cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching wireless sensor networks by incorporating reorganization algorithms into the labs

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged in recent years as a topic attracting significant interest from both academia and industry. By completing a WSN lab, students can learn useful concepts and skills, including network setup, protocols, data collection/processing, sensor programming, developing and configuring WSN, etc. To effectively teach wireless sensor networks, having students engaging in hands-on projects is as important as teaching them the theories. Our goal is to build upon the source codes of an existing WSN method and design a set of simulation and emulation labs, each incorporating a case study involving tasks such as reorganization, secure routing, object tracking, Denial of Service attacks and counter-measures, etc. Instead of creating a WSN from the scratch, students learn about WSN via tailoring a method to incorporate interesting features into the existing source codes. In this paper, we propose to use WSN reorganization as a case study and incorporate it into designing WSN simulation labs. Starting with a given set of WSN papers, source codes, and reorganizaiton algorithms, students are asked to incorporate some of the algorithms into the existing WSN method. Such projects enable the student to gain in-depth understanding of how a WSN operates, and how the source codes of an existing WSN method may be modified to enable reorganization of sensor nodes. A sample lab incorporating WSN reorganization is presented as a demonstration of this approach. Interested instructors may tailor the lab to accommodate other case studies for their classes. Interested instructors may tailor the lab to accommodate other case studies for their classes.
Public Participation, Mayoral Control, and the New York City Public School System

In this article, I utilize the case of New York City to assess the role and influence of public-participation mechanisms operating in large urban public school systems under mayoral control. I find that the public-participation mechanisms operating under New York City’s mayor-controlled school system can produce some policy and administrative changes despite their lack of formal statutory powers. Their ability to produce such changes depends on several factors, including a citizen and administrative ability and willingness to identify and utilize opportunities for collaboration, the presence of a culture of civic engagement within local communities, and the political values reflected in formal policy advisories.
Sex differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response following a single or multiple days of sleep restriction.

One in three adults reports experiencing inadequate or disrupted sleep throughout the night, with the incidence being higher in women than in men. Disturbances in nightly sleep result in physiologi...
Tandem Catalysts for Polyethylene Upcycling: a Simple Kinetic Model

Of all plastics, the most abundantly produced is polyethylene, most of which is destined for landfills, shipping ports, and natural environments. The limited degradability and recyclability of this...
Style Matters! Investigating Linguistic Style in Online Communities

Content has historically been the primary lens used to study language in online communities. This paper instead focuses on the linguistic style of communities. While we know that individuals have distinguishable styles, here we ask whether communities have distinguishable styles. Additionally, while prior work has relied on a narrow definition of style, we employ a broad definition involving 262 features to analyze the linguistic style of 9 online communities from 3 social media platforms discussing politics, television and travel. We find that communities indeed have distinct styles. Also, style is an excellent predictor of group membership (F-score 0.952 and Accuracy 96.09%). While on average it is statistically equivalent to predictions using content alone, it is more resilient to reductions in training data.
Safety of Flexible Bronchoscopy During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Background: Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is a well-established tool for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disorders in children. For children receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) and systemic anticoagulation, bleeding has been reported as an adverse event following FB. Therefore, we sought describe the safety profile of FB during ECMO. Methods: An IRB approved retrospective review was conducted on subjects who received FB while on ECMO between 2015-2018. Demographic, clinical findings, laboratory, mechanical ventilation, anticoagulation profiles, ECMO and mechanical ventilation data were evaluated prior to and following FB. Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test were used for pre and post intervention comparisons. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. Results: 18 Subjects (male=7); weight 13.67 kg (2.5-77 kg) underwent FB on ECMO (4 veno-venous) and (14 veno-arterial). ECMO duration was 22 days (2-42 days) and FB was performed 12 (0.29-30.37 days) from the initiation of ECMO support. Indications for FB included 56% therapeutic and 44% diagnostic. Four subjects (22%) required a red blood cell transfusion for hematocrit Conclusions: In our limited cohort, FB was not associated with major bleeding, titration of heparin dose, adjustment of mechanical ventilation and ECMO support. These data suggest that FB is a safe bedside procedure during ECMO support of critically ill children that may yield both therapeutic and diagnostic benefits.
Kinetic mixing, dark photons and an extra dimension. Part I

Extra dimensions (ED) can provide a useful tool for model-building. In this paper we introduce a single, flat ED extension of the kinetic-mixing/dark photon (DP) portal for dark matter (DM) interactions with the Standard Model (SM) assuming a compactification ‘radius’ of order R−1 ∼ 10−1000 MeV and examine the resulting modifications to and augmentation of the usual DP phenomenology. In the present scenario, both the DP and DM experience the full 5-D while the SM fields are constrained to lie on a 4-D brane at the boundary of the ED. Such a setup can naturally yield the observed value of the DM relic density and explain the required rough degeneracy of the DM and DP masses needed to obtain it. Gauge symmetry breaking can occur via boundary conditions without the introduction of an additional singlet Higgs scalar thus avoiding all constraints associated with the coupling of such a field to the usual SM Higgs field in 5-D. The self-consistency in the removal of the kinetic mixing terms is found to lead to a brane localized kinetic term for the 5-D gauge field on the SM brane. Multiple variations of this scenario are found to be possible which are consistent with current experimental constraints but which predict very different phenomenologies. In this paper, we discuss the case of a complex scalar 5-D DM field, consistent with constraints arising from the CMB, which may or may not obtain a vacuum expectation value (vev). This approach can lead to interesting and distinctive signatures while being constrained by a wide array of existing measurements but with the details being dependent upon the model specifics.
Cervical Spinal Cord Transcutaneous Stimulation Improves Upper Extremity and Hand Function in People With Complete Tetraplegia: A Case Study

Recovery of the upper extremity (UE) and hand function is considered the highest priority for people with tetraplegia, because these functions closely integrate with their activities of daily living. Spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation (scTS) has great potential to facilitate functional restoration of paralyzed limbs by neuro-modulating the excitability of the spinal network. Recently, this approach has been demonstrated effective in improving UE function in people with motor complete and incomplete cervical SCI. However, the research thus far is limited by the lack of a comprehensive assessment of functional improvement and neurological recovery throughout the intervention. The goal of this study was to investigate whether scTS can also facilitate UE functional restoration in an individual with motor and sensory complete tetraplegia. A 38-year-old male with a C5 level, ASIA Impairment Scale-A SCI (15 years post-injury, left hand dominant pre- and post-injury), received 18 sessions (60 minutes/session) of scTS combined with task-specific hand training over the course of 8 weeks. The total score of the Graded Redefined Assessment of Strength, Sensibility, and Prehension significantly improved from 72/232 to 96/232 at post-intervention, and maintained ranging from 82/232 to 86/232 during the three months follow-up without any further treatment. The bilateral handgrip force improved by 283.4% (left) and 30.7% (right), respectively at post-intervention. These strength gains were sustained at 233.5% -250% (left) and 11.5%-73.1% (right) during the follow-up evaluation visits. Neuromuscular Recovery Scale demonstrated dramatic and long-lasting improvements following the completion of the intervention. Changes of spinal motor evoked potentials from pre- to post-intervention indicated an increased level of spinal network excitability. The present data offer preliminary evidence that the novel scTS intervention combined with hand training can enhance UE functional use in people with motor and sensory complete SCI.
Accounting for Revenues: A Framework for Standard Setting

SYNOPSIS This paper proposes an accounting for revenues as an alternative to the proposals currently being aired by the FASB and IASB. Existing revenue recognition rules are vague, resulting in messy application, so the Boards are seeking a remedy. However, their proposals replace the traditional criteria—revenue is recognized when it is both “realized or realizable” and “earned”—with similarly vague notions that require both the identification of a “performance obligation” and the “satisfaction” of a performance obligation. Our framework aims for the concreteness that yields practical accounting solutions. It has two features. First, revenue is recognized when a customer makes a payment or a firm commitment to pay. Second, revenue recognition and profit recognition are combined, with profit recognition determined on the basis of objective criteria about the resolution of uncertainty under a contract, and then conservatively so. Two alternative approaches are offered: the complete contract method (where p...
Health care metrics and health care policies during the preweaned period on calf ranches

Health care metrics of morbidity and mortality as well as health care policies related to antimicrobial use and biosecurity and biocontainment provide a means to evaluate operations rearing preweaned dairy calves. In general, studies of the aforementioned health care parameters for calf ranches are rare, compared with those for US dairy operations. The aim of this study was to characterize calf ranches with respect to health care metrics and health care policies during the preweaning period, and where possible, compare our findings with reports from dairy operations.
Underutilization of health care for strokes during the COVID-19 outbreak

Objective: To analyze impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on acute stroke care. Background: At the offset of Pandemic, a decrease in utilization of healthcare in medical emergencies like acute ischemic stroke and Myocardial Infarction was observed. Design/Methods: We collected stroke data from TriNetX network research platform. We analyzed number of ischemic stroke patients greater than 18 years, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) administration and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in Study group (SG) from 20 January 2020 to 16 May 2020 and compared them with two control groups (CGs): control group 1 (CG1) from 20 January 2019 to 16 May 2019 and control group 2 (CG2) from 25 September 2019 to 19 January 2020. We used Bonferroni’s method to correct for multiple comparisons and alpha of 0.01 was considered significant. Results: There was 43% decrease in number of stroke patients in SG compared to CG1 and 25.5% decrease compared to CG2. In the SG, there was drop in number of IV tPA administrations 51% and 35%, and MT by 39% and 27% compared to CG1 and CG2 respectively. Likelihood of stroke patients receiving IV tPA was higher in both CGs compared to the SG (X2=8.95, p=0.002 for CG1, and X2=6.59, p=0.010 for CG2). There was no significant difference in MT between groups. There were 287 (0.8%) stroke patients with diagnosis of COVID-19 in SG. When COVID-19 positive patients were compared to COVID-19 negative patients, younger patients were significantly overrepresented in COVID-19 positive group (X2=8.75, p=0.003). Conclusions: There was substantial drop in number of stroke patients seeking medical help in the SG, suggesting that people with strokes were not presenting to hospitals during study period, likely due to concerns contracting SARS-CoV2 in hospital. Younger patients were overrepresented in COVID-19 strokes suggesting possible increased risk of strokes due to hypercoagulable state with COVID-19. Disclosure: Dr. Sharma has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elkhider has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sheng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Veerapaneni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brown has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for NuvOx Pharma. Dr. Veerapaneni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kapoor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Onteddu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nalleballe has nothing to disclose.
What is public health? public goods, publicized goods, and the conversion problem.

Public health programs began as an attempt to fight infectious diseases that are difficult to address without collective action. But the concept and practice of public health has ballooned to encompass an expanding list of controversial public policy goals ranging from reducing obesity to raising self-esteem. As the list of controversial goals expands, support for “public health” measures contracts. I’ll briefly defend the view that we should define public health as the provision of health-related public goods. I’ll then show that being a health-related public good is not a sufficient condition for counting as a public health goal, since virtually any private good can be converted into a public good by government fiat. This is the conversion problem, which challenges the way we ordinarily think about public goods and public health.
Corporate social responsibility in international business literature: results from text data mining of the Journal of International Business Studies

Corporate social responsibility has been an important theme in management at least since the 1960s. International business became a recognized subfield in management around the same time. Logically, there might have been much dialogue about corporate social responsibility in international business research and publication, yet previous reviews of the literature indicate relatively little such research. This study complements previous literature reviews by employing text data mining to analyze a sample of 1188 articles published from 2000 to 2018 in the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS). Results show that from 2000 to 2018 only 35 CSR focused articles appeared. CSR research has increased over time, highly influenced by editorial specification of special issues. These documents can be grouped into seven CSR topics, with corruption and embeddedness being the most salient. Strategies are suggested for increasing research on CSR in international business.
OCT shows Consistent Relationships between Macular Layers and Peripapillary RNFL in Chronic Demyelinating and Compressive Optic Neuropathies (P1.334)

Objective: We sought relationships between each layer of the macula and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (P-RNFL) in demyelinating and compressive optic neuropathy. Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrates thinning of the P-RNFL and inner macular layers in patients with chronic optic neuropathy, including those with multiple sclerosis (MS) and a history of optic neuritis (ON). Design/Methods: We analyzed spectral-domain OCT results from chronic patients with MS or neuromyelitis optica (NMO) with and without a history of ON (128 MS eyes and 10 NMO eyes), idiopathic ON (13 eyes) and compressive optic neuropathy (14 eyes). No patient had a history of significant visual change within the past 6 months and none had additional eye pathology. We performed regression analysis for each patient group, comparing P-RNFL and individual macular layer values. Results: There were highly significant positive correlations between mean P-RNFL thickness and the volumes of each of the three inner retinal layers (RNFL, GCL and IPL); these layers in turn correlated closely with each other. Similar relationships existed with the temporal quadrant of P-RNFL. These linear correlations were virtually superimposable between any of the demyelinating or compressive neuropathy groups. In contrast, the P-RNFL did not correlate, or demonstrated a weak negative correlation, with the retinal layers from the INL outward. Conclusions: Chronic optic atrophy induces a predictable degree of retrograde degeneration that includes the axons, cell bodies and dendrites of the retinal ganglion cell, regardless of its cause. We found no evidence of trans-synaptic degeneration involving the outer retinal layers; if anything, there was a slight thickening of these layers as the inner retinal layers thinned. Study Supported by: None. Disclosure: Dr. Morrow has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abukhalil has nothing to disclose.
Conjugate Addition of Grignard Reagents to Aromatic Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to aromatic systems. It also discusses some of the early examples. The Grignard reagent coordinates with the oxygen atom of a ketone, thus enhancing the electron deficiency at the carbonyl carbon atom. When ethylmagnesium bromide is added to Michler's ketone, for example, in such a way that the ketone is always present in excess, no condensation occurs, and the ketone is almost completely regenerated by the treatment of the coordination complex with water. The chapter describes polycyclic ketones. Conjugate addition involving an aromatic ring was observed by Koelsoh and Rosenwald with 2-phenyl-l-benzonaphthene-l, 3-dione. The nearly prohibitive hindrance in mesityl ketones makes it possible to effect conjugate addition involving a benzene ring. Even the methyl reagent is capable of adding in the conjugate manner. Addition of Grignard reagents to conjugated systems involving heterocyclic aromatic nuclei is also known. Although 2-benzoylfuran condensed normally with Grignard reagents to yield carbinols, the corresponding hindered ketones reacted in the conjugate manner; the furan ring being attacked. Aromatic heterocyclic nitrogen compounds likewise reacted with Grignard reagents in the conjugate manner. One of the most remarkable reactions that has been encountered in this field is the addition of Grignard reagents to phenolic ketones. The analogy implies that the phenoxide ions are vulnerable to nucleophilic attack at a position ortho to the keto substituent. This prediction has been verified experimentally by treating p-duroylphenol with Grignard reagents.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae null mutants in glucose phosphorylation : metabolism and invertase expression

A congenic series of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains has been constructed which carry, in all combinations, null mutations in the three genes for glucose phosphorylation: HXK1, HXK2 and GLK1, coding hexokinase 1 (also called PI or A), hexokinase 2 (PII or B), and glucokinase, respectively: i.e., eight strains, all of which grow on glucose except for the triple mutant. All or several of the strains were characterized in their steady state batch growth with 0.2% or 2% glucose, in aerobic as well as respiration-inhibited conditions, with respect to growth rate, yield, and ethanol formation. Glucose flux values were generally similar for different strains and conditions, provided they contained either hexokinase 1 or hexokinase 2. And their aerobic growth, as known for wild type, was largely fermentative with ca. 1.5 mol ethanol made per mol glucose used. The strain lacking both hexokinases and containing glucokinase was an exception in having reduced flux, a result fitting with its maximal rate of glucose phosphorylation in vitro. Aerobic growth of even the latter strain was largely fermentative (ca. 1 mol ethanol per mol glucose). Invertase expression was determined for a variety of media. All strains with HXK2 showed repression in growth on glucose and the others did not. Derepression in the wild-type strain occurred at ca. 1 mM glucose. The metabolic data do not support- or disprove-a model with HXK2 having only a secondary role in catabolite repression related to more rapid metabolism.
Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 binding to liposomes containing galactosylceramide.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects some cell types which lack CD4, demonstrating that one or more alternative viral receptors exist. One such receptor is galactosylceramide (GalCer), a glycosphingolipid distributed widely in the nervous system and in colonic epithelial cells. Using a liposome flotation assay, we found that the HIV-1 surface glycoprotein, gp120, quantitatively bound to liposomes containing GalCer but not to liposomes containing phospholipids and cholesterol alone. Binding was saturable and was inhibited by preincubating liposomes with anti-GalCer antibodies. We observed less efficient binding of gp120 to liposomes containing lactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, and galactosylsulfate, whereas no binding to liposomes containing mixed gangliosides, psychosine, or sphingomyelin was detected. Binding to GalCer was rapid, largely independent of temperature and pH, and stable to conditions which remove most peripheral membrane proteins. By contrast, gp120 bound to lactosylceramide could be removed by 2 M potassium chloride or 3 M potassium thiocyanate, demonstrating a less stable interaction. Removal of N-linked oligosaccharides on gp120 did not affect binding efficiency. However, as previously observed for CD4 binding, heat denaturation of gp120 prevented binding to GalCer. Finally, binding was critically dependent on the concentration of GalCer in the target membrane, suggesting that binding to glycolipid-rich domains occurs and that GalCer conformation may be important for gp120 recognition. Images
Friends of the Earth? Partisanship, Party Control of Congress, and Environmental Legislation in Congress

Broad, bipartisan support for environmental protection in the 1960s eroded in subsequent decades as environmental issues became more polarized, particularly along party lines with Democrats lending greater support to environmental causes than Republicans. Yet, party differences and the general influence of partisanship on member behavior may vary over time as changes occur in Congress. Specifically, this article posits that the Republican takeover of the House and Senate in the 1994 elections and the accompanying increase of power vested in leaders enhanced the significance of partisanship. Using League of Conservation Voters’ scores for members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate for the years 1993–2002, this article examines the role of partisanship and other factors on environmental support. While this article confirms the enduring importance of partisanship, we found that both partisanship and other determinants, like constituency characteristics, of members’ support for the environment exhibit considerable variation. This article concludes by suggesting that future research should examine the sources of this variation.
Combined Tendon and Bone Allograft Transplantation for Chronic Achilles Tendon Ruptures

Combined flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer and bone-tendon allograft transplantation is a reasonable option for advanced distal-segment Achilles tendinopathy. This procedure provides anatomic restoration and improved function of the posterior muscle group without sacrificing the regional anatomy. Allograft transplantation is safe and does not require immunosuppressive therapy. The soft tissue envelope should be healthy because wound complications can be an issue. This procedure is especially helpful in patients with significant disability.
Early Versus Late Maturation Arrest: Reproductive Outcomes of Testicular Failure

Purpose: There is a paucity of data characterizing infertile men with maturation arrest. We hypothesized that men with early stage maturation arrest could be clinically distinguished from men with late maturation arrest and would have worse reproductive outcomes.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients with nonobstructive azoospermia and cryptozoospermia who underwent testis mapping and sperm extraction from 2002 to 2009 and for whom histopathological findings were available. Patients had uniform maturation arrest if multiple biopsies revealed maturation arrest at the spermatogonia/spermatocyte (early maturation arrest) or the spermatid (late maturation arrest) stage. Clinical parameters and pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection were examined. Statistical analysis consisted of univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: Uniform maturation arrest was identified in 49 of 219 men (22.3%) undergoing testicular sperm extraction. On...
Alcoholism, associated risk factors, and harsh parenting among fathers: Examining the role of marital aggression

This study utilized a longitudinal design to examine relations between paternal alcoholism, paternal psychopathology, marital aggression and fathers' harsh parenting behavior in a sample of children with alcoholic (n = 89) and non-alcoholic (n = 94) fathers. Structural Equation Modeling revealed that paternal alcoholism, depression, and antisocial behavior at 12 months of child age each predicted higher levels of marital aggression at 36 months. Moreover, after controlling for prior parenting, marital aggression was predictive of harsher parenting at kindergarten. Alcoholism and psychopathology were not directly predictive of harsh parenting with marital aggression included in the model, thus indicating that marital aggression is mediating the relation between paternal risk factors and parenting outcome. Results of this study suggest that one pathway linking fathers' alcohol diagnosis to harsh parenting is via marital aggression.
Ligand-dependent Formation of Retinoid Receptors, Receptor-interacting Protein 140 (RIP140), and Histone Deacetylase Complex Is Mediated by a Novel Receptor-interacting Motif of RIP140

Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) interacts with retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor in a ligand-dependent manner and suppresses retinoic acid (RA) induction of its target genes. The receptor-interacting motif is mapped to a C-terminal peptide sequence (LTKTNPILYYMLQK) of RIP140. The functional role of this motif in mediating the suppressive effects of RIP140 on RA induction is demonstrated in mutation studies. RA induces coimmunoprecipitation of histone deacetylase 3 with retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor in the presence of wild type RIP140, but not in the presence of the C-terminal motif-deleted RIP140. A decrease in histone acetylation on the promoter region that carries a RA response element is associated with the expression of wild type RIP140, but not with expression of the mutant RIP140, in a dose-dependent manner. These data provide a molecular explanation for RIP140 acting as a novel ligand-dependent, negative modulator of RA-regulated gene expression.
Shoreline retreat at Titan’s Ontario Lacus and Arrakis Planitia from Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem observations

Recent observations by Cassini’s Imaging Science Subsystem reveal that part of the shoreline of Titan’s Ontario Lacus has retreated by several kilometers and may indicate that the dark area that appeared at Arrakis Planitia (80°S, 120°W) in late 2004 has subsequently faded. These changes provide constraints on aspects of Titan’s methane cycle, as well as on the properties of Titan’s surface materials.
Game theory and strategic auditing: part I ‐ introduction

Introduces auditors to the power of game theory modelling, a mathematical strategic decision‐making technique that has been popularized by the recent Nobel Prize winner John Nash. The model is demonstrated using both entertaining examples for conceptual understanding and auditing scenarios for practical applications. A collusion model has been developed to illustrate the capability of the game theory model of handling human interactions.
The effects of acids and alkalies on the viscosity of protoplasm

1. Acids in isosmotic NaCl produce coagulation of the protoplasm OfArbacia eggs at a pH of 5·0. 2. Acids dissolved in sea water and the CO2 removed vary in their ability to coagulate, the organic acids coagulating at higher pH than the inorganic acids. 3. The difference in the action of acids in NaCl and sea water is attributed to an increase in permeability due to NaCl. 4. Curves are plotted showing the relation between pH and viscosity for HCl, H2SO4, HC2H3O2, and H2CO3. 5. NaOH when dissolved in sea water has no appreciable effect on viscosity up to a pH of 10·2. 6. NaOH in NaCl produces a decrease in viscosity which is apparent at 9·6 and is progressive up to the destruction of the cell. The difference in the action of NaOH in NaCl and sea water is attributed to an increase in permeability by NaCl. 7. Ammonium hydroxide in sea water produces a decrease in viscosity which reaches a minimum at 9·8. At higher pH the viscosity increases and at 10 coagulation is complete.
Solubility of protons in water

Gas-phase hydration data can be used, in principle, to obtain real single-ion enthalpies and free energies of solution in water. An examination of the systematics among such data leads to estimates of the absolute or intrinsic single-ion properties. These are in remarkably good agreement with those based on Randles' separation and with a recent estimate of the surface potential of water.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE STEEL-CEMENT PASTE INTERFACE IN THE PRESENCE OF CHLORIDE

Abstract The interface between corroding steel and cement paste containing chloride, with and without condensed silica fume, was studied. For specimens containing only portland cement an interfacial film of large crystals of lime (CH) covered most of the steel surface. Even a 16% replacement of the portland cement with silica fume did not change this feature very much. However, only the specimens with silica fume developed corrosion. This indicates that the pore solution probably contained a higher Cl−/OH− ratio for a given total chloride content.
Increased Nonlinear Coupling between Turbulence and Low-Frequency Fluctuations at the L-H Transition

The nonlinear coupling between small scale high-frequency turbulence and larger scale lower-frequency fluctuations increases transiently in transitions to improved confinement in the DIII-D tokamak. This increase starts before the rapid turbulence suppression and $E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}B$ shear-flow development in the region that becomes the $H$-mode transport barrier/shear flow region. After the transition, the coupling returns to $L$-mode levels. These results are consistent with expectations for spontaneous transitions to improved confinement triggered by a turbulence-driven sheared flow.
Thermodynamics of multi-solute adsorption from dilute liquid solutions

The thermodynamics of ideal dilute solutions is applied toward establishing a method for predicting multi-solute adsorption using only data for single-solute adsorption from dilute liquid solution. The method is similar to that proposed by Myers and Prausnitz for adsorption of gas mixtures. Experimental adsorption data for activated carbon at 25°C are reported for dilute aqueous solutions containing acetone and propionitrile, and p-chlorophenol and p-cresol. Calculated and experimental results are in excellent agreement for the first system and in fair agreement for the second system. It appears that the ideal dilute-solution theory for predicting multisolute adsorption is most reliable for those systems where solute adsorption loading is moderate. When solute adsorption loading is large, the simplifying assumptions in the theory must be relaxed to allow for solute-solute interactions on the surface. The method presented here is simple to use and provides good approximations for engineering design.
Elimination of upper abdominal distention by continuous aspiration during operation

Abstract 1. 1. An aid in eliminating the distention factor during an abdominal operation is described, using the author's modification of the Wangensteen type of suction siphonage. 2. 2. The Pratt evacuator is briefly described. 3. 3. The efficacy of the evacuation in gastric work is stressed. 4. 4. The value of the procedure in operations upon the biliary tract in the presence of a tightly distended gall bladder is outlined. 5. 5. The routine insertion of a duodenal tube prior to operation and the attachment of an evacuation apparatus for continuous decompression during surgical procedures on the upper abdomen is advocated, and a plan for gastric lavage just prior to the opening of the stomach by this same method is presented.
A bi-objective reverse logistics network analysis for post-sale service

Reverse logistics, induced by various forms of return, has received growing attention throughout this decade. Reverse logistics network design is a major strategic issue. This paper addresses the analysis of reverse logistic networks that deal with the returns requiring repair service. A problem involving a manufacturer outsourcing to a third-party logistics (3PLs) provider for its post-sale services is proposed. First, a bi-objective optimization model is developed. Two objectives, minimization of the overall costs and minimization of the total tardiness of cycle time, are addressed. The facility capacity option at each potential location is treated as a discrete parameter. The purpose is to find a set of non-dominated solutions to the facility capacity arrangement among the potential facility locations, as well as the associated transportation flows between customer areas and service facilities. Then, a solution approach is designed for solving this bi-objective optimization model. The solution approach consists of a combination of three algorithms: scatter search, the dual simplex method and the constraint method. Finally, computational analyses are performed on trial examples. Numerical results present the trade-off relationship between the two objectives. The numerical results also show that the optimization for the first objective function leads to a centralized network structure; the optimization for the second objective function results in a decentralized network structure.
Light Scattering from Nonequilibrium Stationary States: The Implication of Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry.

We report a theroetical prediction of a new feature in the spectrum of light scattered from a fluid in a nonequilibrium stationary state with a temperature gradient. The spectrum is not symmetric in the frequency shift and the Brillouin components have different intensities. The phenomenon is linked to the breaking of time-reversal symmetry and to the appearance of a static correlation function between momentum and number densities which is zero in equilibrium, but has a $\frac{1}{{k}^{2}}$ dependence in the stationary state. We suggest a light scattering experiment by means of which these predictions can be verified.
Why Boys will be boys and girls will be girls: Understanding colloquial tautologies

What do tautological phrases such asBoys will be boys, A promise is a promise, or War is war mean and how are they understood? These phrases literally appear to be uninformative, yet speakers frequently use such expressions in conversation and listeners have little difficulty comprehending them. Understanding nominal tautologies requires that listeners/readers infer the speaker's attitude toward the noun phrase (e.g.,boys) mentioned in the sentence. The purpose of the present studies was to investigate the role of context, syntactic form, and lexical content in the interpretation of nominal tuatologies. Two studies are reported in which subjects rated the acceptability of different tautological constructions either alone (Experiment 1) or with supporting contextual information (Experiment 2). The results of these studies provide evidence that colloquial tautologies can be interpreted differently in different contexts, but that there are important regularities in the syntactic form and lexical content of these phrases which influence how they are understood. Our findings highlight the importance of speakers/listeners' stereotypical understanding of people, activities, and concrete objects in the use and understanding of different tautological expressions. The implications of this research for psycholinguistic theories of conversational inference and indirect language use are discussed.
The effect of management earnings forecast characteristics on cost of equity capital

Abstract This study uses a framework presented in Hirst, Koonce, and Venkataraman (2008) to assess how differences in management earnings forecast characteristics influence a firm's cost of equity capital. I find that less specific forecasts, pessimistic forecasts, and forecasts that predict a loss for the period are associated with higher cost of equity capital levels and more timely forecasts and forecasts with more information content are associated with lower cost of equity capital levels. Analysis interacting control variables and forecast antecedents with forecast characteristics indicates that the effects forecast characteristics have on cost of equity capital are either enhanced or moderated depending on firm beta, firm size, firm book-to-market ratios, analyst following, prior forecast bias, and earnings quality. The results highlight the importance of interacting key variables when interpreting the market effect of management earnings forecasts.
The Hepatitis B Virus as a Molecular Model for Chronic Infection: Synthesis of Hepatitis B Surface and E Antigens in Mouse L Cells Transfected with Closed Circular Viral DNA

Linear hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, excised from a recombinant plasmid with EcoR1, was purified by preparative electrophoresis on agarose gels and incubated with phage T4 ligase to form either monomeric or dimeric closed circles. Thymidine kinase deficient mouse L cells were cotransfected with thymidine kinase (tk) and circular HBV DNAs and grown in hypoxanthine medium. Colonies of tk-transformed cells, selected after 3-4 weeks of incubation and subcultured in HAT medium, synthesized either hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) alone or HBsAg in combination with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). The various cell colonies differed in plating efficiency, growth rates, cellular appearance, and extent of viral antigen synthesis. Southern hybridization analysis showed the presence of HBV-related sequences in high molecular weight DNA prepared from cells expressing viral antigens. Digestion of cellular DNAs with restriction endonucleases indicated integration of the entire viral genome.
Faster, parametric trajectory-based macromodels via localized linear reductions

Trajectory-based methods offer an attractive methodology for automated, on-demand generation of macro-models for custom circuits. These models are generated by sampling the state trajectory of a circuit as it simulates in the time domain, and building macromodels by reducing and interpolating among the linearizations created at a suitably spaced subset of the time points visited during training simulations. However, a weak point in conventional trajectory models is the reliance on a single, global reduction matrix for the state space. We develop a new, faster method that generates and weaves together a larger set of smaller localized linearizations for the trajectory samples. The method not only improves speedups to 30times over SPICE, but as a side benefit also provides a platform for parametric small-signal simulation of circuits with variational device/process parameters, at a speedup of roughly 200times over SPICE
Automatic query expansion via lexical-semantic relationships

Structured thesauri encode equivalent, hierarchical, and associative relationships and have been developed as indexing/retrieval tools. Despite the fact that these tools provide a rich semantic network of vocabulary terms, they are seldom employed for automatic query expansion (QE) activities. This article reports on an experiment that examined whether thesaurus terms, related to query in a specified semantic way (as synonyms and partial-synonyms (SYNs), narrower terms (NTs), related terms (RTs), and broader terms (BTs)), could be identified as having a more positive impact on retrieval effectiveness when added to a query through automatic QE. The research found that automatic QE via SYNs and NTs increased relative recall with a decline in precision that was not statistically significant, and that automatic QE via RTs and BTs increased relative recall with a decline in precision that was statistically significant. Recall-based and a precision-based ranking orders for automatic QE via semantically encoded thesauri terminology were identified. Mapping results found between end-user query terms and the ProQuest® Controlled Vocabulary (1997) (the thesaurus used in this study) are reported, and future research foci related to the investigation are discussed.
Comparative study to enhance the phase formation of Tl-based superconductor with three CuO layers

Abstract Characteristics of the “1223” phase in the (Tl, Bi, Pb)SrCaCuO superconductor system have been enhanced using an over-stoichiometric “1234” precursor (Tl 0.64 Pb 0.2 Bi 0.16 )Sr 2 Ca 3 Cu 4 O y . The quality of the 1223 phase heavily depends on the synthetic condition of the 1234 precursor. The precursor synthesized from Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O y yields the most “1223” phase after 920°C sintering for 10 h, whereas a remarkable amount of the “1212” phase containing two CuO layers was accompanied in other synthetic courses. Although some solid solution impurities are observed, they are not inevitable with a Ca-rich composition. Quality of the superconducting phase was examined by X-ray diffraction, resistivity and magnetization measurements.
Test-retest reliability of portable metabolic monitoring after disabling stroke.

Purpose. Impaired economy of gait, prevalent in chronic stroke secondary to residual gait deficits, is associated with intolerance for performing activities of daily living. Gait economy/efficiency...
Transcriptional regulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia

It has been 10 years since the seminal discovery that a mutant form of a retinoid acid receptor (RARα) is associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This finding, coupled with the remarkable success of retinoic acid (RA), the natural ligand of RARα, in the treatment of APL, has made APL a unique model system in the study of oncogenic conversion of transcription factors in hematological malignancies. Indeed, subsequent basic and clinical studies showed that chromosomal translocation involving the RARα gene is the cytogenetic hallmark of APL and that these mutant forms of RARs are the oncogenes in APL that interfere with the proliferation and differentiation pathways controlled by both RAR and their fusion partners. However, it was not until recently that the role of aberrant transcriptional regulation in the pathogenesis of APL was revealed. In this review, we summarize the biochemical and biological mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by mutant RARs and their corresponding wild-type fusion partner PML and PLZF. These studies have been instrumental in our understanding of the process of leukemogenesis in general and have laid the scientific foundation for the novel concept of transcription therapy in the treatment of human cancer.
Some quantitative measures of activity and reactivity in rats after selective olfactory lesions

Abstract Male rats with bilateral deafferentation of the olfactory bulbs (LBs) or total removal of the bulbs and olfactory peduncles (DBs) were compared to SHAM operates (SHAMs) on several tests. Both lesioned groups were more active and defecated more than SHAMs in an open field and DBs were also more active than LBs. In a straight alley under several white noise conditions, spontaneously emitted behavior patterns were quantified over a three day period. DBs moved farther, faster and longer than SHAMs or LBs and also reared significantly more. However, they froze, groomed and sniffed less. SHAMs and LBs were similar on all measures except sniffing where SHAMs sniffed more. Nevertheless, LB scores on most measures fell between SHAM and DB extremes. In addition to these effects, several lesion by noise or lesion by days interaction also occurred. In a shock sensitivity experiment, all animals had similar flinch and jump threshholds in both satiated and food deprived conditions. However, DBs made exaggerated responses to shock in both conditions. The results were discussed in terms of possible interactions between lesion induced reactivity changes and olfactory cues.
Online Communities of Practice and Second Language Phonological Acquisition

Second language L2 researchers have long recognized the potential benefits of incorporating pronunciation instruction in language curricula e.g., Arteaga, 2000; Castino, 1996; Elliott, 1995, 1997; Gonzalez-Bueno, 1997; Lord, 2005; Major, 1998; Moyer, 1999; Terrell, 1989; among others, and have investigated a variety of training types both in and out of the classroom, meeting with mixed successes. Likewise, technological advances provide educators with new tools that foster collaboration among learners and encourage the crucial processes of input, interaction and output Long, 1996; Pica, 1994; Swain, 1985 beyond the walls of the classroom. The present study examines the potential of one such tool-podcasting-to create a community of practice for language learners to improve their second language phonological production following Lord, 2008; see also Ducate & Lomicka, 2009. Although the results offer inconsistent evidence in favor of specific acoustic and articulatory improvements, the benefits of podcasting for such purposes are discussed.
Ageing in irradiated and unirradiated germfree ICR mice

Abstract The life span and incidence of disease were studied in germfree, conventional, and barrier ICR mice which had not been exposed to X-irradiation and in germfree and conventional male mice of the same strain which had been exposed to 600–900 R of X-radiaiton at 12 weeks of age. Unirradiated germfree mice had an increased survival rate in the middle one-third of the life span if those dying with cecal volvulus were omitted from the sample, but the difference disappeared in the last third of life. Irradiation of germfree mice resulted in life-shortening of approximately 275 days when mice dying of diseases other than thymic lymphoma and cecal volvulus were compared. The germfree mice resembled the mice raised in contaminated environments in the development f lymphatic leukemia, reticulum-cell sarcoma, and solid tumors of various sites. Glomerulosclerosis was observed in all groups of mice, but its incidence and severity were lower in unirradiated germfree mice. Irradiation of germfree male mice raised the severity of glomerulosclerosis to that seen in contaminated mice. Miscellaneous lesions common to conventional mice (i.e. amyloidosis, uterine hypertrophy and ovarian cysts) were seen in germfree mice, but inflammatory lesions associated with infectious microorganisms (such as otitis media, abscesses, and ulcerative dermatitis) were seen only in mice raised in microbially contaminated environments. Cecal volvulus and severe distention of the gall bladder were noted only in germfree mice. The general similarity of widely diverse pathological lesions between germfree and conventional mice suggests that the absence of a detectable microbial flora and fauna alters ageing processes and late somatic effects of radiation relatively little.