cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality of Life (QOL) in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD).

Abstract Introduction Assessment of QOL is important for clinicians, as it will allow them to provide the patients with better care. The objective of this study is to assess the QOL in SCD patients. Methods A convenience sample of 34 patients with SCD (50% female) with a mean age of 21 years (SD= 9.4 y), completed a Dartmouth Care Cooperative Chart System (COOP) questionnaire (Table 1) during a comprehensive clinic visit at Children's Hospital & Research Center in Oakland. High scores (patient ratings of 4 or 5) represent unfavorable levels of health or major limitations. A score of 3 represents moderate impairment while scores of 1 or 2 indicate no impairment. A brief chart review was completed to obtain medical history. Results 60% of the transfused patients (Tx) had severe impairment in at least one domain and this was the case in 71% of non-transfused patients (Non-Tx). As shown in table 2, the most affected domains were different between the two groups of Tx and non-Tx. In non-Tx patients the most affected domains were those of pain, overall health, and social support. In Tx patients, the most affected domains were pain, daily activities, and change in health. Although both groups had a similar amount of pain (non-Tx=42% and Tx=50%), Tx patients reported a better overall QOL (question 9). The most common complications that non-Tx patients suffered from were AVN (71%), vaso-occlusive episodes (46%), acute chest syndrome (46%), pneumonia (17%), reactive airways disease (17%), chest pain (13%), headaches (13%), and sepsis episodes (13%). Data showed that 30% of the Tx patients suffered from strokes previous to start of transfusion. The most common complications found in these patients were acute chest syndrome (30%), reactive airways disease (50%), urinary tract infections (20%), and depression (20%). Conclusions Both transfused and non-transfused SCD patients suffer from serious impairments in QOL. We recommend all SCD patients undergo QOL assessments and intervention which focuses on affected domains. Studies are needed to determine the impact of complications on QOL. Table 1 . COOP Questionnaire Q1 Physical Fitness Q2 Feelings Q3 Daily Activities Q4 Social Activities Q5 Pain Q6 Change in Health Q7 Overall Health Q8 Social Support Q9 Quality of Life Table 2 . Frequency of moderate to severe impairment of domains Non-Tx Tx Score 3 (%) Score 4/5 (%) Score 3 (%) Score 4/5 (%) Q1 13 25 10 10 Q2 33 25 11 11 Q3 27 1 22 22 Q4 1 1 0 20 Q5 21 42 10 50 Q6 21 17 38 25 Q7 29 33 10 30 Q8 26 30 13 13 Q9 33 17 20 0
Bimanual Movement, Memory, and Skill Acquisition

This paper examines the relationship of synergistic movement, memory, and skill. Data is presented which generalizes the notion that bimanual movements, performed in a synergistic fashion, are as easily reproduced as corresponding single limb movements. It is suggested that economy of decision is maintained with increases in the controllable degrees of freedom. Memory is presented as an active process entrained “with” movement and not just the retrieval of information “for” movement. An interpretation in light of skill acquisition is provided.
Effects of Two Diode Lasers With and Without Photosensitization on Contaminated Implant Surfaces: An Ex Vivo Study.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this ex vivo study is to assess decontamination potential of two different diode laser wavelengths, with or without the aid of photodynamic therapy, on dental implant surfaces and to evaluate the harmful potential of temperature increase during laser irradiation. Materials and methods: One hundred thirty-two machined sterile implants were placed into sterile porcine bone blocks with standardized coronal angular bony defects and inoculated with Streptococcus sanguinis. Four different treatment protocols were used: 810 or 980 nm laser, with or without photosensitization. Two nontreated control groups were used, one with samples coated with indocyanine green dye. Samples were rinsed and plated on agar plates for subsequent colony count. Irradiation was repeated without contamination at room temperature and in a 37°C water bath monitoring the temperature variation. Results: There is a statistically significant decontamination effect when the laser is used. Both wavelengths minim...
For Colored Girls Who Loved Prince Rogers Nelson: Issues of Colorism and Identity

This article carefully examines the women with whom the artist, Prince Rogers Nelson, was most closely associated and the potential messages about colorism those relationships suggest. The author examines the issue from a personal perspective, as one who grew up idolizing Prince and as someone whose appearance did not reflect that of the women Prince flaunted. One overarching question asks: Was Prince a victim of colorism, as well as a perpetrator of it?
Compartment‐specific dynamics and functions of autophagy in neurons

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is critical to maintaining neuronal homeostasis and viability. Autophagy sequesters damaged and aged cellular components from the intracellular environment, and shuttles these diverse macromolecules to lysosomes for destruction. This active surveillance of the quality of the cytoplasm and organelles is essential in neurons to sustain their long-term functionality and viability. Indeed, defective autophagy is linked to neurodevelopmental abnormalities and neurodegeneration in mammals. Here, we review the mechanisms of autophagy in neurons and functional roles for autophagy in neuronal homeostasis. We focus on the compartment-specific dynamics of autophagy in neurons, and how autophagy might perform non-canonical functions critical for neurons. We suggest the existence of multiple populations of autophagosomes with compartment-specific functions important for neural activity and function. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 298-310, 2018.
The Uphill Battle of Performing Education Scholarship: Barriers Educators and Education Researchers Face.

Author(s): Jordan, Jaime; Coates, Wendy C.; Clarke, Samuel; Runde, Daniel; Fowlkes, Emilie; Kurth, Jaqueline; Yarris, Lalena | Abstract: Introduction: Educators and education researchers report that their scholarship is limited by lack of time, funding, mentorship, expertise, and reward. This study aims to evaluate these groups’ perceptions regarding barriers to scholarship and potential strategies for success. Methods: Core emergency medicine (EM) educators and education researchers completed an online survey consisting of multiple-choice, 10-point Likert scale, and free-response items in 2015. Descriptive statistics were reported. We used qualitative analysis applying a thematic approach to free-response items. Results: A total of 204 educators and 42 education researchers participated. Education researchers were highly productive: 19/42 reported more than 20 peer-reviewed education scholarship publications on their curricula vitae. In contrast, 68/197 educators reported no education publications within five years. Only a minority, 61/197 had formal research training compared to 25/42 education researchers. Barriers to performing research for both groups were lack of time, competing demands, lack of support, lack of funding, and challenges achieving scientifically rigorous methods and publication. The most common motivators identified were dissemination of knowledge, support of evidence-based practices, and promotion. Respondents advised those who seek greater education research involvement to pursue mentorship, formal research training, collaboration, and rigorous methodological standards. Conclusion: The most commonly cited barriers were lack of time and competing demands. Stakeholders were motivated by the desire to disseminate knowledge, support evidence-based practices, and achieve promotion. Suggested strategies for success included formal training, mentorship, and collaboration. This information may inform interventions to support educators in their scholarly pursuits and improve the overall quality of education research in EM.
X-RAY SPECTROMETRY AS AN ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: PRESENT AND FUTURE USING HgI2 DETECTORS

ABSTRACT X-ray spectrometry has been a valuable tool for elemental determinations for many years. With the results of an evaluation of methods of trace metal preconcentration, techniques can be selected which give reliable simultaneous determinations in the concentration range of 10-to-1000 ppb in the original sample for many elements. This report will describe the most promising methods and illustrate results of their application. An automated method of sample preparation will be described. The future possibilities of energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry using mercuric iodide detectors operated at room temperature will be described and illustrated with examples.
Intracellular Zinc Liberation: A Trigger for Oxidative Stress-Induced Toxicity to Neurons and Neuroglia

Oxidative and nitrosative stress is a common feature in the initiation and propagation of many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Although multiple and distinct signaling cascades are involved in the toxicity of various neural cells, increasing evidence suggests that intracellular zinc liberation is an early initiator and trigger for the subsequent cell death pathways. Activation of protein kinase c (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by intracellularly released zinc not only contributes to the toxicity of neurons, but also to the toxicity of neuroglia, including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Therefore, maintenance of the intracellular zinc homeostasis and targeting the downstream signaling molecules may provide therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurological disorders, in which multiple neural cells may be involved and injured under stressful and pathological conditions.
Social networks within classroom ecologies: peer effects on students’ engagement in the context of relationships with teachers and parents

If researchers wish to understand how classroom ecologies influence children’s learning at school, they will need to combine investigations of the effects of peer group networks with analyses of teachers’ and parents’ influences. One promising target outcome for such studies would be children’s classroom engagement, because it is not only visible to peers and teachers at school, but is also apparent in children’s academic activities at home. To study peer influences on engagement, socio-cognitive mapping strategies appear to be well suited, because they capture groups of peers who frequently interact with one another. Building on findings from several such studies of peer group effects, we expand the framework by incorporating influences from teachers and parents. We include preliminary analyses suggesting that peer influences are especially strong for children who do not experience much involvement from teachers and parents. Finally, we suggest that it would be beneficial if teachers were trained to keep track of peer group processes in their classrooms.
Historical Changes to the Tennessee Precipitation Regime

The low-frequency variability of precipitation in the Southeast United States is described using historical records exceeding 100 years for 9 stations. Four out of the nine historical stations belong to the climate regime with a dominant winter precipitation. Seasonal precipitation indices were computed by dividing the rainfall total for each season by the annual amount. This step allowed a direct comparison between winter and the rest of the year’s precipitation characteristics without the impact of the absolute annual amount. Abnormally wet winters are evident during the earliest part of the record prior to 1860 and at the end of the nineteenth century for the majority of stations inside the core high winter precipitation region. The 1950 decade suggests a period of dry winters. The strongest signal in temporal variability of the winter-to-spring precipitation ratio occurred around 1977 for the entire region west of Appalachians.
Integrating structural heterogeneity, fiber orientation, and recruitment in multiscale ECM mechanics

Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays critical roles in establishing tissue structure-function relationships and controlling cell fate. However, the mechanisms by which ECM mechanics influence cell and tissue behavior remain to be elucidated since the events associated with this process span length scales from the tissue to molecular level. Entirely new methods are needed in order to better understand the multiscale mechanics of ECM. In this study, a multiscale experimental approach was established by integrating Optical Magnetic Twisting Cytometry (OMTC) with a biaxial tensile tester to study the microscopic (local) ECM mechanical properties under controlled tissue-level (global) loading. Adventitial layer of porcine thoracic artery was used as a collagen-based ECM. Multiphoton microscopy imaging was performed to capture the changes in ECM fiber structure during biaxial deformation. As visualized from multiphoton microscopy images, biaxial stretch induces gradual fiber straightening and the fiber families become evident at higher stretch levels. The OMTC measurements show that the local apparent storage and loss modulus increases with the global biaxial stretch, however there exists a complex interplay among local ECM mechanical properties, ECM structural heterogeneity, and fiber distribution and engagement. The phase lag does not change significantly with global biaxial stretch. Our results also show a much faster increase in global tissue tangent modulus compared to the local apparent complex modulus with biaxial stretch, indicating the scale dependency of ECM mechanics.
Size-Selective Electrophoretic Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles Mediated by Hydroquinone Oxidation

Here we describe the size-selective, hydroquinone (HQ)-mediated electrophoretic deposition of 4 and 15 nm diameter citrate-stabilized Au nanoparticles (NPs) onto a glass/indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode. Protons liberated from HQ during electrochemical oxidation at the Au NP surface during collisions with the glass/ITO electrode lead to Au NP deposition through neutralization of the citrate stabilizer surrounding the Au NPs, protonation of the glass/ITO electrode, or some combination of the two. Interestingly, the 4 nm Au NPs deposit at about 300-400 mV more negative potential than that of 15 nm diameter Au NPs because of faster HQ oxidation kinetics at the 4 nm NPs, leading to lower overpotentials. This allows for selective deposition of the 4 nm Au NPs over 15 nm Au NPs in a solution containing a mixture of the two by controlling the electrode potential. Controlled pH experiments indicate that significant NP deposition occurs on glass/ITO at a pH of ∼3, giving insight into the local pH needed from HQ oxidation in order to deposit the Au NPs. Experiments performed at different ionic strengths confirm that migration is a major mode of mass transport of the NPs to the glass/ITO. Long deposition times lead to films of densely packed Au NPs that are mostly free from NP-NP contact, indicating that some electrostatic repulsion between the NPs remains during the deposition. This simple method of Au NP deposition may find use for separation of Au NPs and electrode device preparation for a variety of sensor and electrocatalysis applications.
Endometrial cells contribute to preexisting endometriosis lesions in a mouse model of retrograde menstruation

Endometriosis is characterized by extrauterine growth of endometrial tissue accompanied by adverse clinical manifestations including chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Retrograde menstruation, the efflux of endometrium into the peritoneal cavity during menstruation, is believed to contribute to implantation of endometrial tissue and formation of endometriotic lesions at ectopic sites. While it is established through various rodent and nonhuman primate models that endometrial tissue fragments, as well as nondissociated stroma and glands, are capable of seeding endometriosis in a manner mimicking retrograde menstruation, the ability of single endometrial cells to participate in endometriotic processes has not been evaluated due to their failure to establish macroscopic endometriosis. We designed a model by which this capacity can be assessed by examining the integration of individual uterine cells into existing endometriosis lesions in mice. Endometriosis was induced in C57BL/6J female mice followed by intraperitoneal injection of GFP-labeled single uterine cells. We found that freshly introduced uterine cells can successfully integrate and contribute to various cell populations within the lesion. Strikingly, these cells also appeared to contribute to neo-angiogenesis and inflammatory processes within the lesion, which are commonly thought of as host-driven phenomena. Our findings underscore the potential of individual uterine cells to continuously expand lesions and participate in the progression of endometriosis. This model of retrograde menstruation may therefore be used to study processes involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis.
A social portrait of the Soviet intelligentsia: A review

In his book on the Soviet intelligentsia in the 1960s, L. G. Churchward has chosen the strategy utilized by meteorologists in ambiguous weather conditions: when in doubt about tomorrow's forecast, merely repeat as prediction the weather conditions of today. This forecast will be correct 70% of the time barring, of course, an unforeseen cyclone. In the case of the Soviet intelligentsia, this strategy is on solid ground.
Abstract SY42-03: Systematic interrogation of cancer dependencies and synthetic lethal interactions

Although molecular profiling of human tumors is becoming increasingly routine, the use of this data to guide remains limited to a subset of patients. To complement genome characterization studies, we have used genome scale gain and loss of function approaches to identify genes required for cell survival and transformation. Specifically, we have performed systematic studies to interrogate rare alleles found altered in cancer genomes and used advances in synthetic gene synthesis to prospectively interrogate all possible alleles of known cancer genes. In parallel, we have performed both genome scale RNAi and CRISRP-Cas9 screens in hundreds of cancer cell lines to identify differentially essential genes and the context that specifies gene dependency. Integrating these studies with genome characterization of human tumors and protein-protein interaction databases facilitates the identification of genes and pathways required for the survival of specific cancer subtypes. These studies allow us to define a global cancer dependencies map, which will help further operationalize precision cancer medicine. Citation Format: William C. Hahn. Systematic interrogation of cancer dependencies and synthetic lethal interactions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr SY42-03.
The Degree of Collaboration Abacus Tool

Community-engaged scholars, practitioners, and community partners often find the language of community engagement challenging. Words like participate, collaborate, partner, or engage fail to convey who in a community–university partnership has voice and authority in decision-making and responsibility for actions. The Degree of Collaboration Abacus Tool was developed as a visual to address this challenge. The authors provide two case studies to demonstrate how this tool can be used to name steps in community-engaged projects, clarify voice and decision-making authority, and represent collaboration responsibilities at multiple project stages. The Matter of Origins evaluation example illustrates how the tool can be used in a community-engaged research setting. The GRAND Learning Network example demonstrates how the tool can be used in a more complex community-engaged teaching and learning context. In the conclusion, the authors acknowledge the tool’s potential limitations and imagine possible adaptations of the tool for other community–university partnership contexts.
Historia Urbana Y Arquitectura En La Educación Superior chicana/Urban History and Architecture in chicana/o Higher Education, Synopsis (English) and Article (Spanish)

This article initiates investigation of relationships across architecture, design, and socialization in Chicana/o higher education - i.e., curricular, instructional, and administrative practices th...
Chapter 34 – Gene Therapy

Gene transfer is a therapeutic strategy which uses genetic information, usually in the form of DNA, to modify the phenotype of cells. Gene therapy strategies can be useful for tissue engineering by modifying cells directly or providing a favorable growth environment for the engineered tissue. To accomplish this, cells are modified genetically ex vivo or in vivo using gene transfer vectors that mediate the transfer of therapeutic DNA into the nucleus where it is transcribed in parallel with genomic DNA. A variety of non-viral and viral gene therapy vectors have been developed, including plasmids, plasmids combined with liposomes, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), retrovirus and lentivirus. The two current vector systems which are most promising for the treatment of genetic diseases are AAV for in vivo gene transfer to postmitotic cells, and lentiviral vectors for ex vivo gene transfer to stem cells and hematopoietic cells. A number of strategies have evolved to enhance the targeting of gene transfer vectors by genetic or chemical modification of the surface of the vector. Gene expression directed by the transferred gene can be regulated by including inducible promoters, tissue-specific promoters and trans-splicing. There is significant potential for combining gene therapy with stem cell strategies to aid in controlling cell growth and circumventing immune rejection, and the transfer of genes for reprogramming factors is one strategy for generating induced pluripotent stem cells. There are still challenges for using gene transfer for tissue engineering, but the technology of gene transfer is sufficiently advanced to be an important part of tissue-engineering strategies.
Developing a framework for classifying water lead levels at private drinking water systems: A Bayesian Belief Network approach

The presence of lead in drinking water creates a public health crisis, as lead causes neurological damage at low levels of exposure. The objective of this research is to explore modeling approaches to predict the risk of lead at private drinking water systems. This research uses Bayesian Network approaches to explore interactions among household characteristics, geological parameters, observations of tap water, and laboratory tests of water quality parameters. A knowledge discovery framework is developed by integrating methods for data discretization, feature selection, and Bayes classifiers. Forward selection and backward selection are explored for feature selection. Discretization approaches, including domain-knowledge, statistical, and information-based approaches, are tested to discretize continuous features. Bayes classifiers that are tested include General Bayesian Network, Naive Bayes, and Tree-Augmented Naive Bayes, which are applied to identify Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs). Bayesian inference is used to fit conditional probability tables for each DAG. The Bayesian framework is applied to fit models for a dataset collected by the Virginia Household Water Quality Program (VAHWQP), which collected water samples and conducted household surveys at 2,146 households that use private water systems, including wells and springs, in Virginia during 2012 and 2013. Relationships among laboratory-tested water quality parameters, observations of tap water, and household characteristics, including plumbing type, source water, household location, and on-site water treatment are explored to develop features for predicting water lead levels. Results demonstrate that Naive Bayes classifiers perform best based on recall and precision, when compared with other classifiers. Copper is the most significant predictor of lead, and other important predictors include county, pH, and on-site water treatment. Feature selection methods have a marginal effect on performance, and discretization methods can greatly affect model performance when paired with classifiers. Owners of private wells remain disadvantaged and may be at an elevated level of risk, because utilities and governing agencies are not responsible for ensuring that lead levels meet the Lead and Copper Rule for private wells. Insight gained from models can be used to identify water quality parameters, plumbing characteristics, and household variables that increase the likelihood of high water lead levels to inform decisions about lead testing and treatment.
Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Academy of Neurology, and American College of Rheumatology: 2020 guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease

This evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease was developed by a multidisciplinary panel representing the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). The scope of this guideline includes prevention of Lyme disease, and the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease presenting as erythema migrans, Lyme disease complicated by neurologic, cardiac, and rheumatologic manifestations, Eurasian manifestations of Lyme disease, and Lyme disease complicated by coinfection with other tick-borne pathogens. This guideline does not include comprehensive recommendations for babesiosis and tick-borne rickettsial infections, which are published in separate guidelines. The target audience for this guideline includes primary care physicians and specialists caring for this condition such as infectious diseases specialists, emergency physicians, internists, pediatricians, family physicians, neurologists, rheumatologists, cardiologists and dermatologists in North America.
Circadian pacemaker neurons display co-phasic rhythms in basal calcium level and in fast calcium fluctuations

Abstract Circadian pacemaker neurons in the Drosophila brain display daily rhythms in the levels of intracellular calcium. These calcium rhythms are driven by molecular clocks and are required for normal circadian behavior. To study their biological basis, we employed genetic manipulations in conjunction with in vivo light-sheet microscopy to measure calcium dynamics in individual pacemaker neurons over complete 24-hour periods. We found co-phasic daily rhythms in basal calcium levels and in high frequency calcium fluctuations. Further we found that the rhythms of basal calcium levels require the activity of the IP3R, a channel that mediates calcium fluxes from internal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores. Independently, the rhythms of fast calcium fluctuations required the T-type voltage-gated calcium channel, a conductance that mediates extracellular calcium influx. These results suggest that Drosophila molecular clocks regulate IP3R and T-type channels to generate coupled rhythms in basal calcium and in fast calcium fluctuations, respectively. We propose that both internal and external calcium fluxes are essential for circadian pacemaker neurons to provide rhythmic outputs, and thereby regulate the activities of downstream brain centers.
Case Report: Novel Copy Number Variant 16p11.2 Duplication Associated With Prune Belly Syndrome

Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is a rare congenital disease that predominantly occurs in males and is identified by its classic triad of abdominal wall musculature deficiencies, cryptorchidism, and urinary tract abnormalities. However, numerous anomalies involving the kidneys, heart, lungs, and muscles have also been reported. A multitude of chromosomal abnormalities have been implicated in its pathogenesis. PBS can occur in association with trisomy 18 and 21. Gene duplications and deletions have also been reported; however, a definite cause of PBS is still unknown. We report the first PBS patient with a copy number variant in 16p11.2.
Therapeutic alliance in mental health care: When language issues challenge provider-patient relationships.

ABSTRACT The field of psychiatric nursing provides unique opportunities for nurse-patient interactions. Nurses working in inpatient psychiatric settings face constant challenges that may hinder the development of meaningful nurse-patient interactions. Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations emphasized the importance of nurse-patient relationships in nursing care. Therapeutic alliance can help promote nurse-patient relationships and may help nurses and patients achieve their goals. This article presents several phases of a concept-building process that illustrates the importance of therapeutic alliance and its application in mental health care.
Chapter 25. Antibodies as Drug Carriers and Toxicity Reversal Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the application of tumor specific antibodies in transporting specific therapeutic agents to precise target sites and anti-drug antibodies intoxicity reversal. In addition to their other uses, antibodies have been used in numerous diagnostic and analytic operations. Antibodies have been used to carry drugs, toxins, enzymes, radioactivity, and boron to specific tissue sites, particularly in the treatment of cancer, where the employment of such therapeutic regimens is governed by severe constraints that arise from their generally cytotoxic nature. In efforts to maximize the therapeutic ratios of drugs, particularly those that have previously demonstrated promising anti-tumor activities as single agents, drug-antibody complexes have received the major share of attention. The most extensively studied drug-antibody complex is that derived from chlorambucil, cytotoxic, alkylating agent that reacts with numerous biologically important nucleophiles. The report that enzymes could be coupled to antibodies with resultant retention of both immunologic and enzymatic activities was instrumental in the development of enzyme–antibody, conjugates designed to demonstrate anti-tumor cytotoxic activities. The development of the radioimmunoassay method has led to routine elicitation of antibodies to drugs. The systematic utilization of antibodies to reverse the effects of drugs is of more recent occurrence. Recent advent of the monoclonal hybridoma technique has made the production of pure, monospecific antibodies in high titer possible that will have a profound impact on future research in this area. The employment of modern protein purification techniques, coupled with the use of the non-complement fixing, relatively non-immunogenic, and rapidly excreted fab antibody fragment, has led to the establishment of a viable method for reversing the toxicity of drugs.
An affective dimension within oppositional defiant disorder symptoms among boys: personality and psychopathology outcomes into early adulthood

Background: A dimension of negatively oriented affect within oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, which has been described as irritability, has been shown to predict depression and anxiety. Related constructs have been linked to temperament and personality constructs. However, only a few studies have examined the prediction from irritability within ODD to psychopathology or personality outcomes. Further, no studies have investigated whether irritability distinguishes among classes of youth. Methods: Data from a clinic-referred sample of 7–12-year-old boys followed up to age 18 were used. Measures included structured clinical interviews with parents through adolescence, and youth self-report of depression and personality domains at age 18. Results: Variable-oriented analyses found predictive links between irritability and outcomes of depression, anxiety, and Neuroticism. Latent classes of youth were distinguished by the presence or absence of irritability symptoms. Youth classified by irritability symptoms at baseline were significantly more likely to show anxiety and depression through adolescence and depression and Neuroticism at 18. No relationship was observed for the other of the Big Five personality factors. Conclusion: Irritability symptoms within ODD distinguish youth at risk for persisting problems with internalizing disorders and Neuroticism into adulthood. The findings are suggestive of a model in which the early emergence of irritability marks life-course risks for specific types of psychopathology and personality problems.
A Possible Role of Purine Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylases in the Regulation of Purine Uptake by Bacillus subtilis

Abstract The uptake of radioactive purines in resting cell suspensions of Bacillus subtilis has been studied. Initial rates of uptake obeyed saturation kinetics (e.g. apparent Km adenine, 0.6 µm). Subsequent uptake proceeded in steplike increments. Further studies were aimed at delineating the control mechanism for this uptake. Purines were highly concentrated with respect to the medium, but the intracellular concentration was not significantly different whether uptake had reached a plateau or was rising steeply. Over 95% of the label was present as nucleotides. A dual isotope method developed for determination of specific activities in small amounts of material suggested that the intracellular adenine pool was compartmentalized with respect to the formation of nucleotide. Uptake varied independently of nucleic acid synthesis suggesting that the magnitude of the labeled pool was not controlled directly by polymer synthesis. Evidence that the enzymes purine nucleotide pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.7, 8), which catalyze the initial reaction leading from free purine to nucleotide, may control uptake has been obtained. The relative uptake of different purines was proportional to the relative activity of this enzyme with respect to the same purines. The reaction was measured with approximately physiological substrate concentrations. A variety of specific nucleotide feedback inhibitors were shown to exist. By feedback, the level of such nucleotides would modify pyrophosphorylase activity and hence uptake. Under certain conditions, such a mechanism could lead, for example, to the steplike increments observed. The effects of a variety of inhibitors including actinomycin D and chloramphenicol on uptake were also consistent with this mechanism. The relation of this enzyme control system to other aspects of the regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis is discussed.
Candidate Sex and Congressional Elections: Open Seats Before, During, and After the Year of the Woman

Abstract In 1992, an unprecedented number of women were elected to Congress. This election seemed to debunk the notion of female disadvantage as female candidates ran better than males. Since 1992, however, female candidates have failed to compete as effectively as men in congressional elections, again raising the specter of a sex bias. In this paper, we examine 365 open seat congressional elections held since 1982 in order to ascertain whether the indicators of female success in the 1980s and early 1990s structured female candidate success and/or failure after 1992. For this study, these indicators include candidate attributes such as financial quality and candidate experience. Our examination indicates that candidate attributes have significantly weakened as predictors of open seat election outcomes, especially in female versus male races. Instead, a strong increase in the correlation of the presidential normal vote and the congressional vote in open seats since 1992 indicates the emergence of elections...
Interactions in metal clusters

Abstract The barriers to racemization in C 2 D 4 Cl 2 of [Ir{Fe(P( p -tolyl) 2 )(CO) 2 (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )} 2 ] + BF 4 − and [Ir{Ru(P( p -tolyl) 2 )(CO) 2 (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )} 2 ] + BF 4 − are 17.5 and 17.8 kcal/mol respectively. Both clusters add H 2 reversibly at 1 atmosphere and room temperature. The former also forms an adduct with H 2 and CO when exposed to both gases simultaneously.
Parallels Between Quantum Antiferromagnetism and the Strong Interactions

I argue that there is a connection between quantum antiferromagnetism and the strong interactions. The underlying idea is that the t-J Hamiltonian and other models commonly studied in the context of cuprate superconductivity are near a quantum critical point at which quark-like objects and gauge fields with which they interact become the true elementary excitations at low energy scales. Away from the critical point these bind at low energy into familiar collective modes of various ordered states. As evidence I cite the ``semiconducting'' behavior of the f-sum rule at low doping, large-scale structure in the electron propagator, disappearance of the quasiparticle pole at small values of J/t, string resonances above the quasiparticle pole, and the physical similarity of the alleged quark-like objects to the spinon and holon excitations of 1-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnets.
TNF-α-Dependent ICAM-1- and VCAM-1-Mediated Inflammatory Responses Are Delayed in Neonatal Mice Infected with Pneumocystis carinii

Neonatal mice have a delayed CD4-mediated inflammatory response to Pneumocystis carinii (PC) infection in the lungs that corresponds to a delayed TNF-alpha response and a delayed clearance of the organisms compared with adult mice. Since TNF-alpha is known to drive the up-regulation of adhesion molecules, we examined the expression and function of adhesion molecules in the lungs of neonatal mice. The expression of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was significantly lower in the lungs of PC-infected neonatal mice compared with adults. Additionally, migration of neonatal T cells across endothelial cells expressing VCAM-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was aberrant compared with that in adult T cells, although alpha(4)beta(1) integrin-mediated adhesion of neonatal lymphocytes was comparable to that of adult lymphocytes. Treatment of neonatal mice with exogenous TNF-alpha resulted in increased expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 as well as increased expression of chemokines, resulting in infiltration of CD4(+) cells into the lungs. Treatment with exogenous TNF-alpha resulted in a trend (although not statistically significant) toward a reduction of PC organisms from the lungs. These data indicate that neonatal lung endothelial cells do not up-regulate ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in response to PC infection, probably due to depressed TNF-alpha production. Additionally, neonatal T cells are defective in the ability to migrate across endothelial cells.
Digital avionics susceptibility to high energy radio frequency fields

Generally, noncritical avionic systems for transport category aircraft have been designed to meet radio frequency (RF) susceptibility requirements set forth in RTCA DO 160B, environmental conditions and test procedures for airborne equipment. Section 20 of this document controls the electromagnetic interference (EMI) hardening for avionics equipment to levels of 1 and 2 V/m. Currently, US equipment manufacturers are designing flight-critical fly-by-wire avionics to a much higher level. The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has requested that the RTCA SC-135 high-energy radio frequency (HERF) working group develop appropriate testing procedures for section 20 of RTCA DO 160B for radiated and conducted susceptibility at the box and systems level. The FAA has also requested the SAE AE4R committee to address installed systems testing, airframe shielding effects and RF environment monitoring. Emitters of interest include radar (ground, ship, and aircraft) commercial broadcast and TV station, mobile communication, and other transmitters that could possibly affect commercial aircraft. >
Ethical Considerations in a Three-Tiered Approach to School Discipline Policy and Practice.

Research indicates that school discipline policies and practices have a significant influence on both student and school functioning. The purpose of this article is to uncover how the ethical standards guiding the field of school psychology inform school decisions about discipline in a three-tiered approach. Various discipline approaches, empirical research evaluating the effectiveness of these approaches, and the role of school psychologists in school discipline decision making are reviewed. Ultimately, this integration of theory, empirical research, and ethical standards points to the importance of creating comprehensive and individualized school discipline policies that apply ethically sound practices at all three tiers of intervention. Implications for practicing school psychologists are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depressed reflex vasomotor control of the burn wound.

Total leg blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in five normals and 14 burned patients before and after 30 min of external heating. Leg surface temperatures were held constant, but rectal temperatures increased on the average of 0.4 to 0.5°C in all subjects following this heat load. Leg blood flow increased by 56.0% in the controls, 63.2% in five patients with essentially no leg bum (mean burn size = 1.5% leg surface), and 9.6% in nine patients with major leg injuries (mean bum size 55% leg surface). Failure of reflex vasodilatation in the burned leg was evident up to 107 days postinjury even when the wound was well-healed. All subjects sweated freely from the unburned skin. In two patients, where arm and leg blood flows were measured simultaneously, flow to the uninjured arm increased while that to the injured leg remained unchanged. This lack of reflex vasodilatation in the burned limbs suggests either that wound vessels are denervated or that they are so dilated in the basal state that further dilatation is limited. The bulk of this and other data would support the denervation concept. This physical or chemical denervation could occur at the time of injury, be localised to the area of the wound, and result in loss of both neurogenic vasoconstrictor tone and active reflex vasodilatation.
Vedic divider - A high performance computing algorithm for VLSI applications

Vedic mathematics is part of four Vedas (books of wisdom). It is part of Sthapatya Veda (book on civil engineering and architecture), an upa-veda (supplement) of Atharva Veda. It covers explanation of several modern arithmetical terms. In this paper the Parvartya yojayet algorithm is applied to develop a high performance divider and static timing analysis is done on vedic divider and conventional divider. A functionally tested 32-bit dividend and 16-bit divisor binary Vedic divider was synthesized using 32nm standard cell libraries has power saving of the order of ~109mW in comparison to conventional divider and speed of vedic divisor is ~7 times faster and area occupied is ~13 times lesser than conventional divider.
Making holograms in middle and high schools

Holography is a worthy topic that should become an integral part of any basic science curriculum. It embodies basic scientific principle that include the direct applications of three Nobel Prize physics concepts; it involves procedures that teaches the scientific method of problem solving; it can be learned by `doing' without previous experience; it is artistically creative; it can be appreciated by students of all ranges of abilities; and it is an open-ended subject so that specially interested students can continue to pursue deeper and more creative projects beyond the scope that fits into the curriculum. Finally, with the availability of high quality and low cost diode lasers, it is an affordable unit for any school.
Ultrastructural Characterization and Three-Dimensional Architecture of Replication Sites in Dengue Virus-Infected Mosquito Cells

During dengue virus infection of host cells, intracellular membranes are rearranged into distinct subcellular structures such as double-membrane vesicles, convoluted membranes, and tubular structures. Recent electron tomographic studies have provided a detailed three-dimensional architecture of the double-membrane vesicles, representing the sites of dengue virus replication, but temporal and spatial evidence linking membrane morphogenesis with viral RNA synthesis is lacking. Integrating techniques in electron tomography and molecular virology, we defined an early period in virus-infected mosquito cells during which the formation of a virus-modified membrane structure, the double-membrane vesicle, is proportional to the rate of viral RNA synthesis. Convoluted membranes were absent in dengue virus-infected C6/36 cells. Electron tomographic reconstructions elucidated a high-resolution view of the replication complexes inside vesicles and allowed us to identify distinct pathways of particle formation. Hence, our findings extend the structural details of dengue virus replication within mosquito cells and highlight their differences from mammalian cells. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus induces several distinct intracellular membrane structures within the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells. These structures, including double-membrane vesicles and convoluted membranes, are linked, respectively, with viral replication and viral protein processing. However, dengue virus cycles between two disparate animal groups with differing physiologies: mammals and mosquitoes. Using techniques in electron microscopy, we examined the differences between intracellular structures induced by dengue virus in mosquito cells. Additionally, we utilized techniques in molecular virology to temporally link events in virus replication to the formation of these dengue virus-induced membrane structures.
Computed tomography of the liver

Computed tomography (CT) has been in clinical use for nearly a decade. The capabilities and potentials of this tool in evaluating disease of various organs are continuously being explored. A number of articles have been published focusing on its clinical applications in hepatic disorders and comparing its efficacy with other imaging modalities. This review presents hepatic CT findings and their utility in clinical practice.
Profilin is required for the normal timing of actin polymerization in response to thermal stress

We have used a fluorometric assay to determine the relative amounts of polymerized actin (F-actin) in wild-type and profilin mutant yeast cells. Our results indicate that profilin plays a role in maintaining normal F-actin levels in response to shifts to high temperature. Cells lacking profilin display a greater drop in F-actin levels upon such temperature shifts, and are slower to recover to initial F-actin levels than are wild-type cells. Interestingly, shifts to cold temperatures result in rapid increases of F-actin levels in wild-type and profilin null cells. We have further determined that shifting to high-osmolarity growth conditions causes a relatively slow decrease in F-actin levels in wild-type cells, and a small but rapid increase in the F-actin levels in profilin null cells. Profilin null cells contain normal concentrations of F-actin while growing exponentially at room temperature, indicating that profilin is not essential for maintaining F-actin concentrations during steady-state growth. Our data suggest that actin is inherently unstable in vivo at high temperatures, and that profilin helps to maintain actin in its filamentous state at these temperatures, perhaps by stimulating actin polymerization in a proper temporal and spatial fashion.