cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Denitrification and inference of nitrogen sources in the karstic Floridan Aquifer

Abstract. Aquifer denitrification is among the most poorly constrained fluxes in global and regional nitrogen budgets. The few direct measurements of denitrification in groundwaters provide limited information about its spatial and temporal variability, particularly at the scale of whole aquifers. Uncertainty in estimates of denitrification may also lead to underestimates of its effect on isotopic signatures of inorganic N, and thereby confound the inference of N source from these data. In this study, our objectives are to quantify the magnitude and variability of denitrification in the Upper Floridan Aquifer (UFA) and evaluate its effect on N isotopic signatures at the regional scale. Using dual noble gas tracers (Ne, Ar) to generate physical predictions of N2 gas concentrations for 112 observations from 61 UFA springs, we show that excess (i.e. denitrification-derived) N2 is highly variable in space and inversely correlated with dissolved oxygen (O2). Negative relationships between O2 and δ15NNO3 across a larger dataset of 113 springs, well-constrained isotopic fractionation coefficients, and strong 15N:18O covariation further support inferences of denitrification in this uniquely organic-matter-poor system. Despite relatively low average rates, denitrification accounted for 32 % of estimated aquifer N inputs across all sampled UFA springs. Back-calculations of source δ15NNO3 based on denitrification progression suggest that isotopically-enriched nitrate (NO3–) in many springs of the UFA reflects groundwater denitrification rather than urban- or animal-derived inputs.
Autoregressive to anything: Time-series input processes for simulation

We develop a model for representing stationary time series with arbitrary marginal distributions and autocorrelation structures and describe how to generate data based upon our model for use in a simulation.
Age- and sex-related differences in acetaminophen metabolism in the rat.

Abstract Rats of various ages (5, 11, 19, 33, 60 and 90 days) were given a single 25 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg i.p. dose of acetaminophen (APAP). Drug and metabolites in 0–5 hour urine were analyzed to examine age-related changes in acetaminophen elimination. The sulfate conjugate was the major metabolite after a 25 mg/kg dose and the percent excreted as this conjugate increased with age until 60 days. APAP-glucuronide excretion was higher in 11, 19 and 33 day old animals compared to adults indicating that this pathway was not deficient in the young rat. Differences between sexes were observed in 60 and 90-day old animals with males excreting more APAP-sulfate and less APAP-glucuronide. Excretion of APAP-mercapturate decreased with increasing age. After the 250 mg/kg dose the glucuronide conjugate was the major metabolite at all ages studied. Age-related changes in conjugate excretion were similar to those observed after the smaller dose. A higher amount of covalent binding to hepatic macromolecules occurred in 5, 11 and 19 day old rats when compared to adults. The age-related changes in acetaminophen metabolism in rats are complex and depend on dose of the drug and the sex of the animal.
Juvenile hormone induces ovarian development in diapausing cave-dwelling Drosophila species.

Abstract Drosophila grisea and macroptera were collected in caves overwintering as adults. The females remained in a state of reproductive diapause which extended until May for macroptera and until July for grisea, whereas the males of both species had mature sperm at all times. Termination of the reproductive diapause under laboratory conditions was accomplished in grisea by exposing them to 14 hr of illumination daily and in macroptera by increasing the temperature to 20°C. Topical application of juvenile hormone (JH) on diapausing grisea caused a prompt termination of diapause and maturation of oocytes within 10 days. Yolk proteins were found in the haemolymph of diapausing flies but not in their ovaries. In the JH-treated flies, yolk proteins were found in both the haemolymph and the ovaries, suggesting that in this species JH regulates the uptake of yolk proteins.
The Lon Protease from Mycobacterium smegmatis: Molecular Cloning, Sequence Analysis, Functional Expression, and Enzymatic Characterization‡

We have charterized a Mycobacterium smegmatis gene encoding a homolog of the ATP-dependent protease Lon (La). Our identification of a Lon homolog, in conjunction with our previous work, identifies M. smegmatis as the first known example of a eubacterium containing both Lon and a complete 20S proteasome (containing both α- and β-subunits). Despite the significant primary sequence divergence between M. smegmatis Lon (Ms-Lon) and E. coli Lon (Ec-Lon), expression of Ms-Lon was only moderately toxic to E. coli cells. The ability of E. coli cells to tolerate expression of Ms-Lon reveals that Ms-Lon does not recognize and degrade essential E. coli proteins. We conclude that discrimination against nonsubstrate proteins is broadly conserved between Ec-Lon and Ms-Lon. Additional conservation of substrate recognition was demonstrated by the ability of Ms-Lon to degrade efficiently RcsA, a natural substrate of Ec-Lon. Purified Ms-Lon displays chymotrypsin-like specificity in peptidase assays that are stimulated by un...
Computational insights into the chemical structures and mechanisms of the chromogenic and neurotoxic effects of aromatic γ-diketones

The chromogenic properties of various candidate structures, i.e., isoindole monomers and dimers and their derivatives, of the chromophores formed from the reactions of 1,2-diacetylbenzene (1,2-DAB), a typical representative of chromogenic and neurotoxic aromatic γ-diketones, with NH3, amino acids, and proteins, have been calculated by using density functional theory. The calculated results indicate that the isoindole monomers should not exhibit a color, whereas the isoindole derivative dimers should all be colored. Further oxidization of the isoindole derivative dimers can significantly change the colors of the dimers, and the results calculated for the oxidized isoindole derivative dimers are completely consistent with all of the experimental data for the chromogenic and neurotoxic effects of 1,2-DAB. It has been demonstrated that the violet/blue chromophores formed from the reactions of 1,2-DAB with amino acids/proteins under neutral and acidic conditions are likely to be the oxidized isoindole derivati...
Influence of cell culture conditions on aromatase activity in human genital skin fibroblasts

Because the measurement of aromatase activity in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts has been proposed as a means of studying estrogen production in men, we investigated the influence of culture conditions on aromatase activity. Genital skin fibroblasts were seeded onto culture plates at a density of 1 X 10(6) cells/plate and aromatase activity was determined over a 1-mo. period. Enzyme activity rose slowly over the first 14 d but then rose rapidly to a 10-fold higher plateau by Day 28. The rise in aromatase activity was similar whether activity was normalized for protein or for DNA content. When cells were seeded at the usual density of 1 X 10(6) or at 0.25 X 10(6) cells/plate, aromatase activity was consistently lower during the first 2 wk in cells plated at lower density, but thereafter the levels of enzyme activity in the two groups converged. In cells plated at the lower density, the lower activity observed in the first 2 wk was associated with a lower Vmax. Preincubation of cells plated at one density with conditioned medium from cells plated at the other density did not change the relative levels of activity in the two groups. By contrast, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptor binding and 5 alpha-reductase activity were similar at all time points, despite differences in plating density. In additional experiments, the culture medium was replaced daily rather than every 3rd d, and aromatase activity was assayed on Day 7. In cells fed daily, DNA and protein content were twice that of cells fed every 3rd d. By contrast, aromatase activity declined to 30% of that in the latter group. DHT and dexamethasone receptor binding and 5 alpha-reductase activity were similar in the two groups. In summary, factors such as plating density, culture density, and frequency of media replacement dramatically influence aromatase activity in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts. Therefore, the interpretation of aromatase activity data obtained from cultured cells in relation to physiologic or pathologic states should be viewed with appropriate caution.
Urinary protein excretion in workers exposed to low doses of cadmium.

There was evidence of mild renal dysfunction in three of the cadmium-exposed individuals out of the total of 39. However, in none of them did we find a fully developed tubular proteinuria in which moderate increases of total proteinuria, increased lysozymuria and beta-2 microglobulinuria, and excretion of low molecular weight proteins by SDS-PAGE would also be found. Out of the four parameters determined, only one patient had three of them in the abnormal range, but this patient showed predominant elimination of high molecular weight proteins, compatible with glomerular damage, an unexpected finding in cadmium poisoning. Renal dysfunction was detected in one control subject who had increased total protein classified as tubular. There were two abnormal SDS-PAGE patterns found in the control group in which the other parameters measured were normal as was the case in the cadmium exposed patients.
Interoperability among heterogeneous communications networks—an IETF perspective

Abstract Interoperability has been a fundamental consideration of all Internet protocol design for the last two decades, with independence of both physical media and operating systems as a principal design criterion. Demonstrated interoperability is also a requirement for advancement of specifications along the Internet standards track. Nevertheless, the Internet depends on various physical media being fully interoperable among vendors and between countries, leading to subtle interactions of the Internet standards process with the standardization of telecommunications and local area network media.
MAGE1 Is Expressed by a Subset of Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasms and Associated Lymph Node and Liver Metastases

Background. MAGE1 was originally isolated from human melanoma cells as a target antigen for autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Expression of MAGE1 has subsequently been identified in a number of neoplastic cell types, including testicular germ cell and breast cancer cells, which has led to the development of antitumor MAGE1 vaccines. Aim of the Study. To determine if Mage-1 is expressed in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (PENs) and PEN metastases. Methods. We utilized immunolabeling analysis for Mage-1 on 49 primary PENs, 11 liver metastases, and 6 lymph node metastases. A semiquantitative labeling index (LI) of 0 (no expression), 1 (minimally detectable expression), 2 (moderate expression), and 3 (intense expression, correlating with internal control markers) was used to determine relative amounts of MAGE1 expression in these lesions. Results. We have identified MAGE1 expression in a subset (42 of 49; 86%) of PENs. Normal pancreatic ducts, present in tissue adjacent to PENs, were utilized as a positive control for Mage-1 immunolabeling (index score 3); no other detectable labeling for Mage-1 was evident in normal pancreatic tissue. Primary PENs, with or without metastases (mean LI score 1.2 vs 1.0, respectively), did not demonstrate a significant difference in Mage-1 LI, although intratumoral heterogeneity was apparent in some, but not all, of these lesions. Lymph node metastases (mean score 2.0) demonstrated a significant increase in Mage-1 LI as compared to primary, non-metastatic lesions (p=0.04984) and primary metastatic lesions (p=0.02351). In contrast, six patients with a survival of less than one year demonstrated a low Mage-1 LI (mean score, 0.58). Conclusions. MAGE1 expression is present in a subset of primary PENs and in lymph node metastases, and may therefore serve as a useful marker and potential therapeutic target in PENs. Furthermore, the absence of Mage-1 expression in a subset of primary PENs may indicate a worsened prognosis.
Allosteric control of quaternary states in E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase

Abstract Changes in the molecular dimensions of ATCase in the unligated T-state are an increase of 0.4 A in the separation of catalytic trimers when ATP binds. When the R-state is produced by binding of phosphonoacetamide and malonate, addition of CTP or CTP + UTP decreases the separation of catalytic trimers by 0.5 A. In the unliganded Glu239→Gln mutant, in which the T-state is destabilized so that the enzyme exists in an intermediate quaternary state, ligation of ATP transforms the mutant enzyme to the R-state, whereas CTP converts this enzyme to the T-state. Thus, this mutant is much more sensitive to heterotropic allosteric control than is the native enzyme. In this communication we propose a preliminary model based on new crystallographic results that heterotropic regulation occurs partly through control of the quaternary structure by these effectors, thus regulating catalysis.
Intraventricular nerve growth factor infusion improves cerebral blood flow and stimulates doublecortin expression in two infants with hypoxic–ischemic brain injury

Abstract Objective and importance: Hypoxic–ischemic brain injuries in childhood are associated with poor neurological outcome. Recently, experimental and clinical works show that nerve growth factor (NGF) reduces neurological deficits and promotes endothelial cells proliferation and angiogenesis following hypoxic–ischemic brain injuries. After brain stroke, new neurons express a protein, called doublecortin (DCX), which indicates a new marker for neurogenesis and migrating neuroblasts. This study investigates the effects of intraventricular NGF administration in two infants with severe hypoxic–ischemic brain damage and its role in both the cerebral perfusion and neurogenesis. Clinical presentation: Two infants, aged 8 and 13 months, with hypoxic–ischemic brain damage, secondary to prolonged cardiorespiratory arrest, were treated with intraventricular NGF administration. Before the therapy, both infants were comatose, aphasic and showed flaccid tetraparesis. After 1 month NGF treatment, their neurological ...
Dynamics of Fe Bubbles in Young Supernova Remnants

Observations of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) have revealed the presence of extensive mixing of radioactive material in SN ejecta. The mixing of radioactive material, mostly freshly synthesized Ni, is not complete, which leads to a two-phase SN ejecta structure. The low-density phase consists of Fe bubbles, created by the energy input from radioactive Co and Ni, surrounded by compressed high-density metal-rich ejecta. We report on the theoretical investigation of supernova remnant (SNR) dynamics with the two-phase SN ejecta. We first present three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of a single Fe bubble immersed in an outer ejecta envelope. We then consider randomly distributed Fe bubbles with an average volume filling fraction of 1/2. We find that the presence of Fe bubbles leads to vigorous turbulence and mixing of Fe with other heavy elements and with the ambient normal-abundance gas. The turbulent energy can be an order of magnitude larger than in the case of smooth ejecta. A significant fraction of the shocked ejecta is found in narrow filaments and clumps moving with radial velocities larger than the velocity of the forward shock. Observational consequences of the two-phase ejecta on SNR X-ray spectra and images are briefly mentioned.
Three-body-like spectral behavior near the ν2 mode of supracritical fluid CO2

Previous workers, involved in both experimental and theoretical light-scattering studies of liquid and very dense fluid linear triatomic systems, have shown that owing to the presence of the large dipole polarizability anisotropy, molecules such as CO2 or CS2 show much weaker three body spectral cancellation effects when compared with spherical or near spherical scatterers. We now report a very prominent three-body-like spectral cancellation effect on the high-frequency wing of the Raman dipole forbidden ν2 signal from supracritical CO2. We also indicate the correlation of the three-body cancellations with number density and depolarization properties of the systems studied.
The emergence of nationalism as a political philosophy

(1993). The emergence of nationalism as a political philosophy. History of European Ideas: Vol. 16, No. 4-6, pp. 885-890.
Autoantibodies against a novel epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening skin disease in which autoantibodies against a keratinocyte cell surface 130 kd glycoprotein, PV antigen (PVA), cause loss of cell-cell adhesion, with resultant epidermal blisters. We used affinity-purified PV IgG to isolate cDNA, containing the entire coding sequence for PVA, from human keratinocyte expression libraries. Northern blot analysis indicated PV mRNA expression only in stratified squamous epithelia. The deduced amino acid sequence of PVA was unique but showed significant homology with members of the cadherin family of Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion molecules, most markedly to desmoglein I. These findings demonstrate that a novel epithelial cadherin is the target of autoantibodies in PV.
Variation in the interpretation of radiographic change in pulmonary disease.

Abstract Series of chest films from five patients being treated for tuberculosis or sarcoidosis were presented in the correct chronological sequence to a panel of five interpreters. Several weeks later, the panel read the films again; however, this time the chronological order had been reversed without the panel knowing it. As an earlier study had shown for pneumoconiosis, the assessment of radiographic change in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis was influenced by the assumed chronological sequence of the serial films.
Orientations toward disability: Differences over the lifecourse.

This article presents the results of a study of differences in orientation toward disability over the lifecourse. The study was based on an instrument developed by the authors, the Questionnaire on Disability Identity and Opportunity (QDIO). This instrument measures two dimensions of disability: participation and orientation. Orientation, in turn, consists of the dimensions of identity, role, and model. In an earlier study, the QDIO was validated with a convenience sample of 388 people with disabilities in the United States. Using the same data, this article focuses on the association between disability orientation and ageing. Among other findings, we found that age was negatively associated with “disability pride” and positively associated with exclusion. However, the interpretation of these findings is limited by the fact that age was strongly associated with age at disability onset in this sample. The discussion speculates about why older adults are less likely to have been exposed to the “social model...
Finite-element analysis (FEA) as an EMC prediction tool

The benefits of using the powerful electromagnetic software based on FEA techniques that is now becoming commercially available are examined. These programs are potentially capable of analyzing the complex electromagnetic environment surrounding modern shipboard electronic systems and/or antennas. The output of one FEA program used as a compartmental electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) prediction tool is discussed. The FEA program results are compared to the calculated results for a typical radiating EMI source, a radiating wire over a ground plane, and both predictions are compared with validating measurements. >
Understanding the broadcast flag: a threat analysis model

Abstract The broadcast flag is supposed to protect digital broadcast content from unauthorized distribution. This paper critically examines the broadcast flag as a security mechanism in the context of digital content control. A threat model analysis from the computer security field is presented as a framework for evaluating the flag. The model identifies stated and potential goals of the flag's proponents and evaluates how well the flag protects these goals from diverse attacks. The paper finds that the flag does not adequately protect content from Internet redistribution and highlights a new intellectual property paradigm that the broadcast flag does protect.
Return of Potassium Ion Channels in Regenerated Hair Cells

Recent electrophysiological studies in pigeon have demonstrated that potassium channels are completely functional in regenerated type II hair cells at 21 days post-treatment (PT) with ototoxic doses of streptomycin. The currents return in the order they appear during development. The mixture of ionic currents in a regenerated type II hair cell in a particular region of the neuroepithelium is the same as in its ancestor in that region. The return of currents in regenerated type I hair cells is more complicated. The dominant conductance gKI is not present until after 70 days PT. Before 70 days, the ionic currents in type I hair cells resemble those of regenerated type II hair cells, suggesting that the ionic currents in type II hair cells might be precursors of the ionic currents in regenerated type I hair cells. New data show that at one year PT, the kinetics and drug sensitivity of the dominant K+ conductance in type I hair cells are identical to gKI. Supporting cells, believed to be the precursors of regenerated type II hair cells, have effectively no voltage-gated outward potassium channels, suggesting that regenerated type II hair cells must develop these channels de novo. The next step is to understand the mechanisms by which the potassium channel protein is synthesized, migrates through the cytosol, and is inserted into the plasmalemma of regenerating hair cells. These mechanisms are unknown. We propose that intracellular calcium is involved in this process, as well as in the differentiation, proliferation, and gene regulation of precursor cells fated to become hair cells.
Implementation Approaches for Project Planning.1

This paper relates the project planning process and implementation. An implementation approach is determined by the manager's choice of power bases to be applied and techniques to be used lo enhance the prospects of plan adoption. Sixteen planning environments are defined by the degree of centralization, amount of complexity, type of production, and emphasis on efficiency. A framework is proposed that suggests an implementation approach for each of the environments.
Scalability of correlated electronic structure calculations on parallel computers: A case study of the RI-MP2 method

Abstract The RI-MP2 method arises from the application of the “resolution of the identity” (RI) integral approximation to the second-order many-body perturbation theory (MP2). It provides a lower-cost alternative to the MP2 method, widely used in the computational chemistry community. This paper describes the implementation of the RI-MP2 method using the Global Array parallel programming model and analyzes its scalability, both with problem size and number of processors. Large-scale calculations are dominated by a parallel matrix multiplication, and scale quite well from 16 to 128 processors on an IBM RS/6000 SP system. It is estimated that exact MP2 calculations on the largest system reported here might take as much as 90 times longer than the RI-MP2 timings presented.
The inbreeding effective population number and the expected homozygosity for an X-linked locus.

Assuming random mating and discrete nonoverlapping generations, the inbreeding effective population number, (see PDF), is calculated for an X-linked locus. For large populations, the result agrees with the variance effective population number. As an application, the maintenance of genetic variability by the joint action of mutation and random drift is investigated. It is shown that, if every allele mutates at rate u to new types, then the probabilities of identity in state (and hence the expected homozygosity of females) converge to the approximate value (see PDF) at the approximate asymptotic rate (see PDF).
Analysis of a Horizontally Transferred Pathway Involved in Vitamin B6 Biosynthesis from the Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines

Heterodera glycines is an obligate plant parasite capable of biochemically and developmentally altering its host's cells in order to create a specialized feeding cell. Although the exact mechanism of feeding cell morphogenesis remains a mystery, the nematode's ability to manipulate the plant is thought to be due in part to horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). A bioinformatic screen of the nematode genome has revealed homologues of the genes SNZ and SNO, which comprise a metabolic pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B(6) (VB(6)). Analysis of the 2 genes, HgSNZ and HgSNO, show that they contain nematode-like introns, generate polyadenylated mRNAs, and map to the soybean cyst nematode genetic linkage map, indicating that they are part of the nematode genome. However, gene synteny, protein homology, and phylogenetic evidence suggest prokaryotic origin. This would represent the first case of the HGT of a complete pathway into a nematode or terrestrial animal. VB(6) acts as a cofactor in over 140 different enzymes, and recent studies point toward an important role as a potent quencher of reactive oxygen species. With H. glycines' penchant for acquiring parasitism genes through HGT along with the absence of this pathway in other land-based animals suggests a specific need for VB(6) which may involve the parasite-host interaction.
The Classical Orator as Political Representative: Cicero and the Modern Concept of Representation

Contemporary scholars largely agree that political representation is a modern phenomenon. I argue in this article, however, that Cicero envisions his ideal orator-statesman as a representative of the Roman people. First, Cicero uses terms, including procurator, auctor, tutor, dispensator, and vilicus, to describe the ideal orator-statesman, particularly in De oratore and in De republica, in ways that suggest representation. Second, Cicero illustrates characteristics of the orator that are analogous to many of the primary characteristics associated with the modern representative. Cicero’s anticipation of modern representation can be seen by delineating this conception through the writings of theorists of political representation, such as Edmund Burke, the authors of the Federalist Papers, and John Stuart Mill.
Chronic Pain and Depression: Does the Evidence Support a Relationship?.

Cette revue critique de la recherche montre l'existence d'une association entre la depression et la douleur chronique. Les modeles biologiques et psychologiques expliquant les mecanismes de cette interaction sont resumes
More Than Dialogue: Contributions to the Recapturing of Anthropology

[W]e argued about how anthropology could best "reenter" the real world ... or "recapture" ... the progressive character its basic concepts, like "culture," once had.. .. Recapture and reentry require an active confrontation with what we have become or what we have been made into at present; they are not furthered by an escapist postmodernism that proceeds as if admissions of guilt in the past could vouchsafe perfection in the future. Recaptured authority, instead, will depend on recognizing that our anthropology labors under an existing intellectual discipline, with many predecessory texts. [Fox 1991:13]
Power to identify a genetic predictor of antihypertensive drug response using different methods to measure blood pressure response

Background: To determine whether office, home, ambulatory daytime and nighttime blood pressure (BP) responses to antihypertensive drug therapy measure the same signal and which method provides greatest power to identify genetic predictors of BP response. Methods: We analyzed office, home, ambulatory daytime and nighttime BP responses in hypertensive adults randomized to atenolol (N = 242) or hydrochlorothiazide (N = 257) in the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses Study. Since different measured BP responses may have different predictors, we tested the “same signal” model by using linear regression methods to determine whether known predictors of BP response depend on the method of BP measurement. We estimated signal-to-noise ratios and compared power to identify a genetic polymorphism predicting BP response measured by each method separately and by weighted averages of multiple methods. Results: After adjustment for pretreatment BP level, known predictors of BP response including plasma renin activity, race, and sex were independent of the method of BP measurement. Signal-to-noise ratios were more than 2-fold greater for home and ambulatory daytime BP responses than for office and ambulatory nighttime BP responses and up to 11-fold greater for weighted averages of all four methods. Power to identify a genetic polymorphism predicting BP response was directly related to the signal-to-noise ratio and, therefore, greatest with the weighted averages. Conclusion: Since different methods of measuring BP response to antihypertensive drug therapy measure the same signal, weighted averages of the BP responses measured by multiple methods minimize measurement error and optimize power to identify genetic predictors of BP response.
Reliability studies on micro-bumps for 3-D TSV integration

Recently, the demand on the 3-D integration using through-silicon vias (TSVs) and micro-bumps has been increasing for better electrical performance and smaller form factor. However, lots of doubtful concerns on the reliability of 3-D stacked chips still exist, which are Cu TSV expansion, transistor degradation or open failures on Cu contamination, micro-bump stress, and so on. In this study, we investigated thermal reliabilities of the micro-bump solder joints in terms of the growth behavior of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and high temperature reliability for various bump structures. IMC growth behavior has been studied as a number of reflow times and as a function of aging temperature. Furthermore, we performed high temperature storage (HTS) and thermal cycling (TC) tests. As a result, we found out the most reliable bump structure which guarantees the 2000 cycles for TC and 2016 hours for HTS test.
Drive linac for the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator

The drive linac in Phase I of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) will be used to accelerate short duration (10 ps), high charge (100 nC) electron bunches from 2 MV to 20 MV for use in a variety of wakefield acceleration and measurement studies. The high charge is required since this drive bunch will generate the wakefields of interest in various test sections and their amplitudes are proportional to bunch charge. The short bunch duration is required to drive high-frequency wakefields without intra-bunch cancellation effects. The drive linac design was a balance between having a small wake function to maintain a drive bunch energy spread of /spl les/10% and obtaining an adequate accelerating gradient of /spl ges/10 MV/m. This yielded a large aperture, low shunt impedance, high group velocity, L-band, standing-wave linac. Details of the design, fabrication, and testing are presented in the following. >
On the Logic of Relations

Summary The following paper is an attempt to deal with relations as elements of certain closed structures which I call relation schemata. A relation schema is essentially a lattice whose alements are m-ary relations over a domain of individuals. The approach is based upon methods well known from linear algebra and throws light upon some analogies between classic syllogistic and relational logic; it also suggests a natural way of extending classic syllogistic to a system of 42 syllogisms. Resume L'article suivant est une tentative de traiter les relations comme des elements de certaines structures fermees que j'appelle schemas relationnels. Un schema relationnel est essentiellement un treillis dont les elements sont des relations n-aires sur un domaine d'individus. L'essai s'inspire de methodes bien connues en algebre lineaire et eclaire des analogies entre la syllogistique classique et la logique relationnelle; il suggere aussi une maniere naturelle d'etendre cette syllogistique classique a un systeme a 42 syllogismes. Zusammenfassung Die folgende Arbeit versucht, Relationen als Elemente gewisser geschlossener Strukturen, die ich Relationenschemata nenne, darzustellen. Ein Relationenschema ist im wesentlichen ein Verband, dessen Elemente m-stellige Relationen ilber einern Individuenbereich sind. Die hier gegebene Darstellung beruht auf bekannten Methoden der linearen Algebra, weist ferner einige zwischen der klassischen Syllogistik und der Relationenlogik bestehende Analogien auf und legt eine naturliche Erweiterung der klassischen Syllogistik auf 42 Syllogismen nahe.
Integral packaging for millimetre-wave GaAs IMPATT diodes prepared by molecular beam epitaxy

A novel `integrating packaging' technique was developed to package high-frequency, double-drift GaAs diodes fabricated from wafers prepared by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). All devices were tested in microstrip resonator circuits. CW and pulse oscillations up to 109 GHz were obtained.
Learning to Romance: Cultural Acquisition in College

This article addresses the topic of cultural acquisition in terms of the question: What is the process by which individuals “take meaning” (Heath) from culture and make it a part of who they are? Relying on the work of Dreyfus, Holland, and materials from an ethnographic and interview study of a small group of college women, cultural acquisition is described as stages of increasing individual expertise and identification with a given cultural system—stages in which access to the more advanced levels is limited by an individual's social relationships, a process with both positive and negative implications for individuals, and with a developmental trajectory that can be discontinuous. The social parameters of the cultural acquisition process are stressed.
Phospholipid, arachidonate and eicosanoid signaling in schizophrenia

This paper reviews the potential role of arachidonic acid in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We discuss how abnormal levels of arachidonic acid may arise, and how dysregulation of signaling molecules derived from it have the potential to disrupt not only dopamine signaling, but numerous other physiological processes associated with the illness. Pharmacological doses of niacin stimulate the release of arachidonic acid; and arachidonic acid-derived molecules in turn dilate blood vessels in the skin. A blunted skin flush response to niacin is reliably observed among patients with schizophrenia. The niacin response abnormality may thus serve as a biomarker to identify a physiological subtype of schizophrenia associated with defective arachidonic acid-derived signaling.
OVERHEAD DEEP SQUAT PERFORMANCE PREDICTS FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN™ SCORE

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) has been suggested for use in predicting injury risk in active populations, but time constraints may limit use of the screening test battery. Identifying one component of the FMS™ that can predict which individuals may perform poorly on the entire test, and therefore should undergo the full group of screening maneuvers, may reduce time constraints and increase pre-participation screening utilization.The purpose of this study was to determine if performance on the FMS™ overhead deep squat test (DS) could predict performance on the entire FMS™.Cohort study.One hundred and three collegiate athletes underwent offseason FMS™ testing. The DS and adjusted FMS™ composite scores were dichotomized into low performance and high performance groups with athletes scoring below 2 on the DS categorized as low performance, and athletes with adjusted FMS™ composite scores below 12 categorized as low performance. Scores of 2 or above and 12 or above were considered high performances for the DS test and adjusted FMS™ composite score respectively, and therefore low risk for movement dysfunction and potentially, injury.Individuals categorized as low performance as a result of the DS test had lower adjusted FMS™ composite scores (p < 0.001). DS scores were positively correlated with adjusted FMS™ composite scores (ρ = 0.50, p < 0.001). Binomial logistic regression identified an odds ratio of 3.56 (95% CI: 1.24, 10.23, p = 0.018) between DS and FMS™ performance categories.Performance on the DS test may predict performance on the FMS™ and help identify individuals who require further musculoskeletal assessment. Further research is needed to determine if DS performance can predict asymmetries during the FMS™.Level 3.
From division of labor to the collective behavior of social insects

'Division of labor' is a misleading way to describe the organization of tasks in social insect colonies, because there is little evidence for persistent individual specialization in task. Instead, task allocation in social insects occurs through distributed processes whose advantages, such as resilience, differ from those of division of labor, which are mostly based on learning. The use of the phrase 'division of labor' persists for historical reasons, and tends to focus attention on differences among individuals in internal attributes. This focus distracts from the main questions of interest in current research, which require an understanding of how individuals interact with each other and their environments. These questions include how colony behavior is regulated, how the regulation of colony behavior develops over the lifetime of a colony, what are the sources of variation among colonies in the regulation of behavior, and how the collective regulation of colony behavior evolves.
Patterns of non-verbal social interactions within intensive mathematics intervention contexts

This study examined the non-verbal patterns of interaction within an intensive mathematics intervention context. Specifically, the authors draw on social constructivist worldview to examine a teacher’s use of gesture in this setting. The teacher conducted a series of longitudinal teaching experiments with a small number of young, school-age children in the context of early arithmetic development. From these experiments, the authors gathered extensive video records of teaching practice and, from an inductive analysis of these records, identified three distinct patterns of teacher gesture: behavior eliciting, behavior suggesting, and behavior replicating. Awareness of their potential to influence students via gesture may prompt teachers to more closely attend to their own interactions with mathematical tools and take these teacher interactions into consideration when forming interpretations of students’ cognition.
Neuropeptide levels in premenstrual syndrome.

To determine whether changes in circulating levels of neuropeptides are associated with symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 20 women with the diagnosis of PMS and 20 asymptomatic subjects were studied. The premenstrual β -endorphin levels were significantly lower in PMS patients ( P = 0.0001). The decrease in β -endorphin levels during the luteal phase, compared with the follicular phase, in PMS patients was also significant ( P = 0.0002). Neurotensin, human pancreatic peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin, and bombesin-like immunoreactivity levels did not reveal significant changes between days 7 and 25 in patients with PMS.
Biofabrication of Multimaterial Three-Dimensional Constructs Embedded With Patterned Alginate Strands Encapsulating PC12 Neural Cell Lines

In this study, we report the bioprinting of a three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous conduit structure encapsulating PC12 neural cells. A core–shell-based hybrid construct is fabricated by combining electrospinning, polymer extrusion, and cell-based bioprinting processes to create a multiscale and multimaterial conduit structure. PC12 nerve cells were shown to be printed with high cell viability (>95%) and to proliferate within the rolled construct at a rate consistent with traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have also shown encapsulation of cells within the printed alginate gel and an even cell distribution throughout the heterogeneous cellular construct.
Entropy-based viscous regularization for the multi-dimensional Euler equations in low-Mach and transonic flows

Abstract We present a new version of the entropy viscosity method, a viscous regularization technique for hyperbolic conservation laws, that is well-suited for low-Mach flows. By means of a low-Mach asymptotic study, new expressions for the entropy viscosity coefficients are derived. These definitions are valid for a wide range of Mach numbers, from subsonic flows (with very low Mach numbers) to supersonic flows, and no longer depend on an analytical expression for the entropy function. In addition, the entropy viscosity method is extended to Euler equations with variable area for nozzle flow problems. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated using various 1-D and 2-D benchmark tests: flow in a converging–diverging nozzle; Leblanc shock tube; slow moving shock; strong shock for liquid phase; low-Mach flows around a cylinder and over a circular hump; and supersonic flow in a compression corner. Convergence studies are performed for smooth solutions and solutions with shocks present.
Diffusion of sucrose, sodium, and water in ventricular myocardium

Fundamental to the analysis of capillary-tissue exchanges is a knowledge of tissue transfer rates by diffusion outside the capillaries (2, 30). The purpose of this work was to determine the apparent tissue diffusion coefficients for sucrose, sodium, and water at body temperature in the cat myocardium. The studies were made in a diffusion cell (32) on a sheet of cat myocardium by a method modified from that described by Page and Bernstein (26). These authors found at 23°C that sodium did not enter the cells and that the steady-state diffusion of water, sodium, and sucrose could be accounted for by fluxes occurring only in the extracellular space. Since cell membrane permeability to water is so high that restriction of water diffusion to the extracellular space seemed unlikely, we felt that a study of the three tracers simultaneously at 37°C was needed.
Comparative Peptide Mapping by HPLC: Identification of Single Amino Acid Substitutions in Temperature Sensitive Mutants

The study of mutant proteins containing single amino acid substitutions offers a particularly powerful approach for exploring the relationship between protein structure and function. While proteins that have been subjected to chemical modification, partial proteolysis, and covalent protein:ligand crosslinking may contain multiple alterations in their primary structure, proteins containing missense mutations usually have only a single amino acid substitution. The value of this approach has been well demonstrated by the elegant studies of Perutz et al (1,2) on naturally occurring variants of human hemoglobin and by Miller (3) on altered lac repressor molecules that were generated in vitro. In order to realize the full potential of this approach, a method is required to rapidly define the particular amino acid replacement that has occurred. The reproducibility, sensitivity, and resolving power of peptide mapping and isolation by HPLC makes it the current method of choice for comparing the primary structures of wild-type and mutant proteins. This technique allows the identification of single amino acid subtitutions at the 1–10 nanomole level with the limiting factor being amino acid analysis.
Oxygen Ordered Phases in LaxSr1−xMnOy (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, 2.5 ≤ y ≤ 3): An In situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Study

In situ neutron powder diffraction experiments have been performed on samples of SrMnOy, La 0.1 Sr 0.9 MnOy, and La 0.2 Sr 0.8 MnOy (2.5 < y < 3) to determine the existence of oxygen-vacancy ordering and study order-disorder transformations in the La x Sr 1-x MnOy system. The vacancy ordered monoclinic Sr 7 Mn 7 O 13 , tetragonal (La x Sr 1-x ) 5 Mn 5 O 13 and orthorhombic (La x Sr 1-x ) 2 Mn 2 O 5 (x = 0,0.1, and 0.2) phases have been observed, together with already described La 0.1 Sr 0.9 MnO 2.55 . Reversible vacancy order-disorder transitions have been observed for the La-containing (La x Sr 1-x ) 5 Mn 5 O 13 phases. Oxygen-vacancy disordered cubic or pseudocubic phases have also been observed with increasing stability range in y with increasing x. Preliminary phase diagrams of the system have been derived as a function of temperature and oxygen content.
Chivalry Revisited: Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Offense Type on Domestic Violence Charge Reduction

There is limited research on the role of gender in charge reduction, particularly for domestic violence cases.The purpose of this study is to test the direct and interactive effects of defendant ge...
Concatenation bandwidth characteristics for VAD fiber

The baseband frequency response of multimode fiber is mainly determined by modal dispersion. For this reason the length dependence of bandwidth shows peculiar characteristics affected by the excited mode distribution, differential mode attenuation, mode conversion, and modal equalization between different lot fibers.
"Creating Relational and Organizational Change: Past, Present and Future of Intervention Research"

The weakened relationship between organizational research and management practice has created missed opportunities for management practitioners and organizational scholars alike to enrich their work through closer collaboration. Well-designed intervention research has the potential to address the implementation gap between what we know about the changes that are desired in organizations and what we know about how to make those changes a reality. This panel symposium seeks to assess the current state of intervention research in organization studies through a lively discussion between five top scholars who have used different intervention research approaches in their work. The panelists represent intervention research approaches including collaborative interactive action research, process consultation, time series design, natural experiment observational design, and randomized control field experiments; each panelist has used these approaches to understand the process of change at the individual, group and ...
Demonstration of antibodies in acquired hemolytic anemia with anti-human globulin serum.

Summary and ConclusionThe erythrocytes of 2 patients with acquired hemolytic anemia and spherocytosis have been shown to be readily agglutinated by an immune rabbit serum containing an anti-human globulin antibody. Since both patients have exhibited abnormal hemolytic activity for transfused cells this finding is compatible with the existence of an immune body type of hemolytic agent as the cause of the accelerated hemolysis.Evidence has been presented to show that the immune substance can be separated from patients' cells by heating the cells to 56° C for 5 minutes and can then be combined with normal cells. The similarity of this immune body to the Rh blocking antibody is discussed. The demonstration of the presence or absence of an immune body attached to the erythrocytes should become a routine procedure in the study of hemolytic anemias.