cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Cu, Ti and Ta interlayer explosively fabricated aluminum to stainless steel transition joints for cryogenic pressurized hydrogen storage

Abstract Fabrication of a bimetallic joint to facilitate a material transition from a 6061-T651 aluminum pressure vessel liner to stainless steel tubing in cryogenic pressure vessels is explored using three different dissimilar metal interlayers with an explosive welding (EXW) process. Due to difficulties in directly EXW joining aluminum (Al) 6061 to 304 stainless steel, interlayers are used to prevent interaction of the aluminum and stainless steel, thus minimizing brittle intermetallic phase formation. Titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), and tantalum (Ta) were selected as the dissimilar metal interlayer materials; each having advantages and disadvantages. Titanium is a commonly used interlayer for this joint, but can microcrack during EXW if the bonding parameters are not correct. Copper has the advantage that it is compatible with hydrogen, but is also known to form brittle intermetallics with aluminum. Tantalum is ductile and bonds well to both Al and stainless steel, and is a high temperature metal that does well to prevent interdiffusion and intermetallic phase formation. However Ta is the most expensive metal of the three. Results of the characterization of the three interlayer bonds showed that Ti produced the highest strength joints, Ta produced the most ductile joints, and Cu produced a joint that failed with low ductility at the Al/Cu interface. Based on these results, the Cu-interlayer joint is not recommended for this application, while the Ti and Ta interlayer bonds both appear to have sufficient strength and ductility for the intended use.
Globalism and Tolerance in Early Modern Geography

Abstract Geography's voice within the debates on cosmopolitan citizenship initiated by Martha Nussbaum's 1994 restatement of Stoic cosmopolitanism has been strangely muted, especially given the significance of spatiality and cultural specificity within recent geographical theory. David Harvey's (2000) contribution is an exception, but while his argument that geographical education should be propaedeutic to cosmopolitanism is politically powerful and timely, his presentation of it begs some historical questions. The principal ones concern his neglect of the neo-Stoic tradition in Renaissance geography and his narrow embrace of geography as a political project. This article addresses these issues through an examination of Abraham Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570), a distinctly Renaissance cosmographic project of representing the world's unity and diversity. The work is placed in the context of sixteenth-century neo-Stoicism, humanist rhetoric, and the metaphor of the world theater as a moral space. ...
A Helly-type theorem for higher-dimensional transversals

Abstract We prove that a collection of compact convex sets of bounded diameters in R d that is unbounded in k independent directions has a k-flat transversal for k
Distinct NMDA receptors provide differential modes of transmission at mossy fiber-interneuron synapses.

Abstract Dentate gyrus granule cells innervate inhibitory interneurons via a continuum of synapses comprised of either Ca 2+ -impermeable (CI) or Ca 2+ -permeable (CP) AMPA receptors. Synapses at the extreme ends of this continuum engage distinct postsynaptic responses, with activity at CI synapses being strongly influenced by NMDA receptor activation. NMDARs at CI synapses have a lower NR2B subunit composition and a higher open probability, which generate larger amplitude and more rapid EPSCs than their CP counterparts. A novel form of NMDAR-dependent long-term depression (iLTD) is associated with CI-mossy fiber synapses, whereas iLTD at CP synapses is dependent on Ca 2+ -permeable AMPA receptor activation. Induction of both forms of iLTD required elevation of postsynaptic calcium. Thus mossy fibers engage CA3 interneurons via multiple synapse types that will act to expand the computational repertoire of the mossy fiber-CA3 network.
The surface area of cement paste as measured by neutron scattering: Evidence for two C-S-H morphologies

Abstract Small-angle neutron scattering was used to measure the effect of water-to-cement ratio (w/c) and cement batch variation on the surface area of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste after hydration for 28 days at room temperature, and to measure the development of surface area over the first 3 days of hydration at 30°C. The 28-day surface area was found to increase with w/c ratio in proportion to the volume of original water-filled space available for reaction product to form. The surface areas of different batches of type I OPC were quite similar, while that of a type II OPC was some 15% lower. Early surface area development at 30°C followed the heat evolution for the first 24 h of hydration and then leveled off, suggesting that further heat evolution was associated with reaction product, which added little to the surface area. These results support the theory that two different morphologies of the calcium-silicate-hydrate gel reaction product form during cement hydration.
Tmem16A Encodes the Ca2+-activated Cl− Channel in Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland Acinar Cells

Activation of an apical Ca2+-dependent Cl− channel (CaCC) is the rate-limiting step for fluid secretion in many exocrine tissues. Here, we compared the properties of native CaCC in mouse submandibular salivary gland acinar cells to the Ca2+-gated Cl− currents generated by Tmem16A and Best2, members from two distinct families of Ca2+-activated Cl− channels found in salivary glands. Heterologous expression of Tmem16A and Best2 transcripts in HEK293 cells produced Ca2+-activated Cl− currents with time and voltage dependence and inhibitor sensitivity that resembled the Ca2+-activated Cl− current found in native salivary acinar cells. Best2−/− and Tmem16A−/− mice were used to further characterize the role of these channels in the exocrine salivary gland. The amplitude and the biophysical footprint of the Ca2+-activated Cl− current in submandibular gland acinar cells from Best2-deficient mice were the same as in wild type cells. Consistent with this observation, the fluid secretion rate in Best2 null mice was comparable with that in wild type mice. In contrast, submandibular gland acinar cells from Tmem16A−/− mice lacked a Ca2+-activated Cl− current and a Ca2+-mobilizing agonist failed to stimulate Cl− efflux, requirements for fluid secretion. Furthermore, saliva secretion was abolished by the CaCC inhibitor niflumic acid in wild type and Best2−/− mice. Our results demonstrate that both Tmem16A and Best2 generate Ca2+-activated Cl− current in vitro with similar properties to those expressed in native cells, yet only Tmem16A appears to be a critical component of the acinar Ca2+-activated Cl− channel complex that is essential for saliva production by the submandibular gland.
Applying real option to the operation of generation assets: a fuzzy approach

Reregulation of the energy market has dramatically changed the way generation assets owners operate and value their assets. Real option analysis sees more and more applications on the valuation of generation assets because it explicitly accounts for the flexibility in operating generation assets. This work examines the impacts of deregulation on the operation and valuation of generation assets. The theory of firm behavior and modified Leontiefs input-output model for GENCOs (Generation Company) are given to illustrate the framework where GENCOs operate. A new method to implement real option analysis to valuate and operate generation assets is introduced. This method, which is bases on fuzzy sets and linear programming, meets the needs of a GENCO in reregulated market, captures the fast-changing characteristics of the deregulated electricity market and reduces the computation efforts needed in dynamic programming and Monte Carlo simulations. A few examples are given to illustrate the capability of the method. The extension of the method and aimed future research are discussed.
A frequently used patient and physician-directed educational intervention does nothing to improve primary care of prostate conditions

Abstract Objectives. To measure the impact of an educational intervention directed at both patients and their primary care physicians about prostate-related conditions. Methods. We used a randomized, control design for 50 physicians in 33 rural primary care practices from New England and Arkansas and a probability sample of 2402 of their male patients. For the physicians, we mailed two newsletters, conducted two face-to-face research staff visits, and provided printed educational manuals about the management of prostate conditions. For the patients, mailed educational pamphlets were targeted to the baseline symptom levels. After 18 months, 87% of patients and 92% of physicians completed a final survey. The patient survey measured health status, urinary symptoms and bother, treatments received, and prostate-related knowledge. The final physician survey asked them about their management of common prostate conditions. Results. Before randomization, most men (59%) said they knew little or nothing about prostate problems that affect urination, and 63% also reported “little” or “no” knowledge about prostate-specific antigen testing. Eighteen months later, we observed no differences between the intervention and control patients in the measures of health status, urinary symptoms and bother, treatments received, and prostate-related knowledge. The intervention, physicians’ knowledge, and self-reported practices for managing common prostate conditions were no better than the control physicians’. Conclusions. This commonly used education strategy had no measurable impact on prostate-related care.
Myeloperoxidase-Halide-Hydrogen Peroxide Antibacterial System

An antibacterial effect of myeloperoxidase, a halide, such as iodide, bromide, or chloride ion, and H2O2 on Escherichia coli or Lactobacillus acidophilus is described. When L. acidophilus was employed, the addition of H2O2 was not required; however, the protective effect of catalase suggested that, in this instance, H2O2 was generated by the organisms. The antibacterial effect was largely prevented by preheating the myeloperoxidase at 80 C or greater for 10 min or by the addition of a number of inhibitors; it was most active at the most acid pH employed (5.0). Lactoperoxidase was considerably less effective than was myeloperoxidase when chloride was the halide employed. Myeloperoxidase, at high concentrations, exerted an antibacterial effect on L. acidophilus in the absence of added halide, which also was temperature- and catalase-sensitive. Peroxidase was extracted from intact guinea pig leukocytes by weak acid, and the extract with peroxidase activity had antibacterial properties which were similar, in many respects, to those of the purified preparation of myeloperoxidase. Under appropriate conditions, the antibacterial effect was increased by halides and by H2O2 and was decreased by catalase, as well as by cyanide, azide, Tapazole, and thiosulfate. This suggests that, under the conditions employed, the antibacterial properties of a weak acid extract of guinea pig leukocytes is due, in part, to its peroxidase content, particularly if a halide is present in the reaction mixture. A heat-stable antibacterial agent or agents also appear to be present in the extract.
Topology design and resource dimensioning for optical mesh networks under demand uncertainties

We present a framework to help the network designer to dimension optical metropolitan area networks (MAN) incorporating uncertainties in demands. In this framework the interplay among topology design, resource provisioning, and routing are analyzed jointly, based on two stochastic optimization models that use probability distributions of demands as inputs. In one model we minimize the weighted sum of network installation cost and expected penalty cost for unsatisfied traffic; in another model we minimize the network installation cost subject to certain service level requirements. The optimization results enable us: (1) to identify the physical architectures that are most robust (in cost) to demand uncertainties among rich classes of regular topologies, assuming the (random) uniform all-to-all traffic; and (2) to provide analytical references on how the optimum dimensioning, network connectivity, and network cost change as functions of the designer's level of risk aversion, service level requirements, and probability distributions of the demand
Consequentialism, Integrity, and Ordinary Morality

Consequentialism is enticing but also seems overly demanding. As a result, many non-consequentialists try to explain why we aren't required to maximize the good. One explanation is the Integrity Explanation: we are not required to maximize the good because morality must make room for us to pursue our projects and interests. Some people hope that the Integrity Explanation will not just explain why consequentialism is false, but simultaneously vindicate the common-sense permission to generally refrain from promoting the good of other people and instead spend our time on non-harmful actions of our choice. I argue that this hope is unrealistic, because if any version of the Integrity Explanation is correct, morality will not contain broad permissions to refrain from promoting the good of others and do as we choose.
RTS/CTS-induced congestion in ad hoc wireless LANs

The RTS/CTS mechanism is widely used in wireless networks in order to avoid packet collisions and, thus, achieve high throughput. In ad hoc networks, however the current implementation of the RTS/CTS mechanism may lead to interdependencies so that nodes become unable to transmit any packets during long periods of time. This effect manifests itself in the form of congestion where, after a certain point, the network throughput decreases with increasing load instead of maintaining its peak value. In this paper, we describe and analyze this problem in detail and provide a backward-compatible solution, called RTS validation. Our simulations show that this solution leads to a 60% gain in the peak throughput in addition to stabilizing the throughput at high load.
Adaptation of length in a nonstationary environment

In this paper, we examine the behavior of a variable length GA in a nonstationary problem environment. Results indicate that a variable length GA is better able to adapt to changes than a fixed length GA. Closer examination of the evolutionary dynamics reveals that a variable length GA can in fact take advantage of its variable length representation to exploit good quality building blocks after a change in the problem environment.
Stability of lanthanum oxide-based H2S sorbents in realistic fuel processor/fuel cell operation

Abstract We report that lanthana-based sulfur sorbents are an excellent choice as once-through chemical filters for the removal of trace amounts of H 2 S and COS from any fuel gas at temperatures matching those of solid oxide fuel cells. We have examined sorbents based on lanthana and Pr-doped lanthana with up to 30 at.% praseodymium, having high desulfurization efficiency, as measured by their ability to remove H 2 S from simulated reformate gas streams to below 50 ppbv with corresponding sulfur capacity exceeding 50 mg S g sorbent −1 at 800 °C. Intermittent sorbent operation with air-rich boiler exhaust-type gas mixtures and with frequent shutdowns and restarts is possible without formation of lanthanide oxycarbonate phases. Upon restart, desulfurization continues from where it left at the end of the previous cycle. These findings are important for practical applications of these sorbents as sulfur polishing units of fuel gases in the presence of small or large amounts of water vapor, and with the regular shutdown/start-up operation practiced in fuel processors/fuel cell systems, both stationary and mobile, and of any size/scale.
‘A Certain Amount of Prudishness’: Nudist Magazines and the Liberalisation of American Obscenity Law, 1947–58

In 1947, Sunshine and Health, the flagship magazine of the American nudist movement, challenged the limits of visual display in American society. Exhibiting more than just young, well-proportioned nude women posing as pinups or centrefolds, it showed parts of the body (breasts, genitalia or buttocks) and types of bodies (male and female, both young and old, ‘civilised’ and ‘primitive’, slender and overweight) not normally seen in commercial publications. The legal history of nudist magazines from 1929 to 1963 reveals the contradictions that led to the fall of sexual liberalism and the explosion in eroticism that became a central feature of late twentieth-century American society.
A parallel force direct based VLSI standard cell placement algorithm

A new heuristic algorithm is described. It can be used to minimize the weighted wire length in the placement of modules in VLSI chips. A salient feature of PIREN2.0 is that multiple permutations based upon the connectivity between the modules are made simultaneously on all modules in order to minimize the objective function. This allows the algorithm, without major modifications, to be mapped to a processor array structure, the MasPar MP-2.2. Each processor in this massively parallel single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) machine can perform in parallel the computation necessary to place cells in an optimum relative location to one another based upon the connectivity (the number of wires) between cells. A speedup for the benchmark circuits of at least 7.5 is obtained from the parallel version without degrading the quality of the layout solution. >
Modifications, some cytochemical properties and transport of intralysosomal membranes

The structural alterations of intralysosomal membranes were investigated in the rat lateral nasal and maxillary glands. In addition to conventional electron microscopical procedures, the following cytochemical reactions were applied: acid phosphatase, ruthenium red, phosphotungstic acid, and silver tetraphenylporphine sulfonate. Two forms of intralysosomal membranes were described, the myelin-like figure and the aligned membranes. The former variety occurred most often in the lysosome and occasionally in some other organelles (e.g., secretory granule, multivesicular body, Golgi apparatus). Some figures were observed in the process of extrusion from the lysosome into the cellular interior. Furthermore, there were indications of the release by the cell of these membranes either into the lumen or toward the basal lamina. The acid phosphatase test revealed an association of the enzyme with the myelinated membrane in the lysosomal medium, in various cellular locations, and in the cellular environment. The possible importance of some interstitial cells in the transport of these membranes from the acinar base outward was noted. The other form, referred to as aligned membranes, occurred only as individual couples within the lysosomal interior. The formation of multilamellar complexes by further cross-binding of membranous pairs was not observed. They displayed a focal occurrence of globules of apparently lipid material and a continuity with the already existing lipid droplets. Both types of altered membranes stained with phosphotungstic acid at pH 1.5, although they did not stain with silver tetraphenylporphine sulfonate. Most findings suggested that the two membranous varieties represented different patterns in membrane autodigestion.
Cellular arrays for the parallel implementation of binary error-correcting codes

A cellular array is a logical network of identical or almost identical cells, each of which contains a small amount of logic and storage, and, except for a few buses to the edge of the array, is connected only to its immediate neighbors. The cellular approach offers special advantages for realization by the forthcoming large-scale-integrated (LSI) technology. Such arrays are shown to be applicable for the encoding and decoding of binary error-correcting codes, and also for identifying the possibilities of tradeoffs between decoding time and equipment complexity. Arrays are presented for the decoding of single errors, burst errors, and erasures; the decoding of erasures is accomplished by the equation-solution approach, and it is shown for several code families that the Gauss elimination procedure is not required.
Current Trends in Bumper Design for Pedestrian Impact

Worldwide, the pace of development in pedestrian countermeasures is increasing rapidly. To better understand the state of the art in bumper design for pedestrian impact, a survey of literature and patents has been performed. Two general approaches to reducing the severity of pedestrian lower limb impacts were identified: (a) Provide cushioning and support of the lower limb with a bumper and a new lower stiffener, or (b) Use the bumper as a platform for impact sensors and exterior airbags. This study focused on the first approach. Excluding bumper sensors, airbags, and nondesign-related articles, a total of 130 relevant technical articles and 147 patents were identified. The most common method proposed for cushioning the lower limb in an impact uses an energy absorber (plastic foam or ‘egg-crate’) in front of a semi-rigid (steel or aluminum) beam. There are also proposals for ‘springsteel’, steel-foam composites, crush-cans, and plastic beams. The most common method proposed for supporting the lower limb in an impact is a secondary lower beam, known as a ‘stiffener’ or ‘spoiler’. Most proposed lower stiffeners are plastic plates or metal beams supported by the engine undertray, the radiator support, or the front-end module. In addition to these concepts, there are a number of design proposals involving a deploying bumper or lower stiffener.
Multiscale modeling for reliability assessment in microelectronic systems

In this paper, we discuss challenges to modeling reliability in microelectronic systems wherein issues generically involve evolving heterogeneities such as cracks, voids, and secondary phases occur across all relevant length scales starting from the circuit board down to the Inter-Layer Dielectric (ILD). Increasingly the failures at ILD lengthscales are driven by package construction or material choices such as the underfill stiffness. Thus, often, a complex combination of material, geometry, and loading together determine whether local (such as a specific ILD layer or via location) or global (such as a package solder balls or underfill) failures occur preferentially. In this paper we describe several examples of reliability modeling from our recent research spanning both the package-level and die-level reliability issues.
NEW HOSTS, PREVALENCE, AND DENSITY OF THE ELLOBIOPSID PARASITE THALASSOMYCES FAGEI ON EUPHAUSIIDS IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA

Abstract The euphausiids, Euphausia pacifica Hansen, 1911, Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer, 1846), T. longipes Brandt, 1851, T. raschi (M. Sars, 1864), and T. spinifera Holmes, 1900, were found to be infested with the ellobiopsid Thalassomyces fagei (Boschma, 1949) in Prince William Sound (PWS), south-central Alaska. Thysanoessa longipes and T. spinifera are reported for the first time as hosts for the parasite Thalassomyces fagei. Plankton samples were collected in May, August, and October 1997, and in July 1998 from northern, central, and southern study areas in PWS. Density of ellobiopsids on all species of euphausiids in each study area ranged from 0 to 2.0·m−2, while density of adult-size euphausiids of all species ranged from 6.7 to 263.4·m−2. The prevalence of ellobiopsids on adult-size euphausiids ranged from 0 to 31.3% by species and from 0 to 7.5% by sampling area. In general, parasite density was highest where euphausiid density was lowest. Of the 20,760 adult-size euphausiids examined, 1.49% were ...
Telomere shortening and cell cycle arrest in Trypanosoma brucei expressing human telomeric repeat factor TRF1.

Trypanosoma brucei has telomeres composed of 15 kb tracts of TTAGGG repeats that end in 3 overhangs and form t-loops. This structure is also present in mammalian cells and is thought to reflect the presence of telomere-binding proteins. The human TTAGGG repeat-binding factor TRF1 binds to telomeres and regulates their length. We attempted to interfere with the normal function of trypanosome telomeres by expressing human TRF1 in T. brucei. TRF1 localized to telomeres in cultured procyclic (midgut-stage) trypanosomes with great fidelity, but not in bloodstream-stage trypanosomes. Procyclic trypanosomes expressing high levels of TRF1 for extended periods of time exhibited shortening and increased size heterogeneity of their telomeres and the cell cycle was arrested in G1–S. These effects were not detected in cells expressing a TRF1 mutant incapable of binding to TTAGGG repeats. We argue that TRF1 displaces putative endogenous trypanosome telomere-binding proteins, not yet identified, and affects telomeres in ways that reflect its role as a negative regulator of telomere length in human cells. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Types of informal learning in cross-organizational collegial conversations

Purpose – This paper aims to gather empirical evidence for what colleagues from different organizations reported they learned from informal professional learning conversations. Informal learning conversations with colleagues is a powerful yet understudied source of self-directed, professional development. Design/methodology/approach – This study of mixed methods investigated the types of learning 79 leaders from 22 organizations reported they learned via post-conversation surveys from 44 peer-led discussions over a two-year period. Findings – Survey data suggest empirical evidence of five learning outcomes – informational, conceptual, operational, reflective and social learning. The study describes these categories, the overall distribution of these types of learning in the community and how most conversations were “high-yielding” in a particular outcome. Originality/value – To the knowledge of the authors, this study is the first to suggest empirical evidence of categories of learning that participants r...
New acoels (Acoela, Acoelomorpha) from North Carolina

From a survey of interstitial acoel flatworms at Lockwoods Folly Inlet, Oak Island, North Carolina, the new species Anaperus singularis sp. nov. (Anaperidae), Diopisthoporus lofolitis sp. nov. (Diopisthoporidae), Conaperta earnhardti sp. nov. (Convolutidae), Kuma flava sp. nov. (Haploposthiidae), Pseudohaplogonaria cerasina sp. nov. (Haploposthiidae), and Proporus carolinensis sp. nov. are described. Seven previously described acoel species and one nemertodermatid species were also collected from Lockwoods Folly, these were: Diopisthoporus gymnopharyngeus, Endocincta punctata, Neochildia fusca, Parahaploposthia thiophilus, Paratomella rubra, Polychoerus caudatus, Pseudaphanostoma smithrii, and Flagellophora apelti. A previously described species, Anaperus trifurcatus (Anaperidae) is transferred to the genus Amphiscolops (Convolutidae).
Body shape transformation along a shared axis of anatomical evolution in labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei)

Major morphological transformations, such as the evolution of elongate body shape in vertebrates, punctuate evolutionary history. A fundamental step in understanding the processes that give rise to such transformations is identification of the underlying anatomical changes. But as we demonstrate in this study, important insights can also be gained by comparing these changes to those that occur in ancestral and closely related lineages. In labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei), rapid evolution of a highly derived torpedo-shaped body in the common ancestor of the pikehead (Luciocephalus aura and L. pulcher) occurred primarily through exceptional elongation of the head, with secondary contributions involving reduction in body depth and lengthening of the precaudal vertebral region. This combination of changes aligns closely with the primary axis of anatomical diversification in other anabantoids, revealing that pikehead evolution involved extraordinarily rapid change in structures that were ancestrally labile. Finer-scale examination of the anatomical components that determine head elongation also shows alignment between the pikehead evolutionary trajectory and the primary axis of cranial diversification in anabantoids, with much higher evolutionary rates leading to the pikehead. Altogether, our results show major morphological transformation stemming from extreme change along a shared morphological axis in labyrinth fishes.
A SYSTEM FOR MOVING-BODY CFD SIMULATIONS ON OVERSET STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS*

Numerical fluid dynamics simulations of multiple bodies in relative motion are being used more extensively as weapons systems become more complex and weapons development cycle times are reduced. To address the need for a flexible, efficient, and user-friendly method for computing these flows, a system for computing moving-body simulations on overset structured and unstructured grids is under development called Fluid Dynamics— Computational Analysis of Dynamically Responsive Environments (FD-CADRE). The system allows existing programs [e.g., computational fluid dynamics (CFD) or grid assembly codes] to be readily inserted into the process. The system is shown to accommodate methods using structured or unstructured grid technologies. The initial FDCADRE system has been developed and has been demonstrated on simple test configurations.
Differences in the Reported Frequencies of Cleft Lip Plus Cleft Lip and Palate in Asians Born in Hawaii and the Continental United States

AbstractThe etiology of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/CP) is not known but present evidence suggests that both genetic and environmental factors act to determine susceptibility. Race has been reported to exert a strong influence on the incidence of CL/CP; e.g., the frequency of CL/CP is nearly twice as high among Japanese born in Japan or Hawaii as it is among Caucasians in Hawaii, Western Europe, and North America, and the risk in American blacks is one-half that in Caucasians. This notwithstanding, a survey of Los Angeles Hospitals and Clinics for families with facial clefting revealed no Orientals despite the fact that this group constitutes 6% of the population. To investigate the possibility that the rate of clefting had declined in Orientals'data was obtained from birth certificates from Hawaii, California, and New York, and from the USPHS Birth Defects Monitoring Program. The results suggest that the frequency of CL/CP but not isolated CP may be significantly lower among Japanese and o...
SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY | Fronts in the Lower Stratosphere

A jet streak located along the sloping midlatitude tropopause has mesoscale structure in both the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. This article explores the historical to modern day observation, theory, and dynamical insight into the structure and evolution of the lower stratospheric portion of the tropopause jet, known as the lower stratospheric front.
Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Exposure on Zebrafish(Danio rerio) Embryos Development

To explore the impact of extremely low frequency magnetic fields(ELF-MFs) on fish embryos development, we selected Zebrafish(Danio rerio) as a model and observed the embryos development intermittently exposed magnetic fields. Fertilized eggs of Zebrafish were exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field of 100 and 200 μT, respectively. Exposure treatments were divided into four groups, namely "1 h on/5 h off", "2 h on/4 h off", "3 h on/3 h off" and all-day exposure. Related indicators of the embryos development were compared and analyzed statistically among the control and exposure groups during 96 hour post fertilization. No significant differences(P0.05) were observed in the survival rate, abnormality rate, hatching rate, and heart rate between control group and the 100 μT ELF-MF exposure groups. In the meantime, compared with control group, the 200 μT ELF-MF exposure groups had significant decrease(P0.05) in hatching rate at 48~ 60 h and heart rate at 36~60 h, though these variations recovered in 72 h post fertilization(P0.05). In conclusion, 50 Hz, 100 μT ELF-MF exposures have no significant influence on fish embryos development, while 50 Hz, 200 μT ELF-MF exposures cause recoverable incubation delay and heart rate decrease.
An Ort und Stelle Zur Geschichte der konkreten Poesie in der DDR

In den 70er und 80er Jahren hat in der DDR unter dem Titel Prenzlauer-Berg-Literatur eine Wiederaufnahme der konkreten Poesie stattgefunden. Wie kommt es zu dieser Wiederbeschreibung einer angeblich nur noch anachronistischen Literatur? Ist sie nur epigonal oder als eigene Leistung zu ruhmen?
Safety and efficacy of a growth factor and cytokine-containing topical product in wound healing and incision scar management after upper eyelid blepharoplasty: a prospective split-face study

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a topical product containing a mixture of growth factors and cytokines on the incision scar following upper eyelid blepharoplasty. METHODS This is a prospective, single-blinded, and split-face study on patients who underwent bilateral upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Two weeks after surgery, one eye of each subject was randomized to receive Lumiere Bio-Restorative Eye Cream on one eyelid incision for 12 weeks and no treatment on the other eyelid. Subjects returned at the postoperative weeks 6, 10, and 14. At each visit, patients and the investigator (who was blinded to the treated eyelid) evaluated the scar through specified questionnaires. RESULTS A total of 20 subjects with a mean age of 66.3±9.2 years completed the study. Minor side effects were noted in three subjects. At all-time points, all subjects thought eyelids treated with Lumiere had a better scar and overall appearance than fellow eyelids (P<0.5); and 60% of patients strongly encouraged others to use the product. The investigator assessment of erythema and pigmentation revealed less erythema and pigmentation in treated eyes at the weeks 6 and 10, although the difference was statistically insignificant. Investigator assessment also revealed a better scar appearance at week 10 in treated eyes (P=0.04). All evaluation parameters were similar in both eyes at the last visit. CONCLUSION Lumiere eye cream shows an excellent safety profile and minimal effects on features of the incision scar following upper lid blepharoplasty. It may hasten the wound healing process considering the higher outcomes at the first weeks of application.
Quantiles of Residual Survival

In reliability theory, the lifetime remaining in a network of components after an initial run-in period is an important property of the system. Similarly, for medical interventions residual survival characterizes the subsequent experience of patients who survive beyond the beginning of follow-up. Here we show how quantiles of the residual survival distribution can be used to provide such a characterization. We first discuss properties of the residual quantile function and its close relationship to the hazard function. We then consider parametric estimation of the residual quantile function, focusing on the generalized gamma distribution. Finally, we describe an application of quantiles of residual survival to help describe the effects at the population level of the introduction and sustained use of highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV/AIDS.
Human-Computer Interaction: Background and Issues

Publisher Summary The electronic digital computer is only about half a century old. Despite this fact, it has already had an enormous impact on people's lives, and the technology is still in a phase of rapid development. The most apparent trend that has characterized the progress in the technology over that time has been the ever-decreasing size of computing components that has allowed the packaging of ever-larger amounts of computing power into less and less space. Although many industries have invested heavily in computer-based tools for their workers, compelling evidence that the investment has paid off, either in terms of anticipated gains in productivity or increased satisfaction of most workers with their jobs or most people with their lives, is wanting. This chapter discusses the history, state, and prospects of information technology in order to consider a representative sample of human-computer interaction issues relating to the uses of this technology and to raise some questions for future research, innovation and development. The intent is to discuss only enough to provide a sketchy account of the technological context in which the issues of interaction arise.
Sequential Anomaly Detection Using Wireless Sensor Networks in Unknown Environment

Anomaly detection is an important problem for environment, fault diagnosis and intruder detection in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). A key challenge is to minimize the communication overhead and energy consumption in the network when identifying these abnormal events. We present a machine learning (ML) framework that is suitable for WSNs to sequentially detect sensory level anomalies and time-related anomalies in an unknown environment. Our system consists of a set of modular, unsupervised, machine learning algorithms that are adaptive. The modularity of the ML algorithms to maximize the use of resource constrains sensor nodes in different environmental monitoring tasks without reprogramming. The developed ML framework consists of the following modular components. First, an unsupervised neural network is used to map multi-dimensional sensor data into discrete environmental states/classes and detect sensor level anomalies. Over time, the labeled classes form a sequence of environmental states. Next, we use a variable length Markov model in the form of a Probabilistic Suffix Tree (PST) to model the relationship between temporal events. Depending on the types of applications, high order Markov models can be expensive. We use a symbol compression technique to bring down the cost of PST models by extracting the semantic meaning out of temporal sequences. Lastly, we use a likelihood-ratio test to verify whether there are anomalous events. We demonstrate the efficiency our approach by applying it in two real-world applications: volcano monitoring and traffic monitoring applications. Our experimental results show that the developed approach yields high performances based on different benchmarks compared to traditional fixed length Markov models.
Hyperglycemia, Dysglycemia and Glycemic Control in Pediatric Critical Care

Although once considered a benign consequence to the stress of severe illness or injury, a significant body of evidence compiled over the past decade shows that hyperglycemia in critically ill patients is associated with poor outcomes. In both adults and pediatric studies, there is a strong association with hyperglycemia with higher morbidity and mortality, and in some prospective studies, controlling hyperglycemia improves outcomes. These data have resulted in a number of national and international consensus statements and guidelines recommending active glycemic control – though primarily directed at the critically ill or injured adult. Due to the lack of pediatric-specific data, it has been unclear how pediatric intensivists should incorporate glycemic control into their practice. During the past decade data from both retrospective and prospective studies have also shown significant associations between hypoglycemia and dysglycemia (i.e., glycemic variability) and poor outcomes. From the current data, it appears that both hyper- and hypoglycemia occurs in patients who have higher illness severities and require more organ support measures. A number of pediatric-specific protocols have been developed and published which suggest that approaches to identify and manage hyperglycemia in critically ill children can be effectively and safely implemented, and interestingly in many cases hypoglycemic rates are less than that which occurs spontaneously. Although most pediatric practitioners support active glycemic control in certain subsets of patients, it is unclear how widespread standardized, consistent glycemic management has been incorporated into practice. Prospective trials have yielded disparate outcome findings regarding glycemic control in the pediatric ICU. Data from ongoing and completed studies will hopefully yield more definitive data on whether pediatric practitioners should regularly practice glycemic control, and what patient populations might benefit from this practice. This chapter reviews the existing data on hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and dysglycemia, and will hopefully assist how pediatric practitioners synthesize these data into practice.
Radiobiological considerations of brachytherapy.

The special radiobiological effects of low dose-rate radiation on tumors and normal tissue are in large part responsible for the effectiveness of brachytherapy. There is good reason to believe that improvement in local tumor control can be expected by the addition of chemotherapeutic agents, specifically designed radiation sensitizers, and differentiation-inducing agents, as well as by the manipulation of dose rates and dose distributions. This can be an important contribution to cancer management in the future and is an exciting area for further study.10 references.
UNIT 2.6 Using TESS to Predict Transcription Factor Binding Sites in DNA Sequence

This unit describes how to use the Transcription Element Search System (TESS). This Web site predicts transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in DNA sequence using two different kinds of models of sites, strings and positional weight matrices. The binding of transcription factors to DNA is a major part of the control of gene expression. Transcription factors exhibit sequence-specific binding; they form stronger bonds to some DNA sequences than to others. Identification of a good binding site in the promoter for a gene suggests the possibility that the corresponding factor may play a role in the regulation of that gene. However, the sequences transcription factors recognize are typically short and allow for some amount of mismatch. Because of this, binding sites for a factor can typically be found at random every few hundred to a thousand base pairs. TESS has features to help sort through and evaluate the significance of predicted sites. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 21:2.6.1-2.6.15. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: transcription factor; DNA sequence; genome; promoter; gene regulation
VISUO-MOTOR PROPERTIES OF NEURONS IN SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND PULVINAR NUCLEUS OF THE MONKEY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recordings from single neurons in the superior colliculus and pulvinar nucleus of awake monkeys in an attempt to determine what their visual properties are and how they respond to the different behavioral contexts in which visual stimulation takes place. Vision is an active process and is continually modulated by the ongoing behavior of the organism. There are numerous examples of this active inteφlay. ·Only a few of the many stimuli that excite the retina are selected as targets for saccadic eye movements. With each eye movement, the resultant shift of images across the retina must be filtered. Such filtering eliminates the blurring of the image and prevents erroneous visual signals from reaching the oculomotor system. The brain also appears to recalibrate visual space with each eye movement so that when images change position on the retina, they are not perceived as moving from place to place in the visual world.
RUBI parent training as a group intervention for children with autism: A community pilot study

Abstract Background Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently present with co-occurring problem behaviors that interfere with daily living skills and educational placement. The Research Units in Behavioral Intervention (RUBI) parent training manualized intervention was developed as a stand-alone intervention for problem behavior in children with ASD. Group-based parent training options are a low-cost alternative that allow providers to simultaneously serve multiple clients. Currently, no community feasibility studies exist examining the RUBI Parent Training program when delivered as a group intervention. Method This study sought to provide preliminary evidence supporting the use of the RUBI Parent Training program as a group intervention. The manualized RUBI Parent Training intervention was delivered to four small groups of caregivers (N = 11) of children (M age = 4.82 years) with ASD. Feasibility data were collected on treatment acceptability, fidelity, and effectiveness. Exploratory treatment effectiveness was evaluated through structured observations of child compliance and parent-report of child problem behavior. Results Overall, the group-implemented RUBI Parent Training program was found to be feasible as demonstrated by high levels of parent acceptableness, attendance, and treatment fidelity. Additionally, the majority of the children demonstrated improvements in problem behavior. Conclusions The current findings provide initial support for the delivery of the RUBI Parent Training in a group of parents. This could provide a cost-effective alternative for the treatment of problem behavior in children with ASD.
Switchable Mechanical Resonance Induced by Hysteretic Piezoelectricity in Ferroelectric Capacitors

This paper reports on a new switching and frequency hopping mechanism of electromechanical transduction in ferroelectric capacitor (FeCAP) based CMOS-MEMS resonators implemented in Texas Instruments (TI) FeRAM technology. In this work, poling parameters are investigated to demonstrate bias-dependent pole/zero transitions accompanied by 180° phase shift in multiple mechanical modes of the device. To explain this behavior, the resonator Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) model is modified to account for nonlinear capacitance in the FeCAPs. The cancellation of motional branch current and feedthrough current between the Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 (PZT) thin layers with bias voltage enables switching of electromechanical transduction. These switchable, CMOS-integrated FeCAP resonators are solidly confined with no release step using Back-End-of-Line (BEOL) acoustic waveguiding. This study highlights the unique benefits of ferroelectric transducers for nonlinear, tunable MEMS devices, and offers a promising new RF building block for monolithic programmable radio front ends.
Wrong-Site Surgery

The Joint Commission initiated its sentinel event policy in 1995 as a method to identify and track leading causes of medical errors and unexpected deaths within the USA. Wrong-site surgical (WSS) procedures ranked the highest among 4,074 sentinel events reported to the Joint Commission between January 1995 and December 2006.
Saving Time and Energy Using Partial Flash Memory Operations in Low-Power Microcontrollers

This paper introduces a technique that reduces time and energy consumed by critical flash memory operations in ultra-low-power microcontrollers. The proposed technique utilizes partial or aborted flash memory erase and program operations that proved to have no negative impacts on accuracy and longevity of information stored in the flash memory. Our experimental evaluation performed on a family of microcontrollers shows that the proposed technique can save 98% of the energy consumed for flash erase operations and up to 75% for flash program operations.
Cross-Cultural Research Ethics: Personal-Historical Observations

This brief report provides a personal account of the events surrounding cross-cultural psychology’s early interest in research ethics. The subsequent formation of a committee and the publication of guidelines which became the focus of discussions within IACCP are related. Although the guidelines posed a number of questions and raised the consciousness of researchers, they were never adopted by the Association as an ethical code.