cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody reactive with a glycolipid antigen expressed by tumorigenic and certain immortalized, non-tumorigenic rat esophageal epithelial cell lines.

A monoclonal antibody (mAb 5G) was produced against a tumorigenic rat esophageal epithelial cell line, designated B2T. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and immunoperoxidase staining, it was found that mAb 5G reacted specifically with a glycolipid antigen expressed by three tumorigenic rat esophageal epithelial cell lines, and two out of the three nontumorigenic, immortalized rat esophageal epithelial cell lines tested; but did not react with primary cultures of normal rat esophageal epithelial cells or fibroblasts. mAb 5G did not bind to rat respiratory tract carcinoma cell lines, to immortalized rat tracheal epithelial cell lines, or to primary cultures of normal rat tracheal epithelial cells. In addition, mAb 5G did not react with any of the human or mouse cell lines tested. In IFA experiments, mAb 5G stained imprints prepared from in vivo propagated B2T tumor tissues, but did not react with normal rat esophageal, tracheal, lung, liver, and kidney tissues. The antigen was identified by TLC as a neutral glycolipid, consisting of two bands, withRF = 0.45 and 0.41, which migrated in proximity to the ceramide trihexoside standard on TLC plates. Densitometric scanning of the antigen bands indicated that the tumorigenic rat esophageal cell lines possessed 50%–90% more mAb-5G-reactive antigen than the nontumorigenic esophageal cell lines. The results show that mAb 5G reacts specifically with a glycolipid antigen expressed by tumorigenic and certain non-tumorigenic, immortalized rat esophageal epithelial cell lines that might be at the late stages of transformation and early malignancy.
Magnetooptical thin film optical constants measurement using surface plasmon resonances.

Rare-earth–transition-metal thin films are extensively studied as materials for erasable magnetooptical (MO) data storage media. MO Kerr effects can be enhanced by interference effects using multilayer designs. The optical constants n and k are required for the design of multilayer structures, but little data exist for MO materials. We have developed a method to measure the constants using the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon. We measured the constants of TbFe films deposited by rf sputtering. The accuracy estimation was about ±0.005 and could be as good as ±0.001 for optimum conditions.
Estimation of the Characteristic Time Scales in the Supercritical Antisolvent Process

Simple engineering correlations and a linear jet breakup model are used to estimate the orders of magnitude of characteristic times of the various processes involved in the supercritical antisolvent method (SAS) of particle formation. The characteristic times of jet breakup, mass transfer, and nucleation are studied under typical conditions of pressure and temperature in the two-phase regime for a mixture of carbon dioxide and ethanol. The results of the calculations suggest that the jet breakup phenomenon is much faster than the mass transfer process. This difference in the characteristic times indicates that only a small amount of the supercritical fluid has had time to diffuse into the liquid jet stream by the time the breakup takes place. The characteristic nucleation times can vary appreciably with process conditions (e.g., supersaturation) and the specific properties of the mixture where precipitation occurs (e.g., liquid−solid interfacial tension). On the basis of the present calculations, two diff...
Mixed elliptic boundary value problems

(1987). Mixed elliptic boundary value problems. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 123-200.
Serial Learning as a Function of Age and Part versus Whole Learning Procedures

102 male and female students enrolled in Grades 7, 10, and first-year college were tested for recall of a nine-item serial list of CVC trigrams under two separate conditions. One-half of the subjects in each of the three age groups learned the list with repetitive-part learning and the other half of the subjects with the whole learning method. Seventeen subjects comprised each cell of the 3 × 2 design. The three hypotheses were (a) that learning the list as a whole would be more efficient than learning parts of the list and then combining the parts; (b) that the ability to recall serial items would be a function of age; and (c) that while the whole learning method would result in a standard serial-position curve, learning by a part method would result in a primacy effect with a steady regression to the end of the list. Hypotheses were supported.
Application of d.c. plasma arc heating to hypersonic propulsion testing

As propulsion testing is undertaken at lower altitudes and higher Mach numbers, the requirements of correct static temperature and pressure simulation and uniform flow in a test section of practical size lead to stagnation temperatures too high to be produced by storagetype heaters. For this reason, a 10-Mw d.c. plasma arc heater has been developed for use with a Mach 7 to 10 tunnel. Thermal efficiencies exceeding 60% have been achieved at useful flight simulation conditions. The design principles and operating characteristics of the integrated arc heater and hypersonic propulsion tunnel are described in some detail.
Discordance of self ratings versus observer ratings in the improvement of depression: Role of locus of control and aggressive behavior

Depression is mainly a subjective experience. Its severity is not always assessed in the same way by patients and clinicians. Divergences between self- and hetero-evaluation of depressive symptoms and severity are also dependent on the cognitive style of a patient. A high proportion of patients judged improved by their physicians continue to declare that serious symptoms are present. These patients tend to use a cognitive style that has been called external locus of control. Some investigators have correlated the locus of control in depressive patients with hostile traits, pointing out that the severity of symptomatology seems to be associated with some forms of hostility, with an external cognitive mode representing particular communications from patients to their caregiver. The present clinical study shows the influence of cognitive style and aggressive behavior on the discordance seen between self- and hetero-evaluation for depression during the improvement of depression.
Improving Citizen Participation in Environmental Decisionmaking: The Use of Transformative Mediator Techniques

Recent experiences in the United States suggest that mediators employ a number of techniques designed to resolve disputes over critical technical components of decisions. Some of these techniques, called ‘transformative mediator techniques’, both increase the knowledge base for decisions and enhance the abilities of resource-poor groups to protect and promote their interests. In this paper, elements of transformative and nontransformative mediator techniques are identified and discussed. Examples of mediator techniques are drawn from three cases: A regulatory negotiation to develop emission standards for wood stoves, a policy dialogue concerning a proposal to construct a solid-waste incinerator in New York City, and settlement negotiations in a fishery dispute involving three Native American tribes, the State of Michigan, and two federal agencies.
Alterations in Glutathione Homeostasis in Mutant Eisai Hyperbilirubinemic Rats

Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats (EHBR) are mutant Sprague-Dawley rats that exhibit impaired biliary organic anion and reduced glutathione (GSH) secretion. In addition, liver GSH levels are twice that of age- matched controls. The mechanisms for the defect in biliary GSH secretion and the increase in cell GSH are not fully understood. We previously showed that canalicular membrane-enriched vesicles isolated from EHBR livers exhibited normal GSH transport. In the present study, we examined the steady-state rat canalicular reduced glutathione transporter (RcGshT) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels, as well as the mechanisms for the increase in cell GSH. Both Northern and Western blot analyses of EHBR livers showed nearly identical RcGshT mRNA and polypeptide levels, respectively, as compared with controls. Treatment with phenobarbital, which increased steady-state RcGshT mRNA by five- to sixfold, RcGshT polypeptide, and biliary GSH secretion by onefold in controls, had a smaller effect on steady-state RcGshT-mRNA level in EHBR (by 1.5-fold) and did not increase RcGshT polypeptide or biliary GSH secretion. In examining possible mechanisms for increased liver GSH, both cysteine level and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) activity were significantly higher than controls, while the activity of GSH synthetase was unchanged. Northern and Western blot analyses also showed increased steady-state GCS heavy subunit (GCS-HS) mRNA and polypeptide levels, respectively. In addition to liver, GSH levels in kidney, duodenal, jejunal, and ileal mucosa of EHBR were 200% to 300% of age-matched control rats. GCS activity was also increased in kidney cytosol of EHBR. Thus, the defect in biliary GSH secretion in EHBR most likely is either at the posttranslational level of RcGshT or in the inhibition exerted by retained endogenous organic anions. In addition, there is a widespread up-regulation of GSH synthesis capacity in the tissues of EHBR. (Hepatology 1996 Jul;24(1):253-8)
Effects of supplemental rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid or corn oil on lipid content and palatability in beef cattle.

Thirty-six Angus x Hereford heifers were used in a 3 x 2 factorial (3 dietary treatments; 2 supplementation times) to examine the effect of dietary lipid supplementation on lipid oxidation, lipid composition, and palatability of ribeye steaks and ground beef. Lipid was supplied in the diets as corn oil or a partially rumen-protected CLA salt for 2 specific treatment periods of the final 32 or 60 d on feed, corresponding to a total time on feed of 89 or 118 d. After an initial 56-d feeding period (basal diet), the heifers were fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments (DM basis): 1) a basal diet containing 88% concentrate and 12% grass hay (CON), 2) the basal diet plus 4% corn oil (OIL), or 3) the basal diet plus 2% partially rumen-protected CLA (RPCLA) containing 31% CLA. Heifers were randomly allotted to dietary treatments at the initiation of the study and fed individually. At 48 h postmortem, the right forequarter of each carcass was fabricated into retail cuts. Steaks (2.54-cm thick) were obtained from the posterior end of the ribeye roll (NAMP 112), and beef trim was ground for all subsequent analyses. Dietary treatment did not affect (P > 0.05) lipid oxidation in ground beef or ribeye steaks. Total trans-octadecenoate fat and trans-10 octadecenoic acid content in ribeye steaks increased (P 0.05) by lipid supplementation. In ground beef, RPCLA supplementation increased (P 0.05) off-flavor ratings in ground beef or ribeye steaks. Supplementation of corn oil increased (P < 0.05) total PUFA content of ribeye steaks compared with CON and RPCLA. Dietary RPCLA supplementation increased the amount of trans fat per serving (85.5 g, broiled) by 110 and 88% in ribeye steak and ground beef, respectively, and CLA cis-9 trans-11 by 58% in ground beef compared with CON. Supplementing OIL or RPCLA resulted in minimal changes in lipid oxidation and sensory attributes of steaks and ground beef.
Accountable Climate Governance: Dilemmas of Performance Management across Complex Governance Networks

How can accountability be institutionalized across complex governance networks that are dealing with the transboundary pollution problem of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions at multiple spatial, temporal and social scales? To address this question, we propose an accountability framework that enables comparison of the democratic, market and administrative anchorage of actor accountability within and across governance networks. A comparative analysis of performance measures in a sample of climate governance networks is undertaken. This comparative analysis identifies four critical performance management dilemmas in the areas of strategy, uncertain science, integration of multiple scales, and monitoring and verification of performance measures.
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents ethanol-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i in cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) has been shown to block nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB) activation induced by a wide range of stimuli in different cell lines. NF-κB is a common element of the promoter region of inflammatory cytokines which can be stimulated by ethanol. Recently, we have shown that PDTC can ameliorate cerebrovascular damage, brain cortical damage, leukocyte adhesion and rolling, and stroke induced by ethanol. We, therefore, tested the effects of preincubation with PDTC on alcohol-induced changes in intracellular free calcium ions ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in cultured canine cerebral smooth muscle cells. These vascular cells, chronically treated with ethanol (10–100mM) for 24 and 72 h, exhibited concentration-dependent rises in [Ca 2+ ] i . PDTC (0.1 μM) itself failed to influence resting levels of [Ca 2+ ] i in these vascular muscle cells. PDTC (0.1 μM) pretreatment, however, inhibited completely the elevations in [Ca 2+ ] i induced by chronic ethanol (10–100 mM). The present results suggest that ethanol-induced production of reactive oxygen species and elevation of [Ca 2+ ] i in cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells triggers induction of transcription factor NF-κB, which could play an important role in alcohol-induced brain damage and stroke.
A comparison between entropies of aromatic compounds from quantum mechanical calculations and experiment

Abstract In this work, we perform a set of quantum mechanical and statistical mechanical calculations to generate the entropy of five simple, aromatic compounds—benzene, toluene, p-xylene, m-xylene and o-xylene—in the ideal gas state. We systematically examine how the choice of quantum mechanical level of theory and size of basis set impact the agreement between theory and experiment. Regardless of level of theory and basis set, all calculations require an empirical scaling factor to correct the vibrational contribution to the entropy. Once this scaling factor is applied, there is at most nominal advantage in more sophisticated levels of theory or increased basis set size, while a heavy computational penalty is paid for the more advanced theory. We find that the variation in scaling factor across these aromatic compounds is on average 0.3%. Across a range from 250 to 540 K, the difference in the entropies obtained from all quantum mechanical calculations and from experiment is less than half a percent.
Aquarius' combined active passive algorithm for ocean surface salinity and wind retrieval

Aquarius' combined passive/active L-band microwave instrument has been in operation since 25 August 2011, mapping the ocean surface salinity field from space [1]. The measurement principle is based on the response of the L-band (1.413 GHz) sea surface brightness temperatures to sea surface salinity, with primary objective to monitor the seasonal and interannual variation of the large-scale features of the surface salinity field in the open ocean with a spatial resolution of 150 km and a retrieval accuracy of 0.2 psu globally on a monthly basis.
Clinical assessment of beta blockade

Summary: This study was undertaken to assess a clinical measurement (leg squats) in order to determine the adequacy of beta-adrenergic blockade (AdBB) utilizing the symptom-limited exercise test heart rate of less than 120 beatslmin as the standard. Seventy subjects were tested, 35 receiving beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs in clinically determined maximal doses, and 35 subjects not receiving these agents. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and positive (Pv +) and negative (FV -) predictive values were calculated for post-leg squat heart rates of I 100, I 110 and I 120 beatshin. Other variables analyzed for AdBB were resting heart rates and post-leg squat heart rate increase > 50% over baseline. A cost-benefit analysis was also performed. It was concluded that: (1) Neither the resting heart rate or percent increase in heart rate compared to baseline reliably predicted AdBB. (2) In patients receiving beta-blocking drugs, a post-squat heart rate of I 100 beatdmin had a Se = 32, Sp = .67, Pv+ .70, and Pv.80, values not high enough to be reliably used in many clinical situations. (3) If the post-squat heart rate was > 110 beatshin, however, AdBB is probably absent, since no subjects on beta blockers with maximum exercise test heart rate I 120 beatshin had a post-leg squat heart rate > 110 beatdmin. (4) For a reasonable range of cost and test performance estimates, utilization of the leg squat test as described here is favored on the basis of cost-benefit analysis.
ACAM2000: a newly licensed cell culture-based live vaccinia smallpox vaccine.

Background: Due to concern over i) expiration of currently available calf-lymph vaccine (Dryvax®); ii) calf lymph as a vaccine (bovine spongiform encephalopathy [BSE], other possible contaminations and animal welfare); and iii) use of variola as a weapon for bioterrorism, a new and safer vaccinia-based smallpox vaccine derived from new cell culture-based technology was proposed. Federally funded work by Acambis, Inc. resulted in FDA approval for ACAM2000 in August 2007. Objectives: This paper describes the development from conception to FDA approval of the new vaccinia cell cultured-based smallpox vaccine ACAM2000. Methods: Data were compiled from available public reports. Results/conclusions: The studies with ACAM2000 indicate that it closely matches the safety of Dryvax in both non-clinical and clinical trials. ACAM2000 met two of the four primary surrogate efficacy end point criteria established for the Phase III clinical trials. Concern over the incidence of myopericarditis with ACAM2000 and Dryvax ex...
Phosphorus limits phytoplankton growth on the Louisiana shelf during the period of hypoxia formation.

Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University,71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8521,Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56,Chauvin, Louisiana 70344, NOAA COP, 1305 East WestHighway, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, College of Oceanicand Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 OceanAdministration Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503 Schoolof the Coast and Environment, Department of Oceanographyand Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, BatonRouge, Louisiana 70803.
Single photon emission from site-controlled InGaN quantum dots up to 90 K

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have diverse quantum photonic applications [1] due to their atomic-like properties, characterized by discrete, optically active energy states. Most work to date has been based on III-As and III-P materials, which face severe limitations in operating temperature due to their small band offsets and exciton binding energies. On the other hand, QDs have been typically fabricated by the Stranski-Krastanow growth which forms dots at random locations and creates large inhomogeneity in size and spectral distribution, making controlled coupling of QDs with cavities or another QD difficult. Site-controlled InGaN QDs can address both issues. [2] Compared to III-V QDs, InGaN can alleviate the operating temperature limitation thanks to its large exciton binding energy. [3] In this paper, we report single photon emission up to 90 K from site-controlled InGaN QDs, the highest temperature to date for site-controlled QDs to our best knowledge.
Abstract A74: Microparticles mediate cross-talk between tumoral and endothelial cells and promote the constitution of an angiocrine pro-metastatic niche through Arf6 up regulation

During the past few years, evidences in the literature point out the crucial role of the microenvironment in tumor growth, resistance to therapy and occurrence of metastatic phenotype. Tumor vessels have been considered for a long time as passive conducts for nutriments but more recently several studies have also demonstrated secretion of pro-tumoral factors by endothelial cells. It seems therefore mandatory to clearly identify the mechanisms mediating cross-talk between tumor cells and endothelial cells. Here, we hypothetize that tumor cell and endothelium secrete bio-active microparticles (MPs) that are actively uptaken by the other cell type and that are participating to a functional cross-talk. We characterized the cancer cells MPs, using 2 cells lines from breast cancer (MCF7, MDA-MB231) and 2 from ovarian cancer (SKOV3, OVCAR3) and the endothelium secreted MPs using E4orf1-activated endothelium. Our data show that MPs from mesenchymal-like metastatic cell lines (MDA-MB231 and SKOV3) were able to promote an angiocrine switch of endothelial cells (activation of akt signaling) compared to MPs from epithelial-like cell lines (OVCAR3 and MCF7). The angiocrine switch increased Arf6 expression and functionalized an MP dependent vascular niche enhancing tumor cells pro-metastatic proprieties. We also show that angiocrine endothelial MPs enhanced tumor cells pro-metastatic proprieties and cancer stemness. All together we demonstrated that cancer cell derived MPs induced or sustain both an angiogenic but also an angiocrine switch of the endothelium. This has great implication in terms of tumor biology as indeed while the emphasis has mainly been on the angiogenic properties, the angiocrine pro-tumoral effect might be the cause for therapeutic resistance as well as residual and recurrent disease. Citation Format: Jennifer Pasquier, Hamda Al. Thawadi, Nadine Abu Kaoud, Pegah Ghiabi, Mahtab Maleki, Bella S. Guerrouahen, Arash Rafii. Microparticles mediate cross-talk between tumoral and endothelial cells and promote the constitution of an angiocrine pro-metastatic niche through Arf6 up regulation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A74.
A coupled-channels born-approximation analysis of rare-earth (d, t) transitions

Abstract A CCBA (coupled-channels Born approximation) analysis has been performed on a very large set of rare-earth (d, t) transitions. Calculations were performed for states in 159 Gd, 161, 163 Dy and 165, 167 Er which have been identified as members of rotational bands built on the Nilsson single- hole states 11 2 − [505], 1 2 − [521], 3 2 − [521], 5 2 − [523], 5 2 + [642], 5 2 + [633] and 7 2 + [404]. In the cases where the DWBA works well, the CCBA gives results similar to those of DWBA. For the anomalous transitions the CCBA calculations tend to fit better than do the DWBA calculations — but the overall agreement is still rather poor.
Low-cycle fatigue of unidirectional composites:: Bi-linear S–N curves

Abstract Low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) is investigated in an experimental study of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites subjected to axial tensile loading along longitudinal 0° orientation of fibers. Under high LCF loads, fatigue life of PMCs is found to be less than 10 4 loading cycles due to the high property degradation rates that are noticeably higher than those seen during high-cycle fatigue (HCF). In PMC response, unique LCF features have been identified and linked with damage accumulation patterns in unidirectional composites. At high loads near the ultimate strength of specimens, large strains and finite strain rates are found to be significant under semi-rectangular loading so the LCF behavior is affected. Lower and upper limits for the LCF life impose some restrictions on the S – N curves that are obtained for the LCF life assessment. A bi-linear S – N curve is used to approximate the data in the LCF and HCF regions. The bi-linear S – N relationship and the associated fatigue model are described by a proposed analytical formula. The concept of pre-LCF damage state is introduced.
Tiger in the Barbed Wire: An American in Vietnam 1952-1991

Tiger in the Barbed Wire is a fast-paced, colorful memoir by one of the few Americans to live in Vietnam during both the French and American wars. In the 1950s, Foreign Service officer Howard R. Simpson patrolled with French paratroopers at Dien Bien Phu, reported on Hanoi's fall to the Vietminh, was a press advisor to ill-fated Premier Ngo Dinh Diem, and was nearly machine-gunned in street fighting during the bloody Revolt of the Sects. In the 1960s, at a time when coups were the order of the day, he was a press advisor to Prime Minister Nguyen Khanh. When he returned to Vietnam recently to observe the shooting of a movie about Dien Bien Phu--a film that will include some of his own experiences--he interviewed the legendary Vo Nguyen Giap, the architect of the North's victory. Over the years, the author came to know many of the French, Vietnamese, and Americans who shaped Vietnam's tragic destiny. This extraordinary life is described in vivid, powerful imagery by a writer whose skills have been honed during a successful second career as a novelist. As Simpson progresses from neophyte to "old Indochina hand, " the reader learns what Vietnam was like during two explosive decades--and what it is like today.
Angled crack growth estimate with overshoot and/or overload

Abstract Examined analytically are the fracture patterns that result from an angled crack plate specimen failed by progressive increase of the remote extension. Taking into account are the effects of crack growth overshoot and/or overload; they both change with the effective specimen stiffness that depends on the crack angle. Acquisition of such results requires a consistent approach to crack initiation and growth with the analysis based on applying a criterion repeatedly to the unfractured material ahead of the crack front. Crack initiation is assumed to take place at a site where the maximum of the local minimum strain energy density reaches some critical value that depends on the area under the uniaxial true stress and true strain curve. An oversupply of energy prevails, the magnitude of which increases with decreasing distance to the crack front. The additional growth corresponding to this excess of energy is referred to as “overshoot”. This gives the first increment of crack growth such that all subsequent increments could be obtained by repeating the procedure. It was found that crack growth corrected for overshoot due to a constant effective loading is greater for a crack aligned nearly along the axis of loading than for one aligned nearly perpendicular to the loading direction. Overload effect could also be present and contribute to scatter in the experimental data when the angle between the crack and loading direction becomes small. Notwithstanding the complexity arising from crack growth overshoot, special attention was also given to accuracy of the finite element results as affected by changes in grid patterns and mesh sizes.
Recognition and characterization of Holocene tidal inlet sequences

Abstract Analyses of Holocene sediments in over 80 vibracore, wash bore and auger drill holes from coastal North and South Carolina demonstrate sharply contrasting sedimentary sequences and processes of sedimentation between wave- and tide-dominated inlet-fill deposits. This variation in inlet sequences is primarily a function of the antipathetic relationship between wave height and tidal range in the study area. In addition to hydrographic regime, antecedent topography, sediment supply (i.e. sand versus mud) and lateral facies changes along dip are important factors in determining the sedimentologic nature of tidal inlet sequences. With a higher preservation potential for inlet deposits compared to other barrier island deposits, fining-upward sand- and/or mud-rich inlet sequences will dominate ancient clastic shorelines. Inlet channels rework the adjacent barrier island deposits, replacing characteristic coarsening-upward shoreface sequences with fining-upward tidal inlet sequences. Ephemeral, rapidly migrating wave-dominated inlets, filled by landward and longshore sediment transport, deposit a fining-upward sequence of: (1) inlet floor, a poorly-sorted, coarse shell and pebble basal lag; (2) active inlet-channel, planar and trough cross-bedded fine- to coarse-grained sand and shell; and (3) spit platform, planar cross-bedded and parallel laminated, well-sorted, fine-grained sand capping the sequence. Seawardmost wave-dominated inlet sequences are overlain by horizontally laminated overwash and/or cross-bedded and rooted eolian dune sands. Landward, inlet deposits are interbedded with fine-grained flood-tidal delta sands overlain by salt marsh. Ebb delta bar-bypassing at tide-dominated inlet mouths concentrates inlet deposits in the updrift portion of a barrier island. Seawardmost tide-dominated inlet sequences fine upward from basal trough and planar cross-bedded active inlet-channel sand and shell into a trough cross-bedded and rippled ebb-tidal delta sand. Coarsening upward foreshore sand and shell overlie abandoned-inlet deposits. Landward, the overlying ebb-tidal delta and foreshore sands interfinger with wavy- to lenticular-bedded silts and clays of the abandoned inlet-fill and bioturbated salt marsh which form an impermeable updip seal over the inlet channel. Isolation of these wave- or tidally influenced inlets by paleotopography confines inlet deposition to a small area, resulting in vertical stacking of abandoned inlet channels.
Receiver operating characteristic curves: a basic understanding.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) is one form of an objective measurement that can be used to compare newer imaging technologies against human observer performance (the ability of the expert radiologist). Use of ROC curves allows one to account for a continuum of radiologic interpretations when calculating sensitivity and specificity for an imaging modality and avoids the inaccuracies that arise from assuming that imaging findings are absolutely normal or abnormal. An ROC curve is generated by plotting sensitivity on the y axis as a function of [1-specificity] on the x axis for a continuum of diagnostic criteria. ROC curves allow visual analysis of the trade offs between the sensitivity and the specificity of a test with regard to the variable diagnostic criteria used by radiologists. Because ROC curve analysis is gaining wide acceptance in medical literature, an explanation of ROC methods with the use of simple examples is necessary to increase the knowledge and understanding of practicing radiolog...
Lymphocyte protein synthesis is increased with the progression of HIV-associated disease to AIDS.

HIV infection has been shown to affect lymphocyte function and to reduce lymphocyte responsiveness in vitro to mitogenic stimulation, but little is known about lymphocyte metabolism in vivo and how it is affected during the course of the disease. This study investigated the metabolic activity of lymphocytes in vivo through the progression of HIV-associated disease. Lymphocyte protein synthesis was measured with L-[(2)H(5)]phenylalanine (45 mg/kg body weight) in healthy volunteers (n=7), in patients who were HIV-positive (n=7) but asymptomatic, and in patients with AIDS (n=8). The rates of lymphocyte protein synthesis [expressed as a percentage of lymphocyte protein, i.e. fractional synthesis rate (FSR)] were not altered in HIV-positive patients compared with healthy controls (7.9+/-1.28% and 9.1+/-0.53%/day respectively), but were significantly elevated in AIDS patients (14.0+/-1.16%/day; P<0.05). The serum concentration of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increased with the progression of the disease, and TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in AIDS patients (6.81+/-0.88 ng/l) than in healthy controls (3.09+/-0.27 ng/l; P<0.05). Lymphocyte protein FSR was positively correlated with serum TNF-alpha concentration (r=0.55, P=0.009) and negatively correlated with CD4(+) lymphocyte count (r=-0.70, P=0.004). The elevation of lymphocyte protein synthesis in AIDS patients suggests a higher rate of turnover of lymphocytes. This may be associated with a generalized activation of the immune system, which is also reflected by the elevated serum TNF-alpha concentration in the late stages of HIV-associated disease.
Shall I Compare Thee to Another Story?—An Empirical Study of Analogy-Based Story Generation

Despite their use in traditional storytelling, analogy-based narrative devices have not been sufficiently explored in computational narrative. In this paper, we present our analogy-based story generation (ASG) approach in the Riu system, focusing on analogical retrieval and projection. We report on an empirical user evaluation about Riu's capability to retrieve and generate short noninteractive stories using the story analogies through mapping (SAM) algorithm. This work provides the foundation for exploration of ASG in more complex and interactive computational narrative works.
INCOME DISTRIBUTION ISSUES VIEWED IN A LIFETIME INCOME PERSPECTIVE

In the June 1977 issue of the American Economic Review extraordinary attention was given to the statistical problem of measuring the effect on inequality in current income arising from differences associated with age. The method adopted by Paglin was severely criticized although everyone recognized the value of Paglin's unusual, if not original, emphasis on the importance of the underlying issue. This paper is not primarily concerned with the statistical problem of correcting data on current income distributions for income-age differences. It is concerned mainly with the lifetime income perspective itself-with ways of viewing the long-term path of persons and of ways of viewing inequalities in that path as they develop within and among different generations. The paper discusses issues of measurement on a birth-cohort or longitudinal basis, recent trends for selected cohorts, intra-and inter-cohort variances in lifetime income, and various policy issues, for example, the equity of the U.S. Social Security System viewed on a lifetime dimension.
Effect of Molecular Weight on the Interfacial Excess, Tension, and Width in a Homopolymer/Binary Polymer Blend System

The interfacial properties of a three-component, two-phase A/B:C blend are investigated to understand the effect of the A and B chain lengths on the interfacial excess of B, zB*, the interfacial tension, γABC, and the interfacial width, wABC. The A/B:C components are polystyrene/poly(d8-styrene-co-4-bromostyrene):poly(styrene-co-4-bromostyrene), where B and C have 4-bromostyrene mole fractions of 0.154 and 0.177, respectively. Low-energy forward recoil spectrometry (LE-FRES) is used to measure zB* as a function of the B volume fraction in the B:C blend, φB∞. The experimental zB*'s are found to be in excellent agreement with those calculated using the self-consistent field (SCF) model of the A/B:C interface. In addition, the SCF model is used to evaluate γABC and the widths for the A/B:C, A/B, and A/C interfaces (i.e., wABC, wAB, and wAC, respectively). Our results demonstrate that increasing the number of B segments, NB, greatly increases the magnitude of zB*, particularly at low φB∞. On the other hand, v...
Structure-Activity Relationship for Potentiation of EGF-Dependent Mitogenesis by Oxygenated Metabolites of Linoleic-Acid

Epidermal growth factor induces the oxygenation of linoleic acid in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts, and the lipoxygenase-derived products potentiate the mitogenic signal. We have further characterized the linoleate metabolites of growth factor-activated cells by chiral phase HPLC analysis. The primary product was identified as the pure (S) enantiomer of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE). In comparison to 13(R)-HODE isomer, only the biologically derived 13(S)-HODE was active in augmenting DNA synthesis as assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. To extend these investigations, we defined the structural requirements of analogous lipid compounds necessary for stimulation of mitogenesis in these cells. Carbon-chain length, degree of unsaturation, type of oxidized functionality, position of oxygenated moiety, double-bond geometry, and chirality were all identified as factors that modulate the mitogenic activity of related compounds. The results demonstrate a high degree of specificity for (S)-isomer hydro(pero)xylinoleic acid metabolites in stimulating DNA synthesis and further define the relationship between linoleic acid metabolism and growth-factor-dependent cell growth.
SOME EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

1. Alcohol dehydrogenase can be demonstrated not only in rat liver but in the fore and hind stomach and small intestine as well. The specific activity of gastric alcohol dehydrogenase, in crude preparations, is greater than that of the liver enzyme. Alcohol dehydrogenase can be detected in rat and hamster fetal liver. Intestinal alcohol dehydrogenase has a higher specific activity in the first one-third of the gut than in lower regions; some properties of the intestinal enzyme are described.
Cooperative education versus internships: a challenge for an applied geography programme

Abstract A recent debate among academic geographers has focused on the role of applied geography in the discipline. In it, internships are often viewed as one cornerstone of courses in applied geography. This paper discusses the advantages and weaknesses of cooperative education compared with internships. In many respects cooperative education represents a refinement of the internship concept. The chief advantage in its approach lies in the closer relationship which it helps to develop between course objectives and the recruiting and training needs of organisations. Students benefit through better educational experiences and enhanced employment opportunities.
HER2 Expression Beyond Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Implications for Gynecologic Malignancies

HER2 or ErbB2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor family and is overexpressed in subsets of breast, ovarian, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers. HER2 regulates signaling through several pathways (Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways) associated with cell survival and proliferation. HER2-overexpressed and/or gene-amplified tumors are generally regarded as biologically aggressive neoplasms. In breast, cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer, there have been several studies linking the amplification of the c-erbB2 gene with chemoresistance and overall poor survival. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies targeting HER2 hold promise for patients harboring these aggressive neoplasms. Trastuzumab combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy agents or conjugated with radioactive isotopes is currently being investigated in clinical trials of several tumor types.
COS-1, a putative two-component histidine kinase of Candida albicans, is an in vivo virulence factor

The human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, has three putative histidine kinases showing homology to those of plants, bacteria and other fungi. We have constructed a homozygous deletion strain and a hemizygous reconstituted strain of one of these histidine-kinase-encoding genes, COS-1, in C. albicans. Neither strain showed any growth defect in a number of liquid media nor increased resistance or sensitivity to a number of antifungal drugs. Importantly, we show that the COS-1 homozygous disruption strain had significantly reduced virulence in a systemic murine model of candidosis. Thus, COS-1 appears to be an in vivo virulence factor and may represent a novel target for the development of antifungal drugs.
Behavior of Colonial Orb‐weaving Spiders during a Solar Eclipse

The behavior of colonial orb-weaving spiders (Metepeira incrassata) in tropical Veracruz, Mexico was studied during the total solar eclipse on July 11, 1991. Spiders behaved in a manner typical of daily activity until totality, when many began taking down webs. After solar reappearance, most spiders that had begun taking down webs rebuilt them. There was no significant difference in the overall activity patterns of spiders during totality across a range of colony sizes. Experimental illumination of part of a colony during totality altered web takedown behavior. While spiders in the darkness of totality began to take down webs, those spiders which were artificially illuminated did not. These observations suggest that the primary environmental cue responsible for the daily rhythm of web building behavior in this species is light level.
Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

In this work, we will review the recent developments on the protection of Li metal anode in Li-S batteries. Various strategies used to minimize the corrosion of Li anode and reducing its impedance increase will be analyzed. Other potential anodes used in sulfur based rechargeable batteries will also be discussed.
Recurrent syncope and anaphylaxis as presentation of systemic mastocytosis in a pediatric patient: Case report and literature review

Mastocytosis refers to a rare collection of disorders, both cutaneous and systemic, that are characterized by increased numbers of mast cells. Depending on the extent of the disease, these disorders may present with symptoms resulting from mast cell degranulation including flushing, diarrhea, vomiting, cramping, syncope, or anaphylaxis. In pediatric patients, cutaneous involvement is most prevalent in the form of urticaria pigmentosa, which is typically asymptomatic or minimally so with resolution by adolescence. In this case report and review of literature, we review a case of a 3-year-old child with uritcaria pigmentosa displaying recurrent syncope and anaphylaxis as the first presentation of systemic mastocytosis. We found data to be limited on this topic, and concluded that pediatric patients with prior diagnoses of cutaneous mastocytosis could benefit from either more aggressive screening for systemic disease or prophylactic treatment with antihistamines and rescue subcutaneous epinephrine.
Indoleacetaldehydes: Serotonin-like Effects on the Central Nervous System

SEROTONIN (5HT) and tryptamine are metabolized primarily by monoamine oxidase (MAO)1 with the formation of the corresponding aldehyde derivatives 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetaldehyde (5HIAAld) and indoleacetaldehyde (IAAld). These aldehydes are unstable and reactive and are promptly oxidized to corresponding acids2, are firmly bound to acid-insoluble fractions of brain homogenates2–3 or follow other metabolic routes2,4,5, but they are not significantly reconverted to the corresponding amines3. Little attention has been paid to the possible pharmacological activity of these aldehydes because they are inactive in smooth muscle preparations6. We now wish, however, to present evidence that indoleacetaldehydes are biologically active and that to some extent their effects mimic the action of serotonin in visual evoked responses7 and sleep induction9, two functions known to be affected selectively by serotonin probably because the corresponding pathways are normally modulated by the endogenous amine. Our 5HIAAld was prepared enzymatically from 5HT6 and its concentration determined by the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method9. Its purity was determined by a combination of electrophoretic separation and subsequent autoradiography3; serotonin was not detectable.
Cloning and sequence determination of a cDNA encoding Aspergillus nidulans calmodulin-dependent multifunctional protein kinase.

Abstract A partial cDNA encoding Aspergillus nidulans calmodulin-dependent multifunctional protein kinase (ACMPK) was isolated from a λZAP expression library by immunoselection using monospecific polyclonal antibodies to the enzyme. The sequence of both strands of the cDNA (CMKa) was determined. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence contained all eleven consensus domains found in serine/threonine protein kinases [Hanks et al., Science 241 (1988) 42–52], as well as a putative calmodulin-binding domain. The cDNA contained an intron, lacked an in-frame start codon, and was not polyadenylated. A full-length copy of CMKa was subsequently isolated from a λgt10 library of A. nidulans cDNA using a restriction fragment of the first clone as a probe. It contained an in-frame start codon, an open reading frame (ORF) of 1242 bp and was polyadenylated. The ORF encoded a protein of 414 aa residues with an M r of 46895 and an isoelectric point pI = 6.4 . These values are in good agreement with that observed forthe native enzyme [Bartelt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988) 3279–3283]. When aligned to optimize homology, 29% of the predicted aa sequence of ACMPK is identical to that of the α-subunit of rat brain calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. ACMPK shares 40 and 44% identity in aa sequence with YCMK1 and YCMK2, respectively, two Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases recently cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Pausch et al., EMBO J. 10 (1991) 1511–1522]. Results of Southern analysis of restriction digests of genomic DNA indicate that ACMPK is encoded by a single-copy gene.
Edible Films Prepared from Water Extract of Soybeans

Soy films were prepared from water extract of whole soybean. The films' mechanical characteristics as affected by various solid concentrations of water-to-bean ratios, various plasticizer types and concentrations, and various pH values were investigated. Higher tensile strength along with lower elongation was obtained when films were prepared at 8:1 water-to-bean ratio. Stronger films in terms of the tensile strength and puncture strength and lower elongation were obtained when 60% of the amount of plasticizer (relative to protein content in the film) and only triethylene glycol were used. Films with lower strength and higher elongation were produced when 80% of the amount of plasticizer (relative to protein content in the film) and only glycerol were used. In the range of pH 8 to 12, pH 10 produced films with the highest tensile strength.
Demand forecasting for preventive AIDS vaccines: economic and policy dimensions.

An AIDS vaccine could play a very significant role in reversing the HIV pandemic, saving millions of lives. For a vaccine to have such an impact, it must be widely available and adopted and taken up rapidly in the countries most affected. A demand-forecasting model provides a valuable tool that can guide RD duration of protection: 3–5 years; in a two-dose prime-boost combination). The main outcome measure was the number of complete courses of vaccine administered. The model suggests that demand for a preventive AIDS vaccine with a medium efficacy (50%) and duration of protection (3 years) would average 68 million courses annually over a 30-year period. Under different scenarios, demand would peak at 38–152 million courses annually. On the basis of tiered pricing across public and private markets ($US2–100 per dose), these levels of peak demand would translate into $US2.5–5.5 billion in peak annual sales revenues. Private markets and high-income countries account for small volumes but large shares of projected revenues, while low-income countries account for large volumes and more modest, but still significant, sales revenues. Vaccinations to ‘catch-up’ those who are missed or not eligible for routine annual programmes (whether adolescent or high-risk populations) would account for 20–35% of cumulative vaccination courses across all scenarios. Demand was found to be sensitive to vaccine efficacy, duration of protection and price. Efforts to expedite regulatory review processes, improve immunization infrastructure and reduce political constraints could increase demand for an AIDS vaccine by 40 million additional courses a year compared with the medium efficacy (baseline) vaccine forecast. Our model can provide vaccine developers with credible estimates of market potential for an AIDS vaccine, and with a tool that can be used to improve forecasts over time as AIDS vaccine science progresses. It can also help governments to identify and pursue those policies that could best strengthen demand and uptake of a safe and effective preventive AIDS vaccine.