cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalan and Narayana numbers

The Fibonacci numbers are pretty cool, but in modern algebraic combinatorics, the most interesting sequence is the sequence of Catalan numbers: $$\begin{aligned} 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429,\ldots \end{aligned}$$ The remarkable ability of these numbers to pop up in surprising locations has led some to joke that a combinatorics paper is not complete until the Catalan numbers have made an appearance. There are now more than two hundred distinct combinatorial interpretations for Catalan numbers!
"Always on the go": A qualitative study of the perceptions of cardiovascular disease risk among Latino cab drivers.

Background The taxicab industry is a burgeoning occupation that predominantly employs immigrant males from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Factors such as sedentary nature, environmental factors, high stress coupled with socioeconomic factors may increase cardiovascular disease risk among taxicab drivers. Latinos, a growing immigrant population make up approximately 20% of this industry. However, few studies focus on their experiences as cab drivers or on the factors that may increase their cardiovascular risks. Methods This was an ethnographic qualitative study. Data was collected via individual interviews combined with Go-Alongs. The Go-Along is an observational qualitative method whereby researchers accompany participants during routine activities and make observations. Interviews and observations were transcribed and coded to identify emerging themes. Results Thirty-two Latino male cab drivers participated; their mean age was 45 + 12 years; 47% did not finish high school; and 63% earned $30 000 or less. Time and stress emerged as dominant themes. Time constraints posed a barrier to healthy eating and physical activity. Drivers reported stress from constantly worrying about their finances and personal safety. Drivers also described stress from the physical toll of driving on the body. Go-Alongs supported these themes and identified social interactions and environmental factors that could be leveraged for health promotion. Conclusions This study provided an opportunity for cab drivers to describe their perspectives on reasons why their occupation was associated with a high risk for cardiovascular disease. The Go-Alongs contributed to the understanding of the social and environmental context that characterized cardiovascular risks in this occupation.
A novel form of wasp mimicry in a new species of praying mantis from the Amazon rainforest, Vespamantoida wherleyi gen. nov. sp. nov. (Mantodea, Mantoididae)

A wasp mimicking praying mantis (Mantodea) of the early evolving Mantoididae family was discovered in 2013 at a research station near the Amazon River in Northern Peru. This adult specimen exhibited a striking bright red/orange and black coloration pattern that was undocumented in all known praying mantis species. We tested the status of this new specimen using external morphology, male genital dissections, and geographic distribution. Our findings demonstrate the specimen to represent a new species, Vespamantoida wherleyi gen. nov. sp. nov., that is closely allied with a recently described species, Mantoida toulgoeti Roy, 2010, both of which are included within the newly erected genus. To support our actions, we present high resolution images of museum preserved and living specimens, morphological illustrations, a generic-level distribution map, and recorded video of the behavior of the holotype taken in the field at the time of collection. The bright red/orange coloration contrasted with black markings, the general appearance of a hymenopteran that includes a narrowed wasp waist, and the locomotory patterns and antennal movements mark this newly discovered species as unique among all hymenopteran mimicking Mantoididae as well as all other praying mantises.
Data-Enabled Advancement of Computation in Engineering: A Robust Machine Learning Approach to Accelerating Variational Methods in Electromagnetics and Other Disciplines

In this letter, we propose and demonstrate a data-driven machine learning-based approach to accelerate the finite element method (FEM), method of moments (MoM), finite difference (FD) method, and related variational methods, while maintaining the attractive properties that have allowed such methods to dominate computational science and engineering fields like computational electromagnetics. We use a neural network to predict a set of macro basis functions for a given problem, using only the solution to an extremely coarse description of the problem as input. We then solve the problem using the predicted macro basis. Unlike some existing methods, ours does not rely on the direct prediction of the solution. We show that our macro basis function approach corrects errors in the raw prediction of the network, achieving a far more accurate solution. Results are presented for a class of finite element scattering problems, with error statistics presented from 1000 validation examples and compared to standard and naive approaches. These results suggest the described macro basis function approach is superior to machine learning approaches that directly predict the solution. Meanwhile, our method achieves comparable accuracy to the full solution while requiring only a fraction of the degrees of freedom.
New point-contact diodes for infrared heterodyne detection

Experiments with point-contact diodes consisting of different combinations of metals, semimetals, and semiconductors to be used as laser harmonic generators and mixers up to 200 THz have resulted in three rugged devices: The W-Sb, W-SnTe, and W-Bi 2 Te 3 point contact diodes can partly replace the W-Ni and W-GaAs diodes respectively.
Single-Sided Field-Free Line Generator Magnet for Multi-Dimensional Magnetic Particle Imaging

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging medical imaging modality that is not yet adopted by clinical practice. Most of the working MPI prototypes, including commercial-grade research MPI scanners, utilize cylindrical bores that limit the access to the scanner and the imaging volume. Recently, a single-sided or an asymmetric device, which is based on a field-free point coplanar coil topology, has been introduced that shows promise in alleviating access constraint issues. In this paper, we present a simulation study of selection coils for a novel theoretical approach of designing a single-sided MPI device that has an advantage of a more sensitive field-free line topology.
Presságios da letra de uma carta de amor

This article comes from the need to make explicit the theme of the letter in its use in the constitution of the being of speech and its correlation in the establishment of love. A love that is inscribed when the letter summons something from the being to the literality, enabling, simultaneously, a place for the subject as well as for an emptiness that constitutes it, permanently. From Freud we can foresee a flirtation with literature and its letters. Lacan extends this course to other arts by delineating the indispensable function of the letter in the constitution of the subject of speech and the advent of love. From this legacy I aim to go through the question of love with the emptiness that is never filled from the inscription promoted by the letter. It is stated in this article the importance of sustaining for love something that will always escape the significant function, although it must be written in order to exist. From this perspective opens a way of sustaining a place for love where the contingency of encounter does not undo and the subjects can play with the making of their letters.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON CHARACTERS AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PARTICIPATION MOTIVATIONS AND RELATED ELEMENTS OF YOUTH BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Problem Statement: Since the Youth Olympic Summer Games became a new global sports event in 2010 and is held every four years, youth athletes’ behaviors and factors that motivated them to continually participate in the sport they choose have become interesting research inquiries: what are the reasons/factors that really motivated them continually engaged in the sports they love? Can these reasons/factors be identified and predicted? Purpose: The purposes of this study were to examine the traits of essential factors that motivated the youth basketball players to participate in their practices and competitions; examine how Gender, Supporting, Goal-setting, Years Playing Basketball related elements impacted their levels of participation-motivations; and the relationships among these psychological needs and motivation factors. Furthermore, the predictors among the psychological needs associated with their essential motivation factors were also explored. Methods: The Adapted Youth Basketball Players' Participation-Motivations Questionnaire was used for data collection; and Self-Determination Theory was used as the theoretical framework; the participants were 253 youth basketball players (Boys = 136, Girls = 117). Data analyses were done by a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial MANOVA, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple regression analyses. Results: Findings indicate that Supporting and Goal-setting elements had significant effects on the youth basketball players’ participation-motivations, but Gender and Years Play Basketball elements did not. The youth basketball players who were supported by parents possessed higher participant motivations than those supported by their schools. The participants who set their goals for professionals possessed higher participation-motivations than those who set goals for non-professional. Conclusions: In conclusion, through multiple statistics approaches and analyses, the traits and relationships among the youth basketball players’ participation-motivations, and how their motivations associate with the four related elements can be identified and predicted. Article visualizations:
A new equation for Bondarenko self-shielded cross section sensitivities to nuclide densities

Abstract This paper derives a new formula for the sensitivities of Bondarenko resonance self-shielded cross sections with respect to nuclide densities and the subsequent adjoint-based sensitivities of keff with respect to nuclide densities. A previous derivation ignored the dependence of the self-shielded cross sections on some of the nuclide densities. The new formula accounts explicitly for tabular interpolation of the self-shielded cross sections. Numerical results for two test problems using the PARTISN multigroup discrete ordinates code and the SENSMG multigroup sensitivity code demonstrate the correctness of the equations and their implementation.
Short-term exposure to synthetic flaxseed lignan LGM2605 alters gut microbiota in mice.

LGM2605 is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, its effects on gut microbial composition have not previously been evaluated. In the present study, we sought to determine how the 10-day oral administration of LGM2605 alters the gut microbiota of mice. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were treated with either LGM2605 or saline, administered daily via oral gavage over a 10-day treatment period. Upon termination of treatment, mouse cecums (n = 31) were collected, and cecal DNA was isolated. 16S rRNA genes were sequenced and analyzed in Mothur to identify changes in gut microbial composition induced by LGM2605 treatment (v. saline control). We then assessed community composition, performed indicator taxa analysis, and measured alpha and beta diversity. Overall, LGM2605 significantly altered the gut microbiota of mice; we reported alterations in 3 bacterial phyla and 22 genera as a result of treatment. The study here identifies for the first time significant alterations in the gut microbiota of mice following oral administration of LGM2605, in general shifting toward a more anti-inflammatory composition. These findings lay the foundation for future investigations utilizing LGM2605 to control gut dysbiosis and, by extension, systemic inflammation.
A generalized distillation network synthesis model

Abstract We propose a generalized superstructure-based distillation network synthesis model with improved modeling capabilities resulting in an extended solution space. The model can assign multiple mixtures to be separated (e.g., reactor network effluents) to different columns of the network while considering the interactions among different separation steps. In terms of outlets, products with general specifications, including pure components and multi-component mixtures, as well as streams without strict specifications (e.g., reactor recycle streams) can be readily handled. Furthermore, stream bypass is considered to avoid unnecessary separations, and thermal coupling is considered to yield novel solutions. The proposed model enables seamless integration with reactor network synthesis models thereby leading to solutions that are superior to the ones obtained by conventional sequential approaches.
Automated detection of atrial fibrillation from the electrocardiogram channel of polysomnograms.

Accurate identification of atrial fibrillation episodes from polysomnograms is important for research purposes but requires manual review of a large number of long electrocardiographic tracings. As automated assessment of these tracings for atrial fibrillation may improve efficiency, this study aimed to evaluate this approach in polysomnogram-derived electrocardiographic data. A previously described algorithm to detect atrial fibrillation from single-lead electrocardiograms was applied to polysomnograms from a large epidemiologic study of obstructive sleep apnea in older men (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men [MrOS] Sleep Study). Atrial fibrillation status during each participant’s PSG was determined by independent manual review. Models to predict atrial fibrillation status from a combination of algorithm output and clinical/polysomnographic characteristics were developed, and their accuracy was evaluated using standard statistical techniques. Derivation and validation cohorts each consisted of 1395 individuals; 5 % of each group had atrial fibrillation. Model parameters were optimized for the derivation cohort using the Akaike information criterion. Application to the validation cohort of these optimized models revealed high sensitivity (85–90 %) and specificity (90–95 %) as well as good predictive ability, as assessed by the C statistic (>0.9) and generalized R 2 values (∼0.6). Addition of cardiovascular or polysomnogram data to the models did not improve their performance. In a research setting, automated detection of atrial fibrillation from polysomnogram-derived electrocardiographic signals appears feasible and agrees well with manual identification. Future studies can evaluate the utility of this technique as applied to clinical polysomnograms and ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring.
Salmonella SsrB activates a global regulon of horizontally acquired genes

Salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen of humans that can proliferate within epithelial cells as well as professional phagocytes of the immune system. This ability requires an S. enterica specific locus termed Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2). SPI-2 encodes a type III secretion system that injects effectors encoded within the island into host cell cytosol to promote virulence. SsrAB is a two-component regulator encoded within SPI-2 that was assumed to activate SPI-2 genes exclusively. Here, it is shown that SsrB in fact activates a global regulon. At least 10 genes outside SPI-2 are SsrB regulated within epithelial and macrophage cells. Nine of these 10 SsrB-regulated genes outside SPI-2 reside within previously undescribed regions of the Salmonella genome. Most share no sequence homology with current database entries. However, one is remarkably homologous to human glucosyl ceramidase, an enzyme involved in the ceramide signalling pathway. The SsrB regulon is modulated by the two-component regulatory systems PhoP/PhoQ and OmpR/EnvZ, and is upregulated in the intracellular microenvironment.
Aspectos de la vida cotidiana en la colonia judía de Elefantina

Este articulo explora aspectos de la vida cotidiana en la colonia judia de Elefantina (siglo V AEC) en la frontera sureste de Egipto. Centrado en la historia de su descubrimiento y publicacion, son considerados los origenes de la colonia, el estatus de sus miembros asi como las practicas religiosas y legales de los colonos judios tal como lo reflejan sus documentos
Knowledge-Sharing in Value-Chain Networks: Certifying Collaborators for Effective Protection Process

Three major trends have come together raising the stakes for firms seeing to compete in the new economy. First, knowledge management poses the idea that every organization holds knowledge in the minds of its personnel that can be identified, collected and managed for competitive advantage. Second, modern internet technology has enabled knowledge management to be more easily accomplished while also taking the concept outside the firm's borders. With advanced data management capabilities, instant communication throughout a network, and a mechanism to tie together disparate computer systems, cutting-edge firms are able to use the knowledge of their entire value chain as a competitive weapon. A third major development in business dampens this enthusiasm regarding knowledge management and e-business. Competitive intelligence has grown and continues to grow. Legitimate competitive intelligence activities pose a particular threat to internet-driven knowledge-sharing networks for a number of reasons, but the principal problem is more knowledge, in more heads, under less control, and in digital form. The question is what to do about it? One the one hand, knowledge management and e-business networks both offer a lot to firms seeking to differentiate themselves from competitors. On the other hand, such systems open firms up to competitive intelligence efforts from those same competitors. Can the system be constructed to be both useful and also protect firms from competitive intelligence incursions? In this article we suggest that a collaborator certification system would be appropriate and we describe what such a system might look like.
Local fluctuations in the ageing of a simple structural glass

The presence of dynamical heterogeneities—that is, nanometre-scale regions of molecules rearranging cooperatively at very different rates compared with the bulk1,2—is increasingly being recognized as crucial to our understanding of the glass transition, from the non-exponential relaxation to the divergence of the relaxation times3. Although recent experiments4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and simulations12,13,14 have observed their presence directly, a clear physical picture of their origin is still lacking. Here, we present the first detailed characterization of the statistics of local fluctuations in a simulation of the ageing of a continuous-space, quasi-realistic structural glass model. A possible physical mechanism15,16,17,18 for the origin of dynamical heterogeneities in the non-equilibrium dynamics of glassy systems predicts universal scaling of the probability distributions of two-time local fluctuations. We find that to a first approximation this scaling is indeed satisfied by our results. We propose to test our results using confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy experiments.
Use of Yeast Populations Fractionated by Zonal Centrifugation to Study the Cell Cycle

Zonal centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient was used to separate yeast cells primarily by size and thus by age in the cell cycle. This approach provides an alternative to synchronous growth for examining the properties of cells at different stages in the cell cycle.
Tones, saturation, and SNR in double loop /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulators

Two of the most important factors affecting the performance of oversampled A/D converters are tone, and saturation considerations. Tradeoffs between the above factors for /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ modulators are analyzed. The effects of pole placement on the steady state behavior of /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ modulators are investigated by studying the dynamics of an associated continuous time system. >
Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Abstract This review addresses polymer electrolytes that have been demonstrated in direct methanol fuel cells. This work reviews the material requirements of polymer electrolytes and gives an exhaustive overview of the polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) investigated specifically for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). This chapter then provides a framework for interpreting the reported performance and potential of PEMs in DMFC applications. Finally, this review presents and compares currently reported performance of DMFCs, particularly those using alternative membranes with some discussion of future research directions.
Protein kinase Cα mediates cAMP response element-binding protein activation by retinoic acid in normal human bronchial epithelial cells

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 3736 Vitamin A and its metabolite retinoic acid (RA) are essential elements in normal lung development and differentiation of lung epithelial cells. We previously showed that RA rapidly activated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in a nonclassical RA signal transduction pathway without using its conventional RA receptor or retinoid X receptor in normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells. In the present study, we further demonstrated this nonclassical effect of RA on the activation of CREB by showing that RA rapidly activates the α isozyme of protein kinase C (PKC) and transmits an activation signal to CREB via the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) /extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) pathway. RA rapidly activated PKC α , the major conventional PKC isozyme expressed in NHTBE cells. Activated PKC α was immediately translocated from the cytoplasm to the plasma and perinuclear membranes, and it stimulated a downstream linear signaling cascade involving Raf/MEK/ERK/RSK. Finally, activated RSK but not ERK translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where activated RSK phosphorylates CREB. The normal function and intactness of this nonclassical RA signaling pathway may play an important role in mediating early biological effects of RA in normal differentiation of bronchial epithelia.
Trust resource management in digital government through process modeling

This paper explores the use of process technology to create formal process models to increase the level of trust that stakeholders have in digital government. Digital Government services have been painfully slow to emerge. The paper's focus is on the digital government processes, the complex interplays of the human, institutional, and data processing entities that these systems support. Our approach is to provide mechanisms to increase trust and speed development by facilitating transparency in the development, representation and analysis of digital government processes.
Noninvasive brain stimulation to modulate neuroplasticity in traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To review the use of noninvasive brain stimulation (NBS) as a therapeutic tool to enhance neuroplasticity following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Materials and Methods: Based on a literature search, we describe the pathophysiological events following TBI and the rationale for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in this setting. Results: The pathophysiological mechanisms occurring after TBI vary across time and therefore require differential interventions. Theoretically, given the neurophysiological effects of both TMS and tDCS, these tools may: 1) decrease cortical hyperexcitability acutely after TBI; 2) modulate long-term synaptic plasticity as to avoid maladaptive consequences; and 3) combined with physical and behavioral therapy, facilitate cortical reorganization and consolidation of learning in specific neural networks. All of these interventions may help decrease the burden of disabling sequelae after brain injury. Conclusions: Evidence from animal and human studies reveals the potential benefit of NBS in decreasing the extent of injury and enhancing plastic changes to facilitate learning and recovery of function in lesioned neural tissue. However, this evidence is mainly theoretical at this point. Given safety constraints, studies in TBI patients are necessary to address the role of NBS in this condition as well as to further elucidate its therapeutic effects and define optimal stimulation parameters.
Results of NSTX heating experiments

Summary form only given, as follows. The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is designed to assess the potential of the low-aspect-ratio spherical torus concept for magnetic plasma confinement. NSTX has a plasma major radius of 0.85 m and minor radius of 0.68 m and has achieved plasma elongation of up to 2.5, plasma current (I/sub p/) up to 1.4 MA and toroidal field (B/sub T/) of 0.6 T. The plasma has been heated by up to 5 MW of neutral beam injection, NBI, at an injection energy of 90 keV and up to 6 MW of high harmonic fast wave, HHFW, at 30 MHz. An advantage of a spherical torus is that /spl beta/, the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure, can be higher in the spherical torus than in a normal aspect ratio tokamak. Some results of ongoing experiments on NSTX are reported.
Techniques For Fabricating High Index Overlay Films On LiNbO3

We report here three different techniques for making high-refractive-index transparent films on LiNbO3 in the form of either planar or two-dimensional structures. Such techniques should be very useful for making a number of integrated optical components on LiNbO3.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Practicing Engineers Talk about the Importance of Talk: A Report on the Role of Oral Communication in the Workplace

In the last decade engineering education and industry have requested assistance from communication educators. Responding to increased attention on the changing expectations for practicing engineers and an attendant need for better communication skills, these teams of engineering and communication educators have been working to incorporate speaking and writing in engineering education. Despite a great deal of anecdotal evidence that communication is important to working engineers, relatively little data based information is available to help us understand better the specifics of how and why communication is important for these particular professionals. This paper reports the results of practicing engineers' descriptions of the importance of oral communication. These data suggest that engineering practice takes place in an intensely oral culture and while formal presentations are important to practicing engineers, daily work is characterized more by interpersonal and small group experiences. Communication s...
An experimental review of hyperon magnetic moments

Hyperon magnetic moments are important probes for studying the structure of baryons. In this talk, I shall briefly describe how the measurements are made and discuss the current status of the determinations.
Semantic Inference for Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions

Drug-drug interaction (DDI) study is an important aspect of therapy management and drug efficacy. DDI study investigates how drugs interact with each other and determine whether these interactions may lead to dire effects or nullify the therapeutic effects of each other. In this paper we model metabolic pathways of drugs that include the reaction effects between drugs and the related enzymes. By modeling the reaction effects, our model captures the degree of the effects of the interacting drugs. We introduce a novel methodology that combines semantics, ontology to model the concepts and interactions, and Answer Set Programming for temporal reasoning. We illustrate our method by inferring the effects of DDI among three drugs clozapine, olanzapine and fluvoxamine.
Lysosomal alkalization and dysfunction in human fibroblasts with the Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin 1 A246E mutation can be reversed with cAMP

Mutation in presenilin 1 (PS1) is one of the leading causes of familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). PS1 mutation exacerbates the autophagic and lysosomal pathology in AD patients, leading to accumulation of partially degraded material in bloated lysosomes and autophagosomes - a pathology that bears some resemblance to other diseases characterized by elevated lysosomal pH, like age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we examined the effect of the PS1-fAD mutation A246E on lysosomal pH and lysosomal function, and asked whether restoration of lysosomal pH could reverse some of these changes. Lysosomal pH was elevated by 0.2-0.3 pH units in human fibroblasts with the PS1-fAD mutation. The lysosomal alkalization in PS1-fAD fibroblasts was supported by a reduction in the pH-dependent cleavage of cathepsin D and by a reduction in binding of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) FL-pepstatin A to the cathepsin D active site. PS1-fAD cells had increased LC3B-II/-I ratios and p62 levels, consistent with impaired lysosomal degradation and analogous to changes induced by lysosomal alkalinization with chloroquine. PS1-fAD fibroblasts had increased expression of ATP6V1B2, ATG5, BECN1 TFEB mRNA, and of ATP6V1B2, ATG5 and beclin at the protein level, consistent with chronic impairment of autophagic and lysosomal functions in the mutant cells. Critically, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) treatment reacidified lysosomal pH in mutant PS1-fAD; cAMP also increased the availability of active cathepsin D and lowered the LC3B-II/-I ratio. These results confirm a small elevation in the lysosomal pH of human PS1-fAD fibroblasts, demonstrate that this lysosomal alkalization is associated with chronic changes in autophagy and degradation, and suggest that treatment to reacidify the lysosomes with cAMP can reverse these changes.
The Large-Sample Power of Tests Based on Permutations of Observations

The paper investigates the power of a family of nonparametric tests which includes those known as tests based on permutations of observations. Under general conditions the tests are found to be asymptotically (as the sample size tends to ∞) as powerful as certain related standard parametric tests. The results are based on a study of the convergence in probability of certain random distribution functions. A more detailed summary will be found at the end of the Introduction.
Latin Revived: Source‐Based Vocabulary Lessons Courtesy of Harry Potter

Teachers can build on students' familiarity with and respect for the Harry Potter books to create source-based vocabulary lessons. The idea is to work with the Latin roots that J.K. Rowling uses to create original names for places, people, and magical charms and then to extend students' knowledge through exploration of additional English words based on the same roots. Besides being an efficient way to teach vocabulary words in a meaningful context, the approach helps students see that when new words are needed, they are often based on old, familiar words. It also trains students to look for metaphorical and other associations while developing confidence in their ability to make “intelligent guesses” about words they do not know. Various Latin roots are discussed, along with many words derived from them. Teachers can focus in a day's lesson on one root and several derivatives whose meanings will reinforce one another.
A Study of Cleft Palate Speakers with Marginal Velopharyngeal Competence.

This study was designed as a partial test of a previously hypothesized model for a subgroup of cleft speakers who show marginal velopharyngeal competence during speech. Specifically, speakers in the model were hypothesized to show minimal but consistent nasalization of speech by several criteria. Fifty-two subjects were selected because they met one of the criteria for the model, lateral x-ray films on /s/ that showed touch closure or a small velopharyngeal opening. The subjects were then examined by the other five criteria used for defining the hypothesized model, and were found to meet, in the majority, fewer than three. These findings indicate that lateral x-ray films are not sufficient for identifying this diagnostic subgroup, if it exists. Another possible conclusion is that the model proposed is too simplistic and that cleft palate speakers with marginal velopharyngeal competency typically show more variability in speech performance than was originally implied in the model.
Effects of backfill on the performance of GRS retaining walls

Abstract In this study, a finite element program was validated by comparing its analytical results with the results of a well-instrumented large-scale laboratory test conducted on a geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) retaining wall under well-controlled test conditions. The validated computer program was then used to investigate the effects of backfill type on the behavior of GRS retaining walls. Three different geosynthetic reinforcements and sixteen different backfills were implemented in the analysis of three different wall configurations to produce 144 analysis combinations. It was shown that the type of backfill had the most profound effect on the behavior of the GRS retaining wall. It was also shown that the stiffness of the geosynthetic reinforcement had a considerable effect on the behavior of the GRS retaining wall when the backfill was of lower stiffness and shear strength. A parametric study was performed on GRS retaining walls based on the finite element analyses to assist the design engineer in choosing the appropriate backfill and the appropriate geosynthetic reinforcement for GRS retaining walls in order to satisfy the prescribed requirements of maximum lateral displacement, maximum axial strain in the reinforcements, and/or average safety factors.
Twenty-four cycles of mass selection for prolificacy in the Golden Glow maize population

Maize (Zea mays L.) has the potential to produce an ear primordium at several nodes, and selection for increased prolificacy often increases grain yield. We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of mass selection for increasing the number of active ear shoots in the Golden Glow' maize population. The objective of our research was to evaluate associated changes in ear and plant morphology after 24 cycles of mass selection for prolificacy in Golden Glow. Cycles 0, 6, 12, 18, 23, and 24 were grown in 1997 at two locations (Madison and Arlington, WI) at two planting densities (15 070 and 73 197 plants ha -1 ). At the lower planting density, the mean number of ears per plant increased from 1.61 at CO to 4.93 at C24, and the response rate increased over the more recent cycles, mainly from C18 to C24. At C24, tiller number has increased, and lateral branches (terminating in ears) were located at approximately one node higher and two nodes lower on the main stalk compared with the original population. Total node number on the main stalk increased, and the internode length decreased over the 24 cycles, but the opposite occurred for lateral branches. At the lower planting density, ear diameter, ear length, and kernel size decreased by 0.03, 0.10, and 0.01 cm cycle - ', respectively, but total number of kernels per plant and dry kernel weight per plant increased significantly at a rate of 36.69 kernels cycle -1 and 5.60 g cycle -1 over the 24 cycles. Similar trends, but of lesser magnitude, were observed at the higher planting density. The changes in plant morphology observed across cycles of selection for prolificacy represent a general derepression of axillary meristematic growth in both main stalks and lateral branches.
Henry Highland Garnet: Black revolution in sheep's vestments

This article explores the development of Henry Highland Garnet as a revolutionary abolitionist and then concentrates on his most important insurrection speech. A preacher by profession, Garnet was ...
Partial Melting and Deformation

The physical properties of partially molten rocks are directly coupled to the grain-scale as well as the broader scale distribution of the melt phase. At the grain scale, if melt forms isolated pockets in a silicate matrix, its influence on plastic flow is generally relatively minor. In contrast, if the melt wets all of the grain-grain interfaces, it may dramatically lower the viscosity of the rock. At the broader scale, deformation will localize to form shear zones in melt-rich regions that commonly develop in partially molten rocks. In turn, the melt distribution evolves during plastic deformation of a partially molten rock. Melt located in triple junctions takes on a pronounced preferred orientation. In addition, melt often segregates during plastic deformation to form melt-enriched bands separated by melt-depleted regions. This chapter develops two interrelated themes with emphasis on the relationship between melt distribution (structure) and the plastic flow (property) of partially molten rocks. The first section concentrates on thermodynamic constraints and experimental observations on the distribution of melt in a non-deforming rock, that is, in a partially molten rock exposed simply to a hydrostatic state of stress. The second section then builds on these boundary conditions to introduce theoretically predicted and experimentally determined flow laws describing plastic deformation of partially molten rocks. Finally, the third section examines the influence of deformation (i.e., a non-hydrostatic state of stress) on melt distribution and the associated implications for the rheological properties of partially molten crustal and mantle rocks. Under a hydrostatic state of stress, the melt distribution in a partially molten rock is governed by the relative values of the solid-melt and solid-solid interfacial energies, γsm and γss. (NB: Although the term melt is used throughout this paper, the designation fluid or liquid could equally well be substituted.) The melt distribution …
Quantitative Measurements of Frictional Properties of n-Alkanethiols on Au(111) by Scanning Force Microscopy

We present a quantitative study of the frictional properties of self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers on Au(111) as a function of chain length using scanning force microscope. The lateral and normal forces are calibrated in situ using a combination of the two-slope method proposed by Ogletree et al. and the added mass method proposed by Cleveland et al. The comparative study of the same system by another calibrated Si3N4 tip was carried out. The friction coefficients for the same alkanethiol system, but with different tips, differ by less than 15%, indicating the reliability of nanoscale frictional and normal force measurements using a scanning force microscope. An in situ experimental force calibration for each cantilever is needed in order to perform absolute force measurements. Our results also show that frictional forces depend strongly on the number of carbon atoms in the alkane chain. The friction coefficient of alkanethiol decreases as the chain length increases and is lower than that of a bare Au(...
ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF DYSPROSIUM SESQUIOXIDE.

The value for the enthalpy of formation of dysprosium sesquioxide has been confirmed by two sets of independent measurements involving the use of an oxygen bomb calorimeter and a solution calorimeter. The value obtained from the former was Δ H f o ( Dy 2 O 3 , 298.15 K ) = − ( 445.3 ± 1.0 ) kcal mol − 1 , and from the latter ΔHof = -(445.5 ± 1.6) kcal mol−1, to give a weighted average of -(445.32±0.85) kcal mol−1.
Experimental frame structuring and aggregation of source data: application to US climate normals

An experimental frame is a specification of the condition under which the system is observed or experimented with. This paper presents experimental frame structuring of the source data. US Climate Normals are introduced for the source data example. The Meta data of US Climate Normals placed in a repository is parsed by XML parsing engine, and then structures model by the parallel and serial composition (concatenation). US Climate Normals are summarized in the collection of almost 6000 weather stations. This paper introduces modeling at multiple levels of resolution by decomposing the US region with SES. The system searching resolution regarding an input variable, spread, and structuring DEVS model is presented. A simple example shows the process of model structuring and abstraction. The example also shows how almost 6000 station models are abstracted at a resolution level. For future work, web service application and dynamic system structuring is mentioned.
Chromosome abnormalities in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is an uncommon disorder characterized by multiorgan infiltration with phagocytic histiocytes/macrophages. It may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, but specific associated cytogenetic abnormalities have not been documented. The authors describe a 10-week-old white female without prior family history of FHLH, who fulfilled the histologic and clinical criteria for the diagnosis. In addition, cytogenetic abnormalities, including the presence of double minute chromosomes and occasional loss of chromosomes 7 and 12, were documented in unstimulated peripheral blood cells. These karyotypic findings are usually associated with dyserythropoietic and leukemic states, and have not been described previously in the context of FHLH. It may be useful to do chromosome analyses on unstimulated peripheral blood cultures from FHLH patients before treatment to examine the karyotype of proliferating cells, which may represent the infiltrative histiocytes seen in the disorder.
Disseminated acanthamoebiasis presenting as lobular panniculitis with necrotizing vasculitis in a patient with AIDS.

Background: Disseminated acanthamoebiasis is a rare entity, almost exclusively occurring in the immunocompromised host. Methods: We report an unusual case of a 35-year-old female with recurrent sinusitis and multiple skin nodules demonstrating a necrotizing panniculitis, shown to be due to disseminated acanthamoebiasis. Results: Histologic sections showed a neutrophilic lobular panniculitis with 20- to 30-μm trophozoites consistent with Acanthamoeba species. Conclusions: A review the literature shows that the histopathological presentation of acanthamoebiasis often eludes initial diagnostic attempts and that central nervous system (CNS) involvement is frequent and ultimately fatal. When amoebiasis is suspected, knowledge of the trophozoite and cyst forms may be helpful in distinguishing Acanthamoeba species from Entamoeba histolytica.
Reducing energy consumption in low income public housing: Interviewing residents about energy behaviors

Abstract Low-income housing constitutes an important but often overlooked area for energy use reductions within the US residential sector. Given the scarcity of existing information on this subject, this study uses a semi-structured interview format to explore the key behavioral tendencies, energy knowledge gaps, and attitudes among low-income public housing residents, with the goal of demonstrating a process for developing, scoring, and analyzing the interviews that will be useful to other researchers when first engaging complex subjects like behavior in contexts that are not well covered by existing literature. Methods for sampling subjects and iteratively developing an interview guide and response-scoring framework are described, and the usefulness of this approach in allowing both quantitative and qualitative analysis of behavior response data is demonstrated. The paper concludes by illustrating how themes that emerge from the response analysis can be used to inform future surveying and intervention efforts. Key themes include the varying definitions for “comfort” amongst residents; the lack of resident control over the household environment; the tendency for residents to evaluate energy conservation measures (ECMs) in terms of costs, savings, and comfort; the muted differences in behavior between those who do and do not pay energy bills; and the importance of building maintenance and resident energy education to ongoing efficiency efforts.
An unexpected role for platelets in blocking Th17 differentiation

It is well known that platelets interact with cells of the innate immune system to promote tissue repair. In contrast, it is less clear whether these links extend to cells of the adaptive immune system, such as T cells. In this issue of the JCI, Morrell and colleagues provide compelling evidence that platelets are required to limit CD4+ Th17 differentiation through the actions of the chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4). Absence of PF4 in the host leads to exaggerated Th17 differentiation after transplantation and rapid graft rejection. The authors' findings argue that platelets are not bit part players, but rather fully fledged, critical members of the adaptive immune system.
IR Spectroscopy of Polyperfluoroethylene Oxide Lubricants on Amorphous Carbon

The FT-IR transmission spectrum of 30 A of a polyperfluoroethylene oxide lubricant on amorphous carbon is shown to be proportional to the transmission spectrum of a 0.4-μm film, and thus, there appears to be little or no interaction of the lubricant with amorphous carbon. These transmission spectra are dramatically different from the spectrum of the lubricant on a carbon-overcoated thin-film disk recorded at grazing incidence. The alteration of the grazing incidence reflection spectrum is due to polarization changes of the light when a strong absorber is measured near a reflecting surface.
Accurate pseudo-constructive wirelength and congestion estimation

Accurate estimation of wirelength and congestion is one of the fundamental issues in VLSI physical design. Current probabilistic estimation methods fail to produce accurate results since they ignore congestion-related detouring and effects of the number of vias and bends. In this work, we propose a practical stochastic routing probability distribution model which includes the effects of blockage and the number of bends. The new model is tested by comparing the estimated routing probability distribution with the actual routing results of a commercial detailed router. An iterative congestion map construction algorithm based on the new probabilistic model is proposed for accurate wirelength and congestion map estimation. The results show that our proposed methods can improve the total wirelength estimation accuracy (i.e., reduce estimation error) by 90% on average with respect to the traditional RSMT wirelength estimate. Our methods also produce more accurate congestion maps than the previous congestion estimation method of [5] without significant runtime overhead.
Attenuation of roadway-derived heavy metals by wood chips.

Wood chips were evaluated for their ability to attenuate heavy metals in roadway runoff. Column experiments with controlled synthetic runoff composition and flow rate were used to assess effects of flow rate (intercepted sheetflow from a 3-m wide roadway section), runoff salt concentration, wood exposure to alternating wetting and drying cycles, wood aging, competition among dissolved heavy metals, and removal of particle-associated heavy metals. Overall, wood chips damped the “pulse” of copper in the synthetic runoff such that the effluent was characterized by lower concentrations (3–25% of input) over longer periods of time, but with little retention of the total copper mass. The most effective treatment was wood chips aged up to 9 months. Increased aging and chip water content reduced effluent concentrations, relative to no treatment. Flow rate had no effect on effluent concentrations. The presence of salt ( >2 mS/cm ) or dissolved lead ( 500 μg/L ) in the runoff caused greater copper effluent concentr...