cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on Prediction Guidance Method Based on Powell Algorithm for Reentry Vehicles

A new method based on evolved Powell algorithm was proposed to increase the timeliness and precision of predictive guidance affected by the jamming deriving from environment for reusable launch vehicles,searching for the optimal control value increment through predicting the land point error and performance index.Based on no-constraint extremum theory,this nonlinear optimal problem with multi constraints was simplified into that with no constraint.The search process in multi dimensions was simplified into that in one dimension by the evolved Powell algorithm.Through replacing the direction vector by the optimal one,optimal control value increment was searched in the direction which was the fastest convergence direction of the performance index function.The complexity of algorithm has been decreased and the ability of self-adapt has been increased.Simulation results showed this method has highly increased the timeliness and precision of guidance system when compared with simplex algorithm,great practical value in engineering of this method was also showed.
Alteration in surface ion composition of cultured bone during metabolic, but not respiratory, acidosis.

Acidosis produced by a fall in [HCO3-] (metabolic acidosis, Met) produces greater Ca efflux from cultured bone than that produced by a rise in PCO2 (respiratory acidosis, Resp). To compare the effe...
Estimation of Prostatic Size by Suprapubic Ultrasonography

AbstractPrevious ultrasonic scanning of the prostate primarily has involved the transrectal approach. In this study the suprapubic approach was chosen because it uses basic ultrasound equipment and is atraumatic. In 29 patients undergoing prostatectomy there was a highly significant correlation (r equals 0.95) between the prostatic weight determined by this method and the postoperative weight of the adenoma.
The Tigua Settlement of Ysleta Del Sur

Ysleta del Sur, 15 miles south of 1Z1 Paso, Texas, was established in 1682 for refugee Tigua Indians who abandoned the old Isleta pueblo, near Albuquerque, New Mexico, during the Pueblo Revolt of 1...
College students’ health attitudes, perceptions of restaurant menu items, and purchase intentions

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to assess college students’ health attitudes and determine if students’ perceptions of restaurant menu items’ healthiness, tastiness, and intention to purchase varied by their health attitudes. An expert panel of registered dietitians was used to rate the healthiness of 17 menu descriptions from a full-service, casual dining restaurant chain. The responses of 153 students to an online survey revealed students identified as having low health attitudes were more likely to rate unhealthier menu items as tastier and with a higher purchase intention compared to students with high health attitudes.
Cancer Cell Plasticity: Rapid Reversal of Chemosensitivity and Expression of Stemness Markers in Lung and Breast Cancer Tumorspheres

In cancer cells, the reversible nature of the stemness status in terms of chemoresistance has been poorly characterized. In this study, we have simulated one cycle of environmental conditions to study such reversibility by first generating floating tumorspheres (FTs) from lung and breast cancer cells by culturing them in serum-free media without the addition of any external mitogenic stimulation, and subsequently (after 2 weeks) re-incubating them back in serum-containing media to simulate routine culture conditions (RCCs). We found that cancer cells are extremely plastic: cells grown under RCCs become multidrug-resistant when grown as FTs, but upon re-incubation under RCCs quickly re-attach and lose the acquired resistance. These phenotypic changes are accompanied by concomitant changes in the expression of key proteins associated with multiple pathways important for chemoresistance, survival, and stemness maintenance. Therefore, our strategy provides an excellent experimental model to study environmental factors that modulate the plasticity of cancer cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2280-2286, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geographic patterns of change over time in mammography: Differences between Black and White U.S. Medicare enrollees

U.S. Black women have higher breast cancer mortality compared to White women while their rate of ever having a mammogram has become equal to or slightly surpassed that of Whites. We mapped the distribution of change in screening mammography for Black and White female Medicare enrollees ages 67-69 from 2008 to 2012 by hospital referral region across the contiguous U.S., performed cluster analysis to assess spatial autocorrelation, and examined the screening differences between these groups in 2008 and 2012 respectively. Changes in screening mammography are not consistent across the U.S.: Black and White women have increased and decreased their use of mammography in different regions and Black women's change patterns vary more widely.
Which bladder instillations are more effective? DMSO vs. bupivacaine/heparin/triamcinolone: a retrospective study.

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is a chronic and debilitating condition. Our objective was to compare two different bladder instillation treatments in patients with BPS/IC: dimethyl sulfoxide with triamcinolone (DMSO) vs. bupivacaine with heparin and triamcinolone (B/H/T). Our hypothesis was that both treatments are equally effective. A retrospective cohort study of instillation-naive patients was conducted comparing responses to either DMSO or B/H/T at our tertiary urogynecology center from 2012 to 2014. The primary outcome was patient-reported percent of overall improvement from baseline. Secondary outcomes were change in patient-reported daytime voiding frequency (hours) and change in number of nighttime voiding episodes. Variables analyzed as potential confounders included pelvic pain, cystoscopy findings, levator spasm, and fibromyalgia. The two-sided Student’s t test, chi-squared test, Poisson regression, and repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for analyses. One hundred and ninety-three eligible patients were identified (45 receiving DMSO, 146 receiving B/H/T). Compared with baseline, DMSO patients reported 63% improvement (p < 0.0001), increased time between daytime voids by 1.5 h (p < 0.00), and a 40% reduction in nocturia episodes (p < 0.00). B/H/T patients reported 51% improvement (p < 0.00), increased time between daytime voids by 1.4 h (p < 0.00), and an 8% reduction in nocturia episodes (p = 0.26). When comparing the two treatments, DMSO resulted in a greater percentage of overall improvement (p = 0.02) and a significant decrease in nocturia episodes when compared with B/H/T (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference between treatments for daytime voiding frequency (p = 0.50). Bladder instillations with DMSO or B/H/T provide overall symptomatic improvement and improved frequency and nocturia. DMSO appears to provide greater improvement in nocturia and overall.
The Season of Hoverboards: A Case Series of Fractures.

Objective The aim of this study was to identify the types of pediatric orthopedic extremity fractures that are sustained as a result of hoverboard (self-balancing, self-propelling, 2-wheeled boards) use. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all orthopedic consultations from the emergency department at our institution from December 1 to 31, 2015. Data was collected on the injury mechanism, fracture location, management, and patient characteristics including sex, age, and hand dominance. Results A total of 307 patients with acute extremity injuries were evaluated for a 31-day period. Hoverboard use was identified as the mechanism of injury in 36 patients with 36 fractures (11.7%). The mean age of these 36 patients was 11 years (range, 4-17 y), with most being male (69.4%). There were 35 upper extremity fractures and 1 lower extremity fracture. Eight (22.9%) of the 36 hoverboard patients required closed reduction in the emergency department either under conscious sedation or hematoma block performed with local anesthetic. Four patients (11.1%) required operative treatment. Conclusions The overall incidence of extremity fractures due to hoverboard riding seen in our emergency department during the holiday season was relatively high compared with other common childhood activities. The vast majority of these fractures involved the upper extremities. A moderate percentage of these injuries required closed reduction in the emergency department or surgical treatment. Additional studies examining the use of protective equipment while riding hoverboards, time from initial hoverboard use to injury, supervision, and the cost of treating these injuries should be conducted to further elucidate the nature of these injuries and work toward prevention.
Entrepreneurship Ecosystems and the Stimulus to the Creation of Innovative Business: A Case in the App Industry in Brazil

This paper aims at analyzing how entrepreneurship ecosystems influence the development of business with innovative potential. To do so, the model proposed by Isenberg (2011; 2013) is used as a reference, which covers six areas: policy, finance, culture, supports, human resources and markets. The exploratory research was conducted through the case study method. Data collection occurred through observation, analysis of documents and interviews with entrepreneurs established at Porto Digital, in Recife-PE. For processing and analysis of data, the content analysis technique was selected. It was found that Porto Digital offers the necessary conditions for new businesses to develop their innovative potential, characterized by unique value proposals, offering solutions based on everyday problems and co-created with end users.
Are Google Searches Private? An Originalist Interpretation of the Fourth Amendment in Online Communication Cases

This Note analyzes privacy protections currently in place for internet searches and the interplay between these protections and law enforcement access. Part I provides an overview of the technological and regulatory background for search engines and internet service providers (ISPs). Part II describes the constitutional and statutory framework for internet service provider and search engine data, including the protections currently in place for electronic data under the Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA). In addition, it shines light on the erosion of Fourth Amendment protection of information held by third parties such as Google. Part III examines the Gonzales v. Google opinion as an example of the complex interplay among individual, business, and government interests in online communications. Part IV proposes that courts adopt an originalist interpretation of the Fourth Amendment in deciding online communication cases. This interpretation would be consistent with finding a reasonable expectation of privacy in certain information conveyed to third parties such as Google. Finally, Part V explores ECPA's statutory framework for electronic communications and advocates for expanding its protections.
Mathematical Model for Heat Treating Units Used in the Glass Industry

Summary This paper presents a brief description of a typical heat treating unit used in the glass industry and formulates a mathematical model for such a unit. Development of a simulation model using the principal of conservation of energy, Laplace transformation, infinite product expansion and state-space methods is described in detail. The method of estimating the model coefficients from experimental data is shown and typical simulation results are given and compared with experimental data where possible.
Ironing out the role of hepcidin in infection.

In this issue of Blood , Stefanova et al provide direct proof (which was previously lacking) that hepcidin is a major component of innate immunity. 1
Proteasome degradation of brain cytosolic tau in Alzheimer's disease

The proteasomal degradation of cytosolic, phosphorylation-independent tau in human brains is potentially linked to the pathogenesis of neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies showed that the active 20S proteasome core degrades recombinant tau effectively, which prompted this study to determine if there was evidence of proteasomal degradation of tau in human brain with a range of neurofibrillary pathology. Cytosolic proteins from temporal cortex were isolated from 30,000xgsupernatants by resolving in size-exclusion chromatogra-phy for assay of tau and proteasomal subunits by Western blots. Levels of tau and proteasome subunits varied from case to case, with a significant inverse correlation between the levels of tau and 20S β-subunits, and between 70-kDa tau and 11S β-subunits, suggesting that tau is a proteasomal substrate. The inability to detect tau in western blots on cases without neurofibrillary pathology is consistent with the hypothesis that the proteasome is capable of degrading normal tau with an intact projection domain at the amino-terminal end; however, as proteasomal function becomes impaired during aging, tau clearance is impeded. Tau accumulates in progressively larger and more heterogeneous forms in brains with neurofibrillary pathology. Under normal conditions, non-proteasomal proteases are capable of digesting recombinant-tau from both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends toward the mid-section, but are lack of chaperon-like activity to unfold carboxyl-terminal truncated tau accumulated in AD. Our results support the hypothesis that failure of proteasomal and non-proteasomal proteolytic clearance mechanisms leads to tau accumulation and progressive neurofibrillary degeneration in AD.
Microstructure and tensile properties of various varieties of rice husk.

BACKGROUND Rice husk is a complex hierarchical assembly of hollow fibers consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In addition, it can also contain pectin and significant amounts of silica. Rice husk can be used in diverse applications and generally in the form of rice husk powder. This study aimed to investigate the structural features and mechanical properties of various varieties of whole rice husks. RESULTS Rice husk consists of three sections: epidermis, sub-hypodermis and hypodermis. The thickness of these layers, the diameters of the hollow fibers and the wall thickness vary with the variety of rice husk. The elastic modulus is typically between 0.3 to 2.6 GPa, and the ultimate tensile strength varies from 19 to 135 MPa depending on the variety of rice husk. CONCLUSION Rice husk has a unique hierarchical structure in which the fibers exhibit a staggered perpendicular arrangement and the entire fiber sections are covered by an external shell. The tensile properties vary with the variety of rice husk. The wide range in these tensile properties may be attributed to the size and orientation of the fibers.
Philip Morris International introduces new heat-not-burn product, IQOS, in South Korea

Heat-not-burn tobacco products include electric devices that heat modified cigarettes to produce an aerosol for inhalation without causing combustion.1–3 In line with recent tobacco industry effort to diversify their product portfolio,4 various new heat-not-burn devices have been introduced since 2014 in selected markets such as the UK, Italy and Japan—including Philip Morris International (PMI)’s IQOS i.1 5 Industry analysts predict that heat-not-burn products will absorb 30% of the US regular cigarette market by 2025.2 This manuscript describes PMI’s marketing of IQOS in South Korea based on news monitoring and direct observation by the author during two visits to the flagship stores in Seoul (June 2017) and the purchase of an IQOS device from one store. While currently available in selected markets only, the tobacco industry is expanding the reach of heat-not-burn tobacco products: PMI submitted a Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) application to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 20166 and is planning to offer IQOS in 30+ countries within 2017.3 PMI started selling IQOS and the packs of modified cigarettes (called HEETS ii) in two flagship stores in Seoul, Korea on 27 May 2017. On 5 June 2017, other retail outlets in Seoul including CU (Korea’s largest convenience store chain7) and Electromart (an electronics specialty francise8) started selling them. The device costs 120 000 Korean Won (KRW; approximately US$105); a pack of 20 HEETS are priced at 4300 KRW, similar to regular cigarettes (4500 KRW/pack). As the manufacturer’s warranty for IQOS in Korea covers up to 7300 HEETS (based on the number of recharges to the battery), assuming this …
Taking down defenses to improve vaccines

Vaccines have been spectacularly successful in durable protection against a range of pathogens. However, they have been less successful against pathogens that have evolved immune escape mechanisms ( 1 ). For example, the influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA), which is the main target (antigen) for protective antibodies, shows enormous sequence diversity between different strains, meaning that antibodies induced by immune responses to one strain of the virus tend to be either inefficient or ineffective against other strains. This observation is often associated with the need for a new influenza vaccine every year. However, the escape mechanisms of influenza virus extend beyond antigenic variation of surface proteins. For example, wild-type viruses typically encountered in natural infection can suppress the host type I interferon (IFN-I) response, which provides the first line of defense against viral infections and promotes stimulation of an optimal immune response ( 2 ). On page 290 of this issue, Du et al. ( 3 ) describe the generation of a variant influenza virus that, in contrast to the wild type, is hyper-interferon-sensitive (HIS) and therefore attenuated (reduced in virulence). Attenuated viruses typically have lower immune responses than their wild-type counterparts but, in this case, the level of attenuation still resulted in robust immune responses. The authors propose that the HIS approach could form the basis for a more effective influenza vaccine.
Molecular mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in living cells

Abstract Living cells can sense mechanical forces or deformation, and convert them into biological responses. However, although many details of mechanical, chemical and biological interactions in cells have emerged over the past few decades, the exact molecular mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction remain elusive. This review examines some possible molecular mechanisms responsible for sensing and transducing mechanical signals by living cells, and the tools developed for making molecular-level mechanical measurements. The opportunities and challenges in further developing molecular mechanobiology are discussed.
On a Result of Telyakovskii and Multiple Hilbert Transforms with Polynomial Phases

In this paper, we prove a multiple analog of the theorem proved by Arkhipov and the author in 1987, which provides an estimate for the discrete Hilbert transform with polynomial phase. For the linear case, the corresponding estimates of the sum of multiple trigonometric series was proved by Telyakovskii.
The Victimization of Children and Youth

While the field of juvenile delinquency stands as a monument to social science, one of its most mature, theoretically and empirically developed domains, the topic of juvenile victimization—the opposite pole of the offender-victim equation—has been comparatively neglected. It is true that one can find substantial research on specific child victimization topics like child abuse or child sexual assault, but there is nothing like the integrated and theoretically articulated interest that characterizes the field of juvenile delinquency.
Organizational learning in the globalization process

Organizational learning is a critical imperative for global strategic effectiveness. Yet few studies of organizational learning about globalization systematically address its process at different organizational levels, or ground theories with in-depth empirical data. This paper presents our analysis of data from a longitudinal ethnographic study on organizational learning with regard to globalization. Using contrasting cases, we explore organizational learning in the context of a professional society developing its global strategy. These cases include the organization's interactions with potential partners in four countries. Based on the analysis, we present three claims and their practical implications for organizational learning about globalization.
Trau dich zu wissen

„Sapere aude“ steht gelegentlich in goldenen Lettern uber der Tur zu akademischen Horsalen, was so viel bedeutet wie: Wage, weise zu sein. Etwas anspruchsloser formuliert: Trau dich zu wissen. Ursprunglich stammt dieses lateinische Zitat aus den Episteln von Horaz. Immanuel Kant hat es zur Zeit der Aufklarung auf seine Weise ubersetzt: Habe den Mut, dich deines eigenen Verstandes zu bedienen. Offenbar braucht es Mut dazu! Vielleicht auch Mut gegen eine Angst vor allenfalls unliebsamen Wahrheiten. In der Medizin gibt es keine Wahrheit. Wir konnen nur stets versuchen, der Wahrheit moglichst nahe zu kommen oder unser Wissen in Weisheit umzusetzen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, brauchen wir eine Denkschule.
Examining developmental relations between core academic language skills and reading comprehension for English learners and their peers.

Although many adolescents struggle to comprehend text, the school-relevant language skills, which might contribute to variation in reading comprehension ability during this developmental period, remain understudied. To expand the research base, this study examines the concurrent development of academic language skills and reading comprehension in a sample of emergent bilinguals (EBs) and their English proficient (EP) peers (n = 573) followed over two academic years, from Grade six to seven. Parallel process latent growth modeling results reveal that academic language and reading comprehension skills develop concurrently, with growth rates in Core Academic Language Skills (CALS) positively associated with growth rates in reading comprehension. Furthermore, initial levels of CALS predicted rates of growth in reading comprehension. We also find that EBs, who are by definition in the process of acquiring English, begin Grade six with CALS that are far below their peers, but develop these skills at similar rates as their EP classmates. Results reveal the potential for CALS-focused instruction for improving adolescent learners’ reading comprehension development, and highlight the particular relevance of supporting CALS for EBs, who are tasked with acquiring the language of print at the same time as they are acquiring other registers of English. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
The Politics and Culture of Climate Change: US Actors and Global Implications

Despite the scientific consensus on global warming, many people in the USA,—both ordinary citizens and elected leaders alike—remain skeptical of the need to act, and in fact remain skeptical of the idea that humans are contributing to global warming at all. Thus, environmental justice arguments based on United States carbon emissions and the disproportionate impact of rising temperatures and rising sea levels on tropical developing nations such as Vietnam frequently fall on deaf ears. This chapter explores the political and cultural construction of this deafness, seeking a better understanding of how and why so many Americans refuse to act to address global warming. The two main sources of this deafness that this chapter address are (1) the politics of carbon-intensive energy producers such as the coal and oil industries, demonstrating the ways in which those industries have distorted the debate over global warming, have found eager allies in political candidates willing to accept large campaign contributions, and—with the help of other industries such as automobile manufacturing and home construction—have encouraged the second main source of denial: (2) a culture of aggrandized individualism that places greater value on personal identity construction than on the national and global common good. Once these sources are established, the chapter recommends strategies for using narrative to overcome cultural and political resistance to climate change mitigation that may be effective not only in the United States, but in Vietnam as well.
Efficient manipulation of decision diagrams

Over the last decade significant progress has been made in the efficient implementation of algorithms for the manipulation of decision diagrams. We review the main issues involved in designing a decision diagram package, with special emphasis on the basic data structures and their management, on fast variable reordering, and on the collection of statistics to guide the tuning of the algorithms. Our analysis focuses on depth-first manipulation of reduced, ordered binary decision diagrams.
Implementation of a Quality Control System for Laparoscopic Pyloromyotomy in Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Hurdles and Pitfalls.

Background In 2011, we implemented a new video-based system for quality control of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. More than 3 years later, we evaluated how the implementation had gone and assessed its usability in predicting postoperative outcomes. Materials and Methods Four key point images or short video-segments were to be recorded perioperatively: prepyloromyotomy, parallel-mobility testing, perforation testing, and postpyloromyotomy. Data of all 134 patients undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy from September 2011 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Five pediatric surgeons independently assessed the anonymized operative images for predicting reoperation and time to full-enteral feeding. Results The percentage of operations during which images were recorded increased from 45% in 2012 to 75% in 2014. Over the study period, one or more images were recorded in 89 of the 134 (66%) patients. In only 17 of 89 patients (19%), all four images were documented. The key point images or videos were made for prepyloromyotomy in 49%, parallel-mobility testing in 85%, perforation testing in 42%, and postpyloromyotomy in 94% of 89 patients. Five patients (3.7%) were reoperated for incomplete pyloromyotomy (N = 4) or mucosal perforation (N = 1). Images were recorded during the first operation in four of the five reoperated patients. The need of reoperation was correctly predicted for two of the four patients. Full-enteral feeding within 24 hours was correctly predicted for 67% of the patients (range: 47–88%). Conclusion The increase in recorded images over the years is promising. The implementation of the quality control system did not contribute to a significant decrease in the complication rate, which was already very low. Still, reoperation or a protracted postoperative course could only be predicted with moderate accuracy from the operative images, therefore, for now the use of perioperative images in a medicolegal setting should be advised against. Improved compliance with image recording and better instructions for evaluating the images might improve the usefulness of perioperative images in, e.g., telementoring, education, and medicolegal practice.
Cold Plasma Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Biofilms

Pathogenic bacteria associated with biofilms on foods and food contact surfaces are a challenge to inactivate with conventional sanitizers. Cold plasma is a novel nonthermal process with potential efficacy against these pathogens. Biofilms of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were grown for 24, 48 or 72 h on glass slides and exposed to atmospheric cold plasma, 23 kHz to 48 kHz, for 5, 10 or 15 s. Distance from emitter to biofilms was 5 cm or 7.5 cm. The temperature of the process was established using infrared digital imagery. Cold plasma at 5 cm reduced biofilms by up to 1.41, 2.57 or 3.29 log cfu ml-1 for 5, 10 or 15 s, respectively. Cold plasma at 7.5 cm had reduced maximal efficacy at 5 s and 10 s (0.96 and 2.13 log cfu ml-1, respectively), but was unchanged for 15 s (3.29 log cfu ml-1). Biofilm age was not significant factor influenceing cold plasma efficacy. All treatments were confirmed to be non-thermal. Cold plasma can be a sanitizing tool for food contact surfaces.
Are Students with Disabilities Accessing the Curriculum? A Meta-Analysis of the Reading Achievement Gap between Students with and without Disabilities.

Federal policies have aimed to improve access to grade-level curriculum for students with disabilities (SWD). Current conceptualizations of access posit that it is evidenced by students’ academic o...
Exploring Links between Entrepreneurial Orientations, Promotion Focus, and Entrepreneurial Behavior

Regulatory focus has shown promise as a malleable motivational mindset that predicts important organizational outcomes and that holds potential for influencing entrepreneurial behavior. The current study proposed and tested, in a national sample of 1022 full-time working adults, the relationships of the entrepreneurial orientation of the organizations in which individuals work and worship with their promotion focus mindset, and, in turn, their entrepreneurial behavior. Structural equations analyses demonstrate that the entrepreneurial orientation of individuals’ workplaces and places of worship are associated with a promotion focus mindset, which in turn is related to entrepreneurial behavior. These relationships were significant even after controlling for regulatory focus disposition and critical control variables.
Mitigation of envelope instability through fast acceleration in linear accelerators

The space-charge driven envelope instability can be of great danger in high intensity accelerators. Linear accelerators were designed to avoid this instability by keeping the zero current phase advance per lattice period below 90 degrees. In this paper, we studied the acceleration effects on the instability in a periodic solenoid and radio-frequency (rf) focusing channel and a periodic quadrupole and rf focusing channel using a three-dimensional envelope model and self-consistent macroparticle simulations. Our results suggest that the envelope instability might be dramatically mitigated with a reasonable accelerating gradient in both channels. This suggests that the zero current phase advance without acceleration might be above 90 degrees in linear accelerators where the accelerating gradient is sufficiently high.
The Financial and Business Analysis Capacities of the State and Local Public Health Workforce.

Objective To assess the financial competencies and skills of the state and local public health workforce. Design Analysis of the 2017 wave of the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS). Bivariate statistics and logistic regression models identified correlates and predictors of financial skills and skills gaps in the workforce. Setting PH WINS was fielded to a nationally representative sample of all staff at all local health departments serving 25 000 or more persons and all state health agency staff. Participants A total of 47 604 people responded to PH WINS in 2017 (overall response rate 48%). Main outcome measures Financial competencies were measured in 3 areas: public health program and service delivery, public health agency funding, and public health agency business planning. Results A moderate percentage of the state and local public health workforce (36.7%-40.6%) reported that financial skills were not applicable to their job. Skill levels tended to be modestly but significantly higher for the state health workforce than for the local health workforce. Correlates of financial proficiency and skills gaps varied for the 3 areas assessed and by state versus local setting. In general, administrators, managers and executives, older individuals, and persons working in decentralized or shared departments tended to have higher levels of financial skills proficiency. Persons working in clinical roles, supervisors, newer managers, and persons reporting higher levels of burnout were more likely to report a skills gap. Conclusions There are areas of notable strengths in state and local public health workforce financial skills. Yet portions of the workforce that may have been subjected to newer financial training approaches did not consistently report higher financial skills. Findings suggest areas for further improvement in the financial competency of the state and local public health workforce.
Mad Dogs and Englishmen: Pierson v. Post [A Ditty Dedicated to Freshman Law Students, Confused on the Merits]

Mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the mid-day sun. They bark, they pant, they rave and rant, but most of all they run. A monkey's uncle might have tea or sip some lemonade. Why, even donkeys (turkeys, too) seek shelter in the shade. But mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the mid-day sun.
Testing the communication model of intergroup interdependence: the case of American and Canadian relations

This paper expands the theoretical base of intergroup and intercultural communication by testing a new communication model of interdependence (CMII), defined in terms of the embedded nature of groups Giles, M., R. Pines, H. Giles, and A. Gardikiotis. 2018. “Towards a Communication Model of Intergroup Interdependence.” Atlantic Journal of Communication 26 (2): 122–130. doi:10.1080/15456870.2018.1432222. Introducing a new visual representation of it, propositions of CMII are tested, by invoking relationships between the U.S. and Canada as they change over time. Relevant self-report outcomes include: social connectedness, language attitudes, and communication accommodation. How awareness of de-interdepending, and whether explicitly invoking the construct ‘interdependence’ is associated with outcomes, was also examined. Results indicated sufficient support for tenets of the theory to excite future empirical programmatic endeavours.
A new role for an old cytokine: GM-CSF amplifies GVHD.

In this issue of Blood, Piper et al find that donor T cells that secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promote graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by recruiting donor dendritic cells. This amplifies the activation of alloreactive T cells and increases the severity of GVHD. The authors identified GM-CSF secretion in a rare population of CD11c+ CD4+ T cells that express the transcription factor Bhlhe40. Piper et al showed that Bhlhe40+ CD4+ donor T cells are central to the development of GVHD in the gut in murine models of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Transplantation of either GM-CSF or Bhlhe40 knockout donor T cells resulted in significantly lower incidence of GVHD in allogeneic BMT recipients. This paper is of broad interest to hematologists and immunologists as it illuminates the role of donor T cells in activating dendritic cells and positions GM-CSF–producing T cells as a critical link between innate and adaptive immune responses.
TDT Sandwich: An open source dry heat system for characterizing the thermal resistance of microorganisms

Abstract The determination of the thermal death kinetics of microorganisms has traditionally been performed with liquid baths which have some disadvantages such as liquid spillage and liquid infiltration into samples. The TDT Sandwich was developed as a free, open source alternative that utilizes dry heat. The system is capable of heating samples up to 140 °C and maintaining it within 0.2 °C of the target temperature. Other features of the TDT Sandwich include adjustable heating rates up to approximately 100 °C/min, real-time display and recording of temperature readings at a nominal rate of 5 Hz, an optional thermocouple for acquiring temperature of samples, built-in heating timer, and customizable operating parameters. The modular nature of the TDT Sandwich allows multiple units to be connected to a computer or laptop. Operation of the TDT Sandwich is done through a computer program which, along with the build instructions and microcontroller program, are open source and are available for free to the public at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5Q3Y7 .
Distinctive functioning of STARD1 in the fetal Leydig cells compared to adult Leydig and adrenal cells. Impact of Hedgehog signaling via the primary cilium.

Abstract STARD1 stimulates cholesterol transfer to mitochondrial CYP11A1 for conversion to pregnenolone. A cholesterol-binding START domain is guided by an N-terminal domain in a cell selective manner. Fetal and adult Leydig cells (FLC, ALC) show distinct Stard1 regulation. sm- FISH microscopy, which resolves individual molecules of Stard1 mRNA, shows uniformly high basal expression in each FLC. In ALC, in vivo, and cultured MA-10 cells, basal Stard1 expression is minimal. PKA activates loci asynchronously, with delayed splicing/export of 3.5 kb mRNA to mitochondria. After 60 min, ALC transition to an integrated mRNA delivery to mitochondria that is seen in FLC. Sertoli cells cooperate in Stard1 stimulation in FLC by delivering DHH to the primary cilium. There PTCH, SMO and cholesterol cooperate to release GLI3 to activate the Stard1 locus, probably by directing histone changes. ALC lack cilia. PKA then primes locus activation. FLC and ALC share similar SIK/CRTC/CREB regulation characterized for adrenal cells.
Measuring outdoor recreationists' beliefs in climate change: Testing the Occurrence and Anthropogenic Causation Scale (OC-AN)

Abstract Outdoor recreation areas are impacted by novel changes in climate. Consequently, nature centers and national parks often deliver climate change education. Recreationists' beliefs in climate change are important to understand because effective education relies on understanding an audience's beliefs. However, measuring beliefs in climate change is complicated because the phrase ‘global climate change’ elicits diverse meanings that are unstable across groups of outdoor recreationists. Without valid measures to identify outdoor recreationists' beliefs in climate change, it is difficult to understand their beliefs and deliver effective education. Therefore, researchers developed and tested two scales to create the Occurrence and Anthropogenic Causation Scale (OC-AN). This scale measures the two primary dimensions of climate change beliefs: (1) Occurrence (OC; belief that climate change is currently happening), and (2) Anthropogenic Causation (AN; belief that climate change is caused by humans). Researchers tested the scale's performance across three populations: (1) national park visitors in Alaska (n=429), (2) lake recreationists in the southeast U.S. (n=210), and (3) marine recreationists along the U.S. Atlantic Coast (n=483). The OC-AN maintained appropriate metric invariance, exhibited high validity, and demonstrated appropriate sensitivity across these diverse groups. Management implications First, managers and researchers can use the OC-AN Scale to understand the levels of beliefs in Occurrence and Anthropogenic Causation, which can provide necessary baseline data for park managers and educators to understand their visiting audience. Second, the OC-AN can also be used to understand outcomes of a climate change education experience or outdoor recreationists’ interactions with climate-influenced resources (e.g., Brownlee, Hallo, Wright, Moore, & Powell, 2013 ). Third, the OC-AN could also be applied longitudinally to track changes in a particular group's beliefs over time. Furthermore, although the OC-AN requires further testing, it is likely that the scale could be applied to the general public or other specialized groups who are not outdoor recreationists. Finally, the individual items that comprise the OC-AN and the mean responses may inform climate change messaging designed for a specific sub-population.
Sphingosine inhibits calmodulin-dependent enzymes.

Sphingosine is a potent inhibitor of several calmodulin-dependent enzymes. The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase, and smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase are inhibited in vitro at concentrations previously shown to inhibit protein kinase C. Inhibition of each of the enzymes is competitive with calmodulin, suggesting that sphingosine may be a calmodulin antagonist. In the pituitary cell line GH3, sphingosine inhibits the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 by the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and the phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase III. These findings suggest that sphingosine, in blocking the effects of both the Ca2+.calmodulin complex and of diacylglycerol, may be a very effective inhibitor of both branches of the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway. By extension, caution should be exercised in the use of sphingosine as a diagnostic test for the involvement of protein kinase C in biological processes.
Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium

[1] Observational studies show a significant increase in ocean heat content over the last half century. Herein we estimate heat content changes during the last millennium with a climate model whose forcing terms have been best-fit to surface proxy data. The model simulates the observed late 20th century ocean heat content increase and a comparable Little Ice Age minimum. When glacial advances are factored in, these results imply a sea level fall after the Middle Ages that is consistent with some geologic data. The present ocean heat content increase can be traced back to the mid-19th century, with a near-linear rate of change during the 20th century.
General Methodologies for Animal Models

Publisher Summary This chapter presents suggestions on using animal models of infection, which are often used to compare the efficacy of novel antimicrobial compounds to that of currently available antibiotics, to study pathogens with novel patterns of antimicrobial resistance, or to study the pathophysiology or prevention of specific infection. Animal models of infection are important tools used to study various aspects of infectious diseases as they provide all the factors involved in the complex host-pathogen interactions. The host immune response, the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial exposure and pharmacodynamic response, and the influences on the host of any bacterial toxins are important aspects of infections that are not currently part of any in vitro testing systems. The various issues that need to be considered while designing an animal model to test the hypothesis should include the ethical considerations regarding the use of laboratory animals, proper care and use of animal subjects, an understanding of the pathophysiology of the infection in humans, pathophysiology of the specific organism in the specific animal host used, pharmacology of any medications used in human and animal subjects, technical expertise in any medical or surgical procedures on the animal subjects, biosafety responsibilities of working with infectious agents, availability of required support services, and costs of materials and services. Investigators also need to know the various features of the human infection, which are or are not present in the model used and how this affects the interpretation of the results.
Ulnar Collateral Ligament: Throwing Biomechanics

The overhead throwing motion is created by a complex series of coordinated movements involving different motor groups and the articulations of the upper extremity as well as the kinetic chain. The necessary kinematics of throwing place significant stresses across the joints of the upper extremity, which can lead to potential overload and injury. The throwing motion of the overhead pitch is divided into six segments or phases from wind-up to follow-through. In addition to these upper extremity motions, the kinetic chain increases power and ball velocity through a series of coordinated muscle activation progressing through the lower legs, pelvis, and trunk.
Cesare Beccaria: Utilitarian or retributivist?

Ever since Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments first appeared in 1764, it has been common to regard its author as a theorist of criminal jurisprudence who stressed considerations of utility to the exclusion of considerations of justice. There is strong evidence for this view, and Beccaria was in many ways a forerunner of Bentham. There is, however, another side to Beccaria that has often been overlooked. In the way in which he established the right of the sovereign to punish and in his concern for the rights of the criminal (rights which no consideration of utility could override), Beccaria showed that he was much closer to the outlook commonly associated with Kant and Hegel than one would at first suspect. Though there were utilitarian aspects to his thought, Beccaria may be considered basically a retributivist who incorporated certain obvious, though by no means dominant, utilitarian themes into his work. In blending utilitarianism and retributivism, Beccaria was usually consistent, and he usually gave greater emphasis to the former.
Resistance in Durum Wheat Sources to Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Populations in Eastern USA

Damage from Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), infestation of soft red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L, in the eastern USA has been reduced by the deployment of genes for resistance in commercial cultivars. Hessian fly populations in the eastern USA have developed virulence to previously deployed genes for resistance except for H13, deployed in 1998. Durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf., is an important source of resistance to Hessian fly. Four populations of Hessian fly, believed representative of the eastern USA, were selected for seedling tests of 26 durum genotypes which had shown resistance to Hessian fly biotypes B, D, or L in earlier laboratory tests. The putative number of genes conditioning resistance to laboratory biotype L was determined in backcross segregation analysis of 11 PI selections of unknown genotype. The number of genes for resistance to Hessian fly was also recorded of other durum genotypes in the test from observed segregation or published data. Some common wheat genotypes were included in tests with the four populations. Most of the 26 durum genotypes were resistant to the four eastern USA Hessian fly populations. The four Hessian fly populations were similar in avirulence to most durum germplasm lines but with differences in virulence to a few lines. The four populations were virulent to the previously deployed resistances provided by H3, H5, and H6. The northern two Hessian fly populations were virulent and the southern two populations were avirulent to the previously deployed resistance of H7H8. Resistance to laboratory biotypes D or L of the 26 durum genotypes was conditioned by one, two, or three genes, depending upon line.
Assessing the Quality of Household Panel Data: The Case of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics

Evidence from a number of methodological studies are used to assess the overall quality of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Despite substantial cumulative non-response over the nearly two decades spanned by the study, the sample is found to maintain its representation of the nonimmigrant population of the United States. The most important reasons for this result are that the study's following rules insure that the sample replaces itself in the same manner as the population (through the formation of new families by the offspring of old) and that nonresponse is largely unsystematic. Nonresponse also appears to be largely random with respect to parameters in a number of behavioral models. The accuracy of measures is assessed by comparing survey measures with national aggregates and with highly accurate individual validating data. PSID reports of transfer income appear to compare more favorably with program aggregates than do reports from other large-scale surveys such as the Current Popul...