cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GraphGR: A graph neural network to predict the effect of pharmacotherapy on the cancer cell growth

Genomic profiles of cancer cells provide valuable information on genetic alterations in cancer. Several recent studies employed these data to predict the response of cancer cell lines to treatment with drugs. Nonetheless, due to the multifactorial phenotypes and intricate mechanisms of cancer, the accurate prediction of the effect of pharmacotherapy on a specific cell line based on the genetic information alone is problematic. High prediction accuracies reported in the literature likely result from significant overlaps among training, validation, and testing sets, making many predictors inapplicable to new data. To address these issues, we developed GraphGR, a graph neural network with sophisticated attention propagation mechanisms to predict the therapeutic effects of kinase inhibitors across various tumors. Emphasizing on the system-level complexity of cancer, GraphGR integrates multiple heterogeneous data, such as biological networks, genomics, inhibitor profiling, and gene-disease associations, into a unified graph structure. In order to construct diverse and information-rich cancer-specific networks, we devised a novel graph reduction protocol based on not only the topological information, but also the biological knowledge. The performance of GraphGR, properly cross-validated at the tissue level, is 0.83 in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristics, which is notably higher than those measured for other approaches on the same data. Finally, several new predictions are validated against the biomedical literature demonstrating that GraphGR generalizes well to unseen data, i.e. it can predict therapeutic effects across a variety of cancer cell lines and inhibitors. GraphGR is freely available to the academic community at https://github.com/pulimeng/GraphGR.
Is it the width, the height, or the length?: pre-service teachers' responses to a volume task

The purpose of this work was to explore how elementary pre-service' teachers (PSTs) responded to a volume task that asked for a coordination of changes in one dimension with changes in volume. We c...
5G mm-Wave SPDT Switch IMDn Investigation

In this paper, we will present the investigation of 5G mm-Wave SPDT maximum sustainable power, Pmax. Maximum sustainable power is a key parameter for switch design. In sub 6GHz switch applications, Pmax is normally defined as the input power that cause harmonics to abruptly increase. In mm-Wave SPDT design, we found that some SPDT Pmax defined based on harmonics is much higher than the Pmax defined by IMD3 abrupt change and even Pmax defined by ruggedness.
Meta-Analysis of Allergy Genome-Wide Association Studies

Allergies are complex conditions involving both environmental and genetic factors. The genetic basis underlying allergic disease is investigated through genetic association studies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) leverage sequenced data to identify genetic mutations, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), associated with phenotypes of interest. Machine learning can be used to analyze large datasets and generate predictive models. In this study, several classification models were created to predict the significance level of SNPs associated with allergies. Summary statistics were obtained from the GWAS Catalog and combined from several studies. Biological features such as chromosomal location, base pair location, effect allele, and odds ratio were used to train the models. The models ranged from simple linear regressions to multi-layer neural networks. The final models reached accuracies of 80% and reflect the features that have the largest impact on a SNPs association level.
Supporting Equity in Virtual Science Instruction Through Project-Based Learning: Opportunities and Challenges in the Era of COVID-19

Project-based learning (PBL) is a long-standing curricular model that has been argued to support equity-based goals in science learning. Yet, little is known about how PBL can be implemented effect...
Cognitive Bias and Medication Use Moderate the Relation of Socratic Questioning and Symptom Change in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Depression

Initial evidence suggests Socratic questioning predicts session-to-session symptom change in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression, but little is known about which clients are most likely to benefit from this approach. We examined pretreatment client characteristics as potential moderators of the relation between Socratic questioning and symptom improvement. Participants were 55 adults who met criteria for major depressive disorder and participated in CBT. Clients on antidepressant medication were required to be on a stable dose during the study. Therapist use of Socratic questioning was rated by trained observers at sessions 1–3 and depressive symptoms were assessed at each session. We examined four potential pre-treatment moderators of the relation of within-client Socratic questioning and session-to-session symptom change: cognitive bias, medication use, presence of a personality disorder, and dysfunctional attitudes. Pessimistic bias in predicting future life events and concurrent use of antidepressant medication emerged as significant moderators with small effects. Among clients with a greater pessimistic bias and those not on antidepressant medication, Socratic questioning more strongly predicted symptom improvement. Findings are consistent with the view that Socratic questioning promotes session-to-session symptom improvements for some clients but plays a less important role for others.
Pharmaceutical Fraud: Let Go of Civil Rico, and Revive Section Five of the FTC Act

A circuit split exists regarding pharmaceutical fraud and whether or not consumers and third-party-payors can successfully prove proximate cause under civil RICO. The plaintiffs in these cases allege that they would not have paid for a drug had the manufacturer disclosed a known safety risk. Conversely, the defendants allege that the chain of causation is broken through a doctor’s prescription of the drug, thereby making the manufacturer not proximately liable for the subsequent purchase. The courts are split—some agreeing with the plaintiffs, and some with the defendants. However, this Comment will explore an alternative route, which is to allow plaintiffs a private right of action under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act in order to pursue a pharmaceutical fraud cause of action against a manufacturer. This would alleviate the proximate cause burden that plaintiffs face under civil RICO, and provide a solution for the courts. This Comment proceeds in six parts. Part I provides background information in regards to the statute RICO, and how it morphed into a civil use known as the civil RICO statute. Part II addresses the current circuit split surrounding civil RICO and its proximate cause element within pharmaceutical fraud cases. Part III discusses the Federal Trade Commission and how the FTC operates under the FTC Act, and more specifically, what Section 5 of the Act offers consumers. Part IV compares civil RICO to Section 5 of the FTC Act with an in depth analysis of each. It also dives into FTC data to suggest that not only does the FTC need help in pursuing actions, such as pharmaceutical fraud under the FTC Act, but also consumers. Both struggles would be alleviated through a consumer private right of action under Section 5. Accordingly, Part V suggests a solution to the circuit split issue, which is to offer consumers a private right of action under Section 5 of the FTC Act in order to pursue pharmaceutical fraud, instead of utilizing civil RICO and its difficult proximate cause element. Part V also addresses a counterargument to the idea of a private right of action under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which is to utilize state consumer protection laws instead. Part VI concludes.
Theoretical Study of Breaking Wave Spectrum and its Application

Based on breaking wave statistical model, we deduced the relation of original and breaking wave spectra. The anlysis to this expression shows that wave breaking produces the spectral energy loss, which increases with frequency, and peak frequency shifting to lower frequency. Considering that mean frequency between extrema is a logical time interval in a wave event, we obtained a new theoretical dissipation source function which has been successfully used in LAGFD third generation numerical wave model. From the view—point that the spectral form in the equilibrium range is induced by the balance of wind input, nonlinear transfer and dissipation by wave breaking, we derived a new equilibrium spectrum, which shows that the power of frequency of the spectrum changes with frequency and the main part of it is - 4.5.
Rapid Calculation of Lamb Waves in Plates Due to Localized Sources

Waveform based acoustic emission (AE) analysis is an emerging technique for nondestructive monitoring of the integrity of structures in service. In contrast to conventional AE studies, a detailed understanding of wave propagation characteristics is required in order to correlate the information from detected AE signals to their sources representing various failure modes. AE source characterization can be carried out by using the sensor output waveform, identifying unknown signals and evaluating their significance, and correlating identified signals to the failure modes. This requires efficient evaluation of the surface response due to each elementary microfracture source (represented by moment tensor components) in the plate.
Formation and Functions of the Gastrula Organizer in Zebrafish

The use of amphibian embryos in experimental embryology has a rich history dating back to the late nineteenth century. Manipulations that are possible in certain salamander and frog embryos due to their large size led to the discovery of the dorsal lip as Spemann’s organizer, also known as the gastrula organizer (Spemann and Mangold 1924). Transplantation of the dorsal lip to the ventral side of the amphibian embryo yields a duplicated body axis. While not as famous as the amphibian history in experimental embryology, work using fish does have a proud track record. Early experimental work predominantly used Fundulus heteroclitus, commonly known as the killifish or mummichog, because of the large size of its embryos (~1.8 mm) that lends itself to experimental manipulations. Recent experimental and genetic work has turned to zebrafish (Danio rerio). Experimental manipulations combined with modern genetic techniques have complemented and expanded our understanding of organizer development derived from amphibian work. In this chapter, we will provide a brief history of observations and classical experimental manipulations concerning the teleost gastrula organizer. We shall then move onto more recent experiments that define the nature of the teleost organizer and how it is formed. Finally, we will describe molecules, many of which were identified through the characterization of zebrafish mutants, which are involved in organizer formation and function.
Current and New Trends in Utilization of Data from Instrumented Structures

The many uses of seismic response data from instrumented structures include assessment of design and analysis procedures, improvement of code provisions, and correlation of system response with damage. A preliminary list of applications of response data with sample references is provided. Three examples of recorded data and summary analyses are provided to illustrate uses of response data.
A Novel Cross-Flow Microreactor for Kinetic Studies of Catalytic Processes

A silicon differential microchemical reactor that utilizes a novel crossflow geometry has been developed for the testing of porous supported catalysts. The cross-flow design reduces pressure drop by using a shallow but wide catalyst bed. Modeling, flow visualization, and pressure drop studies confirm even flow distribution across the reactor. Kinetic experiments with the oxidation of carbon monoxide as a model chemistry demonstrate the cross-flow microreactor as a practical laboratory tool for catalyst testing.
Modeling and IT Perspectives on Supply Chain Integration

The essence of supply chain management is integrated planning of activities across the firm's supply chain, including those of its suppliers and customers. Integrated planning refers to functional, geographical and inter-temporal coordination of managerial decisions. It requires and invokes modeling systems and processes that support data-driven or fact-based planning. A major challenge is to understand how to seamlessly imbed modeling systems in the firm's information technology. This paper examines five perspectives on these connections.
Continued Evolution of Family Therapy: The Last Twenty Years

There have been numerous accounts of the history and major trends and issues in family therapy during the field's first three decades in the literature (see for example: Broderick & Shrader, 1981; Framo, 1972; Guerin, 1976; Kaslow, 1973, 1977, 1980; Nichols, 1986, 1999 for some varied depictions, written from each respective author's unique lens). Viewed as a set, packaged with different, yet interrelated contents, they offer a multihued portrait of the emerging field during its infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Now it is time to move on and look at the adulthood era as it has unfolded.
Effect of applied muscle tension on cerebral oxygenation in female blood donors.

BACKGROUND: Applied muscle tension (AMT), which involves rhythmic tensing of the muscles of the core and lower extremities, has been associated with attenuation of presyncopal reactions among whole blood donors. This study was designed to examine whether the salutary effects of AMT may be mediated by increases in cerebral oxygenation during blood donation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy-two female blood donors were recruited at mobile blood drives in the American Red Cross Blood Services–Central Ohio Region. Participants were randomly assigned to engage in either AMT or repeated gentle foot flexions (i.e., distraction control) during whole blood donation. Cerebral oxygenation was monitored throughout the donation using near infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: Participants who engaged in AMT were shown to have attenuated decreases in cerebral oxygenation across the three intervals of the blood draw relative to the distraction manipulation (F(1,70) = 8.144, p = 0.006). Whereas cerebral oxygenation decreased 1.42% (SD, 2.09%) for those in the distraction-control group, oxygenation levels increased 0.13% (SD, 2.56%) in the AMT group. CONCLUSION: AMT is associated with an attenuated decrease in cerebral oxygenation compared to a distraction-control group. Further studies are necessary to establish if the salutary effect of AMT during blood donation may be in part due to an increase in oxygen available to the brain.
Biological Methods to Remove Selected Inorganic Pollutants from Uranium Mine Wastewater

In many mining operations the mines are de-watered, i.e. water is pumped from the mines to prevent flooding of operations. The water often contains low concentrations of the elements being mined as well as other associated ions. These waters must be treated to meet governmental regulatory standards before being discharged. Some of the mine waters are used in milling processes, and become even more laden with soluble inorganic ions. These brines are pumped to tailings ponds for evaporation or eventual release to surface or ground water systems. Both mine waters and tailings solutions are valuable sources of metal and other ions, and it is both economically and environmentally sound to recover these elements. In the state of New Mexico, U.S.A., industries which must remove inorganic agents from large volumes of water are the uranium and molybdenum operations. Although precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction and electrowinning systems are available for soluble ion removal, these systems are quite often ion specific and very expensive when treating large volumes of water. An inexpensive and ion non-specific, accumulator system is the desirable alternative. The understanding and design of a functional bio-filter system for removal of uranium and other ions associated with uranium mining operations would alleviate discharge problems in the Grants, New Mexico, U.S.A. district (the producer of 46% of the U.S. uranium). Such a system would be applicable to other uranium-producing regions. The bio-filter process may also be applicable to other industries, with wastewater effluents containing trace elements. Among the extractive industries, the molybdenum operations have considerable need for economic and environmentally safe processes for purification of mill effluents.
Cerebrally Active Small Moiety from "Taraxein-like" Blood Fractions

A charged, amphoteric, smiall moiety has been separated from a "taraxein-like" blood fraction by electrodialysis throuighl ion exchange membranes. Cerebral bioassay shows that the activity of the blood extract is contained in the charged small moiety so that, as the activity in the charged compartment rises during electrodialysis, the activity in the feeding (extract) compartment falls.
Pyrazoles I. Synthesis of 4-Hydroxpyrazolo[3,4-d]-v-triazine A New Analog of Hypoxanthine

Treatment of 3-amino-4-pyrazolecarboxamide with nitrous acid yielded 3-diazo-4-pyrazolecarboxamide, which was cyclized to 4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4- d ]- v -triazine in aqueous solution. The latter is a structural analog of hypoxanthine as well as an aza analog of allopurinol.
The Relationship of Circulating Levels of Estrogens, Corticosterone and Calcium to Production Performance of Adult Turkey Hens Under Conditions of Increasing Ambient Temperature

Turkey hens were exposed to stepwise increases in ambient temperature from 21degreesC. to 25degreesC. to 30degreesC. to 35degreesC. at two-week intervals. Dietary calcium levels of 1.54, 2.01 and 2.48% were fed. Production data and circulating levels of estrone, estradiol-17-beta, corticosterone, total calcium, bound calcium, and unbound calcium were studied. The dietary calcium levels had no significant influence on any of the results. The temperature increase caused a significant (P less than .05) decrease in plasma levels of calcium and estrone, egg production, shell thickness and egg weight. The temperature increase caused a significant (P less than .05) fluctuation in plasma corticosterone levels but had no apparent effect on the plasma estradiol levels. With the temperature increase, unbound plasma calcium levels and plasma corticosterone levels showed a significant (R greater than or equal to 0.50, P less than 0. less than .01) positive correlation to egg production.
Assessment of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one as a potential endocrine disrupting chemical in rats using the Hershberger and uterotrophic bioassays.

The explosive 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is an insensitive formulation developed to replace high energetics that are susceptible to accidental detonation from heat, shock, and impact. Although studies have shown NTO to be nontoxic at acute exposures, recent subacute and subchronic tests have demonstrated effects on testes and subsequent sperm production in rats. This study assessed endocrine disruption as a potential mechanism for these reproductive effects via the Hershberger and uterotrophic bioassays. These assays are 2 of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s tier 1 in vivo screens for the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program that measure differences in androgen- and estrogen-sensitive tissue weights in castrated and ovariectomized rats. The gonadectomized rats were orally exposed to NTO in a corn oil vehicle at doses of 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d for 10 and 3 days for the Hershberger and uterotrophic assays, respectively, according to standard protocols. Male rats also rece...
Proton chemical shifts in fluorocinnamate-chymotrypsin complexes

Abstract Binding of cinnamate or fluorocinnamate anions to α-chymotrypsin is accompanied by chemical shift changes at each proton of the cinnamate structure. The direction and magnitude of these shifts are consistent with the expected binding of these inhibitors at the active site of the enzyme. The protein-induced fluorine chemical shift effects at each position in the aromatic ring are compared to the shift effects observed when a hydrogen occupies the same position. There is no discernible relation between the proton and fluorine chemical shifts, leading to the conclusion that those factors dominantly responsible for the shift effects are different for the two sets of data.
The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the rat. Demonstration of afferents by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.

Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed in the middle or caudal portion of the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGCL) and 24 h later the entire spinal cord and brain were processed and examined for labeled neurons. Spinal afferents arise from all levels of the cord. Rexed's lamination scheme was adapted to the spinal cord of the rat and labeled neurons were localized to laminae IV, V, VII, VIII and X mainly on the side contralateral to the injection. At cervical levels, labeled neurons were consistently found bilaterally.
Complementary DNA cloning, sequencing and expression of an unusual dehydrin from blueberry floral buds

Levels of three major dehydrins of 65, 60, and 14 kDa have been observed to increase in blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) floral buds during chill unit accumulation and cold acclimation and decrease during deacclimation and resumption of growth. Indeed, levels of the 65-, 60-, and 14-kDa dehydrins increase such that they become the most predominant proteins visible on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. The peptide sequence information from the 65- and 60-kDa dehydrins was used to synthesize degenerate DNA primers for amplification of a part of the gene(s) encoding the dehydrins. One pair of primers amplified a 174-bp fragment. The 174-bp fragment was used to screen a cDNA library (prepared from RNA from cold-acclimated blueberry floral buds) and resulted in the isolation of a clone with a 2.0-kb insert. The cDNA was sequenced and found to be a full-length clone encoding a K 5 -type dehydrin (5 K boxes). Five high-confidence peptide sequences, ranging from 9 to 25 amino acids long, obtained from the 60-kDa dehydrin exactly matched sequences encoded within the cDNA clone. Furthermore, amino acid composition of the 60-kDa dehydrin agreed well with the expected amino acid composition based on the cDNA sequence. However, the DNA sequence and coupled in vitro transcription/translation reactions of the cDNA clone indicated that it encodes a dehydrin with a native molecular mass of ∼ 40 kDa instead of 60 kDa. Experiments to determine if the dehydrins undergo post-translational modifications revealed that the 65- and 60-kDa dehydrins are glycosylated. Thus, our results indicate that the 2.0-kb dehydrin cDNA encodes the native version of the 60-kDa dehydrin. The dehydrin cDNA hybridized on RNA blots to two chilling/cold-responsive messages of 2.0 and 0.5 kb. Both the 2.0- and 0.5-kb messages increased to higher levels more quickly in the cold-hardy cultivar Bluecrop than in the less hardy cultivar Tifblue. In addition, the 0.5-kb message remained at a higher level longer in Bluecrop than in Tifblue.
Attempts to Use Computers as Diagnostic Aids in Medical Decision Making: A Thirty-Year Experience

For more than 30 years our group of physicians, statisticians, and computer scientists has worked toward developing a computer program with the capability of a trained physician to make diagnostic decisions in the relatively broad medical subspecialty of hematology. We devised and tested many programs, none of which have been sufficiently useful to warrant carrying beyond the pilot-study stage. We analyzed the reasons for this failure. Our experience confirms the great difficulty, and even the impossibility, of incorporating the complexity of human thought into a system that can be handled by a computer. We concluded that we should stop trying to make a computer act like a diagnostician and concentrate instead on ways of making computer-generated relevant information available to physicians as they make decisions.
Acupuncture for postmenopausal hot flashes

Abstract Objective To determine whether individually tailored acupuncture is an effective treatment option for reducing postmenopausal hot flashes and improving quality of life. Methods In a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study, 29 postmenopausal participants averaging at least seven moderate to severe hot flashes per 24 h, with a baseline estradiol concentration of less than 50 pg/mL and a normal TSH level, were randomized to receive 7 weeks (nine treatment sessions) of either active acupuncture or placebo acupuncture (placebo needles that did not penetrate the skin at sham acupuncture points). Participants recorded hot flashes in logs that were reported daily. Global indices of the severity and frequency of hot flashes were derived from the participants’ daily logs. Results Participants receiving the active treatment had a greater reduction in hot flash severity (24.5 ± 30.7%) compared to those receiving placebo (4.4 ± 17.1%, P = 0.042). Within group repeated measures analyses of variance revealed a significant reduction in hot flash severity in the active (P = 0.042), but not in the placebo treatment group (P = 0.15). Although there was no significant group difference in the reduction of hot flash frequency between the active (42.4 ± 32.2%) and placebo groups (32.0 ± 26.5%; P ≥ 0.352), within group repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that the reduction was statistically significant in both groups (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Standardized, individually tailored acupuncture treatment was associated with significantly greater decrease in the severity, but not the frequency, of hot flashes, in symptomatic postmenopausal women when compared to placebo acupuncture of equal duration. Future, larger scale, studies are needed.
Spatial patterns for selective conversion in catalytic reactors

Steady-state multiplicity in individual catalyst particles can be exploited to produce concentration patterns in a catalytic reactor. Thus, stable, steady-state, spatial patterns can be created in a packed bed reactor by providing for an initial pattern using multiple feeds at different points along the length of the reactor as a start-up strategy. It is shown that the formation of such patterns when properly selected can remarkedly improve selectivity and conversion in reaction systems. Computational demonstrations are made with a reaction system in which the desired product must be obtained by reacting two different intermediate products formed by a single primary reactant under different reaction conditions. The patterns that produce high selectivity are those that alternately produce the intermediates in quick succession, so that the main product can be produced promptly without loss of reactor space in the flowing reaction mixture.
Therapeutic Cardiac-Targeted Delivery of miR-1 Reverses Pressure Overload–Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Attenuates Pathological Remodeling

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in the development of heart failure, and recent studies have shown that the muscle-specific miR-1 is a key regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. We tested the hypothesis that chronic restoration of miR-1 gene expression in vivo will regress hypertrophy and protect against adverse cardiac remodeling induced by pressure overload. Methods and Results Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by left ventricular pressure overload in male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to ascending aortic stenosis. When the hypertrophy was established at 2 weeks after surgery, the animals were randomized to receive either an adeno-associated virus expressing miR-1 (AAV9. miR-1 ) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) as control (AAV9. GFP ) via a single-bolus tail-vein injection. Administration of miR-1 regressed cardiac hypertrophy (left ventricular posterior wall thickness,; 2.32±0.08 versus 2.75±0.07 mm, P <0.001) and (left ventricular septum wall thickness, 2.23±0.06 versus 2.54±0.10 mm, P <0.05) and halted the disease progression compared with control-treated animals, as assessed by echocardiography (fractional shortening, 37.60±5.01% versus 70.68±2.93%, P <0.05) and hemodynamic analyses (end-systolic pressure volume relationship/effective arterial elastance, 1.87±0.46 versus 0.96±0.38, P <0.05) after 7 weeks of treatment. Additionally, miR-1 replacement therapy lead to a marked reduction of myocardial fibrosis, an improvement in calcium handling, inhibition of apoptosis, and inactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, suggesting a favorable effect on preventing the maladaptive ventricular remodeling. We also identified and validated a novel bona fide target of miR-1 , Fibullin-2 ( Fbln2 ), a secreted protein implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling. Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest that restoration of miR-1 gene expression is a potential novel therapeutic strategy to reverse pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy and prevent maladaptive cardiac remodeling.
Environmental effects on phosphoryl group bonding probed by vibrational spectroscopy: implications for understanding phosphoryl transfer and enzymatic catalysis.

We have used vibrational spectroscopy to study bonding in monosubstituted dianionic phosphates, both to learn more about basic properties intrinsic to this important class of biological substrates and to assess the ability of vibrational spectroscopy to provide a “sensor” or probe of the local environment experienced by the phosphoryl group. We examined the bonding properties of the phosphoryl group via vibrational spectroscopy for a series of compounds in which the phosphoryl substituent was varied systematically and extensively. A broad linear correlation of the bridging P−O(R) bond length and the pKa of the substituent alcohol was observed. The results indicate that the P−O(R) bond changes by only ∼0.04 A with alcohol substituents that vary in pKa by ∼12 units, suggesting that phosphoryl group bonding responds in a subtle but regular manner to changes in the local environment. We also determined the effect on the phosphoryl bonding from changes in the solvent environment. Addition of dimethyl sulfoxide...
Air-pollution-induced foliar injury to natural populations of jack and white pine in a chronically polluted environment

Air-pollution-induced foliar injury was determined for natural populations of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and white pine (P. strobus) on Lake Michigan sand dunes in Indiana. Chlorotic mottle and tip necrosis were found in all populations and one or both symptoms appeared in most trees. However, considering the proximity of the populations to pollution sources, foliar injury levels were notably low. Despite a limited range of individual tree injury for mottle, necrosis, needle retention, and needle length, populations within each species differed significantly (P < 0.05). Juvenile trees showed greatest injury. Symptom expression in both species was related to qualitative site rankings for 03 and S02 exposure in nested analysis of variance, even when tree-to-tree variation was controlled. In both species, mottle increased with 03 ranking and tip necrosis with SO2 rank, but relationships were not always monotonic and showed interactions with site factors. For most trees, tip necrosis affected less than 1 % of the needle length of one-year needles, and mottle covered under 2% of needle surface. The low visible injury range is hypothesized to result from genetic selection favoring genotypes tolerant of the lowered air quality that has characterized the region for the past 70 yr.
Evaluating options for enhancing technology development and controlling cost growth

Given the history of delays for NASA science instruments, a study was conducted to assess the viability of a new development paradigm called Instrument First, Spacecraft Second (IFSS) to reduce cost and schedule growth in future missions. The new paradigm was shown to provide many tangible benefits, including decreased portfolio costs and less portfolio volatility, but there were still questions as to whether it would work within current NASA policy and what options were available for implementing this new development approach. This paper provides a discussion of how the approach fits within NASA, guidance for setting the project schedule and various management options.
The haustorium and the chemistry of host recognition in parasitic angiosperms

Two parasitic angiosperms,Agalinis purpurea (Scrophulariaceae) andStriga asiatica (Scrophulariaceae), are compared as to the chemical recognition events involved in host selection.Agalinis is a hemiparasite which can mature to seed-set without a host, whereasStriga is a holoparasite and survives for only a very limited time without a host. Both parasites, however, attach to a host through a specialized organ known as the haustorium and regulate the development of this organ through the recognition of chemical factors from host plants. We now describe the discovery of 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (2,6-DMBQ) as an haustoria-inducing principle fromSorghum root extracts. Our investigation of this compound has led us to suggest that one level of host recognition in these parasitic plants is mediated through their enzymatic digestion of the host root surface. Degradation of surface components liberates quinonoid compounds, such as 2,6-DMBQ, which in turn trigger haustorial development.
Characterization of Solvates Formed by Sodium Naproxen and an Homologous Series of Alcohols

Crystal solvates of sodium naproxen with ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, and isobutanol were identified and characterized. They were formed by slowly reducing the temperature of saturated solutions in the pure alcohol and allowing the resulting crystal-solution mixture to achieve equilibrium at 10 °C. Results show the crystals were not merely crystals of sodium naproxen with an inclusion of solvent. They also demonstrate that as the molecular size of the alcohol increases, the solvent-to-sodium naproxen ratio decreases, but the desolvation energy per mole of alcohol increases. The decrease in solvent-to-sodium naproxen ratio is thought to be due to instability in the crystal structure created by bulkier solvents, but the larger desolvation energy is indicative of stronger hydrogen bonding and Na−O coordination with the bulkier solvents.
Symmetry of Sensory Loss in Developing Diabetic Sensory Polyneuropathy

The medical literature presents diabetic sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN) as an axonal length-dependent symmetric pathology producing a stocking-like pattern of anesthesia in the lower extremities. This has been based on anecdotal reports. Objective research has shown that damage may not occur in a purely length-dependent manner. A stocking distribution of sensory loss is atypical, and plantar sensory loss predominates. A single-blinded, age-matched, control/experimental study was performed of the symmetry of nerve damage in developing DSPN. Control (n = 46) and experimental (n = 83) subjects were examined. The patterns of sensory loss and the severity of axonal damage were evaluated. The right/left symmetry of pathology was recorded for each individual. Although there was not a stocking pattern of anesthesia found in developing DSPN, the pattern and severity of anesthesia were found to be generally symmetric. The severity of sensory impairment was symmetric at the dorsal foot (93%), lateral foot (95%), and plantar foot (69%). The most predominant site of sensory impairment was also symmetric (81%). This argues against a purely metabolic etiology for axonal damage. An anatomic component is implied. Further research will need to include examination of the unique physical characteristics of predominantly affected nerves.
Large sensitivity enhancement in semiconducting organic field effect transistor sensors through incorporation of ultra-fine platinum nanoparticles

We report remarkable improvement in sensitivity of pentacene-based field effect transistor devices towards trace nitro-aromatic explosive vapors through the incorporation of high density, sub-2 nm platinum nanoparticles (NPs) within these structures. Exploiting the unique electronic properties of these NPs, we have demonstrated a detection limit of 56.6 parts per billion of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) vapor while control samples without any embedded NPs showed no observable sensitivity to DNT vapor. We attribute this remarkable enhancement in sensitivity to the ability of these NPs to function as discrete nodes, participating in the charge transfer with adsorbed nitro-aromatic molecules.
Rural resident tourism perceptions and attitudes

Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of participation in outdoor recreation on the tourism perceptions and attitudes of rural residents. Data from five Colorado communities which depend on tourism for at least 25 percent of their retail sales are analyzed. Following a topic of social exchange theory, it is hypothesized that outdoor recreation participants, compared to nonparticipants, have negative perceptions of tourism. The results, however, do not support the hypothesis: there are no differences in the tourism perceptions and attitudes of participants and nonparticipants. However, as the perceived impact of tourism on outdoor recreation opportunities increases, the desirability of additional tourism development decreases significantly and the favorability of special tourism taxes increases.
Nifedipine potentiates cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in healthy humans. Direct evidence from microneurographic studies.

Nifedipine augments baroreflex mechanisms in in vivo animal models. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrate that nifedipine potentiates baroreflex control of heart rate and vascular resistance in normal human subjects. To further define the neuroeffector mechanism of the autonomic effects of nifedipine, we directly measured postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity to muscle (MSNA, microneurography), before and after drug administration, during selective unloading of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors with lower body negative pressure (-10 mm Hg, LBNP-10), and during the cold pressor test. Twenty-three normal subjects (age, 23 +/- 1 years; mean +/- SEM) were studied in the control state and 20 minutes after administration of either nifedipine (10 mg s.l., 10 subjects), during nitroprusside infusion (0.37 +/- 0.03 microgram/kg/min i.v., eight subjects), or 20 minutes after sublingual administration of placebo (five subjects). We measured systemic arterial pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, and MSNA. Nifedipine and nitroprusside produced similar increases in resting heart rate and MSNA and similar decreases in central venous pressure, whereas placebo had no effect on resting hemodynamics. During LBNP-10, hemodynamic changes were not significantly different among the three treatment groups. However, the percentage increase in MSNA during LBNP-10 was significantly augmented from a 24 +/- 9% increase before nifedipine to a 56 +/- 7% increase after nifedipine (p less than 0.05). Decreases in central venous pressure with LBNP-10 were nearly identical before compared with after nifedipine. Thus, nifedipine increased the cardiopulmonary baroreflex sympathetic sensitivity (change in total MSNA per mm Hg decrease in central venous pressure during LBNP-10) from 26.5 +/- 10.7 units/mm Hg to 74.9 +/- 19.0 units/mm Hg (p less than 0.01). In contrast, administration of hemodynamically similar doses of nitroprusside resulted in an attenuation of MSNA responses to LBNP-10. During LBNP-10, MSNA increased 57 +/- 12% before nitroprusside but only 14 +/- 4% during nitroprusside (p less than 0.01). The cardiopulmonary baroreflex sympathetic sensitivity was not significantly altered by nitroprusside (45.1 +/- 12.4 units/mm Hg before compared with 33.1 +/- 20.8 units/mm Hg during nitroprusside, p = NS). Placebo had no effect on the responses to LBNP-10. Nifedipine did not augment MSNA responses to the cold pressor test. To evaluate the linearity of sympathetic responses to cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading, graded LBNP (0, -5, -10, and -15 mm Hg) was applied in three additional subjects before and after nifedipine (10 mg s.l.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effect of postural position and reaching on gaze during mother-infant face-to-face interaction

Influences on the decline of infant-mother face-to-face gazing during social interaction were explored in this experimental study of 60 infants between the ages of 3 and 6 months. Infants interacted with their mothers without toys as their postural position was manipulated between sit, recline, and supine. The order was counterbalanced across subjects. Infants were also assessed for their ability at visually guided reaching. It was hypothesized that reaching skill and postural position would co-determine the duration of gazing at mother. In general, infants looked the most at their mothers when in the supine position, and the least when in sitting. Overall, reachers looked less at their mothers than nonreachers. The results suggest that postural position is an important factor in the regulation of attention during early infancy and has been overlooked in laboratory studies in which infants are observed while sitting in immobile infant seats. The social world of young infants is not, therefore, confined primarily to facial and vocal modalities of communication. The orientation and movement of infants' bodies and their sensorimotor skills are integral features of the infant's social experience.
Indications for early exchange transfusion in patients with erythroblastosis fetalis.

The postnatal rate of rise of the indirect bilirubin concentration was compared with cord hematocrit and bilirubin values in 44 newborn infants with Rh isoimmune hemolytic disease. Cord blood values failed to predict the severity of hyperbilirubinemia with sufficient accuracy to warrant their use as therapeutic guidelines. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the cord serum indirect bilirubin concentration and its subsequent rise in 19 infants who had received antenatal phenobarbital therapy, but this relationship was not observed in untreated infants. The phenobarbital-treated infants had a slower postnatal rise of indirect bilirubin than did nontreated controls. There was no reliable indicator of the severity of hyperbilirubinemia other than careful monitoring of the serum bilirubin concentration during the early hours of life.
Ricoeur and Foucault: Between Ontology and Critique

In this paper, I trace some of Ricoeur’s criticisms of Foucault in his major works on historiography, and evaluate them. I find that Ricoeur’s criticisms of Foucault’s archaeological project in Time and Narrative are not particularly worrisome, and that Foucault’s “critical” project actually provides alternatives for enriching and expanding on some of Ricoeur’s later insights in Memory, History, Forgetting and – in particular – for troubling the distinction made between critique and ontology.
The action of metrazol on spontaneous and evoked activity.

Abstract When evoked neuronal action potentials are separated into different amplitude ranges, it is found that action potentials of progressively higher amplitudes appear at progressively later times after the stimulus and correspond to different deflections of the gross response. When metrazol is injected, either systemically or intracerebrally, the neuronal activity is greatly enhanced in the higher amplitude ranges and greatly diminished in the lower amplitude ranges. Spontaneous neuronal activity is similarly influenced by metrazol. It is suggested that: (1) successive deflections of the gross evoked response correspond to the activation of groups of neuronal elements of successively increasing size; (2) metrazol has a differential action on spontaneous as well as evoked neuronal activity. It impairs the activity of elements of smaller size and releases the activity of elements of larger size.
Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Functional Foods

Abstract It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics to recognize that although all foods provide some level of physiological function, the term functional foods is defined as whole foods along with fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels based on significant standards of evidence. The Academy supports Food and Drug Administration−approved health claims on food labels when based on rigorous scientific substantiation. All food is essentially functional at some level as it provides energy and nutrients needed to sustain life. However, there is growing evidence that some food components, not considered nutrients in the traditional sense, may provide positive health benefits. Foods containing these food components are called functional foods . Functional food research holds many promises for improving the quality of life for consumers; however, to achieve such outcomes, scientific research must effectively establish the bioavailability and efficacy of these compounds at levels that are physiologically achievable under typical dietary patterns. This Position Paper reviews the complexities of defining functional foods; categories of foods marketed as functional; regulation of functional foods; the scientific substantiation of and advancement of functional food research; as well as a message to registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, on how to remain current in their knowledge of functional food research and the translation of this information to consumers.
Soluble and bound apoplastic proteins and isozymes of peroxidase, esterase and malate dehydrogenase in oat primary leaves

Summary The lower epidermis was peeled from 6 day old oat ( Avena sativa L.) primary leaves and leaf segments vacuum-infiltrated with pH 6.5 buffered 200 mM NaCl to elute an intercellular washing solution (IWS) containing soluble and weakly ionically bound apoplastic proteins and enzymes (Plant Physiol. 90, 185-190). Segments were then homogenized in buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatant used as a source of soluble cytosolic constituents. The pellet was washed and resuspended in 1M NaCl to solubilize proteins and enzymes strongly ionically bound to cell walls. Four IWS proteins (44, 45, 56 and 71 kD) and two strongly ionically bound proteins (34 and 35kD) were restricted to the apoplast. Wounding by peeling away the lower epidermis 24 h before sampling induced two IWS proteins (32 and 38 kD) whose induction was inhibited by cycloheximide and partially inhibited by tunicamycin. Wounding induced specific peroxidase isozymes in the apoplastic fractions. Apoplastic and symplastic malate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns were similar and not influenced by wounding. Anodic esterase isozymes were found in both apoplastic and cytosolic fractions. Cathodic esterases were restricted to the apoplast. The importance of including soluble and weakly ionically bound apoplastic fractions in studies of cell wall proteins and enzymes is emphasized. Problems encountered in working with solubilized apoplastic fractions are considered.