cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development and function of the skeleton and bone metastases.

Bone is a frequent site of metastases of the most common tumors, e.g., breast carcinoma and prostate carcinoma. The functions of the skeleton, calcium homeostasis and mechanical support, are carried out by the continuous destruction and rebuilding of small packets of this tissue called bone remodeling. Multinucleated, hemopoietically derived osteoclasts, which are related to macrophages, digest the bone, and mesenchymal-derived osteoblasts rebuild it. This process is kept in balance by finely regulated processes whereby osteoblast lineage cells respond to homeostatic signals and release factors that regulate osteoclast generation and activity. Cells that participate in inflammation and immunity also can stimulate osteoclast formation and lead to bone destruction. Tumor cells most likely subvert these physiologic processes to lodge in bone and cause metastases.
Identification of aryl 2-aminoimidazoles as biofilm inhibitors in Gram-negative bacteria

The synthesis and biofilm inhibitory activity of a 30-member aryl amide 2-aminoimidazole library against the three biofilm forming Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Psuedomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii is presented. The most active compound identified inhibits the formation of E. coli biofilms with an IC(50) of 5.2 microM and was observed to be non-toxic to planktonic growth, demonstrating that analogues based on an aryl framework are viable options as biofilm inhibitors within the 2-aminoimidazole family.
The pseudo-distance technique for parallel lossless compression of color-mapped images

Display Omitted A pseudo-distance technique (PDT2) for lossless compression of images is given.Parallelization of the technique is presented.The performance of the PDT2 in Hyper-Threading is evaluated. Data compression is a challenging process with important practical applications. Specialized techniques for lossy and lossless data compression have been the subject of numerous investigations during last several decades. Previously, we studied the use of the pseudo-distance technique (PDT) in lossless compression of color-mapped images and its parallel implementation. In this paper we present a new technique (PDT2) to improve compression gain of PDT. We also present a parallelized implementation of the new technique, which results in substantial gains in compression time while providing the desired compression efficiency. We demonstrate that on non-dithered images PDT2 outperforms PDT by 22.4% and PNG by 29.3%. On dithered images, PDT2 achieves compression gains of 7.1% over PDT and 23.8% over PNG. We also show that the parallel implementation of PDT2, while compromising compression less than 0.3%, achieves near linear speedup and utilization of Intel Hyper-Threading technology on supported systems improves speedup on average 18%.
A comparison of critical force and electromyographic fatigue threshold for isometric muscle actions of the forearm flexors

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine if the mathematical model used for estimating the EMGFT during cycle ergometry was applicable to isometric muscle actions; and (2) to compare the mean torque level from the CF test to that of the EMGFT test. The CF was defined as the slope coefficient of the linear relationship between total “isometric work” (W lim in N m s) and time to exhaustion (T lim). The EMGFT was defined as the y-intercept of the isometric torque versus EMG fatigue curve slope coefficient relationship. There was a significant (p < 0.05) mean difference between CF (6.6 ± 3.2 N m) and EMGFT (10.9 ± 4.7 N m). The results of the present study suggested that, during isometric muscle actions of the forearm flexors, fatigue thresholds estimated from the W lim versus T lim relationship (CF) are different from those estimated from electromyographic fatigue curves (EMGFT).
LEGITIMATION CONFLICTS: THE POLITICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE SITING LAW

The meaning of law resides not in the statute but in its interpreter. The mode of interpretation used by a particular agency of the state in a particular instance varies from interpretation based on abstract principles to interpretation guided by local contingency. These modes of interpretation are associated with conflicting and mutually exclusive forms of state legitimation. Law and regulation as written, adjudicated, and implemented provide a text that can be read as an indicator of how, and in whose favor, the conflicting legitimation needs of different levels of government have been resolved in particular instances. We illustrate this conceptualization of law with regard to federal-state-local conflict over hazardous waste facility siting. The particular form that hazardous waste law takes in particular places represents the political resolution of conflict among different agencies of the state responding to competing sources of legitimation.
Eliminating the low-mass axigluon window

Using recent collider data, especially on the hadronic width the ${Z}^{0},$ we exclude axigluons in the currently allowed low-mass window, namely axigluons in the mass range $50\mathrm{GeV}l{M}_{A}l120\mathrm{GeV}.$ Combined with hadron collider data from di-jet production, axigluons with masses below roughly 1 TeV are now completely excluded.
Physical Activity and Spatial Differences in Medial Knee T1rho and T2 Relaxation Times in Knee Osteoarthritis

Study Design Cross-sectional. Objectives To investigate the association between knee loading- related osteoarthritis (OA) risk factors (obesity, malalignment, and physical activity) and medial knee laminar (superficial and deep) T1rho and T2 relaxation times. Background The interaction of various modifiable loading-related knee risk factors and cartilage health in knee OA is currently not well known. Methods Participants with and without knee OA (n = 151) underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T for superficial and deep cartilage T1rho and T2 magnetic resonance relaxation times in the medial femur (MF) and medial tibia (MT). Other variables included radiographic Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade, alignment, pain and symptoms using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Individuals with a KL grade of 4 were excluded. Group differences were calculated using 1-way analysis of variance, adjusting for age and body ma...
Depolarization of light and pair—pair correlations of argon gas

Abstract A simple integral equation for the pair—pair correlation function of a fluid is solved for room temperature argon in the density range 1 to 600 amagat. It is used to calculate the depolarized intensity as a function of density and its sensitivity to the anisotropic pair polarizability. Good agreement with experiment is found at low density. Semi-quantitative agreement is obtained up to 600 amagat.
Xanthine dehydrogenase activity in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.

Abstract 1. 1. Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH; EC 1.2.1.37) activity in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis , was detected in kidney tissue homogenates, but not in skin, liver, ovaries or gut tissues. 2. 2. The enzyme migrated as a single band of activity on both polyacrylamide and starch gel electropherograms, exhibited substrate inhibition, and did not appear developmentally until feeding larval stages. 3. 3. The tissue specificity, post-fertilization stage of appearance and single isozymic form make this a useful enzyme marker for further study concerning its developmental appearance and maintenance as a kidney-specific protein.
Cortical cell types from spike trains

The patterns of cell activity recorded extracellularly in the motor cortex of behaving monkeys were classified into the following three groups using a combination of cluster and discriminant analyses of 1925 spike trains: (a) cells with low discharge rate and low bursting (67.1%), (b) cells with low discharge rate but bursting (20.2%), and (c) cells with high discharge rate and low bursting (12.7%). The percentage of directionally tuned cells and of cells engaged during a memorized delay task were very similar in all three cell groups.
Modified renal morcellation for renal cell carcinoma: laboratory experience and early clinical application.

Abstract Objectives To present our modified technique to expedite the entrapment and morcellation process. Standard renal morcellation is typically performed using a 12-mm incision, with the specimen entrapped within a durable LapSac. Because the LapSac does not have a deployment mechanism, its application is technically demanding and time consuming. The recent elimination of the electrical morcellator has also made the morcellation process time consuming and tedious. Methods Using an in vitro porcine kidney morcellation model, we compared traditional morcellation (n = 10) with our modified morcellation technique (n = 10). The modified morcellation technique incorporated an EndoCatch entrapment sac and used standard manual morcellation through a 3-cm incision. The 3-cm incision allowed for extracorporeal morcellation, because the specimen could be seen through the abdominal wall defect. Subsequently, we performed 11 laparoscopic radical/total nephrectomies for renal masses using the modified morcellation technique through a 3-cm incision. Results In this in vitro model, renal specimen morcellation with the standard technique required a mean of 9.4 minutes (16.5 g/min) and modified morcellation required 3.24 minutes (51.24 g/min; P P Conclusions Preliminary laboratory and clinical data have demonstrated that the modified morcellation technique is safe and expeditious. The larger fragments that result from the modified technique may facilitate tumor staging. The technique must be performed with great care to prevent sack perforation. Prospective randomized comparison of the modified and standard morcellation techniques and long-term follow-up are required before routine application of this technique.
Mechanism of superconductivity in SrTiO3

Abstract Measurements of the resistivity of Nb-doped SrTiO3 show that the two highest LO modes couple most strongly to the conduction electrons. The conjecture that these polar modes are the dominant ones for superconductivity is confirmed by a remarkable correlation between the carrier-concentration dependence of the corresponding contributions to the resistivity and that of the superconducting transition temperature. Electron coupling to polar modes with energies above the Fermi level singles-out doped SrTiO3 among all other superconductors.
The Body as Method? Reflections on the Place of the Body in Gender History

This article offers a critical examination of the term ‘body’ as an ambiguous and elusive historical concept. The first part of the essay probes the often unspecific yet seductive invocation of the body in many recent historical studies and reflects on the methodological implications of placing bodies at the heart of historical investigation. The second part analyses a particular moment of rupture in twentieth-century German history, when bodies became more powerful markers of the dichotomy between male and female citizens, namely at the end of the First World War, during the November Revolution and amidst the founding of Weimar democracy.
Treatment of Headache in the Elderly

Most primary headaches in the elderly are similar to those in younger patients (tension, migraine, and cluster), but there are some differences, such as late-life migraine accompaniments and hypnic headaches. Although migraine in younger persons usually presents with headache, migraine in older persons may initially appear with visual or sensory phenomena, instead of headache (“migraine accompaniments”). Hypnic headaches awaken patients from sleep, are short-lived, and occur only in the elderly. The probability of secondary headache increases steadily with age. Secondary headaches include those associated with temporal arteritis, trigeminal neuralgia, sleep apnea, post- herpetic neuralgia, cervical spondylosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, intracranial neoplasm, and post-concussive syndrome. Certain rescue treatments for migraine headache in younger individuals (triptans or dihydroergotamine, for example) should not be used in elderly patients because of the risk of coronary artery disease. Naproxen and hydroxyzine are commonly used oral rescue therapies for older adults who have migraine or tension headaches. Intravenous magnesium, valproic acid, and metoclopramide are all effective rescue therapies for severe headaches in the emergency room setting. Some effective prophylactic agents for migraine in younger patients (amitriptyline and doxepin) are not usually recommended for older individuals because of the risks of cognitive impairment, urinary retention, and cardiac arrhythmia. For these reasons, the recommended oral preventive agents for migraine in older adults include divalproex sodium, topiramate, metoprolol, and propranolol. Oral agents that can prevent hypnic headaches include caffeine and lithium. Cough headaches respond to indomethacin or acetazolamide.
Reactivity and adduct formation of a polyaromatic hydrocarbon, 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene, with chromatin histone proteins.

Abstract The alkylation of histones by the direct-acting carcinogen 7-bromomethylbenz[ a ]anthracene was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. The relative molar reactivity for mouse liver histones in vivo was H3>H1>H2b>H4>H2a. The in vitro modification of histone H3 was examined in detail. Amino acid adducts stable to acid hydrolysis were separated after acetylation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized using ultraviolet absorbance spectra and synthetic amino acid adduct standards. Three major adducts were observed and tentatively identified as cysteinyl, lysyl and histidinyl adducts of histone H3.
Heritability of Fat Yields in Herds with Different Production Levels

Summary Intra-herd-sire heritability estimates were computed to examine the relationship between these values and the herd level of fat yield for 1,825 Guernsey, 5,458 Holstein, and 3,465 Jersey daughter-dam pairs. Phenotypic and additively genetic variances showed a definite increase as the mean fat production for the herd increased, and in the Jersey data the correlation between the mean fat yield for the herd and the intra-herd-year variance was 0.46 ± .05. The coefficient of variation, however, declined for the higher herd levels. There was no significant relationship between the heritability values and the production levels for the groups of herds in any of the breeds. Heritability estimates obtained by pooling the results from each breed were: Guernsey, 0.21 ± .06; Holstein, 0.22 ± .04; and Jersey, 0.24 ± .05. These results do not indicate the need for using different heritability values to predict progress from selection, or to develop selection procedures for herds with different production levels.
A simple method for the establishment of tissue culture melanocytes from regenerating fowl feathers.

A quick and simple method for the establishment of tissue cultures of nonembryonic domestic fowl melanocytes was desired. The selected source of these cells was the 14-d-old regenerating feather. Three procedures were compared on the basis of the yield and purity of melanocytes. For the first method, 2 mm of the proximal end of the feather was cut off under sterile conditions and placed immediately in Hanks' balanced salt solution (BSS) containing antibiotics. The feather was split longitudinally and the pulp removed. The tissue was placed pulp side down in several drops of Ham's F12 medium containing 2.5 μg/ml Fungizone, 50 μg/ml gentamicin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 100 μg/ml penicillin, and 10% fetal bovine serum. After 2 h at 37°C, the tissue was attached to the dish and new medium was added and changed every 3 d thereafter. Cells migrated from the tissue starting on Day 2 and the tissue was removed on Day 5. Large dendritic peripheral cells and small round central cells were seen. Approximately 6.5×104 cells were present on Day 10 and 8×104 cells were counted on Day 20. By Day 30, the pigmented melanocytes were large, flat, dendritic cells. Electron microscopy and the use of the dopa reaction indicated that the population of cells was almost entirely melanocytes. The second method used was similar to the first, the only difference being that the feather sheath was also removed and thus only the collar of cells remained. The third method tried was similar to the second with the difference that the collar of cells was gently agitated with 0.25% trypsin for 5, 10 and 20-min intervals at 37°C. The trypsin supernatant fluid was removed by gentle centrifugation and medium plus fetal bovine serum was added to stop tryptic action. The second method showed no advantage over the first. The purity and yield of melanocytes in the third method were lower than in either of the previous two methods. The number of cells desired can be controlled by varying the number of the feather pieces used per culture.
The morphology of diamond grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The effect on the growth morphology of changing methane concentration and substrate temperature has been studied in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition reactor. Methane concentration and substrate temperatures were varied from 0.5 to 1.5% and 536 to 1140 °C, respectively. The morphology produced has been quantified as the ratio of the rate of growth in the [100] and [111] crystallographic directions, and the dependence of this ratio on growth parameters has been used to produce a morphology map for the hot filament system. The morphology map generated shows trends similar to those observed for microwave plasma depositions. In addition, the apparent growth rates in the [100] and [111] crystallographic directions have been determined in the region of 1
Achieving Ferromagnetism in Single-Crystalline ZnS Wurtzite Nanowires via Chromium Doping

The magnetic properties of Cr-doped wurtzite ZnS nanowires were studied through first-principles computations. At a low doping concentration of 2.08% (one Cr atom in a 96-atom supercell), the Cr atom prefers to substitute for the surface four-coordinated Zn atom in the groove of the ZnS nanowire with a diameter of 1.2 nm; at a higher doping concentration of 4.17% (two Cr atoms in the 96-atom supercell), the Cr atoms preferably substitute for the surface four-coordinated Zn atom and its neighboring surface three-coordinated Zn atom. Irrespective of the sites that Cr atoms occupy, Cr atoms in ZnS nanowires are always ferromagnetically coupled to each other and antiferromagnetically coupled to the mediating S atom; moreover, the robust ferromagnetism is not sensitive to surface passivation. The ferromagnetism in Cr-doped ZnS nanowires is attributed to a double-exchange mechanism.
Prehispanic chiefdoms of the western Venezuelan Ilanos

Abstract The western Venezuelan llanos hold great potential for investigations into the organization and development of prehispanic chiefdoms. Recent research has revealed that beginning c. AD 500–600 dramatic cultural developments include the emergence of three‐level settlement hierarchies according to site size and architecture, substantial population growth, the appearance of social differentiation in residential and burial patterns, systems of drained‐field agriculture, and extensive networks of earthen causeways.
Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection among persons who inject drugs in New York City: 2006–2013

Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus infection is a source of significant preventable morbidity and mortality among persons who inject drugs (PWID). We sought to assess trends in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among PWID from 2006 to 2013 in New York City (NYC). Methods Annual cross-sectional surveys of PWID entering a large drug abuse treatment program were performed. Risk behavior questionnaires were administered, and HIV and HCV testing were conducted. Comparisons were made with prior prevalence and incidence estimates in 1990–1991 and 2000–2001 reflecting different periods of combined prevention and treatment efforts. Results HCV prevalence among PWID (N: 1535) was 67% (95% CI: 66–70%) during the study period, and was not significantly different from that observed in 2000–2001. The estimated HCV incidence among new injectors (persons injecting for ≤6 years) during 2006–2013 was 19.5/100 PYO (95% CI: 17–23) and did not differ from that observed in 2000–2001 (18/100 PYO, 95% CI: 14–23/100). Conclusions Despite the expansion of combined prevention programming between 2000–2001 and 2006–2013, HCV prevalence remained high. Estimated HCV incidence among new injectors also remained high, and not significantly lower than in 2000–2001, indicating that expanded combined prevention efforts are needed to control the HCV epidemic among PWID in NYC.
The new strategic business resource: Information

A producer of a long line of related products developed a product‐cost information system that helped the company understand its cost structure and use it as a basis for its pricing, promotion, and sales‐incentive programs. The result is a profitability advantage that competitors still do not understand. • Merrill Lynch developed a computer information system that allowed it to offer a new product—the “Cash Management Account.” In the four years it took competitors to develop similar systems. Merrill Lynch gained 400 thousand new customers and $14 billion in newly held assets. • Dun & Bradstreet systematically assesses its voluminous computer data bases for ideas concerning how information can be created and combined to form new product offerings. • An office products firm developed a competitor information system that permits it to compile and correlate such accurate data on competitors that one manager finds he often knows more about his competitor's business than they do.
In the Best Interests of Battered Women: Reconceptualizing Allegations of Failure to Protect

There is substantial evidence that domestic violence and child maltreatment coexist in some families. It is essential for child maltreatment professionals to understand child neglect as it occurs i...
Challenges to Federalism: Homeland Security and Disaster Response

This article examines the state of federalism in the Bush Administration from the perspective of the policy area of homeland security and disaster response. The article uses the International City and County Management Association homeland security survey completed in the spring and summer of 2005 as a source of data. The article argues that while it is tempting to look for one single agency to control homeland security and disaster response, a networked model is better supported by the survey data and by recent experience in terrorist and natural disaster response. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
SNR estimation in direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access systems

Statistics that are obtained from the demodulator are used in a direct-sequence spread-spectrum receiver to provide an estimate of the signal-to-noise ratio. We evaluate the applicability to spread-spectrum multiple-access systems of an SNR estimator that was proposed previously for SNR estimation in systems for which the only disturbance is thermal noise. The proposed estimate does not require the use of pilot symbols or additional overhead and it is obtained prior to packet decoding. The estimator does not require knowledge of the phase, amplitude, or timing of the interference signals.
The nature of naturally occurring mutations in the hemagglutinin gene of vaccinia virus and the sequence of immediately adjacent genes.

The expression of the vaccinia IHD-J hemagglutinin (HA) gene is regulated by two promoters, an early/late and a second distinct late promoter. The first promoter results in transcripts that begin early and are synthesized throughout the infection. All transcripts from this promoter initiate at the same 5′ site. A second promoter is only active late in infection and initiates transcription some distance upstream of the first promoter. We have previously shown that the transcriptional start site controlled by this second, “late only” promoter lies within the coding sequence of an upstream reading frame (p 16-ORF), whereas the termination of early transcription of the HA gene utilizes a transcription termination signal (TTTTTNT) located just beyond the coding region of an immediately downstream reading frame (p 17-ORF). In order to assist our understanding of HA gene expression, we report here the sequence of these two ORFs adjacent to the HA gene. The HA-ORF itself consists of 945 bp, whereas the upstream p 16-ORF consists of 429 bp and the downstream p 17-ORF of 453 bp, sufficient to encode polypeptides of 16 and 17 kD, respectively. While many strains of vaccinia are HA+, rabbitpox virus and the variant of vaccinia IHD-J, designated IHD-W, are HA-. We report and compare here the HA gene sequences of wild-type rabbit poxvirus, two spontaneous HA+ revertants of rabbit poxvirus, and the HA- vaccinia strain IHD-W to that of the previously sequenced (1) prototype HA+ IHD-J strain of vaccinia. All differences were found to occur within the HA open reading frame. Vaccinia virus IHD-W contains a two nucleotide (CA) insertion, leading to the creation of a premature translation termination signal. The HA gene of rabbitpox virus contains several base changes, two deletions of three and six bases, and a single adenine nucleotide deletion within a seven-base adenine repeat, creating a nonfunctional frameshift. Reversion of the HA- rabbitpox virus to HA+ variants is accompanied on both occasions by reinsertion of the single deleted adenine nucleotide.
Patterns of relapse in stages I, II and IIIA Hodgkin's disease: influence of initial therapy and implications for the future.

Abstract An analysis was undertaken of the patterns of relapse observed among 111 patients with Stages I–IIIA Hodgkin's disease. All had undergone staging laparotomy and then received either extended field irradiation alone (60%) or limited field irradiation followed by MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone) chemotherapy. A total of 26 relapses occurred; relapse rates after irradiation alone were 34% but only 7% following irradiation plus adjuvant chemotherapy. The duration of both remission and survival was significantly longer for the patients receiving irradiation plus chemotherapy than for those treated with irradiation alone ( p =
A comparison of diagnostic assays for detection of Perkinsus spp. in the softshell clam Mya arenaria

Perkinsus spp. infections are increasing in prevalence and intensity in softshell clams Mya arenaria, a commercially and ecologically important bivalve of the Chesapeake Bay. In the present study, the gills, labial palps, rectal tissue, and hemolymph from softshell clams were compared for their suitability in thioglycolate diagnosis of Perkinsus spp. infection. Gill and palp tissues were more sensitive than either rectal tissue or hemolymph for detecting light infections. Rectal tissues became effective measures of parasite burdens as infections increased in intensity. Hemolymph samples were positive only in advanced infections. Further examination of paraffin-embedded tissue sections from lightly infected clams resulted in false negatives when compared with gill or palp thioglycolate assays. Hence, the use of both rectal and gill thioglycolate assays are recommended for routine diagnosis of softshell clam Perkinsus spp.
Persistence Criteria for a Chemostat with Variable Nutrient Input

Abstract The standard single-species chemostat model is modified to include a variable nutrient input which is assumed only to be nonnegative, bounded, and continuous. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for persistence and show that all solutions of any given chemostat system have the same long-time behavior independent of the initial conditions. Counterexamples shed light on the results obtained.
Microprocessor-based device for measurements on a superconducting transmission line

Abstract A microprocessor-based circuit is described which is capable of measuring the torque-velocity characteristic of the mechanical analogue of a superconducting transmission line. This model consists of 30 pendulums connected to each other with flexible couplings. The model is driven by compressed air. The circuit is composed of two parts. The first part measures the air velocity; this is equivalent to measurement of the applied torque. The second circuit measures the average velocity of a kink on the analogue line. Both measurements are converted to analogue signals and recorded on an x-y plotter as a point on the torque-velocity characteristic. This characteristic corresponds directly to the current-voltage characteristic of the actual transmission line.
Fueling innovation in medical devices (and beyond): venture capital in health care.

ABSTRACT: Innovation in health care requires new ideas and the capital to develop and commercialize those ideas into products or services. The necessary capital is often “venture capital,” but the ...
Photometry of Type II Cepheid Candidates from the Northern Part of the All Sky Automated Survey

We have obtained VR photometry of 282 Cepheid variable star candidates from the northern part of the All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS). These together with data from the ASAS and the Northern Sky Variability Survey (NSVS) were used to redetermine the periods of the stars. We divided the stars into four groups based on location in a plot of mean color, V-R, versus period. Two of the groups fell within the region of the diagram containing known type II Cepheids and yielded 14 new highly probable type II Cepheids. The properties of the remaining stars in these two groups are discussed but their nature remains uncertain. Unexplained differences exist between the sample of stars studied here and a previous sample drawn from the NSVS by Akerlof et al. This suggests serious biases in the identification of variables in different surveys.
Further measurements of the bouncing of small latex spheres

Abstract The bouncing of small airborne spheres striking target flats at normal incidence in vacuum was accurately measured by measuring both the incident and reflected velocities of each particle. The results demonstrate that a simple expression for the bouncing process is correct for the case of soft latex spheres. The results also agree with earlier data in suggesting the adhesion energy of these spheres is much higher than the classical theory predicts.
Umbilical cord milking in term infants delivered by cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial

Umbilical cord milking in term infants delivered by cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial
Characterization of a Bioeffective Monoclonal Antibody against Thyrotropin β-Subunit

To describe a region of the TSH molecule participating in binding to receptor, a monoclonal antibody specific for a TSH epitope shared by β-subunits of bovine (b), ovine (o), and human (h) TSH was obtained by immunization with mixtures of purified bTSH and hTSH. RIAs showed that the antibody also bound the β-subunits of bLH, oLH, hLH, and hCG, but not the β-subunits of porcine LH and TSH. Preincubation of [125I]iodo-bTSH with the antibody completely inhibited binding of the hormone to the TSH receptor of bovine thyroid membrane preparations at pH 7.4 in 50 mM NaCl (ED50 = 10 nM). The antibody also inhibited TSH-induced mitogenesis of FRTL-5 cells (ED50 = 50 nM). We conclude that the antibody binds to a site on the bTSH molecule that participates in high affinity binding of hormone to physiological TSH receptor. The target epitope includes a conserved structural determinant in β- subunits of the glycoprotein hormones as well as a feature that allows discrimination of porcine hormones from those of bovine, ...
A comparison of list schedules for parallel processing systems

The problem of scheduling two or more processors to minimize the execution time of a program which consists of a set of partially ordered tasks is studied. Cases where task execution times are deterministic and others in which execution times are random variables are analyzed. It is shown that different algorithms suggested in the literature vary significantly in execution time and that the B-schedule of Coffman and Graham is near-optimal. A dynamic programming solution for the case in which execution times are random variables is presented.
Early risk factors contributing to the evolution of long-term allograft dysfunction

0 ver the last 25 years, organ transplantation has developed from an experimental procedure to an established clinical tool. At present, engraftment of kidney, heart, liver, lung, and pancreas has become relatively commonplace and is often the treatment of choice for many patients with end-stage organ failure. The results have improved progressively because of better periand postoperative care, more effective immunosuppression, and greater understanding of particular disease states. As a result, the demand for organs is growing exponentially, with ever increasing numbers of patients seeking help. Part of this demand results from greater access for more candidates to such expensive and highly technical care; part results from the very success of the procedure that has allowed engraftment of individuals who would not have been accepted previously, including persons over 65 years, juvenile diabetics, individuals with a history of hepatitis, alcoholics, and other populations with diminished prognosis and critical comorbid risk factors. As a result, the discrepancy between the supply of cadaver kidneys for transplantation and demand from potential recipients is increasing steadily.’ Organs are now being used from donors who would not have been seriously considered in past years. Despite ever expanding criteria for acceptance of both donors and recipients, functional success of most organs at 1 year has reached 80% or more.’ Despite this progressive improvement, however, the rate of attrition of organ grafts has not changed throughout the entire experience: the half-life of kidney grafts remains between 7 to 10 years; 50% of heart graft recipients develop graft arteriosclerosis
Effects of quality improvement collaboratives

In the linked study, Schouten and colleagues report a systematic review of the effectiveness of quality improvement collaboratives in improving the quality of care. They conclude that the evidence supporting these collaboratives is positive but limited and their effects are difficult to predict.1
The Emergence and Popularization of Strategic Alliances: Institutional and Entrepreneurial Views

Strategic alliances have become a popular strategy in many industries. However, the process through which alliances emerge and get popularized is not well understood. While both the institutional and entrepreneurial views are relevant, they represent competing explanations regarding the alliance phenomenon. This paper recognizes both views and sees alliance emergence as a function of both the firm’s entrepreneurial posture and its institutional environment. The popularization of alliances is discussed as a legitimization process that changes the institutional environment, which in turn encourages more alliance formation.
Regulation of tight junction permeability with switch-like speed.

Purpose of review The case is made that tight junctions can undergo large reversible conductance changes in a matter of seconds and yet preserve their permselectivity. The diuretic peptide leucokinin transforms (renal) Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito from a moderately tight epithelium to a leaky epithelium by increasing the chloride-conductance of the paracellular shunt pathway. The nine-fold increase in the paracellular chloride-conductance brings about a non-selective stimulation of transepithelial sodium chloride and potassium chloride secretion, as expected from a conductance increase in the pathway taken by the counterion of sodium and potassium. Recent findings The leucokinin signaling pathway consists in part of a receptor coupled G-protein, phospholipase C, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, and increased intracellular calcium concentration that bring about the increase in the paracellular, tight junction chloride-conductance. As the conductance of the tight junction pathway increases it becomes more selective for the transepithelial passage of chloride. Summary Epithelial cells in Malpighian tubules taper to tight junctions at their lateral edges exposing them directly to apical and serosal solutions. Furthermore, evolutionary pressures to excrete salt and water at high rates without the aid of glomerular filtration have led to powerful mechanisms of tubular secretion, capable of diuresis when the mosquito is challenged with the volume expansion of a blood meal. The tubular diuresis is mediated in part by increasing the paracellular chloride conductance. Thus, anatomical and physiological specializations in Malpighian tubules combine to yield the evidence for the dynamic hormonal regulation of the tight junction pathway.
Mechanism of action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulated Leydig cell steroidogenesis. III. The role of arachidonic acid and calcium/phospholipid dependent protein kinase.

Abstract Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) markedly increased testosterone formation from 2.35 ± 0.13 ng/ml of the controls to 14.92 ± 0.33 ng/ml (mean ± SE) in isolated and purified rat Leydig cells. GnRHa-induced testosterone formation was completely blocked by phospholipase A 2 inhibitor (chloroquin, 10 −4 M), but was potentiated by the addition of either cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) or lipoxygenase inhibitor (nordihydroguaiaretic acid, NDGA). Arachidonic acid also directly stimulated Leydig cell steroidogenesis and activated Ca/phospholipid dependent protein kinase. Steroidogenic effects of arachidonic acid were also potentiated by the addition of either indomethacin or NDGA. These results suggest that arachidonic acid may be important in mediating direct stimulatory effects of GnRH on Leydig cell steroidogenesis, and the conversion of arachidonic acid to either prostaglandins or leukotrienes is not required for its steroidogenic effect.
The Effect of Prostaglandin E1 on the Release of Gastrin and Gastric Secretion on Dogs

The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on basal and food-stimulated concentrations of serum gastrin was studied in dogs with denervated fundic (Heidenhain) pouches. PGE1 did not change basal levels of serum gastrin. When PGE1 was given with food, the Heidenhain pouch acid output was inhibited significantly. The serum gastrin response to food, however, increased after PGE1. The results suggest a direct inhibitory effect of PGEX on the parietal cells. Elevation of gastrin may be due to diminished inhibition of the antrum by acid, decreased antral motility, or alteration of catabolic pathways for gastrin (Endocrinology 93: 1148, 1973)
Is there spectropolarimetric evidence for accretion disks in Active Galactic Nuclei

Abstract A fundamental component of the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) paradigm is an accretion disk. However, the nature of this accretion disk is not well understood. In this paper I present the spectropolarimetric observations of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the Lyman limit (912A) region and discuss their implications in the context of accretion disks in AGN.
Ese Idioma: Alejo Carpentier's Tongue-Ties

The well-publicized discovery that Alejo Carpentier was born in Europe and that he may not have reached Cuba or learned Spanish until he was well into his childhood opens a new avenue of analysis into his work. Carpentier's exuberant prose reveals a deep-seated anxiety about his relations with the Spanish language, a tense tongue-tie that shapes his literary performances.
On the transition of diffusion to premixed flames in conserved systems

In the present investigation, the gradual transition of a butane diffusion flame to a premixed flame is analyzed. The transition is accomplished by systematically shifting the reactants from one side to the other in the counterflow configuration. The counterflow is particularly suitable for this study since the stepwise transition of a diffusion flame (DF) to a premixed flame (PF) can be accomplished under steady burning. Provisions are made to keep the total flow rates of the oxygen, fuel, and nitrogen fixed throughout the transition process. Thus, the influence of the degree of premixing on the flame temperature can be examined for a conserved system.
Response latencies for intradimensional and extradimensional transfer of the oddity solution

Twenty institutionalized retardates were assigned randomly to four conditions comparing intradimensional (ID) and extradimensional (ED) oddity shifts in either a within- or between-Ss embedded problems design. Following extended training, high accuracy of responding was found for all shift conditions. However, ED shifts of the vehicle dimension for oddity resulted in significantly longer latencies than either ID or control shifts. The disruptive effects of ED shifts were found only when the transfer problems contained variable irrelevant dimensions and when comparison was made between groups which received either ID or ED shifts but not both conditions. The results are discussed in terms of “multiple-look” theories of attention.
A one-dimensional system at equilibrium

Using the discriminant of the Bessel polynomials, the potential energy is evaluated for a one-dimensional system whose equilibrium positions coincide with the zeros of Bessel polynomials.
Effect of implant design on the cyclic loading properties of mini suture anchors in carpal bones

Mini suture anchors are commonly used in hand surgery involving attachment of soft tissue to bone. There are few data on the biomechanical behavior of these implants under physiologic conditions. Commercially available mini anchors were inserted into the carpal bones of fresh-frozen cadaver wrists. Anchors were divided into threaded and pronged types according to design. The anchors were cyclically loaded. Pronged anchors (1.3 and 2.1 mm) failed at a range of 199 to 5,155 cycles. Threaded anchors (2.5 and 2.8 mm) consistently completed 40,000 cycles without failure. Before failure pronged anchors displaced on average 5.1 mm and threaded anchors displaced on average 0.01 mm. The pronged implants failed because of either prong fatigue or fracture; the threaded anchors remained structurally intact. The larger threaded suture anchors seem to have superior biomechanical properties than smaller pronged anchors.
Tackling the Microbiome

Microorganisms represent the majority of life on earth, populating a wide range of niches on its surface, underground, in the oceans, in the atmosphere, and both on and inside all multicellular organisms. This “microbiome” will clearly play a critical role as humans struggle to deal with society's major challenges—health care, agriculture, energy, and the environment. As one example, the human gut microbiome contributes 36% of the small molecules that are found in human blood, and it also plays a major role in creating susceptibility to certain human diseases. In recent years, a variety of microbial communities have been characterized through such efforts as the Human Microbiome Project and the Earth Microbiome Project. But mapping these trillions upon trillions of microbes and analyzing the vast amounts of data that are accumulating will require new integrative approaches aimed at understanding how microorganisms function and are interrelated.
An Inverse Theorem for Sums of Sets of Lattice Points

Abstract Let A be a subset of an n -dimensional Euclidean space V , and let | A | denote the cardinality of A . The sumset 2 A is defined as the set of all vector of the form a 1 + a 2 , where a 1 , a 2 ∈ A . Theorem: Let n ≥ 2 and 1 c n . There exist constants k * 0 = k * 0 ( n , c ) and ϵ 0 = ϵ 0 ( n , c ) with the property that if A is a finite subset of V such that | A | ≥ k * 0 and |2 A | ≤ c | A |, then there exists a hyperplane H in V such that | A ∩ H | > ϵ 0 | A |.
Ductile Separation and Its Role in the Evolution of Gold Contacts

In this paper, we study the role of ductile separation on the evolution of gold-on-gold micro-contacts. A specially designed SPM contact test station has been used to conduct the cycling tests. The evolution of contacts is studied by monitoring the characteristics of the pull-off force. The magnitude of the pull-off force, the force vs. displacement curves, and the rate-dependent pull-off force are sampled during cycling. It is found that ductile separation causes significant and random modification of the contact surfaces. The magnitude of the pull-off force also changes due to the variation of surface morphology. Significant plastic deformation during ductile separation can form a plateau region in the force-displacement curve which is characteristic of ductile separation. This deformation can also contribute to a higher pull-off force when the contacts are cycled at 300Hz compared with cycling at 0.5Hz. The difference between these rate-dependent pull-off forces can be used to indicate the degree of plastic dissipation during each separation.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Rigid Dendritic Donor−Acceptor Ensembles: Control over Energy and Electron Transduction

Several generations of phenylenevinylene dendrons, covalently attached to a C60 core, have been developed as synthetic model systems with hierarchical, fine-tuned architectures. End-capping of these dendritic spacers with dibutylaniline or dodecyloxynaphthalene, as antennas/electron donors, yielded new donor−bridge−acceptor ensembles in which one, two, or four donors are allocated at the peripheral positions of the well-defined dendrons, while the electron accepting fullerene is placed at the focal point of the dendron. On the basis of our cyclic voltammetry experiments, which disclose a single anodic oxidation and several cathodic reduction processes, we rule out significant, long-range couplings between the fullerene core and the end-standing donors in their ground-state configuration. Photophysical investigations, on the other hand, show that upon photoexcitation an efficient and rapid transfer of singlet excited-state energy (6 × 1010 to 2.5 × 1012 s-1) controls the reactivity of the initially excited...
Rapid modeling, assembly and simulation in design

A next generation rapid modeling, assembly and simulation design system is introduced. The design system utilizes smart component product models and smart tools. The concepts of the system, the smart models and the smart tools are discussed with succinct mathematical formulation where appropriate. Examples which demonstrate the unique features of the system and its value are provided.
Determination and Interpretation of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Experimental and Commercial Butters

Abstract The activity of alkaline phosphatase is used in the dairy industry to determine the efficiency of the pasteurization process, because this enzyme is inactivated by heat treatment. Experimental and commercial butters were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase activity (residual, microbial, and reactivated) by the Official AOAC method. Analyses were conducted on both the whole butters and their extracts. Positive tests (>2 units activity) could not be attributed to residual, microbial, or reactivated alkaline phosphatase, as determined by the AOAC method. The presence or absence of salt in butter was found to influence alkaline phosphatase activity.