cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jokes and covert language attitudes: the curious case of the wide-mouth frog

In the early I970s, a strange piece of whimsy circulated orally in the United States. The modern joke in question concerned a 'wide-mouth' frog who evidently lacked the knowledge of what to feed its newborn babies. In the course of his or her attempts to question other animals about their normal regimes of infant diet, the wide-mouth frog is eventually put in the position of having to radically alter its customary speech pattern. This piece of folklore thus contains an explicitly metalinguistic aspect. Let me present representative texts of the story before discussing its possible significance. There once was a mommy wide-mouth frog and a daddy wide-mouth frog. They had a baby wide-mouth frog. They didn't know what to feed their baby wide-mouth frog so the daddy wide-mouth frog went to the zoo to ask mommies what they fed their babies. When he got there, he asked the mommy giraffe, "Mama Giraffe, whaddaya feed your BABIES?' [spoken with a wide open mouth] The giraffe (in a very dignified voice) 'I feed them leaves from the highest trees.' 'OH, IS THAT SO?' [again spoken with a wide mouth]. Then he asked the mommy rhinoceros, 'Mama Rhinoceros, whaddaya feed your BABIES?' The rhinoceros (in a deep voice) 'I feed them mud from the swamp bottoms.' Again the wide-mouth frog says, 'OH, IS THAT SO?' Then he asked the mama hippopotamus, 'Mama Hippopotamus, whaddaya feed your BABIES!' 'I feed them little wide-mouth frogs.' 'oh is that so?' [with a small tight mouth, in a soft voice].' It should be obvious that most of the power of the joke lies in the performance and specifically the shifts of 'dialect' from wide-mouth speech, to normal speech, and finally to 'narrow-mouth' speech. To fully appreciate the story, one needs to do more than read the text of the joke. Rather one should hear and see it performed. The critical paralinguistic and kinesic features essential to the joke's performance cannot really be successfully translated into the format required by the orthographic exigencies of the printed page. Let me nevertheless present a second version before attempting to analyze the joke.
Commercial harvests of edible mushrooms from the forests of the Pacific Northwest United States: issues, management, and monitoring for sustainability

Abstract Widespread commercial harvesting of wild edible mushrooms from the forests of the Pacific Northwest United States (PNW-US) began 10–15 years ago. A large proportion of suitable forest habitat in this region is managed by the Forest Service (US Department of Agriculture) and Bureau of Land Management (US Department of the Interior). These lands are managed under an ecosystem management philosophy that entails multiple-use, sustainable forest product harvesting, resource monitoring, public participation in forest management issues, and holistic planning. Managing the harvest of edible mushrooms engages every aspect of this management philosophy. We examine a variety of issues raised by mushroom harvesting and how these issues interact with forest ecosystem management choices. We discuss regulations currently being used by managers to conserve the mushroom resource while further information is gathered, unique challenges and considerations inherent to sampling fungi, and current research and monitoring activities in the Pacific Northwest. Although current scientific evidence suggests that harvesting likely will not harm the resource in the short term, no statistically-based monitoring information exists about the cumulative impacts of intensive and widespread commercial harvesting over long-time periods. We outline a three pronged approach to long-term monitoring of the resource: (1) tracking harvest quantities in areas with intense commercial harvests; (2) sampling productivity in areas with no mushroom or timber harvests; and (3) conducting research to model the relations between forest management and mushroom productivity. Public participation and a broad collaboration among public land management agencies, private forest landowners, forest managers, researchers, and research organizations will make this approach cost effective and the results widely applicable.
An information-theoretic approach to detecting performance anomalies and changes for large-scale distributed web services

Existing performance management tools for large-scale distributed web services detect anomalies in the performance metric behavior by thresholding on the metrics, which often leads to high false alarm rates, is hard to interpret, and misses multimodal performance behavior. We provide an information-theoretic approach to detecting anomalies in the metric behavior by taking into account the temporal and spatial relationships among the metrics. We model the metrics using a parametric mixture distribution such that each component of the mixture represents a homogeneous segment of temporally contiguous metric behavior. We discover the number, parameters and (temporal) locations the segments (i.e., mixture components) by minimizing an information-theoretic relative entropy between the mixture model and the unknown, underlying distribution of the metrics. We then cluster the discovered segments based on the statistical distances between them to detect any anomalous performance behavior and modes of typical metric behavior.
Diazepam attenuation of restraint stress-induced corticosterone levels is enhanced by prior exposure to repeated restraint

Prior research has demonstrated that diazepam decreases hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) axis activity in stressful contexts but, paradoxically, acts as a stimulator of basal axis activity. Also, several investigators have reported that low doses of diazepam are not effective in reducing stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) levels, yet similar doses typically produce anxiolytic effects on behavioral measures of fear and anxiety. We have examined the effects of diazepam on plasma CORT levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats utilizing a repeated restraint paradigm. Consistent with most literature, diazepam administered IP (1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/kg) 1 h prior to restraint increased non-stress, baseline plasma CORT levels in a dose-dependent fashion. During the first exposure to the 1 h restraint-stress procedure, CORT levels of diazepam-injected rats did not differ from the stress levels of controls except at the 60-min stress time point in those subjects receiving 6.0 mg/kg. However, diazepam at all three doses was able to attenuate the stress-induced increase in CORT following 5 days of diazepam + restraint treatment. Using the 3.0 mg/kg dose as a probe, it was found that this effect was not dependent on the repeated administration of diazepam, but rather on repeated exposure to restraint. These results suggest that repeated restraint produces a change in neural sensitivity to benzodiazepines.
Ventricular fibrillation masquerading as asystole

True asystole and electromechanical dissociation do not respond to electrical shock. Nevertheless there are anecdotal stories of physicians who, out of frustration, delivered defibrillation shocks to patients "in asystole" only to find that "defibrillation" resulted in the restoration of normal sinus rhythm. The explanation for this apparent paradox perhaps relates to our recent observation that ventricular fibrillation (VF) may masquerade as asystole if only one electrocardiographic (ECG) lead is monitored. We noted that in patients with atrial fibrillation, fibrillatory waves were often of very low amplitude or were not apparent in lead I, yet were obvious in lead VI. This suggests an anterior electrical vector in atrial fibrillation. To determine whether there was a dominant electrical vector in subjects in VF, 21 dogs were placed in VF and standard 12-lead ECGs were recorded at intervals. In two-thirds of the animals one lead showed no electrical activity (electrical asystole), while obvious VF was apparent in all the other leads. Thus, if only one lead is monitored, VF may masquerade as asystole. McDonald recently confirmed this phenomenon in man. Before one decides not to defibrillate a patient with an asystolic rhythm, one should quickly monitor another lead or change the monitoring electrode paddles 90 degrees to look at the electrical activity in a different plane.
Intraduodenal sarcoma recurrence of retroperitoneal origin: an unusual cause for a duodenal obstruction.

Soft tissue sarcomas are uncommon tumors, and intraduodenal soft tissue sarcoma manifestation is even more rare. Only three cases of intraduodenal sarcomas have been reported in the literature thus far. Here, we report a case of an intraduodenal recurrence of a retroperitoneal sarcoma causing bowel obstruction. This unusual recurrence pattern likely relates to the patient’s previous resection and radiation treatment, and highlights the benefits, limitations and follow-up strategies after multimodality treatment.
Engineered BGMK Cells for Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Enteroviruses

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) has been reported to be a cellular receptor for several enteroviruses. Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells expressing human DAF (BGMK-hDAF cells) showed increased susceptibility and sensitivity to several types of enteroviruses compared to wild-type BGMK cells. When 17 frozen positive clinical samples were tested, BGMK cells detected 8 and BGMK-hDAF cells detected 16. Since the CaCo-2 cell line has been documented to support the replication of most enteroviruses, CaCo-2 cells were mixed with BGMK-hDAF cells in order to increase the number of viruses detected. Thirty-four frozen clinical samples that previously had tested positive for enteroviruses were tested, and the following numbers were detected: 33 of 34 by CaCo-2/BGMK-hDAF cells, 29 of 34 by CaCo-2/BGMK cells, 28 of 34 by H292/RD (E-mix A) and A-549/BGMK (E-mix B) cells, and 26 of 34 by MRC-5 and pRhMK cells.
Spoken Word Recognition in Children with and without Specific Language Impairment.

Deficits in lexical access in children with specific language impairments (SLI) have been inferred from word naming, recall, and categorization tasks, but no evidence exists concerning these children's ability to identify words in spoken input. We presented successive auditory time gatings of unfamiliar words; familiar, phonologically related words; and familiar, phonologically unrelated words to school-age children with and without SLI. The groups did not differ significantly in the point at which they recognized familiar words, but the subjects with SLI required significantly more of the acoustic-phonetic signal than did their peers to recognize unfamiliar words. For all word types, the subjects with SLI were significantly less likely to respond with correct initial consonants at the earliest gated interval than were their peers. Our results suggest that both representational and perceptual inefficiencies may contribute to slowed lexical access in children with SLI.
Changes in the Form of Inositol During Incubation of Eggs

SummaryThe total content of inositol in a hen's egg does not increase during incubation, but the proportion of the total amount which is free and extractable by water does increase.
Revamping the OSCAR database: a flexible approach to cluster configuration data management

The OSCAR (T. Naughton et al., 2002) cluster installation toolkit started life as the result of an ad-hoc working group attempting to bundle a set of "best practices" for building clusters into a single software solution. Although mainly developed as "skunk works" projects in each of the participating institutions, the OSCAR toolkit has gained a large following, boasting hundreds of thousands of downloads and active mailing lists. The original OSCAR toolkit was aimed at one particular type of high performance computing (HPC) cluster. Since then, several sub-projects targeting other types of HPC clusters have been spun off the main working group's efforts. Each of these projects share a core set of OSCAR code, including the OSCAR database and its access API, "ODA" (OSCAR Database API). The ODA abstraction layer - consisting of a database schema and corresponding API - hides a commodity back-end database (e.g., MySQL). As OSCAR and its derivatives are targeted at new, innovative environments (to include non-HPC environments), the configuration management issues that OSCAR must handle have grown exponentially. As such, its current database schema for holding the cluster configuration is starting to show its age - it is simply unable to represent the complex, ever-growing set of data required to accurately describe the clusters that it manages. ODA's API is overly complex, requiring a steep learning curve for OSCAR developers. This paper proposes a simpler, highly flexible design and implementation that allow ODA to not only handle all the data that ODA currently manages, but also allow expansion into new types of clusters, enable storage and retrieval of configuration information in a variety of different formats, and encourage data re-use between the main OSCAR project and its derivative packages.
Taxonomic status of Andersen's fruit-eating bat (Artibeus jamaicensis aequatorialis) and revised classification of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Fruit-eating bats of the genus Artibeus are widely distributed across the Neotropics and are one of the most recently evolved assemblages of the family Phyllostomidae. Although the taxonomy and systematics of species of Artibeus has been the subject of an intense historical debate, the most current taxonomic arrangements recognize approximately eleven species within the genus. However, recent phylogenetic studies indicate that species diversity within South and Middle American populations of Artibeus is underestimated. South American populations referable to A. jamaicensis aequatorialis are of considerable interest because previous studies of mitochondrial DNA variation identified potential species level variation west of the Andes Mountains. In this study we use morphometric and genetic data (nuclear AFLPs) to investigate the taxonomic status of A. j. aequatorialis. Our results indicate that elevating aequatorialis to species level is appropriate based on statistically supported reciprocal monophyly in mitochondrial and nuclear datasets and diagnostic morphological characters. In light of our results, and of those presented elsewhere, we provide a revised classification of the genus.
Rodent Models of Endotoxemia and Sepsis

In spite of the use of specific antibiotics, aggressive operative intervention, intravenous hyperalimentation, and careful monitoring, sepsis continues to be the major cause of death in most surgical intensive care units [1]. While transplant patients, severely injured trauma victims, patients with diabetes mellitus, cancer, and similar illnesses are surviving longer now, these individuals have an increased risk of infection. Moreover, the increasing use of invasive devices, such as intravenous and urinary catheters, raises the risk of sepsis [2]. The recognition of sepsis as a frequent cause of pulmonary, renal and/or multiple organ failure [3–13] makes it necessary to investigate the relationship of sepsis to remote organ dysfuntions. Through such studies, information might be forthcoming which will lead to better care of such patients.
Veto Power and Quality of Governmental Policy

Cheap talk models provide a strategic analysis of information transmission between the expert and the decision maker when their preferences are not perfectly aligned. Although the majority of these models analyze the case of a single decision maker, in many important settings the decision-making authority is shared between several agents. Here we consider a commonly used procedure: ultimatum bargaining. We examine how the addition of the second decision maker (the veto player) affects communication and the utilities of the players. Surprisingly, we find that the veto player may be worse off, and the first decision maker may be better off, than in the absence of the veto threat.
Mechanics of Streams with Movable Beds of Fine Sand

A laboratory study was made of the characteristics of streams flowing over a loose bed of fine sand in order to determine what factors govern the equilibrium rate of transportation of fine sand in ...
LONG-TERM LABORATORY EVOLUTION OF A GENETIC LIFE-HISTORY TRADE-OFF IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. 2. STABILITY OF GENETIC CORRELATIONS.

Experiments in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster have shown a negative genetic correlation between early-life fecundity on the one hand and starvation resistance and longevity on the other. Selection for late-life reproductive success resulted in long-lived populations that had increased starvation resistance but diminished early-life fecundity relative to short-lived controls. This pattern of differentiation proved, however, to be unstable. When assayed in a standard high-fecundity environment, the relative early fecundity of the long- and short-lived stocks reversed over a decade. That is, the long-lived populations came to have greater relative early-life fecundity, late-life fecundity, longevity and starvation resistance. Nevertheless, when these populations were assayed in other assay environments, the original trade-off was still present. We investigated the genetic structure of the short- and long-lived populations, to ask whether the inconstancy of the trade-off, as inferred from among population comparisons, is reflected in the pattern of genetic correlations within populations. For this purpose, lines from each of the short- and long-lived populations that had been selected for starvation resistance were compared with unselected controls. The direct and correlated responses of these starvation selected populations suggest that (1) the original genetic trade-off was still present in the ancestral short- and long-lived populations, even when it was no longer apparent from their comparison; (2) the trade-off was present in both assay environments; and (3) selectable genotype × environment variation exists for early fecundity. We suggest that a failure of the pattern of differentiation among populations to reflect the pattern of genetic correlations, if common in natural populations, will prevent the reliable inference of genetic trade-offs from comparisons of most natural populations.
A characteristics based box scheme for compressible eight-wave structure ideal MHD equations

A characteristics based box scheme is developed for steady state solution of one-dimensional eight-wave ideal MHD equations. The scheme can be considered as an extension of Murman-Cole scheme for mixed elliptichyperbolic equations. A set of eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors are employed to develop the scheme. Solutions are obtained for &lHD shock tube for different cases, each under the influence of a different magnetic field in order to identity the formation of wave patterns in the flow field. The numerical solutions are compared with those obtained with a central difference scheme with TVD dissipation and Runge-Kutta time integration.
Are your medical technology students team players

The medical technologist is a key player on the health-care delivery team. Therefore, it is understandable that the standards of the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS) cite the development of teamwork skills as a necessary component in the curriculum for medical technology students to ensure that graduates are prepared to work with others effectively. But to what extent is this competency addressed during the student's clinical year? The objective of this study was to determine the perception of importance of team skills in the medical technologist curriculum as well as to explore methods and approaches used to teach team skills during the course of clinical training. Information was collected from medical laboratory educators via an electronic survey. A majority of respondents (64%) ranked the development of team skills as either very important or important and 69% reported that they have incorporated team-based projects into their curriculum using a variety of different assignments. For maximum learning and skill development, it is essential that educators structure the assignment to ensure individual and group accountability, to facilitate the group process when necessary, and to provide a mechanism for review and reflection.
SINGLE-SPIN ASYMMETRIES IN SEMI-INCLUSIVE DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND DRELL-YAN PROCESSES

In this brief article, we summarize our recent work1 regarding the origin of the nucleon Sivers functions within the diquark spectator model in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) and the Drell-Yan process (DY). We demonstrate that the C, P, T symmetry properties of transverse spinors always couple the spin-dependent part of the numerator algebra to the imaginary part of the denominator in the cross section. This complex phase, and its sign change under time reversal, is believed to be responsible for the predicted sign change of the Sivers functions in SIDIS and DY. We study the complex phase generated in both processes by the "color-lensing" mechanism and find that, although the phases appear to be different in structure between SIDIS and DY, they do give rise to the expected sign flip relation at leading twist.
A covariance control theory

There is much theory for the use of covariance matrices in both identification and in state estimation. However, there exists no theory for the control of covariances. The need for a theory of covariance control may be argued from two points: 1) Many engineering systems have performance requirements which are naturally stated in terms of root-mean-square (RMS) values of the system states or outputs and 2) the various theories of identification, estimation, and model reduction use covariances as a measure of performance. Hence a theory on covariance control may help unify the modeling and control problem. This paper introduces a theory for designing linear feedback controllers so that the closed loop system achieves a specified state covariance.
Model of the interactions between neuromodulators and prefrontal cortex during a resource allocation task

Neuromodulators such as dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and acetylcholine (ACh) are crucial to the representations of reward, cost, and attention respectively. Recent experiments suggest that the reward and cost of actions are also partially represented in orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in that order. Previous models of action selection with neuromodulatory systems have not extensively considered prefrontal contributions to action selection. Here, we extend these models of action selection to include prefrontal structures in a resource allocation task. The model adapts to its environment, modulating its aggressiveness based on its successes. Selective lesions demonstrate how neuromodulatory and prefrontal areas drive learning and performance of strategy selection.
INHIBITION OF PROPIONIBACTERIA BY ANTIBIOTIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

A suitable technique was developed to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of Propionibacterium. Then, inhibition patterns of 30 strains of 11 different Propionibacterium species against 39 antibiotic or antimicrobial agents were obtained. Propionibacteria were resistant to penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as cloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and a naphtheridine derivative nalidixic acid. Moderate sensitivity to kanamycin and colistin was shown. Only a few strains of propionibacteria were inhibited by gantrisin ( sulfisoxazole), one of nine sulfonamides tested. Determination of sensitivity to antibiotic and antimicrobial agents would not assist in speciation of this genus.
Advanced tutorial: input uncertainty and robust analysis in stochastic simulation

Input uncertainty refers to errors caused by a lack of complete knowledge about the probability distributions used to generate input variates in stochastic simulation. The quantification of input uncertainty is one of the central topics of interest and has been studied over the years among the simulation community. This tutorial overviews some methodological developments in two parts. The first part discusses major established statistical methods, while the second part discusses some recent results from a robust-optimization-based viewpoint and their comparisons to the established methods.
Neuroscience: When perceptual learning occurs

A study now finds that visual perceptual learning of complex features occurs due to enhancement of later, decision-related stages of visual processing, rather than earlier, visual encoding stages. It is suggested that strengthening of the readout of sensory information between stages may be reinforced by an implicit reward learning mechanism.
AAA: Accident Avoidance Agent

Traffic accidents often lead to unfortunate disasters. Yet the majority of them are caused by human error and can be prevented. The aim of this work is to develop Accident Avoidance Agent (AAA), an open source mobile application, to assist the application users navigating their travels through user friendly accident report notification system. The proposed system first gathers and stores accident information from publicly available sources. It then traces the current location of the user and retrieves weather condition, road condition, and speed limit of the current location through open data sources for detecting and notifying the similar conditions in which accidents took place. Summary of relevant accident information can be communicated through color-coded display as well as audio interface for primarily concerning the safety of the application users.
Income within context: relative income matters for adolescent social satisfaction and mental health.

Background Previous research has shown that a mismatch between one's own socioeconomic status (SES) and the SES of the surrounding context can lead to maladaptive outcomes, such as increased social stigma and low levels of belongingness (Johnson, Richeson, & Finkel, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 2011, 838; Ostrove, The Journal of Social Issues, 59, 2003, 771). This study examines an adolescent population, as contextual comparisons should be especially salient at this time. Methods Participants included over 900 adolescents at age 15 involved in a multisite longitudinal study. Results Results showed that lower relative income status predicted increased social dissatisfaction, internalizing and externalizing problems, after controlling for family SES. Moreover, the effect of relative income was indirectly related to these problems through social dissatisfaction. Exploratory multigroup analyses by gender suggested that the adolescent girls may be driving the effects of relative income. Conclusions Findings are discussed in regard to adolescent socioemotional functioning, as well as the implications for gender differences related to relative income status.
Caregiving and Perceived Generativity: A Positive and Protective Aspect of Providing Care?

ABSTRACTObjectives: Although a sizable body of research supports negative psychological consequences of caregiving, less is known about potential psychological benefits. This study aimed to examine whether caregiving was associated with enhanced generativity, or feeling like one makes important contributions to others. An additional aim was to examine the buffering potential of perceived generativity on adverse health outcomes associated with caregiving.Methods: Analyses utilized a subsample of participants (n = 3,815, ages 30–84 years) from the second wave of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS).Results: Regression analyses adjusting for sociodemographic factors indicated greater negative affect and depression (p < .001) and lower levels of positive affect (p < .01), but higher self-perceptions of generativity (p < .001), in caregivers compared with non-caregivers. This association remained after adjusting for varying caregiving intensities and negative psychological ou...
Law and Religion in American History: Public Values and Private Conscience: McGarvie, Mark Douglas, New York: Cambridge University Press 273 pp., $29.99, ISBN 978-1-316-60546-2 Publication Date: August 2016

This book is a synthetic and primarily intellectual history of the relationship between law and religion over the whole of the American past. Mark Douglas McGarvie is a visiting professor of law at...
Bioengineered lungs generated from human iPSCs‐derived epithelial cells on native extracellular matrix

The development of an alternative source for donor lungs would change the paradigm of lung transplantation. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential feasibility of using decellularized lungs as scaffolds for lung tissue regeneration and subsequent implantation. However, finding a reliable cell source and the ability to scale up for recellularization of the lung scaffold still remain significant challenges. To explore the possibility of regeneration of human lung tissue from stem cells in vitro, populations of lung progenitor cells were generated from human iPSCs. To explore the feasibility of producing engineered lungs from stem cells, we repopulated decellularized human lung and rat lungs with iPSC-derived epithelial progenitor cells. The iPSCs-derived epithelial progenitor cells lined the decellularized human lung and expressed most of the epithelial markers when were cultured in a lung bioreactor system. In decellularized rat lungs, these human-derived cells attach and proliferate in a manner similar to what was observed in the decellularized human lung. Our results suggest that repopulation of lung matrix with iPSC-derived lung epithelial cells may be a viable strategy for human lung regeneration and represents an important early step toward translation of this technology.
Performance of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Etest, MIC Test Strips, and Disk Diffusion Compared to Reference Broth Microdilution for β-Lactam-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates.

The performance characteristics of the ceftolozane-tazobactam (C-T) Etest (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), MIC test strips (MTS; Liofilchem, Italy), and disk diffusion (Hardy, Santa Ana, CA) were evaluated for a collection of 308 beta-lactam-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from three institutions in Los Angeles, CA. Reference testing was performed by the reference broth microdilution (rBMD) method. MIC and disk results were interpreted using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints. Overall, 72.5% of the isolates were susceptible to C-T by rBMD. Etest and disk diffusion demonstrated acceptable performance, whereas MTS yielded a greater than acceptable percentage of minor errors. Categorical agreement was 96.8% for Etest, 87.0% for MTS, and 92.9% for disk diffusion. No very major errors were observed by any test, and no major errors (ME) were observed by Etest or disk diffusion. Two ME (0.9% of susceptible isolates) were observed by MTS. The incidence of minor errors was 3.2%, 12.3%, and 7.1% for Etest, MTS, and disk diffusion, respectively. Essential agreement (EA) for Etest was excellent, at 97.7%, whereas the MICs obtained by MTS tended to be 1 to 2 dilutions higher than those obtained by rBMD, with an EA of 87.0%.
Fertilizer placement and tillage effects on phosphorus concentration in leachate from fine-textured soils

Abstract Adoption of no-tillage in agricultural watersheds has resulted in substantial reductions in sediment and particulate phosphorus (P) transport in surface runoff. No-tillage, however, may result in increased losses of dissolved P in tile-drained landscapes due to the accumulation of P in surface soil layers and prevalence of preferential flow pathways. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fertilizer placement and tillage on P leaching in fine-textured soils following fertilizer application. Rainfall simulations (90 min; 3.8 cm rainfall depth) immediately following application of monoammonium phosphate fertilizer (75 kg P ha−1) were conducted on 9 m2 plots with pan lysimeters (0.6 m depth) in four agricultural fields located in northwestern Ohio, USA. Three fertilizer placement treatments that covered a range of soil disturbance and soil-fertilizer mixing (broadcasted, injected, and tilled) were replicated on each field. Stable water isotopes were used to separate leachate into preferential and matrix flow components. Results showed that leachate dissolved P concentration was significantly greater when fertilizer was surface broadcast on no-tilled plots (43.7 mg L−1) compared to when the fertilizer was either injected (14.9 mg L−1) or tilled (11.0 mg L−1) into the soil. Event water comprised between 6 and 46% (mean = 22%) of lysimeter leachate and did not vary among treatments. Similar event water contributions among treatments suggest that the disruption of the macropore network was not likely the main mechanism responsible for decreased P concentration in leachate, but rather increased soil-fertilizer contact and decreased interaction between the highly soluble fertilizer and ponded surface water were likely responsible for decreased P concentrations observed for the injected and tilled treatments compared to the broadcasted treatment. Findings indicate that subsurface injection of fertilizer has the potential to limit dissolved P leaching compared to surface broadcast applications and also minimize soil disturbance relative to tillage; thus, it should be considered a promising conservation practice to help meet water quality goals in tile-drained landscapes.
The Murder of King James I. By Alastair Bellany and Thomas Cogswell. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. Pp. xxxvi, 618. $65.00.)

Many historians downplay the importance of events and instead emphasize social, economic, and cultural structures. Reacting to such approaches in 1964, Roland Mousnier wrote a book on the assassina...
Mineralogical influences on water quality from weathering of surface coal mine spoils

Abstract Surface coal mining fractures geologic materials to access coal seams. The excavated rock materials (mine spoils) have freshly exposed mineral surfaces that weather rapidly and release soluble ions to streams during and after site reclamation. The soluble ion release is directly influenced by the mine spoil mineralogy. We examined relationships among mine spoil mineralogical and geochemical properties and soluble ion release for the purpose of determining their influence on Appalachian stream water quality. We determined the mineralogy, bulk spoil composition, leachate concentrations, and acid-base accounting (ABA) parameters of 16 non-acid-forming spoil samples. Mineralogical composition was determined using thin section spectroscopy, a column leaching experiment was conducted to determine eluted leachate concentrations of 15 elements, and ABA parameters were determined using conventional methodologies. Results indicated that the mine spoils were comprised predominantly of quartz, with smaller amounts of plagioclase and K-feldspars, lithic metamorphic fragments, muscovite, chlorite, and goethite. Cementing agents included quartz, kaolinite, siderite, and carbonate. Indicators of weathering observed in samples presumed to be unweathered included halloysite at the expense of feldspar and goethite at the expense of pyrite and siderite. On an oxide basis, SiO2 and Al2O3 dominated the bulk geochemical composition. Sulfate had the largest initial leachate concentration whereas HCO3− was the dominant anion in final leachates. The ABA tests indicated most spoils were non-acid-forming, with total sulfur values ranging from 0.01 to 0.38%. Relatively high dissolved sulfate elution was attributed to trace pyrites. Carbonates were not observed in many samples, indicating other mineral sources neutralized the acid produced by pyrite oxidation. Feldspar hydrolysis and the weathering of metamorphic lithic fragments (schists), chlorite, and muscovite may have been responsible, in part, for soluble ion release and acid-neutralization. Bulk Mg contents often exceeded Ca for most samples, and high Mg:Ca ratios in leachate concentrations relative to regional waters may be attributed to chlorite weathering. Historically, high levels of soluble ion release was assumed to be controlled by sulfide oxidation reactions coupled with carbonate neutralization reactions. These results, however, indicate that other minerals typically presumed to be relatively stable also contribute significantly to overall soluble ion release in this highly disturbed environment. Minimizing the amount of time water is in contact with mine spoils and, by extension, decreasing the potentials for chemical weathering, may assist with controlling soluble ion discharges from Appalachian coal mining areas.
Repressive Histone Methylation Regulates Cardiac Myocyte Cell Cycle Exit

Mammalian cardiac myocytes (CMs) stop proliferating soon after birth and subsequent heart growth comes from hypertrophy, limiting the adult heart's regenerative potential after injury. The molecular events that mediate CM cell cycle exit are poorly understood. To determine the epigenetic mechanisms limiting CM cycling in adult CMs (ACMs) and whether trimethylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3), a histone modification associated with repressed chromatin, is required for the silencing of cell cycle genes, we developed a transgenic mouse model where H3K9me3 is specifically removed in CMs by overexpression of histone demethylase, KDM4D. Although H3K9me3 is found across the genome, its loss in CMs preferentially disrupts cell cycle gene silencing. KDM4D binds directly to cell cycle genes and reduces H3K9me3 levels at these promotors. Loss of H3K9me3 preferentially leads to increased cell cycle gene expression resulting in enhanced CM cycling. Heart mass was increased in KDM4D overexpressing mice by postnatal day 14 (P14) and continued to increase until 9-weeks of age. ACM number, but not size, was significantly increased in KDM4D expressing hearts, suggesting CM hyperplasia accounts for the increased heart mass. Inducing KDM4D after normal development specifically in ACMs resulted in increased cell cycle gene expression and cycling. We demonstrated that H3K9me3 is required for CM cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation in ACMs. Depletion of H3K9me3 in adult hearts prevents and reverses permanent cell cycle exit and allows hyperplastic growth in adult hearts in vivo.
Evaluation of multiple level nerve compression

In this retrospective study, the charts of 100 patients (81 females and 19 males, mean age 41 years) with a diagnosis of multiple level nerve compression were reviewed. Forty-five patients were inv...
The Manipulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Bone Repair

Bone homeostasis is a dynamic process consisting of mutually dependent interactions between cells, substrates, and molecular signals that are, in turn, influenced by hormones, mitogens and differentiation factors. In general, when this environment is perturbed as a consequence of disease, including osteoporosis or injury, cell and molecular signals initiate a cascade of genetically programmed repair processes. Depending on the molecular signals and responding cells, the response to injury typically promotes regeneration to a form and function virtually indistinguishable from the preinjured state. However, if the injury becomes too extensive (i.e., becomes of a critical size), these regenerative processes are insufficient for meaningful repair. In these cases, a variety of therapeutic interventions including autografting, grafting from banked bone, or grafts of supplemental bone graft substitute materials are used. For numerous reasons, each of these therapies is associated with an unacceptably high failure rate (1).
Economy of the Chemical Industry

The chemical industry has been a major component of the world’s manufacturing activities since the early days of the industrial revolution. The Leblanc process for making soda ash (Na2CO3, initially used to aid in the bleaching of cloth for the emerging textile industry) from salt and sulfuric acid in 1791 was truly the start of the large-scale synthetic production of chemicals. Sulfuric acid was being produced commercially before then, but in many small facilities, and it was not until later that it became a tonnage product with the advent of the Chamber process. These two commodities became essential to the then-infant industrialization of the world’s economy, and the chemical industry has been a large, vital, and prosperous force ever since.
A 10 GHz Up-conversion Mixer with 13.6 dBm OIP3 Using Regulator-based Linearized G m Stage and Harmonic Nulling

This paper presents a highly linear up-conversion mixer operating at 10 GHz. A regulator-based linearized transconductance (gm) stage is adopted for linear voltage-to-current conversion. A harmonic nulling technique is used to suppress the even harmonics of the switching pairs, thus improve their linearity performance. As the proof-of-concept, two mixers, one with the harmonic nulling technique and the other one without the harmonic nulling technique, were manufactured in IBM 32nm SOI CMOS process. The one with the harmonic nulling technique demonstrates 9.1 dB improvement in OIP3. Overall, the mixer chip achieves a state-of-the-art OIP3 of 13.6 dBm, a conversion gain (CG) of 1 dB and the difference between OIP3 and OP 1dB of 19.8 dB (OP1 dB is −6.2 dBm). The mixer core occupies 0.32×0.27 mm2chip area while consuming 15.4 mW DC power including the LO driver amplifiers.
How Does Bonus Payment Affect the Demand for Auto Loans and Their Delinquency

This paper studies how receiving a bonus changes the consumers' demand for auto loans and the risk of future delinquency. Unlike traditional consumer products, auto loans have a long-term impact on consumers’ financial state because of the monthly payment obligation. Using a large consumer panel data set of credit and employment information, the authors find that receiving a bonus increases auto loan demand by 21 percent. These loans, however, are associated with higher risk, as the delinquency rate increases by 18.5-31.4 percent depending on different measures. In contrast, an increase in consumers' base salary will increase the demand for auto loans but not the delinquency. By comparing consumers with bonuses with those without bonuses, the authors find that bonus payments lead to both demand expansion and demand shifting on auto loans. The empirical findings help shed light on how consumers make financial decisions and have important implications for financial institutions on when demand for auto loans and the associated risk arise.
Design of Gameplay for Learning

A common skepticism about educational games is that learning and play are frequently not well integrated—the skill or content to be used and learned lacks a semantic or meaningful relation with the fantasy and challenge elements and can be easily swapped without influencing gameplay. In this chapter, we describe and analyze design challenges associated with the core components of gameplay—game mechanics and the narrative scheme as it relates to learning—and review the gameplay design propositions and infield test findings of E-Rebuild. Via a retrospective investigation of design features and strategies in terms of learnability and playability (i.e., capability of activating knowledge-based cognitive performance without interrupting gameplay), this chapter aims to report and discuss how domain-specific learning is integrated in, and activated by, core game actions, rules, game objects, and the game world design.
Discriminative stimulus effects of mecamylamine and nicotine in rhesus monkeys: Central and peripheral mechanisms.

Abstract Mecamylamine is a non-competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist that has been prescribed for hypertension and as an off-label smoking cessation aid. Here, we examined pharmacological mechanisms underlying the interoceptive effects (i.e., discriminative stimulus effects) of mecamylamine (5.6 mg/kg s.c.) and compared the effects of nAChR antagonists in this discrimination assay to their capacity to block a nicotine discriminative stimulus (1.78 mg/kg s.c.) in rhesus monkeys. Central (pempidine) and peripherally restricted nAChR antagonists (pentolinium and chlorisondamine) dose-dependently substituted for the mecamylamine discriminative stimulus in the following rank order potency (pentolinium > pempidine > chlorisondamine > mecamylamine). In contrast, at equi-effective doses based on substitution for mecamylamine, only mecamylamine antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine, i.e., pentolinium, chlorisondamine, and pempidine did not. NMDA receptor antagonists produced dose-dependent substitution for mecamylamine with the following rank order potency (MK-801 > phencyclidine > ketamine). In contrast, behaviorally active doses of smoking cessation aids including nAChR agonists (nicotine, varenicline, and cytisine), the smoking cessation aid and antidepressant bupropion, and the benzodiazepine midazolam did not substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of mecamylamine. These data suggest that peripheral nAChRs and NMDA receptors may contribute to the interoceptive stimulus effects produced by mecamylamine. Based on the current results, the therapeutic use of mecamylamine (i.e., for smoking or to alleviate green tobacco sickness) should be weighed against the potential for mecamylamine to produce interoceptive effects that overlap with another class of abused drugs (i.e., NMDA receptor agonists).
Point of View When Designing Around Behavior

What does it mean to be a creature in space, able to displace oneself? After decades of passive screens in every house and almost in every room, some video games, virtual reality, and other tracking based media have been developed with the dynamic ability to move through virtual spaces with agency. This paper will articulate the philosophical, aesthetic and design implications of this shift that are permeating though the transition to embodied technologies. First the philosophical implications of what a point of view is in terms of subjectivity will be illustrated with examples of daily individual and social experiences. Then the paper will go over the aesthetic implications of different media according to the direct or implied approaches the media may contain regarding subjectivity, and how these implications carry metaphorical assumptions we use to socialize with each other in today’s public discourse. Lastly, the paper will consider notions of virtuality (Noe), simulation (Barret), and participatory sense making (De Jaegher & Di Paolo) that question the notion of subjectivity as a scalable experience which expands from individual to social situations.