cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wnt Signaling in Renal Cancer

About one fourth of people diagnosed with kidney cancer in 2007, are expected to die of this disease within 5 years from the date of diagnosis. Recent years have produced novel drugs, some with FDA approval, and many in clinical trials, all showing very discrete results. Failure in finding effective treatments to improve survival with drugs mainly targeting VEGF and its downstream effectors, urges to shift the drug development targets to other unexploited pathways shown to be also involved in renal cancer. Several studies show alterations in the Wnt signaling pathway, many of which differ from those implicated in other human cancers. Unlike colorectal or hepatocellular carcinomas, where APC and axin mutations, respectively, are the main Wnt signaling deregulating event, renal carcinomas seem to be affected by other factors. Recent studies have presented VHL, a tumor suppressor gene strongly associated with renal cell carcinoma, as a beta-catenin target. This confirms that Wnt signaling is likely playing a central role during renal carcinoma development, which needs to be considered and addressed to treat this disease. This review outlines briefly the molecular biology of the most common renal cancers and the drug treatments currently used to treat the disease. The canonical Wnt pathway is reviewed more carefully adding specific features in a renal carcinoma context, which present potential targets for drug development and biomarker use.
Mature data transport and command management services for the Space Station

The duplex space/ground/space data services for the Space Station are described. The need to separate the uplink data service functions from the command functions is discussed. Command management is a process shared by an operation control center and a command management system and consists of four functions: (1) uplink data communications, (2) management of the on-board computer, (3) flight resource allocation and management, and (4) real command management. The new data service capabilities provided by microprocessors, ground and flight nodes, and closed loop and open loop capabilities are studied. The need for and functions of a flight resource allocation management service are examined. The system is designed so only users can access the system; the problems encountered with open loop uplink access are analyzed. The procedures for delivery of operational, verification, computer, and surveillance and monitoring data directly to users are reviewed.
American Public Diplomacy: Enduring Characteristics, Elusive Transformation

Understanding, planning, engagement and advocacy are core concepts of public diplomacy. They are not unique to the American experience. There is, however, an American public diplomacy modus operandi with enduring characteristics that are rooted in the nation’s history and political culture. These include episodic resolve correlated with war and surges of zeal, systemic trade-offs in American politics, competitive practitioner communities and powerful civil society actors, and late adoption of communication technologies. This article examines these concepts and characteristics in the context of US President Barack Obama’s strategy of global public engagement. It argues that as US public diplomacy becomes a multi-stakeholder instrument and central to diplomatic practice, its institutions, methods and priorities require transformation rather than adaptation. The article explores three illustrative issues: a culture of understanding; social media; and multiple diplomatic actors. It concludes that the characteristics shaping the US public diplomacy continue to place significant constraints on its capacity for transformational change.
The critical role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in alcoholic liver disease is independent of the common TLR adapter MyD88

The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) that recognizes endotoxin, a trigger of inflammation in alcoholic liver disease (ALD), activates two signaling pathways utilizing different adapter molecules: the common TLR adapter, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), or Toll/interleukin immune-response–domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon (IFN)-β. The MyD88 pathway induces proinflammatory cytokine activation, a critical mediator of ALD. Here we evaluated the role of MyD88 in alcohol-induced liver injury in wild-type, TLR2-deficient, TLR4-deficient, or MyD88-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice after administration of the Lieber-De-Carli diet (4.5% volume/volume ethanol) or an isocaloric liquid control diet for 5 weeks. Alcohol feeding resulted in a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase levels, liver steatosis and triglyceride levels suggesting liver damage in WT, TLR2-KO, and MyD88-KO but not in TLR4-KO mice. Expression of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor–α and interleukin-6) and TLR4 coreceptors (CD14 and MD2) was significantly higher in livers of alcohol-fed WT, TLR2-KO, or MyD88-KO, but not in TLR4-KO mice, compared to controls. Reactive oxygen radicals produced by cytochrome P450 and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate complexes contribute to alcoholic liver damage. Alcohol feeding–induced expression and activation of cytochrome P450 and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate complex were prevented by TLR4-deficiency but not by MyD88-deficiency. Liver expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a MyD88-independent signaling molecule, was not affected by chronic alcohol treatment in whole livers of WT mice or in any of the KO mice. However, the induction of IRF7, an IRF3-inducible gene, was found in Kupffer cells of alcohol-fed WT mice. Alcohol feeding also induced nuclear factor–κB activation in a TLR4-dependent MyD88-independent manner. Conclusion: While TLR4 deficiency was protective, MyD88 deficiency failed to prevent alcohol-induced liver damage and inflammation. These results suggest that the common TLR adapter, MyD88, is dispensable in TLR4-mediated liver injury in ALD. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Seasonal variations on the residence times and partitioning of short-lived radionuclides (234Th, 7Be and 210Pb) and depositional fluxes of 7Be and 210Pb in Tampa Bay, Florida

Abstract Historically, Tampa Bay has been impacted heavily by a wide range of anthropogenic perturbations that may include, agricultural-, shipping-, phosphate mining/distribution-related activities, as well as a burgeoning coastal population. Due to the presence of U-rich underlying sediments, elevated activities of U- and Th-series daughter products may be naturally released into this system. This region is also known for summer thunderstorms and corresponding increases in precipitation and surface water runoff. Only limited work has been conducted on the partitioning of particle-reactive radionuclides (such as 7 Be, 210 Pb, and 234 Th) in such a dynamic coastal system. We investigated both the removal residence time and partitioning of these radionuclides between filter-retained particulate matter (≥ 0.5 μm) and the filtrate ( Our results indicate that the partitioning of 7 Be, 210 Pb, and 234 Th between filtrate and filter-retained phase is controlled foremost by enhanced bottom resuspension events during summer thunderstorms. As a consequence, no significant relationship exists between the distribution coefficients ( K d values) of these isotopes and the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Relatively faster recycling rates of atmospheric water vapor derived from the ocean results in lower atmospheric depositional fluxes of 210 Pb to the study site than predicted. The relationship between 7 Be and 210 Pb in bulk (wet + dry) deposition is compared to their respective water column activities. The residence times of particulate and dissolved 234 Th, 7 Be and 210 Pb, as well the distribution coefficients of these radionuclides, are then compared to values reported in other coastal systems.
An Orientation on the Mathematics Classroom that Emphasizes Power and Identity: Reflecting on Equity Research

In this paper, I reflect on equity research in order to describe a perspective on the mathematics classroom as a non-neutral place where issues of power and identity play out in teaching and learning processes. This view of the mathematics classroom takes seriously issues of equity in the form of power and what becomes constituted as legitimate mathematics while attending to the out-of-school practices in which students engage. This orientation and its related issues are significant in that they provide an alternative perspective on investigating equity in mathematics classrooms that is in contrast to efforts that focus specifically on comparing standardized test scores of specific groups based solely upon racial classifications.
Cardiac aneurysm with ventricular tachycardia and subsequent excision of aneurysm; case report.

A case of ventricular tachycardia in a patient with an anterolateral ventricular aneurysm is reported. The aneurysm was excised and the ventricular tachycardia did not recur, despite discontinuation of quinidine.
The synthesis of phenanthrodibenzothiophenes

The synthesis of phenanthro[1,2-c]dibenzothiophene (6), phenanthro[4,3-c]dibenzothiophene (10), phenanthro[2,1-a]dibenzothiophene (14), phenanthro[3,4-a]dibenzothiophene (16), phenanthro[1,2-a]dibenzothiophene (19), phenanthro[2,1-b]dibenzothiophene (20), 8-methylphenanthro[3,2-a]dibenzothiophene (24), 7-methylphenanthro[1,2-a]dibenzothiophene (25), phenanthro[3,4-a]dibenzothiophene (27), phenanthro[4,3-a]-dibenzothiophene (28), 6-methylphenanthro[2,3-a]dibenzothiophene (31), and 5-methylphenanthro[4,3-a]dibenzothiophene (32) is described.
Effect of Flutter on the Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Truss-Braced-Wing Aircraft

This study highlights the effects of a flutter constraint on the multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) of a truss-braced-wing transport aircraft for both medium-range and long-range missions. Previous MDO studies for both of these missions were performed without considering the effect of flutter. Hence, the flutter constraint has now been added to the other design constraints in this MDO study. Minimizing the takeoff gross weight and the fuel burn are selected as the objective functions. The results show that, for the medium-range mission, the flutter constraint applied at 1.15 times the dive speed imposes a 1.5% penalty on the takeoff weight and a 5% penalty on the fuel consumption while minimizing these two objective functions. The penalties imposed on the minimum-takeoff-gross-weight and minimum-fuel-burn designs for the long-range mission due to the similar constraint are 3.5 and 7.5%, respectively. Importantly, the resulting truss-braced-wing designs are still superior to equivalent cantilever ...
Thin film epitaxy and structure property correlations for non-polar ZnO films

Abstract Heteroepitaxial growth and strain relaxation were investigated in non-polar a-plane (1 1 −2 0)ZnO films grown on r-plane (1 0 −1 2)sapphire substrates in the temperature range 200–700 °C by pulsed laser deposition. The lattice misfit in the plane of the film for this orientation varied from −1.26% in [0 0 0 1] to −18.52% in the [−1 1 0 0] direction. The alignment of (1 1 −2 0)ZnO planes parallel to (1 0 −1 2)sapphire planes was confirmed by X-ray diffraction θ−2θ scans over the entire temperature range. X-ray ϕ-scans revealed the epitaxial relationship:[0 0 0 1]ZnO‖[−1 1 0 1]sap; [–1 1 0 0]ZnO‖[−1 −1 2 0]sap. Depending on the growth temperature, variations in the structural, optical and electrical properties were observed in the grown films. Room temperature photoluminescence for films grown at 700 °C shows a strong band-edge emission. The ratio of the band-edge emission to green band emission is 135:1, indicating reduced defects and excellent optical quality of the films. The resistivity data for the films grown at 700 °C shows semiconducting behavior with room temperature resistivity of 2.2 × 10−3 Ω-cm.
Papillary fibroelastomas: innocent bystanders or ignored culprits?

AbstractCardiac papillary fibroelastomas (PFEs) are the most common tumors of the cardiac valves and the third most common cardiac tumor. They are usually detected accidentally on echocardiography, but have the potential to manifest with catastrophic embolic phenomena, resulting in stroke and myocardial infarction. Echocardiography is currently the preferred diagnostic modality, while magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are helpful in the differential diagnosis of cardiac tumors. The management of PFEs is empiric, as no large randomized trials have been conducted to support specific treatment guidelines. The treatment of choice for PFEs with high-risk features for peripheral embolization is surgical resection. Anticoagulation is recommended in patients who are poor surgical candidates or who refuse surgery, although its duration and intensity are debatable. This review summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treat...
Functional Specialization of Sensory Cilia by an RFX Transcription Factor Isoform

In animals, RFX transcription factors govern ciliogenesis by binding to an X-box motif in the promoters of ciliogenic genes. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the sole RFX transcription factor (TF) daf-19 null mutant lacks all sensory cilia, fails to express many ciliogenic genes, and is defective in many sensory behaviors, including male mating. The daf-19c isoform is expressed in all ciliated sensory neurons and is necessary and sufficient for activating X-box containing ciliogenesis genes. Here, we describe the daf-19(n4132) mutant that is defective in expression of the sensory polycystic kidney disease (PKD) gene battery and male mating behavior, without affecting expression of ciliogenic genes or ciliogenesis. daf-19(n4132) disrupts expression of a new isoform, daf-19m (for function in male mating). daf-19m is expressed in male-specific PKD and core IL2 neurons via internal promoters and remote enhancer elements located in introns of the daf-19 genomic locus. daf-19m genetically programs the sensory functions of a subset of ciliated neurons, independent of daf-19c. In the male-specific HOB neuron, DAF-19M acts downstream of the zinc finger TF EGL-46, indicating that a TF cascade controls the PKD gene battery in this cell-type specific context. We conclude that the RFX TF DAF-19 regulates ciliogenesis via X-box containing ciliogenic genes and controls ciliary specialization by regulating non-X-box containing sensory genes. This study reveals a more extensive role for RFX TFs in generating fully functional cilia.
The cultivation and metabolism of trypanosomes in the presence of trehalose with observations on trehalase in blood serum

Abstract 1. 1. Trypanosoma cruzi cultivated in the liquid phase of diphasic blood agar medium (medium I) or in the same medium prepared with blood inactivated at 56 ° for 30 min seemed unable to utilize trehalose per se, but the hydrolysis of this disaccharide was due to a trehalase present in these media. When this enzyme was denatured by autoclaving the base, it was apparent that trehalose was a non-utilisable substrate. 2. 2. Neither T. gambiense grown in the overlay from diphasic blood agar medium containing inactivated blood (medium II) or from the same medium but with the base subjected to autoclaving (medium III) nor T. rhodesiense grown in medium III could utilize trehalose. The infectivity of these culture organisms was not restored even after prolonged exposure to trehalose. 3. 3. The endogenous respiration of T. cruzi cultivated in the less favorable autoclaved medium was 7-fold less than that of these organisms cultivated in medium I, whereas glucose stimulated the respiration relatively more. Trehalose had no effect on the endogenous respiration in either case. 4. 4. Rabbit blood serum was found to be the source of trehalase in the medium. This enzyme displayed considerable specificity towards trehalose. It was also found in human, dog, and cat blood.
Visual Prognoses Correlated with the Presence of Interna-limiting Membrane in Histopathologic Specimens Obtained from Epiretinal Membrane Surgery

Abstract Forty-one patients with a unilateral, macular epiretinal membrane (ERM) underwent pars plana vitrectomy and membrane peeling to improve the visual acuity. The authors retrospectively reviewed the histopathology of the vitrectomy specimen in each instance to determine whether the presence of internal-limiting membrane (ILM) had an adverse effect on visual acuity. Eleven specimens contained long segments of ILM, as determined by light microscopy. With a minimum of 6 months of follow-up, none of these 11 eyes achieved a visual acuity of better than 20/60. Of 30 eyes that did not have ILM present, 41 % achieved a visual acuity of 20/60 or better. Overall, 29% of the eyes in the entire series achieved 20/60 or better visual acuity. The difference between the group with ILM versus that without ILM was statistically significant ( P = 0.01). The presence of long segments of ILM within the histopathologic specimen after vitreous surgery for removal of a macular ERM appears to indicate a less favorable visual outcome.
Detecting the influence of climatic variables on species distributions: a test using GIS niche‐based models along a steep longitudinal environmental gradient

Aim To investigate the influence of climate variables in shaping species distributions across a steep longitudinal environmental gradient. Location The state of Oklahoma, south-central United States. Methods We used Geographical Information Systems (GIS) niche-based models to predict the geographic distributions of six pairs of closely related amphibian and reptile species across a steep longitudinal environmental gradient. We compared results from modelling with actual distributions to determine whether species distributions were primarily limited by environmental factors, and to assess the potential roles of competition and historical factors in influencing distributions. Results For all species pairs, GIS models predicted an overlap zone in which both species should occur, although in reality in some cases this area was occupied by only one of the species. We found that environmental factors clearly influence the distributions of most species pairs. We also found evidence suggesting that competition and evolutionary history play a role in determining the distributions of some species pairs. Main conclusions Niche-based GIS modelling is a useful tool for investigating species distribution patterns and the factors affecting them. Our results showed that environmental factors strongly influenced species distributions, and that competition and historical factors may also be involved in some cases. Furthermore, results suggested additional lines of research, such as ecological comparisons among populations occurring inside and outside predicted overlap zones, which may provide more direct insight into the roles of competitive interactions and historical factors in shaping species distributions.
Mediastinal teratoma confused with loculated pleural fluid.

A 3-year-old child is presented with a benign anterior mediastinal teratoma that was primarily located inferior to the left lung and confused with pleural fluid. The lesion was not apparent at 4 months of age. Computerized axial tomography of the specimen clearly established the diagnosis. This procedure may be of value in selected patients with apparent pleural disease.
Determinants of Reversible Asynergy Effect of Pathologic Q Waves, Coronary Collaterals, and Anatomic Location

To determine which factors may be of value in determining whether or not asynergic zones have residual contractile ability, the responsiveness of these zones to sublingual nitroglycerin (1/150 grs) was studied angiographically in 36 patients. The responsiveness of asynergy was correlated with the presence or absence of pathologic Q waves and coronary collaterals in the corresponding zones, as well as with anatomic location. Of the 25 asynergic segments which had corresponding pathologic Q waves, 11 (44.0%) responded to nitroglycerin while 14 (56%) remained unresponsive. In contrast, 30 (83.3%) of the 36 segments which did not have associated Q waves improved while only 6 (16.4%) did not (P < 0.005). Akinetic segments with Q waves were associated with a significant decrease in responsiveness (P < 0.02) compared to hypokinetic segments. Of the 26 segments with angiographically demonstrable collaterals, 22 (84.6%) improved and only 4 (15.4%) remained unchanged (P < 0.02). In contrast, of the 35 segments with...
Teaching as Confessing Redeeming a Theological Trope for Pedagogy

By reclaiming the role of confession in the classroom, we can rethink the fundamental question of what it means to teach religion. That is, the project of thinking about the religious dimension of pedagogy should also force us to rethink religious studies in general. Pedagogy, after all, is not an incidental expression of religious commitments but is instead one significant place where the religious imagination takes shape and form. All religious reflection is confessional, because scholarship is only one form of pedagogy, and teaching is the act of saying who we are, where we are from, and where we are going.
The rheological properties of ternary binders containing Portland cement, limestone, and metakaolin or fly ash

Abstract The influence of limestone particle size and the type and extent of (partial) cement replacement on the yield stress and plastic viscosity of ternary pastes are studied. Interpretations based on Bingham model indicate: (i) for binary/ternary blends containing coarse limestone, the yield stress and plastic viscosity remain unchanged or decrease with increasing cement replacement, (ii) in ternary blends, plastic viscosity increases with the fine limestone content, and (iii) the yield stress in ternary blends containing fly ash is dependent on the limestone content and fineness whereas in blends containing metakaolin, the yield stress reduces with an increase in limestone content, irrespective of the limestone particle size. These are attributed to: particle packing, water demand, and the interparticle spacing and contacts which are quantified using microstructural simulations. The yield stress and plastic viscosity show strong direct correlations to the specific surface area and inverse correlations to the water film thickness.
On the mechanism of selective NOx reduction with alkanes over Cu/ZSM-5

Abstract A reaction mechanism is proposed for NO x reduction with alkanes over Cu/ZSM-5 in the presence of O 2 . Based on FTIR and MS data obtained by exposure of Cu/ZSM-5 to NO + O 2 and other data on the interaction of acetone oxime impregnated Cu/ZSM-5 with isotopically labeled NO, it is proposed that N-N bonds are formed between adsorbed oxime and NO δ+ . The proposed mechanism is compared with literature data.
Identification of tomato golden mosaic virus-specific RNAs in infected plants.

Abstract The bipartite genome of the geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) contains at least six open reading frames (ORFs) with the potential to code for proteins of greater than 100 amino acids. In order to investigate the expression of these coding regions, RNA preparations from plants infected with TGMV have been examined for the presence of viral transcripts. We have identified six polyadenylated, virus-specific RNAs which correspond in size, polarity and map location to the six ORFs. Primer extension and S1 nuclease analysis of an RNA which maps to the viral coat protein gene (ORF AR1) has shown that this transcription unit begins at nucleotide 319 or 320 and ends in the vicinity of nucleotide 1090 of the TGMV A sequence, in agreement with a previous report ( I. T. D. Petty, R. H. A. Coutts, and K. W. Buck, 1988 , J. Gen. Virol. 69, 1359–1365). The data presented here confirm the bidirectional transcription strategy implied by the arrangement of ORFs on both strands of double-stranded TGMV DNA intermediates and lay the ground-work for further studies of viral transcription and its control.
Response of the Martian thermosphere/ionosphere to enhanced fluxes of solar soft X rays

[1] We have investigated the response of the thermosphere and ionosphere of Mars to enhanced fluxes of solar soft X rays, such as those that have been detected by the SNOE satellite (e.g., Bailey et al., 2000). We have constructed standard models by adopting the SC#21REFW and F79050N solar fluxes from H. E. Hinteregger (private communication) (see also Torr et al., 1979) for the low and high solar activity models, respectively. We then constructed enhanced soft X-ray models by multiplying the solar photon fluxes for wavelengths below 200 A by a factor of 3 at low solar activity and by a factor of 6 at high solar activity. We discuss the effects of the larger fluxes of soft X rays on the ion and electron density profiles and the minor neutral density profiles. We find that increasing the Hinteregger soft X-ray fluxes by a uniform factor below 200 A cannot reproduce the distinct lower peaks that have been observed in some of the electron density profiles measured by the radio science experiment on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), and that were modeled previously by Fox et al. (1995) using the SERF2 solar fluxes of Tobiska (1991). In our model computations, the lower peak appears only as a shoulder, although the magnitude of the electron density at the shoulder is comparable to those exhibited by the MGS radio occultation profiles. This is in contrast to models of the terrestrial ionosphere, where increasing the solar fluxes by a uniform factor of 2–4 for wavelengths less than 250 A has been found to bring the model electron and NO density profiles, and the shape of the photoelectron flux spectra, into agreement with the measured values.
Influence of Cultivar, Nitrogen, and Frequency of Insecticide Application on Vegetable Leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Population Density and Dispersion on Snap Beans

Effect of snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., cultivar, nitrogen fertilizer level, and frequency of permethrin application on vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, density and dispersion was investigated in field plots during the fall seasons of 1983 and 1984. ‘Eagle’ had significantly fewer leafmines than ‘Nemasnap’. Nitrogen fertilizer level did not significantly affect leafminer density, whereas frequency of permethrin application significantly affected leafminer density. Nitrogen, permethrin application, and leafminer density had no discernable effect on snap bean yield, although ‘Eagle’ produced a significantly greater yield than ‘Nemasnap’. Leafminer dispersion was quantified with Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression. Leafminer dispersion was slightly contagious and not influenced by cultivar, nitrogen level, or permethrin application. A sequential sampling plan was developed from pooled data of both seasons.
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of 4-Ester CI2, a Model for Backbone Hydrogen Bonding in Protein α-Helices

The total synthesis of proteins enables unnatural groups to be incorporated into proteins to understand the molecular basis of protein stability and function. Chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2), is a small 64 residue protein consisting of an α-helix sandwiched by four β-strands. To directly evaluate the role of backbone hydrogen bonding in α-helices, an array of four amide bonds that span the length of the α-helix have been replaced with ester bonds. Residues 13, 16, 19, and 22 have been substituted with α-hydroxy acids using solid-phase synthesis, and the peptides were assembled by conformationally assisted ligation. The resulting 4-ester CI2 is a functional protease inhibitor that is destabilized by 2.93 kcal/mol compared to the all-amide protein. This study demonstrates that the formation of multiple consecutive hydrogen bonds is not required for the folding of protein α-helices.
A Note on the First published version of the "Epístola a D. José Manuel Quintana", by José María Blanco

Blanco White's Elegia i a a D. Manuel Jose Quintana first became known to scholars in 1943, when M. V. de Lara published in the Bulletin of Spanish Studies a text of the poem based on two manuscript copies—one of which is incomplete—owned by the Library of the University of Liverpool. The Liverpool manuscripts also provided the text for a more recent version of the Elegia, that of Vicente Llorens, who offers minor corrections to the text established by Miss de Lara. Lara and Llorens, in their brief comments on the Elegia a Quintana, differ markedly in their interpretation of the poem. Lara, claiming that the Elegia reveals a ‘pesimismo dulce y resignado’, discusses the work in terms which would seemingly suggest the enlightened sensibility of the late eighteenth century: ‘Sosteniendo el tema del desengano vigorosamente, en tono melancolico, pero sin desesperanza, y sin exagerar la nota tragica, se trata de una melancolia de buen gusto, contenida en la arquitectura del verso, sin desbordarlo, con mas propo...
Qualitative Theory of Pion Scattering by Nuclei

The requirement of unitarity, together with the theory of the refractive index, puts a limit on the wave number of a pion (of given energy) in nuclear matter (of given density). A paradox in the conventional theory of pion scattering by complex nuclei is thereby avoided.
Toward the Autojuggie: Planting 72 geophones in 2 sec

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com”.
A report of anticipated benefits of functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury

AbstractBackgroundFunctional electrical stimulation (FES) has been regularly used to offset several negative body composition and metabolic adaptations following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the outcomes of many FES trials appear to be controversial and incoherent.ObjectiveTo document the potential consequences of several factors (e.g. pain, spasms, stress and lack of dietary control) that may have attenuated the effects on body composition and metabolic profile despite participation in 21 weeks of FES training.ParticipantA 29-year-old man with T6 complete SCI participated in 21 weeks of FES, 4 days per week.MethodsPrior to and following training, the participant performed arm-crank-graded exercise testing to measure peak VO2. Tests conducted included anthropometrics and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition assessments, resting energy expenditure, plasma lipid profiles and intravenous glucose tolerance tests.ResultsThe participant frequently reported increasing pain, stress and poor eat...
A brief history of the air cleaning conferences

The proceedings of the 23 recorded air cleaning conferences since 1951 reflect an important aspect of the history of major nuclear developments, both military and civilian, because engineered safety features designed to prevent dispersion of radioactive products to the environment have always been a necessity for progress in this field. Each conference has recorded advancements in nuclear safety, and revealed the arrival of new challenges. The meetings have been a force for progress, as well as a forum for the refinement of current technology. The conferences will no doubt continue to be highly involved in the important tasks of maintaining and improving engineered safeguards for existing power reactors, and with meeting the air cleaning and treatment needs of advanced reactors.
Role of down-regulated in adenoma anion exchanger in HCO3- secretion across murine duodenum.

Background & Aims The current model of duodenal HCO 3 − secretion proposes that basal secretion results from Cl − /HCO 3 − exchange, whereas cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulated secretion depends on a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel (Cftr)-mediated HCO 3 − conductance. However, discrepancies in applying the model suggest that Cl − /HCO 3 − exchange also contributes to cAMP-stimulated secretion. Of 2 candidate Cl − /HCO 3 − exchangers, studies of putative anion transporter-1 knockout (KO) mice find little contribution of putative anion transporter-1 to basal or cAMP-stimulated secretion. Therefore, the role of down-regulated in adenoma (Dra) in duodenal HCO 3 − secretion was investigated using DraKO mice. Methods Duodenal HCO 3 − secretion was measured by pH stat in Ussing chambers. Apical membrane Cl − /HCO 3 − exchange was measured by microfluorometry of intracellular pH in intact villous epithelium. Dra expression was assessed by immunofluorescence. Results Basal HCO 3 − secretion was reduced ∼55%–60% in the DraKO duodenum. cAMP-stimulated HCO 3 − secretion was reduced ∼50%, but short-circuit current was unchanged, indicating normal Cftr activity. Microfluorimetry of villi demonstrated that Dra is the dominant Cl − /HCO 3 − exchanger in the lower villous epithelium. Dra expression increased from villous tip to crypt. DraKO and wild-type villi also demonstrated regulation of apical Na + /H + exchange by Cftr-dependent cell shrinkage during luminal Cl − substitution. Conclusions In murine duodenum, Dra Cl − /HCO 3 − exchange is concentrated in the lower crypt-villus axis where it is subject to Cftr regulation. Dra activity contributes most basal HCO 3 − secretion and ∼50% of cAMP-stimulated HCO 3 − secretion. Dra Cl − /HCO 3 − exchange should be considered in efforts to normalize HCO 3 − secretion in duodenal disorders such as ulcer disease and cystic fibrosis.
Effect of positively charged backbone groups on radical cation migration and reaction in duplex DNA

A series of DNA oligomers were prepared that contain guanidinium linkages (positively charged) positioned selectively in place of and among the normal negatively charged phosphodiester backbone gro...
Black-white differences in memory test performance among children and adolescents

Racial differences on mental test scores are some of the most well-documented findings in the study of individual differences, yet only in the past 10 years have neuropsychologists undertaken serious examination of ethnic and related demographic concomitants of neuropsychological test performance. The present study examined performance differences for blacks and whites on 14 separate measures of short-term memory. Using a nationally stratified (gender, race, age, SES, region, and community size) population proportionate sampling plan, 168 black and 983 white children and adolescents (ages 5 years to 19 years) were tested. Age corrected deviation scaled scores (mean of 10 and SD of 3) were calculated at 1 year intervals using the method of rolling weighted averages. In sharp contrast to typical findings with intellectual and most other aptitude measures, only one significant difference occurred across race on any of the 14 measures of memory.
Feedback Linearization Based Generalized Predictive Control of Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter

This paper presents a nonlinear dynamic model of Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO), a concept design of a spacecraft intended to orbit the three icy moons of Jupiter, namely, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The work in this paper represents a part of the feasibility study conducted to assess control requirements for the JIMO mission. A nonlinear dynamic model of JIMO is derived, which includes rigid body as well as flexible body dynamics. This paper presents a novel hybrid control strategy, which combines feedback linearization with generalized predictive control methodology in a two-step approach for attitude control of the spacecraft. This feedback linearization based generalized predictive control (FLGPC) law is used to accomplish a representative realistic in-orbit maneuver to test the efficacy of the controller. The controller performance shows that the FLGPC is a viable methodology for attitude control of a similar class of spacecraft. The results presented are a part of exhaustive study conducted to evaluate various controller designs.
Geographical distribution of hot flash frequencies: Considering climatic influences

Laboratory studies suggest that hot flashes are triggered by small elevations in core body temperature acting within a reduced thermoneutral zone, i.e., the temperature range in which a woman neither shivers nor sweats. In the present study, it was hypothesized that women in different populations develop climate-specific thermoneutral zones, and ultimately, population-specific frequencies of hot flashes at menopause. Correlations were predicted between hot flash frequencies and latitude, elevation, and annual temperatures. Data on hot flash frequencies were drawn from 54 studies. Pearson correlation analyses and simple linear regressions were applied, first using all studies, and second using a subset of studies that included participants only to age 60 (n = 36). Regressions were repeated with all studies, controlling for method of hot flash assessment. When analyses were restricted to studies that included women up to age 60, average temperature of the coldest month was a significant predictor of hot flash frequency (P < 0.01), explaining 29.2% of the variation in hot flash frequency. In a separate equation, the difference between hottest and coldest temperatures was also a significant predictor (P < 0.01), explaining 26.4% of the variation in hot flash frequency. When regressions used all studies but controlled for method of hot flash assessment, average temperature of the coldest month, difference between hottest and coldest temperatures, and mean annual temperature were significant predictors of hot flash frequency. Women reported fewer hot flashes in warmer temperatures, and more hot flashes with increasing seasonality. These results suggest that acclimatization to coldest temperatures or sensitivity to seasonality may explain part of the population variation in hot flash frequency.
On Green's function in higher order stochastic differential equations

Abstract In Adomian's solution of linear or nonlinear, deterministic or stochastic, differential equations, the decomposition of the linear part into L+ R can be made so as to simplify Green's function and, consequently, the resulting computations.
The Demand for Cigarettes in Japan

A two-stage budgeting procedure was used to estimate demand elasticities for cigarettes in Japan. Cigarettes were disaggregated into Japanese, U.S., and rest-of-world. Testing for habit effects was performed at both stages. Results indicated that habit effects occur for total expenditures on cigarettes but not between types.
The Extraordinary Colors of Trans-Neptunian Objects 1994 TB and 1993 SC☆

Abstract We present B–V and V–R colors for trans-neptunian objects (TNOs) 1994 TB and 1993 SC. We have found that these TNOs have colors almost as red as 5145 Pholus which are therefore consistent with surfaces rich in complex organic molecules. We have measured B–V colors of 1.10 ± 0.15 and 1.27 ± 0.11 for 1994 TB and 1993 SC, respectively, as well as V–R colors of 0.68 ± 0.06 and 0.70 ± 0.04 for 1994 TB and 1993 SC, respectively. Currently, there are only four TNOs with published broadband colors (1992 QB1, 1993 FW, 1993 SC, and 1994 TB). TNO colors range from solar (a single V–R measurement of 1993 FW in the literature) to nearly the reddest objects in the solar system (our measurements of 1993 SC and 1994 TB). Although we have concluded 1993 SC is a very red TNO, a measurement in the literature has suggested that there is nothing special about the color of 1993 SC. Because there are so few TNOs with color measurements and because colors for 1993 SC are inconsistent, we cannot say yet with any certainty whether the surfaces of TNOs exhibit a diversity of colors and hence a diversity of surface compositions.
The isomerization of optically-active propargyl alcohols to terminal acetylenes.

Abstract The isomerization of optically-active secondary propargyl alcohols, RCHOHCC(CH2)nCH3, to terminal acetylenic alcohols, RCHOH(CH2)n+1 C=CH, by potassium 3-aminopropylamide (KAPA) proceeds without loss of configuration at the hydroxy center.
Mucosal ischemia caused by desmoid tumors in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: report of four cases.

PURPOSE: The study contained herein was undertaken to demonstrate that mesenteric desmoid tumors can cause significant symptoms other than by a mass effect and that surgery can be effective in treating these symptoms. METHODS: The medical records of patients with intra-abdominal desmoid disease in the David G. Jagelman Inherited Colorectal Cancer Registry were reviewed. Four cases are described in which intramesenteric desmoid tumors adjacent to the bowel caused mucosal ischemia in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. RESULTS: In one patient with an ileorectal anastomosis, this was manifest by multiple small-bowel strictures and treated by multiple strictureplasties. The other three patients had ileal pouches and presented with bleeding and pain from mucosal ulceration. All pouches needed to be removed. CONCLUSION: Intrabdominal desmoid tumors may cause problems other than by mass effect. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and symptoms suggestive of desmoid disease but with no detectable mass should not be denied surgery.
Etiology and outcome of pediatric burns.

Abstract A 6-year retrospective review of burn victims hospitalized at a major burn center was conducted to determine the etiology and outcome of pediatric burns. Four hundred forty-nine patients under age 16 years were identified and stratified by age, sex, burn size, presence or absence of inhalation injury, cause of burn, and county of residence. The mean patient age was 4.3 ± 0.2 years, and the male:female ratio was 1.9:1. There were 21 deaths overall (4.7%), the majority of which (18) were among children under 4 years of age. With respect to large burns, defined as ≥30% total body surface area (TBSA), the mortality rate for children under age 4 was significantly higher than that for older children (46.9% v 12.5%; P v 13.1% ± 0.5%; P
Complexation of Organic Substances in Aqueous Solution by Hydroxyaromatic Acids and Their Salts II.: Influence of Halogen, Nitro, and Other Substituents and Correlation of Binding Tendencies Toward Prednisolone, Theophylline, and Phenacetin

Complexing tendencies of ( a ) variously substituted halo, methyl, nitro, and amino benzoates, ( b ) several phthalates, ( c ) dihydroxyphthalates, ( d ) dihydroxy and halohydroxy-2-naphthoates, and ( e ) pamoate have been evaluated by the solubility technique. The rather generalized binding effects observed earlier were again observed. Of all the salts studied, sodium pamoate exhibited the strongest tendency with a stability constant of 160 L./mole for prednisolone.
Analysis of diffusion in polymers by forward recoil spectrometry

We demonstrate that an ion beam analysis method that detects the energies of forward recoiling deuterons can be used to measure concentration profiles and tracer diffusion coefficients D* of a deuterated polymer (d‐polystyrene) diffusing into its hydrogenated analog. The D*’s decrease as M−2 as predicted by the reptation theory of polymer diffusion and agree in magnitude with both the theory and marker displacement measurements of D* in the same system.
Vertebrate heart development

This review summarizes recent studies of the cellular and molecular events involved in the determination and differentiation of cardiac myocytes in vertebrate embryos. Fate-mapping studies in mouse, chick, amphibian and zebrafish embryos suggest that cardiac muscle precursors are specified shortly before or at the time of gastrulation. Nuclear factors, such as dHAND, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, GATA-6, Nkx-2.3, growth arrest homeobox (Gax) and cardiac adriamycin responsive protein (CARP), which have recently been described as playing a role in the commitment and/or differentiation of cardiac myocytes are discussed.
Stereochemical course of the biosynthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. I. Role of the asymmetric sulfonium pole and the α-amino acid center

The substrate stereospecificity of 1- aminocyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid synthase, a pyridoxal phosphate-containing enzyme, from the pericarp tissue of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomatoes) was studied using the various stereoisomers of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) at both the sulfonium pole and the amino acid center. The data indicate that only the naturally occurring isomer (-)Ado-L-Met acts as substrate (Km = 20 +/- 5 microM). Both (+/-)Ado-D-Met and (+)Ado-L-Met were inactive as substrates. The (+)Ado-L-Met (Ki = 15 +/- 5 microM) was found to be a potent inhibitor of ACC synthase whereas (+/-)Ado-D-Met (Ki = 70 +/- 20 microM) was less active as an inhibitor. This active isomer has the (S) configuration at both the sulfur and the alpha-carbon of the amino acid portion of AdoMet.
Depressed Transmembrane Potentials during Experimentally Induced Ventricular Failure in Cats

Transmembrane potentials and isometric force were recorded in right ventricular muscles from cats with right ventricular failure 3-127 days after chronic partial pulmonary artery obstruction. For the majority of failed muscles (at 36°C, 30 stimuli/min), resting potential, action potential overshoot, action potential maximum rate of rise, isometric active force at optimal length (Po), and dP/dt were decreased compared with the same parameters in normal muscles. Time to peak force and duration of contraction were unaltered. Action potential configuration was changed and action potential duration was lengthened in failed muscles. Epinephrine (10-6M) markedly increased Po and resting potential in severely depolarized failed muscles. These data suggest that electrical depression might exacerbate the contractile deficit in experimental chronic right ventricular failure.
Age-related shift in brain region activity during successful memory performance.

Abstract Coregistered positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to characterize brain function in 70 volunteers, aged 20–87 years, during a verbal memory task. Frontal activity showed an age-related decline that remained significant after statistical control for sulcal atrophy. Analyses of young and old subgroups matched for memory scores revealed that young good performers activated frontal regions, whereas old good performers relied on occipital regions. Although activating different cortical regions, good performers of all ages used the same cognitive strategy—semantic clustering. Age-related functional change may reflect dynamic re-allocation in a network of brain areas, not merely anatomically fixed neuronal loss or diminished capacity to perform.
A thermally stimulated current/relaxation map analysis of the relaxation processes in aromatic polyester, liquid crystal polymer film

Thermally stimulated current (TSC) and relaxation map analysis (RMA) have been applied to the examination of dynamics of thermally induced relaxation processes in highly oriented, wholly aromatic, polyester liquid crystalline polymer films. Films of two compositions were examined. A primary distinction in composition was the difference in level of 6-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid. Following an analysis protocol developed by Sauer et al., it was found that values of activation enthalpy were well above the zero entropy value at temperatures well below the Sauer “Tg.” This indicates a high level of cooperativity in rotational relaxation processes even at low temperatures. Cooperative rotational relaxation domains were postulated to account for this behavior. The persistence of cooperativity above the Sauer “Tg.” is evidence that these materials did not undergo a conventional glass transition at any temperature in the range–80 to 200°C. The behavior of these materials as a model system of “loosely bundled rods” was examined using a modified Barker–Crine analysis. This type of model behavior seemed to fall off at relatively low temperatures. The occurrence of rotational processes at high temperatures with little or no loss in orientation suggests that polymer chains are physically constrained to maintain their relative positions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.