cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Luminescence-based oxygen sensor structurally integrated with an organic light-emitting device excitation source and an amorphous Si-based photodetector

Abstract Structurally integrated photoluminescence-based O2 sensors are described. The structures are based on (1) integrating the excitation source, which is an array of organic light emitting device (OLED) pixels, with a thin-film sensing element, and (2) integrating the sensing element with the photodetector (PD), which is a p–i–n structure based on a-(Si,Ge):H. These components are fabricated on separate glass substrates that are attached back-to-back, resulting in devices with a thickness that is determined by the substrates. Initial design, testing, and issues in the OLED/sensing film/PD three-component structural integration are also reported.
Effect of heterogeneous structure in mechanically unstressed biofilms on overall growth.

In contrast to their name, biofilms are not always flat and homogeneous but instead often exhibit complex structural heterogeneity. It has been suggested that nonhomogeneous geometry is selected in order to increase biofilm growth rate. A previous study (Dockery and Klapper (2002) SIAM J. Appl. Math., 62, 853–869) of a model biofilm system in a static bulk fluid demonstrated that under some circumstances a flat biofilm-bulk fluid interface is linearly unstable to perturbation due to growth induced forces. Computations indicated that subsequent nonlinear evolution results in fingers and mushrooms of biofilm similar to structures observed in actual biofilms. However, the important complementary issue of biological functionality was not considered. Here a weakly nonlinear analysis of the simple growing biofilm layer model in Dockery and Klapper (2002, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 62, 853–869) is presented. It is argued that, at least in the case of biofilms free of external mechanical stress, overall growth is in fact generally inhibited by the presence of growing perturbations in the linear stage. Hence a more complex explanation of function is necessary.
Monomeric arsinoboranes. The question of arsenic-boron π-bonding

Abstract The monomeric arsinoboranes R 2 AsB(MeS) 2 (R =1cr; i Pr ( 1 ); t Bu ( 2 ); Mes=1cr;mesityl) have been prepared via the reaction of LiAsR 2 with Mes 2 BF in Et 2 O solution; compound 1 has been characterized by X-ray crystallography: monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / c with a = 8.883(2), b = 29.190(6), c - 9.146(2) A, β = 100.46(3)°, and Z = 4.
Ion-beam depth-profiling studies of leached glasses

Ion-beam depth-profiling was carried out on three different glasses leached (or hydrated) in deionized water using /sup 1/H(/sup 19/F,..cap alpha gamma..)/sup 16/O nuclear reaction, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and sputter-induced photon spectrometry (SIPS) techniques. The depth-profiles show an interdiffusion mechanism in which the sodium ions in the glass are depleted and replaced by hydrogen (H/sup +/) or hydronium (H/sub 3/O/sup +/) ions from the solution. The leaching behavior does not show significant difference whether the glass surface is fractured or polished. Problems of mobile ion migration caused by ion bombardment and loss of hydrogen during analysis are discussed.
Behavior of preheated premixed flames at rich conditions

Abstract Over the past decade, a series of studies has demonstrated non-catalytic hydrogen production via partial oxidation of fuel-rich mixtures that lie well beyond the conventional rich flammability limits. In all cases, heat recirculation from the post-reaction zone to the unburned mixture leads to significant increases of combustion temperatures and mass burning flux. Although the feasibility of self-sustained combustion at extremely rich conditions is well established, fundamental questions on this combustion regime have not been addressed. As a first step, the present study relates the inherently non-adiabatic operation of heat-recirculating combustors to adiabatic combustion with highly preheated fuel/air mixtures. Standard numerical and experimental techniques are used to illuminate fundamental aspects of rich combustion for a broad range of inlet temperatures ( T in = 200–1000 K) and equivalence ratios ( ϕ = 1.33–2.7). Numerical results show conventional flame structures at equivalence ratios in excess of ϕ = 2.0 for CH 4 /air combustion, which is corroborated by experiments with a flat flame burner and highly preheated fuel/air mixtures. A detailed numerical analysis reveals that adiabatic flame propagation at rich preheated conditions is governed by characteristic temperatures T ★ within the flame structure. These temperatures are shown to be primarily dependent on the laminar burning flux, whereas the equivalence ratio plays a subordinate role.
Comparative Evaluation of PASCO and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A Broth Microdilution Methods for Antifungal Drug Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts

The PASCO antifungal susceptibility test system, developed in collaboration with a commercial company, is a broth microdilution assay which is faster and easier to use than the reference broth microdilution test performed according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) document M27-A guidelines. Advantages of the PASCO system include the system's inclusion of quality-controlled, premade antifungal panels containing 10, twofold serial dilutions of drugs and a one-step inoculation system whereby all wells are simultaneously inoculated in a single step. For the prototype panel, we chose eight antifungal agents for in vitro testing (amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and terconazole) and compared the results with those of the NCCLS method for testing 74 yeast isolates (14 Candida albicans, 10 Candida glabrata, 10 Candida tropicalis, 10 Candida krusei, 10 Candida dubliniensis, 10 Candida parapsilosis, and 10 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates). The overall agreements between the methods were 91% for fluconazole, 89% for amphotericin B and ketoconazole, 85% for itraconazole, 80% for flucytosine, 77% for terconazole, 66% for miconazole, and 53% for clotrimazole. In contrast to the M27-A reference method, the PASCO method classified as resistant seven itraconazole-susceptible isolates (9%), two fluconazole-susceptible isolates (3%), and three flucytosine-susceptible isolates (4%), representing 12 major errors. In addition, it classified two fluconazole-resistant isolates (3%) and one flucytosine-resistant isolate (1%) as susceptible, representing three very major errors. Overall, the agreement between the methods was greater than or equal to 80% for four of the seven species tested (C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. neoformans). The lowest agreement between methods was observed for miconazole and clotrimazole and for C. krusei isolates tested against terconazole. When the data for miconazole and clotrimazole were removed from the analysis, agreement was ≥80% for all seven species tested. Therefore, the PASCO method is a suitable alternative procedure for the testing of the antifungal susceptibilities of the medically important Candida spp. and C. neoformans against a range of antifungal agents with the exceptions only of miconazole and clotrimazole and of terconazole against C. krusei isolates.
Early embryonic vascular development

Establishment of a functional vascular system is imperative for normal embryonic growth and development. Building on the excellent descriptive studies of endothelial cell position and behavior, it is now possible to begin to define the mechanisms directing endothelial cell differentiation, commitment, migration and organization into a tube. What are the factors that control differentiation of mesoderm into angioblasts and what is needed for these angioblasts to organize into a vascular bed? These processes involve the careful orchestration of a diverse group of molecules including components of the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion receptors, growth factors and their receptors. This review has discussed just a few of the components that have been implicated as potentially important in the establishment of the vascular system. However, our understanding of how vessels form in the embryo is really quite rudimentary. We are just beginning to understand the delicate balance of both angiogenic and angiostatic processes that result in the intricate patterning and diverse function that is characteristic of developing endothelial cells. We have not even discussed important factors such as the role of blood flow and apoptosis in maintaining and remodeling vascular beds within the embryo nor have we addressed the development of endothelial heterogeneity in the mature animal [reviewed in Ref. 98]. There are certain to be new molecules identified as well as the delineation of new roles for known molecules. In addition, advances in genetic manipulation and improvements in both in vitro and in vivo model systems should provide important new insights into this critical process of vascular ontogeny.
Deriving and measuring group knowledge structure from essays: The effects of anaphoric reference

Essays are an important measure of complex learning, but pronouns can con- found an author's intended meaning for both readers and text analysis software. This descriptive investigation considers the effect of pronouns on a computer-based text anal- ysis approach, ALA-Reader, which uses students' essays as the data source for deriving individual and group knowledge representations. Participants in an undergraduate business course (n = 45) completed an essay as part of the course final examination. The investi- gators edited the essays to replace the most common pronouns (their, it, and they) with the appropriate referent. The original unedited and the edited essays were processed with ALA- Reader using two different approaches, sentence and linear aggregate. These data were then analyzed using a Pathfinder network approach. The average group network similarity values comparing the original to the edited essays were large (i.e., about 90% overlap) but the linear aggregate approach obtained larger values than the sentence aggregate approach. The linear aggregate approach also provided a better measure of individual essay scores (e.g., r= 0.74 with composite rater scores). This data provides some support that the ALA-
Heterogeneous decomposition and inter-level coupling for combined modeling

A system of boiling water is used to demonstrate how to create an FSA (finite state automaton)-controlled multimodel which efficiently represents a system using heterogeneous models. The models represent a combined simulation in that there is an automaton level and a functional block level. A combined continuous/discrete-event model divided up the total boiling water process into distinct phases. Coordination of models for these phases was facilitated by the phase graph associated with the FSA. In addition, the formal system-theoretic relationships between the FSA and block model definitions were demonstrated. It was found that by geometrically partitioning phase space one could form an FSA with equivalent behavior to the collection of individual differential equation based systems representing the low-level state changes. >
Assessment of Structural Disease in the Coronary Microvasculature

Reductions in myocardial blood flow in patients free of epicardial artery obstructions have been reported in numerous conditions, including hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and syndrome X.1,2 These findings have been attributed to microvascular disease, either structural or functional. However, evidence that directly implicates microvascular impairment has been hampered by methodologic limitations. Article see p 1561 Coronary flow reserve (CFR), calculated as the ratio of maximal hyperemic blood flow to basal flow, is a time-honored index used in cardiac catheterization laboratories to assess microvascular impairment or the physiological significance of epicardial stenoses. Despite early acceptance by clinical investigators, CFR has substantial shortcomings because it is greatly affected by hemodynamic conditions present at the time of measurement, including variability in heart rate, arterial pressure, and contractility.1 Perhaps as a result, the optimal cutoff values for CFR have not been established.1 Furthermore, CFR cannot pinpoint the site of abnormal resistance when disease affects both the epicardial arteries and the downstream microvessels. To overcome these limitations of CFR, Mancini and colleagues3 developed a new index of coronary hemodynamics, which is the slope of the instantaneous relationship between mid- and late-diastolic hyperemic flow versus pressure (known as the Instantaneous Hyperemic Diastolic Velocity Pressure Slope, IHDVPS). The mid- to late-diastolic timing of this measurement avoids not only the effects of extravascular systolic compression on coronary blood flow but also the early diastolic discharge of the epicardial artery capacitance that alters the pressure–flow relationship.3,4 The IHDVPS was primarily developed to assess the hemodynamic severity of coronary stenoses in epicardial arteries. In canine studies3 IHDVPS was found to be independent of heart rate, aortic pressure, preload, myocardial contractility, and basal blood flow, and it correlated well with the severity of coronary stenoses. Thus, it offered distinct advantages …
Use of Exercise Testing for Diagnostic and Functional Evaluation of Patients with Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease

Myocardial oxygen demand generally increases with increasing levels of energy expenditure, but several factors which modify this relation must be considered, both in the design of the test methods and in interpretation of results of exercise tests in patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). A wide variety of exercise test methods are currently used. Master's test is simple to perform and requires no elaborate equipment. It has been more widely employed than any other test and much clinicopathologic and correlative data are available. However, Master's test provides little information on the patient's physical work capacity. Multistage tests, carried to a symptom-limited or maximal/near-maximal workload level, provide quantitative data on physical performance capacity and also result in fewer false-negative ECG responses among patients with ASHD. Follow-up studies of asymptomatic subjects have demonstrated that a horizontal S-T depression during or after exercise is associated with a high risk ...
Late graft failure in FA – case report and review of the literature

Hematological disorders in patients with FA can only be cured by allogeneic HSCT. Severe infections in primary and early secondary graft failures pose a particular risk. Whereas most graft failures occur within 100 days, those observed after day +100 are infrequent. Here, we present our analysis of a secondary graft failure more than five yr after a first allogeneic HSCT. In this patient, isolated thrombocytopenia over a period of 12 months resulted in a chimerism subset analysis revealing a considerable decrease in the CD34-positive donor cell fraction. After a second fludarabine-based preparative regimen, the patient received PBSC from the same donor. Chimerism returned to full donor in all subsets. This clinical course demonstrates that isolated thrombocytopenia can precede complete graft failure for several months. Our review of the literature on late graft failures in patients with FA after day +100 reveals the absence of fludarabine in the preparative regimen as a potential risk factor. Further clinical research is necessary to identify more suitable approaches for ensuring safe and stable engraftment.
A new methodology for database requirements analysis

This article presents a systematic methodology for requirements analysis in database design. The procedure begins with an interview with the user/decision maker. The responses collected during the interview are analyzed to represent, by means of a diagram, the data and processing requirements for the activity under consideration. The diagram uses two fundamental constructs, events and states, as building blocks. It depicts any temporal or causal relationships, as well as logical operators, that maybe present in the process underlying the activity. The representation is compact and easy to follow. An experimental study is described to illustrate the applicability of the methodology.
The Isoelectric Forms, Quaternary Structure and Amino Acid Composition of Peridinin-Chlorophyll a-Proteins from the Symbiotic Dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal

Peridinin-chlorophyll a -protein (PCP) complexes isolated from three strains of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal have been found to occur in multiple isoelectric forms, but the pattern of isoelectric forms of PCP is characteristic of each strain. Analysis of PCP after growth of the algae from Tridacna maxima, Cassiopeia frondosa, and Rhodactis sancti-thomae at 22, 57 and 157 μmol m -2 s -1 demonstrated that the patterns remained unchanged. Determination of the native molecular mass, quaternary structure and amino acid composition of two isoelectric forms of PCP derived from algae from Anthopleura elegantissima and Rhodactis sancti-thomae showed similar native molecular masses and amino acid composition, but while PCP from the algae from A. elegantissima is dimeric, PCP from algae from R. sancti-thomae is monomeric. The potential use of PCP as a taxonomic tool in dinoflagellate systematics and the evolution of multiple forms of these pigment-protein complexes are discussed.
CLINICAL IMPROVEMENT BY INCREASED FREQUENCY OF ON-LINE HEMODIALFILTRATION

Background/Aims: In spite of the better efficiency of on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF) compared with conventional hemodialysis (HD), it is relatively expensive. The aim of this study was to assess the advantages in the biochemical, hemodynamic and clinical effects in uremic patients treated with on-line HDF and with different frequencies of combination high-flux HD. Methods: One hundred eleven patients were divided into four groups receiving different frequencies of on-line HDF (thrice, twice, once per week) and high-flux HD. Results: Hemodynamic parameters including maximum drop of systolic blood pressure, episodes of symptomatic hypotension and mean saline infusion volumes during dialysis were reduced when frequencies of on-line HDF were increased. Significant improvements in urea kinetic were observed when frequencies of on-line HDF were increased. On-line HDF significantly reduced the amount of erythropoietin needed and improved intra- and inter-dialysis symptoms, physical well-being, menstruation and ...
Scalable failure recovery for high-performance data aggregation

Many high-performance tools, applications and infrastructures, such as Paradyn, STAT, TAU, Ganglia, SuperMon, Astrolabe, Borealis, and MRNet, use data aggregation to synthesize large data sets and reduce data volumes while retaining relevant information content. Hierarchical or tree-based overlay networks (TBONs) are often used to execute data aggregation operations in a scalable, piecewise fashion. In this paper, we present state compensation, a scalable failure recovery model for high-bandwidth, low-latency TBON computations. By leveraging inherently redundant state information found in many TBON computations, state compensation avoids explicit state replication (for example, process checkpoints and message logging) and incurs no overhead in the absence of failures. Further, when failures do occur, state compensation uses a weak data consistency model and localized protocols that allow processes to recover from failures independently and responsively. Based on a formal specification of our data aggregation model, we have validated state compensation and identified its assumptions and limitations: state compensation requires that data aggregation operations be associative, commutative and idempotent. In this paper, we describe the fundamental state compensation concepts and a prototype implementation integrated into the MRNet TBON infrastructure. Our experiments with this framework suggest that for TBONs supporting up to millions of application processes, state compensation can yield millisecond recovery latencies and inconsequential application perturbation.
Potential Erroneous Assignment of Nonlinear Data to the Classical Linear Two-Compartment Open Model

The classical two-compartment open model implies that if the dose is progressively raised the amount of drug transferred to tissue is directly proportional to dose. A nonlinear model considered in this report assumes that the amount of drug transferred to tissue is a curvilinear function of dose due to a limited capacity of the tissue to bind drug. Simulated (C,t) data, generated from the nonlinear equation appropriate to the model, were found to be fit perfectly or almost perfectly to a double-exponential equation. The usual interpretation would lead to assignment of the classical two-compartment open model. The data reported emphasize the concept that with the limitations of assay sensitivity, several different doses of a drug need to be administered intravenously to elaborate the appropriate pharmacokinetic model.
A New Species of Kinorhynchus (Homalorhagida, Pycnophyidae) from Australia with a Redescription and Range Extension of Other Kinorhyncha from the South Pacific

Kinorhynchus phyllotropis sp.n., from Sydney Harbour, is the first species of the phylum Kinorhyncha to be described from Australian coasts. It appears to be most closely related to K. anomalus (Lang, 1953) from the Chilean coast and possibly, but to a lesser extent, to K. spinosus (Lang, 1949) from the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. Kinorhynchus anomalus is rede-scribed and, along with the new species, is compared with the South Atlantic species, the two species known from the Northeast Pacific and the remaining four members of this genus from the North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Cateria styx Gerlach, 1956, is reported from beaches north of Valparaiso, Chile, the first report of this mesopsarnmic cryptorhagid kinorhynch from the Pacific Ocean.
Ecological Values of Shallow-Water Habitats: Implications for the Restoration of Disturbed Ecosystems

A presumed value of shallow-habitat enhanced pelagic productivity derives from the principle that in nutrient-rich aquatic systems phytoplankton growth rate is controlled by light availability, which varies inversely with habitat depth. We measured a set of biological indicators across the gradient of habitat depth within the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta (California) to test the hypothesis that plankton biomass, production, and pelagic energy flow also vary systematically with habitat depth. Results showed that phytoplankton biomass and production were only weakly related to phytoplankton growth rates whereas other processes (transport, consumption) were important controls. Distribution of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea was patchy, and heavily colonized habitats all supported low phytoplankton biomass and production and functioned as food sinks. Surplus primary production in shallow, uncolonized habitats provided potential subsidies to neighboring recipient habitats. Zooplankton in deeper habitats, where grazing exceeded phytoplankton production, were likely supported by significant fluxes of phytoplankton biomass from connected donor habitats. Our results provide three important lessons for ecosystem science: (a) in the absence of process measurements, derived indices provide valuable information to improve our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem function and to benefit adaptive management strategies; (b) the benefits of some ecosystem functions are displaced by water movements, so the value of individual habitat types can only be revealed through a regional perspective that includes connectedness among habitats; and (c) invasive species can act as overriding controls of habitat function, adding to the uncertainty of management outcomes.
Modalities and clinical applications of dynamic infrared imaging

Dynamic infrared imaging (DIRI), the most effective modality of dynamic area telethermometry (DAT), involves the acquisition of hundreds to thousands of consecutive thermal images, deriving information from the modulation of temperature and of thermal spatial distribution of small subareas. Four groups of clinical applications of dynamic infrared imaging are reviewed from the standpoint of their data processing following FFT analysis of temperature modulation and modulation of perfusion of the cutaneous capillary bed. These include: 1. Visual assessment of spatial abnormalities in perfusion kinetics that can be used in diagnosis of joint disease and of advanced cancer, as well as visual identification of abnormalities in subcutaneous circulation. 2. Objective computerized diagnosis of systemic chronic neuronal disorders that may affect modulation amplitudes and their spatial distribution. 3. Objective computerized detection of cancer, breast and skin cancer in particular, by their effect on the spatial distribution of attenuated subareas at specific frequencies of modulation. 4. Objective assessment of transient mental stress (psychological testing) and of exposure to neurotoxic agents that may affect modulation amplitudes and their distribution over limited periods of time. Following time-dependent changes in temperature modulation at specific frequencies one can assess the severity of functional perturbation of the autonomic nervous system.
The role of pollinators in maintaining variation in flower colour in the Rocky Mountain columbine, Aquilegia coerulea.

Background and Aims Flower colour varies within and among populations of the Rocky Mountain columbine, Aquilegia coerulea, in conjunction with the abundance of its two major pollinators, hawkmoths and bumble-bees. This study seeks to understand whether the choice of flower colour by these major pollinators can help explain the variation in flower colour observed in A. coerulea populations. Methods Dual choice assays and experimental arrays of blue and white flowers were used to determine the preference of hawkmoths and bumble-bees for flower colour. A test was made to determine whether a differential preference for flower colour, with bumble-bees preferring blue and hawkmoths white flowers, could explain the variation in flower colour. Whether a single pollinator could maintain a flower colour polymorphism was examined by testing to see if preference for a flower colour varied between day and dusk for hawkmoths and whether bumble-bees preferred novel or rare flower colour morphs. Key Results Hawkmoths preferred blue flowers under both day and dusk light conditions. Naive bumble-bees preferred blue flowers but quickly learned to forage randomly on the two colour morphs when similar rewards were presented in the flowers. Bees quickly learned to associate a flower colour with a pollen reward. Prior experience affected the choice of flower colour by bees, but they did not preferentially visit novel flower colours or rare or common colour morphs. Conclusions Differences in flower colour preference between the two major pollinators could not explain the variation in flower colour observed in A. coerulea. The preference of hawkmoths for flower colour did not change between day and dusk, and bumble-bees did not prefer a novel or a rare flower colour morph. The data therefore suggest that factors other than pollinators may be more likely to affect the flower colour variation observed in A. coerulea.
Atrial Flutter Associated with Carboplatin Administration

Objective To report a novel case of atrial flutter associated with carboplatin administration and review chemotherapy-related cardiac toxicities, focusing on platinum-containing compounds. Case report A 69-year-old man with extensive small cell lung cancer and asymptomatic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease was inconsistently adherent to his medication regimen. While undergoing carboplatin infusion, he developed atrial flutter. He had no other immediate arrhythmogenic causes of atrial flutter and the arrhythmia spontaneously reverted to sinus rhythm after 24 hours. His condition remained stable until he died 8 days later. The cause of death was unknown and the family declined postmortem examination. Discussion Although this patient's cardiac history and nonadherence to his medications may have increased his susceptibility to develop atrial arrhythmias, the Naranjo probability scale reveals a possible relationship between atrial flutter and infusion of carboplatin. A literature search revealed other adverse cardiac events due to platinum compounds; however, to our knowledge, this case is the first to describe an association with atrial flutter. A definitive causal link cannot be determined, but this may have been the result of a direct arrhythmogenic effect of treatment or to a novel hypersensitivity reaction. Given the potential deleterious impact of drug-induced arrhythmias, we have reported this case to the Food and Drug Administration as a new adverse effect of carboplatin. Conclusions Providers should consider cardiac monitoring during carboplatin infusion in patients with known cardiac disease or at high risk of cardiac complications.
Of healthcare professionals, ethics, and strikes.

The question of whether physicians or other “essential” healthcare workers are ethically entitled to strike is troubling in that it entails a conflict in obligations. This question of a conflict of obligations (and the answer to it) has wider implications for many other workers.
No Structural Mutation in the Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene in Alcoholism or Schizophrenia: Analysis Using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Objective. —To examine the dopamine D2receptor (DRD2) gene coding sequences for abnormalities associated with schizophrenia or alcoholism and thereby help to resolve the controversy surrounding the reported association of alcoholism with a restriction fragment length polymorphism located close to theDRD2gene. Design. —Mutational analysis of completeDRD2gene coding sequences by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis followed by direct nucleotide sequencing of detected variants. Setting. —Patients and controls from clinical and epidemiologic collections in the United States and Europe. Patients. —A total of 253 unrelated individuals, including 106 patients with schizophrenia, 113 with alcoholism, and 34 controls. For alcoholism we included patients from previously published series in which an association of illness with allele A1 was reported (Taqsite 3' to theDRD2gene) and from other published series in which nonconfirmations of this association were reported. Nearly all persons examined were white. Main Outcome Measures. —Frequency of nonsilent variations inDRD2gene DNA sequences in the different diagnostic groups. Results. —We found three infrequent DNA variants that predict altered amino acid sequence of the receptor. None of these is associated with either alcoholism or schizophrenia. Conclusion. —No structural coding abnormalities in theDRD2gene are present in alcoholism or schizophrenia. (JAMA. 1994;271:204-208)
Seed Germination of GA-Insensitive sleepy1 Mutants Does Not Require RGL2 Protein Disappearance in Arabidopsis

We explore the roles of gibberellin (GA) signaling genes SLEEPY1 (SLY1) and RGA-LIKE2 (RGL2) in regulation of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant in which the hormone GA is required for seed germination. Seed germination failure in the GA biosynthesis mutant ga1-3 is rescued by GA and by mutations in the DELLA gene RGL2, suggesting that RGL2 represses seed germination. RGL2 protein disappears before wild-type seed germination, consistent with the model that GA stimulates germination by causing the SCFSLY1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to trigger ubiquitination and destruction of RGL2. Unlike ga1-3, the GA-insensitive sly1 mutants show variable seed dormancy. Seed lots with high seed dormancy after-ripened slowly, with stronger alleles requiring more time. We expected that if RGL2 negatively controls seed germination, sly1 mutant seeds that germinate well should accumulate lower RGL2 levels than those failing to germinate. Surprisingly, RGL2 accumulated at high levels even in after-ripened sly1 mutant seeds with 100% germination, suggesting that RGL2 disappearance is not a prerequisite for seed germination in the sly1 background. Without GA, several GA-induced genes show increased accumulation in sly1 seeds compared with ga1-3. It is possible that the RGL2 repressor of seed germination is inactivated by after-ripening of sly1 mutant seeds.
Archives of Drug Information-A New Approach to Publishing the Results of Drug Studies.

Current scientific publishing uses a selective, slow, and adversarial editorial process to publish a minority of papers submitted, and thus maximize a journal's impact factor, a major measure of success. However, the results of many pharmaceutical industry studies are deemed low priority and are therefore difficult or impossible to publish in scientific journals. Society is poorly served because access to the results of these studies is in the public interest. Archives of Drug Information is an independent, online only journal that will publish papers that are free of bias and that provide new information about a drug. Articles that would not usually be published by traditional journals, for example articles reporting negative studies, studies reporting animal toxicity or Phase I human studies, or routine pharmacokinetic or drug interaction studies are welcome. The editorial process will be rapid and user friendly. The contents of the journal will be available freely to all. Archives of Drug Information will allow the pharmaceutical industry to publish the results of studies and make freely accessible to the public the results of research studies that would otherwise remain unavailable “on-file.” Making the results of studies available to the public is not only ethical and good scientific citizenship, but ultimately, also good business.
Disrupting stealthy botnets through strategic placement of detectors

In recent years, botnets have gained significant attention due to their extensive use in various kinds of criminal or otherwise unauthorized activities. Botnets have become increasingly sophisticated, and studies have shown that they can significantly reduce their footprint and increase their dwell time. Therefore, modern botnets can operate in stealth mode and evade detection for extended periods of time. In order to address this problem, we propose a proactive approach to strategically deploy detectors on selected network nodes, so as to either completely disrupt communication between bots and command and control nodes, or at least force the attacker to create more bots, therefore increasing the footprint of the botnet and the likelihood of detection. As the detector placement problem is intractable, we propose heuristics based on several centrality measures. Simulations results confirm that our approach can effectively increase complexity for the attacker.
Crime, Self-Protection and Business Growth in Cote d'Ivoire

Cote d’Ivoire was considered as an island of stability and economic prosperity in a region of stagnation, and political turmoil. The situation was reversed in the early 2000, when a decade of instability led to a surge in crime and violence. Yet, very little was known about the economic consequences of crime at the firm level. This paper tested empirically the impact of crime on business activity in Cote d’Ivoire. Using a recent World Bank enterprise survey dataset and a Heckman two-step procedure we showed that crime and private provision of security negatively impacted firms’ profit and investment.
Effect of Alkali Metal Oxide on Pb Recovery from the Waste CRT Glass by Reduction Melting Method

Treatment of waste CRT glass has been a social subject. Pb was separated from waste CRT glass contains Pb by reduction melting method. PbO is the easiest to reduce oxide in CRT glass component. But most of Pb exists not as PbO but as Pb2+ ion in CRT glass. And as Pb removes from glass, viscosity of glass becomes higher. So reduction of PbO and separation of Pb from glass is barred. By addition of alkali oxide, activity of PbO increases with an increase in the basicity and glass viscosity decreases. Relationship between addition of alkali metal oxides and Pb separation from glass was investigated.
International Travel and the U.S. Constitution

This Article makes the case for the fundamental right of U.S. citizens to leave their country and return home again. Surprisingly, Americans do not enjoy such a right. Under current Supreme Court precedents, the right to travel abroad is merely an aspect of liberty that may be restricted within the bounds of due process. The controversial No Fly List is one result. Another is a new rule that went into effect in February 2008, under which all travelers now require the express prior permission of the U.S. Government to board any aircraft or maritime vessel that will enter or leave the United States. Although the War on Terror raises new concerns about a right-to-travel caselaw developed during the Cold War, no one has yet made the case for stronger constitutional protection for international travel.The Article begins with an in-depth case study (based on interviews and primary sources) of two citizens who were denied permission to return to the United States for more than five months. The Article proceeds to explain the origins of this weak support for foreign travel before advancing an unconventional source for heightened protection. Whereas most unenumerated fundamental rights seek their foundation in the substantive due process guarantees of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, I advance a more straightforward, textual source: the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. After developing the historical and theoretical support for my argument, I examine the policy implications of strict judicial scrutiny of travel restrictions, including the No Fly List, which are intended to combat terrorism in a globalized world.
A MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR MULTIFIDELITY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS WITH COMPUTER MODELS

A multifidelity approach to design and analysis for complex systems seeks to exploit optimally all available models and data. Existing multifidelity approaches generally attempt to calibrate low-fidelity models or replace low-fidelity analysis results using data from higher fidelity analyses. This paper proposes a fundamentally different approach that uses the tools of estimation theory to fuse together information from multifidelity analyses, resulting in a Bayesian-based approach to mitigating risk in complex system design and analysis. This approach is combined with maximum entropy characterizations of model discrepancy to represent epistemic uncertainties due to modeling limitations and model assumptions. Mathematical interrogation of the uncertainty in system output quantities of interest is achieved via a variance-based global sensitivity analysis, which identifies the primary contributors to output uncertainty and thus provides guidance for adaptation of model fidelity. The methodology is applied to multidisciplinary design optimization and demonstrated on a wing-sizing problem for a high altitude, long endurance vehicle.
Developmental Progression and Interrelationship of Central and Effector Regulatory T Cell Subsets

Resting central Tregs (cTregs) and activated effector Tregs (eTregs) are required for self-tolerance, but the heterogeneity and relationships within and between phenotypically distinct subsets of cTregs and eTregs are poorly understood. By extensive immune profiling and deep sequencing of TCR-β V regions, two subsets of cTregs, based on expression of Ly-6C, and three subsets of eTregs, based on distinctive expression of CD62L, CD69, and CD103, were identified. Ly-6C(+) cTregs exhibited lower basal activation, expressed on average lower affinity TCRs, and less efficiently developed into eTregs when compared with Ly-6C(-) cTregs. The dominant TCR Vβs of Ly-6C(+) cTregs were shared by eTregs at a low frequency. A single TCR clonotype was also identified that was largely restricted to Ly-6C(+) cTregs, even under conditions that promoted the development of eTregs. Collectively, these findings indicate that some Ly-6C(+) cTregs may persist as a lymphoid-specific subset, with minimal potential to develop into highly activated eTregs, whereas other cTregs readily develop into eTregs. In contrast, subsets of CD62L(lo) eTregs showed higher clonal expansion and were more highly interrelated than cTreg subsets based on their TCR-β repertoires, but exhibited varied immune profiles. The CD62L(lo) CD69(-) CD103(-) eTreg subset displayed properties of a transitional intermediate between cTregs and more activated eTreg subsets. Thus, eTreg subsets appear to exhibit substantial flexibility, most likely in response to environmental cues, to adopt defined immune profiles that are expected to optimize suppression of autoreactive T cells.
Slash-Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion merkeli. 1. Oviposition Pattern and Descriptions of Egg, Female Larva, Pupa, and Cocoon

Key identifying characters of the slash-pine sawfly, Neodiprion merkeli Ross (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), included configuration of the female saw and saw-sheath, the unique oviposition pattern in Pinus clliottii Engelm. needles, two-tone larval head color, and presence of relatively conspicuous secondary sexual structures (named ovipositor bud plates) on the integument of abdominal sterna 8 and 9 in feeding instars 5 and 6 and nonfeeding instar 7 (female). Similar ovipositor bud plates were detected in several other sawfly genera.
Studies on thrombopoiesis. IV. Thrombocytosis-promoting activity of normal urine.

SummaryTen daily doses of boiled normal human urine equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 12.0 ml per 100 g body weight were administered by gastric tube to normal rats. Doses equal to 1% of the rats“weights evoked thrombocytosis. Larger doses induced progressively greater responses. The throm-bocytosis-promoting activity of normal urine was comparable to that in similar amounts of normal plasma. Urine from a polycythemic subject appeared to contain increased activity. These studies are in accord with the thesis that thrombopoiesis is subject to humoral regulatory control.
Decidedly Worth While: The Crisis in the University

(1950). Decidedly Worth While: The Crisis in the University. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 444-445.
Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Boron Implanted Beryllium

High dose boron implantation into instrument grade I-400 beryllium has been found to produce a substantial increase of its wear resistance. A comparison of the friction and wear behavior resulting from two shapes of the boron depth distribution is made. The wear resistance provided by a boron layer of constant (flat) concentration was found to be superior to that of a gradually decreasing (graded) profile. Rutherford backscattering was used to determine the boron depth distribution profiles and transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure. Electron diffraction pattern analysis provides evidence for the formation of beryllium borides.
Genetics in cancer prediction, screening, and counseling: Part II, The nurse's role in genetic counseling.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe an expanded role for oncology nurses in genetic counseling for cancer. DATA SOURCES Published professional articles, computerized data bases, lay publications. DATA SYNTHESIS A description of the availability of genetic counseling, of motivation for undergoing genetic counseling, and of the basic components of genetic counseling for cancer. CONCLUSIONS The need for genetic counseling will increase as more families with inherited cancer are identified, more cancer genes are isolated, and genetic analysis becomes more available. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Advances in genetic technology provide nurses with the opportunity for an expanded role in genetic counseling for cancer. Oncology nurses also can act as case finders of families with inherited cancers and conduct research in this area.
rstWeb - A Browser-based Annotation Interface for Rhetorical Structure Theory and Discourse Relations

This paper presents rstWeb, a new browserbased interface for Rhetorical Structure Theory and other discourse relation annotations. Expanding on previous tools for RST, rstWeb allows annotators to work online using only a browser. Project administrators can easily collect multiple annotations of the same documents on a central server, keep track of annotation processes and assign tasks and annotation schemes to users. A local version using an embedded web framework is also available, running offline on a desktop browser under the localhost.
Birth-site selection and timing of births in American bison: effects of habitat and proximity to anthropogenic features

Context Human activities can affect habitat selection by ungulates during parturition. Minimising human–wildlife conflicts during the birthing period can be critical in national and state parks that receive high numbers of human visitors. American bison (Bison bison) are an iconic species in North America, and many conservation herds of bison occupy national and state parks and wildlife refuges. Aims We investigated timing of births and birth-site selection of bison on Antelope Island State Park, Utah, at multiple spatial scales to determine the relative influence of surrounding vegetation, topography and distance to anthropogenic features (i.e. trails, roads or structures) on selection of birthing habitat. Methods We used vaginal implant transmitters to determine timing of births and to identify birth sites of bison. We used logistic regression within a model-selection framework to differentiate between birth sites and random locations, based on potential explanatory variables. We then used model-averaged coefficients to produce and project a GIS model of birthing habitat onto Antelope Island. Key results During 2010 and 2011, we quantified variables surrounding 35 birth sites and 101 random sites. Variables in top models of birth-site selection for bison included landscape curvature and elevation, averaged at a 500-m radius around birth sites, as well as distance to nearest trails, roads or structures. Five-fold cross validation (rho = 0.89; P < 0.05) indicated that these variables successfully predicted birth sites of bison in our study area; 80% of 41 births occurred in April (range = March 22 to May 20). Conclusions Bison selected areas for birthing with concave topography and increased elevation that were away from trails, roads or structures. Implications Our GIS model of birthing habitat, and data concerning timing of births, provide a map of high-probability birthing areas and a time of year at which human access could be limited to reduce disturbance from recreational activity. This approach could aid managers in minimising conflict between recreationists and parturient bison in other national and state parks and wildlife refuges.
CONTROL OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN SEMI-PRESERVED MEAT PRODUCTS

Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus are naturally occurring contaminants in semi-preserved meat products. They can be inhibited by (a) storage below 3 C, (b) 10% sodium chloride (brine concentration), (c) pH values below 4.5, or (d) proper combinations of these factors. However, most meat products do not have the pH values and brine concentrations required to completely inhibit C. botulinum and S. aureus and there is always a risk of temperature abuse. Improved safety can be achieved by adding 1% or more glucose to the product. The glucose will, in the event of temperature abuse, generally be fermented to lactic acid by the indigenous microflora in the product. As a result, the pH value drops to a level at which the brine concentration is sufficient to inhibit C. botulinum and S. aureus. A better approach to safety is to add, together with glucose, a radiation-killed preparation of lactic acid bacteria, e.g., Pediococcus cerevisiae. Such preparations cause a rapid decline in pH only when the p...