cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The one-two punch (of CAR T cells)

In this issue of Blood, Pan et al highlight their approach toward dual-antigen chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell targeting in an effort to reduce the risk of immune escape in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). They demonstrate the feasibility of sequentially administering CD19 CAR T cells followed by CD22 CAR T cells alongside the safety, toxicity, and efficacy of such a model. Their observation suggests that sequential CAR T-cell targeting strategies may be safe and effective and provides proof-of-concept of a potential strategy that may allow for dual-antigen CAR T-cell targeting.
Ammonia emission abatement does not fully control reduced forms of nitrogen deposition

Human activities and population growth have increased the natural burden of reactive nitrogen (N) in the environment. Excessive N deposition on Earth’s surface leads to adverse feedbacks on ecosystems and humans. Similar to that of air pollution, emission control is recognized as an efficient means to control acid deposition. Control of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions has led to reduction in deposition of oxidized nitrogen (NOy, the sum of all oxidized nitrogen species, except nitrous oxide [N2O]). Reduced forms of nitrogen (NHx = ammonia [NH3] + ammonium [NH4+]) deposition have, otherwise, increased, offsetting the benefit of reduction in NOy deposition. Stringent control of NH3 emissions is being considered. In this study, we assess the response of N deposition to N emission control on continental regions. We show that significant reduction of NHx deposition is unlikely to be achieved at the early stages of implementing NH3 emission abatement. Per-unit NH3 emission abatement is shown to result in only 60–80% reduction in NHx deposition, which is significantly lower than the demonstrated 80–120% benefit of controlling NOx emissions on NOy deposition. This 60–80% effectiveness of NHx deposition reduction per unit NH3 emission abatement reflects, in part, the effects of simultaneous reductions in NOx and SO2 emissions.
Vascular effects of kinins in trout and bradykinin metabolism by perfused gill

In the preceding studies we have shown that elements of a kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) are present in trout. The present study examines the cardiovascular effects of intra-arterial kinin injection and the ability of perfused gills or gill homogenates to metabolize bradykinin or the pressor substance generated in trout plasma by glandular kallikrein (T60K). Bradykinin (BK), t-kinin, kallidin, and Met-kallidin produced pressor responses in vivo. BK responses were unaffected by alpha-adrenergic blockade or cyclooxygenase inhibition. Perfused gills extracted approximately 40% of a [3H]BK bolus, however, metabolites were not recovered from the effluent perfusate. Gill homogenates completely metabolized [3H]BK and inactivated the pressor substance T60K. Captopril reduced BK and T60K metabolism by gill homogenates. The present study demonstrates that kinins have pressor effects in trout that are not mediated through adrenergic or prostanoid-derived mechanisms. The results also suggest that trout do not release endothelium-derived relaxing factors in response to kinin injection. The gill is able to metabolize BK and T60K, although, with respect to BK, this process appears to involve intracellular hydrolysis and may be only partially dependent on angiotensin-converting enzyme. Inactivation of BK by gill tissue may be fundamentally different from kinin metabolism by the mammalian lung.
Case Conceptualization as an Alternative to Educationally Related Mental Health Assessments

School psychologists play an essential role in the provision of school-based mental health services yet continue to spend the majority of their time conducting psychoeducational assessments. In California, changes in law regarding the provision of mental health services have increased the tension around the role of school psychologists and led to models for determining the need for mental health services that are inefficient and present a potential barrier to students receiving services in a timely manner. The paper proposes case conceptualization as a more useful and efficient approach, than traditional assessment processes for determining students’ mental needs and writing goals.
Inpatient Teleneurology Follow-up Has Similar Outcomes to In-Person Neurology and Provides an Alternative to Transfer (1861)

Objective: We hypothesized that ischemic stroke (IS) patients evaluated in spoke Emergency Departments (EDs) via telestroke, then managed with telestroke follow-up (TSF), have similar outcomes to those seen by in-person neurology follow-up (IPF) after admission. Background: Community EDs often transfer IS patients for lack of neurology coverage, burdening patients and accepting facilities. Telestroke improves access to acute stroke care, but data lack on inpatient telestroke care. Design/Methods: We identified 3702 IS patients seen via telestroke at spoke EDs in our network (9/2015–12/2018). We excluded patients who were transferred by the ED after initial evaluation. Of 1906 total telestroke patients admitted and seen by either TSF or IPF, we compared baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, and patient- and hospital-level outcomes. Results: There were 447 (23%) patients who underwent TSF and 1459 (77%) seen by IPF. Both groups presented with similar stroke severity. In the multivariate analysis, there were no significant differences in discharge disposition, stroke readmission rates, and 90-day mRS, although TSF length-of-stay was shorter (p=0.01). There was a higher proportion of Non-Hispanic Black patients (p Conclusions: IS patients receiving TSF have comparable outcomes when compared to those that are seen by IPF, with few subsequent transfers after admission. Telestroke may decrease length of stay compared to IPF. For select IS patients, TSF provides an alternative to transfer for hospitals lacking resources for IPF coverage. Disclosure: Dr. Trevino has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zha has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ankrom has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Joseph has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zhu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Malazarte has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cossey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Savitz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jagolino-Cole has nothing to disclose.
Egg protein supplementation improved upper body muscle strength and protein intake in community-dwelling older adult females who attended congregate meal sites or adult learning centers: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Background: Older adults that utilize community-based nutrition services are at higher nutritional risk than the general aging population, yet studies on the efficacy of protein interventions in this population are lacking. Aim: A double-blinded randomized controlled pilot study trial evaluated the impact of egg white protein supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and physical function in predominantly low-income Latina community-dwelling adult females aged 60 or older with reduced muscle strength or function. Methods: Participants (mean age = 73.6 ± 8.3 years) were randomly assigned to receive a daily dried egg white (20 g protein) or isocaloric maltodextrin supplement for 6 months (n = 16 intervention; n = 13 control). The primary outcome measure was appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Secondary outcomes were measures of muscle strength and function and dietary protein intake. Comparisons of baseline demographics were conducted using t-tests and χ2 or Fisher's exact tests. Differences between groups were assessed using general linear models, adjusted for baseline values, and differences within groups were assessed using paired t-tests or Kruskal-Wallis. Results: No significant between-group differences were found for all measures, but protein intake, handgrip strength, and the number of arm curls significantly improved in the intervention group. Under-recruitment of study participants and a high dropout rate impacted the ability of this study to detect significant differences between groups. Conclusion: Daily egg white protein supplementation increases protein intake and supports upper body physical function in older adults, but additional studies are needed to investigate its role in the prevention of age-related muscle mass decline in older adults. Trial #NCT03530774 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03530774).
The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940-1964

"The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe" details a democratic tradition developed in the 1940s and 1950s, and a movement that would fall victim to an increasingly elitist and divisive political culture by the 1960s. Providing biographical sketches of key personalities within the genealogy of nationalist politics, Timothy Scarnecchia weaves an intricate narrative that traces the trajectories of earlier democratic traditions in Zimbabwe, including women's political movements, township organizations, and trade unions.This work suggests that intense rivalries for control of the nationalist leadership after 1960, the 'sell-out' politics of that period, and Cold War funding for rival groups contributed to a unique political impasse, ultimately resulting in the largely autocratic and violent political state today. The author further proposes that this recourse to political violence, 'top-down' nationalism, and the abandonment of urban democratic traditions are all hallmarks of a particular type of nationalism equally unsustainable in Zimbabwe then as it is now. Timothy Scarnecchia is assistant professor of African history at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.
Overbidding in electronic auctions: factors influencing the propensity to overbid and the magnitude of overbidding

This research investigates the buyer and seller characteristics that impact overbidding in electronic auctions. Specifically, the empirical analysis shows that customers with more total experience are less likely to overbid and that overbidding is less frequent for auction items with higher face values. When bidder experience pertains to the same product category, the frequency and magnitude of overbids are further reduced. This research also finds that consumers are more likely to overbid as the bidding environment becomes more competitive. Furthermore, auction item attributes, such as starting price, day/time of the auction, and shipping fees, are shown to impact the propensity to overbid and the magnitude of overbidding. The empirical results have important implications for understanding bidder behavior and for assisting online sellers in formulating more profitable selling strategies.
Neurobiological action of some pyrimidine analogs.

Publisher Summary Pyrimidine nucleotides attract attention on two grounds: (1) they are components of the polynucleotides—deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)—and are, thus concerned with the transfer of genetic information and with protein synthesis and (2) they serve as coenzymes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. This chapter discusses the neurobiological action of pyrimidine analogs, such as fluoropyrimidines and azapyrimidines. Normally neural cells synthesize pyrimidine nucleotides de novo via the orotic acid pathway. However, under certain abnormal conditions, such as azapyrimidine intoxication and hereditary orotic aciduria, the salvage pathway probably plays an essential role for pyrimidine biosynthesis. This pathway can operate through increased reutilization of pyrimidines formed in situ by normal catabolic processes and/or by enhanced uptake of bloodborne pyrimidines, derived either from dietary sources or from degradative processes in other organs. The study of azauridine encephalopathy, in which de novo synthesis is blocked, shows that the salvage pathway can supply only a part of the pyrimidine requirements of brain.
Plankton Production Biology

Abstract : Mining existing data I have continued to investigate hydrography and nutrients in respect to plankton production in the central and eastern Arabian Sea and on the shelf off India's west coast. Occasionally I have commented on general oceanographic or ecological principles. The principal objective during FY2013 was the completion of a study of variability on daily to fourdecadal scales of dissolved oxygen and nitrite in the upper Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of the central Arabian Sea. The editing toward publication by India s National Institute of Oceanography of a translation from the Russian of Sazhina (1985) about the larvae (nauplii) of 86 common marine planktonic copepods was taken up again after the completion of the OMZ review. Under the second no-cost extension of the grant, together with Indian colleagues I have collected and evaluated essentially all discrete O2 data obtained by one mode of the Winkler procedure and all NO2 - measurements, besides temperature and salinity, from the same water bottles in the upper Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ). The data, taken between 1959 and 2004 from near 150, 200, 300, 400, and 500 m depth, were grouped in zonally-paired boxes of 1 lat. and 2 long. centered at 8 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 20 , and 21 N along 65 E and 67 E and the quality of the analyses checked by the accompanying NO2 - measurements.
Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells. II. The formation of secretion in the salivary glands of Chironomus.

Abstract RNA synthesis was inhibited in larvae of Chironomus tentans with actinomycin D. After inhibition for 24 or 48 h, injected 3H- or 14C-amino acids were still incorporated into secretory proteins of the salivary gland at rates similar to the normal rate. In salivary glands of Chironomos pallidivittatus, special-cell granules were missing after protein synthesis had been blocked for about 12 h. These granules were still present if RNA synthesis was inhibited for even 48 h. By treatment of larvae with pilocarpin, glands were completely depleted of their secretory products. Larvae recovered from this treatment in actinomycin solutions as well as in fresh culture water within 48 h. Secretory products, including special cell granules, were present in similar amounts in the glands of larvae recovered under both conditions. Inhibition of RNA synthesis caused a decrease in the rate of protein synthesis at the beginning of the last instar. It did not seem to interfere with the production of special-cell granules at this stage. It is concluded that the production of secretory proteins in the salivary glands of Ch. tentans and pallidivittatus is supported by stable mRNA, and that the stability of this RNA, presumably Balbiani ring RNA, does not change during development.
Dementia Medications and Risk of Falls, Syncope, and Related Adverse Events: Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and memantine on the risk of falls, syncope, and related events, defined as fracture and accidental injury. DESIGN: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (no language restriction, through July 2009), and manual search. SETTING: Community and nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS: Participants in fifty-four placebo-controlled randomized trials and extension studies of ChEIs and memantine that reported falls, syncope, and related events in cognitively impaired older adults. MEASUREMENTS: Falls, syncope, fracture, and accidental injury. RESULTS: ChEI use was associated with greater risk of syncope (odds ratio (OR)=1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.02-2.30) than placebo but not with other events (falls: OR=0.88, 95% CI=0.74-1.04; fracture: OR=1.39, 95% CI=0.75-2.56; accidental injury: OR=1.13, 95% CI=0.87-1.45). Memantine use was associated with fewer fractures (OR=0.21, 95% CI=0.05-0.85) but not with other events (falls: OR=0.92, 95% CI=0.72-1.18; syncope: OR=1.04, 95% CI=0.35-3.04; accidental injury: OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.56-1.12). There was no differential effect according to type and severity of cognitive impairment, residential status, or length of follow-up, although because of underreporting and small number of events, a potential benefit or risk cannot be excluded. CONCLUSION: ChEIs may increase the risk of syncope, with no effects on falls, fracture, or accidental injury in cognitively impaired older adults. Memantine may have a favorable effect on fracture, with no effects on other events. More research is needed to confirm the reduction in fractures observed for memantine. Language: en
Physiological mechanisms of lysophosphatidylcholine‐induced de‐ramification of murine microglia

Activation of microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the brain, occurs rapidly following brain injury. De-ramification, i.e. transformation from ramified into amoeboid morphology is one of the earliest manifestations of microglial activation. In the present study, we identified the physiological mechanisms underlying microglial de-ramification induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Patch-clamp experiments revealed activation of non-selective cation currents and Ca2+-dependent K+ currents by extracellular LPC. LPC-activated non-selective cation channels were permeable for monovalent and divalent cations. They were inhibited by Gd3+, La3+, Zn2+ and Grammostola spatulata venom, but were unaffected by diltiazem, LOE908MS, amiloride and DIDS. Ca2+ influx through non-selective cation channels caused sustained increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. These Ca2+ increases were sufficient to elicit charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca2+-dependent K+ currents. However, increased [Ca2+]i was not required for LPC-induced morphological changes. In LPC-stimulated microglial cells, non-selective cation currents caused transient membrane depolarization, which was followed by sustained membrane hyperpolarization induced by Ca2+-dependent K+ currents. Furthermore, LPC elicited K+ efflux by stimulating electroneutral K+–Cl− cotransporters, which were inhibited by furosemide and DIOA. LPC-induced microglial de-ramification was prevented by simultaneous inhibition of non-selective cation channels and K+–Cl− cotransporters, suggesting their functional importance for microglial activation.
Youth at risk of physical inactivity may benefit more from activity-related support than youth not at risk.

Background This study examines whether associations between activity-related support and adolescents' physical activity differ for adolescents at high versus low risk of physical inactivity. Methods: Participants included 202 middle-school-aged girls (N = 92) and boys (N = 110). Physical activity was assessed using three self-report questionnaires. Activity-related support from mothers, fathers, siblings, and peers was assessed using the Activity Support Scale. Perceived sport competence was assessed using the Physical Activity Self Description Questionnaire. Participants' height and weight were measured and used to calculate their age- and sex-adjusted Body Mass Index percentile. Participants were classified as being at high risk for physical inactivity if they fulfilled two of the following three criteria: (1) overweight; (2) female; or (3) having low perceived sport competence. Results: Activity-related support from all sources was associated with higher levels of physical activity among adolescents. A stronger association between activity support and physical activity was found for adolescents at high risk for physical inactivity in comparison to adolescents at low risk. Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest that the activity-related support from family and friends may be an effective tool in promoting physical activity among youth at risk of physical inactivity.
Traumatic Brain Injury

Disordered sleep and wakefulness following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common. It contributes to morbidity, such as the development of neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits, as well as prolongs the recovery phase following injury. Early recognition and correction of these problems may limit the secondary effects of TBI and improve patient outcomes. This chapter will present 3 case studies discussing the spectrum of sleep disorders associated with TBI, followed by a general discussion of spectrum of sleep disorders in TBI, proposed mechanisms as well as the clinical approach to diagnosis and management of these disorders.
Political Ideas and Audiences: The Case of Arthur Bryant and the Illustrated London News, 1936–1945

Political leaders rely upon particular individuals or party organisations to reach potential constituencies, but they can only guess at the probable effect any agent has on those electors. For politicians anxious to seize and hold power, it is very good news when one of their partisans establishes and maintains a faithful following. The complexities of understanding influence, especially in the 20th century, are compounded by the difficulties of identifying the myriad interests expressed in a variety of contending forums as well as at the polls. While archives of printed, spoken, and viewed materials allow us to recover what political figures said to various audiences, it is very difficult to demonstrate that expressed ideas actually affected political thinking or political conduct. It is a further speculative leap to imagine what audiences actually heard, what they wanted to hear, and what they made of what they believed they heard. In a written or spoken or pictorial effort to transmit ideas, the intention and purpose may be stated explicitly but the contents of the ideas may still be equivocal. Different kinds of audiences and different members of the same audience will find a variety of meanings, often contradictory, in what they read, hear, or see. Arthur Bryant, a popular historian, journalist, and polemicist was remarkably successful in proclaiming the merits of a pragmatic and ideological conservatism to a multiplicity of large, loyal audiences through the end of the Second World War. This essay examines Bryant's remarkable audience in the Illustrated London News and the ways in which he engaged and retained them for nearly 50 years.
Primacy of paper: The importance of the medium in records management

This poster presents findings from a group ethnographic study of records managers at four different sites. At the site that is the focus of this analysis, research participants’ tasks primarily consisted of examining individual case files to determine if the files should be kept or destroyed under the relevant rules set by records managers. Close observation of work practices showed that application of records management rules varied depending on the medium of the records. This study begins the work of bridging a gap between archival and records management policies for interactions with records across varying media, and empirical research on how people interact with objects on varying media.
Enumerative Methods in Integer Programming

Publisher Summary This chapter presents enumerative methods in integer programming. The problem areas that require enumeration are discussed. The chapter focuses on integer vector as an entity (partial solution or state) and using auxiliary and logical inequalities. Associated inequalities derivable from them and from the solution procedure are discussed. Especially for mixed integer problems it is often the associated inequalities, which will determine the enumeration process. A form of logical inequalities, in turn derivable from the initial inequality system and/or the associated inequality system is discussed. A proper utilization of the logical inequalities is the best way for replacing a host of (in) feasibility tests, which are proposed for enumeration. Logical inequalities are the proper tools for a rational direction of the enumerative process. Enumerative techniques are usually confined to 0–1 problems. Alternatively, integer problems can be reduced to 0–1 problems by an expansion of the integer variables into polynomials involving binary variables only, but no extensive testing of such options appears to take place.
Use of copper-silver ionization for the control of legionellae in alkaline environments at health care facilities

Background There are multiple treatment options for the control of legionellae in premise hot water systems. Water chemistry plays a role in the efficacy of these treatments and should be considered when selecting a treatment. This study demonstrated the efficacy of copper-silver ionization (CSI) under alkaline water conditions in 2 health care facilities. Methods Monitoring for copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) ions was performed, and the corresponding percentage of positive Legionella cultures was monitored. Low Legionella colony forming units (CFU), with a mean Results CSI treatment was shown to reduce both the number of CFU found and the percentage of samples found to be culture positive. After treatment was established, culture positivity was, for example, reduced from 70% (>10 3 CFU/100 mL) to consistently Conclusion Control of legionellae in premise water systems may be a complex process requiring long-term assessments for adequate control. This work found that CSI could be successful in controlling Legionella under alkaline water conditions, and the evidence suggests that Ag ions are responsible for the control of Legionella pneumophila 1, L pneumophila 6, and L anisa .
Predicting clinical outcome in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma: tumour initiating cells, telomeres and telomerase

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has very poor prognosis. Here, a retrospective pilot study was conducted on 20 feline oral SCC patients who underwent stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT), to evaluate: (1) the value of putative tumour initiating cell (TIC) markers of human head and neck SCC (CD44, Bmi-1); (2) telomere length (TL) specifically in putative TICs; and (3) tumour relative telomerase activity (TA). Significant inverse correlations were found between treatment outcomes and Bmi-1 expression, supporting the predictive value of Bmi-1 as a negative prognostic indicator. While TL exhibited a wide range of variability, particularly in very short fractions, many tumours possessed high levels of TA, which correlated with high levels of Bmi-1, Ki67 and EGFR. Taken together, our results imply that Bmi-1 and telomerase may represent novel therapeutic targets in feline oral SCC, as their inhibition - in combination with SRT - would be expected to have beneficial treatment outcome.
Harmonic Analysis on Rotation Groups: Abel Summability

The fundamental theorem of harmonic analysis on compact groups is just the Peter-Weyl theorem. It claims that every continuous function on a compact group can be approximated as closely as desired by linear combinations of irreducible representations of the group. Professor Hua modified this theorem in Ref. 1. He defined Fourier series for continuous functions on the unitary group U(n) and proved that any continuous function on the unitary group can be obtained through Fourier series via Abel summability.
The categorical framework of open systems

One of the major challenges facing today's computer scientists is developing a computer system for an autonomous mobile robot which constantly interacts with its environment, updates its knowledge based including the world model, and carries out tasks specified by humans. This kind of computer system, which is capable of updating its database dynamically and grows along with new components without damaging its integrity, is called an open system. Due to the massive influx of input data the system has to perform computations concurrently. And also human users should be able to interact with the system in the object-oriented fashion. Hence an open system can be described as an object-oriented concurrent system which can accommodate new components. The most fundamental elements of the open system are objects and processes: an object is a human-oriented concept in that humans think of the real world in terms of objects, whereas a process is machine-oriented. A category is introduced as the mathematical model for the system, and objects and processes are precisely defined in the categorical framework. >
Strive: student-athletes transitioning with camaraderie and competition

When a collegiate student-athlete's athletic eligibility expires, a transitional period follows when student-athletes begin to establish a new identity separate from sport. During the transition, student-athletes lose the opportunity to compete with teammates on a daily basis. We propose Strive, which helps former student-athletes maintain camaraderie with former teammates through real-time, remote competitions.
Subfreezing growth of the sea ice bacterium "Psychromonas ingrahamii".

“Psychromonas ingrahamii,” named for John L. Ingraham, was isolated from sea ice from off Point Barrow, Alaska. This large rod-shaped bacterium belongs to the gamma-Proteobacteria. “P. ingrahamii” is a psychrophilic, heterotrophic bacterium that is gas vacuolate and nonmotile. “P. ingrahamii” is notable in that it grows at a temperature of −12°C with a generation time of 240 h. This is the lowest growth temperatures of any organism authenticated by a growth curve.
DOES THE KINETICS OF TRYPSIN DIGESTION DEPEND ON THE FORMATION OF A COMPOUND BETWEEN ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE.

1. The velocity of hydrolysis of gelatin by trypsin increases more slowly than the gelatin concentration and finally becomes nearly independent of the gelatin concentration. The relative velocity of hydrolysis of any two substrate concentrations is independent of the quantity of enzyme used to make the comparison. 2. The rate of hydrolysis is independent of the viscosity of the solution. 3. The percentage retardation of the rate of hydrolysis by inhibiting substances, is independent of the substrate concentration. 4. There is experimental evidence that the enzyme and inhibiting substance are combined to form a widely dissociated compound. 5. If the substrate were also combined with the enzyme, an increase in the substrate concentration should affect the equilibrium between the enzyme and the inhibiting substance. This is not the case. 6. The rate of digestion of a mixture of casein and gelatin is equal to the sum of the rates of hydrolysis of the two substances alone, as it should be if the rate is proportional to the concentration of free enzyme. This contradicts the saturation hypothesis. 7. If the reaction is followed by determining directly the change in the substrate concentration, it is found that this change agrees with the law of mass action; i.e., the rate of digestion is proportional to the substrate concentration.
Stability of cocaine and its metabolites in municipal wastewater--the case for using metabolite consolidation to monitor cocaine utilization.

Transformations of cocaine and eleven of its metabolites were investigated in untreated municipal sewage at pH ≈ 7 and 9, 23, and 31 °C. Results indicated that hydrolysis—possibly bacterially mediated—was the principal transformation pathway. Residues possessing alkyl esters were particularly susceptible to hydrolysis, with pseudo-first-order rate constants varying from 0.54 to 1.7 day−1 at 23 °C. Metabolites lacking esters or possessing only a benzoyl ester appeared stable. Residues lacking alkyl esters did accumulate through hydrolysis of precursors, however. As noted previously, this may positively bias cocaine utilization estimates based on benzoylecgonine alone. Reported variability in metabolic excretion was used in conjunction with transformation data to evaluate different approaches for estimating cocaine loading. Results indicate that estimates derived from measurands that capture all major cocaine metabolites, such as COCtot (the sum of all measurable metabolites) and EChyd (the sum of all metabolites that can be hydrolyzed to ecgonine), may reduce uncertainty arising from variability in metabolite transformation and excretion, possibly to ≈ 10 % RSD. This is more than a two-fold reduction relative to estimates derived from benzoylecgonine (>26 % RSD), and roughly equivalent to reported uncertainties from sources that are not metabolite-specific (e.g., sampling frequency, flow variability). They and other composite measurands merit consideration from the sewage epidemiology community, beginning with efforts to evaluate the stability of the total cocaine load under realistic sewer conditions.
Electron energy loss spectra of the nucleic acid bases.

As part of a programme to investigate the interactions of fast electrons with important biological molecules, we have measured the energy loss spectra of ∼ 20 keV electrons transmitted through thin films of five nucleic acid bases. We measured these spectra in order to determine whether the energy loss information could be used as a contrast mechanism in high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy1. But the spectra can also provide information about atomic, molecular, and solid state transitions in the range ∼ 1 eV to 103 eV. Furthermore, changes in the spectra as a function of irradiation can provide a measure of the radiation damage sustained by the molecules due to the action of the incident electron beam.
Diabatic Heating and Generation of Available Potential Energy in a Tornado-Producing Extratropical Cyclone

Abstract Diabatic heating by latent heat release and longwave radiation and corresponding generation of available potential energy have been computed for a tornado-producing cyclone system. Also, the contributions of two subareas, encompassing the immediate cyclone vicinity and the convection area, to the cyclone system generation are examined applying the concepts of limited region baroclinic and barotropic generation. Heating values, which are dominated by convective latent heat release, are generally in good agreement with observed weather features and cyclone development. The resulting positive cyclone system generation is comparable with previous studies and is strongly influenced by the contributions made by the two subareas. In turn, the latter are dominated by their. barotropic components, indicating that the heating fields in these subareas contribute more effectively to increasing or maintaining the baroclinicity of the cyclone system than of the subareas themselves.
Pullback attractors for a non-autonomous homogeneous two-phase flow model

Abstract This article studies the pullback asymptotic behavior of solutions for a non-autonomous homogeneous two-phase flow model in a two-dimensional domain. We prove the existence of pullback attractors A V in V (the velocity has the H 1 -regularity) and A Y in Y (the velocity has the L 2 -regularity). Then we verify the regularity of the pullback attractors by proving that A V = A Y , which implies the pullback asymptotic smoothing effect of the model in the sense that the solutions eventually become more regular than the initial data. The method used in this article is similar to the one used in Zhao and Zhou (2007) [42] in the case of the non-autonomous incompressible non-Newtonian fluid in a two-dimensional domain. Let us mention that the nonlinearity involved in the model considered in this article is stronger than the one in the two-dimensional non-Newtonian flow studied in Zhao and Zhou (2007) [42] .
Post-radiation parabiosis and survival in rats.

Summary and ConclusionsRats can survive an otherwise fatal dose of radiation if joined after radiation to non-irradiated litter mates. Such rats show accelerated bone marrow regeneration when compared with single controls. It is suggested that post-radiation parabiosis is primarily of benefit because it accelerates recovery of myelopoiesis by the transfer of some cellular or non-cellular material from the non-irradiated partner.
Broncholithiasis due to Histoplasma capsulatum Subsequently Infected by Actinomycetes

A case of broncholithiasis in which both Histoplasma and actinomycotic organisms were demonstrated is presented. The etiology of broncholithiasis is discussed, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the organisms identified.
Anomalous homogeneous optical absorption line broadening of Eu3+ in superionic PbF2

Abstract Homogeneous broadening of one of the 5 D 1 ← 7 F 0 absorption lines of Eu 3+ in PbF 2 was measured in the temperature range 300–800 K. Below 625 K the linewidth depends linearly on T ; above 625 K it increases rapidly followed by a plateau beginning near 700 K. This behavior is quite distinct from that expected for the normal Raman process in crystalline materials and appears to be correlated with F - ion motion responsible for the superionic conductivity of PbF 2 .
Trade secret management in high technology

Abstract Given the importance of trade secrets to the success of high technology employers and the concurrent responsibility of managers for their protection, the present article reviews the existing trade secret legal environment to identify important issues and principles to guide high tech managers in meeting their responsibility. Based on this review, organizational and human resource management research issues are posed to suggest an agenda for investigating the impact of trade secret law on individual firms, innovation processes in the high technology sector, and the ability to attract and retain knowledge workers engaged in trade secret sensitive jobs.
Genetically defined forms of diabetes in children.

A type 1 diabetes has its highest incidence in the pediatric age range, there are also other forms of diabetes that affect children. From a clinical point of view, it is important to recognize these other forms of diabetes because of the important implications with respect to both prognosis and therapy. In addition, these relatively uncommon forms of diabetes provide an instructive model for the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause diabetes. Some syndromes are caused by insulin deficiency [e.g. maturityonset type diabetes of the young (MODY)]. Unlike patients with type 1 diabetes who exhibit near total absence of insulin due to autoimmune destruction of the b cell, MODY is characterized by a milder form of insulin deficiency caused by mutations in genes required for normal b cell function (1–6). However, not all cases of diabetes are caused by insulin deficiency. Indeed, some patients develop diabetes even though their b cells secrete sufficient insulin to achieve significant hyperinsulinemia (e.g. lipoatrophic diabetes and syndromes due to mutations in the insulin receptor gene) (7–10).
Prevalence and distribution of dental caries in preschool children

Results of a new study show that dental caries is prevalent in preschool children. It is most commonly found in the second molars, both mandibular and maxillary, and in the maxillary central incisors. Without radiographs, 75% of posterior interproximal lesions would not have been detected.
Strontium, neodymium and lead isotope constraints on near-ridge seamount production beneath the South Atlantic

STUDIES1–7 of seamounts near the East Pacific Rise (EPR) have shown that, although most seamount lavas are petrographically and chemically identical to mid-ocean-ridge basalt, they are chemically and isotopically more diverse than those erupted on the rise axis. They are also generally more primitive (higher MgO content) and, in some cases, more depleted in incompatible elements than the axial basalts. This indicates that although near-ridge sea-mounts and the EPR share a common mantle source, there must be significant differences in their magma-supply processes. Sea-mounts are probably built by small batches of melt that rise rapidly to the surface, preserving evidence of heterogeneity in the mantle source region. By contrast, the processes of melting and melt segregation, storage and extrusion along the fast-spreading (9–13 cm yr–1) EPR are more efficient in mixing and homogenizing basalt compositions1–7. Here we show that the relationship of strontium, neodymium and lead isotope data between seamounts in the South Atlantic and the nearby axis of the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is similar to that seen in the Pacific. This indicates that the processes leading to formation of near-ridge seamounts are similar at a wide range of spreading rates. Differences in the specific isotope signatures of lavas from near-ridge seamounts and axes of the EPR and MAR reflect regional differences in the upper-mantle source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts.
Chlorpromazine and placebo in anxious neurotic outpatients: A controlled study

Abstract 1. 1. Sixty-five anxious neurotic outpatients entered a four week double-blind study comparing chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine, with placebo. 2. 2. Results showed chlorpromazine to produce statistically significant improvement over placebo at treatment endpoint in somatic but not emotional manifestations of anxiety. 3. 3. The use of chlorpromazine in the treatment of severe anxiety appears to be indicated for anxious neurotic outpatients who have been found to be resistant to treatment with benzodiazepines.
Two-frequency excitation of hydrogen atoms

When a hydrogen atom in a state with principal quantum number ${n}_{i}$ is irradiated simultaneously with light of frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$, nearly that required to produce a transition to a higher state with principal quantum number ${n}_{f}$ and with microwave radiation of frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$, the transition is very probable when the resonance condition ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}+k\ensuremath{\omega}={E}_{f}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{i}$ is satisfied, the emission or absorption of the net number $k$ of microwave photons just compensating for the detuning of the light from the resonance. This process is analyzed with the use of a forward scattering method and the results are used to discuss the experiments of Bayfield et al. on the excitation of hydrogen.
A sublinear bound on the chromatic index of multigraphs

Abstract The integer round-up φ(G) of the fractional chromatic index yields the standard lower bound for the chromatic index of a multigraph G. We show that if G has even order n, then the chromatic index exceeds φ(G) by at most max{log 3 2 n, 1 + n/30} . More generally, we show that for any real b, 2 3 ⩽ b , the chromatic index of G exceeds φ(G) by at most max{log1/b n, 1 + n(1 − b)/10}. This is used to show that for n sufficiently large, χ(G) ⩽ φ(G) + 1 + √n 1n n/10. Thus the difference between the chromatic index and its lower bound φ(G) is eventually sublinear; that is, for any real c > 0, there exists a positive integer N such that χ(G) − φ(G) N.
Generation of a detailed physical and genetic map of the ilv-metE-udp region of the Escherichia coli chromosome☆

The entire ilv-metE-udp region of the Escherichia coli chromosome has been cloned in two steps using the lambda replacement vector EMBL4. A detailed restriction map for approximately 70 X 10(3) bases of DNA has been generated. The gpp and udp structural genes have been identified, the cya and metE genes have been physically located, and the direction of recQ gene transcription has been determined. By examining a variety of plasmid subclones, 44 polypeptides have been detected using maxicell and minicell analysis, accounting for 70% of the maximum coding capacity of the entire region. On the basis of the observed gene density in the ilv-metE-udp region, a total number of 3000 genes is predicted for the entire E. coli chromosome. In addition, anomalies in cotransduction frequencies that have been observed in this region have been interpreted by employing a new formula that incorporates the effects of different transducing fragment representations and recombination probabilities.
Thermal Wave Imaging: Detection Of Subsurface Features In Opaque Solids

Thermal wave imaging methods of investigating both surface and near subsurface regions of a specimen are considered. Several mechanisms for subsurface probing are distinguished and issues related to spatial resolution for the various mechanisms are discussed.
Analytic Solutions for Equal Mass Four-Craft Static Coulomb Formation

Analytic constant charge solutions are investigated for square planar and 3-D tetrahedron four-craft static Coulomb formations. The solutions are formulated in terms of the formation geometry and attitude. In contrast to the two- and three-spacecraft Coulomb formations, a four-spacecraft formation has new equality and multiple inequality constraints that need to be satisfied for the individual spacecraft charges to be both unique and real. Unique charge relative equilibriums are important to reduce the overall power requirement of the spacecraft charge emision. A spacecraft must not only satisfy three inequality three-craft constraints to yield a real charge solution, but it must also satisfy two additional equality constraints to ensure that the spacecraft charges are unique. Further, a method is presented to reduce the number of equality constraints arising due to the dynamics of a four-spacecraft formation. The unique and real spacecraft charges are determined as a function of the orientation of the square formation in a given principal orbit plane. For the 3-D tetrahedron formation scenario there is only a unique set of charged products. The implementability constraints are numerically evaluated to show that only trivial equal-mass tetrahedron formations are possible where one craft is on the along-track axis with zero charge.
Spectral noise levels and roughness severity ratings for normal and simulated rough vowels produced by adult females.

Twenty normal-speaking adult females sustained seven-second productions of the vowels /u/, /i/, /Λ/, /a/, and /ae/ first normally and then with simulated vocal roughness at one intensity. Recordings...
Syntheses of tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligands and {[tris(pyrazolyl)methane]Mn(CO)3}SO3CF3 complexes: comparison of ligand donor properties

Abstract The known ligands HC(pz)3, HC(3,5-Me2pz)3, HC(3-Phpz)3, and HC(3-tBupz)3 and the new ligand HC(3-iPrpz)3 (pz=pyrazolyl ring) are prepared in CHCl3–H2O using the appropriate pyrazole, an excess of Na2CO3, and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as the phase transfer catalyst. Using these conditions, good yields of the ligands are consistently obtained. The new ligand PhC(pz)2py (py=pyridyl ring) is prepared in the CoCl2 catalyzed condensation reaction of (pz)2SO and Ph(py)CO. The reaction of HC(pz)3, KOtBu and para-formaldehyde followed by quenching with water yields HOCH2C(pz)3. All of these ligands, except HC(3-tBupz)3, react with [Mn(CO)5]SO3CF3, prepared in situ from Mn(CO)5Br and Ag(SO3CF3), to yield the respective [(ligand)Mn(CO)3]SO3CF3 complex. The carbonyl stretching frequencies and 13C-NMR trends of these complexes indicate that the donor abilities of all of the ligands are fairly similar. The solid state structure of {[HC(3-iPrpz)3]Mn(CO)3}+ shows the HC(3-iPrpz)3 ligand is tridentate with the iso-propyl groups rotated away from the Mn(CO)3 core of the cation relieving any possible steric congestion.
A modified model of stirred vessel mass transfer

Abstract The model of stirred vessel mass transfer previously presented [1] has been amended to account for transfer in the core region. In addition to the two-region picture, a modified single region model, in which the return flow to the interface occurs in a region close to the vessel wall, is also described. Both the corrected two region and the single region models show good agreement with data from transfer cells with no separators at the interface. The recent data of L oosemore and P rosser [2], in which the interface was partially blocked, were also in reasonably good agreement with theory if transfer in the core region of the interface is included.
Predatory aggression and irritable aggression: shock-induced fighting in mouse-killing rats.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to assess shock-induced aggressive behavior in mouse-killing and nonkilling rats. The purpose of this research was to determine whether the different types of aggressive behavior covary, or whether they are unrelated. At both 2-mA and 1-mA shock intensities the killing and nonkilling rats did not differ with respect to shock-induced fighting.