cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the U.S. demand for sugar in the presence of measurement error in the data

Abstract Inaccuracy in the measurement of the price data for the substitute sweeteners for sugar is a problem encountered in the estimation of the demand for sugar. Two diagnostics are introduced to assess the effect that this measurement error has on the estimated coefficients of the sugar demand relationship. The regression coefficient bounds diagnostic is used to indicate a range in which the true price responsiveness of consumers to changes in the price of sugar substitutes lies. The bias correction factor is computed to evaluate the magnitude of the overestimation of the responsiveness of the quantity of beverage sugar and nonbeverage sugar demanded to a change in the price of sugar.
Well-posedness for Semi-relativistic Hartree Equations of Critical Type

We prove local and global well-posedness for semi-relativistic, nonlinear Schrodinger equations \(i \partial_t u = \sqrt{-\Delta + m^2} u + F(u)\) with initial data in H s (ℝ3), \(s \geqslant 1/2\). Here F(u) is a critical Hartree nonlinearity that corresponds to Coulomb or Yukawa type self-interactions. For focusing F(u), which arise in the quantum theory of boson stars, we derive global-in-time existence for small initial data, where the smallness condition is expressed in terms of the L 2-norm of solitary wave ground states. Our proof of well-posedness does not rely on Strichartz type estimates. As a major benefit from this, our method enables us to consider external potentials of a quite general class.
Substituted 2,2'-bipyrroles and pyrrolylfurans via intermediate isoxazolylpyrroles.

Abstract We describe a new synthesis of the 3-chloro-(4′-methoxy)-2,2′-pyrrolylfuran segment ( 3 ) of (+)-roseophilin. The route exploits a isoxazoylpyrrole intermediate, wherein the isoxazole ring serves as a β-diketone equivalent and a directing group for palladium catalyzed chlorination of the attached pyrrole. Subsequent reduction of the N–O bond and acid promoted cyclization afford roseophilin segment 3b in five steps and 19% overall yield. This strategy was extended to the synthesis of 3-chloro-(4′-alkoxy)-2,2′-pyrrolylfurans ( 16a – c ) and 4-alkoxy-2,2′-bipyrroles ( 20a – c ), which are building blocks to synthesize bioactive prodiginine natural products and their congeners.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Cough: Prevalence in an Outpatient Medical Clinic Population

To determine the frequency of ACE inhibitor cough in an outpatient medical clinic population, a cross-sectional epidemiologic survey using mailed questionnaires was done. Patients were randomly selected from a computerized hospital pharmacy data base. The overall prevalence of cough was 19 percent in the ACE inhibitor groups compared with 9 percent in the hydrochlorothiazide-treated group. The observed odds ratio for cough among ACE inhibitor users was 2.3 (95 percent CI, 1.02 to 5.00). This study is the first systematic investigation of frequency and characteristics of ACE inhibitor cough that includes a control group. Our results suggest that cough may more frequently accompany treatment with ACE inhibitors than has been previously reported. We recommend that physicians specifically inquire about cough in patients taking an ACE inhibitor. Recognition of this side effect may prevent unnecessary testing and treatment of patients receiving ACE inhibitors. (Chest 1991; 99:36–39)
The role of reabsorption in the spectral distribution of phytoplankton fluorescence emission

A theoretical model has been developed to describe an experimentally observed spectral shift in the fluorescence emission from phytoplankton as a result of the internal reabsorption of that emission. This model accounts for both the absorption of the primary excitation and the modification of the fluorescence through the reabsorption of the emitted light by the chloroplast and by the surrounding medium. Comparisons are made between the results of the theoretical model and data derived from experiments using a number of different phytoplankton species, each adapted to varying light conditions. The details of the model are discussed, and the consequences of its interpretation on the spectral distribution of the fluorescence emission from phytoplankton are examined
Cosmological experiments in condensed matter systems

Abstract Topological defects are thought to be left behind by the cosmological phase transitions which occur as the universe expands and cools. Similar processes can be studied in the phase transitions which take place in the laboratory: “Cosmological” experiments in superfluid helium and in liquid crystals were carried out within the past few years, and their results shed a new light on the dynamics of the defect-formation process. The aim of this paper is to review the key ideas behind this cosmology-condensed matter connection and to propose new experiments which could probe heretofore unaddressed aspects of the topological defects formation process.
CP violation and mixing of B mesons at CDF

Abstract We report recent studies of CP-violation and mixing in neutral B mesons from the CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. Results of a direct measurement of the CP-violation parameter sin 2β using B 0 → J ψK S 0 with multi flavor tagging algorithms, a search for B S 0 − B S 0 mixing using semileptonic decays, and the updated precision measurements of the B 0 − B 0 mixing parameter will be presented. The prospects for B physics with the upgraded CDF detector in the next Tevatron Collider run will also be discussed.
Feasibility of Using High-Energy Neutrinos to Study the Weak Interactions

The feasibility of using high-energy neutrinos to study weak interactions is discussed. It is proposed that the high-energy neutrinos be obtained from pion decay, the pions being produced by proton reactions. (C.J.G.)
Group velocity dispersion using commercial optical design programs

Three commercial optical design programs are used to model familiar geometries in ultrafast optics. A set of macros has been created to calculate the pulse delay, group velocity dispersion, and third-order dispersion caused by the components in an ultrafast optical system. The results correspond to published values. This opens the possibility of using the well-developed optimization routines to improve the performance of ultrafast systems.
Light neutralino dark matter: direct/indirect detection and collider searches

We study the neutralino being the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP) as a cold Dark Matter (DM) candidate with a mass less than 40 GeV in the framework of the Next-to-Minimal-Supersymmetric-Standard-Model (NMSSM). We find that with the current collider constraints from LEP, the Tevatron and the LHC, there are three types of light DM solutions consistent with the direct/indirect searches as well as the relic abundance considerations: (i) A 1, H 1-funnels, (ii) stau coannihilation and (iii) sbottom coannihilation. Type-(i) may take place in any theory with a light scalar (or pseudo-scalar) near the LSP pair threshold; while Type-(ii) and (iii) could occur in the framework of Minimal-Supersymmetric-Standard-Model (MSSM) as well. We present a comprehensive study on the properties of these solutions and point out their immediate relevance to the experiments of the underground direct detection such as superCDMS and LUX/LZ, and the astro-physical indirect search such as Fermi-LAT. We also find that the decays of the SM-like Higgs boson may be modified appreciably and the new decay channels to the light SUSY particles may be sizable. The new light CP-even and CP-odd Higgs bosons will decay to a pair of LSPs as well as other observable final states, leading to interesting new Higgs phenomenology at colliders. For the light sfermion searches, the signals would be very challenging to observe at the LHC given the current bounds. However, a high energy and high luminosity lepton collider, such as the ILC, would be able to fully cover these scenarios by searching for events with large missing energy plus charged tracks or displaced vertices.
Influence of Structural and Aerodynamic Modeling on Flutter Analysis

The dynamic aeroelastic capabilities in the automated structural optimization system were used to evaluate the flutter behavior of various fully built-up finite element wing models in subsonic and supersonic flow. First, the performance of the flutter module was tested against results from other codes. Then, models of various wings with different aspect ratios were investigated for the influence on the free vibration and flutter characteristics of such modeling factors as finite element selection, structural grid refinement, number of selected modes, retention of in-plane and breathing modes, aerodynamic panel size and placement, splining of the aerodynamic grid to the structural grid, selection of extra points off the structural wing box for splining, solution procedures such as eigenvalue extraction routines, reduction schemes, etc. The results suggest that a quick initial evaluation of a preliminary wing design with a reasonably coarse grid for both the structure and the aerodynamics will result in natural frequencies and modes that are close to those from a more detailed model and in flutter speeds that tend to be conservative. Overall, such a simple model can represent a good start for a conventional redesign process as well as for optimization.
Consequences of charge imbalance in superconductors within the theory of hole superconductivity

Abstract The theory of hole superconductivity proposes that the fundamental asymmetry between electrons and holes in solids is responsible for superconductivity. Here we point out a remarkable consequence of this theory: a tendency for negative charge to be expelled from the bulk of the superconductor towards the surface. Experimentally observable consequences of this physics are discussed.
Social Entrepreneurship as Critical Agency: A study of Rural Internet kiosks

My paper looks at rural internet kiosks as small businesses run by owners/operators who display good entrepreneurial spirit and skills that match kiosk offerings to local needs, creating opportunities in constrained commercial environments. Kiosk operators display enough imagination to keep businesses afloat recasting information technologies to accommodate the growing demand for image /visual consumption. We argue for considering the rural internet kiosk not simply as an information booth but as entrepreneurial space to tap several commercial possibilities.
The Effects of First Occupation on Long Term Health Status: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

In this paper, we use a longitudinal survey that has collected information for 50 years on a large cohort of Wisconsin high school graduates and their siblings to examine the long term impact of early occupational choice on health status. We find evidence that beginning a career in a blue collar occupation is correlated with several measures of poor health outcomes at ages 50–65. Since our dataset includes usually unobserved pre-labor market characteristics, including IQ and childhood health status, we can show that controlling for these variables is important for many results and suggests a high level of selection into occupation based on health and ability. We also provide evidence of gender differentials in the association between first occupation and later health. Then, we replace our basic measure of occupational categories with summary measures of job characteristics and find that employment at “bad jobs” at the beginning of an individual’s career predicts later health outcomes. Finally, we use sibling information in the dataset to show that unmeasured family background factors explain a large share of the effects of occupation on later health. Overall, the evidence points to limited, though heterogeneous, long term effects of health from blue collar employment.
Beneficial constraints: beneficial for whom?

Wolfgang Streeck convincingly argues, in an influential paper published in 1997, that economic performance in market societies is enhanced when the rational, voluntaristic choices of actors are constrained by a variety of normative and institutional constraints. This paper offers three modifications of this central Durkheimian thesis: (1) the meaning of good performance of an economic system differs among class actors in a market economy; (2) the level of institutional constraint that is optimal for good economic performance in the interests of capitalists is generally lower than the level of constraints that is optimal for workers; and (3) institutional constraints on voluntary rational choice - even those optimal for capitalists - also may have dynamic effects on the balance of power among social forces which could lead capitalists to prefer suboptimal constraints from the point of view of economic performance.
Heterotic standard model moduli

In previous papers, we introduced a heterotic standard model and discussed its basic properties. The Calabi-Yau threefold has, generically, three Kahler and three complex structure moduli. The observable sector of this vacuum has the spectrum of the MSSM with one additional pair of Higgs-Higgs conjugate fields. The hidden sector has no charged matter in the strongly coupled string and only minimal matter for weak coupling. Additionally, the spectrum of both sectors will contain vector bundle moduli. The exact number of such moduli was conjectured to be small, but was not explicitly computed. In this paper, we rectify this and present a formalism for computing the number of vector bundle moduli. Using this formalism, the number of moduli in both the observable and strongly coupled hidden sectors is explicitly calculated.
File-based data processing on MESSENGER

Abstract As part of the system software, MESSENGER will be using a file-based system for the transfer and processing of instrument and spacecraft data. The flow of files within the MESSENGER software architecture begins with the receipt of science data by the main processor and the creation of files containing these data by the flight software. The files are then autonomously selected for downlink via a priority-based algorithm, packaged for transmittal via the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), and radiated to the ground. The ground software reconstructs the files via its implementation of CFDP, performs further processing on the file, and sends it to the operations data archive and the Science Operations Center. The MESSENGER spacecraft operations team manages the overall handling of these files through interaction with both the flight and ground systems.
Heuristics for the Whitehead Minimization Problem

In this paper we discuss several heuristic strategies which allow one to solve the Whitehead minimization problem much faster (on most inputs) than the classical Whitehead algorithm. The mere fact that these strategies work in practice leads to several interesting mathematical conjectures. In particular, we conjecture that the length of most nonminimal elements in a free group can be reduced by a Nielsen automorphism which can be identified by inspecting the structure of the corresponding Whitehead graph.
Behavioral and sociocognitive correlates of ratings of prosocial behavior and sociometric status.

Abstract Although peers' and teachers' evaluations of children's prosocial behavior and peers' sociometric ratings frequently have been used in studies of social development, the validity of young children's ratings of others has been questioned, as has that for teachers' ratings of prosocial behavior. In this study, preschoolers' ratings of peers' sociometric status and prosocial behavior, as well as teachers' ratings of children's prosocial dispositions, were obtained. These were correlated with children's naturally occurring prosocial or social behavior; ratings of prosocial behavior also were correlated with children's prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial self-attributions. Peers' sociometric ratings were positively related to children's sociability whereas prosocial ratings were related to helping (but not sharing) behavior. Teachers' ratings of prosocial behavior were not related to frequency of prosocial behaviors, but were positively related to developmentally mature moral judgments and self-re...
Polyaniline and polypyrrole: Where are we headed?

The tremendous advances made during the past decade in the chemistry, electrochemistry, physics, theory and processing of polyaniline and polypyrrole and their derivatives provide a broad solid foundation for future studies and technological applications. Selected examples of recent progress will be illustrated by: (i) the synthesis of polyaniline oligomers and chiral polyaniline films, (ii) use of polyaniline in light-emitting devices, (iii) effect of substrate surface on properties of polyaniline and polypyrrole films deposited upon them, (iv) use of polypyrrole films in flexible, liquid crystal light valves, (v) preparation of patterned polyaniline and polypyrrole films by microcontact printing and (vi) application of soluble polypyrrole in sensors for volatile organic compounds.
The geometry of quantum spin networks

The discrete picture of geometry arising from the loop representation of quantum gravity can be extended by a quantum deformation of the observable algebra. Operators for area and volume are extended to this theory and, partly, diagonalized. The eigenstates are expressed in terms of q-deformed spin networks. The q-deformation breaks some of the degeneracy of the volume operator so that trivalent spin networks have non-zero volume. These computations are facilitated by use of a technique based on the recoupling theory of , which simplifies the construction of these and other operators through diffeomorphism invariant regularization procedures.
Positron trapping in a magnetic mirror configuration

Abstract In a first step towards generating an electron-positron plasma, a proof-of-principle experiment is reported in which externally injected slow positrons and electrons are trapped in a magnetic mirror configuration by electron (positron) cyclotron resonance heating. Positrons with an average injection energy of 1 eV from a 0.6 mCi Na-22 source/moderator combination are demonstrated to be trapped in the mirror. With a primary flux of 5.3 × 102 moderated positrons/s, an estimated equilibrium density of 2 × 102 cm−3 is obtained in a 20 cm3 volume. With an appropriate increase of the injected slow positron flux, densities in the 107 cm−3 range can be expected. In replacing the positron source with a small electron gun, a trapped electron density of 3 × 108 cm−3 in the same volume was obtained.
Parameterized partial evaluation

Besides specializing programs with respect to concrete values, it is often necessary to specialize programs with respect to abstract values, i.e., static properties such as signs, ranges, and types. Specializing programs with respect to static properties is a natural extension of partial evaluation and significantly contributes towards adapting partial evaluation to larger varieties of applications. This idea was first investigated by Haraldsson [14] and carried out in practice with a system called Redfun in the late seventies. This system partially evaluates Interlisp programs. It manipulates symbolic values such as data types to describe the possible values of a variable and a processed expression. Although the work on Redfun certainly started in the right direction, it has some limitations: (1) the static properties cannot be defined by the user; they are fixed; (2) the approach is not formally defined: no safety condition for the definition of symbolic values, no finiteness criteria for fixpoint iteration, etc.; and (3) because Redfun is an on-line partial evaluator—the treatment of the
Satisfiability and Evolution

We show that, if truth assignments on n variables reproduce through recombination so that satisfaction of a particular Boolean function confers a small evolutionary advantage, then a polynomially large population over polynomially many generations (polynomial in n and the inverse of the initial satisfaction probability) will end up almost certainly consisting exclusively of satisfying truth assignments. We argue that this theorem sheds light on the problem of the evolution of complex adaptations.
Enantioselective rare-earth catalyzed quinone Diels-Alder reactions.

A highly enantioselective, quinone Diels−Alder reaction catalyzed by chiral samarium and gadolinium pyridyl-bis(oxazoline) (pybox) complexes has been developed. The reaction scope has been extended to include three quinones and five dienes, all of which exclusively provide the expected endo product in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
Black hole formation in c=1 string field theory☆

Abstract A suggestion on how black holes may appear in Das-Jevicki collective field theory is given. We study the behaviour of a “test” particle when energy is sent into the system. A perturbation moving near the potential barrier can create a large-distance black hole geometry where the seeming curvature singularity is at the position of the barrier. In the simplest “static” case the exact D=2 black hole metric emerges.
The ultrashort period dwarf nova SW ursae majoris

SW UMa is an unusual dwarf nova in several respects. Recent observations by Robinson et al. (1986) have established that SW UMa is an SU UMa system, while Shafter, Szkody, and Thorstensen (1986) have presented evidence suggesting that SW UMa may be a DQ Her system as well. If the DQ Her classification is confirmed then SW UMa will be the only system to have this dual classification. Finally, time resolved spectroscopy of SW UMa has revealed the presence of an S-wave component in the Ha emission which has an unexpected phasing relative to the line wings.
Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch and the moduli of Enriques surfaces

We give a short and ``classical" proof of Borcherds' theorem that the moduli space of Enriques surfaces is quasi-affine. The use of the Borcherds' product is replaced in our proof by an application of the Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem
Nobody's Business but My Own: Self Employment and Small Enterprise in Economic Development

Abstract In most poor countries, small firms and self-employment are the dominant forms of business enterprise—even in the manufacturing sector. For rich countries, in contrast, self-employed people account for very small shares of manufacturing employment and output. This paper builds on Lucas [1978. On the size distribution of business firms. Bell Journal of Economics 9(2), 508–523] to ask whether structural changes of this kind are driven by productivity differences. A model, calibrated to Japanese time-series data, is shown to mimic key features of cross-country and time-series data. The results support the idea that changes in aggregate productivity account for much of the cross-country variation in establishment size and self-employment rates.
Confined rapid thermolysis/FTIR/ToF studies of imidazolium-based ionic liquids

Abstract Rapid scan FTIR spectroscopy and time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometry were utilized to study thermal decomposition of three imidazolium-based ionic liquids, with 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium (emim) as the cation, and NO3−, Cl−, and Br− as the anions. The thermal decomposition involved heating rates of 2000 K/s and temperatures to 435 °C in an ambient inert gas at 1 atm. Using sub-milligram quantities of each compound, examinations of the evolution of gas-phase species revealed that the most probable sites for proton transfer and subsequent secondary reactions were primarily the methyl group and secondarily the ethyl group. The ring appeared to remain intact, as there was no evidence of the formation of HCN, imines or related products. The most reactive compound is [emim]NO3, since the nitrate group served as a strong oxidizer and reacted strongly with the methyl/ethyl groups at the elevated temperatures to produce common final products from combustion.
REVIEW OF RECENT NEUTRINO PHYSICS RESEARCH

We review recent research in neutrino physics, including neutrino oscillations to test time reversal and CP symmetry violations, the measurement of parameters in the U matrix, sterile neutrino emission causing pulsar kicks, and neutrino energies in the neutrinosphere.
An inverse problem for an abstract evolution equation

The inverse problem of finding the coefficient γ in the equation from the extra data of the form is studied.The problem is reduced to a Volterra equation of the second kind. Applications aregiven to parabolic equations with second order differential operators.
Coupling reactions of 1-tributylstannyl-1-octen-3-ol catalyzed by palladium: The synthesis of PGB1 and coriolic acid

Abstract The palladium catalyzed coupling of ( S )- E -1-tributylstannyl-1-octen-3-ol ( 3 ) with 2-(6-carbethoxyhexyl)-3-iodo-2-cyclopenten-1-one gave a 70% yield of the ( S )-ethyl ester of PGB 1 . Coriolic acid was synthesized in 75% yield by coupling 3 with Z -10-iododecenoic acid, demonstrating the tolerance of this coupling reaction to the carboxylic acid function.
Two-particle wave function in four dimensional Ising model

An exploratory study of two-particle wave function is carried out with a four dimensional simple model. The wave functions not only for two-particle ground and first excited states but also for an unstable state are calculated from three- and four-point functions using the diagonalization method suggested by Luscher and Wolff. The scattering phase shift is evaluated from these wave functions.
A TENTATIVE DETECTION OF A STARSPOT DURING CONSECUTIVE TRANSITS OF AN EXTRASOLAR PLANET FROM THE GROUND: NO EVIDENCE OF A DOUBLE TRANSITING PLANET SYSTEM AROUND TrES-1

There have been numerous reports of anomalies during transits of the planet TrES-1b. Recently, Rabus and coworkers' analysis of Hubble Space Telescope observations lead them to claim brightening anomalies during transit might be caused by either a second transiting planet or a cool starspot. Observations of two consecutive transits are presented here from the University of Arizona's 61 inch Kuiper Telescope on 2008 May 12 and May 15 UT. A 5.4 ± 1.7 mmag (0.54% ± 0.17%) brightening anomaly was detected during the first half of the transit on May 12 and again in the second half of the transit on May 15. We argue that the significance of these spot events are 3.2 and 2.9 σ for May 12 and May 15, respectively, and we estimate that each of these have a probability ≥90% of not being systematic red-noise peaks. Therefore, we conclude that this is a tentative detection of a r ≥6R ⊕ starspot rotating on the surface of the star. We suggest that all evidence to date suggest TrES-1 has a spotty surface, and there is no need to introduce a second transiting planet in this system to explain these anomalies. Assuming that the spin axis of the star and orbital axis of the planet are aligned (and in the plane of the sky) suggests a stellar rotational period of 40.2 ± 0.1 days. Introducing the λ = 30° ± 21° inclination of the stellar spin axis with respect to the planetary orbital axis of Narita et al. adds much more uncertainty, and we are only able to constrain the rotational period of the star to 40.2+22.9 –14.6 days, which is consistent with the previously observed P obs = 33.2+22.3 –14.3 day period. We note that this technique could be applied to other transiting systems for which starspots exist on the star in the transit path of the planet in order to constrain the rotation rate of the star.
Active contours using a constraint-based implicit representation

We present a new constraint-based implicit active contour, which shares desirable properties of both parametric and implicit active contours. Like parametric approaches, their representation is compact and can be manipulated interactively. Like other implicit approaches, they can naturally adapt to non-simple topologies.Unlike implicit approaches using level-set methods, representation of the contour does not require a dense mesh. Instead, it is based on specified on-curve and off-curve constraints, which are interpolated using radial basis functions. These constraints are evolved according to specified forces drawn from the relevant literature of both parametric and implicit approaches.This new type of active contour is demonstrated through synthetic images, photographs, and medical images with both simple and non-simple topologies. For complex input, this approach produces results comparable to those of level set or parameterized finite-element active models, but with a compact analytic representation. As with other active contours they can also be used for tracking, especially for multiple objects that split or merge.
Finite difference weights, spectral differentiation, and superconvergence

Let $z_{1},z_{2},...,z_{N}$ be a sequence of distinct grid points. A finite difference formula approximates the $m$-th derivative $f^{(m)}(0)$ as $\sum w_{k}f(z_{k})$, with $w_{k}$ being the weights. We derive an algorithm for finding the weights $w_{k}$ which is an improvement of an algorithm of Fornberg (\emph{Mathematics of Computation}, vol. 51 (1988), p. 699-706). This algorithm uses fewer arithmetic operations than that of Fornberg by a factor of $4/(5m+5)$ while being equally accurate. The algorithm that we derive computes finite difference weights accurately even when $m$, the order of the derivative, is as high as 16. In addition, the algorithm generalizes easily to the efficient computation of spectral differentiation matrices. The order of accuracy of the finite difference formula for $f^{(m)}(0)$ with grid points $hz_{k}$, $1\leq k\leq N$, is typically $\mathcal{O}(h^{N-m})$. However, the most commonly used finite difference formulas have an order of accuracy that is higher than the typical. For instance, the centered difference approximation $(f(h)-2f(0)+f(-h))/h^{2}$ to $f"(0)$ has an order of accuracy equal to 2 not 1. Even unsymmetric finite difference formulas can exhibit such superconvergence or boosted order of accuracy, as shown by the explicit algebraic condition that we derive. If the grid points are real, we prove a basic result stating that the order of accuracy can never be boosted by more than 1.
Deterministic blade row interactions in a centrifugal compressor stage

The three-dimensional viscous flow in a low-speed centrifugal compressor stage is simulated using an average passage Navier-Stokes analysis. The impeller discharge flow is of the jet/wake type with low-momentum fluid in the shroud-pressure side corner coincident with the tip leakage vortex. This nonuniformity introduces periodic unsteadiness in the vane frome of reference. The effect of such deterministic unsteadiness on the time mean is included in the analysis through the average passagestress, which allows the analysis of blade row interactions
ZrO2−xSx: Stabilization of cubic ZrO2 by a partial exchange of oxygen by sulfur

Abstract The cubic, fluorite-type, structure of zirconia has been found to be stabilized at room-temperature by the substitution of the sulfur for oxygen at 20% of the anion sites in a random way. A major effect of this substitution is to increase the ZrZr distances and thereby to decrease the metal-metal interactions contributing to the structural stability of the monoclinic form.
Shape and correspondence

Previous work in three-dimensional motion interpretation has assumed global rigid motion of each object whose shape is to be determined. It is shown how this assumption can be relaxed for textured objects. Using assumptions about the lighting conditions of the scene, the shape of the object can be recovered using only local information and only local rigidity. The technique developed gives redundant information and can be used to guide the recovery of the correspondence of points on the objects in the scene.
Antibody catalysis of a disfavored chemical transformation

Organic reactions are often limited by stereoelectronic constrains that appear along the reaction coordinate. An antibody has been generated that overcomes these constraints and catalyzes a highly disfavored chemical transformation. The antibody facilitates the difficult 6-endo-tet ring closure of an epoxy-alcohol to form a tetrahydropyran. The catalyzed process is in formal violation of what has become known as Baldwin's rules for ring-closure reactions. In addition to controlling the regiochemistry of the disfavored cyclization reaction, these catalytic antibodies resolve enantiomeric substrates to afford a stereochemically pure product. The principles demonstrated in this study may be applicable to other disfavored chemical processes.
Calculation and estimation of the Poisson kernel

Abstract We provide a simple method for obtaining boundary asymptotics of the Poisson kernel on a domain in R N .
The mixed quark-gluon condensate from an effective quark-quark interaction

Abstract We exhibit the method for obtaining non-perturbative quark and gluonic vacuum condensates from a model truncation of QCD. The truncation allows for a phenomenological description of the quark-quark interaction in a framework which maintains all global symmetries of QCD and allows an 1 N C expansion. Within this approach the functional integration over the gluon fields can be performed and therefore any gluonic vacuum observable can be expressed in terms of a quark operator and the gluon propagator. As a special case we calculate the mixed quark gluon condensate g s 〈 q G μν σ μν q〉 . We investigate how the value depends on the form of the model quark-quark interaction. A comparison with the results of quenched lattice QCD, the instanton liquid model and QCD sum rules is drawn.
The Light and Velocity Curve Bumps for Bw-Vulpeculae

Bumps in the light and radial velocity curves of the Beta Cephei star BW Vulpeculae were modeled. Two mechanisms, a resonance phenomena and non-linear pulsations, were investigated. The resonance condition was clearly not fulfilled, the calculated period ratio being approximately 0.60, where a value of 0.50 L +- 0.03 is required for resonance. In the non-linear calculation, the bump appears, with the correct phase, but was found at an amplitude that is too large. Further, the light curve does not show any bump-like feature. The cause of the bump is the large spurious boost given the star's velocity field by the solution methods. The calculated periods of the stellar models are shorter than those of previous calculations, enhancing the possibility that these stars pulsate in a radial fundamental mode.
The Wealth and Size of Nations

This article provides a general theory explaining the geographic and population size and wealth of nations. Successful countries create conditions for high productivity in the economic sphere by enforcing property rights and providing social overhead capital and at the same time minimize political costs by creating a system of rules that reduce influence costs and allow for diverse preferences. Countries also need an effective military apparatus to protect their wealth from predation by other countries. Success in these endeavors may lead to immigration and geographical expansion, but an inability to meet these goals may lead to extensive emigration or breakup of the country. The argument is done within the context of a formal model that integrates spatial political costs with the benefits of spatially determined economic production and the effect of coercive transfers. The analysis is used to provide insight into secessions and mergers of nation-states.
Acoustic resonances and sound scattering by a shear layer

The energy reflection coefficient is evaluated numerically for plane waves incident on a plane shear layer having a linear velocity profile. The shear layer is found to exhibit no resonances and no Brewster angles. The behavior of the reflection coefficient depends crucially on the parameter tau, a nondimensional measure of the disturbance Strouhal number with respect to the disturbance Mach number in the mean flow direction. For moderate values of tau, the amplified reflection regime degenerates into the total reflection one, whereas in the ordinary reflection regime the variation of the reflection coefficient with tau depends on whether or not the corresponding vortex sheet has a Brewster angle. The results indicate that caution should be exercised in uncritically modeling a finite thickness shear layer by a corresponding vortex sheet.
Topological string partition functions as polynomials

We investigate the structure of the higher genus topological string amplitudes on the quintic hypersurface. It is shown that the partition functions of the higher genus than one can be expressed as polynomials of five generators. We also compute the explicit polynomial forms of the partition functions for genus 2, 3, and 4. Moreover, some coefficients are written down for all genus.
Independent Modal Space Control With Positive Position Feedback

An independent modal space control (IMSC) algorithm is presented, whose modal control forces are generated from a positive position feedback (PPF) strategy. The proposed algorithm combines the attributes of both the IMSC and the PPF, and maintains the simplicity of the IMSC as it designs the controller of a complex structure at the uncoupled modal level. The effectiveness of the algorithm in damping out the vibration of flexible structures is validated experimentally. A simple cantilevered beam is employed as an example of a flexible structure whose multimodes of vibration are controlled by a single actuator. Performance of the active control system is determined in the frequency and the time domains. The experimental results indicate the potential of the proposed methodology as a viable method for controlling the vibration of large flexible structures.
A Concise Total Synthesis of (±)-Alantrypinone by a Novel Hetero-Diels−Alder Reaction

[reaction: see text] An efficient total synthesis of (+/-)-alantrypinone (1) and its 17-epi isomer (17) has been accomplished employing a novel aza-Diels-Alder reaction as the key step. The reaction sequence comprises 8 steps starting from anthranilic acid and proceeds in 13.5% overall yield. An interesting anionic equilibration between 1 and its epimer 17 has also been discovered.
Personal vehicle sharing services in North America

Abstract Over the past three decades, carsharing has grown from a collection of local grassroots organizations into a worldwide industry. Traditional carsharing, though expanding, has a limited network of vehicles and locations. The next generation of shared-use vehicle services could overcome such expansion barriers as capital costs and land use by incorporating new concepts like personal vehicle sharing. Personal vehicle sharing provides short-term access to privately-owned vehicles. As of May 2012, there were 33 personal vehicle sharing operators worldwide, with 10 active or in pilot phase, three planned, and four defunct in North America. Due to operator non-disclosure, personal vehicle sharing member numbers are currently unknown. The authors investigated personal vehicle sharing in North America by conducting 34 expert interviews. This research explores the development of personal vehicle sharing including business models, market opportunities, and service barriers to assess its early viability as a sustainable transportation mode and to provide a foundation for future research on the topic. Personal vehicle sharing has the potential to impact the transportation sector by increasing the availability and interconnectivity among modes and providing greater alternatives to vehicle ownership in more geographic locations.
Global Imbalances: Is Germany the New China? A Skeptical View

In this paper we evaluate the current account patterns of China and Germany. We point out that China’s current account surplus as a share of global GDP in recent years resembles that of Germany’s. Yet, an important difference is that the Euro block’s current account inclusive of Germany has overall been balanced, whereas emerging Asia’s current account inclusive of China has mostly been characterized by sizable surpluses. We further find that both China and Germany’s current account surpluses seem to be accounted for by common factors. However we have reasons to doubt the long run viability of these current account trends in future decades. Demographic transitions in China and Germany are projected to reduce their surpluses, and this effect is stronger for Germany. We also discuss plausible reasons to doubt the extent to which the Euro block will move towards significant surplus in the coming years.
Runaway Stars and the Escape of Ionizing Radiation from High-redshift Galaxies

Approximately 30% of all massive stars in the Galaxy are runaways with velocities exceeding 30 km s–1. Their high speeds allow them to travel ~0.1-1 kpc away from their birthplace before they explode at the end of their several Myr lifetimes. At high redshift, when galaxies were much smaller than in the local universe, runaways could venture far from the dense inner regions of their host galaxies. From these large radii, and therefore low column densities, much of their ionizing radiation is able to escape into the intergalactic medium. Runaways may therefore significantly enhance the overall escape fraction of ionizing radiation, f esc, from small galaxies at high redshift. We present simple models of the high-redshift runaway population and its impact on f esc as a function of halo mass, size, and redshift. We find that the inclusion of runaways enhances f esc by factors of 1.1-8, depending on halo mass, galaxy geometry, and the mechanism of runaway production, implying that runaways may contribute 50%-90% of the total ionizing radiation escaping from high-redshift galaxies. Runaways may therefore play an important role in reionizing the universe.
Dielectric dispersion in optical electron transfer in solution

Abstract Dielectric dispersion causes the outer-sphere reorganization free energy to vary with photon energy in optical electron transfer. The resulting distortion of the spectral response for photoelectron emission may yield misleading evidence about the emission yield versus photon energy relationship. Dispersion is taken into account in the calculation of emission threshold energies and the correlation between optical and thermal electron transfer. Results are given for V 2+ , Cr 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Fe(CN) 6 4− .
MECHANISMS OF MYELOMA CELL GROWTH CONTROL

Multiple myeloma is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Normal plasma cells have long been viewed as end-stage cells that have lost the potential for further proliferation. The longevity of these cells has been estimated to range from several days to several weeks. 26 Recent evidence, however, raises the possibility that, under some circumstances, plasma cells may survive for a much longer period of time. 52 Myeloma cells differ considerably from normal plasma cells in that the tumor cells retain the capacity for proliferation and their lifespan may exceed that of normal counterpart cells, perhaps as a result of overexpression of several antiapoptotic cellular proteins. 21 Although tumor expansion in vivo is critically dependent upon both growth and death rates, this article focuses on several aspects of myeloma cell growth control.
Porn architecture: user tagging and filtering in two online pornography communities

This poster brief describes ongoing research on user taxonomies in free internet pornography, examining tagging and filtering systems in two digital porn bulletin boards on the social network Reddit. These two communities.r/PornVids, a board for mainstream porn, and r/ChickFlixxx, a board for woman-friendly or feminist porn. offer unique insight into not only porn consumption patterns, but also ways of sorting pornography according to distinctly gendered preferences. The researcher concludes by describing future directions for empirical inquiry into internet pornography, making a case for the importance of affective considerations in user research and interface design.
The Spectral Index Distribution of EGRET Blazars: Prospects for GLAST

The intrinsic distribution of spectral indices in GeV energies of gamma-ray-loud blazars is a critical input in determining the spectral shape of the unresolved blazar contribution to the diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background, as well as an important test of blazar emission theories. We present a maximum likelihood method of determining the intrinsic spectral index distribution (ISID) of a population of γ-ray emitters that accounts for error in the measurements of individual spectral indices, and we apply it to EGRET blazars. We find that the most likely Gaussian ISID for EGRET blazars has a mean of 2.27 and a standard deviation of 0.20. In addition, we find some indication that FSRQs and BL Lac objects may have different ISIDs (with BL Lac objects being harder). We also test for spectral index hardening associated with blazar variability, for which we find no evidence. Finally, we produce simulated GLAST spectral index data sets and perform the same analyses. With improved statistics due to the much larger number of resolvable blazars, GLAST data will help us determine the ISIDs with much improved accuracy. Should any difference exist between the ISIDs of BL Lac objects and FSRQs or between the ISIDs of blazars in the quiescent and flaring states, GLAST data will be adequate to separate these ISIDs at a significance better than 3 σ.
Moral Outrage and Opposition to Harm Reduction

Three public opinion studies examined public attitudes toward prevalence reduction (PR; reducing the number of people engaging in an activity) and harm reduction (HR; reducing the harm associated with an activity) across a wide variety of domains. Studies 1 and 2 were telephone surveys of California adults’ views on PR and HR strategies for a wide range of risk domains (heroin, alcoholism, tobacco, skateboarding, teen sex, illegal immigration, air pollution, and fast food). “Moral outrage” items (immoral, disgusting, irresponsible, dangerous) predicted preference for PR over HR, with disgust the most important predictor. In contrast, preferences were not predicted by whether the risk behavior was common, no one else’s business, or harmless. Study 3 explored whether there are domains where liberals might reject HR. A sample of liberal students preferred HR > PR for heroin, but PR > HR for ritual female circumcision; path analysis suggested that this reversal was explained by moral outrage rather than consequentialist judgments of harm to self and harm to others.
Individual and interactive mechanisms for localization and dissipation in a mono-coupled nearly-periodic structure

Abstract The effect of structural damping on the dynamics of periodic and disordered nearly periodic systems is investigated. A chain of single-degree-of-freedom oscillators coupled by springs is used as a basic model of a mono-coupled periodic system. The dynamic response of the system to a harmonic excitation at the leftmost oscillator is considered. For a system with damping but no disorder (i.e., identical oscillators), an exact expression for the rate of exponential spatial amplitude decay is retrieved. It is found that the decay rate due to damping in a periodic system has a frequency dependence similar to that of the decay rate due to disorder in an undamped nearly periodic system. The magnitudes of the decay rates due to only damping or disorder are compared, and the concept of equivalent damping due to disorder is introduced. For systems with both disorder and damping, perturbation methods are used to find approximate expressions for the decay rate in the cases of strong and weak coupling between oscillators. It is shown that if the coupling is strong, the decay rates due to damping and disorder simply add up to produce the overall decay rate, and the effect of damping dominates. If the coupling is weak, however, the effects of damping and disorder on the overall decay are comparable in magnitude, and they interact in a more complicated manner.