cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic strategies and migrant adaptation: The case of Irish Tinkers

(1977). Economic strategies and migrant adaptation: The case of Irish Tinkers. Ethnos: Vol. 42, No. 1-2, pp. 22-37.
Nonredundant Functions of Kinesin-13s during Meiotic Spindle Assembly

Spatiotemporal control of microtubule depolymerization during cell division underlies the construction and dynamics of mitotic and meiotic spindles. Owing to their potent ability to disassemble microtubules, Kinesin-13s constitute an important class of microtubule destabilizing factors. Unfertilized Xenopus eggs, similar to other metazoan cells, contain the prototypical Kinesin-13 MCAK as well as a second family member, XKIF2. Here, we compare the roles of MCAK and XKIF2 during spindle assembly in Xenopus extracts. We find that although MCAK and XKIF2 have similar localization and biochemical properties, XKIF2 is not required for spindle assembly and, further, cannot substitute for MCAK. Altering dosage of the two kinesins demonstrates that spindle length is exquisitely sensitive to MCAK concentration but not XKIF2 concentration. Finally, we demonstrate that the rate of poleward microtubule flux in Xenopus-extract spindles is unaffected by XKIF2 depletion and is only modestly sensitive to reduction of MCAK action. We suggest that, in contrast to models proposed for mammalian somatic cell and embryonic Drosophila spindles, Kinesin-13s do not play a central role in poleward flux by depolymerizing minus ends. Rather, MCAK, but not XKIF2, plays a central role in regulating dynamic instability of plus ends and controls spindle length by that mechanism.
Association of the frontal QRS-T angle with adverse cardiac remodeling, impaired left and right ventricular function, and worse outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Background No prior studies have investigated the association of QRS-T angle with cardiac structure and function and outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that increased frontal QRS-T angle is associated with worse cardiac function and remodeling and adverse outcomes in HFpEF. Methods A total of 376 patients with HFpEF (i.e., symptomatic heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction > 50%) were prospectively studied. The frontal QRS-T angle was calculated from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Patients were divided into tertiles by frontal QRS-T angle (0°–26°, 27°–75°, and 76°–179°), and clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data were compared among groups. Cox proportional-hazards analyses were performed to determine the association between QRS-T angle and outcomes. Results The mean age of the cohort was 64 ± 13 years, 65% were women, and the mean QRS-T angle was 61 ± 51°. Patients with increased QRS-T angles were older; had lower body mass indices; more frequently had coronary artery disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation; and had higher B-type natriuretic peptide levels ( P P P = .008). Conclusions In HFpEF, increased QRS-T angle is independently associated with worse left and right ventricular function and remodeling and adverse outcomes.
Analysis of the temporal response of CT fluoroscopy

Recently, fluoroscopy using computed tomography (CT) has gained significant attention. This is largely driven by the clinical application of the CT fluoroscope (CTF) is guided biopsy. Many studies have been conducted for the optimal presentation of the information. Little attention has been paid, however, to the temporal response of the CTF. The temporal response is important in understanding the inherent limitations of the CTF and in determining the best guided biopsy procedures. For example, during the biopsy operation, when needle is inserted at a relatively high speed, the true needle position will not be correctly reflected in the displayed fluoroscopy image until sometime later. This could result in an overshot or misplacement of the biopsy needle. In this paper, we perform detailed analysis of the temporal response of the CTF. We first derive a set of equations to describe the average location of a moving object observed by the CTF system. The accuracy of the equations is verified by computer simulations and experiments. We then show that the CT reconstruction process acts as a low pass filter to the motion function. For a general weighting function used in the tomographic reconstruction process, the impact on the observed needle motion depends on the biopsy needle location, the needle motion orientation and speed, and the weighting function itself. As a result, there is an inherent time delay in the CTF process to the true biopsy needle motion and location. This analysis can be used as a useful tool in the optimization of the biopsy procedure parameters. It can also be used as a guidance to the biopsy operator during training.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The mode of action of carbon tetrachloride on Fasciola hepatica.

1 . A biliary fistula was prepared in twelve sheep. 2 . Each animal was given 2 ml. of 14C-carbon tetrachloride (specific activity 15 mc/m-mole) and bile collected at 2, 4, 24 and 48 hr. 3 . Specific activity was measured by liquid scintillation counting before and after each specimen had been heated to 75°C for 10 min to drive off volatile content (carbon tetrachloride). 4 . Only traces of activity were present in the bile and heating did not alter this. 5 . There was no difference in the survival times of adult Fasciola hepatica incubated in Hedon Flieg medium with and without 25% bile from non-medicated sheep, or with carbon tetrachloride in a concentration of 0.03%, but 25% of bile from sheep given 2 ml. of carbon tetrachloride 24 hr before greatly increased lethality in vitro. 6 . The anthelmintic action of carbon tetrachloride on F. hepatica does not result from a direct action due to excretion in bile of unchanged carbon tetrachloride but of an unidentified toxic element not necessarily derived from the drug but which arises as a result of its administration.
Unstable kinetic relations and the dynamics of solid-solid phase transitions

In recent continuum-mechanical models of phase transitions in solids, the kinetic relation for a transition is usually assumed to be such that the driving force acting on a phase boundary is a monotonically increasing function of phase boundary velocity. The present paper explores the implications of relinquishing this assumption in the dynamics of one-dimensional elastic bars undergoing stress-induced transitions. Among other results, it is found that, for a class of non-monotonic kinetic relations, models of the kind discussed here permit stick-slip motions of a phase boundary, as observed in certain experiments.
Greater seed production in elevated CO2 is not accompanied by reduced seed quality in Pinus taeda L.

For herbaceous species, elevated CO2 often increases seed production but usually leads to decreased seed quality. However, the effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on tree fecundity remain uncertain, despite the importance of reproduction to the composition of future forests. We determined how seed quantity and quality differed for pine trees grown for 12 years in ambient and elevated (ambient 1200lLL � 1 )C O2, at the Duke Forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) site. We also compared annual reproductive effort with yearly measurements of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and water availability [precipitation minus
Integration of Social Media in Emergency Medicine Residency Curriculum

INTRODUCTION As education moves away from the age of pen and paper, the digital platform has become a rapidly growing resource for both emergency medicine educators and learners. Social media are any Internet-based applications that enable content sharing and rapid interactions between large populations. The growth and influence of social media technologies have allowed the distribution of ideas far beyond geographic borders. During the past decade, an estimated 141 blogs and 42 podcasts related to emergency medicine and critical care have been developed in 24 countries. Free open access meducation (FOAM), defined as a community of open access resources for learning in medicine, leverages the powerful sharing and interactive qualities of social media to rapidly disseminate educational materials and expert insights. Social media resources are being used frequently by emergency medicine training programs; a recent survey of 226 emergency medicine residents at 12 different residency programs showed that almost 98% use some form of social media for learning for at least 1 hour per week. Many emergency medicine residency programs across the United States and Canada have started their own Twitter accounts (Table), largely through the work of the group at Academic Life in Emergency Medicine (ALiEM). Despite the strong tendency to use social media for learning, there remains a lack of understanding or science of how to implement it effectively. Our primary goal is to describe the different social media modalities and how our program and others have created a presence in these platforms.Wewill also offer specific examples of how these modalities can be integrated asynchronously or in conjunction with didactic sessions. Last, wewill highlight the potential struggles and barriers that may be associated with the implementation and integration of social media in residency education. We hope that this article will spark further discussion on social media use and inspire future studies to examine the effectiveness of its integration in emergency medicine residency curricula.
Direction- and velocity-specific responses from beyond the classical receptive field in the middle temporal visual area (MT).

The true receptive field of more than 90% of neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) extends well beyond the classical receptive field (crf), as mapped with conventional bar or spot stimuli, and includes a surrounding region that is 50 to 100 times the area of the crf. These extensive surrounds are demonstrated by simultaneously stimulating the crf and the surround with moving stimuli. The surrounds commonly have directional and velocity-selective influences that are antagonistic to the response from the crf. The crfs of MT neurons are organized in a topographic representation of the visual field. Thus MT neurons are embedded in an orderly visuotopic array, but are capable of integrating local stimulus conditions within a global context. The extensive surrounds of MT neurons may be involved in figure–ground discrimination, preattentive vision, perceptual constancies, and depth perception through motion cues.
Advances in Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy

Recent advances in drug design have led to the development of new small molecular weight chemotherapeutic agents, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acid molecules that can be used for treatment of breast cancer. However, transformation of these drug candidates into actual therapies with well-defined dosing regimens remains a significant challenge due to the limited ability to selectively deliver these drug molecules into the cytoplasm of breast cancer cells. In this article, we describe the use of liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric micelles as carriers that can be used for delivery of anticancer drugs and their potential in breast cancer therapy. We also summarize the challenges facing the development of nucleic acid–based therapies.
The chromosomes of the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus.

The chromosomes of the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, were studied using cultured peripheral leukocytes, tissue cells and direct preparation of male germ cells. The diploid number was found to be 64 in the blood and tissue cells, the haploid number was 32 in the testicular preparations. The autosomes can be divided into six groups, according to their size and the position of the centromere. Group A contains two pairs of large metacentrics, Groups B and C contain together 18 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes, the distinguishing feature being a gradual decrease in size. Group D is composed of six pairs of small metacentric chromosomes with almost medial centromeres. One prominentld satellited chromosome constitutes a ready marker element of this groud and of the karyotype. It is not entirely certain whether this satellitey chromosome has a homologue or not. Five pairs of small acrocentrics constitute Group E. These are almost indistinguishable from one another. Buccal smears showed a typical sex chromatin body in interphase nuclei of epithelial cells from female animals similar to that observed in some other mammals. A sex difference was also noted on examination of peripheral blood films, typical “drumsticks” being present on polymorphonuclear leukocytes from female armadillos.
An onboard navigation system which fulfills Mars aerocapture guidance requirements

The development of a candidate autonomous onboard Mars approach navigation scheme capable of supporting aerocapture into Mars orbit is discussed. An aerocapture guidance and navigation system which can run independently of the preaerocapture navigation was used to define a preliminary set of accuracy requirements at entry interface. These requirements are used to evaluate the proposed preaerocapture navigation scheme. This scheme uses optical sightings on Deimos with a star tracker and an inertial measurement unit for instrumentation as a source for navigation nformation. Preliminary results suggest that the approach will adequately support aerocaputre into Mars orbit.
A pilot phase II trial of magnesium supplements to reduce menopausal hot flashes in breast cancer patients

Background We tested if magnesium would diminish bothersome hot flashes in breast cancer patients.
PRODUCTION OF GRANULOCYTIC COLONIES IN-VITRO FROM THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD (PB) OF A CHILD WITH ADULT-TYPE CHRONIC GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CGL)

PB from a 5 y.o. child with untreated adult-type (Ph1 chromosome positive) CGL was studied for in-vitro leukocyte colony production. Both the number of colonies obtained and the morphologic nature of the cells in the colonies were assessed. Unfractionated buffy coat produced 21 ± 5 colonies/105 cells. When buffy coat was fractionated by centrifugation over ficoll-Hypaque, colony forming units (CFU-c) were found to be concentrated in the low density top layer containing myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes (70 ± 5 colonies/105 cells were obtained from this layer). The bottom layers contained metamyelocytes, bands, and polymorphonuclear cells, but no CFU-c. When studied morphologically and histochemically the vast majority of colonies derived from both whole buffy coat and from the low density cell layer were found to be comprised of mature granulocytes, a result consistent with that described for a-dults with CGL. We have previously reported that colonies formed from the PB of children with so called juvenile-type (Ph1 chromosome negative) CGL are exclusively monocytic in nature. It would thus appear that in children with Ph1 chromosome positive CGL (like adults with the same condition), the leukemic process affects predominantly the granulocytic precursor cells whereas in children with Ph1 chromosome negative CGL, the monocyte precursor is the cell most prominently involved.
Effect of an MLT dependent electron loss rate on the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling

[1] As plasma sheet electrons drift earthward, they get scattered into the loss cone due to wave-particle interactions and the resulting precipitation produces auroral conductance. Realistic electron loss is thus important for modeling the magnetosphere - ionosphere (M-I) coupling and the degree of plasma sheet electron penetration into the inner magnetosphere. In order to evaluate the significance of electron loss, we used the Rice Convection Model (RCM) coupled with a force-balanced magnetic field to simulate plasma sheet transport under different electron loss rates and under self-consistent electric and magnetic field. We used different magnitudes of i) strong pitch angle diffusion everywhere electron loss rate (strong rate) and ii) a more realistic loss rate with its MLT dependence determined by wave activity (MLT rate). We found that electron pressure under the MLT rate is larger compared to the strong rate inside L ∼ 12 RE. The dawn-dusk asymmetry in the precipitating electron energy flux under the MLT rate, with much higher energy flux at dawn than at dusk, agrees better with statistical DMSP observations. High-energy electrons inside L ∼ 8 RE can remain there for many hours under the MLT rate, while those under the strong rate get lost within minutes. Under the MLT rate, the remaining electrons cause higher conductance at lower latitudes; thus after a convection enhancement, the shielding of the convection electric field is less efficient, and as a result, the ion plasma sheet penetrates further earthward into the inner magnetosphere than under the strong rate.
Arc techniques for materials research

Abstract The paper discusses the use of thermal plasmas—in particular, the inert gas arc and cold hearth melting—in materials research. A simple laboratory size arc furnace is described, together with melting experiments and associated techniques—casting, quenching, temperature measurements, annealing and welding. Arcs are compared with other heat sources for materials preparation. The apparent intimate contact between molten specimen and cold hearth is explained in terms of thermal contact resistance and microscopic puckering of the interface.
Human embryonic stem cells

The isolation and in vitro culture of human embryonic stem (hES) cells was first reported a mere 5 years ago, and the recent call for papers dealing with human stem cells by the New England Journal of Medicine reflects the importance given to this emerging field. The interest sparked by stem cells leaves many within and outside the field asking themselves questions such as: What have ES cell researchers accomplished thus far? Could hES cells serve as a therapy for bone marrow failure? What other potential breakthroughs could be attained by using these controversial research tools? There is a clear need for a defining text on the past, present, and future of hES cells.
Student pharmacists' clinical interventions in advanced pharmacy practice experiences at a community nonteaching hospital.

Objective. To assess student pharmacists’ clinical interventions in advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) at a community nonteaching hospital and evaluate completed interventions based on the type of documentation method used. Methods. Clinical interventions of 120 fourth-year (P4) student pharmacists in advanced institutional, medication safety, or internal medicine APPEs were collected over a 3½-year period. Clinical interventions were analyzed for cost savings, intervention type, and acceptance rates. A secondary analysis of paper-based vs electronic-based documentation of completed interventions was performed. Results. There were 2,170 clinical interventions attempted with an acceptance rate of 97%. The estimated cost savings was $280,297. A comparable number of interventions and cost savings per student was observed between paper-based and electronic-based documentation methods. Conclusion. Student pharmacists at a community nonteaching hospital have many opportunities for participation in patient-centered activities, and for interaction and collaboration with other healthcare professionals. They can significantly benefit patient care through clinical interventions, while also contributing to cost savings for the institution.
A Comparison of Q-Switched and Intensity Modulated Laser Pulses for Ultrasonic NDT

The purpose of this work was to investigate the potential of intensity modulated laser pulses for ultrasonic signal enhancement in NDT using a numerical model. Q-switched lasers produce broadband ultrasound which is susceptible to measurement noise. Intensity modulation can alleviate this problem by focussing the ultrasonic energy into a band centered around the modulation frequency. Ultrasonic waveforms and their DFTs are considered here in both aluminum and steel for a wide range of observation angles, for Q-switched laser pulses and for a 1 MHz intensity modulated laser pulse. These waveforms are useful to NDT researchers because they indicate what kinds of signals can be expected from unflawed materials. It is found that P waves are not as easily enhanced by modulation as are SV or Rayleigh surface waves. The time window which should be used to measure ultrasonic signals produced by intensity modulated laser pulses is determined.
NASA's budget still tight

The Solar Electric Propulsion System (Seps) may make it back into NASA's 1981 budget, but if it does, something else will probably have to come out. Seps, the ion-propulsion system that is cheaper to operate and more fuel efficient than conventional propulsion systems, is needed for comet, asteroid, and extended planetary missions. It was omitted from the President's original 1981 budget request, however, which set off waves of disappointment and protest among space scientists.
Intra-arc strike-slip fault exposed at batholithic levels in the southern Sierra Nevada, California

The Kern Canyon fault is a major north-trending fault that is continuous for a distance of 140 km in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Previous geologic mapping and geochronological work along the northern third of the fault indicate that dextral offset occurred sometime after 80 Ma and before 3.5 Ma; this offset was interpreted to be the result of Cenozoic basin-and-range extension. Our new results from the central third of the fault (Kernville-Lake Isabella region) indicate an earlier right-lateral movement history, contemporaneous with emplacement of the largest plutons in the Sierra Nevada. The older structure is termed the proto-Kern Canyon fault zone. The Cenozoic fault trace is a narrow zone of brittle deformation, whereas the Cretaceous fault zone is a broad zone of ductile deformation. U-Pb zircon geochronology on plutonic and metavolcanic rocks involved in the ductile deformation, as well as a pluton that postdates ductile deformation, demonstrate that the proto-Kern Canyon fault zone was active at 85 Ma, and may have begun to move as early as 105 Ma. Longitudinal strike-slip faults are common in modern magmatic arcs where convergence is oblique. The proto-Kern Canyon fault zone may have originated in response to a moderate northward component in subduction of the Farallon plate or perhaps a strong northward component for the Kula plate.
Behavioral and ERP evidence of word and pseudoword superiority effects in 7- and 11-year-olds

In groups of 7-year-olds and 11-year-olds, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to briefly presented, masked letter strings that included real word (DARK/PARK), pronounceable pseudoword (DARL/PARL), unpronounceable nonword (RDKA/RPKA), and letter-in-xs (DXXX, PXXX) stimuli in a variant of the Reicher-Wheeler paradigm. Behaviorally, participants decided which of two letters occurred at a given position in each string (here, forced-choice alternatives D and P). Both groups showed evidence of behavioral word (more accurate choices for letters in words than in baseline nonwords or letter-in-xs) and pseudoword (more accurate choices for letters in pseudowords than in baseline nonwords or letter-in-xs) superiority effects. Electrophysiologically, 11-year-olds evidenced superiority effects on P150 and N400 peak amplitude, while 7-year-olds showed effects only on N400 amplitude. These findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying the observed behavioral superiority effects may be lexical in younger children but both sublexical and lexical in older children. These results are consistent with a lengthy developmental time course for automatic sublexical orthographic specialization, extending beyond the age of 11.
Performance of two monophagous leaf feeding beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on each other's host plant: Do intrinsic factors determine host plant specialization?

There has been much recent debate on whether physiological tradeoffs in performance across hosts or ecological factors such as predation are the primary determinants of host plant specialization in plant-herbivore interactions. This paper examines the relative role of intrinsic behavioral and physiological factors in host specialization of two species of leaf-feeding beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Ophraella notulata and Ophraella slobodkini are sister taxa that feed exclusively on the asteraceous plants Iva frutescens and Ambrosia artemisiifolia, respectively. Ambrosia is the ancestral host plant for this pair of beetles. I performed full-sib breeding experiments in both the laboratory and the field to assess mean responses of each species to both its native host and the host of its congener, genetic variation within each species for traits associated with using each host, and tradeoffs in performance across hosts. I reared each beetle species on each host plant and measured larval consumption, survival, development time and growth. I measured only survival and growth in the field. Genetic correlations were calculated to assess tradeoffs in performance across hosts. In the laboratory experiment, larval survival of O. slobodkini on I. frutescens was lower and development time longer than on A. artemisiifolia. Survival of O. notulata on A. artemisiifolia was marginally lower than on I. frutescens while development time did not differ. There was little genetic variation among families in host use traits for either species. None of the estimates of genetic correlations were negative. The results of the field experiment support the results of the laboratory experiment. I conclude that O. notulata, the species with the derived host association, retains considerable ability to utilize the ancestral host plant, while O. slobodkini, the species witht he ancestral host association, does not show a similar ability to ut ilize the derived host. Tradeoffs in performance across hosts were not documented for either species of Ophraella. That notulata performs so well on A. artemissifolia suggests that intrinsic factors may not provide a sufficient explanation for the host specialization of this species on I. frutescens.
Salinity-induced hydrate dissociation: A mechanism for recent CH4 release on Mars

[1] Recent observations of CH4 in the Martian atmosphere suggest that CH4 has been added relatively recently. Several mechanisms for recent CH4 release have been proposed including subsurface biological methanogenesis, abiogenic hydrothermal and/or volcanic activity, dissociation of CH4 hydrates, atmospheric photolysis, or addition of organics via bolide impact. This study examines the effects of increasing salinity on gas hydrate stability and compares estimates of the Martian geothermal gradient to CH4 and CO2 hydrate stability fields in the presence of high salinity brines. The results demonstrate that salinity increases alone result in a significant decrease in the predicted hydrate stability zone within the Martian subsurface and may be a driving force in CH4 hydrate destabilization. Active thermal and/or pressure fluctuations are not required in order for CH4 hydrates to be the source of atmospheric CH4.
Rational equivariant holomorphic maps of symmetric domains

An equivariant holomorphic map of symmetric domains associated to a homomorphism of semisimple algebraic groups defined over $ \mathbb{Q} $ is rational if it carries a point belonging to a set determined by an arithmetic subgroup to a point in a similar set. We prove that an equivariant holomorphic map of symmetric domains is rational if the associated Kuga fiber variety does not have a nontrivial deformation.
Electrochemical copolymerization and characterization of aniline and isoprene in aqueous p‐toluene sulfonic acid solution

Uniform and adherent copolymer coating of poly(aniline-co-isoprene) was successfully formed on low-carbon-steel electrodes by potentiostatic electropolymerization. Electropolymerization was performed by using aqueous p-toluene sulfonic acid solution as electrolyte. Applied potential and feed ratios of monomers (aniline and isoprene) were systematically varied and the reactions were done under aqueous conditions. The copolymer coatings were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and the formation of copolymer was confirmed by the presence of aliphatic secondary amine, aromatic secondary amine, and aliphatic CH stretch groups. The electronic structure of the copolymers was further investigated by using UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. The electrochemistry of the formation of copolymers was studied by using cyclic voltammetry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 184–192, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10298
Infectious Complications of Immune Modulatory Agents

Immune modulatory agents used in solid organ transplantation and other disciplines have various mechanisms of action and differences in the duration and intensity of immunosuppression. While newer agents have improved patient outcomes, an important result of these immune modulatory agents is associated infections, caused by organisms such as cytomegalovirus, BK polyomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus and tuberculosis. Herein, we review the infectious complications of several newer immune modulatory drugs—belatacept, alemtuzumab, and rituximab—and focus on their use in solid organ transplantation. New immune modulatory agents can potentially modify the landscape of allograft rejection and noninfectious and infectious complications. Health-care practitioners should remain familiar with these agents and their potential infectious complications to help ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Ion implantation effects in Al2O3: hydration and optical absorption☆

Abstract Implants (Ar, Xe) into α-Al2O3 result in H uptake from the ambient atmosphere. The H inventories tended toward maximization at levels between 1021 and 1022 keV/cm3 with decreased uptake at the higher levels (1023–1024 keV/cm3). Al implants showed little H incursion below 1021 keV/cm3 followed by a near-linear increase with no saturation observed for the highest deposition values (≈ 1023 keV/cm3). Al implants also produce anomalously large F-center concentrations due to locally high Al concentrations and track the increases established for H uptake. The optical measurements are compared with those for H implants which also yield anomalously large F-center concentrations.
INFRA-RED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF THE KINETICS OF THE ACTION OF BETA-GLUCOSIDASE.

IN recent reports1–3 it was shown that infra-red spectrophotometry could be applied to the measurement of the kinetics of enzymatic reactions. The purpose of this communication is to give data concerning the use of infra-red spectrophotometry to determine kinetics of a β-glucosidase reaction.
Expression of a Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides source of Fusarium head blight resistance transferred to synthetic hexaploid wheat.

Yield and quality reductions caused by Fusarium head blight (FHB) have spurred spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders to identify and develop new sources of host plant resistance. Four wheat synthetic hexaploids (×Aegilotriticum sp.) were developed, each having a quantitative trait locus (QTL), Qfhs.ndsu-3AS, providing FHB resistance from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides chromosome 3A. Synthetics were produced by hybridizing a ‘Langdon’-T. dicoccoides- recombinant chromosome 3A substitution line (2n = 4x = 28, AABB with two accessions of T. tauschii (2n= 2x = 14, DD). Synthetics were inoculated and evaluated for FHB resistance in two separate greenhouse seasons. One synthetic, 01NDSWG-5, exhibited FHB severity ratings of 36% and 32% in the separate seasons, compared with ratings of 9% and 30% for ‘Alsen’, a FHB-resistant spring cultivar, and ratings of 70% and 96% for ‘McNeal’, a susceptible spring cultivar, respectively. Synthetic × Alsen backcross-derived lines were produced to initiate combining different sources of FHB resistance.
Autonomic disorders predicting Parkinson's disease

It is now well recognized that there is a premotor phase of Parkinson's disease (PD) with hyposmia and REM sleep behavior disorder caused by degeneration of specific CNS neurons. Most patients with PD describe autonomic symptoms at the time of diagnosis suggesting that these features may have potential sensitivity as clinical biomarkers of the premotor phase. The recognition that damage to peripheral autonomic neurons is present in the early stages of PD has led to a search for specific abnormalities in autonomic function that could serve as predictive biomarkers. There is evidence that constipation, urinary and sexual dysfunction and more recently decreased cardiac chronotropic response during exercise, are part of the premotor parkinsonian phenotype. The sensitivity and specificity of these features has yet to be accurately assessed. We briefly review the evidence for autonomic dysfunction as biomarker of premotor PD.
Neoliberalism and Nature: The Case of the WTO:

Political pressures exerted by environmental movements have forced governments otherwise committed to neoliberal policies to find reconciliatory policy positions between two contradictory political imperatives—economic growth and environmental protection. This article explores some ideological means of reconciliation, as with notions of sustainable development, which appear to bridge the impassable divide, and some of the institutional means for dealing with contradiction, as with the displacement of political power upward, away from elected national governments and toward international agreements and nonelected global governance institutions. Through these two strategic maneuvers, the authors argue, environmental concern has been ideologically and institutionally incorporated into the global neoliberal hegemony of the late twentieth century. The global capitalist economy can grow, if not with clear environmental conscience, then with one effectively assuaged. This process of neoliberal deflection is illu...
Residual Bound Ca2+ Can Account for the Effects of Ca2+ Buffers on Synaptic Facilitation

Facilitation is a transient stimulation-induced increase in synaptic response, a ubiquitous form of short-term synaptic plasticity that can regulate synaptic transmission on fast time scales. In th...
Uncapping and Deregulation of Telomeres Lead to Detrimental Cellular Consequences in Yeast

Telomeres are the protein–nucleic acid structures at the ends of eukaryote chromosomes. Tandem repeats of telomeric DNA are templated by the RNA component (TER1) of the ribonucleoprotein telomerase. These repeats are bound by telomere binding proteins, which are thought to interact with other factors to create a higher-order cap complex that stabilizes the chromosome end. In the budding yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, the incorporation of certain mutant DNA sequences into telomeres leads to uncapping of telomeres, manifested by dramatic telomere elongation and increased length heterogeneity (telomere deregulation). Here we show that telomere deregulation leads to enlarged, misshapen “monster” cells with increased DNA content and apparent defects in cell division. However, such deregulated telomeres became stabilized at their elongated lengths upon addition of only a few functionally wild-type telomeric repeats to their ends, after which the frequency of monster cells decreased to wild-type levels. These results provide evidence for the importance of the most terminal repeats at the telomere in maintaining the cap complex essential for normal telomere function. Analysis of uncapped and capped telomeres also show that it is the deregulation resulting from telomere uncapping, rather than excessive telomere length per se, that is associated with DNA aberrations and morphological defects.
Robotic data mules for collecting data over sparse sensor fields

We present a robotic system for collecting data from wireless devices dispersed across a large environment. In such applications, deploying a network of stationary wireless sensors may be infeasible because many relay nodes must be deployed to ensure connectivity. Instead, our system utilizes robots that act as data mules and gather the data from wireless sensor network nodes. We address the problem of planning paths of multiple robots so as to collect the data from all sensors in the shortest time. In this new routing problem, which we call the data gathering problem (DGP), the total download time depends on not only the robots' travel time but also the time to download data from a sensor and the number of sensors assigned to the robot. We start with a special case of DGP in which the robots' motion is restricted to a curve that contains the base station at one end. For this version, we present an optimal algorithm. Next, we study the two-dimensional version and present a constant factor approximation algorithm for DGP on the plane. Finally, we present field experiments in which an autonomous robotic data mule collects data from the nodes of a wireless sensor network deployed over a large field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro development of secondary follicles from cryopreserved rhesus macaque ovarian tissue after slow-rate freeze or vitrification

background: Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is the only option for preserving fertility in prepubertal girls and cancer patients requiring immediate treatment. Following ovarian tissue cryopreservation, fertility can be restored after tissue transplant or in vitro follicle maturation. methods: Macaque (n ¼ 4) ovarian cortex was cryopreserved using slow-rate freezing (slow freezing) or vitrification. Tissues were fixed for histology or phosphohistone H3 (PPH3) analysis, cultured with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or used for three-dimensional secondary follicle culture. Follicular diameter and steroid hormones were measured weekly. results: Slow freezing induced frequent cryo-injuries while vitrification consistently maintained morphology of the stroma and secondary follicles. PPH3 was similar in fresh and vitrified, but sparse in slow-frozen tissues. BrdU uptake appeared diminished following both methods compared with that in fresh follicles. In vitro follicle survival and growth were greater in fresh than in cryopreserved follicles. Antrum formation appeared similar after vitrification compared with the fresh, but was reduced following slow freezing. Steroid production was delayed or diminished following both methods compared with fresh samples. conclusions: Secondary follicle morphology was improved after vitrification relative to slow freezing. Following vitrification, stroma was consistently more compact with intact cells typical to that of fresh tissue. BrdU uptake demonstrated follicle viability post-thaw/ warming. For the first time, although not to the extent of fresh follicles, macaque follicles from cryopreserved tissue can survive, grow, form an antrum and produce steroid hormones, indicating some functional preservation. The combination of successful ovarian tissue cryopreservation with in vitro maturation of follicles will offer a major advancement to the field of fertility preservation.
Democracy, Autocracy, and Tax Incentives to Foreign Direct Investors: A Cross‐National Analysis

While offering tax incentives to attract foreign direct investment has become a global phenomenon and part of economic globalization in the 1990s, it also is political and controversial. But the political determinants of tax incentive policies have rarely been analyzed. This article fills this gap by making two contributions. First, I offer a theory that explains how political regime type influences tax incentive policy in the cross-national setting. Second, I evaluate the theory with a statistical analysis of 52 developing countries. The findings support my main theoretical expectations. Countries with better rule of law offer lower levels of tax incentives, and the effect is stronger for more democratic countries. In democracies, FDI inflows are negatively associated with the level of incentives. Autocratic regimes maintaining restrictions on foreign entry adopt lower levels of incentives than those without restrictions. I discuss the policy implications of these findings.
Short-sightedness in sight-saving: half a strategy will not eliminate blinding trachoma

There is no vaccine for trachoma, but antibiotics reduce the pathogen load in hosts and shorten the infec-tious period; while surgery reverses the in-turning of eyelashes that causes corneal trauma and eventual blind-ness. However, treated individuals can be reinfected, especially in unhygienic environments.
Spout: a transparent distributed execution engine for Java applets

The advent of executable contents such as Java applets exposes WWW users to a new class of attacks that were not possible before. Serious security breach incidents due to implementation bugs arose repeatedly in the past several years. Without a provably correct implementation of Java's security architecture specification, it is difficult to make any conclusive statements about the security characteristic of current Java virtual machines. The Spout project takes an alternative approach to address Java's security problems. Rather than attempt a provably secure implementation, we aim to confine the damages of malicious Java applets to selective machines, thus protecting resources behind an organization's firewall from attacks by malicious or buggy applets. Spout is essentially a distributed Java execution engine that transparently decouples the processing of an incoming applet's application logic from that of the graphical user interface (GUI), such that the only part of an applet that is actually running on the requesting user's host is the harmless GUI code. A unique feature of the Spout architecture that does not exist in other similar systems, is that it is completely transparent to and does not require any modifications to WWW browsers or class libraries on the end hosts. This paper describes the design, implementation, and performance measurements of the first Spout prototype, which also incorporates run-time resource monitoring mechanisms to counter denial-of-service attacks.
A two-state Rician model for predicting indoor wireless communication performance

The received signal amplitude of an indoor wireless channel is generally modeled as Rayleigh or Rician fading depending on the situation. In addition to these, other fading models including the Gilbert, two-state analog, and log-normal are used for fading channels in general. Bultitude [1987] found that his measurements of several indoor channels best fit the Rician model. The present authors describe a two-state Rician fading model that better matches Bultitude's data. For DPSK, the bit-error-rate performance of the two-state Rician model is worse than the pure Rician model by about 8 dB.
Advantages of polyimide corona resistant film under high frequency testing

Film or enamel wire insulation has many stresses to endure in end-use applications, some perform better then others under high frequency pulse power waveforms. This paper details comparison on round copper wire insulated with three types of insulation: enamel, inverter duty enamel and corona resistant film. Temperature classes of the wire under test were between 180-240/spl deg/C. Results were on mechanical scrape abrasion, corona inception voltage, AC dielectric strength, and pulse power endurance.
Toroidal flow in the outer core and the thermal regime below the core-mantle boundary

Numerical calculations of fluid dynamos are used to constrain the probable origin of toroidal flows in the outer core. Azimuthal drift of the core fluid relative to the mantle is the sum of three components: (1) uniform differential rotation of the core relative to the mantle produced by electromagnetic torques on the mantle; (2) cylindrical flow driven by electromagnetic torques in the core, and (3) buoyantly driven thermal wind flow produced by lateral variations of temperature and composition. Dynamo calculations indicate that electromagnetic torques on the mantle contribute to long-term drift, but are not likely to be its primary cause. Zonal flow driven by electromagnetic torques in the core and thermal wind flows driven by zonal temperature gradients are both sufficiently energetic to account for azimuthal flows with angular velocities of 0.1–0.5° yr−1, as inferred from frozen flux analyses of secular variation.
The 1:1 principle in the age of linked data

This paper explores the origins of the 1:1 Principle within Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). It finds that the need for the 1:1 Principle emerged from prior work among cultural heritage professionals responsible for describing reproductions and surrogate resources using traditional cataloging methods. As the solutions to these problems encountered new ways to model semantic data that emerged outside of libraries, archives, and museums, tensions arose within DCMI community. This paper aims to fill the gaps in our understanding of the 1:1 Principle by outlining the conceptual foundations that led to its inclusion in DCMI documentation, how the Principle has been (mis)understood in practice, how violations of the Principle have been operationalized, and how the fundamental issues raised by the Principle continue to challenge us today. This discussion situates the 1:1 Principle within larger discussions about cataloging practice and emerging Linked Data approaches.
Incomplete sampling of geographic ranges weakens or reverses the positive relationship between an animal species’ geographic range size and its body size

Aim: To study the effects of the sampling regime on body size/range size correlations among species. Background: Body size/range size correlations tend to be positive if geographic sampling includes all or most of the geographic area of each species in a study. However, correlations tend to be negative or non-significant if geographic sampling is only partial. Methods: Using computer bootstrapping, we randomly sampled latitudinal ranges of 1317 species of New World mammals. We sampled along lines of fixed longitude. We studied the effects of three variables: (1) the comprehensiveness of the sample as a proportion of the entire latitudinal range; (2) the number of isolated populations within a species range; (3) the correlation of body size and range size in the computerized data set from which the samples come. The latter is termed ‘weak’ when we used the empirical body size and range size data. It was termed ‘strong’ when we replaced the real body sizes with ones assigned to produce a correlation of one with range size. Results: Studies using incomplete ranges yield unpredictable results that might not even get the sign of the relationship correct. The unpredictability arises because incomplete sampling tends to understate the range sizes of species with the largest ranges and miss the smallest ranges entirely. Those unusual range sizes determine the true body size/range size correlation. The unpredictability worsens as more and more locations within a range lack a population, thus increasing the probability that species will be missed by an incomplete sample. The degree of unpredictability caused by incomplete sampling and the number of isolated populations did not differ between the ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ data sets.
Public Expenditure Policies in Southeast Europe

This report reviews the level, composition and outcomes of government spending and distills some of the lessons that emerge from efforts by the Southeast Europe (SEE) countries in reforming expenditure policies. The report identifies key remaining challenges and proposes a broad menu of options in further reforms of sectors that account for the largest shares of public spending across the countries, and where reforms are likely to have significant budgetary implications. This has motivated the choice of sectors discussed in the report: social protection (including pensions), health, education, public administration, and infrastructure.