cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of consumer medical information and oral liquid measuring devices accompanying pediatric prescriptions.

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess supplementary materials accompanying 2 commonly prescribed pediatric medications, including the following: 1) readability and layout characteristics of pharmacy-generated consumer medical information (CMI); and 2) types and features of oral liquid measuring devices (OLMDs) provided. Methods We filled the same two prescriptions (prednisolone and amoxicillin) at 20 pharmacies (national grocery store chain [n = 1], regional grocery store chains [n = 4], national pharmacy chains [n = 3], national superstore chains [n = 3], and independently owned [n = 9]) across three states (Colorado, Georgia, and Tennessee). We evaluated readability, using both the Flesch-Kincaid (FK) formula and McLaughlin's Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and text point size of pharmacy-generated CMI. We also assessed whether an OLMD (oral syringe, dropper, or cylindrical spoon) was included with each prescription and recorded the largest marked dose (in mL). Results Three pharmacies did not provide any type of CMI for either medication. Therefore, CMI was reviewed for 34 prescriptions. Reading grade levels of CMI averaged 9.6 ± 1.9 (range, 5.3–11.7) using the FK and 11.2 ± 2.6 (range, 6–14) based on the SMOG. Average text font size of CMI was 9.8 ± 1.9 (range, 6–12). Although 32 (80%) prescriptions included an OLMD (oral syringe [n = 20], cylindrical spoon [n = 7], and dropper [n = 5]), close to one third (31.3%) would require multiple measurements to attain prescribed dosages. Conclusions Many of the supplemental materials accompanying the prescriptions filled in this study were suboptimal; CMI was written at reading levels exceeding that of many parents, and the largest marked dose on each OLMD varied substantially. Physicians should be cognizant of the shortcomings of supplemental materials included with many medications, whereas pharmacies should strive to provide understandable CMI (ie, written at or below sixth-grade reading level) and suitable OLMDs (ie, requiring only one measurement of medication) to promote proper medication use.
A Phase-connected Braking Index Measurement for the Large Magellanic Cloud Pulsar PSR B0540-69

We report the results of an extensive monitoring campaign of PSR B0540-69, the 50 ms pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud, using data acquired with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer. A set of 45 pointed X-ray observations spanning 1.2 yr reveals a steady spin-down interrupted by a single glitch event, the first recorded for this young, rotation-powered pulsar. The quality of the data allowed us to perform a pulse-timing analysis that successfully maintains cycle count between observations, after allowing for the observed glitch. The glitch event occurred on MJD 51,325 ± 45 (90% CL error) and is characterized by a change in frequency of Δν/ν = (1.90 ± 0.04) × 10-9 and in frequency derivative of Δ/ = (8.5 ± 0.5) × 10-5. By phase-linking the data set we provide a definitive measurement of the spin frequency of the pulsar and its first and second derivatives. These translate into a braking index of n = 1.81 ± 0.07, significantly lower than reported previously for this source using measurements that could not be phase-linked unambiguously.
Monitoring the formation of Maillard reaction products of glucosamine with fibrinogen and human serum albumin using capillary electrophoresis

Formation of Maillard reaction products (MRP) of glucosamine (GlcN) with fibrinogen and human serum albumin (HSA), under simulated physiological conditions, was detected by fluorescence (excitation/emission: 340/420 nm) and UV/Vis (max. 275 nm) spectroscopy. The application of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated the generation of high-molecular-weight fibrinogen and HSA MRP by GlcN. A simple and rapid capillary electrophoresis method was developed to separate MRP formed by the reaction of GlcN with proteins from GlcN autocondensation products.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute or Persistent Diarrhea

Studies of microbial pathogens and the toxins they produce are important for determining the mechanisms by which they cause disease and spread throughout a population. Some bacteria produce secretory enterotoxins (such as cholera toxin or the heat-labile or stable enterotoxins produced by Escherichia coli) that invade cells directly. Others invade cells or produce cytotoxins (such as those produced by Shigella, enteroinvasive E coli, or Clostridium difficile) that damage cells or trigger host responses that cause small or large bowel diseases (such as enteroaggregative or enteropathogenic E coli or Salmonella). Viruses (such as noroviruses and rotaviruses) and protozoa (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, or Entamoeba histolytica) disrupt cell functions and cause short- or long-term disease. Much epidemiologic data about these pathogens have been collected from community- and hospital-acquired settings, as well as from patients with traveler's or persistent diarrhea. These studies have led to practical approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Local well-posedness for higher order nonlinear dispersive systems

We study nonlinear dispersive systems of the form $$\partial _t u_k + \partial _x^{(2j + 1)} uk + P_k (u_l , \ldots u_n , \ldots ,\partial _x^{2j} ul, \ldots ,\partial _x^{2j} u_n ) = 0,x,t \in \mathbb{R},$$ where k=1, …, n, j ∈ ℤ+, and Pk(·) are polynomials having no constant or linear terms. We show that the associated initial value problem is locally well-posed in weighted Sobolev spaces. The method we use is a combination of the smoothing effect of the operator ∂t + ∂x(2j+1) and a gauge transformation performed on a linear system, which allows us to consider initial data with arbitrary size.
Characterization of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) efficiency in POWER5

Coarse-grained multithreading, the switching of threads to avoid idle processor time during long-latency events, has been available on IBM systems since 1998. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT), first available on the POWER5TM processor, moves beyond simple thread switching to the maintenance of two thread streams that are issued as continuously as possible to ensure the maximum use of processor resources. Because SMT has the potential of increasing processor officiency and correspondingly increasing the amount of work done for a given time span, the reader might suppose that SMT would exhibit a performance gain for all workloads. This is true for most workloads, but is not true in some exceptional cases. In SMT mode, the processor resources--register sets, caches, queues, translation buffers, and the system memory nest--must be shared by both threads, and conditions can occur that degrade or even obviate SMT performance improvement. The POWER4TM and POWER5 processors have very powerful performance monitor (PM) toolsets that can help the user to determine what is occurring in workloads that may not be providing expected SMT gains. In this paper, the results of measured differences among workloads having large, medium, small, and even negative SMT performance gains are presented along with an approach to investigating workloads to determine the source of SMT performance gain limits.
Background and Career Orientations of Women with Mathematical Aptitude.

Abstract A “person-thing” career motivation continuum was tested as a model for structuring this investigation of the personal characteristics and career influences of women in mathematics who entered teaching or nonteaching careers. Women mathematicians who chose to teach were hypothesized to be more person-oriented in career development (i.e., they would be more influenced in the development of career interest by people). In contrast, women who chose careers in mathematically oriented fields, until recently considered nontraditional for their sex (engineering, physical science, accounting, economics, computer science), were expected to be more attracted to the “ideas” or “things” of mathematics. This hypothesis was tested in its null form by comparing personality traits and career influences for two groups of university senior women. Each group was composed of 30 subjects who had elected at least 24 semester credit hours in mathematics. Subjects were randomly selected after individuals were first stratified into two groups, according to whether they chose teaching or nonteaching careers in math-related areas. Second order personality traits derived from subjects' responses to Cattell's 16 PF Questionnaire were employed to assess personality differences. A biographical questionnaire was utilized for collecting data relative to career-influence factors. Multivariate analysis of variance and chi square statistical models were employed for data analysis. The two groups differed significantly in overall personality profiles. This difference was related to the nonteaching group's having scored significantly higher (than did the teaching group) on both the creativity and independence personality factors. Related to career influence, the nonteaching women appeared to develop their interests in mathematics somewhat earlier than did their counterparts who chose to teach. Women teachers were more attracted to their careers because of the influence of people engaged in mathematically oriented work. More of the nonteaching women cited influences associated with mathematics, itself, such as books, demonstrations and independent studies, as paramount in their career decision-making. Also, men were seen as more influential in fostering their career development by the non-teaching group, while in contrast, the teachers chose women as more influential in the development of their interests in mathematics. These findings appear to support the “person-thing” hypothesis associated with the development of career interests for women in mathematics.
Impurity dependence of the Zn point

The shift of the melting curves of Zn samples was measured as a function of impurity concentration by explicit doping with some of the impurities that are usually present in high purity Zn samples. The following shifts were obtained in mK/ppm wt (mass fraction in parts per million) for Fe, Pb, Cd, In, Cu, Ag and Au, respectively: −0.51, −0.27, −0.33, −0.39, +0.23, +0.26 and +0.078.
Characteristics of layered synthetic microstructure devices for x‐ray spectrometry applications

Multi-layer structures offer the unique ability to control the spectral distribution of x-rays non-grazing incidence and to provide the ability to focus x-rays. This combination of attributes offers some exciting possibilities for x-ray spectrometry. Double crystal monochromators using multi-layer structures have shown high energy selectivity with reasonable throughput X-ray optical systems using multi-layers deposited on figured substrates have been used to focus x-rays from a conventional tube to micron-sized spots. Future x-ray spectrometers will likely take advantage of the energy selection and focusing capabilities of multi-layers as they become more readily available. Topics covered in this paper include the modification of spectral emissions from a conventional copper anode x-ray tube by a multi-layer, and multi-layer fabrication and characterization techniques as they apply to energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry.
Scatchard analysis of fluorescent concanavalin a binding to lymphocytes

Standard Scatchard analysis of ligand binding to cell receptors requires the use of isotopes and is imprecise at low ligand concentrations. To evaluate the feasibility of Scatchard analysis via fluorescence flow cytometry, the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-derivatized concanavalin A (FITC-ConA) to murine lymphocytes at 4 degrees C was compared to 125I-ConA binding. A FACS IV flow cytometer (Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, CA) was used for analysis of cells after fluorescent ligand binding. A simple spectrophotometric technique was used to calibrate the relation between cytometer-determined fluorescence and ligand binding per cell. As FITC-ConA binding showed a quasi-Gaussian distribution, the mean number of molecules bound per cell was easily calculated. Scatchard analysis of FITC-ConA binding yielded results (1.9 x 10(6) receptors/cell, K = 3.6 x 10(-15)) similar to those obtained with 125I-ConA (1.4 x 10(6) receptors/cell, K = 5.2 x 10(-15)). Cytometric Scatchard plots showed less scatter and seemed more precise, suggesting superiority to radioactive ligand measurements, particularly at low ligand concentrations.
Hepatic hemosiderosis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients

The study was performed to assess the effect of iron supplementation on hepatic iron stores in renal failure patients treated with or without hemodialysis. 105 patients with chronic renal disease were divided into three groups. Group I consisted of 26 chronic renal failure patients without any clinical or biochemical liver test disturbance. Group IIa included 7 patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) for less than 18 months, and group IIb included 7 patients who had received dialysis for more than 18 months. Group III consisted of 65 MHD patients who had been treated from 2 to 110 months. Blood was obtained from group III members for determination of serum ferritin, serum iron, red cell indices, and liver tests. Total iron load (prescribed parenteral iron and blood transfusions) was calculated in each group. Iron load was significantly greater in group II than in group I (P<0.001), and a positive correlation existed with hepatic iron stores in both groups and with duration of dialysis in group II (P<0.02). Hepatic iron stores were greater in group IIb than IIa (P<0.001). Although iron load was significantly greater in group IIa than I (P<0.001), the hepatic iron stores were not increased in group IIa. Serum ferriton levels correlated with duration of dialysis (P<0.001) and iron load (p<0.001). Serum iron and mean corpuscular volume correlated poorly with serum ferritin to detect iron overload. Despite the iron overload, liver tests and liver histology did not alter significantly during periods of observation as long as seven years.
Similarities between Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and reserpine-like drugs

Similarities between the behavioral and biochemical effects of Δ9-THC and reserpine are reviewed. This interpretation is further supported by several experimental results. Pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-I) followed by 0.5 mg Δ9-THC, produced straub-tail and excitatory effects on intracranial self-stimulation behavior. The identical dose of THC, without MAO-I pretreatment impaired self-stimulation. It was demonstrated that these effects were probably not due to nonspecific excitatory effects of the MAO-I. Further, rats made tolerant to Δ9-THC exhibited cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effects of the reserpinecongener tetrabenazene (TBZ). Postmortem examination suggested that these effects were probably not due to ineffective absorption of TBZ from the injection site. Finally, behavioral cross-tolerance between Δ9-THC and TBZ, in an unlearned swimming-escape task, was demonstrated. These data suggest further similarities between the effects of Δ9-THC and reserpine. The possible role of monoamine disposition in the mechanism of cannabis action is discussed.
441 EFFECT OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH) ON PLASMA LEVELS OF EPINEPHRINE (E) AND NOREPINEPHRINE (NE) IN HYPOPITUITARY CHILDREN

Plasma levels of E and NE in response to insulin induced hypoglycemia were measured in 4 children (ages 7 to 14 years) with isolated hGH deficiency before initiation of hGH therapy and one month after treatment with hGH (2 U three times/week). Since plasma levels of E and NE are directly related to the degree of hypoglycemia, attempts were made to induce a similar degree of hypoglycemia before and after treatment with hGH (Table). Plasma levels of E and NE were measured by radioenzymatic assay. Although basal plasma levels of E and NE remained unchanged after hGH therapy, the response of plasma E to hypoglycemia was decreased in all patients after treatment (Table). The response of plasma NE was not affected by hGH therapy. These data indicate that basal plasma levels of E and NE are not affected by hGH while response of E to hypoglycemia is exaggerated in patients with hGH deficiency. This may be a compensatory mechanism for combating hypoglycemia in these patients. Treatment with hGH diminishes the need for E and normalizes the response. The reason for the wide range of plasma levels of E during hypoglycemia remains unclear.
THEORIES OF THE PRODUCTION OF SHOCK

Today, many medical disciplines are at the threshold of major revolutions in which "art" and clinical impression are being converted into quantitative science by means of technological advances. One such instance is the application of haemodynamic measurement techniques to the study of circulatory problems such as shock. Almost 400 years have passed since the first clinical recognition of circulatory insufficiency following trauma. In this time, many eminent medical thinkers have theorized about the causes and physiologic mechanisms that combine to produce the complex syndrome that we have come to call shock; but only in the last 50 years have we begun to measure, objectively to evaluate and to understand some of the factors that initiate and perpetuate shock.
Cortical renal leiomyoma with extension to renal pelvis

We describe a case of renal leiomyoma in a 21-year-old woman who presented with flank pain and hematuria. Urographic and computed tomographic (CT) studies revealed a large right renal mass with polypoid outgrowth protruding into the renal pelvis. Cortical renal leiomyoma with this radiographic manifestation is extremely rare.
Warfarin-associated embryopathy in a 17-week-old abortus.

Supported by NIH Grant DE03443 and by the Beatrice Stanton Medical Research Fund, The University of Michigan Medical School.
Photophysics of 7-Azaindole, Its Doubly-H-Bonded Base-Pair, and Corresponding Proton-Transfer-Tautomer Dimeric Species, via Defining Experimental and Theoretical Results

Photophysical research on the experimental and theoretical bases for the biprotonic transfer in the doubly-H-bonded dimer of 7-azaindole (7AI) is reported. The spectroscopic properties of the 7AI monomer, the normal-tautomer dimer, and the proton-transfer tautomer dimer are delineated by absorption, fluorescence and excitation spectra. The monomeric 7AI molecule is shown to exist at 10-6 M in hydrocarbon solution at 298 K, and the pure dimer at temperatures below 227 K in 10-4 M solution in 2-methylbutane (2MB). Deuteration of the pyrrolic sites yields dimers which exhibit only normal-tautomer fluorescence, whereas the nondeuterated 7AI dimer yields unique proton-transfer tautomer fluorescence, indicating quantum-mechanical tunneling as the principal mechanism for the biprotonic transfer. Density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G** framework) calculations on the ground-state potential energy curves conform to the experimental results.
2-Deoxyglucose Transport and Phosphorylation by Bovine Sperm

Measurement of sugar transport in ejaculated bovine sperm is complicated by a small intracellular volume and a rapid rate of sugar uptake. However, initial rates of sugar uptake can be obtained using 2-deoxyglucose as a model substrate. Accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose involves both transport and phosphorylation and can be monitored accurately by measuring only intracellular 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate. Uptake of 2-deoxyglucose was linear for 10 seconds at 22#{176}C and followed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 0.2 mM and a Vmax of 2 ,4mole/h/108 cells. Phloretin was a competitive and cytochalasin B a noncompetitive inhibitor of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and since neither compound inhibited hexokinase, transport is the rate determining step in the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose. Comparison of the inhibition kinetics of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and of sperm hexokinase using several sugars also supports this conclusion. The accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate within the cell is probably regulated by
Friction Stir Riveting: Impact of Process Parameters on Joint Performance

The Friction Stir Riveting (FSR) process consists of rapidly rotating a suitably shaped rivet, bringing it into contact with the workpieces to be joined and slowly driving the rotating rivet into the workpieces. The process, which borrows some features of Friction Stir Welding results in heating the workpieces through friction, thereby locally softening the workpieces and enabling the insertion of the rivet under reduced force. While conceptually simple the details and subtleties of the joining process have not been studied, thus little insight into the influence of processing characteristics has been generated and knowledge of procedures for enhancing joint strength is lacking. The intent of this study is to investigate the influence of rivet composition, rotational speed and penetration rate on joint performance and to compare overall joint performance with that obtained using conventional resistance spot welds.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Correlation of preoperative factors, severity of disease, type of oxygenator and perfusion times with mortality and morbidity of coronary bypass.

Previous studies have related preoperative status and severity of disease to the outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery. Although increased perfusion and clamp times increase the risk of cardiac surgical procedures, the importance of these factors in relation to the patient's preoperative condition and the severity of disease has not previously been determined. In this study of 1078 patients, we examined the correlation between the patient's preoperative condition, the severity of coronary disease, and duration of perfusion and clamp time, and the type of oxygenator used with the mortality and morbidity associated with coronary artery bypass grafting. One-way analysis of variance and multiple correlation analysis showed that perfusion time, clamp time and nonclamp perfusion time correlated with mortality, perioperative infarction, the use of intra-aortic balloon pump, stroke, renal failure, pulmonary failure, infection, and leg wound complications (p < 0.05). Perfusion time, clamp time and nonclamp per...
Flow Morphology and Heat Transfer During Subcooled Flow Nucleate Boiling of HFE-7000 in Microchannels

Flow boiling was experimentally studied in parallel microchannels using coolant HFE-7000. Subcooled nucleate boiling was achieved under various thermal-hydraulic conditions for mass velocities ranging from G = 164 kg/m2 ·s to G = 3025 kg/m2 ·s. Local surface temperatures were measured and flow visualizations were conducted to obtain flow morphologies, boiling curves, and heat transfer coefficients during boiling process. It was found that heat transfer was significantly enhanced during subcooled flow boiling by bubble agitation of the liquid.© 2008 ASME
Tales From the Crypt: The Expanding Role of Slow Cycling Intestinal Stem Cells

Similar to other highly self-renewing tissues, the intestinal epithelium contains both slowly and rapidly cycling progenitor/stem cells, though their relationship has been largely unexplored. Two recent reports in Nature (Tian et al., 2011) and Science (Takeda et al., 2011) shed new light on their dynamic interplay.
Adhesion and bonding of polar and nonpolar SiC and AlN surfaces: Tight-binding band theory.

The atom superposition and electron delocalization tight-binding band theory has been used to characterize the interfacial binding between \ensuremath{\alpha}- and \ensuremath{\beta}-SiC and AlN. Binding is analyzed in terms of covalent and charge-transfer energy components with use of idealized unreconstructed surfaces. Adhesion energies are calculated to be strongest for Si/N and C/Al contacts between the nonpolar (101\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) and (112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) surfaces. In the C/N and Si/Al orientations these interfaces show a charge rearrangement with C losing charge to Si and adhesion is very weak. For the interfaces between polar surfaces the C/N case has bond order 0 and no adhesion is predicted while the other possibilities have bond orders of (1/2 and adhesion energies in the order Si/N/AlC/Al. .AE
Protective cellular immunity against a spontaneous mammary carcinoma from ras transgenic mice.

Abstract Mammary carcinomas of v-Ha- ras transgenic mice closely resemble human breast cancer in their multi-step nature and in the requirement of genetic, hormonal and somatic mutational events for full-scale malignancy. We demonstrate that spontaneous breast cancers derived from v-Ha- ras transgenic FVB (H-2 q mice are highly immunogenic and that they elicit a protective T cell response. A continuous tumor cell line OM-2 has been established from a progressively growing mammary tumor and three sublines OM-10, OM-12 and OM-14 have been derived by in vivo passage of OM-2. All lines express the v-Ha- ras gene product and surface MHC class I. The parental OM-2 line is highly immunogenic and behaves like a regressor tumor. The regression of OM-2 is mediated by CD8 + T lymphocytes, although CD4 + lymphocytes also appear to play a limited role. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) obtained from mice immunized with OM-2 show MHC class I-restricted, specific T cell cytotoxicity against OM-2 but not normal fibroblasts derived from ras transgenic mice. The anti-OM-2 CTLs lyse the OM-2 sublines OM-12 and OM-14, although to a lesser degree than OM-2, and do not lyse OM-10, in spite of the fact that all cell lines express comparable levels of activated ras and MHC class I. Our studies represent the first analysis of protective T cell response to breast cancer and demonstrate that contrary to expectation, the spontaneous breast cancers are highly immunogenic and that the immune response does not appear to be directed to activated ras .
Social perspective‐taking ability, cognitive complexity and listener‐adapted communication in early and late adolescence

Responses provided by high school freshmen and seniors to hypothetical persuasive and empathic communication situations involving peers were coded according to the level of perspective‐taking implied in the communicative strategy. Older adolescents were found to use. higher level communication strategies reflecting greater perspective‐taking ability than younger adolescents on both tasks. Although the quantity and quality of interpersonal constructs supplied in describing peers varied between age groups, this was not shown to affect communication within age group levels. The group membership of the other being addressed was, however, a relevant condition affecting the level of performance in empathic communication for both early and late adolescents.
Extended dislocation barriers in tilt boundaries in fcc crystals

Extended dislocation barriers at tilt boundaries in fcc crystals are considered. For boundaries with a high degree of lattice coincidence, stable extended dislocation barriers, analogous to those occurring within a single crystal, are shown to exist. Other boundaries can have components equivalent to the high coincidence boundaries. The boundary barriers are shown to be possible nucleation sources for mechanical twins or martensite phase transformations.
The relative odds of involvement in seven crash configurations by driver age and sex

Abstract Introduction Much is known about sex and age differences in collision types, but most studies have examined the effect of declining physical and mental capabilities on older drivers' performance. Fewer studies have focused on the relationship between younger driver's sex and crash type, and these studies have largely ignored the multidimensionality of crashes, have not consistently examined sex differences, and are based on outdated data. This study addressed these issues by examining differences in the likelihood of involvement in seven crash configurations between adolescent and adult male and female drivers. Method Fatal crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and nonfatal crash data from the General Estimation System for years 2005–2009 were used. Crash configurations were identified using point of initial impact, manner of collision, and vehicle action (i.e., striking or struck). Logistic regression estimated relative odds ratios among four driver groups: male and female drivers aged 15–19 years, and male and female drivers aged 45–64 years. Results Crash likelihood varied dramatically by driver age and sex across crash configuration. Adolescent male drivers were most likely to be in single-vehicle and fatal head-on crashes; adolescent drivers had a higher likelihood of front-to-rear crashes; adults had the highest likelihood of rear-end crashes; and female drivers had higher likelihoods of left- and right-side crashes. Conclusions These findings may result from differences in driving experience, driving styles, or cognitive spatial abilities. Future research is needed to identify contributors to different crash configurations so that they can be directly addressed through tailored interventions and programs.
General equilibrium evaluation of industrial policy in Japan

Abstract A question of continuing controversy is whether the Japanese economy responded to government industrial policy carried out in the early 1960s. Using a multisectoral computable general equilibrium model, we find that it did indeed respond and that incorporating more realistic features of industrial organization in the model are critical. While sector-specific policy has little effect in a competitive model, the existence of scale economies amplifies the effects of industrial policy on sectoral output, trade flows, and resource allocation. When the effects of all instruments are combined, the steel and transportation equipment industries benefitted the most from industrial targeting, by expanding production levels and promoting exports. ( JEL 053, F14)
Factors affecting quarantine heat treatment efficacy.

Heat quarantine treatments have been used for 70 years on a variety of fresh agricultural commodities and pests. Despite the high level of efficacy demanded of these treatments and the very low levels of infestation usually found in commodities traded across quarantine barriers, heat treatments have sometimes failed. Key differences between investigation and application which may affect treatment efficacy against the pest include method of assessing efficacy, genotype and most tolerant stage of the insect, affinity of the research setting to commercial reality, preconditioning of fruit, pre- and post-temperature regimes experienced by fruits in research versus commercial settings, and size of operation. Researchers must be cognizant of the differences between the research versus commercial setting, the practical restraints faced by industry, and the effect these contrasts could have on treatment efficacy.
Predicting leaf-level fluxes of O3 and NO2: the relative roles of diffusion and biochemical processes

Pollutants like O(3) and NO(2) enter leaves through the stomata and cause damage during reactions with components of biological cell membranes. The steady-state flux rates of these gases into the leaf are determined by a series of physical and biochemical resistances including stomatal aperture, reactions occurring within the cell wall and the ability of the leaf to remove the products of apoplastic reactions. In the present study, multiple regression models incorporating stomatal conductance, apoplastic and symplastic ascorbate concentrations, and nitrate reductase (NR) activities were generated to explain the observed variations in leaf-level flux rates of O(3) and NO(2). These measurements were made on the plant Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). The best-fit model explaining NO(2) flux included stomatal conductance, apoplastic ascorbate and NR activity. This model explained 89% of the variation in observed leaf fluxes and suggested physical resistances, reaction between NO(2) and apoplastic ascorbate, and the removal rate of nitrate (generated by reactions of NO(2) and water) from the apoplast all play controlling roles in NO(2) flux to leaves. O(3) flux was best explained by stomatal conductance and symplastic ascorbate explaining 66% of the total variation in leaf flux. Both models demonstrate the importance of measuring processes other than stomatal conductance to explain steady-state leaf-level fluxes of pollutant gases.
Growth and structural characteristics of semiconductor-semimetal superlattices: CdTe-Bi, PbTe-Bi, SnTe-Sb

Abstract The growth and structural characteristics of three semiconductor-semimetal superlattices are presented. The superlattices were prepared by thermal evaporation in high vacuum. Although the constituents in each system have different crystal structures, only a small lattice mismatch (
Tag-free garbage collection for strongly typed programming languages

With the emergence of a number of strongly typed kmguages with very dynamic storage allocation, efficient methods of storage reclamation have become especially important, Even though no type tags are required for type checking programs written in these languages, current implementations douse tags to support run time garbage collection, This often inflicts a high time and space overhead on program execution. Since the early days of LISP (and Algo168 later on), there have been schemes for performing tag-free garbage collection, In this paper, we describe an improvement of existing methods that leads to more effective storage rechunation in the absence of tags. Garbage collection has also traditionally been viewed as being independent of the particular program being executed. This means that results of compile-time analyses which could increase the effectiveness of garbage collection cannot be incorporated easily into the garbage collection process. This paper describes a method for performing garbage collection 1) in the absence of tagged data, and 2) using compile-time information. This method relies on compiler-generated garbage collection routines specific to the program bekg executed and incurs no time overhead during execution other then the cost of the garbage collection process itself. We describe tag-free garbage collection methods for monomorphically typed and polymorphically typed languages, and suggest how they might be extended to support parallel languages.
Transcriptional profiling of the rat frontal cortex following administration of the mGlu5 receptor antagonists MPEP and MTEP.

Abstract The development of selective type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu5) antagonists, such as 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) and 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-pyridine (MTEP), has revealed an important role for these receptors in various disorders of the nervous system including depression, anxiety, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, and alcoholism. In this study, we used microarray technology to examine changes in gene expression induced by repeated administration of the mGlu5 antagonists MPEP and MTEP. Male Wistar rats ( n = 5 per treatment group) were administered MPEP (10 mg/kg), MTEP (10 mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally twice daily for 5 days. Approximately 30 min following the final drug administration, rats were sacrificed and frontal cortices were then dissected and examined for changes in gene expression by cDNA microarray analysis. Changes in gene expression with p -values less than 0.01 were considered to be statistically significant. The expression of 63 genes was changed by both MPEP and MTEP, with 58 genes down-regulated and 5 genes up-regulated. Quantitative PCR verified the magnitude and direction of change in expression of 9 of these genes ( r 2 = 0.556, p = 0.017). Pathway analysis revealed that many of the biological processes altered by repeated MPEP and MTEP treatment were related to ATP synthesis, hydrolase activity, and signaling pathways associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Our results demonstrate diverse effects of MPEP and MTEP gene expression in the frontal cortex, and these results may help elucidate the mechanisms by which these compounds produce beneficial effects in animal models of various disorders of the central nervous system.
Detection of poliovirus type 1 in humancerebrospinal fluid

Three days after her brother developed bulbospinal poliomyelitis, a 4-year-old Negro girl was examined because of fever and abdominal pain. Neurological examination was negative. Poliovirus type 1 was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), throat swabs, and a later stool specimen, but not from serum obtained on the same day as the CSF. Although echoviruses and coxsackieviruses have been detected frequently in human CSF, poliovirus has been detected in CSF in only 7 well-documented cases. Several possible explanations for the presence of poliovirus in CSF are discussed, of which none appear to be satisfactory. The mode of entry of virus into the CSF remains unknown.
Product formulas and numerical algorithms

Product formulas constitute one of several bridges between numerical and functional analysis. In numerical analysis, they represent algorithms intended to approximate some evolution equation and, in functional analysis, they are used to prove estimates, existence and representation theorems. Our aim is to survey the setting for product formulas and to discuss some recent results. Needless to say, we do not attempt to accommodate all the complex variations which occur in practical algorithms, nor the sharpest possible theoretical results. Nevertheless, we hope that our middle ground approach and some of the examples will be of interest to both groups. Because of its survey nature, we have not hesitated to include some well-known examples which are important for understanding the ideas. The general idea of product formulas is the following. Suppose one is interested in an initial value problem
AVOIDANCE OF HIGH-ENDOPHYTE SPACE BY GALL-FORMING INSECTS

Endophytic fungi and phytophagous insects derive energy from shared host plants, and so are likely to interact with one another. Several authors have proposed that fungal endophytes of woody perennials, like endophytes of grasses, have a mutualistic association with their host and provide enhanced protection from herbivory. However, there have been few tests of this hypothesis, and most studies have focused on correlating the presence of endophytes and herbivores. We investigated a system where an endophyte was known to cause significant mortality on one species of gall-forming insect (Besbicus mi- rabilis), but not another (Bassettia ligni) that occupies the same plant host. We predicted that gall insects should avoid high-endophyte space and that mortality would be lowest in low-endophyte space if endophytes protect plants from herbivory. We used the spatial location, temporal infection patterns, and within-leaf growth activity of the endophyte as elements of endophyte space. Besbicus mirabilis avoided high-endophyte space at the within-leaf scale by occupying part of the leaf where endophyte infection and endophyte-caused mortality were predictably low. However, the within-leaf position was under opposing selection pressure from mortality caused by grazing herbivores and developmental constraints, so the gall did not occupy the region of the leaf where both infection and endophyte-caused mortality were the lowest.- B. ligni was spatially correlated within leaves with the presence of the endophyte but suffered almost no endophyte-caused mortality. However, B. ligni occupies the leaf lamina, where the endophyte has no growth activity, in contrast to the leaf midrib, where B. mirabilis galls are found. Further, B. ligni emerges from the gall just as endophyte infection levels reach a peak, so this species temporally avoids prolonged contact with highly infected tissue. However, the between-leaf distributions of both insects were independent of en- dophyte infection. Fungal endophytes influence the spatial patterns of insect distributions, but at different scales. Growth activity of the endophyte may also play a role, and simply examining presence/absence correlations of insects may be misleading.
The influence of morphine on the halothane sparing effect of xylazine: II, xylazine and morphine plasma concentrations

Morphine does not reduce the halothane (HALO) anaesthetic requirement (MAC) in horses, at the doses studied, below that which occurs following xylazine (XYL) administration ( Bennett & Steffey 1997). This study further analysed plasma XYL and morphine (MOR) to examine the relationship between XYL, MOR and HALO MAC.
Perceiving Group Behavior: Sensitive Ensemble Coding Mechanisms for Biological Motion of Human Crowds

Many species, including humans, display group behavior. Thus, perceiving crowds may be important for social interaction and survival. Here, we provide the first evidence that humans use ensemble-coding mechanisms to perceive the behavior of a crowd of people with surprisingly high sensitivity. Observers estimated the headings of briefly presented crowds of point-light walkers that differed in the number and headings of their members (i.e., people in differently sized crowds had identical or increasingly variable directions of walking). We found that observers rapidly pooled information from multiple walkers to estimate the heading of a crowd. This ensemble code was precise; observer's perceived the behavior of a crowd better than the behavior of an individual. We also showed that this pooling provided tolerance against crowd variability and may cause a chaotic group to cohere into a unified Gestalt. Sensitive perception of a crowd's behavior required integration of human form and motion, suggesting that the ensemble code was generated in high-level visual areas. Overall, these mechanisms may reflect the prevalence of crowd behavior in nature and a social benefit for perceiving crowds as unified entities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Project 12-ways: Measuring outcome of a large in-home service for treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect☆

Described here is Project 12-Ways, a large service project employing an ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. By ecobehavioral it is meant that multifaceted in-home services are provided to clients, and that in-home data are collected on as many variables related to these services as possible. Four levels of research, data collection, and assessment are used to evaluate these services: Included here is a discussion of these levels of assessment. They are: data collected for clinical purposes; data from single-case experiments; research through the use of single-subject design logic applied to several subjects or groups of subjects, or by group statistical research designs; and program evaluation. The particular focus here is the program evaluation data which compare incidents of abuse and neglect during and after treatment between 50 families served by Project 12-Ways and 47 comparison protective service families. The data showed significantly fewer combined abuse and neglect incidents among the families served by Project 12-Ways. Suggestions for additional program evaluation data are provided along with a discussion of the limitations of the current analysis.
Differences in population metrics between bluegill and redear sunfish: Implications for the effectiveness of harvest restrictions

Abstract Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and redear sunfish L. microlophus were collected and aged from three reservoirs in Georgia and Alabama in 2003–2004 to describe population metrics and investigate the potential of harvest restrictions to maintain or improve the size structure of these populations. Redear sunfish grew faster and lived longer than bluegills in all three reservoirs, and estimated natural mortality was greater for bluegills than for redear sunfish; however, total annual mortality was similar between the species in two of the three reservoirs. Population dynamics models did not predict any significant benefits to bluegill size structure and yield from minimum length or bag restrictions. In contrast, redear sunfish populations in each study reservoir showed significant increases to size structure and minimal decline in yield from various harvest restriction scenarios. Because of higher mortality and slower growth in bluegills, harvest restrictions probably will not positively affect their ...
Clocks, combs and optical arbitrary waveforms

Summary form only given. This paper describes about the strategy and progress towards the generation of optical arbitrary waveforms based on femtosecond laser frequency combs. With octave-spanning spectra we lock the laser's optical frequencies to the repetition rate via second harmonic generation and f-to-2f comparison. We then further lock the resulting phase stabilized comb to a compact methane-stabilized HeNe laser frequency reference at 3.39 mum via difference frequency generation. The goal is to achieve this with the multi-gigahertz comb frequency spacing needed to demultiplex the individual comb lines in an integrated photonic circuit, and then modulate each one independently in phase and amplitude at the laser repetition rate. Recent results obtained with both Ti:sapphire and fiber laser systems will be presented. Together these systems promise to provide referenced and stabilized frequency combs extending from 500 nm to 2 mum.
History Lessons: What Urban Environmental Ethics Can Learn from Nineteenth Century Cities

In this paper, I outline valuable insights that current theorists working in urban environmental ethics can gain from the analysis of nineteenth century urban contexts. Specifically, I argue that an analysis of urban areas during this time reveals two sets of competing metaphysical commitments that, when accepted, shift both the design of urban environments and our relationship with the natural world in these contexts. While one set of metaphysical commitments could help inform current projects in urban environmental ethics, the second “de-animalized” or “cleansed” commitments that influenced the structure of post-nineteenth century urban areas could potentially harm projects in urban environmental ethics. Thus we need to be particularly careful when choosing a metaphysical base for our current urban environmental ethics, as, depending on your specific project, implicitly accepting certain commitments could inadvertently work against the overall goals of the project.
Student Achievement for Whom? High-performing and Still ‘Playing the Game,’ the Meaning of School Achievement Among High Achieving African American Students

The preponderance of the research on African American students has generally focused on issues of school failure and underperformance. While the literature on high achieving Black students is sparse, very little is known about these students’ school experiences and the meanings that they assign to achievement. Using student-based inquiry research, this study investigates the meaning of school achievement among high-performing African Americans. The findings reveal that the students were not convinced that standardized examinations, and to a lesser extent course grades, were accurate or valid measures of achievement. Thus, they challenged the dominant achievement paradigm and created their own sense of school success, which included social dimensions such as community involvement and personal growth and development. Although collectively the students concluded that standardized exams and grades were not achievement or accurate measures of achievement, yet they clearly knew how to ‘play the game.’ While students must meet the norms of standardized measures and end-of-course testing related to the Common Core, schools can respond to their diverse assessment needs by incorporating broader measures that include, but are not limited to standardized tests. The findings of this study and student recommendations have great implications for teacher education and student assessment.