cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The CP-FTMW spectrum of bromoperfluoroacetone

Abstract The microwave spectrum of bromoperfluoroacetone has been observed and reported for the first time on a newly constructed CP-FTMW spectrometer located at Missouri S&T operational in the 6–18 GHz region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and all components of the nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor were determined for both the 79 and 81 isotopologues of bromine and have been reported. The spectrum is densely populated with transitions and the need for the more accurate theory of W.C. Bailey was needed for adequate assignment of >2000 transitions. Included in the spectrum were dipole forbidden Δ J = 2 and x-type transitions. Second moments and Kraitchman position of the bromine have been presented to help identify the experimental structure. Quadrupole coupling tensor analyses were carried out to show that the electric field gradient in bromine changes dramatically upon fluorination when compared to its chlorine counterpart. Also, this change represents an increase in the electric field gradient, suggesting more covalent C-Br bonding. Dipole forbidden transitions have been observed and found to be always linked through a dipole allowed transition, but are not necessarily linked through one singular off-diagonal term. Notably, a select few of the dipole forbidden transitions are facilitated through a third mixing state not previously found in the literature.
Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of the L-THIA-LID 2.1 Model

Sensitivity analysis of a model can identify key variables affecting the performance of the model. Uncertainty analysis is an essential indicator of the precision of the model. In this study, the sensitivity and uncertainty of the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment-Low Impact Development 2.1 (L-THIA-LID 2.1) model in estimating runoff and water quality were analyzed in an urbanized watershed in central Indiana, USA, using Sobol′‘s global sensitivity analysis method and the bootstrap method, respectively. When estimating runoff volume and pollutant loads for the case in which no best management practices (BMPs) and no low impact development (LID) practices were implemented, CN (Curve Number) was the most sensitive variable and the most important variable when calibrating the model before implementing practices. When predicting water quantity and quality with varying levels of BMPs and LID practices implemented, Ratio_r (Practice outflow runoff volume/inflow runoff volume) was the most sensitive variable and therefore the most important variable to calibrate the model with practices implemented. The output uncertainty bounds before implementing BMPs and LID practices were relatively large, while the uncertainty ranges of model outputs with practices implemented were relatively small. The limited observed data in the same study area and results from other urban watersheds in scientific literature were either well within or close to the uncertainty ranges determined in this study, indicating the L-THIA-LID 2.1 model has good precision.
The Development of International Comparative Child and Family Policies

In the decades following Kamerman and Kahn’s observations, the field of comparative child and family policy blossomed in both the industrialized and developing world. Today, child and family policies are an essential component of most countries social welfare schemes, though the scope, types of benefits and the allocation of resources vary widely. There is growing attention paid to evidence-based childcentered comparative research in both the industrialized and developing parts of the world and on the transferability of policies from one country to another. Interest in the portability of policies is not only among like-developed countries, but also from developed to developing countries and the visa-versa.
Enforcing Order: An Ethnography of Urban Policing. By Didier Fassin. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2013. 320 pp. $69.95 cloth, $29.95 paper.

Enforcing Order: An Ethnography of Urban Policing. By Didier Fassin. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2013. 320 pp. $69.95 cloth, $29.95 paper.This fascinating book examines the punitive French police practices that triggered widespread rioting in French cities in 2005. Based on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted at the time of those rebellions, the analysis reveals how police officers justified their practices and why the people subjected to these practices so deeply resented them. The analysis has wide relevance beyond the French context.The author focuses on particular "situations," a concept similar in some ways to the police-civilian "encounter" that is the subject of many U.S. studies, but with special attention to participants' understanding of "what is it that's going on here?" (p. 148, quoting Goffman). What is going on is intense, ongoing stopping, identity checking, and frisking. Fassin shows that the meaning of these practices amounts to deliberate humiliation of young racial minority men that is justified by an understanding of these targets as a foreign and dangerous element. This ongoing humiliation serves to enforce these youths' subordination in a hierarchical social order.The police studied by Fassin are mainly young working class white men from small towns assigned to the poor racial minority banlieues (suburbs). From politicians' rhetoric and police training they learn that they must use extraordinary measures to bring order to an alien "jungle" rife with violent crime. Their official insignias express this targeting: one is a rifle-scope cross-hairs centered on a high-rise public housing project. Ironically, rates of violent crime are down in France as in other industrialized countries, and so the French anticrime squads patrol in boredom, waiting long hours for the rare emergency call. Lacking the need to respond to crime, they make "proactive" stops ostensibly aimed at preventing it. They target young men, singly or in groups, demand identity papers and make frisks. Needing to make arrests to show that they are doing their job, they arrest for trivial offenses. Often these arrests seem remarkably perverse: the adolescent boy sitting with friends on his apartment's stoop, arrested for failing to bring his identity papers that he says he can retrieve from his apartment if only allowed to do this, or the young man arrested for responding to a provocation deliberately aimed at achieving this result.Although the police occasionally beat people, Fassin observes that the meaning of violence extends deeper and beyond the physical act. It takes the form of what he calls "moral violence," or the deliberate, almost sadistic humiliation, both of those physically beaten and those who, while not touched, are cruelly degraded. In nearly every stop the police cast insults, often pushing the point painfully and deeply, "to institute a relationship of abasement and mortification" (p. …
A 0.7-V 0.6- $\mu \text{W}$ 100-kS/s Low-Power SAR ADC With Statistical Estimation-Based Noise Reduction

This paper presents a power-efficient noise reduction technique for successive approximation register analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) based on the statistical estimation theory. It suppresses both comparator noise and quantization error by accurately estimating the ADC conversion residue. It allows a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to be achieved with a noisy low-power comparator and a relatively low resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The proposed technique has low hardware complexity, requiring no change to the standard ADC operation except for repeating the least significant bit (LSB) comparisons. Three estimation schemes are studied and the optimal Bayes estimator is chosen for a prototype 11-b ADC in 65-nm CMOS. The measured SNR is improved by 7 dB with the proposed noise reduction technique. Overall, it achieves 10.5-b effective number of bits while operating at 100 kS/s and consuming $0.6~\mu \text{W}$ from a 0.7-V power supply.
A Meta-Analysis of the Challenge-Hindrance Framework at the Intersection of Work and Family

We propose the Challenge-Hindrance (C-H) framework of occupational stress (Cavanaugh, Bowell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000) as a novel theoretical lens for explaining the relationships between job de...
Electron-emission materials: Advances, applications, and models

Electron emission represents the key mechanism enabling the development of devices that have revolutionized modern science and technology. Today, science still relies on advanced electron-emission devices for imaging, electronics, sensing, and high-energy physics. New generations of emission devices are continuously being improved based on innovative materials and the introduction of novel physical concepts. Recent advances are highlighted by emerging low-work-function and low-dimensional materials with unusual electronic and thermal properties. Nanotubes, nanowires, graphene, and electron-emission models are discussed in this issue, as well as original mechanisms, such as the thermoelectronic effect, thermionic emission, and heat trap processes. Advances in electron-emission materials and physics are driving a renaissance in the field, both opening up new applications, such as energy conversion and ultrafast electronics, as well as improving traditional applications in electron imaging and high-energy science.
Moderate Alcohol and Tobacco Use During Pregnancy and Child Behavior Outcomes

The goal of this study was to investigate low to moderate intrauterine exposure to alcohol and tobacco and possible behavioral consequences for children. A sample of ninety-eight young mothers were interviewed and their self-reports of substance use during pregnancy and perceived problem behaviors in their children (ages infancy to 12) were examined. Findings suggest significant differences between perceived problem behaviors by children of mothers who used low to moderate amounts of alcohol and tobacco while pregnant and children of mothers who had not used these substances. This offers important implications for prevention programs for young women.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Circuitry in the Brain – Relevance for Affective Disorders and Anxiety

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41 amino acid peptide (i.e., small protein) that plays an integral role in modulating the stress response in humans. CRF was first isolated for its role in regulating pituitaryadrenal axis activity by modulating the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. ACTH in turn stimulates the production and release of cortisol (the primary glucocorticoid in humans) from the adrenal cortex. Subsequently, a more widespread role for CRF in coordinating the stress response has been described.
Selfishly Benevolent or Benevolently Selfish: Framing Effects in Prosocial Behavior

Existing research shows that appeals to self-interest sometimes increase and sometimes decrease prosocial behavior. We propose that this inconsistency is in part due to how these appeals are framed...
Giant periosteal aggressive epithelioid osteoblastoma: 21-year-old male presents case in the midshaft of his femur

We report a rare case of giant periosteal osteoblastoma in the femur of a 21-year-old male. The patient presented with a painful, firm, non-tender mass in his left thigh. The pain was worse at night and was temporarily relieved with NSAIDS. He had no fevers, night sweats, or weight loss. The patient underwent preoperative radiological studies including plain radiographs, MRI, bone scan, and CT scan. An open biopsy was subsequently performed that was consistent with an aggressive, epithelioid osteoblastoma. Pathology demonstrated a neoplasm characterized by cohesive sheets of epithelioid osteoblasts, mixed with areas of conventional osteoblastoma displaying prominent osteoblastic rimming of woven bone trabeculae in a fibrovascular stroma. The patient subsequently underwent resection, cryosurgery, fixation, and bone grafting with cortical strut allografts. At final follow-up, 32 months postoperatively, there was no evidence of local recurrence. The patient had resumed all his normal activities. He could run without pain and had no restrictions with activities. The goal of this case report is to aid professionals in the diagnosis and treatment of highly uncommon aggressive osteoblastomas.
A new approach for the quantification of mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in prostate cancer cells

126 As a gold standard for quantification of starting amounts of nucleic acids, real-time PCR is increasingly used in quantitative analysis of mtDNA copy number in medical research. However, the effect of supercoiling on real-time PCR has not been reported. Using supercoiled plasmid DNA and mtDNA modified both in vitro and in cancer cells, we demonstrated that conformational changes in supercoiled DNA have profound influence on real-time PCR quantification. We showed that real-time PCR signal is a positive function of the relaxed forms (open circular and/or linear) rather than the supercoiled form of DNA, and that the conformation transitions mediated by DNA strand breaks are the main basis for sensitive detection of the relaxed DNA. This new finding was then used for sensitive detection of structure-mediated mtDNA damage and repair in stressed prostate cancer cells, and for accurate quantification of total mtDNA copy number when all supercoiled DNA is converted into the relaxed forms using a prior heat-denaturation step. The new approach demonstrated a dynamic mtDNA response to oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells, which involves not only early structural damage and repair but also sustained copy number reduction induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Further analysis of two isogenic prostate cancer cell lines with increasing metastatic potential ( i.e. LNCaP versus C4-2) revealed differential responses to oxidative damage. The C4-2 cell, an androgen-independent and highly metastatic variant, exhibited increased sensitive to H 2 O 2 -induced mtDNA damage than its parental LNCaP cells. The new findings support the notion that invasive prostate cancers are more susceptible to further oxidative injury probably due to a compromised antioxidant defense or an enhanced level of endogenous ROS production, and may offer new strategies for prostate cancer detection and therapy.
Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanofibers/silicon film with honeycomb structure as integrated anode electrode for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Silicon is considered to be one of the most promising substitutes for tradition graphite anode due to its highest theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh g−1) in nature. However, the poor electronic conductivity and huge volume change during lithiation/delithiation process cause serious electrode polarization and the active particle cracking, resulting in significant capacity fading and therefore greatly limit their commercial application. Herein, we report a novel method—electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to prepare the CNFs/Si film with honeycomb structure as an integrated anode electrode without additional binders and conductive agents. The electrode film can be formed by the codeposition of CNFs and Si nanospheres onto the copper foil. Moreover, lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7) has been proved to play a critical role on the structure and morphology of the electrode by influencing the migration rate and double electric layer of charged particles during the EPD process. As a result, the CNFs/Si electrode with nanosized Si particles homogeneously distributed in the CNFs matrix prepared by EPD method exhibits excellent capacity retention with a reversible capacity of 670 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 400 mA g−1 and good rate performance.
Management of the Cop21 Policies: What is Lacking in the Cop21 Project

Abrupt climate change is a reformulation of climate change theory that must be taken seriously. Building upon the speedy melting of the Arctic, the emergence of massive methane emissions and constantly increasing Keeling curve, the time span for global warming has been considerably reduced. This calls for a strong policy response from global coordination efforts in order to avoid Hawking irreversibly time point. Thus far, the UN bodies have done investigations into and conferences onto climate change. Faced with abrupt climate change, rapid policy implementation and management is the priority.
ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA FROM THE SMS/GOES SATELLITE

SUMMARY The first Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) was launched May 17, 1974; the second, February 6, 1975. Thus, at this time, some 23 months of satellite operational experience have been acquired on the SMS system. The current phase of the SMS program consists in the development of techniques which adapt the satellite data to the needs of the eventual user – the operational meteorologist. This paper describes the data obtained from the two SMS/GOES satellites now in orbit and certain uses of these data by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in conjunction with its operational National Weather Service. In addition, this paper discusses a data acquisition station and minimal data processing equipment appropriate for regional users without access to NOAA's weather network. This equipment will enable regional users to incorporate SMS data into regional operational systems. Potential uses of these data are also discussed.
Merritt, H. Houston

Houston Merritt (1902–79) was a great clinical neurologist. Early in his career, he published a monograph on the clinical value of examining the cerebrospinal fluid, and another on the diverse manifestations of neurosyphilis, then a common disease. Partnering with Tracy Putnam, he did experiments on cats that led to the introduction of phenytoin (Dilantin) as one of the first effective and safe anticonvulsant drugs. He headed several neurology departments, first at Harvard and later at Columbia University and the New York Neurological Institute. Forty five of his students became chiefs of neurology departments in the United States.
Synopsis moderner Tumortherapie mit molekularbiologischen Verfahren

Die Therapie gastrointestinaler Karzinome basiert derzeit in erster Linie auf der chirurgischen Entfernung des Primartumors bzw. bereits etablierter Metastasen. Eine entscheidende Verbesserung der Funf-Jahres-Uberlebensraten bzw. eine wirkliche Heilung bei fortgeschrittenen Tumoren ist auch nach chirurgischer R0-Resektion nur dann zu erwarten, wenn rechtzeitig adjuvante Therapiekonzepte zum Einsatz kommen. Diese konnen heute mit groser Aussicht auf Erfolg auf der Grundlage neuer molekularbiologischer Erkenntnisse uber die erhohte Proliferation, die verringerte Apoptosefahigkeit, die Dissemination und die Mechanismen des invasiven Wachstums maligner Zellen erarbeitet werden.
Testing the Dividend Pricing Hypothesis in Housing Markets: the Role of Risk

Tests of the dividend pricing hypothesis (DPH) applied to housing have stud- ied the trade-obetween the capitalization rate (CAP rate) and subsequent house price appreciation. Even allowing for the fact that actual appreciation does not equal expected appreciation, evidence for the DPH is not strong. This research has included an implicit assumption that risks associated with housing investment are common across housing markets. In addition, many previous tests have used the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Rental Index to construct the CAP rate although recent research by Ambrose, Coulson and Yoshida (2013) has questioned this data. We use the American Housing Survey to construct estimates of the CAP rate which is then combined with standard appreciation measures to estimate total return and its variance over time for larger U.S. MSAs. Adding risk measures to a test of the DPH produces results consistent with the DPH. However, when the BLS Rent Index is used to measure CAP rates and risk, the results are not consistent with DPH. Overall, it appears that using statistically constructed estimates of the CAP rate and adding variance in total return to tests of the DPH produces far stronger results than those obtained in previous studies.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Using Long Absorption Path Lengths and a Demountable Hollow Cathode Lamp

Long absorption path lengths are obtained by directing the flame from a Beckman atom-izer-burner through a quartz tube as suggested by Fuwa and Vallee. This method and modifications of it are used for the determination of Bi, Cd, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl, and Zn in tissues, body fluids, and other samples. Concentrations giving 1% absorption are as low as 0,001 μg/ml for several elements. Solutions of tissue ash are analyzed for Cd, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn without chemical separations. Both oxy-hydrogen and oxy-acetylene flames are used and will be compared. Organic solvents provide greater sensitivity than aqueous solutions for some elements. A demountable hollow cathode lamp is used as a light source. This lamp has a water-cooled cathode and allows rapid changing of elements in a single base. Cathodes for new elements can be prepared quickly and at a very low cost. This source compares favorably in brightness, stability, and sensitivity (line width) with commercial sealed lamps.
The Impact of Quality Perception and Consumer Valuation Change on Manufacturer's Optimal Warranty, Pricing, and Market Coverage Strategies

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Li, K., Wang, L., Chhajed, D. and Mallik, S. (2019), The Impact of Quality Perception and Consumer Valuation Change on Manufacturer's Optimal Warranty, Pricing, and Market Coverage Strategies. Decision Sciences, 50: 311-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12331, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12331. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited.
Evaluation Of Normal and Pathologic Ureteral Dynamics: Comparison of a Radioisotopic Method with Ureteral Pressure/Flow Perfusion Study

Abstract The ureteral pressure/flow perfusion study has lately been repopularized and its use demonstrated in many forms of suspected obstructive uropathy. The present study was undertaken to compare the ureteral pressure/flow perfusion study with a radioisotopic method of investigating ureteral obstruction. The 2 methods were evaluated with a mongrel canine laboratory model. Both diagnostic modalities were employed concomitantly on intact renoureteral units; first with the ureter unobstructed, then after submission to varying degrees of ureteral occlusion. Analysis of data from these studies shows that the curve pattern produced by the computer generated 99m Tc-DTPA renogram is as accurate as ureteral pressure/flow perfusion study in determining the presence and degree of ureteral obstruction.
Lysosome-Rich Enterocytes Mediate Protein Absorption in the Vertebrate Gut

The guts of neonatal mammals and stomachless fish have a limited capacity for luminal protein digestion, which allows oral acquisition of antibodies and antigens. However, how dietary protein is absorbed during critical developmental stages when the gut is still immature is unknown. Here, we show that specialized intestinal cells, which we call lysosome-rich enterocytes (LREs), internalize dietary protein via receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis for intracellular digestion and trans-cellular transport. In LREs, we identify a conserved endocytic machinery, composed of the scavenger receptor complex Cubilin/Amnionless and Dab2, that is required for protein uptake by LREs and for growth and survival of larval zebrafish. Moreover, impairing LRE function in suckling mice, via conditional deletion of Dab2, leads to stunted growth and severe protein malnutrition reminiscent of kwashiorkor, a devastating human malnutrition syndrome. These findings identify digestive functions and conserved molecular mechanisms in LREs that are crucial for vertebrate growth and survival.
Young First-Time Mothers’ Parenting of Infants: The Role of Depression and Social Support

This study examines the contributions of social support and depressive symptoms on sensitive parenting behaviors, parenting attitudes and parenting stress among first-time young mothers. Additionally, the study tests the moderating role of depression in associations between various types and sources of social support and parenting outcomes. Young (M = 17.4 years), low-income, African American mothers (n = 192) were interviewed and video-recorded interacting with their 4-month-old infants. Regression analyses showed that depressive symptoms (CES-D) were associated with less sensitivity observed during mother–infant interactions, less sensitive attitudes (AAPI) and greater parenting stress (PSI), but the role of social support was more nuanced. Direct infant care support from the mother’s parent figure (typically her own mother) was related to more sensitive parenting behaviors and attitudes, while general support and direct infant care support from the father of the baby were related to reduced parenting stress. Depressive symptoms moderated the relationship between general support from the parent figure and parenting outcomes. Specifically, higher levels of general support contributed to more sensitive maternal behaviors and attitudes only when depressive symptoms were low. For young mothers, their parent figure and the father of the baby can be important sources of support in promoting positive parenting and reducing parenting stress. Young mothers with depression, however, are at risk for problematic parenting and may have difficulty taking advantage of the support offered by their parent figure.
Kinetic Isotope Effects: Interpretation and Prediction Using Degrees of Rate Control

Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) have been used for decades in catalysis research as a tool for clarifying reaction mechanisms. Significant primary kinetic isotope effects have usually been interpret...
Cp 2 Mg-induced transition metal ion contamination and performance loss in MOCVD-grown blue emitting InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells

The detrimental effects of Cp 2 Mg-induced trace transition metal (iron and manganese) contamination on the optical performance of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown blue-emitting InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are investigated experimentally. Five samples are grown at various stages of conditioning of a freshly installed MOCVD tool with stainless steel gas lines. Without conditioning, Cp 2 Mg flow induced Fe and Mn impurities with concentrations of 3 × 10 15 and 3 × 10 14 cm−3, respectively. These contaminants introduce nonradiative recombination centers with lifetimes on the order of nanoseconds. These impurities also induce indium-clustering related phenomena such as low energy shoulder at low temperature and a strong S-curve shift in emission energy with increasing temperature. Through successive cycles of chamber conditioning, the Fe and Mn concentrations decrease to below their detection limits, and the nonradiative recombination lifetime (+8 ns), internal quantum efficiency (+26%), microphotoluminescence nonuniformity (−4.7%), and S-curve shift (−26 meV) of the MQWs improved. The suppression of the transition metal ion contamination in the MOCVD chamber is shown to be crucial for high performance MQWs and blue light emitting diode growths.
New Insights Into Understanding Rotor Versus Focal Activation in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Abstract Objectives This study was to test the hypotheses that: 1) when using phase analysis, repetitive Wannabe re-entry produces a phase singularity point (i.e., a rotor); and 2) the location of the stable rotor is close to the focal source. Background Recent contact mapping studies in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) demonstrated that phase analysis produced a different mechanistic result than classical activation sequence analysis. Our studies in patients with persistent AF showed that focal sources sometimes produced repetitive Wannabe re-entry, that is, incomplete re-entry. Methods During open heart surgery, we recorded activation from both atria simultaneously using 510 to 512 electrodes in 12 patients with persistent AF. We performed activation sequence mapping and phase analyses on 4 s of mapped data. For each detected stable rotor (>2 full rotations [720°] recurring at the same site), the corresponding activation patterns were examined from the activation sequence maps. Results During AF, phase singularity points (rotors) were identified in both atria in all patients. However, stable phase singularity points were only present in 6 of 12 patients. The range of stable phase singularity points per patient was 0 to 6 (total 14). Stable phase singularity points were produced due to repetitive Wannabe re-entry generated from a focal source or by passive activation. A conduction block sometimes created a stable phase singularity point (n = 2). The average distance between a focal source and a stable rotor was 0.9 ± 0.3 cm. Conclusions Repetitive Wannabe re-entry generated stable rotors adjacent to a focal source. No true re-entry occurred.
Vertical fluxes conditioned on vorticity and strain reveal submesoscale ventilation

It has been hypothesized that submesoscale flows play an important role in the vertical transport of climatically important tracers, due to their strong associated vertical velocities. However, the multi-scale, non-linear and Lagrangian nature of transport makes it challenging to attribute proportions of the tracer fluxes to certain processes, scales, regions or features. Here we show that criteria based on the surface vorticity and strain joint probability distribution function (JPDF) effectively decomposes the surface velocity field into distinguishable flow regions, which roughly correspond to flow features like fronts and eddies. The JPDF has a distinct shape, and approximately parses the flow into different scales, as stronger velocity gradients are usually associated with smaller scales. Conditioning the vertical tracer transport on the vorticity-strain JPDF can therefore help to attribute the transport to different types of flows and scales. Applied to a set of idealized Antarctic Circumpolar Current simulations that vary only in horizontal resolution, this diagnostic approach demonstrates that small-scale strain dominated regions that are generally associated with submesoscale fronts, despite their minuscule spatial footprint, play an outsized role in exchanging tracers across the mixed layer base, and are an important contributor to the large-scale tracer budgets. Resolving these flows not only adds extra flux at the small-scales, but also enhances the flux due the larger scales.
Simultaneous directional full-field OCT using path-length and carrier multiplexing

Full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (FF-SS-OCT) is an emerging technology with potential applications in ophthalmic imaging, microscopy, metrology, and other domains. Here we demonstrate a novel method of multiplexing FF-SS-OCT signals using carrier modulation (CM). The principle of CM could be used to inspect various properties of the scattered light, e.g. its spectrum, polarization, Doppler shift, or distribution in the pupil. The last of these will be explored in this work, where CM was used to acquire images passing through two different optical pupils. The two pupils contained semicircular optical windows with perpendicular orientations, with each window permitting measurement of scattering anisotropy in one dimension by inducing an optical delay between the images formed by the two halves of the pupil. Together, the two forms of multiplexing permit measurement of differential scattering anisotropy in the x and y dimensions simultaneously. To demonstrate the feasibility of this technique our carrier multiplexed directional FF-OCT (CM-D-FF-OCT) system was used to acquire images of a microlens array, human hair, onion skin and in vivo human retina. The results of these studies are presented and briefly discussed in the context of future development and application of this technique.
Discerning Mouse Trajectory Features With the Drift Diffusion Model

Mouse tracking, a new action-based measure of behavior, has advanced theories of decision making with the notion that cognitive and social decision making is fundamentally dynamic. Implicit in this theory is that people's decision strategies, such as discounting delayed rewards, are stable over task design and that mouse trajectory features correspond to specific segments of decision making. By applying the hierarchical drift diffusion model and the Bayesian delay discounting model, we tested these assumptions. Specifically, we investigated the extent to which the "mouse-tracking" design of decision-making tasks (delay discounting task, DDT and stop-signal task, SST) deviate from the standard "keypress" design of decision making tasks. We found remarkable agreement in delay discounting rates (intertemporal impatience) obtained in the keypress and mouse-tracking versions of DDT (ρ = 0.90) even though these tasks were given about 1 week apart. Rates of evidence accumulation converged well in the two versions (DDT, ρ = .86; SST, ρ = .55). Omission/commission error in SST showed high agreement (ρ = .42, ρ = .53). Mouse-motion features such as maximum velocity and AUC (area under the curve) correlated well with nondecision time (ρ = -.42) and boundary separation (ρ = .44)-the amount of information needed to accumulate prior to making a response. These results indicate that the response time (RT) and motion-based decision tasks converge well at a fundamental level, and that mouse-tracking features such as AUC and maximum velocity do indicate the degree of decision conflict and impulsivity.
A Perspective-Taking Manipulation Leads to Greater Empathy and Less Pain During the Cold Pressor Task

Abstract The objectives of this study were to demonstrate that empathy and validation could be increased in an observing partner who received a brief perspective-taking manipulation, resulting in less pain severity and greater pain tolerance in their partner, who experienced experimental pain. In addition, we examined the correlations between perceived empathy/validation and behavioral ratings of validation and invalidation. In 126 pain-free romantic couples, 1 partner was randomly assigned to complete the cold pressor task while the other observed. The couples were randomly assigned to a) a perspective-taking group in which observing partners were privately instructed to take the perspective of the pain participant; or b) a control group in which observing partners received only a description of the task. Compared with the control group, pain participants in the perspective-taking group reported that observing partners had been more validating during the task and they also reported significantly lower pain severity. In addition, pain participants' reports of their partners' validation and observing partners' self-reported empathic feelings were significantly related to lower pain severity over time. The results provide support that perspective taking may induce empathic feelings, in addition to perceptions of validation, which in turn promotes emotion regulation during pain. Perspective The experimental evidence in this study suggests that empathic feelings can be induced in significant others with simple instructions, and this manipulation leads to less pain in their partners undergoing a painful task. The results suggest that perspective taking, empathy, and validation should be further investigated as pain intervention targets.
Social Media, Internet, and Corruption

In this paper we study the relationship between multi-way means of communication and corruption. Unlike traditional platforms like TV or print media, which only provide a one-way channel of communication, the internet and social media platforms provide for two-way flow of information. Using Facebook as a proxy for social media, we show that Facebook penetration and corruption are negatively associated. The same holds for internet penetration. We then exploit variations in cross-country technological adoption in the field of communication in 1500 AD to address endogeneity concerns. We show that internet penetration and Facebook penetration have a causal and negative impact on corruption. Our results also suggest that these effects are sizable making them effective tools against corruption.
Aristotle and Principlism in Bioethics

Principlism, a most prominent approach in bioethics, has been criticized for lacking an underlying moral theory. We propose that the four principles of principlism can be related to the four traditional cardinal virtues. These virtues appear prominently in Plato's Republic and in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. We show how this connection can be made. In this way principlism has its own compelling ethical basis.
Caffeine inhibits gene conversion by displacing Rad51 from ssDNA

Efficient repair of chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination relies on the formation of a Rad51 recombinase filament that forms on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) created at DSB ends. This filament facilitates the search for a homologous donor sequence and promotes strand invasion. Recently caffeine treatment has been shown to prevent gene targeting in mammalian cells by increasing non-productive Rad51 interactions between the DSB and random regions of the genome. Here we show that caffeine treatment prevents gene conversion in yeast, independently of its inhibition of the Mec1(ATR)/Tel1(ATM)-dependent DNA damage response or caffeine's inhibition of 5' to 3' resection of DSB ends. Caffeine treatment results in a dosage-dependent eviction of Rad51 from ssDNA. Gene conversion is impaired even at low concentrations of caffeine, where there is no discernible dismantling of the Rad51 filament. Loss of the Rad51 filament integrity is independent of Srs2's Rad51 filament dismantling activity or Rad51's ATPase activity and does not depend on non-specific Rad51 binding to undamaged double-stranded DNA. Caffeine treatment had similar effects on irradiated HeLa cells, promoting loss of previously assembled Rad51 foci. We conclude that caffeine treatment can disrupt gene conversion by disrupting Rad51 filaments.
Externally pumped polarization-preserving phase conjugator

We demonstrate an externally pumped phase conjugator that preserves polarization on reflection and does not exhibit the frequency shift present in self-pumped phase conjugators. Our results show that for linearly polarized incident light the phase-conjugate reflection reproduces the angle of polarization to within the experimental error of 1%. For circularly polarized incident light, our results show that the helicity of polarization is preserved on reflection.
Leadership and Governance

Healthcare organizations such as medical practices, clinics, and hospitals operate with a set of principles or foundation blocks. These principles are normally part of the vision and mission statements of a company. The mission and vision chart the course of action in day-to-day operations and future business planning and development. Leadership is then called upon to implement these principles and guide your organization to be successful in its mission. Strong leadership in any business setting is critical to the success of that organization. These leaders will perform their functions in different leadership styles, but all leaders need to learn how to be good. Some may argue that some leaders are born and some leaders are created. In reality, this is a mixture of both, but in any case, all good leaders need to learn the fundamentals of leadership and then continually educate themselves and learn from experiences to be a better leader in the future. John F. Kennedy once said, “Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other.” Governance is how the leadership and the company are organized. There are different types of governance structure, depending on the size and type of organization. Hospital systems will have a board of directors as their governance, while a small medical practice may just have the physician as the president of the company and a less structured governance system. The governance team, the mission and vision of the hospital, and the leadership team must all be in sync together to be a successful organization.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part V - Pleadings in Special Proceedings

This article, the fifth in a series on drafting pleadings, covers special proceedings in New York.
A commentary on Micah Bregman et al.: A method for testing synchronization to a musical beat in domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus)

This commentary provides additional information related to equines and suggestions for strengthening the proposed protocol for testing synchronization to a musical beat in this species.
Abstract 4934: Up-regulation of microRNA-21 correlates with lower survival of kidney cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL MicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in a variety of cancers, such as breast, colorectal, lung, head and neck, etc. However, the regulation of miR-21 in kidney cancer has not yet been studied systematically. We measured miR-21 levels in 40 pairs of kidney cancers and their normal matched tissues by real-time PCR. In 36 cases (90%), miR-21 was increased (ratios of miR-21 levels in tumors to normal tissues T/N were greater than 1.5). The expression level of miR-21 was correlated with 5 year survival and the stage of the patients. For patients with low miR-21 expression, all survived 5 years after the operation, while in case of high miR-21 expression, only 59% survived. In groups of patients having low expression (T/N 10), the percent of early stage (Stage I) decreased: 100%, 76% and 43%, respectively. To study the biological effect of miR-21 up-regulation, a kidney cancer cell line A498 was transfected with miR-21 anti-miRNA inhibitor. The miR-21 level was reduced by more than 99%, as compared to the negative control. Flow cytometry analysis of the cell cycle showed a significant increase in G0/G1 phase (9.1%), with a concomitant reduction in the G2/M phase (6.8%), indicating that the forced reduction of miR-21 expression in A498 cells could inhibit the cell growth and cause G0/G1 arrest. Apoptosis assay using flow cytometry showed a significant increase in the number of total apoptotic cells in the miR-21 anti-miRNA inhibitor transfected cells as compared to the negative control. MiR-21 gene was mapped to chromosome 17q23, and increased copy numbers of this section, which includes oncogenes like erb-B2/HER-2, RPS6KB1, etc., were frequently present in cancers. We compared the miR-21 expression levels with the amplification of this section in 30 cancer cell lines, including 5 kidney cancer, 6 breast cancer, 15 colorectal cancer, 3 prostate cancer, and 1 bladder cancer. We observed a significant correlation between the amplification of 17q and high miR-21 expression. In conclusion, the up-regulated miR-21 in kidney cancer could be used as a tumor marker for diagnosis. The inhibition of miR-21 and/or its adjacent oncogenic genes may prove to be useful in controlling cancers with up-regulated miR-21. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4934. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4934
Mirror and grating surface figure requirements for grazing incidence synchrotron radiation beam lines: Power loading effects

Abstract At present, grazing incidence mirrors are used almost exclusively as the first optical element in VUV and soft X-ray synchrotron radiation beam lines. The performance of these mirrors is determined by thermal and mechanical stress-induced figure errors as well as by figure errors remaining from the grinding and polishing process. With the advent of VUV and soft X-ray undulators and wigglers has come a new set of thermal stress problems related to both the magnitude and the spatial distribution of power from these devices. In many cases the power load on the entrance slits and gratings in these beam lines is no longer negligible. The dependence of thermally-induced front-end mirror figure errors on various storage ring and insertion device parameters (especially those at the NSLS) and the effects of these figure errors on a class of soft X-ray beam lines are presented.
Engineering person-thing orientation: Comparisons between first-year students and practicing engineers with implications for retention and professional placement

Academics, industrial leaders, and policy makers seem to agree that the United States can improve its ability to attract and retain engineering talent. Efforts aimed at addressing this need vary broadly from increasing the public's awareness of the problem, to re-framing the identity of engineering, de-emphasizing its less glamorous aspects, and orienting engineering's future toward solving the world's greatest problems facing humanity. In doing so, it is suggested that engineering would be a more appealing profession to groups that are historically under-represented. The fundamental assumption of these efforts is that an improved image of engineering as a socially engaged helper of humanity will result in greater initial and prolonged interest in engineering. Research investigating engineering as a profession has found few examples of specific engineering disciplines considered socially sensitive. This may suggest engineering is a career choice better aligned with individuals who prefer working with things rather than people. This exploratory study will utilize the Graziano, Habashi, & Woodcock (2011) Person and Thing Orientation Scale to examine how these things versus person tendencies appear in engineering college students and practicing engineers. It aims to identify potential sources of differentiation for these preferences within and across the sample populations.
Cost of neonatal care according to gestational age at birth and survival status.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the cost of initial hospital care for newborn infants according to gestational age at birth and survival status. Study Design: This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data on hospital and physician costs for all infants born in the study institutions at ≤32 weeks' gestation for 1989 through 1992. A cohort of term and near-term infants was selected at random. Variables were examined by multiple logistic regression for their independent effects on cost. Results: Length of stay and gestational age were related to cost among survivors born at ≤32 weeks' gestation but not among nonsurvivors. Total cost of initial care for the US population of neonates is estimated at $10.2 billion annually, with 11.9% spent on infants born between 24 and 26 weeks' gestation and 42.7% spent on those born at ≥37 weeks' gestation. Conclusions: Although costs for an individual surviving extremely premature baby may be high, the costs for extremely low gestational age infants is a small component of total neonatal care costs because so few infants are born at these gestational ages. The mathematic model developed from these data allows cost savings to be predicted for management strategies designed to alter gestational age at birth or survival. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:170-5.)
A collector trap for lobster larvae

Abstract The paper describes and illustrates the design of a collector trap to facilitate the collection and holding of newly hatched larvae of the North American lobster, Homarus americanus . The trap insures vigorous water circulation, thereby reducing cannibalism by keeping the larvae in constant motion.