cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of arsenic trioxide on human leukemia (HL-60) cells using the MTT and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays.

Although arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been the subject of toxicological research, in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies using relevant cell models and uniform methodology are not well elucidated. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by ATO in a human leukemia (HL-60) cell line using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays, respectively. HL-60 cells were treated with different doses of ATO for 24 h prior to cytogenetic assessment. Data obtained from the MTT assay indicated that ATO significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the viability of HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner, showing a LD50 value of 6.4 ± 0.6 μg/mL. Data generated from the comet assay also indicated a significant dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in HL-60 cells associated with ATO exposure. We observed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in comet tail-length, tail arm and tail moment, as well as in percentages of DNA cleavage at all doses tested, showing an evidence of ATO-induced genotoxic damage in HL-60 cells. This study confirms that the comet assay is a sensitive and effective method to detect DNA damage caused by heavy metals like arsenic. Taken together, our findings suggest that ATO exposure significantly (P < 0.05) reduces cellular viability and induces DNA damage in HL-60 cells as assessed by MTT and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assays, respectively.
South Korea's Squeeze Play

Seoul's independent options are almost nonexistent as it has been and remains trapped between obligations to its U.S. alliance and its efforts to improve relations with North Korea. Nevertheless, South Korea may choose to play a politically risky role as an honest broker.
Wipe‐Off: An Intuitive Interface for Exploring Ultra‐Large Multi‐Spectral Data Sets for Cultural Heritage Diagnostics

A visual analytics technique for the intuitive, hands-on analysis of massive, multi-dimensional and multi-variate data is presented. This multi-touch-based technique introduces a set of metaphors such as wiping, scratching, sandblasting, squeezing and drilling, which allow for rapid analysis of global and local characteristics in the data set, accounting for factors such as gesture size, pressure and speed. A case study is provided for the analysis of multi-spectral image data of cultural artefacts. By aligning multi-spectral layers in a stack, users can apply different multi-touch metaphors to investigate features across different wavelengths. With this technique, flexibly definable regions can be interrogated concurrently without affecting surrounding data.
Zips for Teaching

(2000). Zips for Teaching. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 81-82.
Evaluation of Strain Variation Within a Triaxial Specimen Due to End Effects

A new triaxial test setup is described that has been developed to test large specimens (150 mm in diameter and 300 mm long). The system was designed to use eight proximitors: two placed on opposite ends of a diameter at midheight of the specimen to measure lateral deformation and six placed in pairs along the specimen and distributed at 120 degrees around the specimen to measure axial deformations. To calibrate this setup and to cover the typical range for highway base materials, nine elastomer specimens were manufactured with three different stiffnesses. A quasi-static test program was implemented with these specimens to evaluate the capabilities and shortcomings of the system, the repeatability and accuracy of the test results, and the optimization of the gauge length to be used for measuring axial strains in the production test system. An axisymmetric computer model was assembled to predict axial and lateral deformations at the measuring points used in the experimental program. The experimental and num...
Ion-atom inelastic scattering cross sections and energy loss in the plane-wave Born approximation

A procedure discussed by Bates for calculating ion-atom excitation and ionization cross sections and energy loss in the plane-wave Born approximation has been programmed. The procedure involves integration over the product of elastic scattering factors or generalized oscillator strengths for excitation or ionization from both projectile and target. The calculations are done in the center-of-mass system where the distinction between projectile and target is lost. Thus the cross sections and energy loss in the laboratory frames of both target and projectile emerge from a center-of-mass calculation symmetrical in nuclear and net charges. The traditional simple modeling of energy loss, using scaled proton stopping power (SP) and an effective projectile charge, is unsymmetrical, and therefore dubious as a guide for extrapolating to ion-ion energy loss. Because the energy loss includes processes that cannot be uniquely allocated to one ion or the other, e.g., mutual ionization, one does not expect, in general, a simple SP picture to suffice. However, it is found at intermediate and high center-of-mass energies that the energy loss is dominated by elastic scattering of one ion and ionization of the other. From this observation, and the requirement that hydrogenic ion results be recovered in the appropriate limit, a simple extension of the Bethe formula is obtained. Explicit subshell and total ionization cross sections are presented for Li ions interacting with neutral Zn and Au, and the calculated energy loss is compared with experiment. It is found that the simple extension of the Bethe formula is in surprisingly good agreement with the explicit calculations, suggesting that an improved extension of the Bethe formula may exist.
Research on Technology of Lightning Protection for Transmission Lines in Lighting Intensified Area with Complex Topography

The weak lighning protection performance of transmission lines should be improved in complicate climate and complex topography as well as frequent lightning activities in Sichuan Area. In order to improve stability of power system, it is very important to improve the assessment and rebuilding abilitiy of lightning protection for transmission lines. In this paper, we researched the lightning protection of transmission lines by the technology and strategy of differentiated lightning protection. We analyzed the distribution law of lightning flashovers for tower span, landform, lightning protection measures and so on. The analysis results can provide a macroscopic guidance for differentiated lightning protection work.
L-thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone secretion rates of young adult and aged New Hampshire hens.

SummaryTSR's and TSH-SR's of 53 adult New Hampshire hens ranging from 1 to 4 years of age were determined. No significant changes of TSR or TSH-SR occurred with increasing age within these adult stages. These birds had a mean TSR of 0.94 ± .07 μlg of L-thyroxine/100 g bw and a mean TSH-SR of 3.8 ± 0.23 mμ of TSH/ 100 g bw during late winter when the temperature was controlled to a mean of 55°F. However, this level of thyroidal activity represents a depression when compared to available data on the immature growing fowl.
Do risk lovers invest in self-protection?

We show that there is a class of risk lovers who optimally choose a positive level of self-protection investment. In most cases, a risk lover increases his self-protection investment as he becomes less downside risk averse.
Abstract C55: Ganitumab (AMG 479) inhibits the development and progression of castration-resistant VCaP human prostate cancer xenografts.

Prostate tumors are initially dependent on androgens for growth; thus the standard of care for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy. While this treatment strategy diminishes tumor burden and growth, prostate cancer invariably recurs in a castration-resistant form for which therapeutic options are extremely limited. Therefore, new therapeutic regimens are needed that are effective against castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and its development. The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling axis drives both anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals and is dysregulated in prostate cancer. Ganitumab (AMG 479), a fully human monoclonal antibody (IgG1) against the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), is currently in a phase III clinical trial for treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. Since the IGF-1 signaling axis is thought to be instrumental in prostate cancer growth and development, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of ganitumab in a human model of prostate cancer, alone and in combination with androgen deprivation therapy. We used the human prostate cancer cell line, VCaP, which expresses wild type PTEN and grows readily as xenografts that are initially androgen-dependent but progress to castration-resistance in vivo. VCaP is unique among prostate cancer cell lines in that they express the TMPRSS-ERG fusion protein characteristic of a substantial proportion of clinical prostate cancer specimens. In vitro, we found that IGF-1 stimulated phosphorylation of AKT and cell proliferation in VCaP cells, and ganitumab treatment effectively inhibited both. Ganitumab treatment of androgen-dependent VCaP xenografts (300 μg/dose, 2×/week, ip) increased the mean tumor doubling time from 2.9 to 6.3 weeks resulting in significant (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C55.
Spectrum Shifting as a Mechanism to Improve Performance of VHTRs with Advanced Actinide Fuels

Reprocessing of spent LWR fuel is an intrinsic part of the closed fuel cycle. While current technologies treat recovered minor actinides as high level wastes, the primary objective of one of the U.S. DOE Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) projects is to assess the possibility, advantages and limitations of designing a single-batch (no-refueling) very high temperature reactor (VHTR) configuration that utilizes transuranic nuclides (TRU) as a fuel component. Since both VHTR core design concepts, pebble bed and prismatic block assembly, permit flexibility in component configuration, fuel utilization and management, it is possible to improve fissile properties by neutron spectrum shifting through configuration adjustments. The presented analysis is focused on the TRU-impact on the single-batch mode (no-refueling) VHTR core lifetime. As a result of the analysis, promising performance characteristics have been demonstrated. The TRU-core configurations are expected to be suitable for long-term autonomous operation without intermediate refueling.
Hypertension in the Inner City: I. Analysis of Clinic Dropouts

Sixty dropouts from hypertensive clinics were interviewed in depth to determine reasons for noncompliance. Waiting time and a poor doctor-patient relationship were the major reasons given. The average waiting time prior to examination by the doctor was 2.5 hours, and the average waiting time at the pharmacy was 1.8 hours. In contrast the average time spent with the doctor was 7.5 min. The poor doctor-patient relationship deteriorated further since patients were examined by a different physician on each visit. A physician was not essential for compliance, however, since 54% of the patients readily accepted a health aide. In order to enhance compliance our group reorganized its hypertensive clinic using the patients' complaints as guidelines. Operating the clinic with emphasis on a personalized doctor-patient relationship and utilizing a meaningful appointment system has reduced the number of dropouts from 42% in 1966-69 to 8% in 1970-71.
The Contribution of Gender-Role Orientation to Psychological Distress Among Male African Asylum-Seekers in Israel

We investigated the association between gender-role orientation and emotional distress among African male asylum-seekers in Israel. A convenience sample of 60 English-speaking asylum-seekers completed a measure of gender-roles, emotional distress, and posttraumatic stress (PTSD). Androgynous, feminine, and undifferentiated gender roles were most prevalent, while the presence of masculine gender-role was exceptionally low. Androgynous gender-role orientation, characterized by high levels of masculinity and femininity, was associated with lower emotional distress compared with feminine and undifferentiated gender-role orientations beyond the effects of sociodemographic variables and PTSD symptoms. Both instrumental and expressive traits may promote adaptive psychological functioning among African asylum-seeking men.
Fragrance material review on decahydro-β-naphthyl acetate

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of decahydro-β-naphthyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Seekers, sloths and social reference: homework questions submitted to a question-answering community

An increasing number of students are seeking homework help outside library structures and systems, such as on social reference sites, where questions are answered by online community members who rate one another's answers and provide collaborative filtering in place of traditional expertise. This paper reports the preliminary results of a participant observation and content analysis of homework questions submitted to Answerbag, a social reference site with over one million unique visitors per month. The results suggest that members of the online community are able to distinguish between questions submitted by Seekers--those who interact with the community and engage in conversation about their questions--and Sloths, those who post their homework questions apparently verbatim and interact no further. How the community reacts to these distinct types of questioners reflects values similar to those of professional reference providers, and the community structure also allows members to educate questioners about community standards and the ethics of information seeking.
Radioactivity of People and Foods

Measurements of the cesium-137 content of people and of foodstuffs indicate that this nuclide is unlikely to be a decisive factor in the long-term hazards from weapons testing and reactor waste disposal. The amount of cesium-137 now present in the population of the United States averages 0.006 microcurie and shows no marked dependence on geographic location. The average radiation dose received from cesium-137 is one-twentieth of that received from natural radiopotassium and 1 percent of the average total dose from all natural sources. Because of the short biological half-life of cesium of about 140 days, it does not accumulate in the body as does strontium-90. The study of the distribution of cesium-137 is being continued to furnish information on the mechanisms of the fallout process and provide a measure of the rate of fallout and of stratospheric storage.
The effects of preexperimental diet upon reward magnitude effects

Three groups of rats were reared from weaning on differing diets in order to assess the influence of this preexperimental manipulation on reward magnitude effects. Subgroups within each diet condition received large and small reward, respectively, during the course of 29 straight-runway trials. Reward magnitude effects developed in start, run, and goal measures. Additionally, significant differences between diet conditions were found in the start measure.
The motion of tropical cyclone pairs

Whenever two tropical cyclones appear simultaneously in the same region, it is observed that they move around and approach each other in a characteristic fashion. In order to explain this relative motion it is assumed that the cyclones can be approximated by simple vortices. The motion of a vortex pair is studied theoretically, and it is shown that the vortices must rotate around a common center of gravity whose position is determined by the circulation around each vortex. The angular velocity of the axis of the vortex pair is equal to the arithmetic mean of the angular velocities with which the two vortices rotate relative to each other.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS AND ACTIVATED CARBON IN WATER AND WASTE TREATMENT OPERATIONS

The encouragement of microbial activity in activated carbon operations used for water and waste treatment has attracted interest as a potential means for enhancing overall system performance. Microorganisms have been found to have both positive and negative effects on adsorption processes; the most common positive effect is increased throughput before regeneration is required, while common negative effects include potential interference with the adsorption of specifically targeted compounds and the possibility of release of pathogenic organisms to progress effluents. There have been a number of reports in the literature, including several by Dr. Tien and his co-workers, which have involved either experimental or numerical modeling studies of phenomena associated with biologically active carbon adsorption systems. This paper reviews progress to date on elucidation of various mechanisms extant in such systems, and suggests areas for future research on the topic.
Hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons.

Abstract 1. Coho salmon exposed to the water soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook Inlet crude oil for a maximum of 30 days showed a greater than three-fold increase in hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. 2. The initial increase in enzyme activity appeared between 2 and 5 days of exposure and increased as a function of increased exposure time. 3. Persistence of the induced enzyme activity was dependent on the length and the concentration of WSF exposure. 4. Handling stress had no effect on the AHH activity, but starvation caused a decrease in the activity.
The Mouse Cell Surface Protein TOSO Regulates Fas/Fas Ligand-induced Apoptosis through Its Binding to Fas-associated Death Domain

Mouse TOSO, the homologue of human TOSO gene, was cloned and characterized in the present study. Using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy we localized TOSO to the cytoplasmic membrane of expressing cells. Using stably transfected mouse TOSO (mTOSO)-expressing Jurkat cells, we show that TOSO protects cells from Fas/Fas ligand- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis but not from TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis. The Fas-induced activation of caspase-8 was significantly inhibited by the expression of mTOSO. Using deletion mutants and glutathione S-transferase pull-down approaches, we have shown that mTOSO regulates apoptosis by directly binding to Fas-associated death domain through its C-terminal domain, suggesting the disruption of death-inducing signaling complex formation as mechanism of action. Furthermore, we have expressed mTOSO in transgenic mice and show that mTOSO overexpressing primary T lymphocytes are resistant to Fas/Fas ligand-induced apoptosis.
Generative logic in digital design

Abstract This exploration of early-stage, architectural design pedagogy is a record of an ongoing transformation underway in architecture from the art of geometry of space to the art of geometry of space–time. A selected series of student experiments, from 1992 to the present, illustrates this transformation from Pythagorean concepts of mathematics and geometry to the symbolic representation of space and non-linear time. The time concepts, native to film, have been adapted to the architectural medium to create an added design dimension. The dimensional expansion of space, from xyz to xyz+t (time), represents a tactical and strategic opportunity to incorporate multisensory design variables in architectural practice, as well as in its pedagogy.
Thermal effects on the performance of floating ring bearings for turbochargers

AbstractPhysical models and fast computational programs aim to improve the design and performance of turbocharger (TC) rotordynamics. Most commercial automotive TCs incorporate floating ring bearings (FRBs) owing to their low cost and reduced power losses. However, persistent subsynchronous motions afflict this type of rotor/bearing system, albeit reaching limit cycles that enable their continuous operation. FRBs comprise two fluid films in series and are prone to show one or two subsynchronous instabilities over extended speed ranges of operation. A flow model for prediction of FRB forced response is detailed here. The model incorporates a lumped-parameter thermal energy balance for estimation of the lubricant viscosity and thermal growth of the rotor, bearing and floating ring. The FRB model, fully integrated into a non-linear rotordynamics computational program, predicts the floating ring speed, journal and ring eccentricities, power loss and the rotordynamic force coefficients of the inner and outer f...
Effect of type of cognitive task and walking speed on cognitive-motor interference during dual-task walking.

Abstract Objective We aimed to determine the effect of distinctly different cognitive tasks and walking speed on cognitive-motor interference of dual-task walking. Methods Fifteen healthy adults performed four cognitive tasks: visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) task, word list generation (WLG) task, serial subtraction (SS) task, and the Stroop (STR) task while sitting and during walking at preferred-speed (dual-task normal walking) and slow-speed (dual-task slow-speed walking). Gait speed was recorded to determine effect on walking. Motor and cognitive costs were measured. Results Dual-task walking had a significant effect on motor and cognitive parameters. At preferred-speed, the motor cost was lowest for the VMRT task and highest for the STR task. In contrast, the cognitive cost was highest for the VMRT task and lowest for the STR task. Dual-task slow walking resulted in increased motor cost and decreased cognitive cost only for the STR task. Conclusions Results show that the motor and cognitive cost of dual-task walking depends heavily on the type and perceived complexity of the cognitive task being performed. Cognitive cost for the STR task was low irrespective of walking speed, suggesting that at preferred-speed individuals prioritize complex cognitive tasks requiring higher attentional and processing resources over walking. While performing VMRT task, individuals preferred to prioritize more complex walking task over VMRT task resulting in lesser motor cost and increased cognitive cost for VMRT task. Furthermore, slow walking can assist in diverting greater attention towards complex cognitive tasks, improving its performance while walking.
Nuclear transport and transcription

The compartmentalization of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells establishes a connection between the nuclear transport machinery and the transcriptional apparatus. General transcription factors, as well as specific transcriptional activators and repressors, such as p53 and NF-AT, need to be imported into the nucleus following their translation. In addition, nuclear transport plays a crucial role in regulating the activity of many transcription factors.
Note on differential equations in banach spaces

Some notions from descriptive set theory are related to the solution-set of a D.E. in a Banach space.
Fibronectin and cell attachment to cell and protein resistant polyelectrolyte surfaces.

Culture of A7r5 smooth muscle cells on a polyelectrolyte multilayer film (PEMU) can influence various cell properties, including adhesion, motility, and cytoskeletal organization, that are modulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM) in vivo. ECM contribution to cell behavior on PEMUs was investigated by determining the amount of fibronectin (FN) bound to charged and hydrophobic PEMUs by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy. FN bound best to poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)-terminated and Nafion-terminated PEMUs. FN bound poorly to PEMUs terminated with a copolymer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and 3-[2-(acrylamido)-ethyl dimethylammonio] propane sulfonate (PAA-co-AEDAPS). Cells adhered and spread well on the Nafion-terminated PEMU surfaces. In contrast, cells spread less and migrated more on both FN-coated and uncoated PAH-terminated PEMU surfaces. Both cells and FN interacted much better with Nafion than with PAA-co-PAEDAPS in a micropatterned PEMU. These results i...
John Quincy Adams as a contemporary critic

An awareness of John Quincy Adams’ qualifications as a critic and an understanding of his critical standards and method will make possible a more judicious use of the criticism recorded in his diary.
Rangelands West/Global Rangelands, eXtension Rangelands, and the Range Science Information System: A Suite of New Web Resources

Rangelands West/Global Rangelands, eXtension Rangelands, and the Range Science Information System: A Suite of New Web Resources DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v33i4_hutchinson
An Improved Procedure for EI Niño Forecasting: Implications for Predictability

A coupled ocean-atmosphere data assimilation procedure yields improved forecasts of El Nino for the 1980s compared with previous forecasting procedures. As in earlier forecasts with the same model, no oceanic data were used, and only wind information was assimilated. The improvement is attributed to the explicit consideration of air-sea interaction in the initialization. These results suggest that EI Nino is more predictable than previously estimated, but that predictability may vary on decadal or longer time scales. This procedure also eliminates the well-known spring barrier to EI Nino prediction, which implies that it may not be intrinsic to the real climate system.
Aggregation of constraints in integer programming

Abstract Constraint aggregation provides a method of formulating equivalent integer programs with a smaller number of constraints. This approach was widely researched in the seventies but its use was discounted due to large coefficients in the equivalent problem. We provide a method that yields numerically smaller constraint coefficients. This method has enabled us to investigate other computational issues relating to the use of constraint aggregation in solving integer programming problems, more thoroughly than has previously been possible.
Strength-Duration Curves of Fixed Pulse Width Variable Tilt Truncated Exponential Waveforms for Nonthoracomy Internal Defibrillation in Dogs

Six anesthetized dogs (wgt 19.6 + 1.1 kg) underwent defibrillation trials using truncated monophasic pulses of 2.5-20 msec in duration. The current pathway consisted of a 4 cm2 RV catheter electrode (cathode) and a 13.9 cm2 subcutaneous chest wall patch (anode). Fibrillation was induced by alternating current and defibrillation attempted 10 seconds later. Only one test shock was assessed for each fibrillation episode. The various durations were tested randomly, and the minimum peak voltage and energy resulting in defibrillation was determined for each. Shorter pulse durations were associated with lower energies with pulses of 2.5-15 msec having significantly lower energy thresholds than shocks of 20 msec (P less than 0.05). The relationship between duration and voltage threshold is hyperbolic with minimum voltage between 7.5 and 12.5 msec while the shortest and longest pulses were associated with the highest voltage thresholds. Shocks of 5 to 15 msec were associated with significantly lower voltage threshold than 2.5 msec pulses (P less than 0.05). The threshold average current (Iav) reached a nadir at 10 msec. Shocks in the midrange of those tested resulted in the best combination of low average current and energy requirements for defibrillation using this nonthoracotomy lead system.
Project Performance: How to Assess the Early Stages

Abstract:Prior research into project performance has investigated the relationship of variables to project success—as measured subjectively or by cost and schedule results. All projects would benefit from objective predictive measures early in the life cycle when corrective action can be achieved. This article proposes an independent method for project assessment during early phases considering programmatic, technical, cost, and schedule status. An interim project performance metric was derived from weighted ratings of review findings during the formulation phase of NASA projects.
Modern Theories of Carbon-Based Electrochemical Capacitors: A Short Review

Theoretical models for electrochemical capacitors range from the original Helmholtz model and mean-field continuum models, to the surface curvature-based post-Helmholtz models, and to modern atomistic simulations. Here, we review current theoretical models that have been useful at shedding light on experimental findings but also provide predictive capabilities that are needed to achieve the optimization of supercapacitors. Due to the non-planar surface of materials at the nanoscale, the original Helmholtz model is gradually found to be outdated, in particular for carbon materials. We show that the surface curvature-based models provide a better description of the interfacial behavior of carbon materials.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Research questions and hypotheses.

A hypothesis is a predictive statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables. Research questions are similar to hypotheses, but they are in question format. We expand on that general definition by splitting research questions into 3 basic types: difference questions, msociational questions, and hsmptive questions. For difference and associational questions, baric means that there is one independent and one dependent variable. For descriptive questions, baric means that there is one variable. Remember that both difference and associational questions have the exploration of relationships between variables as a generalpurpose (see Fig. 1 in Morgan et al., 1999, p. 1596). This commonality across types of questions is in agreement with the statement by statisticians that most common parametric inferential statistics are relational, and it is consistent with the notion that the distinction between the comparative and associational approaches is somewhat arbitrary. However, we believe that the distinction is educationally useful. Remember that difference and associational questions differ in specific purpose and the kinds of statistics they usually use to answer the question. For the difference type of questions, we compare groups or h e l i derived from the independent variable in terms of their scores on the dependent variable. This type of question typically is used with the randomized experimental, quasi-experimental, and comparative approaches. For an associational question, we msociate or relate the independent and dependent uariabh. Our descriptive questions are not answered with inferential statistics; they merely hsm'be or summarize data.
The significance of shear and normal force components on tube wear due to fretting and periodic impacting

Abstract To estimate the working life or the acceptable vibration limit for heat exchangers and similar types of engineering components that are subjected to random motions, special wear prediction techniques are needed. Tube fretting wear was found to relate to the dynamic interaction, or impact force, between the tube and its support. The instantaneous reaction forces at the support were resolved into shear and normal components. Force functions derived from the shear force components were found to correlate well with the wear rates. The results also show that tube fretting wear is mainly a function of the impact force and the angle of impact. Without the sliding (or shear) component the wear rate remains low.
Interleukin 17 in vascular inflammation

Interleukin (IL)-17 (also known as IL-17A) is produced by activated T cells. It is a marker cytokine of the TH17 lineage. IL-17 production is induced in infections, autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory events. IL-17 is involved in host defense, but also inflammatory tissue destruction. Vascular disease, mostly in the chronic form of atherosclerosis, is a leading cause of death. While normal vessels harbor only few leukocytes, large numbers of both innate and adaptive immune cells accumulate during vascular inflammation, both in chronic forms such as atherosclerosis and in acute vasculitis. IL-17 has a role in chronic vascular inflammation of atherosclerosis and possibly hypertensive vascular changes. In acute inflammation, IL-17 is elevated and may be causally involved in the autoimmune vasculitides including vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematodes. Blood vessels are important targets in alloimmune graft rejection and a number of studies provide data on a role of IL-17 in this context. This brief review summarizes the currently available evidence for and putative mechanisms of action of IL-17 in mouse models of and human vascular disease.
Einige neue Beobachtungen an photochemisch verfärbten Lithiumfluorid

Im bei −190° C aufgenommenen Absorptionsspektrum von durch Rontgenstrahlen verfarbtem LiF treten neben den bekannten Banden einige scharfe Linien auf. Durch nachtragliche Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht oder durch Erwarmung auf 100 bis 200° C kann die anfanglich geringe Intensitat dieser Linien betrachtlich erhoht werden; nochmalige Behandlung mit Rontgenstrahlen setzt sie wieder auf ihre fruhere geringe Intensitat herab. Nach Erhitzung von LiF-Kristallen mit sehr hoherF-Zentrenkonzentration auf Temperaturen oberhalb von 200° C werden ursprunglich vorhandene breite Banden zwischen 300 und 500 mμ in zahlreiche scharfe Linien und Schmalbandengruppen aufgelost, die stark an die Spektren von seltenen Erdsalzen erinnern, aber sicher nicht von in den Kristallen anwesenden seltenen Erden herruhren. Durch Erhitzung auf mehr als 400° C werden alle Banden und Linien im Sichtbaren und im UV, einschlieslich der sonst am starksten hervortretenden F-Bande bei 245 mμ vollstandig ausgebleicht und es bleibt nur eine glockenformige Bande bei etwa 270 mμ erhalten, die der Bildung kolloidaler Lithiumpartikeln zuzuschreiben ist.
Properties of Ferromagnetic GaGdN

Single phase GaGdN and GaGdN:Si films were grown on sapphire substrates. The undoped films were highly resistive films but became conductive with the addition of Si. SQUID magnetometry indicated room temperature ferromagnetism in both types of materials. Structural defects had a strong influence on the magnetic ordering of the material, as seen in a drastic reduction of magnetic moment with degrading crystalline quality. Magnetization of the co-doped film increased with Si content, reaching levels higher than that of the undoped material. Gd-doped AlN films grown in a similar fashion also displayed Curie temperatures above room temperature.
On bootstrapping replicated CORBA applications

Critical components of a distributed system must be replicated to achieve high availability, and fault tolerance. Current fault tolerant CORBA infrastructures have concentrated on mechanisms for object replication and recovery, while rarely considering practical issues related to the context, i.e., the CORBA middleware within the process in which the object runs. Our study shows that to replicate and recover complex CORBA applications, the behavior of the process that hosts the CORBA objects, in particular the bootstrapping of an application, must be taken into account. In this paper, we discuss the challenges that arose when bootstrapping CORBA applications in some common scenarios, and we provide strategies to handle such difficulties so that CORBA applications can be rendered fault-tolerant.
THE APPROACH TO ANTICOAGULATION IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH EXTRACORPOREAL THERAPY IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

No wholly satisfactory drug or system has yet been devised for preventing thrombosis in extracorporeal blood circuits needed for renal replacement treatments. Heparin is still regarded by some as a standard approach, but advances in many areas of intensive care unit (ICU) medicine have created the potential for saving the lives of many patients in whom heparin anticoagulation is no longer appropriate. Several nonheparin methods are now readily performed, and the great risk of bleeding that is imposed by the use of heparin demands that citrate or other nonheparin methods be made available in the ICUs of all major medical centers that deal with trauma or major surgical procedures. Details of the practicalities, difficulties, and advantages are compared for low-dose heparin, regional heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, no-anticoagulant systems, citrate, and other anticoagulants for both intermittent and continuous modalities. The clinical features and complications in individual patients that impact on the selection of the best method of management are reviewed.
Anisotropy and Flow in Pacific Subduction Zone Back-arcs

—We have obtained constraints on the strength and orientation of anisotropy in the mantle beneath the Tonga, southern Kuril, Japan, and Izu-Bonin subduction zones using shear-wave splitting in S phases from local earthquakes and in teleseismic core phases such as SKS. The observed splitting in all four subduction zones is consistent with a model in which the lower transition zone (520–660 km) and lower mantle are isotropic, and in which significant anisotropy occurs in the back-arc upper mantle. The upper transition zone (410–520 km) beneath the southern Kurils appears to contain weak anisotropy. The observed fast directions indicate that the geometry of back-arc strain in the upper mantle varies systematically across the western Pacific rim. Beneath Izu-Bonin and Tonga, fast directions are aligned with the azimuth of subducting Pacific plate motion and are parallel or sub-parallel to overriding plate extension. However, fast directions beneath the Japan Sea, western Honshu, and Sakhalin Island are highly oblique to subducting plate motion and parallel to present or past overriding plate shearing. Models of back-arc mantle flow that are driven by viscous coupling to local plate motions can reproduce the splitting observed in Tonga and Izu-Bonin, but further three-dimensional flow modeling is required to ascertain whether viscous plate coupling can explain the splitting observed in the southern Kurils and Japan. The fast directions in the southern Kurils and Japan may require strain in the back-arc mantle that is driven by regional or global patterns of mantle flow.
Estimating 24-h Habitat Use Patterns of White-Tailed Deer from Diurnal Use

We compared diurnal and 24-h habitat use patterns of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, South Dakota from 1 January to 20 December 1993. Deer were sampled during two periods, diurnal (i.e. 0800 to 1959 h) and 24-h to determine if 24-h habitat use could be estimated from diurnal use patterns at the population level. No differences between diurnal and 24-h use were detected (P=0·101) during winter, spring, summer, or fall, indicating that 24-h habitat use could be estimated (r2=0·95,P<0.001) from diurnal patterns when habitats were combined even during periods of intense unpredicted human disturbance (i.e. fall hunting with approx. 12 hunters/km2).
Treatment with ac pulsed electromagnetic fields normalizes the latency of the visual evoked response in a multiple sclerosis patient with optic atrophy

Visual evoked response (VER) studies have been utilized as supportive information for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and may be useful in objectively monitoring the effects of various therapeutic modalities. Delayed latency of the VER, which reflects slowed impulse transmission in the optic pathways, is the most characteristic abnormality associated with the disease. Brief transcranial applications of AC pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in the picotesla flux density are efficacious in the symptomatic treatment of MS and may also reestablish impulse transmission in the optic pathways. A 36 year old man developed an attack of right sided optic neuritis at the age of 30. On presentation he had blurring of vision with reduced acuity on the right and fundoscopic examination revealed pallor of the optic disc. A checkerboard pattern reversal VER showed a delayed latency to right eye stimulation (P100 = 132 ms; normal range: 95-115 ms). After he received two successive applications of AC pulsed EMFs...
Structural characterization of carcinogen-modified oligodeoxynucleotide adducts using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical structure of in vitro 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) by exonuclease digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. A single-stranded 11-mer ODN, 5′-d(CCATCGCTACC), was reacted with N-acetoxy-PhIP, resulting in the formation of one major and eight minor PhIP–ODN adducts. A 10 min treatment of the major and one minor PhIP–ODN adduct with a 3′-exonuclease, bovine intestinal mucosa phosphodiesterase (BIMP), and a 5′-exonuclease, bovine spleen phosphodiesterase, results in inhibition of the primary exonuclease activity at deoxyguanosine (dG) producing 5′-d(CCATCG(PhIP)) and 5′-d(G(PhIP)CTACC) product ions, respectively. Post-source decay (PSD) of these enzymatic end products identifies dG as the sole modification site in two 11-mer ODN–PhIP adducts. PSD of the minor PhIP–ODN adduct digestion end product, 5′-d(CCATCG(PhIP)), also reveals that the PhIP adducted guanine moiety is in an oxidized form. Prolonged treatment of the PhIP–ODN adducts at 37° C with BIMP induces a non-specific, or endonuclease, enzymatic activity culminating in the formation of deoxyguanosine 5′-monophosphate-PhIP (5′-dGMP–PhIP). The PSD fragmentation pattern of the 5′-dGMP–PhIP [M + H]+ ion of the major adduct confirms PhIP binds to the C-8 position of dG. For the minor adduct, PSD results suggest that PhIP binds to the C-8 position of an oxidized guanine, supporting the hypothesis that this adduct arises from oxidative degradation, resulting in a spirobisguanidino structure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated spatially scanning ellipsometer for retardation measurements of transparent materials

A highly sensitive and automated technique has been developed for measuring the birefringence in transparent optical materials. The spatially scanning modulated transmission ellipsometer maps the birefringence of a transparent material by probing it with a polarization-modulated He–Ne laser beam. Computer-controlled voltage biasing of a Pockels cell permits self-calibration and background subtraction of the system retardance. The technique is capable of resolving differential retardances as small as 0.1 nm (λ/6328) through a range of ±λ/2, where λ = 632.8 nm. Samples typically range in size from 50 μm to 10 cm in diameter within the sample plane and as much as 400 mm along the optical axis.
Measuring physicians' performance in clinical practice: reliability, classification accuracy, and validity.

Much research has been devoted to addressing challenges in achieving reliable assessments of physicians’ clinical performance but less work has focused on whether valid and accurate classification ...
Naturally Occurring Cell Death during Postnatal Development of the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta of Rat

We have quantified degenerating cells during the postnatal development of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of normal rat. The cells are identified at the light microscope level by the characteristic morphologic appearance of large, rounded clumps of chromatin, stained intensely with both Nissl and silver stains. These cells were most numerous on Postnatal Day (PND) 2 and rapidly declined in number by PND 12. However, on PND 14, there was a second peak in the number of pyknotic cells. Their number again rapidly diminished to very few by PND 28. Many of these cells appear neuronal in origin. We conclude that naturally occurring cell death is a prominent feature of normal nigra development, and we hypothesize that the magnitude of this regressive event may be regulated by target (striatal)-derived trophic support.
Novel phosphate glass/polyamide 6 hybrids: Miscibility, crystallization kinetics, and mechanical properties

The miscibility, crystallization kinetics, and mechanical properties of a novel low Tg phosphate glass (Pglass)/polyamide 6 hybrid material were investigated. Here, we report the first evidence for miscibility of inorganic phosphate glass and organic polymer prepared by blending both components in the liquid phase using conventional polymer processing methods. From classical melting point depression measurements, we obtained a chi interaction parameter (χ) of −0.067 for the Pglass/polyamide 6 hybrid, indicating that the inorganic glass and polyamide 6 are miscible. The crystallization kinetic parameters for the hybrids were determined using the Avrami approach and found to depend on the volume fraction of Pglass present in the system. In addition, we studied both the dynamic and static mechanical behavior of the hybrids. The results showed a single Tg that decreased by up to 10 °C with increasing phosphate glass volume percent for the hybrids, giving further evidence for the hybrid component miscibility and plasticizing action of the phosphate glass in the pure polyamide 6, respectively. The tensile (static) mechanical properties of the hybrids were found to be remarkably similar to those obtained from typical polymers plasticized with relatively low molecular weight compounds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 441–450, 2006
Stochastic Variational Inference for Bayesian Time Series Models

Bayesian models provide powerful tools for analyzing complex time series data, but performing inference with large datasets is a challenge. Stochastic variational inference (SVI) provides a new framework for approximating model posteriors with only a small number of passes through the data, enabling such models to be fit at scale. However, its application to time series models has not been studied. In this paper we develop SVI algorithms for several common Bayesian time series models, namely the hidden Markov model (HMM), hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM), and the non-parametric HDP-HMM and HDP-HSMM. In addition, because HSMM inference can be expensive even in the minibatch setting of SVI, we develop fast approximate updates for HSMMs with durations distributions that are negative binomials or mixtures of negative binomials.