cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein on host-directed translation in vivo

Vesicular stomatitis virus infection causes a rapid and potent inhibition of both host transcription and translation. Recently, the viral matrix (M) protein was shown to inhibit host-directed transcription in vivo in the absence of any other viral component (B. L. Black and D. S. Lyles, J. Virol. 66:4058-4064, 1992). The goal of this study was to determine the effect of M protein on host-directed translation. In vitro-transcribed mRNAs encoding M protein and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) were cotransfected into BHK cells to determine the effect of M protein expression on translation of CAT mRNA. The results presented here show that M protein did not inhibit host-directed translation of CAT mRNA. On the contrary, this study gave the unexpected result that M protein actually stimulated host-directed translation under the same conditions in which it potently inhibited host-directed transcription. Under these conditions, the combined effect on host gene expression was a greater-than-20-fold inhibition. Furthermore, the enhancement of host translation mediated by M protein was genetically correlated with M protein's ability to inhibit host transcription. Thus, the results of this study establish that M protein does not inhibit host protein synthesis under the same conditions in which it potently inhibits host transcription and suggest that the inhibition of transcription and that of translation by vesicular stomatitis virus require separate viral gene products.
Integrated sensing for ionic polymer metal composite actuators using PVDF thin films

Compact sensing methods are desirable for ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuators in microrobotic and biomedical applications. In this paper a novel sensing scheme for IPMC actuators is proposed by bonding an IPMC and a PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) thin film with an insulating layer in between. The insulating layer thickness is properly designed to minimize the stiffness of the composite IPMC/PVDF structure while reducing the electrical feedthrough coupling between the IPMC and PVDF. A distributed circuit model is developed to effectively represent the electrical coupling dynamics, which is then used in real-time compensation for extraction of the true sensing signal. Experimental results show that the developed IPMC/PVDF structure, together with the compensation algorithm, can perform effective, simultaneous actuation and sensing. As the first application, this sensori-actuator has been successfully used for performing and monitoring open-loop micro-injection of living Drosophila embryos. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
JUDGED HUMOR, AROUSAL, AND THE RELIEF THEORY

The hypothesis that humor represents the sudden relief from strong affect was tested. Anxiety was used as the affect, and was varied among 3 groups of freshmen and sophomores by informing them of tasks they would be required to do, which supposedly would entail handling or extracting blood from white rats. At the start of the task the rat was discovered to be a toy. Questionnaires were then administered, asking Ss to rate humor, anxiety, and surprisingness. Humor ratings showed a significant positive trend with both anxiety and surprisingness. The results are interpreted as supporting the relief theory of humor, and as suggesting surprisingness as a strongly correlated variable.
Production and distribution policy in a two-stage stochastic push-pull supply chain

We consider a model of a two-stage push-pull production-distribution supply chain. The orders arrive at the final stage according to a Poisson process. Two separate operations, which take place at different locations with exponential service times, are required to convert the raw materials into finished goods. When the first operation is completed the intermediate inventory is held at the first stage and then transported to the second stage where the items are produced to order. The objective is to minimize the average sum of the production, transportation, and holding costs. We consider the optimal policy for a version of this model. Our experimental analysis demonstrates that this optimal policy is counter-intuitive. We develop a heuristic based on a deterministic version of this model, and computationally test the heuristic.
Analysis of volume holographic long period gratings in photonic nanostructured fibers and waveguides

An analysis of volume holographic long period gratings in photonic nanostructured fibers and waveguides is presented. It is found that the unique photonic nanostructure could substantially enhance the tuning capability of the spectral response of the grating, which could result in many practical applications in optical communications and sensors, such as wide tuning range wavelength filters and ultrahigh sensitivity optical sensors.
Sensor space planning with applications to construction environments

Outlined is a new approach to sensor space planning and its application to the construction industry. The software planning tool described here generates sensor placements automatically for use in assessing deviations in construction environments. The first step is to separate construction information goals into clusters, simplifying the planning space in order to reduce computational complexity. For each cluster, the planner generates the space of potential sensor placements for a set of information goals and selects a minimal set of subspaces to take advantage of views that can achieve multiple goals simultaneously. Sensing locations are chosen that maximize the probability of achieving each goal and a path is generated to minimize the transit cost between the various sensing locations within each cluster. Finally, paths are generated that minimize the transit cost between clusters. This method is demonstrated on a desktop computer and shown to support LIDAR information goal sensor planning within a construction site.
Investigation of Immunochemical Reactions by Fluorescence Polarization

Fluorescence polarization provides the biologist and the chemist with a highly sensitive and versatile probe for investigating both the structural features and molecular motions of macromolecules. It provides information on the individual isolated molecule, as well as on the interactions occurring with other molecules, and is hence adaptable to a diversity of equilibrium and kinetic measurements over extremely wide ranges of concentration and time. The magnitude of the steady-state polarization (or the anisotropy) observed in the fluorescent light emitted from solutions is a function of several variables. It depends upon the relaxation time of the rotary Brownian motion, the decay time of the electronically excited state, and the relative orientations of the transition moments for absorption and emission. If the transient-state polarization is observed after the excitation has been cut off, then the polarization is a function of time as well. Measurements of both the steady-state and transient-state polarization are well known (Dandliker and deSaussure, 1970; Yguerabide, 1972) and are usually analyzed in terms of rotational motions of the fluorescent unit and of relaxation phenomena involving the macromolecule or solvent. The latter effects may be, in part, induced by the difference in free energy between the ground and the electronically excited states. In the last few years, there have been substantial advances in the theory of fluorescence polarization (Tao, 1969; Weber, 1971; Belford et al, 1972; Chuang and Eisenthal, 1972) together with improvements in instrumentation both for transient-state (Yguerabide, 1972) and for steady-state measurements (Kelly, Dandliker, and Williamson, 1976).
Preparation and Dielectric Properties of La Doped Bi2Al4O9

A series of (Bi1-xLax)2Al4O9 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40) ceramics were prepared by sol-gel method with sintering process. Doping dependent investigations were carried out to show the influence of La atom on the structural stability. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. This showed that the second phase is increased gradually by La doping. When the value of La is 0.4, the main phase tends to become LaAlO3. Details on dielectric properties are reported. The permittivity of as-prepared doped samples increases slightly compared to pure Bi2Al4O9 and excellent frequency stability is exhibited.
Quantitative Tverberg Theorems Over Lattices and Other Discrete Sets

This paper presents a new variation of Tverberg's theorem. Given a discrete set S of $$\mathbb {R}^{d}$$Rd, we study the number of points of S needed to guarantee the existence of an m-partition of the points such that the intersection of the m convex hulls of the parts contains at least k points of S. The proofs of the main results require new quantitative versions of Helly's and Caratheodory's theorems.
Multidimensional Effects on Heatshield Thermal Response for the Orion Crew Module

Transient simulations are performed to predict in-depth thermal response and surface recession of a thermal protection system for the proposed Orion Crew Module. The finitevolume codes used in this simulation solve the time-dependent governing equations, including energy conservation and a three-component decomposition model, with a surface energy balance condition and a moving grid system to predict shape change due to surface recession. Solutions are obtained for the full three-dimensional geometry and for simplified one-dimensional geometries. The one-dimensional computations are performed at selected locations and are compared with the three-dimensional predictions for a candidate heatshield material. The aerothermal environments are derived from proposed Lunar return trajectories. The results indicate that multidimensional effects have little influence on the predicted surface recession. At the heatshield shoulder, where the maximum heating occurs, a one-dimensional planar model underpredicts the bond-line temperature. An improved one-dimensional model, that takes into account the variation of cross sectional area with depth from the surface, provides a better approximation to the in-depth temperature response predicted by the three-dimensional model.
Biosynthetically inspired divergent approach to monoterpene indole alkaloids: total synthesis of mersicarpine, leuconodines B and D, leuconoxine, melodinine E, leuconolam, and rhazinilam.

Inspired by their potential biosynthesis, we have developed divergent total syntheses of seven monoterpene indole alkaloids including mersicarpine, leuconodines B and D, leuconoxine, melodinine E, leuconolam, and rhazinilam, and one unnatural analogue with an unprecedented structural skeleton. The key steps involve a Witkop–Winterfeldt oxidative indole cleavage followed by transannular cyclization. The transannular cyclization product was then converted to the corresponding structural skeletons by pairing its functional groups into different reaction modes.
P48 Vitamin D Levels Are Not Associated with Markers of Inflammation and Disease Severity in Acute Tuberculosis

Background There is considerable evidence that patients with clinical tuberculosis in the UK have low levels of circulating Vitamin D 1 . It has been suggested that acquired Vitamin D deficiency impairs immune function and therefore allows patients to transform from latent to clinical tuberculosis. Sceptics have suggested that the low Vitamin D levels seen in clinical tuberculosis are a result of disease activity rather than a cause of it. We examined whether Vitamin D levels were associated with blood markers of inflammation and disease severity inpatients newly diagnosed with tuberculosis. Methods All patients diagnosed with tuberculosis at an inner London teaching hospital since 2000 were eligible for inclusion in the study although systematic measurement of Vitamin D levels has only been attempted in recent years. Vitamin D levels were classified as deficient 10 to =30ng/ml.2 The date treatment started was recorded. The first blood measurement of Vitamin D, Haemoglobin, Neutrophil count, c-reactive protein(CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and albumin taken within two weeks of treatment starting were recorded. All variables were assessed for correlation with one another using Pearson’s correlation coefficient in SPSS. Results One thousand four hundred and twenty two patients were identified of whom 262 had a measurement of Vitamin D. 151 (58%) were Vitamin D deficient and a further 96 (37%), Vitamin D insufficient. Data availability ranged from 1266 patients with a serum albumin to 222 patients with an ESR. Blood markers of disease severity and inflammation were significantly correlated but Vitamin D levels did not correlate with any of the other variables. Discussion These data do not support the hypothesis that low Vitamin Dlevels in acute tuberculosis are a result of disease activity or severity. It would be reasonable to consider the prevention of Vitamin D deficiency as a means to reduce the conversion of latent to clinical tuberculosis. References Sita-Lumsden A, Lapthorn G, Swaminathan R, Milburn HJ. Reactivation of tuberculosis and vitamin D deficiency: the contribution of diet and exposure to sunlight. Thorax 2007; 62(11):1003–7. Rosen CJ. Vitamin D Insufficiency. New EnglandJournal of Medicine 2011; 364(3):248–54.
Städtebau as Imperial Culture: Camillo Sitte's Urban Plan for Ljubljana

Camillo Sitte9s planning work has rarely been examined as anything other than an application of the theory laid out in his treatise, City Planning According to Artistic Principles (1899). However, Sitte9s theoretical precepts alone do not account for the transnational geography of his practice. Sitte9s work as a planner developed around the distinction between Vienna, the imperial capital, where he was never able to influence urban development, and the empire9s predominantly Slavic provinces, where almost all of his projects were commissioned. Focusing on the preparation of Sitte9s plan for Ljubljana in 1895, this essay relates the theoretical formulation and practical application of city planning to two dynamics that dominated late-nineteenth-century Austro-German liberal culture: the appropriation of humanist Italian culture by scientific art and architectural history, and the redeployment of that culture as professional expertise in a putatively uncultured eastern Europe.
Attention's accelerator

How do people get attention to operate at peak efficiency in high-pressure situations? We tested the hypothesis that the general mechanism that allows this is the maintenance of multiple target representations in working and long-term memory. We recorded subjects’ event-related potentials (ERPs) indexing the working memory and long-term memory representations used to control attention while performing visual search. We found that subjects used both types of memories to control attention when they performed the visual search task with a large reward at stake, or when they were cued to respond as fast as possible. However, under normal circumstances, one type of target memory was sufficient for slower task performance. The use of multiple types of memory representations appears to provide converging top-down control of attention, allowing people to step on the attentional accelerator in a variety of high-pressure situations.
The current situation and construction of nature reserve in Daqing City

This paper comments natural states, ecosystem types and main protection targets in 12 nature reserves in Daqing city, on the basis of analyzing the current situation of nature reserve, and propose the main contents of construction of nature reserve, namely setting up nature reserve of the meadow grassland ecosystem type, expanding some area of nature reserve and adjust the pattern of distributing, paying attention to the construction of nature reserve of Longfeng wetland, setting up the nature reserve of Daqing and managing the categorised system of the type.
Current situation and influencing factors of Trichuris trichiura in China

Objective To understand the current situation of Trichuris trichiura infection in Chinese population and to provide scientific basis for prevention and cure in China. Methods According to the unified scheme of state, the surveys was carried out in 31 provinces/cities/autonomous regions by stratified random sampling method. The Kato-Katz thick smear methods were used to determine T. trichiura eggs of fixed quantity and qualities. Results The population infective rates of T. trichiura ranged from 0.01% to 31.35%, the average infective rate was 4.63% in China and no T. trichiura infection was found in inner Mogolia, Liaoning and Jilin. The average number of eggs per gram (EPG) was 18.99, and the most cases were mild infection(89.75%). The females infection rate of T. trichiura was slightly higher than the males, and the highest infection rate was in age group of 5-15, minority nationality infection rate was higher than the Han people and the highest infection rate was fishermen. Conclusion The T. trichiura infection of population is still a very important public health problem in China. The prevention and control of the T. trichiura should be strengthened.
Tunneling nanotube formation is stimulated by hypoxia in ovarian cancer cells.

// Snider Desir 1, 2, * , Elizabeth L. Dickson 3, * , Rachel I. Vogel 4 , Venugopal Thayanithy 2 , Phillip Wong 2 , Deanna Teoh 3 , Melissa A. Geller 3 , Clifford J. Steer 5 , Subbaya Subramanian 6 , Emil Lou 1, 2 1 Integrative Biology and Physiology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 4 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 5 Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 6 Department of Surgery, Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA * These authors contributed equally to this work and are co-first authors Correspondence to: Emil Lou, email: emil-lou@umn.edu Keywords: tunneling nanotubes, intercellular communication, hypoxia, chemoresistance, mTOR Received: November 04, 2015 Accepted: April 24, 2016 Published: May 20, 2016 ABSTRACT In this study, we demonstrated that hypoxic conditions stimulated an increase in tunneling nanotube (TNT) formation in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3, C200).We found that suppressing the mTOR pathway using either everolimus or metformin led to suppression of TNT formation in vitro , verifying TNTs as a potential target for cancer-directed therapy. Additionally, TNT formation was detected in co-cultures including between platinum-resistant SKOV3 cells, between SKOV3 cells and platinum-chemosensitive A2780 cells, and between SKOV3 cells cultured with benign ovarian epithelial (IOSE) cells; these findings indicate that TNTs are novel conduits for malignant cell interactions and tumor cell interactions with other cells in the microenvironment. When chemoresistant C200 and parent chemosensitive A2780 cells were co-cultured, chemoresistant cells displayed a higher likelihood of TNT formation to each other than to chemosensitive malignant or benign epithelial cells. Hypoxia-induced TNT formation represents a potential mechanism for intercellular communication in ovarian cancer and other forms of invasive refractory cancers.
Predicting the Where and What of Actors and Actions through Online Action Localization

This paper proposes a novel approach to tackle the challenging problem of 'online action localization' which entails predicting actions and their locations as they happen in a video. Typically, action localization or recognition is performed in an offline manner where all the frames in the video are processed together and action labels are not predicted for the future. This disallows timely localization of actions - an important consideration for surveillance tasks. In our approach, given a batch of frames from the immediate past in a video, we estimate pose and oversegment the current frame into superpixels. Next, we discriminatively train an actor foreground model on the superpixels using the pose bounding boxes. A Conditional Random Field with superpixels as nodes, and edges connecting spatio-temporal neighbors is used to obtain action segments. The action confidence is predicted using dynamic programming on SVM scores obtained on short segments of the video, thereby capturing sequential information of the actions. The issue of visual drift is handled by updating the appearance model and pose refinement in an online manner. Lastly, we introduce a new measure to quantify the performance of action prediction (i.e. online action localization), which analyzes how the prediction accuracy varies as a function of observed portion of the video. Our experiments suggest that despite using only a few frames to localize actions at each time instant, we are able to predict the action and obtain competitive results to state-of-the-art offline methods.
Some applied implications of a contemporary behavior-analytic account of verbal events.

Behavior analysts have always intended to develop the principles adequate to the analysis ofcomplex human behavior. Unlike some other wings of the animal learning tradition, behavior analysts were never interested in "the behavior of rats for its own sake" (Skinner, 1938, p. 441). Rather, the hope was that the analysis of relatively simple nonhuman behaviors in relatively simple environments would pay off as a research strategy (see S. Hayes & L. Hayes, 1992). Whether this strategy would actually work was an empirical matter, because we "can neither assert nor deny continuity or discontinuity" (Skinner, 1938, p. 442), but in fact it worked amazingly well. The extension of behavior-analytic principles derived from the study of nonhumans to human conduct has led to the development of interventions that have had a powerful impact on many areas of human concern. Skinner (1938) at first worried that his approach might not be sufficient for the analysis of verbal behavior. By 1957 he was convinced that a straightforward operant analysis worked there as well. But now, over 35 years later, Skinner's analysis ofverbal events has become increasingly threadbare. Holes have emerged, on both empirical and theoretical grounds. As a result, the analysis of verbal events from a behavior-analytic viewpoint is more open to alternatives. Skinner's analysis, after all, was never the behavior-analytic account-it was only a behavior-analytic account. The need for an adequate behavioranalytic account of verbal events is perhaps felt the most among clinical radical behaviorists. This wing of the applied arena is distinguishable on the one hand
Transition to Insulin in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes

1. To gain an appreciation for the progressive nature of glucose deterioration in patients with type-2 diabetes. 2. To learn about the different oral treatment options for patients with type-2 diabetes. 3. To learn when and how to transition patients with type-2 diabetes to insulin therapy.
Site selection by migratory shorebirds in Delaware Bay, and its relationship to beach characteristics and abundance of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eggs

-The distribution of migratory shorebirds within Delaware Bay, New Jersey, was examined relative to prey abundance and the physical characteristics of the intertidal beaches. Red Knots (Calidris canutus), Sanderlings (C. alba), Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres), and "peeps" comprised nearly 100% of the shorebirds on seven study beaches from mid-May to early June in both 1990 and 1991. The most abundant food item on these beaches was horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eggs, and there were few other available macroinvertebrates. Beaches preferred by shorebirds had higher numbers of crab eggs; the density of eggs in some surface (0-5 cm) sediments exceeded 1 05 / M2. In general, both horseshoe crab eggs and shorebirds increased along the bay shore from Higbee's Beach (near Cape May Point) to Moore's Beach, 32 km up-bay. However, shorebirds were widely distributed within the bay, possibly because eggs were sufficiently abundant on most beaches to support foraging by at least four birds per meter of shoreline. Shorebirds aggregated near shoreline discontinuities, such as salt-marsh creeks and jetties, that acted as concentrating mechanisms for passively drifting eggs. Sediment grain size and heterogeneity were probably not a primary determinant of shorebird distribution within Delaware Bay. Intertidal sand flats were not extensively used by foraging shorebirds, but the potential importance of nearby salt marshes as foraging sites requires further investigation. Received 20 January 1993, accepted 27 March
35-P: POSTIVE FLOW CYTOMETRY CROSMMATCH DUE TO LOW LEVELS OF NON-SELF PAN A LOCUS ANTIBODY: CHARACTERIZED BY BIOLOGICAL AND BIOINFORMATICAL APPROACHES

Aim Exposure to non-self HLA epitopes can result in the production of HLA antibodies to eiptopes that are shared between different antigens and make the interpretation of single antigen beads (SAB) assay complex. This case report shows a sensitized kidney transplant candidate with weak HLA antibodies against all but except self HLA-A locus antibodies. Methods Lumines SAB analysis were performed using the LABScreen®. Epitope analysis was performed using ClustalW2 multiple sequence alignment program for proteins (EMBL-EBI). Flow cytometry crossmatch with the standard B cell lines obtained from the IHWG as well as cells from HLA typed healthy volunteers. Results Luminex Single Antigen beads showed very low levels of antibodies to all A locus antigens but A30 (Fig. 1). The majority of these antibodies would not be called if MFI cut-off was used as the only metric. Sequence alignment analysis indicated the presence of shared non-self A locus epitope. Crossmatch with standard B cells and normal healthy donors were all positive except donors that are A30 (self). Further flow up on this patient showed an elevation of the same antibodies (Fig. 2). Conclusions The use of the signal strength expressed in MFI as the only determinant for the single antigen beads data analysis may not be always correct in cases with antibodies directed to non-well characterized shared epitopes. (Figs. 1 and 2)
Multi-Resolution Climate Ensemble Parameter Analysis with Nested Parallel Coordinates Plots

Due to the uncertain nature of weather prediction, climate simulations are usually performed multiple times with different spatial resolutions. The outputs of simulations are multi-resolution spatial temporal ensembles. Each simulation run uses a unique set of values for multiple convective parameters. Distinct parameter settings from different simulation runs in different resolutions constitute a multi-resolution high-dimensional parameter space. Understanding the correlation between the different convective parameters, and establishing a connection between the parameter settings and the ensemble outputs are crucial to domain scientists. The multi-resolution high-dimensional parameter space, however, presents a unique challenge to the existing correlation visualization techniques. We present Nested Parallel Coordinates Plot (NPCP), a new type of parallel coordinates plots that enables visualization of intra-resolution and inter-resolution parameter correlations. With flexible user control, NPCP integrates superimposition, juxtaposition and explicit encodings in a single view for comparative data visualization and analysis. We develop an integrated visual analytics system to help domain scientists understand the connection between multi-resolution convective parameters and the large spatial temporal ensembles. Our system presents intricate climate ensembles with a comprehensive overview and on-demand geographic details. We demonstrate NPCP, along with the climate ensemble visualization system, based on real-world use-cases from our collaborators in computational and predictive science.
Translational Correlation: Peripheral Neuropathy

Abstract Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a common disease that results in dysfunction of the peripheral nerves. The etiologies of PN can be categorized as metabolic, toxic, infectious, nutritional, autoimmune, hereditary, paraneoplastic, endocrine, and idiopathic. The vast majority of PN caused by toxic, metabolic, endocrine and hereditary etiologies present with gradually progressive sensory and motor symptoms. The symptoms usually start in the feet and later spread proximally to the legs. The typical pattern of muscle weakness and sensory loss appreciated on the physical examination has a distal to proximal gradient. The diagnosis of PN requires at least a detailed history, neurological examination, and electrophysiological testing.
Functions of Aggression and Disciplinary Actions Among Elementary School-Age Youth

A link between aggression and disciplinary actions has been established; however, specific associations between reactive and proactive functions of aggression and disciplinary actions in the elementary school setting have not been evaluated. A better understanding of links between functions of aggression and disciplinary actions could directly inform whom to target and how to intervene to reduce infractions at school before more serious consequences (i.e., suspension or expulsion) occur. The present study evaluated unique associations between reactive and proactive aggression and increases in disciplinary actions at school over the course of 1 year. A sample of 173 elementary school-age youth (ages 8–10, 55.5% female) participated in the current study, with teacher and student reports as well as school record data collected. Correlation analyses indicated that both reactive and proactive aggression were associated with increases in disciplinary actions; however, the magnitude of effects was stronger for reactive aggression. Further, path analyses indicated that when simultaneously evaluating reactive and proactive aggression, only reactive aggression was uniquely positively associated with increases in disciplinary actions. Reactive aggression appears to be the function of aggression to target for the prevention of disciplinary actions in the elementary school setting. Findings and their implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
The Physician: Professional or Entrepreneur

By May of 1990 when I first traveled to Kyoto and met Dr. Kazumasa Hoshino, he was already organizing his Third International Bioethics Symposium (Hoshino, 1991). He was, by then, not only a distinguished physician of Kyoto University, he was also an internationally recognized leader in the study of bioethics. He has been particularly insightful in recognizing the national uniqueness of the conceptualization of the roles of patient and health care provider and the various bioethical traditions that surround them. Perhaps it is because of his experience with and understanding of the traditions of Western medicine that he has been so helpful in articulating the uniqueness of Japanese medical relations.
Journey to Success for New Analog Technologies for Texas Instruments

Abstract TI's commitment to meeting customer requirements has resulted in the development of package technologies and process to improve performance and higher power at lower cost for wire-bonded packages and automotive products are requiring more stringent reliability requirements. Some of the strategies we have adopted include using thinner metal and low-K ILD for lower parasitics and higher performance, thick copper routings for higher power and larger wafer diameters and smaller scribe streets for lower cost and using Copper (Cu) wire. Cu wire is a key enabler due to higher electrical conductivity and lower cost than gold), but also poses integration challenges due to hardness, CTE mismatch and corrosion susceptibility. The hardness of the copper wire imposes significant challenges for wire-bonding on pads w thin metal and low-k ILD. This required co-design of die bond pad structure for enhanced reliability as well as Cu wire process development requires comprehensive approach encompassing multiple ar...
Pest Management: Principles and Philosophy

Animal and plant populations in natural biotic communities are relatively stable and outbreaks of any one species are rare (MacFadyen, 1957). Furthermore, st species exist at relatively low population levels. In these natural communities, most animals are classified as herbivores, parasites, or predators; few species are truly saprophytic (Pimentel, 1969). Ecologists refer to this phenomenon as species equilibria in community structures.
The Ethical Dimension of Economics

Chapter 6, The Ethical Dimension of Economics, examines Dussel’s detailed study of the work of Karl Marx. Dussel interprets Marxism as an ethics of liberation which deploys an analectic method. Dussel argues that living labor, for Marx, retains a certain exteriority to the economic system despite being exploited by capital for private gain. In particular, the chapter focuses on alienation of living labor in the form of labor power subsumed by capital. It also discusses the theory of surplus value and how bourgeois economics mystifies capital accumulation as though capital created value out of nothing when in reality this value comes in large part from unpaid (surplus) labor time. For Dussel, the ethical principles are subsumed as norms of the struggle to overcome the alienation of labor as well as to halt the degradation of the biosphere.
The Gender Gap in Raise Magnitudes of Hourly and Salary Workers

The gender gap in promotions literature typically uses survey to survey imputed hourly wage changes to measure the earnings effects of promotions alone. By distinction, we study raises with and without promotions using data within surveys that uniquely identify both the current and most recent wages of hourly workers separate from salary workers. In cross-section estimates we identify a gender gap in raise magnitude favoring men only among hourly workers who achieve promotions, but this result vanishes in fixed effects estimates. No gender gaps emerge in any other instance, including for salary workers and raises absent of promotion. We further contribute to the literature by uniquely controlling for natural ability and risk preferences of the workers, the time passed since earning the raise, and also whether the responsibility of the worker’s job changed with the raise.
Can liquid cloud microphysical processes be used for vertically pointing cloud radar calibration

Abstract. Cloud radars are unique instruments for observing cloud processes, but uncertainties in radar calibration have frequently limited data quality. Thus far, no single robust method exists for assessing the calibration of past cloud radar data sets. Here, we investigate whether observations of microphysical processes in liquid clouds such as the transition of cloud droplets to drizzle drops can be used to calibrate cloud radars. Specifically, we study the relationships between the radar reflectivity factor and three variables not affected by absolute radar calibration: the skewness of the radar Doppler spectrum ( γ ), the radar mean Doppler velocity ( W ), and the liquid water path (LWP). For each relation, we evaluate the potential for radar calibration. For γ and W , we use box model simulations to determine typical radar reflectivity values for reference points. We apply the new methods to observations at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites North Slope of Alaska (NSA) and Oliktok Point (OLI) in 2016 using two 35 GHz Ka -band ARM Zenith Radars (KAZR). For periods with a sufficient number of liquid cloud observations, we find that liquid cloud processes are robust enough for cloud radar calibration, with the LWP-based method performing best. We estimate that, in 2016, the radar reflectivity at NSA was about 1±1 dB too low but stable. For OLI, we identify serious problems with maintaining an accurate calibration including a sudden decrease of 5 to 7 dB in June 2016.
A questionnaire-based methodology to assist non-experts in selecting sustainable engineering analysis methods and software tools

Abstract Currently, there are limited techniques for non-experts to learn about the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and software tools developed by industry and academia for assessing each aspect of product sustainability performance. Moreover, the variety of available methods and software tools makes it challenging for non-experts to identify the most appropriate analysis option. This research aims to assist non-experts in selecting the most appropriate set of analysis methods and software tools prior to conducting sustainable engineering analysis (SEA) based on life cycle data accessible to them. A questionnaire-based ranking methodology is developed for non-experts, which reduces their time investment in examining the myriad SEA methods and tools and avoids non-value added effort. The questionnaire uses an interaction matrix within a general mathematical modeling approach to map a given set of methods and tools to user responses. Relevance weights are integrated within the matrix to rank available environmental, economic, and social assessment methods and tools for user consideration. To demonstrate the application of the methodology, a pilot project was conducted to improve the design of a hexacopter. Results were compared using lower- and higher-fidelity software tools to demonstrate the effectiveness of the relevance weights assigned to each tool. Assigned weights were determined to enable differentiation between low and high fidelity methods and tools, but as new methods and tools enter into use, these weights must be updated. The process of selecting SEA methods and software gives insight into the utility of the interaction matrix implemented within the tool developed in this research. Moreover, non-experts can compare various design alternatives using the selected analysis methods and software tools to arrive at a solution with improved sustainability performance.
Tensile properties, strain rate sensitivity, and activation volume of additively manufactured 316L stainless steels

Abstract The tensile properties of additively manufactured (AM) metals and alloys are among the most important variables that impact the potential applications of these materials. Here we examine and report on the tensile properties of AM 316L stainless steels fabricated by the laser powder-bed-fusion (L-PBF) technique, via twelve sets of optimized laser processing parameters that produce materials with density >98.8 ± 0.10%. A heterogeneous microstructure is observed in all L-PBF samples, including microscopic features such as dislocations, cellular walls, elemental segregations, local misorientations, impurities, precipitates, and a large fraction of low-angle grain boundaries (2-10°, ∼40–60%). The derived average grain size defined by high-angle grain boundaries (>10°) is ∼30–50 μm. Tensile testing reveals a yield strength ranging from 552 to 635 MPa and a tensile-elongation-to-failure (TEF) of 0.09–0.42 for directly-printed samples, whereas these values are 592–690 MPa and 0.29–0.50 for samples machined from the as-built rectangular thin plates. In all samples, we observe a variation of tensile yield strength within ∼15% but not the TEF, suggesting marginal microstructural changes despite a wide range of laser processing parameters. The large scatter of TEF in directly-printed samples originates from the sensitivity of thin gauge geometry (∼2 mm2 cross-section area) to the built-in flaws. We measured a substantially higher strain rate sensitivity (m∼0.02–0.03) of L-PBF 316L compared to the coarse-grained counterparts (∼0.006), together with a small activation volume of ∼20–30b3 (where b is the Burgers vector of 316L). These deformation kinetics parameters suggest that the tensile plasticity of L-PBF 316L is controlled by a much finer microstructural length scale than the measured grain size, consistent with the high strength and juxtaposed nano- to macro-structures seen in these materials. Strategies to optimize the tensile properties of AM materials are discussed.
MSL Relay Coordination and Tactical Planning in the Era of InSight, MAVEN, and TGO

This study examines an approach for optimizing the scheduling of regular relay communications between the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover and the non-sun-synchronous Mars orbiters MAVEN and TGO as well as the impacts of the approaching InSight landing on MSL relay and tactical planning. Rover operations require knowledge of recently executed activities, termed decisional data, in order to inform tactical activity planning. As a result, timely and routine data return is critical for nominal rover operations. Mars orbiters are used as relay assets to achieve such timeliness. They also provide greater overall rover data throughput considering their larger data transfer capacity between Mars and Earth. Relay opportunities and their performance are thus tightly coupled to MSL's operations efficiency and science return. With InSight landing only 600 kilometers away and at the same longitude as MSL, orbiter view periods will be shared between the missions, resulting in fewer relay opportunities for MSL. The introduction of MAVEN and TGO as relay assets helps to alleviate this, but the orbit geometries of these spacecraft introduce their own challenges. Unlike sun-synchronous orbiters MRO and ODY, the timing of MAVEN and TGO overflights walks sol-to-sol, resulting in seasonal variations that preclude their usability. The overflights may occur too early in the sol to enable science activities or too late in the sol to be decisional for the subsequent planning cycle. Moreover, the highly elliptical orbit of MAVEN results in much longer view periods as well as intervals of lower or higher data volume return. With the introduction of InSight, MAVEN, and TGO, the MSL mission undertook a design effort in order to define new overflight selection criteria and identify the impact to operational efficiency. Instead of selecting all usable relay opportunities, as was the case with just MRO and ODY, this new paradigm requires deconflicting and down-selecting from available overflights. The overflight selection algorithm presented in this study selects based on key overflight metrics such as timing, the predicted data volume return, and the latency between the relay and data arrival to Earth. The relative priority of each of these metrics is scenario-specific; thus, the algorithm is flexible and configurable for when mission priorities evolve. Additionally, operational constraints and considerations such as human factors are applied. The resulting tactical planning timeline post-InSight landing suggests comparable operational efficiency to the pre-InSight era but yields more variation in the timing of the planning shifts, adding strain on the MSL planning team.
Reflections of Authority in Psychotherapy

Abstract This article examines how therapists' expressions of authority affect the psychotherapeutic relationship. The article is based on the proposition that the clinical practitioner is always in a position of authority, regardless of how the role of authority is conceptualized within treatment approaches. The article includes an investigation of power and authority differentials within and across therapeutic approaches that espouse both hierarchical and egalitarian authority relationships. Process material from these approaches is analyzed to identify therapists' exercise of authority within these two approaches. It is suggested that researchers and therapists might use a heuristic research design to study the conveyance of therapeutic authority to identify whether dimensions of authority are overtly or covertly expressed, and whether or how such expression might affect practice and a client's exercise of personal authority.
Biology and Control of Coast Cockspur in Sugarcane

Coast cockspur is a relative of barnyardgrass that is native to North America. In South Florida, coast cockspur typically begins to infest sugarcane during the onset of rainfall in late spring. This 2-page fact sheet was written by Dennis Calvin Odero, Ron Rice, and Les Baucum, and published by the UF Department of Agronomy, January 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sc095
Anthropogenic noise reduces male reproductive investment in an acoustically signaling insect

Rapidly changing environments impose novel selection pressures on organisms, and sometimes adaptive phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to survive and reproduce in the face of environmental change. However, plastic responses can also be maladaptive. In this study, we investigate whether male reproductive investment responds plastically to varied experience with traffic noise. We exposed male crickets chronically to one of three noise treatments from the 2nd-3rd instar until their natural death: masking traffic noise (including noise that overlaps in frequency with the male crickets’ mating calls), non-masking traffic noise (an identical traffic noise track from which we digitally removed the frequencies that mask the crickets’ mating call), and silence. We dissected and weighed their testes and spermatophore molds. Controlling for body mass, we found that the spermatophore molds of crickets reared in masking and non-masking noise were 29% and 24% lighter, respectively, than those of crickets reared in silence. There were no differences in body mass-adjusted testes mass among treatments. If spermatophore mold mass is positively associated with male reproductive output, this reduction in size could have negative fitness consequences for animals exposed to traffic noise. We encourage future work to investigate impacts of noise on reproductive investment in other study systems that are likely sensitive to anthropogenic noise (e.g., birds, frogs, singing insects). Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive pollutant and chronic noise can negatively affect fitness. How does anthropogenic noise influence reproductive investment? Phenotypically plastic responses to noise may increase survival and reproduction in noisy environments. Traffic noise masks the sounds crickets make, potentially changing conspecifics’ perception of population density, mate availability, and the risk of sperm competition. We found that male crickets reared in silence developed significantly larger spermatophore molds (a reproductive structure that delivers the sperm containing packet to the female) than those reared in traffic noise. If the spermatophore mold influences male reproductive output, this reduction in size may have negative impacts on reproductive success of animals exposed to masking traffic noise.
Official Release of The Radioisotope Power System Dose Estimation Tool (RPS-DET)

The Radioisotope Power System Dose Estimation Tool (RPS-DET) is a software simulation application that serves as a one-stop shop for simulating and analyzing the radiation effects from radioisotope power systems (RPSs). RPS-DET includes a graphical user interface that allows the user to select from multiple RPS designs, place them in various terrestrial, planetary, or deep-space environments, and customize the plutonium oxide (PuO 2 ) fuel. These user selections are combined into an input file that is automatically sent to the SCALE software suite, where simulation-specific neutron and gamma source terms are written prior to performing a Monte Carlo particle transport process on the chosen geometries. Simulation results represent three-dimensional instantaneous particle fluxes and dose rates or time-integrated particle fluences or doses according to pre-defined, customizable responses. The literature regarding RPS-DET addresses the early development and methodologies of this effort, while this paper outlines the official release of the software, instructions for ordering, final features, and current design.
A double-sequential sampling scheme

In this article, we have developed a new sequential sampling scheme, called the double-sequential sampling scheme, in which sampling is proceeded k-at-a-time ( k ≥ 2 ) part of way, and then one-at-...