’ can be linked to the requirement of producing prescribed types of verbalizations and are thus not caused merely by spontaneous verbal expression of one's thoughts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racial differences in prostate cancer risk remain among US servicemen with equal access to care.

BACKGROUND. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among US men, however, the etiology remains unclear. Yet, one consistency is that black non-Hispanic men are at increased risk for prostate cancer compared to white, non-Hispanic men. The goal of this study was to assess relations between demographic and other potential prostate cancer risk factors in the context of the US military healthcare system, which provides equal access to all US servicemen. METHODS. Military healthcare and demographic data were used to describe risk factors for prostate cancer in the US military from September 1993 to September 2003. Cox's proportional hazards regression was employed to model the time to prostate cancer hospitalization. RESULTS. Four hundred eight first prostate cancer hospitalizations were identified among 2,761,559 servicemen. The adjusted rate per 100,000 persons rose from 1.41 to 3.62 for white non-Hispanic men and 1.43 to 6.08 for black non-Hispanic men by the end of the study. The increasing incidence over time for combined race/ethnic groups was similar to trends reported in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for the US civilian population. No association was observed between occupation and prostate cancer hospitalization. However, black non-Hispanic men were at increased risk compared with white non-Hispanic men (hazard ratio = 2.72, 95% confidence interval: 2.12, 3.49). CONCLUSIONS. No association was observed between occupation and prostate cancer hospitalization. In this relatively young cohort, black non-Hispanic race/ethnicity was found to be predictive of prostate cancer, and this association existed regardless of access to care and socioeconomic status.
A new general triangulation method for planar contours

The problem of approximating the surface spanning a given set of 3D points as a polyhedron of triangular faces (“triangulation”) is a significant one, and has many applications in the fields of computer graphics and computer vision. In this paper, several solutions to this problem are reviewed. These solutions can be grouped into two classes, and particular emphasis is given to the class of surfaces spanned by parallel planar contours. For a contour pair P0,P1,...Pm−1 and Q0,Q1,...Qn−1, a graph theoretic approach can be used to arrive at a class of solutions, each requiring exactly m+n steps to triangulate the pair. Existing methods (both rigorous and heuristic) for extracting a particular solution from this group are reviewed, and a new heuristic based on inter-contour coherence is proposed. This heuristic is being used in the field of Ultrasonic Non-destructive Evaluation to produce images of flaws in pressure vessels, and its performance is shown to compare favorably with methods of greater computational complexity. It is believed that this heuristic can also be used with success in industrial vision systems where similar contours are obtained using a laser range finder.
Sleep and Academic Performance in U.S. Military Training and Education Programs

This review examines the effects of military training regimes, which might include some degree of sleep deprivation, on sleep-wake schedules. We report a 4-year longitudinal study of sleep patterns of cadets at the United States Military Academy and the consequences of an exten- sion of sleep from 6 to 8 hr per night at the United States Navy ' s Recruit Training Command. These studies provide an opportunity to observe sleep in a college-age population and also to record sleep patterns over an entire 4-year college ex- perience, adding to our understanding of the changes in sleep patterns over the life span.
A Complete Phase-Locked Loop Power Consumption Model

Summary form only given. A PLL power model that accurately estimates the power consumption during both lock and acquisition states is presented. The model is within 5% of circuit level simulation (SPICE) values. No significant power overhead (+/-5% of the power consumed at the final frequency) is incurred during the acquisition process.
Migration of the guinea pig sperm membrane protein PH-20 from one localized surface domain to another does not occur by a simple diffusion-trapping mechanism

Abstract The redistribution of membrane proteins on the surface of cells is a prevalent feature of differentiation in a variety of cells. In most cases the mechanism responsible for such redistribution is poorly understood. Two potential mechanisms for the redistribution of surface proteins are: (1) passive diffusion coupled with trapping, and (2) active translocation. We have studied the process of membrane protein redistribution for the PH-20 protein of guinea pig sperm, a surface protein required for sperm binding to the egg zona pellucida ( P. Primakoff, H. Hyatt, and D. G. Myles (1985). J. Cell Biol. 101, 2239–2244 ). PH-20 protein is localized to the posterior head plasma membrane of the mature sperm cell. Following the exocytotic acrosome reaction, PH-20 protein moves into the newly incorporated inner acrosomal membrane (IAM), placing it in a position favorable for a role in binding sperm to the egg zona pellucida ( D. G. Myles, and P. Primakoff (1984). J. Cell Biol. 99, 1634–1641 ). To analyze the mechanistic basis for this protein migration, we have used fluorescence microscopy and digital image processing to characterize PH-20 protein migration in individual cells. PH-20 protein was observed to move against a concentration gradient in the posterior head plasma membrane. This result argues strongly against a model of passive diffusion followed by trapping in the IAM, and instead suggests that an active process serves to concentrate PH-20 protein toward the boundary separating the posterior head and IAM regions. A transient gradient of PH-20 concentration observed in the IAM suggests that once PH-20 protein reaches the IAM, it is freely diffusing. Additionally, we observed that migration of PH-20 protein was calcium dependent.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist: factor structure and English-Spanish measurement invariance.

This study used confirmatory factor analysis to compare alternative models of the structure of posttraumatic distress symptoms as measured by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist—Civilian version (PCL-C; F. W. Weathers, B. T. Litz, D. S. Herman, J. A. Huska, & T. M. Keane, 1993). Data were derived from English- (N = 299) and Spanish-speaking (N = 120) samples of young adult survivors of community violence recruited following hospitalization for physical injuries. The best fit to the data was a four-factor model measuring correlated dimensions of reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal. English- and Spanish-language versions of the PCL-C showed general measurement equivalence.
Aditions to the Flora of Colombia

During the first four months of 1944 while the writer was engaged in exploration for sources of rotenone in Colombia, principally in the Eastern Llanos, some opportunity was found for general botanical collecting. Although both time and facilities for this purpose were limited to the extent that somewhat less than 500 numbers were obtained, these collections included a few undescribed plants and several species apparently not so far reported from Colombia. In addition to the two novelties described in the present paper, new species in the genera Axonopus, Grimaldia, Piper, Calolisianthus (genus new to Colombia), Hyptis, Bartsia, Castilleja, Alloplectus and Cephaelis will be described elsewhere by specialists in those groups, and new records for Lonchocarpus have already been published (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 111-113. 1947).
Arteriosclerotic vascular disease and testicular fibrosis.

The autopsy protocols and sections of the testes were examined in a group of 199 men over the age of 35 years who were free of known causes of either vascular disease or testicular fibrosis. In 44 (22 per cent) of the cases, testicular sections showed marked fibrosis of the peritubular membranes or complete hyalinization. Testes of the remaining men showed minimal or no signs of testicular fibrosis. Of these 155 patients with normal or minimally fibrotic testes, 47 (30.7 per cent) had complications of arteriosclerotic vascular disease (i.e., myocardial or cerebral infarcts, arteriosclerotic aneurysms, etc.) and in 36 cases (23.5 per cent) those complications were considered to be the cause of death. Of the 44 cases with advanced testicular fibrosis, four (9.1 per cent) had complications of arteriosclerotic vascular disease and only one patient (2.2 per cent) died of the disease. An interpretation of these findings is presented.
Endovascular Reconstruction of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease with an Aberrant Pelvic Kidney

Aortoiliac occlusive disease coincident with a congenital ectopic pelvic kidney is a rare occurrence. Traditionally, the treatment has been open aortobifemoral repair with reimplantation of the renal artery. We present a patient with Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) D bilateral aortoiliac occlusive disease, an ectopic pelvic kidney, and prohibitive medical comorbidities. We describe a totally endovascular repair using a chronic total occlusion crossing device, a luminal re-entry device, and balloon-mounted covered stents to revascularize the lower extremities and the ectopic pelvic kidney. We discuss various aspects of this endovascular approach as the incidence of patients with TASC D lesions and prohibitive comorbidities continue to rise.
The Determinants of Bond Insurance Premium

This paper provides an empirical test of the demand side of Thakor’s (1982) theory of bond insurance signaling, namely that the insurance premium charged by municipal bond insurers provides a signal to the market that reduces asymmetric information in the market. We test the theory for a sample of bonds that covers before, during and immediately after the 2007-08 financial crisis. We find empirical evidence consistent with the theory that the bond insurance premium provides a signal to the market regarding the intrinsic, underlying credit risk of debt.
Dislocation following total hip replacement: causes and cures

Dislocation is one of the most common causes of patient and surgeon dissatisfaction following hip replacement and to treat it, the causes must first be understood. Patient factors include age greater than 70 years, medical comorbidities, female gender, ligamentous laxity, revision surgery, issues with the abductors, and patient education. Surgeon factors include the annual quantity of procedures and experience, the surgical approach, adequate restoration of femoral offset and leg length, component position, and soft-tissue or bony impingement. Implant factors include the design of the head and neck region, and so-called skirts on longer neck lengths. There should be offset choices available in order to restore soft-tissue tension. Lipped liners aid in gaining stability, yet if improperly placed may result in impingement and dislocation. Late dislocation may result from polyethylene wear, soft-tissue destruction, trochanteric or abductor disruption and weakness, or infection. Understanding the causes of hip dislocation facilitates prevention in a majority of instances. Proper pre-operative planning includes the identification of patients with a high offset in whom inadequate restoration of offset will reduce soft-tissue tension and abductor efficiency. Component position must be accurate to achieve stability without impingement. Finally, patient education cannot be over-emphasised, as most dislocations occur early, and are preventable with proper instructions. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:67–9.
Nonsurgical Female Sterilization

Current research offers the possibility of a nonsurgical sterilization procedure which is inexpensive and simple and can be performed by paramedical personnel. In addition the method has a blind delivery system and requires only 1 insertion. Research on tubal occlusion techniques includes the injection of pharmacologic agents and adhesive materials into the oviduct either through the hysteroscope or through a blind transcervical delivery system. The two most promising agents are methyl cyanoacrylate (MCA) and quinachrine hydrochloride. MCA is a tissue adhesive which produces irreversible occlusion of the fallopian tube by causing an inflammatory resposne tissue necrosis and fibrosis; it biodegrades in 4 to 5 months. Quinacrine has been used in IUD delivery systems. The advantage of using an IUD vector to deliver the quinacrine is that tubal occlusion may be produced with a reduction in total dosage and with only 1 insertion. The IUD acts as a backup contraception for any method failures. Nonsurgical sterilization is an important priority of contraceptive research and altough current research focuses on MCA and quinacrine other untested agents may also be promising.
The informational effects of patent pledges

Traditional patent law theories teach that a patent’s rights of exclusion are a patent’s key benefit to the patentee and are necessary to make the patent system work. Yet patentees are increasingly giving away such rights, in whole or in part, as part of a growing phenomenon: patent pledges. In these scenarios, patentees voluntarily commit to limit enforcement of their rights. This phenomenon seems to contradict traditional patent law theories. After all, if exclusive rights are necessary, why are patentees increasingly sacrificing some or all of those rights?This Article argues that they do so because in patent pledging contexts, patents entail a different value proposition than traditional patent law theories posit. That is, patent pledgers use patents as informational tools to signal to the relevant public their development preferences and activities. This information may then facilitate a variety of economic motives behind such pledges. This Article reviews several patent law features that make patents valuable as informational tools, as well as others that limit their informational potencies. It concludes by assessing some implications of this informational account of patents, in particular with respect to “open innovation.”
Characterization of Marmoset Hepatitis Virus

The study of human viral hepatitis has been hampered by lack of susceptible tissue cultures or animals [1, 2]. An encouraging lead was recently obtained by Deinhardt et al. [3] who inoculated human sera into marmosets and obtained from the serum of certain inoculated animals a transmissible agent that produced histologic hepatitis associated with a rise in serum transaminase. Their initial report dealt with the isolation of the virus from human materials and with the clinical and histological features of the infection in marmosets. Hepatitis was not found in control animals in their study. A brief report [4] noted that commercial pooled human IgG strikingly reduced the infectivity of infectious marmoset sera, but this could not be confirmed in later experiments [5]. Using infectious marmoset sera kindly supplied by Deinhardt and Holmes, we have confirmed the existence of a transmissible hepatitis in marmosets and have investigated the physical properties of the virus and the characteristic features of the infection.
Effects of solvation on the framework of a breathing copper MOF employing a semirigid linker

A semirigid di-1,2,4-triazole ligand leads to formation of the MOF [Cu2(L)2(SO4)(Br)2]·xH2O (1). The framework structure of 1 flexes reversibly upon removal or addition of water to form semihydrated ([Cu2(L)2(SO4)(Br)2]·4H2O) and dehydrated ([Cu2(L)2(SO4)(Br)2]·0H2O) MOFs, 1′ and 1″, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray analysis demonstrated that the 2-butene subunit of the ligand rotates between two positions for 1 and 1′, causing a change in the solvent-accessible volume in the framework. This double hinge within the semirigid ligand is a built-in breathing mechanism and suggests a novel approach for general synthesis of breathing MOFs.
Overall Concept of the Information Construction of Drug Authentication

OBJECTIVE:To pose the overall concept for the construction of drug authentication system and to promote its scientific development. METHODS: With an emphasis on the target and task,the author analyzed preliminarily and studied the objective and significance,the basic principle,the objective and the content of the construction of drug authentication system. RESULTS CONCLUSIONS: The construction of drug authentication system is an important part of drug authentication work and it has become an urgent affair,meanwhile it is an important means to promote and ensure impartiality,fairness and publicity of drug authentication and facilitate its scientific and sound development.
Internal and International Migration

Publisher Summary Scholarship on later-life migration has grown considerably over the previous years, owing largely to new investigations on international migration coming from Europe and elsewhere. This chapter reviews internal migration in the United States and other international migration. One way of describing migration destinations is to compare the number of individuals who moved to different states or counties by ranking the states or counties that received the largest proportions. One of the defining characteristics of interstate retirement migration is that the migrants coming from many states are concentrated in only a few destinations, which is a result of highly focused flows into certain states. In the life-course theoretical model, the final type of move is a move away from informal care by family members and others to institutional care. The older persons who become more seriously disabled are especially likely to move, although their moves may be short-term rather than long-term moves. Three cyclical patterns of interstate migration have been identified in the United States over the previous years: seasonal migration, counterstream migration, and return migration.
Mobilization and Actions

This chapter documents the collective actions of parents, teachers, and active members outside of the communities in the midst of the school closings. I emphasize the different features of the actions that took place at this time, including the more organized and strategized collective actions; the wider participation involving not only migrant parents and teachers but also the general public; and the more robust focus on citizenship and the rights of the members in the migrant communities. Meanwhile, the various forms of actions also indicated the politics of identity transformation among active members.
The Literature of the Anthropocene: Four Reviews

Future reality on planet Earth will be characterized by abrupt climate change, and so ecosocialism is likely to be a social adaptation to abrupt climate change as much as anything else. Before ther...
Super-CORDIC: An approximation based parallel and redundant CORDIC algorithm

This paper proposes an optimized and generalized Co-ordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm in the rotation mode of the circular co-ordinate system. It computes the values of trigonometric functions and can be configured to provide the result with a lower overall latency than existing systems. This is done by using redundant representations and approximations of the required direction and angle of each rotation. The algorithm has been designed to provide the result in a fixed number of iterations equal to a design parameter as chosen by the designer. In each iteration, the algorithm performs rotations between zero and a certain number, in parallel. A technique to handle the scaling factor compensation for such an algorithm is also proposed. The results of the functional verification for different values of the design parameter and an estimation of the overall latency are presented.
Tradeoff-in-the-Nephron: A Theory to Explain the Primacy of Phosphate in the Pathogenesis of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). The cardinal features of SHPT are persistence of normocalcemia as CKD progresses and dependence of the parathyroid hormone concentration ([PTH]) on phosphate influx (IP). The tradeoff-in-the-nephron hypothesis integrates these features. It states that as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls, the phosphate concentration ([P]CDN) rises in the cortical distal nephron, the calcium concentration ([Ca]CDN) in that segment falls, and [PTH] rises to maintain normal calcium reabsorption per volume of filtrate (TRCa/GFR). In a clinical study, we set GFR equal to creatinine clearance (Ccr) and IP equal to the urinary excretion rate of phosphorus (EP). We employed EP/Ccr as a surrogate for [P]CDN. We showed that TRCa/Ccr was high in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and normal in those with SHPT despite comparably increased [PTH] in each group. In subjects with SHPT, we examined regressions of [PTH] on EP/Ccr before and after treatment with sevelamer carbonate or a placebo. All regressions were significant, and ∆[PTH] correlated with ∆EP/Ccr in each treatment cohort. We concluded that [P]CDN determines [PTH] in CKD. This inference explains the cardinal features of SHPT, much of the evidence on which other pathogenic theories are based, and many ancillary observations.