cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normative rationality in venture capital financing

Abstract We examine whether venture capitalists (VCs) make investments based on normative rationality, which is derived from habitual and embedded norms and traditions indicative of a macroculture. Syndication and social and professional relations facilitate the development of shared decision-making frameworks. Using a four step methodology and a unique dataset of 139VC decisions and 82 independent VC assessments of those decisions, we find that the VC industry exhibits collective investment decision-making preferences, reflecting normative rationality. We offer implications for theory, practice, and future research.
Viral perturbation of endocrine function: disordered cell function leads to disturbed homeostasis and disease

Virus-induced disease occurs both through direct destruction of cells by viruses and/or secondarily through lysis of infected cells by immunological assault1–5. We asked whether viruses could also cause injury and disease by altering the cell's normal or expected functions without destroying the cells. Here we show that a relatively noncytopathic virus can perturb endocrine functions by disordering the synthesis of a hormone needed for growth and glucose regulation, while replicating in a specialized cell making that hormone. Yet, despite viral replication and alteration in synthesis of the specialized cell's homeostatic product, the infected cell remains free from structural injury.
One-stage Hip Arthroplasty and Bone Grafting for Bilateral Femoral Head Osteonecrosis

One-stage hip arthroplasty and contralateral core decompression with bone grafting were performed for 30 patients with bilateral femoral head osteonecrosis between April 2002 and June 2005. The treatment course, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and medical costs were compared with another 30 age-, gender-, etiology-, and disease extent-matched patients undergoing two-stage treatment during the same period. The two groups had similar clinical data and few complications. Total hospital stay and associated costs were reduced for patients who had one-stage treatment. These patients also returned to work faster (6.0 versus 10.8 months). At an average followup of 46 months, progression to greater than 2 mm of collapse of the salvaged femoral head was observed in seven patients (23%) who had one-stage treatment and 14 patients (47%) who had two-stage treatment. Conversion to hip arthroplasty was performed in five patients (17%) in the one-stage group and 12 patients (40%) in the two-stage group. A special group of patients with bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head seemed to benefit from one-stage hip arthroplasty and contralateral core decompression with bone grafting and had better survival of the salvaged femoral head. One-stage hip arthroplasty and core decompression with bone grafting proved to be a cost-effective method that did not increase perioperative morbidity. Level of Evidence: Level II, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
CRIMINOLOGY Past and Future

Some indications as to the future of criminological theory may be gained from a study of its past as intellectual history. The changing concept of crime itself, from an act in violation of a broadly conceived moral order to the more legalistic conception of its being limited to offenses against the dictates of the state, indicates a rationalistic trend likely to continue into the future. However, the inclusion of human behavior within the scientific perspective in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries may ultimately result in the fill admission of a scientific assay of human values: and the concern with a more comprehensive definition of crime may be regained.
Towards a molecular description of cell transformation by avian sarcoma virus

The avian sarcoma virus transforming gene product has been identified and partially purified from extracts of transformed cells. It is a phosphoprotein with a relative molecular mass of 60 000 (pp60src) with two major sites of phosphorylation. pp60src appears to be a cyclic-AMP-independent protein kinase as judged by protein phosphorylation with partly purified fractions. The specificity of the phosphorylation observed was judged by inhibition with anti-pp60src IgG but not by normal IgG and by the fact that the protein kinase activity isolated from ts transformation-mutant infected cells was more thermolabile than that from wild-type transformed cells, thus showing more directly the origin of the enzymic activity. A cellular protein substrate of pp60src has been identified as a 34 000 molecular mass protein. These data together suggest that protein phosphorylation by pp60src may be a function of the molecule that plays a major role in transformation.
Evaluation and Management of Intractable Constipation in Children

Constipation is a common problem in the pediatric age group and accounts for approximately 5% of visits to pediatricians’ offices. More severe forms of constipation are seen in a smaller percentage of children, and these young patients are often referred to a pediatric gastroenterologist for continued management. Despite the use of laxatives, stool softeners, behavioral modification, and diet management, a small percentage of that group develops debilitating symptoms that can be associated with severe intractable constipation. In this select group, constipation becomes an overriding problem interfering with the normal activities of daily living as well as impacting negatively on the child’s quality of life and the home environment. In this group, missed days of school, social stigma, and frequent visits to the pediatrician’s or pediatric gastroenterologist’s office identify those children as patients who need additional investigations and possible surgery. A sequential evaluation of the child with severe refractory constipation will identify a small but substantial number of children who will benefit by additional surgical intervention.
Neutrino-pair bremsstrahlung and the number of lepton generations

Neutrino pair creation in bremsstrahlung processes of the type\(l \to l{\text{ }}v{\text{ }}\bar v\) contains vital information on the number of lepton generations, and is catalyzed by the coherent nuclear Coulomb effect or other forms of intense fields. Of particular interest is the ratio\(R_{v\bar v} = \sigma [1\mathop \to \limits_A l(v\bar v)]/\sigma [1\mathop \to \limits_A l'(v\bar v)]\) (wherel, l′ are distinct charged leptons). It is sensitive to the number of neurino types and their couplings in the same way that the ratio\(R_{q\bar q} = \sigma [e^ + e^ - \to {\text{hadrons}}]/\sigma [e^ + e^ - \to \mu ^ + \mu ^ - ]\) is to those of quarks. In the Weinberg-Salam model withN lepton generations, the ratio\(R_{v\bar v}\) is approximately given by\([(N + 4) + 4(1 - 4\sin ^2 \theta _W )]/8\).
Lying with Conditionals

If you read this abstract, then you will understand what my essay is about. Under what conditions would the preceding assertion be a lie? Traditional definitions of lying are always applied to straight declaratives such as ‘The dog ate my homework’. This one sided diet of examples leaves us unprepared for sentences in which conditional probability governs assertibility. The truth-value of conditionals does not play a significant role in the sincere assertion of conditionals. Lying is insincere assertion. So the connection between lying and falsehood is broken when lying with conditionals. Drawing on Frank Jackson's account of indicative conditionals. I argue that it is possible to lie with true conditionals by virtue of their false conventional implicatures. False conversational implicatures only guarantee misleading assertions, not lies. Lying remains a semantic rather than a pragmatic affair.
A piezoelectric cell for simultaneous photoacoustic and fluorescence measurements

A piezoelectric cell based on a bifurcated fiber optic has been designed and implemented for simultaneous photoacoustic and fluorescence measurements. The analytes were ethanolic solutions of anthracene. Quartz rod configurations were evaluated to reduce the amount of scattered light impinging on the piezoelectric crystal. 14 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
Application of a binary polymer system in drug release rate modulation. 1. Characterization of release mechanism

A new binary polymer matrix tablet for oral administration was developed. The system will deliver drug at variable rates according to zero-order kinetics for total drug content and is manufactured by direct compression technology. Highly methoxylated pectin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) at different ratios were used as major formulation components, and prednisolone was used as the drug model. The results indicate that by increasing pectin:HPMC ratios, release rates are increased, but zero-order kinetics prevail throughout the dissolution period (e.g., 3-22 h). Different pectin:HPMC ratios provide a range of viscosities that modulates drug release and results in rapid hydration/gelation in both axial and radial directions, as evidenced by photomicrographic pictures. This hydration-gelation contributes to the development of swelling/erosion boundaries and consequently to constant drug release. Combination of these particular polymers facilitates rapid formation of necessary boundaries (i.e., gel layer and solid core boundaries) to control overall mass transfer processes. The drug fraction released (Mt/M infinity), release kinetics, and mechanism of release were analyzed by applying the simple power law expression Mt/M infinity = kt(n), where k is a kinetic constant and the exponent n is indicative of the release mechanism. The calculated n values for pectin:HPMC ratios of 4:5, 3:6, and 2:7 were >0.95, which is indicative of a Case II transport mechanism (polymer relaxation/dissolution). The achievement of total zero-order kinetics is due to the predictable swelling/erosion and final polymer chain deaggregation and dissolution that is regulated by the gelling characteristics of polymers in the formulation.
Thermocapillary convection during floating-zone silicon growth with a uniform or non-uniform magnetic field

Abstract Numerical solutions are presented for the thermocapillary convection during the floating-zone growth of silicon crystals with a steady, externally applied magnetic field. Three floating-zone shapes are treated: the “barrel shape” corresponding to growth in microgravity, the “bottle shape” corresponding to terrestrial growth without an induction coil, and a “necked shape” corresponding to growth with a radio-frequency induction coil. The magnetic field is either uniform and axial, or it is non-uniform and axisymmetric. Two non-unform fields are considered. The results for the bottle shape with a uniform magnetic field help explain recent experimental results presented by Croll et al. [J. Crystal Growth 137 (1994) 95]. The results for the non-uniform fields show how the radial dopant non-uniformities in these experimental results can be avoided. The results for the barrel shape and for both uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields point to the benefits of combining microgravity and a magnetic field.
Irradiation-induced nanostructures in cadmium niobate pyrochlores

Abstract This paper reports the formation processes of crystalline Cd nanostructures on ion-cut surfaces of cadmium niobate pyrochlores (Cd2Nb2O7). Irradiation with 3 MeV He+ ions has been performed at low temperatures (⩽295 K) to induce material decomposition and aggregation of host atoms. The irradiation also leads to surface exfoliation due to rupture of gas (He and O2) filled blisters. Nanoparticles and nanowires are observed on the ion-cut surfaces at low and higher doses, respectively. These structures are examined and characterized using a suite of experimental tools. Both the particles and wires are found to be single crystals that primarily consist of metallic Cd.
STUDIES ON NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS I. AN EVALUATION OF THE METHOD OF TITRATION

The application of the 50 per cent embryo mortality to a study of the virus of Newcastle is described. It has been evaluated by a series of duplicate titrations of the same sample of virus. In seven such titrations the largest difference between the two was 10(-0.4). It is therefore believed that a difference of 0.6 log is probably significant and of 1.0 log almost certainly significant. This would mean that we can almost certainly detect a loss of 90 per cent of activity. Neither temperature of incubation nor route of inoculation in the test embryos had consistent effect on the measurement of virus activity. The effect of increasing age of the incubated embryo, from 10 days up to 16 days, is slight and inconsistent. The addition of chicken red blood cells to a dilution of virus may lower the titer of the preparation, but the change is not sufficient to be of importance in the routine handling of the virus.
Micropositioning of a Multimaterial Electrohydrodynamic Jet Deposition System Using Vision Feedback

This paper presents the micropositioning of a multimaterial Electrohydrodynamic-Jet (E-jet) deposition system with vision feedback. E-jet printing has been recognized as an emerging direct write technology for micro/nano-manufacturing applications. Recent efforts have improved E-jet droplet resolution and printing speed. The next logical step is to increase the versatility of the printing system by increasing the number of materials that can be integrated to a single devise. Droplet resolution using E-jet deposition is generally less than 5μm in diameter, so it is necessary to accurately position the nozzle tip after successive head switching. Here, we divide the switching mechanism into two steps: macropositioning and micropositioning. The micropositioning is performed with a servo control with machine vision, resulting in a positioning accuracy of less than 2 μm. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated through printing of a multimaterial pattern.© 2011 ASME
Damage and the nonlinear viscoelastic response of glassy polycarbonate and LaRC-TPI

In the bulk, the nonlinear viscoelastic response of glassy polymers is due to the irreversible work done on the body by the surroundings. The source of the irreversibility is plastic flow of material near distributed shear bands or microcracks in the polymer. Shear bands and microcracks also form new traction free boundaries in the body. The presence of these new boundaries diminish the load bearing capacity of the polymer. These changes in polymer lattice structure are a mechanism that promotes the release of stored strain energy. If the release of stored strain energy is stress controlled, then at sufficiently high levels of stress to cause a permanent structural arrangement of the polymer chains, polycarbonate and LaRC-TPI behave as nonlinear viscoelastic materials. If the current stress is less than the maximum stress the polymer has experienced, then the current energy release rate for the propagation of shear bands, crazes, etc., is less than the critical energy release rate. In this instance, damage production is a constant and the material can be modeled using linear viscoelasticity. It will be shown that the stress-induced nonlinear shift factors are a measure of the rate of damage production in glassy polycarbonate.
Semiclassical theory of vibrational collisions in a laser field

Abstract A sennclassical theory of multiphoton enhancement of vibrational excitations by molecular collisions is developed. The vibrational-field surfaces (quasienergies) which exhibit avoided crossings are determined via Floquet theory. Transition among the dressed quasienergies are studied using semiclassical time-dependent theory. The effect of collisional velocity, anharmonicity and light intensity upon vibrational transition probability is evaluated for collinear collision of A+BC( v ).
The host range of gammaretroviruses and gammaretroviral vectors includes post-mitotic neural cells.

Background Gammaretroviruses and gammaretroviral vectors, in contrast to lentiviruses and lentiviral vectors, are reported to be restricted in their ability to infect growth-arrested cells. The block to this restriction has never been clearly defined. The original assessment of the inability of gammaretroviruses and gammaretroviral vectors to infect growth-arrested cells was carried out using established cell lines that had been growth-arrested by chemical means, and has been generalized to neurons, which are post-mitotic. We re-examined the capability of gammaretroviruses and their derived vectors to efficiently infect terminally differentiated neuroendocrine cells and primary cortical neurons, a target of both experimental and therapeutic interest. Methodology/principal findings Using GFP expression as a marker for infection, we determined that both growth-arrested (NGF-differentiated) rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) and primary rat cortical neurons could be efficiently transduced, and maintained long-term protein expression, after exposure to murine leukemia virus (MLV) and MLV-based retroviral vectors. Terminally differentiated PC12 cells transduced with a gammaretroviral vector encoding the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL were protected from cell death induced by withdrawal of nerve growth factor (NGF), demonstrating gammaretroviral vector-mediated delivery and expression of genes at levels sufficient for therapeutic effect in non-dividing cells. Post-mitotic rat cortical neurons were also shown to be susceptible to transduction by murine replication-competent gammaretroviruses and gammaretroviral vectors. Conclusions/significance These findings suggest that the host range of gammaretroviruses includes post-mitotic and other growth-arrested cells in mammals, and have implications for re-direction of gammaretroviral gene therapy to neurological disease.
Thermopower of doped and damaged NbSe3

Abstract We have measured the thermoelectric power of pure NbSe3 as well as samples which have been substitutionally doped with isoelectronic Ta and the charged impurity Ti and separate samples which have been radiation damaged by 2.5 MeV protons. We find that 5% Ta doping supresses the lower temperature charge density wave transition. In contrast, the radiation damaged samples and 0.1% Ti samples with larger residual resistivities then the Ta doped samples retain the CDW transitions. A discussion is given of the difference between doping and radiation damage.
Anomaly-free nonsupersymmetric large N gauge theories from orientifolds

We construct anomaly-free nonsupersymmetric large {ital N} gauge theories from orientifolds of type IIB on {bold C}{sup 3}/{Gamma} orbifolds. In particular, massless as well as tachyonic one-loop tadpoles are canceled in these models. This is achieved by starting with N=1,2 supersymmetric orientifolds with a well defined world-sheet description and including discrete torsion (which breaks supersymmetry) in the orbifold action. In this way we obtain nontrivial nonchiral as well as anomaly-free chiral large {ital N} gauge theories. We point out certain subtleties arising in the chiral cases. Subject to certain assumptions, these theories are shown to have the property that computation of any {ital M}-point correlation function in these theories reduces to the corresponding computation in the parent N=4 oriented theory. This generalizes the analogous results recently obtained in supersymmetric large {ital N} gauge theories from orientifolds, as well as in (non)supersymmetric large {ital N} gauge theories without orientifold planes. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Structure determination of ordered 1/3-monolayer Pb on Ge(111) by photoelectron holography

The technique of photoelectron holography has been applied to the (√3 × √3)R30° phase of 13-monolayer Pb on Ge(111) for a determination of the local bonding structure of the Pb adatom. Angle-resolved photoemission from the Pb 5d core level shows intensity oscillations as a function of photon energy due to diffraction effects. These oscillations were measured at various emission angles and Fourier inverted to yield three-dimensional real-space images of the nearest neighbours to the Pb emitter atom, which is bonded at the T4 site. The use of the small-cone technique to eliminate artifacts is discussed.
Review of some research areas of applied and theoretical interest in domestic animal behavior

Abstract There are numerous areas worthy of study in the field of domestic animal behavior or applied ethology. In this paper a few areas are offerred as particularly worthy of attention. These areas are worthwhile either because they have received little or no study and are of basic interest or because they have application to current problems of livestock production. The study of cat behavior falls in the former category. Neither the food and water sources, the reproductive success rate nor even the social interactions of cats in the large populations found in both rural and urban environments are known. Pigs as a species have already been the subjects of many behavior studies; nevertheless, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the underlying principles of swine behavior. The physiological basis of maternal behavior, for example, has not been studied in swine or in any domestic species. The sensory basis of udder location by the neonatal piglet deserves study also. Some aspects of olfactory and vocal communication of pigs have been studied, but only one of what may be a large number of pheromones of pigs has been chemically identified. The message conveyed by the vocal interactions between adult swine of the same sex is unknown, as is the role of facial and postural expressions in porcine communication. The two major problems of pig behavior under conditions of intensive livestock management are tail biting and reproductive failure. The application of behavioral techniques to these problems might help to attenuate those problems as well as broaden our understanding of normal pig behavior. Horse behavior has also been a relatively neglected field of study. Of particular interest is the significance of the flehmen gesture used by both mares and stallions in a variety of situations. Flehmen may be related to the function of the vomeronasal organ, but both observational and physiological studies should be performed to verify the hypothesis.
Numerical Solution of Dirichlet Boundary Value Problems for Partial Differential Equations Using Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization with Random Gaussian Function

A new mesh-based algorithm to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) using quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) with random Gaussian function and random median filter is proposed in this paper. The random Gaussian function behaves as a mutation operator of QPSO to escape from local minima, and the random median filter accelerates the convergence of QPSO. It provides accurate results for Dirichlet boundary value problems of both linear and nonlinear single PDEs in two space dimensions.
Predicting Surface Roughness in End Milling Using an Innovative Technique From EC (Evolutionary Computation)

A new technique from EC (Evolutionary Computation), PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), is implemented to model the end milling process and predict the resulting surface roughness. Data collected from cutting experiments is used for model calibration and validation. The inputs to the model consist of Feed, Speed and Depth of cut while the output from the model is surface roughness. The model is validated through a comparison of the experimental values with their predicted counterparts. A good agreement is found. The proved technique opens the door for a new, simple and efficient approach that could be applied to the calibration of other empirical models of machining.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Direct Election of the President and the Power of the States

HE ELECTORAL COLLEGE has been the center of controversy for many years. Spurred on by the Electoral College's deviations from the one-man, one-vote principle and the possibility that a candidate could win a popular vote plurality but lose the Electoral College, many scholars and political commentators have called for the institution of direct election of the President. Most of the academic studies which as-
Consumption choice and asset pricing with a non-price-taking agent

This paper develops a pure-exchange model to study the consumption-portfolio problem of an agent who acts as a non-price-taker, and to analyze the implications of his behavior on equilibrium security prices. The non-price-taker is modeled as a price leader in all markets; his price impact is then recast as a dependence of the Arrow-Debreu prices on his consumption, allowing a tractable formulation. Besides the aggregate consumption, the endowment of the non-price-taker appears as an additional factor in driving equilibrium allocations and prices. Comparisons of equilibria between a price-taking and a non-price-taking economy are carried out.
A MODEL OF INVENTORY ACCOUNTING METHOD

In the U.S., the financial statement for public disclosure is not necessarily identical to that for tax calculation. In fact, most companies choose different sets of accounting principle for public disclosure and tax reporting. The only exception is the inventory accounting method to which the conformity rule applies. While the choice of other accounting methods for public disclosure do not necessarily have tax implication, the choice of inventory accounting always has tax implication. The purpose of this paper is to develop a simple mathematical model to measure the effects of inventory accounting methods on accounting income and cash flows (tax implication). The rest of the paper is organized into three sections. Section II will formally lay out the model. Section III will derive the effects of inventory accounting. Section IV concludes the paper.
A Shooting Approach to Layers and Chaos in a Forced Duffing Equation

Abstract We study equilibrium solutions for the problem u t =e 2 u xx −u 3 +λu+cos x, u x (0, t)=u x (1, t)=0. Using a shooting method we find solutions for all nonzero e. For small e we add to the solutions found by previous authors, especially Angenent, Mallet-Paret and Peletier, and Hale and Sakamoto, and also give new elementary ode proofs of their results. Among the new results is the existence of internal layer-type solutions. Considering the ode satisfied by equilibria, but on an infinite interval, we obtain chaos results for λ⩾λ 0 = 3 2 2/3 and 0 1 4 . We also consider the problem of bifurcation of solutions as λ increases.
Leiomyoma of vesicovaginal septum causing urinary retention.

Abstract A case of leiomyoma of the vesicovaginal septum causing acute urinary retention and an unusual radiographic filling defect in the floor of the bladder is presented. This is a rare lesion which can be the source of confusion. It has similar microscopic appearance to lesions which the patient had previously in the esophagus and stomach, left labia, and the uterus. Microscopically, all of the tumors were benign.
QUANTIFICATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS USING CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING COMPARED WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN DOMESTIC CATS

The hypotheses were that cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) would accurately determine LV mass in domestic cats and would do so more accurately than echocardiography (ECHO). ECHO was performed on seven sedated cats. LV mass was calculated using the truncated ellipse formula from a right parasternal long-axis view. T1 weighted gradient echo cMRI was acquired from anesthetized cats during multiple phases of the cardiac cycle. Short-axis images were obtained by acquiring 3 mm thick contiguous slices perpendicular to the cardiac long axis. LV mass was determined using Simpson's rule. Endocardial and epicardial borders were traced on each slice at end-systole, end-diastole, and mid-cycle and the difference in areas was myocardial area. Myocardial area was multiplied by slice thickness to calculate myocardial volume. Total (summated) myocardial volume was multiplied by myocardial density (1.05) to obtain LV mass at three measured phases of the cardiac cycle. Cats were euthanized and the LV was dissected and weighed to determine true mass. CMRI at end-systole most accurately quantified LV mass and was more accurate than echocardiography (P = 0.0078). Actual LV mass ranged from 6.5 to 10.5 g (mean = 8.5 g, SD = 1.6 g) compared with MRI LV mass at end-systole, which ranged from 6.7 to 11.1 g (mean = 8.7 g, SD = 1.7 g) and echocardiographic LV mass at enddiastole, which ranged from 5.2 to 9.1 g (mean= 7.1 g, SD = 1.8 g). Inter- and intraobserver variability for cMRI was 2%. CMRI obtained at end-systole accurately and reliably quantifies LV mass in domestic cats. It is more accurate than the echocardiographic method used in this study.
Metabolic inhibitor(s) in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.).

Abstract Several solvents were used to prepare extracts and residues from orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) previously shown to cause poor animal performance. Both extracts and residues were tested for the presence of factors affecting cellulose digestion [metabolic inhibitor(s)] with the in vitro rumen fermentation technique developed at this station. Active extracts which caused an 8.5% reduction in the cellulose digestibility of a standard alfalfa were prepared from orchardgrass extracted with hot detergent (0.1% Tween 80), hot acid-detergent (0.1% Tween in 0.1 n HCl), and an azeotropic mixture of methanol and acetone. The results indicate the presence of more than one metabolic inhibitor in the orchardgrass used. When a cellulose digestion permitting factor soluble in dilute acid and precipitated at pH 7.0 was removed from orchardgrass, the digestibility of the residue was reduced about 50%.
The indirect coulometric titration of cytochrome c oxidase with cytochrome c

The indirect coulometric titration of cytochrome c oxidase and dioxygen using cytochrome c as a mediator is described. Results of both the indirect coulometric titrations and the cyclic voltammetric experiments reported herein verify that the reaction mechanism involves the catalytic regeneration of the electroactive species, the cytochrome c mediator, with the selective reduction of cytochrome c oxidase alone. During the indirect coulometric titrations dioxygen is reduced to water only by cytochrome c oxidase and not by either direct reduction at the electrode surface or reaction with cytochrome c. This system utilizes the electron transfer selectivity of cytochrome c for cytochrome c oxidase over dioxygen and offers a means by which the reaction of cytochrome c oxidase and dioxygen can be examined.
A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction

A computer simulation of North American end-Pleistocene human and large herbivore population dynamics correctly predicts the extinction or survival of 32 out of 41 prey species. Slow human population growth rates, random hunting, and low maximum hunting effort are assumed; additional parameters are based on published values. Predictions are close to observed values for overall extinction rates, human population densities, game consumption rates, and the temporal overlap of humans and extinct species. Results are robust to variation in unconstrained parameters. This fully mechanistic model accounts for megafaunal extinction without invoking climate change and secondary ecological effects.
Lung area--volume models in relation to the recruitment--derecruitment of individual lung units.

The objective of this study was to reconsider some of the previous experimental results in terms of simple geometric models in order to determine if any of the apparent conflicts could be explained within a more unified concept. These models allow individual lung units and the entire lung to expand differently with regard to their area–volume relationship. The effect of a recruitment–derecruitment process as the lung inflates–deflates is also considered. Examples are used to illustrate how some of the apparent conflicts found in the literature may arise from whether or not recruitment and derecruitment take place during lung expansion and contraction. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC01: 8719Uv, 8710+e
The Ups and Downs of Thinking About a Successful Other: Self Construals and the Consequences of Social Comparisons

We hypothesized that the consequences of upward social comparisons are mediated by independent versus interdependent content of self-construals. Independent self-construals emphasize personal uniqueness; thus comparison to an outstanding other should undermine one's sense of uniqueness and lower current self-evaluations. Conversely, interdependent self-construals focus on interpersonal connectedness. Hence, interdependent individuals should be able to bask in the reflected success of a personally relevant other in an upward comparison task, thus increasing self-evaluations. In a study involving 66 US undergraduates the latter predictions were supported. The psychological dimension of interdependence predicted differential outcomes of upward social comparisons, but this was not the case for the dimension of independence. Also, differential consequences of social comparison were more pronounced for current self-evaluations than for participants' possible selves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and psychometric testing of the nursing student satisfaction scale for the associate nursing programs

Background: The purpose of this nationwide study was to assess psychometric properties of the Nursing Student Satisfaction Scale (NSSS) for measuring student satisfaction with nursing programs. Methods: This methodological study addressed the development, evaluation, and validation of a newly developed instrument using a cross-sectional design. Proportionally stratified random sampling was utilized to select 138 Associate in Science in Nursing (ASN) programs for participation. Results: Evidence of psychometric evaluation indicated that the internal consistency reliability was consistently acceptable throughout a previous 3-year psychometric evaluation study to this methodological study. The Curriculum and teaching, Professional social interaction, and Environment (CPE) 3-factor model of the NSSS was suggested by the exploratory factor analysis and was supported by the confirmatory factor analysis based on the results of “goodness-of-fit” test. Conclusions: The NSSS demonstrates sound psychometric properties and provides a theory-based approach to the measurement of nursing student satisfaction.
Effect of diet on response to juvenile hormone inGalleria mellonella larvae

Mit Juvenilhormon und JH-Derivaten injizerte Larven der WachsmotteGalleria mellonella zeigten starkere morphogenetische Effekte, wenn ihre Nahrung Bienenwachs entheilt, als wenn diese fehlt.
The Causes and Consequences of Color Vision

The ability to see colors is not universal in the animal kingdom. Those animals that can detect differences in the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum glean valuable sensory information about their environment. They use color vision to forage, avoid predators, and find high-quality mates. In the past, the colors that humans could see clouded scientists’ study of animals’ color perception. Leaving that bias behind has led to new insights about how and why the color vision of animals evolved. This paper provides a brief introduction to color vision, the genetics of color vision in humans, what colors other animals see, and how scientists study color vision. We examine the consequences of having color vision, including speciation, loss of olfactory capabilities, and sexual selection.
Homogeneity Effects on Feedstock Viscosity in Powder Injection Molding

The viscosity change with solids loading in injection molding feedstock is analyzed for the effects of mixture inhomogeneities on overall viscosity. The analysis shows that the lowest possible feedstock viscosity corresponds to the highest homogeneity.
Decreased beam divergence in proof-of-principle experiment for the light ion beam fusion facility PBFA II

The Proto-I experiment for a proof-of-principle experiment is described resulting in a beam divergence for ions of only 14mrad at 1·5 MV—420 KA operation and 6 KA/cm2 anode current density before focusing. This is a better beam divergence than required for Sandia National Laboratories' PBFA I and II installations, for which scaling is discussed. Ion source development is reported and the PBFA II experiment described for 30 MV operation with short pulses (10–15 nsec) of lithium ions. Pulses of 50 nsec width and 130 KJ energy have been achieved from the prototype module for PBFA II.
Child and setting characteristics affecting the adult talk directed at preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder in the inclusive classroom

Difficulty with social competence is a core deficit of autism spectrum disorder. Research on typically developing children and children with disabilities, in general, suggests the adult talk received in the classroom is related to their social development. The aims of this study were to examine (1) the types and amounts of adult talk children with autism spectrum disorder are exposed to in the preschool classroom and (2) the associations between child characteristics (e.g. language), activity area, and adult talk. Kontos’ Teacher Talk classification was used to code videos approximately 30 min in length of 73 children with autism spectrum disorder (ages 3–5) in inclusive classrooms (n = 33) during center time. The results indicated practical/personal assistance was the most common type of adult talk coded, and behavior management talk least often coded. Child characteristics (i.e. age and autism severity) and activity area were found to be related to specific types of adult talk. Given the findings, impli...
COULOMB EXCITATION OF TM169

Abstract The Coulomb excitation of Tm169 was studied using oxygen ions of energies up to 44 MeV as bombarding particles. De-excitation gamma rays were recorded in coincidence with back-scattered particles. The cascade/crossover branching ratios in the decay of the rotational levels of the K = 1 2 band are compared with the predictions of the rotational model. It is found that, within experimental errors, a single set of rotational parameters gR, gK, b0 and Q0 describes all electromagnetic properties of the ground state band. Transitions assigned to gamma vibrational bands with K1 = K0±2were also observed.
Coevolutionary relationship between striatum size and social play in nonhuman primates.

The striatum is a region of the brain specifically tied to the experience and anticipation of pleasure, reward, appropriate behavioral sequencing, cognition, learning, and social modulation. Furthermore, the striatum is connected neurologically and functionally to other brain regions associated with the exhibition of social play, such as the neocortex, cerebellum, and limbic system. For these reasons, the striatum is especially interesting to researchers of play behavior. Moreover, the caudate–putamen area of the striatum has been specifically implicated in laboratory studies of social play behavior. This study uses the phylogenetic comparative method of independent contrasts to test for an evolutionary relationship between striatum volume and a measure of social play in nonhuman primates. Relative volume of the primate striatum correlates with rate of social, but not nonsocial, play behavior across species, suggesting a coevolution of traits. The pleasurable and procedural aspects of social play behavior may be mediated in part by the striatum and further to its connection to dopaminergic pathways in the primate brain. Am. J. Primatol. 73:314–322, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Treatment of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in a Pediatric Observation Unit

Objectives. To report the success rate of observation unit (OU) treatment of pediatric skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and to see if we could identify variables at the time of initial evaluation that predicted successful OU treatment. Methods. A retrospective review of children less than 18 years of age admitted for SSTI treatment to our OU from the emergency department between January 2003 and June 2009. Results. On records review, 853 patients matched eligibility criteria; median age was 5.2 years (interquartile range = 2.5-9 years). Of the 853 patients, 597 (70.0%) met the primary outcome criteria of successful OU discharge within 26 hours. Secondary analysis revealed that 82% of the patients achieved successful discharge from the OU within 48 hours. Although some laboratory variables demonstrated statistical association with success, none achieved a combination of high sensitivity and specificity to predict OU failure. OU success rates varied by location. Dental and face infections and those o...
Bathymetric and temporal variation among Osedax boneworms and associated megafauna on whale-falls in Monterey Bay, California

Abstract The discovery in 2002 of a natural whale-fall at 2893 m depth in Monterey Bay, California, led to the description of Osedax , a novel genus of bone-eating worms (Annelida: Siboglinidae). Osedax obtain their nutrition via ramifying roots that host symbiotic bacteria and consume whale bones. To assess the bathymetric range of these unusual worms and their role in whale-fall community succession, we sank beached whale carcasses at three additional depths (1820, 1018, and 385 m) in the Monterey Submarine Canyon. The four sunken carcasses experienced different temperature, oxygen, and disturbance regimes and hosted megafaunal communities that differed in both species diversity and composition. However, Osedax were found at all four sites, and molecular analyses allowed us to assign them to six distinct species, four of which are new to science. The previously known species, O. rubiplumus (1820–2893 m) and O. frankpressi (2893 m), were found below the oxygen minimum zone. One of the new species appears to be a late successional species that attacks sediment-covered bone fragments at the 2893-m whale-fall. The other new species occur at the shallower whale-falls, which are in oxygen-poor water. One is an early colonizer at the 1018-m whale-fall, and two occur at the 385-m whale-fall. Dense Osedax populations at the 1018-m whale-fall led to rapid degradation of whale bones, whereas sparse Osedax populations were associated with slow degradation at the 385-m whale-fall. Thus, we hypothesize that Osedax may be a foundation species in Monterey whale-fall communities, regulating the longevity of whale bones and thereby affecting the succession of associated megafauna.
Improvement in quality of life after robotic surgery results in patient satisfaction.

Background There are well-described benefits to minimally invasive surgery including decreased blood loss, shorter hospital-stay, and faster recovery. The role of robotic surgery in gynecologic oncology has become increasingly prominent; however limited data are available on quality of life (QOL) after robotic surgery.
Looking past BIT - incipient fault detection and prognostics for avionics system power supplies

This paper presents an approach to enhancing current avionic system power supply diagnostics with prognostic techniques for improved equipment health management. The approach integrates techniques from engineering disciplines including automated testing, incipient fault detection and classification, fault to failure progression modeling, statistical reliability analysis, and automated reasoning. Novel features extracted from sensed parameters such as power quality, component operating temperature, control loop signature, and efficiency are analyzed using advanced fault detection and damage accumulation algorithms. Intelligent fusion of this diagnostic information with historical component reliability statistics provides a robust health state awareness as the basis for accurate prognostic predictions. Complementary prognostic techniques including analysis of projected operating conditions by physics-based component aging models and system level failure progression models are used to develop predictions of future equipment health. The diagnostic techniques and prognostic models have been demonstrated through accelerated failure testing of switching mode power supplies
Detection of Genetic Variation in Wild Populations of Three Allium Species Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms

Three wild onion species native to the intermountain west in the United States---Allium acuminatum, A. brandegei, and A. passeyi---show horticultural potential, but little is known about patterns of genetic diversity among localized populations and geographical regions. We examined amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) within and among five Allium acuminatum, four A. brandegei, and three A. passeyi collection sites in Utah. These three congeners with contrasting abundance and distribution patterns provide an opportunity to investigate the role of geographic distance, altitude, and rarity in patterns of genetic divergence. The collection sites were selected along an altitudinal gradient to reflect ecogeographic variation. Individual plants from each of the 12 sites were genotyped using six AFLP primer combinations detecting DNA variation within and among all three species. Genetic differences between species were high enough to render comparisons among species impractical, so each species was analyzed separately for differences between populations and variability within populations. Similarity coefficients were significantly greater within collection sites versus among collection sites indicating divergence between populations. Within-population genetic diversity was not correlated with elevation for any of the three species. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 66% (A. acuminatum), 83% (A. passeyi), and 64% (A. brandegei) of observed variation is found within populations. Genetic divergence among populations (phiST) was higher in the widely distributed species, suggesting that interpopulation gene flow may be negatively correlated with range size. Allium acuminatum and A. brandegei individuals cluster into groups corresponding strictly to collection sites based on neighbor-joining analysis of the total number of DNA polymorphisms between individual plants. Allium passeyi populations, however, had less overall genetic variation between populations. Genetic isolation by distance appeared responsible for much of the variability among populations, although there was one notable exception showing significant differences between two geographically close populations in A. acuminatum.
Surface suspended matter off western Africa: relations of organic matter, skeletal debris and detrital minerals*

Components of suspended matter in surface waters between western Africa and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were removed by filtration and measured by scanning electron and optical microscopy. Skeletal debris from diatoms, dinoflagellates, and other plankton are most concentrated in Antarctic surface water and in regions of coastal upwelling. Detrital mineral grains are most concentrated in nearshore regions, from discharge of major rivers, erosion of sea cliffs, and deposition from offshore winds. Farther offshore are high concentrations of mineral grains brought by trade winds from deserts in both northern and southern Africa. The winds also bring freshwater diatoms and woody tissue. The remaining component on the filters is marine organic matter, mostly in thin films. These films trap skeletal debris and mineral grains. Presumably, animals that graze upon the films further concentrate the grains into faecal pellets whose rapid settling carries the grains into deeper waters and to the bottom. The films were found in all other areas of the world ocean from which surface samples were spot-checked: off eastern Asia, off eastern North America, and the central Pacific. Thus they appear to be a major factor in marine sedimentation. In areas of upwelling off western Africa, the total suspended matter in surface waters averages about 0.1 mg/1 of filtrate, about five times that present in the open ocean. It consists of about 70% organic matter, 29.6% skeletal debris, and 0.4% mineral grains, in contrast with concentrations in the open ocean of 90%, 8% and 2%, respectively.