cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Combination of Time-Varying Loads

The total responses experienced by a system are often due to distinct and independent contributors. For example, during atmospheric flight a launch vehicle and its spacecraft will experience loads from sources such as dynamic pressure, turbulence/gust, buffet, and thrust oscillation and vectoring. Because of the complexity of the phenomena, each contributor must be established in separate analyses. To obtain a total, the separate results must be combined. There are several combination equations, and three of these are assessed herein bymeans ofMonteCarlo simulations and mathematical analysis. It will be demonstrated that the equation based on the envelope functions of Gaussian response time histories provides a reasonable bound and that the form of the equation in which all contributors are root-sum-squared will frequently underpredict the correct total.
Sol-Gel Iridium Oxide-Based pH Sensor Array on Flexible Polyimide Substrate

Iridium oxide pH sensing film is demonstrated with wide pH-sensing ranges, high durability, and small drifts in potentials. Using sol-gel process, a lower fabrication cost and less labor-intensive method, to deposit iridium oxide thin films for pH sensing is reported previously by our group with expected advantages. In this paper, we fabricate and test pH sensing characteristics of 4 × 4 anhydrous iridium oxide thin-film electrode arrays on flexible substrates. The sensors in arrays exhibit Nernstian potential responses in the range of 57.0-63.4 mV/pH. Stability, repeatability, and hysteresis effects of the pH sensor arrays are examined. A multichannel recording system is built to demonstrate the functionality of the pH sensor arrays in monitoring spatial and temporal pH changes across a surface.
Low Temperature Synthesis of Porous NZP Ceramics

Porous phase-pure NaZr2(PO4)3 monoliths were synthesized at 850°C from gels that precipitated as a consequence of mixing water-soluble precursors. The sintering temperature was limited to 850°C to permit densification in a range where NZP exhibits a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Attempts to maximize mechanical properties were made by both physical and chemical means. Particulate hydroxyapatite (HAp) was physically blended with the precipitated gels to template the crystallization of NZP. Copper nitrate was dissolved into solution as a sintering aid to stimulate liquid-phase sintering during firing. NZP made without these additives attained a specific surface area of 30 m2/g. The addition of HAp reduced the internal surface area to 5 m2/g. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy did not detect the presence of HAp in the fired samples, indicating it had been consumed during firing. Copper nitrate decomposed to CuO and its presence as a sintering aid resulted in enhanced densification and greater strengths. The presence of 5% CuO (as copper nitrate) together with 5% HAp resulted in a 40% volume shrinkage during firing. The tensile strength attained for this composition was 20 MPa as compared with that of approximately 8 MPa for the compositions fired without additives.
Does aging intensify the insulin resistance of human obesity

Relative insulin sensitivity in aging and obesity was studied during 6-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp procedures in seven nonobese weight-matched premenopausal (Pre-M) and postmenopausal (Post-M) women and in nine weight-matched obese Pre-M and Post-M subjects. Peripheral glucose disappearance rates (Rd) and endogenous glucose production rates (EGPR) were measured during baseline (0-2 h) and at insulin delivery rates of 10 (2-4 h) and 40 mU/m2.min (4-6 h). Baseline Rd and EGPR were comparable in the four groups. In Pre-M nonobese women, Rd rose 1.6- and 4-fold above baseline, respectively, at 2-4 and 4-6 h. In all other groups Rd did not change at the lower insulin delivery rate and rose only 2-fold above baseline at the higher delivery rate. EGPR was suppressed 61% and 100% at the two insulin infusion rates, respectively, in Pre-M nonobese subjects. Similar normal suppression was observed in Post-M nonobese individuals. However, in both obese groups, EGPR suppression was comparable and significantly...
Carbon dioxide-induced acidosis in pregnant rats and caries susceptibility of their progeny.

SummaryRespiratory acidosis in the rat induced by exposure to 30% carbon dioxide in 70% oxygen previous to the 10th day of gestation significantly increased the severity of dental caries in the offspring subsequently fed a cariogenic skim milk diet. This treatment did not have any significant effect when applied after the 15th day of pregnancy.
Linewidth measurement with an optical microscope: the effect of operating conditions on the image profile.

A theoretical model of the optical microscope based on the theory of partial coherence is used to predict the image profiles of lines on IC photomasks and assess factors contributing to measurement errors for different conditions of microscope operation. A comparison of experimental and theoretical image profiles is given, showing good agreement with theory for a 0.9 N.A. and linewidths as small as 0.5 microm. The primary sources of differences appear to be edge quality and accuracy of focus. The theory indicates that for well-corrected microscope optical systems, spectrally filtered to eliminate longitudinal chromatic aberration and chromatic difference of magnification, accurate determinations of linewidth may be made from the image profile using a threshold of 25% of maximum intensity (corrected for finite background transmittance in the opaque region). The correspondence between the edge location and the 25% threshold appears to be nearly invariant with small amounts of defocus and spherical aberration as well as variation in the numerical aperture of the condenser.
Spatially explicit forest harvest scheduling with difference equations

Spatially explicit harvest scheduling models optimize the layout of harvest treatments to best meet management objectives such as revenue maximization subject to a variety of economic and environmental constraints. A few exceptions aside, the mixed-integer programming core of every exact model in the literature requires one decision variable for every applicable prescription for a management unit. The only alternative to this “brute-force” method has been a network approach that tracks the management pathways of each unit over time via four sets of binary variables. Named after their linear programming-based aspatial predecessors, Models I and II, along with Model III, which has no spatial implementation, each of these models rely on static volume and revenue coefficients that must be calculated pre-optimization. We propose a fundamentally different approach that defines stand volumes and revenues as variables and uses difference equations and Boolean algebra to transition forest units from one planning period to the next. We show via three sets of computational experiments that the new model is a computationally promising alternative to Models I and II.
Transient Response in a Z-Level Ocean Model That Resolves Topography with Partial Cells

Ocean simulations are in part determined by topographic waves with speeds and spatial scales dependent on bottom slope. By their very nature, discrete z-level ocean models have problems accurately representing bottom topography when slopes are less than the grid cell aspect ratio Dz/Dx. In such regions, the dispersion relation for topographic waves is inaccurate. However, bottom topography can be accurately represented in discrete zlevel models by allowing bottom-most grid cells to be partially filled with land. Consequently, gently sloping bottom topography is resolved on the scale of horizontal grid resolution and the dispersion relation for topographic waves is accurately approximated. In contrast to the standard approach using full cells, partial cells imply that all grid points within a vertical level are not necessarily at the same depth and problems arise with pressure gradient errors and the spurious diapycnal diffusion. However, both problems have been effectively dealt with. Differences in flow fields between simulations with full cells and partial cells can be significant, and simulations with partial cells are more robust than with full cells. Partial cells provide a superior representation of topographic waves when compared to the standard method employing full cells.
Image management and communications for radiology

The authors address radiology image management and communication systems (IMAC) in the context of hospital-wide patient care activities. Some features of radiology imaging operations are discussed along with a specific example of the image capable network now under development at Georgetown University Medical Center. Some detail and specific data on operational aspects of radiology service within a hospital are also described. >
Mediated (nonactive) transport of glucose in Mammalian cells and its regulation.

Mediated (nonactive) transport of glucose in mammalian cells is characterized by saturation kinetics, stereospecificity, sensitivity to inhibition by phlorizin and certain sulfhydryl-blocking agents, a temperature coefficient of about 2, an inability to utilize metabolic energy, and countertransport. Countertransport can be explained by the development of carrier gradients in the cell membrane and provides the best evidence for carrier mobility. Efforts to identify and isolate chemical components of the transport system, have not been successful. Transport among different types of mammalian cells shows a wide range of activities (Vmax values differ by three or more orders of magnitude) and different sensitivities to hormones. Glucose enters the liver cell by mediated transport, as shown by a difference in the penetration rates of D- and L-glucose and sensitivity to phlorizin. The activity of the system is one of the highest known. Transport in muscle is the most important rate-controlling step for glucose utilization and is strongly accelerated by hypoxia, work, and insulin. The effect of work or insulin is strongly inhibited by metabolism, of fatty acids. Insulin also stimulates glucose transport in adipose tissue. Using isolated fat cells, it could be shown that insulin is rapidly bound to sites on the cell surface. The effect is lost within a few minutes after the exogenous hormone is removed. The bound insulin is not released as such, but is metabolized to unknown products. Binding is prevented by preexposure of cells to maleimide, which presumably blocks certain sulfhydryl groups at or near the insulin-binding site. Pretreatment with insulin protects against maleimide. Digestion of the cell with trypsin eliminates the acceleration of glucose transport and the inhibition of lipolysis by insulin. The glucose transport and adenyl cyclase systems are not grossly affected by trypsin, indicating that the insulin effector system is a separate entity.
Human osteosarcomas inhibit hematopoietic colony formation: Partial reversal by antibody to transforming growth factor-β1

Abstract Recently we found that primary human osteoblast-like cells (HOBs) support hematopoietic progenitor cells (assayed by colony formation in methylcellulose) and long-term culture initiating (LTC-IC) activity in vitro. In the present investigation, we evaluate whether human osteosarcoma cells share in these activities. We observed that relative to controls, significantly fewer hematopoietic colonies were formed in the presence of HOS TE85, MG-63, SaOS-2, or U2-OS human osteosarcomas. In addition, neither MG-63 or SaOS-2 cells supported hematopoietic progenitor cell activity or LTC-IC activity in vitro. We established that the suppressive activity produced by the osteosarcomas is soluble, correlated with osteosarcoma cell number and is partially neutralized with antibody to TGF-β1,2,3. While it is clear that the osteosarcomas express several phenotypic characteristics of primary human osteoblasts, these data suggest that they may be functionally disregulated with regard to their ability to support normal hematopoiesis. For these reasons, caution should be exercised when evaluating osteoblastic and hematopoietic cell interactions based purely on the use of osteosarcoma cell lines.
Prandtl number dependence of unsteady natural convection along a vertical plate in a stably stratified fluid

The Prandtl number dependence of unsteady laminar natural convection along an infinite vertical plate in a thermally stratified fluid is investigated. Flows are induced by an impulsive (step) change in plate temperature and by a suddenly imposed plate heat flux. Analytical solutions of the viscous equations of motion and thermodynamic energy are obtained for Prandtl numbers near unity by the method of Laplace transforms and a regular perturbation expansion. The zeroth-, first- and second-order terms in the expansion are obtained for an impulsive change in plate temperature, while the zeroth- and first-order terms are obtained for a sudden application of a plate heat flux. The developing boundary layers are thicker, more vigorous, and more sensitive to the Prandtl number at smaller Prandtl numbers ( 1). The analytical results are confirmed and extended with results from numerical simulations for Prandtl numbers strongly deviating from unity. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multiple resolution segmentation of textured images

A multiple resolution algorithm is presented for segmenting images into regions with differing statistical behavior. In addition, an algorithm is developed for determining the number of statistically distinct regions in an image and estimating the parameters of those regions. Both algorithms use a causal Gaussian autoregressive model to describe the mean, variance, and spatial correlation of the image textures. Together, the algorithms can be used to perform unsupervised texture segmentation. The multiple resolution segmentation algorithm first segments images at coarse resolution and then progresses to finer resolutions until individual pixels are classified. This method results in accurate segmentations and requires significantly less computation than some previously known methods. The field containing the classification of each pixel in the image is modeled as a Markov random field. Segmentation at each resolution is then performed by maximizing the a posteriori probability of this field subject to the resolution constraint. At each resolution, the a posteriori probability is maximized by a deterministic greedy algorithm which iteratively chooses the classification of individual pixels or pixel blocks. The unsupervised parameter estimation algorithm determines both the number of textures and their parameters by minimizing a global criterion based on the AIC information criterion. Clusters corresponding to the individual textures are formed by alternately estimating the cluster parameters and repartitioning the data into those clusters. Concurrently, the number of distinct textures is estimated by combining clusters until a minimum of the criterion is reached. >
Mapping the diffusion of scholarly knowledge among major U.S. research institutions

This paper reports the results of a large scale data analysis that aims to identify the production, diffusion, and consumption of scholarly knowledge among top research institutions in the United States. A 20-year publication data set was analyzed to identify the 500 most cited research institutions and spatio-temporal changes in their inter-citation patterns. A novel approach to analyzing the dual role of institutions as producers and consumers of scholarly knowledge and to study the diffusion of knowledge among them is introduced. A geographic visualization metaphor is used to visually depict the production and consumption of knowledge. The highest producers and their consumers as well as the highest consumers and their producers are identified and mapped. Surprisingly, the introduction of the Internet does not seem to affect the distance over which scholarly knowledge diffuses as manifested by citation links. The citation linkages between institutions fall off with the distance between them, and there is a strong linear relationship between the log of the citation counts and the log of the distance. The paper concludes with a discussion of these results and future work.
Effect of a Spectrometer Magnet on Thie Beam-Beam Interaction

The presence of experimental apparatus in the interaction regions of an intersecting beam accelerator changes the configuration of the crossing beams. This changes the space-charge forces with respect to the standard, magnet-free crossing. The question is: what is the maximum allowable perturbation caused by the spectrometer magnet that can be tolerated from the point of view of the beam dynamics. This paper is limited to the perturbations that the curved trajectories cause the beam-beam space charge nonlinearities. The question has arisen of how one defines the strength of the perturbation. The only solution is to compute the strength of the most important nonlinear resources. In what follows, the computational method used in calculating these resonances is described, and compared with those induced by random orbit errors.
Pregnancy Reverses Hypertensive Remodeling of Cerebral Arteries

Previous studies have shown that pregnancy prevents hypertensive remodeling of cerebral arteries. In the present study, we sought to determine whether pregnancy could reverse preexisting remodeling. Nonpregnant virgin Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the NO synthase inhibitor nitro-l-arginine (0.5 g/L in drinking water) for 2 weeks before mating, after which treatment continued until late gestation for a total of 5 weeks. Pregnant animals with preexisting hypertension (n=6) were compared with nonpregnant animals that were treated with nitro-l-arginine for either 2 (n=8) or 5 (n=9) weeks and compared with nontreated controls (n=8). Blood pressure, passive and active diameters, wall thickness, media thickness, and passive distensibility of cerebral arteries were compared between groups. Treatment with nitro-l-arginine caused a significant increase in mean arterial pressure in all of the groups compared with controls that was sustained for the entire study: 103+/-3 versus 137+/-2, 141+/-4, and 140+/-7 mm Hg (P<0.01). Both 2 and 5 weeks of hypertension caused inward eutrophic remodeling in nonpregnant animals, characterized by decreased inner and outer lumen diameters and no change in media thickness. Pregnancy reversed this remodeling, because late-pregnant animals with preexisting hypertension had inner and outer diameters similar to controls. Passive distensibility was significantly less, and active myogenic tone increased in all of the hypertensive animals, independent of pregnancy. These results demonstrate that pregnancy reverses preexisting hypertensive remodeling of cerebral arteries without a decrease in blood pressure. This reversal of protective remodeling during hypertension in pregnancy may be detrimental by lowering the upper limit of autoregulation, whereas blood pressure remains elevated.
The coffee bean sign.

An 89-year-old woman presented to our emergency department (ED) with a 4-day history of abdominal pain and vomiting. The physical exam revealed hypotension and a distended abdomen with generalized tenderness. Laboratory studies revealed hyperkalemia and elevated creatinine, lactate, and troponin. Given her hemodynamic instability, an emergent noncontrast abdominal computed tomography (CT) was obtained (Figs. 1 and ​and22). Fig. 1 Scout film of the CT abdomen, demonstrating the findings on a plain film Fig. 2 CT abdomen, revealing a twisted loop of sigmoid forming two large air-filled compartments with a central double wall ending at the point of the twist (white arrow) The patient was diagnosed with sigmoid volvulus. Sigmoid volvulus is the third leading cause of large bowel obstruction, behind cancer and diverticulitis [1]. Her CT scan revealed marked distention of the sigmoid colon and rectum with abundant stool in the rectum. The coronal image demonstrated a twisted loop of sigmoid with two air-filled compartments and a central double wall ending at the point of the twist, referred to as the “coffee bean” sign. This has also been observed in abdominal X-rays and is highly suggestive of sigmoid volvulus [2]. The diagnostic accuracy of plain X-rays ranges from 30 to 90%, depending on the experience of the interpreting physician [3]. When an X-ray is equivocal, contrast enema or a CT scan can be helpful [4]. Pseudo-obstruction and cecal volvulus can mimic sigmoid volvulus radiographically; however, this is rare [5]. Given the risk of gut ischemia, necrosis, and perforation, prompt management of sigmoid volvulus is warranted. Management with rectal tube placement can often be attempted. Surgery is recommended for patients with signs of bowel gangrene, peritonitis, or who fail nonoperative management [6]. Our patient and her family opted for comfort care only.
A beginner's guide to eukaryotic genome annotation

The falling cost of genome sequencing is having a marked impact on the research community with respect to which genomes are sequenced and how and where they are annotated. Genome annotation projects have generally become small-scale affairs that are often carried out by an individual laboratory. Although annotating a eukaryotic genome assembly is now within the reach of non-experts, it remains a challenging task. Here we provide an overview of the genome annotation process and the available tools and describe some best-practice approaches.
Design of Piezoresistive MEMS-Based Accelerometer for Integration with Wireless Sensing Unit for Structural Monitoring

The use of advanced embedded system technologies such as microelectromechanical system ~MEMS! sensors and wireless communications hold great promise for measuring the response of civil structures to ambient and external disturbances. In this paper, the design of a high-performance, planar piezoresistive MEMS accelerometer is discussed in detail. The piezoresistive accelerometer pos- sesses superior performance characteristics including low noise densities when measuring local structural responses characterized by high-frequency content. A low-cost wireless sensing unit, designed for automated structural monitoring, is utilized to record and wirelessly transmit measurements obtained by the piezoresistive accelerometer. To validate the performance of the wireless monitoring system including the interfaced piezoresistive accelerometer, a five degrees-of-freedom laboratory test structure is utilized.
Bidding for storage space in a peer-to-peer data preservation system

Digital archives protect important data collections from failures by making multiple copies at other archives, so that there are always several good copies of a collection. In a cooperative replication network sites "trade" space, so that each site contributes storage resources to the system and uses storage resources at other sites. Here, we examine bid trading: a mechanism where sites conduct auctions to determine who to trade with. A local site wishing to make a copy of a collection announces how much remote space is needed, and accepts bids for how much of its own space the local site must "pay" to acquire that remote space. We examine the best policies for determining when to call auctions and how much to bid, as well as the effects of "maverick" sites that attempt to subvert the bidding system. Simulations of auction and trading sessions indicate that bid trading can allow sites to achieve higher reliability than the alternative: a system where sites trade equal amounts of space without bidding.
An analysis of screen reader use in India

We present the results of two surveys and a qualitative interview-based study with users of screen readers in India. Our early interviews moved us in the direction of examining patterns that differentiate users of two particular software applications -- the dominant market standard JAWS and the free, open source challenger NVDA. A comparison between the two is timely and particularly relevant to issues elsewhere in the developing world. In the short term, the question of choosing one application over another could be based on price and support for custom-made applications, but in the long term, issues of language support are likely to be of concern as well. We explore software adoption behavior and present results that show the relationship between the quality of audio and peoples' willingness to use one software over another. We also compare the switch from JAWS to NVDA to other kinds of switches from dominant software to open source options. In conclusion, we discuss the business aspects of screen readers and examine why the comparison between these two applications is particularly important in the discussion on accessible personal computing for people with vision impairments in the developing world.
On the existence and structure of inertial boundary currents in a stratified ocean

An investigation is made of the properties of inertial boundary currents in a stably stratified, inviscid, non-diffusive ocean. The Boussinesq and β-plane approximations are adopted. The formalism developed by Robinson (1965) is used: the equations are transformed so that density replaces the vertical coordinate as an independent variable, and after a suitable non-dimensionalization of variables, the various fields are expanded as power series in the downstream co-ordinate η. The motion is shown to conserve potential vorticity. The equations and boundary conditions are obtained to order η2. Solutions are obtained in the region of formation of the coastal jet (i.e. the case of no mass flux through the plane η = 0) for several cases in which the potential vorticity function depends on stream function and density in a simple way. For these cases, it is found that in a constant depth ocean, a boundary current can exist only if the geostrophic drift at the boundary-layer edge is westward at all depths. This constraint is relaxed if the depth increases rapidly enough in the downstream (northward) direction. For slopes just in excess of the critical value, a deep onshore counter-current is predicted. Solutions of the first-order problem, using realistic values of the various parameters, have been computed and are found to be in qualitative agreement with observed features of the Florida Current.In an appendix, it is shown that the constraint of westward geostrophic drift at all levels must hold in a flat-bottomed ocean for arbitrary potential vorticity distributions consistent with stable stratification.
Morphological studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from Connecticut waters (U.S.A.)

Abstract Several fragilarioid diatoms were found in surface sediment samples from Connecticut (U.S.A.) as part of a paleolimnological study on a set of 60 freshwater lakes. Observation of acid-digested material under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed morphological variants of Staurosira and Stauroforma absent or seldom illustrated in the literature. Morphological variants of Staurosira reported here could be misidentified during routine ecological analyses due to limitations at the light microscopy (LM) level and because identification keys do not incorporate descriptions of such morphs. SEM observations also revealed the existence of two new fragilarioid taxa in 3 of the 60 Connecticut lakes. One of the new taxa is described here as Pseudostaurosira trainorii sp. nov. and appears to be distributed in fresh and brackish waters. For the second taxon, Pseudostaurosiropsis, nov. gen., is described based mainly on areolar and closing plate structure, features that are visible only at higher SEM magn...
Obstacle avoidance in multi-vehicle coordinated motion via stabilization of time-varying sets

In this paper, we review the recent results on stability and control for time-varying sets of nonlinear time-varying dynamical systems and utilize them for the problem of multi-vehicle coordinated motion in the context of obstacle avoidance where obstacles are approximated and enclosed by elliptic shapes. Specifically, we design distributed controllers for individual vehicles moving in a specified formation in the presence of such obstacles. The obstacle avoidance algorithm that we propose is based on transitional trajectories which are defined by a set of ordinary differential equations that exhibit a stable elliptical limit cycle. The control framework is implemented on the system of double integrators and is shown to globally exponentially stabilize moving formation of the agents in pursuit of a leader while ensuring obstacle avoidance.
Lobar pneumonia treated by Musgrave Park physicians

SUMMARY In the decade 1935-45 the treatment of lobar pneumonia in the developed and warring world underwent a series of evolutions—anti-sera, specific anti-sera, refinement of sulpha drugs, sulpha and anti-sera, the introduction of penicillin for bacteriology, then ophthalmology, and then for penicillinsensitive bacterial infections such as lobar pneumonia with its many Cooper types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Penicillin for civilian use was essentially banned in World War II, a ban that early in 1941 two Musgrave Park physicians tried to circumvent. Strict secrecy on the details of penicillin production was enforced. The treatment option chosen by the Musgrave Park physicians in 1941, and the non-availability of penicillin led to sequelae affecting the post-Belfast careers of both patient and physicians.
Investigations in the numerical behavior of the adaptive rank-revealing QR factorization

We present a tracking procedure based on the rank-revealing QR (RRQR) factorization and investigate its numerical properties by applying it to the direction-of-arrival problem. We address numerical issues raised by the related work proposed earlier by Prasad et al. (1991), and we compare the performance of the proposed algorithm to that obtained using an EVD-based technique.
Color quantization and image analysis for automated fruit quality evaluation

Machine vision has become an important non-destructive visual inspection technology for automation in the past two decades. Using machine vision for production automation can reduce operating costs and increase product value and quality. For agricultural products, color is often a good indicator of product quality and maturity. This paper presents a novel image-dependent color quantization technique designed specifically for real-time color evaluation in production automation applications. In contrast with more complex color space conversion techniques, the proposed method makes it easy for a human operator to specify and adjust color-preference settings for different color groups representing distinct quality or maturity levels. The performance of this robust color quantization and image analysis technique in evaluating fruit maturity and detecting skin delamination defects is demonstrated using Medjool date samples collected from field testing.
Some reduced-order non-Riccati equations for linear least-squares estimation : the stationary, single-output case†

The problem of determining the Kalman—Bucy filter for an n-dimensional single-output model is the topic of this paper. Both the discrete-time case and continuous-time case are considered. The model processes are assumed to be stationary. It is shown that, under certain regularity conditions, only n first-order difference or differential equations are required for determining the error covariance function, and hence also the filter gain, rather than 1/2n(n + 1) equations as with the Riccati approach or 2n as in the previous non-Riccati algorithm. This reduction is achieved by constructing a system of simple integrals for the 2n non-Riccati equations. The reduced-order algorithms have non-trivial steady-state versions, which are equivalent to the algebraic equations obtained by spectral factorization. The stationary and single-output assumptions are for convenience. In fact, the basic method works also in a more general setting.
Weapon Bias Split-Second Decisions and Unintended Stereotyping

Race stereotypes can lead people to claim to see a weapon where there is none. Split-second decisions magnify the bias by limiting people's ability to control responses. Such a bias could have important consequences for decision making by police officers and other authorities interacting with racial minorities. The bias requires no intentional racial animus, occurring even for those who are actively trying to avoid it. This research thus raises difficult questions about intent and responsibility for racially biased errors.
Herbivore-Algae Predator-Prey Model

Let us develop a simple predator-prey model to see that even without migration, the system can exhibit a wide range of responses, not just a simple population crash. Assume that the prey are algae in a pond on which an herbivore grazes. The data for this problem have been invented. Its input data, parameters, and initial conditions would normally be determined by experiment.
Dosimetric evaluation of the interplay effect for non-respiratory-gated VMAT treatment of moving targets with high dose rate FFF beams

Dose deviations caused by the interplay effect can be reduced by decreasing dose rate for intensity modulated radiation therapy. It is questionable whether FFF dose rate will increase dose deviations for VMAT. This work evaluates the interplay effect using a moving phantom to simulate tumor motion for non-respiratory-gated VMAT using FFF beams, and investigates the impact of dose rate.
Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of the Artery Occluded in Cardiac Infarction

Conclusions1. Infarction of the anterior wall of the left ventricle is always associated with occlusion of the left coronary artery. Infarction of the posterior wall of the left ventricle, in the absence of anomalies, is almost always associated with occlusion of the right coronary artery.2. When the infarction involves the anterior wall, the elevation of the R-T segment of the electrocardiogram is in leads I and II, and conversely when in the posterior wall, the elevation of the R-T segment is in leads II and III.3. Knowing the roe of the right coronary artery in the supply of the posterior wall of the left ventricle, when we encounter a case of coronary occlusion in which the electrocardiogram shows R-T elevation in leads II and III, we can say with reasonable certainty that the occlusion is in the right coronary artery provided there is no anomaly of that artery.4. It has been demonstrated that the site of infarction and artery occluded can be accurately located during life.
Study on Performance of Scale Inhibitors Used for Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization

This paper illustrates the Scale Inhibition and Optimize concentration of three scale inhibitors(NS-1,NC-2和NL-3) for desulfurization.In laboratory,pH buffer tests and Coupon crystallization tests were done for comparative analysis.The results show that the NL-3 formula has the best comprehensive benefits.
A method for percutaneous insertion of permanent transvenous pacemaker electrodes

A method is described for percutaneous insertion of permanent transvenous pacemaker electrodes through the right internal jugular vein by means of a cardiac catheterization sheath. The technique is simple, rapid, and safe, and it has not been associated with any complications.
Mechanisms of Sound Localization in Two Functionally Distinct Regions of the Auditory Cortex

The auditory cortex is necessary for sound localization. The mechanisms that shape bicoordinate spatial representation in the auditory cortex remain unclear. Here, we addressed this issue by quantifying spatial receptive fields (SRFs) in two functionally distinct cortical regions in the pallid bat. The pallid bat uses echolocation for obstacle avoidance and listens to prey-generated noise to localize prey. Its cortex contains two segregated regions of response selectivity that serve echolocation and localization of prey-generated noise. The main aim of this study was to compare 2D SRFs between neurons in the noise-selective region (NSR) and the echolocation region [frequency-modulated sweep-selective region (FMSR)]. The data reveal the following major differences between these two regions: (1) compared with NSR neurons, SRF properties of FMSR neurons were more strongly dependent on sound level; (2) as a population, NSR neurons represent a broad region of contralateral space, while FMSR selectivity was focused near the midline at sound levels near threshold and expanded considerably with increasing sound levels; and (3) the SRF size and centroid elevation were correlated with the characteristic frequency in the NSR, but not the FMSR. These data suggest different mechanisms of sound localization for two different behaviors. Previously, we reported that azimuth is represented by predictable changes in the extent of activated cortex. The present data indicate how elevation constrains this activity pattern. These data suggest a novel model for bicoordinate spatial representation that is based on the extent of activated cortex resulting from the overlap of binaural and tonotopic maps. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Unlike the visual and somatosensory systems, spatial information is not directly represented at the sensory receptor epithelium in the auditory system. Spatial locations are computed by integrating neural binaural properties and frequency-dependent pinna filtering, providing a useful model to study how neural properties and peripheral structures are adapted for sensory encoding. Although auditory cortex is necessary for sound localization, our understanding of how the cortex represents space remains rudimentary. Here we show that two functionally distinct regions of the pallid bat auditory cortex represent 2D space using different mechanisms. In addition, we suggest a novel hypothesis on how the nature of overlap between systematic maps of binaural and frequency selectivity leads to representation of both azimuth and elevation.
Evidence for an Aldosterone-Mediated, Na-Dependent Activation of Na,K-ATPase in the Cortical Collecting Tubule

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an evidence for an aldosterone-mediated, Na-dependent activation of Na, K–ATPase in the cortical collecting tubule. Numerous efforts have been made to delineate the mechanisms by which aldosterone stimulates Na transport in various target epithelia. Included among these mechanisms is the hypothesis that alterations in Na, K–ATPase activity have a role in the mineralocorticoid stimulation of Na transport. Certain investigators have proposed that Na, K–ATPase in the kidney is induced directly by aldosterone, whereas others maintain that aldosterone-induced changes in renal Na, K–ATPase are secondary to an increased entry of Na across the luminal membrane. Experiments have utilized an ultra-micro enzymatic assay for Na, K–ATPase in individual, lyophilized nephron segments. This assay provides the ability to detect picomole quantities of inorganic phosphate in nanoliter incubation volumes. As the cortical collecting tubule (CCT) is a putative nephron target segment for aldosterone, the chapter focuses on this portion of the nephron.
Lessons learned regarding simulator sickness in older adult drivers

The present paper examines simulator adaptation syndrome (SAS) as a barrier to simulator use for older adults. A brief description of the phenomenon is provided and its history discussed. There are generally three domains in which to make changes to alleviate the problem. Changes to the simulator, the scenarios, and the participants are viable avenues to reducing the effects of SAS. The experiences of the author's attempts to deal with high attrition rates among older adults in research and in a driving evaluation scenario are described and successful strategies are presented.
Opportunities, welfare, and social justice: a review of Fishkin's bottlenecks

In his Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity, Joseph Fishkin claims he presents an entirely new way of thinking about equality of opportunity. The core of the new theory is the call for opportunity pluralism, which consists in enlarging the range of opportunities available to people at every stage in life. In this essay, we discuss how successful Fishkin is at shaking the way economists think about equality of opportunity. We identify two aspects of Fishkin's theory that deeply conflict with economic theories of equality of opportunity. Those aspects have to do with the way economists interpret the ethical values of respect for preferences and responsibility. We also argue that the way Fishkin suggests to look at opportunities can help economists fill gaps in the way they define well-being and social justice.
Workflow for Processing Manuscripts in Automated Systems

In January of 1983, Stanford began formal involvement in the Title II-C RLIN Manuscripts format project which included Yale University, Cornell University, and the Hoover Institution, in addition to the Stanford University Archives and Department of Special Collections. The first year of the project at Stanford involved laying a solid foundation consisting of implementation of short-term project procedures and long range planning. The 1983 project report for the Stanford University Archives and Department of Special Collections stated, Integration of the RLIN format into existing departmental procedures was the goal towards which all newly instituted procedures, guidelines, and standards were pointed. . . .
Emphysematous pyelonephritis with Dengue hemorrhagic fever: A successful medical management of a fatal scenario

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a life threatening acute necrotizing infection with associated gas formation involving the renal parenchyma and perinephric tissues. Dengue fever, according to the WHO, is the most rapidly spreading mosquito borne viral infection in the world. Dengue Hemorrgahic Fever is a more severe form of dengue fever and is characterized by fever, bleeding manifestations, plasma leakage and thrombocytopenia. This is a case of a 56 year old female, who presented with history of fever, headache, myalgia and dysuria; and was diagnosed to have emphysematous pyelonephritis with Dengue Hemorrgahic Fever. She was successfully managed with intravenous antibiotics and platelet transfusions, without any urological interventions. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(5) 2017 101-103
An Acute Event in a Newborn

Please view the video of a newborn with an acute event. The most likely diagnosis for the infant in this video is a(n): 1. Sudden unexpected postnatal collapse 2. Brief resolved unexplained event 3. Ductal-dependent congenital heart lesion 4. Severe combined immune deficiency 5. Inborn error of metabolism ### Case The 3-kg female infant described in this case was born at 39 weeks’ gestation to a 31-year-old gravida 2, para 2 woman via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Prenatal maternal laboratory testing revealed blood type A positive with unremarkable serologic findings. Rupture of membranes occurred 7 hours before delivery and the amniotic fluid was clear. The infant emerged active and had an Apgar score of 9 at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. The infant was then placed skin to skin with her mother. Subsequently, the infant was breastfed and fell asleep in her mother’s arms. Within 2 hours, the nurse found the infant to be limp and cyanotic. A full resuscitation was initiated with positive pressure ventilation and chest compressions, and the infant underwent intubation. An umbilical venous catheter was placed and 2 doses of epinephrine were administered. However, after 20 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the infant remained asystolic so resuscitative efforts were stopped and the infant was pronounced dead. A postmortem examination and case review was unrevealing about underlying infectious, metabolic, or structural etiologies. A diagnosis of sudden unexpected postnatal collapse was rendered. ### Sudden Unexpected Postnatal Collapse A “new” clinical entity has been characterized in the European, Australian, and United States literature, which has been called by various names including sudden unexpected postnatal collapse (SUPC). (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) This sudden collapse occurs in apparently healthy term newborns soon after birth, commonly during initial skin-to-skin contact or the initial breastfeeding session. (1)(2)(7) Video 1 depicts a simulated case of SUPC …
Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy for inhaled allergens and predictive biomarkers.

Allergen immunotherapy is effective in patients with IgE-dependent allergic rhinitis and asthma. When immunotherapy is given continuously for 3 years, there is persistent clinical benefit for several years after its discontinuation. This disease-modifying effect is both antigen-specific and antigen-driven. Clinical improvement is accompanied by decreases in numbers of effector cells in target organs, including mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Immunotherapy results in the production of blocking IgG/IgG 4 antibodies that can inhibit IgE-dependent activation mediated through both high-affinity IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and low-affinity IgE receptors (FceRII) on B cells. Suppression of T H 2 immunity can occur as a consequence of either deletion or anergy of antigen-specific T cells; induction of antigen-specific regulatory T cells; or immune deviation in favor of T H 1 responses. It is not clear whether the altered long-term memory resides within the T-cell or the B-cell compartment. Recent data highlight the role of IL-10–producing regulatory B cells and "protective" antibodies that likely contribute to long-term tolerance. Understanding mechanisms underlying induction and persistence of tolerance should identify predictive biomarkers of clinical response and discover novel and more effective strategies for immunotherapy.
Prevalence of Meibomian Gland Atrophy in a Pediatric Population.

Purpose To report the prevalence of meibomian gland atrophy and gland tortuosity in a pediatric population. Methods Participants who presented with no history of dry eye disease or meibomian gland dysfunction were recruited from the Duke University Eye Center. Meibography was performed and subjective symptoms were assessed through the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire. Grading of images was assessed by a masked rater using a previously validated 5-point meiboscale (0-4) for gland atrophy and a 3-point scale for gland tortuosity (0-2). Results Ninety-nine eyes of 99 participants (50 females) aged 4 to 17 years (mean 9.6 years) were imaged. The mean meiboscore was 0.58 ± 0.80 (mean ± SD) for gland atrophy and 0.45 ± 0.64 for tortuosity. In all subjects, 42% (n = 42) had any evidence of meibomian gland atrophy (meiboscore >0) and 37% (n = 37) had any evidence of meibomian gland tortuosity. The majority of subjects had mild gland atrophy. No significant association was found between age, sex, or race and presence of gland atrophy. Males were significantly more likely to have gland tortuosity (P = 0.0124, odds ratio 3.36). Conclusions This study reveals a relatively high level of mild meibomian gland atrophy in the pediatric population, though moderate-severe gland atrophy was also present in this young population. This calls into question our current understanding of baseline gland architecture and suggests that perhaps clinicians should be examining young patients for meibomian gland atrophy and dysfunction because it may have implications for future development of dry eye disease.