cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of β-diketonate copper(I) compounds—III. The synthesis of (β-diketonate) Cu(1,5-COD) compounds, the solid state structure and disproportionation of hexafluoroacetylacetonato (1,5-cyclooctadiene)copper(I), (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD)

Abstract The compounds (β-diketonate)Cu(1,5-COD) have been prepared by the reaction between [(1,5-COD)CuCl]2 and Na(β-diketonate) for β-diketonate = hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac), trifluoroacetylacetonate (tfac) and acetylacetonate (acac) and 1,5- COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene. These compounds were characterized spectroscopically and (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD) was characterized, in the solid state, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data: empirical formula, C13,H13CuF6O2; crystal system, monoclinic; space group, P21/c; a = 10.011(2), b = 9.777(3), c = 15.658(3) A and β = 107.88(2)° and Z = 4. The coordination of the copper centre is best described as “3+1” with an asymmetrically coordinated 1,5-COD ligand where the Cu:C(6):C(7) centroid and Cu:C(10):C(11) centroid distances are 1.953 and 2.418 A, respectively. The quantitative disproportionation, according to the equation 2(hfac)Cu(1,5-COD) → Cu+Cu(hfac)2+2(1,5-COD) to produce copper metal and volatile by-products, was observed at 200°C.
History of the EI magazine

The history of the Electrical Insulation Magazine, first published by the DEIS in September 1985, is outlined. The people involved in editing the magazine are listed as well as the history of the various features found in the magazine.
Model-based test generation using extended symbolic grammars

A novel, model-based test case generation approach for validating reactive systems, especially those supporting richly structured data inputs and/or interactions, is presented. Given an executable system model and an extended symbolic grammar specifying plausible system inputs, the approach performs a model-based simulation to (i) ensure the consistency of the model with respect to the specified inputs, and (ii) generate corresponding test cases for validating the system. The model-based simulation produces a state transition diagram (STD) automatically justifying the model runtime behaviors within the test case coverage. The STD can further be transformed to produce an evolved symbolic grammar, which can then be used to incrementally generate a refined set of test cases. As a case study, we present a live sequence chart (LSC) model-based test generator, named LCT in short, for LSC simulation and consistency testing. The evolved symbolic grammar produced by the simulator can either be used to generate practical test cases for software testing, or be further refined by applying our model-based test generation approach again with additional test coverage criteria. We further show that LSCs can also be used to specify and test certain temporal system properties during the model simulation. Their satisfaction, reflected in the STD, can either be served as a directive for selective test generation, or a basis for further temporal property model checking.
Evaluation of dairy cattle manure as a supplement to improve net energy gain in fermentative hydrogen production from sucrose.

This study evaluated fermentative biohydrogen production from sucrose supplemented with dairy cattle manure at different sucrose:manure ratios. Hydrogen yields found in this study (2.9–5.3 M hydrogen/M sucrose) at ambient temperature are higher than literature results obtained at mesophilic temperatures. This study demonstrated that dairy cattle manure could serve as a buffering agent to maintain recommended pH levels; as a nutrient source to provide the required nutrients for hydrogen production; as a seed to produce hydrogen from sucrose; and as a co-substrate to improve the hydrogen yield. Based on an analysis of the net energy gain, it is concluded that positive net energy gains can be realized with non-thermal pretreatment and/or by combining dark fermentation with anaerobic digestion or microbial fuel cells to extract additional energy from the aqueous products of dark fermentation.
Franz Boas: The Early Years, 1858–1906

Franz Boas: The Early Years, 1858–1906. Douglas Cole. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999. vii. 360 pp., photographs, notes, bibliography, index.
Patch use by Dipodomys deserti (Rodentia : Heteromyidae) : profitability, preference, and depletion dynamics

Granivorous desert rodents of the family Heteromyidae forage nonrandomly among “microhabitats” that vary in substrate, seed densities, and seed species composition. To explore the hypothesis that microhabitat use is sensitive to seed patch profitability, we quantified effects of seed size (1.96 vs. 5.21 mg/seed) and density (0.4–10.6 seeds/cm2) on Dipodomys deserti harvest rates, which is a measure of profitability when expressed as mg of seed taken per min. By manipulating seed density, we created large-seed and small-seed patches of known relative profitability and exposed D. deserti individuals to pairwise choices in the laboratory and field. We used three treatment classes: 1) large-seed patches that were more profitable than small-seed patches (equal seed densities); 2) large-seed and small-seed patches that were equally profitable (small-seed densities somewhat higher): and 3) large-seed patches that were less profitable than small-seed patches (small-seed densities much higher). Harvest rate increased nearly linearly with seed density, and profitability of large-seed patches was greater than small-seed patches of the same density. Cumulative harvest from a patch increased linearly with residence time up to a plateau; this “gain curve” indicates that animals move systematically within patches and hence avoid resampling already depleted areas. In the laboratory, animals visited small-seed patches first more often and visited them more frequently when they were more profitable than large-seed patches. When large-seed patches were of greater or equal profitability, large-seed patches were preferred by both measures. The expressed preference for large-seed patches, when animals were presented with equally profitable patches, suggests an underlying preference for large seeds. In the field, animals depleted all patches to a constant low profitability, in accord with qualitative predictions of optimal patch use models. These results suggest that patch preferences by D. deserti are affected by the economics of seed harvest.
Detection of high-risk young adults and women by coronary calcium and National Cholesterol Education Program Panel III guidelines.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the classification of cardiovascular risk in young individuals and women according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines across a continuum of coronary calcium scores (CCS). Background Current NCEP guidelines might underestimate cardiovascular risk in young individuals and women. Methods The study population consisted of 1,611 asymptomatic individuals (67% men, mean age: 53 ± 10 years) who presented to a single electron beam tomography facility for coronary artery calcium screening. Participants were categorized into low-risk (n = 738, 46%), intermediate-risk (n = 583, 36%), moderately high-risk (n = 263, 16%), and high-risk (n = 27, 2%) according to the NCEP Panel III guidelines. Results Absence of calcium, CCS of 0 to 99 (mild), 100 to 399 (moderate), and ≥400 (severe), was observed in 572 (35%), 707 (44%), 192 (12%), and 140 (9%) of the patients, respectively. A high CCS percentile (≥75th percentile) was present in 426 (26%) individuals. Overall, 59% and 78% of participants with CCS ≥400 and CCS ≥75th percentile were not identified as high risk and candidates for pharmacotherapy on the basis of NCEP categories. Furthermore, women as well as young individuals were less likely to be considered candidates for pharmacotherapy compared with men and older individuals in each CCS category. Conclusions The NCEP guidelines seem to underestimate cardiovascular risk in young asymptomatic individuals and women. For these individuals, assessment of plaque burden might provide incremental value to global risk assessment.
Transonic flow calculations using a flux vector splitting method for the Euler equations

A study of the flux vector splitting method of Steger and Warming for the solution of the time dependent Euler equations in strong conservation law form for arbitrary two-dimensional geometries is presented. The procedure employed here differs from that of Buning and Steger in that it uses a different algorithm and employs implicit boundary conditions. Moreover, the method, as implemented here, does not contain any explicit smoothing or any adjustable parameters. Calculations were carried out for an NACA 0012 airfoil at various Mach numbers and angles of attack, and cylinders. Steady symmetric solutions were obtained for the full cylinder at a freestream Mach number of .5 without imposing a symmetry condition. In general, good agreement with other methods was obtained.
Overexpression and regulation of expression of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor in prostatic carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives. Scatter factor (hepatocyte growth factor) (SF/HGF) is a multifunctional polypeptide growth factor that has been implicated in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. Little is known of the expression of SF/HGF in human prostatic carcinoma. The aims of this investigation were to quantitate the level of SF/HGF expression in benign versus malignant human prostatic tissues and to assess regulation of SF/HGF expression by human prostatic stromal myofibroblasts. Methods. We determined the level of SF/HGF expression in 10 human prostatic tissue samples (5 benign, 5 carcinoma) by Western blot analysis. Five purified growth factors—basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and endothelial growth factor (EGF)—were tested for their capacity to induce SF/HGF expression by a human prostatic stromal myofibroblastic cell line, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Supernatant from the normal PrEC prostatic epithelial cell line and the DU 145 carcinoma cell line were assayed for SF/HGF-inducing activity. Results. SF/HGF exhibited a mean fourfold overexpression in carcinoma tissues compared with benign prostatic tissue. Significant stimulation of SF/HGF expression by prostatic stromal myofibroblasts was detected for IL-1β (8.1-fold), PDGF (6.2-fold), bFGF (4.0-fold), VEGF (3.7-fold), and EGF (2.9-fold). DU 145-conditioned media, but not the PrEC-conditioned media, contained SF/HGF-inducing activity, which was determined to include IL-1β, bFGF, and PDGF by antibody-blocking experiments. Conclusions. SF/HGF is overexpressed in human prostatic carcinoma tissues. Prostatic carcinoma cell stimulation of SF/HGF expression by adjacent benign myofibroblastic cells as a type of epithelial–stromal paracrine interaction could potentially influence prostatic carcinoma cell behaviors.
The dynamic expression pattern of B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) during mouse embryonic development.

We have analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) expression during mouse embryonic development. Blimp-1 expression is induced early in the anterior definitive endoderm, mesoderm of head process, and prechordal plate. In ectoderm-derived tissues at later stages, Blimp-1 expression is found in the primitive photoreceptors of neural retina, in differentiated epithelial cells of epidermis, tongue, oral and nasal cavities, and in the precursors of internal root sheaths of hair follicles. In mesoderm-derived tissues, Blimp-1 expression is observed in splanchnopleure, a subset of somatopleure-derived cells in limb buds, and myotomes of somites. Blimp-1 is also expressed in mesenchyme of developing hand plates, digits, branchial arches, nasal processes, and external genitalia. Blimp-1 is present in mesenchyme-derived chondroblasts, supporting cells of taste buds, and papilla of teeth, hair follicles and taste buds. In endoderm-derived tissues, Blimp-1 expression in the foregut region is restricted to a subset of epithelial cells at the headfold stage while expression in the endodermal epithelium of midgut and hindgut persists from the headfold stage to birth. Finally, Blimp-1 is expressed in the migrating primordial germ cells.
Intravenously injected [1-14C]arachidonic acid targets phospholipids, and [1-14C]palmitic acid targets neutral lipids in hearts of awake rats.

The differential uptake and targeting of intravenously infused [1-14C]palmitic ([1-14C] 16∶0) and [1-14C]arachidonic ([1-14C]20∶4n−6) acids into heart lipid pools were determined in awake adult male rats. The fatty acid tracers were infused (170 μCi/kg) through the femoral vein at a constant rate of 0.4 mL/min over 5 min. At 10 min postinfusion, the rats were killed using pentobarbital. The hearts were rapidly removed, washed free of exogenous blood, and frozen in dry ice. Arterial blood was withdrawn over the course of the experiment to determine plasma radiotracer levels. Lipids were extracted from heart tissue using a two-phase system, and total radioactivity was measured in the nonvolatile aqueous and organic fractions. Both fatty acid tracers had similar plasma curves, but were differentially distributed into heart lipid compartments. The extent of [1-14C]20∶4n−6 esterification into heart phospholipids, primarily choline glycerophospholipids, was elevated 3.5-fold compared to [1-14C]16∶0. The unilateral incorporation coefficient, k *, which represents tissue radioactivity divided by the integrated plasma radioactivity for heart phospholipid, was sevenfold greater for [1-14C]20∶4n−6 than for [1-14C]16∶0. In contrast, [1-14C]16∶0 was esterified mainly into heart neutral lipids, primarily triacylglycerols (TG), and was also found in the nonvolatile aqueous compartment. Thus, in rat heart, [1-14C]20∶4n−6 was primarily targeted for esterification into phospholipids, while [1-14C]16∶0 was targeted for esterification into TG or metabolized into nonvolatile aqueous components.
Motivating Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery Staff in Times of Shrinking Budgets: How to Say Yes with Less

Proven reward and motivational techniques used in the business sector can be applied to motivate library staff particularly in interlibrary loan and document delivery departments. Successful programs use many concepts, including training, autonomy, employee input, communication, and encouragement. A survey of interlibrary loan managers explores how they motivate employees. The article concludes with suggestions, from the business and library worlds, to motivate employees. Suggestions that can be modified to motivate staff in interlibrary loan and document delivery departments.
Damage evolution in Ti6Al4V–Al3Ti metal-intermetallic laminate composites

Abstract The crack propagation and damage evolution in metal (Ti6Al4V)-intermetallic (Al 3 Ti) laminate composites were investigated. The composites (volume fractions of Ti6Al4V: 14%, 20% and 35%) were tested under different loading directions (perpendicular and parallel directions to laminate plane), to different strains (1%, 2%, 3%) and at different strain rates (0.0001 and 800–2000 s −1 ). Crack densities and distributions were measured. The crack density increases with increasing strain, but decreases (at a constant strain) with increasing volume fraction of Ti6Al4V. Differences in crack propagation and damage evolution in MIL composites under quasi-static (10 −4 s −1 ) and dynamic (800–2000 s −1 ) deformation were observed. The fracture stress does not exhibit significant strain-rate sensitivity; this is indicative of the dominance of microcracking processes in determining strength. Generally, the crack density after dynamic deformation is higher than that after quasi-static deformation. This is attributed to the decreased time for crack interaction in high-strain rate deformation. The effect of crack density, as quantified by a damage parameter, on elastic modulus and stress–strain relation were calculated and compared with experimental results.
A No-Holds-Barred Evolution Curriculum for Elementary and Junior High School Students

Understanding the basic mechanism of evolution by natural selection together with examples of how it works in nature is crucial for explaining and teaching the workings of biology and ecology to young students. Dobzhansky said it best in his advice to educators of biology: “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” This premise is true at all levels of biology but especially so in the elementary years where foundations of science knowledge are laid. Elementary students are capable of learning cohesive and connected stories of biological principles and learning them within a no-holds-barred arena wherein concepts and processes usually reserved for high school years are taught with special care, appropriate exercises, and patient explanations. This story must include solid introductions to the fundamental principles of evolution by natural selection that are threaded within and alongside those of basic biology and ecology. This paper attempts to make the case for the inclusion of connected stories of biology in the earliest years of education and to include within that education the unifying theme of all biology and ecology studies—evolution.
AN EXAMINATION OF SMALL FIRM BOOTSTRAP FINANCING AND USE OF DEBT

This study examines the relationships between entrepreneurs' use of bootstrap financing methods and access to short- and long-term debt capital. By providing additional funding options, bootstrap financing helps alleviate liquidity issues by providing small firms additional sources of capital when more traditional sources are not accessible. Capital constraints can result in firms being unable to successfully compete and often lead to difficulties associated with liquidity constraints. The findings show that use of short- and long-term debt capital is directly associated with the use of bootstrap financing sources. The growing body of research is demonstrating that bootstrap financing is commonly used, but is related to the use of debt capital. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on small firm use of bootstrap financing and can be used by owners of small firms, consultants and educators. Programs that provide educational assistance to owners of small firms, including university courses and practitioner seminars/workshops, can expand the coverage of bootstrap financing in the curriculum.
Oxidative Stability of Anhydrous Milkfat Microencapsulated in Whey Proteins

The chemical stability was studied on anhydrous milkfat (AMF) encapsulated in whey protein isolate (WPI) and WPI combined with lactose (1:1 w/w WPI/L). AMF-containing microcapsules, as well as bulk milkfat, were stored at 20°C with light, 40°C without light, and 50°C with and without light for up to 12 mo. Milkfat oxidation was monitored by oxygen uptake in headspace and hexanal accumulation. In all cases, AMF oxidation was significantly limited by microencapsulation in WPI or WPI/L. Whey proteins are effective microencapsulating agents.
Multi-dimensional simulations of the chemical vapor deposition for thermal barrier coatings using ZrCl4–H2–CO2–Ar gas mixtures

Two- and three-dimensional simulations of the chemical vapor deposition processes for zirconia thermal barrier coating have been made using FLUENT. Validation runs in a simple reactor geometry yield results that match the experimental data for a range of temperature and pressure conditions. The two-dimensional models involving realistic inflow and outflow, along with a turbine blade located within for deposition, show details of the flow, thermal and chemical processes that can be used to optimize the deposition characteristics. However, some of the flow and deposition characteristics are only captured in full three-dimensional simulations where flow recirculation effects are observed. Thus, simulations of the zirconia chemical vapor deposition can be made with reasonable accuracy even with a simplified one-step reaction mechanism.
Experience with Seed Localization for Nonpalpable Breast Lesions in a Public Health Care System

Seed localization uses a radioactive source to identify nonpalpable breast lesions for excision; it is an emerging alternative to wire localization (WL). Previous single health system studies report decreased rates of re-excision and improved patient convenience with this technique. This study is the first to implement this procedure in a public health care delivery system composed of a primarily minority and low-income population. A multidisciplinary team was formed to create a protocol for breast seed localization (BSL) and monitor the results. After 50 seed localizations were successfully completed, a retrospective matched-pair analysis with patients who had undergone WL during the same period was performed. Overall experience with the BSL protocol is reviewed, along with the occurrence of a seed loss. Processes necessary to reactivate the BSL protocol and prevent future losses are delineated. BSL is associated with decreased rates of re-excision and can be successfully implemented in a public health care system. BSL is an attractive alternative to WL in a high-volume, county-based population. It allows increased efficiency in the operating room and has a low rate of complications. Cautionary measures must be taken to ensure proper seed chain of custody to prevent seed loss.
Open-Shell Self-Consistent-Field Molecular-Orbital Theory for Transition-Metal Clusters

Detailed formulations are developed for the theoretical calculation of molecular-orbital (MO) wave functions and electronic excitation energies for transition-metal clusters. The procedures are based upon the spin- and symmetry-restricted Hartree-Fock-Roothaan self-consistent-field (SCF) equations for open-shell systems. All diagonal electrostatic matrix elements have been derived to permit determining MO's for all states of all electronic configurations arising from the ${d}^{n}$ states of the free metal ion. In addition, configuration-interaction matrix elements among all states occurring in the ${d}^{2}$ and ${d}^{3}$ (${d}^{8}$ and ${d}^{7}$) systems are also presented. The frozen-core approximations and some aspects of achieving converged SCF MO's are briefly discussed.
Hypothetical rankings of prospective husbands for female kin in lowland Nicaragua: consensus analysis indicates high agreement and associations with wealth and hunting skill

In preindustrial societies, kin may exert influence on the mating choices of women, but there have been few systematic studies of the preferred characteristics of husbands for female kin. In an indigenous Mayangna and Miskito community, photographs of 29 male household heads were presented to informants, who ranked the men on three characteristics: desirability as a spouse, hunting ability and wealth. For the desirability rankings, informants were asked to consider the advice that they would give to young female relatives and rank the men based on the qualities that such women should seek in a husband. Consensus analysis indicates that there is high agreement among informants on all three sets of rankings. There is no evidence that the age and sex of informants are associated with variation in evaluations of the desirability of men, which suggests that the evaluations by reproductively active women do not significantly differ from rankings by other informants. Multivariate analysis indicates that perceptions of both a man's wealth and his hunting ability are positively associated with his desirability as a prospective husband for female kin. By contrast, a strong kin-based social network, as measured by the presence of consanguineal kin in the community, seems unimportant to a man's desirability as a husband. Although it remains unclear to what extent hunting ability is a signal of phenotypic quality, these results support predictions that individuals will encourage female kin to marry men who are good resource providers. Finally, compared to a conventional reliability analysis, consensus analysis is demonstrated as a superior method for assessing both unidimensionality and subgroup variation in informant rankings.
All-Optical Signal Processing in Photonic Label Switching Routers

This paper proposes and demonstrates an optical-label switching router with all-optical time-to-live, performance monitoring, label swapping, and 2R regeneration. Experimental results of unicast and multicast packet forwarding with contention resolution of asynchronously arriving variable-length packets.
Significant mobilization of both conventional and regulatory T cells with AMD3100

In this study, we used the rhesus macaque model to determine the impact that AMD3100 has on lymphocyte mobilization, both alone and in combination with G-CSF. Our results indicate that, unlike G-CSF, AMD3100 substantially mobilizes both B and T lymphocytes into the peripheral blood. This led to significant increases in the peripheral blood content of both effector and regulatory T-cell populations, which translated into greater accumulation of these cells in the resulting leukapheresis products. Notably, CD4+/CD25high/CD127low/FoxP3+ Tregs were efficiently mobilized with AMD3100-containing regimens, with as much as a 4.0-fold enrichment in the leukapheresis product compared with G-CSF alone. CD8+ T cells were mobilized to a greater extent than CD4+ T cells, with accumulation of 3.7 ± 0.4-fold more total CD8+ T cells and 6.2 ± 0.4-fold more CD8+ effector memory T cells in the leukapheresis product compared with G-CSF alone. Given that effector memory T-cell subpopulations may mediate less GVHD compared with other effector T-cell populations and that Tregs are protective against GVHD, our results indicate that AMD3100 may mobilize a GVHD-protective T-cell repertoire, which would be of benefit in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Effects and Classification of Peak Experiences

Maslow has presented two differing views related to the effects of peak experiences. He first stated that they inevitably had lasting effects but later maintained that peaks may produce no positive...
Core and Column Sampling

Cores recovered from a soil auger were found to yield accurate information about the depth of midden deposit and to compare favorably with column samples as a means of recovering midden material for microanalysis.
Prevalence of immune-complex glomerulonephritides in dogs biopsied for suspected glomerular disease: 501 cases (2007-2012)

Background Glomerulonephropathies are common causes of kidney disease in dogs. Objective To determine the prevalence of immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) in North American dogs biopsied for suspected glomerular disease. Animals Renal biopsies (n = 733) submitted to the Texas Veterinary Renal Pathology Service between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2012 were reviewed. Dogs were included if the biopsy was performed for suspected glomerular disease. Methods Specimens were evaluated by light microscopy (LM), immunofluorescence (IF), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Findings were retrospectively evaluated to categorize the diagnosis for each case. For the diagnosis of ICGN, TEM findings were considered conclusive when LM and IF were equivocal. Results Of the 501 dogs included in the study, 241 (48.1%) had ICGN; 103 (20.6%) had primary glomerulosclerosis; 76 (15.2%) had amyloidosis; 45 (9.0%) had nonimmune complex (IC) glomerulopathy; 24 (4.8%) had non-IC nephropathy; and, 12 (2.4%) had primary tubulointerstitial disease. Many (66/241; 27.4%) ICGN cases required TEM for definitive diagnosis, including 14 cases (5.8%) that were not suspected on LM. Of cases not diagnosed as ICGN, a substantial proportion (60/260; 23.1%) required TEM to rule out immune complex deposits, including 14 of 189 cases (7.4%) presumptively diagnosed as ICGN on LM. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Approximately half of all dogs biopsied for suspected glomerular disease had conditions other than ICGN. Renal biopsy is needed to accurately categorize the underlying disease and direct appropriate treatment. Additionally, TEM and IF evaluations by experienced nephropathologists are necessary to obtain an accurate diagnosis in many cases.
Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis associated with limited systemic sclerosis

Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD) is a condition that is characterized histopathologically by a characteristic pattern of granulomatous inflammation in the presence or absence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. It has been associated with systemic diseases, especially autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Behcet's disease. A 44-year-old woman with underlying limited systemic sclerosis presented with painful erythematous nodules located on her face and scalp. Histopathologic analysis confirmed a diagnosis of PNGD, which self-resolved within weeks of the biopsy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a case of PNGD associated with systemic sclerosis. A review of the literature revealed that PNGD is a female-predominant disease that is most commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis, followed closely by lupus erythematosus. Most patients with PNGD respond to treatment of the underlying systemic disease, although spontaneous resolution is not uncommonly observed.
A structural analysis of the Main Central Thrust zone, Langtang National Park, central Nepal Himalaya

The Main Central Thrust (MCT) is one of the most tectonically significant structures in the Himalayan orogen. Detailed geologic mapping and structural analysis of the MCT in the Langtang National Park region of central Nepal reveals that this segment of the fault zone experienced multiple episodes of south-directed movement, under both brittle and ductile conditions, during the Tertiary period. Early (mid-Miocene) movement resulted in the development of mylonitic fabrics synchronous with amphibolite-facies metamorphism. The mean orientation of the dominant mylonitic foliation is N28°W, 38°NE. An associated mineral/stretching lineation plunges 40° to N40°E. Kinematic indicators suggest hanging-wall movement to the southwest relative to the footwall along the north-dipping fault. It is not possible to constrain the magnitude of high-temperature displacement on the MCT at the longitude of Langtang. Late-stage structures in the MCT zone at Langtang include a series of imbricate, brittle thrust faults that separate different lithostratigraphic units and correspond to metamorphic discontinuities. We interpret this fault system as a duplex structure. Muscovite 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages from the MCT zone range from 8.9-6.9 Ma. Because the nominal closure temperature of Ar diffusion in muscovite (approximately 625 K) is higher than the apparent temperature conditions under which late brittle deformation occurred, we suggest that brittle deformation was a latest Miocene-Pliocene phenomenon. Another major Himalayan fault, the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), was developing to the south of Langtang at approximately the same time. We speculate that brittle faulting within the MCT zone may have initiated as the MCT zone was transported over a ramp in the MBT.
Melancholy gender—refused identification

Freud's discussion of melancholy in “Mourning and Melancholia”; includes an account of identification as the incorporation of the lost object. This essay first seeks to establish a relation between that incorporative identification and the formation of “the bodily ego.”; It then seeks to situate this melancholic condition of the bodily ego in terms of the “loss”; of the same‐sexed object under prevalent conditions of compulsory heterosexuality. This “loss”; might be better understood on the model of foreclosure, suggesting that it is a loss resolved into a melancholic identification and hence central to the formation of same‐sex gender identification. This account of the melancholic consequences of a disavowed homosexual attachment is then situated in terms of contemporary conditions of grief over the loss by AIDS of so many gay men. The suggestion here is that the cultural “unreality”; of that “loss”; may be attributable to the foreclosed status of homosexual love as that which “never was”; and “never wa...
CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FIBER TYPES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE: A Comparative Study of the Mammalian Diaphragm

A comparative investigation of the mammalian diaphragm has revealed a correlation between certain cytological aspects of red and white muscle fibers and functional activity. This skeletal muscle presents the advantage of a similar and constant function among the mammals, but its functional activity varies in a quantitative manner. Both the rate of breathing (and hence the rate of contraction of the diaphragm) and metabolic activity are known to be inversely related to body size; and this study has demonstrated a relationship between cytological characteristics of the diaphragm and body size of the animal. Small fibers rich in mitochondria (red fibers) are characteristic of small mammals, which have high metabolic activity and fast breathing rates; and large fibers with relatively low mitochondrial content predominate in large mammals, which have lower metabolic activity and slower breathing rates. In mammals with body size intermediate between these two groups (including the laboratory rat), the diaphragm consists of varying mixtures of fiber types. In general, the mitochondrial content of diaphragm fibers is inversely related to body size. It appears, then, that the red fiber reflects a high degree of metabolic activity or a relatively high rate of contraction within the range exhibited by this muscle.
Domestic Political Accountability and the Escalation and Settlement of International Disputes

A political accountability model is developed to explain how the accountability of incumbent democratic leaders to domestic political opposition influences the diplomatic and military policies of governments. The model is situated within the democratic peace literature and compared with existing theoretical work. Empirically, the hypotheses are tested on a new data set of 348 territorial disputes for the period from 1919 to 1995. Each dispute is divided into three separate stages so that hypotheses about the initiation and outcome of both negotiations and military confrontations, and opposing patterns of war and dispute settlement, can be tested. Results provide strong support for a number of hypotheses concerning the importance of electoral cycles and the strength of opposition parties in explaining patterns of both conflictual and cooperative behavior by democratic states.
Microbial Transformation of n-Octane into Dicarboxylic Acids

IN 1960 Kester and Foster1 demonstrated the conversion of certain liquid hydrocarbons to the corresponding alkanedioic acids in cultures of a Gram-positive bacterium. n-Alkanes possessing between 10 and 14 carbon atoms were shown to undergo this process of di-terminal oxidation. Evidence has been obtained2,3 that n-decanoic and 10-hydroxydecanoic acids are intermediates in the oxidation of n-decane to n-decanedioic acid.
Absolute ultraviolet irradiance of the moon from SORCE SOLSTICE

The Moon has been shown to be an extremely stable radiometric reference for calibration and long-term stability measurements of on-orbit sensors. The majority of previous work has been in the visible part of the spectrum, using ground-based lunar images. The SOLar-STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) on the SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) can be used to extend the lunar spectral irradiance dataset to include the 115-300 nm range. SOLSTICE can directly measure both the solar and lunar spectra from orbit, using the same optics and detectors. An observing campaign to map out the dependence on phase angle began in mid 2006, and continues through the present. The geometry of SORCE's orbit is very favorable for lunar observations, and we have measurements of almost the entire 0-180 degree range of phases. In addition to Earth Observing Systems using the Moon for calibration, recent planetary missions have also made ultraviolet observations of the Moon during Earth flyby, and these SOLSTICE measurements can be useful in calibrating their absolute responsivity.
Tuberculosis and hepatic toxicity in children

Morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis (TB) has fallen dramatically in the past half century due, in large part, to the introduction of effective anti-TB medications. Isoniazid remains the drug of choice for children with either latent or active TB infection; active disease is also treated with two or more additional drugs, usually including rifampin and pyrazinamide. However, while effective, these drugs also carry known risks for hepatotoxicity and may lead to both asymptomatic liver injury and clinically overt hepatitis. Current guidelines encourage regular clinical follow-up and selective laboratory monitoring, yet liver failure still occurs in a rare minority of cases. This review outlines the recommendations for treatment of childhood TB, the risks of drug-induced hepatic toxicity in these children and the strategies that are both in use and under development that aim to reduce this risk.
Synthesis, characterization and spectroscopic study of riboflavin-molybdenum complex

Abstract A riboflavin–molybdenum [(RF)–Mo(V)] complex in powder form was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV–Vis, IR, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. During the synthesis of this metal complex, another metal complex [Mo 2 O 4 (H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ was also synthesized and characterized. The results of X-ray diffraction study have revealed an orthorhombic cubic system for the RF–Mo complex. The steady state absorption and emission studies of RF and RF–Mo in hydrochloric acid (HCl) of varying pH were investigated. The steady state absorption with RF–Mo showed distinct changes in the absorption spectra of RF after complexation. The steady state emission results, consistent with prior reports showed fluorescence quenching in the aqueous solution of both RF and RF–Mo in HCl with the proton acting as a quencher. The Stern–Volmer constant observed was 108.79 and 98.68 for RF and RF–Mo, respectively. The binding constant for RF–Mo complex was found to be 1.201 × 10 3 M −1 at 298 K.
Biocompatibility and biofouling of MEMS drug delivery devices

The biocompatibility and biofouling of the microfabrication materials for a MEMS drug delivery device have been evaluated. The in vivo inflammatory and wound healing response of MEMS drug delivery component materials, metallic gold, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon, and SU-8 TM photoresist, were evaluated using the cage implant system. Materials, placed into stainless-steel cages, were implanted subcutaneously in a rodent model. Exudates within the cage were sampled at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days, representative of the stages of the inflammatory response, and leukocyte concentrations (leukocytes/ml) were measured. Overall, the inflammatory responses elicited by these materials were not significantly different than those for the empty cage controls over the duration of the study. The material surface cell density (macrophages or foreign body giant cells, FBGCs), an indicator of in vivo biofouling, was determined by scanning electron microscopy of materials explanted at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days. The adherent cellular density of gold, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, and SU-8 TM were comparable and statistically less (po0:05) than silicon. These analyses identified the MEMS component materials, gold, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, SU-8 TM , and silicon as biocompatible, with gold, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, and SU-8 TM showing reduced biofouling.
Relative effectiveness of calcium and magnesium in the alleviation of rhizotoxicity in wheat induced by copper, zinc, aluminum, sodium, and low pH

Root elongation in short-term experiments with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings demonstrated that the following ions were rhizotoxic in the order Cu2+>Al3+≫ H+>Zn2+≫ Na+. Additions of Ca2+ and Mg2+ alleviated the toxicity, but the relative ameliorative effectiveness of Ca2+ and Mg2+ depended upon the toxicant. The effectiveness of Mg2+ relative to Ca2+ was 0.098 for Na+, 0.37 for H+, 1.0 for Al3+, 2.1 for Cu2+, and 170 for Zn2+. The mechanisms of inhibition are mainly unknown, but the mechanisms of alleviation are better understood. Mechanism I entails ameliorant-induced reduction of the negativity of the plasma membrane (PM) surface electrical potential (ψ0). The consequence is a reduced activity of the toxicant at the PM surface because of reduced electrostatic attraction. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are equally effective agents of Mechanism I alleviation but are less effective than H+ and more effective than Na+ for reasons described by electrostatic principles. Mechanism II alleviation is specific for Ca2+ and entails the restoration of Ca2+ at the PM surface if surface Ca2+ has been reduced by the toxicant to growth-limiting levels. This occurs more commonly in Na+ and H+ toxicities than in the others, though in no case is it the principal mechanism of alleviation. Mechanism III alleviation is the collective ameliorative effect of an ion beyond Mechanisms I and II. Differences between Ca2+ and Mg2+ in ameliorative effectiveness are mainly attributable to Mechanism III which, in the case of Zn2+, may entail an internal detoxification and, in the case of Na+, may entail the blockade of a Na+ uptake channel. This study demonstrates that appropriate nonlinear equations incorporating cell-surface ion activities enable the dissection of multiple toxic and ameliorative effects of the ions.
Long-term foraging optimization in northern shovelers

Abstract In this paper I attempt to explain the seasonal foraging strategy employed by male northern shovelers (Anas clypeata). Through the use of dynamic-optimization modeling I demonstrate that male shovelers are optimizing total foraging time over the entire summer by foraging heavily when resources (cladocerans) are abundant and utilizing endogenous reserves during times when resources are in short supply. Additionally, I construct predictive long-term models based on cladoceran dynamics and show that observed values for shoveler body mass and foraging dynamics agree with the models. Body masses of collected birds fit the predictions of the mixed (long-term I) model better than the long-term II model. However, both models underestimated total foraging time often by as much as 50% Long-term foraging optimization strategies apparently are more common in birds than previously thought and are determined by three ecological criteria: (1) degree of foraging specialization, (2) availability of preferred prey, and (3) physiological or behavioral constraints which allow for endogenous fat storage or exogenous caching of food items.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus issues collaterals to the fastigial nucleus and rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus in the rat

The pedunculopontine-laterodorsal tegmental nuclear complex was identified as a major source of brainstem afferents terminating in the fastigial cerebellar nucleus and/or ventrolateral reticular nucleus (n.Rvl). Collaterals from the pedunculopontine nucleus (Ch5 area) to rostral [vasopressor] regions of the fastigial nucleus and ventral reticular formation were revealed with a combined retrograde tracing technique. The data implicate acetylcholine as a transmitter and raise the hypothesis that the identified afferents may contribute to the autonomic and behavioral responses to midline cerebellar stimulation.
Computational Tools for Predicting and Studying Redox Potentials of Metalloproteins

User-friendly computational tools for predicting and analyzing redox potentials E° of metalloproteins are being developed in CHARMMing, a web-based interface. The basis is the relation -nFE° = ΔG°, where ΔG° is the free energy of the reduction of the protein, which contains contributions from the inner and outer spheres, ΔGin and ΔGout, respectively. This tool contains a library of ΔGin and redox site partial charges, calculated for different redox sites using density functional theory (DFT) and double-ζ basis sets, but allows the user to upload a protein structure from the Protein Data Bank and perform a Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) continuum electrostatic calculation of ΔGout. Additional functions are being added, including methods to predict site-specific mutations to alter redox potentials. So far, only iron-sulfur redox sites have been implemented, but other redox sites are being added.
Cerebral venous thrombosis: a review.

Background:Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is less frequent than arterial thrombosis, presents in an atypical fashion, and is an uncommon cause of stroke. Although the functional outcome from CVT is better than arterial strokes, the outcome of CVT remains unpredictable and may lead to sequelae or e
Offense produced by chemical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus of the rat

Offense behavior, including bite-and-kick attack, was obtained by microinjections of picrotoxin into the anterior hypothalamus of the rat. This is the first time that it has been possible to obtain offense by chemical stimulation of the brain, and the localization is more precise than that obtained with electrical stimulation. Mounting behavior and mounting by the opponent were also obtained from the anterior hypothalamus, the former corresponding to results obtained by previous studies using electrical stimulation. Other behaviors obtained from the hypothalamus included locomotion and circling, social and self-grooming, upright posture and boxing, digging, feeding, and leaping.
The electrocardiogram in disturbances of cardiac rate and rhythm.

We present (1) two examples of “bigeminal rhythm” not due to extrasystolic impulse formation but due to a disturbance in A-V conduction; (2) two instances of auricular fibrillation with runs of bizzarre beats imitating ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, one due to aberrant ventricular conduction, the other due to. anomalous A-V conduction in a case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; and finally, (3) one case of auricular flutter with 2: 1 A-V conduction who developed transient 1:1 A-V conduction with a rapid ventricular rate after procaine amide medication. The therapeutic implications of the correct diagnosis of the cardiac arrhythmias are pointed out.
The Interport: A Logistics Model and an Application to the Distribution of Maritime Containers

In a container transportation and logistics network, an interport is a common user facility located in the hinterland of one or several seaports where services are available to carriers and shippers such as transshipping, customs clearance and inspection, temporary storage, tagging, and sorting. Interports pose opportunities and challenges for operators involved in freight transport and trade. Mathematically, the authors identify the â€œinterport modelâ€ as an extension of the conventional transshipment problem in a hub-and-spokes configuration with the interport treated as a novel kind of hub. The model highlights the advantages that shippers may enjoy in routing their containers from the seaports to their final hinterland destinations via one or several interports. They also discuss an empirical application portraying the intermodal transportation network in the Campania region, Italy. The major seaports of the region are Naples and Salerno; the recently constructed terminal, warehousing and processing facilities at Nola and Marcianise are recognized as interports. A linear programming model minimizes the sum of all container-related logistic costs throughout the entire network, including customs inspection, handling, and storage costs. The solution demonstrates the critical role of adequate customs facilities at the interports, and adequate railway connections between the seaports and the interports.