cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracting and Querying a Comprehensive Web Database.

Recent research in domain-independent information extraction holds the promise of an automatically-constructed structured database derived from the Web. A query system based on this database would offer the same breadth as a Web search engine, but with much more sophisticated query tools than are common today. Unfortunately, these domain-independent Web extractors are usually not modelindependent; e.g., an extractor that only finds binary relations from text will be blind to relational data found in tables. Because a topic area often has a data model that is a natural fit (e.g., population statistics are usually in tables, while biographical facts about Einstein are embedded in text), even a high-quality domain-independent extractor will miss a substantial amount of data. Our omnivore system attempts to build a comprehensive Web database by running multiple domain-independent extractors in parallel over a Web crawl, then combining their outputs into a single large entity-relationship database. Each item in the database describes a single real-world entity, and can contain information drawn from a number of popular Web data models. The user can correct flaws in the database, and can query it using either a structured query language or a search-like interface. Due to the Web’s sheer size, users cannot be expected to know the result set’s metadata a priori, so omnivore automatically chooses an output model and schema when it renders results. In this paper we outline the omnivore architecture and provide specific details about our current prototype.
Visual Data in Education Research

Education researchers have used visual data to investigate a wide range of phenomena and to communicate about their research to colleagues, policymakers, practitioners, and the public. The forms of visual data most commonly enlisted for these purposes include direct observations, recorded observations, material artifacts, and various forms of graphic logs and tracings. Education studies are noteworthy for using these visual data to investigate a wide range of phenomena and to serve an equally wide range of research and development purposes. These diverse applications suggest that visual data, analysis tools, and evidence are relatively normalized within the conduct of education research.
A Study of Network Quality of Service in Many-Core MPI Applications

Network contention in existing high performance computing (HPC) systems increases job execution time and reduces machine throughput. This problem is expected to become worse in future systems as core counts increase and networks become larger and more complicated. In this paper, we investigate the use of network Quality of Service (QoS) to mitigate the effects of network contention. QoS allocates bandwidth to individual jobs, thus limiting the impact that one job can have on another through network contention. We consider coarse-grained QoS, in which each job runs at a different priority level, by running a number of micro-benchmarks and applications in different QoS configurations on real hardware with QoS capabilities. Our results indicate that while network contention reduces job performance by as much as 70%, coarse-grained QoS is unlikely to improve throughput on HPC systems and may increase job execution times by more than 100%. Based on our analysis, finer-grained QoS is more likely to improve performance and throughput.
Forensic Wildlife Pathology

Abstract Forensic pathology is the postmortem examination done as part of a legal investigation. There are many areas where wildlife pathology and forensic pathology intersect. In the United States of America, there are numerous federal, state, and local laws that regulate human activity with regards to wildlife. Discussed in this chapter are those that may be most commonly encountered by the veterinary pathologist, including mortalities associated with vehicle and structural collisions, energy infrastructure, environmental and regulated toxins, and firearms. As with wildlife disease investigation, there are challenges associated with dead animals found in the wild. The postmortem examination of skeletonized, scavenged, and/or frozen remains may still yield valuable information on the cause of and time since death. Extensive documentation of the forensic examination through photography, detailed notes, and a thorough report, as well as maintenance of the integrity of the evidence collected and examined will build a strong case that will withstand legal scrutiny.
Elementary kinetics of nitrogen electroreduction on Fe surfaces

Electrochemical ammonia synthesis could provide a sustainable and efficient alternative to the energy intensive Haber-Bosch process. Development of an active and selective N2 electroreduction catalyst requires mechanism determination to aid in connecting the catalyst composition and structure to performance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to examine the elementary step energetics of associative N2 reduction mechanisms on two low index Fe surfaces. Interfacial water molecules in the Heyrovsky-like mechanism help lower some of the elementary activation barriers. Electrode potential dependent barriers show that cathodic potentials below -1.5 V-RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) are necessary to give a significant rate of N2 electroreduction. DFT barriers suggest a larger overpotential than expected based on elementary reaction free energies. Linear Bronsted-Evans-Polanyi relationships do not hold across N-H formation steps on these surfaces, further confirming that explicit barriers should be considered in DFT studies of the nitrogen reduction reaction.
Making Well-being: Exploring the Role of Makerspaces in Long Term Care Facilities

Fourth-age residents in long-term care facilities (LTCF) are known to suffer declines in well-being due to their advanced age and resulting loss of independence. Using an action research approach, we set up a makerspace in a New Jersey LTCF for eight weeks to see whether it could improve well-being for residents. Based on engaged observation over 280 hours and semi-structured interviews with participants, we find that people aged 80-99 years will spend (sometimes significant) time in a makerspace for the purposes of making and companionship; that makerspaces can contribute to both autonomy and well-being for older residents; and participants produced not only decorative art, but novel artifacts that solved real challenges in their daily lives. We situate these findings in the literature on art and activity therapy for fourth-age people, and make recommendations for makerspaces in long-term care facilities.
Transferring Police Academy Training to the Street: the Field Training Experience

This research examines the role of police field training officers (FTOs) in the transfer of police academy training to the job. The authors issued a pilot survey instrument, the Police Learning Environment Inventory (PLEI), to assess the role of FTO behaviors in the transfer of academy training. The survey was issued to police organizations in the southwest and northeast regions of the USA. Survey responses were analyzed to determine both dimensional structure of FTO behaviors and their relationship to trainee intent to transfer academy training to the job. Results demonstrate that an array of FTO behaviors fall under a single dimension. Further, this behavioral dimension was significantly associated (p < .01) with police officer intent to transfer academy training to the field.
Molecular determinants and heterogeneity of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T lymphocytes revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing

Abstract During an immune response to microbial infection, CD8+ T cells give rise to distinct classes of cellular progeny that coordinately mediate clearance of the pathogen and provide long-lasting protection against reinfection, including a subset of non-circulating tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells that mediate potent protection within non-lymphoid tissues. Here, we utilized single-cell RNA-sequencing to examine the gene expression patterns of individual CD8+ T cells in the spleen and small intestine intraepithelial lymphocyte (siIEL) compartment throughout the course of their differentiation in response to viral infection. These analyses revealed previously unknown transcriptional heterogeneity within the siIEL CD8+ T cell population at several states of differentiation, representing functionally distinct TRM cell subsets as well as a subset of TRM cell precursors within the tissue early in infection. Taken together, these findings may inform strategies to optimize CD8+ T cell responses to protect against microbial infection and cancer. One sentence summary Here, we applied single-cell RNA-sequencing to elucidate the gene expression patterns of individual CD8+ T cells differentiating throughout the course of infection in the spleen and small intestinal epithelium, which revealed previously unidentified molecular determinants of tissue-resident T cell differentiation as well as functional heterogeneity within the tissue-resident CD8+ T cell population.
Regenerative Medicine for the Elbow

Regenerative treatments for injuries about the elbow are best supported by many RCTs that examine outcomes in the treatment of common extensor tendinopathy. Studies suggest that PRP injections have long-term therapeutic benefit when compared to corticosteroid injection, local anesthetic injections, and conservative management alone, but the efficacy of PRP compared to mechanical debridement with percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy or surgery has not been described in well-controlled studies. There is variability in the literature in the formulation of PRP, inconsistent use of additional procedures (percutaneous needle tenotomy) and sonographic guidance to perform the injection, as well as varied postinjection rehabilitation protocols across studies. There is limited evidence for the use of ABI, prolotherapy, ATI, BMAC, adipose tissue, amniotic membrane, and PUT with none of these treatments consistently showing superiority to other management options. Beyond treatment for common extensor tendinopathy, the data is limited by small sample sizes and case series or case studies but suggests that regenerative treatments such as PRP, prolotherapy, and BMAC might have promise in treating other injuries involving the elbow including common flexor/pronator tendinopathy, UCL injury, distal biceps tendinopathy, and distal triceps tendinopathy. There is limited evidence for the use of regenerative therapies to treat elbow arthritis, but based on our knowledge of the use of PRP to treat arthritis of other joints, it may also show efficacy in the elbow. Lastly, regenerative therapies have only been used to augment surgery for OCD and are less likely to be beneficial when injected in the setting of stable OCD.
Intravascular Lithotripsy for Treatment of Severely Calcified Mesenteric Stenosis

Abstract Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is an emerging approach for modification of calcified atherosclerotic plaque. We report 2 cases of IVL used for calcific mesenteric stenosis, one in de novo...
When Women Work at the Iron Cage: Gendered Perceptions on Workplace Justice

Given the increase in the percentage of female employees in correctional institutions, it is important to note that female correctional officers often hold different values relative to justice and ...
Do entrepreneurs do good deeds to maximize wins or avoid losses? A regulatory focus perspective

Researchers and practitioners generally agree that small businesses are important contributors to social responsibility within their communities and beyond. Despite the well-documented importance of small businesses in carrying out social responsibility, particularly locally, little is known about the motivation orientation underlying such behavior. Further, there is little agreement about what constitutes social responsibility in the small business context. Using regulatory focus theory as a theoretical lens, we examine how promotion focus versus prevention focus of the small business owner motivates social responsibility engagement targeted at society, employees, and customers. We find that regulatory focus of the small business owner does not play a role in motivating society-focused social responsibility engagement; however, prevention focus plays an important role in motivating engagement in employee- and customer-oriented social responsibility.
Who Decides the Budget? A Political Economy Analysis of the Budget Process in Latin America

This book presents a new framework for analyzing the political economy of budget processes in Latin America that is based on the following premises: i) the budget process must be considered as part of the overall policymaking process rather than in isolation; ii) budget outcomes cannot be fully explained on the basis of only one or two political or institutional dimensions; iii) actual practices must be considered as well as formal rules; iv) budget processes affect dimensions of fiscal outcomes besides fiscal sustainability, particularly efficiency, adaptability, and representativeness; v) political actors and their incentives must be considered at different stages of the policymaking process and in different institutional contexts. Case studies are presented for eight countries in the region, and a final chapter presents conclusions and suggestions for further research.
Abstract P378: Automated Estimation of Ischemic Core Volume on Non-Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography via Machine Learning

Background and Purpose: Accurate estimation of ischemic core on baseline imaging has treatment implications in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Machine learning (ML) algorithms have shown...
Women's Health in Uganda: A Review of the Landscape of Reproductive Health in Uganda

The landscape surrounding reproductive health in Uganda is underpinned by layered interactions between a host of powerful factors, all of which contribute to grim health outcomes for Ugandan women. Yet, over the last two decades, several key interventions have demonstrated success in improving women’s reproductive health, including the implementation of diagonal approaches to healthcare delivery and grassroots educational programs. This review synthesizes a diverse body of literature and elucidates the relationship between colonialism, neocolonialism, gender inequality, ethnolinguistic fractionalization, andwomen’s health outcomes in Uganda. To clarify several key terms, gender inequality defined as, “allowing people different opportunities due to perceived differences based solely on issues of gender” (Parziale 978). Ethnolinguistic fractionalization involves considering how multiple languages and ethnic groups can create greater perceived distances between groups. Thus, this narrative literature review will explicate the socio-historical framework impacting women’s health and describe several successful interventions in promoting women’s health in Uganda.
Evaluation of land-use, climate change, and low-impact development practices on urban flooding

We investigated the potential influence of land-use and climate change on urban hydrology for an urbanized watershed located in Columbia, South Carolina (USA). The Personal Computer Storm Water Man...
A New Approach to Congressional Power: Revisiting the Legal Tender Cases

This Article proposes a new doctrinal test for assessing the scope of Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause and Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. To clarify the muddled state of the law following the Supreme Court's decision in Gonzales v. Raich, the analysis reviews the precedents and shows that the operative standard in implied power disputes comes from the three Legal Tender Cases and not, as is commonly supposed, from McCulloch v. Maryland. Two of these cases on the validity of paper money set forth approaches that are invoked by the Court today. One says that the Justices should defer to congressional judgments about the affirmative scope of its power absent extraordinary circumstances. The other says the Court should balance the importance of a federal interest in regulation against any countervailing state interests.The third framework discussed in the Legal Tender Cases, however, is not part of the current debate. That test holds that an exercise of federal power outside the core of an enumerated end should receive heightened scrutiny only when it is in the vicinity of a specific constitutional prohibition (i.e., when there is a colorable claim that a concrete right is affected). As the Article explains, this test offers a compromise that can protect important structural and textual principles without giving the Court unbounded discretion to displace national action.
Nonstandard Compression Techniques

Standard compression schemes, such as JPEG and MPEG, have been widely supported by the industry; however, this has not stopped the development and marketing of several proprietary image and video compression schemes. Examples of such schemes include the Kodak Photo-CD compression and storage format, the QuickTime environment from Apple, and Indeo technology from Intel. There are various reasons for the introduction of proprietary compression schemes: ■ Certain applications are self-contained, and there is no need to exchange their data with other platforms (such as a stand-alone image database system). ■ Computational requirements of the standard algorithms are beyond the capabilities of a particular platform (such as the software-based video playback on low-end personal computers). ■ New market areas open (such as digital photography). ■ There is dissatisfaction with the capabilities of the standard algorithms (such as video teleconferencing). ■ There is concern about royalties (such as arithmetic coding in JPEG).
Characterization of the rat apolipoproteins. I. The low molecular weight proteins of rat plasma high density lipoproteins.

The apolipoproteins from rat plasma high density lipoproteins were separated into three fractions by Sephadex gel chromatography. Five low molecular weight proteins were purified from the last Sephadex fraction by ion exchange chromatography. All five proteins have apparent homologues among the human apolipoproteins. The A-II apoprotein has COOH-terminal alanine, a blocked NH2 terminus and contains no histidine, tryptophan or cysteine. Unlike human A-II, it appears to occur in monomeric form. The C-I apoprotein has COOH-terminal alanine, NH2-terminal aspartic acid, contains 16% lysine, and lacks valine, tyrosine, and cysteine. The C-II apoprotein has NH2-terminal threonine, COOH-terminal glutamic acid and contains no cysteine. Two forms of the C-III apoprotein were found with COOH-terminal proline and NH2-terminal aspartic acid. One form, C-III-0, contains no carbohydrate, while the other, C-III-3, contains 3 moles of sialic acid and 1 mole of galactosamine per mole of protein.
Classical and molecular genetic analyses of his-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa: II. Southern blot analyses and molecular mechanisms of mutagenicity

Previous studies (Overton et al., Mutation Res., 1989) on specific revertibility of 81 his-3 mutants have shown a correlation between complementation pattern and presumed genetic alteration similar to that shown by ad-3B mutants. In the present study, restriction enzyme analyses were used to further characterize the genetic alterations in individual his-3 mutants. The restriction fragment banding patterns of the majority of mutants were identical with that shown by wild-type 74-OR23-1A and were consistent with expectations based on previous data suggesting that they resulted from single base-pair alterations (Overton et al., Mutation Res., 1989). His-3 mutants with altered banding patterns were only found among those with polarized complementation patterns or noncomplementing mutants. One of the mutants with a polarized complementation pattern, 1-189-83, and another noncomplementing mutant, 1-189-85, are associated with genetic alterations proximal to the his-3 locus. In one other mutant, 1-226-565 (with a polarized complementation pattern), an insertion of approx. 2 kb has occurred in the proximal region of the his-3 locus. Two other mutants, 1-155-270 and 1-155-276 (both noncomplementing), contained a large insertion of approx. 12.8 kb in the proximal region of the his-3 locus.
Automatic resource management using an adaptive parallelism environment

The adaptive parallelism environment is introduced as a means of effectively utilizing MPP processing resources in a multi-programmed MIMD or distributed system. It achieves this by dynamically calculating the optimal number of threads for a given program at runtime. The optimality calculation considers both the number of processing elements available to handle additional workloads and the estimated computational speedup gained by using additional threads versus the communications overhead of using additional threads. The adaptive parallelism environment is composed of three sections: a load balancer, which migrates threads and provides information regarding the availability of processing elements, a code analyzer, which estimates the number and composition of instructions in a potential thread as well as the number of communications needed to synchronize the potential thread, and a runtime environment, which gathers information from the load balancer and code analyzer and performs the runtime calculations to estimate the optimal number of threads.
Geophysics and world affairs: A plea for geoscience

The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was founded in the hopeful year of 1919, when the scientists of the world, largely under Anglo-French leadership, had ceased their highly regimented and destructive efforts in the art of war, and had naturally returned to their constructive efforts in the art of peace, that is, so far as peace and justice may be acquired through the invention and production of new gadgets, the alleviation of physical disease, and the further elaboration of a highly mathematical and a mechanistic but none too natural philosophy. The American Geophysical Union was organized in 1919 to serve as the American Committee of the International Union, and also, through its Executive Committee, to serve as the Committee on Geophysics of the National Research Council. It is important, especially at this time, that we should appreciate both the national and international responsibilities of our Executive Committee; the difficulty and delicacy of these responsibilities being even more complicated in time of war by the fact that several of our officers are also employed by the Government of the United States. In 1920 membership in the American Geophysical Union numbered 56, five of whom were ex-officio, and it has steadily increased to 1327. Thus the American Geophysical Union is today primarily an American Society of Geophysicists whose Executive Committee officially represents American geophysics, both in this country and abroad. Like its international parent, the American Geophysical Union is made up of Sections or Associations representing Geodesy, Seismology, Meteorology, Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, Oceanography, and Volcanology, and the Section of Hydrology was added in 1930. In 1940, after much careful deliberation, a new Section of Tectonophysics was added, in spite of the fact that this Section does not exist in the International Union. This necessity for the eighth branch to the candlestick came through the increasing interest and accomplishments of those students of earth-science who were coordinating the experimental and observational data derived from the study of the deformation of the crust of the Earth, both as to cause and effect. Tectonophysics is of particular interest to the structural and economic geologist, and our new Section will serve a unique and useful purpose in encouraging and supporting experimental and theoretical investigations of the deformation of rocks and all closely related phenomena. This statement is well supported by the excellent program which the new Section has submitted for this meeting.
REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN JAPANESE FARMHOUSES

The complexity of considerations for the marked individuality and regional diversity of Japanese traditional farmhouses demands a synthesis of geographic approaches in order to obtain even a partial interpretation. The characteristics distinguishing folk dwellings reveal a long historical development which became set into local patterns or individual styles centuries ago. So sensitive is the architectural variation in relationship to local physical conditions that a large scale map may well be needed in order to fully chart this phenomenon. The pertinent economic, socio-cultural, aesthetic, and other attributes which have profoundly enriched the meaning of the minka all require special attention. It is evident that the basic structure and motif are appreciated, are compatible with the needs and technology of contemporary societies, and that Japanese architecture is making an impact on the American scene.
Evaporation from liquid surfaces in vacuum

Abstract THE BEST RATE at which a liquid can evaporate is generally unimportant at atmospheric pressures because distillation is conveniently done thousands of times more slowly. In the high vacuum still the optimum rate is one that limits yield of distillate and thus assumes first importance. Previous investigations have suggested that evaporation coefficients ranging from 1–25 per cent. of those calculated by the Knudsen-Langmuir formula are common. Only mercury and carbon tetrachloride have shown coefficients of unity. The authors' experiments were predicated on the theory that the liquids, irrespective of constitution, will show coefficient of unity from new, clean surfaces and that the same liquids in the state of out-of-the-bottle purity or less will show fractional coefficients. This proves to be the case. The clean surface experiments were done with a falling-stream rate tensimeter, the soiled surface with various observation-post pot stills. When the equilibrium pressure is above 10 microns a soiled surface becomes SCHIZOID, divided into WORKING and TORPID areas. The working area has a coefficient near unity, the torpid two to one hundred times less. An expanding surface, as in a growing bubble, has a higher coefficient than a contracting surface, and more vapour is emitted behind a stirring paddle than in front. A technique has been devised for making exact measurements of vapour emission from stretched and pushed surfaces of known age and purity. As the surface reaches PRISTINE cleanliness, the evaporation coefficient becomes unity and does not diminish with later ageing of surface. Pristine surfaces are not ordinarily encountered, and proneness to superheat is an indication of the impaired permeability of a liquid's surface.
Assessment of Neuropsychological Dysfunction in the Workplace: Normative Data from the Pittsburgh Occupational Exposures Test Battery

Neuropsychologists are being increasingly called upon to assess the neurobehavioral status of adults who have been exposed to toxic chemicals or heavy metals in the workplace. Unfortunately, the evaluation of blue-collar workers has been hampered by the absence of a brief yet comprehensive battery of sensitive neuropsychological tests that have been administered to a large cohort of demographically similar adults with no prior history of occupational exposure. In this paper we describe the development of the Pittsburgh Occupational Exposures Test Battery. We detail the procedures used to collect appropriate age-scaled norms from 182 blue-collar males, and delineate the factor structure of the test battery. We also examine the interrelationships among test scores and certain demographic variables, and discuss the epidemiologic and clinical relevance of these data.
Influence of Thermoregulatory Vasomotion and Ambient Temperature Variation on the Accuracy of Core-temperature Estimates by Cutaneous Liquid-crystal Thermometers

Background Recently, liquid crystal skin-surface thermometers have become popular for intraoperative temperature monitoring. Three situations during which cutaneous liquid-crystal thermometry may poorly estimate core temperature were monitored: (1) anesthetic induction with consequent core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat, (2) thermoregulatory vasomotion associated with sweating (precapillary dilation) and shivering (minimal capillary flow), and (3) ambient temperature variation over the clinical range from 18-26 degrees C. Methods The core-to-forehead and core-to-neck temperature difference was measured using liquid-crystal thermometers having an approximately 2 degrees C offset. Differences exceeding 0.5 degree C (a 1 degree C) temperature range) were a priori deemed potentially clinically important. Seven volunteers participated in each protocol. First, core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat was produced by inducing propofol/desflurane anesthesia; anesthesia was then maintained for 1 h with desflurane. Second, vasodilation was produced by warming unanesthetized volunteers sufficiently to produce sweating; intense vasoconstriction was similarly produced by cooling the volunteers sufficiently to produce shivering. Third, a canopy was positioned to enclose the head, neck, and upper chest of unanesthetized volunteers. Air within the canopy was randomly set to 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 degrees C. Results Redistribution of body heat accompanying induction of anesthesia had little effect on the core-to-forehead skin temperature difference. However, the core-to-neck skin temperature gradient decreased approximately 0.6 degree C in the hour after induction of anesthesia. Vasomotion associated with shivering and mild sweating altered the core-to-skin temperature difference only a few tenths of a degree centigrade. The absolute value of the core-to-forehead temperature difference exceeded 0.5 degree C during approximately 35% of the measurements, but the difference rarely exceeded 1 degree C. The core-to-neck temperature difference typically exceeded 0.5 degree C and frequently exceeded 1 degree C. Each 1 degree C increase in ambient temperature decreased the core-to-fore-head and core-to-neck skin temperature differences by less than 0.2 degree C. Conclusions Forehead skin temperatures were better than neck skin temperature at estimating core temperature. Core-to-neck temperature differences frequently exceeded 1 degree C (a 2 degrees C range), whereas two thirds of the core-to-forehead differences were within 0.5 degree C. The core-to-skin temperature differences were, however, only slightly altered by inducing anesthesia, vasomotor action, and typical intraoperative changes in ambient temperature.
Theta oscillations during the processing of monetary loss and gain: A perspective on gender and impulsivity

Event-related oscillations (EROs) have proved to be very useful in the understanding of a variety of neurocognitive processes including reward/outcome processing. In the present study, theta power (4.0-7.0 Hz) following outcome stimuli in the time window of the N2-P3 complex (200-500 ms) was analyzed in healthy normals (20 males and 20 females) while performing a gambling task that involved monetary loss and gain. The main aim was to analyze outcome processing in terms of event-related theta power in the context of valence, amount, gender, and impulsivity. The S-transform was used for the signal processing of the ERO data in terms of time-frequency-power. Results from filtered waveforms showed a partially consistent phase-alignment of the increased theta activity corresponding to N2 and P3 components following the outcome stimuli. Gain conditions produced more theta power than loss conditions. While there was anterior involvement in both gain and loss, posterior activation was stronger during gain conditions than during loss conditions. Females exhibited posterior maxima during gain conditions while males had an anterior maxima during both loss and gain conditions. The current source density of theta activity in females involved larger areas with a bilateral frontal activity while males predominantly had a frontal midline activity. Theta power was significantly higher in females than males across all conditions. Low theta (4.0-5.5 Hz) predominantly contributed to the posterior activity during gain conditions. High theta (5.5-7.0 Hz) was more associated with impulsivity measures than low theta activity. These findings may offer valuable clues to understand outcome processing, impulsivity, and gender differences.
Nuclear co-localization of prolactin and the prolactin receptor in rat Nb2 node lymphoma cells.

Previous studies have indicated that prolactin (PRL) interacts with specific, high affinity, immunoreactive binding sites within isolated rat hepatocyte nuclei. Moreover, endogenous PRL appears to be bound to this site. However, it remained important to demonstrate nuclear PRL receptors and hormonal translocation in an intact cell system. Therefore, we sought nuclear translocation of PRL and its receptor in the nucleus of PRL-dependent Nb2 node lymphoma cells. Utilizing immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy, growth-arrested cells were found to constitutively express the PRL receptor in the nucleus and in the membrane/cytosol compartments. Addition of PRL stimulated rapid hormone internalization followed by translocation to the nucleus within 6-12 hrs. The translocation of PRL was found to be reversible and dependent upon ATP. These results indicate that an early event coupled to the mitogenic action of PRL in Nb2 cells is hormone transport to the nucleus during the G1 and S phases of cell cycle. Once in the ...
Late natural history of corneal topography after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the 3 month to 1 year natural history of corneal topography after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Design A prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized comparative study. Participants A total of 75 eyes of 68 patients with myopia were studied. Intervention Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy and computer-assisted videokeratography were performed. Main outcome measures Preoperative and 3, 6, and 12 month postoperative topography patterns were compared and changes assessed by averaging defined sectors of the ablation zone in individual maps to produce composite “average” topography maps. Results Corneal topography was relatively smooth 3 months after PRK. By 12 months, the corneal contour in general had become even more uniform. No “central island” effect was observed. When looking at right and left eyes independently, there was a tendency toward maximum flattening nasally. Conclusions Corneal topography in general continues to smooth from 3 to 12 months after PRK, possibly as a result of epithelial and stromal healing and remodeling. Right and left eyes on average show mirror-image, spatially oriented topography patterns.
Anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies, vascular C4d deposition and increased soluble c4d in broncho-alveolar lavage of lung allografts.

BACKGROUND The hallmark of humoral rejection is the presence of subendothelial C4d in the allograft. A simultaneous determination of vascular C4d with soluble C4d in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and circulating anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (HLA-Ab) has not been reported in lung transplantation. METHODS Forty-two consecutive lung-transplant patients were included in this cross-sectional study. The presence and specificity of HLA-Ab was determined at the same frequency with transbronchial biopsies. Soluble C4d levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in all 42 patients. In a subgroup of 32 patients with available timely matched paraffin-embedded tissue sections, the vascular C4d deposition was also assessed. RESULTS The presence of HLA-Ab in 16 patients was associated with biopsy-proven acute rejection (10/16 vs. 3/16, P 0.5 microg/mL) elevated in patients with HLA-Ab and vascular C4d and was moderately (0.2 microg/mL) increased in patients with antibodies but C4d-negative. In contrast, only a slight elevation of soluble C4d (<0.1 microg/mL) was detected in patients without HLA-specific antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The association of HLA-specific antibodies with vascular C4d deposition and soluble C4d in BAL, in addition to the reduced pulmonary function, might constitute a diagnostic triad for antibody-mediated rejection in lung transplant patients.
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III: occult cancer and the impact of margin status on recurrence.

Abstract Objective: To determine the impact of margin status on disease recurrence and the incidence of occult cancer in women diagnosed with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) III and treated with surgical excision. Methods: Between 1989 and 1995, 73 women were diagnosed preoperatively with VIN III by vulvar biopsy and were treated with surgical resection. Patients were examined postoperatively, and recurrence was diagnosed when a biopsy of suspicious lesions confirmed VIN III. Results: The mean age was 45 years; 81% of the patients were white, and 18% were black. Eighty-two percent of the women had used tobacco, 56% had prior cervical dysplasia, and 37% had prior genital warts. An underlying squamous vulvar cancer was found in 22% of patients at initial treatment for VIN III. Fifty-nine women had follow-up of at least 7 months. Of these, 66% (39 of 59) had positive surgical margins, 31% (18 of 59) had negative margins and 3% had unknown margins (two of 59). With positive margins, 46% (18 of 39) suffered recurrent disease; with negative margins, only 17% (three of 18) had recurrent disease ( P = .03). Multifocal disease and a history of genital warts also correlated with VIN III recurrence ( P = .03 for both). Conclusion: A significant number of women diagnosed initially with VIN III on a vulvar biopsy harbored occult vulvar cancer. Recurrences were almost threefold higher when margins were positive for residual VIN III. We conclude that surgical resection is an appropriate method of treatment of VIN III for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Photoacoustic study of the optical absorption of oblate silver spheroids in attenuated‐total‐reflection geometry

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is used to measure the optical absorption of spheroidal silver particles in ATR (attenuated total reflection) geometry as a function of the angle of incidence for both, s- and p-polarizations of light. The particles are obtained by heat treatment of a thin silver film (≈ 3 nm). The experimental data are compared with the optical absorption calculated by using a method based on an effective medium theory due to Carlan, and good agreement is found. Nous avons mesure par spectroscopie photoacoustique l'absorption optique de particules spheroidales d'argent en geometrie ATR (reflection totale attenuee) en fonction de l'angle d'incidence pour les deux polarisation de la lumiere. Les particules sont obtenues par recuit d'une couche mince d'argent (≈ 3 nm). Les valeurs experimentales de l'absorption sont en bon accord avec les valeurs theoriques obtenues par la theorie du milieu effectif utilisee par Carlan dans le cas d'une couche granuraire.
The vindication of the language organ

Abstract Ape language research presents us with a worthy and successful example of realist bootstrapping of theorizing and experimentation. In the 1940s, the Hayeses set out without a definition of language, merely taking it that it appeared in the normal maturation of the normal human in normal circumstances and so might appear in a chimpanzee similarly placed. The Gardeners, noting the chimpanzee's limited vocalizing apparatus, tried to show that a chimpanzee would develop language in the same way as the human child if only the language were a sign language. Meshing with research by Premack and Terrace, recent work on fluent human signers of American Sign Language has shown that while chimpanzees can be led to use a gestural pidgin-vocabulary to manipulate and socialize, they in no way develop linguistically as the human infant signer does. In terms of homology, a case can be made that the signing chimpanzees have little improved on the Hayeses' chimpanzee, who eventually vocalized five English words. What this stretch of interaction between theory and experiment bears out is the autonomy of the formal linguistic apparatus from other conceptual and perceptual capacities that we undoubtedly share with our primate cogeners.
Fault-tolerant sensor integration for micro flow-sensor arrays and networks

Distributed micro flow-sensor arrays and networks (DMFSA/N), built from collections of spatially scattered, cooperating intelligent and redundant micro flow-sensor nodes, can improve the accuracy and reliability of system. However, it is unrealistic to expect all the sensor nodes and communication links in the system to function properly all the time. This paper is based on an earlier research, in which a DMFSA/N with a cluster architecture and fault-tolerant time-out Protocol (FTTP) was developed. In this paper, a fault-tolerant sensor integration algorithm (FTSIA) is proposed and evaluated in simulations. Experimental results showed that the FTSIA could always give reliable results even when certain portion of the sensors yielded faulty information. Furthermore, the results from FTSIA were significantly more accurate than the mean of sensor readings (popularly applied in industry) if some of the sensors produced faulty readings. Finally, the application of the proposed FTSIA is illustrated by measuring flow pressure using a pressure sensor array of eight sensors.
The structure of bovine trypsin: electron density maps of the inhibited enzyme at 5 Angstrom and at 2-7 Angstron resolution.

Abstract The crystal structure of diisopropyl phosphoryl-trypsin has been obtained by the method of isomorphous heavy-atom replacement (R. M. Stroud, L. M. Kay, A. M. Cooper & R. E. Dickerson, Abstr. 8th Int. Congr. Biochem. 1970; Stroud et al., 1971). DIP † -trypsin crystallizes in two forms depending on the pH of the crystallization medium. The orthorhombic form obtained at pH 7 to 8 was used for the crystallographic study. The space group is P212121 and the cell dimensions are a = 54·8 A , b = 58·7 A and c = 67·6 A . One asymmetric unit of the crystal structure contains one molecule of molecular weight 24,000. Analysis of the crystalline material shows that crystals contain α- and β-DIP-trypsin in approximately equal proportions. The single-chain molecule, β-trypsin, contains 223 amino acid residues linked together by six disulfide bridges. This paper reports the progress of analysis from the low-resolution (5 A) model, which shows the general molecular architecture, through high-resolution (2·7 A) density maps, from which a model of the enzyme was built. The map shows approximately 70% of the carbonyl groups, and allows interpretation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and solvation of the protein. The tertiary structure of trypsin shows extensive homology to the related enzymes α-chymotrypsin and elastase.
The audit committee: How should it handle ERM?

The role of the audit committee seems to be constantly changing. Audit committees are being given ever-greater responsibilities lately. Some authorities seem to use them as a dumping ground for whatever extra responsibilities they want companies to shoulder. The latest controversy may be over enterprise risk management (ERM). Should it be added to the audit committee agenda? And, if so, how should this be done? © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence for the phosphorylation of dopamine by striatal tissue from rat brain

Methods were developed for the chemical phosphorylation of dopamine and for the isolation of phosphorylated dopamine from acidic extracts of rat brain. The developed methods were applied to provide evidence that striatal tissue from rat brain can phosphorylate dopamine to yield dopamine-3-monophosphate ester and dopamine-4-monophosphate ester.
Impact of intravascular ultrasound-guided direct stenting on clinical outcome of patients treated for native coronary disease.

Abstract Background Despite the fact that in animal models direct stenting (DS) reduces the vessel injury, in clinical practice this treatment strategy did not reduce late restenosis as compared to conventional strategy with balloon predilatation (PD). However, the influence of DS was not evaluated when stent expansion is optimized by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) assessment. Methods We analyzed the in-hospital and 1-year outcomes of patients at Washington Hospital Center who were treated with percutaneous coronary interventions and stent implantation when percutaneous intervention was guided by IVUS. Only patients treated for single de novo lesions were included. Results In 1386 patients, 251 (18.1%) were treated with DS and 1135 (71.9%) were treated with PD. Pre- and postprocedure characteristics by angiography and IVUS were similar in both groups. Postprocedure non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) occurred in 4.9% of the DS group and in 12.5% of the PD group (P=.005). At 1-year follow-up, target lesion revascularization (TLR) rate was 4.9% in the DS group and 14.8% in the PD group (P=.005). DS strategy (odds ratio=.46, confidence interval=.25–.85, P=.013) was independently correlated to lower risk for revascularization in multivariate analysis. Conclusion When DS is implemented by IVUS assessment, it is associated with low in-hospital and long-term events.
Toxicity to rabbit retina of "epithermal" neutron beam.

Abstract A comparison was made between the 24-hr effects of fully thermalized and partially thermalized atomic pile radiation on four metabolic indicators in rabbit retina. The purpose was to estimate the retinal toxic effect of each quality of radiation relative to the thermal neutron fluence available in the posterior ocular segment for neutron- 10 boron heavy particle radiation [ 10 B( n , α) 7 Li]. Cadmium filtration was omitted. The indicators were rates of oxygen consumption, anaerobic glycolysis, and activities of cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase. In all determinations, “epithermal” pile radiation was significantly more toxic than fully thermalized radiation relative to thermal neutron fluence in the target area. Toxicity varied directly with dose in both cases. Up to a dose of 5 × 10 12 neutrons cm −2 sec −1 , little acute retinal metabolic damage occurs with fully thermalized pile radiation, which remains the choice in investigation of neutron-boron therapy in the posterior ocular segment.
Effect of Charge Shielding by Nonpolar Groups on the Partitioning of Quaternized Amines

The methiodide salts of a number of tertiary organic bases were examined for their distribution properties between chloroform and water. An attempt was made to demonstrate whether the screening of ionic charge by nonpolar groups would substantially increase the lipid solubility of the methiodides. Comparison of a series of 2,6-versus 3,5-methyl-substituted N(-methylpiperidine methiodides revealed little difference in their partition coefficients. Syntheses are described for some previously unreported substituted piperidines.
Water vapor dependence of the kinetics of the CH3O2—CH3O2 reaction

Abstract Flash spectroscopic studies of CH 3 O 2 show that complexation between H 2 O and CH 3 O 2 does occur significantly in the gas phase at high humidities. However this interaction does not alter significantly the rate constant for the second order decay of the CH 3 O 2 radicals. This behavior is in constrast with that observed for the HO 2 radical.