cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Making a Way Out of No Way:" Understanding the Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Experiences of Transmasculine Young Adults of Color in the United States.

Research focusing on the specific and unique sexual and reproductive health care experiences of transmasculine young adults of color are extremely scarce. We conducted five focus group discussions with 19 Black, Latinx, Asian, Native, and other transmasculine individuals of color aged 18-25 years in the greater Boston area. Using thematic analysis, we found that transmasculine young adults of color experienced cissexism, heterosexism, and racism in accessing and utilizing sexual and reproductive health services. These multiple forms of discrimination undermined participants' receipt of high-quality sexual and reproductive health information and care from competent health care providers who shared their lived experiences. Participants relied on support from their lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer peers to obtain needed sexual and reproductive health resources and minimize harm during clinical encounters. Multilevel interventions are needed to promote access to person-centered and structurally competent sexual and reproductive health care among transmasculine young adults of color.
2011 Circumvention Tool Evaluation

Given the rising awareness of the potential of the Internet as a political space and increasing government control over the space, it is easy to understand the widespread interest in finding technical solutions to Internet filtering. While filtering circumvention technologies emerged in 1996 with Bennet Hazelton’s Peacefire, designed to evade filtering within US high schools and universities, in recent years, there’s been a great deal of interest in the technical community and the general public in the topic of Internet circumvention. The embrace of an “Internet freedom” agenda by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in a pair of widely publicized speeches has increased awareness of the challenges of Internet filtering and encouraged new actors to explore or enter the field.The prospect of expanded fiscal support for tool development and deployment has led to debate in the popular press about the strengths and weaknesses of various circumvention tools and strategies. These debates make clear the need for scholarly research on the efficacy of various tools.This study uses a novel methodology for conducting in-country testing without requiring a researcher to be physically present in censored nations. While this method does not fully replicate the performance of circumvention tools from a cyber cafe in a filtered nation, it can be regularly replicated, allowing us to conduct tests over a long period of time and, potentially, create an ongoing, regularly updated portrait of circumvention tool usability in locations across the globe. In this report, we focus on questions of utility - the ability for a tool to be installed and used in a particular location, and the accuracy and speed of the tool. Additionally, we address concerns about security, usability and openness when appropriate.This evaluation also differs from our earlier work (2007 Circumvention Landscape Report; 2010 Circumvention Tool Usage) in that we cover significantly more tools and examine two classes of tools (ad-supported proxy servers and VPN services) which we did not review previously. We expanded the set of tools considered to recognize the increased number of options that users in censored nations may choose from, and to acknowledge results of our previous research which suggest that simple web proxies and VPNs have a very significant user base in comparison with dedicated censorship circumvention tools.
Working Images: Visual Research and Representation in Ethnography

Working Images: Visual Research and Representation in Ethnography. Sarah Pink, Laszlo Kurti, and Ana Isabel Afonso. New York: Routledge, 2004. 224 pp.
Toxicity of Intravenous Administration of Cremaphor® ELP Formulations in Rats

Cremaphor® ELP (CrELP) has been used to emulsify and solubilize water-insoluble substances in pharmaceutical industry for oral, topical and parenteral preparations, but its safety profile via intravenous route is yet to be established. In the current report, a wide range of CrELP concentrations associated with different viscosities was formulated and given intravenously in rats in order to evaluate acute toxicity and tolerability. Doses of CrELP were administered once in a fixed volume (5 ml/kg) and concentrations tested in mg/kg included 7.5, 75, 150, 375, 750, 1000, 1250, and 1500, with corresponding viscosity of 1,1, 1.08, 1.6, 3.6, 6, 18, 65 centiPoise (cP), respectively. Mortality was observed within minutes of intravenous dosing with 1250 and 1500 mg/kg. Clinical signs of dyspnea, decreased activity, flat body posture, and rough hair coat were observed in rats given 750 or 1000 mg/kg. Plasma potassium (K + ) levels were increased at 24 hr post dose compared to pre-dose values at all doses tested. Histopathologic evaluations of the heart, kidney and lungs revealed myocardial necrosis and inflammation, kidneys tubular necrosis, and lung histiocytosis with hemorrhage. Collectively, the clinical signs, serum potassium levels and histopathogical findings in rats given 750 and 1000 mg/kg were consistent with compromised tissue perfusion. No adverse findings were observed in rats given 7.5, 75, 150 or 375 mg/kg CrELP and 375 mg/kg was considered the no adverse effect level (NOAEL) in this study.
Correlates of spelling abilities in children with early speech sound disorders

The correlates of spelling impairment were examined in children with histories of early speech sound disorders. The spelling errors of 52 children with histories of speech sound disorders were analyzed to predict the association between weaknesses in expressive language skills in early childhood and school-age spelling abilities. Results revealed that children with preschool speech sound and language problems became poorer spellers at school age than did children with preschool speech sound disorders only. However, even children with isolated speech sound disorders demonstrated a weakness in spelling skills relative to their reading and language abilities and Weschler Performance IQ. Measures of phonological awareness were highly correlated with spelling skills, suggesting that phonological processing abilities are related to the ability to spell phonetically predictable words. Analysis of spelling errors based on level of phonological awareness skill revealed that children with preschool speech sound disorders utilize phonetic strategies in spelling phonetically predictable words. Familial aggregation of spelling disorders suggests a possible genetic component that is modified by gender.
Cell Fusion Connects Oncogenesis with Tumor Evolution

Cell fusion likely drives tumor evolution by undermining chromosomal and DNA stability and/or by generating phenotypic diversity; however, whether a cell fusion event can initiate malignancy and direct tumor evolution is unknown. We report that a fusion event involving normal, nontransformed, cytogenetically stable epithelial cells can initiate chromosomal instability, DNA damage, cell transformation, and malignancy. Clonal analysis of fused cells reveals that the karyotypic and phenotypic potential of tumors formed by cell fusion is established immediately or within a few cell divisions after the fusion event, without further ongoing genetic and phenotypic plasticity, and that subsequent evolution of such tumors reflects selection from the initial diverse population rather than ongoing plasticity of the progeny. Thus, one cell fusion event can both initiate malignancy and fuel evolution of the tumor that ensues.
Modulation of Calmodulin mRNA and Protein Levels in Barley Aleurone

Changes in calmodulin (CaM) mRNA and protein were investigated in aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Himalaya) incubated in the presence and absence of calcium, gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA). CaM mRNA levels increased rapidly and transiently following incubation of aleurone layers in H2O, CaCl2, or GA3. The increase in CaM mRNA was prevented by ABA. This increase in CaM mRNA was brought about by physical stimulation during removal of the starchy endosperm from the aleurone layer. CaM protein levels did not increase in response to physical stimulation. Only incubation in GA3 plus CaCl2 brought about a rapid increase in CaM protein levels in the aleurone cell. ABA reduced the level of CaM protein below that found at the beginning of the incubation period. The rise in CaM protein preceded increases in the synthesis and secretion of [alpha]-amylase. Immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies to carrot and mung bean CaM was used to localize CaM in aleurone protoplasts. Monoclonal antibodies to tubulin and polyclonal antibodies to tonoplast intrinsic protein and malate synthase were used as controls. CaM was localized to the nucleus, the vacuolar membrane, and the cytosol, but was not associated with microtubules.
The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey and The Perils of Advocacy Research

According to a 2010 national survey by the Centers for Disease Control and U.S. Department of Justice, in the last 12 months more men than women were victims of intimate partner physical violence and over 40% of severe physical violence was directed at men. But an advocacy research approach and the feminist theory that domestic violence is power and control by men in a patriarchy means that data on intimate partner violence against men is not widely known. This paper examines the NISVS data and its presentation to the public. It examines Federal funding for domestic violence efforts, and the number of men offered shelter and other domestic violence services. It reviews public education efforts, government agency reports and applicable laws. It uses the paradigm of the Duluth Model and its Power and Control Wheel to demonstrate how information on IPV against men is denied, minimized or suppressed. This includes denial, minimization, blaming the victim, demeaning and ridicule, controlling the funds and even threats of violence. This harms women, since aggressive women cannot get the services they need.
Hydrodynamic and Acoustic Field Detection

Fishes have an impressive complement of hydrodynamic and acoustic sensors, commonly referred to as the lateral-line and inner-ear sense organs. The basic receptor elements are the hair cells, which detect the minute displacements imparted to their apical ciliary bundles (Fig. 4.1a). The directional sensitivity of the individual receptor cells is indicated by the asymmetric position of the single kinocilium relative to the several rows of stereocilia. Morphologically, the hair cells of the various sensory clusters are strikingly uniform. Their diversity in function is determined mainly by the peripheral structures coupling the ciliary bundles to the physical world that the animals inhabit.
Analysis of research scholarship for academic staff at US ABET accredited mining engineering schools by publications, citations and h-index

Publications, citations and h-index are three quantitative measures of scholarly productivity commonly used to evaluate university academic staff members. The quantity and quality of an individual's publication record is often an integral part of promotion and tenure decisions as well as post-tenure notoriety and awards. In this study, the Scopus database was queried to provide information on the scholarly productivity of 83 mining engineering academic staff members at accredited mining engineering schools in the United States. The data retrieved in this study include the number of publications, number of citations and h-index, for each individual academic staff member. Data for individual academic staff members was then classified by academic level/rank, institution and primary research sub-discipline to produce meaningful comparative results. The data show that the average number of publications per academic increases from 4 to 22 to 49 for assistant professors, associate professors and professors, resp...
Chapter 17. Chemical Control of Fertility

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews advances made in the development of agents those interfere with pregnancy by inhibition of progesterone (P) biosynthesis; or by antagonism of P at the receptor level, and of prostaglandins (PGs) with improved properties. The status of research in male contraception is summarized with particular emphasis on the antifertility effects of gossypol. Finally, the antifertility effects of a group of compounds characterized by their structural and mechanistic diversity are described. The chapter discusses antiprogestins, steroidogenesis inhibitors, prostaplandins, male contraception—potential contraceptive agents for the male, their dosages, toxicity level and unaccetable side effects—spermatogenesis—and some miscellaneous drugs assisting in terminating pregnancy—their dosages, reactions and effectiveness. The successful termination of early human pregnancy by the P receptor antagonist mifepristone could be regarded as the most significant development in female fertility control in the last few years. Although preliminary results suggest that this drug may lack sufficient efficacy to compete with existing methods when given alone, the validity of the approach has, nevertheless, been established. In a related and potentially equally important development, epostane, a P biosynthesis inhibitor, caused a fall in plasma P levels in early human pregnancy. Results of definitive pregnancy termination studies are not yet available. The discussion includes menstrual regulation and early post-coital drugs, the immunological approach to fertility control, and long acting contraceptives.
Real-Time QoS Routing Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Study and Analysis

Many routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. These routing protocols are almost always based on energy efficiency. However, recent advances in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras and small microphones have led to the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) as a class of wireless sensor networks which pose additional challenges. The transmission of imaging and video data needs routing protocols with both energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics in order to guarantee the efficient use of the sensor nodes and effective access to the collected data. Also, with integration of real time applications in Wireless Senor Networks (WSNs), the use of QoS routing protocols is not only becoming a significant topic, but is also gaining the attention of researchers. In designing an efficient QoS routing protocol, the reliability and guarantee of end-to-end delay are critical events while conserving energy. Thus, considerable research has been focused on designing energy efficient and robust QoS routing protocols. In this paper, we present a state of the art research work based on real-time QoS routing protocols for WMSNs that have already been proposed. This paper categorizes the real-time QoS routing protocols into probabilistic and deterministic protocols. In addition, both categories are classified into soft and hard real time protocols by highlighting the QoS issues including the limitations and features of each protocol. Furthermore, we have compared the performance of mobility-aware query based real-time QoS routing protocols from each category using Network Simulator-2 (NS2). This paper also focuses on the design challenges and future research directions as well as highlights the characteristics of each QoS routing protocol.
A Tiered-Profile Approach to a Global Trace Metal Emission Inventory

A global inventory of trace metal emissions provides useful information to people who model the atmosphereic distribution and deposition of trace metals, and to those responsible for controlling trends in anthropogenic emissions. This report describes simple database management and modeling procedures whereby uncertainty surrounding existing global inventories can be significantly reduced. The model is a retrospective model, and discussions are presented for its conversion to a predictive model.
Accelerated degenerate-kernel methods for linear integral equations

Abstract A new approach to the theory of kernel approximations is developed for the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. The objective is to determine the solution to any desired accuracy using a degenerate-kernel operator of fixed rank — that is, without increasing the number of terms in the approximate kernel. Consequently, high accuracy is achieved without incurring the computational costs associated with solving large algebraic systems. The procedure employs projection techniques to construct accelerated degenerate-kernel schemes that give rise to a bisequence of higher-order approximate solutions. Error expressions are obtained and a numerical example of solving a weakly singular equation is given.
Active and mediated opportunistic cooperation between an unmanned aerial vehicle and an unmanned ground vehicle

A 2012 hazardous materials field exercise identified two types of opportunistic cooperation between a small UAV and UGV, the impact on the human-robot interaction, and provided practical advice for coordinating UAV-UGV teams that have not worked together. UAV-UGV cooperation research assumes that the cooperation is planned, while the use of unmanned systems for disasters suggests that the cooperation will be spontaneous. The 2012 field exercise tracked how emergency response professionals used an AirRobot 100B UAV and Packbot 510 UGV to gather information about a simulated chemical train car derailment and collateral damage. The expectation had been to use the UAV and UGV independently but the robots were used cooperatively for object-based task with coordination by the Incident Command staff (opportunistic mediated cooperation) and then for a robot-based task with direct coordination between the UAV and UGV teams (opportunistic active cooperation). These two new forms of cooperative heterogeneous teams introduced human-robot interaction bottlenecks, but overall the teaming allowed the robots to meet the mission objectives faster.
Sharing: Decisions and Moral Judgments about Letting others Use One's Possessions

Summlrry.-This study examined the psychological relationship between possession and control over the use of one's possessions. It deals both with decisiow regarding use and moral judgments about the sharing of personal possessions. It charts the various bases of such decisions and judgments at different age levels, providing a framework for further empirical work in this area. Interview questions were asked of 30 American subjects at each of five age levels (kindergarten, second grade, fifth grade, eleventh grade, and 40to 50-yr.-old adults). To explore the range of cross-cultural variability within the Western-industrialized world, 60 Israeli kibbutz and 60 Israeli city sub jects were also interviewed (in each case, 30 of kindergarten age and 30 of second grade age). A content analysis of the responses was performed, and the relative frequencies of different bases for (a) decisions about use and (b) moral judgments about sharing are presented for the different ages and in the different cultures studied. Particular attention is given to the relation of these results to previous experimental studies of sharing behavior.
Ejaculatory dysfunction and depression: pharmacological and psychobiological interactions

In recent years, increased attention has been focused on antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction, largely because of the widespread use of serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the recognition that such side effects can have a negative impact on treatment compliance. Data suggest that serotonergic antidepressants are associated with delayed ejaculation and anorgasmia, although these sexual problems are also linked to depression and to age. In this review, we discuss central mediators of normal orgasmic functioning and dysfunction, the relationship between depression and sexual dysfunction, possible mechanisms for SSRI-associated sexual dysfunction, and evolving treatment strategies.
Overview of GSE as a Multifunctional GUI

Ground Support Equipment (GSE) [1] is a versatile and multifunctional graphical user interface (GUI) and a software/hardware platform. It is a custom-designed system executed in the LabVIEW programming language to serve as an instrument health monitor for the Loss Cone Imager (LCI) satellite project. GSE mimics the behavior of the onboard Experiment Computer System (ECS). Its functions comprise the measurement of voltage, current, and power, as well as acting as a safety mechanism in case of any anomalous condition (e.g., over-current and/or over-voltage situation). Individual log files record the sessions during which data is gathered and analyzed. Safety/warning alarm flags shall be 'visible' from any individual window/tab. Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) particle group measurements will be displayed on six individual panels. GSE will be supplemented with a comprehensive user's manual for added clarity.
Intraatrial mitral valve insertion with native valve preservation in children

Two patients underwent intraatrial mitral valve insertion for an unsuccessful valvotomy for severe mitral stenosis and left-sided atrioventricular valve insufficiency associated with corrected transposition utilizing a porcine valve from a valved conduit with preservation of the native valve. The valves were inserted using continuous suture distally at the mitral annulus and proximally at the pulled atrial wall distal to the pulmonary veins. Both patients had uneventful hospital course and are doing well at up to 6 months postoperatively. This apporach provides a viable option for congenital mitral stenosis or insufficiency in children.
Herpes simplex virus replication compartments can form by coalescence of smaller compartments.

Abstract Herpes simplex virus (HSV) uses intranuclear compartmentalization to concentrate the viral and cellular factors required for the progression of the viral life cycle. Processes as varied as viral DNA replication, late gene expression, and capsid assembly take place within discrete structures within the nucleus called replication compartments. Replication compartments are hypothesized to mature from a few distinct structures, called prereplicative sites, that form adjacent to cellular nuclear matrix-associated ND10 sites. During productive infection, the HSV single-stranded DNA-binding protein ICP8 localizes to replication compartments. To further the understanding of replication compartment maturation, we have constructed and characterized a recombinant HSV-1 strain that expresses an ICP8 molecule with green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to its C terminus. In transfected Vero cells that were infected with HSV, the ICP8–GFP protein localized to prereplicative sites in the presence of the viral DNA synthesis inhibitor phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) or to replication compartments in the absence of PAA. A recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing the ICP8–GFP virus replicated in Vero cells, but the yield was increased by 150-fold in an ICP8-complementing cell line. Using the ICP8–GFP protein as a marker for replication compartments, we show here that these structures start as punctate structures early in infection and grow into large, globular structures that eventually fill the nucleus. Large replication compartments were formed by small structures that either moved through the nucleus to merge with adjacent compartments or remained relatively stationary within the nucleus and grew by accretion and fused with neighboring structures.
Interaction of nutrition and infection: Trypanosoma lewisi, folic acid levels in sera and tissues of normal and folic acid-deficient rats.

Progressive changes in folic acid levels in sera and tissues of rats infected withTrypanosoma lewisi are described. The host dietary groups were: (1) complete or full complement; (2) folic acid-deficient, and (3) pair-fed or calorically restrieted. Serum folate values of rats on a folic acid complete diet and pair-fed diet and inoculated on Day 21, showed significantly higher values than the controls between Days 35 and 45. The average serum folate values in adequately fed control rats was 16±3 ng/ml as opposed to 20±3 ng/ml for trypanosome-infected rats. Animals inoculated on Day 56 had higher folate values than control rats from Day 65 to Day 80. Serum folate content of deficient rats infected on Days 21 and 56 was significantly higher than the controls on Days 30 to 60 and 60 to 100, respectively. The livers of rats fed a folic complete and a pair-fed diet and inoculated on Days 21 and 56 withT. lewisi showed no significant difference in folate content when compared with the uninfected rats. Livers of folic acid-deficient rats infected withT. lewisi on Days 21 and 56 showed statistically significant increases over the controls from the 10th day of infection. Infected animals had 200% more folate than controls. Irrespective of diet and time of inoculation (Day 21 or 56), the folic acid content of brains and spinal, cords of rats infected withT. lewisi were not significantly different from that of the controls.
Predicting prostate cancer many years before diagnosis: how and why?

Evidence of reduced prostate cancer mortality from randomized trials in Europe supports early detection of prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Yet PSA screening has generated considerable controversy: it is far from clear that the benefits outweigh risks, in terms of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. One way to shift the ratio of benefits to harm is to focus on men at highest risk, who have more to benefit than average. Neither family history nor any of the currently identified genomic markers offer sufficient risk stratification for practical use. However, there is considerable evidence that the levels of PSA in blood are strongly prognostic of the long-term risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Specifically, it is difficult to justify continuing to screen men aged 60 or older if they have a PSA less than 1 or 2 ng/ml; for men 45–60, intervals between PSA tests can be based on PSA levels, with 2–4-year retesting interval for men with PSA of 1 ng/ml or higher, and tests every 6–8 years for men with PSA <1 ng/ml. Men with the top 10% of PSAs at a young age (PSA ~1.5 ng/ml or higher below 50) are at particularly high risk and should be subject to intensive monitoring.
Rhizosphere salinity and phytoalexin accumulation in soybean.

Rhizosphere salinity decreased the capacity of soybean to accumulate a pterocarpanoid phytoalexin (glyceollin) in the stem in response toPhytophthora megasperma var.sojae. Rapid (48h) accumulation was depressed by NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2 and MgSO4 applications. Time-course accumulations was slowed by applications. Time-course accumulation was slowed by application of 0.131M NaCl. Glyceollin accumulation was also reduced in plants subjected to a period of high salinity stress (0.177M NaCl, 72 h) after a period of nonsalinized growth. Calcium chloride completely suppressed glyceollin accumulation in normally-resistant plants but no susceptibility to the fungus was observed.
Exact solution for the diffusion in bistable potentials

We solve analytically the Fokker-Planck equation for a one-parameter family of symmetric, attractive, nonharmonic potentials which include double-well situations. The exact knowledge of the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues allows us to fully discuss the transient behavior of the probability density. In particular, for the bistable potentials, we can give analytical expressions for the probability current over the working barrier and for the onset time which characterizes the transition from uni- to bimodal probability densities.
Advertising claim objectivity: Antecedents and effects

The authors examine the role of advertising claim objectivity under central route processing conditions. Past studies are reviewed and two distinct components of claim objectivity are identified: a...
Moderate Caloric Restriction Alters the Subcellular Distribution of Somatostatin mRNA and Increases Growth Hormone Pulse Amplitude in Aged Animals

Although growth hormone secretion decreases with age in both animals and man, its potential role in the regulation of biological aging is unknown. In a series of experiments, age-related changes in gr
Phosphorylation of eIF2 Facilitates Ribosomal Bypass of an Inhibitory Upstream ORF to Enhance CHOP Translation

In response to different environmental stresses, phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2) rapidly reduces protein synthesis, which lowers energy expenditure and facilitates reprogramming of gene expression to remediate stress damage. Central to the changes in gene expression, eIF2 phosphorylation also enhances translation of ATF4, a transcriptional activator of genes subject to the integrated stress response (ISR). The ISR increases the expression of genes important for alleviating stress or alternatively triggering apoptosis. One ISR target gene encodes the transcriptional regulator CHOP whose accumulation is critical for stress-induced apoptosis. In this study, we show that eIF2 phosphorylation induces preferential translation of CHOP by a mechanism involving a single upstream ORF (uORF) located in the 5′-leader of the CHOP mRNA. In the absence of stress and low eIF2 phosphorylation, translation of the uORF serves as a barrier that prevents translation of the downstream CHOP coding region. Enhanced eIF2 phosphorylation during stress facilitates ribosome bypass of the uORF due to its poor start site context, and instead it allows scanning ribosomes to translate CHOP. This new mechanism of translational control explains how expression of CHOP and the fate of cells are tightly linked to the levels of phosphorylated eIF2 and stress damage.
Moments of MGOU processes and positive semidefinite matrix processes

Moment conditions for multivariate generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (MGOU) processes are derived and the first and second moments are given in terms of the driving Levy processes. In the second part of the paper a class of multivariate, positive semidefinite processes of MGOU-type is developed and suggested for use as squared volatility process in multivariate financial modeling.
Quantitative Holographic Analysis Of Small Components

Methods of hologram interferometry are used to study load-deflection characteristics of small components. More specifically, fundamentals of the methods of double-exposure hologram interferometry, time average hologram interferometry, and heterodyne hologram interometry are discussed, procedures for quantitative interpretation of holograms are outlined, and their applications are illustrated by representative examples. Results presented in this paper indicate viability of the methods of hologram interferometry for quantitative studies of small components.
Developmental pathways to alcohol abuse and dependence in young adulthood.

Objective: To determine if people who were diagnosed with alcohol abuse or dependence (AAD) at age 21 had different developmental patterns of alcohol use in adolescence than non-AAD individuals. Method: An ethnically diverse urban sample of 808 children was surveyed at age 10 in 1985 and followed prospectively to age 21 in 1996. AAD at age 21 was assessed following DSM-IV criteria. Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) was used to identify four statuses of alcohol use (nonuse, initiation only, current use only, heavy episodic drinking), as well as transition probabilities between these four statuses from elementary school to middle school and from middle school to high school among the AAD and non-AAD group. Results: The prevalence of alcohol use statuses during elementary school was similar in the two groups. Differences in alcohol use emerged in middle school and became more pronounced in high school. In middle school, AAD individuals were more likely to have initiated or been current drinkers than non-AAD i...
Development of a Fluids Laboratory Experience in Dimensional Analysis and Similitude Applied to Vortex Shedding From a Cylinder in Cross-Flow

A fluids laboratory experience that introduces students to dimensional analysis and similitude was designed and performed in a junior-level first course in fluid mechanics. After students are given an introduction to dimensional analysis, the technique is applied to the phenomenon of vortex shedding from a cylinder in cross-flow. With help from the instructor, lab groups use dimensional analysis to ascertain the relevant dimensionless pi terms associated with the phenomenon. After successfully determining that the pi terms are the Strouhal number and the Reynolds number, experiments are performed to elucidate the general functional relationship between the dimensionless groups. To conduct the experiments, a wind-tunnel apparatus is used in conjunction with a Pitot tube for measurements of free stream velocity and a platinum-plated tungsten hot-wire anemometer for rapid (up to 400 kHz) measurements of velocity fluctuations downstream of the cylinder. Utilizing an oscilloscope in parallel with a high-speed data acquisition system, students are able to determine the vortex shedding frequency by performing a spectral analysis (via Fourier transform) of the downstream velocity measurements at multiple free stream velocities and for multiple cylinder diameters (thus a varying Reynolds number). The students’ experimental results were found to agree with relationships found in the technical literature, showing a constant Strouhal number of approximately 0.2 over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. This exercise not only gives students valuable experience in dimensional analysis and design of experiments, it also provides exposure to modern data acquisition and analysis methods.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Involvement of sucrose synthase in sucrose catabolism

Abstract Maize scutellum slices incubated in water utilized sucrose at a maximum rate of 0.12,μmol/min per g fr. wt of slices. When slices were incubated in DNP, there was a three-fold increase in the rate of sucrose utilization. Sucrose breakdown in higher plants can be achieved by pathways starting with either invertase or sucrose synthase (SS). Invertase activity in scutellum homogenates was found only in the cell wall fraction, indicating that SS was responsible for sucrose breakdown in vivo . SS in crude scutellum extracts broke down sucrose to fructose and UDPG at 0.39,μmol/min per g fresh wt of slices. The UDPG formed was not converted to UDP + glucose, UMP + glucose-1-P, UDP + glucose-1-P or broken down by any other means by the crude extract in the absence of PPi. In the presence of PPi, UDPG was broken down by UDPG pyrophosphorylase which had a maximum activity of 26 μmol/min per g fr. wt of slices. Levels of PPi in the scutellum could not be measured using the UDPG pyrophosphorylase: phosphoglucomutase: glucose-6-P dehydrogenase assay because they were too low relative to glucose-6-P which interferes in the assay. An active inorganic pyrophosphatase was present in the scutellum extract which could prevent the accumulation of PPi in the cytoplasm. ATP pyrophosphohydrolase, which hydrolyses ATP to AMP and PPi, was found in the soluble portion of the scutellum extract. The enzyme activity was increased by fructose-2,6-bisP and Ca 2+ . In the presence of both activators, enzyme activity was 1.1 μmol/min per g fr. wt of slices, a rate sufficient to supply PPi for the breakdown of UDPG. These results indicate that sucrose breakdown in maize scutellum cells occurs via the SS: UDPG pyrophosphorylase pathway.
William B. Hanson (1923–1994)

On September 11,1994, William B. Hanson died as a result of severe injuries received in a bicycle accident. He is survived by his wife Annelies, three sons, a daughter, two stepdaughters, and six grandchildren. In addition to his excellent research in the field of aeronomy and ionospheric physics, Hanson possessed a love of the outdoors and enjoyed the challenge of athletic competition. He will be remembered fondly by a host of friends and colleagues.
Primordial spectral indices from generalized Einstein theories

Primordial spectral indices are calculated to second order in slow-roll parameters for three closely related models of inflation, all of which contain a scalar field nonminimally coupled to the Ricci curvature scalar. In most cases, ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$ may be written as a function of the nonminimal curvature coupling strength \ensuremath{\xi} alone, with ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$(\ensuremath{\xi})\ensuremath{\le}1, although the constraints on \ensuremath{\xi} differ greatly between ``new inflation'' and ``chaotic inflation'' initial conditions. Under ``new inflation'' initial conditions, there are discrepancies between the values of ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$ as calculated in the Einstein frame and the Jordan frame. The sources for these discrepancies are addressed, and shown to have negligible effects on the numerical predictions for ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$. No such discrepancies affect the calculations under ``chaotic inflation'' initial conditions.
Home Away From Home: A History of Basque Boarding Houses

Home Away From Home:. History of Basque Boarding Houses. Jeronima Echeverria. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1999. ix. 359 pp., illustrations, maps, tables, notes, glossary, bibliography, index.
Coherent-state functional-integral approach to high-field transport in coupled electron-phonon systems.

Coherent-state functional-integral methods are used to develop approximation schemes for the description of coupled electron-phonon systems far from equilibrium. We consider an interacting-electron system which is coupled to a system of phonons and subjected to an external---not necessarily weak---perturbation. For systems where the electron-phonon interaction is linear in the phonon variables, the phonon degrees of freedom can be accounted for exactly. From a formally exact representation of a suitable generating function for the expectation value of electronic observables, approximation schemes based on mean-field solutions can be derived. Within the lowest order of approximation, the coupled electron-phonon system may be treated as a self-consistent system of indepenent electrons. Higher-order corrections are shown to give a random-phase approximation based on self-consistent mean fields. This approach is applied to electronic two-level systems coupled to phonons under a large external bias. We find that the coupling to acoustical-phonon modes leads to a damping of the quantum beats and drives the system into a new equilibrium state. The coupling to LO phonons is shown to account correctly for resonance effects which arise when the level splitting is close to the LO-phonon energy.
Relocation of the plastid rbcL gene to the nucleus yields functional ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in tobacco chloroplasts.

Abstract The conserved plastid localization of rbcL suggests that biosynthesis of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [Rubisco; 3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39] in chloroplasts is required to obtain functional enzyme. To examine the validity of this hypothesis, we relocated the plastid rbcL gene to the nucleus. First, we deleted the rbcL gene from the tobacco plastid genome by targeted insertion of a selectable aadA gene encoding spectinomycin resistance. The rbcL coding region was then inserted into an expression cassette and introduced into the nuclear genome of these plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We report that the nuclear rbcL functionally complements the defective plastids when the Rubisco large subunit is targeted to chloroplasts by a transit peptide. Therefore, the evolutionary process that relocates functional plastid genes to the nucleus has not yet occurred in the case of the rbcL gene. Targeted deletion of plastid genes, combined with their allotopic expression, will provide opportunities for studying the function of plastid enzyme complexes.
Temperature effects on the hydrophobic interaction of parallel plates in the framework of the probabilistic approach to hydrogen bonding

Abstract Recently, we have proposed a probabilistic approach to examine the effect of water–water hydrogen bond networks around two foreign hydrophobic particles (immersed in water) on their interaction. Because of the proximity to a particle, a water molecule in the first hydration shell around it forms a smaller number of hydrogen bonds compared to a bulk molecule. The probabilistic approach allows one to analytically evaluate the former number if the latter is known (which is usually the case). On the other hand, the former bonds may be slightly (energetically) enhanced compared to the latter if at least one of the two bonded molecules lie in the first hydration shell and does not form a bond with a nearest neighbor site on the particle surface. When two hydrophobic particles are sufficiently close to each other, the overlap of boundary water–water hydrogen bond networks gives rise to an additional attractive force between them. In this paper we use the probabilistic approach to examine the effect of solvent temperature on the solvent-mediated interaction of two hydrophobic particles. Their hydrophobic attraction is affected by the solvent (water) temperature because the density of the solvent, strength of a hydrogen bonds, and number of hydrogen bonds per molecule are sensitive thereto (the pressure effects are not considered here). The probabilistic approach predicts that the solvent-mediated attraction of hydrophobic solutes is driven by the favorable entropic component (“−temperature × entropy”) of the potential of mean force that dominates the unfavorable energetic component. This attraction decreases as the temperature increases.
Scattering of elastic waves in simple and complex polycrystals

Abstract The propagation of elastic waves in polycrystals is a classical topic with a rich history of research, with primary focus on attenuation in single phase materials with randomly oriented, equiaxed grains. Over the last decade, the need to nondestructively evaluate the degree of damage of engineering components has led to extension of the classical understanding to a number of more complex cases. These motivations include the desire to understand how the noise backscattered from microstructure, and limiting flaw detectability, is controlled by the measurement configuration and microstructure of the material, the desire to use the understanding of attenuation and backscattering in designing improved inspections and in assessing their capability as quantified by probability of detection, and the desire to develop improved procedures for characterizing microstructures. This paper provides an overview of this work. A brief review of the classical understanding of how elastic waves are attenuated and backscattered by scattering from grain boundaries in randomly oriented polycrystals is first presented. This is followed by the results of recent experiments and analysis concerning how these phenomena change in engineering materials with more complex microstructures. For single phase polycrystals, the paper presents results verifying the classical theories in copper, showing how these theories can be used to determine single crystal elastic constants from measurements in alloy polycrystals, demonstrating this technique on nickel-base superalloys, and providing evidence of multiple scattering effects that are not accounted for in the classical, first-order theory. Additional results are presented in titanium alloys having duplex microstructures that demonstrate the existence of fluctuations of beam amplitude and phase, and a simple two-dimensional theory is presented which qualitatively explains the results. The paper concludes with the presentation of some pitch–catch (bi-static) experiments that clearly illustrate the role of multiple scattering.
Perturbation of the statistical properties of nuclear states and transitions by interactions that are odd under time reversal

Abstract It is found that a rather small time-reversal-odd part in the nuclear Hamiltonian would produce an appreciable perturbation in the Porter-Thomas distribution of widths and also in the distribution of the spacings between energy levels. A comparison between the experimentally determined variances for some published neutron widths and partial radiation widths and the calculated variance allows one to place an upper limit on the magnitude of the time-reversal-odd part. The shift of the spacing distribution is particularly large on a percentage basis in the region of small spacings. As a measure of the time-reversal-odd part of the wave function, the overlap |( Ψ , TΨ )| has been evaluated. All conclusions are based on a Monte-Carlo calculation with random Hermitian matrices having a small imaginary part.
Forms of host‐country national learning for enhanced MNC absorptive capacity

Purpose – Aims to examine within the theoretical construct of absorptive capacity several forms of host country national (HCN) learning, leading to improved productivity in the foreign operation, and ultimately yielding more effective knowledge generation and flow throughout the multinational corporation (MNC).Design/methodology/approach – Used open‐ended exploratory field interviews with 51 host country human resource and middle managers in 49 different MNC foreign subsidiaries with headquarters in six different countries. Learning needs in three major employee levels of operative, supervisory/middle management, and upper management were examined. Notes from the interviews were recorded by hand and combined and analyzed for evidence of potentially beneficial forms of HCN learning using procedures of domain and theme analysis in taxonomy development.Findings – A total of 12 categories of potentially beneficial forms of HCN learning were identified and discussed relative to their contributions to increased...
Estrogen and the etiology of anorexia nervosa

Most patients suffering from anorexia nervosa are women, but the types and relative contributions of social, psychological, or organic characteristics of women that make women more likely to develop this feeding disorder are uncertain. In this theoretical review, evidence that the female sex hormone, estrogen, contributes to the symptoms seen in anorexia and underlies the sex difference in incidence is discussed. Current data on the anorexic potency of estrogen in experimental animals, humans, and in anorexic patients is presented, along with a suggestion that treatment of anorexics with progesterone, a hormone that blocks these effects of estrogen, might have a beneficial influence upon the outcome of anorexia nervosa.