cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a mixed sericea lespedeza and grass pasture system for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs and kids

Abstract Because of a high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance and consumer demand for chemical free meat products, management tools to minimize the need for deworming are needed. The objective was to examine the effectiveness of grazing sericea lespedeza (SL) in a mixed grass or a pure forage system for control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN); in other words pasture systems included grass, grass plus SL, or SL alone (Experiments 2 and 3). Selective use of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) based on the FAMACHA © system was used to aid in GIN control. In Experiment 1, lambs co-grazed bermudagrass (BG; n = 21) or SL in a mixed grass pasture (SLM; n = 22) with dams for 14 days. In Experiment 2, lambs grazed BG ( n = 14), SLM ( n = 13), or pure SL (SLP; n = 13) pastures for 56 days. In Experiment 3, doe kids grazed BG ( n = 12), SLM ( n = 13), or SLP ( n = 13) for 84 days. Animals were fed a 16% crude protein supplement based on NRC requirements and estimated forage quality of pastures, so that 454, 389, and 200 g/lamb (Experiment 2), or 454, 300, and 150 g of supplement/goat (Experiment 3) was fed to BG, SLM, and SLP, respectively. Animals were dewormed with COWP if FAMACHA © was >3. Coprocultures were conducted to identify GIN genus. In Experiment 1, FEC were reduced in lambs grazing SLM compared with BG pastures. In Experiment 2, FEC were reduced in SLP compared with BG lambs on all days, and reduced in SLM compared with BG lambs on day 56. Initially, Haemonchus contortus was the predominant nematode, but the population shifted to other species in the SL groups by the end of the study. The mean number of dewormings/lamb was 0.71, 0.20, and 0.21 ± 0.13 for BG, SLM, and SLP groups, respectively. In goats in Experiment 3, Trichostrongylus spp. was the predominant nematode in May and June and H. contortus in July. There was little meaningful effect of forage treatments on GIN infection in kids. Because H. contortus was not the predominant nematode in kids, the integrated approaches used may not have been effective in controlling GIN. Grazing SL was effective for GIN control in lambs in early summer, but the effect was delayed in lambs grazing a mixed SL/grass pasture unless lambs initially grazed with dams. An integrated approach used that included SL grazing and COWP for deworming was effective in lambs.
Predictive value of biopsy specimens suspicious for melanoma: support for 6-mm criterion in the ABCD rule.

Objective Clinical detection of melanoma can be challenging. The number of biopsy specimens performed to diagnose 1 melanoma is a measure of efficiency of skin cancer detection, but few data are available to describe this measure from US health care. We studied the diagnosis of melanoma among biopsy specimens of clinically concerning pigmented lesions at an academic dermatology department. Methods We searched for all biopsy specimens that were performed because of clinical suspicion of melanoma in 2013. Characteristics of the patient, lesion, and clinician performing the biopsy, and the final pathology diagnosis were recorded. Results A total of 2643 biopsy specimens from 2213 patients submitted by 43 providers were included. Melanoma was diagnosed in 165 cases (positive predictive value 6.4%, 95% confidence interval 5.5%-7.4%). Older age ( P P = .045), and nontrunk location ( P Limitations Factors influencing the decision to biopsy a lesion may be difficult to evaluate retrospectively. Conclusion At an academic medical center, 16 clinically concerning lesions were biopsied to diagnose 1 melanoma. Biopsy specimens of clinically concerning pigmented lesions larger than 6 mm on older men had the highest yield.
Potential Population-Level Nutritional Impact of Replacing Whole and Reduced-Fat Milk With Low-Fat and Skim Milk Among US Children Aged 2–19 Years

This research was commissioned by the RobertWood Johnson Foundation through its Healthy Eating Research program. Additional support for this project came from National Institutes of Health grant R21 DK085406. Pablo Monsivais also received support from the Centre for Diet and Activity Research, a United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration Public Health Research Centre of Excellence funded by the British Heart Foundation, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust.
On-Axis Streak Camera Measurements Of Undulator Light On Beam Line V at SSRL

Direct on-axis time resolved measurements of undulator light have been taken with an x-ray streak camera on Beam Line V at SSRL. A UHV chopper, especially designed for high undulator power levels, was used to provide gating signals for the streak camera sweeps. A description of the system, as well as the results of the measurements and their preliminary interpretation, are presented in this paper.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON DEVELOPING CRAYFISH OOCYTES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORIGIN OF YOLK.

The endoplasmic reticulum is composed, in places, of stacks of parallel cisternae which are limited by membranes having great numbers of ribosomes attached to their outer surface. These are connected with other cisternae of similar structure but with fewer ribosomes and without preferred orientation. The latter extend in all directions from the stacked cisternae, branching and anastomosing freely so that the entire system of membrane-limited cisternae appears interconnected; a morphological condition suitable to serve as the basis for an active transport system. Within the stacked cisternae appear granules about 40 to 60 mµ in diameter. These are thought to represent the precursors of proteinaceous yolk, and the hypothesis is advanced that most of the intracisternal granules are synthesized here, possibly under the influence of the ribosomes. They then "flow" into and along the unoriented cisternae to regions where they collect, expand the cisternae, and undergo transformation into finely granular, relatively large proteinaceous yolk bodies. The mitochondria are somewhat pleomorphic, often show atypical cristae, and frequently contain a few dense granules. Lipid is abundant. Other cytoplasmic components are illustrated.
SDN control for hybrid OCS/electrical datacenter networks: An enabler or just a convenience?

A new SDN control plane architecture for hybrid optical/electrical switch networks is demonstrated. Compared to traditional VLAN-based control, our OpenFlow implementation is more scalable and enables faster reconfiguration of multihop or multipath networks.
Effects of Troglitazone in Hispanic Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of troglitazone in lowering insulin requirements and improving glycemic control in Hispanic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This was a 6-month prospective study of 21 Hispanic patients who were ≥18 years of age, were receiving ≥30 U of insulin daily, had a glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A 1c ) value >8%, and had never taken troglitazone. Troglitazone was started at 200 mg/d and titrated up to 600 mg/d at 2-week intervals. Insulin was titrated down at 10% to 25% of the current dose when a fasting blood glucose concentration 1c , C peptide, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and liver function tests. Blood pressure, body weight, and adverse events associated with troglitazone were assessed. Two patients withdrew from the study because of serious dermatologic adverse effects. The remaining 19 patients demonstrated mean reductions from baseline at 3 and 6 months for the following: daily insulin dosage, 19% ( P P P P = 0.002); Hb A 1c ) 28% ( P P P = 0.006) and 33% ( P = 0.016). Mean LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations increased, and mean TC and triglyceride concentrations decreased during the study period. Slight improvement in blood pressure control was observed. The mean weight gain at 6 months was 11 lb ( P
Buckling of delaminated bi-layer beam-columns

Abstract An improved analytical model is presented to analyze the delamination buckling of a bi-layer beam-column with a through-the-width delamination. Both the transverse shear deformation and local delamination tip deformations are taken into consideration, and two delaminated sub-layers as well as two substrates in the intact (un-delaminated) regions are modeled as individual Timoshenko beams. A deformable interface is introduced to establish the continuity condition between the two substrates in the intact regions. Consequently, a flexible joint is formed at the delamination tip, and it is different from the conventional rigid joint given in most of studies in the literature, in which the local delamination tip deformations are completely ignored. In contrast to the local delamination buckling in our previous study ( Qiao et al., 2010 ), the present model accounts for the global deformations of the intact region in the delaminated composite beam-column, thus capable of capturing the buckling mode shape transitions from the global, to global–local coexistent, and to local buckling for asymmetric delamination as the interface delamination increases. Good agreement of the present analytical solutions with the full 2-D elastic finite element analysis demonstrates the local deformation effects around the delamination tip and verifies the accuracy of the present model. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effects of loading eccentricity, delaminated sub-layer thickness ratio, and interface compliance on the critical buckling load for the delaminated composite beam-column. Transitions of buckling modes from the global to local delamination buckling are also disclosed as the thickness of one sub-layer reduces from the thick sub-layer to a thin film. The developed delamination buckling solution facilitates the design analysis and optimization of laminated composite structures, and it can be used with confidence in buckling analysis of delaminated composite structures.
Parton cascade and coalescence

This is a review of the parton cascade approach and its implications to parton coalescence at RHIC.
Modeling and generating parallel flexure elements

Abstract This work introduces the principles necessary to model and generate parallel flexure elements (i.e., compliant members or flexible joints) that may be used to synthesize next-generation precision flexure systems. These principles are extensions of the Freedom and Constraint Topologies (FACT) synthesis approach, which utilizes geometric shapes to help designers synthesize flexure systems that achieve desired degrees of freedom (DOFs). Prior to this paper, FACT was limited to the design of flexure systems that consisted primarily of simple wire or blade flexure elements only. In this paper, the principles are introduced that enable designers to use the same shapes of FACT to synthesize parallel flexure elements of any geometry, including new and often irregularly-shaped elements (e.g., hyperboloids or hyperbolic paraboloids). The ability to recognize such elements within the shapes of FACT, therefore, enables designers to consider a larger body of solution options that satisfy a broader range of kinematic, elastomechanical, and dynamic design requirements. Example flexure systems that consist of flexure elements, generated using this theory, are provided as case studies.
The Future Is Now: Prospective Temporal Self-Appraisals Among Defensive Pessimists and Optimists:

Three studies found that prospective temporal self-appraisals can be part of defensive pessimists' strategy; they felt closer to equally distant negative than positive futures. In Study 1, defensive pessimists felt closer to future failures and reported more negative affect than those considering success. In Study 2, when manipulated negative futures were close, defensive pessimists felt bad and performed well; results suggested that viewing negative futures as close may be part of their natural strategy. Study 3 found that prospective self-appraisals influenced performances through felt preparation. Optimists did not use prospective self-appraisals (Study 1) and their performances were unaffected by manipulated temporal distance (Studies 2 and 3). Discussion centers on prospective self-appraisals and multiple strategies of defensive pessimists.
Modelling metropolitan population growth and change: The IIPS simulator

Abstract This paper describes selected aspects of a large scale urban simulation project (IIPS). Emphasis is on design and empirical evaluation of a model of metropolitan population growth and change. Functions for determining ‘behavior’ of fertility and net-migration are specified and an important linkage between the IIPS population and land use models is illustrated. In a final section, the reader is introduced to a relatively unique computer sumulation-supervisor.
QCD thermodynamics with light quarks and glueball spectra with dynamical quarks

Simulations of Lattice QCD with 4 flavors of light staggered quarks (m = .025) were performed on a 12{sup 3} {times} 4 lattice, confirming the first order nature of the transition. Lattice QCD with a light isodoublet of staggered quarks (m = .0125), and a heavier singlet (m = .25) was studied, also on a 12{sup 3} {times} 4 lattice. The order of the transition was less clear. Improved glueball wavefunctions have been used to study glueball spectra in theories incorporating dynamical quarks. 10 refs., 3 figs.
Repeated applications of tannins and related phenolic compounds are retained by soil and affect cation exchange capacity

Abstract Retention of tannins, produced by plants, could be important for managing soil organic matter and nutrient cycling. However, we know little about the comparative retention of different classes of tannins and related compounds or if soils have a maximum storage capacity for them. To address these questions, forest, and pasture loam soils, collected at 0–5 cm (surface) and 10–20 cm (subsurface), were repeatedly treated with water (Control) or solutions containing condensed and hydrolyzable tannins or related phenolic subunits (10 mg g−1 soil). Treatments included a polymeric flavonoid-based procyanidin from sorghum, catechin, tannic acid, β-1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl- d -glucose (PGG), gallic acid, and methyl gallate. After each application, soluble-C in supernatants was determined by oxidative-combustion infrared analysis and retention of treatment-carbon by soil was calculated as the difference between added and recovered soluble-C. An interaction between soil depth and treatment was evident through all applications with highest retention of both hydrophobic (PGG) and hydrophilic (procyanidin) tannins, compared to other phenolic compounds. For all treatments except gallic acid and methyl gallate, higher sorption occurred in surface soil, which contained more organic matter than subsurface soil. With each successive application, less additional treatment-C was retained by soil and the amount of C remaining in supernatants was correlated with the presence of phenolic substances. Cumulative retention by surface soil was more than 10.3, 8.5 and 6.4 mg C g−1 soil for PGG, tannic acid, and procyanidin, several times higher than the other compounds. Soluble-C extracted from treated soil, with cool water (23 °C), was 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than Control samples and highly correlated with Prussian Blue (PB) phenolics, indicating some retained treatment-C was only weakly held on the soil. The final extraction, with hot water (80 °C), removed more soluble-C, particularly from surface samples, that contained fewer PB phenolics per unit soluble-C than cool water extracts. After all extractions more than 85% of sorbed procyanidin-C was retained by samples compared to 81% of methyl gallate, 79% of PGG, 74% of tannic acid, 50% of catechin, and 40% of the gallic acid. Total C, measured in soil after all extractions, was close to expected values, confirming tannins and phenolic compounds had remained in soil and were not otherwise lost. Cation exchange capacity was increased about 30% in subsurface and forest samples by PGG, a hydrolyzable tannin, but decreased by 30% and 35% in surface and pasture soil, respectively, by its monomer, gallic acid.
The puzzles of surface science and recent attempts to explain them

Abstract Surfaces have several unique properties that remain unexplained at the atomic level. These include: (1) the unique chemical activity of rough surfaces; (2) the breaking of chemical bonds in narrow temperature ranges: and (3) the role of co-adsorption and strongly adsorbed monolayers during catalysis and tribological change (friction, lubrication). The dynamic surface restructuring model and surface structure induced variations in local density of states that have been suggested to rationalize the surface behavior await experimental confirmation.
Diet and acculturation in Chinese women

Abstract Information about acculturation of the increasing Asian-American population is limited. Three groups of women between 18 and 35 years of age were recruited to assess nutrition-related acculturation in Chinese-American (CA) women. Biophysical measurements, dietary intake, nutrition knowledge about cardiovascular risk factors, and eating attitudes were estimated in the test group of 18 US-born CA and in two control groups of 20 foreign-born Chinese (FBC) and 18 white Americans (WA). No group differences existed for either percentages of body fat and lean body mass or for kilocalories from energy sources. Fat intake, close to the national average of 34% of kilocalories, may reflect the affluence of all groups. This finding refutes the commonly held notion that Chinese consume low-fat diets. Of the three groups, CA women consumed the most nutrient-dense diets. The FBC scored significantly lower than the other groups on the nutrition knowledge test, missing questions about blood pressure, heart rate, and ingredient labels. Nutrition knowledge about fat was low and not different among the groups. Sixty-seven percent of WA, 50% of CA, and 20% of FBC responded that nutrition influenced their food choices. More nutrient-dense diets, greater nutrition knowledge, and, to a lesser extent, improved attitudes about nutrition indicate acculturation of US-born, CA women.
Unidirectional formation of tetrahedral voids in irradiated silicon carbide

The {111} tetrahedral voids induced by neutron irradiation in 3C-SiC were found to be spatially oriented in only one of two possible directions. The tetrahedral shape was unexpected as the surface-to-volume ratio is larger than the alternative {111} octahedral void common in both metals and ceramics. From a geometric viewpoint, all faces of the observed voids are either Si- or C-terminated surfaces. By comparing the surface area with the octahedral void (composed of the both Si- and C-surfaces) of the same volume, the considerable difference in surface energy between the Si(111) and C(1¯1¯1¯) was implicated.
Rejection of Metastatic 4T1 Breast Cancer by Attenuation of Treg Cells in Combination With Immune Stimulation

4T1 breast carcinoma is a highly malignant and poorly immunogenic murine tumor model that resembles advanced breast cancer in humans, and is refractory to most immune stimulation-based treatments. We hypothesize that the ineffectiveness of immune stimulatory treatment is mediated by the suppressive effects of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, which can be attenuated by engaging the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein with its natural ligand (GITRL); further, combination treatment with existing immune stimulation regimens will augment anti-tumor immunity and eradicate metastatic 4T1 tumors in mice.A soluble homodimeric form of mouse GITRL (mIg-mGITRLs) was molecularly constructed and used to treat orthotopic 4T1 tumors established in immune-competent, syngeneic Balb/c mice. When applied in combination with adenovirus-mediated intratumoral murine granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene delivery plus systemic 4-1BB activation, mIg-mGITRLs attenuated the immune-suppressive function of splenic Treg cells, which led to elevated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, tumor-specific cytolytic T-cell activities, tumor rejection and long-term survival in 65% of the animals without apparent toxicities. The results demonstrate that addition of mIg-mGITRLs to an immune-stimulatory treatment regimen significantly improved long-term survival without apparent toxicity, and could potentially be clinically translated into an effective and safe treatment modality for metastatic breast cancer in patients.
Data analysis and reduction using stationary solutions of the NLS equation

We demonstrate that the stationary solutions of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) give rise to families of orthonormal bases for the square integrable functions with periodic boundary conditions. This allows us to use these solutions in the same way as regular Fourier modes or other basis sets. For instance, we show the applicability of the NLS basis sets for doing data analysis, and as a means for obtaining reduced models. Using a variety of examples, we show that working with the NLS basis sets is advantageous over working with the set of Fourier modes, which they contain as a special case. The NLS sets are particularly appealing for those problems where the NLS equation is expected to provide a good description of any underlying dynamics, such as the description of modulated waves in deep water or nonlinear optics. In those cases, the decomposition of experimental data requires fewer modes compared to regular Fourier analysis, and the truncated components remain unimportant on longer time scales.
Transtentorial herniation of the fourth ventricle

Transtentorial herniation (TTH) of the fourth ventricle is the result of a progressive enlargement of an isolated fourth ventricle which herniates through the tentorial incisure into the middle cranial fossa. The characteristic CT-MR and neurosonographic findings are described.
Density of states in layered short-coherence-length superconducting structures.

We have performed a theoretical study of superconductor--normal-metal layered structures using a microscopic method. Results are given for the single-particle density of states, the order parameter, and the energy gap as a function of the coherence length, temperature, pair-breaking impurity mean-free path, and depth or probe range. The results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from tunneling experiments on a Au-${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$ bilayer and on the high-temperature superconductor ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$. The spatial variation of all quantities has been taken into account self-consistently. The roles of all relevant lengths and their experimental implications are discussed and emphasis is put on the case of short-coherence-length materials.
Factors contributing to the subjective quality of life of the chronic mentally ill

Although the deinstitutionalization of the seriously mentally ill has been severely criticized, the success of some model community programs shows that community care can enhance patients' quality of life. We lack specific knowledge, however, about the components that make these programs effective, and why. A theoretical framework for identifying these critical components is proposed. Services can enhance life satisfaction by increasing individuals' actual power through economic resources or status, thus enhancing their perceptions of mastery. An internal evaluation of a model program provides support for this hypothesis. One hundred and fifty-seven patients were interviewed about services, quality of life, and perceptions of mastery. Results show that services providing economic resources and an empowerment approach to service delivery are significantly related to overall quality of life. Furthermore, perceptions of mastery account for the impact of these components on life satisfaction. These findings suggest interventions that can be adopted by a wide range of mental health programs for the improvement of the quality of life of the chronic mentally ill.
Qualitative properties of solutions of integral equations

Abstract In this paper we study a linear integral equation x ( t ) = a ( t ) − ∫ 0 t C ( t , s ) x ( s ) d s in which the kernel fails to satisfy standard conditions yielding qualitative properties of solutions. Thus, we begin by following the standard idea of differentiation to obtain x ′ ( t ) = a ′ ( t ) − C ( t , t ) x ( t ) − ∫ 0 t C t ( t , s ) x ( s ) d s . The investigation frequently depends on x ′ ( t ) + C ( t , t ) x ( t ) = 0 being uniformly asymptotically stable. When that property fails to hold, the investigator must turn to ad hoc methods. We show that there is a way out of this dilemma. We note that if C ( t , t ) is bounded, then for k > 0 the equation resulting from x ′ + k x will have a uniformly asymptotically stable ODE part and the remainder can often be shown to be a harmless perturbation. The study is also continued to the pair x ″ + k x ′ .
Effect of monensin and suckling on the GnRH induced luteinizing hormone surge and the effect of monensin on the postpartum interval in Brangus cows

Twenty-seven fall calving Brangus cows were randomly allotted to one of four treatment groups: nonsuckled monensin (NSM), suckled monensin (SM), nonsuckled control (NSC), and suckled control (SC). Cows were group fed 1.82 kg/hd/day concentrate and Coastal bermuda grass hay adlibitum. Monensin cows received 200 mg monensin/hd/day in the concentrate. At 0800 hr on day 21 postcalving, the calves were separated from the cows. Suckled monensin and SC cows were allowed to suckle their calves for 30 min at 6-hr intervals. Nonsuckled monensin and NSC cows were not suckled. Calves were given free access to the cows after 1400 hr on day 22 postpartum. At 0800 hr on day 22 postpartum, a blood sample was collected. A 100 μg GnRH challenge was administered IM at 0801 hr. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 6 hr postinjection. Changes in body weight and body condition from day 21 postpartum to the day of first estrus were not different (P>0.10) by dietary treatment. Monensin cows consumed 10.7% less hay than did the control cows. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) following GnRH was greater (P<0.005) in suckled than nonsuckled cows. Control cows released more (P<0.005) LH in response to GnRH than did the monensin cows. The postpartum interval (to first estrus) for the monensin cows (92.4±14.7 days) was shorter (P<0.025) than the controls (138.5±9.5 days). A greater proportion (P<0.005) of the monensin cows (8 of 14) exhibited estrus by 90 days postpartum compared to the control cows (0 of 13). Monensin and suckling appear to exert independent and agonistic influences on pituitary function in the postpartum beef cow.
Physiological correlates of prolonged sleep deprivation in rats

The issue of whether sleep is physiologically necessary has been unresolved because experiments that reported deleterious effects of sleep deprivation did not control for the stimuli used to prevent sleep. In this experiment, however, experimental and control rats received the same relatively mild physical stimuli, but stimulus presentations were timed to reduce sleep severely in experimental rats but not in controls. Experimental rats suffered severe pathology and death; control rats did not.
‘Without Us, Sex Workers will Die Like Weeds’: Sex Work and Client Violence in Kamathipura:

This study explores male clients’ perceptions of gender-based violence against female sex workers of the Kamathipura red-light area in Mumbai, India. In-depth interviewing methods were used to coll...
Characterization of power wheelchair use in the home and community.

Abstract Sonenblum SE, Sprigle S, Harris FH, Maurer CL. Characterization of power wheelchair use in the home and community. Objective To characterize the use of power wheelchairs and to determine if multiple measures of mobility and occupancy jointly provide a more comprehensive picture of wheelchair usage and daily activity in full-time power wheelchair users than daily distance alone. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Subjects' everyday mobility was measured in their homes and communities for 2 weeks, and prompted recall interviews were conducted by phone. Participants A convenience sample (N=25) of nonambulatory, full-time power wheelchair users. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Wheelchair usage was logged electronically, and geolocation and interview data were used to isolate chair use to (1) in the home, (2) not in the home indoors, or (3) outdoors. Distance wheeled, time spent wheeling, number of bouts, time spent in the wheelchair, and the percentage of time in the wheelchair spent wheeling were measured to describe wheelchair use. Results The median wheelchair user spent 10.6 hours (range, 5.0–16.6h) in his/her wheelchair daily and wheeled 1.085km (range, 0.238–10.585km) over 58 minutes (range, 16–173min) and 110 bouts (range, 36–282 bouts). Wheelchair use varied across subjects, within subjects from day to day, and between environments. Mobility bouts outdoors were longer and faster than those wheeled indoors. In a regression analysis, distance wheeled explained only 33% of the variation in the number of bouts and 75% in the time spent wheeling. Conclusions Power wheelchair use varies widely both within and between users. Measuring distance, time, and number of bouts provides a clearer picture of mobility patterns than measuring distance alone, whereas occupancy helps to measure wheelchair function in daily activities.
The phenomenology of self-reported body dysmorphic disorder by proxy.

Abstract Body dysmorphic disorder by proxy (BDDBP), a preoccupation with a perceived defect in another person's appearance may represent a variant of BDD. However, BDDBP has received little empirical attention. We present here the phenomenology of 11 individuals with self-reported BDDBP. Participants completed an internet-based survey that assessed symptoms, psychosocial impact, and treatment history. Participants (8 females, 3 males) reported preoccupation with a wide array of individuals (e.g., spouse, stranger). Body parts of concern most commonly involved the face and head. Most participants spent several (e.g., 3–8) hours per day preoccupied by perceived defects in the person of concern (POC). All participants engaged in rituals to try to alleviate distress or improve the POC's appearance. Most avoided social/occupational activities, including contact with the POC. The impact of BDDBP was profound, particularly on relationships. Findings may help elucidate diagnostic criteria, course, and treatment.
Body image disturbance in obese outpatients before and after weight loss in relation to race, gender, binge eating, and age of onset of obesity

Objective To assess body image disturbance as a composite of three aspects (distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction) in obese subjects before and after weight loss. Disturbance was then related to race, gender, binge eating behavior, and age of onset of obesity. Methods Eighty-two obese outpatients (24 males, 58 females) completed the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS). A Disturbance score was derived from the weighted sum of distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction. The measures were repeated 4 weeks after starting a medically supervised liquid formula diet. Results Prior to weight loss, race (r = .28, p = .01) and gender (r = .25, p = .02) were each predictive of disturbance, with Caucasians and men having the most disturbance. Binge eaters exhibited more discrepancy (p = .03) and dissatisfaction (p = .005) than non-binge eaters. Early-onset subjects demonstrated more discrepancy than adult-onset subjects (p = .02). Following weight loss, disturbance scores decreased for all groups (p = .009). However, early-onset subjects still showed more discrepancy (p = .002) and more dissatisfaction (p = .005) than adult-onset subjects. Discussion Body image disturbance was viewed as a composite of three aspects. Prior to weight loss, the high disturbance score in Caucasians may be due to them experiencing greater cultural pressure to be thin. The men may have exaggerated their degree of obesity because of less denial of being overweight than women. Following weight loss, disturbance decreased for all groups but remained elevated for those with early onset, possibly because of a persistent self-image from adolescence. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 416–423, 2002.
The Information Transfer Required in Regulatory Processes

Several fundamental relations between regulation and informational quantities are given. These show that regulation is a phenomenon closely tied to the transinformation between the regulator and the system which might be called its opponent. Two basic types of regulators are distinguished. The first, error-controlled regulators, are shown to be essentially coding devices which operate by taking advantage of constraints in the input sequence. The second, cause-controlled regulators, are shown to be free of some limitations inherent in error-controlled regulators. The importance of the regulator's channel capacity in cause-controlled regulation is established.
Ab initio frame-transformation calculations of direct and indirect dissociative recombination rates of HeH+ + e−

The $\mathrm{He}{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ cation undergoes dissociative recombination with a free electron to produce neutral He and H fragments. We present calculations using ab initio quantum defects and Fano's rovibrational frame-transformation technique, employing cation rovibrational wave functions satisfying outgoing wave boundary conditions, to obtain the recombination rate in both the low-energy $(1\char21{}300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV})$ and high-energy (ca. $0.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{hartree}$) regions. We obtain very good agreement with experimental results, demonstrating that this relatively simple method is able to reproduce observed rates for both indirect dissociative recombination, driven by rovibrationally autoionizing states in the low-energy region, and direct dissociative recombination, driven by electronically autoionizing Rydberg states attached to higher-energy excited cation channels.
Impact of wind power variability on sub-transmission networks

The inherent variability of wind power injections becomes particularly important for wind farms connected to weaker networks, as voltage deviations become more significant and voltage regulation more challenging. Through sensitivity analysis and continuation methods, this paper examines the impact of wind injection on transformer tap operation in subtransmission networks. The results of a tap operation simulation show that voltage regulation at wind injection nodes increases tap change operations. The trade-off between local voltage regulation and tap change frequency is fundamentally important in optimizing the size of reactive compensation used for voltage regulation at wind injection nodes.
Severe Postnatal Iron Deficiency Alters Emotional Behavior and Dopamine Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex of Young Male Rats

Iron deficiency in early human life is associated with abnormal neurological development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of postnatal iron deficiency on emotional behavior and dopaminergic metabolism in the prefrontal cortex in a young male rodent model. Weanling, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed standard nonpurified diet (220 mg/kg iron) or an iron-deficient diet (2-6 mg/kg iron). After 1 mo, hematocrits were 0.42 ± 0.0043 and 0.16 ± 0.0068 (mean ± SEM; P < 0.05; n = 8), liver nonheme iron concentrations were 2.3 ± 0.24 and 0.21 ± 0.010 μmol/g liver (P < 0.05; n = 8), and serum iron concentrations were 47 ± 5.4 and 23 ± 7.1 μmol/L (P < 0.05; n = 8), respectively. An elevated plus maze was used to study emotional behavior. Iron-deficient rats displayed anxious behavior with fewer entries and less time spent in open arms compared to control rats (0.25 ± 0.25 vs. 1.8 ± 0.62 entries; 0.88 ± 0.88 vs. 13 ± 4.6 s; P < 0.05; n = 8). Iron-deficient rats also traveled with a lower velocity in the elevated plus maze (1.2 ± 0.15 vs. 1.7 ± 0.12 cm/s; P < 0.05; n = 8), behavior that reflected reduced motor function as measured on a standard accelerating rotarod device. Both the time on the rotarod bar before falling and the peak speed attained on rotarod by iron-deficient rats were lower than control rats (156 ± 12 vs. 194 ± 12 s; 23 ± 1.5 vs. 28 ± 1.6 rpm; P < 0.05; n = 7-8). Microdialysis experiments showed that these behavioral effects were associated with reduced concentrations of extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of the iron-deficient rats (79 ± 7.0 vs. 110 ± 14 ng/L; P < 0.05; n = 4). Altered dopaminergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex most likely contributes to the anxious behavior observed in young male rats with severe iron deficiency.
Review Article: Targeted Therapy: Comprehensive Review

The National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization estimates that in 2006, 44.1% of hospice admissions had cancer as primary diagnosis, still representing the most common diagnosis in this level of care. In the recent years, the treatment of cancer sustained unprecedented advances with better understanding of cancer biology. Growth factor receptors emerged as target for effective therapy providing significant clinical benefit, for example epidermal growth factor receptor 2 or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 + breast cancer disease has been routinely treated with trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody, with significant survival benefit. Other cancers had their treatment changed by targeted therapy. This article reviews concepts of cancer cell biology and analyze the current standard of care use of targeted therapy. The data highlights aspects of targeted therapy important to health care professionals involved in hospice and palliative care of patients with cancer.
Characterization of back-channel subthreshold conduction of walled SOI devices

Summary form only given. Submicrometer CMOS transistors with junctions walled to a trenched isolation oxide have been fabricated on SIMOX substrates. Back-channel leakage of the devices was measured as a function of substrate bias. Compared with nonwalled devices, walled devices showed early turn-on of the back-channel at relatively low substrate biases. This phenomenon is caused by the two-dimensional electrical field effect at the bottom corner of the device sidewalls, and is supported by PISCES simulation. >
Relative Potencies of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 19-Nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 on Inducing Differentiation and Markers of Bone Formation in MG-63 Cells

Abstract . 19-Nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 , an analog of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 , is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism because it suppresses parathyroid hormone synthesis and secretion with lower calcemic and phosphatemic activities. 19-Nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 is approximately 10 times less active than 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 in promoting bone resorption, which accounts in part for the low potency of this analog in increasing serum calcium and phosphorus. Concern that 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 also could be less potent than 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 on bone formation led to a comparison of the potency of both compounds on osteoblasts. In the human osteoblast-like cell line MG-63, 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 and 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 had a similar potency in upregulating vitamin D receptor content and suppressing proliferation. Both sterols caused a similar reduction in DNA content and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression. Time-course and dose-response studies on 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 and 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 induction of the marker of bone formation, osteocalcin, showed overlapping curves. The effects on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity also were studied in MG-63 cells that had been co-treated with either sterol and transforming growth factor-β, an enhancer of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 —induced ALP activity in this cell line. Transforming growth factor-β alone had no effect, whereas 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 and 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 increased ALP activity similarly. These studies demonstrate that 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 has the same potency as 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 not only in inducing vitamin D receptor content, osteocalcin levels, and ALP activity but also in controlling osteoblastic growth. Therefore, it is unlikely that 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 would have deleterious effects on bone remodeling.
Hybrid method for computing demagnetizing fields

A hybrid finite-element-boundary integral method is proposed for computing demagnetizing field. For a three-dimensional (3-D) mesh with N nodes in the magnetic region, the method requires storage O(N/sup 4/3/), and no nodes outside the magnetic region need to be considered. The method is suitable for nonlinear calculations, can be adapted to handle curved boundaries, and is especially convenient when the magnetic region consists of several parts whose relative positions are variable. >
MEETING FLORIDI'S CHALLENGE TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FROM THE KNOWLEDGE-GAME TEST FOR SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS

: In the course of seeking an answer to the question “How do you know you are not a zombie?”Floridi (2005) issues an ingenious, philosophically rich challenge to artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of an extremely demanding version of the so-called knowledge game (or “wise-man puzzle,” or “muddy-children puzzle”)—one that purportedly ensures that those who pass it are self-conscious. In this article, on behalf of (at least the logic-based variety of) AI, I take up the challenge—which is to say, I try to show that this challenge can in fact be met by AI in the foreseeable future.
Synthesis flow for designing a high performance microprocessor

This paper describes the methodology for the automated synthesis flow used for a high-performance microprocessor project at Intel. The flow presents a standard method of automatically translating the RTL description of the microprocessor to placed and routed gates. The flow optimizes the design for timing and power, while ensuring that the final netlist is logically equivalent to the RTL and that all of the backend checks and rules are satisfied (for example noise, many electrical rules, routing rules, metal reliability, and so forth). The typical inputs to the flow are RTL, timing constraints and floorplan description, while the typical outputs are a netlist and layout. The netlist and layout are used as inputs to the other tools for logical and physical verification of the design.
Anthropology and Human Nature

n his charge to our panel, Lee Munroe asked us to address our central interests in psychological anthropology and to consider how they are faring. Because of time constraints, I shall address only one such interest-the importance of the concept of human nature for anthropological inquiry-and consider how it has fared. The short answer: poorly. In any event, because the acquisition of this interest constituted a revolutionary change in my thinking, it is perhaps useful to describe the intellectual journey that led me to this currently unfashionable concept. I came to psychological anthropology via personality and culture theory and its focus on intergroup differences in personality. Briefly, this theory held that human psychological characteristics are mostly culturally determined, and to the degree to which different groups exhibit cultural diversity, then to that same degree they also exhibit psychological diversity. Consequently, every group has its own constellation of psychological characteristics, variously termed "basic personality structure," "modal personality," "social character," and the like. The basic postulates of this model-strong cultural determinism, wide cultural diversity, and (hence) strong cultural relativism-were those of standard culture theory as they applied specifically, however, to psychological characteristics. But because standard culture theory did not-and still does not-specify the mechanisms or processes by which culture exerts its causal influence-it is as if it does so by a kind of Newtonian action at a distance-I was drawn to the personality and culture model because it did. Thus, according to this model, culture exerts its causal influence not directly, but indirectly via the childhood socialization system, so that differences in the psychological characteristics of different social groups are a direct function of differences in their socialization systems. Although some features of this model (most especially the critical importance of early childhood experience for personality formation) continue to inform my thinking, I have abandoned or else modified its three
Adenovirus Type 5 and 7 Capsid Chimera: Fiber Replacement Alters Receptor Tropism without Affecting Primary Immune Neutralization Epitopes

The efficient uptake of adenovirus into a target cell is a function of adenovirus capsid proteins and their interaction with the host cell. The capsid protein fiber mediates high-affinity attachment of adenovirus to the target cell. Although the cellular receptor(s) for adenovirus is unknown, evidence indicates that a single receptor does not function as the attachment site for each of the 49 different serotypes of adenovirus. Sequence variation of the fiber ligand, particularly in the C- terminal knob domain, is associated with serotype-specific binding specificity. Additionally, this domain of fiber functions as a major serotype determinant. Fiber involvement in cell targeting and its function as a target of the host immune response make the fiber gene an attractive target for manipulation, both from the perspective of adenovirus biology and from the perspective of using adenovirus vectors for gene transfer experiments. We have constructed a defective chimeric adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) reporter virus by replacing the Ad5 fiber gene with the fiber gene from Ad7A. Using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene, we have characterized this virus with respect to infectivity both in vitro and in vivo. We have also characterized the role of antifiber antibody in the host neutralizing immune response to adenovirus infection. Our studies demonstrate that exchange of fiber is a strategy that will be useful in characterizing receptor tropism for different serotypes of adenovirus. Additionally, the neutralizing immune response to Ad5 and Ad7 does not differentiate between two viruses that differ only in their fiber proteins. Therefore, following a primary adenovirus inoculation, antibodies generated against fiber do not constitute a significant fraction of the neutralizing antibody population.