cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Optimization of Closed Cycle Gas Turbines

Criteria for optimal cycle pressure ratio with respect to maximum cycle efficiency and maximum net specific work as functions of cycle temperature ratio were developed based on a non-dimensionalized performance model for closed cycle gas turbines. The effects of total specific pressure drop, the component efficiencies, and cycle working media properties on the optimal pressure ratio are discussed.Copyright © 1984 by ASME
Chromatographic and biological aspects of DDT and its metabolites.

Abstract The column, thin-layer, gas-liquid and liquid chromatographic, the combined liquid and gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectroscopic techniques, as well as the biological and toxicological aspects of DDT and its metabolites have been reviewed Primary focus was placed on their utility, ecological distribution, and toxicity, as well as diverse techniques for their separation from polychlorimated biphenyls and other chlorinated pesticides and subsequent analysis.
Changes in spruce composition following burial in lake sediments for 10,000 yr

Organic matter in lake sediments is a mixture of biological materials from a number of modern sources plus variable amounts of recycled detrital material. Hence, it is usually difficult to distinguish input variations over time from the diagenesis of organic matter. Comparison of old material of known biological origin with younger material helps resolve this problem. We have compared the compositions of wood and needles from a modern white spruce (Picea glauca) with those from a white spruce buried for 10,000 yr in a lake bottom. Although the tissues are structurally well preserved, some chemical changes are evident in the old samples. Total fatty acid concentrations decrease by over 90%. Sterol and hydrocarbon concentrations are similar in the modern and 10,000-yr-old wood, but the concentration of sterols is lower in the old needles. Cellulose components in the wood have decreased relative to lignin components, although both types of materials remain in high concentration in comparison to other organic components.
Government and mental health policy: a structural analysis.

Il est generalement reconnu que la politique de la sante mentale est structuree par l'interaction de variables complexes des domaines social, economique, intellectuel et medical. Un facteur, tres souvent neglige mais neanmoins significatif, est la structure particuliere du systeme politique americain, qui fut cree par l'adoption de la Constitution federale en 1789. Le cadre institutionnel a fait des relations intergouvernementales (niveaux local, national et federal) des determinants importants dans la construction et la transformation de la politique sociale en general et de la politique de la sante mentale en particulier. La division du pouvoir au sein des trois niveaux du gouvernement a cree des motivations pour modifier les responsabilites, qui tour a tour ont change puis deforme les modeles de couverture, transformant ainsi par megarde a la fois les couts et les objectifs de la politique. Il est donc crucial de prendre en consideration les moyens par lesquels la structure politique americaine sert d'intermediaire et redefinit le contexte de la politique de la sante mentale
Sampling plans, selective insecticides and sustainability: the case for IPM as ‘informed pest management’

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is considered the central paradigm of insect pest management and is often characterized as a comprehensive use of multiple control tactics to reduce pest status while minimizing economic and environmental costs. As the principal precursor of IPM, the integrated control concept formulated the economic theory behind pest management decisions and specified an applied methodology for carrying out pest control. Sampling, economic thresholds and selective insecticides were three of the critical elements of that methodology and are now considered indispensable to the goals of IPM. We examine each of these elements in the context of contemporaneous information as well as accumulated experience and knowledge required for their skillful implementation in an IPM program. We conclude that while IPM is principally about integrating control tactics into an effective and sustainable approach to pest control, this overarching goal can only be achieved through well-trained practitioners, knowledgeable of the tenets conceived in the integrated control concept that ultimately yield informed pest management.
HIV-seropositive Individuals' Optimistic Beliefs About Prognosis and Relation to Medication and Safe Sex Adherence

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to characterize respondents’ prognostic perceptions of HIV infection and to explore how perceptions might affect medication and safe sex nonadherence. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to 295 clients of an HIV-specific case management organization. Participants were asked to describe experience with HIV/AIDS right after serostatus knowledge and currently, using provided word lists, after which they were asked to assess current life expectancy. Self-reported information on antiretroviral medication and safe sex nonadherence was obtained. RESULTS: A total of 220 (75%) clients (66% nonwhite, 73% male, 63% gay/bisexual, 50% educated >12 years, and 53% with incomes 12 years education (OR, 2.76; P=.02) and with CD4 cell counts >200 (OR, 2.70; P=.01) were more likely to have optimistic prognostic beliefs. The optimistic subgroup, when compared with the pessimistic subgroup, was more likely to report medication (26% vs 13%, P=.04) and safe sex (57% vs 29%, P=.004) nonadherence. CONCLUSIONS: Seropositive individuals, including persons of color (adjusted) as well as women and drug users (unadjusted), self-reported optimistic beliefs about their prognosis. Those with more optimism about their prognosis were significantly more likely to report medication and safe sex nonadherence. A better understanding of seropositive patients’ prognostic beliefs and the factors determining them is warranted.
Surface x-ray-diffraction study and quantum well analysis of the growth and atomic-layer structure of ultrathin Pb ∕ Si ( 111 ) films

We present surface x-ray-diffraction results from Pb films grown on pretreated Si(111) substrates at $110\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Time-resolved data show that the films follow a metastable layer-by-layer growth mode. The resulting film roughness is small, allowing for a thickness-dependent study of the film layer structure and its distortion (strain) relative to the bulk. The strain arises as a result of quantum confinement of the electrons in the film, which leads to charge distortions similar to Friedel oscillations. The charge distortions in turn lead to lattice distortions, for which two models are derived based on a free-electron gas confined to a quantum well. Extended x-ray-reflectivity data show evidence of quasibilayer distortions in the film, which are well described by the free-electron models. Oscillations in the relaxations of the Pb layers closest to the film boundaries as a function of thickness are also observed. Calculations of the net expansion or contraction of the films as a function of thickness are made that also exhibit quasibilayer variations and are consistent with the results of previous studies.
Theoretical studies of cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent protein kinase: native enzyme and ground-state and transition-state analogues.

The mechanisms of phosphoryl transfer enzymes have garnered considerable attention. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) catalyzes the transfer of the γ phosphoryl group of ATP to the serine hydroxyl group of a peptide chain. Metal-containing fluoro species have been used as transition-state and ground-state analogues in a variety of phosphoryl transfer enzymes and have shed light on the nature of the requirements in the active site to catalyze phosphoryl transfer. For cAPK, we present computational studies of the mechanism of phosphoryl transfer and the structure and 19F NMR spectra of various ground- (BeF3−) and transition-state (MgF3−, AlF4−, and AlF30) analogues. With native substrate, the phosphoryl transfer proceeds through a five-coordinate phosphorane transition state, i.e., there is not a five-coordinate phosphorane intermediate. Comparisons of simulated and experimental 19F NMR spectra show cAPK prefers a monoanionic analogue (MgF3− or AlF4−) over a neutral analogue (AlF3), supporting the charge balance hypothesis.
Novel Therapies for Diabetic Kidney Disease

The number of people diagnosed with diabetes is rising throughout the world, which in turn drives upward the global frequency of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Individuals with DKD are at an increased risk for premature death, cardiovascular disease, and other severe illnesses that result in frequent hospitalizations and increased health-care utilization. Current treatments concentrate on controlling hyperglycemia and hypertension with the specific use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Although such measures reduce the risk of progressive kidney disease, DKD remains the leading cause of ESRD and the major risk amplifier for death in this population. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Ideas for novel targets for therapy are founded on recent advances in understanding DKD mechanisms that are based on experimental models and human observations. The purpose of this review is to describe the epidemiology and present knowledge of DKD pathophysiology as the basis for novel therapies including inhibitors of Janus kinases (JAK), protein kinase C, fibrosis, advanced glycation end products treatments, and endothelin.
Modification of quinone electrochemistry by the proteins in the biological electron transfer chains: examples from photosynthetic reaction centers.

Quinones such as ubiquinone are the lipid soluble electron and proton carriers in the membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts and oxygenic bacteria. Quinones undergo controlled redox reactions bound to specific sites in integral membrane proteins such as the cytochrome bc1 oxidoreductase. The quinone reactions in bacterial photosynthesis are amongst the best characterized, presenting a model to understand how proteins modulate cofactor chemistry. The free energy of ubiquinone redox reactions in aqueous solution and in the QA and QB sites of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) are compared. In the primary QA site ubiquinone is reduced only to the anionic semiquinone (Q•−) while in the secondary QB site the product is the doubly reduced, doubly protonated quinol (QH2). The ways in which the protein modifies the relative energy of each reduced and protonated intermediate are described. For example, the protein stabilizes Q•− while destabilizing Q= relative to aqueous solution through electrostatic interactions. In addition, kinetic and thermodynamic mechanisms for stabilizing the intermediate semiquinones are compared. Evidence for the protein sequestering anionic compounds by slowing both on and off rates as well as by binding the anion more tightly is reviewed.
Digital Programmable Time-Parameter Relay Offers Versatility and Accuracy

The authors have developed, implemented, and tested an improved time-parameter relay. The relay principles are suitable for all time-overcurrentli- applications, and are also suitable for any time-parmeter function. Specific advantages include: protection of multiple phase; high accuracy, especially for long operating times; inclusion of a reclosing relaync - function; any time-parameter curve characteristics; and straightforward implementation of input parameter- metering. The relay hardware is essentially an analog- to-digital conversion scheme followed by a dedicated microprocessor which processes samples of the input quantity in accordance with the principles and algorithms described in this paper. The magnitude of the input quantity, which is assumed to be an AC voltage or current, is determined from four samples per cycle. DC components of the input quantity are ignored. However, the relay could be adapted to DC applications by simple modification of the magnitude estimating functions. The accurate long-time characteristics and the selectable reset characteristics suggest this relay is especially applicable to the protection via thermal characteristic emulation of electrical equipment, such as motors or cables, from overheating.
Hydrothermal Treatment of Nanoparticle Thin Films for Enhanced Mechanical Durability

The mechanical durability of nanoporous all-nanoparticle and polymer−nanoparticle layer-by-layer (LbL) films (80−150 nm thick) on both glass and polycarbonate substrates has been greatly enhanced by hydrothermal treatment (124−134 °C). Polymer−nanoparticle films were more durable than all-nanoparticle films after hydrothermal treatment. The optical properties of nanoporous antireflection (AR) films were exploited in an abrasion test (25−100 kPa normal stress) to quantify the extent of abrasive wear observed qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Marginal damage was observed under optimal reinforcement conditions. Untreated films not only delaminated from the surface completely but also damaged their underlying glass and polycarbonate substrates during testing. The nature of the substrate was found to play an important role in determining abrasion resistance, regardless of the level of particle fusion in the film. The low-temperature process enables in situ mechanical reinforcement of otherwi...
Sudden Gains and Outcome: A Broader Temporal Analysis of Cognitive Therapy for Depression

Individual Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) time courses of 38 clients receiving cognitive therapy (CT) and a modified form of CT were studied in order to investigate temporal changes during CT for depression. The primary aim was to determine if alternative methods of defining and computing gains occurring early in CT would alter the conclusions drawn in the current literature. Three types of gains were studied: sudden gains (previously studied sudden, substantial, and stable improvements in depression during 1 between-session interval after Session 2), first-session gains (occurring after first sessions), and pretreatment gains (occurring after pretreatment assessments). Positive outcomes were predicted by first-session gains and by sudden gains occurring in the first half of treatment, highlighting the importance of early change in CT for depression.
The geography of citizen crime reporting.

Research has shown variable conceptualizations of neighborhood, often inconsistent with administrative boundaries. The present investigation seeks to quantify the geographic area encompassed by citizens’ reporting of crime. Two Chicago violence prevention organizations gathered near real-time citizen reports of crime and other precursors of violence in a south side community. Over the course of 6 months, 48 community residents participated in a weekly telephone survey about incidents occurring in their community, including crime, incivilities, and disorder. For each incident reported in the study community, respondents were asked to specify its location, whether it was witnessed or heard about, and if it occurred within one block of their residence. Incident locations were geocoded and used to compute distance from residence. Incident reporting radii were calculated for all types of incidents. Calculated distances of events reported within a block revealed discrepancies between resident perceptions and geographic apportionments. On average, incident reports spanned just over a half-mile geographic radius from respondents’ residences. Reporting radii were greater for more violent incidents and shorter for incidents witnessed directly. There was no effect of age, gender, length of residence, or length of participation in the study on reporting radii. Descriptions of reporting radii and implications for crime prevention efforts and research are discussed.
High jejunal conduit for supravesical urinary diversion Report of 25 cases

Abstract Twenty five patients underwent jejunal conduit diversion during the last four and onehalf years by four types of conduits. Twelve patients had prior or planned postoperative irradiation. Twenty complications developed in fifteen patients. Electrolyte disturbances developed in 10 patients, 9 manifesting a syndrome of hyperkalemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia, acidosis, and azotemia.
Integrating an emotional regulation perspective in a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation

This paper highlights theoretical and practical issues concerning the ways in which emotional development and regulation processes of the mother-infant dyad are influenced by home visitation. The role of emotion regulation and emotional availability, important mediators of program influence on a variety of child and family outcomes are discussed. Emotion regulating capacities of the infant are reviewed in light of both early intervention and later development. Caregiving is discussed in the context of the child's emotion regulation needs. We describe how methods to promote emotionally available caregiving have been incorporated into a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation in Denver, Colorado. This includes the provision of structured interactive guidance and the development of a helping relationship between mother and home visitor. Finally, the operationalization of emotion regulation and emotional availability for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the program model are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Single Kernel Sampling Method for Maize Starch Analysis While Maintaining Kernel Vitality

ABSTRACT A nondestructive protocol for maize kernel starch sampling was developed, enabling starch preparation from a single kernel for analysis of starch structure while also maintaining the vitality of the seed. To develop the single kernel sampling (SKS) method, maize genotypes varying in starch structure including ae, wx, su2, du and normal in the W64A inbred line were used. Crude endosperm material was removed from the kernel crown, soaked, ground, washed, and dissolved in 90% DMSO. The sample represented ≈10% of the total kernel. Endosperm starch was also isolated from the same genotypes by a standard multikernel isolation (MKI) method. Starches isolated by the two methods were debranched and analyzed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). HPSEC and FACE showed similar results for the two sampling methods for degree of polymerization (DP) ≤ 50. We concluded that the material obtained by SKS could be used for identifying...
Design functions in transformable garments for sustainability

This study was designed as a bottom-up approach to understanding what kind of changeable functions people desire in transformable garments by analysing a wardrobe database, participants’ perceptions of garment varieties, and participants’ values related to transformable garments (specifically tops, the wardrobe garment with the most observed design variability). The wardrobe database was analysed using data quantification and descriptive analysis. Style-conscious professional women, ages 20–40, were interviewed; their perceptions and values related to design variability in tops was the focus. Versatility was the most important reason for preferring specific changeable design functions. Among candidates for changeable design functions, the most preferred functions were transforming colours or patterns and sleeve lengths. Participants had three expectations for transformable garments: functional (ease of matching, ease of layering, comfort, usability, ease of care, and durability), hedonic (fun and be able ...
A finite element algorithm for computational fluid dynamics

An implicit finite element numerical algorithm is derived for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations expressed in generalized coordinates. The theoretical basis utilizes a Galerkin weighted residuals formulation and extremization of approximation error within the context of a multipole expansion. A simplified yon Neumann analysis indicates the algorithm fourth-order phase accurate with third-order dissipation for the elementary linear basis construction. Algorithm performance is nominally improved using a quadratic basis. Numerical experiments for shocked duct flows are employed to refine the several algorithm parameters.
Enhanced photophysical effects in indole due to C-6 chemical group substitutions

Abstract Indole derivatives display a pronounced photophysical/photochemical sensitivity for substitution of selected chemical groups at C-6, particularly -OH. Earlier, an analogous sensitivity was observed at C-4, in contrast to an insensitivity for substitution of the same groups at C-5.
Numbing and dysphoria symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans: a review of findings and implications for treatment

Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans experience significant rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental health conditions. Understanding how specific PTSD symptomatology affects physical health and psychosocial functioning may be useful in improving the conceptualization of PTSD nosology and informing treatment approaches for this population. Confirmatory factor analytic evidence supports four-factor models of PTSD symptoms that classify emotional numbing and/or dysphoria symptoms as a distinct PTSD symptom cluster, and these symptoms appear to be related to poorer psychological adjustment among returning Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. This review briefly describes current conceptualizations of numbing/dysphoria symptoms of PTSD and summarizes research on the factor structure of PTSD symptoms. Then, the literature on the influence of numbing/dysphoria symptoms on physical and psychological health among these veterans is reviewed, and implications for treatment and directions for future research are presented.
Ray-pulse matrices: a simple formulation for dispersive optical systems

A simple model for dispersive optical systems is given. This method uses 4 by 4 matrices to model the system and is analogous to the ubiquitous ABCD matrices used for monochromatic optical systems. This model is exact up to quadratic phases and gives a simple prescription for the propagation of generalized gaussian beams.
Enantioselective formal hydration of alpha,beta-unsaturated imides by Al-catalyzed conjugate addition of oxime nucleophiles.

The (salen)Al-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of salicylaldoxime to α,β-unsaturated imides is the key step in an efficient and highly enantioselective two-step formal hydration of these electron-deficient olefins. This reaction constitutes the first example of an enantioselective conjugate addition of an oxygen-centered nucleophile to α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives. Application of this method to chiral, nonracemic substrates revealed a high level of catalyst-induced diastereoselectivity, underscoring its potential utility for polyketide natural product synthesis.
The role of 4-thiouridine in lethal effects and in DNA backbone breakage caused by 334 nm ultraviolet light in Escherichia coli.

Strains of Escherichia coli that lack 4-thiouridine (4Srd) are killed by monochromatic 334 nm UV light (UV) less efficiently than their wild-type parents, which contain 4Srd. Oxygen enhancement ratios (OER) at 10% survival are 3.3 for a strain that possesses 4Srd, and 2.6 for one that lacks 4Srd. Single-strand breaks in DNA caused by 334 nm UV accumulate more than twice as fast in the wild-type strains than in the strains lacking 4Srd. The results suggest that 4Srd is an important chromophore in some near-UV lethal effects. The results also suggest that the excitation energy from 334 nm UV light may be passed from RNA to DNA, resulting in single-strand breaks.
Towards Sustainability: Examining the Drivers and Change Process within SMEs

Sustainability appears to be at the forefront of business topics for the 21st century. Over the past twenty to thirtyyears, businesses have changed their attitude towards sustainability from rejection to elevating it to a keystrategic organization goal, based on the realization that sustainability is not only good for the planet, butfinancially rewarding. This development results in the need for frameworks describing how organizations cansuccessfully manage the change towards sustainability. This paper provides a thorough literature review of thecurrent stage of the development of such frameworks, as well as a comparison with assessments of where 21stcentury corporations stand with regards to sustainability. The authors find that while valuable frameworks exist,there is a lack of understanding of whether and how these frameworks work for Small and Medium sizeEnterprises (SMEs). Building upon the existing models, this paper proposes a pathway for empirical researchleading to the alignment and adjustment of these models to the needs of SMEs.
Investigation of the hot side contacts to nanostructured LASTt(T) material. Part i

Results on fabrication and characterization of metal hot side electrical contacts to nanostructured AgPbmSbTe2 + m and Ag(PbSn)mSbTe2 + m materials by using SnTe diffusion bonding are presented.
EFFECTS OF LORCASERIN ON PREEXISTING VALVULOPATHY IN TWO PHASE 3 LORCASERIN TRIALS: A POOLED ANALYSIS

Lorcaserin (lor) is a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist indicated for chronic weight management as an adjunct to lifestyle modification. Valvulopathy has been associated with nonselective serotonergic agonists; however, the phase 3 trials showed no significant increase in valvulopathy in patients (
Kolmogorov exponents for near-incompressible turbulence from perturbative quantum field theory

I derive the Kolmogorov exponents for the energy spectrum of freely-decaying, fully-developed, near-incompressible turbulence, using the methods of perturbative quantum field theory. In contrast to the approach involving Gaussian random forces, the leading-order result is determined uniquely through selfconsistency. At the first order in e, I find a unique and nontrivial, IR (infrared) stable fixed-line. I show that the upper critical dimension of this system is 6, and E(k)≈k−2 in 3 dimensions and E(k)≈k−3 in 2 dimensions along this nontrivial fixed-line (at the one-loop level).
Does 3D-Ultrasound Imaging Improve Target Delineation for Breast Boost Radiation Therapy Planning.

Background: Conformal volume-based breast dosimetry using CT-simulation is the most widely used technique for treatment planning. As part of a prospective protocol we studied the role of 3D-Ultrasound (US) technique for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy in breast cancer. In this paper we explore if there is additional value to utilizing seroma images on 3D-US for defining the target volume for breast boost.Materials and Methods: The IRB-approved prospective study used the ClarityTM 3D-US breast system (Resonant Medical). At simulation, concurrent CT and 3D-US images were obtained then fused. The boost lumpectomy volume (GTV) was contoured on CT by a single physician blinded to the results of the US (MC). To create the planning target volume (PTV), the GTV was expanded circumferentially by 1.5 to 2.0 cm, with the exception of its relation to skin and chest wall which were excluded from the PTV. For this analysis, the fused images of the concurrent CT simulation and 3D-US obtained on 25 patients were evaluated for concordance in the coverage of the CT contoured GTV and PTV to that of the 3D-US seroma image.Results: In 1 patient the CT images were limited in identifying the lumpectomy cavity because of the dense nature of the breast. The cavity not appreciated on CT image was visible on US. In this case the application of 3D-US would have provided superior target definition. In 22 of the remaining 24 patients the seroma cavity seen on the US was also seen on CT and was included in the lumpectomy GTV contoured on the images from CT simulation. In 2 patients, approximately 5% of the US seroma was not part of the GTV but was encompassed in the expanded PTV. In these 2 patients the US seroma was in proximity to the edge. This eccentric location of the US seroma cavity in 1 out of the 2 patients would have resulted in a change in the PTV. While in the other patient even though the seroma cavity was close to the edge of the PTV, the proximity to the chest wall would have precluded any major modification of the PTV. Overall, in all cases the 3D-US seroma cavity was encompassed in the expanded PTV. In 2/25 patients the target volume would have been revised based on the additional data provided by the 3D-US images.Conclusions: In summary, from this experience we observed that the use of 3D-US images in addition to CT simulation can alter the target delineation in 8% of cases. The 3D-US is a non-ionizing imaging modality that may add benefit for improving target delineation when used concurrently with CT simulation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4107.
The menopausal queen: adjustment to aging and the male homosexual

In direct opposition to the popular mythology depicting the aging male homosexual as despairing and desolate, this paper proposes that homosexuality may be functional in adjusting to the aging process. Homosexuals commonly experience a “life crisis” early in their development and are therefore less affected by the trauma of role loss that occurs for most men in later life.
Highly active heparin species with multiple binding sites for antithrombin.

Abstract Porcine heparin has been fractionated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and affinity chromatography into mucopolysaccharide species with approximate molecular sizes of 20,000 daltons, and 7000 daltons, respectively. The larger component has a specific anticoagulant activity of 738 USP units/mg and contains two binding regions for antithrombin. The smaller component has a specific anticoagulant activity of 363 USP units/mg and possesses only a single interaction site for the inhibitor. These results provide the first demonstration that heparin molecules may bear multiple binding sites for antithrombin.
Reconstructions of efferent fibers in the postnatal hamster cochlea

It is well known that adult-like physiological functioning of the mammalian postnatal cochlea occurs coincidentally with the presence of efferent synapses on outer hair cells (OHCs). This study described the cochlear innervation patterns of thick efferent fibers traveling in the vestibular nerve in postnatal hamsters ranging in age from day zero to day 10. At least three kinds of efferent fibers were labeled via an in vitro horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique: varicose, thin efferents; nonvaricose, thin efferents; and nonvaricose, thick efferents. Nonvaricose thick efferents were reconstructed from the basal third of the cochlea. Reconstructed efferent fibers traversed in the intraganglionic spiral bundle (IGSB) on the peripheral edge of the spiral ganglion and branched profusely in the osseous spiral lamina (OSL). From day zero to day five, large (greater than 1.0 microns) diameter nonvaricose efferent fibers gave rise to branches that either terminated underneath inner hair cells or appeared to end blindly in the OSL. Efferent fibers also had branches that traveled in the inner spiral bundle (ISB) and tunnel spiral bundle (TSB). In cochleae from hamsters six to eight days old, some thin and thick diameter efferent fibers contacted both inner and outer hair cells. By the tenth day, large diameter fibers traveled radially across the tunnel of Corti to terminate on one to five OHCs. As early as day seven, large diameter fibers also appear to terminate preferentially on OHCs in row one. These observations are consistent with the notion that the end of the first postnatal week represents a critical period in the formation of adult-like synapses on the OHCs. The data also suggest a developmental transition period when efferent fibers contact both hair cell types before contacting OHCs separately.
Polycrystal constraint and grain subdivision

Abstract Typically, intergranular constraint relations of various sorts are introduced to improve the accuracy of prediction of texture evolution and macroscale stress–strain behavior of metallic polycrystals within the context of simple polycrystal averaging schemes. This paper examines the capability of a 3-D polycrystal plasticity theory (Kocks, U.F., Kallend, J.S., Wank, H.-R., Rollett, A.D. and Wright, S.I. (1994), popLA, Preferred Orientation Package—Los Alamos. LANL LA-CC-89-18), based on the Taylor assumption of uniform deformation among grains, to predict texture evolution and stress–strain behavior for complex finite deformation loading paths of OFHC Cu. Compression, shear and sequences of deformation path are considered. It is shown that the evolution of texture is too rapid and that the intensity of peaks is more pronounced than for experimentally measured pole figures. Comparisons of both stress–strain behavior and texture evolution are made with experiments, with and without the inclusion of latent hardening effects. It is argued that grain subdivision processes accommodate intergranular kinematical constraints, leading to the notion of a generalized Taylor constraint that considers the distribution of subgrain orientations. The subdivision process is assumed to follow the experimentally observed refinement of low energy dislocation structures associated with geometrically necessary dislocations. A modification of the kinematical structure of crystal plasticity is proposed based on generation of geometrically necessary dislocations that accommodate a fraction of the plastic stretch and rotation at the scale of a grain.
ReOs isotope systematics of HIMU and EMII oceanic island basalts from the south Pacific Ocean

The ReOs and complementary Sr, Nd and Pb systematics of 24 oceanic island basalts from the islands of Savaii, Tahaa, Rarotonga, Rurutu, Tubuai and Mangaia are investigated. Re concentrations range from 100 to 1621 ppt (parts per trillion), while Os concentrations vary from 26 to 750 ppt. The Re and Os concentration variations suggest that fractionation and accumulation of olivine, or a lowRe/Os phase in conjunction with olivine, is important in determining the Os concentration and theRe/Os ratio of the erupted basalt. 187Os186Os in EMII basalts from Samoa and Tahaa varies from 1.0261 to 1.1275. These ratios are mostly within estimates for depleted upper mantle, and do not constrain the involvement of recycled continental crust in the origin of the EMII signature.187Os186Os ratios in HIMU basalts from Rurutu, Tubuai and Mangaia range from 1.1159 to 1.2473, and provide strong evidence for the role of subducted oceanic crust in the HIMU source. The PbPb systematics constrain the range of possible ages and238U204Pb andTh/U ratios of the subducted crust; this crust is estimated to pass through the subduction zone withRb/Sr,Sm/Nd,Lu/Hf andTh/U ratios similar to fresh MORB. The homogeneity of the Os isotopic compositions in the Tubuai and Mangaia basalts indicates that interaction of these basalts with low187Os186Os mantle had an insignificant effect on the Os isotopic composition of the erupted magmas. This requires a network of channels, veins or cracks capable of delivering melt from the source region (plume) to the surface fast enough to avoid interaction with the depleted upper mantle and the oceanic lithosphere. The possible identification of the HIMU signature (high206Pb204Pb, low87Sr86Sr) with recycled oceanic crust suggests the possible presence of segments of recycled crust, with independent histories, in other oceanic mantle sources, including that of some mid-ocean ridge basalts.
Constructive output feedback AQM design

A novel constructive output feedback congestion controller is presented for asymptotically stabilizing a class of TCP networks at a desired operating point. An observer for the TCP window size is proposed to aid the task of designing AQM controller with only the output (queue size) measurement. Conditions under which the TCP window estimation converges to the true window size is related to the persistent excitation (PE) condition of the control input. Observer-based backstepping design technique is applied for developing the control law, in the presence of amplitude limits on the control input-packets dropping or marking ratio must fall between 0 and 1. An estimation of the domain of attractiveness is provided by a Lyapunov level set.
Aposematic signal variation predicts male-male interactions in a polymorphic poison frog.

Many species use conspicuous “aposematic” signals to communicate unpalatability/unprofitability to potential predators. Although aposematic traits are generally considered to be classic examples of evolution by natural selection, they can also function in the context of sexual selection, and therefore comprise exceptional systems for understanding how conspicuous signals evolve under multifarious selection. We used males from a highly territorial poison frog species in a dichotomous choice behavioral test to conduct the first examination of how aposematic signal variation influences male–male interactions. Our results reveal two behavioral patterns: (1) male dorsal brightness influences the behaviors of male conspecifics such that males approach and call to brighter males more frequently and (2) a male’s dorsal brightness predicts his own behavior such that bright males approach stimulus frogs faster, direct more calls to bright stimulus frogs, and exhibit lower advertising call pulse rates (a fitness-related trait). These findings indicate the potential for sexual selection by male–male competition to impact aposematic signal evolution.
The effect of sampling jitter in OFDM systems

In this paper we study the effect of random jitter in the sampling circuit at the receiver in an OFDM communication system. We show that the effect of jitter can be looked at as interference between different sub-carriers and derive a lower bound for the variance of the interference in terms of the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of the jitter process. We compare the results with simulation results. We describe the effect of oversampling on the interference, and provide an explanation for the way interference varies with sub-carrier index for different sampling rates.
The measurement and prediction of career commitment

Using a sample of 119 registered nurses from a large urban hospital, this longitudinal study investigated the nomological network of career commitment by: (a) determining if a distinct measure of career commitment could be operationalized, and (b) examining whether such a measure showed a different relationship to withdrawal cognition scales than measures of other work commitment concepts. The study also tested the importance of situational and individual difference variables in predicting career commitment.
Forebrain engraftment by human glial progenitor cells enhances synaptic plasticity and learning in adult mice

SUMMARY Human astrocytes are larger and more complex than those of infraprimate mammals, suggesting that their role in neural processing has expanded with evolution. To assess the cell-autonomous and speciesselective properties of human glia, we engrafted human glial progenitor cells (GPCs) into neonatal immunodeficient mice. Upon maturation, the recipient brains exhibited large numbers and high proportions of both human glial progenitors and astrocytes. The engrafted human glia were gap-junctioncoupled to host astroglia, yet retained the size and pleomorphism of hominid astroglia, and propagated Ca 2+ signals 3-fold faster than their hosts. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was sharply enhanced in the human glial chimeric mice, as was their learning, as assessed by Barnes maze navigation, object-location memory, and both contextual and tone fear conditioning. Mice allografted with murine GPCs showed no enhancement of either LTP or learning. These findings indicate that human glia differentially enhance both activity-dependent plasticity and learning in mice.
Dynamic Rheological Properties and Microstructure of Partially lnsolubilized Whey Protein Concentrate Gels

Viscoelasticity and microstructure of gels prepared with four whey protein concentrates (WPC) with solubilities from 27.5 to 98.1% in 0.1M NaCl, pH 7.0 were evaluated. Dynamic moduli were determined while 16% (w/w protein) WPC in 0.6M NaCl, pH 7.0, was heated isothermally at 90°C for 15 min. Storage moduli (G′) increased and tangent δ decreased when 80.0 and 98.1% soluble WPC were heated, whereas G' and tangent δ of 27.5 and 41.0% soluble WPC did not change. The 27.5% soluble WPC had the highest G' throughout the heating period. Rheological measurements suggested that globular aggregates observed in 80.0% and 98.1% soluble WPC were formed during heating, whereas aggregates in 27.5 and 41.0% WPC were present prior to heating.
Computer based pedestrian landscape design using decision tree templates

Machine Learning algorithms can act as a valuable analytical tool in design research. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of a decision tree learning algorithm for designing pedestrian landscapes that encourage walking for health. The domain knowledge was captured using intercept surveys that queried responses to cognitive, physical and social attributes that influence pedestrian spatial analysis. Decision trees extracted from the knowledge base were used in the design of pedestrian landscapes, which were tested in a transportation simulator. The observed match between the change in the participants' response to manipulation of physical variables in the simulated world with those predicted by the decision rules indicate the appropriateness of applying decision tree rules as guidelines during the process of pedestrian landscape design and research.
Long-Term Observations of Cloud Liquid, Water Vapor, and Cloud-Base Temperature in the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Measurements of precipitable water vapor, cloud liquid, and cloud-base temperature made at Porto Santo Island, Madeira Archipelago, are presented. The observations were made continuously over a 1-yr period from July 1992 to June 1993. Instrumentation consisted of a 20- and 31-GHz ground-based microwave radiometer for measurement of water vapor and cloud liquid, and a 10.7-μm infrared radiometer for measurement of cloud-base temperature. A statistical summary of the data is presented for clear and cloudy conditions, considered both separately and combined. The mean and variance of precipitable water vapor are smaller during clear than during cloudy periods. Values of water vapor during the winter are 26% smaller than during summer months. The mean decorrelation time of precipitable water vapor is generally found to be less than 12 h.
Intensity modulation and noise characterization of high-speed semiconductor lasers

Several properties of lasers used in high-speed optical transmission systems are described. The characteristics of the modulation bandwidth transfer function and the relaxation oscillation frequency, and factors that must be optimized to maximize the modulation bandwidth, are examined. The intensity noise spectral characteristics and the relationship to the modulation bandwidth are determined. The relative intensity noise (RIN) of the laser is defined, and its relationship to the laser transmitters signal-to-noise ratio is noted. Techniques to measure these laser characteristics are reviewed, along with some measurement limitations. Sample measurements of the modulation response intensity noise, and RIN of a 1300-nm DFB laser using the HP 71400 lightwave signal analyzer are shown. >
Novel Role of Proline-Rich Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 in Vascular Wall Remodeling After Balloon Injury

Objective— To investigate the role of Pyk2, a proline-rich nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, in G protein−coupled receptor agonist, thrombin-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell growth and migration, and injury-induced vascular wall remodeling. Methods and Results— Thrombin, a G protein–coupled receptor agonist, activated Pyk2 in a time-dependent manner and inhibition of its stimulation attenuated thrombin-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Thrombin also activated Grb2-associated binder protein 1, p115 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Rac1, RhoA, and p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) and interference with stimulation of these molecules attenuated thrombin-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. In addition, adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant negative Pyk2 inhibited thrombin-induced Grb2-associated binder protein 1, p115 rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Rac1, RhoA and Pak1 stimulation. Balloon injury also caused activation of Pyk2, Grb2-associated binder protein 1, p115 rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Rac1, RhoA, and Pak1 in the carotid artery of rat, and these responses were sensitive to inhibition by the dominant negative Pyk2. Furthermore, inhibition of Pyk2 activation resulted in reduced recruitment of smooth muscle cells onto the luminal surface and their proliferation in the intimal region leading to suppression of neointima formation. Conclusion— Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that Pyk2 plays a crucial role in G protein–coupled receptor agonist thrombin-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell growth and migration, as well as balloon injury–induced neointima formation.
Parsing as deduction: The use of knowledge of language

Hypothesising that the human parser is a specialized deductive device in which Universal Grammar and parameter settings are represented as axioms provides a model of how knowledge of language can be put to use. The approach is explained via a series of model deductive parsers for Government and Binding Theory, all of which use the same knowledge of language (i.e., underlying axiom system) but differ as to how they put this knowledge to use (i.e., they use different inference control strategies). They differ from most other GB parsers in that the axiom system directly reflects the modular structure of GB theory and makes fidl use of the multiple levels of reprepresentation posited in GB theory.
Stretching for Sonographers: A Literature Review of Sonographer-Reported Musculoskeletal Injuries

With increasing patient loads, many sonographers have found themselves scanning in pain; up to 90% of sonographers have experienced pain while scanning. In this literature review, the question is a...
Post-glacial relative sea-level history of northwestern Spitsbergen, Svalbard

The late Weichselian and Holocene raised-beach sequences on northwestern Spitsbergen provide a detailed record of sea-level oscillations during the last deglacial hemicycle. Initial emergence commenced at ≥13 ka, coincident with local deglaciation, and until 10.5 ka was characterized by a relative slow rate of emergence (1.5 to 5 m/ka) interrupted by minor stillstands or transgressions associated with possible glacier re-advances. The orientation of paleo-spits and the paucity of whale remains at the late Weichselian marinelimit indicate that the prevailing westerly fetch was dampened by a semi-permanent sea-ice cover, allowing long shore-drift to predominate. A period of accelerated emergence (15 to 30 m/ka) between 10.5 and 9 ka is correlative with rapid deglaciation of fiords. The middle and late Holocene is characterized by two brief transgressions: one between 6.5 and 5.0 ka that did not exceed 7 m asl and a present, probable slow rise in sea level that commenced 2 to 1 ka. The strandline tilts in northwestern Spitsbergen, and the pattern and rate of emergence on Svalbard indicate that the maximum glacier loads during the late Weichselian were centered on Nordaustlandet, and on the central and eastern part of the archipelago. Northwestern and southwestern Spitsbergen were marginal to glacial loading and were deglaciated early (≥13 ka) which is presently incompatible with maximum ice sheet extent and the timing and position of deglacial margins recently reconstructed for the Barents Sea and Svalbard. Mountain ranges and large fiords probably confined major outlet glaciers to the central part of the archipelago, preventing inundation of much of western Spitsbergen by an inferred large ice sheet based in eastern Svalbard and the Barents Sea.