cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear interactions among solar acoustic modes

We evaluate the rates at which nonlinear interactions transfer energy among the normal modes of a plane-parallel, stratified atmosphere. The atmosphere resembles the outer part of the Sun including the convection zone and the optically thin region above the photosphere up to the temperature minimum. The acoustic modes are assigned energies such that their photospheric velocities match those of the Sun's p-modes. The nonlinearity parameter is the acoustic Mach number, M, the ratio of the total acoustic velocity due to all of the modes to the sound speed. For M^2 ≪ 1 the leading nonlinear interactions are those which couple three-modes. We show that every p-mode in the 5 minute band is involved in many near-resonant triplets. As a consequence, the energy transfer rates are independent of the mode line widths. Because M increases with height, the dominant contributions to the three-mode coupling coefficients occur in the upper part of the convection zone and in the optically thin isothermal layer. Moreover, the coupling coefficients tend to increase with ω and k_h. Nonlinear interactions which couple two trapped modes and one propagating mode drain energy from the trapped modes. They are far more effective than interactions among three trapped modes which drive the modes toward equipartition of energy. Thus, every trapped mode suffers a net loss of energy due to its nonlinear interactions. Estimates of the nonlinear energy transfer rates are plagued by two uncertainties. Some of the coefficients which couple two trapped modes to a propagating mode formally diverge as the thickness of the isothermal layer is increased to infinity; physically, this reflects the exponential growth of the acoustic Mach number with height in the isothermal layer. Also, the energy transfer rates are sensitive to the unknown energies of the high-degree trapped modes. Plausible assumptions lead to energy transfer rates which are somewhat smaller than the products of the mode energies and line widths. Thus, nonlinear mode coupling is probably not the dominant damping process for the solar p-modes, at least for those with small l. However, this cannot be regarded as a secure conclusion. The observational signature of damping due to nonlinear mode coupling would be a decrease in the energy per mode with increasing l at fixed ω. In addition, it might be responsible, at least in part, for the steep decline in the energy per mode at frequencies above 3 mHz which is usually attributed to radiative damping. Our investigation indirectly bears on the question of the stability of the p-modes. We find that nonlinear mode couplings cannot limit the growth of overstable p-modes. This favors the hypothesis that the Sun's p-modes are stochastically excited by turbulent convection.
Stimulating Voter Turnout in a Primary Field Experiment with a Precinct Committeeman

This study reports on a field experiment of a precinct committeeman's efforts to stimulate voter turnout in the 1980 primary election. The experimentally manipulated variables included both the number and timing of the turnout appeals as well as the channel of communication used to deliver the appeal (i.e., telephone versus mail versus face to face). In general, it was found that whether or not the turnout appeals had any effect whatsoever, whether or not multiple contacts were better than just a single contact, whether earlier or later contacts were the more effective, and whether or not appeals were most effective when presented over a particular channel, all effects clearly depended upon the age of the recipients of the appeal messages.
Does minimal access major surgery in the newborn hurt less? An evaluation of cumulative opioid doses.

Abstract Background Minimal access surgery (MAS) in adults is associated with less postoperative pain in comparison to conventional ‘open’ surgery. It is not known whether this holds true for neonates as well. Less pain would imply that opioid consumption can be reduced, which has a beneficial effect on morbidity. Aim To evaluate potential differences in’ opioid consumption between neonates undergoing thoracoscopic minimal access surgery or conventional surgery of esophageal atresia (EA) and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Methods In this retrospective cohort study we included two controls for each MAS patient, matched on diagnosis, sex and age at surgery. Opioid dose titration was based on validated pain scores (VAS and COMFORT behaviour), applied by protocol. Cumulative opioid doses at 12, 24, 48 h and 7 days postoperatively were compared between groups with the Mann–Whitney test. Results The study group consisted of 24 MAS patients (14 EA; 10 CDH). These were matched to 48 control patients (28 EA; 20 CDH). At none of the time points cumulative opioid (median in mg/kg (IQR)) doses significantly differed between MAS patients and controls, both with CDH and EA. For example at 24 h postoperative for CDH patients cumulative opioid doses were [0.84(0.61–1.83) MAS vs. 1.06(0.60–1.36) p = 1.0] controls, For EA patients at 24 h the cumulative opioid doses were [0.48(0.30–0.75) MAS vs. 0.49(0.35–0.79) p = 0.83] controls. This held true for the postoperative pain scores as well. Conclusions Minimal access surgery for the repair of esophageal atresia or congenital diaphragmatic hernia is not associated with less cumulative opioid doses.
Pattern Separation and Completion in Olfaction

The nervous system must provide a mechanism for very precise discrimination of differing patterns of activity, yet at the same time, there must be a mechanism for generalization to prevent all experiences from being independent and novel. Pattern separation and completion by cortical circuits contribute to these processes, respectively. Based on theoretical and computational models of the piriform cortex and experimental designs developed for hippocampal spatial memory, we provide evidence for pattern separation and completion in the olfactory system and demonstrate the predictive power of these two processes for behavioral odor perception.
Predicting outcomes in HIV-infected veterans: I. progression to AIDS

This article and the following article (Parts I and II) report the development of two clinical staging systems for HIV-infected individuals. The objective of the research reported here (Part I) was to construct a clinical staging system to predict progression to AIDS. We analyzed data from VA Cooperative Study Number 298, a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial that compared immediate versus deferred zidovudine therapy in 338 HIV-infected individuals who did not have AIDS at enrollment. Baseline variables were tested in univariate Cox regression for their relationship to progression to AIDS, and those that appeared predictive were examined in multivariable analysis. Based on these analyses, we constructed a new clinical staging system based on CD4+ cell count, age, hemoglobin, oral hairy leukoplakia or oral thrush, and fever. The stages of the system were significant predictors of progression to AIDS (p = 0.0001, log-rank test). In conclusion, simple, valid, clinical staging systems for HIV-infected patients can be constructed using information that is readily available in clinical practice settings. Such systems provide better prognostic distinction than CD4+ cell count alone by taking into account the known prognostic effects of other variables.
Phonation Threshold Pressure Measurement With a Semi-Occluded Vocal Tract

Purpose The purpose of this article was to determine if a semi-occluded vocal tract could be used to measure phonation threshold pressure. This is in contrast to the shutter technique, where an alt...
Estimating the Dosage of Ribavirin Aerosol According to Age and Other Variables

We describe a method for estimating the dosage of aerosolized ribavirin according to age. The calculations were determined by using a computer model of particle deposition, and corrections are described for sex, body weight, fever, and tracheal intubation. Respiratory tract deposition in infants, after they inhaled an aerosol containing 200 micrograms of ribavirin/L, was 1.8 mg/kg per hour; in adults the deposition was 0.9 mg/kg per hour. Adolescent females and older women have less (7%/kg) respiratory tract deposition than do males. Fever will increase deposition about 9%/degree Centigrade (5%/degree Fahrenheit) for each degree of increase above normal temperature. Tracheal intubation will deliver relatively more drug to the lung and no drug to the nasopharynx. Our report shows the regional and total deposition of inhaled ribavirin aerosol in the respiratory tracts of persons in different age-groups from three months to 25 y.
Lower bounds on error complexity measures for periodic LFSR and FCSR sequences

Non-trivial lower bounds on the linear complexity are derived for a sequence obtained by performing a combination of up to k substitutions, insertions, and deletions. The bounds derived are similar to those previously established for either k substitutions, k insertions or k deletions within a single period. The bounds are useful when T/2k < λ < T/k, where λ is the linear complexity of the original sequence and T is its period. It is shown that similar bounds hold for the joint linear complexity of periodic multisequences. Similar results are obtained for the N-adic complexity of periodic sequences over {0, ⋯ , N − 1}. New non-trivial lower bounds on the minimum number of operations needed to decrease the complexity are also given. The derivations are simpler compared to those in previous work on these problems.
Anatomic and physiologic considerations in sinusitis

The anatomy and physiology of the nose, the paranasal sinuses, and related structures are of major importance in understanding sinusitis. A brief description of the airflow, blood flow, nasal cycle, histology and the developmental anatomy are given. These elements combine to condition inhaled air by warming, humidifying, and filtering it. An important mechanism for understanding sinusitis is mucociliary clearance. The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are covered by a pseudostratified, columnar, ciliated epithelium with a thin mucous layer on top of it. In the sinuses the beat of the cilia is directed toward their natural ostia. The ostia of most of the paranasal sinuses lead into the region of the middle meatus and the anterior ethmoid, the osteomeatal complex. Obstruction in this area reduces clearance and plays a major role in the pathophysiology of sinusitis.
Some Physicochemical Characteristics of Photoaffinity-Labeled Rabbit Testosterone-Binding Globulin

Photolabeled testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG), obtained from the plasma of sexually immature male rabbits, was produced using 17β-hydroxy-[l,2-3H]4,6-androstadien-3-one. Photolabeled TeBG could not be distinguished from unlabeled TeBG by gel filtration chromatography, electrophoresis on nondenaturing gels, or sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Rabbit TeBG had a Stokes radius of approximately 45 A and a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 4.6S. Based on these parameters, its native molecular weight was calculated to be approximately 78,000. The frictional ratio of rabbit TeBG was found to be approximately 1.6. When photolabeled TeBG was examined on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, a single androgen-specific peak of approximately 40,000 daltons was obtained. When photolabeled TeBG was treated with the cross-linking reagent disuccinimidyl suberate before electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, an additional androgen-specific peak of radioactivity corresponding to a...
Immune response of immunocompromised children with malignancies to a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.

The aim of this study was to interpret the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination following an intensified four-dose schedule in 140 cancer patients who presented at our clinic between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1994. According to therapy status, the patients were divided into two groups: group A consisted of 76 patients undergoing chemotherapy and group B of 64 patients in complete remission and off treatment. The eligibility requirements were negative hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and human immunodeficiency virus serologic markers. A total of four doses (20 μg per dose) of recombinant HB vaccine was administered intramuscularly in the deltoid region at 0, 1, 2, and 6 months. Blood from the vaccinated subjects was obtained at months 1,2,3, and 7 in order to measure anti-HBs titer levels. Protective anti-HBs titers were considered to be those 10 mlU/mL. The overall seroconversion rate 1 month after the fourth dose was 57% (80/140 patients), and the seroconversion rates for groups A and B were ...
Identification of two new arthritis severity loci that regulate levels of autoantibodies, interleukin-1β, and joint damage in pristane- and collagen-induced arthritis.

Objective Cia3 is a locus on rat chromosome 4 that regulates severity and joint damage in collagen- and pristane-induced arthritis (CIA and PIA). This study was undertaken to refine the Cia3 gene–containing interval toward gene identification and obtain insights into its mode of action. Methods Five DA.F344(Cia3) subcongenic rat strains were generated and studied using the PIA and CIA models. Levels of antibodies against type II collagen (both allo- and autoantibodies) were measured. Joints and synovial tissue were collected 32 days after the induction of PIA (chronic stage) for histologic and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels. Results Three subcongenic strains sharing the centromeric Cia3d interval were protected and 2 subcongenic strains sharing the telomeric Cia3g interval, which did not overlap with Cia3d, were also protected, developing significantly less severe CIA and PIA. Normal joint architecture was preserved in DA.F344(Cia3) and DA.F344(Cia3d) congenic rats with PIA, while DA rats had pronounced synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis, inflammatory infiltration, and bone or cartilage erosions. The DA.F344(Cia3d) and DA.F344(Cia3g) strains had significantly lower synovial levels of IL-1β (5-fold and nearly 2-fold, respectively [the latter not reaching statistical significance]), MMP-1 (expressed predominantly in DA rats), MMP-3 (79-fold and 8-fold, respectively), and MMP-14 (21-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively) and reduced levels of pathogenic autoantibodies against type II collagen, compared with DA rats. Conclusion We have identified 2 new arthritis severity and articular damage loci within Cia3. These loci regulate pathogenic processes in 2 different models of rheumatoid arthritis, and the identification of these genes has the potential to generate new targets for therapies aimed at reducing disease severity and articular damage, and may additionally have prognostic value.
The evaluative imaging of mental models - Visual representations of complexity

The paper deals with some design issues involved in building a system that could visually represent the semantic structures of training materials and their underlying mental models. In particular, hypermedia-based semantic networks that instantiate classification problem solving strategies are thought to be a useful formalism for such representations; the complexity of these web structures can be best managed through visual depictions. It is also noted that a useful approach to implement in these hypermedia models would be some metrics of conceptual distance.
Chromatographic heterogeneity of 3-hydroxyproline and its basis.

trans-3-Hydroxy-l-proline is frequently eluted from amino acid analyzer columns as a double or asymmetric peak. This behavior was shown to depend on the size of the hydroxyproline sample, the pH, and the nature of the eluting buffer. Comparison of a number of organic acids used as eluting buffers suggested that the hydroxyl group of malic or citric acid participates in reversible complex formation with 3-hydroxyproline. Evidence for such chemical interaction was obtained by NMR spectrometry.
Time series analysis of water quality parameters at Stillaguamish River using order series method

This study applied the time series analysis approach to model and predict univariate dissolved oxygen and temperature time series for four water quality assessment stations at Stillaguamish River located in the state of Washington. The order series method was applied to fulfill the normality assumption for modeling the univariate time series. Then, the AR(I)MA models were applied to study the stationary and nonstationary time series, the Auto-Regressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average model was applied to study the time series with long memory. The results showed there existed three different structures for the univariate water quality time series at Stillaguamish River watershed. The identified time series model for each univariate water quality time series was found to be capable of predicting future values with reasonable accuracy. Overall, the time series modeling approach may be an efficient tool in assessment of the water quality in the river system.
Long-Distance Power Transmission as Influenced by Excitation Systems

THE renewed attention now being given to transmission of power from hydroelectric sites located at moderate and long distances from their load areas requires a re-evaluation of some of the factors affecting power system stability. This paper shows that the electrical loadings of long distance transmission systems may be increased a significant amount by the use of automatically controlled excitation and proper co-ordination of the apparatus characteristics.
Nontraumatic compartment syndrome of the extremities in children

Acute compartment syndrome of an extremity poses a threat to both life and limb. The usual cause in children is trauma, especially fractures and burns. Two recent cases of nontraumatic compartment syndrome of the extremities in children are presented, both owing to infection followed by myositis or fasciitis. Both cases required urgent decompression by fasciotomy, resulting in limb salvage and full recovery of neuromuscular function of the extremity. The value of prompt recognition and treatment of this condition is emphasized.
Solution reduction synthesis of surface stabilized silicon nanoparticles

This paper describes the preparation of air and moisture stable octanol derivatized crystalline silicon nanoparticles by room temperature sodium naphthalenide reduction of silicon halides.
Semiempirical characterization of homonuclear diatomic ions: 5. The general classification of Herschbach ionic morse potential energy curves

The Herschbach (Adv. Chem. Phys. 1966, 10, 310) classification of XY(−) potential energy curves is updated. Using three independent binary metrics, there are eight (23) curves, expressed in a symmetrical notation as follows: M(m) and D(m), m = 0 to 3, where D and M signify Dissociation and Molecular anion formation in a vertical electron impact, and m is the number of positive metrics. The metrics are the individual adiabatic and vertical electron affinities and the energy for dissociative electron attachment. Examples are the anions of: H2 [M(0), D(0)], O2 [M(2,1), D(0)], F2 [D(3,2)], Na2[M(2); D(1)], and I2 [M(3); D(3,2)]. Improved Morse curves for H2(−), X2(−), and O2(−) are calculated based on more accurate AEa: F2, 3.02 ± 0.01; Cl2, 2.40 ± 0.01; Br2, 2.53 ± 0.01; I2, 2.52 ± 0.005; and O2, 1.07 ± 0.07 (all in eV). The AEa for the main group homonuclear diatomic molecules are supported by periodic trends.
Axon Guidance: Ephrins at WRK on the Midline

Recent findings indicate that the embryonic motor neurons act as gatekeepers to regulate midline crossing during development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The newly identified protein WRK-1 and ephrins cooperate to prevent longitudinal axons from crossing the midline.
An anatomical demonstration of projections to the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) from rostral trigeminal nuclei and the contralateral caudal medulla.

Abstract This study demonstrates that the medullary dorsal horn (MDH), the most caudal subdivision of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, receives input from neurons located in the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, the more rostral subdivisions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the contralateral MDH. Using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we show here that the MDH receives ipsilateral projections from rostral trigeminal nuclei but not from adjacent areas of the reticular formation. The rostral pole of spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (nucleus oralis, pars β) contains the highest density of MDH projection neurons. In addition, the MDH on one side receives projections from contralateral MDH neurons located in layers I, III, IV, V, VII and VIII but not from neurons in layers II and VI. We conclude that: (1) specific subdivisions of rostral trigeminal nuclei send projections to the MDH that could modulate the activity of MDH neurons; (2) projections from trigeminal nuclei to layers V and VI of the MDH, but not from adjacent areas of the reticular formation, provide further evidence that these deeper layers are related functionally to the MDH and trigeminal sensory processes; and (3) several populations of MDH neurons send axons across the midline into the contralateral MDH and may mediate contralateral inhibitory effects.
Soft-x-ray-induced secondary-electron emission from semiconductors and insulators: Models and measurements

Secondary-electron energy distribution curves (EDC's) and the total secondary-electron yields relative to such for gold have been measured for seven semiconductors for which electron-electron scattering losses within the emitter were considered dominant and for nine insulators (alkali halides) for which electron-phonon scattering losses were expected to be dominant in the transport process. The secondary-electron spectra were excited by Al-$K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ (1487 eV) photons and were measured from evaporated dielectric films (of about 0.3 \ensuremath{\mu} thickness) on conducting substrates with an electrostatic hemispherical analyzer of about 0.03-eV resolution. Some of the dielectric photoemitters have appreciably narrower energy distributions and higher yields than has gold; CuI and CsI have EDC widths at half-maximum of about one-third of that for gold, and yield values of 11 and 30 times greater. The FWHM and secondary-electron yield for gold were measured to be about 4 eV and 0.50 electrons per normally incident photon, respectively. The shapes of the EDC's were found to be essentially unchanged for photon excitation in the 0.1-10-keV region. Strong structural features appear only in the alkali halide EDC's, and it is proposed that these are mainly the result of single-electron promotion of secondaries from the valence band by plasmon deexcitation. A relatively simple model for x-ray photoemission has been developed which assumes that direct excitation of secondaries by photoelectron and Auger-electron "primaries" is the dominant excitation mechanism, and accounts for both electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering in the transport process. Free-electron conduction-band descriptions are assumed. The theoretical and experimental curves are in satisfactory agreement.
WE‐E‐AUD C‐04: Effect of CT Calibration Phantom Size On the Range in Proton Radiation Therapy

Purpose: The range of a proton beam in the patient is estimated using the relationship between CT numbers (HU) and relative linear stopping powers (RLSP). The purpose of this study is to assess the range uncertainties introduced by the size of the phantom used for determining the calibration curve. Method and Materials:CT scans were performed on tissue equivalent inserts placed at the center of two phantoms of different sizes representing human head and body with a GE Lightspeed 16‐slice CT scanner. The HU to RLSP calibration curve was established for each phantom based on a stoichiometric calibration technique. For each planning CTimage data set, two plans were generated using head and body calibration curves, respectively. The range difference between two corresponding fields was evaluated using distance‐to‐agreement (DTA) along the beam direction in a homogenous water phantom in water equivalent thickness (WET). The DTAs were calculated with a threshold of percent dose difference of 3%. Plans for four prostate and four lung patients were investigate. Results: The measured CT number for the same insert placed in two phantoms of different sizes could differ up to 200 HU for the bone equivalent materials. The maximum dose difference between two proton plans generated with head and body calibration curves could be up to 33%. The difference in DTA was up to 2.4 mm WET for prostate patients and 5.4 mm WET for lung patients. Conclusion: The calibration phantom size could contribute up to 5.4 mm WET range uncertainties for the lung patients in our study. The current practice is to use average calibration curve to minimize the uncertainty. Advanced imaging techniques such as dual‐energy CT scans could be utilized to reduce the uncertainty in CT numbers. Other factors that introduce range uncertainty in proton therapy will be investigated in future.
An assessment of plasma instabilities or planetary lightning as a source for the VLF bursts detected at Venus

Very low frequency (VLF) signals detected in the nightside ionosphere of Venus have generally been attributed to atmospheric lightning. However it has recently been suggested that these bursts could be generated by either whistler-mode or lower hybrid drift instabilities. It has previously been shown that the growth rate for whistler-mode instabilities in the nightside ionosphere is too small for appreciable growth at altitudes less than 200 km, where the VLF burst rate is highest. We show that the bursts are usually observed in regions of low electron beta, where whistler-mode attenuation is small. We further show that many of the bursts are detected in regions of high collision frequency, which stabilizes the lower hybrid drift instability. Lastly, the waves are also detected in regions where the wavelength required for Doppler-shift of lower hybrid waves to 100 Hz is shorter than the electron Larmor radius, which also argues against a lower hybrid drift instability. Planetary lightning is consequently a more likely source for the VLF bursts.
Headgroup Hydration and Motional Order of Lipids in Lamellar Liquid Crystalline and Inverted Hexagonal Phases of Unsaturated Phosphatidylethanolamine—A Time-Resolved Fluorescence Study

Abstract By the use of frequency domain cross-correlation fluorometry, the fluorescence lifetime of the water soluble probe 8,1-anilinonapthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) in aqueous dispersions of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and phosphatidylethanolamine transphosphatidylated from egg phosphatidylcholine (TPE) was measured. The orientational order parameter and rotational diffusion constant of the lipophilic probe 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH) were also determined in TPE dispersions. In agreement with a previous study on DOPE (Cheng (1989) Biophys. J. 55, 1025–1031), abrupt changes in both the order packing and rotational diffusion constant were found at the lamellar liquid crystalline (L α ) to inverted hexagonal (H II ) phase transition of TPE. Owing to the subnanosecond resolution capability of this frequency domain fluorometric technique, the heterogeneous fluorescence decay of ANS was resolved into three distinct components with different decay lifetimes (τ's). They were 0 τ τ τ > 15 ns. These lifetime regions were attributed to the partitioning of ANS into the bulk aqueous medium, the lipid/water interface and the lipid hydrocarbon region, respectively. These classifications of lifetime regions were further supported by the sensitivity of those lifetime components with the solvent isotopic shift of D 2 O. Similar to the changes of orientational order and rotational diffusion of lipophilic probe, the lifetime and intensity fraction of ANS associated with the lipid/water interfacial region declined abruptly at the L α -H II transition of both DOPE and TPE. This observation suggested that a dehydration of the lipid headgroup surface occurs at the L α -H 11 transition. This study provided evidence that both the lipid headgroup surface hydration and the lipid dynamics change drastically as a result of the macroscopic rearrangement of lipids at the L α -H II transition.
Thermodynamics of hydrochloric acid in 95 volume per cent (92.41 mass per cent) ethanol from e.m.f. measurements at 5 to 50°C

Abstract Electromotive-force measurements of cells of the type Pt/H 2 /HCl( m ) in EtOH + H 2 O/ AgCl/Ag at 10 temperatures from 5 to 50 °C have been used to derive (a) the standard e.m.f. of the cell of 92.41 mass per cent ethanol, (b) the activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid, (c) the relative partial molal enthalpy and heat capacity of HCl, and (d) the thermodynamic constants for the transfer of HCl from water to 92.41 mass per cent ethanol. The molality of the acid ranged from 0.0099 to 1.085 mol kg −1 . To obtain the standard e.m.f. it was necessary to correct for ion-pair formation and to use the extended terms of the Debye-Huckel theory. The ion-size parameter, chosen to minimize the sum of the squares of the deviations, varied only slightly with temperature, from 3.97 A at 5 °C to 4.31 A at 50 °C.
Preliminary plans for a propagation experiment in Mali

Measurements of propagation effects on satellite down-links to tropical locations are rare. This paper describes two experiments that will provide new and useful data for radiowave propagation in tropical Africa. A discussion of the African tropical climate is included that shows the wide range of rainfall patterns throughout the continent. Also, the broad distribution of climate in Mali, the West African country where the experiments will be located, is described. A rain-rate measurement programme involving autonomous terminals based on tipping bucket rain-gauges is presented. An experiment measuring the slant-path attenuation of the 12·5 GHz beacon of the ESA satellite OLYMPUS is described. The paper also discusses how the measured data in both experiments will be relayed daily from Mali to Virginia Tech by the low earth orbit satellite VaSTAR.
Casimir Energy of Smooth Compact Surfaces

We discuss the formalism of Balian and Duplantier for the calculation of the Casimir energy for an arbitrary smooth compact surface, and use it to give some examples: a finite cylinder with hemispherical caps, the torus, ellipsoid of revolution, a "cube" with rounded corners and edges, and a "drum" made of disks and part of a torus. We propose a model function which approximately captures the shape dependence of the Casimir energy.
Use of the amplatzer vascular plug as an anchoring scaffold for coil-mediated parent vessel occlusion : Technical case report

Objective Parent vessel sacrifice is a useful treatment strategy for fusiform intracranial aneurysms. Originally performed using the detachable silicone balloon, endovascular arterial occlusion is currently achieved using coils, a process which can be limited by coil mass migration. Methods We demonstrate the use of the Amplatzer vascular plug as a fixed anchor within the target parent vessel to facilitate coil-mediated occlusion, especially in vascular segments not encased by a bony canal. The technique was used successfully in two patients: a 90-year-old woman presenting with IIIrd and VIth cranial nerve palsy from a fusiform left cavernous internal carotid aneurysm and a 44-year-old man with distal thromboemboli from a fusiform dissecting-type right vertebral artery involving the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Results Both patients were treated successfully with proximal parent vessel occlusion using coils after deployment of an Amplatzer vascular plug proximal to the target lesion. With the Amplatzer device acting as a fixed anchor in the parent vessel, coils were deployed proximally in a compact configuration. After deployment of the vascular plugs and coils, hermetic occlusion of the parent vessel was documented angiographically. Conclusion The Amplatzer vascular plug can facilitate coil occlusion of large cervical vessels by acting as a focal coil and embolic material immobilizer, which can prevent coil mass migration and lead to improved packing density.
Autoridad burlesca y modernidad en el teatro breve barroco

The purpose of this article is to study how the trends of diversion and consumption determined the comic elements of the short plays through the analysis of the comic Mayor within the urban space. I focus on several interludes where commerce and the use of new products and habits are the principal means of making fun of the rural authority figure in the emerging new society of consumers in the 17th century.
Mutually orthogonal latin squares: a brief survey of constructions

In the two centuries since Euler first asked about mutually orthogonal latin squares, substantial progress has been made. The biggest breakthroughs came in 1960 with the celebrated theorems of Bose, Shrikhande, and Parker, and in 1974 in the research of Wilson. Current efforts have concentrated on refining these approaches, and finding new applications of the substantial theory opened. This paper provides a detailed list of constructions for MOLS, concentrating on the uses of pairwise balanced designs and transversal designs in recursive constructions as pioneered in the papers of Bose, Shrikhande, and Parker. In addition, several new lower bounds for MOLS are given and an up-to-date table of lower bounds for MOLS is provided.
Rate-controlling species for the sintering of LiTi2(PO4)3

Abstract A series of Li deficient LiTi2(PO4)3 samples were prepared and sintered and the density was measured to determine the rate-controlling species for sintering of LiTi2(PO4)3. It was observed that as the Li content decreased the density decreased. This result suggests that oxygen does not control sintering. A comparison of the LiTi2(PO4)3 sintering data to sintering and diffusion data in olivine, which exhibits a similar framework structure to LiTi2(PO4)3, suggests that P is the species which controls sintering. This suggestion was confirmed by the density results of a Li excess LiTi2(PO4)3 sample.
Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Studies of Active Site Models of Oxygenated Cobalt-Substituted Hemoproteins: Correlating Electron-Nuclear Couplings and Metal−Ligand Bond Lengths

Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopic studies of oxygenated cobalt (oxyCo) [tetraphenylporphyrin(TPP)][1-methylimidazole (1-MeIm)], an active site model of oxyCo-substituted globins (functional and EPR-active [S = 1/2] analogues of oxygen carrying hemoproteins), are carried out in order to examine the correlation of oxygen affinity with electron-nuclear coupling parameters and metal−ligand bond lengths. ESEEM demonstrates that the magnitude of the electron-nuclear hyperfine and nuclear quadrupole couplings to the directly-coordinated 14N of 1-MeIm decrease (Aiso, from 3.54 to 3.04 MHz; e2qQ, from 2.39 to 2.08 MHz) as the solvent compositon is varied from 0 to 50% (v/v) dichloromethane in toluene. For oxyCo[(o-R)1TPP][1-MeIm] (where R = −H, −NHCOC(CH3)3, −NHCOCH3, or −NHCONHC6H5, an ortho substitutent on one of the four meso phenyls of TPP), couplings to the axial nitrogen decrease (Aiso, from 3.54 to 3.07 MHz; e2qQ, from 2.39 to 2...
Ultraviolet-optical charge-coupled devices for space instrumentation

We review the performance of charge-coupled detectors (CCDs) currently planned for space science instrumentation during the coming decade. With focal planes of up to a billion pixels, we discuss technical challenges in transferring this technology from ground-based to space imagers and identify areas for future development to facilitate these missions. The current capabilities of CCDs for UV imaging are also summarized and future directions for the development of CCDs suitable for wide field UV imaging are highlighted.
Amyloid β-Protein Assembly and Alzheimer Disease

The biochemistry of amyloid proteins has been a fascinating and important area of research because of its contribution to our understanding of protein folding dynamics and assembly and of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human disease. One such disease is AD,2 the most common neurodegenerative disorder of aging. In AD, Aβ (Fig. 1A), which is expressed normally and ubiquitously throughout life as a 40–42-residue peptide, forms fibrils that deposit in the brain as “amyloid plaques.” This pathologic deposition process led researchers to investigate fibril formation as a target for therapeutic intervention. In doing so, an increasing number of fibril precursors and non-fibrillar Aβ assemblies have been identified, the majority of which are neurotoxic. These findings have altered prevailing fibril-centered views of the pathobiology of amyloid diseases (1) and intensified efforts to understand the early folding and assembly dynamics of Aβ. In the discussion that follows, we seek to introduce the reader to the complex world of Aβ assembly and biological activity, a goal we hope will provide a conceptual framework upon which further knowledge or experimentation may be built. FIGURE 1. Aβ assembly. A, the sequence of Aβ42 is shown in one-letter amino acid code. The side chain charge at neutral pH is color-coded (red, negative; blue, positive). B, nucleation-dependent polymerization, reflecting the unfavorable self-association ...
Cutoff dependence of the Higgs-boson mass in an extension of the standard model.

The effect of possible non-standard-model physics in the form of a scalar singlet on the absolute upper bound and cutoff dependence of the Higgs-boson mass is evaluated. It is found that the previous absolute upper bounds on the Higgs-boson mass within the context of the standard model are unchanged at about 800 GeV.
Instructional set does not alter outcome of respiratory challenges in panic disorder

In an attempt to reproduce the findings of Rapee et al (1986) that instructional set could alter the anxiogenic effects of carbon dioxide inhalation, 45 patients with panic disorder received two sets of instructions and then underwent a series of respiratory challenges (room air hyperventilation, 5% and 7% CO 2 inhalation). The instructions failed to alter the anxiogenic response to any of the interventions.
Recent developments in atmospheric pressure MALDI mass spectrometry

Abstract A new atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ion source that includes an extended capillary for delivery of AP-MALDI ions toward a mass spectrometer (MS) atmospheric pressure interface inlet aperture, an optical fiber for laser energy transfer to a target, and x – y travel stages for high throughput analysis of multiple samples, is described. The new source has been interfaced with a Thermo Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer bringing powerful high throughput tandem MS capabilities to MALDI analysis. The resulting AP-MALDI-LCQ instrument demonstrated an absolute sensitivity in the low femtomole range for simple peptide mixture analysis, a mass range up to 2000–4000 (limited by LCQ), and an extensive fragmentation of singly-charged AP-MALDI ions in MS/MS experiments. The potential strength of this technique has been illustrated by numerous applications ranging from fragile molecule analysis to tryptic digest analysis for protein identification.
OTEC pilot plant heat engine

The preliminary engineering design has been completed for a pilot plant intended to demonstrate the construction feasibility, performance, operation, and economics of power generation on ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant-ships utilizing the temperature difference between the surface and deep waters of the tropical oceans. This paper summarizes the heat-engine system design and integration in the platform and describes system components and their performance and construction requirements, together with the computed overall cycle performance and operation. Ancillary equipment and platform arrangement and support requirements are discussed as to their effect on the platform design. The heat engine and platform design is based upon the folded-tube, shell-less heat exchanger module concept as developed from analytical and experimental work previously reported. The heat engine design discussed is among the candidates for the construction of large commercial OTEC plant-ships. The pilot plant design presented is for a 10 to 20 megawatt net output plant made up of 2.5-MW/sub e/ net heat exchanger modules manifolded to 5 MW/sub e/ net turbine-generator sets.
Diophantinized fractional representations for nonlinear elastomeric media

Abstract This paper explores the use of diophantinized fractional fits for the nonlinear constitutive representation of elastomeric media. These are caste in terms of either the principal stretches or the strain invariants. Both polynomial and rational forms are considered. To construct the requisite complete and physically admissible basis space, the diophantinized set of fractional powers is bound by the curvature properties of the experimental data set. This set is then employed in conjunction with a remezed least square scheme to obtain an optimal fit. To verify the scheme a sample application case is presented.
An analytical model for spherulitic growth in fiber‐reinforced polymers

An analytical model for the isothermal crystallization of fiber reinforced polymers is presented. The model is based on approximate expressions for the volume of intersection between a sphere and cylinder. These expressions are used to account for the effect of the fibers on the overall crystallization process. Expressions for the average volume of spherulites truncated by the fibers are computed. The crystallization process is divided into time frames during which specific types of fiber truncations are encountered. Three different time sequences for the occurrence of the truncations are also derived according to the fiber volume fraction. The depressing effect of the fibers on the overall crystallization process is demonstrated with simple examples. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 1677–1687, 1998
Bridge Load Rating Using Dynamic Response

Proposed herein is a method for load rating of prestressed box beam (PSBB) bridges based on their dynamic response collected using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The hypothesis states that the health of a bridge is associated with its vibration signatures. Two WSNs were deployed on a 25-year-old PSBB bridge, and trucks were run with variable loads and speeds for collecting its real-time dynamic response at current condition. Also performed were finite-element (FE) simulations of 3D bridge models under vehicular loads to acquire the representative dynamic response at its newest condition. The bridge model was validated by field testing and numerical analysis. The fast Fourier transform and peak-picking algorithms were used to find maximum peak amplitudes and their corresponding frequencies. The in-service stiffness of the bridge was calculated to determine its load rating, which resembles the actual load rating of the bridge. The application software developed from this research can instantly determine the load rating of a PSBB bridge by collecting its real-time dynamic response. The research outcome will help reduce bridge maintenance costs and increase public safety.
Biological applications of multifunctional magnetic nanowires (invited)

Magnetic particles that can be bound to cells and biomolecules have become an important tool for the application of force in biology and biotechnology. Multifunctional magnetic nanowires fabricated by electrochemical deposition in nanoporous templates are a type of magnetic carrier that offers significant potential advantages over commercially available magnetic particles. Recent experimental work aimed at developing these wires for this purpose is reviewed. Results on chemical functionalization of Au and Au/Ni wires and magnetic manipulation of wires in suspension are described. Fluorescence microscopy was used to demonstrate the covalent binding of thiol-terminated porphyrins to Au nanowires, and to optimize functionalization of two-segment gold–nickel nanowires for selectivity and stability of the nanowire–molecule linkages. Magnetic trapping is a technique where single nanowires are captured from fluid suspension using lithographically patterned micromagnets. The influence of an external magnetic field on this process is described. The dynamics of magnetic trapping is shown to be well described by a model based on the interplay of dipolar forces and viscous drag.
RNA Turnover: Unexpected Consequences of Being Tailed

In eukaryotic cells, the 3′ poly(A) tails found on mRNA influence their stability and translation. The discovery of a second nuclear poly(A) polymerase complex has fueled a series of reports defining a new and unexpected role for 3′ end poly(A) tails in the nuclear surveillance and turnover of noncoding RNAs and intergenic mRNAs of unknown function.
Hydrological consequences of land-cover change: Quantifying the influence of plants on soil moisture with time-lapse electrical resistivity

Electrical resistivity of soils and sediments is strongly influenced by the presence of interstitial water. Taking advantage of this dependency, electrical-resistivity imaging (ERI) can be effectively utilized to estimate subsurface soil-moisture distributions. The ability to obtain spatially extensive data combined with time-lapse measurements provides further opportunities to understand links between land use and climate processes. In natural settings, spatial and temporal changes in temperature and porewater salinity influence the relationship between soil moisture and electrical resistivity. Apart from environmental factors, technical, theoretical, and methodological ambiguities may also interfere with accurate estimation of soil moisture from ERI data. We have examined several of these complicating factors using data from a two-year study at a forest-grassland ecotone, a boundary between neighboring but different plant communities.At this site, temperature variability accounts for approximately 20%–4...
Internal deoxygenation of tubular photobioreactor for mass production of microalgae by perfluorocarbon emulsions

BACKGROUND With the increasing demand for microalgae it is clear that new industrial culturing techniques are needed. Current microalgae growth is done either in open or closed systems. In various situations, it has been reported that closed systems offer many advantages over open systems including lower contamination and better control over operating parameters. However, in industrial scale-up of closed tubular photobioreactors, hypercritical oxygen concentration is one of the dominating detrimental factors limiting the mass culture of microalgae in tubular systems. However, published accounts on alleviating oxygen stress imposed on large-scale tubular photobioreactors are scarce. RESULTS Results from this work showed that perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions, acting as gas-carrier vehicles, increased algal photosynthesis and biomass at least 4-fold in a closed tubular photobioreactor by decreasing dissolved oxygen concentration from 47% (generated in the photobioreactor without using PFC emulsions) to 4% after 9 days of culture. CONCLUSION In order to tackle the problem of high concentrations of dissolved oxygen strongly inhibiting microalgal biomass production, an innovative methodology has been developed which involves gradually supplying carbon dioxide and removing the accumulated oxygen through the use of PFC emulsions. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry