cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast communication: A comparative study of complex gradient and fixed-point ICA algorithms for interference suppression in static and dynamic channels

Separation of complex signals using independent component analysis (ICA) is an area of extensive research. Several gradient and fixed-point complex ICA algorithms have been proposed in this regard. In this contribution, the performance of the recently developed complex ICA with individual adaptation (C-IA-ICA) is compared to the most recent gradient optimization KM algorithm (KM-G) and fixed-point complex fast-ICA (CF-ICA) algorithm. The algorithms are tested in interference suppression for QPSK based receivers, in both static and dynamic channel conditions. In addition, two simulation scenarios are presented. In the first case, the interferer is another QPSK signal, while in the second the interferer is a 16-QAM signal. In static conditions, the CF-ICA has the fastest convergence with high interference suppression. However, in dynamic scenarios frequently encountered in practice, its convergence speed is greatly affected. The complex IA-ICA achieves good interference suppression in both static and dynamic channels without a significant effect on its convergence speed. The KM-G, while not diverging, in both static and dynamic channel situations, is less effective in interference suppression, in contrast to the CF-ICA and C-IA-ICA which achieve acceptable interference suppression in both cases.
The effect of exercise on red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in children

Twenty-five children were studied to observe the effects of acute exercise upon red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). These subjects showed an increase in 2,3-DPG (p
A New Species of Nyctimystes (Anura: Hylidae) from Papua New Guinea

Abstract: I describe a new species of hylid frog of the genus Nyctimystes from Fergusson Island off the southeastern peninsula of New Guinea. The new species is distinctive in being of moderate size, lacking a tubercle or lappet on the heel, and in having a vocal sac and slits, palpebral venation of vertically oriented lines with few cross-connections, basal webbing between the fingers, orange-yellow flash markings in the groin and hidden surfaces of the thighs, and a venter heavily flecked with brown. The new species is currently known only from the type locality, but it may range more widely across the D'Entrecasteaux Islands. It is morphologically most similar to N. persimilis from the mountains of the adjacent mainland of New Guinea.
Broad phylogenetic expression of heavy-chain determinants detected by rabbit antisera to VHa allotypes

Immunoglobulin molecules from diverse vertebrate species were examined, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for the expression of determinants detectable by rabbit antisera to VHa allotypes. The data indicate that immunoglobulins of elasmobranchs, teleosts, amphibians and birds express determinants cross-reactive with those specified by the a1, a2 and a3 alleles in the domestic rabbit. We localize VHa cross-reactive specificity to the denatured heavy chain of a primitive vertebrate, the Galapagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagensis). Furthermore, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the shark heavy chain shows significant homology with rabbit heavy chains of known VHa type at positions where allotype-correlated differences have been implicated. VHa-related determinants are shared by immunoglobulins of a wide range of vertebrates from sharks to man and thus seem to be epitopes which have been conserved during vertebrate evolution. The determinants detected on immunoglobulins of lower vertebrates by rabbit anti-VHa allotype sera most probably are VH-subgroup rather than allotypic markers. Their distribution demonstrates a strong phylogenetic conservation of VH-regions.
Benders decomposition with alternative multiple cuts for a multi-product closed-loop supply chain network design model

In this article, we consider a multi-product closed-loop supply chain network design problem where we locate collection centers and remanufacturing facilities while coordinating the forward and reverse flows in the network so as to minimize the processing, transportation, and fixed location costs. The problem of interest is motivated by the practice of an original equipment manufacturer in the automotive industry that provides service parts for vehicle maintenance and repair. We provide an effective problem formulation that is amenable to efficient Benders reformulation and an exact solution approach. More specifically, we develop an efficient dual solution approach to generate strong Benders cuts, and, in addition to the classical single Benders cut approach, we propose three different approaches for adding multiple Benders cuts. These cuts are obtained via dual problem disaggregation based either on the forward and reverse flows, or the products, or both. We present computational results which illustrate the superior performance of the proposed solution methodology with multiple Benders cuts in comparison to the branch-and-cut approach as well as the traditional Benders decomposition approach with a single cut. In particular, we observe that the use of multiple Benders cuts generates stronger lower bounds and promotes faster convergence to optimality. We also observe that if the model parameters are such that the different costs are not balanced, but, rather, are biased towards one of the major cost categories (processing, transportation or fixed location costs), the time required to obtain the optimal solution decreases considerably when using the proposed solution methodology as well as the branch-and-cut approach. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Adenosquamous and squamous carcinoma of the colon and upper rectum: a clinical and histopathologic study

PURPOSE: Squamous and adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon and proximal rectum are rare neoplasms in which the clinicopathologic behavior and the most appropriate management are unknown. The purpose of this study was to review the histology and clinical course of the largest series of cases ever reported from a single center on this rare condition. METHOD: The Mayo Clinic tissue registry was searched for all primary cases of squamous and adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon or rectum proximal to 8 cm from the dentate and presenting before December 31, 1992. Of the 52 identified cases there was adequate histologic material for review in 44 cases. These cases were divided into pure squamous-cell carcinoma (n=11), mixed adenosquamous carcinoma (n=31), and adenocarcinoma with benign-appearing squamous metaplasia (adenoacanthoma; n=2). Squamous-cell carcinomas were examined for evidence of human papilloma virus byin situ hybridization. A retrospective review of medical records was undertaken in all 52 cases with respect to predisposing factors, clinicopathologic behavior, prognostic features, and treatment with adjuvant therapy. RESULTS: The charts of 52 patients (20 females), with a mean age of 58.6 (range, 19–90) years, were reviewed. Right-sided lesions were the most common (43 percent). Metastatic disease was evident at presentation in 49 percent of patients, the most common sites in order being liver, peritoneal, and lung. The five-year overall survival rate was 34 percent, Stage I to III disease had a 65 percent five-year survival rate, and Stage IV mean survival time was 8.5 months. For node-positive and node-negative disease, 23 and 85 percent, respectively, survived five years. There was no evidence of human papilloma virus in the six squamous-cell carcinomas examined. CONCLUSION: Squamous and adenosquamous carcinomas of the colon and rectum are rare neoplasms. Although a poor prognosis can be expected for node-positive disease, patients with negative nodes do generally the same as patients with adenocarcinoma histology. Based on advances made with multimodality therapy of squamous-cell cancer of the anus and adenocarcinoma of the rectum, further studies should define the role of postoperative therapies for these lesions.
Combining early markers strongly predicts conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease.

Background The utility of combining early markers to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains uncertain. Methods Included in the study were 148 outpatients with MCI, broadly defined, followed at 6-month intervals. Hypothesized baseline predictors for follow-up conversion to AD (entire sample: 39/148 converters) were cognitive test performance, informant report of functional impairment, apolipoprotein E genotype, olfactory identification deficit, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volumes. Results In the 3-year follow-up patient sample (33/126 converters), five of eight hypothesized predictors were selected by backward and stepwise logistic regression: Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ; informant report of functioning), University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT; olfactory identification), Selective Reminding Test (SRT) immediate recall (verbal memory), MRI hippocampal volume, and MRI entorhinal cortex volume. For 10% false positives (90% specificity), this five-predictor combination showed 85.2% sensitivity, combining age and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) showed 39.4% sensitivity; combining age, MMSE, and the three clinical predictors (SRT immediate recall, FAQ, and UPSIT) showed 81.3% sensitivity. Area under ROC curve was greater for the five-predictor combination (.948) than age plus MMSE (.821; p = .0009) and remained high in subsamples with MMSE ≥ 27/30 and amnestic MCI. Conclusions The five-predictor combination strongly predicted conversion to AD and was markedly superior to combining age and MMSE. Combining the clinically administered measures also led to strong predictive accuracy. If independently replicated, the findings have potential utility for early detection of AD.
Finasteride in the treatment of alopecia.

Finasteride is a 5α-reductase inhibitor approved for the treatment of male pattern hair loss. Originally approved for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy in 1992, its approval was expanded in 1997 to include the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in men at a dose of 1 mg/day. Finasteride inhibits 5α-reductase, thereby prohibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is implicated in the development of hairless in some men. Reduction in DHT results in a significant improvement in subjective and objective assessments of hair growth and density. Finasteride is well-tolerated with a favourable adverse event history. The most common adverse events include reduced libido, decreased ejaculate volume and gynaecomastia.
Studying Waves; Understanding Sea Changes

The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective Edited by Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, and Hans-Jurgen Puhle The Consolidation of Democracy in Latine America Edited by Joseph Tulchin, with Bernice Romero State Building and Democracy in Southern Africa: Botswana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa Pierre du Toit
Schnellaufende Schneckenstrangpressen zum kontinuierlichen Erwärmen, Mischen und Fördern von thermoplastischen Massen durch Zufuhr mechanischer Energie

Ein Verfahren zur Behandlung von thermoplastischen Massen ausschlieslich durch Einleiten mechanischer Energie wird beschrieben. Die bisherigen Entwicklungsarbeiten an solchen Schneckenpressen sind zum grosten Teil auf dem Gebiete der Kunststoff - Strangformung geleistet worden. Jedoch ist die Anwendung des Verfahrens auch auf anderen Gebieten moglich, insbesondere bei Schuttgutern, die Anwendung des Verfahrens auch auf anderen Gebieten moglich, insbesondere bei Schuttgutern, die erwarmt und gleichzeitig intensiv gemischt werden sollen. In der chemischen Industrie konnen solche Extruder auch fur kontinuierlich ablaufende chemische Reaktionen sowie zum Abbau von Hochpolymeren verwendet werden.
Stem Cell Effects at a Distance

Stem cell therapy has generated significant interest for the treatment of cardiovascular disease at the bench and in the clinic. Many clinical studies have demonstrated significant potential for the prevention and treatment of cardiac dysfunction. A significant number of studies over the past many years in laboratories throughout the world have been focused on elucidating the mechanisms of action for stem cell-based repair of the heart. Article, see p 87 As schematized in the Figure (A), the early conclusion regarding bone marrow-derived adult stem cells was that they homed to areas of newly injured myocardium and differentiated into cardiac myocytes regenerating lost cardiac myocytes and restoring contractile function.1 Although this was revolutionary and exciting, follow-up data have challenged whether adult stem cells were capable of differentiating into adult cardiac myocytes.2,3 Importantly, although myocardial regeneration appears unlikely to be a relevant mechanism of action with bone marrow-derived adult stem cells, both preclinical …
Diffusion MR Imaging During Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats

Background and Purpose—We analyzed the temporal and spatial pattern of water diffusion changes during acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rat brain to identify factors contributing to the acute pathophysiology of SAH. Methods—Subarachnoid hemorrhage was remotely induced via perforation of the circle of Willis with an endovascular suture during MR imaging. A fast echo-planar imaging technique was used to acquire 60 maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) beginning 1 min before and continuing for 11 min after induction of SAH. A high-resolution spin-echo diffusion sequence was used to follow diffusion changes over 6 h after SAH. Sham-operated control (n=3), nonheparinized (n=6), and heparinized (n=5) groups were studied. Results—Sham-operated control animals did not show ADC changes over time. In both SAH groups, however, a sharp decline of ADC within 2 min of SAH was consistently observed in the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex. These decreases in diffusion then spread within minutes over the i...
Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype: The Other Side of the Story

The causes of vascular diseases are complex and strongly influenced by environmental factors as well as genetic predisposition. Ultimately, these factors alter the structure and/or functional properties of the arterial wall disrupting vascular homeostasis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, aortic aneurysm and dissection, posttransplant vasculopathy, and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention.1 In response to arterial injury and the release and activation of growth factors, contractile SMCs populating the tunica media of the arterial wall downregulate a set of genes encoding SMC-restricted contractile proteins and concomitantly upregulate genes involved in the secretion of extracellular matrix, cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation.1,2 Comprehensive understanding of the molecular programs regulating modulation of SMC phenotype will be necessary to develop preventive and targeted therapeutic strategies for vascular disease. Article, see p 685 The MADS box transcription factor, serum response factor (SRF), and the SMC lineage-restricted transcriptional coactivator, myocardin, lie at the center of a molecular program regulating SMC differentiation and the contractile SMC phenotype.2–4 Most but not all genes encoding SMC contractile proteins contain CArG boxes, or SRF binding sites, in their promoter and/or transcriptional enhancers.3,4 In response to a variety of intracellular signals including Rho/ROCK, MAP kinase, and calcium, myocardin associates with SRF and the myocardin/SRF complex binds to CArG boxes activating transcription of SMC contractile genes.1,4 Remarkably, forced expression of myocardin in embryonic stem cells is necessary and sufficient to activate endogenous SMC genes.5 Moreover, vascular SMCs are not observed in the aorta Myocd −/− null embryos.6 Ablation of the Myocd gene in neural crest–derived SMCs populating the great arteries causes a cell autonomous block in expression of genes encoding SMC contractile proteins. …
Identification of a new disease cluster of pemphigus vulgaris with autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis and type I diabetes.

SummaryBackground Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering skin disease. It is known that individuals with autoimmune diseases such as PV, as well as their family members, are at increased risk of developing other autoimmune diseases. However, it is unknown whether there are specific autoimmune diseases that cluster with PV. Objectives To investigate the frequency of coexisting autoimmune diseases in patients with PV and their relatives, to determine the prevalence of specific autoimmune diseases in patients with PV vs. the general population and to identify statistically significant clinical clusters linking PV with other autoimmune disorders. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study and meta-analysis of patient data from our own patient database (n = 230), an anonymous online survey conducted by our laboratory (n = 171) and the International Pemphigus & Pemphigoid Foundation registry (n = 393). Results We found that the prevalences of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes were significantly increased in patients with PV compared with the general population. These diseases were also among the most frequent in family members of patients with PV, in addition to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Descriptive cluster analysis using basic principle components methods revealed that PV forms a distinct cluster with AITD, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, and another cluster with SLE, AITD and rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusions PV belongs to an established autoimmune disease cluster that includes AITD, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Our data suggest the possibility of common genetic elements across clinically distinct diseases that might underlie autoimmune susceptibility.
UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY : V. THE RELATION BETWEEN UROBILIN AND CONDITIONS INVOLVING INCREASED RED CELL DESTRUCTION.

Further evidence is presented, in addition to that of our previous papers, that the intestinal tract is, under ordinary circumstances, the sole place of origin of urobilin. So long as the biliary tract remains sterile the presence of the pigment in bile and urine is entirely dependent upon the passage of bile to the intestine. Animals rendered urobilin-free by the collection of all the bile from the intubated, uninfected common duct, remain urobilin-free during and after extensive blood destruction caused by intravenous injections of distilled water, as also after reinjections of the animal's own blood, hemolyzed in vitro. No urobilin appears in the bile, urine, or feces of animals so intubated when blood destruction has been caused by sodium oleate, or by an agent, toluylenediamine, which damages the liver as well as the blood. On the other hand, when bile flow into the intestine is uninterrupted, urobilinuria occurs during blood destruction caused in any of the ways mentioned and it parallels, both in severity and duration, the destructive process. Merely increasing the amount of bilirubin within the intestines of healthy dogs by feeding urobilin-free bile, will lead to marked urobilinuria. The extravasation of blood into the tissues, resulting from the trauma of an operation for intubation of a bile duct, does not lead to urobilinuria in animals losing all of the bile after this operation, but may do so when only a small fraction of the bile is drained, while the remainder reaches the intestine as usual. The production of artificial hematomas, without operation, is not followed by urobilinuria, under the circumstances last mentioned, but merely by an increase in the bilirubin of the bile. The effect on the liver of the anesthetic employed during the intubation may be responsible for the difference in the two cases. During the course of certain intercurrent infections affecting some of the intubated animals, notably distemper, there was a drop in the hemoglobin percentage of the circulating blood, accompanied by an increased output of bile pigment or further by urobilinuria, when the conditions were such that bile still reached the intestine. The findings pointed to increased blood destruction as a factor in the urobilinuria. The evidence presented, taken with that of our previous papers, suffices to demonstrate, that urobilinuria, occurring during blood destruction, is primarily the result of an increased excretion of bilirubin from which, in turn, an unusually large quantity of urobilin is formed within the intestine. The liver fails to remove from the portal blood all of the latter pigment which is resorbed and consequently some of it reaches the kidneys and urine. Our work has been carried out on animals with uninfected biliary tracts and livers, save for one case which has special mention. The influence of infection of the biliary tract on the place of formation of urobilin and the development of urobilinuria will be discussed in a succeeding communication.
The acylation of propene by acetic acid over H-[Fe]ZSM-5 and H-[Al]ZSM-5

Abstract We have studied the vapor-phase reaction of acetic acid with propene over H-[Al]ZSM-5 and H-[Fe]ZSM-5 molecular sieves between 425 and 600 K, for acetic acid partial pressures of 0.033–0.066 Bar, with propene:acetic acid ratios between 1 and 4. Reasonable conversions were obtained above 450 K. Both H-[Fe]ZSM-5 and H-[Al]ZSM-5 showed high activities at 450 K, with selectivities to propyl acetates of ∼90% using a propene:acetic acid ratio of 2 and ketones formed by dehydration of the acetates making up most of the remaining products. The reaction rate was completely stable at 450 K for at least 20 h, and the product distribution was insensitive to the reactant feed ratio for a propene:acetic acid ratio above 2. On H-[Fe]ZSM-5, dehydration of the acetates became increasingly important at higher temperatures, with the selectivity to ketones approaching 80% at 525 K. At still higher temperatures, reaction pathways that did not involve propyl acetates became important. The high selectivity for forming propyl acetates and the absence of olefin oligomerization is believed to result from having the acid sites occupied (saturated) by acetic acid. Finally, the acid-site density measured on H-[Fe]ZSM-5 after weeks of catalyst testing remained the same as the initial site density, showing that this material has sufficient stability for fine-chemicals synthesis.
Segmenting customer transactions using a pattern-based clustering approach

Grouping customer transactions into categories helps understand customers better. The marketing literature has concentrated on identifying important segmentation variables (e.g. customer loyalty) and on using clustering and mixture models for segmentation. The data mining literature has provided various clustering algorithms for segmentation. We investigate using "pattern-based" clustering approaches to grouping customer transactions. We argue that there are clusters in transaction data based on natural behavioral patterns, and present a new technique, YACA, that groups transactions such that itemsets generated from each cluster, while similar to each other, are different from ones generated from others. We present experimental results from user-centric Web usage data that demonstrates that YACA generates a highly effective clustering of transactions.
Single Stop Optimization of Manipulator Maneavers with Variable Structure Control

One step ahead optimization has been recently proposed for spacecraft attitude maneuvers as well as for robot manipulator maneuvers. Such a technique yields a discrete time control algorithm implementable as a sequence of state-dependent, quadratic programming problems for acceleration optimization. Its sensitivity to model accuracy, for the required inversion of the system dynamics, is shown in this paper to be alleviated by a fast variable structure control correction, acting between the sampling intervals of the slow one step ahead discrete time acceleration command generation algorithm. The slow and fast looping concept chosen follows that recently proposed for optimal aiming strategies with variable structure control. Accelerations required by the VSC correction are reserved during the slow one step ahead command generation so that the ability to overshot the sliding surface is guaranteed.
A hybrid approach to stress analysis in skeletal systems

Provides a continuum analysis of skeletal elastic structures in which loading conditions are derived from neural-musculotendon dynamics. Forward dynamic simulations of human motion are based on an ensemble of articulating segments controlled by Hill-type musculotendon actuators. The joint torques and reaction forces as predicted by this analysis determine loading conditions for the stress analysis of the segmental links which are modeled as hybrid parameter systems. This approach accounts for both the rigid body motions of the articulating links and the elastic deformations that represent the continuum effects in the bone. Although the methods in the paper are readily extended to general multi-link segmental models, simulations for the arm-shoulder complex are presented in order to illustrate the method.
Global conformal surface parameterization

We solve the problem of computing global conformal parameterizations for surfaces with nontrivial topologies. The parameterization is global in the sense that it preserves the conformality everywhere except for a few points, and has no boundary of discontinuity. We analyze the structure of the space of all global conformal parameterizations of a given surface and find all possible solutions by constructing a basis of the underlying linear solution space. This space has a natural structure solely determined by the surface geometry, so our computing result is independent of connectivity, insensitive to resolution, and independent of the algorithms to discover it. Our algorithm is based on the properties of gradient fields of conformal maps, which are closedness, harmonity, conjugacy, duality and symmetry. These properties can be formulated by sparse linear systems, so the method is easy to implement and the entire process is automatic. We also introduce a novel topological modification method to improve the uniformity of the parameterization. Based on the global conformal parameterization of a surface, we can construct a conformal atlas and use it to build conformal geometry images which have very accurate reconstructed normals.
Bupropion for weight reduction

Bupropion is a norepinephrine and dopamine uptake inhibitor that has been available for several years for the treatment of depression and aiding smokers to quit. Although bupropion is not approved for treating obesity, three randomized clinical trials have shown some degree of efficacy for this drug in promoting weight loss in obese patients. The present drug profile provides a review of the pharmacology of bupropion, clinical evidence of efficacy with regard to weight reduction, tolerability and risks, and the current and future role of this drug in the management of obesity.
The Renal Protective Effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVETo review the renal protective effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.DATA SOURCESA MEDLINE search (1966-March 2004) was completed using irbesartan, candesartan, losartan, valsartan, eprosartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, renal protection, nephropathy, albuminuria, and type 2 diabetes mellitus as key words.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll identified English-language articles were reviewed. References of the identified sources were used to identify additional articles. Articles representative of the subject matter of our review were included.DATA SYNTHESISARBs have extensive data showing their renal protective benefits in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or proteinuria. The benefits are over and above that of blood pressure reduction alone and extend to normotensive diabetic patients as well. Maximizing the ARB dose before adding additional therapies or another renal-protecting agent (angiotensin-converting enzyme...
Radar observations of the rings of Saturn

Abstract Radar echos at 12.6 cm show that the particles of the rings of Saturn are very efficient radar reflectors. It follows that the particles are likely to be rough, with diameters on the order of a meter or larger. The data indicates that some of the reflecting objects may lie beyond the visible rings.
Elevated Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by a Skewed T Cell Compartment Requires Monocytes and Promotes Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes

An appropriate balance between proinflammatory (Th17 and Th1) and anti-inflammatory (regulatory T cells [Tregs] and Th2) subsets of T cells is critical to maintain homeostasis and avoid inflammatory disease. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic inflammatory disease promoted by changes in immune cell function. Recent work indicates T cells are important mediators of inflammation in a mouse model of T2D. These studies identified an elevation in the Th17 and Th1 subsets with a decrease in the Treg subset, which culminates in inflammation and insulin resistance. Based on these data, we tested the hypothesis that T cells in T2D patients are skewed toward proinflammatory subsets. Our data show that blood from T2D patients has increased circulating Th17 cells and elevated activation of Th17 signature genes. Importantly, T cells required culture with monocytes to maintain Th17 signatures, and fresh ex vivo T cells from T2D patients appeared to be poised for IL-17 production. T cells from T2D patients also have increased production of IFN-γ, but produce healthy levels of IL-4. In contrast, T2D patients had decreased percentages of CD4+ Tregs. These data indicate that T cells in T2D patients are naturally skewed toward proinflammatory subsets that likely promote chronic inflammation in T2D through elevated cytokine production. Potential therapies targeted toward resetting this balance need to be approached with caution due to the reciprocal relationship between Th17 cells and Tregs. Understanding the unique aspects of T2D T cells is essential to predict outcomes of such treatments.
The effectiveness in managing a group of multiple projects: Factors of influence and measurement criteria

Abstract To improve management and efficiency, many organizations nowadays employ multiple project management (MPM) practices. A common way to do so is having one project manager lead multiple concurrent projects, which we term – the management of a group of multiple projects (MGMP). Despite the high rate of utilization in the industries, MGMP research is still limited. In responding to the demand in this relevant research area, we examined the issues leading to effectiveness in MGMP from six leading high-tech organizations. We found the organizational-level and operational-level factors influencing the effectiveness in MGMP and the criteria for measuring the MGMP effectiveness. This finding was organized as a framework underlying the effectiveness in MGMP, providing important managerial implications and suggesting potential future research.
A Study of the Cellular Elements and Hemoglobin in the Blood of Chickens Experimentally Infected with Capillaria Columbae (Rud.)

Abstract THERE exist only isolated reports concerned with actual observations on the number of cells or amount of hemoglobin in the blood of chickens affected with animal parasites. Some textbooks speak of a state of anemia as being associated with severe infections of the chicken with tapeworms or round worms (Reinhardt, 1925). Yakimoff and Rastegaieff (1929) observed one chicken with Eimeria tenella and cestode infection to have a very marked eosinophilia which amounted to 48.6 percent of the total number of leukocytes. Fantham (1912) reports that in the blood of a young chicken affected with coccidiosis the differential count was: lymphocytes 20.5 percent, heterophils 47.0 percent, eosinophils 2.0 percent, basophils 1.0 percent, and monocytes 29.5 percent. Fantham (1912) also reports that grouse infected with Trichostrongylos pergracilis showed a moderate anemia and marked relative eosinophilia. Allen and Gross (1926) found that a captive ruffed grouse severely infected with Thominx annulata had a . . .
Nuclear p26, a small heat shock/α-crystallin protein, and its relationship to stress resistance in Artemia franciscana embryos

SUMMARY The role of the small heat shock/α-crystallin protein, p26, in transcription in Artemia franciscana embryos was examined using isolated nuclei, containing either control or elevated levels of p26, in transcription run-on assays. Heat shock or anoxia in vivo and acid pH in vitro were used to transfer p26 into nuclei. The results suggest that parameters other than, or in addition to, p26 are responsible for the reduced transcription rates observed and that decreases in pHi are involved. In vivo experiments indicate that RNA synthesis and, to a lesser extent, protein synthesis are downregulated in intact embryos recovering from heat shock and that the precursor pool is not limiting. Confocal microscopy confirmed that p26 moves into nuclei in response to heat shock and anoxia in vivo , and to low pH in vitro , and indicated that the nuclear distribution of p26 is similar under all three conditions. We present evidence that unstressed (control) embryos containing p26 in all their nuclei will not hatch, even under permissive conditions, and propose that they are unable to terminate diapause. Potential nuclear targets of p26 chaperone activity are discussed.
Repeatability of Quantitative MRI Measurements in Normal Breast Tissue

PURPOSE: To evaluate the variability and repeatability of repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements in normal breast tissues between and within subjects. METHODS: Eighteen normal premenopausal subjects underwent two contrast-enhanced MRI scans within 72 hours or during the same menstrual phase in two consecutive months. A subset of nine women also completed diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Fibroglandular tissue (FGT) density and FGT enhancement were measured on the contrast-enhanced MRI. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were computed from DWI. Between- and within-subject coefficients of variation (bCV and wCV, respectively) were assessed. Repeatability of all measurements was assessed by the coefficient of repeatability (CR) and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The bCV of FGT density and FGT enhancement at visit 1 and visit 2 ranged from 47% to 63%. The wCV was 13% for FGT density, 22% for FGT enhancement, and 11% for ADC. The CRs of FGT density and FGT enhancement were 0.15 and 0.19, respectively, and for ADC, it was 6.1 x 10-4 mm2/s. CONCLUSIONS: We present an estimate of the variability and repeatability of MR measurements in normal breasts. These estimates provide the basis for understanding the normal variation of healthy breast tissue in MRI and establishing thresholds for agreement between measurements.
Vector-Mediated Antibody Gene Transfer for Infectious Diseases

This chapter discusses the emerging field of vector-mediated antibody gene transfer as an alternative vaccine for infectious disease, with a specific focus on HIV. However, this methodology need not be confined to HIV-1; the general strategy of vector-mediated antibody gene transfer can be applied to other difficult vaccine targets like hepatitis C virus, malaria, respiratory syncytial virus, and tuberculosis. This approach is an improvement over classical passive immunization strategies that administer antibody proteins to the host to provide protection from infection. With vector-mediated gene transfer, the antibody gene is delivered to the host, via a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector; this in turn results in long-term endogenous antibody expression from the injected muscle that confers protective immunity. Vector-mediated antibody gene transfer can rapidly move existing, potent broadly cross-neutralizing HIV-1-specific antibodies into the clinic. The gene transfer products demonstrate a potency and breadth identical to the original product. This strategy eliminates the need for immunogen design and interaction with the adaptive immune system to generate protection, a strategy that so far has shown limited promise.
Inhibition of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Prevents Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis in Mice

TNF is a potent promoter of carcinogenesis and potentially important target for cancer prevention. TNF is produced as functionally distinct transmembrane and soluble molecules (tmTNF and sTNF, respectively), but their individual roles in carcinogenesis are unexplored. We investigated the participation of tmTNF and sTNF in chemically induced carcinogenesis in mice. We found that injection of XPro1595, a dominant-negative TNF biologic (DN-TNF) and specific antagonist of sTNF, decreased tumor incidence and growth, and prolonged survival of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-injected mice. Similar results were obtained following the exclusion of both TNF forms by either TNF-receptor 2-Fc fusion protein (TNFR2-Fc) treatment or TNF gene deletion. In addition, gene deletion of TNFR1, which is preferentially triggered by sTNF, was temporarily blocked, whereas gene deletion of TNFR2, which is preferentially triggered by tmTNF, enhanced MCA-induced carcinogenesis. Concomitantly with carcinogenesis induction, MCA increased circulating IL1α, accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), STAT3 phosphorylation, and immunosuppression in the spleen. In sharp contrast, DN-TNF treatment dramatically decreased IL1α and increased the essential immunoregulatory cytokines IL1β, IL12p70, and IL17 in the peripheral blood of MCA-injected mice. In addition, MDSC accumulation, STAT3 phosphorylation, and immunosuppression in MCA-injected mice were prevented by DN-TNF treatment, TNFR2-Fc treatment, and/or gene deletion of TNF or TNFR1, but not deletion of TNFR2. These findings reveal that sTNF is both an essential promoter of carcinogenesis and a pivotal regulator of MDSCs, and indicate that sTNF could be a significant target for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(5); 441-51. ©2016 AACR.
The Dilemma of Access: Describing Open Access Journals with MARC and [Other] Metadata Schemes, Summary of a Presentation by Monica Berger and Gloria Rohman

Monica Berger and Gloria Rohmann bring to the open access discussion the librarian’s point of view, both from the standpoint of the cataloger (Berger) and of the position of the public access librarian (Rohmann). ...
Sex Pheromone of the Stable Fly: Affect on Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Age, Sex, Species, and Mating

The cuticular hydrocarbons from the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), varied considerably with age and sex. The amount of hydrocarbons, which are the female sex pheromone, increased until the female was 3 days old, then remained constant. The amount of a C23, C25 and C27 hydrocarbons increased in the male with age reaching a peak of 4 days. The males transferred considerable quantities of the C25 hydrocarbon to the females during mating. Stomoxys nigra Macquart and S. calcitrans from Mauritius contained similar hydrocarbons to the United States strain of S. calcitrans .
Fluorescent Microsphere Detection of Surface Antigens and Simultaneous Cytochemistries in Individual Hematopoietic Cells

A method for simultaneous analysis of cell surface antigens, cell morphology, and endogenous cytochemical staining on the same hematopoietic cell has been developed. Individual cells in heterogeneous populations can be tested for cell surface antigens using monoclonal antibodies conjugated to fluorescein-containing microspheres and subsequently stained for myeloperoxidase, Sudan black B, chloroacetate esterase, or alpha naphthyl butyrate. This technic, when applied to mixed cell populations such as normal peripheral blood and leukemic bone marrow samples, provides simultaneous analysis of cell surface antigens and specific cytoplasmic cytochemistries within individual cells. Application of this technic may increase the body of knowledge about hematopoiesis by allowing individual cells to be analyzed simultaneously for multiple lineage-associated characteristics.
Cognitive differentiation between self-concept and image of self ascribed to parents in boys on verge of delinquency.

Patterns of self-perception and perception of parental attitudes toward the self of 25 boys on verge of delinquency were studied. It was hypothesized that the patterns of cognitive differentiation of Ss on verge of delinquency would be similar to those found in institutionalized delinquents and differ from those of non-delinquent boys. The hypothesis was supported.
Inflammation Models of Depression in Rodents: Relevance to Psychotropic Drug Discovery

Inflammation and depression are closely inter-related; inflammation induces symptoms of depression and, conversely, depressed mood and stress favor an inflammatory phenotype. The mechanisms that mediate the ability of inflammation to induce symptoms of depression are intensively studied at the preclinical level. This review discusses how it has been possible to build animal models of inflammation-induced depression based on clinical data and to explore critical mechanisms downstream of inflammation. Namely, we focus on the ability of inflammation to increase the activity of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, which leads to the production of kynurenine and downstream neuroactive metabolites. By acting on glutamatergic neurotransmission, these neuroactive metabolites play a key role in the development of depression-like behaviors. An important outcome of the preclinical research on inflammation-induced depression is the identification of potential novel targets for antidepressant treatments, which include targeting the kynurenine system and production of downstream metabolites, altering transport of kynurenine into the brain, and modulating glutamatergic transmission.
Active Traction Force Response to Long-Term Cyclic Stretch Is Dependent on Cell Pre-stress.

Abstract Mechanical stimulation is recognized as a potent modulator of cellular behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix assembly. However, the study of how cell-generated traction force changes in response to stretch is generally limited to short-term stimulation. The goal of this work is to determine how cells actively alter their traction force in response to long-term physiological cyclic stretch as a function of cell pre-stress. We have developed, to our knowledge, a novel method to assess traction force after long-term (24 h) uniaxial or biaxial cyclic stretch under conditions of high cell pre-stress with culture on stiff (7.5 kPa) polyacrylamide gels (with or without transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF- β 1)) and low pre-stress by treating with blebbistatin or culture on soft gels (0.6 kPa). In response to equibiaxial stretch, valvular interstitial cells on stiff substrates decreased their traction force (from 300 nN to 100 nN) and spread area (from 3000 to 2100 μ m 2 ). With uniaxial stretch, the cells had similar decreases in traction force and area and reoriented perpendicular to the stretch. TGF- β 1-treated valvular interstitial cells had higher pre-stress (1100 nN) and exhibited a larger drop in traction force with uniaxial stretch, but the percentage changes in force and area with stretch were similar to the non-TGF- β 1-treated group. Cells with inhibited myosin II motors increased traction force (from 41 nN to 63 nN) and slightly reoriented toward the stretch direction. In contrast, cells cultured on soft gels increased their traction force significantly, from 15 nN to 45 nN, doubled their spread area, elongated from an initially rounded morphology, and reoriented perpendicular to the uniaxial stretch. Contractile-moment measurements provided results consistent with total traction force measurements. The combined results indicate that the change in traction force in response to external cyclic stretch is dependent upon the initial cell pre-stress. This finding is consistent with depolymerization of initially high-tension actin stress fibers, and reinforcement of an initially low-tension actin cytoskeleton.
Radiation protection in pediatric radiography: Introducing some immobilization and protection equipment

In this article immobilization equipment and safety measures used during radiographic imaging in childhood are presented. Pediatric radiologists and radiographers should work together to provide a child friendly environment during imaging, to minimize the stress for the patient and parents, and to facilitate the child's cooperation. The maximum information possible must be gained from the radiographic procedure. Considerable skill and experience are required to obtain the best possible image in the shortest possible time. It is the responsibility of the radiology department to use proper imaging protocols and parameters for the size of the child. Equipment in a child friendly imaging department needs to be user friendly. The visual appearance of the equipment is also important to make it less frightening for children. It is important to choose the proper ancillary equipment for immobilization during radiographic procedure and explain to parents the importance of using it. The main goal of the immobilization equipment is to prevent unwanted movement, thereby shortening the time of the procedure, avoiding unnecessary repetitions of radiographic procedures and thus enlargement of the dose. At the same time, immobilization and protection equipment helps to avoid unnecessary exposure of parents taking part in radiographic procedure to ionizing radiation. Conclusion: Proper use of children's immobilization and radiation protection equipment, together with an adjusted imaging technique, results in a quicker radiation procedure and lower radiation dose.
The fluoro-less and contrast-less peripheral endovascular intervention: Halfway there.

Abstract Introduction Percutaneous endovascular revascularization requires the use of fluoroscopic guidance and radiopaque contrast. We present a successful intervention without the use of iodinated contrast. Case A 92-year-old man with dry gangrene involving the second and fourth left toes had acute on chronic kidney injury. Arterial duplex showed severe stenosis in bilateral superficial femoral arteries (SFAs). Fluoroscopic and ultrasound guidance and intravascular imaging were used to avoid iodinated contrast. After right to left femoral crossover, the entire left SFA was imaged with ultrasound. The lesion was delineated with radiopaque measuring tapes then wired. Near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS) imaging were performed. Points of interest were correlated with corresponding radiopaque markings on the ruler. Stenting and post-dilation resulted in complete stent expansion and no evidence of dissection by IVUS. The total procedure time was 113min and the total radiation dose 813mGy. The day after the procedure, there was a palpable dorsalis pedis pulse. He was discharged to inpatient rehabilitation on dual antiplatelet therapy. Discussion Contrast and radiation continue to limit the feasibility of endovascular angiography and intervention. Carbon dioxide (CO2) digital subtraction angiography is an alternative for these patients but has several disadvantages. Previously proposed projects demonstrated the real potential of performing endovascular peripheral intervention without fluoroscopy or contrast. Conclusion This case is a clear demonstration of a successful use of a combination of fluoroscopy, ultrasonography and intravascular imaging to achieve a successful endovascular intervention to treat critical limb ischemia, without the use of iodinated contrast.