cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subjectivity and reflexivity: locating the self in research on dislocation

I argue in this article that recognizing the role of subjectivity and bringing in the researcher's positionality as a tool in the research process can not only enhance the ethical integrity of the research but also enhance both the research process and the analysis and interpretation of the data. Cultural studies theorists have long argued that choices made about what to study and what studies to fund are culturally and socially bound decisions that reflect power and values within the society. Starting from this theoretical framework, I explore the relational dynamics of a qualitative research study in which I worked with 15 Bosnian adolescent female refugees and 10 Bosnian refugee community members living in New York City to explore their understandings of identity after conflict, flight, and relocation. In the process, I learned much about myself and used reflexivity to think about how my own identity interacted with the identities of my participants, discovering along the way how this ‘messiness’ was i...
“Slinky” coils for neuromagnetic stimulation☆

Abstract Future advances in neuromagnetic stimulation depend significantly on the design of coils with improved focality. Although in the absence of internal current sources, no true focusing of magnetically induced currents is possible, improvements in the focality of current concentrations passing through an area of biologic tissue are achievable through variations of the shape, orientation and size of neuromagnetic stimulating coils. The “butterfly” and the “4-leaf” coils are two examples of planar designs which achieve improved focality through centralization of the maximum coil current and peripheral distribution of the return currents. We introduce the “slinky” coil design as a 3-dimensional generalization of the principle of peripheral distribution of return currents and demonstrate its advantages over planar designs.
Correlation measurements in high-multiplicity events.

Requirements for correlation measurements in high-multiplicity events are discussed. Attention is focused on detection of so-called hot spots, two-particle rapidity correlations, two-particle momentum correlations (for quantum interferometry), and higher-order correlations. The signal-to-noise ratio may become large in the high-multiplicity limit, allowing meaningful single-event measurements, only if the correlations are due to collective behavior.
Inclusion of calcium during isolation of high-density lipoprotein from plasma maintains antioxidant function.

Abstract We investigated how inclusion of calcium during isolation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) affected its antioxidant function. Following isolation, HDL was dialyzed against 0.154 M NaCl without or with added calcium (1 mM). HDL’s paraoxonase 1 activity was unaffected by calcium treatment (87 ± 11% of normal vs. 89 ± 16% of normal, P = 0.826). In contrast, whereas HDL dialyzed with calcium inhibited oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 87 ± 10%, HDL dialyzed without calcium inhibited oxidation by only 58 ± 19% ( P = 0.004). Thus, inclusion of calcium during isolation is important for maintaining HDL’s antioxidant function.
Second messenger cascade specificity and pharmacological selectivity of the human P2Y1-purinoceptor

Abstract 1. The coding sequence of the P2Y1-purinoceptor was cloned from a human genomic library. 2. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 373 amino acids that is 83% identical to the previously cloned chick and turkey P2Y1-purinoceptor and is > or = 95% homologous to the recently cloned rat, mouse, and bovine P2Y1-purinoceptors. 3. The human P2Y1-purinoceptor was stably expressed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells using a retroviral vector. Although the P2Y1-purinoceptor agonist, 2MeSATP, had no effect on inositol phosphate accumulation in cells infected with the P2Y1-purinoceptor virus. No effect of 2MeSATP on cyclic AMP accumulation was observed in P2Y1-receptor-expressing 1321N1 cells. 4. The pharmacological selectively of 18 purinoceptor agonists was established for the expressed human P2Y1-purinoceptor. 2MeSATp was more potent than ATP but less potent than 2MeSADP. ADP also was more potent than ATP. A similar maximal effect was observed with most agonists tested. However, alpha, beta-MeATP had no effect and 3'-NH2-3'-deoxyATP and A2P4 were partial agonists. The order of potency of agonists for activation of the turkey P2Y1-purinoceptor, also stably expressed in 1321N1 cells, was identical to that observed for the human P2Y1-purinoceptor. 5. C6 glioma cells express a P2Y-purinoceptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase but does not activate phospholipase C. Expression of the human P2Y1-purinoceptor in C6 cells conferred 2MeSATP-stimulated inositol lipid hydrolysis to these cells. The phospholipase C-activating human P2Y1-purinoceptor could be delineated from the endogenous P2Y-purinoceptor of C6 glioma cells by use of the P2-purinoceptor antagonist, PPADS, which blocks the P2Y1-purinoceptor but does not block the endogenous P2Y-purinoceptor of C6 cells. P2-purinoceptor agonists also exhibited differential selectivities for activation of these two P2Y-purinoceptors.
The Role of Water Vapor Radiometers for In-Flight Calibration of the TOPEX Microwave Radiometer

First year results are presented for the in-flight calibration and performance evaluation of the TOPEX microwave radiometer, based on overflight comparisons with ground-based water vapor radiometer data.
Arene-mercury complexes stabilized by aluminum and gallium chloride: catalysts for H/D exchange of aromatic compounds.

Dissolution of Hg(arene)2(MCl4)2 [arene = C6H5Me, C6H5Et, o-C6H4Me2, C6H3-1,2,3-Me3; M = Al, Ga] in C6D6 results in a rapid H/D exchange and the formation of the appropriate dn-arene and C6D5H. H/D exchange is also observed between C6D6 and the liquid clathrate ionic complexes, [Hg(arene)2(MCl4)][MCl4], formed by dissolution of HgCl2 and MCl3 in C6H6, m-C6H4Me2, or p-C6H4Me2. The H/D exchange reaction is found to be catalytic with respect to Hg(arene)2(MCl4)2 and independent of the initial arene ligand. Reaction of a 1:1 ratio of C6H5Me and C6D6 with <0.1 mol % Hg(C6H5Me)2(MCl4)2 results in an equilibrium mixture of all isotopic isomers: C6H5-xDxMe and C6D6-xHx (x = 0−5). DFT calculations on the model system, Hg(C6H6)2(AlCl4)2 and [Hg(C6H6)2(AlCl4)]+, show that the charge on the carbon and proton associated with the shortest Hg···C interactions is significantly higher than that on uncomplexed benzene or HgCl2(C6H6)2. The protonation of benzene by either Hg(C6H6)2(AlCl4)2 or [Hg(C6H6)2(AlCl4)]+ was calcul...
A new technique for arthroscopic meniscus transplant using soft tissue fixation and anatomical meniscal root reinsertion.

Allograft meniscus transplant is considered as a treatment option for meniscus-deficient patients to provide pain relief and decrease contact stress. This procedure is now considered as safe and reliable for the treatment for knee pain after total menisectomy. This is a new technique that has been developed for arthroscopic meniscus transplant with no bone blocks. It anatomically recreates the meniscus–tibial insertions and provides aperture fixation of the meniscus horns. It is an alternative to the established bone block meniscus transplant technique and is less surgically invasive.
Controlled transitory stall on a pitching airfoil using pulsed actuation

Transitory separation control of a static and pitching 2-D airfoil is investigated in wind tunnel experiments using pulsed actuation on time scales that are an order of magnitude shorter than the characteristic convective time scale T conv. Actuation is provided by momentary [O(0.05T conv)] pulsed jets that are generated by a spanwise array of combustion-based actuators integrated in the center segment of the airfoil. The flow field in the center plane above the airfoil and in its near wake is computed from high-resolution PIV measurements in multiple overlapping cross-stream frames that are obtained phase-locked to the actuation and allow for tracking of vorticity concentrations. A single actuation pulse leads to a strong transitory increase in the circulation about the airfoil that is manifested by a partial collapse of the separated flow domain and is accompanied by the shedding of a large-scale clockwise vortex, and the attachment and accumulation of the surface vorticity layer behind it. The slow relaxation of the flow following termination of pulsed actuation returns the airfoil to full stall within 10T conv. It is shown that repetition of actuation pulses within T conv can increase the streamwise extent of the attached flow domain, and the trapped vorticity leads to a substantial increase in the peak transitory circulation before the flow separates again when the actuation is terminated. The coupling of the pulsed actuation to the airfoil’s motion enhances the actuation’s control authority. Single pulse can significantly increase the lift over most of the oscillation cycle both at post-stall and at angles of attack that are below stall. Several actuation pulses distributed during the pitch oscillation cycle can momentarily extend the accumulation of vorticity and thus increase the transitory and cycle-averaged lift, and improve the airfoil’s pitch stability.
Excited states of Li^6 observed through He^4(d, d)He^4

Angular distributions (18° ≦ θ_(c.m.) ≦156 °) for the elastic scattering of deuterons from He4 have been obtained at 500 keV intervals for bombarding energies between 2.9 and 11.5 MeV. A phase shift analysis of these data has been made yielding confirming evidence for the existence of D wave, J^π = 2^+ and 1^+ levels at excitation energies of 4.9 and 6.2 MeV, respectively. Single-level analyses of the P wave phase shifts indicate the possible presence of 2^−, 1^− and 0^− levels at 6.8, 7.8 and 9 MeV excitation energies. The moments of the tensor polarization of the scattered deuterons have been calculated and are compared to recent experimental results. The total reaction cross section is also calculated and is found to be in fair agreement with experiment.
Analysis of the Tau-Associated Proteome Reveals That Exchange of Hsp70 for Hsp90 Is Involved in Tau Degradation

The microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT/tau) aberrantly accumulates in 15 neurodegenerative diseases, termed tauopathies. One way to treat tauopathies may be to accelerate tau clearance, but the molecular mechanisms governing tau stability are not yet clear. We recently identified chemical probes that markedly accelerate the clearance of tau in cellular and animal models. In the current study, we used one of these probes in combination with immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify 48 proteins whose association with tau changes during the first 10 min after treatment. These proteins included known modifiers of tau proteotoxicity, such as ILF-2 (NFAT), ILF-3, and ataxin-2. A striking observation from the data set was that tau binding to heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) decreased, whereas binding to Hsp90 significantly increased. Both chaperones have been linked to tau homeostasis, but their mechanisms have not been established. Using peptide arrays and binding assays, we found that Hsp70 and Hsp90 appeared to compete for binding to shared sites on tau. Further, the Hsp90-bound complex proved to be important in initiating tau clearance in cells. These results suggest that the relative levels of Hsp70 and Hsp90 may help determine whether tau is retained or degraded. Consistent with this model, analysis of reported microarray expression data from Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched controls showed that the levels of Hsp90 are reduced in the diseased hippocampus. These studies suggest that Hsp70 and Hsp90 work together to coordinate tau homeostasis.
Morse function description of anharmonicity in pressure-volume relations of cubic metals

The Morse function, Φ(r) = D(e − 2e), is often used to represent interatomic interactions in investigations of a wide variety of physical phenomena. In view of the wide-spread use of this function, it is of interest to investigate quantitatively the extent to which experimentally determined anharmonic behavior is exhibited by solids with Morse function interatomic interactions. Numerical values of the Morse parameters D, α, and r0 are determined for a number of cubic metals from experimental values of the lattice constant and the elastic moduli C11 and C12. Morse parameters are then used to compute theoretical pressure-volume (P-V) behavior, and comparisons are made with P-V data determined from shock-wave measurements. Prior studies by other authors have indicated that the Morse function representation of anharmonic effects in metals is satisfactory; however, the present study shows that this representation, in general, becomes fairly poor for pressures which are large enough to produce considerable non-linearity in the experimentally determined P-V behavior. Die Morse-Funktion Φ(r) = D(e − 2e) wird oft zur Darstellung interatomarer Wechsclwirkungen bei Untersuchungeneines weiten Bereichs physikalischer Phanomene gebraucht. In Anbetracht der weiten Verbreitung dieser Funktion ist es von Interesse, das Ausmas quantitativ zu untersuchen, bis zu dem experimentell bestimmtes anharmonisches Verhalten durch Festkorper mit durch die Morse-Funktion beschriebener interatomarer Wechselwirkung gezeigt wird. Numerische Werte der Morseparameter D, α und r0 werden fur eine Anzahl von kubischen Metallen aus experimentellen Werten der Gitterkonstante und elastischen Moduli C11 und C12 bestimmt. Die Morse-Parameter werden dann benutzt, um das theoretische Druck-Volumen (P-V)- Verhalten zu berechnen und mit P-7-Werten zu vergleichen, die aus Schockwellcnmessungen bestimmt wurden. Fruhere Untersuchungen anderer Autoren haben gezeigt, das die Morse-Funktion-Darstellung anharmonischer Effekte in Metallen befriedigend ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt jedoch, das diese Darstellung in allgemeinen Fallen ziemlich sehlecht fur Drucke wird, die gros genug sind, urn bedeutende Nichtlinearitat in dem experimentell bestimmten P-V-Verhalten hervorzurufen.
Rank-one modification of the symmetric eigenproblem

An algorithm is presented for computing the eigensystem of the rank-one modification of a symmetric matrix with known eigensystem. The explicit computation of the updated eigenvectors and the treatment of multiple eigenvalues are discussed. The sensitivity of the computed eigenvectors to errors in the updated eigenvalues is shown by a perturbation analysis.
ACROSOMAL DISRUPTION IN SPERM : Freeze-Fracture of Altered Membranes

"Capacitation" is a physiological event which alters sperm to permit rapid penetration through oocyte investments and fusion between gametes. Acrosomal "reaction," the physiological release of acrosomal contents, occurs after this facilitating process. In this study, acrosomal "disruption" of guinea pig and rat sperm was achieved in vitro by incubating sperm together with the follicular contents of superovulated mice. The samples contained both "reacted" and "disrupted" sperm. Thin sections of affected sperm revealed rupture and vesiculation of the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome, as well as loss of both the outer acrosomal membrane and the acrosomal content. Freeze-fracture revealed disintegration of the characteristic geometric patterns in regions of the acrosomal and plasma membranes thus disrupted and major modifications in particle distribution in the sperm tail. In the guinea pig, strands of 6–8-nm particles, usually confined to the plasma membrane of the midpiece, which overlies mitochondria, also appeared in the principal piece. Likewise, in rat sperm, bands of similarly small particles formed acute angles throughout the membrane of the principal piece. Compared with the membranes of control preparations, these membrane alterations are apparently a direct consequence of incubation with ovarian follicular contents.
Evaluation of the persistent activity of moxidectin (10%) long-acting (LA) injectable formulation against Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei and Oesophagostomum radiatum infections in cattle.

Two controlled studies were conducted to evaluate the persistent efficacy of moxidectin (10%) long-acting (LA) injectable formulation against Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei and Oesophagostomum radiatum in cattle. The moxidectin LA injectable formulation was administered as a single subcutaneous injection into the proximal third of the ear at a dose rate of 0.01 ml/kg BW to provide 1.0 mg moxidectin/kg BW. The product had persistent efficacy of >90% against D. viviparus, H. placei and Oe. radiatum for at least 150 days post-treatment and against T. axei for at least 90 days post-treatment.
Optical System Design Of The Cryogenic Surveillance Sensor Test Chamber

Requirements placed on surveillance infrared sensors have steadily increased and technology developments to meet these requirements are continuing. These advancements in sensor technology place ever increasing demands on the test and calibration equipment utilized to verify performance and provide preflight calibration. The test chamber collimator optical system described herein meets these stringent requirements.
Initiation of DNA Replication in the Human Genome.

Replication of the human genome relies on the presence of thousands of origins distributed along each of the chromosomes. The activation of these origins occurs in a highly regulated manner to ensure that chromosomes are faithfully duplicated only once during each cell cycle. Failure in this regulation can lead to abnormal cell proliferation, or/ and genomic instability, the hallmarks of cancer cells. The mechanisms determining how, when, and where origins are activated remains still a mystery. However recent technological advances have facilitated the study of DNA replication in a genome-wide scale, and have provided a wealth of information on several features of this process. Here we present an overview of the current progress on our understanding of the initiation step of DNA replication in human cells, and its relationship to abnormal cell proliferation.
Neuropeptide Y and lipid increase apolipoprotein AIV gene expression in rat hypothalamus.

Apolipoprotein AIV (apo AIV) is a circulating signal released from intestinal cells in response to lipid feeding and contributes to the anorectic effect of a lipid meal. We have demonstrated that apo AIV is also synthesized in the hypothalamus, and that hypothalamic apo AIV gene expression is regulated physiologically. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide with broad regulatory actions in the central nervous system. In the present studies, the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.v.t.) administration of NPY and of intraduodenal lipid infusion on hypothalamic apo AIV gene expression were determined using competitive RT-PCR in fasted rats. I.v.t. injection of NPY alone significantly increased apo AIV mRNA levels in the hypothalamus in a dose-dependent manner. Intraduodenal infusion of lipid also stimulated the gene expression of hypothalamic apo AIV, but no further significant increment occurred when i.v.t. injection of NPY was combined with lipid infusion. These results suggest that NPY and lipid may regulate apo AIV gene expression in the rat hypothalamus.
An overview of the Georgia Tech Broadband Institute at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA

The Georgia Tech Broadband Institute was created in 1999, as a combination of two evolving organizations --- the Broadband Telecommunications Center (created in 1995) and the Georgia Tech Wireless Institute (created in 1998). The consolidation of the centers was in reflection of the synergy that existed between the centers, and the overlap in terms of existing and potential Industry sponsorship. The 1999 merger recognized that the future of wireless included an overarching trend towards broadband capability, and that from the user or application viewpoint, seamless and broadband connectivity were more significant than the medium used for the connection. In the rest of this summary, we focus on the Wireless component of the Georgia Tech Broadband Institute, the Georgia Tech Wireless Institute for short.
Weekday variations in short-term contrarian profits in futures markets

Abstract This article documents and examines weekday patterns in short-term contrarian profits in futures markets. The Lo and Mackinlay (1990) methodology is used to construct contrarian portfolios and to compute daily contrarian profits. Contrarian portfolios are formed using daily closing prices and are based on the previous day's performance relative to a benchmark. Contrarian profits are measured over subsequent half-day intervals. The empirical results suggest that there are weekday patterns in short-term contrarian profits in futures markets. On average, contrarian profits are largest on Fridays, followed by those on Wednesdays, and smallest on Mondays. For currency futures, however, contrarian profits are largest on Mondays and smallest on Fridays.
Strategic Decentralization and Channel Coordination

In this paper, we show that under certain conditions, strategic decentralization through the addition of a retailer in the distribution channel can increase a manufacturer's profits. The specific case on which we focus is the quantity coordination (double marginalization) problem for a manufacturer selling durable goods in a two-period setting. We show that the standard solution that coordinates a channel for non-durables does not coordinate the channel for durables. In particular, even though a manufacturer can achieve channel coordination by offering per-period, two-part fees, the equilibrium wholesale price in the first period is strictly above the manufacturer's marginal cost. This is in stark contrast to the two-part solution for non-durables where the equilibrium wholesale price is equal to marginal cost. We also identify a strategy that solves both the channel coordination and the Coase problem associated with durable goods. In this strategy, at the beginning of period 1, the manufacturer writes a contract with the retailer specifying a fixed fee and wholesale prices covering both periods. We show that by adding a retailer and using this contract, the manufacturer makes higher profits than it could if it were to sell directly to consumers.
Calcium and phosphate levels in bats (Myotis lucifugus) as function of season and activity.

Untersuchungen an Laboratoriums-FledermausenMyotis lucifugus wahrend aller Phasen der Winterschlaflethargie zeigen, dass Unbeweglichkeit der Tiere entscheidend auf den Verlust an Knochenmineralien wirkt. Die Vermehrung an Osteoklasten sowie die Hyperkalzemie und die Hypophosphatemie bei winterschlafenden Fledermausen weisen ebenfalls in Richtung der Resorptionsvorgange im Knochen.
Impact of Adult Sons’ Incarceration on African American Mothers’ Psychological Distress

This longitudinal study examines the effect of sons' incarceration on their mothers' psychological distress. Interviews were conducted over the life course with a community cohort of African American mothers who had children in first grade in 1966 - 1967 when the study began (N = 615). Thirty years later, their sons had significant rates of incarceration (22.4%). Structural equation modeling showed that the more recent the incarceration, the greater the mothers' psychological distress, even controlling for earlier socioeconomic status and psychological well-being. Financial difficulties and greater burden of grandparenting are associated with having a son incarcerated and they mediate the relationship between the incarceration and a mother's psychological distress. Results suggest that incarceration has important effects on family members' well-being.
Adaptive Product, Process and Tooling Design Strategy for Optimal Dimensional Quality of Automotive Body Assemblies

Research investigations have shown that the dimensional quality is deeply rooted in thewhole process of the product development, from product, process and tooling design, thetooling manufacturing process, to the production. Unlike rigid body assembly, automotivebody assembly has its unique characteristics. The ﬁnal dimensions of automotive bodiesdepend not only on the variations/deviations and rigidity of components, tooling/processvariation, but also on the product structure, connection type and assembly sequence. Anadaptive strategy for automotive body development is here by presented to exploit theseunique features. By the adaptive product, process and tooling design strategy, the dimen-sional variation/deviation for the key dimensions can be signiﬁcantly reduced and the dietryout time be shorten with signiﬁcant cost saving.@DOI: 10.1115/1.1616946#
Teaching with Laptops for the First Time: Lessons from a Social Science Classroom

This chapter describes the experience of two faculty members who implemented laptop technology in a lower-division social science course. The authors focus on the pragmatic issues associated with incorporating this technology into the social science classroom and recommend several strategies and resources.
Modulation of glutamate receptors by phencyclidine and glycine in the rat cerebellum: cGMP increase in vivo

Abstract In rats receiving N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) intraventricularly or intracisternally the cerebellar cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content increases in a dose-related manner. This response was used to study phencyclidine (PCP) and glycine interactions with the glutamate receptor subtype stimulated by NMDA. The increase of cGMP elicited by NMDA was inhibited by PCP and potentiated by glycine. Moreover, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) abolished the NMDA response. Since the increase in cerebellar cGMP induced by kainate, a synthetic agonist of another glutamate receptor subtype, was not modified by APV, the specificity of its action on NMDA response was confirmed. The increase of cerebellar cGMP content elicited by glycine was inhibited by PCP and APV but not by strychnine. Binding studies failed to demonstrate an apparent competitive interaction between PCP, glycine and NMDA. This suggests that the observed interaction is not of the isosteric type. The present results provide evidence that glycine, in vivo, acting at strychnine-insensitive recognition sites modulates allosterically in a positive manner the function of NMDA-sensitive glutamate receptors.
Constructing homogeneous Gorenstein ideals

Abstract In 1983 Kustin and Miller introduced a construction of Gorenstein ideals in local Gorenstein rings, starting from smaller such ideals. We review and modify their construction in the case of graded rings and discuss it within the framework of Gorenstein liaison theory. We determine invariants of the constructed ideal. Concerning the problem of when a given Gorenstein ideal can be obtained by the construction, we derive a necessary condition and exhibit a Gorenstein ideal that cannot be obtained using the construction.
COCOMO II parameters and IDPD: bilateral relevances

The phenomenon called Incremental Development Productivity Decline (IDPD) is presumed to be present in all incremental soft-ware projects to some extent. COCOMO II is a popular parametric cost estimation model that has not yet been adapted to account for the challenges that IDPD poses to cost estimation. Instead, its cost driver and scale factors stay constant throughout the increments of a project. While a simple response could be to make these parameters variable per increment, questions are raised as to whether the existing parameters are enough to predict the behavior of an incrementally developed project even in that case. Individual COCOMO II parameters are evaluated with regard to their development over the course of increments and how they influence IDPD. The reverse is also done. In light of data collected in recent experimental projects, additional new variable parameters that either extend COCOMO II or could stand on their own are proposed.
On preconditioning the data for the wavelet transform when the sample size is not a power of two

A powerful and efficient method for nonparametric regression involves taking the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) of data, shrinking the resulting wavelet coefficients, and then computing the inverse wavelet transform to get an estimate of the regression function. Currently, most wavelet decomposition software packages require that the original set of data have sample size n equal to a power of two in order to achieve an exact orthogonal wavelet transform. In statistical data analysis, such is rarely the case, so in an effort to broaden the applicability of such methods, various ways of preconditioning data not meeting this restriction are discussed and compared. These results illustrate the important point that wavelet coefficients resulting from preconditioned data should never be thrown blindly into a threshold selection procedure which depends on the coefficients being independent with equal variance. Such procedures can still be used, but great care must be taken to choose an appropriate precondition...
Seed germination and seedling development of Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld (Hydrocharitaceae) from Panama

Abstract Ligth plays a role in the seed germination and seedling development of Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld from Panama. Seeds remained ungerminated in the dark but began to germinate 3–7 days after transfer to lighted laboratory conditions. Seeds in light germinated in salinities ranging from 25 to 34% but remained ungerminated at 42%. Seed coats opened in light at 10% but embryos failed to develop after transfer to 35%. Seedlings floating in seawater developed variously, most to a 1-leaf stage, some to a 2-leaf stage and a few to a 3-leaf stage. In soil cultures at 100–125 μE m −2 s −1 , 6 leaves were produced into a rosette before the emergence of a rhizome in the axil of the third leaf. In the soil cultures, the first bud on the rhizome developed 2 leaves and a single root. The development of the seedling into a 6-leaf rosette conformed to the pattern that was shown also in H. engelmannii Aschers. and may represent a generic pattern for seedlings of Halophila .
Effects of vicinal water on colloidal stability and sedimentation processes

Some of the evidence for the existence of vicinal water is reviewed. Such interfacial, structured water appears to be present at many (or most) solid/water interfaces. The structural effects appear to be manifested over distances of the order of several hundred molecular diameters (about 0.1 μm). Furthermore, the properties of the vicinal water are frequently observed to change rather abruptly at several temperatures (Tk) and the temperatures of these transitions appear, to a first approximation, to be independent of both the detailed chemical nature of the solid interface and the nature and concentration of solutes in the aqueous phase. Finally, some examples of the application of the idea of vicinal water structure to the stability of dispersed systems are discussed. Several examples from the literature suggest abrupt changes in colloidal properties at the temperatures where vicinal water has been shown to undergo structural transitions. The effects of vicinal water appear to be super-imposed on such “classical” effects as London dispersion forces and electrical double layers. To achieve a comprehensive description of colloidal stability will require the inclusion of vicinal water, for instance, in any expression for the disjoining pressure.
Fixation of Nitrogen by Bitterbrush ( Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D.C)

THE frequency and importance of nodulated non-leguminous plants are becoming more widely recognized. Allen and Allen1 have presented a summary of non-leguminous symbiosis in both the gymnosperms and angiosperms and emphasized analogies with the legume–rhizobia symbiosis. Several workers2–4 have used nitrogen-15 to demonstrate that fixation of atmospheric nitrogen does occur in the nodules of many non-leguminous plants.
Dynamic and Stative Information in Temporal Reasoning: Interpretation of Korean Past Markers in Narrative Discourse

This paper compares the Korean past tense marker -ess with another past form -essess (double past), the distinction between which has been controversial among Korean linguists, and provides a discourse-based semantic analysis of them. It is argued that -ess and -essess are logically distinguished in terms of dynamic versus stative information in dynamic semantics, which is more or less in line with the distinction between the English past and the past perfect. The simple past in English and the Korean -ess at least have the potential to give dynamic information, updating the given context with a new event and shifting the current temporal perspective. The English past perfect and the Korean --essess, on the other hand, provide stative, background information, preserving the given context. However, while the English past perfect is ambiguous between preterit and aspectual inter-pretations, Korean -essess has only the preterit interpretation, triggering a flashback effect in narratives. Their semantic properties and differences are represented in Discourse Representation Theory.
A bio-inspired distributed clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged in strategic applications such as target detection, localization, and tracking in battlefields, where the large-scale nature renders centralized control prohibitive. In addition, the finite batteries in sensor nodes demand energy-aware network control. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient topology management model that allows clustered nodes to act upon imminent targets in a purely distributed and autonomous fashion, which is inspired by the biological inter-cell lateral induction models. In particular, nodes in the target vicinity collaborate to form clusters based on their relative observation quality values. The energy efficiency of the proposed approach is examined against reference protocols.
THz wave standoff detection of explosive materials

We report the sensing of explosive materials by using terahertz (THz-TDS) time domain spectroscopy at standoff distance. The 0.82 THz absorption peak of RDX is observed at a distance up to 30 m away from the emitter and receiver. This result supports the application of THz-TDS technique in remote sensing and detection of explosives.
Single-Cycle Unsteady Nozzle Phenomena in Pulse Detonation Engines

10.2514/1.22415 A quasi-one-dimensional, Euler model with detailed finite-rate chemistry is used to conduct a parametric assessment of nozzle area ratio effects on the single-cycle performance of a pulse detonation engine. Using results from the parametric study, design criteria are suggested for evaluating optimal contraction and expansion nozzle area ratios. In particular, the optimal expansion area ratio is shown to be well-predicted by using isentropic theory and the time-averaged, head wall pressure as the stagnation condition. To validate the parametric analysis, three nozzle sections are fabricated and tested in a single-cycle pulse detonation engine facility. Time-resolved thrust and specific impulse (I SP ) measurements are made for each nozzle and compared to simulated results. Additionally, schlieren imaging is used to investigate the blowdown gasdynamics in each of the three nozzles. Comparisons between simulated and measured impulse data are addressed using insights gathered from the flow visualization. Resulting analysis indicates that multidimensional wave phenomena are important in nozzles with converging sections. Overprediction of I SP by the model is attributed to deficiencies in accurately capturing the plateau pressure (P 3 ), as well as the inability to model the experimentally observed deflagration-to-detonation transition process. The relative contribution of each of these effects is quantified. Experimental measurements validate trends observed in the parametric study and reveal that an appropriately optimized diverging nozzle produces the largest single-cycle Isp.
The world's thinnest superconductor.

Conventional wisdom suggests that superconductivity should be suppressed in low-dimensional geometries such as ultrathin films or quantum wires due to thermodynamic fluctuations, proximity effects, scattering, and the corresponding breaking of Cooper pairs. Exactly how thin a wire or film should be before superconductivity is lost is a very important consideration for applications in nanotechnology. From the physicist s perspective, this question goes to the heart of understanding coherence and robustness of the superconducting state in quantum-mechanically confined geometries. However, systematic investigations of these phenomena have been hampered by insufficient quality control of the samples.
Proto‐oncogene fos: Factors Affecting Expression and Covalent Modification of the Gene Product

SUMMARY Expression of proto-oncogene fos is induced in response to a variety of growth factors and differentiation-specific agents. However, the induction of fos gene expression is not influenced by inhibition of protein synthesis. We, therefore, entertained the notion that expression of the fos gene may be governed by posttranslational modification of cellular transcriptional factors. We report here that transcription of the human c-fos gene is modulated by negatively and positively acting cellular factors. The nuclear protein products of the resident oncogene of the FBJ-murine osteosar-coma virus (v-fos) and its corresponding cellular proto-oncogene (c-fos) are stoichiometrically phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. The c-fos protein is more highly phosphorylated than the v-fos protein due to the phosphorylation of unique sites tentatively localized to the c-terminal 20 amino acid residues. The protein kinase C agonist, TPA, stimulates phosphorylation of the c-fos, but not the v-fos protein.
Labor epidural placement in a woman with a cervical spinal cord stimulator

A 37-year-old female, gravida 1 para 0, in active labor at term, with a cervical spinal cord stimulator in situ, presented for epidural analgesia for labor. She had received the cervical spinal cord stimulator some 30 months before, to treat chronic regional pain syndrome I. She was taking no medication, and was thin but otherwise healthy. The cervical spinal cord stimulator electrodes entered the C7-T1 interspace, and their end was in the epidural space at the C3 level. The electrodes were fixed to a cervical spinous process, crossed the midline high in the back and then went down the left side of her back parallel to her spine to the generator, which was in her buttock. The electrode cable could be felt high on the left side of her back, but not in her lumbar region. After consultation, it was felt safe and reasonable to proceed with labor epidural anesthesia. The procedure took place with the patient sitting, using a standard reusable 17-gauge Tuohy needle. Subsequent analgesia was acceptable. The patient also observed about 20 min after receiving the epidural medication that suddenly she could move her right hand more easily and that it felt warm. Her labor and delivery proceeded uneventfully. The spinal cord stimulator continued to function well throughout the entire process. She noticed that the feeling in her right hand returned to baseline after the delivery.
Growth and development of larval green frogs (Rana clamitans) exposed to multiple doses of an insecticide

Our objective was to determine how green frogs (Rana clamitans) are affected by multiple exposures to a sublethal level of the carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, in outdoor ponds. Tadpoles were added to 1,000-l ponds at a low or high density which were exposed to carbaryl 0, 1, 2, or 3 times. Length of the larval period, mass, developmental stage, tadpole survival, and proportion metamorphosed were used to determine treatment effects. The frequency of dosing affected the proportion of green frogs that reached metamorphosis and the developmental stage of tadpoles. Generally, exposure to carbaryl increased rates of metamorphosis and development. The effect of the frequency of carbaryl exposure on development varied with the density treatment; the majority of metamorphs and the most developed tadpoles came from high-density ponds exposed to carbaryl 3 times. This interaction suggests that exposure to carbaryl later in the larval period stimulated metamorphosis, directly or indirectly, under high-density conditions. Our study indicates that exposure to a contaminant can lead to early initiation of metamorphosis and that natural biotic factors can mediate the effects of a contaminant in the environment.
Amphibian Parasitism by the Leech Desserobdella picta at a Small Pasture Pond in Northwest Arkansas

ABSTRACT The leech Desserobdella picta was found on amphibian hosts in a small pond in Washington County, Northwest Arkansas, from February through May 1996. In addition to occurrence of D. picta, we recorded anatomical position of leech attachment on amphibians. We found D. picta on six species of amphibians, including four anurans and two salamanders, with the first documented report of the host Rana utricularia (adults and tadpoles). Desserobdella picta showed a strong preference for adult Bufo americanus with greatest attachment in the axillary region of the front limb. Adult B. americanus may not only be the preferred host of adult D. picta but also might influence dispersal of this leech.
Physics and chemistry of aging – early developments ☆

Abstract The aging phenomena are very complex physical and chemical processes. The author attempts to qualitatively discuss various physical processes contributing to aging. A satisfactory quantitative explanation is not presently available. In this sense, little progress has been made since the 1986 LBL Aging Workshop. However, what was accomplished during the past decade is a heightened awareness from the research and management sides to pay more attention to this problem, and as a result a number of aging tests have increased in quantity and quality. These efforts will undoubtedly yield some new results in the future. Examples in this paper are mainly from a “pre-LHC and pre-HERA-B era of aging,” where the total charge doses are limited to much less than 1 C/cm.
Model for understanding thermal hysteresis during heat stress: a matter of direction

Thermal hysteresis may be used to quantify and characterize the amount of heat stress an animal experiences. Heat stress studies of farm animals suggest that above a certain threshold body temperature (Tb) is driven by ambient temperature (Ta). Patterns in the Tb-Ta phase diagram indicate the presence of hysteresis. When hysteresis is present, there are two values for Tb depending on whether Ta is increasing or decreasing. A theoretical delay-relay model is proposed to illustrate the hysteretic dynamics of the Tb-Ta relationship when Ta is cyclic. Two types of hysteresis, transitional and thermal, are identified. Thermal hysteresis becomes prominent when Ta forces Tb into an elliptical limit cycle. The area of the ellipse is an indication of the animal’s heat load. Also, the resulting Tb-Ta pattern depends on the delay (or lag) between Tb and Ta. The delay suggests possible levels of heat stress. A greater delay between Tb and Ta indicates more time is needed to dissipate the heat load, implying the animal is suffering more heat stress. For a given Ta, the Tb on the decreasing (recovery) path is always higher than the Tb on the increasing (challenge) path. Essentially, the animal requires more energy to dissipate heat than to absorb it.
Effect of destruction of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons in neonatal rats on development of choline acetyltransferase and survival of preganglionic cholinergic neurons

Abstract Neuronal death due to a lack of peripheral field is a widely observed phenomenon in vertebrates, although relatively little information is available in mammals. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the postganglionic sympathetic neuron on the development and survival of the preganglionic cholinergic neuron arising from the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord. The peripheral sympathetic nervous system of neonatal rats was destroyed by administering guanethidine (50 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks). The tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the superior cervical ganglion was reduced to undetectable levels within 10 days of starting treatment. Light microscopic examination of the ganglia showed almost complete cell loss by 10 days. Choline acetyltransferase in the superior cervical ganglia of treated animals failed to attain normal adult values, but rather remained at the level of 10-day-old animals. Adrenal choline acetyltransferase, on the other hand, developed normally in sympathectomized animals (the adrenal medulla is not destroyed by guanethidine). Accompanying the failure of normal development of choline acetyltransferase activity in the ganglia is a loss of cells in the intermediolateral nucleus of the thoracic spinal cord. Cell counts in this nucleus at the thoracic segment (T1) showed a 24% decrease (P
Autoimmune Exocrinopathy Presenting as Recurrent Parotitis of Childhood

• Objective. —To describe a case of autoimmune exocrinopathy in a child at the age of 3 months who presented with the origianl diagnosis of recurrent parotitis. Design. —This a case report of a 9-year-old girl with recurrent parotitis who was later found to have Sjogren's syndrome. The literature relating to primary Sjogren's syndrome in the pediatric population is reviewed. Setting. —The patient was seen in the rheumatology and otolaryngology clinics at a university medical center. Interventions. —This study did not address therapy. Main Outcome Measure. —Diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome. Results. —The patient had xerostomia, an abnormal result of a salivary gland biopsy, SSA and SSB antibodies, and the histocompatibility antigens HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 that are associated with Sjogren's syndrome. Conclusions. —Primary Sjogren's syndrome should be considered in cases of recurrent parotitis of childhood. More studies are needed to assess the natural history of autoimmune exocrinopathy in children. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:347-349)
Immunosuppression in pediatric solid organ transplantation

This report reviews the immunosuppressive regimens that are used in pediatric transplantation. There are predominant themes developing in the field involving the minimization of the total exposure of immunosuppression through limiting the number of agents and newer pharmacokinetic modeling. Calcineurin inhibitors are the foundation of most immunosuppressive regimens. However, there are new pharmacologic monitoring techniques to reduce the potential for long-term side effects of this class of agents. Although tacrolimus remains one of the mainstays of current protocols, there are strides being made to reduce the patient's long-term exposure to it with transitioning to sirolimus. Corticosteroids are still used predominantly, but there is growing evidence of successful steroid-sparing protocols that are as effective and avoid the chronic morbidity of steroids. Antibody induction therapy remains a standard with clearer evidence of the efficacy of IL-2 receptor antagonists. There is preliminary clinical evidence that polyclonal antibody therapy is efficacious in pediatric transplantation. Future studies will determine the best way to assess the functional immune status of a pediatric transplant recipient to maintain the fine balance and avoid the complications of either excessive or inadequate immunosuppression.