cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phases of denitrification following oxygen depletion in soil

The short-term response of soil denitrification to reduced aeration was studied using the acetylene inhibition method for the assay of denitrification. Two distinct phases of denitrification rate were observed. An initial constant rate, termed phase I, was not decreased by chloramphenicol, was increased slightly or not at all by organic carbon amendment, and lasted for 1–3 h. Phase I was attributed to the activity of pre-existing denitrifying enzymes in the soil microflora. Following phase I the denitrification rate increased; chloramphenicol inhibited this increase. In soils without organic-C amendment a second linear phase, termed phase II, was attained after 4–8 h of anaerobic incubation. The linearity of this phase was attributed to the full derepression of denitrifying enzyme synthesis by the indigenous population and to the lack of significant growth of denitrifiers. Phase I rate was dependent on the initial or in situ aeration state of the soil sample; phase II was not. Therefore, phase I may be more directly related to field denitrification rates. Denitrification rate changes following water saturation of soils in aerobic atmospheres were also examined. Rates were greatly increased by wetting but only after a lag of several hours. Our interpretation is that following wetting of natural soils, anaerobic or partially anaerobic conditions are established by respiration and reduced O2 diffusion rate; this first eliminates O2 inhibition then derepresses the synthesis of denitrifying enzymes. Although denitrifying enzymes are apparently present even in relatively dry soils, their activity is low until O2 inhibition is eliminated. From this evidence we reason that most N is lost from soils during brief periods beginning a few hours after irrigation or a rainfall.
Community violence as it affects child development: issues of definition.

The state of the art of definition of community violence as it relates to child development was examined in terms of the definitions used in 23 empirical studies. In all cases community violence was defined in terms of what were assumed to be measurements obtained as linear combinations of a priori numerical weighting of responses to questions—asked either of a child or of the parent of a child—about experiencing and/or witnessing and/or hearing about instances of violence. Thus, the definitions can be seen to represent the perspectives of 2 kinds of observers—the child or the child's parent—and 3 levels of closeness to violence—experiencing, witnessing, or hearing about violence. Combining these perspectives and levels, the following 8 different definitions could be seen to be used in the practice of 1 or more of the 23 empirical studies: Child Self-Report (perception) of either (1) experiencing, or (2) witnessing, or (3) experiencing and witnessing, and hearing about violence; or Parent Report (perception) of the Child (4) experiencing, or (5) witnessing, or (6) experiencing and witnessing and hearing about violence, or (7) = (1) + (4), or (8) = (3) + (6). In almost all the examples of research definitions it was assumed implicitly and without test of the assumption that different violent events were interchangeable, and usually it was assumed (again without test) that the magnitudes of different violence events were equal. Usually, an unstated theory of stress appeared to guide the measurement definition, but in one study definitions were developed and tested in terms of a clearly-stated theory of learning. It was concluded that definition of community violence is a measurement problem; that very likely it is multidimensional; that it could be more nearly solved if better attention were given to specifying it in terms of theory that can be put to test and by attending to basic assumptions and principles of measurement.
Efficiency of male reproduction in channel catfish

Abstract Efficiency of male reproduction in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) was studied by stocking 24 female brooders in each of four 0.1 -ha square ponds. Male brooders were added to the four ponds to give male to female ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. Ten 38-l milk cans were placed in each pond and checked for the presence of eggs two or three times per week during a 33-day spawning period. Results indicated no differences in the number of spawns produced, spawn weight, egg weight, or hatching traits among the four ponds. The number of days required for a spawn to be produced was longer at the higher male to female ratios.
Intraoral, mucinous, minor salivary gland lesions presenting clinically as tumors.

Abstract Two cases of an intraoral minor salivary gland lesion are described. They are, in the authors' experience, unique. The nature and classification of these lesions are not known, but they represent either hyperplasia or adenoma. Long-term follow-up is available for one of these patients, and he remains free of any disease after 10 years.
Stigma and Sexual Compulsivity in a Community-Based Sample of HIV-Positive Gay and Bisexual Men

A better exploration of factors associated with sexual compulsivity (SC) among various subpopulations may help to explain its etiology, development, and course, as well as provide implications for treatment. Criticisms of SC highlight the need to have a better understanding of SC that takes into account both behavioral and psychosocial variables such as stigma, particularly stigma related to sexual orientation and HIV status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of SC with sexual behavior and stigma in a sample of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. A cross-sectional, street-intercept method was adapted to survey a sample of 127 HIV-positive gay and bisexual males at two large-scale LGBT community events in the fall of 2008 and spring of 2009. We found that the number of recent male sexual partners (AOR = 1.05) and internalized HIV stigma (AOR = 8.20) were significantly associated with SC symptomology, while internalized homonegativity and interpersonal HIV stigma were not. These findings contradict many prominent criticisms of SC while highlighting the need to better understand the mechanisms related to the development of SC symptomology and the potential role stigma may have for the psychosexual well-being of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men.
Superdislocation core structure in L12 Ni3Al, Ni3Ge and Fe3Ge: Peierls–Nabarro analysis starting from ab-initio GSF energetics calculations

Superdislocation core structures in L1 2 Ni3Ge, Fe3Ge and Ni3Al were determined on the basis of ab-initio generalized stacking fault (GSF) energetics calculations. Superdislocation dissociation schemes, partials separation and core widths were calculated within the modified Peierls–Nabarro (PN) model with ab-initio GSF parameterization. Calculated superdislocation core structure parameters were found to be in agreement with available experimental data. The superdislocation core with type I (fourfold) dissociation was found to be unstable in Fe 3Ge but stable and energetically preferred in Ni3Ge and Ni3Al. These results allows us to suggest a mechanism for the octahedral glide being inactive in Fe 3Ge which is found to be different in several aspects with those discussed so far in the literature.  2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade Prevents Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy

Background— Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to the development of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. We evaluated the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1) blockade on the development of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results— We serially evaluated left ventricular (LV) and cardiomyocyte function and the RAS over 6 months in 3 groups of instrumented dogs. Eight animals received alcohol (once per day orally, providing 33% of total daily caloric intake); 6 received alcohol and irbesartan (5 mg · kg−1 · d−1 PO); and 8 were controls. Compared with controls, alcohol ingestion caused sustained RAS activation with progressive increases in plasma levels of Ang II, renin activity, LV angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, and LV myocyte Ang II AT1 receptor expression. The RAS activation was followed by a progressive fall in LV contractility (EES, alcohol-fed dogs 3.9±0.8 versus control dogs 8.1±1.0 mm Hg/mL); reductions in the peak velocity of myocyte shortening (78...
Pseudoweb of the gastric antrum in infants

Two infant boys, one 3 months of age and the other 8 weeks of age, with symptoms suggesting gastric outlet obstruction had upper gastrointestinal fluororadiographic examinations which showed typical signs for gastric antral webs (diaphragms or membranes), but neither had actual webs as proven by surgery in one and by endoscopy in the other. The report emphasizes the possibility of falsely positive radiographic findings, which can be tested by potentially corroborative fiberoptic endoscopy, thus avoiding unnecessary surgery.
Non-linear rate dependent deformation under compression due to state variable friction

Observations of strain-rate effects in brittle failure under compression have been interpreted as suggesting that sub-critical crack growth plays an important role in the deformation process. We suggest an alternate interpretation in which strain-rate effects are attributed to rate- and state-dependent friction along parent cracks. Using independently measured friction law parameters we demonstrate that a wing crack model incorporating state variable friction replicates the observed dependence of the stress-strain curve on applied strain rate. Model results are essentially equivalent to those of an earlier model incorporating sub-critical crack growth, suggesting that despite their different conceptual foundations, the validity of either model can not be determined on the basis of the observed strain-rate effects. However, only the rate-dependent friction model reproduces the observed unsteady growth of wing cracks.
Diffusion equation techniques in stochastic monotonicity and positive correlations

A diffusion equation approach is investigated for the study of stochastic monotonicity, positive correlations and the preservation of Lipschitz functions. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for diffusion semigroups to be stochastically monotonic and to preserve the class of positively correlated measures. Applications are given which discuss the shape of the ground state for Schrodinger operators-Δ+V with FKG potentialsV.
Rapid deamidation of recombinant protective antigen when adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel correlates with reduced potency of vaccine.

Deamidation of the recombinant protective antigen (rPA) correlates with decreased effectiveness of the vaccine in protecting against infection by Bacillus anthracis. We present data demonstrating dramatic deamidation of amino acid positions 713 and 719 of rPA adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide gel, an adjuvant, relative to rPA stored in solution without adjuvant. Although deamidation did not impact total levels of rPA-specific antibodies in a mouse model, it did correlate with a decrease in toxin-neutralizing antibodies. On the basis of these data, we hypothesize that interactions of rPA with aluminum hydroxide gel are destabilizing and are the direct cause of reduced vaccine efficacy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:454–461, 2013
Production and control of auditory signals in attention research using the Apple-Psych system

A technical issue in auditory spatial attention research is how best to provide low-cost, accurate control of the frequency, duration, and location of acoustic signals. Three solutions to the problem are compared: use of the internal oscillator of the Apple lIe, use of a Mountain A/D+D/A card, and use of an external oscillator chip. The unique advantages and drawbacks of each system are discussed. All share some common problems of external speaker interface, timing control, and interface with the software. Hardware and software solutions implemented on the Apple-Psych system are discussed, along with data that demonstrate the precision control achieved with the system.
Caspar David Friedrich's Der Watzmann: German Romantic Landscape Painting and Historical Geology

In size and theme, Friedrich's alpine paintings are unique within his oeuvre. This study proposes that they are intended as pendants illustrating the tenets of the then recently developed science of “geognosy.” These were known to Friedrich through the writings of his friends Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert and Carl Gustav Carus. Seen against the background of “geognosy,” Friedrich's renderings of the earth's crust are recognizable as a hymn to the universal laws of mountain formation. Friedrich's Watzmann is compared with Ludwig Richter's painting of the same theme and with Joseph Anton Koch's Schmadribachfall. All three refer to the prevailing theory of the origin and purpose of mountains.
Analysis of volatile combustion products and a study of their toxicological effects.

An experimental program was conducted to study the thermochemical, flammability and toxicological characteristics of uncoated and coated polyisocyanurate foams. The coatings used were fluorinated copolymer and an intumescent material. Combustion and pyrolysis gases were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The LD-50 and LD-100 tests were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats housed in an environmental chamber. The isocyanurate foam, fluorinated-copolymer-coated foam, and the intumescent-coated foam were found to have excellent flammability and insulation characteristics, although smoke development was substantial.
Driving behaviors among community-dwelling persons with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Schultheis MT, Weisser V, Manning K, Blasco A, Ang J. Driving behaviors among community-dwelling persons with multiple sclerosis. Objective The current study examined driver behaviors and patterns among drivers with multiple sclerosis (MS) as a function of disease severity and in comparison to drivers without MS. Design Between-group comparisons of participants with and without MS and cohorts of MS groups at varying levels of severity. Setting All data were collected in an outpatient research setting. Participants Community-dwelling persons (n=66) with clinically definite MS who were active drivers and healthy controls (n=30) were included. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Driving characteristics' measures included (1) driving frequency defined in days and miles driven per week, (2) self-reports of voluntarily limited driving behaviors, (3) changes in driving since MS diagnosis, and (4) self-rating as a driver. Driving performance was also assessed by using pass/borderline performance on a clinical behind-the-wheel evaluation. Results Mann-Whitney U tests showed a significant difference in driving frequency ( P =.021) with MS participants reporting they drove fewer days per week than healthy control group. This was also seen between cohorts of MS drivers ( P =.014), with high Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) participants driving less frequently than the low EDSS group. Descriptive observations suggested that participants with moderate EDSS scores drove less and engaged in more self-limiting behaviors. Chi-square tests showed that participants with high EDSS scores were more likely to report changing their driving behavior after diagnosis ( P =.01) and were more likely to not pass the behind-the-wheel evaluation ( P Conclusions The current findings suggest that as disease severity progresses, differences in frequency of driving (days per week) and the use of self-limiting driving behaviors may vary. Furthermore, the findings also raise questions regarding the overall sensitivity of the most commonly used clinical driving assessment method (the behind-the-wheel evaluation) to accurately capture driving capacity in the milder stages of the disease process. The results indicate the need to consider issues related to driving as MS severity progresses, and, given the progressive nature of MS and the concerns of the validity of the most common clinical driving assessment measures (the behind-the-wheel evaluation), repeated assessment of driving ability may be the most effective approach for identifying driving difficulties among persons with MS.
Comparative fault tolerance of parallel distributed processing networks

We propose a method for evaluating and comparing the fault tolerance of a wide variety of parallel distributed processing networks (more commonly referred to as artificial neural networks). Despite the fact that these computing networks are biologically inspired and share many features of biological neural networks, they are not inherently tolerant of the loss of processing elements. We examine two classes of networks, multilayer perceptrons and Gaussian radial basis function networks, and show that there is a marked difference in their operational fault tolerance. Furthermore, we show that fault tolerance is influenced by the training algorithm used and even the initial state of the network. Using an idea due to Sequin and Clay (1990), we show that training with intermittent, randomly selected faults can dramatically enhance the fault tolerance of radial basis function networks, while it yields only marginal improvement when used with multilayer perceptrons. >
Optically tunable silicon RF antenna

We present experimental and theoretical studies of millimeter-wave band dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) made from silicon. The use of silicon provides the great feature of bandwidth tunability through optical modulation of the carrier density.
A neural-network approach to fault detection and diagnosis in industrial processes

Using a multilayered feedforward neural-network approach, the detection and diagnosis of faults in industrial processes that requires observing multiple data simultaneously are studied in this paper. The main feature of our approach is that the detection of the faults occurs during transient periods of operation of the process. A two-stage neural network is proposed as the basic structure of the detection system. The first stage of the network detects the dynamic trend of each measurement, and the second stage of the network detects and diagnoses the faults. The potential of this approach is demonstrated in simulation using a model of a continuously well-stirred tank reactor. The neural-network-based method successfully detects and diagnoses pretrained faults during transient periods and can also generalize properly. Finally, a comparison with a model-based method is presented.
Verifying client-side input validation functions using string analysis

Client-side computation in web applications is becoming increasingly common due to the popularity of powerful client-side programming languages such as JavaScript. Client-side computation is commonly used to improve an application's responsiveness by validating user inputs before they are sent to the server. In this paper, we present an analysis technique for checking if a client-side input validation function conforms to a given policy. In our approach, input validation policies are expressed using two regular expressions, one specifying the maximum policy (the upper bound for the set of inputs that should be allowed) and the other specifying the minimum policy (the lower bound for the set of inputs that should be allowed). Using our analysis we can identify two types of errors 1) the input validation function accepts an input that is not permitted by the maximum policy, or 2) the input validation function rejects an input that is permitted by the minimum policy. We implemented our analysis using dynamic slicing to automatically extract the input validation functions from web applications and using automata-based string analysis to analyze the extracted functions. Our experiments demonstrate that our approach is effective in finding errors in input validation functions that we collected from real-world applications and from tutorials and books for teaching JavaScript.
Structure-based function discovery of an enzyme for the hydrolysis of phosphorylated sugar lactones.

Two enzymes of unknown function from the cog1735 subset of the amidohydrolase superfamily (AHS), LMOf2365_2620 (Lmo2620) from Listeria monocytogenes str. 4b F2365 and Bh0225 from Bacillus halodurans C-125, were cloned, expressed, and purified to homogeneity. The catalytic functions of these two enzymes were interrogated by an integrated strategy encompassing bioinformatics, computational docking to three-dimensional crystal structures, and library screening. The three-dimensional structure of Lmo2620 was determined at a resolution of 1.6 A with two phosphates and a binuclear zinc center in the active site. The proximal phosphate bridges the binuclear metal center and is 7.1 A from the distal phosphate. The distal phosphate hydrogen bonds with Lys-242, Lys-244, Arg-275, and Tyr-278. Enzymes within cog1735 of the AHS have previously been shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of substituted lactones. Computational docking of the high-energy intermediate form of the KEGG database to the three-dimensional structure...
Gender and the Development of Forensic Science: A Case Study

The trial of Spencer Cowper for the murder of Sarah Stout took place at the Hertford assizes, July 1699. The trial, and its attending public discussion and debate, revolved around questions about Cowper and Stout's relationship; questions about forensic evidence said to indicate the differences between suicide and murder, and modes of drowning; and questions about scientific and legal testimony concerning the physical and mental capacity of the victim. Forensic science, most notably in the practices of exhumation and autopsy, was an important part of both prosecution and defence.This article analyzes the case - from coroner's examination, through jury verdict, to attempted rehearing - within the contexts of developments in forensic practice, and the rise of the adversarial trial in England. It offers particular insight into the ways in which early modern ideas about women and gender influenced the evolution of English forensic science. Contemporaries’ attitudes towards female bodies, standards of female and male honour, concepts of female and male rationality and emotion, and ideas about the proper arenas of female and male expertise all contributed to the development of medico-legal practice. Finally, in paying equal attention to both the Stout prosecution and the Cowper defence, this article reconsiders the narrative of lovesickness and suicide that remains the accepted justification for Cowper's acquittal. While most contemporary historians accept Cowper's claim that he was the victim of a malicious prosecution, this article revisits the verdict and also highlights the questionable actions taken by William Cowper (later Lord Chancellor Cowper) in mounting his brother's defense.
Hypersonic Three-Dimensional Viscous Shock-Layer Flows over Blunt Bodies

The viscous shock-layer equations have been extended to treat blunt three-dimensional bodies at angle of attack. Numerical solutions have been obtained on sphere-cones at angles of attack up to 38 deg. Comparisons are made with available experimental data, inviscid solutions, and solutions of the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations. The experimental data consisted of heat-transfer distributions, pressure distributions, and drag coefficients in a Mach number range from 10-18, Reynolds numbers of the order 1.3 x 10 4/ft, and a from 0-40 deg. Two cases were compared with the parabolized Navier-Stokes solutions at Mach numbers of 22.77 and 25.81 and altitudes of 180 and 240 kft at angles of attack of 23 and 38 deg, respectively. In general, the shocklayer predictions were in good agreement with the available experimental and numerical data, but the parabolic treatment of the crossflow viscous shock-layer equations prevented solutions on the leeward side of long bodies at large angles of attack. cp C'
Inhibitors of Nucleotidyltransferase Superfamily Enzymes Suppress Herpes Simplex Virus Replication

Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that cause serious human diseases. Herpesvirus DNA replication depends on multiple processes typically catalyzed by nucleotidyltransferase superfamily (NTS) enzymes. Therefore, we investigated whether inhibitors of NTS enzymes would suppress replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2. Eight of 42 NTS inhibitors suppressed HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 replication by >10-fold at 5 μM, with suppression at 50 μM reaching ∼1 million-fold. Five compounds in two chemical families inhibited HSV replication in Vero and human foreskin fibroblast cells as well as the approved drug acyclovir did. The compounds had 50% effective concentration values as low as 0.22 μM with negligible cytotoxicity in the assays employed. The inhibitors suppressed accumulation of viral genomes and infectious particles and blocked events in the viral replication cycle before and during viral DNA replication. Acyclovir-resistant mutants of HSV-1 and HSV-2 remained highly sensitive to the NTS inhibitors. Five of six NTS inhibitors of the HSVs also blocked replication of another herpesvirus pathogen, human cytomegalovirus. Therefore, NTS enzyme inhibitors are promising candidates for new herpesvirus treatments that may have broad efficacy against members of the herpesvirus family.
Deferred Feedback Sharply Dissociates Implicit and Explicit Category Learning

The controversy over multiple category-learning systems is reminiscent of the controversy over multiple memory systems. Researchers continue to seek paradigms to sharply dissociate explicit category-learning processes (featuring category rules that can be verbalized) from implicit category-learning processes (featuring learned stimulus-response associations that lie outside declarative cognition). We contribute a new dissociative paradigm, adapting the technique of deferred-rearranged reinforcement from comparative psychology. Participants learned matched category tasks that had either a one-dimensional, rule-based solution or a multidimensional, information-integration solution. They received feedback either immediately or after each block of trials, with the feedback organized such that positive outcomes were grouped and negative outcomes were grouped (deferred-rearranged reinforcement). Deferred reinforcement qualitatively eliminated implicit, information-integration category learning. It left intact explicit, rule-based category learning. Moreover, implicit-category learners facing deferred-rearranged reinforcement turned by default and information-processing necessity to rule-based strategies that poorly suited their nominal category task. The results represent one of the strongest explicit-implicit dissociations yet seen in the categorization literature.
Average Error Performance of M-ary Modulation Schemes in Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channels

Presented are exact-form expressions for the average error performance of various coherent, differentially coherent, and noncoherent modulation schemes in Nakagami-q (Hoyt) fading channels. The expressions are given in terms of the Lauricella hypergeometric function, FD (n); for nges1, which can be evaluated numerically using its integral or converging series representation. It is shown that the derived expressions reduce to some existing results for Rayleigh fading as special cases
A Smooth Bootstrap Procedure towards Deriving Confidence Intervals for the Relative Risk

Given a pair of sample estimators of two independent proportions, bootstrap methods are a common strategy towards deriving the associated confidence interval for the relative risk. We develop a new smooth bootstrap procedure, which generates pseudo-samples from a continuous quantile function. Under a variety of settings, our simulation studies show that our method possesses a better or equal performance in comparison with asymptotic theory based and existing bootstrap methods, particularly for heavily unbalanced data in terms of coverage probability and power. We illustrate our procedure as applied to several published data sets.
The desirability of views of city skylines after dark

Three studies used digital color photographs to compare responses to natural scenes, skylines after dark, and skylines during the day (seven of each). Study 1 had 59 respondents rate the pleasantness of each scene. They gave similar ratings to Night Skylines and Natural Scenes, and rated each as more pleasant than the Day Skylines. Study 2 had 56 other participants choose from each of seven sets of each kind of scene the one they would most like to have as a framed print in their home or office, and to report the reasons. Participants chose Night Skylines most often, followed by Natural Scenes and then Day Skylines. While participants most often picked attractive as a reason for their choice, those who chose Night Skylines also picked exciting as the reason, and those who picked Natural Scenes also picked relaxing or peaceful as a reason. Study 3 obtained ratings of selected formal features of each scene. The 23 judges rated the Natural scenes as more natural, orderly, open, and curvilinear, less complex, and as having smoother transitions than either Day or Night Skylines; and they judged the Night Skylines as higher in complexity but lower in order than Day Skylines. The results suggest that preferences in relation to the scene categories may well depend on a mix of their formal characteristics and their content.
Tuning phenols with Intra-Molecular bond Shifted HYdrogens (IM-SHY) as diaCEST MRI contrast agents.

The optimal exchange properties for chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents on 3 T clinical scanners were characterized using continuous wave saturation transfer, and it was demonstrated that the exchangeable protons in phenols can be tuned to reach these criteria through proper ring substitution. Systematic modification allows the chemical shift of the exchangeable protons to be positioned between 4.8 to 12 ppm from water and enables adjustment of the proton exchange rate to maximize CEST contrast at these shifts. In particular, 44 hydrogen-bonded phenols are investigated for their potential as CEST MRI contrast agents and the stereoelectronic effects on their CEST properties are summarized. Furthermore, a pair of compounds, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid and 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, were identified which produce the highest sensitivity through incorporating two exchangeable protons per ring.
The electrical century. I. Introduction and overview

A little bit of close inspection reveals that not only the beginning and end of our century but every decade in between has been underpinned by electrical, electronic, or computing technologies of monumental importance. No one would deny that even the technologies we associate most closely with our nuclear and space ages are themselves dependent on electronics and computing. In all, this truly has been the century of electrical and computing engineering. To celebrate the accomplishments of the Electrical Century, the IEEE History Center have launched a series of articles looking back at 100 years of electrical history and pointing the way to the future.
Ku-band power amplifier using pseudomorphic HEMT devices for improved efficiency

A two-stage Ku-band power amplifier demonstrating state-of-the-art power gain and efficiency has been developed using 0.25 mu m gate-length, 1600 mu m gate-width double-heterojunction pseudomorphic HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) devices. At 12 GHz, output powers of 2.2 and 2.7 watts have been achieved, with power-added efficiencies of 39% and 36% respectively. An associated gain of 14 dB has been demonstrated. >
Ecology and ecological genetics of seed dormancy in downy brome

Abstract Downy brome, an obligately selfing winter annual, has invaded a variety of habitats in western North America. Seeds are at least conditionally dormant at dispersal in early summer and lose dormancy through dry after-ripening. In the field, patterns of germination response at dispersal vary among populations and across years within populations. Degree of dormancy at summer temperatures in recently harvested seeds, as well as rate of dormancy loss during dry storage, can be related to the risk of premature summer germination in different habitats. Patterns of dormancy loss are predictable and can be modeled using hydrothermal time concepts. To assess the relative contribution of genotype and maturation environment, multiple parental lines from contrasting populations were grown for three generations under manipulated greenhouse conditions. Significant germination response differences among populations were observed, as well as major differences among full-sib families. Among-population variation ac...
Gene expression profiling of asthma phenotypes demonstrates molecular signatures of atopy and asthma control.

Background Recent studies have used cluster analysis to identify phenotypic clusters of asthma with differences in clinical traits, as well as differences in response to therapy with anti-inflammatory medications. However, the correspondence between different phenotypic clusters and differences in the underlying molecular mechanisms of asthma pathogenesis remains unclear. Objective We sought to determine whether clinical differences among children with asthma in different phenotypic clusters corresponded to differences in levels of gene expression. Methods We explored differences in gene expression profiles of CD4 + lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of 299 young adult participants in the Childhood Asthma Management Program study. We obtained gene expression profiles from study subjects between 9 and 14 years of age after they participated in a randomized, controlled longitudinal study examining the effects of inhaled anti-inflammatory medications over a 48-month study period, and we evaluated the correspondence between our earlier phenotypic cluster analysis and subsequent follow-up clinical and molecular profiles. Results We found that differences in clinical characteristics observed between subjects assigned to different phenotypic clusters persisted into young adulthood and that these clinical differences were associated with differences in gene expression patterns between subjects in different clusters. We identified a subset of genes associated with atopic status, validated the presence of an atopic signature among these genes in an independent cohort of asthmatic subjects, and identified the presence of common transcription factor binding sites corresponding to glucocorticoid receptor binding. Conclusion These findings suggest that phenotypic clusters are associated with differences in the underlying pathobiology of asthma. Further experiments are necessary to confirm these findings.
One small community hospital library's successful outsourcing of document delivery: an ongoing study.

ABSTRACT When DOCLINE was implemented in 1985, community hospital librarians were beginning to feel the economic pressures of the changing health care arena. However, staff and resources were often sufficient or plentiful. Now, fifteen years after the creation of DOC-LINE, many existing small hospitals either no longer have a librarian, an assistant is managing the library, the librarian is managing one or more libraries of an integrated system, or the number of librarians has been reduced. A system that is heavily staff dependent is no longer feasible. In addition, as the role of the community hospital librarian evolves into one of instructor and patient education liaison, a system that does not permit the librarian to expand such services will be detrimental to the entire library program. Following is a discussion of one small community hospital's decision to outsource document delivery services as a result of staffing changes and the expansion of additional library programs.
Atom-Cage Charge Transfer in Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Trapping Atoms Within a Sphere-Like Ridge of Avoided Crossings

Endohedral fullerences have great potential for a variety of techological applications. Here we consider B@C60 and show that the amount of charge transfer from the semimetal boron atom to the cage is a strong function of the radial distance of the atom from the center of the fullerene, and it is controlled by multistate conical intersections whose associated ridge of avoided crossings has the topology of a Euclidean sphere. The potential energy surfaces of B@C60 are characterized by two kinds of local minima: those with a boron atom located in the geometric center of the fullerene, and those with a boron atom bound to the fullerene inner wall. At the lowest-energy minimum, at the center, the boron atom is neutral, whereas the transition to the wall is accompanied by an electron transfer from boron to the fullerene cage. The two kinds of minima are separated by a ridge of avoided crossings that forms a surface with a nearly spherical shape. The properties of such systems may be altered by controlling the populations of the two kinds of minima, for example, by application of an external field. Such switchable atom-cage charge transfer may find applications in novel molecular devices.
Mobilization, participation, and American democracy: A retrospective and postscript

Rosenstone and Hansen’s (1993) treatise on the mobilizing effects of campaign activity and social interactions marks a turning point in scholarship on political participation. This essay looks back...
Calcium in the Intestinal Contents of Rats on Different Calcium Diets

SummaryFree and bound calcium were determined on intestinal contents of rats maintained on minimal and tolerable calcium diets. The concentration of free calcium was less than the serum value for all intestinal segments and for rats on both diets. The amount of bound calcium was greater when calcium was added to the diet and was greatest in the ileal segment for rats on either diet. The results indicate that the complete absorption of calcium from the duodenum may be followed by a small secretion of calcium back into the lumen of the ileum.
How Often Does Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Avoid Axillary Dissection in Patients With Histologically Confirmed Nodal Metastases? Results of a Prospective Study

Background In breast cancer patients with nodal metastases at presentation, false-negative rates lower than 10 % have been demonstrated for sentinel node biopsy (SLNB) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) when three or more negative sentinel nodes (SLNs) are retrieved. However, the frequency with which axillary dissection (ALND) can be avoided is uncertain.
Dual NRF2 paralogs in Coho salmon and their antioxidant response element targets

The transcription factor NFE2L2 (Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2-Like 2, or NRF2) plays a key role in maintaining the redox state within cells. Characterization of this pathway has extended to fish, most notably zebrafish (Danio rerio), in which two paralogs of the transcription factor exist: Nrf2a, an activator, and Nrf2b, a negative regulator during embryogenesis. Only one ARE target has been thoroughly delineated in zebrafish, and this deviated from the canonical sequence derived from studies in mammals. In general, the mechanistic pathway has not been characterized in non-model aquatic organisms that are commonly exposed to environmental pollutants. The current study compares the zebrafish paralogs to those found in a non-model teleost, the ecologically important salmonid, Oncorhnychus kisutch (coho salmon). Two salmon paralogs, Nrf2A and -2B, described here were found to possess only slightly greater identity between one another (84% of amino acids) than to the singleton ortholog of the esocid Esox lucius (80-82%), the nearest non-salmonid outgroup. Unlike one of the zebrafish forms, each is a strong activating factor based on sequence homology and in vitro testing. To uncover functional target AREs in coho, promoter flanking sequences were isolated for five genes that protect cells against oxidative stress: heme oxygenase 1, peroxiredoxin 1, glutamate-cysteine ligase, and the glutathione S-transferases pi and rho (hmox1, prdx1, gclc, gstp, and gstr). All except gstr had functional elements and all fit the standard mammalian-derived canonical sequence, unlike the motif found in zebrafish gstp. Expression studies demonstrate the presence of both Nrf2 paralogs in multiple organs, although in differing ratios. Collectively, our findings extend the conservation of Nrf2 and the ARE to salmonids, and should help inform future work in teleosts on mechanisms of redox control, as well as responsiveness of this pathway and its downstream antioxidant gene targets to chemical exposures in the environment.
Chemotherapy as an adjunct to spraying in malaria control in southern Rhodesia.

Two similar areas, Fungwe and Chimanda, in Southern Rhodesia, were each sprayed with BHC annually for seven years. After five years parasite rates remained in the region of 20 percent and mass chemotherapy was undertaken in one of the areas. As many people as possible were treated on each of three occasions in the Fungwe area, using a dose of 600 mg. chloroquin base and 50 mg. pyrimethamine. Treatment was at the beginning of the transmission season in 1959 in the middle of the next non-transmission season and at the end of the second transmission season. Parasite rates in the area fell rapidly after these experimental treatments from 23.5 percent to 2.58 percent during the period of the experiment (18 months). In the control area the parasite rate remained at approximately 20 percent. Detailed figures are given of the parasite rates at the different seasons in both areas. It is considered that malaria control projects in rural Africa do not sufficiently take into account people who, for one reason- or another avoid treatment or having slides taken and who form foci of infection of unknown importance.
Fundamentals of Condensed Matter and Crystalline Physics: Bonds and cohesion

Introduction What makes condensed matter “condensed”? The answer is stickiness (i.e. an attractive interaction) that exists between the particles that make up a liquid or solid. In the last two chapters we have looked at two extremes of particle arrangements in matter: ordered (crystalline) and disordered (amorphous). In this chapter, we now examine the nature of the forces that form between particles and which promote the formation of a condensed phase of matter. We begin by reviewing the five major bonds (van der Waals, covalent, ionic, metallic and hydrogen bonds) and conclude by considering the overall cohesive energy in a crystal. As thermodynamics generally favors the system with lowest energy, this cohesive energy is part of what determines why a particular crystal structure is adopted in Nature, rather than another structure. Survey of bond types In order for matter to condense, there must be an attractive force between the particles to promote their mutual gathering together. Of the four fundamental forces in Nature, the two nuclear forces (strong and weak) play no role in the condensation process and the gravitational force is far too weak to drive the process at ordinary terrestrial temperatures and pressures. Instead, the fundamental force that binds particles together in condensed matter arises from electrostatic interactions.
Structural Inequality and Postmortem Examination at the Erie County Poorhouse

In the nineteenth century, two processes merged that resulted in the structural inequality of the poor and institutionalized: the reformation of social welfare and the passing of anatomy acts. In the increasingly industrialized United States, escalating unemployment rates and poverty fostered the widespread establishment of poorhouses. While developed as a means of helping the poor, poorhouses were also used as a means of social control and reinforced social and health inequalities. At the same time, in an effort to secure a steady supply of anatomical specimens to a rapidly expanding medical education system, and to alleviate the public anxiety associated with grave robbing, anatomy laws were passed that granted medical schools the right to dissect unclaimed bodies. In 2012, the skeletal remains of 20 individuals, recovered from the Erie County Poorhouse cemetery, exhibited evidence of either dissection or autopsy. The focus of this chapter is the inequality inherent in the formulation and realization of anatomy legislation that made it legal to dissect unclaimed bodies of poorhouse inmates. It is argued that these processes reflect the institutionalization of inequality and manifestations of structural violence.
Congenital Melanocytic Nevi and the Risk of Malignant Melanoma: Establishing a Guideline for Primary-Care Physicians

Objective: The objective of this review is to determine what size congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) increases the risk of malignant melanoma in affected patients. Background: Congenital melanocytic nevi are benign proliferations of cutaneous melanocytes apparent at birth or in the first postnatal weeks. The Kopf system classifies nevi based on size: small, <1.5 cm in diameter; medium, 1.5–19.9 cm in diameter, and large, ≥20 cm in diameter. Great variability exists in quantifying the risk of malignant transformation from congenital nevi of different sizes. Evidence-based standard guidelines for clinical investigation need to be established. Methods: Literature search included studies on medium, large, and giant congenital nevi in association with melanoma. Results: Three studies pertaining to small, medium, and large congenital nevi are defined. The odds ratio of malignant trans formation from small CMN was determined to be 20.9 by history and 10.5 by histology in 238 patients in the case-control study selected. No malignant transformation was found in a prospective study of 230 individuals with medium-sized melanocytic nevi. Finally, a 5% risk of malignant transformation was reported in a prospective study of patients with large congenital nevi. Conclusion: All patients should receive total body skin and mucosal surface exams. Patients with small CMN (<1.5 cm in diameter) and medium CMN (≥1.5 cm–19.9 cm in diameter) should be closely observed over their lifetimes and given the option of specialist referral. Finally, patients with large CMN (≥20 cm in diameter) should be referred to specialists upon initial presentation. More original data and follow-up are needed for maturation of evidence-based clinical recommendations.