cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chip-Scale Implementation and Cascade Assembly of Particulate Matter Collectors With Embedded Resonant Mass Balances

This paper presents design, fabrication, characterization, and cascade assembly of chip-scale aerosol inertial impactors (airborne micro/nanoparticle collector). Microelectromechanical resonant mass balances are integrated within the fabricated chip-scale aerosol impactors for real-time particulate matter (PM) concentration measurement. A microfabrication process including only three-lithography steps has been developed to form the main impactor stage components: mass balance, impactor nozzle, and impaction micro-chamber on a single silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate. This approach enables dramatic miniaturization of the conventional bulky impactors while adding real-time measurement capability. Furthermore, utilization of microfabrication techniques can address some of the existing manufacturing and precision assembly challenges for such devices. Smaller nozzle diameters down to $30 {\boldsymbol \mu }\text{m}$ enabled by micro-lithography minimize the air flow, typically in the few liters per minute range, to milliliters per minute, and consequently the pump capacity and power requirements. Fabricated devices are tested as individual stages as well as cascaded dual-stages. Tests performed in different environments with different particle mass concentrations show an evident correlation between the resonator response and the expected particle concentrations. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the deposited particles for single impactor stages shows particle sizes as small as ~12 nm. For the cascade impactors, the SEM images show particles of ~150 and 41 nm for first and second stage, respectively. This paper demonstrated that segregation of nano-particles was achieved with the proposed dual stage chip-scale aerosol inertial impactor.
Facile Synthesis of Large Area Two-Dimensional Layers of Transition-Metal Nitride and Their Use as Insertion Electrodes

A new versatile technique of synthesizing large area, vertically oriented two-dimensional (2D) layers of molybdenum nitride (MoN) is reported that involves synthesis of 2D nanosheets of MoO3 through a hot-filament chemical vapor deposition process and subsequent phase transformation to δ-MoN. This simple two-step approach of phase transforming 2D oxide layers potentially enables easy synthesis of a wide variety of MXenes of nitrides, sulfides, and carbides of tunable composition. When used as electrodes in Li-ion batteries, the 2D layers of MoN show an unusual Li+ storage mechanism. Using combined differential capacitance, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, it is shown that unlike their bulk form, which behaves as conversion electrodes, 2D layers of MoN behave as insertion electrodes that do not involve chemical transformation. As a result, the electrode shows stable capacity of 320 mAh/g for more than 200 cycles without any structural and electrochemical degradation.
Collaborative Computer Algebra

A definition of Collaborative Computer Algebra as a field of research is proposed. The significance of this field is examined and theoretical frameworks that have the potential to form its foundation are surveyed. Furthermore, the state of the art and open questions of Collaborative Computer Algebra are discussed.
Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Characteristic Pattern of Edema and Enhancement of the Medulla on MRI.

SUMMARY: Medullary edema with enhancement is rarely reported at initial MR imaging in intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. We report a series of 5 patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas, all of whom demonstrated a characteristic pattern of central medullary edema and medullary enhancement at initial MR imaging. Cognard type V dural arteriovenous fistula, defined by drainage into the perimedullary veins and the veins surrounding the brain stem, is a rare yet well-described pathologic entity. Even more rarely reported, however, is its clinical presentation with predominantly bulbar symptoms and MR imaging findings of central medullary edema with enhancement. This constellation of findings frequently leads to a convoluted clinical picture, prompting work-up for alternative disease processes and delaying diagnosis. Because an expedited diagnosis is critical in preventing poor outcomes, it is paramount to make the referring physician and neuroradiologist more cognizant of this rare-yet-characteristic imaging manifestation of dural arteriovenous fistula.
Utilization and outcomes of chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of venous thromboembolism following radical cystectomy: A population-based study.

491Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), comprising deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a major preventable source of postoperative complications. The risk of VTE in pa...
Can Clinicians Manage Social Agencies

Maintaining social workers at management levels rests on their ability to develop programs, be aware of the stresses of front-line jobs, and be effective in distinguishing between the needs and wan...
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Risk of Dementia in the Oldest Old (S48.003)

Objective: To analyze common cardiovascular risk factors in relation to all-cause dementia risk in a cohort of oldest-old (90 years and older) participants. Background: Vascular diseases in middle life are commonly associated with an increased risk of dementia in later life. In contrast, we found that history of hypertension in the oldest-old was associated with a decreased risk of dementia. Whether this protective association is unique to hypertension or if other cardiovascular risk factors have similar effects is unknown. Design/Methods: Participants are from The 90+ Study, an ongoing population-based longitudinal study of people without dementia (DSM-IV). Participants were followed every 6 months for up to 10 years (average = 2.8 years) with dementia ascertained at each visit. We used Cox regression to estimate risk of dementia in relation to cardiovascular risk factors, using age as the time scale, dementia diagnosis as the outcome, and adjusting for gender and education. Results: At baseline, participants were on average 93 years old (range: 90–103) and most were women (71%). During follow-up, 224 (40%) participants developed dementia. The prevalence of vascular disease ranged from 6% for diabetes to 58% for hypertension. Congestive heart failure, heart valve disease, and stroke were significantly associated with an increased dementia risk. In contrast, hypertension was associated with a decreased dementia risk. When the four significant conditions were analyzed simultaneously, estimates were similar and three of the four diseases remained significantly associated with dementia, suggesting these conditions relate to dementia independently of each other. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the association with dementia changes with age for some but not all cardiovascular risk factors, as some continue to have an increased risk while others have a decreased risk at very advanced ages. As many of these risk factors are potentially modifiable, understanding their unique contribution to dementia in the oldest-old is crucial. Study Supported by: Supported by PHS grant AG021055 Disclosure: Dr. Mozaffar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Corrada has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kawas has nothing to disclose.
Conclusions: Future Directions in Systems Biology of Autophagy

In this chapter systems biology of cell death pathways and autophagy in cancer is discussed and based on current knowledge of signalling networks, dynamic model and quantitative data, the future directions in systems biology of autophagy and cell death pathways in cancer are explained.
Recurrent and Non-Recurrent HSV-1 Strains: Effect of Temperature

Infection of the rabbit cornea with HSV-1 results in ocular disease and the establishment of latency in the trigeminal ganglia. Work from our laboratory has shown that the type of disease, as well as the severity and duration, is a characteristic attributable to the infecting strain and is not dependent on the inoculum size (1–3). We have also demonstrated that the disease manifestations are determined by a specific region of the viral DNA, located within 0.70 to 0.83 map units of the HSV-1 DNA (4). That the inherent characteristics of the viral strain are a determinant in the outcome of the disease process was also clearly demonstrated. Based on the results of these studies, we focused our attention on the events in the trigeminal ganglia. We observed that ocular infections with different HSV strains lead to the establishment of latency with similar efficiency (80–90%), but patterns of shedding or recurrent disease were not the same. In a recent report, it was shown that in a single animal infected in each eye with a different virus, the pattern of shedding and recurrences for each eye was particular to the infecting strain (5).
Abstract TMP2: BP Matters: In Hospital Blood Pressure Predicts Poor Outcomes Following Mechanical Thrombectomy for Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes

Introduction: For patients with large vessel occlusions (LVOs), current data focuses on strict blood pressure (BP) management 24 hours post-mechanical thrombectomy (MT). We assessed the longitudina...
Exosomes — beyond stem cells for restorative therapy in stroke and neurological injury

Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and brain injuries devastate patients and their families, but currently no drugs on the market promote neurological recovery. Limited spontaneous recovery of function as a result of brain remodelling after stroke or injury does occur, and cell-based therapies have been used to promote these endogenous processes. Increasing evidence is demonstrating that the positive effects of such cell-based therapy are mediated by exosomes released from the administered cells and that the microRNA cargo in these exosomes is largely responsible for the therapeutic effects. This evidence raises the possibility that isolated exosomes could be used alone as a neurorestorative therapy and that these exosomes could be tailored to maximize clinical benefit. The potential of exosomes as a therapy for brain disorders is therefore being actively investigated. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge of exosomes and advances in our knowledge of their effects on endogenous neurovascular remodelling events. We also consider the opportunities for exosome-based approaches to therapeutic amplification of brain repair and improvement of recovery after stroke, traumatic brain injury and other diseases in which neurorestoration could be a viable treatment strategy.
Evolution of a Stand-Alone Undergraduate Public Health Program and the Inclusion of a Peace Corps Prep Certificate Program:

For over a decade there has been a growing interest in undergraduate public health degree programs and global health careers. To this end, colleges and universities across the United States are tra...
Integration of Clinical Decision Support and Electronic Clinical Quality Measurement: Domain Expert Insights and Implications for Future Direction

The integration of clinical decision support (CDS) and electronic clinical quality measurement (eCQM) could help improve consistency, reduce redundancy, and ultimately help improve value. To guide efforts in this area, 15 leading experts in CDS and eCQM were interviewed to obtain insights on how CDS and eCQM could be better integrated. Four main themes emerged: cultural and business considerations for CDS, eCQM, and their integration trump the technical considerations; the purpose and goals of CDS and eCQM differ, and these differences must be accounted for; there is an oftentimes invisible overlap between CDS and eCQM, and with the larger domain of quality improvement; and despite the differences, synergies between CDS and eCQM should be pursued to amplify the effectiveness of each approach. A key implication of these findings is the need to bridge cultural and business differences between CDS and eCQM, with informaticists potentially playing a critical role.
Teaching with analytics: Towards a situated model of instructional decision-making

The process of using analytic data to inform instructional decision-making is acknowledged to be complex; however, details of how it occurs in authentic teaching contexts have not been fully unpacked. This study investigated five university instructors’ use of a learning analytics dashboard to inform their teaching. The existing literature was synthesized to create a template for inquiry that guided interviews, and inductive qualitative analysis was used to identify salient emergent themes in how instructors 1) asked questions, 2) interpreted data, 3) took action, and 4) checked impact. Findings showed that instructors did not always come to analytics use with specific questions, but rather with general areas of curiosity. Questions additionally emerged and were refined through interaction with the analytics. Data interpretation involved two distinct activities, often along with affective reactions to data: reading data toidentify noteworthy patterns and explaining their importance in the course using contextual knowledge. Pedagogical responses to the analytics included whole-class scaffolding, targeted scaffolding, and revising course design, as well two new non-action responses: adopting a wait-and-see posture and engaging in deep reflection on pedagogy. Findings were synthesized into a model of instructor analytics use that offers useful categories of activities for future study and support
Immune-Based Therapies in Acute Leukemia.

Treatment resistance remains a leading cause of acute leukemia-related deaths. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop novel approaches to improve outcome. New immune-based therapies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, bi-specific T cell engagers (BiTEs), and immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have emerged as effective treatment options for chemoresistant B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, many patients show resistance to these immune-based approaches. This review describes crucial lessons learned from immune-based approaches targeting high-risk B-ALL and AML, such as the leukemia-intrinsic (e.g., target antigen loss, tumor heterogeneity) and -extrinsic (e.g., immunosuppressive microenvironment) mechanisms that drive treatment resistance, and discusses alternative approaches to enhance the effectiveness of these immune-based treatment regimens.
Intrapersonal psychological empowerment profiles on ethnic identity, social support, and lifetime drug use among Hispanic adolescent girls.

The abbreviated Sociopolitical Control Scale for Youth (SPCS-Y) factor structure, used to measure intrapersonal psychological empowerment, was tested among a sample of Hispanic adolescent girls (N ...
Abstract 4021: Assessing the sensitivity of LSF inhibitors against liver cancer

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer mortality. The transcription factor Late SV40 Factor (LSF) functions as an oncogene in HCC, making it a potential protein target for HCC therapy. LSF overexpression correlates with pathogenesis of liver, colorectal and pancreatic cancers, for which there are limited molecularly targeted therapy options. A library of dihydroquinolinones, termed Factor Quinolinone Inhibitors (FQIs), inhibits LSF-DNA binding and specific LSF-protein interactions in in vitro and in cellular assays. The initial lead compound FQI1 causes dramatic mitotic defects in HCC cell lines but has no toxic consequences on immortalized human hepatocytes or primary mouse hepatocytes. Additionally, FQI1 has proven efficacious in endogenous HCC mouse models, with no evidence of associated toxicity. Methods: A series of dihydroquinolinone compounds were synthesized and tested for potency in two HCC cell lines, Huh7 and SNU423, by a cell proliferation assay. The FQI analogs, FQI34, N-oxide FQI34 and FQI37, were separated by chiral chromatography to the corresponding R and S enantiomers. Direct target engagement of the three lead compounds, FQI1, FQI34 and FQI37, is shown with cellular thermal stability assays on Huh7 cells. Results: More than 20 compounds were synthesized and characterized. Among them, FQI37 showed the most potent activity (GI50 = 70 nM) against Huh7 HCC cells. Structure-activity-relationship studies suggest that the amide portion of quinolinone core is important for optimal activity. Growth inhibition assays revealed enantiomeric specificity; the (S)-enantiomers are more potent than the (R)-compounds and the racemate. The cellular thermal shift assay in Huh7 cells demonstrated the direct target binding of FQIs to LSF in cells at micromolar concentrations. Growth inhibition assays also identified colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer lines to be sensitive to the dihydroquinolinones treatment. Conclusions: Aryl-dihydroquinolinones are promising small molecule chemotherapies for LSF-driven cancers such as HCC, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Niranjana Pokharel, John Kavouris, Jessica Biagi, Ulla Hansen, Scott E. Schaus. Assessing the sensitivity of LSF inhibitors against liver cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4021.
Identification and quantification of modified nucleosides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNAs

ABSTRACT Post-transcriptional nucleoside modifications have long been recognized as key modulators of non-coding RNA structure and function. There is an emerging appreciation that the chemical modification of protein-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) also plays critical roles in the cell. Although there are over 100 known RNA modifications found in biology only a handful have been identified in mRNAs. We sought to identify and quantify modifications present in the mRNAs of yeast cells using a high throughput ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method that measures the levels of 36 types of RNA nucleosides in parallel. We detected the presence of six modified nucleosides in mRNAs at relatively high abundances: N7-methylguanosine, N6-methyladenosine, 2’-O-methylguanosine, 2’-O-methylcytosine, N4-acetylcytidine and 5-formylcytidine. Additionally, we investigated how the levels of mRNA modifications vary in response to cellular stress. We find that the concentrations of mRNA modifications including N6-methyladenosine and N4-acetylcytidine change in response to heat stress, glucose starvation and/or oxidative stress. This work expands the repertoire of potential chemical modifications in mRNAs, and utilizes a high-throughput approach to search for modifications that highlights the value of integrating mass-spectrometry tools in the mRNA modification discovery and characterization pipeline.
Mechanistic Study of Charge Separation in a Nonfullerene Organic Donor-Acceptor Blend Using Multispectral Multidimensional Spectroscopy.

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) based on nonfullerene acceptors are now approaching commercially viable efficiencies. One key to their success is efficient charge separation with low potential loss at...
Radiohistogenomics of pediatric low-grade neuroepithelial tumors

In addition to histology, genetic alteration is now required to classify many central nervous system (CNS) tumors according to the most recent World Health Organization CNS tumor classification scheme. Although that is still not the case for classifying pediatric low-grade neuroepithelial tumors (PLGNTs), genetic and molecular features are increasingly being used for making treatment decisions. This approach has become a standard clinical practice in many specialized pediatric cancer centers and will likely be more widely practiced in the near future. This paradigm shift in the management of PLGNTs necessitates better understanding of how genetic alterations influence histology and imaging characteristics of individual PLGNT phenotypes. The complex association of genetic alterations with histology, clinical, and imaging of each phenotype of the extremely heterogeneous PLGNT family has been addressed in a holistic approach in this up-to-date review article. A new imaging stratification scheme has been proposed based on tumor morphology, location, histology, and genetics. Imaging characteristics of each PLGNT entity are also depicted in light of histology and genetics. This article reviews the association of specific genetic alteration with location, histology, imaging, and prognosis of a specific tumor of the PLGNT family and how that information can be used for better imaging of these tumors.
Informal Practices in Illicit Border-Regimes: The Economy of Legal and Fake Travel Documents Sustaining The EU Asylum System

On their route to secure asylum in the EU, asylum seekers rely on various strategies involving both licit and illicit paper practices. Based on ethnographic research with asylum seekers on the move between Turkey, Greece, and Germany, this article takes the realm of legal documents to probe the economy of legality and illegality that sustains the EU asylum system. Looking at how asylum seekers differentiate between their papers, the article demonstrates how efficacy rather than legality is the organizing principle through which papers are evaluated. Rather than being preoccupied with whether a paper is legal or illegal, ‘unauthorized’ migrants on the move evaluate papers on the scale of strong/not strong or dangerous/safe, asking what is more likely to work or pose less threat, and in what circumstances. The notion that both licit and illicit papers have a fickle efficacy in producing legality problematizes common policy and scholarly conceptions of the counterfeit as an informal space that is either external to the law or a perversion of it. Instead, it highlights how the European border and asylum regime exploits the legal/illegal distinction to criminalize asylum-seeking while obscuring how illegality is systematically embedded within it.
Letter to the Editor: Provisions in the Constitution Matter: A Reply to Professor Johnson

Professor Calvin Johnson and I have been debating the meaning of the direct-tax apportionment rule since, it seems, the nation’s founding. This installment questions his interpretation of Chief Justice Roberts’s description of the rule in NFIB v. Sebelius, the 2012 case concluding that the individual mandate penalty in the original Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) was a validly enacted tax and not a direct tax requiring apportionment. The chief’s opinion, for a Court majority, made it pretty clear that a national wealth tax would be a direct tax that would have to be apportioned to be constitutional.
Emergent themes and pragmatic research methods for meaningful cultural representation of Blacks in multimedia products for the science classroom

Going beyond ceremony to meaningfully integrate the lived experiences and narratives of Blacks particularly African Americans in the science curriculum, requires pragmatic research methodologies. K...
Why do women watch esports? A social role perspective on spectating motives and points of attachment

Abstract Guided by social role theory and the extant literature, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the gender differences in esports spectating motives and points of attachment. A questionnaire was developed to survey fans (N = 479) of the Houston Outlaws, a professional team in the Overwatch League. Findings indicate gender differences across five motivational factors: women seem to be more motivated to watch Overwatch for social opportunities, interest in player, and (player) physical attractiveness; men appear to be more motivated to watch for enjoyment of aggression and entertainment value. Our results also suggest how perceived social roles may influence gender differences in attachment to the athlete and its relationship with spectating motives. Theoretical, managerial, and social implications, as well as future research recommendations, are discussed.
Spatial Localization of Excitons and Charge Carriers in Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films.

The fundamental photophysics underlying the remarkably high-power conversion efficiency of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite-based solar cells has been increasingly studied using complementary spectroscopic techniques. However, the spatially heterogeneous polycrystalline morphology of the photoactive layers owing to the presence of distinct crystalline grains has been generally neglected in optical measurements; therefore, the reported results are typically averaged over hundreds or even thousands of such grains. Here we apply femtosecond transient absorption microscopy to spatially and temporally probe ultrafast electronic excited-state dynamics in pristine methylammonium lead tri-iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) thin films and composite structures. We found that the electronic excited-state relaxation kinetics are extremely sensitive to the sample location probed, which was manifested by position-dependent decay time scales and transient signals. Analysis of transient absorption kinetics acquired at distinct spati...
Fast texture transfer through the use of wavelet-based image fusion

This paper describes a new texture transfer scheme based on wavelet image fusion. Texture transfer applies the pattern of the texture image to the source image. While most of the current state-of-the-art methods perform texture transfer in space domain, the scheme introduced in this paper processes images using image fusion in wavelet domain. Image fusion is a popular method to process information from multiple images and combine the images into a smaller number of images. In the application to texture transfer, the approximation of the source image is extracted and used for the synthesized image. In addition, edges of the source and texture images are extracted and preserved in the synthesized image. This is done through the use of 2- D wavelet decomposition. Comparison to the current state- of-the-art methods is provided in the paper. It is concluded that wavelet-based texture transfer performs a reasonable texture transfer, and it is relatively fast.
Computation and uncertainty in ecological forecasting

Planning for global change and decision making will be improved by reliable forecasts of ecosystem variability. Key challenges to successful forecasting include feasible statistical methods to track variability and uncertainty and new computational approaches, include more efficient algorithms and data structures that would permit simulation of complex systems. This study addresses these challenges with an integrated approach. We are developing computational and statistical techniques that will allow us to develop forecasts of forest diversity change at broader spatial and temporal extents. We make use of an unusually extensive observational and experimental data base (long-term demographic modeling with landscape and climate context, large-scale experiments on disturbance and CO2 effects). Hierarchical Bayesian methods allow us to simultaneously estimate scale-specific (contextual) effects. Sources of variability and uncertainty that arise from individuals to stands to a region are then followed through a stand simulator that addresses responses to scenarios of land-cover, CO2, and climate change.
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS AROUND HORIZONTAL CIRCULAR TUNNELS

The problem of axial variation of stress concentrations at the periphery and normal to the axis of a circular tunnel is solved by means of the three-dimensional photoelasticity technique, under the following conditions: 1. The center lines of two horizontal tunnels of equal diameter (2r) are separated by a distanceK and include an angle α. 2. K and α assume values of 0, 3r, 7/2r, 4r and 30 deg, 60 deg, 90 deg, respectively. 3. The tunnels are located in a uniform, uniaxial stress field normal to the axes of the tunnels.
Electrical power systems for Mars

Electrical power system options for Mars Manned Modules and Mars Surface Bases were evaluated for both near-term and advanced performance potential. The power system options investigated for the Mission Modules include photovoltaics, solar thermal, nuclear reactor, and isotope power systems. Options discussed for Mars Bases include the above options with the addition of a brief discussion of open loop energy conversion of Mars resources, including utilization of wind, subsurface thermal gradients, and super oxides. Electrical power requirements for Mission Modules were estimated for three basic approaches: as a function of crew size; as a function of electric propulsion; and as a function of transmission of power from an orbiter to the surface of Mars via laser or radio frequency. Mars Base power requirements were assumed to be determined by production facilities that make resources available for follow-on missions leading to the establishment of a permanently manned Base. Requirements include the production of buffer gas and propellant production plants.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A VEHICLE SIDE IMPACT TEST: DEVELOPMENT, APPLICATION AND DESIGN ITERATIONS

This paper describes a numerical simulation technique applicable to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214 side impact test through the use of the finite element method (FEM) technology. The paper outlines the development of the side impact dummy (SID), moving deformable barrier (MDB) and the test vehicle FEM models, as well as the development of new advanced constitutive models of materials and algorithms in LS-DYNA3D which are related to the topic. Presented in the paper are some initial simulation problems which were encountered and solved, and the correlation of the simulation data to the physical test. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E201376.
Optimization for the Intel/spl reg/ Itanium/spl reg/ architecture register stack

The Intel/spl reg/ Itanium/spl reg/ architecture contains a number of innovative compiler-controllable features designed to exploit instruction level parallelism. New code generation and optimization techniques are critical to the application of these features to improve processor performance. For instance, the Itanium/spl reg/ architecture provides a compiler-controllable virtual register stack to reduce the penalty of memory accesses associated with procedure calls. The Itanium/spl reg/ Register Stack Engine (RSE) transparently manages the register stack and saves and restores physical registers to and from memory as needed. Existing code generation techniques for the register stack aggressively allocate virtual registers without regard to the register pressure on different control-flow paths. As such, applications with large data sets may stress the RSE, and cause substantial execution delays due to the high number of register saves and restores. Since the Itanium/spl reg/ architecture is developed around Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) concepts, solutions to increasing the register stack efficiency favor code generation techniques rather than hardware approaches.
Electric field structures and waves at plasma boundaries in the inner magnetosphere

Recent observations by the Van Allen Probes spacecraft have demonstrated that a variety of electric field structures and nonlinear waves frequently occur in the inner terrestrial magnetosphere, including phase space holes, kinetic field line resonances, nonlinear whistler mode waves, and several types of double layer. However, it is unclear whether such structures and waves have a significant impact on the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere, including the radiation belts and ring current. To make progress toward quantifying their importance, this study statistically evaluates the correlation of such structures and waves with plasma boundaries. A strong correlation is found. These statistical results, combined with observations of electric field activity at propagating plasma boundaries, are consistent with the scenario that the sources of the free energy for the structures and waves of interest are localized near and comove with these boundaries. Therefore, the ability of these structures and waves to influence plasma in the inner magnetosphere is governed in part by the spatial extent and dynamics of macroscopic plasma boundaries in that region.
Protein kinase B (Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α in retinal ischemic post-conditioning.

In previous studies, it was shown that post-conditioning, a transient period of brief ischemia following prolonged severe ischemia in the retina, could provide significant improvement in post-ischemic recovery, attenuation of cell loss, and decreased apoptosis. However, the mechanisms of post-conditioning in the retina have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that two kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α and protein kinase B (Akt), were involved in the mechanism of post-conditioning. Ischemia was induced in rat retina in vivo. Recovery after ischemia followed by 8 min of post-conditioning early in the reperfusion period after prolonged ischemia was assessed functionally (electroretinography) and histologically at 7 days after ischemia. We examined the role of p38α and Akt subtypes 1–3 in post-conditioning by intravitreal injection of interfering RNA 6 h prior to ischemia and post-conditioning and compared the results to injection of non-silencing interfering RNA sequence. The blockade of p38α significantly decreased the recovery after ischemia and post-conditioning, and enhanced cell loss and disorganization of the retina. Blockade of Akt1, and to a lesser degree, Akt2, significantly decreased the recovery after ischemia and enhanced cell loss and disorganization. These differences in the effects of blockade of Akt subtypes were not explainable by distribution of Akt subtypes in the retina, which were similar. In conclusion, both p38 and Akt are essential components of the neuroprotection induced by post-ischemic conditioning in the retina.
An electricity trade model for multiple power distribution networks in smart energy systems

The future smart energy systems are projected to be decentralized power networks, each consisting of various types of renewable power generators that serve a small group of energy users. Interaction between different power networks through energy trading over a marketplace provides the chance to fully utilize the capacity of each power generator type. As a result of this interaction, the power generation and distribution levels can be decided for each time slot in order to achieve a maximal utility. In this paper, an electricity trade model is introduced for decentralized power networks to deal with the utility maximization problem. In the proposed model, multiple power networks can trade among each other and thus each of them can achieve a utility increase from making use of its comparative advantage on power generation during a certain period of time. The model is studied from several special scenarios to a more general scenario and an efficient solution is presented for each scenario. Experimental result validates the accuracy and efficiency of the presented solutions.
Renal replacement therapy in pediatric critical care medicine

Purpose of reviewThe use of continuous renal replacement therapy in pediatric critical care has increased in the last 10 years. Adaptive makeshift machinery has been replaced with dedicated volumetric and/or gravimetric devices that afford accurate blood flow and ultrafiltrate production rates. Whil
Steps for the proper development of an EMC Control Plan

The development of a major electronic product in a company is usually preceded by the writing of an EMC Control Plan. The EMC Control Plan is written by the senior electromagnetic compatibility engineer and eventually reviewed and approved by management. A product being developed will adhere to the EMC Control Plan. The quality of the EMC Control Plans vary, depending on who writes it, how important is EMC in the culture of the company, the importance of the product itself to the future profitability of the company, and how innovative is the product to be developed. Nevertheless, the proper writing of an EMC Control Plan is crucial to the development of a product that is well designed with EMC in mind. In this work we outlined all the aspects of a well written EMC Control Plan. A well written EMC Control Plan outlines not only testing but design, development, and manufacturing issues. It is intended that present and future EMC engineers could use this EMC Control Plan as a baseline for their companies.
Dynamics of impurity and valence bands in Ga 1 − x Mn x As within the dynamical mean-field approximation

We calculate the density-of-states and the spectral function of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ within the dynamical mean-field approximation. Our model includes the competing effects of the strong spin-orbit coupling on the $J=3∕2$ $\mathrm{GaAs}$ hole bands and the exchange interaction between the magnetic ions and the itinerant holes. We study the quasiparticle and impurity bands in the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases for different values of impurity-hole coupling ${J}_{c}$ at a Mn doping of $x=0.05$. By analyzing the anisotropic angular distribution of the impurity band carriers at $T=0$, we conclude that the carrier polarization is optimal when the carriers move along the direction parallel to the average magnetization.
The value of exercise stress testing in predicting benefit from aorto coronary bypass surgery.

A total of 142 saphenous vein bypass patients who underwent pre- and postoperative treadmill stress tests were analyzed. The double product at the onset of ischemia improved in 15 of 25 females (68%) and 67 of 117 males (58%). In patients with a history of preoperative angina, 103 of 132 (78%) were relieved after operation, but only 81 of 132 (61%) improved their double product. In those with preoperative angina during treadmill stress testing, 48 of 79 (61%) improved. In patients without preoperative angina on treadmill stress testing, 40 of 65 (62%) improved their double product. When ST depression developed at a workload of 4 METS on the preoperative treadmill stress test, 54 of 87 (62%) improved. When ST depression developed at 6 METS, 20 of 34 (58%) improved their double product at the point of ischemia.The patient's sex, angina during treadmill stress testing, and the workload associated with ischemia did not help identify those who would benefit from bypass surgery. Treadmill stress testing does de...
Disordered SU(N) antiferromagnets and the renormalization of charged instanton gases in three dimensions.

Some generic properties of charged instanton gases are established in arbitrary dimension, including the fact that the self-energy, if it diverges, must diverge as the logarithm of the correlation length. A real-space renormalization is carried out in d=3 and recursion relations obtained under the assumption that the model can disorder without instantons. They reveal that for models with nontrivial Haldane phases, the correlation-length exponent is not altered by hedgehogs, and that generic instanton gases undergo first-order transitions in three dimensions. In special cases a second-order transition with continuously varying exponents is found.
TENSILE STRENGTH OF RUBBERS.

Abstract : A current theory of the tensile strength of rubbers invokes large scale crosslink interchange at room temperature to explain the high tensile strengths of networks crosslinked with weak linkages. This mechanical lability of certain crosslinks has been assumed from their known thermal lability at higher temperatures. Relaxation of stress experiments at various elongations were performed at room temperature on networks crosslinked with both weak and strong linkages. The purpose was to detect mechanically-induced crosslink slippage. No evidence was found of any mechanical lability of weak crosslinks at room temperature. A hypothesis is presented which explains the high tensile strengths of rubbers crosslinked with weak linkages as resulting from an internally relaxed network formed by the thermal lability of the crosslinks at the vulcanization temperature. This theory is shown to be consistent with some previously unexplained experimental results. (Author)
Potential effects of cosmic dust and rocket exhaust particles on spacecraft charging

Abstract Attention is called to the importance of including the roles of cosmic dust particles and rocket exhaust particles in the detailed analysis of spacecraft charging effects, arcing and power drains due to leakage currents. Aspects of the problem pertaining to both low and high (geosynchronous) Earth orbit are discussed. Recommendations are made to assessing the long-term effects of hypervelocity impacts of these particles.
The virtual wind tunnel

The design and implementation of a virtual environment linked to a graphics workstation for the visualization of complex fluid flows are described. The system user wears a stereo head-tracked display, which effectively displays 3-D information, and an instrumented glove to intuitively position flow-visualization tools. The visualization structures and their interfaces in the virtual environment and the implementation hardware and software are described. The performance of the virtual wind tunnel is reviewed using the flow past a tapered cylinder as an example. Performance issues and future directions for the system are discussed. >
Dual targeting of the vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways: Rationale and clinical applications for non-small-cell lung cancer

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways represent 2 clinically validated targets for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and there is strong biologic rationale for therapeutic approaches targeting both pathways in NSCLC and other diseases. These 2 pathways are interrelated, as VEGF is known to be downregulated by EGFR inhibition through hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha-dependent and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors is associated with increased levels of VEGF, and dual VEGF/EGFR inhibition has demonstrated activity in the presence of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant disease. This approach is being investigated clinically using combinations of drugs that target the pathways separately, such as erlotinib and bevacizumab, or individual drugs that target both pathways, such as vandetanib. Randomized phase II studies in previously treated patients with NSCLC suggest that dual VEGF/EGFR inhibition might be more active than targeting either pathway alone and that the combination could also enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy. Phase III clinical trials are currently in progress to determine whether dual VEGF/EGFR inhibition, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, should become a standard therapeutic option for patients with NSCLC.
A computer simulation for teaching school finance

An important public policy issue is the allocation and distribution of revenues among different levels of government. The branch of economics that studies intergovernmental fiscal relations provides an excellent description of the anticipated impact that can be expected when there are changes in the level of intergovernmental fiscal aid from one level of government to another [see, for example, Musgrave and Musgrave, 1989]. Despite this theoretical understanding, it is often difficult for policymakers and students of public policy to fully understand the policy and revenue implications of changes in the distribution of funds from one level of government to another. Equally important, the redistribution of resources often creates difficult political issues in the Congress or state legislatures. This article describes a computer simulation that was developed to help students of educational finance develop a better understanding of the revenue and policy effects of changes in school finance distribution formulas. Through this understanding, policymakers and students of school finance will also gain more knowledge about the potential political implications of changes to the way funds are allocated to school districts. It is indicative of the kinds of simulations that can be developed in other policy settings to understand what happens when the fiscal relationship between one level of government and another is changed. The field of school finance studies the allocation and distribution of public funds to school districts within a state. State school finance formulas are designed to equalize differences in local school district ability to raise funds from their own property tax collections. The typical state distribution formula provides fiscal aid to districts in inverse relationship to its own fiscal capacity, usually measured in terms of assessed property value per pupil. Some states include a measure of personal income in the determination of a district's fiscal capacity. The goal of a school funding formula is to reduce revenue disparities among school districts that result from differences in fiscal capacity, and to move the state toward fiscal neutrality. If a state were to create a totally fiscally neutral system, each school district's revenue per pupil would be determined entirely on the level of property tax effort it expended, regardless of its assessed valuation per pupil. Because of the large amount of money spent on our nation's public schools, most graduate programs in educational leadership offer courses designed to teach students the basics of school finance. Although each of the 50 states uses a different funding allocation formula, there are a relatively small number of basic principles and formulas that govern the distribution of state funds to
Monolithic integration of binary-phase Fresnel zone plate objectives on 2-axis scanning micromirrors for compact microscopes.

We demonstrated a unique monolithic integration of Fresnel elliptical zone plate (EZP) objective on a 2-axis staggered vertical comb-drive micromirror with 500μm by 800μm surface area via direct patterning of reflective binary phase modulation elements on a silicon chip. The need for focusing optics is thus obviated, simplifying the micro-endoscope assembly and improving its form factor. The design of binary phase EZP was guided by simulations based on FFT based Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction model. For dual-axis scanning angles up to 9o by 9o at the image plane, the simulated diffracted Airy disks on a spatial map have been demonstrated to vary from 10.5μm to 28.6μm. Micromirrors scanning ±9o (optical) about both axes are patterned with elliptical zones designed for 7mm focal length and 20þ off-axis 635-nm illumination using 635nm laser. Videos of samples acquired with ~15μm lateral resolution over 1mm × 0.35mm field of view (FOV) at 5.0 frames/second using the device in both transmission and reflectance modes bench-top single-fiber laser scanning confocal microscope confirmed the applicability of the device to micro-endoscopy.