cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffuse layer charge relaxation at the ideally polarized electrode

Summary When an ideally polarizable electrode pair is subjected to small pulses of charge, electrolyte ions are assumed to respond in conformance with the Nernst-Planck equation in its time-dependent form. For small potential perturbations, the time-dependent charge density equation has been solved to determine the time dependences of the spatial distribution of electric field, electrolyte charge density and ionic current. Integration of the electric field across one-dimensional and spherically symmetric cells leads directly to the linearized Gouy-Chapman level impedance of the ideally polarizable electrode and its diffuse ionic double layer. From the impedance, the real and imaginary parts, the series and parallel equivalent capacitances and resistances are computed as function of frequency. In particular, the series capacitance can be represented as a series-parallel network made up exclusively of frequency-independent parameters: geometrical capacitance, double-layer capacitance κe and the solution resistivity. The frequency dependence of the series capacitance arises in this model from the slow relaxation of the ionic atmosphere. This dispersion occurs at lower frequencies than were computed previously by Ferry. Rather than a dispersion depending on ω −1/2 , a Debye form dispersion depending on ω −2 is predicted. Short time current responses to voltage steps are also derived in addition to the more fundamental voltage response after charge injection. Continuity of the cation and anion transference number values from bulk to the outer Helmholtz plane are predicted for ions with the same or different mobilities.
The triton beta decay, a test of the axial vector☆

Abstract The expectation value of the axial-vector matrix element is calculated in the beta decay of the triton. Using a realistic wave function and including effects from pion and rho-meson exchange, as well as relativistic corrections to the one-body operator, we obtain agreement with the experimental value deduced 〈 στ 〉=√3 (0.958 ± 0.008) .
Boundary-Value Problems for Systems of Integrodifferential Equations

We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions of a weakly nonlinear boundary-value problem for a system of integrodifferential equations. By the methods of the theory of pseudoinverse matrices, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions of systems of linear integrodifferential equations with impulsive action at fixed times.
Blunt-Body Entry Vehicle Aerotherodynamics: Transition and Turbulent Heating

Recent, current, and planned NASA missions that employ blunt-body entry vehicles pose aerothermodyamic problems that challenge state-of-the-art experimental and computational methods. The issues of boundary-layer transition and turbulent heating on the heat shield have become important in the designs of both the Mars Science Laboratory and Crew Exploration Vehicle. While considerable experience in these general areas exists, that experience is mainly derived from simple geometries; e.g., sharp-cones and flat-plates, or from lifting bodies such as the Space Shuttle Orbiter. For blunt-body vehicles, application of existing data, correlations, and comparisons is questionable because an all, or mostly, subsonic flowfield is produced behind the bow shock, as compared with the supersonic (or even hypersonic) flow of other configurations. Because of the need for design and validation data for projects such asMars Science Laboratory andCrewExplorationVehicle, many new experimental studies have been conducted in the last decade to obtain detailed boundary-layer transition and turbulent heating data on this class of vehicle. In this paper, details of several of the test programs are reviewed. The laminar and turbulent data from these various test are shown to correlate in terms of edge-based Stanton andReynolds number functions. Correlations are developed from the data for transition onset and turbulent heating augmentation as functions of momentum thickness Reynolds number. These correlations can be employed as engineering-level design and analysis tools.
Entropic uncertainty relations in multidimensional position and momentum spaces

Commutator-based entropic uncertainty relations in multidimensional position and momentum spaces are derived, twofold generalizing previous entropic uncertainty relations for one-mode states. They provide optimal lower bounds and imply the multidimensional variance-based uncertainty principle. The article concludes with an open conjecture.
Spartan 101 structural analysis and design considerations

The final results for the Spartan 101 (Sp101) stress analysis are presented. The Special Payloads Division (SPD) is the payload integrator for the Spartan payloads. As a payload integrator of a Space Shuttle payload the SPD is responsible for all the structural safety requirements. The Spartan system includes the Spartan Flight Support Structure (SFSS) and the Spartan fly-away experiment. The Release/Engage Mechanism (REM), the Mission Peculiar Equipment (MPE), and the MPE Support Structure (MPESS) are the components of the SFSS. It is demonstrated how the full Spartan 101 system was integrated and verified before flying in the Space Shuttle. Needed analyses and testing are discussed. Key events in the Sp101 time line are also covered.
An Approach Toward Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Product Concept and Design Selection

This paper proposes an approach to integrate top-down and bottom-up procedures for product concept and design selection. The top-down procedure identifies relationships between product requirements and design parameters and specifies an acceptable range of design parameters (called a design range) from product specifications and tolerances. Then, within the design range, the bottom-up procedure optimizes design specifications and tolerances in order to minimize a product cost. A product cost is defined as a sum of component costs, each of which is a function of design specifications and tolerances. A concept, with design specifications and tolerances, that minimizes product cost is an optimunt concept. The proposed approach is demonstrated using an illustrative example. Sensitivity analysis with respect to the parameters of the product cost illustrates that the shape of design range defines how responsive a product is to uncertainty in cost function parameters relevant to design tolerances.
Tissue disposition and excretion of 14C-labelled aflatoxin B1 after oral administration in channel catfish.

The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-labelled aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were examined after oral administration (250 μg/kg body weight) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Plasma concentrations of parent AFB1 were best described by a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, in which peak plasma concentration (503 ppb) occurred at 4.1 hr after dosing. The absorption and elimination half-lives were 1.5 and 3.7 hr, respectively. AFB1 was highly bound (95%) to plasma proteins. Concentrations of 14C (in AFB1 equivalents) measured in the tissues were highest at 4 hr, ranging from 596 ppb in the plasma to 40 ppb in the muscle. AFB1 residues were rapidly depleted; at 24 hr the concentrations in the plasma and muscle were 32 and <5 ppb, respectively. Concentrations in the bile exceeded 2000 ppb (at 24 hr), whereas the highest concentration in the urine was 51 ppb (4–6-hr collection interval). Renal and biliary excretion accounted for <5% of the administered dose, indicating incomplete absorption. Pharmacokinetic modelling and tissue data demonstrate a very low potential for the accumulation of AFB1 and its metabolites in the edible flesh of channel catfish through the consumption of AFB1-contaminated feed.
Internal Scrotal Temperature of Dairy Bulls as Determined by Telemetry

Abstract The internal scrotal temperature of 4 dairy bulls was measured by radio telemetry for periods of 4 to 24 hours during the first 6 days after surgery. Recordings on different days with different thermistors and under varying environmental temperatures changed little in either internal scrotal temperature or rectal-scrotal temperature differences within each bull. There was up to 2.8C difference in the internal scrotal temperature among the 4 bulls.
Y-chromatin fluorescence in human buccal smear.

The buccal smear is an excellent specimen in which to screen interphase nuclei for the fluorescent stained Y-chromosome. Not only is the specimen easily obtained and processed, but the Y-chromatin stands out prominently in condensed form. Fluorescence size is quantitated by ocular micrometric measurements.
Abstract 1522: Identification of pifithrin-α as a potent inhibitor of OCT2-mediated transport of cisplatin

Members of the organic cation transporter (OCT) solute carrier family mediate the cellular uptake of a large number of structurally diverse molecules, including a variety of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics such as metformin, cimetidine, and cisplatin. OCT2 is highly expressed on the basolateral membrane of renal tubular cells, where it facilitates the renal secretion of substrate drugs. We previously found that the urinary excretion of cisplatin was drastically reduced in mice lacking the ortholog transporters Oct1 and Oct2 [Oct1/2(-/-) mice], and that, compared to wildtype mice, these animals were resistant to severe (grade 4) cisplatin-induced renal tubular necrosis. Since kidney damage was not completely abolished in Oct1/2(-/-) mice, we performed microarray analyses (Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 v2.0) on kidney biopsies following cisplatin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) administration in order to further understand the mechanism of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in these mice. Using a false-discovery rate of 5% and an average fold change of ≥2.0, we identified complex gene expression changes and a drug-response signature comprising 1063 up-regulated and 1072 down-regulated genes in wildtype mice that was strikingly different quantitatively in Oct1/2(-/-) mice. Next, we performed a KEGG pathway analysis to identify processes that are specifically altered in response to cisplatin. Ten out of 193 analyzed pathways showed significant (P 0.13). During the course of our screening work on identifying inhibitors of OCT2-mediated transport of cisplatin, we observed that pifithrin-α, an investigational inhibitor of p53-dependent transcriptional activation and apoptosis, is a highly potent non-competitive inhibitor of OCT2-mediated transport of tetraethylammonium, a prototypical OCT2 substrate, with a Ki of 3.0 μM. Furthermore, pifithrin-α completely blocked OCT2-mediated transport of cisplatin in vitro even at a substrate-to-inhibitor concentration ratio of 5:1. Collectively, this study suggests that (i) the ability to mount an effective p53 response in response to cisplatin is differentially influencing treatment sensitivity in wildtype mice and Oct1/2(-/-) mice, and (ii) pifithrin-α should be explored as a unique dual OCT2/p53-inhibitor for preventing cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1522.
233 INCREASED FETAL BREATHING WITH PILOCARPINE IN FETAL LAMBS

Rapid irregular fetal breathing (FB) is present 35% of the time in the fetal lamb and 70-80% of the time in the human fetus near term. Several pharmacologic agents affect FB patterns. CNS stimulants, such as epinephrine, doxapram, and caffeine,increase fetal breathing, while depressants, such as phenobarbitol, depress it. Pilocarpine (PC), a cholinergic drug, has known CNS excitatory action. To study the effect of PC (3 mg/kg fetal weight) on FB, tracheal pressure(TP) was monitored in three chronically catheterized fetal lambs between 139 and 147 days gestation. Drugs were infused directly into the fetal jugular vein. The effect of PC on FB may be mediated through one of two mechanisms or both: the short latent period suggests a direct cholinergic mechanism; the longer latency seen in atropine pretreated fetuses resembles that of epinephrine, consistent with a nicotinic action at the sympathetic ganglia.
Structure of the doubly charged C5O22- anion

Abstract The dianion C 5 O 2 2 − was recently observed mass spectrometrically as a half-integer peak at Arizona State University. Here the structure of this small gas-phase dianion is studied. Six C 5 O 2 2 − isomers are investigated with regard to their stability in the gas phase. Only one isomer is found to be stable with respect to electron autodetachment, yet, three other isomers are close to electronic stability, and examination of the repulsive Coulomb barriers shows that long ( ≫ 10−5 s) autodetachment lifetimes can be expected. Implications for larger doubly charged clusters are briefly discussed.
Observation of temperature peaks due to strong viscous heating in a dusty plasma flow.

Profound temperature peaks are observed in regions of high velocity shear in a 2D dusty plasma experiment with laser-driven flow. These are attributed to viscous heating, which occurs due to collisional scattering in a shear flow. Using measurements of viscosity, thermal conductivity, and spatial profiles of flow velocity and temperature, we determine three dimensionless numbers: Brinkman, $\mathrm{Br}=0.5$; Prandtl, $\mathrm{Pr}=0.09$; and Eckert, $\mathrm{Ec}=5.7$. The large value of Br indicates significant viscous heating that is consistent with the observed temperature peaks.
Attribution is more likely to be demonstrated in more natural contexts

We propose a naturalistic version of the “guesser–knower” paradigm in which the experimental subject has an opportunity to choose which individual to follow to a hidden food source. This design allows nonhumans to display the attribution of knowledge to another conspecific, rather than a human, in a naturalistic context (finding food), and it is readily adapted to different species.
Improved voltage gradient control system for electrostatic accelerators

Abstract An improved voltage gradient control system has been designed and installed in the EN tandem at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. An improved design was sought due to high failure rates, increasing replacement parts and labor costs, and decreasing availability of the original carbon film resistor systems supplied for the EN-12 at ORNL. The resulting system utilizes two inexpensive, readily available, metal oxide resistors in series between each plane. They are protected by coaxial stainless steel shielding tubes, and spark gaps across individual resistors and adjacent pairs. The new resistors mount atop the column bridge in a compact configuration. This permits easy access both to the resistors and to the interior column components such as the belt. Well controlled gradients now provide improved machine performance. Both initial capital outlay and future maintenance result in reduced costs. Design, installation, performance, and cost details are reported.
Recycling or regulation? The role of amino-terminal modifying enzymes.

Post-translational modifications are essential for a variety of functions, such as the translocation, activation, regulation, and, ultimately, degradation of proteins. The amino-terminal (N-terminal) region is a particularly active area for such alterations. Three types of reactions predominate: limited proteolysis to remove one or more amino acids; modification of the α-amino group; and side-chain-specific changes. The N-terminal peptidases expose penultimate residues, providing new substrates for peptidase or transferase action. These enzymes can act sequentially or competitively to influence a protein's longevity, location or activity. N-terminal modifying enzymes (NTMEs) might target a protein for ubiquitination and degradation or protect a protein from rapid turnover. The N-terminal peptidases might also have important roles in processing the peptides that are released from the proteasome. Plant NTMEs have roles in senescence, meiosis and defense, and proposed roles in polar auxin transport.
Properties of neutral strange particles produced in a xenon bubble chamber

By means of direct observations of the neutral decay modes Λ→n+π0 and K10→π0+π0 of Λ’s and K0’s produced in a 21 liter liquid xenon bubble chamber exposed to 1.0 GeV and 1.1 GeV π− beams at the Bevatron, we measured the branching ratios $$\begin{gathered} B_\Lambda = \frac{{(\Lambda \to \pi ^0 {\text{ + n}})}}{{(\Lambda \to \pi ^0 {\text{ + n) + }}\Lambda \to \pi ^ - {\text{ + p}}}} = 0.35 \pm 0.05, \hfill \\ B_{\text{K}} = \frac{{{\text{(K}}_{\text{1}}^{\text{0}} \to \pi ^0 {\text{ + }}\pi ^0 )}}{{{\text{(K}}_{\text{1}}^{\text{0}} \to \pi ^0 {\text{ + }}\pi ^0 ){\text{ + (K}}_{\text{1}}^{\text{0}} \to \pi ^ - {\text{ + }}\pi ^ + )}} = 0.30 \pm 0.035 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ , in agreement with predictions of the |ΔI|=1/2 rule. The fraction of all K0’s which did not decay into π++π− or π0+π0 in a time of the order of 10−10 s isXK=0.47±0.03, as expected from the particle mixture description of the K0. Λ’s produced in xenon exhibit an « up-down » asymmetry associated with a polarization of the Λ normal to the production plane, although this polarization is not as great as that observed for Λ’s produced by similar beams in hydrogen. No significant forward-backward decay asymmetry of the Λ with respect to its own line of flight is found. Strange particle production cross-sections in xenon are reported.
The Paradoxical Unity of Chicago and Modern Boy

AbstractThis essay investigates how the interconnected nature of popular culture provides apt illustrations to reveal the ambivalent nature of modernity. I argue that the notion of modernity and popular culture emerged together in the early twentieth century in both the cities of Gyeongsung (old name of Seoul, Korea) and Chicago when technology and mass consumer culture were promoted over the world. Also, I examine how popular culture represents a complex of mutually-interdependent perspectives and values that influence society and its institutions in various ways as the image of modernity continues to build in the contemporary era. For this argument, I comparatively consider two movies released in 2002 and 2008 that exemplify the complexities of modernity in Chicago and Gyeongsung of the 1920s and 30s: Chicago and Modern Boy. Ultimately, this essay pays attention to how popular culture devotes itself to other images or narratives instead of referring to the real world and its output revisits the contempo...
Enhanced drag reduction via Interpolymer Associations

Abstract Hydrocarbon soluble polymers containing small percentages of polar associating groups are used to determine the effects of polymer associations on solution drag reduction. Experimental data suggest that intrapolymer associations generally decrease the dilute solution drag reduction activities of single associating polymers with like polar groups. Interpolymer complexes formed by, for example, one polymer with anionic groups and one polymer with cationic groups can overcome this limitation and provide enhanced dilute solution drag reduction activity as a result of favorable interpolymer associations which build larger structures of higher apparent molecular weight. The latter associations may also increase the polymers' resistance to degradation in turbulent flows.
Gray connected components and image segmentation

A new definition for the connected components of gray images that takes into account both the gray values of the pixels and the differences of the gray values of the neighboring pixels is investigated. Our definition depends on two parameters (epsilon) and (delta) and so we call these components the ((epsilon) , (delta) )-components. We describe a method to find the ((epsilon) , (delta) )-components for a given image. We discuss the applications of (epsilon) , (delta) )-components to segmentation and understanding of gray images. We describe a method to study images in an intermediate level through these component histograms. For appropriate values of (epsilon) and (delta) , and object in an image may be represented by this component. We discuss a method to adjust the values of (epsilon) and (delta) so that object extraction and segmentation may be done by locating the corresponding components. Our approach provides a possible method of transition from low level computer vision to a higher level vision. Since we do not make any assumptions about the formation model of the image data, our proposed method could be applied to many types of images.
Continuous composition-spread thin films of transition metal oxides by pulsed-laser deposition

Abstract We have designed an improved pulsed-laser deposition–continuous composition-spread (PLD–CCS) system that overcomes the difficulties associated with earlier related techniques. Our new PLD–CCS system is based on a precisely controlled synchronization between the laser firing, target exchange, and substrate translation/rotation, and offers more flexibility and control than earlier PLD-based approaches. Most importantly, the deposition energetics and the film thickness are kept constant across the entire composition range, and the resulting samples are sufficiently large to allow characterization by conventional techniques. We fabricated binary alloy composition-spread films composed of SrRuO 3 and CaRuO 3 . Alternating ablation from two different ceramic targets leads to in situ alloy formation, and the value of x in Sr x Ca x −1 RuO 3 can be changed linearly from 0 to 1 (or over any arbitrarily smaller range) along one direction of the substrate.
Contending Perspectives on Post-Cold War US Policy toward Asia

No abstract available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v4i0.416 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.4 2007: 21-27
Closed-loop finite element modeling of active/passive damping in structural vibration control

A 3D finite element closed loop model is presented for modeling smart structures to predict the effects of both active and active/passive damping on vibrating structures. A comprehensive finite element formulation is presented that includes a control algorithm to relate the sensor voltage to the actuator voltage in a closed lop. Two control approaches based on charge or voltage as the active control force applied to the actuator are studied in the time and frequency domains. Constant velocity and constant displacement feedback control algorithms are subsequently implemented to investigate vibration controllability of structures. A model superposition in conjunction with direct integration is used in the time domain to overcome the numerical difficulties associated with an unsymmetric active damping matrix. A parametric study considers different types of controller as well as feedback gain. Comparisons are made between active constrained layer damping (ACLD) and purely active damping in the frequency domain. Some design studies are presented which examine the performance of ACLD modeling as a function of gain and viscoelastic materials thickness.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dual modulation Faraday rotation spectroscopy of HO2 in a flow reactor.

The technique of dual modulation Faraday rotation spectroscopy (DM-FRS) has been applied to achieve technical-noise-limited detection of HO2 at the exit of an atmospheric pressure flow reactor. This was implemented by combining direct current modulation at 51 kHz of an external cavity quantum cascade laser system with 610 Hz modulation of the magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil. The DM-FRS measurement had a 1.5 times better signal-to-noise ratio than a conventional FRS measurement acquired under identical flow reactor conditions. High harmonic detection of the FRS signal also eliminated the substantial offset associated with electromagnetic interference pickup from the Helmholtz coils that is observed in the conventional FRS spectrum. A noise equivalent angle of 8.9×10−9 rad Hz−1/2 was measured for the DM-FRS measurement, corresponding to a 3σ detection limit for HO2 of 0.35 ppmv Hz−1/2.
Comparison of plasma and testicular testosterone levels during the active season in the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis (L).

Abstract 1. 1. Plasma and testicular testosterone levels were determined during three periods (spring, summer and autumn) of the active season in the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. 2. 2. Plasma testosterone levels were highest in spring and lowest in summer. 3. 3. Testicular testosterone levels were higher in spring than autumn but not significantly different in spring than summer or in summer than autumn. 4. 4. This study presents further evidence that in reptiles, plasma and testicular androgen cycles are not necessarily parallel.
Evidence for Control of Water Quality in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Ponds by Phytoplankton Biomass and Sediment Oxygenation

A data set describing annual variation of water quality in ten commercial channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus ponds was subjected to exploratory statistical analysis to infer ecological processes affecting pond water quality. Two factors explained 67% of the variation in concentrations of water quality variables. The first factor (Factor 1) explained 49% of the variance and was associated with a large negative loading by total ammonia-nitrogen and large positive loadings by total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and chlorophyll a. Factor 1 was interpreted with respect to factor loadings to represent the effect of phytoplankton biomass. The second factor (Factor 2) explained an additional 18% of the variance and was associated with a large negative loading by soluble reactive phosphorus and large positive loadings by nitrite-nitrogen and, to a lesser extent, nitrate-nitrogen. Factor 2 was interpreted to be related to variation in pond sediment oxygenation. Although factor analysis indicated the overwhelming effect of phytoplankton biomass on water quality, opportunities for management of phytoplankton communities in large commercial aqua-culture ponds are limited. However, maintenance of an oxidized sediment-water interface may improve water quality by limiting the diffusion of reductant-soluble phosphorus from sediment to water and increasing sediment nitrification rates.
IC yield enhancement through optimization of photolithography pattern at the isolation step

The yield of an oxide isolated bipolar technology was substantially enhanced by changing the photolithography processing at the isolation layer. Changing the exposure bias improved the Cpk by 25% and the yield by 6%. Changing to a different develop chemistry eliminated corner defects and substantially reduced fallout for leakage. Corner defects are correlated to microgrooves and protuberances in the photoresist profile. In this paper, the mechanism for the yield improvement is explained.
Iron particles in carbon nanotubes

Abstract Nanometer-size iron-rich particles in carbon nanotubes have been studied by transmission electron microscopy with and without in situ and ex situ heating. Several remarkable results were found; a high temperature phase (γ-Fe) of iron stable at low temperatures and preferential presence of iron and iron carbide in carbon nanotubes. Based upon these experimental results, thermodynamics of the Fe–C phase diagram and its kinetics were used to explain the non-uniform distribution of iron and iron carbide, which also yielded a deeper insight into the formation of carbon nanotubes. Some of the results also allowed describing the role of the graphitic structure in retaining the high temperature phase (γ-Fe) of iron at low temperatures. Furthermore, methods have been demonstrated with which γ-Fe can be produced in carbon nanotubes intentionally or in a large quantity. Selected area electron diffraction patterns of iron inside nanotubes demonstrated the crystallographic relationship of the iron to the nanotube axis along with phase changes of the iron. This paper summarizes the findings and draws further conclusions on the particle shape inside multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
The Effect of Polysilicon Deposition and Doping Processes on Double-Poly Capacitors - Electrical and AFM Evaluation

We have characterized the surface topography of silicon films from different deposition and doping process sequences using AFM and optical reflectivity. The resulting surface structures after deposition, doping, oxide growth, and oxide removal correlate with the electrical leakage currents and breakdown voltages of double polysilicon capacitors. As-deposited amorphous films had smoother surfaces than those deposited in the crystalline state. Gas-phase diffusion doping increases the surface roughness. Only the amorphous in situ doped films retained a smooth surface following oxidation, yielding low leakage capacitors with breakdown fields above 8 MV/cm. Surprisingly, implanted amorphous films exhibited the roughest interfaces, resulting in lower breakdown fields. This study has shown that AFM provides an effective, quick, non-destructive diagnostic technique for semiconductor processing.
Cyclic perineal swelling during the intermenstrual intervals of captive female pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus)

The perineal swelling cycle and intermenstrual interval of pygmy chimpanzees ( Pan paniscus ) have not been well documented, and it is not clear that cither characteristic differs from those of common chimpanzees ( P. troglodytes ). Consequently, adult females in a breeding colony of P. paniscus were monitored for menses over four and one-half years, and the perineal swelling cycles were detailed for half that period. To test the hypothesis that there are no differences between the species of Pan in reproductive cyclicity of captive females, the results were compared with data collected from 22 captive P. troglodytes over an eight-year period by W. C. Young and R. M. Yerkes. The average duration of the intermenstrual interval of 49 days ( n =23; S.E.=2·9) for adult P. paniscus differed from an average of 34–36 days for adult P. troglodytes , but was similar to the 50-day interval of adolescent P. troglodytes . The pattern of the swelling cycle was different from any cycles exhibited by adult or adolescent P. troglodytes ; following the first sign of detumescence, the swelling retained significant tumescence for an average of 12 days. By altering slightly the definitions of each swelling phase, the durations of the phases subsequent to abrupt detumescence were found to resemble either the adult or the adolescent postswelling phases of P. troglodytes . Adult female P. paniscus exhibit marked swelling for approximately 75% of the intermenstrual interval in comparison to about 50% or less of the intervals exhibited by P. troglodytes . It follows that female P. paniscus are sexually attractive to males for a greater portion of the time, which may contribute to the differences in social organization reported for the two species in the wild. Aspects of the similarity in cyclicity between adult P. paniscus and adolescent P. troglodytes are congruous with interspecific morphometric analyses and the comparative anatomy of the female external genitalia, suggesting that some characteristics of P. paniscus may be neotenous with respect to P. troglodytes but not all distinctions can be accounted for by neoteny alone. The structural resemblance between the sexual swelling of female chimpanzees and the buttocks of human females suggests that female Australopithecinae may have been continuously attractive to males.
Inhibitor development and successful immune tolerance in an HIV-infected patient with haemophilia A and after immune reconstitution with HAART.

Summary. This is the case of a 28-year-old man with severe congenital haemophilia A, who had a relatively mild bleeding course during early childhood, with limited factor VIII (FVIII) exposure. He was infected with HIV before the age of 7 years, and demonstrated profound immunodeficiency from childhood, with very low CD4+ cell counts for more than a decade. Following initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and gradually increasing CD4+ cells, he presented for the first time with a high-titre inhibitor at age 26, despite over 1000 previous FVIII exposures. Subsequently, his inhibitor was successfully eradicated with a standard immune tolerance protocol. It is likely that the effects of chronic HIV infection on T-lymphocyte pathways, and the partial immune reconstitution resulting from HAART, led to this patient’s unusual inhibitor course. Such a case serves to augment knowledge gained in animal studies about the immunobiology of FVIII inhibitors.
Cost savings vary by length of stay for inpatients receiving palliative care consultation services.

Abstract Background: Cost savings associated with palliative care (PC) consultation have been demonstrated for total hospital costs and daily costs after PC involvement. This analysis adds another approach by examining costs stratified by hospital length of stay (LOS). Objective: To examine cost savings for patients who receive PC consultations during short, medium, and long hospitalizations. Methods: Data were analyzed for 1815 PC patients and 1790 comparison patients from two academic medical centers between 2005 and 2008, matched on discharge disposition, LOS category, and propensity for a PC consultation. We used generalized linear models and regression analysis to compare cost differences for LOS of 1 to 7 days (38% of consults), 8 to 30 days (48%), and >30 days (14%). Comparisons were done for all patients in both hospitals (n=3605) and by discharge disposition: survivors (n=2226) and decedents (n=1379); analyses were repeated for each hospital. Results: Significant savings per admission were associ...
Two-phase model with vector-meson stabilization☆

Abstract We present a topological chiral two-phase model for baryons with isoscalar vector meson stabilizing term in the soliton sector instead of the usual Skyrme stabilizing term and compare with a closely related model where the omega meson has been eliminated in the limit of infinite mass and coupling constant. In both cases the static properties come out well and the energy is insensitive to changes in the bag radius, as in other nonperturbative two-phase models.
Practicing Medicine and Practicing Anthropology Can be Complementary: A Physician-Anthropologist in Academic Geriatric Practice

First I was an urban anthropologist, then I was a medical anthropologist on the faculty of a university medical center. Then I went to medical school, completing undergraduate, graduate and fellowship training in internal medicine and geriatrics. At first I thought of myself as an anthropologist in medical school, a privileged participant-observer of the making of doctors in the United States. Ten years out of medical training I think of myself as a physician. I am responsible for the outpatient and inpatient care of elderly patients. I am also the medical director of a nursing home. I am teaching faculty for medical students and medical residents at Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago where I give both lecture and bedside instruction in the finer points of geriatric differential diagnosis and medical management. Occasionally I volunteer for teaching duties in ethics and humanities. Yet my funded research is more recognizably applied anthropology. With funding from the Illinois Department of...
A model for the interrelationship between asymmetric interbase hydrogen bonding and base–base stacking in hemiprotonated polyribocytidylic acid: Crystal structure of 1‐methylcytosine hemihydroiodide hemihydrate

An x-ray structural study of the 1-methylcytosine H+ complex reveals asymmetrically hydrogen-bonded dimers which are further stacked such that the molecular overlaps are between charged and neutral bases. This study supports the assignment of the asymmetry in the interbase hydrogen bonding in the cytidine–cytidine H+ hydrogen-bonded complex. Furthermore, it is suggested that hemiprotonated, helical polyribocytidylic acid has as its translational repeat unit a set of highly stacked pairs of asymmetrically hydrogenbonded bases. The asymmetry in the interbase hydrogen bonding is stimulated, at least in part, by base-stacking considerations.
Methods for estimation of and correction for atmospheric effects on remotely sensed data

Methods for atmospheric calibration of reflected and thermal images using ground truth are briefly reviewed. These methods set the stage for consideration of `in-scene' and atmospheric propagation modeling methods. The emphasis is on placing the `in-scene' and radiation propagation methods in a common radiometric framework and discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods. The methods treated include multiple altitude, multiple look angle, multiple bandpass, and LOWTRAN-style radiation propagation models for calibration of thermal infrared airborne and/or satellite systems. A limited treatment of selected methods for calibration of atmospheric effects in the reflected region is also included.
Can cardiac MRI be the index metric for risk stratification in dilated cardiomyopathy; the impact of an LV mid-myocardial stripe on subsequent risk of LVAD, transplantation and death

Summary The mid-wall intramyocardial ‘stripe’ is now shown to be robust in its prediction of subsequent need for LVAD and/or transplantion and death out to 12 months following index CMR exam. Background Patients with newly diagnosed dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and advanced heart failure have a very high morbidity and mortality with an unpredictable clinical course. We investigated the role of CMR via LGE (late gadolinium enhancement) in this cohort of high-risk patients. Hypothesis Utilizing cardiovascular MRI (CMR), we assessed the prognostic value of LGE in primary dilated DCM patients referred for possible transplantation/ LVAD consideration. Methods
Using bisphenol-a to study the onset of polycystic ovarian syndrome.

1 Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 2 Pharmacology Research Associate Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA *Correspondence: klenkee@ninds.nih.gov; bruce.hutchins@nih.gov †Ulrike Klenke and B. Ian Hutchins have contributed equally to this work.
Improved products for assimilation and model validation from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on Aqua

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua Spacecraft was launched on May 4, 2002. AIRS acquires hyperspectral infrared radiances in the 3.7-15.4 micrometer spectral region with spectral resolution of better than 1200. Key channels from the AIRS Level 1B calibrated radiance product are currently assimilated into operational weather forecasts at NCEP and other international agencies. Additional Level 2 products for assimilation include the AIRS cloud cleared radiances and the geophysical retrieved temperature and water vapor profiles. The AIRS products are also used to validate climate model vertical and horizontal biases and transport of water vapor and key trace gases including Carbon Dioxide and Ozone. The wide variety of products available from the AIRS make it well suited to study processes affecting the interaction of these products.
March for Climate in New York

On Sunday, 21 September, the People's Climate March will be held in New York City to raise awareness about climate change. With world leaders gathering in that city on 23 September for the United Nations Climate Summit, the march aims to mobilize scientists, activists, community leaders, and members of the public who care about climate change and galvanize action about this important issue.
The role of diffusion in the activated sludge process

Abstract Diffusional resistance can theoretically restrict the availability of nutrients inside activated sludge flocs. This resistance is not likely to have a significant impact on substrate removal rates since substrate removal rates are relatively slow. Kinetic models can therefore predict organic substrate removal with reasonable accuracy while neglecting diffusional resistance. However, the substrate concentration profile generated by diffusional resistance can inhibit the growth of certain bacterial species. In order to determine the competition between bacteria inside the floe or growth of a specific organism, such as the study of bulking or nitrification in activated sludge, diffusional limitations must be considered.
Optical power limiting in solutions of polyphenylquinoxalines

Two-photon absorption, excited state absorption, nonlinear refraction and scattering are the processes explored for optical power limiting applications. We report a novel approach for power limiting in polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ) solutions based on two-photon induced cluster formation. The samples of PPQ were measured in solution in chloroform. The solutions are completely transparent at 532 nm. The contributions of the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility were studied using the Z-scan technique. The nonlinear index of refraction of the samples is found to be positive. Open aperture Z-scan experiments indicate two photon absorption induced cluster formation and scattering. Values for the effective nonlinear absorption coefficient and the nonlinear index of refraction were obtained. Though two-photon absorption is responsible for triggering the process of cluster formation, optical power limiting in this case is due both to two-photon absorption and to scattering of light by the molecular clusters. The process of two- photon absorption and induced scattering yield a very attractive figure of merit of 10.3 for a solution sample of 2 mg/ml concentration compared to values reported in the recent literature. PPQ is an interesting candidate for applications in optical power limiting.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Group Contribution Values of the Infinite Dilution Thermodynamic Functions of Hydration for Aliphatic Noncyclic Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, and Ketones at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa†

A compilation of experimental values of the infinite dilution partial molar Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and heat capacity of hydration, together with molar volumes in water at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa, is presented for aliphatic noncyclic ketones. These data, combined with the related results for aliphatic noncyclic hydrocarbons and monohydric alcohols, were treated in the framework of a simple first-order group additivity scheme. Numerical values of the contributions to each of the thermodynamic properties are obtained by the least-squares procedure for the following groups: CH3, CH2, CH, C, OH, and CO.
Fast meta-models for local fusion of multiple predictive models

Fusing the outputs of an ensemble of diverse predictive models usually boosts overall prediction accuracy. Such fusion is guided by each model's local performance, i.e., each model's prediction accuracy in the neighborhood of the probe point. Therefore, for each probe we instantiate a customized fusion mechanism. The fusion mechanism is a meta-model, i.e., a model that operates one level above the object-level models whose predictions we want to fuse. Like these models, such a meta-model is defined by structural and parametric information. In this paper, we focus on the definition of the parametric information for a given structure. For each probe point, we either retrieve or compute the parameters to instantiate the associated meta-model. The retrieval approach is based on a CART-derived segmentation of the probe's state space, which contains the meta-model parameters. The computation approach is based on a run-time evaluation of each model's local performance in the neighborhood of the probe. We explore various structures for the meta-model, and for each structure we compare the pre-compiled (retrieval) or run-time (computation) approaches. We demonstrate this fusion methodology in the context of multiple neural network models. However, our methodology is broadly applicable to other predictive modeling approaches. This fusion method is illustrated in the development of highly accurate models for emissions, efficiency, and load prediction in a complex power plant. The locally weighted fusion method boosts the predictive performance by 30-50% over the baseline single model approach for the various prediction targets. Relative to this approach, typical fusion strategies that use averaging or globally weighting schemes only produce a 2-6% performance boost over the same baseline.
Designing, Testing, and Interpreting Interactions and Moderator Effects in Family Research.

This article is a primer on issues in designing, testing, and interpreting interaction or moderator effects in research on family psychology. The first section focuses on procedures for testing and interpreting simple effects and interactions, as well as common errors in testing moderators (e.g., testing differences among subgroup correlations, omitting components of products, and using median splits). The second section, devoted to difficulties in detecting interactions, covers such topics as statistical power, measurement error, distribution of variables, and mathematical constraints of ordinal interactions. The third section, devoted to design issues, focuses on recommendations such as including reliable measures, enhancing statistical power, and oversampling extreme scores. The topics covered should aid understanding of existing moderator research as well as improve future research on interaction effects.
Aging results in copper accumulations in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells in the subventricular zone.

Analysis of rodent brains with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy combined with immunohistochemistry allowed us to demonstrate that local Cu concentrations are thousands of times higher in the glia of the subventricular zone than in other cells. Using XRF microscopy with subcellular resolution and intracellular X-ray absorption spectroscopy we determined the copper (I) oxidation state and the sulfur ligand environment. Cu K-edge XANES is consistent with Cu being bound as a multimetallic Cu-S cluster similar to one present in Cu-metallothionein. Analysis of age related changes show that Cu content in astrocytes of the SVZ increases 4 fold from 3 weeks to 9 months while Cu concentration in other brain areas remain essentially constant. This increase in Cu correlates with a decrease in adult neurogenesis assessed using the Ki67 marker (both, however, can be age related effects). We demonstrate that the Cu distribution and age-related concentration changes in the brain are highly cell-specific.
Genome Landscapes and Bacteriophage Codon Usage

Across all kingdoms of biological life, protein-coding genes exhibit unequal usage of synonymous codons. Although alternative theories abound, translational selection has been accepted as an important mechanism that shapes the patterns of codon usage in prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes. Here we analyze patterns of codon usage across 74 diverse bacteriophages that infect E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and L. lactis as their primary host. We use the concept of a “genome landscape,” which helps reveal non-trivial, long-range patterns in codon usage across a genome. We develop a series of randomization tests that allow us to interrogate the significance of one aspect of codon usage, such as GC content, while controlling for another aspect, such as adaptation to host-preferred codons. We find that 33 phage genomes exhibit highly non-random patterns in their GC3-content, use of host-preferred codons, or both. We show that the head and tail proteins of these phages exhibit significant bias towards host-preferred codons, relative to the non-structural phage proteins. Our results support the hypothesis of translational selection on viral genes for host-preferred codons, over a broad range of bacteriophages.