cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ammonia Production by Sarcoma: The Sparing Effect of Carbohydrate

An interesting biochemical characteristic of malignant tissue has been described by Warburg, Posener and Negelein (1), who demonstrated “a remarkable connection, the significance of which is not yet clear, which exists between the glycolytic action of the cell and its action on nitrogen-containing substances. If sections of Flexner rat carcinoma are placed in sugar-free Ringer9s solution at body temperature, considerable quantities of ammonia develop…. If sugar is added to the Ringer9s solution, less ammonia is eliminated—both aerobically and anaerobically. Thus sugar protects albumin.” Malignant tissue is not the only living substance which exhibits this phenomenon. Warburg showed that tissues such as mammalian retina exhibited both marked glycolysis and marked ammonia production, possibly due to the damage produced by isolating them. He failed to observe the phenomenon in surviving kidney tissue. Watchorn and Holmes (2), however, demonstrated an analogous behavior of embryonic rat kidney in tissue cultures. They showed that the phenomenon was absent when the culture was resting—that is, not growing. These observations suggested that, as regards nitrogen metabolism, there existed a biochemical similarity between embryonic and malignant tissue, which might be utilized as an index of their respective tendencies to grow. This phase of nitrogenous tissue metabolism has been much less thoroughly studied than the carbohydrate metabolism of tumors. Evidence that ammonia-sparing and the glycolysis of sugar are specifically correlated, therefore, is needed to establish the common origin of the two processes.
A lightweight classification algorithm for energy conservation in wireless sensor networks

Classification of sensor nodes can be used as a technique for conserving energy and prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN). In this paper, we present a new algorithm of lightweight and dynamic classification. By this algorithm, energy consumption is reduced while providing a full coverage, which is an important network parameter in WSNs. Moreover, node classification is adaptive to topology changes and has no constraint on routing protocols and hardware. Based on sensors residual energy, they are classified as essential and non-essential and rotated dynamically. Essential nodes send their measurements to the sink, whereas, non-essential ones do not send new data and receive queries from the sink. This reduces transmitting and receiving energy of non-essential nodes and regulates data traffic. Further, our mechanism may provide location-based tunable redundancy, e.g., if redundant data is needed from a specific region, the sink may query the corresponding essential nodes to activate non-essential ones in that region. We analyze the complexity and energy consumption for the scenario where nodes are randomly deployed in a given region. Analysis, supported by extensive simulation in ns2, shows that energy consumption due to communications can be reduced in proportional to the ratio of essential nodes and fairly distributed among sensors by rotation.
The Rise of HPV-Positive Oropharyngeal Cancers in the United States

This perspective highlights a study that reports an increasing proportion of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer among blacks in recent calendar periods. The results are discussed in the context of other studies which evaluated racial differences in the distribution of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer and survival.
Comparison of Azithromycin and Amoxicillin Before Dental Implant Placement: An Exploratory Study of Bioavailability and Resolution of Postoperative Inflammation

Background: Studies suggest that a single prophylactic dose of amoxicillin reduces early implant complications, but it is unclear whether other antibiotics are also effective. This study compared the local antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects resulting from a single dose of azithromycin or amoxicillin before surgical placement of one-stage dental implants.Methods: Healthy adult patients requiring one-stage dental implant placement were allocated randomly to receive either 2 g amoxicillin (n = 7) or 500 mg azithromycin (n = 6) before surgery. Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) samples from the new implant and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from adjacent teeth were sampled on postoperative days 6, 13, and 20. Inflammatory mediators in the samples were analyzed by immunoassay, and antibiotic levels were measured by bioassay.Results: On day 6, azithromycin concentrations in GCF and PICF were 3.39 ± 0.73 and 2.77 ± 0.90 μg/mL, respectively, whereas amoxicillin was below the limit of detection. During...
Hall v. Florida: Capital Punishment, IQ, and Persons With Intellectual Disabilities

The United States Supreme Court has ruled on the question of persons with intellectual disability and capital punishment in several notable cases, including Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) and Atkins v. Virginia (2002). In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court revisited the subject in Hall v. Florida. Although Florida Statute § 921.137 prohibits imposing a sentence of death on a defendant convicted of a capital felony if it is determined that the defendant is intellectually disabled, the Florida Supreme Court strictly interpreted the law so that, because Mr. Hall's IQ was not below the cutoff of 70, further evidence could not be presented to show that he had an intellectual disability. In Hall v. Florida, the Court analyzed the relevance of the standard error of measurement of IQ testing, whether there is a consensus among the states regarding capital punishment, and whether there is a consensus among professional associations regarding these questions. The Court also adopted the term "intellectual disability" as opposed to "mental retardation," following changes in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and the U.S. Code and Code of Federal Regulations. We examine the Court's decision and offer commentary regarding the overall effect of this landmark case.
A 13C isotopomer n.m.r. method for monitoring incomplete beta-oxidation of fatty acids in intact tissue.

An n.m.r. method is presented for monitoring the extent to which fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation without release of shorter-chain intermediates. It is based upon a 13C isotopomer analysis of glutamate from tissue presented with a mixture of [2,4,6,8-13C]octanoate and [1,2,3,4-13C]octanoate. The method does not require steady-state metabolic or isotopic conditions, so it may be applied during a variety of metabolic circumstances, including perfused tissue under stress and in vivo. We have tested the method in perfused rat hearts during anoxia, a model where previous work has shown that beta-oxidation of palmitate is incomplete and shorter-chain intermediates are released [Rabinowitz and Hercker (1974) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 161, 621-627]. Indeed, n.m.r. spectra of freeze-clamped, acid-extracted tissue show that octanoate undergoes complete beta-oxidation in control normoxic rat hearts, but not in anoxic hearts. Complete beta-oxidation of octanoate was observed under a number of other metabolic conditions in perfused rat hearts, including low-pressure-induced ischaemia, KCl arrest and in the presence of high concentrations of competing substrates. We also demonstrate that the technique is applicable in intact tissue by taking direct measurements in perfused rat hearts using a recently published [13C]homonuclear decoupling technique and in in vivo heart and liver removed from rats after an intravenous infusion of a mixture of [2,4,6,8-13C]octanoate and [1,2,3,4-13C]octanoate.
Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa: Correlated light and electron microscopic study

A warty dyskeratoma arising from the palatal mucosa of a 36-year-old man was studied by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features of this lesion were compared with those of the lesions of Darier's disease. Histologic sections showed a keratin-filled depression of the epithelial surface, suprabasal clefting, and acantholytic, dyskeratotic grains and corps ronds. Electron microscopic examination revealed a decrease in the number of intact attachment sites on the surfaces of the epithelial cells adjacent to the suprabasal cleft. Acantholytic grains within the cleft contained dense bands of tonofilaments and were devoid of attachment sites. Corps ronds within the stratum granulosum appeared as dyskeratotic vacuolated cells. Warty dyskeratomas and the lesions of Darier's disease are clinically distinct, but the acantholytic and dyskeratotic cells characteristic of both show many ultrastructural similarities.
Plantar Lateral Dislocation of the Medial Cuneiform: A Case Report:

This case report describes an isolated plantar lateral dislocation of the medial cuneiform. We were able to find only one other similar case reported in the literature. That case had a delayed diagnosis of 5 months and with an associated an avulsion fracture of the second metatarsal base. Dines et al. reported an isolated dorsomedial dislocation at the medial cuneonavicular joint. An irreducible dorsomedial dislocation with the anterior tibialis tendon being trapped between the medial cuneiform and the navicular has been reported. A distal and lateral dislocation of the medial cuneiform was reported in association with displacement of the second to fourth metatarsal and medial fractures of the navicular and cuneiform. The current report differs from previous cases. There was not an associated fracture; the direction of the dislocation was unique and could be reduced closed.
Responses of Empoasca fabae (Cicadellidae: Homoptera) to Tomatine, Solanine, Leptine I; Tomatidine, Solanidine, and Demissidine

Responses tested in individually caged, fifth-instar nymphs of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), included the rate of initial imbibition (by a colorscoring method) and survival (leafhopper survival hours, LSH) within 72-hr exposure in darkness, at 29°C, to a histidine-buffered, rhodamine-B-dyed agar substrate containing the test compound, or sucrose, or both. Tomatine elicited the most sharply defined reactions. Measured by rate of initial imbibition, the leafhopper sensitivity threshold to this compound was slightly higher than 1×10−1M; tomatine at 1×10−2M completely restricted imbibition; and the rate of nymphal mortality increased with increase in tomatine concentration. Tomatidine did not affect either the rate of imbibition or the LSH. Solanine, solanidine, and demissidine reduced the rate of initial imbibition, but not the LSH, while leptine I, extracted from the leaves of Solanum chacoense , markedly reduced both the imbibition rate and the LSH. When sucrose was added to tests with solanine, solanidine, demissidine, and tomatine, the ensuing imbibition rates were partly dependent upon the sucrose effect. Some of the same components of Solanum plants to which Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) has been found responsive are potentially active ecologically in the interactions of these plants and E. fabae .
THE INFLUENCE OF FIN RIGIDITY AND GUSTS ON THE FORCE PRODUCTION IN FISHES AND INSECTS : A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY

The three-dimensional unsteady computations of fish swimming with oscillating and deforming fins of varying rigidity were carried out. The objective of these variable rigidity computations was to investigate the importance of fin deformation on the fluid dynamics of force production. An unstructured grid-based unsteady Navier-Stokes solver with automatic adaptive remeshing was used to compute the flow about the wrasse through several complete cycles of pectoral fin oscillation for each of the fins studied. The computations show that when the fin is made rigid by specifying the motion with just the leading edge of the fin tip, the thrust produced during the upstroke is less than half of the peak thrust produced by the flexible cases. During the downstroke, the rigid fin and the fin with the motion prescribed with only the leading and trailing edges produced no positive thrust, while all the flexible cases considered reproduced the thrust production of the fully deformable fin. In the case of the rigid fin, there is a substantial penalty in lift during the upstroke. We have also computed the unsteady flow computations over the Drosophila wing with the flight conditions ranging from hovering to a downward gust velocity nearly equal to the mean wing tip velocity. We showed that the wake capture mechanism which is responsible for a peak in thrust production just after stroke reversal diminished with increasing downward velocity and is entirely absent when this velocity reaches the mean wing tip velocity.
Analytical models for nonlinear responses of a laboratory solar array

With the advent of large, flexible substructures on—orbit, such as the radiators and solar arrays of the International Space Station (ISS) and the solar arrays of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the complexity of the dynamic response of these elements has become a key issue in their performance and in their influence on the system performance. To understand potential issues, an experimental survey was previously conducted of a flexible solar array laboratory model. Superharmonic resonances, subharmonic resonances, combination resonances, jumps, saturation, and modal energy exchange were observed. In this paper, two models are developed to analyze nonlinear planar responses of the solar array. Model I is a base-excited, cantilevered, inextensible beam with a tip mass. Model II is a double-T-shaped structure which includes the flexibility of the array cross bars. Equations of motion are derived. Responses to longitudinal base excitations are compared to experimental behaviors to evaluate appropriateness of the models.
Supramolecular Structure Characterization of Molecularly Thin Cellulose I Nanoparticles

Unusual fractions of cellulose microfibrils from woody material with dimensions of hundreds of nanometers in length and single digit angstrom thickness were obtained by intensive sonication of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose fibers. These cellulose microfibril fragments, composed of many mono- and bilayer molecular sheets, were analyzed with scattering and spectroscopy techniques to understand the structural changes at the supramolecular level. XRD data indicated that sonication breaks the cellulose microfibrils along its (200) planes, yet some form of the Iβ crystalline structure is still retained with reduced crystallinity. The Raman and FTIR analysis indicated structural changes to the cellulose microfibrils do not occur until after sonication; furthermore, AFM observation indicates that the structural changes began to occur within 5 min of sonication. An altered supramolecular structure is evident after sonication: major features from cellulose I are preserved, although certain spectral features similar to mercerized and ball milled cellulose appeared in its FTIR and Raman spectra. These spectral differences are traced to changes in the methine environment, hydroxymethyl conformations, and skeletal vibrations. By integrating the present findings and previous research, a cellulose molecular sheet delamination scheme is proposed to describe this microfibril fragmentation along its (200) plane.
Suppression of Ionic Liquid Gate-Induced Metallization of SrTiO3(001) by Oxygen

Ionic liquid gating of three terminal field effect transistor devices with channels formed from SrTiO3(001) single crystals induces a metallic state in the channel. We show that the metallization is strongly affected by the presence of oxygen gas introduced external to the device whereas argon and nitrogen have no effect. The suppression of the gating effect is consistent with electric field induced migration of oxygen that we model by oxygen-induced carrier annihilation.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

Abstract Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have received intensive scrutiny in the past decade, and have been implicated as important effector cells in diverse clinical settings. A variety of technological advances--the establishment of T cell clones, the production of MAb, the production of pure lymphokines through gene cloning, the modification of target cells by gene transfer and synthetic peptides--has led to tremendous strides in our understanding of CTL function and their role in the pathophysiology of a variety of disease states. It is likely that future efforts will generate important applications of such understanding, such as the pharmacologic modulation of CTL activity and proliferation, novel vaccines, and the introduction of adoptive transfer of cloned CTL as a clinically practical therapy.
Sanctions as Economic Statecraft: An Overview

Economic statecraft has long been an important feature of international relations (Baldwin, 1985). The Megarian decree (432 BC), banning all trade between Megara and the Athenian Empire, offers one of the earliest examples of the resort to economic tools for political ends. Some scholars interpreted this ban as Pericles’s vindictive punishment of Megara for its support of Corinth (an ally of Sparta’s) in the battle of Sybota, while others took it to represent a failed deterrence attempt by him to head off a military conflict with Sparta (Lenway, 1988). All were, however, in general agreement that the Megarian decree was a critical turning point in the events leading to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.
Immigration in the United States

This entry explores migration as a family affair that propels people to cross borders to ensure their relatives' well-being. Through this process, migrants collectively contribute to a shifting social landscape in their new place of settlement. By locating a few key axes of stratification, the entry explores how these intersect with dynamics in immigrant families to produce a wide diversity of experiences. Whether or not they do so consciously or intentionally, immigrant families must negotiate macrostructural factors – including gender norms and expectations, labor market opportunities, the economy, immigration laws, political climate, and the availability of social services – that powerfully shape their lives and settlement trajectories in the host society. Moreover, factors such as class, ethnicity, race, and age, among others, also inform how immigrant families are treated and what paths for integration into society are available to them. Examining family formations among immigrants often sharpens the presence, absence, or interactions between these factors, providing fruitful ground to rethink or refine more general concepts and perspectives. Keywords: family; gender; immigrants; immigration; law; policies; race; social class
Preservice teachers' in‐the‐moment teaching decisions in reading

This study examines the types of in-the-moment teaching decisions 97 preservice teachers made while teaching reading and how their growing bodies of teacher knowledge influenced their abilities to think, know, feel and act like a teacher (Feiman-Nemser, 2008). Findings indicated that the teacher educator's use of “metacognitive decision-making” to promote a culture of identifying, drawing attention to, reflecting on and evaluating teaching decisions influenced the preservice teachers' abilities to think, know, feel and act like a teacher. These findings have implications for teacher education and for those who support novice teachers.
Collaborative caching for efficient and robust certificate authority services in mobile ad-hoc networks

Security in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is getting a lot of attention due to its inherent vulnerability to a wide spectrum of attacks. Threats exist in every layer of MANET stack, and different solutions have been adapted for each security problem. Additionally, availability is an important criterion in most MANET solutions, but many security frameworks did not consider it. Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) is no exception, and its deployment in MANET needs major design and implementation modifications that can fit constraints unique to this environment. Our focus in this dissertation is to adapt and increase the availability of Certificate Authority (CA) services, as a major PKI entity, in MANET. Several attempts have been proposed to deal with the problem of deploying CA in MANET to provide a generic public-key framework, but each either ends up sacrificing system security or availability. Here, the main goal of our work is to provide a solution that addresses performance and security issues of providing MANET-based PKI. Particularly, we would like to maintain the availability of the services provided by CA while keeping the network's packet overhead as low as possible. In this dissertation, we present a MANET-based framework suitable for exchanging public-key certificates by collaborative caching between MANET clients. We show that our system can meet the challenges of providing robust and secure CA services in MANET. Augmented by simulation results, we demonstrate quantitatively the feasibility of our work as we were able to reduce network overhead associated with threshold based CA queries up to 92% as compared to related work in addition to having a very short response time. The dependency on CA servers has been reduced, and the system was able to tolerate as much as two-third inoperative CA servers without noticeable decrease in the service performance.
Public Awareness of the Scientific Consensus on Climate

Questions about climate change elicit some of the widest political divisions of any items on recent U.S. surveys. Severe polarization affects even basic questions about the reality of anthropogenic...
Endurance training attenuates the increase in peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity with intermittent hypoxia

Patients with heart failure and sleep apnea have greater chemoreflex sensitivity, presumably due to intermittent hypoxia (IH), and this is predictive of mortality. We hypothesized that endurance training would attenuate the effect of IH on peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity in healthy humans. Fifteen young healthy subjects (9 female, 26 ± 1 yr) participated. Between visits, 11 subjects underwent 8 wk of endurance training that included running four times/wk at 80% predicted maximum heart rate and interval training, and four control subjects did not change activity. Chemoreflex sensitivity (the slope of ventilation responses to serial oxygen desaturations), blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were assessed before and after 30 min of IH. Endurance training decreased resting systolic blood pressure (119 ± 3 to 113 ± 3 mmHg; P = 0.027) and heart rate (67 ± 3 to 61 ± 2 beats/min; P = 0.004) but did not alter respiratory parameters at rest (P > 0.2). Endurance training attenuated the IH-induced increase in chemoreflex sensitivity (pretraining: Δ 0.045 ± 0.026 vs. posttraining: Δ -0.028 ± 0.040 l·min-1·% O2 desaturation-1; P = 0.045). Furthermore, IH increased mean blood pressure and MSNA burst rate before training (P 0.2). All measurements were similar in the control subjects at both visits (P > 0.05). Endurance training attenuates chemoreflex sensitization to IH, which may partially explain the beneficial effects of exercise training in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Pediatric Critical Event Debriefing in Emergency Medicine Training: An Opportunity for Educational Improvement.

Introduction In the emergency department (ED), critical events, including death and severe illness, are not uncommon. Critical events involving children, while less frequent, may be especially distressing. Debriefing following a critical event may serve several purposes: review of team performance, education, identification of errors, emotional support, and planning for future events. Debriefing skills and habits learned during training may be carried forward throughout an emergency physician's career. This study evaluates how educators in emergency medicine view debriefing after pediatric critical events and identifies barriers to use of debriefing in post-graduate training programs. Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, we surveyed program directors (PDs) from emergency medicine (EM) residency and pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowship programs via email listserv. A panel of PEM experts and survey methodologists designed the survey, which was reviewed for content validity by an independent panel of EM educators. We obtained data on current debriefing practices following pediatric critical events, PDs’ perceptions of ideal debriefing practices and barriers to implementation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 109 PDs completed the survey (45% overall response rate). All respondents feel that debriefing pediatric critical events is useful. The majority of debriefings are initiated and led by emergency physicians as informal meetings shortly following a critical event. Debriefings are most commonly held following a patient death, though PDs feel that debriefings should also occur for other specific patient scenarios (e.g. child abuse). Barriers to debriefing include timing, scheduling, location, discomfort with debriefing, participant buy-in, and leader buy-in. Conclusions Program leaders in both EM and PEM believe that debriefing after pediatric critical events is important for training. Barriers to debriefing specific to the ED setting should be explored to optimize the implementation of this practice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Brid Feathersone. CONTEMPORARY FATHERING: THEORY, POLICY, AND PRACTICE

Brid Feathersone. CONTEMPORARY FATHERING: THEORY, POLICY, AND PRACTICE. Portland, OR: The Policy Press, 2009, 224 pp. ISBN 978-1-86134-987-3, $34.95 paperback.In her book Contemporary Fathering: Theory, Policy, and Practice, Brid Featherstone attempts the ambitious task of bringing together literature from multiple disciplines, multiple cultures/countries, and multiple theoretical perspectives to create a comprehensive picture of fathering knowledge, policies, and practice. The book highlights numerous important issues, trends, strengths, and weaknesses in the field of fathering; however, the organization of the book is difficult to follow at times and cross-cultural discussions are brief, both of which unfortunately detract from the book's overall readability and utility.The first few chapters set the stage with a comprehensive discussion of fathering; current and historical contexts of fathering research, practice, and policy are introduced. The author provides a useful summary of current and historical policies and practice and the evolution of our knowledge regarding various aspects of fathers, fatherhood, and fathering (aptly distinguished as being separate entities). Also introduced are the conflicts and similarities among men and masculinities scholars, feminists, fathering scholars, and fathers' rights groups, and the challenges these produce when attempting to understand and best serve fathers. Featherstone first discusses the contemporary context and then historical perspectives regarding fathering, which feels a bit out of order and starts a trend found throughout the rest of the book-namely, extensively cross-referencing of earlier and later chapters. Although this is understandable in the first chapter (and perhaps the other two initial foundational chapters), this practice continues throughout the book and makes the overall "storyline" difficult to follow.Chapters four, five, and six focus on three key theoretical/disciplinary approaches to the study of fathers: psychoanalysis, psychology, and sociology. These chapters present important historical and disciplinary trends in the study and societal/political views of fathers. However, significant overlap between the fields themselves and between these chapters and discussion in later chapters of policies and programs relating to fathers make the discussions difficult to follow at times.Chapter seven returns to a political discussion of contemporary views of fathering, focusing heavily Qn fathers' rights groups and fathering organizations (primarily in the UK, but there are brief mentions of organizations and groups in other countries). The book would have benefited from a more culturally diverse discussion, as the current brief references to other countries leave the reader with more questions than answers. …
An updated assessment of postpartum sterilization fulfillment after vaginal delivery

Abstract Objective To describe sterilization completion rates after vaginal delivery and indications for unfulfilled procedures. Study design We used labor and delivery operating room and delivery logs to identify all women over 20 years of age with a completed live vaginal birth beyond 24 weeks gestation over a 33-month period (March 1, 2012 to November 30, 2014). We reviewed the electronic medical records of all of these patients and identified those who requested a sterilization procedure as indicated in a physician's admission note or antenatal record. Results We identified 3514 live vaginal births beyond 24 weeks gestation during the study period of which 219 requested postpartum sterilization. Sterilization occurred in 114 (52%). The most common reason for unfulfilled procedures was lack of valid federally mandated consent (n=46 [44%]). Fifty-nine percent (27 of 46) of these women had little or no prenatal care. Only one (0.5%) woman had documented completion of consent with the required time elapsed prior to delivery and no consent form available. Of the women with valid consent documentation, the most common indication for an unfulfilled procedure was patient refusal (n=30 [51%]). Body mass index was an independent predictor of an unfulfilled procedure (p Conclusions Inability to complete federally mandated consent is a principal cause of unfulfilled postpartum sterilization and primarily affects women desiring sterilization who lack sufficient prenatal care. Of women who meet consent criteria, the primary reason women eligible for sterilization did not undergo the procedure was due to withdrawing their request. Implications Because women commonly do not undergo a requested sterilization after vaginal deliveries, antepartum counseling should include alternate contraception choices. Documented consent that fulfills all federally mandated criteria remains the most common barrier to requested sterilization after vaginal delivery; providers and policymakers should work together to help unburden women from this mandate.
Mapping Korean Englishes in Transnational Contexts

This chapter maps the intellectual stakes of this collection, which considers how the performance of, and ideological commitments to, the English language within transnational contexts symbolizes the complex ways in which globalizing factors and transcultural flows interface with linguistic actions and practices. The chapter details the significance of ‘Korean Englishes’, which reflects not only the possibility that English can be a Korean language but that, contrary to the dominant expectations of world Englishes scholarship, it cannot be conceptualized in a uniform manner. It also clarifies the importance of understanding Korean Englishes in transnational contexts. It explores the extent to which ‘Korean’ is always already bound to transnational flows, and considers what happens to the very category of the ‘national’, (e.g. Korean) in the context of transnationalism, and what this means for the study of language, in particular, of Englishes.
Tunneling Isomerizations on the Potential Energy Surfaces of Formaldehyde and Methanol Radical Cations

Formaldehyde (H2CO+) and methanol (H3COH+) radical cations, well-known in mass spectrometry, potentially form from radiative ionization or ion–molecule reactions in the interstellar medium. For both ions, other tautomeric forms exist that are accessible via [1,2]hydrogen shifts involving reaction barriers in excess of 25 kcal mol–1. Here, we compute the tunneling rates of the isomerization processes connecting the hydroxymethylene radical cation (HCOH+) to its more stable formaldehyde isomer (H2CO+) and the methanol radical cation (H3COH+) to its methylene oxonium isomer (H2COH2+) using the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin method at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ//B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level of theory. While the hydroxymethylene radical cation features a half-life of over 3500 years and thus represents a potentially observable molecule, the methanol radical cation is predicted to decay with a half-life of about 4 days and is thus not likely to be present in appreciable quantities in space. We discuss the potential relevance of the...
The effect of providing instructional facilitation on student college readiness

We investigated the impacts of a peer-facilitated instructional intervention in mathematics on progress towards readiness for college among 10th graders who facilitated instruction for 9th graders in algebra classrooms in urban secondary schools. A goal of the intervention is to promote readiness for college by placing middle-performing students in the role of instructional facilitators. The program draws on theory that holds that instructional facilitation helps facilitators enhance their content knowledge and develop in metacognitive and social-emotional domains. We used propensity score matching to evaluate the program’s impact on facilitators’ achievement of outcomes that represent early high school “on-track for college” benchmarks, benchmarks for college readiness, and college entry without need for remediation. Acting as a 10th grade instructional facilitator increased students’ likelihood of meeting near-term, intermediate, and long-term indicators of college readiness. These results indicate that intensive long-term interventions in early high school that draw on students as resources can having lasting impacts on real-world metrics for college-readiness.
Modeling the Co-evolution of Committee Formation and Awareness Networks in Organizations

Large-scale organizations confront a difficult problem of assigning personnel to non-routine tasks. Such projects require novel combinations of individuals from separate parts of the organization. We propose a computational method for assembling a committee that recruits individuals to solve the task. This method is driven by data on interpersonal awareness relationships, fostered by mutual interaction and indirect contact. By inducing a network from these relationships, we can reduce the committee selection problem to the maximum coverage problem. A stochastic model is then presented to capture plausible new relationships which form during committee deliberation. This framework provides administrators the opportunity to track the evolution of awareness relationships while improving the organization’s ability to solve non-routine tasks. To track awareness network evolution, we demonstrate correlations in empirical networks between communication network topology and the probability of awareness relationships. To formalize organizational improvement over a series of committee formations, we extend a static committee formation problem to a repeated committee formation problem. After showing the computational cost of exact solutions to this problem, we propose an efficient, heuristic-based solution. Through simulation on real-world networks, we demonstrate that our approach produces more efficient and productive network states than a baseline algorithm during a series of committee formations.
On the Combined Implementation of Global Boundary Conditions with Central Difference Multigrid Flow Solvers

In modern scientific computing, multigrid methods have proven to provide for one of the most efficient ways for the iterative solution of large algebraic systems that arise from discretization of the original continuous problems. These methods have been widely and successfully implemented over the last fifteen years in different applied areas, in particular, computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The key idea behind the multigrid methodology (that the short-wave components of the error expansion on the grid decay faster than the long-wave ones and therefore, the problem should be considered on a sequence of grids so that for any wave there be a grid, on which this wave can be regarded as short) appears quite universal, although every particular case may require working out some specific issues relevant to the particular type of implementation considered.
Association Between Online Information-Seeking and Adherence to Guidelines for Breast and Prostate Cancer Screening.

Introduction From 2012 through 2014, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended biennial mammography for women aged 50 to 75 and recommended against the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test for men of any age, emphasizing informed decision making for patients. Because of time constraints and other patient health priorities, health care providers often do not discuss benefits and risks associated with cancer screening. We analyzed the association between seeking information online about breast and prostate cancer and undergoing mammography and PSA screening. Methods We assessed guideline concordance in mammogram and PSA screening, according to USPSTF guidelines for those at average risk for disease. We used data on 4,537 survey respondents from the National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) for 2012 through 2014 to assess online information-seeking, defined as whether people searched for cancer-related information online in the past 12 months. We used HINTS data to construct multivariable logistic regression models to isolate the effect of exposure to online information on the incidence of cancer screening. Results After controlling for available covariates, we found no significant association between online information-seeking and guideline-concordant screening for breast or prostate cancer. Significant covariate values suggest that factors related to access to care were significantly associated with conformance to mammography guidelines for women recommended for screening and that physician discussion was significantly associated with nonconformance to guidelines for prostate-specific antigen screening (ie, having a PSA test in spite of the recommendation not to have it). Decomposition of differences between those who sought online information and those who did not indicated that uncontrolled confounders probably had little effect on findings. Conclusion We found little evidence that online information-seeking significantly affected screening for breast or prostate cancer in accordance with USPSTF guidelines among people at average risk.
Detector Background and Sensitivity of Semiconductor X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers

Degraded detector pulses are shown to contribute most of the background in spectra produced by semiconductor-detector X-ray spectrometers. A new guard-ring detector is used with appropriate circuits to reduce background by a large factor. We discuss the sensitivity of the new arrangement with various excitation sources.
Foundations and Innovation in the Nonprofit Sector

Using a sample of 17 foundations that are at the forefront of encouraging innovation this study explored foundations’ motivations behind funding innovation, their perceived ability to impact the le...
Fractions in College: How Basic Math Remediation Impacts Community College Students

This study investigates the link between basic math skills, remediation, and the educational opportunity and outcomes of community college students. Capitalizing on a unique placement policy in one community college that assigns students to remedial coursework based on multiple math skill cutoffs, I first identify the skills that most commonly inhibit student access to higher-level math courses; these are procedural fluency with fractions and the ability to solve word problems. I then estimate the impact of “just missing” these skill cutoffs using multiple rating-score regression discontinuity design. Missing just one fractions question on the placement diagnostic, and therefore starting college in a lower-level math course, had negative effects on college persistence and attainment. Missing other skill cutoffs did not have the same impacts. The findings suggest the need to reconsider the specific math expectations that regulate access to college math coursework.
Pet Loss and Disenfranchised Grief: Implications for Mental Health Counseling Practice

Counselors who acknowledge and validate the implications of pet loss will help to re-enfranchise an undervalued grief. In the article, pet loss is conceptualized using both a traditional model of grief, Kubler-Ross's stages of grief, and two contemporary models of loss adaptation, the dual process model and adaptive grieving. General grief reactions to pet loss are discussed, along with the negative impact of disenfranchised grief for pet bereavement. Finally, I address the use of grief counseling, self-help, and community resources for bereaved pet owners.
Management and Anesthetic Considerations for Patients With Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery

The term "coronary artery anomalies" encompasses a large and heterogeneous group of disorders that may affect origin, intrinsic anatomy, course, location, and termination of the coronary arteries. With these different anatomies, presentation, symptoms, and outcomes are heterogeneous as well. While significant efforts are directed toward improving diagnosis and risk-stratification, best evidence-guided practices remain in evolution. Data about anesthetic management of patients with coronary anomalies are lacking as well. This review aims to provide the anesthesiologist with a better understanding of an important subgroup of coronary artery anomalies: anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery. We will discuss classification, pathophysiology, incidence, evaluation, management, and anesthetic implications of this potentially fatal disease group.
LEADERSHIP COMPETENCY SNAPS THE GLASS CEILING (A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WOMEN EMPLOYEES ON IT SECTOR IN CHENNAI CITY)

LEADERSHIP COMPETENCY SNAPS THE GLASS CEILING (A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WOMEN EMPLOYEES ON IT SECTOR IN CHENNAI CITY) Glass Ceiling is “an intangible barrier within a hierarchy that prevents women or minorities from obtaining upper-level positions.” this is an “invisible but impassable barrier between women and the executive suite, preventing them from reaching the highest levels of the business world regardless of their skills and merits,” Only limited studies have been carried out so far about Glass Ceiling in India. Those studies though have tried to comprehend the reasons behind it, yet they do not examine the factors that snaps the glass ceiling . Hence the study was pilotedwith the aim of obtaining the following objective. That is to find out the importance of Leadership Competancy to crack the glass ceiling.. At the same time, hypothesis is framed to find out whether there is a significant effect of leadership copetency and Glass Ceiling. Merely this study has been completed with an empirical survey which was systematically conducted using a self-structured questionnaire and the sample consisted of 75 women employees of various corporate sectors in Chennai city. For presenting and analyzing the data both explantory and inferential statistics were used. The finding of the study disclosoes the importance of leadership competency and how it is influenced to hammer the glass ceiling. By taking all these facts into consideration better suggestions have been made in this study. Finally, the most valuable recommendations for further studies and limitations have been outlined.
Security and Compliance

One of the most important—if not the most important—architectural domains is that of security architecture. As a cross-cutting concern throughout the enterprise, there is likely no component, process, or interaction that does not in some way benefit from or require a certain level of security. From securing application servers to encrypting sensitive data to ensuring users can see only what they are allowed to, security architecture plays a vital part in protecting the interests of end users and system administrators alike. It’s vital to keep the broad and short strokes in mind while capturing the current security landscape, and understanding the latest requirements will allow you to enable asset protection, identity protection, systems hardening, data encryption, and other areas that everyone can benefit from.
Of Facts and Things

This paper examines the ontological status of individual substances; intuitive examples of such entities include particles and living organisms. My aim is to assess the ontological status of indivi...
Zur Theorie der Stationären Strom-spannungskurven von Redox-Elektrodenreaktionen in hydrodynamischer Voltammetrie

Zusammenfassung Unter Berucksichtigung der beiden Geschwindigkeiten der konvektiven Diffusion und der Kinetik werden die Redox-Elektrodenreaktionen ohne und mit einer vorgelagerten chemischen Reaktion theoretisch behandelt, die auf der Oberflache der in schleichende Parallelstromung eingetauchten Kugelelektrode verlaufen. Es werden da bei die einfachen Naherungsformeln fur die stationaren Strom-spannungskurven und die kinetisch bedingten Grenzstromstarken abgeleitet. Ferner werden die Ergebnisse auf die Queck silbertropfelektrode angewandt, welche an der dunnwandigen Spitzkapillare in der schleichenden Parallelstromung wachst.
Active Acoustic Impedance Mapping Using Mobile Robots

In this paper we address the problem of autonomous Impedance Mapping (IM) of an environment using a team of mobile robots. IM of a domain provides the boundary information required to model the sound propagation in the domain. We equip the robots with a speaker and two microphones and utilize the two-microphone reflection method to estimate the normal surface impedance of the boundaries. Specifically, while a speaker robot plays white noise, a listener robot measures the pressure values at two adjacent points next to the sample and uses this data to estimate its impedance. We model the collaborative IM task using Linear Temporal Logic and design motion plans that allow the robots to switch between speaker and listener roles while maintaining desired distances from each other and the samples, and measure the impedance of every boundary segment. We present experimental results and validate our impedance measurements by comparing to a standard method.
Stability and uniqueness for piecewise smooth solutions to Burgers-Hilbert among a large class of solutions

In this paper, we show uniqueness and stability for the piecewise-smooth solutions to the Burgers--Hilbert equation constructed in Bressan and Zhang [Commun. Math. Sci., 15(1):165--184, 2017]. The Burgers--Hilbert equation is $u_t+(\frac{u^2}{2})_x=\mathbf{H}[u]$ where $\mathbf{H}$ is the Hilbert transform, a nonlocal operator. We show stability and uniqueness for solutions amongst a larger class than the uniqueness result in Bressan and Zhang. The solutions we consider are measurable and bounded, satisfy at least one entropy condition, and verify a strong trace condition. We do not have smallness assumptions. We use the relative entropy method and theory of shifts (see Vasseur [Handbook of Differential Equations: Evolutionary Equations, 4:323 -- 376, 2008]).
A Rhetorical Analysis of Intermediary Organization Documents on College Completion Policy

Intermediary organizations play an increasingly important role in public policy related to higher education, particularly related to the completion agenda. This study addresses strategies employed ...
A new Bayesian scheme for self-starting process mean monitoring

A self-starting process mean monitoring scheme is needed in applications with short production runs or processes subject to degradation. The major challenge in implementing a self-starting monitori...
OPA1 and Angiogenesis: Beyond the Fusion Function.

In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Herkenne et al. (2020) show that the mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 promotes angiogenesis independent of its function in mitochondrial dynamics, identifying a key new therapeutic target to prevent vascular growth during development and tumor formation.