cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The sea-bird wreck on the coast of Niigata Prefecture

Between October and April, many sea-birds have been found dead on the beach on Niigata coast concentrated in Kashiwazaki area. This part is south of Sado I. and east of Noto Peninsula and owing to this situation, winds and sea currents are very complicated. Since 1959 to 1965, 16 species, 73 birds were collected and the correlations with temperature and winds were considered (possibly positive with day variation in temperature and wind velocity and consequent waves). From the sea currents and the state (freshness) of drifted birds, the distribution of these birds in March and November was estimated.
Acceptability of dating violence and expectations of relationship harm among adolescent girls exposed to intimate partner violence.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the factors that contribute to adolescents' perceptions of the acceptability of dating violence, particularly among girls who have witnessed intimate partner violence (IPV). Drawing on relevant theory, the current study tests a path model linking frequency of witnessing IPV in childhood, sexist beliefs, and automatic relationship-to-harm associations to acceptability of dating violence. METHOD: Participants were 79 female adolescents with a mean age of 16.08 years (SD = 1.52) involved in the child welfare system. Participants self-reported frequency of witnessing IPV in childhood, ambivalent sexism, and acceptability of dating violence. A lexical-decision task assessed implicit relationship-to-harm priming, which reflects the degree to which people automatically assume that relationships include harm. RESULTS: Consistent with hypotheses, frequency of witnessing IPV was significantly associated with strength of implicit relationship-to-harm associations. Implicit relationship-to-harm associations and hostile sexism were significantly associated with girls' attitudes that dating violence is acceptable. There was a significant indirect effect of witnessing IPV and acceptability of dating violence through relationship-to-harm associations. CONCLUSION: The current study provides information that is relevant to dating violence intervention among adolescent girls. Interventions that target girls' schema about relationships-making explicit that healthy relationships do not involve harm-and include education about sexism in society are likely to decrease dating violence risk over time. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Economic Substance and The Laws of Interest: A Comparison of Jewish and U.S. Federal Tax Law

Both Jewish law and U.S. Federal tax law define interest broadly as a payment for the use of money. Nonetheless, the two systems diverge widely when determining whether particular transactions involve interest. In particular, while both systems struggle with the question of when to respect the form of a transaction and when to take account of the underlying economic reality, they often resolve the question differently. Comparing the different approaches to the laws of interest reveals how underlying goals, practical constraints, and structure of the legal system affect the development of the law.
Utilizing Biochemical Analyses as a Predictor for Structural Alterations of Fibroblasts Exposed to Adhesives in Combination with Nifedipine and Periodontal Pathogens

Many cofounding factors affect the health of the oral cavity. Clinicians must be aware of medications that can affect the periodontium. In addition, there must be a thorough knowledge of interactions that may be resultant due to interactions between a disease state and medications. Two of the most common infections of the oral cavity are dental caries and periodontal disease. Each alone negatively impacts the health of patients, however, in combination the effects may be detrimental. Previous studies have examined the outcomes of fibroblast morphology when exposed to the combination of dental adhesives and Nifedipine. The aim of the study was to utilize biochemical analyses as a predictor of structural alterations of fibroblasts exposed to adhesives in combination with Nifedipine and the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. The fibroblasts were exposed to 0.1g of dental adhesives (PMMA, OptiBond®, and Prime & Bond®) in combination with Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide (2µL) and Nifedipine (10µL) for 48 Hours. Biocinchonic acid assay (BCA), reduced glutathione, and lactate dehydrogenase were the biochemical analyses utilized. When assessing metabolic activity, oxidative stress levels, and membrane damage, there were significant differences amongst the experimental groups compared to the control (PP
Comparing the statistical distributions of energy efficiency in manufacturing: meta-analysis of 24 Case studies to develop industry-specific energy performance indicators (EPI)

There is growing interest among policy makers and others regarding the role that industrial energy efficiency can play in mitigation of climate change. For over 10 years, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has supported the development of sector-specific industrial energy efficiency case studies using statistical analysis of plant level on energy use, controlling for a variety of plant production activities and characteristics. These case studies are the basis for the ENERGY STAR® Energy Performance Indicators (EPIs). These case studies fill an important gap by estimating the distribution of efficiency using detailed, sector-specific, plant-level data. These estimated distributions allow Energy Star to create “energy-efficient plant benchmarks” in a variety of industries using the upper quartile of the estimated efficiency distribution. Case studies have been conducted for 14 broad industries, 2 dozen sectors, and many more detailed product types. This paper is a meta-analysis of the approach that has been used in this research and the general findings regarding the estimated distribution of performance within and across industries. We find that there are few sectors that are well represented by a simple “energy per widget” benchmark that less energy-intensive sectors tend to exhibit a wider range of within-industry efficiency than energy-intensive sectors, but changes over time in the level and range of energy efficiency do not reveal any single pattern.
Fetal cardiac function in fetal cardiac bypass

Objective To study the effects of fetal lamb cardiac bypass on the fetal cardiac function.Methods Eight ewes at gestation of 120 to 140 days have nine fetus which were randomly divided into control group (n = 4) and fetal bypass group (n = 5). Control group underwent sham procedure that fetal stemotomy was performed.Bypass group underwent fetal cardiac bypass with cen- trifugal pump and placenta for 30 minutes.Fetal mean blood pressure,heart rate and bleed gas data were recorded before bypass,30 minutes during bypass,1 hour after cessation of bypass,2 hour after cessation of bypass.Tei index of two ventricles and pulse index of umbilical arteries were recorded with ultrasonography.Plasma troponin I was assayed.Ultrastructure of fetal myocardium was recorded,Results Fetal mean blood pressure and heart rate of two groups have no changes during the experiment time.The umbilical pulse index of bypass group elevated significantly compared with control group (P0.05).Tei index of left and right ventricle of by- pass group increase remarkably compared with control group (P0.05).There was no significant difference in Tei index between left and right ventricle.Fetal lambs in bypass group showed hypercarbia and acidosis after cessation of bypass(P0.05).Fetal arterial oxygen tension of two groups remained normal.Plasma troponin I in bypass group increased remarkably compared with control group (P0.05).Ultrastrcutrue of myocardium show the decrease of glycogen in myocyte of bypass group.Conclusion Fetal cardiac by- pass is detrimental to the fetal! cardiac function,which may interact with fetal-placental circulation and further worsen the fetal circu- lation.
Double-Row Capsulolabral Repair Increases Load to Failure and Decreases Excessive Motion.

Purpose Using a cadaver shoulder instability model and load-testing device, we compared biomechanical characteristics of double-row and single-row capsulolabral repairs. We hypothesized a greater reduction in glenohumeral motion and translation and a higher load to failure in a mattress double-row capsulolabral repair than in a single-row repair. Methods In 6 matched pairs of cadaveric shoulders, a capsulolabral injury was created. One shoulder was repaired with a single-row technique, and the other with a double-row mattress technique. Rotational range of motion, anterior-inferior translation, and humeral head kinematics were measured. Load-to-failure testing measured stiffness, yield load, deformation at yield load, energy absorbed at yield load, load to failure, deformation at ultimate load, and energy absorbed at ultimate load. Results Double-row repair significantly decreased external rotation and total range of motion compared with single-row repair. Both repairs decreased anterior-inferior translation compared with the capsulolabral-injured condition, however, no differences existed between repair types. Yield load in the single-row group was 171.3 ± 110.1 N, and in the double-row group it was 216.1 ± 83.1 N ( P = .02). Ultimate load to failure in the single-row group was 224.5 ± 121.0 N, and in the double-row group it was 373.9 ± 172.0 N ( P = .05). Energy absorbed at ultimate load in the single-row group was 1,745.4 ± 1,462.9 N-mm, and in the double-row group it was 4,649.8 ± 1,930.8 N-mm ( P = .02). Conclusions In cases of capsulolabral disruption, double-row repair techniques may result in decreased shoulder rotational range of motion and improved load-to-failure characteristics. Clinical Relevance In cases of capsulolabral disruption, repair techniques with double-row mattress repair may provide more secure fixation. Double-row capsulolabral repair decreases shoulder motion and increases load to failure, yield load, and energy absorbed at yield load more than single-row repair.
Coagulopathies of liver disease

Disturbed liver parenchymal cell function adversely impacts on the hemostasis system, the extent of which correlates with the degree of liver disease. Because liver parenchymal cells synthesize most factors of the clotting and the fibrinolytic systems, levels of these procoagulant and anticoagulant as well as profibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic factors will decrease in plasma. These changes may be minor in patients with mild liver disease but are severe in patients with cirrhosis. Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy usually complicate the clinical presentation, and systemic activation of the fibrinolytic system is always seen in cirrhotic individuals. Whether this fibrinolytic activation is primary or secondary in response to DIC is controversial. Some of the laboratory findings in DIC may be a reflection of decreased hepatic clearance of activation products by the reticuloendothelial system of the diseased liver. In patients with vitamin K deficiency or in those receiving oral anticoagulants, only the vitamin K-dependent procoagulants and anticoagulants are altered; all other parameters remain in the normal range. Laboratory changes associated with various surgical interventions involving the liver depend on the underlying pathology. Severe hemorrhages are encountered during orthotopic liver transplantation. During the anhepatic phase and during the reperfusion phase, there is a major activation of the fibrinolytic system. It is unclear whether this fibrinolytic response is primary or secondary. The use of antifibrinolytic agents has markedly reduced the clinical bleeding and, thus, the requirement for blood and blood products. Bleeding associated with partial liver resection is usually mechanical in nature, but peritoneovenous shunt operations can result in DIC. Ascites fluid is the trigger. The injection of thrombin containing sclerosants can also activate the hemostasis system in vivo, although, generally, no clinically detectable adverse reactions are noted.
Social Authority and Minority Status: Problems of Internalization and Alienation Among Japanese and Koreans in Diverse Cultural Settings

Hobbes was incorrect in generalizing that dominant force alone can keep human societies together. Systems based too directly or exclusively on force are inherently unstable, although at a great economic and social price they may persist for some time. But for the appearance and continuance of some relatively stable social forms, there has to be a proportion of individuals in a society who come to believe that the potentially coercive force of exercised authority is also moral and legitimate. A good proportion of individuals develop a sense of voluntary adhesion or loyalty to a state. In so doing they are expressing some form of ‘social identity’.
P35. On the use of an on-line amorphous silicon detector for patient’s positioning in total body irradiation

Introduction In 1994, to improve the quality of total body irradiation (TBI) treatments and reduce treatment times, we developed a dedicated chair to treat patients in a seating position [1] . In 2015, we have replaced films with an on-line amorphous silicon detector in order to be even faster and precise. Materials/Methods The verification of the correct position of lung block shields, typically used to reduce lung doses, was initially made using silver halide films and later on using digital film (KODAK ACR-2000i). Time between one image acquisition and film development was of the order of 3-4 min. At our last linac replacement, we recovered a Varian Medical Systems electronic portal imaging device (EPID) to try to use it as replacement of films for on-line imaging TBI. The EPID is mounted against the wall of the treatment bunker via a dedicated mobile support. Its displacement in and out of the field is made remotely at the linac console. Image acquisition needs only 1 monitor unit. This system is coupled and controlled by the linac via a switch allowing it to be used in place of the MV EPID, though using a separate dedicated imaging station. Images are reviewed on the fly by the doctor and later exported on the R&V system in the patient’s image folder. Results With this new imaging system, the visualization of the correct lung block position is more rapid and of better quality than with the previous systems. This rapidity allows: to more easily re-acquire images for optimal lung shielding, to monitor the patients during as well as at the end of the treatment. Treatment session time is reduced by 5–10 min or more, depending on the number of images acquired. These control images are also available in the digital folder of the patient for revision during board meetings. Conclusions This system allows for a better positioning of lung blocks before treatment and mostly reduces treatments times, with a better comfort of the patient. Next step should be to improve the EPID radiation hardness to implement cine mode image acquisition. Such a system could also be used to monitor other TBI treatment configurations.
Polycaprolactone-polymethyl methacrylate electrospun blends for biomedical applications

Electrospinning is one of most versatile process to fabricate porous scaffolds in biomedical field. Synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) provide excellent properties for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties. PCL-PMMA electrospun blends combine compressive/tensile properties of individual polymers as well as biocompatibility/biodegradability. Together with porosity of scaffold, drug/nutrient supply is required in tissue regeneration and healing. High pressure CO2 has been investigated to plasticize many biopolymers and impregnate drugs in scaffolds. This study explores several compositions of PCL-PMMA electrospun scaffolds for morphological and mechanical properties. These scaffolds are impregnated with hydrophilic (Rhodamine B) and hydrophobic (Fluorescein) dyes using high pressure CO2 and air plasma treatment. Furthermore, release profiles of dyes have been studied from thin films and porous scaffolds to understand several controlling factors for controlled release applications. Results show dye-polymer interactions, CO2 impregnation and stress relaxation of electrospun fibers are key factors in release profile from electrospun fibers. This study is a step forward in developing PCL-PMMA based electrospun scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Molecular Breast Imaging: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Molecular breast imaging (MBI), also called breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI), has been an integral component of our breast imaging practice for over a decade. Unlike mammography and ultrasound that are based on anatomy, MBI is a physiologic approach to breast cancer detection. MBI detects additional foci of occult breast cancer in 9.0% of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, has a high sensitivity for detecting high-risk lesions, and detects 98% of invasive breast cancer and 91.0% of ductal carcinoma in situ. Furthermore, in surveillance of high-risk women, BSGI/MBI detects occult cancer in up to 16.5 per 1000 women. This modality is increasingly being used to assess response to treatment in women undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and for adjunct screening in women with dense breasts. It has been shown to influence surgical management in nearly a quarter of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. The Society of Nuclear Imaging has established clinical indications and The American College of Radiology has established appropriateness criteria as well as an accreditation program for MBI. A BIRADS-like lexicon for MBI has also been described. Initially, MBI utilized 10-20 mCi of 99 mTc sestamibi, however, recent studies have reported the use of 5-10 mCi with equal sensitivity to the higher dose of radiotracer. There are over 300 studies in the literature about MBI/BSGI with increasing integration of MBI into clinical practice. This chapter will describe the history, current literature and indications, clinical use, approach to biopsy and integration of MBI into clinical practice.
Women in Orthopaedic Surgery: Population Trends in Trainees and Practicing Surgeons.

Background American medical schools have gradually achieved balance in the sex of medical graduates over the past 4 decades. However, orthopaedic surgery has remained disproportionately male-dominated. Our aim was to quantify this discrepancy across surgical specialties at the residency training and academic faculty levels. We additionally sought to evaluate the prevalence of women in orthopaedic subspecialty and research societies. Methods Publicly available data from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) for the 2005-2006 to 2016-2017 academic years were pooled for analysis of sex in surgical residency programs. The AAMC 2016 Faculty Roster provided data on the sex composition of academic medical faculty, including rank. Current subspecialty and research society membership demographic characteristics were obtained by directly contacting each group. Results Female orthopaedic surgery residents represented 0.92% of all female medical residents in the 2016-2017 academic year. Orthopaedic surgery remains the medical specialty with the lowest proportion of female residents at 14.0% in the 2016-2017 academic year, up from 11.0% in the 2005-2006 academic year. The percentage increase over this time period (27.3%) lags behind other male-dominated fields such as neurological surgery (56.8%) and thoracic surgery (111.2%). Women account for 17.8% of full-time orthopaedic surgery faculty at American medical schools, lower than all other medical specialties. In the 2015-2016 academic year, 1 orthopaedic surgery department chair and only 8.7% of professors of orthopaedic surgery were female. Women make up 6.5% of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) membership. The specialty societies with the fewest women are The Knee Society (0.5%), The Hip Society (0.6%), and the Cervical Spine Research Society (1.5%). Conclusions Orthopaedic surgery's slow increase in the number of female residents and academic faculty lags behind that of other specialties. The lack of female orthopaedic surgeons in higher ranks within medical schools is detrimental to recruitment of female medical students to the field. Further efforts should be made toward increasing medical student exposure to orthopaedics and to female mentors in an effort to ensure that the field continues to attract the nation's top medical graduates.
Hematologic Impact of Fluid Replacement

Intravenous fluids can be characterized as both fluids and as medications. They have a role in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, as well as a local drug effect on the tissue bed. This chapter is focused on the composition of intravenous fluids, intravascular volume resuscitation, and the impact of fluids on electrolytes and acid-base balance – including the adverse effects of hyperchloremia on clinical outcomes, as well as the role of fluids in coagulation. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the endothelial glycocalyx, its role in fluid homeostasis, as well as the harmful effects of volume overload. Optimal volume management is briefly discussed within the context of goal-directed fluid management and large blood component replacement.
Thieno[3,4-c]thiophenes: novel synthesis of 1,3-dicarbomethoxy-4,6-dicyanothieno[3,4-c]thiophene

Abstract The first thieno[3,4-c]thiophene bearing all EWGs has been synthesized and found to be very stable.
Hemolysis and Nonhemorrhagic Stroke During Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Background Hemolysis, even at low levels, activates platelets to create a prothrombotic state and is common during mechanical circulatory support. We examined the association of low-level hemolysis (LLH) and nonhemorrhagic stroke during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) support. Methods A single-center retrospective review of all adult patients placed on VA ECMO from January 2012 to September 2017 was conducted. To determine the association between LLH and nonhemorrhagic stroke, patients were categorized as those with and without LLH. LLH was defined by 48-hour plasma free hemoglobin (PFHb) of 11 to 50 mg/dL after VA ECMO implantation. Results Of 201 patients who underwent VA ECMO placement, 150 (75%) met inclusion criteria and comprised the study population. They were 55 ± 14 years of age and 50 (33%) were women. Sixty-two (41%) patients had LLH. Patients with LLH had a higher likelihood of incident nonhemorrhagic stroke during VA ECMO support (20 [32%] versus 4 [5%]; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 7.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2 to 25.9; p = 0.001). The severity of LLH was associated with an incrementally higher likelihood of a nonhemorrhagic stroke (PFHb 26 to 50 mg/dL: HR, 11.3; 95% CI, 3.6 to 35.1; p = 0.001; PFHb 11 to 25 mg/dL: HR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.36 to 14.85; p = 0.014) in comparison with no LLH. Those with LLH had a 2-fold greater increase in mean platelet volume after VA ECMO placement (0.98 ± 1.1 fL versus 0.49 ± 0.96 fL; p = 0.03). Patients with a nonhemorrhagic stroke had a higher operative mortality (20 [83%] versus 57 [45%]; adjusted HR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.8 to 5.3; p Conclusions Hemolysis at low levels during VA ECMO support is associated with subsequent nonhemorrhagic stroke.
Generative models for graph-based protein design

Engineered proteins offer the potential to solve many problems in biomedicine, energy, and materials science, but creating designs that succeed is difficult in practice. A significant aspect of this challenge is the complex coupling between protein sequence and 3D structure, with the task of finding a viable design often referred to as the inverse protein folding problem. We develop relational language models for protein sequences that directly condition on a graph specification of the target structure. Our approach efficiently captures the complex dependencies in proteins by focusing on those that are long-range in sequence but local in 3D space. Our framework significantly improves in both speed and robustness over conventional and deep-learning-based methods for structure-based protein sequence design, and takes a step toward rapid and targeted biomolecular design with the aid of deep generative models.
Robotic Swarm Dispersion Using Gradient Descent Algorithm

Robotic swarms can be used in applications ranging from mapping and exploring to sensing, emergency relief, and many others. The increasing sizes of these swarms makes it necessary to use simple inexpensive individual robots to keep a reasonable total cost. This usually leads to robots with very limited capabilities. With these limitations, swarm designers must rely on software to enable the robots to efficiently perform essential tasks such as deployment, congregation, and navigation. This paper addresses the particular problem of robotic swarm dispersion. We present and test a method that uses the strength of the robots' radio signals and the gradient descent algorithm to achieve an efficient swarm dispersion. The results show that, with swarms of 3, 5, 7, and 10 robots, the suggested method can consistently increase the average distance from a robot to the center of the swarm and consequently increase the swarm's coverage area.
Abstract P531: Immigrants Prioritize Language Over Geography When Accessing Health Care

Introduction: Nationally, New York City (NYC) has one of the largest immigrant populations and highest gentrification rates. Satellite ethnic enclaves are increasingly prevalent as residents reloca...
Example of the use of the BLT equation for EM field propagation and coupling calculations

This paper provides a numerical verification of the extended BLT (Baum-Liu-Tesche) equation for a transmission-line structure located in the vicinity of a perfect ground plane. The line is excited by a nearby infinitesimal current element, and as a consequence, it is illuminated by a spherical wave having a 1/r falloff of the field intensity. Using suitable Green's functions for the ground-plane effects, an extended BLT equation for the transmission-line voltages and the E field at observation locations is formulated. Solutions are obtained both numerically and symbolically. One key issue in this analysis is including both the common-mode (antenna) and differential-mode (transmission-line) contributions to the scattered field from the line. At the conclusion of this paper, there are several suggestions of future work that could be performed in this area.
How Social Networks Dynamics can Affect Collaborative Decision Making on Crowdfunding Platforms.

Despite the increasing phenomena that social interactions among contributors by emerging technologies influence crowdfunding decision making, little is known about how social network dynamics formed by these social interactions affect contributors’ decision making. Drawing on a data set collected from an economic experiment conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), we use a social network approach to investigate the effects of social network structure on collaborative decision making under a crowdfunding setting. Comparing four standard network structures – null, star, weak ties, mesh - Our analysis shows that the mesh network yields the best group collaboration performance, with social information displayed. The result of this research provides a specific and nuanced angle of the importance of social networks in emerging technology – enabled online crowdfunding.
Introduction to a Special Section on COVID-19 and Schooling in the U.S.: Disruption, Continuity, Quality, and Equity

Globalization brings benefits such as economic growth and exposure to new products and people. Yet it also brings risks, as shown most recently by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we introduce a specia...
Seeing Class in Ladders: An Integrated Approach to Subjective Status and Health Inequality:

Subjective social status, or one’s perceived rank within society, predicts individual health, often matching objective socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education or income in this capa...
Boundaries and Journalistic Authority in Newspaper Coverage of the Hutchins Report

In the weeks following its March 1947 release, the much-anticipated Hutchins Commission’s report on the press prompted intense US newspaper coverage on both news pages and in editorial columns. Usi...
The Hepatic Receptor for Asialoglycoproteins: Search for a Function

During the last half decade increased interest has been directed towards an understanding of the mechanism whereby cell surface receptor expression is modulated. A number of receptors have become available for such examination, including the glucocorticoid receptor of hepatoma cells (Okret et al, 1986), the transferrin receptor in K562 cells (Rouault et al, 1985; Mattia et al, 1984), the EGF receptor in KB cells (Fearn and King, 1985), as well as the LDL receptor in rat hepatocytes (Ma et al, 1986; Larkin et al, 1985). In short, the expression of cell surface receptors has been shown to reflect regulatory mechanisms enabling the cell to adapt itself to changing metabolic priorities.
Agent simulation of peer review: the PR-1 model

Peer review lies at the core of current scientific research. It is composed of a set of social norms, practices and processes that connect the abstract scientific method with the society of people that apply the method. As a social construct, peer review should be understood by building theory-informed models and comparing them with data collection. Both these activities are evolving in the era of automated computation and communication: new modeling tools and large bodies of data become available to the interested scholar. In this paper, starting from abstract principles, we develop and present a model of the peer review process. We also propose a working implementation of a subset of the general model, developed with Jason, a framework that implements the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model for multi agent systems. After running a set of simulations, varying the initial distribution of reviewer skill, we compare the aggregates that our simplified model produces with recent findings, showing how for some parameter choice the model can generate data in qualitative agreement with measures.
INTRACELLULAR COMPOSITION AND HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS IN SEVERE CHRONIC INFANTILE MALNUTRITION II. Composition of Tissues

Data obtained in a study of chemical composition of tissues in malnourished pre-school children are reported. In most cases, muscle and skin show an increase in total content of water, sodium and chloride. These changes are less striking but persist during "dehydration" judged on clinical grounds. The content of potassium in muscle was slightly to moderately decreased particularly in clinically edematous children. Edematous patients also had a markedly decreased intracellular concentration of potassium. In general, no correlation between intracellular concentration of sodium and potassium was found in muscle. Muscle obtained shortly before death or immediately after death frequently showed a marked shift of water and sodium into the intracellular compartment. A low ratio of concentration of potassium to noncollagenous nitrogen as compared to normals generally was observed. The skins of subjects without clinically demonstrable edema had comparable amounts of water but less fat per unit of dry fat-free solids than those of children with pitting edema. No particular correlation was found between overhydration and increase in content of the ("excess") chloride of the non-extracellular phase.
Effect of salts on inhibition of chicken muscle adenosine monophosphate deaminase by phosphate esters and inorganic phosphate. Effect of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)on enzyme activity and inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid.

Abstract Inhibition of purified AMP-deaminase from chicken breast muscle by phosphate esters and inorganic phosphate has been investigated. When tested at a concentration of 3 mm, in the presence of 0.15 m potassium chloride, the order of effectiveness as inhibitors of deaminase activity was: 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, 2-phosphoglyceric acid, 2-phosphoenolpyruvate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, ribose 5-phosphate, β-glycerophosphate l-α-glycerophosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, and fructose 1-phosphate. Inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, 2-phosphoenolpyruvate, and l-α-glycerophosphate was also tested in the absence of potassium chloride; the degree of inhibition was depressed. In contrast to inhibition by phosphate esters, addition of potassium chloride sharply reduced the degree of inhibition by inorganic phosphate. The effects of salts on enzyme activity and inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid have been compared. When tested at 0.15 m salt and in the presence of 95 µm 5'-AMP, the order of effectiveness as activators of enzyme activity was potassium chloride, lithium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, rubidium chloride, cesium chloride, and tetramethylammonium chloride. Ammonium, rubidium, potassium, and sodium chlorides enhanced the level of inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid approximately 2-fold. The effect was somewhat less with tetramethylammonium chloride and was negligible with lithium chloride. The role of sulfhydryl groups in inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, with and without sodium chloride, and their effect on catalytic activity have also been investigated. Native deaminase, as well as enzyme which had been denatured in 0.3% sodium dodecyl sulfate, was titrated with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). It was found that six, out of a total of 26, sulfhydryl groups per mole of enzyme, can be substituted without loss of deaminase activity. Inhibition by 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid was not altered by treatment with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid).
Evidence for nuclear synthesis of lactic dehydrogenase in rat liver.

Abstract Rats were given radioactive l-leucine by intravenous injection. At times ranging from 30 sec to 4 hours after injection, livers were frozen in situ, lyophilized, and separated into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions in nonaqueous solvents. In each of the fractions thus prepared, the following were determined: (a) concentration of free labeled amino acid, (b) specific activity of the total protein, and (c) specific radioactivity of the lactic dehydrogenase. The injected amino acid entered both the cytoplasm and nucleus very rapidly, reaching a maximum concentration at about 1 min after injection. The level then diminished. Throughout the experimental period, the concentration of free labeled leucine was the same in the nucleus as in the cytoplasm. The curves obtained by plotting specific activity of total protein against time after injection of the labeled amino acid were similar for the cytoplasm and nucleus. After an initial lag of less than 1 min, both curves rose rapidly for 20 min, then leveled off. The similarity between the two curves is interpreted to indicate that protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm, and that the rate of protein synthesis is roughly comparable at these two sites. Such an interpretation depends upon the assumption that movement of proteins between the cytoplasm and nucleus is, in general, a slow process, an assumption for which there is considerable evidence in the literature. The curves obtained by plotting specific radioactivity of lactic dehydrogenase against time after injection of the labeled amino acid were again very similar for the cytoplasm and nucleus. As for total protein, both curves rose rapidly for about 20 min, following an initial short lag, then leveled off. The similarity between these two curves suggests that lactic dehydrogenase is synthesized in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm, and that the rate of synthesis is about the same at the two loci. This interpretation depends upon the assumption that movement of the enzyme between the cytoplasm and nucleus occurs slowly.
Beam Buckling by Finite Element Procedure

A finite element procedure for determining the critical buckling load for three-dimensional structures idealized by planar two-dimensional elements is presented. This procedure is applicable to structures whose instabilities involve small displacements and elastic behavior, i.e., linear elastic buckling. Local and overall structural instabilities may be treated together with complex loading and support conditions. The smallest eigenvalue corresponding to the smallest buckling load is determined by an inverse iteration procedure. The accuracy of this finite element procedure is evaluated by comparison with a number of problems for which classical solutions are available. A simply supported wide-flange beam with a stiffener, lateral restraints, and various rotational restraints is presented to illustrate the versatility of the procedure as well as the effect of the restraints on the buckling load. In addition, a comparison between the subject procedure and recent experimental results on a continuous wide-flange beam is presented.
A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians

A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians. Thomas Biolsi, ed. Williston, VT: Blackwell Publishers, 2004. 567 pp.
Stereoselectivity in the Outer-Sphere Reduction of Nickel(IV) Bis(oxime-imine) Complexes by [Co(phen)3]2+

Cinetique et mecanisme de l'oxydation de [Co(phen) 3 ] 2+ , [Co(bpy) 3 ] 2+ , [Co(Me 2 phen) 3 ] 2+ par les complexes bis-(oxime-imine)-Ni(IV). L'importance des stereoselectivites indique une interaction intime entre les reactifs
IL-2-activated murine newborn liver NK cells enhance engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells in MHC-mismatched recipients

To explore the modulatory effects of IL-2-activated NK cells on hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment further, we used fresh newborn liver cells (NLC) and IL-2-activated newborn liver cells (ANLC) as combined sources, respectively, of transplanted HSC and IL-2-activated NK cells free of contaminating CD3+ T cells. As previously found with adult IL-2-activated spleen cells, NLC cultured with IL-2 for 7 days exhibited lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity, veto activity, and natural suppressor activity, and enhanced both short-term and long-term stem cell engraftment by intact co-injected syngeneic and allogeneic NLC in totally MHC-mismatched lethally irradiated recipients. However, unlike adult IL-2-stimulated adult spleen cells, IL-2-activated NLC lacked CD3+ T cells and failed to induce lethal GVHD. FACS analysis and cell sorting experiments showed that the cells in ANLC which enhanced short-term HSC engraftment belonged to the relatively immature CD3−NK1.1−2B4+ NK cell subset. By contrast, cells belonging to the more mature CD3−NK1.1+2B4+ NK cell subset showed no HSC-enhancing effects. Identification and isolation in humans of similar NK cell enhancers of HSC could lead to a new approach to improving stem cell engraftment in MHC-mismatched recipients without increasing the risk of GVHD.
The Restoration Gene Pool Concept: Beyond the Native Versus Non-Native Debate

Restoration practitioners have long been faced with a dichotomous choice of native versus introduced plant material confounded by a general lack of consensus concerning what constitutes being native. The “restoration gene pool” concept assigns plant materials to one of four restoration gene pools (primary to quaternary) in order of declining genetic correspondence to the target population. Adaptation is decoupled from genetic identity because they often do not correspond, particularly if ecosystem function of the disturbed site has been altered. Because use of plant material with highest genetic identity, that is, the primary restoration gene pool, may not be ultimately successful, material of higher order pools may be substituted. This decision can be made individually for each plant species in the restored plant community in the scientific context that ecosystem management demands. The restoration gene pool concept provides a place for cultivars of native species and noninvasive introduced plant material when use of native-site material is not feasible. The use of metapopulation polycrosses or composites and multiple-origin polycrosses or composites is encouraged as appropriate. The restoration gene pool concept can be implemented as a hierarchical decision-support tool within the larger context of planning seedings.
Smith v. Pareto

This paper argues that we do not and cannot actually use Paretian criteria, therefore, I recommend that we stop pretending we do.
Basic Considerations in the Design of Arrays

Seven commonly-used antenna array elements are compared. Two design equations per radiator are needed regardless of the element chosen. Selfimpedance and mutual-impedance characterizations differentiate the seven elements with respect to ease of design. At present, in the microwave range, the most precise designs occur with the use of waveguide-fed slots. Mutual coupling is a serious problem and cannot be ignored if low sidelobe performance is desired, even in large arrays.
Perspective on “Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln”

The Born—Oppenheimer approximation, introduced in the 1927 paper “On the quantum theory of molecules”, provides the foundation for virtually all subsequent theoretical and computational studies of chemical binding and reactivity, as well as the justification for the universal “ball and stick” picture of molecules as atomic centers attached at fixed distances by electronic glue.
The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: An Historical and Philosophical Analysis

The dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia (DHS) has, since its inception over 30 years ago, been among the most prominent etiologic theories in psychiatry. This essay begins by summarizing the history of its emergence and efforts to empirically test it through the examination of (i) cerebrospinal fluid DA metabolites, (ii) neuroendocrine measures, (iii) clinical response to psychostimulants, (iv) brain levels of DA and its metabolites, (v) brain studies of DA receptors, and (vi) genetic association studies. We then examine how successful the DHS has been and by what criteria its performance should be evaluated. In this process, it is critical to distinguish the etiological DHS from the pharmacological DA hypothesis of neuroleptic action. Although the DHS stimulated much science, most efforts to empirically validate it have failed, in contrast with the well-supported pharmacological DA hypothesis of neuroleptic action. Nonetheless, the DHS has held the status of a scientific paradigm defended by some with great avidity. Like other temporally extended theories, the DHS in its most general form is relatively nonspecific and protean in nature. In its evolution through successive more specific forms, often embodying ad hoc modifications of subsidiary hypotheses, it became very difficult to falsify. Although stimulating much research, it has not produced a progressive research program generating various novel and confirmed predictions about schizophrenia. For most of its history, the DHS has lacked a viable competing alternative theory against which it could be incisively compared. Sociological factors, especially the rise to prominence of the biological psychiatry movement, and the conflation of the DHS and the DA theory of antipsychotic drug action have probably played an important role in its persistence. Psychiatry needs theories with higher levels of specificity and falsifiability. As the science of psychiatry matures, the field needs to become more self-critical about the validity of its theories.
Plasma Xanthine Oxidase Activity in Patients With Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Abstract Oxygen metabolites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various types of acute tissue injury. One biologic source of oxygen metabolites is the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme xanthine oxidase. Because we previously demonstrated that the substrates for xanthine oxidase (hypoxanthine and xanthine) are elevated in the plasma of critically ill patients, we questioned whether the enzyme itself might also be present. We therefore measured hypoxanthine concentration and xanthine oxidase activity in the plasma of 15 patients with ARDS and in 13 non-ARDS critically ill patients. Plasma xanthine oxidase activity in our ARDS group (1,514 ± 975 mlU/L, mean ± SE) was higher than that seen in the non-ARDS group (17 ± 4 mlU/L, P ⪯ .05). Plasma hypoxanthine was elevated in both groups, and there was no difference between the ARDS and non-ARDS groups (22.0 ± 9.2 μmol/L and 11.8 ± 4.3 μmol/L, respectively). The presence of both circulating xanthine oxidase and its substrate demonstrates the potential for intravascular oxygen metabolite production. These toxic products may then cause tissue injury in ARDS.
Particle migration in rotating liquids

An analytical solution predicting the behavior of particles in the presence of both gravitational and rotational fields is obtained at the limit of quasisteady creeping flow. The experiments performed in the present work using fluid particles, as well as the experiments already reported on solid particles, agree satisfactorily with the theory.
The World Tribunal on Iraq: Citizens' Tribunals and the Struggle for Accountability

In the wake of the 2003 intervention and occupation of Iraq, a coalition of activists from around the world initiated an international citizens' tribunal to investigate possible crimes perpetrated against the people of Iraq and against international law. Designed to fill a void where existing legal institutions had fallen short, these hearings were not meant to be colorful acts of protest but rather to provide rigorous public assessments of the policies and effects of invasion and occupation. In this article I evaluate the significance of this citizens' tribunal by reflecting upon the importance of extra-institutional practices for democratic accountability. Situating this particular tribunal in a longer history of citizens' tribunals, I argue that citizens' tribunals inhabit a space shaped by the exceptional condition of institutional failure. Within this space, they not only demand accountability for violations of international law. They also underline the shortcomings of existing accountability mechani...
Integrating Technology for Distance Parenting Coordination: Best Practices and Ethical Considerations

An abundance of research literature exists on challenges faced and emotional responses in parents of children with special needs. However, the end users of this research, which many can argue should be the parents and their families, are all too familiar with these stressors and challenges. This article provides parents and the counselors concrete information on what has worked for those parents of children with special needs that have adjusted well. Four domains are identified (Social Support, Positive Coping Skills, Family and Marital Adjustment, and Effective Parenting), and a Comprehensive Clinical Intervention Model is presented that provides counselors guidance to integrate these domains in a comprehensive treatment approach.
Congenital Left Aortic Sinus-Left Ventricle Fistula and Review of Aortocardiac Fistulas

A fistula from the left aortic sinus to the left ventricle is reported that was successfully repaired using cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, 175 cases of fistula to the heart from the aortic sinuses published in the English literature from 1839 through 1972 were studied, with particular emphasis on the 126 patients who underwent operative repair. The major cause of the fistulas (76%) was found to be rupture of a congenital aortic sinus aneurysm, usually during the third or fourth decade of life. The remainder of these fistulas to the heart consisted of simply a tract in an otherwise normal sinus. Ventricular septal defect was the most common associated defect and, when present, was nearly always related to a fistula arising from the right aortic sinus. Repair was successful in 86% of the 126 operated patients. The principles of operative treatment of these fistulas are reviewed.