cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Changes Induced by Immune Serum on Eimeria tenella Sporozoites and Merozoites

. The surface of merozoites and sporozoites of Eimeria tenella was affected by incubation with E. tenella-immune chicken serum (ICS). Normal chicken serum (NCS) and heat-inactivated ICS had no effect on the pellicular surface of either developmental stage. Sporozoites formed surface bulges or swellings after 10 min of incubation with ICS, and by 15 min postincubation, the morphology of the sporozoites was distorted by a surface coating of fibrinous material. Merozoites exposed to ICS were similarly coated, but surface swelling was not as severe. The coating formed rapidly and was seen as early as 5 min postincubation. Sporozoites incubated with heat-inactivated ICS supplemented with normal chicken serum were coated with a fibrinous material and in some cases lysed. These data indicated that complement must be present for the surface interaction to occur.
The silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors can interact with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor but fails to repress Ah receptor-dependent gene expression

Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related chemicals causes a variety of tissue- and species-specific biological and toxicological effects, most of which are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR complex is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that binds to its specific DNA recognition site as a dimer with the AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and activates gene transcription. Here, we have examined the ability of a nuclear corepressor, the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT), to interact with and modulate AhR-dependent gene expression. Using glutathione S-transferase (GST) "pull-down" binding assays, we have mapped a major interaction between these factors to the silencing domain of SMRT and the PAS B ligand binding domain of AhR, and this interaction is unaffected by the addition of an AhR ligand. Association of SMRT with the AhR:ARNT:DNA complex was not detected by GST pull-down or gel retardation assays. Transient cotransfections of mammalian cells (Hepa1c1c7, MCF-7, and BG-1) with SMRT and a TCDD-inducible luciferase reporter containing the dioxin-responsive domain from the mouse CYP1A1 regulatory region revealed that SMRT does not repress, but enhances, AhR signaling. However, when a reporter containing a human CYP1A1 upstream region was cotransfected with SMRT into human MCF-7 cells, AhR-driven reporter activity was decreased by half, suggesting that SMRT acts on the human CYP1A1 promoter via a factor other than the AhR in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the interaction between SMRT and the AhR may have implications in pathways other than the AhR signaling pathway.
A new approach to the generation of metal-bearing, medium-pore, shape-selective zeolites for fischer-tropsch catalysis: spectroscopic studies of zeolites

Abstract We have combined two recent developments in zeolite synthesis and modification to demonstrate a new approach to the generation of metalbearing, medium-pore, shape-selective zeolites for use as catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch conversions. The sequence of steps is: (1) synthesis of an alumino-ferrisilicate zeolite having the ZSM-5-type structure; (2) removal of the organic base template incorporated in the channel system during synthesis; (3) formation of a polycyano inclusion compound in the AFS zeolite; and (4) reduction of the inclusion compound by hydrogen at ~ 400 °C. PAS and EPR spectroscopy have been used to establish that the as-synthesized AFS zeolite contains Fe 3+ ions in both framework and non-framework sites. Estimates of the orthorhombic crystal field interaction parameters for the two kinds of Fe 3+ are obtained from the EPR spectra. The non-framework Fe 3+ ions react with complex polycyano anions in solution to precipitate the inclusion compounds in the zeolite. PAS has been used to monitor the reaction chemistry and establish the formation of the following inclusion compounds in the AFS zeolite: (1) KFe III [Ru II (CN) 6 ]; (2) KFe III [Co II (CN) 6 ]; and (3) Fe III [Fe II (CN) 5 (NO)]. The latter two compounds are the products of slow, secondary one-electron reductions of the starting anionic complex. It is shown that these inclusion compounds must occur in grain boundaries of the AFS zeolite microcrystallites, rather than in the intracrystalline channel structure. FMR spectroscopy has been used to confirm the formation of the metallic (Fe) and bimetallic (Fe/Ru and Fe/Co) particles as products of the reduction of the inclusion compounds by hydrogen. The application of some other spectroscopic techniques in recent studies of cations, complexes, and metal particles in zeolites is reviewed in a brief appendix. The examples cited illustrate the use of high-resolution solid-state NMR, nuclear spin relaxation studies, FMR, EXAFS, and XANES.
Heteromeric connexons formed by the lens connexins, connexin43 and connexin56

Summary In the eye lens, three connexins have been detected in epithelial cells and bow region/differentiating fiber cells, suggesting the possible formation of heteromeric gap junction channels. To study possible interactions between Cx56 and Cx43, we stably transfected a normal rat kidney cell line (NRK) that expresses Cx43 with Cx56 (NRK-Cx56). Similar to the lens, several bands of Cx56 corresponding to phosphorylated forms were detected by immunoblotting in NRK-Cx56 cells. Immunofluorescence studies showed co-localization of Cx56 with Cx43 in the perinuclear region and at appositional membranes. Connexin hexamers in NRK-Cx56 cells contained both Cx43 and Cx56 as demonstrated by sedimentation through sucrose gradients. Immunoprecipitation of Cx56 from sucrose gradient fractions resulted in co-precipitation of Cx43 from NRK-Cx56 cells suggesting the presence of relatively stable interactions between the two connexins. Double whole-cell patch-clamp experiments showed that the voltage-dependence of G min in NRK-Cx56 cells differed from that in NRK cells. Moreover, stable interactions between Cx43 and Cx56 were also demonstrated in the embryonic chicken lens by co-precipitation of Cx43 in Cx56 immunoprecipitates. These data suggest that Cx43 and Cx56 form heteromeric connexons in NRK-Cx56 cells as well as in the lens in vivo leading to differences in channel properties which might contribute to the variations in gap junctional intercellular communication observed in different regions of the lens.
Changes in the somatosensory cortical evoked potential produced by hypovolemic shock.

SummaryCortical and cuneate evoked responses and the EEG were studied during the various stages of hypovolemic shock. In 16 out of 18 animals, a decrease in amplitude of the cortical evoked response preceded or was concomitant with the period of spontaneous uptake of blood. Changes in amplitude and frequency of the EEG paralleled the changes noted in the cortical response but were much more variable. There was no correlation between changes in systemic blood gas levels or pH and the disappearance of the electrical responses. The fall in evoked cortical potential appears to provide a good indication of impending failure to maintain systemic arterial pressure.
Foresight and anticipatory governance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to lay a theoretical basis for discussion of the ways by which organized foresight can be employed in the service of pro‐poor objectives. This is in line with the fundamental mandate of the Rockefeller Foundation, dating from its establishment.Design/methodology/approach – The objective was to capture concepts that the author has been developing and teaching under the heading of “Forward engagement”. Forward engagement is a particular approach to anticipatory governance, drawing upon complexity theory for assessment of issues requiring government policy; network theory for proposed reforms to legacy systems of governance to enable them to manage complexity under conditions of accelerating change; and cybernetic theory to propose feedback systems to allow ongoing measurement of the performance of policies against expectations. For more detail, visit www.forwardengagement.org.Findings – The paper sketches out some core elements of a system for anticipatory governance.O...
Characterization of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype in long-term culture

Studies of bovine carotid artery smooth muscle cells, during long-term in vitro subcultivation (up to 100 population doublings), have revealed phenotypic heterogeneity among cells, as characterized by differences in proliferative behavior, cell morphology, and contractile-cytoskeletal protein profiles. In vivo, smooth muscle cells were spindle-shaped and expressed desmin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (50% of total actin) as their predominant cytoskeletal and contractile proteins. Within 24 h of culture, vimentin rather than desmin was the predominant intermediate filament protein, with little change in alpha-actin content. Upon initial subcultivation, all cells were flattened and fibroblastic in appearance with a concomitant fivefold reduction in alpha-actin content, whereas the beta and gamma nonmuscle actins predominated. In three out of four cell lines studied, fluctuations in proliferative activity were observed during the life span of the culture. These spontaneous fluctuations in proliferation were accompanied by coordinated changes in morphology and contractile-cytoskeletal protein profiles. During periods of enhanced proliferation a significant proportion of cells reverted to their original spindle-shaped morphology with a simultaneous increase in alpha-actin content (20 to 30% of total actin). These results suggest that in long-term culture smooth muscle cells undergo spontaneous modulations in cell phenotype and may serve as a useful model for studying the regulation of intracellular protein expression.
Magnetic Barkhausen emissions in as-quenched FeSiB amorphous alloy

The dependence of magnetic Barkhausen emissions on magnetic field, frequency and applied tensile stress in positive magnetostrictive amorphous Fe82Si8B10 ribbon has been studied. The Barkhausen voltages (rms and peak-to-peak) and the number of events increased with increasing field amplitude and reached a constant saturation value at higher field amplitudes. This saturation voltage was a linearly increasing function of applied tensile stress over the range of stress studied. The Barkhausen voltage and number of events were also dependent on the frequency of the applied magnetic field. In these cases the number of Barkhausen events decreased with frequency, but the rms Barkhausen voltage increased linearly with frequency. A model theory has been developed assuming Barkhausen emissions originated from stochastic motion of domain walls, and it is shown that the instantaneous Barkhausen voltage is proportional to the number of Barkhausen events, the average size of the discontinuous change of magnetization, the rate of change of applied magnetic field and the irreversible differential susceptibility. The effect of stress on the Barkhausen parameters is explained assuming as-quenched amorphous alloy consists broadly of transverse and longitudinal domain orientations. An expression for the irreversible susceptibility, which is a function of stress, is presented.
NON-ABELIAN FLUX, LATTICE HOPPING, SPIN SYSTEMS, AND THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT

It has been suggested that chiral spin state may serve as a starting point for a theory of superconductivity. Here we propose non-Abelian generalizations of the flux and chiral spin states in both two and three dimensions. In three dimensions, T violation may be manifest through the appearance of an electric dipole moment. We may naturally speculate that the T violation observed in particle physics may ultimately be connected to the opening and widening of mass gaps. In two dimensions, the effective long distance theory may include a non-Abelian Chern-Simons term.
In-situ ultrasonic inspection of submarine shaft seal housing for corrosion damage

The interior of the housings of primary and backup shaft seals of 637 class submarines are exposed to sea water during service and become corroded during service. Corrosion damage evaluation requires disassembly of the housing and visual inspection. In this paper, we present quantitative results of in situ nondestructive ultrasonic technique developed for the inspection of the seal housings. Due to vast variations in velocity in the seal material, the velocity was determined at suitable sites not subjected to corrosion and of known thickness from the blueprints. Using this normalized velocity and measured time-of-flight, we determined the thickness of the seal housing at various locations on the circumference. Subsequent mechanical thickness measurements, made when the housings were removed from service, agreed within the predicted uncertainty of 1.5% of ultrasonic measurements. This technique for the assessment of corrosion damage saves time and money, by preventing premature disassembly and downtime for the submarine.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Endoscopic Repair of Gluteus Medius Tendon Tears of the Hip

BackgroundTears of the gluteus medius tendon at the greater trochanter have been termed “rotator cuff tears of the hip.” Previous reports have described the open repair of these lesions.HypothesisEndoscopic repair of gluteus medius tears results in successful clinical outcomes in the short term.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsOf 482 consecutive hip arthroscopies performed by the senior author, 10 patients with gluteus medius tears repaired endoscopically were evaluated prospectively. Perioperative data were analyzed on this cohort of patients. There were 8 women and 2 men, with an average age of 50.4 years (range, 33-66 years). Patients had persistent lateral hip pain and abductor weakness despite extensive conservative measures. Diagnosis was made by physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging and was confirmed at the time of endoscopy in all cases. At the most recent follow-up, patients completed the Modified Harris Hip Score and Hip Outcomes Score surveys.ResultsAt an avera...
Intermittent autologous blood perfusion of the brain for prolongation of the total period of total circulatory occlusion during surface-induced hypothermia in dogs.

Abstract (1) Eighteen anaesthetized dogs were subjected to deep hypothermia and total circulatory occlusion for 1 h. During the circulatory arrest one carotid artery was perfused with blood (2 ml/kg) from either the superior vena cava (12 dogs) or femoral artery (six dogs) every 1o min. (2) After the first 1o min of total circulatory occlusion the P O 2 dropped from 30 mm Hg to 14·4 mm Hg with the venous perfusion and from 380 mm Hg to 13·5 mm Hg with the arterial perfusion. A continued decline occurred during the arrest. (3) The P CO 2 immediately before perfusion had reached 14 mm Hg (venous group) and 9·4 mm Hg (arterial group) and gradually increased during the occlusion. During the circulatory arrest there was only a slight decline in pH from preocclusion values, ranging from 7·79 to 7·73 in both groups. (4) Cerebral angiography during perfusion demonstrated good filling of vessels supplying both cerebral hemispheres. Ten of the 12 dogs in the venous perfusion group were entirely normal postoperatively. The remaining two dogs and three of the six dogs in the arterial perfusion group developed a high stepping gait.
A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment of depression in the elderly.

Rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the left dorsal lateral frontal cortex has been shown to produce antidepressant effects. Older depressed patients, however, in one study showed a lower response rate than younger patients. The current study examined treatment response in 20 depressed, treatment-refractory patients (mean age 60.7 +/- 9.8 years) given five sessions of rTMS at 20 Hz for 2 seconds over 20 trains at 80% of motor threshold or identical placebo stimulation, after patients had been withdrawn from their antidepressants. There were no significant differences in Hamilton Depression Scale scores either before or after treatment at 7 days' follow-up. There were three responders to active treatment and three to sham treatment and responders had significantly greater frontal lobe volume than nonresponders (p = .03). These findings suggest that the stimulation parameters used in this study were probably insufficient to produce treatment response and that frontal atrophy may interfere with the effectiveness of rTMS.
Modifying agent systems for an open, dynamic agent environment

Most agent systems today are closed and static. That is, one builds agent systems in which the set of agents is specified ahead of time and ontologies and protocols are predefined. Today's Internet is open and dynamic. We describe a new approach to constructing agents that matches the open, dynamic environment of the Internet, and the supporting infrastructure required to make such an approach work. This includes the use of a central dictionary of well-defined keywords and a simplified interaction protocol that better fits a dynamic environment by enabling greater flexibility and adaptation over time.
A perspective on computing research management

This paper offers a perspective on a particular set of principles that have guided the development and enabled the success of several noteworthy corporate research labs in computer science. The paper examines the differences between the corporate computing research environment and academia, then describes the model for managing research that Microsoft Research employs, illustrating how it reflects those differences and what the consequences are.
Surfactant ProteinB (SPB) Processing is Regulated by Glucocorticoids in Human Fetal Type 2 Cells. † 260

SPB gene expression is hormonally regulated by both glucocorticoid and cAMP at the transcriptional level. To characterize the effects of these hormones on SPB protein processing in type 2 cells, we cultured human fetal lung (2123 wk gestation, n = 4) as explants (HFLE) for 1, 3, and 5 d with or without 10 nM Dexamethasone (Dex) or 10 nM Dex/0.1 mM cAMP/0.1 mM IBMX (DCI). After 2h starvation, HFLE were pulsed for 1h with35 Smethionine/cysteinesupplemented media and chased in complete media for 4h. Immunoprecipitation of HFLE homogenates was done using a polyclonal antibody to human SPB. We quantified dpm incorporated into the 42, 2327, and 89 kDa SPB bands, correcting for the numbers of cysteine and methionine in each form. As expected, glucocorticoids ± cAMP increased total dpm incorporated into SPB protein forms over control (3243 ± 593 versus 2236 ± 250 densitometry units, mean±sem, n=24). On days 1, 3, and 5 of culture, control tissue processed 0±0%(mean±sem), 7±5%, and 63±18% of initial incorporated dpm to 8 kDa SPB after 4h, respectively. Hormone treatment markedly enhanced processing to 8 kDa SPB on day 3 (Dex 27±2% and DCI 56±3%) with a less marked effect on day 5 (DCI 81±50%). Processing rates differed considerably between treatments on Day 3. With loss of dpm in 42 and 2327 kD forms (13%/h and 4%/h respectively), there was no accumulation of 8 kD SPB in control samples, consistent with intracellular degradation of these intermediates. After hormone treatment, loss of 42 kD SPB (917%/h) was associated with accumulation of 2327 kD (24%/h) and 8 kD SPB (811%/h). This effect was independent of initial incorporated dpm. We conclude that in addition to transcriptional induction of the SPB gene, hormones have a posttranslational effect on the induction of SPB protein expression. Possible mechanisms include induction of type II cell specific enzymes for further processing of the 2327 kD intermediate and/or increased trafficking of SPB intermediates towards lamellar bodies within the type II cell. Supported by NIH P50HL56401, 5P30HD28815 and the Pennsylvania Thoracic Society.
Revisiting the Carboxylic Acid Dimers in Aqueous Solution: Interplay of Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobic Interactions, and Entropy†

Carboxylic acid dimers are useful model systems for understanding the interplay of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects, and entropy in self-association and assembly. Through extensive sampling with a classical force field and careful free energy analysis, it is demonstrated that both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are indeed important for dimerization of carboxylic acids (except formic acid). The dimers are only weakly ordered, and the degree of ordering increases with stronger hydrophobic interactions between longer alkyl chains. Comparison of calculated and experimental dimerization constants reveals a systematic tendency for excessive self-aggregation in current classical force fields. Qualitative and quantitative information on the thermodynamics of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions derived from these simulations is in excellent agreement with existing results from experiment and theory. These results provide a verification from first principles of previous estimations based on two statistical mechanical hydrophobic theories. We also revisit and clarify the fundamental statistical thermodynamics formalism for calculating absolute binding constants, external entropy, and solvation entropy changes upon association from detailed free energy simulations. This analysis is believed to be useful for a wide range of applications including computational studies of protein-ligand and protein-protein binding.
Base initiated depolymerization of polycarbonates to epoxide and carbon dioxide co-monomers: a computational study

High-accuracy CBS-QB3(+) calculations were used to obtain the free energy barriers for several polycarbonates of interest to undergo alkoxide back-biting to give the corresponding epoxide and carbon dioxide. Free energy barriers to epoxide formation were modest for most polymeric alkoxides (12.7–17.4 kcal mol−1), and they were higher than for the same starting material to give cyclic carbonate (10.7–14.6 kcal mol−1). Poly(cyclopentene carbonate) differs: epoxide formation has a lower free energy barrier (13.3 kcal mol−1) than cyclic carbonate formation (19.9 kcal mol−1). These results explain why poly(cyclopentene carbonate) depolymerizes to cyclopentene oxide when treated with a strong base, whereas propylene and styrene polycarbonates depolymerize to their respective cyclic carbonates. Recycling via regeneration of the monomer represents the ideal method for producing material of the highest quality.
Does the Sun revolve around the Earth? A comparison between the general public and online survey respondents in basic scientific knowledge

We conducted an online survey using a set of factual science questions that are commonly administered to assess fact-based scientific literacy. We report that the online population performed substantially better on this standard assessment than the traditional survey population. For example, it has been widely reported that 1 in 4 Americans does not know that the Earth revolves around the Sun, whereas among the online population, this ratio is reduced to 1 in 25. While new online platforms provide researchers with unprecedented ease of access to a large sample population for studying trends in public knowledge and attitudes, generalizing from online population samples to the US population at large poses a considerable challenge. We discuss the potential reasons for this discrepancy and the implications for conducting research online.
Pausological aspects of Guatemalan children’s narratives

Three groups of 22 second-grade Guatemalan children were tape-recorded as they spontaneously narrated the story of a day in the life of a family they had selected from 15 clay dolls. The three groups represented two socioeconomic status (SES) levels in Guatemala City and a rural Guatemalan group. Urban-high and urban-low SES groups showed the greatest differences: the urban-high group used shorter silent pauses and a slower articulation rate than the other two groups, while the urban-low group used significantly longer silent pauses and a faster articulation rate. The rural group fell between the two urban groups on these measures. The SES level is clearly discriminated by silent pause length and articulation rate.
The effect of lysogeny on the genomic organization of Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract The genome of Staphylococcus aureus strain S6C was shown to contain a prophage inserted within the β-toxin (BT)-encoding structural gene (Mb). The phage att site was identical to that reported for the BT-converting phages φ 13 and φ 42. The prophage carried the genes encoding staphylokinase (sak) and enterotoxin A (sea), which suggests that it is similar to φ 42. However, it was not induced in the presence of mitomycin C (MC) and appears to be defective. Mapping studies revealed that the genomes of the BT-converting phages present in strains S6C and PS42D (a φ 42 lysogen) encode at least one SmaI restriction site. Moreover, the PS42D chromosome contained a second prophage that also had at least one Smal site, carried both sak and sea, and hybridized with DNA probes that also hybridize with the BT-converting phages. The second phage in strain PS42D was mapped to a Smal fragment corresponding to fragment A of the S. aureus strain 8325 genomic map. Although the BT-converting phage present in strain S6C could not be induced, a phage was induced from strain S6C using MC. Southern blots suggest that it is similar to φ 11; however, the restriction patterns of DNA from the induced phage and φ 11 were clearly distinct. We have designated the inducible phage present in strain S6C as φ15, to denote that distinction. Relatively weak hybridization signals were also observed when φ15 DNA was used to probe genomic DNA from S. aureus strains lysogenized with the BT-converting phages, φ 13, φ42 and 42E. Taken together, our results demonstrate that all of the Smal-defined restriction-fragment length polymorphisms observed among the genomes of the strains examined can be accounted for by the presence of prophage DNA within the staphylococcal genome.
The CD8 coreceptor interaction with the α3 domain of HLA class I is critical to the differentiation of human cytotoxic t-lymphocytes specific for HLA-A2 and HLA-Cw4

The CD8 coreceptor interacts with MHC class I molecules through an acidic loop in the MHC alpha 3 domain. Mutations in this region reduced binding between cells expressing mutant HLA molecules and CHO cells transfected with CD8 alpha chain, with mutations at residue 227 having the greatest effects. This study was undertaken to examine the role of the CD8-HLA interaction in the generation of primary and long-term CTLs. HLA-A*0201 genes (wild type or mutated at residue 227) were transfected into a cell line that lacked expression of HLA-A or B molecules but expressed HLA-Cw4. These cells were used as stimulators for PBLs from a normal donor. Cultures were tested for cytotoxicity at various times thereafter. Transfectants expressing the HLA-A*0201 mutant gene were poor stimulators of primary HLA-A2-specific CTLs. In long-term culture, HLA-Cw4-specific CTLs predominated, indicating that continuous expansion of allogeneic CTLs depends upon an efficient CD8-MHC class I interaction.
Interaction of Chlorinated Ethylenes with Chromium Exchanged Zeolite Y: Anin SituFT-IR Study

Abstract The interaction of chlorinated ethylenes (vinyl chloride, 1,1 dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene) with the surface of chromium exchanged zeolite Y (Cr–Y) catalyst has been studied byin situFT-IR spectroscopy. The adsorptions were carried out on thein situoxidized Cr–Y pellet at temperatures between 25 and 300°C in a dry nitrogen stream as a means of studying possible decomposition intermediates. The adsorption at 25°C was chiefly physical in nature although some dechlorination of the molecule was evident even at this temperature. At higher temperatures, between 100 and 300°C, an oxygen attack on the adsorbed molecule led to the formation of partially and/or fully oxygenated (but still adsorbed) species. These oxygenated species, including carboxylate and carbonate, were found to contain fewer chlorine atoms than the original feed molecule. The catalytic activity for the formation of these intermediates was found to diminish with increasing chlorine content of the feed molecule. Based on these results, a reaction pathway for the progressive catalytic oxidation of chlorinated ethylenes has been proposed.
Nonperturbative calculation of symmetry breaking in quantum field theory

A new version of the \ensuremath{\delta} expansion is presented, which, unlike the conventional \ensuremath{\delta} expansion, can be used to do nonperturbative calculations in a self-interacting scalar quantum field theory having broken symmetry. We calculate the expectation value of the scalar field to first order in $\ensuremath{\delta}$, where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is a measure of the degree of nonlinearity in the interaction term.
Effect of soils upon the uptake of systemic insecticides by plants.

The introduction of organic systemic insecticides has led to a number of new methods of application for control of foliage-feeding insect pests, among which, various types of soil treatment are of importance. In evaluating the efficiency of soil treatments in the field it has been noted that the effectiveness of these applications often depends upon soil conditions. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine 1) the effect of various soil types upon systemic insecticide absorption by plants from the soil, and 2) the characteristics of soil which bind the insecticides against the leaching action of water. The absorption of some systemic insecticides by peas from four soils and two sands was measured by aphid bioassay and anticholincstcrase analysis. Greater residues and longer periods of insect kill resulted from soil drench applications to sands and sandy soil than from applications to other soils (silt loam, clay loam, and muck). Pea aphid ( Macrosiphum pisi (Harris)) control from soil treatments with Phosdrin varied from 2 days on plants grown in loam and muck to 19 days on plants in sand. Likewise, demeton and phorate, formerly designated Thimet® ( 0,0 -diethyl S-(ethylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate), were most effective in the sands and least effective in the muck, with insect kill from 10 to 100% occurring on peas in all soils and sands at 41 days after treatment. Schradan was also more effective in treated sands and sandy soils. Because of its slow toxicological action schradan provided low insect mortality when counts were taken 24 hours after the insects were subjected to treated plants. Unlike the other insecticides, Isolan® (dimethyl 5-(1-isopropyl-3-methyl-pyrazolyl) carbamate) was absorbed in greater amounts by peas from the muck than from either of the loam soils. Anticholinesterase analysis of pea plants from Isolan and Phosdrin® (1-rnethoxycarbonyl-1-propen-2-yl dimethyl phosphate, 60% technical) treated soils gave results comparable with those obtained by insect bioassay. The binding of an insecticide in soil was studied by leaching radioactive Phosdrin through columns of 12 soils. The largest amounts of Phosdrin were bound by peat (127 micrograms per 100 grams of soil), with less being bound by heavy loam soils (10 to 27 micrograms per 100 grams of soil) and the least by sandy soils (3 to 8 micrograms per 100 grams of soil). The amount of Phosdrin bound by the various soils correlated in a positive manner with the base exchange capacity, organic matter content and nitrogen content, but it was concluded that the organic matter content was primarily responsible for insecticide binding. Other chemical and physical properties of the soil did not correlate with the binding of Phosdrin.
ROLE OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN THE REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION IN THE RAT.

Acute infusions of angiotensin II or rat renin into intact rats did not stimulate aldosterone secretion. Hypophysectomy plus nephrectomy lowered the basal secretion of aldosterone. Acute infusions of angiotensin into these rats stimulated aldosterone secretion to the levels of intact control rats. Intact rats on a sodium-deficient diet for 10 days had markedly elevated aldosterone secretion rates in vivo and in vitro and increased width of the zona glomerulosa. Continuous infusions of angiotensin for 7–12 days did not produce any of these changes. These data suggest that the increased aldosterone secretion rate in sodiumdeficient rats may not be regulated by the renin-angiotensin system. (Endocrinology 76: 657, 1965).
Functional Comparison of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 ICP27 Homologs Reveals a Role for ICP27 in Virion Release

Numerous studies have focused on the regulatory functions of ICP27, an immediate-early (IE) protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). However, its homolog in HSV-2, termed ICP27t2, has been little studied. Here, we used two different approaches to functionally compare ICP27t2 and ICP27. In transfection-based assays, ICP27t2 closely resembled ICP27 in its capacity to enhance HSV-1 late gene expression, suppress the splicing of a viral intron, and complement the growth of an HSV-1 ICP27 null mutant. To study ICP27t2 in the context of viral infection, we engineered K2F1, an HSV-1 mutant that encodes ICP27t2 in place of ICP27. In Vero cells, K2F1 replicated with wild-type (WT) kinetics and yields, expressed delayed-early and late proteins normally, and was fully capable of activating several cellular signal transduction pathways that are ICP27 dependent. Thus, we conclude that ICP27t2 and ICP27 are functionally very similar and that ICP27t2 can mediate all ICP27 activities that are required for HSV-1 replication in cell culture. Surprisingly, however, we found that K2F1 forms plaques that are morphologically different from those of WT HSV-1. Investigation of this trait demonstrated that it results from the decreased release of progeny virions into the culture medium. This appears to be due to a reduction in the detachment of K2F1 progeny from the extracellular surface of the infected cell. We identified two HSV-1 ICP27 amino-terminal deletion mutants with a similar release defect. Together, these results demonstrate that ICP27 plays a heretofore-unappreciated role in modulating the efficiency of progeny virion release. IMPORTANCE ICP27 is an essential, multifunctional regulatory protein that has a number of critical roles in the HSV-1 life cycle. Although ICP27 homologs are encoded by all known members of the Herpesviridae, previous work with several of these homologs has shown that they cannot substitute for ICP27 in the context of HSV-1-infected cells. Here, we identify ICP27t2 as the first homolog that can efficiently replace ICP27 in HSV-1 infection. Unexpectedly, our results also reveal that the sequence of the ICP27 gene can affect the release of HSV-1 progeny virions from the infected cell. Thus, our comparative study has revealed a novel function for ICP27 in the regulation of virus release.
Catecholamine response during 12 days of high-altitude exposure (4, 300 m) in women.

We have previously demonstrated that acclimatization to high altitude elicits increased sympathetic nerve activity in men. The purpose of this investigation was to determine 1) whether women respon...
Marathon Performance in Thermally Stressing Conditions

It is generally appreciated that warm weather negatively affects marathon running performance. This brief review summarises the historical literature on this topic and recent work that our laboratory has performed to quantify the impact of weather on marathon running performance. Using 140 race-years of data, we have demonstrated that marathon performance times slow progressively as weather warms above 5–10°C wet bulb globe temperature, that men and women are affected similarly, but slower runners suffer a greater performance penalty than elite runners. The recent generation of a nomogram that predicts changes in finishing time consequent to changes in weather conditions offers runners and coaches a tool for use in developing marathon race strategy.
Mid-infrared reflectance spectra and optical constants of six iron oxide/oxyhydroxide phases

We have determined the real and imaginary indices of refraction (n and k) for six iron oxide/oxyhydroxide phases—magnetite, maghemite, goethite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite, and ferrihydrite. A single crystal of magnetite was used to derive bulk n and k values from 100–2000 cm^(−1) (5–100 μm). Synthetic nanocrystalline samples of maghemite, goethite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite, and ferrihydrite were pressed into compact pellets used to determine bulk n and k values from 100–1200 cm^(−1) (8.33–100 μm). All values of n and k (the optical constants) were determined from specular reflectance spectra acquired at 2 cm^(−1) spectral sampling using classical Lorentz–Lorenz dispersion theory. In this paper, we present the optical constants of all six minerals and the oscillator parameters with which they were modeled. Use of these optical constants could aid in radiative transfer models of terrestrial dust as well as Mars, the Moon, and airless bodies in the Solar System.
Rare earth recovery from end-of-life motors employing green chemistry design principles

This manuscript describes the development of an efficient process for the recovery of rare earth elements from materials mixtures such as in motors with a recovery rate of >80%. While heat treatment is required for processing, all other steps can be performed at room temperature, thus resulting in a process designed for energy efficiency. Selective dissolution enables efficient separation of steel and copper by taking advantage of the different reduction potentials of the materials in the mixture, while selective precipitation of RE salts is the key for obtaining pure RE products. Overall, the established process applies green chemistry principles for designing a hydrometallurgical process.
The Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Attenuates House Dust Mite–Induced Airway Inflammation by Suppressing Dendritic Cell–Mediated Adaptive Immune Responses

The very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family that binds multiple ligands and plays a key role in brain development. Although the VLDLR mediates pleiotropic biological processes, only a limited amount of information is available regarding its role in adaptive immunity. In this study, we identify an important role for the VLDLR in attenuating house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation in experimental murine asthma. We show that HDM-challenged Vldlr(-/-) mice have augmented eosinophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation with increases in Th2 cytokines, C-C chemokines, IgE production, and mucous cell metaplasia. A genome-wide analysis of the lung transcriptome identified that mRNA levels of CD209e (DC-SIGNR4), a murine homolog of DC-SIGN, were increased in the lungs of HDM-challenged Vldlr(-/-) mice, which suggested that the VLDLR might modify dendritic cell (DC) function. Consistent with this, VLDLR expression by human monocyte-derived DCs was increased by HDM stimulation. In addition, 55% of peripheral blood CD11c(+) DCs from individuals with allergy expressed VLDLR under basal conditions. Lastly, the adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed, CD11c(+) bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from Vldlr(-/-) mice to the airways of wild type recipient mice induced augmented eosinophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation upon HDM challenge with increases in Th2 cytokines, C-C chemokines, IgE production, and mucous cell metaplasia, as compared with the adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed, CD11c(+) BMDCs from wild type mice. Collectively, these results identify a novel role for the VLDLR as a negative regulator of DC-mediated adaptive immune responses in HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation.
Achievable Rates and Scaling Laws of Power-Constrained Wireless Sensory Relay Networks

A wireless sensory relay network consists of one source node, one destination node and multiple intermediate relay nodes. In this paper, we study the achievable rates and the scaling laws of power-constrained wireless relay networks in the wideband regime, assuming that relay nodes have no a priori knowledge of channel-state information (CSI) for both the backward channels and the forward channels. We examine the achievable rates in the joint asymptotic regime of the number of relay nodes n, the channel coherence interval L, and the bandwidth W (or the SNR per link rho). We first study narrowband relay networks in the low SNR regime. We investigate a relaying scheme, namely amplify-and-forward (AF) with network training, in which the source node and the destination node broadcast training symbols and each relay node carries out channel estimation and then applies AF relaying to relay information. We provide an equivalent source-to-destination channel model, and characterize the corresponding achievable rate. Our findings show that when rhoL, proportional to the transmission energy in each fading block, is bounded below, the achievable rate has the same scaling order as in coherent relaying, thus enabling us to characterize the scaling law of the relay networks in the low SNR regime. We then generalize the study to power-constrained wideband relay networks, where frequency-selective fading is taken into account. Again, the focus is on the achievable rates by using AF with network training for information relaying. In particular, we examine the scaling behavior of the achievable rates corresponding to two power allocation policies across the frequency subbands at relay nodes, namely, a simple equal power allocation policy and the optimal power allocation policy. We identify the conditions under which the scaling law of the wideband relay networks can be achieved by both power allocation policies. Somewhat surprising, our findings indicate that these two power allocation policies result in achievable rates of the same scaling order, and the scaling law can be characterized under the condition that L/W, proportional to the energy per fading block per subband, is bounded below, and that W is sublinear in n
Quantized Capacitance Charging of Monolayer-Protected Au Clusters

A theoretical model based on electrostatic interactions is developed to account for the formal potentials of current peaks observed in differential pulse voltammetry of solutions of 10 different nanometer-sized alkylthiolate and arylthiolate monolayer-protected gold clusters. The current peaks arise from successive, quantized (single-electron) capacitative charging of ensembles of individual cluster cores (i.e., electrochemical ensemble Coulomb staircase charging). Experimental peak potentials for a given cluster change roughly linearly with changes in its core charge state, as predicted by the theory, and the sub-attofarad capacitances (CCLU) of individual clusters obtained from the slopes of such plots agree with those estimated from a simple concentric sphere capacitor model. The charging of clusters with very small cores becomes redox molecule-like, indicating as reported recently, the emergence of HOMO−LUMO energy gaps. Because the quantized charging currents of the clusters are diffusion controlled,...
An improved method to estimate empirical system parallel resonant frequencies using capacitor switching transient data

This paper presents an improved technique for estimating system parallel resonant frequencies using capacitor switching transient data. Unlike the previous method where the resonant frequency is estimated using the entire waveform trace, the proposed method removes undesired background harmonic distortions and uses only the effective transient part of the disturbance waveform. As such, the proposed method can be applied to data taken from any measurement point including a customer facility with significant nonlinear loads.
Hedgehog and PI-3 kinase signaling converge on Nmyc1 to promote cell cycle progression in cerebellar neuronal precursors

Neuronal precursor cells in the developing cerebellum require activity of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways for growth and survival. Synergy between the Shh and PI3K signaling pathways are implicated in the cerebellar tumor medulloblastoma. Here, we describe a mechanism through which these disparate signaling pathways cooperate to promote proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors. Shh signaling drives expression of mRNA encoding the Nmyc1 oncoprotein (previously N-myc), which is essential for expansion of cerebellar granule neuron precursors. The PI3K pathway stabilizes Nmyc1 protein via inhibition of GSK3-dependent Nmyc1 phosphorylation and degradation. The effects of PI3K activity on Nmyc1 stabilization are mimicked by insulin-like growth factor, a PI3K agonist with roles in central nervous system precursor growth and tumorigenesis. These findings indicate that Shh and PI3K signaling pathways converge on N-Myc to regulate neuronal precursor cell cycle progression. Furthermore, they provide a rationale for therapeutic targeting of PI3K signaling in medulloblastoma.
T lymphocyte-mediated changes in airway smooth muscle responsiveness are attributed to induced autocrine release and actions of IL-5 and IL-1β

Abstract Background: Bidirectional stimulatory cross-talk was recently found to exist between activated T cells and airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, a process that involves coligation of specific cellular adhesion-costimulatory molecules that results in the induction of proasthmatic-like changes in ASM responsiveness. Objective: The present study examined whether the cooperative intercellular signaling between activated T cells and ASM cells is coupled to the induced expression and actions of IL-5 and IL-1β. Methods: Agonist-induced constrictor and relaxant responses were examined in rabbit ASM segments exposed to resting and anti-CD3-activated T cells in the absence and presence of either an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb or the recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of IL-5 and IL-1β were assayed under control and anti-CD3-stimulated conditions. Results: Relative to inactive T cells, incubation of ASM tissues with anti-CD3-activated T cells induced proasthmatic-like changes in agonist-mediated ASM responsiveness. This T cell-induced perturbation in ASM responsiveness was ablated by pretreating the tissues with either an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb or IL-1 receptor antagonist. Moreover, exposure of ASM cells to anti-CD3-activated T cells elicited an initial increased mRNA expression and release of IL-5, followed by an enhanced expression and release of IL-1β, and the induced release of these cytokines was prevented in ASM cells that were pretreated with an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb. Conclusion: Collectively, these observations provide new evidence demonstrating that exposure of naive ASM cells to activated T cells induces the sequential release of IL-5 and IL-1β from the ASM cells and that the latter cytokines act in an autocrine manner to elicit the proasthmatic phenotype of altered ASM responsiveness. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:624-33.)
Second quantized state lasing and gain spectra measurements in n-type modulation doped GaAs-AlGaAs quantum-well lasers

The emission characteristics of n-type modulation doped GaAs-AlGaAs quantum-well lasers are studied for constant doping density and stepped doping density laser cores. Constant doping density cores are found to have a shift to shorter wavelength with increasing doping density but suffer from a corresponding large increase in threshold current density. Stepped doping density cores exhibit clear wavelength shifting from the first to second quantized state transitions with increased doping near the quantum well while maintaining low threshold current densities. Threshold current densities of 440 A/cm/sup 2/ are measured for second quantized state lasing in stepped core lasers. Gain spectra are measured for the stepped doping density core devices and modulation doping is shown to improve the gain bandwidth by 50% over undoped devices. >