cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing selectivity of infrared emitters through quality-factor matching

It has recently been proposed that designing selective emitters with photonic crystals (PhCs) or plasmonic metamaterials can suppress low-energy photon emission, while enhancing higher-energy photon emission. Here, we will consider multiple approaches to designing and fabricating nanophotonic structures concentrating infrared thermal radiation at energies above a critical threshold. These are based on quality factor matching, in which one creates resonant cavities that couple light out at the same rate that the underlying materials emit it. When this quality-factor matching is done properly, emissivities can approach those of a blackbody, but only within a selected range of thermal photon energies. One potential application is for improving the conversion of heat to electricity via a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system, by using thermal radiation to illuminate a photovoltaic (PV) diode. In this study, realistic simulations of system efficiencies are performed using finite-difference time domain (FDTD) and rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) to capture both thermal radiation and PV diode absorption. We first consider a previously studied 2D molybdenum photonic crystal with a commercially-available silicon PV diode, which can yield TPV efficiencies up to 26.2%. Second, a 1D-periodic samarium-doped glass emitter with a gallium antimonide (GaSb) PV diode is presented, which can yield efficiencies up to 38.5%. Finally, a 2D tungsten photonic crystal with a 1D integrated, chirped filter and the GaSb PV diode can yield efficiencies up to 38.2%; however, the fabrication procedure is expected to be more challenging. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy will be discussed.
Proposal for a Cryogenic Magnetic Field Measurement System for SSC Dipole Magnets

This proposal describes the research and development required, and the subsequent fabrication of, a system capable of making integrated magnetic multipole measurements of cryogenic 40-mm-bore SSC dipole magnets utilizing a cryogenic probe. Our experience and some preliminary studies indicate that it is highly unlikely that a 16-meter-long probe can be fabricated that will have a twist below several milliradians at cryogenic temperatures. We would anticipate a twist of several milliradians just as a result of cooldown stresses. Consequently, this proposal describes a segmented 16-meter-long probe, for which we intend to calibrate the phase of each segment to within 0.1 milliradians. The data for all segments will be acquired simultaneously, and integrated data will be generated from the vector sums of the individual segments. The calibration techniques and instrumentation required to implement this system will be described. The duration of an integral measurement at one current is expected to be under 10 seconds. The system is based on an extrapolation of the techniques used at LBL to measure cryogenic 1-meter models of SSC magnets with a cryogenic probe.
High-Risk Designs

High-risk designs are considered one of the most powerful methods for testing hypotheses about vulnerabilities, risk factors, and potential causal processes involved in various forms of psychopathology. There are two specific types of high-risk designs: genetic high-risk designs and behavioral high-risk designs, which became more prevalent in the psychological community following early landmark studies in the realms of schizophrenia and mood disorders research. High-risk designs continue to be a popular methodological choice for studies of stress-diathesis models of the etiology and course of many psychological disorders. High-risk designs can generate more specific information about predictors of illness onset and course, and allow for the examination of potential moderating variables that may serve to protect some participants from developing the disorder. Keywords: bipolar; depression; high-risk designs; research design; schizophrenia
Chapter 4 Effects of Nitrogen Oxides on Chloride Channels

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of nitrogen oxides on chloride channels. Chloride (Cl − ) channels represent a heterogenous group of proteins. The proteins associated with some Cl − transport functions have not been characterized. Stratified according to conductance, there are three broad categories of characterized Cl − channels: Small ( 100 pS; or maxi-Cl−). Functionally, Cl − channels have also been classified by Suzuki and coworkers to include those involved in (1) ligand-gated transmission in postsynaptic membranes; (2) effects on resting membrane potential in muscle; (3) depolarization of cells, particularly including smooth muscle cells and retinal epithelial cells; (4) cell volume regulation; (5) fluid transport in epithelia; and (6) ion balance in acidified intracellular vesicles. Abnormal chloride channel activity underlies the pathophysiology of several human diseases. Recently, it has been appreciated that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation and/or treatment with exogenous nitrogen oxides (NOx) can modify the expression, maturation and/or function of a variety of Cl − channel proteins, including the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane regulatory protein (CFTR). Mechanisms underlying these effects are both cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent and cGMP-independent. A more detailed molecular understanding of these mechanisms may enable targeting of Cl − channels in the development of new therapies.
Design of a wideband antenna package with a compact spatial notch filter for wireless applications

This paper describes a compact package, comprising a wideband antenna with a compact spatial notch filter, useful for RF applications requiring a high rate of data transfer. The use of fractal concepts helps to reduce the package to almost half the normal size, and to realize a much sharper band-stop than would be possible with a conventional filter. The antenna is a planar slot fed by a CPW; it provides a very wide bandwidth between 2 and 7 GHz. It is shown that this antenna can be combined with the spatial notch filter to reject an undesired interference at 5.5 GHz, with little or no compromise of the performance outside the rejection band.
Acute ingestion of glucose decreases plasma pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and total vitamin B-6 concentration.

The effect of the acute ingestion of glucose on the concentration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and total vitamin B-6 (TB6) in plasma was studied. Five males and four females were given 1 g D-glucose/kg body wt. A blood sample was collected at 0-10 min and 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h and the plasma was analyzed for PLP and TB6. There was a significant decrease in both plasma PLP and TB6 (p less than 0.05) at 2 h. All nine subjects exhibited a decrease, and by 5 h the mean change from fasting was 8-10 nmol/L for PLP and 8-12 nmol/L for TB6 (an 18-21% decrease from that when fasting). Ingestion of 300 mL water in four subjects resulted in a mean decrease of 3.4 nmol PLP/L plasma and indicated that some but not all of the decrease may have been due to fluid ingestion per se. Ingestion of glucose is associated with a decrease in both circulating plasma PLP and TB6; therefore, carbohydrate ingestion should be considered when plasma PLP and TB6 concentrations are used to evaluate vitamin B-6 status. In addition, fasting blood samples should be used when evaluating vitamin B-6 status.
Daily life or diagnosis? Dual perspectives on perinatal depression within maternal and child health home visiting

This study describes a qualitative inquiry–informing program development in a maternal and child home visiting program. Low-income women's perceptions of the meaning and experiences of depression were ascertained through focus groups and interviews. Simultaneously, the study examines staff member perceptions and roles related to depression. Specific findings from clients and staff reveal culturally situated beliefs about depression and stressful life events; comparing and contrasting these beliefs offers a novel perspective on identification and intervention for maternal depression. This study offers a foundation for a translational research agenda that will be used for program and policy development to enhance mental health services situated within maternal and child health home visiting programs.
Upon reflection [computational geometry]

The author looks at the geometry of the classic law of mirror reflection. This law tells us that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. It turns out that this little geometric truth can help solve another set of interesting problems called billiard problems, which describe the shortest path a billiard ball can take on a polygonal table. The author starts by looking at two different derivations of the law of reflection, one geometric and one analytic. He then looks at the problem of finding the shortest circuit of a billiard ball around a triangular table.
The instigation of assertive behavior: Transcripts from two cases

Abstract The first of the two transcripts shows how the therapist came to a decision to employ behavior rehearsal, and then used this method in ‘shaping’ the patient's response in a specific interchange with her father. In the second transcript, it was made clear to the patient that emotional behavior has to be changed by emotional means, and that little can be expected of insight. The need for systematic desensitization of the patient's oversensitivity to rejection emerged as an indispensable ingredient of his treatment.
Effect of Shunts on Thin-Film CdTe Module Performance.

A 2-D numerical circuit model is used to analyze the impact of shunts on basic performance parameters of a CdTe thin-film module. A numerical estimate of module-efficiency loss in the worst-case scenario due to shunts of different severity and fractional module area is presented. It is shown that absolute module-efficiency loss Δη (%) varies in systematic fashion with these shunt parameters. Estimates of Δη based on simple area-weighted efficiency are typically low by 3-4 times. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of shunts over the module plays a significant role in the module loss. A reliable parameter P to characterize the distribution of shunts is introduced, and its effect on module-efficiency loss, as well as individual-parameter ( FF , V OC and J SC ) losses, is shown. Furthermore, higher transparent-conductive-oxide (TCO) sheet resistance is shown to increase shunt isolation and consequently mitigate the efficiency decrease.
Transformational leadership, learning goal orientation, and expectations for career success in mentor–protégé relationships: A multiple levels of analysis perspective

Abstract Prior research has assumed that traditional mentor–protege relationships based on mutual learning and development orientations operate at the dyadic level of analysis. This study examines this assumption by providing a multiple levels of analysis (individual and dyad) test of the relationships among learning goal orientation, transformational leadership, and expectations of career success (career achievement, development, and balance) reported by 217 mentors and their proteges from 11 different industries. Results of within and between analysis (WABA) indicated that learning goal orientation/transformational leadership and transformational leadership/expected career balance relationships were based on differences between dyads. Learning goal orientation/expected career success and transformational leadership/expected career achievement and development relationships were based on differences between individuals. Implications for research and practice on mentoring relationships are discussed.
Early chimerism threshold predicts sustained engraftment and NK-cell tolerance in prenatal allogeneic chimeras.

The failure of engraftment in human cases of in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCT) in which no immunodeficiency exists suggests the presence of an unrecognized fetal immune barrier. A similar barrier in murine IUHCT appears to be dependent on the chimerism level and is poorly explained by a lack of T-cell tolerance induction. Therefore, we studied the effect of the chimerism level on engraftment and host natural killer (NK)–cell education in a murine model of IUHCT. The dose of transplanted cells was found to exhibit a strong correlation with both the engraftment rate and chimerism level. More specifically, a threshold level of initial chimerism (> 1.8%) was identified that predicted durable engraftment for allogeneic IUHCT, whereas low initial chimerism (< 1.8%) predicted a loss of engraftment. NK cells taken from chimeras above the “chimerism threshold” displayed durable calibration of alloresponsive Ly49A receptors and tolerance to donor antigens. Depletion of recipient NK cells stabilized engraftment in low-level chimeras (< 1.8%). These studies illustrate the importance of the early chimerism threshold in predicting long-term engraftment and host NK-cell tolerance after in utero transplantation.
Poliomyelitis virus antibody in different lots of human serum gamma globulin.

SummaryNeutralizing antibody content of 7 lots of human serum gamma globulin against the 3 immunologic types of poliomyelitis viruses were studied in roller tube cultures of monkey kidney tissue. Antibody against the 3 immunologic types of viruses was found to be present in all lots tested. The average of 50% neutralization end points in tests of the individual lots of gamma globulin for type 1 virus was 10-3.0, for Type 2 virus 10-2.7, and for Type 3 virus 10-2.5.
Effects of single scatterers on transport and tunneling in a dual-electron-waveguide device.

The effects of single scatterers on the transport and tunneling characteristics of a dual-electron-waveguide device have been studied. We observe a dramatic degradation in the quantized conductance steps of the waveguides as the one-dimensional channel is electrostatically steered into a scatterer. By analyzing the magnitude and shape of the quantized conductance steps for different lateral regions between the confining split gates, we are able to pinpoint the location of the scatterers in the device. In addition, the oscillations in the tunneling current out of one of the waveguides are found to also be very sensitive to the presence of a single scatterer within the waveguide and in the tunneling region.
The superfluidd transition temperature of a Fermi liquid: 3He and 3He4He mixtures☆

Abstract The superfluid transitions temperature is calculated from the microscopic theory of a Fermi liquid in terms of the Landau parameters and one unknown scale factor. Determining the latter from the observed transition in 3He leads to an estimate that the superfluid transition in 3He4He mixtures may be presently observable.
Levothyroxine: therapeutic use and regulatory issues related to bioequivalence

Levothyroxine is the overwhelming choice of clinicians for the treatment of hypothyroidism and for the suppression of goitre and thyroid nodules in selected cases. The monitoring of serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone is necessary for appropriate dosage adjustment of levothyroxine. Levothyroxine has a narrow therapeutic index: both underdosage (subclinical hypothyroidism) and excessive dosage (subclinical hyperthyroidism) are associated with adverse symptoms and pathophysiological effects and are to be avoided. The consequent necessity for careful titration of doses has had an impact on the issue of switchability, or bioequivalence, of the various marketed levothyroxine products. In this article, the basis for concern about currently accepted standards of the FDA for pharmacological bioequivalence are examined in the context of levothyroxine. The history and status of the recent request by the FDA for a new drug application for all levothyroxine products, and its impact on the market leader Synthroid, is also discussed.
Managing Aviation Human Factors Aircraft Accident Investigations: Lessons Learned

The Human Performance Division of the Office of Aviation Safety of the National Transportation Safety Board is charged with explaining the nature of the error or errors that may have caused or cont...
Sleep in zebrafish.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a small prolific rapidly-developing diurnal vertebrate, shows behavioral, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics of mammalian sleep. Zebrafish brain has well-developed neuronal structures and neurochemical systems that are known to be necessary and sufficient for sleep regulation in other vertebrate species. Rich behavioral repertoire in zebrafish permits investigation of the effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on cognitive functions and performance. Sensitivity of this fish to hypnotic agents helps in designing high throughput screens for new hypnotic medications, evaluation of their efficacy, and potential side effects. The optical transparency of larval zebrafish and intracellular fluorescent markers of calcium responses available make it possible to visualize neuronal activity with single cell resolution in a behaving fish. Given the accumulated experience in conducting large-scale genetic screens in zebrafish, multiple available mutant phenotypes, and advanced ...
Raman spectra and staging of intercalated graphite fibers

Abstract Raman spectra of graphite fibers intercalated with K, Rb and Cs are reported. X-Ray diffraction is used to characterize the fibers with respect to staging. We report results mainly for GY70, a highly graphitic commercially available fiber, which is polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based, and some results on UC4104B, a pitch-based fiber. These two fibers have different structures; ideally the GY70 consists of graphite layers parallel to the fiber surface, while UC4104B has graphite planes perpendicular to the surface. X-Ray diffraction, using the Debye-Scherrer method, shows that these fibers stage, though compounds of mixed stages are generally obtained. Our Raman results, which are sensitive to the staging within an optical skin depth, show for the alakli metal donor-intercalated fibers the 560 cm −1 line characteristic of stage 1 compounds, the E 2g2 bounding layer mode characteristic of stage 2, as well as the interior and bounding layer splitting of the E 2g2 mode, observed in high stage intercalated graphite. In addition, a Raman line near 1355 cm −1 is observed, characteristic of less ordered graphites.
A Simulated Annealing-Based Algorithm Using Hierarchical Models for General Three Dimensional Component Layout

An efficient simulated annealing-based algorithm which optimizes component layout is presented. The efficiency comes in the algorithm's ability to calculate component overlap quickly by taking advantage of a hierarchical decomposition of the model's geometry. The result is an algorithm able to optimize the placement of components of arbitrary geometry inside an arbitrarily shaped container over multiple design goals and subject to inter-component spatial and performance constraints. The algorithm is demonstrated on test problems of known solution, and a variety of industrial problems of a priori unknown solution.
An Effectiveness Study of Group Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

This work examines the transportability of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) for a wide range of anxiety disorders to a college counseling center. Participants were 31 clients with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder who identified dysfunction in one or more of eight daily function areas. Clients were not excluded on the basis of medication use, severity or frequency of panic attacks, age, or comorbidity. Of the 31 participants, there were 17 treatment completers, defined by a minimum of 20 sessions in a flexibly bounded psychotherapy group, who achieved significant reductions in levels of anxiety-related dysfunction. The present study suggests that group cognitive behavioral therapy can be transported to a college counseling center.
College Characteristics and Change in Students' Occupational Values Socialization in American Colleges

This study examines change in occupational goals and values among young adults who enter postsecondary education. The influence of variation in college characteristics on extrinsic and intrinsic va...
Search for a deep-mantle component in mafic lavas using a Nb-Y-Zr plot

Concentrations of trace elements with bulk distribution coefficient s 0 , where ΔNb = log (Nb/Y) + 1.74 - 1.92 log (Zr/Y) (Fitton et al. 1997), whereas melts derived from depleted sections of the mantle and the crust show ΔNb 0). The signature of the Reunion hot spot, from ~65-0 Ma, is seen in the Deccan Traps, India, lavas from the Mascarene Plateau, and Reunion Island. The signature of the Kerguelen plume is detected in rocks from Kerguelen Island and the Ninetyeast and Broken Ridges, Indian Ocean, a few lavas from the Rajmahal province, India, but none in the Bunbury Basalt, Australia. Some rocks from continental flood basalt provinces show a hot spot component, in agreement with conclusions based on 3 He/ 4 He studies, others show ΔNb 0, whereas the others show the Nb depletion typical of arc-related material. In conjunction with trace-element and isotopic discriminants, this appears to be a useful tool in identifying a deep-mantle component in mafic lavas from a variety of plate tectonic set- tings.
Generalized Disjunctive Programming as a Systematic Modeling Framework to Derive Scheduling Formulations

We propose linear generalized disjunctive programming (GDP) models for the short-term scheduling problem of single stage batch plants with parallel units. Three different concepts of continuous-time representation are explored, immediate and general precedence, as well as multiple time grids. The linear GDP models are then reformulated using both big-M and convex hull reformulations, and the resulting mixed-integer linear programming models compared through the solution of a set of example problems. We show that two general precedence models from the literature can be derived using a big-M reformulation for a set of disjunctions and a convex hull reformulation for another. The best performer is, however, a multiple time grid model which can be derived from the convex hull reformulation followed by simple algebraic manipulations to eliminate the disaggregated variables and reduce the sets of constraints, thus leading to a more compact and efficient formulation.
A review and analysis of the Mahalanobis-Taguchi system

The Mahalanobis–Taguchi system (MTS) is a relatively new collection of methods proposed for diagnosis and forecasting using multivariate data. The primary proponent of the MTS is Genichi Taguchi, who is very well known for his controversial ideas and methods for using designed experiments. The MTS results in a Mahalanobis distance scale used to measure the level of abnormality of “abnormal” items compared to a group of “normal” items. First, it must be demonstrated that a Mahalanobis distance measure based on all available variables on the items is able to separate the abnormal items from the normal items. If this is the case, then orthogonal arrays and signal-to-noise ratios are used to select an “optimal” combination of variables for calculating the Mahalanobis distances. Optimality is defined in terms of the ability of the Mahalanobis distance scale to match a prespecified or estimated scale that measures the severity of the abnormalities. In this expository article, we review the methods of the MTS an...
The thermal properties of four allotropes of carbon

Abstract The heat capacities of diamond, graphite, and the fullerenes C 60 and C 70 are compared and linked to their approximate vibrational spectra. Because all the allotropes have the chemical composition C, their ultimate heat capacity is the Dunlog-Petit value 3 R = 24.9J K −1 mol −1 . At low temperatures (0–50 K), the fullerenes have a much higher heat capacity than the other two allotropes. As the temperature is increased, graphite and the fullerenes approach approximately equal heat capacities. Up to 1000 K, diamond has a lower heat capacity, but then, because of its weaker C-C bonds compared to the conjugated double bonds in graphite and the fullerenes, it exceeds the heat capacities of the latter. Fullerenes have crystal to plastic-crystal transitions in the region 250–350 K with entropies in agreement with the orientational entropy increase derivable from Walden's rule. Their sublimation pressures reach atmospheric pressure at about 1500 K, and the entropies of transition, when corrected for the entropy of fusion (Richards' rule), obey Trouton's rule. Carbon is thus a textbook example for the differences in thermal behavior possible as a function of chemical bonding and structure.
The Effects of a Knowledge Base Manipulation on Individual Differences in Processing Speed and Recall

Abstract Content knowledge has been emphasized as an important source of individual differences in cognition. The limitation of existing research, however, is that it is almost exclusively correlational, being based on the effects of preexisting knowledge. In response, the present study was conducted with 10th-grade biology students as they studied a unit on plants. Intellectually average and above-average students were tested three times: before the unit was started, midway, and after completion. Measures assessed changes in knowledge of plants, the speed of making simple discriminations between plant- and non-plant-related words, and the recall of plant-related and low-meaningful word pairs. A control group completed the three test sessions prior to the onset of the plant unit. As expected, students′ knowledge of plants increased with instruction, processing speed and recall improved across the three sessions, and the above-average students tended to outperform their average peers. Contrary to theories that emphasize the causal role of knowledge, however, processing speed and recall improved as much for those students who had completed the plant unit as they did for the control students who had not.
A 14-year-old boy with left ear pain.

14-year-old boy presented to the primary care offi ce with a 4-day history of left ear pain. He denied any history of fever or other associated symptoms. The primary care physician noted a thickened, red, and bulging left tympanic membrane, but the boy had an otherwise normal physical exam. He was diagnosed with acute left otitis media and treated with oral amoxicillin 1,500 mg by mouth twice daily. He returned 4 days later with a complaint of a 1-day history of subjective fever and increasing left ear pain. His oral temperature was 97.0°F in the offi ce. Physical exam revealed mild left postauricular edema and erythema, with no obvious blunting of the retroauricular sulcus. The left cheek was edematous. Exquisite tenderness was noted with manipulation of the left pinna and tragus and on palpation over the left mastoid, cheek, and neck. Otoscopic examination revealed the left auditory canal to be erythematous, very edematous, and tender, with a moderate amount of mucoid drainage. The left tympanic membrane could not be visualized because of obstructive edema of the canal. The left postauricular node was palpable, mobile, and tender, with no other palpable lymph nodes. The right ear exam was unremarkable, and the remainder of the exam was within normal limits. Differential diagnoses considered in this case were based on the chief complaint of ear and facial pain. Foreign body was unlikely because of the age of the patient and lack of reported incidence. Dental pathology was ruled out on the basis that oropharyngeal exam was normal, with abnormal exam of the external auditory canal and periauricular structures. Barotrauma was unlikely because the patient had not been fl ying or deepwater diving. Sinusitis was not diagnosed based on the lack of postnasal drainage, normal nasal exam, and lack of pain with palpation over frontal and maxillary sinuses or dependent head positioning. Otitis media and middle ear effusion could not be defi nitively ruled out because of the inability to visualize the tympanic membrane. Based on physical fi ndings, the patient was diagnosed with left otitis externa and possible mastoiditis. He was treated in the offi ce with 1,000 mg of ceftriaxone infused intravenously over
Influence of left ventricular mass regression on cardiac function in hypertensive elderly individuals.

A randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial was conducted to compare the ability of verapamil and atenolol to induce regression of left ventricular mass in elderly hypertensive patients and the effects of regression on left ventricular filling, ejection fraction, and cardiac volumes. Forty-two individuals over 60 years of age were enrolled in the protocol. Eight of 21 patients assigned to atenolol and 18 to 21 assigned to verapamil achieved blood pressure control with single-agent therapy (p < 0.05). The addition of chlorthalidone resulted in blood pressure control in the three remaining assigned to verapamil and in ten of the remaining patients assigned to atenolol. In the verapamil group left ventricular mass index decreased from 104 ± 5 to 85 ± 5 g/M2, while it was unchanged in the atenolol patients (109 ± 9 to 112 ± 10 g/M2). In the patients in whom the left ventricular mass regressed, the peak filling rate increased from 2.42 ± 0.2 to 3.31 ± 0.4 EDV/s, while it did not change in the patients who did not experience regression. Furthermore, ejection fraction and cardiac output were maintained in patients who had regression, both at rest and during mild upright bicycle exercise.
The gamut of human infections caused by Dematiaceous fungi.

The four varieties of human infections caused by fungi whose mycelium or conidia or both are dark colored, are described and discussed under the headings of superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic mycoses. Three diseases, black piedra, tinea nigra and mycotic keratitis, were considered in the superficial category. Their etiologic agents, respectively 4 and 17 in number were briefly described in terms of their clinical manifestations, in vivo and in vitro morphology. The subcutaneous mycoses with dematiaceous etiologic agents are chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. The former is considered to be caused by any one of six moulds classified in the genera Cladophialophora, Cladosporium, Fonsecaea, Phialophora and Rhinocladiella. The fungi incriminated as agents of phaeohyphomycosis, currently total 32. The fundamental differences between chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis lies in the tissue form assumed by their respective etiologic agents. In chromoblastomycosis, the parasites occur as large, muriform, thick-walled dematiaceous cells. In phaeohyphomycosis the fungi basically occur as dark walled septate, hyphal elements. The mycetomas with black granules are known to be caused by 9 species of moulds classified in 6 genera. Within limits, the identity of a given black grained mycetoma can be deduced through the characteristics of the granules.
An Illustration of Using Multiple Imputation Versus Listwise Deletion Analyses: The Effect of Hanen's “More Than Words” on Parenting Stress

This investigation illustrates the effects of using different missing data analysis techniques to analyze effects of a parent-implemented treatment on stress in parents of toddlers with autism symptomatology. The analysis approaches yielded similar results when analyzing main effects of the intervention, but different findings for moderation effects. Using listwise deletion, the data supported an iatrogenic effect of Hanen’s ‘‘More Than Words’’ on stress in parents with high levels of pretreatment depressive symptoms. Using multiple imputation, a significant moderated treatment effect with uninterpretable regions of significance did not support an iatrogenic effect of treatment on parenting stress. Results highlight the need for caution in interpreting analyses that do not involve validated methods of handling missing data.
IHHUNOHISTOCHEHICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

Seven children (< three years of age) with congenital HIV were evaluated for failure to thrive. All had a history of diarrhea, but none had chronic symptoms or enteric pathogens identified by ova and parasite examination and bacterial culture of stool. An intact, columnar-lined epithelium with normal appearing villus architecture was found in 5/7 biopsies of the small intestine. In the other two children, mild focal villus shortening was noted. The lamina propria was mildly hypercellulal. The characterization of lymphocyte phenotype and MHC class II antigen distribution was done with monoclonal antibodies (Leu 4, Leu 3a, OKT8, anti-TCR delta, anti-TCR beta, anti-IgG, anti-IgA, anti-IgM, anti-HLA-DR, anti-HLA-DP, and anti-HLA-DQ) and an avidin-biotin complex immunohisto- chemical staining technique. Results: The lamina propria contained increased Leu 4 (CD3) positive cells which were primarily OKT8 (CD8) and TCR-beta positive. TCR-gamma positive cells were rare in the intra- epithelial population of lymphocytes. The surface epithelium strongly expressed MHC Class II antigen DR and in 4/7 it weakly expressed DP. No epithelial expression of DQ was detected. Conclusion: in the small Intestinal mucosa of children with HIV, abnormal T cell phenotype and enhanced MHC Class II antigen expression of the surface epithelium precedes injury.
Efficient Single Muscle Fiber Isolation from Alcohol-Fixed Adult Muscle following β-Galactosidase Staining for Satellite Cell Detection

Staining for β-galactosidase activity for whole tissues, sections, and cells is a common method to detect expression of β-galactosidase reporter transgene as well as senescence-dependent β-galactosidase activity. Choice of fixatives is a critical step for detection of β-galactosidase activity, subsequent immunostaining, and enzymatic digestion of tissue to dissociate cells. In this report, the authors examined several aldehyde and alcohol fixatives in mouse skeletal muscle tissues for their efficiency at improving detection of β-galactosidase activity as well as detection by immunostaining. In addition, fixatives were also analyzed for their efficiency for collagenase digestion to isolate single muscle fibers on postfixed β-galactosidase-stained whole skeletal muscle tissues. The results show that fixing cells with isopropanol yields the greatest reliability and intensity in both β-galactosidase staining as well as double staining for β-galactosidase activity and antibodies. In addition, isopropanol and ethanol, but not glutaraldehyde or paraformaldehyde, allow for the isolation of single muscle fibers from the diaphragm and tibialis anterior muscles following postfixed β-galactosidase staining. Using this method, it is possible to identify the amount of cells that occupy the satellite cell compartment in single muscle fibers prepared from any muscle tissues, including tibialis anterior muscle and diaphragm.
Abstract: An Exascale Workload Study

Amdahl's law has been one of the factors influencing speedup in high performance computing over the last few decades. While Amdahl's approach of optimizing (10% of the code is where 90% of the execution time is spent) has worked very well in the past, new challenges related to emerging exascale heterogeneous architectures, combined with stringent power and energy limitations, require a new architectural paradigm. The 10x10 approach is an effort in this direction. The 90-10 approach viewed application sets as monolithic entities with common cases and focused on applying broad architectural improvements impacting those common cases. In the 10x10 paradigm, the objective is to identify the top ten distinct dominant characteristics in a set of applications. One could then build and exploit customized architectures (accelerators) and tools, best suited to optimize each dominant characteristic in the application domain. Every application will typically be composed of multiple characteristics and thus will use several of the customized accelerators/tools during its various execution phases. The goal is to ensure that the application runs efficiently and that the architecture is used in an energy-efficient manner. In this poster, we describe our initial steps and methodologies for defining and actualizing the 10x10 approach.
FDTD simulation of finite-amplitude pressure and temperature fields for biomedical ultrasound

Full wave simulations provide a valuable tool for studying the spatial and temporal nature of an acoustic field. One method for producing such simulations is the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. This method uses discrete differences to approximate derivatives in the governing partial differential equations. We used the FDTD method to model the propagation of finite-amplitude sound in a homogeneous thermoviscous fluid. The calculated acoustic pressure field was then used to compute the transient temperature rise in the fluid; the heating results from absorption of acoustic energy by the fluid. As an example, the transient temperature field was calculated in biological tissue in response to a pulse of focused ultrasound. Enhanced heating of the tissue from finite-amplitude effects was observed. The excess heating was attributed to the nonlinear generation of higher-frequency harmonics which are absorbed more readily than the fundamental. The effect of nonlinear distortion on temperature rise in tissue was observed to range from negligible at 1 MPa source pressure to an 80% increase in temperature elevation at 10 MPa source pressure.
BCOR-CCNB3 Fusions Are Frequent in Undifferentiated Sarcomas of Male Children

The BCOR-CCNB3 fusion gene, resulting from a chromosome X paracentric inversion, was recently described in translocation-negative 'Ewing-like' sarcomas arising in bone and soft tissue. Genetic subclassification of undifferentiated unclassified sarcomas may potentially offer markers for reproducible diagnosis and substrates for therapy. Using whole transcriptome paired-end RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) we unexpectedly identified BCOR-CCNB3 fusion transcripts in an undifferentiated spindle-cell sarcoma. RNA-seq results were confirmed through direct RT-PCR of tumor RNA and cloning of the genomic breakpoints from tumor DNA. Five additional undifferentiated sarcomas with BCOR-CCNB3 fusions were identified in a series of 42 pediatric and adult unclassified sarcomas. Genomic breakpoint analysis demonstrated unique breakpoint locations in each case at the DNA level even though the resulting fusion mRNA was identical in all cases. All patients with BCOR-CCNB3 sarcoma were males diagnosed in mid childhood (7-13 years of age). Tumors were equally distributed between axial and extra-axial locations. Five of the six tumors were soft-tissue lesions with either predominant spindle-cell morphology or spindle-cell areas interspersed with ovoid to round cells. CCNB3 immunohistochemistry showed strong nuclear positivity in five tumors before oncologic therapy, but was patchy to negative in post-treatment tumor samples. An RT-PCR assay developed to detect the fusion transcript in archival formalin-fixed tissue was positive in all six cases, with high sensitivity and specificity in both pre- and post-treated samples. This study adds to recent reports on the clinicopathologic spectrum of BCOR-CCNB3 fusion-positive sarcomas, a newly emerging entity within the undifferentiated unclassified sarcoma category and describes a simple RT-PCR assay that in conjunction with CCNB3 immunohistochemistry can be useful in diagnosing these tumors.
Age-related differences in adolescent smokers' and nonsmokers' assessments of the relative addictiveness and health harmfulness of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana

The present work was undertaken to determine how general beliefs about various substances and substance use behaviors change during adolescence. Secondary analyses were carried out on the telephone interview responses of 1,200 adolescent smokers and nonsmokers between the ages of 12 and 17. The specific beliefs regarding which substances were hardest to stop using and which were the most harmful to one's health by smoking status and age were compared using Chi-squared analyses for univariate comparisons, and polytomous logistic regression for multivariate analyses. Results revealed that the youngest cohort believed that marijuana was the substance most difficult to stop using while the oldest cohort believed that cigarettes were the hardest to stop using. A similar pattern was observed regarding which substance was the most harmful to one's health. While smokers believed that cigarettes were both the hardest to stop using and the most harmful, nonsmokers were divided between cigarettes and marijuana as the hardest to stop using, and indicated that marijuana, rather than cigarettes, were most harmful. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for substance abuse prevention and the development of relative risk assessments.
Characterization of phage that bind plastic from phage-displayed random peptide libraries

Abstract During routine screenings of random peptide libraries displayed at the N terminus of the pIII coat protein of M13 bacteriophage, clones were isolated that bound directly to the polystyrene (PS) surface used to immobilize the target protein. The plastic-binding phage (P-bφ) bind to both unblocked plastic (PS and polyvinyl chloride, PVC) and plastic blocked with bovine serum albumin (BSA) but require non-ionic detergent to bind to plastic blocked with milk. Comparison of the P-bφ to antibody-binding phage (Ab-bφ) indicates that similar numbers of phage particles are bound, but fewer P-bφ are recovered by acid elution. Sequence determination of the displayed peptides reveals they lack amino-acid sequence similarity yet are highly enriched for the Tyr and Trp residues. However, because not all phage that display peptides rich in Tyr and Trp residues bind to plastic, and other methods of screening random peptide libraries have identified different classes of plastic-binding peptides, the relative abundance of Tyr and Trp residues should not be considered diagnostic of plastic-binding. In summary, these results help characterize one of the most common methods used to screen random peptide libraries and suggest strategies to avoid isolating P-bφ. Furthermore, while it is generally believed that proteins bind to plastic by non-specific interactions, these results show that a bias in as composition can exist.
Retreatment of hepatitis C patients who do not respond to interferon: the search continues.

Hepatitis C may represent one of the 21st century's largest public health challenges, affecting 100–300 million individuals worldwide (1). Interferon based regimens have been the mainstay of therapy for hepatitis C since -interferon was shown to have beneficial effects in the late 1980s (2, 3). The addition of ribavirin to interferon in 1998 has led to a major therapeutic advance in the treatment of naive and interferon relapse patients (4, 5, 6). Combined therapy has increased the sustained virological response (SVR) of naive patients from 10%, with interferon alone, to 40%, when given in combination with ribavirin. Despite this improvement, the majority of treated patients fail to achieve the benefits of sustained virological eradication (7).
Management of the infant born to an HIV-1 infected mother.

As a paediatrician, you have been called by an obstetrician at your hospital concerning the birth of a full term female infant earlier today to a mother infected with HIV-1. The obstetrician is calling to ask you to assume the primary care responsibility for this infant as 2 previous physicians have declined her request. The mother was diagnosed with HIV-1 infection during her first trimester and had been taking oral zidovudine. The mother was otherwise asymptomatic and has had no medical problems. Her absolute CD4 lymphocyte count was 800 cells/mm3 1 month prior to delivery. Her HIV-1 RNA viral load was less than 400 copies/ml (see question 1). The mother’s serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR) was nonreactive twice during her pregnancy (see question 2). On physical examination, the infant appeared healthy and active. Her weight was 3250g (the 50th percentile), her length was 51cm (the 50th percentile), and her head circumference was 34cm (the 50th percentile). There was no lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly or other abnormalities present on her physical examination (see questions 3-6). The infant was discharged with her mother after 48 hours. Before discharge, the mother was counselled not to breast-feed her infant because of the increased risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding.[1,2] At the 2week visit, the infant was thriving well on infant formula feeding. Themother was compliant with giving her child zidovudine. The infant’s complete blood count was normal. The mother was instructed to bring her child back to the clinic in 4 weeks (see question 7). The infant returned at 6 weeks of age and she was thriving. There had been no medical problems since the child was last seen 4 weeks earlier. Her HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at birth was negative. This result was explained to the mother and her consent was requested to repeat another HIV DNAPCR test. Zidovudine was discontinued and the infant was started on cotrimoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis. Again, her complete blood count remained within a healthy range (see question 8). We continued following this child at 6 months of age. Her HIV DNA PCR at 6 weeks and 6 months of age were both negative. Therefore, we decided to discontinue cotrimoxazole when the result of HIV DNA PCR at 6 months of age was available. The child is now 18months old and remains very healthy. Her HIV IgG enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) at 12 and 15 months of age were both negative. The mother was finally counselled that her child was not infected with HIV.
Parents' Marital Status, Father-Daughter Intimacy and Young Adult Females' Dating Relationships

Abstract The affective relationships of young adult females and their fathers were investigated for effects on dating relationships, dating anxiety, and interpersonal trust. Ninety-six college females, 66 with married parents and 25 with divorced parents, completed questionnaires about father-daughter intimacy, dating satisfaction, dating anxiety, and; trust. It was hypothesized that females with divorced vs. married parents, and females scoring lower on the intimacy scale, regardless of family structure, would experience less father-daughter intimacy, lower dating satisfaction and trust, and higher dating anxiety. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that females with divorced vs. married parents experienced significantly less intimacy with their fathers but similar levels of trust, anxiety, and satisfaction. Comparisons of females high and low in father-daughter intimacy showed no differences in trust, anxiety, or dating satisfaction. The relative importance of parents' marital status versus other f...
Seed Reserves Diluted During Surface Soil Reclamation in Eastern Mojave Desert

Surface soil reclamation is used to increase the re-establishment of native vegetation following disturbance through preservation and eventual replacement of the indigenous seed reserves. Employed widely in the mining industry, soil reclamation has had variable success in re-establishing native vegetation in arid and semi-arid regions. We tested whether variable success could be due in part to a decrease of seed reserves during the reclamation process by measuring the change in abundance of germinable seed when surface soil was mechanically collected, stored in a soil pile for 4 months, and reapplied upon completion of a roadway. Overall seed reserve declines amounted to 86% of the original germinable seed in the soil. The greatest decrease in seed reserves occurred during soil collection (79% of original reserves), compared to the storage and reapplication stages. At nearby sites where stored surface soil had been reapplied, no perennial plant cover occurred from 0.5 to 5 years after application and < 1%...