cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of CCl4 with Thin D2O Amorphous Ice Films. 2. Variation of Desorption Kinetics with Ice Preparation Conditions and Evidence for Distinct Structures of Low-Density Amorphous Ice

High sensitivity temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPDMS) was employed in order to investigate the desorption kinetics of CCl4 from thin (∼500 ML (ML: monolayer)) amorphous D2O ice films. TPDMS experiments demonstrate that at low coverages CCl4 is trapped in the pores near the surface of microscopically rough ice. Three distinct desorption features, μ-, δ-, and e-CCl4, consistent with the release of trapped CCl4 were observed. The μ-, δ-, and e-CCl4 desorption yields demonstrate high sensitivity to the temperature and rate of ice film deposition. We interpret these results as evidence of the existence of three metastable forms of microporous amorphous ice, Iμ, Iδ, and Ie. Measurements of the relative desorption yields from CCl4 species trapped at the surface of ice films prepared at different temperatures and deposition rates were used in order to estimate the barriers to the diffusion of D2O on the surface of Iδ (EDδ) and Ie (EDe). The values obtained were EDδ = 5 ± 1 kcal mol-1 and E...
Influence of Orifice Orientation on a Synthetic Jet-Boundary-Layer Interaction

Themeanstreamwisevelocitye elddownstreamofasyntheticjetembeddedin aturbulentboundarylayer( Reµ = 830) was investigated experimentally. Of particular interest was the change in the mean e owe eld resulting from changes in the yaw orientation of the rectangular synthetic jet orie ce. Three yaw angles ( ¯ = 0, 10, 20 deg) were considered.Time-averagedandphase-averagedhot-wiremeasurementswereobtainedattwopositionsdownstream of the synthetic jet actuator. The measurements show that when the orie ce is aligned with the mean freestream velocity (¯ = 0 deg), a e ow structure consistent with a weak counter-rotating vortex pair was observed in the boundary layer. For ¯ = 10 deg, the mean streamwise velocity contours suggest the presence of a single vortex in the boundary layer, whereas for ¯ = 20 deg, the e ow structure resembles a horseshoe vortex formed as a result of e ow blockage by the jet.
Active transcription of the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase gene in selenium-deficient rats.

Abstract Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px, Ec.1.11.1.9) is the best characterized selenoenzyme in higher animals. However, neither the mechanism whereby selenium (Se) becomes incorporated into the enzyme nor the level at which the expression of Se-GSH-Px gene is regulated by Se is fully understood. In the current investigation, we have determined the relative rates of the transcription of the Se-GSH-Px gene in purified liver nuclei isolated from rats fed on Se-supplemented or Se-deficient diets. No significant difference in the transcription rates appeared in these two groups. These results are consistent with the previous observations that active message for Se-GSH-Px — that is, translatable mRNA for Se-GSH-Px — is present in Se-deficient tissues (Li et al. , J. Biol. Chem., 265, 108–113, 1990). The data also suggest that the alteration of Se-GSH-Px activity and the corresponding protein and mRNA levels in rats subjected to dietary Se manipulation can be attributed only to post-transcriptional regulation.
Sex difference in alcohol metabolism; androgenic steroid as an inducer of kidney alcohol dehydrogenase

Available genetic evidence on a number of other species shows that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH: 1.1.1.1) seen in liver and kidney of vertebrates is specified by the same gene locus. Also in the case of man and the mouse, ADH from liver and kidney show identical electrophoretic mobilities. Yet, in development, ADH appears much earlier in liver than in kidney, and a twofold sex difference is seen in the amount of ADH contained in adult kidney of mice and man: Kidney ADH activity of adult females is about one-fourth and that of adult males is about one-half of the liver ADH activity. When castrated adult male and female mice are given 10 mg testosterone, kidney ADH activity rises to about the same level as liver ADH. On the basis of the above, we postulate that the ADH locus of kidney but not of liver is under the control of a secondary repressive genetic regulatory mechanism. This genetic block on transcriptional and translational activity of the ADH locus is removed by androgenic steroid which serves as an inducer. As long as this block is completely removed, the ADH locus of kidney functions at about the same innate rate as the ADH locus of liver.
Lessons on the pathogenesis of aneurysm from heritable conditions

Aortic aneurysm is common, accounting for 1–2% of all deaths in industrialized countries. Early theories of the causes of human aneurysm mostly focused on inherited or acquired defects in components of the extracellular matrix in the aorta. Although several mutations in the genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins have been recognized, more recent discoveries have shown important perturbations in cytokine signalling cascades and intracellular components of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus. The modelling of single-gene heritable aneurysm disorders in mice has shown unexpected involvement of the transforming growth factor-β cytokine pathway in aortic aneurysm, highlighting the potential for new therapeutic strategies.
Atropine and Terbutaline Aerosols in Chronic Bronchitis: Efficacy and Sites of Action

To examine the additive properties and the sites of action of inhaled atropine sulfate (0.05 mg/kg of body weight) and terbutaline sulfate (0.005 mg/kg) in patients with chronic airflow obstruction, we tested these aerosols separately and together in a double-blind random sequence. Twelve patients with chronic bronchitis and perennial obstruction of airflow were studied by measuring three indices of efficacy (specific airway conductance [Gsw/Vl], the forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] and the forced vital capacity [FVC]) and three indices of the site of action within the airway (Δ[(Gaw/Vl)/FEV1], the difference between the change in forced expiratory flow at 75 percent of vital capacity and the change in forced expiratory flow at 25 percent of vital capacity, and the change in density dependence of maximal airflow at 50 percent of vital capacity). Both atropine and the combination of atropine and terbutaline improved all indices of efficacy significantly more than did terbutaline. With individual exceptions, the addition of terbutaline to atropine improved Gaw/Vl but not forced airflow. All measures of site of action suggested an advantage for atropine in relatively proximal airways. These results indicate that combined therapy with β-adrenergic and anticholinergic bronchodilator drugs fa marginally more effective than therapy with atropine alone in these patients and suggest that anticholinergic aerosols dilate larger airways more effectively than the β-agonists.
Pericentric X chromosome ascertained during antenatal diagnosis

Abstract A pericentric inversion of an X chromosome [46,X,inv(X)(p11q28] with no detectable deletions was ascertained by amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis in a 42-year-old woman. No defintive counsel could be offered as such an inversion had not been previously reported. At 1 year, the infant appears normal. These data and the review of other recently published karyotypes suggest an absence of a somatic position effect in the human X chromosome and possible biases of ascertainment or possible alternative karyotypic interpretations of some previously reported inv(X) cases.
Design of Multivariable Controllers for Robot Manipulators

The paper presents a simple method for the design of linear multivariable controllers for multi-link robot manipulators. The control scheme consists of multivariable feedforward and feedback controllers. The feedforward controller is the minimal inverse of the linearized model of robot dynamics and contains only proportional-double-derivative (PD2) terms. This controller ensures that the manipulator joint angles track any reference trajectories. The feedback controller is of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) type and achieves pole placement. This controller reduces any initial tracking error to zero as desired and also ensures that robust steady-state tracking of step-plus-exponential trajectories is achieved by the joint angles. The two controllers are independent of each other and are designed separately based on the linearized robot model and then integrated in the overall control scheme. The proposed scheme is simple and can be implemented for real-time control of robot manipulators.
Abstract P3-14-02: Patterns of the use of primary systemic therapy in the United States

Background: Primary systemic therapy (PST) is an accepted alternative to adjuvant systemic therapy of breast cancer. It provides equivalent survival, increased breast conservation rates, and prognostic information. Methods: This analysis assesses patterns of PST use based on information collected by the National Cancer Database (NCDB), a joint project of the American College of Surgeons and the American Cancer Society which captures data on over 70% of all diagnosed breast cancer patients in the U.S. Using the b-participant use file of the NCDB, we evaluated regional, patient, and tumor factors associated with PST use. Results: The NCDB captured 621,319 patients treated with PST from 2006 to 2010. Of these, 7.4% received systemic therapy pre-operatively, and 3.6% in both the pre- and post-operative settings. Factors correlating with timing of therapy are shown in the table. PST use increased steadily from 7.0% to 7.8% (p<0.001) from 2006 to 2010. PST was significantly more frequently used in younger, African-American, Hispanic, low-income, uninsured patients with larger, node positive tumors, living in large metropolitan areas in the West and treated in academic centers. These factors remained significantly and independently associated with PST on multivariate analysis. View this table: Conclusion: PST appears to be underutilized, received by only 7.8% of all patients, 36% of T3-T4 tumors, and 26.0% of clinically node positive patients. However, its rate of use has increased over the past years. There is also significant regional variation in the use of PST, independent of patient and tumor factors. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-14-02.
Jointly produced exhaustible resources

Abstract Natural resources are often produced jointly from composite ores, which in turn are extracted from fixed reserve endowments. In this paper market behavior is examined for such resources, and it is shown how the price of each resource will depend on its demand, and the demands and storage costs for the other resources present in the ore. The measurement of resource scarcity is discussed and the effects of uncertainty over future resource demands are examined. It is shown that the competitive market will still extract, produce, and store at socially optimal rates if firms are risk neutral and the average cost of storage is constant. Policy implications are noted, particularly with reference to government stockpiling programs.
Dynamic Stresses, Coulomb Failure, and Remote Triggering

Dynamic stresses associated with crustal surface waves with 15–30-sec periods and peak amplitudes 5 km). The latter is consistent with the observation that extensional or transtensional tectonic regimes are more susceptible to remote triggering by Rayleigh-wave dynamic stresses than compressional or transpressional regimes. Locally elevated pore pressures may have a role in the observed prevalence of dynamic triggering in extensional regimes and geothermal/volcanic systems.
On the computation of spherical Bessel functions of complex arguments

Abstract In this short paper, problems with existing algorithms for computing spherical Bessel functions of complex arguments are reported. As a remedy, a revised algorithm based on the recurrence is proposed. The upper and lower limits for the starting order that can be used in the backward recurrence to reach a desired accuracy are given. The proposed algorithm is stable and is capable of computing a wide range of arguments approaching machine accuracy.
Hydroxy acids and estolide triglycerides ofHeliophila amplexicaulis L.f. Seed oil

Thirty percent of the fatty acids fromHeliophila amplexicaulis seed oil are hydroxy acids, primarily lesquerolic acid (14-hydroxy-cis-11-eicosenoic acid) with a trace of a new fatty acid, 16-hydroxy-cis-13-docosenoic acid. The hydroxy acids in the oil are found exclusively in the 1 and/or 3 positions of the triglycerides and are completely acylated with C20 or C22 saturated or monoenoic acids.
Observed changes in soyabean growth and seed yield from Abutilon theophrasti competition as a function of carbon dioxide concentration

Summary Soyabean (Glycine max) was grown at ambient and projected levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (+250 μmol mol−1 above ambient) over two field seasons with and without the presence of a weed, Abutilon theophrasti, to quantify the potential effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on weed–crop interactions and potential yield loss in soyabean. Under weed-free conditions, elevated CO2 resulted in stimulations in soyabean seed yield and associated components, including pod number. At an approximate density of 6 plants m−2, A. theophrasti competition resulted in a significant reduction (−40%) in soyabean seed yield. Although differences in seed yield reduction by A. theophrasti were observed as a function of year, the relative decrease in seed yield with A. theophrasti biomass did not differ in response to CO2. Although careful weed management will be necessary if CO2-induced increases in seed yield for soyabean are to be achieved, these data suggest that soyabean seed yield may be more resilient in competition with A. theophrasti as a function of rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.
Pervaporation membranes—a novel separation technique for trace organics

A viable separation of chlorinated hydrocarbons from dilute aqueous solutions has been demonstrated experimentally.
Musical keys and chords recognition using unsupervised learning with infinite Gaussian mixture

This paper presents a Bayesian-based methodology that determines keys and chords of symbolic music using unsupervised learning guided by constraints. An infinite Gaussian mixture, a type of Dirichlet Process mixture, is constructed to model the generative processes of keys and chords. Keys and chords are recognized iteratively by generated key and chord samples using the same algorithm. The model only uses very simple profiles for keys and chords to guide the learning process without the use of training data or rules. The technique is also capable of recognizing key modulations. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach by comparing it against existing methods using 159 songs from the Beatles MIDI collection. The results show that the proposed method performs well in both keys and chords finding.
Local translation of RhoA regulates growth cone collapse

Neuronal development requires highly coordinated regulation of the cytoskeleton within the developing axon. This dynamic regulation manifests itself in axonal branching, turning and pathfinding, presynaptic differentiation, and growth cone collapse and extension. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a secreted guidance cue that primarily functions to repel axons from inappropriate targets, induces cytoskeletal rearrangements that result in growth cone collapse1. These effects require intra-axonal messenger RNA translation. Here we show that transcripts for RhoA, a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that regulates the actin cytoskeleton, are localized to developing axons and growth cones, and this localization is mediated by an axonal targeting element located in the RhoA 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Sema3A induces intra-axonal translation of RhoA mRNA, and this local translation of RhoA is necessary and sufficient for Sema3A-mediated growth cone collapse. These studies indicate that local RhoA translation regulates the neuronal cytoskeleton and identify a new mechanism for the regulation of RhoA signalling.
Electronic structure, stability, and oxidation of boron-magnesium clusters and cluster solids

Electronic structure studies on MgmBn− (1 ≤ n ≤ 15, 0 ≤ m ≤ 3) clusters have been performed to identify the nature of bonding and the origin of stability in the mixed clusters. Boron clusters are found to have planar structures marked by tangential, radial, and π aromaticity. The maximum stability is achieved for when all three types of aromaticity are quenched. The ring like Bn− clusters are shown to be electron deficient for n = 6-8, and the addition of Mg atoms is found to enhance the stability of the boron cluster through ionic bonding that quenches the aromaticity and produces umbrella-like structures. Several species including MgB6−, MgB8−, Mg2B−, and Mg3B7− are found to have the largest Mg binding energies due to this mechanism. The transfer of a single electron from the Mg atom to the boron cluster results in a Mg atom with a half-filled 3s orbital that may serve as an ignition center for combustion. Studies on the MgB7 and MgB4 cluster solids indicate that they are constructed from icosahedral an...
Shrinking symbolic regression over medical and physiological signals

Medical embedded systems of the present and future are recording vast sets of data related to medical conditions and physiology. Linear modeling techniques are proposed as a means to help explain relationships between two or more medical or physiological signal measurements from the same human subject. In this paper a statistical regression algorithm is explored for use in medical monitoring, telehealth, and medical research applications. An essential element in applying linear modeling to physiological data is determining functional forms for the predictor signals. In this paper we demonstrate an efficient method for symbolic regression and model selection among possible transformation functions for the predictor variables. The three-stage method uses LASSO shrinkage regression to select a brief functional form and performs an polynomial lag regression with this form. This method is applied to medical and physiological time series data exploring the link between respiration and blood oxygen saturation percentage in sleep apnea patients. We found that our method for selecting a functional transformation of the predictor variable dramatically improved the goodness of fit of the model according to standard analysis of variance measures. In the dataset examined, the model achieved a multiple R2 of 0.3373, while a plain time-lagged model without transformation or polynomial lags had a R2 of only 0.016. All of the variables in the model produced by the algorithm had high scores in t tests for validity.
Heparinase activity in rat liver.

Abstract Heparin was degraded to oligosaccharides by an endoglycosidase present in rat liver lysosomes. Inorganic sulfate equivalent to approximately one sulfamide bond cleaved per heparin chain was also released in incubations of N-[ 35 S]heparin with crude lysosomal preparations. There was no evidence of exoglycosidase or further sulfamidase activity although oligosaccharides approaching the size of tetrasaccharide were produced. The endoglycosidase has a broad pH-dependence with optimum activity observed at pH 4.4 and intermediate activity at pH 5.5 and 3.8.
Transverse splitting of the gracilis muscle free flap: Maximal use of a single muscle.

The gracilis muscle, based on the dominant pedicle, has been used extensively for free tissue transfer. Recent studies have described the constant anatomy, ease of dissection, and low donor-site morbidity of the distal segmental gracilis free muscle flap. We present three cases of free distal segmental gracilis muscle transfer. In one case, the gracilis muscle was divided transversely into one proximally based and one distally based free flap and used for coverage of two separate wounds in a patient with bilateral open calcaneal fractures. In two cases, the preserved proximal gracilis was used as a reoperative free flap after failure of the initial distal segmental gracilis free muscle. With recent advances in microsurgery and ever-growing demands for low donor-site morbidity, it is important to ensure each free muscle flap harvested is used efficiently. Use of the free distal segmental gracilis muscle flap maximally uses one muscle while minimizing donor site morbidity and retaining the proximal muscle for future uses. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Differential effect of the DBA1 and C57BL10 Y chromosomes on the response to social or other stimuli for offense.

Offense was measured in a homogeneous set test and a standard opponent test for two congenic strains of mice. The two congenic strains were DBA1Bg and DBA1. C57BL10Y-Bg, which differ in the Y chromosome. DBA1 males were more aggressive than DBA.C57BL10-Y males in the homogeneous set test, whereas DBA1.C57BL10-Y males were more aggressive than DBA1 males in the standard opponent test. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that this Y-chromosomal variant affects an individual's response to social or other stimuli for offense rather than its display of social or other stimuli for offense or its fighting propensityper se. It may be that this is a differential response to urinary chemosignals.
Estimating Ambient Vapor Pressures of Low Volatility Explosives by Rising‐Temperature Thermogravimetry

Vapor pressure is a fundamental physical characteristic of chemicals. Some solids have very low vapor pressures. Nevertheless numerous chemical detection instruments aim to detect vapors. Herein we address issues with explosive detection and use thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to estimate vapor pressures. Benzoic acid, whose vapor pressure is well characterized, was used to calculate instrumental parameters related to sublimation rate. Once calibrated, the rate of mass loss from TGA measurements was used to obtain vapor pressures of the 12 explosives at elevated temperature: explosive salts – guanidine nitrate (GN); urea nitrate (UN); ammonium nitrate (AN); as well as mono-molecular explosives – hexanitrostilbene (HNS); cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diaza-tetracyclododecane (TEX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 1,3,3-trinitroazeditine (TNAZ), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and diacetone diperoxide (DADP). Ambient temperature vapor pressures were estimated by extrapolation of Clausius-Clapeyron plots (i.e. ln p vs. 1/T). With this information potential detection limits can be assessed.
Apparent Multi-Valued Friction in Lubricated Contact Systems From Tangential Dynamics

Multi-valued friction is often observed in lubricated contact systems operating under unsteady sliding conditions. It the past, this behavior has been modeled using a measured time delay between changes in sliding velocity and resulting changes in friction. More recent work has revealed that fluctuations in normal separation are the principal cause of this deviation from steady friction behavior. This paper demonstrates that tangential contact dynamics can result in apparent deviations from steady friction which can resemble true deviations found from fluctuations in normal separation. Two different dynamic models are considered. One model accommodates the tangential rider dynamics of a friction test apparatus. The other model considers the prospect of tangential dynamics associated with asperity contacts.
Hydrate dissociation rates in pipelines

Recent laboratory and field data suggest that hydrates form very porous pipeline plugs which transmit pressure freely, while hydrates act as significant flow obstructions. The blocked flow causes an ocean pipeline to rapidly equilibrate to the ocean temperature at 4°C. When the hydrate plug is dissociated through total depressurization of the pipeline, the hydrate plug will be converted to an ice plug which significantly dissociates longer than the hydrate. This work formulates the first dissociation model in rectilinear coordinates. It indicates that there may be an optimum pipeline pressure for the most rapid dissociation of all solid phases resulting from hydrate pipeline blockages. Surprisingly, the high ice thermal diffusivity provides the highest heat flux when some ice is present.
Creation of the horizontal-vertical illusion through imagery

Perception of the horizontal-vertical illusion was examined as a function of imaging ability. Subjects who scored either high or low on this attribute (as assessed by the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, or VVIQ) were asked to image an inducing line or lines of the illusory stimulus. High imagers reported perceiving the illusion whether the inducing line(s) were imaged or were physically present. Also, the magnitude of the illusion as created by imagery-induced lines was equivalent to that produced for physically present lines. Low imagers reported perceiving the illusion only when inducing lines were physically present.
J/ ψ-hadron correlations at STAR

Despite over 30 years of theoretical studies of quarkonia production, the consistent description of J / ψ production mechanism is still missing. At RHIC energies, the main difficulty is the separation of different contributions to the inclusive J / ψ yield, which are direct production, feed-down from excited charmonium states and b -hadron decays. The information about production rates for these processes is also crucial to understand J / ψ in-medium interaction which has been an active field of research for the last 20 years. In this article we discuss the recent results of J / ψ -hadron correlation reported by the STAR collaboration. This measurement was used to constrain the contribution from b -hadron decays to inclusive J / ψ yield at high transverse momentum. We also discuss prospects for using quarkonia-hadron correlation to study quarkonia direct production.
Arp2/3 complex inhibition radically alters lamellipodial actin architecture, suspended cell shape, and the cell spreading process

Recent studies have investigated the dendritic actin cytoskeleton of the cell edge's lamellipodial (LP) region by experimentally decreasing the activity of the actin filament nucleator and branch former, the Arp2/3 complex. Here we extend these studies via pharmacological inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex in sea urchin coelomocytes, cells that possess an unusually broad LP region and display correspondingly exaggerated centripetal flow. Using light and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that Arp2/3 complex inhibition via the drug CK666 dramatically altered LP actin architecture, slowed centripetal flow, drove a lamellipodial-to-filopodial shape change in suspended cells, and induced a novel actin structural organization during cell spreading. A general feature of the CK666 phenotype in coelomocytes was transverse actin arcs, and arc generation was arrested by a formin inhibitor. We also demonstrate that CK666 treatment produces actin arcs in other cells with broad LP regions, namely fish keratocytes and Drosophila S2 cells. We hypothesize that the actin arcs made visible by Arp2/3 complex inhibition in coelomocytes may represent an exaggerated manifestation of the elongate mother filaments that could possibly serve as the scaffold for the production of the dendritic actin network.
Special session - model-eliciting activities: Motivating students to apply and integrate upper-level content in engineering

This interactive session is for engineering faculty interested in curriculum reform, real-world engineering problem-solving aimed at upper-level content, and addressing ABET Criteria. Participants will take part in a Model-Eliciting Activity (MEA) group problem-solving session and learn the fundamental principles for developing an MEA. Participants will gain an understanding of the process involved in making advanced engineering content accessible to undergraduate students through a well-formulated MEA. They will also learn about new and innovative ways to integrate ethics into the classroom and use problem-solving as a means to elicit misconceptions.
Fast Resource Allocation for Network-Coded Traffic - A Coded-Feedback Approach

In this paper, we develop a fast resource allocation algorithm that takes advantage of intra-session network coding. The algorithm maximizes the total utility of multiple unicast (or multicast) sessions subject to capacity constraints, where packets are coded within each session. Our solution is a primal solution that does not use duality or congestion prices. Thus, it does not require building up queues to achieve the optimal resource allocation. Hence, the queueing delay of the packets can be tightly controlled. The existing primal solution in the literature requires a separate graph-theoretic algorithm to find the min-cut of each session, whose complexity grows quadratically with the total number of nodes. In contrast, we provide a new coded-feedback approach whose complexity grows only linearly with the total number of nodes. More explicitly, by letting the ACK/feedback packets on the return paths also carry coding coefficients as does the forward coded traffic, key network information can be obtained more efficiently, which leads to a fast resource allocation scheme fully integrated with the network coding operation.
Structure and stability of Fe3C-cementite surfaces from first principles

Abstract We report results of gradient-corrected pseudopotential-based density functional theory calculations on bulk Fe 3 C in the cementite structure and its (0 0 1), (1 1 0), (0 1 1), (1 0 0), (1 0 1), (0 1 0), and (1 1 1) surfaces. Bulk properties are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data. The cementite local density of states shows predominantly metallic character, along with some polar covalent bonding contributions (charge transfer from iron to carbon) for both bulk and surfaces. We predict cementite surface energies in the range of 2.0–2.5 J/m 2 , most of which are lower than all pure Fe surface energies. In particular, we predict the Fe 3 C (0 0 1) surface to be the most stable and the Fe 3 C (1 0 0) surface to be the least stable. We show that greater stability is associated with localized Fe–C bonding at the surface, smoother surfaces created, e.g., by large C atom relaxation into the bulk, and more uniform coordination at the surface. The relatively greater stability of Fe 3 C surfaces is suggested to provide the driving force for cementite to form at the surfaces of bcc iron. Implications for the carburization erosion mechanism for steel, such as cracking and melting, are discussed.
Exploiting sparseness in deep neural networks for large vocabulary speech recognition

Recently, we developed context-dependent deep neural network (DNN) hidden Markov models for large vocabulary speech recognition. While reducing errors by 33% compared to its discriminatively trained Gaussian-mixture counterpart on the switchboard benchmark task, DNN requires much more parameters. In this paper, we report our recent work on DNN for improved generalization, model size, and computation speed by exploiting parameter sparseness. We formulate the goal of enforcing sparseness as soft regularization and convex constraint optimization problems, and propose solutions under the stochastic gradient ascent setting. We also propose novel data structures to exploit the random sparseness patterns to reduce model size and computation time. The proposed solutions have been evaluated on the voice-search and switchboard datasets. They have decreased the number of nonzero connections to one third while reducing the error rate by 0.2–0.3% over the fully connected model on both datasets. The nonzero connections have been further reduced to only 12% and 19% on the two respective datasets without sacrificing speech recognition performance. Under these conditions we can reduce the model size to 18% and 29%, and computation to 14% and 23%, respectively, on these two datasets.
On the norm of the hyperinterpolation operator on the unit disc and its use for the solution of the nonlinear Poisson equation

In this article, we study the properties of the hyperinterpolation operator on the unit disc D in ℝ 2 . We show how hyperinterpolation can be used in connection with the Kumar―Sloan method to approximate the solution of a nonlinear Poisson equation on the unit disc (discrete Galerkin method). A bound for the norm of the hyperinterpolation operator in the space C(D) is derived. Our results prove the convergence of the discrete Galerkin method in the maximum norm if the solution of the Poisson equation is in the class C 1,δ (D), δ > 0. Finally, we present numerical examples which show that the discrete Galerkin method converges faster than O(n ―k ), for every k ∈ N if the solution of the nonlinear Poisson equation is in C°°(D).
Embracing the hybrid model: Working at the intersections of virtual and physical learning spaces

The creation of new learning environments should embrace both virtual and real spaces. This chapter explores options for integrating these two modes of learning and offers e-learning and learning environment integration and design implications.
Turbo equalisation based detectors in wideband synchronous multiuser CDMA networks

Multipoint-to-point CDMA networks have been the primary focus in multiuser interference suppression research, where the recent development of the turbo MMSE detector promises near interference-free performance at an acceptable complexity. The complementary case, namely point-to-multipoint transmission, is increasingly becoming more important since traffic on the forward link is likely to be substantially higher, particularly for data. The paper presents the notion of mitigating multiuser interference in the forward link - where under orthogonal spreading, multiuser interference arises only due to the frequency selectivity of the medium - via equalisation. MMSE and turbo-MMSE equalisation-based receivers are developed. They are observed to mitigate significantly multiuser interference in the forward link of a wireless LAN. A turbo configuration, where the front-end equaliser is a linear MMSE equaliser in the earlier passes and a decision-feedback MMSE equaliser in later passes, is found to deliver especially good results. The relevance of such approaches to the multicell CDMA forward link is also discussed in relation to recent trends that tie pricing to the quality of service provided.
Macroscopic and unitary properties of physiological ion flux through T‐type Ca2+ channels in guinea‐pig heart cells.

1. We sought to distinguish two types of Ca2+ channel in guinea-pig ventricular cells (T-type and L-type) and to characterize their respective gating and permeation properties when Ca2+ (1-10 mM) is the charge carrier, as is the case physiologically. 2. Na+ was removed from both the external and internal solutions to eliminate currents through Na+ channels and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange. Major differences in the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation were exploited to separate the two Ca2+ current components. 3. From a holding potential of -50 mV, only L-type channels were available to open with depolarization. When holding at -90 mV, T-type channels contributed an additional rapidly inactivating component superimposed upon the L-type current. Only the L-type channels thus identified were sensitive to the dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker nitrendipine. 4. T-type currents, measured by taking the difference between the currents elicited from a holding potential of -90 mV and those elicited from -50 mV, peaked within 10 ms and decayed completely within 50-100 ms. 5. Macroscopic T-type currents were largest during depolarizing pulses between -40 and -30 mV (peak current density of 0.62 +/- 0.21 nA nF-1) and decreased at more positive potentials, becoming unmeasurably small above 0 mV. 6. Unitary currents recorded with similar ionic conditions and voltage protocols exhibited a single-channel conductance of 4-5 pS in 10 mM Ca2+. Ensemble average currents through a single channel reproduced accurately the time course of whole-cell T-type current. Permeation properties could not explain the absence of macroscopic T-type currents at positive test potentials, which must therefore be attributable to gating. 7. Convolution analysis was employed to clarify the single-channel basis of the rapidly decaying current waveform of T-type channels. The latencies to first opening and reopening, which reflect activation and deactivation, influenced the waveform most strikingly. Open times were sufficiently brief that they contributed little to shaping the average current. Thus, macroscopic inactivation largely reflects rate-limiting activation events. 8. The unitary current amplitudes and peak open probabilities measured for single T-type channels, when compared to the average macroscopic T-type current density, predict 10.6 functional channels per picofarad, or approximately 1700 T-type channels per typical ventricular myocyte.
Empirical Evidence on Swanson's Tri-Core Model of Information Systems Innovation

Research in IS innovation has been isolated and fragmented. These studies typically examine single innovations and do not effectively integrate notions of IS innovation with organizational innovation. Swanson Swanson, E. B. 1994. Information systems innovation among organizations. Management Sci.409 1069--1088. extends the prior dual-core model of innovation into a tri-core model specifically for the unique nature of IS innovation. This model provides a useful typology of IS innovation that can form the foundation for innovation theory in this important area. In this paper we present Swanson's tri-core model of IS innovation along with preliminary data to test aspects of the model proposed by Swanson. Adoption of ten IS innovations is studied using two analyses, one based only on adopter sub-samples and the other using a more rigorous treatment of nonadopters based on survival analysis. The objective of this study is simple---to test theory and encourage continued focused inquiry in IS innovation. The results of this study provide partial support for the proposed hypotheses, leading us to conclude on an optimistic note regarding the viability of this model as an integrating frame-work for IS innovation.
Assume-Guarantee Verification for Interface Automata

Interface automata provide a formalism capturing the high level interactions between software components. Checking compatibility, and other safety properties, in an automata-based system suffers from the scalability issues inherent in exhaustive techniques such as model checking. This work develops a theoretical framework and automated algorithms for modular verification of interface automata. We propose sound and complete assume-guarantee rules for interface automata, and learning-based algorithms to automate assumption generation. Our algorithms have been implemented in a practical model-checking tool and have been applied to a realistic NASA case study.
Legal information retrieval a hybrid approach

SCALIR is a legal information retrieval system which uses a combination of symbolic and connectionist artificial intelligence techniques. Traditional systems used for automating legal research have many difficulties which make them “brittle”; SCALIR is an attempt to rectify many of these problems. SCALIR's hybrid nature is especially appropriate for the legal domain, which requires both logical and associative inferences. The system also benefits from a unique direct-manipulation style interface and the ability to improve its performance based on user feedback.
Screening of Benzoylecgonine in Urine by Cyclobond Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance TLC

Abstract A method is described for screening of the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine in urine at 0.2 μ/ml using a Cyclobond cyclodex−trin solid phase extraction cartridge and high performance thin layer chromatography. Results are compared with those obtained using liquid-liquid and diatomaceous earth column extraction and C-18 solid phase extraction.
Machine recognition of partial shapes using feature vectors

A new concept for examining shapes as vectors in a shape space is described. The shape space is defined in terms of its properties and the importance of the independence of the size variable to the shape vectors. Also, two theorems essential to the process of comparing partial shapes to the complete shape are stated and proved. A new method for detecting the points on a shape that appear to dominate visual perception is described. This method, called the adaptive line of sight method, detects the dominant points on a shape even though they do not always occur on points of high curvature. The critical points determined by this method are based on a set of axes that are dependent on the shape itself. Therefore, the points determined are independent of size, rotation, or relative displacement. The line of sight of a point concept is also introduced and subsequently utilized to extract features from a shape. These features are then compared to the features of other shape by a syntactic procedure for the purpose of recognizing whether a shape is a partial shape or a shape in its own right.
Visualizing the RAGE: Molecular Imaging After MI Provides Insight Into a Complex Receptor

Changes in left ventricular (LV) myocardial structure (remodeling) often occurs after a myocardial infarction (MI) and contributes to the progression to heart failure. Although it is clear there is no single pathway or event that contributes to adverse LV remodeling after MI, the inflammatory
Development And Evaluation of a System Dynamics Model for Investigating Agriculturally Driven Land Transformation in the North Central United States

Land transformation from grassland to cropland in the Northern Great Plains (NGP) has become a growing concern among many stakeholders. A growing body of work has sought to determine the amount and rate of land use change with less emphasis on the systemic structures or feedback processes of land use decisions. This paper presents the development of a system dynamics simulation model to integrate ecological, economic, and social components influencing land use decisions, including cattle ranching, cropland production, rural communities, land quality, and public policies. Evaluation indicated that the model satisfactorily predicted historical land, agricultural commodity, and rural community data from the model structure. Reference modes for key variables, including the farmland area, were characterized by a bias correction of 0.999, root mean squared error of prediction of 0.053, R2 of 0.921, and concordance correlation coefficient of 0.0959. The model was robust under extreme and varying sensitivity tests, as well as adequately predicting land use under changing system context. The model's major contributions were the inclusion of decision-making feedbacks from economic and social signals with connectivity to land quality and elasticity values that drive land transformation. Limitations include lack of spatial input and output capabilities useful for visual interfacing.
Biological investigations of the deep sea. No. 48. Phyllosoma larvae of a scyllarid lobster, Arctides guineensis, from the western Atlantic

A series of scyllarid phyllosoma larvae obtained from plankton in the western Atlantic is described and illustrated. The earliest stages are not represented; the larvae reported range in length from 6 to 59 mm. They are characterized by a narrow, elongated cephalic shield, a broad thorax, a great proportional length of the eyestalk, and by a short dactyl of the fourth pereiopod. There is no direct evidence to establish the parentage of these phyllosomas. By their geographic distribution and the elimination of other species to which larvae have been previously assigned, they are provisionally referred to the scyllarid lobster Arctides guineensis (Spengler).
Basic Mechanics Characteristics and Yield Criterion System of Geomaterials

After comparing the difference of material properties and the induced difference of mechanics characteristics between metals and geomaterials,it was concluded that geomaterials were frictional materials with multiphase and had frictional properties.The frictional characteristics of geomaterials in elastic state and limit state were analyzed respectively.The triple shear energy yield criterions of geomaterials of Gao Hong and Zheng Ying-ren were introduced in detail,and the formulations in some special conditions were presented and compared with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion,then the triple shear energy and the triple shear Drucker-Prager criterion were put forward.At last,the commonly used stress and strain yield criterions as well as energy yield criterion were summarized and compared in every country.
Analysis of food contamination caused by metal contaminants in Jiangxi in 2010

Objective:To monitor metal contaminants in local foods in Jiangxi Province and carry on an evaluation as a result to the monitoring.Methods:Lead,cadmium and mercury were monitored in 1239 samples from 8 kinds of food including grain,vegetables,aquatic products and meat etc.Aluminum content was tested in 122 flour products.Results:The passing percents of Pb,Cd,Hg,Al were 95.9%,98.5%,99.5% and 75.4% in Jiangxi local foods in 2010.Cadmium and mercury pollution in edible mushroom was comparatively serious,and the cadmium unqualified rate was 8.3%.Some kidney samples were contaminated by lead and mercury,and the maximum of mercury was 0.95 mg/kg.The aluminium pollution in fried flour products was most severe,and the average content was 185 mg/kg,the unqualified rate was 86.7%.Conclusion:It is necessary to further strengthen metal contaminants monitoring,particularly the supervision and management of booths selling fried twisted dough and enterprises manufacturing edible mushroom.
Service system performance and integration: a baseline profile of the ACCESS demonstration sites. Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Supports.

OBJECTIVE Networks of agencies at the 18 demonstration sites in the Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Supports (ACCESS) program for homeless persons with serious mental illness were surveyed to profile baseline levels of systems performance and integration as part of a longitudinal evaluation of systems change and client outcomes. METHODS Interviews were conducted with a representative from each of 875 agencies in the 18 service networks. Information was obtained about the perceived performance of the service system and the extent of systems integration as measured by client referrals, funds exchanges, and information sharing between agencies. Measures consisted of two multi-item scales assessing the accessibility and coordination of services for the target population in each community and four indexes of interagency relationships. RESULTS Services at baseline for homeless mentally ill persons at the program sites were rated as relatively inaccessible, and the coordination of services between agencies was rated as even more problematic. Interagency ties were largely based on client referrals and information exchanges, with very few instances of funding transfers in the form of contracts or grants. On average, at baseline agencies that had received an ACCESS grant were better connected to their local service network than were other agencies. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the premise of the ACCESS demonstration, services for persons who are homeless and mentally ill in urban America are fragmented and not very accessible. The longitudinal design of the evaluation will allow for an assessment of efforts to improve services and systems integration and of the effects of these improvements on client outcomes.
Appendix: Implementation Issues

In this appendix we sketch the design of an implementation of the Hornlog and HE †-refutation methods on an abstract parallel model. A serial implementation is a straightforward specialization of this material and is based on a breadth-first expansion strategy which includes flags for handling first and last cases.