cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rural and urban population changes and the stages of economic development: a unified approach

A model is presented which can yield a dynamic path of economic development from very early stages through more advanced stages in an attempt to shed light on what Alonso called the “five bell-shapes” within a unified framework. The model is able to explain not only the occurrence of a downturn in the rural population after the initial phase of population growth both in rural and urban areas, but also the delayed occurrence of such a downturn in many present-day developing countries. The author then focuses the later stages of economic development and explains two alternative courses of urbanization, namely, the reversal process and the continual-growth process, as special cases of the general model; which of the courses occurs depends on the value of the elasticity of urban agglomeration-economies.
Brief Report: Actigraphic Sleep and Daytime Naps in Adolescent Girls with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

OBJECTIVES A descriptive pilot study to examine sleep and daytime naps in adolescent girls with chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain. METHODS Seventeen girls (14.9 +/- 2.0 years) completed questionnaires on anxiety and depressive symptoms during their clinic visit, and maintained a sleep diary and wore an actigraph for 7 days. Parents completed a daily diary of their teen's medications and approaches used to ease pain. RESULTS Average nighttime sleep was 7.2 hr by actigraphy. All participants had mean sleep efficiency <90%. In diaries, 76.5% of the girls reported daytime naps; five girls reported more than three days with naps and more naps were associated with lower sleep efficiency and total nighttime sleep. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent girls with chronic MSK pain may sleep fewer hours at night than is recommended and nap in the daytime to compensate for insufficient nighttime sleep.
Family day care: A theoretical basis for improving quality

This study establishes a theoretical basis for improving caregiving practices in family day care. Providers' demographic characteristics, training, support networks, business practices, and stability of services were examined relative to their caregiving practices. A conceptual model was proposed and then tested with data collected through telephone interviews with 177 family day care providers and home observations of 36 providers. Multiple regression procedures were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that providers' child care training, affiliation with support networks and years of schooling explain 69.82% of the variance in ratings of caregiving practices.
Points of Departure: The Culture of US Airport Screening

For the past several months I have been conducting an experiment at airport security gates, shooting photographs of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) facilities and screeners to determine how long I can go on before I will be asked to stop. After shooting photos in 12 airports I have received only one warning at the US-Canada border while taking a picture of a twenty-something woman of colour being interrogated by TSA workers after she was physically searched in a nearby makeshift room. I only became visible to the TSA at the moment I witnessed her visibility, but in general as a white woman I go relatively unnoticed in a US security regime largely based on racial profiling. If I were a person of colour it is possible that many of these images would not exist, that my camera would have been taken, the images destroyed, or I might not have even taken the risk in the first place. In any case, it has become clear to me that the airport is no longer just a ‘non-place’ as Marc Auge (Auge, 1995) famously described it over a decade ago, but in the context of the US-led war on global terror it has possibly become ‘the place’, a charged and volatile domain punctuated by shifting regimes of biopower.
Applying “Moral Responsibility for Computing Artifacts” to PICT

“Moral Responsibility for Computing Artifacts,” nicknamed “The Rules,” is a collaborative project dedicated to continuously revising and improving a short document promoting a succinct and fundamental articulation of responsibilities that accrue to people who design, develop, deploy, or knowingly use computing artifacts. At this writing there are 50 people signed on to the project from nine countries; the current document can be found at the end of this chapter. Although The Rules are designed to be applicable to all computing artifacts, there are interesting aspects specific to pervasive devices that make The Rules particularly important for this subset of computing artifacts. This chapter explores aspects of pervasive information and communication technologies (PICT) artifacts that are most problematic ethically, and examines how the principles in The Rules can be applied to help mitigate these ethical concerns.
Plus Ça Change

Northeast Africa is here taken to include Egypt and northern Sudan. It contains the arid heart of the Eastern Sahara, the driest region of the great desert, large parts of which now lie within the O-mm isohyet. Across this desert, however, there flows the River Nile, one of the world’s major rivers. The Nile is tightly confined within its steep-sided and cliff-lined valley, flowing through a land in which rainfall is a newsworthy event, so that the transition between the riverine valley and the desert proper is abrupt and measurable in meters. The modem environments of the valley and the desert could not be more different; similarly, the effects of the Pleistocene—Holocene transition upon these two zones could not have been more different.
Evaluation of an adult insulin infusion protocol at an academic medical center.

Objective: Acknowledging evidence of possible detrimental effects of tightly controlled blood glucose levels, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Diabetes Association published a consensus statement recommending less strict control for most diabetic patients. As a result of these recommendations, our academic center at Creighton University Medical Center revised its adult insulin infusion protocol to target blood glucose levels ranging from 120 to 180 mg/dL for regular (standard) glycemic control and 80 to 120 mg/dL for tight control; previous targets had ranged from 80 to 180 mg/dL and 70 to 110 mg/dL, respectively. The primary objective was to evaluate the time that blood glucose values were within the target range for patients receiving the new protocol, compared with patients receiving the previous protocol.
Static strike-slip faulting in a horizontally varying crust

A simple and accurate method is shown for a static two-dimensional model of a long strike-slip fault in a crust with horizontally varying rigidity. The rigidity variation is approximated by a series of vertical laminated layers. The layer model has an exact solution represented by zero-frequency Thompson-Haskell layer matrices. The slip regime is modeled by a planar displacement discontinuity (i.e., screw dislocations) within one layer. The method was used to calculate the surface displacement and strain fields for a number of slip regimes and crustal rigidity profiles. In general, it was found that large modifications and/or excursions to the conventionally expected deformation fields resulted using physically reasonable crustal rigidity models. For example, very large local amplification spikes in the strain field were found in crustal low-rigidity zones. The results further showed that not adequately considering crustal strength variations can be a cause of misinterpreting field data. A possible source of “noise” in field observations was also linked to crustal nonuniformity. The demonstrated sensitivity of static data to both large scale and local rigidity variations points up the potential use of dense field observation nets for delineating heterogeneous regions in the crust.
Addressing Gender Gaps in Teens' Cybersecurity Engagement and Self-Efficacy

To increase women's representation in technology careers, it's important to spark and nurture their interest and confidence during middle and high school. A pilot study compares gender differences in cybersecurity self-efficacy and interest among teens at a five-day cybersecurity camp. Although males initially scored higher on the Cybersecurity Engagement and Self-Efficacy Scale, the females caught up by week's end.
Topics in Taita Tone II

This paper describes aspects of tone in the Mbololo dialect of Taita, comparing it to the Dembwa dialect described in Odden (200 I). A salient feature of tone in the language is a covert lexical distinction between words with final H versus those with no final tone. Phrasal tone alternations provide ample evidence allowing the recovery of this underlying distinction. The language also has a process of rightward H tone shift, also found in languages such as lita and Dembwa Taita. In contrast to Dembwa Taita, where language- nternal evidence clearly indicates that surface shift is the result of general spreading and restricted de-linking, the patterns of spread and delinking in Mbololo Taita are perfectly matched, so that there is no synchronic evidence for a two-step account of tone shift.
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation: An Approach/Avoidance Reformulation

The main purpose of this article is to advance an alternative perspective on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and in particular to examine critically the assertion that these processes are antagonistic such that the will to learn for its own sake is inhibited by the presence of extrinsic, tangible rewards and incentives such as school grades. The presumption of an antagonistic relationship largely depends on the theoretical perspective adopted. An alternative interpretation based on need achievement theory leads to distinctly different conclusions. Exploring this new perspective allows one to identify both the conditions under which intrinsic motives may coexist with extrinsic motives as well as to consider some of the means by which intrinsic motives and caring about learning can be stimulated in their own right in school settings.
Patient Satisfaction After Sling Revision for Voiding Dysfunction After Sling Placement.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate patient-reported outcomes after sling release for obstructive voiding after sling operation for female stress urinary incontinence. Methods All female patients who had sling release for obstructive voiding at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 2000, through October 31, 2008, were identified and mailed a survey including validated questions for voiding symptoms. A composite outcome for surgical success was chosen in which participants reported global improvement (at least "much better") and complete satisfaction on a 7-point Likert scale. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify clinical and surgical predictors of this outcome. Results In total, 101 women were identified, of which 98 were alive at the time of mailing, and 55 women (56.1%) responded to the survey. Surgery before sling release was a synthetic midurethal sling in 62 patients and biologic sling in 39 patients. Clinical characteristics among mailing responders and nonresponders were similar aside from time from revision surgery to survey (median, 38.8 vs 54.6 months; P = 0.05). Overall, 23 (41.8%) of the 55 responding patients met the predefined criteria for surgical success. Multivariable analysis identified age younger than 60 years (odds ratio [OR], 4.22; P = 0.02), absence of overactive bladder symptoms before sling release (OR, 3.99; P = 0.04), and type of sling release (sling incision or loosening vs partial or complete excision) (OR, 3.78; P = 0.05) as predictors of success. Conclusions Of responders, 23 (41.8%) reported global improvement and satisfaction. Younger age, lack of documented overactive bladder symptoms before sling release, and performing sling release with sling incision or loosening rather than partial or complete excision were associated with better satisfaction and patient-reported improvement.
Two characterization theorems for integral operators

Let (X,μ) be a separable σ-finite measure space. A bounded operator A on L2(X) is called an integral operator if it is induced by an equation: Af(x) = ∫k(x,y)f(y)dμ(y), where k is a measurable function on X × X such that ∫|k(x,y)f(y)|dμ(y) < ∞ a.e. for every f in L2(X). In this paper, some results on Carleman operators, due to von Neumann, Tarjonski and Weidmann, are extended to the case of the general integral operator.
Noise rise criterion for the relative performance assessment of multiple CDMA-based systems

Spectrum engineering practices and tools, like deterministic calculations, semi-analytical methodologies or statistical Monte Carlo based simulation, are today available to address the sharing and compatibility issues between radio systems. The objective of the paper is to discuss the noise rise criterion, often used to determine uplink capacity of CDMA-based systems, when applied to the relative uplink performance of multiple CDMA-based systems, and to provide guidance on how to set the relative noise rise criterion in this case. A simple formula based on deployment constraints is proposed and is validated by Monte Carlo-based statistical simulations. The method is exemplified by the IMT-2000/UMTS and cdma2000 1X technologies, so that the relative robustness to external interference sources of these two IMT-2000 systems can be discussed. We present some analytical calculations applied to CDMA-based systems' uplink and attempt to highlight the need to set the noise rise criterion carefully for cdma2000 relative to the UMTS noise rise criterion. A simple method, based on the reverse link coverage margin, is also proposed. We exemplify this method with the UMTS and cdma2000 cases, and propose the validation of the new methodology through Monte Carlo-based statistical simulations. (5 pages)
Spontaneous Oligomerization of Nucleotide Alternatives in Aqueous Solutions

On early Earth, a primitive polymer that could spontaneously form from likely available precursors may have preceded both RNA and DNA as the first genetic material. Here, we report that heated aqueous solutions containing 5-hydroxymethyluracil (HMU) result in oligomers of uracil, heated solutions containing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC) result in oligomers of cytosine, and heated solutions containing both HMU and HMC result in mixed oligomers of uracil and cytosine. Oligomerization of hydroxymethylated pyrimidines, which may have been abundant on the primitive Earth, might have been important in the development of simple informational polymers.
Against Intellectual Monopoly: Innovation under Competition

We have just seen numerous examples showing the frenetic pace of creation in the absence of copyright. Of course, people love to create stories, music, movies – and even news. So, perhaps you agree that copyright is not such a big deal, and even that it is not such a good idea. However, although we may hope to live lives free of boredom in the absence of intellectual monopoly, what about invention, the driving force of economic growth and prosperity? Would we benefit from all of the machines, drugs, and ideas that surround us if not for the beneficent force of patent law? Can we risk the foundation of our prosperity and growth by eliminating patents? In fact, the evidence shows that the invention of marvelous machines, drugs, and ideas does not require the spur of patents. If anything, the evidence shows, it is the other way around: patent protection is not the source of innovation, but rather the unwelcome consequence that, eventually, tames it. We have already looked at the computer software industry: at its inception and during its most creative decades, the industry was essentially free of patents and made almost no use of copyright protection to prevent entry by competitors. As creativity slowed down, consolidation took place, and a few large monopolists emerged (one in particular), the demand for copyright first and patents later grew.
Expression of eosinophil-granule major basic protein messenger ribonucleic acid in placental X cells.

BACKGROUND: The human eosinophil-granule major basic protein (MBP) is a 13.8-kilodalton cationic polypeptide constituting the core of the eosinophil granule. MBP is cytotoxic to parasites and numerous mammalian cells and is a potent secretagogue for platelets, basophils, mast cells, and neutrophils. Concentrations of a molecule immunochemically similar to eosinophil granule MBP are present in maternal plasma, and MBP has been localized by immunofluorescence to placental X cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To determine whether X cells produce MBP, the expression of MBP messenger RNA (mRNA) was investigated in placentas by Northern blot analyses and by in situ hybridization with 35S-labeled RNA probes. RESULTS: Northern blot analyses of RNA from placental septa and villi showed the existence of a 1.0-kb RNA band that hybridized with the MBP anti-sense probe; no MBP mRNA was detected in whole blood of normal or pregnant women or in cord blood. Analyses of placentas by in situ hybridization showed MBP mRNA in X cells of placental septa and anchoring villi, but not in other cellular elements such as syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, villous stromal cells, and fetal endothelial cells. RNase pretreatment abolished X-cell hybridization signals; treatment of sections with an excess of nonradiolabeled anti-sense RNA also blocked binding of the 35S-labeled anti-sense RNA probe. Additional evidence supporting the production of MBP by X cells was obtained using a combination of in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, which showed colocalization of MBP and its mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of MBP mRNA and MBP protein in placental X cells indicates that X cells synthesize this biologically active molecule.
Optimal Stopping of Seasonal Observations and Projection of a Markov Chain

We consider the recently solved problem of Optimal Stopping of Seasonal Observations and its more general version. Informally, there is a finite number of dice, each for a state of “underlying” finite MC. If this MC is in a state k, then k-th die is tossed. A Decision Maker (DM) observes both MC and the value of a die, and at each moment of discrete time can either continue observations or to stop and obtain a discounted reward. The goal of a DM is to maximize the total expected discounted reward. This problem belongs to an important class of stochastic optimization problems—the problem of optimal stopping of Markov chains (MCs). The solution was obtained via an algorithm which is based on the general, so called, State Elimination algorithm developed by the author earlier. An important role in the solution is played by the relationship between the fundamental matrix of a transient MC in the “large” state space and the fundamental matrix for the modified underlying transient MC. In this paper such relationship is presented in a transparent way using the general concept of a projection of a Markov model. The general relationship between two fundamental matrices is obtained and used to clarify the solution of the optimal stopping problem.
The Mould-specific M46 gene is not essential for yeast-mould dimorphism in the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) is the causative agent for the respiratory infection histoplasmosis. The fungus exists in the environment as a saprophytic multi-cellular mould. Spores are inhaled by mammals whereupon the organism will convert into the single-celled yeast morphotype resulting in infection. The shift to the yeast morphotype is required for pathogenesis. Most studies on dimorphism have examined yeast-phase-specific genes and few mould-phase-specific genes have been investigated. It is likely, that some mould-phase-specific genes must be downregulated for the yeast to form or upregulated for the mould to form. We isolated a strongly expressed mould-specific gene, M46, from an expression library enriched for mould upregulated genes in Hc strain G186AS. To determine if M46 is involved in dimorphism, M46 was ectopically expressed in yeast phase growing temperature, and an m46 knockout strain was created via allelic replacement. Ectopically expressing M46 in yeast, did not induce filamentous growth. Genomic disruption of M46 by allelic replacement did not alter the morphology of the mould as seen in bright field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. A growth curve study, revealed that M46 is not involved in maintaining the growth rate of cells. These findings indicate that the mould specific M46 gene is not necessary nor essential for dimorphism, maintaining the normal mould morphology, and growth rate of Histoplasma capsulatum.
The Body Ontology of Capitalism

Critical social theory powerfully negates symbolic structures of political economy and imaginary projections of ideological culture but never quite knows what to do with corporeal bodies. “The Body Ontology of Capitalism” reviews Marx’s account of body ontology in his post-1859 writings (especially Capital, Vol. 1), in which value (abstract labor) is extracted from the concrete bodies of laborers caught in capital’s grasp. Body ontology is analyzed in Marx’s work as well as Lacan’s psychoanalytic social theory, exploring the relationship between structurally wounded bodies and imaginary projections. Zižek’s embodied account of wounded subjects of sublime ideological objects is also used to interpret the body fantasies of late capitalism (undead, cyborg, armored subjects). Following Marx and psychoanalytic theorists, Krier and Amidon conclude that body ontology is necessary to adequately comprehend and critique symbolic and imaginary productions of capital.
PENGELOLAAN AIR BALAS: KERANGKA HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DAN PERBANDINGAN HUKUM DI INDONESIA

Abstrak Pembuangan air balas kapal yang tidak diolah dan dibuang di sembarang tempat berpotensi menyebabkan perpindahan beberapa organisme laut yang tidak sesuai dengan lingkungan hidup awalnya. Organisme ini akan berkembang dan mengganggu sistem rantai makanan yang pada akhirnya berdampak pada pencemaran air laut dan keseimbangan ekosistem. Perhatian dunia internasional terhadap perlindungan laut terlihat dengan adanya konvensi yang mengatur tentang pembuangan air balas pada tahun 1992 sebagai upaya mitigasi untuk mencegah menyebarnya spesies predator serta untuk menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem di suatu daerah di dunia. Tulisan ini membahas perkembangan pengaturan pengelolaan air balas di dunia sampai dengan terbentuknya Konvensi Pengelolaan Air Balas dan perbandingan penerapannya di beberapa negara termasuk di Indonesia. Mengingat Indonesia belum meratifikasi ketentuan Konvensi Pengelolaan Air Balas, tulisan ini akan mengkaji kemungkinan Indonesia menjadi negara anggota konvensi tersebut. Abstract This article attempts to discuss Indonesia’s policy on ballast water exchange with regard to protection of the marine environment in Indonesia’s water territory. The exchange of ballast water is potential to inadvertently introduce non-native species into new habitat. These species are likely to thrive and harm the existing ecosystem, turning them to be invasive species. World’s attention was gained after several disasters in some countries, calling the adoption of a new international standard as prevention and mitigation measures of such issue. This article will also address the development of Ballast Water Management Convention and compare other countries practice in their national law framework.
Enforced Nr4a2 expression Drives HSCs into Quiescence.

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used as a paradigm for understanding somatic stem cell biology, yet the factors that regulate their self-renewal and differentiation are poorly understood. Our lab has recently discovered that within the hematopoietic lineage, Nr4a2 expression is restricted to the stem and progenitor cell compartment. Furthermore, we have observed a dramatic decrease in its expression when the bone marrow cells are exposed to 5-fluorouracil which forces quiescent HSCs into cycle. We therefore hypothesize that Nr4a2 may be involved in maintaining stem cell quiescence. To better understand the role of Nr4a2 in hematopoiesis, we have performed gain-of-function studies in which Nr4a2 is overexpressed in HSCs. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) experiments revealed that Nr4a2 overexpressing cells contributed significantly less to the peripheral blood compared to the control (1% vs 35%, see fig). This suggests that enforced Nr4a2 expression negatively affects HSC regeneration potential. We also found that Nr4a2 overexpression has a negative effect on the overall proliferation capacity with an in vitro methocult assay. Together, these results support our hypothesis that the high level expression of Nr4a2 regulates HSC quiescence by inhibiting HSC self-renewal and/or differentiation. Cell cycle analysis demonstrates that enforced expression of Nr4a2 causes an increase in the number of cells in quiescence. These data are supported further by analysis at a molecular level revealing that overexpression of Nr4a2 increases expression of cell cycle inhibitors such as p18 and p19, both of which are important for Go to G1 entry. By uncovering the role of Nr4a2 in hematopoiesis we aim to achieve not only a better understanding of the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation but also of the pathways involved in HSC cell cycle regulation. Download : Download high-res image (64KB) Download : Download full-size image
Rebiopsy of patients (pts) with acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

8025 Background: The EGFR-TKIs erlotinib and gefitinib produce dramatic regressions of tumor in ∼ 70% of NSCLC patients with activating mutations in the EGFR-TK domain. After a median time to progr...
CONGESTIÓN EN EL SERVICIO DE URGENCIA: RESPUESTAS BASADAS EN EVIDENCIAS A PREGUNTAS FRECUENTES

SUMMARY La congestion en las unidades de urgencia constituye un problema en muchos paises del mundo, entre los que se incluye Estados Unidos y Chile. La congestion en los servicios de urgencia produce problemas a los pacientes y al personal, ademas de tiempos de espera cada vez mas largos, desvios de ambulancia cada vez mayores, estadias cada vez mas largas, mayor numero de errores medicos, mayor mortalidad de los pacientes y una mayor perdida de recursos a los hospitales debido a perdidas financieras. Este articulo pretende describir la etiologia de la congestion en los servicios de urgencia y las posibles soluciones, a traves de un analisis de la evidencia. En ultimo termino, la congestion en las salas de urgencia se origina, a su vez, por la aglomeracion de pacientes en los hospitales y por ende, la solucion a este problema complejo radica tanto en la sala de urgencia como fuera de ella.
Advanced Machine Language Approach to Detect DDoS Attack Using DBSCAN Clustering Technology with Entropy

Service availability is the major and primary security issue in cloud computing environments. Currently existing solutions that address service availability-related issues that can be applied in cloud computing environments are insufficient. In order to ensure the high availability of the offered services, the data centers resources must be protected from DDoS attack threats. DDoS is the major and the most serious security threat that challenges the availability of the data centers resources to the intended clients. The existing solutions that monitor incoming traffic and detect DDoS attacks become ineffective if the attacker’s traffic intensity is high. Therefore, it is necessary to devise schemes that will detect DDoS attacks even when the traffic intensity is high; such schemes must deactivate DDoS attackers and serve the legitimate users with available re-sources. This research paper addresses the need to prevent DDoS attacks by defining and demonstrating a hybrid detection model by introducing an advanced and efficient approach to recognize and efficiently discriminate the flood attacks from the flush crowd (legitimate access). Moreover, this paper introduce and discusses, most importantly, the application of multi-variate correlation among the selected and ranked features to significantly reduce the false alarm rate, which is one of the major issue associated with the current available solution.
The Greatest Generation: Apropos of Sidney Mintz

Sidney Mintz's passing on December 27, 2015, obliges us to recall and acknowledge the outstanding cohort of anthropologists who studied alongside him at Columbia University in the years immediately following World War II. Together, they transformed the discipline. They include, among other luminaries, Stanley Diamond, Morton Fried, Marvin Harris, Marshall Sahlins, Elman Service, and Eric Wolf. Armed with new research questions and theoretical interests, they freed anthropology from its Boasian moorings and pushed it in new and exciting directions. The cohort's collective and individual anthropological oeuvre from the 1950s to the 1980s reconfigured the practice of anthropology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. [history of anthropology, Columbia University, Marxism, modes of production, capitalism, world-systems, Sidney Mintz] El reciente fallecimiento de Sidney Mintz (27 diciembre de 2015) suscita recordar y reconocer a ese grupo extraordinario de antropologos que estudio con el en la Universidad de Columbia, Nueva York, al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Juntos transformaron la disciplina. Entre otros ilustrados se encuentran Stanley Diamond, Morton Fried, Marvin Harris, Marshall Sahlins, Elman Service y Eric Wolf. Armados con nuevas preguntas de investigacion e inquietudes teoricas, libraron a la antropologia de su arraigo boasiano y la impulsaron hacia nuevos y mas interesantes horizontes. Su obra colectiva e individual, producida entre las decadas de los 50 a los 80, reconfiguro la practica antropologica durante el siglo veinte y principios del vigesimo primero. [historia de la antropologia, Universidad de Columbia, marxismo, modos de produccion, capitalismo, sistema mundial, Sidney Mintz]
Perspectivas de um futuro brilhante para a formação em epidemiologia de campo na Europa

A publicacao de uma serie de artigos sobre os varios programas de formacao em epidemiologia em 2001 coincide com o 50o aniversario do Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) dos Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Se ainda fosse vivo, Alex Langmuir (fundador do EIS) ficaria bastante satisfeito ao constatar a multiplicacao e sucesso que os programas de formacao obtiveram na Europa. Tambem na America Latina, Asia e Africa estao a surgir programas de formacao "praticos" identicos, destinados a fornecer aos profissionais de saude as capacidades praticas necessarias a execucao de investigacoes epidemiologicas relevantes e oportunas no "mundo real" da saude publica. Alguns destes programas de formacao estao a ser desenvolvidos e sao propostos por varias instituicoes academicas locais, outros envolvem parcerias formais com os CDC e outros resultam dos esforcos isolados das agencias locais de saude publica.
Strength-based topology optimization for anisotropic parts

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is emerging as a promising technology to fabricate cost-effective, customized functional parts. Designing such functional, i.e., load bearing, parts can be challenging and time consuming where the goal is to balance performance and material usage. Topology optimization (TO) is a powerful design method which can complement AM by automating the design process. However, for TO to be a useful methodology, the underlying mathematical model must be carefully constructed. Specifically, it is well established that parts fabricated through some AM technologies, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), exhibit behavioral anisotropicity. This induced anisotropy can have a negative impact on functionality of the part, and must be considered. To the best of our knowledge, a robust TO method to handle anisotropy has not been proposed. In the present work, a strength-based topology optimization method for structures with anisotropic materials is presented. More specifically, we propose a new topological sensitivity formulation based on strength ratio of non-homogeneous failure criteria, such as Tsai-Wu. Implementation details are discussed throughout the paper, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical and experimental tests.
Using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry to Study the Influence of the Prion [RNQ+] and Its Determinant Prion Protein Rnq1 on Yeast Lipid Profiles.

The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae harbors multiple prions that allow for the creation of heterogeneity within otherwise clonal cell populations. However, in many cases, the consequences of prion infection are entirely unclear. Predictions of prion-induced changes in cell physiology are complicated by pleotropic effects, and detection is often limited to relatively insensitive cell growth assays that may obscure many physiological changes. We previously showed that silica gel high performance thin-layer chromatography-densitometry (HPTLC) can be used to empirically determine prion-induced changes in lipid content in yeast. Here, we conduct pair-wise quantifications of the relative levels of free sterols, free fatty acids, and triacylglycerols [petroleum ether-diethyl ether-glacial acetic acid (80:20:1, v/v/v) mobile phase and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) detection reagent]; steryl esters, methyl esters, and squalene [hexane-petroleum ether-diethyl ether-glacial acetic acid (50:20:5:1, v/v/v/v) and PMA]; and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol (chloroform-diethyl ether-acetic acid (65:25:4.5, v/v/v) and cupric sulfate-phosphoric acid) in otherwise clonal prion-infected ([RNQ+]) and prion-free ([rnq−]) cells in both stationary- and logarithmic-growth phases. We detected multiple statistically significant differences between prion-infected and prion-free cells that varied by growth phase, confirming our pr evious observations that prions exert distinct influences on cell physiology between stationary- and log-phase growth. We also found significant differences between cells expressing or lacking the Rnq1 protein which forms the [RNQ+] prion, providing new clues to the as yet unresolved normal biological function of this prion-forming protein. This investigation further emphasizes the utility of HPTLC-densitometry to empirically determine the effects of prions and other presumed innocuous gene deletions on lipid content in yeast, and we expect that additional analyses will continue to resolve the physiological effects of prion infection.
Collective Memory as Tool for Intergroup Conflict: The Case of 9/11 Commemoration

We apply a cultural psychology approach to collective memory of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. In particular, we considered whether practices associated with commemoration of the 9/11 terrorist attacks would promote vigilance (prospective affordance hypothesis) and misattribution of responsibility for the original 9/11 attacks (reconstructive memory hypothesis) in an ostensibly unrelated context of intergroup conflict during September 2015. In Study 1, vigilance toward Iran and misattribution of responsibility for the 9/11 attacks to Iranian sources was greater among participants whom we asked about engagement with 9/11 commemoration than among participants whom we asked about engagement with Labor Day observations. Results of Study 2 suggested that patterns of greater vigilance and misattribution as a function of instructions to recall engagement with 9/11 commemoration were more specifically true only of participants who reported actual engagement with hegemonic commemoration practices. From a cultural psychological perspective, 9/11 commemoration is a case of collective memory not merely because it implicates collective-level (versus personal) identities, but instead because it emphasizes mediation of motivation and action via engagement with commemoration practices and other cultural tools.
Antitumorigenic Activity of Rosemary

The dried leaves of the plant Rosmarinus officinalis L. have high antioxidant activity and are commonly used as a spice and flavoring agent. The dried powdered extract of rosemary leaves (rosemary) contains about 16.5% ursolic acid, 3.8%-4.6% carnosol, and 0.1%-0.5% carnosic acid. Topical application of rosemary to the backs of mice inhibits 12–0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced short-term biochemical marker changes (e.g., inflammation, ornithine decarboxylase activity, and hyperplasia) as well as TPA-induced long-term effects (tumor promotion) in mouse epidermis. Topical application of rosemary to mice also inhibits the formation of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-DNA adducts and tumor initiation by B[a]P and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in the epidermis. Feeding rosemary in the diet inhibits B[a]P-induced forestomach and lung tumorigenesis, azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumorigenesis, and DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice, and it also inhibits the formation of DMBA-DNA adducts and DMBA-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in rats. Rosemary (a) has antioxidant activity, (b) inhibits carcinogen-induced cytochrome P450–1A1 activity, and (c) induces glutathione S-transferase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced (NADPH): quinone oxidoreductase activity. These activities may explain its inhibitory effects on skin, forestomach, lung, colon, and mammary carcinogenesis.
Harnessing graphical structure in Markov chain Monte Carlo learning

The Monte Carlo method is recognized as a useful tool in learning and probabilistic inference methods common to many datamining problems. Generalized Hidden Markov Models and Bayes nets are especially popular applications. However, the presence of multiple modes in many relevant integrands and summands often renders the method slow and cumbersome. Recent mean field alternatives designed to speed things up have been inspired by experience gleaned from physics The current work adopts an approach very similar to this in spirit, but focusses instead upon dynamic programming notions as a basis for producing systematic Monte Carlo improvements. The idea is to approximate a given model by a dynamic programming-style decomposition, which then forms a scaffold upon which to build successively more accurate Monte Carlo approximations. Dynamic programming ideas alone fail to account for non-local structure, while standard Monte Carlo methods essentially ignore all structure However, suitably-crafted hybrids can successfully exploit the strengths of each method, resulting in algorithms that combine speed with accuracy. The approach relies on the presence of significant "local" information in the problem at hand. This turns out to be a plausible assumption for many important applications. Example calculations are presented, and the overall strengths and weaknesses of the approach are discussed.
The Buckeye Corpus Of Speech: Updates and enhancements

This paper describes recent progress in the development of the Buckeye Corpus of Speech, a phonetically labeled corpus of conversational American English speech, first described in [1]. With the publication of the second phase of transcription, the corpus has nearly doubled in size from the first release. We briefly give an overview of the corpus, report on additional studies of inter-labeler agreement, and describe a new GUI designed to facilitate searching the annotated speech files.
Heterogeneous Integration of III–V Lasers on Si by Bonding

Abstract Integration of III–V materials with silicon photonics using bonding allows the addition of lasers and optical amplifiers to this platform, which are critical elements in most photonic integrated circuit applications. The bonding approach allows integration of a wide range of materials with silicon and is compatible with high-volume wafer-scale production in sophisticated silicon fabrication facilities. Alternatively, the addition of the superior silicon waveguide to III–V laser devices enables better performance in narrow-linewidth single-wavelength and mode-locked lasers. This chapter will provide an introduction to the technology, the basic elements of the fabrication process for a heterogeneous laser, and then follow with technological demonstrations of these devices.
Spatial and Temporal Variations of PM2.5 in North Carolina

Studies have indicated that the adverse effects on human health and the decrease in visibility caused by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exhibit spatial heterogeneity. Moreover, the environmental effects produced by different chemical compositions of PM2.5 vary on a regional scale. Therefore, understanding the spatiotemporal variations and chemical compositions of PM2.5 is necessary for assessing the regional impacts. Secondary inorganic PM2.5 (iPM2.5) is formed through chemical reactions between the base gas NH3 and acidic gas pollutants (e.g., NO2 or SO2). The major components of iPM2.5 include NH4+, SO42–, and NO3–. To fully comprehend the regional impacts of PM2.5, this research quantifies the spatiotemporal variations of iPM2.5 with the aim of evaluating the contributions from iPM2.5 to PM2.5 in North Carolina (NC). The concentrations (at 34 sites) and chemical components (at 7 sites) of PM2.5 from 2005 to 2014 were extracted from the EPA’s AirData, with the highest concentrations measured in the urban areas of central NC. Notably, PM2.5 concentrations have been significantly reduced over the past 10 years, with a concurrent decreasing trend in iPM2.5. Seasonal variation analysis indicates that PM2.5 concentrations were higher in summer and lower in winter; however, significant variation occurred only between 2005 and 2011. Although iPM2.5 formed the largest mass fraction of PM2.5 for 2005–2011, organic carbon matter (OCM) contributed the dominant share for 2012–2014. Significant seasonal variations in the iPM2.5 mass fractions were also observed, with NO3– and SO42– exhibiting inverse variations. This study links the ambient PM2.5 to various sources by revealing the spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 and their associated chemical compositions in NC, thereby enabling the development of effective control and mitigation strategies.
High resolution STEM/EDX spectral imaging to resolve metal distributions within ∼100 nm combustion generated ash particles

Ultrafine ash particles play an important role in establishing a sticky inner deposit layer on heat transfer surface for power plants, but it is still unclear whether a thin surface alkali coating ...
A PCA-Based Framework for Determining Remotely Sensed Geological Surface Orientations and Their Statistical Quality.

The orientations of planar rock layers are fundamental to our understanding of structural geology and stratigraphy. Remote-sensing platforms including satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and LIDAR scanners are increasingly used to build three-dimensional models of structural features on Earth and other planets. Remotely-gathered orientation measurements are straightforward to calculate but are subject to uncertainty inherited from input data, differences in viewing geometry, and the regression process, complicating geological interpretation. Here, we improve upon the present state of the art by developing a generalized means for computing and reporting errors in strike-dip measurements from remotely sensed data. We outline a general framework for representing the error space of uncertain orientations in Cartesian and spherical coordinates and develop a principal-component analysis (PCA) regression method which captures statistical errors independent of viewing geometry and input data structure. We also build graphical techniques to visualize the uniqueness and quality of orientation measurements, and a process to increase statistical power by jointly fitting bedding planes under the assumption of parallel stratigraphy. These new techniques are validated by comparison of field-gathered orientations with minimally-processed satellite imagery of the San Rafael Swell, Utah and UAV imagery from the Naukluft Mountains, Namibia. We provide software packages supporting planar fitting and the visualization of error distributions. This method provides a means to increase the precision and comparability of structural measurements gathered using a new generation of remote-sensing techniques.
Minimally invasive lumbar decompression in an ambulatory surgery center

Background: There is limited data regarding clinical and surgical outcomes of minimally invasive lumbar decompression (MIS LD) as an outpatient procedure. In this context, our purpose is to evaluate a single surgeon’s experience with performing MIS LD in the outpatient versus inpatient setting and determining if there are differences in surgical and clinical outcomes. Methods: Patients undergoing primary, one- to three-level MIS LD were retrospectively reviewed and stratified by surgical setting: ambulatory surgical center (ASC) versus hospital. The cohorts were compared with respect to demographics, perioperative characteristics, complications, postoperative pain and narcotics consumption, and improvements in patient-reported outcomes. Results: Five hundred and nine patients were included: 332 patients underwent surgery at an ASC and 177 patients underwent surgery at a hospital. The ASC patients were younger, more likely to be male, and carry Workers’ Compensation insurance. The hospital patients were older, more likely to be diabetic, and had a greater comorbidity burden. Patients undergoing MIS LD in an ASC were less likely to have multi-level procedures and more likely to have decompression with discectomy compared to patients in the hospital cohort. There were two cases of superficial wound infection in the ASC cohort and a single case of a pulmonary embolus in the hospital cohort. Additionally, a total of 28 patients had recurrent herniated nucleus pulposus in the ASC cohort compared to 12 patients in the hospital cohort. There was one case of residual stenosis in the ASC cohort compared to eight cases in the hospital cohort. Both cohorts demonstrated similar preoperative ODI, VAS back pain, and VAS leg pain scores through 12-month follow-up. Conclusions: MIS LD is a safe and effective procedure in an ASC, however, appropriate patient selection and postoperative protocols are imperative in minimizing complications and optimizing safety and efficacy in the outpatient setting.
But her emails! How journalistic preferences shaped election coverage in 2016

While existing work explains how journalists use news values to select some stories over others, we know little about how stories that meet newsworthiness criteria are prioritized. Once stories are...
Outcomes after early initiation of nonsteroidal immunosuppressive therapy in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis.

2571Background: Current treatment guidelines for immune-mediated colitis (IMC) recommend 4 to 6 weeks of steroids as first-line therapy, followed by nonsteroidal immunosuppressive therapy (NSIST) (...