cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplified frozen elephant trunk repair for acute DeBakey type I dissection

Objective The study objective was to describe a novel technique and assess the safety and feasibility of this initial experience for performing a modified frozen elephant trunk extended repair of acute dissection. Methods From June 2009 to February 2012, 17 patients with DeBakey type I acute aortic dissections underwent emergency surgery using a new approach for extended repair of the ascending arch and proximal descending aorta with a hybrid technique. Fourteen patients were male (82%) with a mean age of 61.4 ± 17.5 years. Some 8 of 17 (47%) presented with malperfusion, and the mean time from symptom onset to operating room was 12.8 ± 3.7 hours. Two patients had root replacement with a stentless bioprosthesis, 1 patient had aortic valve replacement, 13 patients had the valve resuspended, and 1 patient had the native valve reimplanted as a David procedure. A single, commercially available descending thoracic stent graft (26-37 mm TAG, WL Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) was delivered antegrade directly into the open descending aorta, trimmed proximally, and sutured into the arch of each patient. The left subclavian artery was covered in 8 of 17 patients (47%). Data were from a prospectively collected database. Follow-up computed tomography was performed at discharge, 3 months, and annually, and assessed with 3-dimensional reconstruction. Results There were no perioperative deaths, and all patients are still alive at intermediate follow-up. There were 2 strokes without residual deficit, and 2 patients had paraparesis postoperatively with recovery before discharge. Two patients required temporary tracheostomy for respiratory failure, and 3 patients required temporary hemodialysis. The mean length of stay was 20 ± 12 days, 10 of which were in the intensive care unit. At imaging follow-up, the proximal aortic repair was stable in all patients, and the false lumen was thrombosed in the treated segment in 87.5% of patients. Conclusions A novel simplified frozen elephant trunk hybrid technique for acute type I dissections allows for safe and effective extended aortic repair with false lumen thrombosis and aortic remodeling of the treated segment. Long-term outcomes of this technique warrant further investigation.
Aromatic acid excretion in phenylketonuria. Analysis of the unconjugated aromatic acids derived from phenylalanine.

Abstract The excretion of the aromatic acids derived from phenylalanine has been studied by gas chromatography of extracts from urines of phenylketonuric patients. Uncontrolled phenylketonuric patients exhibit a characteristic excretion profile of these acids compared to normal, and this profile may be obtained from fresh urine or from urine applied to filter paper strips and dried. The identity of the components of the profile has been confirmed by mass spectrometry, and they may be determined quantitatively in fresh urine or urine dried on filter paper. The excretion of these aromatic acids can be conveniently followed during the establishment of the dietary phenylalanine restriction of phenylketonuric patients. Below a blood phenylalanine concentration of approximately 8 mg% the characteristic aromatic acid profile becomes indistinguishable from normal. Mandelic acid has been identified as a regular excretion product in uncontrolled phenylketonuria.
Effects of graphene on electro-optic response and ion-transport in a nematic liquid crystal

A small quantity of graphene, containing both monolayer and multilayer flakes, was doped in a nematic liquid crystal (LC), and the nematic electro-optic switching was found to be significantly faster in the LC + graphene hybrid than that of the pure LC. Additional studies revealed that the presence of graphene reduced the free ion concentration in the nematic media by ion-trapping process. The reduction of mobile ions in the LC was found to have subsequent impacts on the LC's conductivity and rotational viscosity, allowing the nematic director to respond quicker on switching the electric field on and off.
Quantum transport and non-linear dynamics of interacting quantized fields and applications to nanoelectronics and optoelectronics

A non-equilibrium dynamics of interacting quantized fields based on the Liouville space quantum field dynamics is outlined here. The self-consistent treatment of quantum transport given here expresses the theory in terms of renormalized propagators and renormalized many-body interactions. The quantum transport equation for the particle quantum distribution function is extracted from the general equation in real time for each particle species in a system consisting of several components. Although it is equivalent to the so-called non-equilibrium Green's function theory of Schwinger and Keldysh, it has several technical advantages. We suggest a method to implement numerically the self-consistent scheme by generalizing the many-body functional methods (e.g. the density functional techniques) in condensed matter physics to highly non-equilibrium situations. Several important problems in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics where this formalism is essential are mentioned.
A STUDY OF RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM WILT IN ALASKA PEAS

Resistance to the pea wilt organism (Fusarium orthoceras A. & W. var. pisi Lin.) was first noted by Linford (1928). Wade (1929) showed that resistance was inherited as a single dominant Mendelian character and that pea plants fall into two discontinuous resistant and susceptible classes. The symptoms of the disease have already been described fully by Linford (1928, I93ia). The organism invades susceptible plants through the undifferentiated region of the young rootlets. Cortical invasion is negligible except at this point of entry, for the parasite early establishes itself in the stelar region through which it advances upward, mainly in the xylem. The present paper is a report of studies carried out with the purpose of throwing some light upon the nature of the marked resistance to this parasite which occurs in many varieties and strains of the host. Resistant and susceptible strains of Alaska variety were used. As already shown in a previous paper (Walker, 1931), this variety contains certain stocks which are a mixed population of homozygous resistant and homozygous susceptible individuals. By single-plant selection from such stocks pure lines of resistant and susceptible populations have been secured. These were chosen for this comparative study because of their great similarity in all major characters except those of resistance and susceptibility to wilt.
Management of patients with ischemic stroke

Abstract In the case of embolic occlusion of cerebral artery, residual cerebral blood flow (CBF) in symptomatic ischemic region is distributed heterogeneously and cerebral infarction is developed gradually from ischemic core to penumbra. Ischemic core is defined as a region with irreversible tissue damage due to fairly poor collateral circulation, and ischemic penumbra is defined as a region with preservation of tissue reversibility within a certain time. Reversibility of ischemic penumbra is also dependent on both residual CBF and time from stroke onset, and the existence of ischemic penumbra is essential for thrombolytic therapy. Ischemic penumbra is thought to be the first therapeutic target in management of patients with acute cerebral ischemia. Using 133Xe SPECT imaging, penumbral flow is estimated as 15–30 ml/100 g/min within 3 h from stroke onset and 20–30 ml/100 g/min during 3–6 h from stroke onset. Ischemic penumbra could be diagnosed accurately by both negative findings on diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and critical flow level in brain perfusion SPECT or other perfusion image. Hemodynamic cerebral ischemia could be stratified into Stage I and Stage II (misery perfusion). According to vasodilatory and metabolic compensation toward reduction of cerebral perfusion pressure, Stage I ischemia is defined as both preservation of resting CBF and reduction of vascular reserve (VR). Stage II ischemia is defined as reduction of resting CBF associated with loss of VR. The vasodilatory response to acetazolamide provides an effective parameter of VR: (acetazolamide-activated CBF/resting CBF-1)×100%. Stage II ischemia is quantitatively defined as both CBF less than 80% of normal mean CBF and VR less than 10%. Stratification of hemodynamic cerebral ischemia could be important to determine future risk of stroke. Stage II ischemia is thought to be the second therapeutic target in management of patients with hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. The characteristics and kinetics of brain perfusion radiotracers should be considered in quantitative stratification of hemodynamic cerebral ischemia using brain perfusion SPECT.
Accounting anxiety: An experiment to determine the effects of an intervention on anxiety levels and achievement of introductory accounting students

Abstract The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of a behavioral intervention on anxiety levels and achievement of accounting students at the introductory level. Anxiety levels were determined pre- and posttreatment from the widely utilized State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI) developed by Spielberger, Gorsuch and Lushene (1970). Achievement was evaluated posttreatment through scores achieved on mid-term and final examinations. The effect on anxiety levels was evaluated through the use of analysis of variance/covariance and t -tests applied to the data gathered through the STAI. Analysis of ariance/covariance also was utilized to evaluate achievement as measured by examination scores. The findings confirm the representativeness of the sample, indicate a treatment effect on anxiety levels, and provide evidence to confirm a treatment effect on achievement among high-anxiety individuals.
Transonic inviscid disc flows in the Schwarzschild metric – I

The coupled hydrodynamic equations governing equatorial flows applicable to inviscid disc accretion in the Schwarzschild metric are solved analytically and numerically. Here, we concentrate on the transonic solutions, that represent physically allowed accretion on to black holes. A polytropic equation linking gas pressure and density is assumed, and solutions are obtained for different conditions, such as isothermal and adiabatic gas flows. The dependence of those solutions on the angular momentum is explored. Under certain conditions, when there exist multiple possible sonic points, the numerical simulation automatically zeros in to the unique transonic solution passing through one of the sonic points.
Shape-dependent surface energetics of nanocrystalline TiO2

We report the direct determination of surface enthalpies for nanophase TiO2 anatase with different morphologies derived from drop solution calorimetry in a molten sodium molybdate (3Na2Oŀ4MoO3) solvent at 702 °C. The energetics of surface hydration has been measured using a Calvet microcalorimeter coupled with a gas dosing system. The surface enthalpies of hydrated surfaces for anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, nanowires and sea-urchin-like assemblies are 0.51 ± 0.05, 1.07 ± 0.28, and 1.29 ± 0.16 J m−2, respectively, whereas those of anhydrous surfaces are 0.74 ± 0.04, 1.24 ± 0.28, and 1.41 ± 0.16 J m−2, respectively. The trend in TiO2, which shows higher surface enthalpies for more complex nanostructures, is consistent with that reported in ZnO. The shape-dependent surface enthalpy at the nanoscale level is discussed in terms of exposed surface structures. The enthalpies of hydration appear to be similar for all morphologies.
Matrix inversion for the GR method in surface scattering

Abstract The GR method developed hy Garcia depends critically on the inversion of a matrix defining the solution of a system of linear equations. The different ways of matrix inversion and possible singularities are discussed.
Effects of voluntary and forced exercise on plaque deposition, hippocampal volume, and behavior in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract We examined the effects of voluntary (16 weeks of wheel running) and forced (16 weeks of treadmill running) exercise on memory-related behavior, hippocampal volume, thioflavine-stained plaque number, and soluble Aβ levels in brain tissue in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Voluntary running animals spent more time investigating a novel object in a recognition memory paradigm than all other groups. Also, voluntary running animals showed fewer thioflavine S stained plaques than all other groups, whereas forced running animals showed an intermediate number of plaques between voluntary running and sedentary animals. Both voluntary and forced running animals had larger hippocampal volumes than sedentary animals. However, levels of soluble Aβ-40 or Aβ-42 did not significantly differ among groups. The results indicate that voluntary exercise may be superior to forced exercise for reducing certain aspects of AD-like deficits — i.e., plaque deposition and memory impairment, in a mouse model of AD.
Playing for His Side: Kipling’s ‘Regulus,’ Corporal Punishment, and Classical Education

Rudyard Kipling’s short story, “Regulus,” revolves around the flogging of a student who has let loose a mouse in the drawing classroom of a turn-of-the-century British public school. The first part of the story is devoted to a fifth-form Latin class’s line-byline explication of Horace’s fifth Roman ode, in which the story’s title character is presented as a paradigm of manly virtue; the remainder is given over to narration of the mouse-miscreant’s progress toward punishment, in thematic counterpoint to the Regulus exemplum. Within that idiosyncratic framework, the story tackles as ambitious a topic as the purposes of education, with particular attention to the contemporary curricular battle between the “ancient” and “modern sides” and to the shaping of character through a combination of Latin philology, compulsory team sports, and institutionalized corporal punishment. The story holds up a mirror to an educational system crafted to initiate a colonial society’s sons into the codes of behavior designed to perpetuate its rule.
Neutron thermalization in stellar interiors

Effet de l'absorption neutronique par des noyaux lourds sur la distribution des vitesses des neutrons dans les interieurs stellaires
An H∞ Formulation of Quantitative Feedback Theory

The QFT robust performance problem in its entirety may be reduced to an H∞ problem by casting each specification as a frequency domain constraint either on the nominal sensitivity function or the complementary sensitivity function. In order to alleviate the conservative nature of a standard H∞ solution that is obtainable for a plant with parametric uncertainty we develop a new stability criterion to replace the small gain condition. With this new stability criterion it is shown that the existence of a solution to the standard H∞ problem guarantees a solution to the QFT problem. Specifically, we provide an explicit characterization of necessary frequency weighting functions for an H∞ embedding of the QFT specifications. Due to the transparency in selecting the weighting functions, the robust performance constraints can be easily relaxed, if needed, for the purpose of assuring a solution to the H∞ problem. Since this formulation provides only a sufficient condition for the existence of a QFT controller one can then use the resulting H∞ compensator to initiate the QFT loop shaping step.
Effects of Thought Suppression on Provoked Men's Alcohol-Related Physical Aggression in the Laboratory.

OBJECTIVE: This study utilized a comprehensive theoretical approach to provide the first data on the impact of thought suppression on provoked men's alcohol-related aggression. METHOD: A diverse community sample (58% African American) of males between the ages of 21 and 35 (M = 25.25) were randomly assigned to one of two beverage conditions (i.e., alcohol, no-alcohol control). Following beverage consumption, participants were provoked via reception of electric shocks and a verbal insult from a fictitious male opponent. Participants' physical aggression was measured using a shock-based aggression task. RESULTS: Results indicated that acute alcohol intoxication significantly increased physical aggression among lower, but not higher, thought suppressing men. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that, under conditions of interpersonal provocation, alcohol intoxication produces a myopic focus on hostile thoughts and angry affect in lower, but not higher, suppression men. This pattern of results provides support for the durability of the alcohol myopia effect and highlights the need for continued examination of alcohol's role in the disruption of protective factors for men's aggression. It is important for research to continue to identify modifiable cognitive variables that influence self-regulation of behavior; however, it is imperative that researchers consider the extent to which these variables withstand alcohol's effects.
Completely Simple Semigroups, Lie Algebras, and the Road Coloring Problem

Consider a semigroup generated by matrices associated with an edge-coloring of a strongly connected, aperiodic digraph. We call the semigroup Lie-solvable if the Lie algebra generated by its elements is solvable. We show that if the semigroup is Lie-solvable then its kernel is a right group. Next, we study the Lie algebra generated by the kernel. Lie algebras generated by two idempotents are analyzed in detail. We find that these have homomorphic images that are generalized quaternion algebras. We show that if the kernel is not a direct product, then the Lie algebra generated by the kernel is not solvable by describing the structure of these algebras. Finally, we discuss an infinite class of examples that are shown to always produce strongly connected aperiodic digraphs having kernels that are not right groups.
The effect of dynamic surface tension on the oscillation of slender elliptical Newtonian jets

We investigate free-surface oscillating jets, focusing on behavior associated with decaying surface tension. Previous one-dimensional equations for an oscillating jet are extended to allow variable surface tension on short space and time scales relevant for surfactant mixtures. We presume the decay of surface tension as a function of surface age, and derive the resulting jet behavior. Three plausible forms of decay are studied: an exponential decay, a diffusion model derived in Brazee et al. , and an algebraic form due to Hua and Rosen. Our simulations suggest both experimental regimes, and measurable jet features in these regimes, which may be exploited in an inverse formulation to deduce the unknown rapid surface tension decay of a given surfactant mixture. In particular, we establish numerical relationships between the amplitude and the wavelength of either a sustained far-field oscillation or oscillation at a fixed downstream location and the entire history of surface tension decay. These numerical relationships are ideal for the inverse formulation, in that the complete surface tension evolution may be deduced solely from far-field or downstream jet measurements, away from the confined part of the jet where the surface tension is rapidly changing
Low‐dispersion finite difference methods for acoustic waves in a pipe

A new algorithm for computing one‐dimensional acoustic waves in a pipe is demonstrated by solving the acoustic equations as an initial‐boundary‐value problem. Conventional dissipation‐free second‐order finite difference methods suffer severe phase distortion for grids with less that about ten mesh points per wavelength. Using the signal generated by a piston in a duct as an example, transient acoustic computations are presented using a new compact three‐point algorithm which allows about 60% fewer mesh points per wave length. Both pulse and harmonic excitation are considered. Coupling of the acoustic signal with the pipe resonant modes are shown to generate a complex transient wave with rich harmonic content.
Right side or left side: an inconspicuous masquerade

Careful examination of the ECG in Fig. 1 shows inverted P waves in leads I, aVL and V2 to V6. Also notice the upright P waves in aVR and absence of R wave progression in the precordial leads. These are classic findings in dextrocardia. Hence the important physical examination finding in this patient would be better audibility of heart sounds on the right side of the precordium. Limb lead reversal causing ‘technical dextrocardia’ is a close differential diagnosis, but can be ruled out here as it would not explain the inverted P waves seen in V2 to V6.[1] Fig. 1 Standard 12-lead ECG Fig. 1 also shows a wide QRS complex with rSR’ pattern, resembling a right bundle branch block (RBBB), in the precordial leads. On close inspection, the wide S waves which are characteristically seen in the lateral leads in a RBBB are absent in this ECG. Hence the widened QRS complex in this ECG might be attributed to an intraventricular conduction delay. An ECG was deliberately repeated with the precordial leads kept on the right side of the chest and with reversal of leads aVR and aVL (Fig. 2). Now the ECG shows a complete RBBB with first-degree AV block. The wide S waves in the lateral leads and normalisation of P wave morphology are easily noticeable. The patient was eventually found to have episodes of ventricular tachycardia which caused her palpitations. Fig. 2 ECG done after reversal of limb leads and with chest leads kept on the right side of the precordium This case highlights how RBBB in a patient with dextrocardia can masquerade as an intraventricular conduction delay unless an ECG is taken with right-sided precordial leads.
Depression as another possibleexplanation for worse outcomesin myocardial infarction during off-hours

We read with great interest the findings of Henriques et al. [(1)][1]regarding worse clinical outcomes for acute myocardial infarction (MI) patients treated with primary angioplasty during off-hours. In their otherwise excellent study, the investigators failed to measure depression or to mention it
Marsh topography and hypsometric characteristics of a South Carolina salt marsh basin

Abstract A detailed topographic map of a portion of the North Inlet salt marsh system in South Carolina was constructed from aerial overflights, surveying, and tidal measurements. Water storage curves were computed from both (1) hypsometric considerations, and (2) direct measurements of stream and marsh sheet flow. The shape of the hypsometric curve for the basin suggests an immature marsh, which has not yet reached equilibrium in its development.
Ring nitrogen-substituted non-steroidal estrogens: pyridine and pyrimidine analogs of the phenol in deoxyhexestrol experience resonance constraints on preferred ligand conformation.

Abstract To develop compounds selective for estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), we substituted hydroxypyridine and pyrimidine heteroaryl groups for the characteristic phenol ring of non-steroidal estrogens. The unexpectedly low affinity showed by some of these compounds is ascribed, in part, to a resonance-enforced conformational constraint that prevents their optimal accommodation in the ER ligand binding pocket.
Enhancement of deoxyribonucleic acid microarray performance using post-hybridization signal amplification

Microarray performance depends upon the ability to screen samples against a vast array of probes with the appropriate sensitivity and selectivity. While these factors are significantly influenced by probe design, they are also subject to the particular detection methodology and reagents employed. Herein we describe the incorporation of super avidin-biotin system (SABS) and secondary enzymatic enhancement (SEE) as post-hybridization signal amplification techniques to improve the sensitivity of oligonucleotide microarrays. To these ends, we tested these methods on electrochemically interrogated arrays using both purified influenza A PCR products and randomly amplified genomic Francisella tularensis DNA as targets. While SABS treatment did not improve sensitivity for CombiMatrix ElectraSense(®) arrays using purified influenza A cDNA, chip sensitivity was improved 10-fold for randomly amplified targets. SEE improved performance to a greater degree and was able to lower the detection limits 10-fold for influenza A and 100-fold for F. tularensis DNA. These results indicate the promising capability of post-hybridization amplification techniques for enhancing microarray performance.
Paradisal discourse: A critical analysis of marketing and consuming Hawaii

The marketing of certain tourist destinations can be analyzed as discourse that conveys meaning to the consumer and to the consumed. This discourse, which I refer to hereafter as paradisal discourse, is a combination of Orientalism, travel writing, discourse of the Primitive, and diverse forms of Otherness. This paper begins with an exploration of discourse as a tool of knowledge and of power, illustrated through a detailed assessment of Said's Orientalism and other relevant works and concepts. The discourses of “Orientalism,” “primitivism” and travel writing are likened to the paradisal discourse found in the marketing of certain types of tourist destinations. The second section of the paper presents an historical and cultural analysis of the concept of paradise in Western society, summarizing the elements which, over time, have come to form this distinctive discourse. The third section of the paper assesses the way in which this discourse forms the framework by which a specific tropical paradise, Hawaii...
Investigation of Opposition Effect in Integrating Spheres

Oetking has presented experimental evidence that the radiance reflected from magnesium oxide surfaces as well as most others tested increases markedly when the surface is viewed from within a few degrees of the direction of incidence. Because magnesium oxide is commonly used as a diffuse coating material in integrating spheres, a question arises regarding the error caused by this effect. This work examines the magnitude of the error introduced by neglecting the so-called “opposition effect” in the measurement of reflectance using integrating spheres and shows the error to be negligible.
Iterative image reconstruction for CBCT using edge-preserving prior

On-board cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a new imaging technique for radiation therapy guidance, which provides volumetric information of a patient at treatment position. CBCT improves the setup accuracy and may be used for dose reconstruction. However, there is great concern that the repeated use of CBCT during a treatment course delivers too much of an extra dose to the patient. To reduce the CBCT dose, one needs to lower the total mAs of the x-ray tube current, which usually leads to reduced image quality. Our goal of this work is to develop an effective method that enables one to achieve a clinically acceptable CBCT image with as low as possible mAs without compromising quality. An iterative image reconstruction algorithm based on a penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) principle was developed for this purpose. To preserve edges in the reconstructed images, we designed an anisotropic penalty term of a quadratic form. The algorithm was evaluated with a CT quality assurance phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom. Compared with conventional isotropic penalty, the PWLS image reconstruction algorithm with anisotropic penalty shows better resolution preservation.
ATTITUDES OF YOUNG ADULTS TOWARD OLDER ADULTS: EVIDENCE FROM THE UNITED STATES AND THAILAND

Negative attitudes toward older adults are often thought to be diminished in cultures that preserve gerontocratic tendencies. Little empirical evidence concerning this belief, however, is extant in the literature. The present study employed an adjective‐generation instrument to measure attitudes toward the elderly. This instrument was administered to young adults in rural northern Thailand, a culture which is widely reported to maintain a strong tradition of filial piety, and to young adults in the United States, a culture in which widespread ageism is suspected. A significant interaction was observed; contrary to initial expectations, Thai students were somewhat more negative about elders than were their American counterparts. Results indicate that gerontocratic traditions within a given society do not necessarily insulate the aged from negative stereotyping.
The effect of papulacandin B on (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthetases: a possible relationship between inhibition and enzyme conformation

Abstract The antibiotic, papulacandin B, inhibited growth or (1→3)-β- d -glucan synthetase (or both) in the fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Hansenula anomala , Neurospora crassa , Cryptococcus laurentii , Schizophyllum commune and Wangiella dermatitidis . No efect was observed on Achlya ambisexualis . There was no apparent correlation between the inhibition of growth and that of the synthetase. With most of the fungal extracts, the inhibition of glucan synthetase by papulacandin B became less pronounced as the substrate (UDP-glucose) concentration was decreased. At very low levels of UDP-glucose, with the enzymes from S. cerevisiae and W. dermatitidis , the antibiotic stimulated the activity of glucan synthetase. As further studied with the W. dermatitidis enzyme, those low concentrations of UDP-glucose corresponded to a sigmoidal portion of the rate vs . substrate curve. The sigmoid segment of the curve extended to higher concentrations of UDP-glucose as the temperature was increased. Concomitantly, the range of substrate concentrations at which papulacandin B stimulated the reaction or was noninhibitory was broadened. It is tentatively concluded that glucan synthetase may exist in more than one interconvertible form. The stimulatory effect of papulacandin B is possibly due to preferential binding to the active form of the enzyme. The equilibrium between these forms could be shifted by structural changes in the membrane in which the enzyme is embedded. The lack of correlation between the effects of papulacandin B in whole cells and in extracts is discussed in terms of the variations in membrane structure in the two situations.
Information Structure and English Article Pedagogy.

Abstract This paper describes several reasons for the difficulty non-native speakers of English have in acquiring the English article system and reviews five pedagogical methods for teaching the article system. The notion of information structure, specifically givenness, is then applied to a sample text to examine the extent to which canonical information structure (i.e. given information first, new information last) is obeyed. Given information was found to adhere to canonical structure most of the time, whereas new information adhered to it only half of the time, though within a narrow range of exceptions. The results of a pilot study in which one group of non-native English speakers is taught the article system using information structure as an overarching framework, another is taught using a traditional explanation of article use, and a third receives no instruction show that the group taught with the information structure framework made small but noticeable improvement compared to the other two groups. The suggested pedagogical application is for language teachers to present canonical information structure as a preliminary guess in determining the appropriate article for any noun, providing a further potential aid in learning the article system.
Does teaching scald burn prevention to families of young children make a difference? A pilot study

This article reports a pilot project designed to ascertain what scald burn prevention practices parents of young children used and whether teaching would lead to implementation of burn-related home-safety practices. The sample (n = 49) was followed up longitudinally, and participants completed a survey during two home interviews conducted at 4-week intervals. There was a statistically significant change in the number of scald burn prevention measures (p <.001) implemented by parents after public health nurses provided teaching. Changes in parental behavior were correlated with ethnicity (p <.05). The results have implications for teaching families effective scald burn prevention strategies.
Model for the Electronic Properties of Amorphous Semiconductors

The interaction of electrons and of holes with the two-level tunneling modes appearing in certain amorphous semiconductors is studied theoretically. An electron or a hole can be localized in the vicinity of a tunneling mode; a tunneling mode can also mediate an effective electron-electron or hole-hole attraction which gives rise to localized electron or hole pairs. These electronic states provide a unified explanation for numerous experimentally observed properties, some of which have not been discussed before.
Long-term results with vagus nerve stimulation in children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy

Summary Purpose To retrospectively review our experience with VNS in pediatric patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and examine the seizure-frequency outcome and rates of discontinuation in two age groups: adolescent and pre-adolescent children. Results Complete pre- and post-VNS data were available for 46/49 patients. Median age at implantation was 12.1 (range 2.3–17.9) and median duration of epilepsy 8.0 (1.9–16.9) years. Twenty-one patients (45.6%) were under 12 years at the time of surgery. Median follow-up was 2 years; follow-up exceeded 4 years in 9/46 patients. As compared to baseline, median seizure-frequency reduction in the setting of declining numbers was 56% at 3 months, 50% at 6, 63% at 12, 83% at 24 and 74% at 36 months. When a last observation carried forward analysis was employed median seizure-frequency reduction in the range of 60% was observed at 1, 2 and 3 years post-VNS. Twenty patients (43.5%) had >75% seizure-frequency reduction. No response (increase or Conclusions In this series VNS was well-tolerated and effective as add-on therapy for refractory seizures in children of all ages. Response was even more favorable in the younger group (
Rereading, reconceiving and reconstructing traditions: Feminist research in religion

(1989). Rereading, reconceiving and reconstructing traditions: Feminist research in religion. Women's Studies: Vol. 17, Across Cultures: The Spectrum of Women's Lives, pp. 101-123.
Anatomy and taphonomy of a precambrian algal stromatolite

Abstract A single specimen of silicified flat algal stromatolite from the late Precambrian Bitter Springs Formation, Australia, contains three distinct microbial communities: (1) an entophysalidacean mat-building community comparable to both modern members of the genus Entophysalis and 2000 Ma old algae from the Belcher Islands, Canada; (2) a filamentous assemblage composed entirely of the Phormidium or Lyngbya-like cyanophyte Eomycetopsis; and (3) a non-stromatolitic assemblage of chroococcoid unicells that may have been associated with small, quickly evaporating ponds or puddles of water. Within each community, fossil preservation varies as a function of preservational microenvironments. Recognition of degradation sequences permits an assessment of taphonomic alterations of the original biological patterns. This, in turn, allows reconstruction of community associations and diversity patterns. The paleoenvironment of this particular Bitter Springs stromatolite is considered to be the lower part of the intertidal zone bordering a shallow, perhaps somewhat restricted sea. Post-mortem degradation has acted to increase apparent diversity through the creation of diagenetic variations in morphology and to decrease the same measure by the selective destruction of less resistant taxa. Three new species are described: Eoentophysalis cumulus, Eosynnechococcus amadeus, and Gloeodiniopsis gregaria.
Observation of itinerant ferromagnetism in layered Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 single crystals

${\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ is a layered compound and a member of the Ruddlesden-Popper-type compound series of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{n}+1}$${\mathrm{Ru}}_{\mathrm{n}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3\mathrm{n}+1}$ (n=1, 2, and n=\ensuremath{\infty}) with n=2. Single crystals of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ were grown and characterized, providing an unambiguous indication of a rich ferromagnetic state with ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$=104 K and a saturated moment of 1.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{B}}$/Ru at T=5 K. Among many interesting features, a magnetic spin reorientation transition is observed, suggesting that moments in the ordered state order ferromagnetically with a slight canting on adjacent spins. Negative magnetoresistance, commonly occurring in ferromagnets, is relatively large (19% at 10 T and T=30 K), suggesting a significant suppression of spin-flip scattering by the applied magnetic field. The results are discussed with comparisons drawn with sister compounds ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ and other related systems.
Finding the closed partition of a planar graph

In this paper we consider the problem of finding aclosed partition in a directed graph. This problem has applications in concurrent probabilistic program verification. The best sequential algorithm known for this problem runs inO(mn) time wherem is the number of directed edges andn is the number of vertices in the given digraph. In this paper we present a linear-time sequential algorithm to solve the closed partition problem for planar digraphs that arecompact. We then build on this algorithm to obtain an O(n1.5)-time sequential algorithm to solve the closed partition problem for a general planar digraph.
Mortality of Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae Infesting Mangoes Subjected to Hot-Water Treatment, then Immersion Cooling

Cooling mangoes after their immersion in 46.1-46.7°C water was evaluated for its effect on mortality of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspense (Loew), larvae. More time to achieve Probit 9 (99.9968%) mortality was estimated for larvae in mangoes that were allowed to cool slowly in relatively still air at 23 ± 0.5°C, compared with larvae in mangoes that were cooled rapidly in circulating water at 21 or 27 ± 0.5°C. However, the differences were not statistically significant. One larva of A. suspense survived out of an estimated 17,589 larvae infesting mangoes that were immersed in 46.1-46.7°C water for 54 min and then immediately placed in 21 ±0.5°C water. No survivors were found when infested mangoes containing an estimated 17,589 larvae were immersed in 46.1-46.7°C water for 54 min and cooled in 23 ± 9.5 air. These results suggest that the effects of rapidly cooling commodities after they are subjected to heat quarantine treatments should be considered when the treatments are developed, especially if rapid cooling of the commodities might be practiced.
Immune-complex glomerulonephritis, intranuclear particles in hepatocytes, and in vivo clearance rates in subhuman primates inoculated with HBs Ag-containing plasma

Abstract Twelve subhuman primates [eight baboons ( Papio anubis ) and four rhesus ( Macaca mulatta )] were inoculated with varying amounts of human plasma containing HB s Ag with Dane particles. Serial blood specimens and liver, kidney, bone marrow, and lymph node biopsies were obtained from each animal over 10–12 mo. No measurable evidence of HB s Ag production was observed in any animal after the initial clearance of antigen, although the presence of anti-HB s in most of the animals studied might have precluded its detection. Two baboons developed progressive focal glomerulonephritis with mesangial alterations over a 4- to 10-mo period of time. Liver biopsies from these baboons and one rhesus monkey revealed the presence of 26-nm intranuclear particles in the hepatocytes at 4 mo postinoculation. The intranuclear particles were similar in morphology and in size to the cores of Dane particles. Kinetic analysis of antigen clearance implied a rapid uptake of HB s Ag from the blood to the liver and spleen over an 8 to 24-hr period of time and an in vivo clearance rate ( T 1 2 ) of 28.2 hr.
Identification of functional domains of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein (ARNT).

The activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) bind DNA as a heterodimer. Both proteins represent a novel class of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-containing transcription factors in that (i) activation of AHR requires the binding of ligand (e.g., 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD]), (ii) the xenobiotic responsive element (XRE) recognized by the AHR/ARNT heterodimer differs from the recognition sequence for nearly all other bHLH proteins, and (iii) both proteins contain a PAS homology region, which in the Drosophila PER and SIM proteins functions as a dimerization domain. A cDNA for mouse ARNT has been cloned, and potential functional domains of ARNT were investigated by deletion analysis. A mutant lacking all regions of ARNT other than the bHLH and PAS regions is unimpaired in TCDD-dependent dimerization and subsequent XRE binding and only modestly reduced in ability to complement an ARNT-deficient mutant cell line, c4, in vivo. Both the first and second alpha helices of the bHLH region are required for dimerization. The basic region is required for XRE binding but not for dimerization. Deletion of either the A or B segments of the PAS region slightly affects TCDD-induced heterodimerization, while deletion of the complete PAS region severely affects (but does not eliminate) dimerization. Thus, ARNT possesses multiple domains required for maximal heterodimerization. Mutants deleted for PAS A, PAS B, and the complete PAS region all retain some degree of XRE binding, yet none can rescue the c4 mutant. Therefore, both the PAS A and PAS B segments, besides contributing to dimerization, apparently fulfill additional, unknown functions required for biological activity of ARNT.
Bridging link and query intent to enhance web search

Understanding query intent is essential to generating appropriate rankings for users. Existing methods have provided customized rankings to answer queries with different intent. While previous methods have shown improvement over their non-discriminating counterparts, the web authors' intent when creating a hyperlink is seldom taken into consideration. To mitigate this gap, we categorize hyperlinks into two types that are reasonably comparable to query intent, i.e., links describing the target page's identity and links describing the target page's content. We argue that emphasis on one type of link when ranking documents can benefit the retrieval for that type of query. We start by presenting a link intent classification approach based on the link context representations that captures evidence from anchors, target pages, and their associated links, and then introduce our enhanced retrieval model that incorporates link intent into the estimation of anchor text importance. Comparative experiments on two large scale web corpora demonstrate the efficacy of our approaches.
Attributional Gender Bias: Teachers' Ability and Effort Explanations for Students' Math Performance.

Research is presented on the attributional gender bias: the tendency to generate different attributions (explanations) for female versus male students’ performance in math. Whereas boys’ successes in math are attributed to ability, girls’ successes are attributed to effort; conversely, boys’ failures in math are attributed to a lack of effort and girls’ failures to a lack of ability. This bias has been shown in previous research to be committed by teachers, parents, and students themselves. The present work sought to investigate whether this bias among secondary school math teachers might be reduced over time through adoption of an incremental theory of intelligence. Findings revealed at baseline, teachers committed the expected bias in reference to their high-achieving students’ math performance. Following exposure to stimuli, teachers in both experimental and control conditions reduced this bias. Unexpectedly, teachers across conditions showed a type of compensation for the bias by reversing stereotypical attributions for girls’ and boys’ successes and failures in math. Further, participants relapsed to the original bias nearly a year later. Findings indicate the potential to modify attributional gender bias, but also the challenges for achieving long-term changes within school contexts and for emphasizing effort beyond ability in math performance.
The Future: Just-in-Time Learning Expectations and Potential Implications for Human Resource Development

The problem and solution. The expectation for “just-in-time learning” (JIT learning) in the workplace is growing. JIT learning is broadly conceived as anywhere, anytime, anyhow learning that is just enough, just for me, and just in time. However, despite the increasing demand for JIT learning, we are only beginning to comprehend what it is and its implications for the field of human resource development (HRD). This article provides a current perspective on JIT learning and summarizes issues likely to confront HRD practitioners and theorists.
Development of a compact high-resolution spectrometer for multi-line UV Raman spectroscopy

We report on the development of a compact and robust instrument for multi-line ultraviolet resonant Raman spectroscopy. This instrument will be able to collect simultaneous full-range (800–4000 cm−1) high-resolution Raman spectra resulting from resonance-enhanced excitation at multiple UV laser wavelengths. The resulting matrix of spectra will allow the identification and analysis of several organic chemical compounds of interest for the detection of extraterrestrial life, including amino acids and nucleosides. This instrument is being developed under NASA's Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program, and we will also discuss its potential contributions to future planetary exploration missions.