cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photopion production in the Fermi-gas model

In order to understand some of the general properties of pion photoproduction from a nucleus, we have studied the photoproduction process from a Fermi gas. In this calculation, we used the non-relativistic pion photoproduction operator of Blomqvist and Laget1 which reproduces the γ + p → π+ n data through the 3-3 resonance region. One of the advantages of using this operator is that the momentum dependence of the struck nucleon is given explicitly. We studied the importance of the momentum dependent terms by calculating the Fermi gas cross section exactly and compared it with the results with these terms neglected, i.e., the frozen nucleon approximation. We found this to be a poor approximation leading to errors of about 25% in the resonance region. However, fixing the nucleon’ s momentum at the Fermi momentum and in the direction φp =π/2 (measured with respect to the plane formed by the photon and pion) the results only differed by up to 7%. Fixing the magnitude and direction of the struck nucleon’s momentum at some optimum value enables one to factor the pion production operator out of the nuclear overlap integral and greatly simplifies the calculation.
Stability and Performance of Ultrafiltration Membranes in Aqueous Ethanol

The stability of several polymeric ultrafiltration membranes in aqueous ethanol was evaluated with an ethanol-soluble protein. Concentration polarization effects were observed at concentrations of 5–150 g/L of the protein, with flux becoming independent of pressure above 100–200 kPa. The data followed the film theory, resulting in a C g value of 340 g/L with the model protein. Protein rejections for the selected membranes were 80–95%. However, even with prior conditioning, some membranes (polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, and cellulosic) that initially appeared to give good performance and stability failed over a period of 10 weeks, resulting in an increase in flux or decrease in protein rejection. Polysulfone hollow fibers gave good initial performance but degraded in less than 24 hours of cumulative use.
Comparison of dkgB‐linked intergenic sequence ribotyping to DNA microarray hybridization for assigning serotype to Salmonella enterica

Two DNA-based methods were compared for the ability to assign serotype to 139 isolates of Salmonella enterica ssp. I. Intergenic sequence ribotyping (ISR) evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms occurring in a 5S ribosomal gene region and flanking sequences bordering the gene dkgB. A DNA microarray hybridization method that assessed the presence and the absence of sets of genes was the second method. Serotype was assigned for 128 (92.1%) of submissions by the two DNA methods. ISR detected mixtures of serotypes within single colonies and it cost substantially less than Kauffmann–White serotyping and DNA microarray hybridization. Decreasing the cost of serotyping S. enterica while maintaining reliability may encourage routine testing and research.
Effects of hypercapnia and inspiratory flow-resistive loading on respiratory activity in chronic airways obstruction.

Abstract The respiratory responses to hypercapnia alone and to hypercapnia and flow-resistive loading during inspiration were studied in normal individuals and in eucapnic and hypercapnic patients with chronic airways obstruction. Responses were assessed in terms of minute ventilation and occlusion pressure (mouth pressure during airway occlusion 100 ms after the onset of inspiration). Ventilatory responses to CO2 (deltaV/deltaPCO2) were distinctly subnormal in both groups of patients with airways obstruction. The two groups of patients, however, showed different occlusion pressure responses to CO2 (deltaP100/deltaPCO2): deltaP100/deltaPCO2 was normal in the eucapnic patients but subnormal in the hypercapnic patients. Flow-resistive loading during inspiration reduced deltaV/deltaPCO2 both in normal subjects and in patients with airways obstruction. The occlusion pressure response to CO2 increased in normal subjects during flow-resistive loading but remained unchanged in both groups of patients with chronic airways obstruction. These results indicate that while chemosensitivity as determined by deltaP100/deltaPCO2 is impaired only in hypercapnic patients with chronic airways obstruction, an acute increase in flow resistance elicits a subnormal increase in respiratory efferent activity in both eucapnic and hypercapnic patients.
Helminthic infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Strongyloides stercoralis, the only helminthic parasite that can complete its life cycle in the human host, is also the only helminthic parasite that has been reported with any frequency in AIDS patients. Symptoms include hives, skin eruptions, abdominal pain, perianal pruitis, diarrhea, and pneumonitis. Diagnosis is made by demonstrating rhabditiform larvae in the stool or female parasitic worms and eggs in the small intestinal mucosa; in disseminated cases, rhabditiform or filariform larvae can be found in liver, heart, lungs, thyroid, kidneys, adrenals, pancreas, lymph nodes, and central nervous system. Successful treatment has been achieved with thiabendazol. Strongyloidiasis is uncommon, but since cell-mediated immunity is important in combatting this organism, and since T-lymphocyte function is impaired in AIDS patients, strongyloidiasis should not be overlooked in the diagnosis of opportunistic illnesses in these individuals.
The phenotypic and cytogenetic spectrum of partial trisomy 9

A new patient with trisomy for the chromosome segment 9pter----q22 is compared to 19 previously reported cases of partial trisomy 9. Manifestations such as microcephaly, prominent nasal root, bulbous nose, and down-turned corners of the mouth are common to patients with trisomic segments extending from 9p21 to 9q13, while intra-uterine growth retardation, cleft lip/palate, skeletal anomalies, and heart defects are more common with trisomic segments extending through 9q22-9q32. A graphic method illustrates this progression in the partial trisomy 9 malformation spectrum as the triplicated chromosome region extends from bands 9p21 to 9q32. More severe and random defects are observed with complete trisomy 9 or tetrasomy 9p, suggesting an extreme excess of material greatly increases developmental variability.
Efficient modeling of infinite scatterers using a generalized total-field/scattered-field FDTD boundary partially embedded within PML

This paper proposes a novel generalized total-field/scattered-field (G-TF/SF) formulation for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) to efficiently model an infinite material scatterer illuminated by an arbitrarily oriented plane wave within a compact FDTD grid. This requires the sourcing of numerical plane waves traveling into, or originating from, the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorber bounding the grid. In this formulation, the G-TF/SF wave source boundary is located in part within the PML. We apply this technique to efficiently model two-dimensional (2D) transverse-magnetic diffraction of an infinite right-angle dielectric wedge and an infinite 45/spl deg/-angle perfect-electrical-conductor wedge. This approach improves the computational efficiency of FDTD calculations of diffraction coefficients by one to two orders of magnitude (16:1 demonstrated in 2D; 64:1 or more projected for three-dimensions).
Effect of the composition of the hot product stream in the quasi-steady extinction of strained premixed flames

Abstract The extinction of premixed CH4/O2/N2 flames counterflowing against a jet of combustion products in chemical equilibrium was investigated numerically using detailed chemistry and transport mechanisms. Such a problem is of relevance to combustion systems with non-homogeneous air/fuel mixtures or recirculation of the burnt gases. Contrary to similar studies that were focused on heat loss/gain, depending on the degree of non-adiabaticity of the system, the emphasis here was on the yet unexplored role of the composition of counterflowing burnt gases in the extinction of lean-to-stoichiometric premixed flames. For a given temperature of the counterflowing products of combustion, it was found that the decrease of heat release with increase in strain rate could be either monotonic or non-monotonic, depending on the equivalence ratio φb of the flame feeding the hot combustion product stream. Two distinct extinction modes were observed: an abrupt one, when the hot counterflowing stream consists of either inert gas or equilibrium products of a stoichiometric premixed flame, and a smooth extinction, when there is an excess of oxidizing species in the combustion product stream. In the latter case four burning regimes can be distinguished as the strain rate is progressively increased while the heat release decreases smoothly: an adiabatic propagating flame regime, a non-adiabatic propagating flame regime, the so-called partially-extinguished flame regime, in which the location of the peak of heat release crosses the stagnation plane, and a frozen flow regime. The flame structure was analyzed in detail in the different burning regimes. Abrupt extinction was attributed to the quenching of the oxidation layer with the entire H–OH–O radical pool being comparably reduced. Under conditions of smooth extinction, the behavior is different and the concentration of the H radical decreases the most with increasing strain rate, whereas OH and O remain comparatively abundant in the oxidation layer. As the profile of the heat release rate thickens, the oxidation layer is quenched and the attack of the fuel relies more heavily on the OH radicals.
Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB

Background The exact molecular mechanisms regarding HTLV-1 Tax-mediated viral gene expression and CD4 T-cell transformation have yet to be fully delineated. Herein, utilizing virus-infected primary CD4+ T cells and the virus-producing cell line, MT-2, we describe the involvement and regulation of Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (specifically MEF-2A) during the course of HTLV-1 infection and associated disease syndrome.
Surface Characterization of Clean Gd5Ge4(010)

Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Gd5Ge4(010) does not show evidence of surface segregation. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals two types of terraces which alternate laterally on the surface. From the step heights, these two surface terminations are assigned as dense, Gd-pure layers in the bulk structure. There is evidence of reconstruction on one type of terrace.
New insights concerning the molecular basis for defective glucoregulation in soluble adenylyl cyclase knockout mice

Recently published findings indicate that a knockout (KO) of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC, also known as AC-10) gene expression in mice leads to defective glucoregulation that is characterized by reduced pancreatic insulin secretion and reduced intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. Summarized here are current concepts regarding the molecular basis for this phenotype, with special emphasis on the potential role of sAC as a determinant of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Highlighted is new evidence that in pancreatic beta cells, oxidative glucose metabolism stimulates mitochondrial CO₂production that in turn generates bicarbonate ion (HCO(3)(-)). Since HCO(3)(-) binds to and directly stimulates the activity of sAC, we propose that glucose-stimulated cAMP production in beta cells is mediated not simply by transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (TMACs), but also by sAC. Based on evidence that sAC is expressed in mitochondria, there exists the possibility that beta-cell glucose metabolism is linked to mitochondrial cAMP production with consequent facilitation of oxidative phosphorylation. Since sAC is also expressed in the cytoplasm, sAC catalyzed cAMP production may activate cAMP sensors such as PKA and Epac2 to control ion channel function, intracellular Ca²⁺ handling, and Ca²⁺-dependent exocytosis. Thus, we propose that the existence of sAC in beta cells provides a new and unexpected explanation for previously reported actions of glucose metabolism to stimulate cAMP production. It seems possible that alterations of sAC activity might be of importance when evaluating new strategies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), or when evaluating why glucose metabolism fails to stimulate insulin secretion in patients diagnosed with T2DM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
Analysis Using Primary Sources for Term Papers in the Introductory Course

The teacher of an introductory American Government course today is probably very encouraged by enormous student interest in the workings of the political system. At the same time, it is not improbable that he is discouraged by the generally low level of substantive knowledge of current events and historical facts.2 In addition, he is disturbed to find that students do not read books and rarely read newspapers, that they rely upon television and rumor to support their substantive beliefs. The instructor is, additionally, torn between the pull of current issues as a source of classroom learning, and the commitment to the subject matter and methodology of the discipline, as the focus of classroom attention.
Flow boiling of water in a circular staggered micro-pin fin heat sink

Abstract Flow boiling of water across a bank of circular staggered micro-pin fins, 250 μm long and 100 μm diameter with pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.5, was experimentally studied for mass fluxes ranging from 346 kg/m2 s to 794 kg/m2 s and surface heat fluxes ranging from 20 W/cm2 to 350 W/cm2. Local temperature measurements were used to elucidate the two-phase heat transfer coefficients. The flow was visualized and classified as vapor slug and annular flow patterns. A flow map was constructed and compared with maps for adiabatic micro-scale systems and good agreement was observed. A superposition model for the two-phase heat transfer coefficient in convective boiling regime was developed. Frictional multiplier, ( ( ϕ l ) 2 ), from micro-scale studies was used to define the enhancement factor (F) in the heat transfer coefficient model and reasonable agreement was obtained between experiments and predictions.
Booming Sand Dunes

“Booming” sand dunes have a remarkable capacity to produce sounds that are comparable with those from a stringed instrument. This phenomenon, in which sound is generated after an avalanching of sand along the slip face of a dune, has been known for centuries and occurs in at least 40 sites around the world. A spectral analysis of the sound shows a dominant frequency between 70 and 110 Hz, as well as higher harmonics. Depending on the location and time of year, the sound may continue for several minutes, even after the avalanching of sand has ceased. This review presents historical observations and explanations of the sound, many of which contain accurate and insightful descriptions of the phenomenon. In addition, the review describes recent work that provides a scientific explanation for this natural mystery, which is caused by sound resonating in a surface layer of the dune.
Test Report: Raytheon / KTech RK30 Energy Storage System

The Department of Energy Office of Electricity (DOE/OE), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the Base Camp Integration Lab (BCIL) partnered together to incorporate an energy storage system into a microgrid configured Forward Operating Base to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and to ultimately save lives. Energy storage vendors will be sending their systems to SNL Energy Storage Test Pad (ESTP) for functional testing and then to the BCIL for performance evaluation. The technologies that will be tested are electro-chemical energy storage systems comprising of lead acid, lithium-ion or zinc-bromide. Raytheon/KTech has developed an energy storage system that utilizes zinc-bromide flow batteries to save fuel on a military microgrid. This report contains the testing results and some limited analysis of performance of the Raytheon/KTech Zinc-Bromide Energy Storage System.
Psychological and Sexual Intimacy

The key to an emotionally rich life is the ability to establish and maintain psychological intimacy. Psychological intimacy enables relationships to form, motivates sexual behavior, and soothes the soul.
Effective concentration, recovery, and detection of infectious adenoviruses from environmental waters

Current application of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as an indicator of sewage contamination has its limitation and other alternative indicator systems are needed for enhanced monitoring of recreational water quality. To explore the potential use of human enteric viruses (HEV) as a potential indicator, human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) was tested in this study as a model virus. Through spiked HAdV-7 into the sample seawater, different procedures for viral concentration and elution were comparatively analyzed in a side-by-side fashion. Nearly 80% infectious viruses were recovered from the spiked seawater with the use of a magnetic stirring method and 1.0 mM NaOH as elution buffer. A viral plaque assay was established with optimized conditions for the detection and quantification of infectious HAdV and used to determine the stability of HAdV-7 in seawater and a possible correlation for HAdV detection between the viral infectivity assay and PCR. Findings from this study suggest it is possible to concentrate and recover infectious HAdV from environmental waters effectively with optimized laboratory conditions, which warrants the future test and establishment of using HEV as an alternative indicator of water quality.
Alternative Public School Models

Because private schools have superior resources, examples of highly engaging alternative or nontraditional public schools, presented in this chapter, are particularly important. In this chapter, we present three models of alternative public high schools that research has shown to be engaging: The Murray High School in Charlottesville, Virginia (a Glasser Quality School); The Nova High School in Seattle, Washington; and The Mango High School (a pseudonym) in Australia. The Murray High School model is based on William Glasser’s (Choice theory: A new psychology of personal freedom. New York: Harper Perennial, 1988) choice theory. Choice theory provides a useful paradigm for considering the way in which adolescent social and academic development can be nurtured by making responsible choices having immediate consequences within their learning environment. Glasser Quality Schools like Murray intentionally design their school around supportive relationships, and provide numerous opportunities for students to improve their relationships such as mediations with teachers. The Nova High School is a nontraditional public school in Seattle that is democratically governed by students and staff, and fosters a community climate among teachers, students, and administrators. In one study, students attending the Nova High School spent a higher percentage of time in student-centered activities, and reported greater engagement, than comparable students in traditional public schools. The Mango High School in Australia illustrates that public schools can reinvent themselves by recognizing the inadequacies of a punitive educational approach and replacing it with the relational work necessary for establishing boundaries for respect. These models illustrate that positive relationships are the product of authentic learning communities, as intentionally designed into the structure of schooling.
Non-Topotactic Phase Transformations in Single Crystals of β-Glycine

The metastable β polymorph of glycine exhibits a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation (SCSCT) to either the α or γ phase with retention of the crystal habit of the parent β phase. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy reveal that of 51 single crystals of the β parent phase, 24 form single domain crystals of α or γ with a single orientation matrix, confirming an SCSCT. The remaining 27 β parent crystals transform to crystals with a few domains of either α and/or γ, each domain arising from a single nucleation event. In three cases the β → α and β → γ transformations occurred within the same glycine single crystal. In all cases, regardless of the number of domains, the transformation occurred with retention of the original habit of the parent phase. Both β → α and β → γ transformations proceed in a non-topotactic manner, as evident from the random orientations of the daughter phases in the crystallographic reference frame of the parent β phase. The transformation rates, as measured by advancem...
Cardiac eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: rapid imaging with contrast CT and contrast echo aids early diagnosis.

A 49-year-old male asthmatic (on Montelukast) with multiple sclerosis presented with shortness of breath and generalised weakness. On examination, he was in cardiac failure with a systolic murmur, rapid atrial fibrillation and weakness in all four limbs with slurred speech. His white cell count was 37×109/L, eosinophils 25×109/L, urea 13.6 mmol/L, creatinine 131 μmol/L, troponin I 4448 ng/L, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) weakly positive (negative myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 …
A case study illustrating time scales and operational responses for a wind shear episode during the JAWS project

A microburst event on 14 July 1983 illustrates the short time scales involved in responding to this type of wind shear. The event also illustrates how a controller used information from several sources in helping a number of aircraft avoid a dangerous wind shear situation. The implications of this event are discussed for the design of future wind shear detection systems, and these observations are related to data obtained during the JAWS experiment.
A multidisciplinary approach to vascular surgery procedure coding improves coding accuracy, work relative value unit assignment, and reimbursement

Background Vascular surgery procedural reimbursement depends on accurate procedural coding and documentation. Despite the critical importance of correct coding, there has been a paucity of research focused on the effect of direct physician involvement. We hypothesize that direct physician involvement in procedural coding will lead to improved coding accuracy, increased work relative value unit (wRVU) assignment, and increased physician reimbursement. Methods This prospective observational cohort study evaluated procedural coding accuracy of fistulograms at an academic medical institution (January-June 2014). All fistulograms were coded by institutional coders (traditional coding) and by a single vascular surgeon whose codes were verified by two institution coders (multidisciplinary coding). The coding methods were compared, and differences were translated into revenue and wRVUs using the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. Comparison between traditional and multidisciplinary coding was performed for three discrete study periods: baseline (period 1), after a coding education session for physicians and coders (period 2), and after a coding education session with implementation of an operative dictation template (period 3). The accuracy of surgeon operative dictations during each study period was also assessed. An external validation at a second academic institution was performed during period 1 to assess and compare coding accuracy. Results During period 1, traditional coding resulted in a 4.4% ( P = .004) loss in reimbursement and a 5.4% ( P = .01) loss in wRVUs compared with multidisciplinary coding. During period 2, no significant difference was found between traditional and multidisciplinary coding in reimbursement (1.3% loss; P = .24) or wRVUs (1.8% loss; P = .20). During period 3, traditional coding yielded a higher overall reimbursement (1.3% gain; P = .26) than multidisciplinary coding. This increase, however, was due to errors by institution coders, with six inappropriately used codes resulting in a higher overall reimbursement that was subsequently corrected. Assessment of physician documentation showed improvement, with decreased documentation errors at each period (11% vs 3.1% vs 0.6%; P = .02). Overall, between period 1 and period 3, multidisciplinary coding resulted in a significant increase in additional reimbursement ($17.63 per procedure; P = .004) and wRVUs (0.50 per procedure; P = .01). External validation at a second academic institution was performed to assess coding accuracy during period 1. Similar to institution 1, traditional coding revealed an 11% loss in reimbursement ($13,178 vs $14,630; P = .007) and a 12% loss in wRVU (293 vs 329; P = .01) compared with multidisciplinary coding. Conclusions Physician involvement in the coding of endovascular procedures leads to improved procedural coding accuracy, increased wRVU assignments, and increased physician reimbursement.
Advances in Genetic Regulation Mechanism of Leaf Morphology in Rice

leaf is an important organ for rice photosynthesis, and leaf morphology is closely related to rice yield. At present, by dint of a variety of constructed genetic groups and mutant library, a number of genes involved in regulating leaf morphology have been mapped and/or cloned. This paper reviewed the advances in genetic mechanism of multiple traits relating leaf morphology and summarized the QTLs and genes involved in regulating leaf morphology, which is better for understanding the regulatory networks of genes controlling rice leaf morphology.
ssDNA production and EndoG translocation in noise exposure induced hair cell death

Objective The changes of single strand DNA and EndoG were assessed to investigate the mechanism of noise exposure induced death of out hair cells(OHCs). Methods The guinea pigs were divided into control, MNNG cochlear perfusion and noise exposure groups of 12 animals each . The mice were divided into control and noise exposure groups of 12 animals each. The cochleae of animals were dissected. Propidium iodide (PI), a DNA intercalating fluorescent probe, was used to trace the morphological changes in OHC nuclei. F-actin staining was used to determine missing OHCs. The single strand DNA(ssDNA) in apoptotic OHCs of guinea pigs and mice, and apoptosis inducing factor(AIF) and Endonuclease G(EndoG) in OHCs of guinea pigs were examined by immunofluorescence method. Morphological and flourescent changes were assessed using confocal microscopy in whole-mount organ of Corti preparations. Results (1) After the animals were exposed to broadband noise at 122 dB SPL in 4 h/day for 2 days, both apoptosis and necrosis appeared in OHCs. The single strand DNA in apoptotic OHCs were observed both in guinea pigs and mice. (2) In normal OHCs, EndoG was distributed outside of nuclei. EndoG translocated from outside to inside of the nuclei in both apoptotic and necrotic OHCs following noise exposure. (3) The MNNG cochlear perfusion and noise exposure both caused the transloctation of AIF from the mitochondria to the nuclei. The translocation of AIF took place in both apoptotic and necrotic OHCs. Conclusion These findings indicate that both noise exposure and cochlear MNNG perfusion injure the nuclear DNA of OHCs, then the action of Caspase-3 is triggered, AIF and EndoG are translocated to nuclei, and finally, DNA is broken and death of OHCs induced.
Acceptable charging current prediction of battery

Battery's life depends on the charging technology.The current rapid charging technique can't charge the battery with the acceptable charging current,which leads to more gas-release,and too high temperature rise,even seriously damage battery.To solve this problem,by analyzing the battery charging process,it is known that the similar battery in the deep discharge state has the same charging current curve,and the initial acceptable charging current I0 is also similar.Thus,a novel charging technique using ANFIS was presented to predict the acceptable charging current of battery,and adjust the actual charging current,which could ensure the rapid charging without damage to the battery.
Platinum and Palladium Overlayers Dramatically Enhance the Activity of Ruthenium Nanotubes for Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation

Templated vapor synthesis and thermal annealing were used to synthesize unsupported metallic Ru nanotubes with Pt or Pd overlayers. By controlling the elemental composition and thickness of these overlayers, we obtain nanostructures with very high alkaline hydrogen oxidation activity. Nanotubes with a nominal atomic composition of Ru0.90Pt0.10 display a surface-specific activity (2.4 mA/cm2) that is 35 times greater than that of pure Ru nanotubes at a 50 mV overpotential and ∼2.5 times greater than that of pure Pt nanotubes (0.98 mA/cm2). The surface-segregated structure also confers dramatically increased Pt utilization efficiency. We find a platinum-mass-specific activity of 1240 A/gPt for the optimized nanotube versus 280 A/gPt for carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles and 109 A/gPt for monometallic Pt nanotubes. We attribute the enhancement of both area- and platinum-mass-specific activity to the atomic-scale homeomorphism of the nanotube form factor with adlayer-modified polycrystals. In this case, subsu...
The epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Prevalence and associated disease risks.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition characterized by oligomenorrhea and androgen excess, is a common problem among women of reproductive age, although absolute rates of this condition remain unclear. Some studies suggest that PCOS may increase the risk for several conditions, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, pregnancy-associated diabetes and hypertension, and some cancers. This article reviews current data on the epidemiology of PCOS and associated disease risks.
The Condition of Schools

The modern educational movement had its roots in the sixteenth century and the Reformation. This movement led to the founding of grammar schools, which were generally church-supported and were almost solely dedicated to teaching Latin and Greek to the upper classes. Beginning around the middle of the eighteenth century Sunday schools, which were intended for parts of the population untouched by the grammar schools, became popular. The Sunday schools were the first schools to reach large segments of the population. Reading was the primary course of instruction in the Sunday schools, but a few schools dissented from the church and began to teach more secular subjects such as writing and arithmetic (Webb, 1955, p. 16).
Mobile system shutdown prevention via energy storage-aware predictive control

This paper presents an energy storage-aware model predictive control approach for online mobile system shutdown prevention that exploits the rate-capacity and recovery dynamic effects of batteries. System shutdown, for these systems such as ground robotics, commonly occurs as a result of transient loads that result in the battery voltage crossing a shutdown voltage threshold in the protective circuitry. The proposed control methodology optimizes the vehicle drive command by incorporating battery shutdown constraints and battery dynamic effects into a model predictive control quadratic program optimization. The proposed model predictive control scheme is shown to extend mobile system run-time and total distance through Monte Carlo simulation and experimental studies of a small unmanned ground vehicle.
Whole Transcriptome Profiling Identifies CD93 and Other Plasma Cell Survival Factor Genes Associated with Measles-Specific Antibody Response after Vaccination.

Background There are insufficient system-wide transcriptomic (or other) data that help explain the observed inter-individual variability in antibody titers after measles vaccination in otherwise healthy individuals.
Algorithms for Balanced Graph Colorings with Applications in Parallel Computing

Graph coloring—in a generic sense—is used to identify subsets of independent tasks in parallel scientific computing applications. Traditional coloring heuristics aim to reduce the number of colors used as that number also corresponds to the number of parallel steps in the application. However, if the color classes produced have a skew in their sizes, utilization of hardware resources becomes inefficient, especially for the smaller color classes. Equitable coloring is a theoretical formulation of coloring that guarantees a perfect balance among color classes, and its practical relaxation is referred to here as balanced coloring. In this paper, we consider balanced coloring models in the context of parallel computing. The goal is to achieve a balanced coloring of an input graph without increasing the number of colors that an algorithm oblivious to balance would have used. We propose and study multiple heuristics that aim to achieve such a balanced coloring for two variants of coloring problem, distance-1 coloring (the standard coloring problem) and partial distance-2 coloring (defined on a bipartite graph). We present parallelization approaches for multi-core and manycore architectures and cross-evaluate their effectiveness with respect to the quality of balance achieved and performance. Furthermore, we study the impact of the proposed balanced coloring heuristics on a concrete application-viz. parallel community detection, which is an example of an irregular application. In addition, we propose several extensions to our basic balancing schemes and evaluate their balancing efficacy and performance characteristics. The thorough treatment of balanced coloring presented in this paper from algorithms to application is expected to serve as a valuable resource to parallel application developers who seek to improve parallel performance of their applications using coloring.
Modeling the small signal characteristics of an ALD Al 2 O 3 insulated-gate AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor

The ultra-thin barrier AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has recently demonstrated over 2 A/mm dc drain current and an appreciable 480 mS/mm transconductance [1] owing to the high mobility and enhanced polarization effects of the binary AlN/GaN heterointerface [2]. Due to a large lattice mismatch the strained AlN barrier is limited in thickness to less than 7 nm. Therefore, in order to mitigate high gate currents in an AlN/GaN HEMT a gate insulator is essential. Atomic Layer Deposited (ALD) oxides offer a means to accurately control oxide thickness down to the angstrom scale while simultaneously achieving a dense, high dielectric constant oxide. In this work we have grown, fabricated, and analyzed dc and RF characteristics of an ALD Al 2 O 3 gate-insulated, 3.5 nm thick barrier AlN/GaN HEMT. In particular, small signal modeling was performed using standard ColdFET and on-state techniques which allow the extraction of bonding pad and parasitic element influences on RF operation. The extraction of these elements becomes even more necessary for either of two conditions: 1) the electron-beam defined sub-micron gate length reduces gate capacitance and causes the bonding pad capacitance to dominate RF operation or 2) the presence of high-k Al 2 O 3 in the access and inter-pad regions of the device further increases parasitic and pad-to-pad capacitance. Both conditions occur for our devices.
Nutrient limitation in tropical secondary forests following different management practices.

Secondary forests now make up more than one-half of all tropical forests, and constraints on their biomass accumulation will influence the strength of the terrestrial carbon (C) sink in the coming decades. However the variance in secondary tropical forest biomass for a given stand age and climate is high and our understanding of why is limited. We constructed a model of terrestrial C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling to examine the influence of disturbance and management practices on nutrient limitation and biomass recovery in secondary tropical forests. The model predicted that N limited the rate of forest recovery in the first few decades following harvest, but that this limitation switched to P approximately 30-40 yr after abandonment, consistent with field data on N and P cycling from secondary tropical forest chronosequences. Simulated biomass recovery agreed well with field data of biomass accumulation following harvest (R2 = 0.80). Model results showed that if all biomass remained on site following a severe disturbance such as blowdown, regrowth approached pre-disturbance biomass in 80-90 yr, and recovery was faster following smaller disturbances such as selective logging. Field data from regrowth on abandoned pastures were consistent with simulated losses of nutrients in soil organic matter, particularly P. Following any forest disturbance that involved the removal of nutrients (i.e., except blowdown), forest regrowth produced reduced biomass relative to the initial state as a result of nutrient loss through harvest, leaching and/or sequestration by secondary minerals. Differences in nutrient availability accounted for 49-94% of the variance in secondary forest biomass C at a given stand age. Management lessons from this study are the importance of strategies that help retain nutrients on site, recognizing the role of coarse woody debris in immobilization and subsequent release of nutrients, and the potential for nutrient additions to enhance biomass growth and recovery in secondary tropical forests.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Update

Rates of cancers attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) are rising. A safe and extremely effective vaccine is available to prevent many of these cancers. Studies have shown that health care providers' recommendation to immunize is the most important factor in parents' decision. Parents of all adolescent boys and girls should receive a strong and unequivocal recommendation to vaccinate their child against HPV at the 11- or 12-year-old well child visit. Ideally, adolescents complete their HPV vaccine series by their 13th birthday, leading to greater immune response and protection before most adolescents are exposed to sexually transmitted HPV.
Cancer survivors’ perspectives on the U.S. generic drug shortage.

e19503 Background: Approximately 1.6 million new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed in 2012 in the United States, making the need for generic cancer treatment drugs widespread. Methods: In l...
Intralesional Therapy: Consensus Statements for Best Practices in Administration From the Melanoma Nursing Initiative .

BACKGROUND Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is the first intralesional therapy for melanoma approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This oncolytic viral immunotherapy has improved outcomes for patients with locoregional recurrent melanoma and is showing promise in combination with systemic therapies. . OBJECTIVES This article aims to provide oncology nurses with expert guidance on best practices in incorporating intralesional therapy for patients diagnosed with melanoma in practice. . METHODS Members of the Melanoma Nursing Initiative explored issues related to administration of T-VEC in melanoma. The current literature and clinical experiences were reviewed. . FINDINGS The author offers a care step pathway (CSP) and commentary detailing best practices in infection control, drug storage, pharmacy interface, patient flow, space/staff allocation, patient education, and adverse event management with T-VEC. The CSP will help nurses improve patient outcomes and streamline the workflow with this novel therapeutic approach.
123 Detailed case investigations of fatal and severe non-fatal sports-related traumatic injuries, 2013–2016

Purpose Describe results from detailed interviews with athletes, families, and school representatives regarding fatal and severe non-fatal (catastrophic) sport injuries. Methods The National Centre for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research conducts national surveillance of sport-related catastrophic injuries, including severe brain, spine, and internal organ injuries. Detailed telephone interviews were conducted to supplement surveillance. Athletes, families, and school staff were interviewed for information about the athlete’s injury circumstances, medical history, medical care received, and outcome. Results 160 injured athletes were identified between 7/1/2013–12/31/2016 (45.7 injuries/year); 33 (21%) died. Most athletes were football players (n=128, 80%) and had a spinal cord injury (n=76, 48%) or brain injury (n=62, 39%). Contact information was available for 120 injured athletes (75%), and 31 interviews were conducted regarding 20 athletes (17%). Most of the 20 athletes were in high school (n=18, 90%) and male (n=18, 90%). All had received pre-season physicals. For 18 helmeted sport athletes, 28% experienced an initial top of the head impact (n=5), and 61% (n=11) were injured during a tackle. Most were able to walk immediately post-injury (n=11, 55%). Three (15%) injuries were attributed to a called/suspected rule violation. EMS was onsite for 45% of events (n=9), and transported 75% of injured athletes (n=15). Of 14 athletes (70%) who survived, most did not recover, reporting functional impairments (n=8, 57%) and residual paralysis (n=3, 21%). Most injuries were thought to be preventable (n=12, 60%). Conclusions Most athletes did not fully recover, and most injuries were thought to be preventable. Interview participation was low and future research should explore additional methods of learning about catastrophic sport injuries. Significance Catastrophic sport injuries have a large impact on athletes, families, schools, and the community. A better understanding of these injuries, including event circumstances, athlete’s medical history, and immediate care provided, may illuminate targeted prevention and treatment efforts.
Nerve Blocks in the Geriatric Patient With Hip Fracture: A Review of the Current Literature and Relevant Neuroanatomy.

Introduction:Hip fracture is a common occurrence in the elderly population with high morbidity and mortality due to postoperative pain and opioid use. The goal of this article is to review the current literature on the neuroanatomy of the hip and the use of localized nerve block in controlling hip fracture pain.Methods:A thorough search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was conducted using the search terms “hip fracture” and “fascia iliaca block (FICB).” An additional search was conducted utilizing multiple search terms including “hip fracture,” “greater trochanter,” “femur,” “hip,” “anatomy,” “neuroanatomical,” and “anatomic.” Each search result was investigated for cadaveric studies on the innervation of the trochanteric region.Results:Twenty-five clinical studies examining the use of FICBs in hip fracture patients were identified. These studies show that FICB is safe and effective in controlling perioperative pain. Additionally, FICB has been shown to decrease o...
An empirical study of various factors, influencing the behavior of consumers towards fast food joints in Indian Market

The global markets have witnessed major shifts in the consumers’ behavior that have been much influenced by the change of technology, innovation, research and development. The consumer’s needs thus dynamically change in order to respond to the change in the social and business environment. The corporate and business strategies of companies thus being developed in the light of capitalizing the potential from the markets but however, how the customers would react to the products and services of companies in new and existing markets remain the major question. Customers belonging to different age groups flock towards these outlets to satisfy their taste buds and hedonistic needs. Out of all the age groups, the youngsters are considered to be the primary target by the fast food service industry. Hence, these fast food services try to lure its customers through sensory appeals. It is well known that organized fast food services have already made their presence felt in a big way in almost all the major cities of India. The fast food outlets attract customers with their blend of tasty food, Quality of food served, efficient service, the appearance of staff, decor, general excitement a place generates and other aesthetic appeals. Organized as well as unorganized fast food service is a very fast growing industry in India especially in urban areas. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that are influencing consumer behavior towards fast food joints present in unorganised form in India. It further aims to examine major growth drivers of fast food services in the market and the demographic profile of consumers of fast food services. This study aims to analyze that amount spent per visit to a fast food joint relates to the occupations and the income of customers. And the frequency of visiting fast food joints and preparation served at fast food joints are whether influenced by the dietary preference of customers. Organizations must analyze the consumer behavior which is largely influenced by number of socio-cultural, demographic and psychological factors. To differentiate itself from others in the market is the core purpose of organizations and to achieve this, an all-inclusive approach is essential to integrate all the crucial yet important factors that could improve the overall business strategy. Fast food joints realize the importance of factors that influence and affect the customer behavior and the potential of customer loyalty program in order to improve their brand image and company identity in the consumer market.
A Fully-integrated Multi-λ Hybrid DML Transmitter

A multi-wavelength, hybrid directly-modulated laser (DML) transmitter with integrated thermal shunt, MOS capacitor and CMOS driver circuit is fabricated. 14 Gb/s operation from conventional direct current modulation and a novel MOS-type laser modulation are demonstrated.
Probing the Hanford radioactive waste tanks with geophysical techniques

The Hanford Reservation has been the site for plutonium production for the US Department of Energy and its predecessors for the last 45 years. During the 1960s, large quantities of radioactive waste from the plutonium separation process were stored in a succession of large, steel-lined concrete tanks. Typical tanks may be {approximately}23 m in diameter and 12 m deep. It is now know that some of the tanks are leaking and that others are actively producing large quantities of hydrogen. In addition to the problems of radioactivity, the tanks contain mixtures of many corrosive chemicals, some of which are also potentially explosive. The contents of the tanks generally consist of a solid bottom sludge layer, a liquid region, and often a thick crust at the top. To deal with the environmental problem presented by these tanks and their contents, it will be necessary to characterize the material within the tank. The following preliminary characteristics need to be measured: (1) liquid depth, particularly where the liquid surface is inside the crust; (2) moisture content of the crust; (3) elemental concentration; and (4) variations in contents as a function of position and depth. Many of the required measured would be similar tomore » those carried out in the well-logging industry using a variety of geophysical probes. Determination of moisture content and of liquid level may be made using neutron probes. Elemental analysis has been carried out in the logging industry using pulsed neutron sources and subsequent measurement of the prompt activation gammas. Seismic borehole-to-borehole tomography has been used as a method for imaging in geophysical measurements. Other possibilities would include the use of radio-frequency energy as another tomographic probing technique.« less