cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Long-Term Ecological Research strategy for polar environmental research

Abstract The Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research site was established in the vicinity of Palmer Station, Antarctica in 1990. It is the eighteenth and most recent addition to the LTER Network funded by the National Science Foundation of the United States. The Palmer LTER expands the geographical and habitat coverage of the LTER Network to southern polar regions and offers unique opportunities for ecological synthesis and the study of long-term ecological phenomena in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. The central hypothesis of the Palmer LTER is that many significant biological processes in the Antarctic marine environment are strongly affected by physical processes, particularly interannual variability in the annual extent and dynamics of pack ice and variations in ocean currents. The Palmer LTER Studies Group is multidisciplinary and seeks to understand and model interactions between key species from different trophic levels and the physical environment. It is recognized that anthropogenic impacts in Antarctica cannot be adequately evaluated without understanding the underlying natural variability in Antarctic ecosystems.
Rapid turnover and polyubiquitylation of the retroviral restriction factor TRIM5

TRIM5alpha and TRIMCyp are retroviral restriction factors that, like other members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family, contain RING, B-box 2 and coiled-coil domains. We found that both proteins are rapidly turned over, with half-lives of 50-60 min. Polyubiquitylation and rapid degradation of TRIM5alpha depended upon intact RING and B-box 2 domains. A chimera consisting of monkey TRIM5alpha with a RING domain of human TRIM21 exhibited a half-life of 210 min, yet potently restricted human immunodeficiency virus; therefore, rapid turnover of TRIM5alpha is not required for its antiretroviral activity. TRIM5alpha forms cytoplasmic bodies that contain other polyubiquitylated proteins, heat shock proteins and dynein, and thus resemble aggresome precursors. Consistent with this interpretation, proteasomal inhibitors triggered the formation of TRIM5alpha(rh)-containing aggresomes in a microtubule-dependent manner. Thus, TRIM5alpha levels in the cell are maintained by continuous synthesis and rapid proteasome-mediated degradation, imbalances in which result in the formation of pre-aggresomal cytoplasmic bodies.
Factors related to propellant-driven anchoring in rock

Abstract The penetration into rocks comprising the ocean floor by propellant-driven model projectiles and their resistance to extraction at oblique angles were investigated both experimentally and numerically. The required static and dynamic friction coefficients between steel and rock were also measured. Targets were examined subsequent to impact by sectioning and by means of X-rays. The projectile penetration into soft sandstone target was simulated using DYNA2D. The scaling law for the oblique pull-out case has been established by using a similarity analysis. The holding capacity of prototype projectiles was predicted for data obtained from the model pull-out experiments.
Routine Transition Zone Biopsy During Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer Rarely Provides Unique Evidence of Disease Progression

Purpose: Routine sampling of the transition zone during prostate biopsy has become increasingly common. Although approximately 10% of prostate cancers originate in the transition zone, the benefit of transition zone biopsies may be limited. We evaluated the usefulness of transition zone biopsy in patients with prostate cancer enrolled in active surveillance.Materials and Methods: Patients on active surveillance followed at our institution between 1993 and 2011 were identified in the urological oncology database. All surveillance biopsies were stratified by transition and peripheral zone pathology results. The usefulness of transition zone biopsy was assessed by whether transition zone specific cancer characteristics, eg volume and grade, changed disease management recommendations.Results: A single surgeon performed a total of 244 prostate biopsies in 92 men. Each patient underwent initial positive prostate biopsy and at least 1 active surveillance prostate biopsy. Mean age was 69 years. A mean of 2.7 biop...
Viscosity of glass

Abstract A review is presented of some methods for measuring viscosity and of some of the work of various authors in relating their data to the structure of glass and to the size of the units participating in the flow process. The range of measurements covers from about 10 2 poises to about 10 15 poises at emperatures up to 1400°C. An outline is presented of some attempts which have been made to extend the kinetic theory of gases and solid-state theories to the liquid state. The relative importance of ionic size and interionic binding forces in various temperature ranges is discussed for some binary alkali silicates. Evidence is given that many glasses are Newtonian liquids in both high and low viscosity ranges.
Fluid Therapy in The Cardiac Patient

Correcting fluid deficits and preventing fluid overload in patients with cardiac disease can be challenging. The purpose of the fluid therapy, the projected duration of the therapy, and the type of heart disease affecting the patient play important roles in the decision-making process. In addition, the distinction between patients who are not symptomatic (NYHA Class I) and those who are symptomatic (NYHA Classes II to IV) for their cardiac disease should be made early in fluid therapy planning.
Visual mapping for natural gas pipe inspection

Validating the integrity of pipes is an important task for safe natural gas production and many other operations e.g. refineries, sewers, etc.. Indeed, there is a growing industry of actuated, actively driven mobile robots that are used to inspect pipes. Many rely on a remote operator to inspect data from a fisheye camera to perform manual inspection and provide no localization or mapping capability. In this work, we introduce a visual odometry-based system using calibrated fisheye imagery and sparse structured lighting to produce high-resolution 3D textured surface models of the inner pipe wall. Our work extends state-of-the-art visual odometry and mapping for fisheye systems to incorporate weak geometric constraints based on prior knowledge of the pipe components into a sparse bundle adjustment framework. These constraints prove essential for obtaining high-accuracy solutions given the limited spatial resolution of the fisheye system and challenging raw imagery. We show that sub-millimeter resolution modeling is viable even in pipes which are 400 mm 16â in diameter, and that sparse range measurements from a structured lighting solution can be used to avoid the inevitable monocular scale drift. Our results show that practical, high-accuracy pipe mapping from a single fisheye camera is within reach.
Balanced Olfactory Antagonism as a Concept for Understanding Evolutionary Shifts in Moth Sex Pheromone Blends

In the sex pheromone communication systems of moths, both heterospecific sex pheromone components and individual conspecific pheromone components may act as behavioral antagonists when they are emitted at excessive rates and ratios. In such cases, the resulting blend composition does not comprise the sex pheromone of a given species. That is, unless these compounds are emitted at optimal rates and ratios with other compounds, they act as behavioral antagonists. Thus, the array of blend compositions that are attractive to males is centered around the characterized female-produced sex pheromone blend of a species. I suggest here that the resulting optimal attraction of males to a sex pheromone is the result of olfactory antagonistic balance, compared to the would-be olfactory antagonistic imbalance imparted by behaviorally active compounds when they are emitted individually or in other off-ratio blends. Such balanced olfactory antagonism might be produced in any number of ways in olfactory pathways, one of which would be mutual, gamma-aminobutyric-acid-related disinhibition by local interneurons in neighboring glomeruli that receive excitatory inputs from pheromone-stimulated olfactory receptor neurons. Such mutual disinhibition would facilitate greater excitatory transmission to higher centers by projection interneurons arborizing in those glomeruli. I propose that in studies of moth sex pheromone olfaction, we should no longer artificially compartmentalize the olfactory effects of heterospecific behavioral antagonists into a special category distinct from olfaction involving conspecific sex pheromone components. Indeed, continuing to impose such a delineation among these compounds may retard advances in understanding how moth olfactory systems can evolve to allow males to exhibit correct behavioral responses (that is, attraction) to novel sex-pheromone-related compositions emitted by females.
Development and evolution of character displacement

Character displacement occurs when competition for either resources or successful reproduction imposes divergent selection on interacting species, causing divergence in traits associated with resource use or reproduction. Here, we describe how character displacement can be mediated either by genetically canalized changes (i.e., changes that reflect allelic or genotype frequency changes) or by phenotypic plasticity. We also discuss how these two mechanisms influence the tempo of character displacement. Specifically, we suggest that, under some conditions, character displacement mediated by phenotypic plasticity might occur more rapidly than that mediated by genetically canalized changes. Finally, we describe how these two mechanisms may act together and determine character displacement's mode, such that it proceeds through an initial phase in which trait divergence is environmentally induced to a later phase in which divergence becomes genetically canalized. This plasticity-first hypothesis predicts that character displacement should be generally mediated by ancestral plasticity and that it will arise similarly in multiple, independently evolving populations. We conclude by highlighting future directions for research that would test these predictions.
Process hazard analysis quality

In this article, the author will discuss the elements that go into a high quality process hazard analysis (PHA). Specific suggestions for performing a high quality PHA will be presented and discussed. The author will show that it is possible to adhere faithfully to the legal requirements in performing a PHA and still produce a poor quality PHA. It is only through continued focus on the basic principle underlying the performance of a PHA (i.e., the prevention of potential future incidents) in every aspect of the PHA's performance that a high quality PHA will result. When management realizes that they can expend valuable resources in the effort to perform either a poor quality PHA (i.e., just what the law requires) or a high quality PHA, the author is confident that focus will shift to a demand for high quality performance. In this article, we will discuss the elements that go into the performance of a PHA. It is through a better understanding of the application of these elements that PHA team leaders can infer the existence of a high quality PHA. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Plasmonic nanohole arrays for real-time multiplex biosensing

Large-scale studies of biomolecular interactions required for proteome-level investigations can benefit from a new class of emerging surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors: nanohole arrays and surface plasmon (SP) enhanced optical transmission. In this paper we present a real-time, label-free multiplex SPR imaging sensor in a microarray format. The system presented is built around a low-cost microscope with laser illumination, integrated with microfluidics. The specific binding kinetics of biotin and streptavidin are measured from several sensing elements simultaneously, demonstrating the feasibility of using nanohole arrays as a high-throughput SPR microarray sensor.
Politics and Parentela in Paraiba: A Case Study of Family-Based Oligarchy in Brazil

This richly documented work focuses on the parentela (extended family), including Epitacio's, to illustrate the role bonds of blood, marriage, and friendship played in formal politics at local, state, and national levels throughout the Old Republic (1889-1930).Originally published in 1987.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
US health care: single-payer or market reform.

The authors advocate a fundamental change in health care financing—national health insurance (NHI). NHI would reorient the way we pay for care, bringing the hundreds of billions now squandered on malignant bureaucracy back to the bedside. NHI could restore the physician-patient relationship, offer patients a free choice of physicians and hospitals, and free physicians from the hassles of insurance paperwork.
Residence, Moral Traditionalism, and Tolerance of Atheists

A secondary analysis of data from the 1958 Detroit Area Study and the Gen- eral Household Survey of the Southern Appalachian Studies indicates that the relation- ship of tolerance of atheists to place of origin and present place of residence cannot be completely explained by the differential distribution of social class variables and reli- gious beliefs across geographical areas. Part of the residence-tolerance relationship stems from residential differences in education and moral traditionalism, but a substan- tively significant direct effect remains after these and other factors are controlled. These data do not support Glock and Stark's contention that conservative religious doctrines are responsible for rural-urban differences in tolerance. The relationship of theological variables to tolerant attitudes toward atheists results from their association with educa- tion and moral traditionalism. Several studies indicate that urban, in contrast to rural residents are both more tolerant of differences (Fischer:a; Lipset and Raab; Nelsen and Yokely; Selz- nick and Steinberg) and less often committed to conservative (fundamen- talist and sectarian) religion (Ford:a; Nelsen and Whitt; Nelsen et al.). Some researchers (e.g., Fischer:a; Glock and Stark) suggest that rural-urban dif-- ferences in religion are important in generating the residence-tolerance rela- tionship. But some questions remain. (1) What aspect of religion is involved? And (2) To what extent do religious differences account for the residence- tolerance relationship? This paper explores these questions as they bear on residential variation in attitudes toward atheists. One argument suggests that rural-urban variation in the content of religious belief has little to do with the residence-tolerance relationship. This position posits a direct causal connection between urban residence and tolerance, arguing that the experience of living in cities is inherently conducive to tolerant attitudes, all else being equal. Both Simmel and Wirth theorized that manyof the distinctivefeatures of urban social life and personalityare products of the city's large population size, high density, and structural and cultural differentiation. Wirth contended that these conditions encourage universalism and tolerance by loosening the individual's ties to traditional sources of social solidarity. Stouffer suggests that similar processes should lead to increased tolerance among migrants, and Pettigrevy interprets regional differences in willingness to end racial segregation as a reflection of variation in structural
Agrobacterium Counteracts Host-Induced Degradation of Its Effector F-Box Protein

The SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, including host-pathogen interactions. Many pathogens exploit the host SCF machinery to promote efficient infection by translocating pathogen-encoded F-box proteins into the host cell. How pathogens ensure sufficient amounts of the F-box effectors in the host cell despite the intrinsically unstable nature of F-box proteins, however, remains unclear. We found that the Agrobacterium F-box protein VirF, an important virulence factor, undergoes rapid degradation through the host proteasome pathway. This destabilization of VirF was counteracted by VirD5, another bacterial effector that physically associated with VirF. These observations reveal a previously unknown counterdefense strategy used by pathogens against potential host antimicrobial responses.
Distinct cortical responses to 2D figures defined by motion contrast

Abstract Motion contrast contributes to the segregation of a two-dimensional figure from its background, yet many questions remain about its neural mechanisms. We measured steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) responses to moving dot displays in which figure regions emerged from and disappeared into the background at a specific temporal frequency (1.2 Hz, F1), based on regional differences of dot direction and global direction coherence. The goal was to measure the cortical response function across a range of motion contrast magnitudes. In two experiments using both a low channel count electrode array (Experiment 1) and a high density array (Experiment 2), we observed two distinct phase-locked evoked responses that were similar across motion contrast type. A response at 1.2 Hz (1F1) increased in amplitude with increasing magnitudes of direction or coherence contrast. A response at 2.4 Hz (2F1) increased in amplitude, but saturated at low levels of direction or coherence contrast. The two components showed different scalp distributions – the 1F1 was strongest along medial occipital channels, while the 2F1 was bilaterally distributed. Taken together, the studies suggest that figures defined by different types of motion contrast are processed by cortical systems with similar dynamics, and that there are separable neural systems devoted to (i) signaling the absolute magnitude of motion contrast and (ii) detecting when a figure defined by motion contrast appears and disappears from view.
Comparison of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL97 Gene Sequences in the Blood and Vitreous of Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and CMV Retinitis

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) resistance to ganciclovir occurs via mutations in the UL97 gene. CMV DNA, from vitreous and blood specimens and from culture isolates from 87 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and CMV retinitis who received a ganciclovir implant, was sequenced to identify the relationship between the UL97 DNA sequences in the eye and peripheral blood. There was 93.5% agreement between the UL97 gene sequences from paired vitreous specimens and blood specimens. Sequence analysis of vitreous specimens showed that 15% (13/87) of the patients had either a ganciclovir resistance-conferring mutation or a polymorphism in the CMV UL97 gene. Eleven of the 13 mutations or polymorphisms in the vitreous also were identified in blood. Although the number of mutations limits definitive interpretation, these data suggest that blood specimens may reflect the events occurring in the eyes of patients with CMV retinitis.
Spatial Confinement Induced Enzyme Stability for Bioelectronic Applications

The stability of glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on a silicon electrode can be enhanced using spatial confinement as described in this paper. We show that when GOx is assembled in semiopen spatially confined structures created on the unmodified surface of a silicon electrode, the enzyme's activity is preserved under destabilizing conditions. GOx-immobilized silicon electrodes were treated with guanidinium chloride and high temperature. Cyclic voltammetry measurement of the treated electrodes showed the proper redox characteristics of GOx and indicated the GOx-catalyzed electrooxidation of glucose. When GOx was immobilized on flat silicon electrodes, voltammetric measurement showed null result presumably caused by denaturation of the enzyme. The effect of spatial confinement on enzyme stability is also revealed by analyzing the characteristic rate constants and the kinetic parameter for the complete catalytic process of glucose.
Supervised and Unsupervised Methods for Stock Trend Forecasting

Stock forecasting is a major component of any finance institution because predictions of future prices, indices, volumes and many more values are often incorporated into the economic decision-making process. Although there are many different approaches out there, this paper will compare unsupervised classification techniques such as k-means clustering with supervised learning algorithms such as support vector machines (SVMs). In our study, a list of stock prices taken from historical data of the S&P 500 is used as our testbed. These prices will be categorized as increasing or decreasing in price on a weekly basis. The goal of this study is to determine the best method for forecasting the trend of stock prices.
Sigma-delta learning for super-resolution independent component analysis

Many source separation algorithms fail to deliver robust performance in presence of artifacts introduced by cross-channel redundancy, non-homogeneous mixing and high- dimensionality of the input signal space. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that overcomes these limitations by integrating learning algorithms directly with the process of signal acquisition and sampling. At the core of the proposed approach is a novel regularized max-min optimization approach that yields "sigma-delta" limit-cycles. An on-line adaptation modulates the limit-cycles to enhance resolution in the signal sub- spaces containing non-redundant information. Numerical experiments simulating near-singular and non-homogeneous recording conditions demonstrate consistent improvements of the proposed algorithm over a benchmark when applied for independent component analysis (ICA).
Tau lepton charge asymmetry and new physics at the LHC

We consider the possibility of studying new physics that singles out the tau-lepton at the LHC. We concentrate on the tau-lepton charge asymmetry in τ + τ − pair production as a tool to probe this physics beyond the Standard Model. We consider two generic
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which is characterized by progressive glomerular scarring, accounts for about 20% of cases of the nephrotic syndrome in children and 40% in adults. This review considers current approaches to diagnosis and management of the disease.
Specificity of Odorant-evoked Inhibition in Lobster Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Lobster olfactory receptor neurons, like those of many animals, use two modes of olfactory signaling, excitation and inhibition to code olfactory information. Inhibition appears to act through two distinct ionic mechanisms. Here we show that neither ionic mechanism is odor-specific, providing further support for the emerging understanding that there are no inhibitory odorants per se, but rather that the action of a particular odorant is inherent in the olfactory receptor cell on which an odorant acts.
Can Acoustic Focusing Generate Turbulent Spots

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses new mechanism for the formation of turbulent spots. Because the bursting process is violent, it generates a pressure field with a relatively broad frequency spectrum, as experimental results demonstrate. The bursts as localized sources of energy, among other important effects, propagate acoustic waves in the sublayer. The waves produced by the high frequency components of the bursts were analyzed by using the methods of geometrical acoustics. The burst was modeled as a line source perpendicular to the flow direction, or generally as a source that is localized along this line, but is span wise uniform. The downstream acoustic focusing of the high-frequency components of the source, by the flow gradient of the shear layer is analyzed in the chapter. Thus, the solution of the acoustic propagation problem was constructed in terms of the rays and wavefronts of geometrical acoustics. The rays emanating from the source, which are called the primary rays, are shown in the chapter. The amplitude of the acoustic field is calculated by the method of geometrical acoustics along the rays.
“Stress Headaches” from Causes in the Musculoskeletal System and their Treatment by Physical Means

It is generally accepted that musculoskeletal dysfunctions may manifest themselves clinically as referred pain mimicking organ disease. Headaches and head pain may have their source in clinically active “trigger points” in muscles of the head and neck. Most often these symptoms are called “tension headaches” and, in a manner of speaking, there may be some truth to this description.
Resurfacing Arthroplasty for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

Patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) are often in their third to fifth decade of life. If their collapse is sufficiently advanced, or if they have failed preservative treatment, they become candidates for arthroplasty approaches to management. In our practice, if this is radiographically an obvious stage IV or V disease (University of Pennsylvania Classification) or have collapse demonstrated on CT (not MRI), they would fit into this category. As these patients are young, may be very active, and are likely to face more than one surgical intervention for the involved hip in their lifetime, less aggressive approaches to bone removal in arthroplasty, such as modern day resurfacing arthroplasty (RSTHA), may be appealing. This chapter will combine the literature’s and authors’ experience in evaluating the use of RSTHA for ONFH and provide guidance as to when this approach is likely to work predictably and when other options might prove more predictable. The authors will show this and other alternative approaches as a strategy for addressing long-term success in the young patient with ONFH.
Chronic neuroleptic effects on dopamine neuron activity: a model for predicting therapeutic efficacy and side effects?

The treatment for most psychotic patients was largely ineffectual and care primarily custodial until the discovery of the antipsychotic properties of chlorpromazine in 1953. Ten years later Carlsson and Lindqvist (1963) discovered that antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) exert a specific action on central catecholamine systems, and hypothesized that they produced their effects by blocking catecholamine receptors in catecholamine-innervated sites. They further posited that the receptor blockade resulted in an increase in catecholamine neuronal activity which was mediated through long-loop feedback pathways from forebrain regions innervated by catecholamine neurons (Carlsson and Lindqvist 1963). This concept was a major impetus behind the last two decades of research on the mode of action of neuroleptics. During this time the dopamine (DA) system has been the primary focus of attention and DA receptor blockers have continued to be the treatment of choice for the major symptoms of psychosis (Klein et al. 1980).
Advantages of Computer Simulation in Enhancing Students' Learning about Landform Evolution: A Case Study Using the Grand Canyon.

ABSTRACT The long geological time needed for landform development and evolution poses a challenge for understanding and appreciating the processes involved. The Web-based Interactive Landform Simulation Model—Grand Canyon (WILSIM-GC, http://serc.carleton.edu/landform/) is an educational tool designed to help students better understand such processes, using the Grand Canyon as an example. Although the project is still ongoing, here, we present the initial results of using the WILSIM-GC in an introductory physical geography laboratory course. We used a quasiexperimental design to assess the efficacy of WILSIM-GC as a tool for teaching landform development and evolution. Students were assigned to a control group or a treatment group, alphabetically by last name. Pretests and posttests were administered to measure students' understanding of the concepts and processes related to Grand Canyon formation and evolution. Results show that, although both the interactive simulation and a more-traditional, paper-based...
Nuclear Weapons in the 112th Congress: Politics and Policy after New START

Passed by the US House of Representatives as part of the annual defense authorization bill in May 2011, provisions of the New START Implementation Act (NSIA) represented an attempt by Congress to exercise more robust involvement in US nuclear policy, an area historically subject to a great deal of deference to the executive branch. The bill sought to implement the “grand bargain” that preceded the ratification of the New START treaty—namely, that the treaty's seven-year window of reductions to US nuclear forces should be made in tandem with a 10-year modernization program of both the weapons themselves and their aging delivery systems. The context of this arrangement was growing concern about the ability of the United States to retain a sustainable nuclear deterrent for the indefinite future. Although the NSIA provisions were abandoned during conference with the Senate in December 2011, their underlying concerns remain unresolved, and the sustainability of the nuclear enterprise is certain to reappear as a future point of controversy.
Effect of Relative Humidity on Skin and Rectal Temperatures of the Newborn Infant.

SummaryIn unclothed, newborn male infants the decrease in the rate of insensible weight loss is accompanied by an increase in the surface temperature of the skin at high relative humidity. The vasomotor responses necessary for this adjustment in the heat loss mechanism under these conditions appears to be as fully developed in one-half of the infants studied as in adult subjects.
STUDY ON THE DISINFECTION EFFECT OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FOR DENTAL UNIT WATERLINE CONTAMINATION

Objective To explore the disinfection effect of of 2% hydrogen peroxide for dental unit waterline contamination. Methods A single-centre randomized controlled,blind clinical trial was performed in stomatology department of a large Grade III-A hospital. Twelve dental units chairs( DCUs) were responsed in this trial( response rate: 92. 31%, 12 /13). Randomization was carried out electronically via random seed generation,by an in-house computer programmer; therefore,participants and researchers were blinded to group allocation at randomization. The intervene group conclude six DCUs with 2% hydrogen peroxide flushing,and the control group conclude six DCUs with placebo flushing. The water sample were source water,handpiece water,spray gun water and mouth wash water. Relative risk( RR) and 95% confidence intervals( CI) were used to evaluate the risk of the intervention. Intervention group was conducted for one week follow-up to seek the ending point( total bacterial count≤100 cfu / ml) according to the standard of drinking water in China. Results Thirty six samples were available in this trial( Each DCU collected for three samples,hand-piece water,three-ways-syringe water and mouth wash,respectively). We found out that 2% hydrogen peroxide would significantly decreased the total bacterial count compared with the placebo( RR = 0. 17,95% CI = 0. 06-0. 47). Remarkably,total bacterial count for each sample exceeded the standard of drinking water( 100 cfu / ml) in the 24 hours follow-up. Conclusion 2% hydrogen peroxide significantly decreased owered the total bacterial count of water supplied for DCUs while this effects would not maintained more than 24 hours and periodical surveillance should be warranted.
Epidemiological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Jiangdu from 2004 to 2008

[Objective]To study the epidemic characteristics of tuberculosis in Jiangdu, clarify the focus on prevention and treatment of tuberculosis, provide reference for scientific implementation of control strategy.[Methods]The epidemic situation of tuberculosis in Jiangdu from 2004 to 2008 was analyzed retrospectively.[Results]Patients range in age from 50 to 80 accounted for 65.22%, main careers were peasants and workers (64.36%), and there were a certain proportion of students (2.77%). No obvious seasonality was present.[Conclusion]The implementation of modern tuberculosis control strategy (DOTS) was good in Jiangdu. The relevant departments should pay great attention to the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis among old people and epidemic situation among students, and increase the quality of modern tuberculosis control strategy.
HIV-1-Related Thrombocytopenia

Immunologic thrombocytopenia has recently been described in HIV-1 seropositive patients: homosexuals, narcotic addicts, hemophiliacs, and heterosexual partners of HIV-1 infected patients. All patients have markedly elevated platelet-bound IgG and C3C4 as well as circulating immune complexes. The immune complexes of homosexuals and narcotic addicts contain anti-F(ab') against anti-HIV-1 antibody. These are present in the serum and on the platelets, and could be responsible for the thrombocytopenia.
Energy regulation in morbid obesity by multidisciplinary therapy.

Although surgical treatment of morbid obesity is extremely effective, this modality should not be viewed alone but in the context of a comprehensive treatment program aimed at regulating intake and expenditure of energy. The program should include intense medical, nutritional, and behavior therapy.
Measurement of Electron Beam Dose Distributions Using Ferrous Sulfate Gels and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The clinical implementation of complex radiotherapy dose delivery techniques necessitates the development of proportionally powerful dose computation models. Traditional techniques (i.e., ion chambers, thermoluminescence dosimetry, radiographic film) used to measure single-field electron beam dose distributions are not capable of obtaining integral, multiple-field dose distributions over large volumes with high spatial resolution in a reasonable time frame. It is therefore necessary to explore new dosimetry techniques to measure these multiple-field three-dimensional doses. Imaging methods are believed to be capable of addressing this problem, once a suitable dosimeter system is developed.
Uintan land mammals (excluding rodents) from an estuarine facies of the Laredo Formation (middle Eocene, Claiborne Group) of Webb County, Texas

A newly discovered vertebrate fossil assemblage, the Casa Blanca local fauna, comes from the Laredo Formation, Claiborne Group, of Webb County, Texas, and is the first reported Eocene land-mammal fauna from the coastal plain of North America. The mammalian fauna is correlated with the Serendipity and Candelaria local faunas of west Texas, the Uinta C faunas of the Rocky Mountains, the Santiago Formation local fauna of southern California, and the Swift Current Creek local fauna of Saskatchewan. The vertebrate-bearing deposit lies approximately 32 m above a horizon containing the marine gastropod Turritella cortezi, which ranges from east Texas to northeast Mexico in the lower half of the Cook Mountain and Laredo Formations and is a guide fossil for the Hurricane Lentil in the Cook Mountain Formation. Nannoplankton found in these middle Eocene formations belong to the upper half of Nannoplankton Zone 16 and allow correlation with European beds of late Lutetian to early Bartonian age. Over 700 specimens represent at least 30 species of 28 mammal genera. The Casa Blanca fauna is the southernmost and easternmost North American land-mammal fauna of definite Eocene age, and is the westernmost Paleogene vertebrate fauna from the Gulf
Oral Forodesine (Bcx-1777) Is Clinically Active in Refractory Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Results of a Phase I/II Study.

Abstract Background: Forodesine is a potent, rationally designed purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor that is orally bioavailable. IV forodesine has shown clinical activity in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The objective of this phase I/II study was to evaluate the safety, PK profile, and efficacy of oral forodesine in patients with refractory CTCL. Methods: An open-label dose-escalation study of fordesine, 40 to 320 mg/m2 qd for 4 weeks, was undertaken to evaluate the safety and PK profile of oral forodesine, followed by an investigation of the expansion of the optimal biologic dose (dose with maximum PNP inhibition and elevation of plasma deoxyguanosine levels) to assess efficacy. Previously treated, refractory CTCL patients with stage IB or greater disease were eligible for participation. The primary end point was objective response (OR) = complete response [CR] plus partial response [PR], as measured by the severity-weighted assessment tool (SWAT; see Figure) and physicians' global assessment (PGA) Results: Overall, 37 patients were treated, including 14 patients in the dose-escalation portion of the study. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed with target doses of ≤320 mg/m2; thus, a maximum tolerated dose was never defined. Based on PK/PD results, an 80 mg/m2 qd dose was identified as the optimal biologic dose, and this ongoing study was expanded to enroll a total of 28 patients (median age, 64 yr; range, 28–81 yr). The OR rate was 53.6% (15/28 patients; 2 [7.1%] with a CR and 13 [46.4%] with a PR). The proportion of patients with stage IIB or greater disease was 19/28 (67.9%). Response in this population was seen in 10 (52.6%) of the 19 patients (1 [5.3%] with a CR and 9 [47.4%] with a PR). The percent change in SWAT score from baseline as a function of time demonstrated a progressive decrease over a 24-week period. To-date, 12 (42.9%) of 28 patients have completed ≥4 months of treatment. Safety data were recorded for all 37 patients treated with forodesine. The most common adverse events classified as grade 2 or less, without regard to causality, were nausea (30%), dizziness (22%), pruritus (22%), fatigue (19%), headache (19%), peripheral edema (19%), and pyrexia (16%). The only adverse event classified as grade 3 or greater, without regard to causality, and occurring in at least two patients, was lymphopenia, which was observed in two patients (5%). Conclusions: Oral forodesine is effective in the treatment of refractory CTCL patients and has an encouraging safety profile. Download : Download high-res image (109KB) Download : Download full-size image
Vulnerability Discussion in Multimodal Freight Systems

Transportation systems constitute a significant part of the global economy, specifically in relation to the efficient movement of goods and services. In this chapter, we discuss the vulnerability of the transportation infrastructure to extreme events. Concepts such as reliability, vulnerability, risk, and resilience are developed and their relationships are discussed for multimodal transportation systems. These concepts are further illustrated using Hurricane Katrina’s impact on the freight flow transportation on the roadway network within a state and in the USA. A discussion on the vulnerability analysis of the multimodal transportation systems to extreme events is followed by suggestions for future research.
Whither Sir William

There are times when something is simply so familiar that we can no longer see it at all. It can be a story, or a concept, or even a flesh-and-blood person. Familiarity breeds not only contempt, but a kind of invisibility as well. For too many of us, such is the case with Sir William Osler. In his time (1849–1919), many considered him to be one of the greatest practitioners, teachers, and writers ever in the field of medicine. He was instrumental in the founding of the Medical Library Association (MLA) and was elected its second president.
Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators

The learning objectives for this chapter include (1) Understanding the basic functions of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs); (2) Describing pacing modes; (3) Discussing magnet response to cardiac implantable electrical devices; and (4) Understanding manifestations of pacemaker malfunction.
Online gamma-ray spectroscopy acquisition

Abstract This work develops a centralized network solution for gamma-ray spectroscopy online acquisition, and could potentially eliminate the client computers from the equipment inventory to reduce cost and maintenance efforts, ideal for teaching laboratory development. The three-ways communication among the server, detectors, and client devices are carried over Internet. The Osprey digital signal processing instrument is switched to network mode and powered by the Power over Ethernet injector. The ProSpect gamma spectroscopy software is hosted as a RemoteApp on Windows Server 2016. It accepts connections from various operating systems supporting Microsoft Remote Desktop protocol with or without additional software. The client devices do not need to install the data acquisition software, and the users can bring their personal laptop or log on any general purpose lab computers to perform data acquisition. In addition, this development demonstrates remote data acquisition of several gamma-ray sources using Windows, LINUX, MAC, iOS, and Android systems as the clients.
Transcription factors, translocations, and leukemia

The frequent occurrence of TF gene involvement in translocations associated with leukemia is remarkable, although not yet explained. The wide variety of TFs involved in these translocations and the different stages of cellular maturation argue against a unifying mechanism. Recombinases, active during B-cell and T-cell development, have been implicated in gene arrangements involving TCR genes and in the SIL/SCL rearrangement, which involves two genes not normally rearranged. However, other mechanisms must clearly be active in generating these molecular abnormalities and perhaps they relate to the multistep maturation and differentiation processes and continuous cell turnover seen in hematopoietic cells. The difficulties in obtaining human solid tumor samples may make it more difficult to identify translocations involving TF genes in solid tumors. Recently, the cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors has improved and specific cytogenetic abnormalities have been associated with specific types of tumors. With advanced techniques, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (a technique that does not depend on cell growth) and PCR, abnormalities involving TF genes will be discovered. Abnormalities of TF genes, other than translocations, have been seen in a broad variety of nonhematopoietic malignancies. The p53 protein has been shown to bind DNA in a sequence-specific fashion and interact with a variety of DNA tumor virus oncoproteins. The broad range of cell types that harbor p53 abnormalities suggests that TF abnormalities will likely be implicated in many solid tumors. We have detailed several examples of how gene rearrangements that accompany chromosomal translocations in acute leukemia can alter the expression or activity of cellular TFs. Several translocations generate fusion RNA transcripts and fusion TF proteins with altered functional characteristics. Other translocations result in the expression of a gene not normally detectable in hematopoietic cells or alter the level of its expression, or affect the promoter usage or exon structure of the gene (Table 2). Studies are underway in many laboratories to characterize the biologic activity of these abnormal TFs and it remains to be proven that these molecular abnormalities are directly linked with leukemogenesis. The identification of abnormal fusion transcripts and proteins may allow specific therapies to be directed against "tumor-specific" DNA, mRNA, or protein targets. Therapeutic strategies based on antisense or ribozyme technology may be used to turn off expression of these genes and inhibit leukemia cell growth. Immunologic methods can also be used to direct therapy against the malignant cells.
NON-CONVENTIONAL RESPIRATORY SUPPORT MODALITIES APPLICABLE IN THE OLDER CHILD: High Frequency Ventilation and Liquid Ventilation

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) continues to be the leading reason for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. Despite optimal management, death from respiratory failure continues to occur in patients who have severe aberrations in lung function. For example, mortality for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children has continued to be high (>50%). 21 A myriad of innovative therapies are increasingly being utilized in attempts to improve patient outcome. 169 Many of these therapies were developed for pediatric patients or have achieved greater success and clinical application in critically ill children. Artificial surfactant is one such example that has revolutionized the field of neonatology. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) appears to be having a significant effect in many children who have congenital heart disease, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Various methods of high-frequency ventilation (HFV) may improve the condition of some children who have respiratory failure and potentially decrease the number of children subjected to extracorporeal life support (ECLS). There are now well over 11,000 infants and 2,000 children who have received ECLS for severe cardiorespiratory failure with an overall survival in excess of 60% 5 ; this technology, almost forgotten for two decades in adult intensive care, is again receiving attention in adults. Liquid ventilation (LV), an experimental method of respiratory support in which the subject's lungs are filled with a liquid perfluorochemical (PFC), was first applied in infants 84 and has thus far been employed in many more children than adult subjects. Despite this cornucopia of new therapies, few controlled trials have been conducted to guide the practitioner regarding the indications and the efficacy of these various modalities. Controversy has sparked several international consensus statements to form a framework for future discussion and investigation. 3,205,243 This article focuses on two of these novel modalities: HFV and LV.
I was my Father and I was my Son

The speaker is the narrator of the first Text for Nothing, who recalls the story of Joe Breem(n) first told by the father of The Calmative’s narrator. The new narrator, then, has a past stretching beyond the trilogy back into the Stories. The Texts were written in 1950, after the trilogy and after Godot, but were published in 1958, along with the Stories that were written in 1945. Published together in English as No’s Knife, the Stories and Texts (likewise published together in French as Nouvelles et Textes pour rien) might be interpreted as forming a continued narrative in which the teller of the former stories has become the one to whom they were told. Nothing would be less surprising. Every writer tells the story of his life in one way or another, not that he speaks of himself necessarily; but in creating his story he has discovered who he is, raising his feelings to the level of an understanding expressed in the words, and as writer, he is the first to react to those words. Thus, whether he speaks autobiographically or not, the writer is both the teller and the told, and the told in a dual sense: first, and most obviously, he who first reads what has been written; and second, he whose consciousness is created in the act of writing the story.
Psychological Management of Disaster Victims

Natural disasters (e.g., floods, earthquakes) as well as disasters attributable to human error (e.g., accidents) or to human design (e.g., war, bombings) are events sufficiently far from ordinary human experience to cause severe psychological stress in the victims. Emergency personnel automatically form part of a disaster rescue team and also see patients in the emergency room presenting with acute or delayed stress symptoms resulting from the disaster. This chapter discusses the specific features of the emergency management of disaster victims.