cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NF-κB-Inducing Kinase Rewires Metabolic Homeostasis and Promotes Diet-Induced Obesity

Obesity is a predominant risk factor for metabolic syndrome, which refers to a cluster of disorders that include diabetes, cardiovascular disease and fatty liver disease. Obesity and overnutrition are associated with aberrant immune and inflammatory responses resulting in increased local fat deposition, insulin resistance and systemic metabolic dysregulation. Here we show NF-{kappa}B-inducing kinase (NIK), a critical regulator of immunity and inflammation has local and systemic effects on metabolic processes. We demonstrate that NIK has NF-{kappa}B-independent and -dependent roles on adipose development and function. Independently of noncanonical NF- {kappa}B, NIK deficiency regulates mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity (SRC) and proton leak but establishes higher basal oxygen consumption and glycolytic capacity in preadipocytes and ex vivo adipose tissue. In addition, we demonstrate NIK promotes adipogenesis through its role in activation of the noncanonical NF-{kappa}B pathway. Strikingly, when challenged with a high fat diet, NIK deficient mice are protected against diet-induced obesity and insulin insensitivity. Overall, mice lacking NIK exhibit decreased overall fat mass and increased energy expenditure. Our results establish that, through its influences on adipose development, metabolic homeostasis and rewiring, NIK is a driver of pathologies associated with metabolic dysfunction.
Beyond Percent Correct: Measuring Change in Individual Picture Naming Ability.

Purpose: Meaningful changes in picture naming responses may be obscured when measuring accuracy instead of quality. A statistic that incorporates information about the severity and nature of impair...
Drugs: America's Holy War

Using the best scientific evidence, Drugs: America's Holy War explores the impact and cost of America’s "War on Drugs" – both in tax spending and in human terms. Is it possible that US drug policies are helping to proliferate, not prevent, a multitude of social ills including: homicide, property crime, the spread of AIDS, the contamination of drugs, the erosion of civil liberties, the punishment of thousands of non-violent people, the corruption of public officials, and the spending of billions of tax dollars in an attempt to prevent certain drugs from entering the country? In this controversial new book, award-winning economist Arthur Benavie analyzes the research findings and argues that an end to the war on drugs, much as we ended alcohol prohibition, would yield enormous international benefits, destroy dangerous and illegal drug cartels, and allow the American government to refocus its attention on public well-being.
Production of 5-15 microns diameter alginate-polylysine microcapsules by an air-atomization technique.

A novel method of preparing small-sized microcapsules using a Turbotak air-atomizer is reported. Alginate-polylysine microcapsules containing Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine have been prepared by an adaptation of the method of Lim (1) which allows the manufacture of small-sized microcapsules. A Turbotak is used to spray sodium alginate solution into calcium chloride solution to form temporary calcium alginate microgel capsules. These temporary microgel droplets are subsequently cross-linked with polylysine to form permanent membranes. Microcapules in the size range of 5-15 microns have been produced which can be compared to an average diameter of greater than or equal to 300 microns obtained by the method reported by Lim. The microcapsule size is dependent on the conditions of operation of the Turbotak and the concentration of the sodium alginate solution. Particles within the size range 5-15 microns can be reproducibly manufactured using the conditions of operation reported here. Other size ranges below the minimum of 300 microns reported by Lim are also feasible using this technique.
What is the utility of the psychophysical 'light scattering factor'?

It has been suggested by Sjostrand and his colleagues that an index of scatter by the ocular media may be derived from contrast sensitivity measured with and without a glare source. This index was tested under different conditions of stimulus luminance and found not to be constant and thus to not reflect a property of the media.
Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the major obstacle for successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The frequency of grade II or higher acute GVHD ranges from 30-50% in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling transplants and 50-80% in HLA-matched unrelated transplants. The mortality and morbidity associated with this complication are substantial. Corticosteroid and polyclonal antibodies such as antithymocyte globulin (ATG) have had little success in treating the disease; however, advances have been made in hybridoma technology and understanding its immunopathophysiology. Based on these new insights, monoclonal antibodies, either murine or "humanized," were tested as rescue treatment for acute GVHD in human trials. Complete response rates ranged from 20-40%, with relapse occurring often. Side effects consisted of constitutional symptoms such as fever, chills, hypotension, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Limitations of monoclonal antibody treatment included low response rate and patient survival, high relapse rate, risk of infectious complication, and leukemic relapse. Future study should focus not only on improved side effects and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies but also on better patient survival.
Mechanisms of Integrin and Filamin Binding and Their Interplay With Talin During Early Focal Adhesion Formation

Filamin plays a key role in cellular biomechanics as an actin cross-linker and as a versatile focal adhesion binding partner. It binds directly to integrins, a family of mechanosensitive transmembrane receptors that mediate attachment to several extracellular ligands such as fibronectin, collagen, and laminin. Filamin binds β-integrin at its cytoplasmic tail, competing with talin, a major integrin activator that plays a chief role in cell adhesion. Herein, we develop molecular dynamics models to study the mechanism of early binding of αIIbβ3 integrin with filamin A (FLNa). Our models predict three important electrostatic interactions and one stabilizing hydrophobic interaction that mediate binding between filamin and integrin. In its native conformation, filamin's integrin binding site is auto-inhibited. Our models help shed light on the role of integrin binding on regulating filamin activation. Finally, the effect of talin on the filamin–integrin interaction is explored and possible scenarios of the interplay among these molecules are examined.
Factors in the receipt of therapeutic assistance in community care.

Abstract Who gets psychotherapeutic aid in a population at risk of reexperiencing mental healthproblems? The study samples included 499, 18–65 year-old, nonretarded, formerly hospitalized mental patients living in 234 of California's sheltered-care facilities. The sample of residents and facilities were representative of their respective statewide populations. At the time of the study 28.9% of the residents were receiving some form of psychotherapeutic aid. The study finds that the environmental context of sheltered-care, including the facility's philosophy of care and the composition of its resident group, is a powerful determinant of treatment status—more important than such individual characteristics as chronicity or degree of psychopathology. This finding is especially pronounced for women and older residents.
Closed chest cardiopulmonary bypass in deep hypothermia: The use of the pulmonary vasculature as left heart vent

Abstract In the in situ arrested perfused heart left ventricular overdistention does not invariably occur. This has been shown to be the consequence of pulmonary valvular insufficiency permitting decompression by means of reverse flow from the left atrium through the pulmonary capillary bed to the right atrium. The clinical successes of closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass in humans could in part be explained on this basis. A percutaneous method for rendering the pulmonary valve open was devised. The variations and limitations of extracorporeal circulation in closed-chest hypothermic dogs was evaluated in reference to left atrial pressure. The studies included the role of perfusion pressure and the effects of vasoactive drugs.
Genetic Groups in Dairy Sire Evaluation under a Selection Model

Abstract The frequently arbitrary application and definition of genetic groups makes sire grouping the "weak link" of the sire evaluation process. A selection model for records not in the model for observations is similar in form to the genetic groups model. Implications of this correspondence are discussed and illustrated through a small example. Guidelines for possible grouping strategies also are discussed.
Clinical yield of diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in orthotopic liver transplant recipients with suspected biliary complications

Diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (D-ERCP) is commonly performed for the evaluation of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). This practice is contrary to the national trend of reserving endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for therapeutic purposes. Our aim was to evaluate the clinical yield and complications of D-ERCP in OLT recipients. In this retrospective study, 165 OLT recipients who underwent ERCP between January 2006 and December 2010 at the University of Michigan were divided into 2 groups: (1) a therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (T-ERCP) group (if they met prespecified criteria that suggested a high likelihood of endoscopic intervention) and (2) a D-ERCP group (if there was clinical suspicion of biliary disease but they did not meet any criteria). The 2 groups were compared with respect to the proportion of subjects undergoing high-yield ERCP, which was defined as a procedure resulting in a clinically important intervention that modified the disease course. 66.3% of the D-ERCP procedures were classified as high-yield, whereas 90.1% of the T-ERCP procedures were (P < 0.001). Serious complications were infrequent in both groups. A survey of practitioners caring for OLT recipients suggested that the rate of high-yield D-ERCP seen in this study is congruent with what is considered acceptable in clinical practice. In conclusion, although T-ERCP is more likely to reveal a pathological process requiring an intervention, D-ERCP appears to be an acceptable clinical strategy for OLT recipients because of the high likelihood of a high-yield study and the low rate of serious complications.
Native and Non-Native English Speakers’ Perspectives of Ineffectiveness and Inappropriateness in Difficult Conversations

This study compares native and non-native English speakers’ (sojourners) perceptions of incompetent communication in difficult conversations. Analysis of covariance results reveal that native speakers’ ratings of ineffectiveness and inappropriateness are significantly higher than sojourners, but sojourners tend to blame themselves for difficulties, whereas native speakers thought both speakers were equally at fault. Furthermore, results from a discriminant analysis show that inappropriateness (but not ineffectiveness) significantly distinguished between native and sojourner respondents. An explanation for the results is that native speakers marginalize non-native speakers primarily on the basis of non-natives’ perceived inappropriate communication. The non-native speaker of English tends to find fault with him- or herself, and may accept this out-grouping.
Fungal infection in surgical patients

Invasive fungal infections have become a major source of morbidity and mortality in the modern surgical intensive care unit. Patients at risk for invasion and dissemination are common, and are not as ill as thought previously. Severity of illness (APACHE II score >10, ventilator use for >48 hours), antibiotics, central venous lines, total parenteral nutrition, burns, and immunosuppression are the most common risk factors. Recognition of these risk factors should arouse a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of invasion or dissemination. Unfortunately, laboratory tests alone lack sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the diagnosis of invasion and dissemination in the majority of cases requires the acquisition and proper interpretation of clinical evidence. Once the diagnosis is made, early systemic treatment is warranted. Reported toxicity and efficacy supports the use of fluconazole for most patients with invasive fungal infections. However, for the most critically ill patient amphotericin B remains the treatment of choice.
Visual and kinesthetic components of pursuit-tracking performance

Ss (N=75) were trained on a pursuit rotor for 10 trials with ambient illumination from a strobe light flashing at frequencies of either 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20/sec. A transfer trial followed, with a strobe flashing frequency of 10/sec for all Ss. Results supported hypotheses derived from Adams' (1971) closed-loop theory of motor learning that (a) performance would improve during training as a function of amount of visual feedback available, and that (b) if after training visual feedback was reduced, performance would be maintained to the extent that reliance upon kinesthetic feedback had been learned as an alternate compensatory feedback loop.
Pyridine nucleosides related to 5-fluorouracil

5-Fluoro-2-methoxypyridine (3) synthesized from 5-amino-2-methoxypyridine was converted to 4-benzyloxy-5-fluoro-2-methoxypyridine (12) and 2,4-dimethoxy-5-fluoropyridine (13) by a four step procedure employing the intermediate 5-fluoro-2-methoxy-4-nitropyridine N-oxide (7). Condensation of 3, 12, and 13 with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide gave, after removal of the protecting groups, 4-deoxy-5-fluoro-3-deazauridine (20), 5-fluoro-3-deazauridine (23) and 5-fluoro-4-methoxy-3-deazauridine (25). Several alkylated and dealkylated derivatives of 3 and 12 were also prepared. Structure proof and anomeric configuration were determined from the uv, nmr, and CD data.
Influence of acute stress on spatial tasks in humans

Few studies have investigated the relationship between stress and spatial performance in humans. In this study, participants were exposed to an acute laboratory stressor (Star Mirror Tracing Task) or a control condition (watching a nature video) and then performed two spatial tasks. In the first task, participants navigated through a virtual reality (VR) environment and then returned to the environment to make directional judgments relating to the learned targets. In the second task, perspective taking, participants made directional judgments to targets after imagined body rotations with respect to a map. Compared to the control condition, participants in the Stress condition showed increases in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure indicating sympathetic adrenal medulla (SAM) axis activation. Participants in the Stress condition also reported being more anxious, angry, frustrated, and irritated than participants in the Non-Stress condition. Salivary cortisol did not differ between conditions, indicating no significant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis involvement. In the VR task, memory encoding was unaffected as directional error was similar in both conditions; however, participants in the Stress condition responded more slowly, which may be due to increases in negative affect, SAM disruption in spatial memory retrieval through catecholamine release, or a combination of both factors. In the perspective taking task, participants were also slower to respond after stress, suggesting interference in the ability to adopt new spatial orientations. Additionally, sex differences were observed in that men had greater accuracy on both spatial tasks, but no significant Sex by Stress condition interactions were demonstrated.
Intra-tympanic delivery of short interfering RNA into the adult mouse cochlea.

Trans-tympanic injection into the middle ear has long been the standard for local delivery of compounds in experimental studies. Here we demonstrate the advantages of the novel method of intra-tympanic injection through the otic bone for the delivery of compounds or siRNA into the adult mouse cochlea. First, a fluorescently-conjugated scrambled siRNA probe was applied via intra-tympanic injection into the middle ear cavity and was detected in sensory hair cells and nerve fibers as early as 6 h after the injection. The fluorescent probe was also detected in other cells of the organ of Corti, the lateral wall, and in spiral ganglion cells 48 h after the injection. Furthermore, intra-tympanic delivery of Nox3 siRNA successfully reduced immunofluorescence associated with Nox3 in outer hair cells 72 h after injection by 20%. Drug or siRNA delivery via intra-tympanic injection does not compromise the tympanic membrane or interfere with noise-induced hearing loss, while trans-tympanic injections significantly altered the cochlear response to noise exposure. In summary, intra-tympanic injection through the otic bone into the middle ear cavity provides a promising approach for delivery of compounds or siRNA to cochlear hair cells of adult mice, relevant for the study of mechanisms underlying inner ear insults and, specifically, noise-induced hearing loss.
Twenty-year comparison of tissue and mechanical valve replacement.

Abstract Objective: We sought to compare outcomes with tissue and St Jude Medical mechanical valves over a 20-year period. Methods: Valve-related events and overall survival were analyzed in 2533 patients 18 years of age or older undergoing initial aortic, mitral, or combined aortic and mitral (double) valve replacement with a tissue valve (Hancock, Carpentier-Edwards porcine, or Carpentier-Edwards pericardial) or a St Jude Medical mechanical valve. Total follow-up was 13,390 patient-years. There were 666 St Jude Medical aortic valve replacements, 723 tissue aortic valve replacements, 513 St Jude Medical mitral valve replacements, 402 tissue mitral valve replacements, 161 St Jude Medical double valve replacements, and 68 tissue double valve replacements. The mean age was 68 ± 13.3 years (St Jude Medical valve, 64.5 ± 12.9; tissue valve, 72.0 ± 12.6). Results: There were no overall differences in survival between tissue and mechanical valves. Multivariable analysis indicated that the type of valve did not affect survival. Analysis by age less than 65 years or 65 years or older and presence or absence of coronary disease revealed similar long-term survival in all subgroups. The risk of hemorrhage was lower in patients receiving tissue aortic valve replacements but was not significantly different in patients receiving mitral valve or double valve replacements. Thromboembolism rates were similar for tissue and mechanical valve recipients. However, reoperation rates were significantly higher in patients receiving both aortic and mitral tissue valves. The reoperation hazard increased progressively with time both in patients receiving aortic and in those receiving mitral tissue valves. Overall valve complications were initially higher with mechanical aortic valves but not with mechanical mitral valves. However, valve complication rates later crossed over, with higher rates in tissue valve recipients after 7 years in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement and 10 years in those undergoing aortic valve replacement. Conclusions: Tissue and mechanical valve recipients have similar survival over 20 years of follow-up. The primary tradeoff is an increased risk of hemorrhage in patients receiving mechanical aortic valve replacements and an increased risk of late reoperation in all patients receiving tissue valve replacements. The risk of tissue valve reoperation increases progressively with time. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:257-69
Adaptive nature of chromosomal rearrangement: differential fitness in pocket gophers

A chromosomal centric fusion polymorphism in populations of the plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius, was studied to determine the relative fitness associated with the karyotypic phenotypes. There was a greater number of heterozygous individuals than expected χ12=8.58, P=0.001. Calculations indicate that the viabilities of the two chromosomal homozygotes were only 35 and 76 percent or that of the heterozygote. Differences in fitness values for the chromosomal morphs for Geomys strongly emphasize the possible adaptive nature of the karyotype and provides a primary mechanism for chromosomal evolution, even in species composed of demes of relatively large size. This is the first case of positive chromosomal heterosis in vertebrates. The plains pocket gopher can now be added to the few empirically documented samples of balanced polymorphism.
Sterically Crowded, Rigid, C3 Symmetric Phosphites: Synthesis, Structure, and Preparation of Metal Complexes

The sterically congested, rigid, C3 symmetric phosphites (2a−e) have been synthesized by reaction of PCl3 with the corresponding tris(3,5-dialkyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methanes (3,5-di-tert-butyl; 3-tert-butyl-5-methyl; 3,5-di-tert-pentyl; 3-adamantyl-5-methyl; 3,5-dimethyl) and characterized. The arsenite derivative (3b) of tris(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methane was similarly prepared by reaction with AsI3. Both the phosphite 2a and the arsenite derivative 3b have been examined by single-crystal X-ray analyses. Metal complexes (4−6) of the phosphites were prepared by reaction of the phosphite with [PdCl2(cod]) (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), [PdCl(η3-C3H5)]2 and [Rh(CO)2(acac)] (acac = acetylacetonate), respectively, and examples of each are represented by X-ray structure determinations.
Regulation of hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth: role of afferent input.

Abstract Peripheral noradrenergic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) appear in the hippocampal formation of the adult rat central nervous system following damage to the medial septal nucleus or its afferent fibers. The appearance of these fibers coincides with a significant and substantial increase in the concentration of norepinephrine in the dentate gyrus and in the ability of synaptosomes made from the dentate to take up [ 3 H]norepinephrine (NE) in vitro. Up to 7 weeks following a medial septal lesion, dentate norepinephrine levels are significantly lower if the sympathetic preganglionic trunk has been sectioned at the time septal lesions are made. By contrast, the uptake of [ 3 H]NE into dentate synaptosomes is not affected by the preganglionic section. Furthermore, if the sectioned preganglionic trunk is allowed to reinnervate the SCG, the dentate NE concentration rapidly returns to levels equivalent to dentates with intact sympathetic preganglionic trunks. In addition to the ingrowth of the sympathetic fibers, central noradrenergic fibers display a sprouting or ‘pruning’ response to medial septal lesions. These data show that afferent input regulates the neurotransmitter concentration during sympathetic ingrowth while retrograde influences from the target appear to regulate the density or extent of the growing fibers. The experimental findings are discussed in light of the hypothesis that the hippocampal formation is capable of producing a sympathetic growth factor following septal denervation.
Scandium Coordination in Solid Oxides and Stabilized Zirconia: 45Sc NMR

45Sc NMR isotropic chemical shifts and quadrupole coupling constants of several scandium-containing solid oxides have been measured. Both parameters prove to be sensitive to local structure. In particular, in these materials the 45Sc isotropic chemical shift appears to be dominated by the first neighbor coordination environment, i.e., the coordination number. The difference in the isotropic shifts between six-coordinated and eight-coordinated scandium is more than 150 ppm, suggesting that this parameter may be especially useful in studying the scandium coordination in oxide materials, disordered solids in particular. Quadrupole coupling constants are sensitive to the nature of the second coordination cation, although many other structural details may play a role. The chemical shift correlation was applied to scandia-stabilized zirconia, (ZrO2)0.92(Sc2O3)0.08, and the mean coordination number obtained appears to be close to seven, which suggests the possibility of two scandium cations pairing with one vacancy.
Effect of lid suture on retinal ganglion cells inMacaca mulatta

Abstract Previous work has established the pronounced effect of unilateral lid suture during visual immaturity on cell growth in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cats, dogs and monkeys. Most investigators have reported the retinas to be grossly normal but only a few quantitative studies are available and the results are contradictory. We have compared cell section diameters and cell density of parafoveal retinal ganglion cells in the deprived and non-deprived eye of Macaca mulatta after the lids of one eye were sutured between the ages of 1–9 weeks for varying periods of time. The results show a decrease in the size and density of parafoveal retinal ganglion cells after long-term (24 months) visual deprivation. Lid suture of lesser duration (2–56 weeks) had no effect on the size of retinal ganglion cells.
Building capacity to address tobacco-related disparities among American Indian and Hispanic/Latino communities: conceptual and systemic considerations

Aim To discuss systemic and conceptual issues that surround capacity building for tobacco control in traditionally underserved communities, by presenting two case studies, one in an American Indian community and another in a Hispanic/Latino community. Design Key informant interviews, cross-sectional surveys and case study methods were used to create community-specific conceptual frameworks for building capacity for tobacco control. These models of capacity building serve as the backdrop for the development of the two case studies. Setting, participants, measurements Interviewandsurveyparticipantswereidentifiedthroughconvenienceandsnowballsampling,using a community-based participatory process in an American Indian community in Oklahoma and among the Hispanic/ Latino Tobacco Education Partnership (H/LTEP) organizations in California. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, two case studies were created based on the results of interviews with key informants in each of the respective communities, outcomes of efforts to build capacity in tobacco control are presented. Findings The extent to which American Indian and Hispanic/Latino communities have the capacity to address effectively the disproportionate burden of tobacco abuse is contingent upon the presence of leadership, collaboration, programs, distribution of funds and resources, development of policies and an underlying understanding of community strengths, history, values and participation. Common characteristics emerge from the case studies that help bridge differences in definition and measurement across both populations and programs. Conclusion The conceptual frameworks for capacity building presented provide insight that enhances the ability of priority populations to engage in tobacco control strategies using culturally and language appropriate interventions.
Reflection-enabled directional MAC protocol for underwater sensor networks

Current medium access (MAC) protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UW-ASNs) rely on omni-directional antennas as the basis for communication. The spatial inefficiency of such an antenna model limits the maximum achievable network throughput. This paper introduces a novel directional MAC protocol for UW-ASN that is based on a switch-beamed directional acoustic antenna and is not dependent on the line-of-sight (LOS). In the proposed reflection-enabled directional medium access (RED-MAC) protocol, each source node will be able to determine if an obstacle or another node is blocking the LOS link to the destination and switch to the best available directional antenna that will be reflected from the water surface or bottom. The destination will be able to determine if the received signal is the LOS or surface/bottom reflected by applying a homomorphic deconvolution process. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of RED-MAC and the superiority of its performance in comparison to existing UW-ASN MAC protocols.
Computer-mediated and face-to-face communication in metastatic cancer support groups.

Objective: To compare the experiences of women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in computer-mediated and face-to-face support groups. Method: Interviews from 18 women with MBC, who were currently in computer-mediated support groups (CMSGs), were examined using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The CMSGs were in an asynchronous mailing list format; women communicated exclusively via email. All the women were also, or had previously been, in a face-to-face support group (FTFG). Results: CMSGs had both advantages and drawbacks, relative to face-to-face groups (FTFGs), for this population. Themes examined included convenience, level of support, intimacy, ease of expression, range of information, and dealing with debilitation and dying. CMSGs may provide a sense of control and a greater level of support. Intimacy may take longer to develop in a CMSG, but women may have more opportunities to get to know each other. CMSGs may be helpful while adjusting to a diagnosis of MBC, because women can receive support without being overwhelmed by physical evidence of disability in others or exposure to discussions about dying before they are ready. However, the absence of nonverbal cues in CMSGs also led to avoidance of topics related to death and dying when women were ready to face them. Agendas for discussion, the presence of a facilitator or more time in CMSGs may attenuate this problem. Significance of results: The findings were discussed in light of prevailing research and theories about computer-mediated communication. They have implications for designing CMSGs for this population.
Further Attempts to Enhance Forced ‘Sweet Charlie’ Strawberry Yield Through Manipulation of Light Quality in High Tunnels

In winter months, U.S. domestic strawberry supply is low and demand is high, and unit price for strawberries is at its highest point during the year. Forcing strawberries in high tunnels during this time might capture this niche market. Since yields are much lower in forced systems, enhancing the light environment to increase yield with colored nets (ChromatiNets; distributed by Polysack, Inc., San Diego, CA) was attempted in 2007–2008 (previously published) without success. In the second year of field experiments in 2008–2009, the experiment was repeated with some modifications. ‘Sweet Charlie’ plugs were conditioned from September 5 to September 26 at 24°C on a 12-hr day/night cycle and were planted September 28 in fertilized plots in a high tunnel (29.3-m long × 4.3-m wide × 3.1-m high). Conditioned plants were also planted outside on mulched, drip-irrigated beds as a control. Red, yellow, and pearl ChromatiNets (24% shade factor, lowest intensity possible) were installed over the top of the high tunne...
Bounds on Superpatterns Containing all Layered Permutations

In the study of pattern containment, a $$k$$k-superpattern is a permutation which contains all $$k!$$k! permutations of length $$k$$k as a pattern. One may also consider restricted superpatterns, i.e. a permutation which contains, as a pattern, every element in some subclass of the set of permutations of length $$k$$k. Here, we find lower and upper bounds on a superpattern which contains all layered $$k$$k-permutations. Also, we exhibit a connection between the sum of depths of null-balanced binary trees on $$k$$k vertices, as defined in (Proceedings of American Conference on Applied Mathematics, Cambridge, MA, pp 377---381 2012).
Dealer Attention, the Speed of Quote Adjustment to Information, and Net Dealer Revenue

Dealer revenue net of losses to better-informed traders in NYSE stocks is positively related to the speed at which quotes adjust to full information levels. The speed of quote adjustment is faster for stocks with greater dealer attention, as measured by a stock's relative prominence at its post-and-panel location on the NYSE floor. The level of dealer attention in turn is positively related to a stock's probability of information-based trading. The results are consistent with a simple theoretical model we derive in which dealers trade multiple securities and must optimally allocate their limited attention to monitoring order flow to minimize losses to better-informed traders.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA L.) ON THE TUMORIGENICITY OF 1, 2‐DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE IN MICE

Diets containing dehydrated cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) were fed to weanling male C57 BL/6 mice for nine months. Diets known to be adequate in all nutrients for mice were modified to include ground dehydrated cabbage leaves to 0, 10, 20, and 40% of their diet while holding protein, crude fiber, and lipid at constant levels. The animals were subcutaneously injected with 20 mg of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) per kg body weight at weekly intervals for 36 weeks. The DMH carcino-genicity varied with the proportion of cabbage in the diet and the tissue. Diets containing 10 and 20% cabbage enhanced DMH tumorigenicity while cabbage at 40% provided a protective effect. Tumors on the spermatic cord were the most predominant with occasional occurrence of kidney and liver tumors. Tumorigenicity is discussed in terms of two hepatic enzymes, cytochrome p-450 and p-nitroanisole-o-demethylase.
Marginality, Credibility and Impression Management: The Asian Sociologist in America

A number of sociologists of Asian origin live and work in the United States. I use my personal experiences and impressions to illustrate the process of becoming, being, and being accepted as an academic sociologist. I find that perceptions of marginality, a quest for credibility, and efforts at impression management are important themes that run through this process. The positive and negative implications arising from these aspects of role performance for the Asian sociologist in America are identified.
The balance between microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth in a highly productive estuarine fjord

Abstract During 24, three-day cruises to Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, from February 4 to April 26, 2002, and February 4 to May 1 2003, we examined the relative growth and grazing rates of phytoplankton and microzooplankton using dilution experiments. Experiments were conducted over two time intervals: 8–10 h during the nighttime only, or 24 h from noon to noon. We used water from two depths during each cruise: from the surface mixed layer, and from a deep layer below the seasonal thermocline. During 2002, there was one mid-sized bloom consisting mainly of Thalassiosira spp. in early February, and a larger bloom in April comprised of two Chaetoceros spp. and Phaeocystis sp. During 2003, there were also two blooms, one in early February, which was again dominated by Thalassiosira spp., and a second larger bloom in mid-April, comprised mainly of Thalassiosira spp. and Chaetoceros spp. During all four of these blooms, and for both water source depths, specific grazing rates of microzooplankton were most often as high or higher than the calculated phytoplankton specific growth rates. The major microzooplankton categories that could have accounted for this were (1) a large Gyrodinium spp., (2) a group of fusiform-shaped mid-sized Protoperidinium species, and (3) three loosely defined taxonomic groups consisting of naked ciliates, tintinnids, and unidentified heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Based on our measurements, it appears that the microzooplankton community grazing pressure can often exert significant control on phytoplankton biomass, even during the extremely productive spring bloom periods and under several different diatom-dominated bloom types. These results suggest that even in highly productive estuarine ecosystems, which are often nurseries to economically important fisheries species, microzooplankton play a critical role and may significantly alter the availability and efficiency of transfer of energy to higher trophic levels.
Axon‐bearing amacrine cells of the macaque monkey retina

A new and remarkable type of amacrine cell has been identified in the primate retina. Application of the vital dye acridine orange to macaque retinas maintained in vitro produced a stable fluorescence in the somata of apparently all retinal neurons in both the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. Large somata (∼15-20 μm diam) were also consistently observed in the approximate center of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) made under direct microscopic control showed that the cells in the middle of the IPL constitute a single, morphologically distinct amacrine cell subpopulation. An unusual and characteristic feature of this cell type is the presence of multiple axons that arise from the dendritic tree and project beyond it to form a second, morphologically distinct arborization within the IPL; these cells have thus been referred to as axon-bearing amacrine cells. The dendritic tree of the axon-bearing amacrine cell is highly branched (∼40-50 terminal dendrites) and broadly stratified, spanning the central 50% of the IPL so that the soma is situated between the outermost and innermost branches. Dendritic field size increases from ∼200 μm in diameter within 2 mm of the fovea to ∼500 μm in the retinal periphery. HRP injections of groups of neighboring cells revealed a regular intercell spacing (∼200-300 μm in the retinal periphery), suggesting that dendritic territories uniformly cover the retina. One to four axons originate from the proximal dendrites as thin (<0.5 μm). smooth processes. The axons increase in diameter (∼1-2 μm) as they course beyond the dendritic field and bifurcate once or twice into secondary branches. These branches give rise to a number of thin, bouton-bearing collaterals that extend radially from the dendritic tree for1-3 mm without much further branching. The result is a sparsely branched and widely spreading axonal tree that concentrically surrounds the smaller, more highly branched dendritic tree. The axonal tree is narrowly stratified over the central 0-20% of the IPL; it is approximately ten times the diameter of the dendritic tree, resulting in a 100 times greater coverage factor. The clear division of an amacrine cell's processes into distinct dendritic and axonal components has recently been observed in other, morphologically distinct amacrine cell types of the cat and monkey retina and therefore represents a property common to a number of functionally distinct cell types. It is hypothesized that the axon-bearing amacrine cells, like classical neurons, use action potentials to transmit signals over long distances in the IPL and, on the basis of previous immunohistochemical results, contain the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
Equilibrium price distributions in energy markets with shiftable demand

The paper examines existence of equilibrium price distributions in energy markets with real-time pricing and consumers with time-flexible demands. Previous works have examined consumer optimal policies for shifting time-flexible loads up to a deadline, in response to an exogenous and stochastic price process. It is shown here that under some mild assumptions on the stochastic price process and the information structure in the market, the individual consumer's optimal policy is a threshold policy. The threshold policy indicates that a consumer will consume only when the price falls below a certain threshold which depends on the time left to his deadline and the information on the price process. This behavior by individual consumer leads to an aggregate behavior by a large number of consumers who implement threshold policies in reaction to the price process; although at each instant of time, different consumers may have different thresholds due to different deadlines and different information assumptions. The aggregate response from the consumers determines the state of the wholesale market, and thus, affects the price process. The question that we intend to answer in this paper is that of consistency of assumptions on the price process and the market outcomes. It is assumed that the price at each time interval is determined by the Independent Service Operator (ISO) on the basis of an estimate of the global consumption as a function of price. It is shown that under technical regularity assumptions on the model components, the price distribution has at least one equilibrium point. Thus, there exists at least one price process that is consistent both with the consumption behavior of the aggregate of consumers who individually implement threshold policies, and the marginal cost pricing mechanism of the ISO.
‘Dover Beach’: The background of its imagery

(1967). ‘Dover Beach’: The background of its imagery. English Studies: Vol. 48, No. 1-6, pp. 493-511.
Intra-medial prefrontal cortex injection of quinpirole, but not SKF 38393, blocks the acute motor-stimulant response to cocaine in the rat.

Rationale: Considerable evidence suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is an important region in mediating certain behavioral and neurochemical responses to cocaine. However, a role for cortical dopamine (DA) receptor subtypes in modulating these responses has yet to be elucidated. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of intra-mPFC administration of DA agonists on the acute motor-stimulant response to cocaine. In addition, in vivo microdialysis techniques were employed to determine the effects of intracortical injection on cocaine-induced extracellular DA concentrations in the nucleus accumbens (NAC). Methods: One week following bilateral cannulae implantation over the mPFC and the NAC (for dialysis experiments), male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intra-mPFC injection of saline, the DA D2-like agonist quinpirole (0.015, 0.05, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, or 5.0 nmol per side) or the partial DA D1-like agonist SKF 38393 (0.5, 1.5, or 5.0 nmol per side) approximately 5 min before peripheral administration of saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). For dialysis experiments, only the highest dose of quinpirole was examined. Results: Pretreatment with quinpirole produced a dose-dependent decrease in cocaine-induced motor activity, with the highest doses resulting in a complete abolition of the acute motor-stimulant response to cocaine. In contrast, intra-mPFC administration of SKF 38393 was not shown, at the doses tested, to alter cocaine-induced motor activity. In agreement with the behavioral effects, intra-mPFC quinpirole injection (5 nmol per side) significantly blocked cocaine-induced DA overflow in the NAC. Conclusions: The results of the present study provide additional support that the mPFC is a neural substrate through which cocaine, in part, produces its motor-stimulant effects. In addition, these data suggest that modulation of cortical DA D2 receptors can block acute cocaine-induced behavioral (locomotor activity) and neurochemical (DA concentrations in the NAC) responses in the rat.
Magnetic Anisotropy of Epitaxial Co/Pt Superlattices

Selected orientations of epitaxial Co/Pt superlattices were grown on GaAs substrates in [001], [110], and [111] orientations using seeded epitaxy techniques. The microstructural and magnetic properties of Co/Pt superlattices are presented. The magnetic anisotropies of Co/Pt superlattices are found strongly dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the growth axis. High-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (HRXTEM) investigation of the Co/Pt interfaces has revealed the presence of a large number of planar defects in the [111] Co/Pt superlattice. HRXTEM shows that the interface of Co/Pt is wavy and is not atomically abrupt. These findings suggest that models for the magnetic anisotropy should not be based on idealized, chemically abrupt interfaces but should incorporate magnetocrystalline anisotropy in the alloy region. We propose a model for the magnetic anisotropy based on the N6el magnetic surface anisotropy and the existence of defects in the alloy region. The easy axis of the magnetic anisotropy predicted by the model agrees with the magnetic and structural data for the superlattices.
Experiments and Analysis for an Axially Heterogeneous Liquid-Metal Reactor Assembly at the Zero-Power Physics Reactor

Experiments in Zero-Power Physics Reactor 17 provided physics data for a full-scale axially heterogeneous 650-MW(electric) liquid-metal reactor. Measurements and analysis are reported for control r...
The sequence organization of the integrated F plasmid in two Hfr strains of Escherichia coli.

The sequence organization of the integrated fertility factor F in the Hfr strains P4X and P804 of Escherichia coli K12 has been determined by examination of heteroduplex structures formed from the bacterial DNA of each Hfr with F Δ (33–43) and with either of the F-primes F2 or F42-1. In both cases, the integration locus on F was the IS3 sequence (insertion sequence) immediately clockwise from the transfer gene region. An IS3 sequence located on the bacterial DNA anticlockwise from the lac operon served as the integration site for both P4X and P804. Both Hfr strains have IS3 sequences appearing at both the junctions between F and the flanking bacterial sequences. Comparison between the F-prime F2 (from P4X) with F42-I (from P804) shows that in both of the Hfr strains, the F-factors are located in the same physical sites on the bacterial chromosome.
Verification of non-monotonic knowledge bases

Abstract Non-monotonic Knowledge-Based Systems (KBSs) must undergo quality assurance procedures for the following two reasons: (i) belief revision (if such is provided) cannot always guarantee the structural correctness of the knowledge base, and in certain cases may introduce new semantic errors in the revised theory; (ii) non-monotonic theories may have multiple extensions, and some types of functional errors which do not violate structural properties of a given extension are hard to detect without testing the overall performance of the KBS. This paper presents an extension of the distributed verification method, which is meant to reveal structural and functional anomalies in non-monotonic KBSs. Two classes of anomalies are considered: (i) structural anomalies which manifest themselves within a given extension (such as logical inconsistencies, structural incompleteness, and intractabilities caused by circular rule chains), and (ii) functional anomalies related to the overall performance of the KBS (such as the existence of complementary rules and some types of rule subsumptions). The corresponding verification tests are presented and illustrated on an extended example.
Solid state spin-flip terahertz maser

Abstract Feasibility of pumping the terahertz spin-flip maser by spin-polarized tunneling is investigated and the conditions for the population inversion and threshold current are established. At low temperatures (T