cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The establishment of the cartilage pattern in the embryonic chick wing, and evidence for a role of the dorsal and ventral ectoderm in normal wing development

Abstract Previous investigations have indicated that the limb bud behaves as a mosaic after some experimental manipulations and regulates after others. In light of new maps of the prospective cartilage-forming regions of the chick wing, we have reinvestigated the stability of the limb pattern by two experimental procedures. First, the prospective long bone regions were excised to examine the ability of the cells outside of the prospective long bone regions to form normal long bones. Second, the mesoderm, mesoderm + dorsal and ventral ectoderm, or dorsal ectoderm (with a small amount of subjacent mesoderm) of the prospective elbow region were rotated 180° to examine the ability of the limb to control and regulate the differentiation of the cells in the limb. We can conclude from these experiments that the cartilage-forming regions of the limb mesoderm gradually become stabilized between stage 22 and stage 24, and that the stabilization is due to the advanced state of differentiation and to the decreased rate of cell division after stage 22. In addition, the dorsal and ventral ectoderm have been shown to aid in stabilization of the cartilage pattern and to influence the development of the humerus. We conclude that the dorsal and ventral ectoderm play a significant role in limb development.
High-spin excitations in Ru nuclei near N=60

The level structures of several Ru isotopes near $A=104$ have been studied in the fission of the compound nucleus ${}^{197}\mathrm{Pb},$ formed in the ${}^{24}{\mathrm{Mg}\mathrm{}+}^{173}\mathrm{}\mathrm{Yb}$ reaction at 134.5 MeV. A sequence of five transitions, observed in coincidence with known transitions in the ${}^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$ and ${}^{87}\mathrm{Sr}$ complementary fragments, has been assigned to ${}^{105}\mathrm{Ru}.$ Comparison with the neighboring odd-mass Ru isotopes supports assignment of this sequence as built on the ${h}_{11/2}$ excitation in ${}^{105}\mathrm{Ru}.$ The positive-parity band built on the ${7/2}^{+}$ state of ${}^{103}\mathrm{Ru}$ has been extended above the backbending induced by the alignment of two ${h}_{11/2}$ neutrons. In addition, the ground-state bands of ${}^{104}\mathrm{Ru}$ and ${}^{106}\mathrm{Ru}$ have been extended to higher spins.
Comparative performance of cooperatives and investor-owned firms in US food industries

The comparative financial performance of cooperatives and investor-owned firms (IOFs) in the fruit and vegetable processing and the dairy industries was analyzed for the years 1976 through 1987. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the cooperatives in both industries were found to perform as well as or better than the comparable IOFs by profitability, leverage, and interest coverage measures. No clear evidence was found of the hypothesized overinvestment in fixed assets or pronounced moral hazard behavior in cooperatives. The lack of significant differences in profitability between the two types of firms suggests that cooperatives may be following goals similar to IOFs.
Fetal endocrine and renal responses to in utero ventilation and umbilical cord occlusion.

Objective: Fetal to neonatal transition involves a myriad of endocrine and renal adaptive changes triggered by multiple simultaneous stimuli. We examined the extent to which ventilation and umbilical cord occlusion have an impact on the many endocrine and renal function changes in fetal sheep at 133 ± 1 day of gestation. Study Design: Nine fetuses were chronically prepared with an endotracheal tube, vascular and bladder catheters, and an inflatable umbilical cord occluder. After a 2-hour control period fetuses were treated with commercially prepared surfactant and ventilated with 100% oxygen. One hour after the onset of stable ventilation the umbilical cord was occluded and the animals were monitored for 3-hours. Results: In response to ventilation fetal arterial P O 2 increased (18 ± 1 to 86 ± 29 mm Hg) and remained significantly above control values after cord occlusion. Fetal arterial pH, hematocrit, and mean arterial pressure and heart rate did not change during the study. Ventilation alone evoked significant increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Renal responses to ventilation included significant decreases in urine flow rate, fractional sodium excretion, and fractional water excretion. Neither ventilation nor cord occlusion resulted in significant changes in plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor, arginine vasopressin, and angiotensin II or in glomerular filtration rate, urine osmolality, free water, and osmolar clearances. Conclusions: (1) Mechanical ventilation and oxygenation alone increase circulating fetal catecholamine levels. (2) The addition of umbilical cord ligation has minimal impact on fetal endocrine and renal adaptive responses.
Effect of Some Contraceptive Steroids on Growth and Development of Salivary Glands and Incidence of Dental Caries in Female Rats

Synthetic contraceptive steroids, ethynylestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate, were given individually in different doses to weanling female rats for eight weeks. In proportion to the doses administered, ethynylestradiol inhibited and medroxyprogesterone acetate stimulated the growth and development of the salivary glands. The steroid-treated rats exhibited an increase in dental caries incidence as compared to controls.
Surface composition and barium evaporation rate of “pedigreed” impregnated tungsten dispenser cathodes during accelerated life testing☆

Abstract A study has been made of the surface composition and barium evaporation rate of “pedigreed” impregnated tungsten dispenser cathodes. The effect of air exposure on coated cathodes was examined and was found to have no significant effect on barium evaporation rate although in some cases longer reactivation times were required. No changes in surface topography were apparent following air exposure and reactivation. Life testing was done at 100°C above the typical operating temperature for the cathode, where the typical operating temperature was taken to be 950°C for coated cathodes and 1050°C for uncoated cathodes. The cathodes were examined at different stages of life testing, up to 1200 h. Significant decreases in barium evaporation rates were found after as few as 500 h of life testing. After 1000 h the evaporation rate had decreased more than an order of magnitude. Changes in surface composition were also found. The effects of tungsten particle size, used in manufacture of the billet, on barium evaporation rate were also studied but no correlation was found.
Time-dependent Hartree—Fock calculations of surface-enhanced Raman intensities. H2 adsorbed on a model Li cluster

Time-dependent Hartree—Fock theory is used to calculate frequency-dependent polarizability derivatives for H2 adsorbed on a model lithium cluster. The results indicate large enhancements in Raman intensity when H2 is close to its equilibrium adsorption distance.
Effective Mass Suppression in Dilute, Spin-Polarized Two-Dimensional Electron Systems

We report effective mass (m*) measurements, via analyzing the temperature dependence of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, for dilute, interacting, two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) occupying a single conduction-band valley in AlAs quantum wells. When the 2DES is partially spin-polarized, m* is larger than its band value, consistent with previous results on various 2DESs. However, as we fully spin-polarize the 2DES by subjecting it to strong parallel magnetic fields, m* is unexpectedly suppressed and falls even below the band mass.
Preconceptional counseling for women with heart disease

Abstract Preconceptional counseling is of paramount importance for the woman with heart disease. Although the majority of women with significant heart disease can undergo pregnancy with relative safety, some cardiac lesions such as pulmonary hypertension are associated with a maternal mortality of up to 50%. Moreover, women with heart disease may be on medications that are either teratogenic or potentially harmful to the fetus. Preconceptional counseling and evaluation provide an opportunity to use alternative medications less harmful to the fetus. Some forms of congenital heart disease in the mother are associated with significant risk of heart anomalies in the fetus. Although the majority of such lesions are multifactorial in nature with a 2–4% risk of recurrence (some as high as 20%), some are associated with autosomal dominant or recessive disorders with a 25–50% risk of recurrence. Following counseling, some women may choose not to become pregnant. For those who do desire to attempt pregnancy, preconceptional counseling can prepare them for the risk associated with their specific condition as well as a plan for minimizing such risk.
Design and progress toward a multiconjugate adaptive optics system for distributed aberration correction

This article investigates the use of a multi-conjugate adaptive optics system to improve the field-of-view for the system. The emphasis of this research is to develop techniques to improve the performance of optical systems with applications to horizontal imaging. The design and wave optics simulations of the proposed system are given. Preliminary results from the multi-conjugate adaptive optics system are also presented. The experimental system utilizes a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator and an interferometric wave-front sensor for correction and sensing of the phase aberrations, respectively.
The spreading of epithelial cells during wound closure in Xenopus larvae

Abstract The spreading of epithelial sheets constitutes a major class of morphogenetic movements in animal embryos, but the mechanism of spreading is poorly understood, in part because most tissues are opaque and the movements of their cells cannot be observed directly. To avoid this problem, the spreading of epithelial cells was studied during wound closure in the transparent fin of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Wounds were made by plucking 1 to 30 or more cells from the bilayered epidermis with microneedles, leaving the basement membrane intact and cells at the margin apparently uninjured. Time lapse cinemicrography using Nomarski optics showed that basal cells at the margin began migrating within seconds after wounding by extending broad lamellipodia across the wound surface. Cells advanced at 11.5 ± 1.8 μm/min without stopping or withdrawing. Extension of the leading edge of a marginal cell was followed by a retraction of the cell's trailing edge, creating a small gap in the sheet. The basal cell behind it then extended a lamellipodium onto this vacated substratum, retracted its trailing edge, and so on; cells of each subsequent rank spread actively as the space ahead of them became unoccupied. When marginal cells met near the center of the wound, they adhered to each other and stopped advancing, and thus demonstrated contact inhibition of movement. Cells of the outer layer, in contrast, did not extend protrusions and did not spread over the basal cells. They appeared to move passively, pulled by their attachments to the actively migrating basal cells.
Do rats terminate hypothalamic stimulation only in order to turn it on again

Rats will operate a shuttle box to both initiate and terminate electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus (ESH). Some believe that they terminate the ESH because it changes from rewarding to punishing if left on for more than a few seconds. Others believe that while the onset of ESH is rewarding, its reward strength rapidly diminishes and they terminate it only in order to turn it on again. If so, rats given only one opportunity each session to initiate and terminate the ESH should not terminate it, because they cannot turn it on again during the session. But in the present experiment it was found that they do terminate it, thus supporting the punishment hypothesis.
Effects of brine injection wells, dry holes, and plugged oil/gas wells on chloride, bromide, and barium concentrations in the Gulf Coast Aquifer, southeast Texas, USA

Data from 1122 brine injection wells, 24,515 dry holes, 20,877 plugged oil/gas wells, and 256 water wells were mapped with a geographic information system (GIS) and statistically analyzed. There were 9, 107, and 58 water wells within 750 m of a brine injection well, dry hole, or plugged oil/gas well, respectively. Computed median concentrations were 157 mg/l for chloride, 0.8 mg/l for bromide, and 169 μg/l for barium. The maximum chloride concentration was 2384 mg/l, close to 10 times the secondary drinking water standard. Shallow water wells and water wells near plugged oil/gas wells had significantly higher chloride and bromide levels.
Clinical experience with amoxicillin in the treatment of skin infections.

Thirty-seven outpatients with acute bacterial skin infections received 41 courses of treatment with amoxicillin in 1971 and 1972. In 32 cases (78%) the infection was completely cleared. Group A P-hemolytic streptococci were grown in 21 cultures. Only one patient who also had an amoxicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, failed to respond. For adult patients, amoxicillin appears to be as effective for group A P-hemolytic streptococcal skin infections as any other antibiotic now available. If these patients are considered with those of a previous study who were treated with amoxicillin for gonorrhea and respiratory tract infections, a total of 109 patients received 113 courses of amoxicillin. Only eight patients (7.3% ) had an adverse reaction to amoxicillin, with only three patients (2.8%) developing a rash. The low incidence of rash in adult patients gives amoxicillin a distinct advantage over ampicillin when other factors are equal.
A functional caudal photoreceptor in blind cavernicolous crayfish.

SEVERAL decapod crustaceans, particularly the crayfish, possess a primitive photoreceptor in their caudal ganglion1 consisting of only two neurones2. An axon courses from each of the cells rostrally along the connectives in Wiersma's3,4 area 83–84 (ref. 2). Discharge of the receptor is characterized by a relatively long latency which is inversely related to the stimulus intensity, and by a prolonged after-discharge. Stimulation of the receptor in intact animals initiates pereiopod movements and locomotion5. A model of the neuronal system which may account for this phenomenon has been suggested6.
Cholesterol level regulates endosome motility via rab proteins

The role of cholesterol in the regulation of endosome motility was investigated by monitoring the intracellular trafficking of endocytosed folate receptors (FRs) labeled with fluorescent folate conjugates. Real-time fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells transfected with green fluorescent protein-tubulin revealed that FR-containing endosomes migrate along microtubules. Moreover, microinjection with antibodies that inhibit microtubule-associated motor proteins demonstrated that dynein and kinesin I participate in the delivery of FR-containing endosomes to the perinuclear area and plasma membrane, respectively. Further, single-particle tracking analysis revealed bidirectional motions of FR endosomes, mediated by dynein and kinesin motors associated with the same endosome. These experimental tools allowed us to use FR-containing endosomes to evaluate the impact of cholesterol on intracellular membrane trafficking. Lowering plasma membrane cholesterol by metabolic depletion or methyl-β-cyclodextrin extraction was found to both increase FR-containing endosome motility and change endosome distribution from colocalization with Rab7 to colocalization with Rab4. These data provide evidence that cholesterol regulates intracellular membrane trafficking via modulation of the distribution of low molecular weight G-proteins that are adaptors for microtubule motors.
The Worth Claim: Beyond Brand.

In a constricting future, the residential liberal arts college must claim greater worth and relevance.
Induction of mouse liver glutathione S-transferase by ethanol.

Abstract The induction of hepatic glutathione S -transferase by ethanol was investigated in male Swiss-Webster mice using a liquid diet. After a 7-day feeding period, mice that received 18, 27 or 36% of their calories as ethanol exhibited significant increases in the specific activity of glutathione S -transferase when 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), p -nitrobenzylchloride (NEC) and 1,2-epoxy-3-( p -nitrophenoxy)propane (ENP) were used as substrates. The observed increases in activity appeared to be related to the concentration of ethanol in the diet. Thus, mice fed a diet with 36% of the calories as ethanol exhibited the greatest increase in specific activity (DCNB, 75%; NBC, 60%, ENP, 34%). Pair-fed mice demonstrated similar changes in enzymatic activity. A time-course study indicated a 4-day feeding period was not sufficient to elicit significant induction, but a significant increase was apparent by day 7. This increase was maintained or increased through day 14. By comparison, 0.5 mg of phenobarbital/ml of diet produced a greater increase in enzymatic activity (DCNB, 449%; NBC, 227%; ENP, 219%). These results suggest that ethanol does induce glutathione S -transferase, but it is a relatively poor inducer of this enzyme.
Airway considerations for professional singers--a survey of expert opinion.

The objective of this study was to survey physician experts in voice disorders/treatment to establish consensus guidelines for translaryngeal intubation (TLI) and tracheotomy when treating professional singers or other voice professionals. A written survey was sent to all physician members of the Voice Foundation seeking opinions/recommendations about route of TLI, duration of TLI before tracheotomy, size of endotracheal and tracheotomy tubes, and special interventions during patient care as these might differ between professional singers and nonsingers. Fifty-five percent of the physicians responded, of whom 73% classified their experience in voice care as "extensive." A strong consensus (76%) favored a smaller endotracheal tube for singers (6-7 mm I.D. for males and 6.0 mm I.D. for females) via the oral (46%) versus nasal (36%) route. Intubation/extubation by the most expert/experienced personnel was emphasized so as to minimize direct trauma to the larynx. While intubated, strong recommendations were made to suppress gastric acid production and to minimize motion of the endotracheal tube, including patient sedation. Preferences for an early tracheotomy (6 days) versus their usual time (10 days) were approximately equal (44% vs. 50%, respectively) and most respondents (69%) recommended the same size tracheotomy tube (8.0 mm I.D. for males and 6.0 mm I.D. for females) for singers and nonsingers. Post extubation/decannulation care emphasized voice rest, retraining, continued gastric acid suppression, and the possibility of direct laryngoscopy to assess post-TLI or tracheotomy injuries.
Whole Language vs. Isolated Phonics Instruction: A Longitudinal Study in Kindergarten With Reading and Writing Tasks

Abstract Thirty-eight kindergartners were individually interviewed with reading and writing tasks in September, November, January, March, and May. Half of the children received phonics instruction, in isolation, from a teacher who identified herself as a phonics teacher. The other half received phonics instruction, in context, from a teacher who identified herself as a whole language teacher. It was found that the whole language group made more progress in both reading and writing, and with more developmental coherence, as evidenced by the absence of regression and confusion. The results were interpreted in light of the theories of Ferreiro (Ferreiro, 1978; Ferreiro & Teberosky, 1979/1982) and Piaget (1926/1967; Piaget & Inhelder, 1968/1973).
Anisotropy of magnetic remanence: A brief review of mineralogical sources, physical origins, and geological applications, and comparison with susceptibility anisotropy

The magnetic fabric of rocks and sediments is most commonly characterized in terms of the anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS). However, alternative methods based on remanent magnetization (measured in the absence of a magnetic field) rather than induced magnetization (measured in the applied field) have distinct advantages for certain geological applications. This is particularly true for; (1) adjunct studies in paleomagnetism, in order to assess the fidelity with which a natural remanence records the paleofield orientation; (2) studies of weakly magnetic or weakly deformed rocks, for which susceptibility anisotropy is very difficult to measure precisely; and (3) quantitative applications such as strain estimation. The fundamental differences between susceptibility and remanence (and their respective anisotropies) are due to several factors: (1) susceptibility arises from all of the minerals present in a sample, whereas remanence is carried exclusively by a relatively small number of ferromagnetic minerals; (2) ferromagnetic minerals are generally more anisotropic than para- and diamagnetic minerals; (3) for ferromagnetic minerals, remanence is inevitably more anisotropic than susceptibility; and (4) a number of common minerals, including single-domain magnetites, possess an inverse anisotropy of susceptibility, i.e., they tend to have minimum susceptibility parallel to the long axis of an individual particle; remanence is immune to this phenomenon. As a consequence of all these factors, remanence anisotropy may generally provide a better quantitative estimate of the actual distribution of particle orientations in a rock sample.
Psychology and Spiritual Life Writing

This article presents an exploration of the structure and dynamics of spiritual autobiography. It draws on the analysis of over 50 published spiritual autobiographies and data from several graduate and undergraduate courses on spiritual life writing. The study examined four related questions: Why do authors write spiritual autobiography? How do they organize them? What are their major themes? And what are the psychological effects of composing them? This analysis reveals a common cluster of motives, themes, and forms of organization. Further, many writers of spiritual autobiography report that the experience is among the most profound in their lives. Reasons stated for these positive effects include the notion that a dynamic integrative force in the form of a resonant image is seeking to realize itself within the concrete details of one's life. Autobiography provides one of the few tools to help accomplish this end.
Nonpsychotic postpartum depression: A review of recent research

Abstract Three classes of postpartum psychiatric disorders have been identified: post-partum psychoses, nonpsychotic postpartum depression, and transitory “postpartum blues.” This review covers recent research concerning the prevalence, clinical course, and etiology of both nonpsychotic postpartum depression and postpartum blues. Etiological factors discussed include demographics, precipitating stressful events in the perinatal period, inadequate social support, predisposing psychological characteristics, and physiological abnormalities. While emotional lability in the first few days following delivery (postpartum blues) may be hormonally based, considerable evidence suggests that more prolonged postpartum depression is closely linked both to stressful events around the time of pregnancy and delivery and to a lack of adequate social support. Prior history of depressive episodes is also a good predictor of nonpsychotic postpartum depression. It is recommended that future research on postpartum psychiatric syndromes should consider more complex etiological models that recognize the interplay of environmental, psychological, and physiological variables.
Effect of calcium and temperature on histamine release from pig lung by compound 48-80.

Es zeigt sich, dass die anaphylaktische Histaminausschuttung Calcium benotigt und bei neidriger Temperatur vollkommen gehemmt wird. Bei Zugabe der Substanz 48/80 erweist sich die dadurch hervorgerufene Histaminausschuttung als dosisabhangig und benotigt kein extrazellulares Calcium. Die Reaktion wird bei niedriger Temperatur (4°C) nur teilweise gehemmt. Sie kann daher nicht als zweckmassiges Modell fur das Studium der anaphylaktischen Histaminausschuttung der Lunge angesehen werden.
Basin patterns of global sea level changes for 2004-2007

Abstract Based on independent observations, we estimate the sea level budget and linear trends for individual ocean basins and the world ocean during 2004–2007. Even though it is confirmed that the seasonal variation of global sea level is balanced by the different sea level components (total sea level change from satellite altimetry equals to the sum of the steric height contribution obtained by Argo profiles and any variability in ocean mass observed from GRACE), basin-scale sea level budgets show very different characteristics. Sea level budgets over the South Pacific and Antarctic Ocean maintain a good balance both on seasonal to interannual time scales. Meanwhile, only the satellite altimeter data exhibits a large 4-year trend over the South Indian Ocean. This basin significantly impacts the magnitude of the disagreement for the global sea level budget. Large differences among the 3 different gravity fields related to the hydrologic signals in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean could be one of the major causes of the imbalance in the global sea level budget.
Emerging science of hydroxyurea therapy for pediatric sickle cell disease

Hydroxyurea (HU) is the sole approved pharmacological therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD). Higher levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) diminish deoxygenated sickle globin polymerization in vitro and clinically reduce the incidence of disease morbidities. Clinical and laboratory effects of HU largely result from induction of HbF expression, though to a highly variable extent. Baseline and HU-induced HbF expression are both inherited complex traits. In children with SCD, baseline HbF remains the best predictor of drug-induced levels, but this accounts for only a portion of the induction. A limited number of validated genetic loci are strongly associated with higher baseline HbF levels in SCD. For induced HbF levels, genetic approaches using candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have identified some of these same loci as being also associated with induction. However, SNP associations with induced HbF are only partially independent of baseline levels. Additional approaches to understanding the impact of HU on HbF and its other therapeutic effects on SCD include pharmacokinetic, gene expression-based, and epigenetic analyses in patients and through studies in existing murine models for SCD. Understanding the genetic and other factors underlying the variability in therapeutic effects of HU for pediatric SCD is critical for prospectively predicting good responders and for designing other effective therapies.
McPAT-PVT: Delay and Power Modeling Framework for FinFET Processor Architectures Under PVT Variations

As technology has moved into the deep-submicrometer regime, the shrinking feature size has placed a considerable stress on CMOS fabrication due to short-channel effects (SCEs) and excessive leakage. Although many research efforts have been devoted to seeking system-level solutions, underlying transistor-level solutions are still urgently required to overcome these obstacles. FinFETs have emerged as promising substitutes for conventional CMOS due to their superior control of SCEs and process scalability. However, FinFETs still face lithographic and workfunction engineering challenges, in addition to those posed by supply voltage and temperature variations across the integrated circuit (IC). These lead to process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations in FinFET ICs, which, in turn, lead to large spreads in delay and leakage. In this paper, we present a multicore power, area, and timing (McPAT)-PVT, an integrated framework for the simulation of power, delay, as well as PVT variations of FinFET-based processors. McPAT-PVT uses a FinFET design library, consisting of logic and memory cells, to model circuit-level characteristics as well as their PVT variation trends. It is based on macromodels, derived from very accurate TCAD device simulations that characterize various functional units in a processor under PVT variations, making yield analysis for timing and power for processor components possible. McPAT-PVT can model both shorted-gate (SG) and asymmetric-workfunction shorted-gate (ASG) FinFET-based processors. Combining these macromodels with a FinFET-based CACTI-PVT cache model and an ORION-PVT on-chip network model, McPAT-PVT is able to simulate a delay and power consumption of all processor components under PVT variations. We present extensive simulation results to demonstrate its efficacy, including for an alpha-like processor and multicore simulations based on Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers benchmarks. Results show that the ASG FinFET-based processor implementation has $73\times $ lower leakage power and $2.6\times $ lower total power relative to the SG FinFET-based processor implementation for the same performance, with <1% area penalty.
A Model for the Reliability Estimation of Space Systems

The general problem and need for reliability estimation and prediction is discussed. Various types of reliability estimates are considered. A general probabilistic model is defined in a set-theoretic framework. The model considers the operation of a system over several time-periods where the operating mode-of the system may change from period to period. A general expression is given for the reliability of a system and also upper and lower bounds. Several theoretical examples are shown by using the model and it is shown how particular applications yield different results depending on the physical situation considered. In addition brief mention is made of a particular reliability study, namely a certain phase of the 3-orbit mission of Project Mercury.
Shaping a Candidate's Image in the Press: Ronald Reagan and the 1980 Presidential Election:

We examined Ronald Reagan's 1980 election campaign to judge the effects of his Issue of the Day (IOD) media management strategy on his image as portrayed in the print and televised news media. The IOD strategy attempts to shape the content and tone of coverage by limiting press access to Reagan, formalizing the relationship, and conveying a single message over extended periods of time. Our analysis shows Reagan had success shaping the content of the press's coverage, but not its tone. We also found that the IOD strategy had greater effects on televised news programs than on the print media.
Characteristics and Performance of the System Developed for Magnetic Mapping of the NSCL Superconducting K800 Cyclotron Magnet

The median plane magnetic field of the NSCL superconducting cyclotron magnet (max. field ? 6T) has been mapped using an NMR with a D2O probe to measure the field at the center and a search-coil/voltage-to-frequency convertor combination to measure the difference in field between the center and any other point of the magnet. With radial intervals of 2.54 mm and angular intervals of ~ 1°, 360° maps took about 40 min. Radial calibrations were done with a laser interferometer and angular positions were measured with an encoder with 0.001° resolution.
Using objective structured clinical examinations to meet clinical competence evaluation challenges with distance education students.

PURPOSE. This study aims to describe the use of modified objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) developed to address the identified educational need for formative advanced practice psychiatric mental health (PMH) student assessments and focused learning experiences within a modified nursing distance education program that serves advanced practice nurse PMH students from rural/underserved areas. CONCLUSION. OSCEs represent a practical solution to the challenges of clinical competency evaluation in psychiatric nursing distance education programs. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. OSCEs add a supportive evaluation layer to the precepted experience. This increases the availability of PMH nurse practitioner/clinical nurse specialist distance education programs focused on improving advanced PMH nursing services in rural and underserved areas.
The Effectiveness of Public Assistance Payments in Reducing Poverty

. This study investigates the effectiveness of income transfer in reducing poverty in the U.S.A It does so by applying the concepts of set theory to the population segments in poverty and under public assistance. The extent of their intersection versus either subset, i.e., their conditional probability, as well as the extent of either of the non-intersected segments of the union versus the respective subset, are shown to be reliable indicators of this effectiveness. The last two segments, representing errors of “omission” or of “commission,” are analyzed for their uniform patterns by type of residence and race. Probable reasons for their occurrence are discussed, and certain limitations of the used data are examined.
The Task of Ordinary Mind: Rethinking Authenticity through the Mumonkan

AbstractThis essay explores the nature of authenticity through a comparison of Martin Heidegger and the classical Buddhist text, the Mumonkan (The Gateless Gate). As Stanley Cavell's interpretations of Heidegger have developed, the peculiarity of Heidegger's sense of authenticity lies in the fact that it requires us, not to negate the inauthentic everydayness into which we are fallen, but to learn to inhabit this everydayness in a new way. The task of authenticity, Cavell argues, involves a recovery and a transformation of this original condition. But just what this transformation involves is tricky. To what extent does authenticity involve taking particular, concrete actions in the world? And insofar as we are never in complete mastery of our actions, how can we ensure that they are authentic? Through a comparison with the Mumonkan, this essay considers how the task of authenticity can be understood as a gateless gate, a way of dwelling in the everyday which affirms our thrownness into a plurality of way...
Surgical pearl: the use of towel clamps to reapproximate wound edges under tension☆

T he science of wound repair is a continuously expanding world of new techniques and technology. The primary repair of high-tension defects, however, remains one of the greatest challenges in attaining ideal cosmesis. Tension hinders the accurate reapproximation of the wound edges and makes placement of the initial buried sutures difficult. Methods to overcome mechanical forces include the placement of horizontal mattress sutures along with padding material on the exposed sutures to distribute the tension.1 A modified vertical mattress suture with a pulley is also effective.2 Other fascinating methods include immediate balloon expansion or suture tension adjustment where the tissue is expanded intraoperatively with a balloon or metal clasp for skin recruitment in repair of large defects. Although all these methods are effective, they can be effort intensive and time consuming. A towel clip is a clamp with 2 sharp edges at 60-degree angles that lock together when closed. Other than the obvious use in maintaining the position of sterile towels, it can be used as a quick and effective method of reapproximating the cutaneous surface.
Relative brain signature: a population-based feature extraction procedure to identify functional biomarkers in the brain of alcoholics.

Background A novel feature extraction technique, Relative-Brain-Signature (RBS), which characterizes subjects' relationship to populations with distinctive neuronal activity, is presented. The proposed method transforms a set of Electroencephalography's (EEG) time series in high dimensional space to a space of fewer dimensions by projecting time series onto orthogonal subspaces. Methods We apply our technique to an EEG data set of 77 abstinent alcoholics and 43 control subjects. To characterize subjects' relationship to the alcoholic and control populations, one RBS vector with respect to the alcoholic and one with respect to the control population is constructed. We used the extracted RBS vectors to identify functional biomarkers over the brain of alcoholics. To achieve this goal, the classification algorithm was used to categorize subjects into alcoholics and controls, which resulted in 78% accuracy. Results and Conclusions Using the results of the classification, regions with distinctive functionality in alcoholic subjects are detected. These affected regions, with respect to their spatial extent, are frontal, anterior frontal, centro-parietal, parieto-occiptal, and occipital lobes. The distribution of these regions over the scalp indicates that the impact of the alcohol in the cerebral cortex of the alcoholics is spatially diffuse. Our finding suggests that these regions engage more of the right hemisphere relative to the left hemisphere of the alcoholics' brain.
Evidence for cholera aggregation on GM1-decorated lipid bilayers

The binding properties of cholera toxin B (CTB) oligomer to substrate supported membrane bilayer, containing physiologically relevant concentrations of receptor glycolipids, viz. monosialoganglioside (GM1), have been extensively studied by the atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two distinct classes of GM1 containing membrane-mimetic surfaces were prepared: supported lipid bilayer membranes (sBLMs) on freshly cleaved mica and hybrid lipid bilayer membranes (hBLMs) on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) derivatized silicon substrates. On sBLMs, aggregates with a well-defined ordered arrangement of individual CTB molecules were observed at all GM1 and cholera concentrations studied. In sharp contrast, features consistent with randomly distributed adsorbed individual CTB molecules were seen on a bare mica surface. On the hBLMs, the aggregate structures were only observed when the bilayer was formed onto ordered OTS surfaces, offering continuous and defect-free lipid membrane for the lateral diffusion of GM1. Ill-packed and disordered OTS monolayers yielded a random distribution of adsorbed proteins comparable to that observed for CTB binding on bare mica substrates. These observations strongly support that the aggregation of CTB–GM1 complex is a result of the specific interaction of CTB molecules with GM1 receptors in the fluid membrane bilayers. The high mobility of GM1 allows lateral diffusion of the complex to form ordered aggregates. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Steady Motions of a Drawn Cable

The steady motions of nonlinearly elastic and inextensible strings which are being drawn between two fixed points and are subject to a gravitational load are examined. It is shown that, dependent on the boundary conditions, constitutive equations and a reference drawing speed, multiple co-existant steady motions are possible in certain situations. Using a variational method, stability criteria are also established for some of these motions.
3D general lesion segmentation in CT

This paper describes a general purpose algorithm to segment any kind of lesions in CT images. The algorithm expects a click or a stroke inside the lesion from the user and learns gray level properties on the fly. It then uses the random walker algorithm and combines multiple 2D segmentation results to produce the final 3D segmentation of the lesion. Quantitative evaluation on 293 lesions demonstrates that the method is ready for clinical use.
Efficient model based halftoning using direct binary search

The direct binary search (DBS) algorithm is an iterative method which minimizes a metric of error between the grayscale original and halftone image. This is accomplished by adjusting an initial halftone until a local minimum of the metric is achieved at each pixel. The metric incorporates a model for the human visual system (HVS). In general, the DBS time complexity and halftone quality depend on three factors: the HVS model parameters, the choice of initial halftone, and the search strategy used to update the halftone. Despite the complexity of the DBS algorithm, it can be implemented with surprising efficiency. We demonstrate how the algorithm exploits the model for the HVS to efficiently yield very high quality halftones.
An Efficient Image Codec based on Backward Coding of Wavelet Trees

Backward coding of wavelet trees (BCWT) is a new approach for encoding images in the wavelet domain. This new approach starts coding from the lowest level and goes backward by building a map of maximum quantization levels of descendants. BCWT eliminates several major bottlenecks of existing wavelet-tree-based codecs, namely tree-scanning, bitplane coding and dynamic lists management. It also encodes and decodes up to eight times faster than SPIHT without sacrificing PSNR and provides desirable features such as low complexity and low memory usage
Directed self-assembly of colloidal crystals by dielectrophoretic ordering observed with small angle neutron scattering (SANS)

We report the first in situ measurements of directed self-assembly (DSA) of colloidal crystal structures by dielectrophoresis (DEP) observed with Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). Development of a new sample environment allows for real time observation of electric field driven crystallization of sub-micron particles. SANS measurements for charge-stabilized colloidal dispersions of two different particle sizes as a function of electric field strength and frequency identify the order-disorder transition. The results validate a proposed master scaling curve for particle ordering developed for micron particles and thereby extends the scaling range to include sub-micron particles. This new experimental method enables the possibility of studying electric field induced alignment and ordering of colloidal nanoparticles.
Correlation between in vitro labeling indices (LIs) and tumor regression following radiotherapy.

Abstract The in vitro tritiated thymidine labeling indices (LIs) of fine-needle aspirates obtained from metastatic lymph nodes and subcutaneous nodules of 38 patients before, during and after radiotherapy, was determined in order to study the relationship between the change in the LIs and the response to radiotherapy. The squamous cell carcinomas had pre-radiotherapy LIs of 0.7–28.6% (geometric mean 4.8%) and post-radiotherapy LIs of 0.0–2.6% (geometric mean 1.5%). The adenocarcinomas had pre-radiotherapy (RT) LIs of 0.9–23.7% (geometric mean 6.2%) and post-RT LIs of 0.0–19.4% (geometric mean 2.6%). Whenever post-RT LIs showed at least two-thirds decrease from the pre-RT levels, a favorable response (a decrease in diameter of the tumor of 50% or more) was observed. This technique may be useful in determining the radiation response as well as the dose response curve of accessible human tumors.
SIMS analyses of silicon and oxygen isotope ratios for quartz from Archean and Paleoproterozoic banded iron formations

Banded iron formations (BIFs) are chemical marine sediments dominantly composed of alternating iron-rich (oxide, carbonate, sulfide) and silicon-rich (chert, jasper) layers. Isotope ratios of iron, carbon, and sulfur in BIF iron-bearing minerals are biosignatures that reflect microbial cycling for these elements in BIFs. While much attention has focused on iron, banded iron formations are equally banded silica formations. Thus, silicon isotope ratios for quartz can provide insight on the sources and cycling of silicon in BIFs. BIFs are banded by definition, and microlaminae, or sub-mm banding, are characteristic of many BIFs. In situ microanalysis including secondary ion mass spectrometry is well-suited for analyzing such small features. In this study we used a CAMECA IMS-1280 ion microprobe to obtain highly accurate (±0.3&) and spatially resolved (� 10 lm spot size) analyses of silicon and oxygen isotope ratios for quartz from several well known BIFs: Isua, southwest Greenland (� 3.8 Ga); Hamersley Group, Western Australia (� 2.5 Ga); Transvaal Group, South Africa (� 2.5 Ga); and Biwabik Iron Formation, Minnesota, USA (� 1.9 Ga). Values of d 18 O range from +7.9& to +27.5& and include the highest reported d 18 O values for BIF quartz. Values of d 30 Si have a range of � 5& from � 3.7& to +1.2& and extend to the lowest d 30 Si values for Precambrian cherts. Isua BIF samples are homogeneous in d 18 O to ±0.3& at mm- to cm-scale, but are heterogeneous in d 30 Si up to 3&, similar to the range in d 30 Si found in BIFs that have not experienced high temperature metamorphism (up to 300 C). Values of d 30 Si for quartz are homogeneous to ±0.3& in individual sub-mm laminae, but vary by up to 3& between multiple laminae over mm-to-cm of vertical banding. The scale of exchange for Si in quartz in BIFs is thus limited to the size of microlaminae, or less than � 1 mm. We interpret differences in d 30 Si between microlaminae as preserved from primary deposition. Silicon in BIF quartz is mostly of marine hydrothermal origin (d 30 Si < � 0.5&) but silicon from continental weathering (d 30 Si � 1&) was an important source as early as 3.8 Ga.
Superthreshold behavior and threshold estimation of ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in adult mice and rats

Threshold estimates and superthreshold behaviors for US-induced lung hemorrhage were investigated as a function of species (adult mice and rats) and US frequency (2.8 and 5.6 MHz). A total of 151 6-to-7-week-old female ICR mice and 160 10-to-11-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two US frequency groups, and further randomly divided into seven or eight US peak rarefactional pressure groups. Each group consisted of about 10 animals. Animals were exposed to pulsed US at either 2.8-MHz center frequency or 5.6-MHz center frequency for a duration of 10 seconds. The in situ (at the pleural surface) peak rarefactional pressure levels ranged between 2.5 and 10.5 MPa for mice and between 2.3 and 11.3 MPa for rats. The mechanical index (MI) ranged between 1.4 and 6.3 at 2.8 MHz for mice and between 1.1 and 3.1 at 5.6 MHz for rats. The lesion surface area and depth were measured for each animal as well as the percentage of animals with lesions per group. The characteristics of the lesions produced in mice and rats were similar to those described in previous studies, suggesting a common pathogenesis in the initiation and propagation of the lesions at the gross and microscopic levels. The percentage of animals with lesions showed no statistical differences between species or between US frequencies. These findings suggest that mice and rats are similar in sensitivity to US-induced lung damage and that the occurrence of lung damage is independent of frequency. Lesion depth and surface area also showed no statistically significant differences between US frequencies for mice and rats. However, there was a significant difference between species for lesion area and a suggestive difference between species for lesion depth. The superthreshold behavior of lesion area and depth showed that rat lung had more damage than mouse lung, and the threshold estimates shelved a weak, or lack of, frequency dependency, suggesting that the MI is not consistent with the observed findings.
Prey capture by the whip spider Phrynus marginemaculatus C.L. Koch

Abstract Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi) are little-studied arachnids with enlarged spiny pedipalps and elongated “antenniform” forelegs. These antenniform legs contain at least seven giant sensory neurons with no known behavioral function. Here we use high-speed cinematography to describe the prey capture behavior of the whip spider Phrynus marginemaculatus C.L. Koch 1840, in order to examine how these giant neurons might be involved. When presented with a prey item (a cricket), a whip spider first accurately aims one of its antenniform legs in the prey's direction. Next, the whip spider orients its body to the prey item and approaches, placing one antenniform leg tip on either side of the prey. The whip spider may remain relatively still in this position for some time, before opening its pedipalps in preparation for a strike and then rapidly swinging its antenniform legs away from the prey item and striking at it with its pedipalps. In common with previous studies, our results show that giant neuron...