cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of triage-based use of the Ottawa foot and ankle rules on the number of orders for radiographic imaging.

Objectives: First, to determine whether implementation of protocol-driven use of the OFARs at triage would decrease the number of radiography orders and length of stay (LOS) in the emergency department. Second, to quantify the incidence of OFARs use at triage and to assess patient expectations of radiography use and patient satisfaction as rated by both patients and clinicians. Methods: In this prospective, 2-stage sequential pilot study, patients with acute ankle and foot injuries were screened in the emergency department between January 2013 and October 2013. In the first stage, clinicians (physician assistants, residents, and attending physicians) performed their usual practice habits for radiography use in the control group. For the second stage, they were educated to appropriately apply the OFARs before ordering radiography. For patients who were suspected of having a fracture at triage, nursing staff ordered radiography. For patients who were not suspected of having a fracture at triage, a clinician reassessed them using the OFARs after their triage assessment. Radiography was then ordered at the discretion of the clinician. Results gathered after training in the OFARs comprised the intervention group. After discharge, patients were surveyed regarding their expectations and satisfaction, and clinicians were surveyed on their perceptions of patient satisfaction. Results: A total of 131 patients were screened, 62 patients were enrolled in the study after consent was obtained, and 2 patients withdrew from the study prematurely, leaving 30 patients in each group. Fifty-eight of the 60 patients (97%) underwent radiography. Emergency department LOS decreased from 103 minutes to 96.5 minutes (P=.297) after the OFARs were applied. There was also a decrease in LOS in patients with a fracture (137 minutes vs 103 minutes [P=.112]). Radiography was expected to be ordered by 27 of 30 patients in the control group (90%) and 24 of 30 in the intervention group (80%) (P=.472). Patients were equally satisfied among the groups (54 of 60 [90%]) (with no difference between groups), and 27 of 30 (90%) vs 30 of 30 (100%) clinicians in the control and intervention groups, respectively, perceived that patients were satisfied with their treatment. Conclusion: There was no statistical evidence that application of the OFARs decreases the number of imaging orders or decreases LOS. This observation suggests that even when clinicians are being observed and instructed to use clinical decision rules, their evaluation bias tends toward recommendations for testing.
Stage IVN neuroblastoma: MRI diagnosis of left supraclavicular "Virchow's" nodal spread.

Stage IV neuroblastoma is associated with high mortality; an exception are patients whose stage IV status includes distant positive nodes, but no skeletal metastases —stage IVN neuroblastoma. We describe our experience with preoperative MRI in three patients with extensive abdominal neuroblastoma without cortical bony involvement but with unsuspected metastatic involvement to the left supraclavicular (Virchow's) node. We review findings of left supraclavicular nodal spread in five earlier cases of IVN neuroblastoma.
Exposing graph uniformities via algebraic specification

This survey acknowledges an intellectual debt to Bob McNaughton. In 1968 I turned my research focus to the study of structural uniformities in graphs, motivated by the desire to study theoretical aspects of data structures. The approach that I took in this study was influenced heavily by the algebra-based study of structure in finite automata initiated in the mid-1960s by Bob and others. Their successes in using the syntactic monoid of an automaton to study its structure convinced me to base my study on a monoid-theoretic specification of graphs. The study of what I termeddata graphs occupied me for the next 4–5 years; the insights garnered during that period have served me well since, in a variety of disparate contexts. Indeed, when I began to focus on the study of structural uniformities in the interconnection networks of parallel architectures, in the mid-1980s, it was second nature to me to base this study also on a monoid-theoretic specification of the graphs underlying the interconnection networks. This paper is a brief survey of the highlights of my studies of uniformities in algebraically specified graphs. It is both fitting and pleasureful to dedicate this survey to Bob McNaughton, a wise mentor and a man of vision.
On the use of the term ‘repair’ and its application to disordered conversational speech

Conversational repair is a commonly studied aspect of both normal and disordered human interaction. It has the potential to reveal a great deal about how speakers deal with problems in naturally occurring talk-in-interaction. However, the extent to which repair has been defined, classified, and then compared to such phenomena as repetitions, slips of the tongue, pauses, and fillers has not always been altogether consistent. This paper discusses the use of the term repair in a variety of disciplines and proposes a taxonomy of repair types. It is suggested that this will facilitate the quantification of repair in corpora of disordered conversation, allowing for comparisons of frequency counts across speakers, disorders, and time points.
“Mad Money” madness: Jim Cramer's image restoration effort☆☆☆

Abstract The following is an evaluation of “Mad Money” host Jim Cramer's image restoration attempts during his March 2009 week-long media battle with Jon Stewart, host of “The Daily Show.” Using Benoit's (1995) image restoration theory as a conceptual framework, it is apparent that Cramer failed in restoring his reputation because he frequently coupled incongruent strategies and was unable to grasp the dynamic nature of communicative image restoration.
Structural imaging of a thick-walled carbon microtubule

We analyze the structure of a thick-walled carbon microtubule based on direct electron beam imaging of the graphitic cylinders comprising the fiber. Clearly resolved six-fold symmetry of basal planes overlying the fiber core indicate zero overall fiber helicity and alignment of individual cylinders. Sidewall measurements calibrated from the (1010) core fringes show uniform spacings of about 0.375 nm, which are larger than those reported for other microtubules or for crystalline graphite (0.335 nm). Short zones of local 30 helicity are observed along the fiber. Structural transitions which alter the helicity are characterized by extra atomic planes and other defects, including nested sub-tubules. We discuss implications for the fiber’s growth and electrical properties.
Consumer shopping value, satisfaction and loyalty in discount retailing

Abstract To date, few researchers have conducted comprehensive examinations of the relationships between consumer shopping value, satisfaction and loyalty in retailing. Further, the majority of extant research has been limited to upscale retail sectors where the role of the salesperson is crucial and long-term relationships are common. In order to extend the findings of previous research to additional retail sectors, the current study investigates the complex interrelationships between utilitarian and hedonic shopping value and important retail outcomes for discount retailers. Utilitarian and hedonic shopping value are found to influence key outcome variables including satisfaction, loyalty, word of mouth communication and share of purchases in the highly competitive discount retail sector.
RACHEL'S LAMENT: THE IMPACT OF INFERTILITY AND PREGNANCY LOSS UPON THE RELIGIOUS FAITH OF ORDINARY CHRISTIANS

(2012). RACHEL’S LAMENT: THE IMPACT OF INFERTILITY AND PREGNANCY LOSS UPON THE RELIGIOUS FAITH OF ORDINARY CHRISTIANS. Journal of Pastoral Theology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 3-1-3-17.
Automatic eye tracking in video image sequence

A new algorithm is developed to implement automatic eye tracking without prior reference model and prior knowledge of size, orientation, shape, color and other data for the human eyes. The algorithm is based on the analysis of the eye features in eye contrast, eye blinking, and other properties. It consists of two stages. In the initialization stage the algorithm locates the approximate head location from two consecutive video frames. The size of three same size blocks is determined. They are used to detect the left and right eyes. Two eyes are symmetric and blink simultaneously at all the time. The algorithm extracts the similarity features of two eyes and dissimilarity of eyes from the region between eyes which is represented by middle block. The measures are implemented by the analysis of correlation and horizontal contrast property. The algorithm is able to detect the eye status of blinking eyes and closed eye for a period of time in a video frame sequence. This algorithm is a dynamic automatic eye tracking system that can adapt the environment change and reinitialize if the tracking is lost. The experiments of this method show satisfactory results in term of accuracy and reasonable time complexity. It shows that the method can be applied to eye tracking regardless of skin color, orientation of head, size of head, background changing, or other constraints. The experiments are conducted in targeting to a moving head by 20 frames/second video sequence.
Independent History-Taking

Excerpt To the editor: Although I am pleased with the renewed interest in research in medical education, as reflected by the recent editorial by Platt (1) and the letter by Hooper and associates (2...
Event related potentials and time estimation.

Event related potentials (ERPs) recorded from the scalp of man were studied during a time estimation task. The principal ERP correlate of mental activity associated with time estimation appeared to be a CNV wave followed by a late positive shift. Latency of CNV termination was correlated with temporal judgments. There was some evidence that the onset of CNV termination occurred prior to the estimated time of occurrence of cortical motor command signals associated with production of the temporal judgments.
THE SAUDI PUBLIC SPEAKS: RELIGION, GENDER, AND POLITICS

The fact that 15 of the 19 terrorists who attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 were Saudi citizens inevitably raised serious questions about the social conditions that have produced such violent personalities capable of the mass taking of innocent lives and devastating an entire city, if not a nation. Answers were quick to come by, as the U.S. media pointed to the Saudi culture. Charges were made that the youth were brainwashed by the most extremist school in Islam, namely, Wahhabism. The Saudi educational institutions were also blamed for promoting anti-Semitism, anti-Western attitudes, and intolerance of other religions. Saudi society was also condemned for having a corrupt and backward political system. Naturally, in this land of intolerance and authoritarianism, resorting to violence by its inhabitants became a foregone conclusion (Baer 2003; Gold 2003; Schwartz 2002).
Space Charge and Electrode Polarization in Glass, II

This is Part I of a two-part series on space charge in glass. This part is primarily a review and covers the general nature of the observed phenomena, the relation of these phenomena to usual concepts such as dielectric constant and electrical conduction, and the present understanding of these phenomena in glass. This review serves to describe the background and motivation for the work set forth in Part 11, which is a discussion of recent theory and experiment on space charge in glass. Areas for further investigation also are suggested.
High-frequency Békésy audiometry. V. Excursion width.

26 normally hearing young adults produced Bekesy-type tracings for pure tones ranging from 7 to 19 kHz. Tones were pulsed (2.5/s) and delivered in the fixed-frequency mode. Chart rate (1 octave/min) and rate of attenuation (2.5 dB/s) were analogous to that typically used in clinical Bekesy audiometry. Results indicated that subjects typically produced median excursion widths ranging from 5 to 15 dB. No systematic change in excursion width as a function of frequency was obtained. These results were similar to earlier studies of excursion width for conventional-frequency Bekesy audiometry. The results of the present study were discussed regarding their utility in validation of responses to Bekesy audiometry.
The Two-State Solution: Wrong Goal or Wrong Leaders?

Abunimah starts with the wrong question when he is puzzled about how theorists of constitutional design for ethnically heterogeneous societies have applied their craft to Palestine. Democratic powe...
PERTURBATIONS IN THE SCHWARZSCHILD METRIC

Exact solutions of the general-relativistic field equations are known only for very simple physical systems. In order to obtain solutions of the field equations for more realistic systems, we consider an expansion of the field equations about some known exact solution, keeping only terms linear in the perturbation. We then choose the unperturbed metric to be the Schwarzschild metric, corresponding to the exterior of any spherically symmetric mass distribution, and consider the case where the perturbing matter is not located close to the Schwarzschild radius. A discussion of the solution for a scalar Green's function in curved space leads directly to an explicit expression for the perturbed metric in terms of the perturbing matter.
Performance of AC and DC based transmission switching heuristics on a large-scale polish system

Optimal transmission switching (OTS) has demonstrated benefits both in terms of reliability and cost savings for bulk power systems. OTS is a mixed-integer program (MIP) with binary variables representing the status of the transmission elements. Due to the computational complexity of this MIP, implementation of OTS is limited. Therefore, different heuristics have been proposed to find good, suboptimal solutions fast. The heuristics are often tested on small test cases with restricted analysis on actual systems. This work tests two of the recently developed fast heuristics on the Polish system to show their performance. The results suggest that the best solutions are among the top twenty candidates identified by the heuristics if they are based on the ACOPF solution. If the heuristics are calculated based on the DCOPF solution, the performance may be poor. The correlation between estimated benefits and actual benefits is not very promising in either of the cases.
Phenomenology of nonlocal cellular automata

Dynamical systems with nonlocal connections have potential applications to economic and biological systems. This paper studies the dynamics of nonlocal cellular automata. In particular, all two-state, three-input nonlocal cellular automata are classified according to the dynamical behavior starting from random initial configurations and random wirings, although it is observed that sometimes a rule can have different dynamical behaviors with different wirings. The nonlocal cellular automata rule space is studied using a mean-field parametrization which is ideal for the situation of random wiring. Nonlocal cellular automata can be considered as computers carrying out computation at the level of each component. Their computational abilities are studied from the point of view of whether they contain many basic logical gates. In particular, I ask the question of whether a three-input cellular automaton rule contains the three fundamental logical gates: two-input rules AND and OR, and one-input rule NOT. A particularly interesting “edge-of-chaos” nonlocal cellular automaton, the rule 184, is studied in detail. It is a system of coupled “selectors” or “multiplexers.” It is also part of the Fredkin's gate—a proposed fundamental gate for conservative computations. This rule exhibits irregular fluctuations of density, large coherent structures, and long transient times.
Hydration and Medication Use

Hydration is an important part of overall health and also appears to be necessary for the prevention of adverse effects associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Evi...
Unemployment, imprisonment, and social structures of accumulation: Historical contingency in the Rusche-Kirchheimer hypothesis

This study explores the relationship between punishment and social structure by combining the work of Rusche and Kirchheimer with current theorizing regarding social structures of accumulation (SSAs). Specifically, we theorize that the unemployment-imprisonment (U-I) relationship is historically contingent. In particular, we argue that qualitative changes in the configuration of labor markets, state strategies for managing surplus populations, and international relations across SSAs and stages within them result in changes in the magnitude and direction of the U-I relationship. In other words, changes in the qualitative relations among capital, labor, and the state are reflected in quantitative changes in the relationship between rates of unemployment and imprisonment. We hypothesize that three stages of the Fordist SSA (exploration, 1933–1947; consolidation, 1948–1966; decay, 1967–1979) will manifest varying levels of a positive and significant U-I relationship, while the first stage of the new globalized, cyber-technology SSA (1980–1992) will be characterized by a negative U-I relationship due to the co-emergence of a (semi)permanent underclass and an intensification of punitiveness. We test this model using a structurally periodized analysis to determine if the relationship between rates of unemployment and new court admissions to prison (net of rates of violent crime) differs across the four periods studied. Our analysis of the U-I relationship within each SSA phase, and time-varying parameter tests of the periodization of twentieth-century capitalist development, indicate that the U-I relationship is indeed historically contingent and warrants further structurally periodized analysis.
A Cap-and-Trade Model of International Trade

The paper introduces one variant of cap-and-trade system of environmental policy and shows its effects on income distribution, structure of production and comparative advantage. The main result is that cap-and-trade leaves no scope to dispute the pollution haven hypothesis. A country may certainly make discretionary use of cap-and-trade parameters to improve its competitiveness in world trade. An expansion of the supply of permits may turn out to be a new trade policy, making a mockery of the objective of reversing climate change. This paper underscores the importance of free international trading in permits.
Dusty cometary atmospheres

Abstract This paper summarizes our present understanding of the physical processes controlling the dust and gas production of cometary nuclei and the evolution of the dusty gas flow in the inner coma. Special emphasis is being made to compile a self-consistent set of governing equations describing the accelerating dusty gas flow in a cometary atmosphere.
Characterization of Uncultivable Bat Influenza Virus Using a Replicative Synthetic Virus

Bats harbor many viruses, which are periodically transmitted to humans resulting in outbreaks of disease (e.g., Ebola, SARS-CoV). Recently, influenza virus-like sequences were identified in bats; however, the viruses could not be cultured. This discovery aroused great interest in understanding the evolutionary history and pandemic potential of bat-influenza. Using synthetic genomics, we were unable to rescue the wild type bat virus, but could rescue a modified bat-influenza virus that had the HA and NA coding regions replaced with those of A/PR/8/1934 (H1N1). This modified bat-influenza virus replicated efficiently in vitro and in mice, resulting in severe disease. Additional studies using a bat-influenza virus that had the HA and NA of A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998 (H3N2) showed that the PR8 HA and NA contributed to the pathogenicity in mice. Unlike other influenza viruses, engineering truncations hypothesized to reduce interferon antagonism into the NS1 protein didn't attenuate bat-influenza. In contrast, substitution of a putative virulence mutation from the bat-influenza PB2 significantly attenuated the virus in mice and introduction of a putative virulence mutation increased its pathogenicity. Mini-genome replication studies and virus reassortment experiments demonstrated that bat-influenza has very limited genetic and protein compatibility with Type A or Type B influenza viruses, yet it readily reassorts with another divergent bat-influenza virus, suggesting that the bat-influenza lineage may represent a new Genus/Species within the Orthomyxoviridae family. Collectively, our data indicate that the bat-influenza viruses recently identified are authentic viruses that pose little, if any, pandemic threat to humans; however, they provide new insights into the evolution and basic biology of influenza viruses.
Modeling hydrologic controls on denitrification: sensitivity to parameter uncertainty and landscape representation.

This paper presents a general discussion of the interplay between model structure and hydrologic parameters in the context of denitrification estimation using coupled hydro-ecosystem models at a watershed scale. Given the key role played by hydrology in denitrification models, sensitivity analysis of hydrologic parameters is needed to determine both uncertainty in denitrification estimates and to suggest how measured data, such as streamflow, can be effectively used to reduce this uncertainty. This paper contributes to the broad goal of sensitivity analysis by examining the linkage between landscape tessellation, calibration, and the ability of models to capture hot-spot contributions to watershed scale denitrification across a range of N-loading. For a small mid-Atlantic forested watershed, denitrification estimates using RHESSys (regional hydro-ecologic simulation system) are compared across different strategies for calibration and landscape tessellation. Results demonstrate the utility of several potential approaches to account for hydrologically mediated hot-spots within landscapes.
Observations of impact-induced molten metal-silicate partitioning

Observations of molten mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-molybdenum (Mo) interactions produced by shock experiments provide insight into impact and differentiation processes involving metal-silicate partitioning. Analysis of fragments recovered from experiments (achieving MORB liquid shock pressures from 0.8 to 6 GPa) revealed significant changes in the composition of the MORB and Mo due to reaction of the silicate and metal liquids on a short time scale (less than 13 s). The FeO concentration of the shocked liquid decreases systematically with increasing pressure. In fact, the most highly shocked liquid (6 GPa) contains only 0.1 wt% FeO compared to an initial concentration of 9 wt% in the MORB. We infer from the presence of micrometer-sized Fe-, Si- and Mo-rich metallic spheres in the shocked glass that the Fe and Si oxides in the MORB were reduced in an estimated oxygen fugacity of 10(exp -17) bar and subsequently alloyed with the Mo. The in-situ reduction of FeO in the shocked molten basalt implies that shock-induced reduction of impact melt should be considered a viable mechanism for the formation of metallic phases. Similar metallic phases may form during impact accretion of planets and in impacted material found on the lunar surface and near terrestrial impact craters. In particular, the minute, isolated Fe particles found in lunar soils may have formed by such a process. Furthermore, the metallic spheres within the shocked glass have a globular texture similar to the textures of metallic spheroids from lunar samples and the estimated, slow cooling rate of less than or equal to 140 C/s for our spheres is consistent with the interpretation that the lunar spheroids formed by slow cooling within a melted target.
Amino Acids as biomarkers in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS

The development of therapies for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) has been hindered by the lack of biomarkers for both identifying early disease and for monitoring the effectiveness of drugs. The identification of ALS biomarkers in presymptomatic individuals might also provide clues to the earliest biochemical correlates of the disease. Previous attempts to use plasma metabolites as biomarkers have led to contradictory results, presumably because of heterogeneity in both the underlying genetics and the disease stage in the clinical population. To eliminate these two sources of heterogeneity we have characterized plasma amino acids and other metabolites in the SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model for ALS. Presymptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice have significant differences in concentrations of several plasma metabolites compared to wild type animals, most notably in the concentrations of aspartate, cystine/cysteine, and phosphoethanolamine, and in changes indicative of methylation defects. There are significant changes in amino acid compositions between 50 and 70days of age in both the SOD1(G93A) and wild type mice, and several of the age-related and disease-related differences in metabolite concentration were also gender-specific. Many of the SOD1(G93A)-related differences could be altered by treatment of mice with methionine sulfoximine, which extends the lifespan of this mouse, inhibits glutamine synthetase, and modifies brain methylation reactions. These studies show that assaying plasma metabolites can effectively distinguish transgenic mice from wild type, suggesting that one or more plasma metabolites might be useful biomarkers for the disease in humans, especially if genetic and longitudinal analysis is used to reduce population heterogeneity.
Synthetic infrared spectra.

We have designed, microfabricated, and characterized a diffractive optical element that reproduces the infrared spectrum of HF from 3600 to 4300 cm-1. The reflection-mode diffractive optic consists of 4096 lines, each 4.5 µm wide, at 16 discrete depths relative to the substrate from 0 to 1.2 µm and was fabricated upon a silicon wafer by anisotropic reactive ion-beam etching in a four-mask-level process. We envisage the use of diffractive optical elements of this type as the basis for a new class of miniaturized, remote chemical sensor systems based on correlation spectroscopy.
Estimated solar wind‐implanted helium‐3 distribution on the Moon

Among the solar wind-implanted volatiles present in the lunar regolith, 3 He is possibly the most valuable resource because of its potential as a fusion fuel. The abundance of 3 He in the lunar regolith at a given location depends on surface maturity, the amount of solar wind fluence, and titanium content, because ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ) retains helium much better than other major lunar minerals. Surface maturity and TiO 2 maps from Clementine multispectral data sets are combined here with a solar wind fluence model to produce a 3 He abundance map of the Moon. Comparison of the predicted 3 He values to landing site observations shows good correlation. The highest 3 He abundances occur in the farside maria (due to greater solar wind fluence received) and in higher TiO 2 nearside mare regions.
Strategic non-intervention and the choice of trade policy for international oligopoly

Abstract This paper analyzes a game of strategic trade policy between governments who may choose among quantity controls, subsidies, and non-intervention as policy instruments. Central to the analysis is our view of non-intervention as a distinct policy choice. We derive conditions under which non-intervention is strictly preferred to the alternative instruments. Preferences between non-intervention and the Nash equilibrium subsidy confirm to a simple distance measure involving the Stackelberg leadership subsidy; the subsidy level (zero or Nash) that is closest to the Stackelberg subsidy being preferred.
Supporting user hypotheses in problem diagnosis

People are performing increasingly complicated actions on the web, such as automated purchases involving multiple sites. Things often go wrong, however, and it can be difficult to diagnose a problem in a complex process. Information must be integrated from multiple sites before relations among processes and data can be visualized and understood. Once the source of a problem has been diagnosed, it can be tedious to explain the process of diagnosis to others, and difficult to review the steps later.We present a web interface agent, Woodstein, that monitors user actions on the web and retrieves related information to assemble an integrated view of an action. It manages user hypotheses during problem diagnosis by capturing users' judgments of the correctness of data and processes. These hypotheses can be shared with others, including customer service representatives, or accessed later. We will see this feature in the context of diagnosing problems on the web, and discuss its broader applicability to system interfaces in general.
Stabilization of n-Si to photoanodic decomposition by [Bu4N] [Ni(S2C2Ph2)2] and [Fe(ν5−C5H5)(CO)]4

Caracterisation de 2 nouvelles cellules photoelectrochimiques a anodes de n-Si utilisant [Ni(S 2 C 2 Ph a ) 2 ] 1−/0 et [Fe(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(Co)] 4 0/1+ comme reactif d'oxydoreduction. Obtention de parametres de sortie et d'une stabilite similaire a ceux des cellules a base de ferrocene/ferricinium
Structural and Functional Roles of Coevolved Sites in Proteins

Background: Understanding the residue covariations between multiple positions in protein families is very crucial and can be helpful for designing protein engineering experiments. These simultaneous changes or residue coevolution allow protein to maintain its overall structural-functional integrity while enabling it to acquire specific functional modifications. Despite the significant efforts in the field there is still controversy in terms of the preferable locations of coevolved residues on different regions of protein molecules, the strength of coevolutionary signal and role of coevolution in functional diversification. Methodology: In this paper we study the scale and nature of residue coevolution in maintaining the overall functionality and structural integrity of proteins. We employed a large scale study to investigate the structural and functional aspects of coevolved residues. We found that the networks representing the coevolutionary residue connections within our dataset are in general of ‘small-world’ type as they have clustering coefficient values higher than random networks and also show smaller mean shortest path lengths similar and/or lower than random and regular networks. We also found that altogether 11% of functionally important sites are coevolved with any other sites. Active sites are found more frequently to coevolve with any other sites (15%) compared to protein (11%) and ligand (9%) binding sites. Metal binding and active sites are also found to be more frequently coevolved with other metal binding and active sites, respectively. Analysis of the coupling between coevolutionary processes and the spatial distribution of coevolved sites reveals that a high fraction of coevolved sites are located close to each other. Moreover, ,80% of charge compensatory substitutions within coevolved sites are found at very close spatial proximity (, =5 Au ), pointing to the possible preservation of salt bridges in evolution. Conclusion: Our findings show that a noticeable fraction of functionally important sites undergo coevolution and also point towards compensatory substitutions as a probable coevolutionary mechanism within spatially proximal coevolved functional sites.
Activism, emotion, and genre: Young adults’ composition of Urgent Action Letters ☆

This article examines how members of a high school-based activist group compose Urgent Action Letters (UALs). In this genre of letter, the writer petitions a government official to uphold the human rights of a specific individual. Using tools of ethnography and discourse analysis, the article considers how group members employ the conventions of the UAL genre. By working in this genre, it is argued, members perform and learn to perform identities and emotions appropriate both for petitioning government officials and for affirming membership in the group. That is, the UAL genre functions for the group both as a means of pressuring governments and as a means of cultivating the identities and emotions of human rights activists.
Direct Effects of Altered Temperature on Renal Structure and Function

Although marked alterations in temperature often accompany ischemic, acute renal failure (ARF), the effects of altered temperature on renal structure and function have received little attention. In th
Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Behaviors That Can Help Prepare Successful Change-Agents in Education

This article explores how the preparation of educators committed to improving education can capitalize on entrepreneurship when broadly defi ned as “transforming ideas into enterprises that generate economic, intellectual and/or social value.” The article reports on the case-studies of six educators who have been successful change-agents in a variety of fi elds and positions using entrepreneurial concepts as a lens. A crosscase analysis of these individual case-studies enabled us to identify specifi c attitudes and behaviors considered typical of entrepreneurs that contributed to these educators’ success. The article reports on key fi ndings from the cross-case analysis as well as some implications for the preparation of educators, suggesting the value of exposing new educators, as well as educators already in the fi eld, to the entrepreneurial practices thus identifi ed in order to prepare them to become more effective agents of change.
Paradoxical intention in the treatment of obsessional flatulence ruminations

Abstract A case study of the paradoxical treatment of long standing obsessional ruminations about flatulence in a 33-year old female respiratory therapist is described. Self- reported estimates of the frequency and intensity of flatulence were unaffected by a misconception correction procedure that entailed the presentation of scientific data disconfirming the bases of her concerns. Paradoxical instructions to intensify flatus emissions were then employed. These instructions resulted in a rapid elimination of the obsessional ruminations; this improvement was enhanced at 1 yr follow-up.
Do digital divisions still persist in schools? Access to technology and technical skills of teachers in high needs schools in the United States of America

Technology use in schools has great potential to improve student learning outcomes. However, it is imperative that teachers possess a set of technical skills required to implement high‐quality technologies in the classroom. Research conducted during the late 1990s and the early 2000s had pointed to the existence of a digital divide that existed in schools within the United States of America (USA), with higher‐needs schools typically having less access to technology than their lower needs counterparts. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is any indication of current differences in technology access, skills and classroom integration practices as reported by teachers participating in an online professional development initiative. The researchers found that, while significant differences existed between teachers in high need and non‐high need schools in the USA, context is a vital component of considering any persisting digital divides.
Is There Really a Dissociative Taxon on the Dissociative Experiences Scale

The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES; Bernstein & Putnam, 1986) and MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1940) were administered to 1,237 college students to evaluate MMPI differences for nonpathological (n = 90) or pathological dissociators (n = 111) and nondissociative controls (n = 476). MMPIs of both dissociation groups had multiple clinical elevations with a mean 8-9 code. People classified in the pathological dissociation group had MMPI scores remarkably similar to those in the normal dissociation group. The DES and DES-Taxon (DES-T; Waller, Putnam, & Carlson, 1996) were also highly correlated. Our findings strongly suggest the DES-T does not uniquely identify categorical dissociation.
Single-Phase Short-Circuit Torque of a Synchronous Machine

This paper extends the analysis of synchronous machines previously published by Doherty and Nickle to include the calculation of torque due to single-phase short circuit. The torque is expressed as the sum of odd and even harmonic series which are simply related to those previously derived for the armature current. The effect of amortisseur windings is also taken into account. As an illustration of the application of the equations, the short-circuit torque is calculated for a 100,000-kva. generator. The mathematical analysis is given in Appendixes as follows: A. Short-circuit armature current. B. Short-circuit torque. C. Decrement factors. D. Single-phase and three-phase reactances.
Mild hyperglycemia, but not glucagon-like peptide 1 predicts poor outcome after injury.

Abstract Background Loss of glucose homeostasis occurs frequently in injured patients. Glucagon-like peptide–1 (GLP-1) is a gut-derived incretin hormone that stimulates insulin and decreases glucagon secretion. The impact of the incretin system on glycemic control in injured patients has not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that glycemic control in injured patients is influenced by circulating levels of GLP-1. Methods A prospective, observational pilot study was conducted at a state-designated level 1 trauma center. Patients with injuries requiring admission to the intensive care unit were eligible for inclusion. Patients with preinjury diabetes were excluded. Normoglycemic patients served as the control group. The hyperglycemic group consisted of patients with initial blood glucose levels > 150 mg/dL. Mann-Whitney and χ 2 tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Eleven controls and 19 hyperglycemic patients entered the study. The study group required ventilation more frequently ( P = .047). Hyperglycemia ( P = .029), but not GLP-1 level ( P = .371), predicted mortality. GLP-1 levels varied greatly in both groups. Conclusions GLP-1 levels varied in both control and hyperglycemic groups. Mortality and mechanical ventilation rates were higher in patients with hyperglycemia.
Tidal currents in the St. Lawrence Island region

[1] Vertical and spatial variability of tidal currents in the northern part of the Bering Sea near St. Lawrence Island were examined using observations made at 17 new and historical current meter mooring locations. The semidiurnal currents dominate over the diurnal currents. Semidiurnal currents exhibit a seasonal modulation with currents being somewhat stronger during the summer and fall when the density structure displays two-layer stratification. Diurnal currents exhibit a weak semiannual modulation. Examination of the vertical structure of tidal currents shows that maximum semidiurnal currents are observed in the upper or middle layers down to a depth of about 20 m, and below this depth the energy of the semidiurnal currents decreases rapidly. However, the energy of diurnal band currents remains almost constant with depth, decreasing only in close proximity to the bottom. Rotary spectral analysis applied to the records shows further differences: the M2 clockwise (CW) component of rotation dominates in the upper and middle water column but the counterclockwise component (CCW) dominates near the bottom. Interpretation of these observed results points to the different bottom boundary layers (BBL) for the CW and CCW motions in addition to the role of density stratification in organizing the BBL. We compare results of a vertically averaged two-dimensional model to the observationally derived tidal ellipse parameters and show that the barotropic formulation provides a first-order description of the tidal regime within the domain.
Stereotypes as Social Concepts

(1957). Stereotypes as Social Concepts. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 229-243.
Self‐consistent spin‐polarized energy bands of sodium

The energy bands of sodium have been calculated by the augmented-plane wave method and carried to self-consistency for both a non-spin-dependent and spin-dependent potential. The results are compared with those of previous calculations and with experimental data. It was found that the energy gaps introduced by the spin-dependent potential remained when the calculations were carried to self-consistency. Analysis of the present results involved comparison of the spin-dependent method with Lowdin's Alternant Molecular Orbital method and with Overhauser's Spin-Density-Wave model, and an analogy is drawn between the spin-dependent calculation and spin-polarized atomic calculations. By calculating the total energies as a functional of the self-consistent charge desity, it was determined that the spin-polarized crystal state had a lower energy than the state obtained from the non-spin-dependent potential. The approximations used in the calculations are discussed.
Oleate-induced formation of fat cells with impaired insulin sensitivity.

Exogenous FA cause lipid accumulation in preadipocytes. We investigated whether the fat cells thus formed are metabolically distinct from adipocytes differentiated with standard methylisobutylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI) hormonal cocktail by comparing their expression of adipogenic genes, accumulation of TAG, lipogenesis, lipolysis, glucose uptake, and the effects of insulin on selected metabolic activities. Cells exposed to oleate began to accumulate TAG in parallel or prior to the induction of adipogenic genes, whereas cells treated with MDI expressed adipogenic genes before TAG accumulation. Oleate-treated fat cells also showed exaggerated basal lipolysis and weak response to insulin in both lipolysis regulation and glucose uptake. These findings were associated with increased basal phosphorylation of perilipin, increased Glut-1 but decreased Glut-4 expression, and reduced insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. We suggest that this unique fat cell phenotype might be a mimetic of what can happen to fat cells formed in vivo under the influence of circulating FA and might be a useful model for in vitro studies of obesity-related insulin resistance in adipocytes.
Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion

This article examines the causes of the dispute between James Madison and Alexander Hamilton in the early 1790s. Though Hamilton initially believed that Madison's opposition to the Federalist administration was probably motivated by personal animosity and political advantage, in later years he concluded what Madison had long argued: the controversy between Republicans and Federalists stemmed from a difference of principle. For Madison, republicanism meant the recognition of the sovereignty of public opinion and the commitment to participatory politics. Hamilton advocated a more submissive role for the citizenry and a more independent status for the political elite. While Madison did not deny to political leaders and enlightened men a critical place in the formation of public opinion, he fought against Hamilton's thin version of public opinion as “confidence” in government. In 1791–92 Madison took the Republican lead in providing a philosophic defense for a tangible, active, and responsible role for the citizens of republican government.
Ultrathin layered myoglobin-polyion films functional and stable at acidic pH values.

Cross-linking of myoglobin (Mb) promoted by 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide within films of polystyrene sulfonate after layer-by-layer self-assembly provided remarkable stabilization. Cross-linking greatly improved adhesion of the films to fused silica slides and allowed extensive optical studies over a wide pH range. Circular dichroism and visible absorbance spectra showed that Mb retained its native conformation when films were placed in solutions of pH as low as 2 and up to pH 11. Linear dichroism revealed an average orientation of the Mb iron heme cofactors of 58° to the film normal. High concentrations of urea did denature the protein in the films, however. At pH 1, Mb in solution is fully unfolded but retained considerable α-helical content in the cross-linked films. Both the polyion film environment and cross-linking seem to play roles in stabilizing protein secondary structure and function at low pH. Cross-linked myoglobin−polyion films on pyrolytic graphite electrodes were used in...
Detection of Reverse Transcriptase by a Highly Sensitive Assay in Sera from Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

In an ultrasensitive assay for reverse transcriptase (RT), an in vitro-transcribed heteropolymeric RNA sequence was used as a template and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with Southern blot hybridization served as a detection system for the cDNA reaction product. The assay, called Amp-RT, detected 9 tested retroviruses in unconcentrated culture supernatants diluted 10 2 - to 10 5 -fold. A comparative analysis using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) revealed that Amp-RT was 100,000 times more sensitive than the standard RT assay, 10,000 times more sensitive than p24 antigen capture and branched DNA assays, and 100 times more sensitive than RT-PCR or TCID 50 assays. Analysis of serum specimens from 42 HIV-1-infected persons by Amp-RT showed that 36 samples (85.7%) were RT-positive. In contrast, 41 serum specimens from persons seronegative for HIV-1 and human T lymphotropic virus types I and II were all Amp-RT-negative
An O( n log n ) feasibility algorithm for preemptive scheduling of n independent jobs on a hypercube

Abstract We present a new feasibility algorithm to decide if n independent jobs can be finished by a given deadline T on an m -dimensional hypercube system. It takes O( n log n ) time and generates a schedule with at most n −2 preemptions. A previously known algorithm takes O( n 2 ) time and produces a schedule with up to 1 2 n(n−1) preemptions.
Growth, Reproduction, Mortality, Distribution, and Biomass of Freshwater Drum in Lake Erie☆

Abstract Predominant age-groups in the Lake Erie freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens population were 3, 4, and 5 as determined from gill net, trap net, bottom trawl, and midwater trawl samples. Age and growth calculations indicated that females grew faster than males. However, the length-weight relation did not differ between sexes and was described by the equation: log W = −5.4383 + 3.1987 log L. Some males became sexually mature at age 2 and all were mature by age 6. Females matured 1 year later than males. Three sizes of eggs were present in ovaries; the average total number was 127,000 per female for 20 females over a length range of 270 to 478 mm. Seasonal analysis of the ovary-body weight ratio indicated that spawning extended from June to August. A total annual mortality rate of 49% for drum aged 4 through 11 was derived from catch-curve analysis. Freshwater drum were widely distributed throughout Lake Erie in 1977–1979, the greatest concentration being in the western basin. They moved into warm, shallow water (less than 10 m deep) during summer, and returned to deeper water in late fall. Summer biomass estimates for the western basin, based on systematic surveys with bottom trawls, were 9,545 t in 1977 and 2,333 t in 1978.
Breast carcinoma metastatic to the stomach. Report of a case in a male and review of an autopsy series.

A male patient with cancer of the breast died of massive gastric hemorrhage. At autopsy a small ulcerated gastric metastasis was found responsible.
A new nuclease member of the FAN club

To cope with the life-threatening crisis of a DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL), human cells must invoke the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway. The FA pathway is a multistep repair process, requiring multiple nucleolytic incisions and translesion DNA synthesis. Recent work from four laboratories has identified a novel FA-associated nuclease, FAN1, that binds directly to monoubiquitinated FANCD2, resolving a decade-long puzzle regarding the function of this FANCD2 modification.