cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Computed Tomography Demonstration of Cerebral Infarction Does Not Correlate with Clinical Outcome

The results of unenhanced computed tomography (CT) obtained in 105 consecutive patients admitted with cerebral infarction were compared with the patients' clinical outcome and their Glasgow Outcome Scores upon discharge. Specific analysis of the findings in patients with early admission CT (within 12 h of onset) was carried out. The size of the infarction was calculated from delayed CT images (small if less than 50 mm 3 ; moderate if 50-250 mm 3 ; large if greater than 250 mm 3 ). Initial CT demonstration of the cerebral infarction was accomplished in 57 (54.3%) patients. Forty patients were studied early ( p p = 0.015). Also, the size of the infarction correlated with the outcome of the patient ( p
Waveguide Panel Display Using Electromechanical Spatial Modulators

A novel micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) approach in waveguide panel displays (WPD) is described. High efficiency electromechanical spatial modulators, based on the use of frustrated total internal reflection, were demonstrated. Potential applications of the new display in HDTV using solid-state light emitting diode (LED) as a light source are discussed.
Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury A Review of the Literature—Part 2: Hormonal, Genetic, Cognitive Function, Previous Injury, and Extrinsic Risk Factors

Context: Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are immediately disabling and are associated with long-term consequences, such as posttraumatic osteoarthritis. It is important to have a comprehensive understanding of all possible risk factors for ACL injury to identify individuals who are at risk for future injuries and to provide an appropriate level of counseling and programs for prevention.Objective: This review, part 2 of a 2-part series, highlights what is known and still unknown regarding hormonal, genetic, cognitive function, previous injury, and extrinsic risk factors for ACL injury.Data Sources: Studies were identified from MEDLINE (1951–March 2011) using the MeSH terms anterior cruciate ligament, knee injury, and risk factors. The bibliographies of relevant articles and reviews were cross-referenced to complete the search.Study Selection: Prognostic case-control and prospective cohort study designs to evaluate risk factors for ACL injury were included in this review.Results: A total of 50 case-control and prospective cohort articles were included in parts 1 and 2. Twenty-one focused on hormonal, genetic, cognitive function, previous injury, and extrinsic risk factors.Conclusions: Several risk factors are associated with increased risk of suffering ACL injury—such as female sex, prior reconstruction of the ACL, and familial predisposition. These risk factors most likely act in combination with the anatomic factors reviewed in part 1 of this series to influence the risk of suffering ACL injury.
The cell biology of microbial infections: coming of age.

![][1] ©1997 The New Yorker Collection from cartoonbank.com. All rights reserved. Over the last few years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding of the interaction of microbial pathogens with their hosts ([Finlay and Cossart, 1997][2]; [Boquet et al., 1999][3]; [
Exercise Training in Pulmonary Hypertension Implications for the Evaluation of Drug Trials

The response to exercise training reported in this issue of Circulation 1 should change the way we perceive and treat selected patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and brings into focus the problem of measuring the effects of drug therapy in this condition.2 Article p 1482 In a highly structured 15-week program of daily exercise, patients with PH experienced a mean increase of 96±61 meters in the 6-minute walking test from a baseline of 439±82. The increase in the 6-minute walking distance after exercise training was greater than that achieved with prostacyclin formulations, endothelin receptor antagonists,3 and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. By comparison, the baseline and incremental increases in the 6-minute walking distance in studies of successful drug therapies range from a low of 297+31 meters with epoprostenol4 to 342+51 with sildenafil.5 The study group consisted of 24 patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and 6 patients with chronic thromboembolic PH. Fifteen patients were initially entered into the active exercise program, and 15 control patients crossed over to the exercise program after the first 15 weeks. Although not explicitly stated, it appears that there were no patients with the scleroderma spectrum of disease entered in the study, presumably because of the inability to exercise. Other patients with musculoskeletal limitations were excluded as well. Clearly, the cohort in the present study had a higher baseline physical capacity than patients reported in most drug trials, and this may be partly responsible for the greater increase in 6-minute walk than previously reported. …
Normal Induction but Attenuated Progression of Germinal Center Responses in BAFF and BAFF-R Signaling–Deficient Mice

The factors regulating germinal center (GC) B cell fate are poorly understood. Recent studies have defined a crucial role for the B cell–activating factor belonging to TNF family (BAFF; also called BLyS) in promoting primary B cell survival and development. A role for this cytokine in antigen-driven B cell responses has been suggested but current data in this regard are limited. A BAFF receptor expressed by B cells (BAFF-R/BR3) is defective in A/WySnJ mice which exhibit a phenotype similar to BAFF-deficient (BAFF−/−) animals. Here, we show that although GC responses can be efficiently induced in both A/WySnJ and BAFF−/− mice, these responses are not sustained. In BAFF−/− mice, this response is rapidly attenuated and accompanied by perturbed follicular dendritic cell development and immune complex trapping. In contrast, analysis of the A/WySnJ GC response revealed a B cell autonomous proliferative defect associated with reduced or undetectable Ki67 nuclear proliferation antigen expression by GC B cells at all stages of the response. These data demonstrate a multifaceted role for the BAFF pathway in regulating GC progression.
Parent's perceptions of health care providers actions around child ICU death: what helped, what did not.

Purpose:To describe parents’ perspectives of health care provider actions that helped or did not around the time of infant/child’s intensive care unit (ICU) death. Semistructured interviews with 63 parents (Black, White, and Hispanic) 7 months post infant/child death were audio-recorded, transcribed, analyzed, and themes identified.Findings:What helped most: compassionate, sensitive staff; understandable explanations of infant’s/child’s condition; experienced, competent nurses; providers did everything to help infant/child; and parents’ involvement in care decisions. What did not help: insensitive, nonsupportive staff; conflict between providers and parents; communication problems around the death; inexperienced nurses and doctors; parents not understanding child’s disease, care, complications.Conclusions:Compassionate, sensitive staff and understandable explanations of children’s conditions were most helpful; insensitive, nonsupportive staff least helpful by gender, racial group, or care setting. Conflic...
Interaction between developmental and cell cycle regulators is required for morphogenesis in Aspergillus nidulans.

In Aspergillus nidulans, mutation of the transcriptional regulator brlA arrests formation of asexual spore-forming structures called conidiophores but does not hinder vegetative hyphal growth. During conidiophore development a 6-fold, brlA-dependent increase in the kinase activities of NIMX(cdc2) and NIMA occurs. A similar level of kinase induction was promoted by ectopic expression of brlA. Northern and Western analysis revealed marked induction of nimX(cdc2) mRNA after ectopic expression of brlA and increased amounts of NIMX(cdc2). Therefore, nimX(cdc2) is developmentally regulated by brlA indicating a direct role for brlA in the regulation of cell cycle genes. That correct regulation of nimX(cdc2) is important for normal development was further supported by analysis of conidiophore development and septation in cell cycle specific mutants. Most noticeably, the nimX(cdc2AF) mutation promoted inappropriate septation and hindered the switch from filamentous growth to budding growth seen during conidiophore development. Therefore, in contrast to the situation previously reported for other multicellular eukaryotes, interaction between developmental regulators and cell cycle regulators is essential for normal morphogenesis in A.nidulans.
Young Children's Written Language Knowledge: What Environmental and Functional Print Reading Reveals:

The purpose of this study was to describe attempts by nonword readers, novice word readers, and expert word readers to read environmental and functional print items. Eighty-one children aged 3 to 6 years were included in the study. Children were assessed for word-reading ability and letter-naming knowledge. They were then categorized into reader groups based on ability to read preprimer and primer words in isolation. Next, children were shown nine print items and asked, "What can you read here?" Responses were judged for whether they maintained the communication contract by showing an attempt to read. Attempts to read were then judged for whether they included text from the print item, were meaningful, and/or indicated attention to graphic detail. The results revealed that children attempted to read more frequently than they renegotiated the task or refused to respond. Over 75% of the attempts to read were meaningful, more than 35% included text from the print items, and nearly 50% indicated attention to graphic detail. Differences were found between attempts to read a potato chip bag (environmental print item) and attempts to read functional print items. Despite similarities in letter-naming ability, expert word readers and novice word readers differed in their attempts to read and in their attention to graphic detail. Environmental print studies have made several important contributions to the growing body of knowledge related to young children's literacy (McGee, 1986). In general, these studies have shown that children are aware of the meaning potential in environmental print, but use environmental cues rather than graphic or print cues
An empirical study of the performance, security and privacy implications of domain name prefetching

An increasingly popular technique for decreasing user-perceived latency while browsing the Web is to optimistically pre-resolve (or prefetch) domain name resolutions. In this paper, we present a large-scale evaluation of this practice using data collected over the span of several months, and show that it leads to noticeable increases in load on name servers—with questionable caching benefits. Furthermore, to assess the impact that prefetching can have on the deployment of security extensions to DNS (DNSSEC), we use a custom-built cache simulator to perform trace-based simulations using millions of DNS requests and responses collected campus-wide. We also show that the adoption of domain name prefetching raises privacy issues. Specifically, we examine how prefetching amplifies information disclosure attacks to the point where it is possible to infer the context of searches issued by clients.
Yolk androgens vary inversely to maternal androgens in Eastern Bluebirds: an experimental study

Summary 1 Female birds deposit variable amounts of androgens in the yolks of their eggs, and it has been suggested that yolk androgen deposition is an adaptive mechanism preparing offspring for a competitive environment. Breeding pairs of Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) Linnaeus were stimulated with an intruder presentation while ovarian follicles were developing. Yolk steroid concentrations in eggs laid by stimulated females were then compared with yolk steroid concentrations in eggs laid by control females. Additionally, blood samples taken from a subset of control and stimulated females were analysed for plasma steroid hormone concentrations. We predicted that female bluebirds experiencing a simulated intrusion would experience increased levels of circulating plasma androgens that would be reflected by larger amounts of androgens deposited in their eggs compared with control females. 2 Patterns of steroid concentrations differed between egg yolks and female plasma. In egg yolks, androstenedione was the predominant hormone, followed by testosterone. Yolks contained minimal amounts of both corticosterone and oestradiol. In female plasma, however, corticosterone was the predominant hormone, while sex steroids were found at low levels. 3 Yolk steroid concentrations did not vary with laying order in either the control or the stimulated group, a result expected due to the relatively synchronous nature of incubation behaviour exhibited by Eastern Bluebird females. 4 Yolk androgen concentrations in eggs laid by stimulated females were significantly higher than in those laid by control females, suggesting that females increase yolk androgen deposition in response to aggressive encounters. 5 Females exposed to an intruder presentation contained significantly lower levels of plasma androgens than control females. We suggest that the deposition of androgens in the eggs serves as an adaptive method of regulating circulating androgen levels in the female, preventing potentially disruptive elevations in circulating androgen concentrations during a particularly sensitive period in the reproductive cycle.
Power Consumption Due to Data Movement in Distributed Programming Models

The amount of energy consumed due to data movement poses a serious challenge when implementing and using distributed programming models. Message-passing models like MPI provide the user with explicit interfaces to initiate data-transfers among distributed processes. In this work, we establish the notion that from a programmer’s standpoint, design decisions like the size of the data-payload to be transferred and the number of explicit MPI calls to service such transfers have a direct impact on the power signatures of communication kernels. Upon closer look, we additionally observe that the choice of the transport layer (along with the associated interconnect) and the design of the data transfer protocol, both, contribute to these signatures. This paper presents a fine-grained study on the impact of the power and energy consumption due to data movement in distributed programming models. We hope that results discussed in this work would motivate application and system programmers to include energy consumption as one of the important design factors while targeting HPC systems.
Comparison Of The Performance Of Several Data Mining Methods For Bad Debt Recovery In The Healthcare Industry

The healthcare industry, specifically hospitals and clinical organizations, are often plagued by unpaid bills and collection agency fees. These unpaid bills contribute significantly to the rising cost of healthcare. Unlike financial institutions, health care providers typically do not collect financial information about their patients. This lack of information makes it difficult to evaluate whether a particular patient-debtor is likely to pay his/her bill. In recent years, the industry has started to apply data mining tools to reduce bad-debt balance. This paper compares the effectiveness of five such tools - neural networks, decision trees, logistic regression, memory-based reasoning, and the ensemble model in evaluating whether a debt is likely to be repaid. The data analysis and evaluation of the performance of the models are based on a fairly large unbalanced data sample provided by a healthcare company, in which cases with recovered bad debts are underrepresented. Computer simulation shows that the neural network, logistic regression, and the combined model produced the best classification accuracy. More thorough interpretation of the results is obtained by analyzing the lift and receiver operating characteristic charts. We used the models to score all “unknown” cases, which were not pursued by a company. The best model classified about 34.8% of these cases into “good” cases. To collect bad debts more effectively, we recommend that a company first deploy and use the models, before it refers unrecovered cases to a collection agency.
A Sparsified Four-Russian Algorithm for RNA Folding

The basic RNA Secondary Structure Prediction problem or Single Sequence Folding Problem (SSF) was solved thirty-five years ago by a now well-known \(O(n^3)\)-time dynamic programming method.
Simulations of the bichromatic force in multilevel systems

Coherent optical bichromatic forces have been shown to be effective tools for rapidly slowing and cooling simple atomic systems. While previous estimates suggest that these forces may also be effective for rapidly decelerating molecules or complex atoms, a quantitative treatment for multilevel systems has been lacking. We describe detailed numerical modeling of bichromatic forces by direct numerical solution for the time-dependent density matrix in the rotating-wave approximation. We describe both the general phenomenology of an arbitrary few-level system and the specific requirements for slowing and cooling on a many-level transition in calcium monofluoride (CaF), one of the molecules of greatest current experimental interest. We show that it should be possible to decelerate a cryogenic buffer-gas-cooled beam of CaF nearly to rest without a repumping laser and within a longitudinal distance of about 1 cm. We also compare a full 16-level simulation for the CaF $B\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}X$ system with a simplified numerical model and with a semiquantitative estimate based on two-level systems. The simplified model performs nearly as well as the complete version, whereas the two-level model is useful for making order-of-magnitude estimates, but nothing more.
An Open Letter on the American Bar Association's Policy on Foreign Studies: A Barrier to the Development of Legal Education

Through its accreditation processes, the American Bar Association determines which American law schools may carry the “ABA approved” stamp. Theoretically, the accreditation process ensures that the schools offer the highest quality of legal education available in America. However, the criteria currently the ABA uses in evaluating and approving foreign study in fact hinders the efforts of American law schools to prepare their students for the future. The writers of this letter have a first-hand experience of the importance of foreign study, from the perspective of both teacher and student. In this letter, we address the experience of Hamline University School of Law with ABA approval of foreign study programs. This article discusses the problems associated with ABA approval procedures. By this letter, the authors pose a challenge to all members of ABA-approved law schools to join together to work for change in the ABA foreign study accreditation.
Frequency-tunable current-assisted AlGaN/GaN acoustic resonators

This work reports on frequency tunable AlGaN/GaN acoustic resonators that utilize piezoelectric actuation based on depletion-mediated strain in the AlGaN layer and piezo-resistive readout utilizing the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) induced at the AlGaN/GaN interface. The effects of the DC current flowing through (I) forward-biased Schottky inter-digitated electrodes in Class I resonators, and (II) drain/source Ohmic contacts of an integrated AlGaN/GaN HEMT in Class II resonators are studied. The readout electrodes in Class I resonators are Ni/Au Schottky contacts, whereas in Class II resonators, Ti/Al/Ti/Au metal stack is deposited and annealed to form Ohmic contacts. In both classes of devices, wide-range frequency tuning is achieved by flowing DC current through the contacts, causing large elastic modulus change due to Joule heating of the device. Frequency tuning allows for compensation of effects of fabrication variations as well as environmental changes. The 9th-order width-extensional resonance mode at 730 MHz of Class I resonators is tuned by more than 500 ppm at 25 mW of input DC power, while maintaining a quality factor (Q) of ∼4,500 with no performance degradation over the tuning range. The same mode of Class II resonators at ∼719 MHz shows Q amplification from 1,710 at Vds= 4 V to 13,851 at Vds= 9 V, with more than 2,500 ppm of frequency tuning. Resonant devices with such large frequency tuning are perfect candidates as in-situ temperature sensors, where the resonance frequency shift is an indicator of the temperature rise in the channel of the suspended HEMT.
Outcomes associated with preoperative weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is an effective treatment for achieving and maintaining weight loss and for improving obesity-related comorbidities. As part of the approval process for bariatric surgery, many insurance companies require patients to have documented recent participation in a supervised weight loss program. The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship of preoperative weight changes with outcomes following LRYGB. A retrospective review was conducted of adult patients undergoing LRYGB between 2008 and 2012 at a single institution. Patients were stratified into quartiles based on % excess weight gain (0–4.99 % and ≥5 % EWG) and % excess weight loss (0–4.99 % and ≥5 % EWL). Generalized linear models were used to examine differences in postoperative weight outcomes at 6, 12, and 24 months. Covariates included in the final adjusted models were determined using backwards stepwise selection. Of the 300 patients included in the study, there were no significant demographic differences among the quartiles. However, there was an increased time to operation for patients who gained or lost ≥5 % excess body weight (p < 0.001). Although there was no statistical significance in postoperative complications, there was a higher rate of complications in patients with ≥5 % EWG compared to those with ≥5 % EWL (12.5 vs. 4.8 %, respectively; p = 0.29). Unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear models showed no statistically significant association between preoperative % excess weight change and weight loss outcomes at 24 months. Patients with the greatest % preoperative excess weight change had the longest intervals from initial visit to operation. No significant differences were seen in perioperative and postoperative outcomes. This study suggests preoperative weight loss requirements may delay the time to operation without improving postoperative outcomes or weight loss.
Ionization Constants of Substituted Benzoic Acids in Ethanol-Water.

The thermodynamic ionization constants of meta and para substituted allyl- and propenylbenzoic acids were determined potentiometrically in aqueous ethanol of varying ethanol concentration. The pK values increase with increasing ethanol content. The relative acid strength does not vary with change in solvent concentration. The ΔpK/Δ percent ETOH increases with ethanol content of the medium until a maximum is reached around 40 weight-percent ethanol. A plot of pK + log [H2O] versus the reciprocal of the dielectric constant of the solvent gives a nearly linear relationship to about 44 weight-percent ethanol. From pK values found in the literature a similar linear relationship exists for other benzoic acids. With the exception of the p-propenylbenzoic acid the σ-substituent constants of the Hammett equation do not change greatly with ethanol concentration. This behavior may be indicative that the solvation shell surrounding the p-propcnyl-acid differs from that of other benzoic acids.
Observation of azimuthal anisotropy on multicomponent Atlantis node seismic data

Summary In this paper we report on the analysis of a multicomponent ocean bottom node dataset collected over Atlantis field in the deep water Gulf of Mexico. Our primary goal is to determine shallow velocity structure in the area. The unique true 3D shooting geometry allows us to carry our azimuthal traveltime analysis of compressional and converted shear wave data recorded on hydrophones and horizontal geophones. The P-wave data show systematic azimuthal variation of traveltime which is analyzed using NMO ellipse. After successful rotation of the horizontal geophones, we notice negligible direct Pwave energy in the transverse component. However, significant energy is observed at later times that can be interpreted as converted S2 mode. Joint analysis of S1 and S2 phases as a function of azimuth reveals systematic shear wave splitting that is consistent with the observation on Pwave data. We determine a NS oriented stress pattern that is consistent with general understanding of stress field in the area.
Divorce and Health: Current Trends and Future Directions

ABSTRACTObjectiveSocial relationships play a vital role in health and well-being, and it follows that loss experiences can be highly stressful for some people. This article reviews what is known about the association between marital separation, divorce, and health outcomes.MethodsKey findings in the
Removing Grain Boundary Effects in Polycrystalline Silicon Using a Minority Carrier Mirror Concept

The boron minority carrier mirror (MCM) concept has been applied to Wacker poly-Si for passivation of active grain boundaries (GB). Photovoltaic, spectral response, laser beam induced current, electron beam induced current and interface state data show the MCM process to significantly improve solar cell performance. For example, an efficiency improvement from 6.4% to 8.8% was observed in part of the study. This appears to be a simple technique to produce stable solar cells with future application to fine grain poly-Si.
Clinical observation of interventional therapy of using thin-waist-big-side occluder to 68 cases of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with aneurysm

Aim:There are some limitations on closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with pseudoaneurysm(PPVS) with symmetrical and non-decenter type occluders.This study try to evaluate the effectiveness and complications of interventional therapy using A4B2(thin-waist-big-side type) occluder to PPVS. Methods: The ventricular septal defects with aneurysems were classified into four types and measured by left ventriculography.The diameter of the occluders ranged from 4 to 14 mm.TTE,chest X-ray film and electrocardiogram(ECG) were performed 1,3,6 and 12 months later to evaluate the efficacy.Results: Among the 68 patients,transcatheter closures were successfully conducted to 62 patients,the success rate was 91%.Residual shunt was found by transthroacic echocardiograohy(TTE) in 8 patients 24 hours later and disappeared in 12 months.Transient block in 9 patients disappeared 3 months later.Conclusion: Interventional therapy with A4B2 occluder to perimembranous ventricular septal defect with pseudoaneurysm is safe,effective and promising,and has fewer complications.The key point is to select the suitable positions and right occluder,according to the size,position,morphologic characters and valve function.
CHAPTER 313 – RNA Localization and Signal Transduction

Sorting of mRNA to specific compartments of the cell determines cell asymmetry. This sorting occurs in oocytes and embryos as well as somatic cells such as fibroblasts and neurons. Translation of localized mRNAs spatially directs protein synthesis. The cellular signals that direct specific RNA sequences to particular cellular compartments have recently been examined in fibroblasts, neurons, and Drosophila embryos. This chapter examines the regulation of mRNA localization through signal transduction pathways in organisms and their tissues.
The Role of Growth Factors in the Regulation of Wound Repair

Wound repair involves a complex interaction between cells, biochemical mediators, extracellular matrix molecules, and the cellular microenvironment. The role of each continues to unfold as basic and clinical wound healing research advances. This review summarizes the currently known data on the regulation and acceleration of wound repair by locally acting growth factors.
Amniotic fluid embolism with second trimester pregnancy termination: a case report.

Purpose Describe the diagnosis, clinical features, pathophysiology, treatment and anesthetic management of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) in a patient undergoing second trimester pregnancy termination.
Dust-infused baroclinic cyclone storm clouds: The evidence, meteorology, and some implications

Desert mineral dust is a critical yet still poorly understood component of atmospheric composition, weather, and climate. Long-range transport of dust is well known yet uncertainty persists regarding the pathway from the desert floor to the free troposphere. Here we will show that a recurrent pathway for dust into the uppermost troposphere involves passage through an extratropical baroclinic cyclonic storm. The evidence derives from a synergistic use of satellite-based, multi-spectral nadir-image data and lidar. The dust-infused baroclinic storm (DIBS) exhibits peculiar cirrus cloud-top reflected and emitted radiance from the UV through thermal IR, involving positive UV absorbing aerosol index, muted visible reflectivity, visible cumuliform texture, and systematically intense visible lidar backscatter on a synoptic scale. Proof that the DIBS is microphysically impacted by storm-scale dust infusion is the occurrence of anomalously large daytime 3.9 − 11μm brightness temperature difference indicative of small ice crystals. We present multi-spectral snapshots of two DIBS, over two desert source regions, in comparison with a pristine baroclinic storm cloud. Each storm snapshot is presented in the context of the baroclinic cyclone's lifetime and dust-source region (the Gobi Desert and the Sahara). These and other cases discussed show that the DIBS is a recurring conduit for long-range transport and a natural experiment in dust-related aerosol indirect effects.
Exploring the Linkage between Activity-Friendly Zoning, Inactivity, and Cancer Incidence in the United States

Background: Physical activity (PA) protects against cancer and enhances cancer survivorship. Given high inactivity rates nationwide, population-level physical activity facilitators are needed. Several authoritative bodies have recognized that zoning and planning helps create activity-friendly environments. This study examined the association between activity-friendly zoning, inactivity, and cancer in 478 of the most populous U.S. counties.Methods: County geocodes linked county-level data: cancer incidence and smoking (State Cancer Profiles), inactivity (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System), 11 zoning measures (compiled by the study team), and covariates (from the American Community Survey and NAVTEQ). For each zoning measure, single mediation regression models and Sobel tests examined whether activity-friendly zoning was associated with reduced cancer incidence, and whether inactivity mediated those associations. All models were clustered on state with robust SEs and significance at the P < 0.05 level.Results: Zoning for crosswalks, bike-pedestrian connectivity, and bike-pedestrian trails/paths were associated with reduced cancer incidence (β between -0.71 and -1.27, P < 0.05), about 1 case per 100,000 for each 10 percentage-point increase in county population exposure to zoning. Except for crosswalks, each association was mediated by inactivity. However, county smoking attenuated these results, with only crosswalks remaining significant. Results were similar for males (with zoning for bike-pedestrian connectivity, street connectivity, and bike-pedestrian trails/paths), but not females, alone.Conclusions: Zoning can help to create activity-friendly environments that support decreased inactivity, and possibly reduced cancer incidence.Impact: Given low physical activity levels nationwide, cross-sectoral collaborations with urban planning can inform cancer prevention and public health efforts to decrease inactivity and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 578-86. ©2017 AACRSee all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Geospatial Approaches to Cancer Control and Population Sciences."
Suspected retropharyngeal haemorrhage as a complication of guttural pouch mycosis.

Summary An 11-year-old Thoroughbred mare presented for evaluation of severe, acute bilateral epistaxis of several hours’ duration. Endoscopic evaluation revealed active haemorrhage from the right guttural pouch and significant dorsal compression of the nasopharynx. Rapid and severe retropharyngeal swelling developed, prompting placement of a temporary tracheostomy. Guttural pouch mycosis was suspected and transarterial coil embolisation of the right internal carotid, external carotid and maxillary arteries was successfully performed. It was suspected that haemorrhage from the vasculature of the guttural pouch tracked caudally into the retropharyngeal region resulting in significant swelling, pharyngeal collapse and a severely compromised airway. Clinicians should be aware of this rare complication of guttural pouch epistaxis.
Marine Placers: Reconnaissance Exploration Technology

Active placer mines and known deposits provide the stratigraphic clues and paleoenvironmental indictors useful to offshore exploration programs. Existing marine mapping, surveying, and sampling tools are judged capable of providing most of the kinds of information needed to find prospective targets for detailed exploration near coastlines. Beyond the nearshore area, and the relatively facile extension of terrestrial knowledge, exploration problems loom large. The problem becomes less the tools or how to apply them, but rather where to apply them. A few new techniques in the fields of bathymetric mapping, positioning systems, analytical methods, and exploration models hold promise for improving the accuracy and speed of exploration.
Physico-Chemical Aspects of Surface Treatments for Diamond Nucleation

Diamond has been shown to nucleate and grow on a wide variety of materials.1,2 It is known that nucleation density can be increased by several orders of magnitude when the substrate is roughened by abrasive powders (diamond, silicon carbide, cubic boron nitride, alumina).2,3 Several alternative reasons for this effect have been suggested. One is the argument that diamond, diamondlike carbon or other carbonaceous residues from polishing or abrading with diamond powder are left adherent to, or embedded in, the polished surface and that these supply nucleation sites for subsequent diamond growth.4 Alternatively, it can be argued that highly disordered surface sites or microscopic crater edges in the polished surface create de facto high energy sites which can be preferred nucleation sites for diamond.5 Interestingly, Yarbrough2 reported that when a diamond polished silicon surface was subsequently polished with cubic boron nitride, the observed nucleation density was reduced to well below that obtained using only a diamond polish. This in spite of the fact that it was also shown that diamond readily nucleates on c-BN, including the particles used to polish the samples. We report in this paper an Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) investigation of the residue left in the scratches after polishing silicon substrates with diamond, and cBN powders as well as graphite surfaces. Diamond films were subsequently grown using a conventional hot filament CVD process.
AN ACCOUNTANT'S EDUCATION

This is a review of how various experiences in my career have contributed to my understanding of accounting. I recall the circumstances surrounding several of my efforts towards the development of accounting theories, viz. (1) decision-usefulness theory, (2) activity costing, and (3) market simulation accounting, as well as my excursion into (4) market association research in seeking to validate decision-usefulness theory and (5) a search for the effects of firms' economic environments on the development of enterprise accounting in the 2nd millennium, C.E. I give my impressions of several of the important players in the evolution of accounting thought in the 20th century with whom I was closely associated, such as Vatter, Moonitz, Chambers, and Sterling, as well as other prominent figures in the broad field of accounting. Some of my gains from associations with three institutions—the American Accounting Association, The University of Chicago, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board—are identified. I ...
RBAY: A Scalable and Extensible Information Plane for Federating Distributed Datacenter Resources

While many institutions, whether industrial, academic, or governmental, satisfy their computing needs through public cloud providers, many others still manage their own resources, often as geographically distributed datacenters. Spare capacity from these geographically distributed datacenters could be offered to others, provided there were a mechanism to discover, and then request these resources. Unfortunately, single datacenter administrators tend not to cooperate due to issues of scalability, diverse administrative policies, and site-specific monitoring infrastructure. This paper describes RBAY, an integrated information plane that enables secure and scalable sharing between geographically distributed datacenters. RBAY's key design features are twofold. First, RBAY employs a decentralized `hierarchical aggregation tree' structure to seamlessly aggregate spare resources from geographically distributed datacenters to a global information plane. Second, RBAY attaches to each participating server a `admin-customized' handler, which follows site-specific policy to expose, hide, add, remove resources to RBAY, and thus fulfill the task of `which resource to expose to whom, when, and how'. An experimental evaluation on eight real-world geo-distributed sites demonstrates RBAY's rapid response to composite queries, as well as its extensible, scalable, and lightweight nature.
AN ANNUAL STORAGE ICE SYSTEM FOR COOLING APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT Refrigeration, cooling and/or chilling methods usually require rather large amounts of energy for operation. This system uses naturally frozen ice in long term storage to provide an economical source of ice for various cooling or chilling purposes. Initial research and computer simulations indicate that in areas where the winter is sufficiently cold and of sufficient duration, this system would be an economical, viable option for uses such as simple refrigeration, summer air conditioning, or simply for effective dehumidification. System coefficient of performance (COP) will be approximately 11.3 for a representative size system located in Chicago, Illinois. A relative feasibility assessment of five cities in the United States indicates that for these cities as the winter climate becomes more mild, the summer cooling load increases as does the required storage volume. These results indicate that ice system operation in milder climates becomes increasingly difficult. The assessment shows a predicted feasibility based upon the number of years out of five that the system can provide 100% of the cooling load.
"Freedom and Resentment" and Consequentialism

In The Second-Person Standpoint, Stephen Darwall offers an interpretation of P. F. Strawson’s “Freedom and Resentment” according to which the essay advances the thesis that good consequences are the “wrong kind of reason” to justify “practices of punishment and moral responsibility.” Darwall names this thesis “Strawson’s Point.” I argue for a different reading of Strawson, one according to which he holds this thesis only in a qualified way and, more generally, is not the unequivocal critic of consequentialism that Darwall makes him out to be. In fact, I contend, Strawson’s account of the reactive attitudes can potentially be a useful resource for consequentialists.
Stereotype Threat Effects on Learning from a Cognitively Demanding Mathematics Lesson.

Stereotype threat-a situational context in which individuals are concerned about confirming a negative stereotype-is often shown to impact test performance, with one hypothesized mechanism being that cognitive resources are temporarily co-opted by intrusive thoughts and worries, leading individuals to underperform despite high content knowledge and ability (see Schmader & Beilock, ). We test here whether stereotype threat may also impact initial student learning and knowledge formation when experienced prior to instruction. Predominantly African American fifth-grade students provided either their race or the date before a videotaped, conceptually demanding mathematics lesson. Students who gave their race retained less learning over time, enjoyed the lesson less, reported a diminished desire to learn more, and were less likely to choose to engage in an optional math activity. The detrimental impact was greatest among students with high baseline cognitive resources. While stereotype threat has been well documented to harm test performance, the finding that effects extend to initial learning suggests that stereotype threat's contribution to achievement gaps may be greatly underestimated.
Smart intersection control algorithms for automated vehicles

The pace at which autonomous vehicle technology is reaching consumers is accelerating. Furthermore, the future driverless cars are intended to be talkative with regard to exchanging information with other vehicles, infrastructure, or even cloud. More recent attention has focused on the provision of frameworks to take advantage of automated and connected vehicle technology. This study proposes a system design to allow safe and efficient traffic of both automated/connected and conventional vehicles approaching an isolated intersection. The benefit mainly comes from the ability of automated/connected vehicles to maintain shorter and more stable headways to the vehicle in ahead compared to conventional vehicles. Simulation experiments are conducted to gain insight into the influence of flow and automated vehicle ratio over the performance of intersection.
Computer-aided classification of breast masses using contrast-enhanced digital mammograms

By taking advantages of both mammography and breast MRI, contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) has emerged as a new promising imaging modality to improve efficacy of breast cancer screening and diagnosis. The primary objective of study is to develop and evaluate a new computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) scheme of CEDM images to classify between malignant and benign breast masses. A CEDM dataset consisting of 111 patients (33 benign and 78 malignant) was retrospectively assembled. Each case includes two types of images namely, low-energy (LE) and dual-energy subtracted (DES) images. First, CAD scheme applied a hybrid segmentation method to automatically segment masses depicting on LE and DES images separately. Optimal segmentation results from DES images were also mapped to LE images and vice versa. Next, a set of 109 quantitative image features related to mass shape and density heterogeneity was initially computed. Last, four multilayer perceptron-based machine learning classifiers integrated with correlationbased feature subset evaluator and leave-one-case-out cross-validation method was built to classify mass regions depicting on LE and DES images, respectively. Initially, when CAD scheme was applied to original segmentation of DES and LE images, the areas under ROC curves were 0.7585±0.0526 and 0.7534±0.0470, respectively. After optimal segmentation mapping from DES to LE images, AUC value of CAD scheme significantly increased to 0.8477±0.0376 (p<0.01). Since DES images eliminate overlapping effect of dense breast tissue on lesions, segmentation accuracy was significantly improved as compared to regular mammograms, the study demonstrated that computer-aided classification of breast masses using CEDM images yielded higher performance.
Effects of lasalocid or monensin on lactate-producing or -using rumen bacteria.

Lasalocid or monensin inhibited most of the lactate-producing rumen bacteria (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Eubacterium cellulosolvens, E. ruminantium, Lachnospira multiparus, Lactobacillus ruminis, L. vitulinus, Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens, Streptococcus bovis). Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from .38 to 3.0 micrograms/ml. Among the lactate producers, those that produce succinate as a major end product (Bacteroides, Selenomonas, Succinimonas, Succinivibrio) were not inhibited by lasalocid or monensin. Also, none of the major lactate fermenters (Anaerovibrio, Megasphaera, Selenomonas) was inhibited by lasalocid or monensin. Veillonella alcalescens was inhibited by 24 micrograms/ml of lasalocid but was resistant to monensin. Hence, the reported increase in propionate in lasalocid- or monensin-fed cattle may result from selection for succinate producers and lactate fermenters. Lasalocid and monensin appeared to inhibit selectively the production of L(+), but not D(-) lactic acid. The inhibition of major lactate-producing bacteria (Streptococcus and Lactobacillus) suggests that lasalocid or monensin may be used to prevent lactic acidosis in ruminants.
Transcriptional Regulation by the t(8;21 )Fusion Protein, AML-1/ETO

Certain chromosomal translocations are characteristically associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), suggesting that alteration of specific genes at the translocation breakpoints contribute to the genesis or maintenance of leukemia. The t(8;21) is the second most frequent chromosomal abnormality associated with AML, occurring in 12–15% of cases (Downing et al. 1993). The t(8;21) breakpoint was cloned and the disrupted gene on chromosome 21 was termed AML1 (Miyoshi et al. 1991). Cytogenetic evidence from t(8;21)-containing leukemia cells with complex translocations indicates that the der(8) chromosome is conserved in each case; tightly linking this chromosomal aberration to the pathogenesis of AML (Rowley 1982). In addition, AML1 is interrupted in the less commonly observed (3;21) and (12;21) translocations found in chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, respectively (Nucifora et al. 1993; Golub et al. 1995), suggesting that AML-l may be a principal regulatory protein.
Sciatica Caused by Venous Varix Compression of the Sciatic Nerve

Background The authors report the case of a 76-year-old woman presenting with leg pain, numbness, and weakness mimicking a lumbosacral radiculopathy. Case Description Initial lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated mild root compression, but lumbar decompression afforded only transient symptomatic relief. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral plexus and sciatic nerve revealed a gluteal venous varix compressing the sciatic nerve just distal to the piriformis muscle. Neurolysis and surgical resection of the offending varix resulted in resolution of her symptoms. Conclusions Variceal compression is a rare cause of extraspinal origin of lower extremity radicular pain. It should be considered if there is lack of correlation between radiologic findings and the clinical picture or if there is a failure of response to treatment of the assumed spinal cause.
Marginals of Geometric Inequalities

This note consists of three parts. In the first, we observe that a surprisingly rich family of functional inequalities may be proven from the Brunn–Minkowski inequality using a simple geometric technique. In the second part, we discuss consequences of a functional version of Santalo’s inequality, and in the third part we consider functional counterparts of mixed volumes and of Alexandrov–Fenchel inequalities.