cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The TEIViewer: Facilitating the transition from XML to web display

This article addresses the need for TEI display tools. In order to illustrate the need for display tools, we begin with a brief review of the tools that are currently available, summarizing in particular those listed on the TEI Wiki Tools page. We then turn to a discussion of our work on the development of the TEIViewer (http://teiviewer.org), a simple, JavaScript-driven, portable display tool designed to facilitate the online representation of and interaction with elements and attributes described within select modules of the TEI P5 Guidelines and encoded as layers of data and metadata in TEI-XML documents. We explain how the TEIViewer works by describing the interactions between the XML source layer, the display layer generated via XSL, and the interactive layer powered by jQuery and CSS; and we explain why we chose the jQuery JavaScript library to manage the Viewer's functionality as well as the advantages of this decision. Finally we describe current implementations and plans for release.
Effectiveness of a Vaccine Composed of Heat-Killed Candida albicans and a Novel Mucosal Adjuvant, LT(R192G), against Systemic Candidiasis

The incidence of fungal infections caused by the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans has increased significantly in recent years. The ability to vaccinate selected patients against the organism would be advantageous. In this paper we describe a potential anti-C. albicans vaccine consisting of heat-killed C. albicans (HK-CA) in combination with the novel mucosal adjuvant LT(R192G), a genetically detoxified form of the heat-labile toxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Groups of male CBA/J mice were immunized intranasally on three occasions at weekly intervals with 2 x 10(7) HK-CA per dose, alone or in conjunction with 10 micrograms of LT(R192G) per dose. Two weeks following the last application of antigen, some animals were challenged intravenously (i.v.) with 10(4), 10(5), or 10(6) viable C. albicans to assess protection as measured by survival and/or culture. Some groups of animals were footpad tested with C. albicans mannan to assess delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and all the animals were bled for antibody assays. In two independent studies, all the animals immunized with HK-CA plus LT(R192G) were able to eradicate 10(4) C. albicans completely, as determined by kidney culture 4 weeks after challenge. Animals immunized with HK-CA only had reduced levels of C. albicans compared to the adjuvant or saline-only control. Greatly enhanced survival was observed when mice immunized with HK-CA plus LT(R192G) were challenged with 10(5) live C. albicans as well. Animals immunized with HK-CA plus LT(R192G) developed a significant DH response, while those given HK-CA alone developed only marginal DH responses. High immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels to cytoplasmic antigens developed in mice immunized with HK-CA plus LT(R192G), but they were found only after i.v. challenge. Addition of adjuvant shifted the antibody isotype production in i.v.-challenged animals to a response dominated by IgG2a. Clearly, intranasal immunization with killed C. albicans in conjunction with LT(R192G) afforded significant levels of protection. This novel approach offers new possibilities for the development of an effective vaccine against candidiasis for use in humans.
Assigning Sites to Redundant Clusters in a Distributed Storage System

Redundant Arrays of Distributed Disks (RADD) can be used in a distributed computing system or database system to provide recovery in the presence of disk crashes and temporary and permanent failures of single sites. In this paper, we look at the problem of partitioning the sites of a distributed storage system into redundant arrays in such a way that the communication costs for maintaining the parity information are minimized. We show that the partitioning problem is NP-hard. We then propose and evaluate several heuristic algorithms for finding approximate solutions. Simulation results show that significant reduction in remote parity update costs can be achieved by optimizing the site partitioning scheme.
Sequential mean field variational analysis of structured deformable shapes

A novel approach is proposed to analyzing and tracking the motion of structured deformable shapes, which consist of multiple correlated deformable subparts. Since this problem is high dimensional in nature, existing methods are plagued either by the inability to capture the detailed local deformation or by the enormous complexity induced by the curse of dimensionality. Taking advantage of the structured constraints of the different deformable subparts, we propose a new statistical representation, i.e., the Markov network, to structured deformable shapes. Then, the deformation of the structured deformable shapes is modelled by a dynamic Markov network which is proven to be very efficient in overcoming the challenges induced by the high dimensionality. Probabilistic variational analysis of this dynamic Markov model reveals a set of fixed point equations, i.e., the sequential mean field equations, which manifest the interactions among the motion posteriors of different deformable subparts. Therefore, we achieve an efficient solution to such a high-dimensional motion analysis problem. Combined with a Monte Carlo strategy, the new algorithm, namely sequential mean field Monte Carlo, achieves very efficient Bayesian inference of the structured deformation with close-to-linear complexity. Extensive experiments on tracking human lips and human faces demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
Express Your Social Self: Cultural Differences in Choice of Brand-Name Versus Generic Products

This research examined cultural differences in the patterns of choices that reflect more social characteristics of a chooser (e.g., social status). Four studies examined the cultural difference in individuals’ tendency to choose brand-name products (i.e., high-status options) over generic products (i.e., low-status options) and the underlying reasons for these differences. Compared to European Americans, Asian Americans consistently chose brand-name products. This difference was driven by Asian Americans’ greater social status concerns. Self-consciousness was more strongly associated with the brand-name choices of Asian Americans (vs. European Americans), and experimentally induced social status led Asian Americans (vs. European Americans) to make more choices concordant with self-perception. These findings highlight the importance of considering external and social motivations underlying the choice-making process.
Learning-aided dynamic scheduling and its application to routing problem

Learning-aided dynamic scheduling is proposed for production line scheduling. In this concept, the scheduling rules are dynamically switched during real operations to reflect changes in the production line status, given requirements and constraints. This switching is governed by some knowledge which is automatically acquired by machine learning during the iteration of simulations of the specific production line. The machine learning is carried out in the form of generation of a binary decision tree, and an algorithm is developed for this objective. Simulation studies on its application to a routing problem have been performed, and the effectiveness of the concept was verified. >
Freeness of infinite dimentional hopf algebras

(1992). Freeness of infinite dimentional hopf algebras. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 1489-1492.
Modern Extrusion Equipment

Abstract Rubber extruders have been developed and refined to a degree where it is not always obvious which is best for a given application. This paper will cover the latest refinements in the hot feed, cold feed, and vented cold feed type single screw extruders and compare their performance, limitations, and capabilities. Shaping the compound into a more useable form has traditionally been the primary extruder function. However, today cold feed extruders are being used in various environments where shaping is secondary to their ability to plasticate efficiently and uniformly on a continuous basis. An example of this is warm-up for calendar and injection molding equipment.
Activator Proteins (Protein Cofactors) for the Catabolism of Glycosphingolipids

Through the work of several laboratories in the past fifteen years, it has been established that the catabolism of several glycosphingolipids requires protein cofactors called protein activators or activator proteins (1–3). The discovery of activator proteins represents one of the most exciting developments in the field of glycosphingolipid catabolism. While the discovery of activator proteins introduced a new concept to the catabolism of glycosphingolipids, we know very little about the specificities and mechanism of actions of these intriguing proteins. Since our initial reports of the activator proteins for the enzymatic hydrolysis of GM2 in 1973 (4) and that for the hydrolysis of GM1 in 1976 (5), we have been studying the specificities of these two activator proteins. We found that these two activator proteins differ greatly in their specificities. The activator protein isolated by monitoring the enzymatic hydrolysis of GM1 (5) was found to stimulate the hydrolyses of a wide variety of glycolipids catalyzed by glycosidases isolated from various sources. The function of this activator protein can be regarded as that of a detergent which assists the dispersion of lipid substrates. We, therefore, propose to name this activator protein “DISPERSIN.” The activator protein which was isolated by following the hydrolysis of GM2 (4,6,7) was found to be highly specific for the hydrolysis of GalNAc from GM2 and the glycosphingolipids with the terminal structure similar to that of GM2, such as GalNAc-GM1b. This activator protein can also stimulate the hydrolysis of GalNAc from monosulfo-GgOse 3Cer (SM2). Structurally, SM2 has a close resemblance to GM2; in SM2 the acidic group is a sulfate instead of a NeuAc. Therefore, it is still convenient to call this activator protein “GM2-Activator.” This chapter briefly describes our work on activator proteins essential for the catabolism of glycosphingolipids.
NH3 permeability of principal cells and intercalated cells measured by confocal fluorescence imaging

The cortical collecting duct (CCD) is an important site for NH3 secretion in mammalian nephron. However, given the cellular heterogeneity of this epithelium, the transcellular sites for NH3 secretion are unknown. In the present study, a dual-excitation confocal microscope was designed and optimized to have sufficient temporal resolution to measure the permeability of ammonia (PNH3) across the basolateral and apical membrane of principal cells (PCs) and intercalated cells (ICs) in perfused rabbit CCDs. The rate of cellular NH3 influx was calculated from the time course of increase in intracellular pH (pHi), measured with 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein after 20 mM NH4Cl was added to the bath or luminal perfusate. The time course of increase in pHi was calculated from 488/442 image pairs stored at a rate of 4 Hz. The apparent basolateral and apical PNH3 values of PCs were 36 +/- 5 and 113 +/- 11 microns/s, respectively. The values were 5.0 +/- 0.7 and 34 +/- 3 microns/s after membrane folding correction. The apparent basolateral and apical PNH3 values of ICs were 38 +/- 6 and 132 +/- 15 microns/s. Corrected for membrane folding, the values were 9.0 +/- 1.0 and 47 +/- 5 microns/s, respectively. The results demonstrate that the apical surface was more permeable than the basolateral surface in both cell types. In addition, ICs were more permeable to NH3 than PCs across both membranes. The transcellular PNH3 of PCs and ICs were 27.3 and 29.5 microns/s, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of Amphetamine (Dexedrine) and Caffeine on Subjects Exposed to Heat and Exercise Stress

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine if amphetamine (dexedrine) or caffeine affects the performance of a subject exposed to heat and exercise stress. Stress was provided by an ambient temperature of 110 deg. F and treadmill walking at four miles per hour, zero grade. Fifteen subjects each reported for three-hour experiments. Psychomotor and physiological measurements were taken each day under conditions held constant except for double-blind administration of drugs. Results indicate that, except for an increase in heart rate, neither amphetamine (dexedrine) nor caffeine produced facilitating or deleterious effects on any of the psychomotor or physiological measurements in this investigation.
Andrew Mansfield, Ideas of monarchical reform: Fenelon, Jacobitism and the political works of the Chevalier Ramsay

Just before Christmas, 1720, a letter was addressed to James Francis Edward Stuart – the “Old Pretender” – recommending a young, Scots academic to his employ. Andrew Michael Ramsay was, he was info...
Site-Dependent Lewis Acidity of γ-Al2O3 and Its Impact on Ethanol Dehydration and Etherification

We examine the heterogeneity of the Lewis acidity on the (100) and (110) facets of γ-Al2O3 by computing the binding energies of various oxygenates, in addition to the reaction barriers of dehydration and etherification reactions of ethanol. We show that the ethanol dehydration barrier is moderately affected by site heterogeneity (barriers between 1.2 and 1.6 eV); in contrast, a nearly 3-fold change in the ethanol etherification barrier is found among the various Al3+ sites. In order to rationalize these results, the s-conduction band mean of the Al3+ sites is introduced as a descriptor to characterize the ability to transfer electron charge from the adsorbate to the Lewis acid site. It is shown for the first time that this descriptor quantitatively correlates the oxygenate binding energies and the ethanol dehydration reaction barriers. However, for the ethanol etherification reactions the s-conduction band mean of the Al3+ sites describes barriers only qualitatively due to the bimolecular nature of this r...
Interferon assay of high sensitivity.

SummaryA method of aging cells is described which allows for an increase in sensitivity of the assay of interferon. After reaching confluency the cell cultures are aged at 30° for 5 days, the growth medium is replenished, and the cells are incubated for an additional 24 hr at 37° before applying interferon. Using cell cultures so treated (dip-loid cells HFS-1 or HR-203), and mouse L-929 cells), the sensitivity of the interferon assay increase from 16- to 30-fold for human and up to 10-fold for mouse standard interferon.We are grateful to J. A. Green, C. E. Buckler, and S. Baron for helpful advice.
Establishment of Cardiac Laterality

The formation of the heart with its complex arterial and venous connections in vertebrates is critically dependent on patterning of the left-right axis during early embryonic development. Abnormalities in left-right patterning can lead to a variety of congenital heart defects, life-threatening birth defects present in nine out of every one thousand infants born each year in the United States. Recent work has uncovered a highly conserved pathway responsible for left-right axis specification. This pathway involves ciliated cells in the embryonic node that induce asymmetric activation of a nodal signaling cascade ultimately driving left-sided expression of the Pitx2 transcription factor. We summarize recent insights gained from studies in animal models, and present a brief overview of the complex processes regulating the specification of cardiac asymmetry, and its contribution to congenital heart defects.
Investing in Financial Assets

There are two basic categories of investment assets: financial assets and real assets. For the purposes of this chapter, however, we will be discussing what most people think of when the term investment is mentioned: financial assets, such as stocks and bonds denominated and traded in U.S. dollars. To be properly diversified in financial assets, many financial planners recommend some exposure to foreign markets or assets denominated and traded in local (non-U.S. dollar) currencies in addition to maintaining holdings in more traditional investments. But unless investors invest in an American Depository Receipt (ADR) of foreign stock, they need to understand that there is a currency or exchange risk when converting the proceeds from a foreign stock into U.S. dollars. This is in addition to other systematic risks that are assumed when accumulating wealth via financial assets.
Breast Reconstruction Using the SIDA (Superior Mastectomy Flap, Inferior Dermal Flap, Anchorage of the Inframammary Crease) Technique

Immediate Expander and Implant Reconstructions post mastectomy can be challenging in patients with macromastia or ptosis due to the redundant skin envelope. A procedure has been developed SIDA (superior mastectomy flap, inferior dermal flap, anchorage of the inframammary crease) to utilize the inferior breast skin as an autogenous and vascularized ADM while placing the mastectomy scar in the fold beneath the breast. The author describes the indications and contraindication of the procedure as well as the technique
Tough love for technology

The imperfection of a genetically engineered blue rose, the self-driving car crash, the orphan drug, the ever-presence of smart phones: The shortcomings and unforeseen uses of technology are knitted into the fabric of our lives in extraordinary and mundane ways. In The Ethics of Invention: Technology and the Human Future, Sheila Jasanoff—legal scholar and revered matriarch in the field of science and technology studies—invites us to consider technology not as a mere tool but as a constellation of norms, machines, and regimes that form interlocking and evolving new relationships. Searching the middle ground between "unbridled enthusiasm and anachronistic Luddism," Jasanoff urges us to be more ambitious in the care and tending of these relationships.
Identifying deregulated TF/miRNA negative and double-negative feedback loops in prostate cancer

Transcription factors (TFs) and MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are two important regulators of gene expression in cells. Although a wealth of information is available on how TFs bind their targets and carry out their regulatory roles, this is not true for miRNAs. Recent observations suggest a high level of coordination between transcriptional regulation by TFs and post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs. Understanding TF/miRNA interactions and their roles in tumor initiation and progression is an important problem that may lead to systemic insights into the molecular biology of cancer and form a basis for the development of new diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches. In this paper, we propose an integrated approach for identifying two types of TF/miRNA feedback loops deregulated in prostate cancer. Our approach can be used to assign context-dependent biological functions to TF/miRNA interactions and provide a better understanding of miRNA deregulation in cancer.
FOAM TEMPERATURES DURING VAT PASTEURIZATION OF MILK PRODUCTS

Heating rates of foam during vat pasteurization were investigated to determine whether shorter holding times and higher processing temperatures would be feasible from a public health standpoint. A rake of 19 thermocouples, spaced 0.5 inch apart, was installed vertically in a 300-gal vat pasteurizer and the rake was adjusted to measure the temperature of the heated airspace, foam, and liquid product. With 200 gal of ice cream mix (16% milk fat), an 11-inch foam was generated on the liquid surface. The minimum temperature in the ice cream mix foam was below pasteurization temperature for 27 min of the 30-min holding period despite satisfactory temperatures as indicated by the product and airspace thermometers. When a 7-inch foam was generated above 218 gal of chocolate milk, the minimum foam temperature was below pasteurization temperature for the first 14 min of the holding period. Attempts to generate foams on milk were unsuccessful. Because of the slow heating rates of milk-product foams, holding times s...
Studying interregional wildland fire engine assignments for large fire suppression

One crucial component of large fire response in the United States (US) is the sharing of wildland firefighting resources between regions: resources from regions experiencing low fire activity supplement resources in regions experiencing high fire activity. An important step towards improving the efficiency of resource sharing and related policies is to develop a better understanding of current assignment patterns. In this paper we examine the set of interregional wildland fire engine assignments for incidents in California and the Southwest Geographic Coordination Areas, utilising data from the Resource Ordering and Status System. We study a set of multinomial logistic models to examine seasonal and regional patterns affecting the probabilities of interregional resource assignments. This provides a quantitative and objective way to identify the factors strongly influencing interregional assignments. We found that the fire activity in the regions significantly affects response probabilities, as does the season and the national preparedness level. Because our models indicate significant unexplained variation, even when accounting for fire activity, seasonality and resource scarcity, we hypothesise that the existing system could benefit from future research.
An examination of the impact of maladaptive coping on the association between stressor type and alcohol use in college.

ABSTRACTObjective: Examine the impact of maladaptive coping style on the association between source of stress (academic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, environmental) and alcohol use (consumption, heavy episodic drinking, driving under the influence) among college students. Participants: 1,027 college students completed an online survey in April 2014. Methods: To test the mediating effects of maladaptive coping on the association between academic stress and alcohol use variables, indirect effects were examined using the PROCESS analytical framework for SPSS. Results: Maladaptive coping and academic stress were associated with alcohol use outcomes. Moreover, maladaptive coping mediated the relationship between academic stress and two of three alcohol use outcomes (consumption, heavy episodic drinking). Conclusions: Among college students, the association between academic stress and alcohol use may be driven by maladaptive coping. College students may benefit from interventions that seek to improve coping sk...
The incidence of atrial fibrillation among patients with AL amyloidosis undergoing high-dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation: experience at a single institution.

High-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDM/SCT) can induce hematologic responses and prolong survival in selected patients with Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis.1 Complications related to cardiac events surrounding HDM/SCT remain an ongoing concern in patients with Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis. Prior studies have shown that atrial fibrillation (AF) can complicate SCT in up to 22% of cases,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and that pre-existing cardiac involvement may lead to a further increase in the risk of AF during SCT.2 Factors that may predispose patients with amyloid cardiomyopathy to develop AF include advanced age, heart failure, a low left ventricular ejection fraction, an enlarged left atrial diameter and a high-mean right atrial pressure; however, these risk factors are independent of SCT.8 Other studies have suggested that although AF can be successfully treated in these patients, the presence of AF can lead to more complicated hospital admissions with greater lengths of stay and increased mortality.2, 3 Although AF has been described in general as a complication of SCT, the factors specifically predisposing patients with AL amyloidosis to develop AF in the period surrounding SCT have yet to be established. This is the first report to describe the incidence, risk factors and outcomes related to AF in patients with AL amyloidosis undergoing SCT.
Continuous-time delta-sigma modulator with maximally flat signal transfer function using minimum number of DACs

This paper presents a design methodology to achieve maximally flat signal transfer function (STF) in continuous-time delta-sigma modulators (CTDSMs). A 4th order CTDSM with a chain of feedback (CIFB) structure is used to achieve maximally flat STF, while the required number of digital-to-analog converters (DACs) in the traditional CIFB structure is minimized. Therefore, both high in-band dynamic range and low power/area can be achieved by using the proposed scheme. Detailed Cadence and Matlab simulations are provided to prove the operation of the proposed scheme.
Efficient active fusion for decision-making via VOI approximation

Active fusion is a process that purposively selects the most informative information from multiple sources as well as combines these information for achieving a reliable result efficiently. This paper presents a general mathematical framework based on Influence Diagrams (IDs) for active fusion and timely decision making. Within this framework, an approximation algorithm is proposed to efficiently compute nonmyopic value-of-information (VOI) for multiple sensory actions. Meanwhile a sensor selection algorithm is proposed to choose optimal sensory action sets efficiently. Both the experiments with synthetic data and real data from a real-world application demonstrate that the proposed framework together with the algorithms are well suited to applications where the decision must be made efficiently and timely from dynamically available information of diverse and disparate sources.
Apnea, bradycardia and desaturation spells in premature infants: impact of a protocol for the duration of ‘spell-free’ observation on interprovider variability and readmission rates

Apnea, bradycardia and desaturation spells in premature infants: impact of a protocol for the duration of ‘spell-free’ observation on interprovider variability and readmission rates
Assessing the Potential for Oligomer Formation from the Reactions of Lactones in Secondary Organic Aerosols

Laboratory and field measurements have demonstrated that 2-methyl glyceric acid (2-MG) is the base component of a wide range of chemical species found in methacrolein-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In order to explore the recently proposed hypothesis that a lactone oxidation intermediate is the origin of 2-MG and its derivatives in SOA, nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to study kinetics and reaction products of the aqueous phase reactions of a model lactone, β-propiolactone (BPL). BPL was found to react with a lifetime of 4-10 h (depending on solution conditions) via a general acid catalyzed mechanism, which suggests that lactones similar to BPL are reactive on an atmospherically relevant time scale. BPL was also shown to form a variety of nucleophilic addition products (organosulfates and nitrates and oligomers) similar to the 2-MG-based species observed in previous experiments involving the photooxidation and SOA processing of methacrolein. While many of the BPL reaction products could be rationalized via an epoxide-like nucleophilic addition mechanism, evidence for ester-like nucleophilic addition was suggested through the observation of inorganic ion-catalyzed oligomer formation. The formation of oligomers was found to depend strongly on the proportion of organic acid nucleophile present in its deprotonated form. Therefore, due to the nature of the general acid catalysis and importance of deprotonated acids for efficient BPL oligomerization, it is suggested that oligomerization from lactone intermediates will be more efficient at higher SOA pH values. This result may help explain why overall isoprene-derived SOA formation has been observed to be largely pH-independent. Overall, the results strongly support the previous conclusion that a lactone intermediate is responsible for the formation of 2-MG-related species found in methacrolein-derived SOA.
Deep neural networks for short-term load forecasting in ERCOT system

Short-term load forecasting plays a major role in the operation of electric power systems to ensure instantaneous balance between electricity generation and demand. The accuracy of the forecast generated by a neural network (NN) has several factors, including but not limited to, the algorithm used to train the network, how much and what kind of data are used in the network's training set, how many hidden layers are in the NN, and the size of the hidden layer(s). We investigate the best combination of these factors to decrease the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and to give the best forecast possible. Based on system load data from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), this paper focuses on a comprehensive understanding of the accuracy of forecasts generated by NN's with different algorithms, while varying the length of the network's training set, hidden layer size, number of hidden layers, and the addition of data sets when training to create a forecast with the highest accuracy possible.
Sialylated Receptor Setting Influences Mycoplasma pneumoniae Attachment and Gliding Motility

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of human respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis and atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae binds glycoprotein receptors having terminal sialic acid residues via the P1 adhesin protein. Here, we explored the impact of sialic acid presentation on M. pneumoniae adherence and gliding on surfaces coated with sialylated glycoproteins, or chemically functionalized with α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyllactose ligated individually or in combination to a polymer scaffold in precisely controlled densities. In both models, gliding required a higher receptor density threshold than adherence, and receptor density influenced gliding frequency but not gliding speed. However, very high densities of α-2,3-sialyllactose actually reduced gliding frequency over peak levels observed at lower densities. Both α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyllactose supported M. pneumoniae adherence, but gliding was only observed on the former. Finally, gliding on α-2,3-sialyllactose was inhibited on surfaces also conjugated with α-2,6-sialyllactose, suggesting that both moieties bind P1 despite the inability of the latter to support gliding. Our results indicate that the nature and density of host receptor moieties profoundly influences M. pneumoniae gliding, which could affect pathogenesis and infection outcome. Furthermore, precise functionalization of polymer scaffolds shows great promise for further analysis of sialic acid presentation and M. pneumoniae adherence and gliding.
Mechanism of premature translation termination on a sense codon.

Accurate translation termination by release factors (RFs) is critical for the integrity of cellular proteomes. Premature termination on sense codons, for example, results in truncated proteins, whose accumulation could be detrimental to the cell. Nevertheless, some sense codons are prone to triggering premature termination, but the structural basis for this is unclear. To investigate premature termination, we determined a cryo-EM structure of the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome bound with RF1 in response to a UAU (Tyr) sense codon. The structure reveals that RF1 recognizes a UAU codon similarly to a UAG stop codon, suggesting that sense codons induce premature termination because they structurally mimic a stop codon. Hydrophobic interaction between the nucleobase of U3 (the third position of the UAU codon) and conserved Ile-196 in RF1 is important for misreading the UAU codon. Analyses of RNA binding in ribonucleoprotein complexes or by amino acids reveal that Ile–U packing is a frequent protein–RNA-binding motif with key functional implications. We discuss parallels with eukaryotic translation termination by the release factor eRF1.
Assessing the science robustness of the Europa clipper mission: Science sensitivity model

Existing characterization of Europa's environment is enabled by the Europa Clipper mission's successful predecessors: Pioneer, Voyager, Galileo, and most recently, Juno. These missions reveal high intensity energetic particle fluxes at Europa's orbit, requiring a multidimensional design challenge to ensure mission success (i.e. meeting L1 science requirements). Risk averse JPL Design Principles and the Europa Environment Requirement Document (ERD) dictate practices and policy, which if masterfully followed, are designed to protect Clipper from failure or degradation due to radiation. However, even if workmanship is flawless and no waivers are assessed, modeling errors, shielding uncertainty, and natural variation in the Europa environment are cause for residual concern. While failure and part degradation are of paramount concern, the occurrence of temporary outages, causing loss or degradation of science observations, is also a critical mission risk, left largely unmanaged by documents like the ERD. The referenced risk is monitored and assessed through a Project Systems Engineeringled mission robustness effort, which attempts balance the risk of science data loss with potential design cost and increased mission complexity required to mitigate such risk. The Science Sensitivity Model (SSM) was developed to assess mission/science robustness, with its primary goal being to ensure a high probability of achieving Level 1 (L1) science objectives. The understanding of L1 science objective achievement is folded back into the spacecraft, instrument, and mission system design requirements in an iterative fashion. The Science Sensitivity Model development is a cross-Project multidisciplinary effort leveraging, and literally linking, several novel Project products: Mission Science Traceability and Alignment Framework (M-STAF): framework for writing Level 2 (L2) science measurement requirements in an organized and cohesive manner such that a science requirement set is complete and consistent across the instruments [1]. Fault/Reliability Analysis: assesses the probability a recoverable failure occurs on the spacecraft or instrument and the time it takes for the Europa Clipper system to recover. Verification of Europa Requirements Integrating Tour and Science (VERITaS): model for assessing attainment of L2 science measurement requirements (as specified in M-STAF) for a given trajectory [2]. This tool is used to triage candidate Europa tours and to understand requirement sensitivity if the face of expected outages. Project Science Traceability and Alignment Framework (P-STAF): framework that builds upon the idea of the Science Traceability Matrix (STM) to link L2 science measurement requirements to L1 science measurement requirements, enabling the understanding of instrument dependencies and robustness [3]. This paper will tie these topics together and show how they interconnect to ensure Europa's science objectives are attained in the face of a challenge few deep space missions have encountered.
Light Scattering and Particle Charge Techniques for the Detection of Biological Warfare Agents

To be fully effective a biological point detection system must be capable of reliably detecting the presence of a potentially dangerous aerosol immediately it reaches the detection site. This first detection can then be succeeded by sequential analysis techniques that confirm that it is biological, deliberately generated and finally identify the agent being used.
Influence of directional solidification variables on the cellular and primary dendrite arm spacings of PWA1484

A series of directional solidification experiments have been performed to elucidate the effects of thermal gradient G and growth velocity V on the solidification behavior and microstructural development of the multicomponent Ni-base superalloy PWA 1484. A range of aligned as-cast microstructures were exhibited by the alloy: (i) aligned dendrites with well developed secondary and tertiary arms; (ii) flanged cellular dendrites aligned with the growth direction and without secondary arms; and (iii) cells with no evidence of flanges or secondary arms. The role of the imposed process parameters on the primary arm spacings that developed in the Bridgman-grown samples were examined in terms of current theoretical models. The presence of secondary arms increases the spacings between dendrites and leads to a greater sensitivity of λ1 on G−1/2V−1/4. The exponent of V was analyzed and found to depend upon the imposed gradient G. High withdrawal velocities and low thermal gradients were found to cause radial non-uniformity of the primary dendrite arm spacing. Such behavior was associated with off-axis heat flows.
Laser Raman Spectroscopy of Nucleic Acids

Recent applications of the technique of single crystal X-ray diffraction, in combination with structure refinement methods, have revealed architectural details of right- and left-handed DNA helices at atomic resolution. [For comprehensive reviews of this work, see the monograph edited by Jurnak and McPherson (Jurnak and McPherson 1985).] Structural details of DNA in complexes with regulatory proteins (Anderson et al. 1987) and anti-tumor drugs (Wang 1987) have also been probed by crystallographic methods. Together these studies provide a wealth of information about the conformational properties of DNA, including dependence upon base sequence and intercalating agents, influence of solvent and counterions, and complementarity between DNA and substrate surfaces. X-ray diffraction experiments which are currently in progress should provide still further information on the nature of DNA-substrate interactions, as well as new insight into long-range structural features, such as helix curvature.
Using graphs to improve activity prediction in smart environments based on motion sensor data

Activity Recognition in Smart Environments presents a difficult learning problem. The focus of this paper is a 10-class activity recognition problem using motion sensor events over time involving multiple residents and non-scripted activities. This paper presents the results of using three different graph-based approaches to this problem, and compares them to a non-graph SVM approach. The graph-based approaches are generating feature vectors using frequent subgraphs for classification by an SVM, an SVM using a graph kernel and nearest neighbor approach using a graph comparison measure. None demonstrate significantly superior accuracy compared to the non-graph SVM, but all demonstrate strongly uncorrelated error both against the base SVM and each other. An ensemble is created using the non-graph SVM, Frequent Subgraph SVM, Graph Kernel SVM, and Nearest Neighbor. Error is shown to be highly uncorrelated between these four. This ensemble substantially outperforms all of the approaches alone. Results are shown for a 10-class problem arising from smart environments, and a 2-class one-vs-all version of the same problem.
Hough-space decomposition for polyhedral scene analysis

This paper describes a new method to recognize 3d polyhedral objects on the basis of single 2d images. The recognition is performed by transforming the captured image into the Hough space and a subsequent interpretation in this domain. The new technique is capable of splitting up more complex scenes into their components and of decomposing these into object primitives stored in an extendable object library. The method is exceptionally robust with respect to noise and the data structures of the objects in Hough space are very compact and easy to handle.
KCNQ1 rescues TMC1 plasma membrane expression but not mechanosensitive channel activity

Transmembrane channel-like protein isoform 1 (TMC1) is essential for the generation of mechano-electrical transducer currents in hair cells of the inner ear. TMC1 disruption causes hair cell degeneration and deafness in mice and humans. Although thought to be expressed at the cell surface in vivo, TMC1 remains in the endoplasmic reticulum when heterologously expressed in standard cell lines, precluding determination of its roles in mechanosensing and pore formation. Here, we report that the KCNQ1 Kv channel forms complexes with TMC1 and rescues its surface expression when coexpressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. TMC1 rescue is specific for KCNQ1 within the KCNQ family, is prevented by a KCNQ1 trafficking-deficient mutation, and is influenced by KCNE β subunits and inhibition of KCNQ1 endocytosis. TMC1 lowers KCNQ1 and KCNQ1-KCNE1 K+ currents, and despite the surface expression, it does not detectably respond to mechanical stimulation or high salt. We conclude that TMC1 is not intrinsically mechano- or osmosensitive but has the capacity for cell surface expression, and requires partner protein(s) for surface expression and mechanosensitivity. We suggest that KCNQ1, expression of which is not thought to overlap with TMC1 in hair cells, is a proxy partner bearing structural elements or a sequence motif reminiscent of a true in vivo TMC1 hair cell partner. Discovery of the first reported strategy to rescue TMC1 surface expression should aid future studies of the TMC1 function and native partners.
Cross-sectional study of the association between serum perfluorinated alkyl acid concentrations and dental caries among US adolescents (NHANES 1999-2012)

Study objectives Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a class of anthropogenic and persistent compounds that may impact some biological pathways related to oral health. The objective of our study was to estimate the relationship between dental caries prevalence and exposure to four PFAA: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Setting/Design We analysed cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2012 for 12–19-year-old US adolescents. Participants Of 10 856 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years who had a dental examination, we included 2869 with laboratory measurements for serum PFAA concentrations and complete covariate data in our study. Primary and secondary outcome measures Dental caries prevalence was defined as the presence of decay or a restoration on any tooth surface, or the loss of a tooth due to tooth decay. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the covariate-adjusted association between serum PFAA concentrations and dental caries prevalence, accounting for the complex National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey design. Results Of 2869 adolescents, 59% had one or more dental caries. We observed no associations between the prevalence of dental caries and serum concentrations of PFOA, PFOS or PFHxS. The adjusted odds of caries were 21% (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.01), 15% (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.67 to 1.08) and 30% (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.90) lower among adolescents in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th serum PFNA concentration quartiles compared to adolescents in the first quartile, respectively. The linear trend for this association was not statistically significant. Conclusion PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS were not associated with prevalence of dental caries. The prevalence of caries was reduced with increasing serum PFNA concentrations; however, these results should be interpreted cautiously given that we were unable to adjust for several factors related to oral health.
Relationship Between Complicated Grief and Depression: Relevance, Etiological Mechanisms, and Implications

Abstract The death of a loved one is a stressful experience that can lead to the onset of a range of mental disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and complicated grief (CG). CG is a disorder characterized by persistent and impairing grief symptoms (e.g., yearning, preoccupation with the deceased). Though MDD and CG frequently co-occur, factor-analytic studies and treatment research support their classification as separate disorders. In this chapter, we review biological, psychological, and loss-related risk factors for CG in relationship to MDD. Some of these factors appear to be shared by both disorders (e.g., factors associated with poor stress-regulation and coping). However, some factors appear specific to CG (e.g., the loss of an attachment figure). We then discuss research pertinent to the clinical management of both disorders. Differential diagnosis of MDD and CG among bereaved individuals is paramount, as these disorders appear to respond to different treatments.
Exploring the validity of occupant behavior model for improving office building energy simulation

Building energy use is significantly influenced by building occupants or users. The integration of a robust occupant behavior model that captures energy-related behaviors and a building energy model will have the potential to improve energy simulation performance, as current virtual model of building lacks dynamic and practical occupant information input. Agent-based Modeling (ABM) has been successfully applied to model interactions between occupants and building components, but most of the models were developed on a simulation basis without actual data involvement. To address on this issue, this paper proposes an approach to modeling occupant behaviors in office buildings via the design of a novel ABM and relevant data collection for model testing and validation. A case study is conducted to investigate the performance of the model. The results show the applicability of the ABM and provide a feasible direction for tuning ABM for the purpose of building energy simulation improvement.
Unusual Case of Transdural Extension of Glioblastoma Multiforme in the Maxillofacial Region and a Review of the Literature.

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary brain tumor. It is locally aggressive but rarely spreads outside the central nervous system. We present an unusual case of a 57-year-old woman who had presented 1 year after surgical resection and adjuvant therapy, with evidence of recurrent tumor invading through the skull base into the orbital apex, masticator, and pterygoid space. We have also reviewed all available case reports on local invasion of glioblastoma that occurred in absence of treatment and recurrence that developed away from the initial surgical location.
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic marker in metastatic gallbladder cancer

Abstract Background Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been used as an inflammation based prognostic marker for various malignancies. This study evaluated the association between NLR and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic gallbladder cancer (GBC) Methods An optimal cut off point for NLR was identified by plotting spline-based hazard ratio curves to identify a threshold effect and patients were divided into two groups, ≥5 or Results Of the 231 patients included, 138 (60%) had NLR Conclusion The current study demonstrates that NLR ≥5 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with metastatic GBC.
Zeta potential of cation-treated soils and its implication on unfrozen water mobility

Abstract Most frozen soils contain unfrozen water – water that remains liquid at subfreezing temperatures – which affects a frozen soil's strength and contributes to frost heave. Among the variables that influence the flow of unfrozen water through a freezing soil is the presence of clay minerals and their adsorbed cations. Zeta potential (ζp) is one measure of clay mineral surface properties that may provide insight into the interaction of mineral surfaces with unfrozen water films; however, one gap in the literature is the lack of ζp measurements at subfreezing temperatures. The purpose of this research was to measure the ζp of six cation-treated soils as a function of temperature, including measurements at a subfreezing temperature. The results indicate that the magnitude of the ζp decreases as a function of temperature. The ζp of the divalent cation-treated clays generally had a smaller magnitude and was less sensitive to temperature than the monovalent cation treatments, suggesting that unfrozen water mobility (and thus frost heave) may be correlated with smaller ζp. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that the amounts of immobile unfrozen water may depend on the ζp at the shear plane. To complement the results of this research, we recommend additional tests to determine the viscosity of unfrozen water as a function of temperature.