cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient concentration patterns in streams draining alpine and subalpine catchments, Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado

Abstract Streamwater samples were collected during 1987–1988 from two adjacent gauged watersheds, the subalpine-alpine East St. Louis and the Fool Creek Alpine, in the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado. The study objective was to compare the relationships between streamwater discharge and ion concentration in alpine and alpine-subalpine watersheds at a site receiving low inputs of atmospheric contaminants. Streamwater discharge accounts for much of the variation in ion concentration. Trajectories of time, discharge, and ion concentration suggest that patterns of nutrient flux are controlled primarily by the magnitude of streamwater discharge, and seasonal differences in the relative contributions of snowmelt and soil water. In the subalpine catchment, increased streamwater discharge accounted for most of the decline in concentration of ions, with high concentrations in soil water relative to precipitation. This relationship was not seen in the alpine catchment, probably because of the influence of large diurnal variation in the ratio of snowmelt to soil water. In both catchments, ions with comparatively high concentrations in precipitation and the snowpack relative to soil water showed less concentration decline with increased streamwater discharge. The recurring nature of the trajectories, especially in the subalpine catchment, suggests that the time, discharge, and ion concentration patterns may represent a general characteristic in moderate-sized, undisturbed Rocky Mountain catchments which do not receive high inputs of airborne contaminants.
Improving risk adjustment of self-reported mental health outcomes.

Risk adjustment for mental health care is important for making meaningful comparisons of provider, program, and system performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive value of three diagnosis-based risk-adjustment models for predicting self-reported mental health outcomes. Baseline and 3-month follow-up mental health assessments were obtained on 1,023 veterans in Veterans Health Administration mental health programs between 2004 and 2006. Least-squares regression models predicting mental health outcomes used the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale-24, Veterans RAND-36, and Brief Symptom Inventory. Sequential models began with sociodemographics, added baseline self-reported mental health, and compared three psychiatric case mix schemes: two using six diagnostic categories and the other (psychiatric case mix system [PsyCMS]) using 46 categories. R 2 were lowest for sociodemographic models (0.010–0.074) and highest for models with the PsyCMS (0.187–0.425). The best predictive ability was obtained when baseline mental health and 1 year of psychiatric diagnoses were added to sociodemographic models; however, the “best” risk-adjustment model differed between inpatients and outpatients.
State changing in collisions of Rb(ns) Rydberg atoms with HF

Rate constants for state changing in collisions of Rb(ns) Rydberg atoms (40less than or equal tonless than or equal to48) with HF molecules have been measured and have been calculated using a semiclassical approach. Agreement between the total rate constants measured experimentally and derived theoretically is very good. The results point to the near-resonant nature of n-changing collisions, but indicate that the rate constants for such reactions are less dependent on energy imbalance than suggested by calculations based on the impulse approximation.
Rate of presentation and partial reinforcement effects in transfer of training

Transfer effects in the A-B, A-C paradigm were studied as a function of rate of presentation on List 1 (1⤜1, 2⤜2) and level of List-1 partial reinforcement (100%, 50%, 0% ORM). Level of % ORM was varied in a mixed list. The results indicated greater negative transfer on List 2 after the fast (1⤜1) than the slow (2⤜2) rate of presentation on List 1. In addition, the magnitude of negative transfer under each List-1 presentation rate was independent of level of List-1 % ORM. This was true even for the pairs assigned to the 0% level of ORM where the possibility of any specific (A-B) associative learning on List 1 was precluded. Interpretations of these results were discussed.
Organizations and intensifications: Campesino federations, rural livelihoods and agricultural technology in the Andes and Amazonia

Abstract This paper analyzes several experiences from Bolivia and Ecuador of how campesino and indigenous federations engage in agricultural development and natural resource management activities. It is argued that the federations may have especially important roles to play in agricultural and livelihood intensification. Although not traditional roles for many federations, these activities have become increasingly important components of their wider development and sociopolitical strategies. Three different trajectories through which federations have arrived at work with technology are identified, and three natural resources related roles played by the federations are outlined: as deliverer of technology services; as rural social enterprise; and as natural resources rights group. The paper also suggests that experience shows that these organizations could play an integral role in interinstitutional approaches to agricultural development and rural intensification.
Kinetics of Reduction of Nickel Chloride with Hydrogen

The kinetics of reduction of nickel chloride with hydrogen were investigated in the temperature range of 533 (260 °) to 788 K (515 °). Most experiments were done with porous NiCl2 granules having −8+10 mesh (Tyler) size. The effects of temperature, sample size, granule size and hydrogen partial pressure on the reduction kinetics were investigated. In the temperature range 533 (260 °) to 651 K (378 °) the reduction is dominated by chemical kinetic factors. At higher temperatures diffusional effects appear to become quite significant. The temperature-dependence of the chemical kinetic rate constantK is given by $$\log K = 6.744 - \frac{{22,240}}{{2.303RT}};K\,\,is\,\,in\,\,\min ^{ - 1} $$ The activation energy for the reduction was found to be 22,240 cal /mol (or 93,050 J/mol) in the chemical kinetic regime.
Coevolutionary Immune System Dynamics Driving Pathogen Speciation

We introduce and analyze a within-host dynamical model of the coevolution between rapidly mutating pathogens and the adaptive immune response. Pathogen mutation and a homeostatic constraint on lymphocytes both play a role in allowing the development of chronic infection, rather than quick pathogen clearance. The dynamics of these chronic infections display emergent structure, including branching patterns corresponding to asexual pathogen speciation, which is fundamentally driven by the coevolutionary interaction. Over time, continued branching creates an increasingly fragile immune system, and leads to the eventual catastrophic loss of immune control.
Do Teachers' Perceptions of Children's Math and Reading Related Ability and Effort Predict Children's Self-Concept of Ability in Math and Reading?.

This study investigated to what extent primary school teachers’ perceptions of their students’ ability and effort predict developmental changes in children’s self-concepts of ability in math and reading after controlling for students’ academic performance and general intelligence. Three cohorts (N = 849) of elementary school children and their teachers were followed for four years. Children’s self-concepts and performance ability in math and reading were measured annually during Waves 2–4. Teachers rated the children’s ability and effort at each of the four waves. Domain-specific differences and developmental changes could be identified in the associations between teachers’ perceptions and children’s ability self-concepts. Teachers’ ability perceptions predicted children’s concurrent and subsequent ability self-concepts in math and reading, whereas teachers’ effort perceptions predicted children’s math ability self-concept only at Wave 4. Analyses with multi-sample procedure showed that these models were ...
Self-Concept: Effects of Alcoholism, Hospitalization and Treatment:

The present study examined the self-concepts of 101 hospitalized alcoholics, 20 hospitalized non-alcoholics, and 20 controls using the Clinical and Research Form of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. A moderate treatment effect on self-concept was found for the hospitalized alcoholics. Subscale scores were not related to treatment completion. Examination of the self-concept of hospitalized and normal controls suggested that the former group has a more negative self-concept than the latter. The possibility is raised that hospitalization played an unexamined but important role in previous studies of alcoholics' self-concepts.
Endothelin and blood pressure regulation in the female rat: studies in normal pregnancy and with nitric oxide synthase inhibition-induced hypertension.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of endothelin (ET) in blood pressure regulation in normal pregnant and nonpregnant rats and with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. METHODS Pregnant and nonpregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 7 days with an ET(A)-selective (A-127722 or FR-139317), ET(B)-selective (A-192621), or ET(A)/ET(B) nonselective (A-182086) endothelin receptor antagonist, and/or with the NOS inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 2. 5 mg/kg/h). In pregnant rats, the ET antagonists and L-NAME were administered from gestational day 14 through day 21 (term = 22 days). All rats received indwelling arterial catheters for blood pressure measurement. Mean arterial pressures were recorded on infusion days 1, 4, and 7 and these data were compared by analysis of variance among experimental groups with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS The ET(A) receptor antagonism lowered blood pressure in both pregnant and nonpregnant rats (p < 0.05), whereas ET(B) antagonism resulted in hypertension (p < 0.001). ET(B) antagonism-induced hypertension was attenuated by pregnancy (p < 0. 001). Hypertension was induced in all rats treated with L-NAME (p < 0.001). Endothelin receptor antagonism, regardless of specificity, did not ameliorate L-NAME-induced hypertension in pregnant or nonpregnant female rats. The only observed effect of ET(A) antagonism on NOS inhibition-induced hypertension was the prevention of a continued rise at infusion day 7 in nonpregnant rats. CONCLUSIONS Endothelin, acting via both the ET(A) and ET(B) receptors, contributes to blood pressure homeostasis in pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Endothelin receptor antagonism does not ameliorate NOS-inhibition-induced hypertension in pregnant rats.
Reconstitution of an SOS Response Pathway: Derepression of Transcription in Response to DNA Breaks

E. coli responds to DNA damage by derepressing the transcription of about 20 genes that make up the SOS pathway. Genetic analyses have shown that SOS induction in response to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks requires LexA repressor, and the RecA and RecBCD enzymes--proteins best known for their role as initiators of dsDNA break repair and homologous recombination. Here we demonstrate that purified RecA protein, RecBCD enzyme, single-stranded DNA-binding (SSB) protein, and LexA repressor respond to dsDNA breaks in vitro by derepressing transcription from an SOS promoter. Interestingly, derepression is more rapid if the DNA containing the dsDNA break has a chi recombination hot spot (5'-GCTGGTGG-3'), suggesting a novel regulatory role for one of the most overrepresented octamers in the E. coli genome.
Lingual Thyroid: Report of Case

The possibility of lingual thyroid should be considered when any unusual lesion is discovered at the base of the tongue. Biopsy should be performed on all symptomatic lingual thyroid lesions, and on those asymptomatic lesions that have not been positively diagnosed by means of 131 I scanning technique, to prevent complications that might occur as the result of oral surgery. In the case reported, it was thought the patient’s only functioning thyroid tissue was located in the tongue.
402 ANTHROPOMETRIC GROWTH STUDY OF INFANTS LESS THAN 1750 GRAMS USING THREE DIFFERENT FORMULAS

We studied the differences in anthropometric factors of infants taking 1 of 3 commercial formulas by measuring weight, length, crown-rump, head circumference, and dynamic skin fold thickness from 2 sites. This was done 3 times weekly until discharge, or up to 30 days. Formulas were assigned using envelope randomization. Infants with fetal malnutrition or obvious congenital anomalies were not included; infants weighing less than 1000 grams were too few to study statistically. Formula A) Soybean based 20 cal/oz, B) Cows milk based 24 cal/oz, and C) Cows milk based 24 cal/oz with lower osmolality. We studied 105 infants of less than 1750 gms which were subdivided into 4 groups at increments of 250 gms. The 12th day after starting on formula only, i.e.,no IV supplementation, infants taking formula A in the 1001-1250 and 1501-1750 gm weight groups weighed less than those taking B and C (p= 0.01). No difference in dynamic skin fold thickness was found between the formula groups. Approximately the same number of infants from the 3 formula groups developed complications with impaired oral intake and were excluded. Infants taking formulas B and C acheived the discharge weight (2100 gms) sooner than those on formula A; however, those on B and C had more digestive system complications (6 vs. o) including necrotizing enterocolitis. —Supported in part by Wesley Research Foundation, Wichita.
The effect of oxygenates on soot formation in rich heptane mixtures: A shock tube study

Abstract There is a strong environmental interest in blending diesel fuels with oxygenates to reduce soot emissions. To investigate the influence of oxygenates on diesel soot emissions, soot formation in fuel-rich n-heptane/oxygen mixtures with added dimethyl ether, acetone, butanal, or 3-pentanone was investigated behind reflected shock waves at pressures from 20 to 30 atm and temperatures from 1600 to 1900 K. Soot formation histories were observed by simultaneously measuring the soot-induced laser light extinction at 633 nm and the light emission by soot particles at 670 nm. Uniform reflected shock conditions over the long test times needed to form soot were achieved by using a new driver insert method to modify shock tube performance. In measurements made under these uniform conditions, the soot formation window near 1700 K was found to be narrower than previously measured. A significant reduction in the overall soot yield was found with the addition of small quantities of oxygenates as well. On a per oxygen-mass basis, butanal was found to be the most effective additive in reducing soot among the oxygenates studied, consistent with the smoke point tests of Pepiot-Desjardins et al. [Pepiot-Desjardins P, Pitsch H, Malhotra R, Kirby SR, Boehman AL. Structural group analysis for soot reduction tendency of oxygenated fuels. Combust Flame 2008;154:191–205]. It was also found that normal alkyl-group chain length in oxygenates has little impact on soot reduction.
Online Recovery of Missing Values in Vital Signs Data Streams Using Low-Rank Matrix Completion

Continuous, automated, electronic patient vital signs data are important to physicians in evaluating traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients' physiological status and reaching timely decisions for therapeutic interventions. However, missing values in the medical data streams hinder applying many standard statistical or machine learning algorithms and result in losing some episodes of clinical importance. In this paper, we present a novel approach to filling missing values in streams of vital signs data. We construct sequences of Hankel matrices from vital signs data streams, find that these matrices exhibit low-rank, and utilize low-rank matrix completion methods from compressible sensing to fill in the missing data. We demonstrate that our approach always substantially outperforms other popular fill-in methods, like $k$-nearest-neighbors and expectation maximization. Further, we show that our approach recovers thousands of simulated missing data for intracranial pressure, a critical stream of measurements for guiding clinical interventions and monitoring traumatic brain injuries.
Ccd-Based Detector for Protein Crystallography with Synchrotron X-Rays

A detector with a 114 mm aperture, based on a charge-coupled device (CCD), has been designed for X-ray diffraction studies in protein crystallography. The detector was tested at the National Synchrotron Light Source with a beam intensity, through a 0.3 mm collimator, of greater than 10(9) X-ray photons/s. A fiberoptic taper, an image intensifier, and a lens demagnify, intensify, and focus the image onto a CCD having 512 x 512 pixels. The statistical uncertainty in the detector output was evaluated as a function of conversion gain. From this, a detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of 0.36 was derived. The dynamic range of a 4 x 4 pixel resolution element, comparable in size to a diffraction peak, was 10(4). The point-spread function shows FWHM resolution of approximately 1 pixel, where a pixel is 160-mu-m on the detector face. A data set collected from a chicken egg-white lysozyme crystal, consisting of 495 0.1-degrees frames, was processed by the MADNES data reduction program. The symmetry R-factors for the data were 3.2-3.5%. In a separate experiment a complete lysozyme data set consisting of 45 1-degrees frames was obtained in just 36 s of X-ray exposure. Diffraction images from crystals of the myosin S1 head (a = 275 angstrom) were also recorded; the Bragg spots, only 5 pixels apart, were separated but not fully resolved. Changes in the detector design that will improve the DQE and spatial resolution are outlined. The overall performance showed that this type of detector is well suited for X-ray scattering investigations with synchrotron sources.
Immune Biomarkers of BRONJ in High-Risk Cancer Patients

immunostaining technique, utilizing a polyclonal antibody for KLK 3. Sixty (n 60) lesions were investigated including lateral periodontal cysts (n 9), dentigerous cysts (n 10), keratocystic odontogenic tumors (n 11) and ameloblastomas (n 11) as well as nasopalatine duct cysts (n 9, non-odontogenic cystic control) and odontomas (n 10, neoplasm control). Analysis of immunostaining was performed utilizing a scoring system assessing staining intensity as well as proportion of cells stained. These scores were combined to yield a total score for each sample examined. Epithelial staining, was examined and scored. Data was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, as well as Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Results: Kruskal-Wallis analysis shows a significant difference in staining intensity of KLK 3 between the groups of lesions evaluated (p 0.004). There is a significant difference in expression of KLK 3 when comparing the odontoma to KOT (p 0.05) and odontoma to ameloblastoma (p 0.01). Positive staining for KLK 3 was also observed in the lateral periodontal cyst, dentigerous cyst and nasopalatine duct cyst, however no significant differences were noted when comparing these other types of lesions. Conclusion: For the first time, KLK 3 has been identified in odontogenic tissues. KLK 3 is present in significantly greater amounts in benign neoplasms of odontogenic origin, the ameloblastoma and KOT, when compared to the odontogenic hamartoma. KLK 3 is expressed in odontogenic neoplasms including the lateral periodontal cyst, dentigerous cyst, and odontomas. Positive identification of this biomarker may prove to be a diagnostic avenue for early detection and treatment of these locally destructive diseases.
The coalgebra structure of the cohomology of multiplicative fibrations

Abstract Let p be an odd prime. Let X be a simply connected H-space and let K be a generalized Eilenberg–MacLane space. Let X ˜ be the fibre space induced from an H-map f : X → K . Then X ˜ inherits an H-structure and there is a multiplicative fibration Ω K X ˜ X . The cohomology ring H ⁎ ( X ˜ ; Z p ) is computed in Lin (2009) [4] . In this note, we examine the coalgebra structure of H ⁎ ( X ˜ ; Z p ) . We prove there is a choice of algebra generators for H ⁎ ( X ˜ ; Z p ) with reduced coproduct in im ρ ⁎ ⊗ im ρ ⁎ .
SU‐E‐J‐67: Regularized Deformable Registration of Computed Tomography Images Using Multiple Voxel Resolutions for Four Dimensional Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Accurate, speedy, and robust image registration is deemed crucial in radiation therapy of cancer management. A multi‐resolution deformable image registration (DIR) using regularization strategy was developed for four dimensional radiation therapy. Methods: A multi‐resolution based deformable registration model was implemented with the regularization of energy term to smooth the deformation field. A B‐Spline model, although other models such as demons are applicable as well, was employed as the transformation with the Mattes mutual information as the objective function that was to be optimized the limited memory Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldfarb‐Shanno algorithm (L‐BFGS) optimizer. A three level voxel resolution model was utilized for the coarse‐to‐fine strategy to improve the registration success rate and remove local optima at coarser scales. A regularization term was applied to the objective function and its parameters were investigated to have the optimal effect on the deformation vector field. Four dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) images from four thoracic and four abdominal cancer patients were used to evaluate the algorithm. Results: A quarter, half and full of the original voxel resolutions were adopted in the three levels respectively from the coarsest to the finest. An accuracy of 2 mm was achievable for thoracic cancer patients while slightly larger residual error at the average of 3 mm was observed in abdominal cancer patients. Under the same condition, larger errors were found from the calculation with a single resolution model. The smoothness of vector field was significantly improved with the regularization term. The parameters, however, have to be determined empirically. This feature is particularly useful when conducting dose warping. Conclusion: Significant improvement in DIR accuracy and robustness with the proposed algorithm is achieved. The novel deformable registration model, with more systematic study, will find its widespread application in radiation therapy.
Digitization and calibration of the expendable bathythermograph

Abstract A study was undertaken of signal digitization and temperature calibration in expendable bathythermographs (XBT's) to learn how to minimize temperature errors in that system. An XBT digitizer was built into a PC-type microcomputer and used to calibrate 24 XBT probes at 5 temperature points, and later, to calibrate 72 probes at a single temperature. Twenty of the first set of probes were fastened rigidly in pairs and dropped in the ocean as a field test of the calibrations. Calibration of individual probes reduced the standard deviation of temperature calibration errors from around 0.05°C to
100 nm metallic checkerboard by wafer-scale nanoimprint and its application in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

A wafer-scale (∼4 inch) 100 nm nano-checkerboard structure was fabricated. The fabrication combines multiple nanoimprint lithography, 3-D patterning and self-aligned etching. Transmission/reflection resonance at ∼750 nm and Raman enhancement of ∼ 4.5×106 were achieved.
Internal and secreted bioluminescence of the marine polychaete Odontosyllis phosphorea (Syllidae)

. The syllid polychaete Odontosyllis phosphorea produces brilliant displays of green bioluminescence during mating swarms. We studied freshly collected individuals of O. phosphorea in the laboratory to understand the characteristics of its luminescent system. Light emission appeared as an intense glow after stimulation with potassium chloride, and was associated with secreted mucus. The mucus was viscous, blue in color, and exhibited a long-lasting glow that was greatly intensified by addition of peroxidase or ammonium persulfate. The emission spectrum of mucus-associated bioluminescence was unimodal, with a maximum emission in the green spectrum between 494 and 504 nm. The fluorescence emission spectrum was similar, but the fluorescence intensity was low unless it originated from mucus that had already produced light, suggesting that the oxidized product of the light production is the source of fluorescence. Individuals as small as 0.5–1.0 mm produced bioluminescence that was mainly internal and not secreted as mucus. The early occurrence of bioluminescence in the life cycle of members of O. phosphorea suggests that bioluminescence may be used for purposes other than attracting mates. The luminous system was functional at temperatures as low as −20°C and was degraded above 40°C. Mixing hot and cold extracts of the mucus did not result in reconstituting original levels of light emission. Additionally, mucus samples exposed to oxygen depletion by bubbling with argon or nitrogen were still able to produce intense bioluminescence. These results suggest that bioluminescence from the mucus may involve a photoprotein rather than a luciferin–luciferase reaction.
Constraints in structural and rigid body mechanics: a frictional contact problem

In this work, we propose some basic approaches towards a unification of the theories for deformable and rigid bodies. This unification process is based on two fundamental mechanical concepts, which are the principle of virtual work and the principle of d’Alembert–Lagrange. The basic idea is to initially look upon structural elements as general continua, and to endow them later with specific properties like rigidity, imposed by perfect bilateral constraints. It is shown by the example of a simple flexible multibody system how this unifying and systematic approach has to be carried out. The system under consideration consists of a rigid disk and a nonlinear elastic string, which may come into contact with each other. The contact is modeled as a hard unilateral geometric constraint combined with a one-dimensional Coulomb friction element. The contact interactions are formulated as set-valued force laws and impact laws, and the system is consequently treated within the framework of nonsmooth dynamics. The model of the string allows for large deformations in time and for a nonlinear elastic material response. By constraining the kinematics of the string to finite dimensions, a nonlinear finite element formulation is achieved in a very natural way.
Automatic apparatus for stimulus presentation and recording in visual threshold experiments.

An apparatus is described which automatically controls the presentation of light stimuli and records subjects’ responses in visual threshold experiments. The apparatus includes: (a) A tape reader which controls the magnitude and time of occurrence of light stimuli, in accordance with the location of holes in a programming tape, and (b) a punch recorder which makes a permanent record of the conditions of each light stimulus and of the responses made by each of four subjects. The accuracy of the stimulus-producing equipment is monitored. Electric counters tally the correct responses made by each subject for each magnitude of light stimulus.
Professional parents’ loyalty to employer: The role of workplace social support

Abstract Professional mothers are more likely than professional fathers to leave workplaces—a phenomenon referred to as opting out. Previous research asserts that work–family challenges, including lack of access to supportive workplaces, are among the main reasons for this pattern. Despite revived interest in the study of opting out, little is known about factors shaping the loyalty to employer of those currently employed. Using data from the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce ( N = 160 professional mothers; 114 professional fathers) we explore how three important forms of workplace social support – coworker support, supervisor support, and supportive workplace culture – are associated with professional mothers’ and fathers’ loyalty to their employees. Including fathers allows us to determine if gender dynamics are present in these patterns. The results suggest gendered patterns where supportive workplace culture relates to professional fathers’ employer loyalty and supervisor support relates to professional mothers’ employer loyalty.
Global Results for Schrödinger Maps in Dimensions n ≥ 3

We study the global well-posedness theory for the Schrodinger Maps equation. We work in n + 1 dimensions, for n ≥ 3, and prove a global well-posedness result for small initial data in .
Arrays of SOI photonic wire biosensors for label-free molecular detection

We present an SOI biosensor microarray chip that allows multiple molecular binding reactions to be simultaneously monitored. The individual biosensors are formed using 0.26 × 0.45 μm 2 silicon photonic wire waveguides, which are arranged in compact Mach-Zehnder interferometer geometries with near temperature independent response. The sharp bend radius permitted by the photonic wires is exploited to form dense spiral waveguide structures that provide several millimeters of path length in a compact 130 μm diameter circular area. This design provides the high sensitivity of a long waveguide, while maintaining compatibility with commercial microarray spotting tools. For low volume analyte delivery the sensor array chip contains a monolithically integrated microfluidic channel formed in an SU-8 overlayer. Multiple antibody-antigen reactions are observed in real-time by using an infrared camera to monitor the optical powers emerging from the sensor array output waveguides.
Characterization of coal char and biomass char reactivities to oxygen

Studies were undertaken to quantify the extent of carbon deactivation during the combustion of coal and biomass chars at high temperatures. To this end, chars extracted at successive residence times from a flow reactor were subjected to oxidation tests in order to determine char reactivity as a function of conversion under zone II burning conditions. Measured char conversion rates during oxidation tests in a thermogravimetric analyzer were combined with surface areas determined from gas adsorption measurements to yield intrinsic reactivities as functions of char conversion under zone I burning conditions. These reactivities were characterized using a heterogeneous reaction mechanism that not only accurately deseribes variations in char reactivity with conversion at low temperatures but also predicts high enough reaction rates at high temperatures to yield the mass loss rates observed in the laminar flow reactor. Results indicate that char intrinsic reactivity decreases progressively during oxidation at high temperatures. Coal-char reactivity just subsequent to develocatization in an environment containing 12 mol % O 2 . at nominally 1650 K was about 33% higher than the reactivities of chars at later extents of conversion. In 8 mol % oxygen at nominally 1200 K, the reactivity of a biomass-char at 92% conversion was about 45% higher than the reactivity of the biomass char at 98% conversion. Results indicate that mass transport limitations become evident at oxidation temperatures as low as 900 K: Calculations indicate that a quasi-steady burning rate is not established until relatively late in burnoff, suggesting that char oxidation models that use rates based on steady-state adsorbed oxygen concentrations may not accurately predict the times for char burnout under all reaction conditions.
The economic viability and stability of ‘capitalised family farming’: An analysis of agricultural decollectivisation in Peru

Agricultural decollectivisation in Peru created a nascent ‘Capitalist Family Farm’ sector. Does the empirical fact of parcellisation suggest that small‐scale agriculture is optimal? Will land reconcentration occur with differentiation among the parceleros? Studying the causes and consequences of parcellisation provides insight into a number of questions relating to alternative production systems. Productive efficiency is compared between the parceleros and their co‐operative predecessors and among the parceleros. Some conclusions reached are: (1) rice yields increased relative to the final years of co‐operative production; (2) sample parceleros and co‐operatives exhibit similar levels of technical efficiency; (3) the production potential of parcelled units is estimated to be less than that of a well‐functioning co‐operative system; and (4) differentiation among parceleros is occurring as a range of incomes is realised from a more or less homogeneous resource base.
Analysis of Ares Crew Launch Vehicle Transonic Alternating Flow Phenomenon

A transonic wind tunnel test of the Ares I-X Rigid Buffet Model (RBM) identified a Mach number regime where unusually large buffet loads are present. A subsequent investigation identified the cause of these loads to be an alternating flow phenomenon at the Crew Module-Service Module junction. The conical design of the Ares I-X Crew Module and the cylindrical design of the Service Module exposes the vehicle to unsteady pressure loads due to the sudden transition between a subsonic separated and a supersonic attached flow about the cone-cylinder junction as the local flow randomly fluctuates back and forth between the two flow states. These fluctuations produce a square-wave like pattern in the pressure time histories resulting in large amplitude, impulsive buffet loads. Subsequent testing of the Ares I RBM found much lower buffet loads since the evolved Ares I design includes an ogive fairing that covers the Crew Module-Service Module junction, thereby making the vehicle less susceptible to the onset of alternating flow. An analysis of the alternating flow separation and attachment phenomenon indicates that the phenomenon is most severe at low angles of attack and exacerbated by the presence of vehicle protuberances. A launch vehicle may experience either a single or, at most, a few impulsive loads since it is constantly accelerating during ascent rather than dwelling at constant flow conditions in a wind tunnel. A comparison of a windtunnel- test-data-derived impulsive load to flight-test-data-derived load indicates a significant over-prediction in the magnitude and duration of the buffet load. I. Introduction One
Characteristics of a simple measure of respiratory impedance.

Abstract The ratio of mouth pressure developed 0.1 sec after occlusion at end-expiration (P 0.1 ) to average inspiratory flow rate (V t /T i ) has been proposed as ‘effective inspiratory impedance’, Im eff . We have studied a simple mathematical model of lung mechanics, consisting of an effective resistance, an effective compliance and a single pressure generator, to learn how Im eff is altered by changes in resistance (R), complicance (C), inspiratory duration (T i ), and the degree of curvature of the inspiratory pressure wave form. The degree of curvature was varied between concave with respect to the time axis to convex and included a linear inspiratory muscle pressure function. Assuming a linear pressure function, we obtained an explicit equation for Im eff as a function of R, C, and T i . Using the same model we also studied the classical impedance as a function of R, C and frequency (of a sinusoidal excitation pressure). We found that Im eff was increased by increases in R, increasing degrees of concavity, decreases in C, and by decreases in T i . For this model the classical impedance was about 5 times larger than Im eff . Classical impedance was increased by increases in R, decreases in C, and decreases in excitation frequency. In conclusion, measurements of effective inspiratory impedance need to be interpreted in terms of R, C, T i , and the shape of the inspiratory muscle pressure function.
“We did also save people”: A Study of Holocaust Education in Romania After Decades of Historical Silence

This research study seeks to understand the current state of Holocaust education in Romanian classrooms and the variety of forces that influence its treatment. By identifying obstacles, challenges,...
Structural defects in a nano-scale powder of CeO"2 studied by pulsed neutron diffraction

Abstract Pulsed neutron diffraction measurements on nano-scale powder of ceria, CeO 2 , uncovered new structural features which appear to be intimately related to the function of this material as an oxygen storage medium in automotive three-way catalytic converters. The results of the pair-distribution function (PDF) analysis and the Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction data indicate the presence of interstitial oxygen defects in the octahedral sites of the fluorite structure. The defects were found to disappear following high-temperature treatment. It is suggested that these weakly bound interstitial oxygen defects provide oxygen mobility that facilitates the oxygen storage capacity of ceria in the catalytic converters.
The crystallization behavior of gallstones grown from cholesterol

Cholesterol is the major crystalline component of most gallstones found in the western hemisphere. Synthetic gallstones have been grown in our laboratory from cholesterol to study both growth morphology and kinetics. It is established that synthetic stones show characteristics of spherulitic crystallization. It is suggested that natural stones in vivo will also crystallize by spherulitic mechanisms. The microstructure of synthetic and natural stones consists of radiating arrays of cholesterol crystals emerging from a unique nucleation center. Impurities which are used to thicken the melt are segregated between the fibers. The radial growth of these fibers was observed to be a linear function of time. The radial growth rates are reported over a range of temperatures for support of a spherulitic model.
Cavernous sinus hemangiomas: a series, a review, and an hypothesis.

ABSTRACTCavernous sinus hemangiomas represent 3% of all benign cavernous sinus tumors. They are dangerous tumors because of the risk of excessive bleeding, but they are easier to dissect from surrounding structures than meningiomas because of the presence of a pseudocapsule. Three cases where total
Dysregulated B cell expression of RANKL and OPG correlates with loss of bone mineral density in HIV infection.

HIV infection is associated with high rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We recently reported that bone loss in the HIV transgenic rat model was associated with upregulation of B cell expression of the key osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), compounded by a simultaneous decline in expression of its physiological moderator, osteoprotegerin (OPG). To clinically translate these findings we performed cross-sectional immuno-skeletal profiling of HIV-uninfected and antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected individuals. Bone resorption and osteopenia were significantly higher in HIV-infected individuals. B cell expression of RANKL was significantly increased, while B cell expression of OPG was significantly diminished, conditions favoring osteoclastic bone resorption. The B cell RANKL/OPG ratio correlated significantly with total hip and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD), T- and/or Z-scores in HIV infected subjects, but revealed no association at the lumbar spine. B cell subset analyses revealed significant HIV-related increases in RANKL-expressing naive, resting memory and exhausted tissue-like memory B cells. By contrast, the net B cell OPG decrease in HIV-infected individuals resulted from a significant decline in resting memory B cells, a population containing a high frequency of OPG-expressing cells, concurrent with a significant increase in exhausted tissue-like memory B cells, a population with a lower frequency of OPG-expressing cells. These data validate our pre-clinical findings of an immuno-centric mechanism for accelerated HIV-induced bone loss, aligned with B cell dysfunction.
Hymenolepis diminuta (order Cyclophyllidea): histochemical localization of glycogen, neutral lipid, and alkaline phosphatase in developing worms.

The distribution and concentration of glycogen, neutral lipid and alkaline phosphatase were studied histochemically in developmental stages of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Examination of immature, mature and gravid proglottids from worms of selected ages showed a general trend of increasing concentration of glycogen, neutral lipid and alkaline phosphatase from the anterior to the posterior of the worm. However, no significant difference was observed in the concentration of these substances in individual proglottid types from worms of various ages.
Carcinoid of Meckel's diverticulum. Report of a case and review of the literature.

A patient with carcinoid of Meckel's diverticulum, and a review of the literature are presented. Thirty-two of the patients were men and 8 were women. Their ages ranged from 12 to 80 years. Of the 37 in the 40 to 80 age group, 18 were in the age 50-59 group. Carcinoid of Meckel's diverticulum was an unsuspected and primarily incidental finding at autopsy and surgery in 19 and 21 cases respectively. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred in one patient from an ulcerated carcinoid. Five of the diverticula were the seat of diverticulitis. The carcinoid metastasized in 8 patients. The liver was secondarily involved in 7, the mesenteric lymph nodes in 3, and the lung and vertebrae in one instance each. Three of the women with hepatic metastases had the carcinoid syndrome. The male predominance in carcinoid of Meckel's diverticulum probably reflects the two- to threefold greater incidence of Meckel's diverticulum in men and the increased frequency of carcinoid of the small intestine in men. Prophylactic surgical resection of this embryological vestige is recommended whenever possible.
Wireless microsensors for health monitoring of structures

The integration of MEMS, IDTs (interdigital transducers) and required microelectronics and conformal antennas to realize programmable, robust and low cost passive microsensors suitable for many military structures and systems including aircraft, missiles and munitions is presented in this paper. The technology is currently being applied to the structural health monitoring of critical aircraft components. The approach integrates acoustic emission, strain gauges, MEMS accelerometers, gyroscopes and vibration monitoring devices with signal processing electronics to provide real-time indicators of incipient failure of aircraft components with a known history of catastrophic failure due to fracture. Recently a combination of the need for safety in the air and the desire to control costs is encouraging the use of in-flight monitoring of aircraft components and systems using light-weight, wireless and cost effective microsensors and MEMS. An in-situ Aircraft structural health monitoring (ASHM) system, with sensors embedded in the composite structure or surface-mounted on the structure, would permit the timely detection of damage in aircraft. Micromachining offers the potential for fabricating a range of microsensors and MEMS for structural applications including load, vibration and acoustics characterization and monitoring. Such microsensors are extremely small; they can be embedded into structural materials, can be mass-produced and are therefore potentially cheap. Additionally a range of sensor types can be integrated onto a single chip with built-in electronics and ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), providing a low power Microsystems. The smart sensors are being developed using the standard microelectronics and micromachining in conjunction with novel Penn State smart electronics or wireless communication systems suitable for condition monitoring of aircraft structures in-flight.
Digital image processing of vascular angiograms

The paper discusses the estimation of the degree of atherosclerosis in the human femoral artery through the use of a digital image processing system for vascular angiograms. The film digitizer uses an electronic image dissector camera to scan the angiogram and convert the recorded optical density information into a numerical format. Another processing step involves locating the vessel edges from the digital image. The computer has been programmed to estimate vessel abnormality through a series of measurements, some derived primarily from the vessel edge information and others from optical density variations within the lumen shadow. These measurements are combined into an atherosclerosis index, which is found in a post-mortem study to correlate well with both visual and chemical estimates of atherosclerotic disease.
Online Complex Action Learning and User State Estimation for Adaptive Dialogue Systems

Dialogue Systems (DS) have been rapidly evolving during the last few years. In order for them to be able to adapt to their surroundings and to individual users, researchers have focused on adaptation techniques, giving rise to the field of Adaptive Dialogue Systems (ADS). One important sub field of ADS is learning what the system should say or do next. Most of the work done in this direction assumes the system performs simple actions, rather than behaviours described by sub-dialogues, i.e. complex actions. To this end we propose a novel online algorithm that ranks complex actions according to their performance and selects the top-k performing ones. To the best of our knowledge there is currently no work describing methods to learn policies for complex actions in an online fashion. We also propose an online algorithm able to estimate the effects of system actions on the user's state, in order to make more informed decisions about which action to take and guide the learning algorithm towards a desired final user state. Our results show that the proposed complex action learning algorithm outperforms simple Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning algorithms and that we are able to successfully estimate the effect an action will have on the user's state, using emotional states as a case study.
Scanning Microwave Microscopy for Nanoscale Electrical Characterization

Recently, a highly sensitive imaging mode for, complex, calibrated electrical and spatial measurements was made available to atomic force microscope (AFM) users. Scanning microwave microscopy (SMM), an award-winning AFM mode of operation developed by Agilent Technologies, combines the comprehensive electrical measurement capabilities of a microwave vector network analyzer (VNA) with the nanoscale spatial resolution of an AFM.
Where is the effect of frequency in word production? Insights from aphasic picture-naming errors.

Some theories of lexical access in production locate the effect of lexical frequency at the retrieval of a word's phonological characteristics, as opposed to the prior retrieval of a holistic representation of the word from its meaning. Yet there is evidence from both normal and aphasic individuals that frequency may influence both of these retrieval processes. This inconsistency is especially relevant in light of recent attempts to determine the representation of another lexical property—age of acquisition or AoA—whose effect is similar to that of frequency. To further explore the representations of these lexical variables in the word retrieval system, we performed hierarchical, multinomial logistic regression analyses of 50 aphasic patients’ picture-naming responses. While both log frequency and AoA had a significant influence on patient accuracy and led to fewer phonologically related errors and omissions, only log frequency had an effect on semantically related errors. These results provide evidence f...
Effect of texture on the cold rolling behavior of an alpha-two titanium aluminide

The effect of the texture on the cold rolling behavior of an alpha-2 titanium aluminide, Ti-14AL-21Nb (wt pct), was investigated by measuring pole figures, Knoop hardness yield loci, tensile ductility, and the starting microstructure of a number of lots of the cold-rolled material. Results showed that measurements of tensile ductility do not necessarily correlate with the cold rolling performance. On the other hand, the Knoop hardness yield locus provides a convenient quality control tool to assess lot-to-lot variations in texture and plastic anisotropy, and hence to estimate the rollability of sheet and foil specimens. 8 refs.