cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbiological Induced Corrosion (Sulphate-Reducingbacteria) Attack in Oil/Gas Refining Industries: An Overview

Several critical equipment in Oil and Gas refining facilitates experiencing an accelerated corrosion attack when microbes or bacterial species reacts with the metallic surface typically referred as Microbiological induced corrosion. MIC is an electrochemical mode of corrosion where the type of material and the chemical medium plays major role with the microbes and resulted in surfaces that are covered with a thin film called (biofilm). This type of corrosion has been known as a costly phenomenon as they reported to cost 20% of the total reported corrosion cost. In this paper the MIC phenomenon has been described in detail with a special reference to oil and gas applications, also the current and most effective inspection and monitoring methodologies and programs have been discussed and compared with several reported literatures. The Paper showed that the monitoring systems and current inspection methodologies are considered complex in term of implementations, cost and reliability and there are plenty room of improvements.
Linear modeling of modern artist paints using a modification of the opaque form of Kubelka-Munk turbid media theory

A new model of turbid medium theory is proposed that combines the best parts of the opaque forms of Kubelka-Munk single and two constant models. This model introduces an impurity index, a spectrally nonselective scattering coefficient for each chromatic component. The new model is shown to have a convex, linear dependence on colorant concentration so that it can be used for colorant identification in high-resolution images of works of art while offering an extension to the single constant model that can predict the absorption and scattering of paints, both in mixture and pure (masstone) forms. The model was tested and validated using 28 matte acrylic dispersion paints, of the type used in modern painting. These paints had a wide range of absorption and scattering characteristics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
Highly Efficient Air Desulfurization on Self-Assembled Bundles of Copper Hydroxide Nanorods.

Copper hydroxide and copper hydroxyl nitrate were successfully synthesized from copper nitrate. A slight alteration of a base addition pathway led to entirely different chemical and crystal structures. Structural, morphological, and surface chemical features were analyzed using various physical and chemical methods. The copper hydroxide texture consists of self-assembled bundles of nanorods with a diameter between 15 and 40 nm. They are stack together forming platelet-like particles. In the case of the copper hydroxyl nitrate, platelet-like particles with a smooth surface were detected. The fully hydroxylated sample showed a considerably higher surface area and mesoporous volume than those of copper hydroxyl nitrate. Both synthesized materials were used as air desulfurization media at moist or dry conditions. The results indicate a supreme chemical adsorption of H2S on copper hydroxide. Moisture in air has a positive effect on the adsorption performance. In humid conditions, almost 0.9 mol H2S/mol of Cu(O...
Racialized Casteism: Exposing the Relationship Between Race, Caste, and Colorism Through the Experiences of Africana People in India and Sri Lanka

Contemporary South Asian sociality is marked by signifiers of race, caste, ethnicity, and colorism. Examining the particular social inequalities and marginalization experienced by Africana people in these societies uncovers the dialectical interrelationship between caste, race, and colorism. This yields an understanding of how race and its more trenchant inflection, racism, function in South Asia. Interpreting implications for Africana politics in South Asian societies requires a theorization of these categories. Racialized casteism is an analytic that reveals the relationship between race, caste, and colorism in South Asia and highlights how Africana presence indisputably raises the significance of race thereby intensifying the outcomes faced by Siddis and Kaffirs.
A Psychology of the Americas

In spite of our efforts to create a science that is universal, culture-free and beyond the boundaries of time and space, psychology is still very much culture bound….
As tradições orais já não bastam: a pesquisa como estratégia de preservação

Neste texto realiza-se uma reflexao sobre historias e narrativas que tratam da origem do universo e dos seres humanos. Como membro do povo Apinaje, Cassiano busca refletir sobre essas narrativas, tomando como referencia a memoria dos anciaos com quem tem dialogado. Pesquisa, nesse dialogo, informacoes sobre o modo de vida, as formas de ocupacao do territorio e tambem pensa no processo de aprendizagem praticado no passado e atualmente pelo seu povo. Pratica, dessa forma, uma reflexao que podemos chamar de Antropologia Simetrica, fazendo descricao e reflexao sobre seu proprio referencial cultural e teorico.
Harmonic Balance Theory

Harmonic balance differs from traditional transient analysis in two fundamental ways. These differences allow harmonic balance to compute periodic and quasiperiodic solutions directly and in certain circumstances give the method significant advantages in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Transient analysis, which uses standard numeric integration, constructs a solution as a collection of time samples with an implied interpolating function. Typically the interpolating function is a low order polynomial. However, polynomials fit sinusoids poorly, and so many points are needed to approximate sinusoidal solutions accurately.
AFRICA, CENTRAL | Foragers, Farmers, and Metallurgists

This article examines the prehistory of Central Africa during the last 10 000 years. At the beginning of this period, the region was occupied by mobile forager populations, with the first evidence for more sedentary life-ways and more intensive exploitation of plant resources appearing after 7000 years ago. After about 3000 years ago, we see the progressive appearance of village sites and iron technology in different parts of the region. These processes culminate in the development of complex social and political systems in Central Africa over the last two millennia.
Nonhuman Primate Models for Egg Transfer

The first mammalian embryo transfer was performed on rabbits by Heape in 1890. Since that time numerous species of laboratory and domestic animals have been added to the list of mammals in which the uterus of one female will accomodate the embryo of another member of the species, maintaining it throughout gestation. This process of reproduction has been applied advantageously for research purposes as well as for genetic improvement of livestock. With the advent of domestic breeding of nonhuman primates and the increased interest in development of specific genetic strains of these animals, it becomes important to develop the most efficient methods possible for making rapid progress in selective breeding of nonhuman primates. Perhaps even more important is the information which can be obtained regarding the safety and efficacy of applying embryo transfer techniques for the treatment of human infertility.
Single scan quantitative gradient recalled echo MRI for evaluation of tissue damage in lesions and normal appearing gray and white matter in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting the human central nervous system (CNS) and leading to neurologic disability. Although conventional MRI techniques can readily detect focal white matter (WM) lesions, it remains challenging to quantify tissue damage in normal-appearing gray matter (GM) and WM. PURPOSE To demonstrate that a new MRI biomarker, R2t*, can provide quantitative analysis of tissue damage across the brain in MS patients in a single scan. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS Forty-four MS patients and 19 healthy controls (HC). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T, quantitative gradient-recalled-echo (qGRE), Magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. ASSESSMENT Severity of tissue damage was assessed by reduced R2t*. Tissue atrophy was assessed by cortical thickness and cervical spinal cord cross-sectional area (CSA). Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite was used for clinical assessment. RESULTS R2t* in cortical GM was more sensitive to MS damage than cortical atrophy. Using more than two standard deviations (SD) reduction versus age-matched HC as the cutoff, 48% of MS patients showed lower R2t*, versus only 9% with lower cortical thickness. Significant correlations between severities of tissue injury were identified among 1) upper cervical cord and several cortical regions, including motor cortex (P < 0.001), and 2) adjacent regions of GM and subcortical WM (P < 0.001). R2t*-defined tissue cellular damage in cortical GM was greater relative to adjacent WM. Reductions in cortical R2t* correlated with cognitive impairment (P < 0.01). Motor-related clinical signs correlated most with cervical cord CSA (P < 0.001). DATA CONCLUSION Reductions in R2t* within cortical GM was more sensitive to tissue damage than atrophy, potentially allowing a reduced sample size in clinical trials. R2t* together with structural morphometry suggested topographic patterns of regions showing correlated tissue damage throughout the brain and the cervical spinal cord of MS patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:487-498.
Variation in Tympanoplasty Cost in a Multihospital Network.

OBJECTIVES Identify costs and operative times for tympanoplasty, and evaluate factors influencing cost and time variation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Multihospital network. PATIENTS Patients undergoing tympanoplasty from 2008 to 2016. Subjects with additional procedures were excluded. INTERVENTIONS A multihospital network's standardized activity-based accounting system was used to determine costs and operative times of tympanoplasty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Correlation between variable factors and cost was calculated by Spearman correlation coefficients. Statistical comparisons of cost and time were made between surgeons and hospitals using an ANOVA test (Kruskal-Wallis) followed by Dunn's test to correct for multiple comparisons. All providers or hospitals with single cases were excluded for statistical comparison. RESULTS The study cohort included 487 tympanoplasties performed by 44 surgeons at 13 hospitals. Mean patient age was 18.2 ± 17.4 years. Mean cut-to-close time was 85.8 ± 56.7 minutes. Mean total encounter cost was $3491 ± $1,627. Substantial factors associated with total encounter cost were anesthesia cost (r = 0.8782; 95% CI 0.852-0.900, p < 0.001) and cut-to-close time (r = 0.7543; 95% CI 0.707-0.7949, p < 0.001). The total itemized supply cost was less correlated with total encounter cost (r = 0.3176; 95% CI 0.2128-0.4151, p < 0.001). Laser utilization (mean cost $541 ± $343) and artificial graft material (mean cost $199 ± $94) were the major supply costs. CONCLUSION Significant variation in tympanoplasty costs exists among different surgeons and hospitals within a multihospital network. Reducing variation in costs while maintaining outcomes may improve healthcare value and eliminate waste.
Infection risk for Bactiseal Universal Shunts versus Chhabra shunts in Ugandan infants: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE Clinical and economic repercussions of ventricular shunt infections are magnified in low-resource countries. The efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated shunts in this setting is unclear. A previous retrospective cohort study comparing the Bactiseal Universal Shunt (BUS) and the Chhabra shunt provided clinical equipoise; thus, the authors conducted this larger randomized controlled trial in Ugandan children requiring shunt placement for hydrocephalus to determine whether there was, in fact, any advantage of one shunt over the other. METHODS Between April 2013 and September 2016, the authors randomly assigned children younger than 16 years of age without evidence of ventriculitis to either BUS or Chhabra shunt implantation in this single-blind randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome was shunt infection, and secondary outcomes included reoperation and death. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. Time to outcome was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The significance of differences was tested using Wilcoxon rank-sum, chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and t-tests. RESULTS Of the 248 patients randomized, the BUS was implanted in 124 and the Chhabra shunt in 124. There were no differences between the groups in terms of age, sex, or hydrocephalus etiology. Within 6 months of follow-up, there were 14 infections (5.6%): 6 BUS (4.8%) and 8 Chhabra (6.5%; p = 0.58). There were 14 deaths (5.6%; 5 BUS [4.0%] vs 9 Chhabra [7.3%], p = 0.27) and 30 reoperations (12.1%; 15 BUS vs 15 Chhabra, p = 1.00). There were no significant differences in the time to primary or secondary outcomes at 6 months’ follow-up (p = 0.29 and 0.17, respectively, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). CONCLUSIONS Among Ugandan infants, BUS implantation did not result in a lower incidence of shunt infection or other complications. Any recommendation for a more costly standard of care in low-resource countries must have contextually relevant, evidence-based support. Clinical trial registration no.: PACTR201804003240177 (http://www.pactr.org/)
3249 Defining the Extracellular Vesicle Content of Interstitial Fluid for Blood-Free Diagnostics; Extraction Methods and Initial Characterization

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Recent advances in microneedle technology have enabled practical, in vivo dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) sampling. These minimally-invasive techniques allow for collection of ISF without damage to adjacent tissues and do not rely on blister formation. Initial reports of extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation from dermal ISF and paired blood samples suggest that EVs may be more abundant in ISF. Analysis of ISF-derived EVs may allow for more detailed study of intercellular communication at the tissue level, particularly in acute inflammatory conditions. The objective of this study is to describe the isolation and initial characterization of interstitial fluid-derived exosomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We apply electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), immuochemical, and sequencing methods to describe and distinguish the EV content of interstitial fluid. We include apparently healthy adult human subjects with no active skin disease. We also study immunocompetent, CD-hairless rats to demonstrate the generalizability of the methods. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We successfully isolated EVs from human and rat interstitial fluid using commercially available precipitation methods. The EVs were initially characterized using UV/Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and NTA. While the study is ongoing, initial results suggest that the concentration and size distribution of EVs differs significantly between blood fractions and ISF. Further immunochemical and sequencing characterization is ongoing. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We present here the initial characterization of EVs isolated from dermal interstitial fluid. This appears to be the first report of EV characterization using ISF collection methods that do not perturb adjacent tissues (such as with blister or microdialysis methods). The present study lays a foundation for further examination of ISF-derived EVs in acute inflammatory disease such as cellulitis or infectious neuritis. This may enable minimally invasive diagnostics and new research tools to understand intercellular communication in living organisms with increased spatial and temporal resolution.
Validity of Independent Scattering Approximation (ISA) to measure ultrasonic attenuation in porous structures with mono-disperse random pore distribution

The goal of this study is to assess the validity of the Independent Scattering Approximation (ISA) for predicting ultrasonic attenuation in structures mimicking simplified geometries of cortical bone. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) methods were used to assess the ultrasound attenuation in porous media with a monodisperse distribution of pores, with pore diameters, density, and frequency in the range of ϕ = 40–120μm, 3–16 pore/mm2, and 1–8 MHz, respectively. The attenuation values obtained from the FDTD simulations were compared to attenuation values predicted by the ISA. The results indicate that the ISA reliably predicts the attenuation for kϕ The results revealed that MS is dominant at ϕ = 120, but that SS is dominant for ϕ = 60 μm. Assuming that the attenuation is a function of kϕ, the ISA is modified to test its applicability where single scattering is dominant. The results using the modified ISA showed that it can predict the attenuation in monodisperse porous structures for kϕ < 1 and ϕ∈[40–100] μm with less than 10% error. The goal of this study is to assess the validity of the Independent Scattering Approximation (ISA) for predicting ultrasonic attenuation in structures mimicking simplified geometries of cortical bone. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) methods were used to assess the ultrasound attenuation in porous media with a monodisperse distribution of pores, with pore diameters, density, and frequency in the range of ϕ = 40–120μm, 3–16 pore/mm2, and 1–8 MHz, respectively. The attenuation values obtained from the FDTD simulations were compared to attenuation values predicted by the ISA. The results indicate that the ISA reliably predicts the attenuation for kϕ<1 and ϕ∈[100,120] μm, with less than 15% error. The error increases up to 26% as ϕ decreases. The reason that ISA fails to predict accurate values for lower ϕ is investigated through the quantification of multiple scattering (MS). This is done by MS assessment in which the effect of multiple versus single scattering (SS) is compared by measuring the backscatt...
When does the Forename End and the Surname Begin? Saints’ Names as Compound Forenames in Spanish

AbstractWhile cataloging colonial-era Spanish-language materials, the investigator encountered personal names in which the forename, given in honor of a saint, includes a phrase-like qualifier such...
A strategic planning approach for protecting environmentally sensitive coastlines from oil spills: Allocating response resources on a limited budget

Abstract Oil exploration and production in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) reached an all-time high in 2017 and projections for 2018 and 2019 suggest that production will continue to increase. As extraction activities continue their movement to deep and ultra-deep water environments, operational complexities that increase the risks associated with uncontrolled release events remain omnipresent. In addition to oil spills posing a critical threat to sensitive coastal environments, the geographic and economic implications of spill response need consideration. Specifically, given limited budgets, human resources and equipment, regional stakeholders must identify locations that improve the strategic value for siting spill mitigation resources. Not only can this help to improve the efficiency of spill response, an improved combination of equipment storage locations can help reduce the social and environmental costs of spills over time. The purpose of this paper is to detail an innovative strategic planning approach to protect sensitive coastlines from oil spills. Using a combination of mathematical programming and geographic information systems (GIS), we explore a range of alternative, geographic configurations of spill response resources, attempting to improve their overall proximity to environmentally sensitive shoreline areas using a case study in coastal Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.
Convenient Synthesis of Vinyldiazomethanes from α-Diazo-β-Keto Esters and Related Systems

Abstract A series of vinydiazomethanes were readily prepared by sodium borohydride reduction of a-diazo-p-ketoesters followed by phosphorus oxychloride induced dehydration of the resulting a-diazo-p-hydroxyesters.
Primary Structural Analyses of Murine Major Histocompatibility Antigens

Abstract Radiochemical determination of the complete sequence (346 residues) of the murine H-2K b alloantigen indicates that this molecule is composed of an extracellular (~284 residues), an intramembrane (~25 residues) and an intracellular (~37 residues) region. Extensive amino acid sequence data have also been obtained for the H-2K b , D d and D d alloantigens. Comparison of the N-terminal 100 residues of the 4 murine molecules among themselves and to HLA-B7 and A2 reveals that 73-87% homology exists among the H-2 molecules and 67-73% homology exists between the H-2 and HLA molecules. This homology is underscored by the fact that 65 residues are shared among the H-2 molecules and 56 are common to all 6 molecules. The majority of the amino acid differences between the molecules are distributed into several discrete clusters. Comparison of the complete sequences of H-2K b and HLA-B7 reveals an extracellular homology (residues 1-281) of 71% compared to only 30% homology for the intracellular portions (residues 282-346). Other noteworthy structural differences are that HLA-B7 is 10 residues shorter than H-2K b and has only 1 carbohydrate compared to 2 such prosthetic groups in H-2K b . Comparison of the H-2K b sequence with sequences deduced from H-2 d gene clones indicate that H-2 molecules also vary in length. Furthermore, studies on H-2K d and H-2D b indicate that these H-2 molecules have one more carbohydrate moiety than does H-2K b .
Playground Politics Across the Life Span as a Public Health Crisis: Summarizing Bullying Prevalence, Effects, Cost, Possible Solutions, and Prevention Suggestions

This final chapter serves as a review of the preceding 11 chapters. We discuss why bullying should be seen as a public health priority, if not a pandemic, based on prevalence, cost, and impact. This discussion offers additional insight into how forms of bullying and violence are interconnected and escalated by the presence of guns. We also provide information on interventions and possible ways of combatting bullying and violence across the life span.
The Community Balance and Mobility Scale: Detecting Impairments in Military Service Members With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Introduction The objective of this study was to determine the utility of the Community Balance and Mobility scale (CB&M) among service members presenting with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), to compare the results against well-established balance assessments, and to find a new military-specific CB&M cut score to help differentiate those with and without mTBI. Materials and methods The setting was a 4-week, intensive-outpatient, interdisciplinary program for active duty service members with mTBI. This was a nonrandomized, cross-sectional design that compared multiple measures between two groups: active duty service members with (n = 45) and without (n = 45) mTBI. The assessments, including the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, gait speed (comfortable and fast), the Functional Gait Assessment, and the CB&M, were provided to both sample groups. Results The mTBI group performed significantly worse (P ≤ 0.01) across all measures. A higher cut score for the CB&M of 81.5 is suggested. The CB&M demonstrated the best sensitivity (78%) and specificity (91%) ratio, as well as the largest effect size and area under the curve(0.92). Conclusion All objective measures distinguish participants with mTBI from controls, ranging from fair to excellent. The recommended CB&M cut score of 81.5 allows for good variance, standard deviation, and reduced risk of ceiling or floor effects. Further examination of the recommended CB&M cut score is warranted for use in the mTBI civilian populations.
A Factor Structure for Implied Volatility

We propose a methodology for estimating option-implied forward-looking variances and covariances of assets and portfolios, which may not possess actively-traded options. Our approach relies on the observation that any factor structure for stock returns naturally induces a factor structure for return volatility. We implement the methodology empirically and show that our forward-looking moment estimates provide useful implications for the prediction of jumps and for portfolio choice.
Dual spectral phase and diffraction angle compensation of a broadband AOM 4-f pulse-shaper for ultrafast spectroscopy

AOM-based pulse shaping as a method has been shown to provide many advantages in the field of ultrafast spectroscopy, in particular for the creation of phase matched pulse pairs for two-dimensional IR and electronic spectroscopy. In this paper we demonstrate the capabilities of a quartz-based AOM pulse-shaper to provide fine control over the phase and spatial dispersion of ultrafast supercontinuum pulses. We show that by using the Bragg condition, we can define a mask function for our AOM such that the angle of diffraction is constant for all frequencies. By summing all the contributions to spectral phase due to normal and anomalous dispersion of our optical components, and taking into account the intrinsic frequency dependent phase as a result of the acoustic sine wave propagating through the AOM, we can determine an optimal mask function that meets the Bragg condition for all frequencies, and generates compressed (∼50 fs) supercontinuum pulses.
Have improvements in ozone air quality reduced ozone uptake into plants

Peak levels of ozone (O3)—quantified by concentration metrics such as accumulated O3 exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40) and the sigmoidal-weighted cumulative exposure (W126)—have decreased over large parts of the United States and Europe in the last several decades. Past studies have suggested that these improvements in AOT40 and W126 indicate reductions in plant injury, even though it is widely recognized that O3 flux into leaves, not ambient O3 concentration, is the cause of plant damage. Using a new dataset of O3 uptake into plants derived from eddy covariance flux towers, we test whether AOT40, W126, or summer mean O3 are useful indicators of trends in the cumulative uptake of O3 into leaves, which is the phytotoxic O3 dose (POD or PODy, where y is a detoxification threshold). At 32 sites in the United States and Europe, we find that the AOT40 and W126 concentration metrics decreased over 2005–2014 at most sites: 25 and 28 sites, respectively. POD0, however, increased at a majority (18) of the sites. Multiple statistical tests demonstrate that none of the concentration metrics—AOT40, W126, and mean O3—are good predictors of POD0 temporal trends or variability (R2 ≤ 0.15). These results are insensitive to using a detoxification threshold (POD3). The divergent trends for O3 concentration and plant uptake are due to stomatal control of flux, which is shaped by environmental variability and plant factors. As a result, there has been no widespread, clear improvement in POD over 2005–2014 at the sites we can assess. Decreases in concentration metrics, therefore, give an overly optimistic and incomplete picture of the direction and magnitude of O3 impacts on vegetation. Because of this lack of relation between O3 flux and concentration, flux metrics should be preferred over concentration metrics in assessments of plant injury from O3.
Omnidirectional retroreflective surface using geodesic polyhedra

In this paper, we present the design and analysis of omnidirectional retroreflective surfaces made of trihedral, corner reflectors to enhance the monostatic radar cross section of otherwise low back-scattering surfaces. The proposed designs can be mounted on helmets and used for various applications such as improving the collision avoidance of automotive radar systems in the presence of bicyclists and motorcyclists or improving collision prediction radars in contact sports or other risky environments, where helmets are used. To address these applications, we analyze the coherent response of the proposed designs.
Monitoring and Guidance of Ablation Therapy with Optics

I will present optical imaging and spectroscopy as a means to monitor and guide cardiac radiofrequency ablation, which will directly interrogate tissue in real time to extract information on energy delivery, composition, and fiber orientation.
The Case Against Legislative Reform of U.S. Antitrust Doctrine

As part of their investigation of competition in digital markets, members of the Judiciary Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives solicited the views of a number of antitrust scholars on whether existing U.S. antitrust laws are adequate to address contemporary competition concerns. This submission by Thomas A. Lambert addresses (1) how the existing legal regime is calibrated to optimize antitrust’s effectiveness by minimizing the sum of error and decision costs, (2) whether digital markets require a different approach, (3) whether the United States is experiencing a “market power crisis” that warrants reform of the antitrust statutes, (4) whether antitrust is hamstrung by its exclusive focus on consumer welfare and would better serve society by precluding “abuse of dominance” or otherwise offering greater protection for competitors, and (5) the merits of ten specific reform proposals. The submission concludes that the existing antitrust statutes are optimal for addressing monopolistic conduct and potentially anticompetitive transactions. While some aspects of prevailing antitrust doctrine could be improved, the better approach is to rely on the federal courts to bring about such improvements as they adjust doctrines, in light of economic learning and market developments, through the incremental, common law process.
A Unified Analytical Approach to Multi-Cell LBT-Based Spectrum Sharing Systems

Future unlicensed spectrum sharing scenarios involve multi-cell, multi-tier access of incumbent and emerging wireless systems, such as wireless local area network (WLAN), New-Radio unlicensed (NR-U), and Long-Term Evolution (LTE) with Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA). Listen-before-talk (LBT) medium access control (MAC) is a common technique used for channel sensing and access control. Despite intense research efforts, the majority of available results have not accurately analyzed multi-cell LBT with imperfect spectrum sensing. Furthermore, while past studies involved two major spectrum sharing strategies – shared cell access (SCA) and exclusive cell access (ECA), they missed a systematic comparison between the two. In this paper, we develop a unified analytical approach which maps the effects of imperfect spectrum sensing and multi-cell, multi-tier LBT to the key performance indicators (KPIs) of LAA and WLAN cells. We provide an analytical comparison between the SCA and ECA schemes, and show that the SCA can provide a significantly higher system throughput than the ECA as a function of sensing thresholds. We program the SCA and ECA algorithms with a new simulation method and implement Monte Carlo simulations, which verify our analytical results. Numerical results provide insightful observations on effects of various parameters. These results provide powerful analytical and simulation tools to evaluate the performance of multi-tier LBT coexistence systems with imperfect sensing, and effectively support coexistence system optimization.
Race and Ethnicity in Black Congressional Representation: The Case of US Foreign Policy Towards Africa

Intra-racial diversity among black Americans provides unique opportunities for students of congressional representation. Studies of representation often conflate slavery descendant African American...
Towards a Collaborative Ontology-Based Decision Support System to Foster Healthy and Tailored Diets.

Nutrition-related diseases can considerably contribute to many different health-related problems and can impact on several segments of the population. Promoting balanced diet plans is therefore pivotal; however, this is not a trivial task as it requires different stakeholders (nutrition experts, agro-industrial businesses and consumers) to cooperate. This work introduces a prototypical ontology-based decision support system to enable such a cooperation, allowing nutrition experts to rely on a support tool when developing diet plans, consumers to received tailored suggestions and to be informed regarding new food products that could have an effect on specific their health condition, and agro-industrial companies to divulge characteristics of novel food products and their expected effects. These stakeholders can also exchange comments, suggestions and observations. The decision support system relies on widely-adopted ontologies and its use is introduced by two scenarios.
Modeling fluids confined in three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous carbons

We present a coarse grained lattice gas model for the thermodynamics and dynamics of adsorption and desorption in three dimensionally ordered mesoporous carbons, originally developed as templates for the synthesis of zeolites with mesoporosity. We model these systems as an assembly of interconnected spherical pores in an fcc structure which are coarse grained on to a simple cubic lattice. The adsorption is modeled using mean field density functional theory and the dynamics via dynamic mean field theory. We studied cases with both uniform pore size and pore size distributions. We calculate the adsorption/desorption isotherms of density vs. relative pressure as well as the grand free energy. We find that the model is able to describe quite accurately the behavior seen experimentally. In particular the shape of the adsorption/desorption isotherms is given correctly. We see that the spherical geometry of the pores has an important effect on the hysteresis behavior. We also calculate the scanning curves for the system and find good agreement with experiment, including the changes of curvature exhibited by the desorption scans. The dynamic mean field theory calculations reveal the mechanisms of condensation and evaporation in adsorption and desorption.
Impaired viral infection and reduced mortality of diatoms in iron-limited oceanic regions

Diatom primary productivity is tightly coupled with carbon export through the ballasted nature of the silica-based cell wall, linking the oceanic silicon and carbon cycles. However, despite low productivity, iron (Fe)-limited regimes are considered ‘hot spots’ of diatom silica burial with enhanced carbon export efficiency, raising questions about the mechanisms driving the biogeochemistry of these regions. Marine viruses are classically recognized as catalysts of remineralization through host lysis, short-circuiting the trophic transfer of carbon and facilitating the retention of dissolved organic matter and associated elements in the surface ocean. Here we used metatranscriptomic analysis of diatoms and associated viruses, along with a suite of physiological and geochemical metrics, to study the interaction between diatoms and viruses in Fe-limited regimes of the northeast Pacific. We found low cell-associated diatom virus diversity and abundance in a chronically Fe-limited region of the subarctic northeast Pacific. In a coastal upwelling region of the California Current, transient iron limitation also substantially reduced viral replication. These observations were recapitulated in Fe-limited cultures of the bloom-forming, centric diatom, Chaetoceros tenuissimus, which exhibited delayed virus-mediated mortality in addition to reduced viral replication. We suggest Fe-limited diatoms escape viral lysis and subsequent remineralization in the surface ocean, providing an additional mechanism contributing to enhanced carbon export efficiency and silica burial in Fe-limited oceanic regimes. Diatoms are less susceptible to viral infection in iron-limited oceans, according to metatranscriptomic analyses of diatoms and viruses in nutrient-replete and limited regions.
Dearborn SHINES During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Youth Experiences and Outcomes With Virtual Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Programming

Purpose: This exploratory study evaluated how youth healthy eating (HE) and physical activity (PA) behaviors could be influenced by a whole-of-school program, which was transformed to a virtual setting at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors investigated how students experienced programming and the role of students' perceptions of parental support in their self-reported engagement in HE and PA. Methods: PA and HE curricula were provided across 15 schools over 12 weeks. Students (N = 879, M-age = 12.12 years, 63% female) completed a survey evaluating the value and perceptions around programmatic aspects as well as their self-reported engagement in HE and PA. Results: Multiple regression analyses revealed positive relationships between parental support for PA and student engagement, as well as positive relationships between students' self-efficacy and HE behaviors. Conclusion: Findings indicate that students utilized virtual HE and PA programming and that parent support helped to facilitate engagement in PA and HE behaviors beyond the school setting.
Facebook and self-regulation: Efficacious proposals – Or ‘smoke-and-mirrors’?

Abstract Facebook, Inc. has experienced controversies involving user privacy (the Cambridge Analytica data scandal), political manipulation (the 2016 and 2020 U S. elections), mass surveillance accusations, encouraging addiction and low self-esteem, and content integrity, such as fake news, conspiracy theories, copyright infringement, and hate speech. The nature of these controversies has led to Congressional scrutiny, as well as critics' calling for federal regulation of the company's activities. In 2020, Facebook released two company white papers: Charting a Way Forward: Online Content Regulation and Recommended Principles for Regulation or Legislation to Combat Influence Operations. Subsequently, a review of the key points of both these white papers is undertaken, followed by an analysis of issues confronting Facebook. The paper concludes with a proposed digital media regulatory framework recommending a three-pronged policy approach consisting of public regulation, private regulation, and industry liability reform, as well as implications for future academic research.
Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracardia) of the Gulf of Mexico. IX. Geographical Occurrence of Apseudes olimpiae Gutu, 1986 with a Review of Previous Records for the Genus Apseudes in the Gulf

Examination of tanaidacean specimens collected from shelf waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) revealed the presence of the apseudomorph Apseudes olimpiae GuUu, 1986, whose type locality was unknown, but suspected to be Bermuda. It is now determined that the type material actually came from the northeastern Gulf. Although the specific station locality information for the type material has been lost; records indicate that specimens from the Gulf were sent to Romania for study by M. B|cescu and apparently became mixed with material from Bermuda. Based on additional material from the present study, new locality records are established for A. olimpiae in shelf waters (19-47 m) off the coasts of Alabama and northwestern Florida. The original illustrations of GuUu (1986) are reproduced to facilitate the identification of A. olimpiae and a map of its known distribution is provided. A brief review of previous records for the genus Apseudes Leach, 1814 indicates that A. olimpiae is currently the only described species of the genus sensu stricto known with certainty from Gulf waters. The taxonomic status for Gulf specimens of another species in the A. intermedius-bermudeus complex and the "Apseudes sp. A" of Flint and Holland (1980) remain unresolved.
Biofeedback in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Muscle, or electromyographic (EMG), biofeedback refers to the use of electronic instrumentation to make covert muscle activity obvious to the patient through the display of visual and auditory representations of muscle contractility from within the pick-up radius of surface or indwelling electrodes (Wolf, 1978). This form of feedback is used by many practitioners engaged in relaxation training to reduce hyperarousal behavior. Under most circumstances in which general relaxation is sought through application of EMG biofeedback, the magnitude of change in measurable integrated muscle activity is comparatively small, often under 20 uV (microvolts). On the other hand, when muscle biofeedback is applied to patients with specific musculoskeletal or neuromuscular pathologies, appropriate sensory-motor functions and hence, coordinated and meaningful movement patterns, require electromyographic changes often exceeding hundreds of microvolts. In addition, unlike the results from feedback applications designed to re-establish homeostatic mechanisms within other physiological systems (for example, improve peripheral blood flow or systolic-diastolic differentials or alter heart rate), muscle biofeedback produces outcomes that are obvious even to the casual observer. Thus, while feedback of a cardiovascular activity might improve psychophysiological measures related to hypertension, often the attainment of self-regulatory control is unappreciated by clinician or patient.
And It Was in the Dwelling of Rabbi Joshua bar Peraḥiah

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic incantation bowls frequently refer to the notion of exorcising demons by divorcing them. These texts sometimes purport to be anti-demonic divorce writs, borrowing passages directly from the traditional rabbinic certificate of divorce (geṭ). Here I ask how the authors of these texts perceived the bowl amulets to operate and how they understood the concept of divorcing a demon. Some scholars have argued that late antique Jewish magical practitioners regarded divorce bowls as legal devices with the immediate power to expel demons from houses. Other scholars interpret the anti-demonic divorce motif in more metaphoric terms. I argue that divorce bowls were not seen as legally binding documents and that Jewish magical practitioners did not believe themselves capable of applying the rabbinic laws of divorce to demons. Instead, incantation bowls refer to the anti-demonic geṭ in order to allude to a mythological narrative in which Rabbi Joshua bar Peraḥiah exorcises Lilith by divorcing her. I explain the function of this mythological allusion through close analysis of several incantation bowls. I also draw on folkloristic scholarship regarding narrative devices in magical texts.
Crossflow Instability on a Yawed Cone at Mach 6

Abstract Boundary-layer measurements were performed in a Mach 6, low-disturbance wind tunnel on a 7∘ cone at 5.6∘ angle of incidence such that the model was primarily subject to crossflow instability. Constant-temperature hot-wire anemometry was used to measure the streamwise mass flux at a series of planes normal to the cone axis. A dominant stationary wave is observed to achieve nonlinear saturation at approximately 23% with maximum rms fluctuations of approximately 8%. Additionally, traveling crossflow waves were observed in a broad frequency band centered at f = 40 kHz and secondary instabilities were observed in a broad band centered at f = 100 kHz. Measurements show excellent agreement with previously published computational results and are qualitatively similar to studies performed in subsonic flows. Transition to turbulence was not observed to occur under these conditions.
Prix Fixe: Efferocytosis as a Four-Course Meal

During development, stress, infection, or normal homeostasis, billions of cells die on a daily basis, and the responsibility of clearing these cellular corpses lies with the phagocytes of innate immune system. This process, termed efferocytosis , is critical for the prevention of inflammation and autoimmunity , as well as modulation of the adaptive immune response. Defective clearance of dead cells is characteristic of many human autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atherosclerosis, and diabetes. The mechanisms that phagocytes employ to sense, engulf, and process dead cells for an appropriate immune response have been an area of great interest. However, insight into novel mechanisms of programmed cell death , such as necroptosis, has shed light on the fact that while the diner (or phagocyte) is important, the meal itself (the type of dead cell) can play a crucial role in shaping the pursuant immune response.
Insulin treatment restores glutamate (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor function in the hippocampus of diabetic rats

Type 1 diabetes is associated with cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive processing, particularly memory acquisition, depends on the regulated enhancement of expression and function of glutamate receptor subtypes in the hippocampus. Impairment of memory was been detected in rodent models of type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ). This study examines the functional properties of synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and the expression of synaptic molecules that regulate glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of STZ-diabetic rats. The AMPA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and single-channel properties of synaptosomal AMPA receptors were examined after 4 weeks of diabetes induction. Results show that amplitude and frequency of mEPSCs recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons were decreased in diabetic rats. In addition, the single-channel properties of synaptic AMPA receptors from diabetic rat hippocampi were different from those of controls. These impairments in synaptic currents gated by AMPA receptors were accompanied by decreased protein levels of AMPA receptor subunit GluR1, the presynaptic protein synaptophysin, and the postsynaptic anchor protein postsynaptic density protein 95 in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), an extracellular matrix molecule abundantly expressed in the brain, and the polysialic acid (PSA) attached to NCAM were also downregulated in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Insulin treatment, when initiated at the onset of diabetes induction, reduced these effects. These findings suggest that STZ-induced diabetes may result in functional deteriorations in glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus of rats and that these effects may be reduced by insulin treatment.
The Dissenter's Appraisal Remedy

proposition, remains the same.' Further, the variability of possible triggering events is less than in the case of reorganization transactions. Basically, the catalogue of changes contained in section 25103(e) of the current corporate securities law exhausts the possibilities. 018 These events occasion simpler exercises in the measurement of their financial effects; but more to the point here, in their very scope they have become familiar as possible events and might be said no longer to generate legitimate disappointed expectations among dissenting owners. Reorganization transactions are different in that the wide range of factual uncertainty inherent in such restructuring events is an essential component of the expectation concept and precludes any easy effort to deprecate the legitimacy of dissenting shareholders' disappointment in the
ISO 22000/HACCP Associated with the Presence of Microorganisms in the Processing of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fillets

Summary Pseudomonas is one among the many bacteria that contribute to the deterioration of fish. Other microorganisms such as Salmonella sp., coagulase positive Staphylococcus and thermotolerant coliforms can also be found. The presence of this microbiota is always related to raw materials, poor handling, or badly designed plants. In this study the presence of these indicators was evaluated. The monitoring was conducted during the reception of the fish, chilling and storage of the product at −18 °C. As part of the monitoring, preventive measures for each Critical Control Point associated with the program of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point were established. The results showed that there was significant difference (p < 0.05) between the samples. The resistance of these microorganisms involved in getting the frozen fillets confirmed the need for more effective control and should be subject to a regulatory program like ISO 22000. This program specifies the requirements needed for a system that can monitor and master hazards and ensure that food is safe for human consumption. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.