cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Store-operated Ca2+ Influx Causes Ca2+ Release from the Intracellular Ca2+ Channels That Is Required for T Cell Activation *

The precise control of many T cell functions relies on cytosolic Ca(2+) dynamics that is shaped by the Ca(2+) release from the intracellular store and extracellular Ca(2+) influx. The Ca(2+) influx activated following T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated store depletion is considered to be a major mechanism for sustained elevation in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) necessary for T cell activation, whereas the role of intracellular Ca(2+) release channels is believed to be minor. We found, however, that in Jurkat T cells [Ca(2+)](i) elevation observed upon activation of the store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) by passive store depletion with cyclopiazonic acid, a reversible blocker of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase, inversely correlated with store refilling. This indicated that intracellular Ca(2+) release channels were activated in parallel with SOCE and contributed to global [Ca(2+)](i) elevation. Pretreating cells with (-)-xestospongin C (10 microM) or ryanodine (400 microM), the antagonists of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) or ryanodine receptor (RyR), respectively, facilitated store refilling and significantly reduced [Ca(2+)](i) elevation evoked by the passive store depletion or TCR ligation. Although the Ca(2+) release from the IP3R can be activated by TCR stimulation, the Ca(2+) release from the RyR was not inducible via TCR engagement and was exclusively activated by the SOCE. We also established that inhibition of IP3R or RyR down-regulated T cell proliferation and T-cell growth factor interleukin 2 production. These studies revealed a new aspect of [Ca(2+)](i) signaling in T cells, that is SOCE-dependent Ca(2+) release via IP3R and/or RyR, and identified the IP3R and RyR as potential targets for manipulation of Ca(2+)-dependent functions of T lymphocytes.
Synthesis and in vitro Efficacy Studies of Silver Carbene Complexes on Biosafety Level 3 Bacteria

A series of N-heterocyclic carbene silver complexes have been synthesized and tested against the select group of bio-safety level 3 bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia mallei, Bacillus anthracis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia pestis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations, minimal bactericidal and killing assays demonstrated the exceptional efficacy of the complexes against these potentially weaponizable pathogens.
Reduction in size and unsteadiness of VTOL ground vortices by ground fences

A ground vortex, produced when a jet impinges on the ground in the presence of cross flow, is encountered by V/STOL aircraft hovering near the ground and is known to be hazardous to the aircraft. The objective of this research was to identify a ground-based technique by which both the mean size and fluctuation in size of the ground vortex could be reduced. A simple passive method was identified and examined in the laboratory. Specifically, one or two fine wire mesh screens (ground fences) bent in a horseshoe shape and located on the ground in front of the jet impingement point proved to be very effective. The ground fences work by decreasing the momentum of the upstream-traveling wall jet, effectively causing a higher freestream-to-jet velocity ratio (V(sub infinity)/V(sub j)) and thus, a ground vortex smaller in size and unsteadiness. At(V(sub infinity)/V(sub j)) = 0.15, the addition of a single ground fence resulted in a 70 percent reduction in mean size of the ground vortex. With two ground fences, the mean size decreased by about 85 percent. Fluctuations in size decreased nearly in proportion to the mean size, for both the single and double fence configurations. These results were consistent over a wide range of jet Reynolds number (10(exp 4) less than Re(sub jet) less than 10(exp 5)); further development and full-scale Reynolds number testing are required, however, to determine if this technique can be made practical for the case of actual VTOL aircraft.
Lipid composition changes in normal breast throughout the menstrual cycle.

The detection of breast cancer in women using magnetic resonance imaging (MR) is increasingly used as a supplement to X-ray mammography. Furthermore, proton MR spectroscopy (1HMRS) has detected alterations in lipid profiles that are linked with tumor development and progression in human biopsy tissue. Because normal “resting” breast is highly active, it is necessary to consider that any alterations observed in lipid profiles may not be indicative of breast tumor development. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in lipid composition in the breast throughout the menstrual cycle in “normals’ using MRS at 4.0 T. Five women with no known history of breast disease were subject to biweekly MRS breast examinations. MRS results showing water and fat resonances revealed cyclic changes in the lipid content throughout the duration of the menstrual cycle. In particular, intensity changes were seen in methylene (-CH2-) and allylic methylene (CH2CH2 *CH=) resonances at 2.1 ppm and 1.3 ppm, respectively. These intensity changes assumed a similar cyclic trend for each subject over the 28 days that correlate with the follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The results obtained may indicate cell synthesis or metabolic activity in the breast during the menstrual cycle and provide valuable information pertinent to lipid responses associated with breast disease.
Effect of E1A and E1B viral proteins on the expression of a calcium ionophore–inducible gene and its promoter

The adenovirus E1A products have been shown to confer both positive and negative regulations on viral as well as cellular genes. To investigate further the effect of the E1A products on cellular genes and their promoters, we measured the endogenous transcript levels of two calcium ionophore-regulated genes (p3C5 and p4A3) in 293 cells which expressed the E1A and E1B products as a result of adenovirus transformation. In addition, we compared the activities of the p3C5 promoter and the simian virus (SV40) early promoter under both induced and noninduced conditions in 293 and other cell lines. Our results indicate that the presence of the E1A and E1B products in 293 cells do not have any significant effect on the endogenous level of expression of both p3C5 and p4A3 genes, nor does it negatively affect the p3C5 promoter activity. We conclude that the activity of the viral products on cellular gene expression is selective; genes that are constitutively expressed and are readily inducible are not necessarily general targets for the E1A functions and while the p3C5 promoter contains an enhancer-like element which shares sequence homology with the SV40 promoter and other viral enhancer core sequences, its activity is not repressed by the E1A products.
An alternative to animal models of central nervous system disorders: Study of drug mechanisms and disease symptoms in animals

Abstract 1. 1. Attempts to produce complete animal models of human disorders of the CNS have had limited success. 2. 2. By having alternative approaches to the production of “true” models of CNS disease, animal research has been able to make significant contributions to our understanding of central disease mechanisms. 3. 3. One alternative includes an examination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs which alter symptoms of disorders of the CNS. 4. 4. Another approach has been the study of underlying neurobiological mechanisms of individual functions which are abnormal in central diseases. 5. 5. This overview provides examples of research which have extended our knowledge about CNS disorders and outlines some of the difficulties in interpretation encountered when these approaches are used.
The Effects of Salt Loading on the Renin- Angiotensin Control of Blood Pressure in the Newborn Lamb

Summary: The renin-angiotensin system control of newborn blood pressure was studied in six sets of twin newborn lambs. The mean aortic blood pressure and plasma renin activity (PRA) was 79.6 ± 0.96 mmHg (mean and S.E.) and 6.88 ± 0.83 ng/ml/h in the chronically salt-loaded lambs (10 mEq/kg/day for 5 days); 86.16 ± 1.8 mmHg (P < 0.001) and 20.48 ± 2.46 ng/ml/h (P < 0.001), respectively in the control lambs. PRA and % change after angiotensin 11 blockade with saralasin was greater in the control lambs, 181.5 ± 6.09 ng/ml/h and 780% than in the chronically salt-loaded lambs, 40 ± 10.47 and 480%, P < 0.001. Blood pressure decreased 10 mmHg only in the control lambs, P < 0.001. An angiotensin 11 dose of 0.25 μg/kg/min increased blood pressure 32 ± 3.1 mmHg in control mambs, and 0.10 μg/kg/min increased blood pressure 32 ± 3.2 mmHg in acutely salt-loaded (10 mEq/kg in 20 ml 5% dextrose/water) lambs. PRA and mean aortic blood pressure decreased in the acutely salt-loaded lambs from 22.3 ± 3.0 ng/ml/h and 86.6 ± 1.0 mmHg to 11.3 ± 1.1 and 76.4 ± 0.8, P < 0.01, respectively. These data show that sodium loading will suppress the basal renin-angiotensin system levels, and mean aortic blood pressure; decrease the hypotensive and PRA responses to saralasin; and increase the pressor responsiveness to angiotensin 11.
Theory of a ring laser

Development of a systematic formulation of the theory of a ring laser which is based on first principles and uses a well-known model for laser operation. A simple physical derivation of the electromagnetic field equations for a noninertial reference frame in uniform rotation is presented, and an attempt is made to clarify the nature of the Fox-Li modes for an open polygonal resonator. The polarization of the active medium is obtained by using a Fourier-series method which permits the formulation of a strong-signal theory, and solutions are given in terms of continued fractions. It is shown that when such a continued fraction is expanded to third order in the fields, the familiar small-signal ring-laser theory is obtained.
The development of over-the-horizon radar at the Naval Research Laboratory

In 1956, the Naval Research Laboratory completed a set of experiments that showed 1) that VHF and HF radar echoes could be coherently processed, and 2) that the ionosphere is often sufficiently stable for a radar operating in the high-frequency band (3 MHz to 30 MHz) to be capable of detecting and tracking targets beyond the normal microwave radar horizon. Later in 1961, the Naval Research Laboratory began operation of their single-site, over-the-horizon radar located on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. This radar was called MADRE, for magnetic drum radar equipment, and demonstrated many of the basic capabilities of high-frequency, over-the-horizon radar. This paper chronicles the development of the hardware and software that comprised the MADRE radar and identify the people that participated in its development.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate receptor: Effect of cyclic AMP analogues on DNA binding and proteolytic inactivation

The cyclic AMP receptor protein of Escherichia coli in the presence of cyclic AMP undergoes a conformational change resulting in an increased affinity for DNA and an increased susceptibility to attack by proteolytic enzymes resulting in loss of DNA binding capacity. Of several cyclic nucleotides tested only cyclic AMP and cyclic tubercidin monophosphate are able to effect the conformational transition in cyclic AMP receptor protein, prerequisite to proteolytic inactivation or DNA binding. Other analogues such as cyclic GMP or cyclic IMP which are competitive inhibitors of cyclic AMP do not support DNA binding or proteolytic inactivation.
Maximizing Water Surface Target Localization Accuracy Under Sunlight Reflection with an Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Reflected sunlight can significantly impact the effectiveness of vision-based object detection and tracking algorithms, especially ones developed for an aerial platform operating over a marine environment. These algorithms often fail to detect water surface objects due to sunlight glitter or rapid course corrections of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) generated by the laws of aerodynamics. In this paper, we propose a UAV path planning method that maximizes the stationary or mobile target detection likelihood during localization and tracking by minimizing the sunlight reflection influences. In order to better reduce sunlight reflection effects, an image-based sunlight reflection reception adjustment is also proposed. We validate our method using both stationary and mobile target tracking tests.
Remark on the computation of mode sums

The computation of mode sums of the types encountered in basic quantum field theoretic applications is addressed with an emphasis on their expansions into functions of distance that can be interpreted as potentials. We show how to regularize and calculate the Casimir energy for the continuum Nambu-Goto string with massive ends as well as for the discrete Isgur-Paton non-relativistic string with massive ends. As an additional example, we examine the effect on the interquark potential of a constant Kalb-Ramond field strength interacting with a QCD string. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Scattering coefficients for a multilayered sphere: analytic expressions and algorithms.

A calculational procedure for obtaining the complete set of scattering coefficients for a multilayered sphere is proposed. The procedure is based on the utilization of a prescription which relates the coefficients for an r-layered sphere to those for an (r − 1)-layered sphere. The prescription is derived directly from the determinantal form of the scattering amplitudes for a multilayered sphere. The complete set of coefficients considered includes the coefficients required to describe the fields within the various regions of the multilayered sphere.
Siloxane, Phosphate, and Hypervalent Formation in Cyclic Silicon and Phosphorus Reactions

Abstract Comparative reactions of phosphites and chlorosilanes with diols, S[R1R2C6H2OH]2, capable of forming eight-membered ring systems, were studied. With (CH2)4SiCl2 a bicyclic silane formed, S[R1R2C6H2O]4, whereas with SiC14, a hydrolysis reaction dominated yielding a cyclic disiloxane product, {(S[(t-Bu)2C6H2O]2-Si(OCH2CF3)} 20, whose X-ray structure showed a ∼50% displacement toward a trigonal bipyramid from a tetrahedron due to a Si[sbnd]S interaction. Hydrolysis reactions also ensued in reactions of P(OXyl)3 and P(OCH2CF3)3 with diols giving acyclic and cyclic phosphates, respectively, e.g., S(Me2C6H2)2(OH)OP(O)(OXyl)2 and S[(t-Bu)-McC6H2O]2P(O)(OCH2CF3). With the rigorous exclusion of moisture, the diol reaction with P(OCH2CF3)3 led to a hexacoordinated structure, via a P[sbnd]S interaction, S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OCH2CF3)3, shown to be ∼70% displaced toward an octahedron from a square pyramid based on X-ray analysis. With P(NMe2)3, a bicyclic oxyphosphorane formed, [S(Me2C6H2O)2]2PNMe2, which showe...
Treatment of Depressive Disorders in Split Versus Integrated Therapy and Comparisons of Prescriptive Practices of Psychiatrists and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses

This study examined the differences in adherence to medication for the treatment of depressive mood disorders whether the patient was involved in split or integrated therapy and if the patient was being treated by a psychiatrist or an advanced practice registered nurse (APRNs) in psychiatry with prescriptive authority. The sample consisted of 122 adults ages 20-60 who carried a diagnosis of major depression, dysthymia, or bipolar II disorder, voluntarily treated in the private sector. Chi-square was the measure used to assess differences in adherence. Adherence was determined by documentation from chart reviews, retrospectively, of the prescriptions for psychotropic medication for a period of up to nine months for each patient included in the research. Six psychiatrists and six APRNs volunteered to collect data from their private practices. Findings demonstrated no statistically significant differences in patient's adherence to medication if they were in split or integrated treatment or if either psychiatrists or an APRN treated them. Psychiatrists used more of secondary class of antidepressants and more antianxiety agents than did the APRNs. The nurses spent more time with patients, using more integrated therapy, than did the psychiatrists.
Performance of Papillary Muscles from the Aging Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: Temporal Changes in Isometric Contraction Parameters

Myocardial mechanics in the male spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) at 18 months of age were studied. Left ventricular hypertrophy was documented in the SHR by an increase in left ventricle/body weight and left ventricle/tibial length ratios when compared to the WKY (P less than 0.001). Isolated left ventricular papillary muscles were studied at 28 degrees C while contracting 12 times/min at the apex of the length-tension curve. Active and passive length-tension relations were measured at relatively early (65 +/- 3 min) and late (200 +/- 5 min) times following sacrifice. No significant differences in passive length-tension relations between strains were observed. Between early and late measurements, a significant decrease in passive tension within the length spectrum 89-100% Lmax occurred in both SHR and WKY, accompanied by a significant increase in passive stiffness (P less than 0.01, SHR; P less than 0.001, WKY). Isometric performance was measured at relatively early (81 +/- 3 min) and later (190 +/- 5 min) times following sacrifice. Strain differences in active muscle performance were of a greater electromechanical delay time (EMD) (P less than 0.05, early: P less than 0.001, late) and time-to-peak tension (TPT) (P less than 0.001, late) in SHR compared to WKY. Between early and late measurements, decreases in EMD (P less than 0.01, SHR; P less than 0.001, WKY), TPT (P less than 0.001; P less than 0.001), the half-time of relaxation (P less than 0.001; P less than 0.001), and the resting tension (P less than 0.01; P less than 0.001) were observed, and the maximum rate of fall of tension increased (P less than 0.01; P less than 0.01). We conclude that studies must be precisely referenced from the time of sacrifice of the animal in order to accurately evaluate the effects of experimental hypertrophy on isolated muscle performance. No evidence for the depression of papillary muscle isometric performance was seen in the 18-month SHR when compared to the WKY, although prolonged EMD and TPT were observed.
The First-Median Test: A Two-Sided Version of the Control Median Test

Consider two independent samples (called x's and y's) of mutually independent observations from populations with c.d.f.'s F(x) and G(x) respectively. Let υ be the number of x's which are smaller than the median of the y-sample and let u be the number of y's which are less than the median of the x-sample. If the x-sample is regarded as the control group, then the control median test proposed by Kimball et al. [9], rejects the hypothesis that F(x) ≡ G(x) if u is small. The present paper discusses a symmetrized version of this test, the first median test, which is based on u if the median of the x-sample precedes the median of the y-sample and on υ, otherwise. The asymptotic distribution theory of both tests is developed. The tests are useful in analyzing life trial data because they permit the experimeter to reach a decision early. In the life trial situation it is important to minimize the expected number of observations required to reach a decision. It is shown that in large samples, when curtailed sampli...
Rethinking poverty: definition and measurement

the Public Policy Program and a faculty member of the College of Public and Community Service, both at the University of Massachusetts Boston. His most recent publications include “The Policy Science of Democracy: The Issues of Methodology and Citizen Participation” Policy Sciences, 2000, 33(2), 207–23 and “The Civil Society Sector in the Developing World” Public Administration and Management: An Interactive Journal, 1999, 4(4), 538–559. Email: udaya.wagle umb.edu OPEN FRUM Rethinking poverty: definition and measurement
Two New Species of Frogs Related to Barygenys exsul (Microhylidae) from New Guinea

Abstract: Barygenys exsul was described from only two specimens—one from Rossel Island and one from Sudest Island. I redescribe the species based on an additional 12 recently collected specimens from the type locality, and I provide the first information on that species' advertisement call. I then diagnose and describe two closely related new species found in geographic proximity to B. exsul. Both of these populations have been known for the past few decades but each had been erroneously assigned to B. exsul. The new species differ from B. exsul on the basis of a series of morphological, color-pattern, and call features. Each is narrowly endemic: B. exsul is limited to two islands in the Louisiade Archipelago, one of the new species is limited to nearby Woodlark Island, and the other is known from a limited area on southeastern-most mainland New Guinea. The Woodlark species exhibits a four-fold range of body sizes among adult males, which is unusually large among Papuan frogs.
An expert study evaluating the UMLS lexical metaschema

Objective:: A metaschema is an abstraction network of the UMLS's semantic network (SN) obtained from a connected partition of its collection of semantic types. A lexical metaschema was previously derived based on a lexical partition which partitioned the SN into semantic-type groups using identical word-usage among the names of semantic types and the definitions of their respective children. In this paper, a statistical analysis methodology is presented to evaluate the lexical metaschema based on a study involving a group of established UMLS experts. Methods:: In the study, each expert was asked to identify subject areas of the SN based on his or her understanding of the various semantic types. For this purpose, the expert scans the SN hierarchy top-down, identifying semantic types, which are important and different enough from their parent semantic types, as roots of their groups. From the response of each expert, an ''expert metaschema'' is constructed. The different experts' metaschemas can vary widely. So, additional metaschemas are obtained from aggregations of the experts' responses. Of special interest is the consensus metaschema which represents an aggregation of a simple majority of the experts' responses. Statistical analysis comparing the lexical metaschema with the experts' metaschemas and the consensus metaschema is presented. Results:: The analysis results shows that 17 out of the 21 meta-semantic types in the lexical metaschema also appear in the consensus metaschema (about 81%). There are 107 semantic types (about 79%) covered by identical meta-semantic types and refinements. The results show the high similarity between the two metaschemas. Furthermore, the statistical analysis shows that the lexical metaschema did not grossly underperform compared to the experts. Conclusion:: Our study shows that the lexical metaschema provides a good approximation for a partition of meaningful subject areas in the SN, when compared to the consensus metaschema capturing the aggregation of a simple majority of the human experts' opinions.
Tribology of Material Contacts under Dynamic Loading, Studied by Electrical Resistance Measurement

The tribology of material contacts under cyclic compression in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the contact was studied by measurement of the contact electrical resistivity of the contact during the dynamic loading. The real-time monitoring allowed observation of both reversible and irreversible effects. The material contacts studied were those involving steel, carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite, cement mortar and graphite, due to their relevance to fastening, concrete structures, electric brushes and electrical pressure contacts. Correlation was made between the contact resistivity and the occurrence of elastic/plastic deformation at asperities. The interfacial structure was found to depend on the stress and the loading history.
Energy transfer in poly-L-tyrosine. V. Fluorescence polarization studies.

Abstract The fluorescence polarization of a series of oligopeptides and of a high molecular weight polymer of tyrosine was measured at 210° K in propylene glycol. The degree of polarization was found to decrease with increasing numbers of tyrosyl residues per molecule, indicating the presence of energy transfer between neutral tyrosyl residues. The expected degree of fluorescence polarization of hexa- l -tyrosine and poly- l -tyrosine was calculated by assuming that the conformations were right-handed α-helices and by using energy transfer rates obtained with the Forster “very-weak coupling” theory. An agreement between the experimental and calculated degree of polarization was found, substantiating the postulated conformations.
High-temperature superconductivity in atomic metallic hydrogen

Superconductivity in the recently proposed ground-state structures of atomic metallic hydrogen is calculated over the pressure range 500 GPa to $3.5$ TPa. Near molecular dissociation, the electron-phonon coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and renormalized Coulomb repulsion are similar to the molecular phase. A nearly continuous increase in the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ with pressure is thus predicted in this range, to $\ensuremath{\sim}356$ K near 500 GPa. As the atomic phase stabilizes with increasing pressure, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ increases, causing ${T}_{c}$ to approach 481 K near 700 GPa. At the first atomic-atomic structural phase transformation near 1--$1.5$ TPa, a discontinuous jump in $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ occurs, causing ${T}_{c}$ to increase up to 764 K.
Transmembrane Helix Association Affinity Can Be Modulated by Flanking and Noninterfacial Residues

The GxxxG sequence motif mediates the association of transmembrane (TM) helices by providing a site of close contact between them. However, it is not sufficient for strong association. For example, both bacteriophage M13 major coat protein (MCP) and human erythrocyte protein glycophorin A (GpA) contain a GxxxG motif in their TM domains and form a homodimer, but the association affinity of MCP, measured by the ToxCAT in vivo assay, is dramatically weaker than that of GpA. Even when all interfacial residues of MCP were substituted for those of GpA (MCP-GpA), association remained significantly weaker than in GpA. Here we provide an explanation for these experimental observations using molecular dynamics simulations in an implicit membrane (IMM1-GC). The association free energies of GpA29 (GpA with 29 residues all from the wild-type sequence), GpA15p11 (GpA with 15 residues from the wild-type sequence plus 11 flanking residues from the ToxCAT construct), MCP, and MCP-GpA TM helices were calculated and compared. MCP and MCP-GpA have the same flanking residues used in the ToxCAT assay as those in GpA15p11, but the position of the flanking residues relative to the GxxxG motif is different. The calculated association free energies follow experimental observations: the association affinity of MCP-GpA falls between those of GpA15p11 and MCP wild-type. MCP exhibits an equally strong interhelical interaction in the TM domain. A major reason for the weaker association of MCP in the calculations was the noninterfacial residue Lys-40, which in the dimer structure is forced to be buried in the membrane interior. To alleviate the desolvation cost, in MCP and MCP-GpA dimers, Lys-40 gets deprotonated. A second factor that modulates association affinity is the flanking residues. Thanks to them, GpA15p11 exhibits a much stronger association affinity than GpA29. The positioning of the flanking residues is also important, as evidenced by the difference in association affinity between MCP and MCP-GpA on one hand and GpA15p11 on the other. Thus, residues outside the contact interface can exert a significant influence on transmembrane helix association affinity.
AGU Scholarship Fund Reaches Its Goal

The Edmond M. Dewan Young Scientist Scholarship fund has reached its goal of $25,000. Those who donated to the fund share AGU's mission in taking an active role in educating and nurturing the next generation of scientists and ensuring a sustainable future for society. Thanks to the generosity of more than 100 members of the AGU and science community, a deserving graduate student of atmospheric or space physics will receive financial assistance to further his or her research and advance his or her research and future career.
Measuring attitudes toward inclusive education

An easily administered 16-item scale was developed to measure attitudes toward inclusive education. Principal components analysis yielded four discrete dimensions of inclusive education with satisfactory internal consistency, including physical, academic, behavioral, and social dimensions. Cross-validation procedures provided further evidence of the factor structure and internal consistency of the scale.
Cluster aggregation and fragmentation kinetics model for gelation.

Abstract Gelation can occur in polymer, hydrogel, and colloid systems that undergo reversible aggregation–fragmentation (crosslinking accompanied by breakage). Gelation, characterized by rapid divergence of weight-average molecular weight and viscosity due to initial network formation, can be reversed if conditions change. In this paper, reversible aggregation and fragmentation in the pre-gelation time period are modeled with distribution kinetics. Moment equations are obtained from the population balance equation, and solved for eight different rate kernels. We identify the cases for which gelation is possible and obtain the critical values for the rate constants that allow gelation. The model provides a good simulation of published experimental data for aggregation and degradation of plasticized wheat gluten during thermo-mechanical treatments. We also evaluate two closure approximations based on Γ and log-normal distributions, and conclude that log-normal closure predicts all five possible steady states, in agreement with the Vigil–Ziff criterion, and Γ closure predicts only three. However, Γ closure approximates the steady state either closely or exactly, whereas log-normal closure only poorly approximates the steady-state distribution.
Fallacy of formal discourse analysis

Abstract Formal discourse analysis, hailed at one time by Martin Joos as ‘the most exciting thing that has happened in linguistics for quite a few years’ (1950:708), was the culmination of structural linguistics. The present paper shows that strict formalism, divorced from meaning, is not only impossible in discourse analysis but is unsuitable as a general linguistic methodology. The purpose of the paper is therefore primarily negative and a constructive proposal must await another occasion. The paper consists of two parts: (1) a survey of previous theories on formal discourse analysis and (2) a theoretical exposition of the untenability of formalism as linguistic methodology and the need for semantics.
The essential tension: opposed reactions in bacterial two-component regulatory systems

In many different bacteria several sensory-response functions are controlled by systems of similar design. Most consist of two proteins, one of which regulates the phosphorylation of the other in response to an environmental stimulus. Regulation is achieved by balancing opposed phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions against each other. Remarkably, such a system can generate a signal whose strength is independent of the concentration of either component.
The Perception of the Song and Its Video Clip

In her article, "The Perception of the Song and Its Video Clip," Mariselda Tessarolo examines the relationship between image and music within promotional video clips. Tessarolo observes that images underline the music, where the song marks the rhythm to be given over (and into) the images. As a consequence, emotion prevails over narration within video clips: Affect is their desired effect. The Schwichtenberg typology is used to determine the nature of the relation between emotional and perceptual response. Video clips were classified according to the way they enact this relation, and 100 university students provided the responses to be evaluated. Research was done in accordance with the semantic differential technique, which detects and evaluates affective meaning. The research design planned for the administration of separate songs and video clips, and the resulting data underwent factorial and cluster analyses. Mariselda Tessarolo, "The Perception of the Song and Its Video Clip" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 3.3 (2001):
Complexities in the stream temperature regime of a small mixed-use watershed, Blacksburg, VA

Abstract Stream temperature is a vital characteristic of stream ecosystems and has a strong control on chemical and biological processes. Water temperatures, particularly in small streams with low flows, can be affected by riparian vegetation and land cover. We designed a study using in situ temperature sensors to examine the annual thermal regime of Stroubles Creek, a small stream in Blacksburg, VA, across three land cover regions; urbanized, agricultural, and forested. During the warm sampling period, mean stream temperatures were: 17.8 °C (±3.5 °C) in the urban reaches; 20.0 °C (±3.0 °C) in the agricultural region; and 20.4 °C (±3.3 °C) in the forested area. Cold period daily stream temperatures were: 10.54 °C (±3.1 °C) in the urban reaches; 8.5 °C (±4.0 °C) in the agricultural region; and 7.7 °C (±4.1 °C) in the forested area. Linear regression analyses suggest that weekly mean stream and air temperatures have a significant linear relationship throughout the Stroubles Creek watershed, regardless of land cover or period. During the warm period, mean stream temperatures increased by 5.9 °C downstream along 9 km of the main stem from the headwater spring to the forested outflow as groundwater was exposed to air temperatures and environmental heat fluxes. Local cooling of stream water occurred in agricultural and forested reaches at sites with higher canopy, and possibly strong stream water–groundwater interactions. Stream temperatures decreased during the cold period by 4.5 °C from headwaters to outflow, with groundwater inputs producing areas of local warming. Although the stream water–groundwater relationship of Stroubles Creek was not quantified in this study, analyses suggest that groundwater and hyporheic flow, along with riparian vegetation and canopy cover, could be controls on stream temperatures. Identifying sources of cooling for stream temperatures in the Stroubles Creek watershed, such as riparian vegetation and groundwater, could be useful for restoring the natural thermal regime, which has important implications for restoration of water quality and aquatic organism diversity in this mixed land use watershed.
Regional morphological variations within the crayfish eye

The existence of structural asymmetries has been quantitatively demonstrated in the crayfish compound eye. Variations in the size of the rhabdomes and corneal facets, as well as the size and extent of the accessory reflecting pigment cells, have been found. It was determined that the mean rhabdome diameter within a 70 degrees arc in the dorsal quadrant of the retina is 11-19% smaller than the mean rhabdome diameter in the remaining areas of the eye. Also, the extent of the accessory reflecting pigment cells is diminished over an area corresponding generally to the dorsal region of smaller rhabdomes. Corneal facet size and shape vary over the surface of the cornea, with smaller facets occurring in the dorsal region. Both the mean rhabdome diameter and the mean corneal facet area for whole eyes increases linearly in animals ranging in size from 3.9-12 cm. The estimated number of corneal facets, and therefore the number of rhabdomes, increases from an average of 4700 in the 3-6.9 cm size range to about 6000 in 7-12 cm animals. These data indicate that structural asymmetries and various size-related parameters exist in the crayfish eye and should be considered in any quantitative analysis of this structure.
Lagging Emulation in Post-Peasant Society1

THIS paper has two purposes: one is to suggest that a particular process of social and cultural change occurs commonly enough and has important enough consequences to be worthy of being identified and given a distinctive name; and the second is to illustrate, using contemporary Greek data, the possible value of the concept for studies of change in rural populations emerging from the status of peasantry. I call this concept lagging emulation. The emulation in question is the process whereby social groups of lower prestige, upon the acquisition of new wealth or other forms of opportunity, imitate and often successfully acquire what they conceive to be the behavior of those with greater prestige; the emulation "lags" in that the behavior imitated is that which reached its acme as a prestige symbol for the higher social group at an earlier period in its history, and is now obsolescent. Lagging emulation occurs, then, under conditions in which the groups which constitute the traditional elites or which are otherwise considered worthy of emulation are themselves acquiring new ways at the same time that the traditionally less advantaged groups are enabled to alter their previous patterns of life. The concept and its phrasing are of course influenced both by the ideas of Thorstein Veblen and also by Charles Erasmus' recent extension of some of them for his discussion of the acceptance or rejection of change in underdeveloped countries (Erasmus 1961:13 and passim). The concept of lagging emulation is based on the assumptions that the desire for prestige, or social status, or achievement is a basic motive in all cultures and societies; that to some extent this motive enters into the conscious awareness of the participants in a society-it becomes a felt need, in Erasmus' terms (Erasmus 1961: 12-13, 309); and that a frequently occurring means for satisfying the need is to emulate the behavior of those strata of society to which prestige is already firmly attached (cf. Foster 1962: 147-150). Examples of the phenomenon, without a special term for it to be sure, have appeared in the literature, and some of these may clarify the idea. Many writers on caste in India have noted that as village lower castes develop some wealth or power, they assume some of the obsolescent customs of higher castes. The lower caste may imitatively start to increaSe the authority of the father and husband and to tighten the restrictions on wives at just about the time that higher castes are beginning, as a means of increasing their prestige in a newly developing international community, to loosen the traditional authority and restrictions (Cohn 1955:67-68). Srinivas, in his discussions of religiously inspired traits in India, characterizes as an " ... interesting contradiction of modern Hindu social life [the fact] that while Brahmins are becoming more and
Hexane and ethanol as peanut oil solvents

Absolute ethanol is a better solvent for extracting peanut grits than 95% ethanol, with hexane intermediate in its action. More nonlipids solids are extracted by 95% ethanol than absolute ethanol as compared with none by hexane. Ethanol-extracted oils are slightly higher in color and free fatty acids than hexane-extracted oils.
Phosphate-controlled gene expression in Escherichia coli K12 using Mudl-directed lacZ fusions.

Abstract The bacteriophage transposon Mudl (AmpR, lacZ) was used to direct the fusion of lacZ to phosphate-regulated promoters in Escherichia coli. These lacZ fusion-bearing strains were then utilized in a systematic analysis of phosphate-controlled gene expression in E. coli. In one experiment, 54 independently isolated strains were identified that had lacZ fused to phosphate-starvation-inducible (psi) transcription promoters. Several experiments showed that in these strains lacZ was fused to 18 or more separate psi promoters; the corresponding genes were denoted psiA through psiR. Several interesting results were obtained. In pho constitutive mutants most, but not all, psi :: lacZ fusions expressed β-galactosidase constitutively. While all the psi promoters responded to phosphate starvation, several were also inducible by carbon starvation, nitrogen starvation, the presence of catabolites in the growth medium, and/or by ultraviolet irradiation. Although differences were sometimes observed, most psi promoters showing similar multivalent control were similarly affected by pho regulatory mutations.
A Horrible Experiment

A patient presented to my office who had been tortured in the course of a wartime medical experiment many years ago. Seeing him prompted me to explore my personal reaction to his case and to reflect on the history of the ethics of medical experimentation in the 20th century.
Persistent vegetative state

Persistent vegetative state (PVS) was first described in 1972 and refers to a clinical condition in which there is a lack of self-awareness (complete unawareness of the self) despite the patient having sleep–wake cycles, other basic reflexes (such as blinking or withdrawing the hand when it is squeezed hard), being capable of spontaneous breathing, and maintaining complete or partial hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic functions.
A dichotomy between lipophilicity and in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity

An analysis of a number of data bases revealed a dichotomy between the lipophilicity of groups of agents capable of inducing genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Thus agents with the potential for reacting with cellular DNA, inducing mutations in Salmonella and clastogenicity in cultured cells were characteristically significantly more hydrophilic than agents which did not induce such effects. On the other hand, in vivo inducers of clastogenicity (micronuclei) were significantly more lipophilic than non-inducers. Cellular and systemic toxicants were also more lipophilic than non-toxicants.
Tracing the Path of Research in Organizations and Work

The new Oxford Handbook of Work and Organization reminds us of the importance that organizations have on work and workplace outcomes. Its exhaustive coverage of research on these topics also makes clear that research relating organizations and work are in short supply and suggests some promising areas for future studies.
The effect of L-amino acid oxidase on activity of melphalan against an intracranial xenograft.

We have previously shown that diet restriction-induced depletion of large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) in murine plasma to 46% of control significantly enhances intracranial delivery of melphalan without enhancing delivery to other organs. Studies have now been conducted to determine whether more substantial LNAA depletion could further enhance intracranial delivery of melphalan. Treatment with Lamino acid oxidase (LOX) significantly depleted murine plasma LNAAs: phenylalanine, leucine, and tyrosine (>95%); methionine (83%); isoleucine (70%); and valine (46%). Experiments evaluating the intracellular uptake of melphalan and high-pressure liquid chromatography quantitation of melphalan metabolites revealed, however, that melphalan is rapidly degraded in the presence of LOX, and that the timing of the administration of melphalan following the use of LOX to deplete LNAAs is crucial. Conditions were found under which LOX-mediated degradation of melphalan was minimized and LNAA depletion was maximized, resulting in a potentiation of the antitumor effect of melphalan on human glioma xenografts in nude mice. Such potentiation could not be obtained using diet restriction alone.
Instrumental Evaluation of Fabric Wrinkle Recovery

This paper describes the application of computer image analysis techniques to characterization and quantification of fabric wrinkling for the purpose of devising an automated rating system of fabric wrinkle recovery. Two variables, surface ratio and shade ratio, are defined to quantify wrinkled appearance. The techniques for measuring these variables are discussed. Based on the analysis of the AATCC wrinkle recovery replicas using these techniques, we found that each of these two variables approximately exhibits an exponential relationship with the grades presented by the replicas. Through non-linear regression, two empirical equations are formulated to serve as mathematical models for grading fabric wrinkle recovery. The wrinkle recovery of seven different fabrics is evaluated, respectively, by observers using AATCC test method 128 and by the image system. Results show that the computer grading is highly consistent with the visual grading, and is more accurate and reliable.
Oligopeptides of three to five residues derived from uveitopathogenic sites of retinal S-antigen induce experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in Lewis rats

Abstract We have previously reported that microbial peptides having 3 to 6 amino acid sequence homology with uveitopathogenic peptide of retinal S-antigen (S-Ag) are capable of inducing experimental autoimmune aveitis (EAU) in Lewis rats and subhuman primates. T-cells obtained from animals immunized with these microbial peptides proliferate when stimulated with S-Ag peptide in culture and vice versa. We were interested to know whether these 3 to 6 identical amino acid residues by themselves were sufficient to induce EAU in susceptible animals under optimal conditions. For this purpose we have determined the response of synthetic oligopeptides of 3 to 18 amino acid residues for their ability to indice EAU. Here, we report that small synthetic oligopeptides of 3 to 5 amino acid residues of the two uveitopathogenie peptides of S-g induced EAU in Lewis rats, although with a higher dose (2000 μg/rat) than that of the larger peptides (50 μg/rat). These results define the core sequences in the uveitopathogenic peptides of retinal S-Ag.
Temperature dependence of ion-beam mixing in III-V semiconductors

Ion‐beam mixing in AlxGa1−xAs and InP matrices was measured as a function of irradiation temperature using 1 MeV Kr ion irradiation. For these III–V compound semiconductors, the mixing increased with temperature up to a critical temperature Tc at which point it precipitously dropped. Tc was identified as the amorphous‐to‐crystalline transition temperature in these materials under 1 MeV Kr irradiation.
Dermatotoxicology monographs I. Cutaneous irritation: factors influencing the response to irritants.

(1978). Dermatotoxicology Monographs I. Cutaneous Irritation: Factors Influencing the Response to Irritants. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 333-346.
Fine Structure of the Root Cells of Phaseolus vulgaris

The roots of Phaseolus vulgaris were selected for study. The following subcellular components of the meristematic cells were described and discussed: cytoplasmic membrane; plasmodesmata, mitochondria, proplastids, Golgi-apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid bodies and nucleus.
Power, clock, and data recovery in a wireless neural recording device

For many medical applications, neural recording systems should be fully implantable. Transcutaneous wires must be completely eliminated, and this necessitates the wireless transfer of power, clock, and configuration data to the device. We have developed, fabricated, and tested circuits that recover power from a wireless power transmitter and produce a clock from its carrier. A novel data recovery scheme is also presented that allows configuration and command data to be recovered from the amplitude-modulated power waveform. This scheme is robust against glitches and offsets, and requires a minimum modulation depth of 29%. All of these circuits together consume 0.366 mm/sup 2/ of area in a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process and have a total current draw of 511 /spl mu/A.
Activity Awareness and Social Sensemaking 2.0: Design of a Task Force Workspace

Task forces of expert knowledge workers would benefit from more advanced web tools supporting activity awareness and social sensemaking. This paper proposes the design of a task force workspace, which is under development. It introduces the problem through a scenario, specifies requirements, illustrates a modeling approach and the mockups of the functions in the proposed workspace. Design issues and future work are finally discussed.