cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demographic Characteristics Related to Motor Skills in Children Aged 5-7 Years Old

Background: Motor skill is important to young children’s overall well-being. However, there has been a paucity of work examining the demographic characteristics on young children’ motor skill. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in motor skills across socio-economic status (SES) and grade levels in elementary school children. Method: Participants were 651 kindergarten to 2 nd grade children (mean age = 6.2 ± 0.9 years; 305 girls, 346 boys) recruited from two low SES schools and another two high SES schools. Selected motor skill items were measured using the Test for Gross Motor Development-3 rd Edition (TGMD-3) instrument. Data were collected once at each school during physical education class and recess period. A 4 × 3 × 2 × 2 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) test was employed to examine the differences among grade, SES, ethnicity, and sex on TGMD-3 scores. Results: There were significant main effects for grade (Wilks’ lambda = 0.34, F (2, 1274) = 229.6, p < 0.001) and SES (Wilks’ lambda = 0.70, F (2, 637) = 136.3, p < 0.001). Follow-up tests revealed statistically significant differences between grades on locomotor, object control and overall TGMD-3, with the 2 nd graders displaying highest mean scores, followed by 1 st graders and kindergarteners. Follow-up tests suggested that high SES children displaying statistically significant higher mean scores than low SES students on all motor skill variables. Conclusion: Older children demonstrated higher motor competence levels, and those with high SES displayed higher motor skill levels than lower SES children.
Management of pedal puncture wounds

Puncture wounds of the foot are a commonly encountered traumatic entity. Their management, however, is often inadequate and can lead to serious secondary complications. A comprehensive knowledge of proper treatment protocol should be mandated for any clinician who treats the lower extremity.
A key for the Forest Service hardwood tree grades

A dichotomous key organizes the USDA Forest Service hardwood tree grade specifications into a stepwise procedure for those learning to grade hardwood sawtimber. The key addresses the major grade factors, tree size, surface characteristics, and allowable cull deductions in a series of paried choices that lead the user to a decision regarding tree grade.
The Role of Glucagon in Amino Acid Homeotasis

The uptake of amino acids by the liver, the plasma level of glucagon and the insulin to glucagon ratio have an important role in the amino acid homeostasis of man. Evidence that glucagon may be more important as an anabolic rather than a catabolic hormone is discussed.
Leukocyte Distribution in the Open Eye Tears of Normal and Dry Eye Subjects.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Leukocytes accumulate in the eye with sleep, but little is known about the presence or absence of leukocytes in awake, open eye tears. This study sought to compare normal and dry eye subjects for daily variation in open eye leukocyte composition.Materials and Methods: Ten normal subjects and nine dry eye subjects were enrolled. Subjects were trained for self-collection of tear samples using an ocular surface wash with 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline per eye. Subjects performed washes at awakening, between 8 and 9 am, between 11 am and 12 pm, and between 4 pm and 5 pm on four separate days. Leukocytes were isolated from the wash and were counted with a cell counter before staining with an anti-CD45 antibody and viability stain. Stained leukocytes were then analyzed via flow cytometry. Side scatter characteristics were used to distinguish granulocytes from lymphocytes. Results were interpreted both by time of wash as well as time from awakening.Results: At awakening, dry eye subjects had ...
Hippocratic databases

The Hippocratic Oath has guided the conduct of physicians for centuries. Inspired by its tenet of preserving privacy, we argue that future database systems must include responsibility for the privacy of data they manage as a founding tenet. We enunciate the key privacy principles for such Hippocratic database systems. We propose a strawman design for Hippocratic databases, identify the technical challenges and problems in designing such databases, and suggest some approaches that may lead to solutions. Our hope is that this paper will serve to catalyze a fruitful and exciting direction for future database research.
Long noncoding RNAs and the regulation of innate immunity and host-virus interactions

Immune responses are both pathogen and cell type-specific. The innate arm of immunity is characterized by rapid intracellular signaling cascades resulting in the production of hundreds of antimicrobial effectors that protect the host organism. Long noncoding RNAs have been shown to operate as potent modulators of both RNA and protein function throughout cell biology. Emerging data suggest that this is also true within innate immunity. LncRNAs have been shown to regulate both innate immune cell identity and the transcription of gene expression programs critical for innate immune responses. Here, we review the diverse roles of lncRNAs within innate defense with a specific emphasis on host-virus interactions.
PREDICTING DIABETES FROM PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY USING DEEP LEARNING

Up to a third of patients with diabetes are undiagnosed, and therefore go untreated. Widely available consumer technologies could detect diabetes at an early stage. Since diabetes is associated with vascular changes, we examined whether diabetes could be detected using only the photoplethysmography
Alternative Avenues for IoT: Designing with Non-Stereotypical Homes

We report on the findings of a co-speculative design inquiry that investigates alternative visions of the Internet of Things (IoT) for the home. We worked with 16 people living in non-stereotypical homes to develop situated and personal concepts attuned to their home. As a prompt for co-speculation and discussion, we created handmade booklets where we took turns overlaying sketched design concepts on top of photos taken with participants in their homes. Our findings reveal new avenues for the design of IoT systems such as: acknowledging porous boundaries of the home, exposing neighborly relations, exploring diverse timescales, revisiting agency, and embracing imaginary and potential uses. We invite human-computer interaction and design researchers to use these avenues as starting points to broaden current assumptions embedded in design and research practices for domestic technologies. We conclude by highlighting the value of examining divergent perspectives and surfacing the unseen.
Internationalization of Brazilian High-Tech Startups

In this chapter we discuss how high-tech startups, as nascent businesses with limited resources, succeed in international markets. Based on survey results and case studies, the chapter offers an overview of the drivers that influence the internationalization of startups and presents cases of successful internationalized startups from Brazil. We used a mixed method approach, combining a quantitative survey and a multiple-case study methodology. We divide these drivers into organizational drivers, entrepreneur-related drivers, and external drivers, through a survey applied to Brazilian startups. Additionally, based on eight case studies, we analyzed the necessary drivers, related to digital capabilities, for these companies to pursue an internationalization process.
Racial Inequality between Gentrifiers: How the Race of Gentrifiers Affects Retail Development in Gentrifying Neighborhoods:

AbstractResearch often links gentrification to racial inequality. Nevertheless, scholars know surprisingly little about whether the racial composition of gentrifiers moderates the consequences of g...
“‘Where I’m From’: Jay-Z’s ‘Hip Hop Cosmopolitanism,’ Basketball, and the Neoliberal Politics of Urban Space”

This paper examines the articulation of the Black ghetto to authenticity through the involvement of hip hop star Jay-Z in two highly publicized basketball-related ventures during 2003. During that ...
Parent Preferences: e-Books Versus Print Books

According to a nationwide survey in the U.S., nearly all (98%) of children between the ages of zero to 8 years have access to a mobile device (Rideout V, The common sense census: media use by kids age zero to eight. Common Sense Media, San Francisco, 2017). The pervasiveness of mobile screen devices has introduced e-books into the home, however, parents report that only 28% of children have ever read a book on a smartphone or tablet (Rideout V, The common sense census: media use by kids age zero to eight. Common Sense Media, San Francisco, 2017). This mismatch between availability and use may be due, in part, to parental skepticism about the value of e-books for their children (Rideout V, Learning at home: families’ educational media use in America. Joan Ganz Cooney Center, New York, 2014). In order to maximize the effectiveness of e-books, it is critical to establish whether and how families use e-books with their children, and what features parents look for in e-books. Thus, the current study analyzed Amazon Mechanical Turk survey data on parent-reported reading behaviors, as well as parent perceptions about contexts and feature preferences for children’s print books and e-books.
Changes in T-helper cell function in human immunodeficiency virus- infected children during didanosine therapy as a measure of antiretroviral activity

Didanosine has shown activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in both children and adults. We prospectively assessed T-helper cell (Th) function as determined by in vitro interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in response to a panel of T-cell stimuli in 22 HIV-infected children before and during didanosine therapy and we correlated the incidence of opportunistic and recurrent bacterial infections with changes in p24 antigen and CD4 counts. Didanosine (270, 360, or 540 mg/m2/d) was administered orally for periods ranging from 8 to 40 weeks (mean, 24 weeks). Five of six asymptomatic patients (Centers for Disease Control P-1) compared with 6 of 16 symptomatic (P-2) patients exhibited improved Th function (greater than threefold increase in IL-2 production to at least 2 of the 4 stimuli) during therapy. Of 12 patients without infections during therapy, 9 (75%) showed improvement in Th function, compared with only 2 of 10 patients with infections (P = .03). Notably, the incidence of infections was not correlated with improvements in CD4 count or decreases in p24 antigen. Improvement in Th function during didanosine therapy is correlated with decreased incidence of infections. Assessment of Th function may provide an additional measurement of immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy.
Prisms in the Pre-Operative Diagnosis of Intermittent Exotropia

(1988). Prisms in the Pre-Operative Diagnosis of Intermittent Exotropia. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 101-106.
The Impact of Self-Expandable Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement on Concomitant Functional Mitral Regurgitation: A Comprehensive Engineering Analysis.

Background: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is present in a large proportion of patients who undergo transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). However, existing clinical data on the impact of TAVR o...
Assessing the accuracy of the GENIE event generator with electron-scattering data

Precision neutrino oscillation experiments of the future---of which DUNE is a prime example---require reliable event generator tools. The 1--4 GeV energy regime, in which DUNE will operate, is marked by the transition from the low-energy nuclear physics domain to that of perturbative QCD, resulting in rich and highly complex physics. Given this complexity, it is important to establish a validation procedure capable of disentangling the physical processes and testing each of them individually. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this approach by benchmarking the GENIE generator, currently used by all Fermilab-based experiments, against a broad set of inclusive electron-scattering data. This comparison takes advantage of the fact that, while electron-nucleus and neutrino-nucleus processes share a lot of common physics, electron scattering gives one access to precisely known beam energies and scattering kinematics. Exploring the kinematic parameter range relevant to DUNE in this manner, we observe patterns of large discrepancies between the generator and data. These discrepancies are most prominent in the pion-producing regimes and are present not only in medium-sized nuclei, including argon, but also in deuterium and hydrogen targets, indicating mismodeled hadronic physics. Several directions for possible improvement are discussed.
Thalamic Nuclei Volumes and Their Relationships to Neuroperformance in Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Structural MRI Study.

BACKGROUND Although reduced thalamic volume is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)-related clinical impairment, the role of individual thalamic nuclei remains poorly understood. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS To test whether individual thalamic nuclei volumes are more strongly associated with clinical disability than the whole thalamic volume. STUDY TYPE Retrospective analysis of a prospective dataset. SUBJECTS A total of 108 MS patients and 48 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) FIELD STRENGTH: 3T. SEQUENCES 3D T1 -weighted inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo; 2D T2 -weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery spin echo; 2D dual-echo proton density-weighted/T2 -weighted spin echo. ASSESSMENTS Clinical assessments included the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMTR), and the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT2). FreeSurfer provided anterior, intralaminar, lateral, medial, ventral, posterior, and total volumes. STATISTICAL TESTS False discovery rate-corrected partial correlations (controlling for age, sex, and education) to assess the relationships between volumes and neuroperformance. RESULTS Compared to HCs, MS patients presented with lower thalamic nuclei volumes (P < 0.05) except for the intralaminar nucleus (P = 0.279) and scored worse on all neuroperformance scales (P ≤ 0.05) except for CVLT2 (P = 0.151). All nuclei except intralaminar were associated with EDSS (correlation coefficient range: -0.233 to -0.395), SDMT (range: 0.247-0.423), and 9HPT (range: -0.232 to -0.303) (all P < 0.05). BVMTR was associated with anterior (r = 0.319), lateral (r = 0.31), and medial (r = 0.304) volumes (all P < 0.05). T25FW correlated with ventral (r = -0.392) and total (r = -0.309) volumes (both P < 0.05), with the latter being significantly greater (P < 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION Assessing individual nuclei volume can aid in unraveling the relationship between thalamic pathology and disparate aspects of MS-related disability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
Development of the Association of Pediatric Program Directors Global Educator Scholarship-Expanding Bidirectional Efforts in Global Health Education.

Abstract Background The Board of the Association of Pediatric Program Directors (APPD) partnered with the APPD Global Health Learning Community (GHLC) to establish the APPD Global Pediatric Educator Scholarship. This award seeks to recognize pediatric educators who demonstrate leadership in improving pediatric education in low- and middle-income countries, and provide them with career development opportunities by attending the APPD Spring meeting. Two educators per year have been awarded the scholarship since 2017. Award Evaluation The authors sent survey questions via email and obtained responses from 6 (100%) of the scholarship awardees, 8 (75%) APPD GHLC leadership individuals, and 4 (67%) APPD Board members. Three authors analyzed the responses with consensus achieved on themes. Results Awardees noted learning about educational strategies, academic opportunities through networking, and context for stronger bilateral exchange with partners. APPD leaders noted an expansion of the organization's mission to include global presence. Challenges included program visibility, sustainable funding, and logistics. Suggestions included better incorporation of awardees into APPD membership, longitudinal mentorship, targeted conference navigation, and visits to local academic institutions. Conclusions The APPD Global Educator Scholarship is a replicable model of organizational global outreach that expands the concept of bidirectional exchange to include career sponsorship for global partners.
Best of both worlds: digital health and nursing together for healthier communities.

Aim This manuscript offers a set of practical recommendations to the nursing and digital health communities in order to achieve a common vision of nurses fully engaged with and leading digital health solutions for universal health coverage. Background Nurses comprise the largest occupation of health workers in the world and play a central role in efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Nevertheless, though they are essential to delivering health care, nursing voices are too often absent in the design and implementation of new technology and digital health advances. The World Health Organization recognizes digital health as a critical catalyst for advancing universal health coverage and the aims of the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, the use of digital health by nurses is globally recommended as a channel of practice to strengthen nursing services and allow practitioners to significantly improve health outcomes. Sources of evidence Websites of the World Health Organization, United Nations, peer-reviewed research search engines, as well as the experiences of both authors. Discussion Digital health is transforming the entirety of the healthcare provision system and these systemic changes require engagement, leadership and championing from nurses. Conclusion and implications for nursing practice and policy Both the nursing and digital health communities have much to gain from each other and can be stronger together. The authors offer a set of practical recommendations for both the nursing and digital health communities to implement to optimize mutual efforts towards achieving universal health coverage.
The Role of Smart Growth in Residential Location Choice: Heterogeneity of Location Preferences in the Chicago Region:

We investigate the role of smart growth in household location choice in the Chicago region, using a discrete choice analysis. In the midst of continued region-wide suburbanization, households tend ...
On measuring the bending modulus of lipid bilayers with cholesterol

Regarding the effect on the bending modulus of adding cholesterol to lipid bilayers, recent results using neutron spin echo and nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation methods that involve linear transport properties have conflicted with earlier results from purely equilibrium experiments that do not involve linear transport properties. A general discussion indicates how one can be misled by data obtained by methods that involve linear transport properties. It is then shown specifically how the recent neutron spin echo results can be interpreted to agree with the earlier purely equilibrium experimental results, thereby resolving that conflict. Regarding the nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation method, it is noted that current interpretation of the data is unclear regarding the identity of the modulus that is involved, and an alternative interpretation is explored that does not disagree with the results of the equilibrium experiments.
Travel visas

This paper examines travel visa restrictions in 188 countries. We measure travel visa requirements (1) facing foreign visitors into a given country and (2) facing citizens of a given nation traveling abroad. Our analysis shows that countries are more likely to impose visas on foreign visitors when they are large, but less likely when they are rich and economically free. Citizens from richer and more populous countries face fewer travel visa requirements when traveling abroad. Countries are less likely to impose visa requirements on similar nations.
Using objective clinical metrics to understand the relationship between the electronic health record and physician well-being: observational pilot study.

Background Electronic health records (EHRs) are a significant contributor to physicians’ low satisfaction, reduced engagement and increased burnout. Yet the majority of evidence around EHR and physician harms is based on self-reported screen time, which may both over- and underreport actual exposure. Aims The purpose of this study was to examine how objective EHR use correlates with physician well-being and to develop preliminary recommendations for well-being-based EHR interventions. Method Prior to the onset of COVID-19, psychiatry residents and attending physicians working in an out-patient clinic at an academic medical centre provided consent for access to EHR-usage logs and completed a well-being assessment made up of three scales: the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Urecht Work Engagement Scale and the Professional Quality of Life Measure. Survey responses and objective EHR data were analysed with descriptive statistics. Results Responses were obtained from 20 psychiatry residents (total eligible residents n = 27; 74% participation) and 16 clinical faculty members (total eligible faculty n = 24; 67% participation) with an overall response rate of 71% (total eligible residents and faculty n = 51 and total residents and faculty who completed survey n = 36). Moderate correlations for multiple well-being domains emerged in analysis for all participants, especially around the time spent per note and patient visits closed the same day. Conclusions EHR-usage logs represent an objective tool in the evaluation and enhancement of physician well-being. Results from our pilot study suggest that metrics for note writing efficiency and closing patient visits the same day are associated with physician well-being. These metrics will be important to study in ongoing efforts involving well-being-based EHR interventions.
Spiritual Development as a Social Good

The skill development of equanimity and empathy gained through spiritual growth equips students to examine solutions to complex problems in a diverse, global society. This chapter explores intentional multicultural initiatives designed to foster spiritual development and interfaith engagement as means to navigate difference and social good.
Evaluation of High Performance Fortran Through Application Kernels

Since the definition of the High Performance Fortran (HPF) standard, we have been maintaining a suite of application kernel codes with the aim of using them to evaluate the available compilers. This paper presents the results and conclusions from this study, for sixteen codes, on compilers from IBM, DEC, and the Portland Group Inc. (PGI), and on three machines: a DEC Alphafarm, an IBM SP-2, and a Cray T3D. From this, we hope to show the prospective HPF user that scalable performance is possible with modest effort, yet also where the current weaknesses lay.
Neuronal cell lineage in the vertebrate central nervous system.

Fundamental, yet unresolved, issues in developmental neurobiology concern the relative influence of genetic vs. epigenetic factors in determining cell phenotype and establishing positional relation...
GPU-based Scalable Volumetric Reconstruction for Multi-view Stereo

We present a new scalable volumetric reconstruction algorithm for multi-view stereo using a graphics processing unit (GPU). It is an effectively parallelized GPU algorithm that simultaneously uses a large number of GPU threads, each of which performs voxel carving, in order to integrate depth maps with images from multiple views. Each depth map, triangulated from pair-wise semi-dense correspondences, represents a view-dependent surface of the scene. This algorithm also provides scalability for large-scale scene reconstruction in a high resolution voxel grid by utilizing streaming and parallel computation. The output is a photo-realistic 3D scene model in a volumetric or point-based representation. We demonstrate the effectiveness and the speed of our algorithm with a synthetic scene and real urban/outdoor scenes. Our method can also be integrated with existing multi-view stereo algorithms such as PMVS2 to fill holes or gaps in textureless regions.
Factors influencing spawner success in a spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reintroduction program

Dams have contributed to the decline of migratory fishes by blocking access to historical habitat. The active transport (trap and haul) of migratory fish species above existing dams can sometimes s...
Beriberi heart in Iowa veterans.

Beriberi heart disease does not constitute a rigid syndrome because the severity of cardiac failure, associated peripheral neuritis, other concomitant signs and symptoms, and response to treatment are variable. Five patients with peripheral neuritis, edema and evidence of cardiac failure are presented. All improved after treatment, and, in two instances, there was marked reduction in cardiac size. Beriberi was thought to be the most likely diagnosis in each case, since there was no evidence of other etiology.
Doppler ultrasonic assessment of aortic stenosis by analysis of axillary arterial blood velocity upstroke time.

Rate-corrected velocity upstroke time (VUT) was calculated from analogue Doppler ultrasound recordings of axillary artery blood flow velocity in 25 patients with aortic stenosis documented by cardiac catheterization and in 14 normal individuals. The mean VUT in normal individuals was 0.11 ± 0.02 second (± 1 SD), which was significantly lower than that of patients with aortic stenosis: 0.15 ± 0.05 second (P
The polynomial ring over a Goldie ring need not be a Goldie ring

Rings satisfying chain conditions have been of interest for quite some time. The famous Wedderburn Theorem states that semisimple Artinian rings must be finite direct sums of matrix rings. Goldie’s theorem links rings with ascending chain conditions to rings with descending chain conditions, thus extending Wedderburn’s result. A ring R is said to be a (right) Goldie ring if R satisfies the ascending chain condition on (right) annihilator ideals and R contains no infinite direct sum of (right) ideals. From Goldie’s theorem we know that a semiprime (right) Goldie ring must be an order in a semisimple (right) Artinian ring. A natural question to arise is whether the matrix and polynomial rings over (right) Goldie rings are also necessarily (right) Goldie rings, Under certain additional hypotheses such as if the ring is an order in a (right) Artinian ring [4] or if the ring contains a certain type of uncountable set in its center [I], the answer is yes. Moreover, the second Goldie condition is always preserved [3]. Hence, as in the case for the matrix ring counterexample [2], we must explore the ascending chain condition on (right) annihilator ideals. In the next section we construct a commutative Goldie ring R whose polynomial ring R[t] contains two infinite sets of polynomials, {p,(t)} and (qj(t)}, such that pi(t) qj(t) = 0 iff i #j. This condition forces qk(t) to be in Ann((p,(t): i>k)) and qk(t) to be excluded from Ann({p,(t): i>k1)). Thus R[t] has an infinite ascending chain of annihilator ideals
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND RACE‐SPECIFIC RATES OF INTIMATE ASSAULT*

Addressing the methodological shortcomings of extant research on the racial invariance thesis, race-specific rates of intimate assault are examined across census tracts in Hamilton County, Ohio. We extend Miles-Doan's (1998) approach to examining neighborhood structural effects on intimate assault rates in order to test the racial invariance thesis. Findings reveal comparable effects of neighborhood disadvantage and population age structure on assault rates for African-American males and white males, yet a stronger effect of “disinvestment” (in marriage and in neighborhoods) on rates for African-Americans. These results conflict with previous city-level analyses demonstrating stronger structural effects on other violent crime rates for whites.
Wide band AC power line characterization

This paper presents data characterizing the household AC power line in the 1-60 MHz band. Two types of measurements were performed: transmission and noise sampling. The transmission measurements were done by using the impulse channel sounding method, so both the line attenuation and the delay spread were obtained. The noise measurements include: power line background noise, appliance noise, and noise sampled over a 24 hour period. Statistical characteristics of the delay spread, frequency response and noise can be extracted from the data and used in the design of AC power line based communications systems.
Transvaginal Hybrid Natural Orifice Transluminal Surgery Robotic Donor Nephrectomy: First Clinical Application

Objective To report a novel surgical approach of transvaginal hybrid natural orifice transluminal surgery (NOTES) living donor nephrectomy. We conceptualized this approach by incorporating 2 existing concepts: laparoendoscopic single-site surgery and NOTES. Materials and Methods After thorough consent and under institutional review board approval, a 61-year-old woman volunteered to donate her kidney through hybrid transvaginal NOTES. Under general anesthesia, she was placed in a modified right lateral decubitus position. A SILS port and an 8-mm trocar were placed through the same umbilical incision. The GelPoint port was placed transvaginally via the posterior fornix, and the robot was docked. After dissection of the left kidney in preparation for extraction, the robot was undocked, and the retrieval bag was inserted through the GelPoint port. The graft was bagged before vessel stapling and extracted without breaching the bag. The kidney was delivered to the perfusion table with a clean pair of gloves without contamination with the bag exterior. Results Donor nephrectomy was successfully completed without conversion or perioperative complications. The total operative time was 240 minutes, the warm ischemic time was 5.8 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 75 mL. No complications occurred and extra ports were not needed. The patient was discharged after an uneventful 48-hour stay. Her creatinine was 1.0 mg/dL at 4 weeks of follow-up. The recipient was given pulse steroids for biopsy-proven acute rejection, and her serum creatinine was 1.16 mg/dL at 4 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion Transvaginal hybrid NOTES robotic donor nephrectomy is feasible. Additional advances in robotic technology are awaited for development of this approach and to foster its clinical application.
Dialdehyde derivative of 5′-deoxyinosine as a more potent analog of the dialdehyde derivative of inosine (NSC 118994)

Abstract The dialdehyde derivative of 5′-deoxyinosine (5′-deoxyinox) was prepared from 5′-deoxyadenosine by HNO 2 deamination and periodate oxidation. 5′-Deoxyinox was shown to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase activity in cell-free extracts and to inhibit RNA and DNA syntheses in intact cells. Further, 5′-deoxyinox inhibited the conversion of cytidine nucleotides to deoxycytidine nucleotides in intact cells. In comparative studies with the dialdehyde derivative of inosine (Inox), 5′-deoxyinox was shown to be more active on a molar basis in inhibiting RNA or DNA synthesis in intact cells. In addition, 5′-deoxyinox was more inhibitory to the growth of Novikoff hepatoma cells in culture than was Inox. 5′-Deoxyinox, in addition to being more active than Inox, also differed from Inox in its biochemical properties. Inox did not inhibit RNA polymerase activity when added to isolated nuclei. On the other hand, 5′-deoxyinox showed a marked inhibition of the RNA polymerase activity when added to the isolated nuclei. Further, inhibition of the RNA polymerase activity in the nuclei from Inox-treated cells was reversed completely by the addition of exogenous polydeoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate as template, whereas the inhibition caused by 5′-deoxyi nox was not reversed by this treatment. These studies show that, in addition to the variation in activity caused by altering the purine component, the nature of the dialdehyde moiety also plays a role in the mode of action of this class of compounds.
Environmental and economic tradeoffs of using corn stover for liquid fuels and power production

Using agricultural residues, such as corn stover, as feedstocks for liquid fuel or electricity generation has the potential to offset anthropogenic climate impacts associated with conventional utilities and transportation fuels. In this paper, the environmental and economic costs and benefits associated with the usage of corn stover for different applications are calculated. Combined heat and power (CHP), ethanol, Fischer–Tropsch (FT) middle distillate (MD) fuels (i.e. diesel and jet), and advanced fermentation (AF) MD fuels are considered. The net societal costs or benefits of different corn stover usages are calculated as the difference between the sum of monetized greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the supply costs of a certain corn stover usage, and the sum of these metrics for the conventional commodity that is assumed to be displaced by the renewable alternative. Uncertainty associated with the analysis is captured using a Monte Carlo approach. It is found that corn stover derived electricity and fuels, compared to their conventional counterparts, reduce GHG emissions by 21–92%. The mean reduction for electricity in a CHP plant is 89% compared to the US grid-average, 70% for corn stover ethanol compared to conventional US gasoline and 85% and 55% for FT MD and AF MD compared to conventional US MD, respectively. Mean supply costs for corn stover-derived utilities and liquid fuels are ∼9% and ∼1% lower than the conventional counterparts for electricity and FT MD, respectively, and ∼45% and ∼300% higher for ethanol and AF MD, respectively. Using corn stover for CHP yields a net mean societal benefit of $131.23 per t of corn stover, which decreases by two-thirds if only electricity is produced, while FT MD production presents a mean societal benefit of $27.70 per t of corn stover. Using corn stover for ethanol and AF MD results in a mean societal cost of $24.86 per t and $121.81 per t of corn stover use, respectively, driven by higher supply costs compared to their conventional counterparts.
Acetoxycycloheximide Enhances Audiogenic Seizures in DBA/2J Mice

Inborn errors of metabolism often cause epilepsy, as with certain strains of mice. Aggravating the metabolic defect with a protein synthesis inhibitor increases the symptoms. Mature animals that have "outgrown" their genetic susceptibility to audiogenic seizures are made susceptible again by acetoxycycloheximide. After a single small dose the incidence and severity of audiogenic seizures increases at 16 hours, reaches a maximum of 40 hours, and then declines gradually.
Should results of ultrasound Doppler studies be reported in units of frequency or velocity

Abstract There is a current tendency to report the results of ultrasound Doppler studies in units of velocity instead of Doppler frequency. This is probably motivated by the intuitive feeling that blood flow studies should naturally be reported in cm/s and the notion that “velocity” is a normalizing factor for Doppler ultrasound studies. In order to determine velocity, the Doppler angle ϑ or angle formed by the ultrasound beam and flow velocity vector, must be known. It is not possible, using currently available systems, to obtain an accurate estimate of this angle. The physics related to the Doppler equation are reviewed in this paper along with examples to illustrate the origin and magnitude of errors that could arise when reporting in units of velocity. Guidelines are provided for thinking about and reporting results of Doppler studies in units of velocity. An understanding of the Doppler equation and its use in clinical studies are promoted in this paper to enhance the diagnostic usefulness of Doppler ultrasound studies and to reduce serious errors which could lead to faulty information dictating patient management.
Temperature dependent absorption cross sections for formaldehyde (CH2O): The effect of formaldehyde on stratospheric chlorine chemistry

Abstract New measurements are reported of the absorption cross sections of formaldehyde at 296 K and 223 K. These measurements are significantly lower than those reported in the earlier literature at ca . 353 K. The implications of the lower absorption cross sections for stratospheric chlorine chemistry are considered using a one dimensional atmospheric model. A slight modification to ClX partitioning is predicted for the new cross sections, with only a small effect on estimated chlorine-catalyzed ozone perturbations.
Experimental mixing of a north-temperate lake: testing the thermal limits of a cold-water invasive fish

Species’ thermal limits play a key role in determining spatial distributions and understanding their response to changing environments. Manipulation of thermal habitat is a potential avenue of expl...
Regulation of the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein content of the retina by vitamin A.

Abstract A retinoid-binding protein has been identified in the extracellular space that separates the photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the mammalian retina. This protein (interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein, IRBP) appears to be involved in the transport of visual cycle retinoids between the photoreceptors and the RPE. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the possibility that the amount of IRBP in the retina is regulated by the availability of retinoids in the retina. Rats were fed diets containing vitamin A either in the form of retinyl palmitate (+A), which can be metabolically converted into the retinoids involved in vision, or retinoic acid (-A), which does not support visual function. After 23 weeks, when rhodopsin levels had declined by over 90% in the -A rats, some animals in the latter group were given a single intramuscular injection of all-trans retinol. Both 1 day and 1 week later, the IRBP immunoreactivities in the retinas from the treated rats were determined with quantitative immunocytochemistry. IRBP immunolabeling densities were also determined in the +A and -A groups. Retinas of animals that had consumed the -A diet for 23 weeks bound an average of 50% less anti-IRBP antibody in the retina than rats that had been fed the +A diet for the same period. One day after retinol administration, the mean IRBP immunolabeling density had returned to that observed in the +A rats. The restored level of IRBP immunoreactivity was maintained 1 week after injection. The immunocytochemical findings were confirmed by immunoblot analysis of eyecup homogenates. These observations raise the possibility that the IRBP content of the retina is regulated by the availability of the retinoids involved in visual transduction. IRBP immunoreactivity was localized primarily adjacent to the apical surface of the RPE in light-adapted rats, and this localization was not altered by dietary vitamin A intake.
1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinane 2-Oxides III. Preparation and Antitumor Evaluation of Some 3,9-Disubstituted-2,4,8,10-Tetraoxa-3,9-Diphosphaspiro[5.5]-Undecane 3,9-Dioxide

A series of 3,9-aminodisubstitated-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro [5.5] undecane 3,9-dioxides has been prepared and screened for antitumor activity. Only one of these compounds showed activity toward Walker carcinosarcoma 256.
Transplacental infection due to ECHO virus type 22.

Summary Serological evidence of in utero infection with the ECHO 22 virus is presented. Neither the infected infant nor the mother became ill.
CROSS‐CULTURAL PUBLIC RELATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR AMERICAN AND ARAB PUBLIC RELATIONS PRACTITIONERS

This study provides practical guidelines for public relations campaigns targeted at Arab and American audiences. The authors examine various cultural frameworks for conceptualizing differences and similarities in the Arab and American cultures. They conclude that both cultures suffer considerably from biases and stereotypes.
NMDA and Non‐NMDA Receptor Gene Expression Following Global Brain Ischemia in Rats: Effect of NMDA and Non‐NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Transient forebrain or global ischemia in rats induces selective and delayed damage of hippocampal CA1 neurons. In a previous study, we have shown that expression of GluR2, the kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit that governs Ca2+ permeability, is preferentially reduced in CA1 at a time point preceding neuronal degeneration. Postischemic administration of the selective AMPA receptor antagonist, 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), protects CA1 neurons against delayed death. In this study we examined the effects of NBQX (at a neuroprotective dose) and of MK-801 (a selective NMDA receptor antagonist, not protective in this model) on kainate/AMPA receptor gene expression changes after global ischemia. We also examined the effects of transient forebrain ischemia on expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDAR1. In ischemic rats treated with saline, GluR2 and GluR3 mRNAs were markedly reduced in CA1 but were unchanged in CA3 or dentate gyrus. GluR1 and NMDAR1 mRNAs were not significantly changed in any region examined. Administration of NBQX or MK-801 did not alter the ischemia-induced changes in kainate/AMPA receptor gene expression. These findings suggest that NBQX affords neuroprotection by a direct blockade of kainate/AMPA receptors, rather than by a modification of GluR2 expression changes.
Influence of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor beta-1 on patterns of fetal mouse lung branching morphogenesis in organ culture.

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a potent inhibitor of epithelial cell proliferation, and epidermal growth factor (EGF), a mitogenic polypeptide that binds to cell surface receptors, are important regulators of cell differentiation; however, their distinct role(s) in lung development and their mechanisms of action are not well understood. We evaluated the effects of these factors on lung morphogenesis in murine fetal lungs at gestational day 14 (time:zero) and again after 7 days in culture. Baseline controls were cultured after tracheal transection in supplemented BGJb medium, and other tracheally transected lungs were cultured following addition of EGF (10 ng/ml BGJb), TGF-β1 (2 ng/ml BFJb), or with both in combination added to the medium. The control lungs in culture had poorly developed airways and an absence of defined acinar structures. The addition of EGF resulted in hyperplasia of primary airways with stunted outgrowths, monopodial branching, and absence of distinct acinar structures. Addition of TGF-β1 alone, led to significant elongation of primary airways, without normal airway branching; however, terminal dipodial branching was seen and the prospective pulmonary acini were well defined. Combination of these growth factors (GF) resulted in a more normal branching pattern and differentiation, suggesting their epigenetic role in lung morphogenesis and mutual interactive mechanisms that regulate lung development. These lungs had more abundant and larger lamellar bodies than those after other treatments. Control lungs remained immature with prominent glycogen aggregates with occasional dense lamellar bodies. The total protein and DNA contents were highest with EGF treatment, followed by combination treatment; these observations were supported by immunohistochemical localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, an indication of the proliferative state of tissues. All the surfactant proteins were relatively unaltered and their messages were up-regulated for SP-A, but down-regulated for SP-B and SP-C in the lungs treated with growth factors. In conclusion, we have demonstrated enhanced biochemical and structural development of lungs treated in vitro with GF, and propose that further research in this area may lead to therapeutic uses of GF alone or in combination with other agents for the treatment of newborn respiratory distress due to lung immaturity or hypoplastic lung development. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998; 25:244–256. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Contribution of biogenic nitric oxide in urban ozone: Raleigh, NC, as a case study

Anthropogenic emissions from industrial and automotive sources within the confines of the city of Raleigh, NC have been documented by the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Management, but no direct biogenic emissions of nitric oxide (NO) from soils has yet been measured. In this study, emissions of NO were measured in Raleigh, NC, and its surrounding suburbs, in an attempt to determine the portion of the total NO, ( = NO + NO,) budget which can be attributed to biogenic sources. Residential and commercial lawns, and golf courses receiving normal fertilizer applications were chosen as the primary biogenic source of NO. Soil NO fluxes were measured using a dynamic chamber technique from 11 sites and ranged in value (hourly averages calculated from 15 min readings) from 1.24 to 23.7 ng N m -'s-l. These hour averages were then combined with estimates of lawn acreage within the city proper, and in the surrounding suburbs, in order to develop a budget for biogenic NO emissions in Raleigh. This budget was then compared to the budget used in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) for photochemical modeling. Results from this comparison suggest that less than 1% of the total NO, budget for Raleigh, NC is emitted by natural processes, and that approximately 1.2% of the nitrogen applied as fertilizer is lost via soil NO emissions. Thus, the effects of biogenic NO may be neglected in the development of a reliable plan for reducing ozone in the urban atmosphere. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mammoths and mylodonts: Exotic species from two different continents in North American Pleistocene faunas

Abstract Throughout the Cenozoic, the North American mammalian fauna has been enriched by the appearance of new taxa originating on different continents. During most of the Tertiary, the primary source area of these new taxa was Eurasia with dispersal across some version of the Bering Land Bridge. In the late Pliocene (Blancan) ca. 2.5 mya, the creation of the Panamanian Land Bridge permitted the northward dispersal of species of South American origin including ground sloths. One of these sloths was “Glossotherium” chapadmalense, which in turn gave rise to the Pleistocene species Paramylodon harlani. Mammoths first appear in North America at the beginning of the Irvingtonian ca. 1.9 mya. Despite originating on two different continents, the two species are often found together in North American Pleistocene faunas and shared a common habitat. Both of these lineages are commonly interpreted as grazers, indicative of open grassland habitat, and both of these exotic species shared this habitat with North American endemic species such as horses, also interpreted as grazers. Despite their association in North American faunas, mammoths did not disperse into South America and mylodont sloths were unable to disperse into Eurasia. This suggests there were some aspects of their ecology they did not have in common and there existed a limited zone of conditions that permitted them to share common habitat. There is no evidence that the appearance of either species in North America resulted in the extinction of any native species. The question is how these different species, immigrants and endemics, were able to avoid competition, coexist, and become integrated into a single fauna, thus enriching the overall North American Pleistocene fauna.