cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interferon-γ regulates susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis through suppression of interleukin-17

Objective The enhanced expression of experimental arthritis in the absence of interferon-γ (IFNγ) suggests that IFNγ suppresses arthritis. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pivotal T cell cytokine in arthritis, and in vitro studies have indicated that IFNγ suppresses IL-17 production. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that resistance to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in C57BL/6 (B6) mice is regulated by IFNγ-mediated suppression of IL-17. Methods Wild-type (WT) B6 mice, IFNγ-knockout (KO) B6 mice, and DBA/1 mice were immunized with type II collagen (CII) in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA). Lymphocytes from immunized mice were analyzed for cytokine production ex vivo by intracellular staining or restimulation with CII and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In vivo blockade of IL-17 was achieved with an anti–IL-17 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Results CII restimulation of T cells from CII/CFA-immunized mice resulted in an ∼5-fold increase in IL-17 production in IFNγ-KO B6 mice compared with WT B6 mice. Neutralization of IFNγ increased IL-17 production in WT B6 mice, and neutralization of IL-4 had a synergistic effect. Interestingly, the prototypical CIA-susceptible strain DBA/1 also demonstrated a high IL-17 and a low IFNγ cytokine profile compared with WT B6 mice. Administration of the anti–IL-17 mAb attenuated arthritis in DBA/1 mice and almost completely prevented expression of arthritis in IFNγ-KO B6 mice. Conclusion These results indicate that sensitivity of IFNγ-deficient B6 mice to CIA is associated with high IL-17 production and that this cytokine is required for expression of arthritis in this strain.
Description of the D∗s(2320) resonance as the Dπ atom

Abstract We discuss the possibility that the recently reported resonance in the Dsπ0 spectrum can be described in terms of residual Dπ interactions.
Stochastic Dynamics in Irreversible Nonequilibrium Environments. 1. The Fluctuation−Dissipation Relation

A generalization of the generalized Langevin equation (stochastic dynamics) is introduced in order to model chemical reactions which take place in changing environments. The friction kernel representing the solvent response is given a non-stationary form with respect to which the instantaneous random solvent force satisfies a natural generalization of the fluctuation−dissipation relation. Theoretical considerations, as well as numerical simulations, show that the dynamics of this construction satisfy the equipartition theorem beyond its equilibrium limits.
The dyadic trace and odd weight computations for Siegel modular cusp forms

We define the concept of a special positive matrix. We use the dyadic trace to prove the result that dim for odd k ≤ 13 and that dim ≤ 4.
Haploidentical Donor Transplantations with TLI, Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and ATG Are Safe and Effective Treatment for Graft Failure

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19 (2013) S279eS312 S310 received two alloHSCTs between 1997-2011. Univariate survival analyses (Kaplan Meier log-rank test) were conducted to investigate factors affecting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Group differences between cases with/without GVHD were examined by t-tests on engraftment lab variables. The median age was 44 years (20-70). AML/MDS accounted for 71% of the cases. Indications for second alloHSCT were graft failure (16%) and disease relapse (84%). Myeloablative conditioning was used in 62% of the patients. Median time from first to second transplant was 427 days (49-3835) and median time from relapse to second alloHSCT was 142 days (16-2524). 62% of the second alloHSCTs were from an unrelated donor. 36% of second transplants were from the original donor. OS at 1 and 5 years was 41% and 21% respectively [median 229 days (5 e 5320)]. Factors prolonging OS were: GVHD (P 1⁄4 .05), chronic GVHD (cGVHD) (P 50,000/mcL was 21 days (9-103). Patients who developed GVHD had earlier platelet engraftment (Means: 16 vs. 30 days, P 1⁄4 .04). This single center experience of second alloHSCT suggests this treatment results in long-term survival in select patients. Survival is improved when the original donor is used as the second donor. Future studies will focus on predictive modeling to help choose patients who may benefit most from a second alloHSCT.
Costs and benefits of supportive versus disciplinary emotion regulation strategies in teachers

Abstract Using 659 K-12 teachers, this study explored the extent to which well-being outcomes were affected by differential emotion regulation strategies (surface versus deep act ing) for positive emotion expression (supportive display rules) versus negative emotion expression (disciplinary display rules). Analyses showed that almost half of the teachers reported disciplinary display rules as important for effectively doing their job (as compared with 97% for supportive display rules), and these perceptions were associated with increased disciplinary surface and deep acting strategies. A conﬁ rmatory factor analysis supported the proposed four-factor structure of emotional regulation strategies, and provided the best ﬁ t in relation to two alternative models (surface versus deep acting and supportive versus disci-plinary). A structural equation model revealed that both supportive surface acting and disciplinary surface acting positively predicted emotional exhaustion, and both negatively predicted personal accomplishment. However, only supportive deep acting had a positive relationship with personal accomplishment. Disciplinary deep acting was unrelated to the study outcomes. These ﬁ ndings indicate that disciplinary emotion regulation may have the same costs to emotional exhaustion in teachers as supportive regulation, but fewer beneﬁ ts in terms of increasing personal accomplishment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rates of Absorption and Translocation of Some Systemic Insecticides in Broccoli Determined by Mortality of Feeding Green Peach Aphid

The rate of absorption and translocation of emulsifiable formulations of demeton, dimethioate, disulfoton, phorate, mevinphos, phosphamidon, schradan, and American Cyanamid 12008 ( O,O -diethyl S-[(isopropylthio) methyl] phosphorodithioate) through the roots of broccoli plants was determined on the basis of the mortality of wingless Myzus persicae (Sulzer) feeding, on the leaves 24, 48, and 72 hours post treatment. Demeton was absorbed and metabolized to highly toxic metabolites more rapidly than the other compounds. All the insecticides except mevinphos were more active at 23.9° than at 15.6°C.
Application of the US decision support tool for materials and waste management

Abstract The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) launched the Resource Conservation Challenge (RCC) in 2002 to help reduce waste and move towards more sustainable resource consumption. The objective of the RCC is to help communities, industries, and the public think in terms of materials management rather than waste disposal. Reducing cost, finding more efficient and effective strategies to manage municipal waste, and thinking in terms of materials management requires a holistic approach that considers life-cycle environmental tradeoffs. The US EPA’s National Risk Management Research Laboratory has led the development of a municipal solid waste decision support tool (MSW-DST). The computer software can be used to calculate life-cycle environmental tradeoffs and full costs of different waste management or materials recovery programs. The environmental methodology is based on the use of life-cycle assessment and the cost methodology is based on the use of full-cost accounting. Life-cycle inventory (LCI) environmental impacts and costs are calculated from the point of collection, handling, transport, treatment, and disposal. For any materials that are recovered for recycling, offsets are calculated to reflect potential emissions savings from use of virgin materials. The use of the MSW-DST provides a standardized format and consistent basis to compare alternatives. This paper provides an illustration of how the MSW-DST can be used by evaluating ten management strategies for a hypothetical medium-sized community to compare the life-cycle environmental and cost tradeoffs. The LCI results from the MSW-DST are then used as inputs into another US EPA tool, the Tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts, to convert the LCI results into impact indicators. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate how the MSW-DST can be used to identify and balance multiple criteria (costs and environmental impacts) when evaluating options for materials and waste management. This type of approach is needed in identifying strategies that lead to reduced waste and more sustainable resource consumption. This helps to meet the goals established in the US EPA’s Resource Conservation Challenge.
THE USE OF BASE RATE INFORMATION AS A FUNCTION OF EXPERIENCED CONSISTENCY

Three experiments examine the effect of base rate consistency under direct experience. Base rate consistency was manipulated by blocking trials and setting base rate choice reinforcement to be either consistent or inconsistent across trial blocks. Experiment 1 shows that, contrary to the usual finding, participants use base rate information more than individuating information when it is consistent, but less when it is inconsistent. In Experiment 2, this effect was replicated, and transferred in verbal questions posed subsequently. Despite experience with consistent base rates increasing sensitivity to base rates in word problems, verbal responses were far from normative. In Experiment 3, participants’ use of base rates was once again moderated by its consistency, but this effect was itself moderated by the diagnosticity of base rate information. Participants were highly accurate in estimating experienced base rates. These studies demonstrate that base rate usage is complex and a function of how base rates are presented (experienced versus summary statistics) and response format (choice proportions versus probability estimates). Knowledge of base rates was insufficient for proper usage in verbal word problems. Although choice proportions showed a sophisticated sensitivity to experienced base rate information, participants seemed unable to demonstrate a similar sophistication when given typical word problems indicating that base rate neglect is a function of information representation and not an inherent processing bias.
Emergent patterns of growth controlled by multicellular form and mechanics.

Spatial patterns of cellular growth generate mechanical stresses that help to push, fold, expand, and deform tissues into their specific forms. Genetic factors are thought to specify patterns of growth and other behaviors to drive morphogenesis. Here, we show that tissue form itself can feed back to regulate patterns of proliferation. Using microfabrication to control the organization of sheets of cells, we demonstrated the emergence of stable patterns of proliferative foci. Regions of concentrated growth corresponded to regions of high tractional stress generated within the sheet, as predicted by a finite-element model of multicellular mechanics and measured directly by using a micromechanical force sensor array. Inhibiting actomyosin-based tension or cadherin-mediated connections between cells disrupted the spatial pattern of proliferation. These findings demonstrate the existence of patterns of mechanical forces that originate from the contraction of cells, emerge from their multicellular organization, and result in patterns of growth. Thus, tissue form is not only a consequence but also an active regulator of tissue growth.
In situ mass spectroscopy studies of the decomposition of organometallic arsenic compounds in the presence of Ga(CH3)3 and Ga(C2H5)3

Abstract The gas phase decomposition and reaction mechanisms of As(CH 3 ) 3 (TMAs), As(C 2 H 5 ) 3 (TEAs), and H 2 AsC 4 H 9 (tBAs) in the presence of Ga(CH 3 ) 3 (TMG) and Ga(C 2 H 5 ) 3 (TEG) are studied by molecular beam mass spectroscopy sampling in an organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) reactor. Experiments are reported for H 2 , D 2 , and He carrier gases. The 50% decomposition temperature of TMAs, TEAs, and tBAs are determined to be 765, 690, 560 K, respectively. TMAs decomposes via a unimolecular reaction involving the loss of methyl groups. TEAs pyrolizes with C 2 H 4 as the main hydrocarbon product regardless of the carrier gas used. When TEG and TMAs or TMG and TEAs are mixed, decreases in the decomposition temperature of the methyl compounds are observed. This effect is attributed to an exchange process between the methyl and the ethyl groups through the formation of an adduct. The primary decomposition path of tBAs is proposed to be via the loss of tert-butyl radicals and AsH 2 resulting in production of AsH 3 starting at 500 K with isobutene and isobutane as the main hydrocarbon products. Mass spectra of mixtures of TMG and tBAs show new peaks corresponding to methylarsenic fragments indicating the formation of an adduct.
Predictions of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior using a hybrid approach

Abstract An approach for nonlinear viscoelastic characterization is presented which uses the combined measurements from creep and dynamic mechanical tests. Although the methodology should extend to several materials and geometries, this research concentrates on thin film polymers used in the manufacture of high altitude scientific balloons. Typically, the constitutive behavior of these materials is characterized through the use of linear viscoelastic techniques. Although this linear approach provides an accurate model for small strains or loads, these materials have been shown to be highly stress dependent and, consequently, it is necessary to identify this nonlinear behavior. Traditional creep measurements require extensive laboratory test times, yet the results obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis provide the capability to predict long term material performance without a lengthy experimentation program. However, dynamic mechanical methods are currently limited to linear response; thus, an approach is presented in which the stress-dependent behavior is derived from short-term creep measurements in a manner analogous to time-temperature superposition. Predictions of material response using linear and nonlinear approaches are compared with experimental results obtained from traditional long-term creep tests. Although linear pre-dictions deteriorate for large stresses, excellent agreement is shown for the nonlinear model.
Robust hypothesis testing for bounded classes of probability densities (Corresp.)

Least favorable pairs of probability density functions and robust tests are obtained for classes of density functions specified as bands with upper and lower bounds. The results are shown to extend Huber's solution for the \epsilon -contaminated classes, which is contained as a special case. A minimum-distance property of the least favorable density pair is also made explicit.
Sol-Gel Optical Sensors for Glutamate

The amino acid glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter used in the nervous system for interneuronal communication. It is used throughout the brain by various neuronal pathways including those involved in learning and memory, locomotion, and sensory perception. Because glutamate is released from neurons on a millisecond time scale into sub-micrometer spaces, the development of a glutamate biosensor with high temporal and spatial resolution is of great interest for the study of neurological function and disease. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of an optical glutamate sensor based on the sol-gel encapsulation of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). GDH catalyses the oxidative deamination of glutamate and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. NADH fluorescence is the basis of the sensor detection. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies show that GDH remains active in the sol-gel matrix and that the reaction rate is correlated to the glutamate concentration.
Levels of Female Choice in the White-Tailed Skimmer Plathemis Lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae)

Male Plathemis lydia defend mating territories along the perimeter of ponds. Females come to ponds for brief periods of time every few days to oviposit. During these visits, females actively discriminate among males, rejecting up to 48.9 % of mating attempts. Males varied significantly in the proportion of attempts successfully leading to copulation. However, males that obtained more matings also experienced more rejections. Extensive analyses based on absolute male size, relative male size, and male size relative to female size yielded only marginally significant evidence of female mate preference based on body mass, wing length, wing loading index, or age; to the extent that any of these characters appeared to influence mating success, they similarly influenced refusal rates. The overall weakness of female mate choice is further suggested by the frequency of females ovipositing without prior matings and by the low frequency with which females remate with the same males. On a population basis, females strongly prefer to oviposit in the middle of the day and at particular parts of the study pond. Thus, females exhibit strong choice at several levels. However, despite the high incidence of active female rejection and high variance in male mating success, mate choice is apparently of minor importance in this population. Female discrimination of males, combined with variance in male mating success, are necessary but not sufficient for the action of sexual selection via mate choice. These findings support the prediction that male-male competition is of primary importance in resource control mating systems in which males are able to control female access to most or all favored oviposition sites. However, it is not clear why females generally fail to discriminate among males, given that they have the opportunity to do so. In general, females appear to have low motivation to mate with males, presumably because multiple mating does not significantly increase their fertility or fecundity. Selection for rapid mating may be significant, both because of predation on females during mating and oviposition and because of the risks for males of losing their territories during mating bouts. This time constraint may be the most important factor limiting female discrimination among males on the basis of consistent characteristics.
Evidence for stable transformation of wheat by floral dip in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Hexaploid wheat, one of the world’s most important staple crops, remains a challenge for genetic transformation. We are developing a floral transformation protocol for wheat that does not require tissue culture. This paper presents three transformants in the hard red germplasm line Crocus that have been characterized thoroughly at the molecular level over three to six generations. Wheat spikes at the early boot stage, i.e. the early, mid or late uninucleate microspore stages, were immersed in an infiltration medium of strain C58C1 harboring pDs(Hyg)35S, or strain AGL1 harboring pBECKSred. pDs(Hyg)35S contains the NPTII and hph selectable markers, and transformants were detected using paromomycin spray at the whole plant level, NPTII ELISAs, or selection on medium with hygromycin. Strain AGL1, harboring pBECKSred, which contains the maize anthocyanin regulators, Lc and C1, and the NPTII gene, was also used to produce a Crocus transformant. T1 and T2 seeds with red embryos were selected; T1 and T2 plants were screened by sequential tests for paromomycin resistance and NPTII ELISAs. The transformants were low copy number and showed Mendelian segregation in the T2. Stable transmission of the transgenes over several generations has been demonstrated using Southern analysis. Gene expression in advanced progeny was shown using Reverse Transcriptase-PCR and ELISA assays for NPTII protein expression. This protocol has the potential to reduce the time and expense required for wheat transformation.
Computationally Efficient Modeling of Block Copolymer and Benard Pattern Formations

Computationally efficient discrete space-time models of spatially-ordered pattern formation dynamics (e.g., block copolymer phase separation dynamics) are proposed. Models are simple but can give sufficiently realistic spatial patterns, and their time evolution.
Convex polytopes of permutation invariant doubly stochastic matrices

Abstract We investigate the extreme points, faces and their dimensions of the convex polytope of doubly stochastic matrices which are invariant under a fixed row and column permutation.
Radium-226 measurements from three Geosecs intercalibration stations

This paper presents the results of226Ra intercalibration measurements made by three groups of investigators (LDGO, USC and SIO) on the seawater samples collected in profile at three Geosecs intercalibration stations. A common radium standard prepared from an NBS bulk standard for the Geosecs program has been adopted by all groups. At Geosecs-I station in the Northeast Pacific, the new226Ra results obtained from reoccupation of the station show that the agreement of the three groups has been significantly improved over the initial comparison made in 1970. At Geosecs-II in the Northwest Atlantic, the initial comparison of the226Ra profiles showed that the USC data were systematically higher than the SIO data by 1 radium unit of 10−14 g/kg. This corresponds to a relative difference of 20% due to the very low radium content of Atlantic waters. The new results obtained from reoccupation of the station show that both the USC and SIO data are consistent with their previous data. Thus, a systematic difference of 1 radium unit still exists. However, the new LDGO profile falls in between those of USC and SIO, lying closer to the SIO profile. At Geosecs-III station in the Southwest Pacific, the226Ra measurements show that the LDGO data are systematically higher than the SIO data by about 10% above 3.4 km depth. Below this depth, both sets of data agree and show a sharp decrease in radium concentration. This radium discontinuity corresponds to the benthic front which is a density discontinuity separating the Deep and Bottom Water in the South Pacific.
“Coffee ring” formation dynamics on molecularly smooth substrates with varying receding contact angles

Abstract A systematic study of “coffee-ring” formation dynamics was carried out using chemically and physically well-controlled substrates and colloids. Clean silicon wafers were reacted with tris(trimethylsiloxyl)chlorosilane in the vapor phase to yield molecularly smooth substrates with advancing and receding contact angles up to 84°/74° (θA/θR) and a constant hysteresis of 12 ± 2°. Monodisperse gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 15 nm in diameter were stabilized and functionalized with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) of 9 nm in thickness in aqueous solution. The evolution of contact angle and contact diameter of water and colloid-containing drops on clean and modified silicon wafers was assessed as sessile drops evaporated. PVOH-AuNPs in the colloid-containing drop increase the energy barrier for contact line depinning and the pinning force. There are up to four drying stages for colloid-containing drops, initial pinning, depinning, secondary pinning, and final evaporation. The contribution of each stage to evaporation depends on substrate receding contact angle. It is established in this study that the secondary pinning is unique for colloid-containing drops and is only observed on substrates with receding contact angles greater than 35°. “Coffee rings” are formed on all modified silicon wafers, but not on clean silicon wafers with contact angles of 0°/0°.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Cimetidine, and Neurologic Toxicity

Excerpt To the editor: Cimetidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist widely used to decrease gastric acid secretion in ulcer disease. Hallucinations, confusion, and agitation have been reported ...
Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation of the BRCA1 Tumor Suppressor Is Regulated during Cell Cycle Progression

The BRCA1 tumor suppressor and the BARD1 protein form a stable heterodimeric complex that can catalyze the formation of polyubiquitin chains. Expression of BRCA1 fluctuates in a cell cycle-dependent manner, such that low steady-state levels of BRCA1 gene products are found in resting cells and early G1 cycling cells and high levels in S and G2 phase cells. Although transcriptional activation of the BRCA1 gene can account for induction of BRCA1 expression at the G1/S transition, the mechanisms by which BRCA1 is down-regulated during cell cycle progression have not been addressed. Here we show that the steady-state levels of BRCA1 protein remain elevated throughout mitosis but begin to decline at the M/G1 transition. This decline in BRCA1 levels coincides with the appearance of proteasome-sensitive ubiquitin conjugates of BRCA1 at the onset of G1. Formation of these conjugates occurs throughout G1 and S, but not in cells arrested in prometaphase by nocodazole. The proteasome-sensitive ubiquitin conjugates of BRCA1 appear to be distinct from BRCA1 autoubiquitination products and are probably catalyzed by the action of other cellular E3 ligases. Interestingly, co-expression of BARD1 inhibits the formation of these conjugates, suggesting that BARD1 serves to stabilize BRCA1 expression in part by reducing proteasome-sensitive ubiquitination of BRCA1 polypeptides. In summary, these data indicate that the cell cycle-dependent pattern of BRCA1 expression is determined in part by ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation.
Phase-Amplitude Method in Atomic Physics. I. Basic Formulas for an Electron in an Ionic Potential

The radial Schr\"odinger equation for a modified Coulomb field is separated into two first-order equations for a "phase" function and an "amplitude" function which vary only in the non-Coulomb region $rl{r}_{0}$. At $r={r}_{0}$, these functions are related to the mixing parameter and normalization constant of quantum-defect theory. Integrals over the range [$0,{r}_{0}$] give the scattering phase shift and the wave function's amplitude near the nucleus. Phase shifts for negative energies serve to calculate the discrete eigenvalues of an atom or positive ion. A numerical procedure for this approach is outlined.
Teacher Professional Development and Informal Learning Environments: Investigating Partnerships and Possibilities

To provide meaningful science experiences for students, educators need quality science experiences themselves from which to draw. Informal learning contexts, such as museums, are well positioned to provide educators with these professional development experiences. We investigated the impact museum-created professional development experiences had on 54 elementary teachers. Quantitative data were collected through an exit survey and qualitative data through survey questions and interviews. We found a significant difference between how teachers rated these workshops and how they rated other workshops. Teachers reported that the workshops helped them to (a) increase science content knowledge, (b) understand the process of science-scientific fieldwork, (c) change instructional methods, (d) connect natural science content with formal instruction, and (e) learn about museum resources for the classroom.
Hydrosalpinx treated with extended doxycycline does not compromise the success of in vitro fertilization.

Abstract Objective: To determine if extended treatment with doxycycline before and after an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure can minimize the detrimental effect of a hydrosalpinx. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: University IVF program. Patient(s): Patients undergoing IVF, including 17 with a hydrosalpinx, 25 with adhesions or proximal tubal occlusion, and 22 with endometriosis or unexplained infertility. Intervention(s): Women with a documented hydrosalpinx were prescribed doxycycline 100 mg twice daily starting 1 week before expected retrieval and continued until 6 days after retrieval. No antibiotics were prescribed in the other groups. Main Outcome Measure(s): Implantation rates and IVF outcomes. Result(s): Implantation rates were 30% for the doxycycline-treated group of patients with a hydrosalpinx, 27% for the group with tubal occlusion/adhesion, and 24% for the group with endometriosis or unexplained infertility. Eight (47%) of 17 patients with a hydrosalpinx had a live birth, compared with 11 (44%) of 25 for the group with tubal occlusion/adhesion and 12 (55%) of 22 for the group with endometriosis/unexplained infertility. There were no differences between the groups in patient age, number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization rate, or number of blastomeres of the transferred embryos. Conclusion(s): No detrimental effect of a hydrosalpinx was evident for patients treated with extended doxycycline. Tremendous cost savings can be realized if treatment with 2 weeks of an inexpensive antibiotic provides outcomes comparable to surgical correction of a hydrosalpinx before IVF.
Observations of the Hurricane “Danny” Tornado Outbreak of 16 August 1985

Abstract On 16 August 1985 the remnants of Hurricane “Danny” spawned a large tornado outbreak in Mississippi, Alabama and Tennessee. At least six of 22 tornado- or funnel-producing storms observed on that day displayed long-track radar hook echoes or produced tornado families. One of the storms persisted for at least 3 h, traveling some 150 km during its tornado-producing phase, and offering the clearest evidence to date of quasi-steady supercell-like convection in a tropical cyclone environment. Photographs of two of the hurricane-spawned tornadoes, the first such documentation to be published, show that the tornadoes displayed multiple-vortex structure and formed beneath wall clouds.
Repeated geographic divergence in behavior: a case study employing phenotypic trajectory analyses

Environmental effects on behavior have long been a focus of behavioral ecologists. Among the important drivers of behavior is predation environment, which can include the presence/absence of predators, differences in resource availability, and variation in individual density. Environments with predators are often more ecologically complex and “risky” than those without predators. Populations from these environments are sometimes more active and explorative than populations from low-risk, less complex environments. To date, most comparative studies of behavior are limited to within-species comparisons of populations from divergent environments, but neglect comparisons between species following speciation, thus limiting our understanding of post-speciation behavioral evolution. Brachyrhaphis fishes provide an ideal system for studying correlations between divergent environments and behavior within and between species. Here, we test for differences in two behavioral traits—activity and exploration —between sister species Brachyrhaphis roseni and Brachyrhaphis terrabensis that occur in divergent predation environments. Species differed in activity and exploration, with higher activity and exploration levels in populations that co-occur with predators. Furthermore, we found drainage-by-species interactions, indicating that the nature of divergence varied geographically. Using the recently developed phenotypic trajectory analysis (PTA), we quantified this difference and found that, while the geographically isolated populations of sister species tended to evolve in parallel, the magnitude of divergence between species differed between drainages. Our results highlight the utility of PTA for multivariate behavioral data and corroborate past predictions that complex and risky environments are correlated with increased activity and exploration levels and that divergence continues post-speciation.
Chemical activation and regulation of a C-type virus from ring-necked pheasant cells

Abstract 20-Methylcholanthrene was used to induce efficiently the permanent expression of non-defective C-type virus in ring-necked pheasant fibroblasts. This chemical induction demonstrated that non-virus-producing ring-necked pheasant cells are unable to produce virus because of a regulatory mechanism and not because they lack a complete virus genome. The induced virus infected and grew to moderate titers in untreated ring-necked pheasant fibroblasts, demonstrating that the virus had permanently overcome the growth restriction mechanism. The virus also grew efficiently in several lines of chicken fibroblasts which restrict A, B, D, and E subgroup oncoviruses. However, it did not grow efficiently, if at all, in fibroblasts from a variety of other avian species which lack an endogenous RAV-O-like virus. The restricted growth in these heterologous avian species is not due to a membrane host range restriction because pseudotypes of a Rous sarcoma virus with a deleted glycoprotein gene and the induced ring-necked pheasant virus can infect the fibroblasts of all avian species tested equally well. This selectivity thus suggests that there may exist a species-specific intracellular restriction mechanism against infecting endogenous virions derived from evolutionarily divergent hosts.
Hydrothermal synthesis and structures of Ba3(NbO)2(PO4)4and Co3(NbO)2(PO4)4(H2O)10

The new niobium phosphates Ba3(NbO)2(PO4)4 (1) and Co3(NbO)2(PO4)4(H2O)10 (2) have been synthesized in single crystal form by hydrothermal reactions at 250 °C and 170 °C respectively. The crystal structures have been determined from X-ray diffraction data. Both compounds contain NbP2O9 complex chains as a fundamental structural unit. The chains are similar to those of the known compound K3NbP2O9 and structurally may be considered similar to a slice of the Zr(HPO4)2 layer in α-zirconium phosphate. In compound 1 the chains are separated and are held together by Ba–O bonds while in 2 the chains are linked by CoO6 octahedra to form a framework structure.
Formation and signaling actions of electrophilic lipids.

The post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitinylation, SUMOylation) is a fundamental mechanism of cell signaling that modulates protein structure and function, leading to the multiplication of proteome diversity. Current data reveal that oxidative inflammatory conditions and dietary constituents result in the PTM of proteins by electrophilic species. Electrophiles contain an electron-poor moiety, conferring attraction to electron-rich nucleophiles. In turn, nucleophiles donate electrons to electrophilic species to form a covalent bond via Michael addition.1,2 A better understanding of the chemistry of electrophilic species will permit prediction of downstream reactions and subsequent biological responses that also include tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory actions.
Semiautomatic Derivation and Use of Personal Privacy Policies in E-Business

The growth of the Internet has been accompanied by the growth of Internet e-business services (e.g., electronic bookseller services, electronic stock-transaction services). This proliferation of e-business services has in turn fueled the need to protect the personal privacy of e-business users or consumers. We advocate a privacy policy approach to protecting personal privacy. However, it is evident that the specification of a personal privacy policy must be as easy as possible for the consumer. In this paper, we define the content of personal privacy policies using privacy principles that have been enacted into legislation. We then present two semiautomated approaches for the derivation of personal privacy policies. The first approach makes use of common privacy rules obtained through community consensus. This consensus can be obtained from research and/or surveys. The second approach makes use of existing privacy policies in a peer-to-peer community. We conclude the paper by explaining how personal privacy policies can be applied in e-business to protect consumer privacy.
Facilitation by reserpine of retention in an inhibitory avoidance task in mice

In this study, we investigated the effects of reserpine (0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg) on the retention of an inhibitory avoidance step-through task in Swiss-Webster mice. Reserpine was given either 6 hr before training, immediately after training, or 6 hr after training, and a retention test was given 3 days later. Two levels of footshock were used (350 μA and 2 mA). In the 350-μA condition, 3.0 mg/kg of reserpine given 6 hr post-trial significantly facilitated retention. In the 2-mA condition, 3.0 mg/kg given immediately after training facilitated retention. These results do not support those results previously reported for reserpine.
A New Phenotypic Lexicon for Accelerated Translation Rise of the Machines

Perhaps one of the most underestimated barriers to the effective personalization of medicine is the dearth of mechanism-specific therapies available for most human disorders.1 The majority of current drugs act far downstream of the primary disease etiology and have been tested only in heterogeneous cohorts that aggregate multiple etiologies. As a result, with any projected improvement in diagnostic granularity or in the prediction of therapeutic responses, the pharmaceutical industry is faced with the prospect of fewer patients eligible for a given intervention, and physicians are faced with recommending therapies that they know may result in limited benefit in many patients. These closely aligned incentives have led to a tight coupling between the stratification of disease syndromes and the development of new therapies. This coupling, combined with the duration and expense of traditional drug discovery, has slowed the implementation of molecular medicine. The past decade has seen the emergence of academic drug discovery efforts, but limited resources or experience in core areas such as medicinal chemistry and regulatory science have hindered many such programs. Recently, rare orphan diseases have been seen as an effective entry way for new drugs into common syndromes, lowering the barriers to progress, but it remains clear that the broad implementation of precision medicine will require mechanism-focused diagnostics, disease modeling, and drug discovery on a new scale.1 Article see p 289 Finding new drugs is not easy. Finding new drugs quickly and at low cost is extremely hard. The conventional drug discovery and development sequence remains the backbone of most industrial programs. A specific target molecule is isolated; a robust and scalable assay for this single target’s activity is designed and used to undertake unbiased screens of large chemical libraries for molecules with the desired effects on the target in this somewhat contrived context.2 …
Concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone in infants, children, and adolescents with normal and abnormal gonadal function.

Extract: This communication reports the edevelopment of a sensitive, reproducible, and specific radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma and the application of this method to a cross-sectional survey of plasma LH concentrations in 243 infants, children, and adolescents with normal and abnormal growth and sexual development. One nanogram of Hartree purified human pituitary LH standard was immunologically equivalent to 13.7 mIU of the Second International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin. The lower limit of sensitivity of the assay varied between 0.025 and 0.05 ng/ml. Specimens of plasma containing <0.25 ng/ml (<3.7 mIU/ml) have been considered indistinguishable from ‘zero’. Plasma LH concentrations increased after 9 years of age in normal boys and after 6 years of age in normal girls. In males with constitutional delay in growth and development, LH levels were generally lower than in normal boys of comparable ages (figs. 3 and 4). The plasma LH concentration also increased with advancing sexual maturation (fig. 5). Levels of LH were <0.25 ng/ml in 15 of 18 males (6-20 years old) and in 10 of 11 females (6-19 years old) with hypopituitarism and documented lack of human growth hormone response to hypoglycemia. In three such patients, plasma LH concentrations correlated with their degrees of sexual maturation, but in a 16-year-old clinically prepubertal male, patient SA, with hypopituitarism secondary to a craniopharyngioma, LH levels higher than normal male values were noted. Plasma LH concentrations were 1.2 and 1.45 ng/ml in 2 of 3 girls less than 4 years old, with gonadal dysgenesis, and ranged between 0.33 and 3.6 ng/ml in 10 of 15 older patients with this diagnosis (table III). The plasma LH concentration was 1.7 ng/ml in a 3-month-old male pseudohermaphrodite. Plasma LH concentrations ranged between 0.38 and 0.88 ng/ml in five of seven children with true sexual precocity. In 13 of 15 girls with precocious thelarche, and in all of 10 patients with premature pubarche, LH levels were <0.25 ng/ml. The intravenous infusion of conjugated equine estrogens was followed by a prompt decline in polasma LH values in patient SA (fig. 6A,B,C). Administration of clomiphene citrate and cisclomiphene citrate increased plasma LH concentrations in normal males, but failed to do so in patients with hypopituitarism, including patient SA (fig. 7A,B). The intramuscular administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate was associated with suppression of plasma LH levels in two patients with true sexual precocity (fig. 8). Speculation: The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is active in the prepubertal human subject, and is responsive to abnormal function in one segment of the system.
Chromium as resonant donor impurity in PbTe

We synthesize and perform structural, thermoelectric, magnetic, and ${}^{125}$Te NMR characterization measurements on chromium-doped PbTe. ${}^{125}$Te NMR and magnetic measurements show that Pb${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Cr${}_{x}$Te is a solid solution up to $x$ $=$ 0.4 at.$%$ and forms an $n$-type dilute paramagnetic semiconductor. The Cr level is resonant and pins the Fermi level about 100 meV into the conduction band at liquid nitrogen temperatures and below, but it moves into the gap as the temperature increases to 300 K. ${}^{125}$Te NMR spectra exhibit a Knight shift that correlates well with Hall effect measurements and resolve peaks of Te near Cr. Magnetic behavior indicates that Cr exists mainly as Cr${}^{2+}$. No departure from the Pisarenko relation for PbTe is observed. Secondary Cr${}_{2}$Te${}_{3}$ and Cr${}_{3+\ensuremath{\delta}}$Te${}_{4}$ phases are present in samples with $x$ g 0.4$%$.
The Ras-related protein Rheb is farnesylated and antagonizes Ras signaling and transformation

Presently, nothing is known about the function of the Ras-related protein Rheb. Since Rheb shares significant sequence identity with the core effector domains of Ras and KRev-1/Rap1A, it may share functional similarities with these two structurally related, yet functionally distinct, small GTPases. Furthermore, since like Ras, Rheb terminates with a COOH terminus that is likely to signal for farnesylation, it may be a target for the farnesyltransferase inhibitors that block Ras processing and function. To compare Rheb function with those of Ras and KRev-1, we introduced mutations into Rheb that generate constitutively active or dominant negative forms of Ras and Ras-related proteins and were designated Rheb(64L) and Rheb(20N), respectively. Expression of wild type or mutant Rheb did not alter the morphology or growth properties of NIH 3T3 cells. Thus, aberrant Rheb function is distinct from that of Ras and fails to cause cellular transformation. Instead, similar to KRev-1, co-expression of Rheb antagonized oncogenic Ras transformation and signaling. In vitro and in vivo analyses showed that like Ras, Rheb proteins are farnesylated and are sensitive to farnesyltransferase inhibition. Thus, it is possible that Rheb function may be inhibited by farnesyltransferase inhibitors treatment and, consequently, may contribute to the ability of these inhibitors to impair Ras transformation.
Presynaptic excitability changes of trigeminothalamic and corticothalamic afferents

The responses of single neurons antidromically activated by stimulation of the thalamic nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM) were recorded in the trigeminal brain stem nuclei and the sensorimotor cerebral cortex (CX) of cats. An orofacial input was identified for every brain stem relay neuron tested but very few CX neurons projecting to the thalamus had a trigeminal field. A change in excitability (presynaptic depolarization or presynaptic hyperpolarization) produced by facial and CX conditioning stimuli was measured indirectly as a change in the level of excitation of the axonal endings of a neuron antidromically activated from the thalamus. The conditioning stimuli routinely altered the excitability of the thalamic endings of brain stem relay neurons whereas corticothalamic afferents only occasionally exhibited an excitability change. Presynaptic depolarization followed by presynaptic hyperpolarization was the common effect in both the unanesthetized and anesthetized states and this sequence correlated with the time course of afferent and cortically induced inhibition and facilitation observed in VPM neurons. The findings indicate that presynaptic mechanisms play a role in the modification of thalamic neuronal activity.
Post‐transplant complications

Lung transplantation carries the potential of great benefit to patients with chronic, end-stage lung disease; but it comes with significant medical, social, financial, and psychosocial costs that differ from those experienced prior to transplantation. Further understanding of its limitations, especially the development of acute and chronic rejection, will continue to lead to better immunosuppressive regimens and therapies. Success of the transplant procedure involves not only interventions to improve graft survival, but also those to improve the patient's quality of life.
Late Preterm Infants: Clinical Complications and Risk: Part Two of a Two-Part Series

Objectives Upon completion of this activity, the learner will be able to: 1. Classify infants born between 34 and 36 completed weeks (34 to 36 6/7 weeks) of gestation as late preterm and describe trends in the late preterm infant birth rate. 2. Describe the 4 “U's” of late preterm infants that contribute to their risk for morbidity and mortality. 3. Describe the physiology of late preterm infants and maternal and neonatal risk factors that may impact the late preterm infant's health. 4. Identify the clinical complications associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the late preterm infant population. 5. Integrate knowledge of late preterm infants into nursing assessment and care. Continuing Nursing Education (CNE) Credit A total of 3 contact hours may be earned as CNE credit for reading “Late Preterm Infants: Clinical Complications and Risk” and for completing an online post-test and participant feedback form. To take the test and complete the participant feedback form, please visit http://JournalsCNE.awhonn.org . Certificates of completion will be issued on receipt of the completed participant feedback form, application and processing fees. AWHONN is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. Accredited status does not imply endorsement by AWHONN or ANCC of any commercial products displayed or discussed in conjunction with an educational activity. AWHONN also holds California and Alabama BRN numbers: California CNE provider #CEP580 and Alabama #ABNP0058.
Repeated Games with Asymptotically Finite Horizons

Abstract We study a class of repeated games in which the discount factor falls asymptotically to zero through time (reflecting, for example, a vanishing probability of continuation). For an important class of stage games, we give a condition on the sequence of discount factors that is necessary and sufficient for the existence of non-degenerate equilibria. We also study the properties of the equilibrium set when this condition is satisfied. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72.