cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composición y vida útil de carne cocida de cangrejo dorado (Chaceon chilensis) proveniente del archipiélago de Juan Fernández, Chile

Chemical composition, meat yield, and shelf-life of under utilized crustacean "golden crab" ( Chaceon chilensis) from Juan Fernandez archipelago were determined. Proteins, lipids, ash, moisture content, total volatile bases (TVBN), ammonia and indol were determined. Golden crab was cooked in boiling water and then divided in two groups: a) In sample 1, meat was removed by hand after boiling and then stored at 4-6oC; b) In sample 2 whole cooked crab was stored at the same temperature. Sensory evaluation was carried out with a semi-trained panel judging for, odor, flavor, texture and color. Non differences were found between "golden crab" and common crab ( Homalapsis plana) composition. Meat yield was 25,1%, but claws presented a greater yield when compared with legs and body. Shelf-life of removed meat and whole crab were 3 to 4 days and 5 to 6 days respectively. In both, the TVBN were the chemical index most representative of quality variation. From the point of view of this research, the commercial perspective could be similar to the common crab.
Iron and carbon isotope evidence for microbial iron respiration throughout the Archean

Abstract Banded Iron-Formations (BIFs) are voluminous chemical sediments that are rich in iron-oxide, carbonate and silica and whose occurrence is unique to the Precambrian. Their preservation in the geological record offers insights to the surface chemical and biological cycling of iron and carbon on early Earth. However, many details regarding the role of microbial activity in BIF deposition and diagenesis are unresolved. Laboratory studies have shown that reaction between carbon and iron through microbial iron respiration [2Fe2O3∙ nH2O + CH2O + 7H+ → 4Fe2+ + HCO3− + (2n + 4)H2O + chemical energy] can impart fractionation to the isotopic compositions of these elements. Here, we report iron (δ56Fe, vs. IRMM-014) and carbon isotopic (δ13C, vs. V-PDB) compositions of magnetite and of iron-rich and iron-poor carbonates in BIFs from the late Archean (~ 2.5 Ga) Hamersley Basin, Australia and the early Archean (~ 3.8 Ga) Isua Supracrustal Belt (ISB), Greenland. The range of δ56Fe values measured in the Hamersley Basin, including light values in magnetite and heavy values in iron-rich carbonates (up to + 1.2‰), are incompatible with their precipitation in equilibrium with seawater. Rather, the data together with previously reported light δ13C values in iron-rich carbonates record evidence for diagenetic reduction of ferric oxide precursors to magnetite and carbonate through microbial iron respiration (i.e., dissimilatory iron reduction, DIR). Iron and carbon isotope data of iron-rich metacarbonates from the ISB are similar to those of late Archean BIFs. The isotopic signatures of these metacarbonates are supportive of an early diagenetic origin despite metasomatic overprint, and preserve evidence of microbial iron respiration within the oldest recognized sedimentary rocks on Earth.
A Severe Spacecraft-Charging Event on SCATHA in September 1982,

Abstract : On September 22, 1982, 29 large amplitude electrostatic discharges were detected by the Pulse Analyzer onboard the SCATHA satellite. Seventeen of these pulses exceeded the maximum voltage discrimination level, which was set to 7.4 volts. This was the worst instance of electrostatic discharges encountered to date by the SCATHA satellite. Three different spacecraft anomalies occurred on SCATHA that day, the most serious being a two-minute loss of data. During this same time period, the Surface Potential Monitor experiment aboard the satellite measured the largest differential surface charging observed in the data since the satellite's launch in January 1979. Keywords: Electrostatic discharges; Spacecraft anomalies; Spacecraft charging.
Aspects of N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories in three dimensions

Abstract We consider general aspects of N = 2 gauge theories in three dimensions, including their multiplet structure, anomalies and non-renormalization theorems. For U (1) gauge theories, we discuss the quantum corrections to the moduli space, and their relation to “mirror symmetries” of 3d N = 4 theories. Mirror symmetry is given an interpretation in terms of vortices. For SU ( N c ) gauge groups with N f fundamental flavors, we show that, depending on the number of flavors, there are quantum moduli spaces of vacua with various phenomena near the origin.
Airport infrastructure spillovers in a network system

Abstract Airports in the US air transport network have become increasingly congested, leading to delays for business travelers and freight shipments. Since disruptions in one part of the network exacerbate problems throughout the system, airport infrastructure expansions to enhance air traffic flows confer travel-time savings and reliability benefits, and thus increased worker productivity and shipping efficiency for manufacturing firms. We evaluate such spillovers, and find that higher own-state airport infrastructure implies lower manufacturing costs from both labor- and materials-savings. Airport expansion in connected states has a comparable effect for states with hub airports, and an even greater impact for other states.
An investigation of subliminal embed effect on multiple measures of advertising effectiveness

The effect of subliminal sex and death embeds on attention to advertising, change in attitude, behavioral intention, and day-after recall of advertising were investigated for two products. Contrary to findings in some previous research, no significant effects were indicated in the current study at any level. A review and comparison to previous research is provided, along with a possible explanation for conflicting research findings in the area.
Short‐wavelength electrostatic waves in the Earth's magnetosheath

Recent observations with the ISEE-1 spacecraft have found electric field emissions in the dayside magnetosheath whose frequency spectrum is modulated at twice the spacecraft spin period. The upper frequency cut-off in the frequency-time spectrum of the emissions has a characteristic parabola shape or festoon shape. The low frequency cutoff ranges from 100 Hz to 400 Hz, while the high frequency limit ranges from about 1 kHz to 4 kHz. The bandwidth is found to minimize for antenna orientations parallel to the wave vectors. The wave vector does not appear to be related to either the local magnetic field direction of the plasma flow velocity. The spacecraft observed frequency spectrum results from the spacecraft antenna response to the Doppler shifted wave vector spectrum which exists in the plasma. Imposed constraints on the plasma restframe wave vectors and frequencies indicate that the emissions occur within the frequency range from about 150 Hz to 1 kHz, with wavelengths between about 30 meters and 600 meters. These constraints strongly suggest that the festoon-shaped emissions are ion-acoustic waves. The small group velocity and k direction of the ion-acoustic mode are consistent with wave generation upstream at the bow shock and convection downstream to locations within the outer dayside magnetosheath.
Fractional Brownian Motion with Variable Hurst Parameter: Definition and Properties

A class of Gaussian processes generalizing the usual fractional Brownian motion for Hurst indices in (1/2,1) and multifractal Brownian motion introduced in Ralchenko and Shevchenko (2010 Theory Probab Math Stat 80:119–130) and Boufoussi et al. (Bernoulli 16(4):1294–1311, 2010) is presented. Any measurable function assuming values in this interval can now be chosen as a variable Hurst parameter. These processes allow for modeling of phenomena where the regularity properties can change with time either continuously or through jumps, such as in the volatility of a stock or in Internet traffic. Some properties of the sample paths of the new process class, including different types of continuity and long-range dependence, are discussed. It is found that the regularity properties of the Hurst function chosen directly correspond to the regularity properties of the sample paths of the processes. The long-range dependence property of fractional Brownian motion is preserved in the larger process class. As an application, Fokker–Planck-type equations for a time-changed fractional Brownian motion with variable Hurst parameter are found.
Copper-Catalyzed Oxytrifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes

A mild, versatile, and convenient method for the efficient oxytrifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes based on a copper-catalyzed oxidative difunctionalization strategy has been developed. This methodology provides access to a variety of classes of synthetically useful CF3-containing building blocks from simple starting materials.
An Efficient Synthesis of 2-(((9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)amino)methyl)benzoic Acid

Abstract An efficient, two-step syntesis of the title compound 3 in 61% overall yield is presented. The synthesis involves hydrazine removal of the N-phthalimide protecting group of α-phthalimido-o-toluic acid (6), followed by N-Fmoc formation with (9-fluorenylmethyl)succinimidyl carbonate.
Chemoselective Reductive Cross-Coupling of 1,5-Diene-3-ols with Alkynes: A Facile Entry to Stereodefined Skipped Trienes

A convergent synthesis of highly substituted and stereodefined skipped polyenes is described from the reductive cross-coupling of substituted 1,5-diene-3-ols with alkynes. The control of site selectivity in functionalization of the substituted diene is a central feature of this complex fragment union reaction.
Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation for Flight Control

Published in the Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information, and Communication, Vol. 2, September 2005
The Railroad's Impact on Land Values in the Upper Great Plains at the Closing of the Frontier

The authors quantitatively analyze the effect of railroad construction on agricultural land values in the often overlooked, agriculturally oriented, trans-Mississippi West. This region is unique in American history in that, at the end of the nineteenth century, the railroad itself preceded widespread settlement. Using a hedonic model, they show that railroad transport increased agricultural land values in this region by more than 20 percent, which had a larger impact than recent studies have found for other regions. Moreover, the authors found that the addition of a railroad to a county significantly increased its growth in land values. This finding is contrary to that of existing studies. Finally, the authors show statistically that the railroad and land values were not endogenously determined, lending credibility to the causality of the results presented in their hedonic and growth models. These results indicate a valuable alternative approach to use in the historical analysis of transportation infrastr...
Application of byte error detecting codes to the design of self-checking circuits

In this paper, we discuss the application of byte error detecting codes to the design of self-checking circuits for the single stuck-at fault model. We discuss strongly fault-secure realization of a given Boolean function using byte error detecting codes. Even though parity is the most efficient separable code for the detection of single errors, we show that the use of a byte error detecting code can lead to lower cost of self-checking realization of a given function as compared to its self-checking realization using the parity code. We also present a method for the design of totally self-checking checkers for byte error detecting codes. Experimental results obtained for various test circuits are also discussed.
Federal printing policies 1789–1861

Abstract The vast majority of documents authored by the Federal Government before the formation of the Government Printing Office in 1861 were printed under contracts let by officials responsible to either or both houses of Congress. As governmental functions and political competition evolved the role and process of public printing was subjected to changes that reflected emerging conditions. An examination of early printing policies provides some background against which to view the variability in form, frequency, content, and format that characterized United States government publications issued during the period covered by this paper.
Axial-Flow Compressor Turning Angle and Loss by Inviscid-Viscous Interaction Blade-to-Blade Computation

A method for computation of the flow field around an arbitrary airfoil cascade on an axially symmetric blade-to-blade surface was developed which takes into account the development and separation of the blade surface boundary layers and mixing in the wake. The method predicts the overall fluid turning and total pressure loss in the context of an inviscid-viscous interaction scheme. The inviscid flow solution is obtained from a compressible flow matrix method. The viscous flow is obtained from a differential boundary layer method which calculates laminar, transitional and turbulent boundary layers. Provisions for the calculation of laminar and turbulent separation regions were added to the viscous scheme. The combined inviscid-viscous interaction scheme described yields results which are quantitatively consistent with experimental data. This suggests that the physical basis for the interactive system is correct and justifies continued exploration and use of the method.
Synthesis of (−)‐Octalactin A by a Strategic Vanadium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Kinetic Resolution

The kinetic resolution of racemic material is a well-established approach used to prepare a wide range of enantiomerically enriched compounds. However, the overall efficiency of a standard kinetic resolution is limited to a maximum theoretical yield of 50% of the enriched chiron, with the balance of undesired material being discarded in most applications. As a result of this inherent overall efficiency, kinetic resolution is often deemed unacceptable on a preparative scale except for the most simple and inexpensive of substrates. Consequently, kinetic resolution methods, especially in the context of complex molecule synthesis, have largely been relegated to the preparation of small chiral building blocks at an early stage of the synthesis. Having recently developed a vanadium-catalyzed asymmetric aerobic oxidation of a hydroxycarbonyl compounds, we became interested in exploring the potential of this kinetic resolution methodology, to move beyond the preparation of simple building blocks toward a more meaningful, strategic synthetic function. The observation that asymmetric oxidation of substrates bearing multiple stereocenters by catalytic amounts of [VO(OiPr)3] and (S)-2-(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneamino)-tert-butyl-1-ethanol (1) resulted in the isolation of both enantioenriched alcohol and ketone products motivated us to consider a synthetic strategy (Figure 1) wherein
Applied wind energy research at the National Wind Technology Center

Abstract In the future, an integrated multidiscipline approach will be necessary to evaluate advanced turbine designs. Any new turbine development program based on innovative and/or untested technology represents a significant cost and risk. It is the role of the national laboratories to help mitigate this risk by providing the advanced technology, analysis tools and innovative designs in order to promote wind as a viable renewable energy alternative.
A Stiffness Degradation Model for Graphite/Epoxy Laminates

Stiffness reduction in composite laminates is an important measure of fa tigue damage. The determination of fatigue damage and the prediction of fatigue life can be made through the development of a stiffness degradation model. This paper proposes a stiffness degradation model that can be used to predict the statistical distribution of the residual stiffness of composite laminates subjected to fatigue cycling. Based on the pro posed model, two analytical methods are presented, which are capable of predicting the stiffness degradation of a particular composite specimen under cyclic loading. One method is based on the linear regression analysis and the other on the Bayesian approach. Experi ments have been performed on graphite/epoxy [90, +45, —45,0], laminates to generate sta tistically significant data for evaluating the proposed analytical models and for verifying the predicted results. It is shown that theoretical predictions for the stiffness degradation of an individual specimen and for the statistica...
NUCLEON SPECTRUM IN STRONG COUPLING THEORY

The energy levels of the nucleon in fixed source pseudoscalar theory are considered in the strong-coupling limit. In addition to the previously found levels with t = j, levels characterized by the integral quantum number y, Y2 = (T + J)2, are found which are given by Ej,t(y)=1κaAa3y(y+1)κ + 34j(j+1) + t(t+1) − 32g2/κaκ, Ej,t(y,n)=1κa3Aa3[y(y+1)−34n2]κ + 34j(j+1) + t(t+1) − 32g2/κaκ, n even, n2 ≦ y2. The length a is a cutoff length of the order of the nucleon size. The quantity A is of the order of 1a3. The π meson mass is given by κ and g is the meson-nucleon coupling constant.
Shadow economy and international software piracy

This article uses pooled data over the period 2004–2007 on about 100 nations to examine the impact of the shadow economy on the piracy of computer software. Results support the main hypothesis that a larger shadow economy leads to higher rates of software piracy. This claim is supported by various robustness checks. A 10% increase in the shadow sector increases software piracy about 1.4%. In other findings, greater economic prosperity and greater internet diffusion check piracy, while some legal institutional measures have statistically insignificant effects. Policy implications are discussed.
Time-dependent angularly averaged inverse transport

This paper concerns the reconstruction of the absorption and scattering parameters in a time-dependent linear transport equation from knowledge of angularly averaged measurements performed at the boundary of a domain of interest. Such measurement settings find applications in medical and geophysical imaging. We show that the absorption coefficient and the spatial component of the scattering coefficient are uniquely determined by such measurements. We obtain stability results on the reconstruction of the absorption and scattering parameters with respect to the measured albedo operator. The stability results are obtained by a precise decomposition of the measurements into components with different singular behavior in the time domain.
Analysis of p21WAF1/CIP1 in Primary Bladder Tumors

The p21 WAF1/CIP1 gene is regulated by p53 and encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-inhibitor involved in senescence and cell quiescence. The role of p21 as a negative regulator of cell proliferation suggests that it may function as a tumor suppressor gene. However, only a few mutations of the p21 WAF1/CIP1 gene have been reported to date. In order to assess potential p21 WAF1/CIP1 gene alterations in human bladder cancer, we have examined this gene and its encoded product in a well-characterized cohort of 27 primary bladder tumors. Mobility shifts by single-strand conformation polymorphism in the p21 WAF1/CIP1 gene were identified in 2 cases. Sequencing analyses revealed that one of these cases had point mutations in the 3' untranslated region, while the other case had a frame shift mutation at positions 322 (C to A) and a deletion of 8 nucleotides (323→331; CCG→ACG, codon 81 Arg→Thr) that produced a stop signal at codon 83 (Gly→Stop). This tumor had a p21-negative phenotype by immunohistochemistry, but did not lose any allele. We further characterized these cases by the study of TP53 mutations using single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing, as well as immunohistochemical assays. Seven mobility shifts were identified and seven cases showed p53 nuclear accumulation. The two cases displaying mutated p21 WAF1/CIP1 had wild-type TP53. It is concluded that p21 WAF1/CIP1 gene aberrations are infrequent in bladder carcinoma but may be occasionally identified in primary bladder tumors.
Analyst Forecast Revisions and Market Price Discovery

We document several factors that help explain cross‐sectional variations in the post‐revision price drift associated with analyst forecast revisions. First, the market does not make a sufficient distinction between revisions that provide new information (“high‐innovation” revisions) and revisions that merely move toward the consensus (“low‐innovation” revisions). Second, the price adjustment process is faster and more complete for “celebrity” analysts (Institutional Investor All‐Stars) than for more obscure yet highly accurate analysts (Wall Street Journal Earnings‐Estimators). Third, controlling for other factors, the price adjustment process is faster and more complete for firms with greater analyst coverage. Finally, a substantial portion of the delayed price adjustment occurs around subsequent earnings‐announcement and forecast‐revision dates. Collectively, these findings show that more subtle aspects of an earnings revision signal can hinder the efficacy of market price discovery, particularly in fir...
Computational Study of High-Lift Low-Pressure Turbine Cascade Aerodynamics at Low Reynolds Number

This study uses a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes finite volume flow solver to simulate the flowfields around a two-dimensional linear turbine cascade model at a Reynolds number of 25,000. Three blade profiles have been simulated, including the aft-loaded Pack B, which has a nominal Zweifel loading coefficient Zw equal to 1.15, the midloaded L1M (Zw=1.33), and the front-loaded L2F (Zw=1.59). All three blade profiles are known to be susceptible to varying degrees of laminar flow separation along the suction surface. Turbulence models used, which to the authors’ knowledge have been applied for the first time here, are the Abe–Kondoh–Nagano linear low-Re k-e as well as the Kato–Launder modification. Time-accurate simulations, including fully laminar computations, are compared with experimental data and higher-order computations to judge the accuracy of the results, where it is shown that Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations with appropriate turbulence modeling can produce both quantitatively and quali...
Extended Townes–Dailey analysis of the nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor

Abstract One simple way to understand nuclear quadrupole coupling constants is by invoking the model of Townes and Dailey. This model, involving the field gradients generated by p electrons, has usually been used to estimate the fractional ionic character of diatomic molecules from a single nuclear quadrupole coupling constant. We will extend the model to three dimensions for polyatomic molecules. We will consider the case of molecules with unhybridized orbitals and molecules containing second row atoms whose orbitals are best thought of as hybridized.
Geometric Complexity Theory V: Equivalence between Blackbox Derandomization of Polynomial Identity Testing and Derandomization of Noether's Normalization Lemma

It is shown that black-box derandomization of polynomial identity testing (PIT) is essentially equivalent to derandomization of Noether's Normalization Lemma for explicit algebraic varieties, the problem that lies at the heart of the foundational classification problem of algebraic geometry. Specifically: (1) It is shown that in characteristic zero black-box derandomization of PIT for diagonal depth three circuits brings the problem of derandomizing Noether's Normalization Lemma, for the ring of invariants of any explicit linear action of a classical algebraic group of constant dimension, from EXPSPACE (where it is currently) to P. Next it is shown that assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH), instead of the black-box derandomization hypothesis, brings the problem from EXPSPACE to quasi-PH, instead of P. Thus black-box derandomization of diagonal depth three circuits takes us farther than GRH here on the basis of the current knowledge. Variants of the main implication are also shown assuming, instead of the black-box derandomization hypothesis in characteristic zero, Boolean lower bounds for constant-depth threshold circuits or uniform Boolean conjectures, in conjunction with GRH. These results may explain in a unified way why proving lower bounds or derandomization results for constant-depth arithmetic circuits in characteristic zero or constant-depth Boolean threshold circuits, or proving uniform Boolean conjectures without relativizable proofs has turned out to be so hard, and also why GRH has turned out to be so hard from the complexity-theoretic perspective. Thus this investigation reveals that the foundational problems of Geometry (classification and GRH) and Complexity Theory (lower bounds and derandomization) share a common root difficulty that lies at the junction of these two fields. We refer to it as the GCT chasm. (2) It is shown that black-box derandomization of PIT in a strengthened form implies derandomization of Noether's Normalization Lemma in a strict form for any explicit algebraic variety. (3) Conversely, it is shown that derandomization of Noether's Normalization Lemma in a strict form for specific explicit varieties implies this strengthened form of black box derandomization of PIT and its various variants. (4) A unified geometric complexity theory (GCT) approach to derandomization and classification is formulated on the basis of this equivalence.
Stability of damped membranes and plates with distributed inputs

Abstract This paper proves the stability of boundary and distributed damped membranes and Kirchhoff plates under distributed inputs. Distributed viscous or Kelvin–Voigt damping ensures a weakly bounded response to a bounded transverse loading for pinned membranes and clamped plates. Damping on part of the boundary can also weakly stabilize the forced response, provided the damped and undamped boundary normals satisfy certain conditions. For example, damping on half and one side of the boundary is sufficient for circular and rectangular domains, respectively.
Inorganic chemistry: Two-armed silicon

Compounds of transition metals are often used to activate small molecules for chemical reactions. The discovery of unusual silicon-containing compounds raises the prospect of metal-free activators.
Gas diffusion and microstructural properties of ordered mesoporous silica fibers.

Pore and surface diffusion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethylene (C2H4) in the nanopores of ordered mesoporous silica fibers about 200 μm in length was measured by the transient gravimetric method. The experimentally determined pore diffusivity data, coupled with the porosity, pore size, and fiber length, are used to obtain the actual length of the nanopores in silica fibers. These measurements reveal a structure of the ordered nanopores whirling helically around the fiber axis with a spiral diameter of about 15 μm and a pitch value of 1.6 μm. At room temperature the surface diffusion contributes about 10% to the total diffusional flux for these two gases in the nanopores of the ordered mesoporous silica fibers. The surface diffusion coefficients for the ordered mesoporous silica fibers are about 1 order of magnitude larger than the nonordered mesoporous alumina or silica with similar pore size.
Baryon number of the universe

We consider the possibility that the observed particle-antiparticle imbalance in the universe is due to baryon-numbers, C, and CP nonconservation. We make general observations and describe a framework for making quantitative estimates.
The Properties of the Galactic Bar Implied by Gas Kinematics in the Inner Milky Way

Longitude-velocity (l-V) diagrams of H I and CO gas in the inner Milky Way have long been known to be inconsistent with circular motion in an axisymmetric potential. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Galaxy is barred, and gas flow in a barred potential could be consistent with the observed "forbidden" velocities and other features in the data. We compare the H I observations to l-V diagrams synthesized from two-dimensional fluid dynamical simulations of gas flows in a family of barred potentials. The gas flow pattern is very sensitive to the parameters of the assumed potential, which allows us to discriminate among models. We present a model that reproduces the outer contour of the H I l-V diagram reasonably well; this model has a strong bar with a semimajor axis of 3.6 kpc, an axis ratio of approximately 3 : 1, an inner Lindblad resonance (ILR), and a pattern speed of 42 km s-1 kpc-1, and it matches the data best when viewed from 34° to the bar major axis. The behavior of the models, combined with the constraint that the shocks in the Milky Way bar should resemble those in external barred galaxies, leads us to conclude that wide ranges of parameter space are incompatible with the observations. In particular we suggest that the bar must be fairly strong, must have an ILR, and cannot be too end-on, with the bar major axis at 35° ± 5° to the line of sight. The H I data exhibit larger forbidden velocities over a wider longitude range than are seen in molecular gas; this important difference is the reason our favored model differs so significantly from other recently proposed models.
Determination of Modal Residues and Residual Flexibility for Time-Domain System Realization

A linear least-squares procedure for the determination of modal residues using time-domain system realization theory is presented. The present procedure is shown to be theoretically equivalent to residue determination in realization algorithms such as the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) and Q-Markov COVER. However, isolating the optimal residue estimation problem from the general realization problem affords several advantages over standard realization algorithms for structural dynamics identification. Primary among these are the ability to identify data sets with large numbers of sensors using small numbers of reference point responses, and the inclusion of terms which accurately model the effects of residual flexibility. The accuracy and efficiency of the present realization theory-based procedure is demonstrated for both simulated and experimental data.
Dynamical Evolution of the Mass Function of Globular Star Clusters

We present a series of simple, largely analytical models to compute the effects of disruption on the mass function of star clusters. Our calculations include evaporation by two-body relaxation and gravitational shocks and mass loss by stellar evolution. We find that, for a wide variety of initial conditions, the mass function develops a turnover or peak and that, after 12 Gyr, this is remarkably close to the observed peak for globular clusters, at Mp ≈ 2 × 105 M☉. Below the peak, the evolution is dominated by two-body relaxation, and the mass function always develops a tail of the form ψ(M) = const, reflecting that the masses of tidally limited clusters decrease linearly with time just before they are destroyed. This also agrees well with the empirical mass function of globular clusters in the Milky Way. Above the peak, the evolution is dominated by stellar evolution at early times and by gravitational shocks at late times. These processes shift the mass function to lower masses, while nearly preserving its shape. The radial variation of the mass function within a galaxy depends on the initial position-velocity distribution of the clusters. We find that some radial anisotropy in the initial velocity distribution, especially when this increases outward, is needed to account for the observed near-uniformity of the mass functions of globular clusters. This may be consistent with the observed near-isotropy of the present velocity distributions, because clusters on elongated orbits are preferentially destroyed. These results are based on models with static, spherical galactic potentials. We point out that there would be even more radial mixing of the orbits and hence more uniformity of the mass function if the galactic potentials were time-dependent and/or nonspherical.
X-Ray Spectral Properties of the Cluster Abell 2029

We have analyzed ASCA and ROSAT PSPC spectra and images of the galaxy cluster Abell 2029. The ASCA spectra of the cluster indicate that the gas temperature declines with radius. The PSPC image shows that the cluster is very regular and smooth. Also, there is no significant evidence for any irregularities in the temperature distribution in the cluster, as would be produced by a subcluster merger. These results suggest that A2029 is a relaxed cluster and that the gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium. We use the assumption of equilibrium to determine the gravitational mass of the cluster as a function of radius. At a radius of 16' (1.92 h−150 Mpc; H0 = 50 h50 km s-1 Mpc-1), the gravitational mass is Mtot = (9.42 ± 4.22) × 1014 h−150 M☉, while the mass of gas is Mgas = (2.52 ± 0.77) × 1014 h−5/250 M☉. The gas fraction is found to increase with radius; within a spherical radius of 16', the fraction is Mgas/Mtot = (0.26 ± 0.14) h−3/250 . The iron abundance in the gas is found to be 0.40 ± 0.04 solar. There is no significant evidence for any variation in the abundance with position in the cluster. The global X-ray spectra, central X-ray spectra, and ROSAT surface brightness all require a cooling flow at the cluster center. The global X-ray spectrum implies that the total cooling rate is 363+ 79−96 h−250 M☉ yr-1. The global X-ray spectra are consistent with the Galactic value for the soft X-ray absorption toward the cluster. White et al. and Allen & Fabian have suggested that there is significant excess absorption associated with the cooling flow in the cluster. The ROSAT PSPC spectra of the central regions of the cluster are inconsistent with a large value of foreground excess absorption. The upper limit on excess foreground absorption is 7.3 × 1019 cm-2. However, the spectra do not rule out a significant amount of intrinsic absorbing gas located within the cooling flow region.
Diastereofacial selectivity in Diels-Alder cycloadditions involving vinyl sulfoxides

Abstract Diastereofacial selectivities observed for Diels-Alder cycloadditions of achiral dienes with chiral vinyl sulfoxides are rationalized in terms of electrostatics. The “nucleophilic” diene adds to the electron-poor face of the “electrophilic” dienophile.
Warm sitz bath: Are there benefits after transurethral resection of the prostate?

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of warm water sitz baths in patients who have undergone transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) owing to lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 1,783 patients who had undergone TURP between 2001 and 2009. In the warm water sitz bath group, patients were instructed to sit in a tub containing lukewarm water at 40-45 o C for 10 minutes each time. Patients were advised to perform the procedure for at least 5 days immediately after the removal of a Foley urethral catheter. The differences in post-TURP complications between the warm water sitz bath group and the no sitz bath group were compared. Results: After TURP, 359 of the 1,561 patients performed a warm water sitz bath. Complications after TURP, such as hemorrhage, urinary tract infection, urethral stricture, and acute urinary retention were found in 19 (5.3%) and 75 (6.2%) patients in the sitz bath and no sitz bath groups, respectively (p=0.09). There was a significant difference in postoperative complications such as urethral stricture between the warm sitz bath group and the no sitz bath group (p=0.04). The group that did not undergo warm water sitz bath treatment showed a 1.13-fold increased risk of rehospitalization within 1 month after TURP due to postoperative complications compared with the warm water sitz bath group (odds ratio [OR]=1.134; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.022 to 1.193; p=0.06).
Algebraic aspects of linear control system stability

After formulating the problem of linear control system stability in very general terms, the problem is resolved by 1) establishing a necessary and sufficient condition for stability, 2) exploring in some detail the nature of this condition, and 3) developing a parametric characterization of all controllers which stabilize a given plant. The problem formulation is based on a ring theoretic setting for linear systems, and is distinguished by the use of a novel control system configuration. Any interconnection of two distinct systems can be represented in terms of this configuration while preserving the distinction between the two systems. Furthermore, no other configuration has this property. Several benefits and extensions are accrued as a result of using this configuration. First, a completely general, yet physically meaningful problem formulation results. Consequently, state-space and operator theoretic approaches to linear control system stability are thoroughly reconciled. This reconciliation embraces continuous-time as well as discrete-time systems, lumped as well as distributed systems, and 1-D as well as n -D systems. Second, the controller parametrization affords four degrees-of-freedom, two more than any existing parametrization. The additional degrees-of-freedom make explicit the design opportunity associated with controller implementation, and thus determine several important control system characteristics. This result is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the development of comprehensive control system design methodologies, wherein design considerations related to controller implementation are addressed.
Willingness to pay for electric vehicles and their attributes

This article presents a stated preference study of electric vehicle choice using data from a national survey. We used a choice experiment wherein 3029 respondents were asked to choose between their preferred gasoline vehicle and two electric versions of that preferred vehicle. We estimated a latent class random utility model and used the results to estimate the willingness to pay for five electric vehicle attributes: driving range, charging time, fuel cost saving, pollution reduction, and performance. Driving range, fuel cost savings, and charging time led in importance to respondents. Individuals were willing to pay (wtp) from $35 to $75 for a mile of added driving range, with incremental wtp per mile decreasing at higher distances. They were willing to pay from $425 to $3250 per hour reduction in charging time (for a 50 mile charge). Respondents capitalized about 5 years of fuel saving into the purchase price of an electric vehicle. We simulated our model over a range of electric vehicle configurations and found that people with the highest values for electric vehicles were willing to pay a premium above their wtp for a gasoline vehicle that ranged from $6000 to $16,000 for electric vehicles with the most desirable attributes. At the same time, our results suggest that battery cost must drop significantly before electric vehicles will find a mass market without subsidy.
Charm Dalitz Analyzes from CLEO-c

In this conference presentation I discuss CLEO-c opportunities in Dalitz plot analyzes with the data samples available now and projected by the end of CESR-c run. Using 281 pb-1 of e+e- collisions at mass of ψ(3770) we present results of the Dalitz plot analysis of D+ → π-π+π+. Using the CLEO-c and CLEO III samples of 5 pb-1, accrued at mass of ψ(2S), we study three body decays of χcJ produced in the radiative decay ψ(2S) → γχcJ, where J=0,1,2. A clear signal from at least one of χcJ is found in eight final states: π+π-η, π+π-η′, K+K-π0, , ηK+K-, , , and . For these modes we measured or set an upper limit on the branching fraction. A Dalitz plot analysis is performed on three modes χc1 → π+π-η, K+K-π0, and .
The Preparation of Aryl Alkyl Ethers from Fluoroarenetricarbonylchromium Complexes

Abstract The nucleophilic substitution of a number of di- and trisubstituted fluoroarenetricarbonylchromium complexes has been studied using the alkoxides derived from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and t-butyl alcohols. In the first three cases the reactions proceed smoothly to give the expected aryl ethers, while in the t-butoxide case significant amounts of phenolic elimination products are also observed. Fluoride was displaced from arenes containing alkyl, methoxy, amino and alkylamino substituents.
Rapid and Minimally Invasive Quantum Cascade Wafer Testing

In this work, we demonstrate a rapid and minimally invasive technique for wafer quality testing, which requires using a single etch and metallization step to fabricate a single mesa. The mesa's electrical and optical properties are characterized and compared with those of a quantum cascade (QC) laser made from the same wafer, to test the validation of our method. This technique is ideal for determining key QC laser parameters and also the level of agreement between a design and actual laser performance without requiring laser processing which can be highly invasive, labor intensive, and time consuming. Measurements between these mesas and actual reference lasers made from the same wafer material differed by less than ~10% in parameters such as emission wavelength, full-width at half-maximum, turn-on voltage, and maximum operating current density, thus proving the adequacy of our technique.
APPROXIMATING 3D POINTS WITH CYLINDRICAL SEGMENTS

In this paper, we study a 3D geometric problem originated from computing neural maps in the computational biology community: Given a set S of n points in 3D, compute k cylindrical segments (with different radii, orientations, lengths and no segment penetrates another) enclosing S such that the sum of their radii is minimized. There is no known result in this direction except when k=1. The general problem is strongly NP-hard and we obtain a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) for any fixed k>1 in O(n3k-2/δ4k-3) time by returning k cylindrical segments with sum of radii at most (1+δ) of the corresponding optimal value, if exist. Our PTAS is built upon a simple (though slower) approximation algorithm for the case when k=1.
Robust LPV H Gain-Scheduled Hover-to-Cruise Conversion for a Tilt-Wing Rotorcraft in the Presence of CG Variations

This paper describes the development and analysis of gain-scheduled, multi-variable Hinfin control law for the conversion of a linear parameter varying (LPV) model of a high-speed autonomous rotorcraft vehicle (HARVee), an experimental tilt-wing aircraft. Tilt-wing aircraft combine the high-speed cruise capabilities of a conventional airplane with the vertical takeoff and station keeping abilities of a helicopter by rotating their wings at the fuselage. Changing between cruise and hover flight modes in mid-air is referred to as the conversion process, or simply conversion. A nonlinear aerodynamic model was previously developed that captures the unique dynamics of the tilt-wing aircraft. An Hinfin design methodology was used to develop linear controllers along various operating points of a conversion trajectory. The development of these control systems was governed not only by performance specifications at each particular operating point, but also by the unique requirements of a gain-scheduled conversion control system. The performance of the resulting conversion closed-loop systems is analyzed in the frequency and time domains. Performance robustness with respect to variation in the location of the center of gravity (eg) has been studied.
Auditors' Levels of Dispositional Need for Closure and Effects on Hypothesis Generation and Confidence

ABSTRACT: Dispositional Need for Closure (DNFC; Webster and Kruglanski 1994) concerns the propensity to seek and process information before reaching a judgment. Psychology researchers have demonstrated consistent effects on hypothesis generation and confidence in lay-judgment settings. Although psychology literature, in a validation sample, identifies accounting students as a group high in DNFC, we find professional auditors significantly lower in DNFC than reported in their sample of accounting students, and progressively lower in DNFC at higher professional ranks. Yet, substantial variance in this critical characteristic persists even at higher ranks, to potentially affect judgment. Since findings concerning lay decision makers are not always applicable to accounting professionals, we investigate the effects of DNFC on the hypothesis generation and confidence of experienced auditors. Auditors higher in DNFC generate fewer, lower-quality hypotheses, yet express greater confidence in their hypothesis set....
Detection of inner core solidification from observations of antipodal PKIIKP

PKIIKP waves, reflected from the underside of the inner core boundary, are very sensitive to the S velocity in the uppermost 80 km of the inner core at antipodal distances, undergoing a phase change and a factor of 4 amplification as the distance approaches 180°. Modeled PKIIKP waveforms are consistent with a near-zero shear modulus in the uppermost inner core in a 20–40 km thick patch beneath the eastern equatorial hemisphere. This bright spot of PKIIKP reflection correlates with a thin zone of low P velocity inferred from the complexity of PKIKP waveforms sampling this patch. Estimates of grain sizes from seismic attenuation, the absence of backscattered PKiKP coda in this region, and a prediction for enhanced heat flow through this patch suggest that it is a region of solidification rather than melting.
I Live in My Own Bubble: The Values of Talented Adolescents:

Values are commonly thought to be important in the construction of personal and group morality, in personality, and as a basis for living life. The Rokeach Values Survey (RVS) was administered to gifted and talented adolescents in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. Two groups were compared in this study: Group I, pre-September 11, 2001 (n = 191; M = 64, F = 127); and Group II, post-September 11, 2001 (n = 96; M = 36, F = 60). Results showed that the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon did not affect the values of the talented teenagers. Values were ranked thus: Terminal Values: (1) Salvation, (2) Freedom, (3) Self-Respect, (16) World of Beauty, (17) Social Recognition, (18) National Security. Instrumental Values: (1) Love, (2) Honesty, (3) Imagination (16) Obedience, (17) Politeness, (18) Cleanliness. Qualitative analysis was conducted of student essays and interviews.
Microwave enhanced cross-coupling reactions involving potassium organotrifluoroborates

Palladium catalyzed coupling reactions of potassium aryltrifluoroborates with aryl iodides occur rapidly utilizing microwave irradiation. The coupled products are produced in excellent yields.
On the Rank of Mixed 0,1 Polyhedra

For a polytope in the [0,1] n cube, Eisenbrand and Schulz showed recently that the maximum Chvatal rank is bounded above by O(n 2logn) and bounded below by (1+e)n for some e>0. Chvatal cuts are equivalent to Gomory fractional cuts, which are themselves dominated by Gomory mixed integer cuts. What do these upper and lower bounds become when the rank is defined relative to Gomory mixed integer cuts? An upper bound of n follows from existing results in the literature. In this note, we show that the lower bound is also equal to n. This result still holds for mixed 0,1 polyhedra with n binary variables.
On the Degrees of Freedom Regions of Two-User MIMO Z and Full Interference Channels with Reconfigurable Antennas

We study the degrees of freedom (DoF) regions of two-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Z and full interference channels in this paper. We assume that the receivers always have perfect channel state information. We derive the DoF region of Z interference channel with channel state information at transmitter (CSIT). For full interference channel without CSIT, the DoF region has been obtained in previous work except for a special case M1< N1<min(M2,N2), where M_i and N_i are the number of transmit and receive antennas of user i, respectively. We show that for this case the DoF regions of the Z and full interference channels are the same. We establish the achievability based on the assumption of transmitter antenna mode switching. A systematic way of constructing the DoF-achieving nulling and beamforming matrices is presented in this paper.