cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molar proportions and relative rates of synthesis of histones in rat testis.

The molar proportions and relative rates of synthesis of histones in normal and hypophysectomized rat testis seminiferous epithelial cells were determined. After hypophysectomy the molar proportions of histones H1, H2B and (H2A + protein A24) in seminiferous epithelial cells of rat testis increased while their corresponding variants TH1-x, TH2B-x and X2 decreased, but the molar proportions of major-class histones (i.e., sum of subfractions) remained relatively constant and similar to the proportions in somatic cells. The apparent molar proportions of the labeled histones, determined immediately after 2-h periods of [3H]leucine incorporation, were much higher relative to H4 than the proportions of total histones determined by dye binding. The values, however, approached the molar proportions of total histones when rats were killed 11 days after the [3H]leucine injection. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis confirmed that the high initial molar proportions relative to H4 by [3H]leucine incorporation were not due to the possible contamination by highly-labeled non-histone proteins. The specific activity of histone H4 relative to the specific activity of DNA, determined immediately after 3-h periods of [3H]leucine and [14C]thymidine incorporations was similar to the value when rats were killed 13 days after the injections. It is proposed that histones of seminiferous epithelial cells are synthesized disproportionally relative to H4 and in excess of the quantities required for polynucleosome assembly. The excess histones are subsequently displaced or degraded slowly.
Radiosensitization produced in vivo by once- vs. twice-weekly 2'2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (gemcitabine).

Abstract Purpose: Gemcitabine (2′2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine, dFdCyd) is a potent radiosensitizer of rodent and human tumor cells. Our Phase I clinical trial using once-weekly dFdCyd as a radiosensitizer in the treatment of patients with Stage IV squamous cell head and neck cancer has produced a high rate of tumor response and significant normal mucosal toxicity. These findings raised the question of whether we are using dFdCyd in the optimal dose and schedule. In vitro studies suggest that twice-weekly dFdCyd has the potential to be more effective than once-weekly dFdCyd when administered in combination with radiation (RT) given 5 days per week. Therefore, we have used a mouse model to assess whether the therapeutic ratio of combined modality therapy may be improved by using a twice-weekly drug regimen. We asked two questions: 1) Does a once-weekly or twice-weekly dFdCyd regimen cause more normal tissue radiosensitization? 2) Does a once-weekly or twice-weekly dFdCyd + RT regimen produce a better therapeutic index? Methods and Materials: To assess normal tissue toxicity, C3H mice underwent mouth 60 Co RT (27.5 Gy in 5 daily fractions) ± dFdCyd delivered intraperitoneally (IP) either once or twice weekly 6 hours prior to irradiation. Acute lip reactions were quantified according to a standard scoring system, and weight loss was measured. We measured tumor control using squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) VII murine squamous cell flank tumors (50–125 mm 3 ) treated with the same regimens used in the mouth irradiation model. Results: We found that dFdCyd delivered 800 mg/kg once weekly or 150 mg/kg twice weekly caused similar (and maximal tolerable) weight loss; therefore these regimens were chosen to test which schedule produced more acute lip radiosensitization. Twice-weekly dFdCyd + RT was somewhat more toxic by weight loss (800 mg/kg once weekly: 11.9%; 150 mg/kg twice weekly: 17.7%; p = 0.09). To assess therapeutic index, we treated SCC VII flank tumors with RT combined with isotoxic drug/RT regimens (dFdCyd 800 mg/kg once weekly or 100 mg/kg twice weekly). Tumors treated with twice-weekly dFdCyd + RT were significantly smaller than tumors treated with once-weekly drug + RT at 28 days from the start of treatment ( p Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that equitoxic once- versus twice-weekly dFdCyd regimens cause differing levels of oral mucosal radiosensitization. This would suggest that each radiation–dFdCyd schedule will require its own dFdCyd dose escalation trial (which cannot be determined by the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for dFdCyd alone using that schedule). In addition, our findings suggest that for head and neck cancers twice-weekly dFdCyd may have a higher therapeutic index compared with once-weekly dFdCyd when combined with daily RT.
Effect of Learning English as a Second Language on the Comprehension of Synthetic Speech in Ambient Noise

A study was undertaken to investigate the effect that learning English as a second language has on the comprehension of passages of synthetic speech in English in two listening environments: quiet and ambient noise. Participants were native speakers of English, Spanish and Vietnamese. Results indicated that participants had more difficulty comprehending the passages in ambient noise, but no significant comprehension differences were found attributable to the factor of native language. Language: en
Implication of non-ideality of coupling capacitors in the performance of multistage amplifiers

Abstract PSpice calculations have been made to investigate the implication of non-ideality of coupling capacitors in the performance of multistage amplifiers. It is demonstrated that effect of non-ideality of coupling capacitors is very detrimental for the performance of these amplifiers. The leakage resistance leads to a bias disturbance appearing in the form of clipping in the negative half cycle of the output signal. It is very severe particularly for the small values of the leakage resistance. Thus considerable attention must be paid to ensure that the coupling capacitors used in the circuit design be near ideal, if not ideal.
Synthesis of novel polyhydroxylated quinolizidines: Ring expanded analogs of glycosidase inhibitory indolizidines

Abstract Two polyhydroxylated quinolizidines, (1R,2R,3R,9S,9aR)-1,2,3,9-tetrahydroxyquinolizidine 9 and (1R,2R,3R,9R,9aS-1,2,3,9-tetrahydroxyquinolizidine 10, have been synthesized by the reductive double cyclization of 15α and 15β. Quinolizidine 9 can be viewed either as a ring expanded analog of 6-epicastanospermine or of 8-episwainsonine, while 10 is a ring expanded analog of 1,6,8a-triepicastanospermine or of 8a-episwainsonine.
HydraVM: extracting parallelism from legacy sequential code using STM

We present a virtual machine prototype, called HydraVM, that automatically extracts parallelism from legacy sequential code (at the bytecode level) through a set of techniques including code profiling, data dependency analysis, and execution analysis. HydraVM is built by extending the Jikes RVM and modifying its baseline compiler, and exploits software transactional memory to manage concurrent and out-of-order memory accesses. Our experimental studies show up to 5× speedup on the JOlden benchmark.
Room temperature synthesis of silver nanowires from tabular silver bromide crystals in the presence of gelatin

Abstract Long silver nanowires were synthesized at room temperature by a simple and fast process derived from the development of photographic films. A film consisting of an emulsion of tabular silver bromide grains in gelatin was treated with a photographic developer (4-(methylamino)phenol sulfate (metol), citric acid) in the presence of additional aqueous silver nitrate. The silver nanowires have lengths of more than 50 μm, some even more than 100 μm, and average diameters of about 80 nm. Approximately, 70% of the metallic silver formed in the reduction consists of silver nanowires. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results indicate that the silver nanowires grow along the [111] direction. It was found that the presence of gelatin, tabular silver bromide crystals and silver ions in solution are essential for the formation of the silver nanowires. The nanowires appear to originate from the edges of the silver bromide crystals. They were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SAED, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Robust On-Chip Communication

The balance between computation and communication is a fundamental issue in application performance. As the chip industry gets entrenched in multicore architectures, this issue will become particularly and progressively important--not only in terms of chip-level performance, but also in terms of power, temperature, and reliability. Reliable communication is essential to overall computational robustness.
Pulmonary Changes in Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Short-term Effects on Granular Pneumocytes

Focal atelectasis, periarterial hemorrhage and peribronchial hemorrhage were seen in six dogs subjected to approximately two hours of closed-chest total cardiopulmonary bypass. During bypass, mean compliances decreased, while compliances in three sham-operated dogs increased. Counts of granular pneumo-cytes (type II cells) in routine light microscopic sections showed no consistent differences in the numbers of these cells in bypass and sham-operated dogs. This finding was supported by similar results in 1μ sections from one bypass and one sham-operated dog. However, in the 1μ sections, the number of inclusions per granular pneumocyte was reduced. Since these inclusions are generally believed to be surface-active material (surfactant), the loss of inclusions may be the earliest light microscopic evidence of alteration in surfactant.
Investigating impact of the order activity costing method on product cost calculations

Inaccuracies in calculated product costs have existed since the development of costing systems. A key contributor to the issue is the use of inappropriate bases for the application of overhead costs. This research proposes and provides preliminary evaluation in a virtual environment for a new allocation base that is believed to be better matched to the consumption rate of the indirect costs being allocated. Using a generalized manufacturing operational framework incorporating multi-period simulation, this research investigates the relationship between allocated cost categories and production or sales order activity. The existing cost allocation methods of full absorption and activity based costing (ABC) are used for comparison to the proposed method. Results show that at the aggregate reporting level (that is, income statement), the use of sales order or production order activity as an allocation base tracks closely with performance levels experienced using more traditional allocation bases. However, the results indicate that the impact on calculated product costs would influence decision making within a firm in terms of sales emphasis, mix, and markets in which to expand and from which to exit. This approach toward cost allocation would be equal to other Enterprise Resource Planning system based solutions in terms of simplicity of maintenance while offering product cost accuracies relatively equal with unit-level focused ABC systems, without requiring the substantial maintenance costs.
Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Endophthalmitis

Purpose To report a case of trabeculectomy-associated endophthalmitis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Method Case report. Results The patient developed endophthalmitis 1 month after an uncomplicated trabeculectomy for primary open-angle glaucoma. Vitreous cultures grew abundant, highly penicillin-resistant S pneumoniae. Despite aggressive treatment with vitrectomy and intravitreal injections of vancomycin hydrochloride and amikacin sulfate, the patient had a poor visual outcome. Conclusion Penicillin-resistant S pneumoniae can cause endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy.
Novel 2-Dimensionally Periodic Non-Constant Mean Curvature Morphologies of 3-Miktoarm Star Terpolymers of Styrene, Isoprene, and Methyl Methacrylate

The morphology of a family of four 3-miktoarm star terpolymers of polystyrene (PS), polyisoprene (PI), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was studied. For three of the samples, the molecular weight of the PMMA block was systematically varied while that of the PS and PI blocks were held fixed. In the fourth sample, the PS and PMMA blocks were approximately of the same molecular weight and the PI was the majority component. In all terpolymers, the system displayed a three-phase, two-dimensionally periodic microstructure of an inner PI column with a surrounding PS annulus in a matrix of PMMA. For the two samples with the longer PMMA blocks (218 and 186 kg/mol), the PI−PS and PS−PMMA interfaces were cylindrical, whereas a unique nonconstant mean curvature (non-CMC) concentric diamond prism shape of the PI and PS microdomains occurred for the sample with the lowest molecular weight PMMA block (144 Kg/mol) as well as the polymer with the longer PI block. In these star terpolymers there are three chemically diff...
Cavity distribution effects on superplastic ductility of a eutectic Pb-Sn alloy

The study illustrates the importance of the distribution and alignment of holes as a factor in determining tensile elongations in Pb-Sn alloys. It is possible for a sample with more holes to give a higher elongation than ones with fewer holes. This seemingly counter-intuitive result can occur due to void distribution effects, with strain localization occurring at more cross-sections. A modification of the earlier model to incorporate simultaneous deformation of non-cavitated and cavitated sections resulted in predictions of failure elongations which are in fair agreement with experimental trends and results. This can also be used to explain the higher elongations obtained in some Al-Mg-Mn alloys with elongated cracked stringers than those without, under otherwise similar conditions.
Influence of damping on the snapping of a shallow arch under a step pressure load.

Abstract : The snapping of a simply-supported shallow sinusoidal arch under a sinusoidally distributed step pressure load is considered. In the presence of velocity-dependent damping of any nonzero magnitude, it is shown that there exists no difference between static and dynamic snap loads for arch rises above a certain magnitude and for sufficiently small external disturbances. Below the foregoing value of arch rise snapping is governed entirely by symmetric snap- through. The results obtained herein, when compared to an existing analysis on the subject, imply that a jump in the critical snap-through load occurs at the boundary between the damped and undamped systems. Similar results concerning cylinders and rings are mentioned.
Collaborating with correlation for energy efficient WSN

This paper describes a novel approach for collaboration in WSN that substantially reduces energy expenditure in the network by exploiting spatial correlation among nodes. The idea behind the scheme is that the whole range of measurements is partitioned into individual intervals, with each interval assigned to a unique subset of nodes. Each node needs only to determine whether its measured value falls within its assigned interval and transmit a binary decision to the sink. The base station, after gathering the responses of sufficiently large number of nodes, calculates the actual measurement value. This division of responsibilities across the network nodes enables our scheme to utilize collaborative transmissions by spatially clustered and highly correlated nodes. While maintaining a similar distortion level, the proposed scheme achieves in the worst case close to a factor of 2 in energy savings, compared to the standard approach of transmission of the measurement by a single node. The results are derived analytically, evaluated numerically, and confirmed by simulations.
40 GHz optical pulse generation using sinusoidally-driven travelling-wave electroabsorption modulator

Optical pulse generation at a 40 GHz repetition rate using a sinusoidally-driven high-modulation-efficiency travelling-wave electroabsorption modulator is reported. Travelling-wave behaviour is demonstrated by comparing the pulse generation in the co- and counter-propagation configurations and confirmed by a theoretical model.
The influence of slope aspect on soil weathering processes in the Springerville volcanic field, Arizona

Abstract A comparison was made between soils on north- and south-facing slopes of six cinder cones in the Springerville volcanic field (SVF), Arizona, in order to determine the influence of slope aspect on soil weathering processes. Twenty-four soil pedons were sampled on different aspects of six cinder cones. To control for the influence of slope on pedogenesis, all sample sites possessed slopes of 17±2°. Soil weathering processes were characterized by solum depth, texture, and Ca:Zr chemical weathering indices. Quartz and mica were used to identify eolian additions to the volcanic soils. Accelerated rates of weathering and soil development were found to occur in soils on south-facing slopes while no trend with aspect was found for eolian additions. Accelerated rates of weathering and soil development may influence cinder cone degradation and cone morphology.
Base Excision Repair in Early Zebrafish Development: Evidence for DNA Polymerase Switching and Standby AP Endonuclease Activity

The base excision repair (BER) pathway recognizes and repairs most nonbulky lesions, uracil and abasic (AP) sites in DNA. Several participants are embryonic lethals in knockout mice. Since the pathway has never been investigated during embryogenesis, we characterized the first three steps of BER in zebrafish extracts from unfertilized eggs, embryos at different developmental stages, and adults. Using a 45-mer double-stranded substrate with a U/G mispair at position 21, we showed that extracts from all stages are capable of performing BER. Before 3 days postfertilization (dpf), aphidicolin-sensitive polymerases perform most nucleotide insertion. In fact, eggs and early stage embryos lack DNA polymerase-β protein. After the eggs have hatched at 3 dpf, an aphidicolin-resistant polymerase, probably DNA polymerase-β, becomes the primary polymerase. Previously, we showed that when the zebrafish AP endonuclease protein (ZAP1) level is knocked down, embryos cease dividing after the initial phase of rapid prolifer...
Perspectives on World Order: A Review

This essay seeks to clarify the boundaries and characterize the content of world-order studies with a view to bringing some much-needed conceptual, analytical, and historical clarity and order to t...
Chordate testis: The extracellular matrix hypothesis

Testis structure in the chordates has been evaluated based upon relationships between primary spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, and the changes in the chronological secretion of the extracellular basement membrane. Prespermatocystic, polyspermatocystic, lobular, and tubular testicular types are described. In all chordates, germinal and interstitial compartments are separated by a basement membrane. The timing of the formation of this separation varies with the chordate class. Although primary spermatogonia are not initially separated from the interstitial tissue in agnathans and elasmobranchs, a basement membrane forms around secondary spermatogonia and associated Sertoli cells before meiosis. The spermatocyst so formed is a unit of testicular evolution. In fishes and amphibians, Sertoli cells, primary spermatogonia, and the subsequent stages of germ cell development reside in spermatocysts. They are always sequestered from interstitial tissues by a basement membrane. Sertoli cells rest upon the basement membrane and their processes form the borders of spermatocysts. I propose the Extracellular Matrix Hypothesis to explain how changes in the chronological formation of basement membranes resulted in the evolution of lobular and tubular testes from spermatocystic testes.
Growth of GaAs 1-x Sb x by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

Conditions for growth of GaAsQ1−x Sb1−x layers with x as high as 0.7 on GaAs substrates are described for temperatures between 580 and 650°C. Effects of substrate orientation on growth characteristics are noted, and comparisons of growth on (511)- and (100)-GaAs faces are made. The experimental results indicate growth is being controlled by surface reaction kinetics. A simple model based on kinetic control is presented and at least qualitatively explains the results.
Protecting Cryptographic Keys on Client Platforms Using Virtualization and Raw Disk Image Access

Software cryptosystems face the challenge of secure key management. Recent trends in breaking cryptosystems suggest that it is easier to steal the cryptographic keys from unsecure systems than to break the algorithm itself, a prominent example of such an attack is the cracking of the HD-DVD encryption. This paper presents two methods to hide cryptographic keys in an unsecure machine. The first methoduses virtualization to isolate the sections of memory that contain cryptographic keys from an untrusted guest operating system (OS). Virtualization is an effective method to provide isolation between trusted and un-trusted components of a system. This work makes the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)as a cryptographic service provider for guest OS. The second method provides techniques to securely retrieve and store keys in secondary storage. The information about key storage and retrieval is stored inside the application binary. On execution this section retrieves the key from secondary storage.
Evaluation of Serum and Seminal Plasma Markers in the Diagnosis of Canine Prostatic Disorders

Serum and seminal plasma concentrations or activities of acid phosphatase (AP), prostate specific antigen (PSA), and canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) were measured in normal dogs, dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and dogs with prostatic carcinoma to determine if these assays would be of value in differentiating dogs with prostatic carcinoma from normal dogs, and dogs with other prostatic disorders. In addition, tissue sections of prostatic adenocarcinomas were stained with antiprostatic AP, anti-CPSE, and anti-PSA antibodies to determine if these would be suitable immunohistochemical markers of prostatic carcinoma. Prostate-specific antigen was not detected in canine serum or seminal plasma. Serum and seminal AP activities did not differ significantly between normal dogs and those with prostatic diseases, or among dogs with different prostatic disorders. Serum CPSE activities were significantly higher in dogs with BPH than in normal dogs. Mean serum CPSE activities in dogs with BPH, bacterial prostatitis, and prostatic carcinoma were not significantly different from each other. Slight to moderate immunohistochemical staining of canine prostatic adenocarcinomas was noted for prostatic AP and PSA; most tumors did not stain for CPSE. These results show that proteins of prostatic origin appear in the serum of dogs as a result of prostatic pathology, especially BPH. Canine prostatic adenocarcinoma does not appear to be associated with significant increases in CPSE or AP activities, possibly because of down-regulation of these enzymes by prostatic carcinoma cells. It is also possible that failure to detect significant differences resulted from limited statistical power for some groups and pairwise analyses because of the small number of dogs evaluated.
Congenital hypothyroidism with a delayed thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation in very premature infants: incidence and growth and developmental outcomes.

Objective To test the hypothesis that very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants have an increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) with a delayed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) elevation and that the outcomes of these infants are similar to control infants. Study design Retrospective analysis of newborn thyroid screening data for 92 800 live births in Rhode Island to identify CH with a delayed TSH elevation. Developmental, growth, and endocrine outcomes of the index cases were assessed at 18 months corrected age. Results CH with a delayed TSH elevation occurred in 1 in 58 ELBW, 1 in 95 VLBW, and 1 in 30 329 infants weighing ≥1500 grams ( P th percentile was higher in VLBW infants with CH associated with a delayed TSH elevation ( P .05), and the mean head circumferences, weights, lengths, and developmental scores were similar to matched control infants. Three infants received short-term levothyroxine replacement. Conclusions The incidence of CH with a delayed TSH elevation was higher in ELBW and VLBW infants compared with infants weighing ≥1500 grams. The outcomes of these infants were comparable with matched control infants.
Rationality in the mind's eye: An alternative test of rational expectations using subjective forecast and evaluation data☆

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine if business managers' forecasts are rational in a constructionist sense. Adherents to constructivism believe that human senses do not convey “real reality”, but rather a set of experiences that are conditioned by beliefs and differences in innate cognitive attributes to yield a constructed and inherently subjective perception. We examine whether managers' forecasts, when measured against their own perceptions of reality, are rational. The Conference Board provides a data base that asks managers for a subjective prediction of the future, and a subjective evaluation of the past. Both the forecast and the evaluation are subjective, conceived in the mind of the forecaster. If rational expectations is a theory that accurately represents the decision process, then it should be reflected in data where the forecaster computes not only the prediction, but also the value of the parameter that was predicted. Thus, this data allows forecasts to be tested for rationality using managers' own perceptions as the basis for judgement. If rational expectations is an accurate representation of how economic actors form forecasts, then a mind's eye evaluation should show evidence of this rationality. Yet, though the managers generate both the forecast and the evaluation, they failed four of the five traditional tests for rationality.
Biosphere-human feedbacks: a physical geography perspective

Biogeography has many connections to people but fewer to human geography. Biogeography is connected to the four dimensions of anthropogenic global change, but most of this research is tied to land-use change. Biogeographers have studied several ways in which land use affects the patterns and dynamics of organisms, mostly in reference to remnants of habitat destruction, but the human dimensions of this relationship are more explicit in changing habitat quality. How biogeography affects land use is also studied, but research on topics such as ecosystem services needs more contributions from geographers. Feedbacks between people and the other organisms with which we live, with more fully linked models, are a general subject in which biogeographers can contribute to progress in the human dimensions of global change.
Building the world's supply of quinine: Dutch colonialism and the origins of a global pharmaceutical industry

Quinine, a naturally occurring alkaloid from the Cinchona tree, was one of the first drugs produced and sold by a global pharmaceutical industry during the nineteenth century. Factories in Europe and North America dominated the manufacturing industry, and between 1890 and 1940, Cinchona plantations on Java supplied most of the bark for the quinine pharmaceutical business. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Dutch colonial state kept a hands-off approach to the Cinchona enterprises, in keeping with its liberal orientation. But the persistent low-price for bark, which led to the near ruin of the Cinchona planters, eventually pushed the colonial state to actively protect the Cinchona plantations. Colonial officials sought to stabilize the colonial Cinchona export-business by encouraging the integration of the quinine industry on a global scale. Most important was the colonial state's sponsorship in 1913 of the Quinine Agreement, establishing a set price for Cinchona bark, which created the world's first pharmaceutical cartel. In the interwar period, an alliance of Dutch government officials, planters, scientists, doctors and drug-makers, working in both the motherland and the colony, actively promoted the expansion of quinine consumption, as well as the merit of the Quinine Agreement, which they argued supplied guaranteed a steady supply of quinine, all for the wellbeing of global humanity.
Spontaneous Fission Kinetics of Cf 252

A double ionization chamber is used to determine the spontaneous fission modes of ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$ [${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{fission})=66$ years]. The most probable energies of the light and heavy fragments are measured to be 107 and 79 Mev, respectively. The asymmetry of the process is found to agree with chemical mass-yield determinations. The results of the experiment are compared with the kinetics of other fission processes.
Lack of Recombination Between the Z-Linked Silver Feather Pattern Locus and the Break Point of a Chromosome Translocation: A Second Occurrence

A mating was conducted to test the linkage relationship between the Z-linked silver locus (S) and the NM 7659 t(Z;1) chromosome translocation. No recombinants between the break point and S were recovered (n = 187). A previous study had shown no recombination between the S locus and the MN t(Z;3) chromosome translocation. The proximity of these two break points and the endogenous retrovirus ev21 may indicate an unstable DNA segment in this region.
Effect of Planting Covers on Herbicide Persistence in Landscape Soils

Recent monitoring shows that the majority of urban streams in the United States are contaminated by pesticide residues, and the contamination is mainly due to runoff from residential landscapes. In this study we evaluated the effect of landscape planting on persistence of the herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba in soil under laboratory conditions. The herbicides exhibited substantially different persistence in the same soil type that had been subjected to different planting practices for about 6 years. In the 0-10 cm surface layer, the half-life of 2,4-D was 30.7 d in soil under trees, which was about 20 times longer than in soil planted with turf grass (1.6 d). The difference in 2,4-D persistence was closely correlated to the number of 2,4-D-degrading bacteria that had evolved in the soils. The half-life of dicamba was much longer in soil under a tree canopy (149 d) than in mulched soil (7.9 d). The rate of dicamba degradation was proportional to soil organic matter content. This study indicates that planting practices can modify soil chemical properties and microbial activity and may further affect pesticide runoff potential by influencing pesticide degradation. Characterizing pesticide behavior as a function of planting covers may improve our understanding of pesticide runoff in urban environments and also help to identify strategies for minimizing pesticide contamination to urban streams.
Enhancing volumetric sweep efficiency in waterfloods using in-situ non-conductive barrier fractures

Abstract For long, early water breakthrough has been a major concern for the operators during the life of a waterflood. Early breakthroughs can result in large quantities of produced water and consequently increase the overall cost per barrel of produced oil. In more severe cases, this can result in premature shut-in of wells. The oil and gas industry has developed a host of technologies to improve the sweep efficiency of waterfloods. These methods include the use of certain injection/production patterns, drilling horizontal and deviated wells, use of special chemicals as well as inflow control devices (ICDs). The purpose of the first two methods is to create an even movement of injection fluid across the reservoir. Special chemicals have been used to divert the injected fluid to eliminate channeling and to improve sweep efficiency. Inflow control devices have been used to delay water or gas breakthrough, making possible a more efficient drainage of the reservoir while maximizing recovery. The technique presented in this work involves creating a physical barrier to flow by introducing a fracture to the formation at a strategic location. his fracture is then filled with a conformance fluid and eventually becomes impermeable. The effectiveness of the proposed technique in increasing the recovery of waterfloods was investigated. A sensitivity analysis was then performed on the effects of various factors on the performance of the proposed technique. It is shown that implementing the proposed method can improve ultimate oil recovery mainly by delaying the breakthrough.
Trapping of reactive intermediates in dienone photochemistry by amines

Abstract Irradiation of 4-methyl-4-trichloromethyl-2,5-cyclohexadienones in amine solvents leads to the formation of the corresponding dichloromethyl cyclohexadienones by a process involving electron transfer from the amines to zwitterion intermediates.
The Most Important Course in the University

Three types of freedom are distinguished, discussed, and related to one another. These types of freedom are argued to lie at the heart of liberal education and to elucidate essential meanings of the term “liberal” in that context. These freedoms of a liberal arts education are also shown to bear crucially on the intellectual, moral, and spiritual development of undergraduate students in the university.
New-Onset Neurologic Deficits After General Anesthesia for MRI

Two patients with spine disease were unable to tolerate supine placement for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of severe back pain. General anesthesia was administered to enable the patients to undergo MRI. Both patients awakened from anesthesia with new-onset paraplegia and underwent emergency decompressive laminectomy. Acute paraplegia after anesthesia occurs infrequently and is most commonly associated with mechanical injury, vascular compromise, or anesthetic technique. The physical limitations of the MRI environment make it difficult to position some patients in a manner that accommodates their pathophysiology and may place certain patients at risk of neurologic compromise. For this subset of patients, the necessity of MRI with general anesthesia should be reassessed and alternative imaging methods considered.
Platelet α2 adrenoceptors in human and canine narcolepsy

We have recently established that canine narcolepsy (an autosomal recessive genetic model of the human disorder) is dramatically improved by treatment with alpha 2 antagonists such as yohimbine (Nishino et al: J Pharmacol Exp Ther 253:1145-1152, 1990). To further investigate the role of alpha 2 adrenoceptors in narcolepsy, receptors labeled with [3H] yohimbine were examined on platelets from human and canine narcoleptic subjects. Twenty-eight Doberman pinschers were studied, 7 controls (C), 7 heterozygous (Hz), and 14 narcoleptics (N) (age and sex matched), including eight animals born in a backcross setting (narcoleptic x heterozygous; 5 narcoleptics and 3 heterozygous). The Kd and Bmax of each group respectively, were as follows: C, Kd = 2.86 +/- 0.76 nmol/L, Bmax = 295.78 +/- 31.89 fmol/mg protein; Hz, Kd = 2.06 +/- 0.23 nmol/L, Bmax = 307.02 +/- 22.21 fmol/mg protein; and N, Kd = 2.72 +/- 0.45 nmol/L, Bmax = 267.52 +/- 19.47 fmol/mg protein. No statistical differences were found between groups using nonparametric (Kruskall-Wallis) statistical procedures, and there were no correlations between any binding parameter and symptom severity within the narcoleptic group. Platelet alpha 2 receptor affinity and density also did not differ between narcoleptic and heterozygous dogs in the backcross litter (N [n = 5], Kd = 1.94 +/- 0.59 nmol/L, Bmax = 290.6 +/- 64.7 fmol/mg protein; Hz [n = 3], Kd = 2.83 +/- 0.47 nmol/L, Bmax = 294.2 +/- 42.9 fmol/mg protein). Fourteen human subjects, seven control and seven narcoleptic patients (age and sex matched), were included in the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Kinetics and mechanism of elimination of hydrogen fluoride from fluorinated succinic acids

Abstract About a decade ago the author described a rather surprising base-promoted elimination of hydrogen fluoride in preference to hydrogen bromide from methyl and ethyl esters of α-bromo-α′-fluorosuccinic acids (J. Fluorine Chem. 1972, 2 , 1). In order to gain a deeper insight into this rare and quite unique reaction rates of base-promoted elimination of hydrogen fluoride from erythro- and threo-α-bromo-α′-fluorosuccinic acids were measured using proton NMR technique. The rates were compared with the rates of elimination of hydrogen fluoride from fluorinated succinic acids. The ease of elimination of hydrogen fluoride increases in the series: DL-α,α′-difluorosuccinic acid, meso-α,α′-difluorosuccinic acid, fluorosuccinic acid, and α,α′-difluorosuccinic acid. Surprisingly, meso-α,α′-difluorosuccinic acid undergoes dehydrohalogenation more rapidly than its DL-diastereomer. This finding contrasts with dehydrobromination of meso- and DL-dibromosuccinic acids where the meso-isomer reacts less rapidly than the DL-form. Both diastereomeric bromofluorosuccinic acids undergo dehydrofluorination preferentially to dehydrobromination. The rates of dehydrofluorination of both erythro- and threo-α-bromo-α-fluorosuccinic acids are comparable and much higher than those of any fluorinated succinic acid. An explanation of the reactions will be offered and a possible mechanism will be proposed based on the role of hydrogen bonds in the conformations of transition states and on the stereochemical outcome of the dehydrofluorinations.
Further examination of fuzzy linear regression

Abstract Fuzzy linear regression was originally introduced by Tanaka et al. (1982) Sakawa and Yano (1992) expanded fuzzy linear regression by introducing a method that allows fuzzy independent variables as well as a fuzzy dependent variable. The purpose of this paper is to examine the strengths and weaknesses of this formulation, suggest possible improvements, and discuss fundamental questions about fuzzy linear regression.
Nutrient Uptake in Plant Parts of Sixteen Forages Fertilized with Poultry Litter

Poultry litter used as fertilizer for forages often results in nutrient accumulation in soils over time. Maximizing nutrient uptake by forages would facilitate nutrient removal from litter-treated soils when the plants are mechanically harvested. This study compared N, P, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations and distribution in plant parts of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) with 15 other cool-season forages fertilized with poultry litter. Annual ryegrass, three cereals, and 12 legumes were seeded in a pasture at Collins, MS, on a Savannah fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudult) fertilized with poultry litter. Each species was harvested at full maturity and separated into root, stem, leaf, and flower components, and N, P, K, Cu, and Zn concentration and content of each component was determined. Most legumes had greater P, Cu, and Zn concentrations than annual ryegrass in many plant parts. Content of P, Cu, and Zn was similar between annual ryegrass and legumes due to greater dry matter yield of annual ryegrass compared with legumes. Stems, especially oat (Avena saliva L.) stems, had the lowest NIP ratio of all plant parts, which was more comparable to the NIP ratio of poultry litter. Nitrogen concentration was highly correlated with P, Cu, and Zn concentrations in aboveground plant parts, suggesting that improvements in N fertility would improve P, Cu, and Zn concentration in plants. To maximize P uptake in poultry litter-fertilized forages, management practices and breeding objectives should concentrate on optimizing stem production, while maintaining palatability, because almost 60% of total P in forages is located in stems.
Implementation of an innovation in the ophthalmic operating room: The memory lens

Abstract I have participated in the evolution of the cataract procedure for the last 23 years. This year, as nursing director for an eye surgery center, I was responsible for the implementation of a new prerolled intraocular lens: The Memory lens. I review 5 implementation strategies, which are: • ⊎Be open to recently approved products • ⊎Utilize all company resources • ⊎Introduce, train, train, train • ⊎Evaluate, review, review, review • ⊎Enjoy the questions and attention from others considering the innovation The implementation of this innovation confirmed both my and the operating room staff's ability to change and reaffirmed their commitment to achieve the resultant patient benefits.
Behavioral aspects of competition in a three-species rodent guild of coastal southern California

The influence of vole cycles on the demography, spatial organization, and abundance of potential rodent competitors was studied in three California rodents in the laboratory and in the field. Population densities ofMicrotus californicus were inversely correlated with reproductive success in two potential competitors (Reithrodontomys megalotis andMus musculus). Additionally, high-density vole populations forced these species into suboptimal habitats. During low-density vole populations,Reithrodontomys andMus left their refugia, expanded their usage of habitat, were more active, and their reproductive success was greater. Thus, this work suggests that during vole population peaks, competition with sympatric species of mice is severe. Conversely, when vole populations decline, competition is relaxed. The temporal and spatial organization of the three-species complex supports models of nonequilibrium and fugitive species coexistence.
Communication Stereotypes and Perceptions of Managers

Previous research has documented that gender and racial stereotypes affect beliefs about communication style. This study sought to investigate whether these stereotypes would be replicated in a sam...
A CCD X-Ray Detector Performance Model*

We describe a model which predicts the performance characteristics of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) detectors being developed for use in X-ray imaging. The model accounts for the interactions of both X-rays and charged particles with the CCD, and simulates the transport and loss of charge in the detector. Predicted performance parameters include detective and net quantum efficiencies, split-event probability and a parameter characterizing the effective thickness presented by the detector to cosmic-ray protons. The predicted performance of two CCDs of different epitaxial layer thicknesses is compared. The model predicts that, in each device, incomplete recovery of the charge liberated by a photon of energy between 0.1 and 10 keV is very likely to be accompanied by charge splitting between adjacent pixels. The implications of the model predictions for CCD data processing algorithms are briefly discussed.
The GF11 parallel computer: programming and performance

Abstract GF11 is a parallel computer operational at IBM's T.J. Watson Research Center. It is based on the SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) model of parallel computing. GF11 attains its peak execution rate of 11.3 Gigaflops by using 566 identical processing elements, each capable of delivering 20 Megaflops. The processors communicate through a 576× 576 Benes network. The network provides 11.3 Gigabytes/sec of communication bandwidth to the processors and allows the processors to dynamically reconfigure themselves into arrays of various dimensions and sizes or other patterns such as a tree, hypercube, etc. GF11 has several architectural enhancements to circumvent the limitations of the standard SIMD model. Preliminary benchmarking efforts on some applications indicate that near peak performance can be sustained on most applications. The architecture of GF11 is summarized in this paper and implementation of matrix multiplication, shallow water equations, and galaxy formation codes are discussed.
Spillover alleviation for nonlinear active control of vibration

The paper discusses the application of nonlinear saturation controls based on the second method of Lyapunov to the active control of vibration of linear structures. The spillover instability associated with the neglected dynamics is demonstrated. A spillover alleviation procedure is presented and demonstrated. It consists of a local modification of the control in the vicinity of the equilibrium, which makes the composite system (controlled modes-observer-neglected dynamics) benefit from the inherent stability properties of the open loop system.
Chlordane: effects on several estuarine organisms.

Dynamic marine toxicity tests were performed with technical grade chlordane and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides). The 96‐hr LC 50 s (and 95% confidence limits) based on measured concentrations of chlordane (in μg/liter) are: pink shrimp, 0.4 (0.3–0.6); grass shrimp, 4.8 (4.0–6.0); sheepshead minnows, 24.5 (19.9–28.6); and pinfish, 6.4 (5.0–7.3). The 96‐hr EC 50 for eastern oysters was 6.2 (4.8–7.9). In a flow‐through test, embryos and fry of sheepshead minnows were exposed to average measured concentrations of chlordane from 1.3 to 36.0 μg/liter for 28 days. Neither fertilization success nor embryo survival was affected by the concentrations of chlordane to which these life stages were exposed. However, sheepshead minnow fry did not survive for more than 10 days in chlordane concentrations greater than 7.1 μg/liter.
MODERN BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA OF THE GULF OF MEXICO: A CENSUS REPORT

A new literature survey, based on 157 publications, documents the presence of 987 extant species of benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico; they are listed here. Thirty-six (4%) species are endemic to the Gulf and 33 (3%) are relict (presently restricted to the Gulf but with a fossil record in other areas), whereas 349 (35%) show a cosmopolitan distribution. The remaining 569 (58%) species are regarded as non-cosmopolitan. This pattern of species distribution does not fit either the ubiquity model or the moderate endemicity model proposed for the biogeography of protists.
The influence of flatfoot deformity on the gliding resistance of tendons about the ankle

Background: Various tendinopathies occur about the ankle, but there are few publications investigating their etiology or pathoanatomy. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the gliding resistance of the tendons about the posteromedial ankle: the posterior tibial (PT), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendons. Materials and Methods: The gliding abilities of the posterior tibial, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus tendons at the anklehindfoot level were compared, in terms of gliding resistance, with use of a system that was developed in this laboratory. Six cadaveric specimens were used and tested in a dorsiflexed position, then in simulated flatfoot in a dorsiflexed position. Results: The gliding resistance was found to be significantly greater in the simulated flatfoot in dorsiflexion compared to the dorsiflexed position with an intact arch for the PT, FDL, and FHL tendons. The gliding resistance was significantly higher in the PT tendon than FD...
On the forecast of cumulative precipitation at subseasonal time-scales over the Sahel

[1] The Sahel, which is considered to be amongst the climate sensitive regions for its history of droughts and famine, and excessive precipitation and disease, is also a source for easterly waves, which upon encountering favorable conditions over the Atlantic Ocean, transform into hurricanes. Benefits from the successful forecast of key variables at subseasonal time scales are obvious. We demonstrate the capacity of the current operational version of the Climate Forecasting System (CFS) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to provide skillful forecasts of cumulative precipitation at subseasonal time-scales over the Sahel region. For this we use the database of subseasonal-to-seasonal retrospective forecasts conducted at NCEP for the period from 1982 to 2004. Both measures of deterministic and probabilistic scores are used.