cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive behavioral treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: Empirical foundation and new directions

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently the most empirically supported intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and includes both specific manualized treatments (e.g., cognitive processing therapy, prolonged exposure) and less standardized applications. As CBT for PTSD has become increasingly popular, more advanced questions have emerged regarding its use, including how existing treatments might be enhanced. In the current review, we aimed to discover recent trends in the CBT for PTSD literature by applying rigorous search criteria to peer-reviewed articles published from 2009 to 2012. Results of the 14 studies that were identified are discussed, and future directions for research are suggested.
The Effects of Atrial Pacing on the Synergy and Hemodynamics of the Orthotopically Transplanted Canine Heart

Instantaneous left ventricular dynamics were measured from cineradiographs utilizing implanted tantalum coils as myocardial site markers in the orthotopically transplanted canine heart. Four parameters of myocardial synergy were obtained: mean shortening, anisotropy of contraction, mean time to half shortening, and asynchrony of contraction. Estimates of end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output were obtained. Heart rate was altered by pacing the left atrium of the donor heart. Of the nine parameters, only cardiac output was significantly changed by alterations in heart rate. The invariance of stroke volume with rate resulted in a proportional increase in cardiac output with cardioacceleration.
Quantum Thermal Annealing with Renormalization: Application to a Frustrated Model Protein

A renormalization approach is introduced in quantum thermal annealing. This new global optimization algorithm (QTAR) is applied to a highly frustrated BLN model protein with 46 residues. The underlying quantum sampling algorithms utilized are primitive and staging path integral Monte Carlo. The current method enables us to achieve significant improvement in the success rate for locating the global minimum of this protein, while using much less computational effort, compared to previous schemes used. Further applications and possible enhancements of the algorithm are also discussed.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver: a multicenter study of 602 radiologically guided FNA.

With improved radiologic techniques fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is becoming a rapid, effective diagnostic method in evaluating a wide range of liver masses. Review of six hundred two radiologically guided liver aspirates performed over a ten-year period forms the basis of this report.
Fracture toughness of bones

A current research project at Lehigh University is concerned with the determination of the fracture toughness of compact bones. This is part of a joint effort with the Hahnemann Medical Hospital of Philadelphia. The end objective of the project is to optimize the strength of the bone-cement fixation used in total hip joint replacement. Past studies on bone fracture were limited to measuring the uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths of human bones [I, 2]. Test specimens were generally prepared in the form of a thin strip for tensile loading or a cube for compressive loading. The strength depended on the orientation of the collagen fibers and hence the hydroxyapatite with respect to the loading axis. Mechanical properties of the bone have been estimated [3] by modeling the bone structure as a two-phase composite material with the hydroxyapatite crystals being the reinforcing medium and the collagen fibers the matrix. Since the size of the specimen will have a strong influence on the test results, it is felt
Long-term follow-up results with the Stamey operation for stress incontinence of urine

Objective To assess the results of the Stamey operation for genuine stress incontinence in those patients with over 10 years of follow-up. Patients and methods Of 46 patients who had undergone a Stamey procedure and had a follow-up of over 10 years, 30 were willing to attend for a clinical review and pad testing. Results Of the 30 patients assessed, 20 were initially cured, a further eight were significantly improved and two were no better. At 10 years, the number totally dry had fallen to 10, but a further 15 were still symptomatically improved. Only three that had shown some initial benefit were subjectively no better than before the operation. Conclusion There appears to be a continuous decline in the cure rate with time from the Stamey procedure. However, most patients maintain some lasting benefit.
The Planar Deformation Behavior of Skinned Striated Muscle Fibers

Abstract The osmotically produced planar deformation behavior of skinned striated muscle fibers (smectic B, lattice microstructure) is investigated using light microscopy and compared with analogous results determined using x-ray diffraction. The nonlinear pressure-volume relationship measured using light microscopy is shown to be essentially the same as that resultant of similar experiments using x-ray diffraction. The application of a continuum analysis based on the Murnaghan equation of state to this deformation behavior is examined. The Murnaghan equation is shown to approximate well the nonlinear planar deformation behavior of these muscle fibers.
Life cycle of the microbivorous Antarctic Dry Valley nematode Scottnema lindsayae (Timm 1971)

The life cycle of the Antarctic Dry Valley soil nematode, Scottnema lindsayae (Timm 1971) was studied in laboratory culture at two temperatures, 10°C and 15°C. Soil yeast and bacteria isolated with the nematodes were used as the food source. The species reproduced sexually. The higher temperature had a negative effect on the life cycle. The number of eggs per female and the number of juveniles developing per female were greater at 10°C than at 15°C. Juveniles developed faster at 10°C and four juvenile stages were observed outside of the egg at both temperatures. The unusually long life cycle (218 d at 10°C) suggests that more than one austral summer may be required for successful completion. An increase in Dry Valley soil temperatures associated with potential global environmental change may have detrimental effects on soil nematodes.
Sensitivity and specificity of vertically oriented lateral collateral ligament as an indirect sign of anterior cruciate ligament tear on magnetic resonance imaging

Objective To evaluate the correlation between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and straightened, vertically oriented lateral collateral ligament (LCL).
WOMEN IN THE LAW: Partners or Tokens?

Research on the entry of women into occupational settings confirms the importance of the structural composition of the workplace insofar as women are treated as tokens. This study examines women lawyers in terms of three consequences of tokenism: visibility, polarization, and stereotyping. The results from a survey of lawyers in southern Arizona (N = 112) indicate support for the theory of tokenism. Women are more likely than men to report hearing sexist jokes and remarks, to be referred to by their first names, to be asked whether they are lawyers, and to receive compliments about their appearance rather than their achievements. These results highlight important gender differences in legal careers; it remains to be seen whether changes in women's numerical representation alone will be sufficient for changing the relations between dominants and tokens in legal workplaces.
Device physics and modeling of integrated power devices

In a field where the last new device, the Gate Turn-off Thyristor was invented over 25 years ago, the invention of no fewer than four new MOS controlled devices in under 10 years represents a dramatic change and rebirth. In this paper four MOS gated power switching devices are reviewed; the Insulated Gate Transistor (IGT), the Lateral IGT (LIGT), the MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT), and the trench gate power MOSFET. These devices come singularily closer to ideal switches than any of their predecessors because of their combination of low conduction losses and ease of gating through their MOS gates. Much of the progress on these new devices has been greatly aided by the use of numerical device simulations, particularly since the physics of the devices are quite complex. The paper will serve to acquaint the reader with the properties of these devices as well as with the results of the device simulations and their role in the device development.
PTSD Symptom Patterns Following Traumatic and Nontraumatic Events

This study extends research examining posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following different types of potentially traumatic events. Specifically, the study examined and compared the symptom patterns observed in those who suffered a major accident, the unexpected death of a loved one, or sexual assault. Based on recent findings, this project also examines those who reported nontraumatic (but stressful) events, as well as comparing symptom patterns across gender. Findings suggest different types of traumas might be associated with differences in severity and patterns of symptoms for women (but not for men), suggesting symptom patterns manifest differently in men and women. Results also call into question the assumption that traumatic events demonstrate different symptom patterns than other types of events.
Extracting GT matrix elements from (p,n) cross sections

Abstract Nuclear transition matrix elements for the spin-isospin (Gamow-Teller) transition operator have been of considerable interest for several decades as indicators of nuclear structure. Knowledge of these matrix elements is also of vital importance in astrophysical calculations in connection with the general problem of nucleosynthesis, and, more specifically, in connection with the evolution of supernovae. Furthermore, knowledge of these matrix elements is required for the calculation of neutrino absorption cross sections for nuclei used as neutrino detectors. The most precise measures of spin-isospin matrix elements come from beta-decay lifetimes and endpoints with additional information, in some cases of mixed Fermi-GT transitions, from angular correlation measurements. Unfortunately, most transitions of special interest are not energetically accessible to beta decay. It is also well known that the nuclear shell model fails badly for calculating these matrix elements. The best alternative we have is to use the (p,n) reaction which was suggested at least 30 years ago. [1] The (p,n) reaction connects exactly the same nuclear states as beta decay, but to some extent different operators can come into play so that (p,n) cross sections are not exactly proportional to beta decay matrix elements. Considerable experimental effort has now been put into the problem of determining how accurately GT matrix elements can be deduced from (p,n) reaction data which in some cases includes polarization transfer measurements. The body of systematic measurements shows a good correlation between beta decay and (p,n) determinations of matrix elements for transitions between spin-0 and spin-1 states, but problems still exist for odd-A nuclei where the initial and final states necessarily have non-zero spins. Additional measurements are still in progress.
Acute Mountain Sickness: within-day symptomatology effects.

Analyses of within-day measurements of Acute Mountain Sickness symptomatology indicated that greater subjective reports occurred during morning than evening sampling sessions on Arousal Level, Soma...
An ab initio study of the structures and enthalpies of the hydrogen-bonded complexes of the acids H 2 O, H 2 S, HCN, and HCl with the anions OH - , SH - , CN - ,and Cl - .

Ab initio calculations at second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory with the 6-31 + G(d,p) basis set have been performed to determine the equilibrium structures and energies of a series of negative-ion hydrogen-bonded complexes with H2O, H2S, HCN, and HCl as proton donors and OH−, SH−, CN−, and Cl− as proton acceptors. The computed stabilization enthalpies of these complexes are in agreement to within the experimental error of 1 kcal mol−1 with the gas-phase hydrogen bond enthalpies, except for HOH⋯OH−, in which case the difference is 1.8 kcal mol−1. The structures of these complexes exhibit linear hydrogen bonds and directed lone pairs of electrons except for complexes with H2O as the proton donor, in which cases the hydrogen bonds deviate slightly from linearity. All of the complexes have equilibrium structures in which the hydrogen-bonded proton is nonsymmetrically bound, although the symmetric structures of HOH⋯OH− and ClH⋯Cl− are only slightly less bound than the equilibrium structures. MP2/6-31 + G(d,p) hydrogen bond energies calculated at optimized MP2/B-31 + G(d,p) and at optimized HF/6-31G(d) geometries are similar. Using HF/6-31G(d) frequencies to evaluate zero-point and thermal vibrational energies does not introduce significant error into the computed hydrogen bond enthalpies of these complexes provided that the hydrogen-bonded proton is definitely nonsymmetrically bound at both Hartree-Fock and MP2.
Advance care planning in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Abstract Few data are available on the prevalence of advance care planning (ACP) in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We surveyed adult patients pre-HCT to ascertain completion of various elements of ACP. We also reviewed medical records for documentation of discussions regarding ACP and for the presence of written advance directives. Evaluable surveys were returned by 155 of 335 patients (46%) who underwent HCT during the study period; we obtained permission for medical record review from 137 of these 155 survey respondents (88%). We found that 69% of the respondents reported having designated a health care proxy, 44% had completed a living will, 61% had prepared an estate will, and 63% had discussed their wishes regarding life support with family and friends. In contrast, only 16% had discussed their wishes regarding life support with their clinicians. Documentation of discussions between clinicians and patients regarding most elements of ACP was rare. Written advance directives were present in the charts of 54 patients (39%). ACP was more common in older, college-educated, and allogeneic transplant patients. Even though ACP was more prevalent among this sample than in the general population, its use still could be enhanced, given the high risks of decisional incapacity and death that HCT patients face.
The Effect of the Oceanic Boundary Layer on the Mean Drift of Pack Ice: Application of a Simple Model

Abstract Smoothed records of ice drift, surface wind and upper ocean currents at four manned stations of the 1975–76 AIDJEX experiment in the central Arctic have been analyzed to provide a statistical relationship between stress at the ice-ocean interface and ice-drift velocity during a 60-day period when the ice, was too weak to support internal forces. Using interfacial stress calculated from a balance with air stress and Coriolis force on the ice column for times longer than the inertial period, logarithmic linear regression of the stress-velocity samples provided the relation τ = 0.010V1.78, where τ is the magnitude of interfacial stress and V the ice speed relative to the geostrophic current in the ocean. This result is statistically indistinguishable from predictions of a numerical model adapted from Businger and Arya (1974) with surface roughness Z0 = 10 cm. Essential features of the model are dynamic scaling by u*, u*2 and u*/f for velocity, kinematic stress and length, with exponential attenuatio...
Generating and routing light-bullets using slab waveguide arrays

Light-bullet routing and control is theoretically demonstrated in a slab waveguide architecture using a fully addressable electronic current injection mechanism for gain control. By exploiting gain mediated interactions between bullets, photonic NAND and NOR logic gates are produced on the same chip design. The robustness, simplicity, and control offered by light-bullets in slab waveguide architectures suggest that such devices should be seriously considered as candidates for technological development.
Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis: forgotten, but not gone

In today?s Lancet Jason Evans and colleagues report on a cluster of six patients with tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. All were young people born and living in the UK who had documented social links to at least one other person in the cluster. Only one had a history of zoonotic exposure and consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. Five had pulmonary disease; five received BCG vaccine as children including one patient who developed meningitis and died. All M bovis isolates were identical by genotyping. These findings strongly support the authors? contention that several events of person-to-person transmission occurred. Moreover they emphasise that human tuberculosis caused by M bovis persists and might be an underappreciated cause of morbidity and mortality. (excerpt)
A pathophysiological examination of the biophysics and bioreactivity of silicone breast implants

Historically, silicones have been considered biologically inert materials, and have therefore been used widely in a variety of medical applications. Recently, controversy has arisen concerning the bioreactivity of silicone; reports of adverse inflammatory and immunological complications that may be evoked by silicone breast implants have appeared in the medical literature and have received great attention from the lay press. The phenomena said to be associated with silicones may be attributed pathophysiologically to the inherent surface activity of silicone. The human body's initial response to the silicone of breast implants is the adsorption of various plasma proteins, including clotting and complement proteins, to the implant surface. Other macromolecules in the biological milieu may follow. The conformational integrity of this adsorbed macromolecular layer affects much of the subsequent biological reaction. Clinically silent inflammation, locally significant inflammation, inflammation with constitutional symptoms, and inflammation with immunological activation are possible consequences.
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasms.

Abstract A review of the classification, biological behavior, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms is presented. The events which followed the utilization of chemotherapy as a successful means of therapy are included. Especially important has been the recent recognition that high risk patients, i.e., patients with HCG titers greater than 100,000 IU/24 hr, duration of symptoms greater than four months, and metastasis to the brain and/or liver, with metastatic trophoblastic disease can be managed successfully if treated initially with combination chemotherapy and adjuvant measures including radiation and infusional therapy. Detectable levels of human chorionic gonadotropin are necessary for diagnosis and management of patients with this disease. The lack of sensitivity of commercially available pregnancy tests and the recent ability to determine HCG by means of an antigenically different beta-subunit are discussed.
On the fate of laser-produced NH2 in a constrained pulsed expansion of trimethylamine alane and NH3

The effects of both 193 nm radiation and NH3 on an expansion of trimethylamine alane (TMAA) have been studied. In neat TMAA, 193 nm radiation induces small but significant clustering. When NH3 is introduced in the absence of 193 nm photons, no visible reaction occurs. However, when NH3 is introduced along with 193 nm photons, the H3Al:N(CH3)3 parent molecule is completely replaced by H3AlNH2. Moreover, the clustering channels observed with neat TMAA disappear. The apparent stability or inertness of the R3MNH2 (R=H, CH3 or C2H5; M=Ga or Al) species in a variety of metal nitride reactive environments is discussed.
A role for lasers in the treatment of pigmented skin grafts

The development of aberrant pigmentation represents an unwelcome complication to an otherwise successful split skin graft resulting in a loss of colour match and, so it follows, of cosmesis. We present two cases where lasers have been successful in the treatment of this problem.
Prices vs. Quantities and Delegating Price Authority to a Monopolist

This paper examines the desirability of allowing a monopolist to determine the market price. We find that none of the regulatory mechanisms previously discussed in the "prices vs. quantities" literature strictly dominates unregulated, monopoly price-setting. Furthermore, despite suggestions by others, price-setting by a regulated monopolist whose profits coincide with society's net benefits is not always the most desirable means of control. Quantity-setting by such a monopolist may instead be the preferred choice. Combining both into one incentive-compatible mechanism provides the best regulatory scheme and one in which the regulator need not be informed about costs.
Anomalous electrical resistivity in CoGa intermetallic compounds

Abstract The electrical resistivity of the intermetallic compound Co x Ga 100− x near the critical composition for ferromagnetism shows a negative temperature coefficient from 1.4 K to ≈950 K. The spin cluster model is assumed to account for this anomaly.
The Avoidance Response in Phycomyces

Phycomyces sporangiophores grow away from stationary objects, a phenomenon known as the avoidance response. Evidence is presented suggesting that a growth-stimulating gas is emitted from the sporangiophore and is then swept to the leeward side by air currents resulting in higher gas concentration on that side. The presence of a stationary barrier decreases the passive movement of the gas away from the leeward side. It is proposed that an increase of this gas on one side causes that side to grow faster. Indirect evidence suggests that the gas is water vapor.
Comparing web interaction models in developing regions

Internet connections in developing regions are scarce and often unreliable. While options for connecting to the Internet are gradually being realized, progress is slow. We observed people performing web search and browsing in a low bandwidth environment in Kerala, India. We found that people in this environment experienced frustration and boredom while waiting for page loads compared to typical experiences in the developed world. Following these observations, we conducted a formal study with 20 participants at the same location comparing the conventional web search and browsing process with an asynchronous queueing model. Participants using the asynchronous queueing system performed as well as the status quo in terms of the number of tasks completed, and we observed greater interaction and information viewed for the asynchronous system. Our participants also preferred the asynchronous system over conventional search. Finally, we found evidence that the asynchronous system would have greater benefits in environments where the network is even more constrained.
Discussion: On the future of our past

After integrating the main lines of argumentation developed in the special issue, this paper makes a balance of the question on the public role of the university. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the discussion underlying the articles collected in the issue. A distinction is made between “comprehending” the past and present of the university on the one hand and “justifying” the university and its public role on the other hand. In view of this distinction, it is argued that the question concerning the value of a (normative) idea of the university and its public role is related to the question of democracy. The question is, however, not only whether we live in a democracy, but whether we may still speak of a “commitment to democracy”. An inquiry into the meaningfulness of a (normative) “idea” of the university arises directly from this question. At this point, the viewpoint of Derrida is introduced to discuss the question of the democracy and university of the future.
Quantitative ultrasound: A technique to target women with low bone mass for preventive therapy

Assessment of bone mass is the best predictor of fracture. The current challenge is to develop a strategy to determine which women should be targeted for preventive therapy. The cost of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry equipment precludes its widespread availability in physicians' offices and clinics. Quantitative ultrasound appears to offer a low-cost alternative method to assess bone mass and fracture risk. In addition, ultrasound is radiation free. Quantitative ultrasound values decrease with age, are lower in osteoporotic women, and are influenced by estrogen treatment. The associations observed between quantitative ultrasound and fracture indicate that it is comparable to densitometry in predicting fracture risk. This association remains significant after correction for bone mineral density, suggesting that ultrasound measures additional properties of bone that are determinants of strength. Quantitative ultrasound may prove to be a technique that will allow bone mass testing to become more readily available to the population. The ability of quantitative ultrasound to discriminate those women at greatest risk for fracture will allow physicians to target those women for preventive therapy.
Exorcising the Ghost of Physical Determinism

The objective of this article is to clarify the major weaknesses of the physical determinist perspective, to understand how the term "determinism" has been used in the field of environment-behavior research and to allay some of the fears that the idea of determinism seems to arouse in researchers. Four major weaknesses of the determinist perspective are discussed: (1) exaggerating the influence of the physical environment by ignoring or underestimating the influence of other factors; (2) assuming that the physical environment has only direct effects on behavior; (3) portraying people as passive in the environmentbehavior relationship by ignoring the role of human choice and goals; and (4) always assuming that the environment is a given and immutable entity and neglecting the processes of creating and modifying environments. Diagrams are used to illustrate different types of environment-behavior relationships and to distinguish between indirect and interaction effects of environment on behavior.
Numerical simulations of PT -symmetric quantum field theories

Many non-Hermitian but PT-symmetric theories are known to have a real positive spectrum. Since the action is complex for there theories, Monte Carlo methods do not apply. In this paper the first field-theoretic method for numerical simulations of PT-symmetric Hamiltonians is presented. The method is the complex Langevin equation, which has been used previously to study complex Hamiltonians in statistical physics and in Minkowski space. We compute the equal-time one-point and two-point Green's functions in zero and one dimension, where comparisons to known results can be made. The method should also be applicable in four-dimensional space-time. Our approach may also give insight into how to formulate a probabilistic interpretation of PT-symmetric theories.
A Typology of Prevention Activities: Applications to Community Coalitions

Use of community coalitions as a strategy for the primary prevention of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse is justified in part on the prospect that these coalitions will mount comprehensive, multi-level, multi-target intervention packages. To judge the success of such coalitions, reliable and valid means for assessing the content and pattern of their overall prevention efforts are required. This article proposes a typology of prevention activities, discusses the logic on which it is based, and provides examples of useful applications in examining community coalition prevention plans. Evidence for reliability and validity is provided through assessments of inter-rater agreement, and the relation of measures of “scope of prevention activities” to independent ratings of comprehensiveness. The typology can be used in research validating the logic model on which prevention coalitions are based, and it is also demonstrably useful for improving the local planning process.
Analyzing Time-to-Event Data in a Clinical Trial When an Unknown Proportion of Subjects Has Experienced the Event at Entry

SUMMARY. In some clinical trials, where the outcome is the time until development of a silent event, an unknown proportion of subjects who have already experienced the event will be unknowingly enrolled due to the imperfect nature of the diagnostic tests used to screen potential subjects. For example, commonly used diagnostic tests for evaluating HIV infection status in infants, such as DNA PCR and HIV Culture, have low sensitivity when given soon after infection. This can lead to the inclusion of an unknown proportion of HIV-infected infants into clinical trials aimed at the prevention of transmission from HIV-positive mothers to their infants through breastfeeding. The infection status of infants at the end of the trial, when they are more than a year of age, can be determined with certainty. For those infants found to be infected with HIV at the end of the trial, it cannot be determined whether this occurred during the study or whether they were already infected when they were enrolled. In these settings, estimates of the cumulative risk of the event by the end of the study will overestimate the true probability of event during the study period and hypothesis tests comparing two or more intervention strategies can also be biased. We present inference methods for the distribution of time until the event of interest in these settings, and investigate issues in the design of such trials when there is a choice of using both imperfect and perfect diagnostic tests.
Sensitometric comparison of unexpired and expired duplicating films used in dentistry

This investigation compared the sensitometric properties of unexpired and expired duplicating films. The characteristic curve derived for a duplicating film is the negative slope of a solarization curve; that is, it is different in direction to that of a regular x-ray film. An expired duplicating film is slower than an unexpired duplicating film. Unlike a negative working film, which gains fog past its expiration date, a positive working film (for example, a duplicating film) gains contrast past its expiration date. An expired duplicating film has a narrower latitude than that of an unexpired duplicating film for a useful density range. Clinically, a duplicating film can be used years after its expiration date even though there is a change in its speed and contrast.
Right and Righteous: Children's Incipient Understanding and Evaluation of True and False Statements

Two studies examined young children's early understanding and evaluation of truth-telling and lying, and the role that factuality plays in their judgments. Study 1 (104 2- to 5-year-olds) found that even the youngest children reliably accepted true statements and rejected false statements, and that older children's ability to label true and false statements as "truth" and "lie" emerged in tandem with their positive evaluation of true statements and "truth" and their negative evaluation of false statements and "lie." The findings suggest that children's early preference for factuality develops into a conception of "truth" and "lie" that is linked both to factuality and moral evaluation. Study 2 (128 3- to 5-year-olds) found that, whereas young children exhibited good understanding of the association of true and false statements with "truth," "lie," "mistake," "right," and "wrong," they showed little awareness of assumptions about speaker knowledge underlying "lie" and "mistake." The results further support the primacy of factuality in children's early understanding and evaluation of truth and lies.
Regenerative stimulus increases hepatocyte tight junctional permeability.

Experience with young animals, animals administered certain hepatotoxins and animals with two-thirds hepatectomy suggests that tight junctional permeability is increased in states characterized by architectural remodeling in the liver. In this work we correlate changes in tight junctional morphometry induced by two-thirds hepatectomy with changes in biliary permeability assessed by sucrose and horseradish peroxidase permeation and by alterations in biliary outputs of anionic and cationic cholephilic probes. By freeze-fracture examination tight junctional strand counts, density and orientation parallel to canaliculi were all reduced 24 hr after two-thirds hepatectomy. Occasionally, strands were perpendicular to the canaliculi, creating an unobstructed communication between bile and intercellular spaces. These morphological changes correlated with increased sucrose and paracellular horseradish peroxidase access into bile, with reduced biliary outputs of low molecular weight and especially with cationic cholephilic probes. The data support an increased but still charge-selective permeability of the biliary tree, which was induced by two-thirds hepatectomy 24 hr before. Presumably, fixed intercellular connections (tight junctions and gap junctions) must be loosened or lysed to allow the architectural reorganization required by the hepatocellular regenerative process. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:1061–1068.)
Development of a portable immunoextraction-reversed-phase liquid chromatography system for field studies of herbicide residues.

A portable system based on immunoextraction and reversed-phase HPLC was developed for the field analysis of herbicides in groundwater and surface water. Atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine were used as model analytes for this work. These were measured in water by using three coupled columns: an anti-atrazine antibody column for the selective extraction of these analytes, a reversed-phase precolumn for their reconcentration, and a reversed-phase analytical column for their separation. Various factors were considered in the optimization of this system, including the binding properties of the immunoextraction column, the effect of flow rate on the performance of each column, the selection of sample volume, and the choice of mobile phases for the RPLC columns. A typical analysis with this system allowed the injection of one sample every 7.5 min and provided results for all three of the tested herbicides in less than 10 min. In the analysis of atrazine alone, samples could be injected every 4 min and results we...
In-plane paraconductivity in a single crystal of superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x

Resistivity measurements have been made in the a-b plane on a single-crystal sample of superconducting ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$. The resistivity versus temperature curve shows a highly linear region between 150 and 240 K, with an upward deviation from linearity at 240 K. With decreasing temperature below 150 K, the resistivity curve also deviates from linearity; this deviation has been analyzed in terms of the Aslamazov-Larkin, Lawrence-Doniach, and Maki-Thompson paraconductivity theories. All three theories can be fit to the data, but the Lawrence-Doniach model gives the best fit to the data, with physically reasonable parameters. We find that the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length in the c direction, extrapolated to low temperature with the theoretical temperature dependence, is approximately 0.44 A\r{}.
Misclassification of OSA Severity With Automated Scoring of Home Sleep Recordings

BACKGROUND The advent of home sleep testing has allowed for the development of an ambulatory care model for OSA that most health-care providers can easily deploy. Although automated algorithms that accompany home sleep monitors can identify and classify disordered breathing events, it is unclear whether manual scoring followed by expert review of home sleep recordings is of any value. Thus, this study examined the agreement between automated and manual scoring of home sleep recordings. METHODS Two type 3 monitors (ApneaLink Plus [ResMed] and Embletta [Embla Systems]) were examined in distinct study samples. Data from manual and automated scoring were available for 200 subjects. Two thresholds for oxygen desaturation (≥ 3% and ≥ 4%) were used to define disordered breathing events. Agreement between manual and automated scoring was examined using Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS Automated scoring consistently underscored disordered breathing events compared with manual scoring for both sleep monitors irrespective of whether a ≥ 3% or ≥ 4% oxygen desaturation threshold was used to define the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). For the ApneaLink Plus monitor, Bland-Altman analyses revealed an average AHI difference between manual and automated scoring of 6.1 (95% CI, 4.9-7.3) and 4.6 (95% CI, 3.5-5.6) events/h for the ≥ 3% and ≥ 4% oxygen desaturation thresholds, respectively. Similarly for the Embletta monitor, the average difference between manual and automated scoring was 5.3 (95% CI, 3.2-7.3) and 8.4 (95% CI, 7.2-9.6) events/h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although agreement between automated and manual scoring of home sleep recordings varies based on the device used, modest agreement was observed between the two approaches. However, manual review of home sleep test recordings can decrease the misclassification of OSA severity, particularly for those with mild disease. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01503164;www.clinicaltrials.gov
Lipid bilayer nanodisc platform for investigating polyprenol-dependent enzyme interactions and activities

Membrane-bound polyprenol-dependent pathways are important for the assembly of essential glycoconjugates in all domains of life. However, despite their prevalence, the functional significance of the extended linear polyprenyl groups in the interactions of the glycan substrates, the biosynthetic enzymes that act upon them, and the membrane bilayer in which they are embedded remains a mystery. These interactions are investigated simultaneously and uniquely through application of the nanodisc membrane technology. The Campylobacter jejuni N-linked glycosylation pathway has been chosen as a model pathway in which all of the enzymes and substrates are biochemically accessible. We present the functional reconstitution of two enzymes responsible for the early membrane-committed steps in glycan assembly. Protein stoichiometry analysis, fluorescence-based approaches, and biochemical activity assays are used to demonstrate the colocalization of the two enzymes in nanodiscs. Isotopic labeling of the substrates reveals that undecaprenyl-phosphate is coincorporated into discs with the two enzymes, and furthermore, that both enzymes are functionally reconstituted and can sequentially convert the coembedded undecaprenyl-phosphate into undecaprenyl-diphosphate-linked disaccharide. These studies provide a proof-of-concept demonstrating that the nanodisc model membrane system represents a promising experimental platform for analyzing the multifaceted interactions among the enzymes involved in polyprenol-dependent glycan assembly pathways, the membrane-associated substrates, and the lipid bilayer. The stage is now set for exploration of the roles of the conserved polyprenols in promoting protein–protein interactions among pathway enzymes and processing of substrates through sequential steps in membrane-associated glycan assembly.
Spoken word recognition of code-switched words by Chinese-English bilinguals

Abstract Two experiments with Chinese–English bilinguals were conducted to examine the recognition of code-switched words in speech. In Experiment 1, listeners were asked to identify a code-switched word in a sentence on the basis of increasing fragments of the word. In Experiment 2, listeners repeated the code-switched word following a predesignated point upon hearing the sentence. Converging evidence from these experiments shows that the successful recognition of code-switched words depends on the interaction among phonological, structural, and contextual information in the recognition process. The results also indicate that Chinese–English bilinguals can recognize code-switched words with the same amount of information as required by monolingual English listeners. These results are interpreted in terms of parallel activation and interactive processes in spoken word recognition.
Toolbox: Psychotropic medications approved in children and adolescents

Medication Brand Name(s) Daily Dosage Range Notes Methylphenidate Immediate Release (IR) Methylin® Ritalin® 10-60 mg Give in divided doses, second dose typically noon or early afternoon For children ≥6 years Methylphenidate Sustained (SR)/Extended Release (ER) Ritalin SR® Metadate SR® Methylin ER® Quillivant XR® (extended release oral suspension) Concerta® Metadate CD® Ritalin LA® 20-60 mg Concerta: 18-72 mg Oral suspension needs to be shaken vigorously for 10 seconds Concerta®: 22% IR, 78% ER Metadate CD®: 30% IR, 70% ER Ritalin LA®: 50% IR, 50% ER For children ≥6 years
Topical Timolol for a Refractory Wound

A43-year-old woman presented with a large refractory wound on her left mid-back (Figure 1A). Her past medical history was significant for a heart transplant in 1994 because of postpartum cardiomyopathy. Chronic rejection and subsequent worsening congestive heart failure resulted in a second heart transplant in 2008. A prolonged hospital stay, including multiple thoracotomies and pulmonary window for empyema, along with placement of numerous chest tubes, had complicated her most recent transplant. As a result of these interventions, she had had a traumatic ulcer on her back for the previous 15 months. During that time, she failed to improve with conservative care comprising Aquacel (ConvaTec, Skillman, NJ), Adaptic (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ), and foam dressings and Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (V. A. C. Kinetics Concepts Incorporated, San Antonio, TX). She was not a candidate for surgical correction with a flap because of the location of the wound. Her medications include tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, candesartan, atenolol, pravastatin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, aspirin, iron sulfate, magnesium, zinc sulfate, calcium, vitamin D, and folic acid. On examination, she had a 26-cm defect with a depth of 3.5 cm on her left mid-back. At the base was a 69 4-cm ulcer with pink–red granulation tissue overlying the wound base (Figure 1B). The wound base moved with respiration (Video). Other than a slight cough, she was systemically well. Daily application of topical recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor for 3 weeks (Regranex Systagenix, North Yorkshire, UK) failed to lead to reepithelialization.
Angiographic disappearance and reappearance of an arteriovenous malformation of the cerebellum and brain stem, and its surgical excision. A case report.

A case of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the cerebellum and brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle is reported. Though a postoperative angiogram after the first operation indicated complete excision of the lesion, the patient returned with subarachnoid haemorrhage, and an angiogram indicated reappearance of the lesion. Total excision was carried out at the second operation.
The Complex Courtship Behavior of Physiphora demandata (F.) (Diptera: Otitidae)

The courtship behavior of an otitid fly, Physiphora demandata, is analyzed with a description of the 7 displays used by ♂♂ and the response of ♀♀ to courting ♂♂. ♂♂ employ the displays one after another to create highly variable courtship sequences that may consist of thousands of individual acts. The adaptive significance of such complex courtship is discussed. P. demandata may be an example of a species in which ♂♂ can neither control resources of significance to ♀♀ nor monopolize ♀♀ directly. As a result, female choice may be based purely on the demonstration of male genetic quality as shown by the ♂'s ability to hold a perch territory in an aggregation of ♂♂ and the ♂'s capacity to complete a demanding courtship routine.
Effect of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibition on ovotoxicity caused by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide and 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in neonatal rat ovaries

4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is an ovotoxicant that specifically destroys primordial and small primary follicles in the ovaries of mice and rats. In contrast, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is ovotoxic to all ovarian follicle classes. This study investigated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling involvement in VCD- and DMBA-induced ovotoxicity. Postnatal day (PND) 4 Fischer 344 (F344) rat whole ovaries were cultured for 2-12 days in vehicle control, VCD (30 microM), or DMBA (1 microM), +/-PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 (20 microM) or its inactive analog LY303511 (20 microM). Following culture, ovaries were histologically evaluated, and healthy follicles were classified and counted. PI3 kinase inhibition had no effect on primordial follicle number, but reduced (P 0.05) at any time, but did cause loss (P<0.05) of small primary follicles. DMBA exposure caused primordial and small primary follicle loss (P<0.05) on day 6. Further, DMBA-induced primordial and small primary follicle loss was greater with PI3 kinase inhibition (P<0.05) than with DMBA alone. These results support that (1) PI3 kinase mediates primordial to small primary follicle recruitment, (2) VCD, but not DMBA, enhances ovotoxicity by increasing primordial to small primary follicle recruitment, and (3) in addition to xenobiotic-induced ovotoxicity, VCD is also a useful model chemical with which to elucidate signaling mechanisms involved in primordial follicle recruitment.
A Critical Investigation of Test Use: Language Testing, the Social Dimension

This article is a review of the book “Language Testing: The Social Dimension” by Tim MacNamara and Carsten Roever.
CD8α+ dendritic cells dictate immune responses against murine AML

Spontaneous T cell responses generated against a variety of solid malignancies are often subverted by immune evasion mechanisms active in the tumor microenvironment. In contrast, the mechanisms that regulate T cell activation versus tolerance to hematopoietic malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), have not been well-characterized. Our recent work in a murine AML model has demonstrated that following a systemic introduction of leukemia cells, T cells specific for leukemia-derived antigens underwent abortive proliferation and were deleted from the host. This deletional tolerance in mice with established AML was reversible upon administration of an agonistic anti-CD40 antibody to activate host dendritic cells (DCs), and argued that these cells may play a dominant role in tolerance induction to AML. Investigation of the DCs populations which engulfed AML cells in vivo, and which were likely promoting T cell tolerance, led to the critical observation that AML cells were phagocytosed exclusively by CD11c+CD8α+ DCs (CD8α+ DCs). CD8α+, but not CD8α- DCs purified from mice following an intravenous inoculation of AML cells, were able to cross-present leukemia-derived antigens to T cells in vitro, providing strong evidence that CD8α+ DC generate T cell tolerance to AML. Ongoing work utilizing mice deficient in particular DC subsets is focused on identifying a functional link between CD8α+ DCs and T cell tolerance. Additionally, the receptors expressed selectively on CD8α+ DCs which facilitate phagocytosis and cross-presentation of leukemia derived antigens are under investigation.