cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revisiting sweat chloride test results based on recent guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

Abstract Objectives Recent sweat chloride guidelines published by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation changed the intermediate sweat chloride concentration range from 40–59 mmol/L to 30–59 mmol/L for age > 6 months. We wanted to know how this new guideline would impact detection of cystic fibrosis among patients who previously had sweat tests done at Texas Children's Hospital. Methods We revisited sweat chloride test results (n = 3012) in the last 5 years at Texas Children's Hospital based on the new guidelines on diagnosis of cystic fibrosis from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Results We identified 125 that would be reclassified in the intermediate sweat chloride value with the new guidelines that were classified as “unlikely to have CF” in the previous guidelines. 8 (32%) patients with CFTR gene testing were positive for CFTR gene mutation(s). 4 (50%) of these patients were identified to have 2 CFTR mutations. One had variant combination that was reported to cause CF but all were diagnosed with CFTR-related metabolic syndrome. Conclusion Our findings concur with the new CF diagnosis guidelines that changing the intermediate cut-off to 30–59 mmol/L sweat chloride concentration in combination with CFTR genetic analysis enhances the probability of identifying individuals that have risk of developing CF or have CF and enables for earlier therapeutic intervention.
Effective Radiative Cooling by Paint-Format Microsphere-Based Photonic Random Media

We demonstrate that photonic media, when properly randomized to minimize the photon transport mean free path, can be used to coat a black substrate and reduce its temperature by radiative cooling. Even under strong solar radiation, the substrate temperature could reach substantially below that of the ambient air. Our random media that consist of silica microspheres considerably outperform commercially available solar-reflective white paint for daytime cooling. We have achieved the outstanding cooling performance through a systematic study on light scattering, which reveals that the structural parameters of the random media for maximum scattering are significantly different from those of the commercial paint. We have created the random media to maximize optical scattering in the solar spectrum and to enhance thermal emission in the atmospheric transparency window. In contrast to previous studies, our random media do not require expensive processing steps or materials, such as silver, and can be applied to ...
A Focal Conflict Model of Marital Disorders

An integration of psychoanalysis and family systems theory using focal conflict theory from ego psychology is offered to provide a view of marital disorders as mutual efforts to solve shared confli...
Investigation of the Infrared Radiation Detection Mechanism for Antenna-Coupled Metal-(Oxide)-Metal Structures

At room temperature (300 K), the electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitted by humans and other living beings peaks mostly in the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) regime. And since the atmosphere shows relatively little absorption in this EM band, applications such as target detection, tracking, active homing, and navigation in autonomous vehicles extensively use the LWIR frequency range. Antennas are scalable, frequency selective, and polarization sensitive and hence present themselves as good candidate for such detectors. The research work presented in this chapter is focused on developing an antenna-based, uncooled, and unbiased detector for the LWIR regime.
Arabidopsis-Green Peach Aphid Interaction: Rearing the Insect, No-choice and Fecundity Assays, and Electrical Penetration Graph Technique to Study Insect Feeding Behavior.

Aphids constitute a large group of Hemipterans that use their slender stylets to tap into the sieve elements of plants from which they consume copious amounts of phloem sap, thus depriving the plant of photoassimilates. Some aphids also transmit viral diseases of plants. Myzus persicae Sulzer, commonly known as the green peach aphid (GPA), which is a polyphagous insect with a host range that covers 50 plant families, is considered amongst the top 3 insect pest of plants. The interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the GPA is utilized as a model pathosystem to study plant-aphid interaction. Here we describe the protocol used in our laboratories for rearing the GPA, and no-choice and fecundity bioassays to study GPA performance on Arabidopsis. In addition, we describe the procedure for the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to monitor feeding behavior of the GPA on Arabidopsis.
Early-adolescent male C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice display reduced sensitivity to acute nicotine administration.

Abstract Background The initial response to nicotine is an important predictor of subsequent use. Multiple factors may alter this response including genetics and age of first use. Here we investigated the influence of age, genetics, and their interaction on nicotine sensitivity. We then examined whether these factors influence the relationship between initial behavioral responses and voluntary nicotine consumption in adulthood. Methods We measured initial nicotine responses, including nicotine-induced locomotor depression and hypothermia following an acute intraperitoneal injection (0, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg), during early-adolescence, middle-adolescence, late-adolescence, or adulthood. Thirty-five days after the initial testing, mice were assessed for voluntary oral nicotine consumption. Results Early-adolescent mice were more resistant to nicotine-induced hypothermia and locomotor depression than later ages, further hypothermia was influenced by genetics. In the DBA/2J strain, early-adolescent mice were insensitive to nicotine-induced hypothermia, but this response developed at later ages. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice were sensitive at all ages, but sensitivity increased across developmental age. There was little evidence of a relationship between initial behavioral response and choice nicotine consumption. Conclusion By understanding how age of exposure and genetics influence initial nicotine behavioral responses, we have a greater understanding of factors that make adolescents differentially sensitive to the effects of this drug.
Cation-exchange fluoropolymer membranes with the conjugate acid of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroaniline as an alternative proton-exchange group

Abstract In this paper, we report the synthesis of perfluoro(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroanilinium sulfate) (PF(TFA-H)) from Nafion™ via a free-radical desulfur coupling reaction, which utilizes TFA-H as an alternative proton-exchange group. The PF(TFA-H) membrane was found to have an improved mechanical strength over a similar recast Nafion™ film. More importantly, PF(TFA-H) exhibits better proton conductivities over Nafion™ at a temperature near or above the boiling point of water. At 100 °C at gas phase, PF(TFA-H) and recast Nafion™ films show an ionic conductivity of 157 and 147 mS/cm, respectively; at 120 °C, PF(TFA-H) exhibits an ionic conductivity of 174 mS/cm while the recast Nafion™ has a value of 161 mS/cm. This probably is due to the fact that the TFA-H salt has stronger affinity towards water molecules than –SO3H. As a result, a PF(TFA-H) thin film is better humidified than Nafion™ by retaining more water molecules inside the membrane, especially at a temperature of 100 °C or higher. At 120 °C, a 5 cm2 H2-air fuel cell fixture that uses the PF(TFA-H) membrane delivers a maximum power output of 365 mW/cm2 at a current of 625 mA/cm2 while the similar one employing a recast Nafion™ thin film gives rise to a maximum power density of 290 mW/cm2 at a current density of 475 mA/cm2.
The association of NOX4 mediated nuclear colocalization and overall survival in renal cell carcinoma.

639Background: NOX4 protein are involved in cell differentiation, migration and apoptosis. We recently demonstrated that NOX4 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an energetic sensor and couples energy...
Creating an mHealth App for Colorectal Cancer Screening: User-Centered Design Approach.

Background: Patients are increasingly using mobile health (mHealth) apps to monitor their health and educate themselves about medical issues. Despite the increasing popularity of such apps, poor design and usability often lead to suboptimal continued use of these apps and subsequently to poor adherence to the behavior changes at which they are aimed. One solution to these design problems is for app developers to use user-centered design (UCD) principles to consider the context and needs of users during the development process. Objective: This study aimed to present a case study on the design and development process for an mHealth app that uses virtual human technology (VHT) to encourage colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among patients aged 50 years and above. Methods: We have first provided an overview of the project and discussed its utilization of VHT. We have then reviewed UCD principles and how they can be incorporated into the development of health apps. We have described how we used UCD processes during the app’s development. We have then discussed the unique roles played by communication researchers, computer scientists, clinicians, and community participants in creating an mHealth app that is credible, usable, effective, and accessible to its target audience. Results: The principles of UCD were woven throughout the project development, with researchers collecting feedback from patients and providers at all stages and using that feedback to improve the credibility, usability, effectiveness, and accessibility of the mHealth app. The app was designed in an iterative process, which encouraged feedback and improvement of the app and allowed teams from different fields to revisit topics and troubleshoot problems. Conclusions: Implementing a UCD process contributed to the development of an app, which not only reflected cross-disciplinary expertise but also the needs, wants, and concerns of patients.
Scoping evaluation of trace isotopic ratios within the noble metal-phase as indicators of reactor class

Abstract ORIGEN-ARP is used to simulate nine fuel types (six reactor classes) in a scoping study investigating potential isotopic indicators contained within the noble metal phase formed in used nuclear fuel. A concurrent effort compares predictions of these noble metal phase isotopic inventories to measured values in three approved testing materials (ATMs) of various burnups ranging from 28 to 70 MWd/kgM. The noble metal phase elements (Mo-Tc-Ru-Rh-Pd-Te) are chemically unreactive and remain undissolved following dissolution as a fine black residue. This characteristic is appealing for nuclear forensics or nuclear archeology, in which information is often sought regarding fuel burnup and reactor class in order to verify past operating declarations. Intra-element isotope ratio predictions that compare favorably to the chemical measurements of the three ATMs are plotted as a function of burnup to determine the feasibility to distinguish reactor class or burnup. This evaluation of intra-elemental isotope ratios specific to the noble metal phase provides a prospect to determine reactor class from remaining, undissolved solids following reprocessing. This would be particularly valuable in assessing the source of used nuclear fuel at an undeclared reprocessing facility. Results of predicted isotope ratios are reported that show promise as indicators at low burnups (
Accelerated Failure Time Survival Model to Analyze Morris Water Maze Latency Data.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces cognitive deficits clinically and in animal models. Learning and memory testing is critical when evaluating potential therapeutic strategies and treatments to m...
Improving Instructional Videos with Background Music and Sound Effects: A Design-Based Research Approach

There is a lack of empirical studies incorporating background music (BM) and sounds (SFX) to instructional videos to facilitate students’ learning. A design-based research study was conducted to enhance student engagement and motivation including four iterative formative evaluations. In the first iteration, graduate students’ reactions were examined to understand the potential influences of BM and SFX in the learning experience. The second iteration consisted of a small-group session focused on describing students’ levels of engagement, motivation, and learning while using videos that included BM and SFX. In the third iteration, a field test was conducted to explore the effects of BM and SFX on students’ engagement, motivation, and learning. The fourth iteration collected experts’ feedback to inform future research and practice. Results showed beneficial effects of BM and SFX for motivation, engagement, and potential learning. Practical guidelines are suggested for faculty and instructional designers to implement BM and SFX on instructional videos. The paper concludes by posing an emergent theory: the design and integration of BM and SFX need to balance the motivational improvements with the challenges of cognitive dissonance and overload.
An Experimental Investigation of Web-Based Information Systems Success in the Context of Electronic Commerce

In this paper, we examined Web-based information systems success and focused on User Satisfaction in the context of a consumer purchasing decision. The results indicate strong support for the research model consisting of three fundamental User Satisfaction components: Task Support Satisfaction, Decision Support Satisfaction, and Interface Satisfaction. The model explains approximately fifty percent of the variance in users' intention to use Web-based information systems. It is concluded that Decision Support Satisfaction plays an important role in Web-based information system success. In light of these findings, implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Mind Fixers: Psychiatry’s Troubled Search for the Biology of Mental Illness: Anne Harrington. New York/London, Norton, 2019, xviii + 366 pp., illus., notes, guide to further reading, index, $27.95 (hardcover). ISBN: 978-0-393-07122-1

Anne Harrington’s book, written in an accessible and engaging manner and aptly titled Mind Fixers, is in reality a tour de force that manages to pack in its 366 pages much of the history of mental ...
Do Adolescents and Young Adults Learn About Condoms from Healthcare Providers? Findings from a US Probability Sample

Using data from the 2018 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, we determined the prevalence and content of adolescents’ and young adults’ communication with healthcare providers about condom use. Adolescents (14–17 years old; n = 283) and young adults (18–24 years old, n = 225), who discussed sexual health with a healthcare provider in the past year, reported if they had discussed condom use with a healthcare provider, and among those who did, they also reported why healthcare providers recommended condoms, if they demonstrated correct condom use, and/or provided condoms. Data collection occurred in February and March 2018. Most adolescents (71.0%) and young adults (66.7%) who discussed sexual health with a healthcare provider reported discussing condom use. Condoms were most often recommended for both pregnancy and STD prevention. Fewer adolescents and young adults were shown how to use condoms (11.4% of adolescents; 5.7% of young adults) or provided condoms (14.9% of adolescents; 14.7% of young adults). Only 3.2% of adolescents and 1.3% of young adults had healthcare providers who discussed, demonstrated, and provided condoms. Sexual health conversations with healthcare providers are likely to include condoms. But few adolescents and young adults were shown how to use condoms or provide condoms. Providing healthcare providers with resources and trainings about how to talk about condoms with patients may lead to more adolescents and young adults learning medically accurate information about condoms. Healthcare offices and clinics could also provide condom use resources outside of provider-patient interactions.
Circadian regulation of cancer cell and tumor microenvironment crosstalk

Circadian rhythms regulate a remarkable variety of physiologic functions in living organisms. Circadian disruption is associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression through effects on cancer cell biological properties, including proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis, metabolism, and stemness. Emerging evidence indicates that circadian clocks also play an influential role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review outlines recent discoveries on how cancer cell clock components (including circadian clock and clock genes/proteins) regulate TME biology and, reciprocally, how TME clock components affect tumor growth, metastasis, and therapeutic response. An improved understanding of how clock components regulate the symbiosis between cancer cells and the TME will inform the development of novel clock-oriented therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy.
Investigating the financial impact of collection-and-delivery points in last-mile E-commerce distribution

Abstract The rapid growth in e-commerce volumes, coupled with customer expectations of faster, flexible and cheaper parcel deliveries is increasing the pressure on retailers to design the most efficient delivery network. Collection-and-delivery points (CDPs aggregate demand for both forward and return flows and help minimize additional tours in the case of failed deliveries. In this paper, we formulate an optimization model that integrates CDPs in the design of the overall distribution network, including the location of upstream transshipment facilities. The model accounts for changes in demand density due to the placement of CDPs. It considers demand aggregation at the CDP for both forward and return flows, and the impact of failed deliveries and failed return pickups on the routing cost. The model considers different route options and solves them using extended routing cost approximation formulae thus allowing the implementation of the model on large-scale problems. We then apply the model to solve a real-world case study on the distribution network of a major Brazilian retailer. The results demonstrate that failed deliveries and failed return pickups increase both the last-mile cost and the overall cost of distribution, and CDPs effectively reduce these costs by aggregating the demand and minimizing travel time.
Development and Initial Validation of the Refugee Health Literacy Assessment Tool (RHLAT)

Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) refugees and immigrants in the United States (U.S.) face barriers to accessing health care, and are more likely to have worse health outcomes as it rela...
Entwicklungsprozeß im Überblick

Um moglichst nicht am tatsachlichen Kundenwunsch vorbeizuzielen, sollte sich das Bestreben jeder Entwicklungsabteilung darauf richten, die Entwicklungszeiten zu verkurzen. Der traditionelle Entwicklungsprozes zeichnet sich dadurch aus, das alle Entwicklungsschritte seriell ausgefuhrt werden, und es somit zu einer entsprechend langen Entwicklungszeit von funf Jahren und mehr kommt. Groses Potential zur Verkurzung bietet statt dessen der simultane Prozesablauf. Simultan heist, das alle Einzelschritte in der Vor- und Serienentwicklung zum fruhestmoglichen Zeitpunkt begonnen und soweit wie moglich parallel — also simultan — ausgefuhrt werden (Abb.2–1).
U.S. Defense and Institutional Corruption

This paper discusses the U.S. defense procurement market through the prism of the economy of influence framework. We analyze the interdependence among the three main players in the defense procurement market - the Department of Defense, the U.S. Congress and the defense weapons manufacturers - and identify the interactions most susceptible to institutional corruption.
FFTs with Near-Optimal Memory Access Through Block Data Layouts: Algorithm, Architecture and Design Automation

Fast Fourier transform algorithms on large data sets achieve poor performance on various platforms because of the inefficient strided memory access patterns. These inefficient access patterns need to be reshaped to achieve high performance implementations. In this paper we formally restructure 1D, 2D and 3D FFTs targeting a generic machine model with a two-level memory hierarchy requiring block data transfers, and derive memory access pattern efficient algorithms using custom block data layouts. These algorithms need to be carefully mapped to the targeted platform's architecture, particularly the memory subsystem, to fully utilize performance and energy efficiency potentials. Using the Kronecker product formalism, we integrate our optimizations into Spiral framework and evaluate a family of DRAM-optimized FFT algorithms and their hardware implementation design space via automated techniques. In our evaluations, we demonstrate DRAM-optimized accelerator designs over a large tradeoff space given various problem (single/double precision 1D, 2D and 3D FFTs) and hardware platform (off-chip DRAM, 3D-stacked DRAM, ASIC, FPGA, etc.) parameters. We show that Spiral generated pareto optimal designs can achieve close to theoretical peak performance of the targeted platform offering 6x and 6.5x system performance and power efficiency improvements respectively over conventional row-column FFT algorithms.
International Nuclear Power

This chapter concentrates on the status and trends of nuclear power plants. In the decade of the 1990s, three major economic movements tended to dominate the nuclear electric industry of the world. These were privatization, globalization, and deregulation. In privatization, facilities are sold by a government to private industry to raise cash and potentially achieve better performance. Globalization involves the purchase of companies across national borders—for example, Entergy of New Orleans buying London Electricity and then selling it to Electricite de France. Consolidation into multinational companies also is popular. Deregulation opens up new options for sources of supply of electrical energy to customers. The preceding three processes tend to make the nuclear power situation abroad more fluid and complex. In Europe, it is the European Union that is the driving force behind deregulation, rather than by states as in the United States. At the social/political level, the strength of opposition to all aspects of nuclear energy has a decided influence on actions of politicians. The resultant conflict between government and industry in some countries results in stagnation or the demise of nuclear power. The need for power and the lack of fuel resources in many countries has prompted the adoption of nuclear reactors for electric power. As of the end of 2007 there were 104 operating reactors in the United States and 339 abroad. The leading countries, in decreasing order of operating nuclear power, are the United States, France, Japan, Germany, and Russia. The decline in United States reactors planned and under construction over the years is balanced by the rise in non-United States reactors.
Chapter 21 Electromyographic assessment of peripheral nerve diseases: an overview

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses three electromyographic techniques useful in the evaluation of disorders of the peripheral motor nerve: conventional needle electromyography (EMG), single fiber electromyography, and Macro EMG. The pattern of electromyographic abnormality depends on the site of the underlying disorder, which may be localized or broadly distributed. Using techniques of nerve conduction study and electromyography, a skilled examiner can determine if a disorder involves the peripheral nerve, plexus, root, anterior horn cell, neuromuscular junction or muscle. In neuropathic disorders, distinction between axonal and demyelinating processes is usually possible. Additional evidence of the presence of reinnervation and changes in the motor unit (MU) may be obtained from complementary techniques including single-fiber EMG (SFEMG) FD estimates, jitter measurements, and Macro EMG. In addition to providing diagnostic information, EMG studies often provide information about prognosis, disease progression, or response to therapy, particularly when performed serially over a period of time.
The Dark Figure of Stalking: Examining Law Enforcement Response

Despite the growing body of scholarship on stalking victimization, the criminal justice system’s response has been substantially understudied. Although scholars consider stalking to be a significant issue, its prevalence is not echoed in official data representing stalking arrests and convictions. The disparity between prevalence estimates and official data reinforces a “dark figure” of stalking that warrants further examination. To develop a better understanding of underreporting and/or underrecording, this exploratory study used official data from the Houston Police Department to examine police response to stalking. Findings indicated that, compared with other interpersonal crimes, incidents of stalking are dramatically underrecorded. Over an 8-year period, there were a total of 3,756 stalking calls for service, 66 stalking-related incident reports, and only 12 arrests for stalking. However, not one of the stalking calls for service generated a stalking-related incident report nor an arrest for stalking...
Enhanced targeting in a haptic user interface for the physically disabled using a force feedback mouse

Although the human computer interface continues to evolve by engaging sight, voice, sound, and touch to manipulate the environment, the marriage between mouse and graphic based operating systems remains one of the primary relationships through which we interact with the computer. With the advent of haptics it has become possible to enhance the GUI/mouse relationship with the sense of touch using a haptic mouse, opening new avenues of interaction, in particular for those with disabilities. For the majority of users the mouse is an effective and proven device for human computer interaction. However it is not as well suited for particular groups with physical disabilities, leaving those with disabilities in search of an alternative input device. The haptic mouse can exist as one of those alternatives if an effective interface can be designed that compensates for the disability of the user. An environment has been constructed that uses haptic effects, movement profiles, and a prediction algorithm to improve targeting for a group of users with physical disabilities. The research presented 23 individuals with motor disabilities affecting the arms with varying haptic and non-haptic desktop-like interfaces. Results of the experiments found greatly improved performance for most individuals in the haptic condition over the non-haptic when the target was a known quantity. In conditions where prediction was used to apply the haptic effect, results varied based on proximity to the actual target. Predictions made within two objects of the target resulted in either no effect or improved performance among individuals, while predictions made further than two objects from the target resulted in no effect or decreased performance. Analysis of the prediction algorithm has identified areas where improvement would be possible given the data collected during the experiments with the disabled group. This research concluded with a better understanding of how disabled individuals interact with a haptic computer mouse, Fitts' Law evaluation of the haptic mouse, effectiveness of compound haptic effects, and a new algorithm for predicting targets in a multi-columned multi-rowed environment, that results in improved performance for a group of disabled individuals in a desktop interface using a haptic mouse.
Bayesian role discovery for multi-agent reinforcement learning

In this paper we develop a Bayesian policy search approach for Multi-Agent RL (MARL), which is model-free and allows for priors on policy parameters. We present a novel optimization algorithm based on hybrid MCMC, which leverages both the prior and gradient information estimated from trajectories. Our experiments demonstrate the automatic discovery of roles through reinforcement learning in a real-time strategy game.
Molecular chaperones and the art of recognizing a lost cause.

Molecular chaperones have long been heralded as machines for folding and salvaging proteins. However, not every attempt to fold or refold a protein can be successful. Chaperones are known to participate in the degradation of misfolded polypeptides, but a direct link between folding and degradation pathways has remained elusive. Two recent reports show that the co-chaperone CHIP mediates ubiquitin-dependent degradation of substrates bound to heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and/or Hsp90.
Attachment and borderline personality disorder: implications for psychotherapy.

Background: Psychopathology researchers and theorists have begun to understand fundamental aspects of borderline personality disorder (BPD) such as unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, feelings of emptiness, bursts of rage, chronic fears of abandonment, intolerance for aloneness, and lack of a stable sense of self as stemming from impairments in the underlying attachment organization. In the present study, we will examine self-reported attachment in a study group of well-characterized patients reliably diagnosed with BPD. Sampling and Methods: Ninety-nine outpatients reliably diagnosed with BPD using the International Personality Disorders Examination, completed a number of attachment measures including the Relationship Questionnaire, Relationship Style Questionnaire, and Experiences in Close Relationships inventory. Results: Factor analysis revealed six factors that clustered into three groups corresponding to an avoidant attachment pattern, a preoccupied attachment pattern, and a fearfully preoccupied pattern. The preoccupied pattern showed more concern and behavioral reaction to real or imagined abandonments, whereas the avoidant group had higher ratings of inappropriate anger. The fearfully preoccupied group had higher ratings on identity disturbance, although only at the trend level. Conclusions: The psychometric properties and response characteristics of the ECR items suggest that the scales, keying, and domains are appropriate for assessment of attachment in BPD samples. The scales generally retain their factor structure and show a similar pattern of correlations and inter-relationships. Nevertheless, consistent with a developmental psychopathology model, there are some important differences in factor structure, indicating the need to look at both typical and atypical samples when constructing models of attachment. Further research is needed to delineate the prognostic and prescriptive significance of attachment patterns for treating patients with BPD.
Unilateral dopamine depletion causes bilateral deficits in conditioned rotation in rats

Rats were trained to rotate for a water reward using a procedure which required each rat to turn in both the left and right directions. The rats were then lesioned with unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine in the nigrostriatal bundle to produce unilateral dopamine depletion. Rats which had greater than 95% depletion had significant deficits in turning both ipsilateral and contralateral to the depleted side. Circling contralateral to the lesion was more impaired than circling ipsilateral to the lesion. All animals showed deficits in both the initiation of movement and in speed of turning. In addition, the rats displayed a chronic turning bias in the ipsilateral direction 16 weeks postlesion. These results indicate that unilateral dopamine depletion causes a variety of impairments in trained circling behavior. Although contralateral circling is most impaired, there is a significant decrease in ipsilateral performance. We conclude that normal conditioned circling behavior requires bilateral dopamine innervation.
Flip-chip replacement within the constraints imposed by multilayer ceramic (MLC) modules

Economics often dictates that suitable module rework procedures be established to replace solder bump devices (flip chips) reflowed to multichip carriers. These operations are complicated, owing to various constraints such as the substrate's physical and mechanical properties, close proximity of surface features, etc. This paper describes the constraints and the methods to circumvent them. An order of preference based upon the degree of constraint is recommended to achieve device removal and subsequent site dress of the residual solder left on the substrate. It has been determined that rework (device replacement) can be successfully achieved in even highly constricted situations. This is illustrated by the example of utilizing a localized heating technique, hot gas, to remove solder from microsockets from which chips were previously removed. Microsockets are areas to which chips are reflowed to the top surface of IBM's densely populated multilayer ceramic (MLC) modules, thus forming the so-called controlled collapse chip connection or C-4. The microsocket patterns are thus identical to the chip footprint.
Precursors of primary nucleation induced by flow in isotactic polypropylene

Abstract Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns of the sheared isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) melt at 175°C, above the nominal melting point of 162°C, showed development of oriented structures or aggregates of polymer molecules that did not disappear even after a long time relaxation (up to 2 h ). However, the corresponding wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns did not show any visible Bragg reflections, suggesting that the induced structures are probably non-crystalline. The results suggest that metastable aggregates of polymer molecules are generated in the melt by assembly of bundle of oriented chain segments (especially in long chains). We speculate that the oriented aggregates of chain segments are precursors of primary nuclei. The spatial arrangement of these precursors showed a layer-like superstructure, evident by the appearance of the meridional maxima in SAXS. The spacing between the ‘layers’ was estimated to be 430 A . A microstructural model of the orientation-induced precursors for primary nucleation is presented. An Avrami model was used to fit the evolution of the oriented structures in i-PP melt, which provided insights into the early stages of polymer crystallization.
Articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis.

Common mediators determine initiation and progression of cartilage damage across various models of osteoarthritis that can also be observed in the human form of the disease. Work during the past years has uncovered interactions among these mediators that impact the disease process and may inform us about new directions for targeted therapies [16].
Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation in vitro and in injured rat arteries by a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling are essential aspects of the arterial response to injury, vessel development, and atherogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression is associated with SMC proliferation and migration after arterial injury. To assess the role of MMPs in SMC proliferation and migration and intimal thickening, we measured the effect of the synthetic MMP inhibitor BB94 (Batimastat) on DNA synthesis and migration of SMCs in vitro as well as the formation of a neointima after balloon injury to the rat carotid artery. BB94 dose-dependently inhibited SMC migration induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB through a filter coated with a thick basement membrane matrix (Matrigel) layer but did not show any inhibitory effect on SMC migration through a lightly coated filter. At concentrations up to 1 mumol/L, BB94 did not alter DNA synthesis induced by PDGF-AA or PDGF-BB. Treatment with 30 mg BB94.kg-1.d-1 IP for 7 or 14 days after balloon injury to the rat carotid artery decreased the total number of intimal SMC nuclei and suppressed intimal thickening. SMC proliferation (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling) was decreased in the media at 2 days, whereas it was increased in the intima at 7 but not 14 days. These results suggest that BB94 inhibits intimal thickening after arterial injury by decreasing SMC migration and proliferation and support the conclusion that MMPs play a significant role in regulating intimal thickening in injured arteries.
Self-Recording of Attention by Learning Disabled Students in the Regular Classroom

Increased attention to task through self-monitoring procedures has been well-established in recent literature on learning disabled students in self-contained special education classrooms. This study investigated the adaptability of the self-monitoring procedures to regular classroom settings. In the first part of the study, an ABAB design was used. Treatment consisted of having each member of an entire class of second graders monitor his or her own attending behavior. Data from four target students indicated that the procedure was effective in increasing attending behavior. In the second part of the study, using a CBC design, a reinforcement contingency was added to the self-monitoring intervention to ensure that children were actually using the self-monitoring system. Even higher levels of on-task behavior resulted when reinforcement for adherence to the system was in effect. The results show that self-monitoring procedures are readily adaptable for use by learning disabled pupils in the regular classroo...
Cosmetic aspects of pregnancy

There are a vast number of changes to the female body that occur during pregnancy, to which any pregnant woman will attest. The changes, although considered, for the most part, physiological and not pathological, are quite distressing to many women. This chapter serves to review those changes and comment on their physiological origins. Most of these changes can be definitively or inferentially linked to the dramatic hormonal changes that take place to support a pregnancy. Comments are also made about treatment as they pertain to pregnant women. In addition, a brief discussion about performing cosmetic procedures during pregnancy is included.
Collegiate Service-Learning: Motives Underlying Volunteerism and Satisfaction with Volunteer Service

SUMMARY The present investigation assessed the volunteer motives among male and female college students and examined whether levels of these motives changed after participation in service. First year students (33 in a course with a service-learning experience, 27 in the same course without this component) and upper-class students (n = 25) in upper-level service-learning courses were compared. Results suggested that Values and Understanding motives were most important, and Protective and Social motives were least important across college volunteers. Females rated Values, Understanding, and Self-Esteem motives more important than did males, and service-learning students rated Values and Understanding motives more important than did nonservice-learning students. Values, Protective, and Social motives were predictive of overall satisfaction with the service experience. Results have implications for recruitment, satisfaction, and retention of student volunteers.
Anticipatory reflection while learning to teach: from a temporally truncated to a temporally distributed model of reflection in teacher education

Abstract This article argues that current reflective practitioner models have a temporally truncated bias that has resulted in an emphasis on retrospective over prospective reflection. The temporally distributed nature of prospective teacher thinking is illustrated using data from a study that examined six Intern teachers’ future-oriented reflection. Themes that emerged from Interns’ graphical depictions and verbal descriptions of the Internship were (i) the discrepancy between anticipated and actual experience, (ii) the reliance on cultural grand narratives, and (iii) the role of hope. I make a case for finding more of a balance between memory and imagination in teacher education pedagogy.
The global virome: not as big as we thought?

Viruses likely infect all organisms, serving to unknown extent as genetic vectors in complex networks of organisms. Environmental virologists have revealed that these abundant nanoscale entities are global players with critical roles in every ecosystem investigated. Curiously, novel genes dominate viral genomes and metagenomes, which has led to the suggestion that viruses represent the largest reservoir of unexplored genetic material on Earth with literature estimates, extrapolating from 14 mycobacteriophage genomes, suggesting that two billion phage-encoded ORFs remain to be discovered. Here we examine (meta)genomic data available in the decade since this provocative assertion, and use ‘protein clusters’ to evaluate whether sampling technologies have advanced to the point that we may be able to sample ‘all’ of viral diversity in nature.
The thermoelectric power in chromium and vanadium

Abstract The thermoelectric power in pure chromium and vanadium has been measured between 4.2 and 340°K and found to be positive in both metals over the whole temperature range. Maxima in the curves of thermopower against temperature at low temperatures are interpreted in terms of a phonon drag component. An anomaly in the results for both monocrystalline and polycrystalline chromium at the Neel temperature is interpreted in terms of the L idiard -O verhauser model of conduction electron antiferromagnetism. Hysteresis in the measurements on chromium over the whole temperature range is attributed to the effect of antiferromagnetic domains. An anomaly in the thermopower of vanadium at approximately 217°K is attributed either to a transition to an antiferromagnetic state or to a structural phase transition, possibly involving ordering of impurities. Experiments for distinguishing between these possibilities are suggested.
Restricted Random Reinforcement in Probability Learning

An exact frequency ratio of 3:1 was maintained between reinforcing events over successive blocks of 4, 8, 16, or 128 trials in a two-choice verbal conditioning situation. No effect of such restricted randomization was found upon the mean learning curves, total number of responses, or variance in total number of responses. Monte Carlo runs were computed to show that these results are consistent with statistical learning theory.
The potential of turboprops for reducing aviation fuel consumption

To assist in aviation systems planning in the context of fuel price uncertainty and environmental regulation, we take a total logistics cost approach and evaluate three representative aircraft (narrow body, regional jet, and turboprop) for operating and passenger preference costs over a range of fuel prices. Homogenous fleets of each vehicle category are compared for operating and passenger costs over a range of fuel prices and route distances and the minimum cost fleet mix is determined. In general, as fuel prices increase, the turboprop offers a lower operating cost per seat over a wider range of distances when compared with both jet aircraft models. The inclusion of passenger costs along with operating costs decreases the number of fuel price and distance pairs where the turboprop exhibits the lower cost. This analysis shows that the aircraft that exhibits the lowest cost is highly sensitive to fuel prices and passenger costs and points to the important balance between saving fuel and serving passengers.
Gm and Inv allotypes of some Sidamo Ethiopians.

One hundred and forty serum samples from Ethiopians from three tribes of the Sidamo group were tested for their Gm and Inv phenotypes. The Gm antigens 1,2,3,5,6,13,14,21 were determined on all samples, and Gm(15) and Gm(16) were determined on selected samples. All samples were tested for Inv(1), and those positive for Inv(1) were tested for Inv(3). The samples fall into 18 Gm phenotypes and require seven haplotypes to explain them. The data indicate that these Ethiopians have Negroid, Caucasoid, and Bushmanoid ancestry, with the latter constituting a relatively small proportion of the ancestry and the former two contributing about equally to the remainder. The data are consistent with the conclusions of cultural anthropologists.
Select palynomorphs from the Middle Eocene Claiborne Formation, Tenn., (U.S.A.)

Abstract Four Eocene pollen species, with affinities to Sapotaceae, Loranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Sapindaceae, were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. The use of both techniques increased the understanding of familial and subfamilial relationships of the fossils to extant taxa. Comparison with extant taxa show that Tetracolporopollenites brevis has affinities with taxa in Mimusopsioideae and Madhucoideae; Gothanipollis cockfieldensis has affinities to the monophyletic large flowered Neotropical Loranthaceae; Retitricolporites irregularis with Amanoeae; and Cupanieidites orthoteichus with the Cupania group of Cupanieae. Precise affinities can also lead to a better understanding of the paleoclimatology and paleobiogeography of these fossil species.
A Multilevel Modelling Approach to Investigating Factors Impacting Science Achievement for Secondary School Students: PISA Hong Kong Sample

This study utilized data from the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment Hong Kong sample to investigate the factors that impact the science achievement of 15-year-old students. A multilevel model was used to examine the factors from both student and school perspectives. At the student level, the results indicated that male students, students from high socioeconomic status (SES) families, students with higher motivation and higher self-efficacy, and students whose parents highly value science are more likely to demonstrate achievement in science. At the school level, the results showed school science achievement differences can be explained by school enrolment size, school SES composition, and instruction time per week. Contrary to the negative influence of school size that was reported in previous studies, our findings suggested a positive relationship between school enrolment size and science achievement. This finding leads to an international discussion of school size.
Experimental study of the effective thermal conductivity of liquid saturated sintered fiber metal wicks

Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effective thermal conductivity of liquid saturated sintered fiber metal wicks. An experimental apparatus, based on the principle of steady state method of comparison, was designed and used for determining the effective thermal conductivity of water saturated copper, nickel 200, and 430 stainless steel wicks over a wide range of porosities. Bureau of Standards melting point lead was used as the reference material of known thermal conductivity. Based on these experimental results a new correlation for predicting the effective thermal conductivity of liquid saturated sintered fiber metal wicks is also presented.