cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epithelial Toll-like receptors and their role in gut homeostasis and disease

The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that interact with the host to maintain structural and functional homeostasis. Acting as the interface between the site of the highest microbial burden in the human body and the richest immune compartment, a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells specializes in nutrient absorption, stratifies microorganisms to limit colonization of tissues and shapes the responses of the subepithelial immune cells. In this Review, we focus on the expression, regulation and functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the different intestinal epithelial lineages to analyse how epithelial recognition of bacteria participates in establishing homeostasis in the gut. In particular, we elaborate on the involvement of epithelial TLR signalling in controlling crypt dynamics, enhancing epithelial barrier integrity and promoting immune tolerance towards the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we comment on the regulatory mechanisms that fine-tune TLR-driven immune responses towards pathogens and revisit the role of TLRs in epithelial repair after injury. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of epithelial TLRs can lead to the generation of dysbiosis, thereby increasing susceptibility to colitis and tumorigenesis. Interactions between intestinal epithelial cells, the gut microbiota and immune cells have a key role in maintaining gut homeostasis. This Review describes how epithelial recognition of bacteria through Toll-like receptors participates in establishing homeostasis, and how dysregulation of these receptors can lead to dysbiosis, increasing susceptibility to colitis and tumorigenesis.
Analysis of perturbation salt iodine and urine iodine of people in Daishan, Zhejiang province

尿碘是直接反映人群碘摄人或碘营养状况及其变化的暴露指标,能反映体内碘暴露水平的准确指标[1].浙江省岱山县是典型的海岛地区,其居住居民摄入的盐是由加碘盐与自晒盐(非碘盐)两部分组成,是国内外研究碘暴露水平的最有代表性的区域之一.2012年5-10月我们对岱山地区当地居民食用的盐碘及其体内尿碘含量情况进行分析,并对调查对象开展甲状腺功能激素检测,希望为海岛地区居民科学补碘提供基础数据与理论依据. 关键词：碘;尿碘;调查
Barriers to Implementing a Healthy Habits Curriculum in Early Childhood Education: Perspectives from Childcare Providers and Teachers.

With increasing rates of childhood obesity in the United States, it is important to develop effective curricula that helps children learn and practice healthy habits. Given the large percentage of children who spend time in away-from-home care, childcare centers are opportune contexts to implement such curricula. We sought insight from 35 teachers and childcare providers to identify barriers to implementing an already established healthy habits curriculum (Sprouts: Growing Healthy Habits). Of the 35 participants, 9 identified as teachers (preschool, kindergarten, first grade) while the other 26 identified as childcare providers or working in childcare (i.e., program directors). Each participant completed a semi-structured phone interview after reviewing the curriculum to examine their perspective on: (a) curriculum appeal, (b) barriers to implementing the lessons, and (c) adaptations that would be needed. Interviews were recorded then transcribed verbatim. Three researchers developed a codebook and reached reliability coding (Cohen’s kappa > .70). Themes from initial codes were then used to interpret data. The results indicate that there is great appeal for implementing a healthy habits curriculum in childcare contexts. The barriers providers thought they might face were: behavioral management, parental connections, preparation time, and lack of resources. Additional recommendations suggested a need to incorporate more diversity into lessons. Differences in responses were also noted by participant demographics and childcare/school neighborhood demographics. Despite noted barriers, most providers expressed enthusiasm for using a healthy habits curriculum. This helpful feedback provided useful adaptions to the Sprouts curriculum for children 4–6 years old.
G49(P) Rcpch stroke in childhood guidelines: are these being followed?

Aims We investigate if the RCPCH Stroke in Childhood Guidelines (2017) are being followed in paediatric patients presenting with a ‘brain attack’. Methods We retrospectively collected two cohorts of paediatric patients aged over 2 years old presenting with symptoms suggestive of stroke (‘brain attack’) over 6 months between March and August 2019. Cohort 1 were patients from a Tertiary Hospital A&E department that were identified through the Symphony electronic database. Cohort 2 were from patient referrals to the Tertiary Paediatric Neurology Department documented in the electronic database. Patient demographics, symptoms, NIHSS (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale), investigations, time to brain scan, thrombolysis and thrombectomy rates and final diagnosis were collected. Results 33 patients in Cohort 1 and 32 patients in Cohort 2 had symptoms that met possible stroke diagnosis. Mean age of all patients were 8.9 years (36 male, 29 female). The top 3 presenting symptoms were focal seizures (20/65), speech disturbance (14/65) and headache (13/65). Only 6 patients had NIHSS calculated. Cranial imaging was performed within 1 hour of admission in only 1/33 in the A&E cohort and 2/32 in the external referral cohort. 9/65 patients had a diagnosis of stroke: 2 transient ischaemic attacks, 5 ischaemic strokes, 1 venous stroke and 1 haemorrhagic stroke. 28/65 patients had other diagnoses requiring urgent treatment such as seizure disorders and infection. In total 2 patients were evaluated for thrombolysis – 1 patient received thrombolysis under the care of the adult stroke team. 2 patients were referred for thrombectomy but none were suitable candidates (1 symptom resolution before thrombectomy, 1 high risk of complications due to anticoagulation post-operatively). Conclusion RCPCH Stroke in Childhood Guidelines are not consistently being followed, particularly with regards to calculation of NIHSS and delays in obtaining brain imaging. If guidelines are not followed, paediatric stroke patients and windows of treatment with thrombolysis/thrombectomy may be missed. This highlights the importance of having a paediatric stroke pathway in place.
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF IDIOPATHIC AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE INVOLVING ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE

SUMMARY This article has reviewed the clinical, historical, microscopic, and common as well as uncommon therapeutic features for six idiopathic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases affecting oral mucosa. Most efforts toward therapeutic management involve local or systemic immunosuppression. The primary goal of therapy is to control the lesions with the minimal amount of medication necessary. It must be remembered that although these diseases are characterized by unpredictable exacerbations and partial or complete remissions, they are essentially incurable. Therefore, patient education about the goals of therapy is a primary factor in successful patient management.
Consumer's Opinion on a Pharmacist's Role in Nutritional Counseling.

Background Nutrition has become an increasing health concern. From fad diets to exercise programs, the consumer seems to be consulting multiple resources that all provide a different answer in the process of obtaining optimal health. Easily accessible pharmacists may be the sources to answer crucial nutritional issues facing society today. Methods Using the results of a previous study about food perceptions among lean and non-lean populations, interview questions were created to determine the populations' nutrition and pharmacist's role knowledge. Nutrition knowledge among lean vs. non-lean consumers was assessed by determining experience with pharmacist nutritional counseling, how experience perceptions differed, and how these perceptions can shape a pharmacist's role. Audio recorded interviews were conducted in a rural setting. Seventy-two English speaking, ambulatory, lean (BMI ≤ 24) and non-lean (BMI ≥ 25) residents between the ages 25-71 years participated in the study in a small western United States town. Results 26.3% of consumers obtained nutrition information from the internet; however, the internet and healthcare providers were considered the most trustworthy. When asked about the pharmacist's role in nutrition counseling, 32.7% believed that pharmacists were not a reliable source based on education background. Another 10.2% thought pharmacists were too busy for counseling. Discussion This study indicates the consumers' knowledge on pharmacists' education, willingness to seek out nutrition knowledge, and a pharmacist's ability to provide nutrition counseling can differ between lean and non-lean consumers. Lean consumers tend to have more interaction with a pharmacist whereas non-lean consumers do not. Conclusion As a profession, pharmacists should educate consumers on reliable nutrition resources, a pharmacist's education, and how they use their role to provide consumers with nutrition knowledge.
Circadian Rhythms of 11-oxygenated C19 Steroids and ∆5-Steroid Sulfates in Healthy Men.

Background Many hormones display distinct circadian rhythms, driven by central regulators, hormonal bioavailability, and half-life. A set of 11-oxygenated C19 steroids (11-oxyandrogens) and pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) are elevated in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other disorders, but their circadian patterns have not been characterized. Participants and methods Peripheral blood was collected every 2 h over 24 h from healthy volunteer men (10 young, 18-30 years, and 10 older, 60-80 years). We used mass spectrometry to quantify 15 steroids, including androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), 11β-hydroxy- and 11-ketotestosterone (11OHT, 11KT),11β-hydroxy- and 11-ketoandrostenedione (11OHA4, 11KA4), and 4 ∆5-steroid sulfates. Diurnal models including mesor (rhythm adjusted median), peak, and nadir concentrations, acrophase, and amplitude were computed. Results 11OHA4 followed a rhythm similar to cortisol: acrophase 8:00 h, nadir 21:00 h and were similar in young and old men. 11KT had similar diurnal patterns, but the peak was lower in older than in young men, as was the case for A4. All four steroid sulfates were higher in young vs older men. PregS and 17-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate (17OHPregS) showed sustained elevations between 8:00 and 18:00 h, and nadirs around midnight, while DHEAS and AdiolS displayed minimal diurnal variations. All 4 11-oxyandrogens correlated tightly with cortisol (r from 0.54 for 11OHT to 0.81 for 11OHA4, P < 0.0001 for all), but very weakly with T, supporting their adrenal origin and ACTH governance. Conclusions 11-Oxyandrogens, PregS, and 17OHPregS display distinct circadian and age variations, which should be accounted for when used as clinical biomarkers.
Nutrition and Brain Neurotransmitters

This chapter describes the effects of nutrients on the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the CNS and on some of the functions thought to be mediated by the neurons that release these neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are compounds that the body uses to transmit information from one neuron to another or to muscle or glandular cells. The amount of a particular neurotransmitter present in the brain is determined by (1) the number of neurons that contain this neurotransmitter, (2) the number of synaptic boutons or terminals (the intracellular loci of most of the transmitter molecules) that are present in the neuron’s axon or axonal branches, and (3) the number of neurotransmitter molecules present in each bouton. The numbers of CNS neurons and boutons probably can be affected by the nutritional state in developing animals; they appear to be fixed, however, in the adult (except, perhaps, for a small proportion of neurons that may be able to “sprout” even in adult animals). Some of the studies described in this chapter deal with chronic malnutrition in young animals and may therefore reflect changes in the numbers of neurons or synaptic boutons. However, the main focus of the following discussion is the acute and short-term control by nutritional factors of the numbers of neurotransmitter molecules present in boutons (and, thus, in neurons) in mature and developing organisms. (For a complete discussion of the effects of nutritional state on the brain, the reader is referred to Wurtman and Wurtman, 1977).
Satirists as Opinion Leaders: Is Social Media Redefining Roles?

Satire has been used throughout history to raise awareness of critical issues. Although its use was once limited to professional satirists and to the media, it has evolved over time and has now become a genre of the masses. The combination of social media and satire has not only changed the nature of critical inquiry and discourse but also redefines the concept of satirists as opinion leaders. This paper overviews the linkages among satire, social media, and message deconstruction and offers four types of satirical opinion leaders: traditionalist, creator, rookie, and technologist. The examination results in several major research questions deserving of future exploration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel Libraries on Distributed Memory Architectures: The IBM Parallel ESSL

We have discussed some issues arising in the design anduse of parallel libraries on distributed memory computer architectures; as a reference case we have examined in detail various features of the IBM Parallel Engineering and Scientific Subroutine Library.
Cellular lipoproteins. IV. The insoluble lipoproteins of various tissues.

Abstract 1. 1. The insoluble lipoprotein was prepared from the liver, kidney, lung, brain, muscle, and red cell membranes of the rabbit and rat and in the livers of bull frogs and trout. 2. 2. The insoluble lipoproteins prepared from the various tissues differ from each other. 3. 3. There is a species difference in the insoluble lipoprotein prepared from the same tissues from different animals. 4. 4. The lipoprotein prepared from red cell membranes seems to be an excellent one to study the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate components comprising the lipoprotein.
Converting laserdisc video to digital video: a demonstration project using brain animations.

Interactive laserdiscs are of limited value in large group learning situations due to the expense of establishing multiple workstations. The authors implemented an alternative to laserdisc video by using indexed digital video combined with an expert system. High-quality video was captured from a laserdisc player and combined with waveform audio into an audio–video-interleave (AVI) file format in the Microsoft Video-for-Windows environment (Microsoft Corp., Seattle, WA). With the use of an expert system, a knowledge-based computer program provided random access to these indexed AVI files. The program can be played on any multimedia computer without the need for laserdiscs. This system offers a high level of interactive video without the overhead and cost of a laserdisc player.
Variational Principles for Self-Adjoint Elliptic Eigenproblems

This paper describes some families of unconstrained variational principles for finding eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of symmetric closed linear operators on a Hilbert space. The functionals involved are smooth, with well-defined second derivatives and Morse-type indices associated with nondegenerate critical points. This leads to an analog of the Courant-Fischer-Weyl minimax theory, where an analysis of the second derivative at a critical point leads to the determination of which eigenvalue of the operator is associated with this eigenfunction. An extension to weighted eigenproblems is also described. The case of linear second order elliptic operators on a nice bounded set and subject to zero Dirichlet conditions is treated in some detail.
Seismogeodesy of the 2014 Mw6.1 Napa earthquake, California: Rapid response and modeling of fast rupture on a dipping strike‐slip fault

Real-time high-rate geodetic data have been shown to be useful for rapid earthquake response systems during medium to large events. The 2014 Mw6.1 Napa, California earthquake is important because it provides an opportunity to study an event at the lower threshold of what can be detected with GPS. We show the results of GPS-only earthquake source products such as peak ground displacement magnitude scaling, centroid moment tensor (CMT) solution, and static slip inversion. We also highlight the retrospective real-time combination of GPS and strong motion data to produce seismogeodetic waveforms that have higher precision and longer period information than GPS-only or seismic-only measurements of ground motion. We show their utility for rapid kinematic slip inversion and conclude that it would have been possible, with current real-time infrastructure, to determine the basic features of the earthquake source. We supplement the analysis with strong motion data collected close to the source to obtain an improved postevent image of the source process. The model reveals unilateral fast propagation of slip to the north of the hypocenter with a delayed onset of shallow slip. The source model suggests that the multiple strands of observed surface rupture are controlled by the shallow soft sediments of Napa Valley and do not necessarily represent the intersection of the main faulting surface and the free surface. We conclude that the main dislocation plane is westward dipping and should intersect the surface to the east, either where the easternmost strand of surface rupture is observed or at the location where the West Napa fault has been mapped in the past.
Delocalization vs performance: the dilemma of domain translation

For domain analysis to provide operators and operands that have the ability to both combinatorially amplify programming productivity and provide high performance code, we have to provide optimization strategies that can automatically localize code without engendering the huge search spaces of conventional optimization and transformation methods. The author proposes the method of Anticipatory Optimization to accomplish this task. AO turns a large search space into a super highway.
Phosphorylation by protein kinase C and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase of synthetic peptides derived from the linker region of human P-glycoprotein

Specific sites in the linker region of human P-glycoprotein phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) were identified by means of a synthetic peptide substrate, PG-2, corresponding to residues 656-689 from this region of the molecule. As PG-2 has several sequences of the type recognized by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), PG-2 was also tested as a substrate for PKA. PG-2 was phosphorylated by purified PKC in a Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent manner, with a Km of 1.3 microM, and to a maximum stoichiometry of 2.9 +/- 0.1 mol of phosphate/mol of peptide. Sequence analysis of tryptic fragments of PG-2 phosphorylated by PKC identified Ser-661, Ser-667 and Ser-671 as the three sites of phosphorylation. PG-2 was also found to be phosphorylated by purified PKA in a cyclic AMP-dependent manner, with a Km of 21 microM, and to a maximum stoichiometry of 2.6 +/- 0.2 mol of phosphate/mol of peptide. Ser-667, Ser-671 and Ser-683 were phosphorylated by PKA. Truncated peptides of PG-2 were utilized to confirm that Ser-661 was PKC-specific and Ser-683 was PKA-specific. Further studies showed that PG-2 acted as a competitive substrate for the P-glycoprotein kinase present in membranes from multidrug-resistant human KB cells. The membrane kinase phosphorylated PG-2 mainly on Ser-661, Ser-667 and Ser-671. These results show that human P-glycoprotein can be phosphorylated by at least two protein kinases, stimulated by different second-messenger systems, which exhibit both overlapping and unique specificities for phosphorylation of multiple sites in the linker region of the molecule.
The stability of a coupled wave-turbulence system in a parallel shear flow

The dynamic stability of a statically stable parallel shear flow is modulated by the presence of a finite amplitude wave. This can cause turbulent breakdown of the flow in the regions of reduced stability. The fluxes of momentum and heat driven by the turbulence interact with the initiating wave, and in favorable circumstances this leads to growth of the wave amplitude so that the wave-turbulence system is explosively unstable. Such interaction seems to be possible within the night-time inversion of the atmosphere.
Simulation of intrinsic bursting in CA3 hippocampal neurons.

Dendritic recordings from hippocampal pyramidal cells suggest that bursts of action potentials—riding on a depolarizing wave and terminating in a slow calcium-mediated spike—can be generated locally in the dendrites, as well as at the soma. These data necessitated revision of our earlier model in which bursts at the soma are generated by interaction of two spatially separated conductance systems—a fast-spike sodium mechanism at the soma and a slow-spike calcium mechanism on the apical dendrite. We have introduced into a model of the CA3 hippocampal neuron two experimentally testable concepts: voltage-dependent inactivation of Ik and partial inactivation of ICa by Ca2+ ion. With these mechanisms, the model accurately reproduces bursts generated in either soma or in the apical dendrites by sets of conductances all located in the same respective membrane region. The model is also capable of bursting repetitively in response to continuous stimulation.
Hydrogeologic controls on nitrate transport in a small agricultural catchment, Iowa

[1] Effects of subsurface deposits on nitrate loss in stream riparian zones are recognized, but little attention has been focused on similar processes occurring in upland agricultural settings. In this paper, we evaluated hydrogeologic controls on nitrate transport processes occurring in a small 7.6 ha Iowa catchment. Subsurface deposits in the catchment consisted of upland areas of loess overlying weathered pre-Illinoian till, drained by two ephemeral drainageways that consisted of Holocene-age silty and organic rich alluvium. Water tables in upland areas fluctuated more than 4 m per year compared to less than 0.3 m in the drainageway. Water quality patterns showed a distinct spatial pattern, with groundwater in the drainageways having lower nitrate concentrations ( 10 mg L−1) as wells as lower pH, dissolved oxygen and redox, and higher ammonium and dissolved organic carbon levels. Several lines of evidence suggested that conditions are conducive for denitrification of groundwater flowing from uplands through the drainageways. Field-measured nitrate decay rates in the drainageways (∼0.02 day−1) were consistent with other laboratory studies and regional patterns. Results from MODFLOW and MT3DMS simulations indicated that soils in the ephemeral drainageways could process all upland groundwater nitrate flowing through them. However, model-simulated tile drainage increased both water flux and nitrate loss from the upland catchment. Study results suggest that ephemeral drainageways can provide a natural nitrate treatment system in our upland glaciated catchments, offering management opportunities to reduce nitrate delivery to streams.
The electrosorption valency and partial charge transfer

The electrosorption valency as usually defined is an extra-thermodynamic and self-contradictory concept.
Chandra X-Ray Observations of the Inner Optical Filaments in Centaurus A

We have obtained Chandra High Resolution Camera (0.1-10 keV) X-ray imaging of the inner optical filaments of Cen A. Faint X-ray emission is observed associated with the filaments with significance levels of 2-3.5 σ when the data are adaptively smoothed. Comparison with optical [O III] λ5007 emission-line imaging suggests that the X-ray-emitting gas is associated with the northwest edge of the optical line-emitting gas. This region of the filaments is closest to the radio jet and is therefore a candidate for shock heating induced by turbulent instabilities in the interstellar medium. The observed X-ray luminosity is significantly smaller than that predicted by purely radiative shock models of the filaments, implying that mechanical energy input does not provide 100% of the ionizing energy budget for the filaments.
Moon Mineralogy Mapper Imaging Spectrometer Science Measurements

The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) was selected as a NASA Discovery Mission of Opportunity in early February 2005 and entered phase B in May 2005. The primary science goal is to characterize and map the lunar surface composition m the context ol its geologic evolution.The primary exploration goal is to assess and map the Moon mineral resources at high spatial resolution to support planning lor future, targeted missions. The M3 science instrument is a high uniformity and high precision imaging spectrometer of the pushbroom type operating m the solar reflected energy portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. M3 is planned to be launched as a guest instrument on the Chandrayaan-1 mission of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in early 2008. As a guest instrument, M3 was required to be low mass, low volume and low power. Yet, the imaging spectroscopy science required a broad spectral range, excellent radiometric precision and unmatched uniformity. The complete M3 instrument measures the spectral range from 430 to 3000 nm at 10 nm sampling, with a 24-degree cross-track field-of-view and 0.7 milliradian sampling as well as greater than 90%spectral cross-track uniformity and 90% spectral IFOV uniformity. The mass and power of the M3 instrument are 8.3 kilograms and 16 Watts average. The volume of the optical and detector assembly is 25 X 18 X 12 centimeters.The M3 instrument preship review was successfully completed on the 3rd of May 2007. In this paper, the M3 of dust and mineral mixtures as well as to measure spectra characteristics and initial laboratory calibration results are presented.
Immunoregulation of fish nonspecific cytotoxic cell activity by retinolacetate but not poly I:C

Abstract Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) from fish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) were treated with different concentrations of retinolacetate and poly I:C. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted. Retinolacetate significantly increased NCC activity against chromium-51 labeled human B-cell lymphoma target cells (NC-37). Preincubation (treatment prior to adding the labeled target cells) of NCC for 4 to 8 h in 10 −3 to 10 −12 M concentration of retinolacetate produced significant increases in NCC activity compared to treatment during the killing assay only. Similar experiments with different concentrations of poly I:C had no NCC augmenting effects when tested by adding poly I:C either during preincubation periods or during the cytotoxicity assay. Retinolacetate probably produces positive modulation of cytotoxicity by increasing the killing effectiveness of individual NCC, rather than recruiting larger numbers of cytolytic cells. In vivo studies were also conducted by injecting catfish (i.p.) with 1 ×, 3 × and 5 × the daily recommended vitamin A dosages and determining NCC activity after 24, 48 and 72 h treatment. The 1 × dose significantly increased NCC activity at 72 h. This increase was not transient because NCC activity after 33–37 days' treatment was significantly higher than controls in the 1 ×, 2 × and 3 × groups. Intraperitoneal injections of fish with poly I:C produced no significant increases in NCC activity at 24 or 72 h post-inoculation.
The variability in prognostic values of right ventricular-to-left ventricular diameter ratios derived from different measurement methods on computed tomography pulmonary angiography: a patient outcome study.

Purpose:To evaluate variability in right ventricular-to-left ventricular (RV/LV) diameter ratios introduced by differences in measurement methods and the subsequent influence on the accuracy of predicting outcomes for patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE).Materials and Methods:For 200 consecut
Evolutionarily conserved role for SoxC genes in neural crest specification and neuronal differentiation

Members of the Sox family of transcription factors play a variety of critical developmental roles in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Whereas SoxBs and SoxEs are involved in neural and neural crest development, respectively, far less is known about members of the SoxC subfamily. To address this from an evolutionary perspective, we compare expression and function of SoxC genes in neural crest cells and their derivatives in lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a basal vertebrate, to frog (Xenopus laevis). Analysis of transcript distribution from reveals conservation of lamprey and X. laevis SoxC expression in premigratory neural crest, branchial arches, and cranial ganglia. Moreover, morpholino-mediated loss-of-function of selected SoxC family members demonstrates essential roles in aspects of neural crest development in both organisms. The results suggest important and conserved functions of SoxC genes during vertebrate evolution and a particularly critical, previously unrecognized role in early neural crest specification.
Interactive and intelligent visual communication systems

Interventions to support children with cognitive and social developmental disabilities often include visual elements. Use of visual artifacts has been shown to increase the communication and understanding levels of children with disabilities. We describe a research agenda for expanding these capabilities using interactive, collaborative and intelligent systems.
Ethics: Investigators' interests: what should trial participants be told?

Minimizing the potential adverse effects of clinical investigators' financial conflicts of interest involves, in part, determining how much of an investigator's 'business' should be disclosed to participants in research studies. What should be disclosed and why? How will we know if disclosure matters?
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome

We studied 20 patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. They represented 3.7% of referred patients with uveitis. American Indian ancestry appears to be the link to Oriental racial type. Five patients had a forme fruste retinal detachment. After extensive treatment with corticosteroids, detachments flattened within an average of two to three months. Anterior inflammation continued to persist chronically. Seven of our patients had retinal vasculitis. Pregnancy had a beneficial effect on disease activity. Those patients with diabetes mellitus and sickle cell hemoglobin did not have an adverse effect. Visual outcome was good; of 20 patients, 16 had visual ascuity of 6/21 (20/70) in at least one eye.
A>400 GHz f/sub max/ transferred-substrate heterojunction bipolar transistor IC technology

We report transferred-substrate AlInAs/GaInAs bipolar transistors. A device having a 0.6 /spl mu/m/spl times/25 /spl mu/m emitter and a 0.8 /spl mu/m/spl times/29 /spl mu/m collector exhibited f/sub /spl tau//=134 GHz and f/sub max/>400 GHz. A device with a 0.6 /spl mu/m/spl times/25 /spl mu/m emitter and a 1.8 /spl mu/m/spl times/29 /spl mu/m collector exhibited 400 GHz f/sub max/ 164 GHz f/sub /spl tau//. The improvement in f/sub max/ over previous transferred-substrate HBT's is due to improved base Ohmic contacts, narrower emitter-base and collector-base junction areas, and slightly reduced transit times. The transferred-substrate fabrication process provides electroplated gold thermal vias for transistor heat-sinking and a microstrip wiring environment on a low dielectric constant polymer substrate.
Evaluation of RANS Transition Modeling for High Lift LPT Flows at Low Reynolds Number

High lift low pressure turbine airfoils have complex flow features that can require advanced modeling capabilities for accurate flow predictions. These features include separated flows and the transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layers. Recent applications of computational fluid dynamics based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes formulation have included modeling for attached and separated flow transition mechanisms in the form of empirical correlations and two- or three-equation eddy viscosity models. This study uses the three-equation model of Walters and Cokljat [1] to simulate the flow around the Pack B and L2F low pressure turbine airfoils in a two-dimensional cascade arrangement at a Reynolds number of 25,000. This model includes a third equation for the development of pre-transitional laminar kinetic energy (LKE), and is an updated version of the Walters and Leylek [2] model. The aft-loaded Pack B has a nominal Zweifel loading coefficient of 1.13, and the front-loaded L2F has a nominal loading coefficient of 1.59. Results show the updated LKE model improves predicted accuracy of pressure coefficient and velocity profiles over its previous version as well as two-equation RANS models developed for separated and transitional flows. Transition onset behavior also compares favorably with experiment. However, the current model is not found suitable for wake total pressure loss predictions in two-dimensional simulations at extremely low Reynolds numbers due to the predicted coherency of suction side vortices generated in the separated shear layers which cause a local gain in wake total pressure.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Delayed malignant transformation of petroclival meningioma to chondrosarcoma after stereotactic radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is often used as adjuvant treatment for residual or recurrent tumor following microsurgical resection of posterior fossa meningiomas. SRS is associated with excellent rates of local control, however long-term complications remain unclear. Secondary malignancy is an often discussed but rarely described complication of SRS. We present a 56-year-old woman who underwent near total resection of a petroclival meningioma, followed by two episodes of SRS over the ensuing 8 years for local recurrence. She returned 14 years after initial diagnosis with neurologic deterioration and was found to have massive recurrence. Pathology was consistent with high-grade chondrosarcoma. The tumor continued to progress despite debulking and proton-beam therapy and the patient died of medical complications. To our knowledge this is the first report of malignant transformation of a meningioma to high-grade chondrosarcoma, further notable due to the remarkable clinical course and delayed presentation after initial surgery and radiosurgery. Though this may have been a de novo tumor, it is also possible that this represents a case of radiation-induced neoplasm. Although SRS continues to gain favor as a treatment modality, delayed malignant degeneration is a potential complication and physicians should counsel patients of this risk.
Introduction to Calderas Special Issue

Large pyroclastic eruptions and associated caldera collapse structures represent the most catastrophic geologic events that have occurred on the earth's surface in Phanerozoic time, other than large impacts of asteroids or meteorites. Calderas are large collapse depressions, more or less circular in form, the diameters of which are many times greater than the diameter of any included vents [Williams and McBirney, 1979]. The largest known calderas associated with silicic pyroclastic eruptions that produce ash flow tuffs or ignimbrites are as much as 60 km in diameter; related pyroclastic deposits have magmatic volumes exceeding 103 km3. In addition to potential problems of volcanic hazards, calderas and associated volcanic activity are important controls on many of the earth's ore deposits and geothermal energy resources, as well as providing key insights into the generation and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies.
Planar waveguide-based silica–polymer hybrid variable optical attenuator and its associated polymers

We have proposed a silica-polymer hybrid variable optical attenuator that we made by creating two trenches along the core of a straight silica planar waveguide and filling the trenches with a polymer. The polymer, which had a superhigh thermo-optic coefficient, was specially designed and developed in this study to lower the power consumption of the device. We achieved a maximum attenuation of -29 dB for the device by changing the polymer's temperature by only 7 degrees C. The device has a very low power consumption at 2-3 mW/channel, making it a good candidate for integration with arrayed waveguide gratings.
Redistribution — The Market's Overhead

This article estimates the relative sizes of U.S. income distribution (e.g., market wages; dividends) and income redistribution (e.g., income maintenance; theft; inheritance; government subsidies). Using fairly conventional concepts and conservative estimates, it finds that half of individual income is from sources with significant redistributive qualities. Several implications are discussed. Most notably, the size and scope of redistribution suggest that it is intrinsic to the market. Seen in this way, redistribution is a costly overhead of operating a market system.
The early performance of non‐US banking equities on the NYSE

The finance literature extensively documents the abnormal positive returns of unseasoned initial public offerings (IPOs) in the early trading. Neuberger and LaChapelle (1983), McDonald and Fisher (1972), Neuberger and Hammond (1974), Reilly (1977), Logue (1973), Ibbotson (1975), Ibbotson and Jaffe (1975), Ritter (1984), Miller and Reilly (1987), and Ibbotson, Sindelar and Ritter (1988) are but a few studies providing convincing evidence of initial price volatility in IPOs which, after some period of time, tends to level off. Some IPO studies, particularly Neuberger and LaChapelle (1983), Logue (1973), and Friend (1967), intentionally ignore institutional IPOs. Logue (1973) states that banking issues create a downward pricing bias because the market has already accurately priced the assets of financial institutions. Alli, Yau and Yung (1994) provided evidence that banking IPOs enjoyed significantly less positive abnormal returns in the early trading than a control sample of industrial firms. This study examines the early stock price movements of the 32 non‐US banking equities issued on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) from January 1986 through May 2001 and finds that virtually no underpricing exists in the early trading for those issues – a vast deviation from the results of most IPO and ADR event studies, but a strong indication that banking IPOs do create a downward pricing bias when considered in IPO studies with securities from different industries. All new foreign equity issues in this study are traded as American Depository Receipts (ADRs) except the Canadian stocks.
Rapprochement or Rivalry? Russia-China Relations in a Changing Asia. Edited by Sherman W. Garnett. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000. x, 439 pp. $24.95 (paper).

The emerging relationship between China and Russia is perhaps the most important force redefining international relations in post-Cold War Asia. In the past five years, Russia and China have built a ""strategic partnership aimed at the 21st century,"" a development that deeply worries some Western observers and puzzles others. In this first comprehensive study of Russian-Chinese relations, Sherman Garnett and a team of 15 U.S., Russian, and Chinese scholars analyze the most important issues posed by the relationship, including cross-border trade, the impact of Russia's center-periphery politics, migration, arms sales, and (mis)perceptions of one another. The book assesses what will be one of the most important relationships, economically and strategically, in the dynamic region stretching from Central Asia to the Far East. It also weighs the prospects for real cooperation between Russia, a severely weakened power, and China, a power on the rise. Contributing authors include Stephen Blank, Sherman Garnett, Vilya Gel'bras, Harry Gelman, Li Jingjie, Michael McFaul, Lu Nanquan, Martha Olcott, Gilbert Rozman, Judith Thornton, Dmitri Trenin, Tamara Troyakova, Galina Vitkovskaya, Alexei Voskressenski, Elizabeth Wishnick, and Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya.
SU‐FF‐J‐62: Evolution of Tumor Volume and Motion in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer During Radiotherapy

Purpose: To assess changes in tumor volumes and motion trajectories of non‐small cell lungcancer patients over the course of radiotherapy.Materials and Methods: We acquired repeat CT scans at three time points through the treatment course. Scans were acquired on a Philips large‐bore 16‐slice scanner using either a respiration‐correlated 4D‐CT protocol or a breath‐hold protocol at moderate‐deep inspiration enforced with the Active Breathing Coordinator system. We utilized the Pinnacle treatment planning system to co‐register based on vertebral bodies. We contoured the lesions in each data set and measured lesion volumes using model‐based segmentation tools. Windowing parameters were kept constant for all scans. Using the contours at each respiratory phase we measured the excursion of the lesion and changes of the excursions from scan to scan. Results:Tumor sizes decreased through treatment by 5%, 46% and 48% in three patients analyzed here. The change in the average GTV excursions was (mean ± s.d. over patients): 3.2±4.3 mm (A/P), 0.4±0.6 mm (R/L) and −0.1±3.1 mm (S/I). The 3D vector excursion increased by 2.9±4.2 mm on average. The changes in motion extent are similar to the motion excursion themselves, and there appears to be a strong variability between patients. Conclusions: These preliminary data indicate noteworthy trends of tumor size and motion over the course of radiation therapy. The tumor volume decreases and there is indication that the tumor excursion increases. Further analysis is underway and will be presented. Such long term evolution has important implications for the design and delivery of radiotherapy to lungtumors.
Boron nitride coating on fused silica ampoules for semiconductor crystal growth

Abstract Fused silica ampoules for use in Bridgman growth of semiconductor crystals were coated with boron nitride films by chemical vapor deposition from borazine. Ampoules coated for 20 h at 1100°C yielded uniform, small grain hexagonal boron nitride films about 10 μm thick. The coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, and thickness measurements by profilometer. The coatings contained no hydrogen, appeared to possess a very uniform morphology, and showed high contact angles with molten CdTe. The low wetting nature of the coating makes it a promising container material for crystal growth.
The Problem of Obligation, the Finite Rational Will, and Kantian Value Realism

Abstract Robert Stern's Understanding Moral Obligation is a remarkable achievement, representing an original reading of Kant's contribution to modern moral philosophy and the legacy he bequeathed to his later-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century successors in the German tradition. On Stern's interpretation, it was not the threat to autonomy posed by value realism, but the threat to autonomy posed by the obligatory nature of morality that led Kant to develop his critical moral theory grounded in the concept of the self-legislating moral agent. Accordingly, Stern contends that Kant was a moral realist of sorts, holding certain substantive views that are best characterized as realist commitments about value. In this paper, I raise two central objections to Stern's reading of Kant. The first objection concerns what Stern identifies as Kant's solution to the problem of moral obligation. Whereas Stern sees the distinction between the infinite will and the finite will as resolving the problem of moral obliga...
Object-oriented co-specification for embedded systems

Abstract Hardware-software co-design is the simultaneous design of the software which implements a set of functions and the hardware platform on which the software executes. Co-design is often necessary in the design of embedded systems to meet their performance and cost requirements. In most embedded systems, some implementation choices are easily predictable while others are not. Existing specification methodologies have not considered by the necessary uncertainty of the implementation of critical functions. Object-oriented specification techniques are, however, well-suited to the partitioning of concerns necessary for co-specification. This paper presents some techniques for adapting object-oriented specification to co-specification and illustrates their use with an example.
Transcriptional compensation for loss of an allele of the Ini1 tumor suppressor.

The gene encoding INI1, a component of the mammalian SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes, has been classified as a tumor suppressor in humans. Gene-targeting experiments confirmed that Ini1 also functions as a tumor suppressor in mice. Although Ini1-null mice are embryonic lethal, 15–30% of mice heterozygous for Ini1 presented with poorly differentiated tumors with variable rhabdoid features. All tumors examined showed loss of heterozygosity at the Ini1 locus. We report here that cells and tissues heterozygous for the Ini1 tumor suppressor express levels of Ini1 protein and message roughly equivalent to the levels observed in wild type counterparts. Compensation of Ini1 is mediated by an increase in the rate of transcription from the Ini1 promoter. Moreover, when Ini1 is expressed exogenously, transcription from the endogenous promoter is reduced, suggesting that Ini1 levels are tightly regulated. This is the first report describing transcriptional compensation for haploinsufficiency of a tumor suppressor gene.
Intranasal antiplatelet/ antithrombotic efficacy of a novel platelet GPIIB/IIIA receptor antagonist DMP755

This article describes the equivalent antiplatelet/antithrombotic effects of DMP755 at comparable doses by intranasal and i.v. administration but required substantially higher doses with the oral administration route. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic efficacy of DMP755 or its free acid form XV459 were determined in dogs. Arterial thrombosis models were induced either electrolytically (200 microA anodal current) in the carotid artery or mechanically by external clamping of femoral artery along with stenosis, which result in either total occlusive thrombus formation or cyclic flow reduction (CFR), respectively. Either DMP755 or its free acid form, XV459 demonstrated maximal and comparable antiplatelet efficacy at 0.025-0.1 mg/kg, intravenous (i.v.) or intranasal but not oral (PO) in mongrel dogs. The antiplatelet efficacy of DMP755 at 0.1 mg/kg, intranasal, or i.v. was determined in a cross-over design (n=8 in each group). In this study, a comparable and maximal antiplatelet efficacy for DMP755 after intranasal or i.v. was demonstrated suggesting 100% intranasal bioavailability as compared with the modest antiplatelet efficacy at 0.1 mg/kg, p.o. DMP755 administered at 0.1 mg/kg, intranasally or i.v. or at 0.3 mg/kg, p.o. prevented the incidence of electrolytic injury-induced arterial thrombosis in the carotid artery thrombosis model and prevented the incidence of cyclic flow reduction in mechanically injured and stenosed femoral artery. In conclusion, DMP755 has a comparable intranasal and intravenous antiplatelet/antithrombotic profiles along with a significant improvement over its oral profiles. These data also suggest the potential utility of intranasal DMP755 in various acute and chronic thromboembolic disorders. This is the first report of intranasal bioavailability of a glycoprotein receptor antagonist.