cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wavelet-based transformations for nonlinear signal processing

Nonlinearities are often encountered in the analysis and processing of real-world signals. We introduce two new structures for nonlinear signal processing. The new structures simplify the analysis, design, and implementation of nonlinear filters and can be applied to obtain more reliable estimates of higher order statistics. Both structures are based on a two-step decomposition consisting of a linear orthogonal signal expansion followed by scalar polynomial transformations of the resulting signal coefficients. Most existing approaches to nonlinear signal processing characterize the nonlinearity in the time domain or frequency domain; in our framework any orthogonal signal expansion can be employed. In fact, there are good reasons for characterizing nonlinearity using more general signal representations like the wavelet expansion. Wavelet expansions often provide very concise signal representations and thereby can simplify subsequent nonlinear analysis and processing. Wavelets also enable local nonlinear analysis and processing in both time and frequency, which can be advantageous in nonstationary problems. Moreover, we show that the wavelet domain offers significant theoretical advantages over classical time or frequency domain approaches to nonlinear signal analysis and processing.
A New C(1)-Auxiliary for Anomeric Stereocontrol in the Synthesis of α-Sialyl Glycosides

The installation of the novel N,N-dimethylglycolamide ester auxiliary onto the C(1)-position of protected neuraminic acid donors allows for the exploitation of C(1)-neighboring group participation to generate sialoside conjugates with good to excellent α-selectivity under a variety of sialylation protocols, including those that would otherwise lead to nonselective or β-selective sialoside products.
Effects of Various Modeling Schemes on Mist Film Cooling Simulation

Numerical simulation is performed in this study to explore film-cooling enhancement by injecting mist into the cooling air with a focus on investigating the effect of various modeling schemes on simulation results. The effect of turbulence models, dispersed-phase modeling, inclusion of different forces (Saffman, thermophoresis, and Brownian), trajectory tracking, and mist injection scheme is studied. The effect of flow inlet boundary conditions (with/without air supply plenum), inlet turbulence intensity, and the near-wall grid density on simulation results is also included. Simulation of a two-dimensional (2D) slot film cooling with a fixed blowing angle and blowing ratio shows a 2% mist (by mass) injected into the cooling air can increase the cooling effectiveness about 45%. The renormalization group (RNG) k-e model, Reynolds stress model, and the standard k-e turbulence model with an enhanced wall treatment produce consistent and reasonable results while the turbulence dispersion has a significant effect on mist film cooling through the stochastic trajectory calculation. The thermophoretic force slightly increases the cooling effectiveness, but the effect of Brownian force and Saffman lift is imperceptible. The cooling performance deteriorates when the plenum is included in the calculation due to the altered velocity profile and turbulence intensity at the jet exit plane. The results of this paper can provide guidance for corresponding experiments and serve as the qualification reference for future more complicated studies with 3D cooling holes, different blowing ratios, various density ratios, and rotational effect.
On the large-scale outflows in active galactic nuclei: consequences of coupling the mass supply rate and accretion luminosity

We present two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of slowly rotating gas that is under the influence of the gravity of a super massive black hole and is irradiated by a thin UV accretion disc and a spherical X-ray corona. We calculate the accretion luminosity of a system based on the accretion-rate which is assumed to be equal to the mass-supply rate at the radius of » 10 i2 pc. For the models with high temperature gas at large radii (» 10 pc) and high luminosities, we find a strong correlation between the mass-outflow rate ( ˙ Mout) and the luminosity (L). The power law index (q) describing the ˙ Mout‐L relation is q = 2.0(±0.1), which is very similar to that for radiation-driven stellar and disc wind models. More surprisingly, for high density at large radii, we find steady state solutions with the accretion luminosity exceeding the Eddington limit. The super-Eddington accretion proceeds in the equatorial region and is possible because the radiation flux from the disc is significantly reduced in the equatorial direction due to the geometrical foreshortening effect. In all models, an outflow is driven from an inflow with sub-Keplerian rotation. For high temperature at large radii, the inflow occurs over a wide range of the polar angles, and the outflow occurs in a relatively narrow polar cone. However, for the super-Eddington cases with low temperature at large radii, the inflow persists only very close to the equatorial plane, resembling a thin accretion disc, while the outflow arises in a wide range of radii and polar angles. The geometry of this extreme inflow-outflow solution is very similar to a radiation-driven wind from a luminous Keplerian accretion disc. For the cold super-Eddington solutions, ˙ Mout is only very weakly correlated with L, i.e. 0 < q < 0.2. This weaker correlation is mainly caused by a mismatch between the direction of escaping photons and the inflowing gas: the radiation is emitted mostly in the polar directions whereas the inflowing gas occurs mainly in the equatorial region.
Noise factor and antenna gains in the signal/noise equation for over-the-horizon radar

A recommended form of the signal-to-noise equation that includes both internal and external system noise and signal/noise processing losses is discussed. The recommended form conforms to the internationally accepted definition of system operating noise factor but is extended to include signal/noise processing. The predetection signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a radar or communication system is proportional to the power gain of the transmit antenna and the directive gain of the receive antenna, and is inversely proportional to the operating noise factor of the receiving system. The operating noise factor is approximately equal to the product of the external noise factor and the signal/noise processing factor when the system is external noise limited, as is usually the case for over-the-horizon (OTH) radar. >
Remedying hyperopia: The effects of self-control regret on consumer behavior.

Abstract The self-control literature is premised on the notion of myopia (short-sightedness or present-biased preferences) and assumes that choosing vices generates regret. An alternative perspective suggests that consumers often suffer from a reverse self-control problem—namely, excessive farsightedness and overcontrol, or “hyperopia.” This research examines whether consumers can foresee the detrimental long-term consequences of hyperopia. Five studies demonstrate that anticipating long-term regret relaxes self-control and motivates consumers to counteract their righteousness. Consumers are more likely to select indulgences and luxuries when they judge the longer-term regrets of others, anticipate their own regret in the distant future, and reflect on their regret regarding an actual decision made in the more distant past. The article concludes with two field experiments that examine the effect of anticipatory regret on real consumer purchases at a shopping mall and during Thanksgiving. These experiments...
Privacy-preserving collaborative data mining

Data collection is a necessary step in data mining process. Due to privacy reasons, collecting data from different parties becomes difficult. Privacy concerns may prevent the parties from directly sharing the data and some types of information about the data. How multiple parties collaboratively conduct data mining without breaching data privacy presents a challenge. The objective of this paper is to provide solutions for privacy-preserving collaborative data mining problems. In particular, we illustrate how to conduct privacy-preserving naive Bayesian classification which is one of the data mining tasks. To measure the privacy level for privacy- preserving schemes, we propose a definition of privacy and show that our solutions preserve data privacy.
Enhancing specificity and sensitivity of pharmacophore-based virtual screening by incorporating chemical and shape features--a case study of HIV protease inhibitors.

Virtual screening (VS), if applied appropriately, could significantly shorten the hit identification and hit-to-lead processes in drug discovery. Recently, the version of VS that is based upon similarity to a pharmacophore has received increased attention. This is due to two major factors: first, the public availability of the ZINC1 conformational database has provided a large selection pool with high-quality and purchasable small molecules; second, new technology has enabled a more accurate and flexible definition of pharmacophore models coupled with an efficient search speed. The major goal of this study was to achieve improved specificity and sensitivity of pharmacophore-based VS by optimizing the variables used to generate conformations of small molecules and those used to construct pharmacophore models from known inhibitors or from inhibitor−protein complex structures. By using human immunodeficiency virus protease and its inhibitors (PIs) as a case study, the impact of the key variables, including ...
Diversity and redistribution

Abstract In this paper we analyze the interaction of income and preference heterogeneity in a political economy framework. We ask whether the presence of preference heterogeneity (arising, for example, from different ethnic groups or geographic locations) affects the ability of the poor to extract resources from the rich. We study the equilibrium of a game in which coalitions of individuals form parties, parties propose platforms, and all individuals vote, with the winning policy chosen by plurality. Political parties are restricted to offering platforms that are credible (in that they belong to the Pareto set of their members). The platforms specify the values of two policy tools: a general redistributive tax which is lump-sum rebated (or used to fund a general public good) and a series of taxes whose revenue is used to fund specific (targeted) goods tailored to particular preferences or localities. Our analysis demonstrates that taste conflict first dilutes but later reinforces class interests. When the degree of taste diversity is low, the equilibrium policy is characterized by some amount of general income redistribution and some targeted transfers. As taste diversity increases in society, the set of equilibrium policies becomes more and more tilted towards special interest groups and against general redistribution. As diversity increases further, however, the only policy that can emerge supports exclusively general redistribution.
Life Style, Work Group Structure, Compatibility, and Job Satisfaction

Relationships between life style-work group structure compatibility, life style compatibilities among co-workers and between superior-subordinate pairs, and satisfaction with work, co-workers and s...
Performance portable optimizations for loops containing communication operations

Effective use of communication networks is critical to the performance and scalability of parallel applications. Partitioned Global Address Space languages like UPC bring the promise of performance and programmer productivity. Studies of well-tuned programs have suggested that PGAS languages are effective at utilizing modern networks because their one-sided communication is a good match to the underlying network hardware. An open question is whether the manual optimizations required to achieve good performance can be performed automatically by the compiler in a performance portable manner. In this paper we present a compiler and runtime optimization framework for loops containing communication operations. Our framework performs compile time message vectorization and strip-mining and defers until runtime the selection of the actual communication operations. At runtime, the communication requirements of the program are analyzed, and communication is instantiated and scheduled based on highly tuned network and application performance models. The runtime analysis takes into account network flow control and quality-of-service restrictions, and it is able to select from a large class of available communication primitives the communication schedule best suited for the dynamic combination of input size and system parameters. The results indicate that our framework produces code that scales and performs better than that of manually optimized implementations. Our approach not only improves performance, but increases programmer productivity as well.
STUDIES OF DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BANDS V. PAIRWISE CORRELATIONS OF EIGHT STRONG DIBs AND NEUTRAL HYDROGEN, MOLECULAR HYDROGEN, AND COLOR EXCESS

We establish correlations between equivalent widths of eight diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), and examine their correlations with atomic hydrogen, molecular hydrogen, and E B?V . The DIBs are centered at ?? 5780.5, 6204.5, 6283.8, 6196.0, 6613.6, 5705.1, 5797.1, and 5487.7, in decreasing order of Pearson's correlation coefficient with N(H) (here defined as the column density of neutral hydrogen), ranging from 0.96 to 0.82. We find the equivalent width (EW) of ?5780.5 is better correlated with column densities of H than with E B?V or H2, confirming earlier results based on smaller data sets. We show that the same is true for six of the seven other DIBs presented here. Despite this similarity, the eight strong DIBs chosen are not correlated well enough with each other to suggest they come from the same carrier. We further conclude that these eight DIBs are more likely to be associated with H than with H2, and hence are not preferentially located in the densest, most UV shielded parts of interstellar clouds. We suggest that they arise from different molecules found in diffuse H regions with very little H2 (molecular fraction f < 0.01). Of the 133 stars with available data in our study, there are three with significantly weaker ?5780.5 than our mean H-?5780.5 relationship, all of which are in regions of high radiation fields, as previously noted by Herbig. The correlations will be useful in deriving interstellar parameters when direct methods are not available. For instance, with care, the value of N(H) can be derived from W ?(5780.5).
Hydrochloric Acid Catalysis of N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) Mediated Nuclear Aromatic Brominations in Acetone

Abstract Nuclear bromination of activated aromatic substrates can be achieved quickly and in high yields using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in acetone with 1 M HCl catalysis.
Contrasts between equilibrium and non-equilibrium steady states: computer aided discoveries in simple lattice gases

A century ago, the foundations of equilibrium statistical mechanics were laid. For a system in equilibrium with a thermal bath, much is understood through the Boltzmann factor, e HTCU=kT , for the probability of finding the system in any microscopic configuration C. In contrast, apart from some special cases, little is known about the corresponding probabilities, if the same system is in contact with more than one reservoir of energy, so that, even in stationary states, there is a constant energy flux through our system. These non-equilibrium steady states display many surprising properties. In particular, even the simplest generalization of the Ising model offers a wealth of unexpected phenomena. Mostly discovered through Monte Carlo simulations, some of the novel properties are understood while many remain unexplained. A brief review and some recent results will be presented, highlighting the sharp contrasts between the equilibrium Ising system and this non-equilibrium counterpart. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Complements and Meat Demand in the U.S.

In this study we estimated the price elasticities among meats, vegetables, grains, and potatoes and the impact that different levels of income have on the demand for these commodities. The 2005 Nielsen retail home scan data were used to construct a censored demand system of 14 equations. Results revealed that the uncompensated cross-price elasticities for both low and high-incomes suggest both substitution and complement relationships, while the compensated price elasticities are dominated primarily by substitution relationships. Our findings also revealed that expenditure elasticities among both low and high-income households differ for most commodities.
New Standards For Medical Review Organizations: Holding Them And Health Plans Accountable For Their Decisions

Most states have laws that allow patients to appeal to an independent review organization when their health plan or insurer deems a service unnecessary or experimental and denies coverage. The Affordable Care Act requires the Department of Health and Human Services to develop standards for these independent review organizations. The standards can help hold review organizations and health plans accountable for their decisions and also can facilitate the evaluation of emerging therapies and technologies as well as coverage policy. To this end, the department should require health plans and independent review organizations to report basic information, including what medical issues and contested therapies were the subject of appeals, and the grounds for their decisions. What’s more, to preclude conflicts of interest, the Department of Health and Human Services standards should prohibit independent review organizations from participating in appeals involving health plans that have employed them for other work.
Mirage cosmology of U(1) gauge field on unstable D3 brane universe

An unstable D3-brane universe governed by the DBI action of the tachyon field minimally coupled to a U(1) gauge boson is examined. The cosmological evolution of this coupled system, is further analyzed, in terms of the expansion rate of the inflating brane, which is highly affected by the presence of the tachyonic and gauge field charges. We show, that the minimal coupling makes the effective brane density less divergent. However, for some sectors of the theory the tachyon is not able to regulate it in an efficient fashion. Also, a detailed analysis of the dependance of the effective brane density on the scale factor of the universe is performed, which leads to various cosmological models.
A Family of Hyperbolic Spin Calogero-Moser Systems and the Spin Toda Lattices

In this paper, we continue to develop a general scheme to study a broad class of integrable systems naturally associated with the coboundary dynamical Lie algebroids. In particular, we present a factorization method for solving the Hamiltonian flows. We also present two important classes of new examples, a family of hyperbolic spin Calogero-Moser systems and the spin Toda lattices. To illustrate our factorization theory, we show how to solve these Hamiltonian systems explicitly. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EO-1 analysis applicable to coastal characterization

The EO-1 satellite consist of three imaging sensors including Hyperion, which is currently the only space-borne HSI data source. The unique capability of hyperspectral sensing for coastal characterization provides the possibility for exploring the coupled effects of coastal features and a more accurate atmospheric compensation. It is illustrated in this paper that hyperspectral data inherently provide more information for feature extraction than multispectral data despite Hyperion having a relatively low SNR. Chlorophyll retrievals are obtained from Hyperion data and the results compare favorably with data from other sources. The analysis illustrates the potential value of Hyperion (and HSI in general) data to coastal characterization.
The structural basis for specificity in lipoxygenase catalysis

Many intriguing facets of lipoxygenase (LOX) catalysis are open to a detailed structural analysis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids with two to six double bonds are oxygenated precisely on a particular carbon, typically forming a single chiral fatty acid hydroperoxide product. Molecular oxygen is not bound or liganded during catalysis, yet it is directed precisely to one position and one stereo configuration on the reacting fatty acid. The transformations proceed upon exposure of substrate to enzyme in the presence of O2 (RH + O2 → ROOH), so it has proved challenging to capture the precise mode of substrate binding in the LOX active site. Beginning with crystal structures with bound inhibitors or surrogate substrates, and most recently arachidonic acid bound under anaerobic conditions, a picture is consolidating of catalysis in a U-shaped fatty acid binding channel in which individual LOX enzymes use distinct amino acids to control the head-to-tail orientation of the fatty acid and register of the selected pentadiene opposite the non-heme iron, suitably positioned for the initial stereoselective hydrogen abstraction and subsequent reaction with O2 . Drawing on the crystal structures available currently, this review features the roles of the N-terminal β-barrel (C2-like, or PLAT domain) in substrate acquisition and sensitivity to cellular calcium, and the α-helical catalytic domain in fatty acid binding and reactions with O2 that produce hydroperoxide products with regio and stereospecificity. LOX structures combine to explain how similar enzymes with conserved catalytic machinery differ in product, but not substrate, specificities.
Alkoxycarbonylation of aryl iodides using gaseous carbon monoxide and pre-pressurized reaction vessels in conjunction with microwave heating

The microwave-promoted alkoxycarbonylation of aryl iodides using reaction vessels pre-pressurized with carbon monoxide is reported. Reactions are performed using 0.1 mol% palladium acetate as catalyst, DBU as base and are complete within 20–30 min. A range of aryl iodide substrates can be converted to the corresponding esters using this methodology. Primary and secondary alcohols work well whereas a tertiary alcohol substrate proves less reactive. The potential for scale-up of the reaction has also been explored.
Ecologic Studies Revisited

Ecologic studies use data aggregated over groups rather than data on individuals. Such studies are popular because they use existing databases and can offer large exposure variation if the data arise from broad geographical areas. Unfortunately, the aggregation of data that define ecologic studies results in an information loss that can lead to ecologic bias. Specifically, ecologic bias arises from the inability of ecologic data to characterize within-area variability in exposures and confounders. We describe in detail particular forms of ecologic bias so that their potential impact on any particular study may be assessed. The only way to overcome such bias, while avoiding uncheckable assumptions concerning the missing information, is to supplement the ecologic with individual-level information, and we outline a number of proposals that may achieve this aim.
Spectroscopy of Molecular Hydrogen Emission from KH 15D

We report infrared spectroscopy of the unusual eclipsing pre-main-sequence object KH 15D, obtained using NIRSPEC on Keck II. During eclipse, observations using low spectral resolution (λ/δλ ~ 1000) reveal the presence of prominent molecular hydrogen emission in five lines near 2 μm. The relative line strengths are consistent with thermal excitation at T ~ 2800 ± 300 K. Observations out of eclipse, at both low and high spectral resolution (λ/δλ ~ 2 × 104), show reduced contrast with the stellar continuum. The change in contrast for the strongest line, 1-0 S(1), is consistent with an approximately constant emission line superposed on a variable stellar continuum. Emission in the 1-0 S(1) line is observed to extend by 4'' both east and west of the stellar point-spread function (PSF; 3000 AU). Observed at high spectral resolution, the velocity and the intensity structure of the 1-0 S(1) profile are both asymmetric. East of the stellar PSF (by 11-23) the emission is blueshifted (-63 km s-1) and has significantly greater intensity than the marginally redshifted component (+2 km s-1, approximately consistent with zero) that dominates west of the stellar PSF. The spatial extent of the emission and the excitation temperature suggest shock excitation of ambient gas by a bipolar outflow from the star and/or the disk. However, it is difficult to account for the observed radial velocity unless the outflow axis is inclined significantly to the plane of the sky.
A configuration-oriented SPICE model for multiconductor transmission lines in an inhomogeneous medium

A configuration-oriented SPICE model for multiple coupled lines in an inhomogeneous medium is presented in this paper. The circuit model consists of a network of uncoupled transmission lines and is readily modeled with simulation tools like LIBRA and SPICE, and provides an equivalent-circuit representation which is simple and topologically meaningful as compared to the model based on modal decomposition. This configuration-oriented model is derived by decomposing the immittance matrices associated with an n coupled-line 2n-port system. Time- and frequency-domain simulations of typical coupled-line multiports are included to exemplify the utility of the model. The model is useful for the simulation and design of general single and multilayer coupled-line components such as filters and couplers and investigation of signal integrity issues, including crosstalk in interconnects associated with high-speed digital- and mixed-signal electronic modules and packages.
A Residual Flexibility Approach for Decoupled Analysis of Systems of Combined Components

A residual flexibility approach for the analysis of systems involving multiple components subjected to dynamic loading is presented. The reactive forces at the junctions of the components are computed directly without synthesis of component modes or determination of system modes. This is accomplished by expressing the displacements at the junction coordinates of the components in terms of the retained component modes and a first-order account of the residual flexibility of the unretained modes. Once the components are represented in this manner, the requirements of displacement compatibility and force equilibrium at the junction coordinates are enforced. This leads to a set of junction-sized simultaneous algebraic equations for the unknown forces, similar in form to that of the flexibility formulation in statics; this is done by invoking the Newmark integration algorithm. The computed reactive forces at a given time point are used to integrate the equations of motion of the individual components separately for that time point, hence the terminology decoupled analysis. The new method compares well with traditional Component-Mode Synthesis approach for a nonclassically damped fixed-fixed beam consisting of two classically damped cantilevered beam components.
An Introduction to Causal Inference

This paper summarizes recent advances in causal inference and underscores the paradigmatic shifts that must be undertaken in moving from traditional statistical analysis to causal analysis of multivariate data. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions that underlie all causal inferences, the languages used in formulating those assumptions, the conditional nature of all causal and counterfactual claims, and the methods that have been developed for the assessment of such claims. These advances are illustrated using a general theory of causation based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in Pearl (2000a), which subsumes and unifies other approaches to causation, and provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) answers to three types of causal queries: those about (1) the effects of potential interventions, (2) probabilities of counterfactuals, and (3) direct and indirect effects (also known as "mediation"). Finally, the paper defines the formal and conceptual relationships between the structural and potential-outcome frameworks and presents tools for a symbiotic analysis that uses the strong features of both. The tools are demonstrated in the analyses of mediation, causes of effects, and probabilities of causation.
Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems

About one-third of the ~1200 transiting planet candidates detected in the first four months of Kepler data are members of multiple candidate systems. There are 115 target stars with two candidate transiting planets, 45 with three, 8 with four, and 1 each with five and six. We characterize the dynamical properties of these candidate multi-planet systems. The distribution of observed period ratios shows that the vast majority of candidate pairs are neither in nor near low-order mean-motion resonances. Nonetheless, there are small but statistically significant excesses of candidate pairs both in resonance and spaced slightly too far apart to be in resonance, particularly near the 2:1 resonance. We find that virtually all candidate systems are stable, as tested by numerical integrations that assume a nominal mass-radius relationship. Several considerations strongly suggest that the vast majority of these multi-candidate systems are true planetary systems. Using the observed multiplicity frequencies, we find that a single population of planetary systems that matches the higher multiplicities underpredicts the number of singly transiting systems. We provide constraints on the true multiplicity and mutual inclination distribution of the multi-candidate systems, revealing a population of systems with multiple super-Earth-size and Neptune-size planets with low to moderate mutual inclinations.
Learning theory analysis for association rules and sequential event prediction

We present a theoretical analysis for prediction algorithms based on association rules. As part of this analysis, we introduce a problem for which rules are particularly natural, called "sequential event prediction." In sequential event prediction, events in a sequence are revealed one by one, and the goal is to determine which event will next be revealed. The training set is a collection of past sequences of events. An example application is to predict which item will next be placed into a customer's online shopping cart, given his/her past purchases. In the context of this problem, algorithms based on association rules have distinct advantages over classical statistical and machine learning methods: they look at correlations based on subsets of co-occurring past events (items a and b imply item c), they can be applied to the sequential event prediction problem in a natural way, they can potentially handle the "cold start" problem where the training set is small, and they yield interpretable predictions. In this work, we present two algorithms that incorporate association rules. These algorithms can be used both for sequential event prediction and for supervised classification, and they are simple enough that they can possibly be understood by users, customers, patients, managers, etc. We provide generalization guarantees on these algorithms based on algorithmic stability analysis from statistical learning theory. We include a discussion of the strict minimum support threshold often used in association rule mining, and introduce an "adjusted confidence" measure that provides a weaker minimum support condition that has advantages over the strict minimum support. The paper brings together ideas from statistical learning theory, association rule mining and Bayesian analysis.
The transient response of the Southern Ocean pycnocline to changing atmospheric winds

[1] The vertical density structure of the Southern Ocean is dynamically linked to wind stress at the surface, but the nature of this coupling is not fully understood. Observations from the last several decades show a significant increase in the strength of westerly winds over the Southern Ocean, but an appreciable change in the tilt of constant density surfaces (isopycnals) has not yet been detected there. Using a combination of theory and idealized numerical simulations, we show that the response of the density structure occurs on centennial timescales, making it difficult to detect significant changes with a few decades of hydrographic observations. Dynamic coupling between the circumpolar current and northern basins regulates the slow adjustment of the density structure. Our results provide a new interpretation for recent observations and highlight the importance of the interaction between regional Southern Ocean dynamics and global ocean circulation. Citation: Jones, D. C., T. Ito, andN.S.Lovenduski(2011),Thetransientresponseofthe Southern Ocean pycnocline to changing atmospheric winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L15604, doi:10.1029/2011GL048145.
Finite Volume Numerical Methods for Aeroheating Rate Calculations from Infrared Thermographic Data

The use of multi-dimensional finite volume heat conduction techniques for calculating aeroheating rates from measured global surface temperatures on hypersonic wind tunnel models was investigated. Both direct and inverse finite volume techniques were investigated and compared with the standard one-dimensional semi-infinite technique. Global transient surface temperatures were measured using an infrared thermographic technique on a 0.333-scale model of the Hyper-X forebody in the NASA Langley Research Center 20-Inch Mach 6 Air tunnel. In these tests the effectiveness of vortices generated via gas injection for initiating hypersonic transition on the Hyper-X forebody was investigated. An array of streamwise-orientated heating striations was generated and visualized downstream of the gas injection sites. In regions without significant spatial temperature gradients, one-dimensional techniques provided accurate aeroheating rates. In regions with sharp temperature gradients caused by striation patterns multi-dimensional heat transfer techniques were necessary to obtain more accurate heating rates. The use of the one-dimensional technique resulted in differences of 20% in the calculated heating rates compared to 2-D analysis because it did not account for lateral heat conduction in the model.
Antibacterial activity of quinolone-macrocycle conjugates

(vi) 0.12 M 2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid, 0.12 M HATU, 0.25 M collidine, DMF/DCM (1/1; v/v), 24 h; (vii) 0.2 M TREAT-HF, THF, 24 h; (viii) 0.2 M DBU, DMF; (ix) 1.5 M SnCl2, DMF/EtOH (10:1); (x) 0.12 M carboxylic acid (R 4 CO2H), 0.12 M HATU, 0.25 M collidine,
Landscape structure and climate influences on hydrologic response

[1] Climate variability and catchment structure (topography, geology, vegetation) have a significant influence on the timing and quantity of water discharged from mountainous catchments. How these factors combine to influence runoff dynamics is poorly understood. In this study we linked differences in hydrologic response across catchments and across years to metrics of landscape structure and climate using a simple transfer function rainfall-runoff modeling approach. A transfer function represents the internal catchment properties that convert a measured input (rainfall/snowmelt) into an output (streamflow). We examined modeled mean response time, defined as the average time that it takes for a water input to leave the catchment outlet from the moment it reaches the ground surface. We combined 12 years of precipitation and streamflow data from seven catchments in the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (Little Belt Mountains, southwestern Montana) with landscape analyses to quantify the first-order controls on mean response times. Differences between responses across the seven catchments were related to the spatial variability in catchment structure (e.g., slope, flowpath lengths, tree height). Annual variability was largely a function of maximum snow water equivalent. Catchment averaged runoff ratios exhibited strong correlations with mean response time while annually averaged runoff ratios were not related to climatic metrics. These results suggest that runoff ratios in snowmelt dominated systems are mainly controlled by topography and not by climatic variability. This approach provides a simple tool for assessing differences in hydrologic response across diverse watersheds and climate conditions.
Folic-Acid-Preventable Spina Bifida and Anencephaly(*)

1. Brief description of the condition/disease Spina bifida and anencephaly are among the most common and severe birth defects. Almost all affected persons with spina bifida have lower-body paralysis and significant physical disability. In many countries, spina bifida is the most common cause of infantile paralysis. Anencephaly is a common birth defect that contributes to fetal and infant mortality. An estimated 50-75% of these birth defects can be prevented by providing adequate intakes of synthetic folic acid (pteroylmonoglutamic acid) before and during the first trimester of pregnancy. Preventing folic-acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly presents all outstanding opportunity to improve the health of children throughout the world. Moreover, substantial evidence suggests that, in adults, suboptimal intake of folic acid is a major factor for increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. 2. Current burden and rating within the overall burden of disease Each year, 300 000 to 400 000 infants worldwide are born with spina bifida and anencephaly. In China, 100 000 infants are born annually with these two birth defects, which are the leading cause of infant mortality. The rates are also high in Mexico and Central America. Together these conditions contribute significantly to infant morbidity and mortality. 3. Feasibility (biological) of elimination/eradication Approximately 75% of spina bifida and anencephaly are folic-acid-preventable, and it is biologically possible to prevent all folic-acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly. The prevention impact would be approximately equal to the prevention derived from poliomyelitis vaccines. The biological feasibility of preventing spina bifida and anencephaly using folic acid-containing vitamin supplements has been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials and other studies. Data from these studies indicate a 50-100% reduction in risk for women taking the supplement before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy. No randomized controlled studies indicate that dietary changes alone will prevent these birth defects. The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women who could become pregnant should consume 400 [micro]g of folio acid daily to prevent these birth defects. Many other countries have policy statements seeking to increase consumption. The United States Institute of Medicine recommended in April 1998 that all women who could become pregnant should consume 400 [micro]g daily of synthetic folic acid to prevent birth defects. 4. Estimated costs and benefits of elimination/eradication Folic acid fortification of flour is feasible and inexpensive. In the USA, formal analysis of costs and benefits of fortification of wheat flour and other grains indicate that a fortification strategy would be highly cost-beneficial. Because costs associated with the purchase and distribution of folic-acid-containing supplements would be higher, programmes depending on pill consumption would break even. …
On the stability of adaptive pole-placement controllers with a saturating actuator

The authors examine how existing pole-placement algorithms work in the case of a saturating input. The stability of such algorithms and the modifications needed to make them work in the case of saturation are examined. The net result is that the analysis of G.C. Goodwin and K.S. Sin (1984) can be slightly modified to prove the stability of adaptive pole-placement, but only for the case where the plant is stable. It is shown that, for unstable plants, it is possible to push the plant into a state from which it cannot be returned to the origin (with a saturating input). Thus, it is fairly easy to generate examples of instability in the adaptive control system that would not exist with unbounded control authority. >
Reduced human platelet uptake by pig livers deficient in the asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 protein.

Background The lethal thrombocytopenia that accompanies liver xenotransplantation is a barrier to clinical application. Human platelets are bound by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR) on pig sinusoidal endothelial cells and phagocytosed. Inactivation of the ASGR1 gene in donor pigs may prevent xenotransplantation-induced thrombocytopenia. Methods Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were targeted to the ASGR1 gene in pig liver-derived cells. ASGR1 deficient pig cells were used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). ASGR1 knock out (ASGR1−/−) fetal fibroblasts were used to produce healthy ASGR1 knock out piglets. Human platelet uptake was measured in ASGR1+/+ and ASGR1−/− livers. Results Targeted disruption of the ASGR1 gene with TALENs eliminated expression of the receptor. ASGR1-/- livers phagocytosed fewer human platelets than domestic porcine livers during perfusion. Conclusions The use of TALENs in liver-derived cells followed by SCNT enabled the production of healthy homozygous ASGR1 knock out pigs. Livers from ASGR1-/- pigs exhibit decreased human platelet uptake. Deletion of the ASGR1 gene is a viable strategy to diminish platelet destruction in pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
Static versus dynamic data information fusion analysis using DDDAS for cyber security trust

Abstract Information fusion includes signals, features, and decision -level analysis over various types of data including imagery, te xt, and cyber security detection. With the maturity of data processing, the e xplosion of big data, and the need fo r user acceptance; the Dynamic Data-Driven Application System (DDDAS) philosophy fosters insights into the usability of information systems solutions. In this paper, we e xp lore a notion of an adaptive adjustment of secure communication trust analysis that seeks a balance between standard static solutions versus dynamic -data driven updates. A use case is provided in determin ing trust for a cyber security scenario exp loring comparisons of Bayesian versus evidential reasoning for dynamic security detection updates. Using the evidential reasoning proportional conflict redistribution (PCR) method, we demonstrate improved trust for dynamically changing detections of denial of service attacks.
DEHYDRATIVE GLYCOSYLATION WITH 1-HYDROXY DONORS

The preparation of complex carbohydrates has emerged as a major focus in synthetic organic chemistry, and this is no doubt a result of the growing awareness of the many important roles of this clas...
Parental leave policies and parents' employment and leave-taking.

Utilizing data from the June Current Population Survey (CPS) Fertility Supplement merged with data from other months of the CPS, we describe trends in parents’ employment and leave-taking after birth of a newborn and analyze the extent to which these behaviors are associated with parental leave policies. The period we examine – 1987 to 2004 – is one in which such policies were expanded at both the state and federal level. We also provide the first comprehensive evidence as to how these expansions are correlated with employment and leave-taking for both mothers and fathers over this period. Our main finding is that leave expansions have increased the amount of time that new mothers and fathers spend on leave, with effects that are small in absolute terms but large relative to the baseline for men and much greater for college-educated women than for their counterparts with less schooling.
Transistor-only frequency-selective circuits

The possibility of implementing frequency-selective circuits using only MOS transistors is considered. The advantages of such circuits are small chip area, good matching properties for individual elements, a potential for very high frequency of operation, and suitability for fabrication using standard digital VLSI processes. Disadvantages include the implementation of automatic tuning schemes that reliably eliminate unpredictabilities and variations, device modeling difficulties of common simulators, and nonlinearity cancellation. A procedure for the topology development of filters in which transistors are used as URC elements is presented together with a technique which uses transistors as capacitors, along with first-order correction for the nonidealities of such 'capacitors' and of the active elements. Measured results from three experimental chips are reported in the 1-100-MHz range. >
Spherical indentation creep following ramp loading

Elastic-viscoelastic correspondence, utilizing Boltzmann integral operators, was used to generate displacement–time solutions for spherical indentation testing of viscoelastic materials. Solutions were found for creep following loading at a constant loading rate and compared with step-loading solutions. Experimental creep tests were performed with different loading rate–peak load level combinations on glassy and rubbery polymeric materials. The experimental data were fit to the spherical indentation ramp–creep solutions to obtain values of shear modulus and time-constants; good agreement was found between the experimental results and known modulus values. A multiple ramp-and-hold protocol was examined for the measurement of creep responses at several loads (and depths) within the same test. Emphasis is given to the use of multiple experiments (or multiple levels within a single experiment) to test a priori assumptions made in the correspondence solutions regarding linear viscoelastic material behavior and the creep function.
Plasmonic Cu2−xS Nanocrystals: Optical and Structural Properties of Copper-Deficient Copper(I) Sulfides

Cu2−xS (x = 1, 0.2, 0.03) nanocrystals were synthesized with three different chemical methods: sonoelectrochemical, hydrothermal, and solventless thermolysis methods in order to compare their common optical and structural properties. The compositions of the Cu2−xS nanocrystals were varied from CuS (covellite) to Cu1.97S (djurleite) through adjusting the reduction potential in the sonoelectrochemical method, adjusting the pH value in the hydrothermal method and by choosing different precursor pretreatments in the solventless thermolysis approach, respectively. The crystallinity and morphology of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which shows that most of them might be of pure stoichiometries but some of them are mixtures. The obtained XRDs were studied in comparison to the XRD patterns of previously reported Cu2−xS. We found consistently that under ambient conditions the copper deficient Cu1.97S (djurleite) is more stable than Cu2S (chalco...
INCLINATION-DEPENDENT EXTINCTION EFFECTS IN DISK GALAXIES IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

We analyze the r-band absolute magnitude and ur color of low-redshift (z < 0:06) galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6. Galaxies with nearly exponential profiles (Sloan parameter fracDeV < 0:1) fall on the blue sequence of the color-magnitude diagram; if, in addition, these exponential galaxies have Mr P � 19, they show a dependence of ur color on apparent axis ratio q expected for a dusty disk galaxy. We create a subsample of bright exponential galaxies, with typical Hubble types Sbc and Sc; then, by comparing the normalized luminosity functions for galaxies with different values ofq, we measure how the high-luminosity cutoff of the luminosity function depends on apparent axis ratio. In this way, we measure a dependence of dimming on apparent axis ratio well fit by the relation Mr ¼ 1:27(logq) 2 , rather than the M / logq law that is frequently assumed. When the absolute magnitudesof brightexponential galaxiesare corrected totheir ''face-on'' value,M f r ¼ MrMr, the averageur color is linearly dependent on M f