cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of a layered copper molybdate with 3-pyridylnicotinamide coligands

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of copper nitrate, sodium molybdate, and 3-pyridylnicotinamide (3-pna) afforded a polycrystalline sample of [CuMoO4(3-pna)]n (1), which was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 manifests [CuMoO4]n ribbon motifs that contain two distinct types of {Cu2Mo2O4} 8-membered rings. Parallel [CuMoO4]n ribbon motifs are pillared into 2-D [CuMoO4(3-pna)]n coordination polymer slabs by dipodal anti conformation 3-pna tethers. These possess a 3,5-connected binodal (426)(42678) topology, representing the first time this topology has been observed in metal oxide chemistry. Net weak antiferromagnetic coupling was observed within the 1-D [CuMoO4]n ribbons, with g = 1.99(2) and J = −0.45(14) cm−1.
Surface ionization detector sensitive to degree of internal excitation of alkali halides in molecular beams

The sensitivity, or ionization efficiency ,f, of a low work-function (“desensitized”) Pt/W (92/8%) surface ionization detector for alkali halide (MX) beams increases strongly with the internal energy, Eexc, of the MX. For excited KI (formed in crossed beam chemical reaction). f exp [γEexc/kTI with γ≈14.
Disorder and ionic polarons in solid electrolytes

Abstract The role of ion-ion repulsion and ion-phonon coupling in superionic conduction is explored. It is argued that the order-disorder phase transition is not associated with the conductivity discontinuity, but with a higher temperature second order phase transition which has been seen in some superionic conductors and which we predict for others. The specific heat, ion distribution, and conductivity are calculated.
Natural history and molecular characteristics of lung cancers harboring EGFR exon 20 insertions

Introduction Exon 20 insertions are the third most common family of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations found in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Little is known about cancers harboring these mutations aside from their lack of response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, impairing the development of effective targeted therapies. Methods NSCLC patients with EGFR genotyping were studied using a mechanism approved by the Institutional Review Board. Cancers with exon 20 insertions were indentified, sequences were characterized, and effectiveness of different treatment regimens was reviewed retrospectively. Clinical characteristics and survival were compared with cancers harboring common EGFR mutations and cancers with wild-type EGFR. Results One thousand eighty-six patients underwent EGFR genotyping from 2004 to 2012. Twenty seven (2.5%) harbored exon 20 insertions, making up 9.2% of all cancers with documented EGFR mutations. Compared with wild-type cancers, those with exon 20 insertions were more commonly found in never-smokers and Asian patients. Insertion sequences were highly variable, with the most common variant (V769_D770insASV) making up only 22% of cases. Median survival of patients with exon 20 insertions was 16 months, similar to the survival of wild-type cancers and shorter than the survival of cancers with common EGFR mutations. Conclusions Patients with EGFR exon 20 insertions have similar clinical characteristics to those with common EGFR mutations but a poorer prognosis. The prevalence of this subset of NSCLC is similar to that of other genotype-defined subsets of lung adenocarcinoma (e.g. those with BRAF mutations, HER2 insertions, ROS1 rearrangements) and is a population of interest for trials of new targeted therapies.
Properties of early photolysis intermediates of rhodopsin are affected by glycine 121 and phenylalanine 261.

Glycine 121 in transmembrane (TM) helix 3 and phenylalanine 261 in TM helix 6 of bovine rhodopsin have been shown to be critical residues for creating an appropriate chromophore binding pocket for 11-cis-retinal [Han, M., Lin, S. W., Smith, S. O., and Sakmar, T. P. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32330-32336; Han, M., Lin, S. W., Minkova, M., Smith, S. O., and Sakmar, T. P. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32337-32342]. To further explore structure-function relationships in the vicinity of receptor helices 3 and 6, time-resolved absorption difference spectra of rhodopsin mutants G121A, G121V, and G121L/F261A were obtained at 20 degrees C. Data were collected from 30 ns to 690 ms after laser photolysis with 7 ns pulses (lambdamax = 477 nm) and analyzed using a global exponential fitting procedure after singular value decomposition (SVD). For each mutant, the decay of its bathorhodopsin photoproduct (batho) into an equilibrium with its blue-shifted intermediate (bsi) was too fast to resolve ( lumirhodopsin (lumi) --> metarhodopsin I (MI) --> metarhodopsin II (MII). For G121V, an additional early 380 nm absorber, with a back-reaction to lumi, had to be included in the above scheme. For the three Gly121 mutants, the main pathway to reach the active MII state is via lumi and MI. This is in contrast to rhodopsin where the main pathway in detergent samples is via lumi and an early 380 nm absorber, MI380. From the accelerated batho decay present in all three mutants, we conclude that Gly121 is likely to participate in the earliest chromophore-protein interactions. In addition, bsi decay is further accelerated in mutant G121L/F261A, suggesting that Phe261 is an essential determinant of the protein processes involved in bsi decay.
A numerical investigation of blade tip loadings on thick-bladed helicopter rotors

Abstract A procedure is developed for computing the pressure and velocity distributions on the surface of thick helicopter-rotor blades in hovering flight with particular attention directed at the distributions near the blade tips. The fluid medium is incompressible and inviscid. The lifting rotor and its wake are represented by vortex systems which, for the most part, satisfy the Helmholtz theorems. The vortex systems include thin, superimposed, vortex sheets whose filaments are oriented in the blade spanwise and chordwise directions and are constrained to move along the blade surfaces, force-free, inner-wake vortex sheets which are shed from the blade-trailing edges and concentrated tip vortices of prescribed geometry which are shed from the vicinity of the blade tips. A lifting-line, two-dimensional, blade-element approach is used to determine initial values of the vortex-strength distributions and inner-sheet geometries. A transfer is then made to the thick-bladed system and an iterative vortex-panel procedure is used to reach essentially converged results. The computed pressure distributions in the blade-tip region show good agreement with model data, but improvement is needed in the region of the upper surface where the pressure field is dominated by the formation of the tip vortex. Since the objective was to establish the viability and limits of perfect fluid modeling, the results indicate that viscous-flow modeling may be necessary only in this region of limited extent.
Galvanomagnetic Studies in Metals by Means of Heliconlike Waves

This paper delineates the materials in which magnetoplasma waves in metals can be used to measure elements of the resistivity tensor. Results from the noble metals and from Al and In are discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of the wave method are discussed and compared with standard direct-current experimental methods. The magnetoplasma wave which was used is called the helicon in simple isotropic solids and is called the Whistler wave in ionospheric physics. The agreement between measurements of the anisotropy of resistivity tensor elements in copper as measured by this heliconlike-wave technique and those made by dc magnetoresistivity studies is very good.
Reflections on Power and the Post-Colonial Context: Tales from the Field

The history of ethnographic practice in anthropology is inseparable from histories of colonialism—including racist assumptions and exploitative interests. This essay comments on concerns about power and ethnographic work from a different point of view, considering the relative powerlessness of the ethnographer in the context of a relationship that developed in the field. The essay argues that power relations in the practice of ethnography are in fact quite variegated, dependent on multiple factors, and too complex and richly textured to be captured in a single, simple “first world/third world” kind of dichotomous mapping.
A high density of muscarinic receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rat is revealed by correction for autoradiographic efficiency

Previous reports of a low density of muscarinic receptors in the vicinity of the rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL) conflict with the presence of a muscarinic cholinergic mechanism regulating arterial pressure, and may reflect low autoradiographic efficiency due to quenching of tritium emissions by white matter. Regional autoradiographic efficiency was determined using brains uniformly labeled with O-[3H]methylglucose. Within the RVL, autoradiographic efficiency was only 50 +/- 2% relative to gray matter. The uncorrected density of muscarinic receptors (M2) labeled by [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in the RVL appeared to be low relative to cranial nerve nuclei, but the corrected muscarinic receptor density approximated that within the nucleus tractus solitarii. We conclude that a high density of M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is present in the RVL.
β-Aminopropionitrile-induced aortic ruptures in turkeys: Inhibition by reserpine and enhancement by monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Abstract Reserpine prevented mortality from aortic ruptures when a level of 0.07% BAPN was fed to turkeys. The tensile strength of aortas of poults fed 0.07% BAPN-reserpine was about 2.5 times greater than that of poults fed only BAPN. Larger amounts of lysine were found in isolated elastin from aortas of birds fed 0.07% BAPN than from the aortas of turkeys fed 0.07% BAPN-reserpine. Profound elastic fiber changes were seen in aortas of poults fed 0.07% BAPN; minor changes of aortic elastic fibers and collagenous fiber proliferation were seen in aortas of birds fed 0.07% BAPN-reserpine. Feeding of low levels of BAPN (0.02%) caused a low mortality rate. Addition of a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (Nardil) to diets containing such a BAPN level resulted in high death rates, whereas reserpine in combination with these two chemicals resulted in a lower mortality rate. The tensile strengths of aortas from the last group were greater than that of the first group, but lysine content of isolated elastin was less. Little, severe, and moderate elastic fiber alterations were seen in aortas of turkeys fed 0.02% BAPN, 0.02% BAPN-Nardil, and 0.02% BAPN-Nardil-reserpine, respectively. The possible mechanism by which diets containing reserpine reduced the incidence of aortic rhexis induced by BAPN is discussed.
The mechanistic basis of infarct healing.

Myocardial infarction triggers an inflammatory cascade that results in healing and replacement of the damaged tissue with scar. Cardiomyocyte necrosis triggers innate immune mechanisms eliciting Toll-like receptor– mediated responses, activating the complement cascade and generating reactive oxygen species. Subsequent activation of NF-κB is a critical element in the regulation of cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecule expression in the ischemic myocardium. Chemokine induction mediates leukocyte recruitment in the myocardium. Pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, are also upregulated in the infarct and exert a wide range of effects on a variety of cell types. Timely repression of proinflammatory gene synthesis is crucial for optimal healing; IL-10 and TGF-β-mediated pathways may be important for suppression of chemokine and cytokine expression and for resolution of the leukocytic infiltrate. In addition, TGF-β may be critically involved in inducing myofibroblast differen...
YOUNG ENERGETIC PSR J1617-5055, ITS NEBULA, AND TEV SOURCE HESS J1616-508

We observed the young pulsar J1617–5055 with the Chandra ACIS detector for 60 ks. In addition to the pulsar, the X-ray images show a faint pulsar wind nebula (PWN) seen up to ~1' from the pulsar. Deconvolution and reconstruction of the image reveal a brighter compact PWN component of ~1'' size. The total PWN luminosity in the 0.5-8 keV band, L pwn = (3.2-3.7) × 1033 erg s–1 for d = 6.5 kpc, is a fraction of 2 × 10–4 of the pulsar's spin-down power and a fraction of 0.2 of the pulsar's X-ray luminosity, which is a factor of 20 lower than one would expect from an average empirical relation, L pwn ~ 4L psr. The pulsar's spectrum can be described by an absorbed power law with n H ≈ 3.5 × 1022 cm–2 and Γ ≈ 1.1, harder than any other pulsar spectrum reliably measured in the soft X-ray band. This nonthermal emission is ≈50% pulsed, with one peak per period. We have also investigated a possible connection between J1617 and the extended TeV source HESS J1616-508 whose center is located 10' west of the pulsar. We find no preferential extension of the X-ray PWN toward the TeV source. Therefore, the Chandra data do not provide conclusive evidence for PSR J1617-5055 and HESS J1616-508 association. We have also analyzed archival X-ray, radio, and IR data on the HESS J1616-508 region and found traces of diffuse emission coinciding with the central part of HESS J1616-508. We speculate that the TeV source may be multiple, with most of the emission coming from an unknown supernova remnant or a star forming region, while some fraction of the TeV emission still may be attributed to the PWN around PSR J1617-5055.
Novel Fluorescent Label For Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay

Several workers have recently shown that time-resolved methods (or their frequency domain analogs) can offer significant improvements in the sensitivity of fluorescence immunoassays. However, the fluorescent labels most often used, chelates of terbium and europium have some drawbacks. We have developed a new fluorescent label with improved characteristics for such immunoassays, including excitation in the visible by laser sources, no requirement for a separate "enhancer solution", good time resolution characteristics, and the capability to be passively concentrated out of solution in front of the detector optics.
GLC Microanalyses of Phenacetin and Acetaminophen Plasma Levels

A GLC method utilizing a flame-ionization detector is described for the simultaneous analysis of acetaminophen and phenacetin in plasma. p-Bromoacetanilide is used as an internal standard. The drugs are extracted with ether from plasma diluted with 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The ether extract is evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, and the residue is dissolved in 300 μl of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate is transferred to a microcentrifuge tube (0.4 ml), and the sample is evaporated in a vacuum centrifuge. Then the residue is redissolved in 0.2 M trimethylanilinium hydroxide in methanol for GLC analysis. Extraction efficiency of added phenacetin and acetaminophen in plasma at concentrations of 1–10 μg/ml was complete, and the limit of detection in plasma was less than 0.1 μg.
Doping Experiments on Low-Dimensional Oxides and a Search for Unusual Magnetic Properties of MgAlB14

Doping experiments on La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4}, Sr{sub 2}CuO{sub 3} and SrCu{sub 2}(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} were performed with the intent of synthesizing new metallic low-=dimensional cuprate oxide compounds. Magnetic susceptibility {chi}(T) measurements on a polycrystalline La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4} sample chemically oxidized at room temperature in aqueous NaClO showed superconductivity with a superconducting transition temperature T{sub c} of 42.6 K and a Meissner fraction of 26%. They were unable to electrochemically oxidize La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4} in a nonaqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and methanol. Sr{sub 2}CuO{sub 3} was found to decompose upon exposure to air and water. Electron paramagnetic resonance, isothermal magnetization M(H), and {chi}(T) measurements on the primary decomposition product, Sr{sub 2}Cu(OH){sub 6}, were consistent with a nearly isolated, spin S = 1/2, local moment model for the Cu{sup +2} spins. From a fit of {chi}(T) by the Curie-Weiss law and of the M(H) isotherms by a modified Brillouin function, the weakly antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between adjacent Cu{sup +2} spins in Sr{sub 2}Cu(OH){sub 6} was found to be J/k{sub B} = 1.06(4) K. Doping studies on SrCu{sub 2}(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} were inconclusive. {chi}(T) measurements on an undoped polycrystalline sample of SrCu{sub 2}(BO{sub 3}){sub 2}, a sample treated with distilled water, and a sample treated with aqueous NaClO showed no qualitative differences between the samples. In addition, {chi}(T) and M(H, T) studies of the ultra-hard material MgAlB{sub 14} were carried out in search of superconductivity or ferromagnetism in this compound. {chi}(T) measurements on a powder sample revealed temperature-independent diamagnetism from 1.8 K up to room temperature with a Curie-Weiss impurity concentration equivalent to {approx} 1 mol% of spin-1/2 ions. In contrast, M(H, T) data on hot pressed samples showed evidence of ferromagnetic transitions above {approx} 330 K. Scanning electron microscopy and Auger microprobe analysis of the hot pressed samples indicated that the observed ferromagnetism was likely due to Fe impurities.
The role of boundaries during superplastic deformation

Micrograin superplasticity refers to the ability of fine-grained materials (d 0.5Tm, where Tm is the melting point). Consideration of recent experimental data regarding the effects of impurities on the characteristics of micrograin superplasticity reveals an important role played by boundaries in superplastic alloys. This role pertains to the ability of boundaries to serve as favorable sites for the accumulation of impurities, i.e. boundary segregation. Evidence in support of boundary segregation during micrograin superplasticity is reviewed, with particular emphasis on creep behavior, cavitation, ductility, boundary sliding and the formation of cavity stringers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Russia, the West, and World Order

T here is a feeling abroad today that Western civilization is on trial before history. One of the clearest signs of it is the increasing frequency with which we hear the word “challenge” in connection with the policies and progress of Soviet Russia and the Communist world at large. The challenge of the sputniks, of Soviet science and education, of Soviet economic development—these phrases, and variations on them, have recently grown all too familiar in America and Europe. We realize, of course, that the situation is not wholly a dark one for the West, that our Communist adversaries have serious internal problems of their own to contend with, that they too face some challenges. Still, nowadays few in the West find grounds for complacency in that fact.
All-polymer distributed feedback lasers

We report on melt-processed all-polymer distributed feedback lasers. The slope efficiency and lasing threshold of these lasers are found highly pumping angle dependent, with a maximum efficiency of nearly 4.6% and lowest threshold of 0.9mJ/cm2.
Asymptotic evaluation of the Green's functions for a biased n‐type semiconductor

The dyadic wave matrix is derived for propagation in a biased n-type semiconductor and an asymptotic expression for the dyadic Green's function is obtained. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid separation and characterization of protein and peptide mixtures using 1.5 μm diameter non-porous silica in packed capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

Octadecyl-modified 1.5 μm diameter non-porous silica particles were packed in 150 μm i.d. (360 μm o.d.) capillaries with lengths of 20 cm which were used to separate proteins and peptides generated from enzymatic digests of proteins. Gradients were produced using an exponential dilution method at pressures of 520 Bar (7500 psi) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used for detection. This system was similar to packed capillary perfusion chromatography with respect to chromatographic resolution and analysis time and had a limit of detection comparable to traditional packed capillaries which use 5 μm diameter porous particles. The analyses required as little as 250 femtomol of protein or 500 femtomol of peptide on-column in approximately 30 min. This technique was then applied to verify the existence of an overexpressed protein in an E. coli cell lysate and to confirm the presence of four glycoforms of a peptide generated in the proteolytic digest of an antibody. © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Stability Studies in Wakes of Two-Dimensional Slender Bodies at Hypersonic Speeds

Experimental stability studies were conducted in the transition region from laminar to turbulent flow in wakes of slender wedges and a flat plate at Mach number 6. As in low-speed flat plate wakes, transition from laminar to turbulent flow may be divided into a linear and a nonlinear instability region. Inviscid linear stability theory predicts well the growth of fluctuations and amplitude distribution in the linear region. In the nonlinear region similarities with low-speed wakes exist. Characteristic persisting peaks in the power spectra are observed. Based on these peak frequencies a nearly universal Strouhal number of fb_0/u∞ = 0.3 was found for both incompressible and hypersonic wake flows. A theoretical approach to predict the development of mean flow and flow fluctuations in the nonlinear region as employed by Ko, Kubota, and Lees in slender body low-speed wakes appears equally applicable for hypersonic wakes.
Modeling the monthly mean soil-water balance with a statistical-dynamical ecohydrology model as coupled to a two-component canopy model

Abstract. The statistical-dynamical annual water balance model of Eagleson (1978) is a pioneering work in the analysis of climate, soil and vegetation interactions. This paper describes several enhancements and modifications to the model that improve its physical realism at the expense of its mathematical elegance and analytical tractability. In particular, the analytical solutions for the root zone fluxes are re-derived using separate potential rates of transpiration and bare-soil evaporation. Those potential rates, along with the rate of evaporation from canopy interception, are calculated using the two-component Shuttleworth-Wallace (1985) canopy model. In addition, the soil column is divided into two layers, with the upper layer representing the dynamic root zone. The resulting ability to account for changes in root-zone water storage allows for implementation at the monthly timescale. This new version of the Eagleson model is coined the Statistical-Dynamical Ecohydrology Model (SDEM). The ability of the SDEM to capture the seasonal dynamics of the local-scale soil-water balance is demonstrated for two grassland sites in the US Great Plains. Sensitivity of the results to variations in peak green leaf area index (LAI) suggests that the mean peak green LAI is determined by some minimum in root zone soil moisture during the growing season. That minimum appears to be close to the soil matric potential at which the dominant grass species begins to experience water stress and well above the wilting point, thereby suggesting an ecological optimality hypothesis in which the need to avoid water-stress-induced leaf abscission is balanced by the maximization of carbon assimilation (and associated transpiration). Finally, analysis of the sensitivity of model-determined peak green LAI to soil texture shows that the coupled model is able to reproduce the so-called "inverse texture effect", which consists of the observation that natural vegetation in dry climates tends to be most productive in sandier soils despite their lower water holding capacity. Although the determination of LAI based on complete or near-complete utilization of soil moisture is not a new approach in ecohydrology, this paper demonstrates its use for the first time with a new monthly statistical-dynamical model of the water balance. Accordingly, the SDEM provides a new framework for studying the controls of soil texture and climate on vegetation density and evapotranspiration.
Mucosal immunization with helicobacter, CpG DNA, and cholera toxin is protective.

The mucosal delivery of antigens requires an effective adjuvant to induce mucosal immunity. Current mucosal adjuvants include cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin. Unmethylated CpG immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been proposed as novel mucosal adjuvants. In this study, mice were immunized with sonicated Helicobacter felis with CT and/or CpG ODN adjuvants. All groups receiving either adjuvant singly or in combination developed increased serum anti-H. felis immunoglobulin G (IgG). The addition of either CpG or CT, or both, produced a specific fecal anti-H. felis IgA response, with the highest IgA levels occurring in animals immunized intranasally with sonicated H. felis with CT and CpG. Following H. felis challenge, addition of the adjuvant CpG ODN provided no significant protection, while groups given CT showed a high degree of protection, although not complete. When CpG ODN was combined with CT and the vaccine combination was delivered intranasally, no bacterial colonization was detected by quantitative PCR, providing “sterile immunity” and demonstrating synergy between CpG ODN and CT.
Enterprise Organization and Communication Network

In this paper, we consider enterprise organization structures and communication networks obtained from email transaction data. Along with recent progress and popularization of Information Technology, social sciences have been experiencing great advances in methodology. It has become possible for researchers to utilize huge computational social data. However, there have been only conceptual studies in business school and very little quantitative analysis for enterprise organizations. We evaluate the strategic organization change with graph/network analysis of the communication network.
Synthesis and properties of a bisphenol A based phthalonitrile resin

A multiple aromatic ether linked phthalonitrile was synthesized and characterized. The oligomeric phthalonitrile monomer was prepared from the reaction of an excess amount of bisphenol A with 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone in the presence of K 2 CO 3 as the base in an N,N-dimethylformamide/toluene solvent mixture, followed by end capping with 4-nitrophthalonitrile in a two-step, one-pot reaction. The monomer properties were compared to those of the known resin 2,2-bis[4-(3,4-dicyanophenoxylphenyl]propane after being cured in the presence of bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)-phenyllsulfone. Rheometric measurements and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the oligomeric phthalonitrile resin maintained good structural integrity upon heating to elevated temperatures and exhibited excellent thermal properties along with long-term oxidative stability. The ether-linked phthalonitrile resin absorbed less than 2.5% water by weight after exposure to an aqueous environment for extended periods.
An Early Function during Transcription for the Yeast mRNA Export Factor Dbp5p/Rat8p Suggested by Its Genetic and Physical Interactions with Transcription Factor IIH Components

The yeast DEAD-box protein Dbp5p/Rat8p is an essential factor for mRNA export and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is concentrated at the cytoplasmic fibrils of the nuclear pore complex where it interacts with several nucleoporins. On the basis of this localization, it has been suggested that it might participate in a terminal step of RNA export, the release from the mRNA of proteins that accompany the mRNA during translocation through nuclear pores. In this report, we present evidence linking Dbp5p to transcription. Two different screens identified genetic interactions between DBP5 and genes involved in early transcription events, initiation and promoter clearance. Mutations of transcription proteins expected to impair transcription act as suppressors of dbp5 mutants, whereas those that may act to increase transcription are synthetically lethal with dbp5 mutations. We also show that growth and mRNA export in dbp5 mutant strains are dependent on the carboxy-terminal domain of the RNA pol II largest subunit. Finally, we show that Dbp5p associates physically with components of transcription factor IIH. Because these interactions affect not only growth but also mRNA export, they are likely to reflect a functional relationship between Dbp5p and the transcription machinery. Together, our results suggest a nuclear role for Dbp5 during the early steps of transcription.
Quantum gate design: A perspective

We give a general discussion of the problem of designing quantum logic gates for physical quantum computing architectures, and explain the use of perturbation theory and the concept of local equivalence.
A systems approach to the design of information systems

Systems design consists of a tremendously complex series of choices in which no decision point is completely independent of other decisions which have already been made or have yet to be made. A systems approach to the design of document-handling information systems would require a detailed examination of the choices to be made in the design process and the ramifications of possible choices in terms of the capabilities, performance, cost, and other characteristics of the system. The authors advocate a systematic procedure involving six steps: 1) identification of fixed parameters, 2) identification of variable parameters, 3) identification of available options for each variable parameter, 4) identification of factors affecting a choice among available options, 5) identification of factors affected by a choice among available options, and 6) logical analysis of the picture thus presented to determine the optimum sequence in which decisions should be made during the design process and the nature of the decision process itself.
Effects of Health Care Reform on Pharmacists

Pharmacists who work in components of integrated health care systems (eg, hospitals, health maintenance organizations, long-term care facilities, home care agencies) have unique perspectives on health care reform. They and others are fostering the concept of pharmaceutical care, a practice model under which pharmacists assume greater responsibility for the outcome of medication use. If outpatient medications are covered under health care reform legislation, the law should call upon pharmacists to practice in a way that helps people make the best use of medications. Private sector reform will have several effects of interest to pharmacists, including more consolidation of providers and suppliers, increased cost containment pressures, increased incentives for clinical services by pharmacists, and increased protocol-directed practice. To help advance pharmaceutical care, pharmacists should document medication useproblems, be assertive in assuming leadership on drug use issues, talk to patients about the pharmacist’s role in health care, and keep in mind why people need pharmacists.
Range modulators for protons and heavy ions

Abstract A series of range modulator wheels has been developed to modify the Bragg peak of the 160 MeV proton beam at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory. Flat depth-dose distributions up to 15 cm in extent have been produced. Ease of construction and inexpensive assembly recommend the design for use in other heavy particle beams.
Elementary events of agonist-induced Ca2+ release in vascular endothelial cells

The subcellular spatial and temporal organization of agonist-induced Ca2+ signals was investigated in single cultured vascular endothelial cells. Extracellular application of ATP initiated a rapid ...
Game Penalties Decrease Learning and Interest

Penalties are frequently used in games and rarely in tutors, creating a dilemma for designers seeking to combine games and tutors to maximize fun and learning. On the one hand, penalties can be frustrating and waste instructional time, on the other, they may increase excitement and prevent gaming. This study tested the effects of penalties on learning and interest. In a randomized, controlled experiment with a two-group, between subjects design, 100 University students played two versions of a game with an embedded tutor, with and without penalties that forced students to replay parts of the game. Results showed that penalties decreased learning and interest. These findings suggest a minimize penalties principle for designing cognitive games.
Control of fructose 2,6-diphosphate in muscle of exercising fasted rats

This study examined the role of epinephrine in controlling intramuscular signals that may accelerate lactate production in less active muscles during exercise. Sham-operated (sham) or adrenodemedul...
Hyperelastic Multi-Scale Modeling of a Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer Using Molecular Mechanics

In an effort to explore a structure-property relationship of an elastomer, we develop a multi-scale model of a thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) elastomer. A hyperelastic nonlinear constitutive equation of PU is constructed from a molecular simulation and is implemented for obtaining macroscopic mechanical properties. A full-atomic model of the PU, whose polymeric chains consist of hard and soft segments, is built using a commercial molecular modeling code — Materials Studio. The long hard segments are decomposed again into two beads for a better coarse grained (CG) model. The probability distribution functions for bond lengths, angles, and pairs are found among the beads to derive the effective potential functions using Inverse Boltzmann Method (IBM). Using the effective potential functions, a CG Molecular Mechanics (MM) model of the PU is built and run in LAMMPS. Initial IBM-derived effective potentials are iterated through CGMD simulations along with pressure correction to keep the distribution functions, density, and thermodynamic states the same for both models at two different scales. The final model is run with iterated force-fields using isobaric-isochoric ensemble (constant pressure, constant temperature) and validated with six full-atomic radial distribution functions (RDFs) and density from experiment. After building a validated CG model, hyperelastic strain energy functions are constructed from the CGMM simulation results of the PU under volumetric and isochoric deformation at the molecular level in order to develop an equivalent continuum model. Considering energy equivalence between the molecular and continuum models, the material constants for a hyperelastic strain energy function of the PU are determined. The derived parameters are used to predict macroscopic properties; bulk, shear, and Young’s moduli, and Poisson’s ratio from volumetric and three-dimensional shear loadings using the multi-scale approach. A coupon test of the PU at a macroscopic level is followed for comparison with the CGMM simulation. By the end of the study, we may answer the following research question: how sensitive are the iterative processes and pressure correction while building the effective CG potentials through inverse Boltzmann method.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A Percutaneous Technique for Reduction and Internal Fixation of Displaced Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures.

[Introduction][1] A retrospective cohort study demonstrated that, in comparison with open reduction and internal fixation through an extensile lateral approach, our percutaneous technique for reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures decreases the rate of complications and achieves and maintains extra-articular fracture reductions just as well. ![Figure][2] [Step 1: Patient Positioning and Imaging][3] Position the patient correctly to obtain excellent fluoroscopic views, which are key to the procedure. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 2: Fracture Reduction][4] The techniques for reducing and fixing joint depression and tongue-type calcaneal fractures differ and will be described separately. [Step 3: Screw Fixation][5] Identify screw entry points and paths using fluoroscopic images, and confirm the final positions with c-arm imaging. [Step 4: Postoperative Management][6] Apply a splint; then obtain postoperative images to confirm fracture reduction and screw placement. [Results & Preop./Postop. Images][7] The results of percutaneous reduction of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures in seventy-nine patients with a total of eighty-three fractures were compared with those obtained by another surgeon using the extensile lateral approach. [What to Watch For][8] [Indications][9] [Contraindications][10] [Pitfalls & Challenges][11] [Introduction][1] A retrospective cohort study demonstrated that, in comparison with open reduction and internal fixation through an extensile lateral approach, our percutaneous technique for reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures decreases the rate of complications and achieves and maintains extra-articular fracture reductions just as well. ![Figure][2] [Step 1: Patient Positioning and Imaging][3] Position the patient correctly to obtain excellent fluoroscopic views, which are key to the procedure. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 2: Fracture Reduction][4] The techniques for reducing and fixing joint depression and tongue-type calcaneal fractures differ and will be described separately. [Step 3: Screw Fixation][5] Identify screw entry points and paths using fluoroscopic images, and confirm the final positions with c-arm imaging. [Step 4: Postoperative Management][6] Apply a splint; then obtain postoperative images to confirm fracture reduction and screw placement. [Results & Preop./Postop. Images][7] The results of percutaneous reduction of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures in seventy-nine patients with a total of eighty-three fractures were compared with those obtained by another surgeon using the extensile lateral approach. [What to Watch For][8] [Indications][9] [Contraindications][10] [Pitfalls & Challenges][11] [1]: #sec-8 [2]: pending:yes [3]: #sec-9 [4]: #sec-10 [5]: #sec-13 [6]: #sec-14 [7]: #sec-15 [8]: #sec-16 [9]: #sec-17 [10]: #sec-18 [11]: #sec-19
Repeated Bouts of Exercise in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

AB Purpose: Reduced quadriceps activation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACL-R) has been reported. Patients often return to daily exercise or sport after ACL-R; however, there is little information regarding quadriceps function after exercise in this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare quadriceps strength and central activation after repeated bouts of exercise between individuals with and without a history of ACL-R. Methods: Eighteen recreationally active subjects participated in this study: 8 with unilateral ACL-R at least 6 months earlier and 10 healthy controls. All subjects performed 30 min of continuous exercise on two consecutive days. Exercise included repeated bouts of inclined treadmill walking and jumping exercises. We measured maximal isometric knee extension torque and quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) using the superimposed burst technique before and after exercise on day 1. Subjects returned 24 h later (day 2) for a repeat testing session. Results: There was a significant group-time interaction for knee extension torque. ACL-R subjects were weaker at baseline on day 1 of testing (P = 0.01) but exhibited no significant reduction in knee extension torque after exercise (P = 0.13), whereas the healthy control subjects did (P = 0.01). Knee extension torque on day 2 remained significantly lower than baseline for the controls (P = 0.03), but not the ACL-R (P = 0.73). On day 2, both groups experienced significantly reduced knee extension torque after exercise. There was no group-time interaction for CAR, but a group main effect indicated that, on average, ACL-R had significantly lower CAR bilaterally compared with healthy controls. Conclusions: The quadriceps in ACL-R knees were weaker and showed less reduction of isometric knee extension torque compared with healthy group in day 1. However, there were no group differences of quadriceps strength on day 2.
Latent Psychological Data Structure of Secondary Driving Tasks

This paper focuses on the application of a subjective method not typically used for secondary driving tasks assessment. More specifically, the latent psychological method of multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used to explore the underlying metric space associated with how particular secondary in-vehicle driving tasks relate to each other.
Direct, Catalytic Monofluorination of sp3 C–H Bonds: A Radical-Based Mechanism with Ionic Selectivity

Recently, our group unveiled a system in which an unusual interplay between copper(I) and Selectfluor effects mild, catalytic sp3 C–H fluorination. Herein, we report a detailed reaction mechanism based on exhaustive EPR, 19F NMR, UV–vis, electrochemical, kinetic, synthetic, and computational studies that, to our surprise, was revealed to be a radical chain mechanism in which copper acts as an initiator. Furthermore, we offer an explanation for the notable but curious preference for monofluorination by ascribing an ionic character to the transition state.
Tuning the Precipitation and Fractionation of Nanoparticles in Gas-Expanded Liquid Mixtures

The preparation of significant quantities of well-defined nanomaterials for certain applications and fundamental studies remains an important challenge where significant efforts have been devoted t...
The influence of FKBP5 genotype on expression of FKBP5 and other glucocorticoid-regulated genes, dependent on trauma exposure

The FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5), an intrinsic regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor, has been associated with pathological behaviors particularly in the context of childhood trauma (CT), via a putatively regulatory polymorphism, rs1360780. However, trans- and cis-acting effects of this locus and its interaction with CT are incompletely understood. To study its effects on the expression of glucocorticoid-regulated genes including FKBP5, we used lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from 16 CT-exposed patients with greater than two substance dependence/suicidal behavior diagnoses (casesCT+) and 13 non-CT-exposed controls (controlsCT-). This study in LCLs measures long-term trait-like differences attributable to genotype or lasting epigenetic modification. Through analysis of differential allelic expression (DAE) using an FKBP5 3'-UTR reporter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs3800373, that is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs1360780, we confirmed that the rs1360780 risk allele (A) (or conceivably that of a linked SNP) leads to higher FKBP5 expression in controlsCT-. Intriguingly, casesCT+ did not show DAE, perhaps because of a genotype-predicted difference in FKBP5 DNA methylation restricted to casesCT+. Furthermore, through correlation analyses on FKBP5 expression at baseline and after induction by dexamethasone, we observed that casesCT+ had lower induction of FKBP5 expression, indicating that overall they may have strong ultra-short negative-feedback. Only casesCT+ showed an effect of rs1360780 genotype on expression of FKBP5 and other glucocorticoid-regulated genes. Together, these results confirm that the rs1360780 locus alters FKBP5 expression and further that in trans-fashion this locus affects the expression of other glucocorticoid-regulated genes after a glucocorticoid challenge. The CT exposure appears to be essential for trans-effects of rs1360780 on glucocorticoid-regulated genes.
Light-Driven Processes Control Both Rhodopsin Maturation and Recycling in Mosquito Photoreceptors.

Many invertebrates carry out a daily cycle of shedding and rebuilding of the photoreceptor9s photosensitive rhabdomeric membranes. The mosquito Aedes aegypti shows a robust response, losing nearly all Aaop1 rhodopsin from the rhabdomeric membranes during the shedding process at dawn. Here, we made use of Aaop1 antibodies capable of distinguishing newly synthesized, glycosylated rhodopsin from mature nonglycosylated rhodopsin to characterize the fate of Aaop1 during the shedding and rebuilding processes. The rhabdomeric rhodopsin is moved into large cytoplasmic vesicles at dawn and is subsequently degraded during the standard 12 h daytime period. The endocytosed rhodopsin is trafficked back to the photosensitive membranes if animals are shifted back to dark conditions during the morning hours. During the daytime period, small vesicles containing newly synthesized and glycosylated Aaop1 rhodopsin accumulate within the cytoplasm. At dusk, these vesicles are lost as the newly synthesized Aaop1 is converted to the nonglycosylated form and deposited in the rhabdomeres. We demonstrate that light acts though a novel signaling pathway to block rhodopsin maturation, thus inhibiting the deglycosylation and rhabdomeric targeting of newly synthesized Aaop1 rhodopsin. Therefore, light controls two cellular processes responsible for the daily renewal of rhodopsin: rhodopsin endocytosis at dawn and inhibition of rhodopsin maturation until dusk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Organisms use multiple strategies to maximize visual capabilities in different light conditions. Many invertebrates show a daily cycle of shedding the photoreceptor9s rhabdomeric membranes at dawn and rebuilding these during the following night. We show here that the Aedes aegypti mosquito possesses two distinct light-driven cellular signaling processes for modulating rhodopsin content during this cycle. One of these, endocytosis of rhabdomeric rhodopsin, has been described previously. The second, a light-activated cellular pathway acting to inhibit the anterograde movement of newly synthesized rhodopsin, is revealed here for the first time. The discovery of this cellular signaling pathway controlling a G-protein-coupled receptor is of broad interest due to the prominent role of this receptor family across all areas of neuroscience.
Ocean acidification: Implications to underwater acoustics

Increasing absorption of carbon dioxide into world's oceans has caused seawater to become more acidic and warmer. In addition to many other consequences this will potentially have an impact on the propagation of sound in the ocean. Increasing acidity in seawater is bound to decrease the attenuation of sound and will result in better propagation conditions for sound. It has been observed that increased shipping has caused an increase in the ambient noise levels in the ocean and lower attenuations caused by ocean acidification could magnify this increase in noise levels. Increasing noise levels in the world's ocean and its impact on marine environment including marine mammals will continue to attract the attention of underwater acousticians.
On-the-fly dopant redistribution in a silicon nanowire p–n junction

Dopant redistribution in a silicon nanowire (SiNW) p–n junction is found to occur owing to self-heating effects. A SiNW is doped to form back-to-back diodes and is thermally isolated by an oxide layer on its bottom side and by air on the other sides. When a high level of current flows, the inner body temperature is found to increase enough to cause dopant diffusion and even to reach the silicon melting point due to Joule heating. This experimentally observed electrothermal behavior is also validated through numerical simulation. The conductivity change is dependent on the total power density and the change becomes permanent once the device suffers self-heating beyond a threshold point. Finally, the dopant redistribution is directly visualized using scanning capacitance microscopy for the first time.