cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban land area and population growth: A new scaling relationship for metropolitan expansion

In most metropolitan regions throughout the globe, urbanised land area is increasing to accommodate increasing population size. This article provides a simple yet powerful mathematical description of this urban expansion. Specifically, the following scaling relationship is proposed: land area (A) increases proportionally to population size (P) raised to a power (n)— i.e. A ∝ P n. During 1950—2000, this relationship is found to hold well for US Census urban areas (UAs) with a greater than 10 per cent increase in population. Values for the parameter n vary among UAs, with a central tendency value of ∼ 2, suggesting that, on average, newcomers to urban areas occupy about twice the land area per capita of existing residents. If n were exactly equal to 2, then the parameter group P/√A (called `linear population density', or LPD) would be constant over time. LPD (units: people per metre) is the number of people in a metre-wide strip across an urban area. LPD is distinct from, and behaves somewhat differently th...
Ultrasound-Guided Thoracentesis

Pleural effusions are an extremely common problem affecting approximately 1.5 million people in the United States each year. Over the last several years, the use of portable ultrasound machines has greatly enhanced the evaluation and management of patients with pleural disease. This article will review the relevant literature supporting the use of ultrasound for the evaluation of patients with pleural disease and address some practical practice management issues regarding ultrasonography.
Ordering scheduling problem in manufacturing systems

The problem of scheduling customer orders in the management of a large multi-product warehouse is addressed under realistic assumptions including rapidly changing data, uncertainties and unforeseen events. Simple flexible solution strategies are sought, in the sense that the scheduling problem should not be solved again from the beginning every time new information becomes available. Among the solution strategies, one is based on a few statistical assumptions about the random variables involved in the process: it exploits a stochastic version of the well-known duality principle for nonlinear programming and yields a number of interesting features.
Markov chain-based models for missing and faulty data in MICA2 sensor motes

We have developed Markov chain-based techniques for infield modeling the missing and faulty data for the widely used MICA2 sensor motes. These models help designers of sensor nodes and sensor networks to gain insights into the behavior of any particular sensor platform. The models also enable users of sensor networks to collect high integrity data from the deployed networks in a more efficient and reliable way. The new approach for development and validation of faults and missing data has two phases. In the first phase, we conduct exploratory analysis of data traces collected from the deployed sensor networks. In the second phase, we use the density estimation-based procedure to derive semi Markov models that best capture the patterns and statistics of missing and faulty data in the analyzed sensor data streams. We have applied the fault detection and missing data modeling procedure on light, temperature and humidity sensors on MICA2 motes in sensor networks deployed in office space and natural habitats. The technical highlight of the research presented in this paper include: (i) exploratory data analysis and studying the properties of the sensor data streams; and (ii) adoption of a new class of semi Markov-chain models for capturing and predicting missing and faulty data in actual data trace streams
An Application of Smart-Structure Technology to Rotor Blade Tip Vibration Control

This paper presents the experimental development of a simple and effective vibration control scheme by employing smart-structure technology Due to high accuracy and high slew rate requirements for lightweight structures, vibration control becomes a challenging task. In this paper, it is proposed to ac tively control rotor blade tip vibration with collocated piezoceramic sensors and actuators. To include the flexible characteristics of rotor blades in the analysis, a flexible cantilever beam is used to simulate the dy namic behavior of the blade subjected to external disturbances, generated by a magnetic shaker. The shaker was installed near the tip of the simulated rotor blade to maximize the external excitations. PZT4 piezoce ramic sensor and actuator were used and considered as elements of the smart structure. Based on the derived dynamic model, a proportional gain feedback controller was implemented to compensate for the vibratory de flections of the underlying structure. The results of the work show t...
Determination of Cloud Altitude from a Satellite

The successful flight of Tiros I has stimulated the interest of geophysicists and meteorologists in cloud formations. It is very difficult, if not impossible, however, to judge the type of cloud in a picture taken by a satellite. Such judgment would be greatly enhanced if the altitude of the cloud were known. A method of measuring altitudes of clouds from a satellite is proposed in this letter.
Political polarisation and environmental inequality: a pilot study of pollution release amounts and practices in ‘red’ versus ‘blue’ states

This study explores a new effect of political polarisation upon the American landscape: environmental inequality. The study theorises that the ‘red’ state (voting predominately republican in presidential elections)/’blue’ state (voting predominately democratic in presidential elections) ideological divide may serve as a more reliable and consistent measure of environmental inequality at the state level than income, race, and other demographics. The study finds statistically significant differences in the total amounts of industrial contaminants released, and the way that they are released, on a population-adjusted basis in the collective 22 ‘red’ versus 22 ‘blue’ states. The results suggest that political polarisation – as a proxy for ideologically-driven disparities in relative levels of awareness and concern about environmental quality – may result in materials differences in the amounts and ways industrial contaminants are released in local environments.
Agent-based automated trust negotiation for pervasive computing

For pervasive computing systems, how to trust the mobile clients such as devices, users and applications is a great challenge. This paper provides an answer to this question by introducing an agent-based automated trust negotiation framework. In this trust negotiation framework, the client tries to establish the trust relationship with the system through an active trust negotiation scheme. The first stage in this active trust negotiation scheme is to download the trust negotiation strategy from the host system. In the second stage, the client and the host system use the same trust negotiation strategy to establish trust relationship between them so that the client can be granted to access the requested resources. By using the mobile agents, security capsules, to encode the definition and interpretation of trust negotiation strategies, trust negotiation strategies can be distributed and loaded dynamically and transparently. The mobility, transparency and configurability brought by the security capsules make this framework flexible, adaptive and dynamic for automated trust negotiation between different clients and systems.
Blockade of beta-adrenoceptor in control of blood pressure in fowl.

Several avian species show elevated blood pressure (BP) and spontaneous atherogenesis in the aorta and other large arteries. The BP appears to be influenced by age, sex (higher in males), environment, and diet in some species. We reported previously that mean aortic pressure and heart rate, but not plasma renin activity (PRA), of conscious female domestic fowl were markedly reduced by propranolol. In the present study, we aimed to determine in conscious roosters whether 1) hypotension evoked by atenolol or practolol, which selectively inhibit cardiac beta-receptors in mammals, is more potent than that evoked by propranolol, and 2) the renin-angiotensin (ANG) system and/or catecholamines are involved in beta-adrenoceptor antagonist-induced hypotension. Mean arterial pressure (171.2 +/- 3.5 mmHg) and heart rate (281 +/- 4 beats/min) of chronically cannulated roosters (n = 38) were markedly reduced by acute infusion or repeated injections (14 days) of propranolol, atenolol, or practolol, but not by SQ-14,225 (ANG-converting enzyme inhibitor) or [Sar1, Thr8]ANG II (nonselective ANG receptor antagonist). None of the beta-adrenoceptor blockers, however, showed cardioselectivity. The resting PRA of conscious roosters (1.27 +/- 0.09 ng.ml-1.h-1, n = 38) was low and did not change significantly after chronic or acute treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blockers except for a slight decrease induced by practolol. PRA increased after SQ-14,225. The plasma levels (pg/ml) of norepinephrine (701.9 +/- 76.0), epinephrine (337.2 +/- 57.1), and dopamine (299.1 +/- 39.0) of conscious roosters were further increased by propranolol. Practolol also increased dopamine significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Web 2.0 and Participatory Governance

By integrating a Geographic Information System (GIS) into a web portal, we allow a multi-way dialog between Hong Kong's citizens and planning officials. Alternative development plans for Lantau (Hong Kong's largest island) can be analyzed through interactive maps, which allow citizens to compare and comment on specific geo-referenced features. Lantau Island's extensive nature reserves, which offer protected nesting grounds for numerous bird species and other ecological and recreational services, are being weighed against extensive economic development. This experiment in open governance within China will also serve as a laboratory to study qualitative differences in citizen learning, between online dialog and face-to-face group deliberation. Our experiments will explore resolutions to a classical economic paradox from social choice theory, and point to potential improvements in contemporary efforts to bring open and responsive government through information technology.
The Apostle Peter: Courageous in the End

Jesus called him “the rock” but he didn’t act much like a rock in the 22nd chapter of the gospel of Luke. A Catholic preacher looked at this chapter and made the comment that people study the rise and fall of things. This is the fall and rise. As often is the case, God reverses normal things. When one looks at Peter or any of the other apostles, it is comforting to realize that if God could build his church with such as these, there is room for all of us.
Robert Rypon and the Creation of London, British Library, MS Harley 4894: A Master Preacher and his Sermon Collection

London, British Library, MS Harley 4894 is a handsome manuscript containing the fifty-nine extant sermons of Master Robert Rypon, a monk of Durham priory in England at the turn of the fifteenth century. Complete with illuminated initials and a detailed index, this sermon collection attests not only to the high regard in which Rypon was held as a preacher but to the resources that the monks were willing to expend in preserving his sermons and making them accessible to current and future readers. Like a model sermon collection the sermons are arranged in liturgical order, and the manuscript employs a system of marginal annotations which, together with its index, is designed to help readers navigate the collection. This article presents evidence, palaeographical and textual, suggesting that Rypon himself is the mastermind behind the creation of Harley 4894.
Quantum Lattice Fluctuations and Nonlinear Optics of Conducting Polymers

Quantum lattice fluctuations of conjugated polymers in the form of virtual soliton-antisoliton pairs have important effects on the nonlinear optical properties. Quantitative calculations of nonlinear susceptibilities based on the solitonic molecular model are presented.
Dengue and chikungunya: modelling the expansion of mosquito-borne viruses into naïve populations.

With the recent global spread of a number of mosquito-borne viruses, there is an urgent need to understand the factors that contribute to the ability of viruses to expand into naive populations. Using dengue and chikungunya viruses as case studies, we detail the necessary components of the expansion process: presence of the mosquito vector; introduction of the virus; and suitable conditions for local transmission. For each component we review the existing modelling approaches that have been used to understand recent emergence events or to assess the risk of future expansions. We identify gaps in our knowledge that are related to each of the distinct aspects of the human-mosquito transmission cycle: mosquito ecology; human-mosquito contact; mosquito-virus interactions; and human-virus interactions. Bridging these gaps poses challenges to both modellers and empiricists, but only through further integration of models and data will we improve our ability to better understand, and ultimately control, several infectious diseases that exert a significant burden on human health.
Electrochemical and Chemical Sulfidation of GaAs: A Surface Chemical Study

Treatment of gallium arsenide with sulfur-containing media has been shown to improve GaAs surface electronic properties. However, there is still considerable controversy regarding the chemical nature of the surface film which results from the sulfidation, and of the basis of the electronic improvement and of the decay in the improved electronic properties with time. We have investigated the surface chemistry of the chemical sulfidation treatment of GaAs with Na2S-9H2O and the electrochemical sulfidation treatment of GaAs with Na2S-9H2O-ethylene glycol. Using surface infrared spectroscopy (SIRS), we have studied the film formed on the surface after the treatments and its behavior with time. Results show that the film on the GaAs surface contains sulfur which is often associated with oxygen, that this film slowly reacts in air to form unexpected species, e.g. sodium carbonate and sulfur-oxygen group-containing compounds, and that sulfur and oxygen are non-uniformly distributed.
S -matrix calculations of energy levels of sodiumlike ions

A recent $S$-matrix-based QED calculation of energy levels of the lithium isoelectronic sequence is extended to the general case of a valence electron outside an arbitrary filled core. Emphasis is placed on modifications of the lithiumlike formulas required because more than one core state is present, and an unusual feature of the two-photon exchange contribution involving autoionizing states is discussed. The method is illustrated with a calculation of the energy levels of sodiumlike ions, with results for $3{s}_{1/2}, 3{p}_{1/2}$, and $3{p}_{3/2}$ energies tabulated for the range $Z=30\char21{}100$. Comparison with experiment and other calculations is given, and prospects for extension of the method to ions with more complex electronic structure discussed.
Fault Analysis of Dry-type Air-core Series Reactor

Through analyzing and test a dry-type air-core series reactor fault in Guangdong Province,the uneven temperature distribution of one dry-type air-core series reactor was found,it was partial overheating,the usual temperature rise examination couldn′t reflect the real temperature of such a reactor winding totally.It is suggested that the detected highest temperature of the reactor winding should be regarded as the final result of temperature rise test for such kind of reactor.
181 PULMONARY mRNA LEVELS OF RARα AND HIF2α IN CHRONICALLY VENTILATED PRETERM LAMBS

Background In the premature infant, volume trauma contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease, which is characterized by an arrest of secondary septation. Similarly, conventional ventilation (CV) in the preterm lamb inhibits secondary septation, whereas nasal continuous positive pressure (NCPAP) permits septation. We have recently demonstrated that vitamin A supplementation (VitA) of the preterm lamb during CV also permits septation. The transcription factor HIF2α contributes to VEGF regulated septation in the lung, but it is unknown whether HIF2 α mRNA levels respond to vitamin A treatment. Objective We hypothesized that VitA therapy increases pulmonary HIF2 α mRNA levels in chronically ventilated preterm lambs through RAR α signaling. Methods Preterm lambs were delivered at 132d of gestation. All lambs were treated with antenatal steroids and postnatal surfactant. The lambs were managed with NCPAP (control), CV, or CV+VitA for 72 hours. Lung tissue was harvested; DNA and RNA were isolated. Segments of the Ovis aeries HIF2 α and RAR α cDNA were cloned and sequenced. Real time RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA levels. Results A1295 bp cDNA fragment of the sheep HIF2 α was cloned, which was 92% and 89% homologous to the human and mouse HIF2 α sequences respectively. A 516 bp DNA fragment of the sheep RAR α was cloned, which was similarly 94% and 92% homologous to the human and mouse RAR α sequences respectively. Interestingly, relative to the NCPAP controls, both CV and CV+VitA significantly decreased HIF2 α expression 65 ± 12%* and 65 ± 14%* respectively (*p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, CV+VitA increased RAR α mRNA levels to o 160% of both NCPAP and CV. Conclusion The cloned segments of sheep HIF2 α and RAR α were reasonably well conserved, emphasizing their evolutionary importance. Three days of CV in the preterm lamb significantly decreased pulmonary HIF2 α mRNA levels regardless of whether the lambs were treated with VitA. The lack of VitA response by HIF2 α is likely not a result of ineffectual VitA dosing, because CV+VitA increased RAR α mRNA levels. We speculate that the improved septation seen through VitA therapy of the chronically ventilated preterm lamb does not occur through transcriptional regulation of the HIF2 α gene.
Research of water-based conductive ink and its conductive property

A new type of water-based conductive ink was synthesized by using water-based acrylic resin as the binder, and conductive agents, including the water-based graphene paste and conductive carbon black. The conductive mechanism and the influencing factors on the variation of conductivity were analyzed. The results show that when the conductive agent is a single component(graphene or conductive carbon black), the volume resistivity decreases with the increase of content of conductive agent, but when the content is hicher than a certain level, the volume resistivity rebounds. Whereas, in the case of compound conductive agent(with both graphene and conductive carbon black), the conductivity of the water-based ink is better than the ones with only one conductive agent. At the same time, the volume resistivity of conductive ink increases with the increase of content of acrylic resin.
Today's opportunities for dietitians and nutritionists.

With comprehensive health care comes an increased recognition that no one profession, facility, or agency can accomplish what needs to be done alone; all the varied resources of a community must be mobilized and utilized. Dietitians and public health nutritionists have specific and valuable contributions to make, as indicated by the examples given in this paper of how the profession may cope with increased opportunities.
Chloride titration in the dog: the influence of extracellular fluid expansion on the pattern of chloride reabsorption.

1. The technique of chloride titration was employed in twenty dogs to determine the pattern of renal chloride handling in response to systematic increases in filtered chloride load. The influence of variations in sodium reabsorption on this pattern was also assessed by producing a wide spectrum of volume expansion during the titration protocols. 2. The results indicate that chloride reabsorption is proportional both to the rate of chloride filtration and to the rate of sodium reabsorption and, hence, that the specific pattern of each chloride titration curve is the fortuitous consequence of the interplay between these two factors. 3. The rate of chloride reabsorption relative to the simultaneous rate of sodium reabsorption was used as an index of the ability of the kidney to maintain chloride homeostasis and indicated that the kidney invariably tends to return depressed. plasma chloride concentration towards normal but, under the conditions of these acute experiments, consistently tends to reduce elevated plasma chloride concentration only when cation reabsorption is markedly depressed. 4. The present observations do not elucidate the mechanism responsible for these findings but suggest that plasma chloride concentration is not regulated through the operation of a threshold mechanism.
Abstract B18: Thrombospondin-1 regulates carcinogenesis in an in vivo model of colorectal cancer

According to the National Cancer Institute more than 140,000 people will be diagnosed in the United States with colorectal cancer this year alone. The adenomatus polyposis coli (APC) gene is frequently mutated in colorectal cancer, the APC-min mouse correspondingly is a widely used model for the study of this type of cancer. Studies indictate that the matricellular protein Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is lost during progression of colon cancer. To study the role of TSP1 in this disease we generated APC-min and TSP-/- APC-min mice. Our data indicates that expression of TSP1 in the APC-min mouse prevents the development of adenomas in the large intestine in mice fed a low fat diet. On the other hand lack of TSP1 increases tumor multiplicity in these mice, and up-regulates Ki67 in intestinal tissue. Moreover TSP-/- APC-min mice show 50% reduction in survival when compared to TSP+/+APC-min mice alone. Here we show that ADD1/SREBP1 a key transcription factor linking changes in nutritional status of certain genes that regulate systemic energy metabolism is upregulated only in the TSP null APC min/+ animals indicating and association with increased tumor aggressiveness. Together this data indicates that TSP1 regulates progression of colon carcinogenesis and define molecular targets of TSP1 in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Citation Format: David R. Soto Pantoja, Maria E. Torres, J. Michael Sipes, Nicole Morris, David D. Roberts, Nancy J. Emenaker. Thrombospondin-1 regulates carcinogenesis in an in vivo model of colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr B18.
Computing Customer Cones of Peering Networks

We present a method to compute the customer cones of peering networks using PCH data. Our method computes location dependent customer cones (LDCCs) for networks that are present at more than one IXP instead of computing a single customer cone for each network. We use our method to compute 5753 LDCCs for 3290 IXP participants. Our preliminary analysis of the LDCCs reveals that IXP participants often have different customer cones at different locations.
YBa2Cu3O7-δ Thick Films on Ni-based Alloys

YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) thick films were prepared on Ni based alloys with an ion beam assisted deposited and textured yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) buffer layer. Transport critical current densities (Jc) over 1×106 A/cm2 at 75 K, and over l×l07A/cm2at 4 K were obtained in the 1 µm thick YBCO films. Zero field critical current of 198 Amps at 75 K was obtained in a 2 µm thick and 1 cm wide YBCO film. Angular dependence measurement revealed Jc peaks for both H//c and H//a-b. The peak for H//c implies additional pinning due to defects such as small angle grain boundaries or twin boundaries. It was also found that the thick films on Ni based alloys were quite flexible.
Tensional homeostasis in endothelial cells is a multicellular phenomenon

Mammalian cells of various types exhibit the remarkable ability to adapt to externally applied mechanical stresses and strains. Because of this adaptation, cells can maintain their endogenous mechanical tension at a preferred (homeostatic) level, which is essential for normal physiological functions of cells and tissues and provides protection against various diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. Conventional wisdom is that the cell possesses the ability to maintain tensional homeostasis on its own. Recent findings showed, however, that isolated cells cannot maintain tensional homeostasis. Here we studied the effect of multicellular interactions on tensional homeostasis by measuring traction forces in isolated bovine aortic endothelial cells and in confluent and nonconfluent cell clusters of different sizes. We found that, in isolated cells, the traction field exhibited a highly dynamic and erratic behavior. However, in cell clusters, dynamic fluctuations of the traction field became attenuated with increasing cluster size, at a rate that was faster in nonconfluent than confluent clusters. The driving mechanism of attenuation of traction field fluctuations was statistical averaging of the noise, and the impeding mechanism was nonuniform stress distribution in the clusters, which resulted from intercellular force transmission, known as a "global tug-of-war." These results show that isolated cells could not maintain tensional homeostasis, which confirms previous findings, and that tensional homeostasis is a multicellular phenomenon, which is a novel finding.
Absence of Polymorphism between DR and DQ Sequences Isolated from Celiac Disease Patients and Normals

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy or celiac disease is characterized by small intestinal mucosal injury and malabsorption. The disease is activated by dietary exposure to gluten and similar proteins. More that 90% of individuals with celiac disease express the DR3 or DR7 and DQw2 serologic specificities (Table 1). Two mechanisms could explain the association between class H MHC gene products and celiac disease: either a gene in linkage disequilibrium with class II genes predisposes to the disease or one of the class II genes itself is involved in celiac disease. This last hypothesis predicts that one of the genes, DR3/7 or DQw2a/13, in individuals with celiac disease might be different from those genes in individuals free of disease. Neither hypothesis excludes the role of other genes, unlinked to MHC, in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Concept-Based Curriculum: Changing Attitudes and Overcoming Barriers

Many nursing educators have considered the implementation of a concept-based curriculum, with active, conceptual teaching and learning strategies, which offers a way to respond to the overwhelming content saturation in many nursing curricula. However, barriers abound, including faculty concerns about loss of control, changing faculty role and identity, and fear of failure. This article clarifies these legitimate barriers and offers practical strategies for success in curriculum change.
The vaginal mycobiome: A contemporary perspective on fungi in women's health and diseases.

Most of what is known about fungi in the human vagina has come from culture-based studies and phenotypic characterization of single organisms. Though valuable, these approaches have masked the comp...
Chronic Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Therapy Reduces Priapic Activity in Transgenic Sickle Cell Mice: Restoring Nitric Oxide/Redox Balance in the Penis.

Abstract 576 Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD)-associated priapism is characterized by aberrant nitric oxide (NO) regulatory pathway signaling and reduced endothelial NO bioavailability resulting in phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) dysregulation in the penis. Our objective was to determine the effect of chronic PDE5 inhibitor therapy on in vivo erectile responses as well as on NO signaling and redox actions in the penis in an animal model of SCD in order to identify mechanisms associated with this therapeutic effect. Our animal model comprised transgenic sickle cell (SS) mice, expressing human sickle hemoglobin. Methods: Five groups of mice were used: 1) wild type (WT), 2) sickle cell heterozygotes (Hemi), 3) sickle cell homozygotes (Sickle), 4) WT + sildenafil (100 mg/kg per day), and 5) Sickle + sildenafil (100 mg/kg per day). All experimental groups underwent cavernous nerve electrical stimulation (CNS; 0.5 - 6 V) to assess erectile function (intracavernous pressure; ICP), and their responses were compared to WT. The frequency of erectile responses (erections/hr) pre- and post-stimulation was also determined. Analyses of penes were: total endothelial NOS (eNOS) and its phosphorylated/activated form (p-eNOS, Ser-1177), and PDE5 expressions; eNOS uncoupling (ratio of active eNOS dimer vs. inactive monomer); reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; cGMP, NOS and PDE5 activities; and electron microscopy. Results: Erectile responses to CNS were significantly enhanced (P<0.05) in the Sickle when compared to Hemi and WT at all voltage settings. Sickle mice treated with sildenafil had a reduction (P<0.05) in spontaneous erections and reduced erectile responses to CNS, while sildenafil therapy had no effect on erectile responses in WT. EM showed endothelial cell interruption with loss of normal endothelial architecture and increased smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in Sickle mice penes. Sickle mice penes had reduced eNOS activity, p-eNOS expression, cGMP level, and PDE5 activity and increased eNOS uncoupling and ROS generation. Sildenafil therapy restored cGMP, NOS and PDE5 activities, improved p-eNOS expression, prevented eNOS uncoupling, and reduced ROS generation in Sickle mice penes compared to WT. Conclusions: The priapic activity in the Sickle mouse is associated with a reduction in the functions of NOS and PDE5 and an NO/redox imbalance in the penis, and chronic PDE5 inhibitor therapy reverses this phenotype by restoring normal NO-mediated penile vascular homeostasis. These data support the use of PDE5 inhibitors for the treatment of priapism associated with hematologic dyscrasias. Disclosures: Burnett: Pfizer Inc: Research Funding; Lilly LLC: Research Funding. Off Label Use: Sildenafil and tadalafil are FDA approved for treating erectile dysfunction.
Experimental validation and model development for thermal transmittances of porous window screens and horizontal louvred blind systems

Virtually every home in the US has some form of shades, blinds, drapes, or other window attachment, but few have been designed for energy savings. In order to provide a common basis of comparison for thermal performance it is important to have validated simulation tools. This paper outlines a review and validation of the ISO 15099 centre-of-glass thermal transmittance correlations for naturally ventilated cavities through measurement and detailed simulations. The focus is on the impacts of room-side ventilated cavities, such as those found with solar screens and horizontal louvred blinds. The thermal transmittance of these systems is measured experimentally, simulated using computational fluid dynamics analysis, and simulated utilizing simplified correlations from ISO 15099. Correlation coefficients are proposed for the ISO 15099 algorithm that reduces the mean error between measured and simulated heat flux for typical solar screens from 16% to 3.5% and from 13% to 1% for horizontal blinds.
Spectral and spatial variability of undisturbed and disturbed grass under different view and illumination directions

It is well known that disturbed grass covered surfaces show variability with view and illumination conditions. A good example is a grass field in a soccer stadium that shows stripes indicating in which direction the grass was mowed. These spatial variations are due to a complex interplay of spectral characteristics of grass blades, density, their length and orientations. Viewing a grass surface from nadir or near horizontal directions results in observing different components. Views from a vertical direction show more variations due to reflections from the randomly oriented grass blades and their shadows. Views from near horizontal show a mixture of reflected and transmitted light from grass blades. An experiment was performed on a mowed grass surface which had paths of simulated heavy foot traffic laid down in different directions. High spatial resolution hyperspectral data cubes were taken by an imaging spectrometer covering the visible through near infrared over a period of time covering several hours. Ground truth grass reflectance spectra with a hand held spectrometer were obtained of undisturbed and disturbed areas. Close range images were taken of selected areas with a hand held camera which were then used to reconstruct the 3D geometry of the grass using structure-from-motion algorithms. Computer graphics rendering using raytracing of reconstructed and procedurally created grass surfaces were used to compute BRDF models. In this paper, we discuss differences between observed and simulated spectral and spatial variability. Based on the measurements and/or simulations, we derive simple spectral index methods to detect spatial disturbances and apply scattering models.
Epigenetic effects of inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in human pancreatic and colon cancer.

Silencing of tumor suppressor and DNA repair genes through methylation plays a role in cancer development, growth and response to therapy in colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) regulates transcription of DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMT). In addition, DNMTs are client proteins of HSP90. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of HSP90 inhibition on DNA methylation in colorectal and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our data shows that inhibition of HSP90 using ganetespib resulted in downregulation of mRNA and protein expression of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B in HT-29 and MIA PaCa-2 cell lines. This in turn was associated with a drop in the fraction of methylated cytosine residues and re-expression of silenced genes including MLH-1, P16 and SPARC. These effects were validated in HT-29 tumors implanted subcutaneously in mice following in vivo administration of ganetespib. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of ganetespib, an HSP90 inhibitor in modulating DNA methylation through downregulation of DNMT expression.
Indications and appropriate selection of novel oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation

### Learning objectives Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and the incidence and prevalence of this disease are rising.1 2 It is estimated that by the year 2050 there will be over 7.5 million patients with AF in the USA alone.3 This disease carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality driven in large part by the development of heart failure and thromboembolism.4 Oral anticoagulation therapy is effective in reducing risk of stroke and systemic embolism and is the standard of care for patients undergoing either a rhythm or rate control strategy. For years warfarin has been the mainstay of stroke prophylaxis. More recently, direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have entered the marketplace.5 Their site of action within the coagulation cascade is outlined in figure 1.6 7 These newer agents have rapidly been incorporated into modern practice,8 though there remains a role for warfarin among various subgroups. Selecting an appropriate agent is a complex decision and must take account a patient’s comorbidities, preference for dosing and monitoring, concern over the lack of a specific antidote, and importantly, financial constraints. Figure 1 Overview of the coagulation system and sites of action of novel oral anticoagulants. The extrinsic pathway is activated by the exposure of tissue factor-expressing cells to blood through vascular injury. The intrinsic pathway is activated by the binding of factor IXa to factor VIIIA on anionic cell surfaces to form the intrinsic tenase complex. Activated platelets provide binding sites for this interaction. These processes then proceed through a common pathway ultimately resulting in activated …
Novel knottin miniproteins for tumor angiogenesis targeting

1183 Objectives Integrin receptors play a pivot role in tumor angiogenesis. Engineered EETI-II knottin miniproteins 2.5D and 2.5F have shown high binding affinities (10-30 nmol/L) to integrin receptors. These peptides labeled with 64Cu have been examined for micro positron emission tomography (µPET) imaging of tumor integrin receptors, and they have displayed excellent tumor targeting ability and imaging quality. In this study, 2.5D and 2.5F were further labeled with 111In, a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radionuclide with relatively long half life, in order to evaluate the potential applications of EETI-II knottins for tumor SPECT imaging and radiotherapy. Methods 2.5D and 2.5F were synthesized, purified and site-specifically conjugated with 1, 4, 7, 10-tetra-azacyclododecane-N, N′, N′′,N′′′-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). The resulting bioconjugates were then labeled with 111InCl3 and tested for their stability in mouse serum. The 111In-radiocomplexes were then tested for cellular uptake, in vivo biodistribution and microSPECT/computed tomography (µSPECT/CT) imaging in murine xenograft bearing human SKOV3 ovarian cancer. Results DOTA conjugated knottins preserve high binding affinity. The 111In-DOTA-knottins were stable in mouse serum under 37oC for 24 hr. Compared with 111In-DOTA-2.5D, 111In-DOTA-2.5F displayed higher uptakes in both SKOV3 cells and tumors. 111In-DOTA-2.5F also exhibited longer tumor retention in vivo. Finally. both knottins showed higher tumor uptake than that of 111In labeled monomeric c(RGDfK). Conclusions Both knottins are promising probes for SPECT imaging of αvβ3 positive tumors. Knottin 2.5F may be more appealing to angiogenesis targeted radiotherapy due to its better pharmacokinetic profile in vivo
Taking Innovation To Scale In Primary Care Practices: The Functions Of Health Care Extension.

Health care extension is an approach to providing external support to primary care practices with the aim of diffusing innovation. EvidenceNOW was launched to rapidly disseminate and implement evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular preventive care in the primary care setting. Seven regional grantee cooperatives provided the foundational elements of health care extension—technological and quality improvement support, practice capacity building, and linking with community resources—to more than two hundred primary care practices in each region. This article describes how the cooperatives varied in their approaches to extension and provides early empirical evidence that health care extension is a feasible and potentially useful approach for providing quality improvement support to primary care practices. With investment, health care extension may be an effective platform for federal and state quality improvement efforts to create economies of scale and provide practices with more robust and coordinated...
Military Uniforms and the Making of a National Industry

Until Federation in 1901, the colonies of Australia each had their own military forces, more often than not boasting flamboyantly colourful uniforms. A major reorganisation took place when Major-General Hutton introduced the Dress Regulations in 1903 and transformed the colonial units into a national defence force, incorporating new uniforms and other innovations. Descriptions are provided of various colonial uniforms and their design prototypes of regiments in the UK. Hutton’s innovative reorganisation plans provided an impetus for another innovator, Senator Pearce, who eventually succeeded, by using the terms of the Defence Act of 1909, in obtaining parliamentary approval for the construction of a dedicated government factory for uniform production. The policy debates leading up to the birth of the Australian Government Clothing Factory provide insight into the attitudes at the time, looking towards the Royal Army Clothing Factory of Pimlico, UK, to provide guidance for the construction and layout of such a factory.
Lightweight detection of cache conflicts

In memory hierarchies, caches perform an important role in reducing average memory access latency. Minimizing cache misses can yield significant performance gains. As set-associative caches are widely used in modern architectures, capacity and conflict cache misses co-exist. These two types of cache misses require different optimization strategies. While cache misses are commonly studied using cache simulators, state-of-the-art simulators usually incur hundreds to thousands of times a program's execution runtime. Moreover, a simulator has difficulty in simulating complex real hardware. To overcome these limitations, measurement methods are proposed to directly monitor program execution on real hardware via performance monitoring units. However, existing measurement-based tools either focus on capacity cache misses or do not distinguish capacity and conflict cache misses. In this paper, we design and implement CCProf, a lightweight measurement-based profiler that identifies conflict cache misses and associates them with program source code and data structures. CCProf incurs moderate runtime overhead that is at least an order of magnitude lower than simulators. With the evaluation on a number of representative programs, CCProf is able to guide optimizations on cache conflict misses and obtain nontrivial speedups.
AIDS-related central nervous system lymphomas.

Purpose: To evaluate combined radio-chemotherapy in patients with AIDS-related lymphomatous meningitis (LM) or primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Patients and methods: Eighteen men and 2 women with AIDS had cytologically documented LM. Fifteen patients had systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with LM and 5 patients had PCNSL with CSF dissemination. Standardized pre-treatment evaluations included contrast cranial MRI, placement of an intraventricular reservoir, contrast spine MRI, ophthalmologic evaluation and 111Indium-DTPA CSF flow studies. Regions of bulky or symptomatic disease were treated with limited-field irradiation. Concurrent systemic chemotherapy was administered in 18 patients. All patients were scheduled to receive intraventricular methotrexate (MTX) according to a concentration×time (C×T) drug schedule. In cytologic or clinical failures, patients were treated with salvage therapy using intraventricular ara-C and in a similar manner, patients were treated with intraventricular thio-TEPA following cytologic relapse or clinical failure intraventricular following intraventricular ara-C. Sixty-seven patients (63 men; 4 women) with PCNSL underwent a standardized pre-treatment evaluation as in patients with LM and were treated according to 3 schedules. In the first group (n=15), comfort care was offered. In the second group (n=45), whole brain radiotherapy was administered. In the third group (n=7), patients were treated with combined radio- and chemotherapy using systemic procarbazine, CCNU and vincristine (PCV-3). The third group was selected based on a Karnofsky performance status ≥60, no evidence of disseminated PCNSL, a CD4 count ≥200, no concurrent opportunistic infection and a patient's desire for aggressive therapy. Results: In the LM patient group, 16 patients were evaluable as 4 patients subsequently withdrew consent for treatment. Median time to tumor progression/survival were as follows: not-treated (n=4) 12 days/1 month; treated non-responding (n=6) 30 days/2 months; and treated responding (n=10) 130 days/6 months. In the PCNSL patient group, median range survival were as follows: comfort care (n=15) 1.5/0.5–3 months; whole brain radiotherapy (n=45) 4/1.5–5 months; and combined radio-chemotherapy (n=7) 13/10–18 months. Conclusions: Combined radio- and chemotherapy is appropriate for a small subset of patients with AIDS and either LM or PCNSL. This approach results in meaningful palliation not strikingly dissimilar from that seen in non-AIDS patients.
Arthroplasty with a Composite of an Allograft and a Prosthesis for Knees with Severe Deficiency of Bone

We reviewed the clinical and radiographic results of fourteen patients who had a severe deficiency of bone and were managed with a massive allograft in conjunction with a standard total knee prosthesis between 1987 and 1990. The etiology of the bone loss included the failure of a previous total knee prosthesis, a supracondylar fracture of the femur or a fracture of the proximal part of the tibia, and debridement during the first stage of a reconstruction for the treatment of an infection. Thirteen patients had satisfactory clinical and radiographic results after the index procedure. The knee score of The Hospital for Special Surgery improved from an average of 24 points (range, 0 to 54 points) preoperatively to 82 points (range, 37 to 98 points) at the time of the most recent follow-up examination. The average duration of follow-up was forty-three months (range, twenty-nine to sixty-three months). The radiographic and functional results compare favorably with those that have been reported in most studies of otherwise comparable patients who had less deficiency of bone. While considerable risks are associated with the use of allograft bone and the true longevity of reconstructions with such bone is not yet known, the initial and short-term follow-up results support the use of allograft for the restoration of a functional knee joint in a patient who has a severe deficiency of bone.
Biological microniches characterizing pathological lesions. Impact on nanoparticle-based delivery of therapeutics.

Abstract Discrete pathologies have unique features that contribute to disease progression. Each lesion contains unique clusters of cells and other factors that make up specific micro-niches. Individual microniches present novel barriers that hamper the delivery of therapeutics, but it also contains characteristic elements that can favour accumulation of therapeutics within the lesion. This chapter discusses the unique biology associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders and describes how each unique presentation can be used to optimize nanoparticle design for targeting the lesion.
Ventral prefrontal cortex and emotion regulation in aging: A case for utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation

Objectives The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) has been speculated to play an important role in complex processes that allow emotional factors to influence human cognition. Accumulating evidence from human neuroimaging studies, in conjunction with studies of patients with lesions and animal models, shed light on the role of the vlPFC in emotion regulation (ER). This review aims to discuss and integrate recent findings related to vlPFC's role in ER in the context of aging, drawing from diverse sources, and suggest future directions for research utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Methods/design We summarize findings from the existing literature investigating the neural basis of frontal-lobe mediated ER and then highlight major findings from recent studies directly comparing healthy younger and older adult groups. We conclude by pointing to unaddressed questions worth pursuing in future research. Results and discussion We propose future research directions utilizing TMS to answer key unaddressed questions. Moreover, we discuss the potential advantages, challenges, and limitations of using TMS as a complement to the existing neuroimaging methods in ER.
Ionization Dynamics in Intense Two-Color Circularly Polarized Laser Fields

Ionization in intense two-color circularly polarized laser pulses is explored numerically and experimentally. Double ionization is enhanced with counterrotating fields, and diverse dynamics are uncovered that are impossible with linear polarization.
What Role do the Nuances of Workplace Aggression Really Play?: Testing a Proposed Model

This project tested a theoretical model proposed by Herschovis, in which nuances of workplace aggression experiences, including the intensity of the experience, the intention attributions made by t...