cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A targeted screen to detect recessive mutations that have quantitative effects.

A key problem in mutagenesis research is developing methods that are sufficiently sensitive to detect a wide range of abnormal phenotypes. Major variants may be easy to identify, but it can be difficult to detect mutations that have subtle effects, particularly on a complex genetic background. This paper describes a targeted mutagenesis protocol with enough sensitivity to detect recessive mutations that have modest quantitative effects. The procedure relies on consomic inbred strains of mice—strains in which one homologous pair of chromosomes of an inbred strain has been replaced with the corresponding pair from a donor strain. Mice that carry the desired donor chromosome—the target of the screen—are mutagenized and bred back to the original recipient strain. The first-generation progeny (G1) that are heterozygous only for the donor chromosome are also bred back to the recipient strain. G2 animals that inherit nonrecombinant donor chromosomes are identified by genotyping. These animals may be backcrossed repeatedly to the recipient strain to dilute off-target mutations, but ultimately, nonrecombinant G2 animals are bred to each other. Their G3 progeny are genotyped at markers spaced at 5- to 10-cM intervals to identify mating pairs that are homozygous for shared segments of the mutagenized donor chromosome. Entire litters of G4 progeny that are homozygous for defined intervals are screened. By comparing phenotypes within and among litters of nearly isogenic G4 animals, mutations can be verified and simultaneously mapped with a precision of 5–10 cM. This method has the potential to consistently detect mutations that have effects on trait means of well under one standard deviation.
Property as a Constitutional Right in the Nineteenth Century: Or What Have We Learned Since Corwin?

The evolution of due process from an innocuous paraphrase of the old English concept "the law of the land" into a strong bastion ofproperty rights until its curtailment in constitutional decisions in 1937 has been beautifully delineated in the writings of Edward Corwin. Later writers have concentrated largely on extrapolating that history to cover the metamorphosis of propertied liberty into personal rights, which has even required a modest revival ofpropertyprotection. Still, Corwin has been amended on several key points. (1) We now understand that the nineteenth-century battle over property was not between property and persons, but between an older concept of "property as possession " and a dynamic capitalist view of "property as creation of social value. " (2) The transformation of "due process" in popular controversy, which Corwin was acute enough to advance as afactor, seems to have been the most decisive factor, particularly altering the debate on the Fourteenth Amendment. (3) Corwin 's search for a transforming case representing a decisive conceptual change seems misplaced. The complex economic-regulation due-process cases allowed a move from "procedure to substance" without any visible transformation of legal rules.
Is Low Copper Status Immunosuppressive

Results from well controlled animal and cellular experi- ments and limited clinical observations have demonstrated that the micronutrient copper is required for the normal development and function of cells in the innate and ac- quired arms of the immune system. However, the specific biochemical roles of copper in the maturation, activation, and effector activities of host defense cells remain un- known. In vitro studies with rodent splenocytes and the Jurkat human T cell line have shown that copper defi- ciency attenuates the ability of activated T cells to pro- duce sufficient quantities of interleukin-2 to promote nor- mal proliferation. Possible roles of copper in the expres- sion of the interleukin-2 gene are being investigated. Be- cause most investigators examining the link between cop- per and immunity have utilized severely copper-deficient models, the relevance of their findings for human health has been questioned. Recent studies demonstrating that the in vitro activities of T cells are compromised by mar- ginal copper deficiency in both adult rats and healthy human subjects suggest that suboptimal intake of this trace metal has the potential to attenuate resistance to infectious disease.
Efficiency versus equity in natural gas price regulation

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach to the general equilibrium analysis of economic policy. Our objective is to provide an ordering of alternative economic policies. To this end, we specify measures of social welfare that satisfy the requirements of social choice. A social expenditure function is introduced to translate changes in social welfare based on a social welfare function into money metric social welfare. We decompose money metric social welfare into the sum of money metric equity and money metric efficiency. Finally, we present an evaluation of alternative regulatory policies for natural gas prices in the United States.
Dark matters in AMD genetics: epigenetics and stochasticity.

Missing heritability in the study of complex disease has been called dark matter. This review enlarges the scope of this term to include epigenetics and stochasticity, nongenetic sources of risk in complex diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
Chromatography of aromatic acids on lanthanum-loaded ion-exchange resins

Abstract Cation-exchange resins loaded with thantalum ions are selective sorbents for anions of aromatic acids and for dipolar ions like trigonelline and amino acids. Their utility is limited by slow sorption and desorption, and it seems that two different binding mechanisms are involved. Eluents are aqueous acetate buffers of pH 5; columns are run at 65°C. Effects ofpH and lanthalum loadings are shown.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN HIV-INFECTED HOSTS

Treatment of infectious diseases in patients with HIV infection is of primary importance in patient care. Viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens all may affect these patients. It is essential that accurate diagnoses be made and appropriate therapy be administered as early as possible.
Surface composition of respirable silica particles in a set of U.S. anthracite and bituminous coal mine dusts

Abstract Respirable particles of high-percentage silica content from anthracite and bituminous coal mine dust samples were analyzed for aluminosilicate clay surface coating, by measuring silicon and aluminum X-ray spectra using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS). Silicon and aluminum elemental ratios were determined with incident electron energies of 20 and 5 keV to reveal whether surface occlusion was present. Some 20 respirable-sized, non-agglomerated particles with silicon fraction of signal of 75% or more (for elements above sodium) were analyzed for each of 12 coal mine dust samples. Mine dust samples were from U.S. anthracite and bituminous coal mining regions involved in epidemiological studies of the U.S. National Study of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis. Some particles of high-percentage silica content exhibited a decrease in the ratio of silicon-to-aluminum K-alpha line intensities with decreasing electron beam accelerating voltage, consistent with aluminosilicate clay surface contamination or occlusion of a silica particle. Significantly lower frequencies of particles manifesting occluded behavior were found for anthracite dusts versus all bituminous dusts. It is suggested that such occlusion alters the biological availability of the surface of those particles. This may be a factor in the results of attempts to correlate disease prevalence with conventionally measured dust composition, as in the classical failure of coal workers' pneumoconiosis disease prevalence to correlate with silica exposure while being correlated with cumulative total respirable dust exposure and with coal rank.
Modeling the intrathymic pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.

Abstract Myasthenia gravis is (MG) a prototypic autoimmune disease; the immune effector mechanisms and autoantigenic target have been delineated. However, the events that lead to the abrogation of self-tolerance to neuromuscular acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) remain a mystery. The thymus gland has long been considered to hold the key to solving this mystery, although the nature of its involvement remains to be elucidated. The nAChR was one of the first self-proteins associated with a defined autoimmune disease that was found to be expressed on thymic stromal populations. The studies described herein represent our efforts to determine how this “promiscuous” autoantigen expression may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of MG. We review our work, characterizing the expression of the nAChR alpha subunit in the thymus, and advance a hypothesis and experimental model, which explore how intrathymic expression of this autoantigen may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of this autoimmune disease.
Active and passive touch: the influence of exploration time on form recognition.

Summary In a study of the effect of self-produced movement on tactual form recognition 30 male and 30 female college students actively or passively touched cooky-cutter forms with the preferred index finger to identify the shapes. In a static passive condition, the forms were pressed on the fingers. Ss were limited to either 5 or 30 sec of stimulus exposure time. Results indicate that active touch was superior to either passive static or passive sequential touch. Adding stimulus change failed to improve performance. Recognition accuracy was greater with 30 sec of exposure, but 5 sec of active touch produced accuracy equivalent to that produced by longer periods of passive stimulation.
Enhancing nanoparticle deposition using actuated synthetic cilia

We use computational modeling to probe the utility of actuated synthetic cilia lining walls of a microfluidic channel for enhancing the deposition of nanoparticles dispersed in a viscous fluid filling the channel. We demonstrate that elastic cilia actuated by a sinusoidal force applied to their free ends generate circulatory secondary flows facilitating nanoparticle transport. We identify optimal operational conditions in which the effect of cilia beating on particle deposition is maximized. Our simulations also reveal that cilia transition to a three-dimensional beating pattern when the actuation force exceeds a critical value. This transition is associated with buckling instability experienced by elastic cilia. Our findings guide the optimal design of ciliated microfluidic systems for uses such as deposition of particulates onto sensory surfaces and microfluidic mixing.
International Monetary Regimes and Incidence and Transmission of Macroeconomic Shocks: Evidence from the Bretton Woods and Modern Floating Periods

This paper investigates the relationship between international monetary regimes and incidence and transmission of macroeconomic shocks within the context of an open-economy macro model. Empirical results confirm monetary interdependence and lower incidence of monetary discretion under fixed exchange rates. The average magnitude and dispersion of supply shocks in Bretton Woods and the subsequent float is comparable; however, the average magnitude and dispersion of real demand shocks under Bretton Woods seems higher. Overall, the international monetary regime may pose important constraints to policymakers in open economies. Economists have long recognized the role of a flexible exchange rate regime in insulating economies and allowing independent pursuit of monetary policy. However, experience with floating rates in the post-Bretton Woods period led many to question the merits of flexible rates with increased volatility in nominal and real exchange rates and the implied effects of this volatility on international trade flows. Although fixed rates reduce uncertainty and transaction costs compared with flexible rates, these benefits may be outweighed by increased output volatility due to sticky prices and increased international interdependence. If countries face idiosyncratic shocks, independent monetary policy is needed to stabilize the domestic economy. Theoretical work on the effects of international monetary regimes has been inconclusive. Helpman (1981), Dornbusch (1983), Turnovsky (1983), and others provide evidence that exchange rate arrangements cannot be ranked unambiguously in terms of their impact on macroeconomic stability or domestic welfare. Instead, several studies have analyzed macroeconomic performance under different historical exchange rate arrangements. Using macroeconomic data from the Bretton Woods and the subsequent floating regime, Baxter and Stockman (1988) found no clear relationship between exchange rate flexibility and output stability or synchronization of the business cycle. Using bivariate vector autoregressions (VARs), Bayoumi and Eichengreen (1994) analyzed the standard
American precursors of evo-devo: ecology, cell lineage, and pastimes unworthy of the Deity.

The American precursors of evo-devo have numerous phenotypes. Fritz Muller, a German emigre living in Brazil, was one of the first post-Darwin evolutionary biologists to look seriously at the roles of larvae in constraining and permitting evolutionary change. His book, Fur Darwin, contains the germs of numerous ideas concerning recapitulation, larval ecology, punctuated equilibrium, and canalization. William Keith Brooks was interested in larval ecology and the mechanisms that promoted selectable variation. One of his students, E. B. Wilson, followed one of Mulller’s paths and brought the notion of embryonic homologies into the area of developmental biology and animal classification. Frank R. Lillie took a different page out of Muller and emphasized larval adaptations.
An infrared spectroscopic study of hydrogen bonding in ethyl phenol: A model system for polymer phenolics

Abstract A detailed analysis of the bands appearing in the OH stretching region of the infrared spectrum of ethyl phenol solutions is presented. In cyclohexane solutions, the band due to “free” (non-hydrogen-bonded groups) contains overlapping contributions from both monomeric and end-group species. Other assignments are made on the basis of whether the proton and oxygen in a particular OH group are both involved in hydrogen bonds (as “donors” and “acceptors”, respectively), or if only the proton is acting as a donor. The strongest band in the spectra obtained at the highest concentration of ethyl phenol is due to OH groups present in linear chains of hydrogen-bonded OH groups (as recognized in numerous other studies), but a band due to cyclic trimers has also been identified. The assignment of other modes is more uncertain and various possibilities are discussed. In toluene solutions, assignments are more complicated, because bands due to OH–π hydrogen bonds are observed instead of free groups. Finally, the data from cyclohexane solutions was used to calculate equilibrium constants capable of describing the distribution of species present. A new methodology for determining the equilibrium constant describing association in the form of dimers is described.
A peroxide that contains furan and acetal fragments

2-Methyl-2-tetrahydrofuryl(1,1-diethoxy-1-ethyl) peroxide (III) was obtained from 1,1-diethoxyethane hydroperoxide (II) and 2-methyl-4,5-dihydrofuran (I). The initiating ability of the product obtained was determined.
Prevention effectiveness of rollover protective structures--Part I: Strategy evolution.

This is the first of three articles that evaluate the health and economic consequences of the use of rollover protective structures (ROPS) on agricultural tractors. The effectiveness of ROPS delivered through alternative intervention strategies is the subject of the three-part study. This part of the study reviews and assesses the evolution of interventions that are known to prevent injuries incurred as a result of tractor overturns. The method used is historical analysis framed against a prevention effectiveness model used by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Two intervention strategies were found to be potentially effective in preventing injuries from tractor overturns. These strategies are either to install a ROPS on tractors that lack a ROPS or to replace the tractor with one that has a ROPS already mounted. Other prevention factors include the effectiveness and use of seatbelts and the integrity of the ROPS system during an overturn.
Docetaxel in hepatic impairment

Purpose. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a brief overview of docetaxel pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications, and drug interactions, concentrating on their relationship with docetaxel use in patients with hepatic impairment.Data Sources. The literature was reviewed through a MEDLINE search from 1986 to 2000. Relevant articles cited in literature obtained by MEDLINE searching were also considered. The following terms were searched: hepatic impairment, liver failure, Taxotere, and docetaxel. The search was restricted to the English language.Data Extraction. The current literature is reviewed in regard to docetaxel pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dosing, efficacy, adverse effects, and drug interactions and with a special emphasis on docetaxel use in patients with hepatic impairment.Data Synthesis. Docetaxel has a wide spectrum of clinical activity and is used frequently in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, NSCLC, ovarian cancer and cancer of the head and neck. The dos...
VAR forecasting under misspecification

The paper considers multi-step forecasting of a stationary vector process under a quadratic loss function with a collection of finite-order vector autoregressions (VAR). Under severe misspecification it is preferable to use the multi-step loss function also for parameter estimation. We propose a modification to Shibata's (Ann. Statist. 8 (1980) 147) final prediction error criterion to jointly choose the VAR lag order and one of two predictors: the maximum likelihood estimator plug-in predictor or the loss function estimator plug-in predictor. A Monte Carlo experiment illustrates the theoretical results and documents the empirical performance of the selection criterion.
Elasticity of single crystal pyrope and implications for garnet solid solution series

Abstract The elastic moduli of a synthetic single crystal of pyrope (Mg 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 ) have been determined using a technique based on Brillouin scattering. These results are used in an evaluation of the effect of composition on the elastic properties of silicate garnet solid solution series (Mg, Fe, Mn, Ca) 3 (Al, Fe, Cr) 2 Si 3 O 12 . In the pyralspites (Mg FeMn aluminum garnets), for which a large amount of data is available, this analysis indicates that the bulk modulus K is independent of the Fe 2+ /Mg 2+ ratio, which is similar to the behavior observed in olivines and pyroxenes. However, the shear modulus μ of the garnets increases by 10% from the Mg to the Fe end member, in contrast to the decrease of μ with Fe content which is observed in olivines and pyroxenes. This contrasting behavior is most probably related to the oxygen coordination of the cation site occupied by Mg 2+ and Fe 2+ in these different minerals.
A Rule-based subset generation method for product data models

: A neutral product model facilitates data exchange and integration. Particularly in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction product domains, neutral product models have been developed to support integration across segments of the product lifecycle and thus support a range of applications. Because of this, only subsets of the neutral data structures are utilized in any one exchange. Subsets are also called conformance classes (ISO-STEP, CIS/2) or views (IFC), and include subtle conceptual and intentional differences. In current practice, the subset definition method ranges from just selecting entity data types, to defining a sub schema (data model), or to describing the purpose of the subset in natural language. This diversity in defining a subset comes from the complexity of reference relationships and subtyping capabilities of current product data models defined in the EXPRESS product modeling language. This article presents a formal method for defining a schema subset using set theory. It introduces the concept of a base set. A base set works as a building block of a subset with identified rules. It also identifies subset generation rules and a classification of rules according to schema versus instance, and semantic versus syntactic characteristics of subsets. The presented capabilities are intended to facilitate the generation of views within a product model schema supporting specific exchanges.
Time evolution of Bloch electrons in a homogeneous electric field

The theory of a Bloch electron moving in the presence of a homogeneous electric field is reviewed and objections to the conventional derivations are discussed. A new derivation of the time development of a Bloch electron moving in a homogeneous, but time-dependent, electric field is presented using a vector potential to describe the field rather than the usual scalar potential. This new treatment avoids all the basic assumptions of the conventional derivations and demonstrates that a Bloch electron will oscillate in a single band with the Bloch period if a homogeneous electric field is abruptly turned on, with a tunneling probability into other bands given by the conventional expression. It is also shown that the calculated optical absorption will have the same ladderlike structure that would be obtained if Wannier-Stark quantized energy levels are assumed, although the present calculation makes no such assumption. The previous objections to the existence of Bloch oscillations for electrons in a perfect periodic potential are examined and found to be irrelevant provided the tunneling probability per Bloch oscillation period is much less than one, a condition that is generally satisfied for typical elemental and compound semiconductors for electric fields smaller than ${10}^{6}$ V/cm.
Climatology of drizzle in marine boundary layer clouds based on 1 year of data from CloudSat and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO)

[1] A survey of the frequency and characteristics of precipitation from low clouds over the oceans based on data from CloudSat and CALIPSO from July 2006 through June 2007 is presented. The low-cloud fraction, drizzle occurrence, and estimated cloud base precipitation rate are examined globally and for eight subtropical and midlatitude stratocumulus (Sc) regions. This analysis is restricted clouds below 4 km. Drizzle detection and characterization is further restricted to clouds with tops above 1 km altitude. The maximum radar reflectivity within an individual CloudSat profile (Zmax) is used to classify the profile as precipitating or nonprecipitating. The distribution of Zmax for all profiles is bimodal with peaks around −23 and −12 dBZ interpreted as originating from populations of nondrizzling and drizzling clouds, respectively. Profiles where Zmax exceeds −18 dBZ are classified as drizzling. Drizzle is detected for 19–34% of cloudy profiles in the subtropical Sc regions and 37–44% of profiles from the midlatitude Sc regions. The cloud base precipitation rate is estimated using the relation: Rcb = 2 · Zmax0.7. The lower quartile/median/upper quartile precipitation rates are 0.25/0.6/2.0 mm d−1 for the subtropical Sc regions and 0.28/0.7/2.3 mm d−1 for midlatitude regions. A consistent nighttime increase in low-cloud fraction and drizzle occurrence is observed for the subtropical Sc regions. For clouds with reff > 17 μm the drizzle occurrence can be treated as a function of LWP alone and exceeds 50% (75%) for a LWP of 50 (110) g m−2. For reff < 17 the drizzle occurrence is strongly dependent on both LWP and reff.
Classroom notes An interesting property of the parabola

In [1], the following property of parabolas is noted: For any interval of fixed length, a, the area enclosed by the secant line bounded by the end‐points of the interval and the parabola given by y = ax2 + bx + cremains constant, and is equal to |a|α/6. The author proves this by calculus, and asks whether there is an intuitively obvious’ heuristic argument that proves it. In this note I would like to offer a geometrically convincing heuristic argument based on the mean value theorem (MVT). The result can then be verified using linear algebra.
Grocery Store Observation: Parent-Child Interaction in Family Purchases

This article explores the phenomenon of pre-operational children's influence in family purchase decisions, namely cereal selection. The conceptual framework for this study is based upon family interaction research and child development and consumer socialization theories. This exploratory research sought to replicate with minor adjustment Atkin's 1978 study of parent and older children's supermarket cereal shopping interactions, using parents and pre-operational children. Too often family research embodied husbands' and wives' perceptions of all family members' roles and relative influence in the household decision-making process to the exclusion of children. Children, even young children, are important members of the family decision-making unit and deserve inclusion.
Effect of Annealing on Ferroelectric Properties of Lanthanum Modified Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films

Thin films of lanthanum modified lead zirconate titanate with chemical formula (Pb0.95La0.05Zr0.54Ti0.46O3) were prepared using spin coating method. The sol for the PLZT was prepared in house by metal organic decomposition (MOD) technique. The prepared films were annealed in the temperature range of 550–750°C in a rapid annealing furnace in flowing oxygen to promote crystallinity in the films. Effect of post deposition annealing temperatures on the structure/morphology and ferroelectric properties of the films were examined using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and ferroelectric tester. Parameters were optimized for obtaining films with excellent ferroelectric properties and low leakage currents. A high value of polarization ∼ 72μC/cm2 coupled with a minimum leakage current density of 10−8A/cm2 was obtained from films annealed at temperature of 750°C. The results indicate that choice of proper annealing process is vital to control the structure and morphology which are important parameters to a...
Dielectric overlayer for polarization discrimination in KTP channel waveguides.

A 2-μm-thick dielectric film with a refractive index of 1.81 was deposited upon a KTP substrate containing channel waveguides fabricated by ion exchange. The resulting composite structure guided TM modes in the ion-exchanged KTP channel and TE modes in the dielectric film. The spatial separation of the guiding regions and the weak lateral confinement of the TE modes in the dielectric overlayer result in a greater round-trip loss for TE-polarized light when this composite waveguide structure is placed in an extended-cavity GaAlAs laser. This condition is sufficient to force the extended-cavity laser to oscillate in a TM mode, as required for frequency doubling of the diode-laser radiation in the periodically poled KTP waveguide.
Serum antibodies to HIV-1 in recombinant vaccinia virus recipients boosted with purified recombinant gp160

Serum antibody responses were studied in detail in four vaccinia-naive volunteers in a phase I trial evaluating primary vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the HIV-1 gp160 envelope glycoprotein (HIVAC-1e, Oncogen/Bristol-Myers Squibb), followed by booster immunization with baculovirus-derived rgp160 (VaxSyn, MicroGeneSys). Prior to boosting, low-titer Fc receptor (FcR)-mediated, antibody-dependent enhancing (ADE) activity was detected in two of four volunteers but no IgM, IgG, IgA, neutralizing activity, or complement-mediated ADE activity was detected. Two weeks after boosting, all four volunteers developed HIV-1-specific IgG with titers of 1:160 to 1:640 by immunofluorescence assay. IgG1 was present in sera from each individual, while IgG2 and IgG3 were present in sera from two individuals, and IgG4 was present in serum from one individual. IgM and IgA were undetectable in all sera. Only one volunteer had IgG to the heterologous HIV-1 isolates, RF, MN, and SF2, after boosting. Serum from this volunteer neutralized the vaccine strain, LAV/IIIB, but not the heterologous strains, RF, MN, and SF2. Antibodies from the remaining volunteers had no neutralizing activity. The neutralizing serum had a positive reaction in a peptide-based ELISA utilizing a peptide corresponding to the principal neutralizing domain of the third hypervariable region (i.e., V3 loop) of the envelope glycoprotein. Neutralizing activity was partially removed by adsorption to this peptide, suggesting that it contained a type-specific neutralizing vaccine epitope. A low titer (1:40 to 1:80) of complement-mediated ADE activity to HIV-1 IIIB was present in sera from three vaccinees after boosting. FcR-ADE activity for HIV-1 SF2 and SF-128A were present in sera from two of these three vaccinees. None of the volunteers developed antisyncytial antibodies. These results indicate that inoculation with recombinant vaccinia followed by rgp160 boosting is the most effective strategy to date for inducing serum antibodies to the envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1, but further study is needed to optimize the functionality and cross-reactivity of these responses.
Solar‐heliospheric community supports grass roots organization

A long-standing gap in grass roots organization activity in the solar-terrestrial physics field has been filled by SHINE, an acronym for Solar Heliospheric INterplanetary Environment. SHINE complements its well-established sister organizations, GEM (Geospace Environment Modeling) and CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions).Together these groups reflect the interests of the three subsections of AGU s Space Physics and Aeronomy Section: Solar and Heliospheric Physics, Magnetospheric Physics, and Aeronomy, respectively. SHINE held its first stand-alone workshop, SHINE 99, in Boulder,Colorado, on June 14–17, simultaneously with the CEDAR workshop in Boulder and one week before the GEM workshop in Snowmass, Colorado. Joint sessions between the three groups were held on June 18 and June 19 in Boulder. Like the GEM and CEDAR workshops, SHINE 99 was sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Support for SHINEs members, however, is broadbased, reflecting the fact that it is a community-wide organization.
A structured approach to incidental take decision making.

Decision making related to incidental take of endangered species under U.S. law lends itself well to a structured decision making approach. Incidental take is the permitted killing, harming, or harassing of a protected species under the law as long as that harm is incidental to an otherwise lawful activity and does not “reduce appreciably the probability of survival and recovery in the wild.” There has been inconsistency in the process used for determining incidental take allowances across species and across time for the same species, and structured decision making has been proposed to improve decision making. I use an example decision analysis to demonstrate the process and its applicability to incidental take decisions, even under significant demographic uncertainty and multiple, competing objectives. I define the example problem, present an objectives statement and a value function, use a simulation model to assess the consequences of a set of management actions, and evaluate the tradeoffs among the different actions. The approach results in transparent and repeatable decisions.
Ergatives, antipassives and the overt light v in Hindi

Abstract This paper investigates the nature of ergative case assignment in a type of complex verb construction in Hindi. This construction involves a verbal complex that contains a main verb stem followed by a light verb. It is shown that the ergative case assignment in this construction depends crucially on the light verb. The evidence presented in the paper is highly suggestive of a view of vP shells in which the external argument introducing little v is a distinct head from the case assigning little v. Furthermore, a study of a range of lexical exceptions to the canonical ergative case assignment patterns in Hindi provides an argument that ergative case in Hindi is an inherent case.
Describing semistructured data

We introduce a rich language of descriptions for semistructured tree-like data, and we explain how such descriptions relate to the data they describe. Various query languages and data schemas can be based on such descriptions.
LVEF measurements from cardiac PET/CT images obtained using CT based attenuation correction

Abstract Background: Rapid growth of oncologic PET imaging procedures is stimulating the use of PET/CT devices, and it would be desirable for imaging centers to also employ this technology for myocardial imaging. However, it is uncertain whether left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measurements obtained from myocardial PET images using CT based attenuation correction are feasible. The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of cardiac PET/CT imaging for LVEF determinations using a “slow CT” attenuation correction technique. Methods: Four patients underwent imaging (2 metabolic imaging with F-18 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and 2 perfusion imaging with rubidium-82) on the Siemens Biograph16 PET/CT (LSO crystal, Pico 0 electronics), using a list mode acquisition. CT images acquired over 42 sec were used for attenuation correction. PET data were rebinned into either 8 or 16 frames per cardiac cycle. LVEF's were then determined from the gated images using 4D MSPECT software. EF's derived from 2-D echocardiography, using a Simpson's approach to quantify left ventricular volumes, were used for comparison. Results: PET EF's ranged from 18% to 59% and were highly correlated to echo values on linear regression analysis: PET=5.2 + 0.92*Echo (r=0.97, p=0.01, SEE=3.4). Conclusions: LVEF measurements are feasible using PET/CT myocardial images corrected for attenuation using the “slow CT” technique. Derived EF values are slightly higher than those of 2-D echo, likely reflecting differences between tomographic and planar imaging techniques. Determination of the accuracy of the PET measurements awaits comparison to a comparable tomographic imaging technique, such as MRI.
Choosing Higher Education: Educationally Ambitious Chicanos and the Path to Social Mobility

This is a study of high academic achievement found in the most unlikely places: among low-income Mexican Americans from homes with little formal education. It examines the backgrounds of 50 persons, male and female from one age cohort, who met most of the predictors for school failure or "dropping out." All came from families in which neither parent completed high school or held a job higher than skilled labor; the average father finished grade four and most were sons and daughters of farmworkers and other unskilled laborers. Most began school with Spanish as their primary language, yet all completed doctoral-level educations from the country's most prestigious institutions. This study investigates the forces that conspire to create such anomalies. Its aim is to suggest how such outcomes might be the product of design rather than accident.
Role of F-Box Protein βTrcp1 in Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis

The F-box protein βTrcp1 controls the stability of several crucial regulators of proliferation and apoptosis, including certain inhibitors of the NF-κB family of transcription factors. Here we show that mammary glands of βTrcp1−/− female mice display a hypoplastic phenotype, whereas no effects on cell proliferation are observed in other somatic cells. To investigate further the role of βTrcp1 in mammary gland development, we generated transgenic mice expressing human βTrcp1 targeted to epithelial cells under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat promoter. Compared to controls, MMTV βTrcp1 mammary glands display an increase in lateral ductal branching and extensive arrays of alveolus-like protuberances. The mammary epithelia of MMTV βTrcp1 mice proliferate more and show increased NF-κB DNA binding activity and higher levels of nuclear NF-κB p65/RelA. In addition, 38% of transgenic mice develop tumors, including mammary, ovarian, and uterine carcinomas. The targeting of βTrcp1 to lymphoid organs produces no effects on these tissues. In summary, our results support the notion that βTrcp1 positively controls the proliferation of breast epithelium and indicate that alteration of βTrcp1 function and expression may contribute to malignant behavior of breast tumors, at least in part through NF-κB transactivation.
Urban Seventh Grade Students A Report of Health Risk Behaviors and Exposure to Violence

The health of adolescents and the adults they will become can be linked to the health-related behaviors they adopt as children. To replicate a pilot study with a more culturally diverse population a descriptive, correlational study was undertaken with 379 seventh grade students. Key findings from this study include (a) students exposed or involved in violence (e.g., fighting and carrying a weapon) were more likely to report smoking cigarettes, (b) nearly a quarter (24%) of students have smoked cigarettes at some time, and (c) almost half of the students (48%) reported having at least one alcoholic drink. Middle school can be critical time in the life of an adolescent who may be faced with opportunities to experiment with and participate in health risk behaviors. School nurses, practitioners, and other health care professionals are in an ideal position to assess the type of and level of participation by an adolescent in a health risk behavior.
Intact protein modification and degradation in estuarine environments

Proteins are the principal organic nitrogen-containing compounds of living biomass and by virtue of the readily cleaved amide bonds are believed to be very labile. Nevertheless, proteins have been found in multiple organic matter pools. Experimental incubations among three diverse estuarine environments (anoxic Chesapeake Bay, Lower Delaware Bay, and freshwater marsh) were used to examine the initial stages of protein hydrolysis and associated structural modification and degradation of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). Size-exclusion chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry observed multiple proteinaceous products of lower molecular weight formed over the course of the incubation. Products ranged from 63 to 13 kDa, suggesting initial degradation via sequential hydrolysis. Complete hydrolysis of added protein occurred in all three environments within 48 h. Amino acid analysis of the intermediate products of degradation suggests that the initial process (hours) involves the selective removal of polar, charged amino acids by bacterial assemblages present. As degradation of the protein products continues, other functional groups are lost, leaving the overall amino acid composition of remaining material closely resembling that seen for the intact protein.
Protection with disulfiram from central and pulmonary oxygen toxicity.

Abstract Disulfiram protected mice from oxygen convulsions and lung damage. The degree of protection from convulsions was dependent upon both the dose of disulfiram administered and the time interval between disulfiram administration and oxygen exposure. Post-exposure survival of disulfiram-treated mice was very good whereas non-disulfiram-treated mice never survived the oxygen exposure period. Disulfiram protection does not appear to be related to dopamine-β-hydroxylase inhibition. It is thought disulfiram's protection may be due to its action on the cytochrome chain and its inhibition of electron transfer.
THE (d, 6Li) REACTION ON LIGHT NUCLEI.

Abstract The (d, 6 Li) reactions on 12 C, 16 O, 20 Ne, 24 Mg and 25 Mg have been studied at 55 MeV incident energy. Some features of the data appear consistent with an α-particle pickup model of the reaction. The 24 Mg (d, 7 Li) 20 Ne results complement previously published 16 O( 7 Li, t) 20 Ne work and support the Elliot SU 3 classification scheme for low-energy states of 20 Ne.
Stochastic Broadcast for VANET

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) are an emerging important type of wireless ad-hoc network. Unlike many other types of MANETs, VANET applications such as traffic data dissemination are inherently broadcast oriented and require communication protocols to be anonymous and scalable. Simple broadcast flooding satisfies these requirements, but its performance is highly dependent on network density and may lead to the broadcast storm problem. This work is the first we are aware of to propose stochastic broadcast as a solution for VANET. Stochastic broadcast instructs nodes to rebroadcast messages according to a retransmit probability. Such a scheme is private since node identification is unnecessary, however it has an undesirable dependency on vehicle density in the same manner as simple flooding. To solve this problem, we demonstrate the link between the mathematical science of continuum percolation and stochastic broadcast. Specifically, that the critical percolation threshold in continuum percolation (≈ 4.5 expected neighbors) translates to the wireless broadcast context. Then we show that nodes can tune the performance of the broadcast system to efficient levels by adjusting the retransmit probability so the apparent density of the network approaches the critical threshold.
Comparison of Tumor Incidence for Short-Term and Lifetime Exposure

Studies to estimate tumor incidence are generally conducted in rodents exposed to a chemical for approximately two years. Exposure of humans to some carcinogens may occur for less than a lifetime from occupations, changing lifestyles, or accidents. A simplifying assumption often is made in risk estimation that risk is proportional to total dose and the age at the time of exposure is ignored. Hence, the estimated cancer risk from an exposure for a fraction (1/F) of a lifetime is the lifetime tumor incidence divided by F, where the daily exposure rates are the same. Based on the multistage model, Kodell et al. (1987) show that the risk from a short-term exposure to a carcinogen is less than k/r times the risk predicted from the total dose, where r out of k stages are affected by the carcinogen, whereas at low dosages the transition rate for a stage affected by the carcinogen is assumed to be proportional to the dosage rate. Based on an initiation-growth model, Chen et al. (1988) show that greater discrepancies may exist between the true incidence and the estimate based on average daily lifetime dose. There is a rather limited bioassay database in which tumor incidence at the same age can be compared for different lengths of exposure at the same daily dose rate. From 10 such studies, the observed tumor rates from shorter exposures were from near zero up to 12 times the rates predicted from the average daily dose. Within this very limited database, estimates of short-term tumor incidence were generally less than 10 times the estimate based on average daily lifetime dose.
An instrument to evaluate alcohol-abuse interviewing and intervention skills.

At the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio from 1988 through 1990, the authors developed the Alcoholism Intervention Performance Evaluation (AIPE), a rating instrument for the evaluation of alcohol-abuse interviewing and intervention skills. Factor analysis of 51 rating items identified seven factors that accounted for most of the variability among the items; 35 were retained and assigned to the factor with which they correlated most highly, thus resulting in a seven-factor instrument with 35 items. The AIPE overall score had an interrater reliability of .73 (for four raters each rating approximately 30 videotaped simulated-patient interviews) and a test-retest reliability of .89 (for one rater rescoring 20 interviews after one month). The authors suggest that the individual scores for the seven factors can be used to provide instructional feedback to trainees and that the overall score can be used to certify interviewer proficiency.
Direct determination of skin depth by a radio-frequency size effect

Abstract The r.f. absorption in a finite solid-state plasma subject to a d.c. magnetic field is considered. The existence of a size-dependent absorption maximum is demonstrated, and comparison is made with data from Bismuth plates. This method allows a direct determination of the skin depth.
Cyclooxygenase-1 in the spinal cord is altered after peripheral nerve injury.

Background: The mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain are incompletely understood and its treatment is often unsatisfactory. Spinal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is upregulated after peripheral inflammation, associated with spinal prostaglandin production leading to central sensitization, but the role of COX isoenzymes in sensitization after nerve injury is less well characterized. The current study was undertaken to determine whether COX-1 was altered in this model. Methods: Male rats underwent partial sciatic nerve transsection (PSNT) or L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Four weeks after PSNT and 4 h, 4 days, or 2 weeks after SNL, COX-1 immunohistochemistry was performed on the L2-S2 spinal cord. Results: COX-1 immunoreactivity (COX-1-IR) was unaffected 4 h after SNL. In contrast, 4 days after SNL, the number of COX-1-IR cells increased in the ipsilateral spinal cord. COX-1-IR increased in cells with glial morphology in the superficial laminae, but decreased in the rest of the ipsilateral spinal cord 4 weeks after PSNT and 2 weeks after SNL. These changes in immunostaining were greatest at the L5 level. Conclusion: These data suggest that COX-1 expression in the spinal cord is not static, but changes in a time- and laminardependent manner after nerve injury. These anatomic data are consistent with observations by others that spinally administered specific COX-1 inhibitors may be useful to prevent and treat neuropathic pain.
TRACING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AMONG DISCOURAGED WORKERS: WHAT HAPPENS TO THE WORK ETHIC?

Material from an ethnographic case study of 102 randomly selected blue-collar workers who experienced job loss in the 1980s was examined, with a focus on a subgroup of 11 who became “discouraged” and withdrew from the labor force. Changes in the job-search behavior and attitudes of the discouraged workers are traced, and theoretical explanations for their resignation and withdrawal are explored.