cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eye Movements During Mindless Reading

Mindless reading occurs when the eyes continue moving across the page even though the mind is thinking about something unrelated to the text. Despite how commonly it occurs, very little is known about mindless reading. The present experiment examined eye movements during mindless reading. Comparisons of fixation-duration measures collected during intervals of normal reading and intervals of mindless reading indicate that fixations during the latter were longer and less affected by lexical and linguistic variables than fixations during the former. Also, eye movements immediately preceding self-caught mind wandering were especially erratic. These results suggest that the cognitive processes that guide eye movements during normal reading are not engaged during mindless reading. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of eye movement control in reading, for the distinction between experiential awareness and meta-awareness, and for reading comprehension.
Union bounds on coded modulation systems over fast fading MIMO channels

Novel closed-form upper bounds on the error performance of coded modulation systems over fast-fading multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channels are obtained for two different space-time schemes: direct transmission and orthogonal space-time block codes. The concept of the distance spectrum for associated space-time codes is developed and used to derive the bounds which can be calculated readily through polynomial expansion. Comparison of the bounds for the two systems indicates the performance of direct transmission is superior. Comparison with simulation results shows that the bounds are tight and useful for benchmarking the practical iterative decoding process.
Welding of plated, dissimilar metals for RF/EMI shielding

Plated beryllium-copper shield clips are used in the Motorola MicroTAC cellular portable telephone to provide interconnections between the RF ground and the mating shielded and compartmentalized housing cover. Outer shield clip attachment to the plated steel core of the circuit board is accomplished using a resistance weld in a narrow, space-limited area closely adjacent to conductor traces. The production welding process was characterized by widely varying weld strengths, the need for multiple welds to achieve adequate weld strength, ejection of metal during welding, frequent electrode dressing, and frequent electrode replacement. An investigation was performed with the purpose of developing a stronger weld and a more consistent welding process without the limitations mentioned above. It was determined that the process could be improved by (1) the use of projections, (2) larger, harder electrodes, (3) slightly softened shield clips, and (4) an angled top electrode to aid the operator. The improved weld was analyzed using cross sections, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion spectroscopy. >
Temporal lobe central benzodiazepine binding in unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

PET-demonstrated decreases in [11C]flumazenil binding occur in anterior mesial temporal structures on the side of epileptogenesis in unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We performed quantitative autoradiography on anterior mesial and lateral temporal specimens from 11 subjects with unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and six neurologically normal controls to identify the predominant in vitro correlates of the decreased [11C]flumazenil binding. In anterior mesial temporal regions exhibiting the greatest neuronal cell loss, decreases in agonist and antagonist binding to type 1 and 2 (central) benzodiazepine binding sites were highly correlated with neuronal cell counts. Cell loss and decreased binding were particularly prominent in the lateral portion of hippocampal region CA1, adjacent to CA2. Lateral temporal central benzodiazepine binding was diffusely increased, achieving statistical significance in cortical laminae V and VI. These findings suggest that the predominant source of PET-demonstrated decreases in [11C]flumazenil binding in mesial temporal epilepsy is hippocampal sclerosis, rather than down-regulation of central benzodiazepine binding sites on surviving hippocampal neurons.
Functional replacement of a domain in the rubella virus p150 replicase protein by the virus capsid protein.

The rubella virus (RUBV) capsid (C) protein rescues mutants with a lethal deletion between two in-frame NotI sites in the P150 replicase gene, a deletion encompassing nucleotides 1685 to 2192 of the RUBV genome and amino acids (aa) 548 to 717 of P150 (which has a total length of 1,301 aa). The complete domain rescuable by the C protein was mapped to aa 497 to 803 of P150. Introduction of aa 1 to 277 of the C protein (lacking the C-terminal E2 signal sequence) between the NotI sites in the P150 gene in a replicon construct yielded a viable construct that synthesized viral RNA with wild-type kinetics, indicating that C and this region of P150 share a common function. Further genetic analysis revealed that an arginine-rich motif between aa 60 and 68 of the C protein was necessary for the rescue of ΔNotI deletion mutants and substituted for an arginine-rich motif between aa 731 and 735 of the P150 protein when the C protein was introduced into P150. Possible common functions shared by these arginine-rich motifs include RNA binding and interaction with cell proteins.
Erythrocyte Receptors for Two “Nonspecific” Lectins*

A comparative study of the inhibition by various substances of (nonspecific) Bauhinia purpurea and Ricinus communis hemagglutinins reveals many similarities but some definite differences. Bauhinia extracts are made N-specific by the presence of D-galactose or of other sugars of Makela's group 2, but Ricinus is not. Bauhinia is inhibited by some carbohydrates of group 3, and Ricinus is not. The erythrocyte receptors with which these two lectins combine are thus apparently not identical. It is suggested that all human erythrocytes contain a considerable number of such receptors, and that only some of the receptors, possibly only the terminal few units of some of them, are altered by the action of genes such as A, B, O; M, N; C, c; etc
Vertical InP pin diode made by MeV energy Si implantation

To evaluate the potential of high-energy Si implantation in InP:Fe, the authors have fabricated a vertical p-i-n diode which is useful for high-power microwave switching. For high-power microwave switching, p-i-n diodes are preferred over FETs for their higher breakdown voltage, lower on-state resistance and lower off-state capacitance. Though a lateral structure is more convenient for monolithic integration, the vertical structure led to a better performance of epitaxially grown GaAs p-i-n diodes. A vertical p-i-n structure is preferable over a lateral structure due to the excessive surface conduction in the latter. Using epitaxially grown vertical GaAs p-i-n diodes, monolithic circuits like the 5-b phase shifter, the SP16T switch, and the variable attenuation limiter have been fabricated. Recently, using megaelectronvolt Si/S and kiloelectronvolt energy Be/P co-implantation in SI GaAs, vertical GaAs p-i-n diodes with favorable characteristics have been made. >
Multiple queens and biased sex ratios in the independent‐founding Ropalidia Guérin‐Méneville, 1831 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) wasps

The social wasp genus Ropalidia includes both ‘swarm-founding’ species with large, multi-queen colonies, and ‘independent-founding’ species that have smaller colonies and fewer queens. Swarm-founding evolved from independent-founding, and a key element of this transition was the evolution of queen cycling, which elevates relatedness despite high average queen numbers. Queen cycling is a form of split-sex ratios; colonies with few queens specialise on new queen production, while colonies with many queens specialise on male production. This is consistent with worker preferences resulting from relatedness asymmetry (RA) to male and female brood but can also result from other factors. We characterised the demographic and genetic structure of colonies from three species of independent-founding Ropalidia (R. excavata, R. revolutionalis and R. gregaria) to better understand the evolutionary origins of split-sex ratios and queen cycling in their swarm-founding relatives. We found that colonies of all three species varied in genetic structure, driving variation in RA. In colonies where the workers' RA was high (i.e. workers were more related to female than male brood), the proportion of males in the brood was lower, consistent with the relatedness-based preferences of the workers. We also found that the proportion of males decreased in colonies with more mated and reproductively developed females. Our model explained 23% of the deviance in sex ratio across all three species and suggests that the workers manipulate the sex ratio in response to RA but that other factors are clearly important also. These results further suggest that split-sex ratios and queen cycling in the swarm-founding wasps are rooted in worker control of the colony sex ratio, and that such worker control may have occurred in their independent-founding ancestors, enabling the subsequent evolution of large, multi-queen societies.
Bacterial transformation reactions.

This article by Austrian reviewed the research conducted on bacterial transformation since Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's 1944 article. Austrian briefly worked on transformation with MacLeod at New York University after MacLeod left Avery's lab in 1941.
CONSERVATION OF GRASSLAND BIRDS IN AN URBANIZING LANDSCAPE: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract Landscape alterations resulting from urban expansion are among those factors negatively impacting Great Plains grassland birds. The City and County of Boulder, Colorado, manage one of the largest grassland open-space systems in North America, but it is embedded in an area of rapid urban growth. We compared bird count data from the 1980s and 1990s with checklist information about the Boulder grassland avifauna between 1900 and 1937, with the goal of determining what proportion and which species of the historical grassland avifauna are being sustained on Boulder open space. Of 29 native species present in 1900, 22 (76%) appeared on our counts in the 1990s. Formerly common species that disappeared or declined mostly were birds associated with shortgrass prairie, including Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia), Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), and Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). By contrast, species associated with mixed and tallgrass habitats increas...
Optimal Cover Placement Against Static Enemy Positions

ABSTRACT With the popularity of first-person shooter (FPS) games and role-playing games (RPG), procedurally generated levels are a growing topic of interest in games research. Level design for FPS games aimed at presenting interesting gameplay, involves map generation as well as object and resource placement. Existing techniques mainly focus on map generation. The placement of objects or debris, in which a player can take momentary cover, as well as the locations of hardened enemy positions, greatly impacts the gameplay and the strategy a player may take towards progressing through the game. We propose the damage function to encode the flux of damage at every point in space throughout the level. We work under the premise that there exists a path that is optimal in some sense through this damage field (i.e., there exists a path that would inflict the least amount of damage on the player). We describe how to create a damage function under several use cases and compute this optimal path. Every configuration of enemy locations and cover elements potentially creates a different damage function and hence a different optimal path. We examine various metrics that may be used to compare one configuration to another. Using this framework we are able to search for optimal covers under various metrics.
Stable Isotope Constraints on Net Ecosystem Production Under Elevated CO 2

Net ecosystem production (NEP) is the total carbon accumulated in an ecosystem over a time interval, which is usually a year. The C is stored above- and below ground in plants, animals, and soils, and has residence times ranging from less than one to several hundred years or more. NEP varies in response to disturbance and during plant succession, and human-induced perturbations to climate and atmospheric constituents also affect NEP at local to global scales. Because NEP determines how much carbon dioxide is taken up from the atmosphere by terrestrial ecosystems, it is critical to evaluate what forcing factors might be regulating variations in NEP at various temporal and spatial scales. In particular, the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 may be altering NEP in many ecosystems, and techniques such as stable isotope analysis are improving researchers' ability to evaluate the magnitude of these effects.
Learning and Usability within a Virtual Reality Trainer for Medical Students

Virtual reality (VR) offers the potential to train medical students on high-risk situations. The current study investigated VR training of medical students to diagnose and treat a patient avatar experiencing a serious head injury. The user interface was investigated, including use of tools, comfort and VR locomotion, and found to be sufficiently high to warrant training within a medical curriculum. In addition, actual learning as a function of VR training was assessed by comparing medical students' knowledge structures to an expert knowledge structure before and after training. Students' knowledge structures became more similar to an expert's knowledge structure indicating that their conceptual understanding of core head-injury concepts increased as a result of VR training. The study was carried out under the auspices of Project TOUCH (Telehealth Outreach for Unified Community Health), a multi-year collaboration between The University of Hawaii (UH) and The University of New Mexico (UNM).
Phenoltetrachlorphthalein test of a liver function in Eck fistula dogs kept upon meat diet.

ConclusionsThe ability of the liver to remove the di-sodium salt of phenoltetrachlorphthalein from the blood stream was not impaired by the establishment of Eck fistulas in dogs. Definite lesions in the liver (to be described later) followed the establishment of the fistulas. A prolonged meat diet did not induce toxic symptoms in these dogs.
Study of Transformation-Induced Ductility in Polycrystalline Nickel Aluminide

Nickel aluminide intermetallic compounds are of interest due to their good high temperature properties. However, they are associated with room temperature brittleness. A method for enhancing the room temperature ductility of polycrystalline NiAl in the composition range of 62–65 at.% by using the martensitic transformation is presented. Transformation-induced ductilities up to 4.5% in specimens with coarse grains have been obtained in our investigation. The effects of Ni concentration, grain size and quenching rate from the parent B2 phase are studied and optimized to induce maximum transformation ductility. The original excellent high temperature properties are restored from the ‘soft’ room temperature martensitic phase by heating to an appropriate temperature to revert to the equilibrium phases.
An online game using both client-peer and peer-peer communication

Computer networking is a complex topic that can be integrated into many different types of programs. In my yearlong project, I am designing a computer game written in Java that utilizes the java.io and java.net libraries to enable the applications to communicate with each other on a peer-to-peer level, as well as with a central matchmaking server. In addition to learning about how to implement computer networks in Java, I will also be practicing GUI design and database design and implementation.
An Automatic P‐Phase Arrival‐Time Picker

Presented is a new approach for picking P ‐phase arrival time in single‐component acceleration or broadband velocity records without requiring detection interval or threshold settings. The algorithm P PHASE P ICKER transforms the signal into a response domain of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) oscillator with viscous damping and then tracks the rate of change of dissipated damping energy to pick P ‐wave phases. The SDOF oscillator has a short natural period and a correspondingly high resonant frequency, which is higher than most frequencies in a seismic wave. It also has a high damping ratio (60% of critical). At this damping level, the frequency response approaches the Butterworth maximally flat magnitude filter, and phase angles are preserved. The relative input energy imparted to the oscillator by the input signal is converted to elastic strain energy and then dissipated by the damping element as damping energy. The damping energy yields a smooth envelope over time; it is zero in the beginning of the signal, zero or near zero before the P ‐phase arrival, and builds up rapidly with the P wave. Because the damping energy function changes considerably at the onset of the P wave, it is used as a metric to track and pick the P ‐phase arrival time. The P PHASE P ICKER detects P ‐phase onset using the histogram method. Its performance is compared with picking techniques using short‐term‐average to long‐term‐average ratio, and a picking method that finds the first P ‐phase arrival time using the Akaike information criterion. A large set of records with various intensities and signal‐to‐noise ratios is used for testing the P PHASE P ICKER , and it is demonstrated that P PHASE P ICKER is able to more accurately pick the onset of genuine signals against the background noise and to correctly distinguish between whether the first arrival is a P wave (emergent or impulsive) or whether the signal is from a faulty sensor. Online Material: MATLAB script for P ‐phase arrival time picking.
Pediatric perioperative adverse events requiring rapid response: a retrospective case–control study

SummaryBackground Perioperative pediatric adverse events have been challenging to study within and across institutions due to varying definitions, low event rates, and incomplete capture. Aim The aim of this study was to determine perioperative adverse event prevalence and to evaluate associated case characteristics and potential contributing factors at an academic pediatric quaternary-care center. Methods At the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), perioperative adverse events requiring rapid response assistance are termed Anesthesia Now (AN!) events. They have been accurately captured and entered into a quality improvement database since 2010. Adverse events involving open heart and cardiac catheterization cases are managed separately and not included in this database. We conducted a retrospective case–control study utilizing Compurecord (Phillips Healthcare, Andover, MA, USA), EPIC (EPIC, Verona, WI, USA), and Chartmaxx (MedPlus, Mason, OH, USA) systems matching AN! event cases to noncardiac controls (1 : 2) based on surgical date. Results From April 16, 2010 to September 25, 2012, we documented 213 AN! events in the noncardiac perioperative complex and remote sites at our main hospital. AN! prevalence was 0.0043 (1 : 234) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.0037, 0.0049). Respiratory events, primarily laryngospasm, were most common followed by events of cardiovascular etiology. Median age was lower in the AN! group than in controls, 2.86 years (interquartile range 0.94, 10.1) vs 6.20 (2.85, 13.1), P < 0.0001. Odds ratios (with 95% CI) for age, 0.969 (0.941, 0.997); American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, 1.67 (1.32, 2.12); multiple (≥2) services, 2.27 (1.13, 4.55); nonoperating room vs operating room location, 0.240 (0.133, 0.431); and attending anesthesiologist's experience, 0.976 (0.959, 0.992) were all significant. Conclusions Decreased age, increased comorbidities, multiple (vs single) surgical services, operating room (vs nonoperating room) location, and decreased staff experience were associated with increased risk of AN! events, which were predominantly respiratory in origin.
Effect of short- and long-term beta-adrenergic blockade on lipolysis during fasting in humans

Stable isotope tracers and indirect calorimetry were used to evaluate the importance of beta-adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis and triglyceride-fatty acid cycling during fasting in healthy human volunteers. Each subject was studied after 12 and 84 h of fasting both with and without propranolol infusion (protocol 1) and when oral propranolol treatment was given throughout fasting (protocol 2). In protocol 1, the rates of appearance of glycerol and palmitic acid increased from 3.04 +/- 0.19 and 1.78 +/- 0.17 mumol.kg lean body mass-1.min-1, respectively, after 12 h of fasting to 5.28 +/- 0.31 and 3.47 +/- 0.15 mumol.kg lean body mass-1.min-1, respectively, after 84 h of fasting (P less than 0.005). The rate of triglyceride-fatty acid cycling increased from 97 +/- 8 to 169 +/- 5 mumol/min (P less than 0.005). Intravenous propranolol infusion decreased the rate of lipolysis after both 12 and 84 h of fasting, but the magnitude of the antilipolytic effect was much greater after 84 h (P less than 0.005). In protocol 2, the rate of lipolysis and triglyceride-fatty acid cycling was still increased by fasting despite beta-adrenergic blockade with oral propranolol. This study demonstrates that beta-adrenergic stimulation contributes to the mobilization of fat during fasting. However, other mechanism(s) can increase lipolysis and triglyceride-fatty acid cycling when beta-adrenergic receptors are continuously blocked.
Freelib: a self-sustainable peer-to-peer digital library framework for evolving communities

The need for efficient solutions to the problem of disseminating and sharing of data is growing. Digital libraries provide an efficient solution for disseminating and sharing large volumes of data to diverse sets of users. They enable the use of structured and well defined metadata to provide quality search services. Most of the digital libraries built so far follow a centralized model. The centralized model is an efficient model; however, it has some inherent problems. It is not suitable when content contribution is highly distributed over a very large number of participants. It also requires an organizational support to provide resources (hardware, software, and network bandwidth) and to manage processes for collecting, ingesting, curating, and maintaining the content. In this research, we develop an alternative digital library framework based on peer-to-peer. The framework utilizes resources contributed by participating nodes to achieve self-sustainability. A second key contribution of this research is a significant enhancement of search performance by utilizing the novel concept of community evolution. As demonstrated in this thesis, bringing users sharing similar interest together in a community significantly enhances the search performance. Evolving users into communities is based on a simple analysis of user access patterns in a completely distributed manner. This community evolution process is completely transparent to the user. In our framework, community membership of each node is continuously evolving. This allows users to move between communities as their interest shifts between topics, thus enhancing search performance for users all the time even when their interest changes. It also gives our framework great flexibility as it allows communities to dissolve and new communities to form and evolve over time to reflect the latest user interests. In addition to self-sustainability and performance enhancements, our framework has the potential of building extremely large collections although every node is only maintaining a small collection of digital objects.
Tropical cyclone development, structure, and impact on the Louisiana-Texas coast

Each year from June through November, tropical cyclones are a common potential problem for those living in coastal communities along the southwest Louisiana and southeast Texas coasts. Developing from small tropical disturbances, tropical cyclone strength is determined by many factors: ocean temperature, upper and lower wind circulation, latitudinal position, etc. Ecological, geological, and economic effects of strong-to-devastating tropical cyclones on coastal areas are typically extreme. Since the 1860s, seven strong or greater tropical cyclones have struck the Louisiana-Texas coast. Their impact has made an indelible impression on the coastline as well as on the communities in the area.
Bone marrow microenvironment in Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma defined firstly by infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells into the bone marrow (BM), the milieu where the cells acquire signals that promote malignant growth and proliferation. A second characteristic associated with WM is the increased synthesis of monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) by lymphoplasmacytic cells, which is secreted in the serum and often results in hyperviscosity. Advanced genomic tools have improved our understanding of the genetic events that contribute to malignant transformation in WM, but the role of BM microenvironment is also emerging as having an essential role in WM disease progression. Therefore, delineation of malignant WM cell growth in the context of its microenvironment would benefit the design of more efficient therapeutic strategies. Here, we highlight available data regarding the interaction of the WM cells with the cellular and non-cellular compartments of the BM and discuss how BM provides a permissive environment for WM cell growth and proliferation.
Chapter 9 – Considerations for Use of Vertebrates in Field Studies

Studies using trapped animals in the field are essential to our understanding both the ecological role animals play in the environment and the impact of various factors on animal populations. For this reason, it is important that methods be used that are both effective and humane. This chapter provides a broad overview of some common issues that should be considered prior to commencement of a field study of vertebrates. Importantly, flexibility and ingenuity facilitate solutions for the unique situations the researcher may encounter when working with vertebrates under field conditions.
Soil amendments alter plant biomass and soil microbial activity in a semi-desert grassland

We tested the effects of soil biotic disturbance and biochar or woodchip amendments on plant growth, soil microbial biomass and activity, and soil physiochemical parameters in response to disturbance in a semi-desert grassland. In a 78-day growth chamber experiment using six grass species native to the Southwest U.S., we compared the effects of autoclave heatshock, which mimics soil stockpiling in hot drylands, and amendments on plant and microbial biomass, potential extracellular enzyme activity, and soil moisture and nutrient availability. Plant biomass was lowest in woodchip-amended soils, and highest in autoclaved and biochar-amended soils (p < 0.05). Root:shoot ratios were higher in the autoclaved and woodchip-amended soils (p < 0.05). Biochar addition improved soil water-holding capacity resulting in higher dissolved organic carbon (p < 0.001) and nitrogen (p < 0.001). Soil microbial activity and plant biomass were not correlated. Amendment-induced changes in activity could be partially explained by nutrient availability. Neither microbial biomass nor activity recovered to pre-disturbance values. In this study, biochar and woodchip amendment and autoclave-induced changes to moisture and nutrient availability influenced plant biomass allocation and soil microbial activity. Amendments increased carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus mineralizing enzyme activities with no significant change in microbial biomass, indicating that soil recovery in drylands is a long-term process. Understanding plant-soil feedbacks in drylands is critically important to mitigating climate and anthropogenic-driven changes and retaining or reestablishing native plant communities.
NOL Poison Pills: Selectica v. Versata

In late 2008 Selectica’s net operating loss poison pill was triggered by Trilogy/Versata. Litigation ensued in Delaware Court of Chancery over the propriety of the poison pill, which Selectica instituted to protect its $167 million of NOLs from the limitations of Internal Revene Code (I.R.C.) Section 382. Ultimately, the court ruled that Selectica’s board acted reasonably in adopting an NOL poison pill to protect its NOLs. Many other firms have instituted NOL poison pills in the last several years. We discuss NOL poison pills and the Selectica case in this article. We also discuss the treatment of NOLs as a corporate asset, I.R.C. Section 382-related threats to that asset’s value, and the steps firms have taken to protect their NOL assets, including NOL poison pills (also known as Section 382 rights plans). We also provide data regarding other firms that have announced NOL pills in recent years. In doing so, we discuss the valuation of NOLs, GAAP accounting for NOLs, and how the Delaware Court of Chancery considered those issues in reaching its conclusions.
MicroRNA Signaling in Embryo Development

Expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is essential for embryonic development and serves important roles in gametogenesis. miRNAs are secreted into the extracellular environment by the embryo during the preimplantation stage of development. Several cell types secrete miRNAs into biological fluids in the extracellular environment. These fluid-derived miRNAs have been shown to circulate the body. Stable transport is dependent on proper packaging of the miRNAs into extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes. These vesicles, which also contain RNA, DNA and proteins, are on the forefront of research on cell-to-cell communication. Interestingly, EVs have been identified in many reproductive fluids, such as uterine fluid, where their miRNA content is proposed to serve as a mechanism of crosstalk between the mother and conceptus. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in molecular signaling and discuss their transport during early embryo development and implantation.
Risk as a Dimension of Social Movement Vulnerability

This paper draws together a variety of perspectives relevant to social movement communication. The central concept in the analysis is vulnerability. This paper proposes theoretical-critical conclus...
Developing Student Interest: An Overview of the Research and Implications for Geoscience Education Research and Teaching Practice

ABSTRACT Interest is a complex interplay between affective and cognitive components that drive motivation. Over decades of work in the educational psychology community, a theoretical framework has emerged that explains this complex interplay. Interest is initially externally triggered (triggered situational interest), which, through support, can become maintained situational interest, ultimately leading to individual interest progressing from emerging to well-developed. Student interest tends to be triggered from an external agent (e.g., an engaging instructor or experience), but will not develop into a more sustained, individual interest unless it is repeated, engaging, and intellectually stimulating. This literature review provides an overview into how interest has emerged as a motivational theory and provides examples as to how it has been applied (or misapplied) in the science education and geoscience education literature. The geoscience education research (GER) community has tended to couch interest ...
Fast Rotational Diffusion of Water Molecules in a 2D Hydrogen Bond Network at Cryogenic Temperatures

Individual water molecules or small clusters of water molecules contained within microporous minerals present an extreme case of confinement where the local structure of hydrogen bond networks are dramatically altered from bulk water. In the zinc silicate hemimorphite, the water molecules form a two-dimensional hydrogen bond network with hydroxyl groups in the crystal framework. Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the structure and dynamics of water molecules within this network. The water molecules undergo a continuous phase transition in their orientational configuration analogous to a two-dimensional Ising model. The incoherent dynamic structure factor reveals two thermally activated relaxation processes, one on a subpicosecond timescale and another on a 10--100 ps timescale, between 70 and 130 K. The slow process is an in-plane reorientation of the water molecule involving the breaking of hydrogen bonds with a framework that, despite the low temperatures involved, is analogous to rotational diffusion of water molecules in the bulk liquid. The fast process is a localized motion of the water molecule with no apparent analogs among known bulk or confined phases of water.
History of MD Anderson’s Tumor Registry

The Tumor Registry Department at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is responsible for a database that contains demographic and disease information for all patients assigned a medical record number at MD Anderson, starting with the first patient registered on 1 March 1944. In its function as a hospital registry, the Tumor Registry database contains information about every patient seen at the institution, regardless of the patient’s final diagnosis. The institution has always focused on cancer, and every patient has come to the institution because of a cancer-related issue: some with a malignancy, some with a benign or nonneoplastic condition, and some to rule out cancer. Because of this, each patient’s information is of value to the hospital.
Backbone Dehydrogenation in Pyrrole-Based Pincer Ligands

Treatment of both [CoCl(tBuPNP)] and [NiCl(tBuPNP)] (tBuPNP = anion of 2,5-bis((di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl)pyrrole) with one equivalent of benzoquinone affords the corresponding chloride complexes containing a dehydrogenated PNP ligand, tBudPNP (tBudPNP = anion of 2,5-bis((di-tert-butylphosphino)methylene)-2,5-dihydropyrrole). Dehydrogenation of PNP to dPNP results in minimal change to steric profile of the ligand but has important consequences for the resulting redox potentials of the metal complexes, resulting in the ability to isolate both [CoH(tBudPNP)] and [CoEt(tBudPNP)], which are more challenging (hydride) or not possible (ethyl) to prepare with the parent PNP ligand. Electrochemical measurements with both the Co and Ni dPNP species demonstrate a substantial shift in redox potentials for both the M(II/III) and M(II/I) couples. In the case of the former, oxidation to trivalent Co was found to be reversible, and subsequent reaction with AgSbF6 afforded a rare example of a square-planar Co(III) sp...
Psychological inflexibility predicts PTSD symptom severity in war veterans after accounting for established PTSD risk factors and personality.

OBJECTIVE AND METHOD Numerous risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been identified; however, many do not inform treatment. Psychological inflexibility is a modifiable factor that can be targeted in psychological treatment. This study examined whether higher levels of psychological inflexibility predicted unique variance in PTSD symptom severity at 1-year follow-up in 236 U.S. veterans of the wars in Iraq in Afghanistan after accounting for the strongest known risk factors for PTSD. PTSD symptom severity was assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. RESULTS In hierarchical regression analyses, higher baseline psychological inflexibility predicted unique variance in 1-year PTSD symptom severity (p < .001, medium effect) after accounting for the strongest predictors, including: serving in the Army, rank, trauma severity, perceived threat, peritraumatic dissociation, recent life stress, and social support. Psychological inflexibility remained a significant predictor of unique variance in 1-year PTSD symptom severity after accounting for all other predictors and personality factors (neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness; p < .001, small effect) and after accounting for all other predictors, personality factors, and baseline PTSD avoidance symptoms (p < .001; small effect). CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate a key unique association between psychological inflexibility and PTSD symptom severity over time that is not attributable to overlap with personality or PTSD avoidance symptoms. Additional research on psychological inflexibility in the development and maintenance of PTSD is warranted, as well as whether increasing psychological flexibility leads to reductions in PTSD symptoms and improved psychosocial functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
1995 mask industry quality assessment

The third annual mask industry assessment will again survey various industry companies for key performance measurements in the areas of quality and delivery. This year's assessment is enhanced to include the area of safety and further breakdown of the data into 5-inch vs. 6- inch. The data compiled includes shipments, customer return rate, customer return reason, performance to schedule, plate survival yield, and throughput time (TPT) from 1988 through Q2, 1995. Contributor identities remain protected by utilizing Arthur Andersen & Company to ensure participant confidentiality. Participation in the past included representation of over 75% of the total merchant and captive mask volume in the United States. This year's assessment is expected to result in expanded participation by again inviting all mask suppliers domestically to participate as well as an impact from inviting international suppliers to participate.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-Resolving Vulvar Breast Tissue Arising in the Post-Partum Setting: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

IntroductionDuring the postpartum period, breast engorgement in preparation for lactation may trigger the onset of vulvar labial nodules that present with pain and discomfort. These labial nodules ...
Fast, Low-Dose Megavoltage-Topogram Localization on TomoTherapy: Initial Clinical Experience With Mesothelioma Patients

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the potential of megavoltage-topogram (MV-topogram)–based alignment as an alternative to megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) in reducing setup time and imaging dose for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma who are receiving TomoTherapy. Methods and Materials Twelve patients were enrolled in an ongoing institutional review board approved clinical trial at our institute. Patients were set up with a clinical protocol using red lasers. Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) MV-topograms were acquired using gantry angles of 0°/90° with a 1 mm collimator opening, all multileaf collimator leaves open, a couch speed of 4 cm/s, and a 12.5-second scanning time. Routine MVCT scans were performed immediately afterward. The MV-topograms were reconstructed and enhanced using contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization. Anteroposterior and LAT kilovoltage digital reconstructed topogram images were reconstructed based on TomoTherapy geometry from computed tomography simulation scans. Registrations between MV-topograms and kilovoltage-digital reconstructed topogram images were performed manually, and patients' daily shifts were recorded. Results were compared against the corresponding daily MVCT shifts. MV-topogram and MVCT doses were measured and recorded using an ion chamber on a cheese phantom with depths between 1 and 14 cm, as well as the times required to acquire the 2 image modalities. Results The mean and standard deviation of shift discrepancies between MV-topogram and MVCT were 0.74 ± 2.08, –0.09 ± 4.46, and 0.45 ± 3.57 mm in the LAT, longitudinal, and vertical directions, respectively. The MVCT imaging doses measured were 14.74 to 26.92 times higher than the MV-topogram doses, depending on depth. On average, MV-topograms with a mean scan length of 50 cm achieved a 5-fold image acquisition time savings over MVCT, with a mean scan length of 38 cm. Conclusions MV-topograms has the potential to provide alignment performance equivalent to that of MVCT for patients with mesothelioma, with a significant reduction in imaging dose and acquisition time.
SAT0575 RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN PRESCRIPTION PATTERNS OF DISEASE MODIFYING ANTI-RHEUMATIC DRUGS, NARCOTICS AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS AMONG MIDDLE-AGED PATIENTS WITH DISABILITY AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Background: Many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) become disabled. While racial/ethnic differences in RA treatment have been described in RA patients without disability, less is known about racial/ethnic differences in RA treatment among middle-aged individuals with RA receiving disability benefits. Objectives: To determine if racial/ethnic differences exist in the prescription patterns of conventional synthetic (CS) and biologic (B) disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug medications (DMARD), glucocorticoids, and opioids. Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analyses in the calendar year 2014 using Medicare and Medicaid claims data of individuals receiving Social Security Disability Income (SSDI). To be included, patients had to be continuously enrolled over one year, aged 7.5 mg prednisone daily for >30 days), or opioid (either a prescription for opioids with 3 refills or at least one 90 day supply) prescriptions in each year by race/ethnicity. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models was used to report adjusted differences in prescription rates for Blacks, Hispanics, and Other using Whites as the reference group, adjusting for age, gender, and medical comorbidities. Results: The were 9,265 patients in 2014 out of which 60% were White, 21% were Black, 15% were Hispanic, and 5% were Other race. The proportion of female patients by race/ethnicity was >75% for each group. Hispanics had a 6.6% point higher rate of B-DMARD prescriptions and a 10.7% point lower rate of opioid prescriptions compared to Whites. Blacks had a 3.4% point higher rate of glucocorticoid prescriptions, and a 3.3% point lower rate of opioids prescriptions compared to Whites. Conclusion: We observed racial differences in arthritis-related treatment patterns, among disabled RA patients, with Blacks receiving less biologic treatment and Whites receiving more opioids. Hispanics received the highest prescription rates of biologics and the Other race received lowest prescription rates of opioids among the three racial/ethnic groups. Further studies are needed to examine the reasons for such differences. Disclosure of Interests: Iris Navarro-Millan: None declared, Mangala Rajan: None declared, Geyanne Lui: None declared, Lisa Kern: None declared, Laura Pinheiro: None declared, Monika Safford Grant/research support from: Amgen, Jeffrey Curtis: None declared
Enhanced optical transmission and Fano resonance through a nanostructured metal thin film

Artificial and engineered nanostructures expand the degrees of freedom with which one can manipulate the intricate interplay of light and matter. Certain nanostructural arrangements in the excited state enable the efficient electromagnetic coupling of propagating light with localized fields. Here, we demonstrate that light transmitted through a nanostructured metal thin film without any apertures can be significantly enhanced. Distinct asymmetric Fano resonances are observed in the zero-order transmission spectra using an incoherent light source. The transmission efficiency surpasses that of a metal thin film with the same area and thickness at the resonance maxima. The transmission minima and the sharp resonance maxima bear a strong resemblance to the extraordinary optical transmission observed in sub-wavelength nanohole array structures The resonance wavelength closely matches the nanostructural periodicity. The sensitivity of the resonances to the surrounding medium and the transmission efficiency demonstrate the potential for use in energy harvesting, imaging, optical processing and sensing applications.
How a preschool parent intervention produced later benefits: A longitudinal mediation analysis

Preschool parent interventions may produce downstream benefits if initial intervention gains are sustained and improve later socialization experiences. This study explored associations between initial effects of the REDI (Research-based Developmentally Informed) Parent program and later benefits. A randomized trial involving 200 Head Start children (55% European-American, 26% African American, 19% Latino, 56% male, Mage = 4.45 years) produced kindergarten gains in parenting and child skills. Four years later, sustained effects were evident in areas of academic performance and social-emotional competence at school and new benefits emerged at home. Initial gains in child academic and social-emotional domains mediated sustained gains within the same domains. In addition, initial gains in parent-child conversations, parent academic expectations, and child social-emotional skills mediated later reductions in parenting stress and child problems at home. Parent-focused preschool interventions may not only promote sustained improvements in child school adjustment but may also foster better family functioning over time.
Oncology Research: Clinical Trial Management Systems, Electronic Medical Record, and Artificial Intelligence.

ABSTRACT Objective To discuss the implications of electronic systems and regulations regarding the use of electronic systems implemented during the conduct of a clinical trial and identify the impact of such platforms on oncology nurses’ responsible for providing care to the research participant. Data Sources Peer-reviewed journal articles, internet, book chapters, and white papers. Conclusion Electronic systems are being increasingly used in the conduct of clinical research. Electronic systems enable the capability to streamline data transfer, remote enrollment capabilities, greater transparency of the trial conduct, improved research documentation, and clearer audit trails. The oncology nurse is at the center of implementation of electronic systems to support the conduct of clinical research and enables safe and effective care to the research participant. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses are vital to the successful outcome of clinical research studies and are key members of the clinical research team. Electronic systems move beyond traditional data collection in clinical trials with multiple benefits. Such systems may enhance the successful completion and adherence of the clinical trial and maintain the safety of the individual consented to research trial.