cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Playing a 3-Stringed Violin: Innovation via the Joint Evolution of People, Process, and Knowledge Management System

Users continuously evaluate the value and performance of their Knowledge Management Systems (KMS). As suggested by a punctuated socio-technical system process model, today's success can quickly become tomorrow's failure should the KMS fail to meet evolving needs and expectations. The more deeply a tool is embedded in the actual work process, the more vulnerable it is to emergent changes and perturbations. This paper uses the metaphor of a "3-stringed violin" to explore how differing levels of user knowledge about tools and processes can lead to system perturbations and how the active involvement of other actors can dampen the impact of perturbations, i.e., help the system survive the operational equivalent of a broken string. Recommendations suggest ways to increase system resiliency and contribute to incremental innovation.
A case-control study of physical activity and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.

Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between physical activity and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men and women, ages 20–74. A total of 167 cases with NIDDM and 1100 controls with normal glucose tolerance were included. All subjects completed an oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: Persons with recently diagnosed NIDDM reported significantly lower levels of physical activity than control subjects. For total metabolic units, the odds ratio for subjects in the highest tertile compared to those in the lowest tertile was 0.60 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37–0.98) after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and family history of diabetes. The adjusted odds ratio for persons reporting high levels of vigorous activity (at least three times per week for 20 minutes) was also less than 1, but was not statistically significant (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.47–1.14). Similar adjusted odds ratios were observed for high versus low levels of self-assessed work activity (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.34–0.74) and leisure time physical activity (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.44–0.90). Further adjustments for body mass index attenuated the strength of the association between physical activity and NIDDM. This is consistent with the hypothesis that obesity is one consequence of physical inactivity that puts individuals at increased risk for NIDDM. The association of physical activity and NIDDM was stronger in Hispanic than in non-Hispanic white subjects, although this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of physical activity are associated with lower odds of NIDDM and this relationship may be stronger in Hispanic subjects.
Optimal guidance of aero-assisted transfer vehicles based on matched asymptotic expansions

This paper addresses a number of issues related to the matched asymptotic expansions analysis of skip trajectories, or any class of problems that give rise to inner layers that are not associated directly with satisfying boundary conditions. The procedure for matching inner and outer solutions, and using the composite solution to satisfy boundary conditions is rigorously followed in developing a complete algebraic solution to the problem of inclination change with minimum energy loss. Repeated solution of these algebraic equations along the trajectory, treating each current state as an initial state, constitute a feedback guidance algorithm.
Measurement of the Thyroid Hormone Secretion Rate of Individual Fowls

ABSTRACT SINCE the rate of thyroid hormone secretion is an important factor in growth rate (Winchester and Davis, 1952) and egg production (Winchester and Scarborough, 1953), studies were undertaken to develop methods for determination of the thyroxine secretion rate in intact fowls. The earlier techniques of simultaneous administration of thyroxine and thiouracil (Mixner et al., 1944) require sacrifice of the fowls and can be used only to measure the average thyroid hormone secretion rate of groups rather than of individual fowls. When I131 became available, Pipes et al. (1950) proposed that the thyroxine secretion rate could be determined in the intact rat by the injection of graded amounts of thyroxine up to the level which would inhibit thyrotropin secretion. This level would be shown by the effect upon the collection of I131 by the thyroid gland and the amount of protein-bound-I131 in the blood. This plan of measuring thyroxine secretion has . . .
The peculiar colours of the halo light in the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC5907

The presence of substantial haloes of 'dark matter' around galaxies has been inferred from their gravitational influence on the gas and stars in their disks1, but the nature of the dark matter remains very uncertain. The recent detection of faint optical emission from the halo around the edge-on galaxy NGC5907 (refs 2–5), distributed in a manner that follows the expected distribution of the gravitational mass, provided the first direct indication that faint stars might be the repository of some dark matter. But it was not clear how much of the mass was provided by these intrinsically faint stars. Here we report near-infrared observations of the halo emission from this galaxy. Taken together with the optical data, the results produce a very peculiar spectral energy distribution, which cannot be explained by any current models of stellar populations. The best approximation is a collection of stars with near-solar abundances of heavy elements, along with many low-mass stars. Such a population would be very unexpected for a galactic halo, where the stars should be old and have rather low fractions of heavy elements, but could account for much of the gravitational mass.
Rapid peptide mapping by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Short columns, packed with pellicular sorbents made of 2-μm fluid-impervious silica microspheres, were used at elevated column temperatures for rapid peptide mapping by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enzymic digests of various proteins were chromatographed by gradient elution. In many cases the time of analysis was 10 min or less. In order to increase the retention particularly, that of short, polar peptides under such conditions, 1 mM octyl sodium sulfate or 5 mM hexyl sodium sulfate were added to the starting eluent. The length of the 4.6 mm I.D. columns was 30 or 75 mm, the sample load was in the range of 10–1000 pmoles. Highest analytical sensitivity was obtained at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min and room temperature, whereas for rapid analysis flow-rates of up to 2 ml/min were used at 80°C. This temperature allowed the use of relatively high flow velocities of the mobile phase without significant loss in efficiency. The method was highly reproducible, as shown by the results obtained by automated analysis of cyanogen bromide fragments of lysozyme at high speed. The quality of the rapid peptide maps compares favorably with that of maps obtained by standard reversed-phase HPLC methods, which require much longer analysis times.
CIS INDO/S SCRF Study of Electron Transfer Excited States in a 1-Pyrenyl Substituted 1-Methyluracil-5-Carboxamide Nucleoside Model: Dielectric Continuum Solvation Effects on Electron Transfer States

The objective of this computational study is to learn about the solution phase, singlet excited-state manifold in conformers of the N-(1-pyrenyl)-1-methyluracil-5-carboxamide nucleoside model (PA-UMe). In particular this report describes how these manifolds differ between solution and gas phases and among 11 PA-UMe conformers. Using a CIS INDO/S SCRF theoretical approach, it models the solvent as a dielectric continuum with a spherical solute cavity. This approach is an improvement over intramolecular electron transfer (ET) computations that neglect solvent effects. The results provide considerable insight into the energetics of intramolecular ET in conformers of PA-UMe [and by extension into conformers of the previously studied N-(1-pyrenyl)-2‘-deoxyuridine-5-carboxamide nucleoside (PA-dU)]. They show that in the solution phase the PA-UMe conformers exhibit a strong correlation (R = 0.9) between the energy of their lowest energy singlet ET state (ET1) and its dipole moment. That is, ET1 states with large...
The contribution of microsurgical reconstruction to craniofacial surgery.

Craniofacial surgery has revolutionized the surgical treatment of congenital anomalies affecting the facial and cranial skeleton. Similar techniques have since been used in the reconstruction of patients with extensive craniofacial injuries and following craniofacial resection of tumors involving the midface. The application of microsurgical free flaps to some of these craniofacial problems is another significant advance.
Additional wet milling step for fractionation of barley flour after hull separation

Abstract Fuel ethanol production from barley is increasing and there is a need to develop more efficient production processes. In the conventional ethanol production process, the hulls (fiber) in barley do not get fermented. The objective of this study is to evaluate a wet fractionation method, similar to the one used in corn wet milling in the endosperm fiber separation step, on the flour remaining after hull separation from barley in order to increase the starch content of barley flour. Hulls were separated from hammer milled barley flour using a combination of sieving and air classification. The remaining flour was soaked in water and the slurry was ground using an attrition mill. The cell wall material was screened out from the fine slurry. The fermentation material produced by hull separation followed by wet fractionation comprised 80.9% by weight of the original flour and contained 10.1% higher starch and 7.9% lower fiber (neutral detergent fiber; NDF) contents than the original flour. The cell wall coproduct has potential as a functional food ingredient because it has high fiber (NDF of 42.7%), high beta-glucan (4.5%) and high protein (20.2%) contents. The increase in starch content may be beneficial in fuel ethanol production.
Does diabetes affect weight loss after gastric bypass

Abstract Background Weight loss in diabetics improves glycemic control. We investigated whether diabetes mellitus (DM) adversely affects postgastric bypass weight loss. Methods Our database was queried for the demographics and outcomes of patients with and without DM who had undergone gastric bypass surgery. DM was subdivided by severity: diet-controlled, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin. Results Of the 3193 patients, 655 (20%) had DM. The DM group was older (45.8 ± 10.4 yr versus 39.1 ± 9.9 yr, P P P P P = .0006). The age-adjusted, preoperative weight, and body mass index were equal. A direct relationship was found between DM severity and age, weight, and co-morbidities. At 1 year, the DM group had a lower percentage of excess weight loss (60.8% ± 16.6% versus 67.6% ± 16.7%, P 2 versus 32.3 ± 7.2 kg/m 2 , P P Conclusion The results of our study have shown that those with DM typically have more co-morbidities, despite having no difference in preoperative weight compared with those without DM. Despite the lower weight loss, those with DM had significant resolution of their DM and hypertension and should not be deterred from undergoing gastric bypass surgery.
The winnowing away of behavioral accounting research in the US: The process for anointing academic elites

Abstract This paper reports the results of a study of the most prolific publishers in the four recognized most prestigious journals in accounting for the period 1963 through 1999. The focus is on learning whether the widespread perception that behavioral accounting research (BAR) has diminished in significance as a prominent paradigm in the US accounting academy has any validity and to identify whether a new generation of US BAR researchers is emerging to join the academic elite. Based on the characteristics of persons who have appeared as authors five or more times during the study period, it seems that BAR is in recession in shaping the US academic agenda in accounting. The power of successful individuals to shape the academic agenda as evidenced by service on editorial boards of prominent journals is dominated by those individuals who are graduates of a set of elite schools utilizing a neoclassical economics based research paradigm. The power of this group seems to be growing in the US. In spite of the interest in BAR among accounting doctoral students and faculty, it is not a pursuit that now leads to academic status, which, in turn, diminishes its potential contribution towards the shaping of the accounting academic agenda.
Effects of thyrotropin on thyroidal water and electrolytes in the chick.

Some aspects of electrolyte and water metabolism of thyroid tissue have been studied in the 1-day-old chick, with and without thyrotropin. In the untreated chick, each Kg. of thyroid tissue contained 723 gm. of water, 111 meq. of sodium and 60 meq. of potassium. The volume of distribution of radiosodium in the thyroid expanded progressively over a period of 24 hours, ultimately reaching approximately 60 percent of organ weight. By contrast, in nine extrathyroidal tissues studied, equilibration with radiosodium was very rapid. Thirty minutes after the intracardiac administration of TSH, the thyroid gland showed a slight increase in water concentration, a marked increase in the 10-minute uptake of radiosodium, no significant change in the concentration of stable sodium or potassium, and no change in the 10-minute volume of distribution of radio-iodinated human serum albumin. Four hours after TSH, there was a more striking increase in water concentration, no effect on radiosodium uptake, a decrease in the co...
Sex-role similarities between adults and their parents

Sex-role is a product of interpersonal and intrapersonal cognitive functioning. As a result, parents play an important role in the development of their children's sex-role orientation. The aim of this research was to describe the relationship between the sex-role of adults and those of their parents as measured on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1974). Inventories were completed by 24 men, 41 women, and their parents. Results show the strongest relationship for gender-consonant sex-roles for mother-daughter and father-son dyads. Findings are discussed in terms of sex-role and modeling theories.
Patterns of Failure in Advanced Stage Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patients After Complete Response to R-CHOP Immunochemotherapy and the Emerging Role of Consolidative Radiation Therapy

Purpose The role of consolidative radiation therapy (RT) after complete response (CR) to rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) for stage III-IV diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients is unclear. We aimed to evaluate our institutional experience when consolidative RT is delivered to initial presenting sites or bulky sites in these patients. Methods and Materials We identified 211 histologically confirmed stage III-IV DLBCL patients who received R-CHOP from January 2000 to May 2012 at our institution. Patterns of failure for patients who achieved CR to R-CHOP were analyzed. Local control (LC), distant control (DC), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and compared between patients who received R-CHOP alone versus R-CHOP plus consolidative RT using the log–rank test. Multivariate analyses were also performed using Cox proportional hazards model. Results Detailed treatment records were available for 163 patients. After a median 6 cycles of R-CHOP, 110 patients (67.5%) achieved CR and were entered for analysis. Fourteen patients (12.7%) received consolidative RT. After median follow-up of 32.9 months, 43.8% of patients who received R-CHOP alone failed at the initial sites with or without distant recurrence (DR), whereas isolated DR only occurred in 3.7% of these patients. Consolidative RT was associated with significantly improved LC (91.7% vs 48.8%), DC (92.9% vs 71.9%), PFS (85.1% vs 44.2%), and OS (92.3% vs 68.5%; all P s Conclusions Forty-four percent of patients with advanced stage DLBCL failed at initial presenting sites after achieving CR to R-CHOP. Incorporation of consolidative RT as part of upfront treatment in these patients was associated with improved LC, PFS, and a trend towards improved OS.
Effect of alloy content on the distortion of oil quenched automotive pinion gears

In previous work, the distortion of 8620 carburised automotive pinions was determined via computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis and actual measurements. In an effort to increase performance and to reduce the distortion further, AISI 4320 was examined for the effect of alloy content on distortion. The methodology and results of this work are shown.
Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Pectin from Sunflower Head Residues

Pectin was isolated from sunflower head residues, using 0.75% sodium hexametaphosphate extraction followed by acid precipitation. The yield of pectin was7.3% of the head residues. The isolated pectin contained 89.2% anhydrogalacturonic acid, 2% acetyl ester, and 4.2% neutral sugars, which were mainly rhamnose and glucose. The degree of methylation was 38.5%. The pectin had a high viscosity (527 cp at 1% level) at pH 3 and a high water-holding capacity (57g water/g organic matter). The peak molecular mass of the sunflower pectin was > 523,000 daltons.
Flashchain Theory for Rapid Coal Devolatilization Kinetics. 7. Predicting the Release of Oxygen Species from Various Coals

The release of oxygen from any coal primarily involves only three mechanisms: the shuttling of oxygen as an element in tar molecules; the simultaneous release of CO2, H2O, and small amounts of CO when labile bridges are converted into char links; and the release of CO from the residual oxygen in nascent char links at high temperatures. This modeling study characterizes these processes for heating rates from 0.5 to 104 K/s, temperatures to 1550 K, and pressures from 0.1 to 1 MPa. Evaluations against a database compiled from the behavior of 27 coal samples representing ranks from lignite to anthracite demonstrate that CO2, H2O, and CO yields plus the oxygen contents of tar and char can be predicted within useful tolerances throughout this domain. With Flashchain, no additional parameters or rate expressions are required to quantitatively predict the contributions from tar shuttling from any coal at any operating conditions. And the release rates of CO2, H2O, and low-temperature CO release are set equal to ...
Internet Governance Wars: The Realists Strike Back

Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World. By Jack Goldsmith, Tim Wu. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 240 pp., $28.00 (ISBN: 0-1951-5266-2). Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu's Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World has already been cited in such diverse places as the Public Broadcasting System in the United States and a consultative meeting of the Internet Governance Forum in Geneva, Switzerland. Upon reading it, fans of the Star Wars saga by George Lucas might well see a parallel between its sequence of episodes and the evolving story of the Internet governance wars. Indeed, Goldsmith and Wu begin their book by attacking what amounts to Episode I, which is about the origins of the Internet as the product of a nonstate community. Goldsmith and Wu see this stage of Internet governance as having a hopelessly flawed structure, based as it was on a belief that the Internet could be borderless, that states would be unable to control it, and that the Internet would lead to the “flat earth” that Thomas Friedman (2006) celebrates. In response, Goldsmith and Wu have fashioned what amounts to Episode II, in which the primacy of the territorial state is celebrated, the impossibility of international governance is pronounced, and the virtues of a segmented (and, if not round, at least nonflat) earth are proclaimed. For those who have looked at Internet governance from the perspective of international relations theory rather than international law, these two episodes reflect a long-standing theoretical debate about the nature of the world. The correct title of Episode I in this debate would be “The Idealist Menace: The Netizens Take Charge.” After both World Wars I and II, some scholars argued that the ideal world order could and would be created by eliminating national barriers and by creating and enhancing international institutions and international law. This approach was epitomized by Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn's (1960) World Peace through World Law …
Sol gel-based fiber optic pH sensor

We report here on the development of a sol-gel based fiber optic sensor to monitor local blood pH. These sensors are being developed for invasive medical applications; that is, they will be coaxially threaded through a catheter beyond an occlusion in the vascular system. The fiber optic pH sensor design was based on the immobilization of a pH sensitive dye, seminaphthorhodamine-1 carboxylate, onto the tip or surface of an optical fiber using the sol-gel method. The fiber optic pH sensor was tested in phosphate buffer saline and human whole blood using a miniature fluorimeter system. Linear responses were obtained in blood in the pH range 6.7 to 8.0, which demonstrates potential for use for in vivo sensing.
Controller Genes in Synthesis of Human Hæmoglobin

MOST current accounts of gene action stress protein production as the primary gene function. Structural and functional proteins alone, however, cannot account adequately for embryological differentiation and specialized cell function. Since all cells derived from one fertilized ovum share identical genetic material, control systems must exist which govern activation and inhibition of gene action to allow complex cell functions.
Stabilization of insulin by alkylmaltosides. B. Oral absorption in vivo in rats

Enteral absorption of insulin is hampered by instability and self-association, degradation of insulin by digestive enzymes and by low macromolecular permeability. Reduction of the influence of these factors through protein stabilization should hypothetically result in increased absorption due to a higher concentration gradient of intact insulin across the intestinal mucosal barrier. Insulin in a stabilized form was shown to be absorbed after duodenal administration in normoglycemic and in diabetic rats. A homologous series of alkylmaltosides were found to stabilize insulin in solution (Hovgaard et al., 1996). For dodecylmaltoside, only minimal aggregation was observed over extended periods (60 days) under agitating conditions. In comparison, regular insulin aggregated and lost complete biological activity after 8 days. In an intraduodenal rat model, blood glucose levels were depressed to 70% of initial values and serum insulin concentrations reached 250 μU/ml. The bioavailability of stabilized dodecylmaltoside insulin was found to be 0.5-1% based on area under the curve (AUC) determination for plasma insulin levels and decreased AUC (dAUC) for blood glucose level depression.
From Abstract Graphs To (biophysical) Reality - Graphs In Mutual Information Space Help Identify Highly Correlated Positions In G Protein-coupled Receptors

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a superfamily of seven transmembrane-spanning proteins involved in a wide array of physiological functions and are the most common targets of pharmaceuticals. Are there idiomatic relations between positions on these protein sequences that are evident in their co-evolution? We investigate the semantic graph of the constituent amino acid (AA) positions using an information theoretic approach. Using a multiple sequence alignment of the seven transmembrane (7-TM) domains, we calculated the mutual information (MI) between all pairs of aligned positions. Representing TM positions as vertices and pairing them by their MI we compute the planar acyclic graph that maximizes the total MI. The total MI of this graph is much greater than the total MI of a random planar acyclic graph. From this graph, we identify few positions which have a significantly high degree (edges incident to the vertices) when contrasted with the others. The positions, from class A and class C GPCRs, with the leading degree values are found to be associated with the experimentally determined binding pocket, confirming our previous studies involving MI graphs.
Stepping Into Electroweak Symmetry Breaking: Phase Transitions and Higgs Phenomenology

We study the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking in an extension of the Standard Model where the Higgs sector is augmented by the addition of a real (Y=0) isospin triplet. We show that this scenario exhibits a novel, two-step electroweak phase transition, wherein the first step provides the strongly first-order transition as required for electroweak baryogenesis, followed by a second step to the Standard Model Higgs phase that also admits a cold dark matter candidate. We analyze the constraints on this scenario from recent results obtained at the Large Hadron Collider for the Higgs diphoton decay channel. We argue that this two-step scenario can be generalized to extensions of the Standard Model with additional higher-dimensional scalar multiplets that may yield realistic baryogenesis dynamics.
Response decrement to repeated shadow stimuli in the garter snake, Thamnophis radix

Five plains garter snakes, Thamnophis radix, were exposed to 15 shadow stimuli followed by a nosetap and two more shadow stimuli on each of 5 successive days. Two measures of movement were taken immediately after each stimulus. Both measures indicate strong reactivity to the initial three or four shadow stimuli of each day and response decrement thereafter. The nosetap produced an unambiguous response in both measures, but, dishabituation was not evident on the subsequent two trials. The rate of habituation did not increase as a function of days.
Distortions in the visual perception of shape.

It is known that visual illusions lead to a distorted perception of the length and orientation of lines, but it is not clear how these illusions affect the appreciation of the shape of closed forms. In this study two experiments were performed to characterize distortions in the visual perception of the shape of quadrilaterals and the extent to which these distortions were similar to the distortions of haptically sensed shapes. In the first experiment human subjects were presented with two quadrilaterals side by side on a computer monitor. One was a reference shape; the other was rotated and distorted relative to the first. The subjects used the computer mouse to adjust the corners of the distorted quadrilateral to match the shape of the target quadrilateral. They made consistent errors on this task: the adjusted quadrilateral was about 2% wider and about 2% shorter than the veridical shape. Furthermore, subjects adjusted the inner angles of the quadrilateral to make them closer to 90°. The first type of error was also present in a second experiment in which, in a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, subjects viewed a reference shape and were asked to indicate which of two transiently presented quadrilaterals was closest to the target shape. The width/height errors and the inner angle errors were comparable to those described previously when subjects felt the outline of a quadrilateral and then drew its reproduction in the absence of vision, suggesting that the distortion occurs in the process of remembering the shape.
Strategic alliances and organisational buying: an empirical study of the healthcare industry

The entire healthcare market is characterised by an inordinate degree of competitiveness, leading to cost pressures that compel healthcare managers to continually seek opportunities to reduce costs and inefficiencies. One model of cost management emerging in the healthcare market is that of strategic alliances. The current research focuses on the various strategic alliance orientations in the organisational buying sector of healthcare institutions. More specifically, the research examines organisational factors (e.g., the size of the hospital, type of hospital) and personal factors (e.g., number of years on the job, education level, gender, and age) as they relate to strategic alliance decision-making. Research findings of this exploratory study are presented and managerial implications are discussed.
Laparoscopic versus open repair of paraesophageal hernia: the second decade

RESULTS: There were 73 laparoscopic and 73 open PEH repairs that met the study criteria.There were no significant differences in gender, body mass index, or prevalence of a comorbid condition between groups.The median follow-up was similar (12 months laparoscopic versus 16 months open; p 0.11). In the laparoscopic group, 84% of patients had absorbable mesh reinforcement of the crural closure and 40% had a Collis gastroplasty, compared with 32% and 26%, respectively, in the open group. A recurrent hernia was identified in 27 patients (18%), 9 after laparoscopic repair and 18 after open repair (p 0.09). The median size of a recurrent hernia was3cm,andtheincidenceofrecurrenceincreasedyearlyinthosewithserialfollow-upwithno early peak or late plateau. CONCLUSIONS: In our first decade of laparoscopic PEH repair, no mesh crural reinforcement was used, and no patient had a Collis gastroplasty. Evolution in the technique of laparoscopic PEH repair during the subsequent decade has reduced the hernia recurrence rate to that seen with an open approach. Reduced morbidity and shorter hospital stay make laparoscopy the preferred approach, but continuedeffortstoreduceherniarecurrencearewarranted.(JAmCollSurg2011;212:813–820.©2011 by the American College of Surgeons)
Lack of complement fixing antigens in DMBA-induced leukaemia of rats.

MOUSE leukaemia viruses have not induced overt cytopathic effects in tissue cultures and so the complement fixation technique has been used to detect virus antigens in tissue cultures1. The technique involved sera of rats which were carrying transplanted tumours originally induced by leukaemogenic virus, and extracts of rat tumours. Germ-free and normal rats developed lesions of myelogenous leukaemia after repeated intraperitoneal administrations of sterile 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in fat2,3. Viral flora could not be detected in their tissues by electron microscopy, nor by other extensive examinations4. This communication describes the use of the complement fixation technique in a search for disease-related antigens in rats with DMBA-induced leukaemia.
Predicting the impact of upstream mergers on downstream markets with an application to the retail gasoline industry

Abstract This paper presents an empirical model of oligopolistic supply and demand that reflects divisions between downstream retailers and upstream suppliers in order to evaluate the potential effects of upstream mergers. The demand model allows for downstream product differentiation, while the supply model allows upstream firms to inherit market power from their affiliated retailers. The supply and demand models are jointly estimated using data on the retail gasoline industry for the Hawaiian islands in the 1990s. A number of hypothetical upstream mergers in the Hawaiian retail gasoline industry are simulated to evaluate the effects of the mergers on market outcomes and welfare. Various scenarios with post-merger cost savings are also considered.
Narrative, psychology and the politics of sexual identity in the United States: from ‘sickness’ to ‘species’ to ‘subject’

Since early legal, medical and scientific discussions of homosexuality, the discipline of psychology has assumed an instrumental role in both maintaining and challenging cultural and political perspectives on same-sex desire, identity and behaviour. This article presents a critical historical review of psychological research on same-sex desire in the United States, with a focus on the way in which studies reflect three master narratives on the nature and meaning of same-sex attraction: (1) a sickness script that dominated the majority of research from the late 1800s to the 1970s; (2) a species script that became popular with the removal of homosexuality as a diagnosable mental illness in 1973 and initiated several new lines of research; and (3) a subject script inspired by scholarly and cultural shifts beginning in the 1990s that challenged the taxonomy of sexual identity. We conclude with a discussion of the transformative potential of a narrative approach that integrates analysis of historical forces an...
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in learning and memory

Sensitization of defensive reflexes inAplysia is a simple behavioral paradigm for studying both short- and long-term memory. In the marine mollusk, as in other animals, memory has at least two phases: a short-term phase lasting minutes and a long-term phase lasting several days or longer. Short-term memory is produced by covalent modification of pre-existing proteins. In contrast, long-term memory needs gene induction, synthesis of new protein, and the growth of new synapses. The switch from short-term (STF) to long-term facilitation (LTF) inAplysia sensory neurons requires not only positive regulation through gene induction, but also the specific removal of several inhibitory proteins. One important inhibitory protein is the regulatory (R) subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Degradation of R subunits, which is essential for initiating long-term stable memory, occurs through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Replication of Autographa californica baculovirus (AcMNPV) in a coleopteran cell line.

A coleopteran cell line (AGE) derived from the cotton boll weevilAnthonomus grandis supported replication ofAutographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). The titer of extracellular virus (ECV) and the number of occlusion bodies (OB) produced in AGE cells were approximately equal to those produced by aTrichoplusia ni cell line (TN-CL1), and the OB produced by both cell lines were equally infectious forT. ni larvae. The identity of the AGE cell line was established by chromosome and isoenzyme analyses.
Lives not worth living

The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of "Defective" Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures since 1915. By Martin S. Pernick. Oxford University Press: 1996. Pp. 295. $29.95, £22.95.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(N‐acyl or N‐aroyl ethylenimines) containing various pendant functional groups. V. Random copolymers of 4‐allyloxy and 4‐methoxy phenyl oxazolines and their adducts with mercaptoacetic acid

4-Methoxyphenyl oxazoline (MPO) was synthesized from 4-methoxybenzonitrile and ethanolamine by using cadmium acetate as a catalyst. 4-Allyloxy phenyl oxazoline (APO) was synthesized from 4-allyloxybenzonitrile, which was made from 4-cyanophenol. A series of random copolymers of APO and MPO over the whole composition range, with an approximate degree of polymerization of 100, were synthesized. They are named as PAM(m/n), where m and n are the total number of APO and MPO monomer units. All the polymers are crystalline and show birefringence. Their melting points decrease with the increase of mole fraction of MPO, from 240°C for PAM(100/0) to 199°C for PAM(20/80), and then increase to 226°C for PAM(0/100). We reacted mercaptoacetic acid with the PAM(m/n) copolymers to generate polar groups that could strongly bond with metal surfaces. They are named as PAM(m/n)-SCH2COOH, which correspond to their starting PAM(m/n) copolymers. They were characterized by NMR, DSC, hot stage melting, water contact angle, peel strength measurements, and some preliminary anticorrosion tests on cold-rolled steel, electrogalvanized steel, and Zi/Ni electroplated steel. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Changing climate: The effects on energy demand and human comfort

Abstract Typical climate conditions for the 20th century do not adequately describe the potential extreme conditions that will be encountered over the lifetime of buildings constructed today. We develop future typical meteorological year datasets that describe ambient environmental conditions that we utilize in the design and modifications of buildings to maintain human thermal comfort. Our use of multiple climate model scenarios provides uncertainty of the calculations of future energy demand. Going beyond previous studies, our results show that future energy demand by current buildings in the U.S. will decline for heating, and will increase for cooling. The increased air temperature poses a new challenge of increased humidity that will cause uncomfortable interior conditions for occupants. We identify the building features required for maintaining current thermal comfort understanding in future U. S. climates.
The basis of the carbamate reaction.

Abstract Previously, it had been assumed that the carbamination of amino acids could be carried out only in strongly alkaline media (in the presence of alkaline-earth hydroxides). The carbamino carboxylic acids, however, are also formed at neutral and mildly acid reactions. This results from the instantaneous addition of CO 2 to amino acids if any types of bicarbonates are used. The previously practiced saturation of a mixture of amino acids and alkaline-earth hydroxides with CO 2 at maximum ice cooling for many hours has resulted in the formation of adequate amounts of reactive alkaline-earth bicarbonates. α-Monoamino monocarboxylic acids as such do not take up CO 2 . The carbamino carboxylates are identified by precipitation with an aqueous or methanolic solution of mercuric acetate. Cyanamide (carbamic acid nitrile), which is subject to enzymatic cleavage, reacts like the amino acids.
Superconductivity in α-phase alloys of Cu, Ag and Au

Abstract We have found f.c.c. alloys rich in noble metals to be superconducting. From these data, extrapo lated values for the transition temperatures of Au, Ag and Cu can be obtained.
Surviving heart failure: Robert L. Frye lecture.

Heart failure is increasing in both incidence and prevalence and is associated with a high mortality. In patients with heart failure, coronary artery disease is the cause for about two thirds. Pathophysiologic changes have been linked to altered muscle function and hemodynamics, eleva ted neurohormones, and, more recently, cellular mechanisms, including apoptosis. Standard triple therapy for symptomatic heart failure consists of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, digoxin, and a diuretic. In patients with severe heart failure, spirono-lactone should be added. In large clinical trials, ACE inhibitors, spironolactone, and β-blockers have blockers have reduced mortality. Other drugs may be helpful in the treatment of heart failure. Amiodarone is the antiarrhythmic drug of choice in patients with symptomatic arrhythmias and also has a role in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are being compared with ACE inhibitors and appear promising. Newer agents being tested include antagonists to endothelin and tumor necrosis factor. Overall, it is clear that polypharmacy is the standard of care for patients with heart failure. A future challenge will be to prevent heart failure from occurring.
A binational, supply-side evaluation for managing water quality and invasive fouling species on California’s coastal boats

Abstract Integrated solutions are needed for sustainable management of risks posed by recreational boats to coastal water quality and ecosystems. Fouling organisms roughen vessel hull surfaces, creating friction that slows sailboats and increases fuel consumption by powerboats. Hull fouling control strategies for recreational boats that are stored in the water may include antifouling hull paints, newer alternative hull coatings, periodic in-water hull cleaning, and excluding propagules by surrounding the boat with a slip liner or raising it above water on a lift. Copper discharged to harbor waters from antifouling paints via passive leaching and in-water hull cleaning may elevate dissolved copper levels above government standards. Invasive species carried among boat-hull fouling organisms may be introduced as boats move among coastal areas. Some of these species tolerate copper in antifouling paints and copper-polluted harbor waters. Policy development must consider supply-side capacity, as well as economic and environmental sustainability, in managing these issues. This paper presents a supply-side evaluation useful in developing policies to co-manage water quality and invasive species risks for recreational boats navigating along the coasts of California, the Baja California peninsula and California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Supply-side perspectives on services, materials, costs, and boat owner behaviors, such as residence and travel patterns, awareness of hull-coating choices and selection of hull coatings, are determined. Analyses include evaluation of risks, risk management capacity and costs, and role of education in risk management. The issues raised are broadly applicable, as they are appearing on research and policy agendas in diverse coastal areas.
Nucleating pattern formation in spin-coated polymer blend films with nanoscale surface templates.

We use Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) to generate monolayer surface templates for guiding pattern formation in spin-coated polymer blend films. We study template-directed pattern formation in blends of polystyrene/poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS/P2VP) as well as blends of PS and the semiconducting conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We show that acid-terminated monolayers can be used to template pattern formation in PS/P3HT blends, while hydrophobic monolayers can be used to template pattern formation in PS/P2VP blends. In both blends, the polymer patterns comprise laterally-phase separated regions surrounded by vertically separated bilayers. We hypothesize that the observed patterns are formed by template-induced dewetting of the bottom layer of a polymer bilayer during the spin-coating process. We compare the effects of template feature size and spacing on the resulting polymer patterns with predictions from published models of template-directed dewetting in thin films and find the data in good a...
(Multifocal) ERG : additional functional information in research and clinical settings

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between areas of hyper- and hypofluorescence and measures of visual function in patients with macular diseases. Methods: Eight patients (8 eyes) with macular disease aged from 26-80 yrs. were enrolled in the study. All tested eyes had best corrected visual acuities of at least 20/100 and areas of abnormal fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in the posterior pole. Retinal function was evaluated with the multifocal ERG (mfERG) VERIS system using a display of 61 hexagons. Fixation was continuously monitored. First order kernel responses were analyzed. Results: The pattern of hyperfluorescence varied with the macular findings as well as the stage of disease. For all patients, MP-1 and HVF fields showed decreased sensitivity in locations corresponding to and adjacent to hypofluorescent (atrophic) areas. Multifocal ERG response amplitudes were decreased and sometimes delayed in the same regions. Deficits extended into areas of normal FAF. Hyperfluorescent areas adjacent to normal appearing areas had normal visual function, whereas those adjacent to atrophic areas had decreased visual function. In patients with ABCA4 related maculopathy, flecks adjacent to normal FAF had normal visual function with the MP-1. In contrast, flecks adjacent to atrophic areas had reduced visual sensitivity. Two patients with ABCA4 dystrophies had eccentric PRLs in superior retina. Conclusions: The correlation of fundus hyperfluorescence with cone system function is related to the health of adjacent retinal pigment epithelium. There is a need to use functional techniques as well as FAF in monitoring macular disease progression.
Hormonal profiles correlated with season, cold, and starvation in Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) tadpoles

Abstract Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles are of value to amphibian researchers because of their large size, and year-round availability due to overwintering in many latitudes. Concern over a possible difference in hormonal parameters in tadpoles obtained at different times of the year prompted us to investigate thyroid gland secretion in vitro, plasma and ocular melatonin, and plasma corticosteroids in late pre- to early prometamorphic larvae on 12L:12D. Winter tadpoles exposed to 22°C for 3 weeks of acclimation (winter group) were compared to summer tadpoles kept at 22°C (summer group), as well as to summer tadpoles exposed to cold (12°C) for the 3 weeks (cold group), or kept at 22°C and starved for the last week of acclimation (starved group). Thyroids from the summer group had a significantly higher response to 0.2 μg/ml ovine thyrotropin (TSH) than the other groups, indicating that cold and starvation inhibited subsequent in vitro thyroid sensitivity to TSH. The thyroids of the starved tadpoles had significantly higher baseline (unstimulated) thyroxine (T4) secretion into the culture media, a finding that might be related to starvation-induced acceleration of metamorphosis. Plasma melatonin was lower, and ocular melatonin significantly higher in both summer and starved groups, while the reverse occurred in the winter and cold groups. Thus, seasonal or induced cold brought on a shift in the relationship of plasma to ocular melatonin but starvation had no effect. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups in plasma hydrocortisone (HC) and aldosterone (ALDO) levels, except that HC was lower than ALDO only in the plasma of winter tadpoles. We conclude that seasonal variation needs to be taken into account in endocrine experiments utilizing tadpoles obtained at different times of the year.
Maternal versus adolescent reports of self-control: Implications for testing the general theory of crime☆

Purpose The measurement of Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) concept of self-control has received significant attention. However, research has not yet compared and explored the implications of using self-reported versus other-reported measures of self-control. Addressing this gap is the goal of the present study. Method Using data drawn from a sample of U.S. families across 10 cities, the current study uses structural equation models to examine whether identical indicators of maternal and adolescent reports of self-control are differentially related to delinquency and parental socialization. Results Two key findings emerged. First, the strength of the relationship between self-control and delinquency is substantively weaker when maternal reports are used in lieu of adolescent reports. Second, a comprehensive measure of parental socialization--capturing dimensions of monitoring, hostility, and warmth--is strongly related to adolescent reported self-control but only weakly related to maternal reported self-control. Conclusions These findings suggest that substantive conclusions about the strength of the relationships between self-control, delinquency, and parenting are dependent on the source of the measure of self-control.
A.R. luria's contribution to the study of the verbal control of behavior

This paper examines Luria's contribution to research on the verbal control of behavior, which spanned from the 1930s to 1962. The speechmotor method utilized in the original Soviet experiments is reviewed, and the central methodological issues discussed. The internalization of speech is suggested as a theoretical problem yet to be adequately explained in cognitive or behaviorist theory.