cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phurbas: An Adaptive, Lagrangian, Meshless, Magnetohydrodynamics Code. II. Implementation and Tests

We present an algorithm for simulating the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics and other systems of differential equations on an unstructured set of points represented by sample particles. The particles move with the fluid, so the time step is not limited by the Eulerian Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition. Full spatial adaptivity is required to ensure the particles fill the computational volume and gives the algorithm substantial flexibility and power. A target resolution is specified for each point in space, with particles being added and deleted as needed to meet this target. We have parallelized the code by adapting the framework provided by GADGET-2. A set of standard test problems, including 10?6 amplitude linear magnetohydrodynamics waves, magnetized shock tubes, and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities is presented. Finally, we demonstrate good agreement with analytic predictions of linear growth rates for magnetorotational instability in a cylindrical geometry. This paper documents the Phurbas algorithm as implemented in Phurbas version 1.1.
Volume growth, entropy and stability for translating solitons

We study volume growth, entropy and stability for translating solitons of mean curvature flow. First, we prove that every complete properly immersed translator has at least linear volume growth. Then, by using Huisken's monotonicity formula, we compute the entropy of the grim reaper and the bowl solitons. We also give a curvature estimate for translators in $\mathbf{R}^3$ with small entropy. Finally, we estimate the spectrum of the stability operator $L$ for translators and give a rigidity result of $L$-stable translators.
HUNTING THE COOLEST DWARFS: METHODS AND EARLY RESULTS

We present the methods and first results of a survey of nearby high proper motion main-sequence stars to probe for cool companions with the Gemini camera at Lick Observatory. This survey uses a sample of old (age > 2 Gyr) stars as targets to probe for companions down to temperatures of 500 K. Multi-epoch observations allow us to discriminate comoving companions from background objects. So far, our survey has successfully rediscovered the wide T8.5 companion to GJ 1263 and has discovered a companion to the nearby M0V star GJ 660.1. The companion to GJ 660.1 (GJ 660.1B) is {approx}4 mag fainter than its host star in the J-band and is located at a projected separation of {approx}120 AU. Known trigonometric parallax and Two Micron All Sky Survey magnitudes for the GJ 660.1 system indicate a spectral type for the companion of M9 {+-} 2.
Random Lindblad dynamics

We study the mixing behavior of random Lindblad generators with no symmetries, using the dynamical map or propagator of the dissipative evolution. In particular, we determine the long-time behavior of a dissipative form factor, which is the trace of the propagator, and use this as a diagnostic for the existence or absence of a spectral gap in the distribution of eigenvalues of the Lindblad generator. We find that simple generators with a single jump operator are slowly mixing, and relax algebraically in time, due to the closing of the spectral gap in the thermodynamic limit. Introducing additional jump operators or a Hamiltonian opens up a spectral gap which remains finite in the thermodynamic limit, leading to exponential relaxation and thus rapid mixing. We use the method of moments and introduce a novel diagrammatic expansion to determine exactly the form factor to leading order in Hilbert space dimension $N$. We also present numerical support for our main results.
Timing of readiness potentials reflect a decision-making process in the human brain.

Decision-making in two-alternative forced choice tasks has several underlying components including stimulus encoding, perceptual categorization, response selection, and response execution. Sequential sampling models of decision-making are based on an evidence accumulation process to a decision boundary. Animal and human studies have focused on perceptual categorization and provide evidence linking brain signals in parietal cortex to the evidence accumulation process. In this exploratory study, we use a task where the dominant contribution to response time is response selection and model the response time data with the drift-diffusion model. EEG measurement during the task show that the readiness potential (RP) recorded over motor areas has timing consistent with the evidence accumulation process. The duration of the RP predicts decision-making time, the duration of evidence accumulation, suggesting that the RP partly reflects an evidence accumulation process for response selection in the motor system. Thus, evidence accumulation may be a neural implementation of decision-making processes in both perceptual and motor systems. The contributions of perceptual categorization and response selection to evidence accumulation processes in decision-making tasks can be potentially evaluated by examining the timing of perceptual and motor EEG signals.
Adding interactive visual syntax to textual code

Many programming problems call for turning geometrical thoughts into code: tables, hierarchical structures, nests of objects, trees, forests, graphs, and so on. Linear text does not do justice to such thoughts. But, it has been the dominant programming medium for the past and will remain so for the foreseeable future. This paper proposes a novel mechanism for conveniently extending textual programming languages with problem-specific visual syntax. It argues the necessity of this language feature, demonstrates the feasibility with a robust prototype, and sketches a design plan for adapting the idea to other languages.
Assessing the potential efficacy of marine cloud brightening for cooling Earth using a simple heuristic model

Abstract. A simple heuristic model is described to assess the potential for increasing solar reflection by augmenting the aerosol population below marine low clouds, which nominally leads to increased cloud droplet concentration and albedo. The model estimates the collective impact of many point source particle sprayers, each of which generates a plume of injected particles that affects clouds over a limited area. A look-up table derived from simulations of an explicit aerosol activation scheme is used to derive cloud droplet concentration as a function of the sub-cloud aerosol size distribution and updraft speed, and a modified version of Twomey's formulation is used to estimate radiative forcing. Plume overlap is accounted for using a Poisson distribution, assuming idealized elongated cuboid plumes that have a length driven by aerosol lifetime and wind speed, a width consistent with satellite observations of ship track broadening, and a depth equal to an assumed boundary layer depth. The model is found to perform favorably against estimates of brightening from large eddy simulation studies that explicitly model cloud responses to aerosol injections over a range of conditions. Although the heuristic model does not account for cloud condensate or coverage adjustments to aerosol, in most realistic ambient remote marine conditions these tend to augment the Twomey effect in the large eddy simulations, with the result being a modest underprediction of brightening in the heuristic model. The heuristic model is used to evaluate the potential for global radiative forcing from marine cloud brightening as a function of the quantity, size, and lifetime of salt particles injected per sprayer and the number of sprayers deployed. Radiative forcing is sensitive to both the background aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer into which particles are injected and the assumed updraft speed. Given representative values from the literature, radiative forcing sufficient to offset a doubling of carbon dioxide Δ F 2 × CO 2 is possible but would require spraying 50 % or more of the ocean area. This is likely to require at least 10 4 sprayers to avoid major losses of particles due to near-sprayer coagulation. The optimal dry diameter of injected particles, for a given salt mass injection rate, is 30–60 nm. A major consequence is that the total salt emission rate (50–70 Tg yr −1 ) required to offset Δ F 2 × CO 2 is a factor of five lower than the emissions rates required to generate significant forcing in previous studies with climate models, which have mostly assumed dry diameters for injected particles in excess of 200 nm. With the lower required emissions, the salt mass loading in the marine boundary layer for Δ F 2 × CO 2 is dominated by natural salt aerosol, with injected particles only contributing ∼ 10 %. When using particle sizes optimized for cloud brightening, the aerosol direct radiative forcing is shown to make a minimal contribution to the overall radiative forcing.
Divergence in Photoperiod Responses of a Classical Biological Control Agent, Galerucella calmariensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Across a Climatic and Latitudinal Gradient.

A key knowledge gap in classical biological control is to what extent insect agents evolve to novel environments. The introduction of biological control agents to new photoperiod regimes and climates may disrupt the coordination of diapause timing that evolved to the growing season length in the native range. We tested whether populations of Galerucella calmariensis L. have evolved in response to the potential mismatch of their diapause timing since their intentional introduction to the United States from Germany in the 1990s. Populations collected from 39.4° to 48.8° latitude in the western United States were reared in growth chambers to isolate the effects of photoperiod on diapause induction and development time. For all populations, shorter day lengths increased the proportion of beetles that entered diapause instead of reproducing. The critical photoperiods, or the day length at which half of a population diapauses, differed significantly among the sampled populations, generally decreasing at lower latitudes. The latitudinal trend reflects changes in growing season length, which determines the number of generations possible, and in local day lengths, at the time when beetles are sensitive to this cue. Development times were similar across populations, with one exception, and did not vary with photoperiod. These results show that there was sufficient genetic variation from the two German source populations to evolve different photoperiod responses across a range of environmental conditions. This study adds to the examples of rapid evolution of seasonal adaptations in introduced insects.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Naïve Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured in Three-Dimensional PEG Scaffolds.

Naive human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by improved viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity in comparison to traditionally derived primed human ESCs. However, currently used two-dimensional (2-D) cell culture techniques fail to mimic the three-dimensional (3-D) in vivo microenvironment, altering morphological and molecular characteristics of ESCs. Here, we describe the use of 3-D self-assembling scaffolds that support growth and maintenance of the naive state characteristics of ESC line, Elf1. Scaffolds were formed via a Michael addition reaction upon the combination of two 8-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers functionalized with thiol (PEG-8-SH) and acrylate (PEG-8-Acr) end groups. 3-D scaffold environment maintained the naive state and supported the long-term growth of ESCs. RNA-sequencing demonstrated significant changes in gene expression profiles between 2-D and 3-D grown cells. Gene ontology analysis revealed upregulation of biological processes involved in the regulation of transcription and translation, extracellular matrix organization, and chromatin remodeling in 3-D grown cells. 3-D culture conditions also induced upregulation of genes associated with Wnt and focal adhesion signaling, while p53 signaling pathway associated genes were downregulated. Our findings, for the first time, provide insight into the possible mechanisms of self-renewal of naive ESCs stimulated by the transduction of mechanical signals from the 3-D microenvironment.
Extending the Hint Factory for the Assistance Dilemma: A Novel, Data-driven HelpNeed Predictor for Proactive Problem-solving Help

Determining when and whether to provide personalized support is a well-known challenge called the assistance dilemma. A core problem in solving the assistance dilemma is the need to discover when students are unproductive so that the tutor can intervene. Such a task is particularly challenging for open-ended domains, even those that are well-structured with defined principles and goals. We present a set of data-driven methods to classify, predict, and prevent unproductive problem-solving steps in the well-structured open-ended domain of logic. This approach leverages and extends the Hint Factory, a set of methods that leverages prior student solution attempts to build data-driven intelligent tutors. We present a HelpNeed classification that uses prior student data to determine when students are likely to be unproductive and need help learning optimal problem-solving strategies. We present a controlled study to determine the impact of an Adaptive pedagogical policy that provides proactive hints at the start of each step based on the outcomes of our HelpNeed predictor: productive vs. unproductive. Our results show that the students in the Adaptive condition exhibited better training behaviors, with lower help avoidance, and higher help appropriateness (a higher chance of receiving help when it was likely to be needed), as measured using the HelpNeed classifier, when compared to the Control. Furthermore, the results show that the students who received Adaptive hints based on HelpNeed predictions during training significantly outperform their Control peers on the posttest, with the former producing shorter, more optimal solutions in less time. We conclude with suggestions on how these HelpNeed methods could be applied in other well-structured open-ended domains.
Improving efficiency of training a virtual treatment planner network via knowledge-guided deep reinforcement learning for intelligent automatic treatment planning of radiotherapy

Purpose We previously proposed an intelligent automatic treatment planning framework for radiotherapy, in which a virtual treatment planner network (VTPN) is built using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to operate a treatment planning system (TPS) by adjusting treatment planning parameters in it to generate high-quality plans. We demonstrated the potential feasibility of this idea in prostate cancer intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Despite the success, the process to train a VTPN via the standard DRL approach with an e-greedy algorithm was time consuming. The required training time was expected to grow with the complexity of the treatment planning problem, preventing the development of VTPN for more complicated but clinically relevant scenarios. In this study, we proposed a novel knowledge-guided DRL (KgDRL) approach that incorporated knowledge from human planners to guide the training process to improve the efficiency of training a VTPN. Method Using prostate cancer IMRT as a testbed, we first summarized a number of rules in the actions of adjusting treatment planning parameters of our in-house TPS. During the training process of VTPN, in addition to randomly navigating the large state-action space, as in the standard DRL approach using the e-greedy algorithm, we also sampled actions defined by the rules. The priority of sampling actions from rules decreased over the training process to encourage VTPN to explore new policy on parameter adjustment that were not covered by the rules. To test this idea, we trained a VTPN using KgDRL and compared its performance with another VTPN trained using the standard DRL approach. Both networks were trained using 10 training patient cases and 5 additional cases for validation, while another 59 cases were employed for the evaluation purpose. Results It was found that both VTPNs trained via KgDRL and standard DRL spontaneously learned how to operate the in-house TPS to generate high-quality plans, achieving plan quality scores of 8.82 (±0.29) and 8.43 (±0.48), respectively. Both VTPNs outperformed treatment planning purely based on the rules, which had a plan score of 7.81 (±1.59). VTPN trained with eight episodes using KgDRL was able to perform similarly to that trained using DRL with 100 epochs. The training time was reduced from more than a week to ~13 hours. Conclusion The proposed KgDRL framework was effective in accelerating the training process of a VTPN by incorporating human knowledge, which will facilitate the development of VTPN for more complicated treatment planning scenarios.
Bacteriophage therapy for infections in CF

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are bacterial pathogens frequently associated with pulmonary complications and disease progression in cystic fibrosis (CF). However, these bacteria increasingly show resistance to antibiotics, necessitating novel management strategies. One possibility is bacteriophage (phages; bacteria-specific viruses) therapy, where lytic phages are administered to kill target bacterial pathogens. Recent publications of case reports of phage therapy to treat antibiotic-resistant lung infections in CF have garnered significant attention. These cases exemplify the renewed interest in phage therapy, an older concept that is being newly updated to include rigorous collection and analysis of patient data to assess clinical benefit, which will inform the development of clinical trials. As outcomes of these trials become public, the results will valuable gauge the potential usefulness of phage therapy to address the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. In addition, we highlight the further need for basic research to accurately predict the different responses of target bacterial pathogens when phages are administered alone, sequentially, or as mixtures (cocktails), and whether within-cocktail interactions among phages hold consequences for the efficacy of phage therapy in patient treatment.
TOWARD BETTER META‐ANALYTIC MATRICES: HOW INPUT VALUES CAN AFFECT RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SIMULATIONS

Simulations and analyses based on meta-analytic matrices are fairly common in human resource management and organizational behavior research, particularly in staffing research. Unfortunately, the meta-analytic values estimates for validity and group differences (i.e., ρ and δ, respectively) used in such matrices often vary in the extent to which they are affected by artifacts and how accurately the values capture the underlying constructs and the appropriate population. We investigate how such concerns might influence conclusions concerning key issues such as prediction of job performance and adverse impact of selection procedures, as well as noting wider applications of these issues. We also start the process of building a better matrix upon which to base many such simulations and analyses in staffing research. Finally, we offer guidelines to help researchers/practitioners better model human resources processes, and we suggest ways that researchers in a variety of areas can better assemble meta-analytic matrices.
A formal approach to verification of process constraints

Maintaining the consistency of large-scale business processes under various business changes has become a significant issue in corporate information management. One important aspect of business process management is maintaining the correctness and consistency of process constraints. In this paper, we present a formal approach to the verification of process constraints by means of a Predicate-based Process Specification Language (P2SL). A business case is used to motivate the problem and to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Does direct foreign investment affect domestic firms credit constraints

Abstract Firms in developing countries cite credit constraints as one of their primary obstacles to investment. Direct foreign investment may ease credit constraints by bringing in scarce capital. Alternatively, if foreign firms borrow heavily from domestic banks, they may crowd local firms out of domestic capital markets. Using firm data from the Ivory Coast, we test whether: (1) domestic firms are more credit constrained than foreign firms, and (2) whether borrowing by foreign firms exacerbates domestic firm credit constraints. Results provide support for both hypotheses. We also find that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are less financially constrained than other domestic enterprises.
Constructing \( \mathcal{N} \) = 4 Coulomb branch superamplitudes

We study scattering amplitudes of massive BPS states on the Coulomb branch of 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super-Yang-Mills, utilising a little group covariant on-shell superspace for massive particles. Super-BCFW recursion for massive amplitudes is constructed and its validity is proven for all Coulomb branch superamplitudes. We then determine the exact three-particle superamplitudes for massive states. These ingredients allow us to explicitly compute the four- and five-particle superamplitudes, which is the first non-trivial usage of BCFW recursion for amplitudes with entirely massive external states. The manifest little group covariance helps clarify both the role of special kinematic properties of BPS states and the organizational structures of the superamplitudes.
Self-Employment: More May Not Be Better

Summary I present information on self-employment from eighty countries. Self-employment rates are generally down across the OECD. The main exceptions are the UK and New Zealand. The probability of being self-employed across the OECD is higher for men and for older workers compared with younger workers. In Europe the probabilities are lower the more educated an individual is, while the opposite is true in the US. It does seem likely that people have an unrealistically rosy view of what it is like to be running their own business rather than staying with the comparative security of being an employee. A surprisingly high proportion of employees say they would prefer to be selfemployed. Despite the fact that very high proportions of employees say they would like to set up their own business the reality is something else. The evidence presented here suggests that people may well be able to judge what is in their own best interests - that is why they remain as employees. The self-employed work under a lot of pressure, report that they find their work stressful and that they come home from work exhausted. Further, they report being constantly under strain, that they lose sleep over worry and place more weight on work than they do on leisure. However, they are especially likely to say they have control over their lives as well as being highly satisfied with their lives.
A Lot to Ask: Review Essay of Martha Nussbaum’s from Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law

The title of Martha Nussbaum‘s recent book From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law encapsulates well the book‘s normative and descriptive claims. In Nussbaum‘s descriptive account, the politics of disgust have been and remain at the root of all opposition to recognition of legal rights for homosexuals, whether the issue be sodomy laws, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, same-sex marriage or venues for public sex. Although she acknowledges that explicit appeals to disgust have declined in recent years, Nussbaum argues that disgust ―has not gone away, it has gone underground.‖ 1 In Nussbaum‘s normative view, disgust not only should be ruled categorically out of bounds as a basis for law and policy, but must be thoroughly extirpated and replaced with a ―politics of humanity‖ involving not only sympathy, imagination, and respect, but ―something else, something closer to love.‖ 2
A Survey of Fake News: Fundamental Theories, Detection Methods, and Opportunities

The explosive growth in fake news and its erosion to democracy, justice, and public trust has increased the demand for fake news detection and intervention. This survey reviews and evaluates methods that can detect fake news from four perspectives: the false knowledge it carries, its writing style, its propagation patterns, and the credibility of its source. The survey also highlights some potential research tasks based on the review. In particular, we identify and detail related fundamental theories across various disciplines to encourage interdisciplinary research on fake news. It is our hope that this survey can facilitate collaborative efforts among experts in computer and information sciences, social sciences, political science, and journalism to research fake news, where such efforts can lead to fake news detection that is not only efficient but, more importantly, explainable.
Constraints and triggers: Situational mechanics of gender in negotiation.

The authors propose 2 categories of situational moderators of gender in negotiation: situational ambiguity and gender triggers. Reducing the degree of situational ambiguity constrains the influence of gender on negotiation. Gender triggers prompt divergent behavioral responses as a function of gender. Field and lab studies (1 and 2) demonstrated that decreased ambiguity in the economic structure of a negotiation (structural ambiguity) reduces gender effects on negotiation performance. Study 3 showed that representation role (negotiating for self or other) functions as a gender trigger by producing a greater effect on female than male negotiation performance. Study 4 showed that decreased structural ambiguity constrains gender effects of representation role, suggesting that situational ambiguity and gender triggers work in interaction to moderate gender effects on negotiation performance.
The Nature and Nurture of Economic Outcomes

This paper uses data on adopted children to examine the relative importance of biology and environment in determining educational and labor market outcomes. I employ three long-term panel data sets which contain information on adopted children, their adoptive parents, and their biological parents. In at least two of the three data sets, the mechanism for assigning children to adoptive parents is fairly random and does not match children to adoptive parents based on health, race, or ability. I find that adoptive parents' education and income have a modest impact on child test scores but a large impact on college attendance, marital status, and earnings. In contrast with existing work on IQ scores, I do not find that the influence of adoptive parents declines with child age.
Digitization, Commodification, Criminalization: The Evolution of Criminal Copyright Infringement and the Importance of the Willfulness Requirement

This article explores criminal copyright infringement in light of the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act. The adoption of the NET Act in 1997 marked a significant turning point in the law of criminal copyright infringement by eliminating proof of a profit motive as a requirement for conviction. This article explores not only the history of criminal copyright infringement in this country but the reasons underlying this expansion of criminal liability for copyright infringement.The only element of this new type of non-commercially motivated criminal infringement that stands between legitimate protection for copyright owners and illegitimate criminalization of widespread practices of individuals is the requirement that the infringement be willful. The willfulness requirement in criminal law is subject to varying interpretations depending on the context of its use. This article argues that proving willfulness in the context of criminal copyright infringement must require proof of a violation of a known legal duty. Additionally, credible claims of ignorance of the law or a good faith belief in the lawfulness of the activity should negate willfulness and thus prevent conviction for criminal infringement. Civil infringement liability, which requires no mental intent, would still apply to these infringers.
Detailed management earnings forecasts: do analysts listen?

We provide archival evidence on how a particular type of supplementary information affects the credibility of management earnings forecasts. Managers often provide detailed forecasts of specific income statement line items to shed light on how they plan to achieve their bottom-line earnings targets. We assess the effect of this forecast disaggregation on the credibility of management earnings forecasts. Based on a relatively large hand-collected sample of 900 management earnings forecasts, we find that disaggregation increases analysts’ sensitivity to the news in managers’ earnings guidance, suggesting that analysts find the guidance more credible. More importantly, we identify several factors that influence this relation. First, disaggregation plays a more important role when earnings are otherwise more difficult to forecast. Second, disaggregation is more important after Regulation Fair Disclosure prohibited selective disclosure, especially for firms that were more affected because they had previously provided more private guidance. Finally, in contrast to common assertions in the prior literature, we find that, in more recent years, disaggregation matters more for guidance that conveys bad news. Managers as well as researchers should be interested in evidence suggesting that financial analysts find disaggregation especially helpful in contexts where managers’ credibility is particularly important.
Predicting unpredictability: Do measures of interpersonal rigidity/flexibility and distress predict intraindividual variability in social perceptions and behavior?

Maladjusted individuals have been theorized to exhibit problematic intraindividual variability of social behavior across situations. This variability is either excessively high (i.e., unpredictable) or low (i.e., rigid), or the behavior is inappropriately matched to the interpersonal context (noncomplementary). However, research has not tested systematically whether interpersonal distress and purported measures of rigidity actually predict these different types of variability across a broad range of social situations. Participants completed measures of interpersonal functioning and then responded to a range of hypothetical interpersonal scenarios, rating perceptions of others and their own expected behavioral responses (Study 1). A subset of participants also rated others' and their own social behaviors across a week of naturalistic social interactions (Study 2). Results most consistently suggested that interpersonal distress predicts high intraindividual variability, with little support for the measurement or theory of rigidity. Moreover, variability of social perceptions partially mediated the link between distress and behavioral variability. Results largely persisted even after accounting for gender and variables' mean levels, and cannot be fully explained by interpersonal complementarity. The implications of these dynamic processes for understanding personality and interpersonal adjustment are discussed.
Accrual quality, skill, and the cross-section of mutual fund returns

We use returns of actively managed mutual funds to document the link between accrual quality (AQ) and systematic (priced) risk. Despite compelling theoretical arguments, prior research finds no evidence that poor AQ commands a risk premium in the cross-section of realized stock returns. We argue that the previously obtained premium estimates are biased downward because, for a large portion of poor AQ stocks, higher expected returns are offset by the news of deteriorating fundamentals. We suggest that skilled mutual fund managers should be able to either avoid investing in stocks with deteriorating fundamentals or assign them lower portfolio weights. As a consequence, returns on their portfolios should better reflect the expected AQ risk premium. Our empirical evidence is consistent with these predictions.
The WIYN Open Cluster Study Photometric Binary Survey: Initial Findings for NGC 188

The WIYN open cluster study (WOCS) has been working to yield precise optical ( UBRVI ) photometry for all stars in the field of a selection of “prototypical” open clusters. Additionally, WOCS has been using radial velocities to obtain orbit solutions for cluster member hard-binary stars (with period less than 1000 days). Recently, WOCS has been expanded to include the near-infrared ( JHK s ; 2MASS plus new deep ground-based) and mid-infrared ([3.6], [4.5], [5.8], [8.0] micron) photometry from Spitzer /IRAC observations. This multi-wavelength data (0.3–8.0 microns) allows us to identify binaries photometrically, with mass ratios from 1.0–0.3, across a wide range of primary masses. The spectral energy distribution (SED) fitter by Robitaille et al . (2007) is used to fit the fluxes of 10–12 bands to Kurucz stellar models. This technique allows us to explore the soft binary population for the first time . Using this photometric technique, we find that NGC 188 has a binary fraction of 36-49% and provide a star-by-star comparison to the WOCS radial velocity-based hard binary study.
Shortness of Vision: Regulatory Ambition in the Digital Age

A worldwide battle over the future of the internet is under way. Telecommunications agencies around the world increasingly perceive the internet and the devices that connect to it as being under their regulatory control, and law enforcement authorities and the content industry are pushing them to exert this authority. I use two recent FCC case studies, the Broadcast Flag and the IP-Enabled Services rulemakings, to reveal the scope of the battle now playing out globally. Both of these proceedings present fascinating and troubling challenges to our shared online future, are being echoed around the world, and suggest that we are at a turning point in the brief history of the internet. Regulating information flows, usually the province of membranes created implicitly by individual attention and group decisions, is ordinarily an impossible task for governments. The US Congress has recognized this by (to date) acting with great restraint (with aberrational and expensive exceptions) when thinking about regulating the internet. The US should take the lead in recognizing that there is a fundamental mismatch between the scale of government actions online (large) and the complexity of the moves available to governments (low), on the one hand, and the scale of information flows online (fine) and their complexity (high), on the other. The only way to manipulate this online environment is to encourage the evolution of complex small-scale regulatory mechanisms that provide social order. We need to regulate the internet in a completely different way.
Compensation in the Nonprofit Sector

We investigate the determinants of pay in the nonprofit sector using data for 25–55 year olds from the 1994– 88 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Groups. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that compensation is primarily determined in competitive markets without ‘‘labor donations’ ’ to nonprofit employers. One implication is that nonprofit workers receive virtually the same wages as observationally equivalent employees in similar positions with profit-seeking enterprises. We cannot rule out the possibility of nonprofit penalties or premiums for selected groups; however, the differentials are generally small and competition appears to play a dominant role in nonprofit wage setting.
Rivalry, Market Structure and Innovation: The Case of Mobile Banking

This paper focuses on a novel phenomenon—mobile banking diffusion—to illuminate unresolved questions: whether and how rivalry adoption and market structure affect the diffusion of a new technology. Using a unique, hand-collected dataset from the iTunes Store for 2008–2012, this study provides evidence that the adoptions of mobile banking apps by local rivals spur future adoptions. This effect is particularly strong in concentrated markets, where banks compete on non-price attributes. These results are robust to the application of instrumental variables that address the possibility that adoptions are merely simultaneous reactions to the same common forces.
Generalized Synthetic Control Method: Causal Inference with Interactive Fixed Effects Models

Difference-in-differences (DID) is commonly used for causal inference in time-series cross-sectional data. It requires the assumption that the average outcomes of treated and control units would have followed parallel paths in the absence of treatment. In this paper, we propose a method that not only relaxes this often-violated assumption, but also unifies the synthetic control method (Abadie, Diamond, and Hainmueller 2010) with linear fixed effects models under a simple framework, of which DID is a special case. It imputes counterfactuals for each treated unit using control group information based on a linear interactive fixed effects model that incorporates unit-specific intercepts interacted with time-varying coefficients. This method has several advantages. First, it allows the treatment to be correlated with unobserved unit and time heterogeneities under reasonable modeling assumptions. Second, it generalizes the synthetic control method to the case of multiple treated units and variable treatment periods, and improves efficiency and interpretability. Third, with a built-in cross-validation procedure, it avoids specification searches and thus is easy to implement. An empirical example of Election Day Registration and voter turnout in the United States is provided.
Diversity Management in Corporate America

Do America's costly diversity-management programs work? Some do and some don't. The best idea is to assign clear responsibility for change.
Price Level Determinacy Without Control of a Monetary Aggregate

Abstract It is shown that the price level remains determinate even in the case of two kinds of radical money supply endogeneity - an interest rate peg by the central bank, and a “free banking” regime - that are commonly supposed to imply loss of control of the price level. Price level determination under such regimes can be understood in terms of a “fiscal theory of the price level,” according to which the equilibrium price level is that level that makes the real value of nominally denominated government liabilities equal to the present value of expected future government budget surpluses.
The Role of Sell-Side Analysts after Accusations of Managerial Misconduct

ABSTRACT Prior research questions the general informational role of analysts by documenting inefficiencies, biases, and limitations of their research. Rather than examine the general informational ...
Executive Networks and Firm Policies: Evidence from the Random Assignment of MBA Peers

Using the historical random assignment of MBA students to sections at Harvard Business School (HBS), I explore how executive peer networks can affect managerial decision making. Within an HBS class, firm outcomes are significantly more similar among graduates from the same section than among graduates from different sections, with the strongest effects in executive compensation and acquisitions strategy. I demonstrate the role of ongoing social interactions by showing that peer effects are more than twice as strong in the year following staggered alumni reunions. Supplementary tests suggest that peer influence can operate in ways that do not contribute to firm productivity. The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
AALL History Through the Eyes of its Presidents

On the occasion of the celebration of AALL�s centennial in 2006, Professor Houdek offers a personalized history of the Association by presenting reminiscences of those who have served as its president. Collectively, these stories contribute a unique perspective on the important issues that have confronted AALL as an organization and law librarianship as a profession. They also help explain how these individuals became AALL leaders and what the experience meant to them.
A Perspective on Psychology and Economics

This essay provides a perspective on the trend towards integrating psychology into economics. Some topics are discussed, and arguments are provided for why movement towards greater psychological realism in economics will improve mainstream economics.
Naturalizing Sharīʿa: Foundationalist Ambiguities in Modern Islamic Apologetics

This essay discusses an important feature of much modern Islamic writing on law, politics and morality. The feature in question is the claim that Islamic law and human nature (fiṭra) are in perfect harmony, that Islam is the “natural religion” (dīn al-fiṭra), and thus that the demands of Islamic law are easy and painless for ordinary human moral capacities. My discussion proceeds through a close reading of the Moroccan independence leader and religious scholar ʿAllāl al-Fāsī (d. 1974). I discuss the ambiguities within Fāsī’s theory and suggest that the natural religion doctrine might be better understood less as a reduction of Islamic law to “natural law” and more as an apologetic effort to defend the realism and feasibility of Islamic law. In the hands of reformers like Fāsī, this project is beset with unresolved ambiguities around the constraining quality of revealed law in practice and the moral validity of non-Islamic political and ethical systems.
Globalization and Productivity in the United States and Germany

This paper investigates the impact of globalization on productivity in manufacturing industries in the United States and Germany. Using disaggregated data from the manufacturing sectors in Germany and the United States, I investigate two hypotheses of how globalization and productivity might be related. The first hypothesis investigates the relationship between globalization and changes in the productivity growth rate. The second hypothesis investigates the importance of globalization for the procyclical characteristics of productivity. Globalization is proxied by real exports and imports, both real volumes and as a share of output and apparent domestic consumption, respectively. Productivity is measured three ways: (1) labor productivity; (2) a Solow residual from a calculation including labor and utilization-adjusted capital; and (3) a Solow residual from a calculation including labor, materials, and utilization-adjusted capital. The time period analyzed is 1979 to 1995 for the United States and 1981 to 1994 for Germany. For U.S. industries, the analysis suggests that international demand growth affects trend productivity growth differently from the effect of greater international exposure. Increased export demand is associated with an increase in trend productivity growth; but this increase is less than that associated with an increase in domestic shipments. Thus, the positive correlation between productivity growth and the share of exports in output found by some other researchers is not corroborated by this study. 1 On the other hand, while increased import growth is associated with lower trend productivity growth, an increase in import competition (measured by the share of imports in domestic demand) increases trend productivity growth. Thus, whereas increased imports apparently do not induce productivity enhancements, loss of market share to imports does. Comparing across the measures of productivity growth, labor markets do not bear the brunt of the reallocation of inputs necessary to achieve productivity gains; reallocation in the use of materials is particularly important for raising productivity growth rates. Capital utilization is more affected by the overall level of output, regardless of source or destination.
The Leaky Common Law: An "Offer to Sell" as a Policy Tool in Patent Law and Beyond

Gone are the days when the term “offer” is confined to first-year contracts courses and the intricacies of contract formation. The offer concept has quietly migrated throughout the law. It now regulates behavior in areas as diverse as criminal law, environmental law, securities law, and intellectual property law. Despite its wide diffusion, the offer concept remains largely unstudied as a legal concept outside of its contract-law environment. This Article begins to fill that gap. The Article begins by deconstructing the meaning of a traditional contract-law “offer” to determine its policy role in contract law, and then compares that role with offer concept’s roles in other areas of the law. Next, the Article compares the offer concept’s policy role in each area of the law to its corresponding definition therein and discusses any inconsistencies between the policy role and the definition. The Article then focuses on patent law’s use of the offer concept to regulate patent infringement and provides two primary analyses: (1) a normative analysis of the offer concept’s optimal definition in patent law and (2) a statutory analysis of the relevant statute. On the basis of the policy and statutory analyses, the Article shows why the current court-generated definition of patent law’s offer concept should be improved. The Article concludes by providing suggestions for improving the use of the offer concept in patent law and the law more generally.
Getting What You Paid For: Using Mutual Fund Governance to Predict the Activeness of Mutual Funds

This article examines the relationship between mutual fund governance and the activeness of equity mutual funds. Using a fund’s corporate culture as a proxy for its governance and controlling for other variables, we find evidence that funds with better governance are significantly more active than other funds. Furthermore, we find that the probability of discovering a highly active fund increases significantly as the governance of the fund improves. We also find some evidence that the probability of finding a closet index fund increases as the governance of the fund declines. Although our results are based on a relatively small subset of funds, these results demonstrate that mutual fund governance should be considered carefully when making mutual fund investment decisions.
AGGREGATE DEMAND FOR NARROW AND BROAD MONEY: A STUDY FOR THE BRAZILIAN ECONOMY (1970-1983)*

To study the aggregate demand for narrow and broad money for the Brazilian economy in its most recent period, 1970 to 1983, a basic model was developed. From this model, which is a restricted one, an unrestricted model was derived. Using information from both models, the unrestricted model was used to derive a common factor model as well as a first differences model. The best results are attained with the common factor model.
Are aid agencies improving

The record of the aid agencies over time seems to indicate weak evidence of progress in response to learning from experience, new knowledge, or changes in political climate. The few positive results are an increased sensitivity to per capita income of the recipient (although it happened long ago), a decline in the share of food aid, and a decline in aid tying. Most of the other evidence – increasing donor fragmentation, unchanged emphasis on technical assistance, little or no sign of increased selectivity with respect to policies and institutions, the adjustment lending-debt relief imbroglio – suggests an unchanged status quo, lack of response to new knowledge, and repetition of past mistakes. — William Easterly