cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulatory and inhibitory signals originatingfrom the macrophage Fcγ receptors

The macrophage receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (FcγR) have long been known to mediate a variety of effector functions that are vital to the adaptive immune response. Recent studies, however, have begun to stress potential regulatory roles that these receptors can play in modulating immune and inflammatory responses. In this article we discuss the activating and inhibitory properties of the individual macrophage FcγR and the conditions under which these heterologous responses can occur.
The Implications of Organizational Structure, Political Control, and Internal System Responsiveness on Whistleblowing Behavior:

This study examines how organizational structure, political control, and internal system responsiveness to employee complaints or grievances influence U.S. federal employees’ internal and external ...
Persistently Frequent Emergency Department Utilization Among Persons With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objective In order to identify opportunities to improve outpatient care, we evaluated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who persistently frequent the emergency department (ED). Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients with SLE who frequented the ED for ≥3 visits in a calendar year, from 2013 to 2016. Persistent users were those who met criteria for persistent use for at least 2 of the 4 years, and limited users for 1 of the 4 years. Each ED encounter was categorized as SLE-related, infection-related, pain-related, or other. We compared ED use between persistent and limited users, and analyzed factors associated with pain-related encounters among persistent users through multivariate logistic regression. Results We identified 77 participants who had 1,143 encounters as persistent users, and 52 participants who had 335 encounters as limited users. Persistent users accounted for 77% of ED use by patients with SLE who frequented the ED. Pain-related ED visits were more common among persistent users (32%) than limited users (18%). Among persistent users, most pain-related encounters were discharged from the ED (69%) or within 48 hours of admission (20%). Persistent users with pain-related encounters accounting for >10% of ED use were more likely to be obese, have fewer comorbid conditions, and be on long-term opioid therapy. Conclusion Pain is a major cause of ED use. Patients with SLE who persistently utilize the ED for pain are likely to be noncritically ill, as evidenced by frequent discharges from the ED and short-stay admissions. Patients with SLE who persistently frequent the ED for pain represent a viable target for interventions to improve outpatient quality of care.
pH- and Temperature-Dependent Peptide Binding to the Lactococcus lactis Oligopeptide-Binding Protein A Measured with a Fluorescence Anisotropy Assay

Bacterial ATP-binding cassette transporters are a superfamily of transport systems involved in the import of various molecules including amino acids, ions, sugars, and peptides. In the lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis, the oligopeptide-binding protein A (OppA) binds peptides for import to support nitrogen metabolism and cell growth. The OppA protein is of great interest because it can bind peptides over a broad variety of lengths and sequences; however, current methods to study peptide binding have employed low throughput, endpoint, or low dynamic range techniques. Therefore, in this study, we developed a fluorescence anisotropy-based peptide-binding assay that can be readily employed to quantify OppA function. To test the utility of our assay, we characterized the pH dependence of oligopeptide binding because L. lactis is commonly used in fermentation and often must survive in low pH environments caused by lactic acid export. We determined that OppA affinity increases as pH or temperature decrease...
Analysis of Environmental Influences on Population Dynamics

Management of animal populations requires an understanding of the factors that control abundance and how they change in response to management. There is an increasing awareness that populations are strongly influenced by random environmental variables and that these effects should be identified and accounted for in management. Analysis of environmental influences commonly involves two problems dealt with here: (1) detection of the environmental variables that affect the population, and (2) determination of how each environmental variable affects population dynamics. With regard to the first problem, “standard” statistical results developed for independent samples are suspect because of substantial intra-series correlation. However, various attempts to account for the correlation structure in population and environmental data do not always yield more accurate rejection rates. With regard to the second problem, the way in which environmental variability affects some populations can be determined from analysis of linearized population models. This leads to a description of expected effects in terms of the population “frequency response” which depends on harvest rate and life history characteristics. Work in both areas underscore the importance of age, size, and sex structure in populations and management models.
Financial Stress and Depression Among African Refugees in the Southern United States: A Serial Multiple Mediation Analysis of Financial Self-Efficacy and Financial Anxiety

As part of a larger community-based participatory research project exploring the postresettlement challenges of African refugees in the southern United States, our study investigated the phenomenon...
Numerical and Analytical Calculations of the Superheating Field for a Superconducting Half-Space

Superconductivity is observed in some materials that are cooled below a critical temperature TC. In the superconducting state, the sample expels magnetic fields (a phenomenon called the Meissner effect). However, if the applied magnetic field is greater than a certain critical field HC(TC), superconductivity is destroyed and the sample becomes normal. In “semi-infinite” bulk samples (i.e. the sample is bounded on one side by a plane), superconductivity has been observed experimentally for magnetic fields larger than HC These metastable “superheated” states exist for HC < H < Hsh. Our task was to numerically calculate Hsh as a function of κ, where κ is the ratio of the penetration depth to the correlation length of the sample.
BIM assisted Building Automation System information exchange using BACnet and IFC

Abstract Smart buildings are the trend of the next generation's commercial buildings that link different building systems together with the Building Automation System (BAS). Building information modeling (BIM) assists in data exchange and information flow. Previous research has explored BAS and BIM integration for energy management, building design optimization and operation, and building fault detection and diagnostics. However, it is rarely seen to design BAS or exchange BAS information in different project stages using BIM tools. The current design of the BAS system is either using 2D drawings based on AutoCAD or vendor customized tools. Unlike the other building systems, BAS seldom participates in design-build BIM cycle but blends into facility management in the later stage. To tackle this issue, this research aims to set a fundamental step to facilitate information exchange for BIM assisted BAS design and operation using one of the BAS open communication protocol named Building Automation and Control Networks (BACnet) and open BIM standard Industry Foundation Class (IFC). This paper leverages Information Delivery Manual (IDM) and Model View Definition (MVD) methodologies to define an IFC subset schema (a BACnet MVD) so that BAS information conforming to the BACnet protocol can be represented in IFC data model for information exchange throughout various project stages with BIM tools. Revit and a web browser were used to demonstrate the implementation of the BACnet MVD for BAS information exchange. In this way, BAS information represented in the open BIM standard can unlock the potential of future smart building information exchange and integration.
Synthesis of β-Halofurans

Furans substituted with halogens at the beta carbon, which is less prone to electrophilic reactions compared to an alpha position, are important intermediates for accessing highly substituted furans. The regioselectivity of the introduction of a halogen plays an important role in their preparation. This review summarizes efforts for the synthesis of β-halofurans (but not benzofurans) as sorted by halogen (iodo, bromo, chloro, and fluoro). This article provides general reaction schemes that were confirmed with multiple examples and are sometimes applicable to other halogens, and selected reactions specific to a particular substrate and a halogen.
Predictors of Opioid Consumption in Immediate, Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND Current rates of opioid prescribing have deleterious consequences on both patient and societal levels. This study aims to evaluate responsible opioid prescribing and predictors of opioid consumption in immediate implant-based breast reconstruction. METHODS Patients undergoing consultation for immediate, implant-based breast reconstruction were enrolled in a prospective, cohort survey study. A survey was administered at the preoperative and postoperative appointment to collect data on pain expectations and opioid use. A medical record review was performed. RESULTS Of 100 enrolled patients, 97 (97.0 percent) underwent surgery and 85 (85.0 percent) completed the postoperative survey. Preoperatively, 27 patients (27.0 percent) had a history of a chronic pain syndrome, 34 (34.0 percent) had a history of a mental health comorbidity, and nine (9.0 percent) had a history of active preoperative opioid use. A total of 85 tissue expander (87.6 percent) and 12 direct-to-implant (12.4 percent) reconstructions were completed. Patients were prescribed an average of 36.0 5-mg oxycodone tablets postoperatively. Patients reported consuming an average of 20.6 tablets, or 57.0 percent of the average prescription amount. The majority of patients (75.3 percent) reported taking an opioid less than once per day at the time of survey completion, and 24 patients (28.2 percent) reported that they did not use any opioids postoperatively. Preoperative opioid use (p = 0.004), inpatient opioid consumption (p < 0.0001), and patient-reported anxiety related to pain control (p < 0.05) were predictors of opioid consumption. CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing mastectomy and implant-based breast reconstruction are prescribed nearly twice as many opioid tablets as consumed, and one in three patients report not using any opioids postoperatively. Clinical factors may help guide prescribing practices. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in a group of patients who presented with severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. A novel virus, now called SARSCoV- 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2), was isolated from lower respiratory tract samples. The current outbreak of infection has spread to over 100 countries and killed more than 340,000 people as of 25th May, 2020. The predominant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is a respiratory disease- ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to fulminant pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors are considered more susceptible to the virus, and these conditions are often worsened by the infection. Furthermore, COVID-19 infection has led to de novo cardiac complications, like acute myocardial injury and arrhythmias. In this review, we have focused on the cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 infection that have been reported in the literature so far. We have also outlined the effect of pre-existing cardiovascular disease as well as risk factors on the clinical course and outcomes of COVID-19 infection.
Flexible Ureteroscopy as the New Standard for the Management of Renal Transplant Urolithiasis <15 mm: A Single-Center Experience.

Objectives: To determine the safety and efficacy of flexible ureteroscopy in the treatment of transplant urolithiasis. Materials and Methods: We reviewed a single-center series of 2652 patients who...
Mobile Health and Telehealth Interventions to Increase Physical Activity in Adolescents with Obesity: a Promising Approach to Engaging a Hard-to-Reach Population.

Purpose of review Adolescence represents a critical time to set habits for long-term health, yet adequate rates of physical activity are uncommon in this age group. Mobile technology use, however, is ubiquitous. We review advantages and challenges posed by mobile health (mHealth) and telehealth-based physical activity interventions aimed at adolescents. Recent findings Mobile Health (mHealth) and telehealth interventions to increase physical activity in adolescents include use of wearable activity trackers, text messages or apps, and video visits with exercise specialists. Definitions and goals for physical activity differ across interventions, and methods of activity measurement also vary. User engagement is often poor, if tracked at all. No identified studies included use of behavioral economics-informed engagement strategies. Intervention designers must plan for ways to maximize engagement and to reliably measure the intended outcome. Although mHealth and telehealth interventions have advantages such as scalability and acceptability, potential pitfalls must be addressed before widespread implementation.
Simultaneous removal of multiple polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from urban stormwater using low-cost agricultural/industrial byproducts as sorbents.

Abstract The potential of five low-cost and globally available sorbents, including three raw waste products – waste tire crumb rubber (WTCR), coconut coir fiber (CCF) and blast furnace slag (BFS) – and two modified materials – biochar (BC) and iron coated biochar (FeBC) – were evaluated for removing a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): pyrene (PYR), phenanthrene (PHE), acenaphthylene (ACY) and naphthalene (NAP) from simulated stormwater. The physicochemical characteristics of the sorbents were assessed by BET-N2 surface area, CHN elemental analysis, FTIR and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS). The experimental data were well described by both linear and Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The adsorption rate was mainly controlled by the film diffusion mass transfer mechanism. The magnitude of PAHs partition coefficients (Kd) followed the order of BC > FeBC > WTCR > CCF ≫ BFS, ranging from 80 to 390,000 L/kg. The sorption Kd values were positively correlated with both aromaticity of sorbents and octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) of PAHs. Solution ionic strength and pH did not have significant effects on the sorption of PAHs by all sorbents. In contrast, humic acid, as dissolved organic carbon, decreased sorption capacities of WTCR and CCF, and increased sorption efficiency of BFS, which was confirmed with field-collected real stormwater. The hydrophobic π–π interactions were the main mechanism for the sorption of PAHs by various sorbents. These findings are promising for future development of cost-effective sorption filters for removal of hydrophobic organic pollutants from urban stormwater runoff.
Chapter 16 – Dombrock blood group system

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Dombrock blood group system. The terminology, expression, database accession numbers, and the carrier molecule related to the Dombrock blood group system are also reviewed. This blood group was named after the producer of the first anti-Doa that was identified in 1965. The function and disease association of the Dombrock blood group system is discussed. This system is homologous to the ADP-ribosyltransferases (ART) 1, 2 and 3, and is absent from the PNH III red blood cells (RBCs). The chapter also discusses the molecular basis associated with the Doa antigen, the effect of enzymes/chemicals on the Doa antigen on intact red blood cells (RBCs), and the in vitro characteristics of alloanti-Doa. Anti-Doa is found to be a poor immunogen and is rarely found as a single specificity.
Teachers' Anger, Frustration, and Self-Regulation

Publisher Summary This chapter explores teacher's emotions such as anger and frustration. Frustration and anger arise from a number of sources related to thwarted goals including students' misbehavior and violation of rules, factors outside the classroom that make it difficult to teach well, uncooperative colleagues, and parents who do not follow appropriate behavior norms or are perceived as uncaring and irresponsible. Teachers also become angry when they believe that students' poor academic work is due to controllable factors, such as laziness or inattention. Many teachers report that most experience of anger and frustration are not minor, momentary feelings, but are intense, lasted more than one hour, and are associated with noticeable bodily sensations. In addition, their anger and frustration leads to changes in their classroom behaviors and coping strategies. Intrusive thoughts make it difficult for them to concentrate on what they are doing before the emotion episode, and that students are the immediate target of the anger and frustration. This indicates that the classroom impact of these negative emotions is considerably longer than the specific episodes.
Outside the Foreseeable Future: The Tyranny of Ethnicity Politics in Kosova

In April of 1999 I went to the border of Kosova and Macedonia to escort a bus load of expelled residents of Suha Reka to Albania. In retrospect, as I sat in the frosty early morning bustle of BIace camp among those who had lost husbands, sons, wives and, sisters, I realize I was witness to a dramatic visualization of the theoretical that haunts my work as an historian. I went to Blace to implement a "negotiated" settlement, one that took place in Skopje and Geneva between representatives of the UNHCR and the Macedonian government. As mass murder and rape was taking place just across the border, the concern of international agencies and governments was what to do with this mass of humanity (classified in a variety of terms by the respective governing entities) that was being pushed to the border.
Lyapunov Functions for Linear Singularly Perturbed Systems with Marginally Stable Boundary Layer Systems

Singularly perturbed linear systems which have marginally stable boundary layer systems are considered. Conditions are given which assure the existence of Lyapunov functions for these systems. Based on these conditions, criteria are presented which guarantee asymptotic stability or instability for sufficiently small values of the singular perturbation parameter. The results are illustrated by application to a simple flexible mechanical system.
Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: active, cloned toxin is secreted into the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli.

Abstract We subcloned the structural gene for exotoxin A (ETA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in front of the tac promoter in an Escherichia coli expression vector and studied the intracellular location and properties of the protein product. The E. coli K-12 strain that carried this recombinant plasmid produced an immunoreactive protein that was identical to authentic ETA in size and in cytotoxic and ADP-ribosyl transferase activities per unit of immunoreactive material. The protein was predominantly in the periplasmic fraction; and a mutation in the secA gene blocked secretion, processing, and conversion of the protein to a fully toxic conformation. The results indicate that expression of the ETA gene in E. coli yields native ETA, which is localized within the periplasmic space. This organism may therefore serve as a useful host for studying structure and function in ETA.
Superresolution Imaging Reveals the Internal Organization of Syntaxin Clusters in Hippocampal Processes

N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are the universal molecular machinery used to mediate membrane fusion events. Syntaxins are SNARE proteins that reside in the target membrane and determine the allowable sites for membrane fusion. Clusters of syntaxin molecules release reactive syntaxin molecules for interactions with their partners in SNARE formation. In hippocampal neurons, syntaxin-1a (Stx1a) mediates neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles whereas syntaxin-3 (Stx3) facilitates activity-dependent α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid(AMPA) receptor exocytosis. To explore the single-molecule distribution of these syntaxin variants in hippocampal neurons, we implemented photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), a superresolution fluorescence microscopy technique. PALM revealed single Stx1a molecules as well as clusters of Stx1a distributed throughout the hippocampal processes. The clusters of Stx1a varied markedly in size and the de...
A Dirichlet-Smoothed Bigram Model for Retrieving Spontaneous Speech

We present two simple but effective smoothing techniqes for the standard language model (LM) approach to information retrieval [12]. First, we extend the unigram Dirichlet smoothing technique popular in IR [17] to bigram modeling [16]. Second, we propose a method of collection expansion for more robust estimation of the LM prior, particularly intended for sparse collections. Retrieval experiments on the MALACH archive [9] of automatically transcribed and manually summarized spontaneous speech interviews demonstrates strong overall system performance and the relative contribution of our extensions.
The Character Table

The definition of a character has been given in Chapter 3. As will be demonstrated in Chapter 5, character tables are necessary for the determination of the selection rules that govern which bands will appear in the infrared and Raman spectra of various molecules and also for the determination of the number of fundamentals of each type of vibration. Table 4–1 shows a typical character table, that for the C 2v point group, and Fig. 4-1 diagrammatically illustrates the significance of the various parts for the character table for C 3v. The character table classifies the displacements of the atoms of molecules from their equilibrium positions according to the irreducible representation of the symmetry group. The first column of the character table lists the types of representations, or species of vibrations, possible for the given point group. The most symmetrical species are placed near the top of the table, and the least symmetrical species near the bottom. The symmetry classes pertinent to the point group form the column headings.
Abstract P170: Ideal Levels of Cardiovascular Health Metrics across Racial and Ethnic Groups in California

Introduction: The American Heart Association (AHA) set a goal to improve the cardiovascular health of the nation by 20% by 2020 and identified cardiovascular disease (CVD) health metrics. We estimated the prevalence of adults at ideal levels for six key CVD health metrics among the racial and ethnic groups in California. Methods: Using data from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) 2009 study of adults aged 18 and over, and closely following AHA definitions, we identified prevalence of “poor”, “intermediate”, and “ideal” levels of 6 key CVD health metrics: 1) smoking status, 2) physical activity, 3) BMI, 4) diet score, 5) fasting plasma glucose, and 6) blood pressure among Chinese, Filipino, South Asians, Japanese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Caucasians, Mexican Americans, Other Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans/ Alaskan Natives living in California (n=46,693, projected = 26.6 mil). The seventh key AHA metric, cholesterol, was not available in our sample. Results: Among all racial/ ethnic groups, physical activity, BMI, and diet score were the metrics at poorest levels. Wide variability in ideal levels for the six key CVD health metrics is seen across all racial/ ethnic groups (table). The CVD health metrics were most consistently poor among American Indians/ Alaskan Natives but were also at low levels for specific Asian, Hispanic, and African American groups. Less than 1% of all California adults had ideal measures for all six CVD Health metrics. Conclusions: Our study shows wide variability between Asian and other racial/ ethnic groups in key CVD health metrics in California. Larger scale national surveys representing all key US racial and ethnic groups are needed to validate these findings and to document the gaps needed to be addressed for improving CVD health. These findings provide opportunities for targeted health outreach to those racial/ ethnic groups most at risk and addressing metrics at poorest attainment. Table. Proportion (%) at Ideal Levels of CVD Health Metrics, by Race and Ethnicity
The EUV spectrum of H2O by electron impact

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrum of H2O produced by electron impact at 200 eV is presented. A total of 25 spectral features are identified at a resolution of 0.5 nm over the wavelength range from 40 to 280 nm. Absolute emission cross-sections were obtained for each of the features. The differences of the features are all attributed to the various excited states of the dissociation products, H, O and O(+). The Lyman-alpha feature is the brightest for electron-induced fluorescence of H2O from the UV to the near-IR, and had a cross-section of 6.3 (+ or - 1.0 x 10 to the -18th) sq cm at 200 eV. The Lyman-alpha feature contributed 74 percent of the total measured emission cross-section in the EUV.
Early Effectiveness of Shoulder Arthroplasty for Patients Who Have Primary Glenohumeral Degenerative Joint Disease

Twenty-nine consecutive patients who met strict criteria for a diagnosis of primary glenohumeral degenerative joint disease completed standardized questionnaires regarding general health status as well as function of the shoulder before I performed a total glenohumeral arthroplasty. The patients completed the forms again at an average of ten months after the operation. Comparison of the preoperative and postoperative responses to the questions regarding health status demonstrated highly significant improvement in the patients' assessments of over-all bodily pain (p < 0.0001) and physical function (p < 0.0005) as well as significant improvement in role function (p < 0.05) and the anticipated change in general health status (p < 0.05). Concurrently, comparison of the responses to the questions regarding function of the shoulder indicated highly significant improvement in the ability of the patients to sleep on the side, to tuck in the back of a shirt, to place the hand behind the head, to toss overhand (p < 0.0001 for all), and to place one pound (0.5 kilogram) (p < 0.005) or eight pounds (3.6 kilograms) (p < 0.0001) on a shelf at shoulder level. The comparison also revealed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the ability of the patients to place a coin on a shelf, to carry twenty pounds (9.1 kilograms) at the side, to wash the back of the contralateral shoulder, and to do their usual work.
Seismic Radiation from a Unidirectional Asymmetrical Circular Crack Model, Part I: Constant Rupture Velocity

We propose a unidirectional asymmetrical circular crack model, and we investigate the far-field body-wave radiation. The model is a quasi-dynamic one, as the slip is specified by employing Eshelby's static solution at every instant in time. However, unlike previously proposed symmetrical circular crack models that nucleate at the center of a circular fault and spread radially, symmetrically in all directions, the proposed model exhibits unidirectional propagation. We derive compact closed form expressions for the far-field pulse radiated by the source model. As expected, the radiation of the model exhibits strong azimuthal variation. We investigate the stopping phases of the model that are emitted when the rupture front stumbles on the circular barrier at the edge of the fault, and we examine their radiation pattern. We study the seismic energy and seismic efficiency of the model and compare them with those of the symmetrical circular crack model. We find that the seismic efficiency of the unidirectional asymmetrical circular fault model is smaller by a factor of approximately 2-3 as compared to the seismic efficiency of the symmetrical circular crack model. This is explained by the fact that the average rupture velocity of the asymmetrical model is smaller by a similar factor as compared to that of the symmetrical model. Finally, we employ various objective definitions of the corner frequency, and we investigate how their predictions compare with graphically picked corner frequencies. Manuscript received 25 October 2000.
Positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate neutrophil kinetics during acute lung injury.

We measured neutrophil glucose uptake with positron emission tomographic imaging and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG-PET) in anesthetized dogs after intravenous oleic acid-induced acute lung inju...
COMPUTER-BASED PHYSICIAN EDUCATION

As the capabilities of desktop computers have increased at an exponential rate, so have applications of information technology in medical practice and education. Simultaneously, new trends within health care have introduced increasing demands on physicians, diminishing time for self-education, research, and clinical practice. Computers can allow otolaryngologists to more efficiently accomplish the tasks involved in their expanding role as physicians. A basic knowledge of computers is a prerequisite to effectively use the various interfaces necessary to manage the vast amount of information currently available to practicing physicians. Unfortunately, most practicing otolaryngologists did not receive formal computer instruction during their training, and because no national guidelines for computer instruction currently exist, medical students and residents in the United States have heterogeneous experiences depending upon the specific institution they attend and personal motivation. This chapter focuses on efforts to educate medical students, residents, and practicing physicians on the use of computers, and also describes some of the advantages of using computer-based medical education. Many current efforts either have not been published in the medical literature, or are in a phase of rapid evolution, complicating assessment of the current state of medical computer education. Hopefully, this chapter will provide a survey of current efforts, and will provide a basis for further recommendations for computer instruction.
Modeling and circuit simulation of GaN-based light-emitting diodes for optimum efficiency through uniform current spreading

Uniform current spreading is desirable for both light emitting diodes (LEDs) performance and reliability. It enhances optical efficiency because the joule losses due to current crowding in some parts of the die would be eliminated. The LED design for optimal light extraction and uniform current spreading is therefore a necessity. In this paper we report on preliminary current spreading results obtained from circuit simulation, using Pspice and Aimspice, for LED designs with and without an n-metal ring as well as the epi-up and flip chip LEDs. For the epi-up, both the lateral and vertical resistances of the transparent metals were taken into account. Whereas in the flip chip, the lateral resistance was negligibly small thus only the vertical component contributed to the total p-lump resistance. The n-lateral resistance in the active mesa was critical to uniform current spreading. It was found that the lower the n-lateral resistance, the more uniform the current spreads and flows through the active region. In both the epi-up and flip-chip structures, the contact resistance of the p-metal (including the thin Ni/Au transparent metal) dominated the total p-lump resistance. The larger this value, with fixed n-layer lateral resistance, the more uniform the current spreads in the device. However, high p-contact resistance is not desirable as it reduces the overall efficiency of the device due to excessive heating and increased leakage current. Therefore, for uniform current spreading, the n-lateral resistance should be made small while maintaining an optimum p-lump resistance to achieve a high efficiency.
Microwave and Raman spectra, dipole moment, barrier to internal rotation, and vibrational assignment of silylphosphine-d2

Abstract The microwave spectra of SiH 3 PD 2 have been recorded in the range 26.5–40.0 GHz. Both a - and c -type transitions were observed and assigned. The rigid rotor rotational constants were determined to be A = 37589.06 ± 0.11, B = 5315.70 ± 0.02, and C = 5258.70 ± 0.02 MHz. The barrier to internal rotation has been calculated from the A - E splittings to be 1512 ± 26 cal/mole. The dipole moment components of | μ a | = 0.22 ± 0.01, | μ c | = 0.56 ± 0.01, and | μ t | = 0.60 ± 0.01 D were determined from the Stark effect. By using previously determined microwave data for SiH 3 PH 2 , several structural parameters have been calculated and their values are compared to similar ones in other compounds. The Raman (0–2500 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous, liquid, and solid SiH 3 PH 2 and gaseous SiH 3 PD 2 have been recorded and interpreted in detail on the basis of C s molecular symmetry.
Current issues in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

For colorectal cancers that are confined to the bowel wall with uninvolved nodes, surgery alone is curative in most patients, and adjuvant treatment is usually not indicated. A combined modality approach for the initial treatment of many rectal and selected colonic carcinomas is based on (1) data that “radical” operations do not necessarily prevent either local regrowth or distant failures and (2) acceptance of a significant palliative but infrequent curative role for irradiation and chemotherapy when such failures occur. Published data for rectal cancer indicates that local recurrence can be markedly reduced by moderate to high dose pre- and post-operative irradiation ± chemotherapy. For colon cancer, data from pilot trials suggest that post-operative irradiation may reduce local recurrence by stage when compared with surgery alone analyses, but randomized trials are needed. With locally advanced disease, aggressive treatment combinations appear to increase both local control and survival, but much interaction is required between involved physicians.
Sententialism and the problem of clutter

Among the difficulties that sentential theories of belief face, the problem of clutter asserts that treating beliefs as sentences would make it difficult or impossible to literally fit the number of beliefs possessed by ordinary human cognizers into the mind-brain. I argue that concerns about clutter arise from a misunderstanding of how belief states, whether sentences or not, are causally related. Insofar as a weak computer model of the mind treats information states as virtual states, I explain how the ontology of virtual states seriously mitigates the problem of clutter for sententialism.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF SOME INVERTEBRATE EYES.

1. Electron microscopy reveals the lens in the eye of nereid annelids (Nereis vexillosa, N. limnicola, Neanthes succinea) to be composed of highly folded, interdigitating processes of the pigment cells of the retina. The processes are filled with osmophilic vesicles. The lens in the eye of the snail, Helix aspersa, is a secreted sphere of fine granular material. Lenses are lacking in the ocelli of sea stars (Patiria miniata, Leptasterias pusilla, and Henricia leviuscula) and of a hydromedusan (Polyorchis penicillatus), the cavity of an eyecup being filled with ciliary-type photoreceptoral processes. 2. The cornea of the nereid eye consists of two layers: 1) a thick cuticle surfaced with fine projections and composed of a dense matrix containing granules, fibrils, and vertically arranged rows of lacunae, and 2) a layer of large epithelial cells. The cornea of Helix has three layers: 1) a one-cell thick stratum of epithelial cells, the external surfaces of which are studded with microvilli embedded in a coat of jelly, 2) a narrow stratum of horizontally oriented fibers (collagen ?) into which processes of the outer epithelial cells extend, and 3) an inner layer of columnar cells packed with granules and possessing microvilli on their under surfaces. 3. The young photoreceptoral cell in a developing adult eye of a 3-segment nereid larva was found to possess a cilium (flagellum) at its distal end. The cilium does not appear to be involved in the formation of the microvilli which arise from the sides of the sensory cell and below the cilium. Thus, the nereid photoreceptor is basically rhabdomeric rather than ciliary in type. 4. The larval eye in the nereid trochophore is a 2-cell organ resembling that of flatworms and composed of a slightly concave pigment cell and a sensory cell. The latter bears at its distal end an array of microvilli which project into the concavity of the pigment cell and lies next to a nerve cell that sends an axon to the ciliated prototroch.
Probation officers' roles in intensive supervision: Surveillance versus treatment

This is a study of role conflict in two intensive supervision sites, Ohio and Georgia. Most authorities believe that the traditional roles of probation officers, “social work” and “law enforcement,” conflict and are potentially incompatible. This belief disagrees with the professional idea of role integration, on which little empirical work has been done. In this study, two questionnaires and five cases were given to 31 officers representing two sites with differing organizational philosophies. It was found that both the officers' philosophies and the case tasks varied between the sites. The “law enforcer” role appears to be a product of both personal philosophy and organizational policy, whereas the “social worker” role is influenced more heavily by organizational policy. The idea of role incompatibility was not supported.
Answer to May 2015 Photo Quiz

Answer: Methylobacterium fujisawaense. The organism was identified as Methylobacterium fujisawaense. The pink-pigmented nonfermenters (PPNFs) include Asaia, Azospirillum, Methylobacterium, and Roseomonas species. Roseomonas colonies are typically larger than those of Methylobacterium, and Gram
Augmentation of nucleate boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux using nanoparticle thin-film coatings

Nanoparticle thin-film coatings applied to boiling surfaces using a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method demonstrated significant enhancement in the pool boiling critical heat flux (CHF) and nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient. Up to 100% enhancement of the critical heat flux and over 100% enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient were observed for pool boiling of nickel wires coated with different thin-films of silica nanoparticles. Surface characterization revealed that the surface wettability changed drastically with the application of these coatings, while causing virtually no change in the surface roughness. It is concluded that the nanoporous structure coupled with the chemical constituency of these coatings leads to the enhanced boiling behavior.
Management of Hydrocephalus Secondary to Intracranial Hemorrhage in the High Risk Newborn

The experience of the Special Care Nursery of the University of California Medical Center, San Diego, in the management of the high risk newborn with progressive ventricular enlargement is reviewed, and the physiopathological basis of progressive ventricular enlargement is analyzed.
Inhibition of Streptococcus Lactis in Milk by Fatty Acids

Summary In an effort to determine the cause of the inhibitory property of rancid milk on S.lactis all of the fatty acids common to milk fat were tested for their effect upon the growth of this organism. Caprylic, capric and lauric acids, inhibited growth of S. lactis ; the degree of inhibition increased as the concentration of the acid increased. The effect of myristic acid was doubtful, and none of the other acids tested was found to inhibit the growth of this organism. The inhibitory property of rancid milk and that observed in milk containing fatty acids is not the result of the low surface tension of the milk, but is due to some other unexplained toxic effect of the individual fatty acids.
TVA's Old and New Grass Roots A Reexamination of Cooptation

Philip Selznick's examination of cooptation reinterpreted the idealized reputation of TVA's grassroots administration as the ordinary pursuit of organizational needs. This article examines cooptation in TVA since Selznick's study including a new round of cooptation related to reforms beginning in 1977. This later look at cooptation shows it to be a changing balance of coopted groups, an agency's leadership, and an agency's political environment. This dynamic concept emphasizes cooptation as a changing process of participation and representation rather than a stable, enduring outcome of bureaucratic process. This is consistent with Selznick's conclusion, although the history of coopted groups makes clearer that the principal function of cooptation, for the agency and the coopted groups, is to legitimate an agency's leadership. In addition, this history suggests two important caveats to Selznick's findings. First, coopted groups, under certain conditions, may acquire real power over an agency; second, coopt...
The efficiency of algorithms and machines: a survey of the complexity theoretic approach

The credibility of computer science as a science depends to a large extent on the complexity theoretic results which are now emerging. In this survey the efficiency of algorithms and machines for finite tasks, i.e., tasks representable by functions with finite domain and range, will be examined.The complexity of functions can be measured in several ways. Two useful measures to be discussed in this survey are the shortest length program for a function on a universal Turing machine and the smallest number of logical operations to compute a function.Two storage-time tradeoff inequalities for the computation of functions on random-access general purpose computers will be stated. These imply that efficient use of these machines is possible only for algorithms using small storage and large time or the reverse. Intermediate amounts of storage and time generally imply inefficient operation.
On comparison of estimators in a generalized life model

Abstract Bayes estimation of the scale parameter in a generalized life distribution is considered under entropy loss, linex loss and squared error loss (SEL) respectively. Risks and Bayes risks for those estimators as well as for maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), median unbiased estimator (MUE) are calculated and simultaneously compared for a number of priors. Optimal estimator relative to a particular loss function and prior are selected individually. Optimal estimators in Zacks and Even's sense for the scale parameter and reliability function are also obtained separately. Numerical studies indicate that the optimal estimators depend on the comparison criteria.
Acquired ileal atresia and spontaneous reconstitution of intestinal continuity in a premature infant with necrotizing enterocolitis

An 849-g (26-week gestation) premature infant had pneumoperitoneum on the 20th day of life after having normal stools and accepting partial enteric alimentation. Percutaneous penrose drainage had to be performed on 2 consecutive days at 2 different sites (right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant), at which time she stabilized. Eleven days later, she started to pass stool, and oral feeding was begun (1 to 2 mL every 4 hours). Enteral intake could not be advanced because of repeated bouts of abdominal distension, despite having regular bowel motions. Gastrointestinal contrast radiographic investigation suggested a stricture of the ileum. At laparotomy (at age 2 months) ileal atresia with a "V"-shaped defect in the mesentery was found. Surprisingly, intestinal continuity was established via an ileoileal fistula. After resection and anastomosis, she recovered fully. Mesenteric and enteric vascular ischemia (necrotizing enterocolitis) produced acquired ileal atresia-a rare occurrence. More rare is the reestablishment of intestinal continuity by fistulization.
Asymptotic maximum likelihood estimator performance for chaotic signals in noise

The performance of the maximum likelihood estimator for a 1-D chaotic signal in white Gaussian noise is derived. It is found that the estimator is inconsistent and therefore the usual asymptotic distribution (large data record length) is invalid. However, for high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), the maximum likelihood estimator is asymptotically unbiased and attains the Cramer-Rao lower bound. >
Binding of mannose-functionalized dendrimers with pea (Pisum sativum) lectin.

Lectins are invaluable tools for chemical biology because they recognize carbohydrate arrays. Multivalent carbohydrate binding by lectins is important for processes such as bacterial and viral adhesion and cancer metastasis. A better understanding of mammalian lectin binding to carbohydrate arrays is critical for controlling these and other cellular recognition processes. Plant lectins are excellent model systems for the study of multivalent protein−carbohydrate interactions because of their robustness and ready availability. Here, we describe binding studies of mannose-functionalized poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers to a mitogenic lectin from Pisum sativum (pea lectin). Hemagglutination and precipitation assays were performed, and results were compared to those obtained from concanavalin A (Con A), a lectin that has been studied in more detail. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments are also described. Keywords: Dendrimer; pisum sativum; pea lectin; concanavalin A; multivalency; carbohydra...
The effect of inorganic ions, pH and possible organic modulators on chiton, Katharina tunicata, hemocyanin function

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen affinity of purified Katharina tunicata hemocyanin was measured under a variety of conditions of salinity, temperature and pH. 2. 2. Purified hemocyanin shows a cooperative oxygen binding curve ( n H ranges from 1.6 to 3.0) and a normal Bohr effect ((O ranges from −0.080 to −0.199) at the various ion concentrations and temperatures examined. 3. 3. Oxygen affinities of hemocyanin in a buffer with inorganic ions identical to those measured in animals exposed to 30%. and 10%. sea water (pH 7.4) were slightly lower at the higher salt concentration. When the salinity of the buffer was increased to 35%. or 45%. the oxygen affinity of the hemocyanin was further lowered, most strikingly at 25°C. 4. 4. The cooperativities and Bohr coefficients at high salinities were similar to those at lower salinities. 5. 5. The heat of oxygenation, Δ H , of Katharina hemocyanin was about −9.4kcal/mole (pH 7.4). 6. 6. Several organic molecules, succinate, d -lactate, alanine, propionate and acetate, show little or no effect on hemocyanin oxygen binding at either 30%. or 10%. 7. 7. The oxygen affinity of Katharina hemocyanin could change two fold over salinity and temperature conditions which the animal experiences in the field.
Structural and combinatorial constraints on base pairing in large nucleotide sequences.

Abstract In this paper we discuss the constraints and combinatorial problems of folding long RNA and single stranded DNA molecules into base paired structures. A computer code FOLD-A was designed to perform base pairing foldings of very long sequence chains and search for low energy configurations. The logic of the FOLD-A algorithm is described in some detail. The applications of FOLD-A to the A-protein gene of MS2 and the whole genome of the φX 174 phage with over 5300 bases are discussed in the accompanying paper.