cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two tests of a fear-motivated theory of exploration

It was predicted from a fear-motivated theory of exploration that defecating rats should show extremes of activity in an open-field test This prediction was supported. An explanation of a reported sex difference in exploratory behavior that was based on this fear-motivated theory of exploration was not supported.
Interprofessional faculty development: integration of oral health into the geriatric diabetes curriculum, from theory to practice

BACKGROUND Health care workforce shortages and an increase demand for health care services by an older demographic challenged by oral-systemic conditions are being recognized across health care systems. Demands are placed on health care professionals to render coordinated delivery of services. Management of oral-systemic conditions requires a trained health care workforce to render interprofessional patient-centered and coordinated delivery of health care services. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of an interprofessional health care faculty training program. METHODS A statewide comprehensive type 2 diabetes training program was developed and offered to multidisciplinary health care faculty using innovative educational methods. Video-recorded clinically simulated patient encounters concentrated on the oral-systemic interactions between type 2 diabetes and comorbidities. Post-encounter instructors facilitated debriefing focused on preconceptions, self-assessment, and peer discussions, to develop a joint interprofessional care plan. Furthermore, the health care faculty explored nonhierarchical opportunities to bridge common health care themes and concepts, as well as opportunities to translate information into classroom instruction and patient care. RESULTS Thirty-six health care faculty from six disciplines completed the pre-research and post-research assessment survey to evaluate attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions following the interprofessional health care faculty training program. Post-training interprofessional team building knowledge improved significantly. The health care faculty post-training attitude scores improved significantly, with heightened awareness of the unique oral-systemic care needs of older adults with type 2 diabetes, supporting an interprofessional team approach to care management. In addition, the health care faculty viewed communication across disciplines as being essential and interprofessional training as being vital to the core curriculum of each discipline. Significant improvement occurred in the perception survey items for team accountability and use of uniform terminology to bridge communication gaps. CONCLUSION Attitude, knowledge, and perceptions of health care faculty regarding interprofessional team building and the team approach to management of the oral-systemic manifestations of chronic disease in older adults was improved. Uniform language to promote communication across health professionals, care settings, and caregivers/patients, was noted. Interprofessional team building/care planning should be integrated in core curricula.
Optimization of a nanomedicine-based silicon phthalocyanine 4 photodynamic therapy (Pc 4-PDT) strategy for targeted treatment of EGFR-overexpressing cancers

The current clinical mainstays for cancer treatment, namely, surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, can cause significant trauma, systemic toxicity, and functional/cosmetic debilitation of tissue, especially if repetitive treatment becomes necessary due to tumor recurrence. Hence there is significant clinical interest in alternate treatment strategies like photodynamic therapy (PDT) which can effectively and selectively eradicate tumors and can be safely repeated if needed. We have previously demonstrated that the second-generation photosensitizer Pc 4 (silicon phthalocyanine 4) can be formulated within polymeric micelles, and these micelles can be specifically targeted to EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells using GE11 peptide ligands, to enhance cell-specific Pc 4 delivery and internalization. In the current study, we report on the in vitro optimization of the EGFR-targeting, Pc 4 loading of the micellar nanoformulation, along with optimization of the corresponding photoirradiation conditions t...
Adolescent Health Care Experience of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Young Adults

Methods: Subjects were 102 self-identified gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth aged 18 ‐23 years. A confidential self-administered survey elicited demographic information, sexual orientation information, health care experiences, subjects’ understanding of medical confidentiality during ages 14 ‐18 years, and their suggestions for improving care to gay and lesbian adolescents. Results: Two-thirds of subjects never discussed sexual orientation with their provider but reported a desire to do so. Fewer than one-half of subjects remembered being informed about their right to medical confidentiality; those who reported being so informed were three times more likely to have discussed their sexual orientation with their provider. Over 70% of subjects who reported not being informed about their right to medical confidentiality stated that they would have been more likely to discuss sexual orientation with their provider had they been so informed. Only 13 of subjects had disclosed their sexual orientation to their health care providers. Of these, only half of the males received information on human immunodeficiency virus prevention. Conclusions: Health care providers may be failing to fully address issues of confidentiality and sexual orientation with adolescents, despite a decade of increased information on adolescent homosexuality. © Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1998
to a future of genetic medicine

Single base differences between human genomes underlie differences in susceptibility to, or protection from, a host of diseases. Hence the great potential of such information in medicine.
Comments to ‘Nonuniform friction as a physical basis for earthquake mechanics’ by Amos Nur

The author states my feeling about this paper very well in the statement, ‘the conclusions of this study were arrived at by highly simplified models, gross approximations, and intuitive leaps.’ I should add that I also feel that the approximations and intuitive inferences, as well as conclusions, are based on a model of failure which may well be inadequate. In particular, from the onset it is assumed that the essential physical phenomena of an earthquake can be thought of in terms of two rigid blocks sliding past each other, with friction along their contact providing the (entire) complexity. I submit that such a model, which is recognized by all, including the author, to be crude, can result in completely misleading conclusions.
LOW-DIVERSITY ANTARCTIC SOIL NEMATODE COMMUNITIES: DISTRIBUTION AND RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE

We are studying the distribution, biodiversity, and abundance of nematodes in the most extreme terrestrial environment on earth, the Dry Valley region of Antarctica. Here we report that the nematode community structure of 1–3 species in two functional groups may be the simplest soil food web of any terrestrial ecosystem. Nematodes were widespread and not correlated with moisture, C, or N, factors that define soil biotic complexity elsewhere. In a field experiment, treatments increasing soil water, carbon, and temperature, alone or in combination, generally decreased the abundance of the single omnivore-predator species and increased the abundance of its microbivorous prey species. These low-diversity nematode communities, limited to ≤3 species, apparently lack species redundancy and appear sensitive to environmental change. Our findings suggest that Antarctic soil ecosystems are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance.
Adeno-associated virus rep proteins produced in insect and mammalian expression systems: wild-type and dominant-negative mutant proteins bind to the viral replication origin.

Abstract The adeno-associated virus (AAV)rep gene proteins, Rep78 and Rep68, are required for replication of AAV DNA and bind to the AAV replication origin. An AAV genome having a Lys340 to His (K340H) mutation in the consensus purine nucleotide binding site of therep gene protein exhibited a dominant-negative phenotype for DNA replication. We synthesized both wild-type and the K340H mutant Rep78 protein in a baculovirus expression system. Nuclear extracts of Sf9 cells containing these proteins were examined in gel mobility-shift assays with radiolabeled AAV terminal repeat DNA. Each protein bound specifically to the hairpin configuration of the AAV terminal repeat DNA to yield three shifted components. However the mobility of these components observed with the mutant Rep protein was slightly decreased compared to that with the wild-type Rep78. The addition of an antibody made against an oligopeptide from the car☐yl terminal region of the Rep78 protein generated novel shifted bands in the presence of either extract. Similar results were observed when the wild-type and mutant Rep proteins were expressed from an inducible expression system employing the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription promoter in human 293 cells. These results suggest that the dominant-negative phenotype of the K340H mutation may be mediated by binding of the mutant protein to the AAV replication origin.
An operant analysis of child-family interaction

The patterns of antecedents and consequences which families providefor their children's behavior was the subject of this study. Thirty-three families with normal children between the ages of 4.0 and 6.0 were recruited for the research. These families were observed in their homes on five separate occasions for 45 min per occasion. The behaviors of the target child and all family members who interacted with him were recorded with the use of a behavioral coding system which permitted rapid sequential recording. It was found that families were much more positive than negative in their responses to children, regardless of the child's preceding behavior. However, families did respond more positively to nondeviant behavior than they did to deviant behavior, and more negatively to deviant behavior than to nondeviant behavior. Regardless of the preceding behavior, parents were more positive in their response than siblings. Mothers, fathers and siblings all responded to deviant and nondeviant behavior at a rate close to their expected rates of response. Deviant child behavior was more frequently preceded by negative or neutral social behavior from parents and siblings while nondeviant behavior was more often preceded by positive responding. These results were discussed in relation to their implications for theories of social interaction and practices of child rearing.
Calculations pertaining to the thermopower of copper

Abstract The KKR method has been used to calculate the electronic velocity in copper at over 20 000 points on the Fermi surface. The quantity ʃ ν k dS is found to be +1.80 and is compared to values previously determined by interpolation schemes.
Identification of beta-adrenergic binding sites in rabbit myometrium.

Rabbit uterine muscle may contract or relax with adrenergic stimulation depending on the hormonal milieu. This difference in contractile activity has been shown to be due to alteration of adrenergic response between alpha-adrenergic (contraction) and beta-adrenergic (relaxation). When rabbits are treated with estrogen followed by progesterone, norepinephrine produces myometrial relaxation. This effect is blocked by propranolol, indicating that it is mediated by beta receptor activation. A subcellular preparation of this myometrium has adenylate cyclase activity that can be stimulated by isoproterenol + guanyl-5′-yl-imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p). The radioligand [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol binds to the same preparation. The binding is rapid, 80% maximal in 10 min, and readily reversible (t1 = 5 min). The binding is high affinity (K2 = 0.12 nM), low capacity (15 fmol/mg protein), and is to a single class of binding sites. Binding is competed for stereoselectively by beta adrenergic agonists and antagonist...
Childhood Association and Sexual Attraction: A Further Test of the Westermarck Hypothesis

A preliminary study of household registration records from Taiwan supports Edward Westermarck's contention that intimate childhood association promotes sexual aversion. Women who are forced to marry a childhood associate bear fewer children than those who marry a stranger. They are also more likely to leave their husband by divorce or avoid him in favor of other men. This evidence suggests that the incest taboo does not prohibit what men's feelings incline them to do, as Westermarck's critics argue, but that it is instead an expression of these feelings, socially unnecessary but psychologically inevitable. [incest taboo, law, China, Taiwan]
Polynomials which permute the matrices over a field

Abstract The authors first determine necessary and sufficient conditions in order that a polynomial ƒ( x ) over an arbitrary field F define, via substitution, a permutation of F n , the n × n matrices over F . This generalizes a result known previously for the finite fields GF( q ). They then show for several of the familiar infinite fields that there are no polynomials ƒ(x) ϵ F[x] , except the linear polynomials ƒ(x) = ax + b , which permute F n for n ⩽ 2. This lack of examples of nonlinear permutation polynomials for infinite fields leads them to consider the infinite algebraic extensions of GF( q ), and for these infinite fields, they are able to provide several classes of examples. Moreover, for an arbitrary algebraic extension F of GF( q ), except the algebraic closure itself, they prove the existence nonlinear permutation polynomials on F n for every positive integer n .
ANCIENT AND MODERN: The Alaska Collections at the Hearst Museum of Anthropology

This article examines a problem common to many museums of art and ethnology: how to exhibit old collections of traditional material culture from peoples who are very much alive and active today. As a case study, it examines the role and participation of the Alaskan Native peoples whose 19th-century materials are to be exhibited; the design of the exhibition, including the contemporary arts and material cultural traditions in the traveling exhibition; and the itinerary of the exhibit, including the problem of presentations in Native villages. It places this case study within the evolution of museums' functions and stakeholders' expectations, in comparison with other forms of contemporary museums and cultural centers, as aspects of control and interpretation revert more and more into the hands of the source communities.
A neural approach to zoom-lens camera calibration from data with outliers

Camera systems with zoom lenses are inherently more useful than those with passive lenses due to their flexibility and controllability. However, their calibration raises several challenges. In this paper, we present a neural framework for zoom-lens camera calibration that can capture complex variations in the camera model parameters across continuous ranges in the lens control space, while minimizing the calibration error over all the calibration data. To automate the tedious process of collecting calibration data, the calibration approach should be prepared to handle possible outliers in the data. We demonstrate how the calibration approach can be robust and less sensitive to outliers. The validity and performance of our approach are tested using both synthetic data with outliers, and with real experiments to calibrate Hitachi CCD cameras with H10 £ 11E Fujinon active lenses. q 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
The ECR volume effect and its consequences

Summary form only given. During the past decade and a half, remarkable progress has been made in the technology of the ECR ion source, due, in large-part, to an improved understanding of the atomic processes that limit ion production. A number of design improvements and technical developments can be cited that individually or in combination have significantly improved the high-charge-state capabilities of these sources. For example, for a given design, the intensities of the high-charge-state beams extracted from these sources have increased by improvement in plasma confinement; by operating at high frequencies, as predicted by theory; by improvement in vacuum quality; by supplementing their plasma-discharges with cold electrons; by discovery of the gas mixing effect; and by increasing the number or physical size of their ECR zones. This article is devoted to the volume ECR effect and its consequences. Since the probability for adsorption of RF power depends on sizes of embedded ECR zones, sources with larger ECR zones have the ability to adsorb more ECR power and consequently, to accelerate larger populations of electrons to higher energies and consequently, to produce higher charge-states. Enlarged ECR zones have been achieved by engineering the central magnetic field region of these sources so they are flat and in resonance with single-frequency RF power. Alternatively, in conventional minimum-5 geometry sources, the number of ECR surfaces can be increased by heating their plasmas with multiple, discrete frequency microwave radiation. Broadband RF power offers a simpler, lower cost and more effective means for increasing the physical sizes of the ECR zones within the latter type of source. Recently, broadband RF power has been utilized to enhance the high-charge-state performances of conventional-B geometry ECR ion sources. This presentation provides the elementary theory of why enlarged ECR zones are desirable and provides experimental evidence that sources with enlarged ECR zones convincingly outperform their single-frequency, conventional-B geometry counterparts
Cosmic Time Dilation

The observed apparent time dilation of supernovae light curves claimed recently by Leibundgut et al. to establish directly the "expansion of the universe" is, rather, a general implication of fundamental physics. In particular, it applies to chronometric cosmology, in which it appears explicitly as a generalized Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction. The dilation effect was earlier shown in the proper motion-to-redshift relation of superluminal sources, as analyzed in the frame of chronometric cosmology by Segal, providing an estimate of the cosmic distance scale.
Evolutionary preference segmentation with panel survey data: An application to new products

Abstract We discuss an approach for modeling the evolution of preference segments over multiple time periods (e.g., before and well after new product introductions), using panel survey data that are easy to collect on a large scale from different regional markets and countries where scanner panel data are limited or unavailable. We explicitly model the evolution among market segments (e.g., from the period before new products are introduced to a period well after the new product introductions), while simultaneously estimating the preference segmentation structure in each period. We discuss the managerial usefulness of the proposed approach via an illustrative empirical application entailing consumer purchase data, collected before and well after the (almost) concurrent introduction of two new brands from a test market. Further, using synthetic data, we illustrate the ability of the proposed approach to accommodate and detect different segment evolution scenarios, recover known model parameters, and accurately segment the market in each period. We conclude with a discussion of the benefits, limitations, and potential extensions of the proposed approach.
Quantal and graded dose-responses of bluetongue virus: a comparison of their sensitivity as assay methods for neutralizing antibody.

The sensitivity of quantal and graded responses to mouse-adapted bluetongue virus for the detection of neutralizing antibody was compared using probit and rankit analysis. The graded response, based on survival times, allowed the demonstration of antibody in highly dilute serum, in which antibody was not detected by the quantal response recording percentage death. Quantal responses to bluetongue virus variants were compared with theoretical dose-response curves constructed according to the Poisson distribution for the random variation of virus particles in inocula. Of these theoretical curves the first term in the Poisson distribution gave the best approximation to the experimental data but the fit to normal distribution curves was better. The quantal responses to bluetongue virus did not appear to reflect the random variation of one-or-more infectious virus particles in inocula. In graded responses to bluetongue virus, a rectilinear relationship was observed between reciprocal harmonic means of survival times and log virus dilutions.
Taking on Testilying: The Prosecutor's Response to In-Court Police Deception

In this article, I examine the problem of "testilying" -- perjury and other forms of in-court deception by police officers -- from the prosecutor's point-of-view. What are the prosecutor's legal and ethical duties and obligations? What, if anything, should he or she do to combat the problem? These questions, and others, are important to ask, discuss, and answer because a judicial "system" that is supposed to adjudicate guilt and innocence yet permits lies -- no matter how small or infrequent -- is no system at all. Under our adversarial system of justice, competing, zealous advocates argue their causes before neutral and impartial arbiters. Implicit in such a system is the belief that those zealous advocates should fight fairly. Using lies does not promote justice; it distorts it.
Development of an innovative energy harvesting device using MFC bimorphs

Recently, widespread attention has been directed towards scavenging energy from renewable sources such as wind. Piezoelectric materials are particularly suitable for capturing energy from motion since mechanical deflection of a piezoelectric specimen results in an electric displacement. This electricity can be stored in batteries or used to power portable devices. The present work is on the development of a device that can generate electricity from an oscillating motion using a piezoelectric Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) bimorph. Previously, bimorph vibration was created by a rotating or reciprocating part hitting the bimorph tip; whereas in the current work, base reciprocation excites the piezoelectric bimorph. The device includes a fan blade, which aligns with the direction of the wind and moves a rod in vertical direction. The microfiber composite beams (MFC) are attached to the upper end of the rod. Reciprocation of the rod acts as a harmonic excitation for the MFC bimorphs. Vibration of the MFCs produces electricity which is stored in a capacitor to be used to power electronic systems such as different types of remote sensors. Simulation and experimental results have been compared. In vibration and wind tunnel experiments, comparable amounts of energy were collected and accumulated in a capacitor.
Chromosomal translocation t(1;19) results in synthesis of a homeobox fusion mRNA that codes for a potential chimeric transcription factor

The gene (E2A) for enhancer binding transcription factors E12 and E47 maps to the t(1;19) chromosomal translocation breakpoint in pre-B cell leukemias. Altered E2A transcripts lacking sequences coding for the helix-loop-helix DNA binding motif were detected in several t(1;19)-carrying cell lines. Fusion cDNAs that crossed the t(1;19) breakpoint were cloned and shown to code for an 85 kd protein consisting of the amino-terminal two-thirds of E2A fused to a chromosome 1-derived protein. The fusion protein has the features of a chimeric transcription factor in which the DNA binding domain of E2A is replaced by the putative DNA binding domain of a homeoprotein from chromosome 1 for which the name Prl (pre-B cell leukemia) is proposed. Identical E2A-prl mRNA junctions were detected by PCR in three t(1;19)-carrying cell lines, indicating that the fusion transcripts and predicted chimeric protein are a consistent feature of this translocation.
Survival of Breeding Pacific Common Eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska

Abstract Populations of Pacific common eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum) breeding in Alaska, USA, have declined markedly over the past 40 years. We studied survival of adult female Pacific common eiders using capture–recapture of nesting hens at 3 sites on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD), Alaska from 1994 to 2004. We used data consisting of 268 recapture events from 361 uniquely marked individuals to investigate temporal, geographic, and environmental variation in adult female survival. Our results suggest apparent annual survival of adult eiders from the YKD was high (0.892, SE = 0.022) and spatially and temporally invariant (σ2 = 0.005), a pattern consistent with other long-lived marine birds. Moreover, our results suggest adult survival may be functionally fixed for Pacific common eiders, and at the present, adult survival may be relatively unresponsive to environmental or management perturbations. Our data did not support hypothesized variation in survival relative to mortality factors such as pr...
γ-glutamyl dopa and γ-glutamyl dopamine: Effect of plasma glucose levels

gamma-Glutamyl-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (gamma-glutamyl DOPA) and gamma-glutamyldopamine (gamma-glutamyl DA) are kidney specific prodrugs. Their effect on plasma glucose levels in the rat was compared to that of L-DOPA and dopamine (DA) after a 30 min intravenous infusion. L-DOPA and DA induced hyperglycemia after 15 min of druginfusion. A more marked and protracted elevation of plasma glucose was observed after infusion of gamma-glutamyl DA. By gamma-glutamyl DOPA had no effect on plasma glucose levels in spite of the high accumulation of DA in the pancreas after this prodrug. Of the various dopamine produrgs studied only gamma-glutamyl DOPA was not hyperglycemic in doses that are known to increase renal plasma flow in the rat. A simplified new procedure for the synthesis of gamma-glutamyl DA is described.
IODINE DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN ANIMAL NUTRITION AND PATHOLOGY

Review of Iodine Literature and Observations, with Particular Reference to Domestic Animals Although the cause and treatment of goiter in animals has in comparatively recent years engaged the attention of breeders and scientific workers, the disease has masqueraded under many colors and in many lands since ancient times. Vegitius in thefourth century observed goiter in draft animals and the Berber explorer, Leo Africanus, wrote lucidly of the goitrous and cowardly lions common to certain regions in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. The effect of goiter in these animals was so marked as to perpetuate the old proverb: “Thou art brave as a lion of Alga, whose tail may be eaten by calves.”
Vapor pressure determination of arsenic activity in a molten Cu-Fe-S matte

The activity of As in a molten copper smelting matte of composition 35.0 mass pct Cu, 35.8 mass pct Fe, and 29.9 mass pct S has been derived from vapor pressure measurements at 1336 K. The initial As doping level was 1.6 mass pct. Mass spectrometry showed the principal vapor phase species to be As2; smaller amounts of AsS and S2 were also present. The activity coefficient of As in the matte, γ (As), was found to have the value 0.7 ±0.2 (mole fraction)-1 in the composition range studied. Activity values found in the present study were an order of magnitude smaller than those determined by an isopiestic method, and were about two orders of magnitude greater than those derived from measurements of As distribution between copper and white metal. The vapor pressure method is believed to be more direct and reliable; sources of error in the various methods are discussed.
Anesthesia as an effective agent against the production of congenital anomalies in mouse fetuses exposed to electromagnetic radiation

A total of 130 female mice pregnant at 8 days were exposed singly to a 7.3 watt microwave waveguide at 2,450 MHz wave length while being monitored for total absorbed dose, the exposure being four minutes. Among the 1,328 offspring examined (327 of which were controls) those not anesthetized but irradiated showed greater fetal damage than those that were anesthetized and placed in one of the three positions with respect to the radiation beam. Immobilization with anesthesia and restraint in the broadside position provided the greatest protection to the fetus against any teratologic effects. Anesthesia reduces the body temperature to a degree equivalent to the rise in temperature expected from the radiation conditions used, hence the protection against the primary thermal effect of microwave irradiation.
An assessment of geosynchronous satellite soundings retrieved with the aid of asynoptic radiosonde profiles

Geosynchronous satellite soundings from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) have difficulty resolving thermal variations in the troposphere associated with mesoscale dynamical processes. For example, VAS soundings retrieved during a late winter storm on 6 March 1982 scarcely resolved a mid-tropospheric cold pool and a low-level inversion which were captured by a special radiosonde network established as part of an Atmospheric Variability Experiment (AVE) in the south-central United States. In this paper, VAS radiances from the 6 March 1982 AVE/VAS case are re-processed using supplementary radiosonde soundings obtained at NWS radiosonde sites in the central United States to construct a local regression retrieval matrix. The re-processed VAS retrievals are compared to the original VAS retrievals and to an independent mesoscale radiosonde network located in north-central Texas. The re-processed VAS retrievals delineate the three-dimensional mesoscale temperature fields for this case with significantly improved accuracy, indicating that the poor resolution from the previous retrievals was not due to unexpected limitations in the satellite radiometer. More importantly, in order to obtain accurate upper-air temperature analyses over the United States at mesoscale resolution, the results from this case suggest that it may be necessary to develop a system which combines temperature and moisture profiles observed at selected sites in an asynoptic ground-based network (using either balloons or upward-looking microwave sensors) with infrared radiances observed at 30 km horizontal resolution from the geosynchronous sounder, using the VAS satellite data to fill in the gaps between the ground-based measurements.
A Proposed Microburst Nowcasting Procedure Using Single-Doppler Radar

Thirty-one microburst-producing storms from northweast Colorado were studied using single and multiple Doppler radar for the purpose of identifying radar signatures that indicated the development of a downdraft capable of producing a microburst. Descending reflectivity cores, increasing radial convergence within cloud, rotation, and reflectivity notches, were found to be microburst precursors, appearing typically 2-6 min prior to initial surface outflow. Three conceptual models have been drawn, based on the 31 events, to summarize the radar signatures of importance in low, moderate, and high-reflectivity microburst-producing storms. A forecaster-computer environment is proposed to allow the forecaster to readily view radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity information in both unprocessed and analyzed form. Use of multiimage radar displays and time-height profiles of quantitative radar estimates of reflectivity and radial shear are suggested to provide an environment where rapid progress can be made in developing techniques to nowcast microbursts.
Weight Reduction in Obese Adolescents With and Without Binge Eating

Little is known about binge eating (BE) in adolescents. The primary aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between BE and weight loss in adolescents (BMI ≥95th percentile) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of behavioral and pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Participants were 82 treatment-seeking adolescents (BMI = 37.9 ± 3.8 kg/m(2); age = 14.1 ± 1.2 years; 67% females; 42% African American, 55% white). Participants completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Piers Harris Self-Esteem Questionnaire, and the Eating Inventory (including cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger scales). BE was assessed by a questionnaire and a confirmatory interview. At baseline, 24% of participants met criteria for BE (N = 13 met full BE disorder (BED) criteria; N = 7 met subthreshold BE). There were no significant differences in percentage reduction in initial BMI between participants with or without BE at month 6 (-7.0 ± 1.6 vs. -6.9 ± 0.9%) or month 12 (-8.8 ± 2.4 vs. -8.3 ± 1.3%) (omnibus main effect BE P = 0.89, interaction BE × time P = 0.84, interaction BE × drug P = 0.61). The rate of BE declined significantly over time from 24% (n = 20) at baseline to 8% (n = 6) at month 6 and 3% (n = 2) at month 12 (P = 0.003). There were significant decreases in hunger and disinhibition as well as an increase in cognitive restraint over time (all P ≤ 0.0001). Findings suggest a combination of behavioral and pharmacologic therapy may produce both weight loss and improvement in BE.
Cloud-point curves of polymer solutions from thermooptical measurements

Thermooptical analysis (TOA) provides a simple, rapid, and reliable experimental method to determine cloud-point curves of binary polymer/solvent systems. Phase diagrams have been obtained for different molecular weights of polystyrene in cyclohexane, methylacetate, ethylacetate, and tert-butylacetate and for poly(ethylene glycol) in water. Polystyrene solutions exhibit both upper and lower critical solution temperatures, while aqueous poly(ethylen glycol) solutions give closed-loop phase diagrams. The TOA apparatus described here uses very small samples (0.02 cm 3 )
Labor law in the United States: the continuing need for reform

Looks at the decline of unionization in the USA, and its future prognosis, with regard to the labour laws. States that a conservative ideology now favours capitalistic interests over workers’ rights, which divert negotiations with regard to unionizing with free collective bargaining.
Formation of Biologically Active Oxysterols during Ozonolysis of Cholesterol Present in Lung Surfactant

Exposure of the lung to concentrations of ozone found in ambient air is known to cause toxicity to the epithelial cells of the lung. Because of the chemical reactivity of ozone, it likely reacts with target molecules in pulmonary surfactant, a lipid-rich material that lines the epithelial cells in the airways. Phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acyl groups and cholesterol would be susceptible to attack by ozone, which may lead to the formation of cytotoxic products. Whereas free radicalderived oxidized cholesterol products have been frequently studied for their cytotoxic effects, ozonized cholesterol products have not been studied, although they could reasonably play a role in the toxicity of ozone. The reaction of ozone with cholesterol yielded a complex series of products including 3beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al, 5-hydroperoxy-B-homo-6-oxa-cholestan-3beta,7a-diol, and 5beta,6beta-epoxycholesterol. Mass spectrometry and radioactive monitoring were used to identify the major cholesterol-derived product during the reaction of 2 ppm ozone in surfactant as 5beta,6beta-epoxycholesterol, which is only a minor product during ozonolysis of cholesterol in solution. A dose-dependent formation of 5beta,6beta-epoxycholesterol was also seen during direct exposure of intact cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE) to ozone. Studies of the metabolism of this epoxide in lung epithelial cells yielded small amounts of the expected metabolite, cholestan-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol, and more abundant levels of an unexpected metabolite, cholestan-6-oxo-3beta,5alpha-diol. Both 5beta,6beta-epoxycholesterol and cholestan-6-oxo-3beta,5alpha-diol were shown to be cytotoxic to cultured 16-HBE cells. A possible mechanism for cytotoxicity is the ability of these oxysterols to inhibit isoprenoid-based cholesterol biosynthesis in these cells.
Efficient Delivery of Streptavidin to Mammalian Cells: Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Regulated by a Synthetic Ligand

The efficient delivery of macromolecules to living cells presents a formidable challenge to the development of effective macromolecular therapeutics and cellular probes. We describe herein a novel synthetic ligand termed “Streptaphage” that enables efficient cellular uptake of the bacterial protein streptavidin by promoting noncovalent interactions with cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich lipid raft subdomains of cellular plasma membranes. The Streptaphage ligand comprises an N-alkyl derivative of 3β-cholesterylamine linked to the carboxylate of biotin through an 11-atom tether. Molecular recognition between streptavidin and this membrane-bound ligand promotes clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which renders streptavidin partially intracellular within 10 min and completely internalized within 4 h of protein addition. Analysis of protein uptake in Jurkat lymphocytes by epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry revealed intracellular fluorescence enhancements of over 300-fold (10 μM ligand) with >99% efficien...
Fluoxetine and olanzapine combination therapy in treatment-resistant major depression: review of efficacy and safety data.

Background: There has been growing evidence supporting the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs as adjunctive treatments in patients with major depression who fail to respond adequately to antidepressants. Objective: To review the efficacy and safety data for one such combination, fluoxetine (FLX) + olanzapine (OLZ) in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: We reviewed published randomized, controlled acute-phase studies, as well as available long-term clinical studies. Results/conclusions: In each acute-phase study (n = 5), FLX/OLZ group experienced rapid antidepressant effects and, in two of these studies, resulted in significantly greater improvement at study end point compared with antidepressant monotherapy. These effects were strongest when TRD was defined as having failed at least two antidepressant trials during the current depressive episode. FLX + OLZ was generally well tolerated; however, increases in body weight and prolactin levels with FLX + OLZ were greater than that of antidepressan...
Ideal shocks in 2‐layer flow Part I: Under a rigid lid

Previous work on the classical problem of shocks in a 2-layer density-stratified fluid used eithera parameterized momentum exchange or an assumed Bernoulli loss. We propose a new theorybased on a set of viscous model equations. We define an idealized shock in two-layer densitystratified flow under a rigid lid as a jump or drop of the interface in which (1) the force balanceremains nearly hydrostatic in the shock, (2) there is no exchange of momentum between thetwo layers except by pressure forces on the sloping interface, and (3) dissipative processes canbe treated with a constant viscosity. We proceed in two steps. First, we derive a necessarycondition for shock existence based on a requirement for wave steepening. Second, we formulateand solve a set of viscous model equations. Some results are the following: Shocks requirestrong layer asymmetry; one layer must be much faster and/or shallower than the other layer.The linearized equations describing the shock tails provide boundary conditions and a proofof shock uniqueness. It is possible to derive an analytical solution for weak shocks if thesteepening condition is met. The weak shock solutions provide closed form expressions for theBernoulli loss in each layer. Bernoulli losses are strongly concentrated in the expanding layeras the relative layer depth change is much larger in that layer. Bernoulli losses are independentof layer viscosity. A sudden cessation of shock existence is found for strong shocks when thepossible end state migrates into the supercritical regime. Surprisingly, the new ideal shocktheory compares well with a 2-D, time-dependent shallow water model (SWM) with a fluxformulation, but with no viscous formulation. Both the Bernoulli drop and shock cessationcondition agree quantitatively. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2001.00096.x
Ignition of non-premixed counterflow flames of octane and decane isomers

Abstract Ignition temperatures of non-premixed flames of octane and decane isomers were determined in the counterflow configuration at atmospheric pressure, a free-stream fuel/N2 mixture temperature of 401 K, a local strain rate of 130 s−1, and fuel mole fractions ranging from 1% to 6%. The experiments were modeled using detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms for all isomers that were combined with established H2, CO, and n-alkane models, and close agreements were found for all flames considered. The results confirmed that increasing the degree of branching lowers the ignition propensity. On the other hand, increasing the straight chain length by two carbons was found to have no measurable effect on flame ignition for symmetric branched fuel structures. Detailed sensitivity analyses showed that flame ignition is sensitive primarily to the H2/CO and C1–C3 hydrocarbon kinetics for low degrees of branching, and to fuel-related reactions for the more branched molecules.
Immune evasion through competitive inhibition: The shielding effect of cancer non-stem cells

It has been recently proposed that the two emerging hallmarks of cancer, namely altered glucose metabolism and immune evasion, may in fact be fundamentally linked. This connection comes from up-regulation of glycolysis by tumor cells, which can lead to active competition for resources in the tumor microenvironment between tumor and immune cells. Here it is further proposed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) can circumvent the anti-tumor immune response by creating a "protective shield" of non-stem cancer cells around them. This shield can protect the CSCs both by creating a physical barrier between them and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), and by promoting competition for the common resources, such as glucose, between non-stem cancer cells and CTLs. The implications of this hypothesis are investigated using an agent-based model, leading to a prediction that relative CSC to non-CSC ratio will vary depending on the strength of the host immune response. A discussion of possible therapeutic approaches concludes the paper, suggesting that a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of regular pulsed doses, i.e., metronomic chemotherapy, would yield the best clinical outcome by removing the "protective shield" and thus allowing CTLs to most effectively reach and eliminate CSCs.
Divalent cation-activated ATP hydrolysis by mitochondrial ATP'ase--mechanism for energy depletion in ischemic reperfused myocardium.

Abstract Recovery of high-energy compounds by ischemic myocardium is believed to be important for its return to normal functioning. While it has been previously shown that oxidative phosphorylation is markedly reduced in mitochondria isolated from ischemic myocardium in the presence of all substrates, alterations in ATPase activity have not been confirmed. This study demonstrates that, although the rate of ATP hydrolysis produced by mitochondria isolated from 2-hr ischemic myocardium does not significantly differ from that produced by non-ischemic mitochondria, the rate produced by 2-hr ischemic, 2 hr reperfused mitochondria is significantly higher. Also, Ca ++ content was observed to be higher in reperfused than in non-reperfused ischemic mitocheondria. The addition of EDTA, EGTA, or oligomycin to the reperfused ischemic mitochondria resulted in the inhibition of ATPase activity. These results indicate that mitochondrial ATPase in ischemic myocardium is activated by Ca ++ ions and that ischemic reperfused myocardium may contain mitochondria with uncontrolled ATPase activity such that high energy phosphate supplies are excessively depleted when the cells are reperfused.
Effectiveness of debriefing after a stress-producing deception ☆

Abstract This experiment was carried out to determine if after deceiving S s an E had sufficient credibility to effectively debrief the S s. S s in two stress groups were given false information indicating that when a signal light came on they would receive painful electric shocks. S s in a no-stress group were not told about shocks. After being given the threatening instructions, S s in one of the stress groups were debriefed concerning the deception (but the “shock electrodes” were not removed) while S s in the other group were not debriefed. After this the signal light came on for all groups. Arousal was measured by pulse rates and self-reports. The results revealed that (a) the instructions about electric shocks increased the arousal levels of the two stress groups relative to the no-stress group, thus indicating that the deception was effective, and (b) after the signal light came on the stress group which had not been debriefed continued to show a high degree of arousal while the stress group which had been debriefed showed a reduction of arousal to the same low level of arousal as the no-stress group, thus indicating that the process of debriefing had been effective.
Philosophy of Computer Science: An Introductory Course

There are many branches of philosophy called "the philosophy of X," where X = disciplines ranging from history to physics. The philosophy of artificial intelligence has a long history, and there are many courses and texts with that title. Surprisingly, the philosophy of computer science is not nearly as well-developed. This article proposes topics that might constitute the philosophy of computer science and describes a course covering those topics, along with suggested readings and assignments.
Closed string couplings with modular properties

Closed string couplings that give direct constructions of the fundamental region of the modular group are obtained. They arise from Riemann surfaces associated with functions that map strips into a given number of fundamental regions of the group of anharmonic ratios. A Prym differential underlies a tadpole-like graph giving three copies of the modular region.