cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The law, linguistics, and education: Educational reform for African American language minority students

Abstract African Americans are usually excluded from receiving federal or local funding as language minority students because English is their native language. African Americans share a unique linguistic history when compared to other immigrant groups. Slaves were separated by language upon capture in West Africa, thereby resulting in pidginization processes with English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese which flourished during the European African slave trade. Ensuing Creolization in North and South America has created special social and educational problems for descendants of former slaves. This article focuses on that problem in the United States. Evidence from law, educational policy, and linguistics is presented to claim that current linguistic regulations are inconsistent with the educational goals espoused in “systemic reform” (see Smith & O'Day, 1991). Several misconceptions prevail in the larger society regarding African American English (AAE), and many teachers harbor some of these stereotypes, often subconsciously, but often in overtly racist ways. The belief that Black English is bad English or ungrammatical are inconsistent with empirical linguistic evidence to the contrary. These misconceptions have profound social consequences in our schools and halls of justice. Class differences in speech and race have left indelible socially stratified watermarks throughout the United States, and here I explore some sociolinguistic aspects of these problems. A central dimension of this argument focuses on the inadequacy of current language policies for African American students. Speech pathology is commonly used to diagnose African Americans for special education, but vernacular AAE is not pathological. Similarly, many African Americans are placed in bilingual education classes with students for whom English is not native (ENN); this practice is also misguided. In conclusion, I call for comprehensive programs and policies for all students that adequately account for their linguistic diversity.
Optical Linear. Heterodyne Matrix-Vector Processor

An analog optical matrix-vector processor with 10-bit accuracy is described. The operating mode of the various components of the system and the system architecture are reviewed. The system is capable of handling bipolar and complex-valued data with no loss in throughput. Various applications of this architecture and initial laboratory data and simulation results are provided. Applications addressed include: finite impulse response filters, two high/low accuracy algorithms and systems for solving linear algebraic equations, a correlation cancellation loop processor and new algorithms and architectures for the discrete and continuous steepest descent algorithms and solutions, plus preconditioning algorithms and associated techniques for these systems, and finally constrained LAE solutions for reduced accuracy processors (using ridge regression techniques).© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biliary atresia and the polysplenia syndrome

There is a widely held but unsubstantiated belief that in infants with biliary atresia and coexisting polysplenia syndrome, the Kasai operation fails. An equally poor prognosis has been forecast for patients with this complex treated by liver transplantation. From 1975 to 1989, 16 of 131 infants with biliary atresia (12%) had one or more components of the polysplenia syndrome: polysplenia (8), intestinal malrotation (12), preduodenal portal vein (6), absent inferior vena cava (6), aberrant hepatic artery (4), or abdominal heterotaxia (4). Although technically more demanding, 12 of the 15 polysplenia patients achieved biliary drainage after operation. (One patient had exploration only, because of parental preference). Four children are alive; two are anicteric and well at ages 5 and 8 following Kasai's operation, and two by virtue of liver transplantation done at ages 4 and 7. Three of the five patients who had liver transplantation died. Acturial survival was 44% at 5 years, not significantly different from that of the 115 nonpolysplenia patients (48%). When associated with the constellation of anomalies known as the polysplenia syndrome, biliary atresia is most likely caused by an early (at approximately the fifth week) embryonic insult. The anomalies do not preclude successful biliary reconstruction using the Kasai procedure or successful liver transplantation.
Optimizing End-to-End Latencies by Adaptation of the Activation Events in Distributed Automotive Systems

Schedulability theory provides support for the analysis of the worst case latencies in distributed computations when the architecture of the system is known and the communication and synchronization mechanisms have been defined. In the design of complex automotive systems, however, a great benefit of schedulability analysis may come from its use as an aid in the exploration of the software architecture configurations that can best support the target application. We present an optimization algorithm that leverages the trade-offs between the purely periodic and the data-driven activation models to meet the latency requirements of distributed vehicle functions. We demonstrate its effectiveness on a complex automotive architecture
Understanding Fluctuations of Multiple Sclerosis across the Menstrual Cycle

Abstract This preliminary study offers a novel questionnaire/temperature chart tool to prospectively evaluate monthly neurologic changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, correlate these changes with the menstrual cycle, and distinguish them from symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The study volunteers from the MS Clinic at the University of Utah were five menstruating women with relapsing-remitting disease. They received neither estrogen replacement therapy nor oral contraceptives. Each patient received a Modified Vanderbilt University PMS questionnaire and temperature charts. They recorded basal body temperature daily and graded physical and emotional symptoms during three consecutive menstrual cycles. At the conclusion of the study, the investigators identified four different responses based on their review of the temperature charts and questionnaires. One response was a consistent increase in neurologic symptoms during the late luteal period, while another response was an absence of such an in...
Ductile fracture evaluated through micro-computed X-ray tomography

Micro-computed X-ray tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is applied to characterize secondary particles in 5083 Al specimens with varying stress states. The tomography-measured particle geometry, distribution and void behavior are used to identify the controlling ductile fracture mechanisms. These measurements become inputs for models predicting strain to failure.
Content Validity—The Source of My Discontent:

The concept of content validity takes on special importance where invoked to justify use of a test. The term 1) refers to psychological measurement, 2) using samples of behavior, sampling both stim...
Correlates of anxiety sensitivity among African American adolescents living in urban public housing.

This study examines individual, social, and contextual correlates of anxiety sensitivity among African American adolescents living in public housing. The study also reports prevalence of anxiety sensitivity among this population of youth. Participants included 238 African American adolescents (mean age=15.6) living in three public housing developments in a large Midwest city. These adolescents reported about their anxiety sensitivity, antisocial behavior, parental monitoring, affiliation with delinquent peers, and perceptions of their neighborhood. The study uses a cross-sectional research design. Age and gender differences were not detected for anxiety sensitivity. Results indicate a significant association between neighborhood hazard and anxiety sensitivity. This association was exacerbated by exposure to delinquent peers. Parental monitoring and older age attenuated the relationship between neighborhood hazard and anxiety sensitivity. Findings suggest that interventions to prevent or ameliorate anxiety sensitivity among African American adolescents living in public housing must not only focus on reducing neighborhood risk factors but also on enhancing the protective factors available to the youth. Implications for clinical practice are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social Status and Personality Factors in Predicting Interviewer Performance

Results are reported from an investigation of the predictive power of three interviewer social status and five personality factors in a multiple regression . analysis with four interviewer performance criteria. Personality factors are found to be more predictive of performance than social status. Clearly, one can improve the probability of hiring quality interviewers by collecting and evaluating social status and personality characteristics of applicants.
The macroscopic angular momentum balance

Abstract The unsteady-state macroscopic balance of the moment of momentum or angular momentum is derived by integrating over the volume of the system the vector product of the differential momentum balance and the position vector.
Dynamic thermomechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composites

Abstract Dynamic thermomechanical behavior of a carbon–epoxy composite material as well as its matrix material is investigated in the present study. Tension and compression Split Hopkinson Bars coupled with a high-speed infrared detector array were used to measure in real time the variation of stress, strain and temperature in a fiber composite under a range of strain rates. Significant temperature rise was observed in both compression and tension tests. Combined results from temperature measurements and stress–strain curves indicate that this temperature rise is mainly due to damage of the material. The rate of temperature rise in all cases was seen to be almost linearly proportional to applied loading rate. Substantial differences were seen between the temperature generation during the compression and the tension experiments. The difference in the thermomechanical response was explained by different mechanisms being active in the compression and tension loading cases. The dependence of these results on strain rate indicates that there exists the concept of “damage rate sensitivity”, which might be useful when establishing damage models that account for the energy absorbed during impact of fiber reinforced composite materials.
Reaction of 1-(F-alkyl)-2-iodoethanes with amides for the synthesis of RFCH2CH2OH: A mechanistic study

Abstract Alkylation of formamide or N-methylformamide (NMF) by alkyl halides (RCH 2 X) was studied as a mild, non-hydrolytic method for the synthesis of alcohols. Thus, 2-(F-hexyl)-1-iodoethane (R F CH 2 CH 2 I, 1 , RFC 6 F 13 ) with NMF gave 2-(F-hexyl)-1-ethanol ( 2 ) and formate ester ( 3 ) in a combined yield of 93–99.5 %, which is much higher than in most hydrolytic or substitutive processes with 1 . None of the dialkyl ether was formed. Mechanism of reaction involved the rate-determining formation of HCNH(Me)OCH 2 R + I − ( 4 ,HI). This imidate salt reacted with nucleophiles, including NMF, to give 2 , 3 and MeNHCHNHMe + I − . Similar reaction of 1 with N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) and water gave 2 (33 %) and 3 (66 %), and coproduct Me 2 NH 2 + I − . No reaction occurred without water. Accordingly, the imidate salt from 1 and DMF is susceptible to attack by a small nucleophile such as water, but not by DMF. These conclusions were confirmed by a study of 1-bromooctane and 1-iodooctane with formamide and with NMF. Rates of formation of products (1-octanol, 1-octene and di-n- octyl ether) and of imidate salt were obtained under several reaction conditions. The coproduct amine salt was not RNH 3 + X − (R = Me or H) as previously thought, but a methanimidamide salt HCNR(NH 2 R) + X − .
Higher level phylogeny for the passion‐vine butterflies (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) based on early stage and adult morphology

A higher level phylogeny for the passion-vine butterflies (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) was generated by cladistic analysis of 146 morphological characters from all life stages. The 24 species studied were selected representatives of the ten currently accepted genera of the sub-tribe Heliconiiti. Analyses of only characters from larvae and pupae did not produce well resolved trees. However, some characters of the immature stages provided critical support for the monophyly of two clades. Analysis of only adult characters yielded a tree that closely resembled that obtained from all data combined. The phylogeny here derived from the combined analysis of early stage and adult characters differed in topology from all previously proposed hypotheses, and supported the monophyly of all currently recognized genera. Characters supporting each clade are described and illustrated, and various hypotheses of phylogenetic relatedness of passion-vine butterfly taxa are discussed.
A Note on Input Consistency in the Application of AHP

This is a response to the points raised by Wu [3] concerning my paper on the quantitative evaluation of data bases [4].
Life Space Assessment in Older Women Undergoing Non-Surgical Treatment for Urinary Incontinence.

Objective: Urinary incontinence (UI) impacts all aspects of life activities. This study aims to characterize change in mobility within the community utilizing the Life Space Assessment (LSA) questionnaire in women undergoing non-surgical UI treatment. Methods: This prospective cohort study, performed from July 2007 to March 2009, followed women seeking non-surgical UI treatment from an outpatient tertiary-care clinic and assessed their mobility and symptoms using LSA, Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6), and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) at baseline and 2, 6, and 12 months post-treatment. Estimated Percent Improvement (EPI) and Patient Satisfaction Question (PSQ) were obtained post-treatment. The women were treated with multi-component behavioral and/or pharmacologic therapies, and we hypothesized that LSA would improve with treatment. Repeated measures analysis with Tukey’s HSD and backwards selection linear regression model were performed. Results: 70 ambulatory, community-dwelling women, aged 65 years or older, seeking non-surgical care for UI were recruited. LSA score decreased from baseline to 2 months (mean ± SD; 63 ± 29 to 56 ± 28, p < 0.001) and was sustained at 6 and 12 months (54 ± 28, 54 ± 28). UDI scores improved from 36 ± 23 to 25 ± 24, p < 0.001, at 2 months, and improvement persisted at 6 and 12 months (22 ± 22, 21 ± 24). Improvements in UDI and patient perceived improvement in UI were not associated with LSA change. Age, race, and depression impacted LSA, which decreased 1-point for each additional year of age (p = 0.004), 6-points for each point higher on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) (p = 0.002), and 6-point for African American race (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Decreased mobility represented by LSA was related to age, depression, and race, but not UI symptom improvement.
Two views on security software liability: Using the right legal tools

A point-counterpoint presentation on whether the legal system is the answer for security software liability issues.
Suppression of spin fluctuations by alloying in UPt3

In order to investigate the normal state spin fluctuation behavior of UPt3, we have measured the low temperature resistivity and specific heat C of U(Pt0.8Pd0.2)3, which we find to be close to the phase stability boundary for the hexagonal UPt3 structure. The evidence for spin fluctuations observed in UPt3, aT 3 ln (T/T SF) upturn inC/T below 10 K, is totally suppressed in U(Pt0.8Pd0.2)3, and the γ value, proportional to the dressed density of states, is decreased by 50% compared to pure UPt3. This extreme sensitivity to substitution by isoelectronic Pd for Pt indicates that the spin fluctuations in UPt3 depend critically on the hybridization of the U electrons, U-U separation equal to 4.2 A, with the electrons of the intervening atoms.
Cardiopulmonary bypass in a post-lung-transplant patient

S INCE 1988, more than 250 lung transplantations have been performed at this mst~tutlon Some of these patients have subsequently required general anesthesia for a variety of surgical procedures including bronchial dilatation and stent placement. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first report of a patient who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) after recovery from lung transplantation. This patient required CPB for repair of a type A aortic dissection 41⁄2 months after successful bilateral sequential lung transplantation. He had a prolonged and difficult hospital course after repair of the dissection. It is not known whether the transplanted lung is more vulnerable than normal to injury on CPB or to infection after CPB.
Detection of anomalies in software architecture with connectors

This paper describes an approach to detecting anomalies in a software architectural style that is structured with components and connectors between the components. Each component is designed with tasks (concurrent or active objects), connectors between tasks, and passive objects accessed by tasks. Anomalies in the software architecture are detected twofold by each Component Monitor, which supervises objects in a component, and by a System Monitor, which monitors message communications between components. The monitors encapsulate the specifications of objects being monitored, which are represented using statecharts. The execution of statecharts in the monitors depends on notification messages from connectors between tasks, passive objects accessed by tasks in a component, and connectors between components.
The Gifted Metaphor from the Perspective of Traditional Civilizations

The gifted metaphor implies that exceptionally promising abilities or aptitudes are inherited, acquired, or given from some source. This article offers information from ancient and classic cultures (Western and non-Western) relating to beliefs about the specific sources of gifts. These beliefs are used to discuss the images we hold of gifted individuals and the attitudes we have about serving this exceptional population in the school setting.
Unexpected neurotoxicity of etoposide phosphate administered in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents after blood-brain barrier modification to enhance delivery, using propofol for general anesthesia, in a rat model

Objective Osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) increases brain and brain tumor delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, which results in increased efficacy against brain tumors. We previously noted that the use of propofol anesthesia for BBBD increased the percentage of successful disruptions, resulting in delivery of increased amounts of chemotherapeutic drugs. This study evaluated the neurotoxicity of combination chemotherapeutic administration with this enhanced delivery system. Methods Osmotic BBBD was performed in Long-Evans rats with isoflurane (n = 11) or propofol (n = 90) anesthesia. Carboplatin and/or melphalan, methotrexate, or etoposide phosphate was administered intra-arterially (IA) after BBBD using propofol anesthesia. Animals were assessed for systemic and neurological toxicity. Animals were killed for neuropathological evaluation 30 days after treatment. Results With propofol or isoflurane anesthesia, BBBD alone produced no systemic or neurological toxicity. Single agents were relatively non-neurotoxic when administered IA with BBBD, as were the combinations of carboplatin or melphalan with methotrexate. Etoposide phosphate in combination with any other agent was observed to be highly neurotoxic if both agents were administered after BBBD. Administration of etoposide phosphate before BBBD completely eliminated neurotoxicity, although acute pulmonary toxicity occurred with any combination of etoposide phosphate and methotrexate, regardless of the timing of administration. Conclusion Neurotoxicity was significantly increased for etoposide phosphate combination groups, particularly when both drugs were administered IA after BBBD. This increase in neurotoxicity may reflect on increase in drug delivery observed with propofol anesthesia. The neurotoxicity of IA administered etoposide phosphate with BBBD and propofol anesthesia could be minimized by administering etoposide phosphate IA before BBBD and administering carboplatin or melphalan IA after BBBD.
False Aortic Aneurysm Secondary to Chest Trauma

A 64-year-old woman with a history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery 2 years earlier presented with a bulging mass on the anterior chest wall 2 weeks after minor chest trauma. She denied having any symptoms, and her examination was remarkable only for a pulsatile mass …
The Effects of Boiling and Leaching on the Content of Potassium and Other Minerals in Potatoes

The white potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a valuable source of potassium in the human diet. While most consumers benefit from high levels of potassium in potato tubers, individuals with compromised kidney function must minimize their potassium intake. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of leaching and boiling on levels of potassium and other minerals in potato tubers. Leaching alone did not significantly reduce levels of potassium or other minerals in tubers. Boiling tuber cubes and shredded tubers decreased potassium levels by 50% and 75%, respectively. Reductions in mineral amounts following boiling were observed for phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, manganese, and iron. There was no difference between the leaching and boiling treatment and the boiling treatment. In addition, mineral levels in tubers of 6 North American potato cultivars are reported. Significant differences in mineral levels were detected among cultivars, but they were too small to be nutritionally important. Individuals wishing to maximize the mineral nutrition benefits of consuming potatoes should boil them whole or bake, roast, or microwave them. Those who must reduce potassium uptake should boil small pieces before consuming them.
Light Verbs as Classifiers in Udi

In Udi, most verbal lexemes are composed, in all tense-aspect-mood categories, of a light verb and an ‘initial’. It is argued here that in the first stage of this development, simplex verbs were juxtaposed with focused constituents. In the second stage, initials and verbs formed compounds, and this pattern spread beyond those that had once involved focus. In the third stage, the subject of this paper, light verbs become classifiers, classifying the verb type — inchoatives, other unaccusatives, unergatives, transitive verbs of inherently directed motion, transitive change-of-state verbs, other transitives. I argue also that the classes identified by (some of) the light verbs have not become less semantically motivated; rather the semantics has shifted from a relatively narrow meaning to one of the three major classes.
Genetic and physical maps of Klebsiella aerogenes genes for histidine utilization ( hut )

Deletion derivatives of the hut-containing plasmid pCB101 were tested against point mutants defective in individual genes of the histidine utilization (hut) operons using a complementation/recombination assay. Location of the genes of the right operon, hutU and hutH, was confirmed by direct assay of the gene products, urocanase and histidase; location of the repressor gene was identified by measuring the ability of the plasmid-carried genes to repress the formation of histidase from a chromosomal location. The analysis of eight deletion plasmids unambiguously confirms the map order of the hut genes as hutI-G-C-U-H, and demonstrates that, in Klebsiella aerogenes, the hutU and hutH genes are transcribed from their own promoter. In addition, the genetic map of hut can be aligned with the restriction map of the hut DNA in plasmid pCB101. One of the deletion plasmids studied apparently encodes a defective histidase subunit that is trans-dominant to active histidase. Another deletion, which completely removes the left operon, hutIG, allows high level expression of the hutUH operon and thus overproduction of a toxic intermediate.
Incorporation of bed texture into a channel evolution model

Abstract Channel evolution models (CEM) have been developed to qualitatively describe the morphological adjustments of channels undergoing incision, but the grain size of the river bed material has not been addressed in existing evolution models. Herein, bed material grain size is incorporated into an existing CEM to describe the sequence of grain size changes. The analysis is based on the data from bed material that were available from a 1986 sampling program in northwestern Mississippi. Samples were taken along three sand-and-gravel-bed channels at 300-m intervals. To provide a comparable data set, sampling was repeated in 1996. Observed longitudinal grain size distributions were highly variable in space and time. Overall downstream fining trends were absent. Bed texture in incising channels is as dynamic as channel morphology, with composition shifting from a mixture dominated by sand to one dominated by gravel, or vice versa, within a decade or less. The modified CEM predicted direction of changes in grain size in a meandering incising channel, but not within two straightened, incising channels, most likely due to the complex influence of upstream and lateral sediment sources (bed and bank erosion). We suggest that over the temporal (10 years) and spatial scales (~10 to 20 km) of this study, sediment sources are the dominant factor in the development of longitudinal grain size distributions.
The application of quadratic optimal cooperative control synthesis to a CH-47 helicopter

A control-system design method, Quadratic Optimal Cooperative Control Synthesis (CCS), is applied to the design of a Stability and Control Augmentation Systems (SCAS). The CCS design method is different from other design methods in that it does not require detailed a priori design criteria, but instead relies on an explicit optimal pilot-model to create desired performance. The design model, which was developed previously for fixed-wing aircraft, is simplified and modified for application to a Boeing Vertol CH-47 helicopter. Two SCAS designs are developed using the CCS design methodology. The resulting CCS designs are then compared with designs obtained using classical/frequency-domain methods and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) theory in a piloted fixed-base simulation. Results indicate that the CCS method, with slight modifications, can be used to produce controller designs which compare favorably with the frequency-domain approach.
Plasmon resonance broadening in spheroidal metal particles

Abstract An analytical expression for the surface scattering contribution to the width of plasmon resonances in spheroidally shaped metal particles is derived. The result is compared with analogous quantum-mechanical expressions.
Long-term survival is superior after resection for cancer in high-volume centers.

Background:A number of studies have demonstrated that surgical resection at high-volume centers is associated with improved shortterm perioperative outcome. Whether long-term results after resection of visceral malignancies are superior at high-volume centers is largely unknown. Methods:All patients who were subjected to pancreatectomy or hepatectomy for cancer in the years 1995 and 1996 were identified in the National Medicare database. Data extracted and examined include demographics, comorbidities, and long-term survival. All survival was confirmed through 2001, providing actual 5-year survival. Long-term survival was examined as related to hospital volume. Results:In the study period, there were 2592 pancreatectomies and 3734 hepatectomies performed at 1101 and 1284 institutions, respectively. High-volume center was defined as!25 cases/y. By this definition, there were 10 high-volume centers for pancreatectomy and 12 centers for hepatectomy performing 11% (n"291) of the pancreatectomies and 12% (n"474) of the hepatectomies in this study period. Comparison by log-rank demonstrated superior survival for patients resected at high-volume centers (pancreatectomy: P"0.001; hepatectomy:P"0.02). This was confirmed by multivariate analysis. All analyses included an adjustment for withincenter correlation. Conclusion:Superior long-term survival is associated with complex visceral resections for cancer at high-volume centers. (Ann Surg2005;242: 540‐547)
Salvage techniques in traumatic cardiac arrest: thoracotomy, extracorporeal life support, and therapeutic hypothermia.

Purpose of review Survival from traumatic cardiac arrest is associated with a very high mortality despite aggressive resuscitation including an Emergency Department thoracotomy (EDT). Novel salvage techniques are needed to improve these outcomes. Recent findings More aggressive out-of-hospital interventions, such as chest decompression or thoracotomy by emergency physicians or anesthesiologists, seem feasible and show some promise for improving outcomes. For trauma patients who suffer severe respiratory failure or refractory cardiac arrest, there seems to be an increasing role for the use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS), utilizing heparin-bonded systems to avoid systemic anticoagulation. The development of exposure hypothermia is associated with poor outcomes in trauma patients, but preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated that mild, therapeutic hypothermia (34 °C) improves survival from severe hemorrhagic shock. Sufficient data exist to justify a clinical trial. For patients who suffer a cardiac arrest refractory to EDT, induction of emergency preservation and resuscitation by rapid cooling to a tympanic membrane temperature of 10 °C may preserve vital organs long enough to allow surgical hemostasis, followed by resuscitation with cardiopulmonary bypass. Summary Salvage techniques, such as earlier thoracotomy, ECLS, and hypothermia, may allow survival from otherwise lethal injuries.
Fabrication and bioseparation studies of adsorptive membranes/felts made from electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers

Adsorptive membranes have shown great promise for bioseparations as an alternative to packed bed chromatography. Here we evaluate an adsorptive membrane (felt) made from electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers as an ion-exchange medium for protein separations. The as-electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers had diameters ranging from tens of nanometers to microns, and the pore sizes within the nanofiber felts were in the range from sub-microns to microns. The cellulose acetate nanofibers were hydrolyzed/deacetylated to yield regenerated cellulose nanofibers, which were then surface functionalized with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) anion-exchange ligand. SEM imaging, along with FT-IR spectroscopy, and nitrogen content analysis were used to follow each stage of the process. For comparison, a regenerated cellulose microfiber adsorption medium, a commercially available regenerated cellulose adsorptive membrane, and bleached absorbent cotton balls, were all similarly treated and evaluated. The results indicated that the functionalized nanofiber felt had the highest static binding capacity of 40.0 mg/g for bovine serum albumin (BSA), compared to 33.5 mg/g, 14.5 mg/g, and 15.5 mg/g for the functionalized commercial membrane, cellulose microfiber medium, and cotton balls, respectively; and the DEAE nanofiber felt had over five times higher permeability of 10 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0 than the DEAE commercial membrane. It was also found that detrimental system dispersion, as determined by calculation of the Peclet number, could be limited by increasing the number of felt layers used for the adsorption bed, without compromising pressure limitations. Dynamic adsorption of BSA, at 10% breakthrough, was higher for the DEAE nanofiber felt (26.9 mg/g) compared to the DEAE commercial membrane (20.9 mg/g).
The Planetary Data System Geosciences Node

Abstract The purpose of the Planetary Data System Geosciences Node is to archive and distribute planetary geosciences datasets relevant to the surfaces and interiors of the terrestrial planets and moons. This objective is accomplished through the following efforts. The Node works with planetary missions to help ensure that data of relevance to the geosciences discipline are properly documented and archived. The Node restores and publishes selected geoscience datasets from past missions on CD-ROM for distribution to the planetary science community. Data archived at the Node are distributed on CD-ROM, magnetic tape, CD-WO, or by electronic transfer over the Internet. The Geo-sciences Node provides information and expert assistance on its data holdings. Derived image, geophysics, microwave, spaceborne thermal, and radio science data are archived at the lead node or at one of the subnodes. Currently, the amount of data archived at the Node is on the order of 500 Gbytes stored on a combination of nearly 800 CD-ROMs and CD-WOs. Current archives within the Node include data from the Magellan and Viking missions, the Geological Remote Sensing Field Experiment, and a collection of radar, altimetry, and gravity datasets for Venus, Mercury, Mars, Earth, and the Moon, together with software to analyze the data. The Node maintains on-line catalogs that enable the science community to search through the Geosciences Node archives and to order selected datasets. Access to the Node's catalogs and on-line datasets is available via the Internet using a remote login or via the World Wide Web (WWW).
Distractibility and hypersensitivity. Two behavior factors in elementary school children

The present paper reports on the development of a modified problem checklist for use in normal samples of elementary school children. The two factors, Hypersensitivity and Distractibility, replicated over male and female samples. Hypersensitivity showed a significant grade effect, with a decrease between the first and second grade for both boys and girls. In contrast, boys scored higher than girls on Distractibility and there were no grade differences. Convergent validity data from peer judgments, in class activity level, physical fitness measures, standardized achievement scores, and a comparison with another teacher judgment are presented. In addition, three Behavior Problem Checklist (Quay & Peterson, 1967) dimensions, Conduct Problem, Personality Problem, and Inadequacy-Immaturity, were developed and their relationships to the independent measures, as well as to the new dimensions, are presented. The pattern of correlations of Distractibility was quite similar for boys and girls, with both being rated as Mean Noisy by their peers. The findings for Hypersensitivity were somewhat weaker. Distractibility and Conduct Problem scores reflected a similar pattern of correlations with other variables; in alike manner, Hypersensitivity and Personality Problem scores reflected a similar pattern of correlations with other variables. Distractibility was related to an increased activity level and Hypersensitivity was related to a decreased activity level in young boys. The total number of behavior problems was related to a decrease in activity level for young girls. Older Distractible and Hypersensitive girls showed different patterns o f activity level. It is proposed that problem behavior is more complex for older children and that Distractibility may be less influenced by the usual socialization process of school than is Hypersensitivity and may have some congenital antecedents.
Effect of biologically relevant ions on the corrosion products formed on alloy AZ31B: An improved understanding of magnesium corrosion☆

Simulated physiological solutions mimicking human plasma have been utilized to study the in vitro corrosion of biodegradable metals. However, corrosion and corrosion product formation are different for different solutions with varied responses and, hence, the prediction of in vivo degradation behavior is not feasible based on these studies alone. This paper reports the role of physiologically relevant salts and their concentrations on the corrosion behavior of a magnesium alloy (AZ31B) and subsequent corrosion production formation. Immersion tests were performed for three different concentrations of Ca2+, HPO42-, HCO3- to identify the effect of each ion on the corrosion of AZ31B assessed at 1, 3 and 10 days. Time-lapse morphological characterization of the samples was performed using X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the surface corrosion products was determined by electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that: (1) calcium is not present in the corrosion product layer when only Cl− and OH− anions are available; (2) the presence of phosphate induces formation of a densely packed amorphous magnesium phosphate corrosion product layer when HPO42- and Cl− are present in solution; (3) octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite (HAp) are deposited on the surface of the magnesium alloy when HPO42- and Ca2+ are present together in NaCl solution (this coating limits localized corrosion and increases general corrosion resistance); (4) addition of HCO3- accelerates the overall corrosion rate, which increases with increasing bicarbonate concentration; (5) the corrosion rate decreases due to the formation of insoluble HAp on the surface when HCO3-, Ca2+, and HPO42- are present together.
Trends In X-Ray Lithography

Presently there are several approaches to achieving a high throughput, production worthy X-ray lithography system. One approach utilizes a conventional X-ray source with fast X-ray resist materials to expose a large diameter wafer (typically 3" to 4" in one step). Another approach also utilizes a conventional X-ray source (or perhaps a plasma X-ray source) and fast X-ray resist materials to expose in a step and repeat fashion a large diameter wafer (e.g., ≤5"). A third approach utilizes a storage ring source of X-ray radiation in combination with conventional resist materials (i.e., AZ, PMMA, etc.) to expose large diameter wafers in a step and repeat fashion. In particular, single step exposure systems are limited to small diameter wafers due to registration errors which are ameliorated in step and repeat systems. Furthermore, the complex multilevel resist processing necessary to obtain high throughput in the first two approaches is unattractive to some manufacturers. However, it may be one economic way of obtaining relatively high throughput for some applications that require a small volume of devices with ≤1,μm features. For high volume manufacturers with well established production lines using conventional resist processing, a multiple port storage ring system offers economical and performance advantages relative to other exposure systems (i.e., electron beam) for VLSI manufacturing. The important parameters of each fo the above approaches will be described in this talk.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Collective Memory and the Russian "Schematic Narrative Template"

Collective memory is a phenomenon that receives a different interpretation depending on the discipline within which it is examined. In my research, I will employ ideas and concepts developed within the framework of a sociocultural approach (Wertsch, 2002; Cole, 1996). In particular, I will proceed from the definition of collective memory developed by James Wertsch (2002), who treats collective memory as textually mediated memory, conditioned by various—mainly historical—narratives. Historical narratives (annals, chronicles, history textbooks, etc.) are considered to be cultural instruments promoting collective remembrance. A category I borrow from Wertsch's work (2002) is the concept of the "schematic narrative template," which I will apply as analytic tool in my investigation of the phenomenon of collective memory phenomenon.
Designing effective risk communications for older adults

Older adults make daily decisions concerning risk communications about product use, activities, or emergency situations. Appropriate compliance with warnings and notifications depends on comprehension of the hazard. Unfortunately, risk communications are often designed without considering the physical and cognitive changes that can accompany aging. This article details age-related changes and their relation to risk communication and includes examples and recommendations for design. It is proposed that designers consider these age-related changes within the larger system of the risk environment and risk communication demands. Iterative design is stressed.
Patterns of neutral amino acid uptake along rat small intestine.

Abstract Uptake to seven neutral amino acids by rat small intestine during 60 min incubations is presented as a function of position along intestine. There was considerable variation from one amino acid to another in the shape of the uptake curves. The two extremes were the uptake patterns of l -methiomine and betaine. These two patterns were sufficiently different from each other to provide new and independent evidence for the existence of two systems for the transport of neutral amino acids. These transport systems are here called N 1 and N 2 ; they are apparently distributed somewhat differently along rat intestine. Uptake patterns for the other amino acids studied ( l -leucine, l -alanine, l -proline, glycine and α-aminoisobutyric acid) were between those for methionine and betaine. This situation would be expected if leucine, alanine, proline, glycine and α-aminoisobutyric acid were transported by both N 1 and N 2 . By competitively excluding proline from N 1 by adding methionine, it was possible to shift the uptake pattern of proline toward that of betaine. This result adds further support to the idea that proline is transported by both N 1 and N 2 . The converse experiment — shifting the uptake pattern of proline toward that of methionine by adding betaine — was not successful, probably because betaine had a stimulatory effect on proline uptake.
Food in society and culture

Khare, R. S., and M. S. A. Rao, eds. Food, Society, and Culture: Aspects in South Asian Food Systems. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 1986. viii + 336 pp. including chapter references, appendices, general bibliography, and index. $34.95 cloth. Harris, Marvin. Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. 289 pp. including references and index. $17.95 cloth.
International doctorates: trends analysis on their decision to stay in US

Despite the significant implications of the foreign doctorates’ stay or return decision on a personal level, as well as for the home and host countries, there is very little research that provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors that predict international doctorates’ decision to stay in the US and how those factors differ by country of origin or field of study. In addition, the patterns of stay (versus return) and the factors influencing those decisions may have changed over time, partly due to the changes in the immigration policies of the US and in economic development or national policy of home countries. Therefore, this study examines the patterns of international doctorates’ stay versus return decision from a historical perspective across the period of the 1980, 1990, and 2000s. Using data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED), collected in the US, this study enables us to move beyond a static understanding of the relative stay rates by country to an examination of how country-specific changes, such as shifts in economic development or national policy (push/pull factors), may relate to shifts in the stay versus return decision with a particular emphasis on the field specific effects.
Acceptance of male rape myths among college men and women

College students (157 men and 158 women; predominantly white middle class) from psychology courses at a midwestern university rated their agreement with statements reflecting myths that male rape cannot happen, involves victim blame, and is not traumatic to men. Statements varied by whether the rape perpetrator was a man or woman. Results showed that a majority of subjects disagreed with all myth statements, but most strongly with trauma myths. Percentages of disagreement with myths for subject groups ranged from 51% to 98%. Women were significantly more rejecting of rape myths than were men. Subjects were more likely to accept myths in which the rape perpetrator was female rather than male. Subjects' past victim experience with sexual coercion was not related to rape myth acceptance. Results are discussed in terms of societal attitudes toward rape and sex role stereotypes.
Bactericidal and ammonia removal activity of silver ion-exchanged zeolite.

Abstract The antimicrobial activity of silver-zeolite against Escherichia coli , Vibrio harveyi , Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was examined in liquid medium and agar well diffusion assays. The minimum inhibitory concentration for silver ion-exchanged zeolite against E. coli and V. harveyi was 40 μg/ml, and 50–60 μg/ml for V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus . The diameter of the inhibition zones for E. coli , V. harveyi , V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus , respectively, increased from 0.5 to 2.3 cm, 0.6 to 2.4 cm, 0.3 to 1.65 cm and 0.3 to 1.7 cm with increasing concentrations of silver ion-exchanged zeolite from 10 to 400 μg. Silver-zeolite removed 20–37% ammonia from aqueous solutions. This study suggests that silver ion-exchanged zeolite could impact disease and environmental management in shrimp aquaculture.
Parallel computation of multiscale phenomena in magnetically‐stirred solidifying melts

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to determine a parallel computational methodology for simultaneously predicting the macro/micro scale phenomena occurring during solidification processing with external electromagnetic stirring.Design/methodology/approach – Macro and micro phenomena occurring in an electromagnetically‐stirred solidifying melt are simulated using a numerical model that integrates the finite element methodology for transport phenomena and the Monte‐Carlo cellular‐automata method for microstructure formation. Parallel algorithm is introduced to enhance the computational efficiency.Findings – Computed results show that parallel algorithm can be effective in enhancing the computational efficiency of a combined macro/micro model if it is applied appropriately. Also, electromagnetically induced stirring can have a strong effect on the nucleation and grain growth and hence the final solidification microstructure.Originality/value – This paper fulfils a need for developing an efficient numerical ...
Locally Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: The Past, Present, and Future

Approximately a third of patients with newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have locally or regionally advanced disease not amenable for surgical resection. Concurrent chemoradiation is the standard of therapy for patients with unresectable locally advanced NSCLC who have a good performance status and no significant weight loss. Prospective studies conducted over the past two decades have addressed several important questions regarding systemic therapy and thoracic radiation. They include the role of induction/consolidation chemotherapy, integration of newer chemotherapy agents with radiation and the impact of molecularly targeted agents. Improved radiation therapy techniques and precise targeting of the tumors have played a key role in this setting. Moreover, it has been shown that higher than conventional doses of thoracic radiation can be administered safely in combination with chemotherapy. This review will discuss these issues in detail and outline the strategies that need to be employed to improve the outcomes in patients with locally advanced NSCLC.