cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is seismic sedimentology? A tutorial

AbstractI have developed an alternative narrative of seismic sedimentology from a geologist’s perspective. Seismic sedimentology is a high-resolution supplement for traditional, low-resolution seis...
A Repurposed Drug for Brain Cancer: Enhanced Atovaquone Amorphous Solid Dispersion by Combining a Spontaneously Emulsifying Component with a Polymer Carrier

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal central nervous system tumor. Recently, atovaquone has shown inhibition of signal transducer and activator transcription 3, a promising target for GBM therapy. However, it is currently unable to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations in the brain with the currently reported and marketed formulations. The present study sought to explore the efficacy of atovaquone against GBM as well as develop a formulation of atovaquone that would improve oral bioavailability, resulting in higher amounts of drug delivered to the brain. Atovaquone was formulated as an amorphous solid dispersion using an optimized formulation containing a polymer and a spontaneously emulsifying component (SEC) with greatly improved wetting, disintegration, dispersibility, and dissolution properties. Atovaquone demonstrated cytotoxicity against GBM cell lines as well as provided a confirmed target for atovaquone brain concentrations in in vitro cell viability studies. This new formulation approach was then assessed in a proof-of-concept in vivo exposure study. Based on these results, the enhanced amorphous solid dispersion is promising for providing therapeutically effective brain levels of atovaquone for the treatment of GBM.
Frequently reported activities by intensity for U.S. adults: the American Time Use Survey.

Background Knowing the most-frequently reported physical activities can inform intervention strategies, enhance questionnaire design, and inform objective monitor calibration studies. Purpose To determine the 10 most-frequently reported nonwork and nonsleep activities by intensity (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous) in American Time Use Survey (ATUS) adult respondents. Methods The ATUS is a nationally representative telephone-based survey that captures activities that people recall doing during the preceding 24 hours. ATUS databases from 2003 to 2008 were combined and matched to previously published MET intensity values. Prevalences were rank ordered by weighted frequency within MET-defined intensity categories. Analyses took place in spring 2010. Results Data from 79,652 ATUS respondents, all aged ≥20 years, were considered. Overall, the most-frequently reported nonwork, nonsleep sedentary (1.0≤MET Conclusions On any given day, most U.S. adults reported performing predominantly sedentary and light activities. The greatest prevalence for reported moderate activities was food and drink preparation for both men (12.8%) and women (37.63%), and overall only 5.07% report any vigorous-intensity activity.
TRPV1 as a molecular transducer for salt and water homeostasis

The transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels was first characterized in Drosophila, where the trp gene was found to be required for visual transduction in a phospholipase C (PLC) dependent process.1 This was the first of what is now a superfamily of TRP channels that is composed of 39 channel subunit genes divided into 7 subfamilies.2 These subfamilies include TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPML (mucolipin), TRPA (ankyrin), TRPP (polycystin), and TRPN (NOMP). While each subfamily has at least one vertebrate representative, all but TRPN can claim a mammalian representative.1,3 In general, the TRP superfamily of ion channels represents a diverse set of proteins whose main function is the regulation of the plasma membrane’s ion permeability.4 All TRP channels bear some level of sequence homology, cation selectivity, and basic channel architecture. This basic subunit consists of six transmembrane (TM) domains with a pore domain between the fifth (S5) and sixth (S6) domains. A seventh N-terminal hydrophobic domain (h1) has been predicted by hydropathy analysis to be present in many TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPML, and TRPP family members.2 Like voltage-gated K+ channels, it is likely that TRP channels homoor heterotetramerize into channel complexes. The subunit composition of the resulting TRP channel may directly influence its biophysical and regulatory properties.5 Together, the TRP channels regulate a wide variety of physiological functions. Their main importance is in sensory physiology, playing roles in smell, taste, vision, hearing, mechanosensation, and thermosensation. TRP channel functions are most certainly not limited to sensation, however. Indeed there is remarkable diversity in function even within a given subfamily. TRPC family channels have been implicated in functions as wide ranging as the acrosome reaction (TRPC2)
A PostScript® tutorial: tutorial presentation

When John Warnock and Chuck Geschke founded Adobe Systems in 1982, they undertook the design of the PostScript programming language --- an outgrowth of Warnockand others' 1976 research project exploring the use of an interpreted language to build large graphical data bases and Warnock's later work related to printing and graphical arts. In 1985 PostScript was used as the page description language (PDL) in the Apple LaserWriter, successfully competing against PDLs developed by HP, Xerox, and IBM to become the de-facto standard.
Sexual Compliance: Examining the Relationships Among Sexual Want, Sexual Consent, and Sexual Assertiveness

Unwanted sexual encounters include a broad spectrum of behaviors that may include everything from regretted or coerced sex to sexual assault and rape. Sadly, experience with unwanted sex is all too common among college aged women. A number of factors have been examined in the context of sexual interactions in this population including relationship status, sexual want, sexual assertiveness, and sexual consent. However, research to date lacks analyses which consider the potentially interactive nature of the aforementioned variables in sexual decision making. To that end, the present study examined the role of relationship status, sexual want, and sexual assertiveness on self-report consent in a sexual encounter. Female undergraduate students (N = 319) self-reported on their relationship status, as well as their sexual want (desire to engage in sexual activity), sexual assertiveness, and sexual consent behaviors within the context of their most recent sexual experience. A moderated multiple regression was conducted to determine whether sexual assertiveness moderated self-reported sexual want and consent. Relationship status was included as the primary predictor in the aforementioned model. The overall model was significant, indicating an interaction model of sexual decision-making. Generally, women displayed increased sexual consent behavior as sexual want increased across levels of sexual assertiveness, regardless of relationship status. Importantly, women low in sexual assertiveness were high in sexual compliance (i.e. consenting to/engaging in sexual activity even when self-reported sexual want was low).
Metal Coordinated Poly-Zinc-Liothyronine Provides Stable Circulating Triiodothyronine Levels in Hypothyroid Rats.

Background: Liothyronine (LT3) has limited short-term clinical applications, all of which aim at suppressing thyrotropin (TSH) secretion. A more controversial application is chronic administration ...
Lessons Learned About Barriers to Implementing School-Based Interventions for Adolescents: Ideas for Enhancing Future Research and Clinical Projects.

Abstract The majority of youth with mental health problems do not receive treatment, highlighting the critical need to transport evidence-based interventions into community settings, such as schools. Despite being able to reach a large number of adolescents and minority youth, the process of implementing evidence-based interventions to schools is challenging. This paper discusses some expected and unexpected challenges experienced during the implementation of an open trial and a pilot randomized controlled trial examining the acceptability and effectiveness of a school-based preventive intervention for adolescents at risk for internalizing disorders. First, we highlight key programs and findings on preventive interventions for adolescents at risk for depression and anxiety. Next, we provide a brief overview of the preventive intervention we implemented in schools. This provides a context for the section that describes implementation issues and highlights specific challenges and potential solutions for intervention implementation. Finally, the paper offers recommendations for researchers and clinicians interested in implementing school-based mental health services for adolescents.
Event-Based Communication Strategy for Collaborative Navigation with Signals of Opportunity

An event-based communication strategy for collaborative navigation with signals of opportunity (SOPs) is developed. The following problem is considered. Multiple vehicles draw pseudorange measurements from ambient terrestrial SOPs. The vehicles transmit to each other a packet containing pseudoranges to SOPs, in order to collaboratively estimate the vehicles’ and SOPs’ states. Instead of transmitting this at a fixed communication rate, an event-based strategy is developed to communicate this packet, where the communication event is triggered whenever the maximum position error could violate a desired threshold by a user-specified probability. Simulation results are presented for an environment with four unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and six SOPs, demonstrating an 86.2% reduction in the cumulative communicated data over a fixed-rate strategy. Experimental results with 2 UAVs and 3 SOPs are shown to reduce the cumulative communicated data by 10.3%.
Neocolonial Mind Snatching: Sylvia Wynter and the Curriculum of "Man".

AbstractIn her scholarship of the past five decades, Sylvia Wynter has woven a critique of education in Caribbean, European, African, and American societies. In addition, her work demonstrates how ...
Evidence that the TRPV1 S1-S4 Membrane Domain Contributes to Thermosensing

Abstract Sensing and responding to temperature is crucial in biology. The TRPV1 ion channel is a well-studied heat-sensing receptor that is also activated by vanilloid compounds including capsaicin. Despite significant interest, the molecular underpinnings of thermosensing have remained elusive. The TRPV1 S1-S4 membrane domain couples chemical ligand binding to the pore domain during channel gating. However, the role of the S1-S4 domain in thermosensing is unclear. Evaluation of the isolated human TRPV1 S1-S4 domain by solution NMR, Far-UV CD, and intrinsic fluorescence shows that this domain undergoes a non-denaturing temperature-dependent transition with a high thermosensitivity. Further NMR characterization of the temperature-dependent conformational changes suggests the contribution of the S1-S4 domain to thermosensing shares features with known coupling mechanisms between this domain with ligand and pH activation. Taken together, this study shows that the TRPV1 S1-S4 domain contributes to TRPV1 temperature-dependent activation.
Revisiting the physiology of nausea and vomiting-challenging the paradigm.

The predominant neurotransmitters and receptors for acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are represented in the current paradigm, which reflects successful control of emesis. However, control of nausea (N) lags behind management of vomiting (V). This review aims to re-examine and incorporate new information about the mechanisms of V and N. The initial literature search focused on CINV. Keywords in articles led to subsequent discovery of publications focused on NV interventions for nausea could be considered adjuvants to current standard of care antiemetics and be individualized, depending on patient-reported efficacy and adverse effects and preferences.
A Christian Habitus

What is the relationship between preaching and living the Gospel? It is within the daily habits of those attempting to live out the Gospel together that preaching becomes intelligible and applicable. Sound preaching alone will fail to produce a transformed people whose lives reflect the teachings of scripture. This paper brings together the linguistic philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the theological anthropology of James K. A. Smith in order to develop an affective pedagogy that takes seriously the socially dependent nature of human persons. The social account of language proposed in the later Wittgenstein suggests that the meaning of concepts arises amongst pre-linguistic, embodied, communal practices. Theological language cannot be detached from its concrete expressions in the world because its meaning is dependent upon a communal form of life in which those concepts make sense. James K. A. Smith builds upon this pragmatist tradition to present a theory of doctrine and preaching grounded in liturgical practices that does justice to human physicality and characterizes all human practices, religious or otherwise, as structures of habitual formation with particular teloi. The Gospel, then, is not just a truth we learn to believe but a way of life that we come to embody contra competing “cultural liturgies.”
La reconstrucción multifacética de la mujer en la obra performativa Those Were the Days de Rosina Conde

Hoy muchos artistas se han sentido limitados por la autobiografia escrita y buscan distintas formas de expresion. Para poder conseguir una expresion distinta y deseable, las mujeres han comenzado a experimentar con la autobiografia performativa, que les brinda un espacio artistico con nuevas alternativas y opciones para la expresion artistica. Este ensayo analiza la obra performativa Those were the Days de Rosina Conde, en donde se hace uso de distintos recursos artisticos para poder reconstruir una etapa previa de su vida en la decada de los setenta. Las voces femeninas que la autora crea en esta pieza performativa muestran a una mujer que trasciende los estereotipos de la mujer mexicana y su lucha por tener presencia en nuevos horizontes artisticos.
Healthy Immigrants? Exploring Depressive Symptoms Among Caribbean and Mexican Immigrants.

Are there disparities in depressive symptoms among immigrant groups from different countries? With data from the New Immigrant Survey (2003), which includes immigrants from Mexico, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Jamaica, this paper examines the odds of depressive symptoms using a series of logistic regression analyses. It draws on segmented assimilation and the cumulative inequality theories to understand and explicate the extent to which immigrants’ demographic characteristics, pre-immigration experiences, and acculturation in the USA might have an impact on immigrants’ mental health outcomes. Being from Haiti; Dominican Republic; Cuba; and a woman, with unfavorable childhood health, and migrated at an early age were statistically significant predictors of depressive symptoms. Compared to Mexican immigrants, Cuban and Dominican immigrants reported higher odds of depressive symptoms, controlling for gender, age, education, and pre-immigration experiences. By contrast, Haitian and Jamaican immigrants reported lower odds of depressive symptoms. Female immigrants had higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms compared to their male counterparts. Relative to immigrants with good childhood health, those with unfavorable childhood health had higher odds of reporting worse health outcomes. In the logistic regression models, immigrants who migrated at older age reported lower odds of depressive symptoms. By shedding light on the health status of understudied Caribbean immigrant groups in comparison with Mexican immigrants, this study challenges the healthy migrant effect and serves as a starting point to guide policies that aim at decreasing health disparities among different immigrant groups.
An Exploration of the Role of Student Empathy in Engineering Design Education

Empathy has proven to be an effective driver of design outcomes and thus is seen as a core constituent of engineering design education. While prior work underscores the importance of empathy in engineering and identifies the factors that lead students to become more empathic, many studies have relied on students’ perceptions of their empathy and most were conducted as controlled experimental workshops. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to identify the factors that contribute to the building of empathy in engineering design education and the subsequent impact on engineering design performance. This goal will be achieved through a longitudinal study with 103 first-year engineering design students that aims to identify the predictive validity of students’ individual traits on empathy development, understand the relationship between empathy development and students’ design performance, and investigate the impact of team composition on team empathy development. The results from this research would better inform pedagogical interventions aimed at empathy development.
Inflow Cannula Position Influences Improvement in Mitral Regurgitation After Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Significant residual mitral regurgitation (MR) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The effect of cannula position on improvement of preexisting MR has yet to be evaluated. Consecutive patients who underwent centrifugal LVAD implantation with >mild preoperative MR and without concomitant mitral repair were reviewed. Left ventricular assist device position was determined by the angle between actual and ideal inflow cannula on computed tomography. The magnitudes of angles (anterior and lateral angle) were added to form an LVAD position assessment (LVADpa). Mitral regurgitation was numerically classified, and improvement in MR was determined by difference in MR preoperatively to MR >1 month postoperatively with a median of 162 (interquartile range: 78-218) days. The primary analysis examined the relationship between LVADpa and postoperative MR. Forty-one patients were identified with >mild preoperative functional MR. Mean age was 51 ± 13 years with an ejection fraction of 16 ± 4%. Overall, MR improved from moderate-severe preoperatively to mild postoperatively (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, higher LVADpa deviation was associated with greater postoperative MR (odds ratio [OR] = 2.29, p = 0.005) and higher 1-month pulsatility index was associated with lower postoperative MR (OR = 0.47, p = 0.011). Inflow cannula position during centrifugal LVAD implantation is an important determinant of postoperative MR.
Burn Prevention in the Elderly: Identifying Age and Gender Differences in Consumer Products Associated With Burn Injuries

Elderly suffer worse outcomes from burns; thus, it is important to identify causes of burns in the elderly to develop burn prevention campaigns. We performed a 10-year review of burns that were registered in the NEISS database. We included patients ≥65 years old and analyzed the top five products that caused burn injury. Adults 65-74 years old, hot water was the most common burn. Women suffered more burns by candles and cookware. Heaters/heating systems and gasoline were top five causes of burns in only men. For 75-84 years old, the most common burn was from hot water in women and gasoline in men. For women, the top five included candles, night wear, and cookware. Only men suffered gasoline burns. The majority of day wear, home/room fire, and ranges/ovens caused burns occurred in men. Adults ≥85 years old, hot water was the most common cause of burns. The majority of burns from hot water, ranges/ovens, electric heating pads, and bathtubs/showers occurred in women. For men, gasoline was again among the top five products causing burns. For the elderly, hot water is the most common cause of burns. For women burns are associated with cooking and candles. For men, burns from gasoline, structural fires, and heaters are more prevalent. This data can be used to develop age and gender specific prevention campaigns to reduce the risk of burn injury.
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Chromium (VI) Levels in Varying Arizona County Water Samples used to Determine which County Water Contains the Most Toxicity when Introduced to Yeast

This study analyzed the Chromium (VI) levels present in three Arizona counties tap water, as represented by the major universities residing within them. Each sample was surveyed using spectrophotometry to determine the contaminant levels of Cr(VI) in the water. Introduction to the yeast strain BY4742 was observed to determine whether the contaminated water dampened culture growth. When compared to the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 0.1 mg/L set by the EPA, Maricopa County contained 14x the amount allowable at 1.4 mg/L. The samples collected for Coconino County and Pima County also displayed contaminant levels higher than the set MCL at 0.3 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. Data collected on yeast growth illustrated that Maricopa County was also the most hindering on yeast growth at an average cell count of 97. However, the chosen yeast strain also demonstrated an apparent resistance to Cr(VI) with an average cell count of 120 cells in the Cr(VI) plate. Due to this strains survival in Cr(VI) contaminated water, our initial hypothesis was rejected. Possible generational studies can be done to observe the toxic effects higher levels of Cr(VI) in drinking water have with regard to organismal growth hindrance and accumulation of the element leading to carcinogenic properties. Additional analysis on what other contaminants lie within Arizona counties can be performed, as well.
Laser-driven plasma sources of intense, ultrafast, and coherent radiation

High-power lasers can deliver extreme light intensities, but avoiding damage in optical components requires large beam sizes, hindering further advances. The use of plasma as a medium for generating and manipulating light avoids the damage thresholds of solid materials and can support extraordinarily bright radiation. We discuss here how parametric plasma amplification and relativistic high-order harmonic generation offer paths to the development of light sources with peak powers beyond the capabilities of solid-state optics.
The effect of the lone parent household on cardiovascular health (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2016).

Study objective Single parenthood is associated with adverse health outcomes. How cardiovascular risk differs by parenthood status has had limited study. We hypothesized that single parents would have worse cardiovascular risk profiles compared to those in partnered-parent households. Design We compared associations of parenthood status and the American Heart Association's Life Simple 7 (LS7), an established metric measuring modifiable components of cardiovascular health (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, diet, cholesterol, glycohemoglobin, and blood pressure) in multivariable-adjusted models. Participants We selected adults (age ≥ 25) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-16 cycle. We defined single parenthood as reporting a child <18 years residing in the home and marital status other than married or living with partner. Main outcome measures LS7, continuous (range 0-14) and categorized as poor (0-4), intermediate (5-9), or ideal (10-14). Results In total, 2180 NHANES participants identified as parents and 1782 (82%) had complete LS7 scores. Of these, 462 identified as single parents, of whom 356 (74.9%) were women. Single parents were more likely to smoke, have poor physical activity, and have high blood pressure (p < 0.01) than partnered parents. Single parents had 1.3-fold greater likelihood of poor cardiovascular health compared with partnered parents, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, health insurance, healthcare access, poverty index, educational attainment and number of children (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.71). Conclusions We identified an association between single parenthood and adverse cardiovascular health. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering household composition in risk assessment and cardiovascular disease prevention.
A Clinico-Pathologic Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Pericardial Tumors.

Tumors of the pericardium are rare, but a wide variety of congenital, infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes have been reported. Pericardial tumors can be categorized as non-neoplastic or neoplastic. Neoplastic lesions can be further divided into benign or malignant, with malignancies being either primary or secondary (metastatic). Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of the most common entities are discussed. Metastatic neoplasms involving the heart and pericardium are far more common than primary pericardial neoplasms. Of primary pericardial malignancies, mesothelioma is the most common; notably, cytology of effusion fluid is relatively insensitive to the diagnosis. The prognosis for most malignancies of the pericardium, primary or secondary, is poor. Increasingly, clinically recognized diseases that involve the pericardium include Erdheim-Chester and IgG4-related disease. This article provides a comprehensive review of the most recent literature to develop a structured framework to the differential diagnosis of pericardial tumors.
Using Evolutionary Biology in the Medical Sciences

Applying evolutionary thinking to medical practice can lead to unraveling ultimate causes of disease and in improving diagnostics and therapies. Genetic variation is central: adaptations evolve by natural selection of inherited differences linked to survival and reproduction. Thus we may ask why diseases persist. Genetic diseases recur because long-term population size and histories of selection influence the number of disease-causing mutations patients carry. Individuals present different symptoms because mutations interact with environmental and genetic backgrounds. Some diseases like diabetes and hypertension persist because of mismatches between previous adaptation and modern environments. For infectious diseases, rapid evolution in microbes underlies the drug resistance blocking improvement of public health and prevents design of vaccines with long-lasting protection against human-adapted pathogens like influenza and malaria. A key is that diseases represent convergence of several evolutionary histories: the patient's legacy of inherited mutations and adaptations, and the microbes' history of infection, pathogenicity and transmission. Key Concepts Evolutionary thinking in medicine distinguishes between proximate and ultimate evolutionary causes of disease. Mutations that cause disease in modern times may have been adaptive in the past, and thus produce traits that are maladaptive (mismatched) in modern environments. Early developmental problems may lead to disease in adults because of trade-offs in early versus late life history traits. Weak selection on diseases related to ageing explains their persistence in modern times especially as post-reproductive longevity increases. The evolutionary potential of microbes ensures that infectious diseases will evade therapies and vaccines in the future. Disease symptoms may represent adaptations to slow pathogen reproduction, so treating symptoms may prolong the course of infections and opportunities for pathogen transmission. The evolutionary potential of microbes makes it likely that new diseases will continue to emerge from reservoirs in wild animal populations. Medical research on therapies and diagnostics depends on testing animals most closely related and thus most similar to humans. Individual patients’ presentation of disease will depend on complex interactions at the convergence of patients’ genetic legacies, the evolutionary history of pathogens to which they are exposed, and the environmental context where the patients and pathogens meet. Keywords: environmental mismatch; fitness trade-off; genetic disease; infectious disease; natural selection; pathogen evolution
Cheap talk on the web : the determinants of postings on stock message boards

This paper examines the cross-sectional and time-series determinants of message-posting volume on stock message boards on the Web. I test whether variation in message-posting volume is just noise or is related to underlying firm characteristics and stock market activity. Using a sample of over 3,000 stocks listed on Yahoo! message boards, I find that cumulative posting volume is, on average, highest for firms with extreme past returns and accounting performance, high market capitalization, high price-earnings and market-to-book ratios, high volatility and trading volume, high analyst following and low institutional holdings. Changes in daily posting volume are associated with earnings-announcement events and daily changes in stock trading volume and returns. Overnight message-posting volume is found to predict changes in next day stock trading volume and returns. Rational and behavioral explanations for the observed pattern in message-posting activity are discussed.
Blood phosphatase in pregnancy

Abstract 1.1. Blood phosphatase determinations were done on 201 cases of normal pregnancies representing all of the months of gestation. 2.2. The average blood phosphatase values were found to be definitely higher than normal in the last two months of pregnancy and during labor. 3.3. Relatively low phosphatase levels were found in a small number of determinations in cord blood. 4.4. There was no significant relationship observed between the blood phosphatase levels and the sex of the newborn or the season of the year of their birth. 5.5. The possibility that the blood phosphatase levels may reflect normal or early abnormal phases of bone metabolism in the mother or fetus is discussed.
THE IMMIGRATION PENALTIES OF CRIMINAL CONVICTIONS: RESURRECTING CATEGORICAL ANALYSIS IN IMMIGRATION LAW

For over a century, immigrants have faced adverse immigration consequences if convicted of certain types of offenses in criminal court. Many types of criminal convictions carry severe immigration penalties, including deportation, detention, and the denial of status like asylum or U.S. citizenship. The Supreme Court recently recognized that these penalties are so intimately tied to criminal court adjudications that criminal defense attorneys have a duty to advise noncitizen defendants of the immigration consequences of their guilty pleas in criminal court. Yet there is little clarity as to how one determines whether a particular conviction triggers an immigration penalty. Historically, courts have applied a categorical analysis for assessing the immigration consequences of a criminal conviction. Under a categorical analysis, an immigration official determines the penalties based on an assessment of the statutory definition of the offense, not the factual circumstances of the crime. However, recent Supreme Court, federal court, and agency decisions have ignored this longstanding analysis and have instead examined these issues through the lens of Taylor v. United States, a criminal sentencing case that adopts a categorical analysis in a different context. Distinguishing Taylor and its criminal sentencing rationales, recent decisions have invented a new approach for how past criminal convictions are assessed in the immigration context that now permits a circumstance-specific inquiry into facts beyond the criminal court’s findings in some immigration cases. Under these recent decisions, the immigration consequences of a criminal conviction no longer turn on the criminal court adjudication alone, but may also account for facts that were not proven or pleaded in the criminal court proceeding. This article argues that this shift in analysis is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the origins of categorical analysis in immigration law and its independent rationales, including its promotion of notice and an opportunity to be heard, uniformity, predictability, efficiency, and judicial review in the administrative agency context. The article further argues that, because of the flaw in the current debate, courts have failed to consider the negative impact that the erosion of categorical analysis has on the functioning of the current immigration and criminal justice systems. The rationales meriting categorical analysis apply with even greater force today than they did when categorical analysis was first articulated nearly a century ago.
Software Risk Management: a Process Model and a Tool

This paper is concerned with the risks associated with the software development process. A model (GRisk-Model) is proposed for the management of such risks and a software tool (GRisk-Tool), developed to support the model, is described. Both the method and the tool were created with the participation of senior managers and software engineers of software factories. The model and the tool serve as effective instruments for achieving the continuous improvement of software processes and products.
A Cluster Analytic Investigation of Victimization Among High School Students: Are Profiles Differentially Associated with Psychological Symptoms and School Belonging?

ABSTRACT Victimization experiences of 504 racially diverse high school students were evaluated. Questionnaires assessed sexual harassment victimization, psychological and physical abuse in dating relationships, peer victimization, childhood sexual abuse, school belonging, and psychological functioning. Results showed that 70% of students had been sexually harassed by peers during the past year, 40% had experienced physical dating violence, 66% had been victimized by emotional abuse in dating relationships, and 54% had been bullied. A cluster analysis of victimization measures revealed heterogeneity in victimization experiences; five distinct groups of students emerged. Individuals who had experienced multiple forms of victimization tended to have lower psychological well-being and a diminished sense of school belonging. Results are discussed in terms of implications for clinical and school interventions.
Constructing gene-enriched plant genomic libraries using methylation filtration technology.

Full genome sequencing in higher plants is a very difficult task, because their genomes are often very large and repetitive. For this reason, gene targeted partial genomic sequencing becomes a realistic option. The method reported here is a simple approach to generate gene-enriched plant genomic libraries called methylation filtration. This technique takes advantage of the fact that repetitive DNA is heavily methylated and genes are hypomethylated. Then, by simply using an Escherichia coli host strain harboring a wild-type modified cytosine restriction (McrBC) system, which cuts DNA containing methylcytosine, repetitive DNA is eliminated from these genomic libraries, while low copy DNA (i.e., genes) is recovered. To prevent cloning significant proportions of organelle DNA, a crude nuclear preparation must be performed prior to purifying genomic DNA. Adaptor-mediated cloning and DNA size fractionation are necessary for optimal results.
Using Virtual Reality to Visualize Scientific, Engineering, and Medical Data

In this paper we briefly discuss the state of the art of Virtual Reality as applied to visualization of scientific and technical data sets. We describe the technologies and software for the creation of Virtual Environments. We also give an overview of some of the more significant and successful Virtual Reality applications in the fields of medicine, engineering, chemistry and computational fluid dynamics.
The neurobiology of schizophrenia

The hypothesis that altered dopamine function is a major factor in the etiology of schizophrenia has persisted for some time, and changes in other neurochemical systems are strongly implicated as well. These findings are supported by the recent development of new, effective antipsychotic agents, such as clozapine and risperidone, whose actions are attributed to their combined serotonin and dopamine antagonism. In addition to their clinical efficacy, these agents are associated with substantially fewer extrapyramidal adverse effects. Continued research to identify the neurochemical alterations of psychotic diseases will undoubtedly have a favorable impact on the development of improved therapeutic regimens.
Further Results on Polynomial Codes

The class of polynomial codes introduced by Kasami, Lin, and Peterson has considerable inherent algebraic and geometric structure. It contains many well known classes of codes as subclasses, such as BCH codes and geometry codes. The purpose of this paper is to derive further properties of polynomial codes. It is hoped that these properties may impart more algebraic structure to BCH codes and geometry codes. Firstly, combinatorial expressions for enumerating the number of information digits of certain subclasses of polynomial codes are derived. Secondly, the exact minimum distance of a subclass of BCH codes is established and a tight BCH bound on the minimum distance of the dual of a polynomial code is obtained. Finally, it is shown that a primitive polynomial code is a subcode of the m th power of an extended primitive BCH code where the m th power of a code is defined as the direct-product of a code with itself m times.
Comparative analysis of ultrasonically devulcanized unfilled SBR, NR, and EPDM rubbers

The comparative study of the continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of various unfilled rubbers [natural rubber, styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM)] is carried out by means of a ultrasonic reactor. The power consumption, gel fraction, crosslink density, cure behavior, and physical properties of devulcanized rubbers were measured. The glass transition temperatures of virgin, vulcanized, and devulcanized rubbers were determined in order to characterize the difference in the mobility of rubber molecules for each rubber before and after devulcanization. Thermogravimetric analysis was also used to determine thermal stability of the various rubbers. A unique correlation between gel fraction and crosslink density indicated significant differences in the efficiency of devulcanization of various rubbers. Under certain devulcanization conditions, the mechanical properties of revulcanized SBR and EPDM rubbers were found to improve compared to those of the original rubbers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 434–441, 2003
Coelomic cell hemoglobin of the terebellid polychaete, Thelepus crispus johnson. Structure and oxygen equilibrium.

1. 1. The coelomic cell hemoglobin of the terebellid polychaete, Thelepus crispus Johnson, is monomeric in the oxy- and carbonmonoxy-forms with an apparent molecular weight of 16,000–17,000 on Sephadex chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. The pigment contains 0·343 ± 0·013% iron corresponding to 1 g atom iron per 16,280 g hemoglobin. 2. 2. The pigment appears to be homogeneous with respect to ion exchange chromatography and disc gel electrophoresis. 3. 3. The amino acid composition per heme of Thelepus coelomic cell hemoglobin is: Lys15, His4, Arg15, Asp15, Thr6, Ser5, Glu13, Pro4, Gly13, Ala19, 12Cys1, Val13, Met3, Ile3, Leu14, Tyr6, Phe7, Trp2. 4. 4. The purified hemoglobin has a pH-independent sigmoid oxygen equilibrium curve with an overall heat of oxygenation of − 8·4 kcal/mole. 5. 5. T. crispus hemoglobin is compared with other hemoglobins.
Models for fiber reliability

Current models for optical fiber reliability are mostly based upon power law growth kinetics of sharp, stress-free cracks. The physical basis of these models is critically examined and is found to have limitations in describing the behavior of both high strength `pristine' fiber and weak fiber. In particular, the models do not account for the abrupt strength loss sometimes observed in harsh environments for both types of fiber. Recent advances in understanding the behavior of such fibers are discussed. In particular the addition of colloidal silica particles to the coating material is shown to dramatically improve reliability.
The Whole Truth and Nothing But The Truth? African American Students and University Research Participation

In a study designed to examine the relationship between acculturation and achievement scores of African American college students (N = 170), an unexpected phenomenon emerged. Twenty percent of the ...
SCAT - R/V -- An Efficient Research Vessel for the 80's and 90's

Proposed here is a Sailing CATamaran Research Vessel with a third the fuel consumption of today's research vessels. SCAT-RV has large labs, superior heavy weather gear handling ability, quiet operation under sail and a reasonably soft and level ride with her modest water plane area. Catamaran ships have been little developed because they lack bulk cargo applications. However, the very different requirements of research, coupled with greatly reduced fuel weight, make a SCAT-RV in the 130'-170' range an efficient and quiet platform for acoustic and oceanographic surveys. In the last 10 or 20 years, since the heavy displacement motor powered catamarans were designed and built, substantial advances in multihull naval architecture, materials and control have occurred. It is entirely feasible to build a research vessel with the speed of a clipper ship under sail; the lab space of Atlantis II; and the gear handling ability on station of LULU. TROPIC ROVER, a 150' catamaran sailing ship built for the tourist trade has demonstrated that a SCAT-RV is a practical alternative to wholesale research vessel lay ups.
Plantinga's version of the free-will argument: the good and evil that free beings do

According to Plantinga's version of the free-will argument (FWA), the existence of free beings in the world who, on the whole, do more good than evil is the greater moral good that cannot be secured by even an omnipotent God without allowing some evil and thereby shows the logical compatibility of God with evil. In this essay, I argue that there are good empirical and moral reasons, from the standpoint of one plausible conception of Christian ethics, to doubt that Plantinga's version of the FWA succeeds as a theodicy. In particular, I argue that, given this understanding of Christian ethics, it seems reasonable to think it false that free beings are doing more good than evil in the world. While there are surely possible worlds in which free beings do more good than evil, this material world seems clearly not one of those. Thus, while Plantinga's version might succeed as a defence against the logical problem of evil, it will neither rebut the evidential problem of evil nor, without more, ground a successful theodicy that reconciles God's existence with the evil that occurs in this world.
Why do female primates have such long lifespans and so few babies? or Life in the slow lane

A major goal of life history studies is to identify and explain features of the life history of individual species that follow broad rules across many groups of organisms, features that are characteristic of particular phylogenetic lineages, and features that are specific adaptations, to local ecological situations. In recent years we have developed a general theory of life history that interrelates many aspects of ontogeny and reproduction across a wide range of organisms. Contrasted to most other mammals, primates have long average adult lifespans and few babies per year for their adult body size. This new theory suggests that these aspects of life history follow directly from the fact that primates have slow individual growth rates. This slow growth rate is thus the basic phenomenon that needs explanation to understand primate slowness.
Protein-bound phosphoryl histidine: a probable intermediate in the microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase-inorganic pyrophosphatase reaction.

Abstract 1. 1.Several types of evidence have suggested the occurrence of a common phosphoryl enzyme intermediate in the reactions catalyzed by rat liver microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase ( d -glucose 6-phosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.9). We have identified N-3-phosphoryl histidine in an alkaline digest of rat liver microsomes denatured by phenol extraction after brief exposure to glucose 6-[32P]phosphate or 33PPi, an alternative substrate for microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase. 2. 2.This phosphorylated histidine derivative appears to meet criteria for an obligatory intermediate in the phosphohydrolase and phosphotransferase reactions catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase. 3. 3.Comparison of isotope exchange reactions and labeling patterns of this enzyme with those of other enzymes in which phosphoryl histidine has been detected suggest that the free energy of hydrolysis of the phosphoryl enzyme in this reaction is relatively low. 4. 4.Denatured microsomal protein binds 32PPi (but not 32Pi or glucose 6-[32P]-phosphate) very strongly, but non-covalently.
Hypothalamic BDNF and obesity: found in translation.

A recent study provides new insights into the central control of energy balance and obesity, showing that feeding behavior in mice can be modulated by local dendritic translation of a key protein in neuronal plasticity brain-derived neurotrophic factor (pages 564–571).
The high cost of reward in task productivity

In an examination of social exchange propositions, rewards and costs were manipulated in a 2 by 2 factorial design. Twenty-four groups of three boys (ages 9–11) played a game under conditions of high or low cost and high or low reward. Reward interacted with cost in affecting productive behavior, a finding inconsistent with social exchange theory. The concept of equivalence is proposed as a theoretical modification where equivalence describes behavioral outcomes as a function of the interaction of rewards and costs.
Effect of 5-methylurapidil, an a1a-adrenergic antagonist and 5-hydroxytryptamine1a agonist, on aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys and rabbits

PURPOSE. To evaluate the effects of 5-methylurapidil (5-MU) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humor dynamics in female cynomolgus monkeys and albino rabbits. METHODS. IOP was measured by pneumatonometer prior to and up to 6 hours after AM administration of 5-MU to one eye of each of 8 normal monkeys and to the laser-induced glaucomatous eye of 8 monkeys. During single-dose and 5-day multiple-dose testing, pupillary diameter (PD) was measured at the same time and same intervals as IOP measurements in the normal monkeys. Outflow facility and aqueous humor flow rates were measured in 8 normal monkeys before and after treatment. Uveoscleral outflow was measured in 8 rabbits before and after treatment. RESULTS. In normal monkeys, unilateral topical application of 2 × 25 ml of 1% or 2% 5-MU significantly (p < 0.05) reduced pupil size and IOP bilaterally as compared to baseline measurements. The reduction in IOP (mean ± SEM, mmHg) was up to 2.8 ± 0.7 (1% 5-MU) and 4.4 ± 0.5 (2% 5-MU) in the treated ey...
Pion-condensed nuclear matter at finite temperatures

Abstract The possibility of density isomers in nuclear matter, induced by pion condensation, is discussed with special regard to heavy-ion collisions. The equation of state of the combined system of baryons and pions is treated within the framework of the linear σ-model. In dense baryon matter, such as in colliding nuclei at high energies, the state with a non-zero value of the static pion field 〈π〉 might become energetically favorable due to the attractive p-wave pion-nucleon interaction. We present results for the shift, due to the pion condensation, of the free and internal energy and of the pressure at finite temperatures up to k B T ∼ 100 MeV. Repulsive short-range baryon-baryon correlations in the pion-like channel, Δ(1232) isobar admixtures to the nucleons as well as finite-range pion-baryon vertex cutoffs are taken into account. The influence of various “reference” equations of state — adjusted to the equilibrium properties of nuclear matter in the uncondensed phase — on the density isomerism is discussed. The results for the critical density ρ c , above which pion condensation is expected, are compared with calculations based on the singularities of the pion propagator D ( k , ρ , ω , T ) in a dense medium.