cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical decomposition of (diphenyl)bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl) titanium, (diphenyl)bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) titanium and the zirconium analogs

Abstract Qualitative investigations of the mechanisms of photochemical decomposition of diphenylpermethyltitanocene and zirconocene have been made. Reductive elimination as well as homolytic cleavage of metal-carbon 0-bonds are the two major pathways for photodecomposition of the diphenylpermethylmetallocenes. When benzene-d 6 was used as the solvent for photolysis of diphenylpermethyltitanocene, biphenyl-d 0 and biphenyl-d 5 were found in a ratio of 36/1, indicating that reductive elimination was the much more favorable process. But in the case of diphenylpermethylzirconocene, biphenyl-d 0 and biphenyl-d 5 were found in a ratio of 1/3, indicating that the homolytic photocleavage of the 0-bonds was predominant. In the presence of carbon monoxide, moderately large amount of the dicarbonylpermethylmetallocenes were found, suggesting that the permethylmetallocenes were the intermediates. The discovery of pentamethylcyclopentadiene and 2,3,4,5-tetramethylfulvene in the recovered solvent indicated further photodecomposition of permethylmetallocene. Consequently another intermediate, [(C 5 Me 4 CH 2 )M], is proposed. An oligomeric material was found to be the major metal containing product after the photolyses.
Nonlinear-joint-transform-correlator-based optical pattern recognition using liquid crystal light valves (Invited Paper)

Abstract We review the nonlinearjoint transform correlator (JTC) including the kth law nonlinear JTC, andthe binary nonlinear JTC. The implementation of the nonlinear JTC using an optically addressedSLM in the Fourier plane is described. I. Introduction The nonlinear JTC uses nonlinearity in the Fourier plane to nonlinearly transform the jointpower spectrum. It has been shown that compared with the classic JTC 1 1 12, the nonlinearjoint transform correlator provides higher peak intensity, larger peak to sidelobe ratio, narrower correlation width, and better discrimination for similar ta1 10, 13 16 We review the nonlinear JTC1, the kth law nonlinear JTC , and the binary nonlinear JTC'3 ,9. We provide an analytical expression for a threshold function in the Fourier plane that provides the highest correlation peak intensity for the first order correlation term of the binaryJTC. 2 It turns out that this threshold function also eliminates the even order correlation terms atthe output plane. Thus, a higher correlation peak to sidelobe ratio is achieved in the output plane.The implementation of the nonlinear JTC using an optically addressed SLM in the Fourier plane isdescribed.
The (Ph)2nacnac ligand in organochromium chemistry

A novel class of β-diketiminato chromium complexes was prepared to serve as a homogeneous model system for the heterogeneous Phillips ethylene polymerization catalyst. (Ph)2nacnacCrCl2(THF)2 (1, (Ph)2nacnac = N,N‘-diphenyl-2,4-pentanediimine anion) was found to polymerize ethylene in the presence of excess methylaluminoxane (MAO). Reaction of 1 with 1.0 equiv of an alkylzinc compound yielded dimeric, chloride-bridged monoalkyl complexes of the type [(Ph)2nacnacCrR(μ-Cl)THF]2 (R = Me (3a), Et (3b)). Reaction of 1 with 2.0 equiv of alkyllithium reagents resulted in a disproportionation to [(Ph)2nacnac]2Cr (2) and CrR4. 2 could be oxidized by treatment with tetrachloroethane to give trigonal-bipyramidal [(Ph)2nacnac]2CrCl (5). Attempted alkylation of 5 with aluminum alkyls yielded the ortho-metalated product (Ph)2nacnac(η1-C6H4-Ph)nacnacCr (6). However, the chromium(III) aryl complex [(Ph)2nacnac]2CrPh (4) could be synthesized by reaction of CrPh3(THF)3 with 2 equiv of (Ph)2nacnacH. Square-pyramidal 4 featur...
Tax Implications of Ground‐Water Depletion

The Shurbet Case established that ground water is a natural resource subject to depletion. That decision was restricted to water extracted from the Ogallala formation on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico. The unique features of the Ogallala formation on the Southern High Plains are that (1) the reservoir serves a significant geographic area which has no other source of water, (2) the recharge of the reservoir is from a single predictable source, and (3) the artificial discharge caused by pumpage produces a permanent reduction in the water available for use. In order to claim a depletion deduction, the taxpayer must (1) determine the cost of the water, (2) determine the quantity of water available at the time of acquisition, and (3) determine the quantity of water exhausted during the year. The procedures developed for use in the Shurbet Case have been accepted by the Internal Revenue Service for use in establishing the cost, quantity, and usage of water. In deciding who can claim a depletion deduction for the use of ground water, four factors must be considered. They are: (1) legal, (2) geologic, (3) economic, and (4) procedural. The taxpayer must have an economic interest in the water, and the water must be a depletable deposit. The geology and hydrology must be similar to the Southern High Plains. The taxpayer must have a cost basis in the water and must produce income from its sale or use. The taxpayer must prove that he sustained depletion. Although the Shurbet decision has been confined to the Southern High Plains, it seems that similar conditions may exist in other areas and that water users should be made aware of the potential tax saving arising from the depletion deduction.
The popular strategic configuration of R&D aggressiveness and research funding in emerging biotech firms: a cluster analysis

Abstract This empirical study covering all 44 publicly-traded emerging biotech firms with annual sales less than $10M uses cluster analysis to identify strategic configurations defined by R&D aggressiveness and funding strategies that are unique to this industry. Cluster analysis shows that firms in the popular cluster, which consist of over three-fourths of firms in the study, generate at least 48 percent of their total revenue from product sales including licensing during 1988 and 1989. The extent of revenue from product sales in this industry was an unexpected finding. It is conceivable that publicly-held, small firms in this industry have more revenue from product sales than their privately-held counterparts if privately-held firms first turn public soon after creating a marketable product. The findings show that collaborative research revenue is associated with product sales in the most popular configuration. This is either due to larger firms making strategic alliances with smaller biotech firms with marketable products, or due to the success of smaller firms that are party to collaborative research agreements in creating marketable products. This needs to be researched.
Mutational analysis of the Escherichia coli spoT gene identifies distinct but overlapping regions involved in ppGpp synthesis and degradation

The spoT gene of Escherichia coli encodes a guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-pyrophosphohydrolase (ppGppase) as well as an apparent guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) synthetase (designated PSII). To determine the regions of the SpoT protein that are required for these two competing activities, we analysed plasmid-borne deletion mutations for their ability to complement chromosomal mutations defective in each activity. We found that a region containing the first 203 amino acids of the 702-amino-acid SpoT protein was sufficient for ppGppase activity while an overlapping region containing residues 67-374 was sufficient for PSII activity. These data indicate that the catalytic sites involved in the two activities are separate but closely linked in the primary sequence of the SpoT protein. A ppGppase-defective delta 1-58 deletion mutant strain failed to synthesize ppGpp in response to nutrient limitation, also supporting the notion that PSII activity from wild-type SpoT does not increase in response to nutrient limitation. Using a strain lacking PSII activity but retaining ppGppase activity, we determined the contribution of the RelA protein (ppGpp synthetase I, PSI) to ppGpp synthesis following glucose starvation. We found that the RelA protein activity accounts for the initial burst of ppGpp synthesis at the onset of glucose starvation but that this source of synthesis is absent when amino acids are present during glucose starvation.
Morphological variations within a given area of articular surface of cartilage.

Samples of articular cartilage from four different human joints were obtained at surgery. Serial scanning electron micrographs taken at a magnification of 1000× were used to reconstruct an 0.25 mm2 area of articular surface. Within these given areas both normal and degenerated portions were seen. This study supports the concept that the surface morphology of articular cartilage varies from joint to joint and from area to area within a joint. This information should be useful for the interpretation of light and electron micrographs, as well as histochemical and biochemical data.
Multi-film roll transferring (MRT) process using highly conductive and solution-processed silver solution for fully solution-processed polymer solar cells

To produce practical large area polymer solar cells (PSCs), it is highly desirable that the Ag (silver) top electrodes be made by a printing process rather than by vacuum evaporation. However, directly printing electrodes using highly conductive metal inks, such as organometallic and nanoparticle inks, has risks which can cause the infiltration and contamination of the underlying polymer layers during the printing and annealing processes. Moreover, the metal inks usually require high sintering temperatures to achieve high-conductivity electrodes. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a multi-layer roll transferring (MRT) approach, in which a high performance solution processed Ag electrode is prepared separately from the rest of the organic layers, and the device is completed by a final transferring process. By optimizing the processing conditions of the reductive organometallic Ag solution, the resulting metal electrode has an excellent resistivity (3.4 μΩ cm−1) and a morphology comparable to that of a thermally evaporated silver film. The performances of the devices fabricated by the MRT process were comparable to those of metal evaporated devices. Furthermore we achieved fully solution processed devices fabricated by integrating the roll-to-roll coating of the polymer cathode, polymer semiconductor and charge extraction layer and the MRT process.
An NMR study of the conformations of certain alcohol derivatives of tricarbonyl(diene)iron compounds: A critique

The initial assignments by Mahler and Pettit of relative configurations of the two racemic diastereomeric tricarbonyl-(trans,trans-3,5-heptadien-2-ol)iron complexes and to the two racemic diastereomeric tricarbonyl-(trans-3,5-hexadien-2-ol)iron complexes are consistent with NMR coupling constants, conformational analysis, previously reported Eu(fod)3 lanthanide-induced shift data and new Yb(dpm)3 lanthanide-induced shift data. A detailed discussion shows that, contrary to the claim by Foreman, the lanthanide-induced shift data alone provide no new information regarding the relative configurations of these alcohols.
Ensembl Genomes 2013: scaling up access to genome-wide data

Ensembl Genomes (http://www.ensemblgenomes.org) is an integrating resource for genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species. The project exploits and extends technologies for genome annotation, analysis and dissemination, developed in the context of the vertebrate-focused Ensembl project, and provides a complementary set of resources for non-vertebrate species through a consistent set of programmatic and interactive interfaces. These provide access to data including reference sequence, gene models, transcriptional data, polymorphisms and comparative analysis. This article provides an update to the previous publications about the resource, with a focus on recent developments. These include the addition of important new genomes (and related data sets) including crop plants, vectors of human disease and eukaryotic pathogens. In addition, the resource has scaled up its representation of bacterial genomes, and now includes the genomes of over 9000 bacteria. Specific extensions to the web and programmatic interfaces have been developed to support users in navigating these large data sets. Looking forward, analytic tools to allow targeted selection of data for visualization and download are likely to become increasingly important in future as the number of available genomes increases within all domains of life, and some of the challenges faced in representing bacterial data are likely to become commonplace for eukaryotes in future.
Structural effects in electrocatalysis: electro-oxidation of l-ascorbic acid on single-crystal gold surfaces

Abstract The electro-oxidation of l -ascorbic acid is examined on three low index planes of gold single crystals in various aqueous electrolytes. The overall oxidation process in the double-layer potential region of gold consists of two major stages. The first stage is structure insensitive and is not affected significantly by anions of different specific adsorption ability. This stage corresponds to an outer-sphere two-electron transfer process with the formation of dehydro- l -ascorbic acid and/or its hydration product as the primary product. The second stage is structure sensitive and is affected significantly by the anions in solution. This stage is believed to correspond to the further oxidation of dehydro- l -ascorbic acid, which is an inner-sphere process.
An exploratory study of mentor relationships in large CPA firms

Abstract By examining the perceptions of junior/senior staff about the value of formal and informal mentoring systems for a recently merged CPA firm, we show how mentoring relationships can serve as a useful resource in its adaptation to rapid change. The study found that accounting professionals in early, middle and advanced career stages all embraced the mentoring process during periods of increased stress resulting from mergers. It appears that mentoring may be an important antidote to stress. The psycho-social aspect of mentoring may help employees cope better with the stressful, non-rewarding conditions that characterize business mergers and the restructurings of CPA firms. Some further discussion regarding formal and informal mentoring is also presented.
Familial ovarian dysgenesis in 46,XX females

Abstract Three phenotypic female sisters in a sibship of four sisters and one brother were found to have pure ovarian dysgenesis, which was confirmed by the finding of streak gonads at laparotomy in two of the three sisters who presented with amenorrhea and lack of secondary sexual characteristics. No evidence of any other congenital anomaly was found in any of these sisters. Pure gonadal dysgenesis syndrome distinguishes a group of women with primary gonadal failure with amenorrhea whose heights are over 152 cm and who are without either webbed necks or any of the other somatic anomalies that are characteristic of Turner’s syndrome. Cytogenetic studies revealed a normal female (46,XX) karyotype in all the affected members. Endocrine studies indicated thatthe affected sisters had elevated FSH and LH values with decreased plasma estradiol and urinary estrogen determinations. This is the second report of a family with 46,XX karyotype that meets all the criteria for the pure gonadal dysgenesis syndrome. The multiple affected sibs suggests an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
Acoustics impact on steam dryer induced by main steam line break in a boiling water reactor

In boiling water reactor (BWR) design, significant acoustic pressure loads impact the steam dryer hood as a result of the main steam line break outside containment (MSLB) event. When a main steam line breaks, it is assumed that the pipe instantaneously breaks completely open to the ambient environment (double-ended guillotine break). Due to the huge pressure difference between the inside of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and surrounding ambient environment, a shock wave will form at the break point and burst into the surrounding environment. At the same time, an expansion wave will travel upstream through the main steam line to the RPV, which results in a pressure reduction on the outside of the steam dryer hood. This expansion wave will create a substantial pressure difference between the two sides of the steam dryer hood with a resultant high stress on the hood. This differential pressure load is the acoustic load used in the structure design evaluations for this event. A key design basis requirement for the steam dryer is to maintain structural integrity during transient, and accident conditions. Demonstration that the steam dryers meet this design basis requires a calculation of the magnitude of the acoustic load on the steam dryer during a MSLB. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used as an alternate calculation method to investigate the phenomenon of MSLB. Transient simulations with fine time steps were carried out. The results show that CFD is a useful tool to provide additional information on the acoustic load as compared to the traditional methods. From the CFD results, the minimum pressure value and its distribution area at different flow times was identified. Through the modeling, an understanding of the detailed transient flow field, particularly the acoustic pressure field near the dryer hood during the MSLB was achieved.
Uncatalyzed zirconium-mediated biphenylation of o-dihalobenzenes to form triphenylenes.

The reaction of [Zr(biphe)3][(Li·(THF)4)2], where biphe is 2,2‘-biphenyldiyl, with an o-dihaloarene produces a triphenylene. Two new bonds are created in this rare example of an uncatalyzed, Zr-mediated aryl−aryl bond formation. Multiple biphe fragments can be incorporated to give larger triphenylene-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This reaction can introduce significant strain and was demonstrated to tolerate alkyl and methoxy substituents.
Molecular modeling of substrate-enzyme reactions for the cysteine protease papain.

Abstract AM1 quantum mechanical reaction coordinate (RC) calculations were run to simulate the rate-limiting deacylation (hydrolysis) reaction for a series of para-X-PhC(O)NHCH2C(Y)S-papain intermediates, where X = OCH3, CH3, H, Cl, NO2 and Y = O (thioester) or S (dithioester), for which a large body of structural, kinetic, and spectroscopic data is available. Several reaction zones, in particular the so-designated Large Zone and Small Zone, were extracted for these RC simulations from the fully solvated and energy-minimized X-ray crystal structure of papain (pdb9pap) bound to the appropriate substrate moiety. The major structural difference between these two zones was the absence of the oxyanion hole in the latter. For both the thioester and dithioester cases, the calculated Ea value associated with the parent (X = H) acyl-enzyme intermediate was lower by ca. 10 kcal/mol for the Large Zone than for the Small Zone. The magnitude of this difference suggests that the oxyanion hole plays a functional if not essential role in stabilizing the anionic tetrahedral intermediate with the cysteine proteases. The calculated Ea value was lower by ca. 10 kcal/mol for the thioester [C(O)S] than for the corresponding dithioester [C(S)S], in qualitative agreement with kinetic data for this series of substrates which reveal that the specific rate constant for deacylation k3 is ca. 60 times larger for the former. This difference is also consistent with both AM1 and 6-31G∗ calculations on model intermediates, which indicate that the weaker polarity of the dithioester compared with the thioester [i.e., C(←S)S versus C(→O)S] renders the former a much poorer site for nucleophilic attack. The anionic tetrahedral intermediate is energetically more stable for the dithioester than for the corresponding thioester, a finding that is discussed in terms of its kinetic and mechanistic implications. The mode of attack by the H2O nucleophile is “concerted” rather than “sequential” in terms of the order of proton abstraction by His-159 and nucleophilic attack on the acyl-enzyme intermediate. While the presumably key Sthiol ··· N nonbonded contact remained almost constant (ca. 2.90 A) up to formation of the [TS] structure, the substrate torsion angles φ and ψ rotated significantly as the hybridization around the reaction site transforms from sp2 to sp3 during formation of the tetrahedral intermediate. The AM1-calculated frontier molecular orbitals for model thioester and dithioester acyl-enzyme intermediates generally associate the HOMOs with the reaction site and the LUMOs with the benzamide moiety. Computer graphics images corroborate our view that, in relation to the Sthiol ··· N interaction, the HOMOs and LUMOs should be identified, respectively, with Sthiol and N rather than the reverse, as suggested by other workers.
Differences in readiness potential associated with push-button construction.

For the purposes of psychophysiological experiments that require an operant response, a push-button switch that utilized the skin resistance of the thumb was constructed. The skin contact push-buton (SC-PB) produced a more negative pre-response slow potential shift recorded at the vertex than the standard push-button (S-PB), using 6 subjects in a repeated measures design.
Creating riverine wetlands: Ecological succession, nutrient retention, and pulsing effects

Abstract Successional patterns, water quality changes, and effects of hydrologic pulsing are documented for a whole-ecosystem experiment involving two created wetlands that have been subjected to continuous inflow of pumped river water for more than 10 years. At the beginning of the growing season in the first year of the experiment (1994), 2400 individuals representing 13 macrophyte species were introduced to one of the wetland basins. The other basin was an unplanted control. Patterns of succession are illustrated by macrophyte community diversity and net aboveground primary productivity, soil development, water quality changes, and nutrient retention for the two basins. The planted wetland continued to be more diverse in plant cover 10 years after planting and the unplanted wetland appeared to be more productive but more susceptible to stress. Soil color and organic content continued to change after wetland creation and wetlands had robust features of hydric soils within a few years of flooding. Organic matter content in surface soils in the wetlands increased by approximately 1% per 3-year period. Plant diversity and species differences led to some differences in the basins in macrophyte productivity, carbon sequestration, water quality changes and nutrient retention. The wetlands continued to retain nitrate–nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus 10 years after their creation. There are some signs that sediment and total phosphorus retention are diminishing after 10 years of river flow. Preliminary results from the beginnings of a flood pulsing experiment in the two basins in 2003–2004 are described for water quality, nutrient retention, aboveground productivity, and methane and nitrous oxide gaseous fluxes.
A Semi-Quantitative Test for Water Supply

A recently marketed reagent strip designed for clinical urinalysis, Microstix®,1 has been found to be useful in rapid and simple examination of water sources for baby chicks. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 2136-2137, 1975
On the cohomology of an algebra morphism

1. The techniques suggest a spectral sequence argument for a valuable generalization of the theorems (discussed below). 2. In [3] we introduced a cochain map of some importance but were unable to work with it directly. Here that is precisely what we do. 3. Of necessity [3] is rather densely packed. We hope that a detailed discussion of a special case-namely, algebra morphisms-will make it more accessible.
Incoherent Spatial Filtering

During the past two decades, a number of methods have been proposed for performing bipolar spatial filtering operations with incoherent optical systems. These methods are conveniently categorized as to being based on geometrical optics or on diffraction optics. Some methods require a mechanical scanning of the input object, others are fully parallel in their operation. Still others are optically parallel, but employ an image plane scan to provide an electrical signal representation of the bipolar processed image. This paper reviews these methods and, to a limited extent, compares them.
New approaches to potential energy minimization and molecular dynamics algorithms

Abstract We describe two new algorithms for macromolecular simulations: a truncated Newton method for potential energy minimization and an implicit integration scheme for molecular dynamics (MD). The truncated Newton algorithm is specifically adapted for large-scale potential energy functions. It uses analytic second derivatives and exploits the separability structure of the Hessian into bonded and nonbonded terms. The method is rapidly convergent (with a quadratic convergence rate) and allows variations for avoiding analytic computation of the nonbonded Hessian terms. The MD algorithm combines the implicit Euler scheme for integration with the Langevin dynamics formulation. The implicit scheme permits a wide range of time steps without loss of numerical stability. In turn, it requires that a nonlinear system be solved at every step. We accomplish this task by formulating a related minimization problem—not to be confused with minimization of the potential energy—that can be solved rapidly with the truncated Newton method. Additionally, the MD scheme permits the introduction of a “cutoff” frequency (ωc) which, in particular, can be used to mimic the quantum-mechanical discrimination among activity of the various vibrational modes.
A comparison of the increment of fluoride in enamel and the reduction in dental caries resulting from topical fluoride applications.

Abstract Deciduous teeth which exfoliated during and after a topical fluoride application study were collected and subjected to fluoride analysis. In the study one-half of the dentition of 107 children was treated four times with 2% NaF. The untreated teeth and the teeth of a similar group of children receiving no treatment served as controls. The caries reductions after 1, 2 and 3 years were 19, 14 and 7·5 per cent when based on a comparison of treated and untreated teeth in the same mouth, and 34, 23 and 12 per cent when teeth of untreated children were used as controls. Analysis of the exfoliated teeth showed that topical fluoride applications caused an increase of approximately 50 p.p.m. in the fluoride concentrations of the outer portion of the enamel. There was no detectable decrease of fluoride from the treated enamel during the period 3–7 years following the fluoride treatment.
Intrinsic Factors in the Etiology of Neoplasms

It is as true as it is trite that the cause of disease is never a single factor. Two elements always enter into etiology. One of these is inherent in the germ plasm of the individual; the other brought to bear upon the organism from beyond the confines of the germinal elements from which it has developed. Better than internal and external, endogenous and exogenous, or constitutional and environmental, to designate these two groups of factors, are the terms intrinsic and extrinsic. Practical experience directs us to seek the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors whenever the causation of disease is studied, and we find that the two ingredients may be combined in every possible proportion. At one end of the series are diseases such as deaf mutism, transmitted as a simple recessive, in which the intrinsic element almost crowds out all other considerations. In the recessively sex-linked hemophilia, again the intrinsic element is so prominent that we see at once the mendelian significance of the process, although the bleeder may not be made known until the extrinsic factor, trauma, opens his blood vessels. The asthenic, dolichomorphic bodily configuration, which marks the phthisical habitus, is a familial character and therefore intrinsic, but it conditions infection by the tubercle bacillus in such a way as to give it serious or even lethal possibilities. When we consider syphilis, we find that the Treponema is no respecter of genetic constitution, yet sex and race may modify the character of the disease. These four commonplace illustrations are chosen advisedly to invite attention to a serial arrangement of diseases between those predominantly intrinsic and those predominantly extrinsic. Where in this series does neoplasia belong?
The verification and synthesis of data structures

The concept of machine extension is a commonly used technique for implementing complex software: sets of object classes and operations on these objects are defined and used, often in a layered fashion, to construct the system. This paper addresses the adaptation of this technique to automatic programming. It discusses how such sets of data structures may be precisely specified, presents an axiomatization of a programming language suitable for machine verification, and shows how programs which realize these data structures may be proved correct. A range of data type classes is treated--including arrays, records, and pointers. Some new verification rules are presented to handle programs which use assignments and structured objects.
Solution studies of the emeraldine oxidation state of polyaniline

Abstract Optical studies of emeraldine base in solutions show a red shift in both 2eV and 3.8eV absorption peaks compared with the optical absorption for emeraldine films and powders. As for solids, the 2.0eV peak is absent for the salt form. Unlike the salt film, the strong absorption peak is narrow without the free electron absorption tail, suggestive of strong localization of polarons in the solution form. Dilution studies show there is no shift in the absorption peaks with concentration in both emeraldine base and salt, indicating that optical absorption is an intrachain interaction. Temperature dependent UV-VIS spectra show the first thermochromatic effect in a system without side groups that suggests possible ring flipping. Photoinduced optical studies of emeraldine base polymer in solution shows photoinduced absorption peaks at 1.4eV and 3.0eV and photoinduced bleaching at 1.8eV. The photoinduced absorption peak observed at 0.9eV in film is no longer present. Its disappearance implies the importance of interchain interactions for the formation of the electronic state. In contrast, the 1.4eV absorption is from the interchain excitation of polarons.
A non-invasive method for studying in vivo carpal kinematics.

Seven uninjured and three injured patients were studied using midsagittal computed tomographic (CT) images at 10° increments from full extension to full flexion. Each injured patient had a confirmed scapholunate ligament tear and normal radiographs. CT bony contours were digitized, and incremental motion determined using a specifically designed automated contour-matching algorithm. We expressed wrist motion as a ratio of lunocapitate (midcarpal) motion, and radiolunate (radiocarpal) motion. In normal wrists, motion occurred equally at the midcarpal and radiocarpal joints. In wrists with scapholunate ligament disruption, lunocapitate motion increased significantly throughout the arc of motion.
Acquisition of learned taste aversion following bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats

Abstract Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats did not prevent subsequent acquisition of a conditioned taste aversion in a two-bottle preference paradigm. Neither verified-vagotomized nor sham-vagotomized animals shifted their preference when presentation of the preferred fluid was immediately followed by injection of isotonic NaCl, whereas both surgical groups shifted their preference to the initially-nonpreferred fluid when presentation of the initially-preferred fluid was followed by injection of isotonic LiCl. Although these results do not preclude some involvement of vagal innervation in toxiphobia conditioning in combination with other neural systems, they do indicate that the role of the vagus nerves is not a major one.
Kramers-Kronig relation between n2 and two-photon absorption

Nonlinear refractive index and two-photon absorption measurements on semiconductors show that the bound electronic nonlinearity can be calculated from two-photon absorption dispersion via a simple Kramers- Kronig analysis. This analysis shows n2 changing from positive to negative as the photon energy approaches the band-gap energy, consistent with observations. Additionally, this simple calculation, which assumes two parabolic bands, gives good agreement with measured values of n2 in wide-gap dielectrics that are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than in semiconductors.
Binge alcohol consumption in emerging adults: anterior cingulate cortical ‘thinness’ is associated with alcohol use patterns

Background The brain undergoes dynamic and requisite changes into the early 20s that are associated with improved cognitive efficiency, particularly in prefrontal regions that are still undergoing neuromaturation. As alcohol consumption is typically initiated and progresses to binge drinking (BD) during this time, the objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of binge alcohol consumption on frontal lobe cortical thickness in emerging adults. Methods Twenty-three binge drinking (11 females, mean age 22.0 ± 1.2) and 31 light drinking (15 females, mean age 21.5 ± 1.6) emerging adults underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. Cortical surface reconstruction and thickness estimation were performed using FreeSurfer for 3 a priori brain regions of interest: bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and parieto-occipital sulcus (POS). Cortical thickness measurements were then compared between binge drinker (BD) and light drinker (LD) groups. Results Cortical thickness was significantly lower in BD than LD in the right middle ACC (mid-ACC; p ≤ 0.05) and in the left dorsal PCC (dPCC; p ≤ 0.01). No significant differences in cortical thickness were observed in the POS. Cortical thickness in the mid-ACC correlated negatively with higher quantity and frequency of drinks consumed (p < 0.01) and positively with the number of days elapsed since most recent use (p < 0.05). Furthermore, less cortical thickness in the mid-ACC in the BD group alone correlated with reported patterns of high quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Findings suggest that past and recent patterns of intermittent heavy alcohol consumption are associated with less frontal cortical thickness (i.e., “thinness”) of the right mid-ACC and left dPCC in emerging adults, but not the POS. While cortical thinness could have predated binge drinking, this pattern of maladaptive consumption may have acute neurotoxic effects that interfere with the finalization of neuromaturational processes in the vulnerable frontal cortex, resulting in increased microarchitectural pruning.
Eelgrass condition and turbidity in the Dutch Wadden Sea

Abstract Populations of eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea have witnessed two major phases of decline this century. The first was the total disappearance of sublittoral beds during the wasting disease epidemic of the early 1930s, and their subsequent failure to recover. The second was the gradual disappearance of littoral eelgrass after the mid-1960s. It is argued here that both the lack of recovery of the sublittoral beds, and the disappearance of the littoral population, may have been effected, to a large extent, by changes in turbidity. The increasing turbidity can be linked with progressively increasing eutrophication as well as deposit extracting and dredging activities.
Chemical-specific alterations in ras, p53, and β-catenin genes in hemangiosarcomas from B6C3F1 mice exposed to o-nitrotoluene or riddelliine for 2 years

Abstract The most prominent neoplastic lesions in mice in the 2-year studies of o -nitrotoluene and riddelliine were hemangiosarcomas. Fifteen o -nitrotoluene-induced hemangiosarcomas of the skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissue, and mesentery; 12 riddelliine-induced hemangiosarcomas of the liver; and 15 spontaneous subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas were examined for genetic alterations in ras , p53 , and β-catenin genes. Mutations in at least one of these genes were identified in 13 of 15 (87%) of the o -nitrotoluene-induced hemangiosarcomas with missense mutations in p53 exons 5-8 detected in 11 of 15 (73%) of these neoplasms. Seven of 15 (47%) hemangiosarcomas from mice exposed to o -nitrotoluene had deletions at exon 2 splice sites or smaller deletions in the β-catenin gene. K- ras mutation was detected in only 1 of the 15 (7%) o -nitrotoluene-induced hemangiosarcomas. In contrast to the o -nitrotoluene study, 7/12 (58%) riddelliine-induced hemangiosarcomas had K- ras codon 12 GTT mutations and, when screened by immunohistochemistry, 9/12 (75%) had strong staining for the p53 protein in malignant endothelial cells, the cells of origin of hemangiosarcomas. Riddelliine-induced hemangiosarcomas were negative for the β-catenin protein. Spontaneous hemangiosarcomas from control mice lacked both p53 and β-catenin protein expression and ras mutations. Our data indicated that p53 and β-catenin mutations in the o -nitrotoluene-induced hemangiosarcomas and K- ras mutations and p53 protein expression in riddelliine-induced hemangiosarcomas most likely occurred as a result of the genotoxic effects of these chemicals. It also suggests that these mutations play a role in the pathogenesis of the respective hemangiosarcomas in B6C3F1 1 mice.
Performance bounds for modeling NUMA architectures

Scalable, multi-processor, computing systems in which memories are logically shared but physically distributed exhibit non-uniform memory access (NUMA) times. Modeling such systems presents special difficulties. Closed queuing networks, in which some servers provide exponentially distributed service and others provide deterministic (constant) service, offer the desired level of model representation, but such mixed networks remain analytically intractable. This paper shows that the throughput of any such mixed network is necessarily bounded below by the throughput of a purely exponential-server network and bounded above by the throughput of a purely deterministic-server network. In particular, replacing any deterministic server by an exponential server of the same mean will not increase throughput. Since fast techniques exist for solving purely exponential and purely deterministic networks, performance bounds are at hand.
Description of Immature Stages of Coreidae. 1. Euthochtha galeator

The egg and 5 nymphal instars of E. galeator (F.) are described and illustrated. The egg was 1.84×1.20×1.23 mm (mean value), roughly triangular in cross section, and somewhat flat on the underside. There were 33 micropylar processes per egg. Eggs were whitish to bright gold color shortly after oviposition turning to bright red just before eclosion. Head-capsule widths of the 5 instars did not overlap and growth ratios were fairly constant. The head capsules of females were slightly larger than males. The nymphs of all 5 instars were prickly, mainly because setae, chalazae, and scoli were numerous over the head, thorax, and abdomen. The setae and chalazae varied in size between the instars, with setae occurring in the early stages and chalazae and scoli in succeeding instars. Antennal segment 3 was dilated in all instars.
Response: methodologic problems in the evaluation of self-management programs.

MD, editor: Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago, 1976, Rand McNally & Co. 13. Cook TD, Campbell DT: Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Chicago, 1979, Rand McNally & Co. 14. Green LW: Research methods translatable to the practice setting: From rigor to reality and back. In Cohen S, editor: New directions in patient compliance. Lexington, Mass., 1979, Lexington Books. J. ALLERGY CLIN. IMMUNOL.
The Effect of Cull Rings on Catch Rates of Blue Crabs Callinectes sapidus in the North Carolina Trap Fishery

Abstract We sampled seven North Carolina estuaries (Currituck, Core, Albemarle, Bogue, and eastern Pamlico sounds and the Cape Fear and Pamlico rivers) to determine the separate and interacting effects of cull ring size and the number of cull rings per trap on the catch rate (catch per trap) of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus. Since a single minimum cull ring size is required in North Carolina and regional differences in blue crab shape may mediate its effectiveness, we also measured subsamples of male and mature female blue crabs to determine whether there were shape differences among estuaries. The cull ring sizes tested in Currituck and Core sounds were 58.7, 60.3, and 61.9 mm. The smallest two sizes were tested in the other five estuaries. We also varied the number of cull rings from two to four per trap. Thus, there were nine treatments in Currituck and Core sounds and six in the other estuaries. Three blue crab types dominated the catches: legal males (≥127 mm), sublegal males, and mature females. In...
Health-related quality of life in a multiethnic sample of breast cancer survivors

Background: Little is known about the experiences of women from varying ethnic groups following treatment for breast cancer.Purpose: This study provides a comprehensive description of heath-related quality of life (HRQL) and identifies problem areas and predictive factors for a multiethnic sample.Methods: Six hundred twenty-one breast cancer survivors from 2 major cities participated within 5 years of their diagnosis. Participants were African Americans, Latinas, Asian Americans, and Whites. Patients filled out questionnaire packets comprising standardized instruments related to HRQL, psychological adjustment, cancer-related treatment, and demographic variables. Data were analyzed using 2 methods: (a) observation of findings prior to controlling for demographic and treatment variables and (b) observation of findings after controlling for variables confounded with ethnicity.Results: Findings indicate that most women experienced good HRQL. Group differences revealed that African Americans found more meaning in life as a result of having breast cancer, and Latinas reported more physical symptoms. Age predicted aspects of HRQL for African Americans and Whites.Conclusions: This study comprehensively assessed HRQL following breast cancer for ethnic minority women. Most breast cancer survivors in this study reported levels of HRQL comparable to established norms. However, some quality of life impediments surfaced in particular groups. Researchers should not assume that predictive models of breast cancer HRQL are the same across ethnic groups.
Polaron and ion diffusion in a poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin-film transistor gated with polymer electrolyte dielectric

Electrolytes are finding applications as dielectric materials in low-voltage organic thin-film transistors (OTFT). The presence of mobile ions in these materials (polymer electrolytes or ion gels) gives rise to very high capacitance (>10 μF/cm2) and thus low transistor turn-on voltage. In order to establish fundamental limits in switching speeds of electrolyte gated OFETs, we carry out in situ optical spectroscopy measurement of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) OTFT gated with a LiClO4:poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) dielectric. Based on spectroscopic signatures of molecular vibrations and polaron transitions, we quantitatively determine charge carrier concentration and diffusion constants. We find two distinctively different regions: at VG≥−1.5 V, drift-diffusion (parallel to the semiconductor/dielectric interface) of hole-polarons in P3HT controls charging of the device; at VG<−1.5 V, electrochemical doping of the entire P3HT film occurs and charging is controlled by drift/diffusion (perpendicular to the interface) of ClO4− counter ions into the polymer semiconductor.
Discipline--Better or Worse?.

Do discipline issues differ significantly now from ten years ago? Two hundred and nineteen teachers share their views.
A simulation model for economic analysis of timber/forage production alternatives in rocky mountain aspen stands

Abstract A simulation model was developed to analyze possibilities for timber and forage joint production in Rocky Mountain aspen stands. Given harvest possibilities from timber yield tables and information concerning site characteristics, the model calculates the physical production levels for timber and forage, and then uses these figures to make an economic analysis based on present net worth and financial maturity criteria. The model was applied to different sets of sites, harvest possibilities, and costs and revenues. The results indicated that the optimal joint production strategy varies with the economic criterion, the discount rate and harvest strategy.
Event driven topology broadcast without sequence numbers

An algorithm is presented that allows each node in a computer network to maintain a correct view of the network topology despite link and node failures. Reliability is achieved without transmitting any information other than the operational status of links. Messages are only sent in response to topological changes: periodic retransmission is not required. >
Gender Bias and Critique of Student Writing

Abstract The main purpose of this empirical investigation into gender and writing instruction is to locate ways that the critique of readers may be affected by their foreknowledge of the student writer's sex. Thirty-two teachers and 32 students evaluated and diagnosed two student essays, neither overtly marked as to the sex of the writer. Independent variables controlled for were sex of reader, sex of the interviewer who prompted response during the taped session, professional status of participant (student or teacher), and knowledge of author's biological sex by participant (prior knowledge or no prior knowledge). Statistical analysis found gender interacting with all these variables. Among other associations, readers spontaneously constructed the author's sex even when they had not been informed of it; they rated the essays lower when they knew the writer was of their own sex, as measured by holistic rating and percentage of positive critique; they showed an anti-male bias as measured by holistic rating, and an anti-feminine bias as measured by attribution of agency to the writing; and they tended to suppress gender, as measured by the amount of agency that they passivized or made neutral. In sum, the study found evidence for the active presence of gender effects, especially via polarized gender stereotypes, as students and teachers appraise student writing.
Molecular weight of algal chloroplastin.

No recent experimental results are available for the molecular weight of chloroplastin. The available data for chloroplastin have been obtained from leaf extracts (spinach and aspidistra) prepared in a manner similar to that of Smith1 and calculated from the ultracentrifuge data. Smith1 and Smith and Pickels2 found values of the order of 265,000 for chloroplastin ; this high estimate is in part due to the contribution of the digitonin micelle. More recently, Takashima3 made a leaf extract, crystallized a cehlorophyll–lipoprotein complex in the cold from α-picolene and determined its molecular weight from diffusion studies to be 19,200. He postulated a complex of two molecules of chlorophyll per molecule of lipoprotein.