cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Detection of Cognitive-Linguistic Change Associated With Mild Cognitive Impairment

This study investigated whether performance on a complex discourse production task differentiates individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from those with normal cognition and to extend the findings of a previous study (Reference Blinded). The study also attempted to identify the role of executive function (EF) in discourse production. MCI is an evolving, intermediate diagnostic category between normal cognitive aging and dementia (Holsinger, Deveau, Boustani, & Williams, 2007; Petersen et al., 2001; Taler & Phillips, 2008). Over time, some individuals with MCI remain stable or return to normal functioning. Conversely, 50% or more of persons with MCI progress to dementia within five years, making MCI a primary risk factor for dementia (Gauthier et al., 2006; Kantarci et al., 2009).Currently, no standardized test of cognitive-communicative function designed specifically for persons with MCI exists. However, it is plausible that similar to dementia, subtle changes in communicative abilities may be the initial symptom of declining neurological status. Presuming that subtle decline may initially appear within the context of relatively complex linguistic behaviors, the ideal task for the detection of slight changes would be one in which the complexity is sufficient enough to tax seemingly intact cognitive-linguistic abilities. A complex discourse production task seems appropriate because the task requires higher-order abilities such as planning, problem solving, cognitive flexibility (References Blinded) which have been found to be impaired in individuals with MCI (Zhang, Han, Verhaeghen, & Nilsson, 2007). The research questions for the study were: 1) What are the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of spoken discourse in cognitively normal individuals and individuals with MCI? 2) What is the relation between the spoken discourse production and the higher-order cognitive skills in cognitively normal individuals and individuals with MCI?
Pharmacological properties of a novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor agonist, 2-(3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-[1-(1-methylcyclooctyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-benzimidazole, with anxiolytic potential.

Abstract We have characterized the pharmacological properties of the novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor (NOP receptor) agonist, 2-(3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-[1-(1-methylcyclooctyl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-benzimidazole (PCPB). PCPB bound to the NOP receptor in mouse brain membranes (Ki = 0.12 nM) and to recombinant human NOP receptor (Ki = 2.1 nM). PCPB showed full agonism for the NOP receptor in isolated mouse vas deferens with a maximal effect and high potency that were similar to the pharmacological profile observed for nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) (pD2: 6.9 ± 0.2; 95 ± 2% activity). Orally administered PCPB (30 mg/kg) penetrated well into the brains of the mice. PCPB exhibited an anxiolytic activity in mice subjected to the Vogel conflict test that was comparable to the maximal response induced by diazepam, a representative anxiolytic agent. The anxiolytic effect of PCPB was dose-dependently blocked by the NOP receptor antagonist, J-113397, demonstrating that this effect was mediated by the NOP receptor agonist activity. Behavioral studies in mice also showed that PCPB prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time but did not cause muscle relaxation at the oral anxiolytic dose of 30 mg/kg. Unlike diazepam, however, these central effects of PCPB were weak. Our results indicate that PCPB is a potent anxiolytic agent with agonistic activities for the NOP receptor.
Cobalt derivatives as promising therapeutic agents

Inorganic complexes are versatile platforms for the development of potent and selective pharmaceutical agents. Cobalt possesses a diverse array of properties that can be manipulated to yield promising drug candidates. Investigations into the mechanism of cobalt therapeutic agents can provide valuable insight into the physicochemical properties that can be harnessed for drug development. This review presents examples of bioactive cobalt complexes with special attention to their mechanisms of action. Specifically, cobalt complexes that elicit biological effects through protein inhibition, modification of drug activity, and bioreductive activation are discussed. Insights gained from these examples reveal features of cobalt that can be rationally tuned to produce therapeutics with high specificity and improved efficacy for the biomolecule or pathway of interest.
Rates, Patterns, and Impacts of PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS Expansion and Effects of Experimental PHRAGMITES Control on Vegetation, Macroinvertebrates, and Fish within Tidelands of the Lower Connecticut River

Phragmites expansion rates (linear at 1–3% yr−1) and impacts of this expansion on high marsh macroinvertebrates, aboveground production, and litter decomposition fromPhragmites and other marsh graminoids were studied along a polyhaline to oligohaline gradient. These parameters, and fish use of creeks and high marsh, were also studied inPhragmites control sites (herbicide, mowing, and combined herbicide/mow treatments).Phragmites clones established without obvious site preferences on oligohaline marshes, expanding radially. At higher salinities,Phragmites preferentially colonized creekbank levees and disturbed upland borders, then expanded into the central marsh. Hydroperiods, but not salinities or water table, distinguishedPhragmites-dominated transects. Pooled samples ofPhragmites leaves, stems, and flowers decompose more slowly than other marsh angiosperms;Phragmites leaves alone decompose as or more rapidly than those of cattail. AbovegroundPhragmites production was 1,300 to 2,400 g m−2 (about 23% of this as leaves), versus 600–800 g m−2 for polyhaline to mesohaline meadow and 1,300 g m−2 for oligohaline cattail-sedge marsh. Macroinvertebrates appear largely unaffected byPhragmites expansion or control efforts; distribution and densities are unrelated to elevation or hydroperiod, but densities are positively related to litter cover. Dominant fish captured leaving flooded marsh wereFundulus heteroclitus andAnguilla rostrata; both preyed heavily on marsh macroinvertebrates.A. rostrata andMorone americana tended to be more common inPhragmites, but otherwise there were no major differences in use patterns betweenPhragmites and brackish meadow vegetation. SAV and macroalgal cover were markedly lower within aPhragmites-dominated creek versus one withSpartina-dominated banks. The same fish species assemblage was trapped in both plus a third within the herbicide/mow treatment. Fish biomass was greatest from theSpartina creek and lowest from thePhragmites creek, reflecting abundances ofF. heteroclitus. Mowing depressedPhragmites aboveground production and increased stem density, but was ineffective for control.Phragmites, Spartina patens, andJuncus gerardii frequencies after herbicide-only treatment were 0.53-0.21; total live cover was <8% with a heavy litter and dense standing dead stems. After two growing seasonsAgrostis stolonifera/S. patens/J. gerardii brackish meadow characterized most of the herbicide/mow treatment area;Phragmites frequency here was 0.53, contributing 3% cover. Both values more than doubled after four years; a single treatment is ineffective for long-termPhragmites control.
Tightly integrate dynamic verification with formal verification: a GSTE based approach

GSTE (Generalized Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation) is a high capacity formal verification technology that has been successfully applied to verifying complex Intel designs with tens of thousands of state elements. In this paper, we extend the use of GSTE by developing a dynamic checker that verifies a GSTE specification against a scalar simulation trace. Unlike previous approaches, both the formal checker and the dynamic checker work directly on a GSTE specification without the need for an intermediate monitor circuit. Our approach also offers a straight forward way to measure the quality (coverage) of a specification. The dynamic checker has been used in the real-life micro-processor design verification.
The Myth Of The Educated Manager Revisited

In this work, we examine critical components of traditional education that seem to be the basis for the failure of management development. We differentiate teaching from learning and contend that effective management development should focus much more closely on experiential learning. Guidelines for identifying effective learning programs are provided. “The business schools seem to have forgotten the age-old definition of management—getting things done through people, not through analyses, not through probabilistic statistics, not through econometrics. Through people”. (McGill, 1988, p. 167)
Holographic 3D disks

The performance characteristics of an experimental holographic 3D disk system are described. A surface density of 10 bits//spl mu/m/sup 2/ is experimentally demonstrated using a 100 /spl mu/m thick photopolymer as the recording medium.
Lake oxygen isotopes as recorders of North American Rocky Mountain hydroclimate: Holocene patterns and variability at multi-decadal to millennial time scales

Abstract Lake sediment oxygen isotope records (calcium carbonate-δ 18 O) in the western North American Cordillera developed during the past decade provide substantial evidence of Pacific ocean–atmosphere forcing of hydroclimatic variability during the Holocene. Here we present an overview of 18 lake sediment δ 18 O records along with a new compilation of lake water δ 18 O and δ 2 H that are used to characterize lake sediment sensitivity to precipitation-δ 18 O in contrast to fractionation by evaporation. Of the 18 records, 14 have substantial sensitivity to evaporation. Two records reflect precipitation-δ 18 O since the middle Holocene, Jellybean and Bison Lakes, and are geographically positioned in the northern and southern regions of the study area. Their comparative analysis indicates a sequence of time-varying north–south precipitation-δ 18 O patterns that is evidence for a highly non-stationary influence by Pacific ocean–atmosphere processes on the hydroclimate of western North America. These observations are discussed within the context of previous research on North Pacific precipitation-δ 18 O based on empirical and modeling methods. The Jellybean and Bison Lake records indicate that a prominent precipitation-δ 18 O dipole (enriched-north and depleted-south) was sustained between ~ 3.5 and 1.5 ka, which contrasts with earlier Holocene patterns, and appears to indicate the onset of a dominant tropical control on North Pacific ocean–atmosphere dynamics. This remains the state of the system today. Higher frequency reversals of the north–south precipitation-δ 18 O dipole between ~ 2.5 and 1.5 ka, and during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, also suggest more varieties of Pacific ocean–atmosphere modes than a single Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) type analogue. Results indicate that further investigation of precipitation-δ 18 O patterns on short (observational) and long (Holocene) time scales is needed to improve our understanding of the processes that drive regional precipitation-δ 18 O responses to Pacific ocean–atmosphere variability, which in turn, will lead to a better understanding of internal Pacific ocean–atmosphere variability and its response to external climate forcing mechanisms.
Laser Pulse-Induced Molecular Collisions: Effect of the Temporal Width of the Pulse

A theoretical investigation of the effect of the pulse duration on laser-induced collision processes is carried out within the framework of the Landau-Zener model. Collision cross-sections for laser-induced electronic transitions in atom-atom collisions are calculated for two different pulse shapes, square and gaussian. For sufficiently high laser intensities (≥ 1010 W/cm2), there is a pronounced change in the cross-section as the pulse duration is shortened from 10 to 1 ps for both types of pulse shapes.
A Study of Intimate Partner Violence, Substance Abuse and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in a Sample of Geosocial-Networking Smartphone Application Users

Geosocial-networking smartphone applications ("apps") are widely used by gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) and facilitate connections between users based on proximity and attraction. MSM have sexual encounters and relationships of varying degrees of emotional and physical intimacy with app-met individuals, potentially placing them at risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). The purpose of the current study was to utilize a geosocial-networking application to investigate relationships between experiences of IPV victimization as it relates to substance use and sexual risk behaviors in a sample of MSM. Participants ( n = 175) were recruited by means of broadcast advertisements on an application widely used by MSM (Grindr) to seek sexual partners. Multivariable regression models were fit to examine associations between IPV, substance abuse, and sexual risk behaviors. Lifetime experiences of IPV victimization were common, where 37.7% of respondents reported having experienced at least one form of IPV. While a marginally significant positive association between IPV and substance abuse was detected in multivariable models ( p = .095), individual forms of IPV were strongly associated with substance abuse. For example, sexual IPV victimization was associated with an increase in substance abuse in the preceding month ( p = .004). Experiences of IPV victimization were associated with higher numbers of partners for both condomless receptive and insertive anal intercourse ( p < .05). Given the relatively high prevalence of IPV victimization and its associations with substance abuse and sexual risk behaviors, these findings suggest that IPV screening and prevention programs may reduce substance abuse and sexual risk behaviors in this population.
MATURATIONAL CHANGES AND REFERENCE VALUES FOR TRICUSPID ANNULAR PLANE SYSTOLIC EXCURSION (TAPSE) FROM BIRTH TO ONE-YEAR CORRECTED AGE: RIGHT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION IN PRETERM NEONATES

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), is a sensitive measure of RV systolic function in premature infants, but lacks maturationally adjusted reference values for clinical application in premature infants. The objectives of this study were to determine the maturational (age- and weight
Clinical Obersavation of Milrinone for the Treatment of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn

Objective To explore the effect of milrinone for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn(PPHN).Methods 35 newborns with PPH were treated with intravenous drop infusion of milrinone at 0.5 μg·kg-1·min-1 for three successive days,during the process the infusion rate of milrinone was adjusted in accordance with the change of blood pressure.Blood pressure,pulmonary artery systolic pressure(PASP),SpO2 and PaO2 were measured before and after the treatment.Results After treatment with milrinone,the clinical manifestations of infants were significantly improved,PASP notably decreased,SpO2 and PaO2 obviously increased,there was significant difference(P0.01).Of the 35 PPHN,22 cases were completely cured,the symptoms of 8 cases were significantly improved,no effect in 5 cases,the effective rate was 85.7%.Conclusion Milrinone is effective in treating PPHN,which can decrease PAP and improve clinical manifestations.
The longevity of national identity and national pride: Evidence from wider Europe:

National pride predicts a wide range of politico-economic outcomes, yet what makes individuals proud of their nation is not completely understood. We propose and test a theory that an important but thus far unexplored determinant of contemporary national pride is the longevity of national identity. To measure the longevity of national identity, we construct an index based on responses from an original expert survey designed to trace the emergence of national identity across the polities of Europe and the former Soviet Union. We find that our National Identity Longevity Index is statistically significantly positively associated with the extent of national pride. The implied effect is robust and noteworthy in magnitude. Our results suggest that contemporary national pride inter alia reflects deep, historically rooted societal conventions which take time to emerge.
Numerical simulation and optimization of CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers for vertical and horizontal well injection

With heightened concerns on CO2 emissions from pulverized-coal (PC) power plants, there has been major emphasis in recent years on the development of safe and economical geological carbon sequestration (GCS) technology. Saline aquifers are considered very attractive for GCS because of their large storage capacity in U.S. and other parts of the world for long-term sequestration. However, uncertainties about storage efficiency as well as leakage risks remain major areas of concern that need to be addressed before the saline aquifers can be fully exploited for carbon sequestration. A genetic algorithm-based optimizer has been developed and coupled with the well-known multiphase numerical solver TOUGH2 to optimally examine various injection strategies for increasing the CO2 storage efficiency as well as for reducing its plume migration. The optimal injection strategies for CO2 injection employing a vertical injection well and a horizontal injection well are considered. To ensure the accuracy of the results, the combined hybrid numerical solver/optimizer code was validated by conducting simulations of three widely used benchmark problems employed by carbon sequestration researchers worldwide. The validated code is then employed to optimize the proposed water-alternating-gas injection scheme for CO2 sequestration using both the vertical and the horizontal injection wells. The results suggest the potential benefits of CO2 migration control and dissolution. The optimization capability of the hybrid code holds a great promise in studying a host of other problems in GCS, namely how to optimally enhance capillary trapping, accelerate the dissolution of CO2 in water or brine, and immobilize the CO2 plume.
Porous Silicon and Polymer Nanocomposites for Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acids as Anti-MicroRNA Therapies

Self-assembled polymer/porous silicon nanocomposites overcome intracellular and systemic barriers for in vivo application of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) anti-microRNA therapeutics. Porous silicon (PSi) is leveraged as a biodegradable scaffold with high drug-cargo-loading capacity. Functionalization with a diblock polymer improves PSi nanoparticle colloidal stability, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and intracellular bioavailability through endosomal escape, enabling PNA to inhibit miR-122 in vivo.
Walking a Gender Tightrope: A Qualitative Study of Female Student Veterans' Experiences within Military and Campus Cultures.

This article describes findings from a qualitative study of the experiences of female student veterans in the military and in college. Twelve women were interviewed from two public research universities. Findings revealed individuals “betwixt and between” the complex intersection of identities: in the military, grappling with a sense of self as soldiers and as women, and trying to figure it out; and in college, as undeserving veterans struggling with the social and cognitive dissonance experienced as students. Under implications, we discuss how the complexity of identity complicates our understanding and support of this population in college.
Identification and characterization of mMesothelin epitopes following a combinatorial vaccine approach

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 4989 Analysis of post-vaccination immune responses in a phase I clinical trial using whole cell pancreatic tumor vaccine engineered to secrete Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), identified mesothelin as a candidate antigen against which both T cell and antibody responses were directed in patients who remain disease-free. While the vaccine demonstrated the induction of immunity in a number of vaccinated patients, immune responses were not observed in the majority of treated patients. Tolerance caused by the inhibitory effects of regulatory-T cells could potentially explain this outcome. In order to optimize the effect of a mesothelin directed vaccine, we’ve studied a murine mesothelin expressing pancreatic tumor model (PancO2) and assessed combinations of Treg depleting agents to explore the synergistic interaction between these treatment modalities. This combinatorial approach was capable of enhancing the efficacy of our GM-CSF secreting, mesothelin-expressing whole cell tumor vaccine. Mice treated with our vaccine plus Cyclophosphamide and anti-CD25 IL-2Ra monoclonal antibody (PC61) were able to develop anti-tumor immunity potent enough to eliminate established tumors. Mouse mesothelin 15-mer peptides overlapping by at least 9 amino acids were synthesized spanning the entire sequence of the mouse mesothelin protein and used to screen for CTL responses. The MHC class I restriction of the epitopes contained within these 15-mers was further studied through the generation of 8-mer and 9-mer peptides that overlapped by 7 and 8 amino acids respectively. We’ve identified activated CD8 T cell populations specific for two of the H2-Kb restricted epitopes in the immunized mice using dilutional IFN-gamma intracellular staining. In addition, antigen-specific killing function was detected for these epitopes using an in vivo CD8 T cell lysis assay. Finally, each epitope was compared for their ability to immunize mice against tumor challenge using peptide pulsed DCs. 80% of the mice immunized with dendritic cells pulsed with one of the H2-Kb mesothelin epitopes were protected against tumor challenge while in the control group (irrelevant peptide) only 20% of the animals were protected (p=0.0012). Taken together, our results demonstrated that a combinatorial approach based on depletion of Treg cells and provision of a whole cell GM-CSF vaccine is successful in generating mesothelin-specific CTLs that recognize specific MHC Class I restricted epitopes and is able to reject tumors in vivo. The understanding of the complete CD8 T cell repertoire in this model will be helpful in designing new methods for enhancing T cell based vaccines. We are thankful for the support given by the Sol Gold Pancreatic Cancer Center, the Dana and Albert Broccoli Foundation, the Broad Foundation Grant, the GI Spore (P50CA62924) and NCDDG grants (U19CA113341).
Acute Ischemic Stroke Therapy Overview

The treatment of acute ischemic stroke has undergone dramatic changes recently subsequent to the demonstrated efficacy of intra-arterial (IA) device-based therapy in multiple trials. The selection of patients for both intravenous and IA therapy is based on timely imaging with either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, and if IA therapy is considered noninvasive, angiography with one of these modalities is necessary to document a large-vessel occlusion amenable for intervention. More advanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies are available that can be used to identify a small ischemic core and ischemic penumbra, and this information will contribute increasingly in treatment decisions as the therapeutic time window is lengthened. Intravenous thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator remains the mainstay of acute stroke therapy within the initial 4.5 hours after stroke onset, despite the lack of Food and Drug Administration approval in the 3- to 4.5-hour time window. In patients with proximal, large-vessel occlusions, IA device-based treatment should be initiated in patients with small/moderate-sized ischemic cores who can be treated within 6 hours of stroke onset. The organization and implementation of regional stroke care systems will be needed to treat as many eligible patients as expeditiously as possible. Novel treatment paradigms can be envisioned combining neuroprotection with IA device treatment to potentially increase the number of patients who can be treated despite long transport times and to ameliorate the consequences of reperfusion injury. Acute stroke treatment has entered a golden age, and many additional advances can be anticipated.
The Rate-Dependent Effects of d -Amphetamine on Metastable Avoidance Behavior in Rats

The rate of avoidance responding and the shock rate maintained under a continuous escape-avoidance schedule in rats were shown to be a function of the response-shock interval as well as previous exposure to other response-shock intervals. At long response-shock intervals, avoidance rates were increased and shock rates were decreased after exposure to shorter response-shock intervals. Low avoidance rates showed dose-dependent increases after the administration of d-amphetamine. Higher avoidance rates, produced after exposure to short response-shock intervals, showed only moderate increases at low dosages and dose-dependent decreases at higher dosages of d-amphetamine. These experiments suggest that the effects of d-amphetamine on avoidance responding at a particular response-shock interval can be influenced by the behavioral history of the animal through rate-dependent mechanisms.
Al 0.45 Ga 0.55 N/Al 0.30 Ga 0.70 N high electron mobility transistors with Schottky gates and small subthreshold slope factor

Emerging ultrawide bandgap semiconductor materials are logical candidates for applications that exploit the large critical electric field (E C ) associated with these devices. For semiconductor devices, E C scales approximately as E g 2 5 [1]. With a 25% larger bandgap and an approximately 73% larger E C than GaN, Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N-channel high election mobility transistors (HEMTs) might be viable candidates for harsh environment electronics or short wavelength photo-transistors. In either case, transistor quality factors such as minimal off-state leakage currents and subthreshold slope factor are important metrics.
Adeno-Associated Virus Vectorology, Manufacturing, and Clinical Applications

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as an attractive vector for gene therapy. The benefits of using AAV for gene therapy include long-term gene expression, the inability to autonomously replicate without a helper virus, transduction of dividing and nondividing cells, and the lack of pathogenicity from wild-type infections. A number of Phase I and Phase II clinical trials utilizing AAV have been carried out worldwide (Aucoin et al., 2008; Mueller and Flotte, 2008). A number of challenges have been identified based upon data generated from these clinical trials. These challenges include (1) large scale manufacturing technologies in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), (2) tissue specific tropism of AAV vectors, (3) high-quality/high potency recombinant AAV vectors (rAAV), and (4) immune response to AAV capsids and transgene. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of AAV biology, AAV vectorology, rAAV manufacturing, and the current status on the latest rAAV clinical trials.
Urinary diversion in the management of chronic perineal skin ulceration in spinal cord injured patients following sphincterotomy.

The management of chronic perineal skin breakdown in patients with spinal cord injury is clinically challenging. This can be complicated by the fact that many male spinal cord injured patients have undergone sphincterotomy due to the relative ease of bladder management with an external condom catheter.2,9 However, sphincterotomy-induced exacerbation of persistent penile or perineal urinary leakage adds further complexity of perineal skin problems in these patients.6,10,13,15 In such a setting, urinary diversion is an excellent surgical alternative. Careful consideration of the patient’s age, co-morbidities, level of motivation, upper extremity function, vision, body habitus, renal function, and caregiver involvement should guide the choice of diversion.
Latinos and the Changing Demographic Landscape: Key Dimensions for Infrastructure Building

By 2050, close to one in four US residents will be of Latino origin. Given this fact, the welfare of the nation as a whole will largely depend on the economic and social well-being of this population. This chapter presents the demographic and social trends that are driving this transformation. It first discusses the creation of pan-ethnic labels, which mask the diversity of the Latino population and provides brief overview of the historical origins of the major Latino groups in the United States. The chapter, then, examines the demographic and socioeconomic profiles of this heterogeneous population and shows that, despite the prominent role that Latinos play in the economy and demographics of the US economy, troubling socio-economic trends indicate an urgent need to reexamine current service infrastructures. For instance, the social and economic disparities Latinos experience are reflected in their limited access to health care, and overall physical and mental health status disadvantages. In the mental health service sector, access to quality care remains a persistent problem. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of the major Latino demographic trends for building infrastructures capable of meeting their physical and mental health care needs. The heterogeneity and the growing geographic dispersion of the Latino population also call for the development of infrastructures attuned to the needs and characteristics of the specific Latino communities to be served. We suggest that the development of viable infrastructures and programs aimed at improving the health, and mental health outcomes of Latinos should include addressing structural inequalities, such as those related to education, income, access to health insurance, and citizenship status.
PACKAGING | Modified- and Controlled-Atmosphere

Modified atmosphere packaging involves placing product in a barrier package, removing the initial atmosphere, and refilling the package with a desired gas blend, such as high oxygen, low oxygen, ultralow oxygen, or carbon monoxide at a low level. Each atmosphere offers both advantages and disadvantages associated with raw and cooked color, lipid oxidation, and shelf life.
Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis and Localization of Parathyroid Adenoma

The purpose of this paper is to report five patients in whom hyperparathyroidism was strongly suspected on clinical grounds and in whom ultrasonography of the neck revealed the presence of a small mass near one of the lobes of the thyroid gland which was felt to represent a parathyroid adenoma. Four of the five patients underwent surgery and the diagnosis and exact location of the adenoma was confirmed. The fifth patient is awaiting surgery.
The Idea of Independence, with Applications

In the real world, we frequently encounter pairs of events such that the occurrence of one, we feel, has no bearing or influence on the occurrence of the other. For example, suppose I toss a coin once and note what comes up. Suppose then I repeat the procedure, giving the coin another toss and again note what comes up. Consider the events $$H_1 = \left\{ {{\text{head on toss 1}}} \right\},{\text{ }}H_{\text{2}} = \left\{ {{\text{head on toss 2}}} \right\}.$$
Framing Privacy in Digital Collections with Ethical Decision Making

Abstract As digital collections continue to grow, the underlying technologies that serve up content also continue to expand and develop. As such, new challenges are presented that continue to test ...
Publisher Correction: Experimental Zika Virus Infection in the Pregnant Common Marmoset Induces Spontaneous Fetal Loss and Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities.

Author(s): Seferovic, Maxim; Sanchez-San Martin, Claudia; Tardif, Suzette D; Rutherford, Julienne; Castro, Eumenia CC; Li, Tony; Hodara, Vida L; Parodi, Laura M; Giavedoni, Luis; Layne-Colon, Donna; Tamhankar, Manasi; Yagi, Shigeo; Martyn, Calla; Reyes, Kevin; Suter, Melissa A; Aagaard, Kjersti M; Chiu, Charles Y; Patterson, Jean L | Abstract: A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Reconsidering dragon carpet origins

O povo armenio tem vindo cada vez mais a ser eliminado da historia da tecelagem caucasiana. Dado que os armenios viveram na regiao durante milenios e sao os unicos habitantes reconhecidos como teceloes e tintureiros em fontes da Antiguidade e da Idade Media, e certamente curioso que tenham abandonado uma actividade pela qual foram tao famosos. Inicialmente, muitos tapetes da regiao foram atribuidos a teceloes armenios, mas, desde o segundo quartel do seculo XX, foram reclassificados como sendo de origem turca (azeri) ou persa. Este artigo reconsidera a evidencia disponivel, e o modo como esta tem sido interpretada, para chegar a uma avaliacao ponderada sobre a contribuicao do povo armenio para a producao de tapetes de dragao, o mais antigo padrao conhecido da regiao. Os resultados desafiam muitas das suposicoes sobre as quais tem sido baseadas aquelas conclusoes e, deste modo, recupera a possibilidade de as atribuicoes feitas pelos primeiros autores serem mais rigorosas do que as feitas pelos seus sucessores.
The influence of β-amyloid on [18F]AV-1451 in semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia.

Objective To compare [18F]AV-1451 uptake in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) to Alzheimer dementia, and determine whether increased uptake in svPPA is associated with the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ). Methods Thirty-one participants with svPPA underwent MRI and Pittsburgh compound B–PET scanning, and 17 of these also underwent [18F]AV-1451 tau-PET. A global Pittsburgh compound B standardized uptake value ratio was calculated for all participants, with a cutoff of 1.42 used to define Aβ(+) participants. We assessed region and voxel-level [18F]AV-1451 uptake in the whole svPPA cohort and separately in Aβ(+) and Aβ(−) svPPA groups, compared to 12 Aβ(+) participants with Alzheimer dementia and 170 cognitively normal, Aβ(−) controls. Results Of the entire cohort of participants with svPPA, 26% were Aβ(+). The Aβ(+) participants were older at scan compared to the Aβ(−) participants. svPPA showed elevated [18F]AV-1451 uptake in anteromedial temporal regions but the degree of uptake was lower than in Alzheimer dementia. After controlling for age, Aβ(+) status in svPPA was associated with significantly higher uptake in all anteromedial and inferior/middle lateral temporal regions, but uptake was still lower than in Alzheimer dementia. Conclusion Although [18F]AV-1451 uptake is focally elevated in svPPA, the level of uptake is much less than what occurs in Alzheimer dementia and appears to be at least partially related to Aβ. Therefore, it is possible that some of the increased uptake of [18F]AV-1451 in svPPA is related to binding paired helical filament tau.
Comparison of Three Sampling Methods for Shooting-Bouncing Ray Tracing Using a simple Waveguide Model

This paper addresses shooting-bouncing rays (SBR) ray-tracing techniques and their applications in computational electromagnetics. It specifically discusses uniform random, low-discrepancy deterministic, and uniform sampling techniques for the standard SBR formulation and compares their effects for a simple waveguide model.
Empirical Evidence of Prosecutorial Charging Manipulation: And What it Tells Us About What Prosecutors are Trying to Do

Prosecutors are private individuals as well as public agents. They are instructed to bring all appropriate charges against alleged offenders in an even-handed way, but limited budget and personnel resources make extensive prosecutorial discretion necessary, and prosecutors may have preferences that are inconsistent with their public mandate. A growing empirical literature seeks to identify what, precisely, prosecutors maximize when allowed the necessary freedom to operate in a resource-constrained environment. There is some evidence that prosecutors value career advancement and preserving the status quo, for example, but much less is known about what instruments prosecutors use and how freely they can pursue these ends. In this paper, I examine whether (and how and by how much) prosecutorial charging decisions respond to a pro-defendant tightening of procedural requirements. I use federal arrest, charging, and sentencing data to evaluate the charging response of prosecutors to a Supreme Court decision that affected groups of offenders differently. I find some evidence that prosecutors reacted by reducing the total number of counts filed against affected defendants by as much as 10%, presumably magnifying the sentence reduction that would have occurred had prosecutors not substituted charging resources toward unaffected defendants.
Scopolamine administration and NBM lesions differentially affect performance in an operant discrimination task

Effects of cholinergic modulation on differential conditioning performance in rats were evaluated in four experiments. Animals were first trained on an operant discrimination task. In Experiment 1, performance was evaluated following different doses of physostigmine (PHY) or scopolamine (SCO). SCO impaired performance in a dose-dependent manner; doses causing moderate impairment were selected for the remainder of the study. In Experiment 2, to test effects of PHY on SCO-impaired animals, rats were tested with injections of SCO (0.125 mg/kg) plus saline, injections of SCO (0.125 mg/kg) plus PHY (0.03125 mg/kg), or two injections of saline. SCO reduced total responding, but PHY failed to attenuate the effect. Although SCO decreased performance, response patterns suggested that discrimination ability per se was unaffected. In Experiment 3, animals were given bilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM); performance was reassessed with or without PHY (0.03125 mg/kg) or SCO (0.125 mg/kg). Lesions alone did not affect total responding; but discrimination ability was impaired, as reflected by reduced successes and increased errors. As in Experiment 2, SCO reduced responding without affecting discrimination ability, but PHY did not improve SCO-impaired task performance. In Experiment 4, 12 months after lesions, nondrug performance of animals was reassessed. Control animals showed recovery after one session, whereas lesioned animals took four sessions to show recovery.
Fitness Effects of Single Amino Acid Insertions and Deletions in TEM-1 β-Lactamase

Short insertions and deletions (InDels) are a common type of mutation found in nature and a useful source of variation in protein engineering. InDel events have important consequences in protein evolution, often opening new pathways for adaptation. However, much less is known about the effects of InDels compared to point mutations and amino acid substitutions. In particular, deep mutagenesis studies on the distribution of fitness effects of mutations have focused almost exclusively on amino acid substitutions. Here, we present a near-comprehensive analysis of the fitness effects of single amino acid InDels in TEM-1 β-lactamase. While we found InDels to be largely deleterious, partially overlapping deletion-tolerant and insertion-tolerant regions were observed throughout the protein, especially in unstructured regions and at the end of helices. The signal sequence of TEM-1 tolerated InDels more than the mature protein. Most regions of the protein tolerated insertions more than deletions, but a few regions tolerated deletions more than insertions. We examined the relationship between InDel tolerance and a variety of measures to help understand its origin. These measures included evolutionary variation in β-lactamases, secondary structure identity, tolerance to amino acid substitutions, solvent accessibility, and side-chain weighted contact number. We found secondary structure, weighted contact number, and evolutionary variation in class A beta-lactamases to be the somewhat predictive of InDel fitness effects.
Evaluation of Work of Breathing Utilizing Non-invasive Ventilation (niv) and Neurally Adjusted Ventilator Assist (nava) in a Neonatal Animal Model with Both Healthy and Injured Lungs

Purpose Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can be used in the neonate, precluding the need for intubation. Non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is commonly used in neonatal intensive care units A relatively newer mode of non-invasive ventilation known as neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) has a unique mechanism of patient-ventilator interaction using the electrical activity of the diaphragm to initiate mechanical breaths. There is little research looking at NIV- NAVA versus …
Gender and Leadership: Do Characteristics of Women’s Social Networks Shape Leadership at Work?

In this study we explore the relationship between gender and leadership by examining characteristics of men’s and women’s social networks and how these characteristics shape an individual’s ability...
Heterogeneous Statistical-QoS Driven Resource Allocation Over mmWave Massive-MIMO Based 5G Mobile Wireless Networks in the Non-Asymptotic Regime

The statistical delay-bounded quality-of-service (QoS) theory has been developed to efficiently support multimedia transmissions over 5G wireless networks. On the other hand, unlike in Shannon’s information-theoretic formalism requiring infinite blocklength, finite blocklength coding (FBC) has recently emerged for error control in the non-asymptotic regime, guaranteeing stringent statistical QoS requirements in terms of both latency and reliability for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) in 5G services. Moreover, integrated with FBC, millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multi-input multi-output (m-MIMO) schemes have been designed to significantly improve the performance in guaranteeing delay/error-rate bounded QoS. However, due to the complexity of modeling and solving the optimization problems over mmWave m-MIMO fading channels in the non-asymptotic error-control regime, it is challenging to derive an optimal resource allocation policy for maximizing $\epsilon$ -effective capacity to guarantee statistical delay/error-rate bounded QoS. To overcome the above problems, in this paper we propose heterogeneous statistical-QoS driven resource allocation policies for mmWave m-MIMO based 5G wireless networks in both asymptotic and non-asymptotic regimes. In particular, we develop an mmWave m-MIMO based 5G wireless networks model to optimize the effective capacity for our proposed schemes. Our simulations show that our proposed schemes outperform the existing schemes in guaranteeing heterogeneous statistical delay/error-rate bounded QoS.
Resistive Crossbars as Approximate Hardware Building Blocks for Machine Learning: Opportunities and Challenges

Traditional computing systems based on the von Neumann architecture are fundamentally bottlenecked by data transfers between processors and memory. The emergence of data-intensive workloads, such as machine learning (ML), creates an urgent need to address this bottleneck by designing computing platforms that utilize the principle of colocated memory and processing units. Such an approach, known as “in-memory computing,” can potentially eliminate data movement costs by computing inside the memory array itself. Crossbars based on resistive nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices have shown immense promise in serving as the building blocks of in-memory computing systems for ML workloads. This is because their high density can lead to higher on-chip storage capacity, while they can also perform massively parallel, in situ matrix–vector multiplication (MVM) operations, thereby accelerating the main computational kernel of ML workloads. However, resistive crossbar-based analog computing is inherently approximate due to the device- and circuit-level nonidealities. Furthermore, the area and energy costs of peripheral circuits for conversions between the analog and digital domains can greatly diminish the intrinsic efficiency of crossbar-based MVM computation. We present a comprehensive overview of the emerging paradigm of computing using NVM crossbars for accelerating ML workloads. We describe the design principles of resistive crossbars, including the devices and associated circuits that constitute them. We discuss intrinsic approximations arising from the device and circuit characteristics and study their functional impact on the MVM operation. Next, we present an overview of spatial architectures that exploit the high storage density of NVM crossbars. Furthermore, we elaborate on software frameworks that effectively capture device–circuit–architecture characteristics to evaluate the performance of large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs) using resistive crossbar-based hardware. Finally, we discuss open challenges and future research directions that need to be explored in order to realize the vision of resistive crossbars as the building blocks of future computing platforms.
Robot Cancer: what the bioelectrics of embryogenesis and regeneration can teach us about unconventional computing, cognition, and the software of life

Today's engineered robots are often made from reliable yet dumb parts, which greatly limits their adaptive functionality but ensures that their subsystems do not defect from the overall purpose. In...
Improving Assessment, Treatment, and Understanding of Pregnant Women With Opioid Use Disorder: The Importance of Life Context

Rates of opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant women are increasing precipitously. Much attention is being devoted to the biomedical mechanisms underlying harmful maternal and child outcomes of ...
Optimal radio-k-labelings of trees

Abstract Let G be a graph, and let k be a positive integer. The radio- k -number of G is the smallest integer s for which there exists a function f : V ( G ) → { 0 , 1 , 2 , … , s } such that for any two vertices u , v ∈ V ( G ) , | f ( u ) − f ( v ) | ⩾ k + 1 − d ( u , v ) , where d ( u , v ) is the distance between u and v . In particular, when d is the diameter of G , the radio- d -number is called the radio number of G . This article contains four major parts. First, we extend Liu’s lower bound on radio numbers of trees to radio- k -numbers of trees. We call a tree whose radio- k -number is equal to this lower bound a k -lower bound tree. Second, we establish properties of k -lower bound trees, and apply these properties to obtain shorter proofs and generalizations of some known results. Third, we investigate the minimum integer k such that a given tree T is a k -lower bound tree. Fourth, we define the joined union operation on trees, where trees are composed by merging a vertex from each tree into a single vertex. We use this operation to construct new k -lower bound trees in three ways. Finally, we pose several questions for future study.
Self-Hybridized, Polarized Polaritons in ReS2 Crystals

Strong coupling between excitons and photons in a photonic cavity provides a promising platform for exploring a wide array of physical effects. To date, there are many examples of strong coupling i...
Is Punishment Relevant After All? A Prescription for Informing Juries of the Consequence of Conviction

INTRODUCTION 2224 I. WHY PUNISHMENT EVIDENCE MIGHT INFLUENCE JURY VERDICTS .. 2233 II. THE PROHIBITION OF PUNISHMENT EVIDENCE IN AMERICAN COURTS 2237 A. The Supreme Court’s Pronouncements on Punishment Information 2238 B. Short-Lived District Court Rulings That a Defendant Has a Constitutional Right to a Jury Informed of the Applicable Punishment 2242 III. THE PROSPECTS FOR REFORM 2244 A. A New Constitutional Right to Introduce Punishment Evidence 2244 B. Permitting Punishment Evidence by Statute 2247 IV. THE SURPRISING RELEVANCE OF PUNISHMENT 2249 A. A Broad Avenue of Admissibility: Anti-Motive Evidence 2250 B. The Requirement of Subjective Awareness and the Puzzle of Conditional Relevance 2254 C. Tactical Issues Regarding Evidence of Subjective Awareness 2257 D. Will Relevant Punishment Evidence Be Excluded Under Rule 403 2261 CONCLUSION 2264