cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency Regulation From Commercial Building HVAC Demand Response

The expanding penetration of nondispatchable renewable resources within power system generation portfolios is motivating the development of demand-side strategies for balancing generation and load. Commercial heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) loads are potential candidates for providing such demand-response (DR) services as they consume significant energy and because of the temporal flexibility offered by their inherent thermal inertia. Several ancillary services markets have recently opened up to participation by DR resources, provided they can satisfy certain performance metrics. We discuss different control strategies for providing frequency regulation DR from commercial HVAC systems and components, and compare performance results from experiments and simulation. We also present experimental results from a single $\sim$ 30 000-m $^{2}$ office building and quantify the DR control performance using standardized performance criteria. Additionally, we evaluate the cost of delivering this service by comparing the energy consumed while providing DR against a counterfactual baseline.
Control of Feeding Behavior in Poultry

Certain intermittent lighting schedules can produce heavier chickens than the traditional 14-hr. light—10-hr. dark regimen by providing for adequate food intake with minimum activity. This phenomen...
A New Fossil Polypore

Pileus about 4.4 cm. in diameter, approximately flat on top with uneven surface, slightly concave beneath with evenly and minutely roughened and pitted surface, margin rather abruptly inflexed. Stalk central or slightly eccentric, cylindical, about 2.8 cm. in length and 1.2 cm. in diameter, with conical base. (Figs. I, 2.) Carboniferous.. Elk Ridge Colliery, West Virginia. Type in the Museum of the New York Botanical Garden. This specimen was brought to light during a recent examination of a collection of carboniferous plants from West Virginia, included in the materal deposited with the Garden by Columbia University in T90I. Neither the name of the collector nor the
Design for Type of Storing Gas Starting Device

Design process of Type of storing gas starting device is introduced in this paper, its designing principle and actual testing is described in detail, it can be used for all chemical oxygen self- rescuer with starting device.
Economic Considerations for the Development of Global Vaccines: a Perspective From the Vaccine Industry

Abstract In May 2012, the World Health Assembly approved the Global Vaccine Action Plan to achieve the Decade of Vaccines vision by delivering universal access to immunization and launching two new major vaccines by the end of this decade. In its assessment report from 2014, the Global Vaccine Action Plan secretariat asked the World Health Organization Scientific Advisory Group of Experts whether conditions were optimal for vaccine research and development to proceed as fast as possible, or were anything other than the inherent scientific challenge standing in the way of progress. The vaccine industry is increasingly facing constrained budgetary environments, complex market and societal forces, and a plethora of internal and external investment opportunities. Given the risk and uncertainties inherent in vaccine development and the large capital requirements, objective decision making processes to discern projects that warrant further investment from those that need to be discontinued is becoming increasingly important. In the chapter we focus on the challenges and barriers encountered by large pharmaceutical companies when making investment decisions pertaining to the development of new vaccines.
Initial wealth effects of the Brexit vote on UK ADRs

ABSTRACTOn 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to exit the European Union. The outcome of this vote, called Brexit, impacted financial markets in the days following the vote results. This article investigates the impact of Brexit upon UK equities trading as American Depository Receipts (ADRs) on the New York Stock Exchange. On the day after the vote results were in, UK ADRs lost over 10% of their value with an additional loss of over 5% the following day. These losses were significantly greater than those of the S&P 500 and the FTSE 100 indexes.
Intramolecular hydrogen-bonding effects on OH stretch overtone excitation for fluorinated hydroperoxides

Abstract Applying computational methods for predicting gas-phase O H stretch overtone spectra to the series of fluorinated hydroperoxides CF 3 OOH, CHF 2 OOH, and CH 2 FOOH reveals how intramolecular hydrogen bonding changes their overtone photochemistry, relative to their un-fluorinated analog CH 3 OOH. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding between fluorine and the hydroxyl hydrogen atom decreases O H stretch frequencies and raises the barrier for torsion about the O O bond. Whereas O O torsion accompanies O H stretch overtone excitation for CH 3 OOH, this is not the case for the fluorinated analogs that have intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The comparison highlights the molecular features that contribute to the feasibility of atmospheric overtone-induced O O bond dissociation for CH 3 OOH, but not for its fluorinated analogs.
Changes in nonhuman primate brain function following chronic alcohol consumption in previously naïve animals.

Introduction Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with neurophysiological changes in brain activity; however, these changes are not well localized in humans. Non-human primate models of alcohol abuse enable control over many potential confounding variables associated with human studies. The present study utilized high-resolution magnetoencephalography (MEG) to quantify the effects of chronic EtOH self-administration on resting state (RS) brain function in vervet monkeys.
Internet of things (IoT) design considerations for developers and manufacturers

IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of interconnected devices, designed to collect and exchange data which can then turn it into information, eventually into wisdom. IoT is a region where digital world converges with physical world. With the evolution of IoT, it is expected to create substantial impact on human lives. IoT ecosystem produces and exchanges sizeable data due to which IoT becomes an attractive target for adversary. The large-scale interconnectivity leads to various potential risk related to information security. Security assurance in IoT ecosystem is one of the major challenges to address. In this context, embedded security becomes a key issue in IoT devices which are constrained in terms of processing, power, memory and bandwidth. The focus of this paper is on the recommended design considerations for constrained IoT devices with the objective to achieve security by default. Considering established set of protocols along with best practices during design and development stage can address majority of security challenges.
Re-usable PDMS stamps for non-destructive fluorescence evaluation and imaging of thin film photonic structures

We report on a non-destructive method for evaluating fluorescence emission from fluorophores placed upon engineered photonic structures. Our method utilizes re-usable, fluorescent thin film coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps. We harness the inherent characteristics of PDMS slabs; their ability to form conformal contact through van der Waals interactions in bringing the coated fluorescent layer on PDMS into close proximity of the photonic structure of interest. Fluorescence measurements are performed using the PDMS slab while in conformal contact with the test structure, allowing one to re-use these stamps for reliable evaluation over multiple samples. Transfer of the fluorescent film from the PDMS to the test structures is mitigated by the use of appropriate cross linkers that covalently bond the fluorescent film to the PDMS surface. To demonstrate the application potential of this approach, we report on the evaluation of fluorescence emission modulation from patterned nanoporous thin films, which are particularly challenging to evaluate using traditional approaches, and from plasmonic gratings supporting metal enhanced fluorescence. Comparison with traditional evaluation approaches has been made to showcase the superiority of the reported technique.
eHealth and behavioral weight loss interventions for female cancer survivors: A review:

Cancer survivors are at increased risk of chronic disease and diminished quality of life. The presence of overweight and obesity can exacerbate these health risks. Fortunately, even small weight losses have been found to produce clinically meaningful health outcomes. However, effective obesity treatment is difficult to access, and recently, efforts have been made to disseminate interventions using eHealth or distantly delivered technology. This review aims to focus on the efficacy and limitations of these technologies for female cancer survivors. Suggestions are also provided to encourage further meaningful work in this area.
Faults in the structure of copper-silicon alloys

Disorders (faults) in the stacking of atomic planes in Cu-Si alloys were detected and analyzed by X ray diffraction, and the conditions for generating faults were determined. They were found in alloys of 4.0–5.4 pct Si after deformation, when supersaturated.
Socially Responsible Entrepreneurship as Innovative Human Resource Practice

This article examines how a single entrepreneur-owner of a heavy manufacturing firm in the United States has been influenced by the experience of the Mondragon cooperatives in Spain and the concept...
Set-Points and Body Weight Regulation

Regulation of body weight refers not only to a means of maintaining a constant body weight but also to defense of that body weight when challenged by artificially raising or lowering it. Regulation occurs not solely as a result of changes in caloric intake, but also from changes in energy expenditure.
Analysis of Human Liver Specimens in the U.S. Pilot National Environmental Specimen Bank Program

The quality of the analytical data is of paramount importance to a biomonitoring and specimen banking program. The answers to chemically-related scientific questions must be based on credible analytical data. The analysis that produces incorrect data and as a consequence produces incorrect conclusions is most costly. Therefore, analytical data should be accepted for evaluation and interpretation only when they are obtained from a documented chemical measurement system that has been evaluated for its accuracy and precision and is under control. For trace analysis of biological and environmental samples in particular, this chemical measurement system should include every crucial aspect of the analytical process, i.e., sampling, transport, sample preparation, storage, analysis and data dissemination. In addition, each type of specimen considered for monitoring and banking has its own requirements on a measurement system; hence, the measurement capabilities should be developed and evaluated in conjunction with the purpose, design and implementation of the banking program.
Operators on Complex Vector Spaces

In this chapter we delve deeper into the structure of operators, with most of the attention on complex vector spaces.
Universal Health Care: Lessons From San Francisco

The San Francisco Health Care Security Ordinance is the country’s only local law designed to promote universal health care. It provides access to health services for the uninsured while requiring e...
Introduction to Energy Harvesting Transducers and Their Power Conditioning Circuits

Energy harvesters are used to scavenge energy from the ambient, such as light, heat, and vibration, to power wireless sensor nodes. However, power conditioning circuits are needed to maximize conversion efficiency and convert unstable input voltages, either DC or AC, to stable DC output voltages that can be used for sensors or wireless transmitters. The available ambient energy depends on the applications, but each energy source has its own advantages and limitations. Light can be converted to DC electricity through photovoltaic (PV) principle, heat can be converted to DC through thermoelectricity, and vibration energy can be harvested through piezoelectricity or electromagnetic induction mechanism. While light is the most pervasive and has excellent energy density outdoors, its energy density is much lower indoors, and it requires large surface area that can be prohibitive for some applications. Thermoelectric harvester can generate electricity through temperature differences, but in many cases, it would require heat sink to reduce external thermal resistance to build enough temperature difference across the device. It is quiet and reliable with no moving parts. Vibration is pervasive, but vibrational harvester has narrow bandwidth, and its efficiency can drop significantly once the external vibration frequency deviates from resonant frequency for the harvesters. From power conditioning point of view, PV requires maximum power point tracking which itself will consume some currents. Output voltages from the thermoelectric harvester are usually small with limited temperature differences, so step-up would be needed. Load impedance needs to match the internal impedance for maximum power, and output AC output from vibration harvesters need to be rectified. In this chapter, we will go over the common energy harvesters and their power conditioning circuits.
Integrating social and behavioral determinants of health into population health analytics: A conceptual framework and suggested road map

There is growing recognition that social and behavioral risk factors impact population health outcomes. Interventions that target these risk factors can improve health outcomes. This study presents a review of existing literature and proposes a conceptual framework for the integration of social and behavioral data into population health analytics platforms. The authors describe several use cases for these platforms at the patient, health system, and community levels, and align these use cases with the different types of prevention identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They then detail the potential benefits of these use cases for different health system stakeholders and explore currently available and potential future sources of social and behavioral domains data. Also noted are several potential roadblocks for these analytic platforms, including limited data interoperability, expense of data acquisition, and a lack of standardized technical terminology for socio-behavioral factors.
Model Predictive Control of Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor

The paper presents a control system developed based on model predictive control (MPC) for a five-phase permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSynRM). Optimization technique for the controller is developed targeting to minimize torque error. The maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) condition is derived for a five-phase PMaSynRM motor and has been used to generate the reference currents to the MPC. Since five-phase motors are advantageous due to its fault-tolerant capability, the applicability of the developed controller for fault tolerant operation (FTO) has also been investigated. Extensive analysis has been carried out along with Matlab simulations to verify the performance of the proposed controller over a benchmark controller for both healthy and faulty operations. Experimental results are provided to validate the controller operation.
Regulations and Treaty Frameworks for Disruptive Space Innovation

This chapter will consider the international and national regulatory and legal frameworks for the space world, and how this should, and in a number of cases does not, serve the revolution that commercial space is undergoing. We will also consider ways to advance this important, and often overlooked, aspect of what it takes to engage in and encourage innovative new space activities.
Sound velocity, shear modulus, and shock melting of beryllium along the Hugoniot

Magnetically launched flyer plates were used to investigate the shock response of beryllium between 90 and 300 GPa. Solid aluminum flyer plates drove steady shocks into polycrystalline beryllium to constrain the Hugoniot from 90 to 190 GPa. Multilayered copper/aluminum flyer plates generated a shock followed by an overtaking rarefaction which was used to determine the sound velocity in both solid and liquid beryllium between 130 and 300 GPa. Disappearance of the longitudinal wave was used to identify the onset of melt along the Hugoniot and measurements were compared to density functional theory calculations to explore the proposed hcp-bcc transition at high pressure. The onset of melt along the Hugoniot was identified at $\ensuremath{\sim}205\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, which is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. These results show no clear indication of an hcp-bcc transition prior to melt along the beryllium Hugoniot. Rather, the shear stress, determined from the release wave profiles, was found to gradually decrease with stress and eventually vanish at the onset of melt.
The effects of a working memory load on drinking-related decisions: The role of incentives, disincentives, and lifetime alcohol problems.

Abstract Background This study extends this literature on effects of working memory (WM) load on impulsive and disadvantageous decision-making by investigating the impact of WM load on drinking-related decisions in different incentive and disincentive contexts in a large sample (n = 821, 373 women) of young adults, 558 of whom had an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Methods Decisions to attend and drink at hypothetical party events that varied in terms of alcohol party incentives (high vs low) and next day responsibility disincentives (high vs moderate vs low) were assessed. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a WM load (n = 387) or no load condition (n = 434). Results Analyses revealed that the WM load reduced the degree to which a high disincentive deterred attendance decisions; attendance decisions were more likely under WM load in the high disincentive contexts. This effect was not found in the moderate or low disincentive contexts. Additionally, a WM load increased the effects of high alcohol party incentives on both decisions to attend and drink. The WM load also resulted in faster attendance decision reaction times, suggesting that subjects were more impulsive under load. Conclusions These results suggest that a WM load had a general effect of disrupting the decision-making process, reducing the inhibitory effects of high disincentives, amplifying the facilitating effects of high party incentives on alcohol-related decisions, and reducing decision deliberation times (reaction times). This suggests that individuals under significant cognitive load engage in more impulsive and riskier decisions when deciding to attend and drink at party events.
Serum Amyloid Protein A 1 (hSAA1) Is Overexpressed in Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Potentially Mediates Toll-Like Receptor 2 Innate Immunity Signaling in CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Abstract 1703 Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of myeloid malignancies that originate from bone marrow hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells (HSC). We have previously reported that deregulation of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 mediated innate immunity signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of MDS through its impact on HSC. Several amyloid family peptides have been reported to be endogenous TLR2 agonists, including Ab-42 and the serum amyloid protein A (SAA1). To further dissect the role of this TLR2 centered molecular signaling in MDS, we characterized these amyloid peptides in MDS. Elisa assays indicated that the concentration of SAA1 protein in bone marrow plasma of MDS patients (N=17) was 3 fold higher (p-value 0.01) compared to normal controls, whereas in the same patient cohort the concentration of Ab-42 in MDS bone marrow plasma was elevated by ∼ 1.5 fold. We then examined expression of SAA1 in bone marrow CD34+ cells of MDS. RT-PCR results indicated that SAA1 RNA level was increased by 18 fold in MDS CD34+ cells compared to control (N=64, p-value 0.0001). While it is known that expression of SAA1 is highly sensitive to acute and chronic inflammation and can be regulated by multiple inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8, its regulation by TLR2 mediated signal in HSC is unknown. To examine the impact of TLR2 signal on SAA1 expression, we profiled RNA expression in an OCI-AML3 cell line that stably expresses the shRNA against TLR2. Microarray analysis indicated that in TLR2 shRNA expressing cells, RNA level of SAA1 decreased by ∼50%. Similar decrease of SAA1 RNA was also detected when primary CD34+ cells isolated from the bone marrow of MDS patients (N=4) were treated with retroviral mediated TLR2 shRNA. These results suggest that TLR2 deregulation may contribute to the overexpression SAA1 in MDS CD34+ cells. Further, we examined whether elevated bone marrow SAA1 level could affect HSC function. We treated in vitro cultured bone marrow CD34+ cells with a recombinant 105 amino acid SAA1 peptide and then analyzed its impact on hematopoietic colony formation in methylcellulose-medium. Results derived from four CD34+ HSC samples indicated that 1mg/ml SAA1 peptide led to a 16% decrease of hematopoietic colony numbers (p-value 0.02). This result suggests that SAA1 can negatively affect the hematopoietic capacity of HSC. Taken together, this study suggests that SAA1 may be part of the deregulated TLR2 mediated innate immunity signaling network that contributes to MDS pathogenesis. Previous studies have indicated that SAA level was elevated in HSC of the mice with telomere dysfunction (Sahin et al. Nature 2011). Therefore, we hypothesize that SAA is involved in the pathogenesis of MDS during ageing. Further molecular analysis of the role of SAA1, and its clinical impact (that is being analyzed), during ageing and MDS require further investigation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Review on Control Strategy for Flexible AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network Based on modular multi-level converter Topology

With the ubiquitous power internet construction and clean energy transformation, and further catering to the diversified development trend of source and load, the advantages of flexible AC/DC hybrid distribution network in power supply quality, technical economy and line loss are closely watched. Firstly, a variety of converter topologies are compared and the significant advantages of the modular multilevel converter topology applied to the flexible AC/DC hybrid distribution network are pointed out. Combined with the start control of the modular converter and the capacitor equalization control, The circulation suppression, modulation strategy and system control strategy are analyzed around the problems, research status and solutions. Finally, the future research prospects of flexible AC/DC hybrid distribution network system are summarized and prospected.
Gut microbiota maturation during early human life induces enterocyte proliferation via microbial metabolites.

The intestinal tract undergoes a period of cellular maturation during early life, primarily characterized by the organization of epithelial cells into specialized crypt and villus structures. These processes are in part mediated by the acquisition of microbes. Infants delivered at term typically harbor a stable, low diversity microbiota characterized by an overrepresentation of various Bacilli spp., while pre-term infants are colonized by an assortment of bacteria during the first several weeks after delivery. However, the functional effects of these changes on intestinal epithelium homeostasis and maturation remain unclear. To study these effects, human neonate feces were obtained from term and pre-term infants. Fecal 16S rDNA sequencing and global untargeted LC-MS were performed to characterize microbial composition and metabolites from each population. Murine enteral organoids (enteroids) were cultured with 0.22 μm filtered stool supernatant pooled from term or pre-term infants. Term and pre-term microbial communities differed significantly from each other by principle components analysis (PCoA, PERMANOVA p < 0.001), with the pre-term microbiome characterized by increased OTU diversity (Wilcox test p < 0.01). Term communities were less diverse and dominated by Bacilli (81.54%). Pre-term stools had an increased abundance of vitamins, amino acid derivatives and unconjugated bile acids. Pathway analysis revealed a significant increase in multiple metabolic pathways in pre-term samples mapped to E. coli using the KEGG database related to the fermentation of various amino acids and vitamin biosynthesis. Enteroids cultured with supernatant from pre-term stools proliferated at a higher rate than those cultured with supernatant from term stools (cell viability: 207% vs. 147.7%, p < 0.01), grew larger (area: 81,189μm2 vs. 41,777μm2, p < 0.001), and bud at a higher rate (6.5 vs. 4, p < 0.01). Additionally, genes involved in stem cell proliferation were upregulated in pre-term stool treated enteroid cultures (Lgr5, Ephb2, Ascl2 Sox9) but not term stool treated enteroids. Our findings indicate that microbial metabolites from the more diverse gut microbiome associated with pre-term infants facilitate stem cell proliferation. Therefore, perturbations of the pre-term microbiota may impair intestinal homeostasis.
Defining silica–water interfacial chemistry under nanoconfinement using lanthanides

A quarter of Earth's land surface is covered by porous sedimentary silicate rocks, so silica–water interfaces are critical to the fate and transport of chemical species on a global-scale. However, while the physiochemical properties of unconfined silica–water interfaces are understood reasonably well, these properties have proven to be unpredictable when the interface is confined in nanometer-scale pores within sedimentary rocks. For example, the existing theories struggle to quantitatively predict how the energetics of adsorption reactions and the coordination environment of adsorbed species shift due to nanoconfinement of an interface. Here, we utilized gradual and known variations in the properties of trivalent lanthanide ions to decipher the chemical interactions that cause the nanoconfinement effects on chemistry at the silica–water interfaces. We discovered that the lanthanide's free energy of hydration (ΔGhydr) is a descriptor that can be used to predict the extent to which nanoconfinement will change the thermodynamics and products of interfacial reactions. We show that nanoconfinement promotes inner-sphere complexation between lanthanides and silica surface, as well as the formation of polymeric surface species. In nanoconfined domains lanthanide's ΔGhydr becomes less negative, reducing the energy required to dehydrate the ion during the formation of an inner-sphere surface complex. These nanoconfinement effects on chemistry become more pronounced for ions with lower hydration free energies.
Distributed adaptive power management for medium voltage ship power systems

Systems are being developed for power distribution on future navy ships to effectively incorporate advanced electrical systems requiring DC power. These islanded DC microgrids provide new challenge...
Considerations for increasing the survivability of Gannet-inspired drones during diving

Abstract Many external sources of excitation can interfere with the performance of drones, such as propeller or flapping motion. This work investigates the effects external excitation plays on the nonlinear system's dynamics of Gannet-inspired drones. Using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the partial differential equations of motion are solved following the Hamilton's principle. Galerkin discretization is then applied to convert the equations of motion to ordinary differential equations in which to obtain an approximation for the nonlinear dynamic response before buckling occurs. The model is inspired by the Gannet bird, where the head is simplified to a cone shape, the neck is resembled by a soft beam, and the rest of the body is represented by a stiff, thicker beam to suggest a buckling behavior physical for the diving bird if buckling is to occur. The results observe the direct effects the external forcing, the damping, the impact velocity, and the boundary conditions have on the resonant frequency range and deflection. The results estimate that increasing the forcing amplitude will in turn amplify the hardening behavior and the maximum displacement. To maintain a lower forcing amplitude consistent with a reasonable external acceleration, a smaller drone mass should be employed. It is observed that higher damping should be applied to minimize the drone's nonlinear effects. The speed at which the drone impacts the water should be chosen to be lower than the estimated buckling speed to avoid lower natural frequencies and to reduce the hysteresis region in order to minimize the nonlinear behavior. From the boundary conditions explored, stiffer boundary conditions should be employed to increase the buckling speed and reduce the deflection when entering water.
Investigation of the width-dependent static characteristics of graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors using non-parabolic quantum-based model

Abstract The performance of graphene nanoribbon field effect transistor (GNR FET) is investigated from a numerical model based on self-consistent non-equilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF) formulism in mode-space with position-dependent effective mass model and tight-binding model. The model accounts for the tunneling currents on the static performance of GNR FETs in two semiconducting families of armchair GNRs (3p,0) and (3p+1,0). We conclude that increasing the GNR width in both GNR families increases the leakage current and subthreshold swing, and decreases I ON / I OFF ratio. In this scenario, GNR group (3p+1,0) leads to superior off-state performance such that GNR (7,0) has off-state current close to 2.5 × 10 − 16 A, five orders of magnitude lower than GNR (6,0) as well as 67 mV/decade subthreshold swing which is much smaller than that of 90 mV/decade in GNR (6,0).
Human Transferrin MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND SEDIMENTATION PROPERTIES

Human transferrin was isolated by two different methods from both fresh plasma and outdated blood bank plasma. The resulting preparations were shown to be homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, absorption spectra between the wave lengths of 400 mµ and 460 mµ, sedimentation velocity, and concurrence of the weight and number average molecular weights. The molecular weights of these preparations were all between 73,200 and 76,000 by sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentation and diffusion, osmotic pressure, and maximum iron-binding capacity. This molecular weight is significantly lower than the usually accepted value of 90,000. The sedimentation coefficient was found to decrease below pH 5.0 from 4.92 S to 2.75 S at pH 2.1. The molecular weight was independent of pH in the pH range of 2 to 8.
Phosphopentomutases. I. Identification of two activities in rabbit tissues.

Phosphopentomutase activity in rabbit tissue, reporting probable PG-mutase subsidiary function and activity of previously unrecognized enzyme
Receptor editing in developing T cells

A central tenet of T cell development postulates that if a developing thymocyte encounters self-antigen, it is induced to die via apoptosis, thereby protecting the organism from autoreactive T cells. We created transgenic mice that expressed a peptide antigen in the cortical epithelial cells of the thymus. This did not, however, result in deletion of specific T cells. Instead, antigen presentation by epithelial cells caused T cell receptor (TCR) internalization and increased gene rearrangement at the endogenous TCRα locus, or receptor editing. This editing mechanism in immature T cells parallels that which occurs in immature B cells, and has important implications for understanding positive and negative selection signaling in the thymus, and the limits of self-tolerance.
Temperature-dependent multiscale-dynamics in Lithium-ion battery electrochemical models

In a Lithium-ion battery, the relative importance between the three microscale transport processes, i.e. diffusion, electromigration and heterogeneous reaction, can be quantified using the dimensionless Electric Peclet (Pe) and Damkohler (Da) numbers. By means of homogenization technique, we upscale the pore-scale Poisson-Nernst-Planck equation to the macroscopic scale and formulate a phase diagram in the (Da,Pe)-space that identifies the applicability conditions under which isothermal electrochemical macroscopic models provide an accurate description of the micro-scale dynamics [1]. In this work, we focus on the effect of temperature on macroscale (Newman-type) models' accuracy for a number of commercially available lithium-ion batteries. We show that macroscopic models are able to accurately represent pore-scale dynamics only within specific temperature bounds and their veracity is strongly controlled by the battery operating temperature conditions.
Adli Tıp Soruşturma Görevlileri Adalet Sistemine Katkısı Olabilecek Bir Meslek Grubu

In the field of forensic medicine, it is essential for a forensic pathologist to gather as much information as possible, about the case in order to assign a cause and manner of death. The flow of information to the forensic pathologist is expected to be expeditious, accurate and adequate. In this article, it is aimed to introduce a profession, Medicolegal Death Investigators, who work in Medical Examiner Offices in the United States. Their duties and responsibilities in the system will be described in details. Because of their contributions to crime scene investigations, implementing a similar approach in the medico-legal investigations in Turkey will be proposed; the necessity and benefits will be discussed.Keywords: Medicolegal Death Investigators; Crime Scene Investigations.
Test generation for ground bounce in internal logic circuitry

Ground bounce in internal circuitry is becoming an important design validation and test issue. In this paper a new circuit model for ground bounce in internal circuitry is proposed. Based on this model an algorithm for generating test patterns that maximize ground bounce in combinational logic is presented. Our algorithm is also applicable to other test problems such as delay testing in the presence of excessive ground bounce.
Polymer Synthesis in Killed Bacteria: Lethality of 2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosine

Doering, Alice McGovern (University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia), Miekie Jansen, and Seymour S. Cohen. Polymer synthesis in killed bacteria: lethality of 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine. J. Bacteriol. 92:565–574. 1966.—We studied the metabolic capabilities of cells that had lost the ability to multiply under a variety of lethal treatments. Cultures of a polyauxotrophic mutant of Escherichia coli strain 15 requiring thymine, arginine, uracil, and adenine for growth were killed to a few per cent survivors by several different methods. These treatments included streptomycin, thymineless death, d-arabinosyladenine (ara-A), and 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (DDA). The killed cells were washed and supplied with complete media, and were compared with control cells with respect to the ability to incorporate thymine, arginine, and uracil. Cells killed with streptomycin in the absence of thymine were only partially inhibited in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis; they were markedly inhibited in synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein. Cells that had suffered thymineless death were essentially uninhibited in DNA synthesis, partially so in RNA synthesis, but extensively inhibited in protein synthesis. Killing by ara-A did not prevent DNA synthesis, but markedly inhibited RNA and protein synthesis. The lethality of DDA was studied in the presence of exogenous adenosine; lethality was partially prevented by deoxyadenosine. Dideoxyadenosine was similar to ara-A and thymineless death in killing in a pattern in which RNA and protein synthesis continued while DNA synthesis was inhibited. Cells killed by DDA, however, were markedly inhibited in subsequent thymine incorporation, unlike cells killed by the other methods. In addition, at this time, the DDA-killed cells were more inhibited in incorporation of arginine than of uracil. DDA also potentiated thymineless death; when cells were killed rapidly by the combined treatment, only the ability to synthesize DNA was lost irreversibly. This agent (DDA) may permit the detailed study in E. coli of the relation of DNA synthesis to numerous phenomena, such as genetic recombination, sequential transcription, and the number and distribution of chromosome breaks.
Astrocytic Calcium Signaling: Mechanism and Implications for Functional Brain Imaging

Astrocytes are electrically non-excitable cells that, on a slow time scale of seconds, integrate synaptic transmission by dynamic increases in cytosolic Ca2+. A number of groups have recently shown that astrocytic Ca2+ signaling regulates vascular tones and that astrocytes play a central role in functional hyperemia by Ca2+ -dependent release of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Astrocytes are, however, not simple detectors of excitatory transmission, since a number of neuromodulator and hormones trigger elevations in astrocytic Ca2+ independently of synaptic transmission. Furthermore, astrocytes exhibit ex vivo intrinsic Ca2+ excitability, or spontaneous increases in Ca2+ that are not triggered by receptor activation. The notion that astrocytes can regulate vascular tone independently of synaptic transmission challenges the notion that changes in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal is directly proportional to neuronal activity and may thus require a reevaluation of the large body of data accumulated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
The Balanced Scorecard as a strategy evaluation tool: The effect of motivated reasoning and dissent on information search and strategy evaluation decision

The purpose of this study is to examine how directional motivated reasoning affects individuals’ information-search behavior and decision-making in a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) strategy evaluation setting. This study is the first to directly test whether decision-makers utilize different information-search behavior when analyzing BSC items before making a strategy evaluation judgment. To investigate the information search of an individual, I use an eye-tracking device to record and measure individuals’ information-search behavior. With this apparatus, I am able not only to detect the information-search strategy of individuals, but also to quantify the information-search behavior of individuals when evaluating BSC. I investigate the information search behavior of individuals who are prone to directional motivated reasoning (directional reasoners) when using BSC as a strategy evaluation tool. I further investigate how to mitigate information-search bias arising from motivated reasoning by applying dissent in the form of a devil’s advocate (henceforth referred to as DA, used also to mean devil’s advocate) view to the decision-making process. Additionally, I investigate how individuals’ information-search behavior affects their decision.
A New Contractarian View of Tax and Regulatory Policy in the Emerging Market Economies

Recent decades have seen a resurgence of contractarian thinking about the nature and origins of the state. Scholars in this tradition ask what constraints rational, self-interested actors might deliberately impose upon themselves. In response, Hobbes, Rousseau, Locke, and other early contractarians answered that laws of property were an attractive alternative to “the war of all against all.” More recently, James Buchanan, Russell Hardin, Mancur Olson, Gordon Tullock, and others have used contractarian principles to justify laws that solve a variety of Prisoner's Dilemmas and other collective-action problems. And in the distributional realm, John Rawls and others have applied contractarian analysis to investigate how material wealth ought to be allocated among people.
Still Potentially Dangerous in Some Quarters

The charges that led Gen. John L. DeWitt to deport Sylvester Andriano from the Western Defense Region in 1942 were bogus, the product of an anti-Catholic campaign by Communist Party activists, Masonic anti-Catholics in the Italian community, and recent Italian anti-Fascist exiles (fuorusciti). This wartime abuse of civil rights in the name of national security grew from a discourse of demonizing the religious, not solely the racial and ethnic, Other. The article makes several arguments about ethnicity and religion on the Pacific Coast: Faith-based political activism played a significant role in the region9s urban political culture, as did cultural politics between Catholics and anti-Catholics. Irish American Catholic clergy welcomed, rather than excluded, Italian American laymen into the Church9s highest councils in San Francisco, where the Irish had long dominated civic life. However, Italian Americans were bitterly divided between devout Catholics and disaffected anti-clericals.
Competitive and Cooperative Inventory Policies in a Two-Stage Supply Chain

We investigate a two-stage serial supply chain with stationary stochastic demand and fixed transportation times. Inventory holding costs are charged at each stage, and each stage may incur a consumer backorder penalty cost, e.g. the upper stage (the supplier) may dislike backorders at the lower stage (the retailer). We consider two games. In both, the stages independently choose base stock policies to minimize their costs. The games differ in how the firms track their inventory levels (in one, the firms are committed to tracking echelon inventory; in the other they track local inventory). We compare the policies chosen under this competitive regime to those selected to minimize total supply chain costs, i.e., the optimal solution. We show that the games (nearly always) have a unique Nash equilibrium, and it differs from the optimal solution. Hence, competition reduces efficiency. Furthermore, the two games' equilibria are different, so the tracking method influences strategic behavior. We show that the system optimal solution can be achieved as a Nash equilibrium using simple linear transfer payments. The value of cooperation is context specific: In some settings competition increases total cost by only a fraction of a percent, whereas in other settings the cost increase is enormous. We also discuss Stackelberg equilibria.
Differences in chromatin from normal and leukemic human cells as shown by digestion with restriction nucleases

Restriction endonuclease MspI digested significantly more than HpaII the DNA and chromatin from normal and leukemic human cells, although both enzymes digested DNA more than chromatin. Moreover, DNA and chromatin from normal cells showed higher digestion by HpaII compared to DNA and chromatin from leukemic cells indicating higher frequency of Cm5CCG in latter DNA. EcoRII and BstNI, which have the recognition sequence CCATGG but cut at different points, digested all DNAs significantly, as did BstNI for chromatin from all sources. However, chromatin from normal cells showed only limited digestion by EcoRII which significantly digested chromatin from leukemic cells. This could result from subtle differences in the conformation of normal and leukemic cell chromatin involving recognition sequences for EcoRII.
Further Investigation of Voluntary Contribution Contingent Valuation: Fair Share, Time of Contribution, and Respondent Uncertainty

In the spirit of Randall's [Resource Energy Econom. 20, 197–206 (1998)] argument for focusing on mapping the performance characteristics of alternative contingent valuation designs and formats, the focus of this study is on three tests of the voluntary contribution mechanism. We investigate the response effects of three crossed treatments: (1) an informational treatment that randomly varies the total cost of providing the good to identify possible fair share effects; (2) a split-sample informational treatment that makes the time of contribution explicit; and (3) elicitation formats that allow respondent uncertainty, both as a follow-up to a dichotomous choice question, and asked directly in a split-sample treatment.
Some remarks on the integration of the extended Nernst-Planck equations in the hyperfiltration of multicomponent solutions

Abstract A new method is suggested for the integration of the extended Nernst-Planck equations in the hyperfiltration of multicomponent solutions through ion-exchange membranes. The method is based on the assumption of good coion exclusion. It yields the asymptotic solute rejections with comparatively little computational labor. The new method is compared with several older methods. Some circumstances, hitherto unnoticed, are described under which negative rejection of a solute may occur.
Particle Tracking Microrheology of Complex Fluids

We present a new method for measuring the linear viscoelastic shear moduli of complex fluids. Using photodiode detection of laser light scattered from a thermally excited colloidal probe sphere, we track its trajectory and extract the moduli using a frequency-dependent Stokes-Einstein equation. Spectra obtained for polyethylene oxide in water are in excellent agreement with those found mechanically and using diffusing wave spectroscopy. Since only minute sample volumes are required, this method is well suited for biomaterials of high purity, as we demonstrate with a concentrated DNA solution.
Cluster Algorithms for Spatial Point Processes with Symmetric and Shift Invariant Interactions

Abstract In this article, Swendsen–Wang–Wolff algorithms are extended to simulate spatial point processes with symmetric and stationary interactions. Convergence of these algorithms is considered. Some further generalizations of the algorithms are discussed. The ideas presented in this article can also be useful in handling some large and complicated systems.
Experiments on hydrodynamically developing flow in rectangular ducts of arbitrary aspect ratio

Abstract A comprehensive experimental investigation of laminar flow development in rectangular ducts is performed employing an apparatus which permits study of any cross sectional aspect ratio. The primary concern of the research is the determination of the pressure field associated with the hydrodynamic development of the flow. Experimental results are presented in terms of both the local pressure defect and the incremental pressure drop due to flow development. Comparisons are made with the available predictions of analysis and with prior experimental information. Hydrodynamic development lengths are deduced and the threshold of significant effects of the viscous normal stress is identified.
Distribution of minimal path lengths when edge lengths are independent heterogeneous exponential random variables

We find the joint distribution of the lengths of the shortest paths from a specified node to all other nodes in a network in which the edge lengths are assumed to be independent heterogeneous exponential random variables. We also give an efficient way to simulate these lengths that requires only one generated exponential per node, as well as efficient procedures to use the simulated data to estimate quantities of the joint distribution.
Interpretation of the tuberculin skin test.

OBJECTIVE: To reinterpret epidemiologic information about the tuberculin test (purified protein derivative) in terms of modern approaches to test characteristics; to clarify why different outpoints of induration should be used to define a positive test in different populations; and to calculate test characteristics of the intermediate-strength tuberculin skin test, the probabilityMycobacterium tuberculosis infection at various induration sizes, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and optimal cutpoints for positivity.