cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diplopia, Third Nerve Palsies, and Sixth Nerve Palsies

Ocular motor deficits are common clinical manifestations of neurological emergencies, with third (oculomotor) and sixth (abducens) paresis among the most frequent. This chapter focuses on recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of these cranial neuropathies in true neurological emergencies that carry a high risk of major morbidity or mortality if left undiagnosed. Emergencies discussed include alterations in intracranial pressure, intracranial aneurysms, fungal sinusitis, giant cell arteritis, meningitis, pituitary apoplexy, stroke, and Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
“Where Have All the Good Men Gone?” Gendered Interactions in Online Dating

This article explores gendered patterns of online dating and their implications for heterosexual union formation. The authors hypothesized that traditional gender norms combine with preferences for more socially desirable partners to benefit men and disadvantage women in the earliest stages of dating. They tested this with 6 months of online dating data from a mid-sized southwestern city (N = 8,259 men and 6,274 women). They found that both men and women tend to send messages to the most socially desirable alters in the dating market, regardless of their own social desirability. They also found that women who initiate contacts connect with more desirable partners than those who wait to be contacted, but women are 4 times less likely to send messages than men. They concluded that socioeconomic similarities in longer term unions result, in part, from relationship termination (i.e., nonreciprocity) rather than initial preferences for similar partners.
Replication of Coliphage M-13 I. Effects on Host Cells After Synchronized Infection

Techniques have been described for synchronization of bacteriophage M-13 infection of host cells. The latent period in infected cells was 10 min, and no appreciable number of intracellular phage was observed. Phage production proceeded in three phases after release of the starvation block: an initial rapid exponential rate of progeny phage release without cell lysis, a period of rate transition accompanying the resumption of host cell division, and a second, slower exponential rate of phage production which paralleled the rate of host cell division. The size of infected cells was not affected by infection, but the generation time was increased by 25%. Starved infected cells exhibited a much longer lag in attaining an exponential rate of growth upon the addition of nutrients than did an uninfected control culture.
Syntax-directed report writing in linear programming using ANALYZE

Abstract The syntax of a linear program is its rules for composing activities and equations. Since the early years, syntax has been key to generating instances of linear programming models and reporting results. There are times, however, when we want to see information interactively, other than a prepared set of table shells. The syntax can be used to do this with ANALYZE, a computer-assisted analysis system for linear programming. The multi-view architecture has been extended to use syntax-directed rules for creating tables interactively and for some graphics not found in standard languages for reporting results of (general) linear programs.
Transform analysis of the resonance Raman excitation profile of lycopene

Abstract The resonance Raman excitation profiles (RREPs) of the ν 1 , ν 2 and ν 3 vibrations of lycopene in acetone, ethyl alcohol, toluene and carbon disulphide solvents have been analyzed using the transform method for calculating resonance Raman excitation profiles. The tests show excellent agreement between the calculated and observed profiles for the ν 2 and ν 3 RREPs, but greater difference between experiment and theory occurs for the ν 1 RREP, especially in carbon disulphide solvent.
Relation of Disability Type and Career Thoughts to Vocational Identity

This study compared dysfunctional career thoughts and perceptions of vocational identity for individuals with different types of disabilities and examined whether the relation of career thoughts to vocational identity was moderated by type of disability. Ninety adults with cognitive and physical impairments were administered the Career Thoughts Inventory and the My Vocational Situation. Results indicate that individuals with cognitive impairments had more decision-making confusion and external conflict than individuals with physical disabilities. The groups did not differ in their perceptions of vocational identity, and disability type did not significantly moderate the relationship between career thoughts and vocational identity. Implications for career counseling of individuals with disabilities are discussed.
Laparoscopy as the initial approach for epiphrenic diverticula

Most epiphrenic diverticula traditionally have been approached through a left thoracotomy. Because laparoscopy provides excellent exposure to the distal esophagus and decreases the morbidity of thoracoscopy or thoracotomy, we have used it preferentially since 1997 and routinely since 2001. This study describes our experience with this approach. From 1997 to 2008, 23 patients underwent surgery for epiphrenic diverticula at the University of Washington so that all patients are ≥2 years out. Our initial approach was via laparoscopy in 19 patients, VATS in 2, and open thoracotomy in 2. Details of the operation and postoperative course were recorded in our database. The patients were contacted by one of the investigators regarding current symptoms. The median age was 57 (range 23–83) years. The medium follow-up was 45 months. Eighteen patients had esophageal manometry at our institution; 12 of them were abnormal (66.67%). The median diameter of diverticula was 4 (range 2–10) cm. From the 19 patients approached by laparoscopy, there was one conversion to open thoracotomy in a patient with an associated leiomyoma. Both patients approached by VATS were converted to thoracotomy. Patients initially approached by laparoscopy had a median length of stay of 3 days. There was one contained esophageal leak. One patient died within 30 days from complications of the operation. Ninety-two percent of patients reported improvement of their dysphagia and 77% improvement of regurgitation. None of the patients developed recurrent diverticula. Eighty-five percent of the patients rated the results of the operation as good or excellent. Most epiphrenic diverticula can be treated successfully by using a laparoscopic approach. Morbidity and conversion rates are low and symptom control is excellent.
Cytokines, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and ICAM.

llergic eye disease is typically associ-ated with IgE-mediated mast cellactivation and signs of immediate hyper-sensitivity reaction leading to redness,tearing and complaint of itch. Addition-ally, depending on the speciﬁc disease en-tity, allergic inﬂammation as leukocytepassage from the vasculature to the ocu-lar surface occurs to varying degrees.This cellular inﬁltration may be recog-nized, for example, as part of a late phasereaction in provocative conjunctival chal-lenge or as the severe immunopathologicreaction seen in vernal (VKC) or atopickeratoconjunctivitis (AKC). While manymediators from multiple sources arelikely active in orchestrating this allergicinﬂammation, recent attention has fo-cused on the role of cytokines. The im-portant properties of cytokines includeimmune activation of cells to includeleukocytes, chemoattraction of leuko-cytes, adhesion molecule regulation, andattachment of leukocytes to the ocularsurface epithelium. Eosinophils are foundin each type of allergic eye disease anda lymphocytic inﬁltrate is of paramountimportance in the pathophysiology ofvernal and atopic keratoconjuncivitis. In-tercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is necessary for both eosinophil andlymphocyte movement to the ocular sur-face. The purpose of this article is to re-view the pertinent cytokines that wouldregulate ICAM-1 expression, facilitateeosinophil and lymphocyte trafﬁcking tothe ocular surface undergoing an allergicreaction, and to identify pertinent cyto-kines within these inﬂammatory cells thathave been shown to have a role in ocularallergy.
Effects of milacemide, a glycine prodrug, on ethanol's antiseizure efficacy

A variety of in vitro data suggest that ethanol interferes with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated calcium ion conductance. This effect occurs at ethanol concentrations in blood associated with acute intoxication in the nontolerant human (less than 50 mM) and may involve its selective action at the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor complex. Moreover, there are in vitro data showing that glycinergic interventions can attenuate ethanol's inhibitory actions on NMDA-mediated transmission. The relevance of these in vitro findings to the intact animal was tested in an incremental electroconvulsive shock (IECS) paradigm using milacemide, a lipophilic prodrug of glycine. In this paradigm, the influence of milacemide on ethanol's ability to antagonize the electrical precipitation of seizures was tested. Doses of 3.2 and 32.0 mg/kg did not change ethanol's antiseizure efficacy, whereas 320.0 mg/kg potentiated ethanol's antiseizure efficacy. The mechanism of potentiation of ethanol's antiseizure efficacy by milacemide is unknown. Potentiation could result from stimulation of chloride ion conductance in the brainstem by glycine liberated from the lipophilic prodrug and acting at the strychnine-sensitive site. Alternatively, unmetabolized milacemide, which accumulates at the highest administered dose, may antagonize NMDA-mediated neural transmission. The latter explanation would be consistent with a role for receptor-gated calcium ion conductance in the mediation of ethanol's actions.
The Regression Tendencies of Betas: A Reappraisal

This paper reexamines the regression tendencies of beta. We show that common assertions in the literature about regression tendencies go well beyond the facts established by Blume. We analyze betas during the 1926–1985 period and examine the tendencies of betas to change. Extreme betas do tend to move toward the mean. However, betas near the mean in one period tend to move away from the mean. As a result, the distribution of betas is approximately stationary over time.
Equilibration of pancreatic digestive enzymes across zymogen granule membranes

Abstract Zymogen granules isolated from the rat pancreas released digestive enzymes in response to lowering the enzyme concentration of the medium in which the granules were suspended, and reabsorbed enzyme when the enzyme concentration of the medium was increased. The evidence suggests that the distribution of digestive enzyme between zymogen graule and medium is the result of an equilibrium process. This equilibrium is apparently expressed across the granule membrane since the disruption of the membrane barrier eliminated the delay in establishing new equilibrium between the bound and free enzyme. The release of enzyme was continuous (equilibration did not occur) when the suspending medium was continuously filtered, thereby maintaining a constant state of disequilibrium between intragranular enzyme and enzyme in the medium. The data suggest the following: (1) that digestive enzyme passes through the intact granule membrane bidirectionally, and (2) that there is a free cytoplasmic pool of digestive enzyme in intact cells which is in equilibrium with the enzyme content of the zymogen granule.
Characteristics of Vietnamese Phonology

The number of individuals in the United States whose native language is Vietnamese has increased dramatically during the past decade. To work effectively with Vietnamese speakers, speech-language p...
End-Stage Renal Disease and Kidney Transplant in HIV-Infected Patients

Chronic kidney and end-stage renal disease are important complications of HIV disease and treatment. African Americans with HIV infection are at significantly increased risk for development of chronic kidney disease and for progression to end-stage renal disease. Survival of HIV-positive patients on dialysis has improved dramatically since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appearing to offer similar survival. Renal transplant has been shown to be successful in HIV-positive patients and emerging data suggest a survival benefit over remaining on dialysis, despite data indicating an increased incidence of acute rejection. Immunosuppression dosing is complicated by interactions with antiretroviral therapy, and drug levels must be followed closely. Experience to date suggests that HIV-positive transplant recipients are best cared for in academic institutions with multi-disciplinary teams devoted to their care.
Arab Modernities: Islamism, Nationalism, and Liberalism in the Post-Colonial Arab World

Jaafar Aksikas, Arab Modernities: Islamism, Nationalism, and Liberalism in the Post-Colonial Arab World (New York: Peter Lang, 2009) Jaafar Aksikas's book represents an important contribution to cu...
A Disaggregated Analysis of Corn Acreage Response in Kentucky

farmers plant to various crops are vitally important to farm policy decision makers. The trend in this area of research is clearly toward more disaggregated acreage supply functions. Recent studies by Whittaker and Bancroft, and Morzuch, Weaver, and Helmberger are examples of acreage supply analyses using data on a state-by-state basis. Morzuch, Weaver, and Helmberger argue that "spatial heterogeneity and the opportunity for measuring variables with greater precision might well make disaggregation at least to the state level worth the extra costs of data collection and analysis" (p. 37). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gain in explanatory power which can accrue to acreage supply functions for corn when data is disaggregated beyond the state level. This disaggregation not only allows for greater accuracy in the measurement of variables, but also allows the production function to vary by area. A disaggregated analysis should be particularly appropriate for states with a wide range in productivity of farm land.
Nitrate and organic N analyses with second-derivative spectroscopy

Simple and reliable procedures have been developed for analyses of N03-, total N, and organic N in freshwaters. NO,is determined by second-derivative UV spectroscopy. Total N and organic N are determined based on secondderivative analyses of NO,following persulfate digestion. Resolution of organic N determinations was increased by using ion-exchange resins to remove NO,from samples with high concentrations of N03prior to persulfate oxidation of the organic N. Although numerous methods have been developed for the determination of N in aqueous samples, there is continued need for simple and reliable procedures for both inorganic and organic N analyses. The most widely accepted methods for N03analysis include Cd reduction and ion chromatography (Am. Public Health Assoc. 1989). Both methods have been adapted for automated analysis and, with proper consideration of potential interferences, both are accurate and precise. Ion chromatography has the advantage of also measuring several additional anions in a single aliquot of samAcknowledgments This work was supported in part by the Iowa State Water Resour. Res. Inst., the Iowa DNR, the U.S. EPA, and Wetlands Res. Inc., Chicago, Illinois. We thank Iowa State University staff and researchers for their contributions to this research. Automated Cd reduction analyses were performed by the Analytical Services Laboratory (Iowa State Univ. Eng. Res. Inst.) and by the U.S. EPA ERL, Duluth, Minnesota. ple. Ion chromatography and Cd reduction, however, are relatively complicated and expensive. Samples must normally be filtered to remove suspended matter before analysis, and in the case of Cd reduction, sample color, metal ions, and phosphate are potential interferences (Olson 1980). The principal methods for organic N determination are based on conversion of organic N to NH,+ or N03and subsequent analysis of these inorganic forms. Separate analysis of ambient inorganic N allows organic N levels to be calculated by difference. For freshwater samples, conversion of organic N to inorganic forms is most commonly based on either Kjeldahl digestion (U.S. EPA 1979; Am. Public Health Assoc. 1989), photo-oxidation (Armstrong et al. 1966), or persulfate digestion (Koroleff 1976; D’Elia et al. 1977; Solorzano and Sharp 1980). Photo-oxidation requires more specialized equipment and may be ineffective for some compounds (Henriksen 1970). Kjeldahl digestion is a complicated and expensive procedure and may be unsuitable for systems receiving high inorganic N loads. High concentrations of N03severely interfere with standard Kjeldahl N determinations (Schlueter 1977; U.S. EPA 1979; Am. Public Health Assoc. 1989). N03--N concentrations 10-20 times greater than those of organic N result in >90% inhibition of Kjeldahl N determinations (Schlue-
The 100-day PSA: usefulness as surrogate end point for biochemical disease-free survival after definitive radiotherapy of prostate cancer.

The 100-day PSA: usefulness as surrogate end point for biochemical disease-free survival after definitive radiotherapy of prostate cancer
Cytokinin‐Inhibitor Antagonism in the Hormonal Control of α‐Amylase Synthesis and Growth in Barley Seed

The effect of cytokinins and gibberellic acid on the inhibition of growth and α-amylase synthesis by germination inhibitors was investigated in intact and embryoless seed halves. The cytokinins, kinetin and benzyladenine, effectively reversed the inhibition of coleoptile growth and α-amylase synthesis by abscisic acid and courmarin in barley seed. An antagonism between cytokinins, kinetin and benzyladenine, effectively reversed the inhibition of coleoptile growth and α-amylase synthesis by abscisic acid and coumarins in barley seed. An antagonism between cytokinins and germination inhibitors was also shown in root growth. Abscisic acid inhibited coleoptile growth to a greater extent than the root growth while the opposite held true in the case of coumarin. The apparent increase in coleoptile growth and α-amylase synthesis by gibberellic acid plus abscisic acid (or coumarins) over abscisic acid (or coumarin) appears to be a result of the overall stimulation of growth and metabolism by exogenous gibberellic acid and probably does not involve an interaction of gibberellic acid with the inhibitors. Gibberellic acid reversed root inhibition to some extent. Abscisic acid inhibition of gibberellic acid induced α-amylase synthesis in the embryoless endosperm was not reversed by excess gibberellic acid or kinetin Cytokinin reversal of inhibition of growth and enzyme synthesis probably depends on some factor(s) in the embryo. Cytokinin reversal of inhibitor action leading to enzymen synthesis and growth may be at the level of genome or at the site protein assembly.
The Woman in the Garden: (En)gendering Pleasure in Late Elizabethan Poetry

The image of the woman in the garden captured the interest of early modern readers and writers as an embodiment of a historically specific form of moral ambivalence toward aesthetic pleasure, and, by extension, toward art and poetry. The image acquired this resonance as a result of two cultural coincidences: ambivalence toward sensual pleasure was conventionally schematized in gendered form, and functional and structural parallels were perceived between poetry and the period's new pleasure gardens. For poets, these parallels made poetic gardens a singularly rich medium for exploring the merits and problems of their art in a mode that exceeded the standard moral analyses of the defenses. What the image reveals, particularly when it incorporates a female Other to mediate between the male poet figure and art's sensuous and affective pleasures, is a reluctance to accept the widening gap between body and mind in the period's new conceptions of subjectivity. The new privileging of an independent intellect threatened an older posture essential to poetry as it was conceived by Philip Sidney and others, a porousness to the world at once mental and physical, a passivity that balanced and enabled the autonomy of “self-fashioning.” Rooted in traditional Galenic psychophysiology, this older, rival ontology accepted the sub-rational aspects of human nature that poetry appealed to as forces that connected a person to the lower tiers of creation, to other people, and finally to God.
Assessing and improving partnership relationships and outcomes: a proposed framework

Abstract To date, no evaluation frameworks are specifically targeted at evaluating partnership relationships, as opposed to partnership programmatic outcomes. Following a discussion and definition of partnership, its defining features, and value-added, the paper proposes a framework for assessing partnership relationships in order to: (1) improve partnership practice in progress, (2) refine and test hypotheses regarding partnership's contribution to performance and outcomes, and (3) suggest lessons for future partnership work. The proposed assessment approach is continuous, process-oriented and participatory, and developmental. Targets of assessment include compliance with prerequisites and success factors, degree of partnership practice, the outcomes of the partnership relationships, partners' performance, and efficiency. Indicators and associated methods are proposed for each of these. The framework addresses the evaluation challenges of integrating process and institutional arrangements into performance measurement systems, thus contributing to relationship performance as well as program outcomes. It can also be used to enhance the theory and practice of partnership.
Transfection of C3H10T1/2 cells with the Harvey-ras oncogene reduces cytosolic phospholipase A2 function

Several lines of evidence suggest that phospholipase A2 may play a role in the activated ras-mediated transformation process. In the present study, phospholipase A2 activity and expression were assessed in a murine fibroblast cell line (C3H10T1/2 cells) that was stably transfected with the Harvey ras oncogene, a cellular model used for studying multistage carcinogenesis. Reduced levels of fatty acids were released from the ras-transfected cells compared to untransfected controls. The in vitro phospholipase A2 activity apparent in the C3H10T1/2 showed preference for sn-2 arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine compared to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The activity, as well as the cytosolic phospholipase A2 immunoreactive protein, was reduced by 50% in the ras-transfected cells compared to control cells. These results suggest that the cytosolic phospholipase A2 is the predominant form of this enzyme family expressed in C3H10T1/2 cells and that the activity and protein amount is reduced by 50% in these cells when stably transfected with the Harvey ras oncogene.
Cortical Visual Impairment Caused by Twin Pregnancy

Purpose To report a possible relationship between twin pregnancy and cortical visual impairment. Methods Three children who had been the products of twin pregnancies were identified as having cortical visual impairment. One child (Patient 2), a dizygotic twin, developed cortical visual impairment after a preterm birth. Two children (Patients 1 and 3), the products of monochorionic pregnancies, developed cortical visual impairment. All children were examined ophthalmologically and neurologically. Results An evaluation of the gestations of these children indicates that twin pregnancy per se was probably etiologic in the development of cortical visual impairment. In Patient 2, twin pregnancy probably caused preterm birth and resulting cortical visual impairment. In Patients 1 and 3, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome was the cause of cortical visual impairment. In Patient 1, fetal demise precipitated an acute twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Conclusions Children who show cortical visual impairment at or shortly after birth should be evaluated for the possibility of twin pregnancy. Twin pregnancy increases the risk of neurologic damage, including damage to the visual cortex, to optic radiations, or both.
The effects of epidermal growth factor and the state of confluence on enzymatic activities of cultured rat liver epithelial cells

In cultured normal rat liver epithelial cells, the specific activity and/or isozyme expression of NADH-diaphorase (NADH-D), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were markedly dependent on the growth state of the cultures. Proliferating, preconfluent cells had higher specific activities of PK, NADH-D, and G6PD but lower activities of GGT and AP than did the more stationary confluent cells. Addition of epidermal growth factor [EGF] to the media of proliferating cells enhanced the specific activities of PK, NADH-D, G6PD, GGT, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of these cells, but the specific activity of AP was markedly depressed. The increase in activity of PK and GGT by EGF appeared to involve new protein synthesis, whereas the effect of EGF on AP appeared to involve the EGF-directed suppression of the synthesis of a form of AP that is produced exclusively by cells in confluent cultures. Furthermore, the preconfluent cells were more responsive to the action of EGF on AP than were confluent cells, i.e., the EGF-mediated decrease in AP activity was seen at lower concentration in preconfluent than in confluent cells. Paradoxically, confluent cells exhibited a two-to threefold higher capacity to bind [125 I]EGF because of an increase in surface receptor number. The results of this study indicate that enzymatic or other biochemical studies performed on cultured cells must take into account the growth-state of the cultures. EGF can modulate enzyme activity in growing and nongrowing cells; one effect of EGF is to maintain higher activity of glycolytic enzymes, suggesting that EGF or EGF-like factors may contribute to the high rate of glycolysis in certain neoplasms.
Thf role of p56lck in cd4-mediated suppression of cd3-induced early signaling events in T lymphocytes

Abstract Crosslinking of the CD4 coreceptor can inhibit subsequent T-cell activation via the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex. The ability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope protein, gp 120, to cause similar inhibition has implicated this inhibitory signal in the induction of T-cell anergy and apoptosis observed in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In order to clarify the biochemical basis of this inhibition, we analyzed the effect of CD4 ligation on early signaling events induced by subsequent CD 3× CD 4 co-crosslinking. By comparison with CD3 crosslinking alone, CD 3× CD 4 co-crosslinking of a CD3+CD4+ human T-cell leukemia line (SupT1) resulted in an enhanced increase in free intracellular calcium concentration and tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular substrates, including the prominent phosphorylation of an unidentified 120-kDa protein (p120). Prior CD4 ligation inhibited these responses. Similar results were obtained with A3.01, another CD3+CD4+ T leukemic line. However, p120 was only minor phosporylated on tyrosine upon receptor crosslinking in A2.01/CD4 (-cyt401), a derivative line expressing a truncated CD4 coreceptor lacking its cytoplasmic domain which binds the p56 lck protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). Furthermore, prior CD4 ligation failed to inhibit in this line the increased tyrosine phosphorylation induced by subsequent CD 3 × CD 4 co-crosslinking. Thus, prior CD4 crosslinking, or expression of truncated CD4, are both associated with reduced p 120 phosphorylation. These results suggest that p 120 is a p56 lck substrate playing an important role during T-cell activation.
Accessing abstract categories

Subjects learned categories based on sentences that illustrated the figurative meaning of proverbs. The categories were either narrow, based on sentences that sampled similar contexts, or wide, otherwise. Width was a within-subjects factor in Experiment 1 and a between-subjects factor in Experiment 2. In general, transfer performance on novel examples suggested that width produces more flexible, decontextualized mental representations, but that subjects can overcome narrow experience.
Augmenting formal semantic representation for NLP : the story of SMEARR

The centerpiece of the paper is SMEARR, an enriched and augmented lexical database with a database management system and several peripherals. It is presented as a polytheoretical shareable resource in computational semantics and justified as a manageable empirically-based study of the meaning bottleneck in NLP. The relation between SMEARR entries and the examples of formal semantic descriptions in the generative and post-generative semantic literature is explored, revealing a significant discrepancy in the formalisms and in the very nature of formality between computational and theoretical semantics. Finally, the idea of variable-depth semantics, developed in earlier publications, is brought up in the context of SMEARR.
Modeling and synchronizing chaotic systems from experimental data

Abstract The inverse problem of extracting evolution equations from chaotic time series measured from continuous systems is considered. The resulting equations of motion form an autonomous system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The vector fields are modeled in the manner of implicit Adams integration using a basis set of polynomials that are constructed to be orthonormal on the data. The fitting method uses the Rissanen minimum description length (MDL) criterion to determine the optimal polynomial vector field. It is then demonstrated that one can synchronize the model to an experimentally measured time series. In this case synchronization is used as a nontrivial test for the validity of the models.
Informal Writing Assessment Linked to Instruction: A Continuous Process for Teachers, Students, and Parents

This article presents a comprehensive model of daily, classroom informal writing assessment that is constantly linked to instruction and the characteristics of proficient writers. Methods for promoting teacher, student, and parent collaboration and their roles in dialoguing, conferencing, and reflection are discussed. Strategies for including struggling writers in this process as peer listeners/questioners and individual self-questioners who regulate their own learning and set future goals are explored. Informal writing assessments such as observations, interest and self-efficacy inventories, checklists, using rubrics to analyze writing samples, and the development and management of electronic portfolios are discussed in the context of a literate classroom writing environment.
Evaluation of Vitamin D Deficiency in Breast Cancer Patients on Bisphosphonates

Background. Bisphosphonates are very effective in treating osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease; however, unfavorableoutcomescanoccurwhentheyaregiventopatientswith occult vitamin D deficiency. No clear consensus exists on the assessmentofvitaminDstatusincancerpatientsundergoing bisphosphonatetherapy.Thisstudyexaminestheprevalence ofvitaminDdeficiencyamongbreastcancerpatientstreated withbisphosphonatesforosteoporosisormetastaticbonedisease, and observes the use of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in these patients. Methods. This retrospective study reviewed the electronicrecordsof321breastcancerpatientstreatedwith bisphosphonates. Information on age, race, and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), parathyroid hormone, and calcium were collected, and intakes of calcium and vitamin D supplements were queried in an outpatient pharmacy database. Results. Of the 321 patients treated with bisphosphonates, 209 (65.1%) had their 25-OHD levels checked at leastonce.Ofthesepatients,57(27.3%)hadaserum25OHD level 600 IU of vitamin D per day, and 41 (19.6%) patients received 400– 600 IU of vitamin D daily. Conclusion. Especially in the setting of metastatic bone disease in breast cancer patients, we advocate routine 25-OHD concentration screening for vitamin D deficiency in general. Clear guidelines for the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency in cancer patients would be extremely beneficial to have, as would identification of the proper dose of vitamin D supplementation. We recommend 1,000 IU daily to our metastatic cancer patients. The Oncologist 2008;13:821–827
Clinical Case Report: Digital Emboli and Aneurysm of a Trapped Brachial Artery

Abstract We present an original case study of an adult patient with thrombo-embolic ischeamia of the fingers in relation to an aneurysm of a trapped brachial artery. The entrapment was within an abnormally high insertion of the pronator terres muscle above the humeral epicondyles. The clinic treatment and a brief overview of the literature available on the subject are presented.
In-plane column response of metallic corrugated core sandwich panels

Abstract The in-plane compressive response of corrugated core sandwich columns is investigated analytically, numerically, and experimentally. Failure mechanisms have been identified and include macro buckling, shear buckling, and face wrinkling. Analytical formulae are developed for these mechanisms and used to create failure mode maps as a function of column geometry and material properties. Failure maps are created using measured material properties of 304 stainless steel, from which corrugated core columns are designed to experimentally probe each failure regime. The results are compared to the predictions. The results demonstrate that the predictions accurately capture both the critical failure load and failure mechanism. They also highlight the influence of both local and global boundary conditions on the column response. Lastly, optimal corrugated core column designs that minimize mass for a given load capacity are calculated using the failure mode predictions. The results show that corrugated core columns compare favorably with competing pyramidal core and hat-stiffened panel designs and are a viable alternative for in-plane load bearing applications.
Determination of the abduction-adduction axis of rotation at the human knee: helical axis representation.

This study used a finite helical axes representation to derive the axis of rotation of the human knee in the frontal plane for the neutral flexion/extension posture during resting and no load-bearing conditions. The three-dimensional finite helical axis pathway of the tibia relative to the femur was computed by passively adducting/abducting the lower limb via a servomotor system. Knee joint movements as a result of the positional perturbations were captured with an active marker kinematic tracking system. Contrary to traditional assumptions used in studies conducted under a similar experimental paradigm, our results indicated that the knee joint center, defined as the intercept point between the finite helical axis and the mid-coronal plane of the distal femur, was located within the femoral notch for a wide range of abduction and adduction angles (6° abduction to 6° adduction angles). Our data also indicated that at the neutral posture of the knee, the helical axes directions change as a function of the abduction/adduction perturbation angle. These findings are not only essential to error minimization during joint moment calculations, but can also facilitate new biomechanical interpretations of, for example, the functional role of the quadriceps and patellofemoral joint mechanics to overall knee stability in the medial–lateral direction. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Microbial Corrosion in Linepipe Steel Under the Influence of a Sulfate-Reducing Consortium Isolated from an Oil Field

This work investigates microbiologically influenced corrosion of API 5L X52 linepipe steel by a sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) consortium. The SRB consortium used in this study was cultivated from a sour oil well in Louisiana, USA. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the mixed bacterial consortium contained three phylotypes: members of Proteobacteria (Desulfomicrobium sp.), Firmicutes (Clostridium sp.), and Bacteroidetes (Anaerophaga sp.). The biofilm and the pits that developed with time were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and open circuit potential (OCP) were used to analyze the corrosion behavior. Through circuit modeling, EIS results were used to interpret the physicoelectric interactions between the electrode, biofilm and solution interfaces. The results confirmed that extensive localized corrosion activity of SRB is due to a formed biofilm in conjunction with a porous iron sulfide layer on the metal surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed semiconductive corrosion products predominantly composed of a mixture of siderite (FeCO3), iron sulfide (Fe x S y ), and iron (III) oxide-hydroxide (FeOOH) constituents in the corrosion products for the system exposed to the SRB consortium.
The Localisation of Bovine Sperm Hyaluronidases

Hyaluronidase is a component of the acrosome of bovine spermatozoa. Utilizing fluorescein and peroxidase-labelled antibodies, the enzyme has been localised at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Antibodies against purified bovine testicular hyaluronidase were prepared in New Zealand white rabbits. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and immuno-inhibition studies of the antiserum demonstrated the presence of an antibody specific for bovine sperm hyaluronidase with no cross reactivity to other sperm-associated antigens. Fluorescence microscopy of ejaculated bovine spermatozoa show the enzyme to be limited to the anterior portion of the acrosome with a sharp termination at the rostral border of the equatorial segment of the acrosome. Light microscopic studies with peroxidase-labelled antiserum were similar to the fluorescent findings. Fine structure studies revealed reaction product predominately associated with the matrix of the acrosome cap. Within the acrosome, more intense localisation was observed in the apical densities, while no product was visualised within the equatorial segment. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the enzyme functions to facilitate the passage of spermatozoa between cells.
Muc4/sialomucin complex, the intramembrane ErbB2 ligand, induces specific phosphorylation of ErbB2 and enhances expression of p27(kip), but does not activate mitogen-activated kinase or protein kinaseB/Akt pathways.

Muc4/sialomucin complex (SMC) is a multifunctional glycoprotein complex which can repress apoptosis in transfected tumor cells. Its transmembrane subunit acts as an intramembrane ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 to induce the phosphorylation of ErbB2 and, by acting synergistically with the ErbB3 ligand neuregulin, can potentiate the phosphorylation of ErbB2 and ErbB3. In the present study we show that Muc4/SMC alone robustly induces the phosphorylation of ErbB2 to enhance the tyrosine phosphate epitope (Tyr1248) recognized by anti-phospho-ErbB2. Although this tyrosine phosphorylation has been implicated in cell transformation, it does not activate any of the three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) or protein kinase B/Akt of the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase pathway. Instead, Muc4/SMC expression induces up-regulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip, consistent with the expression of Muc4/SMC in differentiated, rather than proliferative, epithelial cells. Interestingly, a combination of Muc4/SMC and neuregulin down-regulate p27kip and activate protein kinase B/Akt. These observations suggest that Muc4/SMC acts as a regulator of differentiation by inducing a limited phosphorylation of ErbB2 and a modulator of proliferation when acting synergistically with neuregulin to induce a more extensive phosphorylation on both ErbB2 and ErbB3.
Intramolecular charge-transfer transitions and spin-orbit coupling in heteroaromatic molecules

Abstract Theoretical and experimental results are presented which indicate that intramolecular charge-transfer transitions play an important role in spin-orbit coupling of heteroaromatic molecules.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Radial Jet Reattachment Flame

A Radial Jet Reattachment Combustion (RJRC) nozzle forces primary combustion air to exit radially from the combustion nozzle and to mix with gaseous fuel in a highly turbulent recirculation region generated between the combustion nozzle and impingement surface. High convective heat transfer properties and improved fuel/ air mixing characterize this external mixing combustor for use in impingement flame heating processes. To understand the heat transfer characteristics of this new innovative practical RJRC nozzle, statistical design and analysis of experiments was utilized. A regression model was developed which allowed for determination of the total heat transfer to the impingement surface as well as the NOx emission index over a wide variety of operating conditions. In addition, spatially resolved flame temperatures and impingement surface temperature and heat flux profiles enabled determination of the extent of the combustion process with regards to the impingement surface. Specifically, the relative sizes of the reaction envelope, high temperature reaction zone, and low temperature recirculation zone were all determined. At the impingement surface in the reattachment zone very high local heat flux values were measured. This study provides the first detailed local heat transfer characteristics for the RJRC nozzle.
Surface characters of twin domains and exsolution lamellae in a feldspar crystal: Atomic force microscopy study

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of a (001) cleavage surface of feldspar crystal reveals exsolution lamellae, wave-like (001) surfaces of the Na-rich lamellae, and surface steps with heights about 0.6 nm and 0.3 nm. The wave-like shape of (001) surfaces of albite twin domains results from surface relaxation of periodic twin domains. Both twin boundary and twin composition planes are parallel to (010). AFM images with 3-dimensional information show surface height difference between Na-rich and K-rich lamellae in some areas, which indicates that the boundaries are semi-coherent along the c axis.
Protein Kinase C Activity in Mouse Eggs Regulates Gamete Membrane Interaction

Gamete membrane interaction is critical to initiate the development of a new organism. The signaling pathways governing this event, however, are poorly understood. In this report, we provide the first evidence that protein kinase C activity in mouse eggs plays a crucial role in the regulation of this process. Stimulating PKC activity in mouse eggs by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) drastically inhibited the egg's membrane ability to bind and fuse with sperm. Surprisingly, this significant reduction of gamete membrane interaction was also observed in eggs treated with the PKC inhibitors staurosporine and calphostin c. In further analysis, we found that while no change of egg actin cytoskeleton was detected after either PMA or calphostin c treatment, the structural morphology of egg surface microvilli was severely altered in the PMA-treated eggs, but not in the calphostin c-treated eggs. Moreover, sperm, which bound but did not fuse with the eggs treated with the anti-CD9 antibody KMC8, were liberated from the egg membrane after PMA, but not calphostin c, treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that egg PKC may be precisely balanced to regulate gamete membrane interaction in a biphasic mode, and this biphasic regulation is executed through two different mechanisms. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 1465–1472, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A heat-shock-activated cDNA encoding GAGA factor rescues some lethal mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like gene.

GAGA factor is an important chromosomal protein involved in establishing specific nucleosome arrays and in regulating gene transcription in Drosophila melanogaster . We developed a transgenic system for controlled heat-shock-dependent overexpression of the GAGA factor 519 amino acid isoform (GAGA-519) in vivo . Efficient production of stable protein from these transgenes provided genetic rescue of a hypomorphic Trithorax-like ( Trl ) lethal allele to adulthood. Nevertheless, supplemental GAGA-519 did not suppress position effect variegation (PEV), a phenomenon commonly used to measure dosage effects of chromosomal proteins, nor did it rescue other lethal alleles of Trl . The results suggest requirements for the additional isoforms of GAGA factor, or for more precise regulation of synthesis, to carry out the diverse functions of this protein.
Mycotoxicosis induced in mice by Penicillium ochraceum

Abstract The toxicity of mice to rice cultures and fungal mats of isolates of P. ochraceum was tested. Rice and a modified Czapek solution containing 1% corn steep and 30 g glucose per liter were used as substrates. The substrates were inoculated with spores of the fungal isolates, incubated at 23°C for 2 wk, the cultures were treated with chloroform to destroy the spores, dried at 105°F and ground. Cultures and fungal mats were tested for aflatoxin and ochratoxin A and were negative. The rice cultures mixed at dietary concentrations of 50% (ATCC 10112, ATCC 10474, and MMK), 33 and 25% (MMK). The fungal mats were fed at concentrations of 100 (ATCC 10112 and MMK), 50 and 25 g/kg (MMK) of diet. Clinical signs of toxicity appeared within 4–6 days of feeding rice cultures of the MMK isolate and included depression, huddling, roughened hair coats, humped backs. Mice fed the other two isolates were not clinically affected except for reduced weight gains. Both species fed as fungal mats were toxic, producing clinical signs of toxicosis, reducing weight gains and causing high mortality. Lesions were nonspecific in mice fed rice cultures of the nontoxic isolates. Renal and hepatic lesions of mice fed the rice culture of the MMK isolate and the 2 diets containing fungal mats were similar and severe. Some mice were icteric, and small pinpoint green to yellow foci were found in the liver. The histopathologic alterations were dominated by a necrotizing cholangitis accompanied by disseminated focal hepatic cell necrosis, usually located in portal areas associated with affected biliary ducts. Periductal edema and periductal fibrosis with a mild infiltration with inflammatory cells were common in less acutely affected mice. Renal lesions were mild, consisting of isolated foci of tubule cell degeneration and necrosis occasionally accompanied by proteinaceous and biliary casts. The hepatic lesions produced by rice cultures of the MMK isolate and the mycelial mats were considered identical to those produced by P. viridicatum .
Equivalent Particle-Observers

IN a letter to NATURE, Prof. Synge has pointed out1 that the condition of equivalence of two distant particle-observers does not completely define the time-scale of either, and that any two distant particle-observers may be provided with clocks which satisfy the condition of equivalence and make the relative velocity of the two equal to zero. Synge concludes that the relativistic theories developed by Milne and by me fail to dispense with both the concept of rigid bodies and the concept of absolute clocks.
Swarm scholarship and the fundamental epistemology of the collective method

While it seems trivially true that adding additional scholars to study something should increase our knowledge, it is not clear exactly how they do so. Why should we think that something like ‘swarm’ scholarship would be successful? In this essay, I identify three basic ways in which studying a domain using a group of scholars could enhance our knowledge in ways traditional epistemologists could appreciate. One way is when each of number of individuals adds to the number of beliefs (or justification of beliefs) so the total amount of justified true beliefs we have increases. A second family is when something combines the beliefs claimed by different individuals into some kind of superior synthesis. A third family is when group members do things to help other group members add justified beliefs, creating a kind of multiplier effect.