cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the mechanisms behind farmers’ perceptions of nutrient loss risk

Harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie’s western basin are caused in large part by nutrient loss from agricultural production. While use of nutrient management practices is encouraged to reduce agricultural nutrient loss and its consequent environmental impacts, such practices are not universally adopted. This study aims to better understand the factors that influence western Lake Erie basin farmers’ risk perceptions associated with agricultural nutrient loss, and thus further our knowledge of how adoption of nutrient management practices may be increased. We propose a conceptual model to explain the relationships that we hypothesize to influence farmers’ risk perceptions associated with agricultural nutrient loss. Specifically, we consider the roles that farmer conservation identity, farmers’ perceived sufficiency of their nutrient management practices, and land vulnerability to nutrient loss play in influencing risk perceptions. We find that many of the hypothesized relationships are not statistically significant, and that risk perception associated with nutrient loss is primarily driven by farmers’ conservation identities (as opposed to the physical vulnerability of the land). While farmers’ perceived sufficiency of their nutrient management practices plays some role in governing risk perceptions, we do not observe the hypothesized relationship between land vulnerability to nutrient loss and perceived sufficiency of nutrient management practices.
Multiple time scales of adaptation allow cones to encode the inputs created by visual exploration of natural scenes

ABSTRACT Primates explore their visual environment by making frequent saccades, discrete and ballistic eye movements that direct the fovea to specific regions of interest. Saccades produce large and rapid changes in input. The magnitude of these changes and the limited signaling range of visual neurons means that effective encoding requires rapid adaptation. Here, we explore how cone photoreceptors maintain sensitivity under these conditions. Adaptation makes cone responses to naturalistic stimuli highly nonlinear and dependent on stimulus history. Such responses cannot be explained by linear or linear-nonlinear models but are well explained by a biophysical model of phototransduction with fast and slow adaptational mechanisms. The resulting model can predict cone responses to a broad range of stimuli and enables the design of stimuli that elicit specific (e.g. linear) cone photocurrents. These advances will provide a foundation for investigating the contributions of cones and post-cone processing to visual function.
IN SITU OBSERVATION OF LOWER BAINITIC CARBIDES PRECIPITATION

The lower bainitic carbides precipitation in 40CrMnSiMoV steel previously austempered at 310℃ was observed in situ under high temperature stage on high voltage TEM. The typical lower bainitic carbides can precipitate from within bainitic ferrite tempered at temperature higher than isothermal transformation for certain period. It revealed that the lower bainitic ferrite is supersaturated with C. The carbides may also precipitate from austenite, but they have no typical feature ofthe lower bainitic carbides.
Barriers to healthcare access among U.S. adults with mental health challenges: A population-based study

Abstract Background Having sufficient healthcare access helps individuals proactively manage their health challenges, leading to positive long-term health outcomes. In the U.S., healthcare access is a public health issue as many Americans lack the physical or financial resources to receive the healthcare services they need. Mental healthcare is especially difficult due to lingering social stigmas and scarcity of services. Subsequently, those with mental health impairment tend to be complex patients, which may convolute delivery of services. Objective To quantify the prevalence of barriers to healthcare access among U.S. adults with and without mental health challenges (MHC) and evaluate the relationship between MHC and no usual source of care (NUSC). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the 2017–2018 National Health Interview Survey. MHC was categorized into three levels: no (NPD), moderate (MPD) and severe (SPD) psychological distress. Eight barriers were quantified; one was used as the primary outcome: NUSC. Multivariable logistic regression was used to quantify associations between these characteristics. Results The sample included 50,103 adults. Most reported at least one barrier to healthcare access (95.6%) while 13.3% reported NUSC. For each barrier, rates were highest among those with SPD and lowest for those with NPD. However, in the multivariable model, SPD and MPD were not associated with NUSC (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.83–1.01; 0.88; 0.73–1.07). Male sex (1.92; 1.78–2.06), Hispanic race/ethnicity (1.59; 1.42–1.77), and worry to afford emergent (1.38; 1.26–150) or normal (1.60; 1.46–1.76) healthcare were associated with NUSC. Having a current partner (0.88; 0.80–0.96), dependent(s) (0.77; 0.70–0.85) and paid sick leave (0.60; 0.56–0.65) were protective. Conclusions The most prevalent barriers to healthcare access link to issues with affordability, and MHC exist more often when any barrier is reported. More work is needed to understand the acuity of burden as other social and environmental factors may hold effect.
Representing the Advantaged: How Politicians Reinforce Inequality

Political inequality is a major issue in American politics, with racial minorities and low-income voters receiving less favorable representation. Scholars argue that this political inequality stems largely from differences in political participation and that if all citizens participated equally we would achieve political equality. Daniel M. Butler shows that this common view is incorrect. He uses innovative field and survey experiments involving public officials to show that a significant amount of bias in representation traces its roots to the information, opinions, and attitudes that politicians bring to office and suggests that even if all voters participated equally, there would still be significant levels of bias in American politics because of differences in elite participation. Butler's work provides a new theoretical basis for understanding inequality in American politics and insights into what institutional changes can be used to fix the problem.
Comparing Growth Assessments Using CDC and WHO Reference Data in Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander Children: Baseline Data from the Children's Healthy Living (CHL) Program in Hawaiʻi

In the diverse US Affiliated Pacific Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 and 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) reference data are available to assess child growth. WHO reference data includes...
Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio is Important for Health

An important nutritional question as to whether a balanced ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio can reduce risk of modern diseases needs to be addressed in well-qualified experimental models. The recent development of genetic approaches to balancing ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio by expressing the fat-1 gene (encoding an omega-3 fatty acid desaturase) in cultured mammalian cells and animals provides a new opportunity to address this issue. Using this technology, we have performed a series of experiments in both fat-1 transgenic cells (in vitro) and animals (in vivo). Our data obtained so far, as summarized in this chapter, support the notion that a reduced or balanced ratio of cellular ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids is favorable for normal cell function and may reduce the risk of certain diseases, including cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders and cancer.
Nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectra of a protein-dye complex.

Abstract Fluorescence lifetime measurements have been used to obtain nanosecond time-resolved emission spectra of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate in ethanol, glycerol, and when adsorbed to bovine serum albumin. Red shifts with time were observed in the glycerol and bovine serum albumin experiments but not in ethanol. The effect of temperature between 4 and 60° supports the interpretation that the spectral shifts reflect nanosecond relaxations of polar groups around the dye during the lifetime of the excited state. It is suggested that this experimental approach has potential value for the investigation of relaxation kinetics on the nanosecond time scale.
The Devil's Dominion: Insufficient Grounds of Conviction: Witchcraft, the Courts, and Countermagic

If any man or woman be a Witch, that is, hath or consulteth with a familiar spirit, they shall be put to death. Exod.22.18. Lev.20.27. Deut.18.10,11. General Lawes and Libertyes Concerning the Inhabitants of the Massachusetts In 1661, William Holmes of Marshfield, Plymouth Colony, brought a legal complaint against his neighbor Dina Silvester for declaring in public that Holmes's wife was a witch. Summoned to court, Silvester swore that Goodwife Holmes had recently appeared to her, “about a stones throw from the higheway,” in the shape of a bear. In Silvester's opinion, this ability to assume animal form was a sure sign that Goodwife Holmes was indeed a witch. But the magistrates wanted proof of the Devil's involvement in Holmes's transformation; as far as they were concerned, witchcraft was an inherently diabolical phenomenon. The magistrates asked Silvester “what manor of tayle the beare had,” presumably hoping for a forked tail. Silvester answered that “shee could not tell, for his head was towards her.” The court, frustrated by Silvester's failure to provide any indication of a demonic presence, refused to take her story seriously and found her guilty of defamation. Silvester was required to sign a statement “freely acknowlidg[ing]” that she had “wronged” her neighbor.
Bloch theorem for crystals with structural distortions

A new Bloch Theorem, based on wreath group symmetry, is formulated for crystals with structural distortions. This new Bloch Theorem is applied to determine the form and corresponding charge density of one electron eigenfunctions in the nearly free electron approximation for crystals with periodic structural distortions.
New Procedure for Purifying and Crystallizing Alkaline Phosphatase from Human Intestinal Mucosa

A new procedure is described for extracting, purifying, and crystallizing alkaline phosphatase orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.1) from human intestinal mucosa. Active enzyme, extracted with trichlorotrifluoroethane, is subsequently purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DEAE Sephadex. The acetone and ammonium sulfate precipitation steps that are part of the conventional butanol extraction and purification procedure are eliminated. Enzyme activity is concentrated at each stage of the purification procedure, yielding a preparation with a specific activity three times greater than that obtained with the conventional butanol procedure.
Sea stack formation and the role of abrasion on beach‐mantled headlands

Sea stacks are common and striking coastal landforms, but few details are known about how, how quickly, and under what conditions they form. We present numerical and analytical models of sea stack formation due to preferential erosion along a pre-existing headland to address these basic questions. On sediment-rich rocky coasts, as sea cliffs erode and retreat, they produce beach sediment that is distributed by alongshore sediment transport and controls future sea cliff retreat rates. Depending on their width, beaches can encourage or discourage sea cliff erosion by acting either as an abrasive tool or a protective cover that dissipates wave energy seaward of the cliff. Along the flanks of rocky headlands where pocket beaches are often curved and narrow due to wave field variability, abrasion can accelerate alongshore-directed sea cliff erosion. Eventually, abrasion-induced preferential erosion can cut a channel through a headland, separating it from the mainland to become a sea stack. Under a symmetrical wave climate (i.e. equal influence of waves approaching the coastline from the right and from the left), numerical and analytical model results suggest that sea stack formation time and plan-view size are proportional to preferential erosion intensity (caused by, for example, abrasion and/or local rock weakness from joints, faults, or fractures) and initial headland aspect ratio, and that sea stack formation is discouraged when the sediment input from sea cliff retreat is too high (i.e. sea cliffs retreat quickly or are sand-rich). When initial headland aspect ratio is too small, and the headland is ‘rounded’ (much wider in the alongshore direction at its base than at its seaward apex), the headland is less conducive to sea stack formation. On top of these geomorphic and morphologic controls, a highly asymmetrical wave climate decreases sea stack size and discourages stack formation through rock–sediment interactions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exogenous Factors and Visitor Behavior: A Regression Analysis of Exhibit Viewing Time

This study provides quantitative conclusions regarding the impact of specific exogenous factors on exhibit viewing time in zoological parks and discusses implications for exhibit design. Three feat...
A diffusion wave finite element model for channel networks

Abstract A computational algorithm for the solution of prismatic dendritic channel networks based on the diffusion wave approximation of channel flow is presented. Finite elements are used for the spatial approximation and an implicit linear time interpolation scheme is used for the temporal discretization of the diffusion wave equations. The implicit scheme results in a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, which are iteratively evaluated using successive substitution. This scheme does not require any system matrix updates of the symmetric and banded algebraic equations. A second iteration scheme is used to model the network junction point boundary conditions, which allows each channel segment to be independently discretized and evaluated. This approach significantly reduces the storage and matrix decomposition requirements in the solution of a channel network system. An adaptive time incrementation scheme, which strives to achieve constancy in the number of junction point boundary condition iterations, is presented. The model routes a specified set of hydrographs through the channel network, as well as any specified lateral inflow into the channel. Results are presented for an example of a dendritic network, using rectangular and trapezoidal channel geometries.
Knowledge processing for concurrent engineering: An evolving challenge in CIM research

Abstract As technological tasks in CIM environments become more complicated, the level of intelligence required to automate and integrate these tasks also evolves with increasing complexity. This paper classifies CIM tasks and their required intelligence into facility, data and decision levels, and discusses the automation and integration of those knowledge-intensive CIM tasks at their decision level. Since decision-level tasks are often more abstract than those at the facility and data levels, a systematic approach is necessary to build research programs for the automation of these tasks. This paper will use the decision-level task of concurrent engineering as an example to explain the five-step approach that we have adapted to form our research programs in this evolving area of CIM research. These five steps are: (1) perform analysis of the task and its needed decision-level supports, (2) conceptualize these analysis results into a concise framework, (3) propose a software paradigm for the conceptual framework, (4) identify functional requirements from this paradigm to guide software implementations, and (5) correlate implementation results to identify a fundamental technology. More specifically, the analysis of concurrent engineering tasks in CIM can be found in Section 2. Section 3 explains the conceptualization process which views decision making activities as mappings and loops between a control and performance space. In Section 4, concurrent engineering is modeled as a team problem-solving process participated in by multiple cooperating knowledge sources (MCKS) with overlapping expertise to perform those loops. Several functional requirements are identified from this MCKS model of concurrent engineering and example research activities to address these challenges are described in Section 5. The correlations in Section 6 indicate that the knowledge processing technology, evolved from applied artificial intelligence research, is a fundamental technology for building intelligent systems to support various knowledge-intensive CIM tasks at their decision level.
Partitioning and Unitizing in Children with Learning Differences

Seven- to 13-year-old children of average intelligence who were (a) learning disabled (LD, n=42) and (b) not identified as learning disabled (NLD, n=42) were individually tested in a task that investigated the quality of their logical-mathematical structures of thought. Mathematical knowledge was additionally assessed on the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement-Revised (WJTA-R). Students in both groups generated grouping relationships in their solutions; however, children with LD tended to generate solutions suggestive of less coordinated structures of thought than their same-aged peers with NLD. They also performed significantly below same-aged peers on the WJTA-R, although they achieved approximately at age-level expectancy on this task. For both groups, scores on the WJTA-R were inflated relative to the quality of operational thought structures demonstrated on the task investigating the quality of grouping relationships deduced. Diagnostic and remedial implications are discussed.
The origin recognition complex in human diseases

ORC (origin recognition complex) serves as the initiator for the assembly of the pre-RC (pre-replication complex) and the subsequent DNA replication. Together with many of its non-replication functions, ORC is a pivotal regulator of various cellular processes. Notably, a number of reports connect ORC to numerous human diseases, including MGS (Meier–Gorlin syndrome), EBV (Epstein–Barr virus)-infected diseases, American trypanosomiasis and African trypanosomiasis. However, much of the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In those genetic diseases, mutations in ORC alter its function and lead to the dysregulated phenotypes; whereas in some pathogen-induced symptoms, host ORC and archaeal-like ORC are exploited by these organisms to maintain their own genomes. In this review, I provide detailed examples of ORC-related human diseases, and summarize the current findings on how ORC is involved and/or dysregulated. I further discuss how these discoveries can be generalized as model systems, which can then be applied to elucidating other related diseases and revealing potential targets for developing effective therapies.
Isotope effects in the multiphonon relaxation of hydrated and deuterated cesium chloromanganate (CsMn Cl 3 ·2 H 2 O,·2 D 2 O)

The electronic transition between the $^{4}T_{1}$ and $^{6}A_{1}$ states of the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ion in CsMn${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O has been observed to be weak compared to the same transition in other hosts, due to vibrational quenching. We have observed fluorescence and infrared-absorption spectra of the deuterated compound CsMn${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O and report little change in the phonon sideband associated with the pure electronic transition, but observe a 15-fold increase in the lifetime of the excited state, along with an increase in the $^{4}T_{1}$ luminescence intensity. Infrared spectra reveal an intense band of high-frequency phonons which exhibits a large shift in energy with isotopic substitution. We show that these data are consistent with the theory of multiphonon transitions recently presented by Huang and Gu.
Lateral interactions in the control of visual sensitivity

Abstract Threshold vs intensity curves for cone vision, measured in the parafoveal retina, quickly saturate if the adapting background is made small (e.g. 19′ at 5° eccentricity). Log increment threshold increases at a rate of about 3:1 with log background illuminance at levels as low as 10 td. This shows that lateral interactions are an important process in preserving differential sensitivity in cone vision across the wide range of illuminances over which it normally operates. Parallels between light and dark adaptation in the effect of field size were explored, since effects of comparable magnitude are observed in both. Backgrounds and bleaches equated for their effects at one field size do not have equal effects on threshold at other field sizes, however, with small-area bleaches raising threshold more than predicted. This failure of equivalence was also revealed in a second experiment, in which recovery of sensitivity following small area bleaches was measured in the presence of large steady background fields, which have the effect of lowering threshold. Thresholds following the small bleach were lowered less than expected on the basis of the “equivalent background” hypothesis, a result which we take to mean that signals from bleached cones exceed those produced by a background which has an equivalent effect on threshold (the “equivalent background”). Control experiments examined whether rods contribute to the overloading of cone response by small fields and the possible contribution of such central adaptation processes as spatial frequency adaptation.
Transmission electron microscopy investigation of the defect microstructure of four natural orthopyroxenes

The defect structure of crustally deformed orthopyroxenes from a dunite, a peridotite, and a pyroxenite are characterized and their defect structures are compared with that of an orthopyroxene of a lherzolite from a volcanic xenolith. The microstructures contained isolated unit dislocations, isolated stacking faults, and Ca-rich, clinopyroxene lamellae. The isolated dislocations have Burgers vectors, b, which were predominantly [001]. The stacking faults have a displacement vector R =1/4[001]. A lamellae consisted of a 1/4 μ wide Ca-rich region bounded by complex dislocation arrays. These lamellae are usually 100 μ or more in length and are nearly parallel to the (100) in the matrix. The dislocations in the boundary regions are spaced about 500 A apart. The lherzolite orthopyroxenes were nearly free of isolated defects, in comparison to the other samples. Annealing at 1390° C for 1 hr produced no detectable recovery of the isolated defects in the orthopyroxene substructure.
POSTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS NERVE PALSY DUE TO PAROSTEAL LIPOMA

Lipomas are extremely common benign soft tissue tumours that are usually subcutaneous and asymptomatic. Occasionally, lipomas can occur in deeper soft tissue planes and when adjacent to the neck of the radius they can cause compression of the posterior interosseous nerve. Five such cases are described. An anterior approach to excision of the lipoma is recommended.
Strength and microstructure in vanadium irradiated with T(d, n) neutrons at 300 to 675 K

Tensile tests and microstructural examinations have been conducted on vanadium wires and foils following T(d, n) neutron irradiation at 300 K, 475 K and 675 K. Similar increases in yield strength were measured for samples irradiated at 300 K and 475 K but less strengthening occurred during irradiation at 675 K. Examination of the fracture surfaces showed that all samples failed by ductile rupture after attaining more than 95% reduction in area. A reasonable correlation between microstructures and strengthening was obtained using a simple dispersed barrier strengthening model. A high density of small defect clusters was responsible for strengthening after irradiation at 300 K. Following irradiation at 475 K, interstitial loops with a 〈100〉〈100〉 Burgers vectors were the predominant strengthening defect with a smaller contribution from (a/2)〈111〉〈111〉 type loops. A heterogeneous distribution of dislocation loops and planar precipitates prevented definite correlations between strength and microstructure in samples irradiated at 675 K.
A fifteen-year record of biotic metabolism in the Northern Hemisphere

THE health and productivity of the biosphere are essential to man's welfare. Several scientists have speculated that global productivity and/or biomass should be increasing because of such factors as plant fertilisation from industrially derived atmospheric CO2 enhancement1,2. Others have maintained that global primary production and biomass must be decreasing because of pollution effects, such as from acid rain, and forest cutting3,4. There are some (rather controversial) tree-ring data that may support this view5,6. If one or the other of these trends is true, there would be a shift in the absolute and relative rates of global photosynthesis, respiration and their ratio (the PR ratio). Earlier attempts to ascertain any such trends from long term changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration have been frustrated by difficulties in distinguishing changes in biospheric retention from changes in the uptake or discharge of other reservoirs, principally the sea and industrial sources7,8. We present here a new model for the examination of such trends that we believe avoids such problems by focusing on potential changes in yearly patterns of atmospheric CO2.
A new dendrimer scaffold for preparing dimers or tetramers of biologically active molecules

Synthesis of a new scaffold derived from iminodipropionic acid for the preparation of peptide dimers and tetramers is described.
Aneuploidy detection with a short-term hexaploid wheat assay.

Abstract A new type of assay for the identification of agents causing aneuploidy is described. This assay takes advantage of allohexaploid wheat in which monosomic and nullisomic cell lineages can be genetically detected. The wheat strain used (Neatby's virescens) was homozygous for a pair of recessive alleles ( ν 1 ) which in homozygous condition interfere with normal pigmentation of the leaves at low temperature whereas at higher temperature nearly normal green color formation is permitted. In a single dose this allele cannot suppress the formation of green color even at low temperature, i.e., it is hemizygous ineffective. This locus is in the short arm of chromosome 3B near the centromere. As a consequence of non-disjunction of this chromosome twin sectors may be detected, in which the monosomic cell lineages appear green whereas the trisomic sectors display with color on a cream-colored background at low temperature. This genetic system can also be used for the detection of deletions or duplications involving the short arm of chromosome 3B, and to some extent the A- and the D-genome homeologues. We have determined the pattern of differentiation of the shoot apex and on that basis we can separate the independent genetic events from reappearance of the sectors of common origin in the successive leaves. Such an understanding of development of the leaf sectors permits a quantitative estimation of the genetic response of the plants to mutagenic factors. We have found that X-rays, γ-rays, p -fluorophenylalanine, 3-aminotriazole, caffeine, vinblastin sulfate, benzo[ a ]pyrene and auramine significantly increased aneuploidy, and diethylstilbestrol, sulfacetamide, safrole and dichlorvos caused some increase of sectoring. Cytological data on root tips of irradiated seeds support the interpretation of the mechanism of sector formation in the leaves. The test is simple, fast, inexpensive, and it does not require elaborate facilities or highly trained technicians. The trials were well reproducible during a period of 3 years in 2 laboratories. Therefore we consider the new assay a useful complement to other tests of chemicals or physical agents that may cause non-disjunction and other chromosomal aberrations in human populations.
Effect of Surface Roughness on the Total Hemispherical and Specular Reflectance of Metallic Surfaces

Black body irradiation of metal surfaces to determine roughness effects on hemispherical and and specular reflectance for various temperatures and angles of incidence
Multidimensional Worldline Instantons

We extend the worldline instanton technique to compute the vacuum pair production rate for spatially inhomogeneous electric background fields, with the spatial inhomogeneity being genuinely two or three dimensional, both for the magnitude and direction of the electric field. Other techniques, such as WKB, have not been applied to such higher dimensional problems. Our method exploits the instanton dominance of the worldline path integral expression for the effective action.
Family Check-Up Effects Across Diverse Ethnic Groups: Reducing Early-Adolescence Antisocial Behavior by Reducing Family Conflict

Multicultural responsiveness and adaptation have been a recent area of emphasis in prevention and intervention science. The changing demographics of the United States demand the development of intervention strategies that are acceptable and effective for diverse cultural and ethnic groups. The Family Check-Up (FCU) was developed to be an intervention framework that is flexible and adaptive to diverse cultural groups (Dishion & Stormshak, 2007 ). We empirically evaluated the extent to which the intervention is effective for improving youth adjustment and parent-child interactions for diverse cultural groups. A sample of 1,193 families was drawn from 2 large-scale randomized prevention trials conducted in diverse urban middle schools. We formulated 3 groups on the basis of youth self-identification of ethnicity (European American, African American, Hispanic) and examined group differences in the hypothesized mediating effect of family conflict (FC) on later antisocial behavior (ASB). Path analysis revealed that youths in the intervention condition reported significantly less ASB over a 2-year period (Grades 6-8). Moreover, youth-reported reductions in FC at 12 months were an intervening effect. Ethnicity did not moderate this relationship. Consistent with one of the primary tenets of coercion theory, participation in the FCU acts on ASB through FC across diverse ethnic groups, lending support to the multicultural competence of the model. Limitations of this study are discussed, along with areas for future research.
Deterministic algorithms for undirected s-t connectivity using polynomial time and sublinear space.

The s-t connectivity problem for undirected graphs is to decide whether two designated vertices, s and t, are in the same connected component. This paper presents the rst known deterministic algorithms solving undirected s-t connectivity using sublinear space and polynomial time. There is some evidence that such algorithms are impossible for the analogous problem on directed graphs. Our algorithms provide a nearly smooth time-space tradeo between depthrst search and Savitch's algorithm. For n vertex, m edge graphs, the simplest of our algorithms uses space s, O(n 1=2 logn) s O(n logn), and time O(((m+ n)n 2 log 2 n)=s). We give a variant of this method that is faster at the higher end of the space spectrum. For example, with space (n logn), its time bound is O((m+ n) logn), close to the optimal time for the problem. Another generalization uses less space, but more time: space O((n logn)= ), for 1= logn 1=2, and time n O(1= ) . For constant the time remains polynomial. E-mail addresses: greg@-, ruzzo@cs.washington.edu. Research Supported by NSF Grants CCR-8703196 and CCR-9002891. Portions of this work performed while the authors visited the University of Toronto Computer Science Department, whose hospitality is gratefully acknowledged. An extended abstract of these results appeared in 23rd STOC, 1991 [5].
Extension of the gridless vortex method into the compressible flow regime

This paper proposes an extension of the gridless vortex method into the compressible flow regime. The proposed method consists of tracking particles in the flow that carry vorticity, divergence, temperature and density. The particle velocity is given by the Helmholtz decomposition law, which is approximated using the trapezoid rule. The evolution equations for the particle vorticity, divergence, temperature and density are evaluated using finite differences or least squares approximations for all derivatives. The method is applied to an isentropic model problem and compared to solutions obtained using an Eulerian scheme. Difficulties with the least squares approximation and with boundary conditions are discussed. This article was chosen from selected Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Vortex Flows and Related Numerical Methods (UC Santa-Barbara, 17-20 March 2002) ed E Meiburg, G H Cottet, A Ghoniem and P Koumoutsakos.
Cyclic strain in human carotid bifurcation and its potential correlation to atherogenesis: Idealized and anatomically-realistic models

Various mechanical phenomena are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Most finite-element analyses of arterial-wall mechanics to date have focused on the quantification of mechanical wall stresses, despite an abundance of experimental evidence suggesting that endothelial and smooth muscle cells readily respond to cyclic strain. In this study, we calculate the physiologic cyclic strains in the carotid bifurcation, a common site of disease. Several geometries are constructed in this study, namely (i) a 3-D, but idealized geo- metry of the human carotid bifurcation, (ii) 3-D subject-specific geometries based on in vivo images of healthy volunteers' carotid bifurcations, and (iii) 2-D models based on histology-derived patient-specific anatomy and intra-plaque components. Results in both types of 3-D model show that the highest variations in cyclic strain are found at the adjoining wall of the external-common carotid and at the carotid apex, both frequent sites of early inflammation, as well as immediately distal to the carotid bulb, a site of late-stage disease, suggesting that cyclic strain may play a role in inflammation in that region as well. The 2-D models of diseased arteries show generally muted cyclic strain, but also regions such as in the shoulder regions of a fibrous cap adjacent to a lipid pool where cyclic strains are considerably elevated.
Elucidation of the B-genome donor to Triticum turgidum by unique- and repeated-sequence DNA hybridizations

In vitro DNA:DNA hybridizations and hydroxyapatite thermal-elution chromatography were employed to identify the diploid Triticum species ancestral to the B genome of T. turgidum. Unique and repeated sequences from the various Triticum species were separated by hybridization and thermal elution on hydroxyapatite. Unique- and repeated-sequence fractions of labeled T. turgidum var. durum DNA were hybridized to the corresponding fractions of unlabeled DNAs of T. searsii, T. speltoides, T. longissimum, T. sharonensis, and T. bicorne. Thermal stability profiles were constructed to evaluate base-sequence complementarity between T. turgidum var. durum and the diploid Triticum species. The heteroduplex thermal stabilities indicated that, of the five species examined, T. searsii was the most closely related to the B genome of T. turgidum var. durum. The thermal stability profiles further indicated that the repeated DNA fractions from the Triticum species are more similar than the unique-sequence fractions. This indicates that all of the Triticum species are very closely related and, in all probability, have diverged from a single progenitor species.
Anisotropies in the electrical properties of rod-like aggregates of liquid crystalline phthalocyanines: Direct current conductivities and field-effect mobilities

The direct current (dc) conductivities and organic field-effect transistor (OFET) characteristics of a class of octa-substituted liquid crystalline (discotic mesophase) phthalocyanines (Pcs) are discussed. These molecules self-organize into columnar aggregates with large coherence lengths (up to approximately 300 nm). Langmuir–Blodgett films of these molecules were horizontally transferred to either interdigitated microelectrodes (IME) or OFET substrates, so that current flow could be measured either parallel or perpendicular to the column axis. Twenty-eight bilayer films of these Pcs on the IME substrates showed anisotropies in dc conductivity up to 50:1, whereas similar Pc films showed anisotropies in field effect mobilities of approximately 10:1, for a variety of W/L ratios (source/drain dimensions and spacing). Field-effect mobilities of 1 to 5 × 10-6 cm2·V-1·s-1 were determined from OFET measurements, along the Pc column axis, whereas charge mobilities measured from the space charge limited current regime on the IME substrates were in the range of 10-4 cm2·V-1·s-1. Conductive tip atomic force microscopy measurements on the apprximately 500-nm length scale showed that the conductivity anisotropy can be as high as 1000:1 when the Pc columns are intimately contacted to an adjacent Au bond pad.
Intranigral iron infusion in the rat. Acute elevations in nigral lipid peroxidation and striatal dopaminergic markers with ensuing nigral degeneration

Iron is known to induce lipid peroxidation and recent evidence indicates that both iron and lipid peroxidation are elevated in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease (PD). To test whether excess intranigral iron induces lipid peroxidation, we infused an iron citrate solution (0.63 nmol in 0.25 microL) into the rat substantia nigra and measured nigral thiobarbituric acid reactive products at 1-h, 1-d, 1-wk, and 1-mo postinfusion. In a separate group of iron-infused animals, histologic analysis within the substantia nigra through 1-mo postinfusion was accomplished by thionine- and iron-staining, with concurrent assessment of striatal neurochemical markers. Concentrations of nigral thiobarbituric acid reactive products were significantly elevated at 1 h and 1 d in iron-infused animals compared to vehicle-infused and unoperated animals, with a return to control values by 1 wk. Similarly, striatal dopamine turnover was acutely elevated, suggesting damage to dopaminergic neurons, which was confirmed histologically. Although iron-staining within the iron diffusionary area was increased through the postinfusion month, there was an apparent progression of the cellular character of staining from predominantly neuronal to reactive glial and finally to oligodendroglial by 1 mo postinfusion. This progression of cellular iron-staining may indicate a shifting of infused iron to a more bound unreactive form, thus explaining only an acute elevation in lipid peroxidation through 1 d following intranigral iron infusion. The data indicate that damage to nigral neurons induced by iron infusion is transciently associated with a marker of oxidative damage and supports the possibility that iron-induced oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of PD.
C-glycosidation of pyridyl thioglycosides

Abstract The pyridylthioglycosides 1 are efficiently transformed into the corresponding C-glycosides via reaction with silver(I) trinflate and a variety of carbon nucleophiles.
The use of metaevaluation to plan evaluations of conservation programs

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is sponsoring and will be required to evaluate a wide range of conservation programs. The development of evaluation plans for such programs can often be improved by reviewing evaluations that have been done on similar programs. The Residential Conservation Service (RCS), sponsored by DOE, is discussed as an example of how conducting metaevaluations can improve evaluation planning. Many utilities have sponsored programs that are similar to the RCS. A review of the utility program evaluations suggested key methodological issues and data problems that should be considered in the development of an RCS evaluation plan. The implications of these metaevaluation findings for an RCS evaluation plan are discussed.
Sex and the Statehouse: The Effects of Gender on Legislative Roll‐Call Voting

Objective. This analysis examines whether differences exist between women and men state legislators in their roll-call voting behavior involving matters of economic and regulatory policy. Methods. Using interest group rating scores, I examine the voting behavior of representatives in the lower houses of 28 states in legislative sessions from 1995 to 2000. By controlling for a host of variables related to legislators (political party, years of service, etc.) and their districts (average income, level of education, urbanization, etc.), I am able to isolate the independent effect of gender on roll-call voting. Results. The findings demonstrate that among Democratic legislators women are less conservative than men, but among Republican lawmakers women are slightly more conservative than men. Additional analyses show that many factors that influence legislative voting by women and men are similar; however, political party has a more prominent effect among women. Conclusion. Although factors such as political party and some constituency characteristics exert a much stronger influence than gender, women and men legislators differ in their roll-call voting even when controls for a wide assortment of individual- and district-level conditions are taken into account.
Adult palatal expansion prostheses

The technical steps in the construction of two types of adult palatal expanders have been described. These prostheses are complex and require a special level of coordination between the professional team and the dental laboratory. The teamwork involved in the restoration of major maxillary defects contributes to the success of the prosthesis and makes the efforts involved worthwhile.
Optimal policies in stochastic shop scheduling

In this paper a survey is presented of some of the recent results in stochastic open shop, flow shop and job shop scheduling. The distributions of the processing times of the jobs are known in advance, but the actual processing times are not known in advance. The jobs may have due dates. Optimal preemptive and nonpreemptive policies are determined for the minimization of various objective functions, such as the expected makespan, the expected flow time and the expected number of late jobs. The effect of various degrees of dependence between the processing times of any given job on the various machines is investigated. Under given conditions bounds are obtained for the expected makespan in the different models.
Fractal distribution of mass from the millimeter- to decimeter-scale in two soils under native and restored tallgrass prairie

Abstract Fractal models that describe the distribution of aggregate mass and the hierarchical organization of soil structure at scales relevant to hydrological processes have been tested only over a small range of aggregate sizes. The objectives of this work were to extend to the decimeter-scale the range of aggregate diameters used in mass–volume investigations, to examine the ability of a fractal model to describe the mass–volume relationship, and to assess the variability of fractal parameters obtained from individual clods sampled within the same horizon. Soils at a native prairie (NP) and a restored prairie (RP) at a formerly cultivated field site in northeastern Kansas were studied. Six clods (500–1000 cm 3 ) sampled from each of two soil horizons at the NP (A and Btss1) and RP sites (Ap and Btss1) were sequentially broken and volume measured with a combination of a multistripe laser triangulation scanner and a displacement technique using two immiscible liquids. Volumes were converted to diameters and normalized by individual aggregate/ped roundness, paired with their respective masses and fit with a power law expression to obtain D m (fractal dimension of mass) and k m (the mass of an aggregate of unit diameter). Except for the RP Btss1 horizon, the fits demonstrated two domains separated at a breakpoint, d b , with values between 0.8 and 1.1 cm. We found a strong relationship between d b and the combination of organic carbon and silt + clay content ( R 2 = 0.95, P d b . D m -values for the Btss1 and A horizons were not fractal ( D m = 3) for small aggregates and fractal with values between 2.79 and 2.89 for large aggregates. For the RP Ap horizon, D m was 2.51 for the small and ~ 3 for the large aggregates, likely due to high concentrations of roots and organic carbon observed in this horizon. Variation of D m and k m within any given horizon was large and comparable to the variation of similar values obtained from water retention from a variety of soils of contrasting textures found in other studies, suggesting that a more thorough understanding of the horizon-scale variability of these parameters is needed in order to appropriately apply fractal models of water retention. Our results confirm that fractal models provide a theoretical framework to describe soil structure, but they should be developed from data spanning several orders of magnitude and tested critically.
The Geopotential in Nonsingular Orbital Elements

Singularities are eliminated from the geopotential and its partial derivatives for zero eccentricity and inclination, and an expression for the geopotential expansion based entirely on nonsingular orbital elements is developed. The argument relies on the treatments of the geopotential function given by Izsak (1964), Allan (1965) and Kaula (1966); the geopotential expansion developed does not involve mixed variables, and therefore does not require the chain rule to formulate the Lagrange planetary equations. The need for recursion relations to be used in conjunction with the nonsingular version of the geopotential expansion is also mentioned.
Steroid concentration and tissue integrity as factors determining the physiological significance of effects of adrenal steroids in vitro.

The effects of cortisol and deoxycorticosterone in vitro on glucose uptake by rat thymus preparations have been studied as a function of steroid concentration, and of physiological integrity of preparations. In fresh preparations, cortisol at concentrations of 10-7 and 10-6M, concentrations that correspond to physiological levels in plasma, significantly inhibits glucose uptake; this inhibition has been shown previously to have physiological significance. Deoxycorticosterone at these concentrations has negligible effects. At 10-4M and higher concentrations the effect of deoxycorticosterone equals that of cortisol; no known physiological significance is associated with the effects of deoxycorticosterone. In preparations that have been damaged by storage, the effects of deoxycorticosterone remain the same as in fresh preparations, but those of cortisol are diminished drastically at all concentrations. The resulting pattern of steroid inhibitions, in which deoxycorticosterone at 10-4 and 10-5M has about twic...