cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Path Planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles using B-Splines and Particle Swarm Optimization

Military operations are turning to more complex and advanced automation technologies forminimumriskandmaximumefficiency.Acriticalpiecetothisstrategyisunmannedaerial vehicles. Unmanned aerial vehicles require the intelligence to safely maneuver along a path to an intended target and avoiding obstacles such as other aircrafts or enemy threats. This paper presents a unique three-dimensional path planning problem formulation and solution approach using particle swarm optimization. The problem formulation was designed with three objectives: 1) minimize risk owing to enemy threats, 2) minimize fuel consumption incurred by deviating from the original path, and 3) fly over defined reconnaissance targets. The initial design point is defined as the original path of the unmanned aerial vehicles. Using particle swarm optimization, alternate paths are generated using B-spline curves, optimized based on the three defined objectives. The resulting paths can be optimized with a preference toward maximum safety, minimum fuel consumption, or target reconnaissance. This method has been implemented in a virtual environment where the generated alternate paths can be visualized interactively to better facilitate the decision-making process. The problem formulation and solution implementation is described along with the results from several simulated scenarios demonstrating the effectiveness of the method.
Nonprofit Stakeholder Response to Going-Concern Audit Opinions:

Using a sample of industry-diverse nonprofit organizations, we find support for stakeholders’ use of nonprofit going-concern audit opinion (GCO) reports. We study the reactions of the three largest nonprofit stakeholder groups: donors, service recipients, and managers. Our findings suggest that although large (sophisticated) donors respond negatively to a GCO, small (unsophisticated) donors contribute more following a GCO. We also find that service recipients spend more at service-oriented organizations than at charitable nonprofits following a GCO. Finally, managers respond to a GCO by increasing organizational efficiency at service-oriented organizations. Taken together, the evidence suggests that GCOs are informative in the nonprofit sector, and stakeholders’ responses to GCOs depend on stakeholder and organization type.
The Retention of Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: A Framework for Persistence

Women make up 47% of the total U.S. workforce, but are less represented in engineering, computer sciences, and the physical sciences. In addition, race and ethnicity are salient factors and minority women comprise fewer than 1 in 10 scientist or engineer. In this paper, a review of the literature is under taken that explores the many challenges women encounter when pursing a career in the sciences. It includes a review of the national landscape and discussion of the guiding general retention theories. Finally it proposes a conceptual framework for persistence and proffers a number of research questions designed to delve deeper into the under representation phenomenon.
Sovereign Defaults Before International Criminal Courts and Tribunals

This book review probes Michael Waibel’s new book, Sovereign Defaults Before International Courts and Tribunals. Waibel's project is ambitious, exploring international attempts to address sovereign defaults over the past century and a half. Through painstaking and comprehensive historical analysis, Waibel shows how we've been here before -- a sober reminder for those thinking Argentina is simply part of a new fad in financial default. With the UN now turning its attention to sovereign debt issues, this study is especially timely. Although somewhat disappointing in the lightness of its normative content, the book should nevertheless prove helpful to those considering the role adjudicative tribunals (especially arbitral ones) might play in this current round of reform recommendations.
High-order shock-fitting methods for hypersonic flow with chemical and thermal nonequilibrium

Computer simulations have been an effective tool to study transient flow processes in hypersonic flow and have been complementing experimental and theoretical studies to better understand the flow transition process. There have been lots of efforts in code development for high order simulation of nonequilibrium flow but most of the methods are based on shock capturing ideodology. Shock capturing schemes may not capture the flow processes with enough accuracy required to study flow transition. The essential requirements of such simulations are high order of accuracy of solutions in both space and time. We have developed a high order shock fitting code capable of simulating thermal and chemical nonequilibrium hypersonic flows. Shock fitting approach has the advantage of capturing the entire flow field with high order accuracy and without any oscillations near the shock which shock capturing schemes may exhibit for strong shocks. We have tested and validated the code thoroughly over a wide span of free stream conditions and geometries. We have implemented the current updated models available in literature for nonequilibrium and transport phenomenon. This code would be starting point for simulations to study real gas effects on receptivity for free stream disturbances and their transition to turbulence in the boundary layer, and for study of transition in ablative boundary layers. Here we present the methodology and validation cases for the code. The code in current form is up to third order accurate in time and fifth order accurate in space.
Asset Optimization According to Customer Preference: The Necessary Evolution of Revenue Management

Asset Optimization According to Customer Preference: The Necessary Evolution of Revenue Management From the initial applications of revenue management in the airline industry approximately 60 years ago, the hospitality segment has since clamored to adapt the concept of forecasted demand to pricing strategies in hotels, restaurants, golf courses, casinos, sporting events, and theme parks. Through a review of 25 years of published research on revenue management, Anderson and Xie, identified that the evolution of revenue management has moved beyond the focus of revenue measurement at the unit level, i.e., average daily rates in hotels, to a more comprehensive view of total revenues or profits generated by the inventory at the enterprise level, i.e., RevPAR (revenue per available room), GOPPAR (gross operating profit per available room); each of which has its comparable measure in the various industry segments, i.e., RevPASH (revenue per available seat hour in restaurants).
The compatibility of arthropod repellents with certain functional finishes of cotton uniform fabric.

A study was made of the compatibility of various insect repellents in combination with 2 water repellents, 2 detoxicants for chemical warfare agents, and a fire retardant impregnated into a standard Army cotton cloth. The water repellent Quarpel significantly increased the stability of the insect repellents M-1960 (30% 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3 propanediol, 30% N -butylacetanilide, 30% benzyl benzoate, 10% polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan-monooleate) and benzyl benzoate to washing and showed a slightly increased stability of deet to rinsing. However all 3 of the insect repellents decreased the water repellency of Quarpel and removed the water repellency of a quaternary ammonium compound. Effectiveness of a detoxicant for chemical warfare agents was enhanced when combined with either M-1960 or deet. Duration of effective mosquito repellency of M-1960 was decreased by the detoxicant for chemical-warfare agents, while duration of effective tick repellency was increased. A fire retardant slightly enhanced the stability of M-1960 to washing but decreased its duration of effective mosquito and tick repellency. Fire retardancy was not affected.
Cyromazine toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and lack of cross-resistance in natural population strains.

Cyromazine is an insect growth regulator (IGR) insecticide that is effective against Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). Both larvae and pupae of a standard laboratory strain were killed over an extremely narrow range of 0.3-0.5 ppm incorporated into the diet. Higher toxic doses killed larvae more rapidly, and lower toxic doses allowed pupariation but usually blocked pupal development. These puparia were abnormally elongated, indicating a failure of the contraction process that produces the characteristic pupal shape. When fed to adults, cyromazine had no effect on adult survival, fecundity, or fertility, even at a 10-fold larval LC50 level. In previous work, D. melanogaster strains recently derived from natural populations we’re found to be 25- to 100-fold resistant to at least 2 other classes of insecticides, chitinsynthesis inhibitors and carbamates. Here I tested 9 additional strains that were recently selected from widely separated geographical locations in the United States and found them to have resistance to lufenuron and propoxur, but virtually no resistance to cyromazine relative to one another or to 3 long-established laboratory strains. The results show that cross-resistance between the IGRs lufenuron and cyromazine is not present in D. melanogaster . They further suggest that cyromazine control failure in pest insect populations caused by cross-resistance may be minimal.
Erythropoiesis during recovery from macrocytic anemia: macrocytes, normocytes, and microcytes

In seven patients with marked megaloblastic anemia (MCV greater than 110 fl), red cell size distribution curves (erythrograms) demonstrated the size of red cells produced after therapy. In six, the new red cells were normocytic throughout recovery. In the seventh patient, folate repletion along produced a new population of microcytes, due to unsuspected iron deficiency; after iron repletion normocytes were produced. Three patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia had macrocytosis (MCV greater than 110 fl) without folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. During recovery with predisone therapy, instead of a discrete new normocytic population appearing, the entire population progressively returned to normal size. Normal rather than “stress” reticulocytes, and remodeled stress reticulocytes remaining, may explain this different pattern of recovery. Two patients initially had minor subpopulations of smaller red cells that disappeared soon after therapy. These probably reflected the dyserythropoiesis of severe megaloblastic anemia.
Government Regulation of Food

As men established systems of government to serve their needs, food became a governmental concern. Wars have been fought over food supplies and lands for growing food, and control of food has always been used as a military weapon. Armies and countries have been starved into submission. Food has also always been a strong bargaining factor in international trade and diplomacy. The development of modern science and technology, which nurtured the industrial revolution and the economic development of the past two centuries, resulted in more complex societies and governments. The primacy of adequate food supplies to economic growth led to the establishment of ministries or departments of agriculture and institutions for research and education to promote food production.
An Adaptive IP Mobility System for Enhanced Performance

The Mobile Node (MN), the Correspondent Node (CN), the Home Agent (HA), and the Foreign Agent (FA) are the IPv4 mobility support elements as specified in the current proposed IETF standards. In those standards and the associated enhancement drafts, there is no description of how to provide these mobility elements with the ability to dynamically change the mode of operation or to modify protocol parameters based on a given criteria. In this paper, an Adaptive System for Mobile IP networks is introduced. This Adaptive System is implemented using an algorithm to help the Mobile Node to dynamically select the rate and the recipients of some of the location management messages. The algorithm objective is to enhance the performance of the IP mobility support system by acquiring required features from the different available mobility approaches while reducing the corresponding drawbacks. Simulation shows good initial results for implementing the proposed Adaptive System. In addition, we introduced the Adaptive Home Agent Binding Update Rate Limiting feature. This feature can be integrated easily in both our proposed Adaptive System or in the M-IP with the Route Optimization extension, for the purpose of more efficient handling of the location management messages generation.
Differential potassium channel gene regulation in BXD mice reveals novel targets for pharmacogenetic therapies to reduce heavy alcohol drinking

Alcohol (ethanol) dependence is a chronic relapsing brain disorder partially influenced by genetics and characterized by an inability to regulate harmful levels of drinking. Emerging evidence has linked genes that encode KV7, KIR, and KCa2 K+ channels with variation in alcohol-related behaviors in rodents and humans. This led us to experimentally test relations between K+ channel genes and escalation of drinking in a chronic-intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure model of dependence in BXD recombinant inbred strains of mice. Transcript levels for K+ channel genes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) covary with voluntary ethanol drinking in a non-dependent cohort. Transcripts that encode KV7 channels covary negatively with drinking in non-dependent BXD strains. Using a pharmacological approach to validate the genetic findings, C57BL/6J mice were allowed intermittent access to ethanol to establish baseline consumption before they were treated with retigabine, an FDA-approved KV7 channel positive modulator. Systemic administration significantly reduced drinking, and consistent with previous evidence, retigabine was more effective at reducing voluntary consumption in high-drinking than low-drinking subjects. We evaluated the specific K+ channel genes that were most sensitive to CIE exposure and identified a gene subset in the NAc and PFC that were dysregulated in the alcohol-dependent BXD cohort. CIE-induced modulation of nine genes in the NAc and six genes in the PFC covaried well with the changes in drinking induced by ethanol dependence. Here we identified novel candidate genes in the NAc and PFC that are regulated by ethanol dependence and correlate with voluntary drinking in non-dependent and dependent BXD mice. The findings that Kcnq expression correlates with drinking and that retigabine reduces consumption suggest that KV7 channels could be pharmacogenetic targets to treat individuals with alcohol addiction.
Light intensity impacts the production of biofuel intermediates in Heterosigma akashiwo growing on simulated flue gas containing carbon dioxide and nitric oxide.

Abstract As a potential biofuel feedstock, the marine microalga, Heterosigma akashiwo, accumulates significant lipids, is capable of long-term growth in outdoor photobioreactors, and is an excellent candidate for the bioremediation of industrial emissions. Here, we evaluated resource partitioning in H. akashiwo growing on a CO2 and NO gas mixture under three light intensities: 160, 560, or 1200 μmol quanta m−2 s−1. Light levels had no effect on growth; however, cultures in high light accumulated 2.3-fold more carbohydrates and 17% fewer lipids. Light levels did not affect the percentage of saturated fatty acids, but mono-unsaturates increased by 6% and poly-unsaturates decreased by 12% in high light. The fatty acid profiles reported here suggest that H. akashiwo is a good candidate for the production of neutral lipids for biodiesel and also omega-3 fatty acids, and that the quality of biodiesel acquired from feedstocks grown under fluctuating light conditions would be relatively stable.
Effects of self-heating on integrated circuit metallization lifetimes

The authors present simulation results, an experimental technique, and a model for estimating the temperature rise and time-to-failure (TTF) of interconnect. They introduce the concept of derating factor for electromigration TTF due to self-heating. The derating factor is the factor by which the lifetime is reduced by temperature rise in the interconnect. It is shown that in the limit of high frequencies, the temperature rise can be estimated in a straightforward manner using the root-mean-square current density after the thermal resistance of the structure has been determined from DC measurements. The implication of the temperature dependence on J/sub rms/ for the usually quoted J/sub ave/ design rule was examined. It was determined that self-heating is probably not significant for the usual design rule average current density of 1*10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/ for operation at frequencies >10 MHz and duty factors >0.1%. However, if the design rule is increased to 1*10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/, self-heating might become significant. >
A multiscale computational model predicts distribution of anti-angiogenic isoform VEGF 165b in peripheral arterial disease in human and mouse.

Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing microvessels. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis that results in ischemia mostly in the lower extremities. Clinical trials including VEGF-A administration for therapeutic angiogenesis have not been successful. The existence of anti-angiogenic isoform (VEGF165b) in PAD muscle tissues is a potential cause for the failure of therapeutic angiogenesis. Experimental measurements show that in PAD human muscle biopsies the VEGF165b isoform is at least as abundant if not greater than the VEGF165a isoform. We constructed three-compartment models describing VEGF isoforms and receptors, in human and mouse, to make predictions on the secretion rate of VEGF165b and the distribution of various isoforms throughout the body based on the experimental data. The computational results are consistent with the data showing that in PAD calf muscles secrete mostly VEGF165b over total VEGF. In the PAD calf compartment of human and mouse models, most VEGF165a and VEGF165b are bound to the extracellular matrix. VEGF receptors VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) are mostly in ‘Free State’. This study provides a computational model of VEGF165b in PAD supported by experimental measurements of VEGF165b in human and mouse, which gives insight of VEGF165b in therapeutic angiogenesis and VEGF distribution in human and mouse PAD model.
Development of 2-aminooxazoline 3-azaxanthene β-amyloid cleaving enzyme (BACE) inhibitors with improved selectivity against Cathepsin D

As part of an ongoing effort at Amgen to develop a disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease, we have previously used the aminooxazoline xanthene (AOX) scaffold to generate potent and orally efficacious BACE1 inhibitors. While AOX-BACE1 inhibitors demonstrated acceptable cardiovascular safety margins, a retinal pathological finding in rat toxicological studies demanded further investigation. It has been widely postulated that such retinal toxicity might be related to off-target inhibition of Cathepsin D (CatD), a closely related aspartyl protease. We report the development of AOX-BACE1 inhibitors with improved selectivity against CatD by following a structure- and property-based approach. Our efforts culminated in the discovery of a picolinamide-substituted 3-aza-AOX-BACE1 inhibitor absent of retinal effects in an early screening rat toxicology study.
Microbiome: Impact of Gender on Function & Characteristics of Gut Microbiome

Abstract The human gut harbors a diverse community of commensals which are essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Recently, evidence suggesting a role of gut microbiome on the adaptive immune system and development of autoimmune diseases has been shown. Autoimmunity occurs with a significant sex-bias, affecting women more often than men. Beyond the role of sex hormones, despite significant research efforts, the mechanism underlying this sex-bias remains unknown. Autoimmune diseases are multifactorial, requiring both genetic and environmental factors for onset. The gut microbiome can impact the innate and adaptive immunity via interaction with sex hormones. In addition, host genotype and environmental factors also influence microbial composition. Among the environmental factors, diet has a significant impact on the composition of intestinal microbes. Interaction among sex hormones, diet, and genetic factors may determine the dysbiosis and its related metabolites. A systems biology approach by exploring microbiome-metabolomics and metagenomics to define the interactions in colonic ecosystem may help in determining sex-bias of autoimmunity.
Climate-driven trends in stem wood density of tree species in the eastern United States: Ecological impact and implications for national forest carbon assessments

Aim For trees, wood density is linked to competing energetic demands and therefore reflects responses to the environment. Climatic trends in wood density are recognized, yet their contribution to regional biogeographical patterns or impact on forest biomass stocks is not understood. This study has the following two objectives: (O1) to characterize wood density–climate trends for coarse (i.e., angiosperm versus gymnosperm) and fine (i.e., within-species) taxonomic units and test a predictive model that incorporates these trends into a model that assumes range-wide wood density is constant; and (O2) to assess the impact of climate-driven intraspecific variation on forest biomass stocks for major tree species. Location We use an assemblage of eastern U.S. tree species for assessing climatic trends (O1), and then apply fitted models to forest inventory data spanning the eastern U.S.A. to assess impacts of forest carbon estimation procedures (O2). Methods We compared hierarchical models fitted to the full data to characterize wood density/climate gradients and to assess the impact of within-species variation (O1). Then, we compared predictions of biomass stocks from the climate-variable model with those of the static model using the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) database (O2). Results We found among- and within-species trends related to temperature and moisture regimes, with differing responses between angiosperms and gymnosperms. Incorporating within-species variation in wood density increases the carbon stock of the study region by an estimated 242 Tg when compared with a species-only model. Main conclusions Intraspecific variation in wood density across species ranges suggests that climate influences investment in stem wood within tree species and contributes to biogeographical patterns in wood density in the eastern U.S.A. This variation impacts forest biomass stock assessments, and thus contributes refinements to the U.S. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. In addition, our work highlights the potential for combining trait data and forest inventory to infer forest ecological processes at broad spatial scales.
The Legal Context of the Management of Human Resources

Laws designed to reduce employment discrimination and to regulate labor standards have a strong impact on the management of human resources in organizations. This article examines in detail the development and enforcement of antidiscrimination laws in the United States; it also considers comparable laws and policies in the European Union (EU). A significant body of research focuses on the standards that are used to determine whether particular policies or practices are discriminatory, and if so, whether they are sufficiently job-related to be legally permissible; here, I examine key themes in this research. This article also examines emerging issues, such as determining who is an applicant and who is an employee, and it explores the role of the legal environment in impeding the application of scientific knowledge to advance the practice of human resource management (HRM).
Superconducting proximity effect in a topological insulator using Fe(Te, Se)

Interest in the superconducting proximity effect has recently been reignited by theoretical predictions that it could be used to achieve topological superconductivity. Low-${T}_{c}$ superconductors have predominantly been used in this effort, but small energy scales of $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ meV have hindered the characterization of the emergent electronic phase, limiting it to extremely low temperatures. In this work, we use molecular beam epitaxy to grow topological insulator $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{3}$ in a range of thicknesses on top of a high-${T}_{c}$ superconductor Fe(Te,Se). Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we detect ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathrm{ind}}$ as high as $\ensuremath{\sim}3.5$ meV, which is the largest reported gap induced by proximity to an $s$-wave superconductor to date. We find that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathrm{ind}}$ decays with $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{3}$ thickness, but remains finite even after the topological surface states have been formed. Finally, by imaging the scattering and interference of surface state electrons, we provide a microscopic visualization of the fully gapped $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{3}$ surface state due to Cooper pairing. Our results establish Fe-based high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors as a promising new platform for realizing high-${T}_{c}$ topological superconductivity.
Comparing Cross-Survey Micro Imputation and Macro Projection Techniques: Poverty in Post Revolution Tunisia

Tunisia was showcased for a long time as an example of poverty reduction achievement and pro-poor growth. Yet, after halving its poverty rates a revolution took the world by surprise early in 2011 and since then nothing is known about its poverty levels. To fill that gap, this analysis develops and compares multiple cross-survey micro imputations (using household budgetary and labor force surveys) with macro poverty projections (based on sector GDP, unemployment and inflation). Results from both techniques are robust: poverty in post revolution Tunisia first increased in 2011 to then decrease in 2012. The magnitude of this swing oscillates between 1 and 2.3 percent points and accrues mostly from urban areas. Methods using readily available macro administrative data provide estimates of poverty levels and trends very close to those provided by analytically more sophisticated and data demanding micro imputation techniques. These findings for Tunisia provide relevant insights in data deprived contexts with serious deficiencies in the frequency and accessibility of welfare statistics.
Low-dose dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to propofol infusion for children in MRI; A double-cohort study

INTRODUCTION Propofol is an effective sedative for magnetic resonance imaging. Nevertheless, it may cause hemodynamic and respiratory complications in a dose dependent fashion. We investigated the role of low-dose dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg) as an adjuvant to propofol sedation for children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. We hypothesized that dexmedetomidine would decrease the propofol dose required, airway complications, and hemodynamic instability. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of patients' age of 1 month to 20 years. Children were divided into 2 groups; group P received only propofol; group D + P received intravenous bolus of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg) and propofol. RESULTS We reviewed 172 children in P and 129 in D + P (dexmedetomidine dose, median: 0.50 μg/kg (IQR: 0.45-0.62). An additional dexmedetomidine bolus was given to 17 children for sedation lasting longer than 2 hours. Total propofol dose (μg/kg/min) was significantly higher in group P than D + P; 215.0 (182.6-253.8) vs 147.6 (127.5-180.9); Median Diff = -67.8; 95%CI = -80.6, -54.9; P < .0001. There was no difference in recovery time (minutes); P: 28 (17-39) vs D + P: 27 (18-41); Median Diff = -1; 95%CI = -6.0, 4.0; P = .694. The need for airway support was significantly greater in P compared to D + P; 15/172 vs 3/129; OR = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.07 to 0.90; P = .02 (2-sample proportions test). Mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in P compared to D + P across time over 60 minutes after induction (coef = -0.06, 95%CI = -0.11, -0.02, P = .004). DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION A low-dose bolus of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg) used as an adjuvant can decrease the propofol requirement for children undergoing sedation for magnetic resonance imaging. This may decrease the need for airway support and contribute to improved hemodynamic stability without prolonging recovery time.
Temporal Variability in Ecological Stoichiometry and Material Exchange in a Tidally Dominated Estuary (North Inlet, South Carolina) and the Impact on Community Nutrient Status

Across the coastal zone, rates of carbon and nutrient exchange are defined by the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of individual estuarine systems. Elemental stoichiometry provides a mechanism for simplifying overlapping physical, chemical, and biological drivers into proxies that can be used to compare and monitor estuarine biogeochemistry. To this end, the seasonal and tidal variability of estuarine stoichiometry was examined over an annual cycle in North Inlet (NI), South Carolina. Surface samples for dissolved and particulate carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were collected every 20 days (August 2014 to August 2015) over a semi-diurnal tidal cycle. Dissolved nutrient flux estimates of an individual tidal creek were also made. Overall, the results demonstrated the dominance of seasonal versus tidal forcing on water column C:N:P stoichiometry. This seasonal behavior mediated the relative exchange of N and P into and out of the tidal creek and influenced the nutrient status index (NSI) of NI plankton communities. These communities were largely N deficient with the magnitude of this deficiency impacted by assumptions of inorganic versus organic plankton P demand and nutrient supply. Persistent N deficiency appeared to help drive the net import of N, while temporary P surplus likely drives its seasonal export. Combined, these results indicate that material delivery must be considered on seasonal time frames, as net annual fluxes do not reflect the short-term deliveries of C and nutrients into nearshore ecosystems.
An Agent in Pretoria? Fred Jeppe, the Cartography of the Transvaal and Imperial Knowledge Before 1900

ABSTRACTThe German-born technocrat Friedrich Heinrich (Fred) Jeppe (1833–1898) is identified more than any other individual with the nineteenth-century cartography of the South African Republic (Transvaal). Many existing studies note that he was an Anglophile who served the short-lived British colonial government (1877–1881), a bureaucrat who operated within the settler republics that preceded and followed it, and a figure whose work extended beyond the realm of cartography narrowly. Very few, however, have considered his role as a passive and, at times, active agent who channelled information to the British government at least until his own death in June 1898. Based on extensive archival research, this essay highlights Jeppe's British connections to draw out a different, more partisan thread in the life and work of this meticulous mapmaker, one that had a direct effect on military intelligence just before the conflagration of the South African War in 1899.
Infrastructure and Organizational Transformation: Classifying Nurses’ Work

This paper describes an evolving classification system for understanding the nature of nursing work, the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) developed at the University of Iowa. We describe the balancing act inherent in maximizing three dimensions of the system: comparability, control and visibility. As part of a series of studies on the relationship between classification, infrastructure, work and knowledge, we link NIC with other classification systems such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and its role in organizational coordination. We analyze some of the features of evolving infrastructure, and its potential impact on organizations and practice.
Degradation of Praxis Brain Networks and Impaired Comprehension of Manipulable Nouns in Stroke

Distributed brain systems contribute to representation of semantic knowledge. Whether sensory and motor systems of the brain are causally involved in representing conceptual knowledge is an especia...
Late Breaking Abstract - The cost, health resources utilization and medications in chronic obstructive pulmonary patients with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) often coexist. The mechanistic links between these two diseases are complex, multifactorial, and not entirely understood. DM was associated with worse outcomes in COPD patients and more frequent in COPD patients. Management of DM may be important in clinical care of the COPD population. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) was highly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells of untreated chronic airway disease. Aims: We valuated the medical cost and health resource utilization between different medications for COPD patients with and without DM. Methods: We conducted a cohort study and identified 147, 073 COPD patients from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) who had DM between 2010 and 2015. Results: After 1:1 propensity score matching, 121,844 COPD patients with DM had higher medical cost of inpatient department (IPD)(USD: 2,576*) but lower clinics visits of outpatient department (OPD)(7.56 of means of times *). Subgroup analysis showed COPD patients with DM and controlled with long-acting muscarinic antagonists had also lower OPD visit (16.75*). COPD patients with DM and controlled with DPP-4 inhibitors had higher cost and visits of OPD (USD: 51.6, 8.49*) but lower IPD clinics cost (USD: 1,803.2*), compared with cost of those controlled with traditional anti-diabetes medication (USD: 2,845.1*). Conclusion: COPD patients with DM had higher medical cost of IPD but lower health utilization of OPD. COPD patients with DM and controlled with DPP-4 inhibitors had lower clinics visit and cost of inpatient care. *: P
Selectively Addressable Photogenerated Spin Qubit Pairs in DNA Hairpins

Photoinduced electron transfer can produce radical pairs having two quantum entangled electron spins that can act as spin qubits in quantum information applications. Manipulation of these spin qubits requires selective addressing of each spin using microwave pulses. In this work, photogenerated spin qubit pairs are prepared within chromophore-modified DNA hairpins with varying spin qubit distances, and are probed using transient EPR spectroscopy. By performing pulse-EPR measurements on the shortest hairpin, selective addressing of each spin qubit comprising the pair is demonstrated. Furthermore, these spin qubit pairs have coherence times of more than 4 μs, which provides a comfortable time window for performing complex spin manipulations for quantum information applications. The applicability of these DNA-based photogenerated two-qubit systems is discussed in the context of quantum gate operations, specifically the controlled-NOT gate.
Killer Archaea: Virus-Mediated Antagonism to CRISPR-Immune Populations Results in Emergent Virus-Host Mutualism.

ABSTRACT Theory, simulation, and experimental evolution demonstrate that diversified CRISPR-Cas immunity to lytic viruses can lead to stochastic virus extinction due to a limited number of susceptible hosts available to each potential new protospacer escape mutation. Under such conditions, theory predicts that to evade extinction, viruses evolve toward decreased virulence and promote vertical transmission and persistence in infected hosts. To better understand the evolution of host-virus interactions in microbial populations with active CRISPR-Cas immunity, we studied the interaction between CRISPR-immune Sulfolobus islandicus cells and immune-deficient strains that are infected by the chronic virus SSV9. We demonstrate that Sulfolobus islandicus cells infected with SSV9, and with other related SSVs, kill uninfected, immune strains through an antagonistic mechanism that is a protein and is independent of infectious virus. Cells that are infected with SSV9 are protected from killing and persist in the population. We hypothesize that this infection acts as a form of mutualism between the host and the virus by removing competitors in the population and ensuring continued vertical transmission of the virus within populations with diversified CRISPR-Cas immunity. IMPORTANCE Multiple studies, especially those focusing on the role of lytic viruses in key model systems, have shown the importance of viruses in shaping microbial populations. However, it has become increasingly clear that viruses with a long host-virus interaction, such as those with a chronic lifestyle, can be important drivers of evolution and have large impacts on host ecology. In this work, we describe one such interaction with the acidic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus islandicus and its chronic virus Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 9. Our work expands the view in which this symbiosis between host and virus evolved, describing a killing phenotype which we hypothesize has evolved in part due to the high prevalence and diversity of CRISPR-Cas immunity seen in natural populations. We explore the implications of this phenotype in population dynamics and host ecology, as well as the implications of mutualism between this virus-host pair.
Use of an Environmentally Friendly Polymer to Reduce the Water Content in Tailings Slurry

Conventional tailings slurry contains a significant amount of water, and water management is key to ensuring the stability of a tailings storage facility (TSF). Simply reducing the water content in the slurry before discharging it from the mill could be an effective way to improve TSF water management. This study investigated the potential for using an environmentally friendly polymer as a new drag reduction agent (DRA) to reduce frictional pressure loss and also conserve water. It entailed conducting pipe loop tests to assess the polymer’s effect on pressure loss in tailings flow and then applying the test results to validate a numerical model using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The model was also used to determine the polymer’s optimal concentrations at given solid concentrations and flow rates, its effect on energy efficiency for tailings transportation, and its potential for saving water. A case study for a mid-sized, hard-rock mine with a throughput of 50,000 t/day found that the solid concentration could be increased from 30 to 45% with no pressure loss by applying 1996 m3 of the polymer per day. Adding the polymer also resulted in water savings of 57,552 m3/day. The results of this study demonstrated the potential for using the new DRA not only to improve TSF stability but also to save water.
Use of scalation landmarks in geometric morphometrics of squamate reptiles: a comment on homology.

Geometric morphometrics (GM) is a powerful analytical approach for evaluating phenotypic variation relevant to taxonomy and systematics, and as with any statistical methodology, requires adherence to fundamental assumptions for inferences to be strictly valid. An important consideration for GM is how landmark configurations, which represent sets of anatomical loci for evaluating shape variation through Cartesian coordinates, relate to underlying homology (Zelditch et al. 1995; Polly 2008). Perhaps more so than with traditional morphometrics, anatomical homology is a crucial assumption for GM because of the mathematical and biological interpretations associated with shape change depicted by deformation grids, such as the thin plate spline (Klingenberg 2008; Zelditch et al. 2012). GM approaches are often used to analyze shapes or outlines of structures, which are not necessarily related to common ancestry, and in this respect GM approaches that use linear semi-landmarks and related methods are particularly amenable to evaluating primary homology, or raw similarity between structures (De Pinna 1991; Palci & Lee 2019). This relaxed interpretation of homology that focuses more on recognizable and repeatable landmarks is defensible so long as authors are clear regarding the purpose of the analyses and in defining their landmark configurations (Palci & Lee 2019). Secondary homology, or similarity due to common ancestry, can also be represented with GM methods and is often assumed to be reflected in fixed Type 1 (juxtaposition of tissues) or Type 2 (self-evident geometry) landmarks (Bookstein 1991).
Review of technologies for preventing secondary transport of soluble and particulate radiological contamination from roadways, roadside vegetation, and adjacent soils

Abstract Transport of contaminants from roadways to the environment is well known, although studies of technologies for preventing and managing this appear infrequently in the literature. This paper reviews technologies studied for radiological contaminants. In addition to nuclear facility decommissioning, nuclear power plant accidents at Chernobyl (Former Soviet Union), Fukushima (Japan) and elsewhere have provided real world situations to both develop and test technologies to remediate radiological contamination and to return roadways, along with adjacent vegetation and soil, to prior use. From publications arising from these efforts, technologies were reviewed for radioactive material with two distinct properties (water-soluble and insoluble radioactive contaminants). The reported characteristics and capabilities of technologies are summarized in this review. This review also presents logistical considerations of implementation of the technologies, including waste management which can be an extreme impediment to rapid remediation if generated quantities of hazardous waste exceed local handling capacity. The summarized literature review suggests future avenues of work, chiefly for insoluble particulates, focused on technologies which may be mechanistically applicable to their remediation. While the underlying chemical and physical mechanisms that contribute to transport differ among contaminants, the studies reviewed here might also be applicable to non-radioactive contaminants, because the presence of radioactivity is largely independent of the underlying mechanisms.
Mandatory Professional Skills Training: What a Long Strange Trip It's Been

The American Bar Association did not require that each J.D. student receive training in professional skills until 2005, and even then "one solid credit" hour was considered adequate training to begin the practice of law. In 2014, the ABA recognized the inadequacy of its one-credit skills requirement and increased it to six-credits effective with the graduating class of 2019. With a decade of mandatory professional skills training now completed, this short article examines enrollment trends in law clinic, externship, and simulation courses over the past ten classes of law students. It finds that total enrollment in these experiential courses has increased by approximately 25% over the past ten years and that this increase is not associated with the recent decline in bar examination passage rates. There has also been a corresponding growth in the number of available positions for students in law clinic and externship courses such that 90% of schools could require or guarantee enrollment in these clinical courses without adding any additional course or slots for their students. Nonetheless, only one-third of schools currently ensure that each of its graduates has the opportunity to participate in a law clinic or externship before graduation.
Optimizing surfactant templating of yttria-stabilized zirconia aerogels for high-temperature applications: Effect of cationic surfactant

Abstract Aerogels can be used in spaceflight applications as thermal insulators due to their low density, low thermal conductivity, and tortuous path for solid conduction. However, the aerogel formulation must be optimized to increase the thermal stability of the aerogels, as a drastic densification and decrease in surface area often is exhibited after high-temperature exposure. This work considers yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) aerogels, which have low thermal conductivity and are expected to be used for temperatures between 600 °C and 1000 °C. It is anticipated that new sol-gel chemistries will yield YSZ aerogels that exhibit retained mesoporous structure, increased surface area, and minimized shrinkage upon exposure to higher temperatures in the expected use range. This work investigates the addition of surfactant to 20 mol% YSZ aerogels. The cationic surfactant, cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), was used as the templating agent, preventing the collapse of the mesoporous structure upon gelation and drying. It was determined that adding one-half times the critical micelle concentration of CTAB increased the surface area of the aerogels by 72% and 41% and increased the pore volume following exposure to 600 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. This level of CTAB had the greatest increase in surface area and pore volume as compared to aerogels without CTAB or with twice the critical micelle concentration of CTAB. By optimizing the concentration of CTAB, the thermal stability of YSZ aerogels can be enhanced to make these materials more efficient when used as thermal management systems.
Donation After Cardiac Death Organ Procurement and Transplantation

The donation after cardiac death (DCD) donor, formerly referred to as the non–heart-beating donor, is a type of expanded-criteria donor. Over the past decade, DCD has been the fastest-growing source of transplanted organs in the United States, bringing full circle the history of organ donation (Reich and Manzarbeitia 2005). DCD organ transplantation is utilized in the United States, Europe, and Asia to boost the number of deceased donors and decrease the dire shortage of transplantable organs. DCD is characterized by irreversible absence of circulation, in contrast to donation after brain death, defined by irreversible cessation of all brain functions. Organ ischemia is minimized in the brain-dead donor because circulatory arrest typically occurs concurrently with perfusion of preservation solution and rapid core cooling. DCDs are less than ideal because the organs suffer ischemia during the prolonged periods between circulatory dysfunction, circulatory arrest, and subsequent perfusion and cooling. Furthermore, the surgical procedure for DCD organ recovery, the main focus of this chapter, is demanding and rushed.
Precisely Not Me: The Deuce in Dostoevsky

This chapter examines some of the ways that the motif of the double fuels the fiction of Dostoevsky. On the one hand, there is the story, The Double, which features the appearance of the main character’s double, possibly a Doppelganger. Beyond the appearance of the Doppelganger, the story is peppered with images of doubles. Most of my energy in this chapter, however, focuses on Crime and Punishment, which is saturated and driven by a variety of doubles. My intention here is to articulate a second narrative—a story of doubles—that provides something like an animated armature for the main narrative.