cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulations of the infusion of adriamycin using a physiological flow model

Abstract The antineoplastic drug Adriamycin is administered by short term i.v. infusion. The drug is noted for its acute and chronic cardiotoxicity in addition to its toxicity on the bone marrow and gut. A physiological flow model and computer program, which contains a subprogram for continuous infusion of a drug, was used to simulate the distribution of Adriamycin during infusion in heart, bone marrow, gut, kidney, muscle, skin, liver adn bile. Simulations were carried out for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 min of infusion. Computations were made for the concentration of drug in these organs as a function of time over a total period of 48 min. Simulations showed the heart and kidney would contain high concentrations of drug during infusion which rapidly declined upon cessation of infusion. Bone marrow and gut showed a less rapid accumulation and decline. Muscle and skin showed even a slower accumulation and decline. Simulations also showed the effect of altering the rate of infusion on the concentration in the liver and excretion in the bile.
Using dynamic risk estimation & social network analysis to detect money laundering evolution

We propose a risk model for money laundering that assigns a risk value for transactions being a part of a larger chain of transactions that may be a part of a money laundering scheme. We use social networks to connect missing links in potential transaction sequences. Taken together we can provide a financial sector independent risk assessment to submitted transactions. The proposed risk model is validated using data from realistic scenarios and our already developed money laundering evolution detection framework (MLEDF). MLEDF uses sequence matching, case-based analysis, social network analysis, and complex event processing to link fraudulent transaction trails - a series of linked money laundering schemes. MLEDF has components to collect data, run them against business rules and evolution models, run detection algorithms and use social network analysis to connect potential participants.
Inhaled nitric oxide decreases pulmonary soluble guanylate cyclase protein levels in 1-month-old lambs.

Abstract Background Inhaled nitric oxide produces potent pulmonary vasodilation by activating soluble guanylate cyclase and increasing smooth muscle cell concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. However, responses are often nonsustained, and clinically significant increases in pulmonary vascular resistance have been noted on its acute withdrawal. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that inhaled nitric oxide decreases endogenous nitric oxide synthase activity. The effects of inhaled nitric oxide on the downstream mediators of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate cascade, soluble guanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase 5, have not been investigated. We sought to determine the effects of inhaled nitric oxide on endogenous cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels, soluble guanylate cyclase, and phosphodiesterase 5 protein levels in the intact lamb. Methods Eleven 1-month-old lambs were mechanically ventilated. In 7 lambs, inhaled nitric oxide (40 ppm) was administered for 24 hours and then acutely withdrawn. Intermittent lung biopsy samples were obtained for cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations and soluble guanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase 5 protein levels (Western blot analysis). Results Initiation of nitric oxide decreased left pulmonary vascular resistance by 26.2%, and withdrawal rapidly increased pulmonary vascular resistance by 77.8% ( P P P Conclusions These data suggest a role for decreased soluble guanylate cyclase and its resulting decrease in cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations in the nonsustained response to nitric oxide and the rebound pulmonary hypertension noted on its acute withdrawal. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors may be a useful adjunct therapy during inhaled nitric oxide to preserve cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels and thereby preserve nitric oxide responsiveness and prevent rebound pulmonary hypertension.
Sustainable Development and Cultural Theory

What is sustainable development? Why is it an issue? Ideally, what needs to be done? and Practically, what can be done? are answered here by relying on the cultural theory of Mary Douglas and her colleagues, especially Aaron Wildavsky and Michael Thompson, both of whom have used their approach to address sustainable development.
Perlecan in the basement membrane of corneal epithelium serves as a site for P. aeruginosa binding.

Purpose. To determine whether binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to the scarified mouse cornea depends on interaction with proteoglycans (PGs). Methods. Scarified corneas were treated with anti-proteoglycan monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparinase III or chondroitin ABC lyase before inoculation with P. aeruginosa strain ATCC 19660 or PAO1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to quantitate adherent bacteria. Frozen sections of unwounded and wounded mouse cornea, the latter treated or not treated with heparinase III were stained to spatially localize perlecan [core protein or heparan sulfate (HS) side chains]. Anti-perlecan MAb against the heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein and succinyl wheat germ agglutinin (sWGA), a lectin which recognizes N-acetyl-glucosamine in heparan sulfate, respectively were used. Results. Anti-perlecan MAb, as well as heparan sulfate, heparin and heparinase III decreased the binding of both bacterial strains to cornea, and th...
Cognitive Biases in the Interpretation of Autonomic Arousal: A Test of the Construal Bias Hypothesis.

Abstract According to Bandura’s construal bias hypothesis, derived from social cognitive theory, persons with the same heightened state of autonomic arousal may experience either pleasant or deleterious emotions depending on the strength of perceived self-efficacy. The current study tested this hypothesis by proposing that college students’ preexisting efficacy beliefs may affect how physiological arousal during exams is construed as a valence of positive emotion. Survey data were collected from 172 students in a statistics course at a large research university in the Midwest. Students provided self-reported intensity of autonomic arousal during previous exams, statistics self-efficacy, and positive affect toward a proximal final exam. The construal bias hypothesis was supported by a significant interaction between autonomic arousal and self-efficacy on the dependent variable positive affect. Results revealed that as autonomic arousal increased, so did the moderating effect of self-efficacy. Specifically, as physiological arousal intensified, students with high or low self-efficacy reported divergent levels of positive emotion. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
WRITING APPREHENSION AND ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION AMONG GRADUATE STUDENTS

Academic procrastination has been associated with both fear of failure and task aversiveness. Researchers have reported that most undergraduate and graduate students delay academic tasks. Among the latter, a large proportion report procrastination in writing term papers. Such procrastination may originate from and lead to anxiety about writing so the present purpose was to investigate the relationship between scores on Daly and Miller's 1975 Writing Apprehension Test and on the two dimensions, i.e., fear of failure and task aversiveness, of Solomon and Rothblum's 1984 Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students. Participants were 135 graduate students of varied disciplinary backgrounds. Correlations between writing apprehension and academic procrastination stemmed from fear of failure (29) and task aversiveness (.41). Implications are discussed.
A non-greedy approach to tree-structured clustering

Abstract We propose a new interdisciplinary approach for the hard optimization problem of tree-structured clustering, wherein the imposition of structural constraints on the solution drastically reduces the complexity of classifying data. The method, derived with analogy to statistical physics, performs a global optimization over the entire tree. Experimentation with non-trivial examples shows that our approach consistently outperforms greedy methods and avoids local minima that may trap them.
Comparative assessment of immunomodulating therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

The past decade has seen unprecedented advances in the development of disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), a disease that has a worldwide prevalence of two million patients. Four agents with the ability to modulate the immune system are now being widely used for RRMS. Of these, three are forms of interferon (IFN)-β [IFNβ-1b and two preparations of IFNβ-1a (Avonex®1 and Rebif®)], and one is a polypeptide of four amino acids (glatiramer acetate) with a unique mechanism of action. The administration regimens for the IFNβ-1 a products differ, with Avonex® being given as 30μg intramuscularly once a week and Rebif® being given as 22 or 44μg subcutaneously three times a week. It appears safe to predict that both forms of IFNβ and glatiramer acetate will remain standard treatments for MS for years to come. However, with four therapeutic options available for RRMS, selecting a single therapy is often difficult and necessitates comparisons of the agents, which can be contentious. All four agents have shown superiority over placebo in pivotal phase III trials. Three recent prospective comparative studies have indicated that IFNβ-1b, Rebif® and glatiramer acetate may be more optimal choices than Avonex® for patients with RRMS. In a pharmaceutical environment with an estimated worldwide market of $US2.5 billion annually for RRMS, comparative studies are understandably provocative, but at the same time provide meaningful information to clinicians and patients.
An Improved Multiline model for Precise Estimation of Crosstalk

This work proposes a novel and accurate crosstalk noise estimation method in the presence of multiple RC lines for use in design automation tools. The proposed model, for the first time, presents a complete multiline noise model by representing active and passive aggressors simultaneously on the victim line. In the model, active aggressors are easily represented by current sources and passive aggressors are accurately modeled as equivalent capacitances. Each current source representing an active aggressor carries the same accuracy as the 2-pi representation. Equivalent capacitances for passive aggressors, on the other hand, consider resistive shielding effect and the realistic exponential aggressor waveform. This approach allows one to obtain a general noise model that considers the effect of many active and passive aggressors and general formulas derived can easily be applied to real cases. Noise peak and width expressions are derived and results are in good agreement with HSPICE results. Results show that average error for noise peak is 4.4% and for the width is 6.8% while allowing for very fast analysis.
Response of Layer Breeders to Dietary Acetylsalicylic Acid. 1. Effects on Hen Performance and Eggshell Quality

Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) is an inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and an antipyretic drug. Because PG may be involved in the premature oviposition of some soft-shelled (SS) and shell-less (SL) eggs, the objective of the present study was to determine whether dietary ASA, as an inhibitor of PG synthesis, would convert SS and SL eggs to hard-shelled (HS) eggs, thus increasing total salable egg output and improving feed efficiency. White Leghorn layer breeders were fed 0, .025, .05, .10, .20, and .40% ASA for the first 13 mo of egg production. When averaged over 13 mo, hens fed .40% dietary ASA laid fewer HS eggs (P During Month 1 of production, mortality was greatly increased for hens fed .20 and .40% ASA as compared with hens receiving 0, .025, .05, or .10% ASA (diet by month interaction, P In conclusion, chronic feeding of ASA did not improve egg production or feed efficiency. In addition, long-term feeding of ASA to layer breeders proved to be detrimental with respect to early hen livability and eggshell quality.
On the pressure-induced phase transformation in the structure II clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran

A high-pressure phase of the clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran was prepared by freezing a liquid phase of overall composition THF · 7 H2O under a pressure of 3.0 kbar, or by pressurizing the solid structure II THF hydrate of 255K to 3.4 kbar. Unfortunately, the products recovered at 77K were always mixed phase materials as shown by X-ray powder diffraction. A number of diffraction lines could be indexed in terms of the cubic structure I hydrate with a slightly expanded lattice parameter, 12.08 A, giving some support to Dyadin's idea that the high pressure phase transition involves a conversion of Structure II to Structure I. Other phases observed in the recovered product include Ice IX and amorphous materials. The reversion of the high pressure sample to the structure II hydrate was followed by differential scanning calorimetry. At ambient pressure, the high pressure sample converts slowly back to Structure II hydrate event at 77K.
Inflation and Crop Profitability: How Much Can Farmers Pay for Land?

The purchase of a parcel of farm land can be one of the most difficult investment decisions confronting farm operators. Compared with other production inputs, land is purchased infrequently and usually involves a large, longterm financial obligation. The land investment decision is especially critical today, when many are questioning the ability of farm income to support current land values at "normal" commodity prices. Fairly stable relationships existed during the 1960s between land values, net returns to farming, and the general rate of inflation (see table 1). However, during the 1970s and especially since 1972, land prices have escalated sharply, net farm income has been very volatile at high levels, and nonland production costs have increased faster than the general price level (consumer price index). These recent trends raise serious questions not only of magnitude but also direction of movement for these important determinants of how much farmers can pay for land. We accept the proposition that prospective buyers must evaluate investments and make decisions based on present conditions with appropriate allowances for future anticipated trends. In this paper, we have not attempted to guess the future direction nor magnitude of these important variables but have developed a framework for analyzing farmland investments. A capital budgeting decision model developed by Lee for evaluating farm real estate purchases is used to test the land price sensitivity of a set of decision variables. Specific case situations are analyzed by comparing buyers with different characteristics, each facing favorable and unfavorable economic trends. These specific situations are then compared to illustrate how much farmers can fford to pay for land under specified conditions and expectations. For purposes of analysis, a Corn Belt farm situation is assumed, although the general results and conclusions would apply to most parts of the country.
Chronic Toxicity of Erythromycin Thiocyanate to Daphnia magna in a Flow-Through, Continuous Exposure Test System

Approval of a new animal drug application for AQUAMYCIN 100® (erythromycin thiocyanate; ET) to treat freshwater salmonid species with bacterial kidney disease is being pursued in the US. As part of the approval process, ET’s impact on an aquatic environment had to be described in an environmental assessment. The environmental assessment was lacking data to characterize the effect ET would have on a chronically exposed aquatic invertebrate organism. A major step to fulfilling the environmental assessment was completed after conducting a comprehensive study continuously exposing Daphnia magna to ET for 21 days. Results indicated that the no observable effect concentration for ET was 179 μg/L.
Roles of Arabidopsis PARC6 in Coordination of the Chloroplast Division Complex and Negative Regulation of FtsZ Assembly

Chloroplast division is driven by the simultaneous constriction of the inner FtsZ ring (Z ring) and the outer DRP5B ring. The assembly and constriction of these rings in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are coordinated partly through the inner envelope membrane protein ACCUMULATION AND REPLICATION OF CHLOROPLASTS6 (ARC6). Previously, we showed that PARC6 (PARALOG OF ARC6), also in the inner envelope membrane, negatively regulates FtsZ assembly and acts downstream of ARC6 to position the outer envelope membrane protein PLASTID DIVISION1 (PDV1), which functions together with its paralog PDV2 to recruit DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN 5B (DRP5B) from a cytosolic pool to the outer envelope membrane. However, whether PARC6, like ARC6, also functions in coordination of the chloroplast division contractile complexes was unknown. Here, we report a detailed topological analysis of Arabidopsis PARC6, which shows that PARC6 has a single transmembrane domain and a topology resembling that of ARC6. The newly identified stromal region of PARC6 interacts not only with ARC3, a direct inhibitor of Z-ring assembly, but also with the Z-ring protein FtsZ2. Overexpression of PARC6 inhibits FtsZ assembly in Arabidopsis but not in a heterologous yeast system (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), suggesting that the negative regulation of FtsZ assembly by PARC6 is a consequence of its interaction with ARC3. A conserved carboxyl-terminal peptide in FtsZ2 mediates FtsZ2 interaction with both PARC6 and ARC6. Consistent with its role in the positioning of PDV1, the intermembrane space regions of PARC6 and PDV1 interact. These findings provide new insights into the functions of PARC6 and suggest that PARC6 coordinates the inner Z ring and outer DRP5B ring through interaction with FtsZ2 and PDV1 during chloroplast division.
A compact nested high voltage generator for medium pulse duration applications

The “Nested High Voltage Generator” (NHVG) topology is an effective way of producing and grading high DC voltages. It has been applied to a variety of technical problems including semiconductor ion implantation, X-ray security, and electron beam irradiation. We have built a unit for pulsed power applications including such applications as pulsed X-ray generation, pulsed plastics' processing, medium power microwaves, and pulsed ion beam annealing. This unit is designed to produce 250 kV and up to 5 amperes for pulses of up to several milliseconds. Previous pulsed versions of the NHVG used “hard tube” power systems, but this unit uses series resonant solid state drive. Repetition rates will vary for this machine from 1 pps to 1 kHz depending on the applied pulse format. We will report on performance and procpects for higher power operation.
A process for assembling discontinuous basis functions on structured hexahedral grids

Previous publications [1], [2] demonstrated conservative subgridding algorithms for structured grid methods (e.g the Yee scheme, or the Lobatto Cell, a higher order extension [3]). These algorithms required a “nesting property” between the edge (facet) elements on a grid of size ΔL and the edge (facet) elements on a grid of size ΔL/2. Here, a general process for assembling basis functions is given, which does not require any nesting properties between the edge(facet) elements on adjacent grids. This development leads to very flexible spatial discretizations, where h and p can be picked on a cell-by-cell basis. The interfacing process is demonstrated on two 2D examples: (i) joining Lobatto Cell grids with equal ΔL but distinct polynomial order (non-uniform p-refinement), and (ii) subgridding the Yee scheme with an arbitrary M:N ratio.
2,5‐Diazido‐3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone

[29342-21-0] C14H18N6O2 (MW 302.38) InChI = 1S/C14H18N6O2/c1-13(2,3)7-9(17-19-15)12(22)8(14(4,5)6)10(11(7)21)18-20-16/h1-6H3 InChIKey = IKPZTVQMWPXVCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for the preparation of tert-butylcyanoketene,2 a versatile ketene for reactions with a variety of ketenophiles1) Physical Data: mp 89–90 °C (dec). Solubility: sol aromatic solvents which are used in the preparation of tert-butylcyanoketene. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR (Nujol) 2110 (N3), 1640 (CO) cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3), δ 1.31 (s, tert-Bu). Preparative Method: 2,5-diazido-3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2 is readily synthesized in five steps from commercially available 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone 1 in approximately 30% overall yield (eqs 1-3).2 (1) (2) (3) Purification: recrystallization from chloroform/ethanol. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: during the course of any purification method that might be employed, the diazide should not be heated above 50 °C since decomposition occurs quite noticeably at that temperature. It is best to store the pure product below −5 °C in the dark since it undergoes a facile photochemical rearrangement to a cyclopentenedione.2
Ramsey's Theorem and Recursion Theory

Let N be the set of natural numbers. If A ⊆ N, let [A]n denote the class of all n-element subsets of A. If P is a partition of [N]n into finitely many classes C1, …, Cp, let H(P) denote the class of those infinite sets A ⊆ N such that [A]n ⊆ Ci for some i. Ramsey's theorem [8, Theorem A] asserts that H(P) is nonempty for any such partition P. Our purpose here is to study what can be said about H(P) when P is recursive, i.e. each Ci, is recursive under a suitable coding of [N]n. We show that if P is such a recursive partition of [N]n, then H(P) contains a set which is Πn0 in the arithmetical hierarchy. In the other direction we prove that for each n ≥ 2 there is a recursive partition P of [N]n into two classes such that H(P) contains no Σn0 set. These results answer a question raised by Specker [12].A basic partition is a partition of [N]2 into two classes. In §§2, 3, and 4 we concentrate on basic partitions and in so doing prepare the way for the general results mentioned above. These are proved in §5. Our “positive” results are obtained by effectivizing proofs of Ramsey's theorem which differ from the original proof in [8]. We present these proofs (of which one is a generalization of the other) in §§4 and 5 in order to clarify the motivation of the effective versions.
Allergy Immunotherapy for Primary Care Physicians

Allergic diseases affect a large proportion of the population of the United States. Although there are many effective pharmacologic therapies available, only allergen-specific immunotherapy has been shown to have significant and long-lasting therapeutic and immunomodulatory effects for the management of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, and venom hypersensitivity. Allergen immunotherapy requires a build-up phase as the dose of the vaccine is increased until a therapeutic (maintenance) level is achieved. This maintenance dose is usually continued for 3 to 5 years. Most patients tolerate immunotherapy well, but local reactions are not uncommon. Immunotherapy should only be administered in a physician's office because some patients may experience systemic anaphylactic reactions requiring immediate therapy. Even with newer therapies on the horizon, allergen immunotherapy will continue to have an important role in the treatment of allergic diseases.
Defects in neuromuscular junction structure in dystrophic muscle are corrected by expression of a NOS transgene in dystrophin-deficient muscles, but not in muscles lacking α- and β1-syntrophins

Muscular dystrophies that arise from mutations of genes that encode proteins in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) frequently involve defects in the structure of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). DGC mutations that cause NMJ defects typically cause a secondary loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) from the post-synaptic membrane. We tested the hypothesis that reduction of muscle-derived NO production causes NMJ defects in DGC mutants by analyzing the effect of modulating muscle NO production on NMJ structure in mutant and wild-type muscles. We found that nNOS null mutants, dystrophin-deficient mdx mice and alpha-syntrophin null mutants showed reductions in the concentration of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the post-synaptic membrane. Also, expression of a muscle-specific NOS transgene increased AChR concentration, which reflected an increase in both AChR expression and clustering. NOS transgene expression also increased the size of NMJs, and partially corrected defects in normal NMJ architecture that were observed in mdx and alpha-syntrophin null muscles. In addition, stimulation of AChR clustering in vitro by application of laminin or VVA B4 lectin induced a 3-4-fold increase in NOS activity and increased AChR clustering that could be prevented by NOS inhibition. However, the partial rescue of NMJ structure by expression of a NOS transgene required the expression of alpha- or beta1-syntrophin at the NMJ; partial NMJ rescue was seen in the muscles of alpha-syntrophin mutants that expressed beta1-syntrophin, but no rescue was observed in muscles of alpha-syntrophin mutants that also lacked beta1-syntrophin. These findings show that NO promotes AChR expression and clustering in vivo and contributes to normal NMJ architecture. The results suggest that defects in NMJ structure that occur in some DGC mutants can result from the secondary loss of NOS from muscle.
Autoimmune-Featured Interstitial Lung Disease: A Distinct Entity

Background Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) may have features of an autoimmune disorder that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for connective tissue diseases. We determined the prevalence and characteristics of autoimmune-featured ILD (AIF-ILD) and compared these with those of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and known connective tissue disease-related ILD (CTD-ILD). Methods Patients with ILD who did not meet the criteria for a connective tissue disease were defined as having AIF-ILD if they had a sign or symptom suggestive of a connective tissue disease and a serologic test reflective of an autoimmune process. Clinical characteristics, high-resolution CT images, and lung biopsy specimens were analyzed and compared with those of patients with IPF and CTD-ILD. Survival was evaluated using a Kaplan-Meier curve. Results Two hundred subjects completed the questionnaire and serologic testing. AIF-ILD was identified in 32%, IPF in 29%, and CTD-ILD in 19%. Gender, age, and race differed among groups (P Conclusions Systematic evaluation of symptoms and serologic tests in ILD can identify AIF-ILD. A UIP pattern on CT images and histopathology is common in AIF-ILD. Although survival for patients with AIF-ILD is poor, ANA titers ≥ 1:1280 are associated with improved survival.
NDE of Delaminations During Processing of Carbon-Carbon Composites

The use of acoustic emissions (AE) sensors is reported for the detection of delaminations during the first carbonization of carbon-carbon panels. The onset of delaminations is characterized by high amplitude, long duration events which are distinct from the low amplitude, short duration events associated with microcracking which is a desirable evolution of the matrix structure during first carbonization. We also report on preliminary results on the observation of AE precursors to delaminations, so that the potential for warning and prevention of delaminations may be realized. The results open the door to the triangulation and 2-D imaging of the stress zone giving rise to the precursor.
Using repeated patterns in snow distribution modeling: An Arctic example

[1] Snow distribution patterns are similar from one year to the next because they are largely controlled by the interaction of topography, vegetation, and consistent synoptic weather patterns. On a yearly basis none of these controls changes radically. As a consequence, deep and shallow areas of snow tend to be fixed in space, producing depth differences that may vary in absolute, but not relative, amounts from year to year. While this fact is widely known, the use of patterns in modeling snow cover distribution is limited. Here, on the basis of a training set of nine annual snow depth surveys from a small tundra basin in Alaska, we identify the climatological snow distribution pattern (CSDP). Using this and a few depth measurements, the snow distribution for years that were not included in the training set is predicted and mapped with a near-zero bias and RMSE that ranged from 4.4 to 10.4 cm. The accuracy of this strictly empirical approach to modeling the depth distribution is similar to, or better than, the output from a weather-driven physically based snow model. However, in our view a hybrid approach is best. Ingesting the CSDP into SnowModel, a widely used numerical code that simulates snow processes, the accuracy of the model output is improved by up to 60%. This hybrid approach retains the advantages of running a weather-driven numerical code but adds spatial accuracy currently only obtainable from observed snow patterns. The patterns can be captured in several ways, including aerial photography or satellite remote sensing during snowmelt.
Neuronavigation in the surgical management of brain tumors: current and future trends

Neuronavigation has become an ubiquitous tool in the surgical management of brain tumors. This review describes the use and limitations of current neuronavigational systems for brain tumor biopsy and resection. Methods for integrating intraoperative imaging into neuronavigational datasets developed to address the diminishing accuracy of positional information that occurs over the course of brain tumor resection are discussed. In addition, the process of integration of functional MRI and tractography into navigational models is reviewed. Finally, emerging concepts and future challenges relating to the development and implementation of experimental imaging technologies in the navigational environment are explored.
Some Analytic Results for the Study of Broadband Noise Radiation from Wings, Propellers and Jets in Uniform Motion

Alan Powell has made significant contributions to the understanding of many aeroacoustic problems, in particular, the problems of broadband noise from jets and boundary layers. In this paper, some analytic results are presented for the calculation of the correlation function of the broadband noise radiated from a wing, a propeller, and a jet in uniform forward motion. It is shown that, when the observer (or microphone) motion is suitably chosen, the geometric terms of the radiation formula become time independent. The time independence of these terms leads to a significant simplification of the statistical analysis of the radiated noise, even when the near field terms are included. For a wing in forward motion, if the observer is in the moving reference frame, then the correlation function of the near and far field noise can be related to a space-time cross-correlation function of the pressure on the wing surface. A similar result holds for a propeller in forward flight if the observer is in a reference frame that is attached to the propeller and rotates at the shaft speed. For a jet in motion, it is shown that the correlation function of the radiated noise can be related to the space-time crosscorrelation of the Lighthill stress tensor in the jet. Exact analytical results are derived for all three cases. For the cases under present consideration, the inclusion of the near field terms does not introduce additional complexity, as compared to existing formulations that are limited to the far field.
Outreach to Improve Patient Education at South Carolina Free Medical Clinics.

The University of South Carolina (USC) School of Medicine (SOM) librarians have partnered with eight free medical clinics in South Carolina to enhance patient education efforts. During these outreach projects, project librarians purchased and installed computers, projectors, screens, LCD monitors, and touch-screen information kiosk equipment in each clinic, conducted MedlinePlus® training sessions with clinic staff, and added links to MedlinePlus on the patient education area of the clinics' websites. As a result, the free medical clinics incorporated MedlinePlus into their patient education classes or used the self-playing tutorials in patient waiting rooms.
Knowledge for everyman

Increasing globalization creates situations with wide-ranging effects on large communities, often requiring global responses and innovative solutions. Timely examples are climate and environmental changes related to rapid growth and economic development. Natural and man-made unforeseen catastrophes like oil spills, landslides and floods require immediate action that might crucially rely on information and expertise available only from sources far removed from the crisis site. Knowledge sharing and transfer are also essential for sustainable long-term growth and development. In both kinds of cases, it is important that information and experience be made available and widely shared, communicated and encoded for future re-use. The global scope of many problems and their solutions requires furthermore that information and communication be accessible to communities crossing languages and cultures. Finally, an appropriate system for recording, maintaining and sharing information must be accessible to both experts and laymen. The goal of the European Union-funded KYOTO project (Knowledge-Yielding Ontologies for Transition-Based Organization, http://www.kyoto-project. eu) is to develop an information and knowledge sharing system that relates documents in several languages to lexical resources and a common central ontology and allows for deep semantic analysis. KYOTO facilitates the crosslinguistic and crosscultural construction and maintenance of a sophisticated knowledge system among the members of domain-specific communities. Representation, storage and retrieval of a shared terminology takes place via aWiki platform. Relevant terms are anchored in a language-independent, customizable formal ontology that connects the lexicons of seven languages (Basque, Chinese, Dutch, English, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish) and that guarantees a uniform interpretation of terms across languages. The semantic representations in the ontology are accessible to a computer and allow deep textual analysis and reasoning operations. KYOTO's target domains are the environment and biodiversity, with appropriate experts acting as 'users". Once developed, the system will be available for extension to any domain.
Partial Gating Optimization for Power Reduction During Test Application

Power reduction during test application is important from the viewpoint of chip reliability and for obtaining correct test results. One of the ways to reduce scan test power is to block transitions from propagating from the outputs of scan cells through combinational logic. In order to accomplish this, some authors have proposed the setting of primary inputs to appropriate values or adding extra gates at the outputs of scan cells. In this paper, we point out the limitations of such full gating technique. We propose an alternate solution where a partial set of scan cells is gated. The subset of scan cells is selected to give maximum reduction in test power within a given area constraint. An alternate formulation of the problem is to treat maximum permitted test power and area overhead as constraints and achieve a test power that is within these limits using the fewest number of gated scan cells, thereby leading to least impact in area overhead. Our problem formulation also comprehends performance constraints and prevents the inclusion of gating points on critical paths. The area overhead is predictable and closely corresponds to the average power reduction.
Nonlinear aerodynamics of bodies of revolution in free flight

A nonlinear aerodynamic moment system is formulated for arbitrary motions of bodies of revolution in free flight. The total moment is shown to be compounded of the contributions from four simple motions, and a clear physical meaning is attached to each contribution. Particular distinction is made between the side-moment contribution caused by coning motion, and that as a result of classical Magnus motion. An example is included to illustrate a possible misinterpretation of results from motion analyses where this distinction is not made.
AVIAN VISUAL PERSPECTIVE ON PLUMAGE COLORATION CONFIRMS RARITY OF SEXUALLY MONOCHROMATIC NORTH AMERICAN PASSERINES

Abstract Male and female birds can exhibit striking differences in morphology (dimorphism), including exaggerated plumage structures, size differences, and feather color differences, yet most species are considered to have identical sexes. Classification of a species as sexually monochromatic (identical coloration between the sexes) has traditionally been based on human visual perception. Research over the past two decades has shown that birds see each other and the world differently than their human investigators; these visual differences, combined with objective color measurements, suggest that traditional assessments of plumage coloration may be questionable from an avian visual perspective (Cuthill et al. 1999). I tested the avian reality of human categorization of sexually monochromatic plumages for North American passerines. I found, on the basis of plumage-reflectance data and modeled avian color-discrimination thresholds, that 91.6% of the presumed sexually monochromatic species I sampled are sexu...
Research Article: PCB exposure alters anterior pituitary sensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in adult female rats

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental contaminants that cause a variety of health problems in exposed populations, including adverse reproductive effects in females. The present study examined the ability of two PCB congeners, PCB 126 and PCB 52, to disrupt reproductive function at the level of the pituitary gland in females. Specifically, the ability of PCBs 126 and 52 to alter pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in response to the hypothalamic releasing factor gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was assessed. Subcutaneous oil or PCB injections (PCB 126 or 52 at 200 or 400 μg/kg bodyweight) were administered to ovariectomized female rats at 1000h for 2 days prior to experiments. On the day of experiments, hourly blood samples were drawn from 1100 – 1600h for LH measurements. Pentobarbital was administered at 1130h to block endogenous GnRH release. Exogenous GnRH (50 ng/pulse) or saline pulses were administered once every 30 min from 1200h-1530h. LH measurements revealed d...
Allergenic extracts: characterization, standardization, and prospects for the future.

Few physicians recognize that allergenic extracts used in immunotherapy for the past 70 years are virtually uncharacterized in terms of their allergenic components and potency. Ragweed extracts have been sold in the United States for diagnosis and treatment of hay fever that have been essentially devoid of antigen E, the principal allergen in short ragweed pollen. Fortunately, the Bureau of Biologics is developing new manufacturing standards that will require improved characterization and measurement of potency of the allergens in the extracts.
MayoClinicNLP--CORE: Semantic representations for textual similarity

The Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) task examines semantic similarity at a sentencelevel. We explored three representations of semantics (implicit or explicit): named entities, semantic vectors, and structured vectorial semantics. From a DKPro baseline, we also performed feature selection and used sourcespecific linear regression models to combine our features. Our systems placed 5th, 6th, and 8th among 90 submitted systems.
Heart failure: Mechanisms of spinal cord neuromodulation for heart disease.

Successful application of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is dependent on the location of bioelectric stimuli, the stimulation protocol employed, and the substrate being targeted (neural and cardiac). Safety concerns for bioelectrical treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction have been addressed, but optimization of SCS delivery remains a concern.
Demystifying biology: Did life begin as a complex system?: Research Articles

The process of condensation of an amorphous solid into a rigid matrix can often trap molecules in reversible binding sites. Exchange of the same molecular species with such sites is known to be sensitive to small chemical differences and to distinguish between enantiomers. In addition to their usefulness in chromatographic processes, such materials can separate, by solid phase extraction, specific compounds from complex mixtures. Furthermore, the trapped molecules can have their reactions guided and catalytically changed. The combination of this spontaneously formed system of templates and catalytic sites may support a type of replication cycle, and suggests some pathways from simple chemistry toward the complexities of biology. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11: 30–35, 2005This article is a version of a presentation at the Fifth Complex Systems Conference, May 16, 2005, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
SPACECRAFT MANEUVERS TO MITIGATE POTENTIAL COLLISION THREATS

This paper is primarily concerned with the determination of the optimal thrusting to increase the expected distance of closest approach between two space orbiting objects in a situation of high imminent collision probability. One of the orbiting objects (the primary) is assumed to be an active controllable spacecraft. The other object (the secondary) may not be controllable as is the case of a rogue satellite or space debris. The orbit maneuver is optimal in the sense that it requires the minimum velocity change to mitigate the potential collision threat and reduce the collision probability to a specified acceptable threshold value. Both cases of intrack thrusting and general thrusting are considered. Closed form solutions have been obtained for expressing the collision probability in terms of the thrusting. Conversely, thrusting can also be expressed in terms of the collision probability. These analytical results may be applied to collision threat mitigation. In addition, they may also be applied to spacecraft control and stationkeeping for which collision probability requirements have to be satisfied. This approach does not depend on performing numerous high precision orbit propagations which yield little analytical insight and can be very time-consuming. This is in contrast to some other approaches which perform pre-emptive collision maneuvers using exclusively numerical simulations. Of special significance in this study is the result of accurately expressing the miss distance and the time of conjunction in terms of the thrusting, whether intrack or general. It is possible that some of the techniques employed here may be used in other areas of orbital dynamics.
The Calculus and Gamow's Theory of Gravitation

After winning the Kalinga Prize of UNESCO in 1956 for his popular science writings, George Gamow remarked during an interview by a science journalist that Newton's theory of gravitation was not an elementary formulation, but a rather complicated law. He then outlined a simple view of a particle theory of gravitation. He said that if one accepts the existence of a universal field of very high-speed and veiy tiny particles, and a simple scattering law for them as they interact with matter, then one can deduce Newton's inverse-square radius law of attraction between masses, by using elementary calculus. I got this information secondhand from a colleague who had read an account of the interview. At the time, Gamow did not elaborate on the mathematical details but stated that "it was obvious". I took this as a challenge and offer the following analysis to teachers as an example for their calculus students. The elementary particle field that Gamow postulated is made up of an extremely large number of very small particles moving in random directions, and with random momenta. The scattering law Gamow proposed was this: When a particle of the field {a graviton) penetrates a mass, M, it is sloived down {transfers momentum to the mass) in direct proportion to the density, p, ofthe mass, M, and the length, L, of the straight line path of the graviton through the mass. The deceleration, a, of the graviton, produced by this transfer of momentum is given by the veiy simple formula
Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles in Rizhao City during 2005-2010

[Objective]To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and preventive measures of measles in Rizhao City during 2005-2010,and provide evidence for developing strategy and measures to eliminate measles. [Methods]The descriptive epidemiology was applied to analyze the incidence of measles in Rizhao City during 2005-2010 and the adoption of strategy and measures to eliminate measles. [Results]The reported measles incidence was 0.071/100 000 in 2010 which achived the goal of eliminating measles preliminarily.The peak incidence of measles appeared during March to June from 2005 to 2010,children aged ≥ 15 years had the highest incidence.Most measles cases had not immune history or unknown immune history of MV.Three measles outbreaks occurred;measles cases of 2 outbreaks were all imported cases. [Conclusion]Significant progress on measles elimination has been achieved in Rizhao City.High quality SIA and leakage searching with vaccination are the important means to reduce the incidence of measles and block the spread of measles virus.In future,the high level based immune immunization rates among children should be maintained and consolidated continuously.Suspected measles cases surveillance,early warning and control of outbreaks should be conducted so as to achieve the goals of eliminating measles thoroughly.
Epidemiological analysis of outbreaks of typhoid and paratyphoid in Zhejiang province in 1953-2013

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks of typhoid and paratyphoid in Zhejiang province.Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted based on data collected from outbreaks of typhoid and paratyphoid from 1953 to 2013in Zhejiang province.Results A total of 16 outbreaks were reported from 1953 to 2013in Zhejiang province with 5outbreaks of typhoid and 11 of paratyphoid.31.25% of outbreaks occurred in spring and another 31.25%in autum.More than half(62.50%)outbreaks attacked rural areas,which was significantly higher than that in urban areas(χ2=73.41,P0.05).Most cases were young adults(75.00%)and students(25.00%).The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid during disease outbreaks were statistically different(χ2=81.31,P0.05).Majority of outbreaks(62.50%)were caused by water contamination.Conclusions A down-ward trend of overall outbreaks of typhoid and paratyphoid in Zhejiang is obvious,which mostly occur in spring and fall.Majority of patients are young adults and students,and water is the main cause of disease outbreaks.