cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Paradigms in Landscape Dynamics: Self-Similar Processes and Emergence

Landscapes often exhibit self-similar (fractal, self-affine, multifractal) patterns, expressed in terms of power-law scalings. These scaling signatures are commonly interpreted as indicating that the same physical processes operate across a wide range of scales, as in the archetypical phenomenon of turbulence. Landscape researchers have also employed another productive perspective, that of emergent phenomena. To address relatively large-scale patterns and behaviors, rather than basing models directly on the vast number of small-scale processes occurring within the landscape, many models treat variables and interactions that arise from (and in turn influence) the collective behavior of smaller-scale degrees of freedom. The emergent-phenomena approach, in which processes at different scales are treated as different and only indirectly related, seems at first blush to be incompatible with the indications that landscape-forming processes can be scale invariant. However, analysis of research addressing landscape evolution suggests that the two perspectives can be complementary. Models that treat the coupled evolution of hillslopes and channels—synthesizing the effects of the many processes within these units—can explain the emergence of self-similarity (or self-affinity) of large-scale topography and river networks. Similarly, a model based on abstracted representations of the interactions between flow and topography offers an explanation for the basic scaling properties of braided streams. A model of the evolution of sandy-coastline shapes highlights how interactions between emergent structures can offer clear, direct explanations for scaling properties. In this case, the processes and patterns are scale-independent in the sense that the length scale changes over time, while a temporally self-similar shape persists, although at any time during the evolution a single wavelength dominates. The turbulence paradigm suggests that landscape systems, with many degrees of freedom, need to be treated as stochastic. However, models treating interactions between emergent landscape features show that complex, self-similar patterns and behaviors can be understood in terms of relatively simple, essentially deterministic processes.
Association between bone-specific physical activity scores and pQCT-derived measures of bone strength and geometry in healthy young and middle-aged premenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to determine if bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) scores were positively related to bone health in healthy young and middle-aged premenopausal women. The total BPAQ was a stronger predictor of bone strength and bone mineral density of hip in young women as compared to middle-aged premenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the BPAQ scores were predictive indices of volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone strength, and bone geometry in young and middle-aged premenopausal women. Healthy young (n = 60) and middle-aged premenopausal women (n = 54) between the ages of 18 and 50 years were recruited for this study. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of lumbar spine and dual proximal femur (FN; femoral neck) was measured using DXA. We assessed vBMD of the tibia 4%, 38%, and 66% by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The BPAQ was used to obtain a comprehensive account of lifetime physical activity related to bone health. Pearson’s correlation tests showed positive correlations between total BPAQ and aBMD of the right FN (r = 0.313, p = 0.015) and the left FN (r = 0.307, p = 0.017) in young women while not found in middle-aged premenopausal women (p > 0.05). A positive relationship was only observed between total BPAQ and tibia 38% vBMD in middle-aged premenopausal women (r = 0.283, p = 0.038). All bone geometry variables were associated with total BPAQ (r = 0.280–0.422, p = 0.03–0.001) in young women. The Strength-Strain Index of tibia 38% (r = 0.350, p = 0.006) and 66% (r = 0.406, p = 0.001) was associated with total BPAQ in young women. In both young and middle-aged premenopausal women, when age, bone-free lean body mass (BFLBM), and total BPAQ were included in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, BFLBM was a significant predictor of all aBMD variables, accounting for 7–25.7% (p = 0.043–0.001). The total BPAQ score-derived physical activity was more predictive of positive bone characteristics in young women than in middle-aged premenopausal women.
Association between HER2 positivity by HER2/CEP17 ratio and response to neoadjuvant HER2 targeted therapy.

e12632Background: Human epidermal growth factor receptor gene 2 (HER2) amplification status in breast cancers provides prognostic information and predicts response to HER2 targeted therapies. Breas...
Incidence of brain metastases in metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the era of targeted therapies.

e16103Background: The cumulative incidence of brain metastasis (BM) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has historically been quoted as 10%. This figure is based on data collected before the ...
A Comprehensive Model for Metal Electrowinning Processes

Electrowinning is a significant step in metal extraction processes. Because the nature of electrowinning is to reduce metal from its oxidized state, substantial energy consumption accompanies it. Electrowinning processes of different metals have much in common—the deposition of the metal on the cathode and the counter-reaction on the anode. An advanced model was developed that can be applied to a variety of metal electrowinning processes. A model for specific metals can be readily obtained by modifying parameters such as potential, kinetics, and side reactions in the model. The model incorporates mass transfer, gas-liquid flow, electrochemistry, and deposition, making it a comprehensive electrowinning model. The model is applied to copper, nickel, and zinc and verified with the experimental results. In addition, the parameter settings and results of different metals were compared, showing that this model has great versatility and accuracy, thereby making it an efficient and effective research tool.
Results of external review Sandia National Laboratories microelectronics and photonics program (October 2002).

The US Department of Energy requires a periodic 'self assessment' of Sandia's Microsystems Program. An external panel review of this program is held approximately every 18 months, and the report from the external review panel serves as the basis for the DOE 'self assessment.' The review for this fiscal year was held on September 30-October 1, 2002 at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM. The panel was comprised of experts in the fields of microelectronics, photonics and microsystems from universities, industry and other Government agencies. A complete list of the panel members is shown as Appendix A to the attached report. The review assesses four areas: relevance to national needs and agency mission; quality of science technology and engineering; performance in the operation of a major facility; and program performance management and planning. Relevance to national needs and agency mission was rated as 'outstanding.' The quality of science, technology, and engineering was rated as 'outstanding.' Operation of a major facility was noted as 'outstanding,' while the category of program performance, management, and planning was rated as 'outstanding.' Sandia's Microsystems Program received an overall rating of 'outstanding' [the highest possible rating]. The attached report was prepared by the panel in a formatmore » requested by Sandia to conform with the performance criteria for the DOE self assessment.« less
Visual Sparse Bayesian Reinforcement Learning: A Framework for Interpreting What an Agent Has Learned

This paper presents a Visual Sparse Bayesian Reinforcement Learning (V-SBRL) framework for recording the images of the most important memories from the past experience. The key idea of this paper is to maintain an image snapshot storage to help understanding and analyzing the learned policy. In the extended framework of SBRL [1], the agent perceives the environment as the image state inputs, encodes the image into feature vectors, train SBRL module and stores the raw images. In this process, the snapshot storage keeps only the relevant memories which are important to make future decisions and discards the not-so-important memories. The stored snapshot images enable us to understand the agent’s learning process by visualizing them. They also provide explanation of exploited policy in different conditions. A navigation task with static obstacles is examined for snapshot analysis.
Documents and the History of the Early Islamic World

The chapters published in this volume were initially presented in Alexandria, Egypt, at the Third Annual Conference of the International Society for Arabic Papyrology in 2006. As may be expected, E...
Bandgap narrowing and Mott transition in Si-doped Al0.7Ga0.3N

Deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) composed of III-Nitride semiconductors need layers of heavy doping (>1 × 1019 cm−3) to overcome large dopant activation energies and maintain high electrical conductivity. This work reports that at doping densities of [Si] ∼1.5 × 1019/cm3 for n-Al0.7Ga0.3N, Burstein-Moss and bandgap renormalization effects result in a net reduction of the bandgap of ∼70 meV. At these doping levels, a transition to a metallic conductivity state is observed, with a vanishing of the effective dopant activation energy. The sheet and contact resistivities of Rsh,n = 0.045 Ω cm and ρc,n = 1.13 × 10−6 Ω cm2 are achieved, with uniform conductivity in the vertical direction. The results show that when heavily doped n-AlGaN cladding regions are used for high efficiency deep-UV LEDs or lasers, the accompanying bandgap narrowing reduces the window of optical transparency at the lowest wavelengths that can take advantage of high conductivity.
Total Water-Soluble Choline Concentration Does Not Differ in Milk from Vegan, Vegetarian, and Nonvegetarian Lactating Women.

Background Choline is an essential nutrient for brain growth and other processes in the developing neonate. The impact of a maternal plant-based diet on the choline composition of breast milk is unknown. Objective We assessed the water-soluble choline content of milk from lactating women in the United States following 3 dietary patterns: vegan, vegetarian, and nonvegetarian. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 74 healthy lactating women who provided a single breast-milk sample using a standardized collection protocol. Participants completed a food-frequency screener and were classified as follows: nonvegetarians (NONVEG) consumed meat; vegetarians (VEGT) consumed milk, dairy, and/or fish; and vegans (VEGAN) consumed animal products less than monthly. Primary outcomes measured were the concentration (in milligrams per liter) and distribution (percentage) of choline from the following water-soluble forms: free choline, phosphocholine (PCho), and glycerophosphocholine (GPC). Differences between diet groups were evaluated with ANOVA. Results There was a wide range in breast-milk total water-soluble choline (4-301 mg/L), with no significant difference (P > 0.05) by maternal diet pattern. There were differences in choline forms, with VEGAN having a greater mean ± SD concentration and distribution of choline derived from GPC (62.7 ± 25.3 mg/L) than VEGT (47.7 ± 21.2 mg/L) and NONVEG (42.4 ± 14.9 mg/L) (P = 0.0052). There was a lower mean ± SD percentage of choline from PCho (P = 0.0106) in VEGAN (32.5% ± 18.3%) than in VEGT (46.1% ± 18.3%) and NONVEG (44.8% ± 15.7%). Lactation stage and maternal BMI were significantly associated with some choline forms. Conclusions There was a wide range of water-soluble choline concentrations in the milk of healthy lactating women following vegan, vegetarian, and nonvegetarian diets, with no observed difference in total water-soluble choline concentration by maternal diet. This suggests that maternal plant-based diet by itself is not a risk factor for low breast-milk choline.
Embodied Spirituality Following Disaster: Exploring Intersections of Religious and Place Attachment in Resilience and Meaning-Making

Religious and spiritual experience unfolds in the ever-changing milieu of culture, institution, social environment and physical place. But what happens when mass tragedy strikes? How might congregants be uniquely impacted when a shooting desecrates their synagogue, mosque, temple or church? Or when a hurricane obliterates their home, which is imbued with sacred significance for them? What role might local faith communities play in facilitating healing and resilience? This chapter explores the embodied experience of faith in the context of mass trauma and disaster, drawing on attachment, object relations, affective neuroscience and ecological systems theories. Specifically, we propose the multidimensional framework of embodied spirituality to capture the dynamic interplay of cognitive, affective and social processes in experiencing and restoring a sense of the sacred in the aftermath of mass tragedy and loss.
What kind of novelties can machine learning possibly generate? The case of genomics.

Machine learning (ML) has been praised as a tool that can advance science and knowledge in radical ways. However, it is not clear exactly how radical are the novelties that ML generates. In this article, I argue that this question can only be answered contextually, because outputs generated by ML have to be evaluated on the basis of the theory of the science to which ML is applied. In particular, I analyze the problem of novelty of ML outputs in the context of molecular biology. In order to do this, I first clarify the nature of the models generated by ML. Next, I distinguish three ways in which a model can be novel (from the weakest to the strongest). Third, I dissect the way ML algorithms work and generate models in molecular biology and genomics. On these bases, I argue that ML is either a tool to identify instances of knowledge already present and codified, or to generate models that are novel in a weak sense. The notable contribution of ML to scientific discovery in the context of biology is that it can aid humans in overcoming potential bias by exploring more systematically the space of possible hypotheses implied by a theory.
TRANSNATIONAL STUDY PROGRAMS AND THE GLOBAL LAW SCHOOL

The knowledge-based economy, namely the new world economy based on the exploration, production, sharing and protection of knowledge, is growing. Europe and the U.S. are the leading destinations for U.S. and international students seeking to study or work abroad. However, still today less than 1% of the current U.S. student body decides to temporarily go abroad during college or graduate school. Aware of the importance of international education, Congress is in the process of enacting the Paul Simon Study Abroad Foundation Act with the aim of sending 1 million U.S. students abroad in the next 10 years. With the intention to enhance the debate among administrators and scholars, this article has five main objectives: a) Provide the most recent data with respect to the flow of U.S. students abroad; b) Provide the most recent data with respect to the flow of International students into the U.S. and, similarly, the development of international education in other countries; c) Summarize the criticism on the latest ethical concerns created by the study abroad industry of third party providers; d) Analyze the effects of the international education industry shaping the structural change of U.S. law schools; e) Try to envision the future of the global law school. Data shows that employers are more inclined to hire graduates who have studied and/or worked abroad. However, in order to remain competitive and satisfy an increasing demand of professionals with a foreign background, U.S. employers need to hire foreign- educated graduates. U.S. law schools are realizing the importance of preparing students for the global knowledge-based economy. The rise in tuition costs, the wealth of the labor market, the complexity of visa procedures and a renewed competition among universities (in steady expansion) are re-shaping the globalization process of legal education. Law schools are changing and adapting to the ever changing legal education needs.
Yearly Trends of Overactive Bladder Medication Usage

AbstractIntroduction:Anticholinergics are associated with cognitive side effects and dementia. Agents such as trospium, fesoterodine and darifenacin have been shown to be less likely to cross the b...
Crystal growth and physical properties of an antiferromagnetic molecule: trans-di­bromido­tetrakis(aceto­nitrile)chromium(III) tribromide, [CrBr2(NCCH3)4](Br3)

The synthesis, crystal structure determination, magnetic properties and bonding interaction analysis of a novel 3d transition-metal com­plex, [CrBr2(NCCH3)4](Br3), are reported. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction results show that [CrBr2(NCCH3)4](Br3) crystallizes in space group C2/m (No. 12) with a symmetric tribromide anion and the powder X-ray diffraction results show the high purity of the material specimen. X-ray photoelectron studies with a combination of magnetic measurements demonstrate that Cr adopts the 3+ oxidation state. Based on the Curie–Weiss analysis of magnetic susceptibility data, the Neel tem­per­ature is found to be around 2.2 K and the effective moment (μeff) of Cr3+ in [CrBr2(NCCH3)4](Br3) is ∼3.8 µB, which agrees with the theoretical value for Cr3+. The direct current magnetic susceptibility of the molecule shows a broad maximum at ∼2.3 K, which is consistent with the theoretical Neel tem­per­ature. The maximum tem­per­ature, however, shows no clear frequency dependence. Combined with the observed upturn in heat capacity below 2.3 K and the corresponding field dependence, it is speculated that the low-tem­per­ature magnetic feature of a broad transition in [CrBr2(NCCH3)4](Br3) could originate from a crossover from high spin to low spin for the split d orbital level low-lying states rather than a short-range ordering solely; this is also supported by the molecular orbital diagram obtained from theoretical calculations.
The co-construction of data in-time: collaborative pedagogical encounters of golf instructors and students with data

Data capture technologies are increasingly incorporated into teaching and learning settings in an effort to offer personalized learning opportunities. Despite the general enthusiasm for these initi...
An intersectional burden: Gender and sexual stigma against toms in Thailand.

Abstract Sexual stigma has deleterious effects on the health and wellbeing of sexual minority women. In low- and middle-income countries, theories and research on stigma against sexual minority women largely focus on sexuality-related stigma processes, such as internalized homophobia or perceived or enacted stigma due to sexual identity, attraction or practice. Yet, there is considerable gender diversity among sexual minority women. Further, sexuality and gender identity may intersect with broader gender inequalities to influence the experience of stigma among some groups. In this study, we conducted 21 qualitative life-history interviews with self-identified toms in Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, to evaluate whether and how gender identity, independent of and together with same-sex sexuality, influences experiences of stigma among gender non-conforming sexual minority women. We find that the pervasive experiences of stigma against toms derive as much from their assumed masculinity in Thai society, as from their same-sex sexuality. Notably, coercive feminization (attempts by others to orient toms toward sexual and gendered expectations of Thai femininity) and boundary policing (expressed hostility toward tom gender performance and sexual intimacy with feminine Thai women) were manifestations of concurrent gender non-conformity and sexual stigma, shaped in turn by the unique location of toms within the Thai gender/sex system. We propose that research and theories on stigma and health among sexual minorities systematically integrate a gender perspective, to elucidate the effects of gender identity and location within the gender structure on sexual minority experiences of stigma.
Evaluating Insomnia During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Most women (78%) report that their sleep is worse during pregnancy than at any other time in their lives (1). Reasons for poor sleep vary by trimester, but sleep problems begin early in the first trimester with complaints of urinary frequency as progesterone level rises and creatinine clearance increases (2– 4). Pregnant women who are obese are at higher risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The hypoxia associated with OSA may contribute to maternal hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Furthermore, women with snoring and daytime sleepiness are at higher risk for developing pre-eclampsia (5). Anemia associated with pregnancy places women at increased risk for restless legs syndrome (RLS), and insufficient amounts of sleep during the third trimester may place women at increased risk for longer labors and cesarean births (6).
Bacterial endocarditis related to cleaning and filling of teeth with particular reference to the inadequacy of present day knowledge and practice of antibiotic prophylaxis for all dental procedures.

Abstract Data are presented on five patients with bacterial endocarditis following dental procedures involving cleaning and/or filling of teeth (no extractions). Three patients subsequently died from complications. Str. viridans was cultured in four cases. Histories from 258 patients with rheumatic or congenital heart lesions revealed that only a minority was informed concerning the importance of prophylaxis prior to extractions, and in still fewer instances was there knowledge of its importance in relation to the cleaning and/or filling of teeth. The importance of the role of close cooperation of the physician, patient and dentist is stressed as a necessity in prevention of this aspect of heart disease.
The Ann Arbor Criteria for Appropriate Urinary Catheter Use in Hospitalized Medical Patients: Results Obtained by Using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method

Interventions to reduce urinary catheter use involve lists of "appropriate" indications developed from limited evidence without substantial multidisciplinary input. Implementing these lists, however, is challenging given broad interpretation of indications, such as "critical illness." To refine criteria for appropriate catheter use-defined as use in which benefits outweigh risks-the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was applied. After reviewing the literature, a 15-member multidisciplinary panel of physicians, nurses, and specialists in infection prevention rated scenarios for catheter use as appropriate, inappropriate, or of uncertain appropriateness by using a standardized, multiround rating process. The appropriateness of Foley catheters, intermittent straight catheters (ISCs), and external condom catheters for hospitalized adults on medical services was assessed in 299 scenarios, including urinary retention, incontinence, wounds, urine volume measurement, urine sample collection, and comfort. The scenarios included patient-specific issues, such as difficulty turning and catheter placement challenges. The panel rated 105 Foley scenarios (43 appropriate, 48 inappropriate, 14 uncertain), 97 ISC scenarios (15 appropriate, 66 inappropriate, 16 uncertain), and 97 external catheter scenarios (30 appropriate, 51 inappropriate, 16 uncertain). The refined criteria clarify that Foley catheters are appropriate for measuring and collecting urine only when fluid status or urine cannot be assessed by other means; specify that patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) need specific medical indications for catheters because ICU location alone is not an appropriate indication; and recognize that Foley and external catheters may be pragmatically appropriate to manage urinary incontinence in select patients. These new appropriateness criteria can inform large-scale collaborative and bedside efforts to reduce inappropriate urinary catheter use.
Synovial mast cells require C5a receptor (CD88) for arthritis induction

A critical role for mast cells in arthritis pathogenesis has been demonstrated in the K/BxN serum transfer mouse model; however, the mechanisms by which synovial mast cells are activated to induce arthritis remains unknown. Previous studies have demonstrated a requirement for both IgG Fc receptors and complement components (C3 and C5) as well as the receptor for the anaphylotoxin C5a (C5aR, CD88) in K/BxN serum transfer arthritis. Knowing that human synovial mast cells express CD88 while mast cells at other anatomic sites lack CD88 expression, we hypothesized that synovial mast cells may require activation via CD88 for arthritis induction in the K/BxN model. To test this hypothesis, we engrafted wild-type (C57BL/6 [B6]) and CD88-deficient (CD88-/-) bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) into mast cell-deficient W/Wv recipient mice. After allowing 10 weeks for engraftment, we challenged B6 and CD88-/-BMMC-engrafted W/Wv mice as well as control, non-engrafted W/Wv and wild-type mice with arthritogenic K/BxN serum. We find that CD88-/- BMMC-engrafted W/Wv mice clinically display resistance to arthritis induction equivalent to that seen in non-engrafted W/Wv mice, while B6 BMMC engraftment restores arthritis sensitivity to W/Wv mice. Histologic analyses confirm engraftment of mast cells in synovial and other tissues in CD88-/- BMMC-recipient W/Wv mice. These results demonstrate an in vivo requirement for CD88 expression by synovial mast cells for induction of inflammatory arthritis in the K/BxN arthritis model.
Genetic diversity of enzootic isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey.

Abstract The RNA genomes of 43 vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) isolates of the New Jersey (NJ) serotype were T1-ribonuclease fingerprinted to compare the extent of genetic diversity of virus from regions of epizootic and enzootic disease activity. Forty of these viruses were obtained from Central America during 1982 to 1985. The other three were older isolates, including a 1970 isolate from Culex nigripalpus mosquitos in Guatemala, a 1960 bovine isolate from Panama, and a 1976 isolate from mosquitos (Mansonia indubitans) in Ecuador. The data indicate that extensive genetic diversity exists among virus isolates from this predominantly enzootic disease zone. Six distinct T1 fingerprint groups were identified for the Central American VSV NJ isolates from 1982 to 1985. The 1960 VSV NJ isolate from Panama and the 1976 isolate from Ecuador formed two additional distinct fingerprint groups. This finding is in sharp contrast to the relatively close genetic relationship existing among VSV NJ isolates obtained from predominantly epizootic disease areas of the United States and Mexico during the same period (S. T. Nichol, J. Virol. 61:1029-1036, 1987). In this previous study, RNA genome T1 fingerprint differences were observed among isolates from different epizootics; however, the isolates were all clearly members of one large T1 fingerprint group. The eight T1 fingerprint groups described here for Central American and Ecuadorian viruses are distinct from those characterized earlier for virus isolates from the United States and Mexico and for the common laboratory virus strains Ogden and Hazelhurst. Despite being isolated 14 years earlier, the 1970 insect isolate from Guatemala is clearly a member of one of the 1982 to 1985 Central American virus fingerprint groups. This indicates that although virus genetic diversity in the region is extensive, under certain natural conditions particular virus genotypes can be relatively stably maintained for an extended period. The implications of these findings for the evolution of VSV NJ and epizootiology of the disease are discussed.
Heavy Metals or Punk Rocks

GEOLOGYMeeting the world's demand for metals such as copper and zinc may be aided by recent insights into the formation of ore deposits.
The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context

We examined implicit race biases in the decision to shoot potentially hostile targets in a multiethnic context. Results of two studies showed that college-aged participants and police officers showed anti-Black racial bias in their response times: they were quicker to correctly shoot armed Black targets and to indicate “don't shoot” for unarmed Latino, Asian, and White targets. In addition, police officers showed racial biases in response times toward Latinos versus Asians or Whites, and surprisingly, toward Whites versus Asians. Results also showed that the accuracy of decisions to shoot was higher for Black and Latino targets than for White and Asian targets. Finally, the degree of bias shown by police officers toward Blacks was related to contact, attitudes, and stereotypes. Overestimation of community violent crime correlated with greater bias toward Latinos but less toward Whites. Implications for police training to ameliorate biases are discussed.
A Theory of Strategic Oversight: Congress, Lobbyists, and the Bureaucracy

This article develops a formal model of interest groups and congressional control of the bureaucracy. It shows that, even when interest groups act strategically, lobbyists can facilitate Congress's oversight role. Our results indicate that lobbying can help reduce informational asymmetries between Congress and the bureaucracy, and that the mere threat of sounding a "fire alarm" can result in policy concessions for interest groups. We demonstrate that agencies often moderate their proposals to obtain interest-group support, that Interest groups will be truthful in their endorsements even with no explicit penalty for lying, and that lobbying can reduce the uncertainty surrounding policy outcomes. Moreover, when multiple interest groups lobby Congress, legislators make oversight decisions based on the range of moderate groups that support the agency's actions. Thus they can control administrative agencies by observing the dMding line between interest groups that support the agency's proposal and those that oppose it. Congressional control of the bureaucracy is at best imperfect. Agencies are better informed about the details of their policy areas, making it difficult for legislators to effectively oversee their actions. Congress employs a variety of mechanisms to monitor agency behavior: notice-and-comment rulemaking, reporting requirements, and budgetary hearings, to name just a few. To be effective, however, these direct controls require a considerable amount of time and resources. A second method by which legislators can reduce informational asymmetries is to rely on outside interests to evaluate proposed agency actions. But lobbying groups will offer advice only to promote their own concerns. The question is whether interest groups, acting strategically, can help Congress control the bureaucracy.
High level of genetic variability among commercially available “inbred” Mongolian gerbils

Adult MON/Tum and Tum:(MON) gerbils were grafted with sibling ear skin of the same sex to assess the degree of homogeneity within strains. Similar percentages of the MON/Tum and Tum:(MON) strain grafts were rejected in less than 200 days (55.3 percent and 66.7 percent, respectively). This was a surprising finding since the breeder claims the Tum:(MON) strain is random bred and the MON/Tum strain is inbred and has been brother-sister mated for more than 20 consecutive generations. The median survival times of rejected grafts were similar for both strains.
Vertex operator algebras and operads

The notion of vertex operator algebra arose in the vertex operator construction of the Monster (see [FLM1], [B1] and [FLM2]). The algebraic theory of vertex operator algebras provides deep conceptual understanding of many (but not yet all) of the phenomena of monstrous moonshine (see [CN]) and at the same time establishes a solid foundation for the algebraic aspects of conformai field theory.
Asymptomatic Chronic Hepatitis: Correlation between isolated serum transaminase abnormality and liver biopsy

Prolonged elevation of serum transaminase was correlated with liver biopsy findings in 12 asymptomatic subjects followed 9 months to 7.5 years after clinical recovery from hepatitis. Transmission of hepatitis was by parenteral route in 8 of the 12 subjects, including narcotics use in 4. Minimal bromsulfalein retention was present in 4 subjects. Mild portal triad inflammation with mononuclear cells was found in all subjects and was associated with slight parenchymal necrosis in 4. Restriction of activity or a trial of corticosteroid therapy failed to influence transaminase levels, which fluctuated between normal and abnormal in 7 subjects and eventually returned to normal in 1. The data suggest that isolated elevation of transaminase in asymptomatic persons after recovery from hepatitis may be associated with portal triaditis, indicative of incomplete healing. The ultimate prognosis for complete recovery is uncertain in the absence of further observations.
Sectarian Religion and Political Action in China

Why were religious sects in China so often associated with political violence? From the Five Pecks of Rice sect at the end of the Han to the Boxers and Red Spears in the twentieth century, the Chinese authorities have blamed "heterodox" religious ideologies for inciting people to act against the government. The authorities often repressed even sects that never engaged in violent opposition to the government. The Luo Sect, for example, which was popular among canal men during the Ming and Qing dynasties, was persecuted in spite of its generally pacific behavior (Overmyer, 1978; Kelley, 1981). The Yiguan Dao in Taiwan today is similarly illegal, although it carries on no political activities (Jordan, 1978; see also Jordan's article in this issue). Why did the government shun even nonpolitical religious sects so strongly? Overmyer (1976: 4) argues that sectarian violence, when it occurred, was based on sectarian ideology-destruction of the state is one way for people to express their eschatological dream
The Use of Computer-Based Marketing Cases in Introductory and Advanced Marketing Management Courses

Use of marketing cases with an accompanying computer analysis package is becoming more prevalent in marketing courses. Many advantages and teaching pitfalls accrue to the use of such cases. This article discusses these advantages and pitfalls and presents the results of a study of student reactions to one such case in introductory and advanced marketing courses.
Bladder Exstrophy: Evaluation of Factors Leading to Continence With Spontaneous Voiding After Staged Reconstruction

AbstractPurpose: We performed a long-term retrospective review of patients with bladder exstrophy to evaluate the results of staged surgical reconstruction in regard to urinary continence, spontaneous voiding and preservation of the upper urinary tract.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of 42 boys and 15 girls treated at Hopital St. Joseph for bladder exstrophy between 1965 and 1995. All patients underwent staged repair, including bladder augmentation in 7 (12%) and secondary urinary diversion in 13 (23%). Criteria for good outcome in terms of continence are defined and factors influencing outcomes are reviewed.Results: A total of 38 patients (67%) achieved good or acceptable urinary continence (22 or 39% and 16 or 28%, respectively). Outcome was poor in 19 patients, including 13 (23%) who underwent secondary urinary diversion. Bladder stones, which developed in 13 patients (23%), were the most common long-term complication of bladder exstrophy reconstruction. Ten patients who underwent pelvic ...
Development of a Regionalized, Comprehensive Care Network for Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease to Improve Access to Care in a Rural State

Sickle cell disease (SCD), an inherited group of blood disorders, is a major public health problem worldwide. Patients experience severe anemia, increased risk of life-threatening infections, painful crisis, and chronic organ damage. Access to comprehensive care for SCD is known to improve outcomes; however, it is only reported from large urban centers serving one metropolitan area. Alabama, US, is a largely rural state with a significant number of children born each year with SCD. Prior to the development of our regional clinic network, the Children and Youth Sickle Network (CYSNSM), 50% of patients identified by newborn screening were not enrolled in comprehensive sickle cell care. The majority of non-enrolled patients lived in southern Alabama. Rural areas in this region are particularly plagued by poverty and poor access to healthcare. Life expectancy is equivalent to residents of Sri Lanka. This area has 15.7 doctors/10 000 residents compared with the statewide ratio of 41.9 doctors/10 000 residents.
Awareness of heart activity and self-control of heart rate.

Ss, high and low in awareness of heart functioning as determined by scores on the heart functioning items of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ), were given 10 trials each on which they were to raise or lower their heart rate (HR) using continuous proportional visual feedback. Low aware Ss successfully raised and lowered their HRs on command whereas high aware Ss were not able to make significant alterations in their HRs.
The Thermal Interaction between the Atmosphere and the Earth and Propagation of Diurnal Temperature Waves

Abstract The thermal interaction between the atmosphere and the underlying earth, as related to the diurnal heat wave, is investigated through the use of a modified virtual conduction model in which the influences of turbulence and thermal convection are simulated by diffusion while the influence of terrestrial radiation is approximated partly by diffusion and partly by a Newtonian cooling, the ratio between the two parts increasing from summer to winter. The virtual thermal diffusivity is assumed to vary both in time and in space in order to represent the various physical processes involved in accomplishing the actual heat transfer. It is shown that a mean upward transport of heat is maintained through the diurnal variation of the transfer process although the mean lapse rate is stable, thereby removing a long-standing difficulty in evalutating the turbulent heat flux from the mean potential temperature distribution. The solar energy received at the surface is found to be partitioned into the two media a...
Sex Ratio and the Infection Process in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Are Males the Colonizing Sex?

Abstract In laboratory assays, male infective juveniles of some species of entomopathogenic nematodes in the genusSteinernemadiffer from females in their tendency to disperse and in their responses to the volatile cues emitted by parasitized and nonparasitized insects. These differences suggest that male infective juveniles might locate and establish in insect hosts before females, and that infection by males might render hosts suitable for nematode development and more attractive to females: “the male colonization hypothesis.” We tested this hypothesis in laboratory experiments in which larvae of the greater wax moth,Galleria mellonella(L.), were exposed to infective juveniles ofS. glaseri(Steiner) (NC strain) in sand columns for various periods of time. The hosts were dissected to determine the sex ratio of the adult nematodes that became established. We found that infective juveniles entered hosts over periods of up to at least 14 h, and that sex ratios varied among experiments. However, there were no temporal differences in colonization by males and females during the infection process: the proportion of males in host cadavers was not related to exposure time or to the total number of nematodes in host cadavers. This result is inconsistent with the male colonization hypothesis. We conclude that differential colonization of hosts over time by males and females either does not occur inS. glaseri,or occurs only rarely or under conditions differing from ours, or occurs to such a small extent that it is difficult to detect. InS. glaseri,male infective juveniles tend to emerge from host cadavers before females. This might give males an advantage over females in locating new hosts following a natural emergence. Nonetheless, to date, males have not been shown to colonize hosts before females in any steinernematid species.
Non-yrast states in even-even Ru-98

The structure of /sup 98/Ru was studied using the /sup 97/Mo(/sup 3/He,2n..gamma..) /sup 98/Ru reaction, which populated many non-yrast states that had not been observed previously. The experiments included ..gamma..-ray excitation functions, angular distributions, linear polarizations, and ..gamma..-..gamma.. coincidences. It is shown that low-lying non-yrast states in this transitional nucleus can be described in a rotational framework without using a vibrational degree of freedom. The interpretation used a model with two quasiparticles coupled to a symmetric rotor. A surface-delta residual interaction was included.
College men's and women's reactions to hypothetical sexual touch varied by initiator gender and coercion level

A sample of 152 men and 152 women (mostly Caucasian) rated their reactions to a vignette in which the subjects were to imagine receiving an uninvited genital touch from a college acquaintance. The vignette was varied so that the acquaintance was of the opposite or the same gender as the subject, and the touch was either gentle or forceful. Results indicated that women anticipated strong negative effects from receiving opposite- or same-gender touch, whether gentle or forceful. Men anticipated almost no negative effects from either a gentle or forceful touch from a female acquaintance, but expected strong negative effects from a gentle or forceful touch from a male acquaintance. Regression analyses revealed that women's reactions to opposite-gender touch were mediated by beliefs in a male norm promoting casual sex, and feelings of violation and fear of harm. Men's reactions to opposite-gender touch were influenced by feelings related to sexual arousal. Men and women's reactions to same-gender touch were related to feelings of violation and harm.
COTS BGA Thermal Fatigue Test for Avionics Applications

The objectives of the present studies are to design and test representative commercial off-the-shelf plastic encapsulated microcircuits, including various types of ball grid array (BGA) components, chip scale package, and flip chip over military thermal environment. The approach is to demonstrate the solder joint reliability performance of these components through the design of an electrical daisy-chain pattern printed wiring board (PWB) assembly test vehicle (TV), in which the design and manufacturing variables are included. The variables, including the types of PWBs, conformal coating, and BGA underfilled materials, with each having either two or three levels of variation are used to address test criteria and to construct 12 different types of TV configurations. All TV configurations are then subjected to temperature cycling tests (−55°C to +125°C) while continuously monitoring solder joint integrity. Based on the measured results, a destructive physical analysis is then conducted to further isolate the failure locations and determine the failure mechanisms of the solder joints. Based on the lesson-learned from the above TV, a second TV (defined as TV2) has been designed, constructed and tested. The four selected parameters in TV2 are BGA under-fill materials, conformal coating, solder pad sizes on PWB, and BGA rework, with each also having either two or three levels of variation. Test results from these two groups of TVs indicate that the influence of these design and manufacturing parameters on fatigue life is dependent on the particular package, in some instances improving the fatigue life tenfold. All these test results are recommended to be used for calibrating BGA solder joint thermal fatigue life prediction models, which will be presented in other publications.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
P-SORPTION CAPACITY ESTIMATION IN SOUTHEASTERN USA WETLAND SOILS USING VISIBLE/NEAR INFRARED (VNIR) REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) is frequently the limiting nutrient in aquatic ecosystems, so wetland P attenuation is of particular landscape importance. Providing reliable knowledge about the capacity of wetlands to provide P sequestration is limited by knowledge of soil sorption capacities. We examined P-sorption in wetland soils using samples (n = 326) collected from 171 wetlands across three southeastern ecoregions, stratifying by land use intensity (reference vs. impacted), vegetation (forested vs. herbaceous), and hydrologic setting (riverine vs. non-riverine). Single-point isotherm values ranged from −73 to 990 mg P kg−1 (mean = 462.7 ± 295.2 mg P kg−1). Using a mixed-effects ANOVA, no significant P-sorption differences were observed for vegetation or condition, and only a moderate effect of hydrology (p = 0.01). We observed a strong ecoregion effect (Regions IX ≈ XIV ; XII; p < 0.001) and a strong interaction between ecoregion and condition (p < 0.001). Site-level and within-site random effects wer...
Finite sums from sequences within cells of a partition of N

Abstract The principal result of this paper establishes the validity of a conjecture by Graham and Rothschild. This states that, if the natural numbers are divided into two classes, then there is a sequence drawn from one of those classes such that all finite sums of distinct members of that sequence remain in the same class.
Influence of hydrogen on the low temperature heat capacity of lutetium-rich lutetium-hydrogen alloys

The low temperature (1–20K) heat capacity results of lutetium containing up to 15.5 at.%H in solid solution were measured. In alloys containing between 0.1 and <3.0 at.%H a low temperature anomaly was observed in the C/T vs. T2 plots below 2.5K, but alloys containing 3.0 or more at.% H were linear down to the lowest temperature measured. The electronic specific heat constant, γ, initially increased by ∼35% when 1.5 at.% H was added, and then γ decreased at higher hydrogen concentrations. The Debye temperature, θD, may also show a similar variation. These anomalous behaviors are thought to be due to hydrogen tunneling.
EXISTENCE OF IDEAL KNOTS

Ideal knots are curves are that maximize the scale invariant ratio of thickness to length. Here we present a simple argument to establish the existence of ideal knots for each knot type and each isotopy class and show that they are C1,1 curves.
Determination of Slot Dimensions of Double Squirrel-Cage and Deep-Bar Rotors

This paper deals with the determination of slot dimensions in double squirrel-cage and deep-bar rotors of a three phase induction motor. For a designed stator, the slot dimensions can be determined from the starting torque, starting current (or breakdown torque) and nominal slip.