cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical results of unifocalization revision

Abstract Objective Midline unifocalization has been developed for the surgical treatment of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. All patients will eventually require reoperation due to the presence of a conduit, and some may also require revision of the distal unifocalized bed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical results of unifocalization revision. Methods This was a retrospective review of 254 patients who underwent midline unifocalization for treatment of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. Forty-eight of 254 patients (18%) have subsequently undergone unifocalization revision. Thirty-two of these patients had previously undergone a single-stage complete repair, whereas 16 had a unifocalization and placement of a central shunt. Results For the 32 patients who previously underwent a complete repair, there have been no early or late deaths. The peak systolic pulmonary artery to aortic pressure ratio was 0.44 ± 0.11 after the initial repair and increased to 0.82 ± 0.18 before revision. The pressure ratio decreased to 0.41 ± 0.09 after revision. Three of 32 patients (9%) have subsequently undergone a second unifocalization revision. The 16 patients who previously had a unifocalization/shunt underwent unifocalization revision and complete repair (n = 14) and revision and repeat shunt (n = 2). There was 1 operative mortality and 3 late deaths (25% total) in this cohort. Three (25%) of 12 survivors have subsequently undergone a second unifocalization revision. Conclusions The data demonstrate that unifocalization revision can be performed with a successful outcome in a majority of patients. Patients who underwent an initial unifocalization/shunt had a higher failure rate than patients who were initially repaired.
Hand Carried Ultrasound Utilization in Acute Heart Failure Patients, Does It Correlate with Physical Examination?

Purpose Evaluation of intravascular volume is an essential component of clinical management of acute heart failure (HF) patients. Correlation between physical examination and ultrasound measurements has not been well studies and was the focus of this investigation. Methods We prospectively studied patients admitted to the medical floor with acute heart failure exacerbation between January 2017 to October 2018. Assessment of volume status by physical examination (PE) was performed by heart failure team, and classified patient's volume status into (0- euvolemic, 1- Mildly overloaded, 2- Moderately overloaded, 3- Severely overloaded), then central venous pressure (CVP) was measured using hand carried US (assessment of inferior vena cava size and respiratory variation, right and left jugular veins size, respiratory variation and compressibility). Spearman's correlation was used to correlate between PE findings and US-estimated CVP. Finally, the distribution of CVP for each PE category was provided (Figure). Results A total of 186 (Age 64±15,42% females) patients were included during study duration. (34%) patients had HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and 104 (66%) patients had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The correlation between PE and US-estimated CVP was moderate at best (rho=0.41, p Conclusion Physical exam is moderately correlated with US-estimated CVP and is unreliable in directing therapy for acute HF exacerbation. Further investigations are needed to integrate hand carried US in the daily management of heart failure patients.
Relationship of pathological features and a 21 gene expression assay in younger versus older women with node-negative endocrine receptor-positive breast cancer.

Determining the need for adjuvant chemotherapy in estrogen receptor (ER)+ disease can be influenced by pathological characteristics and gene expression assays [i.e., Oncotype Dx recurrence scores (RSs)]. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the RSs and pathological markers in younger ( 0.05). Chemotherapy was recommended in younger versus older women, in 0% when the RS was ≤ 10, 39% and 40% when the RS was 11–25 (p = 0.82), and 100% and 98% when the RS was ≥ 26 (p = 0.51), respectively. The relationship between pathological features and RS is consistent irrespective of age; therefore, models predicting RS may be applicable irrespective of age.
Motoric Factors Influencing the Selection of Vocabulary for Sign Production Programs

Motoric factors that should be considered in selecting signs to teach handicapped learners are reviewed and discussed. They are grouped into three categories: prehension movement patterns, unilateral/bilateral movement patterns, and combinations of successive actions, with a fourth set included of less objectively definable factors involved in motor planning. Implications of the reviewed information relative to assessment and intervention conclude the article.
Hematologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease—Anemia and Platelet Disorders

Abstract Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly among patients whose glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is less than 30–40 mL/min. The pathogenesis of anemia in CKD is complex, but the central etiological factor is the relative deficiency of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is produced in the kidneys by cortical peritubular interstitial fibroblast-like cells. The production of erythropoietin decreases as the functioning renal mass declines. Iron deficiency also commonly contributes to anemia in CKD. Iron metabolism is normally tightly regulated by hepcidin. Inflammation induces changes in hepcidin that reduces the availability of iron for erythropoiesis, which contributes to anemia in CKD patients. Erythrocytosis is a much less common occurrence in patients with CKD and is mostly seen in patients with polycystic kidney disease or following kidney transplantation. Defective platelet function with a bleeding tendency is well known to occur in patients with advanced CKD and uremia. The CKD stage at which platelet dysfunction becomes clinically relevant is not known. Therapies aimed at improving this acquired platelet dysfunction include initiation of dialysis, desmopressin (1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin), cryoprecipitate, improvement in anemia, and estrogens.
Evaluation of short-term initial performance of a “Molekule Air” portable air cleaner

Author(s): Destaillats, Hugo; Tang, Xiaochen | Abstract: The aim of this project was to evaluate and characterize the performance of a MOLEKULE AIR air cleaner unit. The testing protocol comprised the evaluation of an unused Molekule Air unit operating at maximum (“boost” setting) fan speed setting. The device was tested over initial short-term periods of 70-80 h of continuous operation. The tested air cleaner was challenged in separate experiments with a well-characterized mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and with ozone. All tests were performed at realistic pollutant levels in a 20-m3 environmental stainless-steel chamber. Variables controlled and measured in this study included the chamber temperature, relative humidity, the composition and concentration of the challenge VOCs, and the concentrations of ozone. Potential formation of byproducts was also investigated to assess the overall performance.
Endoscopic Phenotype of the J Pouch in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A New Classification for Pouch Outcomes.

Background & Aims Pouchitis is a common complication of ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) in patients with ulcerative colitis who have undergone colectomy. Pouchitis has been considered a single entity despite a broad array of clinical and endoscopic patterns. We developed a novel classification system based on the pattern of inflammation observed in pouches and evaluated the contributing factors and prognosis of each phenotype. Methods We identified 426 patients (384 with ulcerative colitis) treated with proctocolectomy and IPAA who subsequently underwent pouchoscopies at the University of Chicago between June 1997 and December 2019. We retrospectively reviewed 1359 pouchoscopies and classified them into 7 main pouch phenotypes: (1) normal, (2) afferent limb involvement, (3) inlet involvement, (4) diffuse, (5) focal inflammation of the pouch body, (6) cuffitis, and (7) pouch with fistulas noted 6 months after ileostomy takedown. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors contributing to each phenotype. Pouch survival was estimated by the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Significant contributing factors for afferent limb involvement were a body mass index of 25 or higher and hand-sewn anastomosis, for inlet involvement the significant contributing factor was male sex; for diffuse inflammation the significant contributing factors were extensive colitis and preoperative use of anti–tumor necrosis factor drugs, for cuffitis the significant contributing factors were stapled anastomosis and preoperative Clostridioides difficile infection. Inlet stenosis, diffuse inflammation, and cuffitis significantly increased the risk of pouch excision. Diffuse inflammation was associated independently with pouch excision (hazard ratio, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.34–5.41; P = .005). Conclusions We describe 7 unique IPAA phenotypes with different contributing factors and outcomes, and propose a new classification system for pouch management and future interventional studies.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Quality of Kidney Care: Data From Electronic Health Records

Rational & Objective Electronic health records can be leveraged to assess quality-of-care measures in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Neighborhood socioeconomic status could be a potential barrier to receiving appropriate evidence-based therapy and follow-up. We examined whether neighborhood socioeconomic status is independently associated with quality of care received by patients with CKD. Study Design Observational study using electronic health record data. Setting & Participants Retrospective study of patients seen at a health care system in the 7-county Minneapolis/St Paul area. Exposures Census tract socioeconomic status measures (wealth, income, and education). Outcomes Indicators of CKD quality of care: (1) prescription for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker in patients with stage ≥ 3 CKD or stage 1 or 2 CKD with urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) > 300 mg/d, (2) UACR measurement among patients with laboratory-based CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate Analytic Approach Multilevel Poisson regression with robust error variance with a random intercept at the census tract level. Results Of the 16,776 patients who should be receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, 65% were prescribed these medications. Among patients with laboratory-based CKD (n = 25,097), UACR was measured in 27% and CKD was identified in the electronic health record in 55%. We found no independent association between any neighborhood socioeconomic status measures and CKD quality-of-care indicators. Limitations 1 health care system and selection bias. Conclusions We found no association of neighborhood socioeconomic status with quality of CKD care in our cohort. However, adherence to CKD guidelines is low, indicating an opportunity to improve care for all patients regardless of neighborhood socioeconomic status.
Protecting Children from Speech

Public concern about minor access to inappropriate speech (violent, sexual, vice advertising) has led to an onslaught of regulatory responses in recent years. Courts have wrestled with the constitutionality of these regulations but their decisions have provided little clarity as to what legislators may or may not do. In this Article, I guide legislators and judges through the thicket of child-protection censorship. I cut through the mass of precedent, empirical studies, and scholarship to distill the child-protection/free speech conflict into a series of comprehensible questions. By identifying the key questions underlying the conflict, I draw attention to the core constitutional and policy choices at stake whenever speech is suppressed to protect children. My hope is that this conceptual roadmap will change the tenor of the child-protection censorship debate which too often is phrased in extreme terms: either that government censorship is never to be permitted or that courts should always defer to the censorship decisions of regulators.
False Data Injection Attack in a Platoon of CACC: Real-Time Detection and Isolation With a PDE Approach

Connected vehicles are potential solutions to address some of the existing challenges in transportation systems, such as emission, traffic congestion, and fuel consumption. However, vehicular communication networks endure from reliability and security issues. Cyber-attacks with performance-disrupting purposes can lead to catastrophic collisions in connected vehicles and increase traffic congestion. To ensure safety and reliability, a monitoring system with the capability of diagnosing cyber-attacks is necessary for connected vehicles. In this study, we consider a platoon of connected vehicles equipped with cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) that is subjected to a specific type of cyber-attack, namely ``False Data Injection'' (FDI) attack. A smart FDI attack is modeled with ghost vehicles injection into the connected vehicles network to disrupt the performance of the whole system. To ease the analysis, we develop a partial differential equation (PDE) model for the CACC vehicle dynamics using its ordinary differential equations (ODE). Furthermore, a PDE observer is designed to detect the FDI attack and locate the attack's injection point in the platoon. Lyapunov stability theory has been utilized to verify the observer's convergence under no-attack scenario and study residuals' behaviors in the presence of the attack. A non-zero constant threshold is considered to provide robustness in attack detection despite the measurement noises. Eventually, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is evaluated with simulation studies.
Musical Creativity in Autism: Exploring Growth through Collaborative Peer Interaction

Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may have strengths in musical skills and music perception. Some children with ASD may also have better social engagement in music activities, making musi...
Instant Block Confirmation in the Sleepy Model.

Blockchain protocols suffer from an interesting conundrum: owning stake in the Blockchain doesn’t necessarily mean that the party is willing to participate in day to day operations. This leads to large quantities of stake being owned by parties who do not actually participate in the growth of the blockchain, reducing its security. Pass and Shi [23] captured this concern in the sleepy model, and subsequent work by Pass et al. [5] extended their results into a full Proof of Stake blockchain protocol which can continue to securely progress even when the majority of parties may be offline. However, their protocol requires 10 or more blocks to be added after a transaction first appears in the ledger for it to be confirmed. On the other hand, existing Byzantine Agreement based blockchain protocols such as Algorand [6, 7, 14] confirm transactions as soon as they appear in the ledger, but are unable to progress when users are not online when mandated.
Psychometric Properties of a Healthcare Provider Burden Scale: Preliminary Results.

Measures are lacking of the clinical burden that healthcare providers perceive in treating chronic conditions. This study presents a preliminary psychometric evaluation of a novel self-report measure of provider burden in the treatment of chronic pain. Data for eight burden items were available from vignette studies examining the effects of patient pain severity and medical evidence on clinical burden and judgments for chronic pain. Participants (N = 922) were 109 physicians and 813 non-physicians, all acting in the role of physician (232 community members without chronic pain, 105 community members with chronic pain, and 476 American Chronic Pain Association members with chronic pain). Factor analyses of burden items yielded one-factor solutions in all samples, with high factor loadings and adequate explained variance. Internal consistency reliability was uniformly high (≥ .87). Burden scores were significantly higher among physicians compared to non-physicians; non-physician groups did not differ on any burden score. Significant correlations of burden score with indicators of psychosocial complications in patient care supported scale validity. Burden score was not associated with gender, age, or education. Results provide initial support for the psychometric properties of a Healthcare Provider Burden Scale (HPBS). Research utilizing larger and representative healthcare provider groups is needed.
The pathway of myo-inositol degradation in Aerobacter aerogenes. Identification of the intermediate 2-deoxy-5-keto-D-gluconic acid

Abstract The structure of the first noncyclic intermediate in the catabolism of myo-inositol by Aerobacter aerogenes has been elucidated. This compound had been thought to be a 4-deoxy-5-ketohexonic acid. However, a reinvestigation of its structure showed it to be a 2-deoxy-5-ketohexonic acid. The phenylosazone derivative was prepared and purified to chromatographic homogeneity as the sodium salt. Periodate oxidation of the osazone generated two products. One was identified chromatographically and colorimetrically as malonic semialdehyde. The other was shown to be identical with the 1,2-bisphenylhydrazone of mesoxaldehyde. These results implied the presence of a methylene at C-2 and a carbonyl at C-5 in the parent compound. A compound identical with the intermediate in inositol catabolism was generated by the action of Acetobacter suboxydans ATCC 621 on 2-deoxy-d-glucose. This result confirmed the presence of a methylene group at position 2 in the inositol intermediate and furthermore made it highly likely that the intermediate is 2-deoxy-5-keto-d-gluconic acid (2-deoxy-d-threo-5-hexulosonic acid).
The impulsive hard X-rays from solar flares

A technique for determining the physical arrangement of a solar flare during the impulsive phase was developed based upon a nonthermal model interpretation of the emitted hard X-rays. Accurate values are obtained for the flare parameters, including those which describe the magnetic field structure and the beaming of the energetic electrons, parameters which have hitherto been mostly inaccessible. The X-ray intensity height structure can be described readily with a single expression based upon a semi-empirical fit to the results from many models. Results show that the degree of linear polarization of the X-rays from a flaring loop does not exceed 25 percent and can easily and naturally be as low as the polarization expected from a thermal model. This is a highly significant result in that it supersedes those based upon less thorough calculations of the electron beam dynamics and requires that a reevaluation of hopes of using polarization measurements to discriminate between categories of flare models.
Commutator estimates for hölder continuous and bmo-sobolev multipliers

We discuss conditions on a function f under which the commutator [P, f ] of a pseudodifferential operator P of order m with the operation of multiplication by f is an operator of order m − r on various function spaces, namely Holder-Zygmund spaces and Lp-Sobolev spaces, given 0 0 for a particularly significant case in 1 dimension.
Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Transition Competence Battery for Deaf Adolescents and Young Adults

This article describes the development and preliminary psychometric properties of the Transition Competence Battery for Deaf Adolescents and Young Adults (TCB). The TCB includes three subtests on employment and three subtests on independent living, in a 3-option multiple-choice format and with both written and videotaped instructions. The TCB was standardized on students from both mainstreamed and residential settings (n ranged from 180 to 230 for the different subtests). Overall, the item statistics and subtest reliabilities were adequate. An initial study of the battery's construct validity was conducted. Results demonstrated the power of all of the TCB subtests to differentiate among various groups.
The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: agreeableness, extraversion and prosocial value motivation

Social psychology and personality theorists have proposed that our understanding of prosocial behavior will be enhanced by examining the interplay of traits and motives. The present study was designed to test several pathways by which agreeableness, extraversion, and prosocial value motivation to volunteer influence volunteerism. A sample of 796 college students completed measures of the Big Five traits, prosocial value motivation to volunteer, and volunteering. Results of path analyses showed that prosocial value motivation to volunteer partially mediated the relations between agreeableness and extraversion, and volunteering. Furthermore, as agreeableness decreased, extraversion was more strongly related to prosocial value motivation to volunteer. In contrast, there was no support for the pathway in which extraversion and prosocial value motivation to volunteer jointly affect volunteering. Discussion focuses on the utility of examining the links among traits and motives in predicting volunteering.
Elimination of DNA sequences during macronuclear differentiation in Tetrahymena thermophila, as detected by in situ hybridization

Previous studies have indicated that certain sequences in the micronuclear genome are absent from the somatic macronucleus of Tetrahymena (Yao and Gorovsky, 1974; Yao and Gall, 1979; Yao, submitted). The present study used in situ hybridization to follow the elimination process during the formation of the new macronucleus. Micronuclear-specific DNA cloned in recombinant plasmids was labelled with 3H and hybridized to cytological preparations of T. thermophila at various stages of conjugation. Despite a smaller size and lower DNA content, the micronucleus has more hybridization than the mature macronucleus. Hybridization initially increased in the anlage (newly developing macronucleus) to reach a maximal level right after the old macronuclei has disappeared. The hybridization in the anlage than decreased to a significant extent prior to the first cell division. The results suggest that the micronuclear-specific sequence is first replicated a few rounds before it is eliminated from the anlage, and the elimination process occurs without nuclear division.
On the validation of release 3 of ENDF/B-VI nuclear data for light water reactor criticality analysis

Abstract Release 3 of the ENDF/B-VI nuclear data library is validated for use in light water criticality analysis. Eigenvalue and fuel rod fission density results are compared to those corresponding to version V and release 2 of version VI. Twelve critical experiments with varying parameters such as temperature, burnable absorber content and the amount of control poison are simulated with the continuous energy Monte Carlo code MCNP as the basis for comparison. It is found that the ENDF/B-V library yields more accurate results than ENDF/B-VI, releases 2 and 3 for criticality analysis in light water reactors.
Overlaps and contradictions between queer theory and disability studies

This paper begins by exploring similarities in the experiences of queers and disabled people, such as familial isolation, high rates of violence, stereotypes and discrimination, and the difficulties associated with passing and coming out. Rejecting pathologization and politicizing access as well as using humor and parody as political tools have been important for both movements. The paper then considers similarities and differences in Queer Theory and Disability Studies as intellectual disciplines, by examining their debt to feminism, their opposition to hegemonic normalcy, their strategic use of universalist and minority discourses, their deconstruction of essentialist identity categories and their use of concepts such as performativity.
Endogenous Pancreatic Protease Activity and Methods for Impeding Their Function

Abstract Pefabloc and Trasylol are serine protease inhibitors that have been used during islet isolation to inhibit endogenous proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase) and improve islet yields. Using in vitro studies, we evaluated the effects of Pefabloc and Trasylol on the activities of these proteases and the effect of Pefabloc on islet function. In addition, it has been reported that Protector Solution (PS) enhances the efficiency of Pefabloc. Thus, we evaluated the efficacy of Pefabloc in the presence or absence of PS. EnzCheck protease assay was used to measure the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, liberase, and thermolysin in the presence or absence of 0.4 mmol/L Pefabloc (with or without PS) or 0.43 μmol/L Trasylol. We also tested switch samples containing the highest concentration of enzymes. Pefabloc significantly inhibited trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and switch, but not liberase or thermolysin. Trasylol significantly inhibited all enzymes except for elastase and switch sample. Unexpectedly, the potency of Pefabloc was abrogated when diluted first in PS. Insulin release was diminished when islets were incubated or perifused with Pefabloc. In conclusion, Pefabloc when added appropriately significantly blocked in vitro protease activity. Unfortunately, Pefabloc also decreased islet insulin secretion, making it unsuitable for islet isolation. Trasylol cannot be used with collagenase because it impaired both liberase and thermolysin.
Recent crustal movements in the Central Sierra Nevada—Walker lane region of California—Nevada: Part ii, The pyramid lake right-slip fault zone segment of the Walker lane

Abstract The Pyramid Lake fault zone is within the Honey Lake—Walker Lake segment of the Walker Lane, a NW-trending zone of right-slip transcurrent faulting, which extends for more than 600 km from Las Vegas, Nevada, to beyond Honey Lake, California. Multiscale, multiformat analysis of Landsat imagery and large-scale (1: 12,000) lowsun angle aerial photography, delineated both regional and site-specific evidence for faults in Late Cenozoic sedimentary deposits southwest of Pyramid Lake. The fault zone is coincident with a portion of a distinct NW-trending topographic discontinuity on the Landsat mosaic of Nevada. The zone exhibits numerous geomorphic features characteristic of strike-slip fault zones, including: recent scarps, offset stream channels, linear gullies, elongate troughs and depressions, sag ponds, vegetation alignments, transcurrent buckles, and rhombohedral and wedge-shaped enclosed depressions. These features are conspicuously developed in Late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary deposits and landforms. The Pyramid Lake shear zone has a maximum observable width of 5 km, defined by Riedel and conjugate Riedel shears with maximum observable lenghts of 10 and 3 km, respectively. P-shears have formed symmetrical to the Riedel shears and the principal displacement shears, or continuous horizontal shears, isolate elongate lenses of essentially passive material; most of the shears are inclined at an angle of approximately 4° to the principal direction of displacement. This suggests that the shear zone is in an early “PreResidual Structure” stage of evolution, with the principal deformation mechanism of direct shear replacing the kinematic restraints inherent in the strain field. Historic seismic activity includes microseismic events and may include the earthquake of about 1850 reported for the Pyramid Lake area with an estimated Richter magnitude of 7.0. Based on worldwide relations of earthquake magnitude to length of the zone of surface rupture, the Pyramid Lake fault zone is inferred to be capable of generating a 7.0–7.5-magnitude event for a maximum observable length of approximately 6 km and a 6.75–7.25-magnitude event for a half length of approximately 30 km.
Synthesis of 5,6,7-trimethylbenz[c]acridine

A new potential carcinogenic aromatic heterocyclic compound, 5,6,7-trimethylbenz[c]acridine (1), has been synthesized from the known 5,5-dimethyl-6-keto-5,6-dihydrobenz[c]acridine (4) using a series of reactions which includes an interesting new type of 1,4-conjugate addition cmploying lithium dimethylcopper.
Phenethylamine hallucinogens in the locus coeruleus: potency of action correlates with rank order of 5-HT2 binding affinity.

The rank order of potency for the physiological effects of three phenethylamine hallucinogens in the locus coeruleus (LC) was identical to that previously shown for their 5-HT2 binding affinity ((-) DOB > DOM > (+)DOB). The behaviorally inactive positional isomer of DOB, SL-7161, did not significantly affect LC unit activity. These results offer insight into structure-activity relationships at 5-HT2 receptors and support earlier findings that the actions of hallucinogens displayed in the LC are mediated via 5-HT2 receptors.
Early Rhodesian Gold

The preliminary report by Miss Caton Thompson and the letter from Prof. J. W. Gregory (Nature, Nov. 9) are of great interest to students of history. It is well to bring forward the contradictory evidence, as Prof. Gregory has done. In regard to the estimate of a gold production, in ancient or medieval days, amounting to £75,000,000, I venture to express a warning. The production and disposal of any such quantity of gold would have made a big stir at any time in the world's history. Its commercial value in medieval days, or earlier, would be, at least, twenty times its present value, and an addition of the equivalent of £1,500,000,000 to the world's wealth would be a great event, would it not? We have no whisper in historical records of any such contribution coming from the gold mines of any region before the Californian and Australian discoveries. The Spaniards obtained most of their South American gold from the graves, not the mines, of Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela. Again, £75,000,000 in gold represents a weight of 625 tons.
Pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate in the nonhuman primate.

Introduction: Phenylbutyrate (PB) and its metabolite phenylacetate (PA) demonstrate anticancer activity in vitro through promotion of cell differentiation, induction of apoptosis through the p21 pathway, inhibition of histone deacetylase, and in the case of PB, direct cytotoxicity. We studied the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of PA and PB after intravenous (i.v.) administration in the nonhuman primate. Methods: Three animals received 85 mg/kg PA and 130 mg/kg PB as a 30-min infusion. Blood and CSF samples were obtained at 15, 30, 35, 45, 60 or 75 min, and at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 5.5, 6.5, 8.5, 10.5 and 24.5 h after the start of the infusion. Plasma was separated immediately, and plasma and CSF were frozen until HPLC analysis was performed. Results: After i.v. PA administration, the plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of PA (median±SD) was 82±16 mg/ml·min, the CSF AUC was 24±7 mg/ml·min, clearance (Cl) was 1±0.3 ml/min per kg, and the AUCCSF:AUCplasma ratio was 28±19%. After i.v. PB administration, the plasma PB AUC was 19±3 mg/ml·min, the CSF PB AUC was 8±11 mg/ml·min, the PB Cl was 7±1 ml/min per kg, and the AUCCSF:AUCplasma ratio was 41±47%. The PA plasma AUC after i.v. PB administration was 50±9 mg/ml·min, the CSF AUC was 31±24 mg/ml·min, and the AUCCSF:AUCplasma ratio was 53±46%. Conclusions: These data indicate that PA and PB penetrate well into the CSF after i.v. administration. There may be an advantage to administration of PB over PA, since the administration of PB results in significant exposure to both active compounds. Clinical trials to evaluate the activity of PA and PB in pediatric central nervous system tumors are in progress.
Native American gender politics and material culture in seventeenth-century southeastern New England:

Scholars have long recognized that European contact had a profound impact on native peoples throughout the Americas. However, subaltern men and women are no longer seen as passive victims in their ...
Evidence for stepwise dissociation dynamics in acetone at 248 and 193 nm

The technique of molecular beam photofragment translational spectroscopy has been used to study the dissociation of acetone following S1←S0 (248 nm) and S2←S0 (193 nm) excitation. Excitation at 248 nm resulted in the production of CH3 and CH3CO with 14.2±1.0 kcal/mole on average of the available energy appearing as translation of the photofragments. Comparison of the measured 〈ET〉 with values reported at 266 nm suggest that the energy partitioning is dominated by the exit barrier caused by an avoided crossing on the potential energy surface. A substantial fraction (30±4%) of the nascent acetyl radicals from the primary dissociation contain sufficient energy to undergo spontaneous secondary decomposition. From the onset of the truncation of the CH3CO P(ET) a threshold of 17.8±3.0 kcal/mole for the dissociation of the acetyl radical has been determined in agreement with recent results on the photodissociation of acetyl chloride. The translational energy release in the dissociation of CH3CO closely matches t...
A Nomenclature and Structural Representation System for Asymmetrical “I”-Shaped Hyperbranched Polymers

A structural repeating unit (SRU) orientation and nomenclature system is described for registration of asymmetrical, “I”-shaped hyperbranched polymers in SCION, a DuPont proprietary database that operates by use of the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry System (CASRS) for registration and Messenger software for searching.
News in the Mail: The Press, Post Office, and Public Information, 1700-1860s

Preface The Press, Post Office, and American Development The Common Descent of the Colonial Post Office and Press The First U.S. Postal Policy and the Press The Cultural Politics of Newspaper Mails in the Age of Jackson Antebellum Experiments with Newspaper Postal Policy Antebellum Postal Operations and the Availability of News Magazines, Books, and the Problem of Formats News Gathering by Mail Speeding the News by Postal Express News in the Mail Bibliography Index
Excess and deficit lung cancer mortality in three ethnic groups in Texas.

Based on Texas vital statistics for 1969–71, patterns of lung cancer mortality in three ethnic groups are examined. Among males, the risk of lung cancer for Mexican Americans is considerably lower than for Blacks and Anglos for ages under 75 and slightly higher for older ages. Among females, Mexican Americans exhibit a distinct excess of lung cancer mortality for ages 70 and over and a deficit for younger ages. The excess among Mexican American females is confined mainly to the older foreign-born women and the excess is reduced for ages 45–60 and diminishes for younger immigrants. This suggests that the excess risk among Mexican Americans will completely disappear within a generation and a general deficit pattern will emerge for all ages. The implications of the diminishing excess and the emerging deficit lung cancer mortality among Mexican Americans clearly call for further study in exploring the effect of cultural change on mortality patterns, particularly for cancer.
Degradation of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate-9 (NPE-9) by Photochemical Advanced Oxidation Technologies

The applicability of different photochemical advanced oxidation technologies (PAOTs), namely, direct UV-C photolysis, UV-C/H2O2 and UV-A/TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP), and photo-Fenton reactions (UV-A/H2O2/Fe2+, PF), for the degradation of 300 mg L−1 nonylphenol ethoxylate-9 (NPE-9) in water is described. Different kinetic regimes for each PAOT were found, and as a result, comparative efficiencies could be obtained only from final parameters such as NPE-9 conversion, TOC decrease, and aldehyde production after 3 h of treatment. The initial photonic efficiencies indicate, however, that UV-A processes make better use of photons than UV-C processes. Preliminary optimization of PF systems showed that the most efficient NPE-9/H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio was 1:1:0.5. Degradation products were partially investigated. Fortunately, toxic 4-nonylphenol was never found as a byproduct of the degradation after any of the treatments. Aldehydes were formed in all of the processes, but they appeared at a low extent in...
The D-Band Exchange Splitting for Thin Gadolinium Overlayers

Thin (0–6 monolayer) films of gadolinium on Cu(100) have been investigated using synchrotron radiation photoemission. From the definite selection of final state symmetries in photoemission, we have been able to determine a lower bound to the exchange splitting of the gadolinium 5d band. The gadolinium films on Cu(100) exhibit an exchange splitting that changes from approximately 1.1 eV to 0.6 eV as the overlayer thickness increases. The results for thicker films agree with the accepted values for the 5d exchange splitting of bulk gadolinium.
School breakfast program participation and parental attitudes

Abstract To determine whether or not parental perceptions about the School Breakfast Program (SBP) are associated with SBP participation among low-income children, the attitudes of low-income parents toward a newly-implemented SBP in Lawrence, Massachusetts were surveyed. Self-administered surveys were sent home to the parents of 1086 children; response rate was 70%. Sixty percent of respondents reported that their child ate breakfast at school. Children were significantly more likely to be participants than non-participants if they were Hispanic as opposed to white, non-Hispanic, if they shared in the decision as to where they would eat breakfast, and if they were eligible for free meals as opposed to reduced-price meals. Parents of participants were significantly more likely than parents of non-participants to feel the SBP would save them time or energy and family food money, and that it was good for children to eat with their classmates. As might be expected, participants' parents were significantly less likely to feel that children should only eat breakfast at home with the family. Additional research is needed to address factors that prevent low-income children who wish to participate in an SBP from doing so. In addition to student and family characteristics, future research should investigate school characteristics, program operations, the effectiveness of program promotion, and the role of nutrition education.
Factors influencing neonatal outcomes in the very-low-birth-weight fetus (< 1500 grams) with a breech presentation

OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to evaluate factors that may influence perinatal outcomes in the very-low-birth-weight infant with breech presentation. STUDY DESIGN: An observational study that included all consecutive singletons and twins with the first fetus with breech presentation weighing between 500 and 1500 gm delivered at Chicago Lying-In Hospital from July 1980 to December 1987 was performed. Uncorrected and corrected perinatal mortality and morbidity were calculated. After correction, the effect of mode of delivery (vaginal versus cesarean section) was studied. A further correction was made by excluding cesarean sections performed for fetal distress. Statistical methods included χ 2 and Fisher exact tests and logistic regression analyses to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS: Of the 262 fetuses studied, nearly 60% were delivered vaginally and were of younger gestational age and lower fetal weight (300 gm) than those delivered abdominally. Forty-four percent weighed ≤ 800 gm, and the perinatal mortality rate was 64.5% (53.3% after correction). Vaginal delivery had higher rates of depression, respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Prematurity was the most frequent cause of neonatal death. The corrected neonatal mortality was similar to the total inborn population of our neonatal intensive care unit for the same years. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the differences in outcomes between the two groups were primarily related to effects of gestational age, fetal weight, and year of delivery. After these factors were adjusted for, the odds of neonatal death for vaginal delivery compared with cesarean delivery were not significantly different (odds ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval 0.6 to 3.5, p = 0.48). However, in the subgroup in footling attitude the differences were much greater, with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.2 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 14.9, p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: The exceedingly poor perinatal outcomes of very-low-birth-weight breech infants are mainly related to antenatal deaths (22%), extremely low birth weight (44%), congenital malformations, and premature labor, not to the breech presentation. The route of delivery did not significantly influence outcome among complete and frank attitudes; abdominal delivery may offer some benefit for footlings. Prematurity is the primary cause of death of normal very-low-birth-weight breech-delivered infants.
Measurements of total carbon dioxide and alkalinity by potentiometric titration in the GEOSECS program

Abstract Approximately 6000 determinations of the alkalinity and total carbon dioxide content of seawater have now been made in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans as part of the GEOSECS program by a computer-controlled potentiometric titration technique. The equations used to locate the equivalence points of the carbonic acid system on this titration curve were developed in 1971 but have not previously been published. These functions may be represented by: F 1 = ( V 2 − V ) V 0 N [ H + ] / K 1 C + ( V 0 + V ) V 0 ( [ H + ] + [ H S O 4 − ] + [ H F ] − [ B ( O H ) 4 − ] ) × ( 1 + [ H + ] / K 1 C ) F 2 = ( V 0 + V ) V 0 ( [ H + ] + [ H S O 4 − ] + [ H F ] − [ H C O 3 − ] ) Upon inspection, these functions are analogous to the modified Gran functions of Hansson and Jagner [25] with the omission of the contributions of [OH − ] and [CO 3 2− ], and with the contribution of B(OH) 4 − being assessed at a chlorinity of 19‰ for all samples. Reprocessing the original titration e.m.f.-volume data with appropriate corrections and modified Gran functions reveals an error of about +12 μmol/kg in the GEOSECS total carbon dioxide data. In addition, the protonation of dissolved phosphate species during the titration results in a contribution to measured total carbon dioxide equal to the total phosphate concentration. Differences in the application of the GEOSECS functions between the Atlantic and the Pacific-Indian Oceans expeditions are also to be found so that the error deriving from this source for the Atlantic expedition was only +5 μmol/kg. The application of the correct functions increases precision enabling smaller differences, such as those attributable to fossil fuel carbon dioxide, potentially to be observed, and increases accuracy so that the error in titrator total carbon dioxide previously diagnosed by Takahashi [14] can be logically accounted for.
No difference in day-night serum melatonin concentration after pineal grafting into the third cerebral ventricle of pinealectomized rats

Serum melatonin concentration and its day-night difference in pinealectomized, stereotaxically grafted rats with pineal transplants was examined. The nighttime serum melatonin concentration increased significantly only in pinealectomized rats that received two pineal transplants. In neither pinealectomized rats receiving two pineal glands and one cotransplant of superior cervical sympathetic ganglion nor pinealectomized-ganglionectomized rats receiving two pineal transplants was there a demonstrable increased in serum melatonin concentration. Although some pineal transplanted hosts demonstrated increases in serum melatonin concentration, there was no day-night variation in serum melatonin concentration. This may be due to a number of mitigating factors. Pineal grafts may not receive the appropriate functional reinnervation from the host brain due to the location of the transplantation in the cerebral ventricle or due to lack of sufficient time for the growth of invading host neurites.
A cubic-millimeter energy-autonomous wireless intraocular pressure monitor

Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness, affecting 67 million people worldwide. The disease damages the optic nerve due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and can cause complete vision loss if untreated. IOP is commonly assessed using a single tonometric measurement, which provides a limited view since IOP fluctuates with circadian rhythms and physical activity. Continuous measurement can be achieved with an implanted monitor to improve treatment regiments, assess patient compliance to medication schedules, and prevent unnecessary vision loss. The most suitable implantation location is the anterior chamber of the eye, which is surgically accessible and out of the field of vision. The desired IOP monitor (IOPM) volume is limited to 1.5mm3 (0.5x1.5x2mm3) by the size of a self-healing incision, curvature of the cornea, and dilation of the pupil.
Chaotic ionization of highly excited hydrogen atoms

Recent experimental measurements of the microwave ionization of highly excited hydrogen atoms with principal quantum numbers ranging from n = 30 to 90 are well described by a classical treatment of the nonlinear electron dynamics. In particular, the predictions of the threshold field for the onset of significant ionization is found to coincide with the onset of classical chaos in a one-dimesional model of the experiment. In this brief note I emphasize that this excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental ionization thresholds requires a proper theoretical treatment of the slow, adiabatic turn-on of the microwave perturbation in which the persistence on nonlinear resonances in the chaotic phase space plays a crucial role.
Diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced hyperthermia

Purpose The etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of drug-induced hyperthermia (DIH) syndromes are reviewed. Summary DIH syndromes are a rare and often overlooked cause of body temperature elevation and can be fatal if not recognized promptly and managed appropriately. There are five major DIH syndromes: (1) neuroleptic malignant syndrome, (2) serotonin syndrome, (3) anticholinergic poisoning, (4) sympathomimetic poisoning, and (5) malignant hyperthermia. The differential diagnosis of DIH syndromes can be challenging because symptoms are generally nonspecific, ranging from blood pressure changes and excessive sweating to altered mental status, muscle rigidity, convulsions, and metabolic acidosis. Evidence from the professional literature (per a MEDLINE search for articles published through November 2011) indicates that few currently available treatment options can reduce the duration of hyperthermia; therefore, prompt identification of the provoking agent based on the patient9s medication history, the clinical presentation, and the timing of symptom onset is essential to determine the appropriate treatment and mitigate potentially life-threatening sequelae. For all DIH syndromes, appropriate management includes the immediate discontinuation of the suspected offending agent(s) and supportive care (external cooling, volume resuscitation as needed); in some cases, pharmacologic therapy (e.g., a benzodiazepine, bromocriptine, dantrolene) may be appropriate, with the selection of a specific agent primarily determined by the medication history and suspected DIH syndrome. Conclusion DIH is a hypermetabolic state caused by medications and other agents that alter neurotransmitter levels. The treatment of DIH syndromes includes supportive care and pharmacotherapy as appropriate. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2013; 70:34-42