cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new method for measuring glucose translocation through biological membranes and its application to human erythrocyte ghosts

Abstract A convenient new method for investigating glucose flux through human erythrocyte membranes has been devised. Glucose oxidase and catalase were introduced into the interior spaces of erythrocyte pink ghosts; the rate of glucose entry into these ghosts was studied under a variety of conditions by measuring with an oxygen electrode the rate of enzyme-catalyzed oxygen consumption. The values obtained for the half-saturation constant ( K T ) and the maximal transport rate ( V T ) agreed well with the values obtained by independent methods. In addition, the values for V TP , defined as the number of μmoles of glucose traversing the membrane per min per μmole of membrane lipid P when flux is maximal, were similar for intact erythrocytes and pink eerythrocyte ghosts. It is suggested that the new method may be generally applied to the study of glucose translocation through any membrane from which vesicles containing glucose oxidase can be formed.
Adaptation of a latex agglutination tube test for diagnosis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae swine pneumonia

Abstract A tube latex agglutination test (LAT) for diagnosis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae swine pneumonia was developed. In pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae , LAT antibodies were generally detected 2–3 weeks post-inoculation, which was 1 week or more before complement-fixing antibodies were first detected in the corresponding pigs. Correlation of LAT results and gross and microscopic lung lesions of corresponding pigs revealed that LAT titers persisted after the pneumonic lesions had resolved. Latex agglutination titers in pigs exposed by contact with M. hyopneumoniae inoculated pigs were demonstrated 4–12 weeks post-contact. Latex agglutination antibodies were detected up to 48 weeks post-inoculation in pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae and this was similar to the duration of detectable indirect hemagglutination titers. Complement-fixation titers, however, were demonstrated no longer than 28 weeks post-inoculation in corresponding pigs. Evaluation of repeatability of LAT results revealed some variation of LAT titers of sera titered on four different occasions. Sera from pigs inoculated with other swine mycoplasmas, including M. hyosynoviae and M. hyorhinis , did not react in the M. hyopneumoniae LAT. In addition, no detectable titers were demonstrated in the M. hyopneumoniae LAT using sera from pigs infected with Metastrongylus spp., Ascaris suum , or in sera from pigs vaccinated with any of four commonly used swine vaccines.
Modeling, anonymity, and performance of an undesirable act.

Stimmary.-To see whether or not a model would influence persons to take a shopping bag withouc paying 100 female shoppers preparing to obtain a shopping bag in a downtown department store were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: (a) controls; (b and c) a female model who did not interact with the S but who either paid for a bag or stole one immediately ahead of S; (d and e) a female model who took a bag without paying after interacting in either a polite or impolite manner with S. The presence of another person per re had an inhibicing effect on the stealing behavior. Controls were more likely to steal bags than Ss in any of (he modeling conditions. Ss with a polite stealing model were least likely to steal bags. It was concluded that group inhibition of an act may be a function of embarrassment as well as diffusion of responsibiliry. Blake (1958) has summarized research showing chat the behavior of a model can influence Ss to sign petitions, violate signs prohibiting entry of a building or use of a drinking fountain, disobey traffic signals, volunteer for a psychology experiment, and donate money for a going away gift. Studies by Bryan and Test (1967) demonstrate that Ss will be more likely to help a lady change a flat tire and contribute coins to a Salvation Army kettle if they have previously witnessed similar behavior by a model. This study was conducted to determine whether or not a model would influence persons to take a shopping bag without paying. Stealing a shopping bag differs from the undesirable behaviors studied earlier because it involves the potential for embarrassment to someone who performs the act. Method.-The experiment was conducted at a shopping bag scand in a department score near Boston. The department store is organized such chat customers are free co take a shopping bag, with the expectation that they will deposit 15 cents in a coin slot. One hundred female shoppers were randomly subjected to one of the following conditions. ( 1) As a control, Ss were observed unobtrusively to provide a base rate of how many shoppers steal shopping bags. (2) Immediately before an S approached the scand E (Stealing Model) would arrive and take a shopping bag, clearly without paying for it. (3) Immediately before S approached the stand E (Paying Model) would arrive, deposit the money, and cake a shopping bag. (4) E (Stealing Model-Polite Interaction), carrying four packages and a handbag, approached an S who had just come to the stand and asked, "Could you please hold my handbag for me so that I can place my packages
Information-Seeking Habits and Information Literacy of Community and Junior College Students A Review of Literature

ABSTRACT This paper is a review of literature that explores how community college and junior college students use libraries and seek information. A key issue that is discussed among scholars, researchers, and librarians in general is the implosion of the Internet and how libraries have shifted focus from using print resources to online databases and article retrieval systems. Community college librarians, student, and faculty have had to make adjustments to keep up with such trends.
Anti-inflammatory effects and joint protection in collagen-induced arthritis after treatment with IQ-1S, a selective c-Jun n-terminal kinase inhibitor

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) participate in many physiologic and pathologic processes, including inflammatory diseases. We recently synthesized the sodium salt of IQ-1S (11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime) and demonstrated that it is a high-affinity JNK inhibitor and inhibits murine delayed-type hypersensitivity. Here we show that IQ-1S is highly specific for JNK and that its neutral form is the most abundant species at physiologic pH. Molecular docking of the IQ-1S syn isomer into the JNK1 binding site gave the best pose, which corresponded to the position of cocrystallized JNK inhibitor SP600125 (1,9-pyrazoloanthrone). Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of IQ-1S showed that it inhibited matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 3 gene expression induced by interleukin-1β in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and significantly attenuated development of murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Treatment with IQ-1S either before or after induction of CIA resulted in decreased clinical scores, and joint sections from IQ-1S–treated CIA mice exhibited only mild signs of inflammation and minimal cartilage loss compared with those from control mice. Collagen II–specific antibody responses were also reduced by IQ-1S treatment. By contrast, the inactive ketone derivative 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one had no effect on CIA clinical scores or collagen II–specific antibody titers. IQ-1S treatment also suppressed proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in joints and lymph node cells. Finally, treatment with IQ-1S increased the number of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in lymph nodes. Thus, IQ-1S can reduce inflammation and cartilage loss associated with CIA and can serve as a small-molecule modulator for mechanistic studies of JNK function in rheumatoid arthritis.
3D-model-based head tracking

This paper introduces a new approach to feature-based head tracking and pose estimation. Head tracking and pose estimation find their most important applications in motion analysis for model-based video coding. The proposed algorithm employs an underlying 3D head model, feature-based pose estimation, and texture mapping to produce accurate templates for the feature tracking. In this way, the set of templates used for the matching is constantly updated with the pose changes, allowing the algorithm to track the features over a large range of head motion without loss of precision and error accumulation. Given a rough estimate of the head scale, the initial feature identification is performed automatically and the tracking is successful over a large number of video frames. Computational complexity is also considered with the aim towards creating a real-time end-to-end model-based video coding system.
A CASE OF EVERYDAY JUSTICE: FREE PRESS V. FAIR TRIAL IN A BURGLARY CASE

ABSTRACT This study, informed by Black's sociological jurisprudence, investigates how the social structure of an everyday case affected adjudication and sentencing. It examines the pretrial media coverage of a local burglary case and how media reports influenced the attribution of guilt by individuals qualified for jury duty in Tyler County, IN. Three research methods are used: a legal analysis of case documents, a qualitative content analysis of court and news media documents, and a sample survey of persons qualified for jury duty. Three types of conclusions are achieved. First, this research informs theory that explains the juror's decision making process. Second, two modest contributions to Black's theory are offered. Third, an important question is answered: what is the likelihood that the defendant was tried by an impartial jury?
Murine interferon system regulation: isolation and characterization of a mutant 3T6 cell engaged in the semiconstitutive synthesis of interferon.

Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of a virus-resistant mutant of murine 3T6 cells. The mutant, designated 3T6-V r B2, displays a high degree of resistance to infection by members of the toga-, rhabdo- and picornavirus classes. The level of this resistance to infection is similar to the parent 3T6 pretreated with approximately 100 IU/ml of interferon. Upon co-cultivation of 3T6-V r B2 cells with interferon-sensitive mouse cells, an antiviral state is induced in the latter cells as measured by a reduction of virus yield following infection. The nature of the induction is defined by a series of experiments using anti-mouse interferon antiserum. In the presence of this antiserum, the ability of the mutant to induce an antiviral state in interferon-sensitive mouse cells upon co-cultivation is eliminated. Additionally, growth of the mutant cells in the presence of this antiserum causes a reversal of the virus-resistant phenotype. Our results indicate that 3T6-V r B2 contains a mutation affecting the regulation of the murine interferon system such that the cell is engaged in the semiconstitutive synthesis of interferon.
Using a theory of human behavior to analyze the effects of documentation

While this example has mentioned five modeling domains, these same five would not necessarily be present in every task or for all parts of a task. If the task is to implement a particular algorithm for a general purpose algorithm, say, a matrix inversion routine, there will be no domain corresponding to the original domain of cargoes and routes in the example. On the other hand, use of a primitive operation of searching a tree at one level might require use of an intermediate domain, containing methods of tree traversal, before the knowledge could be represented at the programming language level.
How Good is Tapped Delay Line Simulation

Some calculations are presented for a uniformly spaced time-invariant tapped delay line simulation of a two-path propagation model using white noise and pseudonoise sequences as input signals. The results indicate that, at least for a straightforward approach, signalto-signal-to-interpolation-noise ratios are poorer than generally expected.
Lanthanide nanoparticle doped low-loss sol-gel amplifier materials

Organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials have attracted increasing attention in recent years as low-cost, rugged materials for integrated optical devices such as optical couplers, splitters, and electro-optic modulators. These materials can be easily processed by spin-coating, wet-etching photolithography, and low-temperature baking. Precise control of waveguide core-cladding refractive indices produces well-confined low-loss propagation and good matching of the absolute refractive index to that of fused silica results in low optical coupling loss to optical fiber. The increased thermal and mechanical stability of these materials, relative to optical polymers, results in numerous packaging options and improved reliability. However organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials have not yet been often used as host of active dopants such as erbium (III) ions for 1550nm optical amplification. This limitation owes primarily to matrix and chelate dominated nonradiative relaxation processes, as high phonon energy OH and OH-like oscillators can bridge off the energy from the excited erbium (III) ions at very high rates. Different strategies have been proposed to protect erbium (III) ions from matrix and chelate quenching, including host and ligand fluorination, and inorganic microstructure shielding. Here we report on our work of encapsulating erbium (III) ions in transparent, refractive index matched, and highly re-dispersible lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles and the work of examining the optical properties of these nanoparticles as active dopants in organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gels adopting 2-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) as a precursor. 980nm laser pumped photoluminescence at 1535nm was obtained from solid bulk samples of 300mg La. 99 Er. 01 PO 4 nanoparticles doped in 1mL hybrid sol-gel. Thick bulk samples of this composition exhibited exceptional clarity and little trace of nanoparticle scattering effects. The lifetime of the nanoparticle doped hybrid sol-gel composite was measured to be 220μs, indicating an intermediate relaxation rate between that of an erbium organic complex and annealed erbium doped glass. La. 99 Er. 01 PO 4 nanoparticle doped hybrid sol-gel films were also prepared and the refractive index was measured to be 1.4966 at 1550nm, which is very close to that of optical fiber and provides a suitable index difference from an undoped and metal oxide tuned sol-gel at 1.4870 to comprise an efficient single-mode waveguide system.
Imprinted expression of genes and small RNA is associated with localized hypomethylation of the maternal genome in rice endosperm

Arabidopsis thaliana endosperm, a transient tissue that nourishes the embryo, exhibits extensive localized DNA demethylation on maternally inherited chromosomes. Demethylation mediates parent-of-origin–specific (imprinted) gene expression but is apparently unnecessary for the extensive accumulation of maternally biased small RNA (sRNA) molecules detected in seeds. Endosperm DNA in the distantly related monocots rice and maize is likewise locally hypomethylated, but whether this hypomethylation is generally parent-of-origin specific is unknown. Imprinted expression of sRNA also remains uninvestigated in monocot seeds. Here, we report high-coverage sequencing of the Kitaake rice cultivar that enabled us to show that localized hypomethylation in rice endosperm occurs solely on the maternal genome, preferring regions of high DNA accessibility. Maternally expressed imprinted genes are enriched for hypomethylation at putative promoter regions and transcriptional termini and paternally expressed genes at promoters and gene bodies, mirroring our recent results in A. thaliana. However, unlike in A. thaliana, rice endosperm sRNA populations are dominated by specific strong sRNA-producing loci, and imprinted 24-nt sRNAs are expressed from both parental genomes and correlate with hypomethylation. Overlaps between imprinted sRNA loci and imprinted genes expressed from opposite alleles suggest that sRNAs may regulate genomic imprinting. Whereas sRNAs in seedling tissues primarily originate from small class II (cut-and-paste) transposable elements, those in endosperm are more uniformly derived, including sequences from other transposon classes, as well as genic and intergenic regions. Our data indicate that the endosperm exhibits a unique pattern of sRNA expression and suggest that localized hypomethylation of maternal endosperm DNA is conserved in flowering plants.
A sufficient condition for stability of catalyst pellet system with unit Lewis number

Abstract A sufficient condition is obtained for the stability of a catalyst pellet system with unit Lewis number and general boundary conditions. Specific results for spherical and cylindrical pellets are given. The stability can be determined in a concise manner. The sufficient condition is derived first for a class of system described by a parabolic partial differential equation on the basis of a powerful corollary of a comparison theorem due to Courant.
James Foster and Michael Wolfson’s 1992 paper “Polarization and the decline of the middle class”

The Foster and Wolfson polarization paper is widely known and cited, and is fundamental in the literature on bipolarization and the disappearing middle class. The paper has, however, existed only as a mimeo, since 1992; somehow, it never got published (more on that later); we are proud to publish it in full here, at last, in our series of “Rediscovered Classics” in the Journal of Economic Inequality. We thank James and Michael for allowing this. As many readers will already know, this paper develops the ‘polarization curve’— characterized by Michael in Wolfson [17], page 406, as playing “the same ‘gold standard’ role for the concept of polarization as the Lorenz curve plays for inequality”. This curve indicates how far each population percentile’s income is from the median income; inter alia, the middle class is unambiguously smaller (viz. the distribution is more spread out from the middle) if and only if its polarization curve is everywhere higher. The paper also proposes a Gini-like index measure of bipolarization based on the curve. These constructions have become central in the study of bimodality (or polarization or, as James likes to call it, bipolarity), as is evidenced, for example, by the fact that the Distributive Analysis Stata Package (DASP) of Araar and Duclos [2], in its version 2.0, has modules for estimating and comparing Foster and Wolfson bipolarization measures. James and Michael began the planning for this paper in December 1989, after Tony Atkinson suggested that they should collaborate to probe more deeply the question of measuring polarization—a question that had interested Michael since the days of Love and Wolfson [13], where the concept of increasing bimodality was introduced into the study of income inequality in order to focus on the issue of a disappearing middle class.
A plea for the practice of focal engineering

Abstract Engineering can exhibit an exalted sense by the creation of place as a location of engaging life events. This is most obviously the case with what will be termed “focal engineering”, which is distinguished from two other kinds of engineering: traditional engineering and modernist engineering. These three kinds of engineering are discussed in terms of ways of knowing appropriate to them: know-how for traditionalist engineering, know-how/know-what for modernist engineering, and know-how/know-what/know-why for focal engineering. Various notions of place and space are relevant to these three kinds of engineering. In traditional engineering, place and space remain in the background. In modernist engineering, space begins to dominate, causing a disharmony in the place/space constellation. In focal engineering, place is stressed in order to re-harmonize the place/space constellation. The phenomenon of sacred place/space is also considered in relation to these three traditions of engineering.
Successful Staged Fontan Completion for Truncus Arteriosus With Hypoplastic Left Ventricle

We report a case of truncus arteriosus type II with a large outlet ventricular septal defect and a hypoplastic left ventricle. The first-stage palliation was the removal of both branch pulmonary arteries from the ascending aorta, patch augmentation of the pulmonary artery confluence, and modified Blalock-Taussig shunt at age 1 month. The second stage palliation was a bidirectional Glenn at 6 months. The final stage was an extracardiac Fontan at age 3 years. Eight years later, the patient is doing well, with an unobstructed Fontan pathway and mild-to-moderate truncal valve insufficiency.
Metal promoted vinylcyclopropane–cyclopentene rearrangements: Reactions ripe for mechanism-based catalyst design

Abstract This brief review describes experimental and theoretical data relevant to the mechanisms of transition metal promoted vinylcyclopropane–cyclopentene rearrangements. In particular, reactions utilizing Pd(0), Rh(I), and Ni(0) are highlighted and compared to analogous reactions not involving transition metals.
Gene Trap Disruption of the Mouse Heparan Sulfate 6-O-Endosulfatase Gene, Sulf2

Heparan sulfate (HS) chains are found in the extracellular matrix, covalently linked to core proteins collectively termed heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). A wealth of data has demonstrated roles for HSPGs in the regulation of many cell surface signaling pathways that are crucial during development. Variations in the sulfation pattern along the HS chains influence their ability to interact with molecules such as growth factors, chemokines, morphogens, and adhesion molecules. Sulf1 and Sulf2 are members of a class of recently identified genes that encode heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulf genes). The removal of 6-O-sulfate from HS via SULF activity influences the function of many factors, including Wnt, fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein. Given their possible developmental roles, we have examined Sulf gene expression during mouse embryogenesis. The two Sulf genes are expressed in a broad range of tissues throughout development with largely nonoverlapping expression patterns. Sulf2 transcripts are expressed in the lung, heart, placenta, and ribs. We generated a mouse line possessing a gene trap disruption of the Sulf2 gene. Mice homozygous for the Sulf2 gene trap allele are viable and fertile and have no major developmental defects on several genetic backgrounds. However, we observed strain-specific, nonpenetrant defects affecting viability, lung development, and growth in Sulf2 homozygous animals. These data suggest that Sulf2 may have roles in several tissues but that there is compensation by and/or redundancy with Sulf1.
Processing Survey Data with Ordered Alternative Hypotheses

Abstract Testing the hypothesis of equality of means, as in a one-way analysis of variance, against the hypothesis of a particular ordering of the means can be done in two ways. One approach uses the maximum likelihood philosophy while the other uses a single degree of freedom contrast with coefficients chosen to be best in some sense. These two methods are applied to some data from a small scale social survey so as to illustrate their calculations and conclusions. Although the single degree of freedom approach may be accused of arbitrariness in scores, still it is relatively more convenient computationally and permits somewhat more comprehensive conclusions.
Direct, Noncatalytic Mechanism of IKK Inhibition by A20

A20 is a potent anti-inflammatory protein that inhibits NF-κB, and A20 dysfunction is associated with autoimmunity and B cell lymphoma. A20 harbors a deubiquitination enzyme domain and can employ multiple mechanisms to antagonize ubiquitination upstream of NEMO, a regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase complex (IKK). However, direct evidence of IKK inhibition by A20 is lacking, and the inhibitory mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that A20 can directly impair IKK activation without deubiquitination or impairment of ubiquitination enzymes. We find that polyubiquitin binding by A20, which is largely dependent on A20's seventh zinc-finger motif (ZnF7), induces specific binding to NEMO. Remarkably, this ubiquitin-induced recruitment of A20 to NEMO is sufficient to block IKK phosphorylation by its upstream kinase TAK1. Our results suggest a noncatalytic mechanism of IKK inhibition by A20 and a means by which polyubiquitin chains can specify a signaling outcome.
Structure-Based Design and In Silico Virtual Screening of Combinatorial Libraries. A Combined Chemical- Computational Project

This article describes a project assigned as part of the combinatorial chemistry course at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. In this assignment, students select a biological target of their choice, design a combinatorial library, and use computational procedures to construct the library in silico and screen this virtual library for binding to the target protein. From the in silico results, students identify R groups that appear to provide the greatest binding to the target and suggest a small combinatorial library optimized for binding. The multiple steps of the assignment are described, together with typical results obtained.
Remarkable evolution of electrical conductivity in Al:ZnO films

ABSTRACT We report here the investigation of Al-doped ZnO films fa bricated by the RF magnetron deposition technique. The films show excellent crystalline quality with atomically smooth surface morphology. The Al-doped ZnO films have been characterized in detail using X-ray diffr action, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy UVvisible spectrophotometer and four probe technique. It was found that the morphological, structural, electrical and optical properties of Al-doped ZnO films are grea tly dependent on substrate temperature. XRD patterns show that all the films are well crystallized with hexagonal wurtzite structure with preferred orientation along (0 0 2) plane. The electrical resistivity of Al-doped ZnO films decreas es with increasing substrate temperatur e and was found to be close to 1.5 u 10 -3 ohm-cm and transmittance >85% in the visible region. Keywords: Al-doped ZnO film, Electrical conductivity, rf sputtering. *apradhan@nsu.edu; phone 1 757 823-2239, fax 1 757 823-9054
DENSITY-MEDIATED SEED AND STOLON PRODUCTION IN VIOLA (VIOLACEAE)'

Seed and stolon production and spatial distribution were studied in two populations of Viola blanda and two populations of Viola rostrata in West Virginia. Mean individual plant biomass and the proportion of the population producing seeds and/or stolons both decreased with density. Both species possessed a characteristic "threshold" weight required before the onset of seed production; a similar minimum threshold weight was also reached before stolons were produced. It is suggested that competition at higher densities results in fewer individuals reaching the threshold weight for seed or stolon production. Thus, the density response appears as a reduction in the proportion of plants producing seeds or stolons. THERE IS considerable evidence that plant populations differ with respect to the proportion of their net annual income which is allocated to reproductive tissues in individual plants. Since the amount of organic matter that a plant
Control of Metal‐Oxygen‐Hydrogen Composition

The effect of an oxide layer on transition metals and alloys was investigated for the hydrogen uptake from CO2/H2 gas mixtures. The equilibrium oxygen partial pressure of an oxide layer with small hydrogen solubility increases at increased H content of the metal, and decreases for some metallic suboxides which can dissolve hydrogen.
Inheritance of pseudo-self compatibility in self-incompatible garden and greenhouse chrysanthemums, Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelv

Self incompatibility (SI) can be used to alleviate costly hand emasculation and pollination in F1 hybrid chrysanthemum seed production. SI, however, disrupts the progression of inbreedig (selfing or full-sib mating). Consequently, inbreds are selected for breakdown of the SI system or the presence of pseudo-self compatibility (PSC). PSC inbreds, recombinant inbreds, and noninbred cultivars were selfed and/or intercrossed to determine PSC expression across environments and generate 1–3 inbred generations (I1–I3). Percent PSC ranged from 0–68.8% for inbred parents, 0.2–99.7% for recombinant inbreds, and 0.6–25.7% for noninbred cultivars. There was no indication of ‘end-of-season’ PSC. The majority of parents (78%) were classified as low PSC and this trend continued in the I1 (70.1%), I2 (65.6%), and I3 (83.6%) generations; mid PSC was rarer (11.9–18.8%) and high PSC the least common (4.5–15.6%). PSC distributions were primarily continuous, rather than discrete, indicating quantitative inheritance. In several inbred families, 100% of the I1 individuals were SI; this was not correlated with parental PSC level. Inbred families derived from selfing low and mid PSC parents were the most likely to reach extinction due to inbreeding depression. High PSC was not highly heritable, since I1 progeny were predominantly SI or had low to mid PSC levels. Most 153-1 values for PSC:SI segregations (1:1, 1:3, 3:1) were not significant at the 5% level. Realized heritability (H R ) estimates for PSC ranged from a low of 0.05% to 10.19%, although increased H R values did not account for inbreeding depression or genetic mechanisms preventing selection for high PSC. The highest individual %PSC increased over the high parent with SI × low PSC or SI × mid PSC parents in all cases; progeny means did so only in SI × low PSC. Low × low crosses were split evenly between an increase and decrease in progeny or highest individual mean. Since all low × low crosses and low selfs produced 43–50% of the progeny with PSC levels higher than the parents, it appears that most low parents possess some unexpressed PSC genes. Mid PSC parents responded similarly to low PSC genotypes. An increase in PSC was found when crossing SI × PSC parents, illustrating a ‘threshold effect’. PSC × PSC crosses (high × low, low × low) produced SI, low, and mid PSC I1 individuals but did not show a heterotic effect, since the PSC parents had already surpassed the PSC threshold. Selfing high PSC parents, however, suggested different genetic control. Progeny and highest individual means behaved the same; 83% decreased and 17% remained the same for PSC levels. The drop in PSC indicated non-additive gene action. Thus, the PSC threshold with additive gene action holds when selection for higher PSC levels is being done from low and mid PSC parents, but once high PSC levels are obtained, non-additive gene action prevails.
Recent Developments in the Bioprocessing of Minerals

Microorganisms are finding increasing use in minerals engineering. Goals include both enhancement of mineral engineering operations and remediation of mineral industry wastes. Some of the applications, such as biologically assisted leaching of sulfide ores and biooxidation of refractory sulfide gold ores. are established commercial processes. Others, such as the use of organisms for the removal of heavy metal ions from dilute aqueous streams, are nearing commercial application. Other uses of microorganisms are potentially possible. These include use of microorganisms in leaching non-sulfide ores, the flocculation or flotation of minerals and remediation of toxic chemicals discharged from mineral engineering operations. Genetic engineering of microorganisms and adaptation of existing strains are important potential tools in many of these applications, as is also the identification of new, novel and useful organisms.
A test for regulatory lag and the role played by periodic contract renewals in mitigating such lag in local cable franchise relationships

This study reports two primary findings. First, the typical cable franchise relationship appears to be characterized by substantial regulatory lag. While long-term franchise contracts may involve a significant amount of day-to-day interpretation and modification, the interpretation and modification are not sufficient to ensure that the contractual terms of trade are consistently at market. In terms of pricing, channel capacity, community programming channels, and franchise fees, the terms of trade confronted by cities prior to franchise renewal are significantly less favorable than the terms of trade found in post-renewal contracts.
Mice lacking NKT cells but with a complete complement of CD8+ T-cells are not protected against the metabolic abnormalities of diet-induced obesity.

The contribution of natural killer T (NKT) cells to the pathogenesis of metabolic abnormalities of obesity is controversial. While the combined genetic deletion of NKT and CD8+ T-cells improves glucose tolerance and reduces inflammation, interpretation of these data have been complicated by the recent observation that the deletion of CD8+ T-cells alone reduces obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, leaving the issue of the metabolic effects of NKT cell depletion unresolved. To address this question, CD1d null mice (CD1d−/−), which lack NKT cells but have a full complement of CD8+ T-cells, and littermate wild type controls (WT) on a pure C57BL/6J background were exposed to a high fat diet, and glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and obesity were assessed. Food intake (15.5±4.3 vs 15.3±1.8 kcal/mouse/day), weight gain (21.8±1.8 vs 22.8±1.4 g) and fat mass (18.6±1.9 vs 19.5±2.1 g) were similar in CD1d−/− and WT, respectively. As would be expected from these data, metabolic rate (3.0±0.1 vs 2.9±0.2 ml O2/g/h) and activity (21.6±4.3 vs 18.5±2.6 beam breaks/min) were unchanged by NKT cell depletion. Furthermore, the degree of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, liver steatosis, and adipose and liver inflammatory marker expression (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, MCP-1, MIP1α) induced by high fat feeding in CD1d−/− were not different from WT. We conclude that deletion of NKT cells, in the absence of alterations in the CD8+ T-cell population, is insufficient to protect against the development of the metabolic abnormalities of diet-induced obesity.
A parametrically optimized self-tuning regulator for power system stabilizers

A parametrically optimized self-tuning regulator (POSTR) is proposed for the design of digital power system stabilizers. The proposed POSTR consists of an identification scheme which identifies the nonlinear power system with a predictive model and a control technique based on parameter optimization to derive the control law. The control design consists of choosing a suitable regulator structure then turning the associated parameters. The proposed stabilizer design technique has flexibility in specifying the order and the structure of the regulator which offers advantages in selecting and autotuning well-known effective controller structures. The computational requirements of the regulator are suitable for real-time implementation. Simulation study results are presented which show that the proposed technique outperforms the fixed parameters conventional stabilizer and the adaptive minimum variance self tuner. >
Soil type and entomopathogenic nematode persistence

Abstract Survival and pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae (= Neoaplectana ) and Steinernema glaseri , were tested in four types of soil: sand, sandy loam, clay loam, and clay over a period of 16 weeks. Significant differences in the survival and pathogenicity of both nematodes occurred in all soil types. S. carpocapsae survival was 44.9, 38.8, 32.9, and 26.7% in sandy loam, sand, clay loam, and clay, respectively, whereas S. glaseri survival was 30.1, 25.9, 22.5, and 19.3% in sand, sandy loam, clay loam, and clay, respectively, at the end of the test. S. glaseri survival was significantly lower than S. carpocapsae in all soil types. Survival for S. carpocapsae was greatest in sandy loam, while survival for S. glaseri was best in sand. Pathogenicity assays with recovered nematodes supported the survival data. Persistence of both species decreased as the proportion of clay increased.
Immunological characterization of a novel human colon‐associated antigen (CAA) by a monoclonal antibody

We have generated a monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated anti-CAA (colon-associated antigen), using as immunogen a membrane-enriched fraction of a biopsy from a moderately-differentiated human colonic adenocarcinoma. The molecular weight of this reactive antigen was determined by Western blotting to be greater than 200 kDa. When immunohistochemical techniques were used, MAb anti-CAA reacted with epithelium in the majority of normal, dysplastic and malignant colon specimens tested (greater reactivity was observed in normal colon than in benign or malignant lesions). Cell sorter analyses demonstrated a heterogeneous distribution of CAA on the cell surface of the well-differentiated LS-174T cell line. Antigen positive and antigen-negative cells were separated by means of flow cytometric techniques. These two subpopulations were then inoculated into immunosuppressed rats, resulting in xenograft tumors which differed significantly in their degree of histologic differentiation. Antigen-positive cells developed into well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, while antigen-negative cells developed into poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. These results, along with immunohistochemical studies, indicate that the antigen detected by MAb anti-CAA has characteristics of a colon-associated antigen whose expression correlates with cellular differentiation. Moreover, differences in molecular weight as well as tissue distribution indicate that CAA may be a novel antigen different from those previously described.
A three-level model for alkali metal vapor lasers. Part II: broadband optical pumping

The effects of pump laser spectral bandwidth on the performance of longitudinally pumped diode-pumped alkali lasers is explored by extending the analytic, three-level model using longitudinally averaged number densities. By assuming a statistical distribution between the upper two levels, the limiting solution for the quasi-two level system is achieved. A second limiting solution is identified for strongly bleached conditions where the atom recycle rate, limited by spin–orbit relaxation, fully specifies the output power. Performance in the intermediate regime depends significantly on the pump bandwidth relative to the atomic absorption line width and requires numerical simulation. The ratio of populations for the two excited, 2P3/2,1/2 states completes an analytic solution and depends primarily on pump laser bandwidth, threshold, and alkali concentration. Absorption well into the wings on the atomic profile can be utilized by increasing alkali concentration, but imposes increased pump intensity threshold.
Considerations in the management of concussion with an illustrative case example

Concussions are extremely common injuries, especially among student athletes. With emerging guidelines that will require physicians to make decisions regarding injured athletes' return to physical activity, the family physician will soon be faced with more frequent questions from injured athletes and with new responsibilities to help ensure patients' safety. Assessment tools such as Sport Concussion Assessment Tool and neurocognitive testing will assist with evaluation and return to play decisions, but ultimately, it is important for the physician to develop a strategy for comfortably and appropriately managing this frequently encountered and challenging problem.
Spread-spectrum cognitive networking: Distributed channelization and routing

We study a framework that captures the interdependencies between spreading channelization and routing for a secondary multi-hop cognitive radio network that operates cognitively to coexist with primary users. We consider interactions between dynamic routing and code-division channelization functionalities for cognitive radio networks. With this respect, we study the effect of joint routing, spreading code and power allocation on the network throughput. A solution for joint routing and spread-spectrum channelization is proposed as a localized approximation of the throughput-maximizing problem. Specifically, power and spreading code are allocated to guarantee the quality of service of the on-going primary and secondary transmissions, while the routing algorithm dynamically selects relays based on the network traffic dynamics and on the achievable data rates on different secondary links.
Dry beveling of micropipette electrodes

Beveling or otherwise modifying the tips of micropipettes has been found to improve their performance. Although some success has been reported, especially with wet beveling methods, problems and uncertainties are significant. In this paper we describe both manual and automated dry beveling systems which use a bevel table and bevel plate similar to those in wet beveling schemes. However, instead of using electrode impedance changes as a guide to the shape and size of electrode tips, we monitor beveling with a piezoelectric crystal which detects the minute vibrations of the electrode as the tip scrapes the bevel plate. The filtered output of the crystal indicates the progress of the grinding operation and allows the process to be controlled. Precise control of electrode tip movement is accomplished through use of a Kopf model 607B motorized hydraulic microdrive, amenable to both automated and manual control. The whole process can be followed by non-destructive electron microscope (E.M.) examination of electrode tips. Dry beveling combined with E.M. examination of electrode tips allows a much more precise determination of optimal electrode tip size and shape than is at present possible with wet beveling.
Place and culture-making: Geographic clumping in the emergence of artistic schools

Abstract In processes of cultural production, does it matter where the producers happen to be – and if so, how? We examine the formative years of 49 twentieth-century schools of painting, focused on the geographical locations of key participants. Our data suggest that in almost every instance, artists identified with a certain school tend to live in the same region or city during its emergent period, and often even in the same neighborhood of a large metropolitan area. This pattern continues throughout the 20th century, despite changes in communication and transportation that would seem to make physical co-location less vital for the formation of small collaborative circles in the arts. We speculate that emplacement is important not only for the emergence of new esthetic norms but also for the recognition of the group as a “school” and for its eventual success in the art market.
Ultrafast scanning tunneling microscopy using a photoexcited low-temperature-grown GaAs tip

We describe a novel STM tip consisting of a cleaved GaAs substrate with a 1 /spl mu/m-thick epilayer of low temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) deposited on the face. Because the LT-GaAs has a carrier lifetime of 1 ps, photoexcitation of the tip with an ultrafast, above bandgap pulse both provides carriers for the tunneling current and photoconductively gates (with ps resolution) the current from the tip. We use this tip to detect picosecond transients on a coplanar stripline and demonstrate a temporal resolution of 1.2 ps in tunneling mode.
Effect of Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor-Loaded Erthrocytes on Fecundity and Midgut Protease and Hemolysis Activity of Stable Flies

When 20% of Added soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) were encapsulted in bovine erythrocytes by using a dialysisprocedure and the encapsulted SBTI was fed to female Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), all egg production was eliminated and 50% of the flies died. Activity of midgut protease and hemolysis was determined for both control and treated flies. Treated flies had ca. 1/7 the activity of control flies for protease activity and ca. 1/7 the activity for hemolysin. The data indicated that encapsulated soybean trypsin inhibitor caused a reduction in either de novo synthesis or activation of these enzymes.
Evaluation of Atomic Fluorescence Detection Limits with an Inductively Coupled Plasma as an Excitation Source and Atomization Cell

The use of an inductively coupled plasma, ICP, as an excitation source for atomic fluorescence spectrometric, AFS, in a second ICP is re-examined. Improvements in the ICP-ICP-AFS setup have allowed the lowering of the limits of detection by one to two orders of magnitude below that of previous work. Also discussed is a new mode of operation for the atomization cell ICP. Through simple torch-position and flowrate adjustments, a thin plasma, which extends 20 to 30 cm above the torch, can be produced. This plasma is referred to as the pencil plasma With the use of these operating conditions, propane can be added to the Ar nebulizing gas to aid in refractory-element determination. The pencil plasma and the conventional plasma will be compared for use as an atom reservoir for AFS measurements.
Two distinct actin networks drive the protrusion of migrating cells

Cell migration initiates by extension of the actin cytoskeleton at the leading edge. Computational analysis of fluorescent speckle microscopy movies of migrating epithelial cells revealed this process is mediated by two spatially colocalized but kinematically, kinetically, molecularly, and functionally distinct actin networks. A lamellipodium network assembled at the leading edge but completely disassembled within 1 to 3 micrometers. It was weakly coupled to the rest of the cytoskeleton and promoted the random protrusion and retraction of the leading edge. Productive cell advance was a function of the second colocalized network, the lamella, where actomyosin contraction was integrated with substrate adhesion.
Arc-parallel Extension and Fluid Flow in an Ancient Accretionary Wedge: The San Juan Islands, Washington

Structural analysis of the Lopez Structural Complex, a major Late Cretaceous terrane-bounding fault zone in the San Juan thrust system, reveals a sequence of events that provides insight into accretionary wedge mechanics and regional tectonics. After formation of regional ductile flattening and shear-related fabrics, the area was crosscut by brittle structures including: (1) southwest-vergent thrusts, (2) extension veins and normal faults related to northwest-southeast extension, and (3) conjugate strike-slip structures that record northwest-southeast extension and northeast-southwest shortening. Aragonite-bearing veins are associated with thrust and normal faults, but only rarely with strike-slip faults. High-pressure, low-temperature (HP-LT) minerals constrain the conditions for brittle deformation to ≥20 km and
Effects of hyperthermia and L-ascorbic acid on glucose, pyruvate, and lactate metabolism in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.

SummaryShort exposure (1 hr) to hyper-thermia (42.5°) is not accompanied by altered cellular respiration in EATC. Ascorbic acid has been shown to significantly effect metabolism in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Ascorbic acid results in a significant reduction in lactate concentrations in EATC. The present evidence suggest that these alterations in metabolism are not due to alterations in cAMP concentrations. Alterations in the electron transport chain may account for the changes in metabolism observed with ascorbic acid supplementation. Although ascorbic acid does not inhibit or destroy EATC under our conditions, It does lead to significant metabolic changes.