cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ice Wine - Adaptive Down Parka

Ice Wine: Adaptive Down Parka, is a modifiable winter coat that mirrors performance features and aesthetics of non-adaptative outerwear yet ensures independence through easy dressing. Ice Wine features a zip-off lower portion that can go from fitting a person in a seated position to a knee-length parka suitable for people in a standing position. The adaptive lower is designed to not bunch at the waist, back, and sides. The easy-dress features in this parka include a magnetic close zipper and invisible zippers on the outer sleeves that make it easier for caregivers to assist in dressing. These features ensure that access to outerwear is not a barrier to participation in cold-weather activities for people with mobility limitations. The fabric was quilted by the designer using 600-fill power goose down, providing warmth without the weight. The designer developed this design using flat patternmaking and industrial sewing techniques.
Retooling Law Enforcement to Investigate and Prosecute Entrenched Corruption: Key Criminal Procedure Reforms for Indonesia and Other Nations

Economists, diplomats, and other experts frequently wonder why investigators and prosecutors are not more effective in catching and convicting corrupt officials in many developing nations. One reason is that investigators and prosecutors often do not have the authority to engage in the sort of tactics needed to tackle the unique challenges posed by complex public corruption cases. This Article offers key criminal procedure reforms to aid Indonesia and other nations.
Towards an Independent State Constitutional Jurisprudence II: Arkansas Supreme Court Rules State Constitution Requires Warning Prior to “Knock and Talk” Searches

This is a follow-up article to Towards an independent state constitutional jurisprudence, or, How to disagree with the Supreme Court and how not to, (2002 ARLN 1) in which Professor Adelman traced the evolution of the state constitutional jurisprudence of the Arkansas Supreme Court in its search and seizure decisions, from one in which no analysis independent of United States Supreme Court Fourth Amendment takes place, to one in which the Arkansas Supreme Court may determine for itself what is or is not an unreasonable search or seizure under the cognate state constitutional provision, Article 2, § 15 of the Arkansas Constitution. In both articles, the author notes that the Arkansas Supreme Court quickly learned and applied the lesson of Arkansas v. Sullivan, 532 U.S. 769 (2001) (per curiam) (state courts may not interpret the Fourth Amendment more expansively - i.e., so as to provide greater protection against unreasonable search and seizure - than the U.S. Supreme Court has), and has embraced, under the banner of “Judicial Federalism,” its own state constitutional prerogative to “carve out its own path and speak in its own voice.” This later article focuses primarily on State v. Brown, 156 S.W. 3d 722 (2004), in which the Arkansas Supreme Court parted company with the holding and the rationale of Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973)(Fourth Amendment does not require home dweller’s knowledge of the right to refuse consent to search as a prerequisite to a showing of voluntary consent). Instead, the Arkansas court, in accord with the supreme courts of several other states, held that under the Arkansas cognate state constitutional guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure, police engaging in the “knock and talk” procedure (simply showing up at someone’s dwelling, without warrant or probable cause to search, and asking the occupant to consent to a search of the premises) must first warn the occupant of the right to refuse consent, as an essential element of any voluntary consent to a “knock and talk” search. By clearly resting its holding on the state, rather than federal constitution, the state court effectively insulated its decision from Supreme Court review and reversal. The author concludes that the Arkansas Supreme Court, in the short time between the Sullivan and Brown decisions, quickly discovered, and learned how to flex, its newly found independent state constitutional muscles.
Capital Theory in Perspective

At several points in earlier chapters, reference has been made concerning the relationship of fluid capital to the capital notions of Hayek, Keynes, Schumpeter, and others. The purpose of this chapter is to examine these connections in greater detail. In doing this, I hope to provide readers not only with a better understanding of what is meant by fluid capital, but also to convince them that capital theory is still an extremely interesting and fruitful subject for research.
Cell-mediated immune responses to poliovirus. I. Conditions for induction, characterization of effector cells, and cross-reactivity between serotypes for delayed hypersensitivity and T cell proliferative responses.

Human polioviruses are categorized into three distinct serotypes (types 1, 2, and 3) based upon their reactivity with specific antibodies. Although a great deal of information has been amassed about the induction and characterization of poliovirus antibody responses, little is known about cell-mediated immunity to poliovirus and its role in protection. Here, we show that intracutaneous injection of ultraviolet light-inactivated poliovirus into the tailbase of BALB/c mice induces delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) and T-cell proliferative (Tprlf) responses. Both DTH and Tprlf responses to poliovirus are mediated by Ly-1high2-, L3T4-bearing T cells. Moreover, known serologic cross-reactivity (i.e., antibody-mediated) of poliovirus serotypes is not predictive of cross-reactivity between the cell-mediated immune responses.
Modal Satisfiability Is in Deterministic Linear Space

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in analyzing the space requirements for modal logics. In this paper, we prove that modal satisfiability is in deterministic linear space. This improves the best previously-known O(n log n) bound and it is the first linear space result in this area.
Evaluating Venture Technical Competence in Venture Capitalist Investment Decisions

Although much research emphasizes the importance of venture technical competence for venture success and, therefore, the importance of venture technical competence in venture capitalist VC investment decisions, we know little about why some VCs may be better than others at assessing the technical competence of ventures. We gathered unique and proprietary data from 33 VCs and 308 ventures that sought Series A funding from those VCs. We show that VC assessment of ventures predicts VC investment, and venture technical competence predicts subsequent venture failure. This means that VCs that overassess ventures are more likely to invest in firms that are more likely to fail. We then show that higher VC technical competence leads to lower errors in assessment, but that greater similarity between the VC and venture in technical competence leads to higher assessments, ceteris paribus. We thus conclude that VC competence enhances the accuracy of VC assessments, but similarity in technical competence between VCs and ventures may lead to positive assessment bias. This paper was accepted by Sandra Slaughter, information systems.
On the Difficulties of Generalization – PCAOB in the Footsteps of Myers , Humphrey’s Executor , Morrison and Freytag

The Supreme Court’s decision last June in Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board is torn between general principle and particularity in considering important questions of separation of powers in American constitutional law – just as had been an earlier decision that, in some respects, it both repudiated and modeled, Freytag v. Commissioner. Indeed, the same problems live in two earlier cases that are staples of the administrative law and separation of powers repertoire, Myers v. United States and Humphrey’s Executor v. United States. The Supreme Court has a long history of reaching sensible results in its assessments of congressional choices about the structures of government, while having the deuce of a time explaining them. It has taken later developments to pick up the pieces. Its Free Enterprise Fund decision is only the most recent exhibit in this right-minded but inelegantly reasoned chain of opinions. The essay reviews the tensions between holding and explanation in the earlier cases, and then turns to the PCAOB decision. On the general question what the Constitution provides about the relationship between President and the Departments of executive government, in some respects matters are more settled than they had been at the beginning of the year. All nine Justices placed the independent regulatory commissions where they should be – not a “headless fourth branch,” but elements of the executive branch in a different – but necessary – oversight relationship with the President. The Supreme Court’s most important function, as Charles Black once remarked, lies in its validation of Congress’s choices, not the opposite. But the majority opinion strangely refuses to say, flat out, that its conclusion entailed a presidential right to demand “Opinions in writing” from the SEC – the one authority Article II of the Constitution explicitly gives the President over the acts of domestic agencies – even as its holding reasons from the necessity of effective presidential oversight of executive action. And it seems unwilling to choose between saying that Congress may not place a for-cause-protected institution within another for-cause-protected institution, an untroubling proposition, and saying that Congress may not give for-cause protection to any “inferior officer” serving in a for-cause-protected institution, an unsettling proposition. Can Congress not protect the Inspector General of the SEC in the same way as it protects the Inspector General of the Department of Justice? The Court’s approach to such issues would be greatly improved by pragmatic attention to reality and detail.
Dynamic Analysis by Extra Fast Fourier Transform

A method based on the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is presented for evaluating the dynamic response of any discrete, time invariant, linear system to an excitation, the spatial distribution of which is constant and the timewise variation of which may be represented by a string of equally spaced impulses of arbitrary magnitudes. In addition to being faster and more efficient than available DFT approaches, the method may be adopted to the processing of arbitrarily long excitations as a series of short, independent segments. The length of the individual segments may be chosen to optimize computational efficiency. The method consists of taking advantage of the periodicity implicit in the DFT approach and evaluating first the response of the system to a periodic extension of the excitation. A simple corrective solution is then superposed which converts the periodic response to the desired transient response. The method is illustrated by two numerical examples.
Epidemiology of “Heart Failure with Recovered Ejection Fraction”: What do we do After Recovery?

Improvement in functional status, long-term survival, and quality of life has always been the goal of therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Neurohormonal modulating medications help patients achieve these goals and, in a subgroup of patients, can promote “reverse remodeling” resulting in the recovery of left ventricular systolic function. In the era of durable mechanical support, myocardial recovery that leads to explantation of the ventricular assist device occurs in a minority of cases. Optimal medical therapy appears to be a key component of achieving myocardial recovery, with recovery more likely in patients with a shorter duration of heart failure and a non-ischemic etiology. However, little is known about future management of patients who attain myocardial recovery, either with or without mechanical support. This review explores the epidemiology, physiology, cellular biology, and long-term outcomes for this subgroup of heart failure patients and outlines areas for future study.
Evolution of Electronic Properties of Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGS)-Based Solar Cells During a 3-stage Growth Process

We investigated the electronic properties of ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo/SLG polycrystalline thin-film solar cells with compositions ranging from Cu-rich to In(Ga)-rich by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. This compositional change represents the evolution of the film during growth by the 3-stage process. Two sets (four samples each) of CIGS thin films were prepared with Ga/(In+Ga) ratios of ∼0.3 (low Ga) and ∼0.6 (high Ga). The Cu/(In+Ga) ratio ranges from 1.24 (Cu-rich) to 0.88 (In(Ga)-rich). The films were treated with NaCN to remove the Cu 2-x Se phase where needed. Key results include: (1) For lowGa devices, DLTS data show that acceptor-like traps dominate in samples where CIGS grains do not go through the Cu-rich to In(Ga)-rich transition, whereas donor-like traps dominate in In(Ga)-rich samples. Therefore, we see a clear transformation of defects from acceptor-like to donor-like traps. The activation energies of these traps range from 0.12 to 0.63 eV. We also observed that NaCN treatment eliminates a deep minority trap in the In(Ga)-rich devices, (2) For high-Ga devices, only majority-carrier traps were detected. These traps again range from shallow to deep, (3) The carrier concentration around the junction and the density of traps decrease as the CIGS becomes more In(Ga)-rich.
Prostaglandin and cimetidine inhibit the formation of ulcers produced by parenteral salicylates.

Abstract Antral ulcers were produced in unanesthetized rats in 3 hr by simultaneous intravenous administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and gastric perfusion with 0.15 m HCl. Intravenous infusion of ASA alone or gastric perfusion with HCl alone produced no antral ulcers. Plasma salicylate levels ranged from 250 to 350 μg ml −1 , 16-16 Dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 (DMPGE 2 ) (0.04, 0.40, 4.0 μg kg −1 hr −1 ) and cimetidine (10, 50 mg kg −1 hr −1 ) significantly decreased the severity of antral ulcers in a dose-dependent fashion. In a separate group of unanesthetized rats prepared with gastric fistula and pylorus ligation, pepsin output during administration of parenteral ASA and gastric perfusion of HCl was reduced by the highest doses of 16-16 DMPGE 2 and cimetidine. However, addition of exogenous pepsin to the HCl perfusate had no effect on the inhibition of ulceration afforded by 16-16 DMPGE 2 and cimetidine. We conclude that both 16-16 DMPGE 2 and cimetidine protect antral mucosa against injury by parenteral ASA plus topical HCl by some means other than their effect on acid and pepsin output.
Value Chain Linkages and the Spillover Effects of Strategic Information Technology Alignment: A Process-Level View

The alignment of information technology IT and business strategy is a perennial challenge for corporate executives. While earlier studies confirm the value of alignment, there is still some question as to how alignment creates value and the level at which value is created. In this research, we use a series of theoretical arguments based on the interconnected structure of the value chain to consider the extended effects of alignment at the process level. Since processes are often linked to create a complex chain of activities, the absence or presence of alignment in any process could have implications for business performance elsewhere in the value chain. Minimally aligned processes can not only disrupt performance within the focal process, but their effects may also be felt further downstream in the form of bottlenecks and a diminution in the business value of IT. Using a simplified form of the value chain and data from matched surveys of business and IT executives at 317 U.S. and EU firms, we examine how the effects of alignment on a given process spill over into processes further downstream, creating higher IT business value in those downstream processes. We also show that these spillover effects continue along the length of the value chain and do not diminish based on distance from the focal process. Our results reinforce the call for firms to improve the fit between business and IT strategy by showing how efforts to improve alignment in a given process can deliver a stream of benefits along the value chain. This research provides a fresh perspective on the value of alignment, facilitating a deeper understanding and appreciation of the link between strategic IT alignment and firm performance.
Photocatalytic water oxidation with suspended alpha-Fe2O3 particles-effects of nanoscaling

Alpha-Fe2O3 is cheap and abundant, and has a visible light indirect (phonon assisted) band gap of 2.06 eV (600 nm) due to a d–d transition, and a direct band gap at 3.3 eV (375 nm), associated with the ligand to metal charge transfer process. Here we describe results on using freely dispersed Fe2O3 nanocrystals for photocatalytic water oxidation. Three morphologies of hematite were compared, including bulk-type-α-Fe2O3 (Bulk-Fe2O3, 120 nm), ultrasonicated Bulk-Fe2O3 (Sonic-Fe2O3, 44 nm), and synthetic Fe2O3 (Nano-Fe2O3, 5.4 nm) obtained by hydrolysis of FeCl3·6H2O. According to X-ray diffraction, all phases were presented in the alpha structure type, with Nano-Fe2O3 also containing traces of β-FeOOH. UV/Vis diffuse reflectance revealed an absorption edge near 600 nm (EG = 2.06 eV) for all materials. Cyclic voltammetry gave the water oxidation overpotentials (versusNHE at pH = 7, at 1.0 mA cm−2) as η = +0.43 V for Nano-Fe2O3, η = +0.63 V for Sonic-Fe2O3, and η = +0.72 V for Bulk-Fe2O3. Under UV and visible irradiation from a 300 W Xe-arc lamp, all three materials (5.6 mg) evolved O2 from water with 20.0 mM aqueous AgNO3 as sacrificial electron acceptor. The highest rates were obtained under UV/Vis (>250 nm) irradiation with 250 μmol h−1 g−1 for Bulk-Fe2O3, 381 μmol h−1 g−1 for Sonic-Fe2O3 and 1072 μmol h−1 g−1 for Nano-Fe2O3. Turnover numbers (TON = moles O2/moles Fe2O3) were above unity for Nano-Fe2O3 (1.13) and Sonic-Fe2O3 (1.10) but not for Bulk-Fe2O3 (0.49), showing that the nanoscale morphology was beneficial for catalytic activity.
Self-recognition in the coordination-driven self-assembly of three-dimensional M3L2 polyhedra.

Self-recognition in the coordination-driven self-assembly of three-dimensional (3-D) polyhedra is described. Multiple discrete 3-D polyhedra were formed in one vessel through the self-recognition of a mixture of subunits. The dynamic self-recognition process is determined by the information stored within the geometry and directionality of multiple rigid building blocks as well as the thermodynamic stability of the discrete products.
Amphetamine-induced sensitization and release of dopamine in slices from the ventral tegmental area of rats is enhanced following administration of cholera toxin into the ventral tegmental area.

Abstract Administration of cholera toxin (CTX) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) markedly potentiates the development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Experiments were conducted to determine whether this phenomenon is associated with altered dopamine release from the VTA and nucleus accumbens (NAC). Adult, male rats received bilateral injections of CTX (0–1 μ g) or its vehicle into the VTA. Half of the animals then received four injections of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) given every other day, while the other half received no additional treatments. In both groups, locomotor responses to amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) were measured on experimental day 18. One day later, amphetamine-induced [ 3 H]dopamine release was measured in tissue slices of the VTA and NAC. Amphetamine-induced locomotor activity was augmented in rats receiving 0.5 or 1.0 μ g intra-VTA CTX pretreatment and the repeated amphetamine regimen. Amphetamine-induced [ 3 H]dopamine release was increased from VTA but not NAC slices obtained from animals showing this behavioral sensitization. Thus, intra-VTA CTX treatment facilitates sensitization to low doses of repeated amphetamine which appears to be associated with the increased ability of this psychostimulant to release dopamine in the VTA.
Closed loop trajectory control of walking machines

La commande de la trajectoire globale des machines qui marchent est etudiee avec une attention particuliere aux consequences de la redondance de l'actionneur pour la commande et a l'inclusion de la dynamique de l'actionneur dans la conception du systeme de commande de trajectoire. Un mecanisme est propose pour reduire l'effet de couplage entre les differentes boucles de commande de trajectoire, avec une procedure pour prendre en compte approximativement l'effet de la dynamique de l'actionneur dans la conception des systemes de commande de trajectoire
The regional forcing of Northern hemisphere drought during recent warm tropical west Pacific Ocean La Niña events

Northern Hemisphere circulations differ considerably between individual El Nino-Southern Oscillation events due to internal atmospheric variability and variation in the zonal location of sea surface temperature forcing over the tropical Pacific Ocean. This study examines the similarities between recent Northern Hemisphere droughts associated with La Nina events and anomalously warm tropical west Pacific sea surface temperatures during 1988–1989, 1998–2000, 2007–2008 and 2010–2011 in terms of the hemispheric-scale circulations and the regional forcing of precipitation over North America and Asia during the cold season of November through April. The continental precipitation reductions associated with recent central Pacific La Nina events were most severe over North America, eastern Africa, the Middle East and southwest Asia. High pressure dominated the entire Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and weakened and displaced storm tracks northward over North America into central Canada. Regionally over North America and Asia, the position of anomalous circulations within the zonal band of mid-latitude high pressure varied between each La Nina event. Over the northwestern and southeastern United States and southern Asia, the interactions of anomalous circulations resulted in consistent regional temperature advection, which was subsequently balanced by similar precipitation-modifying vertical motions. Over the central and northeastern United States, the spatial variation of anomalous circulations resulted in modest inter-seasonal temperature advection variations, which were balanced by varying vertical motion and precipitation patterns. Over the Middle East and eastern Africa, the divergence of moisture and the advection of dry air due to anomalous circulations enhanced each of the droughts.
Dietary Patterns, Smoking, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Complex Association

Diet and cigarette smoking are key determinants of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The associations of some nutrients/foods with CVD are unclear, however, and the dietary pattern approach may better inform the relationships. Furthermore, diet and smoking often occur together as part of lifestyle patterns. In this article, studies that evaluated the associations of dietary patterns and smoking status with CVD as well as relationships between lifestyle patterns and CVD were reviewed. Evidence supports the protective role of plant-based dietary patterns for coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular mortality among nonsmokers and smokers. The interrelationships of dietary patterns and smoking status on subclinical CVD, stroke, hypertension, heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease are inconclusive. Dietary patterns high in refined grains, meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages are harmful, especially for smokers. A healthy lifestyle protects against CAD, hypertension, and cardiovascular mortality, and probably stroke. More prospective studies in diverse populations would be beneficial.
The strategies of small and large international specialists

Abstract Falling trade barriers and corporate restructuring are resulting in the creation of international specialists, firms that focus on one line of business but with an international scope. International specialists compose the growing middle ground between diversified multinational companies and local firms. This study of 41 firms identifies two types—large and small international specialists—that differ substantially in their governance structures, resources, functional strategy, and approach to international markets. Large international specialists have abundant resources and high growth expectations, make a concerted push to dominate worldwide markets, and increase their reach over multiple stages of their industry. Small international specialists do not have strong growth motivations. They are upstream players that outsource extensively, serve intermediate users, and enter international markets selectively in ways that conserve their limited resources. Managers should consider the strategic option of becoming an international specialist in addition to the known strategic alternatives of being a domestic or a diversified multinational firm. To become international specialists, strategists need to implement several, consistent actions across functions that reinforce one another.
Modal control with feedback-gain constraints

The paper examines the optimal selection of feedback-gain matrices to achieve pole-placement objectives. The modal-control technique of Simon and Mitter and Retallack and MacFarlane is adapted for computer realisation. Further, a sequential feedback-gain-selection technique designed to approach the minimum of a gain-matrix norm functional is developed. Several examples are included for illustration. A computer program of the algorithm is available from the authors.
An effective mathematics and science curriculum option for secondary gifted education

Project Ga‐GEMS (Georgia's Project for Gifted Education in Math and Science) viewed the effect that placement in an integrated, hands‐on mathematics and science curriculum had on the achievement of academically talented high school students. For a two‐year period of time, students gifted in the areas of mathematics and science participated in a curriculum which incorporated higher‐level thinking skills and more real life laboratory experiences into mutually reinforcing mathematics and science lessons. After the conclusion of the two‐year program, Ga‐GEMS participants and a control group were given the mathematics and science sections of the ACT as they exited the tenth grade. The Ga‐GEMS students scored significantly higher on the Science Math Total, Pre‐Algebra/Elementary Algebra, Intermediate Algebra/Coordinate Geometry and Plane Geometry/Trigonometry sections of the ACT. To determine if the Ga‐GEMS students retained their higher scores throughout high school the SAT scores of both groups were compared ...
LESS IS MORE: CAPTURING THE ESSENTIAL DATA NEEDED FOR RAPID SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

In order to improve customer satisfaction and reduce systems development cycle time, engineering organizations must enhance their requirements capture and management capabilities. This means using formally specified and prioritized user requirements to drive technical development and supplying management with the information needed to make and implement decisions. Most system development processes define their inputs and outputs in the form of documents, instead of the essential data consumed or generated. These documents tend to weave together user and system requirements with architecture and design concepts which result in an unstructured set of information. To remedy this situation, an information structure has been developed, that will hold the essential data needed to support system development. This paper describes the motivation, components, and implementation of a requirements and decision management information structure, which includes requirements, decisions, rationale, and other key marketing, management, and engineering information, to support systems engineering improvement efforts.
Colony-level single-sex alate production inPheidole ceres andPheidole pilifera (Formicidae: Myrmicinae)

Patterns of colony-level reproductive investment were estimated inPheidole ceres andP. pilifera. Both species exhibited strong degrees of colony-level, single-sex alate production, but differed in the extent to which colonies produced only one sex. The proportion of reproductive investment allocated to males was negatively correlated to the total reproductive allocation in both species.
A new species of Comocladia (Anacardiaceae) from Belize and Guatemala

Comocladia mayana, a new species of Anacardiaceae, is described, mapped and illustrated. The species is endemic to western Belize and adjacent Guatemala and is restricted to semi-deciduous moist forest on karstic limestone formations. It differs from all other Comocladia species by the combination of entire to subentire, acuminate leaflets and tetramerous staminate flowers.
A concept analysis of palliative care in the United States

Purpose. The purpose of this analysis is to trace the evolution of the concept of palliative in the United States, explicate its meanings, and draw comparisons with other related concepts such as hospice care and terminal care. Methods. Rodgers’ evolutionary method was used as an organizing framework for the concept analysis. Data were collected from a review of CINAHL, MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, PsycINFO and Sociological Abstracts databases using ‘palliative care’ and ‘United States’ as keywords. Articles written in the English language, with an abstract, published between 1965 and 2003 were considered. Data were synthesized to identify attributes, antecedents and consequences of palliative care. Findings. There has been a significant evolution in understanding of the palliative care concept in the United States over the last few decades, which has resulted in the emergence of new models of palliative care. Four attributes of the current palliative care concept were identified: (1) total, active and individualized patient care, (2) support for the family, (3) interdisciplinary teamwork and (4) effective communication. Results reinforce that cure and palliation are not mutually exclusive categories. Conclusions. The scope of palliative care has evolved to include a wide range of patient populations who may not be appropriately termed ‘dying’ but for whom alleviation of suffering and improvement of quality of life may be very relevant goals. The ultimate success of the new models of palliative care will eventually rest upon the commitment of health professionals to recognize and integrate the changing concept of palliative care into everyday practice.
Spatio-temporal analysis of a Nonlinear Sandwich's switching behavior

Abstract We studied the spatio-temporal switching behavior of an all-optical Nonlinear Sandwich for the case of a negative (thermal) nonlinearity. The results indicate the potential applications of this device for energy limiting, prepulse suppression, pulse shortening and pulse shaping.
Mechanical aspects of apoptosome assembly

Killing a cell through apoptosis ultimately rests on the mechanical destruction of the structure and function of cellular machineries. Understanding the mechanics of one particular function is usually the last step in our quest to decipher the underlying molecular mechanism. Execution of apoptosis is initiated by the activation of initiator caspases, which is mediated by specific adaptor protein complexes generally known as apoptosomes. This review discusses the assembly, structure and function of the heptameric Apaf-1 apoptosome, the tetrameric CED-4 complex, the octameric Dark apoptosome, and the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC).
DNA Binding of the Transformed Guinea Pig Hepatic Ah Receptor Complex: Identification and Partial Characterization of 2 High-Affinity DNA-Binding Forms

We have examined and characterized the binding of transformed guinea pig hepatic Ah receptor to its specific DNA recognition site, the dioxin-responsive element (DRE), using gel retardation analysis. Saturation binding analysis of transformed TCDD:AhR complexes were indicative of a single high-affinity binding site (Kd = 2.5 +/- 0.8 nM); however, DNA-binding analysis revealed the presence of two distinct TCDD-inducible protein-DRE complexes. Sucrose gradient centrifugation and subsequent gel retardation analysis of the fractions demonstrated a similarity in the distribution of [3H]TCDD-specific binding and TCDD-inducible protein-DNA complex formation, supporting the presence of the AhR in both complexes. In addition, the formation of both DNA-binding complexes exhibited the same nucleotide specificity previously determined for the AhR complex. Since labeling studies using a radio-iodinated photoaffinity dioxin agonist demonstrated that guinea pig cytosol contains a single ligand binding subunit of 105 kDa, the difference in migration of the complexes is due to other proteins associated with each complex. Overall, our results demonstrate the presence of two distinct high affinity DNA-binding forms of transformed guinea pig AhR complex which exhibit similar DNA-binding affinity and nucleotide specificity.
Estimation of a spatial simultaneous equation model of population migration and housing price dynamics

Abstract Identifying the local interactions between housing prices and population migration is complicated by their simultaneous and spatially interdependent relationship. Higher housing prices may repel households and push them into neighboring areas, suggesting that separately identifying interactions within versus across local neighborhoods is important. Aggregate data and standard econometric models are unable to address the multiple identification problems that may arise from the simultaneity, spatial interaction, and unobserved spatial autocorrelation. Such problems can generate biased estimates that run counter to economic theory. Using Michigan census tract-level data, we estimate a spatial simultaneous equations model that jointly considers population change and housing values, while also explicitly modeling interactions within neighborhoods, spatial interactions across neighborhoods, and controlling for unobserved spatial correlations. After controlling for simultaneity and spatial autocorrelation, the results show that neighborhoods are likely to experience an increase in their housing values if they gain population and they are more likely to lose population if they experience an increase in housing values. Our results are consistent with theory and underscore the importance of accounting for spatial interdependencies between population change and housing values.
Preparation of [35S]sulfobromophthalein of high specific activity.

Study of the hepatocyte transport mechanism of organic anions such as bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein has been limited by the relatively low specific activities of these ligands. [3H] Bilirubin and [35S] sulfobromophthalein have been available with specific activities of only approximately 100 mCi/mmol. We now report a relatively simple procedure to prepare [35S] sulfobromophthalein at a specific activity of approximately 3000 mCi/mmol. This compound is radiochemically pure and serves as a tracer for authentic sulfobromophthalein as judged by chromatography, hepatocyte uptake, metabolism, and biliary excretion. Use of this material as a photoaffinity probe and as a transported ligand may permit dissection and understanding of its transport mechanism.
Experiments on active control of acoustic radiation due to a clamped edge on a semi-infinite beam

Abstract Active control of acoustic radiation from a "semi-infinite" beam clamped at one end is studied experimentally. The beam is excited by subsonic flexural travelling waves which "scatter" (or produce reflected travelling and near-field waves) when they encounter the clamped discontinuity. The main purpose of these experiments is to demonstrate control of the acoustic radiation from the beam by actively changing the characteristics of the "scattered" waves with control actuators. The beam is disturbed by a harmonic input from a point force shaker. Control actuators, in the form of shakers or piezoelectric actuators, are attached to the beam near the clamped discontinuity. An error microphone is positioned in the acoustic field which supplies an error signal to a digital controller. The digital controller employed is the Filtered-X version of the adaptive LMS algorithm. An array of accelerometers is attached to the beam in order to obtain the out-of-plane displacement amplitude of the vibrating system. Applying a spatial Fourier transform, the wavenumber spectrum is calculated and used to describe the far-field radiated pressure. Experimental results are compared with related theoretical predictions. Experimental and theoretical results show that large attenuation at the error microphone is possible along with global attenuation of the acoustic field. Control is shown to be associated with reductions and changes in the shape of the vibration distribution near the discontinuity; the vibrational magnitudes away from the discontinuity are left largely unchanged.
On contract-and-refine transformations between phylogenetic trees

The inference of evolutionary trees using approaches which attempt to solve the maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) optimization problems is a standard part of much of biological data analysis. However, both problems are hard to solve: MP provably NP-hard, and ML even harder in practice. Consequently, hill-climbing heuristics are used to analyze datasets for phylogeny reconstruction. Two primary topological transformations have been used in the most popular heuristics: TBR (tree-bisection-and-reconnection) and ECR (edge-contractions-and-refinements). While most of the popular heuristics exclusively use TBR moves to explore tree space, some recent methods have used ECR in conjunction with TBR and found significant improvements in the speed and accuracy with which they can analyze datasets. In this paper we analyze ECR moves in detail, and provide results on the diameter of the tree space, the neighborhood intersection with TBR, structural analysis of the ECR operation, and an efficient method for sampling uniformly from the 2-ECR neighborhood of a tree. Our results should lead to a better understanding of the impact of ECR moves on the performance of heuristic searches.
Nasal Septal Perforation: A Complication of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

• We report a case of nasal septal perforation in a premature infant. The infant weighed 820 g and had been receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) intermittently for 17 days because of severe hyaline membrane disease and apnea. Ulceration and pressure necrosis of the septal mucosa preceded the perforation. Application of CPAP in the neonatal period should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses in infants with nasal septal perforation. ( Arch Otolaryngol 104:473, 1978)
Educators’ Perceived Importance of Web 2.0 Technology Applications

This research study was designed to examine the degree of perceived importance of interactive technology applications among various groups of certified educators; the degree to which education professionals utilized interactive online technology applications and to determine if there was a significant difference between the different groups based on demographic data. Overall, certified education professionals felt virtual learning networks, video sharing and online event scheduling were the most important educational Web 2.0 applications; while, social bookmarks, social networks and music were the least important. The overall sum score for the perceived level of importance for the Web 2.0 applications by business educators as compared to all educators was significant at the .05 level, F (1, 811) = 4.4622, p = .035 and by physical/health educators as compared to all educators was significant at the .05 level, F (1, 812) = 11.186, p = .001 . Current position, gender, age, type of school, highest degree and certification level were all significant for the perceived level of educational importance of the Web 2.0 applications.
Twenty Years of Timing SS 433

We present observations of the optical "moving lines" in spectra of the Galactic relativistic jet source SS 433 spread over a 20 year baseline from 1979 to 1999. The redshift/blueshift of the lines reveal the apparent precession of the jet axis in SS 433, and we present a new determination of the precession parameters based on these data. We investigate the amplitude and nature of time- and phase-dependent deviations from the kinematic model for the jet precession, including an upper limit on any precessional period derivative of < 5 × 10-5. We also discuss the implications of these results for the origins of the relativistic jets in SS 433.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Sr3MgMO6(M=Pt, Ir, Rh)

Abstract The one-dimensional compounds Sr3MgMO6(M=Pt, Ir, Rh) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data. All three compounds are isostructural with the rombohedral K4CdCl6-type structure (space groupR 3 c;Z=6; Sr3MgPtO6:a=9.6481(5) A, c=11.1169(7) A; Sr3MgIrO6, a=9.6661(3) A; c=11.1028 A; Sr3MgRhO6, a=9.6526(6) A, c=11.0184(7) A). The structure consists of infinite one-dimensional chains of alternating face-sharedMO6octahedra (M=Pt, Ir, Rh) and MgO6trigonal prisms. The strontium cations are located in a distorted square antiprismatic environment. Magnetic susceptibility data show that both Sr3MgIrO6and Sr3MgRhO6obey the Curie–Weiss law withθ=−6(1) K, andθ=−15(3) K, respectively.
THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF PROLIFERATED BILE DUCTULAR CELLS.

Abstract To investigate the origin and fate of proliferated bile ductules in chronic hepatic injury, autoradiography was applied to demonstrate transfer of tritiated thymidine label from one cell type to another. Such a transfer could not be demonstrated, and it was concluded that: 1. (1) Ductules produced by chronic hepatic injury do not derive from hepatocytes, mesenchymal cells, or bile duct epithelial cells. They represent a distinct cell type which probably originates from pre-existing ductules (canal of Hering). 2. (2) Proliferated tubular structures produced by bile duct ligation do not originate from preexisting ductules, but rather are outgrowths of bile duct epithelium. 3. (3) Ductular cells disappear by cell death and are not transformed into other cell types.
Dilemmas of Fieldwork in Policy Research: A Critique

When asked to serve as a critic, one's primary responsibility is to draw together the themes and conclusions of articles or papers addressing a topic of common interest. This should be a relatively unproblematical task, yet it does not always prove to be so. Oftentimes there exists a wide discrepancy between the theme chosen for a symposium or special issue and the actual content of the papers. Hence, the job becomes difficult because the critic must attempt to reconcile the divergent issues addressed. Happily, such a dilemma does not exist in the articles comprising this special issue of AEQ. All focus well on the theme of the unique and sometimes problematic experiences of fieldwork in policy settings. I will organize my comments around three topics, explicitly or implicitly identified in the articles: role, reciprocity, and research ethics. At the end of my discussion I will argue that these topics are highly intertwined, and I will suggest that the issues on which they focus may be in need of reexamination. Role
Modeling of photochemical vapor deposition of epitaxial silicon using an ArF excimer laser

Low temperature silicon epitaxy has been achieved at substrate temperatures ranging from 250 degree(s)C to 350 degree(s)C using the 193 nm output of ArF excimer laser to generate reactive growth precursors by photolytic decomposition of Si2H6. Growth rate dependencies on substrate temperature, Si2H6 partial pressure, laser photon flux density, and beam-to-substrate distance are presented. A simple expression for the growth rate as a function of process parameters can be obtained by considering the single-photon absorption rate of Si2H6 at the ArF excimer laser wavelength of 193 nm, and the gas kinetic transport of the resulting photofragments to the substrate surface. With the beam tangentially positioned approximately 1 mm from the substrate, a large percentage (7 +/- 1%) of the silicon available from the excited Si2H6 contributes to film formation. As the beam is moved away from the substrate, the chemical reaction rate of the growth precursors becomes significant with respect to the diffusion rate and the growth rate is observed to decrease. By tilting the laser beam to provide a normally incident component striking the substrate surface, the dangling bond density of the surface can be increased by photon assisted H desorption and growth rates are observed to increase. At substrate temperatures less than 400 degree(s)C, the growth rate is weakly dependent on temperatures with an activation energy of approximately equals 0.05 eV, whereas for temperatures above 400 degree(s)C, film deposition becomes dominated by pyrolytic decomposition of Si2H6 with an activation energy of approximately equals 1.2 eV.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Diffusion in the Endoplasmic Reticulum of an Aquaporin-2 Mutant Causing Human Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Abstract Mutations in the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel cause the hereditary renal disease nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). The missense mutation AQP2-T126M causes human recessive NDI by retention at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of renal epithelial cells. To determine whether the ER retention of AQP2-T126M is due to relative immobilization in the ER, we measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching the intramembrane mobility of green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras containing human wild-type and mutant AQP2. In transfected LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells, GFP-labeled AQP2-T126M was localized to the ER, and wild-type AQP2 to endosomes and the plasma membrane; both were localized to the ER after brefeldin A treatment. Photobleaching with image detection indicated that the GFP-AQP2 chimeras were freely mobile throughout the ER. Quantitative spot photobleaching revealed a diffusion-dependent irreversible process whose recovery depended on spot size and was abolished by paraformaldehyde fixation. In addition, a novel slow reversible fluorescence recovery (t ∼2 s) was characterized whose recovery was independent of spot size and not affected by fixation. AQP2 translational diffusion in the ER was not slowed by the T126M mutation; diffusion coefficients were (in cm2/s × 10− 10) 2.6 ± 0.5 (wild-type) and 3.0 ± 0.4 (T126M). Much faster diffusion was found for a lipid probe (diOC4(3), 2.7 × 10− 8cm2/s) in the ER membrane and for unconjugated GFP in the aqueous ER lumen (6 × 10− 8cm2/s). ER diffusion of GFP-T126M was not significantly affected by up-regulation of molecular chaperones, cAMP activation, or actin filament disruption. ATP depletion by 2-deoxyglucose and azide resulted in comparable slowing/immobilization of wild-type and T126M AQP2. These results indicate that the ER retention of AQP2-T126M does not result from restricted or slowed mobility and suggest that the majority of AQP2-T126M is not aggregated or bound to slowly moving membrane proteins.
Experimental study of film condensation on horizontal grooved tubes

Abstract Experiments are reported for condensation of steam on horizontal grooved tubes of 1.9 cm diameter with 14.2 grooves/cm (36 tpi Standard American Screw Thread). Three tube wall materials were used: copper, brass and 70–30 cupronickel. The effect of noncondensable gas was investigated for steam-air mixtures in downward forced flow. Heat transfer enhancements of up to a factor of 5.5 were obtained with the brass tube. The deleterious effect of noncondensable gas proved to be no more serious than for smooth tubes. An overhead drip rate of up to ten equivalent tubes caused no significant decrease in heat transfer.