cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size and Adaptation in Primates

Living primates vary in size from species averaging less than 100 g to some averaging well over 100 kg (Fig 1). The fossil record provides evidence of both much larger and much smaller species (e.g., Fleagle, 1978; Gingerich et al., 1982; Gunnell, 1983; Simons and Ettel, 1970). There is no doubt that much of the diversity that these species show in structure, physiology, behavior, and ecology is intimately related to differences in body size (e.g., Schmidt-Nielson, 1975; Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1983). The details of this relationship are the domain of allometry. Thus, in its broadest sense, allometry is the study of the relationship between size and adaptation.
Two tests of social displacement through social media use

ABSTRACTThe present manuscript presents two tests of the hypothesis that social media use decreases social interaction, leading to decreased well-being. Study 1 used the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (N = 2774), which is a national probability sample of Generation X, to test displacement over a three-year time period. Latent change scores were used to test associations among social media adoption in 2009, social media use in 2011, direct contact frequency across years, in relation to change in well-being. Although social media adoption in 2009 predicted less social contact in 2011, increased social media use between 2009 and 2011 positively predicted well-being. Study 2 used experience sampling with a combined community and undergraduate sample (N = 116). Participants reported on their social interactions and passive social media use (i.e., excluding chat via social media) five times a day over five days. Results indicate that social media use at prior times of day was not associated with future so...
The role of ventral striatum in reward-based attentional bias.

Abstract Introduction Models of attention suggest that endogenous and exogenous factors can bias attention. However, recent data suggest that reward can also enhance attention towards relevant stimulus features as a function of involuntary biases. In this study, we utilized the additional singleton task to determine the neural circuitry that biases perceptual processing as a function of reward history. Methods Participants searched for a unique shape amongst an array of differently shaped objects. All shapes, including the target shape, had the same color except one distractor shape. Participants randomly received a low or high reward after correct trials. From one trial to the next, target colors could stay the same or swap with the distractor color. Interestingly, and despite the irrelevancy of reward magnitude for task accuracy, the difference in reaction time between swap and non-swap trials usually is more pronounced following a high compared to a low reward. Results In the current study, we showed that reward modulated attention is larger for individuals with enhanced reward magnitude sensitivity in the ventral striatum. In addition, connectivity data shows that ventral striatum was more positively connected with visual cortex during high reward non-swap trials compared to high reward swap trials for participants showing stronger reward modulated attention. Conclusions This suggests that involuntary reward modulated attention might be implemented by direct influences of the ventral striatum on visual cortex.
University-Government Partnerships in Support of State Reform: Lessons from the Caribbean

This article describes a multiparty partnership seeking to support government reform efforts in the Dominican Republic through public administration education. The partnership includes two government institutions in the Dominican Republic and two public universities, Utah State University (USU) in the United States and Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo (UASD, Autonomous University of Santo Domingo) in the Dominican Republic. Seed money was obtained from the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration. Subsequently, the partnership obtained a grant from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the former Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development (ALO), now the Higher Education Development office. This article describes the necessity of public administration training in the Dominican Republic, experiences in implementing the academic component of the partnership, a master of public policy and administration program...
The ability of magnetic resonance black blood vessel wall imaging to evaluate blunt cerebrovascular injury following acute trauma.

Abstract Background and purpose Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) is associated with a significant risk of ischemic stroke when left untreated. Cross-sectional imaging is vital to early BCVI diagnosis and treatment; however, conventional luminal vessel imaging is limited in its ability to evaluate for vessel wall pathology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VWI) to detect and evaluate BCVI in acutely injured trauma patients relative to neck computed tomographic angiography (CTA). Materials and methods Trauma patients with suspected BCVI on initial neck CTA were prospectively recruited for VWI evaluation. Two neuroradiologists blinded to patient clinical history and CTA findings evaluated each artery independently on VWI and noted the presence and grade of BCVI. These results were subsequently compared to neck CTA findings relative to expert clinical consensus review. Interrater reliability of VWI for detecting BCVI was evaluated using a weighted Cohen κ-statistic. Results Ten trauma patients (40 cervical arteries) were prospectively evaluated using both CTA and VWI. Out of 18 vascular lesions identified as suspicious for BCVI on CTA, six lesions were determined to represent true BCVI by expert consensus review. There was almost perfect agreement between VWI and expert consensus regarding the presence and grade of BCVI (κ = 0.82). This agreement increased when considering only low grade BCVI. There was only fair agreement between CTA and expert clinical consensus (κ = 0.36). This agreement decreased when considering only low grade BCVI. Conclusions VWI can potentially accurately identify and evaluate BCVI in acutely injured trauma patients with excellent inter-rater reliability.
Media Gatekeeping and Portrayal of Black Men in America

Black men continue to face many challenges in the United States, but their negative portrayal in the media seems to be one of the pervasive challenges facing them. While “occupying” a huge space in...
Environmental seasonality on predator–prey systems under nutrient and toxicant constraints

Bioaccumulation of toxicants in aquatic food webs can pose risks to ecosystem function and human health. Toxicant models of aquatic ecosystems can be improved by incorporating realistic environmental impacts such as nutrient availability and seasonality. It is well known that the carrying capacity of predator-prey systems can vary seasonally due to environmental cycles resulting from natural and human activities. As such, incorporating seasonal variation in the carrying capacity of a predator-prey system provides a better understanding of the underlying population dynamics bioaccumulation of toxicants. Here, we develop a seasonally varied predator-prey model subject to concurrent nutrient and toxicant stressors. We investigate the effects of seasonality on population dynamics to increase understanding of the complex governing processes of the trophic transfer of nutrients, energy, and toxicants. We observe that the strength of seasonality can shift solutions from periodic to quasi-periodic and models that neglect environmental seasonality may be under-predicting adverse effects of toxicity.
Periodogram ordinate: Spatial model with near unit roots and dependent errors

Abstract The limiting distribution of the normalized Fourier coefficients of a spatial autoregressive process obeying a model having dependent errors is investigated. Normalizing factors of the Fourier coefficients of both the moving average and autoregressive error structure models are found.
Sexual dimorphism in human arm power and force: implications for sexual selection on fighting ability.

ABSTRACT Sexual dimorphism often arises from selection on specific musculoskeletal traits that improve male fighting performance. In humans, one common form of fighting includes using the fists as weapons. Here, we tested the hypothesis that selection on male fighting performance has led to the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the musculoskeletal system that powers striking with a fist. We compared male and female arm cranking power output, using it as a proxy for the power production component of striking with a fist. Using backward arm cranking as an unselected control, our results indicate the presence of pronounced male-biased sexual dimorphism in muscle performance for protracting the arm to propel the fist forward. We also compared overhead pulling force between males and females, to test the alternative hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in the upper body of humans is a result of selection on male overhead throwing ability. We found weaker support for this hypothesis, with less pronounced sexual dimorphism in overhead arm pulling force. The results of this study add to a set of recently identified characters indicating that sexual selection on male aggressive performance has played a role in the evolution of the human musculoskeletal system and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in hominins.
Efficient algorithms for mixed aleatory-epistemic uncertainty quantification with application to radiation-hardened electronics. Part I, algorithms and benchmark results.

This report documents the results of an FY09 ASC V&V Methods level 2 milestone demonstrating new algorithmic capabilities for mixed aleatory-epistemic uncertainty quantification. Through the combination of stochastic expansions for computing aleatory statistics and interval optimization for computing epistemic bounds, mixed uncertainty analysis studies are shown to be more accurate and efficient than previously achievable. Part I of the report describes the algorithms and presents benchmark performance results. Part II applies these new algorithms to UQ analysis of radiation effects in electronic devices and circuits for the QASPR program.
CrEOS: Identifying Critical Events in Online Sessions

Analyzing a consumer’s experience in an online session is a fundamental task of a marketer to enrich, personalize and enhance their future interactions with a firm. Click (web) or tap (mobile) event streams efficiently capture a consumer’s experience in an online session. In this work, we propose CrEOS contributing to the extant literature in the deployment of deep learning techniques to model online consumer behaviour. CrEOS models consumer conversion behaviour using a multi-variable LSTM, enriching the consumer event stream with a series of contextual features. In addition to the predictions, CrEOS identifies events that either hamper or help a conversion at three levels - consumer, consumer segment and transitions in marketing funnel. We validate CrEOS on click-stream data of a large US based e-commerce firm, compare it with single variable LSTM and discuss the insights derived from the critical event identification considering a series of marketing tasks.
Measuring Ultraviolet, Femtosecond Pulses in a Medium with a Slow Response

We demonstrate that with transient grating, ultraviolet pulse shapes can be encoded in near-infrared nonlinear optical signals, even in a non-instantaneous medium. We present measurements of chirped 400 nm pulses made in an absorbing medium.
A counterexample of a uniqueness result

Abstract Uniqueness of minimizers of constrained or unconstrained energy functionals is a very subtle issue that has attracted many mathematicians in the last decades. This interest is motivated by several reasons: The uniqueness implies that the critical point inherits all the symmetry and monotonicity properties of the problem. For example if the functional and its domain are radially decreasing, then is the critical point. This considerably reduces the difficulty of the study of quantitative properties of the underlying PDE, which is reduced to an ODE. Uniqueness also “guarantees” the stability, and simplifies the dynamics of the gradient flow induced by the functional. There are very few general results dealing with uniqueness of critical points in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to provide a counterexample of a general result obtained by B. Dacorogna in his book “Introduction to the calculus of variations, Edition 2004”.
On isomorphic classical diffeomorphism groups, III

We prove that contact structures (in the restricted sense) are determined by their automorphism groups.
Structured Reading Groups : Incorporating James Lang’s Small Teaching in the Theology Classroom

This paper explored James’ Lang’s work Small Teaching as a useful resource for developing and incorporating structured reading groups in the required upper-level theology courses at the institutions where I teach. The purpose of the reading groups is to increase student engagement and facilitate deep learning, with each reading group role patterned on one of Lang’s models or principles of knowledge, understanding, and inspiration.
Social Network based sensitivity analysis for patient flow using computer simulation

Studying the effect of social network structure on patient flow in a healthcare system.Simulation modeling of a social network through which an epidemic disease spreads.Simulating the spread of the epidemic through the network based on the susceptible-infected-recovery (SIR) process.Examining the relationship between the patient flow and different network characteristics.Exploring how sensitive is the flow to different network features. Prediction of patient flow, an essential element of any healthcare system, is challenging due to uncertainties in patient volume. One such source of uncertainty is a propagated outbreak of epidemic diseases as they spread through networks of human populations. Till date, no study exists that studied the effect of social network structure on patient flow. In this study, we aim to examine the relationship between patient flow in a social network and the corresponding network characteristics. For this purpose, we developed a simulation model in which an epidemic spreads through a social network and then the generated patients are directed to a healthcare system. To quantify the patient flow, we considered the conditional expected value of the length of stay (LoS) as our performance measure. The network characteristics considered were average distance, closeness centralization, betweenness centralization, and eigenvector centralization. Results from this study indicate that the patient flow has a direct relationship with closeness centralization and an inverse relationship with average distance. Betweenness and eigenvector centralization did not provide any meaningful information in patient flow prediction. Overall, patient flow is more sensitive to average distance. This work helps healthcare planners and decision makers in better prediction of the patient flow during a propagated outbreak of an epidemic.
The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Community Reinvestment Act: Past Accomplishments and Future Regulatory Challenges

A paper presented at the February 2002 conference "Policies to Promote Affordable Housing," cosponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and New York University's Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy.
Evaluating oral presentations

Curriculum recommendations for our students indicate a need for oral and written communication skills beyond that which they will learn in courses taught by other departments. As teachers, we have a good idea of what we want to require in written communications and how to evaluate them but we are often less sure about oral communications. This author has been requiring and evaluating oral presentations for several years and he has found a methodology to require and grade such work, and to provide meaningful feedback to students, both in individual and group presentations. The materials described here, downloadable from the author's Web site, are very adaptable for use in many courses.
Analysis of cardiac mitochondrial Na+–Ca2+ exchanger kinetics with a biophysical model of mitochondrial Ca2+ handing suggests a 3: 1 stoichiometry

Calcium is a key ion and is known to mediate signalling pathways between cytosol and mitochondria and modulate mitochondrial energy metabolism. To gain a quantitative, biophysical understanding of mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation, we developed a thermodynamically balanced model of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling and bioenergetics by integrating kinetic models of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (CU), Na+–Ca2+ exchanger (NCE), and Na+–H+ exchanger (NHE) into an existing computational model of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Kinetic flux expressions for the CU, NCE and NHE were developed and individually parameterized based on independent data sets on flux rates measured in purified mitochondria. While available data support a wide range of possible values for the overall activity of the CU in cardiac and liver mitochondria, even at the highest estimated values, the Ca2+ current through the CU does not have a significant effect on mitochondrial membrane potential. This integrated model was then used to analyse additional data on the dynamics and steady-states of mitochondrial Ca2+ governed by mitochondrial CU and NCE. Our analysis of the data on the time course of matrix free [Ca2+] in respiring mitochondria purified from rabbit heart with addition of different levels of Na+ to the external buffer medium (with the CU blocked) with two separate models – one with a 2: 1 stoichiometry and the other with a 3: 1 stoichiometry for the NCE – supports the hypothesis that the NCE is electrogenic with a stoichiometry of 3: 1. This hypothesis was further tested by simulating an additional independent data set on the steady-state variations of matrix free [Ca2+] with respect to the variations in external free [Ca2+] in purified respiring mitochondria from rat heart to show that only the 3: 1 stoichiometry model predictions are consistent with the data. Based on these analyses, it is concluded that the mitochondrial NCE is electrogenic with a stoichiometry of 3: 1.
Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia

Presumed Incompetent is a path breaking account of the intersecting roles of race, gender, and class in the working lives of women faculty of color. Through personal narratives and qualitative empirical studies, more than 40 authors expose the daunting challenges faced by academic women of color as they navigate the often hostile terrain of higher education, including hiring, promotion, tenure, and relations with students, colleagues, and administrators. The narratives are filled with wit, wisdom, and concrete recommendations, and provide a window into the struggles of professional women in a racially stratified but increasingly multicultural America.
Catalytic Olefin Cyclopropanation Using μ-Oxo−bis[(salen)iron(III)] Complexes

A series of μ-oxo−bis[(salen)iron(III)] complexes was prepared from the reaction of the corresponding salen ligands with FeCl3·6H2O in the presence of NEt3, and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. These air-stable complexes catalyzed the cyclopropanation of olefins with ethyl diazoacetate in good yields. The catalytic activity of these μ-oxo dimers, in the cyclopropanation of styrene, was examined as a function of the diamine backbone and the substituents in the 3,3‘- and 5,5‘-positions of the phenyl rings on the ligands. Solvent variation, catalyst loading, and styrene concentration were investigated to determine the optimal reaction conditions. The complex [Fe(3,3‘,5,5‘-tBu4salen)]2O (1d) was identified as the most efficient catalyst in the series, which successfully catalyzed the cyclopropanation not only of styrene but also of less reactive substrates such as α-methylstyrene, α-(trifluoromethyl)styrene, 1,1-diphenylethylene, methylenecyclohexane, and n-bu...
Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in dark-adapted retinal rod outer segments.

Abstract We measured the cytoplasmic free Ca concentration in the outer segment of intact, dark-adapted rods of the toad retina. The Ca indicator dye, Quin2, was loaded at concentrations of 0.273 ± 0.06 mM into the rod cytoplasm by incubation of isolated retinas in the hydrophobic ester, Quin2AM. Quin2 did not alter the cytoplasmic Ca concentration in the dark, but it buffered light-dependent concentration transients and, hence, modified the rod photoresponse. In the presence of 1 mM external Ca, the cytoplasmic Ca concentration in the dark was 273 ± 129 nM.
Kerr-stabilized super-resonant modes in coupled-resonator optical waveguides.

We investigate the effects of the optical Kerr nonlinearity in a coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW). Under certain conditions, there exists a stationary spatial distribution of the field whose envelope does not change with time-a super-resonant mode. The analysis does not indicate the existence of traveling hyperbolic-secant solitons of the Schrodinger type.
Children's counting: The early formation of numerical symbols

Children's counting is more complex than first meets the eye; this chapter takes a close look at the young child's use of counting and how the child turns counting names into a symbol system for number in the course of development.
Optimizing the Sensitivity of Photoluminescent Probes Using Time-Resolved Spectroscopy: A Molecular Beacon Case Study

Improving probes so that they can perform more sensitive and accurate detections is at the heart of much fundamental and applied research. Within the past few years a considerable amount of effort has been devoted to the study of photoluminescent probes in combination with time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPS). Although TRPS is a powerful and important technique for improving the sensitivity of long-lived probes, there is a lack of a general methodology that would allow one to unambiguously optimize the parameter affecting this technique. In this manuscript it will be shown how parameters that are probe- and technique-specific can affect the effectiveness of TRPS in improving sensitivity. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that, when TRPS is used, the sensitivity of the probe is strongly dependent on the time window used to generate the time-resolved emission spectra (TRES). A method will be described that will allow one to remove the uncertainty in the selection of the time window that wo...
Ultrastructure of the lung of the goose and its lining of surface material

As the primary bronchus passes through the goose lung it gives rise to two sets of secondary bronchi. One set is located on the dorsal surface of the lung and the other on the ventral surface. These two sets of bronchi are connected by numerous parabronchi which run parallel to one another through the lung. Each parabronchus is the center of and supplies air to a cylindrical lung lobule. Numerous outpocketings of the parabronchial wall, which are called atria, connect with the finest air spaces of the lung parenchyma. The epithelium lining the parabronchi is continuous with flattened epithelial cells which line the atria and the finest air spaces. The air-blood barrier is composed of endothelium, a basal lamina, an attenuated pulmonary epithelium, and an 80–120 A thick osmiophilic layer which covers the attenuated epithelium. Multiple layers of a unit-membrane-like material similar to that lining each fine air space is found covering and invaginating the epithelial cells lining the atria and parabronchi. Within many of these atrial and parabronchial cells, laminated osmiophilic material is found within cisternae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and inclusion bodies which may contain both laminations and a granular matrix similar to that within adjacent Golgi vesicles. It is suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum may be involved in the synthesis of the surface material found lining the goose lung.
Differential strength of association of child injury prevention attitudes and beliefs on practices: a case for audience segmentation.

Objective: Many injuries to children cannot be prevented without some degree of active behavior on the part of parents. A better understanding of social and cognitive determinants of parents’ injury prevention behavior and the identification of potential subgroups for targeted message delivery could advance the effectiveness of educational and behavioral interventions. This study assessed the degree to which parents’ injury prevention behavior is associated with theoretical determinants and examined whether this relation differs by age or birth order of child. Design: Cross sectional observational study. Setting: Three Midwestern pediatric clinics. Subjects: 594 parents of children ages 0–4 attending routine well child visits. Measures: Injury prevention attitudes, beliefs, and practices. Results: Overall, only modest relations were observed between injury beliefs and attitudes and injury prevention behaviors. However, these relations differed substantially by child age and birth order, with stronger associations observed for parents of older first born children. Outcome expectations and social norms were more strongly related to injury prevention behavior among parents of preschool children than among parents of infants and toddlers, while attitudes were more predictive for parents of first born children than parents of later born children. Conclusions: These findings highlight the complexity of relations between theorized determinants and behavior, and suggest the potential utility of using audience segmentation strategies in behavioral interventions addressing injury prevention.
An application of the plaster dissolution method for quantifying water velocity in the shallow hyporheic zone of an Appalachian stream system

1. A method for quantifying interstitial water velocity based on the dissolution rate of plaster of Paris standards was developed as part of a study of vertical, longitudinal (1–4 order sites) and seasonal variation in the biotic and physical characteristics of the shallow hyporheic zone (0–30 cm) of a headwater stream system in West Virginia, U.S.A. 2. A calibration model was developed using a water velocity simulation tank to relate mass loss of plaster standards to water velocity and temperature. The model was then used to calculate water velocity through artificial substrata embedded in the shallow hyporheic zone of four stream reaches based on in situ mass loss of plaster standards. 3. Water velocity in the hyporheic zone increased with stream order, was highest in early spring and winter during high stream base flows, and decreased with depth into the substratum. There was a strong interaction between depth and season: during periods of high stream discharge, water velocity through the upper level of the shallow hyporheic zone (0–10 cm into the substrate) increased disproportionately more than velocity at greater depths. Mean interstitial velocity in March ranged from 0 cm s–1 in the lowest level (20–30 cm) to 3.5 cm s–1 at the upper level (0–10 cm) at the first-order site, and from 2.5 cm s–1 (20–30 cm) to 9.5 cm s–1 (0–10 cm s–1) at the fourth-order site. Gradients in stream discharge and sediment permeability accounted for treatment effects. 4. Use of calibrated data improved the ability to resolve among-season differences in interstitial water movement over the use of uncalibrated mass loss data. For some applications of the plaster standard method, empirical calibration may not be necessary.
The effects of overtraining and successive extinctions upon nictitating membrane conditioning in the rabbit

Abstract In Expt. I Group SAE ( N = 16) received four successive acquisitions and extinctions of a classically conditioned nictitating membrane response while Group OTC ( N = 8) received an equivalent amount of acquisition training followed by a single extinction session. Successive extinctions resulted in a decrease in resistance to extinction (Rn), but extended acquisition training had no significant effect. In Expt. II a total of 96 subjects participated in a factorial study of the effects of various amounts of overtraining at two different UCS intensities. When CR amplitude was asymptotic extended training had no significant effect upon Rn; when amplitude was below asymptote Rn was correspondingly reduced.
384: Stem cell factor mRNA expression during mechanical circulatory support with left ventricular assist devices correlates with cardiac mast cell populations in the failing human heart

STEM CELL FACTOR MRNA EXPRESSION DURING MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES CORRELATES WITH CARDIAC MAST CELL POPULATIONS IN THE FAILING HUMAN HEART J. Jahanyar, K.A. Youker, M. Loebe, H. Chai, C. Assad-Kottner, G. Torre-Amione, G.P. Noon, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Methodist DeBakey Heart Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
Radiation-induced homogeneous precipitation in Ni-1 at% Be alloys

Abstract High voltage electron microscopy has been used for in-situ observations of precipitation in undersaturated solid solutions of Ni-Be alloys under electron irradiation. The results show that the precipitation follows the normal ageing sequence of saturated solid solutions without irradiation: G.P. zones → γ → γ. At the beginning of irradiation, the precipitation is homogeneously induced. Later on dislocation loops of interstitial type nucleate at precipitates. Most of the loops lie on > {100} planes, having a 〈 100 〉 Burgers vector. Longer irradiations produce dislocation tangles containing precipitates. In thin specimen regions, however, faulted Frank loops form after 〈 100 〉/{100} loops disappear. These results are discussed in terms of migration of interstitial-solute complexes to pre-existing solute clusters as well as specimen surfaces.
Tissue digoxin concentrations during the quinidine-digoxin interaction

Abstract Digoxin concentrations in serum, myocardium, 3 separate skeletal muscles, kidney, liver, and 5 sites in the brain were measured in 26 dogs given 12-alpha 3 H-digoxin. Ten of the dogs also received 200 mg of quinidine sulfate orally 3 times daily for 3 days, and 6 others received 240 mg of quinidine gluconate intravenously every 3 hours for 24 hours. Mean serum quinidine concentration was 6.7 ± 1.5 μ g/ml in the dogs treated with quinidine for 24 hours and 3.6 ± 2.3 in the dogs treated with quinidine for 3 days (p Thus, in contrast to the findings in a previous study, there is no evidence of increased concentration of digoxin in the brain or of decreased digoxin concentration in the myocardium when quinidine is given to dogs receiving digoxin. The relationship of serum-to-tissue digoxin concentration changes in some tissues after 24 hours of quinidine administration. The decrease in the ratio of renal-to-serum digoxin concentration suggests that the decrease in renal digoxin clearance with quinidine is due to failure of digoxin to enter the kidney rather than to a block in the excretion of digoxin present in the kidney.
Lung Transplantation for Obstructive Lung Diseases

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents one of the most common indications for lung transplantation, accounting for approximately one third of all procedures performed worldwide to date. Despite this extensive experience, questions remain about the appropriate timing of transplantation in the natural history of COPD, the optimal procedure to perform, and the survival benefit achieved. Less commonly encountered obstructive lung disorders for which transplantation is occasionally performed include emphysema due to α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Like COPD, the application of transplantation to these rare disorders also poses several questions. This article explores issues that arise when lung transplantation is utilized for treatment of both common and uncommon obstructive lung disorders.
Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome: when is surgical help needed?

BACKGROUND: Life-threatening hemorrhage is a rare event in hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. Epidemiologic data are lacking to predict patients at risk for hemorrhage requiring surgical consultation. We sought to identify early clinical predictors of hemorrhagic complications in patients at risk for HELLP syndrome. METHODS: Patients at risk for HELLP syndrome from 1997 to 2007 were identified retrospectively. Variables evaluated in at-risk women were maternal age, gestational history, hepatic transaminase levels, and platelet count. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of poor maternal outcomes, which were defined as hemorrhage requiring transfusion of blood products, need for surgical intervention, hepatic rupture, and death. RESULTS: A total of 109 at-risk women were identified. Adverse outcomes included transfusions (18%), hemorrhage interventions (8%), damage control laparotomy (2.8%), and hepatic rupture (2.8%). Maternal and perinatal mortality were .9% and 3.7%, respectively. Median transfusion requirements for women with hepatic rupture were 56 U of packed red blood cells, 26 U of fresh-frozen plasma, 18 U of platelets, and 6 U of cryoprecipitate. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed previous gestations (P = .002), platelet count (P = .01), and aspartate aminotransferase level increase (P = .04) were independent predictors of life-threatening hemorrhage. Previous gestations increased the risk of adverse outcome 3-fold. CONCLUSIONS: Identifiable risk factors predictive of major hemorrhage are thrombocytopenia (< 100,000 cells/μL), increase of aspartate aminotransferase level greater than 70 IU/L, and previous gestations.
SOD2 gene transfer protects against optic neuropathy induced by deficiency of complex I

Mutations in genes encoding the NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, complex I of the respiratory chain, cause a diverse group of diseases. They include Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Leigh syndrome, and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes. There is no effective treatment for these or any other mitochondrial disorder. Using a unique animal model of severe complex I deficiency induced by ribozymes targeted against a critical complex I subunit gene (NDUFA1), we attempted rescue of the optic nerve degeneration associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. We used adenoassociated virus to deliver the human gene for SOD2 to the visual system of disease-induced mice. Relative to mock infection, SOD2 reduced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and degeneration of optic nerve fibers, the hallmarks of this disease. Rescue of this animal model supports a critical role for oxidative injury in disorders with complex I deficiency and shows that a respiratory deficit may be effectively treated in mammals, thus offering hope to patients.
Design of a simple optical sensor for the detection of concentrated hydroxide ions in an unusual pH range

The failure of conventional electrochemical sensors at pH 9 and above necessitates research into suitable sensor materials and novel sensor chemistries for reliable process monitoring in extremely alkaline media. A novel sensing chemistry for high hydroxide monitoring is reported using 2-pyridylazo compounds doped in polystyrene films. Spectroscopic experiments demonstrate that the absorbance properties of 1-(2-pyridylazo)naphthol in polymeric media could be used to produce a reliable hydroxide sensor. When tested for continuous measurements in relatively high temperature and highly alkaline electroless gold plating baths, the sensor exhibits adequate reversibility, a response time of seconds and a standard deviation of 2σ at the 99.7% confidence interval.
The electrochemical oxidation of chalcopyrite in ammoniacal solutions

The anodic dissolution of chalcopyrite in ammoniacal solutions was investigated using electrochemical methods. At low overvoltages, the formation of a copper deficient sulfide layer, Cu1-xFeS2 through a charge transfer reaction is proposed based upon the dependence of the rest or open circuit potential on solution composition and the presence of a Tafel region of appropriate slope. In addition, a current peak that occurs at 10−4 A/cm2 is a function of the square root of the voltage scanning speed and is explained in terms of a charge transfer reaction. At larger overvoltages, constant potential experiments and mass balances performed at various anodic potentials indicate that the dissolution is consistent with the overall reaction, CuFeS2 + 4NH3 + 9OH- = Cu(NH3)4+2 + Fe(OH)3 + S2O3= + 3H2O +9e-, although some copper may be released to solution in the cuprous state and some ferrous iron has been identified in the product film. Currentvs time data taken during constant potential experiments were found to obey a linear rate relationship. This was interpreted in terms of the formation of a layer of constant thickness which is corroded at the outer interface at the same rate it is formed at the inner interface.. The model proposed is typical of the corrosion of some metals. An examination of the polarization curves shows the dissolution reaction to be first order with respect to [OH-]. The lack of dependence on [Cu2+] indicates that the catalytic effect of cupric ion during oxygen pressure leaching is related only to the cathodic reduction of O2 in agreement with the results of previous investigations.
Explaining Variation in the Use of European Litigation Strategies: European Community Law and British Gender Equality Policy

Through the examination of one of the most successful cases of a European Community (EC) law litigation strategy, this article develops a general framework for understanding when and how the EC legal system will be successfully used by domestic groups to challenge national policy. The authors show how the European legal system actually shifted the domestic balance of power in favor of equality actors, allowing a previously weak domestic group to influence the United Kingdom's gender equality policy at the height of Conservative Party rule. Expanding beyond the British case, the article develops a series of hypotheses about when the EC legal tool is likely to be used by groups to influence national policy, hypotheses that could account for cross-national variation in the impact of European Court of Justice jurisprudence on domestic policy in areas outside of equality policy.
Introductory computational science using MATLAB and image processing

Abstract We describe a new course designed to introduce engineering students to computational thinking. One of the most significant challenges in teaching an introductory-level applied computing course is that students are not expected to have substantial math and science experience. To address this, we have developed exercises which use edge detection and basic image processing to motivate the use of programming MATLAB in a non-trivial scientific application. MATLAB is a popular high-level programming language and environment which supports a wide range of computational science applications. MATLAB has strong support for operating on image data, which allows us to balance solving practical engineering problems with basic core concepts of computer science such as functional abstraction, conditional execution, and iteration.
Ethics, Changing Populations, and the Dental Profession

This review emphasizes the worldwide and U.S. evolving population demographics and the need for the dental profession to exercise its professional and ethical duty to expand its traditional patient base to provide needed services.
Evidence of the Growth Plate and the Growth of Long Bones in Juvenile Dinosaurs

Histological and ultrastructural evaluation of the ends of long bones of juvenile dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana revealed the preservation of growth plates. Growth plates are discs of cartilage present near the ends of growing long bones that generate bone elongation. Comparison of the fossils with modern taxa demonstrated homology of the growth plate in birds and dinosaurs. The presence of an avian-type growth plate in dinosaurs adds a shared derived anatomical character corroborating inclusion of birds within the Dinosauria. Additionally, possession of a growth plate, which in birds is capable of producing rapid determinate long bone growth, implies that an avian developmental pattern may have been present in these dinosaurs.
CI Study of CO adsorption on MgO(1 0 0)

Abstract Using CI embedding method, we have studied the adsorption of CO on MgO(1 0 0). The MgO(1 0 0) substrate is described by a Mg 9 O 9 (3 × 3 × 2) core cluster, embedded in ionic (Mg 2+ /O 2− ) core potentials. The adsorption energy is calculated to be 0.11 eV at the CI level with a blue shift of 19 cm −1 for CO stretching on MgO(1 0 0). The dispersion accounts only 35% of the total binding energy of CO on MgO(1 0 0). The CO/MgO(1 0 0) interaction is weak and mainly of the van der Waals type with only slight chemical bonding characters.
Profiling Early Triers of Service Innovations: A Look at Interactive Home Video Ordering Services

Examines the need for marketers of service innovations to be aware of barriers to trial and adoption. Considers the example of the introduction of interactive home video ordering services in the USA which failed in part due to inaccurate market segmentation and targeting. Introduces empirical evidence, based on Roger′s model of diffusion, that early trier segments exist for innovative services. States that the study′s findings are of relevance to other services such as cellular telephone systems and electronic funds transfer systems. Concludes that early trier segments should be targeted during initial marketing carried out by service providers, who will have studied potential markets and identified requirements of different segments.
Surgical treatment of significant glenoid bone defects and associated humeral avulsions of glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesions in anterior shoulder instability

Purpose Combined occurrence of humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion and a significant glenoid bone defect is an unusual and previously undescribed association in traumatic anterior shoulder instability. The purpose of this study was (1) to report a retrospective case series of seven anterior bony instability patients who were diagnosed with this unusual association and (2) to evaluate the results of a modified Latarjet procedure and simultaneous HAGL repair using a new subscapularis-sparing approach.
Meeting the challenges to socially responsible science: reply to Brown, Lacey, and Potter

The main message of Philosophy of Science after Feminism is twofold: that philosophy of science needs to locate science within its wider societal context, ceasing to analyze science as if it existed in a social/political/economic vacuum; and correlatively, that philosophy of science needs to aim for an understanding of scientific rationality that is appropriate to that context, a scientific rationality that integrates the ethical with the epistemic. The ideal of socially responsible science that the book puts forward, in fact, maintains that sound social values as well as sound epistemic values must control every aspect of the scientific research process, from the choice of research questions to the communication and application of results. And it is this that raises troubling questions for Matt Brown, Hugh Lacey, and Libby Potter. In this paper I attempt to answer their questions and make explicit exactly what is in the offing if I succeed.
Some direct comparisons between light and dark adaptation.

Both the absolute threshold and the difference threshold appear to be limited by photochemical conditions in the visual receptor during dark adaptation, and after complete light adaptation to any luminance level. During light adaptation the absolute threshold reflects photochemical conditions but the difference threshold does not. It is suggested that this is because the difference threshold is affected by the near-maximum response of the visual receptor during early light adaptation. Experiments which test this idea are reported.
Dopant effects on the thermal stability of FUSI NiSi

The thermal stability of fully silicided (FUSI) NiSi with arsenic or boron doping on silicon on insulator (SOI) was investigated. After the stacks were subjected to a typical back-end of line (BEOL) thermal annealing in a N"2 ambient, abnormal oxidation of As doped FUSI NiSi stacks is observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show Ni-rich phases like Ni"3Si are formed due to abnormal oxidation of FUSI NiSi. In contrast to As doped stacks, no phase transformation nor abnormal oxidation are observed for B doped stacks under similar annealing. However, backside secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) results indicate B penetration through a 3nm SiON layer into the Si channel after N"2 annealing for 4h at 400^oC. There is no evidence for Ni diffusion into the Si channel for B doped stacks. However, Ni penetration into the Si channel is observed for As doped stacks due to the enhancement of abnormal oxidation of FUSI NiSi.
TAK1 targeting by glucocorticoids determines JNK and IκB regulation in Toll-like receptor-stimulated macrophages

Glucocorticoids potently attenuate the production of inflammatory mediators by macrophages, a primary effector of innate immunity. Activation of different macrophage Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by their respective ligands presents a powerful system by which to evaluate stimulus-dependent glucocorticoid effects in the same cell type. Here, we test the hypothesis that glucocorticoids, acting through the glucocorticoid receptor, modulate macrophage activation preferentially depending upon the TLR-selective ligand and TLR adapters. We established that 2 adapters, Trif, MyD88, or both, determine the ability of glucocorticoids to suppress inhibitor of κB (IκB) degradation or Janus kinase (JNK) activation. Moreover, the sensitivity of transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation to glucocorticoids determines these effects. These findings identify TAK1 as a novel target for glucocorticoids that integrates their anti-inflammatory action in innate immunity signaling pathways.