cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bewusstsein und das Übrige

Die Geschichte eines jeden wissenschaftlichen Konzepts, sei es Energie, Gedachtnis oder Genetik, zeichnet sich durch wachsende Differenzierung und Raffinesse aus, bis sich sein Kern schlieslich in quantitativer und mechanistischer Weise erklaren lasst. Im Lauf der letzten Jahrzehnte hat das Konzept des bewussten Erlebens diesen Klarungsprozess durchlaufen, ein Konzept, das oft mit anderen Funktionen verschmolzen wird, die der Geist routinemasig durchfuhrt, wie Sprechen, Anteilnehmen, Erinnern oder Planen.
The Economic Value of Popularity: Evidence from Superstars in the National Basketball Association

Many industries are impacted by "superstars," where a select few individuals add tremendous economic value. This paper estimates fan willingness-to-pay for superstars in the National Basketball Association, and, in particular, distinguishes between demand for player skill versus player popularity. Using microdata from an online secondary ticket marketplace and plausibly exogenous player absence announcements, I find 4-16% ($7-$42) reductions in prices when superstars are announced to miss games. Additionally, LeBron James and Stephen Curry exhibit even larger impacts when isolating away game absences--21% ($75) per ticket for LeBron and 18% ($55) per ticket for Curry. The results suggest popularity is a more significant determinant of willingness-to-pay than skill, and in line with previous literature on superstars, popularity predicts price impacts convexly. This paper provides a novel methodology to estimate superstar value, and has implications for players, leagues, franchises, and ticket companies.
Community College Enrollment, College Major, and the Gender Wage Gap

The literature on the narrowing of the gender wage gap during the 1980s considers, among other factors, the closing of the male-female differential in post-secondary education. This paper looks specifically at the role played by the dramatic relative increase in women's enrollment in two-year colleges. With independent cross-sections developed using NLSY data, the authors find that the gender wage gap narrowed by 0.0469 log points between 1985 and 1990 and by 0.0932 log points between 1989 and 1994. The more pronounced decrease observed for 1989-94 is largely explained by erosion of male-female differences in weeks worked, job tenure, and full-time employment. A more novel finding is evidence that while change in the quantity of education provides essentially no explanatory power, disaggregating education by two-year and four-year providers and by major field of study accounts for 8.5-11% of the closing of the wage gap over the 1989-94 period.
The Radical’s Journey: How German Neo-Nazis Voyaged to the Edge and Back: by Arie W. Kruglanski, David Webber and Daniel Koehler, New York, Oxford University Press, 2020, 264 pp., $35 (hardcover), ISBN: 9780190851095

In recent years, both Europe and the United states have witnessed a significant uptick in far right violence, with experts estimating that right-wing terrorism might be the most severe security thr...
Does the Volume-Outcome Association in Pancreas Cancer Surgery Justify Regionalization of Care? A Review of Current Controversies

Increasing hospital or surgeon volume is associated with improved outcomes among patients with pancreatic cancer. Promotion of regionalized care is based on this volume-outcome association. However, other research has exposed nuances and complexities inherent to this association that should be considered when promoting regionalized care models. We herein provide a critical review of the literature on the volume-outcome association and a discussion of areas of ongoing controversy. A PubMed literature search was conducted for the years 1995–2020. Peer reviewed original research studies were selected for critical review based on study design, potential to draw meaningful conclusions from the data, and discussion of current knowledge gaps. Based on the cumulative published literature, hospital/surgeon volume and patient mortality are inversely related. However, it remains unclear whether volume is a proxy for other more causative variables inherent in high-volume centers. Interpretation of the volume-outcome association is made more difficult to interpret due to the large variation in the definition of high volume, difficulty in isolating the individual impact of surgeon versus hospital volume, challenges in quantifying health system processes related to volume, and the fact that some low-volume centers consistently achieve excellent clinical results. Implementation of true regionalized care models has been rare, likely reflecting both health system and patient level challenges. The volume-outcome association has been consistently demonstrated to be important to the care of patients with pancreas cancer. The underlying mechanism of this association to explain the overall benefit is likely multifactorial. Better understanding of what drives the volume-outcome association may increase access to optimized care for a broader range of hospital systems and patients.
Sound wave contributions to the electron density fluctuation spectrum in plasmas

Theimer’s general theory of the electron density fluctuation spectrum in a plasma is extended to include collision-induced sound wave formation. This is achieved in two steps. First, therandom fluctuation spectrum, which is formally free of Coulomb correlations, is calculated by Theimer’s general theory, from a Vlasov equation with modified BGK collision term. The modification introduces a pressure term, (mυν)·υ/kBT, which is usually neglected; it is shown to represent the average pressure force per particle. Secondly, thecollective fluctuation spectrum is calculated from therandom spectrum, by means of Theimer’s general formalism. The resulting collective spectrum contains the effects of collision-induced sound wave formation. The most conspicuous of these effects is the collisionnarrowing of ion-acoustic resonance lines, which exhibit collisionbroadening when calculated without using the pressure term. This is demonstrated for a pure-hydrogen plasma and for a plasma containing ionized impurities.
A New Look at Old Friends: 40 Eri B and GD323

In this paper I will present some ideas on apparently unrelated topics, which, I hope, can be justified by the spirit of a workshop. What they have in common is that they are related to what I believe are hot topics: the structure of the outer layers in white dwarfs, the mass distribution, and the He abundance in cool DA.
Managing the ties between central R&D and business units

The specific ways in which companies organize the relationship between central R&D and the business units vary considerably, this study shows. In the External Partnership Model, the CRD group perfo...
Adherence to Pediatric Medical Regimens

Definitions, Types, and Prevalence of Nonadherence.- Consequences, and Correlates.- Adherence Theories: Review, Critique, and Clinical Implications.- Assessing Adherence.- Assessing Disease and Health Status.- Strategies for Improving Adherence to Pediatric Medical Regimens.- Review of Adherence Intervention Studies and Recommendation for Research in Clinical Practice.- References.- Appendix.- Index.
Settling Down Behind Bars The Extensive Use of Life Sentences in Alabama

In many U.S. states, the number of inmates serving life with or without parole has skyrocketed in recent decades. In Alabama, a state with particularly high incarceration rates, approximately every sixth inmate is serving a life sentence. This research investigates which specific factors led to Alabama’s extensive use of life sentences. Findings suggest that Alabama’s lifer population largely stems from an inadvertent application of the state’s Habitual Felony Offender Statute. Furthermore, the state’s stringent discretionary parole practices have minimized the chances of release for parole-eligible lifers. These factors have contributed to prison overcrowding and the aging of inmates.
Bronchial carcinoids. Review of 124 cases

A total of 124 patients with bronchial carcinoid were seen at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1949 and 1983. Of these, 68 were female and 56 were male. The age range was 12 to 82 years (median 55 years). Eleven of the tumors were incidental pathological findings at autopsy or operation and were excluded from survival data determinations. At the time of diagnosis, 82 patients had disease confined to the lung or bronchus, 19 had regional lymph node metastases, and 12 had distant metastases. Patients with distant metastases were more commonly male and smokers, and their tumors were mainly atypical carcinoids histologically, compared with those of patients with localized disease. Patients with distant disease were treated with external radiation and/or chemotherapy, and their median survival was 8 months. Of the 101 patients with disease localized to one hemithorax, endobronchial resection was performed in six and pulmonary resection in 95 (pneumonectomy 14, bilobectomy nine, lobectomy 52, sleeve resection five, segmentectomy 15). Recurrence following endobronchial resection was observed in four of six patients. Disease-free actuarial survival (calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method) following pulmonary resection was 92% at 5 years and 77% at 10 years. Factors predisposing to recurrence were tumor size greater than 3 cm (p less than 0.004), an atypical carcinoid on histologic study (p less than 0.001), and regional lymph node metastases (p = 0.01). Disease-free survival at 5 and 10 years in 19 patients who had regional lymphatic metastases was 74% and 53%, compared with 96% and 84% in those without lymphatic metastases. We conclude that (1) carcinoid tumors are malignant and 10% of patients present with metastases and (2) for patients with clinically localized tumors, the prognosis is determined by the size and histologic features of the tumor and the status of the regional lymph nodes, which must be assessed at thoracotomy.
Changing Times: Self-disclosure and the Representational Styles of Legislators with Physical Disabilities

As a number of factors have produced more opportunities for people with disabilities, entry into the political arena is a logical consequence. Questions about what challenges such individuals will face as politicians and how they will choose to "represent" and focus on disability concerns become paramount. We profile the disability-oriented activities of two politicians (Bob Dole and James Langevin) representative of different cultural eras in the disability rights movement. Despite differences in constituencies and ideologies, findings suggest, as has been true for other underrepresented groups, politicians with disabilities will be more likely to represent disability issues. Because Langevin has been more public than Dole about disclosing aspects of his disability, findings also highlight the impact of a changed cultural context, a member's background, personality and other circumstances on aspects of his political activity.
Semiconductor scintillators ZnO and PbI2: Co-doping studies

Abstract It is known that the impurities In in CdS and Ga in ZnO act as donors to generate a population of electrons near the bottom of the conduction band. Fast luminescence is observed from these materials but the intensity of the luminescence is strongly dependent on the method used for dopant incorporation. Therefore, it is suspected that an additional dopant is responsible for trapping ionization holes and promoting rapid radiative recombination and these compete with native non-radiative centers. To verify this conjecture and to optimize the luminosity of this class of scintillators, we have been exploring the possibility of introducing dopants that act as efficient hole traps and radiative centers. In this work, we report on the luminosities and decay times of crystalline powders of ZnO doped with the donor Ga 3+ and treated with H, doped with the acceptor N 3− and with the isoelectronic hole trap S 2− . Co-doped samples exhibit a large increase in luminosity and a fast mono-exponential decay. We also report on PbI 2 doped with the donors Bi 3+ , La 3+ , and In 3+ and co-doped with Ga 3+ and P 3− . PbI 2 is dense ( d =6.2 g/cm 3 ) and is a candidate material for gamma-ray detection.
Keeneland Conference Plenary Sessions: Richard J. Umbdenstock

Historically individual and community health problems fed off one another, nonetheless the connection eventually became clear and individual health and population health solutions started to emerge and built off one another. Somewhere along the line, population health and patient health seemed to become divided by a brighter line into 2 separate realms, few of us crossing from one to the otherToday we are looking out for the good of our respective communities. As hospitals move from volume-based payments to value-based payments, they are more concerned about the connection between population health and their own efforts to improve outcomes, care coordination and prevention. The Affordable Care Act attempted to expand coverage for a range of prevention and wellness services and encourages partnerships between hospitals and other community health organizations. Accountable care organizations, patient-centered medical homes, workplace wellness programs, and community transformation grants are just some of the ways that hospitals, public health, and others will work together on new and innovative ways to improve health and safeguard health of our communities. We have many challenges and opportunities together, not the least of which are the citizens of our respective service areas who look to both of us for leadership, for greater collaboration, for greater efficiency and more value on either their premium dollar or their taxed dollar.
Modulating social behavior with oxytocin: How does it work? What does it mean?

Among its many roles in body and brain, oxytocin influences social behavior. Understanding the precise nature of this influence is crucial, both within the broader theoretical context of neurobiology, social neuroscience and brain evolution, but also within a clinical context of disorders such as anxiety, schizophrenia, and autism. Research exploring oxytocin's role in human social behavior is difficult owing to its release in both body and brain and its interactive effects with other hormones and neuromodulators. Additional difficulties are due to the intricacies of the blood–brain barrier and oxytocin's instability, which creates measurement issues. Questions concerning how to interpret behavioral results of human experiments manipulating oxytocin are thus made all the more pressing. The current paper discusses several such questions. We highlight unresolved fundamental issues about what exactly happens when oxytocin is administered intranasally, whether such oxytocin does in fact reach appropriate receptors in brain, and whether central or peripheral influences account for the observed behavioral effects. We also highlight the deeper conceptual issue of whether the human data should be narrowly interpreted as implicating a specific role for oxytocin in complex social cognition, such a generosity, trust, or mentalizing, or more broadly interpreted as implicating a lower-level general effect on general states and dispositions, such as anxiety and social motivation. Using several influential studies, we show how seemingly specific, higher-level social-cognitive effects can emerge via a process by which oxytocin's broad influence is channeled into a specific social behavior in a context of an appropriate social and research setting. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.
Spectral Methods for Parametric Sensitivity in Stochastic Dynamical Systems

Stochastic dynamical systems governed by the chemical master equation find use in the modeling of biological phenomena in cells, where they provide more accurate representations than their deterministic counterparts, particularly when the levels of molecular population are small. The analysis of parametric sensitivity in such systems requires appropriate methods to capture the sensitivity of the system dynamics with respect to variations of the parameters amid the noise from inherent internal stochastic effects. We use spectral polynomial chaos expansions to represent statistics of the system dynamics as polynomial functions of the model parameters. These expansions capture the nonlinear behavior of the system statistics as a result of finite-sized parametric perturbations. We obtain the normalized sensitivity coefficients by taking the derivative of this functional representation with respect to the parameters. We apply this method in two stochastic dynamical systems exhibiting bimodal behavior, including a biologically relevant viral infection model.
Theoretical concentrations for solar furnaces

Abstract The concentration for a paraboloid of revolution mirror and for a parabolic cylinder mirror are derived as a function of relative aperture for several target geometries. The expression for optimum concentration for each target-mirror combination is developed, and the equation for the ideal target shape for a target of parabolic cylinder mirror having a relative aperture of 4 is obtained.
Neutral hypnosis as relaxation.

Abstract The thesis is advanced that neutral hypnosis is relaxation. Data from a survey of 99 patients indicate that relaxation is the primary descriptive term used to account for the subjective parameters of hypnosis. Data from recent physiological studies are reviewed in relation to Benson's “relaxation response.” Both sets of data support the notation: Neutral hypnosis = relaxation.
More hospital or more community

A historical prospective study of urban chronic psychiatric patients participating in a state-sponsored Community Support Program (CSP) was conducted. The cohort was tracked over a three year demonstration period of community based treatments. The study showed that community treatments had strong protective effects against early rehospitalization. Study results are consistent with previous experimental work in regard to service costs, but also demonstrate increased survival time in the community for the case management group. Such extended survival times are necessary for patients to build community supports.
Alpha-particle emission as a probe of nuclear shapes and structure effects in proton evaporation spectra

Emission barriers and subbarrler anisotropies from a decay of Sn* and Y'b* compound nuclei are examined in the light of calculations incorporating deformation effects in the decay process. For the Yb* systems deformation which increases with spin is necessary to explain the data. For the Sn* systems the spectral shapes and auisotropies can be explained without deformation. For systems lighter than Sn this probe is not sensitive to the deformation. Energy spectra and angular correla52 34 82 tions of evaporated protons from the Cr( S, 2n2p) Sr reaction were measured in coincidence with discrete transitions. Large shifts in proton spectra were observed when high spin states in different rotational bands are populated. They are interpreted as due to near-yrast stretched proton emission preferentially populating the yrast hand by subbarrier protons. Simulations show that channel selected proton spectra cannot be used as probes of deformation.
Results of routine ventriculostomy with external ventricular drainage for acute hydrocephalus following subarachnoid haemorrhage

We reviewed the results of ventriculostomy with external ventricular drainage in patients with acute hydrocephalus complicating subarachnoid haemorrhage. Of 194 consecutive patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage admitted during the past eight years, 52 (27%) developed hydrocephalus within 72 hours of the ictus. Patients with acute hydrocephalus were in grades III to V (Hunt and Hess) at the time of evaluation and all patients with hydrocephalus underwent ventriculostomy within 24 hours of diagnosis. Twenty-six patients improved within 24 hours of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and 17 of these patients underwent surgery, nine of whom did well (Glasgow Outcome Scale 1 and 2). All 18 patients who did not improve within this period, including one who worsened, died. In eight patients the response to ventriculostomy was considered as undetermined, because of the proximity of the drain insertion to a definitive surgical procedure, and all of them had an excellent outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale 1). Of 32 patients in grades IV and V, 17 did not improve and all of them died. Eight of the 15 patients in these grades, who were in the improved or undetermined categories, did well. Five patients (10%) developed meningitis. All patients with this complication had drainage for more than four days. Seven patients (14%) had a rebleed during the drainage. All except one patient with a rebleed had no surgery or delayed surgery and in six of them recurrent haemorrhages occurred after more than 24 hours of drainage.
Toxicity of sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to the fathead minnow and an amphipod in soft water

Abstract Amphipods, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield and fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, were submitted to acute (96-h) and chronic (generation-cycle) bioassays with sodium nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). All measurements are reported as Na3NTA. The average 96-h TL50 values under flow-through conditions were 98 mg 1−1NTA for the amphipod and 114 mg 1−1 for the fathead minnow. The acute toxicity of NTA was caused in part by the high pH resulting from the addition of large amounts of NTA (> 100 mg 1−1) to soft water. Controlling pH reduced the lethality of NTA by at least one-half to fathead minnow larvae. The chronic no-effect level of NTA to the amphipods was 19 mg 1−1; in fathead minnows, it exceeded the highest exposure level (> 54 mg 1−1).
Estimating Traffic Speed with Single Inductive Loop Event Data

The estimation of traffic speed based on loop detector occupancy is a long-standing problem that is critical to traffic management and control. Single-loop detector stations are still popular in highway traffic systems in practice. Although dual loop stations could generate more accurate speed estimation with event data, updating single loops to dual loops is costly. Most previous work, such as the g-factor method on speed estimation with a single-loop system, used aggregated data and assumed a known effective vehicle length. However, those methods did not always produce good results, particularly in traffic transition phases. This paper proposes a new approach using event data and mode occupancy within a moving window of variable length to estimate the effective vehicle length, or g-factor. Berkeley Highway Laboratory dual loop data with a 1-Hz update rate and 60-Hz information were used for algorithm validation and reliability tests. The speed estimated from the corrected dual loop data was used as the ...
Integral Solutions of Markov-Hurwitz Equations

Abstract In this paper, a characterization for all pairs (a, n) with a ≥ 2(n − 1)1/2 for which the equation Ma, n: x21+ · · · + x2n = ax1 · · · xn has positive integral solutions is given. It is known that for any pair (a, n), the integral solutions of Ma, n can be expressed as orbits of a finite set of fundamental solutions under the action of a group of automorphisms. Also presented in this paper are two very different constructions that yield sequences of equations whose sets of fundamental solutions grow without bound.
Field Research in Minority Communities: Ethical, Methodological and Political Observations by an Insider.

This paper reviews issues in field research in minority communities. The general question, “Where shall minority research come from?” is posed, then considerable attention is focused on the insider-outsider controversy—especially its importance for Chicanos in the social sciences. It is argued that minority researchers have certain empirical and methodological advantages in conducting field research, but also face unique problems in simultaneously addressing ethical, methodological and political concerns. The author's field research experience among Chicano families is then drawn on for general implications for insider research in minority communities.
Electromagnetic binding with only zero orbital angular momentum, low-energy states

We investigate bound states of a composite system consisting of a charged particle orbiting a charged, stationary magnetic dipole. We find bound states with zero orbital angular momentum but, for a specific range of a parameter, we find no other states with orbital angular momentum less than eleven. The states with zero orbital angular momentum are the most tightly bound. If this mechanism were operable in a realistic composite model of leptons, it could explain why the electron, muon and tau all have spin 1/2. We also suggest a mechanism which may explain the absence or suppression of the decay of a muon into an electron and a photon. Our calculation is nonrelativistic and is performed in two space dimensions.
Electrophoretic behavior of thoria in nitric acid

Abstract Studies were made of the electrophoretic behavior of five different thoria sols at 20°C, using a moving-boundary technique. At ionic strengths of the intermicellar fluid (HNO 3 or HNO 3 + NH 4 NO 3 ; pH range of 2.5 to 3.5) of about 0.0003 and 0.003, two or more electrophoretic bands were observed; however, only one band was found when the ionic strength was 0.01. It was shown that the existence of multiple bands was not due to inhomogeneity of thoria particles in the sols. The results were interpreted in terms of moving-boundary theory for strong electrolytes by assigning a true boundary to thoria and attributing the other boundaries to charged species such as Th 4+ that were present in the intermicellar fluid. Zeta potentials ranging from 27 to 53 my were calculated for the five sols in an intermicellar fluid of HNO 3 (pH = 2.0; ionic strength = 0.01). At constant ionic strength, the zeta potentials increased slightly with increasing pH.
2-Nitro- N,N -bis(2-nitrophenylthio)benzenesulfonamide

The central N atom of C18H12N4O8S is essentially planar, lying 0.071 (2) A out of the plane defined by the three S atoms. N—S distances are 1.712 (2) and 1.721 (2) A to S—Ar, and 1.681 (2) A to SO2—Ar. The nitro group on the phenyl ring carrying the SO2 group lies out of plane, with C—C—N—O– torsion angle 69.8 (3)°, while the other two nitro groups are near coplanarity, with torsion angle magnitudes 10.4 (3) and 14.0 (3)°.
Characterization of the cuticular surface wax pores and the waxy particles of the dustywing, Semidalis flinti (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae)

The adult dustywing, Semidalis flinti Meinander (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae), begins producing circular-shaped waxy particles after eclosion. The waxy material, which forms the particles, is extruded from individual pores found in clusters on the abdomen. Pores also are present in two rows of three pores on the frontalis and two pores on the first segment of each antennae. The pores have a rosette-like appearance and each pore extrudes dual waxy ribbons. As each ribbon extends a short distance out of the pore, it begins to curl back on itself until the end makes contact with the ribbon. The curled end then breaks free from the extruding ribbon to form the circular waxy particles with fluted edges approximately 2.75-μm diameter. The adults use the particles to cover all parts of their body except for their eyes and appear to lightly coat their antennae. The lipid portion of the particles consists largely of free fatty acids, almost exclusively the 24-carbon fatty acid, tetracosanoic acid. Minor lipid classes are hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols and unidentified material.
Identification and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase.

Abstract We have identified the yeast sphingosine resistance gene (YSR2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as encoding a protein that specifically dephosphorylates dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate (DHS-1-P), and we refer to this protein as dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase. Overexpression of YSR2 conferred sphingosine resistance to the dihydrosphingosine-1-P lyase-defective mutant (JS16) of S. cerevisiae, which is hypersensitive to sphingosine. Theysr2Δ deletion mutant of S. cerevisiaeaccumulated DHS-1-P compared with its wild type strain upon labeling withd-erythro-[4,5-3H]dihydrosphingosine, whereas overexpression of YSR2 increased dephosphorylation of DHS-1-P. An epitope-tagged fusion protein (YSR2-Flag) was partially purified and found to specifically dephosphorylate DHS-1-P to yield dihydrosphingosine. YSR2 failed to dephosphorylate ceramide 1-phosphate or phosphatidic acid. Functionally, the mutant bearing theysr2Δ deletion decreased labeling of sphingolipids and increased labeling of glycerolipids dramatically following in vivo labeling withd-erythro-[3H]dihydrosphingosine, but it slightly affected labeling of sphingolipids with inositol. Taken together, these results identify YSR2 as dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase. They also raise the intriguing possibility that phosphorylation followed by dephosphorylation is required for incorporation of exogenous long chain sphingoid bases into sphingolipids.
Studies of the chemical kinetics on the vapor phase axial deposition method

Abstract In order to prepare silica-based graded index fibers having a very wide transmission bandwidth by the vapor phase axial deposition (VAD) method, the deposition rates of the oxides of Si or Ge as a function of the molar ratio of the halide to water vapor, temperature and the molar ratio of an additional gas to the halide were examined. The evaluated apparent activation energies for the deposition reaction of SiCl4, GeCl4, BBr3 and POCl3 with water vapor were 30, 30, 5 and 50 kcal/mol, respectively. On the other hand, the estimated activation energies of SiCl4 and GeCl4 reactants with oxygen were 100 and 60 kcal/mol, respectively. It has been found that the reaction of GeCl4, which plays an important role in making the refractive index profile of an optical fiber preform, is suppressed by H2 and Cl2 in both the oxidation and hydrolysis reactions. This effect was applied to the control of the refractive index profile in the VAD soot process. The achieved attenuation and 6 dB bandwidth were 2.5 dB/km at 0.85 μm and 1.4 GHz km, respectively.
Polymerase chain reaction as a tool for developing stress protein probes

Because of the high degree of evolutionary conservation of stress proteins, potential exists for the development of nucleic acid probes from particular species that could be used to monitor stress related changes in mRNA abundance The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful tool that can be applied to the generation of these probes, provided that primer sequences can be identified that specifically amplify sequences of interest from a wide variety of organisms We identified such sequences from multiple alignments of published chaperomn and stress-70 sequences, and tested their ability to amplify appro priately sized fragments from genomic DNA from a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates Although no primer pair could be used successfully with all species, we were able to derive specific products from most species by testing different pairs One primer pair for chaperomn proved particularly useful Products were obtained from all tested species, and with a single exception (human), these primers appeared to amplify a single copy sequence We determined the nucleotide sequence of the product obtained from the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and determined by phylogenetic analysis of the inferred protein product that the product obtained is most likely derived from a rotifer DNA template Finally, we show that this product can be used to detect changes in abundance of homologous mRNA in heat stressed rotifers We suggest that this approach may prove useful not only in the context of development of hybridization probes for stress proteins, but also for designing peptides to be used for generation of specific antibodies, as well as for obtaining probes for other stress regulated genes that are less conserved than the classical stress proteins
Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and Metal Ions on Growth of Staphylococcus aureus 196E in Culture Media

The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and its salts, alone or in combination with Mg2+, Fe3+, Zn2+ or Ca2+, on growth of S. aureus strain 196E, were studied. EDTA or its Na+ or K+ salts (0.8–1.7 mM), but not its Ca2+ or Fe3+ salts, inhibited cell growth in Brain Heart Infusion broth. Bacteriostatic effects in Casamino Acids-Yeast Extract (CasY) broth were produced by 0.17 mM EDTA. Addition of Fe3+, Zn2+, or Ca2+ to EDTA-containing broth eliminated inhibition at an EDTA: cation molar ratio of 1:1, while Mg2+ required a sevenfold concentration. Data suggest that EDTA exerts its inhibitory effect by chelating calcium and/or other essential cations which form complexes with comparable stability constants with EDTA.
Low-level arsenite induced gene expression in HEK293 cells

Chronic, low-level exposure to arsenic frequently results in skin, lung, bladder, and kidney cancer. Since arsenic is primarily excreted via the kidney, this study focused on this target tissue. Gene array was used as a sensitive low-level monitor of the impact of arsenic on this target tissue. Arsenite [As(III)] was chosen as the chemical species of arsenic since As(III) species are touted as the cellular toxic form of arsenic. Human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 cells were incubated with 1, 10, and 25 microM arsenite [As(III)] for 6 or 24 h. Total RNA from treated and control cells was isolated, reverse transcribed, and labeled with Cy3 or Cy5, and hybridized to a human cDNA microarray. Hybridizations were performed four times using independent total RNA preparations to ensure reproducibility. Raw data from 10 and 25 microM treated cells exposed for 6 h was normalized within, and between, hybridizations followed by identification of genes affected by arsenite exposure based on practical significance (2-fold change up or down) and reproducibility (affected in four of six measurements). In these studies, 20 genes (HMOX1, MT1E, or FOSL1, etc.) were up-regulated, and 19 genes (MYC, JAK1, or CENPE, etc.) were down-regulated. Genes identified at 10 and 25 microM arsenic exposure were then examined after 1 microM treatment for 6 or 24 h. Expression of affected genes showed a dose-dependent (1-25 microM) trend that was apparently not time-dependent (6 vs. 24 h). The affected genes indicate that even this realistic, low-level arsenite exposure was recognized by the HEK293 cells (e.g. metallothionein genes) and produced an oxidative stress (e.g. heme oxygenase gene). These affected genes were characterized as stress response genes, proto-oncogene, signaling molecules, transcription factors, chemokine receptors, proteolytic enzymes, ESTs, and unknown genes. These findings imply that arsenite induces complex cellular injury and the cellular adaptation to As(III) is associated with alterations in the expression of many genes.
System Stability Aware Multicast Routing in Cyber Physical Systems

In this paper, multicast routing is studied for the networking of decentralized sensors and controllers in cyber physical systems. The challenge of system stability awareness is addressed by employing the theory of linear matrix inequalities, thus forming a novel framework for studying the communi- cation sub-system in cyber physical systems. Both cases of ignorable delay and non-negligible delay are discussed. The proposed framework is then applied in the context of voltage control in smart grid. Numerical simulations using a 4-bus smart grid model show that the proposed framework and algorithm can effectively stabilize cyber physical systems.
Letter to the Editor-The Mean Lanchester Attrition Rate

This note describes a method for obtaining the Lanchester attrition rate when, as suggested by Barfoot, it is defined as the harmonic mean of attrition rates, or, equivalently, the reciprocal of the expected time to defeat a single target.
Morphologies of diamond films from atomic-scale simulations of chemical vapor deposition

The growth of {110}- and {111}-oriented diamond films under typical chemical vapor deposition (CVD) conditions was simulated on the atomic scale. The films are represented in three dimensions by diamond cubic crystal lattices, and thus the effects of surface atomic structure and film morphology are built into the model. The temporal evolution of the films during growth is accomplished by a kinetic Monte Carlo scheme parameterized by conventional surface chemical reaction-rate coefficients. Growth on {110}:H and {111}:H surfaces was simulated in atmospheres containing H, H2, CH3 and various partial pressures of C2H2. Film growth rates and morphologies are found to depend strongly on the presence of C2H2 at the surface. Under typical growth conditions, film growth rates agree well with experiment and other modeling studies, and the film morphologies are atomically rough. However, growth of {110} and {111} films in C2H2-deficient environments is found to be controlled by the nucleation of diamond clusters on smooth faces, and growth rates are very low under these conditions. This is because the initiation of a monolayer on smooth {110} and {111} facets requires the bonding of two and three adsorbed C atoms, respectively. Since a single C2H2 molecule contributes two C atoms when it is chemisorbed, the presence of C2H2 is important to {110} and especially {111} growth. The {111} films grow by the flow of atomic-height steps at triangular islands on the surface and are atomically smooth when the partial pressure of C2H2 is very low. The {110} films grow by one-dimensional step flow in the atomic “troughs” of the {110}-terminated diamond cubic surface, and become corrugated into {111} microfacets.
Some factors affecting the cerebral and extracerebral accumulation of N-isopropyl-p-iodo-amphetamine (IAMP).

Abstract The whole body distribution of IAMP was studied in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs and marmosets by tissue counting. scintigraphy and quantitative macroautoradiography. Identical distribution patterns of IAMP were observed in these species showing high concentration in the brain, lungs, eyes, liver and kidneys. Following the initial distribution, IAMP was released from the lungs and accumulated in the blood and liver. In the cerebrum the activity decreased with time whereas it progressively increased in the eyes and juxtamedullary region of kidneys. The effect of ACTH, propranolol and metopyrone (metyrapone, USP) on the distribution of IAMP was studied in normal mice. The distribution of IAMP in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats was compared to Dahl salt-sensitive normotensive rats. Blocking doses of potassium iodide (KI) in marmosets and rats did not affect the distribution pattern of IAMP. Carrier amphetamine in doses of up to 1.5 mg/kg also did not significantly alter the biodistribution of IAMP. When higher doses (up to 8.0 mg/kg) were given, the activity in the gut, lungs, and liver decreased but there was no effect on the uptake in the brain, kidneys. eyes, adrenals, muscle and spleen. This suggests a higher ratio of saturable to nonsaturable binding sites in the latter organs
La recepción de la teoría cromosómica-mendeliana en España. La contribución de José Fernández Nonídez

On this paper I would like to make known the work of Jose Fernandez Nonidez as introductor in Spain of the Mendelian-Chromosome theory developed in Morgan's school. Likewise, I make a especial mention of the training stage of Nonidez in America, I analyce his books Herencia Mendeliana and Variacion y herencia, and I give especial mention of his later task as histologist since his return to the United States and until his death.
Characterization of enzyme-bound ligand dynamics by solid-state NMR in the presence of ligand exchange: L-phenylalanine on carboxypeptidase A

Deuterium NMR spectra were obtained for L-phenylalanine-d5, deuterated on the phenyl ring, in cross-linked polycrystalline samples of carboxypeptidase A containing different amounts of water. The deuterium powder pattern line shapes are simulated by extension of the theory to include both a local reorientational motion of the bound L-phenylalanine phenyl ring and exchange of the L-phenylalanine with an intracrystalline isotropic environment. The spectral simulations are consistent with the phenyl ring of the phenylalanine executing pi-flips in the bound environment at rates that vary from 3 x 10(4) Hz at 6% water content to 1 x 10(5) Hz at 21% water content. At all water contents studied, the ligand exchanges with an essentially isotropic environment in the crystal with a rate constant of approximately 2.5 x 10(-3) Hz. Although the dissociation constant for the L-phenylalanine is only 18 mM, the spectral simulations that reproduce the experimental line shape well do not require significant wobble of the phenyl ring rotation axis, which is consistent with the binding interactions identified by x-ray crystallography.
Effects of chronic depletion of potassium and magnesium upon the action of acetylstrophanthidin on the heart

Abstract Beagle puppies were chronically depleted of potassium, magnesium or of both cations simultaneously by dietary means. After eight weeks on deficient diets these animals and a control group were digitalized with acetylstrophanthidin. Potassium-deficient animals and animals deficient in both potassium and magnesium required 60 per cent of the control dose of acetylstrophanthidin to produce toxicity. The ensuing arrhythmias were of prolonged duration. Heart block of advanced degree, ventricular fibrillation and cardiac standstill occurred only in puppies deficient in potassium and in potassium and magnesium. Magnesium deficient animals showed prolonged digitalis toxicity but required normal doses of drug to produce ventricular tachycardia. Death following digitalization occurred in all deficient groups. Digitalization resulted in a rise in serum potasium which was most marked in magnesium-deficient and control animals. T wave peaking occurred during digitalization and was related to the increase in arterial potassium concentration. Control animals showed a reduction in serum magnesium during digitalization.
Microstructural characterization and pore structure analysis of nuclear graphite

Abstract Graphite will be used as a structural and moderator material in next-generation nuclear reactors. While the overall nature of the production of nuclear graphite is well understood, the historic nuclear grades of graphite are no longer available. This paper reports the virgin microstructural characteristics of filler particles and macro-scale porosity in virgin nuclear graphite grades of interest to the Next Generation Nuclear Plant program. Optical microscopy was used to characterize filler particle size and shape as well as the arrangement of shrinkage cracks. Computer aided image analysis was applied to optical images to quantitatively determine the variation of pore structure, area, eccentricity, and orientation within and between grades. The overall porosity ranged between ∼14% and 21%. A few large pores constitute the majority of the overall porosity. The distribution of pore area in all grades was roughly logarithmic in nature. The average pore was best fit by an ellipse with aspect ratio of ∼2. An estimated 0.6–0.9% of observed porosity was attributed to shrinkage cracks in the filler particles. Finally, a preferred orientation of the porosity was observed in all grades.
Resilient infrastructure for network security

Present-day network security mechanisms are based on preventing attacks and responding to them as they occur. In the time before a response is implemented the attack is generally free to damage the system. Because responses are usually human driven, this time is long and the damage can be large. One way to minimize this damage is to create "resilient infrastructure." This is infrastructure that automatically slows attacks, so buying time for a human response. This article argues the case for resilient infrastructure in network security.
Prediction of postoperative pain using path analysis in older patients

Effective postoperative pain management is important for older surgical patients because pain affects perioperative outcomes. A prospective cohort study was conducted to describe the direct and indirect effects of patient risk factors and pain treatment in explaining levels of postoperative pain in older surgical patients. We studied patients who were 65 years of age or older and were scheduled for major noncardiac surgery with a postoperative hospital stay of at least 2 days. The numeric rating scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain) was used to measure pain levels before surgery and once daily for 2 days after surgery. Path analysis was performed to examine the association between predictive variables and postoperative pain levels. Three hundred fifty patients were studied. We found that preoperative pain level, use of preoperative opioids, female gender, higher ASA physical status, and postoperative pain control methods were the strongest predictors of postoperative pain as measured on the first day after surgery. Younger age, greater preoperative symptoms of depression, and lower cognitive function also contributed to higher postoperative pain levels. Pain levels on the second day after surgery were strongly predicted by preoperative pain level, use of preoperative opioids, surgical risk, and pain and opioid dose on postoperative day 1. However, younger age, female gender, higher ASA physical status, greater preoperative symptoms of depression, lower cognitive function, and postoperative pain control methods indirectly contributed to pain levels on the second day after surgery. Although preoperative pain and use of preoperative opioids have the strongest effects on postoperative pain, clinicians should be aware that other factors such as age, gender, surgical risk, preoperative cognitive impairment, and depression also contribute to reported postoperative pain. Based on significant statistical correlations, these study results can contribute to more effective postoperative care for those patients having the risk factors studied here. Preoperative treatment/intervention based in part on factors such as preoperative pain, use of preoperative opioids, and depression may improve postoperative pain management.
Defining a role for c-Myc in breast tumorigenesis

The proto-oncogene c-myc is commonly amplified and overexpressed in human breast tumors, and the tumorigenic potential of c-myc overexpression in mammary tissue has been confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer. However, the mechanisms by which Myc promotes tumorigenesis are not well understood. Recent evidence indicates that Myc can promote cell proliferation as well as cell death via apoptosis. These studies provide new insight and impetus in defining a role for c-Myc in breast tumorigenesis and may point toward novel targets for breast cancer therapy.
Requirements of BHK cells for the exit from different quiescent states

We have investigated the kinetics of exit from the resting state of BHK cells which had been arrested by isoleucine deprivation, serum starvation, or high temperature in the case of three ts G1 mutants. In addition, we have studied the effect of imposing a secondary deprivation on cells which had been released from one of the above mentioned blocks. The results obtained show that the quiescent states reached by BHK cells following serum or isoleucine deprivation cannot be differentiated on the basis of the exit kinetics from Smith and Martin's probabilistic A-state. Nevertheless, the response of cells to secondary deprivation is different, depending on the nature of the primary arresting condition used, reflecting physiological differences between the different resting states. A model is presented which postulates that cycle transition specific genes require the presence of different proliferative agents for their expression.