cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracerebroventricular alloxan reduces 2-deoxy-D-glucose analgesia.

Abstract 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) analgesia, mediated in part by endogenous opiate and hypothalamo-hypophysial systems is presumably activated by its stress-related properties. Recently 2DG hyperphagia, but not 2DG hyperglycemia was reduced by central pretreatment with the pancreatic beta-cell toxin, alloxan; this deficit was eliminated by co-administration of 3M D-glucose. The present experiment examined whether intracerebroventricular pretreatment with alloxan (40 or 200 μg) altered 2DG analgesia (400 or 700 mg/kg, IP) on the tail-flick and jump tests, and whether 3M D-glucose co-administration ameliorated any deficits. Both alloxan doses significantly reduced 2DG analgesia (400 mg/kg) on both tests. 2DG analgesia (700 mg/kg) was significantly reduced by both alloxan doses on the jump test, but only by the higher alloxan pretreatment on the tail-flick test. 3M D-glucose co-administration ameliorated alloxan-induced analgesic deficits more effectively at the lower 2DG dose. Neither alloxan nor alloxan/3M D-glucose treatments altered basal thresholds. These data pertain both to alloxan's effects upon coding of 2DG effects as stressful, and to the role of diabetes and/or central glucoreceptors in analgesic processes.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE CDC42-1TS ALLELE AND NEW TEMPERATURE-CONDITIONAL-LETHAL CDC42 ALLELES

Cdc42p is a highly conserved GTPase involved in controlling cell polarity and polarizing the actin cytoskeleton. The CDC42 gene was first identified by the temperature-sensitive cell-division-cycle mutant cdc42-1ts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have determined the DNA and predicted amino-acid sequence of the cdc42-1ts allele and identified multiple mutations in the coding region and 5′ promoter region, thereby limiting its usefulness in genetic screens. Therefore, we generated additional temperature-conditional-lethal alleles in highly conserved amino-acid residues of both S. cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc42p. The cdc42W97R temperature-sensitive allele in S. cerevisiae displayed the same cell-division-cycle arrest phenotype (large, round unbudded cells) as the cdc42-1ts mutant. However, it exhibited a bud-site selection defect and abnormal bud morphologies at the permissive temperature of 23°C. These phenotypes suggest that Cdc42p functions in bud-site selection early in the morphogenetic process and also in polarizing growth patterns leading to proper bud morphogenesis later in the process. In S. pombe, the cdc42W97R mutant displayed a cold-sensitive, loss-of-function phenotype when expressed from the thiamine-repressible nmt1 promoter under repressing conditions. In addition, cdc42T58A and cdc42S71P mutants showed a temperature-sensitive loss-of-function phenotype when expressed in S. pombe; these mutants did not display a conditional phenotype when expressed in S. cerevisiae. These new conditional-lethal cdc42 alleles will be important reagents for the further dissection of the cell polarity pathway in both yeasts. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inclusion bodies of type II alveolar cells: species differences and morphogenesis.

In order to evaluate pathological alterations of the inclusion bodies of Type II cells in the mammalian lung, normal morphology of inclusions has been studied in rabbit, sheep, rat, mouse, dog, hamster and guinea pig. In rabbit, and sheep the fetal development of the inclusions has also been investigated. After a standard method of fixation, three different types of inclusions have been found in the species studied. The first type of inclusion is seen in the fetal rabbit, fetal sheep, dog, rat and mouse. In these species the inclusions contain heavily osmiophilic, coarsely lamellar material. In all of these species, the inclusions seem to form from an interaction between tubulo-vesicular bodies, located near the Golgi apparatus, and multivesicular bodies. These are certain variations in the appearance of the inclusions among these species. The second type of inclusion is seen in the hamster and guinea pig, in which lightly osmiophilic material accumulates during the maturation of the inclusions. In these species, a granular dense body seems to occupy an important role in the formation of the inclusion bodies. In the third group, the postnatal rabbit and sheep, the inclusions appear vacuolated. It is postulated that the seemingly inconsistent results of the acid phosphatase activity of inclusions in several species may indeed be a reflection of species differences in the mode of formation of inclusion bodies.
Delayed remote ischemic postconditioning improves long term sensory motor deficits in a neonatal hypoxic ischemic rat model.

Objective Remote Ischemic Postconditioning (RIPC) is a promising therapeutic intervention wherein a sub-lethal ischemic insult induced in one organ (limb) improves ischemia in an organ distant to it (brain). The main objective of this study was to investigate the long-term functional effects of delayed RIPC in a neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) rat model. Method 10 day old rat pups were subjected to delayed RIPC treatment and randomized into four groups: 1) Sham, 2) HI induced, 3) HI +24 hr delayed RIPC, and 4) HI +24 hr delayed RIPC with three consecutive daily treatments. Neurobehavioral tests, brain weights, gross and microscopic brain tissue morphologies, and systemic organ weights were evaluated at five weeks post surgery. Results HI induced rats performed significantly worse than sham but both groups of delayed RIPC treatment showed improvement of sensory motor functions. Furthermore, compared to the HI induced group, the delayed RIPC treatment groups showed no further detrimental changes on brain tissue, both grossly and morphologically, and no changes on the systemic organ weights. Conclusion Delayed RIPC significantly improves long term sensory motor deficits in a neonatal HI rat model. A 24 hr delayed treatment does not significantly attenuate morphological brain injury but does attenuate sensory motor deficits. Sensory motor deficits improve with both a single treatment and with three consecutive daily treatments, and the consecutive treatments are possibly being more beneficial.
Identifying and Evaluating Evidence in Reptile Medicine

Abstract Reptile medicine is a broad field with a relatively incomplete data set to work from in the relevant literature. Despite the popularity of pet reptiles, few veterinary schools provide significant education in reptile medicine. The lack of professional veterinary medical education presents challenges to the clinician seeking to provide the best care for their reptile patients. Techniques for identifying data relevant to reptile medicine, obtaining data, evaluating data quality, and determining relevance to clinical cases are discussed in this article. Use of the best available evidence should lead to improvements in the practice of reptile veterinary medicine.
Mobility analysis of planar four-bar mechanisms through the parallel coordinate system

Abstract This paper presents a new method for the mobility analysis of planar mechanisms. The method utilizes a geometrical representation known as “parallel coordinates.” It is a transformation that maps the Euclidean space R N to N parallel coordinates in the projective plane. Points in R 2 are transformed to line segments in the parallel coordinate plane, and circles in R 2 are transformed to hyperbolae. Also, in this investigation, special techniques required for mobility analysis are developed. First, the intersection of circles is performed graphically through the parallel coordinate system. The parallel coordinate plane is then appended to relate this intersection data to the angular coordinates of the various members of the linkage. The ranges of these angular coordinates are the results of the mobility analysis.
Comparison of Farming Techniques Actually Implemented and Their Rationality in Organic and Conventional Olive Groves in Andalusia, Spain

ABSTRACT This paper compares the degree of actual implementation of different farming techniques used by organic and conventional olive growers in Andalusia (a region in the south of Spain) as a means to achieve a twofold objective. On the one hand, the aim is to assess if the analysed farming techniques are significantly different between both types of olive growers and whether their implementation is widespread. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish whether the aforesaid techniques can be considered to be the best possible options from an environmental, economic and/or agronomic point of view. The analysis has taken into account many relevant techniques in olive growing so that planting, soil management, irrigation, fertilization, phytosanitation, harvesting, transport and pruning have all been studied. Results show how in organic farming, in almost all the cases, more appropriate techniques from an environmental, economic and/or agronomic perspective are being used than in conventional farmin...
Geographic patterns of chromosomal variation in South American marsh rats, Holochilus brasiliensis and H. vulpinus.

Karyotypes were prepared from 146 individuals, representing nine populations evenly spaced along a 2,000-km north-south transect in Paraguay and Argentina, to determine the nature, extent, and pattern of chromosomal variation in Holochilus brasiliensis chacarius and H. vulpinus. Two distinct patterns of chromosomal variation characterized these two species. In H. brasiliensis, the diploid number (2n) ranged from 48 to 56 and the nombre fundamental (NF) from 57 to 63. Four classes of chromosomal variation were found in populations of H. brasiliensis: whole-arm Robertsonian (Rb) translocations, including Rb changes with monobrachial homology, variation in the number and kind of supernumerary (B) chromosomes, centromeric rearrangements (putative pericentric inversions), and variation in the amount of euchromatin. The amount of structural variation was uniformly high in all populations of H. brasiliensis sampled, and all rearrangements appeared to be in Hardy-Weinberg proportions, corroborating the hypothesis that chromosomal rearrangements are not strongly underdominant in this species. In H. vulpinus, 2n ranged from 35 to 39 and NF from 57 to 61. Two classes of variation were found in this species: variation in the number, but not the kind, of supernumerary chromosomes and variation in the amount of euchromatin.
Coating different thickness nickel-boron nanolayers onto boron carbide particles

Abstract This work is focused on electroless coating of nickel–boron (Ni–B) onto boron carbide (B4C) particles. Using NiSO4 as Ni2+ source, SnCl2 as sensitizing agent, PdCl2 as activation agent, and NaBH4 as reducing agent, Ni–B nanolayers of different thicknesses have been successfully coated onto the B4C particles. The B4C particles are around 2 μm in size and the Ni–B coating thickness can be adjusted by changing the Ni2+:B4C ratio. For the targeted 1 nm Ni–B thickness, the layer is discontinuous. When the targeted Ni–B layer increases to 5 nm, the coating layer becomes continuous and completely covers the B4C particle surfaces. When the targeted Ni–B coating thickness increases to 10 nm or higher, Ni–B nodules start to form with the mesh-like structures between the Ni–B nodules. The Ni–B nodule size increases with the Ni–B layer thickness. EDS results show the presence of oxygen in the Ni–B coating; oxygen content decreases as the Ni–B coating thickness increases. XPS confirms that B2O3 forms in the coating and the Ni:B ratio decreases with the Ni–B layer thickness. Ni–B electroless coating processes and morphological changes on the B4C particle surfaces with different Ni–B coating thickness are analyzed.
TECHNETIUM CHEMISTRY, OXIDATION STATES AND SPECIES

Abstract Pertechnetic and perrhenic acids behave as very strong acids, Ka ∼ 108. Their extensive dehydration to M2O7 in such media as 7 M sulphuric acid complicates a spectrophotometric comparison of acid strengths. Chloroform extractable TcO3Cl forms from pertechnetate in the presence of chloride ion and concentrated sulphuric acid. The (VII) state of this compound is confirmed and its spectrum described. No evidence of unusual technetium (VII) species, in aqueous media of 1 N base to 1 N acid, has been found. The red colour of concentrated aqueous HTcO4 is ascribed to a lower (VI) or (V) state. The existence in alkaline media of a technetate, TcO42−, species has been re-examined. Some (IV) and (III) state species are partially characterized, but no Tc2O3 could be isolated.
The necessary revolution

Looming Disaster The world is in horrible, dangerous shape. The existence of life depends on “clean water, breathable air, fertile soil, pollination and a stable climate.” These essentials are under severe attack. Wetlands, grasslands and forests are vanishing. Half of the world’s major rivers are polluted or depleted. Each year, environmental degradation forces 50 million poor people to leave their villages and migrate to cities. As a result, half a billion people live in horrifi c slums or squatter camps. Such people live bereft of social harmony, a situation sure to result in upheaval. But the worst of the story is that the world is getting notably hotter. Global climate change, caused by the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, is a hugely disturbing fact, not a theory. A dangerous side effect of the Industrial Age, global climate change is the most serious looming planetary catastrophe, an insidious nightmare. As fossil fuels deposit excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the gas causes widespread, continuous heating and damage. For instance, as the oceans absorb CO2, the water’s acidity increases, destroying coral reefs critical to marine life. Rising levels of greenhouse gases and CO2 in the atmosphere eventually will “trigger ‘runaway’ effects,” causing more warming. It will take 30 to 50 years before scientists are even able to register the overall impact of current atmospheric CO2 levels. Once the world reaches that tipping point, global warming feedback will begin to occur. At that stage, humans may fi nd it impossible to shape the future in any signifi cant way. Scientists estimate that, to make a difference, humanity must enforce a 60% to 80% emissions reduction within the next two decades – that’s part of the “80/20 Challenge.” If it doesn’t happen, people may soon face global catastrophe. Not scared enough? Consider these grim facts and statistics: • The “Asian Brown Cloud,” an airborne sheet of industrial particles “has been blamed” for half a million deaths of respiratory illness each year just in India. “The human community has caused a lot of harm to the planet, and things need to change. Doing nothing is no longer an option.” “The time for shifting responsibility to others, or covering up deep problems with simplistic solutions that only make problems ‘go away’ for a short time, is running out.”
Responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp.) in the field to high night air temperature during flowering. I. Thermal regimes of production regions and field experimental system

Abstract Weather data from representative tropical and subtropical locations where cowpea is commercially grown were analyzed to determine the extent to which day and night air temperatures differ between locations during the months of flowering. Mean daily maximum air temperatures are similar at all locations (33–38°C) with the exception of Ibadan. Nigeria, where they are somewhat lower (28–30°C). In contrast, average daily minimum night air temperatue is substantailly lower at the subtorpical (12–20°C) than the the tropical (22–27°C) locations. An experimental field system was designed and tested at Riverside, California, which exposed field-gown cowpea to conduction levels of warm air night during flowing, without interfering with other environmental factors. Mean daily T max was 33.5°C in all plots, and mean ambient daily T min was 15.0°C in open-aire plots and 16.5°C in sheltered plots during flowering. Average daily T min in three heated-treatment was 20.0 and 16.5°C in sheltered 26.5°C for the same period. The experimental system effectively simulated the thermal regimes of the southern Central Valley of California and parts of tropical West Africa and India during the monsoon for the months when cowpea flowers. This system allows quantitative evaluation at one field location of the degree to which different levels of night air temperature common in the tropics and subtropics influence plant performance. common in the tropics and subtropics influence plant performance.
Possible Existence of a T=0 Vector Meson at 1020 MeV

The existence of two T = 0, negative-G vector mesons--one coupled to the baryon currert, the other coupled to the hypercharge current---was first discussed within the framework of the vector theory of strong interactions. New, rather weak, evidence for a K-K resonance at 1020 Mev has also been found. The possible interpretation of this resonance as the decay of a T = 0, J = 1/sup -2/ meson is discussed here. The experimental and theoretical consequences of having a T = 0, J = 1/sup -2/ meson with mass > 2m/sub K/ in addition to the well established T = 0, J = 1/sup -2/ omega meson are investigated. (H.D.R.)
Improvement of rejection-induced diastolic abnormalities in rat cardiac allografts with inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition.

Abstract Objective: Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (nitric oxide II) activity has been proposed as a method to attenuate capillary leak and edema during rejection of heterotopically transplanted rat hearts. Myocardial edema has previously been implicated in diastolic dysfunction during allograft rejection. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition with aminoguanidine would alleviate left ventricular stiffening and myocardial edema formation in 4-day heterotopic rat heart allografts. Methods: Passive left ventricular filling was studied in American Cancer Institute Lewis rats receiving heterotopic heart transplants receiving either aminoguanidine, a selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (n = 6); dexamethasone (1 mg · kg –1 · d –1 administered subcutaneously) for 4 days after transplantation (n = 6); or intravenous saline solution (n = 6). American Cancer Institute–to–American Cancer Institute isografts (n = 6) were used as controls. Results: Serum nitrite/nitrate levels in the aminoguanidine group (18 ± 3 mmol/L) and dexamethasone group (22 ± 4 mmol/L) were reduced versus the intravenous saline group (144 ± 36 mmol/L [SEM]) to levels seen in controls (25 ± 9 mmol/L). Left ventricular volume at 15 mm Hg for the aminoguanidine group was increased versus that for the intravenous saline solution group, similar to that for controls, and reduced versus dexamethasone-treated animals. Myocardial water content for the aminoguanidine-treated animals (78.3% ± 0.4%) was similar to those of intravenous saline–treated animals (78.0% ± 0.3%) but greater than those of controls (77.1% ± 0.2%) and dexamethasone-treated animals (76.7% ± 0.3%). Conclusions: Nitric oxide II inhibition with aminoguanidine minimizes the reduction in left ventricular filling that is seen with allograft rejection through a mechanism that is not associated with attenuation of myocardial edema. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:39-46)
Secular Trends in Patients Diagnosed with Barrett’s Esophagus

Background It is not known whether there have been recent changes in demographic or clinical characteristics among patients newly diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus (BE), which could be a result of changes in disease epidemiology or of screening or surveillance effects, and could have clinical implications.
Stoner model of ferromagnetism and total-energy band theory.

The Stoner model of ferromagnetism in metals is generalized to reproduce the results of spin-polarized total-energy band calculations with the fixed-spin-moment procedure. The Stoner parameter for the exchange field is made a function of both volume and magnetic moment and evaluated from the band calculations. A generalized Stoner condition for the occurrence of ferromagnetism is derived and applied to fcc Fe. Our previous results on the high-spin and low-spin phases of fcc Fe are reproduced and differences from a recent Stoner analysis of fcc Fe are explained.
Reproductive Health in Women with Serious Mental Illnesses: A Review

This review intends to determine the extent to which a serious mental illness (SMI) interferes with reproductive health (RH). The primary focus is the question of whether or not, women with SMI are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections, female cancer, unwanted pregnancies, and sexual dysfunction. Eighty-four original studies published 1971–2008 are identified through database, journal and Internet searches (PUBMED, ACOG, OMNI), and categorized by their focus and sampling techniques. RH related outcomes and their determinants (awareness, stigma, others) are considered as measurable outcomes. Women with SMI have more lifetime sex partners, low contraceptive usage, higher rates of unwanted pregnancies, and are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections. The review reveals a scant data about the awareness (knowledge, attitudes) in RH among women with SMI. The findings highlight the importance of integration of the RH education into the psychosocial rehabilitation programs.
Reactive oxygen species-targeted therapeutic interventions for atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia that requires medical attention, and its incidence is increasing. Current ion channel blockade therapies and catheter ablation have significant limitations in treatment of AF, mainly because they do not address the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a major underlying pathology that promotes AF; however, conventional antioxidants have not shown impressive therapeutic effects. A more careful design of antioxidant therapies and better selection of patients likely are required to treat effectively AF with antioxidant agents. Current evidence suggest inhibition of prominent cardiac sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and targeting subcellular compartments with the highest levels of ROS may prove to be effective therapies for AF. Increased serum markers of oxidative stress may be an important guide in selecting the AF patients who will most likely respond to antioxidant therapy.
A family of elliptic curves of large rank

Abstract Fix a finite field k, a positive integer d relatively prime to the characteristic of k, and an element a of k. In this article we study the elliptic curve E with equation x ( x − 1 ) ( y − a ) = t d y ( y − 1 ) ( x − a ) over k ( t ) . We find a formula for the L-function of E for d = q + 1 , and we show that for all d the rank of E over k ¯ ( t ) is bounded below by d. This is notable because previous studies of similar curves have found large ranks only for much more restricted d. Further, we provide an explicit lower bound on the rank of E over k ( t ) which shows that the rank of E is unbounded as d varies even over k ( t ) .
Quantification of the Carbon Flow through the Folate-Dependent One-Carbon Pool Using Radiolabeled Histidine: Effect of Altered Thyroid and Folate Status

Hyperthyroidism and folate deficiency are known to alter the concentration of hepatic folate pools and the activity of a number of enzymes related to one-carbon metabolism. To evaluate the physiological significance of this relationship on a functional basis, we have developed and utilized an in vivo tracer kinetic technique to quantify the carbon flow through the one-carbon pool as a function of thyroid and folate status. Control, hyperthyroid, and folate-restricted rats were continuously infused with L-[ring-2-14C]histidine to measure the oxidative flow of carbon from histidine through the one-carbon pool to CO2. As expected, the hepatic activities of a number of enzymes involved in the catabolism of histidine to CO2 were markedly decreased in hyperthyroid (histidase, 69%; urocanase, 30%; 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 65%) and folate-restricted (10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 44%) rats. In addition, folate-restricted animals exhibited a 63% decrease in the hepatic concentration of total reduced folates. However, tracer kinetic analysis indicated an enhanced catabolism of histidine: the carbon flux from histidine to CO2 was increased approximately threefold in hyperthyroid rats and twofold in folate-restricted animals. Thus, in the case of hyperthyroidism and dietary folate restriction, changes in static measurements such as metabolite concentrations and enzyme activities do not reflect the dynamic tracer kinetic assessment of the carbon flux that is actually occurring in vivo. The kinetic data also demonstrate that the percentage of total entry into the 10-formyltetrahydrofolate pool originating from histidine catabolism was almost threefold greater compared to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate pool.
Genetic services for common complex disorders: surveys of health maintenance organizations and academic genetic centers.

Genetic services for common complex disorders: Surveys of health maintenance organizations and academic genetic centers
Testing a GIS Model of Habitat Suitability for a Declining Grassland Bird

Demand for information that can be used to manage loggerhead shrikes has recently increased because of concern over declining populations and loss of open, non-forested habitat. A previously-developed habitat model was modified to predict shrike habitat quality on Fort Riley Military Reservation (FRMR) in Kansas. Shrike habitat suitability indices were calculated based on the amount of potential and usable foraging habitat, and the number of potential nesting sites within a specified area. Interpretation of high quality digital photographs was used to delineate land cover classes, hedgerows and tree counts. These data were entered into a geographic information system (GIS) as individual data sets. The shrike habitat model was then employed to produce a GIS database predicting low, moderate, and high quality shrike habitat throughout the Reservation. Model results indicated that 67% of the Reservation was suitable habitat for loggerhead shrikes. Although over 80% of FRMR was mapped as grassland, the presence of few to several isolated trees or hedgerows was identified as a key factor in modeling habitat suitability. The accuracy of the GIS model was 82% in predicting suitable (moderate and high quality) loggerhead shrike habitat using an independent set of 66 recent shrike observations. The number of potential nesting sites and percent cover of usable foraging habitat were significantly related to habitat suitability of the sites occupied by shrikes.
Sums of non-integral powers

We give an approximation to the sum of non-integral powers of positive integers which is a natural generalization of Faulhaber's formula for the sum of integral powers of positive integers.
Primary tumors of the mediastinum.

Background and Objectives Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to mediastinal tumors have changed over the past three decades. We reviewed our recent experience with these tumors and assessed the role of a multidisciplinary treatment approach. Methods A retrospective review of 124 patients with primary mediastinal tumors over a 25-year period. Results Median age was 35 years. Symptoms were present in 86 of 124 (69%) patients. One hundred and eleven of 124 (90%) tumors were malignant. Distant metastases were present at diagnosis in 14 of 124 (11%) patients. The most common tumor was thymoma (38/124, 31%), followed by germ-cell tumor (29/124, 23%), lymphoma (24/124, 19%), and neurogenic tumors (15/124, 12%). Seventy-four of 124 (60%) patients underwent resection, 88 (71%) received chemotherapy, and 97 (78%) received radiation therapy. Tumor recurrence occurred in 52% (47/91) of patients who initially had a complete resection or response to treatment. Median time to recurrence was 10 months. Overall median survival was 44 months. Metastatic disease at presentation (P = 0.02) and tumor recurrence (P = 0.00001) were the only significant independent predictors of survival on multivariate analysis. Conclusions Malignant primary mediastinal tumors often require multimodality treatment. Despite improvements in survival with multimodality treatment, death from recurrent disease remains a problem. J. Surg. Oncol. 1999;70:95–99. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficient generation of coherent blue light by frequency-tripling single 1.32 [micro sign]m beam in two separate KTP and Ce-doped KTP crystals

Efficient blue light generation at 0.44 /spl mu/m has been achieved by phase-matched frequency-doubling in an undoped KTiOPO/sub 4/ crystal and subsequent sum-frequency generation in a cerium-doped KTiOPO/sub 4/ crystal by using a single 1.32 /spl mu/m pump beam. An overall frequency-tripling conversion efficiency of 5.9%, has been achieved at a pump pulse energy of 140 /spl mu/J.
Analysis of EUV limb-brightening observations from ATM. I - Model for the transition layer and the corona

Limb-brightening curves for EUV resonance lines of O vi and Mg x have been constructed from spectroheliograms (5″ resolution) of quiet limb regions observed with the Harvard experiment on Skylab. The observations are interpreted with a simple model for the transition layer and the corona. A comparison of theoretical and observed limb-brightening curves indicates that the lower boundary of the corona, where Te= 106K, is at a height of about 8000 km in typical quiet areas. For 1.01 R⊙≲r1.25 R⊙, the corona can be represented by a homogeneous model in hydrostatic equilibrium with a temperature of 106K for 1.01 R⊙≲r<1.1 R⊙ and 1.1 × 106K for r≳1.1 R⊙. The model for the transition layer is inhomogeneous, with the temperature gradient a factor of 3 shallower in the network than in the intranetwork regions. It appears that spicules should be included in the model in order to account for the penetration into the corona of cool (Te<106K) EUV-emitting material to heights up to 20000 km above the limb.
Modification of a Pharmacokinetics Course Design to Improve Student Performance

Objective. To determine if the addition of weekly quizzes or reducing the number of faculty members teaching improved third-year (P3) pharmacy students’ final grades in a clinical pharmacokinetics course. Design. Four sections of a pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics course were divided according to the number of faculty members teaching the course and the administration of weekly quizzes. Two sections were taught by 6 faculty members and 2 were taught by 3 faculty members. Also, 1 section in each group received weekly quizzes, creating a 2-by-2 design. Assessment. The performance of the 201 P3 students enrolled in the course was assessed by comparing the average of 3 examination grades while excluding quiz grades. The mean final grade of classes in which quizzes were not administered was lower than that for classes in which quizzes were administered (p=0.019). The mean final grade in classes taught by 3 faculty members vs 6 faculty members was higher, but not significantly. A positive significant correlation existed between performance in a prerequisite biopharmaceutics class and this advanced class. Conclusion. Making minor modifications to the delivery of a course, such as number of quizzes administered and number of faculty members teaching the course, had a positive impact on student performance. Grades in a prerequisite course may enable earlier identification of students at risk of poor performance in advanced courses.
DYNAMICAL GENERATION OF THE EFFECTIVE POTENTIAL IN SUPERSTRING THEORY

We obtain the effective potential of the type-II superstring with broken supersymmetry due to twisted toroidal compactification of one of the string coordinates. Supersymmetry breaking of this type is shown to yield non-vanishing contact interactions among the massless modes at genus-1 order, thus dynamically providing the theory with a nontrivial effective potential. We argue that, if for a general compactification scheme the sum of this potential and tree level contributions has a minimum(zero total tadpole), this would provide us with a self-consistent criterion for selecting true string vacua.
Defining normal capillary refill: Variation with age, sex, and temperature

Capillary refill has been advocated as an indicator of perfusion status (shock) in seriously ill patients. An upper limit of normal of two seconds has been recommended; there is no published evidence that supports this value. To investigate the validity of the two-second upper limit of normal and to examine the variation of capillary refill with age and temperature, we measured capillary refill in 100 healthy child, 104 adult, and 100 elderly volunteers. In addition, 20 adults were measured before and after a one-minute immersion in 14 C water. Median capillary refill times for the young female, young male, and adult male volunteers were 0.7, 0.8, and 1.0 seconds, respectively. These times were significantly shorter than those of the adult women, elderly women, and elderly men groups, whose median times were 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 seconds, respectively. In the temperature experiment, preimmersion times were significantly shorter (median, 1.3 seconds) than those after immersion (median, 2.9 seconds) ( P
Near-IR induced suppression of metabolic activity in aggressive cancers

The role of low light intensity in suppressing metabolic activity of transformed cell lines was investigated through the applications of a 1,552nm wavelength pulsed picosecond laser. Human malignant glioblastoma, human leukemia HL-60, and the NIH 3T3 cell lines were used. The cells were grown in 96 well plates and exposed in their respective growth culture media with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum under various fluence exposure conditions ranging from 0.115 - 100 J/cm2. All cell lines were exposed at a constant average intensity value of 0.115 W/cm2; 25 kHz repetition rate with 1.6 micro-joule per pulse; pulse duration = 2.93 picosecond. The human malignant glioblastoma and the HL-60 cell lines exhibited a monotonic decline in metabolic activity (down 50 - 60%) relative to their respective sham exposed control counterparts between the fluence values of 0.115 J/cm2 to 10 J/cm2. The NIH 3T3 cells exhibited a maximum suppression of metabolic activity at the fluence value of 50 J/cm2. Metabolic activity was measured through the colorimetric MTS metabolic assay. Interestingly, for all cell lines the metabolic activity was found to return back to the sham exposed control levels as the fluence of exposure was increased up to 100J/cm2.
Hydrogen-exchange kinetics in the cold denatured state of ribonuclease A.

Abstract Ribonuclease A (RNase A) exhibits a well-defined cold denaturation transition when examined at high pressure (3 kbar) and low temperatures (below - 10°C). Our main interest in this study was to investigate the pressure-assisted cold denatured state of RNase A by hydrogen exchange techniques. The protection factors obtained from the kinetic data are similar to those obtained previously for RNase A denatured by exposure to high pressure near its temperature of maximum stability, but differ markedly from those in thermally denatured RNase A. A qualitative analysis of the hydrogen-exchange rates suggests that cold denatured RNase A behaves markedly differently from a random coil, probably due to patches of residual secondary structure.
Sampling errors in closed-loop hybrid systems

A hybrid closed-loop system consists of a combination of continuous and discrete elements. Such systems are common in hybrid computer simulation or digital implementation of continuous controllers. The signal conversion process introduces errors into the system when compared with an equivalent system based on continuous variables. These errors, called sampling errors, are a function of several parameters within the digital part of the system. A model for these errors that can be used to estimate the effects that a particular hybrid implementation will have on the system response is developed in this work. An example is given to illustrate the application and accuracy of the equations.
Extended Sugawara construction for the superalgebras SU(M+1||N+1). I. Free-field representation and bosonization of super Kac-Moody currents.

In a series of two papers we will generalize the extended Sugawara construction to the superalgebra SU(M+1\ensuremath{\Vert}N+1). This first part contains ground work which we need to construct examples of closed extended algebras. We develop the tensor analysis for contractions of super d and f symbols, and we present a free-field representation of the super Kac-Moody currents at level 1 in terms of spin-0 fields. This is obtained from the standard spin-1/2 conjugate free-field representation by bosonization. Because of the mixed statistics, some of these conjugate pairs are of the \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma} type--similar to the superghosts appearing in Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond strings. The partial check on bosonization we carry out, in which we compare the torus partition functions before and after bosonization, is also of interest in that context.
Nutritional effects on the lifespan of Syrian hamsters

Syrian hamsters were fed one of nine semipurified diets composed of three casein levels (9, 18, and 36 g/385 Kcal), with each of three corn oil levels (4.5, 9.0, and 18.0 g/385 Kcal). These diets were given either for five weeks and were followed by control diet (18 g casein and 9 g corn oil/385 Kcal) or control diet was fed for the first five weeks and was followed by the nine diets. Calorie consumption, maximum body weight and length of growth period and of life are reported. Calorie consumption was directly related to dietary fat levels. Maximum body weights increased with increasing dietary fat and protein when the various diets were fed during weeks 1–5. This result was not due to a conditioning of the animals fed high-fat or high-protein levels during weeks 1–5 to consume more calories after week 5, since after this time consumption was the same in all groups fed the control diet. When diets were fed from week 6 body weight increased in both sexes with increased dietary fat; however, higher dietary protein increased female and decreased male maximum body weight. Males took longer to reach these maximum weights than females, and were not affected by receiving the various diets during weeks 1–5. However, when diets were fed from week 6 until death, the growth period increased with higher dietary fat or protein. Male hamsters survived longer than females with each experimental treatment. Animals fed low-fat, low-protein diet or high-fat, high-protein diet during the first 5 weeks of the study survived longest. When diets were fed from 6 weeks until death, survival increased as dietary fat rose for both sexes. In contrast, survival improved as dietary protein rose for females or decreased for males. These studies establish a basis for further investigations on the link between nutrition and longevity in the Syrian hamster.
Stimulation of glycerol production in fat cells by cholera toxin.

CELL-FREE filtrates of cultures of V. cholerae contain a toxin which produces fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops1 and increases capillary permeability in rabbit skin2. In isolated rabbit ileal mucosa, it induces chloride secretion and inhibition of normal, non-glucose mediated sodium absorption3. The effects on ion fluxes are similar to those produced by theophylline or cyclic adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and, in addition, the effects of cholera toxin on gut fluid loss are mimicked by agents that can increase tissue cyclic AMP levels4. We therefore investigated the effects of the toxin on fat cells in which accumulation of cAMP resulting either from increased synthesis (for example, with epinephrine) or from decreased degradation (for example, with theophylline) results in stimulation of lipolysis5. As reported below, cholera toxin increases glycerol production by fat cells. These studies have provided the basis for a simple, sensitive assay for choleragen.
Electrochemically deposited p–n homojunction cuprous oxide solar cells

Abstract The electrical properties of both p- and n-type cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) films electrochemically deposited from two electrolyte solutions were examined by current–voltage measurements. The resistivity of p-type Cu 2 O varied from 3.2×10 5 to 2.0×10 8 Ω cm, while that of n-type Cu 2 O from 2.5×10 7 to 8.0×10 8 Ω cm, depending on deposition conditions such as solution pH, deposition potential and temperature. With optimized deposition conditions for minimum resistivity, p–n homojunction Cu 2 O solar cells were fabricated by a two-step deposition process. The p–n homojunction Cu 2 O solar cells showed a conversion efficiency of 0.1% under AM1 illumination. The low efficiency is attributed to the high resistivity of p- and n-type Cu 2 O, which require doping to reduce.
STUDY OF GEOMAGNETIC CUT-OFF ENERGIES AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF THE PRIMARY COSMIC RADIATION

The results of a series of 6 Skyhook balloon flights with combination C\ifmmode \breve{}\else \u{}\fi{}erenkov-scintillation detectors, similar to ones previously described, are used to study spectral cutoffs as a function of latitude and to observe some aspects of temporal variations at high altitude of the alpha particles of the primary cosmic radiation. Observed cutoff energies are found to be in strong disagreement with geomagnetic theory. In one large cosmic-ray decrease the very low-energy portion of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum (300-600 Mev/nucleon) does not seem to be strongly affected.
DNA ploidy and protein content in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma multi‐variable flow cytometry

Multi-variable flow cytometry studies were done on paraffin-embedded surgical specimens from 97 patients with bronchiolalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and on 10 normal lung tissue specimens to assess the value of nuclear protein content besides DNA ploidy. Tumor tissues were stained for DNA content with propidium iodide and for protein content with fluorescein isothiocyanate. DNA ploidy measurements were successful in 87 of the 97 specimens. Twenty-four (28%) specimens were DNA diploid, and 63 (72%) were DNA nondiploid (DNA tetraploid or DNA aneuploid). There was no significant difference in survival between patients with DNA diploid and with DNA nondiploid tumors (P = 0.69). The protein histogram pattern was bimodal in 26/87 (30%) of patients; these had significantly shorter survival than patients with either normal or right-shift protein histogram patterns (61/87) (P = 0.0033). The nuclear protein measurement was an independent prognostic indicator when corrected for tumor grade and tumor size in a Cox model analysis (P = 0.04). The nuclear protein measurement correlated with nuclear size as determined by nuclear volume measurements. The combination of DNA ploidy, protein, and cell size measurements by flow cytometry provide a useful biologic basis for the variable prognosis seen with BAC tumors.
Employee equity: Toward a person-based approach to HRM

Abstract This paper explores a theoretical framework for HRM that we term “employee equity.” Adapting the customer equity concept from marketing, the framework shifts the primary unit of analysis from tasks to people. We show how value, brand, and retention equity translate to the HRM domain by viewing employees as internal customers. The translation and a model of employee lifetime value offer starting points for research that will aid in effectively managing and retaining human assets in organizations.
Pyeloileocystostomy for ureteral necrosis in pediatric renal transplant recipient

A pediatric renal transplant patient who had ureteral necrosis treated initially by nephrostomy followed by a subsequent pyeloileocystostomy is reported. This unusual approach to a renal transplant complication is recommended, but only when other methods cannot be utilized.
Dimensionality of energy transfer between intercalated and surface-bound donor-acceptor pairs in DNA

The energy transfer among several fluorophores when bound to linear DNA has been studied. The intercalation and groove binding of the fluorophores and relatively large persistent length of DNA makes it a good model for one dimensional energy transfer. In this case, as predicted by Foerster's theory, the donor intensity decayed with a t1/6 time dependence. The presence of a finite volume with a restricted geometry leads to significantly different donor intensity decays from that predicted by Foerster's model. We used intercalated/groove-bound fluorophores as donors and transition metal ion complexes which only bind on the outside surface of the DNA as acceptors, to characterize energy transfer in a cylindrical geometry. Two models were used: a hard cylinder with a donor on the z-axis and acceptors on the surface, and a soft-boundary cylinder where a distribution of acceptors within a cylindrical volume was allowed. The energy transfer among intercalated/groove-bound donors and surface-bound acceptors in DNA can be described with soft-boundary cylindrical geometry with reasonable parameters.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Utility of administrative claims data for the study of brain metastases: a validation study

In this study, we sought to determine the accuracy with which the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis code for “secondary neoplasm of brain and spinal cord” in health insurance claims measures clinically evident central nervous system (CNS) metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For 241 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed NSCLC, we compared ICD-9-CM “secondary neoplasm” codes indicating tumor spread to the CNS from institutional billing records to gold-standard chart review to determine: (1) sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of the site-specific secondary neoplasm code and (2) the accuracy in time of its appearance within billing records compared with the gold standard date of CNS relapse. The occurrence of at least one ICD-9-CM code for brain metastasis (Algorithm 1) had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 100–100%) and PPV of 91% (95% CI: 87–94%). By requiring ≥ 2 codes (Algorithm 2) or ≥ 3 codes (Algorithm 3) for the diagnosis of brain metastasis in claims, specificity and PPV improved, while sensitivity did not drop substantially. The claims-based date of diagnosis was also accurate, with 92% of dates falling within 30 days of the gold standard. ICD-9-CM codes in institutional billing claims reliably documented NSCLC metastases to the CNS. These results suggest that Medicare claims data may be used to evaluate clinical and epidemiological issues related to brain metastases in elderly cancer patients.
Salient Characteristics Of A Distributed Diagnostic Imaging Management System For A Radiology Department

The design and implementation of a distributed diagnostic imaging management system is new. The goal of these distributed systems is to integrate digital diagnostic imaging modalities through a local area network. This paper provides an estimate of the current utilization of digital diagnostic image data and provides the user logical functions required for each node of the distributed system.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.