cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Support and Pregnancy

In the 1970s, following the publication of influential papers by authors such as Caplan (1974), Cassel (1976), and Cobb (1976), investigators began to study social support (Norbeck, 1988). One oft-cited early study highlighted the potential importance of social support in pregnancy by considering social support as an element of “psychosocial assets” and showing that pregnant women with a combination of high life stress and few psychosocial assets experienced more pregnancy complications than did women with low life stress and a higher level of psychosocial assets (Nuckolls, Cassel, & Kaplan, 1972). Since then, a number of studies have attempted to clarify the role of social support in pregnancy outcomes.
The Software Atom

Abstract By putting together an abstract view on quantum mechanics and a quantum-optics picture of the interactions of an atom with light, we develop a corresponding set of C++ classes that set up the numerical analysis of an atom with an arbitrary set of angular-momentum degenerate energy levels, arbitrary light fields, and an applied magnetic field. As an example, we develop and implement perturbation theory to compute the polarizability of an atom in an experimentally relevant situation.
Preliminary Structural Characterization of Pacific Hagfish Immunoglobulin

The immune capacities of primitive fishes of the class Agnatha, the lamprey and the hagfish, have been under study for nearly a decade. Early results from Good and his collaborators suggested that lampreys, but not hagfish, possessed an adaptive immune response (1, 2). However, subsequent work of Linthicum and Hildemann (3) and Hildemann and Thoenes (4, 5) showed that hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) could also respond specifically to certain immunogens and could reject allografts under appropriate conditions.
Investigating the Life Expectancy and Proteolytic Degradation of Engineered Skeletal Muscle Biological Machines

A combination of techniques from 3D printing, tissue engineering and biomaterials has yielded a new class of engineered biological robots that could be reliably controlled via applied signals. These machines are powered by a muscle strip composed of differentiated skeletal myofibers in a matrix of natural proteins, including fibrin, that provide physical support and cues to the cells as an engineered basement membrane. However, maintaining consistent results becomes challenging when sustaining a living system in vitro. Skeletal muscle must be preserved in a differentiated state and the system is subject to degradation by proteolytic enzymes that can break down its mechanical integrity. Here we examine the life expectancy, breakdown, and device failure of engineered skeletal muscle bio-bots as a result of degradation by three classes of proteases: plasmin, cathepsin L, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). We also demonstrate the use of gelatin zymography to determine the effects of differentiation and inhibitor concentration on protease expression. With this knowledge, we are poised to design the next generation of complex biological machines with controllable function, specific life expectancy and greater consistency. These results could also prove useful for the study of disease-specific models, treatments of myopathies, and other tissue engineering applications.
Recognition and Treatment of Low Cardiac Output States in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care

Abstract Advances in surgical techniques, myocardial protection, and cardiac intensive care have all contributed to marked improvement in morbidity and mortality following congenital heart surgery. Despite these improvements, pediatric patients remain at high risk for developing a low cardiac output state and impaired systemic oxygen delivery, especially in the early postoperative period. This transient drop in cardiac output after cardiac surgery has been referred to as low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS). LCOS in the early postoperative period is primarily due to transient systolic and/or diastolic myocardial dysfunction, compounded by acute changes in myocardial loading conditions. Surgical repair of cardiac malformations exposes the myocardium to periods of ischemia and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-mediated inflammation, resulting in transient myocardial injury. The inflammatory response after CPB also results in pulmonary dysfunction and alters pulmonary and systemic vascular reactivity (Hovels-Gurich et al., 2002; Boyle et al., 1997; Butler et al., 1996) [1] , [2] , [3] . Residual cardiac defects potentiate low cardiac output in the postoperative state. Although advances in myocardial protection, cardioplegia, and perfusion techniques have dramatically reduced CPB-mediated cardiovascular injury, even relatively simple cardiac procedures are persistently associated with measurable myocardial dysfunction (Chaturvedi et al., 1998) [4] .
Atomistic Calculation of Defect Thermodynamics in Crystalline Silicon

This chapter surveys the analysis of thermodynamics for point defects and defect clusters using atomistic simulations with particular emphasis on empirical potentials. In the first part of the chapter, the ground state configurations and formation energies of vacancies and self-interstitials and their clusters are discussed. The results obtained with numerous empirical potentials are surveyed and interpreted in the context of electronic structure calculations. In the second part, finite temperature properties of defects are described using a recently introduced thermodynamic framework that includes all configurational and vibrational entropic contributions to the defect free energies. It is shown that configurational entropy effects, in particular, play interesting and important qualitative roles in defect cluster thermodynamics at high temperature.
Constructing large conservative supertrees

Generalizations of the strict and loose consensus methods to the supertree setting, recently introduced by McMorris and Wilkinson, are studied. The supertrees these methods produce are conservative in the sense that they only preserve information (in the form of splits) that is supported by at least one the input trees and that is not contradicted by any of the input trees. Alternative, equivalent, formulations of these supertrees are developed. These are used to prove the NP-completeness of the underlying optimization problems and to give exact integer linear programming solutions. For larger data sets, a divide and conquer approach is adopted, based on the structural properties of these supertrees. Experiments show that it is feasible to solve problems with several hundred taxa and several hundred trees in a reasonable amount of time.
Perioperative Emergencies Associated with Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an established procedure for movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. With the increased use of DBS, DBS-related problems have emerged as more common, and awareness of these issues has become more important for clinicians. Adverse events vary widely depending on the situation. We deal only with emergent situations here and separate the possible scenarios into: (1) perioperative (intra- and early postoperative) and (2) postoperative (following 2–4 weeks) settings. With ten clinical vignettes, we address how clinicians should appropriately detect and manage the emergent/urgent issues in a DBS cohort.
Host-Intrinsic Interferon Status in Infection and Immunity.

Most genetic ablations of interferon (IFN) signaling abolish both the experimentally induced IFN response and constitutive IFN, whose effects are well established in autoimmunity but understudied during infection. In host–pathogen interactions, most IFN-mediated responses are attributed to infection-driven IFN. However, IFNs confer their activity by regulating networks of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), a process that requires de novo transcription and translation of both IFN and downstream ISGs through feedback of IFN receptor signaling. Due to the temporal requirement for IFN activity, many rapid antimicrobial responses may instead result from pre-established IFN signature stemming from host-intrinsic processes. Addressing the permeating effects of constitutive IFN is therefore needed to accurately describe immunity as host intrinsic or pathogen induced.
Granulomas of the membranous vocal fold after intubation and other airway instrumentation

Objectives/hypothesis We describe the clinical features of granulomas of the membranous vocal fold secondary to endotracheal intubation, bronchoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Review of cases at a single tertiary institution with evaluation of patient demographic characteristics, time to presentation, time to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Results Thirteen adult patients were identified with postintervention granuloma of the membranous vocal fold. All patients were female, with a mean age of 60 years (range, 28-81 years). None noted hoarseness prior to the intervention, and all noted significant hoarseness postoperatively. Conservative treatment with proton pump inhibitors and vocal rest was initially implemented in all patients. Four cases resolved without further intervention. Nine underwent surgical management because of airway symptoms, failure to improve, or patient request. One patient had injury to the contralateral vocal fold upon intubation. None experienced recurrence. Five had complete recovery of voice postoperatively, four did not. Conclusion Iatrogenic granulomas of the membranous vocal fold after intubation or other upper airway instrumentation are rare complications presenting in the early postprocedure period with worsening hoarseness. Initial conservative treatment may be sufficient to yield resolution, and surgical treatment is effective for those failing medical management. Permanent voice damage may result from the original injury. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 129:441-447, 2019.
Trends and drug-related correlates in residential mobility among young adults in the United States, 2003–2016

Introduction Young adulthood, typically conceptualized as stretching from the late teens to the mid-twenties, is a period of elevated risk for residential mobility (i.e., moving or changing residences frequently) and drug involvement. However, our understanding of the trends and drug-related correlates of residential mobility among young adults remains limited. Methods We analyzed national trend data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2003-2016) on residential mobility and drug involvement among young adults (N = 230,790) in the United States. For tests of trend, we conducted logistic regression analyses with survey year specified as a continuous independent variable and residential mobility as the dependent variable (no/yes), controlling for sociodemographic factors. Results The prevalence of residential mobility was stable among females, but decreased significantly-a 20% reduction in the relative proportion of respondents-among males during the study period (AOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99). Male and female young adults reporting residential mobility were significantly more likely to report involvement in all drug-related outcomes examined, but effects were larger among females for drug selling and drug-related arrests. Discussion Study findings show that a substantial minority of young adults experience residential mobility and that, while rates are declining among young men, the experience of mobility is connected with risk for drug involvement, particularly among females. Mobility may be an important target for drug prevention/intervention efforts, but further research is needed to provide insight into how mobility and drug involvement are connected in the lives of young adults.
Within-School Differences in Professional Learning Community Effectiveness: Implications for Leadership:

Research suggests effective professional learning communities (PLCs) enhance teacher collaboration and student achievement. Within-school variation in PLC processes, however, is underexplored. This...
A RARE CASE OF TRENCH FEVER MYOCARDITIS

Myocarditis is the inflammation of the myocardium, and is often associated with viral infections. Here we describe a rare case of bacterial myocarditis. A 22 year-old man with history significant for morbid obesity presented to our institution with 6 week history of nausea, vomiting, intermittent
Climate change impacts the spread potential of wheat stem rust, a significant crop disease

Abstract Long range atmospheric transport is an important pathway for the spread of plant pathogens, such as rust fungi which can devastate cereal crop health and food security worldwide. In recent years, serious concern has been caused by the evolution of new virulent races ofPuccinia graminisf. sp.tritici, a pathogen causing wheat stem rust that can result in close to 100% yield losses on susceptible wheat cultivars in favourable weather conditions. We applied an Earth system model to compare the suitability of the current climate and a business-as-usual climate scenario (RCP 8.5) for 2100 for wheat stem rust. Although there are large uncertainties in modelling changes in disease spread, we focus in this paper on the changes which are likely to be robust to model assumptions. We show that the warmer climate with lower relative humidity and enhanced turbulence will lead to ∼40% increase in the urediniospore emitting potential of an infected field as global average. The main predicted changes in the atmospheric long-range transport include reduced connections between Europe, Africa and South Asia, and increased frequency of spores crossing the mid-latitude oceans. Due to reduction in subfreezing conditions, the overwintering areas of the fungus will expand. On the other hand, projected drier conditions will reduce substantially the probability of an infection starting from deposited spores, except in irrigated fields.
Correlations between overall health status and occupational participation in forensic clients

Date Presented 04/06/19 OTs who worked at forensic settings in England were expected to use the MOHO-based forensic care pathway to guide their interventions. As part of their standard procedures, therapists administered the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHOST) and the Health of Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) to represent clients’ participation and their health conditions. The study built up a picture for forensic patients with assessments that were already being used regularly in practice. Primary Author and Speaker: Chia-Wei Fan
Discharge Criteria Decrease Variability and Improve Efficiency.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of discharge criteria on discharge readiness and length of stay (LOS). Discharge inefficiency is a common barrier to hospital flow, affecting admissions, discharges, cost, patient satisfaction, and quality of care. Our center identified increasing discharge efficiency as a method to improve flow and better meet the needs of our patients. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team was assembled to examine discharge efficiency and flow. Discharge criteria were created for the 3 most common diagnoses on the hospital medicine service then expanded to 10 diagnoses 4 months into the project. Discharge workflow was evaluated through swim lane mapping, and barriers were evaluated through fishbone diagrams and a key driver diagram. Progress was assessed every 2 weeks through statistical process control charts. Additional interventions included provider education, daily review of criteria, and autotext added to daily notes. Our primary aim was to increase the percentage of patients discharged within 3 hours of meeting discharge criteria from 44% to 75% within 12 months of project implementation. RESULTS: Discharge within 3 hours as well as 2 hours of meeting criteria improved significantly, from 44% to 87% and from 33% to 78%, respectively. LOS for the 10 diagnoses decreased from 2.89 to 1.47 days, with greatest gains seen for patients with asthma, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis without a change in the 30-day readmission rate. CONCLUSIONS: Discharge criteria for common diagnoses may be an effective way to decrease variability and improve LOS for hospitalized children.
Modified Organosilane Monolayers With Enhanced Radiation Stability.

Organosilane monolayers containing long carbon chains are susceptible to damage when exposed to X-rays and other radiation during characterization or processing. The origin of the damage has been a...
Older Drivers' Experience With Automated Vehicle Technology: Interim Analysis of a Demonstration Study

Older adults (> 65 years) account for 20% of the US population but are over-represented in multiple-vehicle crashes. Automated vehicles (AVs) may hold safety benefits for older drivers, if they adopt this emerging technology. Therefore, this study is using a randomized, crossover design with pre- and post-exposure surveys, to quantify older drivers’ perceptions, who were exposed to a simulator running in automated mode and riding in a highly automated shuttle (SAE Level 4). An interim analysis (N=69) compares older drivers’ perceptions before and after exposure to the automated simulator and automated shuttle. Early findings indicate that exposure to AV technology may positively affect older adults’ perceptions to this emerging technology. In this study, older drivers’ trust and perceived safety increased after being exposed to the driving simulator or automated shuttle compared to baseline. Older drivers’ perceptions of perceived usefulness and cost of AVs, increased after being exposed to both modes of vehicle automation compared to baseline whereas their perceptions did not change after their first AV exposure (regardless of it was the simulator or shuttle). Exposing older adults to an automated simulator or on-road automated shuttle may promote older adults’ acceptance and adoption of AVs.
Environmental Education in the Secondary Science Classroom: How Teachers’ Beliefs Influence Their Instruction of Climate Change

Climate change is complex and controversial in nature, yet seen by educators and policymakers as an important topic to be taught within secondary science education. Teachers’ beliefs about the inst...
That Was Then…This is Now: Utilizing the History of Mathematics and Dynamic Geometry Software

Pre-service mathematics teacher (PST) education often addresses within Geometry Classes how to utilize Dynamic Geometric Software (DGS). Other classes may also incorporate teaching pre-service teachers about the history of mathematics. Although research has documented the use of Dynamic Geometric Software (DGS) in teaching the history of mathematics (HoM) (Zengin, 2018), the focus of this research specifically targets the development of proof for pre-service teachers by utilizing DGS to revisit historical proofs with a modern lens. The findings concur with Fujita et.al. (2010), Zengin (2018), and Conners (2007) work on proof. The novelty of this article was the combination of incorporating the history of mathematics (HoM), dynamic geometry software (DGS), and Toulmin’s model of argumentation. A pedagogical approach appeared to emerge: DGS’s dynamic nature allowed PSTs to see several examples of a method to provide them with an illustration that may be used in proofs.
Metabolic Reprogramming from Glycolysis to Fatty Acid Uptake and beta-Oxidation in Platinum-Resistant Cancer Cells

ABSTRACT Increased aerobic glycolysis is widely considered as a hallmark of cancer. Yet, cancer cell metabolic reprograming during development of therapeutic resistance is under-studied. Here, through high-throughput stimulated Raman scattering imaging and single cell analysis, we found that cisplatin-resistant cells exhibit increased uptake of exogenous fatty acids, accompanied with decreased glucose uptake and de novo lipogenesis, indicating a reprogramming from glucose and glycolysis dependent to fatty acid uptake and beta-oxidation dependent anabolic and energy metabolism. A metabolic index incorporating measurements of glucose derived anabolism and fatty acid uptake correlates linearly to the level of resistance to cisplatin in ovarian cancer cell lines and in primary cells isolated from ovarian cancer patients. Mechanistically, the increased fatty acid uptake facilitates cancer cell survival under cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by enhancing energy production through beta-oxidation. Consequently, blocking fatty acid beta-oxidation by a small molecule inhibitor in combination with cisplatin or carboplatin synergistically suppressed ovarian cancer proliferation in vitro and growth of patient-derived xenograft in vivo. Collectively, these findings support a new way for rapid detection of cisplatin-resistance at single cell level and a new strategy for treatment of cisplatin-resistant tumors.
Progress in Gynecologic Cancers with Antibody Drug Conjugates

This article provides a comprehensive review of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) under investigation in gynecologic cancers. The structure and function of ADCs are reviewed with a focus on clinical benefit as well as toxicity profiles. Several ADCs with various target antigens have been investigated in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer. ADCs have consistently demonstrated favorable safety/tolerability profiles both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. In ovarian cancer, response rates have ranged from 9 to 46% for monotherapy with response rates as high as 83% in combination therapy. In patients with cervical cancer with progressive disease despite doublet therapy and bevacizumab, response rates as high as 24% have been observed. ADCs represent a rapidly evolving field of targeted therapy which have demonstrated notable clinical benefit both as monotherapy but also in combination therapy with an overall favorable toxicity profile. With continued refinement of the target biomarkers utilized, improved clinical benefit is likely to be observed.
“Leave that slavery-cursed republic”: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Black feminist nationalism, 1852–1874

This study argues that Mary Ann Shadd Cary theorized and practiced Black feminist nationalism as she edited the newspaper that she founded, the Provincial Freeman, and wrote a variety of pieces thr...
A phase II study of docetaxel plus lycopene in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer.

Abstract We carried out a phase II study to investigate the activity of docetaxel plus lycopene in advanced castrate resistant adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Patients were chemotherapy and biological therapy naive. Docetaxel 75 mg/m2 was given every 21 days with daily oral lycopene 30 mg. The primary endpoint was a ≥50% reduction in PSA. Secondary endpoints were median time to PSA progression, duration of response and overall survival. Thirteen patients were initiated on protocol therapy. Median age was 77 (range 55–90). Twelve patients (92%) had bone metastases. Four patients (30%) had both bone and visceral metastases. PSA response was seen in 10 patients (76.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 46.2–94.9%]). Two patients had stable disease (SD), yielding a disease control rate of 92%. Median time to PSA progression was 8 months [95% CI, 3.5–8.7]. Median duration of response (DOR) was 7.3 months [95% CI, 4.8–13.2]. Median overall survival at 5 years was 35.1 months [95% CI 25.7–57.7]. No new safety signals were noted. No patients experienced grade 3 or above anemia. One patient (7%) experienced febrile neutropenia. A PSA response rate of 76.9% and median survival of 35.1 months compares favorably to the 45% PSA response rate and 17.4 months median survival reported for the TAX 237 trialists. While our study was limited due to small sample size, our results suggest that the combination of docetaxel and lycopene merits further study.
Muscle Regeneration of the Tongue: A review of current clinical and regenerative research strategies.

Various abnormalities of the tongue, including cancers, commonly require surgical removal to sequester growth and metastasis. However, even minor resections can affect functional outcomes such as speech and swallowing, thereby reducing quality of life. Surgical resections alone create volumetric muscle loss whereby muscle tissue cannot self-regenerate within the tongue. In these cases, the tongue is reconstructed typically in the form of autologous skin flaps. However, flap reconstruction has many limitations and unfortunately is the primary option for oral and reconstructive surgeons to treat tongue defects. The alternative, but yet undeveloped strategy for tongue reconstruction is regenerative medicine, which widely focuses on building new organs with stem cells. Regenerative medicine has successfully treated many tissues, but research has inadequately addressed the tongue as a vital organ in need of tissue engineering. In this review, we address the current standard for tongue reconstruction, the cellular mechanisms of muscle cell development, and the stem cell studies that have attempted muscle engineering within the tongue. Until now, no review has focused on engineering the tongue with regenerative medicine, which could guide innovative strategies for tongue reconstruction.
Surgical management of locally invasive basaloid carcinoma of thymic gland.

Thymic basaloid carcinoma is an extremely rare thymic tumor variant, and the most common presentations have been an incidental finding on a routine chest X-ray and dyspnea on exertion. Given its rarity, no treatment modalities have been demonstrated to improve survival. This rare case describes a patient with locally advanced thymic basaloid carcinoma treated by en bloc resection of phrenic nerve and left upper lobe with the tumor followed by adjuvant radiation therapy. Patient had no respiratory complaints at 10 months follow-up, and 10-month post-operative surveillance radiological study showed no objective sign of tumor recurrence.
Feasting the Dead: Food and Drink in Anglo-Saxon Burial Rituals

Anglo-Saxons were frequently buried with material artefacts, ranging from pots to clothing to jewellery, and also with items of food, while the funeral ritual itself was frequently marked by feasting, sometimes at the graveside. The book examines the place of food and feasting in funerary rituals from the earliest period to the eleventh century, considering the changes and transformations that occurred during this time, drawing on a wide range of sources, from archaeological evidence to the existing texts. It looks in particular at representations of funerary feasting, how it functions as a tool for memory, and sheds light on the relationship between the living and the dead. Christina Lee is a lecturer in the School of English Studies at the University of Nottingham.
Towards detecting protein complexes from protein interaction data

High-throughput methods for detecting protein-protein interactions (PPI) have given researchers an initial global picture of protein interactions on a genomic scale. These interactions connect proteins into a large protein interaction network (PIN). However, both the size of the data sets and the noise in the data pose big challenges in effectively analyzing the data. In this paper, we investigate the problem of protein complex detection, i.e., finding biologically meaningful subsets of proteins, from the noisy protein interaction data. We identify the difficulties and propose a “seed-refine” approach, including a novel subgraph quality measure, an appropriate heuristics for finding good seeds and a novel subgraph refinement method. Our method considers the properties of protein complexes and the noisy interaction data. Experiments show the effectiveness of our method.
Automatically inducing a part-of-speech tagger by projecting from multiple source languages across aligned corpora

We implement a variant of the algorithm described by Yarowsky and Ngai in [21] to induce an HMM POS tagger for an arbitrary target language using only an existing POS tagger for a source language and an unannotated parallel corpus between the source and target languages. We extend this work by projecting from multiple source languages onto a single target language. We hypothesize that systematic transfer errors from differing source languages will cancel out, improving the quality of bootstrapped resources in the target language. Our experiments confirm the hypothesis. Each experiment compares three cases: (a) source data comes from a single language A, (b) source data comes from a single language B, and (c) source data comes from both A and B, but half as much from each. Apart from the source language, other conditions are held constant in all three cases – including the total amount of source data used. The null hypothesis is that performance in the mixed case would be an average of performance in the single-language cases, but in fact, mixed-case performance always exceeds the maximum of the single-language cases. We observed this effect in all six experiments we ran, involving three different source-language pairs and two different target languages.
A METALLOGRAPHIC STUDY OF CAVITATION IN Ti-6A1-4V ALLOY

ABSTRACT Metallographic evidence is presented to show that cavities nucleate and grow in Ti-6A1–4V alloy below 850°C. Cavities are not observed in specimens deformed above this temperature due to the presence of larger volume fraction of β phase. Cavities seem to nucleate at α/α, α/β interfaces, at grain boundary triple points and at hard particles located at grain boundary. During growth, the cavities become elongated and align themselves in the direction of tensile axis, suggesting the operation of plasticity-controlled hole growth process.
Connecting Information Structure and Discourse Structure through Kontrast: The Case of Colloquial Russian Particles -TO, ZE, and VED'

The notion of kontrast, or the ability of certain linguistic expressions to generate a set of alternatives, originally proposed by Vallduvi and Vilkuna (1998) as a clause-level concept, is re-analyzed here as connecting the level of information packaging in the clause and the level of discourse structure in the following way: kontrast is encoded at the clausal level but has repercussions for discourse structure. This claim is supported by evidence from the distribution properties of three colloquial Russian particles -to, ze, and ved' which are analyzed as unambiguous markers of kontrast. Both the placement of these particles at the clausal level and their role in discourse are viewed as consequences of the type of the kontrast set and the cognitive status of information marked by each particle.
Implications of Participatory Design for a Wearable Near and Far Environment Awareness System (NaFEAS) for Users with Severe Visual Impairments

This paper presents experiences from a study that included five users with Severe Visual Impairments (SVIs), fashion designers, and human factors engineers. We used participatory design (PD) to develop a wayfinding and object-recognition system. The PD study consisted of three sessions and was designed to include actual users in the design process. The primary goal of the PD was to validate the system concept and to determine the attributes of system interaction. Two of the three sessions are discussed here. We obtained several insights from a technological perspective, textile and apparel perspective, and user interface design perspective. Among the results identified, users with SVIs preferred to wear assistive technology unless that was not distracting to the participant or those that came into contact with the participant. Auditory feedback was chosen as a primary modality in user interface design, and we realized that constructing a good pool of PD members is essential to transform actual users' needs and requirements into the design process.
Optimal Speedups for Parallel Pattern Matching in Trees

Tree pattern matching is a fundamental operation that is used in a number of programming tasks such as code optimization in compilers, symbolic computation, automatic theorem proving and term rewriting. An important special case of this operation is linear tree pattern matching in which an instance of any variable in the pattern occurs at most once. If n and m are the number of nodes in the subject and pattern tree respectively and if no restriction is placed on the structure of the trees, then the fastest known sequential algorithm for linear tree pattern matching requires O(nm) time in the worst case.
The reactive oxygen-driven tumor : relevance to melanoma

Summary In melanoma, at least four major signaling abnormalities have been described. They include β-catenin deregulation (mutation/mislocalization), p16 loss, MAP kinase activation, and Akt activation. In this review, we discuss the role of the fourth pathway, known as the reactive oxygen driven tumor. The role of reactive oxygen in tumorigenesis is likely to relate to virtually all forms of cancer, and lends itself to specific therapies. These include blockade of reactive oxygen, resulting in decreased activation of NF-κB, which should sensitize tumors to chemotherapy and radiation. The phenotype of the reactive oxygen driven tumor can be monitored using available markers already in use in most hospital laboratories.
DNA Markers and Human Evolution

Genetic markers reveal nucleotide sequence diversity at different locations and frequencies within the human genome. Since not all loci respond to the same evolutionary forces, one goal of DNA marker use is to understand how information from disparate genomic fragments can generate a realistic understanding of human population changes in space and time. Keywords: rare alleles; multi-locus typing; uniparental markers; phylogeny; gene trees
On the utility of the circular ring model for wideband MIMO channels [mobile fading channels]

In this paper, we use the circular ring scattering model to derive the signal statistics of a wideband MIMO channel. Based on the proposed model, a new space-time-frequency (STF) cross-correlation function is derived for the MIMO channel. The cross-correlation includes various parameters of interest such as the distance between the base station and the user, spacing among antenna elements, user's speed and direction, as well as the angle spread and delay spread. In addition, the important channel properties such as the time of arrival probability density function (PDF) and power delay profile as well as the angle of arrival PDF and power azimuth spectrum are derived and compared with measured data. The proposed model and associated wideband STF cross-correlation provide a convenient unified framework for the characterization and simulation of frequency selective mobile MIMO fading channels and the design of proper STF codes and signaling techniques over such channels.
Identification of a single amino acid residue in the capsid protein VP1 of coxsackievirus B4 that determines the virulent phenotype.

Abstract To identify the molecular determinants of virulence for coxsackievirus B4, a panel of recombinant, chimeric viruses were constructed from cDNA clones of a virulent virus, CB4-V, and a nonvirulent virus, CB4-P. Initial studies mapped a major determinant of virulence to the 5' end of the viral genome, which contained the 5' untranslated and the P1 regions (A. Ramsingh, A. Hixson, B. Duceman, and J. Slack, J. Virol. 64:3078-3081, 1990). To determine whether the 5' untranslated region contributed to the virulent phenotype, a chimeric virus (vCB403) containing this region of the virulent virus on an avirulent background was tested in mice. The vCB403 construct displayed a phenotype similar to that of CB4-P, suggesting that the 5' untranslated region did not significantly contribute to virulence. Analysis of the sequence data of the P1 regions of both CB4-V and CB4-P revealed five mutations that resulted in amino acid substitutions in VP1, VP2, and VP4 (A. Ramsingh, H. Araki, S. Bryant, and A. Hixson, Virus Res. 23:281-292, 1992). Analysis of individual mutations in both VP1 and VP2 revealed that a single residue (Thr-129 of VP1) determined the virulent phenotype.
Model validation for change detection [machine vision]

An important application of machine vision is to provide a means to monitor a scene over a period of time and report changes in the content of the scene. We have developed a validation mechanism that implements the first step towards a system for detecting changes in images of aerial scenes. By validation we mean the confirmation of the presence of model objects in the image. Our system uses a 3-D site model of the scene as a basis for model validation, and eventually for detecting changes and to update the site model. The scenario for our present validation system consists of adding a new image to a database associated with the site. The validation process is implemented in three steps: registration of the image to the model, or equivalently, determination of the position and orientation of the camera; matching of model features to image features; and validation of the objects in the model. Our system processes the new image monocularly and uses shadows as 3-D clues to help validate the model. The system has been tested using a hand-generated site model and several images of a 500:1 scale model of the site, acquired form several viewpoints. >
Civic Professionalism: Using Service Learning to Educate Social Work Students as Citizens

Schools of social work have put considerable energy into civic engagement and community partnership. Despite the attention paid to the civic mission of the university and/or of the profession, however, very little attention has been paid to the civic education of social work students. It will be argued here that social work education must include discussions about citizenship and democracy, about participating in our communities apart from our work. Service learning, with its emphasis on civic learning and a complementary focus on social justice, provides both a lens and a pedagogy for accomplishing this.
Accommodating Chromosome Inversions in Linkage Analysis

This work develops a population-genetics model for polymorphic chromosome inversions. The model precisely describes how an inversion changes the nature of and approach to linkage equilibrium. The work also describes algorithms and software for allele-frequency estimation and linkage analysis in the presence of an inversion. The linkage algorithms implemented in the software package Mendel estimate recombination parameters and calculate the posterior probability that each pedigree member carries the inversion. Application of Mendel to eight Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain pedigrees in a region containing a common inversion on 8p23 illustrates its potential for providing more-precise estimates of the location of an unmapped marker or trait gene. Our expanded cytogenetic analysis of these families further identifies inversion carriers and increases the evidence of linkage.
Social preferences for partners carrying ‘good genes’ in wild house mice

Abstract Female wild strain house mice (Mus musculus) can use olfactory cues to discriminate males carrying lethal t-alleles (+/t) from those that do not carry such alleles (+/+). When tested in an arena, female mice tend to avoid +/t males and preferentially direct approaches to +/+ males. The magnitude of a female's avoidance of +/t males is related to the female's own genotype. Females who are themselves +/t show greater avoidance than +/+ females. Male mice tend to be more aggressive toward females carrying t-alleles and are less likely to attempt copulations with such females than with +/+ females. I suggest that these social preferences may be related to mating preferences, providing an example of mating preference based on genetic quality. Furthermore, avoidance of +/t individuals as mates could account for the lower than expected frequency of t-alleles in natural populations.
Color-magnitude diagrams for six metal-rich, low-latitude globular clusters

Colors and magnitudes for stars on CCD frames for six metal-rich, low-latitude, previously unstudied globular clusters and one well-studied, metal-rich cluster (47 Tuc) have been derived and color-magnitude diagrams have been constructed. The photometry for stars in 47 Tuc are in good agreement with previous studies, while the V magnitudes of the horizontal-branch stars in the six program clusters do not agree with estimates based on secondary methods. The distances to these clusters are different from prior estimates. Redding values are derived for each program cluster. The horizontal branches of the program clusters all appear to lie entirely redwards of the red edge of the instability strip, as is normal for their metallicities.
Lessons from Diarrheal Diseases: Demography to Molecular Pharmacology

From diarrheal diseases come profound lessons about health and population growth, microbial pathogenesis, and the molecular pharmacology of signal transduction. Epidemics such as cholera, hemorrhagic colitis, salmonellosis, and cryptosporidiosis remind us of how interdependent we are, sharing enteric microbial flora on a global scale. Diarrhea morbidity and mortality teach us that disease and poverty do not control but are associated with population overgrowth. Great advances are being made in understanding new bacterial, viral, and parasitic causes and treatment of diarrhea, especially persistent diarrhea. In addition, microbial toxins provide unique pharmacologic tools to probe cell signaling pathways. The mechanism of action of cholera toxin, once thought so clear, now appears to involve additional pathways such as platelet-activating factor and prostaglandin synthesis. Escherichia coli ST has opened a whole family of activators of guanylate cyclase, including new mammalian products that regulate sodium transport. Clostridium difficile toxin A provides a novel tool to dissect mediators involved in inflammatory diarrhea. These lessons have both basic implications for science and practical applications for medicine and society.
Physical model for recognition tunneling

Recognition tunneling (RT) identifies target molecules trapped between tunneling electrodes functionalized with recognition molecules that serve as specific chemical linkages between the metal electrodes and the trapped target molecule. Possible applications include single molecule DNA and protein sequencing. This paper addresses several fundamental aspects of RT by multiscale theory, applying both all-atom and coarse-grained DNA models: (1) we show that the magnitude of the observed currents are consistent with the results of non-equilibrium Green's function calculations carried out on a solvated all-atom model. (2) Brownian fluctuations in hydrogen bond-lengths lead to current spikes that are similar to what is observed experimentally. (3) The frequency characteristics of these fluctuations can be used to identify the trapped molecules with a machine-learning algorithm, giving a theoretical underpinning to this new method of identifying single molecule signals.
On-the-go VisNIR: Potential and limitations for mapping soil clay and organic carbon

In situ or on-the-go visible and near infrared (VisNIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been proposed as a rapid and inexpensive tool for intensively mapping soil texture and organic carbon (SOC). While lab-based VisNIR has been established as a viable technique for estimating various soil properties, few experiments have compared the predictive accuracy of on-the-go and lab-based VisNIR. In this study, eight north central Montana wheat fields were intensively interrogated using on-the-go and lab-based VisNIR. The on-the-go VisNIR system employed a spectrophotometer (350-2224nm, 8-nm spectral resolution) built into an agricultural shank mounted on a toolbar and pulled behind a tractor. Regional (whole-field out cross-validation) and hybrid (regional model including randomly chosen ''local'' calibration samples) spectral models were calibrated using partial least squares regression. Lab-based spectral data consistently provided more accurate predictions than on-the-go data. However, neither in situ nor lab-based spectroscopy yielded even semi-quantitative SOC predictions. For hybrid models with nine local samples included in the calibrations, standard error of prediction (SEP) values were 2.6 and 3.4gkg^-^1 for lab and on-the-go VisNIR respectively, with @s"S"O"C=3.2gkg^-^1. With an SOC coefficient of variation (CV)=26.7%, even with a relatively low SEP values, there was little SOC variability to explain. For clay content, hybrid-7 calibrations yielded lab SEP=53.1gkg^-^1 and residual product differential (RPD)=1.8 with on-the-go SEP=69.4gkg^-^1 and RPD=1.4. With more variability (@s"c"l"a"y=91.4gkg^-^1 and CV=49.6%), both lab and on-the-go VisNIR show better explanatory power. There a number of potential explanations for degraded on-the-go predictive accuracy: soil heterogeneity, field moisture, consistent sample presentation, and a difference between the spatial support of on-the-go measurements and soil samples collected for laboratory analyses. In terms of predictive accuracy, our results are largely consistent with those previously published by Christy (2008), but on-the-go VisNIR was not able to capture the subtle SOC variability in Montana soils. Though the current configuration of the Veris on-the-go VisNIR system allows for rapid field scanning, on-the-go soil processing (i.e. drying, crushing, and sieving) could improve predictions.
Mediastinal tumor causing continuous murmur

Despite the lengthy differential diagnosis of causes of continuous murmurs, the association of a mediastinal mass and a continuous murmur is unusual. Certain cardiovascular diseases may present with a murmur and a mass: coronary arteriovenous (AV) fistula, sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with rupture into the right heart, and pulmonary arteriovenous fistula occurring in the chest.’ Solid tumors of the chest, however, rarely produce bruits; in a thorough current summary of mediastinal tumors and their associated findings, no such examples are given.* We recently encountered a patient with a solid mediastinal mass and a continuous murmur which did not result from an arteriovenous fistula. A 29-year-old Chinese woman presented to the emergency room because of cough and fever of 3 days’ duration. Questioning elicited the complaints of dyspnea on exertion and mild weight loss. Medical history was unremarkable and a chest radiograph on immigration to the United States 3 years earlier was reportedly normal. Physical examination revealed signs of right lower lobe pneumonia. In addition, a high frequency continuous murmur, grade II/VI, was well localized to the third intercostal space at the right sternal border. Chest radiography confirmed the presence of right lower lobe pneumonia and revealed an asymmetric right-sided anterior mediastinal mass, which was not clearly separate from the heart (Fig. 1). The hematocrit was 39% and the leukocyte count was 7600 cells/mm3. Venereal Disease Research Laboratories and purified protein derivative of tuberculin were negative. The ECG was normal. Because the bruit and cardiac silhouette raised the question of left-to-right intracardiac shunting or AV fistula, M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiograms were performed which failed to demonstrate sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, enlargement of any cardiac chamber, dilatation of the proximal portion of either coronary artery, or other abnormality. No connection was demonstrated between the mass and any cardiac chamber. The echo density of the mass did not suggest a blood-filled cavity. Computerized tomography of the chest with contrast enhancement revealed a large complex solid and highly vascular mass which was clearly distinct from the heart.3 Cardiac catheterization was performed. The intracardiac pressures were normal, as were the oxygen saturations. The hydrogen appearance time was normal.