cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Children's Concerns about Punishment Related to Their Aggression?.

Abstract Although moral reasoning is recognized as an influence on students' behavior, it is often overlooked in policies and interventions developed to change their behavior. Relations between specific types of moral reasoning (i.e., imminent, probable, physical, and psychological) and teacher-reported overt aggression were examined in 203 first and second graders. Regression analyses indicated that psychological reasoning explained a significant amount of the variance in overt aggression. Follow-up analyses indicated that overtly aggressive boys demonstrated more concern for the imminent consequences of their behavior on themselves (e.g., punishment) and less concern for the psychological consequences of their actions on others (e.g., hurting others' feelings) than nonaggressive boys. Implications for the prevention and treatment of aggressive behavior are discussed.
Planning urban health facilities: A computer simulation approach to delivery room utilization

Abstract The planning of Urban Health Facilities is examined with respect to predicting the number of obstetrical delivery rooms needed as a function of varying levels of demand for service. A simulation model using the GPSS language is developed which permits construction of a more representative model and eliminating certain restrictive assumptions found in other analytical models. Recommendations regarding the number of delivery rooms are given. Facility utilization statistics for various demand levels and system configurations are developed uniquely in the computer simulation.
The novel UGT1 gene complex links bilirubin, xenobiotics, and therapeutic drug metabolism by encoding UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes with a common carboxyl terminus.

The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase system (transferase) plays an important role in the pharmacokinetics of clearance of endogenous metabolites, therapeutic drugs, and xenobiotics. The human bilirubin and phenol transferases are encoded by the same gene complex which we designateUGT1. The gene arrangement indicates there are 6 exon 1s each with a promoter and each of which can predictably undergo differential splicing to the 4 common exons (2 through 5) to generate possibly 6 different mRNAs. The entire unique amino acid terminus of each isoform is encoded by an exon 1, and the common carboxyl terminus is encoded by the 4 common exons. Evidence supports the existence of other exon is upstream of the currently described locus. The 13-bp deletion in exon 2 represents the most common defect, to date, in the Crigler-Najjar, Type I individuals. Different point mutations in the 4 common exons and in exon 1 ofUGT1A, however, also account for defective bilirubin transferase activity. The gene arrangement, in conjunction with the toxicity data from the Gunn rat, leads to the prediction that detoxification of bilirubin, xenobiotics, and therapeutic drugs is linked to theUGT1 locus. The Crigler-Najjar syndromes are uncommon, but the Gilbert individuals are commonly represented in 6% of the population. It is expected that, similar to the deleterious mutations in the common region of theUGT1 locus in Crigler-Najjar, Type I individuals, there is a range of moderate to intermediate deleterious mutations in this region of the gene of at least some Gilbert's individuals. Linkages, therefore, at this locus could signal that these individuals are at risk for certain drug toxicities and/or idiosyncratic drug reactions.
Immunoglobulin heavy chain exclusion in the shark.

The adaptive immune system depends on specific antigen receptors, immunoglobulins (Ig) in B lymphocytes and T cell receptors (TCR) in T lymphocytes. Adaptive responses to immune challenge are based on the expression of a single species of antigen receptor per cell; and in B cells, this is mediated in part by allelic exclusion at the Ig heavy (H) chain locus. How allelic exclusion is regulated is unclear; we considered that sharks, the oldest vertebrates possessing the Ig/TCR-based immune system, would yield insights not previously approachable and reveal the primordial basis of the regulation of allelic exclusion. Sharks have an IgH locus organization consisting of 15–200 independently rearranging miniloci (VH-D1-D2-JH-Cμ), a gene organization that is considered ancestral to the tetrapod and bony fish IgH locus. We found that rearrangement takes place only within a minilocus, and the recombining gene segments are assembled simultaneously and randomly. Only one or few H chain genes were fully rearranged in each shark B cell, whereas the other loci retained their germline configuration. In contrast, most IgH were partially rearranged in every thymocyte (developing T cell) examined, but no IgH transcripts were detected. The distinction between B and T cells in their IgH configurations and transcription reveals a heretofore unsuspected chromatin state permissive for rearrangement in precursor lymphocytes, and suggests that controlled limitation of B cell lineage-specific factors mediate regulated rearrangement and allelic exclusion. This regulation may be shared by higher vertebrates in which additional mechanistic and regulatory elements have evolved with their structurally complex IgH locus.
HON4D: Histogram of Oriented 4D Normals for Activity Recognition from Depth Sequences

We present a new descriptor for activity recognition from videos acquired by a depth sensor. Previous descriptors mostly compute shape and motion features independently, thus, they often fail to capture the complex joint shape-motion cues at pixel-level. In contrast, we describe the depth sequence using a histogram capturing the distribution of the surface normal orientation in the 4D space of time, depth, and spatial coordinates. To build the histogram, we create 4D projectors, which quantize the 4D space and represent the possible directions for the 4D normal. We initialize the projectors using the vertices of a regular polychoron. Consequently, we refine the projectors using a discriminative density measure, such that additional projectors are induced in the directions where the 4D normals are more dense and discriminative. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our descriptor better captures the joint shape-motion cues in the depth sequence, and thus outperforms the state-of-the-art on all relevant benchmarks.
Active reflection coefficient and element efficiency in arbitrary antenna arrays

Relations among the active reflection coefficients, reflected power, element efficiency, and mutual coupling (scattering) coefficients for arbitrary, finite or infinite, regular or nonuniform arrays of possibly dissimilar radiating elements are developed. The excitation which may be employed to define the active reflection magnitudes is not unique; suitable excitations may be chosen from any complete orthogonal set.
A longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning and academic achievement in children with and without signs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood is associated with poor academic functioning. Deficits in academic functioning have proven to be less responsive to intervention than behavioral deficits in this population, yet the causes of this academic underperformance are not well understood. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between ADHD and academic performance in elementary-aged children in a developmental context. To do this, we study important cognitive variables and academic achievement over a three-year timeframe. Method: Based on teacher ratings of ADHD, children were divided into a high symptom group (n = 17) and a low symptom group (n = 34). A thorough battery of cognitive and academic tests was administered at Time 1 and again 2 years later. Cognitive measures focused specifically on working memory and response inhibition. Results: Results indicate that children who have high levels of ADHD signs differ from their low-sign peers in academic achie...
Actions of Arachidonic Acid on Contractions and Associated Electrical Activity in Guinea‐Pig Isolated Ventricular Myocytes

The actions of arachidonic acid (AA) were investigated in guinea-pig isolated ventricular myocytes. Exposure of myocytes to 10 microM AA reduced the amplitude of contractions and calcium transients accompanying action potentials at a frequency of 1 Hz. AA (10 microM) also reduced the amplitude of calcium currents recorded under voltage-clamp conditions. The suppression of contraction by AA was not prevented by either 10 microM trihydroindomethicin (to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase) or 10 microM ETYA (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, to inhibit AA metabolising enzymes), showing that the actions of AA appeared not to be mediated by these metabolites. The reduction of contraction by 10 microM AA was also not prevented by the protein kinase C inhibitor, Ro31-8220 (1 microM), showing that this pathway appeared not to be required for the observed effect. Direct effects of AA may be involved. A further action of 10 microM AA was to suppress spontaneous electrical activity induced by either the beta-adrenergic agonist isoprenaline or the Na(+) pump inhibitor, ouabain. This effect of AA on spontaneous activity might be associated with the observed reduction of calcium entry through L-type calcium channels, although additional effects of AA on calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum might also be involved. Experimental Physiology (2001) 86.4, 437-449.
Technical Services Report: Report of the ALCTS CCS Catalog Management Interest Group Meeting, American Library Association Annual Conference, Anaheim, June 2012

The ALCTS CCS Catalog Management Interest Group program at ALA's 2012 Annual Conference included five presentations on patron (or demand) driven acquisition (PDA or DDA) of electronic books. Presen...
Use of High Ionic Strength Buffers for the Separation of Proteins and Peptides with Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract The use of high ionic strength buffers with capillary electrophoresis in untreated fused silica capillaries is demonstrated for the separation of proteins and peptides. Short, small i.d. (20–25 urn) capillaries are useful as a quick screening tool for protein analysis. Electrcpherograms of standard proteins run from pH 5.0 to 10.0 in 0.5 M sodium phosphate buffers suggest that at these high ionic strengths, the proteins (relative to the electroosmotic flow markers) are not always predictable functions of their pI's. Consecutive runs of standard proteins yield excellent migration time and peak area reproducibility. Milk proteins, particularly the caseins, could be separated with the addition of 4 M urea to the buffer. Alternatively, the addition of a zwitterion to a phosphate-based buffer provide different selectivities for the protein standards. The accompanying reduction in ionic strength allows for the use of wider diameter (50 μm) and longer (57 cm) capillaries. Finally, an improved microprepa...
Kupffer Cells Express Type I TGF-β Receptors, Migrate to TGF-β and Participate in Streptococcal Cell Wall Induced Hepatic Granuloma Formation

AbstractIntraperitoneal injection of Group A streptococcal cell wall (SCW) fragments into female Lewis rats results in the induction of an acute hepatic inflammation that progresses to granulomatous lesions. Kupffer cells have been shown to rapidly clear circulating SCW which triggers production of TGF-β. In this study, we examined Kupffer cells for the expression of TGF-β receptors to determine if these cells might be modulated in an autocrine/paracrine fashion by TGF-β during SCW-hepatic inflammation. By receptor crosslinking and subsequent SDS-PAGE analysis we demonstrate that Kupffer cells express Type I TGF-β receptors, but not Types II and III. Scatchard analysis indicated a receptor density of approximately 1100 receptors per cell. Functionally, TGF-β was found to be chemotactic for Kupffer cells in vitro and this chemotactic response was higher in cells isolated from rats 1–21 days post SCW-injection. Although TGF-β1 mRNA is constitutively expressed by Kupffer cells, in vitro stimulation of the cu...
Targeted highly sensitive detection/eradication of multi-drug resistant Salmonella DT104 through gold nanoparticle–SWCNT bioconjugated nanohybrids

Monoclonal antibody-conjugated sphere-shaped gold nanoparticles were combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to create a nanohybrid system to selectively detect and eradicate multiple drug resistant Salmonella (MDRS) typhimurium DT104 bacteria. The Raman signal intensity from Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) modified monoclonal AC04 antibody SWCNTs-gold nanoparticle (SWCNT-GNPs) hybrid provided a SERS enhancement by several orders of magnitude to detect the MDRS bacteria over the GNP system. A targeted photothermolysis experiment using 670 nm light at 2 W cm(-2) for 15 min, resulted in selective and irreparable damage to more than 99% Salmonella DT104 at the concentration of 10(5) CFU mL(-1). In comparison to solely SWCNTs or GNPs, our SWCNT-GNPs nanohybrids have also shown a better photothermal efficiency.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of cw HF Chemical Laser Performance

The objectives of this research are to measure the frequency and amplitude of the time dependent oscillations which have been predicted to occur in cw chemical lasers employing unstable resonators to extract power1. These time dependent fluctuations in cw power, which were shown to be a consequence of rotational non-equilibrium, occur on lines whose saturated gain zone does not fill the unstable resonator1,2. Thus, the experimental program depends upon the ability to design an unstable resonator in which the saturated gain zone of one or more of the peak power lines does not reach further into the unstable resonator than the center line. The importance of this point is illustrated by a previous experiment3 which obtained a null result (no oscillations were observed) because the saturated gain zone of the lasing lines filled the resonator. The initial efforts have thus been directed toward verifying the ability of the computer models4,5,6 to predict the length of the saturated gain zones of the lasing lines.
Crumbs3 Is Essential for Proper Epithelial Development and Viability

First identified in Drosophila, the Crumbs (Crb) proteins are important in epithelial polarity, apical membrane formation, and tight junction (TJ) assembly. The conserved Crb intracellular region includes a FERM (band 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin) binding domain (FBD) whose mammalian binding partners are not well understood and a PDZ binding motif that interacts with mammalian Pals1 (protein associated with lin seven) (also known as MPP5). Pals1 binds Patj (Pals1-associated tight-junction protein), a multi-PDZ-domain protein that associates with many tight junction proteins. The Crb complex also binds the conserved Par3/Par6/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) polarity cassette that restricts migration of basolateral proteins through phosphorylation. Here, we describe a Crb3 knockout mouse that demonstrates extensive defects in epithelial morphogenesis. The mice die shortly after birth, with cystic kidneys and proteinaceous debris throughout the lungs. The intestines display villus fusion, apical membrane blebs, and disrupted microvilli. These intestinal defects phenocopy those of Ezrin knockout mice, and we demonstrate an interaction between Crumbs3 and ezrin. Taken together, our data indicate that Crumbs3 is crucial for epithelial morphogenesis and plays a role in linking the apical membrane to the underlying ezrin-containing cytoskeleton.
Cerebral venous thrombosis demonstration with magnetic resonance angiography

Three patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) were imaged with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Initial spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) demonstrated acute or subacute thrombosis in all patients. The presence of thrombosis was confirmed with MRA. Repeat MRA in the three patients revealed partial recanalization in one and almost complete recanalization in two patients. The etiology of CVT is reviewed, and the advantages of MRA are compared with conventional MR imaging and computed tomography in the evaluation of CVT.
The Effect of Internal Additives on the Electrical Conductivity and Activation Energy of Nylon Fibers

The inclusion of internal antistatic agents in nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 fibers increases their electrical conductivity to a much greater degree than does the inclusion of "normal" nonantistatic internal additives. Commercial antistatic additives generally raise the conductivity of nylon fibers by a factor of 1000 compared with standard commercial yarns and by a factor of 10000 compared with yarns made from "pure" polymers. Incorporating approximately 5% poly (ethylene oxide) adducts in the polymer melt prior to extrusion of the fibers raises their electrical conductivity to a level comparable to that of commercial antistatic nylon fibers. The use of high amounts of additives up to 20% did not significantly increase the conductivity. The conductivity versus temperature behavior of fibers at a constant moisture regain of 4.1% is dramatically influenced by the addition of internal antistatic additives. In terms of activation energies, the additives reduced this characteristic of the yarn from approximately 43 kcal/mol to approximately 16-30 kcal/mol. This reduction in activation energy was produced with 5% by weight of the additive, and no additional reduction was achieved by mixing more than that amount of additive with the polymer prior to extrusion. There is some indication that the additives normally incorporated in fibers such as delustrants and stabilizers tend to reduce this "wet" activation energy of pure nylon by as much as 10 to 15%.
Subtotal parathyroidectomy in renal failure: still needed after all these years.

There are scant data on the frequency of parathyroidectomy (PTX) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Medical therapy for ESRD and secondary hyperparathyroidism has evolved to include better dialytic urea removal and the use of calcitriol. The aim of this study was to determine whether medical therapy has changed the frequency or indications for PTX in the management of renal failure. Hospital and clinic records were analyzed to gather information on all patients undergoing PTX for secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) (n= 48) and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (3HPT) (n= 26) from 1986 through 1998 at our institution. Prospective computer databases were queried for information concerning both chronic dialysis and renal transplant patients at our center. The patients were divided based on date of operation before or after 1991, a divider that separated the patients into groups before or after the widespread adoption of intravenous calcitriol treatment during hemodialysis at our institution. Over the 12 year period, the proportion of our chronic dialysis patients undergoing PTX did not change significantly, ranging from 0% to 2.5% per year. Comparing all patients undergoing PTX for 2HPT during 1986–1991 versus 1992–1998, there was no significant difference in time on dialysis [7.0 ± 4.2 (n= 11) vs. 7.5 ± 4.6 (n= 36) years, mean ± SD]. The later group had higher intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels [765 ± 415 (n= 6) vs. 1377 ± 636 (n= 28) pg/ml; p= 0.03], lower serum calcium [11.2 ± 1.0 (n= 12) vs. 9.9 ± 1.5 (n= 34) mg/dl; p= 0.006], and higher serum phosphate [5.7 ± 1.6 (n= 12) vs. 7.2 ± 2.3 (n= 31) mg/dl; p= 0.042]. Among the population of patients with transplants undergoing PTX for 3HPT, the average percent per year undergoing PTX ranged from 0% to 4.2% and did not change during the study period. Comparing the 1986–1991 group to the 1992–1998 group, the time from transplantation to PTX did not change during the study period (3.3 ± 2.3 vs. 2.9 ± 3.0 years; p= 0.391), and there were no significant differences between preoperative calcium levels or iPTH levels. Despite advances in dialysis technique and pharmacologic therapy, there has been no change in the proportion of dialysis patients requiring PTX for 2HPT or 3HPT. There was also no change in the time on dialysis for patients with 2HPT or the time from transplant to PTX for patients with 3HPT. Analysis of preoperative biochemical markers as evidence of disease severity suggests there was no change in indications for PTX during our study. From this information we conclude that parathyroid pathophysiology is incompletely understood and medical therapy is not optimal, resulting in a continuing need for PTX in some patients.
Is There a Role for Nitric Oxide in Methamphetamine-Induced Dopamine Terminal Degeneration?

Methamphetamine (METH) abuse results in long-term damage to the dopaminergic system, manifesting as decreases in dopamine (DA) tissue content, DA transporter binding, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase and vesicular monoamine transporter immunostaining. However, the exact cascade of events that ultimately result in this damage has not been clearly elucidated. One factor that has been heavily implicated in METH-induced DA terminal degeneration is the production of nitric oxide (NO). Unfortunately, many of the studies attempting to clarify the role of NO in METH-induced neurotoxicity have been confounded by issues such as the disruption of METH-induced hyperthermia, preventing the formation of strong conclusions. As a result, there is a body of work suggesting that NO is sufficient for METH-induced neurotoxicity, while other studies suggest that NO does not play a role in METH-induced degeneration of DA nerve terminals. This review summarizes the existing studies investigating the role of NO in METH-induced neurotoxicity, and argues that while NO may be necessary for METH-induced neurotoxicity, it is not sufficient. Finally, important areas of future investigation are highlighted and discussed.
Output feedback adaptive stabilization of second-order systems

We consider output feedback adaptive stabilization for second-order systems with no zeros. The assumptions we make are standard, namely, that the sign of the high frequency gain is known. However, we complement the existing literature by deriving an explicit expression for the adaptive controller. The controller has the form of a 6th-order dynamic compensator with quadratic, cubic and quartic nonlinearities. The proof of convergence is based on a variation of Lyapunov's method in which the Lyapunov derivative is shown to be asymptotically nonpositive. Application of the controller to the Van der Pol and Duffing oscillators shows that the controller is effective for nonlinear systems as well.
Offset of coherent envelope position due to phase change on reflection

Different materials with different phase changes on reflection affect the surface-height measurement when interferometric techniques are employed for testing objects constructed of different materials that are adjacent to one another. We test the influence of this phase change on reflection when vertical scanning interferometry with a broadband source is used. We show theoretically and experimentally that the strong linear dependence of the dispersion of the phase change on reflection preserves the shape of the coherence envelope of the fringes but shifts it along the optical axis by approximately 10–40 nm for metallic surfaces.
General relativity as an effective field theory: The leading quantum corrections

I describe the treatment of gravity as a quantum effective field theory. This allows a natural separation of the (known) low energy quantum effects from the (unknown) high energy contributions. Within this framework, gravity is a well-behaved quantum field theory at ordinary energies. In studying the class of quantum corrections at low energy, the dominant effects at large distance can be isolated, as these are due to the propagation of the massless particles ( including gravitons) of the theory and are manifested in the nonlocal and/or nonanalytic contributions to vertex functions and propagators. These leading quantum corrections are parameter-free and represent necessary consequences of quantum gravity. The methodology is illustrated by a calculation of the leading quantum corrections to the gravitational interaction of two heavy masses.
Evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma: current practice in Taiwan

Objective: To gain an overview of the current practice of different major institutions in Taiwan in the evaluation of abdominal injuries. A further comparison was made between general surgeons and emergency physicians in this aspect. Method: A telephone survey was conducted of all emergency departments of 58 major institutions (14 medical centres, 44 district hospitals) that are capable of providing definitive care for trauma victims in Taiwan in June 2002. Respondents were asked to select the diagnostic modality of choice in the evaluation of a haemodynamically abnormal blunt trauma victim with suspected intra-abdominal injuries. In the same study period, this particular telephone scenario was also used to survey 109 individual doctors (45 emergency physicians, 64 general surgeons). Results: Most respondents preferred ultrasound (also known as focused assessment with sonography for trauma or "FAST") instead of diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) because DPL is invasive and most doctors in Taiwan have limited experience in performing DPL or interpreting the results. Conclusions: It seems reasonable to devote greater resources for emergency departments to incorporate a FAST based algorithm into their initial management of trauma victims, and to improve training in its use. It is also suggested that future ATLS teaching in Taiwan should include didactic material on FAST.
Robotic-assisted laparoscopy vs conventional laparoscopy for the treatment of advanced stage endometriosis.

Abstract Study Objective To compare robotic-assisted laparoscopy with conventional laparoscopy for treatment of advanced stage endometriosis insofar as operative time, estimated blood loss, complication rate, and length of hospital stay. Study Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II2). All procedures were performed by one surgeon between January 2004 and July 2012. Data was collected via chart review. Setting Tertiary referral center for treatment of endometriosis. Patients Four hundred twenty women with advanced endometriosis. Interventions Fertility-sparing surgery to treat advanced endometriosis, either via conventional or robotic-assisted laparoscopy. Measurements and Main Results Patient demographic data, operative time, estimated blood loss, complication rate, and length of hospital stay were compared between the 2 groups. Two hundred seventy-three patients underwent conventional laparoscopy and 147 patients underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopy for fertility-sparing treatment of advanced stage endometriosis. Patients in both groups had similar characteristics insofar as age, body mass index, and previous abdominal surgeries. There were no significant differences in blood loss or complication rate between the 2 groups. Mean operative time in the conventional laparoscopy group was 135 minutes (range, 115–156 minutes), and in the robotic-assisted laparoscopy group was 196 minutes (range, 185–209 minutes), with a mean difference in operative time of 61 minutes (p Conclusion Conventional laparoscopy and robotic-assisted laparoscopy are excellent methods for treatment of advanced stages of endometriosis. However, use of the robotic platform may increase operative time and might also be associated with longer hospital stay.
Absolute value equation solution via concave minimization

The NP-hard absolute value equation (AVE) Ax − |x| = b where \(A\in R^{n\times n}\) and \(b\in R^n\) is solved by a succession of linear programs. The linear programs arise from a reformulation of the AVE as the minimization of a piecewise-linear concave function on a polyhedral set and solving the latter by successive linearization. A simple MATLAB implementation of the successive linearization algorithm solved 100 consecutively generated 1,000-dimensional random instances of the AVE with only five violated equations out of a total of 100,000 equations.
Obturator Bypass with Nonreversed Translocated Saphenous Vein

Obturator bypasses with nonreversed translocated saphenous veins were performed in two patients with femoral graft infections. There were no deaths, limb loss, or graft occlusions at two and one-half years of follow-up in the first case and one and one-half years of follow-up in the second case. The nonreversed translocated saphenous vein is a versatile graft that allows for extraanatomic autogenous reconstruction in the face of infection. In both cases, small-caliber distal saphenous veins precluded performing reversed saphenous vein grafts.
Human electroencephalography and the tobacco industry: a review of internal documents

Objective To determine the extent and implications of internal human electroencephalography (EEG) research conducted by the tobacco industry. Methods This study analysed internal documents that describe the results of human EEG studies conducted by tobacco manufacturers. Emphasis was placed on documents that pertain to the application of EEG to product evaluation efforts. Results Internal EEG research was used to determine dose-response relations and effective threshold levels for nicotine, emphasising the importance of form and mechanism of nicotine delivery for initiating robust central nervous system (CNS) effects. Internal studies also highlight the importance of human behaviour during naturalistic smoking, revealing neurophysiological markers of compensation during smoking of reduced nicotine cigarettes. Finally, internal research demonstrates the effectiveness of EEG for the evaluation of non-nicotine phenomena including smoke-component discrimination by smokers, classification of sensory characteristics and measurement of hedonics and other subjective effects. Conclusions Tobacco manufacturers successfully developed objective, EEG-based techniques to evaluate the influence of product characteristics on acceptance and use. Internal results suggest that complex interactions between pharmacological, sensory and behavioural factors mediate the brain changes that occur with smoking. These findings have implications for current proposals regarding the regulation of tobacco products and argue for the incorporation of objective measures of product effects when evaluating the health risks of new and existing tobacco products.
Pre-Travel Health Preparation of Pediatric International Travelers: Analysis From the Global TravEpiNet Consortium

BACKGROUND Children frequently travel internationally. Health-related data on such children are limited. We sought to investigate the demographics, health characteristics, and preventive interventions of outbound US international pediatric travelers. METHODS We analyzed data from 32 099 travelers presenting for pre-travel healthcare at the Global TravEpiNet (GTEN), a national consortium of 19 travel clinics, from January 1, 2009 to June 6, 2012. RESULTS A total of 3332 (10%) of all GTEN travelers were children (<18 years of age). These children traveled mostly for leisure (36%) or to visit friends or relatives (VFR) (36%). Most popular destination regions were Africa (41%), Southeast Asia (16%), Central America (16%), and the Caribbean (16%). Compared with children traveling for leisure, VFR children were more likely to present <14 days before departure for pre-travel consultation (44% vs 28%), intended to travel for 28 days or longer (70% vs 22%), and to travel to Africa (62% vs 32%). Nearly half of the pediatric travelers (46%) received at least 1 routine vaccine, and most (83%) received at least 1 travel-related vaccine. Parents or guardians of one third of the children (30%) refused at least 1 recommended travel-related vaccine. Most pediatric travelers visiting a malaria-endemic country (72%) received a prescription for malaria chemoprophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS Ten percent of travelers seeking pre-travel healthcare at GTEN sites are children. VFR-travel, pre-travel consultation close to time of departure, and refusal of recommended vaccines may place children at risk for travel-associated illness. Strategies to engage pediatric travelers in timely, pre-travel care and improve acceptance of pre-travel healthcare interventions are needed.
Comparative analysis of hepatitis C recurrence and fibrosis progression between deceased-donor and living-donor liver transplantation: 8-year longitudinal follow-up.

Background.HepatitisCvirus(HCV)recurrenceisuniversalafterlivertransplantation(LT).Whethertheprogression of recurrent HCV is faster after live-donor LT (LDLT) compared with deceased-donor LT (DDLT) is debatable. Methods and Results. We retrospectively examined 100 consecutive LTs (65 DDLTs and 35 LDLTs) performed between July 2000 and July 2003. A total of 147 liver biopsies were performed between 6 months post-LT and last follow-up. Mean donor age and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score were significantly lower in LDLT (P0.01). On a mean follow-up of 86.66.8 months, overall patient and graft survivals were 61% (51% DDLT vs. 77.1%LDLT;P0.026)and56%(46.2%DDLTvs.71.4%LDLT;P0.042),respectively.Eightof39(20.5%)deaths(7 DDLT and 1 LDLT) and two of nine (22.2%) retransplants (one in each group) were related to recurrent HCV. Mean fibrosis scores for DDLT and LDLT were 1.91.7 and 1.61.4, respectively (P0.01). When donor age less than 50 years and MELD score less than 25 were matched among 64 patients (32 DDLT and 32 LDLT), the overall patient and graft survivals were 73.4% (68.8% DDLT vs. 78.1% LDLT; P0.439) and 71.9% (71.9% DDLT vs. 71.9% LDLT; P0.978), respectively. Conclusions. Long-term survival rates were better, and fibrosis scores were lower for LDLT. The survivals between LDLT and DDLT were comparable for patients with MELD score less than 25 and donor age less than 50 years.
Model-based control of the Mitsubishi PA-10 robot arm: application to robot-assisted surgery

The purpose of this paper is to present our results in developing a dynamic model of the Mitsubishi PA-10 robot arm for the purpose of low velocity trajectory tracking using low feedback gains. The PA-10 is ideal for precise manipulation tasks due to the backdrivability, precise positioning capabilities, and zero backlash afforded by its harmonic drive transmission (HDT). However, the compliance and oscillations inherent in harmonic drive systems, and the lack of any technical information on the internal dynamics of the transmission, make the development of an accurate dynamic model of the robot extremely challenging. The novelty of this research is therefore the development of a systematic algorithm to extract the model parameters of a harmonic drive transmission in the robot arm to facilitate model-based control. We have modeled all 7 joints of the Mitsubishi PA-10, and we have done several experiments to identify the various parameters of the harmonic drive system. We conclude with a sample trajectory tracking task which demonstrates our model-based controller for the Mitsubishi PA-10 robot arm.
ESTIMATION OF BUS DWELL TIMES WITH AUTOMATIC PASSENGER COUNTER INFORMATION

The average passenger boarding and alighting times and bus dwell times at stops are important information for estimating transit service capacities. Bus dwell time directly affects vehicle travel time, and thus the fleet size required to provide service based on scheduled headway is affected. Research focused on estimating bus dwell time and the impact of boarding and alighting passengers on dwell time. In addition, the effect of standees, time of day, and service type on bus dwell time was investigated. The data were recently collected from an archived database, within which automatic passenger counter information was recorded. The dwell times and passenger counts were recorded daily during 2001 and the first 6 months of 2002. The bus dwell time and average passenger boarding and alighting time at stops are explained using descriptive statistics.
Effect of nitrogen source on growth and trichloroethylene degradation by methane-oxidizing bacteria

The effect of nitrogen source on methane-oxidizing bacteria with respect to cellular growth and trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation ability were examined. One mixed chemostat culture and two pure type II methane-oxidizing strains, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and strain CAC-2, which was isolated from the chemostat culture, were used in this study. All cultures were able to grow with each of three different nitrogen sources: ammonia, nitrate, and molecular nitrogen. Both M. trichosporium OB3b and strain CAC-2 showed slightly lower net cellular growth rates and cell yields but exhibited higher methane uptake rates, levels of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production, and naphthalene oxidation rates when grown under nitrogen-fixing conditions. The TCE-degrading ability of each culture was measured in terms of initial TCE oxidation rates and TCE transformation capacities (mass of TCE degraded/biomass inactivated), measured both with and without external energy sources. Higher initial TCE oxidation rates and TCE transformation capacities were observed in nitrogen-fixing mixed, M. trichosporium OB3b, and CAC-2 cultures than in nitrate- or ammonia-supplied cells. TCE transformation capacities were found to correlate with cellular PHB content in all three cultures. The results of this study suggest that the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of methane-oxidizing bacteria can be used to select for high-activity TCE degraders for the enhancement of bioremediation in fixed-nitrogen-limited environments.
Substituent Effects on the Stability of Sulfenes

The geometries and energies of substituted sulfenes RCH═SO2 and alkenes RCH═CH2 were calculated at the HF/6-311+G(2d,p) level. An isodesmic reaction was designed to study substituent effects on the stability of sulfenes. The correlation between substituent group electronegativity χBE and the stability of sulfenes was reasonably good. Electropositive and π-acceptor substituents stabilized sulfenes while electronegative substituents destabilized them.
Autonomy architecture for aerobot exploration of Saturnian moon Titan

The Huygens probe arrived at Saturn's moon, Titan, January 14,2005, unveiling a world that is radically different from any other in the solar system. The data obtained, complemented by continuing observations from the Cassini spacecraft, show methane lakes, river channels and drainage basins, sand dunes, cryovolcanos and sierras. This has led to an enormous scientific interest in a follow-up mission to Titan, using a robotic lighter-than-air vehicle (or aerobot). Aerobots have modest power requirements, can fly missions with extended durations, and have very long distance traverse capabilities. They can execute regional surveys, transport and deploy scientific instruments and in-situ laboratory facilities over vast distances, and also provide surface sampling at strategic science sites. This describes our progress in the development of the autonomy technologies that will be required for exploration of Titan. We provide an overview of the autonomy architecture and some of its key components. We also show results obtained from autonomous flight tests conducted in the Mojave Desert.
Realistic and robust head-eye coordination of conversational robot actors in human tracking applications

Recent advances in computing and robot technology create new opportunities for building robots with increasingly more sophisticated interactivity. One such application is the visual interaction between humans and humanoid in tasks such as mimicking and following. Achieving realistic head-eye motion of the humanoid requires understanding of human kinesiology that dictates the way human coordinate head-eye motion and the ability to control the motion of humanoid to move in the same manner that humans do. In this paper we propose an efficient head-eye motion coordination scheme using an optimization approach - an objective function is formed based on human kinesiology and then optimized for obtaining a realistic head-eye trajectory. The tracking robustness during conversational interaction with a human is further enhanced through a visual feedback scheme, which reduces modelling errors of the humanoid hardware. Experimental results show the tracking efficiency and realism of the motion generated by the proposed scheme with Lilly, a humanoid under development in our lab.
Umbilical arteriography for the rapid diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the newborn infant

mine diatrizoate (60%) kg body weight. With the infant in the isolette the chest and upper abdomen are included on the portable radiograph which is exposed as a rapid hand injection nears completion. The use of I ml/kg of contrast allows one to repeat the examination if necessary since a total of 4 ml/kg body weight could be usedY
HOW DO ACADEMIC LIBRARIES MANAGE CHANGE IN THE 21 ST CENTURY

“Change is not what it used to be”, so says Charles Handy in his 1990 book The Age of Unreason. According to Handy, change is different today because it is discontinuous. Change does not follow a pattern any more, and its unpredictability is “confusing and disturbing”. Handy believes this kind of contemporary chaotic change calls for “discontinuous upside-down thinking to deal with it”; hence, the “un-reasonableness” of the age we live in. But librarians, of course, on the whole are a very reasonable group of people. The idea of “up-side-down thinking”, of radical and unpredictable change does not appeal to us. We, like most people, would rather avoid change altogether, or if we can “manage” change, we like to think that we can bring order out of the current chaos that we face”.
Modeling and analysis of chill and fill processes for the cryogenic storage and transfer engineering development unit tank

Abstract NASA’s future missions may require long-term storage and transfer of cryogenic propellants. The Engineering Development Unit (EDU), a NASA in-house effort supported by both Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Glenn Research Center, is a cryogenic fluid management (CFM) test article that primarily serves as a manufacturing pathfinder and a risk reduction task for a future CFM payload. The EDU test article comprises a flight-like tank, internal components, insulation, and attachment struts. The EDU is designed to perform integrated passive thermal control performance testing with liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) in a test-like vacuum environment. A series of tests, with LH 2 as a testing fluid, was conducted at Test Stand 300 at MSFC during the summer of 2014. The objective of this effort was to develop a thermal/fluid model for evaluating the thermodynamic behavior of the EDU tank during the chill and fill processes. The Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program, an MSFC in-house general-purpose computer program for flow network analysis, was utilized to model and simulate the chill and fill portion of the testing. The model contained the LH 2 supply source, feed system, EDU tank, and vent system. The test setup, modeling description, and comparison of model predictions with the test data are presented.
Hungarian Immigrants in North America

Sociologists have formulated a number of general theories to explain the residential mobility of immigrants in American cities and the formation of immigrant colonies. One such theory, brought forth by the Chicago school of sociology, conceived the residential mobility of immigrant groups in reference to subsequent waves of immigration. According to that theory, an immigrant group, upon first arriving in a city, tends to settle in a compact community near the centre of the city which is usually a deteriorated area, a slum. As the individual immigrants improve their economic position, they move from this settlement to more desirable neighbourhoods; their place in the old colony, however, is taken by new immigrants. In such a process the older ethnic group may invade a new area near the centre of the city or it may move out entirely from that part of the city to be succeeded there by another ethnic group. This wave theory was successfully applied to Canadian cities to explain the foreign islands of Montreal and the Jewish community of Winnipeg. Recently Walter Firey has put forth another theory that regards the foreign colonies as more static formations in the ecology of large cities. His study of the Italian settlement in the North End of Boston has showed that Italian immigrants localize social solidarity in their ethnic area. They gather in a section of the city where they are among themselves and may maintain rather undisturbed their special type of life with its old system of values. Thus, the theory of localized social solidarity would imply that ethnic groups show less residential mobility than the native-born population and do not fall in line with the constant “filtering process” whereby the average resident tends to filter, according to his socio-economic success, into better residential districts with higher rents.
Abstract 3655: Development of a Large Scale Predictive Atlas of Clinical Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Neuroimaging studies including diffusion and perfusion-weighted imaging identify the location and neuroanatomic extent of brain ischemia in the acute phase of infarction. Although there...
Properties of Wall Pressure Fluctuations in a Separated Flow over a Compression Ramp

An experimental study of the unsteadiness of a shock/ boundary layer interaction is presented. The interaction is produced by a 24° compression ramp at Mach number 2.84. Multi-channel measurements of wall pressure fluctuations are performed. It is found that the shock has significant large scale “rippling”; the shock induced fluctuations produce a maximum in the space time correlation for negative time delay, indicating a strong modification of transport properties in the interaction. At last, the analysis of frequency measurements suggests that shock oscillation could be triggered by the bursting mechanism in the incoming boundary layer.
Invited Commentary on Growth and Development in Children with Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections

Gastrointestinal parasites including soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms-Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale), Strongyloides stercoralis, and intestinal protozoa (Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, and Entamoeba histolytica) are among the most widespread infectious organisms disproportionately affecting children worldwide. Economically disadvantaged children living in resource limited areas of developing countries are at greatest risk for recurrent gastrointestinal parasitic infections. Infected children often suffer significant morbidity impacting growth outcomes, school attendance, and academic achievement. Consequently, morbidity imposed by disease burden associated with gastrointestinal parasitic infections can have long-term implications impeding educational success and future productivity furthering conditions of poverty. It follows that these infections are an important public health concern related to child health outcomes worldwide. The objective of this review is to highlight fundamental aspects of childhood growth and development essential for the investigation and further understanding of morbidity associated with gastrointestinal parasitic infections in children.
The Effect of Genotype-Environment Interactions on Broiler Growth

Abstract THE value of a genotype is always defined in terms of its average response over a specific population of environments; therefore, a genotype has no intrinsic value of its own. In particular environments a genotype may perform better or worse than expected from its average performance over many environments. Interactions of genotype with environment are of fundamental importance in plant and animal breeding because their involvement influences breeding procedure. It is very likely that there is a high correlation between an animal’s ability to do well in diverse environments, but residual variation associated with genotype-environment interactions may be an important factor in selecting appropriate testing procedures. The present study was designed to provide further information on the importance of genotype-environment interactions on broiler growth. Generally, experimental evidence has indicated that these interactions do not assume the importance in poultry that they do in plants. Primary interest in poultry in documenting…