cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ecological perspective on theory, methods, and analysis in environmental psychology: Advances and challenges

Over the course of environmental psychology's brief history, there has been an interest in ecologically oriented approaches to theory and research. Based on this work, this paper identifies a set of six principles of ecological analysis that present theoretical, methodological, and analytic challenges to future research in environmental psychology. These challenges include the theoretical treatment of the multiple contexts within which human experience and behavior occurs, the need for sampling both persons and environments, the modeling of moderating and mediating processes, the issue of self-selection into and out of different settings, the necessity of considering temporal factors in environmental research, reliance on single methods (e.g., verbal report) in data generation, cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs, and the need for greater use of statistical techniques developed for contextual (multi-level) research. These issues are discussed and illustrated using recent developments in environmentally oriented research. The paper concludes with a set of 11 recommendations for the future.
A capabilities-based model for adaptive organizations

Multiagent systems have become popular over the last few years for building complex, adaptive systems in a distributed, heterogeneous setting. Multiagent systems tend to be more robust and, in many cases, more efficient than single monolithic applications. However, unpredictable application environments make multiagent systems susceptible to individual failures that can significantly reduce its ability to accomplish its overall goal. The problem is that multiagent systems are typically designed to work within a limited set of configurations. Even when the system possesses the resources and computational power to accomplish its goal, it may be constrained by its own structure and knowledge of its member's capabilities. To overcome these problems, we are developing a framework that allows the system to design its own organization at runtime. This paper presents a key component of that framework, a metamodel for multiagent organizations named the Organization Model for Adaptive Computational Systems. This model defines the requisite knowledge of a system's organizational structure and capabilities that will allow it to reorganize at runtime and enable it to achieve its goals effectively in the face of a changing environment and its agent's capabilities.
Thrombolyse écho-guidée artérielle et veineuse simultanée pour phlegmasia cerulea dolens

La phlegmasia cerulea dolens est un etat rare dans lequel une thrombose veineuse profonde etendue peut partiellement ou completement occlure la sortie veineuse du membre affecte. La presentation clinique est typiquement caracterisee par un oedeme, la cyanose, et la douleur du membre. Cette condition est associee a un taux eleve d'amputation et de mortalite. Bien que de nombreux traitements aient ete decrits, il n'y a aucun consensus generalise de traitement et des formes moins invasives de traitement continuent d'emerger. Nous rapportons un cas de phlegmasia cerulea dolens chez un patient qui s'est presente avec une thrombose arterielle et veineuse concomitante du membre affecte. Le patient fut traite avec succes en utilisant une thrombolyse echo-guidee intra-arterielle et intraveineuse combinee dirigee par catheter.
The global economy and Japanese bank performance

Outlines the characteristics of Japanese keiretsu (vertically integrated firms interlinked through industrial groups) and reviews the history of financial keiretsu and associated research. Compares the performance of Japanese and US banks 1989‐2000; and examines Japanese bank profit inefficiency by developing a mathematical model and applying it to 1992‐1999 bank data. Shows a “zig‐zag” pattern of profitability change over the period and concludes that the Japanese banking industry is “barely holding its own in profitability”. Points out the particular importance of this to the real economy in Japan and briefly considers the implications for government policy.
Site at Which α-Ethyltryptamine Acts To Inhibit the Secretion of ACTH

α-Ethyltryptamine inhibits ACTH secretion in surgically stressed dogs. It does not appear to act directly on the pituitary because it was without effect on the high level of ACTH secretion in dogs with “hypothalamic islands.” It blocked the increase in ACTH secretion produced by stimulation of the femoral nerve, stimulation of the caudal end of the medulla oblongata, and stimulation of the bundle of Schiitz and the mammillary peduncle in dogs with stereotaxically implanted electrodes. However, stimulation of the ventral hypothalamus, and particularly the median eminence, produced an increase in 17-hydroxycorticoid secretion which was not blocked by α-ethyltryptamine. Therefore, it appears that α-ethyltryptamine produces inhibition of ACTH secretion by an action on the hypothalamus, and it is suggested that it may prevent stimulation of the CRF-secreting neurons by impulses in the incoming afferent fibers. (Endocrinology 76: 526,1965)
Electromyographic Analysis of Selected Muscles During the Lateral Step-up Exercise

The purpose of this study was to determine electromyographically if significant differences in level of electrical activity in the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles occurred during the concentric and eccentric phases of a 4- and 8-in lateral step-up exercise. Twenty-nine subjects with no pathological condition of the knees participated in the study. The surface electromyograms obtained were processed by linear envelope detectors and normalized, in percentage, to a maximum voluntary contraction of each subject. Within-muscle differences, step height, and contraction type were tested with a two-way analysis of variance. Results revealed that the average values for muscular activity, depending on the height and direction, ranged from 24 percent to 60 percent for vastus medialis, 8 percent to 23 percent for rectus femoris, 3 percent to 9 percent for biceps femoris, and 4 percent to 9 percent for semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles. All muscles were significantly more active at the 8-in height than at the 4-in height. The concentric phase produced significantly greater activity (p less than .001) than the eccentric phase at each height except for semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles, where no significant difference existed. The results of this study are discussed with respect to the limited role that the tested hamstrings and quadriceps femoris muscles play in preventing anterior shear of the tibia during the lateral step-up exercise.
Reflections on the revolution in health and foreign policy

reflect increasing interest in, and con-cern about, the relationship between health and foreign policy. Such inten-sified attention signals awareness of a transformation in this relationship that is leaving its imprint on the protection and promotion of health nationally and internationally. This transformation remains incompletely understood and raises difficult questions about how the making and implementation of foreign policy will deal with health in the future. These questions suggest that WHO and its members are experiencing a transition in the global politics of public health, a transition perhaps more profound than the one signalled by the establishment of WHO in 1946. The revolution in the relationship between health and foreign policy represents the nascent forma-tion of a new global social contract for health.
Focal damage to macaque photoreceptors produces persistent visual loss.

Insertion of light-gated channels into inner retina neurons restores neural light responses, light evoked potentials, visual optomotor responses and visually-guided maze behavior in mice blinded by retinal degeneration. This method of vision restoration bypasses damaged outer retina, providing stimulation directly to retinal ganglion cells in inner retina. The approach is similar to that of electronic visual protheses, but may offer some advantages, such as avoidance of complex surgery and direct targeting of many thousands of neurons. However, the promise of this technique for restoring human vision remains uncertain because rodent animal models, in which it has been largely developed, are not ideal for evaluating visual perception. On the other hand, psychophysical vision studies in macaque can be used to evaluate different approaches to vision restoration in humans. Furthermore, it has not been possible to test vision restoration in macaques, the optimal model for human-like vision, because there has been no macaque model of outer retina degeneration. In this study, we describe development of a macaque model of photoreceptor degeneration that can in future studies be used to test restoration of perception by visual prostheses. Our results show that perceptual deficits caused by focal light damage are restricted to locations at which photoreceptors are damaged, that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to track such lesions, and that adaptive optics retinal imaging, which we recently used for in vivo recording of ganglion cell function, can be used in future studies to examine these lesions.
NET METHYL MERCURY PRODUCTION VERSUS WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS: TRADE-OFFS IN POLLUTION CONTROL

In a system with mercury contamination, there are trade-offs between beneficial functions of a wetland and environmental risk of methyl mercury (MeHg) production. This project used five wetland mesocosms with three different experimental designs to assess the potential for nutrient, sediment, and total mercury (THg) removal and MeHg production associated with a proposed a large-scale wetland system. The latter was suggested for the mouth of Steamboat Creek (Nevada, USA) at the confluence with the Truckee River. Steamboat Creek has been documented to have high mercury concentrations and is a major source of nutrients to the river. Mesocosms that had creek sediments as the base and creek water as inflows resulted in decreasing THg concentration by 72–82%. Average percent nitrogen and phosphorus and suspended solids removal were 43%, 30%, and 70%, respectively. Net MeHg production was observed during spring, summer, and fall months; however, in the winter, these mesocosms acted as a sink. One wetland mesocosm with sediments low in mercury and creek water showed similar trends. Mesocosms with creek sediments and water low in mercury were a source of MeHg year round, with outflow concentrations 10 to 200 times that in the inflow. Based on the developed data, the environmental risk of the proposed large-scale wetland would be an increase of methyl mercury concentration in creek water that reaches the Truckee River by as much as 20 to 75%. However, the wetland would also be a significant sink for nutrients, suspended solids, and total mercury, decreasing the amount of mercury available for methylation downstream.
Intercellular Transfer of a Soluble Viral Superantigen

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) superantigens (vSAgs) can undergo intercellular transfer in vivo and in vitro such that a vSAg can be presented to T cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that do not express the superantigen. This process may allow T-cell activation to occur prior to viral infection. Consistent with these findings, vSAg produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was readily transferred to class II IE and IA (H-2k and H-2d) proteins on a B-cell lymphoma or mouse splenocytes. Fixed class II-expressing acceptor cells were used to demonstrate that the vSAg, but not the class II proteins, underwent intercellular transfer, indicating that vSAg binding to class II MHC could occur directly at the cell surface. Intercellular transfer also occurred efficiently to splenocytes from endogenous retrovirus-free mice, indicating that other proviral proteins were not involved. Presentation of vSAg7 produced by a class II-negative, furin protease-deficient CHO variant (FD11) was unsuccessful, indicating that proteolytic processing was a requisite event and that proteolytic activity could not be provided by an endoprotease on the acceptor APC. Furthermore, vSAg presentation was effected using cell-free supernatant from class II-negative, vSAg-positive cells, indicating that a soluble molecule, most likely produced by proteolytic processing, was sufficient to stimulate T cells. Because the membrane-proximal endoproteolytic cleavage site in the vSAg (residues 68 to 71) was not necessary for intercellular transfer, the data support the notion that the carboxy-terminal endoproteolytic cleavage product is an active vSAg moiety.
Triangle mesh-based surface modeling using adaptive smoothing and implicit surface texture integration

Presents a framework of surface modeling from multi-view range data. The input to the algorithms are triangle meshes, each of which is from a single view range scan. The triangle meshes generated from raw data are first processed by the proposed area decreasing flow for surface denoising. Although the proposed flow is mathematically equivalent to the mean curvature flow, it can avoid the difficulty in curvature estimation and provide an optimal flowing step size. We introduce an adaptive triangle mesh smoothing scheme based on crease edge strength of each vertex using tensor voting of the normal vector field inside a geodesic window. The smoothing result makes surface normal estimation more accurate which is then used in surface mesh integration. Based on Hilton's implicit surface-based method, surfaces from multiple views are integrated into a single 3D model. We incorporate color images to generate textured models. The algorithms are successfully applied to surface modeling from range data using two types of range scanners.
Multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring in gastroesophageal reflux disease

The role of acid is very well established in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease and acid suppression constitutes the main approach to its medical treatment. With the current frequent use of proton pump inhibitors, we are seeing increasing numbers of patients in whom symptoms persist despite pharmacological acid suppression. Reflux monitoring has been traditionally performed through esophageal pH measurement to detect acid reflux (i.e., drops in esophageal pH to below 4.0). Multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH measurement constitutes an important development in reflux monitoring because, in addition to detecting acid reflux, it enables measurement of nonacid reflux (i.e., with a pH > 4.0, also known as ‘weakly acidic’ for pH > 4 but 7), which may be responsible for symptoms in some patients who are being treated with proton pump inhibitors. This review describes the approach to measuring nonacid reflux, the possible mechanisms responsible for symptom...
Comparative studies of chromatographic properties of silica-based amide-bonded phases under hydro-organic conditions

The basic chromatographic properties of silica-based amide-bonded phases possessing unsubstituted or substituted aromatic rings were evaluated using retention measurements carried out for simple probe molecules such as alkylbenzenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. An octylamide phase, the chromatographic properties of which have been investigated previously, was used as a reference material in the current work.
T Helper 1 and T Helper 2 Cells Are Pathogenic in an Antigen-specific Model of Colitis

Dysregulated T cell responses to enteric bacteria have been implicated as a common mechanism underlying pathogenesis in rodent models of colitis. However, the bacterial species and T cell specificities that induce disease have been poorly defined. We have developed a model system in which target antigen, bacterial host, and corresponding T cell specificity are defined. OVA-specific T cells from DO11.RAG-2−/− TCR transgenic mice were transferred into RAG-2−/− recipients whose intestinal tracts were colonized with OVA-expressing or control Escherichia coli. Transfer of antigen-naive DO11.RAG-2−/− T cells into recipients colonized with OVA-E. coli resulted in enhanced intestinal recruitment and cell cycling of OVA-specific T cells; however, there was no development of disease. In contrast, transfer of polarized T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 populations resulted in severe wasting and colitis in recipients colonized with OVA-expressing but not control E. coli. The histopathologic features of disease induced by Th1 and Th2 transfers were distinct, but disease severity was comparable. Induction of disease by both Th1 and Th2 transfers was dependent on bacterially associated OVA. These results establish that a single bacterially associated antigen can drive the progression of colitis mediated by both Th1 and Th2 cells and provide a new model for understanding the immunoregulatory interactions between T cells responsive to gut floral antigens.
Development of Periodic Unsteady Turbulent Wakes in a Curved Channel at Zero Streamwise Pressure Gradient

The development of turbomachinery wake flows is influenced by streamline curvature and streamwise pressure gradient. This paper is a part of a comprehensive experimental and analytical study on the development of the steady and periodic unsteady turbulent wakes in curved channels at different longitudinal (streamwise) pressure gradients. The development of periodic unsteady wakes in a curved channel at zero longitudinal pressure gradient is reported in this paper. Instantaneous velocity components of the periodic wakes, measured using a X-hot-film probe, are analyzed by employing phase-averaging techniques. The temporal distribution of phase-averaged velocity and Reynolds stress components obtained in stationary frame of reference are transformed to a relative spatial coordinate system. The profiles of the velocity and Reynolds stress distribution in relative spatial coordinate system and similarity coordinates are consistent with the measurements of the wake development behind stationary cylinder in the same curved channel. NOMENCLATURE b� = wake width C,� = resultant relative velocity d� = diameter of wake generating cylinder N� = total number records for phase-averaging Q� = any arbitrary instantaneous quantity � = ensemble average or phase-average
Dynamic lithium-ion battery model for system simulation

Presents here a complete dynamic model of a lithium ion battery that is suitable for virtual-prototyping of portable battery-powered systems. The model accounts for nonlinear equilibrium potentials, rate- and temperature-dependencies, thermal effects and response to transient power demand. The model is based on publicly available data such as the manufacturers' data sheets. The Sony US18650 is used as an example. The model output agrees both with manufacturer's data and with experimental results. The model can be easily modified to fit data from different batteries and can be extended for wide dynamic ranges of different temperatures and current rates.
Mental Health and Bullying in the United States Among Children Aged 6 to 17 Years

This article examines the association between mental health disorders and being identified as a bully among children between the ages of 6 and 17 years. Data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health were examined. A total of 63,997 children had data for both parental reported mental health and bullying status. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression was performed to assess the association between mental health status and being identified as a bully with an age-stratified analysis and sub-analysis by type of mental health disorder. In 2007, 15.2% of U.S. children ages 6 to 17 years were identified as bullies by their parent or guardian. Children with a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, or depression had a threefold increased odds of being a bully. The diagnosis of depression is associated with a 3.31 increased odds (95% CI = [2.7, 4.07]) of being identified as a bully. Children with anxiety and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had similar odds. The diagnosis of a mental health disorder is strongly associated with being identified as a bully. In particular, depression, anxiety, and ADHD are strongly associated with being identified as a bully. These findings emphasize the importance of providing psychological support to not only victims of bullying but bullies as well. Understanding the risk profile of childhood bullies is essential in gaining a better grasp of this public health problem and in creating useful and appropriate resources and interventions to decrease bullying.
Myoarchitecture and connective tissue in hearts with tricuspid atresia

Objective—To compare the atrial and ventricular myoarchitecture in the normal heart and the heart with tricuspid atresia, and to investigate changes in the three dimensional arrangement of collagen fibrils. Methods—Blunt dissection and cell maceration with scanning electron microscopy were used to study the architecture of the atrial and ventricular musculature and the arrangement of collagen fibrils in three specimens with tricuspid atresia and six normal human hearts. Results—There were significant modifications in the myoarchitecture of the right atrium and the left ventricle, both being noticeably hypertrophied. The middle layer of the ventricle in the abnormal hearts was thicker than in the normal hearts. The orientation of the superficial layer in the left ventricle in hearts with tricuspid atresia was irregular compared with the normal hearts. Scanning electron microscopy showed coarser endomysial sheaths and denser perimysial septa in hearts with tricuspid atresia than in normal hearts. Conclusions—The overall architecture of the muscle fibres and its connective tissue matrix in hearts with tricuspid atresia differed from normal, probably reflecting modelling of the myocardium that is inherent to the malformation. This is in concordance with clinical observations showing deterioration in pump function of the dominant left ventricle from very early in life. Keywords: tricuspid atresia; congenital heart defects; connective tissue; fibrosis
The wp Mutation of Glycine max Carries a Gene-Fragment-Rich Transposon of the CACTA Superfamily

We used soybean (Glycine max) cDNA microarrays to identify candidate genes for a stable mutation at the Wp locus in soybean, which changed a purple-flowered phenotype to pink, and found that flavanone 3-hydroxylase cDNAs were overexpressed in purple flower buds relative to the pink. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and RNA gel blots of purple and pink flower isolines, as well as the presence of a 5.7-kb transposon insertion in the wp mutant allele, have unequivocally shown that flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene 1 is the Wp locus. Moreover, the 5.7-kb insertion in wp represents a novel transposable element (termed Tgm-Express1) with inverted repeats closely related to those of other Tgms (transposable-like elements, G. max) but distinct in several characteristics, including the lack of subterminal inverted repeats. More significantly, Tgm-Express1 contains four truncated cellular genes from the soybean genome, resembling the Pack-MULEs (Mutator-like transposable elements) found in maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), and Arabidopsis thaliana and the Helitrons of maize. The presence of the Tgm-Express1 element causing the wp mutation, as well as a second Tgm-Express2 element elsewhere in the soybean genome, extends the ability to acquire and transport host DNA segments to the CACTA family of elements, which includes both Tgm and the prototypical maize Spm/En.
The coplanar waveguide-fed electronically tunable slotline ring resonator

A coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed slotline ring resonator has been developed and integrated with varactor diodes to create an electronically tunable planar resonator. The resonator can be electronically tuned over a 23% bandwidth from 3.03 to 3.83 GHz with a 4.5+or-1.5-dB variation in insertion loss. A wider tuning range can be obtained for a greater insertion loss variation. The resonator is truly planar, offering ground planes and a center conductor on one side of the substrate which allows easy series or shunt insertion of devices. Monolithic implementation can be accomplished without via holes to ground devices which should reduce processing complexity and increase yields. >
Gender roles in animated cartoons: has the picture changed in 20 years?

This study is an update of research done primarily in the 1970s on gender representation in children's cartoons. In the present study, 175 episodes of 41 different cartoons were coded for numbers and demographic characteristics of male, female, and androgynous characters. Behaviors, communication characteristics, and total talk time of male and female characters were coded, along with copyright year and country of origin. Results indicated notable discrepancies between prominence and portrayal of male and female characters. Both male and female characters were portrayed stereotypically. Compared to female characters, male characters were given much more prominence, appeared more frequently, engaged in more of almost all of the noted behaviors, and talked significantly more. When male or female behavior and communication variables were divided by number of male or female characters or by total talk time, results indicated consistency with gender role stereotypes. Comparisons of pre- and post-1980 cartoons, however, indicated significant change toward a less stereotypical portrayal of the characters, particularly female characters.
Culture, Networks, Twitter and foursquare: Testing a Model of Cultural Conversion with Social Media Data

Social network research often takes the view that networks chiefly influence the spread of culture, with few reciprocal effects. While some network scholars have implied a coevolutionary relationship between the two, cultural sociologists have provided increasingly convincing evidence that it is in fact cultural preferences which mediate network structure, rather than the other way around. In the present work, we attempt to validate one such model of the conversion of cultural capital to network position. We use Twitter data to extract the ego networks of individuals and foursquare check-ins to understand their cultural preferences. Our results are indicative of the importance of considering sociological models in which culture influences network structure.
The African Development Bank Group and the Establishment of the IndependentReview Mechanism

The establishment of an inspection function within the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) has been in response to the demand for a forum through which private grievances against public international bodies may be heard and resolved. Since MDBs such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank are granted certain immunities and privileges in their constituent documents in order to help them effectively fulfil their mandates, they cannot be subjected to any form of legal process (except in the exercise of their borrowing powers). Therefore the African Development Bank Group undertook an exercise to develop and establish an inspection function as part of efforts to improve standards in the quality of its operations and to promote the overall framework of good governance. The Board of Directors, cognizant of the importance of such a mechanism, established in June 2004 a mechanism through which persons who felt adversely affected by projects financed by the Bank Group - including borrowers, contractors, and members of civil society - could request a review of the alleged adverse action. The Inspection Function is placed in the Compliance Review and Mediation Unit which falls under the direct authority of the President of the Bank.
What Is Good Isn't Always Fair: On the Unintended Effects of Framing Diversity as Good

Many proponents of diversity stress that diversity is good—good for universities to further their educational missions and good for businesses, for hiring talent and generating financial returns to shareholders. In this work, we examined costs of framing diversity as good for organizations vs. fair; specifically, we examined whether framing diversity as good for organizations broadens people's definitions of diversity and increases racial bias. In Study 1, White participants preferred the “diversity as good for organizations” frame and believed it to be effective at promoting diversity. In Studies 2–5, White participants presented with the “diversity is good for organizations” frame broadened their definitions of diversity (Studies 2–5) and deprioritized a qualified Black applicant (Studies 4 and 5). Participants low in resources were especially likely to deprioritize the Black applicant (Study 5). This latter finding led us to investigate the motivated nature of diversity frames. In a final study, we found that participants whose resources were threatened favored the “diversity is good for organizations” frame and devalued the “diversity is fair” frame (Study 6). These studies demonstrate that a well-intentioned plea to promote diversity (“diversity is good for organizations”) has costs; it can lead to the deprioritization of qualified Black applicants.
Designed Phosphoprotein Recognition in Escherichia coli

Protein phosphorylation is a central biological mechanism for cellular adaptation to environmental changes. Dysregulation of phosphorylation signaling is implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Thus, the ability to detect and quantify protein phosphorylation is highly desirable for both diagnostic and research applications. Here we present a general strategy for detecting phosphopeptide–protein interactions in Escherichia coli. We first redesign a model tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) protein to recognize phosphoserine in a sequence-specific fashion and characterize the interaction with its target phosphopeptide in vitro. We then combine in vivo site-specific incorporation of phosphoserine with split mCherry assembly to observe the designed phosphopeptide–protein interaction specificity in E. coli. This in vivo strategy for detecting and characterizing phosphopeptide–protein interactions has numerous potential applications for the study of natural interactions and the design of novel ones.
“I Serve 2”: Meeting the needs of military children in civilian practice

The American Academy of Nursing launched the "Have You Ever Served in the Military?" campaign in 2013 in conjunction with the Joining Forces campaign spearheaded by First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden. The "Have You Ever Served in the Military?" campaign provides guidance and resources for nurses outside the Military Health System and Veterans Health Administration where upwards of 80% of veterans receive care. However, most military personnel do not serve alone. More than half of the 2.2 million active duty, National Guard, and Reserve service members currently serving in the armed forces have families and many military children experience stress and anxiety secondary to parental military service. Although strides have been made to improve identification and treatment of the visible and invisible wounds of war for service members, little to no information exists regarding the impact parental service has on the physical, psychological, and behavioral health of military children. In addition, there is no mechanism in place to identify military children in civilian practice nor resources providing evidence-based best practices when caring for these children.
Agreement among veterinarians evaluating gross lesions of lungs, livers, and nasal turbinates of pigs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement between trained veterinarians and a reference inspector when recording gross lesions of lungs, livers, and nasal turbinates of pigs. DESIGN Prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION 10 veterinarians in workshop 1 and 11 veterinarians in workshop 2. PROCEDURE Analysis of data obtained from 2 workshops in which veterinarians evaluated fresh tissues (30 lungs and 30 livers) and 100 slides of nasal turbinates previously evaluated by the reference inspector. Veterinarians independently recorded observations of gross lesions. Agreement was evaluated by percentage agreement, kappa or weighted kappa, and sensitivity and specificity, where relevant. RESULTS Agreement between veterinarians and the reference inspector was excellent for detecting consolidation of lung lobes typical of enzootic pneumonia (kappa = 0.81 and 0.87 for workshops 1 and 2, respectively) and white spots on livers (kappa = 0.76 and 0.78). Estimates of the extent of consolidation as a proportion of lung volume also agreed closely with reference values. Agreement was closer for veterinarians who had undergone repeated training and evaluation. Agreement was good for detecting nasal turbinate atrophy (weighted kappa = 0.63 and 0.68) and was poorest for detecting lesions of pleuritis (kappa = 0.39 and 0.44). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS For most of the lesions evaluated, acceptable levels of agreement with reference scores were achieved after training of veterinarians to use standardized methods to record gross lesions. Standardization of veterinarians' recordings of gross lesions should improve the reliability and usefulness of data collected by inspection of slaughtered pigs.
Role of Na-dependent Cl/HCO3 exchange in basolateral Cl transport of rabbit proximal tubules

To analyze the rate of basolateral Cl exit and the magnitude and relative contributions of KCl cotransport and Na-dependent and -independent Cl/HCO3 exchange to Cl exit across the basolateral membrane (BLM) during transcellular Cl absorption, rabbit proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) were perfused with high-Cl, low-HCO3 plus formate solutions and bathed with plasma ultrafiltrate-like plus formate solutions. The initial rates of intracellular Cl activity (AiCl) reduction following bath Cl removal were compared when bath Cl was 0, when bath Na and Cl were 0, and when bath HCO3 and Cl were 0. The initial rate of AiCl reduction following bath Cl removal was 4.4 +/- 0.4 mM/s. After bath Na and Cl removal, this rate was reduced to 25.1 +/- 5.0%. After bath HCO3 and Cl removal, it was reduced to 18.0 +/- 4.8%. The difference between bath Na and Cl removal and bath HCO3 and Cl removal was not significant. Cl efflux following bath HCO3 and Cl removal may be due to a KCl symporter. The contribution of a KCl symporter was examined by raising bath K to 20 mM, thus eliminating the chemical driving force for KCl exit. After bath K increase, the initial rate of AiCl increase was 0.057 +/- 0.005 mM/s. These data suggest that Cl efflux at BLM of rabbit PCT is 1) large enough to explain transcellular Cl transport, 2) predominately due to an Na-dependent Cl/HCO3 exchanger, and 3) negligibly due to an Na-independent Cl/HCO3 exchanger or a KCl symporter.
Comparative analysis of metallic nanoparticles as exogenous soft tissue contrast for live in vivo micro-computed tomography imaging of avian embryonic morphogenesis.

Background Gestationally survivable congenital malformations arise during mid-late stages of development that are inaccessible in vivo with traditional optical imaging for assessing long-term abnormal patterning. MicroCT is an attractive technology to rapidly and inexpensively generate quantitative three-dimensional (3D) datasets but requires exogenous contrast media. Here we establish dose-dependent toxicity, persistence, and biodistribution of three different metallic nanoparticles in day 4 chick embryos. Results We determined that 110-nm alkaline earth metal particles were nontoxic and persisted in the chick embryo for up to 24 hr postinjection with contrast enhancement levels at high as 1,600 Hounsfield units (HU). The 15-nm gold nanoparticles persisted with x-ray attenuation higher than that of the surrounding yolk and albumen for up to 8 hr postinjection, while 1.9-nm particles resulted in lethality by 8 hr. We identified spatial and temporally heterogeneous contrast enhancement ranging from 250 to 1,600 HU. With the most optimal 110-nm alkaline earth metal particles, we quantified an exponential increase in the tissue perfusion vs. distance from the dorsal aorta into the flank over 8 hr with a peak perfusion rate of 0.7 μm(2) /s measured at a distance of 0.3 mm. Conclusions These results demonstrate the safety, efficacy, and opportunity of nanoparticle based contrast media in live embryos for quantitative analysis of embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 245:1001-1010, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projections of Watershed Pollutant Loads Using a Spatially Explicit, Agent-Based Land Use Conversion Model: A Case Study of Berkeley County, West Virginia

This research presents a methodology to make projections of land use conversions in Berkeley County, West Virginia and then utilizes these projections to estimate water quality impacts on the Opequon Creek in Berkeley County. Empirical estimates for factors that influence the land use conversion probability are captured using parameters from a spatial logistic regression (SLR) model. Then, an agent-based, probabilistic land use conversion (APLUC) model is used to explore the impacts of policies on land use conversion decisions using estimates from actual land use change from 2001 to 2011 in SLR model. Three policy scenarios are developed: (1) no policy implementation, (2) a 15.24 m (50 ft) buffer zone policy of no development applied to all streams, and (3) 15.24 m buffer policy applied only on critical source area (CSA) watersheds. The projected land use patterns in the APLUC model are driven by individual land conversion decisions over 50 model runs of 10 iterations each under each policy scenario. The results show that with no policy scenario, most conversions occurred near existing residential land use and urban centers. Residential land use conversions are greatly reduced in a 15.24 m buffer policy around all streams in watershed. Spatial patterns generated under a 15.24 m buffer policy in CSAs only showed that future projected land use changes occurred close to major highways and shifted the residential development to the northern part of the Opequon Creek. Finally, the impacts of these three policies on water quality are estimated using an ArcSWAT model, a graphical user interface for SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). This model indicates that the 15.24 m buffer policy in CSAs is most effective among the three policies in reducing the pollutant loads. This study suggests that carefully designed policies which discourage residential land use conversions in CSAs, result in less pollutant loads by shifting the location of residential conversions to less critical areas where agricultural land is dominant in the watershed.
Properties of ultraviolet and near-infrared laser induced air plasmas and their application for spark ignition

The present contribution describes a novel means of forming laser induced plasmas in air based on a multiple pulse preionization scheme. The method makes use of a nanosecond duration ultraviolet (UV) 266 nm pulse to generate a weakly ionized plasma kernel. This is followed ∼15 ns later by an overlapped Near-Infrared (NIR) 1064 nm pulse for controlled energy addition into the gas. The energy added by the second pulse is due to the inverse bremsstrahlung process in which the free electrons generated during the UV pre-ionization pulse absorb the NIR laser energy and, through collisions with gas molecules, increase the temperature of the gas. The approach allows tailoring of the plasma temperature and potentially size by varying the pulse conditions. One application is to generate weakly ionized, low temperature plasmas in the range of ∼2000–3000 K which can then serve as ignition sources for combustion. We report plasma energy absorption and resulting luminosity for the two pulses (wavelengths) acting individually. We show that the UV pulse does not exhibit a threshold behavior, but rather the fraction of energy absorbed inside the plasma changes continuously with pulse energy. This is in contrast with the NIR pulse where there is a discontinuous jump to plasma onset as the pulse energy is increased. Both beams exhibit a stochastic nature of the plasma formation process, i.e. for fixed pulse energy, the fractional energy absorbed inside the plasma varies from shot-to-shot. Rayleigh scattering thermometry is used to measure the plasma temperature for both the UV and NIR pulse as well as for the two pulses combined. Initial gas heating is possible due to the UV pulse (only). A temperature as high as T=1500 K was measured for a UV pulse energy of 20 mJ at 1μs after the end of the pulse. For the NIR, much higher temperatures (>10,000 K) are observed at early times due to the full breakdown of the plasma. Energy absorption and thermometry results for the dual pulse configuration are also presented, along with demonstration of ignition of a propane air mixture by the dual pulse plasma for a total combined pulse energy of ∼30 mJ which is lower than the pulse energy needed for either wavelength acting on its own.
Reforming the Behavioral Health Delivery System for Adolescents: Why Is It Needed and What Is Psychology’s Role?

Spending on health care in the United States has grown at an unsustainable rate for the past four decades, yet millions of Americans fail to receive effective and efficient care. National expenditures for the combined treatment of mental health ($100 billion) and substance abuse ($21 billion) in 2003 accounted for only 7.5 % of total health care expenditures. Over the past 30 years spending on behavioral health care has shifted away from inpatient care towards outpatient professional services and particularly, prescription drugs. We argue that behavioral health spending would be actually be higher in a more efficient health care delivery system. This chapter reviews the complex set of issues driving health care expenditures and outlines psychology’s role in health-care reform. In addition, we argue that the current health care climate holds particular importance for adolescents and review this population’s role in the health care reform. Ten specific reforms are discussed and the argument is made that psychology can play a report in reform that is significantly disproportionate to its current role.
Enhancing the biofuel upgrade performance for Pd nanoparticles via increasing the support hydrophilicity of metal-organic frameworks

In this work, the influence of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of metal–organic framework (MOF) materials on the catalytic performance of supported Pd nanoparticles for biofuel upgrade was studied. We show that the introduction of hydrophilic groups on a MOF can greatly enhance the performance of the resultant catalyst. Specifically, Pd nanoparticles supported on MIL-101–SO3Na with superhydrophilicity (Pd/MIL-101–SO3Na) far outperforms pristine MIL-101 and the benchmark catalyst Pd/C in the hydrodeoxygenation reaction of vanillin, a model component of pyrolysis oil derived from the lignin fraction. This is attributed to a favorable mode of adsorption of the highly water soluble reactants on the more hydrophilic support in the vicinity of the catalytically active Pd nanoparticles, thereby promoting their transformation.
Spatial and temporal variation in juvenile size distribution of the pink shrimp (Penaeus paulensis) in the Patos Lagoon Estuary, Brazil

The Patos Lagoon Estuary (PLE) is the main nursery ground for the pink shrimp Penaeus paulensis, accounting for more than 40% of its total landings in Brazil. The spatial distribution and recruitme...
Postlumpectomy loco-regional breast cancer therapy with liposomal therapeutic agents: Retention and distribution in nude rats

e11562 Background: Post-lumpectomy loco-regional radiation therapy, such as brachytherapy, has been shown to decrease breast cancer recurrence and increase patient survival. Limitations of current brachytherapy are the relatively high radiation absorbed dose delivered to normal breast and the inability to treat potentially involved lymph nodes. Locally administered liposomes are being investigated for delivery of drugs and therapeutic radionuclides. We propose a new post-lumpectomy loco-regional therapy with liposome-carried therapeutic agents. To investigate, radiolabeled liposomes were injected into the surgical cavity of a nude rat model one day following surgical removal of the breast tumor, and in vivo retention and distribution were monitored with nuclear imaging and post- mortem dissection. Methods: Six liposome formulations containing 0.2% molar ratio Rhodamine B-lipid and cationic, neutral, or anionic surface charges were manufactured at diameters of 400 or 100 nm and characterized. Breast cancer...
Understanding the scaling of electron kinetics in the transition from collisional to collisionless conditions in microscale gas discharges

When gas discharge and plasma devices shrink to the microscale, the electrode distance in the device approaches the mean free path of electrons and they experience few collisions. As microscale gas discharge and plasma devices become more prevalent, the behavior of discharges at these collisionless and near-collisionless conditions need to be understood. In conditions where the characteristic length d is much greater than the mean free path λ (i.e., macroscopic conditions), electron energy distributions (EEDs) and rate coefficients scale with the reduced electric field E/p. However, when d is comparable with or much lower than λ, this E/p scaling breaks. In this work, particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision simulations are used to explore the behavior of the EED and subsequent reaction rate coefficients in microscale field emission-driven Townsend discharges for both an atomic (argon) and a molecular (hydrogen) gas. To understand the behavior, a pseudo-analytical model is developed for the spatially integr...
In VitroEffects ofClostridium DifficileToxins on Hepatocytes

Abstract Background. Clostridium difficile infections are associated with development of the systemic inflammatory response, including the production of hepatic acute phase proteins. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) directly stimulates the production of at least one of these proteins, a 23-kDa acute phase protein (the LPS-induced protein, or LIP) by murine hepatocytes in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine if C. difficile toxins also stimulated the synthesis of this protein in vitro. Methods. Cultured murine hepatocytes were treated for 24 h with various concentrations of C. difficile culture extract or purified toxins A and B in the presence or absence of dexamethasone or interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (IL-1 RA). The cells were then metabolically radiolabeled with [ 35 S]methionine. Secretory proteins were identified using electrophoresis and autoradiography, and their synthesis was quantitated by image analysis of the autoradiograms. Results. The C. difficile culture extract, at dilutions as low as 1:200,000, significantly stimulated LIP synthesis in vitro. Toxins A and B, at concentrations as low as 1.6 and 0.02 pg/ml, respectively, also induced production of this protein. Dexamethasone further augmented C. difficile toxin-stimulated synthesis of LIP, but IL-1 RA inhibited the effects of these toxins on the synthesis of this protein. Only minimal quantities of IL-1 were found in culture supernatants following treatment with the toxins. Conclusions. C. difficile toxins A and B, at very low concentrations, stimulate hepatocyte acute phase protein synthesis. Even though IL-1 RA inhibits this process, it does not appear that local production of IL-1 mediates the action of these toxins.