cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical factors affecting the cost and efficiency of sound production in the treefrog Hyla versicolor

The metabolic cost, energy output and efficiency (i.e. the ratio of energy output to metabolic cost) of sound production were compared among male grey treefrogs (Hyla versicolor) as a function of body size and temperature. The effects of call length (in notes per call) and dominant frequency (in kHz) were also considered. Cost, determined from the amount of oxygen consumed, averaged 12.1 mJ per note and was dependent only upon body mass. Acoustic energy per note, determined from oscillograms of recorded calls, averaged 0.34 mJ and was dependent only upon temperature. Conventional theory suggests that the efficiency of sound production should be a function of the ratio of the linear size of the radiating structures to the wavelength of the sound generated (i.e. efficiency is assumed to be a function of the product of mass(0.33) and frequency), but efficiency in H. versicolor was found to be a function of the product of temperature(2.1) and mass(-1.08). Adjusting for temperature and body mass, the efficiency of sound production in H. versicolor (average 2.4 %) is greater than the efficiency of other frog species for which data are available. Temperature may affect acoustic energy output because trunk muscle contraction speed increases with temperature, which increases the velocity of airflow across the vocal cords.
Single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy: an early experience

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of abdominal pain that a general surgeon will encounter. We describe our modification to the laparoscopic appendectomy: a single-incision laparoscopic (SILS) appendectomy completed entirely intracorporeally. From September 2008 to September 2009, a retrospective review of the electronic medical record was performed in all patients who underwent a SILS appendectomy to specifically analyze the demographic characteristics, time in the operating room to perform SILS appendectomy, length of postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Twenty-five patients underwent SILS appendectomy in the study period. There were 18 males and seven females with a mean age of 41 ± 15 years and mean body mass index of 26.5 ± 5 kg/m². Single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy was performed successfully in all of our cases (100%). Mean operative time was 56 ± 16 minutes. Blood loss in all cases was minimal and there were no intraoperative complications. We successfully completed 25 appendectomies using the SILS method. Operative times were similar compared with the traditional laparoscopic technique. We believe that the SILS appendectomy is a safe and effective method that leaves a virtually invisible scar.
Observation of Blue-Shifted Ultralong-Range Cs2 Rydberg Molecules

We observe ultralong-range blue-shifted Cs2 molecular states in an optical dipole trap. The accidental near degeneracy of (n-4)l and ns Rydberg states for l>2 leads to non-adiabatic coupling, producing potential wells above the ns thresholds.
Modeling And Control Of Drug Effects Upon Physiological Systems: A Clinician's Viewpoint

Control of drug effects upon physiological systems requires dynamic models of drug effects on the cell lines of the hematopoetic system, for example. We have developed an effect model upon cell production or destruction which relates a Hill effect equation to the amount of drug in a slowly equilibrating peripheral compartment. Such models capture the delayed fall and recovery of cell lines seen with clinical data. Population models, and adaptive control of them, should permit coordinated use of multiple drugs to achieve multiple goals, keeping multiple other side effects within desired constraints. Supported by RR01629.
Interwoven heterostructural Co3O4–carbon@FeOOH hollow polyhedrons with improved electrochemical performance

Complex heterostructured nanomaterials receive tremendous attention due to their superior physical and chemical performances than single-structured materials. Nevertheless, it remains a great challenge to precisely control the composition (crystalline or amorphous), size and dimension of the building blocks of hierarchical nanostructures. Herein, we report a scalable method for fabricating crystalline–Co3O4–carbon@amorphous-FeOOH interwoven hollow polyhedrons through thermal treatment paired with solution-phase growth for application as anodes in new-generation lithium ion batteries. In this synthesis, well-defined Co3O4–carbon hollow polyhedrons serve as both oxidizing agent and growth platform for amorphous FeOOH nanowires. The obtained heterostructured hollow polyhedrons exhibit a high reversible capacity of 603 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at the specific current of 200 mA g−1, showing a capacity fading of only 0.158% per cycle between 10 to 100 cycles, much lower than that of pure Co3O4–carbon hollow polyhedrons (0.604%). When the specific current returns from 2000 mA g−1 to 50 mA g−1, Co3O4–carbon@FeOOH heterostructure maintains a specific capacity of 1120 mA h g−1, demonstrating remarkable cycleability and high rate capability. Such superior performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of integrated crystal and amorphous components as well as the unique interwoven heterostructure. The design of such an interwoven 3D frame architecture provides a new opportunity for obtaining high-performance electrode materials in the field of energy storage.
Reply to Dougherty: On measuring content diversity in the experimental analysis of human behavior.

Dougherty (this issue) has thoughtfully examined our contention (Hyten & Reilly, 1992) that the experimental analysis of human behavior (EAHB) is healthy and growing rapidly. However, his data on the number of papers in nine content areas suggest that the recent growth has been in only selected areas. We agree that some content areas (e.g., stimulus equivalence) have dominated recent EAHB work, but we feel compelled to comment on the analysis of content diversity in EAHB. Dougherty used data from a topical bibliography (Dougherty, Nedelmann, & Alfred, 1993) that classified articles into the nine content areas that were originally outlined by Buskist and Miller (1982a, 1982b) in their topical bibliography. Data compiled from these bibliographies show what appears to be a wide gap between the most investigated topic areas and the least (Dougherty's Figure 3), and that growth in the last decade has occurred in only three ofthe nine content areas (his Figure 4). However, we believe that the classification scheme itself may not accurately reflect the content diversity within EAHB. For example, the classification scheme mixes narrow content areas such as "continuously programmed environments" with broader categories such as "reinforcement." The top three areas represented in Dougherty's Figure 3 (reinforcement, stimulus control, and general schedule performance) are all more generic than the three lowest content areas, which are more restricted in their content (programmed environments, coopera-
Abstract A06: Combination of TRAIL and Chal-24 synergistically induces autophagy-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells

Combination chemotherapy is an effective strategy for increasing anticancer efficacy, reducing side effects and alleviating drug resistance. Here we report that combination of the recently identified novel chalcone derivative, chalcone-24 (Chal-24), and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) significantly increases cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells. Chal-24 treatment significantly enhanced TRAIL-induced activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3, and the cytotoxicity induced by combination of these agents was effectively suppressed by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Chal-24 and TRAIL combination suppressed expression of cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein large (c-FLIPL) and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (c-IAPs), and ectopic expression of c-FLIPL and c-IAPs inhibited the potentiated cytotoxicity. In addition, TRAIL and Chal-24 cooperatively activated autophagy. Suppression of autophagy effectively attenuated cytotoxicity induced by the combination of Chal-24 and TRAIL, which was associated with attenuation of c-FLIPL and c-IAPs degradation. Altogether, these results suggest that Chal-24 potentiates the anticancer activity of TRAIL through autophagy-mediated degradation of c-FLIPL and c-IAPs, and that combination of Chal-24 and TRAIL could be an effective approach in improving chemotherapy efficacy. Citation Format: Xiuling Xu, Jennings Xu, Shaoqing Shi, Qiong Wang, Bryanna Saxton, Chengguo Xing, Yong Lin. Combination of TRAIL and Chal-24 synergistically induces autophagy-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A06.
Emerging distribution systems: Modeling challenges in faulted conditions

The objective of this paper is to summarize the challenges imposed by emerging technologies, such as distributed energy resources (DERs), to modeling and online calculations of faulted distribution systems. In the last decade, the connection of DERs to the system through power electronic devices has become increasingly popular. These DERs have controlled fault currents, with predefined current limits. Therefore, they cannot be modeled with traditional voltage source behind impedance models, used for modeling synchronous and induction machines in online calculations. However, most of the software packages for managing distribution systems still use these models for modeling all types of DERs, including electronically coupled ones. In this paper it is shown that this practice could introduce extremely high errors to calculation results, and cause the system model to be an inadequate representation of the system. Therefore, there is an urgent need for global standardization of recently introduced models that more adequately represent these emerging DERs. The results from our previous studies were used to numerically support this claim.
What Would We Be Doing If We Weren't Doing This?: A Journey in Democratic Departmental Practice

Almost twenty-five years ago a small, liberal arts college began a journey into critical pedagogies, both in some classes and at the departmental level. Students and faculty engage in department work together--setting curriculum, assessing programs, planning events, and rotating chairing of meetings. We are attempting to engage in transformative leadership with each other, as we re-imagine what a truly radical, democratic department would look like.
Use of Dual Detection in the Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Oleaginous Biomass Feeds and Biofuel Products To Enable Accurate Simulated Distillation and Lipid Profiling

This contribution describes the development of a chromatographic method capable of simultaneously identifying and quantifying the constituents found in oleaginous biomass—including algae oil—and in biofuel samples through a single cost-effective analysis. Major constituents of the aforementioned analytes include oxygen- and/or nitrogen-containing compounds along with fuel-like hydrocarbons. A novel simulated distillation gas chromatographic (SimDist) technique including dual detection capabilities—specifically flame ionization (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS)—produced identical chromatograms with perfectly aligned signals. FID chromatograms afforded excellent quantitative data while the corresponding MS spectra enabled accurate and thorough compound identification. Simulated distillation data displayed a remarkably linear relationship between retention time and the boiling point of heteroatom-containing compounds in addition to n-alkanes. Indeed, although standard SimDist data were calibrated using the bo...
Death After Transforaminal Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection

Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are used to manage radicular pain in patients with spinal degenerative disk disease, spinal stenosis, and disk herniations.
‘At Times Like This It’s Traditional That a Hero Comes Forth’: Romance and Identity in Terry Pratchett’s Guards! Guards!

Emily Lavin Leverett negotiates Pratchett’s use of intertextuality in her discussion of tropes from medieval English romance in this chapter. Medieval English romance is often governed by what Helen Cooper calls ‘memes’: repeated elements of stories that shift and change to stay relevant and alive in culture. Terry Pratchett is an expert on memes, going so far as to suggest that the knowledge of these memes, what he calls ‘narrative causality’, does not merely influence stories, but traps people. Caught in the idea of what one is ‘supposed to be’ according to the narrative, people fail to choose their own paths and construct their own selves. In Guards! Guards!, Leverett argues, Pratchett rejects narrative causality through the character of Captain Samuel Vimes of the Night Watch: Vimes forges his identity against, rather than in line with, narrative expectations.
Unilateral optogenetic inhibition and excitation of basal ganglia output show opposing effects on left/right lick choices and movement initiation in mice

The functional role of basal ganglia receiving territory of the motor thalamus (BGMT) remains poorly understood. Therefore, to examine how basal ganglia output via the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and projections to the BGMT control motor behavior, we unilaterally inhibited or excited basal ganglia output neurons and their projections to the BGMT during periods of movement preparation and initiation in mice performing a 2-alternative choice licking task. Using a viral vector carrying the inhibitory opsin DIO-ARCH3 into the SNr of VGAT-cre mice, we inhibited SNr activity starting 0.5 s before the onset of a response window where the mouse must lick right or left depending on the location of a previously delivered air-puff stimulus to the right or left whiskers, respectively. Light activation of ARCH3 in the SNr inhibited SNr activity and biased lick responses towards the lick spout contralateral to the hemisphere of stimulation. In another set of mice, we excited SNr activity using a fast variant of the ChR2 opsin (DIO-hChR2-E123A/T159C), which suppressed licking activity irrespective of the direction of the trial. However, exciting terminals of neural projections from the SNr to the BGMT biased licking responses to the lick spout ipsilateral to the stimulation. These results demonstrate the role of the SNr in directing movement preparation and initiation in behaving mice, broadly supporting classic models of the basal ganglia where decreases in BG output activity act to facilitate voluntary movement through thalamo-cortical pathways.
Variation in the response of multiple genetic populations of pigs to ractopamine

Several research trials have evaluated the impact of ractopamine on barrows and gilts of vari- ousgeneticpopulations. Overall,thedesirableresponse of ractopamine to increase daily carcass lean gain, im- prove feed efficiency, and increase carcass lean percent- age has been observed in genetic populations of sub- stantially different lean growth rates and carcass lean percentages. Six trials have evaluated the magnitude of genetic populations × ractopamine interactions. In one trial, carcass muscle accretion (g/d) increased with ractopamine to a greater extent in high-lean-gain (High-Lean) barrows than in low-lean-gain (Low-Lean) barrows (P < 0.02). Dissected fat accretion (g/d) was reduced by a greater magnitude in the High-Lean than in the Low-Lean barrows (P < 0.04). A second trial evaluated the ractopamine response in five genetic pop- ulations of barrows and found significant ractopamine × genetic populations interactions (P < 0.05) for daily carcass lean gain. Regression of the carcass lean gain of pigs fed ractopamine on the mean carcass lean gain
Barriers to ITS Adoption: A Systematic Mapping Study

Despite leading to strong learning outcomes, intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) have struggled to reach widescale adoption. However, recent increases in educational technology adoption are slowly leading to larger user bases. Such order-of-magnitude increases have significant research implications for the number and diversity of users. To better understand the problems and solutions that impact this transition, a review of barriers to ITS adoption was performed. This paper significantly extends a prior systematic mapping study of recent ITS literature (2009-2012) focusing on barriers in the developing world. The present study examines research published on possible barriers to adoption related to students, teachers, and school systems. The results indicate that while barriers related to students have received extensive attention, less attention has been given to barriers related to teachers and schools. Successful and innovative approaches to integrating ITS with teacher and school needs are reviewed, with consideration given to both published research papers and successful commercial systems.
Application of Internally Cooled Superconductors to Tokamak Fusion Reactors

Recent proposals for ignition tokamaks containing superconductors are reviewed. As the funding prospects for the U. S. fusion program have worsened, the proposed designs have been shrinking to smaller machines with less ambitious goals. The most recent proposal, the Tokamak Fusion Core Experiment (TFCX), was based on internally cooled cabled Nb3Sn conductors for the options which used superconductors. Internally cooled conductors are particularly advantageous in their electrical insulating properties and in the similarity of their winding procedures to those of conventional copper coils. Epoxy impregnation is possible and is advantageous both structurally and electrically. The allowable current density for this type of conductor was shown to be larger than the current density for more conventional superconducting technology. The TFCX effort identified research and development needed in advance of TFCX or any other large ignition machine. These topics include the metal used for the conduit; nuclear effects on materials; properties of electrical and thermal insulators; extension of superconducting technology to the sizes of coils envisioned and to the field level envisioned; pulsed coil superconducting technology; joints and insulating breaks in conductors; heat removal or flow path length limitations; mechanical behavior of potted conductor bundles; instrumentation; and fault modes and various questions integrated with overall machine design.
Role of Free Radicals in Senescence

Free radicals are believed to play a fundamental role in a wide variety of biological phenomena, including aging. The involvement of free radicals in aging has usually been attributed to the destabilizing effects of structural damage. Recent evidence has indicated, however, that there are at least two other mechanisms by which free radicals may influence the aging process. Specific free radical reactions and their effects in biological systems have been reviewed by several authors and will not be extensively examined here to avoid redundancy. Instead, the mechanisms by which free radicals are postulated to influence the aging process shall be the focus of this discussion. It should be noted that none of the mechanisms to be discussed are exclusive of the others and, in fact, all of these explanations may ultimately prove to be necessary to understand fully the role of free radicals in the aging process.
Emerging Gay Identities in China: The Prevalence and Predictors of Social Discrimination Against Men Who Have Sex with Men

The emergence of gay identities and communities in contemporary China clashes with many traditional cultural values and norms. As a result, men who have sex with men (MSM) experience a variety of subtle as well as blatant rejection and discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation, which can result in deterioration of physical and mental well-being. Social discrimination against MSM in China may also have deleterious consequences for public health as individuals avoid taking health precautions as a means to avoid discovery or avert suspicion. To understand the extent of discrimination that Chinese MSM face and identify which individuals may be disproportionately affected, we query 477 MSM in Shanghai, China, about their lifetime encounters with discrimination. Almost 97 % of respondents had perceived some stigma at least once in their lifetime, whereas only 23 % had experienced at least one instance of discrimination. Results of multivariate regression analyses show that disclosure of one’s homosexuality differentially affects one’s experiences of each type of discrimination. For example, coming out to other MSM may have a protective effect against perceived stigma but significantly increases the likelihood of experiencing overt discrimination. On the other hand, being out to family members significantly increases perceived stigma, but being out to friends and colleagues decreases experiences of discrimination. Important interactions with migrant status are also found. Implications for social redress and public health interventions are discussed.
Galileo's construction of idealized fall in the void

How did Galileo achieve his mathematical natural philosophy? How did he discover the times-squared law, the pendulum isochronism, the parabolic trajectory of projectiles — by experiment or by mathematical reasoning? Questions like these have long divided scholars into two camps: the advocates of experiment and the advocates of geometry. Is there an alternative to the two horns of this dilemma? I am convinced that there is indeed a viable alternative. Before substantiating my claim, however, I need to sketch the essential elements characterizing the division. I will do so through the exemplar case which is central to my study here. In 1604 Galileo wrote a letter to Paolo Sarpi, in which he put forward an “erroneous” principle from which he claimed that he could derive the times-squared law of fall. The principle is as follows: the ratio of the speeds of fall is the same as the ratio of the spaces fallen through. In referring to that “erroneous” principle, Alexandre Koyre argues that Galileo already knew all the details concerning the phenomenon of fall, such as the sameness of ratios between the spaces traversed and the squares of the elapsed times (on sameness of ratios more below, in Section 3). What Galileo had long wanted to discover, in Koyre’s view, was a general principle from which he could deduce the law of fall geometrically. In other words, Koyre continues, Galileo sought to fi nd the essence, i.e., the defi nition, or law, of the phenomenon “fall of bodies”. Why, asks Koyre, did Galileo adopt the “erroneous” principle? The answer, for him, is clear. The key to classical physics is the geometrization of nature, which implies the application of mathematical laws to the phenomena of motion. But, in Koyre’s words, it is much easier to “imagine in space rather than think in time [imaginer dans l’espace que de penser dans le temps]”; hence Galileo’s “error” in 1604. In the wake of Koyre, William Shea argued that between 1610 and 1632 Galileo worked out “the methodology of his intellectual revolution”, especially in connection with his researches on hydrostatics. According to Shea, that methodology basically consisted in mathematically investigating classes of phenomena, such as, for instance, fl oating bodies, under certain idealized conditions. Further, Shea suggested that the “popular notion of Galileo as the fi rst hard-headed and thoroughgoing experimentalist owes much to his fi rst biographer, Vincenzo Viviani”, who, in Shea’s view, “seriously misinterpreted Galileo’s early interests by claiming that he had discovered the isochronism of the pendulum and the law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies by performing experiments while still a student at Pisa”. Other scholars, notably Stillman Drake and Ronald Naylor, have emphasized
FastLink: An Efficient Initial Access Protocol for Millimeter Wave Systems

To overcome the high propagation loss and satisfy a given link budget, millimeter wave (mmW) communication systems rely on highly directional antennas, both at the base station (BS) and the user equipment (UE). Due to this directionality, initial access (IA) and association can be particularly challenging. Existing approaches for IA in directional networks suffer from long discovery time and/or high misdetection probability of the UE. In this paper, we propose FastLink, an efficient IA protocol for mmW systems with electronically steerable antennas. FastLink always transmits/receives using the narrowest possible beam, allowing high beamforming gains and low misdetection rate. It uses a unique binary-search-based algorithm, called 3DPF, to scan only a small subset of the angular space and find in logarithmic time the best transmit-receive beam pair. We formulate the beam-finding process as a sparse problem, exploiting the poor scattering nature of mmW channels. Compressive sensing is then used to determine the minimum number of measurements needed to reconstruct the sparse channel. 3DPF is incorporated into FastLink to establish the directional link, and the required messaging between the BS and the UE is explained in detail. For performance evaluation purposes, we first conduct simulations based on NYU mmW channel model and then experiment with a custom mmW testbed utilizing uniform planar arrays and operating at $29$ GHz frequency. Our extensive simulations and hardware experiments verify the efficiency of FastLink, and show that 3DPF can reduce the search time by $65-99%$ compared to 802.11ad-like beam finding scheme.
Heteroclinic orbits for the nonlinear Vlasov and the one-dimensional Vlasov–Poisson systems

Abstract In this paper we prove existence of heteroclinic orbits for the nonlinear Vlasov and the one-dimensional Vlasov–Poisson systems. In the nonlinear Vlasov case with sufficiently regular and periodic potential we show that there is at least one orbit emanating from a maximum point of the potential and at least one terminating at it. The Vlasov–Poisson case is more delicate due to the singularity of the potential, and our existence result is limited to one spatial dimension and to weak solutions in the space of probability measures on the torus endowed with the periodic Wasserstein distance.
Associations Between Boys' Early Childhood Exposure to Family and Neighborhood Poverty and Body Mass Index in Early Adolescence.

Objective To test relations between exposure to poverty, in the forms of family income and neighborhood deprivation, during three developmental stages, and children's body mass index (BMI) in early adolescence. Methods Data came from a longitudinal sample of racially diverse, urban, low-income boys. Interactions between family income to needs and census-derived neighborhood deprivation at three developmental stages-early childhood (18 and 24 months), preschool-to-school entry (3.5 and 6 years), and school-age (8 and 10 years)-were tested in relation to BMI at age 11. Results There was a significant interaction whereby higher income predicted lower BMI only in the context of low levels of neighborhood deprivation in early childhood. In high-deprivation neighborhoods, higher income was associated with risk for overweight/obesity in early adolescence. This pattern was found to be specific to income and neighborhood deprivation measured in early childhood. Conclusions Findings have implications for policy relevant to obesity prevention. More research on associations between early exposure to poverty and later risk for obesity on low-income samples is warranted, as the relationship is likely complex and influenced by many different factors, including the family and neighborhood food environments and child health behaviors.
THE SYNTHESIS AND REGULATION OF ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE ISOZYMES

ABSTRACT: The rate constants of synthesis and degradation of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) isozymes in red blood cells were studied during induction of and recovery from phenylhydrazine-produced reticulocytosis. The increase in total AAT activity during the induction of reticulocytosis was due primarily to the 47-fold increase in the activity of the mitochondrial isozyme (K S = 0.131; K d = 0.015; t 1/2 = 45 hr). The activity of the cytosolic isozyme increased to about 3 times its control value (K S = 0.036; K d = 0.017; t 1/2 = 48 hr). The rate constants following recovery from phenylhydrazine treatment were: K S = 0.005; K d = 0.028; t 1/2 = 25 hr. for the mitochondrial isozyme and K S = 0.0043; K d = 0.0044; t 1/2 = 155 hr. for the cytosolic isozyme.
Turning Chutes into Ladders for Women Faculty: A Review and Roadmap for Equity in Academia

Despite significant progress in recent decades, the recruitment, advancement, and promotion of women in academia remain low. Women represent a large portion of the talent pool in academia, and rece...
Efficiency in the Mortgage Market for High-Priced Homes: Evidence from a Regression-Discontinuity Design

I exploit exogenous variation in the probability that a mortgage is exposed to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac generated by property appraisals to examine how well buyers of high-priced homes balance loan size and loan cost. I find that they generally strike a proper balance despite wide variation in interest rates with respect to loan type (i.e. fixed versus adjustable rate) and over time (specifically, from 1992 to 2017). The evidence suggests that the mortgage market for high-priced homes is efficient and offers future research an opportunity to learn about this market through the behavior of the borrowers in it.
Use of a Single Ventilator to Support Multiple Patients: Modeling Tidal Volume Response to Heterogeneous Lung Mechanics

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is creating ventilator shortages in many countries that is sparking a conversation about placing multiple people on a single ventilator. However, on March 26th the American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST), along with other leading medical organizations, released a joint statement warning clinicians that attempting this technique could lead to poor outcomes and high mortality. Nevertheless, several hospitals around the United States and abroad are turning to this technique out of desperation (e.g. New York), but little data exists to guide their approach. The overall objective of this study is to utilize a computational model of mechanically ventilated lungs to assess how patient-specific lung mechanics and ventilator settings impact lung tidal volume (Vt). Methods We developed a single compartment computational model of four patients connected to a shared ventilator and validated it against a similar experimental study. We used this model to evaluate how patient-specific lung compliance (C) and resistance (R) would impact Vt under 5 ventilator settings of pre-set PIP, PEEP, and I:E ratio (suggested by Farkas, J.D. MD as an approach by hospitals to manage multiple patients on a single ventilator). Results Our computational model predicts Vt within 10% of experimental measurements. Using this model to perform a parametric study, we provide proof-of-concept for an algorithm to better match patients in different hypothetical scenarios of a single ventilator shared by more than one patient. Conclusions Assigning patients to pre-set ventilators based on their lung mechanics could be used to overcome some of the legitimate concerns of placing multiple patients on a single ventilator. We emphasize that our results are currently based on a computational model that has not been validated against any pre-clinical/clinical data. Therefore, clinicians considering this approach should not look to our study as an exact estimate of predicted patient tidal volumes.
“I Feel Your Pain”: The Effect of Displaying Empathy on Political Candidate Evaluation

Two experiments demonstrate that highly empathetic messages conveyed by a political candidate produce more favorable attitudes and increase the likelihood individuals will vote for the political candidate. Study 1 revealed this Empathetic Communication Effect is stronger among female political candidates than male. Compared to male candidates, female candidates are evaluated more positively when they engage in empathetic language but are more harshly penalized when they fail to display empathy. An analogous pattern emerged for candidate party in Study 2. Namely, the Empathetic Communication Effect is stronger among Democratic political candidates than Republican political candidates. Results also explore the impact of empathetic rhetoric on perceptions of candidates’ socio-emotionality and instrumentality.
A New Health Care Delivery System and the Economics of Utilizing Veterinary Technicians

Population growth, global transformations, technological advances, and changing societal concerns on food production are inevitable and are challenging the way we produce food. Increasing global demand for animal products in the developing world, along with rapid urbanization, increasing energy costs, decreasing availability of quality arable land as well as water quality issues, place additional constraints on current food animal production systems. Indeed, the generational challenge to emerging food animal veterinary students is "how to feed the growing world without destroying the environment". The future food animal health care system and the veterinary professionals serving within will have to adapt to these changes in a manner that advances societal needs and meets demands in a responsible manner. To be relevant problem solvers in this global challenge, future veterinarians must be trained in diverse disciplines (epidemiology, management, ecology, economics, production systems, environmental sciences, nutrition) and even more importantly, have the ability to formulate integrated solutions to these complex challenges.
Virus government – A twenty-first-century genealogy of the ‘Dusk mask’ as biopolitical technology

This essay provides a genealogy of the recent operations of ‘virus government’ in the United States which followed the early twenty-first-century governmental discourse about and technologization o...
Fatty liver progression and carcinogenesis: Beware of pathogenic T cells

The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-related liver cancer is incompletely understood. In the recent issue of Nature, two studies by Dudek et al. and Pfister et al. revealed the critical role of CD8 T cells in instigating liver damage and promoting liver cancer in NASH. 1 , 2
Experimental and computational study of the microporous layer and hydrophobic treatment in the gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Abstract Enabling fuel cell operation at high current density is critical for developing competitive alternative power system to replace internal combustion engine. However, liquid water management continues to be a challenge for high humidity or high current density operation. Water condensation in the porous media hinders efficient oxygen transport to the catalyst layer, which in turns, reduces fuel cell performance. To improve water management capability, the gas diffusion layer is often impregnated with Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and coated with a thin microporous layer, which have shown to improve fuel cell performance, especially under wet conditions. However, the fundamental mechanism that drives the performance enhancement is still not well understood. In this work, the effects of PTFE impregnation and MPL were studied using both experimental and computational techniques. Both limiting current and polarization tests under dry and wet operating condition are conducted to study the oxygen transport resistance and fuel cell performance. In addition, a 2-D, two-phase, multi-physics PEMFC model is developed to simulate performance and gain a fundamental understanding of local water saturation and oxygen concentration. The combined results show that 5 wt% PTFE impregnation with MPL significantly enhances liquid water management, which enables higher current density operation of a fuel cell.
Optical Metabolic Imaging of Mitochondrial Dysfunction on HADH Mutant Newborn Rat Hearts

Background: Mitochondrial $\beta $ -oxidation of fatty acids is the primary energy source for the heart and carried out by Hydroxy Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (HADH) encoded trifunctional protein. Mutations in the genes encoding mitochondrial proteins result in functionally defective protein complexes that contribute to energy deficiencies, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and accumulation of damaged mitochondria. We hypothesize that a dramatic alternation in redox state and associated mitochondrial dysfunction is the underlying cause of Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) deficiency mutant, resulting in heart failure. Mitochondrial co-enzymes, NADH and FAD, are autofluorescent metabolic indices of cells when imaged, yield a quantitative assessment of the cells’ redox status and, in turn, that of the tissue and organ. Method: We utilized an optical cryo-imager to quantitively evaluate the three-dimensional distribution of mitochondrial redox state in newborn rats’ hearts and kidneys. Redox ratio (RR) assessment shows that mitochondrial dysfunction is extreme and could contribute to severe heart problems and eventual heart failure in the mutants. Results: Three-dimensional redox ratio (NADH/FAD) rendering, and the volumetric mean value calculations confirmed significantly decreased cardiac RR in mutants by 31.90% and 12.32%, in renal mitochondrial RR compared to wild-type control. Further, histological assessment of newborn heart myocardial tissue indicated no significant difference in myocardial tissue architecture in both control and severe (HADHAe4−/−) conditions. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that optical imaging can accurately estimate the redox state changes in newborn rat organs. It is also apparent that the FAO mutant’s heart tissue with a low redox ratio is probably more vulnerable to cumulative damages than kidneys and fails prematurely, contributing to sudden death.
The Doughnut Sign

To the Editor.— Determining whether breast tissue is present in an obese child can be difficult. We have found in obese children without breast development a palpable depression ion beneath the nipple in the center of the areola when they are examined in the supine position. It feels like a doughnut; a depression surrounded by firm tissue. It is possible that the depression represents the area of future ductal development. We have no biopsy material to confirm this hypothesis.
Comparison of CO and CO2 rf plasma treatment of SnO2 nanoparticles for gas sensing materials

CO and CO2 plasmas were used to modify SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to understand the role of key gas-phase species and to explore a potential route for improving these materials as solid-state gas sensors. Excited state species in both plasmas were monitored using optical emission spectroscopy and the NP were analyzed after plasma exposure with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These studies reveal that in the CO2 plasma, CO2 decomposes to CO and O, leading to etching of the SnO2 lattice. Conversely, in the CO plasma, very little O is formed, leading to the deposition of a carbonaceous film on the SnO2 NP. Sensors fabricated with the CO2 modified SnO2 NP demonstrate a higher response to CO, benzene, and ethanol and improved response and recovery behavior when compared with untreated devices. CO plasma modification, however, had a detrimental effect on the gas sensing performance of this material.
Gaziantep Kent Nüfusunun Demografik ve Sosyo-ekonomik Yapısı: Saha Araştırmasından Notlar

1980 sonrasi izlenen ekonomik politikalarla birlikte liberallesen ve kuresellesen Turkiye ekonomisinin onemli sosyo-mekansal izdusumlerinden biri de sanayilesmenin ulke ceperine yayilmasi ve “Anadolu Kaplanlari” ya da “yerel sanayilesme odaklari” olarak anilan sanayi kentlerinin ortaya cikmasi olmustur. Bu kentlerin yasadigi ekonomik donusumun anlami ise toplumsal degisim ve kalkinma literaturunde tartismalidir. Yasanan ekonomik donusumun mahiyeti yanisira, surdurulebilirligi ve sosyal ve beseri kalkinma acisindan etkileri baslica tartisma konularidir. Bu calisma 1980 sonrasi hizli bir atilim gerceklestiren, hem ekonomik hem de mekansal anlamda yapisal bir donusum yasayan ve yeni sanayi kentlerinin onemli orneklerinden biri olan Gaziantep’i ele almaktadir. 2008 Aralik ve 2009 Nisan aylarini kapsayan sure icinde temsili bir ornekleme dayali olarak gerceklestirilen bir alan calismasinin verilerinden yola cikarak Gaziantep kent nufusunun demografik ve sosyo-eonomik ozellikleri degerlendirilmektedir. Calismanin verileri kentin en onemli sorunlari arasinda tasradan aldigi yogun goce, egitim duzeyi dusuk buyuk bir genc nufusa, yaygin issizlige ve guvencesiz, kayitdisi istihdama isaret etmektedir
The Political Economy of Greening the National Income Accounts

While the United Nations and many other countries are actively exploring green accounting, official efforts in the United States have come to a virtual halt. In 1994, Congress commissioned a high-level study reviewing the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s (BEA) work on its Integrated System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (ISEEA), but since its publication in 1999 has ignored the results and continued to bar BEA from its efforts. The debate surrounding green accounting in the U.S. should be freed from the partisan struggle in Washington and moved in the hands of the scientific community. Green accounting efforts should seriously focus on including ecological services as well as mere resource depreciation, but in line with the recommendations of Nordhaus and Kokkelenberg (1999), the existing national income and product accounts framework should be used as a point of departure, and the creation of official accounts should employ an incremental approach, giving first priority to areas where the necessary research is available.
Why Some Search Tasks Take Longer Than Others: Using Eye Movements to Redefine Reaction Times

Abstract Instead of simply describing search in terms of the time needed to detect a target, this behavior might also be understood as an interaction between two underlying processes: the number of search movements preceding a judgment (the variable number model) and the time taken to initiate these movements (the variable duration model). We introduce these models to address a specific question: why do some search tasks take longer than others? Search times may take longer in a difficult task due to either an increased number of movements or because of longer durations between search movements. Since a reaction time measure lacks sufficient resolution to answer this question, the oculomotor variables of saccade number and fixation duration were used to estimate how these processes contribute to search behavior. Subject’s eye movements were recorded as they searched for a target among either 4 or 16 distracters in an easy “parallel” task or a harder “serial” task. The results showed more eye movements and longer initial saccade latencies in the serial task relative to the parallel. Display size differences were also observed for both oculomotor variables in the parallel task, but only for initial latency in the serial condition. These findings provide partial support for both variable number and duration interpretations of search. They also suggest that eye movements may be a useful means in which to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of search behavior.
Formal Methods For Quality Of Service Analysis In Component-Based Distributed Computing

Component-Based Software Architecture is a promising solution for realizing distributed computing systems. To develop high quality software for such systems, an analysis of non-functional aspects of the software properties (also called Quality of Service or QoS) is very important. The UniFrame research project defines a Unified Meta-Component Model Framework (UniFrame) that includes a notion of QoS contracts. A classification of Quality of Service parameters, both static and dynamic, relevant to component-based distributed computing is developed and represented formally using Two-Level Grammar (TLG), an object-oriented formal specification language. TLG may be transformed into both a UML model, augmented with OCL constraints, and executable code in the Java programming language. This may be regarded as standardized code for implementation of the distributed application with dynamic measurement of the Quality of Service aspects incorporated. The approach is consistent with OMG's Model Driven Architecture (MDA) in that QoS properties may be specified at the Platform Independent Model (PIM) level and then carried down to the Platform Specific Model (PSM) level in implementation.
Decentralization and Subnational Politics in Latin America

1. Decentralization and the revival of subnational politics 2. A sequential theory of decentralization and the intergovernmental balance of power 3. Argentina: the national dominance path to decentralization 4. Colombia: the subnational dominance path to decentralization in a unitary country 5. Brazil: the subnational dominance path to decentralization in a federal country 6. Mexico: the subnational response path to decentralization 7. Conclusion: decentralization, temporal analysis, and territorial politics Appendix: in-depth interviews.
Challenges for frequency reconfigurable electrically small antennas

While a great deal of attention has been paid to achieving miniaturized antennas that approach the Wheeler\Chu\Thal limits for size and bandwidth performance, few researchers have addressed techniques for making these antennas frequency reconfigurable. Here we outline the unique challenges faced by designers who require extremely large frequency-reconfigurable ranges while maintaining extremely small (both physically and electrically) form factors.
ELECTRON INTERACTIONS. PART I. FIELD THEORY OF A DEGENERATE ELECTRON GAS

Abstract The method of Gell-Mann and Brueckner for treating electron interactions in a degenerate electron gas is generalized using the Feynman-Dyson techniques of field theory. A Feynman propagator is constructed for the effective interaction between electrons which takes into account the polarizability of the medium of unexcited particles in the Fermi sea. The well-known plasmon excitation appears as a singularity in this propagator. The plasmon is seen to be a correlated, resonant oscillation of the electron density field which is damped by transferring its energy to less correlated, multiple excitations. General expressions for the plasmon dispersion relation and for the plasmon level width are derived in terms of the polarizability of the many-body medium. The self-energies of the lowest states of the electron gas are discussed by using the adiabatic theorem. This enables us to derive an exact expression for the ground state energy in terms of the polarizability. A formal calculation of the ground state energy to third order in the inter-electron spacing is carried out. Because of the degeneracy of the excited states of the noninteracting system, the adiabatic transforms of these states are not stationary states of the interacting system. However, as the momenta of the excited particles approach the Fermi momenta these states become asymptotically stationary. For states with only a few excited particles present an independent particle model is valid with the result that only the Feynman propagator for the physical oneparticle state is needed. This propagator, which is corrected for the virtual polarization of the medium by the particle, provides all the information concerning the energies and damping of the single particle states.