cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug Permeation Across the Skin: Effect of Penetrant Hydrophilicity

The hydrophilicity of progesterone, a lipophilic steroid itself, was progressively increased by incorporating one or more hydroxy substituents at different positions on the steroidal skeleton. Effects of these hydrophilic substituents on the permeation of progesterone across the intact skin and stripped skin of the hairless mouse were studied using a hydrodynamically well-calibrated in vitro skin permeation system. The steady-state rate of permeation across the intact skin and stripped skin was found to be approximately proportional to the solubility of drugs in the stratum corneum or in the viable skin, respectively. Furthermore, the solubility of progesterone and its hydroxyl derivatives in the stratum corneum was noted to decrease gradually as the hydrophilicity of the penetrant increased. This finding was similar to that of a previously reported study of drug permeation across the lipophilic silicone membrane. However, the solubility of these progestins in the viable skin was observed to be dependent not only on the penetrant hydrophilicity but also on the position of the OH group on the penetrant molecule. The diffusivity of progesterone and its hydroxyl derivatives across the stratum corneum and viable skin was almost independent of the hydrophilicity of the drugs.
Sulfonated Polystyrene Ionomers Prepared by Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and Sodium Styrene Sulfonate

Sulfonated polystyrene (S–PS), which is of considerable scientific and technological interest, has been traditionally prepared by the sulfonation of preformed polystyrene. This report describes the preparation and properties of S–PS prepared by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate. S–PS prepared by copolymerization gave solubility, solution behavior and thermal characteristics that are consistent with an ionomeric structure. The solubility characteristics indicated some chain-to-chain sulfonate heterogeneity. Thermal analysis studies indicated that the glass transition does not increase with increasing sulfonate content. This is contrary to what has been observed for S–PS prepared by sulfonation and suggests that the S–PS prepared by copolymerization is fundamentally different in structure than S–PS prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene.
The role of HMG I(Y) in the assembly and function of the IFN-β enhanceosome

Transcriptional activation of the virus inducible enhancer of the human interferon‐β (IFN‐β) gene in response to virus infection requires the assembly of an enhanceosome, consisting of the transcriptional activators NF‐κB, ATF‐2/c‐Jun, IRFs and the architectural protein of the mammalian high mobility group I(Y) [HMG I(Y)]. Here, we demonstrate that the first step in enhanceosome assembly, i.e. HMG I(Y)‐dependent recruitment of NF‐κB and ATF‐2/c‐Jun to the enhancer, is facilitated by discrete regions of HMG I and is mediated by allosteric changes induced in the DNA by HMG I(Y) and not by protein–protein interactions between HMG I(Y) and these proteins. However, we show that completion of the enhanceosome assembly process requires protein–protein interactions between HMG I(Y) and the activators. Finally, we demonstrate that once assembled, the IFN‐β enhanceosome is an unusually stable nucleoprotein structure that can activate transcription at high levels by promoting multiple rounds of reinitiation of transcription.
Bacteriophage T4 UvsW protein is a helicase involved in recombination, repair and the regulation of DNA replication origins

with its accessory protein UvsY and the ssDNA bindingBacteriophage T4 UvsW protein is involved in phage protein gp32. The only T4 protein with a demonstratedrecombination, repair and the regulation of replication role in the later stages of recombination is gp49 (endo-origins. Here, we provide evidence that UvsW functions nuclease VII), which resolves Holliday junctions by meansas a helicase. First, expression of UvsW allows growth of a structure-speciﬁc endonuclease activity (Kemper andof an (otherwise inviable) Escherichia coli recG rnhA Brown, 1976; Mizuuchi et al., 1982).doublemutant,consistentwithUvsWbeingafunctional Recent studies of dsb repair in T4 suggest that gp49 isanalog of the RecG helicase. Second, UvsW contains not the only branch-processing enzyme active during T4helicase sequence motifs, and a substitution (K141R) infections (George and Kreuzer, 1996; Mueller et al.,in the Walker ‘A’ motif prevents growth of the E.coli 1996). In both studies, dsb repair was completely depend-recG rnhA double mutant. Third, UvsW, but not UvsW- ent on UvsX, UvsY, gp32 and gp46. However, the repairK141R, inhibits replication from a T4 origin at which reactions were only partially reduced by knockoutpersistent RNA–DNA hybrids form and presumably mutations in gene 49, suggesting an alternate resolutiontrigger replication initiation. Fourth, mutations that pathway. Such a pathway could involve a branch migrationinactivate UvsW and endonuclease VII (which cleaves enzyme which moves the junction to a free DNA end orDNA branches) synergistically block repair of double- which facilitates the action of a second junction-cleavingstrand breaks. These in vivo results are consistent with enzyme. The gene 41 helicase, together with its loadinga model in which UvsW is a DNA helicase that catalyzes factor gp59, facilitates branch migration of a three-waybranch migration and dissociation of RNA–DNA junction in vitro (Salinas and Kodadek, 1995). However,hybrids. In support of this model, a partially puriﬁed gp59 did not target the helicase directly to the DNAGST/UvsW fusion protein, but not a GST/UvsW- branch, and no strong evidence implicates gp41 in branchK141R fusion, displays ssDNA-dependent ATPase migration in vivo. To date, no phage T4 protein hasactivity and is able to unwind a branched DNA been shown to promote branch migration by interactingsubstrate. speciﬁcally with Holliday junctions.Keywords: branch migration/helicase/recombination/ In contrast, biochemical experiments indicate thatrepair/replication Escherichia coli RuvAB and RecG proteins are both DNAhelicases that facilitate branch migration in the bacterialsystem. In the case of RuvAB, RuvA binds to the junctionand thereby targets the RuvB helicase (reviewed by West,
Salinity Problems and Management in River Systems

The occurrence of salts in water, the principle of salt balance, and the effects of salts on plants are examined. It is suggested that water becomes essentially valueless for irrigation when its electrical conductivity approaches 7.5 millimhos per cm, and the term degradation ratio is proposed to express the equivalence of a saline water to good quality water. Degradation of water quality in a river system with progress downstream may be inevitable, but the bypass, regulatory, watershed management, and conveyance and distribution techniques to control this degradation are explored.
ILLUSION AND REALITY IN ‘LA TENTATION DE SAINT ANTOINE’

(1965). ILLUSION AND REALITY IN ‘LA TENTATION DE SAINT ANTOINE’. Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 272-289.
A Pilot Test of Participatory Ergonomics and Technology Teams among High School Teachers

The promise and potential of Information Technology (IT) to improve education in educational environments is offset by potential for problems that can stem from an unhealthy information ecology. The long-term goal of this line of research was to improve teachers' effectiveness with IT and incorporating IT into their curriculum. This goal was addressed in this research through a participatory approach that employed an action research model. The specific aim was establishing small groups of teachers to meet weekly to engage in collaborative exploration of the use of IT in their classrooms and assessing progress of their learning. Teachers' team evaluation surveys indicated that a majority of Participatory Ergonomics and Technology Team members were satisfied with their participation and the quality of the teams. Team member teachers' perception about their own computer proficiency and their belief about the usefulness of IT statistically increased from pre- to post-intervention. It is possible to conclude t...
Tobacco Budworm: Labeling with Rubidium in the Laboratory

Rearing of Heliothis virescens (F.) on diets containing 0.1–10.0 g rubidium chloride (RbCl)/liter had no adverse effects, and the resulting moths were labeled with elevated levels of Rb. However, lower levels of RbCl in males treated with 0.1 g approached the highest levels in insects from untreated diets. Some of the spermatophores transferred by labeled males were labeled.
The Shaft Coupled Lift/Cruise Fan Propulsion System for Navy Multimission V/STOL Aircraft

The Navy has promoted requirements for aircraft capable of operating from ships smaller than the CV class of large aircraft carriers. The subsonic roles within these requirements may be met by a multimission V/STOL aircraft powered by an integrated lift cruise fan propulsion system using advanced turboshaft engines and shafting for power distribution. General system requirements, unique features and characteristics, and special design considerations relating to V/STOL, such as propulsive lift control, engine sizing and engine out ratings, are presented.Copyright © 1977 by ASME
An Improved Device for Collecting Pink Bollworm Moths for Large-Scale Rearing Programs

During development of our large-scale rearing program there has been a gradual transition from hand labor to mechanization. Devices have been developed eliminating need for a large labor force and contributing a degree of efficiency not possible with hand labor. During the early stages of the program it was recognized that collection of emerging adults required a technique that would utilize the insects physical responses, i.e. phototactic and geotactic. A device used early in the program was a modification of the 4-gal frozen-food can described by Richmond and Husman (1957), but it proved inadequate as production increased. A cardboard collecting box was then developed that utilized plastic ice cream containers as the trap. Pupae were placed in the cardboard box and when they emerged they were moved into the plastic traps in response to dim overhead incandescent light. This was superior to the frozen-food can but required considerable labor in constructing boxes, cleaning, and decontaminating the reusable plastic traps. Also a considerable loss occurred where moths died inside the cardboard boxes, apparently because they were unable to locate the small exit holes. A device was constructed (Mangum et al. 1969) utilizing a series of cardboard boxes connected by plastic manifold pipes to a central trap. A gentle flow of air was pulled through the pipes and a BL lamp was used to attract the moths into the traps. The device was adequate for large-scale production, but it required use of specially made cardboard boxes. Care had to be taken that the boxes fitted properly, otherwise emerging moths could escape. There was also some mortality inside the boxes. This collection method has now been superseded by a device that eliminates use of cardboard boxes and uses both the phototactic and geotactic responses of the insect.
Microtechnical Demonstration of Phosphatase in Tissue Sections.

In preliminary experiments the phosphatase activity of aqueous extracts of dog kidney cortex made (a) of fresh ground tissue, (b) of ground tissue dehydrated with several changes of 95% and absolute alcohol, (c) of dehydrated ground tissue exposed to 56°C for one hour was determined by the Berenblum-Chain1 modification of Kay's2 method. These experiments have shown that phosphatase is not destroyed either by alcohol or by exposure to 56°C in completely dehydrated state, the maximum decrease in activity observed having amounted to less than 20%. Moreover, purification of phosphatase by alcohol precipitation has been successfully used by Mart-land and Robison.3 It appeared possible to demonstrate phosphatase in celloidin or paraffin sections on the basis of the following principle: If tissue sections containing active phosphatase are incubated with a solution of sodium glycerophosphate or of some other suitable ester-phosphate, such as hexose-phosphate or nucleinate, at a suitable pH, at the sites where pho...
Biology of Pyrausta fumalis on Peppermint in Oregon

Pyrausta fumalis (Guenee) is a newly discovered pest of peppermint in Oregon. P. fumalis is univoltine and overwinters in the soil as a diapausing prepupa in a hibernaculum. Pupation occurs in late spring and adults begin emerging in early June and continue through late August. Peak emergence occurs during a 3–4 week period from late June to late July. In the laboratories, eggs are deposited in masses along leaf veins on the upper and lower surfaces of peppermint leaves. Eggs hatch in 9–10 days and larvae feed on the upper surface of the foliage for 4–5 days before dropping to the soil surface to enter rhizomes. Larvae bore into and feed within rhizomes for 70–80 days and cause serious injury during late August and September. Larvae complete development and construct overwintering hibernacula during late September and October.
Poetry as flowering of life forms: Rancière's reading of Emerson

The essay discusses the shift in Ranciere's theory concerning the aesthetic regime discussed in Aisthesis. Whereas in previous work Ranciere treated the novel as the genre that best embodies his understanding of the modern, in Aisthesis poetry assumes such a role, and is afforded the power to express its historical situation. For him the poetics formulated by Emerson announces the arrival of the modern aesthetic regime while simultaneously distancing itself from the poetic programme of the romantics. My essay reconstructs Ranciere's reading of modern poetics while investigating its consequences for our understanding of American Transcendentalism in general and Emerson in particular.
Identification of Salmonella by real-time PCR based on TaqMan-MGB probe

Objective:To develop a TaqMan-MGB probe-based real-time PCR assay for Salmonella detection.Methods:Based on invH gene sequence of Salmonella,the specific Taqman-MGB probes were designed.TaqMan-MGB probe-based real-time PCR for Salmonella detection was established and optimized.Specificity and sensitivity analysis tests were performed with kinds of bacteria strains,food samples and invH gene that was constructed to pMD18-T vector.Results:There was significant linear relationship(r=0.997) between Ct value and logarithm of template concentration in the standard curve of positive referent.The sensitivity of this assay was 7.1×10-2 copies/μl.By this assay,73 Salmonella strains were identified as positive while 86 non-Salmonella strains such as Shigella,Staphylococcus aureus,Vibro parahaemolyticus were identified as negative.6 assays to 2 Salmonella strains,1 Escherichia coli strains were performed each other day successively.Variation coefficient of its Ct value is lower than 4%.There is no significant difference between results of conventional method and this real-time PCR assay to 65 raw meat products and 30 bulk cooked meat products.To complete the whole assay,it only took 1.5 hours to pure bacteria culture while 9.5 hours to food samples.Conclusion:The TaqMan-MGB probe-based real-time PCR assay for Salmonella detection is excellent in specificity and sensitivity.It is a useful,rapid,simple method and may have a significant application prospect.
How friendly are New York State Hospital employment applications to individuals with an incarceration history

Although discrimination on the basis of previous incarceration is illegal in New York, many employers still screen job applicants based on prior convictions. We conducted a study of New York State hospitals to examine the use of incarceration histories in online applications. Two-thirds of NYS hospitals asked questions about convictions. This was most common in hospitals located in suburban and rural areas. This practice may deny returning prisoners and their communities the numerous benefits of employment. Keywords: Formerly incarcerated, Employment, Community Health, Policies
Constructing Informality and Ordinary Places: A Place-Making Approach to Urban Informal Settlements

Since the 1960s, understandings of urban informal settlements have constantly evolved. Almost since this urban phenomenon was first observed — coinciding with patterns of industrialisation and urbanisation in 1950s Latin America — it has been accompanied by debates about the meaning and extent of urban informality, understood as closely linked to urban poverty. Although many advances have been made in terms of theoretical understandings of these places, and the policy responses that ensue, they are still subject to disproportionate levels of marginalisation, including effects ranging from discrimination to eviction and displacement. Some observers suggest that this is reflective of critical gaps in urban theory, deriving from the dominance of particular epistemologies and methodologies within urban studies, which have led to the prevalence of ‘apocalyptic and dystopian narratives of the slum’1 (Roy, 2011: 224). Such accounts reveal the limits of knowledge about urban informality, based as it is on certain privileged circuits of knowledge production which frame urban informal settlements in particular ways. This may lead to ‘sanctioned ignorance’ (Spivak, 1999 in Roy, 2011: 228), the unseeing of the productive spaces of informality that constitute significant swathes of today’s cities; or to stereotyping of particular places and people in terms of their ‘illegal’, ‘illegitimate’ status in the urban environment. Both processes contribute to the marginalisation of urban informal settlements.
Measuring Fan Avidity Can Help Marketers Narrow Their Focus

The sports industry is one of the 10 largest and fastest growing business sectors in the United States. The size of the industry in 2008 was estimated to be approximately $213 billion, more than twice the size of the U.S. auto industry and seven times the size of the movie industry.A sizable proportion of these revenues are attributed either directly or indirectly to the sports fans. And, like any business, it depends principally on its most loyal and dedicated (avid) consumers/sports fans. Researchers define fan avidity as the level of interest, involvement, passion, and loyalty a fan exhibits to a particular sports entity (i.e., a sport, league, team, and/or athlete). Indeed, avid sports fans have a much stronger emotional connection to the sports entity.
Field evaluation of membrane distillation followed by humidification/dehumidification crystallizer for inland desalination of saline groundwater

Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) and humidification/dehumidification (HDH) are emerging desalination technologies suitable for inland or “zero liquid discharge” (ZLD) applications. A1 m 3 /d pilot MD system desalinated saline groundwaters with up to 6.3% total dissolved solids (TDS) and produced a brine at 10.2% TDS. This brine served as the feed for a pilot HDH crystallizer. The MD unit operated at 40% recovery producing distillate with 2 -h. Pretreatment, either by adding antiscalant or concentrated acid, was critical for stable MD operation. HDH was an effective crystallizer capable of generating solids from the MD brine while producing additional distillate with TDS 3 and 220 kWh/m 3 respectively. Because cooling water is typically not available at inland applications, removal of latent energy is the key challenge faced by inland thermal desalination processes. This paper also describes the distinctly different processes used by MD & HDH for heat removal and presents an enthalpy balance for a 500 m 3 /d MD desalination plant. Pilot results showed MD & HDH to be technically feasible for inland desalination but both processes need to increase energy efficiency to improve process economics.
Consequences of an Insurer's Breach of the Duty to Defend: Columbia Casualty Co. v. HIAR Holdings, LLC in the Context of the ALI Restatement of the Law of Liability Insurance

An insurer's duty to defend in connection with liability insurance policies is well-established and reasonably well understood. The consequences for the breach of that duty, however, are much less clear. On one hand, one might argue that this duty is a contractual duty giving rise to contractual remedies. The insured provides its own defense and, if the insurer wrongfully failed to provide a defense, the insured is entitled to reimbursement of its defense costs. On the other hand, this remedy seems insufficient; the value on an insurer's participation in the defense of a case goes beyond well merely paying the legal fees. It includes advice, strategy, and a greater likelihood that the insurer will participate in a settlement. In an attempt to account for the intangible benefits of a defense, another approach to the consequence of an insurer's breach of the duty to defend is like a forfeiture; an insurer which wrongfully refuses to defend may give up its policy defenses.
Synchronous diversification of Laurentian and Baltic rhynchonelliform brachiopods: Implications for regional versus global triggers of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event

The profound global impact of marine radiations during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) is widely appreciated; however, diversification varied among paleocontinents and these individual trajectories are less understood. Here we present a new species-level diversity curve for rhynchonelliform brachiopods from midcontinental Laurentia based on bed-by-bed analysis of the Simpson Group of Oklahoma (USA). Diversity and abundance data span the Dapingian through Sandbian Stages, which encompass the interval of maximum global diversification. A rapid, statistically significant increase in brachiopod diversity was observed in the early Darriwilian Histiodella holodentata Biozone. We interpret this as a biological signal because the increase cannot be explained by sampling intensity, facies types, or position along depositional gradient. Diversifications on Laurentia and Baltica were temporally synchronous at the biozone level, and cumulative diversity curves for the regions show similar patterns, suggesting a global driver for the radiations. The taxonomic composition of the brachiopod faunas, however, differs substantially, highlighting the importance of regional controls on diversification. Thus both global and local factors controlled diversity increase during the GOBE.
Acoustofluidic coating of particles and cells

On-chip microparticle and cell coating technologies enable a myriad of applications in chemistry, engineering, and medicine. Current microfluidic coating technologies often rely on magnetic labeling and concurrent deflection of particles across laminar streams of chemicals. Herein, we introduce an acoustofluidic approach for microparticle and cell coating by implementing tilted-angle standing surface acoustic waves (taSSAWs) into microchannels with multiple inlets. The primary acoustic radiation force generated by the taSSAW field was exploited in order to migrate the particles across the microchannel through multiple laminar streams, which contained the buffer and coating chemicals. We demonstrate effective coating of polystyrene microparticles and HeLa cells without the need for magnetic labelling. We characterized the coated particles and HeLa cells with fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Our acoustofluidic-based particle and cell coating method is label-free, biocompatible, and simple. It can be useful in the on-chip manufacturing of many functional particles and cells.
Policy formation in the context of global governance: Rational, organizational, and political perspectives on policymaking in El Salvador

Abstract Plan 2021 is a national education strategy released by the Salvadoran Ministry of Education (MINED) in March of 2005 to guide education policy through 2021. According to the policy itself, preparation for Plan 2021 began in June 2004 and was the product of four disparate inputs. These include: (a) review of existing research on education produced between 2002 and 2004, (b) creation of a Presidential Commission to offer recommendations, (c) inclusion of commitments made by El Salvador to international agreements (e.g., Education for All and the Millennium Development Goals), and (d) execution of a series of consultations at the local level throughout the country (MINED 2005b). Thus, according to the policy document itself, not only were each of these four inputs given equal weight, but, additionally, there was no involvement by international actors, with the MINED alone managing the process. However, even a cursory search for information related to Plan 2021 indicates that a range of international actors was involved, thus raising questions about how official accounts of the policy’s formation diverge from the process as it actually happened. The case of this policy likewise raises questions about how to investigate and interpret such processes. The present paper not only reveals how Plan 2021 was actually made but also attempts to make a contribution by suggesting the relevance of multi-perspective analysis, in addition to applying multiple perspectives—namely, rational, organizational, and political perspectives—to the interpretation of this case. The content of this analysis is particularly relevant at this point in time to the field of international education policy as scholars are grappling with how to understand and investigate processes of education policy formation characterized by involvement and influence from external (i.e., international) actors. The article concludes by underscoring the utility of this framework while also recommending that it be used in conjunction with insights from recent scholarship on the global governance of education.
The Rare-Variant Generalized Disequilibrium Test for Association Analysis of Nuclear and Extended Pedigrees with Application to Alzheimer Disease WGS Data

Whole-genome and exome sequence data can be cost-effectively generated for the detection of rare-variant (RV) associations in families. Causal variants that aggregate in families usually have larger effect sizes than those found in sporadic cases, so family-based designs can be a more powerful approach than population-based designs. Moreover, some family-based designs are robust to confounding due to population admixture or substructure. We developed a RV extension of the generalized disequilibrium test (GDT) to analyze sequence data obtained from nuclear and extended families. The GDT utilizes genotype differences of all discordant relative pairs to assess associations within a family, and the RV extension combines the single-variant GDT statistic over a genomic region of interest. The RV-GDT has increased power by efficiently incorporating information beyond first-degree relatives and allows for the inclusion of covariates. Using simulated genetic data, we demonstrated that the RV-GDT method has well-controlled type I error rates, even when applied to admixed populations and populations with substructure. It is more powerful than existing family-based RV association methods, particularly for the analysis of extended pedigrees and pedigrees with missing data. We analyzed whole-genome sequence data from families affected by Alzheimer disease to illustrate the application of the RV-GDT. Given the capability of the RV-GDT to adequately control for population admixture or substructure and analyze pedigrees with missing genotype data and its superior power over other family-based methods, it is an effective tool for elucidating the involvement of RVs in the etiology of complex traits.
Dental implants and grafting success remain high despite large variations in maxillary sinus mucosal thickening

Although mucosal thickening is the most common radiographic finding observed regarding sinus pathology, the knowledge regarding its clinical significance on the outcomes of dental implants and grafting in the maxillary sinuses is still limited. We hypothesized that mucosal thickening would not alter the predictability for sinus floor augmentation and dental implant placement. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcomes of dental implant placement in sinus-augmented areas with preexisting sinus mucosal thickening. This study involved the review of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans taken on patients that underwent both maxillary sinus elevation with grafting and implant placement at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry from 2004 to 2014. Cases with documented radiographic and clinical follow-up were included. The data analyses revealed the following. A total of 29 CBCT scans met the inclusion criteria for evaluation, and 93.1% of them had maxillary sinus mucosal/tissue thickening. Specifically, 6.9% of cases exhibited no thickening, 6.9% had minimal thickening (1–2 mm), 20.7% of cases had moderate thickening (2–5 mm), and 65.5% had severe thickening (>5 mm). We propose these categorical measurements of tissue thickening as a new “mucosal thickening index.” The tissue thickening did not vary based on gender, age, or smoking status, nor did it relate to the underlying alveolar ridge height. However, patients with a history of periodontal diseases demonstrated a significant association with mucosal thickening (p = 0.0043). These data indicate that there is high implant and grafting success rate (100%) in the maxillary sinus despite large and varied physiologic sinus mucosal/tissue thickening. Based on study findings, this research will help guide dental practitioners regarding cases that exhibit mucosal thickening. These data support the concept that physiologic mucosal thickening in varied ranges is not associated with implant or grafting failure in the maxillary sinus.
Anxiety Symptoms and Disorders in College Students With ADHD

Objective: This study examined anxiety symptoms and disorders in college students with ADHD. Method: Forty-six college students with ADHD and a matched group of students without ADHD participated. Participants completed self-report measures of anxiety symptoms and associated features, including worry, maladaptive beliefs about worry, panic symptoms, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and self-efficacy. Participants also completed a diagnostic interview to assess lifetime and current anxiety disorders. Results: Participants with ADHD endorsed more maladaptive beliefs about worry, more obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and poorer self-efficacy compared with comparison participants. There were no group differences in rates of current anxiety disorders. Participants with ADHD were over 2 times more likely than comparison participants to endorse this lifetime history. Conclusion: College students with ADHD are more likely to have a lifetime history of an anxiety disorder and are at greater risk for some anxiety symptoms and associated features.
PRECISION MEDICINE: AN UPDATE ON GENOTYPE/BIOCHEMICAL PHENOTYPE RELATIONSHIPS IN PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA/PARAGANGLIOMA PATIENTS.

ABSTRACT Objective: Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors known to produce and secrete high levels of circulating catecholamines and their metabolites. The biochemical characteristics of these tumors can be used to divide them into three major phenotypes. The adrenergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic phenotypes are defined by predominant elevations in epinephrine and metanephrine, norepinephrine and normetanephrine, and dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine, respectively. There are over 15 well-identified tumor-susceptibility genes responsible for approximately 40% of the cases. The objective of this review article is to outline specific genotype/biochemical phenotype relationships. Methods: Literature review. Results: None. Conclusion: Biochemical phenotype of PPGL is determined by the underlying genetic mutation and the associated molecular pathway. Identification of genotype/biochemical relationships is valuable in prioritizing testing for specific genes, making treatment decisions and monitoring disease progression. Abbreviations: 3-MT = 3-methoxytyramine; EPAS1 = endothelial pas domain protein 1; FH = fumarate hydratase; HIF2A = hypoxia inducible factor type 2A; MEN2 = multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2; NF1 = neurofibromatosis type 1; PNMT = phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; PPGL = pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; RET = rearranged during transfection; SDH = succinate dehydrogenase; SDHAF2 = succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 2; TCA = tricarboxylic acid; TH = tyrosine hydroxylase; TMEM127 = transmembrane protein 127; VHL = von Hippel-Lindau
Scoring of Normal Sleep and Arousals

The original Rechtschaffen and Kales sleep scoring manual of 1968, commonly known as the “R and K” rules, was used to classify the different stages sleep and wakefulness until 2007 at which point the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) created a new scoring manual. This chapter briefly summarizes the new AASM scoring rules for staging sleep and associated events in adults and pediatric population as well as technical specifications.
Strategic Conduct in a Code of Science

In addition to beliefs about human nature (psychology) and social relations (sociology), a speech code indicates distinctive beliefs about strategic conduct (rhetoric). This chapter concludes the presentation of three elements of the nanoscience speech code discovered with a discussion of the speech code within the nano community regarding the appropriate role of strategic conduct in the research and development of emerging science and technologies.
A Complex Case of Tri-lingual, Tri-cultural, Bi-racial, and Multiple Medical Comorbidities

Complex issues regarding the assessment of culturally and racially diverse individuals have been discussed for decades. Significant efforts are still needed to determine which measures are culturally fair, as well as obtaining representative normative data, especially in the pediatric population. We present a complex case of a 12-year old female who is bi-racial, tri-lingual, and tri-cultural with a history of cardiovascular and seizure complications. Although Juana (pseudonym) was evaluated within the school system four and a half years prior to the present neuropsychological evaluation, further assessment revealed more complex issues than previously considered or understood. After the administration of 50 tests (some repeated), a clearer understanding of her clinical situation emerged. The importance of understanding the intertwined variables of culture, environment, language, and neurological complications is explored.
What can target kidney fibrosis

Fibrosis, a characteristic of all chronic kidney diseases, is now recognized to be an independent predictor of disease progression. Deposition of pathological matrix in the walls of glomerular capillaries, the interstitial space and around arterioles both predicts and contributes to functional demise of the nephron and its surrounding vasculature. Recent identification of the major cell populations of fibroblast precursors in the kidney interstitium as pericytes and tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells, and in the glomerulus as podocytes, parietal epithelial and mesangial cells, has enabled the study of the fibrogenic process in much greater depth directly in the fibroblast precursors. These cells are not only matrix-producing cells, but are also important innate immune surveillance cells that regulate the inflammatory process, exacerbate tissue damage by release of radicals and cytokines, and contribute to parenchymal and microvascular dysfunction by aberrant wound-healing responses. Innate immune signaling in fibroblasts and their precursors is intimately intertwined with the process of fibrogenesis. In addition, genomic and genetic studies also point to defective responses in loci close to genes involved in solute transport, metabolism, autophagy, protein handling and vascular homeostasis, principally in the epithelium and endothelium, as upstream drivers of the fibrotic process, indicating that cellular crosstalk is vital for development of fibrosis. As we move beyond TGFβ inhibition as a central target for fibrosis, targeting innate immune signaling and metabolic dysfunction appear increasingly tenable alternative targets for novel therapies.
Geographic Variability of Active Ingredients in Spice as an Indicator of Mechanisms of Distribution and Manufacture Within Alaska

Designer drugs, like Spice, are synthetic psychoactive analogs of illegal substances with understudied health effects since they have traditionally been sold in packages labeled "not for human consumption" and the molecular structures can be specifically altered to circumvent legislation. Recent legislation has focused on regulating packaging and has reduced, but not eliminated, the distribution of Spice in Alaska. Legally obtained Spice samples from three geographic regions in Alaska were analyzed using liquid injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Most (70%) of the samples contained illegal cannabinoids that have been regulated by the Drug Enforcement Agency and 47% contained multiple active ingredients. We hypothesized that the heterogeneity of the active ingredients between brands and across regions could be used to indicate small- or larger-scale manufacturing, and the results indicate multiple manufacturing scales. Evidence for small-scale manufacturing included inconsistent packaging, several of which contained similar active ingredient profiles in different brands purchased from a single store. Evidence for large-scale production was also found with some brands having consistent active ingredient profiles across regions. This study provides preliminary data for the geographic variability of active ingredients in Spice as an indicator of mechanisms of manufacture and distribution to inform legislators and law enforcement and help prioritizing resource allocation in an effort to quell Spice use in Alaska.
Transformational leadership and service recovery performance: The mediating effect of emotional labor and the influence of culture

Abstract The current study examined the relationship between transformational leadership and service recovery performance and the mediating effect of emotional labor. To uncover potential cross-cultural differences, a sample of 217 front-line hospitality employees from the United States (Study 1) and 219 front-line hospitality employees from China (Study 2) were used. The results demonstrate transformational leadership was positively related to deep acting and negatively related to surface acting emotional labor strategies. Additionally, deep acting was positively related to service recovery performance, while surface acting was negatively related to service recovery performance. These findings were consistent between the U.S. and Chinese sample; however, the mechanisms and paths between transformational leadership and service recovery performance differed between the two samples suggesting culture influenced how transformational leadership is related to service recovery performance through deep acting (Study 1) or surface acting (Study 2) emotional labor strategies.
Abstract 3669: Systolic Blood Pressure is a Better Predictor of Incident Atrial Fibrillation than Pulse Pressure in Healthy Women

Background Recent data suggest that pulse pressure (PP) may be a stronger risk factor than systolic blood pressure (SBP) for the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a middle-aged to elderly cohort. However, these associations may differ for younger individuals or women. Methods We sought to determine the impact of SBP, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PP on the risk of incident AF in a prospective cohort of 38,204 apparently healthy women enrolled in the Women’s Health Study. Women included in this analysis were free of cardiovascular disease and AF at study entry and provided complete information on baseline SBP and DBP. SBP and DBP were self-reported by the female health professionals, a group where self-report of BP has proven highly accurate. PP was calculated as the difference between SBP and DBP. The primary endpoint was time to first occurrence of self-reported AF. We constructed Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association of SBP, DBP and PP with incident AF, after adjustment for age and other potential confounders. Results Mean age and body mass index at baseline were 55 ± 7 years and 26.0 ± 5.1 kg/m 2 , respectively. Mean SBP, DBP and PP were 122 ± 16, 77 ± 10 mmHg and 46 ± 12 mmHg, respectively. During 10.2 years of follow-up, 1009 women (2.6%) reported a new diagnosis of AF. All BP measurements were directly related to risk of AF in age-adjusted and multivariable adjusted models. After multivariable adjustment, the HR (95% CI) for incident AF per 10-mmHg increase in SBP, DBP and PP were 1.08 (1.03–1.13), 1.08 (1.01–1.16) and 1.08 (1.02–1.14). Model fit for the SBP model did not improve by adding DBP or PP to the model (p=ns by likelihood ratio test). Furthermore, when DBP or PP were added separately to the multivariable SBP model, neither added parameter was significant (HR (95% CI) 1.00 (0.92–1.10) and 1.00 (0.91–1.09), respectively). SBP remained a significant predictor of AF in both models (HR (95% CI) 1.08 (1.02–1.14) and 1.08 (1.01–1.16)). Conclusion In this large prospective study of apparently healthy middle-aged women, SBP was a strong and independent predictor of incident AF. Neither PP nor DBP significantly added to risk prediction in this population.
Theories of Rules

The debate over the truth or falsity of Kant’s statement is still going on, and is far beyond the scope of this book. However, if “nature” is replaced by “mathematics” in the first sentence of the quotation, the issue specializes to the controversy over constructive versus classical mathematics: does everything in mathematics proceed according to rules? Evidently the subject of “rules” plays a central role. In the spirit of this book, we will examine some formal theories of rules, to see if they can shed any light on the issues. At this point the reader may reasonably wish to inquire, “What exactly are the issues?” I should tentatively reply, (1) What is the nature of “rules”? (2) What is the precise relationship between “rules” and mathematics?
Cloning DNA from Rhizobium Meliloti Using a New Broad Host Range, Binary Vehicle System

Molecular cloning techniques now permit the dissection of DNA to almost any desired degree in order to study both structure and function of individual genes. An important strategy for analyzing cloned DNAs involves reintroducing them into their host of origin under various conditions designed to affect gene function. This procedure is greatly facilitated if the primary cloning vector is capable of autonomous replication in multiple hosts. Double vectors, capable of replication in more than one host, have been developed for use in Escherichia coli/yeast (Struhl et al., 1979) and Bacillus subtilis/Staphylococcus aureus (Lofdahl et al., 1978). There are many other organisms of medical, agricultural, and economic importance, however, for which no such dual purpose vectors exits. We have therefore developed a broad host range cloning system for gram-negative bacteria from the naturally-occurring drug resistance plasmid RK2. This system, whose possible development was first suggested some time ago (Meyer et al., 1977), has proved exceedingly valuable to our laboratory in working with the nitrogen-fixing alfalfa symbiont, Rhizobium meliloti.
Composition and Yield of Milk from Beef-Type Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus × Bos Taurus Dams

Yield, butterfat, protein, lactose and solids-not-fat of milk from mature dams (n = 128) representing eight Bos taurus and Bos indicus X Bos taurus breed types were evaluated approximately 60, 105 and 150 d postpartum. Breed type was a significant source of variation in milk yield at each stage of lactation. Average 24-h milk yields (kg) were: Hereford, 7.3; Red Poll, 9.1; Hereford X Red Poll, 9.1; Red Poll X Hereford, 9.1; Angus X Hereford, 8.6; Angus X Charolais, 9.3; Brahman X Hereford, 7.3 and Brahman X Angus, 8.3. Daily yields of Brahman X Angus dams increased as lactation progressed, while production levels of other breed types remained approximately the same or declined. Hereford-Red Poll crosses showed significant heterosis in 24-h milk production and component yields at 150 d. Breed type effects also were significant for lactose yield throughout lactation. Sex of calf influenced (P less than .05) milk yield at 60 and 105 d postpartum and yield of protein and solids-not-fat at 105 d. Mastitis caused a reduction (P less than .01) in percentage of lactose but had no effect on milk yield. Residual correlations between yield traits and preweaning average daily gain were all positive and significant, with values ranging from .22 to .45. Breed type was a major source of variation in milk traits of beef-type Bos taurus and Bos indicus X Bos taurus dams.
Technique for Optimizing Coal Preparation Plant Performance

The market for thermal coal has recently been growing rapidly and it is projected to continue to do so in the foreseeable future. Both the US and international markets often demand high-Btu low-sulfur thermal coal in order to minimize the cost of utilization and meet the environmental restrictions. High quality thermal coal can be prepared to compete in the utility market by desulfurizing the high-Btu midwestern coal and blending it with low-sulfur western coal which is usually low in Btu content. The methods that can be used for optimizing the coal preparation plant operating parameters for physically de-sulfurizing coal are presented.
Gynecologic oncology providers endorse practice-changing impact of communication skills training.

Abstract Objective Effective communication improves patient outcomes and is crucial to good patient care. Communication skills training (CST) has been shown to improve communication skills in non-gynecologic oncology specialties. We sought to develop and test CST for gynecologic oncology (GO) providers. Methods We developed and conducted a two-day CST workshop with an interprofessional group of 20 GO providers over two years. Participants were surveyed pre-workshop, immediately post-workshop and one month post-workshop regarding self-assessed preparedness to handle challenging communication tasks, workshop evaluation and impact on practice. McNemar's tests were used for pre-post comparisons. Results Of 12 challenging communication tasks assessed, all participants reported improvement in at least one, with a median of 10. The proportion of participants feeling more than "somewhat prepared" improved significantly for all communication tasks assessed (p 75% for each communication skill. All participants rated the CST educational quality very good or excellent and strongly agreed it should be required of all GO clinicians. Conclusions Participants felt the workshop provided high-quality, practice-changing education. As a result of the workshop, participants reported statistically significant, sustained improvement in preparedness to handle challenging communication tasks. CST for GO providers is feasible, with high rates of perceived effectiveness and impact on clinical practice. CST workshops should be integrated into GO training.