cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: Evelyn Tribble, Early Modern Actors & Shakespeare’s Theatre: Thinking with the Body .

This review considers Evelyn Tribble's Early Modern Actors & Shakespeare’s Theatre: Thinking with the Body (2017).
EBNA2-deleted Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) isolate, P3HR1, causes Hodgkin-like lymphomas and diffuse large B cell lymphomas with type II and Wp-restricted latency types in humanized mice

EBV transforms B cells in vitro and causes human B-cell lymphomas including classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The EBV latency protein, EBNA2, transcriptionally activates the promoters of all latent viral protein-coding genes expressed in type III EBV latency and is essential for EBV's ability to transform B cells in vitro. However, EBNA2 is not expressed in EBV-infected CHLs and BLs in humans. EBV-positive CHLs have type II latency and are largely driven by the EBV LMP1/LMP2A proteins, while EBV-positive BLs, which usually have type I latency are largely driven by c-Myc translocations, and only express the EBNA1 protein and viral non-coding RNAs. Approximately 15% of human BLs contain naturally occurring EBNA2-deleted viruses that support a form of viral latency known as Wp-restricted (expressing the EBNA-LP, EBNA3A/3B/3C, EBNA1 and BHRF1 proteins), but whether Wp-restricted latency and/or EBNA2-deleted EBV can induce lymphomas in humanized mice, or in the absence of c-Myc translocations, is unknown. Here we show that a naturally occurring EBNA2-deleted EBV strain (P3HR1) isolated from a human BL induces EBV-positive B-cell lymphomas in a subset of infected cord blood-humanized (CBH) mice. Furthermore, we find that P3HR1-infected lymphoma cells support two different viral latency types and phenotypes that are mutually exclusive: 1) Large (often multinucleated), CD30-positive, CD45-negative cells reminiscent of the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in CHL that express high levels of LMP1 but not EBNA-LP (consistent with type II viral latency); and 2) smaller monomorphic CD30-negative DLBCL-like cells that express EBNA-LP and EBNA3A but not LMP1 (consistent with Wp-restricted latency). These results reveal that EBNA2 is not absolutely required for EBV to form tumors in CBH mice and suggest that P3HR1 virus can be used to model EBV positive lymphomas with both Wp-restricted and type II latency in vivo.
Measurement of hindered diffusion in complex geometries for high-speed single-molecule experiments

In a high-speed single-molecule experiment, a protein is tethered between two substrates that are manipulated to exert force on the system. To avoid nonspecific interactions between the protein and nearby substrates, the protein is usually attached to the substrates through long, flexible linkers. This approach precludes measurements of mechanical properties with high spatial and temporal resolution, for rapidly exerted forces are dissipated into the linkers. Because mammalian hearing operates at frequencies reaching tens to hundreds of kilohertz, the mechanical processes that occur during transduction are of very short duration. Single-molecule experiments on the relevant proteins therefore cannot involve long tethers. We previously characterized the mechanical properties of protocadherin 15 (PCDH15), a protein essential for human hearing, by tethering an individual monomer through very short linkers between a probe bead held in an optical trap and a pedestal bead immobilized on a glass coverslip. Because the two confining surfaces were separated by only the length of the tethered protein, hydrodynamic coupling between those surfaces complicated the interpretation of the data. To facilitate our experiments, we characterize here the anisotropic and position-dependent diffusion coefficient of a probe in the presence of an effectively infinite wall, the coverslip, and of the immobile pedestal.
Adverse Childhood Communication Experiences Associated With an Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases in Adults Who Are Deaf.

Introduction This study explores adverse childhood communication experiences and its RRs for acquiring specific chronic diseases and mental health disorders in adults who are deaf and hard of hearing. Methods A cross-sectional design with snowball sampling was used to recruit adults who were deaf and hard of hearing and were born or became deaf in both ears before age 13 years. Patient-reported outcomes surveys in American Sign Language and English were disseminated to collect data about early life communication experiences with caregivers. Modified Poisson regression with robust SEs was used to calculate RR estimates and 95% CIs for all medical conditions with early life communication experiences as main predictors. Results Data collection occurred from May 2016 to July 2016, October 2016 to April 2018, and October 2018 to May 2019. The U.S. sample consisted of 1,524 adults who were born or became deaf early. After adjusting for parental hearing status and known correlates of medical conditions, poorer direct child–caregiver communication was significantly associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with diabetes (RRR=1.12, 95% CI=1.01, 1.24), hypertension (RRR=1.10, 95% CI=1.03, 1.17), and heart disease (RRR=1.61, 95% CI=1.39, 1.87). Poor indirect family communication/inclusion increased risks for lung diseases (RRR=1.19, 95% CI=1.07, 1.33) and depression/anxiety disorders (RRR=1.34, 95% CI=1.24, 1.44). The absolute risk increase and number needed to harm are also reported. Conclusions Outcomes data reported by patients who were deaf and hard of hearing demonstrated that poorer direct child–caregiver communication and ongoing exclusion from incidental family communication were associated with increased risks for multiple chronic health outcomes. Practices should consider developing and utilizing an adverse childhood communication screening measure to prevent or remediate language deprivation and communication neglect in pediatric patients who were deaf and hard of hearing.
Preoperative patient opioid education, standardization of prescriptions, and their impact on overall patient satisfaction

Abstract Background The opioid epidemic has reached a crisis level in America, and many institutions are implementing new guidelines to decrease opioid prescriptions. Although these may positively impact opioid addiction, its influence on patient satisfaction is inadequately described. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of standardized patient education and postoperative opioid regimens on patient satisfaction. Methods General surgery patients were counselled and given educational materials preoperatively regarding postoperative pain management. Inpatient discharge prescriptions were based on milligrams of oral narcotic required 24 hours before discharge. Outpatient procedure prescriptions were standardized. Postoperatively, patients received surveys regarding pain control and satisfaction. Results Of the 198 patients studied, 96% agreed or strongly agreed that they were satisfied with their pain control. 92% agreed or strongly agreed they received enough medication; 7% disagreed, and 1% strongly disagreed. Educational materials were evaluated with 97% agreeing or strongly agreeing they received appropriate information concerning when and what to take. Fifty-five patients (28%) refused opioids or did not take any. Only 10 (5%) requested a refill. Conclusion Preoperative education and standardized postoperative narcotic prescribing can be highly effective while maintaining high patient satisfaction. Introduction across broad fields of surgery will allow uniformity for surgeons, trainees, nurses, pharmacists, and patients.
Assessing the Trade Agenda for Government Procurement in the Biden Administration

This paper, prepared shortly before President Joe Biden was inaugurated, discussed key trade issues for the incoming administration in public procurement. The piece reviewed major trade measures in procurement taken during the Trump administration – most of which were predictable from the time Trump was elected. The paper turned to the major trade challenges that faced the Biden administration, in areas as diverse as climate change, cybersecurity and the protectionism in post-Brexit Europe, and then assessed how the Biden administration might address these challenges, especially given Joe Biden’s support for “Buy American” policies during the 2020 campaign. The paper also assessed how the new administration might cooperate on these difficult issues with the United States’ allies abroad. The paper concluded that the Biden administration’s main challenge was restoring confidence abroad in the United States as a responsible trading partner in procurement; once that goal was met, the paper argued, the more technical issues of trade in procurement would be much easier to address.
Developing Resilience and Enhancing Appraisals of Mattering: A Conceptual Framework for Elementary Level, Non-core Subject Teachers

Although much is known about teachers’ workplace experiences, lives, and careers through socialization research, few efforts have been made to apply this body of knowledge to develop conceptual fra...
Addressing the Decline of Local News, Rise of Platforms, and Spread of Mis- and Disinformation Online: A Summary of Current Research and Policy Proposals

Technological and economic assaults have destroyed the for-profit business model that sustained local journalism in this country for two centuries. While the advertising-based model for local news has been under threat for many years, the COVID-19 pandemic and recession have created what some describe as an “extinction level” threat for local newspapers and other struggling news outlets. More than one-fourth of the country’s newspapers have disappeared, leaving residents in thousands of communities living in vast news deserts. As local news sources decline, a growing proportion of Americans are getting their news and other information from social media. This raises serious concerns, including the spread of misinformation and the use of platform infrastructure to engage in disinformation campaigns. Platforms wield significant advantages over local news sources in the current information environment: the dominant platforms possess proprietary, detailed caches of user data, which the platforms use to force advertisers, users, and news outlets into asymmetrical relationships. In the vacuum left by the disappearance of local news sources, users are increasingly reliant on information sources that are incomplete, and may be misleading or deceptive. This whitepaper examines current research related to the decline of local news, the rise of platforms, and the spread of mis- and disinformation and explores potential regulatory and policy responses to these issues. Some proposals focus on increasing the supply of – and demand for – local news, including increased public education and expanded support for journalists and local news organizations. Other proposals focus on market-based reforms that address the growing power disparities between news producers and platform operators as well as between platforms and their users. Solutions to the difficult problems we face will require a multifaceted, multi-disciplinary approach. No one lever within the market, law, or society will deliver a magic bullet. Instead, experts and policymakers will need to pull at multiple levers using a new vocabulary to talk across the different disciplines – a set of new propositions that recognize the legal, social, journalistic, and economic principles at stake, particularly the harm done to democracy if the status quo continues. In the Appendix we provide a list of recent research studies and resources available for those who wish to engage in more study of these important issues.
Access to Information Laws and Voter Behavior: Does Transparency Increase Participation?

Electoral participation is an integral component of democracy and can be an effective tool in the battle against corruption. However, encouraging participation in areas with highly corrupt governments is difficult. In this paper, I explore the role of transparency in voter turnout. I exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the municipal implementation of Brazil’s 2011 Access to Public Information (ATI) law on voter turnout in mayoral elections. I find that municipal ATI laws increase broad participation overall but are most effective when coupled with a commitment to accountability. These results are robust to an in-time placebo test and numerous alternative specifications. These findings suggest that increased transparency can lead to increased voter participation and democratic accountability within a country that suffers from corruption.
Analysing Structural Asymmetry on the Nonmonotonic Electron Mobility of Pseudomorphic Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors

Nonlinearity in the mobility of electron can be determined in a GaAs/InxGa1-xAs double quantum well pseudomorphic Heterojunction Field Effect Transistor via asymmetry in the doping concentration along the substrate side. We observe a sudden fall in electron mobility near the resonance of subband energy states which affects subband electron mobilities governed by ir- scattering. The nonlinearity in μ increases with increase in difference in the well width and doping concentration.
Quadruplets, Maintenance, and More: The Future of Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

Abstract Transplant-eligible multiple myeloma patients are generally treated with a triplet regimen, often with lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVD), as a standard of care.1 After autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), lenalidomide is an established maintenance therapy, given the Phase 3 trials showing increased progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with placebo.2–4 However, despite these advances in treatment, multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease for the vast majority of patients, warranting regimens that improve upon the existing paradigm.
Training Computing Educators to Become Computing Education Researchers.

The computing education community endeavors to consistently move forward, improving the educational experience of our students. As new innovations in computing education practice are learned and shared, however, these papers may not exhibit the desired qualities that move simple experience reports to true Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL). We report on our six years of experience in running professional development for computing educators in empirical research methods for social and behavioral studies in the classroom. Our goal is to have a direct impact on instructors who are in the beginning stages of transitioning their educational innovations from anecdotal to empirical results that can be replicated by instructors at other institutions. To achieve this, we created a year-long mentoring experience, beginning with a multi-day workshop on empirical research methods during the summer, followed by regular mentoring sessions with participants, and culminating in a follow-up session at the following year's SIGCSE Technical Symposium. From survey results and as evidenced by eventual research results and publications from participants, we believe that our method of structuring empirical research professional development was successful and could be a model for similar programs in other areas.
Clinical Trials in Spinal Tumors: A Two-Decade Review.

Abstract: Objective Clinical trials are essential for assessing advancements in spine tumor therapeutics. The purpose of this study is to characterize trends in clinical trials for primary and metastatic tumor treatments over the past two decades. Methods ClinicalTrials.gov was queried using the search term “spine” for all interventional studies spanning 1999 to 2020 with categories of “Cancer”, “Neoplasm”, “Tumor”, or “Metastasis”. Tumor type, phase data, enrollment numbers and home institution country were recorded. The sponsor was categorized as academic institution, industry, government or other and intervention type as procedure, drug, device, radiation or other. Frequency of each category and cumulative frequency over twenty years were calculated. Results 106 registered trials for spine tumors were listed. All except two that began before 2008 have been completed, enrollment of 51-100 subjects (29.8%) was the most common, and the majority were phase II (54.4%). Most examined metastatic tumors (58.5%) and new trials per year increased 3.4-fold between 2009 and 2020. The majority were conducted in the United States (56.4%). The most common intervention strategy was radiation (32.1%), although between 2010-2020 procedural studies became the most frequent (2.4 per year). The majority were sponsored by academic institutions (63.2%), and over twenty years have sponsored 3.2-fold more studies than industry partners. Conclusions The number of clinical trials for spine tumor therapies has rapidly increased over the past 15 years, driven by studies at United States academic medical institutions investigating radiosurgery for treatment of metastases. Targeted therapies for tumor subtypes and sequelae have updated international best practices.
Representing and querying changes in semistructured data

Semistructured data may be irregular and incomplete and does not necessarily conform to a fixed schema. As with structured data, it is often desirable to maintain a history of changes to data, and to query over both the data and the changes. Representing and querying changes in semistructured data is more difficult than in structured data due to the irregularity and lack of schema. We present a model for representing changes in semistructured data and a language for querying over these changes. An important feature of our approach is that we represent and query changes directly as annotations on the affected data, instead of indirectly as the difference between database states. We describe the implementation of our model and query language. We also describe the design and implementation of a query subscription service that permits users to subscribe to changes in semistructured information sources.
Ethnicity and diagnostic patterns in veterans with psychoses

Background Differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is a challenging but important task.These conditions often exhibit overlapping clinical symptomatology, but have different prognoses and pharmacological management strategies. Factors other than clinical presentation may influence diagnosis. Past studies suggest that ethnicity is one such factor, with variations observed in diagnostic rates of serious mental illness (SMI).With increasing attention paid to provider cultural competency, we investigate current diagnostic practices within a veteran population. Method Controlling for patient need characteristics and illness severity, we examine whether ethnic differences in diagnosis continue to exist. If so, race may adversely enter the evaluation process.A national database of all SMI veterans explores the relationship between ethnicity and diagnosis. The role of symptomatology is also examined. Given minimal variation in veteran socioeconomic status, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a natural setting to address this confounding factor. The 1999 National Psychosis Registry provides a sample of 134,523 veterans diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. Multinomial logistic regression yielded odds ratios (OR) for being diagnosed with schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder; the schizoaffective versus bipolar risk was likewise assessed,exploring theoretical aspects of a psychosis-affective ‘continuum’. Results Small effects were observed for being male, single or rural resident. However, the demographic characteristic most strongly associated with a schizophrenia diagnosis was race. The OR for African Americans was 4.05, and 3.15 for Hispanics. Similar though less dramatic results were revealed for schizoaffective disorder. Conclusions This study confirms continued ethnic disparities in diagnostic patterns, and highlights the importance of recognizing ethnic differences in symptom presentation while emphasizing greater cultural competency.
Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of advanced melanoma.

Melanoma often spreads to cutaneous or subcutaneous sites that are amenable to direct, intralesional injection. As such, developing effective injectable agents has been of considerable interest. Talimogene laherperepvec (T-VEC) is an injectable modified oncolytic herpes virus being developed for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Pre-clinical studies have shown that T-VEC preferentially infects melanoma cells and exerts antitumor activity through directly mediating cell death and by augmenting local and even distant immune responses. T-VEC has now been assessed in Phase II and III clinical trials and has demonstrated a tolerable side-effect profile and promising efficacy, showing an improved durable response rate and a trend toward superior overall survival compared to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Despite these promising results, responses have been uncommon in patients with visceral metastases. T-VEC is currently being evaluated in combination with other immune therapies (ipilimumab...
Catecholamine-Mediated Reduction in Uteroplacemental Blood Flow in the Diet-Restricted, Term-Pregnant Rat

To determine whether the reduction in maternal placental blood flow associated with malnutrition during pregnancy results from alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction, we measured cardiac output, uteroplacental blood flow and uteroplacental vascular resistance in ad libitum-fed and in 50% diet-restricted term-pregnant rats, using radioactive-labeled microspheres before, and again after, alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine. Uteroplacental blood flow in the diet-restricted rats was 40% lower than that of the ad libitum-fed rats, before phenoxybenzamine. Phenoxybenzamine caused a 50% reduction in mean blood pressure in both the ad libitum-fed and diet-restricted rats, but did not alter cardiac output. Phenoxybenzamine decreased preplacental vascular resistance in the diet-restricted rats, resulting in no significant reduction of placental blood flow. In the ad libitum-fed rats, on the other hand, phenoxybenzamine did not alter preplacental vascular resistance, and placental blood flow decreased 45% with the fall in blood pressure. Myometrial vascular resistance was unaffected by phenoxybenzamine in either group, and myometrial blood flow decreased with the fall in blood pressure in both groups. Thus, the decreased uteroplacental blood flow associated with diet restriction is the result of increased uteroplacental alpha-adrenergic vasomotor tone.
A linear MHD instability analysis of solar mass ejections with gravitation

The linear MHD instability of a cylindrical plasma is used to investigate the origin of solar mass ejections, and the dispersion relation is solved numerically. The initial plasma-flow velocity is found to have a significant effect on the instability criteria and growth rate, and the instability growth-rate is shown to be larger in cases where plasma flow exists, relative to the static case. Results suggest that the plasma column may break into small pieces. Assuming a thin-tube approximation, gravity is found to have little effect on the instability of quasi-horizontal ejection, but to have considerable effect on the vertical ejection. In considering the gravitational force, an exact analytical solution is found for the vertical case, while asymptotic solutions are given for the horizontal and oblique cases.
Editorial: Papers from the 7th International Conference on Dendrochronology - Cultural Diversity, Environmental Variability

The 7th International Conference on Dendrochronology - Cultural Diversity, Environmental Variability was held in Beijing, China from 11 to 17 June 2006. The conference was organized and hosted by the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IB_CAS) in conjunction with the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Working Group 5.01.07 (Tree-Ring Analysis) and under the auspices of the Tree-Ring Society (TRS) and the European Association for Tree-Ring Research (ATR). It was also sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Past Global Changes (PAGES). The conference was a major international gathering which included almost 300 scientists from 35 countries who use tree rings to study various issues. The conference sessions included over 200 oral presentations and around 100 posters which covered all aspects of tree-ring studies including the following broad subject areas: chemical and physical properties of tree rings (including isotopes, chemical and elemental analyses and their applications); the biological basis of tree rings (including physiology, biology, and wood anatomy); climatology and hydrology; ecology (including forest dynamics, disturbance studies, animal population dynamics, etc.) and geology (including geomorphology). The conference was intended to strengthen communication and cooperation among tree-ring researchers all over the world and to demonstrate the use of dendrochronology to better understand changing global environments and human cultures. Another aim of the conference was to encourage tree-ring research and education in China and other Asian countries.
Using OIM to investigate the microstructural evolution of Ti-6Ai-4V

Orientation imaging microscopy provides both microstructural and crystallographic-texture information that allows a coupled analysis of changes in texture and microstructure. This capability has been used to determine how microstructure develops by transformation from Β to α in Ti-6Al-4V and by subsequent hot working to develop a fine-grain microstructure that is technologically desirable for secondary processes such as rolling and superplastic forming. With this technique, the mechanisms that account for the retention of large clusters of grains with similar grain orientation, heterogeneous deformation phenomena such as shear banding, and cavity nucleation and growth, can be elucidated. From such examinations, the development of physically based constitutive models and new forming strategies to improve the homogeneity of the microstructure are possible.
Analyses of a toxic factor, lethal to Paramecium present in non-glass-distilled water.

SummaryA toxic factor present in our distilled water found lethal to Paramecium was analyzed. The results show that it is not related to pH, can be duplicated by 5 metallic salts at specific concentrations (M) as follows: cupric chloride, 10-6; cupric sulfate and cupric nitrate, 20-6; zinc acetate, 10-4; lead acetate, 25-4; and can be neutralized by 0.02 M CaCl2. Calcium chloride is likewise capable of neutralizing cupric chloride and lead acetate, but not cupric sulfate, cupric nitrate or zinc acetate. These results coupled with the demonstration that the presence of SO4−−ions actually destroys the neutralizing power of calcium indicate strongly that the toxic factor under consideration could possibly be copper chloride and/or lead chloride, not likely sulfate or nitrate of copper or zinc acetate. Generally the results also confirm the protective action of Ca++ against ionic imbalance or unknown impurities in water as reported by other workers. Because of the demonstrated sensitivity of Paramecium to met...
The Status of Mothers in the Early Chinese Mourning System

This essay examines the prescriptions on mourning for mothers in the Yili and the Liji, aiming to bring out the complex and evolving nature of the status of mothers in the centuries that saw the initial codification of the Chinese mourning system. The discrepancies between texts and within the same text, together with the ambiguity and lacunae in prescriptions, show that women’s identities in the patrilineal family were continuously contested and reshaped in the preimperial and early imperial periods. Major themes explored include: the fragmentation and fluidity of maternal roles, the tension between patrilineal principles and natural feelings, the ambivalent roles of divorced mothers and remarried mothers, the systematic suppression of mothers of concubine status, and the intricate linkage between the wife’s status and the mother’s status. The changes and ambiguities emphasized in the paper have important implications for our understanding of the later evolution of the mourning system. Cet article s’interesse aux prescriptions relatives au deuil des meres dans le Yili et le Liji; l’objectif est de mettre en evidence la complexite et le caractere evolutif du statut des meres pendant les siecles qui ont vu les debuts de la codification du systeme de deuil en Chine. Les divergences entre les textes ou a l’interieur d’un meme texte, en meme temps que les ambiguites et les lacunes des prescriptions, montrent que les identites feminines au sein de la famille patrilineaire n’ont cesse d’etre contestees et refaconnees pendant la periode pre-imperiale et au debut de l’empire. Les principaux themes abordes incluent la fragmentation et la fluidite des roles maternels, la tension entre les principes patrilineaires et les sentiments naturels, le role ambivalent des meres divorcees ou remariees, le refoulement systematique des meres ayant le statut de concubines, et les relations complexes entre le statut de l’epouse et celui de la mere. Les evolutions et les ambiguites mises en avant dans l’article ont des implications importantes pour notre comprehension de l’evolution ulterieure du systeme de deuil.
Tests for Pulsed High Current Heavy Ion Synchrotron Injection with an MP-Tandem Van de Graaff

The new MARK VII high current negative heavy ion source designed by R. Middleton was operated in a pulsed mode to provide 100-200 ?a negative ion currents in 230 ?sec square pulses, 10/sec. These pulses, 50-100 times more intense than normal DC beams, were then accelerated by the MP7 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator while operating at 14 MV. After charge state analysis, the emittance of the pulsed beam was also measured. The very stable accelerator behavior indicated that even higher currents are possible. Values for 16O are: 115 ?a 16O. injected, 100 MeV 16O6+, 260 ?a (43.3 p?a) 1.8 mm.mr and for 32s are: 170 ?a 32S- injected, 140 MeV 32S9+, 240 ?a (26.7 p?a) 0.51 mm.mr. The high intensity and low emittance of these ion beams make them ideal for injection into a synchrotron like the AGS 30 GeV proton accelerator at BNL.
Thoughts Not Our Own: Whatever Happened to Selective Attention?

There are now many important contributions to the scientific study of the brain-mind continuum. These results come both from research into non-ordinary states of consciousness and into the brain's intrinsic, largely unconscious mechanisms. The larger potential of such investigations consists precisely in making the parameters of our cognitive system apparent. But they also reveal the socio-cultural uses to which these parameters are currently, or in the foreseeable future, being applied. This article wrestles with that fact. Specifically, it examines the implications for those of us interested in the dynamics of visual awareness and the structural and phenomenological aspects of noticing. Because some of the key characteristics of consciousness are so ingrained that we are usually blind to them, it is all the more important to understand how and why we pay attention to certain features of our environment. Subjective consciousness pertains to the realm of inner experience as well as focusing on the external world. What Daniel Dennett terms 'intentionality' or directedness towards an object is a sign of our connectedness to the outside world. Beyond connection, I am interested in how complex works of art help us cognize, confer reality, or have knowledge of what lies before our eyes. I will argue that this calibration of the agent's experience and her perception of the world is under threat today.
Some ultrastructural features ofPlanctomyces bekefii, morphotype I of theBlastocaulis-Planctomyces group of budding and appendaged bacteria

The ultrastructure ofPlanctomyces bekefii, a budding and appendaged bacterium, has been examined using samples obtained directly from pond water, its natural habitat. The prokaryotic nature of this morphologically unusual microbe was verified by observations of thin sections. Its major appendage, the nonprosthecate stalk, is shown to have a tubular structure, with a substructure of hollow fibers. Some details of the budding process and other ultrastructural features are presented.
Mutation and growth rates from Luria-Delbrück fluctuation tests

Abstract Because of the high variance of the Luria-Delbruck distribution, the experimental calculation of mean and variance are of little value for estimating mutation rates from fluctuation test experiments. Lea and Coulson and Armitage, some thirty years ago, provided methods to estimate m , the mean number of mutation events per culture, dependent on experimental estimares of the median and upper quartile of the distribution. These methods are cumbersome to use and are only approximate for moderate values of m . I have written computer programs that calculate the distribution based on the formulation of Lea and Coulson. In addition to the first 4 moments of the distribution, the lower quartile (Q 1 ), the median (Q 2 ), and the upper quartile (Q 3 ) have been calculated for the useful range of m . Figures and formulae are presented to allow m to be conveniently, quickly, and accurately calculated from the 3 experimentally observed quartiles from fluctuation test experiments. Moreover, an easy-to-use, but computer time-consuming, version of the program has been developed that searches for the solution of maximum likelihood and yields the best fit to the Luria-Delbruck distribution. The primary purpose of this analysis has been to permit the calculation of mutation rate when the mutant cells grow slower than the parental type and when there of a phenotypic lag. These computational tools and extensions to more realistic cases should make the fluctuation test of more practical use for the estimation of mutation rates of microbes and eukaryotic tissue cells.
Progress towards the development of a 157-nm photoresist for carbon- dioxide-based lithography

Photolithography requires organic solvents and aqueous base in the spin-coating, development, and stripping of photoresists. Carbon dioxide, an inexpensive, plentiful, and environmentally sound solvent with tunable solvency, has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvents in the electronics industry. Replacing current solvents with CO2 stems from the inherently low viscosity and surface tension of CO2. These properties allow for development of sub 0.1 μm images without image collapse, a potential problem in aqueous development. Carbon dioxide has been utilized for the synthesis of fluoropolymers. Therefore, given the high solubility of amorphous fluoropolymers in CO2, and the necessity of fluoropolymers for the next generation of photolithography (157 nm), CO2 may be an environmentally sound solvent for the synthesis, application, development, and stripping of photoresists. To accomplish this goal, several fluorinated monomers (tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene difluoride) have been copolymerized in dense carbon dioxide with norbornene and norbornene analogs. The resulting polymers have been characterized to determine molecular weight, comonomer incorporation, Tg, CO2 solubility, and absorbance at 157 nm and 193 nm.
Experimental degradation of detritus made from the salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora Loisel., Salicornia virginica L., and Juncus roemerianus Scheele

The pattern of decomposition and potential food value of detritus derived from the C4 photosynthetic pathway plant Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and the C3 pathway plants Salicornia virginica L. and Juncus roemerianus Scheele were compared. Detrital particles < 125 μm in size made from standing dead plant material were incubated aerobically and anaerobically in phosphate-enriched estuarine water with and without added ammonium chloride. The most rapid decreases in ash-free dry weight (AFDW) and increases in microbial biomass (estimated by increases in ATP and in particulate nitrogen as % of AFDW) were under aerobic conditions with added nitrogen. Material in the aerobic treatment without added nitrogen degraded only slightly faster than in the anaerobic treatments. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the cultures was < 5% of the total detrital carbon; the DOC content decreased during the first week, most rapidly in the aerobic cultures, and then began to increase slowly. Rates of nitrogen fixation in the cultures were low, and were depressed by the presence of O2 and NH4+, and by a higher nitrogen content of the detritus. Salicornia detritus initially degraded the fastest but showed the lowest conversion efficiency of plant material to microbial biomass (19.4%). Spartina detritus had the highest conversion efficiency (64.3%), while Juncus, which decomposed most slowly, had a conversion efficiency of 55.6%. From 87 to 100% of the increase in nitrogen content of the plant detritus is ascribed to proteinnitrogen. Our results suggest that 1. 1) optimum in situ sites for rapid degradation of plant detritus in estuaries are the sediment-air and sediment-water interfaces; and 2. 2) detritus made from the C4 plant Spartina yields a richer food source for estuarine consumers than detritus made from the C3 plants Salicornia and Juncus.
The Galloping Parameters Study of Ice-Coating Transmission Line

In this paper, 3-DOF finite element model for galloping has been built on the basis of form-finding analysis. Fitting formula about aerodynamic parameters has been obtained by wind tunnel test. With the combination of finite element model and aerodynamic parameter, a simulation model of single bundle on 3-span was built. And the response of ice-coating transmission line was calculated with different span, initial attack angle, wind speed, suspension insulator length and initial tension. With the comparison of the calculated results, span, initial attack angle, wind speed and initial tension have direct effect on galloping amplitude, order of the galloping, load on suspension insulator and tension on the midpoint of span. On the contrary, suspension insulator length doesnt have obvious effect on galloping.
Solution of few-body problems with the stochastic variational method II: Two-dimensional systems

Abstract A computational approach is presented for efficient solution of two-dimensional few-body problems, such as quantum dots or excitonic complexes, using the stochastic variational method. The computer program can be used to calculate the energies and wave functions of various two-dimensional systems. Program summary Program title: svm-2d Catalogue identifier: AEBE_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEBE_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 5091 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 130 963 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Fortran 90 Computer: The program should work on any system with a Fortran 90 compiler Operating system: The program should work on any system with a Fortran 90 compiler Classification: 7.3 Nature of problem: Variational calculation of energies and wave functions using Correlated Gaussian basis. Solution method: Two-dimensional few-electron problems are solved by the variational method. The ground state wave function is expanded into Correlated Gaussian basis functions and the parameters of the basis states are optimized by a stochastic selection procedure. Accurate results can be obtained for 2–6 electron systems. Running time: A couple of hours for a typical system.
Functional response of tumor vasculature to PaCO2: determination of total and microvascular blood volume by MRI.

In order to identify differences in functional activity, we compared the reactivity of glioma vasculature and the native cerebral vasculature to both dilate and constrict in response to altered PaCO2. Gliomas were generated by unilateral implantation of U87MGdEGFR human glioma tumor cells into the striatum of adult female athymic rats. Relative changes in total and microvascular cerebral blood volume were determined by steady state contrast agent-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for transitions from normocarbia to hypercarbia and hypocarbia. Although hypercarbia induced a significant increase in both total and microvascular blood volume in normal brain and glioma, reactivity of glioma vasculature was significantly blunted in comparison to normal striatum; glioma total CBV increased by 0.6±0.1% / mm Hg CO2 whereas normal striatum increased by 1.5±0.2%/ mm Hg CO2, (P < .0001, group t-test). Reactivity of microvascular blood volume was also significantly blunted. In contrast, hypocarbia decreased both total and microvascular blood volumes more in glioma than in normal striatum. These results indicate that cerebral blood vessels derived by tumor-directed angiogenesis do retain reactivity to CO2. Furthermore, reduced reactivity of tumor vessels to a single physiological perturbation, such as hypercarbia, should not be construed as a generalized reduction of functional activity of the tumor vascular bed.
Evaluations of output from room acoustic computer modeling and auralization due to different sound source directionalities

Evaluations of the predictions and auralizations from the room acoustic modeling program, ODEON, have been run using three directional source types with the same sound power: (a) an omni-directional source; (b) three sources with realistically-directional characteristics based on measurements from real instruments (grand piano, violin, and singing voice); and (c) an artificial, extremely directional beaming source. Objective analyses have been run for nine source/receiver combinations in a simple hall on three acoustic parameters: relative sound pressure level (SPL), reverberation time (T30), and clarity index (C80). Auralizations were subsequently created for two source/receiver combinations and used in subjective testing with 28 subjects. Results show that, objectively, differences in SPL were negligible for the majority of cases. Some differences in T30 and C80 were found between the omni-directional and realistically-directional sources; however, subjects did not perceive any corresponding differences when comparing the auralizations, possibly due to the limited directional octave band data available. Subjects did significantly differentiate between auralizations from the omni-directional source and the extreme beaming source. Subjective results from comparing these two sources in terms of reverberation, clarity and realism were generally consistent with objective data, although source/receiver combination and musical track had some influence on the outcomes.
Detection of pharmaceuticals and other personal care products in groundwater beneath and adjacent to onsite wastewater treatment systems in a coastal plain shallow aquifer

Abstract Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are the predominant disposal method for human waste in areas without municipal sewage treatment alternatives. Relatively few studies have addressed the release of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from OWTS to groundwater. PPCP fate and transport from OWTS are important, particularly where these systems are adjacent to sensitive aquatic ecosystems such as coastal areas or wetlands. The objectives of this study were to identify PPCPs in residential wastewater and groundwater beneath OWTS and to characterize the environmental conditions affecting the OWTS discharge of PPCPs to nearby streams. The study sites are in coastal plain aquifers, which may be considered vulnerable “end-members” for subsurface PPCP transport. The PPCPs most commonly detected in the OWTS, at concentrations ranging from 0.12 μg L − 1 to 12.04 μg L − 1 in the groundwater, included: caffeine, ibuprofen, DEET, and homosalate. Their presence was related to particulate and dissolved organic carbon abundance.
Transition State Imbalance in the Deprotonation of Substituted 2-Tetralones by Hydroxide Ion

Rate and equilibrium constants for the deprotonation of a series of phenyl-substituted 2-tetralones in aqueous sodium hydroxide have been determined. A Bronsted plot of log k for deprotonation vs pKa of the appropriate 2-tetralone is linear with a slope (−α) of −0.60 ± 0.01, except for the point corresponding to 6-nitro-2-tetralone (1b). The negative deviation of 1b from the correlation indicates that the transition state for deprotonation of 2-tetralone is imbalanced, with delocalization of charge into the phenyl ring lagging behind proton transfer. A semiquantitative assessment of the charge distribution in both the fully formed anion and the transition state for deprotonation was calculated from these results and 13C NMR spectra of the 2-tetralone anion in methanol/water mixtures. Although approximately twice as much negative charge is localized on the oxygen than on the enolate carbon in the anion, slightly more charge is on the enolate carbon in the transition state.
Prevalence and reproductive effects of Ureaplasma diversum in beef replacement Heifers and the relationship to blood urea nitrogen level

Abstract A systematic sample of replacement heifers from 5 herds underwent prebreeding vaginal swab cultures for Ureaplasma diversum Heifers from three of the herds were subsequently sampled at pregnancy examination Sampled heifers were given a vaginal lesion score (VLS), reproductive tract score (RTS) and body condition score (BCS), and peripheral blood was collected for serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) estimation Culture results revealed an overall prevalence of Ureaplasma diversum of 51% (87/171) at prebreeding and 65% (64/98) at pregnancy examination. Within herd prevalence ranged from 36% to 64% at prebreeding and 54% to 76% at pregnancy examination Prevalence tended to differ between herds (P = 0.08) At the prebreeding examination, heifers with a BCS of 5 5 or less were more likely to be culture positive than heifers with a BCS greater than 5 5 (p
Action of Inhibitors of RNA and Protein Synthesis on Cell Enlargement

Further studies with inhibitors of protein synthesis are presented to support the conclusion, drawn from work with chloramphenicol, that protein synthesis is a critical limiting factor in auxin-induced cell expansion. The indoleacetic acid-induced elongation of oat coleoptile sections was strongly inhibited by dl-p-fluorophenylalanine, and the inhibition is antagonized by phenylalanine. Puromycin at 10(-4)m very strongly inhibited the indoleacetic acid-induced growth of oat coleoptile and artichoke tuber sections and exerted a less powerful effect on pea stem sections. As found earlier with chloramphenicol, concentrations of puromycin effective in inhibiting the growth of coleoptile sections had quantitatively similar effects on protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of C(14)-leucine into protein of the coleoptile tissue. Several analogues of RNA bases were also tested, but while 8-azaguanine very strongly inhibited growth of artichoke tuber disks, 6-azauracil was the only one of this group clearly inhibitory to growth in coleoptile or pea stem sections. Actinomycin D actively inhibited both elongation and the incorporation of C(14)-leucine into protein in oat coleoptile sections. Inhibition of the 2 processes went closely parallel. Actinomycin D also powerfully inhibited growth of artichoke tuber disks. All the compounds effective in inhibiting growth generally inhibited the uptake of leucine as well. The possibility that auxin causes cell enlargement in plants by inducing the synthesis of a messenger RNA and of one or more new but unstable enzymes, is discussed. Possible but less favored alternative explanations are: A) that auxin induces synthesis of a wall protein, or B) that the continued synthesis of some other unstable protein (by a process independent of auxin) may be a prerequisite for cell enlargement.