cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Links between mothers’ and children's disinhibited eating and children's adiposity

Few studies have examined relationships between parents' and children's specific disinhibited eating behaviors. We investigated links among mothers' and children's binge/loss of control eating, eating in the absence of hunger, and children's adiposity in 305 non-treatment-seeking youth, aged 8-17 years (13.62±2.65 years; 49.8% female) and their mothers. Youths' loss of control eating and eating in the absence of hunger were assessed by interview and self-report questionnaire. Children's adiposity was assessed with BMI-z and air displacement plethysmography. Maternal binge eating, eating in the absence of hunger and highest, non-pregnant BMI were self-reported. In structural equation models controlling for mothers' BMI, mothers' binge eating related to children's loss of control eating, and mothers' eating in the absence of hunger related to children's eating in the absence of hunger. Mothers' binge eating and children's eating in the absence of hunger were unrelated, as were mothers' eating in the absence of hunger and children's loss of control. Further, mothers' binge eating was indirectly related to children's adiposity through children's loss of control eating. Likewise, mothers' eating in the absence of hunger indirectly related to children's adiposity through children's eating in the absence of hunger. Mothers and children share similar, specific disinhibited eating styles.
Proteolytic control of growth factor availability

Most growth factors are released from cells in a form that does not permit immediate interaction with their high affinity receptors. An important mechanism for presentation of these released latent growth factors is activation by the plasminogen activator-plasmin system. The involvement of this system in the biology of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) is reviewed.
Enduring Rivalries: Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Patterns

Historians commonly criticize studies in a more behavioral mode as being “ahistorical”; that is, they lump together a disparate group of events without regard for their historical contexts. We propose to focus on what may be the most obvious and serious form of historical continuity: repeated conflict among the same set of states, or what we refer to (in accordance with the small but growing literature) as “enduring rivalries.” Specifically, we (1) explore the theoretical relevance of the concept of enduring rivalries, (2) define the concept of enduring rivalries, (3) evaluate current operational criteria for enduring rivalries, and (4) describe empirically the rivalries generated by those criteria.
Inorganic metallocenes: The structures and aromaticity of sandwich compounds of the transition elements with inorganic rings

Abstract The concept of aromaticity has dramatically evolved and expanded to where it is no longer reserved for use in organic chemistry but is also useful in describing the bonding in many inorganic compounds. The aromaticity of inorganic rings arises from participation of s, p, d and f atomic orbitals to form delocalized σ, π, δ and φ molecular orbitals. This report describes the stability, structures and bonding of mainly covalent inorganic “sandwich” compounds or metallocenes in which aromatic, antiaromatic and nonaromatic inorganic rings, as well as those with multiple or conflicting aromaticity, are bonded primarily to the transition elements. Also included are some examples of ionic salt and covalent metallocenes of the main group and f-block elements with rings that exhibit other than only p orbital aromaticity. While many of the referenced compounds have been experimentally generated, computational methods play an important role in predicting the stability and ground state structures of several other hypothetical inorganic rings and the metallocenes produced from them. The theoretical studies also aid in defining the criteria that are used in determining the nature of compound aromaticity.
A stochastic optimal path selection problem

A solution is presented for determining the optimal path through a set of N discrete points, subject to constraints on the path. The benefit derived by including a given point on the path depends upon the stochastic state at that point. The optimal path is the one that maximized the total expected pay-off. Three types of probability distributions are discussed and examples are included. A brief discussion of computer requirements is also presented.
Paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Carolina slate belt, Albemarle, North Carolina: Implications for terrane amalgamation with North America

Paleomagnetic and /sup 40/Ar//sup 39/Ar dating studies of Late Proterozoic metamorphic rocks from the Carolina slate belt were undertaken to gain insight into the history of this suspect lithostratigraphic terrane. Geochronological data suggest a peak metamorphic age of ca. 455 Ma and a later thermal overprint at ca. 185 Ma. Thermal demagnetization indicates two magnetization components. A low-temperature component yields a pole close to 180-190 Ma segments of the North American apparent polar wander path. A high-temperature component postdates folding and is inferred to have been acquired at ca. 455 Ma (corresponding paleomagnetic pole is lat 20/sup 0/N, long 80/sup 0/E). Although paleomagnetic data from the Carolina slate belt remain too ambiguous for construction of a unique polar wander path, consideration of available paleolatitudes suggests that the terrane may have been proximal to cratonic North America after ca. 455 Ma. This result contrasts markedly with high southerly Ordovician paleolatitudes inferred from paleomagnetic studies within central and northern Appalachian terranes.
Pharmacologic inhibition of histone demethylation as a therapy for pediatric brainstem glioma

Pediatric brainstem gliomas often harbor oncogenic K27M mutation of histone H3.3. Here we show that GSKJ4 pharmacologic inhibition of K27 demethylase JMJD3 increases cellular H3K27 methylation in K27M tumor cells and demonstrate potent antitumor activity both in vitro against K27M cells and in vivo against K27M xenografts. Our results demonstrate that increasing H3K27 methylation by inhibiting K27 demethylase is a valid therapeutic strategy for treating K27M-expressing brainstem glioma.
Effect of initiation chemistry on the fracture toughness, fatigue strength, and residual monomer content of a novel high-viscosity, two-solution acrylic bone cement.

Porous-free, two-solution bone cements have been developed in our laboratory as an alternative to commercial powder/liquid formulations. Each pair of solutions consist of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) powder dissolved in methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer, with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) added to one solution as the initiator and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) added to the other as the activator. When mixed, the solutions polymerize via a free radical reaction, which is governed by the concentrations of initiator and activator and their molar stoichiometry. Previous work by the authors has demonstrated that these two-solution cement compositions are comparable to Simplex P bone cement in polymerization exotherm, setting time, and flexural mechanical properties. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of BPO and DMPT concentrations, along with their molar ratio, on the fracture toughness, fatigue strength, and residual monomer content of the experimental compositions. The results showed that fracture toughness and fatigue strength for the solution cements were comparable to Simplex P and were not significantly affected by the BPO concentration or the BPO:DMPT molar ratio; however, the highest DMPT concentration yielded significantly lower values for both variables. Residual monomer content was significantly affected by both the individual concentrations of BPO and DMPT and their molar ratios. The two-solution cements had significantly higher residual monomer contents versus Simplex P; however, this can be attributed to their higher initial monomer concentration rather than a lower degree of conversion.
Abstract B22: Effectivness of a family-focused intervention to treat persistent fatigue in breast cancer surivivors: A pilot randomized trial

B22 Background Thirty to forty percent of breast cancer survivors suffer from persistent fatigue lingering months to years after adjuvant therapy is completed. This persistent fatigue affects family dynamics feeding a continuing cycle of additional stress and resultant fatigue. We developed a mind-body medicine group intervention and demonstrated a forty percent reduction in fatigue with benefits persisting six months post intervention. A pilot randomized trial was conducted to test if combining the mind-body medicine group intervention with a family-focused intervention is more effective in reducing fatigue for breast cancer survivors than the group intervention only. For the family intervention, family members attended two of the eight weekly sessions and had two family-based counseling sessions with the clinical research therapist. Methodology Subjects who were at least three months post-completion of adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy for breast cancer with a baseline fatigue score of Results Seventeen women were randomized to the family intervention and nineteen to the comparison group intervention. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups by age, martial status or years of education. Those randomized to the family group were on average 4.8 years from the diagnosis of breast cancer compared to 2.8 for the comparison group intervention. Participants in both groups had a statistically significant improvement in fatigue scores at end-of-program with further improvement at two-month follow-up compared to baseline. Mean fatigue scores for the family intervention arm: (baseline-5.7; end -of-program-3.1; two-month-1.4; p Conclusions A holistic mind-body medicine intervention significantly improved fatigue but augmenting the program with an additional family component did not result in significant incremental improvement in fatigue. Qualitative data from interviews with participants noted that both family members and survivors found benefit in shared learning about fatigue and effective interventions and in discussing their feelings and concerns during counseling sessions. Although this pilot study had limited power to detect a difference between the two arms, the challenges in recruitment for the study suggest that future interventions require a more efficient method to incorporate family members into the program. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B22.
The use of venous jump grafts in pancreatic transplantation – no difference in patient or allograft outcomes – an update of the UNOS database

Venous jump grafts are used in pancreas transplantation to salvage a pancreas with a short portal vein or to facilitate an easier anastomosis. There have been no large studies evaluating the safety of venous jump grafts in pancreas transplantation. We analyzed the UNOS database to determine whether venous jump grafts are associated with graft loss or patient death. Data from UNOS on all adult pancreas transplant recipients 1996-2012 were analyzed. Venous extension grafts were used in 2657 cases; they were not in 18 124. Kaplan-Meier/product-limit estimates analysis demonstrated similar patient survival (p < 0.641) and death-censored graft survival (p < 0.351) at one, three, five,10, and 15 yr between subjects with and without venous jump grafts. There was a statistically significant difference in one-yr unadjusted patient survival between the venous extension graft (94.9%) and the no-venous extension graft (95.8%) groups (p < 0.045) and a borderline difference in one-yr graft survival between the venous extension graft (84.1%) and the no-venous extension graft (82.6%) groups (p < 0.055). There was no significant difference in patient survival or allograft survival at the three-, five-, 10-, and 15-yr intervals. The use of venous jump grafts is not associated with increased graft loss or mortality.
What does mucin have to do with lung disease

Mucin glycoproteins are a major macromolecular component of mucus. Mucins are large, heavily glycosylated glycoproteins that are expressed in two major forms: the membrane-tethered mucins and the secreted mucins. In the airways, MUC1 and MUC4 are the predominant membrane-tethered mucins that are present on epithelial cell surfaces; MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 are the predominant secreted mucins that contribute to the mucus gel. Although the role of MUC1 and MUC4 in the airway is not known, they may function as receptors or receptor ligands and activate intracellular signalling cascades affecting epithelial functions. Several inflammatory mediators increase expression of the secreted mucin genes, MUC5AC and MUC2. Furthermore, overexpression of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 correlates strongly with secretory cell hyperplasia and metaplasia in human and murine airways. The insights gleaned from the investigations of mucin function and gene regulation should be useful for elucidating the cellular mechanisms leading to airway remodelling and mucus obstruction.
Reconstructing Bronzeville: Racial Nostalgia and Neighborhood Redevelopment

Much of the existing work on heritage tourism emphasizes downtown or citywide tourism development. Yet, an increasing number of African American neighborhoods are using racial heritage tourism to r...
Multivariate forecasting of a commodity portfolio: application to cattle feeding margins and risk

Traditionally, economists have utilized univariate approaches to forecast prices, even for firms operating in multicommodity environments. This research improves the way in which managerial decision making is analysed by developing a model better representing the price risks and opportunities faced by firms that produce using a portfolio of commodities. Using the situation of cattle feedlot investors and managers as an example, this is accomplished by recognizing the multivariate (live cattle, feeder cattle and corn prices) situation that feedlots operate in and employing corresponding multivariate simulation techniques. Evaluation suggests that properly modelling the cattle feeding margin as a multivariate set of prices significantly improves the accuracy of forecasting future feeding margin values realized in the cash market. The model also suggests incorporating both implied and historical time-varying volatility information when forecasting margin variability. Implications for other multicommodity sit...
All Mouse Ventral Spinal Cord Patterning by Hedgehog Is Gli Dependent and Involves an Activator Function of Gli3

An important question is how the gradient of Hedgehog is interpreted by cells at the level of the Gli transcription factors. The full range of Gli activity and its dependence on Hh have not been determined, although the Gli2 activator and Gli3 repressor have been implicated. Using the spinal cord as a model system, we demonstrate that Gli3 can transduce Hedgehog signaling as an activator. All expression of the Hh target gene Gli1 is dependent on both Gli2 and Gli3. Unlike Gli2, however, Gli3 requires endogenous Gli1 for induction of floor plate and V3 interneurons. Strikingly, embryos lacking all Gli function develop motor neurons and three ventral interneuron subtypes, similar to embryos lacking Hh signaling and Gli3. Therefore, in the spinal cord all Hh signaling is Gli dependent. Furthermore, a combination of Gli2 and Gli3 is required to regulate motor neuron development and spatial patterning of ventral spinal cord progenitors.
Mass spectrometric analysis of 7-sulfoxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene and related electrophilic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites.

The Meso-region theory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogenesis predicts that the development of pronounced carcinogenicity depends on the introduction of a good leaving group on alkyl side-chains attached to the exceptionally reactive meso-anthracenic or L-region positions of PAHs. Thus, the first step in carcinogenesis by methylated PAHs such as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) would be the hydroxylation of the L-region methyl groups, particularly the 7-methyl group. The second would be the formation of a metabolite, e.g. a sulfate ester, which is expected to be a good leaving group capable of generating a highly reactive benzylic carbocation. 7-Hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-HMBA) is a metabolite of DMBA, and sulfation of 7-HMBA to a 7-sulfoxymethyl metabolite (7-SMBA) is a known Phase II metabolic process designed to facilitate excretion, but actually enabling more destructive side-reactions. These side-reactions occur with generation of an electrophilic 7-methylene carbonium ion, and/or by in vivo halide exchange to provide neutral side-products more capable of entering cells, especially those of DMBA target tissues. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) enabled us to visualize 7-SMBA as an intact m/z 351 conjugate anion by negative mode, and as a released m/z 255 carbonium ion by positive mode. Upon prolonged refrigeration, 7-SMBA accumulated an m/z 383 photooxide, which appeared capable of re-evolving the starting material as visualized by tandem quadrupole MS, or MS/MS. The 7-SMBA carbonium ion provided interpretable fragments when studied by fragment ion MS/MS, including those representing the loss of up to several protons. Subtle differences in this property were encountered upon perturbing 7-SMBA, either by warming it at 37 °C for 2 h or by substituting the initial sulfoxy group with an iodo group. Side-reactions accounting for such proton losses are proposed, and are of interest whether they occur in the mass spectrometer, in solution or both; these proposals include acidity at the 12-methyl position and cyclization between the 12-methyl group and the adjacent C-1 position. It is also suggested that such side-reactions may comprise one route to relieving steric strain arising between the 12-methyl group and the angular benzo ring of 7-SMBA. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phonological and orthographic factors in the word-superiority effect

Phonological and orthographic aspects of a letter string were found to affect the identification of a component letter in three experiments. All involved a fixed set of target vowels presented in a fixed position in letter strings. Manipulations of the phonological nature of the target or the orthographic character of the string were made by adding a letter with the postexposure mask to the original CVC trigram. In Experiment 1, the addition of an E with the mask as a final letter to the string changed the pronunciation of the target vowel, whereas the addition of an S did not. Identification accuracy was higher with the S mask. In Experiment 2, either E or D could be added to CVCs that were equally orthographic but differentially pronounceable. The same added letter had quite different effects on accuracy, depending on its effect on target pronunciation and the orthographic regularity of the string. In Experiment 3, performance on targets in orthographic CVCs was lowered to the level of nonorthographic CVCs by adding a letter that rendered the entire string nonorthographic. The results are explained by assuming that phonological and graphemic codes are developed simultaneously but maintained in a nonindependent manner.
The Vacuolar H+-ATPase of Clathrin-coated Vesicles Is Reversibly Inhibited by S-Nitrosoglutathione

It has been previously demonstrated that the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) of clathrin-coated vesicles is reversibly inhibited by disulfide bond formation between conserved cysteine residues at the catalytic site on the A subunit (Feng, Y., and Forgac, M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13224-13230). Proton transport and ATPase activity of the purified, reconstituted V-ATPase are now shown to be inhibited by the nitric oxide-generating reagent S-nitrosoglutathione (SNG). The K0.5 for inhibition by SNG following incubation for 30 min at 37 degreesC is 200-400 microM. As with disulfide bond formation at the catalytic site, inhibition by SNG is reversed upon treatment with 100 mM dithiothreitol and is partially protected in the presence of ATP. Also as with disulfide bond formation, treatment of the V-ATPase with SNG protects activity from subsequent inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide, as demonstrated by restoration of activity by dithiothreitol following sequential treatment of the V-ATPase with SNG and N-ethylmaleimide. Moreover, inhibition by SNG is readily reversed by dithiothreitol but not by the reduced form of glutathione, suggesting that the disulfide bond formed at the catalytic site of the V-ATPase may not be immediately reduced under intracellular conditions. These results suggest that SNG inhibits the V-ATPase through disulfide bond formation between cysteine residues at the catalytic site and that nitric oxide (or nitrosothiols) might act as a negative regulator of V-ATPase activity in vivo.
20 Mc/s w.w.v. bursts during the last few periods of 1958δ2

Abstract Paper recordings of w.w.v. on 20 Mc/s were taken during the last 8 days of Sputnik III (1958δ2). The satellite was tracked during this period with an h.f. direction finder. This paper describes the methods used in trying to correlate w.w.v. enhancements with the position of the satellite. The results indicate that if Sputnik III produced detectable reflections, its ability to do so was nearly, if not completely, independent of the satellite's position.
Correlations and magnetism in transition metals through the calculation of total energies and electronic densities of states

Coulomb repulsions ${U}_{d}$ are incorporated in the electronic band structure by reducing the d-band width ${W}_{d}$ by a factor $\ensuremath{\zeta}{=W}_{d}/\sqrt{{W}_{d}^{2}{+U}_{d}^{2}},$ both in the calculation of total energies and electronic densities of states. The Friedel-model density of states, $n(\ensuremath{\varepsilon})=10/(\ensuremath{\zeta}{W}_{d})$ per atom, provides a criterion for ferromagnetism, and an estimate of the saturation moment (assuming 0.6 free electrons per atom) in reasonable accord with the experimental Slater-Pauling curve. When extended to dilute alloys of transition metals, localized impurity states arise and give a reasonable account of the observed deviations from the pure-metal curve. When this same constant $n(\ensuremath{\varepsilon})$ is used to estimate the low-temperature specific heat and Pauli susceptibility, discrepancies with experiment from variations of $n(\ensuremath{\varepsilon})$ with \ensuremath{\varepsilon} are much more serious than found for the light actinides. This would suggest a return to full band calculations, but incorporating the correction factor \ensuremath{\zeta} for all dd couplings.
Nano Decoy Tricks Venom

The cell membrane is a sophisticated border control, regulating the flow of vital compounds into and out of the cell. When this border is compromised, the consequences can be deadly. Most microbes attempt to disrupt this border by using pore-forming toxins (PFTs) to poke holes in the membrane. To “bait” the PFTs before they can damage the cell membrane, Hu et al. designed a material for eliminating different classes of these toxins. Removing the PFTs before they reached the cells extended survival in mice. Different types of PFTs function similarly in how they integrate into cell membranes; thus, in principle, they can be all targeted at once. Hu and colleagues leveraged this functional similarity and created “nanosponges” by fusing polymer nanoparticles with red blood cell (RBC) membrane vesicles, which absorb PFTs independent of their structural differences. The authors first exposed human endothelial cells to several PFTs, including α-toxin, along with the nanosponges or other therapeutic controls, such as RBC vesicles without the polymeric cores. The nanosponges, in comparison with the controls, were able to neutralize the toxins and thus maintain cell viability. Researchers then subcutaneously injected α-toxin alone or together with the nanosponges into mice. Histology showed that the treatment significantly reduced the inflammatory response and skin and muscle tissue damage. Last, the authors evaluated systemic efficacy of the nanosponges by intraveneously inoculating mice with a lethal dose of α-toxin followed by immediate injection of therapeutic particles. Although none of the mice treated with the controls survived, the nanosponge treatment reduced the mortality rates to 56%. This work by Hu et al. shows that the RBC membrane vesicles stabilized on polymer nanoparticles are highly effective in neutralizing PFTs, without relying on their immunogenic surface markers. This nanotechnology has the potential to translate into treatments for bacterial infections as well as venomous bites. However, for the system to be ready for the clinic the nanosponges need to prove that they can efficiently clear toxins in much larger blood volumes than mice and when they are administered later than a few minutes after toxin exposure. C.-M. J. Hu et al., A biomimetic nanosponge that absorbs pore-forming toxins. Nature Nanotechnology , 14 April 2013 (10.1038/nnano.2013.54). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2013.54.html
Runoff model sensitivity to radar rainfall resolution

Abstract Rainfall rates estimated from polarimetric weather radar measurements of a convective rainstorm are used as input to a two-dimensional physically based rainfall-runoff model. The correlation length of the input rainfall field LS is 2.3 km. Runoff simulations are performed on two semi-arid watersheds covering 32 km2 and 121 km2 at basin data grid sizes LM of 125 m and 200 m, respectively. The characteristic basin length scale LW is taken as the square root of the watershed area. Rainfall data at resolutions LR of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 km serve as model input to determine the effect of precipitation data spatial resolution on computed outflow hydrographs. Two dimensionless length parameters are identified which describe the similarity of the effect of rainfall data aggregation on both basins. The first parameter, L R L S , describes ‘storm smearing’, and the second parameter, L R L W , describes ‘watershed smearing’. Results from simulations without infiltration show storm smearing occurring as LR → LS. Watershed smearing causes more significant deviations from simulations using the finest-resolution data when L R L W exceeds 0.4. Results with infiltration reveal that excess rainfall volumes decrease with increasing L R L W . Additionally, excess rainfall volumes do not converge as L R L W is decreased to the practical lower limit provided by contemporary weather radars, which is of the order of 1 km.
Preparing Students and Graduates to Navigate Life's Challenges: A Dialogue on Self-Authorship and the Quest for Balance of Agency and Communion

The authors of this dialogue discuss the developmental capacities that enable students and graduates to achieve the knowledge and skills required to navigate life’s challenges. They stress the need for a balance of agency and communion that is reflected in self-authorship, or the internal capacity to define beliefs, identities, and social relations. Their two approaches (one incorporating college student development theory and the other, philosophical perspectives) emphasize that providing conditions for the cultivation of self-authorship in students involves active engagement with, and a critical openness to, others’ perspectives.
Automatic quantification of withdrawal from 5-day diazepam in rats: Ultrasonic distress vocalizations and hyperreflexia to acoustic startle stimuli.

The purpose of the present work was to develop an objective and precise method to quantify withdrawal responses from anxiolytics relying on ethologically valid responses. Behavioral effects of diazepam withdrawal in rats are automatically measured that appear to correspond to clinically relevant disturbances in affective and sensory-motor functions. Ultrasonic vocalizations and startle reflexes in response to acoustic stimuli were measured as indices of withdrawal 24 h after 5 days of 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg diazepam, b.i.d., IP in male Long-Evans rats. About 60% of male rats emit 22–26 kHz ultrasonic calls when exposed to acoustic startle stimuli (18 presentations, 9 at 105 dB and 9 at 115 dB, each 30 s apart on average). Diazepam-withdrawn rats exhibited startle responses with larger maximal and average amplitude and emitted more frequent 22–26 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations than vehicle-treated control animals. The magnitude of the withdrawal changes in ultrasonic calls and in startle reflex amplitude increased significantly already at the low 2.5 mg/kg diazepam dose in spite of considerable individual variability. The increased ultrasound rates during diazepam withdrawal contrast with the suppressive effects of acutely administered diazepam in drug-naive rats. The current methodology offers the opportunity to more adequately characterize withdrawal from anxiolytic substances in a quantitative, objective and automated manner.
Replantation of an entire scalp and ear by microvascular anastomoses of only 1 artery and 1 vein

We present a successful microvascular replantation of a scalp and ear, where almost the entire scalp and right ear survived on 1 artery and 1 vein.
Dissolution of a freely rising bubble in aqueous surfactant solutions

A numerical simulation is used to determine the dissolution rate of a freely rising bubble in both pure water and aqueous surfactant solutions. Results are presented for three different gases representing a broad range of solubilities. In pure water, highly soluble gases dissolve more slowly than one would expect from a quasi-steady boundary layer theory. It is argued that this is a consequence of the effect of the moving boundary. While surfactants strongly affect the dissolution rate for gases with small solubilities, they have relatively little effect on gases with large solubilities. The effects of surfactant sorption kinetics are investigated using the Langmuir model. Over a broad range of sorption parameters, a surfactant cap forms and grows as the bubble accelerates. For highly soluble gases, the surfactant cap is too small to significantly affect the dissolution process until most of the bubble's mass is gone. A criterion for a critical surfactant concentration below which the surfactant has relatively little effect on the bubble is developed and tested with the simulations. For a range of surfactant concentrations, a bubble can achieve a maximum speed that is larger than the steady-state speed of a non-dissolving bubble. A criterion for the critical surfactant concentration below which this will occur is developed and tested with the simulations.
High-density fed-batch culture of a thermotolerant microalga Chlorella sorokiniana for biofuel production

Abstract Culturing microalgae heterotrophically for producing lipid-based biofuels such as biodiesel and renewable hydrocarbons has attracted increasing attention due to the advantages of fast growth and high lipid yield under this growth mode without being subjected to light limitation. High cell density in the culture broth is desirable for reducing downstream processing costs. Oleaginous microalga Chlorella sorokiniana was investigated for high cell density culture with glucose as the carbon source. Best growth performance was obtained first with batch culture at pH 7.0 when ammonium was the nitrogen source. Then, two-stage fed-batch fermentation was conducted under the optimal conditions. The algal biomass grew linearly in the first stage with a productivity of 24.2 g L−1 d−1, and the lipid content increased from 14.5% to 38.7% in the second stage. This fermentation strategy resulted in algal biomass and lipid concentrations of 103.8 g L−1 and 40.2 g L−1 respectively. Analysis of lipid and fatty acid profiles showed C. sorokiniana accumulated a large amount of neutral lipids (92.9% of total lipids), triacylglycerols (82.8% of neutral lipids), and high contents of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, which are ideal form of lipid for making biodiesel. These results suggest that heterotrophic culture of C. sorokiniana holds great potential for lipid-based biofuel production.
Efficacy of Amitriptyline in Treatment-Naïve Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome

A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Patients were men and women with bladder pain/discomfort and urinary frequency of 3 or greater on separate Likert scales (range, 0–10) on two consecutive visits over 4 weeks. Symptoms had been present for 6 weeks, and participants had received no prior significant treatment for IC/PBS. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to amitriptyline or placebo. All participants also received an educational and behavioral modification program (EBMP) consisting of symptom management, fluid management, dietary management, and bladder training/urge suppression. The dose of the study drug was increased from 10 to 25 mg/d, and then to 50 and 75 mg on a weekly basis depending on tolerability. Participants were then maintained on the highest dose until primary outcome measurement at 12 weeks. The primary outcome was response on a patient-reported global response assessment. Patients who reported being markedly or moderately improved were considered responders. Using intent-totreat analysis, patients who withdrew were considered nonresponders. Several secondary outcomes were used, including assessment of voiding symptoms, quality of life, and sexual function.
Sustained capacity for exercise in dogs after complete cardiac denervation

Abstract The capacity for exercise was studied in dogs before and after cardiac denervation by the technic of regional neural ablation. Measurements were made of cardiac output (indicator-dilution technic and electromagnetic flowmeter), heart rate, oxygen consumption, oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood and aortic blood pressure before and during work of graded severity. Each animal was studied on several occasions over a period of several months. No deterioration in the capacity for exercise was noted after cardiac denervation; as in the control period, at maximal levels of work there was a three- to fourfold increase in cardiac output and an eight- to tenfold increase in oxygen consumption. In contrast to the normal dog in which increase in cardiac output was achieved by an increase in heart rate, in the dog with cardiac denervation increase in cardiac output was effected principally by an increase in stroke volume.
Structural operational semantics for supporting multi-cycle operations in RTL HDLs

In this paper we formally define an operational semantics framework RTL++ for modeling behavioral RTL hardware IP. The semantics we define is neutral to existing HDLs and extends traditional sense RTL by natively supporting pipelined and multi-cycled operations with a unified register variable type. We believe this formalization help to guide the design of new HDLs or extensions of existing HDLs in terms of elevating RTL design abstraction level and also bridging the current HDL semantic gap among synthesis, simulation and formal verification tools. The intra-module and inter-module execution of RTL++ semantics are specified in Plotkin-style structural operational semantics framework. An example of implementing the RTL++ extension of SystemC is presented along with experimental results showing the benefit of modeling in RTL++.
Thermal and photochemical catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes with [IrH2(CF3CO2)(PR3)2](R = C6H4F-p and cyclohexyl)

[IrH2(CF3CO2)(Pcy3)2](cy = cyclohexyl) catalyses the photochemical dehydrogenation of cyclo-octane both in the presence and absence of a hydrogen-acceptor.
Assessing Alpha Particle-Induced Single Event Transient Vulnerability in a 90-nm CMOS Technology

The charge required to store (or potentially disturb) a digital logic signal decreases as feature sizes in advanced devices decrease. As a result, the soft-error rate has become a significant reliability issue for highly scaled technologies. Single-event transients (SETs), or glitches that originate in logic circuits, are one of the most important categories of soft errors. In this letter, SETs produced by heavy ions and alpha particles are measured using a specially designed IC. The first results identifying the conditions under which an alpha particle deposits enough charge to create a SET in a bulk 90-nm CMOS technology are presented.
An Integrated Design for Testability and Automatic Test Pattern Generation System: An Overview

A general overview on an Integrated Design for Testability and Automatic Test Pattern Generation System (IDAS) is given. The major components of IDAS include: heuristic controllability/observability (C/O) analysis, prediction of testing costs, tools for evaluation, display and improvement of testability, and C/O guided automatic test pattern generator. The IDAS system includes also the logic and concurrent fault simulator CADAT. A brief description of major components with a scenario how to use IDAS is given. Future research activities are discussed.
Access to Medical Literature: Interlibrary Borrowing and Lending in an Electronic Age

The incorporation of medical library services in an academic library will bring about substantial changes, and should include the review of the impact of this transition on each individual department. The use of electronic systems to request and deliver Interlibrary Loan documents has evolved gradually in the past twenty years, and affects medical libraries in unique ways. The electronic submission, publication and access to biomedical journal articles are still changing constantly, and contribute to new challenges in interlibrary borrowing and lending. This article focuses on new developments. It includes instructions on how a library can prepare to incorporate a new dimension of service in the midst of these changes.
On linewidth-based yield analysis for nanometer lithography

Lithographic variability and its impact on printability is a major concern in today's semiconductor manufacturing process. To address sub-wavelength printability, a number of resolution enhancement techniques (RET) have been used. While RET techniques allow printing of sub-wavelength features, the feature width itself becomes highly sensitive to process parameters, which in turn detracts from yield due to small perturbations in manufacturing parameters. Yield loss is a function of random variables such as depth-of-focus and exposure dose. In this paper, we present a first order canonical dose/focus model that takes into account both the correlated and independent randomness of the effects of lithographic variation. A novel tile-based yield estimation technique for a given layout, based on a statistical model for process variability is presented. Another novel contribution of this paper is the computation of global and local line-yield probabilities. The key issues addressed in this paper are (i) layout error modeling, (ii) avoidance of mask simulation for chip layouts, (iii) avoidance of full Monte-Carlo simulation for variational lithography modeling, (iv) building a methodology for yield estimation based on existing commercial tools. Numerical results based on our approach are shown for 45nm ISCAS85 layouts.
Fine‐scale diversity and specificity in the most prevalent lineage of symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium, Dinophyceae) of the Caribbean

The success of coral reefs is due to obligate mutualistic symbioses involving invertebrates and photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts belonging to the genus Symbiodinium. In the Caribbean, the vast majority of octocorals and other invertebrate hosts associate with Symbiodinium clade B, and more selectively, with a single lineage of this clade, Symbiodinium B1/B184. Although B1/B184 represents the most prevalent Symbiodinium in the Caribbean, there is little evidence supporting fine-scale diversity and host–alga specificity within this lineage. We explored simultaneously the questions of diversity and specificity in Symbiodinium B1/B184 by sequencing the flanking regions of two polymorphic microsatellites from a series of Symbiodinium clade B cultures along with Symbiodinium B1/B184 populations of the octocorals Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae, P. bipinnata and Gorgonia ventalina. Seven unique sequence variants were identified based on concatenation of the two loci. Phylogenetic analyses of these variants, which we refer to as phylotypes, recognized five as belonging to B1/B184, thus providing the first evidence of distinct taxa within this Symbiodinium lineage. Furthermore, sympatric P. elisabethae and P. bipinnata at San Salvador in the Bahamas were found to harbour distinct Symbiodinium B1/B184 phylotypes, demonstrating unequivocally the existence of fine-scale specificity between Caribbean octocorals and these algae. Taken together, this study exemplifies the complex nature of Symbiodinium biodiversity and specificity.
Millennials and Organizational Development

A new generation of workers, often labeled as Millennials, is now entering the workforce. Characteristics of Millennials could produce a potential source of resistance to organizational development...
Gain and impedance variation in scanned dipole arrays

The effects of mutual coupling on the gain and element impedance of large electronically-scanned arrays of dipoles above a ground plane have been analyzed as a function of scan angle. The resulting calculated gain and impedance variations are tabulated for planar arrays with elements located on a square grid with spacings ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 wavelength, for dipole-to-ground plane heights ranging from \frac{1}{8} to \frac{3}{8} wavelength. The results of the study show that the gain of a dipole array as a function of scan angle depends markedly upon the element-to-element spacing and appears to be quite insensitive to certain other parameters, such as the height of the dipoles above the ground plane. On the other hand, the change in element impedance with scan is considerably affected by some parameters which have little effect on the array gain behavior, and possibilities for minimizing mismatch caused by scanning are pointed out making use of these results.
Securing untrusted code via compiler-agnostic binary rewriting

Binary code from untrusted sources remains one of the primary vehicles for malicious software attacks. This paper presents Reins, a new, more general, and lighter-weight binary rewriting and in-lining system to tame and secure untrusted binary programs. Unlike traditional monitors, Reins requires no cooperation from code-producers in the form of source code or debugging symbols, requires no client-side support infrastructure (e.g., a virtual machine or hypervisor), and preserves the behavior of even complex, event-driven, x86 native COTS binaries generated by aggressively optimizing compilers. This makes it exceptionally easy to deploy. The safety of programs rewritten by Reins is independently machine-verifiable, allowing rewriting to be deployed as an untrusted third-party service. An implementation of Reins for Microsoft Windows demonstrates that it is effective and practical for a real-world OS and architecture, introducing only about 2.4% runtime overhead to rewritten binaries.
An Approach to Tracking Filter Design using Natural Selection Methods

When an observer is based upon an imperfect model with constant disturbances, non-zero errors will exist between the observer's outputs and the plant's. Based upon these errors, certain parameters in the observer can be adjusted to improve its estimate of other, nonmeasured parameters. The tracking filter design problem deals with determining which outputs should be used to adjust which parameters in the model to optimize the model's estimate of the nonmeasured parameter. An algorithm for designing a tracking filter based upon a natural selection approach to optimization is presented in this paper. It is shown that if only one parameter is to be adjusted, this approach will produce the optimal result. To illustrate this design procedure, the selection of three sensors and adjustments for a modern jet engine is considered. Here, it is shown that over 80% of the permutations can be eliminated while retaining 90% of the "best" tracking filters.
ETHNICITY AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE CONCEPT OF THE IDEAL COLLEGE TEACHER

Study examined the influence of ethnic background and sex classification on students' ratings of the “ideal” college teacher. Responses of 1186 Japanese-American and 594 Caucasian-American men and women on 28 characteristics of teachers were compared. Findings were interpreted in light of Vinacke's competitive game strategies and Kitano's traditional Japanese values.
Functional characterization of a fatty acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum

In this paper, the identification and functional analysis of a fatty acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) gene from the opportunistic protist Cryptosporidium parvum are described. The CpACBP1 gene encodes a protein of 268 aa that is three times larger than typical ACBPs (i.e. approximately 90 aa) of humans and animals. Sequence analysis indicated that the CpACBP1 protein consists of an N-terminal ACBP domain (approximately 90 aa) and a C-terminal ankyrin repeat sequence (approximately 170 aa). The entire CpACBP1 ORF was engineered into a maltose-binding protein fusion system and expressed as a recombinant protein for functional analysis. Acyl-CoA-binding assays clearly revealed that the preferred binding substrate for CpACBP1 is palmitoyl-CoA. RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunolabelling analyses clearly showed that the CpACBP1 gene is mainly expressed during the intracellular developmental stages and that the level increases during parasite development. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that CpACBP1 is associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), which implies that this protein may be involved in lipid remodelling in the PVM, or in the transport of fatty acids across the membrane.
Design space issues for intrinsic evolvable hardware

This paper discusses the problem of increased programming time for intrinsic evolvable hardware (EHW) as the complexity of the circuit grows. We develop equations for the size of the population, n, and the number of generations required for the population to converge, ngen, based on L, the length of the programming string. We show that the processing time of the computer becomes negligible for intrinsic EHW since the selection/crossover/mutation steps are only done once per generation, suggesting there is room for use of more complex evolutionary algorithms in intrinsic EHW. Finally, we review the state of the practice and discuss the notion of a system design approach for intrinsic EHW.