cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entering the Period of Consequences: The Explosive US Awakening to the Need for Adaptation

Since the early years of the twenty-first century, the United States has been awakening rapidly to the fact that climate change is underway and that adaptation to the unavoidable impacts of climate change is needed and must be begun now. This chapter provides an historical overview of the public, political, and scientific concern with adaptation in America. It begins by describing the shift from the early concerns with climate change and adaptation to the more recent awakening to the need for a comprehensive approach to managing the risks from climate change, as reflected in the news media. This shift is evident from the recent debates and drafting of adaptation-related bills in Congress; to the rapidly expanding activities at the state and local government levels; to the increasing engagement of nongovernmental organizations, professional associations, scientists, and consultants. This policy rush is not underlain, however, by widespread public engagement and mobilization, nor does it rest on a solid research foundation. To help the United States prepare adequately for the impacts of climate change, funding for vulnerability and adaptation research must be significantly increased. This will facilitate establishing adequate decision support mechanisms; effective communication and public involvement; and building the necessary capacity in science, the consulting world, and in government agencies.
α-Ketoglutarate stimulates pendrin-dependent Cl- absorption in the mouse CCD through protein kinase C

α-Ketoglutarate (α-KG) is a citric acid cycle intermediate and a glutamine catabolism product. It is also the natural ligand of 2-oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1), a Gq protein-coupled receptor expr...
The Need for and Value of Scholarship in Institutional Research

Theory and conceptual framing play an integral role in the professional practice of institutional research. The university research centers from which institutional research emerged were directed and staffed by scholars originating from primarily psychology and the social sciences. Advances in applied statistics and information technologies through the latter half of the twentieth Century shaped the scholarly development of institutional research practices as well as emerging applied social science disciplines, such as public administration, business, and education. Today’s IR practitioners, regardless of academic training and socialization, focus foremost on the value of theory in providing insight into the complex and highly nuanced issues that pervade higher education institutional administration and operations, and appreciate how a scholarly approach to research connects them to academic colleagues. As evaluation and accountability grow in importance, enhancement is connected to the explicit formulation and empirical testing of action theories that underlie the programs and processes of higher education. Recent developments of a theoretical predictive analytics and a growing divide between administrative and academic bureaucracies reinforce the need for IR practitioners to continue to take a critical, scholarly approach to supporting institutional effectiveness and enhancement.
Non-invasive Dual-Channel Broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy of Massive Hemorrhage and Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) in Swine.

Objective:To quantitatively measure tissue composition and hemodynamics during resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in two tissue compartments using non-invasive two-channel broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). Methods:Tissue concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin (HbO2 and HbR), water, and lipid were measured in a porcine model (n = 10) of massive hemorrhage (65% total blood volume over 1 h) and 30-min REBOA superior and inferior to the aortic balloon. Results:After hemorrhage, hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2 = HbO2/[HbO2 + HbR]) at both sites decreased significantly (-29.9% and -42.3%, respectively). The DOS measurements correlated with mean arterial pressure (MAP) (R2 = 0.79, R2 = 0.88), stroke volume (SV) (R2 = 0.68, R2 = 0.88), and heart rate (HR) (R2 = 0.72, R2 = 0.88). During REBOA, inferior StO2 continued to decline while superior StO2 peaked 12 min after REBOA before decreasing again. Inferior DOS parameters did not associate with MAP, SV, or HR during REBOA. Conclusions:Dual-channel regional tissue DOS measurements can be used to non-invasively track the formation of hemodynamically distinct tissue compartments during hemorrhage and REBOA. Conventional systemic measures MAP, HR, and SV are uncorrelated with tissue status in inferior (downstream) sites. Multi-compartment DOS may provide a more complete picture of the efficacy of REBOA and similar resuscitation procedures.
A Catastrophe Model of the Paleoglimate

A simple qualitative model of global ice cover is presented to account for the apparent catastrophic transitions between glacial and interglacial climates. Unlike the Budyko (1972) and Weertman (1976) models, the catastrophe model employs a second control parameter besides the oribtally induced insolation fluctuations to differentiate between fast and slow glaciological response mechanisms. It is conjectured that this second control parameter is linked to isostatic actions occurring beneath the continental crust which shift the dynamic emphasis from terrestrial to marine ice margins.
Structure of herbaceous plant assemblages in a forested riparian landscape

We assessed patterns of herbaceous and woody species richness, plant-environment interactions, and correspondence between the herb and tree layer in a riparian landscape (the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri, USA). A total of 269 herb and 70 tree species were identified on 94 sample plots. Gradient analysis revealed that environmental variables and vegetation were influenced by a strong elevation gradient. However, high variability in environmental variables (pH, elevation, slope, sand, clay, organic matter) indicated a high level of substrate heterogeneity across the riparian landscape. We were unable to predict the composition of the herb understory from the canopy trees with any detailed accuracy and no clear characterization of herb species assemblages was found using cluster analysis or ecological land type (ELT) classifications. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results for both tree and herb plots showed that elevation (height above river) and pH were the dominant environmental gradients influencing vegetation patterns on the first CCA axis while soil particle size exhibited the strongest correlation with the second CCA axis. Secondary gradients of importance included slope, soil container capacity, and organic matter. No significant linear or quadratic correlation was found between elevation and herb or woody species richness. Environmental variables alone or in combination, were weak predictors of herb and woody species richness, despite the patterns observed in the gradient analysis and the correlations observed in the CCA results. Ecotonal analysis showed that the herb layer exhibited a high species replacement rate at the lower elevations most susceptible to flooding (0–3 m). Above the flooding zone, there was more or less continuous species replacement, suggesting the presence of a gradual ecotone/ecocline. The tree layer exhibited much stronger discontinuities than the herb layer in the lower elevations along the height gradient (0–10 m). Recognizing the limitations of classification techniques for riparian herb assemblages and the importance of scale and heterogeneity in vegetation layers is especially important in light of mandates to preserve, protect, and manage for plant diversity.
Lasers in Measurement

Extensive use is being made of the straight-line property of a narrow laser beam for measuring alignment in various applications. The laser’s high frequency coherence has made it useful in applications for high-precision measurements of length, strain, velocities, distance, and even the size of extremely small particulate matter in air or other gases. Other measurement applications include the monitoring of pollutants in the air and noncontact measurements of various products.
Role of mu-opioid agonist efficacy on antinociceptive interactions between mu agonists and the nociceptin opioid peptide agonist Ro 64-6198 in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Mu-opioid receptor agonists are clinically effective analgesics, but also produce undesirable effects that limit their clinical utility. The nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor system also modulates nociception, and NOP agonists might be useful adjuncts to enhance the analgesic effects or attenuate the undesirable effects of mu-opioid agonists. The present study determined behavioral interactions between the NOP agonist (−)-Ro 64-6198 and mu-opioid ligands that vary in mu-opioid receptor efficacy (17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihyroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-[(3 -isoquinolyl)acetamindo]morphinan (NAQ)
Hospitals’ Obligations to Address Social Determinants of Health

Federal health care reform has expanded medical insurance to millions of people, altering the role that hospitals play in improving community health. However, current federal and state community benefit policy is an ineffective tool for ensuring that hospitals address the social determinants of health afflicting their communities. Policy shifts and other incentives that promote improved population health outcomes can encourage health care organizations to do the same.
Sagittal Reconstruction and Clinical Outcome Using Traditional ACDF, Versus Stand-alone ACDF Versus TDR: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Analysis.

Study design Systematic review. Objective To determine the difference in postoperative sagittal alignment when single level cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy is treated with an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using a structural graft and plate, a stand-alone ACDF, or a total disc arthroplasty (TDR). We also wanted to determine if postoperative sagittal alignment impacted clinical outcomes in this patient population. Summary of background data Although there are several accepted techniques for interbody reconstruction during single level anterior cervical surgery, little is known on the impact of any of them on segmental and regional sagittal alignment. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Only studies which contained pre and postoperative C2-7 Cobb angles as well as Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores following single level traditional ACDF with plate and cage, stand-alone ACDF, or TDR with at least 1 year follow up were included. Results There were 12 publications that fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a total of 658 patients. Cluster regression analysis showed no difference between treatment arms at each respective time-point or in the overall change in NDI from preoperative to postoperative (P = 0.88). Cluster regression analysis showed no difference between treatment arms at each respective time point or in the overall change in lordosis from pre-op to post-op (P = 0.93). Conclusion This review provides evidence that while NDI scores improved across all devices, there was no significant difference in NDI improvement or C2-7 Cobb angle change between single level traditional ACDF, stand-alone ACDF, or TDR. Although TDR has not been considered a lordosis producing operation, our investigation shows it does not differ significantly in sagittal profile from other cervical fusion techniques. Moreover, we show that the NDI score improved, regardless of device implanted. Level of evidence 1.
A Likely Inclination Dependence in the Non-linear Variability of Quasi Periodic Oscillations from Black Hole Binaries

We present a systematic analysis of the effects of orbital inclination angle on the non-linear variability properties of type-B and type-C QPOs from black hole binaries. We use the bicoherence, a measure of phase coupling at different Fourier frequencies for our analysis. We find that there is a likely inclination dependent change in the non-linear properties of type-C QPOs as the source transitions from a hard intermediate state to a soft intermediate state. High inclination (edge-on) sources show a change from a `web' to a `cross' pattern, while the low inclination (face-on) sources show a change from a `web' to a `hypotenuse' pattern. We present a scenario of a moderate increase in the optical depth of the Comptonising region as a possible explanation of these effects. The bicoherence of type-B QPOs do not exhibit any measurable inclination dependence.
The Roles of Flourishing and Spirituality in Millenials’ Leadership Development Activity

Confronted by today's epidemic of corporate meltdowns, broken institutional paradigms, unethical decision making, and demand for innovative competencies in order to remain competitive, managers and college educators are challenged to re-evaluate the training and development pedagogy currently in place. Specifically, we need to better understand the motivations and beliefs of the emerging leaders who will be charged with problem-solving and finding solutions to these conditions. While leadership as a research stream is robust, empirical research measuring the antecedents and drivers to leadership for Millennials (i.e. individuals born between 1982 and 2003) is scant, and what evidence does exist is contradictory. Our study is designed to better understand Millennials as emerging leaders by addressing the importance of the relationship between the intrinsic motivators of flourishing and religiosity and Millennials' leadership development activities. Today's university students are learning and questioning the role of the leader and their future in this society as change agents and champions of values that are more consistent with their belief systems. Leaders are confronted by demands for problem-solving, continuous innovation, technology, diverse workforce and changing relationships and values requiring new levels of competencies, knowledge, skills and experience unprecedented in workplace history. Thus, an opportunity exists to re-examine leadership as it applies to our new environmental and societal contexts and to factor in the faces of our emerging leaders.
Comparing and Validating Four Methods for Scoring Mathematics Writing

Current mathematics curricula and assessments emphasize students’ ability to communicate mathematical reasoning in writing. Limited research exists, however, on what mathematics writing (MW) is and...
Student pharmacist perceptions of learning after strengths-based leadership skills lab and escape room in pharmacy practice skills laboratory.

Abstract Background and purpose Leadership is a required component of doctor of pharmacy programs. There is opportunity for students to receive instructional education on leadership concepts through serious games. Educational activity and setting First-year pharmacy students (n = 146) participated in a required skills-based leadership lab including a team-based escape room activity. Findings Students reported a statistically significant increase in understanding of leadership concepts and application at the end of the global lab activities (p Summary Escape rooms present a unique opportunity to engage students in active learning and problem solving. A majority of the students found the escape room activity useful and enjoyed the interactive application of leadership concepts. Potential challenges to implementing escape rooms such as time to develop, physical space requirements, supplies, and volunteers to facilitate the experience should be considered prior to implementation. Serious gaming is an emerging pedagogy, and this data supplements existing literature to support use in pharmacy education.
Sonographically Diagnosed Urothelial Thickening in Kidney Allografts: A Noninvasive and Clinically Highly Relevant Marker for the Detection of Acute Rejection

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to investigate the significance of sonographic features in assessing for acute kidney allograft rejection in the modern era. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this...
‘Pravasi Really Means Absence’: Gulf-Pravasis as Spectral Figures in Deepak Unnikrishnan’s Temporary People

Deepak Unnikrishnan’s debut text, Temporary People, attempts to explore certain vulnerabilities and anxieties of transience that accompany emigrants to the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, where...
He(3 /sup 3/P) excitation in 1. 5- and 3. 0-keV He/sup +/ + H/sub 2/ collisions

Photon-scattered-atom coincidence measurements, for the collision ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{He}(3^{3}P)+{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{+}$, both with and without linear polarization analysis, have been made for small-angle scattering of He at 1.5 and 3.0 keV. A very large polarization for the $3^{3}P$ to $2^{3}S$ transition is observed at 1.5 keV, 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 3.0 keV, 1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Also, the excitation probability exhibits small but definite structure as a function of scattering angle.
No “optimal timing” of renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a sudden decrease in renal function from a number of disparate causes (1). Using KDIGO (Kidney disease: Improving Global Outcomes) definition, a meta-analysis indicated that the world incidence rates of AKI were approximately 21% in adults and 33% in children (2). Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) accounts for the majority cases of AKI especially in critical care setting with mortality rate exceeding 50% (3). The current medical management of AKI/ATN, however, is limited to supportive care and renal-replacement therapy (RRT) if indicated, while various therapeutic modalities have been attempted without success.
On the Dimension of the Bergman Space of Some Hartogs Domains with Higher Dimensional Bases

Let D be a Hartogs domain of the form $$D=D_{\varphi }(G)=\{(z,w)\in G\times \mathbb {C}^{N}\,:\,\Vert w\Vert <e^{-\varphi (z)}\}$$ , where $$\varphi $$ is a plurisubharmonic function on G and $$G\subseteq \mathbb {C}^{M}$$ is a pseudoconvex domain. We expand on the results of Jucha (J Geom Anal 22(1):23–37, 2012) and prove the infinite-dimensionality or triviality of the space of square integrable holomorphic functions on $$D_{\varphi }(G)$$ for various choices of $$\varphi $$ and G.
Viability of Synchronous Reference Frame Phase Locked Loop Inverter Control in an All Inverter Grid

State of the art bulk power system connected inverter based resources make use of a variant of a synchronous reference frame (SRF) phase locked loop (PLL) in order to track the phase angle of the grid and subsequently inject current into the grid. Successful and speedy tracking of this angle is considered to be a requirement for stable operation of the inverter in grid connected mode. However, it has been postulated in literature that in 100% inverter grids, conventional SRF-PLL based inverter controls will be unable to operate in a stable manner as they follow a grid voltage. In this paper, it will be shown that there could be certain loading levels and system topologies for which an SRF-PLL based 100% inverter system can be operated in a stable manner and thus, a blanket statement that it would not be able to operate could be misleading to a transmission planner. Simulation results shown in this paper were conducted in electromagnetic transient domain.
Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Purpose This evidence report synthesizes the available evidence on radiation therapy for brain metastases. Methods and Materials The literature search included PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, clinicaltrials.gov, and published guidelines in July 2020; independently submitted data, expert consultation, and contacting authors. Included studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies (for safety assessments), evaluating whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone or in combination, as initial or postoperative treatment, with or without systemic therapy for adults with brain metastases due to lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. Results Ninety-seven studies reported in 189 publications were identified, but the number of analyses was limited owing to different intervention and comparator combinations as well as insufficient reporting of outcome data. Risk of bias varied, and 25 trials were terminated early, predominantly owing to poor accrual. The combination of SRS plus WBRT compared with SRS alone or WBRT alone showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69%-1.73%; 4 RCTs) or death owing to brain metastases (relative risk [RR], 0.93; 95% CI, 0.48%-1.81%; 3 RCTs). Radiation therapy after surgery did not improve overall survival compared with surgery alone (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.76%-1.26%; 5 RCTs). Data for quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects were insufficient to determine effects of WBRT, SRS, or postsurgery interventions. We did not find systematic differences across interventions in serious adverse events, number of adverse events, radiation necrosis, fatigue, or seizures. WBRT plus systemic therapy (RR 1.44; 95% CI, 1.03%-2.00%; 14 studies) was associated with increased risks for vomiting compared with WBRT alone. Conclusions Despite the substantial research literature on radiation therapy, comparative effectiveness information is limited. There is a need for more data on patient-relevant outcomes such as quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects.
Galanin attenuates the effects of scopolamine but not exposure to a novel environment on acetylcholine release in the rat ventral hippocampus

In vivo microdialysis was used to measure the effects of galanin on extracellular acetylcholine concentrations in the ventral hippocampus of rats produced by exposure to a novel environment or scopolamine. The novel environment produced a significant increase in acetylcholine release, to 58% above baseline. This effect was insensitive to pretreatment with galanin (5 µg, i.c.v.) or the peptidergic galanin receptor antagonist M40 (16 µg, i.c.v.). In contrast, galanin strongly attenuated the increase in acetylcholine release produced by scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.). These results indicate that galanin differentially affects the increases in acetylcholine neurotransmission produced by a pharmacological and an environmental stimulus.
Spin-Dependent Intermediate-Range Forces

As we have noted previously, the dominant effect arising from the exchange of a boson with spin-parityJ P = 0+1- 2+,… is a static spin-independent potential between fermions. By contrast, the exchange of 0-1+… bosons leads to spin-dependent potentials, and we proceed to discuss the phenomenology of such interactions in this section.
Information theoretic criteria for community detection

Many algorithms for finding community structure in graphs search for a partition that maximizes modularity. However, recent work has identified two important limitations of modularity as a community quality criterion: a resolution limit; and a bias towards finding equal-sized communities. Information-theoretic approaches that search for partitions that minimize description length are a recent alternative to modularity. This paper shows that two information-theoretic algorithms are themselves subject to a resolution limit, identifies the component of each approach that is responsible for the resolution limit, proposes a variant, SGE (Sparse Graph Encoding), that addresses this limitation, and demonstrates on three artificial data sets that (1) SGE does not exhibit a resolution limit on sparse graphs in which other approaches do, and that (2) modularity and the compression-based algorithms, including SGE, behave similarly on graphs not subject to the resolution limit.
On the electrochemical response of rough electrodes: Part II. The transient response in the presence of slow faradaic processes

Abstract For an electrode with self-similar roughness, explicit expressions are given for the voltage transient following a current step, and for the current transient following a voltage step.
Metabolic consequences of limited phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Mutants of Escherichia coli limited in their ability to synthesize phosphatidic acid become severely restricted in their capacities for growth and macromolecular synthesis. This paper reports the effects of partial limitation of phosphatidic acid synthesis in a mutant of E. coli, resulting from an altered sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15). The alteration in the Km of this enzyme for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is correlated with intracellular glycerol-P concentration, rates of lipid and macromolecule synthesis, and growth rate. The reduction in the rate of lipid synthesis correlates well with the reduction in macromolecule synthesis and growth rate and suggests a rapid mechanism for coordination of these processes. Inhibition of lipid synthesis causes a specific reduction in the size of the ATP pool and it is postulated that an activation of ATPase by altered membrane environment may be the possible mechanism of ATP reduction and subsequent loss of synthetic capacities.
The Artistic Play of Spatial Organization: Spatial Attributes, Scene Analysis and Auditory Spatial Schemata

Electroacoustic music lacks a definitive vocabulary for describing its spatiality. Not only does it lack a vocabulary for describing the spatial attributes of individual sound sources, it lacks a vocabulary for describing how these attributes participate in artistic expression. Following work by Rumsey, the definition of spatial attributes is examined in the broader context of auditory scene analysis. A limited number of spatial attributes are found to be adequate to characterize the individual levels of organization nested within the auditory scene. These levels are then viewed in relationship to auditory spatial schemata, the recurrent patterns by which listeners understand the behavior of sound in space. In electroacoustic music the interrelationship of spatial attributes and spatial schemata is often engaged in a play of perceptual grouping that blurs and confounds distinctions like source and ensemble. Our ability to describe and categorize these complex interactions depends on having clear concepts and terminology.
Robustness Investigation of Adaptive Control Under Reference Model Switching for a Cylindrical Robot

Space robots are expected to play a significant role in future space missions. This requires a thorough investigation into the capabilities of such robots. A typical task that will need to be performed by the space robot is the capture and manipulation of large objects. This could increase the mass of the robot by as much as 100%. Additionally, the object capture task will require the robot to handle high dynamic disturbance. The control system of the robot must maintain stability under these harsh conditions. In this paper, the authors have conducted an investigation into the robustness properties of a new robot control strategy based on the Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) Algorithm under switching of the reference model. Experimental results of the investigation are presented for a three degree-of-freedom cylindrical robot. The new control scheme is demonstrated to be a powerful approach to the difficult problems that will be encountered in space robotics control.
A pilot study of primary temozolomide chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy in elderly patients with glioblastoma

There is no standard of care for elderly patients (age ≥ 70 years) with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). In 15 consecutive patients (median age 79 years) treated with temozolomide (TMZ) (42 days on; 14 days off), median survival was 6 months (range 4–14 months). This pilot study suggests that low dose daily TMZ may represent an alternative and equally effective treatment to more traditionally administered radiotherapy.
Cataloging and Archiving State Government Publications

The academic libraries in Alabama have been hampered in their ability to provide government information to researchers by the lack of a functioning state depository system. Digital publishing can make timely distribution and widespread accessibility of state government information possible if these online documents can be captured and archived before they are removed from agency Web sites. This article describes a year-long project to capture, archive, and catalog government publications by a catalog unit.
Connectivity of proton and carbon spectra of the blue copper protein, plastocyanin, established by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract NMR studies of plastocyanin have centered on the ligands to the copper atom at the active site, particularly histidines-37 and -87. Heteronuclear ( 13 C, 1 H) J -connectivity spectroscopy has enabled cross assignment of 1 H and 13 C NMR resonances from the two copper-ligated histidines. In addition to providing assignments of the 13 C resonances, the two-dimensional Fourier transform NMR results require the reversal of the original 1 H NMR assignments to the ring protons of histidine-37. The line widths of the ring protons of histidine-87 are field-dependent leading to determination of the reduced lifetime of the proton on the N δ atom (about 400 μs).
Morphological edge detection for oceanographic images

Mesoscale oceanographic features are important aspects of ocean circulation. The high volume of satellite-derived oceanographic data coupled with the high level of human skill associated with the detection of oceanographic features in the data has necessitated automating the interpretation process. Morphological edge detectors produce better results than the conventional template- and differentiation-based edge detectors. A grayscale morphological edge-detection algorithms is developed for automatic delineation of mesoscale structure in digital satellite IR images of the ocean. We compare performances of three morphological edge detectors in sea surface temperature fields. We provide experimental results on images from the North Atlantic under various image settings.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Reddening Toward Cassiopeia A's Supernova: Constraining the 56Ni Yield

We present new reddening measurements toward the young supernova remnant Cassiopeia A using two techniques not previously applied to this object. Our observations of the near-infrared [Fe II] 1.257 {mu}m and 1.644 {mu}m lines show the extinction to be highly variable across the remnant, increasing toward the west and the south, consistent with previous radio and X-ray observations. While the absolute value of A{sub V} as determined by the [Fe II] lines is uncertain due to conflicting calculations and observations of their intrinsic flux ratio, parts of the remnant without previous optical measurements show comparatively higher reddening. We find A{sub V} = 6.2 {+-} 0.6 from the broadband shape of the infrared synchrotron emission of a knot within 13'' of the expansion center. Given this reddening, the apparent faintness of the nascent supernova, and iron mass constraints from X-ray observations, we estimate an ejected mass of {sup 56}Ni of 0.058-0.16 M {sub sun}. Taken with {gamma}-ray observations of the {sup 44}Ti decay chain, this nickel mass is broadly consistent with the solar {sup 44}Ca/{sup 56}Fe ratio.
Transport of choline in rat brain slices

Enzyme-modified amperometric microsensors have been utilized in the investigation of acetylcholine and choline diffusion in solution and choline uptake and diffusion in rat brains. A small amount of the substance of interest was introduced by pressure injection and transport to the sensor was monitored. The apparent diffusion coefficients for acetylcholine and choline in agarose gel perfused with physiological solutions were determined to be 5.2 +/- 0.7 x 10(-6) cm2/s and 6.1 +/- 0.8 x 10(-6) cm2/s, respectively. Choline transport was monitored in two brain regions: the caudate and anterior hypothalamus. The transport time of choline in the caudate was concentration dependent, but was unaffected by the presence of a competitive, high-affinity uptake inhibitor, hemicholinium-3. The apparent diffusion coefficient (D) and uptake rate (k) for choline in the caudate and anterior hypothalamus were calculated using a model for point source diffusion coupled with first-order uptake kinetics. The effect of the sensors' response time on the measurements was removed by deconvolution. The D and k were 1.8 +/- 0.1 x 10(-6) cm2/s and 2.0 +/- 0.1 x 10(-2) s-1 in the caudate and 1.9 +/- 0.1 x 10(-6) cm2/s and 3.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(-2) s-1 in the anterior hypothalamus. The reduced diffusion coefficient determined in brain tissue compared to agar gel is consistent with the increased tortuosity of the brain microenvironment. A substance in brain tissue, presumably acetylcholinesterase, prevents the use of differential measurements of acetylcholine because choline sensors became sensitive to acetylcholine.
A Finite Element Study of the Effect of Friction on the Deformations, Forces, Stress Formations, and Energy Losses in a Sliding Contact Between Aluminum and Copper Cylinders

This work presents the results of a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) used to simulate two-dimensional (2D) sliding between two interfering elasto-plastic cylinders, one with material properties of a tougher material (copper alloy Glidcop) and the other of a relatively weaker material (aluminum alloy Al 6061-T651). Trends in the deformations, reaction forces, stresses, and net energy losses as a function of sliding distance are established. Results for both frictionless and frictional sliding are presented and comparisons are drawn. The effects of plasticity and friction on energy loss during sliding are isolated.© 2007 ASME
Olefin coordination in copper(I) complexes of bis(2-pyridyl)amine.

Complexes of the type [Cu(H-dpa)(olefin)]BF4 for ethylene (1), propylene (2), 1-butene (3), 1-hexene (4), 1-octene (5), cis-2-octene (6), trans-2-octene (7), cis-3-octene (8), trans-3-octene (9), 2-norbornylene (10), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (11), styrene (12), cis-stilbene (13), trans-stilbene (14), and Ph2CCH2 (15) have been prepared and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and TGA. The crystal structures have been determined for compounds 5, 6, 8, and 10–13. With the exception of compound 11, copper atoms in each complex are coordinated to the two pyridine nitrogen atoms and the appropriate olefin; consistent with a pseudo three-coordinate Cu(I) cation. Compound 11 has a second weaker π-interaction resulting in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Steric hindrance between the olefin and H-dpa manifests as both a twisting of the olefin out of the plane of the H-dpa ligand and a concomitant folding of the H-dpa ligand. The shifts in the νN-H IR spectral band for H-dpa ligand are consistent with the formation of N–H⋯F hydrogen bonded interactions observed in the crystal structures. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of [Cu(H-dpa)(olefin)]BF4 exhibit an upfield shift in the olefin signal as compared to free olefin. A comparison of the Δδ values for terminal olefins shows that the similarity of binding for H2CCHR (R = CnH2n+1, n = 1–6) mitigates any preferential complexation of various terminal olefins using the H-dpa ligand. For octenes there is a significant difference in binding between a terminal and internal olefin, but there is little preference between binding for different internal olefins and only a modest difference between the cis and trans isomers of the same olefin. A good correlation exists between the 1H NMR Δδ values and the TGA data, confirming that the shift of the olefin NMR resonances upon coordination is associated with the binding strength of the complex. Ab initio calculations using four different method/basis set combinations on the structure of [Cu(H-dpa)(1-octene)]+ were compared with the crystal structure.
Core Concepts of Kinesiology

(1995). Core Concepts of Kinesiology. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 54-60.
Renormalization-group study of fibonacci chains

Abstract We report an exact renormalization-group treatment for general Fibonacci chains, including the electronic tight-binding, phonon and diffusion problems. Analysis of the fixed points and the cycles yields the scaling properties of the states and spectra. As an example, we treat a lattice dynamic model.
Histopathological assessment of prostate cancer bone osteoblastic metastases.

Purpose: Many patients with prostate cancer have bone metastases that appear osteoblastic on radiography, and yet these patients are at increased risk for fracture. The discrepancy between the radiological and clinical aspects of those events is not well understood. We better characterized the histopathology of bone processes in prostate cancer bone metastases.Materials and Methods: Histomorphometry was used to evaluate multisite bone biopsies in 12 patients who died with multiple bone metastases, of whom 7 had received bisphosphonate therapy.Results: Bone histomorphometry revealed a wide spectrum of cancer induced bone changes in different metastatic sites in individual patients, ranging from a pronounced osteodense to a pronounced osteopenic type. Each metastatic lesion was associated with various amounts of resorption. Decreased bone volume was seen in half of all biopsies. Osteodense lesions were largely composed of under mineralized woven bone, which increases the frailty of new bone. Interestingly w...
X-ray position detection at 22μm FWHM with a gas proportional chamber

Measurements have been made of x-ray position resolution in proportional chambers using xenon/CO2, argon/ CO2, and hydrocarbon gases. The use of several atmospheres of gas pressure to reduce photoelectron range, and a very low noise position readout, have made it possible to observe more clearly the behavior of position resolution with anode avalanche size. Resolution begins to degrade above a critical avalanche size, whose value varies inversely with gas pressure. For 5.4 keV and 8 keV x-rays in 5 atm. Xe/10% CO2, a resolution of 22 μm FWHM is measured, provided the anode avalanche is not greater than /spl I.itilde/ 106 electrons.
The Costs of Conflicting Environmental Policy: a Case Study in Milwaukee

: The history of the Milwaukee water pollution abatement program is examined as a case study to investigate the costs of conflicting environmental policy. The recent U.S. Supreme Court decision concerning the Milwaukee case is described as a milestone in U.S. water pollution abatement policy which will help preclude the type of environmental policy conflict which has been found to be so costly to Milwaukee. The implications to U.S. water pollution abatement policy of the 13-year history of conflict in Milwaukee are presented.
Application of advanced millimeter/far-infrared sources to collective Thomson scattering plasma diagnostics

The application of advanced millimeter/far infrared sources to substantially improve the effectiveness of collective Thomson scattering plasma diagnostics is discussed. Gyrotrons, CO/sub 2/ lasers and far infrared lasers which are optically pumped with CO/sub 2/ laser radiation can now provide important new capabilities in terms of combined high peak power and high average power, fine frequency tunability and a wide range of operating frequencies. Their capabilities can improve the signal to noise ratio and make possible time dependent scattering measurements. Both thermal level scattering used for determination of ion temperature and low level non-thermal measurements used for the investigation of plasma turbulence and wave phenomena are considered. Rapidly pulsed gyrotrons, CO/sub 2/, and optically pumped lasers can provide a range of combinations of high peak power and high energy during a given time interval. The use of this high peak power - high energy trade off capability to maximize signal to noise ratios is discussed. Dramatic reduction in stray light, using fine frequency source tunability and gas absorption cell technology, is also discussed.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bronchus in a 4‐year‐old child. A high‐grade variant with lymph node metastasis

A high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma with lymph node metastasis occurred in the bronchus of a 4-year-old child. The tumor was pedunculated, obstructive, and invasive. Squamous and glandular elements were seen on light and electron microscopic examination. This is a very rare tumor in the pediatric age group. This is the first instance of this lesion associated with metastasis.
Facts & artifacts in research: The case of communication medium, gender, and influence

Abstract Researchers have used status characteristics theory (SCT) to explain the relationship between gender beliefs and interactional disadvantages faced by women in mixed-sex task settings. Several recent studies raise questions about the theory’s findings concerning gender differences in influence, leading some to speculate that prestige differences between women and men are disappearing. We share the view that inconsistencies in sex-related differences are often explained by methodological dissimilarities. Possible changes in cultural beliefs about gender are confounded with protocol changes and also differences in communication medium across SCT studies, thereby making it difficult to determine whether recent findings reflect cultural changes or methodological artifacts. We conducted a laboratory experiment examining the effects of gender status and communication medium on influence, controlling for protocol details. The results suggest that gender is “alive and well” as a status characteristic and, most interestingly, that partner visibility appears to affect status processes by enhancing status differentiation. Our approach and the implications of our results are discussed with reference to the more general issue of the importance of systematic replication for theory growth in social science research.
Note on minimizing total tardiness in a two-machine flowshop

This note considers the problem of sequencing jobs to minimize total tardiness in a two-machine flowshop. The note shows how three dominance conditions and a lower bound previously developed for this problem can be improved. The note also proposes a new dominance condition. A branch-and-bound algorithm is developed that uses the improvements and new dominance condition. The algorithm is tested on randomly generated problems and the results of the test show that the improvements and new dominance condition improves the branch-and-bound algorithm's efficiency.
Nonconstant Tip Velocity in Microgravity Dendritic Growth

Pivalic acid dendrites grown and observed as part of the USMP-4 isothermal dendritic growthexperiment aboard the space shuttle Columbia show an initial transient followed by an accelerating tipgrowth that may approach a constant growth rate. The mechanism responsible for this behavior is notas yet clear and may be due to experimental factors such as the long-range thermal interactions betweenthe dendrite and its neighbors or container, or it may arise from a fundamental characteristic of iso-thermal, diffusion-limited, dendritic growth.
When technology undermines freedom

Abstract A conference entitled ‘The impact of new technologies on civil liberties’ took place on 17–18 May 1990 in Wilmington, DE, USA. It raised some unsettling questions about developments in medicine, computers and law enforcement. This report presents the main issues raised and the debates to which they gave rise.
An extended defect in graphene as a metallic wire

Many proposed applications of graphene require the ability to tune its electronic structure at the nanoscale1,2. Although charge transfer3 and field-effect doping4 can be applied to manipulate charge carrier concentrations, using them to achieve nanoscale control remains a challenge. An alternative approach is ‘self-doping’5, in which extended defects are introduced into the graphene lattice. The controlled engineering of these defects represents a viable approach to creation and nanoscale control of one-dimensional charge distributions with widths of several atoms6. However, the only experimentally realized extended defects so far have been the edges of graphene nanoribbons7,8,9,10, which show dangling bonds that make them chemically unstable11,12,13. Here, we report the realization of a one-dimensional topological defect in graphene, containing octagonal and pentagonal sp2-hybridized carbon rings embedded in a perfect graphene sheet. By doping the surrounding graphene lattice, the defect acts as a quasi-one-dimensional metallic wire. Such wires may form building blocks for atomic-scale, all-carbon electronics. A stable extended defect in graphene consisting of octagonal and pentagonal rings produces one-dimensional charge localization, allowing it to act as a metallic wire embedded in an otherwise perfect graphene sheet.
SEM Studies of Wear Mechanisms in Magnetic Thin Film Disks With Different Overcoats

Scanning Electron Microscopy and optical profilometer studies were conducted to study the wear of unlubricated thin-film magnetic recording disks overcoaled with carbon as well as silver and zirconia. The results indicate that wear of the carbon overcoal occurs in the form of localized damage, or «pits,» accompanied by a gradual «thinning» of the carbon overcoal in the wear track. A similar pitting behavior is found for zirconia overcoated disks, but the pits resemble cracks in the overcoat, while the wear of silver disks resembles that of typical metal-metal sliding interfaces
Neuropeptide FF inhibition of morphine effects in the rat hippocampus.

Abstract Opioids have an excitatory effect on CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus due to the inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from interneurons. Electrophysiologically, this pyramidal cell excitation is manifest as an increase in extracellularly recorded population spikes, while the reduction in synaptic GABA release is manifest as a decrease in the amplitude of intracellularly recorded inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Recent studies suggest that some of the behavioral effects of opioids, such as antinociception, can be inhibited antiopioid peptides such as neuropeptide FF (NPFF). In the present study, we have used the hippocampal response to opioids to examine the potential interactions between morphine and NPFF in vitro. Morphine alone (20–200 μM) caused reversible concentration-dependent increases in population spikes and decreases in IPSPs. In extracellular experiments, NPFF (1 μM) alone had no effect on population spikes, but significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited the morphine-induced increases in these responses. Intracellular experiments indicated that while NPFF had no effect on IPSP amplitude, or other pyramidal neurons membrane properties (membrane potential, input resistance, afterhyperpolarization, action potential frequency), it significantly reduced the decrease in IPSP amplitude caused by morphine. These results demonstrate that NPFF can attenuate the effects of morphine on population spikes and IPSPs in the hippocampus, and suggest that this effect occurs at a presynaptic site, possibly involving GABAergic interneurons.