cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blocking and nonsimultaneous compounds: Comparison of responding during compound conditioning and testing

Three blocking experiments were run using a conditional emotional response procedure with rats as subjects. In each experiment, following initial conditioning to a light stimulus, blocking rats were conditioned to a compound in which a short-duration (30-second) noise was superimposed on the terminal portion of the longer-duration light. In Experiment 1, the light was always three minutes in duration; in Experiment 2, the light was switched from a constant (three-minute) to a variable (0.5–5.0 minute) duration at the start of compound conditioning; in Experiment 3, the light was variable in duration throughout conditioning. Control rats received the same compound conditioning experiences as the blocking rats but did not receive prior conditioning to the light by itself. These temporal manipulations had strong and systematic influence on the rats’ pattern of responding during compound conditioning. Most notably, experience with a constantduration light resulted in both blocking and compound animals showing little conditional suppression to the early conditional stimulus portion of light by itself, followed by strong conditional suppression to the terminal 30 seconds of light plus noise. When testing was done with the noise in isolation subsequent to compound conditioning, however, an equally strong blocking effect was obtained across all the temporal manipulations. In all cases, the blocking animals showed much less conditional suppression to the noise than did the compound control animals. This lack of correspondence between the rats’ responding during compound conditioning and their response to the noise by itself is theoretically puzzling. The confounding effect of inhibition of delay may provide at least a partial explanation of this pattern of results.
An History of US Tax Code Complexity within Computer-Based Return Preparation

The current income tax system in the United States is extraordinarily complex. Efforts like the tax law changes in 2017 have done little to lessen the overall compliance burden. There are a variety of reasons for this – some intentional and some accidental. This paper examines one of the accidental reasons - the history of growing computer technology over the past 50 years and its effects on increasing tax complexity in the US. A “black box” phenomenon of tax preparation that exists today has grown from an inconspicuous start by merely desiring arithmetic on the tax forms to be accurate. Decades later, it is easy to conclude that absent this enormous growth in computer technology, US lawmakers could not possibly have passed and continue to pass laws into such a convoluted tax system. Whether it is optimal for a tax system to be so “disguised” from the taxpayer is debatable, particularly with other parties, like the Internal Revenue Service and tax preparation companies like Intuit having so much now invested in this electronic process
Higher Power Design Concepts for NASA's Kilopower Reactor

The successful testing of the Kilopower reactor during the KRUSTY (Kilopower Reactor Using Stirling TechnologY) experiment significantly reduced the risk to fly fission power systems by demonstrating stable reactor operation through nominal and severe simulated mission scenarios. The experiment validated the neutronics, heat transfer, and power conversion systems needed for 1 kilowatt of electrical power production from the Kilopower reactor. The need for higher power reactors to support human exploration missions to the moon and Mars has become increasingly important due to the urgency to put boots on the moon by 2024 and have a sustainable presence in the following years. This desire has prompted NASA to continue the development of the Kilopower reactor to extend the power up to 10 kilowatts of electricity in support of a lunar base. These 10 kilowatt units are expected to be used as standalone units or be ganged together to create a modular power grid for propellent production, human habitats, and robotic exploration to name a few. The Kilopower reactor was originally designed to produce electrical power from 1 to 10 kilowatts using the same highly enriched uranium fuel, sodium heat pipes, and Stirling convertors at the proper scale. Consideration has also been given to the use of low enriched uranium fuel for these missions and will be studied along with the other aspects of the reactor. This paper will focus on the design concepts and trades associated with the scale up of the Kilopower power conversion system and heat transfer system to support human exploration of the moon and Mars.
91. RESIDENTS EDUCATION ON FIREARMS SAFETY COUNSELING: CURRENT STATUS, PERCEIVED BARRIERS, AND SUGGESTED RESOURCES

Background Firearm (FA) related deaths & injuries are national public health crises. FA is the leading cause of death among black children & teens. FA safety counseling has positive impact on increasing gun safety at home. It is crucial for Residents in training (RES) to learn skills of counseling with regards to this topic. Methods Cross sectional survey at Brookdale Hospital, NY including RES from all specialties. Questionnaire based on literature review was sent using “SurveyMonkey”. Comparison of responses among subgroups of RES was done using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test. Results Of 244 RES, 134 (55%) responded to survey [51% males, 34% from pediatrics (PED) (Table 1-A)]. Nearly all RES agree that gun violence is a problem in their community (96%). Unavailability of FA safety training in residency programs was reported in 66% (less in PED vs. non-PED, Table 2). Overall, only few RES felt confident to counsel about FA (14%). Majority of respondents (67%) were interested in receiving additional education (more in PED vs. non-PED). Methods of FA training in the RES’ programs as well as topics covered are shown in Table 1-B (PED reported more CME/grand rounds and less case-based scenarios / or standardize patient, table 2). RES were similarly interested in receiving education in FA safety counseling, independent of the PGY level (Table 3). There was no difference in perceived barriers, except that PGY1 were more likely to “worry about upsetting families if asked about FA” (Table 3). Also, PGY1 were less likely to choose “workshops” & “grand rounds” as resources to increase FA education. US graduates (USG) & non-USG had same perception on barriers to FA safety counseling and resources to increase FA safety education. Similarly, there was no difference on responses to these questions between RES raised in North America vs. those that did not. In contrast, RES who are non USG, or those raised without FA at home were more likely to agree with gun violence being a problem in the community & interested in receiving FA safety education (Table 4-A,B). Conclusion Regardless of subspecialty, majority of RES reported no FA safety education received during their training. PED RES were more likely to indicate interest in training, which they thought it is their program's responsibility. Only few RES felt comfortable & confident counseling on FA safety.
Porcine bladder extracellular matrix as a tissue regenerative strategy in a neonate with omphalocele and diaphragmatic agenesis

Abstract Porcine bladder extracellular matrix (PEBM) is a biologic membrane that promotes tissue regeneration in neonates with complex surgical disease. PEBM promotes cellular infiltration and capillary ingrowth for site-specific tissue deposition, providing both form and function to the remodeled host tissue. We present a case demonstrating the feasibility of this matrix as a tissue regeneration strategy in a patient presenting with omphalocele and diaphragmatic agenesis. Patient is an ex 36 + 1 week infant with prenatally diagnosed omphalocele containing liver who underwent operative closure on day of life (DOL) 2. During the procedure the posterior half of the right diaphragm was found to be absent. This was subsequently replaced with a 5 × 5cm PEBM patch and 10 × 7cm PEBM sheet over the liver as an underlay to thin fascia with subsequent layered closure. Patient was extubated DOL 5, advanced to goal enteral feeds DOL 18, and discharged home DOL 23. An ultrasound of the chest obtained 6 months post-repair demonstrated normal diaphragmatic motion bilaterally. Patient had no evidence of an abdominal wall defect on exam at 1 year follow up. Chest radiograph at that time also showed normal diaphragmatic contour. Patient is currently 4 years old without clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence of either defect.
Aquaculture production of hatchling Hawaiian Bobtail Squid (Euprymna scolopes) is negatively impacted by decreasing environmental microbiome diversity.

Aims The Hawaiian Bobtail Squid (Euprymna scolopes) is a model organism for investigating host-symbiont relationships. The current scientific focus is on the microbiome within E. scolopes, while very little is known about the microbiome of the tanks housing E. scolopes. We examined the hypothesis that bacterial communities and geochemistry within the squid tank environment correlate with the production of viable paralarval squid. Methods and results Total DNA was extracted from sediment and filtered water samples from 'productive' squid cohorts with high embryonic survival and paralarval hatching, 'unproductive' cohorts with low embryonic survival and paralarval hatching. As a control total DNA was extracted from environmental marine locations where E. scolopes is indigenous. Comparative analysis of the bacterial communities by the 16S rRNA gene was performed using next generation sequencing. Thirty-eight differentially abundant genera were identified in the adult tank waters. The majority of the sequences represented unclassified, candidate or novel genera. The characterized genera included Aquicella, Woeseia and Ferruginibacter, with Hyphomicrobium and Rhizohapis were found to be more abundant in productive adult tank water. In addition, nitrate and pH covaried with productive cohorts, explaining 67% of the bacterial populations. The lower abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria in unproductive adult tank water could explain detected elevated nitrate levels. Conclusions We conclude that microbiome composition and water geochemistry can negatively affect E. scolopes reproductive physiology in closed tank systems, ultimately impacting host-microbe research using these animals. Significance and impact of study These results identify the tight relationship between the microbiome and geochemistry to E. scolopes. From this study, it may be possible to design probiotic counter-measures to improve aquaculture conditions for E. scolopes.
Slow Crack Growth in Cement Composites

The resistance to crack growth in mortar, concrete and fiber reinforced concrete was studied by testing double torsion and double cantilever speciments. R-curves (plots of strain energy release rate vs. crack extension) were obtained from the test data. To include the inelastic strain energy absorbed during the crack extension, the definition of the strain energy release rate was modified. It was found that R-curves for mortar and concrete were similar for both double torsion and double cantilever speciments. R-curves were sensitive to the volume and size of aggregates and to the presence of fibers. It appears that R-curves can be a useful specimen-geometry-independent parameter for chracterizing the fracture behavior of cementitious composites. However, the effects of differing crack-opening displacement on the strain energy release rate must be considered; especially for fiber reinforced concrete.
Myosin-IIA regulates B cell leukemia migration and bone marrow engraftment and its inhibition reduces leukemia dissemination and prolongs survival (CAM4P.148)

Leukemia relapses often affect peripheral organs such as the central nervous system (CNS), which acts as a sanctuary site for leukemia cells to escape anti-cancer treatments. Leukemia dissemination requires migration of cells from the blood circulation into target tissues by extravasation, similar to normal leukocyte migration. To extravasate, leukemia cells cross through vascular endothelial walls via a process called trans-endothelial migration (TEM), which requires cytoskeletal remodeling. However, the specific cytoskeletal effectors of leukemia extravasation are not fully known. We examined the role of Myosin-IIA (MyoIIA), a class II myosin motor protein, in leukemia cell extravasation and if its inhibition would hinder leukemia dissemination into the CNS. We inhibited MyoIIA expression using shRNA in a mouse model of Bcr-Abl driven B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). MyoIIA depletion did not affect apoptosis or the growth rate of B-ALL cells. Instead, MyoIIA was required for B-ALL cell chemotaxis towards CXCL12 and for completion of TEM. Inhibition of MyoIIA also reduced the ability of B-ALL cells to efficiently engraft and disseminate in vivo , including a highly significant reduction in CNS infiltration. Finally, MyoIIA inhibition prolonged survival in an in vivo leukemia transfer model. Our data implicate MyoIIA as a key regulator of leukemia cell migration making it a promising target to inhibit leukemia dissemination in vivo and reduce relapse frequency.
Providing for Low Cost, Multiple Use, Community-College Facilities for Physical Activity.

(1975). Providing for Low-Cost, Multiple Use, Community-College Facilities for Physical Activity. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 27-28.
Annotated production systems: a model for skill acquisition

Annotated Production Systems provide a procedural model for skill acquisition by augmenting a production model of the skill with formal commentary describing plans, hugs, and interrelationships among various productions. This commentary supports efficient interpretation, self-debugging and self-improvement. The theory of annotated productions is developed by analyzing the skill of attitude instrument flying. An annotated production interpreter has been written that executes skill models which control a flight simulator. Preliminary evidence indicates that annotated productions effectively model certain bugs and certain learning behaviors characteristic of student.
Chapter 8 Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), which is a type of thyroid cancer that arises from the neuroendocrine C cells. These parafollicular cells are neural crest derivatives and are part of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) group of neuroendocrine cells. The C cells comprise only 1% of the total thyroid mass and are dispersed throughout the gland, with the highest concentration in the upper poles. The C cells are named so because of their unique ability to secrete the hormone calcitonin. C cells are capable of secreting other hormones, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), histaminase, neuron-specific enolase, adrenocortical-stimulating hormone (ACTH), gastrin-related peptide, serotonin, and chromogranin. MTC tumors are usually well demarcated, firm, gray-white, and gritty. Microscopically, there are uniform polygonal cells with finely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm with central nuclei. Varying numbers of spindle cells are present in nearly all tumors.
A TV-PLL-circuit for automatic tuner alignment

Modern highly integrated TV systems are MCU controlled (12C-bus) and replace mechanical adjustment by electronic alignment. The integrated circuit described has been developed for such a system. The IC contains all PLL functions that are required to control a TV local oscillator and also includes a D to A converter section that generates three further varicap voltages for optimum control of the tuner filters. The unique feature of the IC is that it generates the four varactor control voltages on chip in a range of up to 30 V and that it also contains the PLL functions that require high frequency operation (1.3 GHz). >
Next-Generation Sequencing of Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinomas

Importance High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most prevalent and lethal form of ovarian cancer. HGSCs frequently arise in the distal fallopian tubes rather than the ovary, developing from small precursor lesions called serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (TICs or more specifically STICs). While STICs have been reported to harbor TP53 mutations, detailed molecular characterizations of these lesions are lacking.
SPM: System for Password Management

Most UNIX operating systems are not delivered with adequate facilities to address password management in medium to large, heterogeneous environments. The System for Password Management (SPM, pronounced spam) provides multiple levels of user verification beyond the normal password verification procedure, both local and centralized password database management, a consistent command interface across multiple platforms and multiple password database types, fast and efficient updates to large NIS passwd databases, proactive password checking, and password aging. SPM is intended to replace the passwd, yppasswd, nispasswd, chfn, chsh, ypchfn, ypchsh, and rpc.yppasswdd programs, although it can run without replacing these programs.
Replication of reticuloendotheliosis viruses in cell culture: acute infection

Replication of reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REV) in cultures of chicken and duck fibroblasts leads to some cell death soon after infection. This cell killing was used to develop a plaque assay for Trager duck spleen necrosis virus (TDSNV) on duck embryo fibroblasts. A normal replicative cell cycle was required for normal virus production and the development of cytopathic effects in chicken cells exposed to TDSNV. The latent period was about two days. Stationary chicken embryo fibroblasts could be infected by REV; DNA synthesis was required, but protein synthesis was not.
Exploring the patterns, practices, and experiences of military women who managed genitourinary symptoms in deployed settings

ABSTRACT Objective To gain a better understanding of genitourinary (GU) health during deployment in the context of a military culture. Design An ethnographic study design was selected to understand how military women managed GU symptoms during deployment. Setting The deployed experiences were recalled from various locations around the world. Participants The final sample consisted of 43 military women from the U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy who were either deployed or had been deployed within the past year. Methods Audio recorded interviews ranged from 30 to 75 min in length. Semistructured interviews were used to gather women's stories about their illness behaviors in the deployed setting. Formal interviews, informal interviews, and field notes were included in the data analysis. Results Three themes were identified: (a) life in the deployed setting described the location women were referring when they experienced GU symptoms; (b) the dynamics of trust described individuals or entities that were trusted sources of information, supplies, or support; and (c) the sphere of control described the activities utilized to maintain health or manage GU symptoms. Conclusion This study is significant to nursing research because it exposes the influence of culture on GU symptom management. Recommendations from this investigation include the following: provide better incremental, predeployment, and in‐theater education for women and medics; inform leaders about the need to ensure the supply of self‐care treatments and women's feminine hygiene products are available; and promote the role of family support stateside as a resource for information, supplies, and emotional support.
Texts after Community: The Case of Czechs in America

The article discusses the various types of texts produced by the Czech immigrant community in the United States in the nineteenth century. An interesting example is the periodical Hospodař. The author lists some bibliographies and directories that researchers can consult in order to locate such material, but much of it remains either unknown, difficult to access, or both. Buildings can also be considered texts. He urges librarians, archivists, and scholars of sources to work more with these materials.
Static grain growth in a microduplex Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Abstract The grain growth behavior of the microduplex titanium, 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium alloy is addressed. Although there has been considerable work done on second phase particle coarsening, there is limited research on coarsening in a two-phase material with nearly equal phase ratios. In this study, coarsening parameters were determined for the temperature range of 850–925°C, where α and β phase ratios are approximately 50 percent. Experimentally determined grain growth data for the Ti alloy are found to follow classical particle-stabilized grain growth kinetics with a temperature dependent coefficient and a constant exponent. On the basis of these observations a grain boundary pipe diffusion model is proposed which has the desired features of incorporating both the faster kinetics of the grain boundary diffusion and the unidirectional exponent q =5, which is often observed in microduplex alloys. The model appears to resolve a previously reported dilemma that the time exponent suggests pipe diffusion but the kinetics associated with the triple boundary is too slow. The concept proposed should have applicability to other two-phase alloys containing approximately equal volume fractions of each phase.
Civic implications of restorative justice theory: Citizen participation and criminal justice policy

Restorative justice, a normative theory and reform movement emphasizing dialogue and reconciliation between victim, offender, and community, is a widespread, if experimental, part of the practice of criminal justice in the United States. This essay argues that restorative justice draws connections between civic engagement and punishment practices that distinguish it as a normative theory of criminal justice. Advocates of restorative justice expect the growth of non-punitive attitudes and the weakening of support for incarceration to emerge from a public and lay-oriented context of adjudication. The role of lay participation in achieving social change, although prominent in restorative justice critiques of mainstream criminal justice norms and practices, has not been clearly articulated in practical terms. Significant ambiguities remain regarding the degree of lay participation, scope of authority, and the focus of restorative justice forums. The essay argues that an adequate assessment of restorative justice experiments should include an analysis of their impact on public attitudes towards crime and crime control policy and not simply on their impact on the specific victims and offenders involved. The link between less incarceration and restorative justice forums is public willingness to grant them the authority to hear and sanction offenses that would ordinarily receive incarceration. Whether and how they can influence broader public attitudes, then, is a critical test of restorative justice effectiveness.
Impacts of the ancient Maya on soils and soil erosion in the central Maya Lowlands

Abstract Many studies across the central and southern Maya Lowlands of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico have produced records of land degradation, mostly sedimentation and soil erosion, during the ancient Maya period from before 1000 BC to the Maya Collapse of c. AD 900. This paper provides new data from two sites (Blue Creek and Cancuen), synthesizes more than a decade of the authors' research in Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico, and synthesizes other findings from this region. These research projects analyzed more than 100 excavations in upland and depression sites, cored lakes and wetland sediments, and studied sediments in the field and laboratory using radiocarbon dating, a battery of soil chemistry tests, stratigraphic analysis, magnetic susceptibility, elemental analyses, and artifact identification. Our objective was to date when sedimentation and soil erosion occurred, identify stable surfaces, and correlate them with the state of knowledge about past land use. These findings indicate three general epochs of accelerated soil erosion and identified two major paleosols. The three waves of soil erosion occurred in the Preclassic period (c. 1000 BC to AD 250), the Late Classic (AD 550 to 900), and in the last several decades. The major paleosol (‘Eklu'um’) in these sites is a well-developed Mollisol or Vertisol that started forming in the early Holocene and was buried in either the Preclassic or Classic periods (AD 250 to 900). At some sites the Eklu'um paleosol lies beneath sediments with a fainter paleosol, which in turn lies buried below Classic period and later sediments. This picture shows higher than expected soil erosion linked to the region's first pioneer farmers in the Preclassic and less than expected soil erosion in the Late Classic when population peaked and land use was the most intensive. In other regions like Cancuen, Guatemala, however, most soil erosion occurred during the Maya Late Classic (AD 550–830). Erosion here was intense but short-lived: depressions record 1–3 m of aggradation in two centuries. A third epoch of accelerated soil loss and aggradation arose with the rapid land use changes brought by new pioneers during the last several decades.
The integrity of the dermatology National Resident Matching Program: results of a national study.

Background National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) policy outlines the conduct expected by both program directors and residency applicants. However, recent studies and personal experiences have introduced the possibility that NRMP policy is violated during the residency application process. Objective To investigate the communications that occur between dermatology applicants and dermatology programs during the residency application process. Methods From April to July 2009, we surveyed 2009 Stanford dermatology applicants, current US dermatology residents, and US dermatology program directors. The survey was anonymous and available online. The main outcome measures were the frequency and incidence of dermatology NRMP policy violations. Results Thirty-one percent of Stanford applicants and 19% of US dermatology residents felt pressured to reveal to programs how they ranked them before match day. Seventeen percent of Stanford applicants and 14% of US dermatology residents witnessed behavior that made them feel uncomfortable or that they thought was a possible ethical infraction of NRMP policy. Limitations Response rates were as follows: 43% of Stanford applicants, 46% of residents, and 61% of program directors. Conclusions Our data suggest that some dermatology program directors violate NRMP policy during their communications with applicants. The most widespread violation is pressuring applicants into revealing how they intend to rank programs. Other violations include apparent sexual discrimination and reserving NRMP positions for preselected applicants. Additional studies should be done in order to determine the incidence of dermatology applicants violating NRMP policy.
Complexity, organization, and Stuart Kauffman's The Origins of Order

Abstract The economics of organization asks why we observe the organizational variety we do, why that observed variety is only a subset of all possible organization types, and how organizational forms change. This review essay evaluates Stuart Kauffman's NK models from the complexity sciences for investigating these questions. Such models focus on the statistical properties of complex systems that allow us to examine the total ensemble of organization types, which types are ‘neighbors’ of which other types, and the pattern of change in organizational forms, as well as situations where the interactions among the relevant elements or the dynamic characteristics of the system are unknown.
Automated empirical tuning of scientific codes for performance and power consumption

Automatic empirical tuning of compiler optimizations has been widely used to achieve portable high performance for scientific applications. However, as power dissipation becomes increasingly important in modern architecture design, few have attempted to empirically tune optimization configurations to reduce the power consumption of applications. We provide an automated empirical tuning framework that can be configured to optimize for both performance and energy efficiency. In particular, we extensively parameterize the configuration of a large number of compiler optimizations, including loop parallelization, blocking, unroll-and-jam, array copying, scalar replacement, strength reduction, and loop unrolling. We then use hardware counters combined with elapsed time to estimate both the performance and the power consumption of differently optimized code to automatically discover desirable configurations for these optimizations. We use a power meter to verify our tuning results on two multi-core computers and show that our approach can effectively achieve a balanced performance and energy efficiency on modern CMP machines.
LOS GRANDES GRUPOS EMPRESARIALES CHINOS: ENTENDIENDO LOS MECANISMOS DEL CAPITALISMO DE ESTADO EN CHINA

Resumen es: China ahora es el segundo pais que mas empresas Global Fortune 500 tiene en el mundo. Casi todas ellas son empresas estatales (SOEs, acronimo en ingles) ...
ECS effects on the extinction of a running response following CRF or VR training

Thirty-two male albino rats were trained to run a straight runway on either a continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF) or a variable ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement. Following 100 acquisition trials, half of the subjects in each reinforcement group received a single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) while the other half received no treatment. Results of 30 extinction trials showed that, overall, VR-trained subjects ran faster than did CRF-trained subjects; however, those CRF-trained subjects which experienced ECS were not significantly different from VR-trained subjects. The ECS treatment thus eliminated the usual partial reinforcement effect. Results were interpreted in terms of an increased drive or hyperactivity produced by the ECS.
Coordination and structural properties of encumbering 6-mesityl-2-picolinate complexes.

In an effort to enforce a sterically hindered environment in transition-metal and main-group 2-picolinate complexes, the synthesis of the encumbering derivative 6-mesityl-2-picolinate (Mespic) is presented. The coordination and structural properties of Mespic are demonstrated with a range of transition-metal and main-group fragments. The 6-position mesityl group of Mespic is shown to alter both the primary and secondary coordination spheres of metal centers relative to the ubiquitous and unencumbered parent 2-picolinate anion.
Social Capital and Economic Performance in the American States

Objective. This study tests the claim that areas with higher levels of social capital have superior economic performance. Method. The 14-measure index of social capital created by Robert Putnam is reconstructed for an extended time period and integrated into cross-sectional regression models including physical capital, human capital, and other factors relevant to state economic performance. Results. The analysis shows that social capital has no discernable influence on aggregate measures of output and employment. However, it does have a positive and significant impact on measures of economic equality and employment stability. Conclusions. This study does not support the claim that social capital is a general prerequisite for prosperity, but it does suggest that it may serve to reinforce a particular mode of communitarian economic development.
HCP 2007 Top Theory Overview

The large mass of the top quark, the only fermion to have a mass of the order of the electroweak scale, makes its study very important. This large mass implies that top is important for precision electroweak physics in the Standard Model, and it may be the first indication that physics beyond the Standard Model may be evident in the detailed properties of top. This report, one of the plenary talks at the HCP 2007 conference, summarizes our understanding of the top quark as of the year 2007, and shows how the current run II of the Fermilab Tevatron and the future planned CERN LHC experiments will, through detailed specific measurements, greatly improve our understanding of the top quark.
Environment of the sulfhydryl groups in bovine heart mitochondrial H+-ATPase

Electron transport particles and purified H+-ATPase (F1-Fo) vesicles from beef heart mitochondria have been treated with two classes of thiol reagent, viz. membrane-impermeable organomercurials and a homologous series ofN-polymethylene carboxymaleimides (Mal-(CH2)x-COOH or AMx). The effect of such treatment on ATP-driven reactions (ATP-Pi exchange and proton translocation) has been examined and compared to the effects on rates of ATP hydrolysis. The organomercurials inhibited ATP-Pi exchange and one of them (p-chloromercuribenzoate) inhibited ATPase activity. Of the maleimide series (AMx), AM10 and AM11 inhibited both ATP-Pi exchange and ATP-driven membrane potential, but not ATPase activity. The other members of the series were essentially inactive.N-Ethylmaleimide was intermediate in its efficacy. Passive H+ conductance through the membrane sector Fo was 50% blocked by AM10, slightly blocked by AM2 andN-ethylmaleimide, and unaffected by the other members of the AMx series. The data imply that one -SH near the membrane surface and one -SH about 12 A from the surface are functional in proton translocation through the H+-ATPase.
Brief Report: Toward Refinement of a Predictive Behavioral Profile for Treatment Outcome in Children with Autism

Previously researchers identified a behavioral profile that predicted treatment response of children with autism to a specific behavioral intervention, Pivotal Response Training (PRT). This preliminary investigation sought to refine this profile by obtaining six participants matching the original nonresponder profile on all but one of the profile behaviors (toy contact or avoidance) and then assessing their response to PRT. In addition, participants received a course of Discrete Trial Training (DTT) to determine whether the profile predicted child response to this intervention. Altering the original profile behavior of toy contact led to improved response to PRT while, altering the profile behavior of high avoidance had little impact on treatment response, and the profile was not predictive of response to DTT.
In-situ histochemical analysis of human coronary artery by Raman spectroscopy compared with biochemical assay

We have developed a method to analyze quantitatively the biochemical composition of human coronary artery in situ using near infrared Raman spectroscopy. Human coronary arteries were obtained from explanted hearts after heart transplantation. Samples of normal intima/media, adventitia, non-calcified and calcified plaque were illuminated with 830 nm light from a CW Ti:Sapphire laser. The Raman scattered light was collected and coupled into a 1/4 meter spectrometer that dispersed the light onto a liquid nitrogen cooled, deep-depletion CCD detector. Raman spectra with sufficiently high S/N for extracting biochemical information could be collected in under one second. The spectra were analyzed using a recently developed model to quantitate the relative weight fractions of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triacylglycerol, phospholipids, protein, and calcium salts. After spectral examination, the artery samples were biochemically assayed to determine the total lipid weight and the amount of the major lipid categories as a percentage of the total lipid content. The results of the lipid biochemical assay and the Raman spectral model compare favorably, indicating that relative lipid weights can be accurately determined in situ. Protein and calcium salts assays are underway. This in situ biochemical information may be useful in diagnosing atherosclerosis and studying disease progression.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The benefits and costs of training: A comparison of formal company training, vendor training, outside seminars, and school‐based training

This paper presents estimates of the amount of training received by a large sample of United States adults aged 23–35 and uses a more sophisticated model than many previous studies to analyze training's impact on earnings. While workers reap substantial benefits from training, only a small minority actually receive it. Workers generally do not work fewer hours or accept lower wages during training, so they apparently bear few training costs. The low incidence of training may be due to Federal regulations that prevent employers from sharing training costs with their employees. Implications for managers, employees, and society are discussed. & copy; 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
History of the concept of tolerance

(1963). History of the concept of tolerance. Pacific Philosophy Forum: Vol. 2, No. sup1, pp. 4-10.
Inflation of Sibling Recurrence-Risk Ratio, Due to Ascertainment Bias and/or Overreporting

Summary One widely used measure of familial aggregation is the sibling recurrence-risk ratio, which is defined as the ratio of risk of disease manifestation, given that one's sibling is affected, as compared with the disease prevalence in the general population. Known as λ S , it has been used extensively in the mapping of complex diseases. In this paper, I show that, for a fictitious disease that is strictly nongenetic and nonenvironmental, λ S can be dramatically inflated because of misunderstanding of the original definition of λ S , ascertainment bias, and overreporting. Therefore, for a disease of entirely environmental origin, the λ S inflation due to ascertainment bias and/or overreporting is expected to be more prominent if the risk factor also is familially aggregated. This suggests that, like segregation analysis, the estimation of λ S also is prone to ascertainment bias and should be performed with great care. This is particularly important if one uses λ S for exclusion mapping, for discrimination between different genetic models, and for association studies, since these practices hinge tightly on an accurate estimation of λ S .
Quantum Newtonian dynamics on a light front

We recall the special features of quantum dynamics on a light front (in an infinite momentum frame) in string and field theory. The reason this approach is more effective for string than for fields is stressed: the light-front dynamics for string is that of a true Newtonian many particle system, since a string bit has a fixed Newtonian mass. In contrast, each particle of a field theory has a variable Newtonian mass P{sup +}; so the Newtonian analogy actually requires an infinite number of species of elementary Newtonian particles. This complication substantially weakens the value of the Newtonian analogy in applying light-front dynamics to nonperturbative problems. Motivated by the fact that conventional field theories can be obtained as infinite tension limits of string theories, we propose a way to recast field theory as a standard Newtonian system. We devise and analyze some simple quantum mechanical systems that display the essence of the proposal, and we discuss prospects for applying these ideas to large N{sub c} QCD. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Minimum clinically important difference and substantial clinical benefit: Does one size fit all diagnoses and patients?

There is increasing emphasis on the need to routinely utilize validated outcomes measures to assess the treatment effect of both operative and nonoperative management of spinal disorders. The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) describes at what point a marginal treatment effect is clinically relevant (threshold). Substantial clinical benefit (SCB) is a measurement that is intended to identify changes in outcomes that are clinically important. This review will discuss how MCID and SCB are calculated and relative criticisms of each measure; as each is determined based on patient-reported outcomes and does not incorporate cost analysis, the use of these measures has inherent limitations.
Ultra-high C-reactive protein levels in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients predicts serious complications

Dear Editor: C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fecal lactoferrin, and fecal calprotectin have been evaluated as markers of disease activity and predictors of disease course in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Studies on the predictive value of CRP elevations in IBD patients are difficult to interpret or generalize because of different laboratory cutoff values. Fourteen hospitalized IBD patients with ultra-high Creactive protein (UH-CRP), defined as CRP more than ten times the upper limit of normal (ULN), were identified and followed for 6 months. Eight patients had ulcerative colitis, ages ranged between 20 and 69 years, with a mean of 37.36±17.248 (SD) years. CRP levels ranged from 14.3 to 41 times ULN, with a mean elevation of 25.66 times the ULN±8.67 (SD). Ten out of 14 patients (71.43 %) had IBD-related complications, with 50 % requiring surgery either during admission or within 6 months. Three out of five patients who were admitted with typical symptoms of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea had severe complications, two had a perforated viscus and one had multiple intraabdominal abscesses. One in five had a bowel obstruction, and two (14.3 %) had a newly diagnosed fistula. Finally, three patients (21.4 %) had an acute severe infection; two with clostridium difficile associated colitis, and the third with enterococcus bacteremia. Compared to previously reported data, there was a non-statistically significant trend towards longer hospital stay in patients with UH-CRP elevations. AUH-CRP level in hospitalized IBD patients is associated with significant complications and should not be solely attributed to disease flare. Describing CRP elevations as multiples of the upper limit of normal from various laboratories provides an alternative way of comparing results, and may help predict serious complications. Additional prospective studies are needed.
Denervation of non-optic brain areas along the course of the optic tract does not affect the success of optic nerve regeneration in frogs.

Unsuccessful axonal regeneration in frog or goldfish spinal cord is thought to be due in part to inappropriate denervated synaptic sites attracting regenerating axons as they pass by the lesion zone (Bernstein and Bernstein, '69; Bernstein and Gelderd, '73). The reported success of optic nerve regeneration in these same animals may result because there are no inappropriate synaptic sites available to the regenerating axons. To test for this we denervated areas within thalamus and mesencephalon which lie along the path of regenerating optic axons to determine whether or not abnormal connections would form in these areas and affect the success of optic nerve regeneration. After transection of the brainstem through the isthmal region, terminal degeneration was found in several zones adjacent to optic nerve targets or the optic tract (i.e., nucleus rotundus, corpus geniculatum laterale, and torus semicircularis). In adult frogs receiving left isthmal transection, we also crushed the right optic nerve and then examined the regenerated optic projection at intervals up to six months after nerve crush using anterograde transport of 3H-proline. In no instance did the regenerating optic axons alter their distribution within visual neuropil zones or invade those areas deafferented by the isthmal lesion. Histological study showed that the axons cut by the isthmal lesion did not regenerate back to their sites to prevent the invasion of optic axons into these zones. We then attempted to force optic axons into foreign territory by removing a major projection zone, the optic tectum. With tectal ablation and isthmal transection, regenerating optic axons were offered synaptic space made available by both lesions. However, we found abnormal optic projections only in the middle and posterior thalamic neuropil and in the remaining tectal hemisphere. Optic axons did not expand into any of the areas deafferented by the isthmal transection, even though some of them were further denervated by the tectal ablation. We conclude that optic axons will not invade non-optic areas deafferented by an isthmal lesion even if a large number of optic axons have no normal target to innervate.
How Hair Gets Its Pigment

Mutations in the transcription factor Foxn1 cause the nude phenotype in mice, which is characterized by a lack of visible hair. New work by Weiner et al. (2007) in this issue of Cell now shows that Foxn1 also contributes to hair color by marking which cells are to receive pigment from melanocytes.
Parameter evaluation of photoresist coating model by using orthogonal experiment and regression analysis

In this paper, we want to optimize photo-resist coating recipe by using orthogonal experiment and statistical regression analysis. We combined two major factors influenced coating performance - wafer coating time & wafer spinning speed in TRACK unit with IDI pump dispense recipe. Eventually, IDI pump dispense recipe contained of four steps dispense time and dispense pressure. By using orthogonal experiment and statistical regression method we obtained a set of process parameters which have good predicted performance values. Based on those data, we could apply it on different viscosity type resist to get good coating performance as decreasing resist dispense volume from 3 cc/pcs to 1.6 cc/pcs. Results showed the performance of CD (Critical Dimension) and CP (Chip Probe) yield was comparable to original 3 cc/pcs coating recipe condition. Actually, we could optimize coating recipe to reach resist usage decreasing purpose.
Prospective 10-year evaluation of hypobetalipoproteinemia in a cohort of 772 firefighters and cross-sectional evaluation of hypocholesterolemia in 1,479 men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I

Our specific aim in a 10-year prospective study of 772 Cincinnati firemen (predominantly aged 26 to 46 years) was to determine the prevalence, attributes, and etiology of persistent hypobetalipoproteinemia, defined by entry low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) less than 75 mg/dL. A second specific aim was to cross-sectionally assess hypocholesterolemia (defined by total serum cholesterol [TC] .1, 130 v 133 mg/dL and 58 v 63 mg/dL). Compared with 32 men with entry LDLC less than 75 mg/dL but with less than 87% of follow-up LDLC less than 75 mg/dL, the 12 men with persistently low LDLC had lower mean Quetelet indices and diastolic blood pressure at entry (2.36 v 2.58, P = .056; 73 v 80 mm Hg, P = .03) and on follow-up study (2.45 v 2.69, P = .04; 72 v 79 mm Hg, P = .05). Of 12 men with persistently low LDLC, two had truncated apolipoprotein (apo) B (familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, two had the apo E genotype 2/3, and two had acquired hypobetalipoproteinemia that antedated mortality from melanoma by 9 years and from alcoholism by 2 years. Comparable to white and black firemen aged 26 to 46 years, 2.9% and 3.6% of whom had entry serum TC less than 130 mg/dL, of 1,314 white and 165 black men in the NHANES I study (aged 26 to 46), 1.8% and 3.6% had hypocholesterolemia (entry TC .05) in men with entry TC less than 130 mg/dL compared with those with TC 130 to 230 or greater than 230 mg/dL. Hypocholesterolemia in white and black men in NHANES I could not be attributed to hypocaloric intake or to protein, fat, or carbohydrate undernutrition. There appear to be racial differences in the prevalence of hypocholesterolemia. Blacks comprised 18% of the firemen's cohort but 42% of those with persistent hypobetalipoproteinemia; among NHANES I subjects, 3.6% of blacks were hypocholesterolemic versus 1.8% of whites. Unless persistent hypobetalipoproteinemia reflects an underlying disease, alcoholism, etc., it is often heritable, and may be associated with a reduced likelihood of coronary heart disease (CHD) and with increased longevity.