cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A steepest descent algorithm for the computation of traveling dissipative solitons

An algorithm is proposed to calculate traveling dissipative solitons for the FitzHugh–Nagumo equations. It is based on the application of the steepest descent method to a certain functional. This approach can be used to find solitons whenever the problem has a variational structure. Since the method seeks the lowest energy configuration, it has robust performance qualities. It is global in nature, so that initial guesses for both the pulse profile and the wave speed can be quite different from the correct solution. Also, bifurcations have a minimal effect on the performance. In the literature, there is a conjecture that no stable traveling pulse exists for a 2-component system in 2D unbounded domains. In many instances, such numerical studies investigate only solutions with a small speed, as they rely on good initial guesses based on stable standing pulse profiles. Studying a modified problem with a 2D strip domain $${\mathbb {R}} \times [-L,L]$$ with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions at $$y=\pm L$$, by using our algorithm we establish the existence of fast-moving solitons. With an appropriate set of physical parameters in this unbounded rectangular strip domain, we observe the co-existence of single-soliton and 2-soliton solutions together with additional unstable traveling pulses. The algorithm automatically calculates these various pulses as the energy minimizers at different wave speeds. In addition to finding individual solutions, we anticipate that this approach could be used to augment or initiate continuation algorithms. We also note that the rectangular strip domain can serve as a first step to investigating waves in the whole of $${\mathbb {R}}^2$$.
Lactose Intolerance and Milk Protein Allergy

Real or perceived lactose intolerance (LI) and true cow’s milk allergy (CMA) are common reasons for dairy avoidance but are underdiagnosed and under-treated. Dairy avoidance is associated with nutrient deficiencies and unintended health consequences that disproportionately affect minorities. Surveyed GI physicians report that at least 30% of their patients had LI and 16% had food allergies including CMA. In a 2019 survey, approximately 10.8% of adults have symptoms consistent with a food allergy and CMA was the second most common allergy reported. LI and CMA are more common in ethnic and racial minorities and occur more often in women. Treatment options are poorly implemented, in part, due to decreased awareness of the current guidelines. Dairy food consumption reduces risk for chronic disease states and remains first-line intervention for LI. Dairy avoidance and nutrient supplementation are effective in managing CMA. Methods to guide dairy food reintroduction, improve LI education, with ethnic and racial considerations and facilitate early identification of CMA are needed. The optimal nutrient supplementation strategy remains undefined.
Patient Perception and Clinical Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

With an increasing number of available therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), little is known about patients’ attitudes regarding IBD-related direct-to-consumer advertising (IBD-DTCA) and its impact on treatment decisions in clinical practice. We administered a 58-item, mailed questionnaire to patients with IBD receiving Gastroenterology subspecialty care at a large academic health system. The survey assessed patient awareness and perception of IBD-DTCA and its effect on IBD treatment discussions and decisions. We used bivariate analysis to evaluate patient-level factors associated with awareness and favorable perception of IBD-DTCA. We achieved a response rate of 15.2% (n = 226 of 1486). Most patients (93.3%) reported awareness of IBD-DTCA, with adalimumab receiving the most exposure. A majority of respondents reported IBD-DTCA made them more aware of treatments they otherwise would not know about (53.6%), provided information in a balanced manner (63.5%), and taught them about new potential risks and side effects (64.5%). Patients without a college degree and those with a household income less than $75 k per year perceived IBD-DTCA more favorably. However, IBD-DTCA rarely changed IBD management, with only 7.6% of respondents having a discussion with their provider about the advertised drug and only two (0.9%) being initiated on the advertised drug. IBD patients were aware of IBD-DTCA and perceived it favorably; however, IBD-DTCA rarely led to patient-provider discussions or changes in treatment regimen.
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION AND MYOCARDITIS SECONDARY TO 5-FLUOROURACIL

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent in the fluoropyrimidine class and is widely used in the treatment of solid malignancies. It is associated with cardiotoxicity, with known complications including acute MI, heart failure, or arrhythmia. A 28-year-old male with metastatic colon
Geometry of DNA supercoils modulates topoisomerase-mediated DNA cleavage and enzyme response to anticancer drugs.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5524 Globally, DNA in all eukaryotic cells is underwound ( i.e. , negatively supercoiled). This puts energy into the genetic material and makes it easier to separate the two strands of the double helix. Because of the universal nature of underwound DNA, negatively supercoiled substrates have been used for many previous studies on the actions of anticancer drugs against topoisomerases. Other studies have utilized linear nucleic acid substrates, especially for mapping sites of drug-induced DNA scission. In contrast to global underwinding, the movement of DNA tracking systems through the genetic material results in an acute overwinding ( i.e. , positive supercoiling) immediately ahead of replication or transcription enzymes. Collisions with DNA tracking systems are critical for the conversion of transient topoisomerase-DNA cleavage complexes to permanent strand breaks. Since DNA is overwound immediately ahead of these systems, cleavage complexes most likely to produce permanent strand breaks should be formed between topoisomerases and positively supercoiled molecules. Despite the importance of DNA tracking enzymes to drug efficacy, relationships between the geometry of DNA supercoils and the activity of topoisomerase-targeted anticancer agents have not been characterized. Therefore, the ability of human topoisomerase IIα and β, and topoisomerase I to cleave positively supercoiled DNA was assessed in the absence and presence of anticancer drugs. Topoisomerase IIα and β maintained ∼4-fold lower levels of cleavage complexes with positively supercoiled DNA than with negatively supercoiled molecules. Topoisomerase IIα also displayed lower cleavage with overwound substrates in the presence of non-intercalative drugs. Decreased drug efficacy was due primarily to a drop in baseline ( i.e. , non-drug) cleavage, rather than an altered interaction with the enzyme-DNA complex. In addition, the geometry of DNA supercoils did not affect the site specificity of DNA scission. Similar results were seen for topoisomerase IIβ, but the effects of DNA geometry on drug-induced scission were less pronounced. With both topoisomerase IIα and β, intercalative drugs displayed higher relative cleavage enhancement with positively supercoiled DNA. This appeared to result primarily from negative effects of intercalative agents on underwound substrates. In contrast to the type II enzymes, topoisomerase I maintained ∼3-fold higher levels of cleavage complexes with positively supercoiled substrates and displayed an even more dramatic increase in the presence of camptothecin. These findings suggest that the geometry of DNA supercoils has a profound influence on topoisomerase-mediated DNA scission, and that topoisomerase I may be an intrinsically more lethal target for anticancer drugs than either topoisomerase IIα or β. This work was supported by NIH Grants GM33944 and T32 CA09582.
2.14 – Asteroids

Asteroids are some of the remaining planetesimals that helped form the terrestrial and Jovian planets. Asteroids, which are the parent bodies of almost all meteorites, are almost entirely observed remotely using Earth- and space-based telescopes with only a few bodies studied up close by spacecraft missions. This chapter will discuss what is currently known concerning asteroid chemistries from spectral reflectance observations from Earth, spectral reflectance and geochemical observations from spacecraft missions, and the successful Hayabusa sample return mission. These observations have allowed us to gain considerable insight on possible parent bodies of meteorites and the compositional structure of the solar nebula.
Osteoporosis in Older Adults

Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures are common causes of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Healthy adults should be counseled about measures to prevent osteoporosis. Women should be screened for osteoporosis beginning at age 65. Screening for osteoporosis in men should be considered when risk factors are present. Appropriate screening intervals are controversial. Women and men with osteoporosis should be offered pharmacologic therapy. Choice of therapy should be based on safety, cost, convenience, and other patient-related factors. Bisphosphonates are a first-line therapy for many patients with osteoporosis. Other treatments for osteoporosis include denosumab, teriparatide, abaloparatide, romosozumab, and selective estrogen receptor modulators.
Citizen scientists and university students monitor noise pollution in cities and protected areas with smartphones

Noise pollution can cause increased stress, cognitive impairment and illness in humans and decreased fitness and altered behavior in wildlife. Maps of noise pollution are used to visualize the distribution of noise across a landscape. These maps are typically created by taking a relatively small number of sound measurements or simulated on the basis of theoretical models. However, smartphones with inexpensive sound measuring apps can be used to monitor noise and create dense maps of real-world noise measurements. Public concern with noise can make monitoring noise pollution with smartphones an engaging and educational citizen science activity. We demonstrate a method utilizing single-day citizen science noise mapping events and a university lab to collect noise data in urban environments and protected areas. Using this approach, we collected hundreds of noise measurements with participants that we used to create noise maps. We found this method was successful in engaging volunteers and students and producing usable noise data. The described methodology has potential applications for biological research, citizen science engagement, and teaching.
Activin A correlates with the worst outcomes in COVID-19 patients, and can be induced by cytokines via the IKK/NF-kappa B pathway

Summary A fraction of COVID-19 patients develop the most severe form, characterized by Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS). The molecular mechanisms causing COVID-19-induced ARDS have yet to be defined, though many studies have documented an increase in cytokines known as a “cytokine storm.” Here, we demonstrate that cytokines that activate the NF-kappaB pathway can induce Activin A and its downstream marker, FLRG. In hospitalized COVID-19 patients elevated Activin A/FLRG at baseline were predictive of the most severe longitudinal outcomes of COVID-19, including the need for mechanical ventilation, lack of clinical improvement and all-cause mortality. Patients with Activin A/FLRG above the sample median were 2.6/2.9 times more likely to die, relative to patients with levels below the sample median, respectively. The study indicates high levels of Activin A and FLRG put patients at risk of ARDS, and blockade of Activin A may be beneficial in treating COVID-19 patients experiencing ARDS.
Training Public Health Professionals to Tackle Women, Children, and Families Health Issues: A “Skill-Based Qualitative Learning Approach”

Purpose: There are several teaching and learning approaches but finding the one that is appropriate for a particular field or training program is an arduous task. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the "Skill Based Qualitative Learning Approach" (SBQLA) in training health professionals. Description: The SBQLA is a pedagogical approach via which learners are trained in developing qualitative questionnaires and interview skills to learn from experts in the Public Health (PH) field. This teaching approach arms students with interview skills that help them identify and address PH roadblocks and get them authentic information from experts. It also equips them with techniques on how to do formalized presentations and come up with projects and interventions that help mitigate and eliminate drivers of health problems among women, children and families. Assessment: Learners' field experiences are shared in a professional presentation style in a class to help trainees benefit from each other's information and to get formalized feedback on their presentation. Assessment in this learning approach is based on a synthesis and an analysis of data collected from professionals. Conclusion: Findings from this learning approach enables experts to shed light on true stories shared by real and authentic individuals whose faces can be associated with their shared experiences. This learning approach makes it possible for trainees to also initiate projects that help them tackle existing and emerging public health issues in their future work.
Bickford-Smith Vivian and Mendelsohn Richard, eds. Black and White in Colour: African History on Screen. Oxford: James Currey; Athens: Ohio University Press; Cape Town: Double Storey, 2007. ix + 374 pp. List of Contributors. Endnotes. Index. $26.95. Paper.

Vivian Bickford-Smith and Richard Mendelsohn, eds. Black and White in Colour: African History on Screen. Oxford: James Currey; Athens: Ohio University Press; Cape Town: Double Storey, 2007. ix + 374 pp. List of Contributors. Endnotes. Index. $26.95. Paper. The quality of a scholarly edited volume is often indicated in the editors' introduction. Do the editors demonstrate a reasonable grasp of the theo- retical frameworks and other critical literature to which their contributors must speak? Have the editors set out a clear theme that will allow the contributors to develop a dialogue among themselves and with their readers? Do the editors show sensitivity to the similarities among their contributors' chapters - that is, to the continuities of the volume - as well as to the distinctions among the various contributions? And do they thus account for the tensions inherent to the principles of true scholarship? Because Vivian Bickford-Smith and Richard Mendelsohn do exactly these things in the relatively short introduction to Black and White in Colour, it was with pleasant anticipation that I sat down to read the entire volume, and I was not disappointed. Bickford-Smith and Mendelsohn know the worlds of both African film and films made about Africa, and they have set their contributors the task of analyzing a wide variety of these cinemas through specific historical frames, using as their guide the pioneering work of Robert A. Rosenstone on film and history. They also grouped the contributions to the volume aesthetically, allowing the reader to move smoothly from history as presented by African auteurs like Cisse, Sembene, and Kabore to Hollywood historical films ostensibly set on the African continent while remaining notionally located in the less material realm of Western imaginarles. There is a great deal of historical and cinematic information to be had in every chapter of the volume. The contributors were obviously chosen for their knowledge of African history and for their deeply cultivated engagement with the films they discuss. For example, at the beginning of the volume, Mahir Saul's appreciation of Gaston Kabore 's Wend Kuuni and Buud Yam enables the reader to realize how profoundly influential these films have been for all recent African filmmakers who wish to develop a vision of the precolonial period, while Ralph Austen's discussion of Kouyate's Keita!: l'heritage du griot and Cisse 's better-known Yeelen offers us the opportunity to see how Mande regional history underlies much of internationally recognized West African cinema. In an interesting contrast to Saul and Austen, Robert Baum then develops an argument about Ousmane Sembene's selective use of Senegalese histories to make a popular, activist cinema that is - in some sense - meant to transcend historical particularities and enable change in the continent rather than to enshrine local moralities. …
Endoscopic Management of Pain in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in the United States. Due to its aggressive behavior and lack of effective therapies, palliation plays a critical role in the management of the disease. Most patients with pancreatic cancer suffer from severe pain, which adversely predicts prognosis and significantly impacts the quality of life. Therefore pain management plays a central role in palliation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid agents are often first line medications in pain management, but they do not target the underlying pathophysiology of pain and their use is limited by adverse effects and dependence. The proposed mechanisms of pain development in pancreatic cancer include neurogenic inflammation and ductal hypertension which may be targeted by endoscopic therapies. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis (EUS-CPN) and pancreatic duct stent placement are the two primary endoscopic modalities for palliative management in pancreatic cancer patients with refractory pain. Other endoscopic treatments such as biliary stent placement and enteral stent placement for biliary and duodenal obstruction may also help palliate pain in addition to their role in decompression. This article reviews the existing evidence for these endoscopic interventions for pain management in pancreatic cancer. Image: James B. Williams Medical Education Building, Emory University School of Medicine. Atlanta, GA, USA. (Detail from: Wikinedia Commons . Author: Sinam)
Phosphorus and arsenic penetration studies through HfSixOy and HfSixOyNz films

Phosphorus and arsenic penetration studies from P- and As-doped polycrystalline silicon through HfSixOy and HfSixOyNz (18% N) alternate gate dielectric candidates films into Si(100) are presented using a combination of chemical etching and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Penetration is observed through HfSixOy after 1050 and 1000 °C rapid thermal annealing for As and P, respectively. In contrast, As or P dopant penetration is at the SIMS limit of detection for HfSixOyNz films. By modeling the P and As depth profiles in the Si substrate, their respective diffusivities in HfSixOy are higher than the corresponding diffusivities in SiO2. The enhanced dopant diffusivity observed in HfSixOy is proposed to be due to grain boundary formation in the dielectric after crystallization from annealing.
Managing Multimedia Information in a Database Environment - A Tutorial

In this tutorial, we discuss how the various aspects of database design and the modules of a database system have changed over the years so that multimedia information can be better managed.
Tissue-Specific Distribution of iNKT Cells Impacts Their Cytokine Response

Three subsets of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been identified, NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17, which produce distinct cytokines when stimulated, but little is known about their localization. Here, we have defined the anatomic localization and systemic distribution of these subsets and measured their cytokine production. Thymic NKT2 cells that produced interleukin-4 (IL-4) at steady state were located in the medulla and conditioned medullary thymocytes. NKT2 cells were abundant in the mesenteric lymph node (LN) of BALB/c mice and produced IL-4 in the T cell zone that conditioned other lymphocytes. Intravenous injection of α-galactosylceramide activated NKT1 cells with vascular access, but not LN or thymic NKT cells, resulting in systemic interferon-γ and IL-4 production, while oral α-galactosylceramide activated NKT2 cells in the mesenteric LN, resulting in local IL-4 release. These findings indicate that the localization of iNKT cells governs their cytokine response both at steady state and upon activation.
High energy inclusive processes

I have just finished a brief survey on the recent developments in the study of inclusive processes. I have tried to separate the kinematic aspects of the problem from the dynamical ones. This is done by using the Mueller analysis. The DRM and the multiperipheral models are used to illustrate the nature of the Mueller's Regge hypothesis. I have not covered all relevant materials in this area - notably many other theoretical models which also are capable of leading to a limiting distribution. Other topics not discussed include an interesting observation made by Chan, Hsue, Quigg and Wang [18] on the use of “exoticness”. Let me close by making two remarks. First of all, the physics of inclusive process is very rich; so rich that we have just barely scratched its surface. This is good news. Secondly, the elusive “Pomeranchon” may eventually give us trouble [19]. After all, half of the Mueller's hypothesis may turn out to be incorrect. Only time can tell. At the meantime, let us have fun while we can.
Toward a New Understanding of Leader Accountability: Defining a Critical Construct

This article defines leader accountability as (a) the leader's willing acceptance of the responsibilities inherent in the leadership position to serve the well-being of the organization; (b) the im...
The Goals and Status of the Bovine Gene Map

The bovine genome map has developed rapidly in recent years. The synteny and chromosomal maps are sufficiently developed to identify chromosomal conservation with other mammals, which is especially useful for the extrapolation of data to cattle from the better developed maps of mouse and human. The rapid development of microsatellite and other hypervariable markers in several laboratories around the world and the availability of a common set of reference families for linkage analysis will produce a 20-cM map in 2 yr. Immediate needs for development are 1) markers to anchor physical maps to linkage maps, 2) resource families segregating economic trait loci, and 3) chromosome-specific libraries to develop densely saturated linkage maps over genomic regions shown to contain economic trait loci.
Model Study of the Acid−Base Proton-Transfer Reaction of the ClH···OH2 Pair in Low-Polarity Solvents†

We present a theoretical study of a model of the ClH···OH2 ⇌ Cl-···HOH2+ acid−base proton-transfer reaction in nonaqueous solvents with low dielectric constants. In this low-polarity environment, both the reactants and products of the proton-transfer reaction are observable. The electronic structure of the acid−base pair is treated via a two-state valence-bond description parametrized using a combination of experimental and ab initio data. The fundamental nature of this proton-transfer reaction is investigated with particular emphasis on the effects of quantization of the proton and hydrogen-bond vibrations. Vibrational wave functions in these coordinates are presented, along with coordinate expectation values and variances, and are placed in the perspective of the proton-transfer process.
Post-fire comparisons of forest floor and soil carbon, nitrogen, and mercury pools with fire severity indices

Forest fires are important contributors of C, N, and Hg to the atmosphere. In the fall of 2011, a large wildfire occurred in northern Minnesota and we were able to quickly access the area to sample the forest floor and mineral soil for C, N, and Hg pools. When compared with unburned reference soils, the mean loss of C resulting from fire in the forest floor and the upper 20 cm of mineral soil was 19.3 Mg ha-1, for N the mean loss was 0.17 Mg ha-1, and for Hg the mean loss was 9.3 g ha-1. To assess the influence of fire severity on the forest floor and mineral soils, we used an established method that included a soil burn severity index and a tree burn severity index with a gradient of severity classes. It was apparent that the unburned reference class had greater forest floor C, N, and Hg pools and higher C/N ratios than the burned classes. The C/N ratios of the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm mineral soils in the unburned reference class were also greater than in the burned classes, indicating that a small amount of C was lost and/or N was gained, potentially through leaching unburned forest floor material. However, with a couple of exceptions, the severity classes were unable to differentiate the forest floor and mineral soil impacts among soil burn and tree burn severity indices. Developing burn severity indices that are reflective of soil elemental impacts is an important first step in scaling ecosystem impacts both within and across fire events.
First principles studies of proton conduction in KTaO3.

KTaO3 (KTO) is a useful prototypical perovskite for examining the mechanisms of proton transport in perovskites. Previously, Gomez et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 126, 194701 (2007)] reported density functional theory (DFT) calculations describing proton hopping in defect-free KTO. We use DFT calculations to extend that work in two directions, namely, understanding isotope effects in low and high temperature proton transport and the role of native point defects in KTO. At cryogenic temperatures, quantum tunneling plays a vital role in the net hopping of protons in KTO. At the elevated temperature characteristic of applications involving proton-conducting perovskites, tunneling is negligible but zero point energy effects still lead to non-negligible isotope effects for H+, D+, and T+. We also use DFT to characterize the populations of relevant point defects in KTO as a function of experimental conditions, and to examine the migration of protons that are close in proximity to these defects. This information gives us...
Nearly steady convection and the boundary-layer budgets of water vapor and sensible heat

The budgets of water vapor and sensible heat in the convective atmospheric boundary (mixed) layer are analyzed by means of a simple slab approach adapted to steady large-scale advective conditions with radiation and cloud activity. The entrainment flux for sensible heat is assumed to be a linear function of the surface flux. The flux of water vapor at the top of the mixed layer is parameterized by extending the first-order Betts-Deardorff approach, i.e., by adopting linear changes for both the specific humidity and the flux across the mixed layer and across the inversion layer of finite thickness. In this way the dissimilarity of sensible heat and water vapor transport in the mixed layer can be taken into account. The experimental data were obtained from the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). The entrainment constant for sensible heat at the top of the mixed layer was found to have values similar to those observed in other weakly convective situations, i.e., around 0.4 to 0.6. This appears to indicate that the effect of mechanical turbulence was not negligible; however, the inclusion of this effect in the formulation did not improve the correlation. In contrast to the first-order approach, the zero-order approach, i. e., the jump equation commonly used for the flux of a scalar at the inversion, (ovw′c′ ) h = we δc (where w e is the entrainment velocity and δc the concentration jump across the inversion), was found to be invalid and incapable of describing the data.
Bose glass scaling for superconducting vortex arrays revisited

Lidmar and Wallin have recently pointed out that Bose glass scaling theory predicts a linear cusp in the phase boundary of vortex matter with correlated disorder as a function temperature of temperature and perpendicular magnetic field. Here, we collect a number of consequences of this observation for physical quantities near the Bose glass transition. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Discolorations in Eggs When Cottonseed Meal Feeding was Stopped before the Pullets Laid

Abstract THE reports of Heywang et al. (1954 (1955) and of others (Lamon et al., 1917; Frampton, 1961) show that cottonseed meal contains components which cause discolorations in cold stored eggs when laying hens are fed diets containing cottonseed meal. Because of these cottonseed meal is usually considered unsatisfactory in laying diets. On the other hand, cottonseed meal may be used safely as the source of some of the protein in diets for broilers and fryers. However, there appears to be no published experimental data indicating whether pullets raised for egg production might be fed cottonseed meal during most of their growing period prior to egg production without discoloration subsequently appearing in their eggs. Information on this subject is reported in this paper. PROCEDURE The experiment was started early in June with 13 groups, each containing ten day-old White Leghorn pullets, and was in progress for about seven months. The groups…
Relationship of dystocia transmitting ability with type and production transmitting ability in Holstein bulls.

Abstract Relationships of transmitting ability for dystocia with transmitting abilities for type and production in Holstein bulls were estimated. Genetic correlations between dystocia transmitting ability with Predicted Difference (PD) were: milk .00, fat .00, test −.02, and dollars .00. Genetic correlations for transmitting ability of dystocia were −.28 with Predicted Difference Type and −.23 with Type Production Index. Correlations indicated improved conformation will increase dystocia. The relationship of transmitting abilities from Mating Appraisal for Profit with dystocia indicated that scale (size) has a major effect on the type-dystocia relationship. Large size results in both high type classification and increased dystocia. Correlations of rump and center support with dystocia were also in excess of .20.
Abstract 3639: Cell death mechanisms associated with the carbamoylating activity of the anticancer prodrug Laromustine

The preclinical anticancer prodrug Laromustine (VNP40101M; Cloretazine) yields 2-chloroethylating and methyl carbamoylating activities upon activation in cells. While the induction of DNA damage from its chloroethylating activity is widely considered to be the primary cause of its therapeutic cytotoxicity, Laromustine9s carbamoylating activity has proven critical to the drug9s mechanistic profile. Methyl isocyanate, the carbamoylating species derived from Laromustine in situ, can enhance the effectiveness of DNA damaging agents, including the cogenerated chloroethylating agent. This consequence is thought to be a result of a diminishment of cellular DNA damage response. However, carbamoylating agents themselves cause acute cell death in cultured mammalian neoplastic cells, principally via apoptosis. Several overlapping cell death pathways can be induced upon exposure to Laromustine9s carbamoylating activity. Using Laromustine and its analogs, the chloroethylating-only 90CE and the carbamoylating-only 101MDCE, we identified molecular markers of apoptosis via Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is often proteolyzed by caspase-3 in the course of an apoptotic death. We report here that Laromustine, with its carbamoylating activity, induced PARP cleavage similarly to the cytotoxic agent etoposide in HL-60 human leukemia cells. In addition, flow cytometry analyses using FITC-annexin V / propidium iodide staining revealed that the carbamoylating activity of Laromustine is responsible for substantial apoptosis in HL-60 cells at clinically relevant doses within three hours of drug treatment. However, the DNA damaging, 2-chloroethylating activity did not induce appreciable apoptosis in similar experiments. Levels of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and expression levels of the Bax and Bcl-2 proteins are also being investigated. Given its effects on DNA repair systems and its provocation of apoptosis, methyl isocyanate continues to demonstrate its utility to the cytotoxic action of Laromustine. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3639.
MARANGONI FLOW VELOCITY IN A THIN DISK OF MOLTEN NaNO2

Abstract Temperature gradient driven Marangoni flow has been investigated experimentally in circular disks of molten NaNO3. 1.5 mm high by 7 mm diameter. Flow velocities were evaluated from motion picture film and temperatures were determined with a miniature thermocouple. The results are compared to an order of magnitude analysis and agreement is reasonably good.
Olfaction in rats with extensive lesions of the olfactory bulbs: implications for odor coding

Rats were initially trained on a series of odor detection tasks and then received a unilateral olfactory bulbectomy and removal of different parts of the contralateral bulb. After postoperative recovery they were tested for detection of different concentrations of four odors, on a series of odor discrimination tasks and for their ability to acquire a relatively easy and a more difficult odor mixture discrimination task. Groups were formed based on which region of the bulb was intact (regional savings score) and on amount of bulb intact (bulbar savings score). In general, only rats with bulbar savings scores of less than 21% had deficits in detection or discrimination tasks but most performed as well as controls in most tasks. Correlations between bulbar savings scores and error scores were relatively low across all rats but, within the subgroup with the largest lesions (bulbar savings scores <21%), high correlations between these variables were obtained. There was no evidence for a specific anosmia in any group or individual rat and, except for the more difficult odor mixture discrimination, no one task proved difficult for any subgroup. The present results demonstrate that rats with relatively small remnants of one olfactory bulb can perform a variety of odor detection and discrimination tasks as well or nearly as well as controls. These outcomes provide no support for localization of function within the olfactory bulb but are in accord with recent proposals that odors may be coded by a highly distributed pattern of bulbar input.
Machine for continuous hologram production

The Du Pont OmniDex TM Replicator uses a unique cylindrical scanning geometry for continuous production of holographic images. The replicator is designed to contact copy reflection holograms into the OmniDex TM family of holographic imaging films. The continuously moving web is coupled to a master hologram which is mounted on a cylinder and scanned to record the copy. The typical production rate is 5 square feet per minute. Examples presented and discussed.
Six-month incidence of bloodstream infections in intestinal transplant patients.

Background Intestinal transplantation has emerged as an established treatment for life-threatening intestinal failure. The most common complication and cause of death is infection. Risk of infection is highest during the first 6 months, as a consequence of maximal immunosuppression, greater than that required for any other organ allograft. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all (56) adult and pediatric ( 5, surgical complications, and acute rejection. Results A BSI developed in 34 of the 56 patients, with a total of 85 BSI episodes. Of these BSI episodes, 65.9% were due to gram-positive organisms, 34.1% gram-negative organisms, and 2.4% due to fungi. The most common isolates were Enterococcus species, Enterobacter species, Klebsiella species, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Inclusion of the liver and/or a preoperative bilirubin >5 mg/dL appeared to increase the incidence of BSI (P = 0.0483 and 0.0005, respectively). Acute rejection and colonic inclusion did not appear to affect the incidence of BSI (P = 0.9419 and 0.8248, respectively). The BSI incidence was higher in children (P = 0.0058). Conclusions BSIs are a common complication of intestinal transplantation. Risk factors include age 5. Acute rejection and colon inclusion do not appear to be associated with increased BSI risk.
MEASURABILITY AND THE ABSTRACT BAIRE PROPERTY

Within an abstract theory of point sets the author has successfully unified a substantial number of the analogous theorems concerning Lebesgue measure and Baire category. It has been shown that the Lebesgue measurable sets coincide with the sets having the abstract Baire property with respect to the family of all closed sets of positive Lebesgue measure and the question was raised in [2] whether the sets measurable with respect to certain Hausdorff measures were the same as the sets having the abstract Baire property with respect to the family of all closed sets of positive Hausdorff measure. In this article we establish a general theorem which, under the assumption of the continuum hypothesis, gives an affirmative answer to this question.
Characterization of density and metal content in low density foam targets for inertial confinement fusion

Targets for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments to measure isoelectronic temperatures achieved in open configurations have been manufactured from low density polymethylpentene. The temperature measurements are made by ratioing the intensity of two nearby X-ray lines, in this case from titanium and chromium. This required these metals to be added to the foams during manufacture. Individual targets consisted of machined cylinders of foam 2 mm in diameter by 2 mm long. Because of small scale variability in the foam, it was necessary to individually characterize each target for metal content and density to determine the total mass of plastic and metal present to allow a correct calculation of the temperature to be made. The requested density of the foam was less than 5 mg/cm3 and the metal loading was to be 0.5 wt.% each of titanium and chromium. This means the mass of plastic was roughly 10 μg and the metal mass was roughly 50 ng. This low level of material to be detected required the application and modification of X-ray fluorescence and beta particle transmission methods to characterize the foams.
1568 PREDICTION OF PROTEINURIA BY RANDOM AND 24 HOUR URINE PROTEIN CREATININE RATIOS (U P/Cr) IN NEPHROTIC CHILDREN

1568 PREDICTION OF PROTEINURIA BY RANDOM AND 24 HOUR URINE PROTEIN CREATININE RATIOS (U P/Cr) IN NEPHROTIC CHILDREN
Feeding Acidified Milk Replacer Ad Libitum to Calves Housed in Group Versus Individual Pens

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate group versus individual housing with a cold ad libitum feeding system for calves. Twelve Holstein calves were assigned to group or individual housing at birth. The experiment had two replications, each consisting of one group of 3 calves and 3 individually housed calves. All calves were fed cold acidified milk replacer ad libitum plus calf starter and water. Behavior was studied for one 48-h period during wk 1, 3, and 6. Four male calves were slaughtered at wk 6 for determination of carcass composition. Milk replacer and water intakes in the preweaning period (wk 1 to 5) tended to be higher for group-fed calves. Calf starter intake was not different. Group-housed calves had a higher BW and a slightly higher (although not statistically significant) average daily gain than calves fed in individual pens. Packed cell volume was lower for group calves due to their higher liquid intake, but plasma glucose and urea N concentrations were similar. Individually housed calves spent more time using the nipple and group-fed calves spent more time drinking water. Amount of time eating starter did not differ between treatments but differed with age. Carcass composition was not different between calves housed individually or in groups. Because individually housed calves spent more time using the nipple, but consumed less milk replacer, they may have been exhibiting a form of purposeless behavior. Higher milk replacer intake by group-fed calves did not result in greater carcass fat content at 6 wk of age.
Pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in stable liver transplant recipients.

: Introduction: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is one of the major immunosuppressive agents used in liver transplantation recipients. In an attempt to mitigate one of the most common side effects of MMF (gastrointestinal symptoms), enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) was developed. In this study, we report the pharmacokinetic profile of EC-MPS in stable liver transplantation recipients administered a single 720 mg dose. Methods: Liver transplantation recipients more than one yr after transplantation were administered a single dose of 720 mg EC-MPS after which blood levels of MPA were measured at frequent intervals using a specific and validated LC-MS/MS assay. Results: The characteristics of the 21 patients studied were: mean age was 55.9 yr, 13 were female, eight had hepatitis C, and 14 were on tacrolimus. The mean apparent half-life of MPA was 5.3 ± 4.3 h, (1.0–15.7). Mean tmax was 2.4 ± 1.1 h (1.0–5.0). The mean area-under-curve was 45.3 ± 23.1 μg-h/mL (17.3–90.0). Trough level concentrations (C12 h) showed large inter-individual variability (0–9.2 μg/mL). There was no difference in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters relative to: gender, HCV, administration of tacrolimus vs. cyclosporine or type of biliary anastomosis. Conclusions: There is a wide variation in pharmacokinetic parameters in stable, long-term liver transplantation recipients receiving a single dose of EC-MPS. These data suggest that therapeutic drug monitoring with EC-MPS may have limited utility in liver transplantation recipients.
A re‐examination of Wagner's Law using US total state and local expenditure and its sub‐categories

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the validity of Wagner's Law using annual data (1957‐2006) for the US state‐local government (SLG) real expenditure and eight of its sub‐categories.Design/methodology/approach – The co‐integration tests of Johansen and the bounds testing approach to co‐integration proposed by Pesaran et al. were carried out to determine whether a long‐term equilibrium relationship existed between real per capita GDP (pcgdp) and the expenditure variables scaled by real GDP. The income elasticity coefficients of the expenditure variables were then estimated. The direction of causality was tested in the context of error‐correction models (ECM) and the Toda‐Yamamoto approach, which allows for estimating level relationships without pre‐testing for unit roots.Findings – Most SLG expenditure variables were found to be non‐stationary and income‐elastic. However, with the exception of total expenditure (te), insurance trust benefits (ins) and social services and income maintenance (ssim), no o...
Ty element transposition: Reverse transcriptase and virus-like particles

We have found reverse transcriptase activity and virus-like particles only in yeast cells that contain a galactose-promoted Ty element induced on galactose. The cofractionation of reverse transcriptase, genomic-length Ty RNA, and a Ty-specified protein antigen in a particulate fraction and the ability of this complex to synthesize specifically a product that is homologous to the entire Ty suggest that reverse transcription of Ty RNA takes place in the particle. The absence of appreciable levels of reverse transcriptase and particles in uninduced cells despite the presence of at least 35 copies of chromosomal Ty elements suggest that some of these elements may be defective. The numerous virus-like particles visible in thin sections of Ty transposition-induced cells appear not to be infectious. These particles resemble the intracisternal A-type particles of the mouse and copia particles of Drosophila. The results support the idea that Ty elements and retroviruses share a common origin.
Site specific cleavage of φX-174 replicative form DNA after modification by N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene

Three kinds of structural disturbances were found in an 88 base pair (bp) fragment of thetaX-174 DNA after exposure to N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-Aco-AAF). Frequent strand scissions at two specific guanine sites on the 5' /sup 32/P-end-labeled fragment were identified by base sequence analysis. Scissions at these two sites were induced at neutral pH and they were not increased by treatment with apurinic endonuclease. They are an immediate consequence of N-Aco-AAF action and are not primarily apurinic sites. Alkali treatment with 1 M piperidine at 90/sup 0/C induced strand scissions at every guanine, demonstrating adduct slices, depurination and strand scissions. Adducted DNA was sensitive to single-strand specific nuclease digestion, suggesting unwound DNA. These studies indicate the prediliction of N-Aco-AAF for certain DNA sites and they suggest three kinds of DNA modifications which can be expected after adduction by this carcinogen. Some of the sites may be premutational carcinogen-induced DNA structural modifications.
Mechanisms for Uranium Deposition in Grants Mineral Belt: ABSTRACT

A polygenetic model for uranium deposition of much of the ore in the Grants mineral belt results from (a) spatial relations of orebodies, (b) geochronologic studies, (c) clay-mineral studies, (d) trace-element studies, and (e) theoretical considerations. Trend ore apparently formed from southeast-flowing solutions entirely in reduced ground with organic carbon (plus some hydrogen sulfide) acting as reductant; this is supported by evidence for organic carbon in calcite penecontemporaneous with ore, trace-element distribution, and other factors. Uplift, remobilization, and reprecipitation of some of the stratigraphically high ore in the Laguna district is somewhat similar to Wyoming roll-type deposits in terms of mineralization control by sulfide-sulfate equilibria and clay mineralogic variations. The effect of this event is not apparent in the deeper Ambrosia Lake ore. The Laramide orogeny resulted in the establishment of a redox front which, in turn, resulted in destruction and remobilization of some earlier trend ore and the formation End_Page 686------------------------------ of stack ore. Virtually all zones of rock weakness are subjected to some mineralization near this front, and the sulfide-sulfate equilibria cause many of these stack deposits to resemble roll fronts. Roll geometry of some of this ore is due to encroachment of the front on reduced ground after the Laramide. Younger, but very local, solutions result in ore in oxidized ground, some of which is indicated by primary uranophane. Roll geometry is present for some of these deposits. The superimposition of the redox front on the older trend ore allows both carbon and sulfur to act as reductants, and orebody geometries are similar to Wyoming-type rolls in terms of uranium distribution but not necessarily for trace-element distribution. End_of_Article - Last_Page 687------------