cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serotonin and Development

Abstract Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter in the adult brain, as well as a developmental signal in the developing brain. Serotonin itself is expressed very early in both human and rodent brain, and its receptors, enzymes and transporter sites are all overdeveloped initially, peaking in some cases in the first 2 years of life and in other cases in early adolescence. In either case, the serotonin system begins to decline by early adulthood. This early peak in activity reflects the developmental function of serotonin; however, even in the adult brain, serotonin is likely to play a role in maintenance and plasticity. As a developmental signal, serotonin acts in a variety of ways, depending on the developmental stage. Earliest on, serotonin acts in an autoregulatory manner, influencing the development of its own neurons. As brain development continues, serotonin begins to act in all subsequent stages – neurogenesis/neuroprotection, gliogenesis, migration and finally differentiation and maturation. Any factor which influences the amount of serotonin during development may result in enduring changes in the brain. In this regard, concerns have been raised regarding the effects of maternal stress or drug use during pregnancy. Understanding the role of serotonin in development has made significant contributions to the study of developmental disabilities, including fetal alcohol syndrome and autism.
Financial Fraud, Politically Connected Outsider Directors and Political Ideology

Prior studies have connected many aspects of board of directors to firms’ commission of financial fraud, focusing mainly on their independence. In this paper, we introduce another aspect regarding ...
When Should Original Meanings Matter

Constitutional theory lacks an account of when each of the familiar methods of interpretation - textualism, originalism, stare decisis, and so on - should be used. The dominant tendency is to regard all methods as potentially applicable in every case. In contrast, this Article proposes that each method should be understood as applicable in some categories of cases but not in others, much as a physical tool is appropriate for some but not all kinds of household tasks. The Article then applies this approach to identify the categories of cases in which attention to original meaning is, or is not, a valid factor in constitutional decisionmaking.
Testicular Feminization Syndrome: A Model of Chemical Information Non-Transfer

In 1950, Lawson Wilkins 1 of Johns Hopkins Hospital reported a patient which he described as a “hairless women with testes” who failed to develop any signs of virilization on prolonged administration of large doses of testosterone and methyltestosterone. From this observation, he drew the inference that this syndrome might result from a “genetic end-organ unresponsiveness” to the action of testosterone and not to a deficiency of testosterone production. In 1953, Morris 2 is credited with the definitive clinical description of the testicular feminization syndrome. Since that time, many other investigators have contributed to our understanding of the clinical and pathophysiologic features of the disorder. The clinical features of the syndrome of testicular feminization are summarized in Table 1.
COASTAL WATER POLLUTION AROUND TIBER RIVER MOUTH – A CASE STUDY

ABSTRACT The need to evaluate the impact of the Tiber River on the receiving marine ecosystem, and the extent of pollution abatement required to safeguard the various coastal water uses, promoted an interdiscipl i nary experimental investigation. First stage results of investigation carried out off the river mouth are presented. The extension of the area influenced by the river has been estimated at 400 km2. Due to the river's high nutrient input rates, eutrophic processes occur with an intensity depending on sample distances from the mouth. Some data concerning the limiting factor have also been derived. Toxicity studies have revealed an incipient threat from Cd and Hg concentration. HCB was only occasionally found in the zone; PCB's were found in surprisingly high levels further away from the river mouth. Bacteriological data led to conclude that the river's impact on beach bathing conditions is only limited to an area immediately adjacent the two outfalls. With the exception of minor changes due to the eurhyaline nature of the zone, no major variation in receiving area ecology was detected (for benthos and nekton).
Assessing Advisor Competencies: A Delphi Method Study

Through the Delphi method study, we sought to identify essential competencies for entry-level academic advisors. Three surveys were administered to academic advisors with 5 years or more working in the field. Results from 57 advisors who completed all 3 rounds of surveys indicated a wide range of competencies essential for entry-level academic advisors. Consensus centered around 3 essential competencies: Communication skills, interpersonal skills, and knowledge of university policies and resources. We discuss the implications for practice and propose ideas for additional research.
Calculate protein–ligand binding affinities with the extended linear interaction energy method: application on the Cathepsin S set in the D3R Grand Challenge 3

We participated in the Cathepsin S (CatS) sub-challenge of the Drug Design Data Resource (D3R) Grand Challenge 3 (GC3) in 2017 to blindly predict the binding poses of 24 CatS-bound ligands, the binding affinity ranking of 136 ligands, and the binding free energies of a subset of 33 ligands in Stage 1A and Stage 2. Our submitted predictions ranked relatively well compared to the submissions from other participants. Here we present our methodologies used in the challenge. For the binding pose prediction, we employed the Glide module in the Schrodinger Suite 2017 and AutoDock Vina. For the binding affinity/free energy prediction, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes in explicit water solvent with counter ions, and then estimated the binding free energies with our newly developed model of extended linear interaction energy (ELIE), which is inspired by two other popular end-point approaches: the linear interaction energy (LIE) method, and the molecular mechanics with Poisson–Boltzmann surface area solvation method (MM/PBSA). Our studies suggest that ELIE is a good trade-off between efficiency and accuracy, and it is appropriate for filling the gap between the high-throughput docking and scoring methods and the rigorous but much more computationally demanding methods like free energy perturbation (FEP) or thermodynamics integration (TI) in computer-aided drug design (CADD) projects.
The strength of dynamic ties: The ability to alter some ties promotes cooperation in those that cannot be altered

Dynamic networks, where ties can be shed and new ties can be formed, promote the evolution of cooperation. Yet, past research has only compared networks where all ties can be severed to those where none can, confounding the benefits of fully dynamic networks with the presence of some dynamic ties within the network. Further, humans do not live in fully dynamic networks. Instead, in real-world networks, some ties are subject to change, while others are difficult to sever. Here, we consider whether and how cooperation evolves in networks containing both static and dynamic ties. We argue and find that the presence of dynamic ties in networks promotes cooperation even in static ties. Consistent with previous work demonstrating that cooperation cascades in networks, our results show that cooperation is enhanced in networks with both tie types because the higher rate of cooperation that occurs following the dynamics process "spills over" to those relations that are more difficult to alter. Thus, our findings demonstrate the critical role that dynamic ties play in promoting cooperation by altering behavioral outcomes even in non-dynamic relations.
Rotary zone tillage improves corn establishment in a kura clover living mulch

Abstract Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.) perennial living mulch is a farming practice designed to pair water quality services and row crop production. In this system, rows are mechanically or chemically killed within a perennial kura clover stand to create a suitable environment for planting a crop. However, yields are often reduced relative to conventional, fully-tilled systems. This hypothesis was tested by using a novel rotary zone tillage unit (RZT) that creates 45 cm wide tilled strips with a depth of 8 cm for each row, with rows spaced 76 cm apart. We compared RZT to three row preparation strategies that have been commonly used in living mulch systems: herbicide band kill (BK), and shank tillage (ST), also known as strip tillage. Shank tillage produced bands that were 40 cm wide and 5 cm deep. We monitored kura clover health, soil moisture & temperature, corn (Zea mays L.) emergence, corn development, and corn yield in all three row preparation strategies over two growing seasons. In 2015, corn grown in RZT plots emerged and developed faster than corn grown in ST plots, but this did not lead to a difference in grain or stover yield. However, in 2016, corn grown in RZT plots not only emerged and developed faster, but also produced 4.0 Mg ha−1 more grain and 3.5 Mg ha−1 more stover biomass than corn grown in ST and BK plots. Kura clover biomass was not affected by treatment in either year. We conclude that rotary zone tillage is a promising row preparation strategy in kura clover living mulch for corn production with minimal herbicide use.
Management of the “Failed” Cubital Tunnel Release

Up to 25% of patients treated for cubital tunnel syndrome will have incomplete symptom relief, and approximately 5.7% will undergo a revision surgery. Patients can be classified as either having persistent, recurrent, or new symptoms. Evaluation should include a thorough physical examination followed by electrodiagnostic studies. Once the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome is confirmed and symptoms are not attributable to chronic nerve damage, patients may elect to undergo secondary surgery which involves external neurolysis with or without anterior transposition of the nerve. In the setting of recurrent symptoms, allograft and autograft may be used to minimize postoperative perineural scarring to the nerve. Patients can expect an improvement in their symptoms and function and however commonly have residual deficits independent of the secondary procedure performed.
Understanding the Impact of Social Media on Cognition and the Emotional Aspects using IA Test

The use of social media is increased in day to day life. Social media is used for communication among people for business purpose, for sharing thoughts, photos, videos etc. This paper covers study of impact of social media on cognition and emotional aspects using internet addiction test. The database contains 20 questions related to use of internet in daily life. The questions are classified in four groups. Each group of questions contains some impact of cognitive and emotional features. Group I contains impact of expectancies, withdrawal features, Group II contains denial, craving features, Group III contains impulsivity, and annuity and Group IV contains obsessive preoccupation features. The database is collected for three different age groups of male and female namely, 12-18, 18-24, 24-30. From result analysis we come know that, the users from 16-24 age groups are having more impact of cognitive and emotional features.
The Marvelous Beasts of the Secrets of Natural History

The paper examines some marvelous bovids, remarkable birds, and beings half human, half animals such as the werewolf as an illustration of certain key changes in source reception taking place in late medieval geographic writing. These creatures are found in a Middle French compendium titled the Secrets of Natural History, which for convenience here is called SNH. An anonymous work, probably compiled about 1380, it exists in four illustrated French luxury manuscripts made in the mid to late fifteenth century, as well as in several incunabule and early printed editions. Though there are hundreds of creatures mentioned in the SNH ’s seventy-three chapters , taken largely from Pliny’s Historia Naturalis and Solinus’ Collectanea , we will be concerned here only with those that are non-Plinean and more “local” in origin as part of the pattern of larger changes in scientific observation from a sole reliance on antique authority to a greater use and incorporation of popular or folk culture received from contemporary, often named sources. Miniatures from the four known manuscripts of the SNH illustrate points in the argument.
First-principles study of electron trapping by intrinsic surface states on β-Si3N4 (0001)

Abstract Charge trapping by intrinsic surface states on β-Si3N4 surfaces is a relatively unexplored topic in the study of the electronic properties of this material. In the present work, ab-initio density functional theory is used to observe the transfer of an electron from a substitutional-oxygen donor impurity to a coordinatively-unsaturated surface site on the (0001) surface. The process occurs spontaneously, with little or no activation energy, and has a profound effect on surface electronic structure that leads to a range of different states distributed throughout the band gap. The results are discussed in relation to experimentally-observed surface charging that depends on O2 exposure. The related issue of the β-Si3N4 band gap, which has been somewhat controversial, is also discussed in light of recent experimental and theoretical results.
Eat Like a Chef: A Mindful Eating Intervention for Health Care Providers.

Abstract Objective To compare changes in mindful eating habits between students receiving a mindful eating intervention (MEI) vs those who were engaged in usual course work. Methods From 2017 to 2019, 109 nutrition and medical students completed a quasi-experimental study, including usual course work either with or without the addition of a 5-week MEI. The Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) was completed before and after the MEI. Repeated measures MANOVA was used to detect differences in changes in the overall MEQ score and its 5 subscales between groups. Results Within the MEI group (n = 64), overall MEQ, disinhibition, and eating with awareness scores increased significantly (P Conclusions and Implications MEI participation may improve students’ overall mindful eating scores. Future research could assess a larger cohort of participants, including health care professionals from other disciplines, assess additional mindfulness measures, and follow students for a longer period to determine the long-term effects on participants’ mindful eating.
Global and regional burden of tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis

Abstract According to the most recent World Health Organization estimates, approximately 10 million tuberculosis (TB) cases and 1.6 million TB deaths occurred in 2017, declining 1.8% and 3.9% respectively from 2016, with the greatest caseload in the Southeast Asia and African regions. TB remains the leading cause of death in the HIV-positive population. An increasing public health threat is the rise in drug-resistant (DR) TB, a significant risk factor for disseminated TB, including central nervous system (CNS) involvement. CNS TB is the most severe manifestation of TB and reportedly accounts for 5%–10% of extrapulmonary TB cases and 1% of all TB cases; however, this is likely a significant underestimate given the lack of microbiological confirmation in many cases and a paucity of robust epidemiological studies. Major public health efforts are required to define the current incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of CNS TB, especially in light of the growing number of multi-DR TB cases worldwide.
Abstract TMP75: Average Medicare Reimbursement for Stroke Care Has Decreased From 2000-2019

Introduction: There is a lack of data regarding financial trends for procedural reimbursement in stroke care. An understanding of such trends is important as progress is made to advance agreeable r...
Assessing the Quality and Reliability of Patient Information Regarding First-Aid for Acute Burns on YouTube

Given ever increasing ease of access to technology, the majority of adults first turn to the internet for medical advice. The world wide web is filled with user-generated content within multiple social media platforms that lack a governing body to validate the information's accuracy and reliability. The authors performed a qualitative review of first-aid burn resources available on YouTube using two validated scales: Modified Discern and Global Quality Scale. A search was conducted using the term "burn treatment" on September 18, 2019. Of 120 reviewed videos, 59 met their inclusion criteria. 36% (n = 21) of the speakers had formal medical training, with only 12% (n = 7) identified as burn care professionals. The mean views originating from nonmedical speakers (162,675) were more than eight times that originating from burn centers (14,975). The quality of the videos was compared by video source, speaker, and specialty. Burn centers had the highest Modified Discern and Global Quality Scale scores, 2.91 and 2.86, respectively (P < .05). Additionally, the authors were able to demonstrate that there was a statistically significant higher quality of videos when the speaker was a burn care professional or had formal medical training. Unfortunately, their review demonstrated that videos originating from hospital systems and burn centers made up a minority of the online media content. These results illustrate an opportunity for improvement by way of increased content creation to bolster the online presence of the burn community and provide patients with more accurate information.
3-Dimensional Printed Alternative to the Standard Synthetic Flocked Nasopharyngeal Swabs Used for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Testing.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, can be detected in respiratory samples by Real-time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR or other molecular methods. Accessibility of diagnostic testing for COVID-19 has been limited by intermittent shortages of supplies required for testing, including flocked nasopharyngeal (FLNP) swabs. Methods We developed a 3D-printed nasopharyngeal (3DP) swab as a replacement of the FLNP swab. The performance of 3DP and FLNP swabs were compared in a clinical trial of symptomatic patients at three clinical sites (n=291) using three SARS-CoV-2 EUA tests: a modified version of the CDC Real-time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic Panel and two commercial automated formats, Roche Cobas and NeuMoDx. Results The cycle threshold (C(t)) values from the gene targets and the RNase P gene control in the CDC assay showed no significant differences between swabs for both gene targets (p=0.152 and p=0.092), with the RNase P target performing significantly better in the 3DP swabs (p & 0.001). The C(t) values showed no significant differences between swabs for both viral gene targets in the Roche cobas assay (p=0.05 and p=0.05) as well as the NeuMoDx assay (p=0.401 and p=0.484). The overall clinical correlation of COVID-19 diagnosis between all methods was 95.88% (Kappa 0.901). Conclusions 3DP swabs were equivalent to standard FLNP in three testing platforms for SARS-CoV-2. Given the need for widespread testing, 3DP swabs printed on-site are an alternate to FLNP that can rapidly scale in response to acute needs when supply chain disruptions affect availability of collection kits.
Increased Articular Exposure of the Lateral Tibial Plateau with a Midline Lateral Parapatellar Arthrotomy Compared to an Anterolateral Submeniscal Arthrotomy: a Cadaveric Study

ABSTRACT Purpose To quantitatively compare the articular exposure of the proximal tibia with a lateral parapatellar arthrotomy through a straight midline incision (ML) versus a lateral submeniscal arthrotomy through a curvilinear anterolateral incision (AL). Methods Eight surgical approaches (4 ML and 4 AL) were performed on 4 fresh cadavers. Access to key articular landmarks was assessed, including divisions of the lateral meniscus, lateral tibial spine, and anterior cruciate ligament. The boundary of the exposed articular surface of the tibia was marked, and the proximal tibias were then stripped of soft tissues. A calibrated digital image was taken of each proximal tibia, and exposed articular surface area was calculated with ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD). Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sample t-test. Results Average articular surface area exposed was 2.2 times greater through the midline approach compared with the anterolateral approach (11.2 vs 5.1 cm2, p = 0.010). All key anatomic landmarks were directly visualized through the midline approach in each specimen. Complete visualization of the lateral meniscus posterior horn, lateral tibial spine, and anterior cruciate ligament was not accomplished through the anterolateral approach in any specimen. Conclusions The midline approach provides more extensive articular exposure of the lateral tibial plateau compared with the anterolateral approach. This improved exposure may offer an advantage when treating fractures not amenable to arthroscopic or minimally invasive techniques. It may be of most use when treating fractures with extension into the posteromedial quadrant of the lateral plateau, fractures with extensive comminution of the lateral plateau, or fractures with complex lateral meniscus tears and fractures with tibial spine involvement.
Bilateral arachnoid cyst-associated subdural fluid collections in an infant following TBI.

Abstract Introduction arachnoid cyst-associated subdural fluid collections have been documented in children and adults following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, this phenomenon has not been previously demonstrated in infants less than 12 months of age. We present a case of an infant with bilateral arachnoid cyst-associated subdural fluid collections identified after TBI. Case presentation a 9-month-old female infant with profound macrocephaly presented to medical care with altered mental status following a witnessed fall down steps while unsecured in a stroller. Neuroimaging revealed bilateral subdural fluid collections, in addition to a hyperdense subdural hematoma, that raised concern for abusive head trauma (AHT) among the pediatric inpatient team and the hospital's Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect (SCAN) Team was consulted. After excluding occult abusive injuries as well as testing for underlying medical conditions, the infant's bilateral subdural fluid collections were attributed to rupture of a pre-existing left middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst with evidence of prior macrocephaly. Conclusion In infants and toddlers, the identification of subdural fluid collections on neuroimaging warrants inclusion of AHT in the differential diagnosis. However, in infants with a history of congenital macrocephaly, and an otherwise negative AHT workup, an accidental mechanism for the formation of subdural collections should be considered, especially when co-occurring with an arachnoid cyst.
Common Phytophthora sojae Pathotypes Occurring in South Dakota

Phytophthora root and stem rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is an important disease of soybean (Glycine max L.) in South Dakota. Because P. sojae populations are highly diverse and resistance gen...
A distributed-parameter-model approach to optimal comfort control in air conditioning systems

This paper discusses the problem of optimizing the thermal comfort level in an air-conditioned room by treating the room as a distributed parameter system rather than a single-zone system with homogeneous thermal properties. A distributed room model is developed to explicitly describe the spatial distribution of room air temperature and velocity. This model is parameterized by the variable control setting of an air conditioner, e.g. temperature and velocity at the air flow outlet as well as the outlet diffuser angle. Given a certain control setting, the thermal comfort level can be expressed as an explicit function of spatial coordinates in a room. The criterion for selecting the control setting of an air conditioner is defined so as to maximize the sum of squares of comfort index values at several discrete spatial points while keeping the power consumption rate minimal. This paper presents the derivations of the distributed parametric model of the room and a recursive numerical algorithm for solving the optimization problem. Some simulation results are provided.
Directing traffic in neural cells: determinants of receptor tyrosine kinase localization and cellular responses

The trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to distinct subcellular locations is essential for the specificity and fidelity of signal transduction and biological responses. This is particularly important in the PNS and CNS in which RTKs mediate key events in the development and maintenance of neurons and glia through a wide range of neural processes, including survival, proliferation, differentiation, neurite outgrowth, and synaptogenesis. The mechanisms that regulate the targeting of RTKs to their subcellular destinations for appropriate signal transduction, however, are still elusive. In this review, we discuss evidence for the spatial organization of signaling machinery into distinct subcellular compartments, as well as the role for ligand specificity, receptor sorting signals, and lipid raft microdomains in RTK targeting and the resultant cellular responses in neural cells.
More (G-proteins) please! Identification of an elaborate network of G-proteins in soybean.

The studies performed in model plants Arabidopsis and rice have revealed a significantly simple repertoire of canonical G-protein components in plants, with the presence of only two possible heterotrimers versus hundreds of possible trimeric combinations in animal systems. Since a number of plant species are polyploid, we assessed if genome duplication events have resulted into multiplicity of G-protein components in such plants and whether the duplicated gene pairs have specific expression patterns or biochemical properties. Our analysis of soybean genome has identified four Gα, four Gβ and two Gγ proteins, predicting thirty-two possible heterotrimeric combinations. All ten G-protein genes are retained in soybean genome and ubiquitously expressed. The G-protein genes have interesting expression profiles during seed developments and germination. The four Gα proteins form two distinct groups based on their GTPase activity. Yeast-based interaction analyses predict that the proteins interact in most but not all of the possible combinations, and there is some degree of interaction specificity between duplicated gene pairs. This research identifies the most elaborate heterotrimeric G-protein network known to date in plants.
Search for a strangeness‐2 dibaryon

The existing data on the strangeness ‐2 two‐baryon mass spectrum is reviewed and a new experiment is proposed to explore this spectrum from 100 MeV below the mass of the lightest known two‐baryon strangeness ‐2 system, ΛΛ, to 20 MeV above the ΛΛ mass. The proposed experiment is motivated by Jaffe’s 1977 prediction of a six‐quark object with strangeness −2 and Jπ=0+ at a mass of 2150. This particle, called the ‘‘H’’, has been predicted by later bag models as well. Calculations indicate the proposed experiment will be a sensitive test of the dibaryon theories.
Prozessverbesserung mit Reifegradmodellen - Eine Analyse ökonomischer Zusammenhänge

Seit der Einfuhrung des Capability Maturity Models durch das Software Engineering Institute im Jahr 1991 haben sich Reifegradmodelle in zahlreichen Anwendungsdomanen etabliert, um den Entwicklungsstand einer bestimmten Klasse von Objekten zu erheben und Verbesserungsmasnahmen abzuleiten. Da die Verbesserung von Prozessen eine Hauptaufgabe des Prozessmanagements ist und seit Jahren eine Spitzenposition auf CIO-Agendas einnimmt, florieren Reifegradmodelle auch dort. Es besteht jedoch Unklarheit daruber, welche Reifegrade fur einzelne Prozesse bzw. Prozessgruppen anzustreben sind. Zahlreiche Unternehmen verfolgen eine Reifegraderhohung oder gar eine Reifegradmaximierung. In manchen Reifegradmodell-Spezifikationen wird zwar davon abgeraten, jedoch fehlen konkrete Empfehlungen. Auch die Wissenschaft bleibt eine Antwort schuldig. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird ein auf den Erkenntnissen der Wertorientierten Unternehmensfuhrung aufbauendes, mathematisches Optimierungsmodell vorgeschlagen, um allgemeine okonomische Zusammenhange der Prozessverbesserung mit Reifegradmodellen zu analysieren. Der handlungsleitende Charakter dieser Erkenntnisse wird am Beispiel von „CMMI for Services“ illustriert. Abschliesend werden die Ergebnisse kritisch reflektiert sowie Implikationen fur Forschung und Praxis herausgearbeitet.
Isolation of cilia from Tetrahymena thermophila.

Publisher Summary Based on the ease of cell harvesting, cell culture, and the number of cilia per cell, Tetrahymena clearly provides a better source of ciliary protein than do most other organisms. Tetrahymena cells can be grown at densities up to 5 x l0 6 cells/ml, and each cell contains 400-600 cilia. If treated gently, deciliated Tetrahymena cells regenerate cilia, although all cilia do not regenerate synchronously. T. thermophila strain SB-715 is used because it does not secrete mucus on deciliation. This produces much cleaner preparations of cilia than can be accomplished with mucus-secreting strains. NZ-amine significantly changes the solubilization properties of the ciliary membranes and reduces the number of cilia with intact capping structures at their distal tips, so culturing cells on NZ-amine is not feasible. For all media, cells are grown in 2.8-liter Fernbach flasks on a rotating shaker table at room temperature. The following procedure is for a typical preparation of 3 liters of cells (in medium), but can be scaled from 200 ml to 9 liters of cells without any significant change in cilia purity. This chapter discusses isolation of Tetrahymena Cilia. The procedures mentioned were optimized to produce intact cilia with microtubule capping structures.
Suspended sediment, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved nitrogen export during the dam removal process

[1] Total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) loads were calculated for all stages of the dam removal process (dewatering, breaching, and removal) at various points upstream, within, and downstream of Lowell Mill Impoundment on the Little River, North Carolina. The impoundment dewatering exported loads of TSS, DOC, and TDN which were all 1–2 orders of magnitude less than loads associated with historic floods. Conversely, floods exiting the former impoundment following dam removal produced TSS, DOC, and TDN loads comparable to, but slightly greater (1.2–1.75 times) than historic floods. Exported loads were greatest following the complete removal of the dam, most likely because of increased channel gradient. We assert that the disturbances (i.e., concentrations and loads) associated with dam removal should be compared to those generated by floods within the same system rather than comparing the impacts of dam removal with base flow conditions. During the dewatering, impounded floodplain wetlands were found to contribute the following percentages to total impoundment loads: 44% of stored water, 12.6 % of TSS, 49% of DOC, and 33% of TDN. Moreover, the dewatering flood wave was sampled at various points along a 19.2-km reach below the dam to characterize the routing of TSS, DOC, and TDN. TSS released by the impoundment was retained within 10 km of the dam, while TDN and DOC loads increased slightly. Finally, we used our results with those from other removals to provide insight into regional and morphologic controls on exports of impounded materials following dam removal.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations Infiltrating Squamous Carcinomas of the Head and Neck: Correlations with Extent of Tumor and Prognosis

Because little is known about the mechanisms involved in local tumor-host immune reactions in squamous carcinoma of the head and neck, a study was undertaken to better characterize the types of immune cells present at the local tumor site and determine their relationship to tumor extent, systemic cellular immune parameters, and clinical outcome. In 40 untreated patients, lymphocyte subsets (LS) at the tumor-host interface were quantitated immunohistologically from serial sections of frozen tumor specimens and correlated with concurrently measured peripheral LS levels and in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The majority of infiltrating lymphocytes were T cells with rare B or Leu 7 cells. Proportions of T4 and T8 were similar in peritumor stroma; however, T8 cells predominated tumor parenchyma. Stromal and parenchymal infiltration by LS were not related to peripheral blood LS levels, lymphocyte reactivity, or tumor site. However, parenchymal T11 and T4 cell infiltration was less in advanced primary tumors (T3, T4) than in early tumors (T1, T2) (P = 0.01, P = 0.067, respectively), as was peripheral lymphocyte reactivity to PHA (P = 0.013). Short-term disease-free interval and actuarial survival differed significantly--according to parenchymal T11 and T4 cell infiltration--and were not related to T8, Leu 7, and B-cell infiltration. The findings extend prior studies of lymphocytic infiltration in head and neck cancer and demonstrate the potential importance of differences in tumor stromal and parenchymal infiltration. Together with recent evidence that T4 cells are critical for lymphokine production and for the proliferation of cytotoxic effector cells, the current results suggest that T4 cells play a critical role in the local immune response in squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.
ENROLLMENT DEMAND WITH CONSTRAINED SUPPLY IN A HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION

Studies of enrollment demand typically assume that public institutions accept all eligible applicants. In that case the coefficients of a regression equation that explains enrollment as a function of variables that affect student demand are properly interpreted as unknown demand function parameters. However, if enrollments are limited by institutional constraints on the supply of places, another approach to estimating student demand behavior is needed. In this paper we develop a model that explains the determination of enrollments in these cases and a way to estimate the coefficients of a student demand equation that is part of the model. The results are much better than those obtained from a conventional model of enrollment demand estimated using ordinary least squares.
The coarse volcanic rock industry at Rio Ibáñez 6 west, Aisén region, Patagonian Chile

Excavations at the stratified rockshelter, Rio Ibanez 6 west (RI-6 west), located in west-central Patagonia, uncovered a previously unrecognized lithic industry featuring the production of a range of tools from coarse volcanic rock actually derived from the wall of the shelter. Tool forms from this material at RI-6 west include a variety of bifaces, projectile points, picks, knives, and wedges. This paper will present a description of the industry with a focus on production techniques and tool functions. Conclusions are drawn with a focus on relationships between patterns of lithic technology and those associated with food procurement and processing activities. The study suggests that tools were produced to function as situational and transported personal gear. An implication is that many factors affect decisions to use coarse stone for tool production and use.
Exam room presentations and teaching in outpatient pediatrics: effects on visit duration and parent, attending physician, and resident perceptions.

Objective To examine the effects of exam room presentations and teaching (ERPT) in a busy outpatient pediatric setting on visit duration and on parent, preceptor, and resident perceptions. Methods This 8-week, 2-method crossover study compared first-year pediatric resident patient presentations and attending physician teaching and discussion in the exam room (ERPT) with conference area presentation and teaching (CAPT). Outcome measures included visit duration, parent satisfaction, and resident/attending physician perceptions. Differences were analyzed using χ 2 (parent surveys), t tests (visit duration), and signed rank tests (Attending Physician and Resident Surveys). Results Three hundred forty patient encounters were studied (151 ERPT vs 189 CAPT) that involved 15 first-year pediatric residents and 15 attending physicians. Visit durations were equivalent. Parent satisfaction was high in both methods. Attending physicians favored ERPT for adding opportunities to evaluate resident competencies, provide informed feedback, and role model. Attending physicians felt that ERPT decreased resident comfort level when discussing sensitive topics. Residents were less comfortable with ERPT for discussing sensitive topics and felt somewhat embarrassed when they did not know the answer to attending physicians' questions. Residents reported that ERPT presentations permitted attending physicians to demonstrate more physical exam skills and to observe interactions, enabling more informed feedback. Conclusions ERPT and CAPT require similar time and result in high parent satisfaction. Although residents are a little less comfortable with ERPT, attending physicians are better able to observe, evaluate, and give feedback on resident skills and to role model and teach physical diagnosis.
Low-Threshold Ca2+ Current Amplifies Distal Dendritic Signaling in Thalamic Reticular Neurons

The low-threshold transient calcium current ( I T) plays a critical role in modulating the firing behavior of thalamic neurons; however, the role of I T in the integration of afferent information within the thalamus is virtually unknown. We have used two-photon laser scanning microscopy coupled with whole-cell recordings to examine calcium dynamics in the neurons of the strategically located thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). We now report that a single somatic burst discharge evokes large-magnitude calcium responses, via I T, in distal TRN dendrites. The magnitude of the burst-evoked calcium response was larger than those observed in thalamocortical projection neurons under the same conditions. We also demonstrate that direct stimulation of distal TRN dendrites, via focal glutamate application and synaptic activation, can locally activate distal I T, producing a large distal calcium response independent of the soma/proximal dendrites. These findings strongly suggest that distally located I T may function to amplify afferent inputs. Boosting the magnitude ensures integration at the somatic level by compensating for attenuation that would normally occur attributable to passive cable properties. Considering the functional architecture of the TRN, elongated nature of their dendrites, and robust dendritic signaling, these distal dendrites could serve as sites of intense intra-modal/cross-modal integration and/or top-down modulation, leading to focused thalamocortical communication.
Growth of Short Fatigue Cracks at Notches in Woven Fiber Glass Reinforced Polymeric Composites

The fatigue crack initiation and growth characteristics of short cracks emanating from blunt notches with root radius varying from 1.6 to 6.35 mm at various depths in women fiber-glass reinforced polymeric composites have been investigated. It is demonstrated that the initiation and growth rate of short cracks emanating from blunt notches can be accurately described by an effective stress intensity factor range ΔK eff . The ply orientations studied, did not have any effect on the analysis. The results provide an adequate engineering approach for designing against failure from range of stress concentrations, at least for this composite system
Tetranuclear chromium(III) complexes with bridging oxo and dicarboxylato substituents

Abstract The reactions of malonate and succinate dianions with [(tmpa)Cr(OH)2Cr(tmpa)]4+ in CH3CN yield tetranuclear, “dimer of dimer” complexes containing a pair of dinuclear CrOCr units bridged by malonate (1,5) or succinate (1,6) anchored by 1,3-CO2− ligation to the chromium centres on both ends, [(μ-O2C(CH2)nCO2) {(tmpa) Cr(μ-O)Cr(tmpa)}2](ClO4)6·4H2O (n = 1 or 2); tmpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine. Protonation of both bridging oxo groups per tetranuclear unit gave the analogous hydroxo-bridged cations, [(μ-O2C(CH2)nCO2){Cr(tmpa)(μ-OH)Cr(tmpa)}2]8+. Another succinate complex, [(tmpa)Cr(μ-O)(μ-O2)C(CH2)2CO2)Cr(tmpa)](ClO4)2·6H2O, was isolated from the reaction of the chromium diol with succinate in methanol. Succinate bridging through a single carboxylate group in this complex was proved by its conversion to [(tmpa)Cr(μ-OH)(μ-O2C(CH2)2CO2H)Cr(tmpa)](ClO4)4·5H2O upon acidification with excess HClO4. Spectroscopic, magnetic and electrochemical characteristics of the malonate- and succinate-bridged complexes are compared with those of [(tmpa)Cr(μ-O)(μ-CH3CO2)Cr(tmpa)]3+.
Highly anisotropic magnetism in Cr-doped perovskite ruthenates

Results of structural, magnetic and transport properties of single crystal $\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $(0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.36)$ and $\mathrm{Sr}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $(0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.20)$ are reported. Cr substitution as low as $x=0.05$ drives $\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ from the paramagnetic state to an itinerant ferromagnetic state with an abrupt jump in the isothermal magnetization leading to a sizeable saturation moment of $0.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}∕\mathrm{f.u.}$ aligned within the $ab$ plane. The ferromagnetic behavior occurs abruptly and reaches a ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ as high as $123\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for $x=0.22$. The Cr-driven magnetism is highly anisotropic, suggesting an important role of the spin-orbit coupling in combination with the crystalline field states. Lattice constant and magnetic measurements strongly support the valence of Cr as tetravalent (${\mathrm{Cr}}^{4+}$, $3{d}^{2}$ configuration). Cr substitution for Ru in $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $({T}_{\mathrm{C}}=165\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ enhances the itinerant ferromagnetism, consistent with Cr-induced ferromagnetism in paramagnetic $\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, but without significant magnetic anisotropy. All results indicate a coupling of Ru $4d$ and Cr $3d$ electrons that is unexpectedly favorable for itinerant ferromagnetism which often exists delicately in the ruthenates.
Interaction of criminological research and public policy

We examine here some of the interactions of research and policy over the past several decades. The “rehabilitation period” was effectively terminated by nulleffect evaluations of various rehabilitation techniques. The “just deserts-utilitarian period” was fed by research estimates of the deterrent and incapacitative effects of criminal justice activities. The more recent “overt politicization period” saw the earlier attempt to bring rational and theory-based perspectives to policy development replaced by much stronger emphasis on political concerns. We explore possible ways to reestablish the research-policy connections.
Imperfect learning for autonomous concept modeling

Most existing supervised machine learning frameworks assume there is no mistake or false interpretation on the training samples. However, this assumption may not be true in practical applications. In some cases, if human being is involved in providing training samples, there may be errors in the training set. In this paper, we study the effect of imperfect training samples on the supervised machine learning framework. We focus on the mathematical framework that describes the learnability of noisy training data. We study theorems to estimate the error bounds of generated models and the required amount of training samples. These errors are dependent on the amount of data trained and the probability of the accuracy of training data. Based on the effectiveness of learnability on imperfect annotation, we describe an autonomous learning framework, which uses cross-modality information to learn concept models. For instance, visual concept models can be trained based on the detection result of Automatic Speech Recognition, Closed Captions, or prior detection results of the same modality. Those detection results on an unsupervised training set serve as imperfect labeling for the models-to-build. A prototype system based on this learning technique has been built. Promising results have been shown on these experiments.
High-Resolution, High Dynamic Range VLA Images of the M87 Jet at 2 Centimeters

New high-dynamic-range radio observations, made with the VLA in the A array at 2 cm with a resolution of 0.1 arcsec, are reported. The new maps show a complex pattern of filamentary and other fine-scale structures in the jet. A new physical interpretation of the jet, suggested by these observations, is presented. It is concluded that the overall morphology of M87 is more consistent with a boundary layer phenomena rather than with a structure dominated by shocks or other centrally driven flow phenomena. This morphology appears to be most consistent with a picture in which electrodynamic phenomena play an important role in the physics. 27 refs.
Simultaneous enumeration of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (MLB292)and bacteria growing in mixed communities

Diatoms play a decisive role in global primary production, have a key role in the marine food web, and serve as food for the industrial culture of aquatic animals. In addition, species of diatoms have been chosen as tools for measuring sea water quality and for bioassay procedures. Among them, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin) Lewin, 1958, represents a good biological model due to its ease of handling and also to its physiological, genetic and growth characteristics. We investigated the use of the Epifluorescence Microscopy (EPM) to visualize and enumerate P. tricornutum cells and bacteria in cultures containing both kinds of microorganisms. The cell suspension was filtered, stained with SYBR Green and analyzed by EPM. P. tricornutum can be enumerated using EPM with comparable accuracy as using a hemocytometer. The same kind of growth curve is obtained with either method. EPM is an advantageous alternative to the classic light microscope counting method; it allows the simultaneous enumeration of P. tricornutum and bacteria in a single sample, measuring red autofluorescence and green fluorescence respectively. Moreover, the methodology is suitable for dynamic studies performed to determine the growth dependence between P. tricornutum and bacteria. Another advantage of this technique is that different shapes, sizes and physiological stages of the microbiological communities can be observed.