cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of Middle‐Level Managers’ Entrepreneurial Behavior

Middle–level managers’ entrepreneurial behavior is linked to successful corporate entrepreneurship. Herein, we integrate knowledge about corporate entrepreneurship and middle–level managers’ behavi...
Differential clearance of nitroxide MRI contrast agents from rat cerebral ventricles

Abstract Seven stable nitroxides have been evaluated as contrast agents in MRI studies of the rat cerebroventrictdar system. Because the contrast enhancement is primarily confined to the cerebral ventricles, n1troxides can be used to examine the ventricular stricture. On the other hand, based on the absence of reducing agents in the rat CSF and on the fact that nitroxides can be reduced intracellularly, the relative reduction In contrast subsequent to an intracerebral injection provides information on the relationship of chemical structure to transmembrane flux in vivo. Observed rate constants and rate constants due to reduction have been analyzed quantitatively by modeling the effects of flow with GdDTPA, which is not subject to reduction. Five-membered ring nitroxides, in general, were reduced at much slower rates than six-membered ring nitroxides. The presence of a positive charge in the structure can substantially slow down the transmembrane flux.
Guanine binding of a cytotoxic platinum-acridin-9-ylthiourea conjugate monitored by 1-D 1H and 2-D [1H,15N] NMR spectroscopy: hydrolysis is not the rate-determining step.

Abstract The reaction of [PtCl(en)(ACRAMTU)](NO 3 ) 2 (PT-ACRAMTU, 1 ; ACRAMTU = 1-[2-(acridin-9-ylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dimethylthiourea, en = ethane-1,2-diamine) and the [ 15 N]-en labeled analogue, 1 ′, with 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG) was studied by 1 H NMR and two-dimensional [ 1 H, 15 N] HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) spectroscopy. Reactions were performed in phosphate buffered solution at 37 °C at various ratios and total concentrations of reactants. The 1 H NMR data suggest that the hydrolyzed form of the drug, [Pt(H 2 O)(en)(ACRAMTU)] 3+ ( 1a ), forms at a rate ( k 1 ) similar to that observed in classical platinum chloroam(m)ines but to only a minor extent (∼15%). Attempts to detect and characterize 1 ′ a by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, however, were unsuccessful, and 1 ′ and dG ∗ were the only species observed in the HSQC spectra. Reaction of the putative aqua intermediate 1a with dG to yield [Pt(en)(dG-N7)(ACRAMTU)] 3+ (dG ∗ ) is slow and is highly dependent on the initial concentrations of the reactants. This unusual observation is consistent with a mechanism in which a second-order term becomes rate-determining ( k 2 k 1 ) (the opposite situation is usually observed in cisplatin-type complexes). The possibility of direct substitution of chloride in 1 by dG-N7 ( k 3 ) and the implications of the data acquired in this model system for the binding of the conjugate to double-stranded DNA are discussed.
A new algorithm for protein folding in the HP model

We consider the problem of protein folding in the HP model on the two-dimensional square lattice. This problem is combinatorially equivalent to folding a string of 0's and 1's so that the string forms a self-avoiding walk on the lattice and the number of adjacent pairs of 1's is maximized. We present a linear-time 1/3-approximation algorithm for this problem, improving on the previous best approximation factor of 1/4. The approximation guarantee of this algorithm is based on an upper bound presented by Hart and Istrail [6] and used in all previous papers that address this problem. We show that this upper bound cannot be used to obtain an approximation factor better than 1/2.
Resilient asymptotic consensus in asynchronous robust networks

In this paper, we study the problem of reaching consensus asymptotically in the presence of adversary nodes whenever the network is asynchronous under a local broadcast model of communication. The type of adversary considered is omniscient and may collude with other adversaries to achieve the goal of disrupting consensus among the normal nodes. The main limitation on the behavior of the adversary nodes is that whenever the adversary nodes communicate with neighbors, they must broadcast their messages so that all neighbors receive the same information. The asynchronous consensus algorithm studied here uses local strategies to ensure resilience against the adversary nodes. The class of topologies studied are those that are robust. Network robustness formalizes a notion of redundancy of direct information exchange between subsets of nodes in the network, and is an important property for analyzing the behavior of resilient distributed algorithms that use only local information.
Polygon-to-Polygon Spatial Accessibility Using Different Aggregation Approaches: A Case Study of National Forests in the US Mountain West Region

Spatial accessibility is an enduring topic of spatial analysis that is intimately tied to issues of spatial representation and scale. A variety of methods to measure accessibility have been developed with most research focusing on metropolitan-sized spatial extents using census-defined aggregation units and relying on vector point representation to calculate Euclidean or network distances as key ingredients in measure formulations. Less research considers broader scales where both origin and destination points are treated as polygons. This research develops alternative gravity-based measures of polygon-to-polygon accessibility for a case study of county-level accessibility to national forests in the western US. Different methods of county and forest representation are implemented using census block centroids and a lattice approach for disaggregation and re-aggregation. Other characteristics that are analyzed include origin-destination linkage definitions, population weighting, and distance thresholds. Correlation analysis is used to assess relationships of alternative measures with a simple percentage measure and with each other. Low correlations would suggest that measures capture different aspects of accessibility that are related to their qualitative characteristics. Results show the alternative measures to be dissimilar from the percentage measure; however, high correlations among alternative measures suggest that there is little to differentiate certain disaggregated measures in spite of their richer qualitative interpretation.
Internet Security: Intrusion Detection and Prevention in Mobile Systems

Summary form only given. This article focuses on the types of security problems that can occur in mobile wirelessly-connected systems, the solutions for known problems, and strategies for circumventing these problems in the future
Frontal and temporal lobe involvement on verbal fluency measures in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been associated with changes in frontal and temporal lobe-mediated cognitive and behavioral functions. Verbal fluency, a sensitive measure to these changes, was utilized to investigate phonemic and semantic abilities in 49 ALS patients and 25 healthy controls (HCs). A subset of the ALS patients was classified as ALS-intact, ALS with mild cognitive impairments (ALS-mild), and ALS with fronto-temporal dementia (ALS-FTD) based on a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Clustering and switching, the underlying component processes of verbal fluency, were analyzed using Troyer's (Troyer, Moscovitch, & Winocur, 1997) and Abwender's (Abwender, Swan, Bowerman, & Connolly, 2001) scoring systems. ALS patients exhibited decreased fluency versus HCs. For phonemic fluency, the intact ALS sample generated fewer clusters and more switches than the ALS-mild and ALS-FTD patients using both scoring systems. This suggests temporal involvement in ALS patients, with increasing frontal lobe involvement in patients with greater cognitive dysfunction. For semantic fluency, similar results were obtained with a greater emphasis on declines in clustering or increased temporal lobe dysfunction. These results suggest that verbal fluency measures identify frontal and temporal lobe involvement in the cognitive decline associated with ALS, particularly when the component processes are evaluated. The clinical utility of these scoring systems with ALS patients is also discussed.
Awake EEG disregulation in good compared to poor sleepers.

This study was designed to test a disregulation model of sleep deprivation by assessing the ability of good sleepers compared to poor sleepers to shift daytime EEG patterning to changing environmental demands. Ten good and ten poor sleepers were identified from a sample of 110 college students who completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). EEG and SCR were recorded during a five task assessment session, including: (1) pre-baseline, (2) eyes open at rest, (3) eyes closed at rest, (4) sensory attentiveness (listening to an audio book clip), and (5) cognitive effort (a higher level cognitive flexibility task). A significant Group × Task interaction, F (3, 16) = 4.81, p = . 01 was attained on the theta data. Specifically, for good sleepers, theta decreased from the “eyes open at rest” to the “sensory attentiveness” tasks, while poor sleepers showed the opposite pattern. This pattern of theta suppression was found in 70% of the good sleepers and only 20% of the poor sleepers. No between group differences were noted in the SCR data, supporting a brain disregulation model, rather than a general psychophysiological stress model.
Innate Immune Sensors Stimulate Inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Responses to UVB Radiation

Almost 40 years from when it was first reported that UVB radiation exposure would modulate immune signaling, the photoimmunology field is still trying to understand the mechanisms by which UVB initiates inflammatory responses and modulates immune recognition. This commentary focuses on the ability of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR4 (Ahmad et al., 2014) and ligands such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from injured cells to stimulate innate immune signaling and inflammatory cytokine production following UVB irradiation.
Road Pricing in Practice and Theory

This introductory article to the special issue discusses briefly both the practice and theory of road pricing. Actual methods of charging for road use are discussed, and the current trend towards greater use of time-of-day congestion tolls is noted. The basic model of traffic congestion and road pricing is presented next, and this is followed by a summary of the extensions to the basic model represented in this issue of the Review of Network Economics. Researchers are now developing models that come very close to presenting realistic congestion toll systems that are reasonably efficient.
Unilateral odor deprivation: Time course of changes in laminar volume

Abstract Unilateral olfactory deprivation on Day 1 results in large reductions in olfactory bulb size when animals are examined in the juvenile period. The present study explored 2 issues. First, the development of changes in laminar volume was measured in order to determine when differences in olfactory bulb size emerge. Rat pups underwent surgical closure of one naris on Day 1 and laminar sizes were examined on either day 4, 8, or 12. Reliable differences emerged between “deprived” and control bulbs by Day 12. Second, to determine the length of the period of susceptibility to changes in sensory input, pups were deprived on either Day 10 or 20 and reared for thirty days. Deprivation at both ages reduced bulb size, although treatment at the later age resulted in less severe alterations.
Calcium effects on progesterone accumulation and oocyte maturation in cultured follicles of Rana pipiens

Pituitary homogenates (FPH) provoke a cascade of responses in the amphibian ovarian follicle, culminating in progesterone biosynthesis and oocyte maturation (GVBD). Calcium may play an important role as an intracellular second messenger in regulating these physiological responses. Experiments were carried out on cultured, isolated follicles of Rana pipiens to assess the effects of varying extracellular calcium on follicular progesterone accumulation and oocyte maturation. In hormonally unstimulated follicles, an increase in extracellular Ca2+ alone produced a significant increase in progesterone in methanol extracts of follicles after 4 hours of culture, and in some cases also provoked oocyte maturation assessed after 24 hours of culture. In no case did elevated Ca2+ alone stimulate maximal progesterone accumulation as compared with FPH-stimulated follicles, although the time-course of accumulation was similar. The calcium ionophore, A-23187, similarly increased progesterone accumulation in a dose-dependent manner when introduced in amphibian Ringer's (1.35 mM Ca2+), but inhibited progesterone elevation caused by increasing calcium concentrations in the culture media and FPH stimulation. Depleting free calcium from the culture medium with graded doses of the chelator EGTA decreased FPH-induced progesterone accumulation and inhibited FPH- and progesterone-induced GVBD. The calcium channel blocker, verapamil, also inhibited FPH-induced progesterone accumulation and GVDB in a dose-dependent manner, while having no effect on progester-one-induced meiotic resumption. These data strongly implicate intracellular calcium levels regulating progesterone production by ovarian follicle cells and subsequent oocyte maturation.
Exploring Innovative Teaching among Marketing Educators: Perceptions of Innovative Activities and Existing Reward and Support Programs:

This study examined the perceptions of innovative teaching activities and critical support and extrinsic reward mechanisms among marketing academicians. A review of the marketing education literatu...
Randomized comparison of ePTFE/nitinol self-expanding stent graft vs prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass in the treatment of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease.

Background A randomized prospective study comparing the treatment of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease percutaneously with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)/nitinol self-expanding stent graft (stent-graft) vs surgical femoral to above knee popliteal artery bypass with synthetic graft material. Methods One hundred limbs in 86 patients with superficial femoral artery occlusive disease were evaluated from March 2004 to May 2005. Patient symptoms included both claudication and limb threatening ischemia with or without tissue loss. The TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus (TASC) II A (N = 18), B (N = 56), C (N = 11), and D (N = 15) lesions were included. Patients were randomized prospectively into one of two treatment groups; a percutaneous treatment group (group A; N=50) with angioplasty and placement of one or more stent-grafts or a surgical treatment group (group B; N=50) with a femoral to above knee popliteal artery bypass using synthetic conduit (Dacron graft or ePTFE). Patients were followed for a total of 24 months. Follow-up evaluation included clinical assessment and physical examination, ankle-brachial indices (ABI), and color flow duplex sonography at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. Results The mean total lesion length of the treated arterial segment in the stent-graft group was 25.6 cm (SD ± 15 cm). The stent-graft group demonstrated a primary patency of 81%, 72%, and 63% with a secondary patency of 86%, 83%, and 74% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The surgical femoral-popliteal group demonstrated a primary patency of 84%, 77%, and 64% with a secondary patency of 89%, 86%, and 76% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. No statistical difference was found between the two groups with respect to primary ( P = .716) or secondary patency ( P = .695). Grouping of less severe (TASC II A/B) vs more severe (TASC II C/D) lesions demonstrated patency at 24 months for the femoral-popliteal arm of 63% and 67%, respectively while that of the stent-graft arm was 64% and 47%, respectively. Secondary patency was 76% in both TASC classifications for the femoral-popliteal arm with 78% and 47% patency found respectively in the stent-graft group. These resulted in no significant difference for primary ( P = .978) or secondary ( P = .653) patency overall, although there is a trend for decreased patency with higher TASC II lesions. Conclusion Management of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease with percutaneous stent-grafts exhibits similar primary patency at 24-month follow-up when compared with conventional femoral-popliteal artery bypass grafting with synthetic conduit. This treatment method may offer an alternative to treatment of the superficial femoral artery segment for revascularization when prosthetic bypass is being considered or when autologous conduit is unavailable.
A reduction in the correlation dimension of heartbeat intervals precedes imminent ventricular fibrillation in human subjects

Reduced reflexive control of heartbeat intervals occurs with advanced heart disease and is an independent risk factor for mortality. Based on a previous study of experimental myocardial infarction in pigs, we hypothesized that a deterministic measure of heartbeat dynamics, the correlation dimension of R-R intervals (D2), may be a better predictor of risk than a stochastic measure, such as the standard deviation (SD). We determined the point estimates of the heartbeat D2 (i.e., PD2s) in Holter electrocardiographic recordings from 11 high-risk patients who manifested ventricular fibrillation (VF) during the recording and in high-risk controls having only nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (14 patients) or premature ventricular complexes (13 patients). We found that PD2 reduction (i.e., PD2s < 1.2) precedes lethal arrhythmias by hours, but is not reduced in high-risk controls (p < 0.001; sensitivity, 91%; specificity, 85%). Heartbeat SD did not discriminate among the patients. Thus PD2 of heartbeat intervals may provide an important diagnostic test and early warning sign of VF.
Dislocation nucleation from bicrystal interfaces with dissociated structure

Atomistic calculations are used to model the nucleation of partial dislocations during a tensile deformation from bicrystal interfaces with dissociated structure. Interfaces with this type of structure occur primarily in materials with low intrinsic stacking fault energies. In this work, the initial structure of each bicrystal interface is refined using energy minimization techniques. Molecular dynamics simulations are then used to study the deformation of each interface in uniaxial tension perpendicular to the boundary plane at a constant strain rate. Analysis focuses on the evolution of the dissociated interface structure prior to the dislocation nucleation event and the resulting structure of the boundary after the emission of partial dislocations from the interface. Dislocation nucleation occurs predominantly at the dissociated interface structural unit, while the spacing between interface features is identified as an important length scale that affects the failure mode. The evolution of the dissociated interface structure and the nucleation of partial dislocations are found to be similar to results obtained in a previous atomistic study of the stress dependence of a lock formation containing a stair-rod dislocation.
980. In Vivo, High Throughput Analysis Expands the Known Anti-Ad Innate Immune Response Profile, and Implicates TLR Pathways in Ad Cellular Immune Response

We exploited high titer adenoviral (Ad) vectors to more fully investigate the innate humoral and cellular responses to Ad gene transfer in vivo. As a result of this high throughput analysis, we have delineated a broader, and more potent innate humoral and cellular transcriptome response to Ad than has been previously reported. For example, gene array analysis revealed significant dysregulation in |[sim]|20% of 12,000 RNA transcripts derived from the livers of Ad infected mice within hours of Ad injection. Bio-informatics based analysis of the data revealed a complex interplay between the innate and adaptive responses, akin to those observed when mice are challenged with LPS (i.e.: suppression of metabolism and mitochondrial genes) but with important differences. The Ad specific innate responses included upregulation of RNA regulatory mechanisms, purine nucleotide genes, and apoptosis-related pathways, and suppression of lysosome, endocytic, Wnt, and Calcium signaling pathways. Identification of novel, very rapid plasma cyto/chemokine elevations (IL-5, MCP-1, KC) were revealed by multiplexed, ELISA based methods. The combined approaches also implicated several TLR based gene networks as being Adresponsive. Subsequently, systemic Ad infections into MyD88-KO mice confirmed greatly diminished plasma cytokine and chemokine responses, as well as decreased liver expression of TLR, MAPK, cytokine receptor, mitochondrial, RNA regulation, cell cycle and growth, extracellular and adhesion, and immune response genes. In contrast, Ad treatments of TRIF-KO mice did not result in similar changes. Finally, continued Ad induction of several other innate functions, (innate immune genes, as well as elevations in several plasma cytokines/chemokines) even in Ad infected MyD88-KO mice confirms that this TLR pathway is not the only component of the Ad innate 'sensing mechanism' in vivo.
Efficient mapping and voltage islanding technique for energy minimization in NoC under design constraints

Voltage islanding technique in Network-on-Chip (NoC) can significantly reduce the computational energy consumption by scaling down the voltage levels of the processing elements (PEs). This reduction in energy consumption comes at the cost of the energy consumption of the level shifters between voltage islands. Moreover, from physical design perspective it is desirable to have a limited number of voltage islands. Considering voltage islanding during mapping of the PEs to the NoC routers can significantly reduce both the computational and the level-shifter energy consumptions and the communication energy consumption on the NoC links. In this paper, we formulate the problem as an optimization problem with an objective of minimizing the overall energy consumption constrained by the performance in terms of delay and the maximum number of voltage islands. We provide the optimal solution to our problem using Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation. We also propose a heuristic based on random greedy selection to solve the problem. Experimental results using E3S benchmark applications and some real applications show that the heuristic finds near-optimal solution in almost all cases in a very small fraction of the time required to achieve the optimal solution.
Glomerular adaptation in uninephrectomized young rats.

To study the glomerular adaptation during compensatory renal growth starting in infancy, we assessed afferent effective ultrafiltration pressure (PUF), glomerular filtration area and hydraulic conductivity in rats uninephrectomized (Nx) or sham-operated (S) at 5 days of age. Rats were fed a normal protein diet and studied at 20 and 60 days of age. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate was significantly higher in Nx than in S rats both at 20 days of age (mean ± SEM: 15.0±1.5 vs 7.4±0.7 nl/min) and 60 days of age (80.7±4.6 vs 43.5±3.2 nl/min). Afferent effective PUF, estimated by the stop-flow method, was significantly higher in Nx than in S rats both at 20 days (22.5±0.8 vs 18.3±0.4 mmHg) and 60 days (28.3±1.0 vs 23.2±1.1 mmHg). The filtering area per glomerulus, calculated as the area of the glomerular basement membrane facing both the endothelial and the epithelial cells, but not the mesangial cells, was not different in Nx and in S rats at 20 days (3.0±0.3 vs 2.8±0.1 104 μm2), but it was significantly greater in Nx than in S rats at 60 days (23.3±3.7 vs 9.9±0.9 104 μm2). The hydraulic conductivity determined in isolated glomeruli was similar in Nx and in S rats at 20 days of age (1.40±0.11 vs 1.69±0.23 μl/min·mmHg· cm2) but was significantly decreased in 60-day-old Nx rats, compared with S rats of the same age (1.52±0.11 vs 2.35±0.17 μl/min·mmHg·cm2). In summary, this study showed that the glomerular response to the ablation of renal tissue in infancy is characterized by an immediate increase in PUF, a slow increase in filtration area and a lower hydraulic conductivity.
Phospholipase A2 Regulates Critical Inflammatory Mediators of Multiple Organ Failure

PLA2 is a family of regulatory enzymes that control eicosanoid synthesis and PAF production. PLA2 must be tightly regulated within the cell or cell destruction results. Circulatory release of PLA2 occurs in states of profound illness including sepsis, shock, severe injury, and pancreatitis, all of which are linked to the development of ARDS and MOF. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that PLA2 may serve a primary regulatory role in the development of these inflammatory disorders. This evidence suggests that inhibitors of PLA2 activation could play an important role in future intensive care management.
Nosing in on the emotional brain.

Emotions can be defined by their intensity and pleasantness. A new fMRI study reports that these two attributes are processed independently by different brain regions.
Electroplating to visualize defects in Al2O3 thin films grown using atomic layer deposition

Thin films grown using atomic layer deposition (ALD) are known for being continuous and nearly pinhole-free. These characteristics enable ALD films to be important in many applications such as gas or copper diffusion barriers, gate dielectrics, surface modification and functionalization layers. Few methods have been demonstrated to characterize defects in ALD films. In this study, a method to render the defects visible in Al2O3 ALD thin films on conductive substrates has been developed by growing copper bumps locally at the defect sites using electroplating. The electroplated copper can be easily observed or inspected using conventional optical- or electron-microscopy. Using this approach, the defect density in Al2O3 ALD thin films grown on nickel substrates has been shown to be as low as 38 /cm2.
Visualization of Peroxisomes in Living Plant Cells Reveals Acto-Myosin-Dependent Cytoplasmic Streaming and Peroxisome Budding

Here we examine peroxisomes in living plant cells using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1). Using time-lapse laser scanning confocal microscopy we find that plant peroxisomes exhibit fast directional movement with peak velocities approaching 10 microm s(-1). Unlike mammalian peroxisomes which move on microtubules, plant peroxisome movement is dependent on actin microfilaments and myosin motors, since it is blocked by treatment with latrunculin B and butanedione monoxime, respectively. In contrast, microtubule-disrupting drugs have no effect on peroxisome streaming. Peroxisomes were further shown to associate with the actin cytoskeleton by the simultaneous visualization of actin filaments and peroxisomes in living cells using GFP-talin and GFP-PTS1 fusion proteins, respectively. In addition, peroxisome budding was observed, suggesting a possible mechanism of plant peroxisome proliferation. The strong signal associated with the GFP-PTS1 marker also allowed us to survey cytoplasmic streaming in different cell types. Peroxisome movement is most intense in elongated cells and those involved in long distance transport, suggesting that higher plants use cytoplasmic streaming to help transport vesicles and organelles over long distances.
A 50-GHz Phase-Locked Loop in 0.13- $\mu$ m CMOS

A 50-GHz charge pump phase-locked loop (PLL) utilizing an LC-oscillator-based injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) was fabricated in 0.13-mum logic CMOS process. The PLL can be locked from 45.9 to 50.5 GHz and output power level is around -10 dBm. The operating frequency range is increased by tracking the self-oscillation frequencies of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and the frequency divider. The PLL including buffers consumes 57 mW from 1.5/0.8-V supplies. The phase noise at 50 kHz, 1 MHz, and 10 MHz offset from the carrier is -63.5, -72, and -99 dBc/Hz, respectively. The PLL also outputs second-order harmonics at frequencies between 91.8 and 101 GHz. The output frequency of 101 GHz is the highest for signals locked by a PLL fabricated using the silicon integrated circuits technology.
Consciousness doesn't overflow cognition.

Theories of consciousness can be separated into those that see it as cognitive in nature, or as an aspect of cognitive functioning, and those that see consciousness as importantly distinct from any kind of cognitive functioning. One version of the former kind of theory is the higher-order-thought theory of consciousness. This family of theories posits a fundamental role for cognitive states, higher-order thought-like intentional states, in the explanation of conscious experience. These states are higher-order in that they represent the subject herself as being in various world-directed first-order states and thus constitute a kind of cognitive access to one's own mental life. This distinctive cognitive access is postulated to account for what it is like for one to have a conscious experience.
2s Atomic level in muonic 208Pb

Abstract We report the measurement of the energies and the relative intensities of various muonic atomic transitions above 500 keV in 208 Pb including transitions to and from the 2s level. Besides the usual E1 transitions we have observed 3d → 1s and 4d → 2p E2 transitions. Interpretation of these data in terms of various charge distributions is made. Appreciably better fits are obtained by assuming the presence of nuclear polarization and allowing the nuclear polarization parameters ΔE (1 s ) and ΔE (2 s ) of the 1s and 2s levels to vary. Least-squares fits indicate values of ΔE (1 s ) = −8.9±2.7 keV and ΔE (2 s ) = −0.6±0.7 keV. Comparisons with electron scattering results are made.
Structures of layered metal sulfonate salts: trends in coordination behavior of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals

Abstract Several new metal arylsulfonates have been prepared from reactions of metal salts and sodium arylsulfonate salts in aqueous solution. The products have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Co(HO(O2N)C6H3SO3)2·6H2O: triclinic, space group P 1 , Z=1, a=6.455(2), b=15.541(5), c=5.687(2) A, α=92.55(3), β=94.13(2), γ=98.76(2)°, V=561.4(3) A3,R(F2)=0.076 for 1979 observations (I>0) and 160 variables (R(F)=0.042 for 1274 data with I>3σ(I)). The structure contains layers composed of two sheets of 4-hydroxy- 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate anions with [Co(H2O)6]2+ cations sandwiched in between. There are hydrogen bonds between the coordinated water molecules and sulfonate anions but no direct coordination of the metal by the sulfonate oxygen atoms. Na4(HO(O2N)C6H3SO3)4·2H2O: monoclinic, space group Pc, Z=2, a=8.293(3), b=16.580(2), c=13.465(2) A, β=90.29(2)°, V=1851.5(8) A3, R(F2)=0.148 for 3248 observations (I>0) and 229 variables (R(F)=0.081 for 1747 data with I>3σ-(I)). The sodium ions are coordinated directly to the oxygen atoms of the 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenesulfonate ions, forming a double sheet of sulfonate anions with cations in between. There are also two water molecules associated with the sodium ions. Ca(H3C(H2N)C6H3SO3)2·7H2O: monoclinic, space group P21/c, Z=4, a=14.859(3), b=6.227(4), c=25.452(2) A, β=101.07(1)°, V=2311(1) A3, R(F)=0.059 for 2186 observations (I>3σ(I)) and 289 variables. This structure, too, has alternating layers of sulfonate ions and hydrated cations. The calcium ions coordinate directly to one of the sulfonate oxygen atoms and six water molecules in a pentagonal bipyramidal arrangement. The crystal structures of these materials and other recently reported layered metal sulfonates are discussed in relation to apparent trends in the coordination behavior of the metal ions.
Metatranscriptomic analysis of ammonia-oxidizing organisms in an estuarine bacterioplankton assemblage

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed elevated relative abundance (1.8% of prokaryotes) of marine group 1 Crenarchaeota (MG1C) in two samples of southeastern US coastal bacterioplankton, collected in August 2008, compared with samples collected from the same site at different times (mean 0.026%). We analyzed the MG1C sequences in metatranscriptomes from these samples to gain an insight into the metabolism of MG1C population growing in the environment, and for comparison with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in the same samples. Assemblies revealed low diversity within sequences assigned to most individual MG1C open reading frames (ORFs) and high homology with ‘Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus' strain SCM1 genome sequences. Reads assigned to ORFs for ammonia uptake and oxidation accounted for 37% of all MG1C transcripts. We did not recover any reads for Nmar_1354–Nmar_1357, proposed to encode components of an alternative, nitroxyl-based ammonia oxidation pathway; however, reads from Nmar_1259 and Nmar_1667, annotated as encoding a multicopper oxidase with homology to nirK, were abundant. Reads assigned to two homologous ORFs (Nmar_1201 and Nmar_1547), annotated as hypothetical proteins were also abundant, suggesting that their unknown function is important to MG1C. Superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin-like transcripts were more abundant in the MG1C transcript pool than in the complete metatranscriptome, suggesting an enhanced response to oxidative stress by the MG1C population. qPCR indicated low AOB abundance (0.0010% of prokaryotes), and we found no transcripts related to ammonia oxidation and only one RuBisCO transcript among the transcripts assigned to AOB, suggesting they were not responding to the same environmental cues as the MG1C population.
Simplified Model for Description of HVOF NiCr Coating Properties Through Experimental Design and Diagnostic Measurements

The use of factorial design in process parameter development allowed determination of the contribution of key process variables, such as flame energy (combustion pressure and O2/F), spray distance, and feed rate, on in-flight particle properties. The significance of each parameter was used to construct a simple model which enabled the description of particles’ temperature and velocity. Particles with velocities ranging by as much as 300 m/s and temperatures ranging up to 350 °C were used to produce an array of coatings on an in situ curvature sensor enabling the determination of the evolving—during spraying—and residual stress at the end of the process, correspondingly. These diverse particle states combined with the flame impingement on the substrate, resulted in coatings of similar thickness, but significantly different stress states. Real time evolving stresses—during deposition—and coating properties such as, microhardness, modulus, and corrosion behavior were correlated to particle in-flight properties and, via the use of the introduced model, to spray parameters.
Recovery of 3-D shape from deforming contours

Three experiments were conducted to examine the accuracy of 3-D shape recovery from deforming-contour displays. The displays simulated silhouettes of ellipsoids rotating about a vertical axis. Subjects judged the horizontal cross-section of the ellipsoids. The shape of the ellipsoid, the position of the axis of rotation, and the type of projection were manipulated in Experiment 1. The results indicated relatively accurate shape recovery when the major axis of the ellipsoid was small. In Experiment 2, the shape of the ellipsoid and the velocity and curvature of the contour were manipulated. When the rate of deformation of curvature was decreased, more eccentric shapes were reported. In Experiment 3, the shape of the object and the amount of simulated rotation were manipulated. Subjects made both shape and extent of rotation judgments. The results showed that eccentricity of shape responses could be accurately predicted from rotation responses, suggesting that the recovery of 3-D shape from smooth, deforming contours is dependent on the perceived extent of rotation.
Acute rheumatic fever in a patient with glycogen storage disease type Ib: causal or coincidental simultaneous occurrence?

We report a Caucasian female who was diagnosed with glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD-Ib) at the age of 4 months and whose clinical course was complicated by neutropenia and very frequent episodes of infection, including tonsillopharyngitis. Recurrent group A streptococcal infections resulted in multiple episodes of extremely high serum levels of antibodies to streptolysin O (5000 IU/ml) and DNAse B (6000 IU/ml). At the age of 14 years she presented with carditis, migratory arthritis, fever, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate as well as serological evidence for recent streptococcal infection providing a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. Conclusion: the occurrence of these two very rare disorders in our patient may indicate that this association is not coincidental because neutrophil dysfunction in glycogen storage disease type Ib may have predisposed this patient to acute rheumatic fever due to increased susceptibility to group A streptococcal infections.
Emission spectrum of CF

Abstract The A2Σ+-X2Π system of CF has been investigated with high dispersion in the region 2190–2965 A and the rotational structure of 18 bands analyzed. Vibrational and rotational constants have been determined for levels up to v′ = 1 and v″ = 9. The rotational analysis was carried out in part with the help of a digital computer program which searched wave-number lists for rotational branches. Consideration of potential curves and dissociation energies indicates that, in the first approximation, the potential curve of the stable A state is crossed by a repulsive curve of the same symmetry. However, application of the noncrossing rule results in the formation of two stable excited states. The lower state, which is the A2Σ+ state, must therefore have a potential maximum which can be located just above v′ = 2 and must undergo rotational predissociation. The other state may be identified as the previously known B state whose character must then be 2Σ+ also. The ground-state dissociation energy is found by extrapolation to be 5.50 ± 0.10 eV; this in turn leads to an estimate of 2.06 ± 0.10 eV for the B 2 Σ + state.
Arthroscopic-Assisted Percutaneous Reduction and Screw Fixation of Displaced Scaphoid Fractures

Many scaphoid fractures can be treated with percutaneous screw insertion, but fracture displacement usually necessitates open reduction. Two surgeons treated 20 consecutive patients with displaced fractures of the scaphoid using arthroscopic-assisted percutaneous screw fixation. Thirteen patients had dorsal (antegrade) and seven had palmar (retrograde) percutaneous screw insertion. At an average follow-up of 18 (range 6-48) months, all of the fractures were healed and there were no implant problems. The early results of arthroscopic-assisted percutaneous screw fixation of displaced fractures of the scaphoid suggest that union can be obtained and good to excellent function achieved predictably without the need for open exposure. Avoidance of an open exposure limits wrist ligament injury and may preserve blood supply. Further evaluation of this procedure is merited.
Molecular emission spectra in the visible and near IR produced in the chemiluminescent reactions of molecular fluorine with organosulfur compounds

Rich chemiluminescence is observed in the gas phase reactions of F2 with a variety of organosulfur compounds at room temperature and from 0.2 to 2.0 Torr. HCF(A1A″) and vibrationally excited HF are observed in the reaction of F2 with all the hydrogen-bearing compounds under varying conditions of reactant pressure. For the organosulfur reactants used in this study, CH2S(a 3A2) is observed only with CH3SH, CH3SCH3 and CH3SSCH3. The character of the emission spectra changes dramatically with changing reactant pressures or when CH3OH or CH3CH are present. CH2S* is observed with CH3CH2SH and higher thiols when CH3OH is present. A new vibrationally structured spectral feature appears ubiquitously in all of the reaction systems studied, and distinctly in the reaction of F2 with CS2. It is ascribed to an electronic transition of the transient species, FCS. The initiation of the reactions of F2 with the stable organosulfur species and the implications of this work for IR multiphoton dissociation are discussed.
Implicit Theories Individual Differences in the Likelihood and Meaning of Dispositional Inference

In their research, the authors have identified individuals who believe that a particular trait (intelligence, personality, or moral character) is a fixed disposition (entity theorists) and have contrasted them with those who believe the trait to be a malleable quality (incremental theorists). Research shows that an entity theory consistently predicts (a) global dispositional inferences for self and other; even in the face of limited evidence, as well as (b) an over reliance on dispositional information in making other judgments and decisions. An incremental theory, by contrast, predicts inferences that are more specific, conditional, and provisional The implicit beliefs seem to represent not only different theories about the nature of traits but also different mental models about how personality works-what the units of analysis are and how they enter into causal relations. Implications for the literature on person perception are discussed.
Beam shaping with a plano-aspheric lens pair

A pair of plano-aspheric lenses can be used to transform a collimated, radially symmetric, Gaussian beam to a radially symmetric flat-top beam. Diffraction of the output beam due to the choice of irradiance profile, as well as the finite aperture of the optics, must be considered if a propagating beam is required. Choosing both lenses to be positive, one can show that the aspheric surfaces are strictly convex, which facilitates fabrication by magnetorheological figuring. A fused silica lens pair is demonstrated, which can be used at any wavelength from 250 to 1550 nm to transform a Gaussian to a flat-top beam. Measurements of both the irradiance profile and phase of the output beam are presented and compared to the ideal design. These optics transform 78% of the total input beam power into the flat-top region of the output beam, which is uniform to better than 5% rms. For applications requiring uniform illumination, this represents a fourfold improvement in power utilization over the Gaussian input. The output wavefront is flat to a quarter wave at 514 nm, resulting in a beam that propagates approximately 0.5 m without significant change in profile.
Sacrificial layer SiO/sub 2/ wet etching for micromachining applications

The key process in surface micromachining is the selective etching of sacrificial layers underlying structural layers. Often, this is accomplished with hydrofluoric (HF) etching of phosphosilicate glass (PSG). The etching takes place along tortuous channels that may be 10-100 mu m long and 1-5 mu m wide. Therefore, the etching reaction process is influenced by mass transfer limitations of both the reactants and products, particularly at long times. The etching reaction will quite likely shift from kinetic-controlled to diffusion-controlled as the etch channel develops. The first order model that has been derived assumes one component diffusion, one-dimensional geometry, first order reaction, and a constant diffusion coefficient. Test structures consist of several low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) PSG etch channels of widths from 1 to 50 mu m beneath transparent silicon-rich LPCVD silicon nitride. Good agreement has been found between experiment and theory at short times. Diffusion limitations are observed at long times, but the diffusion coefficient and reaction rate constant are not physically consistent; therefore, they are used only as parameters. >
The Fate and Power of Heroic Bones and the Politics of Bone Transfer in Ancient Israel and Greece

Tucked away in the Hebrew Bible at the end of 1 Samuel and then resumed near the end of 2 Samuel is a provocative tale recounting the final fate of Saul, Israel's first king. At the beginning of this two-part narrative (1 Sam 31:1), we find Saul atop Mount Gilboa, badly wounded by Philistine archers and nearly dead. Fearing the Philistine armies will rush upon him and continue the humiliation—perhaps by stabbing him repeatedly while still alive, as Saul suggests in 31:4, or something worse—Saul commits suicide. As the rest of the chapter recounts, upon finding his corpse, the enemy army abuses him in a different but perhaps not less dreadful manner, i.e., by beheading the king and hanging the remainder of his body on the wall of Beth Shan (along with the bodies of his sons, who died with their father in the battle). The residents of Jabesh Gilead, however, hear of these events and abscond with the bodies, burying the bones in their own territory and thus ending this particular episode of conflict between Israel and Philistia.
TRAINING OF HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL FOR HAZMAT INCIDENT RESPONSE

A review of the recent history of hazardous materials (hazmat) training concludes that there is a need for more focused training for small communities' handling of hazardous materials and that this fact has been recognized for several years but never implemented. The recent Hazardous Materials Training Safety Act attempts to address this problem. However, the training needs of highway maintenance workers may not be being addressed adequately, and the importance of such training may not be generally recognized. The paper emphasizes this need based on reviewing the worker's needs and presenting conclusions from a 50-state survey. It is emphasized that in regard to hazardous materials incident response training, the highway maintenance worker should not be forgotten. The paper suggests training levels and makes the point that training should be consistent with expected actions—planned or unplanned. The paper concludes with a set of several questions that should be addressed by any state when setting future p...
The contribution of chemosensory factors to individual differences in reported food preferences.

Abstract A new psychometric instrument, the Food Attitude Survey (FAS), was developed to identify individual differences in general response patterns or attitudes toward foods. The FAS consists of food preference ratings (like, neutral, dislike, never tried but would try, never tried and won't try) for 455 foods and beverages, including some unusual and fictitious foods. In addition, it includes a 20-item questionnaire concerning attitudes toward food and eating. Using the FAS, people who reported liking an unusually high number of foods (likers) were compared to those who disliked many foods (dislikers) and those who were unwilling to try many foods (won't tryers). The characteristics of the three groups were evaluated using several sensory tests to assess the contribution of perceptual factors to individual differences in food attitudes and preferences. Intensity and hedonic ratings of olfactory stimuli were generally lower for the won't tryers than for the likers, with dislikers in between. In addition, the ideal taste intensities of likers were higher than those of dislikers or won't tryers. On the basis of these initial studies, it is concluded that the FAS provides a reliable index of individual differences in food preference patterns, making the FAS a useful tool for investigating "personality of eating". The present studies also provide evidence that differences in chemosensory responses may be associated with biases toward food acceptance or rejection.