cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of surface polarons

Abstract We investigate the possibility that an electron may be trapped at the surface of an ionic crystal by the electron-surface optical phonon interaction. For a model Hamiltonian used earlier in a discussion of the inelastic scattering of low energy electrons by surface optical phonons, we find that for all values of the polaron coupling constant α, this trapping does occur. We refer to these surface states as surface polaron states. By the use of a variational procedure, we calculate the surface polaron binding energy and effective mass as a function of α. The present treatment does not include the coupling of the electron to bulk LO phonons.
Subscription Normalization for Effective Content-Based Messaging

Efficient subscription summarization and event matching is key to the scalability of content-based publish/subscribe networks (CPSNs). Current summarization and event matching mechanisms based on subscription subsumption induce heavy event processing load on brokers degrading the performance of CPSNs especially under high rates of churn, i.e., addition, deletion, or modification of subscriptions. Yet, many modern CPS applications such as location-based services or algorithmic trading inherently rely on high frequency subscription changes. This paper describes Beretta, a dynamic CPSN which sustains high throughput and low event-propagation latencies even under a high frequency of subscription changes. Beretta leverages strong event typing and represents all subscriptions in a normalized form as combinations of value intervals and set inclusions without compromising on expressiveness. Beretta’s “split and subsume” broker algorithm reduces the complexity of matching an event from $O(K\,N)$ to $O(K\,\log \,N + |result|)$ , with $N$ being the number of subscriptions for the event type and $K$ the number of its attributes. Event types and normalization are exploited to split subscriptions into predicates on individual event types and attributes and to efficiently regroup these in segment trees and hash maps which yield excellent subsumption properties and support attribute-wise split filtering during event matching. Normalization enables the systematic introduction of parameters into subscriptions to support both parametric and structural updates. This paper also empirically demonstrates the performance improvements due to our techniques through realistic algorithmic trading and highway traffic monitoring benchmarks.
Sesquiterpene lactones of Neohintonia monantha

Abstract The aerial parts of Neohintonia monantha afforded a new liacylindrolide derivative, in addition to liacylindrolide itself which was previously isolated from Liatris cylindracea . The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
Bilingualism and Hispanic scholastic achievement: Some baseline results

Abstract The effects of background characteristics and language factors on scholastic achievement are estimated for four groups: Hispanic bilinguals, Hispanic English monolinguals, white bilinguals, and white English monolinguals. For both bilingual samples, proficiency in both English and the other language is positively related to achievement, but frequent use of the non-English language is negatively associated with achievement. The longer the family has resided in the United States, the lower school achievement. Although the process is generally similar for Hispanic bilinguals and other language minorities, some of the results suggest a specific handicap associated with Hispanic minority status.
Possible Role of the Thyroid and the Pituitary Glands in Sex-Linked Dwarfism in the Fowl1

The regressions of the log of anterior pituitary, thyroid, ovary and oviduct weight on body weight were not different between sexlinked dwarf and control chickens. Dwarf thyroids contained less colloid than control thyroids. Feeding of iodinated casein did not prevent the manifestations of dwarfism. Histologic examination of the anterior pituitaries of the dwarf chicks showed normal presumptive gonadotrophic and thyrotrophic cells. These pituitaries showed the frequent occurrence of small cells with secretory droplets; these cells sometimes had bilobed nuclei or were binucleated. The staining properties of these cells are given, and the possible functional relationship with dwarfism is discussed. (Endocrinology 78: 950, 1966)
Exercise testing early after myocardial infarction: predictive value for subsequent unstable angina and death.

Abstract Recently, modified treadmill exercise testing before hospital discharge has been reported to be safe in patients after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Accordingly, the frequency of treadmill exercise-induced abnormalities and their prognostic value were evaluated in 130 patients with uncomplicated myocardlal infarction. Seventy-eight patients (60 percent) had one or more treadmill exercise-induced abnormalities; 42 had S-T segment depression, 35 had angina and 17 had an inadequate blood pressure response. During the mean follow-up period of 11 months, 27 patients experienced unstable angina, 12 had a recurrent myocardlal infarction and 10 died of cardiac causes. Compared with patients with no exercise-induced abnormality, patients with S-T segment depression, angina pectoris or an inadequate blood pressure response had a significantly greater (p
The three steps to cancer: A new concept of cancerigenesis

Abstract A new theory of carcinogenesis is presented. It is based on the premise that the initial step in the development of cancer is injury by a carcinogen of the coding units in the specialized cells which direct or control the elaboration of a specific “product” or “function”. Carcinogens are varied and number in the thousands, yet the end result , following exposure to them by target stem cells, is always the same , i.e. unbridled cell multiplication with invasion and metastasis. There must be one common denominator which, as stated, is the injury of the coding units of the specialist cells. This is the first step toward cancer ; the carcinogen need no longer be present. The second is the uninhibited activity by a pertinent stimulator on functionally deficient cells which remain refractory to the demands for the differentiated “product” or “function”. However, the cells do remain responsive to the second aspect of the dual-roled stimulator, namely, the stimulus to divide. This results in hyperplasia and neoplasia. The events characterizing the third step are coincidental or accidental. There is cellular overcrowding, but the neovasculature is often initially or eventually inadequate. As a result, foci deficient in nutrients form, some cells die, and others become detached and thrive in the culture medium provided by the host through the rupture of capillaries, venules and/or arterioles, forming an area of hemorrhage and necrosis. Surviving cells become autonomous, anaplastic, cataplastic, cannibalistic, invasive and metastatic, i.e. cancer (Fig. 4). Since cancer is only possible in multicellular organisms, the author traces evolution of multicells from unicells. The latter are autonomous and cancer among them is a nonentity. The multicellular organism, on the other hand, is composed of inter-dependent organs, whose component cells are specialists by virtue of contained specific coding apparatuses. Concomitant with this development, an exquisitely sensitive “checks and balances” system of Inductors, Differentiators, Stimulators and Inhibitors, involving Neuroendocrine, Immune and other humeral factors evolved whereby harmonious orchestration of functions was attained and chaos avoided. The article includes clinical and experimental evidence in support of the thesis that the defective stem cell represents the initial step in the development of cancer. A discussion of the characteristics of the cancer cell follows, and an evaluation of the present modalities of treatment. Some of the shortcomings and failures are reviewed and suggestions for a completely different approach to therapy is presented. The essence of new therapy is the realization that cancer is not an infection, is not caused by foreign predators, but is the manifestation of the response of the body to its own, i.e. idiosomatic, predators. The cancer cell mass is not a cause but an effect, and its total eradication or destruction following spread is not feasible. The future may lie in measures which “reform”, rehabilitate and differentiate the anaplastic cell.
Alterations in growth phenotype and radiosensitivity after fractionated irradiation of breast carcinoma cells from a single patient.

Abstract Purpose : To investigate growth regulation and radiosensitivity in surviving clonogens after fractionated irradiation. Methods and Materials : Four breast carcinoma cell lines isolated from the primary tumor (21NT, 21PT) and metastases (21MT-1, 21MT-2) of a single patient were exposed to cumulative radiation doses of 30 Gy yielding cell lines designated -IR with respect to their parent. The irradiated lines were then compared to their parent for serum- and growth factor-requirements under defined media conditions, ability to proliferate in soft agar, concentration of TGF-alpha in conditioned medium, and radiosensitivity. Results : The irradiated lines showed no change in proliferative doubling times under serum- and growth factor supplemented media conditions. A single line, 21MT-1-IR, acquired a limited ability to proliferate in serum- and growth factor-deplete medium with a day 2–4 doubling time of 44.5 hr. Three lines, 21MT-1-IR, 21MT-2-IR, and 21NT-IR, formed colonies in soft agar in contrast to none of the unirradiated parent lines. There were significant 6–8 fold increases in conditioned media TGF-alpha concentrations for 21MT-2-IR and 21NT-IR cells. The 21MTl-IR and 21NT-IR cells were significantly less radiosensitive than their respective parent lines. This decrease in radiosensitivity appeared to be at least partially mediated by a released factor as the radiosensitivity of 21MT-1 cells was significantly decreased by pre-incubation with conditioned medium from 21MT-1-IR cells. Conclusion : Radiation-induced changes in growth phenotype vary with respect to clonal origin of the cell line and may influence the radiosensitivity of surviving clonogens after fractionated treatment.
Positions and movements of the mandible.

In order to evaluate abnormal form and function for the purpose of correction, it is necessary to understand normal anatomy, normal growth and normal function of the stomatognathic system. These and other aspects of the problems of occlusion were presented by John R. Thompson, Harry Sicher, Gosta Lindblom, Ernest R. Granger, Henry L. Beyron, Stanley C. Harris and Harold T . Perry at the post­ graduate course on “Analysis and Treatment of the Stomatognathic System,” North­ western University Dental School, April 1953. The articles appearing in this issue summarizing the course should serve as an indispensable guide to anyone desirous of extending his knowledge in this field.
Cultural tourism and creative regeneration: two case studies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of the creative city, the factors conditioning creativity in cities and how they stimulate urban innovation and local development. Furthermore, by way of examples, the paper aims to illustrate two emblematic case studies and the main elements which were considered for the sustainable urban regeneration.Design/methodology/approach – The paper gives both a theoretical contribution on the relationship between the creative regeneration and cultural tourism, and empirically illustrates two cases for comparative study. The case studies are explained taking care to present information and figures of interest for the purposes of the work, with useful data to implement project descriptions and draw appropriate conclusions.Findings – The research found that, in order to achieve the long‐term success of urban and cultural regeneration, the involvement and integration of the local community at all levels throughout the process, and the need to enhance and ...
Leaching of nickel, chromium, and beryllium ions from base metal alloy in an artificial oral environment

Abstract The use of base metal alloys in dentistry has gained wide popularity in recent years. However, claims of their safety have not been universally accepted. An artificial oral environment capable of reproducing three-dimensional forcemovement cycles of human mastication was used to determine whether nickel, chromium, and beryllium ions were leached from base metal alloy. Twelve pairs of crowns were articulated in the following combinations: metal versus metal, metal versus enamel, metal versus porcelain, and metal versus metal without chewing as a control. In a simulated 1-year period of mastication, the results showed that nickel and beryllium metals were released both by dissolution and occlusal wear. These findings suggest that if these conditions occur in the oral cavity, the stability of base-metal alloys is subject to question. Further studies are needed to determine whether the leaching reported has long-term consequences for patients receiving base metal restorations.
Vessel Sealing Using the Bipolar Electrosurgical Method

The electrosurgical sealing method has risen to prominence in recent years as more vessel sealing procedures are being conducted in minimally invasive surgery. Electrosurgical sealing works by applying electrical current to coagulate and denature proteins in the vessel, thereby creating a bond. In this study, experiments were conducted to seal 3 and 8 mm diameter vessels in a porcine model with a bipolar electrosurgical device and measure the electrical voltage and current, and temperature distribution in the vessel near the area of the seal. The vessel seal was modeled with finite element analysis (FEA) and compared to the experimental data. FEA allow for insight into the correlation of temperature to quality of the seal in the vessel. The maximum temperatures were 83°C and 63°C in the 3 and 8 mm vessels, respectively. Validation of the experimental results was attempted through the use of a simplified FEA model. The model showed similar thermal profiles near the electrode, but further downstream temperatures did not rise as fast as the experimental results. Further refinement to overcome limitations in the model is identified.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Reducing electronic multiplexing costs in SONET/WDM rings with dynamically changing traffic

In this paper, we consider traffic grooming in WDM/SONET ring networks when the offered traffic is characterized by a set of traffic matrices. Our objective is to minimize the cost of electronic add/drop multiplexers (ADMs) in the network, while being able to support any offered traffic matrix in a rearrangeably nonblocking manner. We provide several methods for reducing the required number of ADMs for an arbitrary class of traffic matrices. We then consider the special case where the only restriction on the offered traffic is a constraint on the number of circuits a node may source at any given time. For this case, we provide a lower bound on the number of ADMs required and give conditions that a network must satisfy in order for it to support the desired set of traffic patterns. Circuit assignment and ADM placement algorithms with performance close to this lower bound are provided. These algorithms are shown to reduce the electronic costs of a network by up to 27%. Finally, we discuss extensions of this work for supporting dynamic traffic in a wide-sense or strict sense nonblocking manner as well as the benefits of using a hub node and tunable transceivers. Much of this work relies on showing that these grooming problems can often be formulated as standard combinatorial optimization problems.
Collective Legitimization as a Political Function of the United Nations

As the United Nations has developed and as its role in world affairs has been adapted to the necessities and possibilities created and the limitations established by the changing realities of international politics, collective legitimization has emerged as one of its major political functions. By this I mean to suggest that the world organization has come to be regarded, and used, as a dispenser of politically significant approval and disapproval of the claims, policies, and actions of states, including, but going far beyond, their claims to status as independent members of the international system. In this essay I shall undertake to refine and elaborate this rough definition of collective legitimization and to discuss the performance of this role by the United Nations. It is essential in the beginning, however, to provide a foundation by offering some observations about the general problem of political legitimacy.
Sulfur-infiltrated porous carbon microspheres with controllable multi-modal pore size distribution for high energy lithium–sulfur batteries

Sulfur has received increasing attention as a cathode material for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity. However, the commercialization of Li–S batteries is limited by the challenges of poor electrical conductivity of sulfur, dissolution of the polysulfide intermediates into the electrolyte, and volume expansion of sulfur during cycling. Herein, we report the fabrication of novel-structured porous carbon microspheres with a controllable multi-modal pore size distribution, i.e., a combination of interconnected micropores, mesopores and macropores. Cathodes made of sulfur infiltrated in such a hierarchical carbon framework provide several advantages: (1) a continuous and high surface area carbon network for enhanced electrical conductivity and high sulfur loading; (2) macropores and large mesopores bridged by small mesopores to provide good electrolyte accessibility and fast Li ion transport and to accommodate volume expansion of sulfur; and (3) small mesopores and micropores to improve carbon/sulfur interaction and to help trap polysulfides. An initial discharge capacity at 1278 mA h g−1 and capacity retention at 70.7% (904 mA h g−1) after 100 cycles at a high rate (1 C) were achieved. The material fabrication process is relatively simple and easily scalable.
Finite-element analysis of temperature rise and lesion formation from catheter ultrasound ablation transducers

A model using finite-element analysis (FEA) has been developed to calculate the temperature rise in tissue from intracardiac ultrasound ablation catheters and to predict if this temperature rise is adequate for producing a lesion in the tissue. In the model, acoustic fields are simulated with Field II, and heat transfer is modeled with an FEA program. To validate the model, we compare its results to experimental results from an integrated, real-time three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound imaging and ultrasound ablation catheter. The ultrasound ablation transducer is a ring transmitting at 10 MHz capable of producing an acoustic intensity of 16 W/cm/sup 2/. It was used to ablate four lesions in tissue, and temperature rise as a function of time was monitored by embedded thermocouples. The average absolute difference between final temperatures predicted by FEA and those measured is 1.95 /spl plusmn/ 0.72/spl deg/C. Additionally, model and experimental lesion size are in good agreement. The model then is used to design a new ultrasound catheter with a 7.5 MHz linear phased array for ablation. Eight designs are modeled, and acoustic intensity, temperature rise, and ablation ability are compared.
Test of the Volume-of-Fluid Method on Simulations of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds

Abstract The impact of using grid-averaged thermodynamic properties (i.e., neglecting their subgrid variability due to partial cloudiness) to represent forcings for condensation or evaporation has long been recognized. In particular, numerical difficulties in terms of spurious oscillations and/or diffusion in vicinity of a cloud–environment interface have been encountered in most of the conventional finite-difference Eulerian advection schemes. This problem is equivalent to the inability of models to accurately track the cloud boundary within a grid cell, which eventually leads to spurious production or destruction of cloud water at leading or trailing edges of clouds. This paper employs a specialized technique called the “volume-of-fluid” (VOF) method to better parameterize the subgrid-scale advection process that accounts for the transport of material interfaces. VOF also determines the actual location of the partial cloudiness within a grid box. Consequently, relevant microphysical parameterizations in...
Persistent Radiographic Infiltrates in a Patient With Chronic Cough

(CHEST 2005; 128:1878–1881) A 47-year-old man with chronic renal failure was evaluated for 3 months of nonproductive cough. He also complained of mild breathlessness with exertion, but otherwise felt well. He denied fevers, chills, weight loss, and hemoptysis. He had no symptoms of sinus disease, asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux. A tuberculin skin test was nonreactive. The patient’s medical history included chronic renal failure caused by hypertension. He had been hemodialysis dependent for 4 years, and had been hospitalized twice for hypervolemia and hyperkalemia. His medications included minoxidil, labetalol, calcium acetate, and vitamins. Prior to the development of renal failure, the patient worked in construction. He denied use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs, and had no recent travel. On physical examination, the patient had an oxygen saturation of 94%. His lungs were clear, and his cardiac exam was normal. He had no lymphadenopathy, normal jugular venous pulsation, and no peripheral edema. Laboratory examination revealed a serum calcium of 9.5 mg/dL, a phosphorus of 5.2 mg/dL, and a hematocrit of 44%. A chest radiograph demonstrated bilateral patchy infiltrates (Fig 1). CT results corroborated these findings (Fig 2, 3).
Minimum variance adaptive speed estimation technique for vector control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator

This paper presents a novel sensor-less speed estimation technique applicable for vector control of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The proposed technique can substitute the use of speed sensors and rotor position measurements. The proposed method is based on online identification of system parameters that minimizes the speed estimation error using minimum variance controller based on the machine rotor currents. The paper explains about the design of the controller and small signal model of the DFIG for the controller design. The technique is validated both in MATLAB Simulink and Opal RT's Real Time simulation platform for a 2kW Doubly Fed Induction Machine setup.
The fine structure of secretory granules in submandibular glands of the rat during early postnatal development

The secretory end-pieces of the submandibular gland of rats during the first week of postnatal development are studied with regard to the fine structure of the secretion granules in these end-pieces. The terminal ends of the secretory ducts during this period consist of two types of cells; one cell is an acinar-type and the other is a duct-type found in the gland of adult rats. The secretion granules of the acinar-type cells are similar in appearance to those of the acinar cells in the gland of adult rats, and the structure of these granules remains the same throughout the week. However, granules widely different in appearance are present in the duct-type cells, and their structure varies in different cells as well as within a single cell at different stages of development. These granules contain unusual substructures which are not found in the secretion granules of adult rats, suggesting that the granules are transitory. Granules containing short tubular profiles are predominant in the gland of one day-old rats. A large number of granules in three day-old rats contain elongated tubules. More granules of widely different substructures are present in the gland of seven day-old rats than in the gland of younger rats. The matrix of the granules in seven day-old rats is of higher density than that of the granules in younger rats. In the dense matrix of these granules, less dense tubules form fingerprint-like or somewhat more irregular patterns.
β-Blockade in the perioperative management of the patient with cardiac disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery

Summary. The cardiology literature has suggested for decades that b-blockade protects patients with ischaemic heart disease. Extending this concept to perioperative patients initially produced promising results, with reductions in perioperative myocardial ischaemia and longer-term cardiovascular complications observed in several small randomized trials. However, subsequent larger trials have either shown no benefit or greater morbidity (especially stroke), despite reductions in cardiovascular events. Retrospective database analyses have confirmed or disputed these findings. Speciality societies, most importantly, the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation, have promulgated guidelines for perioperative b-blockade, which have been revised, as the evidence has changed. While the European guidelines continue to emphasize perioperative b-blockade in high-risk patients, the American guidelines have reduced the strength and breadth of recommendations, focusing on haemodynamic titration. Future work will need to focus on identifying populations most likely to benefit or to be harmed, including pharmacogenetic analyses and distinctions between individual b-blockers.
Conceptual and Functional Diversity of the Ombudsman Institution: A Classification

This article identifies and examines various types of the ombudsman institution that have evolved over the years, provides a clear and systematic classification of these models, and compares and co...
Bacteriophage-encoded bacterial virulence factors and phage-pathogenicity island interactions.

Abstract The role of bacteriophages as natural vectors for some of the most potent bacterial toxins is well recognized and includes classical type I membrane-acting superantigens, type II pore-forming lysins, and type III exotoxins, such as diphtheria and botulinum toxins. Among Gram-negative pathogens, a novel class of bacterial virulence factors called effector proteins (EPs) are phage encoded among pathovars of Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Salmonella enterica. This chapter gives an overview of the different types of virulence factors encoded within phage genomes based on their role in bacterial pathogenesis. It also discusses phage–pathogenicity island interactions uncovered from studies of phage-encoded EPs. A detailed examination of the filamentous phage CTXϕ that encodes cholera toxin is given as the sole example to date of a single-stranded DNA phage that encodes a bacterial toxin.
Modified Maxillary Osteotomy With Distraction to Preserve Velopharyngeal Function in the Cleft Patients

Statement: Patients with cleft palates have significanlty narrow anterior-posterior dimensions of the pharynx at the level of the maxillary plane and narrowest dimensions at the level of the hyoid, as compared to non cleft palate patients. The anatomically narrow upper airways in these patients place them at increase risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Maxillary mandibular advancement (MMA) surgery is an effective method of treating OSA. Although MMA has been found to be effective in treatment of OSA, it places patients with cleft palates at an increased risk for velopharyngeal dysfunction. Some investigators have demonstrated that velopharyngeal function is adversely affected during maxillary advancement in the cleft palate patients. We present a series of cases in which a modified maxillary osteotomy was devised to enable MMA and concurrently minimizing changes in their velopharygeal function. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study that enrolled cleft palate and cleft lip patients. Inclusion criteria include patients that have had prior repair of cleft palate and or cleft lip, have a hypoplastic maxilla in the anterior-posterior dimension. Patients enrolled in the study, underwent comprehensive work up which included CT scan, and fabrication of stereolythic models. Cephalometric and model surgery were completed to predict the direction and the distance of the movements required. All patients had preoperative evaluation of their velopharyngeal function. Patients underwent a modified Le Fort 1 osteotomy with placement of KLS Martin unidirectional maxillary distractors. Once the planned distraction distance had been attained, the distractors were removed after consolidation. Postoperative clinical evaluation was used to determine changes in velopharyngeal function. Method of Data Analysis: Standard descriptive statistics were used to examine the distribution of key variables. Results: Patients who underwent distraction of the maxilla via the modified Lefort 1 osteotomy demonstrated an average advancement of 8mm. Clinical examination and naso-pharyngoscopy revealed no detrimental changes to their velopharyngeal function. Conclusion: The modified osteotomy allows for maxillary advancement without adversely affecting the patients velopharyngeal function.
Phonological features and their phonetic correlates

There is nothing very new about the idea that speech sounds can be classified in terms of a limited number of features. Phonetic taxonomies have existed from the times of the earliest grammarians; and traditional consonant charts can be viewed as attempts to classify sounds in terms of features of place and manner of production. But with the development of the Prague school of phonology (Trubetzkoy, 1939) and the subsequent work of Jakobson and his collaborators (Jakobson, 1962; Jakobson, Fant and Halle, 1951; Jakobson and Halle, 1956) the discussion of the distinctive features of speech came to have more importance. As a result of the more recent work of Chomsky and Halle (1968), the role of distinctive features within phonological theory has become even more crucial. This paper will review the nature of phonological features in general, and will suggest a particular set of features which it might be appropriate to use in phonological descriptions of languages.
Status of silicon carbide power technology

Silicon carbide is a nearly ideal material for power switching devices and diodes. SiC has the potential to change the design, topology and circuits used in power electronics-especially where space, weight, power density and thermal management issues dominate. The compelling physical properties of SiC lead to exceptional performance: a ten fold higher breakdown voltage than silicon, ten-fold lower on-state resistance, a ten-fold higher switching speed, operational temperature and near immunity from snap-back. This paper examines the current status of SiC power semiconductor technology.
The interaction of symmetry and verbal codability inchildren's reconstruction of spatial configurations

Although the physical organization of spatial information clearly influences how it is recognized, recalled, and mentally transformed, few studies have explored how different levels of organization interact. This study focused on 4- and 6-year-old children's memory for spatial configurations and examined the relative influence of two levels of organization: symmetry (vertical, horizontal, or none) and codability (verbal or nonverbal). We predicted that the influence of symmetry would be less pronounced among the older children for whom the patterns were more codable. The results partially supported this prediction: Older children's reconstructions were accurate regardless of pattern symmetry; younger children's reconstructions of vertically-symmetric patterns were more accurate than their reconstructions of horizontally-symmetric and asymmetric patterns. Taken together, the results revealed an interaction between age and symmetry on the accuracy of children's reconstructions, suggesting that younger children were more sensitive than older children to differences in pattern symmetry. Thus, different levels of organization may influence children's ability to recall spatial information and the relative influence of these levels may change during development.
Substrate noise modeling in early floorplanning of MS-SOCs

We propose a frequency-dependent sensitivity model for analog blocks and a noise injection model for digital blocks in application to early design planning of mixed-signal system-on-chips (MS-SOCs). We assume no precise layout information about IP cores is available. We also propose an empirical formula for separation-dependent coupling between large-area noisy ports and small-area sensitive ports for lightly-doped substrates that are preferred for mixed-signal circuits. The interaction between digital and analog blocks is incorporated into our floorplanner, which reduces the overall noise and the number of analog blocks with noise limit violations. Experimental results on examples created from MCNC floorplanning benchmarks are very encouraging.
Snowmelt runoff modelling in an arid mountain watershed, Tarim Basin, China

The feasibility of simulating daily snowmelt runoff in an arid mountain watershed with limited hydro-meteorological measurements was explored with an enhanced temperature-index snowmelt runoff model (SRM) in which the degree-day factor (DDF) is varied on the basis of shortwave solar radiation and snow albedo. The model satisfactorily simulated snowmelt runoff with a model efficiency of 0·64 for the calibration year and efficiency values of 0·78 and 0·51 for two validation years. Analysis indicated that the model was sensitive to lapse rate and snow albedo parameterization. The distinct seasonal variation of lapse rate played a key role for successful simulation. Snow albedo parameterization, which directly scaled snow cover percentage into snow albedo, worked quite well for the watershed although further validation is needed. Eight-day snow cover data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to feed the model. A frequency filter, which filtered out the clouds and large fluctuation of snow cover from the MODIS snow cover data, also improved model performance. The model, however, did not simulate peak stream flows well as most of the model runs underestimated them. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking District of Columbia Venue in Voting Rights Preclearance Actions

In 2013 the Supreme Court in Shelby County v. Holder vitiated the preclearance provision of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, Section 5, by declaring unconstitutional the coverage provision of Section 4. What garnered virtually no attention in the decision or subsequent proposals to amend the preclearance provision was the requirement in Section 5 that applications for judicial preclearance must be filed before a three-judge district court in the District of Columbia. This essay argues that this exclusive venue in DC be revisited in the statutory efforts to revive preclearance. Venue of such actions in DC was a controversial issue when preclearance was first passed, and its initial reauthorizations, but the controversy eventually faded. This essay argues that the debate should be revived. The original reasons for exclusive venue are no longer sound or necessary today. There is no present need for reasons of uniformity or expertise to vest exclusive venue of preclearance actions in DC, and should Section 5 be statutorily revised, the jurisprudence under that provision could benefit from the application of normal venue rules, which would permit percolation of issues in federal courts throughout the country. It might also make the revival of some sort of preclearance more politically palatable. Preclearance enforcement actions were already litigated outside of DC, and there are good reasons to extend all future preclearance litigation in the same way.
Analysis of Cookstove Change-Out Projects Seeking Carbon Credits

The Environmental Sustainability Clinic at the University of Minnesota Law School produced this report in May 2011. Cookstove change-out projects in developing nations seek to replace open fire burning with more efficient cookstove technology. This report analyzes the characteristics of cookstove projects that are seeking to obtain carbon credits as a result of emissions reductions achieved through the stove replacement. The report identified 43 cookstove projects that have applied for or obtained carbon credits. Some of the key findings of the report are as follows: (1) most projects seek credits on the voluntary exchange market rather through the market created incident to the Kyoto protocol; (2) projects almost uniformly use replacement stove technology that more efficiently burns biomass rather than stoves that would require the user to a switch to other forms of fuel; (3) the timing for accomplishing estimated emissions reductions is strongly correlated to the scale of the project; and (4) stove price, costs and subsidies vary widely among projects.
“May you overcome your obstacles”: reconsidering Pedro Almodóvar's Hable con ella/Talk to Her (2002) through the disability studies lens

ABSTRACTBeginning with its initial sequence, impaired perception emerges as a central motif of Pedro Almodovar's Hable con ella/Talk to Her (2002). This is especially evident in those scenes that contribute toward our awareness of the psychopathic condition – arguably a disability – that gives way to the character Benigno's gross misreading of an impossible romantic relationship with his comatose patient, Alicia. Though left as an unresolved matter in the diegesis, this implied psychological disorder parallels a dynamic at play in our own perceptive experience as spectators of the film. Almodovar's drama provokes a muddled, even contradictory, vision of Benigno as both hero (caring nurse) and villain (rapist), not to mention as a victim himself – a social misfit, for one, but also (and though it cannot excuse his crimes) a person with a potentially untreated cognitive disability. This essay will frame this film's diverse iterations of blurred vision in relation to its heretofore unexamined problematizatio...
Taking the headache out of migraine

Migraine is a disease that contributes to major disability. Perhaps because migraine attacks are not immediately life-threatening per se and individuals return to a "normal" state between attacks, it is not taken seriously. However, migraine is associated with a number of comorbidities, including psychiatric disease, stroke, and other chronic pain disorders. Current acute treatments for episodic migraine are relatively effective, but preventive treatments for episodic and chronic migraine are far less so. Recent functional imaging studies have shown that the disease affects brain function and structure (either as a result of its genetic predisposition or as a result of repeated attacks). The current evidence in the pain field is that changes observed in brain function and structure may be reversible, adding credence to the notion that treating the disease aggressively and early may be beneficial to patients. Here we suggest a change in our approach to a disease that is currently not treated with the urgency that it deserves given its global prevalence, disease burden, and effects on brain function.
Mechanisms and clinical significance of circadian rhythms in children

Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated rhythms with a period length of about 24 hours. A biologic clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei is responsible for the generation of circadian rhythms. Notable examples of the circadian rhythms include the sleep-wake cycle and rhythms in hormone production. Abnormalities of the circadian system include biologic clock lesions that result in arrhythmic behavior and irregular sleep patterns. Abnormalities of the circadian system also occur when there is desynchronization of clock phase with that of the outside world, resulting in conditions such as "jet-lag." Numerous aspects of human physiology are greatly influenced by the time of day, as is the pathogenesis of illness. During development, the circadian system becomes functional at early stages and is regulated by photic information. With the continued elucidation of circadian system influences on human physiology and illness, it is anticipated that circadian biology will have an increasingly important impact on the clinical care of children.
The platysma window: an anatomically safe, efficient, and easily reproducible approach to neck contour in the face lift.

Background:The cornerstone of the face lift is neck contour. The pursuit of reliable and reproducible results has led plastic surgeons to investigate a multitude of different approaches. Unfortunately, addressing neck contour can lead to complications such as injury to the great auricular nerve. The
Parents' Presumed Persuasion Knowledge of Children's Advergames: The Influence of Advertising Disclosure Modality and Cognitive Load

ABSTRACTResearch indicates that parents have a limited understanding of advergames. This study examines the effects of advertising disclosures and cognitive load on parents' activation of persuasion knowledge for a children's advergame. While parents exposed to any advertising disclosure reported higher levels of persuasion knowledge, a single-modality disclosure resulted in more persuasion knowledge activation than a dual-modality disclosure. Additionally, parents who experienced more cognitive load during advergame play reported less persuasion knowledge than parents who experienced less cognitive load. In support of and in contrast to extant literature, our findings offer both theoretical and managerial implications.
The Space of Human Shapes.

The human form has been the dominant subject of painters and sculptors for millennia. It is the shape we are most attuned to, the one most important to recognize and to build our environments around. Modeling this shape and the way it moves has been a grand challenge in computer science. This task is one of the main components of the graphics Turing test: can a machine fool an observer into thinking the synthetic projection of a moving, talking person is real. In this talk, I present strides taken in the direction of modeling realistic, time-varying human shape. These strides are formed around the premise that realism depends on samples from reality. The capacity to sample the shape of the real world has grown dramatically in recent years with the advent of fast, reliable imaging sensors and controllable illumination sources. Using existing shape scanners, I will describe how my collaborators and I have developed tools for modeling how a human shape varies over time and how body shape varies across a population. I will also present recent work on modeling the most challenging part of a human: the face. For this task, we have developed a completely new shape scanner that enables us to capture a moving face at high spatio-temporal resolution. To illustrate the success of these shape capture and modeling methods, I will give live demonstrations of interactive human body modeling and three-dimensional video reconstructions of a human face. Finally, I will discuss open problems on the frontiers of digital human modeling.
Consumer Choice Between Hedonic and Utilitarian Recovery Options in Service Failures: A Mood Regulation Perspective

The need for affect regulation can be explained by the hedonic principle which states that people are motivated to approach pleasure and avoid pain. Mood maintenance theories (e.g., Isen and Means 1983) indicate that a positive mood is more likely to trigger immediate affect regulation compared to a negative mood. In contrast, mood repair theories (e.g., Tice, Bratslavsky, and Baumeister 2001) argue that people who feel upset (vs. happy) are more likely to regulate immediate affect in order to repair their mood. Building on the motivational hierarchy perspective of the 3M Model (Mowen 2000), we propose that individuals’ need to improve their mood as prompted by their regulatory focus may determine their tendency to engage in immediate affect regulation. In particular, our framework suggests that the difference in the need for mood repair experienced by promotion- and prevention-focused consumers may influence their choice between a hedonic and a utilitarian service recovery alternative. The regulatory fit state arising from these choices is then predicted to enhance loyalty behavior toward the service provider.
Prior Bariatric Surgery Is Linked to Improved Colorectal Cancer Surgery Outcomes and Costs: A Propensity-Matched Analysis

Morbid obesity is associated with worse colorectal cancer (CRC) perioperative outcomes. The impact of bariatric surgery on these outcomes is unknown. The National Inpatient Sample Database (2006–2012) was used to identify adults with prior bariatric surgery (divided into BMI ≤35 kg/m2 and BMI >35 kg/m2) or morbid obesity that underwent CRC surgery. Main outcomes were mortality, surgical complications and health care utilization. There were 1813 patients with prior bariatric surgery and 22,552 morbidly obese patients that underwent CRC surgery between 2006 and 2012. Prior bariatric surgery patients were younger, with fewer comorbidities, and had less emergency CRC surgery admissions (p < 0.05). Multivariate analyses revealed no adverse association (OR 0.54, 95 % CI = 0.16 to 1.79) between prior bariatric surgery and CRC perioperative mortality. Notably, multivariate analysis revealed that bariatric surgery patients undergoing CRC surgery had fewer accidental surgical lacerations (OR 0.38, 95 % CI = 0.15 to 0.93), shorter hospitalizations (−1.85 days, 95 % CI = 2.03 to 1.67), decreased total hospital costs (US$−5374, 95 % CI = −5935 to −4813) and lower disposition to short-term rehabilitation facilities (OR 0.65, 95 % CI = −0.43 to 0.97). Propensity score matched analysis validated these reductions in surgical complications and health care utilization in bariatric surgery patients, which were further more pronounced when bariatric surgery patients were restricted to BMI ≤35 kg/m2. Analysis of national-level data demonstrates that prior bariatric surgery is associated with fewer colorectal cancer surgical complications and improved health care resource utilization compared to morbidly obese patients. These findings emphasize and extend the therapeutic effect of bariatric surgery to the colorectal cancer perioperative setting.
Scattering Matrix Measurements Of Oceanic Hydrosols

Measurements have been made of the light scattering properties, including all polarization effects, ofoseveralocultured samples of phytoplankton. The range of scattering angles is from 8° to 168°. The measurements indicate the extent to which these phytoplankton may be regarded as spherical particles with respect to their light scattering properties.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Financial Analysis on Retirement Implications for Women

This study addresses some aspects of the financial impact on women under the Social Security benefits reform or redistribution. This paper presents a preliminary result of the study. A multiple decrement model (LL Model) is developed based on a proxy population of U.S. women and its demographic projection. Social Security benefits under current policy rules are then assigned to each sample unit in the resulting proxy population. The authors then compare aggregate benefit entitlement figures under current policies to figures obtained when potential policy change is implemented. For example, one potential policy change is the proposed "de-coupled allocation" policy, which involves changing the current benefit loss (ranging from 33-50%) upon spousal death to 40% in order to redistribute wealth and to help alleviate poverty in elderly widows. The analysis of the authors shows that this redistribution is more equitable for "de-coupled allocation", of which the gross effect would not significantly increase Social Security payments. The redistribution also seeks to improve the financial condition of the American senior citizens who live below the poverty line.