cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nursing Neurologic Assessments After Cardiac Operations

Background Although the neurologic status of patients undergoing cardiac operations has been well studied at other times, there are few studies of neurologic status in the immediate postoperative state. This study used standardized nursing neurologic evaluations to describe the sequence of neurologic changes during the first few hours after cardiac operations and the factors that influence them. Methods In this prospective study, patients arriving in the intensive care unit after cardiac operations were serially assessed using the using the Neurologic Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) for up to 24 hours postoperatively. The study evaluated the effects on outcome of various preoperative and intraoperative variables, as well as the NICE scores. Results Recovery of brainstem reflexes occurred at 1.4 ± 1.4 hours, and the fully alert state occurred at a mean of 5.1 ± 3.8 hours after admission to the intensive care unit in patients without a new neurologic deficit. Patients with new neurologic deficits or patients discharged to supervised care settings took longer to reach each neurologic milestone. Older patients, patients with more complex surgical procedures, and patients with higher cardiovascular risk factors took longer to become fully alert. The time to reach the highest NICE score was a strong predictor of the duration of intubation but only weakly predicted other outcome variables in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions Standardized, serial nursing neurologic assessments of postoperative cardiac patients provide insight into the immediate postoperative period and may be a useful tool for early identification of patients at risk for adverse outcomes.
Split Dirac supersymmetry: An ultraviolet completion of Higgsino dark matter

Motivated by the observation that the Higgs quartic coupling runs to zero at an intermediate scale, we propose a new framework for models of split supersymmetry, in which gauginos acquire intermediate scale Dirac masses of $\ensuremath{\sim}1{0}^{8\ensuremath{-}11}\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. Scalar masses arise from one-loop finite contributions as well as direct gravity-mediated contributions. Like split supersymmetry, one Higgs doublet is fine-tuned to be light. The scale at which the Dirac gauginos are introduced to make the Higgs quartic zero is the same as is necessary for gauge coupling unification. Thus, gauge coupling unification persists (nontrivially, due to adjoint multiplets), though with a somewhat higher unification scale $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1{0}^{17}\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. The $\ensuremath{\mu}$ term is naturally at the weak scale, and provides an opportunity for experimental verification. We present two manifestations of split Dirac supersymmetry. In the ``pure Dirac'' model, the lightest Higgsino must decay through $R$-parity violating couplings, leading to an array of interesting signals in colliders. In the ``hypercharge impure'' model, the bino acquires a Majorana mass that is one-loop suppressed compared with the Dirac gluino and wino. This leads to weak scale Higgsino dark matter whose overall mass scale, as well as the mass splitting between the neutral components, is naturally generated from the same UV dynamics. We outline the challenges to discovering pseudo-Dirac Higgsino dark matter in collider and dark matter detection experiments.
Gamma radiolysis of EDTA in a simulated, mixed nuclear waste

The effects of γ-irradiation on EDTA degradation have been studied. A simulant of Hanford's complex concentrate was prepared by adding EDTA to an inorganic matrix which was formulated based on past analyses of the actual Hanford complex concentrate waste. For, the radiolysis study, aliquots of the simulated waste were then γ-irradiated. Each waste sample was analyzed to monitor the appearance of degradation products. Based on the results of this study, an assessment of the impact of EDTA degradation on the management of mixed wastes is offered.
Barium Peritonitis Following Attempted Reduction of Intussusception

Chez trois nourrissons de 10 mois, 5 mois et 4 mois. Intervention avec suites satisfaisantes dans les 3 cas. La reduction d'une invagination doit etre chirurgicale
Fixed points and invariant domains of holomorphic mappings of the Hilbert ball

THIS paper is an extension of the joint work of the present author, T. Sekowski and A. Stachura [4]. There, some methods of the theory of nonexpansive mappings were used to prove fixed point theorems for holomorphic self-mappings of the unit ball in complex Hilbert space. Earlier results on the existence of fixed points of holomorphic self-mappings of domains in Banach spaces may be found in works of Earle and Hamilton [2], Hayden and Suffridge [6, 7, 111, and Rudin [9]. All the results depend strongly on the consequences of the Schwartz-Pick lemma and properties of so-called invariant hyperbolic metrics. Detailed discussion of invariant metrics is contained in the long article by Harris [5] and in the recent book by Franzoni and Vesentini [3]. Hyperbolic geometry of the unit ball in C” is clearly described in a very recent book by Rudin [lo]. In spite of the fact that we are dealing with the infinite dimensional case we very often follow the notation, terminology and some methods from this book. A very interesting discussion of the one-dimensional case has been given recently by Burckel [l]. Invariant “ellipsoids” which we discuss here have their origin in the old papers by Julia [S] and Wolff [2].
Adaptive self‐stabilization in adult‐child interactions: Temporal congruence with varied switch‐pause durations

This study was designed to determine if 4‐year‐old children are able to demonstrate congruence within conversations with adults where the switch‐pause durations are varied by the adult over three separate conversations. Pour children served as subjects. A single‐subject experimental design with replication and counterbalancing was implemented. Three experimental conversations were conducted during which the adult varied the switch‐pause durations from 1 second to 3 seconds. The results indicated that the children demonstrated congruence for switch‐pause duration in the direction of the adult in all conversations. These data are discussed relative to open‐systems theory.
Inductively inferring valid logical models of continuous-state dynamical systems

Abstract Hybrid control systems consist of a discrete event (DES) controller supervising a continuous-state (CSS) plant. A controller can be synthesized by obtaining a DES controller for an equivalent DES representation (DES plant) of the CSS plant. An important issue concerns the logical invariance (stability) of DES plant transitions to variations in the initial CSS plant state. This paper provides a set of sufficient conditions for the existence of stable transitions in the DES plant. For CSS plants which are affine in their control policies, these conditions form a system of linear inequalities over the space of control vectors used by the CSS plant. Feasible points to this inequality system are inductively determined using a method of centers algorithm known as the ellipsoid method.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging-guided brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose: Prostate brachytherapy (PB) entails the placement of radioactive sources throughout the entire prostate gland to treat localized cancer. Typically, the target volume in PB encompasses the entire prostate gland because of the inability to localize the cancer and the multifocal nature of this malignancy. However, because of the unique biochemical nature of the prostate gland, recent advances in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the prostate have allowed precise delineation of the cancer location within the prostate gland. This report reveals our initial experience of MRSI-guided PB. Methods: An MRSI study was obtained in 15 favorable-risk (prostate-specific antigen level ≤10 ng/mL, Gleason score ≤6, and clinical Stage ≤T2a) patients before their scheduled PB. The results of this study were used to internally map 7 × 7 × 9-mm volumes of prostate tissue to assign cancerous areas a higher dose of radiation. Such tumor-bearing areas had a low citrate/(choline+creatine) ratio consistent with cancer. On the basis of the anatomic MRI and MRSI correlation, three-dimensional coordinates were assigned to the locations of MRSI-defined cancer. The entire target volume was treated to 145 Gy using 125 I. Abnormal citrate regions, termed the biologic tumor volume, were prescribed a dose of 130% of the target volume dose (188 Gy) to dose escalate in the abnormal citrate regions while respecting the normal radiation tolerances of the surrounding areas. Three-dimensional treatment planning was used to perform the implant. Results: Of the 15 prostate cancer patients evaluated, all had successful three-dimensional MRSI acquisition before their scheduled PB procedure. In 14 of the 15 patients planned with MRSI, the data were successfully incorporated into their treatment planning and were used to increase the radiation dose prescription to 130% in the MRSI-defined volumes. In 1 patient, MRSI revealed significant multifocal disease that made focal boosts impractical. Postimplant dosimetry confirmed a median V100 of 95% (range 89–98%) in the 15 evaluated patients for the prescription dose of 145 Gy to the target volume. Furthermore, the median BTV100 for the abnormal citrate region was 90% (range 80–100%) as determined by postimplant dosimetry. Urethral and rectal dose-volume histograms were within normal limits. Morbidity was comparable with that for conventionally treated patients. Conclusion: MRSI offers a promising new approach for the delivery of ionizing radiation in PB. Although this series was small and with a short follow-up, MRSI-guided implants are feasible and warrant further investigation as a means of improving the therapeutic ratio in PB.
Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts

Although it is often acknowledged that social and environmental factors interact to produce racial and ethnic environmental health disparities, it is still unclear how this occurs. Despite continued controversy, the environmental justice movement has provided some insight by suggesting that disadvantaged communities face greater likelihood of exposure to ambient hazards. The exposure‐ disease paradigm has long suggested that differential “vulnerability” may modify the effects of toxicants on biological systems. However, relatively little work has been done to specify whether racial and ethnic minorities may have greater vulnerability than do majority populations and, further, what these vulnerabilities may be. We suggest that psychosocial stress may be the vulnerability factor that links social conditions with environmental hazards. Psychosocial stress can lead to acute and chronic changes in the functioning of body systems (e.g., immune) and also lead directly to illness. In this article we present a multidisciplinary framework integrating these ideas. We also argue that residential segregation leads to differential experiences of community stress, exposure to pollutants, and access to community resources. When not counterbalanced by resources, stressors may lead to
Evaluation of pancreatic carcinoma with FDG PET

Background: To assess the diagnostic usefulness and clinical impact of positron emission tomography with [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG PET) on the management of patients with known or suspected pancreatic carcinoma.
Effects of Acoustico-Lateralis denervation in a facultative schooling fish: a nearest-neighbor matrix analysis

Spacing responses in schools of golden shiner fish were measured before and after surgical section of the posterior lateral line (acoustico-lateralis) nerves. Test fish swam closer to their five nearest schoolmates after surgery and maintained less parallel orientation to their nearest neighbors. These findings indicate a significant role of lateral line input in the spacing responses of these facultative-schooling freshwater fish. Fish maintained nonrandom patterns of spacing toward their five nearest schoolmates before surgery, distinguished by closer distances, more parallel orientation, and greater avoidance of positions behind schoolmates than expected by chance. Analysis revealed that both school structure and behavioral changes after lateral line surgery resemble what is known of obligate-schooling marine fish species. Results are discussed in the context of lateral line function in fish spacing responses and the role of sensory input in fish schooling.
The Roots of Evil: Social Conditions, Culture, Personality, and Basic Human Needs

Evil actions are defined as repeated or persistent, not commensurate with provocation and causing extreme harm, at times due to repetition. Evil develops or evolves. As individuals and groups harm others, they tend to develop characteristics that make further and more intense harmdoing probable. In this article, I explore instigating conditions (difficult life conditions in a society, group conflict); cultural characteristics; the nature of evolution, with its psychological and social processes in individuals and groups; and the passivity and complicity of bystanders that lead to genocide and other collective violence. I consider the question of whether bystanders can be regarded as evil, focusing on the genocide in Rwanda as an example. I examine the socialization and experience of children and youth that lead to aggression and the subsequent evolution of aggression toward greater violence and evil. I explore the way personal characteristics and a system of relationships can lead to sexual abuse by fathers. One organizing concept in understanding the generation of violence that causes extreme harm is the frustration of basic human needs and their subsequent destructive fulfillment.
Possible changes in the isotopic composition of the oceanic and atmospheric carbon reservoir over geologic time

Abstract Carbon isotope ratio analyses of 326 limestones and fossils ranging in age from Precambrian to Quaternary suggest small but possibly real variations in the carbon isotopic composition of the active exchange carbon reservoir throughout geologic time. Variation of C 13 : C 12 ratios in freshwater limestones with time may be correlated with the geologic evidence concerning the development and distribution of land plants.
Influence of Magnesium Ions on Spontaneous Opening of DNA Base Pairs

A large amount of experimental evidence is available for the effects of magnesium ions on the structure and the stability of the DNA double helix. Less is known, however, on how these ions affect the dynamics of the molecule and the stability of each individual base pair. The present work addresses these questions by a study of the DNA duplex [dCGCAGATCTGCG]2, and its interactions with magnesium ions using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and proton exchange. Two-dimensional NMR experiments indicate that binding of magnesium to this DNA duplex does not affect its structure. However, even in the absence of structural changes, magnesium ions specifically affect the exchange properties of imino protons in the four GC/CG base pairs that are located in the interior of the double helix. These specific changes do not result from alterations in the rates of spontaneous opening of these base pairs. Instead, the changes most likely reflect an enhancement in the energetic propensity for spontaneous open...
In vitro growth of Trypanosoma musculi in cell-free medium conditioned by rodent macrophages and mercaptoethanol

Abstract Studies of the roles of certain components of an in vitro culture system for Trypanosoma musculi were conducted. Mouse macrophages were shown to be highly effective in supporting trypanosome growth; the magnitude of growth was proportional to the number of macrophages. Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to cultures significantly enhanced the rate of parasite growth. Rat spleen cells were only slightly less efficient than mouse spleen cells in supporting growth of T. musculi. Addition of mouse serum to cultures containing mouse spleen cells slightly enhanced growth of T. musculi but depressed the support afforded by rat spleen cells. Conditioned medium, prepared by separately culturing mouse spleen or peritoneal exudate cells, was capable of supporting extensive trypanosome growth. Conditioning was dependent upon the number of cells cultured and the time of culture, an excess of either resulting in medium containing inhibitors of trypanosome growth. Considerable importance is assigned to the future characterization of the trypanosome growth-promoting substances elaborated by macrophages.
Estimation of distributions of ventilation/perfusion ratios.

For many years physiologists have sought to estimate the distribution of ventilation/perfusion ratios ( $$\dot V_A /\dot Q$$ ) in the lung. While many different procedures have been described, most share two features that limit their usefulness. First, while the lung consists of some 105 separate gas exchange units, $$\dot V_A /\dot Q$$ mismatch is usually analyzed in terms of just two or three hypothetical units sufficient to explain the measured data. Second, no attempts are made to explore alternate $$\dot V_A /\dot Q$$ distributions which could account for the measured data, nor the degree to which these alternate cases differ from each other. The second problem arises from (a) the fact that the lung is numerically complex, while only few data are obtained, and (b) experimental errors. We summarize here our approach to these problems. Methods involving both linear and quadratic programming algorithms are applied to obtain the most reliable and complete information from a set of data. While we focus on the intravenous infusion of several foreign gases as the tool for obtaining data pertinent to $$\dot V_A /\dot Q$$ maldistribution, the proposed scheme is equally applicable to other linear systems in the lung, such as the multibreath N2 washout and the forced expiratory spirogram.
The kinetics of the stannous-stannic reaction at pyrolytic graphite electrodes

Summary Current-potential measurements on the Sn2+−Sn4+ redox couple in 4 M HCl using a rotating disk electrode showed that the electron transfer reaction involves two consecutive one-electron steps. Exchange current densities and activation energies on both basal plane and edge-atom faces of pyrolytic graphite are reported.
Multiple drug metabolism in isolated hepatocytes: Enhancement of aniline hydroxilation

Abstract A number of agents were tested for their ability to enhance the p-hydroxylation of aniline using isolated hepatocytes as a model system. Although the observed stimulation or inhibition was not concentration dependent, various substrates for the hepatic mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) system (p-nitroanisole, 7-ethoxycoumarin, biphenyl, N,N′-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and benzphetamine) stimulated the hydroxylation at a concentration of 0.5 m m . This effect was not seen with all substrates. In general, aniline hydroxylation was not affected by the other agents tested (steroids, metabolic inhibitors and MFO inhibitors). However, enhancement was noticed with testosterone and progesterone at the lowest concentration (0.05 m m ), with 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol and salicylamide at 0.05 m m and 0.5 m m and with 7,8-benzoflavone at 5.0 m m .
Bacterial contamination rate of urine collected in a urine bag from healthy non-toilet-trained male infants.

6. Gill PS, Levine AM, Krailo M, et al. AIDS-related lymphomas: results of prospective trials. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:1322-8. 7. Classification system for human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) infection in children under 13 years of age. MMWR 1987; 36:225-30,35. 8. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, et al. Improved survival rate in children with stage III and IV B ceil non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and ieukemin ~:~ing multi agent che~notbera~7: results of a study of 114 children from the French Pediatric Oncology So, ciety. J Clin Oncol 1986;4:1219-26. 9. Murphy SB, Bowman WP, Abromowitch M, et al. Results of treatment of advanced-stage Burkitt's lymphoma and B-cell (SIg+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia with high-dose fraction. ated cyclophosphamide and coordinated high-dose metholrcx. ate and cytaraN~e..! Cli~ On'co! 1,986:4:!732 9.
Two nonlinear inverse methods for electromagnetic induction measurements

The authors develop two nonlinear inverse methods to reconstruct the conductivity profile from electromagnetic induction (EMI) measurements: the improved two-step inverse method based on the extended Born approximation (EBA) and the combination of the EBA and the contrast source inversion (CSI) method. In the first method, the nonlinear problem is recast as a two-step linear inversion and is solved by using the extended Born approximation. The authors improve this method with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and by a conjugate-gradient optimization procedure. For a problem with N unknown pixels and ill measurement data points, the computational time of this inverse EBA procedure is reduced to O(MN) in the first step (i.e., the underdetermined linear problem) and to O(Nlog/sub 2/N) in the second step (i.e., the well-determined linear problem) using the newly developed FFT-EBA method. Furthermore, the memory requirement is reduced to O(M/sub N/) (M/sub T/ is the number of transmitters). In the second inverse method, they apply the contrast source inversion (CST) method, but use the two-step linear inversion result as the initial solution. By using FFT, the CPU time costs O(C/sub 1/MN+C/sub 2/N log/sub 2/ N) in each iteration of the CSI procedure. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of these methods, even up to a high contrast of 100:1.
Some geometrical consideration on complexes of tripod-like ligands

Abstract Calculations of ligand and complex geometry for trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral species containing tripod-like ligands (o-R2L . C6H4)3L′ (L = N, P, and As; L′ = P, As and Sb) and (o-RL . C6H4)3P (L = S and Se) are reported. It is shown that, in many cases, bond-distances and angles have to be severely distorted to form the complexes. The extent of the distortions are related to a number of physical and chemical properties of the complexes.
VA-mycorrhizae and mycorrhiza stimulating isoflavonoid compounds reduce plant herbicide injury

Imazaquin, imazethapyr and pendimethalin showed high toxicity to sorghum plants grown in a greenhouse soil mix. However, mycorrhizal sorghum plants were less affected by herbicide toxicity than non-mycorrhizal ones, at low to moderate herbicide concentrations. VAM herbicide safening effects were more evident on imazaquin-treated plants, than for those treated with the other two herbicides. Applications of imazethapyr and pendimethalin at the two highest concentrations, but not imazaquin, reduced VAM colonization rates in sorghum. Applications of the VAM stimulating isoflavonoids, biochanin A and formononetin, at 5 ppm solutions to a field soil sample containing toxic levels of imazaquin (13 ppb) and indigenous VAM fungi, reduced herbicide-induced injury in corn and sorghum under growth chamber conditions. The benefits of isoflavonoids were reduced when additional propagules of Glomus intraradix were added into field-soil samples, and were eliminated when VAM fungi were inactivated by autoclaving. This indicates that herbicide safening effects of biochanin A, and formononetin are VAM-mediated and also suggests the potential use of these isoflavonoids as herbicide safeners.
Models as Feedback: Developing Representational Competence in Chemistry.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 107(2) of Journal of Educational Psychology (see record 2015-16952-001). The affiliation of Shamin Padalkar was incorrectly listed in the author note as the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA). Dr. Padalkar is now a freelance consultant. Dr. Padalkar’s contact information as it appears in the author note otherwise remains the same.] Spatial information in science is often expressed through representations such as diagrams and models. Learning the strengths and limitations of these representations and how to relate them are important aspects of developing scientific understanding, referred to as representational competence. Diagram translation is particularly challenging for students in organic chemistry, and although concrete models greatly help in solving diagram translation problems, most students do not use models spontaneously. In 2 experiments, we examined the effectiveness of instructional interventions for teaching diagram translation using models. In Experiment 1, students drew diagrams and checked their accuracy by attempting to match concrete models to their solutions (model-based feedback). The instruction helped students in the experimental group to identify their mistakes, understand the usefulness of concrete models, and led to large improvements in performance, compared with a control group. To examine whether feedback, the opportunity to match models, or both was the critical aspect of the intervention, in Experiment 2, 1 group was provided only verbal feedback (by a tutor) and another group matched diagrams and concrete models, but not in the context of receiving an evaluation of their pretest performance. Feedback alone did not improve performance relative to a control group, but the opportunity to match models and diagrams improved performance relative to control. The results indicate that using models as feedback is an effective way of training representational competence in the domain of organic chemistry and more generally in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines.
Population responses of plant-associated invertebrates to foraging by largemouth bass fry ( Micropterus salmoides )

The effect of foraging by largemouth bass fry (Micropterus salmoides) upon invertebrates associated with aquatic macrophytes was determined using six 4 m2 exclosures in Cochran Lake, Michigan during June 1978. The cladoceranSida crystallina rapidly declined in exclosures with fry, but increased in control exclosures without fry. Chironomids and chydorids showed little change in the exclosures. Invertebrate populations and foraging by fry were also monitored in the lake during 1976 and 1979.Sida declined rapidly in June of both years. In 1979, a decline from 2.2 × 103 to 0.3 × 103 individuals per m2 and a sharp drop in the proportion of adults between 19 and 22 June coincided with the entry of a large school of fry into the study site on 19 June. Chironomids also declined during June of both years, while chydorids became increasingly abundant in mid-summer and showed no evidence of depletion by the fish. These results suggest that populations of certain prey, which are found locally in high densities in the littoral zone, may be highly susceptible to brief episodes of intense predation by fish fry.
Roger Layton's Contributions to Marketing:

This article summarizes my perspective on Roger Layton's contributions to marketing, presented in the form of suggestions to young marketing scholars striving to increase the relevance, rigor and i...
Political Debate Forms, Styles, and Media

Although presidential debates have been studied extensively, few truly basic, generic questions have been raised. The following study does so by asking (a) What textual features distinguish debates...
Loving Water, Resenting Regulation: Sense of Place and Water Management in the Willamette Watershed

Although the Pacific Northwest is often associated with abundant water and images of wide, salmon-filled rivers, water-related conflicts throughout the region are not uncommon as adequate supplies fall short of increasing demand. This article investigates water stakeholders’ perceptions of local waters and their water-related behaviors within the Willamette watershed of western Oregon. I conducted 25 interviews with key users of the Willamette watershed's water supply. My analyses of these data suggest that stakeholders perceive water as a scarce resource. In addition, the participants indicated strong attachments to local water bodies but demonstrated little incentive in making personal sacrifices to safeguard these “scarce” water supplies. Given that equitable water distribution is a present and growing concern, this case study contributes to a body of knowledge that legitimizes direct experience in shaping resource management, as well as illuminates the complicated relationship between place attachment...
Intein-Mediated Synthesis of Proteins Containing Carbohydrates and Other Molecular Probes

We report here the use of an intein-mediated protein ligation strategy for the synthesis of glycoproteins and proteins containing various molecular probes. Several simple cysteine derivatives are synthesized and used as nucleophiles for specific incorporation onto the C-terminus of proteins expressed as N-terminal intein fusions. Examples of C-terminal carbohydrate labeling, fluorescence labeling, incorporation of a metal chelator, and incorporation of a nucleotide are presented.
Host Defenses against Disseminated Candidiasis Are Impaired in Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1-Deficient Mice

Genetically engineered mice, which lack normal expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), were used to study the role of ICAM-1 in the host defense against disseminated candidiasis. The responses of ICAM-1 -deficient mice and normal wild type mice were compared following an intravenous challenge with Candida albicans. ICAM-1 -deficient mice lost more weight (P < .001) and had a significantly higher mortality (P <.001). Quantitative cultures revealed a greater tissue fungal burden in ICAM-1 -deficient mice compared with normal mice, in both the kidney (P <.001) and the brain (P =.007). Extensive inflammation, composed primarily of histiocytes admixed with lymphocytes and occasional neutrophils, was present in the renal tissue of ICAM-1 -deficient mice ; this contrasted with a more localized and predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate in normal mice. This work suggests that the loss of ICAM-1 significantly impairs host defense against C. albicans, by impairing either neutrophil migration or phagocyte activation or both.
Commentary: Educational Planning to Achieve the Goals of Community Pediatrics

In “Teaching Community Pediatrics to Pediatric Residents: Strategic Approaches and Successful Models for Education in Community Health and Child Advocacy,” Shipley et al1 provide useful, practical suggestions and models for building and implementing community-pediatrics experiences during residency. To identify where they fit in the overall goal of improving child health through community pediatrics, it is useful to consider the steps in the educational planning process, which can be summarized in the mnemonic GNOME: G stands for goals, N for needs assessment, O for objectives, M for methods, and E for evaluation.2 Goals are intended to be aspirations and often are vague; needs assessment identifies the gap between the learners' starting point and achieving the goals; objectives are specific, measurable steps to fill the gap; methods are the educational strategies designed and implemented to meet the objectives; and evaluation identifies whether the goals have been met. Rarely are goals expressed as articulately as the goals of community pediatrics, defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Community Health Services.3,4 Model objectives … Address correspondence to Kenneth B. Roberts, MD, Pediatric Teaching Program, Moses Cone Health System, 1200 N Elm St, Greensboro, NC 27401. E-mail: kenneth.roberts{at}mosescone.com
Validation of simulated chestband data in frontal and lateral loading using a human body finite element model

Objective: Finite element (FE) computer models are an emerging tool to examine the thoracic response of the human body in the simulated environment. In this study, a recently developed human body model, the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) mid-sized male, was used to examine chestband contour deformations in a frontal and lateral impact. The objective of this study was 2-fold. First, a methodology for extracting and analyzing virtual chestband data from a full-body FE model is presented. Then, this method is applied to virtual chestband data from 2 simulations to evaluate the model's performance against experimental data. Methods: One frontal and one lateral impact case were simulated using the FE model, which was preprogrammed with upper, middle, and lower chestbands. Maximum compression was determined using established techniques. Furthermore, a quadrant-based analysis technique for the results was introduced that enabled regional comparisons between the model and the experimental data in the...
The stereochemistry of rearrangements of aryl and hetaryl groups to primary carbenic centers

Abstract The products and stereochemistries of carbenic decompositions of varied 2-aryl-1-diazoalkanes and 1-diazo-2-(2-hetaryl)propanes have been determined.
Toward a General Mechanism for Transcription Initiation

At the λPR promoter, formation of initiation-competent open complexes involves a series of conformational changes in both RNA polymerase (RNAP) and promoter DNA after initial specific binding. The first set of these changes (described by equilibrium constant K1) bend the downstream duplex DNA into the cleft of RNAP. These reversible steps are followed by the rate-determining step (rate constant k2) in which the DNA is opened in the cleft using binding free energy. This initial open complex is unstable (lifetime ∼1 s) but is greatly stabilized by irreversible conformational changes (quantified by equilibrium constant K3) that reposition the nontemplate strand in the cleft and assemble downstream mobile elements (DME) of RNAP on the downstream duplex DNA, forming RPo (lifetime ∼1 day).In all three phases of this mechanism, large conformational changes in RNAP and/or promoter DNA take place, and allosteric communication occurs over large distances. However, the details are not yet understood for λPR or any other promoter. Are these mechanistic steps universal or promoter-specific? Which steps are the most important targets of regulation by promoter sequence, transcription factors, ligands, and solutes? What determines the efficiency of productive or abortive transcription?To address these questions, we have determined the effects of sequence and length variants of the λPR and T7A1 promoters and several RNAP variants on the kinetics of steps of the initiation mechanism. Taken together, our kinetic data suggest that the early and late steps of the mechanism are the most variable. We therefore propose that these steps are the targets of most cis- and trans-acting regulatory factors, while the opening/closing step is relatively unregulated. This is analogous to many enzyme mechanisms in which most regulation of catalytic velocity occurs in the early and late steps rather than the catalytic step itself.
The Role of Social Class in the Formation of Identity: A Study of Public and Elite Private College Students

The authors explored the influence of social class on identity formation in an interview study of 15 lower income students and 15 affluent students from a highly selective liberal arts school and 15 lower income students from a state college. Students ranked occupational goals as 1st in importance to identity and social class as 2nd. The affluent students regarded social class as significantly more important to identity than did the lower income students, were more aware of structural factors contributing to their success, and had higher occupational aspirations. Social class was an area of exploration for half the students, with higher levels of exploration shown by the lower income private school students than by the state college students. Lower income students developed an ideology that rationalized their social class position.
Short communication: High-frequency bed elevation measurements using ultrasonic distance sensors

Abstract Ultrasonic distance sensors can be used to measure changes in bed elevation at high-resolution and frequency. These non-contact sensors have a conservative resolution of ∼0.1 mm and are sufficiently ruggedized to be placed within the saltation layer, without affecting the flow or causing scour. A cross-shore transect of ultrasonic distance sensors was deployed across the backshore and seaward face of a recovering blowout and foredune at Padre Island National Seashore, Texas to demonstrate the ability of these sensors to measure bed elevation change in aeolian environments. Measuring bed elevation at 1 min intervals over 500 h reveals episodic and dramatic changes in bed elevation in response to both onshore and offshore winds. Consistent with pre- and post-surveys, the change in bed elevation ranged from a couple of centimeters at the majority of station to over 26 cm near the foredune crest. Bed elevation change exhibited a weak covariance along the instrumented transect and wavelet analysis reveals a transition from high-frequency changes (every 12–40 h) in the backshore to low-frequency changes (every 120 h) along the seaward face of the foredune. The ability to measure bed elevation at high-frequency and resolution provides an opportunity to improve sediment transport estimates and ultimately relate erosion and deposition to specific transport events.
Reversal of advance liver fibrosis with phlebotomy in a patient with porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatitis C

Reversal of advance liver fibrosis with phlebotomy in a patient with porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatitis C
Reticulocyte counts before and after exercise: trained vs. sedentary.

Reticulocyte count comparisons were made on ten trained and ten sedentary college males before and immediately after heavy exercise and following 15 min of recovery. No significant differences occurred within or between groups; in fact, all means were within the normal range. Previous findings were discussed. It was concluded that a physiologically significant increase in reticulocytes does not occur as a result of exercise or training and therefore can not be a mechanism for increased maximal oxygen uptake.
The Old Institutionalism Meets the New Institutionalism

As key socio-cultural building blocks of human societies, institutions are distinct from organizations and, hence, are central to sociological inquiry. In recent decades, however, institutional analysis has increasingly moved toward the analysis of organizations, while treating “institutions” as the environments or fields of organizations. While the insights offered by contemporary organizational theorists have provided important keys to understanding how organizations, especially economic organizations, adapt to pressures within their environments, the authors argue that the Old Institutionalisms of functional theorizing has much to offer the New Institutionalisms. In this article, the Old Institutionalisms are revisited to construct a precise definition of institutions as well as posit a robust theory of institutional dynamics, a theory which supplements contemporary organizational analysis. Four dynamics stand out: the process of institutional autonomy, the intersection of stratification systems and in...
Anapole dark matter at the LHC

The anapole moment is the only allowed electromagnetic moment for Majorana fermions. Fermionic dark matter acquiring an anapole can have a standard thermal history and be consistent with current direct detection experiments. In this paper, we calculate the collider monojet signatures of anapole dark matter and show that the current LHC results exclude anapole dark matter with mass less than 100 GeV, for an anapole coupling that leads to the correct thermal relic abundance.
Evidence for dispersal of fig seeds by the fruit-eating characid fish Brycon guatemalensis Regan in a Costa Rican tropical rain forest.

Studies were conducted at the La Selva Biological Station in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica and in a greenhouse in California to assess the potential role of a Neotropical fish in dispersing the seeds of a rain forest tree. Feeding experiments showed that the seeds of Ficus glabrata H. B. K., a major, canopy-forming riparian tree, require approximately 18–36 h to pass through the digestive tract of Brycon guatemalensis Regan, an abundant riverine fish whose adult diet consists largely of leaves and fruits of this fig tree. The seeds were still viable after passing through the fish’s gut but germinated somewhat more slowly than seeds that had been left in the fig exposed to air or floated in water. Stem elongation of seedlings from seeds that had passed through the fish’s gut was faster than that of seeds in the other two treatments. Placement of seeds upstream may be more important than enhanced germination for plants such as Ficus that produce large numbers of seeds. Radio telemetry showed that five of six tagged fish had moved distances of 0.1–1 km upstream; seven other fish with transmitters, including three large males, were not relocated and may have moved into tributary streams for spawning or feeding. These findings suggest that Brycon can disperse large numbers of Ficus seeds and help maintain the upstream populations of the tree.
WHAT SCIENCE CAN AND CANNOT OFFER TO A RELIGIOUS NARRATIVE

. A molecular/cell biologist offers perspectives on the contributions that the scientific worldview might and might not make to religious though. It is argued that two essential features of institutionalized religions–their historical context and their supernatural orientation—are not addressed by the sciences, nor can the sciences contribute to the art and ritual that elicit states of faith and transcendence. The sciences have, however, important stories (myths) to offer, stories that have the potential to unify us, to tell us what is sacred, what has meaning, and how we might best proceed.
Recoil Properties of Rare-Earth Nuclides Produced by the Interaction of 28-GeV Protons with Uranium and Gold

The thick-target-thick-catcher technique was used to determine the recoil properties of some rare-earth nuclides produced by the interaction of 28-GeV protons with uranium and gold. Mean momenta derived from this and other experiments are discussed in terms of fission and spallationlike processes. It is concluded that, while fission can account for neutron-rich products from uranium, the momenta of neutron-deficient rare-earth nuclides from both uranium and gold are too low to arise from any conventional fission process. In the mass region below the rare earths, many neutron-deficient isotopes appear to be formed by mixed mechanisms. Only the most neutron-deficient products have momenta as low as those predicted for a spallationlike process. Mean cascade deposition energies, ${E}^{*}$, derived from the forward to backward ratios average 145 MeV for the neutron-deficient rare earths from uranium and 199 MeV for these products from gold. Such low values for gold and the even lower values for uranium cannot be understood in terms of a model for the spallationlike process involving a nucleonic cascade followed by conventional evaporation. Either there is a break-down of the two-step model, e.g. as might be expected if fragment emission is involved, or it is not valid to extrapolate to 28 GeV the momentum-transfer excitation-energy relationship inferred from Monte Carlo calculations at much lower energies.
A new species of Verbesina (Asteraceae) from Gypsum outcrops in southern Nuevo Leon, Mexico

Verbesina hintoniorum, an endemic gypsophile belonging to the sect.Saubinetia, is described from south-central Nuevo Leon. Only two collection sites are known, both from gypsum outcrops about Cerro Potosi.
Specific Heats of Au and Au Sn at Low Temperatures

Specific heats of high-purity Au and $\mathrm{Au}\mathrm{Sn}$ alloys have been measured between 2 and 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The electronic coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rises strongly with tin concentration; expressed in terms of electron concentration $\frac{e}{a}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=(0.730\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007)+(0.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08)(\frac{e}{a}\ensuremath{-}1)$ mJ ${\mathrm{mole}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-phase $\mathrm{Au}\mathrm{Sn}$. Hence a rise of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ with $\frac{e}{a}$ is a universal characteristic of noble metals alloyed with polyvalent nontransition elements, and this slope appears to depend on the solute/solvent mass ratio. The lattice contribution has the form $A{T}^{3}+B{T}^{5}$. For Au, the Debye temperature ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}$ (at $T=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K) is 162.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, while $B$ is - (1.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ mJ ${\mathrm{mole}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. With increasing Sn concentration, ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}$ falls and $B$ rises. Current theory does not seem to account for these trends.
The Correlates of War Data On War: an Update To 1997

The shifting nature of international conflict has prompted a rethinking of the Correlates of War Project's classification of wars. This research note describes the new expanded war typology and the resultant three war data sets. Lists of the qualifying wars in the inter-state, extra-state, and intra-state categories during the 1816-1997 period are appended.
Raman Spectroscopy and Virus Research

A survey is given of developments leading to the application of laser-Raman spectroscopy in structural studies of viruses and model nucleoproteins. The major constituents of viruses-nucleic acid and protein molecules–exhibit Raman spectra which differ greatly from one another, both in the spectral ranges that contain vibrational frequencies of conformational interest and in the relative intensities of Raman scattering of their respective subgroups. These features, not common to the infrared spectra, allow laser-Raman spectroscopy to be exploited for the study of viral assembly and nucleoprotein interactions. Examples considered here are the RNA-containing virus MS2, the DNA-containing viruses Pfl and fd, and the complex of polylysine with DNA.
Spatial nonlinearities of gray-scale CRT pixels

We measured the overall luminance, the luminance profile of individual pixels, and the interactions among neighboring pixels of a grayscale (i.e., non-color) CRT, using a two- dimensional CCD camera. We find that the luminance of a pixel depends on the luminance of the two preceding pixels in the raster, and that the interaction results in superadditivity. Furthermore, the luminance of a pixel depends on the proportion of the screen illuminated. Two consequences of these nonlinearities are that average luminance (as in a halftone image) cannot be predicted from the linear summation of individual pixel spread functions, and that inverting the polarity of a display does not simply invert the luminance profiles. These interactions must be taken into account wherever the luminance profile of displayed stimuli is important.
Oxidation of [(cyclic triamine)(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium]+ cations by hydrogen peroxide forms metallaoxetanes

Iridaoxetane 3 formed by oxidation of 1 with aqueous H2O2 is isolated and characterized, providing a rare example of formation of a metallaoxetane by direct oxidation of a metal–alkene complex.
13C magnetic relaxation rate studies of chloroform

Abstract The temperature dependence of 13 C spin-lattice ( R 1 ) and spin-spin ( R 2 ) relaxation rates has been studied for 60% enriched chloroform. R 1 is dominated by the intra -molecular dipole-dipole interaction with the proton, and R 2 by scalar coupling to the chlorine nuclei. The activation energies associated with the anisotropic molecular motion, and the rotational diffusion constant, D ⊥ , were obtained from the 13 C relaxation data and found to agree well with those obtained from deuterium and chlorine relaxation studies (1). The carbon-chlorine scalar coupling constant, J cc1 = 23.3 ± 0.8 Hz, was obtained from the difference between R 2 and R 1 .