cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasons for the Perceived Images of Scientists by Race and Gender of Students in Grades 1–7

The study described focused on the gender and race of subjects and their perceptions about scientists. Of particular interest were the factors behind a particular subject drawing a scientist of a particular race and/or gender. Subjects were asked to describe their scientist and provide a reason for drawing it of a particular race and gender. Grade level, gender, and race of subjects were recorded with their responses. Interviewers were 25 junior/senior level preservice elementary teachers. Three-hundred fifty-eight subjects were administered the DAST and subsequently interviewed. Data were collected from subjects in Grades 1 to 7 in 24 elementary and middle schools (Grades K-9). Subjects' reasons for drawing a scientist a particular race and gender were determined by evaluators to fall into 12 categories.
AsktheGeneticistSM: five years of online experience

Purpose: To identify the genetic informational needs and assess the level of awareness about clinical genetic services among adults who use the internet. Methods: We created an online service called AsktheGeneticistSM ( http://www.askthegen.org ) to answer questions about medical genetics. Since 2003, we have received 4497 questions from every US state and 84 countries/territories. Genetic counselors draft answers to the questions submitted. The questions and answers are next reviewed by clinical geneticists, then organized by topic and uploaded to the site. A link to an online website-user satisfaction survey is e-mailed to the user with a link to their QA P < 0.0001). Website users most often sought information about a known genetic condition in their family and the risk of recurrence. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the internet can be an effective tool for increasing the awareness of genetic services and identifying genetic informational needs of online adults, as well as for connecting patients with genetic services.
Combination is the dominant free radical process initiated in DNA by ionizing radiation : an overview based on solid-state EPR studies

An overview of the early processes initiated in DNA by ionizing radiation is given from the perspective of studies done by solid-state EPR with the focus on radical combination. Comparisons with free radical formation and trapping in crystalline pyrimidines (1-methylcytosine, thymine, 1-methylthymine, 1-methyluracil, and cytosine monohydrate) provide insight into the processes occurring in DNA. Between 25 and 50% of low LET ionizations in fully hydrated DNA at 4K lead to trapped free radicals, the remaining unobserved radicals are assumed to have combined. The majority of the radicals trapped in DNA at 4K (G ∼ 0·3 µmol/J) are believed to be in clusters. Based on the value of G, it is argued that the range of holes and bound electrons in DNA at 4K are, in the main, limited to within the cluster diameter, ∼ 4 nm. Proton transfer across hydrogen bonds promotes radical trapping and inhibits combination but is thermally reversible. Warming to room temperature mobilizes the reversibly trapped radicals and gives...
Substance use and dietary practices among students attending alternative high schools: results from a pilot study

Substance use and poor dietary practices are prevalent among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine frequency of substance use and associations between cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use and selected dietary practices, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, high-fat foods, fruits and vegetables, and frequency of fast food restaurant use among alternative high school students. Associations between multi-substance use and the same dietary practices were also examined. A convenience sample of adolescents (n = 145; 61% minority, 52% male) attending six alternative high schools in the St Paul/Minneapolis metropolitan area completed baseline surveys. Students were participants in the Team COOL (Controlling Overweight and Obesity for Life) pilot study, a group randomized obesity prevention pilot trial. Mixed model multivariate analyses procedures were used to assess associations of interest. Daily cigarette smoking was reported by 36% of students. Cigarette smoking was positively associated with consumption of regular soda (p = 0.019), high-fat foods (p = 0.037), and fast food restaurant use (p = 0.002). Alcohol (p = 0.005) and marijuana use (p = 0.035) were positively associated with high-fat food intake. With increasing numbers of substances, a positive trend was observed in high-fat food intake (p = 0.0003). There were no significant associations between substance use and fruit and vegetable intake. Alternative high school students who use individual substances as well as multiple substances may be at high risk of unhealthful dietary practices. Comprehensive health interventions in alternative high schools have the potential of reducing health-compromising behaviors that are prevalent among this group of students. This study adds to the limited research examining substance use and diet among at-risk youth. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01315743
Structural Rearrangements in the Liquid-Induced Crystallization of Cold-Drawn Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

Structural rearrangements induced by various liquid treatments of cold-drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films were studied. It was determined that significant levels of longitudinal shrinkage were induced in the cold-drawn films by methylene chloride, dioxane, and nitromethane liquids at temperatures ranging from 5 to 75°C. The kinetics of shrinkage were found to be relatabte to the sorption kinetics of the liquids into the films, and the shrinkage levels relatable to the degree of interaction between the polymer and liquid. Morphology studies indicated that as a result of the liquid treatments, the poorly defined, oriented, spherulitic-like superstructure in cold-drawn PET films became rather well perfected, with further highly-oriented crystallinity and lamellar formation occurring in conjunction with the amorphous relaxation or shrinkage.
Digital tracking filters with high order correlated measurement noise

The existing algorithms for the design of digital filters with colored measurement noise involve a restriction on the dimension of the measurement error model. Kalman filter equations and state space partition are used to formulate an optimal tracking filter without such restrictions. The input to the new filter are two consecutive measurements, and it is initialized by using the first available measurements and the error model correlation matrix. Several examples illustrate the filter formulation and initialization.
Conformal mapping in optical biosensor applications

Optical biosensors are devices used to investigate surface-volume reaction kinetics. Current mathematical models for reaction dynamics rely on the assumption of unidirectional flow within these devices. However, new devices, such as the Flexchip, include a geometry that introduces two-dimensional flow, complicating the depletion of the volume reactant. To account for this, a previous mathematical model is extended to include two-dimensional flow, and the Schwarz–Christoffel mapping is used to relate the physical device geometry to that for a device with unidirectional flow. Mappings for several Flexchip dimensions are considered, and the ligand depletion effect is investigated for one of these mappings. Estimated rate constants are produced for simulated data to quantify the inclusion of two-dimensional flow in the mathematical model.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rilotumumab: a decade of experience in preclinical and clinical cancer research

Rilotumumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against hepatocyte growth factor, the only known ligand of the MET receptor. Over the last decade, rilotumumab has been extensively tested in preclinical studies and in clinical studies in a variety of cancer types. In this review, we examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data that have been collected in the rilotumumab programme to date, and discuss retrospectively how the knowledge acquired in this programme can be applied to a number of key issues in oncology drug development, including: (i) using preclinical data to inform first-in-human study design; (ii) the role of biomarkers in the identification of a target patient population; (iii) the potential for drug interactions between therapeutic proteins and other anticancer agents; and (iv) pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in phase 3 study design.
Reverse-correlating mental representations of sex-typed bodies: the effect of number of trials on image quality

Sex categorization is a critical process in social perception. While psychologists have long theorized that perceivers have distinct mental representations of men and women that help them to achieve efficient sex categorizations, researchers have only recently begun using reverse-correlation to visualize the content of these mental representations. The present research addresses two issues concerning this relatively new methodological tool. First, previous studies of reverse-correlation have focused almost exclusively on perceivers' mental representations of faces. Our study demonstrates that this technique can also be used to visualize mental representations of sex-typed bodies. Second, most studies of reverse-correlation have employed a relatively large number of trials (1000+) to capture perceivers' mental representations of a given category. Our study demonstrated that, at least for sex-typed representations of bodies, high quality reverse-correlation images can be obtained with as few as 100 trials. Overall, our findings enhance knowledge of reverse-correlation methodology in general and sex categorization in particular, providing new information for researchers interested in using this technique to understand the complex processes underlying social perception.
Human sweat gland myoepithelial cells express a unique set of cytokeratins and reveal the potential for alternative epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation states in culture.

We have characterized precisely the cytokeratin expression pattern of sweat gland myoepithelial cells and have identified conditions for propagating this cell type and modulating its differentiation in culture. Rare, unstratified epithelioid colonies were identified in cultures initiated from several specimens of full-thickness human skin. These cells divided rapidly in medium containing serum, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and hydrocortisone, and maintained a closely packed, epithelioid morphology when co-cultured with 3T3 feeder cells. Immunocytochemical and immunoblot analysis disclosed that the cells differed from keratinocytes in that they were E-cadherin-negative, vimentin-positive, and expressed an unusual set of cytokeratins, K5, K7, K14, and K17. When subcultured without feeder cells, they converted reversibly to a spindle morphology and ceased K5 and K14 expression. Under these conditions, EGF deprivation induced flattening, growth arrest, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin ((a)-sma). Coexpression of keratins and alpha-sma is a hallmark of myoepithelial cells, a constituent of secretory glands. Immunostaining of skin sections revealed that only sweat gland myoepithelial cells expressed the same pattern of keratins and alpha-sma and lack of E-cadherin as the cell type we had cultured. Interestingly, our immunocytochemical analysis of ndk, a skin-derived cell line of uncertain identity, suggests that this line is of myoepithelial origin. Earlier immunohistochemical studies by others had found myoepithelial cells to be K7-negative. We tested five K7-specific antibodies that can recognize this protein in western blots and in the assembled keratin filaments of mesothelial cells. Three of these antibodies did not recognize the K7 present in myoepithelial cell filaments or in HeLa cell filaments, indicating that some K7 epitopes are masked when K7 pairs with K17 instead of with its usual keratin filament partner, K19.
The synthesis of deuterium labelled metabolites of warfarin and phenprocoumon

The synthesis of deuterium labelled 4′-,6-,7- and 8-hydroxy metabolites of warfarin and phenprocoumon is described. The pentadeuterio labelled 6-,7- and 8-hydroxyphenprocoumons were prepared via alkylation of the respective 6-, 7- and 8-methoxy-4-hydroxycoumarins with 1-(phenyl-d5)-1-bromopropane and subaequent cleavage of the methyl protecting group with boron tribromide. The synthesis of 1-(pentadeuteriophenyl)-1-bromopropane and the 6-, 7- and 8-methoxy-4-hydroxy-coumarins are also presented. The pentadeuterio labelled 6-, 7- and 8-hydroxy-warfarins were obtained by reaction of 4-(phenyl-d5)-3-buten-2-one with the respective 6-, 7- and 8-hydroxy-4-hydroxycoumarins in methanol followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate cyclic methyl ketals in aqueous acid. 4-Hydroxycoumarin-5,6,7,8-d4, prepared from phenyl-d6 and tetradeuteriomalonic acid, was reacted with 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol and 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one to yield labelled 4′-hydroxyphenprocoumon and 4′-hydroxywarfarin respectively.
Modular oxime functionalization of well-defined alkoxyamine-containing polymers

Phthalamide-protected O-(4-vinylbenzyl)-hydroxylamine was polymerized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with good control of the polymer molecular weight and retention of chain end functionality. The resulting polymer was deprotected by cleavage of the phthalamido protecting groups via treatment with hydrazine to reveal the latent side-chain alkoxyamine functionality (R–O–NH2). The alkoxyamine polymer scaffold was coupled with model small molecule aldehydes and ketones via highly efficient “click” oxime bond formation. The ability of the coupling reactions to be conducted at a variety of temperatures, in the presence of oxygen, and without any additional reagents makes this an attractive modular strategy for preparing well-defined polymers with high degrees of functionality.
Frequency of Injury and the Ecology of Regeneration in Marine Benthic Invertebrates

Many marine invertebrates are able to regenerate lost tissue following injury, but regeneration can come at a cost to individuals in terms of reproduction, behavior and physiological condition, and can have effects that reach beyond the individual to impact populations, communities, and ecosystems. For example, removal and subsequent regeneration of clams' siphons, polychaetes' segments, and brittlestars' arms can represent significant energetic input to higher trophic levels. In marine soft-sediment habitats, injury changes infaunal bioturbation rates and thus secondarily influences sediment-mediated competition, adult-larval interactions, and recruitment success. The importance of injury and regeneration as factors affecting the ecology of marine invertebrate communities depends on the frequency of injury, as well as on individual capacity for, and speed of, regeneration. A key question to answer is: "How frequently are marine benthic invertebrates injured?" Here, I review the sources and the frequencies of injury in a variety of marine invertebrates from different benthic habitats, discuss challenges, and approaches for accurately determining injury rates in the field, consider evidence for species-specific, temporal and geographic variation in injury rates, and present examples of indirect effects of injury on marine invertebrates to illustrate how injury and regeneration can modify larger-scale ecological patterns and processes.
Abrupt changes in atmospheric methane at the MIS 5b–5a transition

[1] New ice core analyses show that the prominent rise in atmospheric methane concentration at Dansgaard-Oeschger event 21 was interrupted by a century-long 20% decline, which was previously unrecognized. The reversal was found in a new ∼100-year resolution study of methane in the GISP2 ice core, encompassing the beginning of D-O event 21, which also corresponds to the transition from MIS 5b to 5a. Although a corresponding reversal (within age uncertainty) is observed in climate proxies measured in GISP2 ice, including δ18Oice, electrical conductivity, light scattering, and several ions, this feature has not been discussed previously. Abrupt changes in methane are paralleled by changes in δ15N of trapped air, a quantity that reflects local temperature change at Greenland summit. The reversal described here supports the hypothesis that climate can be unstable during major transitions, as was previously described for the last deglaciation.
The de Gaulle Problem

Four distinguished analysts of French foreign policy under Charles de Gaulle provide in-depth assessments of the new book edited by Christian Nuenlist, Anna Locher, and Garret Martin, Globalizing de Gaulle: International Perspectives on French Foreign Policies, 1958–1969, published by Lexington Books. The commentators praise the book's wide scope and many of its essays and broad themes, but they raise questions about Garret Martin's contention (shared by a few, though not all, of the other contributors to the volume) that de Gaulle had a coherent if ultimately unsuccessful strategy to overcome the Cold War and move toward the unification of Germany and Europe. In article-length commentaries, both Andrew Moravcsik and Marc Trachtenberg take issue with Martin's view, arguing that de Gaulle's foreign policy involved more bluff and bluster than any genuine attempt to bring about the reunification of Germany or to end the Cold War. Moravcsik also provides a spirited defense of the “revisionist” conception of d...
Analysis of Fracture Surfaces of Reactor Pressure-Vessel Steels

The fracture surfaces of three A533-B pressure-vessel steels have been analyzed using Auger analysis scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. The steels included both weld and plate materials with differing radiation sensitivity. The unirradiated specimens were fractured under different conditions to give both ductile and brittle failure modes. The research showed that the copper and carbon concentrations were higher at the fracture surfaces. Very fine precipitates of molybdenum, phosphorus, and sulfur were observed on ductile fracture surfaces of all materials. However, the amount and type of precipitates varied among materials. Auger analysis and x-ray microanalysis provided consistent results and allowed detection of most of the impurity or alloying elements which have been related to radiation sensitivity of A533-B steels.
GaAs pseudomorphic HEMTs for low voltage high frequency DC-DC converters

Efficient power conversion at high switching frequencies requires switching transistors with a low gate charge to limit the switching losses in addition to low specific ON resistance. We report two integrable GaAs switching pHEMTs, 14V enhancement mode and 7V depletion mode transistors that show much superior switching figure of merit (R on × QG) than that of state-of-the-art silicon MOSFETs. These transistors can achieve highly efficient DC-DC power conversion at 100MHz and beyond.
An application algorithm for the via minimization problem in channel routing

It is shown that the problem of via minimization in VLSI routing with movable terminals can be solved in O(n log n) time by using the algorithm finding a maximum independent set in a permutation graph. It is also shown that the nets of an example are routed with fewer tracks and vias. Therefore, the number of vias is reduced by using a correct algorithm rather than an algorithm finding a length of largest up-sequence. >
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanodomes fabricated by nanoreplica molding

We demonstrate a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate consisting of a closely spaced metal nanodome array fabricated on flexible plastic film. We used a low cost, large area replica molding process to produce a 2-dimensional periodic array of cylinders that is subsequently overcoated with SiO 2 and silver thin films to form dome-shaped structures. Finite element modeling was used to investigate the electromagnetic field distribution of the nanodome array structure and the effect of the nanodome separation distance on the electromagnetic field enhancement. The SERS enhancement from the nanodome array substrates was experimentally verified using rhodamine 6G as the analyte. With a separation distance of 17 nm achieved between adjacent domes using a process that is precisely controlled during thin film deposition, a reproducible SERS enhancement factor of 1.37×108 was demonstrated. The nanoreplica molding process presented in this work allows for simple, low cost, high-throughput fabrication of uniform nanoscale SERS substrates over large surface areas without the requirement for high resolution lithography or defect-free deposition of spherical microparticle monolayer templates.
RESPONSE TO COLD FOLLOWING DOUBLE ADRENALECTOMY

The rolAe that the adrenal glands play in the maintenance of normal heat production and regulation of body temperature has been indicated in a previous report by Horvath, et al (1), who showed that following destruction of a single adrenal, cold did not stimulate the metabolism as greatly as it had in normal animals. The material presented in this paper presents evidence regarding the effect of removal of both adrenals on the ability of the organism to adjust itself to the effects of one of our most common stresses—that of cold. The methods employed have been previously described (1). Double adrenalectomy was performed under ether anesthesia. Autopsies were made on all animals immediately after death.
Phantom Limbs and Invisible Hands: Bodies, Prosthetics, and Late Capitalist Identifications

pros-the-sis (pras'tho sis) n. 1. [NL. fr. Gr. addition, fr. prostithenai to add to, fr. pros in addition to, +tithenai to place, DO] Med. a) the replacement of a missing part of the body, as a limb, eye, or tooth, by an artificial substitute Corp. b) tool, support, phantasmatic structures Cyb. c) Hooked on technology, able to send a whole part of myself out, an extension of my will, of my instrumentality Fem. d) overcoming a lack of presence, the site of pleasure and pain-n. prosthetic relationality (medium of connection)1
Evaluating information-seeking approaches to metacognition.

Metacognition has been divided into information monitoring and control processes. Monitoring involves knowing that you know or do not know some information without taking corrective action. Control involves taking corrective action based on the knowledge that you know or do not know some information. In comparative metacognition, considerable attention has been paid toward critically assessing putative evidence for information monitoring in non-human animals. However, less attention has been paid toward critically evaluating evidence for control processes in animals. We briefly review a critique of informa- tion-monitoring in animals. Next, we apply these concepts to a number of studies that focus on information seeking in animals. The main type of evidence for control processes in animals come from tube tipping experiments. Before having the opportunity to search for the bait in these experiments, the subject sometimes observes opaque tubes being baited but is sometimes prevented from seeing the baiting. The observations that the subjects look more if baiting was not seen and are more accurate if baiting was seen have been taken as evidence for metacognition in information-seeking experiments. We propose simple alternative hypothe- ses that are sufficient to explain putative evidence for information seeking in animals without positing metacognition. The alter- native explanation focuses on two relatively simple principles: First, an animal has a default "look before you go" response which supersedes random searches in space. Second, spatially guided behavior follows a default rule of "go where something good is." These principles can explain the results of tube tipping experiments without proposing metacognition (Current Zoology 57 (4): 531-542, 2011).
Abstract 14819: The Red Cell Distribution Width Predicts Mortality among Patients Free from Systemic Inflammation

Background: The causal mechanism is unknown for why the red cell distribution width (RDW) predicts mortality and morbidity outcomes. One explanation is an inflammatory process: statistically significant, weak magnitude correlations (r Methods: Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study patients undergoing coronary angiography (N=650) from 1994-2000 were evaluated if they never smoked, were free of acute myocardial infarction (MI), and had baseline hsCRP≤3 mg/L, WBC>4 K/μL, and WBC≤10.6 K/μL. RDW and WBC were tested clinically at index hospitalization via the complete blood count; hsCRP testing used stored research samples. Subjects were followed until December, 2013, and all-cause mortality was determined from hospital records, Utah death certificates, and US Social Security data. Results: Age averaged 66.7±11.6 years, 31.1% were female, and 62.9% died during a mean follow-up of 15.2±1.6 years (range:12.6-19.6 years). Continuous RDW predicted mortality after adjustment for demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, and baseline treatments (hazard ratio [HR]=1.15 per +1%, 95% CI=1.06, 1.26; p=0.002). In quartiles, this was significant for Q4 vs. Q1 (survival 23.6% vs. 43.4%, HR=1.56, CI=1.17, 2.08; p=0.003), but not Q2 (HR=1.18, p=0.29) or Q3 (HR=1.08, p=0.60) vs.Q1. In subjects with hsCRP Conclusions: RDW predicted mortality in patients with normal hsCRP and WBC. This suggests that RDW marks the risk of a breadth of health concerns, likely including but not limited to inflammation. Further investigation is required to explain the causes of RDW elevation.
Squid Nerve Type DFPase: A Consideration of Molecular Structures

Cholinergic receptor isolation has often been plagued with the presence of residual amounts of acetylcholinesterase. I should like to report the presence in squid of another enzyme which, while perhaps not likely to be mistaken for the cholinergic receptor, may be overlooked in work involving squid nerve and one class of cholinesterase ligands, namely the organophosphates, with unforseen effects.
Transdisciplinary Therapy Model for the Infant with Down's Syndrome

Following a discussion of the motor deficits commonly associated with Down's syndrome, a transdisciplinary developmental therapy model is proposed for use with infants with Down's syndrome. The model includes components from various existing intervention programs for infants as well as some current therapeutic approaches to motor intervention that have not previously been used for patients with Down's syndrome. Specific suggestions for clinical research studies designed to validate the effects of these various treatment techniques are also included.
"No Necessary Connection": The Medieval Roots of the Occasionalist Roots of Hume

Examinant les origines medievales de l'occasionnalisme de Hume, l'A. montre que l'argument negatif de la connexion necessaire, affirmant qu'on ne peut percevoir de connexion necessaire entre deux objets ou evenements naturels, se retrouve dans les critiques de la causation developpees par Ghazali, Autrecourt et Malebranche, dans le meme but de refuter l'idee d'une causalite logique de la nature
A Simple Accurate Method for Extraction of Estrogenic Substances from Human Urine for Bioassay.

SummaryA simple method is described whereby estrogenic substances can be extracted from human urine for bioassay. This method consists of adding 50 cc concentrated HCl (35-37%) per liter of urine; boiling for one hour and then cooling; vigorously shaking on a mechanical shaker for one hour with an equal volume of ethyl ether (U.S.P.); breaking up emulsion with 30-50 cc of sodium taurocholate (10% sol.) and discarding aqueous fraction; adding 6 cc sesame oil to the etherial extract and then evaporating ether on a hot water bath. This method is comparatively accurate and can be accomplished in about 3 1/2 hours, thus making it an excellent routine method in an endocrine laboratory to expedite clinical and experimental work.
The small intestine is an important source of adrenomedullin release during polymicrobial sepsis.

Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilatory peptide, has recently been reported to be involved in the altered cardiovascular responses under various pathophysiological conditions. Although the incre...
Evolutionary debunking: Can moral realists explain the reliability of our moral judgments?

AbstractEvolutionary debunking arguments, notably Sharon Street’s Darwinian Dilemma (2006), allege that moral realists need to explain the reliability of our moral judgments, given their evolutionary sources. David Copp (2008) and David Enoch (2010) take up the challenge. I argue on empirical grounds that realists have not met the challenge and moreover cannot do so. The outcome is that there are empirically-motivated reasons for thinking moral realists cannot explain moral reliability, given our current empirical understanding.
Role of Notch signaling during lipopolysaccharide‐induced preterm labor

Notch signaling pathways exert effects throughout pregnancy and are activated in response to TLR ligands. To investigate the role of Notch signaling in preterm labor, Notch receptors (Notch1-4), its ligand Delta-like protein-1, transcriptional repressor hairy and enhancer of split-1, and Notch deregulator Numb were assessed. Preterm labor was initiated on gestation d 14.5 by 1 of 2 methods: 1) inflammation-induced preterm labor: intrauterine injection of LPS (a TLR4 agonist) and 2) hormonally induced preterm labor: subcutaneous injection of mifepristone. Delta-like protein-1, Notch1, and hairy and enhancer of split-1 were elevated significantly, and Numb was decreased in the uterus and placenta of inflammation-induced preterm labor mice but remained unchanged in hormonally induced preterm labor compared with their respective controls. F4/80(+) macrophage polarization was skewed in the uterus of inflammation-induced preterm labor toward M1-positive (CD11c(+)) and double-positive [CD11c(+) (M1) and CD206(+) (M2)] cells. This process is dependent on activation of Notch signaling, as shown by suppression of M1 and M2 macrophage-associated cytokines in decidual macrophages in response to γ-secretase inhibitor (an inhibitor of Notch receptor processing) treatment ex vivo. γ-Secretase inhibitor treatment also diminished the LPS-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in decidual and placental cells cultured ex vivo. Furthermore, treatment with recombinant Delta-like protein-1 ligand enhanced the LPS-induced proinflammatory response. Notch ligands (Jagged 1 and 2 and Delta-like protein-4) and vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor involved in angiogenesis were reduced significantly in the uterus and placenta during inflammation-induced preterm labor. These results suggest that up-regulation of Notch-related inflammation and down-regulation of angiogenesis factors may be associated with inflammation-induced preterm labor but not with hormonally induced preterm labor.
Turf Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

The green industry, which includes turf and landscape irrigation, has an economic impact in the United States of $150 billion/year. Effective turf irrigation systems keep turf areas healthy and attractive and use water efficiently, which are the primary goals of turf irrigation. This chapter begins with a review of sprinkler system layout and spacing. The Sprinkler Uniformity program allows the user to visualize and quantify the effect of spacing on uniformity. This is followed by an economic rationale for sprinkler spacing. The last section covers sprinkler pipe network design and scheduling calculations. There is a range of turf sprinkler types. Fixed spray sprinklers cover small areas ( 5 m radius) and have a lower application rate (<25 mm/hr) than fixed spray sprinklers. Large golf course sprinklers operate at high pressure and can have 50 m wetted diameters.
Three-dimensional printing of biomaterials and soft materials

During the past two decades, numerous biomaterials and soft materials, including ceramics, polymers, and their composites, have been fabricated for various biomedical devices and applications in tissue engineering using three-dimensional (3D) printing. This article offers a brief overview of some of the biomaterials and soft materials fabricated using some notable 3D printing techniques and related applications. A brief perspective regarding future directions of this field is also provided.
Hallucinating Humans for Learning Robotic Placement of Objects

While a significant body of work has been done on grasping objects, there is little prior work on placing and arranging objects in the environment. In this work, we consider placing multiple objects in complex placing areas, where neither the object nor the placing area may have been seen by the robot before. Specifically, the placements should not only be stable, but should also follow human usage preferences.We present learning and inference algorithms that consider these aspects in placing. In detail, given a set of 3D scenes containing objects, our method, based on Dirichlet process mixture models, samples human poses in each scene and learns how objects relate to those human poses. Then given a new room, our algorithm is able to select meaningful human poses and use them to determine where to place new objects.We evaluate our approach on a variety of scenes in simulation, as well as on robotic experiments.
Controlling Electric and Magnetic Resonances for Ultracompact Nanoantennas with Tunable Directionality

We design and numerically demonstrate an ultracompact plasmonic nanoantenna with tunable high directionality. The antenna consists of a metallic trimer that can support a highly spectrally tunable magnetic dipole mode with its amplitude comparable to that of an electric dipole mode. Superior forward radiation is achieved when these modes satisfy the Kerker conditions, leading to a very low side lobe level of −22 dB. It is shown that by moving one of the three particles by less than 10 nm the resonance wavelength of the magnetic mode will shift dramatically, resulting in the change of the interference conditions and hence the radiation characteristics. From the evolution of the resonant modes, we find optimized designs that reverse the radiation direction at the same wavelength. Meanwhile, the enhancement of spontaneous emission and radiated power of a nanoemitter adjacent to the antenna can reach approximately 4 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. Analyses based on a simple dipole model are performed...
Commentary on preceding article

The Editorial Board of this JOURNAL has established the policy that where there is an interesting and sharp difference of opinion between an author and a reviewer, if it appeared to be more valuable to publish a statement of the differences than to attempt to make one of the disputants agree with the other, this would be done with the permission of both parties. In this way interesting as well as educational material which would otherwise be lost is published. The publication of a reviewer's commentary should make his contribution a more substantial one, to the reader as well as to the author. It is for this reason that we publish a commentary on Dr. Berger's paper and leave it to the reader to come to his own conclusions. Editor.
Spatially explicit control of invasive species using a reaction–diffusion model

Abstract Invasive species, which can be responsible for severe economic and environmental damages, must often be managed over a wide area with limited resources, and the optimal allocation of effort in space and time can be challenging. If the spatial range of the invasive species is large, control actions might be applied only on some parcels of land, for example because of property type, accessibility, or limited human resources. Selecting the locations for control is critical and can significantly impact management efficiency. To help make decisions concerning the spatial allocation of control actions, we propose a simulation based approach, where the spatial distribution of the invader is approximated by a reaction–diffusion model. We extend the classic Fisher equation to incorporate the effect of control both in the diffusion and local growth of the invader. The modified reaction–diffusion model that we propose accounts for the effect of control, not only on the controlled locations, but on neighboring locations, which are based on the theoretical speed of the invasion front. Based on simulated examples, we show the superiority of our model compared to the state-of-the-art approach. We illustrate the use of this model for the management of Burmese pythons in the Everglades (Florida, USA). Thanks to the generality of the modified reaction–diffusion model, this framework is potentially suitable for a wide class of management problems and provides a tool for managers to predict the effects of different management strategies.
Sleep quality and its association with fatigue, symptom burden, and mood in patients with advanced cancer in a clinic for early-phase oncology clinical trials

BACKGROUND Limited data exist about sleep quality for patients with advanced cancer in phase 1 clinical trials. Poor sleep quality is often not captured as an adverse event, and its association with fatigue, one of the most frequently reported adverse events, is not documented routinely. This article describes sleep quality and its relation with fatigue, symptom burden, and mood in patients recruited from an early-phase clinic for targeted therapy. METHODS Sleep, fatigue, symptom burden, and mood were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Brief Fatigue Inventory, the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), and the Brief Profile of Mood States, respectively; the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) was determined from medical records. RESULTS The sample (n = 256) was 51.2% female, 90% had an ECOG PS of 0 or 1, and the mean age was 58 ± 0.8 years. Poor sleepers (global PSQI score > 5) constituted 64% of the sample. In separate multiple regression models, poor sleepers had higher levels of fatigue (P < .001), symptom burden (P < .001), and overall mood disturbance (P < .001) than good sleepers. Also, compared with good sleepers, poor sleepers had greater fatigue-related and symptom-related interference with daily activities (all P values < .001). The MDASI disturbed-sleep item correlated well with the global PSQI score (Pearson's r = 0.679, P < .001), and this suggests its usefulness as a patient-reported outcome screener of sleep quality in early-phase clinical trials clinics. CONCLUSIONS Poor sleep quality was a significant problem in the current study and was associated with greater fatigue, symptom burden, and mood disturbance. Sleep quality should be routinely assessed in patients with advanced cancer who are participating in early-phase clinical trials. Cancer 2016;122:3401–3409. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
On the Quantile Cut Closure of Chance-Constrained Problems

A chance constrained problem involves a set of scenario constraints from which a small subset can be violated. Existing works typically consider a mixed integer programming MIP formulation of this problem by introducing binary variables to indicate which constraint systems are to be satisfied or violated. A variety of cutting plane approaches for this MIP formulation have been developed. In this paper we consider a family of cuts for chance constrained problems in the original space rather than those in the extended space of the MIP reformulation. These cuts, known as quantile cuts, can be viewed as a projection of the well known family of mixing inequalities for the MIP reformulation, onto the original problem space. We show the following results regarding quantile cuts: i the closure of all quantile cuts is a polyhedral set; ii separation of quantile cuts is in general NP-hard; iii successive application of quantile cut closures achieves the convex hull of the chance constrained problem in the limit; and iv in the pure integer setting this convergence is finite.
Core Mechanisms Regulating Developmentally Timed and Environmentally Triggered Abscission

Drought-triggered abscission is a strategy used by plants to avoid the full consequences of drought; however, it is poorly understood at the molecular genetic level. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) can be used to elucidate the pathway controlling drought-triggered leaf shedding. We further show that much of the pathway regulating developmentally timed floral organ abscission is conserved in regulating drought-triggered leaf abscission. Gene expression of HAESA (HAE) and INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) is induced in cauline leaf abscission zones when the leaves become wilted in response to limited water and HAE continues to accumulate in the leaf abscission zones through the abscission process. The genes that encode HAE/HAESA-LIKE2, IDA, NEVERSHED, and MAPK KINASE4 and 5 are all necessary for drought-induced leaf abscission. Our findings offer a molecular mechanism explaining drought-triggered leaf abscission. Furthermore, the ability to study leaf abscission in Arabidopsis opens up a new avenue to tease apart mechanisms involved in abscission that have been difficult to separate from flower development as well as for understanding the mechanistic role of water and turgor pressure in abscission.
Neuroimaging and Violence

Violence is a serious public health issue across the world. This article assists clinicians in understanding the most up-to-date literature regarding structural and functional brain theories related to risk of violence. In this article, we review anatomic regions of the brain that have been implicated in violence and associated personality constructs associated with violence. We discuss different imaging techniques that have been used to uncover abnormal brain volume, associations, and functions throughout the brain in samples with violence history or risk. Finally, we discuss implications of these findings both for treatment considerations and future research directions.
Robust real-time UAV based power line detection and tracking

Power line inspection is an essential but costly task while automated UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) inspection can greatly reduce such costs. However, navigating along power lines is a challenging task due to the narrow width and limited features of power lines. Existing power line tracking methods have threshold selection problems and cannot work well for complex and changing backgrounds. We make use of power line specific knowledge to build a model to achieve predictive and continuous parameter selection so that the best thresholds are selected for changing scenarios. Experimental studies show that our solution is much better than existing ones. Specifically, we have built the first fully automated UAV that successfully tracks power lines in the real world.
Effects of Mental Health and Neuroscience Evidence on Juror Perceptions of a Criminal Defendant: the Moderating Role of Political Orientation

Several recent studies have examined the effects of mental health and neuroscientific evidence on attitudes toward criminal defendants, suggesting that these factors may influence juror decision-making in meaningful ways. Few studies to date have manipulated both of these variables while also considering theoretically important individual difference variables (e.g., political orientation). Using a criminal case simulation, this study manipulated the presence of evidence concerning mental disorders (psychopathy and schizophrenia) and increasing levels of neuroscientific detail regarding a defendant's brain injury, and examined verdicts and sentencing recommendations in over 400 persons attending jury duty. Main effects were detected for mental health testimony and political orientation, although interactions were noted as well. More negative reactions to defendants labeled as psychopaths were relatively consistent, whereas participants who identified as liberal generally were less punitive towards a defendant identified as schizophrenic than were more conservative jurors. Consistent with other recent research, juror perceptions of the defendant's level of psychopathic traits (independent of the effects of the experimental manipulations) predicted guilty verdicts and longer sentencing recommendations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an introductory big data programming and concepts course

Computer scientists have been developing techniques to glean useful information from datasets for decades. The nascent disciplines of Big Data and Data Science have evolved over the last 10 years due to the rapid explosion in the amount of data collected by scientists, businesses, and other organizations. It is imperative that the next generation of workers is educated with the necessary knowledge to confront Big Data problems. It is the role of higher education institutions to train future data scientists and Big Data practitioners to fill those positions that the marketplace needs. This paper describes the choices and decisions made by one higher education institution to develop a course in Big Data Programming and Concepts that will be part of a future concentration in Data Science.
Surface acoustic wave devices for chemical sensing and microfluidics: a review and perspective

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are electro-mechanical waves that form on the surface of piezoelectric crystals. Because they are easy to construct and operate, SAW devices have proven to be versatile and powerful platforms for either direct chemical sensing or for upstream microfluidic processing and sample preparation. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of SAW devices for chemical sensing and analysis. The use of SAW techniques for chemical detection in both gaseous and liquid media is discussed, as well as recent fabrication advances that are pointing the way for the next generation of SAW sensors. Similarly, applications and progress in using SAW devices as microfluidic platforms are covered, ranging from atomization and mixing to new approaches to lysing and cell adhesion studies. Finally, potential new directions and perspectives of the field as it moves forward are offered, with a specific focus on potential strategies for making SAW technologies for bioanalytical applications.
Encouraging usage of an endangered ancestral language: A supportive role for caregivers’ deictic gestures:

Many ancestral languages (AL) are at imminent risk of extinction due to societal changes that pressure minority communities to assimilate with dominant cultures and forego usage of their AL. This study aimed to encourage caregiver–child dyads to converse in Lazuri, an endangered AL in Rize, Turkey. Dyads (N = 59; child age M = 30.7 months, range 15–48) were asked to speak Lazuri while playing with culturally appropriate toys for 20minutes. Utterances were coded for language and accompanying gestures. With children speaking mostly in Turkish, caregivers experienced difficulties maintaining AL usage, yet were generally compliant with instructions. Caregivers more often produced deictic gestures when speaking Lazuri than when speaking Turkish, suggesting that children’s lack of AL proficiency influenced their gesturing. Moreover, caregivers who produced more gesture–speech combinations in the AL had children who produced more AL utterances, after controlling for the amount of AL input. Results indicate the f...
An 8-Gb 12-Gb/s/pin GDDR5X DRAM for Cost-Effective High-Performance Applications

The graphic DRAM interface standard GDDR5X is developed as an evolutionary extension to the widely available GDDR5. The implementation presented here achieves a data rate of 12 Gb/s/pin on a single-ended signaling interface with 32 IOs for a total memory bandwidth of 48 GB/s. The GDDR5X DRAM relies on the quad data rate operation enabled by a phase-locked loop (PLL), a receiver with a pre-amplifier in a dual-regulation loop and a one-tap digital feedback equalizer (DFE). To support lower performance modes, an additional GDDR5-like operation is provided, which bypasses the PLL. The interface is realized on a conventional high-volume DRAM process to provide a cost-efficient, discrete package 8-Gb DRAM for high-performance graphic cards and compute applications.