cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Activation-Detoxification Enzyme Patterns During Precarcinogenesis in Synergism: 3-Methylcholanthrene and Dimethylnitrosamine*

The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), administered singly or in combination at chronic carcinogenic doses, on the evolution of activity patterns of enzymes involved in the metabolism of DMN and polycyclic hydrocarbons were studied in the liver and lung of Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice. In the pulmonary tissues of rats, during the early stage of administration (7 weeks), there was substantial increase of epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-epoxide transferase activity; from then on these detoxifying enzyme activities rapidly decreased toward 25 weeks, and this decreasing trend coincided with a substantial surge of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity at 15 weeks; 65%, 95%, and 50% increase with 3MC, DMN, and DMN+3MC, respectively. The activity of DMN-demethylase was slightly increased following treatment with DMN or DMN+3MC for 15 weeks. On the other hand, decrease of DMN-demethylase activity in the liver of rats throughout most of the experimental period was apparent and, after an initial small increase at 7 weeks, there was a trend of decreasing AHH activity from 7 toward 25 weeks with DMN+3MC; the 7-week increase in AHH was moreover compensated by the large increases in the activity of the three detoxifying enzymes, epoxide hydrase, glutathione S-epoxide transferase, and UDP-glucuronyl transferase at the same period. The data suggest that the previously observed pulmonary syncarcinogenesis between 3MC and DMN in rats (Hoch-Ligeti et al. 1968) is probably due to increase of reactive metabolites of both 3MC and DMN. In the mouse liver, a combination of initial increase of epoxide hydrase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity at 5 weeks, together with decrease of AHH activity at 10 weeks, suggests a decrease of activated hydrocarbon metabolites available for binding to macromolecules. While AHH activity showed a strongly decreasing trend in the mouse lung, increases of 21%, 30%, and 113% in DMN-demethylase activity were observed after the mice were given 3MC, DMN, or DMN+3MC, respectively, for 10 weeks. The pulmonary syncarcinogenic effect of 3MC and DMN in mice (Cardesa et al. 1973; Argus et al. 1982) appears to be due primarily to increase of reactive metabolite(s) of DMN. The data are consistent with previous observations (Arcos et al. 1978) that activated metabolites originating from liver are unlikely to be contributors in DMN+3MC pulmonary syncarcinogenesis.
PROPAGATION MATRICES FROM THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Optimization of action integrals is suggested as an alternative to initial value algorithms for the study of time-evolving quantum systems. The finite element method provides a convenient and rapidly convergent scheme for some simple cases where analytical solutions are available. Two level systems are given particular attention.
Improving lattice perturbation theory.

Lepage and Mackenzie have shown that tadpole renormalization and a systematic improvement of lattice perturbation theory can lead to vastly improved numerical results in lattice gauge theory. It is shown that lattice perturbation theory using the Cayley parametrization of unitary matrices gives a simple analytical approach to tadpole renormalization, and that the Cayley parametrization gives lattice gauge potentials gauge transformations close to the continuum form. For example, at the lowest order in perturbation theory, for SU(3) lattice gauge theory, at {beta}=6, the {open_quote}{open_quote}tadpole renormalized{close_quote}{close_quote} coupling {tilde {ital g}}{sup 2}=4/3{ital g}{sup 2}, to be compared to the nonperturbative numerical value {tilde {ital g}}{sup 2}=1.7{ital g}{sup 2}. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Hot new virus, deep connections

Biologists of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries—call them natural historians—somehow got along without PCR, chip technology, mass spectrometry, or high-speed computers. From our vantage point in the 21st century we may wonder how our scientific ancestors, lacking our sophisticated tools, could have accomplished anything that we would recognize as forward progress in understanding how biology works. Yet they were in the enviable position that much of their biological world was completely unexplored; all they had to do to make a name for themselves was step out of their home habitat, usually Europe, and with a little luck they might find a new and wonderful organism, unlike anything previously known to science. Many examples of such discoveries can be cited (cycads, duck-billed platypuses, giant tortoises, Komodo dragons, and animalcules among them) and, in the most successful cases (think of Mr. Darwin), the new creature(s) dramatically enhanced our understanding of the structure and history of the biological world as a whole. Fortunately for the excitement quotient of modern-day natural historians, Mother Nature's reservoir of undiscovered bizarre and wonderful organisms is not yet empty, and a new one makes the transition from unknown to known with the report by Rice et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS. The new entry is a virus plucked from the near-boiling water of a thermal pool in Yellowstone National Park, and it is every bit as interesting to 21st century science as something like the Galapagos marine iguana (Fig. 1 A ) was to European science when it first came on the stage a few centuries ago. The new virus's host is the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus sulfataricus , which grows happily at temperatures above 80°C and a pH of 2. Very few viruses of Archaea have been described to date [they amount to <1% of the viruses …
Glacial Exhumation of Impact Craters on the Canadian Shield

A recently published theory of deep glacial erosion of the Canadian Shield (White, 1972) is shown to be consistent with the present distribution of Phanerozoic impact craters on the shield. The anomalous preservation of early Phanerozoic craters on a Precambrian surface can be explained by assuming: (1) that an impact crater can be preserved over hundreds of millions of years only if it forms on a stable area and is soon buried below sediments, and (2) that the sedimentary layers covering the shield craters were only recently removed by Pleistocene glacial erosion. This erosional history carries the implication of a particular relation between size, age, and location of the shield craters. Although the data on the craters are insufficient to statistically choose between White9s theory and the traditional view of glacial erosion, the pattern implied by White9s theory is not definitely violated by any of the 14 known craters. Using this theory, the lack of craters from the first and last 100-m.y. periods of the Phanerozoic can be attributed to erosional processes, and evidence for variation in the rate of infall of meteorites onto the earth is indicated only for one anomalous period some 350 m.y. ago. This analysis will be proved correct or not as further impact craters are discovered and dated, for it presents a consistent theory of crater preservation on the earth that prohibits, for example, the presence of small Paleozoic craters on Precambrian shield areas not exposed to Pleistocene glaciation. Independent support of White9s theory would be provided by the success of this analysis and would indicate that determining the terrestrial rate of impact cratering will be very difficult.
Invasive breast cancer incidence trends by detailed race/ethnicity and age

Racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer incidence may contain important evidence for understanding and control of the disease. Monitoring the incidence trends of breast cancer by race/ethnicity allows identification of high risk groups and development of targeted prevention programs. Using population-based cancer registry data from the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program, we examined the invasive female breast cancer incidence trends among the diverse racial/ethnic populations in Los Angeles County, California, from 1972 to 2007. Age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) and age-specific incidence rates (ASIRs) were calculated and examined respectively for non-Hispanic (NH) white, black, Hispanic, Chinese, Filipina, Japanese and Korean women by calendar year and time period. Rising trends of AAIRs were found in all racial/ethnic groups during the 1980s and 1990s. The breast cancer risk increased more substantially in Japanese and Filipinas than in Chinese and Koreans. During 2000-2007, the trends of AAIRs declined significantly among NH white women and slightly in blacks, remained unchanged for Hispanics and continued to rise significantly among all Asian subgroups. The patterns of ASIRs by race/ethnicity changed dramatically over time. By 2000-2007, younger Hispanic women had the lowest breast cancer risk, replacing the Chinese and Koreans who formerly had the lowest risk. Rapidly increasing breast cancer incidence trends among Asian-Americans underline the importance of behavioral and lifestyle changes as a result of acculturation on the development of the disease. The unique trends of breast cancer incidence by race/ethnicity suggest the need for targeted breast cancer control programs for different racial/ethnic populations.
Aerobic and anaerobic contributions to sustained activity in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract In conditions of declining water PO2, Xenopus obtains the majority of resting oxygen needs from lung breathing at 15° and 25°C. The critical oxygen tension was 120 ± 9 m Hg at 15°C, and 90 ± 10 m Hg at 25°C. During 30 min stimulation of activity to complete exhaustion at 15°C, frogs exhibited an aerobic capacity of 1.7 μl O2·g−1·h−1 and accumulated 2.22 mg lactate · g−1. Following activity these animals exhibited an oxygen of debt 49.2 μl O2·g−1. At 25°C, Xe nopus had an aerobic capacity of 16.1 μl O2·g−1 and accumulated 1.94 mg lactate · g−1. Following activity, 25°C frogs exhibited an oxygen debt of 261.9 μl O2·g−1. Thus at 15°C, Xenopus acquires 85% of the ATP used during a bout of sustained exhaustive activity from anaerobic sources, and 98% at 25°C. Recovery from exhaustive activity was complete after 5 h at 25°C and 9 h at 15°C. Comparison of these data with those of other amphibians stimulated to sustained activity suggests that aquatic amphibians can tolerate a larger lactate load than can terrestrial forms.
Volt-current characteristics for tunneling through insulating films

Abstract Previous theory is extended by including the temperature dependence and image force correction and by a careful consideration of the electron energy ranges which give the main contribution to the tunnel current. The effects on the volt-current characteristic of a non-parabolic energy momentum relation in the insulator, and a conduction-band-edge effective electron mass in the insulator which differs from that in the outer metal layers, have both been derived. The published experimental dependence of the tunnel current on voltage and temperature, for Al-Al2O3-Al sandwiches, is in reasonable agreement with the theory if the effective electron mass in the insulator is about a quarter of the free electron mass and the metal-insulator work function, for a 48 A thick film, is about 1.1 eV. Contrary to previous theory, it is predicted that the deviations (by about five per cent) from the zero temperature and zero bias ohmic resistance will occur for temperatures in excess of about 150°K and voltages in excess of about 0.1 V.
Unsteady Aspects of Lean Premixed Prevaporized Gas Turbine Combustors: Flame-Flame Interactions

This work quantifies several sources of unsteadiness that exist within a Lean PremixedPrevaporized (LPP) gas turbine combustor that was operated at elevated pressures using Jet-A fuel. Flame-flame interactions and shear layer vortex shedding, which can be sources of combustion instabilities, are quantified with PIV and PLIF diagnostics. Flame-flame interactions occur because LPP aircraft combustors employ a premixed Main flame that is anchored by the non-premixed Pilot flame. The measured degree of unsteadiness is the standard deviation of: a) flame surface density, b) flame length, c) vorticity in shear layer, and d) recirculation zone size. The flame surface density profile was broad, indicating that large flame motions occur. Flame length increases non-linearly with fuel flowrate. Intense vortices in the shear layer are more than twice the average vorticity, indicating the need for unsteady modeling. Chamber pressure and liquid fuel flow rates were varied. Velocity fields for the five reacting cases were similar but they differed from the two non-reacting cases. Heat release causes the recirculation zone shape to change from ellipsoidal (for the reacting cases) to toroidal (for the non-reacting cases). Methods were developed to image Jet-A spray flames at 3 atm. using formaldehyde fluorescence.
Contribution of gas phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds to atmospheric carbon monoxide levels in two areas of the United States

[1] Three-dimensional modeling studies have been performed to investigate the short-timescale photochemical generation of carbon monoxide (CO) on a regional basis in two very distinct areas of the United States: New England (mixed biogenic and anthropogenic influence) and the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB, dominated by anthropogenic influence) of California. For the New England study, the Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (CACM) was incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality model and applied to 3–4 August 2004. For the SoCAB, CACM was applied to 8–9 September 1993 using the California Institute of Technology three-dimensional regional atmospheric model. Results indicate that in each location, on a relative scale, the photochemical generation of CO is responsible for less than 10% (3–9% for the eastern United States and approximately 1% in the SoCAB) of the total simulated mixing ratio for the respective dates based on domain-wide, calendar-based 24-hour averages. In the eastern United States, simulations indicate that isoprene is the major volatile organic compound (VOC) source for CO and that VOC oxidation can lead to up to approximately 20 parts per billion by volume (ppb) of CO in New England. In the SoCAB, anthropogenic short-chain alkenes lead to the greatest amount of photochemical CO generation; VOC oxidation in its entirety can lead to up to approximately 45 ppb of photochemically generated CO in the SoCAB. Therefore studies on the regional scale that use CO as a marker of primary combustion emissions may overestimate the importance of primary emissions, depending on location and time.
Names on the Net, e-mail in court, and trade secrets for hire

The registration policy for domain names on the Internet began simply enough: first come, first served. This policy worked fine until recently when the number of commercial forces-addresses ending with ".com"-skyrocketed. In just the past year, .com registrations have shot up from 18,000 to more than 82,000. As a result, disputes have mushroomed between companies with registered names and those holding trademarks to the same names. Network Solutions, a private corporation funded by the National Science Foundation to manage the Internet registry for domain names, got caught in the middle of the fracas. Although e-mail is today's most efficient means of communication, this very efficiency could become a liability. A case is discussed which highlights the importance of e-mail records as evidence in court actions. Computer companies, perhaps more than others, are subject to key personnel being lured away by competitors. This competition stems from the great value attached to technical skills. It is usually legal to attempt to hire a competitor's employees. Accordingly, "raiding" other companies' employees is permissible, as unfair as it might seem to the victim company. Although raiding is legal, restrictions on trade secret misappropriation still apply. To maximize protection, companies susceptible to losing employees to competitors should implement the methods discussed in this article.
GILS metadata initiatives at the state level

Abstract Metadata has emerged as a tool for providing access and managing information resources in Government Information Locator Services (GILS) in several states. Various metadata schemes have developed, building on efforts in the federal government, library, and information science communities. Methods of metadata application include incorporation into the resources, metadata wrappers, and development of repositories to store metadata separate from the resources it describe. Metadata use is also developing as a strategy for preservation of resources. Developments in RDF, XML and Z39.50 may provide means for integrating diverse metadata-based resources. At the same time, developments outside the GILS community offer alternatives that have potential to inform or replace GILS as a method of citizen access to government information.
Effect of Glucose on Fatty Acid Uptake and Oxidation by Bone Marrow Cells from Guinea-pigs

IN their investigations of the fat composition and in vitro oxygen consumption of marrow from fed and fasted rabbits, Evans et al.1 observed a respiratory quotient of 0.85 for marrow cell suspensions incubated in the absence of glucose but in the presence of all the fatty material of whole marrow. The authors were unable to detect any uptake of fatty acid by the marrow cells and concluded that saturated fats were probably not degraded in the marrow for the production of local energy. In the work recorded here we have re-examined the question of in vitro uptake and oxidation of fatty acid by bone marrow cells. Our results indicate that fatty acid is taken up and oxidized by washed bone marrow cells suspended in a medium containing 5 per cent albumin as a carrier for fatty acid. Furthermore, we have found that glucose exerts a considerable influence on the rate of uptake and oxidation of fatty acid.
Thermodynamics of coal-derived fluids. 3. VLE and heat capacities of coal liquid fractions

Abstract A previously developed thermodynamic model for vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) properties of coal-derived liquids has been successfully revised and extended to compute calorimetric properties of these liquids. The revised model, which is based on the modified UNIFAC correlation, predicts accurately the phase coexistence and calorimetric properties of low-temperature fractions (b.p.
The transient performance of servomechanisms with derivative and integral control

THE utility of servomechanisms in their many applications depends on the speed, stability, and accuracy of their responses. These three characteristics, or the lack of them, may be observed in the responses of a servomechanism to test inputs. The error, which is the difference between the input and the output of the device, is used to actuate the control in a direction which tends to remove the error. In order to achieve the best performance under both transient and equilibrium conditions, it often has been found expedient to employ, as an additional correction signal, either the derivative or the time integral of the error, or both. The servomechanism is then said to have derivative and/or integral control. The present paper reports an investigation of the transient performance of low-order, linear servomechanisms with derivative and integral control.
Localization of the mean-field superconducting order parameter on random wire networks

Studies of the magnetic-field dependence of the mean-field transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(H) of square superconducting wire networks from which bonds have been removed randomly reveal a washing out of the cusps in the phase boundary curve with decreasing bond occupation probability p. These results are consistent with computations implying localization of the mean-field superconducting order parameter.
Policies and outcomes for control of influenza among the elderly in the USA.

Abstract For about 20 years official recommendations have been made to provide influenza vaccine to elderly persons in the USA because they are at high risk of complications if infected during epidemics. Residents of homes for the aged (Nursing Homes) are of particular concern and we have studied this subgroup in greater detail than before. A prospectively organized surveillance programme of about 7000 residents of more than 65 homes in several states indicated that vaccination rates varied from about 9 to 98%, with the average about 60%. Biases in vaccinating residents according to age and medical condition were not detected. Vaccine use was greatest when the policy of the homes was to administer vaccine without requesting consent of relatives. In separate studies of influenza A(H3N2) outbreaks in homes for the elderly during 1982/83, influenza vaccine was found to reduce influenza-associated mortality by about 75% although febrile respiratory illness rates were reduced less than 50%. The frequency of outbreaks was lowest in homes having fewest residents, and highest vaccination rates. Professional Educational Programmes are now being developed to assist homes for the elderly to improve the organization of their influenza vaccination activities in an attempt to further reduce influenza mortality.
Axon end-bulb swellings and rapid retrograde degeneration after retinal lesions in young animals.

Abstract After making a lesion of the retina, anterograde (Wallerian) and retrograde degeneration of optic axons occurred more rapidly in newborn mice than in adults. Axon sprouting occurred only in adult mice, perhaps because retrograde degeneration may have been too rapid and severe for sprouting to occur in newborns. Retinal lesions in mice of any age produced end-bulb swellings initially on both sides of the lesion. In all animals, dense packing of lysosomes and other organelles occurred in end-bulbs on the side of Wallerian degeneration but did not occur in end-bulbs on the retrograde side, where accumulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum was the most characteristic change. Retrograde end-bulbs appeared much like growth cones, which sprouted in adults, but degenerated in younger animals. Continuing daily enlargement of endbulb swellings was noted on the Wallerian side of lesions in adults, but not in newborns. Such enlargement is believed to have resulted from retrograde axoplasmic transport and suggests that such transport may be greater in adults than in newborns.
VISCOUS AND NONVISCOUS NONEQUILIBRIUM NOZZLE FLOWS

Two-dimensional or axially symmetric hypersonic gas flows with coupled, finite-rate chemical reactions are considered. The effects of reacting boundary layers over catalytic and noncatalytic walls are included. The equations of Wood and Kirkwood, with the simplifying assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, are integrated in a finite-difference procedure for the in viscid flow fields. The boundary-layer formulation is similar to that of Fay and Riddell, Lees, and Scala, except that local similarity is assumed over the full length of the surface being considered, and several chemical species may be considered. Both catalytic and noncatalytic wall effects are considered. Sample calculations are carried out for air (five chemical species), using Wray's reaction rates, for the flow in a hypersonic nozzle with boundary layer. a b d Cp° Co Nomenclature = coefficients of the forward and reverse rate constants, jth reaction • spacing of points along data line, inviscid calculation step size, inviscid calculation mass fraction, iih species = frozen specific heat at constant pressure = frozen speed of sound = binary diffusion coefficient, iih species Ejf,Ef = forward and reverse activation energies, jth reaction F = Gibb's free energy /' = ratio of local to freestream velocity (boundary layer) Q± = slopes of right and left running characteristics g = ratio of local to freestream stagnation enthalpy (boundary layer) H = stagnation enthalpy h = enthalpy of mixture hi = enthalpy (including heat of formation), iih species / = number of chemical species ki = catalytic wall recombination rate constant, ith atomic species fcj.eq = equilibrium constant, jth reaction kjf,kjr = forward and reverse reaction rate constants, jth reaction N = number of chemical elements Pr = Prandtl number
Characterizations and continuity properties for maximal monotone operators with non-empty domain interior

Abstract In the context of general Banach spaces, characterizations for the maximal monotonicity of operators with non-empty domain interior as well as stronger continuity properties of such operators are provided.
A comparison of the alpha‐ and beta‐characteristic functions in cooperative non‐sidepayment n‐person games 1

This article reports a test of theories of payoff allocation in n‐person game‐theoretic systems. An experimental study was conducted to test the relative predictive accuracy of three solution concepts (imputation set, stable set, core) in the context of 4‐person, 2‐strategy non‐sidepayment games. Predictions from each of the three solution concepts were computed on the basis of both α‐effectiveness (von Neumann‐Morgenstern) and β‐effectiveness (Aumann), making a total of six predictive theories under test. Two important results emerged. First, the data show that the g‐imputation set was more accurate than the a‐imputation set, the β‐stable set was more accurate than the α‐stable set, and the (3‐core was more accurate than the α‐core; in other words, for each of the solutions tested, the prediction from any solution concept based on (β‐effectiveness was more accurate than the prediction from the same solution based on a‐effectiveness. Second, the β‐core was the most accurate of the six theories tested. Res...
Pertussis immunisation in adolescents and adults – Bordetella pertussis epidemiology should guide vaccination recommendations

Pertussis, or whooping cough, is an infectious disease that is caused by Bordetella pertussis, affects all age groups and is vaccine preventable. Recently, an increase in reported cases of pertussis in adolescents and adults has been noted in many countries despite high immunisation rates in children. Today pertussis outnumbers all other paediatric vaccine-preventable diseases in some countries. This observation can best be explained by an increased awareness of the disease, the availability of new diagnostic tests and, perhaps, suboptimal efficacy of some pertussis vaccines. In general, B. pertussis infections in adolescents and adults are of concern as they are the most important source of transmission of B. pertussis infections to young, unprotected infants. Many studies with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis component combination vaccines, specifically designed for use in adolescents and adults, have been performed and excellent tolerability and immunogenicity have been demonstrated. With the availability of two such products, booster doses in adolescents have been introduced in Canada, Austria, Australia, France, Germany and the US, and many other countries are considering similar expansion of their immunisation programmes at present. In addition, universal immunisation of adults (Austria, every 10 years) or targeting high risk groups (e.g., parents of newborns and other care-givers to children; Germany) have been recommended. If lifelong regular booster doses against pertussis were to be recommended and universal implementation was obtained, the authors believe that the morbidity of pertussis and its spread to infants can be dramatically reduced, and it is possible that the circulation of B. pertussis could be eliminated.
La retórica de la herida: cuerpo y revolución en La muerte de Artemio Cruz

Nos dice el autor que Paul Valery en su ensayo “Reflexion simple sur le corps” desmonta la nocion total del cuerpo unico y propone en su lugar una triple corporalidad. El primer cuerpo es “mi cuerpo”, la masa asimetrica que la vista alcanza a ver y no tiene pasado sino que es una presencia que se vive en presente. El segundo cuerpo es la envoltura uniforme que ven los demas y la que me devuelve el espejo y las fotos. El tercero es el cuerpo anatomico, carente de unidad, oculto a los ojos y que solo la medicina nos da a conocer. Estas tres corporalidades corresponden a las tres epocas vitales de Artemio Cruz: la juventud revolucionaria, la madurez poderosa y la decadencia de la vejez y la enfermedad.
A Temperature Algorithm for Modifying Biological Rates

Abstract An algorithm for modifying biological rates as a function of temperature has been developed using the basic form of the logistic equation. Versions of this basic algorithm are then used to modify growth, respiration, and mortality rates as a function of four characteristic temperatures.
In Vitro Effect of Tobacco on the Growth of Oral Cariogenic Streptococci

Use of chewing tobacco and snuff is increasing rapidly. The evidence of high sugar content in these products indicates that they may be involved in the initiation of caries. This study examines whether the sugars found in smokeless tobacco products can stimulate the growth of streptococci.
Volume transport and property distributions of the Mozambique Channel

Abstract We summarize previous estimates of volume transport and property distributions through the Mozambique Channel and offer additional estimates and measurements based on recently acquired hydrographic and float data. Previously published property distributions are consistent with southward spreading through the Channel. Waters of the Mozambique Channel are characterized by shallow and intermediate oxygen minima separated by a relative maximum. Based on hydrographic sections, the intermediate maximum in dissolved oxygen is seen to decrease in value as it spreads southward. The highest values are found in the westward flow of the South Equatorial Current just north of Madagascar and within the western 200 km of the Channel. Similarly, oxygen concentrations at the intermediate oxygen minimum, which derives from the Arabian Sea, increase southwards, while its depth increases from 900 to 1100 m, supporting previous studies and indicating southward spreading and mixing along the Mozambique Channel. Historical transports based on hydrographic data in the Channel vary from 5 Sv northward to 26 Sv southward depending on reference level and time of the year. Balancing transport below 2500 m (the sill depth in the Channel), we estimate the net southward transports above this depth to be 29.1 and 5.9 Sv for the northern and southern sections, respectively—the difference is presumably related to seasonality and eddy variability superimposed on the mean flow. Individual deep float trajectories show the presence of many eddies, but the overall flow in the channel is southward, and broadly consistent with hydrography. Model outputs also show mean southward transport with considerable seasonal variability. Satellite data show high variability in sea surface height anomalies and high eddy kinetic energy associated with eddy activity. Although the geostrophic transport values are consistent with the historical limits, the lowered ADCP measurements suggest a substantial barotropic component to the flow. Direct long-term measurements of the current are needed to quantify its magnitude and variability.
Warranting investigation of primary lung adenocarcinoma in patients with an extrapulmonary malignancy and lung nodules due to high frequency.

In the United States, there was an estimated 228,000 new cases of lung cancer and 159,500 deaths in 2012.1 In males, lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and the leading cause of death, whereas in females, lung cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths.2 Adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic type of lung cancer, accounting for nearly 40% of all lung cancers. The lung is also the organ that is most frequently involved by metastatic malignancies, with an incidence of 20% to 54% of nonpulmonary solid malignancies.3 When patients have an extrapulmonary malignancy (EPM) and lung nodules, a question is raised as to the origin of the tumor (eg, metastatic vs primary). In patients with adenocarcinoma, distinction of a second primary lung adenocarcinoma (PLA) from metastatic adenocarcinoma (MA) in a patient with a history of extrapulmonary adenocarcinoma (EPA) is critical for several reasons. First, it affects tumor staging (M1 for MA vs T1–T3 for PLA). Second, a correct diagnosis affects the choice of treatment (possible resection for PLA vs chemotherapy and/or radiation for MA). Finally, an accurate diagnosis has prognostic significance. It is critical to establish a correct diagnosis of PLA vs MA before initiating therapy. However, it can be challenging to make this distinction based on cytomorphology of a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and/or histomorphology of a needle core biopsy (NCB). Thus, more sensitive and specific biomarkers would advance our management of EPM presenting with a solitary pulmonary nodule. Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) is considered a reliable marker for PLA, with high sensitivity (75%–82%) and specificity (89%–91%).4,5 Because approximately 20% of PLAs are immunonegative for TTF-1, there is a need for additional markers for PLA. Napsin A, an aspartic proteinase involved in the maturation of the surfactant protein B, has high specificity (88%–100%) and similar sensitivity (58%–80%) in detecting PLA as TTF-1.4,5 Combining TTF-1 and napsin A stains has been proposed to achieve higher sensitivity and specificity (95%) for diagnosing PLA with a greater diagnostic accuracy.4,5 The double staining of TTF-1 (nuclear) and napsin A (cytoplasmic) achieves excellent accuracy in small specimens while conserving the tissue for potential predictive marker testing, which is now an essential consideration in advanced lung cancer specimens.6 However, it is unclear whether this TTF-1/napsin A staining strategy is beneficial in establishing a diagnosis of PLA in patients with EPM who have a pulmonary nodule. In this study, we evaluated the clinical utility of TTF-1 and napsin A immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in distinguishing primary from metastatic lung adenocarcinoma among 116 patients with EPM and 88 patients with PLA without EPM (PLA-WOEPM). We also investigated the frequency of PLA in patients with a history of EPA who have a new lung nodule.
Wavelet domain detection of rust in steel bridge images

This paper describes the detection of rust defects on highway steel bridges, which are one of the most commonly observed defects on coating surfaces and thus have to be taken care of appropriately since they severely affect the structural integrity of bridges. A rust defect assessment method is presented that automatically detects the percentage of rust in a given digital image of bridge surface taken from a conventional digital camera. A training and detection algorithm is implemented to classify a given block of the image as rust or non-rust. The results of the algorithm are analyzed for its efficiency and possible optimization techniques are suggested.
Nutrigenomics in cardiovascular medicine.

Received July 2, 2009; accepted October 2, 2009. Nutrigenomics represents a suitable approach to cardiovascular medicine, potentially enabling both, better prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through optimization of individuals’ dietary intakes. However, nutrigenomics is still developing its research methodology and learning from its achievements and its shortcomings. Its foundations have been laid, allowing us to validate its theoretical basis and, from there, to pursue research aimed to obtain a higher level of scientific evidence needed for its effective translation to clinical practice. This review discusses these aspects and summarizes the literature pertaining to gene-diet interactions related to intermediate and final CVD phenotypes. Despite their multifactorial complexity, CVD have been the group of diseases in which most progress has been made on the knowledge of their genetic risk factors, both in identifying candidate genes through the classic approach based on the protein function and through the recent genome-wide association studies. Current knowledge regarding CVD genetic factors is summarized in several recent reviews.1–5 This has been possible due to the previous characterization of multiple intermediate phenotypes linked to those diseases, among which are plasma lipid concentrations, plasma glucose and related parameters, markers of inflammation and endothelial damage, oxidative stress, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and even phenotypes obtained by means of noninvasive imaging techniques such as measuring the intima-media thickness of artery walls.6,7 The relative ease of measuring these intermediate phenotypes and the specific understanding of them as risk factors has allowed many studies to be carried out aimed at identifying gene and genetic variants related to each of them and so obtaining a more detailed knowledge of the numerous genes involved in the final phenotypes of CVD (ie, coronary heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and peripheral CVD). Despite the spectacular advances made over recent decades in the discovery of …
Risk of gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancers and other cancers: a comparison of treatment with pantoprazole and other proton pump inhibitors.

SummaryBackground Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been shown to be carcinogenic in rodent studies. Aim As part of a long-term post-marketing surveillance study requested by the US Food and Drug Administration, to compare incidence rates of gastric and other cancers after sustained exposures to pantoprazole, a long-acting PPI, compared with other shorter acting PPIs. Methods We conducted a cohort study within the membership of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California healthcare system and compared rates of gastric and other cancers among pantoprazole users and users of other PPI medications. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to adjust for potential confounders such as sex, age, receipt of treatment for Helicobacter pylori, cumulative PPI dose, total years PPI treatment and year of index date. The study was developed in consultation with, and approved by, the FDA. Results A total of 61 684 persons with at least a 240-day supply of medication (34 178 pantoprazole and 27 686 other PPIs) were followed up for a total of 547 020 person-years (274 700 vs. 272 321 person-years, respectively). The primary analyses demonstrated comparable risks between the pantoprazole and other PPI groups for gastric cancer [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.68, 95% CI 0.24–1.93); colorectal, liver, pancreatic, or small bowel cancers (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.65–1.40) or any cancer (HR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.93–1.21). Conclusions We found no evidence that pantoprazole, a longer acting PPI, compared with shorter-acting agents, conferred an excess risk of gastric cancer, other gastrointestinal cancers or all cancers for pantoprazole compared with other shorter-acting PPIs.
Mycoplasma isolates from primary cell cultures and human diploid cell strains.

SummaryMycoplasmas were isolated from “uninoculated” cultures of human diploid cell strain (HDCS) WI-26, and primary cultures of African green monkey kidney and chick embryo. These 3 Wistar mycoplasma strains were characterized by their ability to produce CPE in cultures of HEK, GMK, CE, and HDCS; ferment sugars; and cause beta hemolysis of guinea pig erythrocytes. HDCS cultures subcultured routinely after infection with these strains could not be propagated for their usual finite life span and “early senescence” occurred 10 to 20 passages before that in uninoculated control cultures. Complement fixation and growth inhibition studies revealed that these mycoplasma strains were serologically similar to each other, if not identical, and were related to the unclassified GDL strain of Butler and Leach (14). However, the Wistar strains were not related to the known human prototypes of mycoplasmas nor to 16 animal serotypes for which standard typing reagents were available.Though the source is still obscure, th...
Geolipid, pollen and diaton stratigraphy in postglacial lacustrine sediments

As part of our continuing investigation of specific compounds as organic matter indicators in lake bottoms, we have examined geolipids, pollen and diatoms in sediments from different periods in the postglacial history of Heart Lake, New York. Sediment core sections representing the major watershed vegetation periods were extracted for unbound and bound fatty acids, hydrocarbons and alcohols. Fatty acids constitute most of the extracted material. Minor decreases in unsaturated acids with depth indicate little degradation of organic matter in these sediments. The dominant unbound n-alkanoic acid in the core sections is either Cz2 or C24, but bound fractions contain few long chain acids and are dominated by n-Cry,. Nearly all the hydrocarbons are found in the unbound fraction. The ratio of C2,/C~7 n-alkanes increases from the bottom of the core to near the top as watershed forests have matured and lake productivity has diminished, but drops since European settlement of the region. Organic degradation in this lake bottom is mild, and input indicators appear to be well preserved.
Eruptive dermatosis papulosa nigra as a possible sign of internal malignancy

A 42-year-old black woman presented with dermatosis papulosa nigra lesions of 15 years' duration. Coincident with the diagnosis of symptomatic iron-deficiency anemia about 1 year ago, she reported an "explosion" in number and size of the lesions progressing from her face to her trunk and arms. Physical examination revealed numerous 1-5-mm, black, smooth, verrucous papules predominantly on the forehead, malar region of the face, neck, and upper trunk (Figs 1 and 2). The lesions on the back were situated in a "Christmas tree" pattern and included two 1-cm papules. She had multiple 1-mm papules on the upper arms. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of dermatosis papulosa nigra, showing parakeratosis, acanthosis, hyperpigmentation, thick interwoven tracts of epithelial cells, and horn cysts. Given the eruptive nature of her disease, the possibility of an underlying malignancy was entertained. Six weeks later, she went to the emergency room for severe weakness; a colonoscopy revealed an ascending colon adenocarcinoma with a negative metastatic work-up.
Cultural Adaptation to Danger and the Safety of Commercial Oceanic Fishermen

This article describes the psycho-cultural adaptation to danger and its effect on safety practices among New England fishers. Denial and trivialization are common mechanisms used in coping with the dangers associated with their occupation. Examining concordance between Coast Guard data and fishers' accounts allows for the evaluation of the fishers' understandings about actual causes of fishing vessel accidents. Additionally, the article uses sociocultural correlations of variance in risk assessment to identify the types of fishers at high risk levels.
Photovoltaic technology, applications and market

This paper describes photovoltaic systems (PV modules, batteries, power conditioning, generators, and pumps) and discusses the photovoltaic markets including on-grid, off grid and water pumping applications.
High resolution analysis of the timing of replication of specific DNA sequences during S phase of mammalian cells

Abstract A new method, utilizing selective photodegradation of 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BUdR)-substituted DNA and flow cytometry, has been developed for analyzing the timing of replication of specific DNA sequences. Chemically synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells were given a pulse of the deoxythymidine analogue, BUdR, at different times during S phase, and flow sorted according to DNA content, before DNA isolation. Newly-replicated, unifilarly BUdR-substituted DNA was selectively degraded by treatment with 33258 Hoechst plus near UV light followed by S1 nuclease digestion; the resistant DNA was analyzed for its content of 18s and 28s rDNA or dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) sequences via Southern blot analysis. Both the rDNA and DHFR sequences were found to replicate almost entirely during the first quarter of S phase. The approach described should have general utility for analyzing replication kinetics of specific DNA sequences in mammalian cells.
The Causal Structure of Situations: The Generation of Plausible Causal Attributions as a Function of Type of Event Situation

Abstract The causal structures for each of four types of situations—interpersonal failure, noninterpersonal failure, interpersonal success, and noninterpersonal success—were explored and compared. A first group of subjects generated plausible causes for five specific situations in each of the four general types of situations. A second group of subjects provided similarity data on these causes, which were used in a cluster analysis of the causes. A third group of subjects rated the generated causes on each of six dimensions reported in the attribution literature: changeability, locus, stability, intentionality, globality, and controllability. Analyses of the clusters of causes and the ratings revealed (a) different types of causes were generated for different types of situations, (b) different types of situations led people to generate causes that differ in dimensional location, (c) the various causal dimensions were highly intercorrelated. These findings were applied to A. W. Kruglanski's (Psychological Review, 1980 , 87) model of attribution processes. In addition, implications for the study of interpersonal situations and for the cognition-motivation debate over “self-serving” bias in attribution were discussed. Finally, several methodological issues were examined.
Neurotrophin and Trk expression by cells of the human lamina cribrosa following oxygen-glucose deprivation

Background Ischemia within the optic nerve head (ONH) may contribute to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Ischemia has been reported to increase neurotrophin and high affinity Trk receptor expression by CNS neurons and glial cells. We have previously demonstrated neurotrophin and Trk expression within the lamina cribrosa (LC) region of the ONH. To determine if ischemia alters neurotrophin and Trk protein expression in cells from the human LC, cultured LC cells and ONH astrocytes were exposed to 48 hours of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Also cells were exposed to 48 hours of OGD followed by 24 hours of recovery in normal growth conditions. Cell number, neurotrophin and Trk receptor protein expression, neurotrophin secretion, and Trk receptor activation were examined.
Uncovering the mystery of trust in an online social network

Trust is a hidden fabric of online social networks (OSNs) that enables online interactions, e.g., online transactions on Ebay. The fundamental properties of trust in OSNs, however, have not been adequately studied yet. In this work, we advance the understanding of trust in OSNs by analyzing the Advogato dataset [1]. We study the properties of direct trust, indirect trust, and trust community detection in Advogato. We found that 1) the trust between users are asymmetric, 2) high degree users are usually associated with high trust, 3) diversity in people's opinions on the same person will affect indirect trust inference, 4) users live in many separate “small small worlds” from the perspective of trust and it is difficult to identify these “small small worlds” with existing random walk-based community detection algorithms, e.g., ACL [2]. It in fact motivates the need for a new community detection algorithm to identify clusters of user connected by trustful relations. Although our findings are from a specific OSN, they can significantly impact how OSNs are designed and configured in the future, e.g., a better user crowdsourcing setting based on trust information.