cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical findings on the association between education and child health status: Discussion

The 3 papers presented in this section attempt to explain variations in child mortality. They use regression models in which a large number of independent variables appear in a reduced form obtained from an underlying structural system. These papers which are essentially multivariate analyses of infant mortality using micro or household data manifest 2 general problems. The 1st problem is that education is 1 of the independent variables to these analyses and is of special interest to this conference. However education is closely associated with other possibly strong determinants of infant mortality and in general data are unavailable on these other determinants. Education in these regression analyses tends to represent the pure effects of education and also the effect of the other socioeconomic variables with which it happens to be either statistically or causally related. The 2nd general area of concern is that none of the papers is able to shed much light on the precise mechanisms by which education might affect health condition and mortality. The 3 papers recognize these 2 problems and are unable to do much about them. The papers do however come up with several interesting findings. Simmons and Bernstein report as their main finding that postneonatal mortality is determined to an important extent by preferences within the family for additional male or female children. These preferences or attitudes lead to either to neglect or to extra care of new children and hence have an important effect on mortality patterns. The education variable relating to the education of the mother and father is of somewhat less importance. Chowdhury reports that education is relatively unimportant as a determinant of mortality. He suggests that there may nonetheless be some indirect influence of education or health. The main finding of Rosenzweig and Schultz is that health care programs offered by the public sector like free clinics and public hospitals tend to be redistributive. The programs result in the greater reductions in mortality among the less educated segments of the population. Whether their education variable represents itself or income the finding that the health programs are redistributive or egalitarian stands up either way.
Functional aerobic impairment in adolescents seropositive for HIV: A quasiexperimental analysis

Abstract Keyser RE, Peralta L, Cade WT, Miller S, Anixt J. Functional aerobic impairment in adolescents seropositive for HIV: a quasiexperimental analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1479-84. Objective: To determine the degree to which cardiorespiratory insufficiency limits physical performance in adolescents seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Design: Quasiexperimental, case series design. Setting: Rehabilitation physiology laboratory. Participants: Seventeen adolescents (12 women, 5 men; age, 18 ± 2yr; weight, 74.7 ± 19.3kg; height, 170 ± 9cm) with HIV infection (viral load, 22,043 ± 55,869copies/mL; CD4 count, 499 ± 210/mL) who were free of comorbid conditions limiting treadmill performance. Main Outcome Measures: Spirometric measurements of oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold obtained from a peak exercise treadmill test using the modified Bruce protocol. Results: Measured peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) was 42% ± 19% lower than expected ( p 2 less than 73% of expected values. Peak VO 2 was only slightly higher ( p p Conclusions: Cardiorespiratory insufficiency and FAI limited the ability to perform even low levels of physical activity in these adolescents with mild HIV seropositivity. Disability identified by quantification of FAI may affect implementation of the American with Disabilities Act and public health policy. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Radionuclide angiography: Noninvasive assessment of hemodynamic changes after administration of nitroglycerin

Gated blood pool angiography was used to study noninvasively the hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin. In 26 patients with a spectrum of resting left ventricular function abnormalities, serial 1 minute determinations of count-derived ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume and cardiac output (radionuclide stroke volume × heart rate), as well as heart rate and blood pressure, were compared for 6 minutes before and 14 minutes after the administration of 0.6 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin. For the entire group, mean ejection fraction increased 15.6 ± 2.2 percent (mean ± standard error of the mean), heart rate increased 6.1 ± 0.6 percent, systolic blood pressure decreased 11.2 ± 1.3 percent, end-diastolic volume decreased 10.7 ± 2.1 percent, end-systolic volume decreased 18.5 ± 2.6 percent (all P P = not significant). There was a limited correlation between changes in ejection fraction and changes in radionuclide cardiac output ( r = 0.65) and an inverse correlation between basal ejection fraction and change in radionuclide cardiac output ( r = −0.64). Three patients had a significant decrease in radionuclide cardiac output with no change in ejection fraction. Changes in systolic blood pressure also correlated poorly with both ejection fraction ( r = 0.3) and radionuclide cardiac output ( r = 0.126). It is concluded that radionuclide angiography may be useful in documenting noninvasively the efficacy or adverse effects of vasodilator agents. Changes in cardiac output were not predicted well by other variables and must be calculated directly.
A role for cAMP in regeneration of the adult mammalian CNS

Injury to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) often results in permanent loss of sensory and motor function. This is due to the failure of injured axons to regenerate. The inhibitory nature of the CNS can be attributed to several factors, including formation of the glial scar, the presence of several molecules, associated with myelin, which inhibit axonal regrowth, and the intrinsic growth state of these neurons. Encouraging regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS therefore will require targeting one or all of these factors following injury. Here we illustrate recent work from our laboratory that identifies some of the signalling components involved in modulation of the intrinsic growth state of adult neurons. When activated, these signalling pathways can induce axonal regeneration in the presence of the myelin-associated inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo.
Phenotypic diversity and kinetics of proliferating microglia and astrocytes following cortical stab wounds

Brain injury induces reactive gliosis, characterized by increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), astrocyte hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of astrocytes and microglia. One hypothesis tested in this study was whether ganglioside GD3+ glial precursor cells would contribute to macroglial proliferation following injury. Adult rats received a cortical stab wound. Proliferating cells were identified by immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and by [3H]-thymidine autoradiography, and cell phenotypes by immunocytochemical staining for GD3, GFAP, ED1 (for reactive microglia) and for Bandeiraea Simplicifolia isolectin-B4 binding (all microglia). Animals were labeled with thymidine at 1,2,3, and 4 days postlesion (dpl) and sacrificed at various times thereafter. Proliferating cells of each phenotype were quantified. A dramatic upregulation of GD3 on ramified microglia was seen in the ipsilateral hemisphere by 2 dpl. Proliferating cells consisted of microglia and fewer astrocytes. Microglia proliferated maximally at 2-3 dpl and one third to one half were GD3+. Astrocytes proliferated maximally at 3-4 dpl, and some were also GD3+. Both ramified and ameboid forms of microglia proliferated and by 4 dpl all GD3+ microglia were ED1+ and vice versa. In the contralateral cortex microglia expressed neither GD3 nor ED1. Thus they acquired these antigens when activated. Neither microglia nor astrocytes that were thymidine-labeled at 2, 3, or 4 dpl changed in number in subsequent days. Most thymidine+ astrocytes were large GFAP+ reactive cells that clearly arose from pre-existing astrocytes, not from GD3+ glial precursors. In this model of injury microglia proliferate earlier and to a much greater extent than astrocytes, they can divide when in ramified form, and GD3 is up-regulated in most reactive microglia and in a subset of reactive astrocytes. We also conclude that microglial proliferation precedes proliferation of invading blood-borne macrophages.
Primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava: Reports of infrarenal and suprahepatic caval involvement

We report two cases of primary inferior vena cava (IVC) leiomyosarcoma. The first patient was a 60-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain. The patient was initially diagnosed with a retroperitoneal sarcoma that may have involved the right renal vessels and the IVC. The Vascular Surgery Service was consulted intra-operatively when it became evident that the IVC was primarily involved. The patient was treated with total en-bloc excision of the infrarenal IVC tumor with concomitant interposition polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft caval replacement. The second patient was a 58-year-old female who presented with general malaise and anemia. This tumor began in the distal infrarenal IVC and extended cephalad to the suprahepatic IVC, ending approximately 2 cm below the right atrium. Intrapericardial IVC clamping was required for cephalad control in this patient, who was then treated with excision of the tumor and concomitant interposition PTFE graft caval replacement with reimplantation of the right renal vein. A review of this rare tumor is presented.
Evaluation of a biological insecticide for control of poultry mites.

Abstract MEINECKE (1968) and Hoffman and Gingrich (1968) found that the organism Bacillus thuringiensis, Berliner or its spores possessed considerable potential for the biological control of poultry lice. To the authors’ knowledge the potential efficacy of preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis, Berliner for control of poultry mites has not been reported. The occurrence of a red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation of laying hens at the Poultry Research Center, North Dakota State University afforded an opportunity to evaluate Biotrol® BTB-183 2 (a preparaton of Bacillus thuringiensis, Berliner) alone and in combination with Savol® 3 (a paraffin-based liquid which enhances dispersion of wettable powders) for treatment and control of this parasite. MATERIALS AND METHODS White Leghorn hens kept in stair-step design wire-cages were used. Each cage contained two hens and a continuous set of ten cages comprised an experimental unit. Each mite treatment was applied to two units located adjacent to each other, one being on. . .
The use of immunomodulators in early rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract Immunomodulators represent a unique class of drugs that are not biologics, usually are isolated from nature, and have relatively specific noncytotoxic effects on the immune system. Although most slow-acting antirheumatic drugs (SAARDs) have effects on the immune system, these effects usually are not specific, often are cytotoxic, are not associated with specific cellular binding proteins, and their effect on immunity is difficult to correlate with their clinical effects. Most immunomodulators primarily affect T cells; because of their apparent role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), studies of these agents are appropriate. Cyclo-sporine, the most widely tested of the immunomodulators, has shown significant efficacy in established RA in studies worldwide. However, only one study using cyclosporine has been performed in relatively early RA, in which the most positive effects might be expected. FK506 and rapamycin, agents similar to cyclosporine, are being tested in human transplantation; the only arthritis studies have been performed in animals. Tilomisole, imuthiol, and mycophenolate mofetil have been studied in limited RA trials, with positive effects. However, no trials have been conducted in early RA. Although promising, this class of drugs will require more studies to establish their efficacy and safety, especially in early RA.
North and South: Archivists Document Gettysburg’s 150th

Cameras in hand, librarians and archivists set out to record the 150th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg. Rather than passively wait for commemorative material to come to them, staff at Gettysburg took an active role in collecting the memorabilia from this historic occasion.
Defect chemistry of rare earth doped strontium titanate

Site selective excitation studies of erbium doped strontium titanate were used to characterize the erbium sites in the various phases. The SrTiO 3 phase was found to have two stable sites, one being a cluster site, the other being locally compensated
The uptake of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) by slices of luteinized rat ovaries.

Rats were made pseudopregnant with PMS and HCG. Slices of heavily luteinized ovaries were made and incubated with 5 ng/ml of 125I-hLH in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, containing glucose, at 37 C under an atmosphere of 95% O2-5% Co2. Uptake was expressed as a T/M ratio (cpm/gm tissue/cpm/ml medium). In a 2-hour incubation, the T/M ratio for 125I-hLH was 6.6 while the ratios for 125I, 125I-hFSH and 125I-hTSH were all less than 1.0. No 125I-hLH was concentrated by slices of rat muscle, renal cortex, liver or spleen. The 125I-hLH taken up by the ovarian slices was precipitable with either phosphotungstic acid or antibody to hLH. After induction of pseudopregnancy, a sharp increase of the uptake occurred at 2 days, reached a plateau at 5 days and remained there until at least day 10. The kinetic studies revealed that the uptake is a temperature-sensitive, reversible and saturable process, and that the uptake follows Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. The Vmax of the uptake is 6 × lO-14 moles/mg tissue and th...
Categorizing the world of registries

The term registry is widely used to refer to any database storing clinical information collected as a byproduct of patient care. Despite the use of this single characterizing term (registry), these databases exist in various forms and support functions ranging from biomedical informatics and clinical research, to public health, epidemiology and evidence-based clinical practice. This ambiguous terminology impacts the ability to locate and learn about specific types of registries; the goal of this research project was to develop a more useful categorization scheme for registries. We thoroughly analyzed peer-reviewed publications related to registries. From our findings, we created a detailed definition for registries in healthcare (medical data registries, or MDRs) and outlined a set of characteristics common to all such MDRs. This framework, MDR-OK, comprises five distinguishing features of registries, and is intended to provide a clear understanding of MDRs as a functional variety of databases, as well as to provide a framework for evaluation and categorization of registries and other data systems.
Using multiple daily pain ratings to improve reliability and assay sensitivity: how many is enough?

Abstract The Initiative for Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) has reported diminished assay sensitivity in pain treatment trials and recommended investigation of the causes. Specific recommendations included examination of outcome measure reliability and lengthening the baseline measurement period to allow more measurements to be collected. This secondary data analysis evaluated the minimum number of daily pain intensity ratings required to obtain a reliability of at least .90 and whether a composite of this smaller number of ratings was interchangeable with the composite of all ratings. Veterans Affairs medical center patients made 14 daily calls to an automated telephone system to report their average daily pain intensity rating. A single daily rating produced less than adequate reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .65), but a composite of the average of 5 ratings resulted in reliability above .90. A Bland-Altman analysis revealed that the differences between a 5-day composite and the composite of all ratings were small (mean .09 points, standard deviation = .45; 95% confidence interval = −.05 to .23) and below the threshold for a clinically meaningful difference, indicating that the 2 measurements are interchangeable. Our results support the IMMPACT recommendations for improving assay sensitivity by collecting a multiple-day baseline of pain intensity ratings. Perspective This study examined the minimum number of pain ratings required to achieve reliability of .90 and examined whether this smaller subset of ratings could be used interchangeably with a composite of all available ratings. Attention to measure reliability could enhance the assay sensitivity, power, and statistical precision of pain treatment trials.
Longitudinal CA125 detection of sporadic papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum

In this case, rising longitudinal levels of CA125 were significant in the detection of peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma, and led to the indication for surgery. Rising longitudinal CA125 has been shown to be important in the detection of ovarian cancer, but little data exist as to its relevance for the detection of peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma. This rare primary tumor is usually associated with women at high risk for epithelial ovarian carcinoma, although this patient was not at high risk as she had no familial breast or ovarian cancer history.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Avian Renal Disease

Reports on the incidence of renal disease in the avian patient vary,but renal disease is common in poultry and birds of prey. Clinical renal disease is probably under-recognized in the companion bird,with the notable exception of renal tumors in the budgerigar (Melopsittacusundulatus). Diagnosis of renal disease may rely on the identification of consistent clinical signs, clinical pathology, survey radiographs, and laparoscopic evaluation and biopsy of the kidneys. Treatment of avian renal disease relies on supportive care such as fluid therapy and nutritional support. Other treatments vary with the underlying cause and the clinical picture but may include systemic antibiotics, diuretics, parenteral vitamin A, and agents to lower uric acid levels such as allopurinol.
Perceptions of Membership and Women in Administration Implications for Public Organizations

This paper addresses the special situation of the female administrator, her perceptions of membership in the work group and organization, and how these conceptions may reflect her sense of efficacy and impact on the organization. Jay Jackson's theory of psychological membership is the basis for examining perceived work group and organizational membership among male and female managers in three public agencies. The Person-Group Relationship Scale and Person-Organization Relationship Scale were used to collect the data. Finally, the article explores how the psychology of membership may affect the effective participation of female managers in public organizations.
Recovery of Bird Species in Minimally Restored Indonesian Tin Strip Mines

Bird species richness and individual abundances were recorded in old, unrestored tin strip mine plots, in mined plots restored 1, 2, and 3 years before the study, and in adjacent, unmined, natural secondary forest plots on the 11,340-km 2 Indonesian island of Bangka (2°S, 106°E). The objective was to assess the ecological recovery of unrestored and minimally restored mine plots compared with surrounding reference forest. Unrestored mines had not been mined or used for any other purpose for 14-30 years; plots in their first, second, and third year since restoration were old mines planted with Acacia mangium (Leguminosae) at a density of 400 trees/ha. Natural secondary forest plots 20 or more years since the last disturbance were immediately adjacent to both unrestored and restored plots. Bird surveys on 4-ha plots were performed during the 1995 breeding season. A comparison of data from unrestored plots of widely varying ages showed no significant differences among them for species richness, diversity (Shannon-Wiener index, H'), or individual abundance, indicating that little natural bird community recovery had occurred over time in the plots. However, increases did occur in restored sites over only 3 years for both species richness (r 2 = 0.29, p = 0.04) and diversity (r 2 = 0.45, p = 0.009). All values for third-year restored plots, however, were still significantly lower than corresponding values for adjacent natural secondary forest plots. The quick return of bird activity on the plots after minimal efforts at restoration supports the idea that simple, inexpensive restoration can be effective for jump starting degraded systems at large scales. Such a restoration strategy might be of particular value for degraded land in developing nations, where scientific, professional, and financial resources might be in short supply. Using this strategy, a small number of restoration professionals could mobilize the labor of many local people in many areas, serving to both improve ecological systems and to educate and engage local populations in restoration and conservation projects.
Influence of adsorption and mass transfer effects on temperature-programmed desorption from porous catalysts

Abstract A theoretical analysis is presented for temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) from a bed of catalyst perfused by a flow of carrier gas. The bed is modeled either as a single CSTR or as multiple CSTR's connected in series. The number of CSTR's required is governed by the product of Schmidt and Reynold's number, ScRe . The model developed in this paper is used to calculate TPD spectra for the desorption of CO and H 2 from the surface of a Group VIII metal. It is established that the position and shape of the spectra are sensitive functions of catalyst particle size, catalyst bed depth, carrier flow rate, and carrier gas composition. The effects of nonuniformities in the initial distribution of adsorbate are also examined. For small particle diameters, such nonuniformities are rapidly annealed by intraparticle diffusion, and as a consequence have little effect on the shape or position of the TPD spectrum. For larger particle diameters, distortions of the spectrum due to nonuniform adsorbate distribution are expected. The theoretically generated TPD spectra are used to evaluate the applicability of a relationship developed for describing equilibrium desorption in the absence of mass transfer effects. Reasonably accurate estimates of the enthalpy of adsorption can be obtained from this relationship, but its use to determine the preexponential factor for desorption produces large errors when significant mass transfer effects are present.
Perceptual interference and facilitation with auditory imagery

It has been claimed both that (1) imagery selectivelyinterferes with perception (because images can be confused with similar stimuli) and that (2) imagery selectivelyfacilitates perception (because images recruit attention for similar stimuli). However, the evidence for these claims can be accounted for without postulating either image-caused confusions or attentional set. Interference could be caused by general and modality-specific capacity demands of imaging, and facilitation, by image-caused eye fixations. The experiment reported here simultaneously tested these two apparently conflicting claims about the effect of imagery on perception in a way that rules out these alternative explanations. Subjects participated in a two-alternative forced-choice auditory signal detection task in which the target signal was either the same frequency as an auditory image or a different frequency. The possible effects of confusion and attention were separated by varying the temporal relationship between the image and the observation intervals, since an image can only be confused with a simultaneous signal. We found selective facilitation (lower thresholds) for signals of the same frequency as the image relative to signals of a different frequency, implying attention recruitment; we found no selective interference, implying the absence of confusion. These results also imply that frequency information is represented in images in a form that can interact with perceptual representations.
Shear bands in metallic glasses are not necessarily hot

We have used the fusible tin coating method to detect shear band heating in amorphous Zr57Ti5Cu20Ni8Al10 loaded under quasi-static uniaxial compression. High-rate load data allowed a precise determination of the duration of shearing events and final fracture. When loading was halted prior to fracture we saw no evidence of melted tin despite the presence of shear offsets up to 6 μm on some shear bands. Samples loaded to fracture showed evidence of tin melting near the fracture surface. We attribute the difference to the duration of the events, which is much longer for shear banding (milliseconds) than for fracture (microseconds).
The theoretical treatment of a porous solid using a mixture theory

Abstract The thermomechanics of porous solids including the implications of the second law of thermodynamics are studied through application of a mixture theory. This derivation suggests that the pore collapse relation should express the rate of change of either the volume fraction or the distention ratio as an odd function of the difference between the pressure and an equilibrium pressure. An example problem is solved for the dynamic compaction of 78% dense porous aluminum.
Urinary loss of calcium in an anuran amphibian (Bufo marinus) with a note on the effects of calcemic hormones

Abstract 1. 1. Fasting toads, Bufo marinus , kept in freshwater, excreted 0.23% of their total body Ca each day in the urine. 2. 2. The mean concentration of Ca in the urine was 0.15 mmol/1 (range 0.04 to 0.62). 3. 3. Plasma: urine Ca concentration ratios as high as 60:1 were observed. 4. 4. Injected vitamin D 3 produced a hypercalcemia, and, in some toads, a hypercalciuria. 5. 5. Injected salmon calcitonin and bovine parathyroid hormone had no demonstratable effect on plasma or urine Ca. 6. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the special physiological problems of the Amphibia and the phyletic distribution of the effects of calcemic hormones.
Unsupervised and supervised clustering for topic tracking

We investigate important differences between two styles of document clustering in the context of Topic Detection and Tracking. Converting a Topic Detection system into a Topic Tracking system exposes fundamental differences between these two tasks that are important to consider in both the design and the evaluation of TDT systems. We also identify features that can be used in systems for both tasks.
Mutagenesis of in vitro cultures of Miscanthus × giganteus cultivar Freedom and detecting polymorphisms of regenerated plants using ISSR markers.

Abstract Giant Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus; M × g) is a key candidate energy crop for use in biomass to liquid fuel production. It is a naturally seed sterile triploid lacking genetic variation, the basis for selection. Therefore, induced mutation techniques are particularly important in M × g. The objective of this research was to induce variation in Freedom, an elite cultivar, through in vitro chemical mutagenesis. A previously-optimized in vitro propagation protocol for Freedom was used following the in vitro mutagenesis procedure. Immature inflorescence explants (2–3 mm) and calli (2–3 mm3) were treated with five mutagenic dose treatments [0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 3% (v/v) of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for 90 min] along with 2% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a carrier agent to determine the optimum mutagen dosage. The dose at which 50% of the calli/explants recovered (RP50) after the mutagen treatment was used as the optimum EMS dose. Calli and explants of M × g were treated with RP50, 2 × RP50, and 3 × RP50 EMS dosages, and subsequent regenerants that arose from explants/calli were transferred to soil. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to identify variants in the regenerated plants. Results showed variability among regenerants originating from EMS mutagenic treatments. Putative mutants of M × g may be useful for bioenergy research and functional genomics.
The impact of orienting attention in fast task-irrelevant perceptual learning.

Task-irrelevant perceptual learning (TIPL) refers to the phenomenon where the stimulus features are learned when they are consistently presented at behaviorally relevant times (e.g., with task targets or rewards). Studies on the role of attention in TIPL have found that attention negatively impacts this type of learning; however, these studies involved stimuli that were completely irrelevant to the subjects and that, when noticed, were distracting to the subjects’ task. Here, we asked whether attention would have a beneficial impact on learning in the case where the target-paired stimuli were relevant to a secondary task that subjects were required to perform. We conducted three experiments in adult subjects, using the fast-TIPL paradigm (which allows one to study TIPL with as little as a single trial of exposure). The results from Experiments 1 and 2 showed that fast-TIPL occurred for the target-paired stimuli but that the manipulation of attention increased performance for stimuli presented after the target. Experiment 3 was conducted to address whether the direction of attention positively or negatively impacted fast-TIPL and to better control for the effects of attention. The results of this experiment demonstrate that in the case of fast-TIPL, exogenously directed attention aids in the memorization of target-paired stimuli. Overall, our results demonstrate that attention operates in a beneficial manner in fast-TIPL, where the target-paired stimuli are relevant to a secondary task that subjects perform.
Air-to-ground lasercom system demonstration

This article presents an overview of the air to ground lasercom demonstration performed under the Free-Space Optical Communications Airborne Link (FOCAL) program. Techniques used to mitigate fading, demonstrated in 2008 and reported earlier, are reviewed as are the basic equipment approach, also reported earlier. We overview the new results for tracking, fiber coupling, channel measurements and communications performance for the air-to-ground link. This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
The role of coordination and architecture in supporting ASP business models

The recent increase in the volatility of E-business environments and the increasing need for enterprise to participate in business webs, have forced enterprises to contemplate outsourcing key business services to Application Service Providers (ASPS) - entities that deploy, host, and manage access to applications delivered over networks on a subscription basis. In this paper, we hypothesize that a critical success factor for a successful ASP relationship between a provider and a consumer is managing the coordination activities involved. This we believe can be managed using an enterprise architecture which is extended over and coordinated between the service provider and the consumer of the service. To support these premises, we describe a methodology derived from coordination theory that helps in identifying and analyzing the coordination process. We apply this methodology to the ASP value chain and use the results to derive an architecture to support these coordination activities.
Performing Dreams: Discourses of Immortality among the Xavante of Central Brazil.; The Rulings of the Night: An Ethnography of Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts.; Metaphysical Community: The Interplay of the Senses and the Intellect.

Performing Dreams: Discourses of Immortality among the Xavante of Central Brazil. Laura R. Graham. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. 290 pp. The Rulings of the Night: An Ethnography of Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts. Gregory G. Mascarinec. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. 276 pp. Metaphysical Community: The Interplay of the Senses and the Intellect. Greg Urban. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. 288 pp.
Abstract 4380: Cadmium-induced toxicity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells: Involvement of oxidative stress, phosphatidylserine externalization, and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells were used as a test model to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of cadmium and to determine whether oxidative stress plays a key role in cadmium induced apoptosis. To achieve this goal, we performed the MTT assay to measure cell viability and lipid peroxidation to determine the level of oxidative cell/tissue damage. The annexin V assay and DNA fragmentation analysis were performed for early and late apoptosis, respectively. The results of MTT assay indicated that cadmium chloride induces toxicity to HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, showing a 24 h-LD50 of 3.6 µg/mL. We detected a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) concentrations in cadmium chloride-treated HepG2 cells compared to the control. Similarly, a strong dose-response relationship (p < 0.05) was obtained in connection with cadmium chloride-induced apoptosis. Cadmium chloride-induced apoptosis was characterized by a significant increase in the percentage of annexin-V positive cells (apoptotic cells), as well by the occurrence of nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In summary, this study indicated cadmium chloride is highly cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. This cytotoxic effect may be mediated at least in part through oxidative cell/tissue damage, phosphatidylserine externalization and occurrence of nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4380.
A conditional resource sharing method for behavioral synthesis of highly testable data paths

Existing conditional resource sharing methods using in behavioral synthesis focus on area and performance optimization and do not consider testability. This paper extends our previous work to handle conditional branches. A hierarchical control-data flow graph (HCDFG) is used to model the system behavior. A postorder traversal of the HCDFG is employed to reduce sequential depths and loops for testability synthesis. Experimental results for the benchmarks show that our method, with no a priori test strategy assumption, can achieve higher fault coverage in shorter test generation time than an algorithm which disregards testability, and, with partial scan test assumption, can have high testability with fewer scan registers than some design-for-test methods. >
Pilot study for compact microbeam radiation therapy using a carbon nanotube field emission micro-CT scanner

Purpose: Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is defined as the use of parallel, microplanar x-ray beams with an energy spectrum between 50 and 300 keV for cancer treatment and brain radiosurgery. Up until now, the possibilities of MRT have mainly been studied using synchrotron sources due to their high flux (100s Gy/s) and approximately parallel x-ray paths. The authors have proposed a compact x-ray based MRT system capable of delivering MRT dose distributions at a high dose rate. This system would employ carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission technology to create an x-ray source array that surrounds the target of irradiation. Using such a geometry, multiple collimators would shape the irradiation from this array into multiple microbeams that would then overlap or interlace in the target region. This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of attaining a high dose rate and parallel microbeam beams using such a system. Methods: The microbeam dose distribution was generated by our CNT micro-CT scanner (100μm focal spot) and a custom-made microbeam collimator. An alignment assembly was fabricated and attached to the scanner in order to collimate and superimpose beams coming from different gantry positions. The MRT dose distribution was measured using two orthogonal radiochromic films embedded inside a cylindrical phantom. This target was irradiated with microbeams incident from 44 different gantry angles to simulate an array of x-ray sources as in the proposed compact CNT-based MRT system. Finally, phantom translation in a direction perpendicular to the microplanar beams was used to simulate the use of multiple parallel microbeams. Results: Microbeams delivered from 44 gantry angles were superimposed to form a single microbeam dose distribution in the phantom with a FWHM of 300μm (calculated value was 290 μm). Also, during the multiple beam simulation, a peak to valley dose ratio of ∼10 was found when the phantom translation distance was roughly 4x the beam width. The first prototype CNT-based x-ray tube dedicated to the development of compact MRT technology development was proposed and planned based on the preliminary experimental results presented here and the previous corresponding Monte Carlo simulations. Conclusions: The authors have demonstrated the feasibility of creating microbeam dose distributions at a high dose rate using a proposed compact MRT system. The flexibility of CNT field emission x-ray sources could possibly bring compact and low cost MRT devices to the larger research community and assist in the translational research of this promising new approach to radiation therapy.
11B-4 Quantitative Ultrasound Assessment of Breast Cancer Using a Multiparameter Approach

Early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer leads to improved prognosis. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) techniques utilizing a multiparameter set have been developed for classifying rodent models of breast cancer. The improvement in detection and diagnosis of breast cancer using QUS will have significant medical impact. Two kinds of mammary tumors, carcinoma and sarcoma, were examined in mice using QUS imaging Ten tumors for each kind of cancer were scanned with a 20-MHz single-element transducer (f/3). The tumors contained microstructural differences in size, shape, and organizational patterns of the scatterers. Cells were identified as a prominent source of scattering in the tumors. The average scatterer diameter (ASD) and average acoustic concentration (AAC) were estimated by comparing the normalized backscattered power spectra from the tumors with newly developed models of cell scattering. The organizational structure of the tumors was also characterized by a clustering parameter (the beta parameter) and the randomness of the scatterer locations (the S parameter) by comparing the envelope statistics of the backscatter to a homodyned-K distribution. F-tests conducted on the backscattered power spectra from the two kinds of tumors revealed statistically significant differences for frequencies above 16 MHz. QUS images of the tumors utilizing the ASD, AAC, beta, and S parameter estimates from the new model and the envelope statistics were constructed. Statistically significant differences were observed between the carcinomas and sarcomas for all estimated parameters for ultrasonic frequencies above 16 MHz. Feature analysis plots incorporating all four parameters indicated cancer classification was improved compared with analysis using only two parameters. High-frequency QUS utilizing a multiparameter feature set improved the diagnostic potential of ultrasound for breast cancer detection.
Low-power vcsel-based optical interconnects

The energy-per-bit consumption of VCSEL-based optical interconnects has fallen steadily over the years. The basis for continuing this trend will be discussed by examining improvements in component technologies: VCSELs, photodiodes, and integrated circuits.
Asymptotic stability for force reflecting teleoperators with time delays

The authors validate their previously published (1988) algorithm for controlling a force-reflecting teleoperator with time delay. The time-delay compensation is shown to result in a control law which ensures asymptotic stability of manipulator velocities when contacting arbitrary passive environments. The results are based on the full n-DOF (degrees of freedom) nonlinear system and allow for the inclusion of power gain between the human operator and the environment. >
Are effector memory T cells the key to an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine?

HIV and its nonhuman primate counterpart, SIV, are daunting targets for vaccine development, and for more than 30 years, these lentiviruses have eluded the “tried and true” vaccine approaches that have worked against so many other microbial pathogens. These viruses combine the following: (i) specific molecular adaptations that thwart innate and adaptive immune mechanisms (particularly antibody‐mediated neutralization), (ii) massive replication, high mutation rates, genetic malleability, and functional plasticity leading to rapid evolution, and (iii) genetic integration and establishment of latency—all of which conspire to provide for efficient evasion of host anti‐viral immunity and persistent, unrelenting infection [1]. Long‐term control of a fully pathogenic HIV or SIV is rare—limited to humans or monkeys with particular genetic polymorphisms that either handicap the virus or provide for an unusually effective cellular immune response—and immune clearance of disseminated HIV/SIV infection has long been considered unachievable. However, it has long been hypothesized that these viruses might be more vulnerable to the immune system in the first few days of infection, as immunity would act on a much smaller, less diverse, and more localized viral population. Unfortunately, HIV/SIV vaccines tested to date have not been able to exploit this putative early vulnerability [1]. Antibody (Ab)‐targeted vaccines have been foiled by …
Restricting and embedding imperatives

We use imperatives to refute a naive analysis of update potentials (force-operators attaching to sentences), arguing for a dynamic analysis of imperative force as restrictable, directed, and embeddable. We propose a dynamic, non-modal analysis of conditional imperatives, as a counterpoint to static, modal analyses (e.g., Schwager [16]). Our analysis retains Kratzer's [8] analysis of if-clauses as restrictors of some operator (with Schwager), but avoids typing it as a generalized quantifier over worlds (against her), instead as a dynamic force operator (cf. Portner [13, 14]; Potts [15]). Arguments for a restrictor treatment (but against a quantificational treatment) are mustered, and we propose a novel analysis of update on conditional imperatives (and an independently motivated revision of the standard ordering-semantics for root modals that makes use of it). Finally, we argue that imperative force is embeddable under an operation much like dynamic conjunction.
The xanthophyll cycle and sustained thermal energy dissipation activity in Vinca minor and Euonymus kiautschovicus in winter

The influence of low temperature on the operation of the xanthophyll cycle and energy dissipation activity, as ascertained through measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, was examined in two broad-leaved evergreen species, Vinca minor L. and Euonymus kiautschovicus Loessner. In leaves examined under laboratory conditions, energy dissipation activity developed more slowly at lower leaf temperatures, but the final, steady-state level of such activity was greater at lower temperatures where the rate of energy utilization (through photosynthetic electron transport) was much lower. The rate at which energy dissipation activity increased was similar to that of the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zea-xanthin at different temperatures. However, leaves in the field examined prior to sunrise on mornings following cold days and nights exhibited a retention of antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin that was associated with sustained decreases in photosystem II efficiency. We therefore suggest that this phenomenon of ‘photoinhibition’ in response to light and cold temperatures during the winter results from sustained photoprotective thermal energy dissipation associated with the xanthophyll cycle. Such retention of the de-epoxidized components of the xanthophyll cycle responded to day-to-day changes in temperature, being greatest on the coldest mornings (when photoprotective energy dissipation might be most required) and less on warmer mornings when photosynthesis could presumably proceed at higher rates.
A GENERAL MODEL OF THE AQUACULTURE POND ECOSYSTEM

A computer model of a fertilized warm-water aquaculture pond has been developed. The model is intended to represent the pond ecosystem and its response to external stimuli. The major physical, chemical, and biological processes and parameters are included in the model. A total of 22 state variables are used in the model (dissolved oxygen, ammonia, alkalinity, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, etc.). The model is fonnulated as a system of mass balance equations. The differential equations include stimulatory and inhibitory effects of environmental parameters on processes taking place in the pond. The equations may be solved for the entire growth period and diurnal as well as seasonal fluctuations may be identified.
Serving the once and future king: using the TV series Merlin to teach servant-leadership and leadership ethics in schools

The recent financial crisis has brought business ethics issues to the forefront. While most colleges have formal training in business ethics, a person’s ethical standards have often developed before college age. This application brief proposes using digital popular media to teach servant-leadership principles to public school adolescents. The purpose is to illustrate the advantage of using secular content from the television series Merlin (Wilkie, 2008) to demonstrate an ethics-based leadership perspective through a medium that is accessible to the virtual/video generation.
Neuronal NOS-derived NO plays permissive role in cerebral blood flow response to hypercapnia.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO) plays a permissive role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) response...
The Major Glycosylation Pathways of Mammalian Membranes A Summary

Many types of cellular membranes have sugar chains (Oligosaccharides or gly-cans) attached to a variety of their constituent macromolecules. Such glycosy-lated macromolecules are called glycoconjugates. This chapter will broadly scan the subject of structure and biosynthesis of Oligosaccharides on glycoconjugates, primarily in higher animal cells. The classification of different types of Oligosaccharides will be based on the type of linkage that joins them to the nonsugar component (aglycone), rather than on the types of sugars (monosaccharides) found in the chains. As shown in Table I, this classification is slightly different from the more conventional categories and nomenclature used for glycoconjugates in the past. This change is made because it is now clear that the aglycone usually determines the initiation step in creating a glycoconjugate and can have an influence upon the further buildup of a more complex glycan. Furthermore, the traditional boundaries between the different types of glycoconjugates as previously described have become blurred.