cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E-035 3D rotational angiography of persistent trigeminal artery aneurysm connecting to the superior cerebellar artery

Introduction Carotid-Basilar Anastomoses were original described in London in 1844 by Quain’s. They are named using the cranial nerves and there are different persistent fetal anastomoses between the carotid and basilar artery including the primitive trigeminal, otic (acoustic), hypoglossal, and pro-atlantal intersegment arteries. Persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is an anatomic anomaly that result of failure the trigeminal artery to regress. PTA is the most common of these that persist into adulthood. Uchino et al, reported an incidence of 0.76% in a study done with MR angiographic.Luh et al, described in 1999, these fetal anastomoses emerge at the 4 to 5 mm embryonic stage, persist for approximately one week, and regress by the time of posterior communicating and vertebral arteries develop. The first to disappear is the optic artery, followed by the hypoglossal artery, the trigeminal artery, and then the pro-atlantal intersegmental artery. We present a patient in whom a variant of PTA aneurysm was incidentally found terminating in the superior cerebellar artery (SCA), Saltzman classification type IIIa. Methods A review of the medical literature using standard search engines was performed to locate articles regarding Carotid-Basilar anastomoses focusing in anatomic variants of the persistent trigeminal artery. Results 61-year-old female who presented with quadriparesis after traumatic cervical spinal cord C4-C5 compression; requiring anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. During pre-operatory work up, she was found to have a posterior circulation aneurysm in CT angiogram. Patient had a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) that showed a persistent trigeminal artery mid segment aneurysm 5.7 mm x 5.5 mm in the dominant hemispheric branch and terminate in the SCA territory (Saltzman classification IIIa). After a DSA patient is schedule for endovascular treatment. Conclusion Persistent trigeminal artery is one of the remnant fetal anastomoses that connect the cavernous segment of carotid artery to the basilar artery. PTA are classified according to angiography by Saltzman in 1959, he reviewed previous reports of PTA along with presenting eight cases and made an angiographic classification dividing in 3 groups. In addition, aneurysms of the PTA are extremely rare in the literature with previous cases reported. This case is unique because there is not report with a 3D rotational DSA of variant PTA aneurysm terminating in the SCA, Saltzman classification type IIIa. Disclosures A. Ravelo: None. R. Williamson: None.
Development of a Flexible Fueled Snowmobile Operating on Ethanol Blended Gasoline for the 2010 SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge

Clean snowmobile technology has been developed and applied to an existing commercially available snowmobile. The goals of this effort included reducing exhaust emissions to levels which are below the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2012 standard. Additionally, noise levels were to be reduced to below the noise mandates of 78 dB(A). Further, this snowmobile can operate using any blend of gasoline and ethanol from E20 to E30. All of these goals were achieved while keeping the cost affordable. Snowmobiling is, after all, a recreational sport; thus the snowmobile must remain fun to drive and cost effective to produce. The details of this design effort including performance data are discussed in this paper. Specifically, the effort to modify a commercially available snowmobile using a three cylinder, four-stroke engine is described. This snowmobile was modified to run on a range of ethanol blended fuels using a closed-loop engine control system. Additionally, a new exhaust system which features customized catalytic converter and mufflers to minimize engine noise and exhaust emissions has been developed.
Targeted proteomics for biomarker discovery and validation of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C infected patients.

Targeted proteomics for biomarker discovery and validation of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C infected patients
The Metadata Education and Research Information Commons (MERIC): A collaborative teaching and research initiative

Article dicsussing the Metadata Education and Research Information Commons (MERIC), a collaborative teaching and research initiative.
Thesaurosis—from hairspray exposure—a nondisease: Validation studies of an epidemiologic survey of cosmetologists

Abstract In a previously reported epidemiologic survey, 25 of 475 cosmetologists and 21 of 569 noncosmetology control subjects demonstrated one or more of three abnormalities (abnormal chest X ray, reduction of forced vital capacity, or diffusion capacity of the lung) that might indicate the presence of “thesaurosis,” a previously described disease attributable to lung storage of components of hair spray. This report describes the results of examining these subjects and equal numbers of matched control subjects approximately 2 years after the original survey. The original survey X rays were reread by two experienced readers of chest X rays and responders received the following examinations: respiratory questionnaire, chest X ray, spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and static pulmonary compliance. With one exception, the responding cosmetologists continued their occupation up to the time of reexamination. Neither the chext X-ray findings nor the results of pulmonary function testing substantiate the concept that there is such a disease as thesaurosis from hairspray exposure.
Equation of state of heated glassy carbon

New Hugoniot data are presented for glassy carbon preheated to 1550 K and shocked to 20 GPa. The high-temperature Hugoniot is very similar to the principal Hugoniot. This results argues against the diffusional mechanism for the shock-induced transformaton of amorphous carbon to diamond, although the present results are obviously limited to below 20 GPa. This study provides the first Higoniot data for carbon preheated to significantly high temperatures.
The profile of snoRNA‐derived microRNAs that regulate expression of variant surface proteins in Giardia lamblia

Summary In the current investigation, we analysed all the known small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) in the deeply branching protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia for potential microRNAs (miRNAs) that might be derived from them. Two putative miRNAs have since been identified by Northern blot, primer extension, 3′ RACE and co-immunoprecipitation with Giardia Argonaute (GlAgo), and designated miR6 and miR10. Giardia Dicer (GlDcr) is capable of processing the snoRNAs into the corresponding miRNAs in vitro. Potential miR6 and miR10 binding sites in Giardia genome were predicted bio-informatically. A miR6 binding site was found at the 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) of 44 variant surface protein (vsp) genes, whereas a miR10 binding site was identified at the 3′ end of 159 vsp open-reading frames. Thirty-three of these vsp genes turned out to contain binding sites for both miR6 and miR10. A reporter mRNA tagged with the 3′ end of vsp1267, which contains the target sites for both miRNAs, was translationally repressed by both miRNAs in Giardia. Episomal expression of an N-terminal c-myc tagged VSP1267 was found significantly repressed by introducing either miR6 or miR10 into the cells and the repressive effects were additive. When the 2′-O-methyl antisense oligos (ASOs) of either miR6 or miR10 was introduced, however, there was an enhancement of tagged VSP1267 expression suggesting an inhibition of the repressive effects of endogenous miR6 or miR10 by the ASOs. Of the total 220 vsp genes in Giardia, we have now found 178 of them carrying putative binding sites for all the miRNAs that have been currently identified, suggesting that miRNAsare likely the regulators of VSP expression in Giardia.
Cigarette Smoking, Weight Gain, and Coronary Mortality Results From the Chicago Western Electric Study

Background Prospective studies of overweight and coronary heart disease (CHD) have presented inconsistent findings. Previous inconsistencies may be explained by the modifying effect of cigarette smoking on the association between weight gain and coronary mortality. Methods and Results We prospectively studied 1531 men 40 to 59 years of age who were employed at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company in Chicago, Ill. Information collected at the initial examination in 1958 included recalled weight at age 20, present weight, height, smoking status, and other CHD risk factors. Vital status was known for all men on the 25th anniversary: 257 CHD deaths occurred over 31 644 person-years of experience. Cox regression analysis was used to investigate risk of coronary mortality associated with change in body mass index (ΔBMI) and its modification by smoking status after adjustment for age, major organ system disease, family history of CHD, and BMI at age 20. Adjustment was not performed for blood press...
Endocrine modulation of physiological responses to catabolic disease

Abstract Disease or endotoxemia alters the plasma concentrations of anabolic hormones, particularly growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I). In general, these hormones are inhibited during the catabolic disease state. A hypothesis has evolved that anabolic hormones might be useful in patients’ recovery under these and other catabolic circumstances. The treatment of cattle with GH has provided significant improvement in the physiological response of the animals to the subsequent injection of bacterial lypopolysaccharide (LPS), perhaps via inhibition of tumor necrisis factor (TNF) release. However, this improved response to disease was not observed with animals treated with GH and infected with one of two parasitic organisms, Sarcocystis cruzi or Eimeria bovis . Recent attempts with other anabolic hormones, estradiol and progesterone, have proven remarkably effective in improving the adaptive physiological responses of calves to either E. bovis infection or to the injection of LPS. All animals displayed signs of infection, but the intensity and duration of symptoms were reduced. Although a mechanism is not yet known, there were no effects on TNF; cortisol; the percentages of lymphocytes expressing CD2, 4, or 8 antigens; or the production of antibodies.
Ultrasound and sonohysterography in the evaluation of abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Although most abnormal vaginal bleeding is caused by hormone imbalance, it can be indicative of disease, including endometrial polyps and hyperplasia, and cancers of the cervix and endometrium [1]. In postmenopausal women, the greatest concern is endometrial cancer, which is now the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States. Because this is curable if detected early, it is important to determine the cause of all cases of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding to avoid missed diagnoses of endometrial cancer. More than 90% of the cases of endometrial cancer occur in women older than 50 years of age, and this disease accounts for approximately5%ofthecasesofvag
Enhancement of rifampin teratogenicity in cultured rat embryos

Abstract The teratogenicity of the semisynthetic antibiotic rifampin (RIF) was investigated in rat embryos cultured from Days 10 to 11. Comparisons were made between the teratogenicity of RIF alone and RIF plus a rat liver fraction and cofactors for cytochrome P-450-mediated monooxygenation. Both groups were compared to vehicle controls. Rifampin without the metabolizing system caused significant retardation of growth but no significant increase in incidence of abnormalities (neural tube defects). Metabolism did not alter the growth-retarding action of the drug but did significantly increase the frequency of neural tube malformation. Exposure to RIF at concentrations from 12.5 to 100 μg/ml medium in the presence of the metabolizing system resulted in concentration-dependent decreases in embryo length, somite number, and protein content. The addition of metyrapone, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 activity, failed to prevent growth retardation but did reduce the incidence of malformations to a rate equal to that produced by the unmetabolized drug. No significant increases in malformation incidence or growth retardation were observed when embryos were cultured with the RIF metabolites, 3-formyl rifamycin, 25-deacetyl rifampin, or rifampin quinone.
Inclusion regions for matrix eigenvalues

We review Lehmann’s inclusion bounds and provide extensions to general (non-normal) matrices. Each inclusion region has a diameter related to the singular values of a restriction of the matrix to a subspace and dependent on either an eigenvector condition number or the departure of the matrix from normality. The inclusion regions are optimal for normal matrices. Similar considerations lead to inclusion bounds based on relative distances expressed analogously in terms of appropriately defined generalized singular values.
ANDROGEN RESPONSIVENESS OF STROMAL CELLS OF THE HUMAN PROSTATE: REGULATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR BY ANDROGEN

AbstractPurpose: Growth and development of the prostate are androgen dependent and mainly influenced by stromal-epithelial interaction. It is believed that indirect androgenic activation of paracrine factors like keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in the prostatic stroma influences the growth of epithelial cells. In this study we investigated the role androgen plays in stromal cell growth and stimulation of KGF in the human prostate.Materials and Methods: Stromal cells were derived from explant primary culture of human normal or benign prostatic tissue. The effect of different dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations on cell proliferation was measured using3 [H]thymidine incorporation assay. The effect of DHT on levels of KGF protein was determined by Western blotting. The effect of DHT on levels of KGF gene expression was measured by various cycles of polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and multiplex PCR.Results: Characterization of stromal cells showed epithelial cells less than 9.5% in all passages. DHT stim...
Clenbuterol in the prevention of muscle atrophy: A study of hindlimb-unweighted rats

Abstract Herrera NM Jr, Zimmerman AN, Dykstra DD, Thompson LV. Clenbuterol in the prevention of muscle atrophy: a study of hindlimb-unweighted rats. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:930-4. Objective: To determine whether the administration of clenbuterol, a β 2 -adrenergic agonist, prevents loss of muscle mass during a period of imposed inactivity. Design: Randomized trial. Setting: Basic laboratory research. Animals: Thirty Fischer 344 Brown Norway F 1 Hybrid rats, 12 and 30 months of age. Interventions: The rats were randomly assigned to a control group, or to 1 of 2 experimental groups: hindlimb unweighted for 2 weeks (HU-2), or hindlimb unweighted with daily injections of clenbuterol for 2 weeks (HU-2Cl). Main Outcome Measures: Muscle mass weighed in milligrams and single fiber cross-sectional area histochemically evaluated. Results: In both age groups, the HU-2 animals had greater muscle atrophy (decrease in muscle mass) in the soleus muscle than the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. In the HU-2Cl groups, the decline in muscle mass of both the soleus and EDL muscles was attenuated by about 4% to 20%. In the HU-2 group, single fiber cross-sectional area decreased for both fiber types (type I, 20%-40%; type II, 37%-50%) in both age groups. Clenbuterol retarded the inactivity-induced decline in single fiber cross-sectional area by 12% to 50%. In the EDL muscles of the HU-2Cl group, we found hypertrophy in both fiber types in the 30-month-old animals and in type I fibers in the 12-month-old animals. Conclusions: Clenbuterol attenuated the decrease in muscle mass and single fiber cross-sectional area in both age groups. By preventing the loss of muscle mass, clenbuterol administered early in rehabilitation may benefit severely debilitated patients imposed by inactivity. The attenuated muscle atrophy found with clenbuterol in the present study provides cellular evidence for the reported change in muscle strength after its administration after knee surgery. Thus, the administration of clenbuterol may lead to a more rapid rate of rehabilitation. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Cluster size optimization in sensor networks with decentralized cluster-based protocols

Network lifetime and energy-efficiency are viewed as the dominating considerations in designing cluster-based communication protocols for wireless sensor networks. This paper analytically provides the optimal cluster size that minimizes the total energy expenditure in such networks, where all sensors communicate data through their elected cluster heads to the base station in a decentralized fashion. LEACH, LEACH-Coverage, and DBS comprise three cluster-based protocols investigated in this paper that do not require any centralized support from a certain node. The analytical outcomes are given in the form of closed-form expressions for various widely-used network configurations. Extensive simulations on different networks are used to confirm the expectations based on the analytical results. To obtain a thorough understanding of the results, cluster number variability problem is identified and inspected from the energy consumption point of view.
Studies of molecular species of the human androgen receptor (AR): comparison of the physicochemical properties of the [3H]methyltrienolone-AR complex formed in cytosol to the complex produced in intact genital skin fibroblasts.

Two forms of the human genital skin fibroblast (GSF) androgen receptor (AR)complexed with [3H]17β-methyltrienolone were compared: 1) the intact complex formedin cytosol at 4 C (broken cell or B/C complex); and 2) the complex formed in the whole cell at 37 C (W/C complex). The intact form of the B/C complex was distinguished from partly degraded forms by the gel filtration profile in 0.5 M KC1. The W/C complex was consideredto represent the transformed state of the receptor. The W/C complex had a smaller molecular radius than the B/C complex by gel filtration (Kav = 0.26–0.28 us. 0.11–0.18).By lowsalt density gradient centrifugation, the B/C complex sedimented at 8.8S and the W/C complex at 6.6S. However, in 0.5 M KC1, each sedimented at 5.IS, and they were homogeneous,indicating that the monomeric forms differed markedly in molecular radius, but by only about 20,000 daltons in calculated mol wt (134,500 us. 114,300 daltons). The complexes were separated from DNA, desalted, and compared by chromatography o...
Electron attachment to thermally excited trichlorotrifluoroethane (1, 1, 2-)

Electron attachment to trichlorotrifluoroethane (1, 1, 2-) was investigated in buffer gases of and Ar using a high-temperature electron swarm apparatus. The negative ion intensity was also measured as a function of electron energy using an electron beam apparatus. The electron attachment rate constant, , was measured in the mean electron energy range, , 0.043 to 4.7 eV and over a temperature, T, range 300 to 700 K in the electron swarm experiments. The electron attachment rate constant was found to first increase slightly with increasing temperature and subsequently decrease for K. Our room-temperature electron beam study showed that 1, 1, 2- attaches electrons predominantly via dissociative negative ion states and revealed that the electron attachment cross section exhibits three main peaks: one at eV producing , a second one at eV due to and a third one at eV also producing . The electron attachment cross sections obtained using an electron swarm-unfolding technique show that the peak at eV observed in the electron beam study is actually composed of three peaks; one at eV and two more at higher electron energies but below 1.5 eV.
Orienting molecular fragments and molecules with residual dipolar couplings

Abstract Many proteins and nucleic acids, as well as their complexes, consist of structural units with a known internal structure. However, relative position of these units within the entity is often a subject of uncertainty. This problem can be effectively addressed with the help of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) measured by solution-state NMR in weakly oriented samples. Using a rigid-body approach, the relative orientation of the structural units can be adjusted to match the experimental RDC data. This paper explains why the rigid-body approach is well suited for application with the RDC data and discusses the general algorithm suitable for such studies. The examples of RDC-based rigid-body treatment involving protein backbone fragments, RNA helices, multidomain proteins, protein-ligand systems, and protein complexes are described in detail. The discussion includes systems where multiple structures co-exist in a dynamic equilibrium. Various degeneracies associated with the RDC data are considered and the methods that can assist in resolving the ambiguities are described. To cite this article: N.R. Skrynnikov, C. R. Physique 5 (2004).
Chronic optical access through a polished and reinforced thinned skull

We present a method to form an optical window in the mouse skull that spans millimeters and is stable for months without causing brain inflammation. This enabled us to repeatedly image blood flow in cortical capillaries of awake mice and determine long-range correlations in speed. We also repeatedly imaged dendritic spines, microglia and angioarchitecture, as well as used illumination to drive motor output via optogenetics and induce microstrokes via photosensitizers.
Integrating information literacy and its assessment into a graduate business course: A collaborative framework

Abstract This article supports the need for information literacy instruction for business students at the graduate level, and describes the use of a collaborative framework for integrating information literacy into a graduate finance course and for assessing the results. The framework provided a guide for a more structured and fuller collaboration between the librarian and the classroom instructor. A checklist for assessing learning outcomes was also developed and was an important instrument for evaluating student performance.
L-citrulline recycling in opossum internal anal sphincter relaxation by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve stimulation

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: L-citrulline formed stoichiometrically along with nitric oxide (1:1) from L-arginine may be enzymatically converted to L- arginine. The possibility of L-citrulline recycling in the maintenance of nitrergic neurotransmission in the opossum internal anal sphincter (IAS) smooth muscle strips was investigated. METHODS: Responses to nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerve stimulation by electrical field stimulation (EFS) (either short-train or continuous stimulation) on the basal IAS tension were recorded before and after the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), L-NNA plus L-citrulline, or L-arginine. During continuous EFS, when the basal IAS tone after the initial relaxation had recovered to almost pre-EFS levels, the effects of L-citrulline or L-arginine were examined before and after L- glutamine, which is a putative blocker of L-citrulline uptake. RESULTS: Inhibition of NANC nerve-mediated IAS relaxation by L-NNA was reversed by L-citrulline as well as L-arginine. L-Citrulline and L-arginine caused concentration-dependent relaxation of the IAS tone recovered during the prolonged EFS. L-Glutamine blocked the responses of L- citrulline but not of L-arginine. Furthermore, L-glutamine increased the speed of recovery of IAS tone during continuous EFS. CONCLUSIONS: L- citrulline recycling may be responsible for the maintenance of IAS relaxation during frequent short-train and prolonged NANC nerve stimulation. (Gastroenterology 1997 Apr;112(4):1250-9)
Two Surfaces of a Conserved Interdomain Linker Differentially Affect Output from the RST Sensing Module of the Bacillus subtilis Stressosome

ABSTRACT The stressosome is a 1.8-MDa cytoplasmic complex that conveys environmental signals to the σB stress factor of Bacillus subtilis. A functionally irreducible complex contains multiple copies of three proteins: the RsbRA coantagonist, RsbS antagonist, and RsbT serine-threonine kinase. Homologues of these proteins are coencoded in different genome contexts in diverse bacteria, forming a versatile sensing and transmission module called RST after its common constituents. However, the signaling pathway within the stressosome itself is not well defined. The N-terminal, nonheme globin domains of RsbRA project from the stressosome and are presumed to channel sensory input to the C-terminal STAS domains that form the complex core. A conserved, 13-residue α-helical linker connects these domains. We probed the in vivo role of the linker using alanine scanning mutagenesis, assaying stressosome output in B. subtilis via a σB-dependent reporter fusion. Substitutions at four conserved residues increased output 4- to 30-fold in unstressed cells, whereas substitutions at four nonconserved residues significantly decreased output. The periodicity of these effects supports a model in which RsbRA functions as a dimer in vivo, with the linkers forming parallel paired helices via a conserved interface. The periodicity further suggests that the opposite, nonconserved faces make additional contacts important for efficient stressosome operation. These results establish that the linker influences stressosome output under steady-state conditions. However, the stress response phenotypes of representative linker substitutions provide less support for the notion that the N-terminal globin domain senses acute environmental challenge and transmits this information via the linker helix.
Something Worth Fighting for: Higher Education for Women on Welfare

The passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA)r estricted access to postsecondary education for women on welfare. This article discusses the consequence...
FIVE SIBLINGS WITH CHRONIC LEAD POISONING

Five siblings aged 5-11 years, children of a smelter worker, living within 500 meters of a primary lead smelter, were found to have persistently raised blood lead levels (above 30μg/dl) on two occasions with at least a two-month interval between measurements). Three of the children had levels greater than 50μg/dl. All had lines of increased density at the lower femoral metaphyses, three had lead lines on their gums and two had hypochromic microcytic anaemia. The eldest also showed reduced nerve conduction velocity. It is likely that these children had lifelong exposure to lead. Renal function studies including serum creatinine level (Cr), urinary aminoacids and urine phosphorus to urine creatinine concentration ratio (UP/UCr) were within normal limits for the their age. Haematological and neurological effects of increased lead absorption have been studied extensively, but there is less information on the renal effects.
Specimen size effect during tensile testing of an unreinforced polymer

Various specimen sizes of an unreinforced polymer, Hercules 3501 -6 thermosetting epoxy, were subjected to a tensile test. The general specimen geometry was a rectangular dog-bone shape with constant gauge length, but with each specimen size having a different crosssectional area. These cross-sectional areas were obtained by varying the thickness of the epoxy during casting, and the gauge section width during grinding. The resulting failure surfaces of the specimens were observed and photographed using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that failure stress, dimensions of the critical flaw which caused failure, and a quantity which is proportional to the fracture toughness, are all correlated with specimen size.
Ion-acoustic instability in a dusty negative ion plasma

Abstract The ion-acoustic instability in a dusty negative ion plasma is investigated, focusing on the parameter regime in which the negative ion density is much larger than the electron density. The dynamics of the massive dust grains are neglected, but collisions of electrons and ions with dust grains in addition to other collisional processes are taken into account. The presence of a population of charged dust can change the frequency of the fast wave, lead to additional damping due to ion–dust collisions, and change the conditions for wave growth. Applications to dusty negative ion plasmas in the laboratory and in space are discussed.
The biological exposure index: its use in assessing chemical exposures in the workplace.

Abstract Human exposure to chemicals in the workplace has traditionally been assessed by determining the concentration of an airborne chemical in the workroom air. More recently, biological monitoring has been used to assess worker uptake of chemicals by all routes of exposure. Both approaches for the assessment of exposure and uptake are complementary. This relationship is examined, along with the advantages and limitations of using biological monitoring. The concept of the biological exposure index (BEI), developed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), and information on the intended use and interpretation of BEIs are described. Examples are presented on the use of biological monitoring in NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations (e.g., carboxyhemoglobin in blood to assess exposure to carbon monoxide, urinary metabolites of trichloroethylene to assess exposure to trichloroethanol, and 2-ethoxyacetic acid in urine to assess exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol). The progress of current research studies on the biological monitoring of volunteers exposed to paint spray solvents is presented, along with speculation on the future directions of biological monitoring research.
Age and Variability in Francis Galton's Data

Between 1888 and 1894, Francis Galton collected measurements from more than 7,500 people of all ages, including some in their 80s. Regression analysis of age on relative variability measured by the coefficient of variability performed on measures of 8 dynamic characteristics (grip strength [right, left], visual [right, left] and auditory threshold, vital capacity, and reaction time [sight, sound]) revealed an increase in variability of performance of men and women for auditory threshold only, contrary to the general claim that variability increases with age. Analysis of variance did, however, show the pattern of decline in the means of performance of these measurements. This pattern appears to characterize contemporary cross-sectional data sets spanning several decades. Although caution regarding conclusions is recommended because of the limitations of the group sampled, the results provide further reason to investigate the limitations of the general statement that variability increases with age.
Methodology for a regional tidal model evaluation, with application to central California

Abstract Observations from disparate observational assets, including tide gauges, moorings, and high-frequency (HF) radars, were used to depict the tidal variability, and to evaluate model tidal simulations, for a region off central California, including the Monterey Bay. For this study, the hydrodynamic model was forced only with tides derived from a large-scale model for the northeast Pacific Ocean. Homogeneous density, and initially horizontally uniform density stratification, cases were considered. The model successfully reproduced tidal sea-surface height variations within the model domain, as determined by comparisons with sea level or bottom pressure measured at six locations. To achieve tidal currents with realistic amplitudes, as determined from HF radar and moored measurements, it was found that barotropic velocity, as well as sea level, from the large-scale regional tidal model must be included in specifying the open-boundary condition. However, even with such forcing, the model with homogeneous density field under-predicted the semidiurnal and diurnal barotropic currents as estimated from depth-averaged currents measured at 11 locations. In the diurnal frequency band, the observed surface and nearshore depth-averaged currents are likely influenced by meteorological forcing, which was not included in the model. The HF radar-measured surface tidal currents, both semidiurnal and diurnal, are consistent from year to year and between the winter season and the entire year. Semidiurnal surface tidal currents derived from year-long HF radar measurements do not resemble either the modeled or measured barotropic current fields. Rather, they exhibit amplitudes and small-scale spatial variability indicative of the presence of internal tides, thus indicating that model-derived barotropic tidal currents cannot be validated over large spatial extents using long time series of HF radar-derived surface currents. With initially horizontally uniform vertical density stratification, the model produced surface currents with spatial variability and amplitude range comparable to what was derived from HF radar surface current measurements, but the point by point comparisons are not impressive for this region of complex topography. Likewise, the subsurface current comparisons, performed at four deepwater locations, show considerable model-data differences. Possible reasons for these disparities include the effects of atmospheric forcing, spatially and temporally varying stratification, remotely generated coastally trapped waves, and remotely generated internal tides.
Urea for preservation of moist hay

Abstract Moist tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) hay was treated with granular urea at rates of between 0 and 220 g urea N kg −1 dry matter (DM) and baled with a conventional baler. Moisture content (MC) at the onset and end of baling were 400 and 280 g kg −1 , respectively. The hay was stacked in small stacks and stored for 35 days. Fifty-six and 91% of the incorporated urea had been hydrolyzed by 4 and 14 days after baling, respectively. Urea hydrolysis elevated pH and lowered bale temperatures relative to untreated hay. Temperatures in untreated bales were above 50°C for 17 days after baling while treated bales were up to 18°C cooler. Treated hay lost significantly less water during storage than untreated hay. Final MC was significantly related to initial MC and the interaction of urea treatment and initial MC. Total bacterial counts were not significantly changed by urea treatment. Initial populations of yeasts and molds were greater than 10 5 colony forming units (CFU) g −1 fresh weight (FW) but were less than 10 1 CFU g −1 FW after 35 days when another 12 g urea N kg −1 DM was added. Dry matter of treated hay retained 32% of initial N added as urea after 14 days of storage. Urea significantly improved in vitro dry matter and cell wall digestibilities in samples taken the day of baling and also after 35 days of storage.
ALOHA to New Learning: Uniting Student and Career Staff Through Training

SUMMARY This article examines staff training from a different perspective, as a means of transmitting organizational culture to student employees through a closer communication between career and student part-time employees. Results of a qualitative survey suggest communication supports multigenerational relationships and administrators who invest in student learning may yield unexpected rewards.
Dynamic three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging of congenital heart defects in infants and children by computer-controlled tomographic parallel slicing using a single integrated ultrasound instrument.

Three-dimensional cardiac reconstruction generated from transesophageal interrogation can be performed using an integrated unit that captures, processes, and postprocesses tomographic parallel slices of the heart. This probe was used for infants and young children in the transthoracic position to evaluate the feasibility of producing three-dimensional cardiac images with capability for realtime dynamic display. Twenty-two infants and children (range 1 day-3.5 years) underwent image acquisition using a 16 mm 5 MHz 64 element probe placed over the precordium. Two infants were also imaged from the subcostal position. Data was obtained and stored over a single cardiac cycle after acceptable cardiac and respiratory gating intervals were met. The transducer was advanced in 0.5-1 mm increments over the cardiac structures using identical acquisition criteria. The images were reconstructed from the stored digital cubic format and could be oriented in any desired plane. In 9 of the 22 infants the images obtained were of optimal quality. The images obtained displayed normal cardiac structures emphasizing depth relationships as well as visualization of planes not generally demonstrated by two-dimensional imaging. Several lesions were also depicted in a unique fashion using this technique. Though the method employed was limited by movement artifact and reconstruction time, the quality of the three-dimensional display was excellent and enhanced by realtime demonstration. The transthoracic approach was successful in capturing sufficient data to create three-dimensional images, which may have further application in more accurate diagnosis of complex cardiac abnormalities and generation of planes of view which could duplicate surgical visualization of a lesion. Further assessment of the technique in infants with congenital heart disease is warranted. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 11, March 1994) echocardiography, three-dimensional echocardiography, three-dimensional reconstruction., ultrasound, congenital heart disease
The parenting partnership: The evaluation of a human service/corporate workplace collaboration for the prevention of substance abuse and mental health problems, and the promotion of family and work adjustment.

A partnership between corporate worksites, a community-based prevention agency, and families in those worksites is described. Its primary goals were the reduction of family risk and enhancement of family protective factors that predispose children and youth to substance abuse and related social and emotional difficulties. A related goal of the program is to reduce family stress levels and attitudes that may influence the parents' levels of risk for substance abuse and related disorder. The program delivery strategy is conceived of as part of the necessart efforts of prevention programs to reach target populations in host settings in which they may naturally participate, thereby reducing obstacles and barriers to participation that often impede prevention efforts. Evaluation revealed that the program was generally better able to retain parents for a fairly lengthy period, and with high rates of attendance. Program attendance was also not affected by parental background characteristics that, in other delivery approaches, are often associated with poor attendance and high drop-out levels. Results also indicated that levels of program exposure (dosage) do make a significant difference in the efficacy of such efforts as those parents in the program who participated in higher percentages and numbers of sessions (i.e. more than 80% of sessions) showed both short-term and longer-term (i.e. across 18 month follow-ups) gains in their ratings of the target child's behavior problems and strengths, substance abuse resistance related knowledge and attitudes, reduced parental stress, depression and irritability, and increased utilization of social support. By contrast, parents who received a low program exposure exhibited a more restricted set of short-term gains. The findings are discussed in terms of their importance for consideration of program dosage for prevention programs, and the need to attend to the context in which programming is offered as it may facilitate or impede efforts to provide levels of dosage and fidelity to create enduring impacts
A Didactic Explanation of Item Bias, Item Impact, and Item Validity from a Multidimensional Perspective

Many researchers have suggested that the main cause of item bias is the misspecification of the latent ability space, where items that measure multiple abilities are scored as though they are measuring a single ability. If two different groups of examinees have different underlying multidimensional ability distributions and the test items are capable of discriminating among levels of abilities on these multiple dimensions, then any unidimensional scoring scheme has the potential to produce item bias. It is the purpose of this article to provide the testing practitioner with insight about the difference between item bias and item impact and how they relate to item validity. These concepts will be explained from a multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) perspective. Two detection procedures, the MantelHaenszel (as modified by Holland and Thayer, 1988) and Shealy and Stout's Simultaneous Item Bias (SIB; 1991) strategies, will be used to illustrate how practitioners can detect item bias. The purpose of most standardized tests is to distinguish between ability levels of examinees and thereby rank order individuals. To rank examinees accurately requires that all of the items in a test discriminate between levels of the same purported ability. Problems are encountered when a test contains items that discriminate between levels of several different abilities or several different composites of abilities. Unfortunately, because ordering is a unidimensional concept, researchers cannot order examinees on two or more abilities at the same time, unless they base their ranking on, for example, the weighted sum of each skill being measured. Specifically, if a test is multidimensional, there is no unique one-to-one mapping between an examinee's estimated unidimensional ability and an examinee's underlying composite of abilities. To study the relationship between an examinee's latent ability and the probability of a correct response, researchers can use probabilistic models of item response theory (IRT) that describe the interaction of an examinee's level of ability and the difficulty and discrimination parameters of an item. In most cases, practitioners use unidimensional IRT models, even though an examinee's score may reflect a composite of abilities. Problems related to this model misspecification have plagued psychometricians for years, especially when they try to model cognitive processes (cf., Traub, 1983). It is important that practitioners who use IRT models realize that items and examinees interact and that this interaction needs to be closely examined. The interaction between a group of examinees and items on a test may be unidimen
M-Government for Emergency Notifications

This study examines the use of mobile devices for the delivery of emergency notifications to end users from a mobile government (m-government) perspective. The study is informed by the task-technology fit model, technology acceptance models, and the literature on emergency management. Our findings indicate that the task, technology, behavioral, and to a lesser extent situational characteristics affect the use of m-government for the delivery of emergency notifications. Additional themes of equity and dependence emerge as relevant to user perceptions. This paper contributes to the m-government literature by examining and presenting findings relevant to emergency management and provides insights on the user perceptions of m-government for emergency notifications. This study also has implications for all levels of government including local, state, and federal. Lastly, as mobile technology use grows in the public domain this type of study advances the goal of using information and communications technologies (ICTs) to benefit human well-being.
The numerical experiment in fluid mechanics

Several aspects of the use of digital computers to generate solutions of equations of interest to fluid mechanics are discussed. The inter-disciplinary nature of the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is emphasized: the dependence on strides in computer technology, the impact of advances in algorithm development, the continuous interaction with laboratory experiment and analytical theory. The particular role of that mode of computer usage usually referred to as the numerical experiment is highlighted. ‘Experiments’ of this type have played a central role in establishing concepts such as the soliton and the strange attractor as paradigms within fluid mechanics. The ambitious goal of providing digital counterparts to laboratory equipment such as the wind tunnel is considered. The possibility of abandoning the Eulerian representation of flow fields in favour of following swarms of Lagrangian particles on a computer is stressed. Issues arising from and results of using this methodology are reviewed. Computer simulations are contrasted with computer generated animation. The paper concludes with speculations on future developments.
Model-based control strategies in the dynamic interaction of air supply and fuel cell

AbstractModel-based control strategies are utilized to analyse and optimize the transient behaviour of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell system consisting of air and fuel supply subsys...
Structural, electronic and optical properties of (Sc,Y)N solid solutions

Abstract The refractory nitrides ScN and YN are candidate semiconductors for optoelectronic and DMS applications. Studies have included alloying ScN with other III–V semiconductors such as GaN to engineer the electronic, optical and structural properties. We suggest that ScN–YN and higher order alloys will lead to further control of these properties. We demonstrate complete solid solubility in the ScN–YN system through analysis of sputter deposited composition-spread thin films. Characterization of electrical, optical and structural properties is presented as a function of composition, demonstrating excellent epitaxy, high mobility, high absorptivity and high energy optical gap across the entire composition range.
Principles of axonal collateralization of laminae II-III pyramids in area 17 of squirrel monkey: A quantitative golgi study

Abstract The rapid Golgi method was employed to study area 17 of infant squirrel monkeys in order to obtain quantitative data on the number and laminar origin of axon collaterals of pyramidal cells, the somata of which reside in laminae II-III. Counts of axon collaterals were made only on pyramidal cells with apical dendrites that could be followed to lamina I and axons that could be followed to the white matter. A total of 115 pyramidal neurons met these criteria. The data revealed that the descending axons of pyramidal cells in laminae II-III give off an average of 3 collaterals in laminae II-III and 3 collaterals in lamina V; no collaterals are given off in other laminae.
The effects of feeding by the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) on the benthic microbial community

Abstract Sediments in which a sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) (Echinodermata), had fed, were analyzed by multiple biochemical methods to determine which members of the microbial community were utilized as food and the effects of the feeding disturbance on microbial activity. Included in the study were both field and microcosm experiments. Feeding by M. quinquiesperforata increased the zone of oxidized sediment, and decreased several lipid components of the microbiota and the number of vital staining foraminifera without significantly changing the total chlorophyll a , the proportion of lipid components, or the rate of acetate incorporation into lipid. These findings, in agreement with literature reports concerning sediment grain size selection and gut content analysis, demonstrate that M. quinquiesperforata selectively feeds on microeucaryotes and the bacteria attached to the silt and clay fraction of the sediments. Comparison of the field and microcosm experiments illustrates not only the value of microcosm experiments, but a need for careful evaluation of the changes induced by bringing sediments into the laboratory and how these changes will affect the process under study.