cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid, depth-resolved light scattering measurements using Fourier domain, angle-resolved low coherence interferometry

We present a novel angle-resolved low coherence interferometry scheme for rapid measurement of depth-resolved angular scattering distributions to enable determination of scatterer size via elastic scattering properties. Depth resolution is achieved using a superluminescent diode in a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer with the mixed signal and reference fields dispersed by an imaging spectrograph. The spectrograph slit is located in a Fourier transform plane of the scattering sample, enabling angle-resolved measurements over a 0.21 radian range. The capabilities of the new technique are demonstrated by recording the distribution of light scattered by a sub-surface layer of polystyrene microspheres in 40 milliseconds. The data are used to determine the microsphere size with good accuracy. Future clinical application to measuring the size of cell nuclei in living epithelial tissues using backscattered light is discussed.
BODY CONDITION AND MATE CHOICE IN TETRAGNATHA ELONGATA (ARANEAE, TETRAGNATHIDAE)

The mate preference characteristics of adult Tetragnatha elongata were assessed with respect to measures of female mass, linear size (length), and condition (mass scaled by length: body condition). Males preferred longer, heavier females and females with higher body condition indices. When mass is partially controlled, males still preferred females of higher body condition, but reversed their preference for length and chose smaller females. We present evidence that female body condition and mass are associated with the volume of her egg load and the proximity of oviposition, whereas female body length is not associated with either. Females displayed no clear preference among males for mass or linear size, but were reluctant to mate in female-choice trials. The small sample size obtained may have obscured the detection of female mate preferences if they exist. This may be the first evidence that mate choice is influenced by body condition rather than mass or linear size among spiders.
A Review of “Responsibility, Ethics and Legitimacy of Corporations”

This text goes far beyond the traditional study of business ethics and corporate social responsibility. In this regard, Rendtorff introduces a new conceptual framework for explaining how business e...
Retention of Information Taught in Introductory Psychology Courses Across Different Accelerated Course Formats

The current study is a quasi-experimental examination of the effects of traditional and accelerated course formats on learning retention. The study analyzed data on an end-of-course exam collected ...
A Mistake in Problem Formulation and Its Impact on Farm Policy

OMETHING has gone wrong. According to the accepted doctrine in agricultural economics, high-level industrial employment, lowlevel farm price supports and increased mobility of farm people should solve the price and income problems in agriculture.1 We have had high-level industrial employment for some time, farm people have left the farms in record numbers for several years, we have lowered farm price supports and expect to lower them still further, yet farm program costs have set new records while farm income has fallen sharply. Even more disconcerting, under the new legislation passed in 1958 it is probable that farm program costs and farm surpluses will set new records, yet farm income, which showed temporary improvement in 1958, will continue its 1952 to 1957 decline.
Consumer attitudes towards evidence based mental health services among American mental health consumers.

The Consumer Attitudes towards Evidence Based Services (CAEBS) scale is a 29-item questionnaire designed to assess public views on the role of science in helping to guide mental health treatment. The aim of the current study was to assess the Factor structure the CAEBS in an online sample of adults seeking information about mental health services. The CAEBS was administered to a nationwide sample of participants from websites offering classified advertisements for mental health related study participation (n = 312). An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) suggested four factors based on 26 of the items: Beliefs Regarding Therapists' Practices, Attitudes about Mental Health Policy, Negative Personal-Level Attitudes toward EBPs, and Negative Societal-Level Attitudes towards EBPs. In order to increase consumer empowerment within the mental health-care system and develop policies supporting EBP usage, mental health professionals need to increase communication with the public to address these concerns and leverage positive attitudes.
Adipocyte Cholesterol Storage: Effect of Starvation

AbstractThe content of free and esterified cholesterol in epididymal and subcutaneous adipocytes was measured during starvation in adult male rats in order to test the hypothesis that adipose tissue cholesterol esters are mobilized concomitantly with free cholesterol and triglyceride during starvation. Plasma and liver lipid concentrations were also determined as a function of time during food deprivation. Plasma triglyceride decreased significantly within 72 hr and liver triglyceride increased significantly after 144 hr of starvation. Plasma total cholesterol also decreased due to starvation, but only after 144 hr. No significant alteration in hepatic cholesterol was observed at any time. In epididymal adipose cells, free cholesterol was mobilized during fasting while the cholesterol ester pool remained constant. In marked contrast, cells from the subcutaneous depot showed no consistent changes in either free or esterified cholesterol despite the fact that cells lost about 55% of their triglyceride pool....
A Study of the Ia and Oa Strains of the Shope Fibroma Virus with Special Reference to the Berry Transformation

In 1932 Shope' reported the discovery of a virus in the Pennsylvania cotton tail rabbit which produced massive fibromatous proliferations in domestic rabbits. Andrewes2 found a mutant of the same strain which did not produce these fibromatous masses but produced lesions which were predominantly inflammatory in character. Andrewes called this inflammatory mutant the IA strain to distinguish it from the original or OA virus of Shope. During a study of the relationship between fibroma and infectious myxomatosis Berry and Dedrick3 found a transformation from fibroma to the
Familial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

AbstractTransitional cell carcinoma of the bladder was found in 6 family members from 2 generations. The possibility that the tumors in this family were mediated by an autosomal dominant gene is raised. No common carcinogenic exposure was present and studies of tryptophan metabolism and immunologic competence were negative.
Numerical Methods for Unconstrained Optimum Design

Differences between the gradient-based search methods and direct search methods are explained. This chapter focuses on the gradient-based unconstrained search methods. General concepts related to iterative numerical algorithms are presented and discussed. These basic concepts are applicable to both unconstrained and constrained optimization problems. The ideas of a descent direction and descent step for unconstrained minimization are presented, discussed and illustrated. Each algorithm has two fundamental steps: search direction determination and step size calculation. The step size calculation along a search direction is posed as a one-dimensional minimization problem. An analytical method to compute step size and interval-reducing numerical methods for step size calculation are presented. The prominent method in this class is the golden sections method. The steepest descent method for search direction determination is detailed and illustrated. The conjugate gradient method is described as a minor modification of the steepest descent method and illustrated in an example. Two other conjugate gradient methods are also presented.
A Quantitative Model of Cutaneous Melanoma Diagnosis Using Thermography

Cutaneous melanoma is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and its incidence is on the rise worldwide. Early detection and differentiation of a malignant melanoma from benign cutaneous lesions provides an excellent chance for treating the disease. Thermography is a non-invasive tool that can be used to detect and monitor skin lesions. We model heat transfer in a skin region containing a lesion. The model which is governed by the Pennes equation uses the steady state temperature at the skin surface to determine whether there is an underlying lesion. Numerical simulations from the model ascertain whether the lesion is malignant or benign.
Developing A Method to Evaluate Emergency Response Medical Information Systems

Emergency response medical information systems (ERMIS) are a specific type of medical information system used for communication and decision making during a crisis. Yet given the dependence on ERMIS during a crisis, these information systems are rarely evaluated to ascertain if the system is indeed successful. This research develops a method to evaluate the success of an ERMIS using a well-established research model as a guiding framework. We explain this method in the context of an ERMIS used in the diagnosis of pathogens in hospitals and state public health laboratories. We describe the insights obtained when using this method to evaluate emergency response medical information systems.
Prepubertal Melanoma Arising within a Medium‐Sized Congenital Melanocytic Nevus

We report the case of an 8-year-old child who developed a 9.4-mm-deep melanoma within a medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevus on the scalp. Genetic analysis revealed an activating NRAS Q61R mutation within the melanoma, which is more commonly associated with large or giant congenital melanocytic nevi. This case demonstrates that even a "low-risk" congenital melanocytic nevus at a "low-risk" age must be monitored regularly for the development of malignancy.
Effect of wind, river discharge, and outer-shelf phenomena on circulation dynamics of the Atchafalaya Bay and shelf

Abstract The influence of wind, river discharge, and outer-shelf variations on the circulation of the Atchafalaya Bay and the adjoining inner shelf were examined using a 3-dimensional circulation model. Current and water level data from three stations along a transect off the Marsh Island were used for model calibration and skill assessment. Coastal current and its spatial distribution were significantly affected by open boundary conditions. Model sensitivity analysis suggested that the vertical eddy viscosity has a substantial impact on the energy and momentum transfer across the water column in this shallow bay-shelf environment. It was also shown that westward to northwestward currents dominated in the study area during the non-summer months and that would transport westward large volume of sediments discharged from rivers during the spring flood season. This sediment load is contributing to the progradation of the Chenier Plain along the southwestern Louisiana coast. A particle tracking Lagrangian model validates the westward migration of suspended sediments originating from the river mouth area during the spring season.
A 70-GHz LO Phase-Shifting Bidirectional Frontend Using Linear Coupled Oscillators

A 70-GHz two-element bidirectional frontend is demonstrated with linear coupled oscillators in a 90-nm silicon–germanium BiCMOS process. The transmitter has a measured peak output power of 7.2 dBm and a peak conversion gain of 14.5 dB while consuming 47 mA from a 1.8-V supply. The receiver has a peak conversion gain of 9.9 dB and a minimum noise figure of 8.6 dB with a nominal current consumption of 18 mA from a 1.5-V supply. The frontend is integrated with a two-element linear coupled oscillator array and achieves a maximum phase scanning of ±80°.
Sleep and mental health: the moderating role of perceived adolescent-parent attachment.

Abstract Objective The present study investigated whether the effects of sleep duration and quality on adolescent adjustment were moderated by perceived attachment to mothers and fathers. Design The study used a cross-sectional design. Setting Participants were recruited from small town and semirural communities in Alabama. Participants Participants were 106 adolescents (mean age = 13.61 years, SD = .73; 55% girls; 28% African American, 72% European American) and their parents. Measurements Sleep duration (minutes) and sleep quality (efficiency, number of long wake episodes) were derived using actigraphy, and subjective sleep/wake problems were derived with adolescent reports. Adolescents also reported on perceived attachment to mothers and fathers, internalizing symptoms, and self-esteem. Mothers and fathers reported on externalizing behaviors. Results Path model analyses indicated that perceived attachment to parents moderated relations between adolescents' sleep quality and their adjustment. For externalizing symptoms and self-esteem, adolescents at greatest risk for maladjustment were those who reported poor quality sleep (ie, more sleep/wake problems, lower sleep efficiency) coupled with less secure attachment to parents. Conversely, adolescents who experienced better actigraphy-based sleep quality (ie, higher sleep efficiency, fewer long wake episodes) in conjunction with more secure attachment to parents experienced the lowest levels of anxiety symptoms. Less secure attachment was associated with high levels of anxiety symptoms independent of sleep quality. Similar patterns of associations emerged for attachment to mothers and fathers. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of examining the conjoint influence of sleep and adolescent-parent relationships toward explication of adolescent's mental health.
Dirty secrets and silent conversations: Exploring radical listening through embodied autoethnographic teaching.

In this article I explore the idea of radical listening as embodied pedagogy. I highlight the ways that radical listening can include listening to our bodies and their histories, explore the type of listening is that needed when the insights that are offered from the body are deeply personal, and question how embodied teaching might require rethinking student listening. Using my own experiences (and the context of patriarchy) as an example, I offer for analysis layered narratives and theater metaphors in order to push radical listening into personal experience. Along the way I highlight the challenges and benefits of combining radical listening, teaching and autoethnographic knowledge.
A triad of residues is functionally transferrable between 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Cys-loop receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that facilitate communication within the nervous system. Upon neurotransmitter binding, these receptors undergo an allosteric activation mechanism connecting the binding event to the membrane-spanning channel pore, which expands to conduct ions. Some of the earliest steps in this activation mechanism are carried out by residues proximal to the binding site, the relative positioning of which may reflect functional differences among members of the Cys-loop family of receptors. Herein, we investigated key side-chain interactions near the binding site via mutagenesis and two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology in serotonin-gated 5-HT3A receptors (5-HT3ARs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found that a triad of residues aligning to Thr-152, Glu-209, and Lys-211 in the 5-HT3AR can be exchanged between the homomeric 5-HT3AR and the muscle-type nAChR α-subunit with small functional consequences. Via triple mutant cycle analysis, we demonstrated that this triad forms an interdependent network in the muscle-type nAChR. Furthermore, nAChR-type mutations of the 5-HT3AR affect the affinity of nicotine, a competitive antagonist of 5-HT3ARs, in a cooperative manner. Using mutant cycle analyses between the 5-HT3A triad, loop A residues Asn-101 and Glu-102, β9 residue Lys-197, and the channel gate at Thr-257, we observed that residues in this region are energetically linked to the channel gate and are particularly sensitive to mutations that introduce a net positive charge. This study expands our understanding of the differences and similarities in the activation mechanisms of Cys-loop receptors.
Real-Time Ambulance Dispatching and Relocation

In this study, we develop a flexible optimization framework for real-time ambulance dispatching and relocation. In addition to ambulance redeployment, we consider a general dispatching and relocation strategy by which the decision maker has the option to (i) select any available ambulance to dispatch to a call or to queue the call and (ii) send an idle ambulance to cover the location of an ambulance just dispatched to a call. We formulate the problem as a stochastic dynamic program, and, because the state space is unbounded, an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) framework is developed to generate high-quality solutions. We assess the quality of our solutions by developing a lower bound on the expected response time and computing a lower bound on the expected fraction of late calls of any relocation policy. We test the performance of our policies and available benchmarks on an emergency medical services system in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The results show that our policies are near optimal and...
Comparison of junction temperature prediction methods through analysis of isolated 1-D thermal resistance model variables of an application utilizing forced convection of heat sinks

Discrepancies between estimated and actual thermal solution performance may negatively bias early system design decisions and ultimately result in costly redesigns. In particular, an overreliance on manufacturer-provided performance data and insufficiently accurate prediction methods are two potential causes of large discrepancies. To demonstrate deviations between predicted and end-thermal-performance, three methods of predicting thermal performance were investigated. The reference design was a forced convection air-cooled computer chassis, consisting of four printed circuit boards (PCBs), each populated with four processors that utilize heat sinks. The three predictive methods used were rudimentary analytical calculations, spreadsheet based modeling, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The results from these methods were compared to measured results taken from the physical hardware test bed. A thermal resistance network model was used to describe the problem, and the comparison between the measured and calculated results for each element of the model was reported as a percent error. Note that in cases in which physical measurements could not be obtained, the comparison was made between the CFD results and the other calculations. All predictive methods using manufacturer-supplied thermal interface material (TIM) data indicated adequate thermal margin. When corrected TIM values were used, both the hand calculation method and the spreadsheet modeling method indicated adequate thermal margin; however, the CFD analysis predicted significant thermal issues, which were observed in the thermal test bed measured results.
Aldosterone Binding Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter describes aldosterone binding proteins (ABP). Conventional cell fractionation techniques were used to study the specificity of aldosterone-binding systems in the kidney of adrenalectomized rats. The aldosterone-metabolites, physiologically inert analogs, were used as the indicators of nonspecific steroidal binding sites. Isolated renal nuclei were found to contain aldosterone-binding sites that were saturable within the physiological range of plasma aldosterone concentrations. If the cytosol and nuclear ABP's constitute the physiological receptor mechanism, one possible basis for tissue specificity in the response to mineralocorticoids would be the presence of these receptors. Accordingly, cytosol and nuclear ABP content was determined in rat kidney, duodenal mucosa, liver, spleen and brain. The ABP content of both the cytosol and nuclear fractions, expressed as moles of 3H-aldosterone bound per mg of protein, was highest in the kidney and duodenal mucosa, and was significantly lower in the spleen, liver and brain. The relative affinities of d-aldosterone, 9α-fluorocortisol, isoaldosterone-17α, and estradiol-17β were similar in these fractions in all of the organs. Thus, regardless of ABP content, the mine-ralocorticoids competed for the 3H-aldosterone binding sites but the inactive steroids failed to do so. The significance of lesser quantities of ABP in spleen, liver and brain may bear on their ability to respond to the steroid. Although it is known that the kidney and duodenal mucosa are the target tissues for mineralocorticoids, it cannot be asserted with equal certainty that active extrusion of Na+ from the intracellular phase of spleen, liver and brain is not stimulated by mineralocorticoids or that the response is less than in the kidney or gut.
Relationship of interdependent self-construal to grief after the break up of a romantic relationship: a test of a model

v INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Grief After a Break Up 2 Romantic Relationship Termination 2 Grief reactions 3 Individual differences in grief 6 Interdependent and Independent Self-Construals 7 Relationship Implications of Self-Construal Type 8 Potential Mediators 11 Relationship Closeness 11 Relationship Quality and Satisfaction 13 Social Support 15 Self-Disclosure 16 Interpersonal Dependency 17 Perceived Relationship Alternatives 19 Summary 20 METHOD 24 Participants 24 Measures 25 Interdependent Self-Construal 26 Potential Mediators 27 Relationship closeness 27 Relationship quality and satisfaction 28 Perceived social support 29 Self-disclosure 30 Perceived relationship alternatives 30 Interpersonal dependence 31 Follow-Up Measures 31 Grief 31 Depression 33 Procedure 33 Data Analysis 35 RESULTS 37 Descriptive Statistics for Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3 Variables 37 Differences between Individuals Who Participated at Time 3 and Those 43 Who Did Not Participants Who Broke Up and Participants who Stayed Together at 46 Time 3 Correlations among Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3 Variables 46
Autonomic Nervous System: Urogenital Control

The urogenital system is responsible for the formation, storage and elimination of urine and for reproductive activity. Many functions of the urogenital system are controlled by autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic) and somatic efferent pathways originating in the lumbosacral spinal cord. These pathways regulate the activity of smooth muscle, striated muscle, epithelial cells, and exocrine glands in the urogenital organs via the release of multiple neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine, adenosine triphosphate and nitric oxide. This article reviews the innervation of the urogenital organs, the functions controlled by the different neural pathways and the physiology and pharmacology of neurotransmission.
Computing Tolerance Intervals and Regions Using R

Abstract Tolerance intervals provide bounds on a specified proportion of the sampled population ( P ) with a given confidence level ( γ ). While they are, perhaps, less known than confidence and prediction intervals, there are some applications where tolerance intervals are commonly used, such as in quality control, setting engineering tolerances, and environmental monitoring. We present a general introduction to the topic followed by overviews of how to calculate tolerance intervals for some continuous and discrete distributions, nonparametric tolerance limits, tolerance intervals for regression settings, and multivariate normal tolerance regions. Calculating tolerance intervals and regions under these as well as other settings can be accomplished using the R package tolerance ( Young, 2010 ). For the settings in our discussion, we present real-data examples and demonstrate how to calculate tolerance intervals and regions using the tolerance package.
Through the Student's Eyes: Fighting Medical School Tuition Hikes in New York.

A medical student activist opposes the recent tuition increases at public medical schools in New York state and encourages students to band together to create political pressure for change. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
In silico bacteria evolve robust cooperation via complex quorum-sensing strategies

Abstract Many species of bacteria collectively sense and respond to their social and physical environment via ‘quorum sensing’ (QS), a communication system controlling extracellular cooperative traits. Despite detailed understanding of the mechanisms of signal production and response, there remains considerable debate over the functional role(s) of QS: in short, what is it for? Experimental studies have found support for diverse functional roles: density sensing, mass-transfer sensing, genotype sensing, etc. While consistent with theory, these results cannot separate whether these functions were drivers of QS adaption, or simply artifacts or ‘spandrels’ of systems shaped by distinct ecological pressures. The challenge of separating spandrels from drivers of adaptation is particularly hard to address using extant bacterial species with poorly understood current ecologies (let alone their ecological histories). To understand the relationship between environmental challenges and trajectories of QS evolution, we used an agent-based simulation modeling approach. Given genetic mixing, our simulations produce behaviors that recapitulate features of diverse microbial QS systems, including coercive (high signal / low response) and generalized reciprocity (signal auto-regulation) strategists — that separately and in combination contribute to QS-dependent resilience of QS-controlled cooperation in the face of diverse cheats. We contrast our in silico results with bacterial QS architectures that have evolved under largely unknown ecological contexts, highlighting the critical role of genetic constraints in shaping the shorter term (experimental evolution) dynamics of QS. More broadly, we see experimental evolution of digital organisms as a complementary tool in the search to understand the emergence of complex QS architectures and functions. Author summary Bacteria communicate and cooperate using complex cell-cell signaling systems known as quorum-sensing (QS). While the molecular mechanisms are often well understood, the reasons why bacteria use QS are less clear — how has QS aided survival and growth? The answer to this question is dependent on the environment of adaptation, and unfortunately our current understanding of QS bacterial ecology is broadly lacking. To address this gap, we studied the evolution of ‘digital organisms’, individual-based computer simulations of bacterial populations evolving under defined environmental contexts. Our results pinpoint how simple environmental challenges (variable density and genetic mixing) can lead to the emergence of complex strategies that recapitulate features of bacterial QS, and open a path towards reverse-engineering the environmental drivers of QS.
The 9.2 μm, 2 Ps, Multi-Terawatt Laser at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF)of Brookhaven National Laboratory

A terawatt-class long-wave infrared (LWIR)laser based on chirped-pulse amplification of picosecond pulses in mixed-isotope, high pressure CO 2 amplifiers is in operation at ATF. An overview of the laser system as well as a summary of recent progress and status are presented. © 2019 The Author(s)
Battery Charging Application Thorough PVA and MPPT Controller with Voltage Regulation

In this paper a PVA is used to charge the battery through MPPT controlled booster converter. The charging characteristics of the battery are observed with different solar irradiations. The MPPT algorithm used to control the DC-DC booster converter is popular P&O method. The modelling of PVA with MPPT algorithm and required mathematical calculations are proposed in this paper. The power output of PVA with respect to solar irradiation is observed in a comparison with SOC of the battery. All graphs are plotted using MATLAB Simulink GUI environment with time reference with variable parameters.
Examining Factors Contributing to Variation in Effect Size Estimates of Teacher Outcomes from Studies of Science Teacher Professional Development

Developing and maintaining a high-quality science teaching corps has become increasingly urgent with standards that require students to move beyond mastering facts to reasoning and arguing from evi...
Mechanisms of Substitution Reactions of Metal Complexes

Publisher Summary The subject of kinetics and mechanisms of substitution reactions of metal complexes was recently reviewed in some detail. Therefore, the principal concern in this chapter is to summarize some of the later advances. Substitution reactions of metal complexes include the replacement of one ligand by another or of one metal ion by another. According to the terminology of Hughes and Ingold, developed for organic reactions, these can be called SN and SE to distinguish between nucleophilic and electrophilic respectively. Thus substitution reactions are generalized acid-base reactions, where the Lewis acids are the metal ions and the bases are the ligands. Two fundamentally different reaction paths can be visualized for these reactions. For example, the SN reaction may proceed by dissociation, the familiar S N1 mechanism, where the rate determining step is the rupture of the metal-ligand bond.
Cu–Cu Bonding Using Selective Cobalt Atomic Layer Deposition for 2.5-D/3-D Chip Integration Technologies

The feasibility of using selective thermal cobalt metal (Co) atomic layer deposition (ALD) as high density Cu–Cu interconnect bonding is demonstrated at a low temperature (200 °C) and with minimal surface pretreatment. A Cu/Gap/Cu structure, which emulates 3-D ICs stacking is fabricated. Cobalt ALD showing seamless interconnection between copper (Cu) pads with 30- $\mu \text{m}$ pitch is demonstrated with greater than 90% yield through electrical measurements, SEM inspection, EDS, and focused ion beam (FIB) cross section.
A Research Program in Automation, Robotics, and Tele-operation

The Pantex plant in Amarillo, Texas has been designed as a possible site for the long term storage of nuclear weapons components and materials. The Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium (ANRCP) has been formed to address issues related to the Pantex plant that are pertinent to the State of Texas. The Texas Universities Robotics and Automation Consortium (TURAC), sponsored by the ANRCP, provides expertise to the State of Texas and the Department of Energy (DOE) in the area of robotics and automation relative to nuclear material handling, disposition, and storage. TURAC is a multi-disciplinary engineering consortium of researchers (15 professors and over 20 graduate students) making contributions in a broad spectrum covering many areas in robotics, telerobotics, and automation. In this paper, an overview of the project as defined by the first two years of ANRCP funding will be provided, which includes research in areas as diverse as interface design to dynamic modeling and control.
Single-Molecule FRET Imaging of Virus Spike-Host Interactions.

As a major surface glycoprotein of enveloped viruses, the virus spike protein is a primary target for vaccines and anti-viral treatments. Current vaccines aiming at controlling the COVID-19 pandemic are mostly directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. To promote virus entry and facilitate immune evasion, spikes must be dynamic. Interactions with host receptors and coreceptors trigger a cascade of conformational changes/structural rearrangements in spikes, which bring virus and host membranes in proximity for membrane fusion required for virus entry. Spike-mediated viral membrane fusion is a dynamic, multi-step process, and understanding the structure-function-dynamics paradigm of virus spikes is essential to elucidate viral membrane fusion, with the ultimate goal of interventions. However, our understanding of this process primarily relies on individual structural snapshots of endpoints. How these endpoints are connected in a time-resolved manner, and the order and frequency of conformational events underlying virus entry, remain largely elusive. Single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has provided a powerful platform to connect structure-function in motion, revealing dynamic aspects of spikes for several viruses: SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, influenza, and Ebola. This review focuses on how smFRET imaging has advanced our understanding of virus spikes' dynamic nature, receptor-binding events, and mechanism of antibody neutralization, thereby informing therapeutic interventions.
Use and perceptions of electronic nicotine delivery systems among patients attending lung cancer screening who smoke.

Abstract Given accumulating evidence that electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may be a harm-reduction alternative to combustible tobacco products, it is important to understand the real-world implications of these devices in the populations that may benefit from them the most. We surveyed the use, perceptions of, and interest in using ENDS among patients attending their initial low-dose CT scan (LDCT) for lung cancer screening (LCS) who reported current smoking, a cohort of older individuals at high-risk for lung cancer and other smoking-related illnesses due to their heavy smoking history (30 or more pack years). Participants (N = 107) completed the survey in clinic immediately before their shared decision-making visit for lung cancer screening on the day of their LDCT. Approximately a quarter of participants reported ever use of ENDS in the past; nearly a third expressed a willingness to try switching to them in the future. Prior ENDS use was significantly associated with willingness to try switching to ENDS in the future. The most common reasons to consider switching included smoking cessation and harm reduction. Only about a third were aware that ENDS are not approved by the FDA for smoking cessation; knowledge significantly varied by demographic and clinical characteristics. These findings have important implications for ENDS public health campaigns and tobacco harm reduction strategies for older individuals who smoke.
Stay in treatment: Predicting dropout from pediatric weight management study protocol.

Abstract Introduction Childhood obesity is a serious public health concern. Multidisciplinary pediatric weight management programs have been deemed effective. However, effectiveness of these programs is impacted by attrition, limiting health benefits to children, and inefficiently utilizing scarce resources. Methods We have developed a model (the Outcomes Forecasting System, OFS) that isolates variables associated with attrition from pediatric weight management, with the potential to forecast participant dropout. In Aim 1, we will increase the power and precision of the OFS and then validate the model through the consistent acquisition of key patient, family, and treatment data, from three different weight management sites. In Aim 2, external validity will be established through the application of the OFS at a fourth pediatric weight management program. Aim 3 will be a pilot clinical trial, incorporating an intervention built on the results of Aims 1 and 2 and utilizing the OFS to reduce attrition. Discussion A greater understanding of the patient, family, and disease-specific factors that predict dropout from pediatric weight management can be utilized to prevent attrition. The goal of the current study is to refine the OFS to a level of precision and efficiency to be a valuable tool to any weight management program. By identifying the most pertinent factors driving attrition across weight management sites, new avenues for treatment will be identified. This study will result in a valuable forecasting tool that will be applicable for diverse programs and populations, decrease program costs, and improve patient retention, adherence, and outcomes. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT04364282.
Intestinal Motility Following Luminal and Vascular Occlusion of the Small Intestine

Jejunal activity was studied by recording intraluminal pressures with fluid-filled catheters in dogs with luminal occlusion and luminal plus vascular occlusion of the ileum. Simple luminal occlusion of the ileum produced little change in jejunal activity. Occlusion of the arterial and venous supply to a segment of ileum produced an immediate and prolonged inhibition of jejunal activity. The jejunum, thus inhibited, responded promptly to methacholine. It was possible to block or relieve the inhibition of jejunal activity by the administration of the α and β adrenergic blocking agents, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol.
Gathering Group Mobility

The gathering group mobility model that belongs to a new kind of mobility paradigm and individuals evolve independently and do not explicitly belong to groups, although they exhibit strong collective behavior and are influenced by others, is described. The scale-free distribution with preferential attachment characteristics of the GGMM is also examined.
The Microbiological Assay of Amino Acids

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the microbiological assay of amino acids. In any microbiological assay, the sample is run at a series of concentration levels in parallel with the pure substance to be determined; the concentration of this substance present in the sample is then determined by comparing the effect of sample and standard on growth at the various concentration levels. This comparison can be carried out before or after growth has stopped. In the former case, comparative rates of growth are measured; in the latter case, the total growth permitted by a given concentration of the essential substance is measured. All of the substances that, though not essential for growth, stimulate the rate of growth are not yet known and cannot be added to the basal media. The method used to determine growth depends upon the organism used for assay. With the lactic acid bacteria, two methods have been commonly used. One is based upon comparison of the number of cells present, by quantitative determinations of turbidities with a suitable instrument, such as a photoelectric colorimeter. The chapter accomplishes four purposes: (1) to show that microorganisms are available that can be used to determine a large number of amino acids, (2) to show that when properly worked out, such microbiological methods are capable of yielding results, the accuracy of which compares favorably with that of the best chemical methods, (3) to emphasize the need for careful study of each method to avoid errors caused by non-specific inhibitions or stimulation of the test organism and to give certain criteria by means of which such interference can be detected, and (4) to summarize and compare certain data so far accumulated in this field.
Homeland Security in the Pennsylvania Backcountry, 1777–1778: The Example of the Reverend Mr. Daniel Batwelle, SPG

Throughout the Revolutionary War, the Associated Loyalists of southcentral Pennsylvania conspired either to destroy or to seize weapons from the US arsenals in Carlisle, York, and Lancaster. The names of several residents of Cumberland, York, and Lancaster Counties, some openly known to be Loyalists, others clandestinely working for the British, recur in correspondence, depositions, and other documents of the period. The purpose of this essay, however, is not to rehearse the history of those known to be working against the patriot cause. Rather, it will focus on the Reverend Mr. Daniel Batwelle, Anglican missionary for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG), who was accused and imprisoned, but never tried, for allegedly participating in one such plot. Batwelle's case reveals the strenuous efforts by radical patriots in Cumberland and York Counties to enforce ideological conformity on American citizens dwelling "over Susquehanna." As spiritual leader of a religious group whose members generally advocated either reconciliation with Great Britain or resistance to the new nation born of revolution, and as one who knew several Associated Loyalists, Batwelle was identified early on as a potential enemy of the United States precisely because of his importance to the Anglican community in these two counties.
The interaction of institutionally triggered and technology-triggered social structure change: an investigation of computerized physician order entry

Aligning social structures and technology capabilities is a significant challenge to information technology-related organizational change. It is particularly challenging in insti tutionalized settings such as hospitals. We report an interpre Ron Weber was the accepting senior editor for this paper. Robert Heckman served as a reviewer. The associate editor and two additional reviewers chose to remain anonymous. tivefield study of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) at an acute-care hospital, in which we investigated how institutionally triggered and technology-triggered change interacted in complementary processes to engender align ment. Social structure changes included increased inter dependency among clinical departments, multidisciplinary cooperation across clinical disciplines, and standardization in clinical decision-making. Organization members also enacted institutionalized interaction patterns with physicians by deferring to their preferences for CPOE use. The cumula tive influence of change triggers nonetheless facilitated the hospital's realization of clinical goals. We drew on Barley's (1990) roleand network-based model for technology and structure alignment. Nonetheless, we extended this micro level analytic approach to account for the influence of change in the macro-institutional environment. Our analysis clarified the extent of structure change attributable to the CPOE technology and highlighted institutional forces that promoted yet inhibited change. The case also highlighted the impor tance of role networks on the trajectory and outcomes of organizational change processes.
Legal Education in the Age of Cognitive Science and Advanced Classroom Technology

Cognitive scientists have made major advances in mapping the process of learning, but legal educators know little about this work. Similarly, law professors have engaged only modestly with new learning technologies like PowerPoint, classroom response systems, podcasts, and web-based instruction. This article addresses these gaps by examining recent research in cognitive science, demonstrating how those insights apply to a sample technology (PowerPoint), and exploring the broader implications of both cognitive science and new classroom technologies for legal education. The article focuses on three fields of cognitive science inquiry: the importance of right brain learning, the limits of working memory, and the role of immediacy in education. Those three areas are fundamental to understanding both the effective use of new classroom technologies and the constraints of more traditional teaching methods.
A Computer-Assisted Approach to Total Feedback Synthesis

The Total Synthesis Problem Software Package (TSPSP) has been under development in FORTRAN 77 on a PDP-11/60, RSX 11-M, Tektronix 4025 system at the University of Notre Dame for several years. Based upon a Total Synthesis Problem (TSP) concept proposed in 19779, TSPSP addresses a top-down approach in which design begins with development of desirable and possible input/output pairings for the plant. It then proceeds to a feedback synthesis which incorporates structures appropriate to issues of the application. Heart of the package is a minimal basis calculator and manipulator, which effectively adjusts possible gains and zeros of plant input/output pairings.
Uptake of free amino acids by the diatom, Melosira mediocris

Individual 14C-labelled amino acids are rapidly removed from dilute solution in artificial sea water (0.2 μmol 1−1) by suspensions of Meliosira medocris. The rate of disappearance of radioactivity corresponds closely to removal of primary amines as determined by measurement of the rate of decrease of fluorescamine-positive material. Net removal of naturally occurring free amino acids from the sea water habitat from which the alga was isolated is demonstrated using high performance liquid chromatography. Removal of amino acids from natural sources makes a significant contribution to the carbon requirements of the alga as well as supplying significant amounts of amino nitrogen.
Remarks on the Analytic Centers of Convex Sets

In this paper we analyze properties of the analytic centers for perturbed convex problems. In particular we study the continuity of convex regions with respect to such characteristics as boundedness, full dimensionality and the existence of an analytic centre. Furthermore, we state the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the analytic centre for possibly unbounded regions and we show that the analytic centre is identical for any minimal representation of the convex set. We are also concerned with the limiting behaviour of the central path as it approaches the set of optimal solutions of the problem.
Wild tomato leaf extracts for spider mite and cowpea aphid control

Glandular trichomes on the leaves of wild tomato, L. hirsutum f. hirsutum Mull, also known as Solanum habrochaites (Solanaceae), synthesize and accumulate high levels of methyl ketones (MKs). L. hirsutum accession LA 407, having high concentration of MKs, was grown from seeds under greenhouse conditions. Four MKs (2-undecanone, 2-dodecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-pentadecanone) were screened for their toxicity to spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and cowpea aphids, Aphis craccivora Koch. The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) develop a bioassay for testing MKs on spider mite and cowpea aphid mortality and (2) compare the efficacies of wild tomato leaf crude extracts and pure standard materials of MKs against spider mite and cowpea aphid mortality. Our results revealed that spider mites are most sensitive to 2-tridecanone (LC50 = 0.08 μmole cm(-2) of treated leaf surface) and least sensitive to 2-undecanone (LC50 = 1.5 μmole cm(-2) of treated leaf surface) 4 h after treatment. Similarly, 2-tridecanone caused greatest mortality (LC50 = 0.2 μmole cm(-2) of treated leaf surface), whereas 2-undecanone caused the lowest morality (LC50 = 0.48 μmole cm(-2) of treated surface) of cowpea aphid. We concluded that all MKs tested in this investigation are toxic to spider mites and aphids. 2-Tridecanone is more effective in killing mites and aphids compared to other MKs. Toxicity of crude extracts, prepared from the leaves of L. hirsutum accession LA 407, to spider mites and cowpea aphids revealed greater mortality compared to a combined mixture of MKs standard material (used at the same concentration as found on LA 407 leaves). This indicates that in addition to MKs, other unidentified compounds in LA 407 leaf extract also have pesticidal properties. Accordingly, leaf extracts of LA 407 could be explored in crop protection, and they might open a new area of MK formulations and discovery of biorational alternatives for pest control in agricultural fields.
On Concomitant Immunity in Tumour-bearing Hamsters

Hamsters grafted with a lymphoblastic lymphoma are refractory to reinoculation with cells of the same tumour, although the initial graft grows progressively. The nature, strength, and development of this “concomitant immunity” have been investigated and its possible role in the control of metastases has been discussed.