cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SUPPLY OF AND DEMAND FOR PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES

This chapter describes the supply of and demand for productive resources. A shrinking labor force of young workers and the shortage of the skilled workers could blunt American industry's drive to improve its competitive edge in world markets. Some labor analysts say present shortages of skilled technical workers might worsen and might spread to other occupations. But industry might rise to the challenge with added aid for vocational education, increased retraining of older workers and faster introduction of robots that eliminate some low-skill jobs. How much companies step up their on-the-job training or efforts to improve vocational education would depend on assessments of their coming employment needs. Businesses already pinched by skilled-worker shortages are starting to prepare for the larger crunch ahead. Companies and unions are reviving moribund apprenticeship programs or starting new ones, often combining workplace training with nighttime course work at community colleges. The machinists' union, in bargaining with employers, is pressing for more apprenticeships. Union officials also are talking to high-school students nationwide to promote careers in skilled trades.
Prevalence, species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from dogs and cats in the United States.

Aims: The contribution of dogs and cats as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant enterococci remains largely undefined. This is increasingly important considering the possibility of transfer of bacteria from companion animals to the human host. In this study, dogs and cats from veterinary clinics were screened for the presence of enterococci. Methods and Results: A total of 420 enterococci were isolated from nasal, teeth, rectal, belly and hindquarters sites of 155 dogs and 121 cats from three clinics in Athens, GA. Eighty per cent (124 out of 155) of the dogs and 60% (72 out of 121) of the cats were positive for enterococci. From the total number of dog samples (n = 275), 32% (n = 87) were from hindquarter, 31% (n = 86) were rectal, and 29% (n = 79) were from the belly area. The majority of isolates originated from rectal samples (53 out of 145; 37%) from cats. The predominant species identified was Enterococcus faecalis (105 out of 155; 68%) from dogs and E. hirae (63 out of 121; 52%) from cats. Significantly more E. faecalis were isolated from rectal samples than any other enterococcal species (P < 0·05) for both dogs and cats suggesting site specific colonization of enterococcal species. The highest levels of resistance were to ciprofloxacin in E. faecium (9 out of 10; 90%), chloramphenicol resistance in E. faecalis (17 out of 20; 85%) and gentamicin resistance in E. faecalis (19 out of 24; 79%) from dog samples and nitrofurantoin resistance in E. faecium (15 out of 19; 79%) from cats. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) (resistance ≥2 antimicrobials) was observed to as few as two and as many as eight antimicrobials regardless of class. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that dogs and cats are commonly colonized with antimicrobial resistant enterococci. Significance and Impact of the Study: Dogs and cats may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred from pets to people.
A colorimetric method for amniotic fluid phospholipids and their relationship to the respiratory distress syndrome.

Abstract A recently published work has stated that the amniotic fluid lecithin concentration is an accurate method of predicting the development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). We have developed a simpler method for estimating amniotic fluid phospholipids, and 204 amniotic fluids from 120 pregnancies were studied. The level of hydrolyzable phospholibids (of which lecithin represents approximately 70 per cent in the third trimester) rises in the third trimester, but a signalling surge is not seen in compiled data. Four of five cases in which RDS did occur were found to have the expected low level of amniotic fluid hydrolyzable phospholipid just prior to birth. However, RDS did not occur in a large group of infants whose amniotic fluid hydrolyzable phospholipid concentrations were low. We, therefore, believe that, though this method would be reasonably valid as a determinant of time of delivery if high levels were found, low levels are not necessarily indicative that RDS will occur.
Replication of tobacco mosaic virus: IV. Further characterization of viral related RNAs☆☆☆

Abstract Experiments were performed to characterize the viral related RNA species which appear in extracts of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tissue and, in particular, the low molecular weight (ca. 350,000 daltons) component, LMC. It was determined that LMC is probably not a component of the virus rod but is a fragment of unincapsidated TMV RNA. Synthesis of LMC in diseased tissue is not inhibited by the presence of actinomycin D. Because LMC would not reconstitute into a rod with TMV protein, it was considered not to contain a detectable amount of the 5′ terminus of TMV RNA. Polyadenylic acid sequences could not be detected by three analytical methods in any RNA component. In addition to LMC, which is homogeneous in size, TMV RNA fragments polydisperse in size are also present in leaf tissue extracts. In contrast, RNA complementary to TMV RNA was present in extracts only as a component of the double-stranded TMV replicative form and was not found free in the infected cell. Neither fragments of replicative form nor single-stranded TMV complementary RNA could be detected. In addition, the only RNA fraction of uniform size found to contain both an RNA species and its complement was the TMV replicative form.
Miniaturized Disk-Bend Testing and Microstructure of 3.8 Mev Zr3+ Irradiated Zr3Al

The mechanical behavior of Zr3Al irradiated with 3.8 MeV Zr3+, ions has been investigated using a miniaturized disk bend test (MDBT). The samples tested were 3 mm in diameter and either nominally 100 or 250 μm thick. They were irradiated at 250 °C to peak doses varying from 0.0041 to 2 displacements per atom (dpa). The yield stresses, σy, of the thin specimens were independent of dose, within experimental error, and comparable to that of unirradiated Zr3 Al. However, for the thick specimens σy was significantly larger for the irradiated material, possibly increasing to a maximum at a peak dose between 0.02 and 0.06 dpa. The relative insensitivity of σy of the thin specimens to irradiation, compared to the thick ones, is a surprising result for which we have no satisfactory explanation. Examination by transmission electron microscopy showed that Zr3Al begins to undergo chemical disorder at a dose of only 0.02 dpa and Is nearly completely disordered at 0.41 dpa. Electron diffraction indicates the presence of satellite reflections along in {001} diffraction patterns. The nature of the defects responsible for these has not yet been determined, although rather similar effects have been observed in electron and Kr+-ion irradiated Zr3Al and attributed to elastic softening of the lattice. The possible roles of these defects, as well as disordering, are discussed.
Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues

The Society for the Psychology Study of Ethnic Minority Issues, which is Division 45 of the American Psychological Association, (APA), is the major representative body for psychologists who conduct research on ethnic minority concerns or who apply psychological knowledge and techniques to ethnic minority issues. The Division's purpose is to advance psychology as a science and to promote public welfare through research, to apply research findings towards addressing ethnic minority issues, and to encourage professional relationships among psychologists with these interests. It also represents ethnic minority concerns within the governance of the APA. Division 45 serves as a means to promote the development of knowledge and understanding of ethnic minority psychology, the application of psychological principles specific to ethnic minorities, consideration of how social concerns impact ethnic minority populations, and incorporation of the importance of diversity in society.
The political economy of inflation: Bargaining structure or central bank independence?

The causes of inflation are commonly analyzed as the function of either the organization of wage bargaining or the independence of the central bank. Although these explanations are widely treated as competing, recent evidence suggests that there may be merit to both arguments. This paper presents a game-theoretic model of wage bargaining and monetary policy-making that shows why the two institutional causes are not only complementary, but elements of a more encompassing logic. The empirical superiority of this synthesizing model is demonstrated by reanalyzing data used in Al-Marhubi and Willett (1995) and by presenting new evidence.
Differential expression and functional analysis of Pitx2 isoforms in regulation of heart looping in the chick

Pitx2, a bicoid-related homeobox gene, plays a crucial role in the left-right axis determination and dextral looping of the vertebrate developing heart. We have examined the differential expression and function of two Pitx2 isoforms (Pitx2a and Pitx2c) that differ in the region 5' to the homeodomain, in early chick embryogenesis. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses indicated the existence of Pitx2a and Pitx2c but not Pitx2b in the developing chick embryos. In situ hybridization demonstrated a restricted expression of Pitx2c in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), left half of heart tube and head mesoderm, but its absence in the extra-embryonic tissues where vasculogenesis occurs. RT-PCR experiments revealed that Pitx2a is absent in the left LPM, but is present in the head and extra-embryonic mesoderm. However, ectopic expression of either Pitx2c or Pitx2a via retroviral infection to the right LMP equally randomized heart looping direction. Mapping of the transcriptional activation function to the C terminus that is identical in both isoforms explained the similar results obtained by the gain-of-function approach. In contrast, elimination of Pitx2c expression from the left LMP by antisense oligonucleotide resulted in a randomization of heart looping, while treatment of embryos with antisense oligonucleotide specific to Pitx2a failed to generate similar effect. We further constructed RCAS retroviral vectors expressing dominant negative Pitx2 isoforms in which the C-terminal transcriptional activation domain was replaced by the repressor domain of the Drosophila Engrailed protein (En(r)). Ectopic expression of Pitx2c-En(r), but not Pitx2a-En(r), to the left LPM randomized the heart looping. The results thus demonstrate that Pitx2c plays a crucial role in the left-right axis determination and rightward heart looping during chick embryogenesis.
Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in amphibian cardiac muscle

THE skeletal muscle-nerve junction and many interneuronal synapses are highly specialised and morphologically characterised by a direct apposition of pre- and postsynaptic elements separated by a cleft of no more than 50 nm, localised thickenings of the apposed membranes and an aggregation of small vesicles in the presynaptic process. At several such ‘focal’ synapses, neurotransmitter receptor molecules are restricted to patches of postsynaptic membrane corresponding to synaptic sites1–3. For example, at the motor endplate of skeletal muscle, acetylcholine receptor packing density in the subsynaptic membrane is about 103 times higher than in the extrasynaptic membrane several μm away4–6. Many neuroeffector junctions such as those in autonomically innervated tissues, however, are much less specialised and lack synaptic membrane apposition and thickenings7,8. In the heart for example, the terminal postganglionic autonomie axons consist of long chains of vesicle-packed varicosities and form a widely ramifying plexus over the muscle9. The varicosities sometimes lie in close apposition to the muscle but may often be several μm away from the nearest target. Even when pre- and postsynaptic membranes are closely apposed, morphological specialisation of the membranes is not normally seen7,10–12. I was interested to determine whether receptor molecules for acetylcholine (ACh) in heart muscle are localised to the relatively infrequent sites of close apposition between nerve and muscle or are more generally distributed. This report demonstrates that muscarinic ACh receptors are uniformly distributed in cardiac muscle fibres in amphibian heart.
Applying the Competition Model to bilingualism

This special issue brings together a set of four papers devoted to the experimental study of sentence processing by bilinguals in their second language. The basic finding reported in this research is that, in many cases, learners transfer their LI sentence processing strategies onto sentence processing in L2. Moreover, the influence of this transfer can be detected in weakened form even in fluent bilinguals who have spoken L2 for many years. In effect, these studies report on a kind of comprehension analog to “foreign accent” that first came to light during work on sentence comprehension within the framework of the Competition Model of Bates and MacWhinney (1982).
Sailing Injury and Illness: Results of an Online Survey

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the relative frequency, patterns, and mechanisms of sailing-related injuries in dinghies and keelboats. Data were also collected on risky and risk-averse behaviors of sailors, as well as on sailing-related illnesses. Methods A web-based, logic-driven, multiple-choice survey was developed and links were posted on sailing-related websites. Data were collected from March through November 2006 on any injuries or illnesses sailors sustained over the prior 12 months. Results From 1188 respondents, a total of 1715 injuries and 559 illnesses was reported. The top 3 injuries for keel boats were leg contusions (11%), hand lacerations (8%), and arm contusions (6%), and in dinghies they were leg contusions (13%), knee contusions (6%), and leg lacerations (6%). The most common mechanisms of injury were "trip/fall," "hit by object," and "caught in lines." Tacking, heavy weather, and jibing were the most common factors contributing to injury. The rates of injury and severe injury in this internet-based survey were 4.6 and 0.57 per 1000 days of sailing, respectively. Of the 70 severe injuries, 25% were fractures, 16% were torn tendons or cartilage, 14% were concussions, and 8% were dislocations. The median rate of lifejacket use was 30%, and median rate of sunscreen use was 80%. Sixteen percent of sailors reported sunburn over the prior 12 months. Seven percent of sailors reported use of alcohol within the 2 hours preceding injury. Conclusions The most common injuries in both keel boats and dinghies are soft-tissue injuries to the extremities. Severe injuries and illnesses in sailing are uncommon in this study population.
Tests on microconcrete model of hyperbolic cooling tower

In the past 18 years following the collapse of three cooling towers on November 1, 1965 in Ferrybridge, England, a considerable interest has developed in determining the buckling behavior of these thin-walled shells under the loadings normally encountered. An extensive number of theories exist attempting to predict buckling response and failure. Numerous tests on small, elastic models of metals or plastics have also been reported. However, little work has been reported on the physical testing to failure of concrete models.
Virtual prices and the impact of house rationing in Belgium on consumer choices

Abstract Obtaining estimates of demand relationships between goods and services during the periods of rationing, that characterized the first half of the twentieth century, is complicated by the uncertainty about both the period and the goods for which rationing is binding. Consequently, researchers have turned to using the difference between virtual and observed prices as an indicator of binding rationing. However, this often requires using external data from another country or an unrationed sample period to estimate virtual prices. In contrast, our methodology uses data from the rationed period to estimate virtual prices. The ration constrained revealed preference approach provides virtual prices that can be used to estimate a system of free demands. We then estimate the impact that rationing had on expenditure on unrationed goods using relationships between free and rationed demand elasticities. We apply our methodology to inter war period data from Belgium.
Experiments on carotid artery flow increase as a result of contralateral carotid occlusion

No infallible preoperative method exists to predict accurately a patient's tolerance to unilateral carotid artery ligation. It has recently been hypothesized that the magnitude of increase in contralateral carotid artery flow resulting from trial compression of the ipsilateral common carotid artery might be of value in determining the result of permanent ligation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate three factors which might influence the contralateral flow increase: the carotid sinus reflex, the vertebro-basilar artery circulation, and the degree of anastomotic crossover in the anterior part of the circle of Willis. The effects of these three factors were studied in the following situations: (1) Before and after ablation of the ipsilateral carotid sinus in eight dogs (by cutting the ninth and tenth cranial nerves); (2) Before and after ligation of both vertebral arteries in three dogs: (3) Before and after separation of the anterior circle of Willis by clipping an anterior cerebral artery in two monkeys.Results: (1) Carotid sinus denervation had no effect in three dogs, diminished the increase by an average of 25% in three dogs, and enhanced the increase by an average of 50% in two dogs: (2) Bilateral vertebral artery ligation enhanced the increase in all three dogs by an average of 66%; (3) Separation of the anterior circle of Willis caused a diminution of the increase in both monkeys by an average of 66%; (4) There was no relationship between the degree of contralateral flow increase and 1. systemic blood pressure, 2. contralateral flow prior to occlusion, or 3. ipsilateral flow prior to occlusion.Conclusions: (1) In the experimental situation, the carotid sinus reflex is not consistently responsible for the contralateral carotid flow increase; (2) The observations on the vertebral artery occlusion and monkey studies lend support to the concept that if a contiguous vascular bed is removed from access to carotid blood, the flow through the system will decrease, and vice versa. The data are placed into clinical perspective.
WARTS AND MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM : BEWARE OF TREATMENTS WORSE THAN THE DISEASE

To treat or not to treat, that is the question. Two cutaneous infections, warts and molluscum contagiosum, have evaded eradication for centuries, and the viruses continue to thrive and to expand in number despite all attempts at destruction. Meanwhile, many cases regress spontaneously. In this article, the authors review the characteristics of the viruses involved; discuss their transmission, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations; and assess the effectiveness of available therapies.
A Structural Model of Science Achievement.

Walberg's (1981) nine-factor productivity model was tested with a national probability sample of 3,116 adolescents. A three-wave longitudinal design incorporated data from students, teachers, and parents to construct a latent-variable model of science achievement
The development of CVD mullite coatings for high temperature corrosive applications

Adherent crystalline mullite coatings have been chemically vapor deposited on SiC and Si 3 N 4 -based substrates to enhance its corrosion/ oxidation resistance. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations have been utilized to produce mullite coatings with a variety of growth rates, compositions, and morphologies. The flexibility of processing can be exploited to produce coated ceramics with properties tailored to specific applications and varied corrosive environments. The coating and been tested in several corrosive environments including oxidation, jet burner exhaust, and Na 2 SO 4 .
The Design and Performance of the MINERνA Experiment

Abstract The design of the MINERνAdetectoris presented.Wegiveanoverviewofthe detector.We describethe optical system, giving details on the scintillator, the optical cabling and ﬁbers, the PMTs, and the PMT housing.Wegive details on the electronics. We describe the assembled component, called the module, which gets inserted into the detector. We give details on the quality control of the modules and present documentation showing the performance of the detector.
Practical approaches to earthquake prediction and warning

The title chosen for this renewal of the U.S.-Japan prediction seminar series reflects optimism, perhaps more widespread in Japan than in the United States, that research on earthquake prediction has progressed to a stage at which it is appropriate to begin testing operational forecast systems. This is not to suggest that American researchers do not recognize very substantial gains in understanding earthquake processes and earthquake recurrence, but rather that we are at the point of initiating pilot prediction experiments rather than asserting that we are prepared to start making earthquake predictions in a routine mode. For the sixth time since 1964, with support from the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, as well as substantial support from the U.S. Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.) for participation of a good representation of its own scientists, earthquake specialists from the two countries came together on November 7–11, 1983, to review progress of the recent past and share ideas about promising directions for future efforts. If one counts the 1980 Ewing symposium on prediction, sponsored by Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, which, though multinational, served the same purpose, one finds a continuity in these interchanges that has made them especially productive and stimulating for both scientific communities. The conveners this time were Chris Scholz, Lamont-Doherty, for the United States and Tsuneji Rikitake, Nihon University, for Japan.
Photoreflectance Characterization Of Microstructures Using A Dye Laser System

The optical characterization technique of photoreflectance (PR) has been modified by replacing the source of the probe light with a dye laser. This has allowed easy access to temperatures below 100K, a temperature range in which it was previously difficult to measure a PR spectrum. This system is also capable of simultaneous photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy (PLE). The combined PR/PLE apparatus has allowed us to obtain information regarding the nature of the PR signal.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Design and analysis of data management in scalable parallel scripting

We seek to enable efficient large-scale parallel execution of applications in which a shared filesystem abstraction is used to couple many tasks. Such parallel scripting (many-task computing, MTC) applications suffer poor performance and utilization on large parallel computers because of the volume of filesystem I/O and a lack of appropriate optimizations in the shared filesystem. Thus, we design and implement a scalable MTC data management system that uses aggregated compute node local storage for more efficient data movement strategies. We co-design the data management system with the data-aware scheduler to enable dataflow pattern identification and automatic optimization. The framework reduces the time to solution of parallel stages of an astronomy data analysis application, Montage, by 83.2% on 512 cores; decreases the time to solution of a seismology application, CyberShake, by 7.9% on 2,048 cores; and delivers BLAST performance better than mpiBLAST at various scales up to 32,768 cores, while preserving the flexibility of the original BLAST application.
Investigation of the polymorphs and hydrolysis of uranium trioxide

This work focuses on the polymorphic nature of the UO3 and UO3–H2O system, which are important materials associated with the nuclear fuel cycle. The UO3–water system is complex and has not been fully characterized, even though these species are key fuel cycle materials. Powder X-ray diffraction, and Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to characterize both the several polymorphic forms of UO3 and the certain UO3-hydrolysis products for the purpose of developing predictive capabilities and estimating process history; for example, polymorphic phases of unknown origin. Specifically, we have investigated three industrially relevant production pathways of UO3 and discovered a previously unknown low temperature route to the production of β-UO3. Several phases of UO3, its hydrolysis products, and key starting materials were synthesized and characterized as pure materials to establish optical spectroscopic signatures for these compounds for forensic analysis.
Myosin light chain phosphorylation during contraction of turtle heart

The phosphorylation of myosin P-light chain was determined during the contraction cycle of turtle heart beating 5--8 times/min at 5 degrees C. The hearts were freeze-clamped either in systole or diastole, then homogenized and washed in strong acids in order to completely inhibit myosin light chain kinase and phosphatase and isolate the total P-light chain of the heart. The phospho and dephospho forms of P-light chain were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and were quantitated by densitometry. Alternatively, the hearts were perfused with 32P and the incorporation of [32P]phosphate into the P-light chain was determined. Both methods demonstrated that in hearts frozen in systole more P-light chain was phosphorylated than in hearts frozen in diastole.
On reconstructing variation in Cape Dutch (1710-1840)

In this essay I shall address some methodological issues concerning the reconstruction of variation in the early history of Afrikaans (roughly 1710-1840), with a view toward theorizing the mechanisms and sociolinguistic forces that underlie the formation of this language. Since discussions of the methodology of evaluating our Cape Dutch source material have been mostly sketchy, and since most scholars have neglected to make their methodology explicit, it is natural that much has been assumed that will not bear up under close scrutiny.
Synthesis and Crystallographic Characterization of an Octameric Water Complex, (H2O)8

Small water clusters are the subject of considerable theoretical and experimental scrutiny and include a recently isolated water decamer. A detailed understanding of the numerous possible structures and stabilities is important for obtaining insight into the nature of water--water interactions in diverse environments. Of particular interest are octameric water clusters, (H{sub 2}O){sub 8}. A two-to-one combination in acetonitrile of {kappa}{sup 4}-[1,2-bis(2-oxy-2-methylpropanamido)-4,5-dimethoxybenzene]cobaltate(III), [A]{sup {minus}}, with bis-{kappa}{sup 3}-(2,6-diacetamidopyridine)cobalt(II), [B]{sup 2+}, yields the crystalline solvate, [A{sub 2}B]{center_dot}(CH{sub 3}CN){sub 4}. On treatment with humid air for 10 to 12 days, [A{sub 2}B]{center_dot}(CH{sub 3}CN){sub 4} forms the [A{sub 2}B](H{sub 2}O){sub 8} complex without crystal decay; both species have been crystallographically characterized.
Use of the Encouragement Process in Adlerian Counseling.

Encouragement in all facets of the counseling interview is a critical ingredient in the counseling process. This article sets forth the theory and specific applications of the encouragement process in counseling, as viewed in the socio-teleological model.
Autologous transplant survivors: out of the woods?

Comment on Bhatia et al, page [4215][1] If patients survive at least 2 years after autologous transplantation for a hematologic malignancy, what can we tell them lies ahead? Bhatia and colleagues help answer this question. Despite the fact that more than half of stem cell transplantation
Enrique Dupuy De Lôme and the Spanish American War

WE know little in the United States about the man who, as Spain's Ambassador in 1898, dared to call President McKinley “a low politician catering to the rabble.” The purpose of this article is to shed light on Enrique Dupuy de Lome, his views, and his hitherto unstudied role as Spain's envoy during the critical period leading up to the Spanish-American War. The first striking characteristic about our subject is his very name, being French instead of Spanish. The genealogy of the Dupuy de Lome family originated in France in the sixteenth century. There is record of a Jean Dupuy fighting against the Turks in one of the Crusades. The Spanish branch had, up to the nineteenth century, used only the Dupuy part of the surname. Then, as evidence of his great admiration of his French uncle, the designer of France's first cruiser, Dupuy chose to reestablish the full French surname by adding the de Lome.
Fragmentation of Fe(CO)5ROH (R CH3 and C2H5) heteroclusters induced by 248 nm multiphoton ionization

Abstract The ionic fragmentation of Fe(CO)5 within an environment of methanol or ethanol clusters was studied. Reflectron—time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the mixed cluster ions generated by 248 nm multiphoton ionization of [Fe(CO)5][ROH]n = 1 – 20 clusters (R  CH3 or C2H5). The fragmentation patterns were found to be quite different from those observed in the gas and condensed phases. A mechanism for the fragmentation of alcohol cluster solvated metal carbonyls is proposed, which is consistent with previous studies in this area.
The Cycle of EBV Infection Explains Persistence, the Sizes of the Infected Cell Populations and Which Come under CTL Regulation

Previous analysis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistent infection has involved biological and immunological studies to identify and quantify infected cell populations and the immune response to them. This led to a biological model whereby EBV infects and activates naive B-cells, which then transit through the germinal center to become resting memory B-cells where the virus resides quiescently. Occasionally the virus reactivates from these memory cells to produce infectious virions. Some of this virus infects new naive B-cells, completing a cycle of infection. What has been lacking is an understanding of the dynamic interactions between these components and how their regulation by the immune response produces the observed pattern of viral persistence. We have recently provided a mathematical analysis of a pathogen which, like EBV, has a cycle of infected stages. In this paper we have developed biologically credible values for all of the parameters governing this model and show that with these values, it successfully recapitulates persistent EBV infection with remarkable accuracy. This includes correctly predicting the observed patterns of cytotoxic T-cell regulation (which and by how much each infected population is regulated by the immune response) and the size of the infected germinal center and memory populations. Furthermore, we find that viral quiescence in the memory compartment dictates the pattern of regulation but is not required for persistence; it is the cycle of infection that explains persistence and provides the stability that allows EBV to persist at extremely low levels. This shifts the focus away from a single infected stage, the memory B-cell, to the whole cycle of infection. We conclude that the mathematical description of the biological model of EBV persistence provides a sound basis for quantitative analysis of viral persistence and provides testable predictions about the nature of EBV-associated diseases and how to curb or prevent them.
EFFICIENCY OF RETROVIRAL TRANSDUCTION OF CD 34+ CELLS FROM UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD DEPENDS ON GROWTH FACTOR STIMULATION. 134

The feasibility of gene marking or gene therapy protocols making use of purified CD34+ cells greatly depends on the efficiency of stable transduction. The great potentiality of umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells prompted us to evaluate which factor(s) play a major role(s) in influencing the transduction efficiency of retroviral vectors. CD34+ cells, isolated with an immunomagnetic device (MiniMacs, Miltenyi Biotech, Germany), 90-95% pure as assessed by cytofluorimetric analysis, were transduced with the LXSN retroviral vector carrying the neomicine resistance gene. Infection was made with virus-containing supernatant of Am12 env+ packaging cell line, having a titer of 2×106 PFU/ml. All the infections were performed using a multiplicity of infection of 10 PFU/cell. Multiple or single infections were performed with the following schedules: i) up to 6 infection lasting one hour over 3 days; ii) a 72 hr infections substituting fresh viral supernatant and cytokines every 24 hrs; iii) a single 72 hr infection. In most experiments, CD34+ cells were preincubated with different cytokine cocktails for 24 or 48 hrs before infection. Efficiency of transduction was evaluated both by clonogenic assays and semiquantitative PCR analysis performed either immediately or after 7 day expansion in the presence of cytokines and G-418. G-418-resistant CFU-E, BFU-E and CFU-GM colonies were scored after 7 and 14 days. We provided evidence that the efficiency of transduction was mainly dependent on cell preincubation with growth factors rather than on the number of infections. Precisely, infection performed on freshly isolated CD34+ was almost ineffective (0.4%) while 48 hr preincubation in the presence of SCF*+IL-6+IL-3 allowed to reach a level of transduction up to 40% regardeless of the number of infections. In this respect it is noteworthy that a single infection, lasting as long as a multiple infection course gave identical results. In conclusion the results obtained suggest that high efficiency of transduction of umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells can be achieved in liquid, stroma free, cultures.
Studies on Some Inland Waters of the Galapogos

Arcturus Lake is a stratified hypersaline lake occupying a caldera near the center of Genovesa Island. It is about 500 m in diameter and has a maximum depth of 30 m. The lake is frequented by large numbers of seabirds and is an outstanding example of guanotrophy. Organic production in the epilimnion was great, and the hypolimnion was anoxic at the time of these studies. The lake is probably stratified during the entire year. There appear to be no fishes in the lake. The invertebrate fauna is dominated by corixids and tanaid shrimps. Tagus Crater Lake on Isabele Island, occupies a crater about 100 m from Tagus Cove. It is about 400 m in diameter and 10 m deep over most of the basin. The lake is saturated salt brine with a bottom of rock salt. The fauna is dominated by corixids and anostracan shrimps. Of three small ponds at Noah's Coves. Isabele, one has low salinity from top to bottom, whereas the other two are markedly stratified with regard to salinity. The upper "fresher" water in the stratified ponds is poor in phytoplankton compared to the underlying high—salinity water. Several species of fish, Odonata, corixids, water striders, and crustacean larvae were living in the ponds at the time of these observations.
On a kinematic compatibility equation related to elastic stress-free joints and crystal twins

Consider the kinematic compatibility equation QFR = F(I + a? n). Here Q and Rare two 3 x 3 matrices representing two rotations, F is a 3 x 3 matrix with det(F) > 0, I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix, a and n are two vectors in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space R 3 , and a? n is the direct product. Assume F and R are given, and we solve for Q, a, n. We will first present a new proof of a criterion, due to Professor Jerry Ericksen, to be met by F and R for the existence of non-trivial solutions. Then we will give sufficient and necessary conditions for F and R under which the equation has solutions of special properties that are related to compound twins and multiple twins in crystals.
Action potentials from a glycerol perfused frog gastrocnemius: a new approach to an old problem.

Abstract 1. 1. When the sciatic nerve is stimulated, action potentials without muscle contractions can be obtained from glycerol perfused Rana pipiens gastrocnemius muscles. 2. 2. Cardiac perfusion of a live frog, coupled with the ease of dissection of the gastrocnemius, make this technique readily adaptable to use for the study of muscle action potentials.
Heroicisation, compensation and coronation or the risks of reevaluating Eero Saarinen

The ‘Eero Saarinen: form-giver of the “American Century”’ symposium held at the Yale School of Architecture in April testified to a dramatic change in what scholars call an artist's critical fortun...
Effect of Simulated Space Radiation on Selected Optical Materials

The effect of simulated Nimbus spacecraft orbital (1100 km, circular, and polar) radiation on wide-band-pass glass filters, narrow-bandpass thin-film interference filters, and several fused silicas was determined by transmittance measurements over the 200-3400-nm wavelength region. No changes were observed in the filters, which were shielded with fused silica during irradiation, after exposure to a 1-yr equivalent orbital dose of electrons, nor were changes observed in the fused silicas after the same electron exposure plus a 1-yr equivalent dose of protons. Exposure to a 1/2-yr equivalent dose of solar uv radiation, however, caused a significant degradation in the transmittance of two uv-transmitting interference filters but had no effect on two colored glass filters that transmitted in the visible and near-ir regions. As a result of the uv exposure, the fused silicas exhibited losses of several percent over the 200-300-nm wavelength region.
Coordination chemistry of lanthanide catecholates

The solution complexation chemistry of Eu(III) and Lu(III) with several monocatecholates [1,2- dihydroxy(3,5-disulfo)benzene (tiron); 4-nitrocatechol (n-cat); catechol; 5-sulfo-2,3-dihydroxy-N,N- dimethylbenzamide (DMBS)], and a tetracatecholate (3,4,3-LICAMS) has been investigated using potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods. These two trivalent lanthanides form complexes of the same composition with those of Lu(III) more stable. At pH 8 only 1:1 complexes of Eu(III) and Lu(III)with tiron are formed, regardless of the amount of excess ligand present. Complexes of Eu(III) with catechol of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 are formed at pH 8.0, 10.0 and 12.0, respectively. The octadentate ligand 3,4,3-LICAMS and the simple catechols 4-nitrocatechol and DMBS form complexes with 1.5 catechol groups per Eu(III) or Lu(III). The formation constants of these complexes have been determined. Discussion of these differences in catecholate coordination chemistry with lanthanides, as well as comparison of these results with those obtained for trivalent and tetravalent transition metals and actinides, are presented.
Band Structure of White Tin

A perturbation calculation of the band structure in white tin is performed using the orthogonalized plane wave approximation. The energies are determined for several points of high symmetry of the Brillouin zone for different choices of potential. On the basis of these results the properties of the Fermi surface in the neighborhood of these points are discussed. It is found that the first two Brillouin zones are completely filled with electrons.
Femininity and Flexible Labor Fashioning class through gender on the global assembly line

■ Analyses of 'flexible labor' typically focus on factors related to labor demands, and those techniques used by capital to rationalize production and increase its rate of accumulation. This article aims to integrate these perspectives with those practices and desires of women workers who are situated within one of the newest arenas of transnational 'flexible' production, that of 'off-shore informatics'. It demonstrates the integral connections between corporate strat egies of 'flexibility' and those of the women themselves, in ways that link flexible labor to flexible gender identities. As such, it raises questions about gender and class within the context of new modes of industrialization and what has tra ditionally been considered 'white collar' work. The article focuses on the off shore informatics industry in Barbados, and explores the ways in which Afro-West Indian women perform new forms of production which enable and encourage them to engage in new forms of transnational consumption. When analysed...
A mechanism for reducing small‐business customer waiting‐line dissatisfaction

This paper presents a technique whereby a small business (i.e. a one-cash register operation) can reduce customer waiting-line time dissatisfaction in the purchase stage of the consumer decision process. When the queue length reaches or exceeds critical value N*, another employee is temporarily transferred to the role of ‘server assistant’ to increase the effective service rate; when the queue length eventually decreases to a second critical value N*, the server assistant returns to primary duties. An optimal customer-reneging decision model is utilized to model the reneging character of the queue. Simulation experiments confirm key hypotheses concerning the behaviour of the queue and compare the effectiveness of a computed (N*, N*) policy with that of alternatives.
Effects of acridine plus near-ultraviolet light on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.

The hydrophobic photosensitizer acridine plus near-ultraviolet light damages both plasma membranes and outer membranes in Escherichia coli. Two lines of evidence are presented that outer membrane proteins are affected by acridine plus near-ultraviolet light treatment and that the effect is selective for certain proteins. First, analysis of outer membrane proteins on sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gels revealed that some protein bands are diminished upon treatment while others remain unaltered. New bands also appear, suggesting degradation or crosslinking reactions. Second, bacteriophage adsorption studies showed that treatment of E. coli F cells with acridine plus near-ultraviolet light causes a loss in functionality of the receptor for phage T5. Treatment of E. coli ABU57 cells under comparable conditions has no discernable effect on the functionality of the receptor for phage BF23.
Cryoelectron microscopy reveals new features in the three-dimensional structure of phosphorylase kinase.

Phosphorylase kinase (PhK), a regulatory enzyme in the cascade activation of glycogenolysis, is a 1.3-MDa hexadecameric complex, (αβγδ)4. PhK comprises two arched octameric (αβγδ)2 lobes that are oriented back-to-back with overall D2 symmetry and connected by small bridges. These interlobal bridges, arguably the most questionable structural component of PhK, are one of several structural features that potentially are artifactually generated or altered by conventional sample preparation techniques for electron microscopy (EM). To minimize such artifacts, we have solved by cryoEM the first three-dimensional (3D) structure of nonactivated PhK from images of frozen hydrated molecules of the kinase. Minimal dose electron micrographs of PhK in vitreous ice revealed particles in a multitude of orientations. A simple model was used to orient the individual images for 3D reconstruction, followed by multiple rounds of refinement. Three-dimensional reconstruction of nonactivated PhK from approximately 5000 particles revealed a bridged, bilobal molecule with a resolution estimated by Fourier shell correlation analysis at 25 A. This new structure suggests that several prominent features observed in the structure of PhK derived from negatively stained particles arise as artifacts of specimen preparation. In comparison to the structure from negative staining, the cryoEM structure shows three important differences: (1) a dihedral angle between the two lobes of approximately 90° instead of 68°, (2) a compact rather than extended structure for the lobes, and (3) the presence of four, rather than two, connecting bridges, which provides the first direct evidence for these components as authentic elements of the kinase solution structure.
Activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors in the parafascicular nucleus suppresses the affective reaction of rats to noxious stimulation.

The antinociceptive effects of the serotonin (5-HT)1A/7 receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) administered into the medial thalamus were evaluated. Pain behaviors organized at spinal (spinal motor reflexes, SMRs), medullary (vocalizations during shock, VDSs), and forebrain (vocalization after discharges, VADs) levels of the neuraxis were elicited by tailshock. Administration of 8-OHDPAT (5, 10, and 20 mg/side) into nucleus parafascicularis (nPf) produced dose-dependent increases in VDS and VAD thresholds, but failed to elevate SMR threshold. The increase in VAD threshold was significantly greater than that of VDS threshold. Similar effects were observed with administration of 8-OH-DPAT (20 mg/side) into the rostral portion of the central lateral thalamic nucleus. The bilateral or unilateral administration of 8-OH-DPAT (20 mg) into other thalamic nuclei, or into sites dorsal to nPf, did not elevate vocalization thresholds. Increases in vocalization thresholds produced by nPf-administered 8-OH-DPAT were mediated by both 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors. Intra-nPf administration of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (0.05 or 0.5 mg/side), or the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970 (1 or 2 mg/side), but not the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (10 mg/side), reversed 8-OH-DPAT induced elevations in vocalization thresholds. These results provide the first reported evidence of behavioral antinociception following the administration of a 5-HT agonist into the medial thalamus. q 2004 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Enhancing the performance of the light field microscope using wavefront coding

Light field microscopy has been proposed as a new high-speed volumetric computational imaging method that enables reconstruction of 3-D volumes from captured projections of the 4-D light field. Recently, a detailed physical optics model of the light field microscope has been derived, which led to the development of a deconvolution algorithm that reconstructs 3-D volumes with high spatial resolution. However, the spatial resolution of the reconstructions has been shown to be non-uniform across depth, with some z planes showing high resolution and others, particularly at the center of the imaged volume, showing very low resolution. In this paper, we enhance the performance of the light field microscope using wavefront coding techniques. By including phase masks in the optical path of the microscope we are able to address this non-uniform resolution limitation. We have also found that superior control over the performance of the light field microscope can be achieved by using two phase masks rather than one, placed at the objective’s back focal plane and at the microscope’s native image plane. We present an extended optical model for our wavefront coded light field microscope and develop a performance metric based on Fisher information, which we use to choose adequate phase masks parameters. We validate our approach using both simulated data and experimental resolution measurements of a USAF 1951 resolution target; and demonstrate the utility for biological applications with in vivo volumetric calcium imaging of larval zebrafish brain.
Cracking chemokine paradigms: inhibition of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome

An allogeneic stem cell recipient is short of breath but otherwise is doing well. A chest X-ray finds extensive pulmonary infiltrates. Bronchoscopy reveals no infectious organisms. Stem cell transplantation physicians know the feeling of dread at what comes next. All too often, the patient dies on