cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma protein binding: from discovery to development

The importance of plasma protein binding (PPB) in modulating the effective drug concentration at pharmacological target sites has been the topic of significant discussion and debate amongst drug development groups over the past few decades. Free drug theory, which states that in absence of energy-dependent processes, after steady state equilibrium has been attained, free drug concentration in plasma is equal to free drug concentration at the pharmacologic target receptor(s) in tissues, has been used to explain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics relationships in a large number of cases. Any sudden increase in free concentration of a drug could potentially cause toxicity and may need dose adjustment. Free drug concentration is also helpful to estimate the effective concentration of drugs that potentially can precipitate metabolism (or transporter)-related drug-drug interactions. Disease models are extensively validated in animals to progress a compound into development. Unbound drug concentration, and therefore PPB information across species is very informative in establishing safety margins and guiding selection of First in Human (FIH) dose and human efficacious dose. The scope of this review is to give an overview of reported role of PPB in several therapeutic areas, highlight cases where PPB changes are clinically relevant, and provide drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics recommendations in discovery and development settings.
Development ot ohmic contacts for GaAs devices using epitaxial Ge films

Ohmic contacts to n-type GaAs have been developed using epitaxial Ge films on GaAs alloyed with Ni overlayers by solid-state diffusion at temperatures of 450/spl deg/C-650/spl deg/C. These contacts have applications to high reliability, high temperature microwave devices. Reflection electron diffraction of the Ge layers prior to deposition of the Ni overlayers reveals the presence of high quality single-crystalline films. Even after sintering, there is very little penetration of Ge into GaAs in the absence of Ni. With the presence of a Ni overlayer, significant interdiffusion between Ge and GaAs is revealed by Auger electron spectroscopic profiles. These results, together with the current-voltage characteristics of similar contacts prepared on p-type GaAs, indicate the presence of a Ge-doped n/SUP +/ layer at the Ni/Ge-GaAs interface. Ohmic contacts using epitaxial Ge films with Ta and Mo overlayers have also been investigated.
Testing the precision lightweight GPS receiver

Innovative field testing techniques are employed at Holloman Air Force Base to help the Global Positioning System (GPS) NAVSTAR Joint Program Office (JPO) test the Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR). Characterizing the PLGR's accuracy in dynamic environments is of prime importance but testing also prescribes the evaluation of its ability to receive differential GPS corrections, real time, and its Electronic Counter Counter Measures. To meet these goals, the 46th Test Group provides the C-12 cargo aircraft for flight testing, an instrumented test van for mobile testing, the High Speed Test Track for high velocity testing, a UH-1 helicopter for rotor blade modulation testing, and special PC laptops for ground troop testing. All of these test capabilities utilize Holloman's well instrumented test environments with thousands of surveyed sites validated by the Defense Mapping Agency. This paper emphasizes the testing techniques that are helping to define Test & Evaluation methodologies for the changing world where Global Positioning with NAVSTAR is becoming a reality. >
The Prevalence of Family Business from a Household Sample

This paper presents U.S. prevalence figures and their relationship to various family business definitions offered in literature to date. The percentage of households that own at least one family business where its owner or manager resides in the residential familyqhousehold was 13.8%. Results yielded a 10.0% prevalence rate for households having a business that qualified for this 1997 National Family Business Survey. The level of prevalence was shown to be associated with gender, ownershipqmanagement, involvement of family members, and generation of owner. These findings are useful for refining family business definitions. This paper also offers implications for future research, teaching, and practice relative to family businesses.
OmpA Is the Principal Nonspecific Slow Porin of Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter species show high levels of intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. The major protein species in the outer membrane of Acinetobacter baumannii does not belong to the high-permeability trimeric porin family, which includes Escherichia coli OmpF/OmpC, and instead is a close homolog of E. coli OmpA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF. We characterized the pore-forming function of this OmpA homolog, OmpA(Ab), by a reconstitution assay. OmpA(Ab) produced very low pore-forming activity, about 70-fold lower than that of OmpF and an activity similar to that of E. coli OmpA and P. aeruginosa OprF. The pore size of the OmpA(Ab) channel was similar to that of OprF, i.e., about 2 nm in diameter. The low permeability of OmpA(Ab) is not due to the inactivation of this protein during purification, because the permeability of the whole A. baumannii outer membrane was also very low. Furthermore, the outer membrane permeability to cephalothin and cephaloridine, measured in intact cells, was about 100-fold lower than that of E. coli K-12. The permeability of cephalothin and cephaloridine in A. baumannii was decreased 2- to 3-fold when the ompA(Ab) gene was deleted. These results show that OmpA(Ab) is the major nonspecific channel in A. baumannii. The low permeability of this porin, together with the presence of constitutive β-lactamases and multidrug efflux pumps, such as AdeABC and AdeIJK, appears to be essential for the high levels of intrinsic resistance to a number of antibiotics.
Growth and development: a Schumpeterian approach

In this paper we present the so-called Schumpeterian approach to economic growth, in which growth is primarily driven by entrepreneurial innovations that are themselves influenced by the institutional environment. We argue that this more micro-founded approach both, questions the old divisions between growth and development economics, and also provides the analytical tools to design successful; strategies and appropriate institutions to achieve fast convergence and sustainable growth in countries at dierent initial levels of technological development. c 2004 Peking University Press
The implementation of four conceptual frameworks for simulation modeling in high-level languages

This is a tutorial paper on how to implement a simulation model in a high-level programming language (e.g., C, Pascal, FORTRAN) by using the following conceptual frameworks (also called world views, simulation strategies, and formalisms): (1) event scheduling, (2) activity scanning, (3) three-phase approach, and (4) process interaction. Implementation details under each conceptual framework are covered in a high level without being concerned about execution efficiency. The purpose is to reveal the characteristics of the four conceptual frameworks so that the programmer can select and implement one to achieve certain model quality characteristics such as maintainability, reusability, and execution efficiency. A problem is defined for use as an example for illustrating the concepts throughout the paper.
Extension of Corpus Luteum Lifespan and Reduction of Uterine Secretion of Prostaglandin F2α of Cows in Response to Recombinant Interferon-τ

Abstract Two experiments tested the effect of recombinant ovine and bovine interferon- τ on corpus luteum lifespan, interestrous interval, and oxytocin-induced uterine secretion of prostaglandin F 2α . Cows received intrauterine injections of 100 μ g of recombinant ovine interferon- τ plus 1.4mg of BSA or of 1.5mg of BSA alone in Experiment 1 and 200 μ g of recombinant bovine interferon- τ plus 1.3mg of BSA or 1.5mg of BSA alone in Experiment 2. Twice daily injections (0700 and 1900h) were split evenly between the uterine horns from d 14 to 24 of the experimental estrous cycle via an AI pipette in Experiment 1 and via intrauterine catheters in Experiment 2. On d 17, cows were injected with 100 IU of oxytocin, and plasma was collected for analysis of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandinF 2α . Recombinant ovine interferon- τ extended the lifespan of the corpus luteum (27.5 vs. 19.2 d) and interestrous interval (30.5 vs. 20.6 d) and abolished the oxytocin-induced increase in 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandinF 2α , which peaked at 30min for the BSA control group (210.8 pg/ml). Recombinant bovine interferon- τ also extended the lifespan of the corpus luteum (29.0 vs. 21.4 d) and interestrous interval (31.5 vs. 22.6 d) and abolished the oxytocin-induced increase in 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F 2α , which peaked at 30min for the BSA control group (205.6 pg/ml). In conclusion, recombinant ovine interferon- τ and recombinant bovine interferon- τ were effective antiluteolytic agents in cattle.
Osmoregulatory capabilities of the gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus: salinity challenges and field observations

We investigated the osmoregulatory responses (plasma osmolality and blood hematocrit) displayed by the gray snapper 6–192 h after abrupt changes in ambient salinity. Fish were challenged with six different salinity treatments including a control (0, 5, 30, 50, 60, and 70 ppt) and blood samples were collected at various time points post-transfer. Gray snapper across all size classes tested (13.5–24.5 cm total length) acclimated successfully to hypo- and hyper-saline environments (0–60 ppt) after an adjustment period of ∼96 h. However, abrupt transfers to 70 ppt resulted in 100% mortality within 48 h. Laboratory results were then compared with field measurements obtained after fish were captured in low salinity (0–4 ppt) or marine (∼30 ppt) habitats, suggesting that osmoregulatory processes occurred similarly in both settings. Overall, findings suggest that gray snapper possess similar or higher osmoregulatory capabilities compared to many euryhaline species examined to date, and thus should be considered a...
Improving surgery on the aging neck with an adjustable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene cervical sling.

ObjectivesTo evaluate the ability of the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) cervical sling to improve results of surgery on the aging neck in the short term as well as its ability to achieve ...
A friction model of partial-EHL contacts and its application to power loss in spur gears

The major power losses in spur gears due to sliding and rolling friction have been analyzed by applying a simplified analytical friction model in the partial-elastohydrodynamic contacts where the friction is affected by both asperity interactions and hydrodynamic effects. Results based on this friction model suggest that the variations in both surface roughness and coefficient of asperity friction alter the traction coefficient appreciably. Reduction of the traction coefficient can improve the efficiency of gears. Presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting in Cleveland, Ohio May 9–12, 1988
Role of CD4+ lymphocytes in resistance to mucosal candidiasis.

Abstract The role of CD4+ lymphocytes in resistance of N:NIH(S) III bg/bg nu/+ mice to mucosal candidiasis was evaluated. Alimentary tract colonization with a pure culture of Candida albicans induced a population of lymphocytes in both the Peyer's patches and spleens of bg/bg nu/+ mice, but not bg/bg nu/nu mice, that proliferated and produced interleukin-2 (IL-2) in response to C. albicans antigens. The induction of candida-specific lymphocytes correlated with the clearance of C. albicans from the esophagus and tongue of resistant bg/bg nu/+ mice. Isogenic bg/bg nu/nu mice which do not develop candida-reactive lymphocytes were unable to clear C. albicans from their tongues and esophagi. Treatment of bg/bg nu/+ mice with anti-CD4+ monoclonal antibodies depleted their CD4+ lymphocytes and increased their susceptibility to mucosal candidiasis of the tongue and esophagus. In vivo treatment of bg/bg nu/+ mice with anti-IL-2, anti-gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), or both anti-IL-2 and anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibodies did not abrogate their resistance to mucosal candidiasis. Furthermore, treatment of C. albicans-susceptible bg/bg nu/nu mice with IFN-gamma and IL-2 did not protect them from mucosal candidiasis. Thus, CD4+ cells apparently play a critical role in resistance to mucosal candidiasis; however, we were unable to demonstrate a role for IL-2 and IFN-gamma in mediating resistance to mucosal candidiasis.
Fat Matters: Understanding the Role of Adipose Tissue in Health in HIV Infection

More than one-third of adults in the USA are obese and obesity-related disease accounts for some of the leading causes of preventable death. Mid-life obesity may be a strong predictor of physical function impairment later in life regardless of body mass index (BMI) in older age, highlighting the benefits of obesity prevention on health throughout the lifespan. Adipose tissue disturbances including lipodystrophy and obesity are prevalent in the setting of treated and untreated HIV infection. This article will review current knowledge on fat disturbances in HIV-infected persons, including therapeutic options and future directions.
Toward a New Order: Shakespeare, Morrison, and Gloria Naylor's Mama Day

In 1987, Barbara Christian asserted that important African American literature is suffering critical neglect by an academy preoccupied with developing literary theory; her specific examples included the works of Frances Harper, Alice Walker (with the exception of The Color Purple), and Gloria Naylor. Since then, Hazel Carby's excellent The Reconstruction of Womanhood has discussed Harper, but no major work has emerged to engage Naylor's novels. To some degree, the problem may lie in the precursor to extended critical interpretation, reviews. The major reviews of Naylor's 1988 novel, Mama Day, refuse in crucial ways to grant the novel's donnee, even when they are generally positive. To some extent, these judgments stem from the critics's classification of the novel in one or another overly exclusive tradition. Thus, Rosellen Brown situates the novel as part of "a preoccupation of black writers in general, and black women in particular, with the gains and losses that have come with the move from rural to urban, from intuitive to rational, life" (74). But the equation of rural and intuitive greatly oversimplifies the functioning of the novel's Sea Islander characters, and besides, omits another clear part of the novel's parentage, what Bharati Mukherjee calls "its roots in The Tempest." She, in turn, overemphasizes the Euro-American sources so that she distorts the plot, saying inaccurately, for example, that the book shows the title character's "acquisition, exercise, and relinquishment" of magic. The review commentary repeatedly singles out for criticism the novel's "strident parallels" with earlier texts (Mukherhjee), its "need to elevate by making symbolic, or by fitting everything into a larger scheme" (Brown). Linda Simon's article in Women's Review of Books extends the implications of these arguments and incorporates them in a vitriolic attack on Naylor's artistic choices. In her view, the novel's theme could evidently develop beautifully and unproblematically if Naylor could only adopt the proper mode of development:
Transcutaneous oxygen tension in the dysvascular foot with infection

Eight adult insulin-requiring diabetics with peripheral vascular disease were admitted with foot infection and signs of systemic sepsis. Transcutaneous oxygen tension was measured at the foot and ankle prior to surgery. None of the values were sufficient to support wound healing. Four of the patients underwent open ray resection and four open midfoot amputation. After resolution of the local infections, transcutaneous oxygen tensions were repeated. Seven of the eight patients exhibited an appreciable increase in the value following decompression of the foot infection, sufficient to support wound healing.
Influence of Temperature on Development and Fecundity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Celery

The development times of the immature stages, oviposition rate, and fecundity were determined for Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) on celery at 35, 30, 25, 20, and 15°C. Regression equations relating temperature ( X ) to development rates ( Y ) for the egg, larval, and pupal stages were Y = 3.43X − 44.11 (25, 20, and 15°C), Y = 0.70X − 5.87 (35, 30, 25, 20, and 15°C), and Y = 0.76X − 7.79 (30, 25, 20, and 15°C), respectively. Pupal survival was very low (9.4%) at 35°C as compared with the lower temperatures (≥80%). Maximum oviposition rate (38.67 eggs per female per day) and fecundity (405.67 eggs per female) were attained at 30°C. Low oviposition rate and fecundity at 15°C indicated that this temperature was near the threshold of activity for the adult.
Remission of Essential Hypertension after Renal Transplantation

Six patients in whom "essential hypertension" led to nephrosclerosis and kidney failure received kidney transplants from normotensive donors. After an average follow-up of 4.5 years, all were normotensive and had evidence of reversal of hypertensive damage to the heart and retinal vessels. These six patients, all of whom were black, and six control subjects matched for age, sex, and race were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center for 11 days for observation of their blood pressure and their responses to salt deprivation and salt loading. Mean arterial pressure (+/- S.E.M.) among the patients who had previously had essential hypertension was similar to that of the normal controls (92 +/- 1.9 vs. 94 +/- 3.9; P not significant), and both groups had similar responses to salt deprivation and salt loading. Thus, essential hypertension in human beings is shown to be similar to the hypertension seen in spontaneously hypertensive rats in that both can be corrected by transplantation of a kidney from a normotensive donor. This observation supports the concept of the primary of the kidney in causing essential hypertension.
Lattice Discrete Particle Modeling of Shear Failure in Scaled GFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups

This paper discusses the calibration of a concrete lattice discrete particle model (LDPM), and its preliminary validation for the case of shear failure in scaled glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforced concrete (RC) beams without stirrups. First, the model parameters were defined based on: (a) the design of the concrete mixture that was used to fabricate scaled beam specimens; and (b) a literature database of meso-scale concrete parameters. Second, the calibration was refined to reach satisfactory agreement between numerical and experimental compression stress-strain curves as obtained by testing concrete cylinders in accordance with ASTM C469. The calibrated model was then used for the numerical simulation of four-point bending load tests on two slender GFRP RC beams without stirrups, and having an effective depth of 146 and 292 mm, respectively. The beam computational models are discussed vis-a-vis experimental data based with respect to elastic response, post-cracking stiffness degradation and damage progression, ultimate strength, and failure mode. The proposed model accurately approximates the preand post-cracking flexural stiffness, and holds promise to predict the shear strength of scaled GFRP RC slender beams without stirrups, provided that a suitable rebar-concrete bond stress-slip law is implemented.
Influence of vasopressin and amiloride on shunt pathways of frog skin.

Studies were done to determine the influence of vasopressin and amiloride on the sodium backflux of nonedge-damaged frog skin. As before, the bidirectional fluxes of sodium appeared to be limited primarily to the active transport pathways of control skins. When the skins were treated with vasopressin, the sodium backflux was increased selectively (over that of sucrose) and more so than was expected for the active transportpathway alone. In control skins, amiloride had no effect on the flux of the shunt pathway. However, with vasopressin-treated skins, amiloride at 10(-6) M decreased the sodium backflux of the shunt pathway to levels observed previously for the control skins. These observations are compatible with the idea that the shunt pathway may in part be cellular and in part extracellular. When the changes in open-circuit voltage and shunt resistance caused by vasopressin and amiloride (as determined from the I-V relationships) were examined, the data were also found to be compatible with the idea th...
Evaluation of a computerized drug interaction screening system

The effectiveness of a community hospital's computerized drug interaction screening system, PADIS (Pharmacy Automated Drug Interaction Screening), with pharmacists evaluating and advising physicians of each drug interaction's potential significance, was evaluated. The study was conducted during a 100-day period on all patients (34,564 patient days) with the exception of pediatric patients. The number and type of potential interactions, and physician response to the pharmacists' reports, were recorded. For the 182 physicians who participated in teh program, 1219 potential drug interactions were detected (per 20,260 patient days) that initially were considered important. Only 116 (9.5%) actually were deemed potentially clinically significant in th patient. The pharmacists eliminated 59 (51%) potential interactions directly by rescheduling administration times of the drugs. For the remaining potential drug interactions, reports were placed in the patient's charts for review by the attending physicians. Physicians altered therapy according to the recommendations in 82% of these cases. The program was effective in detecting and preventing potentially serious drug interactions.
Economic Selection of the Mean and Upper Limit for a Container-Filling Process Under Capacity Constraints

Consider a container-filling process with a lower product specification limit. It is assumed that the items with contents below the lower specification limit cannot be shipped to customers. To screen out nonconforming items, every filling result is examined by an automatic weighing machine through a conveyor belt. We consider the two-level problem, in which a lower specification limit is used to screen out nonconforming items and an artificial upper limit is used to screen out overfilled items. Both nonconforming and overfilled items are re-processed until they become accepted items. In addition, we also consider a capacity constraint that requires that the total number of conforming items produced by the production process meet a specified demand. We illustrate the effectiveness of our model with an example problem and compare the result with that of other models applied to the capacitated case.
Feminism and Pragmatism: On the Arrival of a “Ministry of Disturbance, a Regulated Source of Annoyance; a Destroyer of Routine; an Underminer of Complacency”

A philosophic tradition makes its mark through the growth and exten sion of the vocabulary it develops, the categories it articulates, the distinc tions it illuminates, and the connections it draws. The power of a philosophical tradition is revealed in the recurrence of its problems and themes, the fecundity of its methods, the durability of its structures and in sights. It may be that such power is shown not by generating academic ap proval and attention, but (on the model of Dewey's discussion of the reflex arc as circuit2) by a tradition's ability to reconstruct: through persistent in quiry to create the conditions for its own relevance; by its discoveries to open the way to its own rediscovery. Rediscovery in this sense may be recognized by the emergence, after a period of eclipse, of: a vocabulary, a set of categories, a concern with particular distinctions and connections, a focus on problems and a development of themes which had been previously articulated in a powerful philosophic tradition. I shall argue that this emergence may be viewed as "rediscovery" even if those articulating the new positions are unaware of their direct or indirect debt to the earlier tradi tion; and I shall argue that just such a rediscovery of the American Tradi tion is apparent in the work of contemporary feminist philosophers. I am all too aware of the problems inherent in the approach I have sug gested: neither the "Classic Tradition in American Philosophy" nor "Feminist Philosophy" can reasonably be treated as undifferentiated wholes. Further, it is now a commonplace to group feminist philosophers according to the affinity of particular theories to the commitments, assump tions, and principles of the philosophic traditions out of which they more or-less self-consciously emerge: i.e., feminists are identified as liberal, Marxist, Socialist, radical, existentialist, psychoanalytic, or post-structur alist, among others.3 The standard feminist texts do not yet label a group as "Pragmatiste" or "Classic American Traditionalists," although important work along these lines is beginning to appear in print.4 The rediscovery I wish to examine here goes beyond the obvious sort. Some fruitful claims may be made involving three thematic concerns: the problematizing of experience, the privileging of "reason," and the con ception of philosophy. For each theme, I shall look at the way particular feminists have raised, addressed, and developed that theme?and at the way
Human Myeloid Leukemia Xenotransplant Model Demonstrates Leukemia Blood Vessels from Both Human and Mouse Origin.

Leukemia stem cell activity has been extensively studied and has been approached mainly in terms of self-renewal within the hematopoietic compartment. However, given the recent findings that the adult hematopoietic stem cell can provide hemangioblast activity - giving rise to both blood and blood vessels - we questioned whether leukemia also exhibits hemangioblast activity. To test this hypothesis we established a xenotransplant model whereby K562 human myeloid leukemia cells suspended in Matrigel are injected into sublethally irradiated NOD/scid mice. Leukemia loaded Matrigel plugs reliably grew in size in all (n=6) immunocompromised animals. After four weeks of leukemia growth the Matrigel plugs were excised and blood vessels evaluated. Out of six animals, two animals demonstrated human endothelial cells within the Matrigel plug, confirmed by LAMP-1 staining. Interestingly, six out of six animals demonstrated mouse endothelial cells within the Matrigel. This in vivo model demonstrates that human myeloid leukemia can provide hemangioblast activity. Moreover, it appears that within this Matrigel xenotransplant model, host blood vessels are also recruited. The significance of these results highlights the importance in recognizing the hemangioblast potential of leukemia stem cells. Ultimately, complete eradication of leukemia may depend on targeting leukemia-derived blood vessels in addition to cytotoxic therapy directed at the hematopoietic compartment.
Guessing Facets: Polytope Structure and Improved LP Decoder

We investigate the structure of the polytope underlying the linear programming (LP) decoder introduced by Feldman, Karger, and Wainwright. We first show that for expander codes, every fractional pseudocodeword always has at least a constant fraction of nonintegral bits. We then prove that for expander codes, the active set of any fractional pseudocodeword is smaller by a constant fraction than that of any codeword. We further exploit these geometrical properties to devise an improved decoding algorithm with the same order of complexity as LP decoding that provably performs better. The method is very simple: it first applies ordinary LP decoding, and when it fails, it proceeds by guessing facets of the polytope, and then resolving the linear program on these facets. While the LP decoder succeeds only if the ML codeword has the highest likelihood over all pseudocodewords, we prove that the proposed algorithm, when applied to suitable expander codes, succeeds unless there exists a certain number of pseudocodewords, all adjacent to the ML codeword on the LP decoding polytope, and with higher likelihood than the ML codeword. We then describe an extended algorithm, still with polynomial complexity, that succeeds as long as there are at most polynomially many pseudocodewords above the ML codeword.
Evaluation of a statewide dissemination and implementation of physical activity intervention in afterschool programs: a nonrandomized trial

In 2015, YMCA-operated afterschool programs (ASPs) across South Carolina pledged to achieve the national standard that calls for every child to accumulate 30 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during program time. This study shares the first-year findings related to the dissemination, implementation, and outcomes associated with the statewide intervention to achieve the MVPA Standard. Twenty ASPs were sampled from all YMCA-operated ASPs (N = 97) and visited at baseline (spring 2015) and first-year follow-up (spring 2016). Programs were provided standardized professional development training to increase the MVPA children accumulated while attending ASPs. The training focused on extending the scheduled time for activity opportunities and modifying commonly played games to increase MVPA. The RE-AIM framework was used to evaluate the statewide intervention. Accelerometer-derived MVPA was the primary outcome. Implementation was evaluated via direct observation. Intent-to-treat (ITT) and as-treated comparisons were conducted in summer 2016. Reach/adoption was variable, with attendance at trainings ranging from 0 to 100% across ASPs. Effectiveness of the intervention using ITT models indicated no changes from baseline in the percentage of programs meeting the MVPA standard for boys or girls. Implementation levels also varied and were related to increases in both boys' and girls' MVPA for moderate and high implementers. Findings indicate improvements in MVPA can be made from attending the trainings and implementing some or all of the training components. Additional work is necessary to identify ways to ensure staff attend trainings to implement strategies and to identify which specific factors contributed to increases in MVPA.
Determining the distribution of fitness effects using a generalized Beta-Burr distribution.

In Beisel et al. (2007), a likelihood framework, based on extreme value theory (EVT), was developed for determining the distribution of fitness effects for adaptive mutations. In this paper we extend this framework beyond the extreme distributions and develop a likelihood framework for testing whether or not extreme value theory applies. By making two simple adjustments to the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) we introduce a new simple five parameter probability density function that incorporates nearly every common (continuous) probability model ever used. This means that all of the common models are nested. This has important implications in model selection beyond determining the distribution of fitness effects. However, we demonstrate the use of this distribution utilizing likelihood ratio testing to evaluate alternative distributions to the Gumbel and Weibull domains of attraction of fitness effects. We use a bootstrap strategy, utilizing importance sampling, to determine where in the parameter space will the test be most powerful in detecting deviations from these domains and at what sample size, with focus on small sample sizes (n<20). Our results indicate that the likelihood ratio test is most powerful in detecting deviation from the Gumbel domain when the shape parameters of the model are small while the test is more powerful in detecting deviations from the Weibull domain when these parameters are large. As expected, an increase in sample size improves the power of the test. This improvement is observed to occur quickly with sample size n≥10 in tests related to the Gumbel domain and n≥15 in the case of the Weibull domain. This manuscript is in tribute to the contributions of Dr. Paul Joyce to the areas of Population Genetics, Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics. A Tribute section is provided at the end that includes Paul's original writing in the first iterations of this manuscript. The Introduction and Alternatives to the GPD sections were obtained from the last iteration that Paul and I have worked on, with some adjustments. I hope that the rest gives justice to his thoughts and possible conclusions that he might have wanted to portray.
Radioiodine treatment of a symptomatic lingual thyroid

1060 Learning Objectives 1. Review pathophysiology and treatment options for symptomatic lingual thyroid. 2. Understand role of Nuclear Medicine in work up and treatment of a symptomatic lingual thyroid based on literature. A 70-year-old female presented with a few months of dysphagia and choking sensation. Flexible laryngoscopy showed a well mucosalized base of tongue mass. MRI showed a 3 cm midline base of tongue mass causing narrowing of the oropharyngeal airway, most consistent with a goiterous lingual thyroid. Laser resection was attempted but adequate visualization by direct laryngoscopy could not be achieved. Also, at that time, a transoral resection was deemed unfeasible. As a transcervical approach would lead to significant morbidity, NaI-131 ablation was explored as an alternative. NaI-123 scan showed abnormal increased uptake in the sublingual region and no activity in thyroid bed. SPECT-CT showed an iodine avid lingual mass occupying much of the vallecula. Radioiodine uptake was 4.7% at 24 hours with normal TSH. The patient was treated with 10 mCi NaI-131 with a goal of shrinking the mass for symptom control. 3 months after initial therapy, patient reported some alleviation of symptoms. A low dose CT of the oral cavity showed a stable sublingual mass. The patient underwent a second treatment with 10 mCi of NaI-131 with near total symptom resolution at 2 months post-therapy. Lingual thyroid is rare, occurring in 1:100,000 persons, 4 times more common in females, and is due to failure of migration of thyroid tissue from the foramen caecum. Small lesions are usually asymptomatic and require no treatment. Biopsy should be avoided to prevent bleeding from large superficial blood vessels. Small repeat doses of I-131 have been advocated to avoid airway compromise by an edematous goiter but doses up to 85 mCi for lingual thyroid therapy have been reported without complications. Thyroid suppression therapy with levothyroxine and surgical excision are mainstays of symptomatic lingual thyroid therapy but radioiodine therapy is effective in relieving symptoms and preferred in select cases
Insulinoma masquerading as a loss of consciousness in a teenage girl: case report and literature review.

Hypoglycemia due to a pancreatic beta cell neoplasm - insulinoma, is uncommon with only a few cases described. We report on a previously healthy 15-year-old Hispanic female with insulinoma who presented with a loss of consciousness due to hypoglycemia unawareness. EM was first brought to the emergency department (ED) after she was found unresponsive at home with point of care (POC) glucose of 29 mg/dL(1.6 mmol/L) documented by emergency medical services (EMS) upon arrival. After treatment with dextrose and normal laboratory evaluation, including complete blood count, basal metabolic profile and urine drug screen, she was sent home with recommendations to follow-up the next day with an endocrinologist. Due to insurance issues, the family did not keep the appointment. Two days later, she returned to the ED with POC of 19 mg/dL (1.05 mmol/L). Detailed history review identified vague fatigue, excessive sleepiness, poor oral intake and weight gain for a 2–3 month period and no suspicion for drug, alcohol or prescription medication abuse. Family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia was negative. Physical examination revealed mild acanthosis nigricans and a body mass index of 32.8 kg/m2 (98th percentile). Laboratory evaluation showed elevated insulin with low cortisol and growth hormone levels at the time of hypoglycemia. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pancreatic mass, also supported by ultrasound, computed tomography and positron emission tomography scans. The patient underwent a partial pancreatectomy with removal of a well-circumscribed insulinoma from the anterior-superior aspect of the pancreatic neck confirmed by histology. Hypoglycemia resolved post-operatively and she remained euglycemic during a 48-h cure fast. At her 3-month follow-up visit, she had no symptoms of hypoglycemia. Documented hypoglycemia in an otherwise healthy adolescent should be fully investigated before discharging a patient. Even a short duration of symptoms should prompt, in-depth diagnostic evaluations to rule out a potentially life threatening diagnosis of insulinoma.
Human dynamics: Darwin and Einstein correspondence patterns.

These scientists prioritized their replies to letters in the same way that people rate their e-mails today.
The Alexias 1969

Alexia may be defined as an incapacity in the comprehension of written or printed words produced by a cerebral lesion. In current usage alexia refers only to acquired defects in contrast to dyslexia, a term designating an innate or constitutional inability to learn to read (Critchley, 1967). This distinction has not gained universal acceptance but has become increasingly popular (Leischner, 1957) and will be employed in the following discussion. The classical term ‘word blindness’ is presently used by only a few investigators.
American Psychological Association practice guidelines for psychopharmacology: Ethical practice considerations for psychologists involving psychotropic use with children and adolescents.

Objectives This study discusses the implications of the American Psychological Association's 2011 Practice Guidelines for Pharmacology as they apply to psychologists working with juvenile clients. Special considerations apply due to concerns about the developmental side effects that occur when psychotropic medications are prescribed to children and adolescents. Methods or design This study provides recommendations for implementing each of the Practice Guidelines. Constructive criticism of the Practice Guidelines is also discussed with the aim of improving service delivery. Results This study provides specific recommendations for psychologists regarding obtaining adequate knowledge about psychopharmacology to inform clients or consult with physicians. Suggestions are made for continuing education requirements for psychologists who work with juveniles. Conclusions Recommendations are made for psychologists working with juveniles to increase their knowledge of psychotropic medications for a more ethical and informed voice regarding the prescribing of such medications.
Ion-Neutral Elastic Scattering Cross Sections for Kinetic Plasma Simulations in Aleph.

Collisions in a plasma can be very complex. Birdsall 1 showed methods and models to merge Particle-in-Cell (PIC) with Monte Carlo Collisions (MCC). Importantly, he pointed out that more atomic physics models were needed to treat collisions. Advances in computing hardware and software now enable large scale simulations of physical (vs. spherical cow) systems. However, treatment of collisions is inherently computationally intensive and experimental scattering data for many collision pairs is scarce at best. Consequently, to treat collisions in plasma simulations, researchers are required to extrapolate from experimental scattering data or adopt empirical scattering models 2, for which the overall accuracy is largely unknown.
Private Government: How Employers Rule Our Lives (and Why We Don’t Talk About It)

Private Government: How Employers Rule Our Lives (and Why We Don’t Talk About It) is a record of the two Tanner Lectures delivered in March 2015 at Princeton University by Elizabeth Anderson, Profe...
A systematic review of complications in prepectoral breast reconstruction

The use of implants for breast reconstruction began over four decades ago, with implants initially placed in the prepectoral space. Concerns arose regarding the high incidence of capsular contracture and complication rates. With the introduction of acellular dermal matrix (ADM), plastic surgeons are again considering the advantages of prepectoral implant placement. A systematic review was conducted to examine complication profiles in prepectoral breast reconstruction alone versus prepectoral with ADM or mesh. A systematic review of the PubMed database was performed from inception to March 2017 to identify literature on postmastectomy patients undergoing prepectoral breast reconstruction with and without ADM or mesh. Study characteristics, complication rates, and outcomes were extracted for analysis. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and complication profiles were analyzed using the random-effects model. Twenty-seven studies met criteria for inclusion out of 550 identified for review. For 1881 total breasts, the complication rate with ADM was 23.4%, while the rate without an additional implant material was 27.5%. The difference in the capsular contracture rate with and without ADM was 2.3% and 12.4%, respectively. The use of ADM in prepectoral breast reconstruction correlated with lower capsular contracture and overall complications rates; however, rates of implant loss, infection, and mastectomy flap necrosis were higher with the use of ADM. Results were variable across studies, and in general, the quality of evidence reported was low. Because the methodology for outcome assessment was inconsistent, there is a need for further investigation with comparative studies and standardized outcome reporting.
Preserving/Extinguishing Oil and Gas Interests in the Age of Utica and Marcellus: An Explanation of the Ohio Marketable Title Act and the Ohio Dormant Mineral Act and Their Impact on Pennsylvania Legislation

The commercial development of oil and gas in Pennsylvania can be traced back nearly 160 years to Drake’s Well near the city of Titusville, where the first oil boom in the United States officially began. With continued growth and success throughout the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, the industry matured, causing land and title issues to become increasingly more complex. As oil and gas evolved into a commercially valuable commodity, landowners began to severe and reserve the oil and gas underlying their property. In some instances, these reservations are more than a century old, and locating the current owners of those reservations poses problems for oil and gas operators seeking to secure drilling rights. Similar to Pennsylvania, the state of Ohio has had a long-standing and impressive history of oil and gas development, beginning with its first commercial oil well near Macksburg in 1860. Ohio has experienced significant growth in the oil and gas industry thanks to the unconventional development of the Utica and Marcellus Shales. That growth has generated economic benefits not only for the state, but also for oil and gas owners. Not surprisingly, this has led to an increase in litigation surrounding ownership of oil and gas rights. Historical owners of oil and gas interests severed decades ago are hoping to realize a profit from their long-held interest, while surface owners are eager to reclaim those severed interests. Both Pennsylvania and Ohio law provide for methods to facilitate the development of oil and gas where severed interests are concerned. However, recent legal developments in Ohio could serve as a guide to the Pennsylvania General Assembly in crafting a versatile, unambiguous statute that would not overburden the Commonwealth’s Courts. This article will first explore the statutory methods by which Ohio surface owners may claim an abandoned oil and gas interest, as well as recent developments in the associated case law. Second, this article will examine the current Pennsylvania framework for developing abandoned mineral interests in the Commonwealth and discuss statutory proposals moving forward.
Randomized controlled trial of the Child Protection Unit: Grade and gender as moderators of CSA prevention concepts in elementary students.

Abstract Background Despite the importance of child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention, there are few recent randomized controlled trials of school-based CSA prevention programs. Objectives (1) To evaluate the effects of the Second Step Child Protection Unit (CPU) on students’ CSA prevention concept knowledge, ability to recognize, report, and refuse unsafe touches, and perceptions of teacher-student relations and (2) investigate the moderating role of age and gender on program effectiveness. Participants and setting Eight elementary schools in a large suburban school district in the northeast United States were randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition, with analyses conducted on a total of 2172 students. Methods Students in intervention schools received the 6-week CPU and those in the control schools were exposed to business as usual. Students were administered assessments at baseline and then at post-test. Results Univariate Analyses of Covariance revealed that students in the intervention schools had significantly higher scores on all outcomes than students in the control schools at post-test, even after controlling for baseline scores. Children in younger grades made greater gains from the program, and girls scored higher than boys in CSA knowledge and ability to recognize, refuse, and report unsafe touches, but both boys and girls made significant gains. Conclusions Results support the importance of beginning early with school-based CSA prevention efforts. Although boys are still at a relative disadvantage in terms of their knowledge and ability in this area, they are able to make gains at the same rate as girls.
VLBI and the Very Long Baseline Array

Beginning in the 1950s radio interferometers and arrays of antennas were connected by cable, waveguide, or radio links separated by up to a hundred kilometers or more. Starting in 1967, radio astronomers in the US and Canada began to experiment with independent local oscillators and broad band tape recorders to record data collected by widely separated antennas, a technique which came to be known as Very Long Baseline Interferometry or VLBI. Using radio telescopes spread throughout the United States, Australia, and Europe, VLBI baselines were increased to thousands of kilometers, and ultimately to space, with baselines ranging out to hundreds of thousands of kilometers.
Health and wellness coaching positively impacts individuals with chronic pain and pain-related interference

Objectives Health and wellness coaching (HWC) interventions have been reported to improve health outcomes for individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer. However, HWC also holds potential as an effective intervention within a biopsychosocial chronic pain management framework. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of HWC on individuals with chronic pain. Methods Participants were referred by their primary care provider or insurance company to a comprehensive telephonic 12-month pain management HWC program. Relationships between pain outcomes and physical and psychological factors were retrospectively analyzed. Mixed linear-effects modeling explored whether physical and psychological variables were associated with pain outcomes over time. Results Four hundred nineteen participants (female, 58.9%; mean age, 54.8) enrolled in the program and 181 completed the intervention. After 12 months in the program, statistically and clinically significant reductions were observed for pain intensity (Hedges’ g = 1.00) and pain-related interference (Hedges’ g = 1.13). Linear mixed-effects modeling indicated that improvements in physical functioning and psychological factors were associated with improvements in pain intensity. Discussion Our results provide a novel analysis on the effects of HWC on chronic pain and pain-related interference. HWC appears to be a promising intervention to improve pain-related outcomes in a population with chronic pain. Further investigation of HWC as an intervention for chronic pain is warranted.