cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allergen-specific IgG antibody signaling through FcγRIIb promotes food tolerance

Background Patients with food allergy produce high-titer IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells through FceRI and trigger immediate hypersensitivity reactions on antigen encounter. Food-specific IgG antibodies arise in the setting of naturally resolving food allergy and accompany the acquisition of food allergen unresponsiveness in oral immunotherapy. Objective In this study we sought to delineate the effects of IgG and its inhibitory Fc receptor, FcγRIIb, on both de novo allergen sensitization in naive animals and on established immune responses in the setting of pre-existing food allergy. Methods Allergen-specific IgG was administered to mice undergoing sensitization and desensitization to the model food allergen ovalbumin. Cellular and molecular mechanisms were interrogated by using mast cell– and FcγRIIb-deficient mice. The requirement for FcγRII in IgG-mediated inhibition of human mast cells was investigated by using a neutralizing antibody. Results Administration of specific IgG to food allergy–prone IL4raF709 mice during initial food exposure prevented the development of IgE antibodies, T H 2 responses, and anaphylactic responses on challenge. When given as an adjunct to oral desensitization in mice with established IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, IgG facilitated tolerance restoration, favoring expansion of forkhead box protein 3–positive regulatory T cells along with suppression of existing T H 2 and IgE responses. IgG and FcγRIIb suppress adaptive allergic responses through effects on mast cell function. Conclusion These findings suggest that allergen-specific IgG antibodies can act to induce and sustain immunologic tolerance to foods.
Genetic context and proliferation determine contrasting patterns of copy number amplification and loss for 5S and 45S ribosomal DNA arrays in cancer

The multicopy 45S ribosomal DNA (45S rDNA) array gives origin to the nucleolus, the first discovered nuclear organelle, site of Poll I 45S rRNA transcription and key regulator of cellular metabolism, DNA repair response, genome stability, and global epigenetic states. The multicopy 5S ribosomal DNA array (5S rDNA) is located on a separate chromosome, encodes the 5S rRNA transcribed by Pol III, and exhibits concerted copy number variation (cCNV) with the 45S rDNA array in human blood. Here we combined genomic data from >700 tumors and normal tissues to provide a portrait of ribosomal DNA variation in human tissues and cancers of diverse mutational signatures. We show that most cancers undergo coupled 5S rDNA array amplification and 45S rDNA loss, with abundant inter-individual variation in rDNA copy number of both arrays, and concerted modulation of 5S-45S copy number in some but not all tissues. Analysis of genetic context revealed associations between the presence of specific somatic alterations, such as P53 mutations in stomach and lung adenocarcinomas, and coupled 5S gain/45S loss. Finally, we show that increased proliferation rates along cancer lineages can partially explain contrasting copy number changes in the 5S and 45S rDNA arrays. We suggest that 5S rDNA amplification facilitates increased ribosomal synthesis in cancer, whereas 45S rDNA loss emerges as a byproduct of transcription-replication conflict in highly proliferating tumor cells. Our results highlight the tissue-specificity of concerted copy number variation and uncover contrasting changes in 5S and 45S rDNA copy number along rapidly proliferating cell lineages.
NASA Computational Case Study: Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting

The need for faster, more efficient algorithms is an important aspect of scientific computing. Generally, scientists are only exposed to computational issues that arise in their field. Thus, collaboration between a numerical analyst and a scientist is becoming necessary for scientific computing. The purpose of this case study is to expose computer scientists to processes that an astronomer would use to obtain useful results from raw data.
Trauma-informed schools: Child disaster exposure, community violence and somatic symptoms.

Abstract Background Given the increasing prevalence of natural disasters, trauma-informed school settings should include efficient methods for assessing child health and mental health in post-disaster environments. To develop such methods, factors that contribute to children's vulnerability and key signs of distress reactions after disasters need to be understood. To address these issues, we evaluated pre-disaster community violence exposure as a vulnerability factor for children's post-disaster reactions and somatic symptoms as a key post-disaster outcome. Methods We evaluated 426 children exposed to Hurricane Katrina at two timepoints (3–7 months and 13–17 months post-disaster). Structural equation models evaluated community violence exposure, hurricane exposure, and posttraumatic stress and somatic symptoms. Results Community violence exposure was associated with increased levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms among disaster-impacted youth, and did not moderate the relationship between disaster exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with somatic symptoms in the short-term recovery period (3–7 months), but not associated with somatic symptoms during the longer-term recovery period (13–17 months). Limitations This study did not include school-level factors, and somatic symptoms were based on parent reports. The study did not include parent functioning information or distinguish between whether somatic symptoms were medical or functional in nature. Conclusions Post-disaster school-based screeners may need to incorporate questions related to children's past exposure to community violence and their somatic symptoms to provide trauma-informed care for children.
The critical stability task: quantifying sensory-motor control during ongoing movement in nonhuman primates.

Currently, most behavioral tasks used in motor neurophysiology studies require primates to make short-duration, stereotyped movements that do not necessitate sensory feedback. To improve our unders...
The potentiality of NMR-based metabolomics in food science and food authentication assessment

In the last years, there was an increasing interest on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, whose applications experienced an exponential growth in several research fields, particularly in food science. NMR was initially developed as the elective technique for structure elucidation of single molecules and nowadays is playing a dominant role in complex mixtures investigations. In the era of the "omics" techniques, NMR was rapidly enrolled as one of the most powerful methods to approach metabolomics studies. Its use in analytical routines, characterized by rapid and reproducible measurements, would provide the identification of a wide range of chemical compounds simultaneously, disclosing sophisticated frauds or addressing the geographical origin, as well as revealing potential markers for other authentication purposes. The great economic value of high-quality or guaranteed foods demands highly detailed characterization to protect both consumers and producers from frauds. The present scenario suggests metabolomics as the privileged approach of modern analytical studies for the next decades. The large potentiality of high-resolution NMR techniques is here presented through specific applications and using different approaches focused on the authentication process of some foods, like tomato paste, saffron, honey, roasted coffee, and balsamic and traditional balsamic vinegar of Modena, with a particular focus on geographical origin characterization, ageing determination, and fraud detection.
Campus Immersion: Supporting Youth Agency and Aspirations for Higher Education

Encouraging aspirations for higher education among young people who are marginalized is a common youth program strategy for addressing educational and social disparities. However, data on educational attainment suggests that these aspirations often go unfulfilled and that there is a need for a different approach—one that more deeply considers the ways in which social context influences youth agency. Within this paper, I show that while marginalized youth have aspirations for higher education, they have fewer opportunities to take action to achieve them. Conceptually, this paper draws from Bourdieu’s concept of “habitus” and Sen’s capability approach in order to understand the aspirations for higher education among marginalized youth and how they can be supported through youth programs. A case from an overnight, campus-based youth program highlights how youth programs can support youths’ agentic abilities to achieve their aspirations. The findings from this study suggest that both future-planning activities and emulating student life prepared youth to navigate socio-cultural barriers to aspiration achievement. The presented findings offer insight into the nature of aspiring and have implications for how youth programs can be designed to effectively support agency and aspiration development among youth who have been marginalized.
Heuristics Significance of Neuro-Ensemble-based Time Series Classification

Ensemble learning is a popular paradigm for improving the predictive performance of individual classifiers. In this work, we approach the problem of ensemble learning from an optimization perspective applied on time series data. We propose Neuro-Ensemble, a classifier fusion model based on a shallow Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) meta-learner. The neural network learns the expertise of each classifier in the ensemble and optimizes the entire classification schema based on class-level expertise weights. We defined and compared three different classifiers ordering heuristics: Random, BestFirst, and BestLast, that we coupled with our new ensemble technique. We validated our Neuro-Ensemble on 43 real-world time series datasets from the UCR repository. Our experimental results shows the competitiveness of our approach with respect to Evaluation and Selection and that the use of heuristics with Neuro-Ensemble model is insignificant.
Noise-tolerant single photon sensitive three-dimensional imager.

Active imagers capable of reconstructing 3-dimensional (3D) scenes in the presence of strong background noise are highly desirable for many sensing and imaging applications. A key to this capability is the time-resolving photon detection that distinguishes true signal photons from the noise. To this end, quantum parametric mode sorting (QPMS) can achieve signal to noise exceeding by far what is possible with typical linear optics filters, with outstanding performance in isolating temporally and spectrally overlapping noise. Here, we report a QPMS-based 3D imager with exceptional detection sensitivity and noise tolerance. With only 0.0006 detected signal photons per pulse, we reliably reconstruct the 3D profile of an obscured scene, despite 34-fold spectral-temporally overlapping noise photons, within the 6 ps detection window (amounting to 113,000 times noise per 20 ns detection period). Our results highlight a viable approach to suppress background noise and measurement errors of single photon imager operation in high-noise environments. Imagers capable of reconstructing three-dimensional scenes in the presence of strong background noise are desirable for many remote sensing and imaging applications. Here, the authors report an imager operating in photon-starved and noise-polluted environments through quantum parametric mode sorting.
Comparison of the first episode with the first recurrent episode of takotsubo syndrome in 128 patients from the world literature: Pathophysiologic connotations.

Abstract Background The pathophysiology of takotsubo syndrome (TTS) and its recurrence (REC-TTS) is still elusive. Various ventriculographic “ballooning” patterns in response to a variety of triggers are observed in patients with REC-TTS. Although patients with and without REC-TTS have been previously compared, no comparison of patients' 1st TTS episode (1stTTS) with the 1st REC-TTS episode (1stREC-TTS) has been attempted. Methods All patients with ≥1 REC-TTS episodes with patient-based data (45 variables) from the world literature, retrieved via PubMed, were meta-analyzed, and the patients' 1st REC-TTS and stREC-TTS were compared. Results The time interval between the 1stTTS and 1stREC-TTS of the meta-analyzed 128 patients, 117 (91.4%) female, was 30.4 ± 36.1 months, with 47 (36.7%) patients having a neurological and/or psychiatric comorbidity(ies). Among 113 patients with paired 1stTTS and 1stREC-TTS data on the ventriculographic “ballooning” appearance, 101 (78.9%) had a different variant during the 1stTTS as compared with the 1stREC-TTS. Six patients (4.7%) died during hospitalization. Thirty patients (23.4%) were taking a β-blocker prior to their 1strTTS. Among 19 variables compared between the 1st TTS and 1st REC-TTS episodes, only mean age (by 2.5 years) and use of β-blockers were statistically significantly different. The precipitating triggers, and the in-hospital adverse events were similar in the 1st TTS and 1st REC-TTS episodes. Conclusions A comparison of the 1st TTS and 1st REC-TTS episodes of patients with REC-TTS, revealed large variation in the ventriculographic “ballooning” patterns, similarity in the TTS triggers, and no difference in the in-hospital adverse events. There was no protective effect for imparted by β-blockers in REC-TTS.
Comparison between Second- and Third-Generation PTH Assays during Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy (MIP).

Context. Intraoperative PTH (IOPTH) drop of more than 50% during minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) predicts the surgery success. Comparison between second- and third-generation PTH assays (PTH 2G and PTH 3G) on IOPTH decline is scarce. The aim of this study is to compare both assays and to determine the predictors of IOPTH decline. Methods. 112 patients (of which 72.3% females) underwent MIP by the same surgeon. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), pre- and postoperative serum calcium, creatinine, 25(OH)D levels, PTH at baseline (PTH T0), and PTH at 10 minutes after adenoma resection (PTH T10) were recorded. Both PTH 2G and PTH 3G assays were assessed using the Diasorin assays. Results. The mean age was 56.1 ± 14.7 years. Mean value of BMI, preoperative calcium, 25(OH)D, and CKD-EPI-eGFR were, respectively, 26.8 ± 4.8 kg/m2, 110.9 ± 7.9 mg/L, 19.3 ± 9.2 ng/mL, and 88.6 ± 25.6 mL/min/1.73 m2. PTH 2G and PTH 3G assays were well correlated at PTH T0 and PTH T10 (respectively, correlation coefficient 0.74 and 0.72 for intraclass correlation type 3). The median PTH fall was, respectively, of 79.9% and 82.5% for PTH 2G and PTH 3G. Multivariate analysis using the combined PTH 2G and PTH 3G as a dependent variable with 2 repeated measurements (at PTH 0 and PTH 10) showed a significant effect of preoperative calcium on IOPTH fall ( , effect size 0.13), while no significant effects were observed for sex, age, BMI, and 25(OH)D. Conclusion. PTH 2G and PTH 3G assays resulted in a similar drop in IOPTH values. Elevated preoperative calcium levels are the only independent predictor of IOPTH decline. Further studies are needed to determine other factors that can influence PTH kinetics.
Environmental evolution of peat in the Sacramento – San Joaquin Delta (California) during the Middle and Late Holocene as deduced from pollen, diatoms and magnetism

Abstract We studied the sequence of climatic and hydrological events associated with the formation of peat during the Holocene, using pollen, diatoms and environmental magnetism from peat cores at three locations in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California: Browns Island, Franks Wetland and Webb Track Levee. Our data show that peat first formed under relatively dry conditions in a freshwater environment before 6.5 ka BP. Subsequently, pollen accumulation rates were highest prior to intervals with high peat accretion rates but are inversely correlated with organic accumulation rate. Intervals of high peat accretion were preceded by pulses of terrigenous material. During intensive drainage episodes, high flows delivered abundant, coarser-grained sediment to the marshes, which inundated the existing vegetation and decreased the rate of biochemical decay. The build-up of undecomposed organic material led to the acceleration of peat accretion. Our data support the rarely discussed hypothesis that most of the peat in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta formed in freshwater marshes that were fed by rivers draining from the Sierra Nevada, rather than in saltwater wetlands resulting from sea level rise and estuarine submergence. This result has important implications for current attempts to remediate and restore the Delta ecosystem.
From individual consent to collective refusal: changing attitudes toward (mis)use of personal data

Big tech companies have been found to misuse personal data, often collected without consent. What can the public do to change unjust collection and use of their personal data, and what role can computer scientists play in these efforts?
Stay Cool—Alternatives for Long-Term Storage of Large Quantities of Liquid Hydrogen on a Mars Transfer Vehicle

Improved methods for storing liquid hydrogen in larger quantities and over longer periods of time in space are becoming progressively more critical as sights are once again set on Mars. Current sto...
Significant Declines in Juvenile-onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Following Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Introduction in the United States.

BACKGROUND Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) is a rare and serious disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) presumably acquired during vaginal delivery. HPV vaccination of females through age 26 years, recommended in the United States since 2006, can prevent HPV transmission. We assessed trends in JORRP cases before and after HPV vaccine introduction in the United States. METHODS Case-patients were identified from 26 pediatric otolaryngology centers in 23 U.S. states. Demographics and clinical history were abstracted from medical records. Case-patients were grouped by year of birth, and birth-cohort incidences were calculated using number of births from either national or state-level natality data from the 23 states. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in 2-year intervals. RESULTS We identified 576 U.S. JORRP case-patients born in 2004-2013. Median age at diagnosis was 3.4 years (interquartile range: 1.9, 5.5). Number of identified JORRP case-patients declined from a baseline of 165 born in 2004-2005 to 36 born in 2012-2013. Incidence of JORRP per 100 000 births using national data declined from 2.0 cases in 2004-2005 to 0.5 cases in 2012-2013 (IRR = 0.2, 95% CI = .1-.4); incidence using state-level data declined from 2.9 cases in 2004-2005 to 0.7 cases in 2012-2013 (IRR = 0.2, 95% CI = .1-.4). CONCLUSIONS Over a decade, numbers of JORRP case-patients and incidences declined significantly. Incidences calculated using national denominator data are likely underestimates; those calculated using state-level denominator data could be overestimates. These declines are most likely due to HPV vaccination. Increasing vaccination uptake could lead to elimination of this HPV-related disease.
Laser-engraved graphene-based wearable and mHealth biosensors

Wearable sensors have the potential to provide rapid, non-invasive, and in-home health monitoring by real-time analyzing biomarkers in human sweat and saliva. However, most current biosensors suffer from low sensing accuracy for low-level analyte detection in biofluids and are difficult to fabricate on a large scale. In this talk, I will review our latest advances in developing fully-integrated laser-engraved graphene-based biosensors which can selectively and accurately measure a wide spectrum of sweat and saliva biomarkers including metabolites, nutrients, hormones, and proteins. The clinical value of these telemedicine platforms is evaluated through multiple human studies involving both healthy and patient populations toward metabolic monitoring and stress assessment. I will also introduce our recent work on a multiplexed wireless platform for the rapid COVID-19 test which could provide information on infection status, severity, and immunity.
Transient interfacial rheology and polar component dynamics at oil-brine interfaces

Abstract Interfacial deformation processes have diverse impacts on numerous industrial applications, including the petroleum industry. This study aimed to investigate the interfacial rheology and polar component dynamics in crude oil and brine systems using a wide range of salinity. The oscillating pendant-drop technique was utilized to evaluate the transient and equilibrium oil-brine interfacial rheological behavior and the associated diffusion, adsorption, and rearrangement processes of the bulk-dispersed and interfacially adsorbed polar components. A new logistic equation is proposed to model the transitory rheology of oil-brine interfaces, enabling the quantitative comparison of their behaviors. The conducted modeling approach indicated that the diffusion/adsorption processes are the dominant relaxation mechanisms over reorientation/rearrangement processes (negligible) when the interfaces are perturbed at different aging times. Furthermore, the results show that (a) the rate at which apparent interfacial elasticity increases is frequency-independent, (b) there are two local maximums for apparent interfacial viscoelasticity with brine salinity variation, (c) polar component dynamics in the studied crude oil are mainly controlled by diffusion, and (d) absence of significant lateral interactions of adsorbed species on the interface. Transient interfacial rheology is demonstrated to be of great importance when defining final apparent interfacial properties, and the potential consequences of these new findings on enhanced oil recovery applications are discussed.
Physiological Variation in Response to Vibrio and Hypoxia by Aquacultured Eastern Oysters in the Southeastern United States.

Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) have long been recognized as model organisms of extreme environmental tolerance, showing resilience to variation in temperature, salinity, hypoxia and microbial pathogens. These phenotypic responses, however, show variability between geographic locations or habitats (e.g., tidal). Physiological, morphological and genetic differences occur in populations throughout a species' geographical range, which may have been shaped by regional abiotic and biotic variations. Few studies of C. virginica have explored the combined factors of physiological mechanisms of divergent phenotypes between locations and the genetic relationships of individuals between these locations. To characterize genetic relationships of four locations with aquacultured oysters along the North Carolina and Virginia coast, we sequenced a portion of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) that revealed significant variation in haplotype distribution between locations. We then measured mitochondrial physiology and expression of the innate immunity response of hemocytes to lab acclimation and combined stress conditions to compare basal expression and stress response in oysters between these locations. For stress sensing genes, toll-like receptors had the strongest location-specific response to hypoxia and Vibrio, whereas mannose receptor and a stress-receptor were specific to hypoxia and bacteria, respectively. The expression of stress response genes also showed location-specific and stressor-specific changes in expression, particularly for big defensin and the complement gene Cq3. Our results further suggested that genetic similarity of oysters from different locations was not clearly related to physiological and molecular responses. These results are informative for understanding the range of physiological plasticity for stress responses in this commercially important oyster species. They also have implications in the oyster farming industry as well as conservation efforts to restore endangered native oyster beds.
Can we improve our assessment and interpretation of oscillometric blood pressure measurements

Abstract This study proposes additional steps to evaluate and interpret oscillometric blood pressure monitors. 4-quadrant and Bland-Altman plots were created using mean arterial pressures (MAP) obtained every 2 min from 40 dogs from a previous study. New plots were created using values grouped every 10-min intervals instead of individual measurement. Using intervals improved the range of change in MAP assessed in 4-quadrant plots and the concordance between monitors and reduced the limits of agreement in Bland-Altman plots. Interpreting oscillometric MAP values over intervals rather than individual values may be a useful addition to traditional method-comparison studies and to clinical monitoring.
Relationships Among Plasmid-Like DNAs of the Maize Mitochondria

In addition to the high molecular weight DNA normally encountered in maize mitochondria, several cytoplasms contain plasmid-like DNAs. In the S cytoplasm (cms-S), two plasmid-like DNAs are found, S-1 and S-2, which are about 6.4 and 5.4 kilobases (kb) long, respectively (Pring et al., 1977). Electron microscopy has shown that these molecules have a linear configuration with defined ends. However, these observations do not rule out the possibility that linearity could have arisen by the breakage of native circular molecules. Additional studies have demonstrated novel sequence arrangements in that both S-1 and S-2 are terminated by inverted repeats, which are about 0.2 kb long (Levings and Pring, 1979). About 1.7 kb of terminally located sequence homology exist between the S-1 and S-2 DNAs. The common sequences involve 1.5 kb, including the inverted repeat, at one end, and at the other end, the 0.2 kb inverted repeat.
My Personal Walter Kohn Story

It is my pleasure to have been asked to contribute some reflections about my colleague and friend, Walter Kohn. As I reminisce, flashbacks come to mind and although they may individually not be the most important, perhaps collectively they compose a personal recollection portrait.
Nonlinear observer and backstepping control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle

This article presents the general concept of two nonlinear observers, such as high gain, sliding mode, adapted with nonlinear Backstepping control of quadrotor. The Positions is estimated by observers and set against reaction for control. The observatory technique using for estimated the non-measurable states has fine to reduce the number of sensors embedded in the x4- flying system. Several simulation tests in Simulink / Matlab are carried and takes into account an external disturbances (wind) to demonstrate the performance of the system controller-observer.
γ-l-Glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone STRUCTURAL STUDIES AND ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS

Abstract The inhibition of sulfhydryl enzymes by a red quinonoid compound isolated from sporulating mushrooms was reported elsewhere. A precursor which is enzymatically converted to the quinone was also described, and identified as γ-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene. The quinone itself is extremely unstable under a variety of conditions. Acetylated and benzoylated derivatives of the quinone have been prepared and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The data indicate that the red compound is γ-glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone. An enzyme capable of converting the precursor to the quinone has been purified; this enzyme exhibits tyrosinase activity, in accord with the suggested structure of the quinone.
High-frequency normal-mode statistics in shallow water: The combined effect of random surface and internal waves

In an earlier article, the statistical properties of mode propagation were studied at a frequency of 1 kHz in a shallow water environment with random sound-speed perturbations from linear internal waves, using a hybrid transport theory and Monte Carlo numerical simulations. Here, the analysis is extended to include the effects of random linear surface waves, in isolation and in combination with internal waves. Mode coupling rates for both surface and internal waves are found to be significant, but strongly dependent on mode number. Mode phase randomization by surface waves is found to be dominated by coupling effects, and therefore a full transport theory treatment of the range evolution of the cross mode coherence matrix is needed. The second-moment of mode amplitudes is calculated using transport theory, thereby providing the mean intensity while the fourth-moment is calculated using Monte Carlo simulations, which provides the scintillation index. The transport theory results for second-moment statistics are shown to closely reproduce Monte Carlo simulations. Both surface waves and internal waves strongly influence the acoustic field fluctuations.
Entropy algebras and Birkhoff factorization

We develop notions of Rota–Baxter structures and associated Birkhoff factorizations, in the context of min-plus semirings and their thermodynamic deformations, including deformations arising from quantum information measures such as the von Neumann entropy. We consider examples related to Manin’s renormalization and computation program, to Markov random fields and to counting functions and zeta functions of algebraic varieties.
EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Domain Mutations Are Detected in Histologically Normal Respiratory Epithelium in Lung Cancer Patients

To determine whether EGFR tyrosine kinase domain mutations are early events in the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas, we tested for the presence of EGFR mutations in histologically normal bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia from lung adenocarcinomas bearing the common EGFR mutations. DNA was extracted from microdissected tissue obtained from 21 tumors with known EGFR mutations, 16 tumors without mutation, and 90 sites of normal bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium from the same surgical specimens. With the use of PCR and direct DNA sequencing, EGFR mutations identical to the tumors were detected in the normal respiratory epithelium in 9 of 21 (43%) patients with EGFR mutant adenocarcinomas but none in patients without mutation in the tumors. The finding of mutations being more frequent in normal epithelium within tumor (43%) than in adjacent sites (24%) suggests a localized field effect phenomenon. Our findings indicate that mutation of the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR is an early event in the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas, and suggest EGFR mutations as an early detection marker and chemoprevention target.
A phase I study of daily everolimus plus low-dose weekly cisplatin for patients with advanced solid tumors

Purpose Preclinical studies demonstrate synergistic anti-tumor activity with the combination of everolimus and cisplatin. We conducted a phase I study to establish the recommended phase II of oral everolimus to be given with low-dose weekly intravenous cisplatin.
Employee attitudes toward advertising

Abstract The attitudes and opinions of a group of bank employees toward a recent advertising campaign run by the bank which stressed employee service were studied via factor analysis. The analysis revealed three clearly defined dimensions underlying the attitude-opinion items: general attitude toward the campaign, relevance of the campaign to the respondent's job, and changes in the respondent's job behavior caused by the campaign. Relationships among factor scores on these three dimensions with job satisfaction, job involvement, degree of customer contact, and degree of contact with other employees were investigated using multiple regressions and canonical correlation analysis. Employee attitudes toward the campaign were significantly related to all four of the job characteristic variables, as was perceived relevance of the campaign to the employee's job. Changes in job behavior were related only to involvement and satisfaction. The relationships found here suggest that in some cases, employee attitudes should be considered in evaluating the effects of advertising campaigns. Close coordination between marketing and general managerial functions is required in situations where advertisements relate to employees as well as customers.
Statistical Conclusions Validity Basics: Probability and How Type 1 and Type 2 Errors Obscure the Interpretation of Findings in Communication Research Literatures

Statistical conclusions validity refers to the degree to which we make correct statistical inferences from the analysis of data. The conventional use of null hypothesis significance tests to evaluate scientific hypotheses, coupled with the editorial practices of scholarly journals, lead to probabilistic error rates. The net result is “mixed support” in the literature for most hypotheses, regardless of the merit of the hypothesis. This article outlines the mechanisms at play and offers helpful solutions.
Histochemical and morphometric studies of peripheral muscle in bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy of brown Swiss cattle.

Summary Histochemical and morphometric analysis of selected skeletal muscles was performed on 14 pure bred, Brown Swiss cattle. Nine cattle were clinically affected with bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (BPDME) while five served as controls. Statistically significant trend differences were not observed for the parameters of mean cross sectional area, and mean fiber type percentages for types, I, IIA, and IIB fibers between affected and control test groups. In general, patterns of hypertrophy or atrophy, fiber type grouping, fiber type predominance, or fiber cross sectional profile alteration were not observed in the muscles examined from affected cattle. The findings suggest that BPDME, or weaver syndrome, ist not a muscular dystrophy and that muscle pathology is not a primary part of the syndrome nor would muscle pathology be expected to contribute significantly to the clinical signs of the disease.
Cardiac arrhythmias associated with prophylactic pacing during coronary angiography

Abstract Data from 518 consecutive cardiac catheterizations were analyzed to test the value of prophylactic pacemaker insertion during coronary angiography and to compare the incidence of arrhythmic complications in patients with and without pacemakers. In patients without pacing (n = 273), 1 episode of ventricular fibrillation occurred, which responded promptly to defibrillation. Sinus bradycardia (fewer than 30 beats/min for 10 seconds) was recorded in 74 patients (27%) and required treatment in 30 (11%). No patient required or would have benefited from pacemaker placement. Of the 245 patients with prophylactic pacemakers, there was an increased incidence of all ventricular (9 vs 1; p
Lymphokine-activated killer cell activity after cryopreservation.

Abstract The effect of cryopreservation on the cytotoxic activity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells was studied. LAK cells were generated by incubating peripheral blood lymphocytes for 3–5 days with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and then cryopreserved using a programmed freezer. Cytotoxicity was determined in a 51Cr release assay. After thawing, the LAK cells had reduced cytoxicity (25.5–39.1% as compared to the original lytic units). Cytotoxic activity could be restored to pre-cryopreserved levels by reincubation with rIL-2 for 2 days after thawing. Thus, maximal cytotoxicity of cryopreserved LAK cells could be achieved by incubation with rIL-2 before and after the freezing process. The level of cytotoxicity was comparable to that of LAK cells from fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cryopreserved LAK cells may have potential in adoptive immunotherapy.
A symmetry comparison of orientation-twin and antiphase domain walls in Pb3(VO4)2

A group-theoretical comparison of domain walls in orientation twins and antiphase structures is presented for the improper ferroelastic transition in lead orthovanadate, Pb3(VO4)2. Six possible domains arise in the daughter state: three orientation states and three translation-related antiphase states. The transition is driven by a three-component primary order parameter belonging to the F+2 irrep, with secondary order parameters consisting of elements of the spontaneous strain tensor. Order-parameter profiles across domain walls which arise in structures composed of pairs of the allowed daughter states can be calculated by constructing the Landau-Ginzburg free energy and applying the Euler-Lagrange equations. We present some solutions of the resulting differential equations, and note some interesting features in the symmetries of the profiles described by these solutions. In particular, the antiphase wall is described by the same diperiodic group as the domains on either side of it, whereas the orientation-twin wall is described by a different diperiodic group to either of the two domains bordering it.
Soviet historians, quantitative methods, and digital computers

During the 1960's, quantitative methods began to make a noticeable impact on the work of Soviet historians. Numerous books and articles based on quantitative studies appeared, courses in mathematics and computer data processing were included in graduate history programs, and efforts were made to induce more historians to learn and use the new methodology. Pressure to "quantify" came not only from the small minority of historians employing the new techniques, but also from the Communist Party ideologists. At the Twenty-third Party Congress the Central Committee passed a resolution, "On Measures for the Further Development of the Social Sciences and Increase in Their Role in the Building of Communism."' The following year, on June 8, 1968, the government newspaper, Izvestiya, carried an article by Aleksei M. Rumyantsev, Feodor M. Burlatskii, and Gennadii V. Osipov on "Concrete Social Research: Tasks and Perspectives."2 Osipov is the Director and Burlatskii a member of the Institute of Concrete Social Investigation of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Burlatskii is also a political reviewer for the Party newspaper, Pravda. Rumyantsev is a member of the University of World Economics and International Relations of the Academy of Science. These writers stress the need for social scientists, including historians, to master quantitative techniques and join in interdisciplinary work. The Party seeks a directly useful historical scholarship able to contribute to the solution of pressing social and economic problems facing the USSR in the 1970's. However, they are also the guardians of Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy, and fear that the uncontrolled application of historical reason to concrete problems might undermine the established economic and social system and above all the monopoly of political power held by the Party. They encourage the use of methods intended to produce more reliable, more useful information but they want investigations to be made and results formulated within the framework of Marxist-Leninist theory. That "bourgeois objectivity" and "bourgeois empiricism" remain the terms of abuse they have been since the end of the 1920's in the USSR is clear from Dzhermen M. Gvishiani's article, "Historical Materialism and Particular Sociological Investigations,"3 and .that of Rumyantsev and Osipov, "Marxist Sociology and Concrete Social Investigations."4
Risking Connection Across Difference: Reply to Sokal and Smith

At the time I wrote my original review (Schultz 2010) of the books by Sokal (2008), Boghossian (2006), and Smith (2006), I did not know that I would have the opportunity to reply to their responses to my review. Nevertheless, I value the occasion this offers to correct errors and respond to their commentary. Let me say, first of all, that Alan Sokal is quite correct in pointing out that the citation from Donna Haraway which I attribute to him is incorrect. I realize now that I copied that version of the citation from an earlier working notes file for the review. I should have verified that the copied version was identical to the citation in the Beyond the Hoax text (Sokal 2008) before I sent off the review. That I did not do so is an error that I deeply regret, and for which I apologize. In line with this, I also apologize for, and retract, my observations in the review about the omitted passages in the citation, for which Sokal obviously was not responsible. So, does consideration of the full quotation by Donna Haraway in any way affect the rest of my critique? Not at all, as it happens, because the focus of the rest of my remarks is on the way Sokal treats this passage by Haraway. That is, he presents the excerpt to readers in isolation, and makes no effort to 1 Editor’s note: This is the review author’s reply to two book author responses to Emily A. Schultz’s ‘‘Fear of Scandalous Knowledge: Arguing about Coherence in Scientific Theory and Practice’’ (2010), published last year in Reviews in Anthropology . Schultz’s essay reviewed three books, including Paul Boghossian’s Fear of Knowledge: Against Relativism and Constructivism (2006), Alan Sokal’s Beyond the Hoax: Science, Philosophy, and Culture (2008), and Barbara Herrnstein Smith’s Scandalous Knowledge: Science, Truth, and the Human (2006). In this special section, the authors of all three books were invited to write a response with the understanding that Schultz would also be given the opportunity to reply. Boghossian was unavailable to prepare a response by our deadline, but Smith’s and Sokal’s responses appear here, with Schultz’s reply following these.
Supramolecular Assemblies of Human Frataxin are Formed via Subunit–Subunit Interactions Mediated by a Non-conserved Amino-terminal Region

The mitochondrial protein frataxin is emerging as a novel mechanism to promote iron metabolism while also providing anti-oxidant protection. Recombinant frataxin proteins from different species are able to form large molecular assemblies that store Fe(III) as a stable mineral in vitro. Furthermore, monomeric and assembled forms of frataxin donate Fe(II) to the Fe–S cluster scaffold protein IscU, [3Fe–4S]1+ aconitase, and ferrochelatase in vitro. However, little is known about the speciation of frataxin in vivo, and the physiologically relevant form(s) of the protein remains undefined. Here, we report that human heart mitochondria contain frataxin species of increasing negative surface charge and molecular mass, ranging from monomer to polymers of >1 MDa. Moreover, we show that the main partner protein of frataxin, IscU, binds in a stable manner to frataxin oligomers. These results suggest that assembly is a physiologic property of frataxin. Biochemical analyses further reveal that, unlike the prokaryotic and yeast frataxin homologues, which require iron–protein interactions for assembly, human frataxin uses stable subunit–subunit interactions involving a non-conserved amino-terminal region. We propose that human frataxin is a modular protein that depends on self-assembly to accomplish its diverse functions.
Non-magmatic fracture-controlled hydrothermal systems in the Idaho Batholith: South Fork Payette geothermal system

Abstract Non-magmatic, fracture-controlled hydrothermal systems located within and near the Idaho batholith have been examined and evaluated for potential application as natural analogues to high-level nuclear waste repositories. Detailed geochemical, petrologic, and structural studies of hot springs along the South Fork of the Payette River (SFPR) in central Idaho, USA, have been combined to assess the nature of a hydrothermal aquifer system along a major brittle shear zone. Geochemical modeling of thermal spring water chemistry with SOLVEQ [Reed, M.H., 1992. SOLVEQ: Users Manual. Unpublished Report, Dept. Of Geological Sciences, University Of Oregon, Eugene, OR.] indicates reservoir temperatures of 85°C to 160°C, and an alteration assemblage consisting of several clays, chlorite, serpentinites, quartz, albite, microcline, and micas. Geothermometry calculations, coupled with independent estimates of geothermal gradients based on heat flow and regional geology, allow estimation of reservoir depths ranging from 2.4 to 6.7 km. Comparison of trace element, rare earth element, and SOLVEQ alteration assemblages supports the hypothesis that waters equilibrated with granitic rocks at depth and ascended to the surface in a short time span. Stable isotope data (δD=−138.4‰ to −148.4‰ and δ 18 O=−17.5‰ to −19.4‰) indicate that thermal waters of meteoric origin have interacted with country rocks at a very high water/rock (W/R) ratio. Systematic variations in δD values and the amount of δ 18 O shift for thermal waters suggest that recharge probably occurs at much higher elevations than discharge. Fracture orientations, petrologic relations, and geochemical differences between adjacent springs delineate separate hydrothermal systems along the major structure defining the course of the SFPR. Hydrothermal systems along the SFPR exist primarily as small circulation cells which are probably influenced by minor changes in geothermal gradients associated with different rock types. These subsystems are dependent on periodic seismic or microseismic activity to maintain flowpaths. A working model of deep, fracture-controlled hydrothermal convection systems based on the SFPR Geothermal System may be used to evaluate the long-term behavior of artificial hydrothermal systems associated with high-level nuclear waste repositories.
Arylmethoxyl groups in coal macerals

Abstract A method is presented for determining arylmethoxyl groups which involves oxidative degradation with trifluoroperoxyacetic acid. Vitrinites from all coal ranks contain a small and constant amount of arylmethoxyl. There is little if any arylmethoxyl in sporinite or resinite. No arylmethoxyl was detected in fusinite and semifusinite, but the results are less certain because of the insolubility of these macerals in the reagent. The amount of arylmethoxyl in vitrinites is proposed as a measure of the extent of aerobic biodegradation in coalification.
Interrogating the conceptual roots of invitational education—a review of purkey and novak'sInviting School Success

Taking the term "invitation" as a root metaphor for the pedagogical encounter, Purkey and Novak have extended a figure of speech into a nascent, yet potentially fecund, educational model what the authors refer to as a " theory of practice." The word "inviting" is intended to express a relationship between people; instead of "doing to," the term emphasizes "doing with," involving intentionality, respect, direction, and responsibility. Purkey and Novak define invitational education as a perceptually based,
Ohio's Prison-Based Therapeutic Community Treatment Programs for Substance Abusers: Preliminary Analysis of Re-Arrest Data

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the Ohio Department of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Services' prison-based therapeutic communities (TCs) for inmates with histories of drug abuse. The study compares arrests/charges following release from prison among 487 inmates with TC experience and 242 inmates without TC treatment. Outcome measures were based on arrest and charge statistics. The results of survival analysis and Cox hazards model analysis indicate that length of time in the TC is crucial to a positive outcome. Controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and education, inmates who spent at least 180 days in a TC were significantly less likely than those with less time in treatment or no TC exposure to be re-arrested/charged with violent or drug-related crimes one year after release.