cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The activity of halofuginone in immunosuppressed rats infected with Cryptosporidium parvum

Halofuginone was evaluated for its activity against experimentally induced infection due to Cryptosporidium parvum in rats rendered immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. The drug's activity was dose-related and both prophylaxis and therapy reduced the rate and severity of infection in the small intestine and caecum. Prophylactic treatment reduced infection of the common bile duct, but therapeutic administration did not and neither form of treatment reduced the infection rate in the colon. Intestinal infection recurred at a level comparable to that of untreated controls when treatment was discontinued. Treatment with halofuginone may reduce the severity of acute cryptosporidiosis, but is less efficacious for chronic cryptosporidiosis involving the colon and extraintestinal tissues, a manifestation increasingly seen in the immunocompromised host.
A generalization of the method of harmonic balance

A procedure is provided for generalizing the method of harmonic balance to obtain higher-order approximations to the periodic solutions of differential equations for two systems, one a conservative system and the other nonconservative. The procedure is currently being applied to investigate the possible solution behaviors of singular, nonlinear oscillators, where the usual perturbation methods do not work.
Seasonal and interannual variations of firn densification and ice-sheet surface elevation at the Greenland summit

Seasonal and interannual variations in surface elevation at the Greenland summit are modeled using a new temperature-dependent formulation of firn densification and are compared with elevations from European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS-1/-2) radar altimetry. The rate constant and activation energy, usually set as constants in the Arrhenius-type relation, are strongly temperature-dependent, based on measurements of crystal-growth rates. A multiplicative factor in the densification rate accounts for differences between densification and grain-growth rates and is chosen to match the modeled and measured density profiles from 0 to 40 m. The stronger temperature dependence produces a significant seasonal cycle in the densification rate in the upper firn. Much of the densification and consequent surface lowering occur within 3 months in late spring/early summer, followed by a build-up from accumulation. Modeled elevation changes, using automatic weather station measurements of temperature and accumulation and modeled precipitation, agree well with observations. The respective seasonal amplitudes are 18 and 25 cm peak-to-peak with minima in mid-summer. The minimum elevation in 1995 is driven mainly by a temporary accumulation decrease and secondarily by warmer temperatures. Increased compaction driven by a summer warming trend decreases the modeled elevation (1992-99) by 20 cm, but accumulation increases in latter years dominate the overall 4.2 cm a -1 trend.
Using the Adhesive Interaction between Atomic Force Microscopy Tips and Polymer Surfaces to Measure the Elastic Modulus of Compliant Samples

An atomic force microscope (AFM) method for measuring surface elasticity based on the adhesive interactions between an AFM tip and sample surfaces is introduced. The method is particularly useful when there is a large adhesion between the tip and soft samples, when the indentation method would be less accurate. For thin and soft samples, this method will have much less interference from the substrate than is found using the indentation method because there is only passive indentation induced by tip-sample adhesion; in contrast, a large indentation with a sharp tip in the sample may break its stress-strain linearity, or even make it fracture. For the case where it is difficult to accurately locate the tip-sample contact point, which is problematic for the indentation method, the method based on adhesive interactions is helpful because it does not require locating the tip-sample contact point when fitting the whole retraction force curve. The model is tested on PDMS polymers with different degrees of cross-linking.
Uterus and Occurrence of Œstrus in Pigs

THE persistence of functional corpora lutea following hysterectomy during the active luteal phase of the œstrous cycle in the gilt1, heifer2 and guinea pig3,4 indicates a functional interdependence between the ovary and uterus. Sub-total hysterectomy (from posterior halves of oviducts to mid-cervix) was performed in 28 cycling gilts at various stages of the œstrous cycle, days 1, 5, 10, 14, 16 and 18. The first day of œstrus was designated day 1 of the cycle. Experimental procedures have already been described1. Corpora lutea were marked with sterile animal charcoal at hysterectomy. Ovulation occurred in each of gilts hysterectomized on day 1 and newly formed corpora lutea persisted 120 days (Table 1). Gilts hysterectomized during active luteal phase of cycle, days 5, 10 and 14, did not return to œstrus for a period of 120 days after the œstrus prior to surgery. Functional appearing carbon-marked corpora lutea were present in each of the gilts in these 3 groups. Corpora lutea were maintained at least 120 days in 3 of 5 gilts hysterectomized on day 16 of the cycle; two of these gilts each had one 20-day œstrous interval following surgery. Corpora lutea formed after this post-operative œstrus persisted 120 days. Three of 4 gilts hysterectomized on day 18 of the cycle returned to œstrus within 4 days. These 3 gilts did not show further signs of œstrus in the following 4 months. One gilt in this group did not show œstrous behaviour following hysterectomy; however, ovulation did occur. Carbon-marked corpora albicantia and unmarked corpora lutea were present in ovaries at slaughter in this gilt as well as the other 3 gilts hysterectomized on day 18.
Water Quality Controls in Construction

Water Quality control for construction sites is a requirement at any site within the United States. Erosion Controls are the first, and many times, last preventative measure for water discharge from a site. If these fail, streams, wetlands, or even off-site upland areas (yards, etc.) are adversely affected. Site quality is affected when valuable soil is lost and restoration requires replacement. Human exposure to contaminants, violation of governmental regulations, contractor reputation, and the overall economics involved in construction are at risk.Copyright © 2006 by Fluor Corporation
Use of the endoscope in bisagittal split osteotomy.

o a echniques in orthognathic surgery have been perected over the years and are well-described in the iterature. In 1957, Trauner and Obwegeser were the rst to popularize the intraoral bisagittal split ramus steotomy as a means of correcting dentofacial deforities involving the mandible. Since then, this imortant surgical procedure has undergone a few modfications including Dal Pont (1961), Hunsuck 1968), and Epker (1977). Besides the advent and se of rigid internal fixation, it has been roughly 30 ears since anybody has attempted to further perfect his highly effective procedure. Endoscopic surgery, like orthognathic surgery, has vast history in its usage. Endoscopy for general urgery procedures dates back to the early 1800s hen the first surgical endoscopes were invented. ynecologists began carrying out surgical endoscoies in the 1960s and the surgery world was overaken in the late 1980s with minimally invasive enoscopic general surgery procedures such as the opular laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Over the ears, surgical endoscopies have found their use in pecialties such as: otolaryngology, neurosurgery, lastic surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. For ur specialty, the history dates back to Ohnishi et al ho, in 1975, described arthroscopic temporomanibular joint surgery using the same endoscopic techology. Despite the flourishing practice of arthrocopic temporomandibular joint surgery, the use of ndoscopic techniques in oral and maxillofacial surery is still growing. There have been reports for its se in the following: sialoendoscopy, visualization of he ramus/condyle unit, vertical ramus osteotomies, nd forehead/brow lifts. Using these endoscopic tech-
Phase-sensitive tests of the symmetry of the pairing state in the high temperature superconductors --- evidence for dx2-y2 symmetry in YBCO

Abstract The most direct approach to determining the symmetry of the pairing state of the high temperature superconductors is to probe the spatial anisotopy of the relative phase of the order parameter. In contrast to magnitude measurements, the phase exhibits a clear distinction between the leading candidate states, the anisotropic s-wave state and the d x 2 -y 2 wave state. Here, we present measurements of the phase coherence of bimetallic Josephson junctions and dc SQUIDs that show very strong evidence for the d x 2 -y 2 pairing state and review other phase-sensitive experiments that have been conducted.
Constructive Empiricism and Epistemic Modesty: Response to van Fraassen and Monton

Bas van Fraassen claims that constructive empiricism strikes a balance between the empiricist’s commitments to epistemic modesty – that one’s opinion should extend no further beyond the deliverances of experience than is necessary – and to the rationality of science. In “Should the Empiricist be a Constructive Empiricist?” I argued that if the constructive empiricist follows through on her commitment to epistemic modesty she will find herself adopting a much more extreme position than van Fraassen suggests. Van Fraassen and Bradley Monton have recently responded. My purpose here is to contest their response. The goal is not merely the rebuttal of a rebuttal; there is a lesson to learn concerning the realist/anti-realist dialectic generated by van Fraassen’s view.
Thrombin and epidermal growth factor become linked to cell surface receptors during mitogenic stimulation.

THERE is much evidence that interaction with specific cell surface receptors is a key event in the action of polypeptide hormones and growth factors. Many analyses of hormone–receptor interactions have been carried out based on the assumption that hormone binding to the cell receptors is a reversible reaction1–3. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated that bound hormones dissociate from their receptors. However, in most systems the possibility could not be excluded that a significant fraction of the hormone molecules that bind to cells become linked to their receptors. Our present studies with the polypeptide mitogens 125I-thrombin and 125I-epidermal growth factor (125I-EGF) show that a significant percentage of the molecules that are specifically bound on human fibroblasts become linked to cell surface receptors. This finding has broad implications for the way in which these molecules might stimulate cell division. It also raises the question of whether linkage of polypeptide hormones to their receptors is a general phenomenon.
Guidance of neuroblast migrations and axonal projections in Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides an excellent model system in which to study the mechanisms involved in the development of the nervous system. Mutation analyses have now identified several genes that appear to be important in the interaction of neuroblasts and axons with both guidance cues and their target cells.
The Impact of the Clergy Abuse Scandal on Parish Communities.

This article discusses the impact of the clergy abuse scandal in the Catholic Church on nonabused adult members of Catholic faith communities and on those communities as a whole. The themes discussed are based on three focus groups conducted as an initial step in the development of interventions for affected parish communities. Four major themes were identified within the groups: (a) a deep hurt in response to perceived betrayal by church leaders, (b) a reawakening of pain connected to past injuries by clergy, (c) an effort to cope by separating relationship with God from relationship with the church, and (d) a concern for the spiritual well-being of other family members. These themes are examined through the prism of selected literature and implications for promoting personal and institutional recovery are discussed.
Two-particle coincidence spectra from the p+6Li → p+d+α reaction

Abstract The reactions 6 Li(p, pd) 4 He, 6 Li(p, pα) 2 H and 6 Li(p, dα) 1 H have been studied at proton bombarding energies of 9 and 10 MeV. Particle mass identification was achieved by measuring the energies of two detected particles and their time-of-flight difference. The coincidence spectra were measured with fixed detector angular setting at θ 1 = 30° and with movable detector angular settings from θ 2 = 45° to θ 2 = 135°. The measured coincidence spectra indicate that both sequential decay and direct knock-out mechanisms are present. The deuteron-alpha interactions in several T = 0 6 Li states were observed, the most prominent being in the 2.184 MeV state. In the 5 Li system, only the ground state was observed. No proton-deuteron final state interaction corresponding to excitation energies in the 3 He system between 5.5 and 12.0 MeV was observed.
Eye and respiratory symptoms in poultry processing workers exposed to chlorine by-products.

Background CDC/NIOSH responded to a request to investigate complaints of eye and respiratory irritation among workers in a poultry processing facility's evisceration department. Methods Investigators administered symptom questionnaires and sampled for chlorine and chloramines. Spirometry was performed on workers before and after their work shift. Results Symptoms were significantly more prevalent in evisceration workers than in dark meat workers (a control group). Air concentrations of chloramine compounds (i.e., trichloramine and ‘soluble chlorine’) were significantly higher in the evisceration area than the dark meat area. Exposure levels were significantly higher for employees reporting various symptoms compared to employees not reporting those symptoms. Mean trichloramine exposure concentrations were significantly higher in workers with significant cross-shift declines in lung function; air concentrations of ‘soluble chlorine’ were higher as well, however, not significantly so. Conclusions Results of this evaluation suggest a health hazard may exist from exposure to chloramines. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:119–126, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ZP4, an Improved Neuronal Zn2+ Sensor of the Zinpyr Family

A second-generation fluorescent sensor for Zn2+ from the Zinpyr family, ZP4, has been synthesized and characterized. ZP4 (Zinpyr-4, 9-(o-carboxyphenyl)-2-chloro-5-[2-{bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl}-N-methylaniline]-6-hydroxy-3-xanthanone) is prepared via a convergent synthetic strategy developed from previous studies with these compounds. ZP4, like its predecessors, has excitation and emission wavelengths in the visible range (∼500 nm), a dissociation constant (Kd) for Zn2+ of less than 1 nM and a high quantum yields (Φ = ∼0.4), making it well suited for biological applications. A 5-fold fluorescent enhancement is observed under simulated physiological conditions corresponding to the binding of the Zn2+ cation to the sensor, which inhibits a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) quenching pathway. The metal-binding stereochemistry of ZP4 was evaluated through the synthesis and X-ray structural characterization of [M(BPAMP)(H2O)n]+ complexes, where BPAMP is [2-{bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl}-N-methylani...
A Mechanism for High Wall-rock Velocities in Rockbursts

Considerable evidence has been reported for wall-rock velocities during rockbursts in deep gold mines that are substantially greater than ground velocities associated with the primary seismic events. Whereas varied evidence suggests that slip across a fault at the source of an event generates nearby particle velocities of, at most, several m/s, numerous observations, in nearby damaged tunnels, for instance, imply wall-rock velocities of the order of 10 m/s and greater. The common observation of slab buckling or breakouts in the sidewalls of damaged excavations suggests that slab flexure may be the mechanism for causing high rock ejection velocities. Following its formation, a sidewall slab buckles, causing the flexure to increase until the stress generated by flexure reaches the limit S that can be supported by the sidewall rock. I assume here that S is the uniaxial compressive strength. Once the flexural stress exceeds S, presumably due to the additional load imposed by a nearby seismic event, the slab fractures and unflexes violently. The peak wall-rock velocity v thereby generated is given by $$ {\text{v}} = {\left( {3 + \frac{{1 - {v^2}}}{2}} \right)^{1/2}}\frac{S}{{\sqrt {\rho E} }} $$ for rock of density ρ, Young’s modulus E, and Poisson’s ratio ν. Typical values of these rock properties for the deep gold mines of South Africa yield v = 26 m/s and for especially strong quartzites encountered in these same mines, v > 50 m/s. Even though this slab buckling process leads to remarkably high ejection velocities and violent damage in excavations, the energy released during this failure is only a tiny fraction of that released in the primary seismic event, typically of magnitude 2 or greater.
Parents' and Peers' Communication to Toddlers

The speech which parents and peers direct to toddlers was examined for differences as a function of sex of parent, parent/peer status, sex of child, and age of child. Mothers, fathers, and peers of 18 parent dyads were individually audio- and videotaped in a natural play setting with their children (nine boys and nine girls) when the children were 2 years (parents only) and 2 ½ years (both parents and peers). Ten language measures were coded from the transcribed speech samples: mean length of utterance, type-token ratio, number of utterances, number of turns, rate of questioning, rate of answering, rate of directives, rate of attentionals, rate of polite directives, and rate of repetitions. Analyses of variance on these dependent measures produced significant main effects for parents/peer status for number of utterances, number of turns, mean length of utterance, questions, answers, and polite directives; however, no main effects for sex of child, age of child, and sex of parent were produced.
Colorimetric assay of liver and Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylases in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol

Abstract A modification of the method of Prescott and Jones (1) for the colorimetric determination of carbamyl aspartate has been developed to permit the assay of aspartate transcarbamylases in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Interference by this compound is eliminated by means of N -ethylmaleimide. The usefulness of the modified method is illustrated by examination of the contrasting properties of the Escherichia coli and rat liver enzymes.
Social-Identity Functions of Attraction to Organizations.

Abstract This article examines the self-presentation goals that underlie attraction to organizations. Expanding on Lievens and Highhouse’s (2003) instrumental vs. symbolic classification of corporate attributes, a theory of symbolic attraction is presented that posits social-identity consciousness as a moderator of the relation between symbolic inferences about organizations (e.g., this company is dynamic and innovative) and attraction to those organizations. A measure of social-identity consciousness is developed, and a series of studies confirmed two dimensions, labeled concern for social adjustment and concern for value expression. Preliminary evidence supports the validity of the measure and its role in moderating attraction to symbolic features of well-known firms.
Regulation and Activity of the Human ABCA1 Gene in Transgenic Mice

The ABCA1 transporter is one of the limiting steps in cellular cholesterol efflux. To study the expression and activity of the human ABCA1 gene in vivo we have examined mice containing two human BAC transgenes with different 5′ ends. Mice containing a 255-kilobase (kb) BAC transgene, including 70 kb upstream of the previously defined exon 1, demonstrated a pattern of tissue-specific expression mimicking that of the endogenous mouse gene. Compared with macrophages from control mice, macrophages from these transgenics had increases in apoA-I cholesterol efflux heightened in response to increases in cell cholesterol content. The observed increase in macrophage apoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux was not accompanied by alterations in plasma high density lipoprotein in the transgenics. Although mice containing a smaller 171-kb human BAC transgene, lacking the previously described exon 1 andABCA1 promoter, did not express human ABCA1 in macrophages, they did express the human transgene in liver at levels comparable with those of the orthologous mouse gene. Analysis by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends of liver mRNA from these animals revealed a new ABCA1 exon 1 (exon 1A) and a previously unrecognized promoter. Analysis of human tissue revealed that exon 1A containing transcripts accounted for a high proportion of the ABCA1 mRNAs present in human liver. This analysis of ABCA1 transgenics showed that the expression of human ABCA1 transgenes can result in increased cholesterol efflux from macrophages, unaccompanied by changes in plasma high density lipoprotein, and identified a new ABCA1promoter in humans.
Asymmetrical Diphenylpolyene Pendant Polymers for Nonlinear Optical Activity

Recent activity in the development of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with high second order susceptibilities has prompted the development of a wide variety of pendant polymers which possess desirable properties for device development, including high T g minimal relaxation of the poled matrix, and high laser damage threshold. Ideal candidates for such systems are asymmetrically substituted oligomers of polyacetylenes such as dimethylaminonitrostilbene (DANS) and corresponding higher order oligomers. We report here a preliminary study of the synthesis of asymmetrically substituted donor/acceptor diphenyl-capped polyenes and thienylene vinylene oligomers attached as pendant moieties on polyvinylphenol (PVP) for second harmonic generation.
HABIT FORMATION AND GOVERNMENT SPENDING IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY

The paper studies the effects of an expansionary fiscal policy in a general equilibrium model of a small open economy. Households are assumed to possess habit-forming, endogenous rates of time preference. In response to fiscal shocks, the model generates cyclical endogenous persistence and procyclical time paths for consumption, employment, and investment, as well as a countercyclical path for the current account. Furthermore, fiscal shocks are shown to have positive long-run effects on output and negative long-run effects on consumption.
Three-dimensional load-displacement curves due to forces on the cervical spine

Load-displacement curves were measured for six types of pure force loading of the cervical spine specimens obtained from fresh human cadavers. A new measuring and mounting technique was developed that yielded data for all of the functional spinal units for each specimen tested. All five of the coupled, as well as the main, load-displacement curves were studied. For anterior and posterior shear loadings, the main resulting motions were translation in that direction (1.6 +/- 0.3 and 1.9 +/- 0.3 mm), and the major coupled motions were flexion and extension (3.6 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees and 6.3 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees). The main motions with right and left lateral shear loadings were translations laterally (1.4 +/- 0.3 and 1.6 +/- 0.3 mm), and the major coupled motions were axial rotations (1.5 degrees +/- 0.6 degrees and 2.3 degrees +/- 0.6 degrees) and not lateral bending. For compression and distraction loadings, the main motions were translations in that direction (0.7 +/- 0.3 and 1.1 +/- 0.3 mm), and the major coupled motions were flexion and extension (2.0 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees and 2.8 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees) and lateral bending (1.4 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees and 1.9 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees). The neutral zones for anterior and posterior shear forces were 1.6 +/- 0.2 mm of translation and 5.8 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees of rotation, for lateral shear force 1.4 +/- 0.3 mm and 2.0 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees, and for compression/distraction 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm and 2.8 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees.
On-line nuclear orientation

Abstract Low-temperature nuclear orientation has for many years been a productive technique for obtaining nuclear spectroscopic information from radioactive decays. Decay-scheme studies have revealed spin-parity assignments of ground and excited states, multipolarities of alpha, beta, and gamma transitions, and static magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of ground states and isomers. A new development in this field has been the coupling of a dilution refrigerator to an isotope separator and in turn to a heavy-ion accelerator, thus permitting the production, implantation, and orientation of a variety of short-lived nuclei, especially those very far from stability. Technological details of such facilities are discussed and examples of recent results from three operating on-line facilities are given.
de Bruijn cycles for neural decoding

Stimulus counter-balance is critical for studies of neural habituation, bias, anticipation, and (more generally) the effect of stimulus history and context. We introduce de Bruijn cycles, a class of combinatorial objects, as the ideal source of pseudo-random stimulus sequences with arbitrary levels of counter-balance. Neuro-vascular imaging studies (such as BOLD fMRI) have an additional requirement imposed by the filtering and noise properties of the method: only some temporal frequencies of neural modulation are detectable. Extant methods of generating counterbalanced stimulus sequences yield neural modulations that are weakly (or not at all) detected by BOLD fMRI. We solve this limitation using a novel “path-guided” approach for the generation of de Bruijn cycles. The algorithm encodes a hypothesized neural modulation of specific temporal frequency within the seemingly random order of events. By positioning the modulation between the signal and noise bands of the neuro-vascular imaging method, the resulting sequence markedly improves detection power. These sequences may be used to study stimulus context and history effects in a manner not previously possible.
A numerical simulation of axisymmetric, steady-state plasma flow through MPD-type thrusters with applied magnetic fields

An axisymmetric, implicit, finite-difference algorithm is formulated for the steady-state performance prediction of arcjet and MPD-type thrusters subject to both self-induced and applied magnetic fields. The azimuthal momentum equation is included in the algorithm to accommodate the swirl flow induced by the applied magnetic field. Thermal nonequilibrium is taken into account with the ionization level calculated using Saha's equation evaluated at the electron temperature. In addition, viscous and Hall effects are considered. 14 refs.
Relationship of soluble carbohydrates to age of corn cob parenchyma tissue

Abstract The 80% ethanol-soluble carbohydrate content of corn cob parenchyma tissue was determined on a per cell basis before and during the period of cell death. In four of the five populations studied, a period of cell elongation was followed by a drop in per cell sugar concentration to a very low level, following which cell death began. After this period, the total sugar concentration increased to a maximum, then decreased, and in some populations, increased again.
Relative distributions of myoglobin derivatives in breast muscle of chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy.

SummarySpectrophotometric analyses of myoglobin from crude muscle extracts of chicken breast muscle show an increase (35%) of reduced myoglobin, and a decrease (17%) of metmyoglobin in dystrophic muscle from hereditary dystrophic chickens when compared with normal controls. This may reflect a disruption of intracellular oxygen supply and demand.
Field dependence and psychological differentiation: reexamination

The concepts of field dependence and psychological differentiation have provided an extremely valuable link between theories of personality and psychopathology and laboratory research on perception and cognition. However, confusion between test and construct and failure to control adequately for intelligence have made it difficult to assess the limits of the concept of differentiation. Further, basic understanding of the nature of the individual differences observed has been hampered by insufficient efforts to distinguish between personality differences stemming from differences in ability and those stemming from differences in adaptive choices and strategies. The present paper examines these issues as they are reflected in the current literature and attempts to point toward a more comprehensive approach to research in this area.
High-frequency over-the-horizon radar ship detection through clutter cancellation: an alternative to high-resolution spectral estimation

High-resolution spectral estimation is the resolution of spectral components that cannot be distinguished in the Fourier transform. This paper presents what is, in effect, an unusual techniques to perform high-resolution spectral estimation. By canceling powerful and obscuring ocean clutter, weak ship targets are exposed in the short-time Fourier transform of a particular kind of radar data. This achieves the same result as high-resolution spectral estimation, but it also preserves the desirable properties of the Fourier transform. A specific clutter-canceling algorithm has been developed and successfully tested on data from the US Navy's Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar. A side-by-side comparison of this algorithm with Tufts-Kumerisan forward-backward linear prediction, a popular high-resolution spectral estimator, will be presented. Although both techniques performed well at detecting the ship and estimating its Doppler frequency, the clutter cancellation techniques seems to provide a better estimate of the ship power relative to the peak of the clutter. This property would be useful in target identification.
Academic Advising in Baccalaureate Distance Education Programs

Abstract This study analyzed current academic advising practices of distance education programs. The following practices were analyzed: advisor‐student communication, delivery systems, support or reference materials, required occasions for academic advising, group advising, and evaluation. A survey was used to collect data that yielded descriptive statistics on advising practices in distance education. Institutions selected for the sample had at least one baccalaureate degree program available at a distance using electronic delivery of instruction. Frequently reported advising practices included communicating by telephone, using faculty advisors, and providing advisors with academic planning worksheets. The study concludes with recommendations for implementing academic advising into distance education programs.
Cytological and weight changes in pituitary gland of the severely stressed rat.

SummaryEffects of severe stress, immersion in water at 70°C for 5 seconds, were studied on the male albino rat in relation to response of the anterior pituitary. Using 5 different staining methods, no significant changes in percentage of acidophils, basophils or chromophobes were found 1, 3 or 12 hours after stress, although there were marked increases in number of cells per field in the 12 hour post-stress rats. Fresh weight of the pituitary showed no significant change in 1 and 3 hour post-stress animals, but the 12 hour group displayed a marked reduction, which was evident on both an absolute and a relative to body weight basis. Comparison of relative dry weight and amount of fluid lost in drying in unstressed and 12 hour stressed animals revealed that the weight decrease consisted of both fluid loss and reduction in solids.
Effect of human cerebral neuraminidase on hexosaminidase A

Abstract Hexosaminidase A from liver or placenta can be converted to an enzyme that behaves like hexosaminidase B by either bacterial or cerebral neuraminidase preparations. Concurrent with this change increasing amounts of N-acetyl neuraminic acid are released into the reaction mixture. Therefore, two properties of hexosaminidase isozymes, heat lability and electrophoretic migration, are due to N-acetyl neuraminic acid content. This interconversion may have metabolic significance.
Seed source and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont affects growth of Juglans nigra seedlings

Seedlings of Juglans nigra from three seed sources were grown in fumigated soil without vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi or inoculated with Gigaspora margarita, Glomus deserticola or Glomus etunicatum. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development varied significantly between fungal symbionts within a black walnut source. Glomus deserticola and G. etunicatum produced the highest levels of root colonization in all sources. Significant differences in seedling shoot and root growth were attributed to root colonization by specific VAM fungi in each black walnut source. Glomus deserticola stimulated seedling leaf area and root weight 26 and 52%, respectively, in one seed source. Seedling leaf N, P and K concentrations were significantly improved by VAM in two seed sources. Juglans nigra seedlings respond favorably to VAM colonization. However, differences between seed sources suggest a strong host-symbiont interaction.
Detection of Cosmic High Energy Neutrinos

High energy neutrino astronomy at last seems to be nearing reality, after nearly three decades of speculation and initial experimental work. This review summarizes the experimental goals, energy regime for first attempts, scale size needed, and detection techniques. A short review of past and present underground detectors is followed by a summary of 12 relevant current proposals and projects for > 10 000 m$^{2}$ muon collecting area instruments. By the end of the decade there are likely to be several such new generation instruments in operation. The business of high energy neutrino astrophysics will, hopefully, be underway by the turn of the century.
ERROR CORRECTION FOR INCREASING THE USABLE CAPACITY OF PHOTOREFRACTIVE MEMORIES

Conventional error-correction coding techniques can be used to reduce the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required for achievement an acceptable bit-error rate and can therefore be used to increase the maximum number of pages that can be stored in a photorefractive memory. Because error-correction bits will exact some cost per page in terms of memory capacity, we address the question of when the gain in capacity surpasses this cost. It is found that a factor-of-2 improvement in capacity can be readily achieved.
Hart’s Methodological Positivism

To understand H.L.A. Hart's general theory of law, it is helpful to distinguish between substantive and methodological legal positivism. Substantive legal positivism is the view that there is no necessary connection between morality and the content of law. Methodological legal positivism is the view that legal theory can and should offer a normatively neutral description of a particular social phenomenon, namely law. Methodological positivism holds, we might say, not that there is no necessary connection between morality and law, but rather that there is no connection, necessary or otherwise, between morality and legal theory. The respective claims of substantive and methodological positivism are, at least on the surface, logically independent. Hobbes and Bentham employed normative methodologies to defend versions of substantive positivism, and in modern times Michael Moore has developed what can be regarded as a variant of methodological positivism to defend a theory of natural law.
Responses to Conflicting Stimuli in a Simple Stimulus–Response Pathway

The “local bend response” of the medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) is a stimulus–response pathway that enables the animal to bend away from a pressure stimulus applied anywhere along its body. The neuronal circuitry that supports this behavior has been well described, and its responses to individual stimuli are understood in quantitative detail. We probed the local bend system with pairs of electrical stimuli to sensory neurons that could not logically be interpreted as a single touch to the body wall and used multiple suction electrodes to record simultaneously the responses in large numbers of motor neurons. In all cases, responses lasted much longer than the stimuli that triggered them, implying the presence of some form of positive feedback loop to sustain the response. When stimuli were delivered simultaneously, the resulting motor neuron output could be described as an evenly weighted linear combination of the responses to the constituent stimuli. However, when stimuli were delivered sequentially, the second stimulus had greater impact on the motor neuron output, implying that the positive feedback in the system is not strong enough to render it immune to further input.
Resolution of the repeating unit of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Abstract The tripartite repeating unit of the inner mitochondrial membrane has been resolved into the following components: basepiece, headpiece, and headpiece-stalk. The headpiece contains rutamycin-insensitive ATPase activity; the basepiece contains activities of the electron transfer chain. Ultrastructural and chemical evidence is presented in support of two theses: ( 1 ) the headpiece-stalk sector accounts for the rutamycin-sensitive ATPase function; and ( 2 ) the stalk determines rutamycin sensitivity of the ATPase in the headpiece. An attempt has also been made to bring our observations on the rutamycin-sensitive ATPase and those of E. Racker into accord.
Radiocarbon ages of terrestrial gastropods extend duration of ice-free conditions at the Two Creeks forest bed, Wisconsin, USA

Analysis of terrestrial gastropods that underlie the late Pleistocene Two Creeks forest bed (~ 13,800–13,500 cal yr BP) in eastern Wisconsin, USA provides evidence for a mixed tundra-taiga environment prior to formation of the taiga forest bed. Ten new AMS 14C analyses on terrestrial gastropod shells indicate the mixed tundra-taiga environment persisted from ~ 14,500 to 13,900 cal yr BP. The Twocreekan climatic substage, representing ice-free conditions on the shore of Lake Michigan, therefore began near the onset of peak warming conditions during the Bolling–Allerod interstadial and lasted ~ 1000 yr, nearly 600 yr longer than previously thought. These results provide important data for understanding the response of continental ice sheets to global climate forcing and demonstrate the potential of using terrestrial gastropod fossils for both environmental reconstruction and age control in late Quaternary sediments.
Oral amphotericin B in the treatment of ulcerative intestinal diseases.

Amphotericin B given parenterally is nephrotoxic. The drug is poorly absorbed from the normal gastrointestinal tract and has no side effects. We wished to determine whether oral Amphotericin B is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of patients with intestinal ulcerations, since this drug might occasionally be needed for candidiasis after prolonged antibiotic therapy. Patients hospitalized for ulcerative colitis or enteritis were given 100 mg Amphotericin B suspension, 4 times daily for 5 days. After a 2-day rest period, they received 200 mg, 4 times daily, and finally 500 mg, 4 times daily. Antifungal activity of serum; urinary pH, specific gravity, protein and sediment; BUN and potassium were determined before, during and at the end of each test period; creatinine clearance and PSP, at the start and at the end of each test period. No kidney or electrolyte disturbance and only little absorption of the antifungal agent was found. No significant subjective symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn or headache were noted.
A mass-spectrometric study of propionaldehyde oxidation in the negative temperature coefficient region

The oxidation of propionaldehyde has been investigated in a 1-L Pyrex reactor at total pressures of 50–120 torr and temperatures 553–713 K. Detection of reactants and products was principally by molecular beam mass spectrometry, although certain species could only be measured by gas-chromatographic analysis. At 553 K the yield of water was ∼83% of the propionaldehyde consumed, leading to the conclusion that OH is the principal chain carrier near the beginning of the negative temperature coefficient region. Many oxygenated organics (CH2O, CH3CHO, C2H5OH, C2H5O2H, CH3O2H) and C2H4 are formed during the oxidation process. These oxidation products are consistent with the important role of O2 addition to C2H5 radicals at 553 K followed by subsequent reactions of the C2H5O2 radical. As the temperature is increased, the product concentrations smoothly change to a much simpler distribution in which C2H4, H2O2, and CO are the dominant products.
Environmental contaminants in white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica asiatica) from the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, USA.

Our study determined if white-winged doves (WWDs; Zenaida asiatica asiatica) breeding in locations where environmentally persistent contaminants occur in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas have levels of contaminants that can hinder reproduction. During summer 2003, 70 (32 males, 38 females) adult WWDs were collected from 8 at-risk sites. Liver tissues were analyzed for ten major and trace elements and muscle tissues were analyzed for 20 organochlorine compounds, 21 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, and toxaphene. Samples were compared to ten (five male, five female) captive-raised control WWDs. Arsenic, chromium, and lead were not detected or were below the detection limit, whereas copper, zinc, selenium, mercury, nickel, cadmium, and silver were detected in 70 (100%), 70 (100%), 52 (74%), 21 (30%), 4 (6%), 1 (1%), and 1 (1%) WWDs, respectively. None of the detected elements had significant sampling site, bird gender, or Site × Gender interactions, and each occurred at background levels. Toxaphene and polychlorinated biphenyls were not detected, whereas DDE, dieldrin, γ-BHC, and chlordane were detected in 13 (19%), 5 (7%), 2 (3%), and 1 (1%) field-collected WWDs, respectively, but all concentrations occurred at background levels. Concentrations of elements and compounds in field-collected WWDs did not significantly differ from those of the controls. Correlations between leukocyte counts and detectable contaminants generally indicated no correlation between each percentage of leukocyte type present and levels of selenium, copper, zinc, mercury, or DDE detected. One sample that had 0.072 μg/g dieldrin exhibited a low lymphocyte percentage (66%) out of only five samples. Comparisons could not be made with γ-BHC, chlordane, or the other elements that had a low number of samples with detectable levels. Overall, concentrations of elements and organochlorines found in WWDs were below levels known to impair reproduction and survival in birds.
Squeeze casting: A review and update

Squeeze casting is a pressurized solidification process whose conception in Russia dates back over a hundred years. It has been cited frequently since 1950 as a major production process in Soviet foundries. The process has recently been commercialized in Japan for automotive wheels; and considerable progress appears to have been made in the United States towards squeezecast diesel engine pistons. This paper reviews recent progress in developing and applying squeeze casting in these countries. Process parameters and details for ferrous and nonferrous applications are also covered, along with the highlights of a recently concluded experimental program for squeeze casting mortar shells from ductile iron.
Flutter and Stall Response of a Helicopter Blade with Structural Nonlinearity

The purpose of the present paper is to study the flutter instability and forced response of a nonrotating helicopter blade model with a NACA-0012 airfoil and a pitch freeplay structural nonlinearity. In this paper, three typical combinations of linear and nonlinear structure with a linear and nonlinear (ONERA) aerodynamic model are considered. Characteristic results are used to display the limit cycle oscillation and chaotic behavior of both the flutter instability and forced response for all three cases. The effects of various initial disturbance amplitudes on the forced response behavior are discussed. Comparisons of the results for the three cases are helpful in understanding physically the nonlinear aeroelasticity phenomena and chaotic oscillations.
Eight-bolt endplate connection and its influence on frame behavior

Abstract The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of semi-rigid connection properties on steel frame behavior. A finite element model and computer program is developed to investigate the moment–rotation behavior of eight-bolt stiffened endplate connections. The model includes both the beam side and the column side of a connection. A mesh generator is developed to generate a three-dimensional mesh with desired fineness. The numerical results are verified by comparison with experimental results. Parametric studies are conducted to develop prediction equations for the parameters in a power model representing the connection behavior. Frame analyses are conducted incorporating this connection model. A formula to classify fully and partially restrained endplate connections is proposed based on frame analysis results.
The Species Problem: Nineteenth-Century Concepts of Racial Inferiority in the Origin of Man Controversy

The species problem and its implications in the origin of man controversy had grown in importance in prewar America owing largely to the question of slavery. Implicit in the problem was the position of the so-called inferior races in society. The monogenists, despite their emphasis on environmentalism, were no more favorable to the Negro, except in their remote theoretical stance. The Civil War—not Darwin—brought the controversy to an end in America, but it continued to rage in Europe. The apparent synthesis of the schools during the 1870s did not disturb the stereotyped ideas of racial inferiority. The “inferior races” remained the basis of evolutionary discussion, leaving them as remote outcasts of the evolutionary struggle.
Crack-Path Effect on Material Toughness

The main features of a toughening mechanism associated with a curvilinear crack path are examined using a model consisting of a macrocrack in a brittle solid with a curvilinear segment at the crack tip. A numerical procedure for finite and semiinfinite cracks is formulated and evaluated using an example which has an exact solution (a finite crack in the form of a circular arc in a uniform stress field). It is shown that, for a relatively small amplitude of crack path oscillations, the toughening ratio can be taken equal to the ratio of the corresponding crack path lengths.
Fellini's 8 ½ and Jung: narcissism and creativity in midlife

Fellini's 8½, released in 1963, concerns a film director who has a midlife creative block. It is here viewed within the context of Fellini's discovery of Jung's writing and Jungian analysis in 1960. In Jung he found the mirroring he had not found in his childhood, or from the Catholic Church, or from the legacy of Italian neo-realist film. The film gives expression to the mixed results of Fellini's creative use of his discovery of Jung.
Statistical decoupling capacitance allocation by efficient numerical quadrature method

In this paper, we propose a novel statistical decap allocation method to reduce the voltage drop noise in the presence of variational leakage current sources. The new method can derive the closed form of decoupling capacitance (decaps) in terms of variational parameters from the variational leakage currents. It treats the deterministic decap method as a black box and can work with any existing simulation-based methods. The new method employs the orthogonal polynomials to represent the variational gate leakages in a closed form rst. Decap distributions are then computed by a fast multi-dimentional Gaussian quadrature method with sparse grid technique. Experimental results show that the proposed method can deliver order of magnitudes speedup over the Monte Carlo method with almost the same accurancy.