cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ellipsoidal shell subtraction model of right ventricular volume. Comparison with regional free wall dimensions as indexes of right ventricular function.

Pulse-transit sonomicrometry was used to measure the base-apex (a), anteroposterior (b), and septal-free wall (c) diameters of the left ventricle and the septal-free wall diameter of the right ventricle (d) in eight excised and three isolated, pump-perfused canine heart preparations, as well as in nine conscious dogs. In the three perfused hearts and in four of the excised hearts, right ventricular free wall regional segment lengths and segment area also were assessed. Biventricular volumes were measured directly with intracavitary balloons in all isolated hearts. When left ventricular balloon volume was held constant, relations between right ventricular free wall dimensions and right ventricular balloon volume were highly linear. With increments in left ventricular volume, however, these relations remained linear but shifted progressively upward, indicating an independent relation between right ventricular free wall dimensions and left ventricular cavitary volume. An ellipsoidal shell subtraction model (pi/6.abd minus right ventricular free wall volume) was developed to estimate right ventricular cavitary volume from cardiac dimensions. With this method, a highly linear relation was observed between calculated right ventricular volume and right ventricular balloon volume (mean r = 0.99 +/- 0.01). Moreover, this relation appeared to be independent of changes in left ventricular balloon volume. With the shell subtraction model, dynamic right ventricular volume was computed in nine conscious dogs, and in four, stroke volume derived from dimensions was compared with right ventricular stroke volume measured with ultrasonic flow probes. A highly linear relation was observed, suggesting the accuracy of the shell subtraction method in vivo. Right ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume and stroke work/end-diastolic volume relations then were evaluated, and both proved to be highly linear in the right ventricle (both mean r = 0.99 +/- 0.01). Thus, the shell subtraction model allows a simple estimate of dynamic right ventricular volume in the intact heart and facilitates assessment of right ventricular performance in vivo.
Health safety nets can break cycles of poverty and disease: a stochastic ecological model

The persistence of extreme poverty is increasingly attributed to dynamic interactions between biophysical processes and economics, though there remains a dearth of integrated theoretical frameworks that can inform policy. Here, we present a stochastic model of disease-driven poverty traps. Whereas deterministic models can result in poverty traps that can only be broken by substantial external changes to the initial conditions, in the stochastic model there is always some probability that a population will leave or enter a poverty trap. We show that a 'safety net', defined as an externally enforced minimum level of health or economic conditions, can guarantee ultimate escape from a poverty trap, even if the safety net is set within the basin of attraction of the poverty trap, and even if the safety net is only in the form of a public health measure. Whereas the deterministic model implies that small improvements in initial conditions near the poverty-trap equilibrium are futile, the stochastic model suggests that the impact of changes in the location of the safety net on the rate of development may be strongest near the poverty-trap equilibrium.
The primacy of social over visual perspective-taking.

In this article, we argue for the developmental primacy of social over visual perspective-taking. In our terminology, social perspective-taking involves some understanding of another person’s preferences, goals, intentions etc. which can be discerned from temporally extended interactions, including dialogue. As is evidenced by their successful performance on various reference disambiguation tasks, infants in their second year of life first begin to develop such skills. They can, for example, determine which of two or more objects another is referring to based on previously expressed preferences or the distinct quality with which these objects were jointly explored. The pattern of findings from developmental research further indicates that this ability emerges sooner than analogous forms of visual perspective-taking. Our explanatory account of this developmental sequence highlights the primary importance of joint attention and the formation of common ground with others. Before children can develop an awareness of what exactly is seen or how an object appears from a particular viewpoint, they must learn to share attention and build common “experiential“ ground. Learning about others’ as well as one’s own “snapshot“ perspectives in a literal, i.e., optical sense of the term, is a secondary step that affords an abstraction from all (prior) pragmatic involvement with objects.
Impossibility of coexistence of three pure and simple competitors in configurations of three interconnected chemostats

It is well established that pure and simple microbial competitors cannot coexist at a steady state if their environment is homogeneous. For the case of two microbial populations competing purely and simply in two interconnected chemostats having time-invariant input(s), it is known from the literature that a stable steady state of coexistence arises in domains of the operating parameters space and is attributed to the spatial heterogeneities of the system, which allow a different species to have the competitive advantage in each one of the two sub-environments. This article investigates whether the aforementioned result can be extended to the case of three species competing in three interconnected vessels. By studying all possible alternate configurations of the three-chemostat system, it is shown that coexistence of the three species is impossible, except possibly for some discrete values of the operating parameters. Some potential explanations for the results are discussed.
The self renewal probability of hemopoietic stem cells.

The probability of a colony which originated as a single stem cell to become extinct due to differentiation of all of its stem cells in any generation is closely connected to stem cell self renewal probability p. p can be determined from the coefficient of variation of the colony numbers received by reinjecting single colonies of the same age. Whole spleens containing a known average colony number can also be used with advantage for this purpose. The results of both procedures indicate a stem cell self renewal probability p =0.62 ± 0.04, which does not change significantly between the sixth and the fourteenth day of colony development, and an extinction probability ω = 0.63 ± 0.12.
Debugging the data plane with anteater

Diagnosing problems in networks is a time-consuming and error-prone process. Existing tools to assist operators primarily focus on analyzing control plane configuration. Configuration analysis is limited in that it cannot find bugs in router software, and is harder to generalize across protocols since it must model complex configuration languages and dynamic protocol behavior.This paper studies an alternate approach: diagnosing problems through static analysis of the data plane. This approach can catch bugs that are invisible at the level of configuration files, and simplifies unified analysis of a network across many protocols and implementations. We present Anteater, a tool for checking invariants in the data plane. Anteater translates high-level network invariants into boolean satisfiability problems (SAT), checks them against network state using a SAT solver, and reports counterexamples if violations have been found. Applied to a large university network, Anteater revealed 23 bugs, including forwarding loops and stale ACL rules, with only five false positives. Nine of these faults are being fixed by campus network operators.
Dietary manipulation and social isolation alter disease progression in a murine model of coronary heart disease.

Background: Mice with a deficiency in the HDL receptor SR-BI and low expression of a modified apolipoprotein E gene (SRBI KO/ApoeR61 h/h ) called ‘HypoE’ when fed an atherogenic, ‘Paigen’ diet develop occlusive, atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease (CHD), myocardial infarctions (MI), and heart dysfunction and die prematurely (50% mortality ,40 days after initiation of this diet). Because few murine models share with HypoE mice these cardinal, human-like, features of CHD, HypoE mice represent a novel, small animal, diet-inducible and genetically tractable model for CHD. To better describe the properties of this model, we have explored the effects of varying the composition and timing of administration of atherogenic diets, as well as social isolation vs. group housing, on these animals. Methodology/Principal Findings: HypoE mice were maintained on a standard lab chow diet (control) until two months of age. Subsequently they received one of three atherogenic diets (Paigen, Paigen without cholate, Western) or control diet for varying times and were housed in groups or singly, and we determined the plasma cholesterol levels, extent of cardiomegaly and/or survival. The rate of disease progression could be reduced by lowering the severity of the atherogenic diet and accelerated by social isolation. Disease could be induced by Paigen diets either containing or free of cholate. We also established conditions under which CHD could be initiated by an atherogenic diet and then subsequently, by replacing this diet with standard lab chow, hypercholesterolemia could be reduced and progression to early death prevented. Conclusions/Significance: HypoE mice provide a powerful, surgery-free, diet-‘titratable’ small animal model that can be used to study the onset of recovery from occlusive, atherosclerotic CHD and heart failure due to MI. HypoE mice can be used for the analysis of the effects of environment (diet, social isolation) on a variety of features of cardiovascular disease.
Staffing a Multiskilled Workforce with Varying Levels of Productivity: An Analysis of Cross‐training Policies*

Service operations that utilize cross-trained employees face complex workforce staffing decisions that have important implications for both cost and productivity. These decisions are further complicated when cross-trained employees have different productivity levels in multiple work activity categories. A method for policy analysis in such environments can be beneficial in determining low-cost staffing plans with appropriate cross-training configurations. In this paper, we present an integer linear programming model for evaluating cross-training configurations at the policy level. The objective of the model is to minimize workforce staffing costs subject to the satisfaction of minimum labor requirements across a planning horizon of a single work shift. The model was used to evaluate eight cross-training structures (consisting of 36 unique cross-training configurations) across 512 labor requirement patterns. These structures, as well as the labor requirement patterns, were established based on data collected from maintenance operations at a large paper mill in the United States. The results indicate that asymmetric cross-training structures that permit chaining of employee skill classes across work activity categories are particularly useful.
PREDICTION IN COMPLEX COMMUNITIES: ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICALLY DERIVED MARKOV MODELS

Understanding and predicting the effects of species extinction and other environmental impacts in natural ecosystems is difficult because of their inherent complexity. Successful prediction in complex systems requires empirically accessible theoretical frameworks to limit the range of possible outcomes. I explored the predictions of multispecies Markov models, based on transition probabilities derived from repeated censuses of fixed points in the middle intertidal community of Tatoosh Island, Washington, USA, under natural conditions and after altering the model to reflect species extinction and changes in size-structured processes. The unmanipulated model predicted a mussel-dominated community and quantitatively captured 98.7% of the variation in community composition in independent transects. Although model assumptions that transition probabilities did not vary over time and depended only on the state of a point at the previous census were violated, altering the model to account for these violations provided no improvement in model performance. The manipulated models indicated that most species and transitions had relatively weak effects on community composition, the strongest effects being associated with California mussels (Mytilus californianus), articulated coralline algae (Corallina vancouveriensis), and predatory birds. The manipulated models also predicted that extinction of several species, particularly predatory birds, affects the resilience of the system, as assessed by return time. The effects of species on composition and resilience were poorly correlated, suggesting that assessing the importance of species depends on the type of ecosystem response being considered. The model successfully predicted quantitative shifts in community composition and ecosystem dynamics under several novel conditions: on vertical walls where bird predation and adult mussel recruitment are absent, and in previously published experiments that excluded birds from horizontal benches. These results suggest that Markov models can provide a useful predictive framework for some types of environmental impacts on complex ecosystems.
Configuration caching management techniques for reconfigurable computing

Although run-time reconfigurable systems have been shown to achieve very high performance, the speedups over traditional microprocessor systems are limited by the cost of configuration of the hardware. We explore the idea of configuration caching. We present techniques to carefully manage the configurations present on the reconfigurable hardware throughout program execution. Through the use of the presented strategies, we show that the number of required reconfigurations is reduced, lowering the configuration overhead. We extend these techniques to a number of different FPGA programming models, and develop both lower bound and realistic caching algorithms for these structures.
High resolution mapping of modified DNA nucleobases using excision repair enzymes

The incorporation and creation of modified nucleobases in DNA have profound effects on genome function. We describe methods for mapping positions and local content of modified DNA nucleobases in genomic DNA. We combined in vitro nucleobase excision with massively parallel DNA sequencing (Excision-seq) to determine the locations of modified nucleobases in genomic DNA. We applied the Excision-seq method to map uracil in E. coli and budding yeast and discovered significant variation in uracil content, wherein uracil is excluded from the earliest and latest replicating regions of the genome, possibly driven by changes in nucleotide pool composition. We also used Excision-seq to identify sites of pyrimidine dimer formation induced by UV light exposure, where the method could distinguish between sites of cyclobutane and 6-4 photoproduct formation. These UV mapping data enabled analysis of local sequence bias around pyrimidine dimers and suggested a preference for an adenosine downstream from 6-4 photoproducts. The Excision-seq method is broadly applicable for high precision, genome-wide mapping of modified nucleobases with cognate repair enzymes.
Improved electrode kinetics in lithium manganospinel nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal methods: identifying and eliminating oxygen vacancies

Lithium-rich manganospinel (Li1+xMn2–xO4–δ, lithium manganese oxide) has been synthesized by hydrothermal methods employing potassium permanganate, lithium hydroxide, and acetone as synthons. The solid product crystallizes as 30–50 nm particles with some larger 100–300 nm particles also occurring. Materials prepared by this low-temperature route contain oxygen vacancies which can be demonstrated by combining thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and cyclic voltammetry. Oxygen vacancies can be minimized beyond the limits of detection for these experiments by annealing the compound in air at 500 °C for 4 h. At room temperature, Rietveld refinement of the powder neutron diffraction pattern shows an orthorhombic Fddd(α00) superlattice of the Fdm space group for hydrothermally synthesized lithium manganospinel. After annealing, oxygen vacancies are eliminated and the superlattice features disappear. Furthermore, the hydrothermal synthesis of lithium manganospinel performed under a pure oxygen atmosphere followed by annealing at 500 °C for 4 h in air gives superior electrochemical properties. This compound shows a reversible capacity of 115 mAh/g when cycled at a rate C/3 and retains 93.6% of this capacity after 100 cycles. This same capacity is observed at the faster rate of 3C. At 5C, the capacity drops to 99 mAh/g, but capacity retention remains greater than 95% after 100 cycles. Finally, when cycled at 5C at an elevated temperature of 55 °C, the O2 annealed sample shows an initial capacity of 99 mAh/g with 89% capacity retention after 100 cycles. The high rate capability of this material is ascribed to fast lithium-ion diffusion, estimated to be 10−7 to 10−9 cm2 s−1 by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Two Aspects of Cavitation Damage in the Incubation Zone: Scaling by Energy Considerations and Leading Edge Damage

This study focused on two aspects of the cavitation damage problem, namely an energy approach to the scaling of cavitation damage in the incubation zone and damage near the leading edge of a test model. The damage to the surface of the models was in the form of small indentations in which no material was removed. For a wide range of velocities namely 14.9 to 59.3 m/s the rate of pit formation per unit area in the maximum damage zone increased by the sixth power of velocity. Furthermore it is shown that the damage rate versus velocity data are in good agreement with three other investigations. The volumes of the pits were found to increase by the fifth power of velocity. A relationship between the volume of a pit and the cavitation bubble collapse energy absorbed was developed. The damage to the leading edge was felt to be due to the reentrant jet striking the leading edge of the cavity creating a short term pressure rise causing the collapse of any cavitation bubbles in this area.
Preparation and properties of [NH2Et2][Mn10(OH)3(phth)9(bpy)6], a new decanuclear Mn(II) compound with a variety of phthalate binding modes

The synthesis and characterisation are reported of the new decanuclear manganese compound [NH2Et2][Mn10(OH)3(phth)9(bpy)6] (2; phthH2 = phthalic acid, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), obtained from the reaction of phthH2, bpy and NEt3 with either [Mn12O12(O2CMe)16(H2O)4] (1) or manganese(II) acetate; the latter is by far the superior method. Complex 2 is the highest nuclearity MnII cluster yet prepared, and it crystallizes in the triclinic space group P. The structure of the anion consists of a pinwheel-like arrangement of ten MnII ions bridged by three μ3-OH− ions and nine bridging phth2− groups. Six chelating bpy groups complete octahedral coordination at each MnII ion. There are three different bridging modes for the phth2− groups, some of them unprecedented. Solid-state, variable-temperature dc and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal weak, antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the MnII ions resulting in a low-spin ground state of S ≈ 2 and low-lying excited states. The non-zero ground state is rationalized as due to the presence of competing exchange interactions (spin frustration) within the Mn10 topology.
SNC Qwksep - A simple, reliable, stiff and low-shock separation system for small sat missions

The SNC Qwksep technology is a Marman band retention system with a low shock release mechanism. The Qwksep is unique in that it combines flight heritage geometry and a Clamp Band Opening Device (CBOD), packages these features in a very small height envelope of 2 inches, and provides bolt circle interfaces for the launch vehicle and payload. The system developed targeted a specific set of requirements related to small satellites in the 600 to 1,100 pound size to demonstrate the technology as opposed to a specific product. An engineering unit was designed and built to demonstrate functionality and load capacity. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used in the design stage to predict stiffness and service load capability. The engineering unit was tested for function, stiffness, and load capacity. Test results were compared to analysis predictions and show very good correlation. The engineering unit was tested to an equivalent tensile load (P eq ) of 25,000 pounds. This load envelopes the target payload launch environment. Stiffness was measured at over 3.7 × 106 pounds per inch in axial tension. Correlated analysis predicts a tensile load capacity of 33,600 pounds for a 5,000-pound nominal band tension. The engineering unit tests successfully demonstrated that the technology is a viable alternative to other systems and is ready to satisfy mission requirements in the small satellite market. Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) Space Systems plans to have a new 15-inch diameter version qualified by the end of 2013.
Validation of lignocellulosic biomass carbohydrates determination via acid hydrolysis

This work studied the two-step acid hydrolysis for determining carbohydrates in lignocellulosic biomass. Estimation of sugar loss based on acid hydrolyzed sugar standards or analysis of sugar derivatives was investigated. Four model substrates (starch, holocellulose, filter paper and cotton) and three levels of acid/material ratios (7.8, 10.3 and 15.4, v/w) were studied to demonstrate the range of test artifacts. The method for carbohydrates estimation based on acid hydrolyzed sugar standards having the most satisfactory carbohydrate recovery and relative standard deviation. Raw material and the acid/material ratio both had significant effect on carbohydrate hydrolysis, suggesting the acid to have impacts beyond a catalyst in the hydrolysis. Following optimal procedures, we were able to reach a carbohydrate recovery of 96% with a relative standard deviation less than 3%. The carbohydrates recovery lower than 100% was likely due to the incomplete hydrolysis of substrates, which was supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images.
Dielectric analysis of the cure of thermosetting epoxy/amine systems

A low molecular weight epoxy resin is cured isothermally with an aromatic amine hardener, and the dielectric properties are measured as a function of the frequency, reaction time, and cure temperature. At specific stages in the cure, small samples from the reacting mixture are quenched and subsequently analyzed for the glass transition temperature and epoxy group conversion by differential scanning calorimetry. In this manner, the change In dielectric properties can be directly correlated with the network structure. The ionic conductivity is modeled as a function of the cure temperature and the cure-dependent glass transition temperature using a Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) relation. Combining this WLF relation with the DiBenedetto equation, a comprehensive model relating conductivity with the extent of reaction and cure temperature has been developed.
Arthur Norberg, the Charles Babbage Institute, and the History of Computing

This issue of the IEEE annals of the history of computing originated with a desire to mark the retirement of Charles Babbage Institute founding director Arthur Norberg. In so doing, a number of Norberg's peers were invited to help celebrate and honor the CBI director's career while also appraising the history of computing field that Norberg helped create.
The school is the problem, not the solution

To what extent is the design of American schooling adapted to the lofty aspirations educators have enunciated during the last century? I first enumerate these aspirations as well as the basic design of schooling; then I evaluate the match. After highlighting the limitations of the basic design, I point to some alternative settings offering greater likelihood of realizing these aspirations? In the conclusion, I identify three stances one might adopt with respect to the results of the analysis.
Pipeline Probability Paging for Wireless Systems

In this paper, we propose a pipeline probability paging to reduce delay and improve performance for wireless systems assuming prior knowledge on location probabilities of individual mobile terminals, under a paging delay constraint. Our study shows that the proposed scheme outperforms both the sequential probability paging scheme with prior knowledge on location probabilities of individual mobile terminals and the blanket paging scheme in terms of discovery rate and the total delay.
In situ measurements and modeling of carbon nanotube array growth kinetics during chemical vapor deposition

Direct measurements of carbon nanotube growth kinetics are described based upon time-resolved reflectivity (TRR) of a HeNe laser beam from vertically aligned nanotube arrays (VANTAs) as they grow during chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Growth rates and terminal lengths were measured in situ for VANTAs growing during CVD between 535 °C and 900 °C on Si substrates with evaporated Al/Fe/Mo multi-layered catalysts and acetylene feedstock at different feedstock partial pressures. Methods of analysis of the TRR signals are presented to interpret catalyst particle formation and oxidation, as well as the porosity of the VANTAs. A rate-equation model is developed to describe the measured kinetics in terms of activation energies and rate constants for surface carbon formation and diffusion on the catalyst nanoparticle, nanotube growth, and catalyst over-coating. Taken together with the TRR data, this model enables basic understanding and optimization of growth conditions for any catalyst/feedstock combination. The model lends insight into the main processes responsible for the growth of VANTAs, the measured number of walls in the nanotubes at different temperatures, conditions for growth of single-wall carbon nanotube arrays, and likely catalyst poisoning mechanisms responsible for the sharp decline in growth rates observed at high temperatures.
Adult mosquitoes parasitized by larval water mites in Pennsylvania.

Abstract: A survey of water mite larvae parasitizing adult mosquitoes was conducted throughout Pennsylvania. In total, 929,873 individuals and 46 species of mosquitoes were collected from 6,499 sites, and mites were examined from a subset of the parasitized mosquitoes. From 282 of the sites, 1,836 mosquitoes were parasitized by 4,769 mites, with a mean intensity of 2.6, ranging from 1 to 31. Twenty-one species of mosquitoes representing Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Ochlerotatus, Orthopodomyia, and Psorophora were parasitized by 1 Parathyas sp., 7 Arrenurus spp., and 7 Arrenurus morphotypes. All mite species are documented from Pennsylvania for the first time. The largest numbers of hosts were Coquillettidia perturbans and Ochlerotatus trivittatus, and of parasites were Arrenurus danbyensis and Parathyas barbigera. Aedes spp., Ochlerotatus spp., and Psorophora ferox were mostly parasitized by P. barbigera, Anopheles spp. and Cq. perturbans mostly by Arrenurus spp., and Culex spp. by both P. ba...
Mentoring Women in Academia

We investigated faculty and graduate students' judgments about mentoring women in academia. Overall ratings of important characteristics of mentors were similar to those reported in empirical and descriptive literature. Differences in the women's ratings were not related to demographic characteristics. However, women who were seeking mentors, had mentors, or had been mentors for others, did have different evaluations of this relationship.
Neurologic withdrawal symptoms following abrupt discontinuation of a prolonged dexmedetomidine infusion in a child.

Dexmedetomidine is a α2-adrenergic agonist which possesses sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties. It is approved for short-term use in adults to provide sedation while mechanically ventilated and for noninvasive procedural sedation. An increased number of anecdotal reports describe the use dexmedetomidine in children. Cardiovascular withdrawal symptoms have been reported in the literature. However, there have been few published reports of neurologic withdrawal symptoms following discontinuation of prolonged infusions of dexmedetomidine. We describe a 2 year-old child who received a prolonged continuous infusion (263 hours) of dexmedetomidine as an adjunctive sedative agent. Following abrupt discontinuation of dexmedetomidine, the patient presented with symptoms suggestive of neurological withdrawal. The symptoms gradually resolved over two days without further intervention, and the patient had full resolution of symptoms and was discharged home with no further neurologic sequelae.
Modeling of Metal(100) Homoepitaxial Film Growth at Very Low Temperatures

We model the growth of Ag films deposited on Ag(100) below 140K. Our recent Variable-Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (VTSTM) studies reveal “smooth growth” from 120-140K, consistent with earlier diffraction studies. However, we also find rougher growth for lower temperatures. This unexpected behavior is modeled by describing the deposition dynamics using a “restricted downward funneling” model, wherein deposited atoms get caught on the sides of steep nanoprotrusions (which are prevalent below 120K), rather than always funneling down to lower four-fold hollow adsorption sites. At OK, where no thermal diffusion processes are operative, this leads to the formation ofoverhangs and internal defects (orvoids). Above 40K, low barrier interlayer diffusion processes become operative, producing the observed smooth growth by 120K. We also discuss how the apparent film morphology mapped out by the STM tip “smears” features of the actual film morphology (which are small at low temperature), and also can lead to underestimation of the roughness.
Indirect Restrictions to Internal Trade

Five years ago Professor Leland Spencer presented to this association a paper on the "Practice and Theory of Market Exclusion Within the United States." His paper dealt primarily with the inspection of dairy products and showed that the laws and ordinances which were in effect had two different purposes and two correspondingly different results. They assured the consumer of reasonably good milk and cream but they also tended to restrict supplies of milk and cream, to limit the area of the milk shed; and in general to give nearby producers certain advantages over distant producers. The paper was followed by discussions by Professor Garver and by Professor Hobson indicating that there were many other kinds of legal and extra-legal regulations which tended to restrict internal trade and to protect certain groups of producers from competition with other groups. The three papers agreed that there was an increasing number and variety of such restrictions but appeared to disagree in their conclusions as to their economic effects. Professor Spencer concluded his paper with the sentence,
Chloride and osmotic water permeabilities of isolated rabbit renal papillary surface epithelium

The papillary surface epithelium (PSE) covers the mammalian renal papilla. It has been proposed that water or solute fluxes across the PSE might result in changes in urine or medullary interstitial fluid composition. To study osmotic water and chloride permeabilities, the PSE was dissected from underlying medullary tissue and mounted in a small Ussing chamber. Osmotic water permeability was low (14.2 +/- 3.0 microns/s) and was unaffected by 100 nM vasopressin added to the basolateral surface. In contrast, the PSE showed a substantial chloride permeability of 3.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(-5) cm/s that decreased reversibly to 2.2 +/- 0.3 x 10(-5) cm/s (P less than 0.01) with vasopressin. Vasopressin also reversibly increased the transepithelial resistance of the PSE from 87 +/- 9 to 106 +/- 13 omega.cm2 (P less than 0.02). Apical bumetanide (10(-6) M) had no significant effect on PSE chloride permeability. The apparent Na-Cl permeability ratio (0.75 +/- 0.01) calculated from dilution potential measurements was not affected significantly by vasopressin or apical bumetanide. We conclude that it is unlikely that physiologically significant osmotic water fluxes occur across the papillary surface epithelium. However, the NaCl permeability is sufficiently high that physiologically significant transepithelial NaCl fluxes could occur under conditions associated with reflux of urine backward from the papillary tip.
RFPCog: Linguistic-Based Identification and Mapping of Service Requirements in Request for Proposals (RFPs) to IT Service Solutions

Request for proposal (RFP) documents describes a client's business and service requirements in natural language. RFP packages typically consists of tens to hundreds of documents each ranging from tens to hundreds of pages and come at variety of formats and structures. Processing RFPs manually is a tedious, error prone and slow process. It is a competitive advantage to a service provider to be able to process RFP documents to automatically extract client requirements, and understand how these requirements map to the internal offerings, products or solutions of the business to improve the efficiency of preparing RFP responses, and conduct sizing and pricing of the solutions. However, this is a challenging task due to the complexity and variety of forms that requirements are expressed, their level of detail, style and language expression. In this paper, we present a novel cognitive solution that employs linguistic-based and machine learning methods for automated processing of RFP documents for extracting requirement statements, and mapping them to offering taxonomies. We also present RFPCog as an interactive and explorative tool for analysis, refinement and browsing of requirements-offering mapping. The presented methods have been applied on RFPs submitted to a large IT service provider company, and the result of evaluation of the methods and tool by practitioners shows the effectiveness of the tool for intelligent requirement extraction and analysis.
Form ‘defines’ function: Neural connectivity between aesthetic perception and product purchase decisions in an fMRI study

In the aesthetics literature, object beauty has been emphasized for its non-instrumental benefits, in other words, beauty that is ‘rewarding’ in itself, without functional considerations. In the context of consumer products, this study examines the influence of aesthetic perceptions on purchase decisions based on integrating both reward (hedonic) and functional value attribution mechanisms. Brain connectivity analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data sheds light on the neural route for the influence of product beauty on purchase. Notably, a significant directional connectivity from brain networks mediating ‘aesthetic perception’ to ‘functional value’ to ‘purchase decision’ shows that the left Amygdala, an emotion-related region of the aesthetic network, influences all five regions in the functional network, which then influences the purchase network of the brain, thus supporting the utilitarian goals of aesthetic appraisals and the Antonio Damasio's somatic/emotional marker hypothesis. Further, we find clear evidence that the reward (hedonic) network, which also influences the purchase network, receives information from the functional network of the brain, integrating both the non-instrumental and instrumental value of the product. In other words, beauty in consumer products influences purchase decisions by evoking emotions that importantly define the functional value of products, in addition to their hedonic/reward value uncovered in previous literature. In light of the novel findings, the authors discuss important implications for marketing theory, methodology, and practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tool for Optimizing Star Tracker and IMU Configuration

A software tool for estimating cross-boresight error of a star tracker combined with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) was developed to support trade studies for the Integrated Radio and Optical Communication project (iROC) at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn Research Center. Typical laser communication systems, such as the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) and the Laser Communication Relay Demonstration (LCRD), use a beacon to locate ground stations. iROC is investigating the use of beaconless precision laser pointing to enable laser communication at Mars orbits and beyond. Precision attitude knowledge is essential to the iROC mission to enable high-speed steering of the optical link. The preliminary concept to achieve this precision attitude knowledge is to use star trackers combined with an IMU. The Star Tracker Accuracy (STAcc) software was developed to rapidly assess the capabilities of star tracker and IMU configurations. STAcc determines the overall cross-boresight error of a star tracker with an IMU given the characteristic parameters: quantum efficiency, aperture, apparent star magnitude, exposure time, field of view, photon spread, detector pixels, spacecraft slew rate, maximum stars used for quaternion estimation, and IMU angular random walk. This paper discusses the supporting theory used to construct STAcc, verification of the program and sample results.
Ring Expansion Reactions of Pentaphenylborole with Dipolar Molecules as a Route to Seven-Membered Boron Heterocycles

Reactions of pentaphenylborole with isocyanates, benzophenone, and benzaldehyde produced new seven-membered heterocycles in high yields. For 1-adamantyl isocyanate, a BNC5 heterocycle was obtained from the insertion of the C–N moiety into the five-membered borole, whereas for 4-methoxyphenyl isocyanate, a BOC5 heterocycle was generated from the insertion of the C–O unit. These reactions are believed to occur via a mechanism wherein coordination of the nucleophile to the borole (1-adamantyl, N-coordination or O-coordination for 4-methoxyphenyl) is followed by ring expansion to afford the observed seven-membered heterocycles. The selectivity to form B–O- or B–N-containing heterocycles is based on the polarization of the isocyanate implying tunable reactivity for the system. Having observed that isocyanates react as 1,2-dipoles with pentaphenylborole, we examined benzophenone and benzaldehyde, which both reacted to insert C–O units into the ring. This represents a new efficient method for preparing rare seve...
Multisource Geospatial Data Fusion via Local Joint Sparse Representation

In this paper, we propose an adaptive locality weighted multisource joint sparse representation classification (ALWMJ-SRC) model for the classification of multisource remote sensing data. Although the notion of multitask joint sparsity has been recently developed for data fusion and has shown to be effective for various applications, in this paper, we suggest that there are important limitations stemming from the assumptions in such a framework. We propose a formulation that is inspired by this approach yet addresses some of the key shortcomings (e.g., uniform weights and unstable estimation of coefficients), resulting in a more robust formulation for data fusion. Specifically, we impose an adaptive locality weight to constrain the sparse coefficients, which not only considers the locality information between the test sample and the atoms in the dictionary but also helps ensure that the coefficients are adaptively penalized, reducing estimation bias. The adaptive locality weight is calculated for each source, which ensures that complementary information is employed from different sources for fusion. The optimization problem is solved using an alternating-direction-methods-of-multipliers formulation. In addition, the proposed algorithm is extended to the kernel space. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is validated via experiments for two fusion scenarios—spectral–spatial classification and hyperspectral-LiDAR sensor fusion. The experimental results demonstrate that ALWMJ-SRC consistently performs better than state-of-the-art classification approaches.
Expanding the Scholarship on Leadership Training in Dental Education

The increasingly complex and interdependent world in which oral health care is practiced is causing many changes in the profession. Beginning in the early 1970s, Alvin Toffler’s books Future Shock , The Third Wave , and Powershift argued that the accelerated rate of social and technological change
Escaping the tyranny of the urgent by delivering planned care.

These four components can help you provide care that is more proactive, organized and satisfying.
Unsuspected pregnancy during bone scintigraphy

Despite careful screening efforts to avoid it, nuclear medicine studies are unintentionally performed on pregnant patients (1–4). Three-phase bone scanning is a common procedure performed in women of child-bearing age. Unsuspected pregnancies have been discovered on the flow and early views of the pelvis (1–4). We present a case of a pregnant girl, aged 15, who had a bone scan. We explain how this occurred and how we plan to prevent a recurrence. Dosimetry for the fetus (3,7) also is considered.
Challenging IV Access in the Patient with Septic Shock

Obtaining vascular access in critically ill patients is one of the most important elements of clinical care; however, critically ill patients often have factors that complicate obtaining access which can create significant challenges for providers at all levels of experience. IV access is critical for many reasons including the administration intravenous fluids, blood products, medications (some medications require central access for administration), hemodynamic monitoring, drawing blood, hemodialysis, and for the administration of IV contrast used for both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This chapter discusses challenging IV access in the patient with septic shock; however, this information may apply to other types of critically ill patients and is presented in two sections; section “Types of Intravenous Access” discusses types of IV access such as peripheral, peripherally inserted central access, central, intraosseous, and concludes with venous cutdown, and section “Special Considerations in Difficult Clinical Settings” discusses special considerations in difficult clinical settings such as coagulopathy, venous thrombosis/occlusion, chronic kidney diseases/hemodialysis patients, morbidly obese patients, and burn patients.
Characteristics and Service Use of Older Adults with Schizoaffective Disorder Versus Older Adults with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if schizoaffective disorder in older adults is differentiated from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with respect to community functioning, cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, and service use. Design Secondary analysis of baseline data collected from the Helping Older People Experience Success psychosocial skills training and health management study. Setting Three community mental health centers in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Participants Adults over the age of 50 (N = 139, mean age: 59.7 years, SD: 7.4 years) with persistent functional impairment and a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder (N = 52), schizophrenia (N = 51), or bipolar disorder (N = 36). Measurements Health status (36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]), performance-based community living skills (UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment), neuropsychological functioning (Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning subtests), psychiatric symptoms (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms), medical severity (Charlson comorbidity index), and acute service use. Results Older adults with schizoaffective disorder had depressive symptoms of similar severity to bipolar disorder, and thought disorder symptoms of similar severity to schizophrenia. Schizoaffective disorder compared with schizophrenia was associated with better community functioning, but poorer subjective physical and mental health functioning as measured by the SF-36. Older adults with schizoaffective disorder had greater acute hospitalization compared with adults with schizophrenia, though their use of acute care services was comparable to individuals with bipolar disorder. Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that schizoaffective disorder in older adults occupies a distinct profile from either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with respect to community functional status, symptom profile, and acute services utilization.
Aggregate Production Planning: Aggsiml

This note provides instructions for using the Excel model AGGSIML to evaluate the incremental costs of a trial production plan.
Weyl nodes in Andreev spectra of multiterminal Josephson junctions: Chern numbers, conductances, and supercurrents

We consider mesoscopic four-terminal Josephson junctions and study emergent topological properties of the Andreev subgap bands. We use symmetry-constrained analysis for Wigner-Dyson classes of scattering matrices to derive band dispersions. When the scattering matrix of the normal region connecting superconducting leads is energy independent, the determinant formula for Andreev spectrum can be reduced to a palindromic equation that admits a complete analytical solution. Band topology manifests with an appearance of the Weyl nodes which serve as monopoles of finite Berry curvature. The corresponding fluxes are quantified by Chern numbers that translate into a quantized nonlocal conductance that we compute explicitly for the time-reversal-symmetric scattering matrix. The topological regime can also be identified by supercurrents as Josephson current-phase relationships exhibit pronounced nonanalytic behavior and discontinuities near Weyl points that can be controllably accessed in experiments.
Transoral Resection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Positive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx: Outcomes with and Without Adjuvant Therapy

With the rise of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), appropriate treatment strategies continue to be tailored toward minimizing treatment while preserving oncologic outcomes. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for those undergoing transoral resection with or without adjuvant therapy for HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma. A case-match cohort analysis was performed at two institutions on patients with HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. All the subjects underwent transoral surgery and neck dissection. The patients treated with surgery alone were matched 1:1 to those treated with surgery and adjuvant therapy using two groups identified as confounders: T-stage (T1/2 or T3/4) and number of pathologically positive lymph nodes (≤4 or >4). The study identified 105 matched pairs, with a median follow-up period of 42 months (range 3.1–102.3 months). The patients were staged as T1/T2 (86%) or T3/4 (14%). Each group had five patients with more than four positive lymph nodes. Adjuvant therapy significantly improved disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.067; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01–0.62) and was associated with a lower risk of local and regional recurrence (risk ratio [RR] 0.096; 95% CI 0.02–0.47). No difference in disease-specific survival (HR 0.22; 95% CI 0.02–2.57) or overall survival (HR 0.18; 95% CI 0.01–2.4) was observed with the addition of adjuvant therapy. The risk of the gastrostomy tube was higher for those receiving adjuvant therapy (RR 7.3; 95% CI 2.6–20.6). Transoral surgery is an effective approach for the treatment of HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma. The addition of adjuvant therapy appears to decrease the risk of recurrence and improve disease-free survival but may not significantly improve overall survival.