cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Relationship Between School Climate and Student Performance on the Virginia Standards Of Learning Tests in Elementary Schools

A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL CLIMATE AND STUDENT PERFORMANCE ON THE VIRGINIA STANDARDS OF LEARNING TESTS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS By Victoria Lee Thomasson, M.Ed. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Director: Dr. Rosemary Lambie, Professor, Educational Leadership School of Education Educators are examining many aspects of schools as they find ways to help students improve their performance on standardized tests in order to meet both federal and state standards. This study examined the relationship between organizational climate and student achievement on the Virginia Standards of Learning tests. A total of 1,061 teachers in 47 schools across the Commonwealth of Virginia responded to the climate survey. The survey instrument was the Organizational Health Inventory for Elementary Schools (OHI-E). This brief survey instrument examined five aspects of school climate. They were Teacher Affiliation, Collegial Leadership, Resource Influence, Institutional ... V l l l Integrity, and Academic Emphasis. Third and fifth grade Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL) tests were the measure of student achievement in English. mathematics, science, and social studies. This study also examined the effects of socioeconomic status as measured by the percentage of students receiving free and reduced price lunches. There was a significant positive relationship between overall school climate and third grade performance on the mathematics SOL test and fifth grade performance on the social studies SOL test. Socioeconomic status was significantly negatively correlated with SOL scores in third grade math, science, and social studies and all fifth grade tests except mathematics. Further regression analyses of the aspects of climate measured by the OHI-E (Institutional Integrity, Collegial Leadership, Resource Influence, Teacher Affiliation, and Academic Emphasis) indicated that Academic Emphasis had a significant independent effect on third grade English and mathematics SOL scores as well as fifth grade English, science, and social studies SOL scores. There was a negative correlation between Institutional Integrity and English SOL scores in both the third and fifth grade. This negative correlation shows that when teachers perceive that the school is vulnerable to outside interference, English scores tend to be higher.
Gene Amplification of ErbB-2: From Gene to Therapy

Breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. One of the main obstacles for finding a cure for breast cancer is the inherent heterogeneity of the disease. There are three main subtypes which include estrogen and/or progesterone (ER/PR)-positive, epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ErbB-2/HER2)-positive, and triple negative that lack expression of ER or PR and express wild type levels of ErbB-2. The etiology of breast cancer development termed the tumorigenic process has been closely linked to gene amplification. Several genes have been shown to be amplified in breast cancer including the ErbB-2 gene on chromosome 17q12-21. The amplification of the ErbB-2 gene is a clear and defined indicator of ErbB-2-positive breast cancer development. In this chapter, we will review the classes of genes that are amplified and linked to breast cancer, discuss the significance of the ErbB-2 signaling pathway to breast cancer progression, targeted therapy, and drug resistance.
Antibody Drug Conjugates in the Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Antibody drug conjugates are novel mechanisms for delivering chemotherapy. They vary based on the targeted antigen, conjugated cytotoxic, and the type of linker used. These differences determine what cells are targeted. There are 2 antibody drug conjugates approved for use in cancer. For epithelial ovarian cancer, more than 15 antibody drug conjugates are under study. Using antibody drug conjugates in epithelial ovarian cancer makes sense. This review discusses promising trial results demonstrating efficacy. Reported toxicities include visual disturbance. There is an absence of significant hematologic toxicity. Overlapping toxicity between standard cytotoxics and antibody drug conjugates includes neuropathy and constitutional symptoms.
Optimal inventory management using retail prepacks

Abstract Many types of retail items are shipped through the supply chain from the manufacturer to the stores in “prepacks,” which may consist of multiple units of the same stock keeping unit (SKU) or combinations of related SKUs packaged together. Prepacks reduce shipping and handling costs in the supply chain, but they can also increase supply - demand imbalances. This paper is the first to develop a general methodology that determines optimal replenishment policies for combinations of different prepacks. The model uses stochastic dynamic programming, and can be solved by a linear program in the steady state case. We formulate the general multi-SKU prepack case and develop specific solutions for the one-SKU and two-SKU prepack cases. A numerical analysis of various one-SKU and two-SKU prepack choices leads to some interesting insights about the optimal design of prepacks from the retailer’s standpoint. Single unit shipments are cost effective only for very low demand rates. Having multiple prepack sizes leads to significant cost savings, relative to a single prepack size. However, the incremental benefits of including larger numbers of different prepacks appear to diminish rapidly. Unless item demands are perfectly correlated, multi-SKU prepacks appear to have only a limited expected cost advantage over optimally chosen single-SKU prepacks. But multi-SKU prepacks can reduce the expected number of prepacks handled per period, which can be an important consideration for distribution centers. The best choices for multi-SKU prepacks can be counterintuitive, and some apparently attractive choices for two-SKU prepacks perform worse than one-SKU prepacks.
Income inequality in S&P 500 companies

Abstract Income inequality in the United States has grown significantly in the last decades and has been drawing a lot of attention from the media, public, and academia. One important argument on this epidemic is that executive compensation and financial-sector pay have driven the income inequality. In this paper, I create a simple metric to calculate the CEO-to-worker compensation ratio, called the “Pay Ratio”, and examine its relation to the firm performance and pay-performance sensitivities (PPS). I also evaluate the impact of CEO ability on such associations, which is frequently used as a justification for high pay ratios. The findings suggest that the Pay Ratio and firm performance are positively associated, however only when you pay more to a high-ability CEO. In addition, PPS and Pay Ratio is also positively associated, again only with a high-ability CEO. Interestingly, I find that PPS weakens when a low-ability CEO is paid more. Also, the positive association between Pay Ratio and firm performance weakens with a chair-CEO, proving the value deteriorating impact of expropriation. Findings promise to shed light to the ability-entrenchment question in the executive compensation literature. Overall, I suggest that how much more CEOs are paid compared to the workers actually matters and CEO ability plays a key role on how the ratio affects the firm.
Corporate Venture Capital and the Boundaries of the Firm

This study examines the strategic overlap between a Corporate Venture Capital (CVC) investor and an entrepreneurial firm in the product, market, and technology spaces. Using this measure, I explore an incumbent’s decision to invest into, versus acquire, a startup in a comparative setting. I show that CVC’s distinct features regarding property rights and information acquisition are preferred when the strategic overlap is low. Consistent with the property rights and option-like features of VC contracts, this link between strategic overlap and firm boundary decision is stronger when industry competition is low and startup maturity is high.
First Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Worthington Strain CFSAN051295, Isolated from Pistachio

We report here, using third-generation, single-molecule, real-time DNA sequencing, the first complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Worthington CFSAN051295, isolated from pistachios in the United States. The genome consists of a single 4.9-Mb chromosome.
Social Influence on Green Consumerism: Country and Gender Comparisons between China and the United States

China's rapid economic growth and population momentum have precipitated an environmental crisis on an unprecedented scale. Consequently, green consumerism is a hot topic leaving marketing managers ...
Combating Special Educator Attrition: Mentor Teachers’ Perceptions of Job Satisfaction, Resiliency, and Retention

Special educator attrition is a major problem in the United States (US) and in many countries worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the experiences of 5 highly successful special education teachers serving students with autism spectrum disorder in the central Florida area of the US with particular attention to factors associated with teacher retention. A phenomenological research design was employed to identify factors leading participants to persevere where others have not. A representative sample was included of multiple teachers in classrooms of varying grade levels and school districts across central Florida as part of a funded project by the Office of Special Education Services and the U.S. Department of Education. Findings include that teachers of students with ASD who are involved in extracurricular activities may show a lowered burnout rate.
Interpolation, the Rudimentary Geometry of Spaces of Lipschitz Functions, and Geometric Complexity

We consider seriously the analogy between interpolation of nonlinear functions and manifold learning from samples, and examine the results of transferring ideas from each of these domains to the other. Illustrative examples are given in approximation theory, variational calculus (closed geodesics), and quantitative cobordism theory.
Return to Play After Sports Concussion

Sports-related concussion (SRC) is a traumatic brain injury induced by a biomechanical force. Concussions often result in rapid onset of short-term impairment of neurological function, though symptoms may evolve over minutes to hours. It is rarely associated with structural changes, and providers should use caution when ordering and interpreting advanced imaging. Importantly, SRC may take place with or without loss of consciousness, and most athletes remain conscious through the inciting event. Education surrounding SRC should be implemented in preseason training by licensed health-care professionals. There is limited evidence as to which clinical measurement tool is best; providers should develop a protocol for their team with baseline and on-field assessments appropriate to their athlete population. SRC management should focus on a supervised progression of activity and absence of symptom recurrence. Exact return to sport timelines should be individually based, depending on symptoms and progression through a structured rehab program.
Statistical Prediction of Center Negative Bending Capacity of Pretensioned Concrete Crossties

AbstractWhen concrete railway crossties are installed in North American freight track and subjected to flexural loads, center negative bending is one of the most critical demands. However, the ulti...
Evoking truthiness: Using satirical news comedies to teach information literacy

Instruction librarians looking for new ways to spice up their library instruction can use video clips from “The Most Important News Show . . . Ever” (The Daily Show) and other satirical news comedies to capture the attention of students during their next instructional session. These videos can serve as an entertaining mechanism to help students understand information literacy (IL) concepts.
Modeling, simulation and machine learning for rapid process control of multiphase flowing foods

Abstract Across many modern industries, as technologies have matured, the use of more complex processes involving multiphase materials has increased. In the food industry, multiphase fluids are now relatively wide-spread, in particular, because of the desire to have faster throughput for large-scale food production. In many cases involving transport, such materials consist of a fluidized binder material with embedded particles. As one increases the volume fraction of particles, a corresponding increase in effective overall viscosity occurs. Often, during the process, the material must be heated, for example, to ensure food safety, induce pasteurization, sterilization, etc. For real-time control, this requires rapidly computable models to guide thermal processing, for example by applied electrical induction. In the present analysis, models are developed for the required heating field (electrically induced) and pressure gradient needed in a pipe to heat a multiphase material to a target temperature and to transport the material with a prescribed flow rate.
A Hidden Pandemic

By March of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had changed our lives. Shadowing this pandemic is another one that adversely affects clinicians' educations and well-being. This article features a digital photo painting and commentary.
Using different preconditioning procedures and protein supplementation to increase redberry juniper intake by goats

Abstract Both exposure at weaning and supplementation can increase intake of redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii Sudw.). When recently weaned sheep or goats are individually penned and fed redberry juniper for 14 d, intake of the plant increases. Unfortunately, this approach is labor intensive and impractical for most livestock producers. The objectives of this study were to determine if goats would accept juniper when conditioned in groups and if supplementation would further increase intake. Recently weaned Boer-Spanish cross goats (n = 40) were placed into two treatments of 20 animals each and fed juniper for 14 d. All goats were unfamiliar with juniper before initiation of the study. Twenty goats in one treatment were placed in individual pens, while the other 20 were separated into four groups (n = 5). In addition, 10 individuals from each treatment were fed additional protein (37% crude protein). Juniper was fed for 30 min daily for 14 d, along with alfalfa pellets (2.5% of body weight) to meet maintenance requirements. After feeding juniper for 14 d in individual pens or groups of five, all goats were placed in individual pens for 7 d to measure intake on an individual animal basis following preconditioning procedures. All goats increased intake (P
Post-operative intravenous fluid administration for infant cleft surgery: An observational study.

Summary Objective To investigate post-operative intravenous fluid administration and length of stay in a single site cleft centre. Previous publications have linked increased length of stay following primary cleft surgery to the administration of intravenous fluids post-operatively. Materials and Methods One hundred and ten primary cleft operations were conducted from May 2015 to April 2016 on non-syndromic infants. At West Midlands Cleft Centre, there are three cleft surgeons and 20 paediatric anaesthetists. This observational study compares classification of cleft type and surgical procedure with intravenous fluid administration, time taken to tolerate oral feeding, and length of stay. Results Cleft lip repair infants had the shortest length of stay in hospital, 25 h 8 min (median) and 33% had intravenous fluids. The palate repair only and lip and palate repair children had a median length of stay of 29 h 20 min and 29 h 0 min respectively, A total of 79% and 76% of these groups had intravenous fluids administered. Cleft lip repair infants fed in significantly less time than palate alone or lip and palate operations (p values 0.00 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusion Cleft lip repair only infants feed well post-operatively and rarely require intravenous fluids. Infants having cleft repair involving the palate are slower to feed orally, and may require fluids due to poor oral intake. Intravenous fluids following lip repair is associated with longer hospital stay. We suggest intravenous fluids may not be needed routinely following cleft lip repair, but should always be considered following repair involving the palate.
Illuminating the complexities of conflict with evolution: validation of the scales of evolutionary conflict measure (SECM)

Although personal, familial, and community conflict with evolution have been documented in the literature, these scales require conceptualization as a construct and operationalization as a measure. The Scales of Conflict with Evolution Measure (SECM) instrument was developed in response to these needs. Using a construct validity framework, the content, internal structure, convergent, and substantive validity of the SECM were evaluated using Rasch analysis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and follow up questioning. The conceptual utility of the instrument was explored by examining whether it added explanatory insights into evolution acceptance above and beyond religiosity, evolution knowledge, and background variables. A literature review and expert consultation indicated that construct of evolutionary conflict perception should (i) encompass the hierarchical nature of human social structures (personal, family, community) and (ii) probe conflict as it relates to human values, cultures, and beliefs. A three-dimensional construct was operationalized as a nine-item rating scale measure. Using Rasch analyses of SECM responses from a diverse sample of > 1000 students studying evolution, the instrument met criteria of robust measurement, including: fit to model expectations; three-dimensional structure; high reliability; good rating scale function; measurement invariance with time; and convergence with a similar construct. SEM showed that: (i) family and community conflict had unique causal contributions to personal conflict, with family showing a stronger and modest impact, and (ii) personal conflict had a significant and modest causal impact on evolution acceptance above and beyond the contributions of religiosity, evolution knowledge, and background variables. The SECM is an easy-to-administer instrument to measure conflict with evolution and is supported by several forms of validity evidence. The SECM has potential for facilitating measurement of evolutionary conflict in educational settings, thereby raising instructor awareness of conflict levels in students, promoting rigorous evaluations of educational interventions designed to reduce conflict, and fostering conceptual advances in the field of evolution education. Future work is needed to gather additional forms of validity evidence and to test current validity claims in additional participant samples. SECM measures should also be incorporated into more complex SEM models that treat evolution knowledge and religiosity as part of the structural paths to evolution acceptance. Such models could provide insights into the most worthwhile targets for the development of educational interventions to mitigate conflict at multiple scales.
Proton radiography of explosively dispersed metal particles with varying volume fraction and varying carrier phase

A series of experiments were performed to provide validation data for explosively driven multiphase flows at moderate-to-high volume fractions. A $$13 \times 6$$ mm cylindrical packet of 115- $$\upmu $$ m steel particles was dispersed explosively. In contrast to shock tube studies, the particles were subjected to a high-Mach-number shock, in the presence of an ambient fluid, and a contact interface between the ambient and the explosive products. The first five experiments lowered the global volume fraction by replacing portions of the particle bed with hollow glass microspheres, dispersing the particles into vacuum. Three global fractions were investigated: 60%, 40%, and 20%. The next five experiments did not lower the volume fraction but instead varied the ambient fluid. Three ambient fluids were investigated: air, xenon, and SF $$_6$$ . To penetrate the optically opaque explosive products present and track the dispersed particle cloud, proton radiography was performed. The high-volume-fraction cases exhibit a piston-like motion for all ambient conditions, with an increasingly stochastic motion present for the lower volume fractions. Particle fronts extracted from the transmission radiographs exhibit almost constant velocity. Furthermore, centerline particle fronts for the high-volume-fraction cases, with both vacuum and varying ambient gas conditions, were almost the same, suggesting the primary impulse to particle bed motion arises from the contact interface between the ambient and the detonation products. Lower volume fractions were accelerated to higher velocities, behaving as though they were a single object of decreased density being acted on by a force of constant magnitude.
Abstract PO-001: HDAC6 inhibitors sensitize non-mesenchymal triple-negative breast cancer cells to cysteine deprivation

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% ~ 20% of overall breast cancer cases and exhibits earlier age of onset, high metastasis, and aggressiveness with poor clinical outcomes shown by higher relapse and lower survival rates than other types of breast cancer. TNBC contributes to the major mortality of breast cancer patients. Treatments of TNBC patients are still limited to surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation since the absence of cell receptors makes targeted hormonal therapies impossible. Targeting cysteine-dependence is an emergent strategy to treat the mesenchymal TNBC. However, many TNBC cells are non-mesenchymal and irresponsive to cysteine deprivation. To overcome such resistances, three selective HDAC6 inhibitors (Tubacin, CAY10603, and Tubastatin A), identified by epigenetic compound library screening, can synergize with cysteine deprivation to induce cell death in the non-mesenchymal TNBC. Despite the efficacy of the HDAC6 inhibitor, knockout of HDAC6 did not mimic the synthetic lethality induced by its inhibitors, particularly tubacin, indicating that HDAC6 is not the actual target of HDAC6 inhibitor in this context. Instead, transcriptomic profiling showed that tubacin triggers an extensive gene transcriptional program in combination with erastin, a cysteine transport blocker. Notably, the zinc-related gene response and an increase of labile zinc were induced in cells by the combination treatment. We found that the disturbance of cellular zinc homeostasis was driven by PKCγ activation, which revealed that the PKCγ signaling pathway is required for HDAC6 inhibitor-mediated synthetic lethality. Overall, our study identifies a novel function of HDAC6 inhibitors that function as potent sensitizers of cysteine deprivation. HDAC6 inhibitors are capable to overcome cysteine independence in non-mesenchymal tumor cells, which allows the application of targeted cysteine-dependence therapy in various subtypes of breast cancer. Citation Format: Tahiyat Alothaim, Morgan Charbonneau, Xiaohu (Mark) Tang. HDAC6 inhibitors sensitize non-mesenchymal triple-negative breast cancer cells to cysteine deprivation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Radiation Science and Medicine; 2021 Mar 2-3. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(8_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-001.
The Beast vs. Human

In the paper, I deal with three novels that focus on the theme of being the last person on earth in relationship to the animal or beast that now dominates the world of nature. Mary Shelley’s The Last Man, Margaret Atwood’s The Year of the Flood, and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road all explore the transition from the dominance of humans to that of the beast. Shelley’s The Last Man places emphasis on the fall of the human race by a plague and the emergence of the animal as taken over the space of mankind. In Atwood’s The Year of the Flood, the character Toby must deal with a dangerous new kind of animal that has been brought into existence by human experimentation. Finally, although the animal is absent in McCarthy’s The Road, large segments of the human race engage in cannibalistic activity, thus losing their humanity. Jacques Derrida’s examination of the animal and its relationship with humans in The Animal That Therefore I Am and The Beast and the Sovereign, Volume II is crucial to the paper, and looks at what mankind has traditionally denied the animal. These include access to language, values, and finally ethical concerns such as Emmanuel Levinas’s concept of the face. With the beast now being the dominant species, it becomes imperative for the last person to make sense of his or her humanity in the context of a new dichotomy that favors the primacy of the animal or the beast over that of the human. The paper, therefore, explores the last person’s relationship with the beasts through ideas relating to language, values, and finally Levinas’s idea of the face, and examines the efforts of the last person on earth to maintain his or her own humanity in the absence of all other humans.
Translating Access to Outcomes: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Completion of Breast Reconstruction at a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Cancer Center

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on the completion of breast reconstruction, as defined by the percent of patients undergoing NAC reconstruction. Patients (n=949) who underwent primary breast reconstruction following a mastectomy recorded from 2007 to 2017 were divided into groups based on the median household income of their residential zip code (>/< $67,640). A three-step protocol was designed to (1) broadly compare between patients of low and high SES who were stratified by race and reconstruction type, (2) compare a smaller subset of low SES and high SES patients via propensity matching for demographic, baseline health, and oncologic factors, and (3) elucidate the strongest predictors of non-completion and delayed completion among low SES patients. Patients of lower SES appear less likely to complete NAC reconstruction, especially following staged reconstruction. That this finding presents in staged, but not immediate reconstruction, and disappears with propensity matching for oncologic factors suggests that reduced completion in patients of low SES may be attributable to advanced cancer staging and aggressive adjuvant therapy. Furthermore, expander conversion to autologous reconstruction significantly increased the likelihood of NAC reconstruction in multivariable analysis, and adjuvant radiation therapy significantly increased the time to NAC reconstruction. Further investigation will solidify the relationship between SES, cancer staging, and completion of reconstruction in a multi-site patient population. Larger multivariable analyses may also uncover other factors that can be modified or addressed to increase completion and optimize reconstruction for patients at risk of discontinuation.
Distribution of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Projections to the Rodent Motor Thalamus

Although the rodent cerebellothalamic distribution has been extensively studiedl1,2,6, the detailed relationship to the basal ganglia thalamic distribution is yet to be determined. In a preliminary report using a double anterograde labeling strategy, Deniau and others5 reported partially segregated and partially overlapping projections from the basal ganglia output nuclei and the cerebellum to the thalamus in the rat. The idea that the rodent motor thalamus largely receives non-overlapping basal ganglia and cerebellar input is partially based on the fmding that the primary nigrothalamic target is the ventromedial nucleus (VM) while the cerebellothalamic afferents project to the ventral anterior lateral nucleus (VAL). Our recent demonstration of robust nigrothalamic projections to VAL in the rat18 raised the possibility of overlapping basal ganglia and cerebellar afferents in the rat VAL and prompted us to re-investigate the question of segregated basal ganglia and cerebellar afferents to the rodent thalamus.
Spermatogenetic Expression of RNA‐Binding Motif Protein 7, a Protein That Interacts With Splicing Factors

We have previously shown that a ubiquitously expressed RNA splicing factor, RNA-binding motif 7 (RBM7), cloned from a testis complementary DNA library, enhances messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing in vitro and is expressed in a cell-restricted fashion. Herein, we detail its mRNA and protein expression in the rodent testis. RNA in situ hybridization shows that Rbm7 expression in rat germ cells closely parallels the entry and progression of meiosis. The expression commences in type B spermatogonia, it rises during the preleptotene stage, peaks in leptotene spermatocytes, and declines afterward, but increases again in stage-associated pachytene spermatocytes. An affinity-purified polyclonal antibody raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 202-224 of the mouse RBM7 recognized the predicted 35 kd protein both in testicular lysates and in in vitro translation reactions. Consistent with the in situ hybridization results, RBM7 immunoreactivity was also detected in type B spermatogonia, spanned the entire period of spermatocyte development, and extended to round and early elongated spermatids. Moreover, RBM7 appeared nuclear up to the mid pachytene stage and became cytoplasmic thereafter. Consistent with its role in RNA splicing, yeast 2-hybrid and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays show that RBM7 interacts with splicing factor 3b subunit 2 (SAP145), and with the splicing regulator, SRp20. These interactions and the nuclear localization of RBM7 provide insights into its function in pre-mRNA processing in developing spermatocytes during entry into meiosis and progression through the meiotic prophase.
Trends in Methodological Rigor in Intervention Research Published in School Psychology Journals.

Methodological rigor in intervention research is important for documenting evidence-based practices and has been a recent focus in legislation, including the No Child Left Behind Act. The current study examined the methodological rigor of intervention research in four school psychology journals since the 1960s. Intervention research has increased in prevalence, but it does not seem to have become more rigorous since the establishment of the What Works Clearinghouse. Small methodological factors often determined whether a study met or did not meet standards in the current investigation. Implications include the necessity of reviewing research quality guidelines prior to conducting intervention research and ensuring they are met whenever possible.
The excitation of the forbidden coronal lines - II: [Ca xv] λλ 5694 and 5446

Excitation of ground configuration of Fe XIII for density and temperature range in solar corona, using proton collisions, electron collision strengths, etc
An Evolutionary Framework for Common Disease

Susceptibility alleles for common diseases are a subset of all natural genetic variation; as such they are jointly shaped by random drift and natural selection. Computer simulation and empirical studies show that models of purifying selection and adaptive evolution apply to risk alleles for common diseases. These models have important implications for the design of disease-mapping studies. Keywords: disease association studies; allele frequency spectrum; genetic variation; natural selection
Recovery of brain docosahexaenoate leads to recovery of spatial task performance

Infants fed vegetable oil-based formulas may have poorer visual function, lower cognitive scores and acquire learning tasks more slowly in comparison with those breast fed or those fed formulas supplemented with docosahexaenoate. The aim of the present study was to determine the reversibility of losses in brain function associated with the loss of brain DHA. Rats were fed very low or adequate levels of n-3 fatty acids through three generations. The n-3 fatty acid deficient animals of the F3 generation were then given an n-3 adequate diet containing alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) at birth, weaning (3 weeks) or young adulthood (7 weeks). The spatial task performance of these animals returned to the n-3 adequate diet was then compared using the Morris water at two different ages, at 9 or 13 weeks. Our results indicate that animals repleted since birth or at weaning were able to achieve nearly the same level of brain DHA and spatial task performance as animals maintained for three generations on an n-3 adequate diet. In the case of young adult animals, the degree of DHA and behavioral performance recovery depended upon the duration of dietary repletion with substantial recovery in animals after 6 weeks but little recovery of function after two weeks. The significance of these findings is that they indicate that at least some of the adverse effects of DHA deficiency during neurodevelopment may be reversible with an n-3 fatty acid supplemented diet.
tRNA residues that have coevolved with their anticodon to ensure uniform and accurate codon recognition

The structure, phylogeny and in vivo function of the base pair formed between nucleotides 32 and 38 of the tRNA anticodon loop are reviewed. The A32-U38 pair, which is highly conserved in tRNA2(Ala) and sometimes observed in tRNA2(Pro), was recently found to decrease the affinity of tRNAs to the ribosomal A site relative to other 32-38 combinations. This suggests that the role of 32-38 pair is to tune the tRNA affinity in the A site to a uniform value. New experiments presented here show that the U32C mutation in tRNA1(Gly) increases its affinity to the cognate codon and to codons with third position mismatches in the A site. This suggests that one reason for uniform tRNA binding to evolve was to avoid incorrect codon recognition.
Vasculitis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome

Several syndromes involving antiphospholipid antibodies have been described in the literature. Although the varied clinical manifestations have been well delineated, the vascular pathophysiology in patients with these antibodies remains unclear. Vascular damage is often described as a vasculopathy; however, several case reports have described an associated vasculitis. We report two patients with manifestations of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLS) and concurrent vasculitis. The first patient, a 42-year-old man, presented with abdominal pain and fevers. The second patient, a 39-year-old man, presented with fever and testicular pain. Both were ultimately felt to have polyarteritis nodosa associated with APLS. Their complicated hospital courses and difficulties we encountered in diagnosing and treating them are discussed. The literature describing other cases of vasculitis associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is reviewed. Whether the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies favors the development of vasculitis or vice versa is not clear. Further studies are needed to address this question and to determine optimal therapeutic regimens in these critically ill patients.
Push screw for indirect reduction of severe joint depression-type calcaneal fractures.

Severe joint depression-type calcaneal fractures cause dramatic distortion of hindfoot anatomy, including gross shortening of the heel and lateral translation of the tuberosity. This displacement may alter the mechanics of the foot, interfere with tendon function, or put the medial soft tissues under tension. The displacement is typically corrected by open reduction. However, surgical intervention may be delayed because of soft tissue involvement, higher priority musculoskeletal injuries, or the presence of life-threatening injury. When treatment has been delayed, it may be difficult to restore the height and length of the calcaneus. Application of an external fixator is one option to allow for early indirect fracture reduction of the hindfoot and initial soft tissue healing. However, a percutaneous screw reduction technique reduces the risk of pin tract infection with the external fixateur and allows the soft tissue to regenerate. Bony reduction is gained with the help of a push screw, which allows controlled and gradual reconstitution of the length and height (Bohler's angle) of the hindfoot. This technique, though, is only recommended as a temporary salvage procedure in situations in which a delayed primary subtalar fusion is the only treatment of choice in a severely comminuted high-energy calcaneal fracture.
Redox signalling and the control of cell growth and death

Cells maintain a reduced intracellular state in the face of a highly oxidizing extracellular environment. Redox signalling pathways provide a link between external stimuli, through the flavoenzyme-mediated NADPH-dependent reduction of intracellular peptide thiols, such as glutathione, thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, and redox factor-1, to the posttranslational redox modification of certain intracellular proteins. This can affect the proteins' correct folding, assembly into multimeric complexes, enzymatic activity, and their binding as transcription factors to specific DNA sequences. Such changes have been linked to altered cell growth and death.
Method for experimental induction of ketosis utilizing the interaction of low energy intake and thyroxine.

Abstract A method of successfully inducing experimental ketosis in lactation dairy cows within nine weeks postpartum was developed. Animals were on a low-energy ration providing 90% of their protein and 30% of their energy requirements for 8 days. On the fourth through seventh days the cows were injected with L -thyroxine (sodium) pentahydrate at a daily dosage of 6.9 mg per 100 kg of initial body weight. The animals exhibited typical bovine ketotic signs of lethargy or excitability or both, dull eyes, anorexia, decreased milk production, and increased fat percentage. Blood glucose decreased to a mean of 15.4 mg per 100 ml and total ketones, acetone, and free fatty acids increased to means of 34.3, 26.2, and 10.7 mg per 100 ml. The effect of either thyroxine injections or low-energy ration alone on animal performance and blood components was determined. Some undesirable effects were noted. However, a combination of both thyroxine injection and low-energy ration produced greater effects than either of these factors by themselves. Only the animals on the combined treatment developed all physiological signs of bovine ketosis.
Toward a Coherent Curriculum: Teaching and Learning History at Alverno College

Over the years, discussions on teaching American history have generally focused on con tent and teaching methods. Some teachers advocate including more voices in the story; others complain of having to squeeze more content into an already-tight calendar. Using a global framework to teach the American past gets growing emphasis today. Some pro fessors value such a reorientation as an innovative response to globalization; others see it as a distracting add-on that truncates important lessons about key American institutions. Wrapped within these debates are questions of teaching style. To lecture or not? To rely more on primary sources or secondary sources to fashion the story? To give students more hands-on experiential learning or more practice in developing abstract thinking?1 Those fundamental questions about teaching American history can be answered only when we first settle on how (and not what) we want our students to learn. To consider this question requires the historian as teacher to shift away from teaching the topic and toward teaching the student. Such a change does not come easy because many of us teach the way we were taught. In a tradition-bound discipline, graduate courses focus on con tent with little or no pedagogical discourse, and doctoral work remains centered on re search and writing. The classroom serves as a testing ground for our research, students as a captive audience for our findings. What training we have as teachers usually comes hap hazardly We might be fortunate enough to have a teaching mentor, but more often than not we suffer on our own as teaching assistants and adjuncts. Even when as classroom historians we want to be more student centered, the internal demand to publish or perish tamps down the pedagogically adventurous. But accrediting agencies and state depart ments of public instruction continually press for new methods of history teaching that stress inquiry-based learning and for assessment models that go beyond time-honored testing of knowledge. The demand for engaged students and a faculty more attentive to
A fixed-complexity nonlinear estimation technique

The typical nonlinear estimation problem is solved by a quasi-linear technique, the extended Kalman filter (EKF). The EKF provides satisfactory results if first order approximations to the system equations are adequate. If they are not and the filtering time is long, substantial estimation errors may build up. To overcome this problem, various techniques have been developed, e.g., "second-order filters" and "polynomial filters" have been proposed1-3. In this paper, the nonlinear system and observation equations are linearized, the higher order terms in the Taylor series are treated as unknown time functions and these functions are estimated using a block sequential least squares technique. An extended observer is then used to solve for the linear perturbation from the nominal state and a second estimator is used to estimate the residual observer error.
James M. Cain's tiger woman

(1993). James M. Cain's tiger woman. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 4, Popular Culture, pp. 229-244.
Accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography in the detection of aneurysms of the ventricular septum

Eight children with angiographically proven aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum (AVS) associated with ventricular septal defect were studied by real-time cross-sectional echocardiography. A curvilinear, sickle (dome-shaped), or irregular echo arising from the interventricular septum and bulging toward the right ventricle in systole was visualized in all patients. This finding was detected in 7 of 8 long axis views, 5 of 8 short axis views, 5 of 7 apex four-chamber views, and 4 of 7 subcostal four-chamber views. In addition, real-time cross-sectional echocardiograpic studies were performed in 40 patients with angiographically proven membranous ventricular septal defect without AVS; in only one patient was the abnormal echo suggesting aneurysm of the ventricular septum detected in the long axis and apex four-chamber views. Our echo study suggests that two-dimensional echocardiography has acceptable specificity for the diagnosis of AVS.
Interactions of steroids with human plasma proteins

Abstract By means of equilibrium dialyses and, to a lesser extent, ultrafiltration at 5 °, the binding of six steroid hormones—estrone, estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, corticosterone, and cortisol—to various human plasma proteins was determined. In the case of human serum albumin, the solubility and binding of a larger series of 18 steroids was investigated. Albumin is responsible for most of the binding of unconjugated steroids in plasma, except for cortisol and corticosterone, due to the fact that it is by far the most abundant protein constituent of plasma. At 25 ° binding is decreased, but in an irregular fashion depending upon the individual steroid. Corticosterone has one site on human serum albumin with an association constant 30 times that of the other 20 sites. Evidence of competition was seen only between corticosterone and cortisol and among a group of androgens.
Gambling and its impacts in a northeastern Minnesota community: An exploratory study

This exploratory study was undertaken to assess the effects of legalized gambling in a northeastern Minnesota community and to inform the state's citizens and decision makers of the impacts of gambling. The community, the types of gambling available, and the types of businesses and organizations involved in gambling are described. Annual (1990) amounts of money won and lost, profit margins for various types of gambling, and the resulting economic and social community impacts are discussed. The most consequential findings are the amounts of money spent on gambling (twice the state's per capita average) and the resulting community revenue losses (nearly $2 million or $105 per person) annually. Nevertheless, many local citizens want even more gambling opportunities. Public policy and future research issues are raised.
Cysteine protease and its inhibitor in experimentally produced squamous cell carcinomas in hairless mouse skin.

Abstract Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) were experimentally produced in hairless mouse skin, and cysteine protease and its inhibitor were simultaneously purified from extracts of 1 g of tissue of SCC and normal skin. Activity of cysteine proteinases, M r > 50,000 and M r 28,000, increased in SCC compared to those in normal skin. SCC also showed elevation of cysteine proteinase inhibitor activity and M r 13,000 and M r 82,000 inhibitors were purified. M r 13,000 inhibitor was found to have biochemical properties which were the same as those of the inhibitor present in normal skin. M r 82,000 inhibitor was not detectable in normal skin and it differed from a serum inhibitor with a similar M r in terms of activity and stability at acidic pH. The findings suggest that the increased activity of both cysteine proteases and endogenous inhibitors may be involved in the regulatory mechanisms of malignant cell metabolism and tissue remodeling associated with SCC development.
A comparative study of the self-efficacy beliefs of successful men and women in mathematics, science, and technology careers

The purpose of this study was to explore the personal stories of men who selected careers in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) to better understand the ways in which their self-efficacy beliefs were created and subsequently influenced their academic and career choices. Analysis of 10 narratives revealed that mastery experience was the primary source of the men's self-efficacy beliefs. These results are compared to those from Zeldin and Pajares' earlier study involving women in STEM careers. For women, social persuasions and vicarious experiences were the primary sources of self-efficacy beliefs. Together, these findings suggest that different sources are predominant in the creation and development of the self-efficacy beliefs of men and women who pursue STEM careers. The self-efficacy beliefs of men in these male-dominated domains are created primarily as a result of the interpretations they make of their ongoing achievements and successes. Women, on the other hand, rely on relational episodes in their lives to create and buttress the confidence that they can succeed in male-dominated domains. Findings were consistent with the theoretical tenets of A. Bandura's social cognitive theory. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 1036–1058, 2008
The origin of quantum entanglement experiments based on polarization measurements

Since the 1970s the use of polarization measurements have become standard in optical experiments designed to test the entanglement features of quantum mechanics. Here, we examine the genesis of the conceptual-theoretical and, experimental, configurations that introduced the notion of polarization measurements of quanta traveling in opposite directions. This search uncovers a number of highly relevant publications from the late 1940s that remain largely ignored and unreferenced in today’s literature.