cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE REACTION OF PHENYLNITROMETHANE WITH ACETIC ANHYDRIDE/SODIUM ACETATE

Abstract Reaction of phenylnitromethane with acetic anhydride/sodium acetate at 80–85° produces N-benzoyl-N,O-diacetylhydroxylamine, which can be isolated in 30% yield. This compound was proposed previously as an intermediate in a similar reaction which had yielded only benzoic anhydride, triacetylhydroxylamine and acetanilide.
Decomposability and embeddability of discretely Henselian division algebras

LetF be a discretely Henselian field of rank one, with residue fieldk a number field, and letD/F be anF-division algebra. We conduct an exhaustive study of the decomposability of an arbitraryD. Specifically, we prove the following:D has a semiramified (SR)F-division subalgebra if and only ifD has a totally ramified (TR) subfield. However, there may be TR subfields not contained in any SR subalgebra. IfD has prime-power index, thenD is decomposable if and only ifD properly contains a SR division subalgebra. Equivalently,D has a decomposable Sylow factor if and only if ii(D⊗n)≠1/ni(D) for somen dividing the period ofD, that is, if and only if the index fails to mimic the behavior of the period ofD. There exists indecomposableD with prime-power periodp2 and indexp3. Every proper division subalgebra ofD is indecomposable. Conversely, every indecomposableF-division algebra ofp-power index embeds properly in someD ofp-power index if and only ifk does not have a certain strengthened form of class field theory’s Special Case. Semiramified division algebras and division algebras of odd index always properly embed. Finally, these results apply to an extent overk(t), and we prove that there exist indecomposablek(t)-division algebras of periodp2 and indexp3, solving an open problem of Saltman.
Diagenetic history of Cambrian quartzarenites, Ras Dib Zeit Bay area, Gulf of Suez, eastern desert, Egypt

Abstract In the northern corner of the El Zeit range, 370 m of sandstone overlie Precambrian granite and underlie Cretaceous marine strata. The sandstones include the marine Lower Cambrian(?) Araba Formation and the overlying, dominantly fluvial, Upper Cambrian(?) Naqus Formation. The framework compositions of both sandstones are almost entirely quartz, with trace amounts of muscovite, K-feldspar and heavy minerals. Up to 21% oversize pores, some filled with younger cements, attest to extensive dissolution loss of detrital grains. Because the final mineralogical maturation of these quartzarenites reflects diagenesis, they are diagenetic quartzarenites. During burial diagenesis, the introduction of up to 8% quartz cement (inhomogeneously distributed, mean = 3%) was followed by local, pore-occluding calcite cement, which halted compaction. Sandstones without calcite cement underwent additional mechanical and chemical compaction sufficient to develop sutured quartz grain contacts and reduce porosity (∼27%). These events were followed by: (1) extensive dissolution loss of carbonate cement, detrital feldspars, micas, and heavy minerals; (2) formation of local patches of kaolinite (mean = 3%); and (3) formation of extensive iron-oxide cements, including specular hematite. These features suggest extensive invasion by oxidizing meteoric water. The timing of this event can only be dated as post-Cambrian(?) and pre-Cenomanian. Some outcrop samples contain pore-occluding gypsum cement, or mixtures of gypsum and halite. Sr87/Sr86 ratios of four samples of gypsum cement have values (0.7079 and 0.7085) that indicate Miocene and slightly younger seawater. Evaporites were evidently leached by modern meteoric water from nearby outcrops of Miocene and younger marine evaporite-bearing strata, transported in surface and ground water to the topographically low terrain where the Cambrian sandstones crop out, and reprecipitated by evaporation. Initial primary porosity (45%) was reduced to ∼27% by compaction in sands with minor quartz cement; compaction ceased where calcite was precipitated. Subsequent dissolution of some calcite cement and unstable detrital grains generated considerable secondary porosity.
Two-photon laser spectroscopy of the ns' and nd' autoionizing Rydberg series in xenon.

We have studied the odd-parity autoionizing levels in xenon by two-photon laser spectroscopy from the 6s${[(3/2)]}_{2}$ metastable level via various J=1,2 6p' intermediate levels. Observed Rydberg series are ns'${[1/2]}_{0}$,1, nd'${[(3/2)]}_{1}$,2, and nd'${[(5/2)]}_{2}$,3 with n ranging to, in some cases, ng80. This is the first observation of J\ensuremath{\ne}1 odd-parity autoionization in xenon. These spectra are notable for the absence of the very intense, broad transitions to nd'${[(3/2)]}_{1}$ which dominate photoabsorption from the J=0 ground state. We here present energy-level measurements for 140 levels. These extensive new data should be useful for further multichannel quantum-defect theory analysis of xenon.
Decentralization of Human Resource Management Driving Forces and Implications

In the past two decades, decentralization ofh uman resources management has been one ofthe themes of administrative reform. While a lot of research has been conducted at the federal level, less of ...
A parallel adaptive numerical scheme for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws

We generalize the first author’s adaptive numerical scheme for scalar first order conservation laws to systems of equations in one space dimension. The resulting numerical method generates highly nonuniform, time-dependent grids, and hence is difficult to execute efficiently on vector computers such as the Cray or Cyber 205. In contrast, we show that this type of algorithm may be executed in parallel on alternate computer architectures. We describe a parallel implementation of the algorithm on the Denelcor HEP, a multiple-instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) shared memory parallel computer. This program dynamically partitions the problem domain so as to achieve effective load balancing among the available processes.
Mentoring in academia: An examination of the experiences of protégés of color.

Abstract This study examines the mentoring experiences of African, Hispanic, and Native-American proteges in an academic setting. In doing so we consider whether surface-level and deep-level similarity are related to relationship satisfaction and perceived levels of support. Specifically, we consider whether for proteges of color, having a mentor who is also of color and/or who is perceived as having similar values is positively associated with satisfaction and support. Additionally, we examine from the perspective of those who mentor proteges of color, whether their relationship satisfaction is associated with having a protege who is similar or different with regards to race/ethnicity and perceived value similarity. Finally, we consider the mediating roles of interpersonal comfort and commitment. Our results indicate that graduate students of color receive more psychosocial and instrumental support from, and are more satisfied with mentors of color. Further, interpersonal comfort and commitment mediate the relationships between surface and deep-level similarity and mentoring outcomes.
The Caenorhabditis elegans autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease gene homologs lov-1 and pkd-2 act in the same pathway.

Abstract Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) strikes 1 in 1000 individuals and often results in end-stage renal failure. Mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2 account for 95% of all cases [1–3]. It has recently been demonstrated that polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 (encoded by PKD1 and PKD2, respectively) assemble to form a cation channel in vitro [4]. Here we determine that the Caenorhabditis elegans PKD1 and PKD2 homologs, lov-1 [5] and pkd-2 , act in the same pathway in vivo. Mutations in either lov-1 or pkd-2 result in identical male sensory behavioral defects. Also, pkd-2;lov-1 double mutants are no more severe than either of the single mutants, indicating that lov-1 and pkd-2 act together. LOV-1::GFP and PKD-2::GFP are expressed in the same male-specific sensory neurons and are concentrated in cilia and cell bodies. Cytoplasmic, nonnuclear staining in cell bodies is punctate, suggesting that one pool of PKD-2 is localized to intracellular membranes while another is found in sensory cilia. In contrast to defects in the C. elegans autosomal recessive PKD gene osm-5 [6–8], the cilia of lov-1 and pkd-2 single mutants and of lov-1;pkd-2 double mutants are normal as judged by electron microscopy, demonstrating that lov-1 and pkd-2 are not required for ultrastructural development of male-specific sensory cilia.
Demand Assigned Multiple Access Systems Using Collision Type Request Channels: Traffic Capacity Comparisons

The traffic carrying capabilities of demand assigned multiple access (DAMA) systems in which requests for communication circuits are transmitted over shared collision type channels to a master controller are investigated. The circuit request protocol permits both busy and blocked responses in addition to circuit allocations. The theoretically maximum traffic capacity is determined and it is shown that even very simple systems of this type can achieve efficient bandwidth utilization in realistic situations.
Early to late switch in bacteriophage T7 development: functional decay of T7 early messenger RNA.

Abstract Infection of ultraviolet light-irradiated Escherichia coli with T7 phage in the presence of chloramphenicol results in synthesis of T7 early messenger RNA but not late mRNA. T7 early mRNA accumulates in terms of acid-insoluble, T7 DNA-hybridizable RNA. However, messenger activity of the same RNA decays rapidly with a half-life of about 6.5 minutes at 30 °C when tested for the ability to direct in vitro protein synthesis. This functional decay of T7 early mRNA is attributable to a loss of structural integrity of the RNA. Polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis shows that T7 early mRNAs are cleaved, generating smaller-size RNAs. Kinetics of the appearance of T7-specific RNA polymerase, one of the early gene products, during normal T7 infection show that the capacity of the cells to produce the enzyme decays very rapidly when early mRNA synthesis is terminated either by rifampicin or by a natural mechanism programmed by T7. Preferential synthesis of late proteins in the presence of chemically stable early mRNA late in T7 infection may be explained by the observed functional decay of early mRNA.
Overexpression, Single-Step Purification, and Site-Directed Mutagenetic Analysis of Casbene Synthase

Abstract Casbene synthase is a diterpene cyclase isolated from castor bean (Ricinus communisL), which catalyzes the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to form the phytoalexin casbene. We here report the overexpression of casbene synthase inEscherichia coliin soluble form using a thioredoxin fusion system. The amplified DNA by PCR carried on pCS7 was inserted into the expression vector pET32b(+) to form pCAS.2. The resulting transformants of pCAS.2/BL21(DE3) produced a thioredoxin casbene synthase fusion protein (20–30% of total soluble protein) when induced with isopropyl β- d -thiogalactopyranoside at 20°C. Recombinant casbene synthase was purified to homogeneity in a single step with a His-binding metal-affinity column. Casbene synthase has a conserved aspartate-rich region [amino acids 355–359 (DDTID)], one cysteine, and three histidines with several prenyl transferases and terpene cyclases. Seven mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The importance of Asp 355 and Asp 356 for catalysis was established by an increase inKmas well as a reduction inkcatin the corresponding glutamate mutants. These results indicate that the first and the second aspartate are involved in catalysis, while the third aspartate and the conserved cysteine and histidine residues selected for mutagenesis appear not to be involved in catalysis.
Pathogenic and Protective Relations in Alcoholic Families (II): Ritual Invasion, Shame, ACOA Traits, and Problem Drinking in Adult Offspring

ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between the perception of ritual disruption by parental alcohol abuse in the family of origin and shame-based characteristics in adult offspring. The Ritual Invasion Scale was found to be related to self-reported depression, internalized shame, adult children of alcoholics traits, and problem drinking behavior.
Dna Relatedness Among Wild and Domesticated Species in the Aspergillus Flavus Group

The aflatoxin-producing fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus show many phenotypic similarities with the nonaflatoxigenic species A. oryzae and A. sojae which are widely used in food fermenta...
Teaching with multimedia: example and issues

Recent advancements in desktop-computer multimedia coupled with lower prices have increased the use of this form of educational technology in engineering programs around the country. An example of a self-paced, multimedia module, developed to highlight stream discharge measurements, serves to illustrate what is possible at relatively low prices using midrange desktop computers. The proliferation of such examples, however, raises larger issues that merit discussion in the engineering education community: Who should develop these materials? How should they be incorporated into the classroom? Will faculty find their efforts jeopardize their promotion and tenure opportunities?
Halting the Fires

Halting the Fires.Produced by Channel 4, England. Directed by Octavio Bezerra. (Nexus/Hamburg 1990 Television Production). VHS Video. 52 minutes. Color. Two parts. Narrated in English with subtitles used for interviews. Available from: Filmakers Library, 124 East 40th Street, New York, New York 10016. (212)808–4980.
The Vibrational Spectra and Structure of Crystalline Oxanilide

Laser Raman and infrared spectra of crystalline oxanilide have been investigated in the region 4000 to 40 cm−1. Spectral features support a trans configuration for the molecule. Vibrational coupling between the two phenyl groups is observed to be negligible. The fundamental frequencies identified in the spectra are tentatively assigned to approximate amide and phenyl modes.
Presence, Absence, and the Presently-Absent: Ethics and the Pedagogical Possibilities of Photographs

One of the fundamental pedagogical questions in teaching about human rights, war, and global citizenship is how to educate students to care about strangers whom they may never know and whom they may assume they have nothing in common with. At its core, this is an ethical question that highlights a problem in articulating relations between self and other. This article proposes a type of deconstructive literacy that uses photographs depicting suffering to address how viewers can consider their responsibilities to other people in a world marked by violence. Critiquing normative pedagogical methods that use the visual power of photographs to impose ethics upon viewers, I outline how what I term a hauntagogical approach provides an opportunity for an emergent ethical relation between a viewer and the viewed. Suggestions for foundations approaches to pedagogy are considered.
IgE-reactive proteins from Stachybotrys chartarum.

Background Stachybotrys chartarum has been associated with idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage in infants. This is thought to be mycotoxin-related. There are increasing numbers of reports linking this fungus to the indoor environment of patients with other pulmonary problems, including allergies and asthma. Objective Given the potential significance of this fungus as a pulmonary pathogen, this work evaluates the antigenic proteins of S. chartarum as to their molecular size and the prevalence of immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG directed against them in the general population. Methods S. chartarum was isolated from a local home. S. chartarum for extract production was grown on minimum salts and glucose. Plasma from 132 healthy individuals was evaluated for IgE and IgG directed against S. chartarum using direct and inhibition enzyme immunoassay. The number and molecular size of those proteins that were bound by IgE from pooled sera known to contain IgE to S. chartarum were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting. Results Enzyme immunoassay indicated 65 of 132 (49.2%) sera tested contained IgG against S. chartarum and 13 of 139 (9.4%) sera tested contained IgE against S. chartarum . Pooled sera identified two IgE-binding proteins from extracts of S. chartarum spores and mycelia. These proteins are 34 and 52 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblot. Conclusions We conclude sensitivity to S. chartarum is potentially much more widespread than previously appreciated. This fungus may impact the asthmatic and allergic population through both immunologic and toxic mechanisms. Its significance in the milieu of allergenic fungi may need to be re-evaluated.
Physiological Constraints on Deceleration During the Aerocapture of Manned Vehicles

The peak deceleration load allowed for aerobraking of manned vehicles is a critical parameter in planning future excursions to Mars. However, considerable variation exists in the limits used by various investigators. The goal of this study was to determine the most appropriate level for this limit. Methods: Since previous U.S. space flights have been limited to 84 days duration, Soviet flight results were examined. Published details of Soviet entry trajectories were not available. However, personal communication with Soviet cosmonauts suggested that peak entry loads of 5-6 G had been encountered upon return from 8 months in orbit. Soyuz entry capsule's characteristics were established and the capsule's entry trajectory was numerically calculated. The results confirm a peak load of 5 to 6 G. Results: Although the Soviet flights were of shorter duration than expected Mars missions, evidence exists that the deceleration experience is applicable. G tolerance has been shown to stabilize after 1 to 3 months in space if adequate countermeasures are used. The calculated Soyuz deceleration histories are graphically compared with those expected for Mars aerobraking. Conclusions: Previous spaceflight experience supports the use of a 5 G limit for the aerocapture of a manned vehicle at Mars.
Recruiting distributed resources for grid resilience: The need for transparency

Technologies for distributed energy resources including renewable generation, advanced inverters, electric storage, vehicle charging and load controls are rapidly maturing. To date, increasing penetration levels especially of solar DG and electric vehicles are primarily seen as a challenge to the legacy distribution infrastructure. In the long run, of course, distributed resources should serve as an asset to the grid: not only to optimize environmental and economic performance under expected operating conditions, but perhaps even more importantly to support a resilient grid, or islanded portions thereof, in the face of extreme events and emergencies. This panel presentation argues that a crucial step toward this goal is to improve the visibility and transparency of distribution systems. Smart operational decisions, whether reconfiguring network topology or dispatching diverse micro-resources, hinge on situational awareness, or an accurate reading of network conditions. This presentation will discuss physical monitoring and data analysis, including the use of high-precision synchrophasors (PMUs), to help expand the range of options for operating flexible and resourceful distribution systems under uncertain and changing conditions.
Preparation of 7-hydroxy-2-oxoindolin-3-ylacetic acid and its [13C2], [5-n-3H], and [5-n-3H]-7-O-glucosyl analogues for use in the study of indol-3-yl-acetic acid catabolism

An improved synthesis of 7-hydroxy-2-oxoindolin-3-ylacetic acid via the base-induced condensation reaction between oxalate esters and 7-benzyloxyindolin-2-one is described. 7-Benzyloxyindolin-2-one was prepared in four steps and 50% overall yield from 3-hydroxy-2-nitrotoluene. The yield of the title compound from 7-benzyloxyindolin-2-one was 56%. This route was used to prepare 7-hydroxy-2-oxoindolin-3-yl[13C2]acetic acid in 30% yield from [13C2]oxalic acid dihydrate. The method could not be extended to the preparation of the corresponding [14C2]-compound. However, an enzyme preparation from Zea mays roots catalysed the conversion of carrier-free [5-n-3H]indol-3-ylacetic acid with a specific activity of 16.7 Ci mmol-1 to a mixture of 7-hydroxy-2-oxo[5-n-3H]indolin-3-ylacetic acid and its [5-n-3H]-7-O-glucoside in ca. 3 and 40% radiochemical yield respectively. The glucoside was converted into the 7-hydroxy compound in 80% yield by means of beta-glucosidase.
Characterization of particles from several sources and three urban areas by solvent extraction

Abstract Selective solvent extraction was used to characterize source and ambient particlulate matter collected during conditions of low photochemical activity, and the results were compared with those for samples collected during smog episodes. If the technique can correctly distinguish ozone-related, photochemically produced secondary compounds from primary (source) compounds, it should yield very different results for the two sampling conditions. The results of our comparison, however, indicate that selective solvent extraction is unable to uniquely identify the contribution of photochemical processes to the production of ambient particlulate matter.
Experiments on story comprehension and recall

The author reviews psychological research on how people understand and remember brief stories. Understanding characters in stories and remembering their actions is alleged to use methods and rules similar to those invoked in actual person perception. We try to understand a character's actions as the manifestation of a plan to achieve some goal or satisfy some motive. One experiment showed that if the text obscures the goal and plan of the main character, college students judge it to be incoherent and they recall it poorly. In another experiment, an emotionally charged problem and motive for the character was hinted at before the subject read a set of dull, colorless episodes involving that character. Later memory tests showed that the character's alleged motive influenced the reader's interpretation of the text, directed his inferences regarding what was going on between the lines, and distorted his recall of the text. Later experiments showed that the meaning a reader derives from a story depends on the ...
Price Discrimination for Pharmaceuticals: Welfare Effects in the US and the EU

Standard analysis of the welfare effects of price discrimination for pharma-ceuticals (Scherer, F.M., "How US Antitrust Can Go Astray: The Brand Name Prescription Drug Litigation", International Journal of Business and Economics, 1997, 4, 3, 000-000) is incomplete because it presumes the optimality of marginal cost pricing, ignoring the sunk costs of RD it accounts for roughly 30% of total costs. Ramsey pricing principles imply that differential pricing related to inverse demand elasticities is the second best optimal strategy to cover the joint costs. Actual price differentials to managed care customers in the US should roughly approximate Ramsey optimal differentials, in the absence of legal constraints. In the European Union (EU), traditional price differentials between countries are being undermined by parallel trade and regulation based on foreign prices. This break down of market segmentation leads manufacturers to adopt...
A statistically optimal estimator of semivariance

Abstract This paper develops a statistical estimator for the semivariance. The estimator is shown to be asymptotically unbiased, consistent, and computationally efficient. The estimator is superior to mere approximations to semivariance that have appeared in the literature recently. The suggested use of semivariance by Harry Markowitz in 1959 in cases where distributions are not symmetric should now be easily implementable by workers in portfolio analysis and other areas where risk is measured.
Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John

Part 1 The trefoil of the writing desk: overcoming the study of letters an excursion into geography the road through history the dark century (861-960) the shattered silence (961-1100) foreshadowing the legend's hero (1100-1143). Part 2 The trefoil of the Barrow: the courage and ruin of King David (1143-1218) the loss of a dream (1218-1312) dealing with the conquerors (1259-1312). Part 3 The trefoil of the mouse-hole: the tastes and sympathies of the author of the secret history jamuga-sechen under investigation two in one. Part 4 The trefoil of the tree of thought: an attempt to overcome self-deception a space-time scheme construction of hyupotheses.
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Promotes Dopamine Storage and Glutamate Corelease In Vivo

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play an important role in the motivational systems underlying drug addiction, and recent work has suggested that they also release the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. To assess a physiological role for glutamate corelease, we disrupted the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 selectively in dopamine neurons. The conditional knockout abolishes glutamate release from midbrain dopamine neurons in culture and severely reduces their excitatory synaptic output in mesoaccumbens slices. Baseline motor behavior is not affected, but stimulation of locomotor activity by cocaine is impaired, apparently through a selective reduction of dopamine stores in the projection of VTA neurons to ventral striatum. Glutamate co-entry promotes monoamine storage by increasing the pH gradient that drives vesicular monoamine transport. Remarkably, low concentrations of glutamate acidify synaptic vesicles more slowly but to a greater extent than equimolar Cl(-), indicating a distinct, presynaptic mechanism to regulate quantal size.
A Simple Procedure for Computing Performance Characteristics of Truncated Sequential Tests with Exponential Lifetimes

This paper studies truncated sequential tests with exponential lifetimes. In the paper. we present a new procedure for computing the operating characteristic curve and the average time to terminate the test. The procedure differs from those proposed by Aroian. and by Woodall and Kurkjian. It directly extends to more complex boundaries. A comparative example is given at the end.
WeightedL p closure theorems for spaces of entire functions

For a fixed weight Δ(dx) onR 1 and a linear space ℋ ⊆L p(Δ) of entire functions that is closed under difference quotientsh(·)→(z−·) −1[h(z)−h(·)], theL p(Δ) closure of ℋ is studied and characterized in terms of the normsL(z), (z∈C 1 of the evaluation functionalsh→h(z),h∈ℋ.
Development of a new peel-stopper for sandwich structures

A device referred to as a peel-stopper with the purpose of eliminating the risk of catastrophic skin debonding in sandwich structures in general, and high-speed ships in particular, has been developed. Two major advantages of the new peel-stopper are its simplicity of manufacture, and its lack of connections through the sandwich core. The latter is essential for good UNDEX performance. Two different versions were developed. Quasi-static mechanical tests were performed to verify the function of the peel-stopper, and the strength of the structure incorporating the peel-stopper. Regarding functionality, the peel-stoppers performed as expected. Regarding quasi-static strength, it was shown that the peel-stoppers could be made such that no structural strength reduction occurs.
The value of cognitivism in thinking about extended cognition

This paper will defend the cognitivist view of cognition against recent challenges from Andy Clark and Richard Menary. It will also indicate the important theoretical role that cognitivism plays in understanding some of the core issues surrounding the hypothesis of extended cognition.
A novel selective compliant actuator

A novel design for a selective compliant actuator is described that can easily control the external force or stiffness applied to an object. Our design solution consists of a spring attached in series to a linear actuator driven by a DC servomotor. In the design methodology, the plant is altered to achieve the best possible mechanical design and control solution. The actuator can be used in many applications and it has been used in robotics applying forces to insure grasp stability. The actuator can easily interact with an unstructured environment and does not have any instability when it contacts an object.
136. Region-specific differences of high-fat diet induced cognitive impairments between the amygdala and hippocampus

Increased dietary intake of fat is linked with obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities including cognitive and behavioral impairments. We examined the impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding (60% kcals from fat) versus a low-fat diet (LFD) feeding (10% kcals from fat) using novel object location (NOL), a hippocampal-sensitive task, and novel object recognition (NOR) and elevated zero maze, amygdala-sensitive tasks. Mice were fed a LFD or HFD for 6 weeks starting at 3–4 weeks of age. Cohorts were trained for a 24-h period in both memory tasks. NOR was impacted after 1 week on HFD but was recovered after 6 weeks on diet. In the elevated zero maze, 3 weeks of HFD caused impaired open arm exploration that was recovered by 6 weeks. Conversely, NOL was not impacted at 1 week on diet but showed sustained impairment thereafter. The observed NOR and elevated zero maze recovery after 6 weeks on diet suggests that the amygdala can overcome high-fat diet associated impairments. However, the hippocampus appears susceptible to prolonged HFD induced cognitive impairment. These results demonstrate region-specific differences of HFD feeding on cognition.
Searching for a Better Thermal Battery

Energy storage has mainly focused on electrochemical systems ( 1 ). However, more than 90% of the world's primary energy generation is consumed or wasted thermally. Thermal energy storage has a broad and critical role to play in making energy use more sustainable for heating and cooling, solar energy harvesting, and other applications. Thermal storage technologies are still based on solutions developed decades ago, such as molten salt, ice, and paraffin phase-change systems, whose performance and cost do not merit widerscale adoption. Progress in materials science, chemistry, and engineering may lead to dramatic breakthroughs in thermal energy storage that could improve the efficiency with which we produce, distribute, and consume energy.
Clinical applications of 3-hydroxy fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Background L-3-Hydroxy fatty acids are unusual metabolites and rarely occur in significant quantities in normal human physiology. Genetic defects of both long-chain and medium-/short-chain mitochondrial L-3 hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases (LCHAD, M/SCHAD) have been identified as significant metabolic diseases in humans often with severe clinical phenotypes and pathophysiology that appears to differ from other defects of straight chain fatty acid oxidation. It is felt that accumulation of these atypical fatty acid species may play a role in this pathology. We have therefore developed an assay to measure these compounds in body fluids, and tissue culture medium to help in the diagnosis of these disorders and to better study the effects of 3-hydroxy fatty acid accumulation. Methods We have developed a stable isotope dilution, selected ion-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometric assay for the measurement of all 3-hydroxy fatty acids from chain lengths C6 to C18 using 1,2 13C-labeled internal standards for all species. Authentic patient samples were utilized to develop reference intervals for control subjects, for those associated with patient samples confirmed at the molecular level to have either LCHAD or M/SCHAD deficiency and for patients who did not have disease but were fasting or on diets high in medium-chain fatty acids. Likewise, skin fibroblasts were obtained from patients with confirmed disease for additional study. Samples were also obtained from the hadh (M/SCHAD) knockout mouse. Results The measurement of 3-hydroxy fatty acids in patient plasma is a valuable tool in the identification of defects of both enzymes. Severe starvation, prolonged fasting and increased medium-chain triglycerides in the diet produce a profile that is similar to that seen in M/SCHAD deficiency, making this a more difficult condition to diagnose but these biomarkers provide an important clue to the diagnosis, particularly in non-fasted, diet-controlled patients. Fibroblast studies in LCHAD deficiency demonstrate that long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid accumulation can be observed in cultured tissues. Incubation of cultured fibroblasts from LCHAD deficient patients with labeled fatty acids demonstrated a process of chain lengthening that has not previously been recognized. Conclusions The measurement of body fluid and cultured cell 3-hydroxy fatty acids provides both diagnostic and pathogenic information regarding these genetic diseases of fatty acid oxidation in the mitochondrion. Presently, the measurement of medium- and short-chain species provides a major metabolic biomarker for the recognition of M/SCHAD deficiency. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lipodomics and Imaging Mass Spectrometry.
Facile and efficient syntheses of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene and homologues: pheromone and attractant components of lepidoptera.

Facile and efficient chemical syntheses of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene and homologues from commercially available α-linolenic acid [(9Z,12Z,15Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid] are reported. These straight-chain homoconjugated trienes are common sex pheromone and attractant components for many lepidopterous insect pests. The metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between (9Z,12Z,15Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienyl triflate and the appropriate Grignard reagents proceed very rapidly under notable mild conditions using Li2CuCl4 as catalyst in diethyl ether, and the resulting (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-trienes with retention of geometrical configuration were in >92% isolated yield. Keywords: α-Linolenic acid; alkenyl triflate; Grignard reagents; cross-coupling reaction; homoconjugated triene; pheromone; sex attractant
Simulation of a steam generator leak detection experiment in the CCTL

Abstract A simulation study to predict the response of leak detectors in the CCTL (Core Components Test Loop) experiment at the Argonne National Laboratory was carried out. A mathematical model was developed for the sodium-water interaction and the subsequent distribution o f the reaction products in a liquid metal steam generator loop. The detectors and the appropriate instrumentation were also modeled and their response to a series o f designed experiments was calculated. The simulation program and the specific CCTL leak detection experiment will be used to identify parameters o f importance for leak detection in LMFBR. Preliminary experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Design Considerations for the Closed-Loop Water-Cooled Turbine

One method of liquid-cooling gas turbines is by circulating coolant through a system of radial subsurface passages within the rotating blades. The effect of the large centrifugal force upon the varying-density coolant could cause flow instability or maldistribution problems. Those are discussed and analysis suggests possible stable channel configurations. To efficiently design such a system, it would be necessary to estimate the critical heat flux (CHF) for the coolant channels. Experiments were run to determine CHF during subcooled boiling in rotating tubes with radial inflow, this being the most stable arrangement. The data displays interesting effects peculiar to rotating tubes. Those are explained in terms of the development of secondary flows. A physical model is presented and this provides a rational basis for correlating the CHF data.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Ultraviolet radiation and coral bleaching

EPISODES of coral bleaching resulting from dissociation of endosymbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) from host coral tissues have occurred with increasing frequency over the past decade on reefs throughout the tropics1,2. These episodes have usually been attributed to increases in sea water temperatures3–10, but the mass bleaching events that occurred throughout the Caribbean during 1987 and 1990 were not readily explained by temperature alone11,12. An additional factor that may have contributed to these bleaching episodes is ultraviolet radiation in the 280–400-nm band. At many localities where bleaching occurred in 1987 and 1990, sea conditions were described as extremely calm with exceptionally clear water13. In the absence of suspended organic and inorganic matter in the water column, higher than average intensities of ultraviolet radiation probably reached all depths within the photic zone for several consecutive months. Evidence for a possible link between ultraviolet radiation and coral bleaching has not been forthcoming2. Here we report results of a field experiment showing that, irrespective of high water temperatures, short-term (three weeks) increases in ultraviolet radiation of a magnitude possible under calm, clear water column conditions can readily induce bleaching in reef-building corals.
DILUTION GAUGING ON THE RECESSION LIMB: 1. CONSTANT RATE INJECTION METHOD / Mesures par dilution sur la courbe de tarissement: 1. Méthode par injection de taux constant

Abstract The application of dilution gauging techniques to rivers and streams and other variable flows incurs a systematic error caused by the change in discharge with time. The discharge calculated from dilution gauging results may be considered as an estimate of the stream discharge at the injection section or the sampling section, and the magnitude and sense of the error vary according to this choice. On the recession limb of a hydrograph and in other cases where the discharge may be expected to change smoothly and gradually, the equations derived from the residence time model previously proposed by the author may be linearized, and formulae of general applicability developed. In this paper formulae are presented for the error arising in the case of a constant rate tracer injection, and examples are given of their application to results from a number of different flow systems. It is shown that the error may be significant in two situations: where the rate of change of discharge is high and where poor m...
Application-to-core mapping policies to reduce memory system interference in multi-core systems

Future many-core processors are likely to concurrently execute a large number of diverse applications. How these applications are mapped to cores largely determines the interference between these applications in critical shared hardware resources. This paper proposes new application-to-core mapping policies to improve system performance by reducing inter-application interference in the on-chip network and memory controllers. The major new ideas of our policies are to: 1) map network-latency-sensitive applications to separate parts of the network from network-bandwidth-intensive applications such that the former can make fast progress without heavy interference from the latter, 2) map those applications that benefit more from being closer to the memory controllers close to these resources. Our evaluations show that, averaged over 128 multiprogrammed workloads of 35 different benchmarks running on a 64-core system, our final application-to-core mapping policy improves system throughput by 16.7% over a state-of-the-art baseline, while also reducing system unfairness by 22.4% and average interconnect power consumption by 52.3%.
A bayesian approach to laboratory utilization management

Background: Laboratory utilization management describes a process designed to increase healthcare value by altering requests for laboratory services. A typical approach to monitor and prioritize interventions involves audits of laboratory orders against specific criteria, defined as rule-based laboratory utilization management. This approach has inherent limitations. First, rules are inflexible. They adapt poorly to the ambiguity of medical decision-making. Second, rules judge the context of a decision instead of the patient outcome allowing an order to simultaneously save a life and break a rule. Third, rules can threaten physician autonomy when used in a performance evaluation. Methods: We developed an alternative to rule-based laboratory utilization. The core idea comes from a formula used in epidemiology to estimate disease prevalence. The equation relates four terms: the prevalence of disease, the proportion of positive tests, test sensitivity and test specificity. When applied to a laboratory utilization audit, the formula estimates the prevalence of disease (pretest probability [PTP]) in the patients tested. The comparison of PTPs among different providers, provider groups, or patient cohorts produces an objective evaluation of laboratory requests. We demonstrate the model in a review of tests for enterovirus (EV) meningitis. Results: The model identified subpopulations within the cohort with a low prevalence of disease. These low prevalence groups shared demographic and seasonal factors known to protect against EV meningitis. This suggests too many orders occurred from patients at low risk for EV. Conclusion: We introduce a new method for laboratory utilization management programs to audit laboratory services.
The genome organization of STLV-3 is similar to that of the AIDS virus except for a truncated transmembrane protein.

Abstract Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 3′ portion of the genome of simian T-lymphotropic virus type 3 from African green monkeys (STLV-3agm) reveals that it has the same general genome structure as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of AIDS. Short segments of strong amino acid homology and similar predicted protein structure characterize the tat and art/trs open reading frames (orf) of both viruses. Strong conservation of 3′ orf and of another, cs-orf, for which no protein product has been identified suggests that they both encode proteins important to the life cycle of these viruses. The extracellular glycoproteins of STLV-3 and HIV-1 share a similar backbone structure and 50%–55% amino acid homology in constant domains of the HIV-1 protein. The most evident departure in structural organization is truncation of the transmembrane glycoproteins in two STLV-3agm clones and a biologically active, noncytopathic clone of HTLV-4.
Connecting With Latino Children: Bridging Cultural Gaps with Children's Literature

Abstract Teachers generally come out of teacher education programs very with little background in multicultural issues and instructional techniques. This study documents the use of Latino children's literature in field experience seminars to help preservice teachers (teacher candidates) gain background knowledge of the cultures, traditions, language, and issues surrounding Latinos in the United States and the elementary students with whom they will be working. The teacher candidates then use the same literature in their field experience classrooms, tapping into the children's funds of knowledge and encouraging the children to respond in a personal way. This experience enriches the teacher candidates' work with children and broadens their personal perspective and understanding of cultures different from their own. This study found that using Latino children's literature in a university teacher education program benefited both the preservice teachers and their students.
Treatment of dogs diagnosed with medial shoulder instability using radiofrequency-induced thermal capsulorrhaphy.

Objective To report clinical findings and outcome in dogs diagnosed with medial shoulder instability (MSI) treated with radiofrequency-induced thermal capsulorrhaphy (RITC). Study design Retrospective study. Animals Dogs (n=43) with MSI. Methods Medical records from consecutive cases with MSI based on orthopedic examination, palpation of shoulder abduction angles, and arthroscopic findings were used to determine clinical findings and long-term (> or = 1 year) outcome of RITC. Results Forty-three dogs met the criteria for inclusion; 2 dogs had bilateral MSI. The most common clinical findings were chronic unilateral weight-bearing lameness, large (> 45 degrees) shoulder abduction angles, and spinatus muscle atrophy in the affected limb. Mean preoperative abduction angle (50.7 degrees +/- 4.8 degrees) in affected shoulders was significantly larger than in the unaffected shoulders (32.5 degrees +/- 2.1 degrees). Mean postoperative abduction angle in affected shoulders was not significantly different from unaffected shoulders when measured immediately, 8, 16-20 weeks, and approximately 1 year after surgery. Follow-up evaluation ranged from 1 to 6.2 years. RITC treatment resulted in improved clinical function in 40 cases (93%) with 34 cases (79%) considered excellent; 3 cases (7%) were considered failures. Conclusions RITC was a safe and effective method of treatment of MSI in most dogs studied. Clinical relevance RITC can be considered as a viable option for surgical treatment of selected cases of MSI in dogs.
DASH-IO: an empirical study of flash-based IO for HPC

HPC applications are becoming more and more data-intensive as a function of ever-growing simulation sizes and burgeoning data-acquisition. Unfortunately, the storage hierarchy of the existing HPC architecture has a 5-order-of-magnitude latency gap between main memory and spinning disks and cannot respond to the new data challenge well. Flash-based SSDs (Solid State Disks) are promising to fill the gap with their 2-order-of-magnitude lower latency. However, since all the existing hardware and software were designed without flash in mind, the question is how to integrate the new technology into existing architectures. DASH is a new Teragrid resource aggressively leveraging flash technology (and also distributed shared memory technology) to fill the latency gap. To explore the potentials and issues of integrating flash into today's HPC systems, we swept a large parameter space by fast and reliable measurements to investigate varying design options. We here provide some lessons we learned and also suggestions for future architecture design. Our results show that performance can be improved by 9x with appropriate existing technologies and probably further improved by future ones.
Micronuclei formation in Pisum sativum L. root meristem cells exposed to an electric field or γ-rays

Abstract γ-Irradiation (400 R, 800 R; acute exposure), but not a 430 V/m 60 Hz electric field (continuous 5 day exposure in culture medium with a conductivity of 0.08 S/m), induced micronuclei formation in root meristem cells of Pisum sativum L.
Analysis of protein levels and synthesis after learning in the split-brain pigeon

A series of experiments were performed to study the effects of learning upon proteins in the split-brain pigeon. With this preparation, one side of the brain was trained in a color discrimination task while the other side served as a naive control. Proteins from both sides of the brain were separated by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed to measure protein levels or protein synthesis. No differences were found between trained and naive telencephalic hemispheres or between trained and naive optic lobes in the steady-state protein levels or in protein synthesis.