cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxicity and evidence for metabolic alterations in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated guinea pigs fed by total parenteral nutrition.

Abstract The effect of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) in male, Hartley-strain guinea pigs was determined. At a single dose of 2 μg TCDD/kg, TPN-fed guinea pigs maintained body weight at a level which was slightly, but consistently, below that of the TPN-fed control animals. However, despite the sustenance of body weight, TCDD-treated animals died or were sacrificed due to morbidity between Days 8 and 24 following treatment. Approximately 50% of this group demonstrated a profound loss of body weight within a few days prior to death or sacrifice. With the exception of the pattern of weight loss, the signs of toxicity in the TPN-fed, TCDD-treated animals were strikingly similar to those observed in TCDD-treated guinea pigs fed ad libitum . Although livers from TCDD-treated, TPN-fed animals demonstrated increased content of lipid and cytochrome P -450, this tissue appeared to be morphologically and functionally comparable to that from TPN-fed controls. Of the blood chemistry examined, only the serum concentrations of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine were significantly decreased in the treated animals fed by TPN. Results were also compared to TCDD-treated guinea pigs fed ad libitum and respective pair-fed controls. Many of the physiological and biochemical responses observed in animals fed ad libitum following TCDD treatment could be explained by a decrease in food consumption. This study demonstrated that although food consumption clearly accounts for the major effect of TCDD on body weight loss in guinea pigs fed ad libitum , additional physiological and/or biochemical alterations occurred which also contribute to body weight loss, other signs of toxicity, and subsequent lethality.
Gas-kinetic finite volume methods, flux-vector splitting, and artificial diffusion

Abstract In order to improve our understanding of Boltzmann-type schemes, which have been recently proposed for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations by Prendergast and Xu, we have modified the gas-kinetic approach and applied it to simple hyperbolic conservation laws. We found that the gas-kinetic discretization can be explained in terms of standard central difference and upwind schemes. Artificial viscosity concepts are reviewed and linked to the grid size and the physical length scale of the discontinuity. Also, a new three-dimensional gas-kinetic scheme for the numerical Navier-Stokes equations, whose solution satisfies the entropy condition, is presented. Two numerical limits of the scheme are obtained. The first one is the one-step Lax-Wendroff scheme, and the second one is the kinetic flux vector splitting scheme. A new relaxation scheme for steady state calculations is also formulated and implemented in the multigrid time stepping technique of Jameson. When applied to the Euler equations, the resulting method yields high accuracy and fast convergence to a steady state.
Emergency department utilization among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia and diabetes: The consequences of increasing medical complexity

Objective Individuals with both physical and mental health problems may have elevated levels of emergency department (ED) service utilization either for index conditions or for associated comorbidities. This study examines the use of ED services by Medicaid beneficiaries with comorbid diabetes and schizophrenia, a dyad with particularly high levels of clinical complexity.
CMOS-compatible fabrication of room-temperature single-electron devices

Single-electron devices offer many advantages over traditional devices, but it is a challenge to fabricate them in large numbers. A novel geometry in which the source and drain electrodes are vertically separated by thin dielectric films, and nanoparticles attached to the sidewall of the dielectric films act as Coulomb islands, can now be used for the CMOS-compatible fabrication of single-electron devices that operate at room temperature.
Nuclear progesterone receptors in the beagle uterus

Abstract Receptor-progesterone complexes in the uterine nuclei of adult beagles were demonstrated by a nuclear exchange assay using the synthetic progestin, promegestone (R5020). The radioactive R5020 ligand totally exchanged with previously bound progesterone when uterine muclei were incubated at 4°C for 6 h or 15°C for 2 h. The beagle uterine nuclear progesterone receptor was saturable with respect to the concentration of ligand exchanged, was highly specific for R5020 and progesterone, and bound R5020 with high affinity. In vivo injections of progesterone to an estrogen-primed, ovariectomized adult resulted in a rapid loss of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors with a concomitant increase in nuclear occupation by these receptors. Two forms of nuclear progesterone receptors were demonstrable following incubations of beagle uterine nuclei with 0.4–0.5 M KCl: a salt-extractable receptor, representing approximately 70% of total nuclear binding, and a salt-resistant receptor fraction which possessed a slightly lowered K d than observed for total nuclear binding. The significance of multiple nuclear progesterone receptors in the beagle uterus remains to be elucidated.
Dpp and Gbb exhibit different effective ranges in the establishment of the BMP activity gradient critical for Drosophila wing patterning

Morphogen gradients ensure the specification of different cell fates by dividing initially unpatterned cellular fields into distinct domains of gene expression. It is becoming clear that such gradients are not always simple concentration gradients of a single morphogen; however, the underlying mechanism of generating an activity gradient is poorly understood. Our data indicate that the relative contributions of two BMP ligands, Gbb and Dpp, to patterning the wing imaginal disc along its A/P axis, change as a function of distance from the ligand source. Gbb acts over a long distance to establish BMP target gene boundaries and a variety of cell fates throughout the wing disc, while Dpp functions at a shorter range. On its own, Dpp is not sufficient to mediate the low-threshold responses at the end points of the activity gradient, a function that Gbb fulfills. Given that both ligands signal through the Tkv type I receptor to activate the same downstream effector, Mad, the difference in their effective ranges must reflect an inherent difference in the ligands themselves, influencing how they interact with other molecules. The existence of related ligands with different functional ranges may represent a conserved mechanism used in different species to generate robust long range activity gradients.
Major Contributing Role of Sclerotherapy in the Treatment of Varicose Veins

Varicose veins is a common vascular problem in Western Civilization, ac counting for 24 million cases in the United States. Factors appear to be a combi nation of heredity, perhaps diet, and hormonal influences. One out of five females will have some form of varicosities with a ratio of about 20 females to 1 male. Endogenous hormones are implicated in that varicosities start after the menarche in many women, are usually symptomatic pre-menstrually, and are tremendously aggravated by pregnancy (Table I). The administration of estro gen often aggravates pre-existing varices, as does obesity, which may be related to endogenous estrogen. Sedentary life style or occupations requiring standing in one position for long periods of time play a role in aggravation of pre-existing varices, as does lack of muscle tone.1
Bacterial transport through homogeneous soil

The transport of microorganisms in soils is of major importance for bioremediation of subsurface polluted zones and for pollution of groundwater with pathogens. A procedure for evaluating the relative mobility and recovery of bacteria in the soil matrix was developed. In the method devised, movement of bacteria along the walls of the column of soil and channeling were prevented. Changes in population size during the test period were minimal because temperatures of 2–5°C were maintained and predators and parasites were eliminated by 60Co irradiation. The 19 strains of bacteria tested had markedly different degrees of transport. From 0.01 to 15% of the added cells passed through a 5-cm long column of Kendaia loam with four pore volumes of water and from 4.3% to essentially all of the added bacteria were recovered. The marked differences in the mobilities of the various bacteria and the high recoveries of most of the isolates suggested that the procedure developed is a useful means for selecting bacteria according to their mobilities in soils, aquifer materials, and other porous media.
AphasiaBank: A resource for clinicians

AphasiaBank is a shared, multimedia database containing videos and transcriptions of ~180 aphasic individuals and 140 nonaphasic controls performing a uniform set of discourse tasks. The language in the videos is transcribed in Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT) format and coded for analysis with Computerized Language ANalysis (CLAN) programs, which can perform a wide variety of language analyses. The database and the CLAN programs are freely available to aphasia researchers and clinicians for educational, clinical, and scholarly uses. This article describes the database, suggests some ways in which clinicians and clinician researchers might find these materials useful, and introduces a new language analysis program, EVAL, designed to streamline the transcription and coding processes, while still producing an extensive and useful language profile.
Aspects nutritionnels des cytokines leucocytaires

Resume La reponse immunitaire constitute un mecanisme de defense de l'hote conduisant, par l'intermediaire des cytokines leucocytaires, a des ajustements biochimiques, metaboliques et hormonaux. Parmi les nombreuses cytokines d'importance immunologique, l'interleukine-1 (IL-1), le tumor necrosis factor (TNF), l'interleukine-6 (IL-6) et l'interferon gamma (IFN) sont les principaux mediateurs impliques dans le metabolisme intermediaire. Ces cytokines agissent de concert pour provoquer une reduction de la prise alimentaire et augmenter les depenses energetiques, l'oxydation du glucose, la neoglucogenese ainsi que la synthese et la secretion hepatique des lipides et des proteines de l'inflammation. Elles entrainent egalement une diminution de la captation des acides gras par les adipocytes et des alterations de la distribution des proteines et des oligo-elements (zinc, cuivre, fer) dans l'organisme. Bien qu'un certain nombre de ces effets soient lies a une action directe des cytokines sur leurs cellules cibles, il existe egalement des effets indirects, par l'intermediaire des hormones : insuline, glucagon et glucocorticoides. L'effet des cytokines sur les besoins nutritionnels de l'individu varie en fonction de l'etat physiologique. Chez l'enfant, l'augmentation des depenses energetiques et de l'oxydation des acides amines est contrebalancee dans une certaine mesure par une diminution des besoins lies a un ralentissement de la croissance. Chez l'adulte, l'augmentation des apports energetiques et en acides amines compense l'augmentation du metabolisme de base et de l'oxydation des acides amines. Les modifications des besoins en vitamines et en mineraux dans ces circonstances sont mal connues. Le niveau de l'apport nutritionnel modifie la production des cytokines jouant ainsi un role immuno-regulateur. Un jeune aigu augmente la survie et potentialise la liberation de TNF. Une carence proteique entraine une reduction de la liberation d'IL-1 et de TNF et une alteration de la reponse tissulaire aux monokines. Une carence en oligo-elements conduit a une diminution de la secretion d'IL-1. Une supplementation en acides gras Ω-3 insatures diminue la secretion d'IL-1 et de TNF. L'acide retinoique reduit l'activite de l'IFN alors que l'acide ascorbique l'augmente. La vitamine D active la transcription du TNF et de l'IL-1.
New insights into mitochondrial structure during cell death

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in the cascade of events associated with cell death pathways that are involved with several forms of neurodegeneration. Recent findings show that in the Bax/Bak-dependent pathway of apoptosis, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria is a consequence of two carefully coordinated events: opening of crista junctions triggered by OPA1 oligomer disassembly and formation of outer membrane pores. Both steps are necessary for the complete release of pro-apoptotic proteins. The remodeling of mitochondrial structure accompanies this pathway, including mitochondrial fission, and cristae and crista junction alterations. Yet, there is controversy surrounding the timing of certain remodeling events and whether they are necessary early events required for the release of pro-apoptotic factors or are simply a downstream after-effect. Here, we analyze the current knowledge of mitochondrial remodeling during cell death and discuss what structural alterations occur to this organelle during neurodegeneration, focusing on the higher resolution structural correlates obtained by electron microscopy and electron tomography.
UNIX security in a supercomputing environment

@ operating system is designed for collaborative work and not for security. Vendors have modified this operating system (in some cases, radically) to provide levels of security acceptable to their customers, but the versions used in supercomputing environments would benefit from enhancements present in so-called secure versions. This paper discusses the need for security in a supercomputing environment and suggests modifications to the UNIX operating system that would decrease the vulnerability of those sites to attacks. Among the issues are additional auditing controls, changes to network programs, improved user authentication, and better application of the principle of least privilege.
Neutron scattering study of antiferromagnetic order in CaCu3Ti4O12

Abstract Magnetism in a single crystal CaCu3Ti4O12 has been studied using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering. We have measured the order parameter of the antiferromagnetic phase transition at T N =24.1(1) K . The observed magnetic structure can be consistently described by spins ordered collinearly along the crystallographic [111] direction. A spin wave mode of ω=7.3(4) meV has been observed and compared with a linear spin wave theory.
Isotope fractionation during oxidation of tetravalent uranium by dissolved oxygen

Abstract We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate isotopic fractionations during oxidation of tetravalent uranium, U(IV), by dissolved oxygen. In hydrochloric acid media with the U(IV) dissolved, the δ238U value of the remaining U(IV) increased as the extent of oxidation increased. The δ238U value of the product U(VI) paralleled, but was offset to 1.1 ± 0.2‰ lower than the remaining U(IV). In contrast, oxidation of solid U(IV) by dissolved oxygen in 20 mM NaHCO3 solution at pH = 9.4 caused only a weak fractionation (∼0.1‰ to 0.3‰), with δ238U being higher in the dissolved U(VI) relative to the solid U(IV). We suggest that isotope fractionation during oxidation of solid U(IV) is inhibited by a “rind effect”, where the surface layer of the solid U(IV) must be completely oxidized before the next layer is exposed to oxidant. The necessity of complete conversion of each layer results in minimal isotopic effect. The weak shift in δ238U of U(VI) is attributed to adsorption of part of the product U(VI) to the solid U(IV) surfaces.
Analgesic use during pregnancy and risk of infant leukaemia: A Children's Oncology Group study

Infant leukaemia is likely initiated in utero. We examined whether analgesic use during pregnancy was associated with risk by completing telephone interviews of the mothers of 441 infant leukaemia cases and 323 frequency-matched controls, using unconditional logistic regression. With the exception of a reduced risk for infant acute myeloid leukaemias with non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) use early in pregnancy (odds ratios=0.60; confidence intervals: 0.37–0.97), no statistically significant associations were observed for aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, or acetaminophen use in early pregnancy or after knowledge of pregnancy. Overall, analgesic use during pregnancy was not significantly associated with the risk of infant leukaemia.
The creep-rupture properties of some refractory metal alloys II. The properties of the niobium-base alloys FS-85 and Cb-752 and their response to heat treatment☆

Abstract The creep-rupture properties of FS-85 (Nb-27% Ta-10% W-1% Zr) and Cb-752 (Nb-10% W-2.5% Zr) have been studied at 982 °C (1800 °F), 1204 °C (2200 °F), and 1427 °C (2600 °F) for times from 10 to 1000 h. It is shown that the properties of each of these alloys can be improved by annealing 1 h at 1593 °C (2900 °F) prior to testing. These improvements are stable for at least 1000 h. Pretest annealing at higher temperatures yields inferior properties.
Thermodynamic analyses of solar thermal gasification of coal for hybrid solar-fossil power and fuel production

Abstract Thermodynamic analyses are performed for solar thermal steam and dry gasification of coal. The selected types of coal are anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat. Two model conversion paths are considered for each combination of the gasifying agent and the coal type: production of the synthesis gas with its subsequent use in a combined cycle power plant to generate power, and production of the synthesis gas with its subsequent use to produce gasoline via the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Replacement of a coal-fired 35% efficient Rankine cycle power plant and a combustion-based integrated gasification combined cycle power plant by a solar-based integrated gasification combined cycle power plant leads to the reduction in specific carbon dioxide emissions by at least 47% and 27%, respectively. Replacement of a conventional gasoline production process via coal gasification and a subsequent Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with gasoline production via solar thermal coal gasification with a subsequent Fischer–Tropsch synthesis leads to the reduction in specific carbon dioxide emissions by at least 39%.
The Relation Between Hospital Procedure Volume and Complications of Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation From the Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Registry

Objectives: We sought to examine the relationship between hospital implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation volume and procedural complications in a contemporary, representative po...
Pharmacological characterization and determination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship of PF-00885706, a novel partial agonist selective for the 5-HT4 receptor

Abstract The pharmacological profile of PF-00885706, a selective 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist, was investigated. PF-00885706 displayed a high binding affinity for the human 5-HT4d receptor with a Ki of 3.7 nM that translates to functional agonist activity in vitro with EC50 values of 4.0 nM and 6.6 nM in cell-based assays of human recombinant 5-HT4d receptors and rat tunica muscularis mucosae tissues, respectively. In both assays, partial agonism was confirmed with Emax values of 84% and 78%, respectively. Notably, PF-00885706 was highly selective, displaying >1000-fold higher affinity for 5-HT4d receptors compared to 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT7, and D2long receptors. Furthermore, in vitro binding assays demonstrated that PF-00885706 had no biologically significant interaction with physiologically important enzymes, ion channels including hERG channel, or receptors at concentrations up to 10 μM except for binding to the σ2 receptor. PF-00885706 exhibited weak binding affinity for the σ2 receptor yielding a Ki value of 3 μM, which is more than 800-fold weaker than that for the 5-HT4d receptor. Oral administration of PF-00885706 to dogs resulted in marked and long-lasting stimulation of gastric motility with a minimum effective dose of 0.001 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that PF-00885706 has a low to moderate volume of distribution and the complete absorption in dogs. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of PF-00885706 in the dog gastric motility model showed a correlation between plasma concentrations and enhancement of gastric motility. Thus, PF-00885706 is an orally active, highly selective partial agonist for 5-HT4 receptors that is expected to be effective for the treatment with gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders with reduced adverse effects mediated by other related receptors.
Bilaterally hinged complete denture for a severely undercut maxillary arch. Solution to a problem

A technique is described for the construction of a complete maxillary denture for a patient with extreme hard tissue undercuts. By means of a three-part impression procedure and buccolabial flanges that were hinged bilaterally with a central latch, a successful prosthesis was attained.
A Metal-Chelating Lipid for 2D Protein Crystallization via Coordination of Surface Histidines

Two-dimensional protein crystallization on lipid monolayers is becoming a powerful technique for structure determination as well as materials applications. However, progress has been hindered by the requirement of a unique affinity lipid for each new protein of interest. Metal ion coordination by surface-accessible histidine side chains provides a convenient and general method for targeting of proteins to surfaces. Here we present the synthesis and characterization of a metal-chelating lipid which has been designed to target proteins to Langmuir monolayers and promote their two-dimensional crystallization based on histidine coordination. The lipid utilizes the metal chelator iminodiacetate (IDA) as the hydrophilic headgroup and contains unsaturated, oleyl tails to provide the fluidity necessary for two-dimensional protein crystallization. The lipid is shown to bind copper from the subphase strongly when incorporated in Langmuir monolayers. In addition, it is possible to form copper-containing monolayers by spreading the premetalated lipid on the subphase in the absence of copper. Fluorescence microscopy reveals the binding and crystallization of the protein streptavidin, promoted by the simultaneous coordination of two surface-accessible histidine side chains to the IDA−Cu lipid.
Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study

Summary Background The association between alcohol consumption and risk of gout has been suspected since ancient times, but has not been prospectively confirmed. Additionally, potential differences in risk of gout posed by different alcoholic beverages have not been assessed. Methods Over 12 years (1986–98) we used biennial questionnaires to investigate the relation between alcohol consumption and risk of incident gout in 47 150 male participants with no history of gout at baseline. We used a supplementary questionnaire to ascertain whether reported cases of gout met the American College of Rheumatology survey gout criteria. Findings We documented 730 confirmed incident cases of gout. Compared with men who did not drink alcohol, the multivariate relative risk (RR) of gout was 1·32 (95% CI 0·99–1·75) for alcohol consumption 10·0–14·9 g/day, 1·49 (1·14–1·94) for 15·0–29·9 g/day, 1·96 (1·48–2·60) for 30·0–49·9 g/day, and 2·53 (1·73–3·70) for ≥50 g/day (p for trend Interpretation Alcohol intake is strongly associated with an increased risk of gout. This risk varies substantially according to type of alcoholic beverage: beer confers a larger risk than spirits, whereas moderate wine drinking does not increase the risk.
A tale of two physicians: reflections on the Boston Marathon bombing

On 15 April, I found myself thinking for the first time, “I wish I was a surgeon.” As a second year internal medicine resident, I am training to be a diagnostician. If a patient’s leg is red and swollen, I can differentiate between a clot and an infection. If a patient has abdominal pain, I can identify the culprit organ and determine if he needs medical or surgical intervention. If a patient has chest pain, I can decide if he is having a heart attack. But when disaster struck Boston on Monday afternoon and I saw a trauma victim point to a leg that had been ripped open, there was no diagnostic dilemma that needed my expertise. When the woman on the stretcher buckled over with pain lifted her hands for me to examine her, the third degree burns were explanation enough for her excruciating pain. And when the man with chest pain had a piece of shrapnel protruding from his chest, you didn’t need me to tell you why he was in pain. As our emergency department was inundated with victims, I started to think these patients needed a trauma physician and not an internal medicine doctor. As a third year medicine pediatrics resident, I spent the night before the marathon reviewing the basics of treating hyponatremia. I was working in the emergency department and anticipated an influx of patients requiring careful sodium repletion after drinking too much water during the race. When the announcement that two bombs had exploded in Copley crackled over the emergency radios, there was a brief moment of stunned …
3-D Optical Interconnection Networks

Introduction, Network Design and Applications - This paper describes 3-D dynamic optical interconnection networks that interconnect a 2-D array consisting of N x N input lines with a similar 2-D array of N x N output lines. These 3-D networks make specific use of the volume (non-planar) nature of optics and permit the design of interconnections that are extremely difficult or impossible to implement with planar electronic VLSI technology.
Impact of child disability on the family.

Families with disabled children represent a sizeable share of all American households. Living with a disabled child can have profound effects on the entire family, which in turn can affect the health and well-being of the child who is disabled. Much needs to be learned about how children’s health affects their parents, siblings, and other family members and about how family characteristics and resources modify those associations. Numerous programs and organizations provide resources for disabled children and their families, but the system is extremely fragmented and difficult to navigate. This commentary reviews what is known about the effects of child disability on the family, provides an overview of the complex needs of and multitude of resources available to families of disabled children, and concludes with suggested directions for practice, research, and public policy.
HIF-1α/COX-2 expression and mouse brain capillary remodeling during prolonged moderate hypoxia and subsequent re-oxygenation

Dynamic microvascular remodeling maintains an optimal continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain to account for prolonged environmental variations. The objective of this study was to determine the relative time course of capillary regression during re-oxygenation after exposure to prolonged moderate hypoxia and expression of the primary signaling factors involved in the process. Four-month old male C57BL/6 mice were housed and maintained in a hypobaric chamber at 290 Torr (0.4 atm) for 21 days and allowed to recover at normoxia (room air) for up to 21 days. The mice were either decapitated or perfused in-situ and brain samples collected were either homogenized for Western blot analysis or fixed and embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemistry. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO) expression were increased during hypoxic exposure and diminished during subsequent re-oxygenation. However, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) were both elevated during hypoxia as well as subsequent re-oxygenation. Significantly increased capillary density at the end of the 3rd week of hypoxia regressed back toward normoxic baseline as the duration of re-oxygenation continued. In conclusion, elevated COX-2 and Ang-2 expression during hypoxia where angiogenesis occurs and re-oxygenation, when micro-vessels regress, identifies these proteins as vascular remodeling molecules crucial for angioplasticity.
Motion driven by surface-tension gradients in a tube lining

A fluid layer that lines the inner surface of a circular tube has motion induced by axial surface-tension gradients. The lubrication equations for the system are analysed and it is found that even for thin layers the motions differ markedly from those in planar layers. The planar case serves as a class of outer solutions. These approximate solutions are modified by a boundary-layer correction where the mean surface tension is important.
A generalization of the two-dimensional prolate spheroidal wave function method for nonrectilinear MRI data acquisition methods

The two-dimensional (2-D) prolate spheroidal wave function (2-D PSWF) method was previously introduced as an efficient method for trading off between spatial and temporal resolution in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with minimal penalty due to truncation and partial volume effects. In the 2-D PSWF method, the k-space sampling area and a matching 2-D PSWF filter, with optimal signal concentration and minimal truncation artifacts, are determined by the shape and size of a given convex region of interest (ROI). The spatial information in the reduced k-space data is used to calculate the total image intensity over a nonsquare ROI instead of producing a low-resolution image. This method can be used for tracking dynamic signals from non-square ROIs using a reduced k-space sampling area, while achieving minimal signal leakage. However, the previous theory is limited to the case of rectilinear sampling. In order to make the 2-D PSWF method more suitable for dynamic studies, this paper presents a generalized version of the 2-D PSWF theory that can be applied to nonrectilinear data acquisition methods. The method is applied to an fMRI study using a spiral trajectory, which illustrates the methods efficiency at tracking hemodynamic signals with high temporal resolution
Pseudoexhaustive BIST for sequential circuits

We present a method that can be used to test a sequential circuit pseudoexhaustively or almost pseudoexhaustively using LFSR/SRs as ATPGs with d-2/sup w/ test patterns, where d is the sequential depth and w is the input dependency limit. Our approach is based on the following techniques: (1) Use of LFSR/SRs as ATPGs (2) Rearrangement of the flip-flops of the circuit by retiming so that the hardware overhead for breaking all cycles and bounding the sequential depth is minimized. (3) Introduction of bypass storage cells (BSCs) so that no combinational element in the circuit has input dependence greater than a user-defined constant w. (4) Introduction of bypass delay cells (BDCs) so that the graph becomes more easily balanced or approximately balanced. Comparative experimental results indicate that our method behaves better than full-scan. It also outperforms a previous approach which, not only does not provide for on-chip TPG, but also requires O(q-f-2/sup 2/) test patterns, where q is the total number of primary or pseudoprimary outputs in the circuit and f is the total number of flip-flops. >
Age Relevance and Context Effects on Attributions across the Adult Lifespan

Attributions for events with information varying on age relevance (teen, young, middle-aged, and older main characters) and context (family, work) were examined in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Participants rated the degree to which the causes of a negative outcome were a function of three dispositional dimensions of the primary character, two dimensions of situational factors, and a combination of these. They also wrote essays justifying their ratings. Overall and in support of previous research, older adults were more likely than younger adults to attribute the cause of the negative outcome to the primary character (Blanchard-Fields, 1994). This bias was not attenuated by the age-relevance factor. Instead, in the work context, older and middle-aged adults placed greater blame on main characters relevant to their age group for negative outcomes than did young adults. However, older adults were also more likely than middle-aged or young adults to attribute the cause of a negative outcome to situat...
Neuronal locus and cellular signaling for stimulation of ileal giant migrating and phasic contractions

We investigated the neuronal locus, the role of PKC activation, and utilization of extracellular Ca2+ and intracellular Ca2+ release in smooth muscle cells for the generation of giant migrating con...
Tidal flow over topography: effect of excursion number on wave energetics and turbulence

The excursion number, , is a parameter that characterizes the ratio of streamwise fluid advection during a tidal oscillation of amplitude and frequency to the streamwise topographic length scale . Direct numerical simulations are performed to study how internal gravity waves and turbulence change when is varied from a low value (typical of a ridge in the deep ocean) to a value of unity (corresponding to energetic tides over a small topographic feature). An isolated obstacle having a smoothed triangular shape and 20 % of the streamwise length at critical slope is considered. With increasing values of , the near field of the internal waves loses its beam-like character, the wave response becomes asymmetric with respect to the ridge centre, and transient lee waves form. Analysis of the baroclinic energy balance shows significant reduction in the radiated wave flux in the cases with higher owing to a substantial rise in advection and baroclinic dissipation as well as a decrease in conversion. Turbulence changes qualitatively with increasing . In the situation with , turbulence is intensified at the near-critical regions of the slope, and is also significant in the internal wave beams above the ridge where there is intensified shear. At , the transient lee waves overturn adjacent to the ridge flanks and, owing to convective instability, buoyancy acts as a source for turbulent kinetic energy. The size of the turbulent overturns has a non-monotonic dependence on excursion number: the largest overturns, as tall as twice the obstacle height, occur in the case, but there is a substantial decrease of overturn size at larger values of simulated here.
Alcohol-related brief intervention in patients treated for opiate or cocaine dependence: a randomized controlled study

Background Despite the importance of heavy drinking and alcohol dependence among patients with opiate and cocaine dependence, few studies have evaluated specific interventions within this group. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of screening with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and of brief intervention (BI) on alcohol use in a sample of patients treated for opioid or cocaine dependence in a specialized outpatient clinic.
Learning contextual gene set interaction networks of cancer with condition specificity

Identifying similarities and differences in the molecular constitutions of various types of cancer is one of the key challenges in cancer research. The appearances of a cancer depend on complex molecular interactions, including gene regulatory networks and gene-environment interactions. This complexity makes it challenging to decipher the molecular origin of the cancer. In recent years, many studies reported methods to uncover heterogeneous depictions of complex cancers, which are often categorized into different subtypes. The challenge is to identify diverse molecular contexts within a cancer, to relate them to different subtypes, and to learn underlying molecular interactions specific to molecular contexts so that we can recommend context-specific treatment to patients. In this study, we describe a novel method to discern molecular interactions specific to certain molecular contexts. Unlike conventional approaches to build modular networks of individual genes, our focus is to identify cancer-generic and subtype-specific interactions between contextual gene sets, of which each gene set share coherent transcriptional patterns across a subset of samples, termed contextual gene set. We then apply a novel formulation for quantitating the effect of the samples from each subtype on the calculated strength of interactions observed. Two cancer data sets were analyzed to support the validity of condition-specificity of identified interactions. When compared to an existing approach, the proposed method was much more sensitive in identifying condition-specific interactions even in heterogeneous data set. The results also revealed that network components specific to different types of cancer are related to different biological functions than cancer-generic network components. We found not only the results that are consistent with previous studies, but also new hypotheses on the biological mechanisms specific to certain cancer types that warrant further investigations. The analysis on the contextual gene sets and characterization of networks of interaction composed of these sets discovered distinct functional differences underlying various types of cancer. The results show that our method successfully reveals many subtype-specific regions in the identified maps of biological contexts, which well represent biological functions that can be connected to specific subtypes.
The C-S lyases of higher plants: preparation and properties of homogeneous alliin lyase from garlic (Allium sativum).

Abstract Alliin lyase from garlic (Allium sativum) has been purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure involves the use of affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. Addition of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone to the homogenizing medium greatly improves the specific activity of the extract. The enzyme is a glycoprotein as seen by its ability to bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B and by its positive periodic acid-Schiff base stain. It has a carbohydrate content of 5.5%. Km values for this enzyme were estimated to be 5.7 m m for S-ethyl- l -cysteine sulfoxide and 3.3 m m for S-allyl- l -cysteine sulfoxide. The molecular weight of this garlic enzyme, as determined by gel filtration, was found to be 85,000; the molecule consists of two equal subunits of Mr 42,000. The amino acid content was found to be similar to that reported previously for onion alliin lyase, although there is twice as much tryptophan in the garlic alliin lyase as in the onion enzyme. By both chemical and spectral methods the enzyme was found to have two molecules of pyridoxal 5-phosphate per enzyme molecule, suggesting one per subunit. There are significant differences in the nature of these findings from those previously reported from this laboratory for the onion enzyme. Studies are in progress to compare further the alliin lyases from garlic and onion.
HIV Prevention among Women in Low-Income Housing Developments: Issues and Intervention Outcomes in a Place-Based Randomized Controlled Trial

The scope and urgency of the HIV epidemic requires the development and evaluation of community-level behavior change intervention strategies. A randomized, multisite community-level HIV prevention trial was undertaken with women living in eighteen low-income housing developments in five U.S. cities. In the nine experimental condition developments, an intervention was undertaken that included identifying opinion leaders to attend risk reduction workshops and to form Women's Health Councils to carry out community events to reach all residents and support risk reduction efforts. Baseline and twelve-month follow-up risk characteristics were assessed by surveying 690 women at both time points. In comparison to women in the control condition developments, women in the community intervention developments reported significant reductions in frequency of any unprotected intercourse and increases in the percentage of condom-protected intercourse occasions. Community-level interventions that engage women in neighborh...
Unpacking Unpacking Culture

Ruth B. Phillips and Christopher B. Steiner. eds. Unpacking Culture: Art and Commodity in Colonial and Postcolonial Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. xv. 424 pp.
Environmental exposure in indigenous communities: an international perspective.

There are more than 7000 spoken languages in the world today and many others that have already disap- peared. The number of languages in relation to the num- ber of countries (192 members of the United Nations) gives some indication of the number of indigenous communi- ties there are in the world. Many of these communities are at various stages of integration into more dominant cul- tures, but many others struggle to maintain a traditional lifestyle. Many are subsistence communities that depend upon local sources of food and whose way of life is threat- ened by encroachment of more dominant cultures. There are, of course, different environmental threats in the vari- ous communities, but they fall into several categories that are common to many of them. There is often lack of access to medical care and disease-protective actions like immu- nizations. There is greater vulnerability than in more con- ventional societies to inclement weather, and this will become more serious with climate change. There is often contamination of local traditional animal and plant foods by chemicals because of long-range transport of contami- nants by air or water or because of industries located in geographic areas close to indigenous communities where there is little governmental regulation. Life expectancy in many indigenous communities is much less than in more developed mainstream societies. However, these prob- lems, which are widely viewed as being caused by poverty and lack of education, are balanced by the value to these communities of maintaining a traditional lifestyle that would otherwise simply disappear into the mainstream cultures of the various countries.
EPILOGUE: WHAT IF ANYTHING HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT PRECAMBRIAN OPHIOLITES AND EARLY EARTH PROCESSES?

Publisher Summary Boninites of Phanerozoic age occur in ophiolites or intraoceanic island arcs such as the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc system. These primary liquids are interpreted as second-stage high-temperature, low-pressure melting of a depleted refractory mantle wedge fertilized by fluids and/or melts, above a subduction zone. Sedimentary basins may form in the graben, and as the extension continues magmatism sometimes affects the rifted margin, either forming volcanic rifted margins, or migrating to a spreading center forming an oceanic spreading center. New asthenospheric mantle upwells along the new ridge, and may intrude beneath the extended continental crust. In some cases, wedges of extended mid-to-lower continental crust overlying mylonitic lherzolitic subcontinental mantle become intruded by numerous dikes and magmas from this new asthenospheric mantle. The formation of the Gondwanan supercontinent at the end of the Precambrian and the dawn of the Phanerozoic represents one of the most fundamental problems being studied in Earth Sciences today. It links many different fields, and there are currently numerous and rapid changes in our understanding of events related to the assembly of Gondwana.
Management algorithm for genotype 1 hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common etiology of chronic liver disease in Western countries. Morbidity and mortality due to HCV-related end-stage liver disease are increasing, just as novel therapeutics arrive with the promise of better cure rates that prevent these complications. However, substantial barriers to successful application of these novel treatments remain, including the lack of providers with sufficient knowledge to address this epidemic. To address these deficits, this article aims to provide a general framework with algorithms to guide initial management decisions for HCV genotype 1 infection, the most commonly found genotype, based on therapies approved as of 2013.
Pressure Loss Mechanisms in Pneumatic Tires

Abstract An experimental method was developed for the measurement of air permeation leakage through tubeless automobile tires and wheels. A differential pressure measurement system was used with temperature as an independent parameter. The diffusion rates generally far exceeded the loss rates observed through either the valve core or the valve rim seal on several typical tires observed under normal static conditions. While permeation loss rates vary from tire to tire, typical losses are of the order of 0.5 to 1.0 psi (3.4 to 6.9 kPa) per month at 70° F (21° C) ambient temperature. Losses increase rapidly with increase in temperature to about 1.5 psi (10.3 kPa) per month at 90°F (32°C). An analytical model was developed which can predict pressure loss rates due to permeation under a variety of climatic conditions.
In vivo 13C saturation transfer effect of the lactate dehydrogenase reaction.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) catalyzes an exchange reaction between pyruvate and lactate. It is demonstrated here that this reaction is sufficiently fast to cause a significant magnetization (saturation) transfer effect when the 13C resonance of pyruvate is saturated by a continuous-wave (CW) RF pulse. Infusion of [2-13C]glucose was used to allow labeling of pyruvate C2 at 207.9 ppm to determine the pseudo first-order rate constant of the unidirectional lactate pyruvate flux in vivo. During systemic administration of GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline, this pseudo first-order rate constant was determined to be 0.08 ± 0.01 s−1 (mean ± SD, N = 4) in halothane-anesthetized adult rat brains. In 9L and C6 rat glioma models, the 13C saturation transfer effect of the LDH reaction was also detected in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the 13C magnetization transfer effect of the LDH reaction may be useful as a novel marker for utilizing noninvasive in vivo MRS to study many physiological and pathological conditions, such as cancer. Magn Reson Med 57:258–264, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How do people influence in jury deliberation? a social psychological view

Research in small-group decision making suggests two means by which discussion shifts the responses of individual members—Nonmative influence and informational influence. The former is based on pressure to conform to the normative positions of group members, and the latter involves changes due to the informational content of persuasively or passively shared facts. Which influence mode is used depends on the group decision rule, whether the response is public or private, the perceived nature of the task, and the nature of the issue. Specifically, normative influence is likely to prevail in public judgments, under group cohesion sets, and with value-laden issues, while informational influence will emerge when responses are private, the group is oriented toward the immediate task, and the issue is intellective. Suggestions are made regarding strategy and tactics for anticipating, harnessing, and shaping the form of influence that will take place during deliberation.
Kinetic evidence for a conformational change by an anti-hapten antibody upon binding multivalent hapten.

Abstract Previous ultracentrifugal studies (Warner & Schumaker, 1970a) have shown that equimolar amounts of rabbit anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp)† antibodies and either di-Dnp—lysine or di-Dnp—cystine react to form monomeric and dimeric complexes only. The sedimentation data indicate, at least for the monomer, a change in antibody conformation upon binding hapten. A stopped-flow kinetic study of binding in these systems shows the presence of a relatively very slow step with a concentration-independent half-time of about 5 sec. The concentration dependencies of the fraction of the total fluorescence quenching associated with this slow step show it to be the formation of the fourth antibody-hapten bond in the bridged dimer. We conclude that this rate reflects the necessity for a slow antibody conformational change to precede the formation of this last bond. In other words, an energetically unfavorable, and thus infrequently attained, state of the antibody molecules is necessary for closure of the bridged dimeric structure.