cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Program Director Perceptions of Surgical Resident Training and Patient Care under Flexible Duty Hour Requirements

Background The Flexibility in Duty Hour Requirements for Surgical Trainees (FIRST) trial was a national, cluster-randomized, pragmatic, noninferiority trial of 117 general surgery programs, comparing standard ACGME resident duty hour requirements ("Standard Policy") to flexible, less-restrictive policies ("Flexible Policy"). Participating program directors (PDs) were surveyed to assess their perceptions of patient care, resident education, and resident well-being during the study period. Study Design A survey was sent to all PDs of the general surgery residency programs participating in the FIRST trial (N = 117 [100% response rate]) in June and July 2015. The survey compared PDs' perceptions of the duty hour requirements in their arm of the FIRST trial during the study period from July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2015. Results One hundred percent of PDs in the Flexible Policy arm indicated that residents used their additional flexibility in duty hours to complete operations they started or to stabilize a critically ill patient. Compared with the Standard Policy arm, PDs in the Flexible Policy arm perceived a more positive effect of duty hours on the safety of patient care (68.9% vs 0%; p Conclusions Program directors involved in the FIRST trial perceived improvements in patient safety, continuity of care, and multiple aspects of resident education and well-being with flexible duty hours.
Effect of solid rocket propellants well-washing equipment

With the function of jet stream,vibration,and airlift as flushing principle,a new effective well-washing equipment was designed to meet the needs of the modern high-tech war and to improve the quick supply ability of the feedwater-troops.It uses the solid rocket engine as an air-making equipment.Based on the data of pumping test,the new method of well-washing was evaluated,and the advantages and disadvantages with those of other well-washing methods compared.The experiment proves that this new well-washing machine is not only portable,quick and effective,but also enrichs the theory of well-washing,which is important to improve the effiencicy of the feedwater troops.
Performance and digestion by steers grazing tall fescue and supplemented with energy and protein.

We studied the effects of different levels of protein and energy supplementation on BW gains and sites of nutrient digestion in steers grazing the primary growth of endophyte-infected tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb cv. Kentucky 31). Angus steers (n = 168; mean BW = 246.8 + 15.0 kg) grazed tall fescue without supplementation (C) or were supplemented with 1.4 kg/d of cracked corn ( CC 1 ), 1.4 kg/d of corn gluten feed (CGF 1 ), 2.8 kg/d of CC (CC 2 ), 2.8 kg/d of CGF (CGF 2 ), or.7 kg/d of cornstarch and.7 kg/d of corn gluten meal (CS-CGM) during an 85-d period in a randomized complete block design. Supplemented steers (S) had a higher (P = .03) ADG than the control steers (.64 vs.74 kg/d). There was an interaction (P =.02) between supplement type and level. Supplementation during the grazing period had no effect on subsequent feedlot ADG (average 1.3 kg/d). In a digestion study, Angus x Simmental steers (n = 4; 412 + 20.4 kg) fitted with cannulas in the esophagus, rumen, and duodenum grazed tall fescue ( C ), C + 3.1 kg/d CGF, C + 3.1 kg/d of cracked corn (CC ), or C + 1.4 kg/d CS-CGM over four experimental periods in a Latin square design. The ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration tended to be higher (P .10) among treatments. Duodenal N flows and efficiencies of net ruminal microbial protein synthesis were not different (P >.10) among treatments. Supplementation of steers grazing primary growth of tall fescue improved animal gain but did not have a great effect on ruminal fermentation, OM digestion, or net ruminal microbial protein synthesis.
Trauma: life in the ER--education or entertainment? The patient's perspective.

Objectives To determine whether patients felt that the show Trauma: Life in the ER has primarily educational or entertainment value. To determine if people felt that this show violated privacy. Methods Survey in an academic emergency department. Subjects were asked to participate in an initial survey, then asked to watch video clips from the show and complete a second survey. Results Three hundred ninety two participated in the initial survey. Fifty-six percent surveyed had seen the program, and of those, 55% stated that they watched the show for both educational and entertainment value. Of the initial participants, 267 watched the video and completed the second survey. Sixty-four percent stated that they would feel comfortable being filmed without prior permission. Eighteen percent of patients felt that the show violated patients' privacy. Conclusions Most patients felt that this show was educational and did not invade their privacy. The majority were willing to be filmed for this television show, even without prior permission.
Reinforced Concrete Technology

Concrete and reinforced concrete are extremely versatile building materials. Concrete, which essentially is a man-made stone, can take virtually any shape and form the designer envisions. Because concrete is like a heavy liquid when produced, it is poured into a mold and, when hardened, will take the shape of the pre-built form.
Preparation and Analysis of Aortic Ring Cultures for the Study of Angiogenesis Ex Vivo

Protocols outlined in this chapter illustrate how to prepare and analyze angiogenic cultures of rat or mouse aorta. Aortic rings embedded in gels of extracellular matrix generate vascular outgrowths that can be visualized and monitored over time with inverted microscopy. The angiogenic response is measured by counting vessels or with image analysis. The expression of angioregulatory genes is evaluated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and ELISA. Angiogenesis is modulated by adding growth factors, cytokines or chemical inhibitors to the growth medium. Aortic rings isolated from genetically modified animals or transduced with viral vectors are used to evaluate how gene disruption or overexpression affects the angiogenic response. Aortic ring cultures can be used to investigate molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis and test the efficacy of stimulators and inhibitors of the angiogenic process. As such this assay is an invaluable tool for both basic and applied angiogenesis research.
Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Modulates the Postsynaptic Response of Cerebral Cortical Neurons to the Presynaptic Release of Glutamate

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine proteinase released by the presynaptic terminal of cerebral cortical neurons following membrane depolarization (Echeverry et al., 2010). Recent studies indicate that the release of tPA triggers the synaptic vesicle cycle and promotes the exocytosis (Wu et al., 2015) and endocytic retrieval (Yepes et al., 2016) of glutamate-containing synaptic vesicles. Here we used electron microscopy, proteomics, quantitative phosphoproteomics, biochemical analyses with extracts of the postsynaptic density (PSD), and an animal model of cerebral ischemia with mice overexpressing neuronal tPA to study whether the presynaptic release of tPA also has an effect on the postsynaptic terminal. We found that tPA has a bidirectional effect on the composition of the PSD of cerebral cortical neurons that is independent of the generation of plasmin and the presynaptic release of glutamate, but depends on the baseline level of neuronal activity and the extracellular concentrations of calcium (Ca2+). Accordingly, in neurons that are either inactive or incubated with low Ca2+ concentrations tPA induces phosphorylation and accumulation in the PSD of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (pCaMKIIα), followed by pCaMKIIα-mediated phosphorylation and synaptic recruitment of GluR1-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In contrast, in neurons with previously increased baseline levels of pCaMKIIα in the PSD due to neuronal depolarization in vivo or incubation with high concentrations of either Ca2+ or glutamate in vitro, tPA induces pCaMKIIα and pGluR1 dephosphorylation and their subsequent removal from the PSD. We found that these effects of tPA are mediated by synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-induced phosphorylation of the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) at T320. Our data indicate that by regulating the pCaMKIIα/PP1 balance in the PSD tPA acts as a homeostatic regulator of the postsynaptic response of cerebral cortical neurons to the presynaptic release of glutamate.
SURVEILLANCE METHODS FOR VIRUSES IN FOODS1

Viruses contaminate foods and sometimes cause illnesses in consumers. Methods have been needed for detection of foodborne viruses both in routine field samples and in samples associated with outbreaks of disease. Viruses are detected by inoculating living hosts such as tissue cultures or laboratory animals. Food samples, made fluid if necessary, can be inoculated directly into the test host. This approach has resulted in several isolations of viruses from field samples of foods. If greater sensitivities are desired, larger samples must be tested. This usually requires that the sample be concentrated before inoculation into the test host, and concentration can be performed only if food solids in the suspension are at a minimum. A family of methods has been developed for extraction and detection of enteroviruses from food samples. More recently, a procedure for dislodging enteroviruses from food surfaces has been devised. These procedures do not possess all of the desired properties of an ideal test method....
Alkyl halide photochemistry on Ag(111) : I. Ethyl chloride

Abstract The chemistry, thermal and photo, of ethyl chloride (C 2 H 5 Cl) adsorbed on Ag(111) at 100 K has been studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), work function change (Δφ), ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS, XPS). Thermally, desorption of adsorbed C 2 H 5 Cl occurs molecularly at 124 K (physisorbed) and 154 K (chemisorbed) and there is no detectable decomposition. UV irradiation leads to bond breaking, interpreted by analogy with well-establish literature, in terms of C-C1 cleavage. While some hydrocarbon fragments, probably C 2 H 5 , desorb during irradiation, a fraction is retained and recombines to form butane (C 4 H 10 ) in post-irradiation TPD. There is no evidence for CC or CH bond breaking. All Cl accumulates on the surface and desorbs as AgCl above 700 K in post-irradiation TPD. There is no photodesorption of molecular C 2 H 5 Cl. The cross section for the photodissociation of a chemisorbed monolayer of C 2 H 5 Cl is ∼ 2.6 × 10 −20 cm 2 at 254 nm (4.9 eV). It decreases with increasing wavelength and has a threshold of 350–380 nm (3.3–3.5 eV). The average photolysis cross section decreases with increasing initial C 2 H 5 Cl coverages. For physisorbed multilayers, the photodissociation has a lower rate and higher threshold (∼ 4.1 eV). The thresholds for both physisorbed and chemisorbed C 2 H 5 Cl are lower than for gas phase photodissociation. The results are discussed in terms of substrate excitation processes, quenching by the substrate and by neighboring adsorbed molecules, and the inactivity of Ag toward CC and CH bond breaking.
Toward accurately modeling N-methylated cyclic peptides

Cyclic peptides have unique properties and can target protein surfaces specifically and potently. N-Methylation provides a promising way to further optimize the pharmacokinetic and structural profiles of cyclic peptides. The capability to accurately model structures adopted by N-methylated cyclic peptides would facilitate rational design of this interesting and useful class of molecules. We apply molecular dynamics simulations with advanced enhanced sampling methods to efficiently characterize the structural ensembles of N-methylated cyclic peptides, while simultaneously evaluating the overall performance of several simulation force fields. We find that one of the residue-specific force fields, RSFF2, is able to recapitulate experimental structures of the N-methylated cyclic peptide benchmarks tested here when the correct amide isomers are used as initial configurations and enforced during the simulations. Thus, using our simulation approach, it is possible to accurately and efficiently predict the structures of N-methylated cyclic peptides if sufficient information is available to determine the correct amide cis/trans configuration. Moreover, our results suggest that, upon further optimization of RSFF2 to more reliably predict cis/trans isomers, molecular dynamics simulations will be able to de novo predict N-methylated cyclic peptides in the near future, strongly motivating such continued optimization.
Knowledge of Prostate Cancer and Screening Among Young Multiethnic Black Men

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of prostate cancer and screening and its associated factors in young Black men aged 18 to 40 years. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a convenience sample of 267 young Black men in Austin, Texas. Knowledge about prostate cancer and screening was operationalized through 14 items, including 12 items from the Knowledge about Prostate Cancer Screening Questionnaire (PC knowledge), and two items assessing dietary knowledge and prostate cancer screening controversy. PC knowledge scores were regressed on age, cues to action, health screening experience, and demographic/personal factors. Most participants were African American men of American origin (65.3%) and were college freshmen (18.9%). PC knowledge scores were low, with mean correct responses of 28.5%, mean knowledge score of 5.25 ± 3.81 (possible score range of 0 to 14, with higher scores indicating higher PC knowledge) and a median score of 5.00. On average, 47% of the respondents replied "Don't Know" to the questions. Overall, PC knowledge scores were low among these young Black men, especially in domains related to risk factors, screening age guidelines, limitations, and diet. It is thus important that these men be educated more on these important domains of prostate cancer and screening so that the decision to screen or not will be an informed one. Health screening experience, residence area, major field of study, and academic classification were significant predictors of knowledge.
Retributivism's Conjoined Twins Problem

Retributivism holds twin duties to punish all who are guilty and none who are innocent. This Article introduces a novel problem to the centuries-old debate on the retributivist justification of punishment. Using the problem of conjoined twins, where only one has committed a crime, this Article demonstrates retributivism’s inadequacy to serve as a comprehensive theory of punishment. Because the twins are conjoined, any punishment inflicted upon the guilty twin will necessarily be imposed upon the innocent. Applying retributivism’s core tenets to resolve the problem proves impossible. After considering all possible solutions to the problem, retributivists are left with no choice but to violate one of retributivism’s core duties. The retributivist must either punish the guilty and violate his negative duty not to punish the innocent, or forgo punishing the innocent and violate his positive duty to punish the guilty.
Cost Analysis of a Surgical Consensus Guideline in Breast-Conserving Surgery

Background The Society of Surgical Oncology and American Society of Radiation Oncology consensus statement was the first professional guideline in breast oncology to declare "no ink on tumor" as a negative margin in patients with stages I/II breast cancer undergoing breast-conservation therapy. We sought to analyze the financial impact of this guideline at our institution using a historic cohort. Study Design We identified women undergoing re-excision after breast-conserving surgery for invasive breast cancer from 2010 through 2013 using a prospectively maintained institutional database. Clinical and billing data were extracted from the medical record and from administrative resources using CPT codes. Descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. Results Of 254 women in the study population, 238 (93.7%) had stage I/II disease and 182 (71.7%) had invasive disease with ductal carcinoma in situ. A subcohort of 83 patients (32.7%) who underwent breast-conservation therapy for stage I/II disease without neoadjuvant chemotherapy had negative margins after the index procedure, per the Society of Surgical Oncology and American Society of Radiation Oncology guideline. The majority had invasive ductal carcinoma (n = 70 [84.3%]) and had invasive disease (n = 45 [54.2%]), and/or ductal carcinoma in situ (n = 49 [59.0%]) within 1 mm of the specimen margin. Seventy-nine patients underwent 1 re-excision and 4 patients underwent 2 re-excisions, accounting for 81 hours of operative time. Considering facility fees and primary surgeon billing alone, the overall estimated cost reduction would have been $195,919, or $2,360 per affected patient, under the guideline recommendations. Conclusions Implementation of the Society of Surgical Oncology and American Society of Radiation Oncology consensus guideline holds great potential to optimize resource use. Application of the guideline to a retrospective cohort at our institution would have decreased the overall re-excision rate by 5.6% and reduced costs by nearly $200,000. Additional analysis of patient outcomes and margin assessment methods is needed to define the long-term impact on surgical practice.
Some Clarifications on the Meaning of a Behavior Analysis of Child Development

Publications over the past 15 years indicate that many of the salient features of a behavior analysis of child development are misunderstood. Five misconceptions are discussed here. They include the impressions that: (a) a behavior analysis of child development is a variation of learning theory (or stimulus-response theory) and, like all learning theories, it is too simplistic to explain child development; (b) the theory, even when differentiated from learning theory, cannot cope with complex behaviors, particularly the development and functioning of language; (c) a behavior analysis of development and of the other domains of psychology, such as abnormal psychology, does not explain research findings in theoretical terms; (d) the theory views the child as a passive organism, as one who contributes little or nothing to his or her development; and (e) the application of a behavior analysis of child development to child-rearing practices, early childhood education, and child therapy may produce harmful effects.
Age‐associated intracellular superoxide dismutase deficiency potentiates dermal fibroblast dysfunction during wound healing

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) impair wound healing through destructive oxidation of intracellular proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD1) regulates ROS levels and plays a critical role in tissue homoeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that age-associated wound healing impairments may partially result from decreased SOD1 expression. We investigated the mechanistic basis by which increased oxidative stress links to age-associated impaired wound healing. Fibroblasts were isolated from unwounded skin of young and aged mice, and myofibroblast differentiation was assessed by measuring α-smooth muscle actin and collagen gel contraction. Excisional wounds were created on young and aged mice to study the healing rate, ROS levels and SOD1 expression. A mechanistic link between oxidative stress and fibroblast function was explored by assessing the TGF-β1 signalling pathway components in young and aged mice. Age-related wounds displayed reduced myofibroblast differentiation and delayed wound healing, consistent with a decrease in the in vitro capacity for fibroblast-myofibroblast transition following oxidative stress. Young fibroblasts with normal SOD1 expression exhibited increased phosphorylation of ERK in response to elevated ROS. In contrast, aged fibroblasts with reduced SOD1 expression displayed a reduced capacity to modulate intracellular ROS. Collectively, age-associated wound healing impairments are associated with fibroblast dysfunction that is likely the result of decreased SOD1 expression and subsequent dysregulation of intracellular ROS. Strategies targeting these mechanisms may suggest a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of chronic non-healing wounds in the aged population.
Application of Response Surface Methods To Determine Conditions for Optimal Genomic Prediction

An epistatic genetic architecture can have a significant impact on prediction accuracies of genomic prediction (GP) methods. Machine learning methods predict traits comprised of epistatic genetic architectures more accurately than statistical methods based on additive mixed linear models. The differences between these types of GP methods suggest a diagnostic for revealing genetic architectures underlying traits of interest. In addition to genetic architecture, the performance of GP methods may be influenced by the sample size of the training population, the number of QTL, and the proportion of phenotypic variability due to genotypic variability (heritability). Possible values for these factors and the number of combinations of the factor levels that influence the performance of GP methods can be large. Thus, efficient methods for identifying combinations of factor levels that produce most accurate GPs is needed. Herein, we employ response surface methods (RSMs) to find the experimental conditions that produce the most accurate GPs. We illustrate RSM with an example of simulated doubled haploid populations and identify the combination of factors that maximize the difference between prediction accuracies of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and support vector machine (SVM) GP methods. The greatest impact on the response is due to the genetic architecture of the population, heritability of the trait, and the sample size. When epistasis is responsible for all of the genotypic variance and heritability is equal to one and the sample size of the training population is large, the advantage of using the SVM method vs. the BLUP method is greatest. However, except for values close to the maximum, most of the response surface shows little difference between the methods. We also determined that the conditions resulting in the greatest prediction accuracy for BLUP occurred when genetic architecture consists solely of additive effects, and heritability is equal to one.
Effects of structure on the performance of latex nanoparticles as a pseudostationary phase in electrokinetic chromatography.

The fundamental relationships between the structure and chemistry of latex nanoparticles synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) controlled living polymerization and their subsequent performance as pseudostationary phases (PSP) are reported in this paper. RAFT enables the rational optimization of latex nanoparticle pseudostationary phases and control of the behavior of the PSP. Nanoparticles comprised of amphiphilic diblock copolymers of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid-derived ionic/hydrophilic blocks and butyl- ethyl- or methyl-acrylate-derived hydrophobic blocks were synthesized in two sizes. The mobility, methylene selectivity, and efficiency of each of the six pseudostationary phases are reported, as well as the relationship between monomer quantity and NP size. Linear solvation energy relationships are reported and compared to SDS micelles and previous nanoparticle pseudostationary phases. The solvation characteristics and selectivity of nanoparticle pseudostationary phases is shown to be affected primarily by the structure of the hydrophobic copolymer block. Butyl acrylate nanoparticles 17 nm in diameter are found to provide the best overall separation performance with over 500 thousand theoretical plates generated in 6 min separations.
How Team Interlock Ecosystems Shape the Assembly of Scientific Teams: A Hypergraph Approach.

Today’s most pressing scientific problems necessitate scientific teamwork; the increasing complexity and specialization of knowledge render “lone geniuses” ill-equipped to make high-impact scientif...
Distraction Osteogenesis of the Orthopedic Skeleton: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications

Distraction osteogenesis is a unique biologic process of new bone formation between the surfaces of bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction. Depending on the anatomic site where the traction is induced, distraction osteogenesis techniques are divided into callotasis (distraction of fracture callus) and physeal distraction (distraction of the bone growth plate). Callotasis, or gradual stretching of the reparative callus forming around osteotomized bone segments, has been utilized as the predominant method of distraction osteogenesis in experimental models and clinical applications.
Naturalistically observing noncancer conversations among couples coping with breast cancer.

Objective This study revealed the landscape of noncancer conversations, identifying topics and types of everyday conversation, and examined links to psychological adjustment among couples coping with breast cancer. Methods Fifty-two couples wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) over 1 weekend and self-reported psychological adjustment while patients were on treatment. The EAR sampled 50 s of ambient sound every 9 minutes to estimate the frequency of noncancer conversation and reveal topics and types of conversation. Results Analyses revealed noncancer conversations comprised over 93% of conversations. The most common topic discussed was people. Substantive conversation was associated with better, while emotional disclosure was associated with worse, well-being for patients, but not spouses. Conclusions Results revealed that ordinary conversations are frequent among couples who face breast cancer, and they are associated with patients' psychological adjustment, providing a foundation for potential interventions for coping with cancer that do not focus on illness.
Changing International Financial Architecture: Growing Chinese Influence?

It is often said that the 21st century will be the Asian century. Based on population and gross domestic product projections, it certainly looks as if this will be so. Will the existing international financial institutions give more voices, votes, and top positions to Asia? Or will Asia create its own institutions that would rival the old architecture? This present paper argues, first, that China, and possibly India, will be in a position to be so influential that the international financial architecture may have to go through significant changes. Second, the three large crises in the last 20 years have made Asian countries more confident that they can manage capital flows by accumulating large foreign reserves and by adopting sound macrofinancial policies. After 2009, China started to push various initiatives that will amount to creating its own sphere of influence with new regional institutions in the future.
Optical Beam Phase-Conjugation by Stimulated Backscattering in Multimode Optical Waveguides

We review the history and nature of stimulated scattering of optical beams and of the large phase-conjugate component often observed in stimulated backscattering in waveguides, whether it be of Raman, Brillouin, Rayleigh, or other origin. We review the theory of the magnitude of the phase-conjugate component in stimulated backscattering of waves in a multimode optical guide, the usual experimental configuration. Wide applicability of stimulated backscattering for optical phase conjugation is found. As an example, the possible use of this guided backscattering to achieve diffraction-limited output from cw high power lasers is discussed.
Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma

A significant proportion of patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma remain at high risk of developing metastatic disease. Accurate staging and use of validated prognostic systems are helpful in estimating risk after surgery. At the current time, observation alone remains the standard of care after nephrectomy. Numerous systemic strategies have been investigated in the adjuvant setting. Treatment with interferon or interleukin-2, once the mainstay of treating advanced disease, has not shown any benefit in the adjuvant setting. Autologous tumor-derived vaccines have held promise as adjuvant therapy, but while improvements in tumor progression have been suggested in some trials, the data are difficult to interpret, and no overall survival advantage has been proven. Small molecules targeting the VEGF and mTOR pathways have significant activity in metastatic renal carcinoma and have changed management of this stage of the disease. Many of these agents are currently being investigated in placebo-controlled adjuvant studies. While results of most of these trials are still awaited, there is optimism that these agents may prove effective and change the paradigm for the treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma.
Minimum Monitoring Requirements (USA)

Standards have rarely been applied to professional practice of any kind in the USA. In an effort to manage the risk of persisting injuries to patients and rising litigation against physicians, in 1985, the Anesthesia Department of Harvard Medical School established a committee to study the problem and propose solutions. This committee established a set of minimum monitoring standards for the Harvard Hospitals.
Stereo- and regioselective photocycloaddition of extended alkenes using γ-cyclodextrin

Photoexcitation of dibenzalacetones (1a–d) in homogeneous media and solid state yields a mixture of products with poor conversions. Irradiation of the reactants complexed to γ-cyclodextrin predominantly affords a single dimer (syn adduct 6) despite the possibility for several monomeric and dimeric products. High selectivity in the cavitand-mediated reaction along with the structural characterization of the inclusion complex provides insight into the supramolecular interactions that drive the self-assembly of the host–guest system.
From waste to resources: How to integrate recycling into the production cycle of plastics

Abstract Due to the global increase in the use of plastics in making electrical equipment as well as consumer electronics, there is a rapid increase in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). WEEE is a combination of thermoplastics such as high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The process of recycling has been greatly emphasized as it reduces production cost by reusing some of the used plastic and minimizes negative environmental effects substantially. Still, a large amount of waste plastics is disposed of improperly. Pretreatment is necessary before the recycling process as the presence of impurities affects the recycling and conversion processes. The pretreatment process includes size reduction and elimination of impurities that are not made of plastics (e.g., metal and rubber). The chapter discusses suitable routes for reuse or recycling of electronic waste plastic materials or recovery of energy from it, so as to divert it from landfills.
A Digital Periodic Table That Instructors Can Use in the Classroom to Highlight Elements and Illustrate Periodic Trends.

This paper describes a responsive, digital periodic table that has been specifically designed as a visual aid for high school or college chemistry classrooms and lecture halls. The periodic table runs in a web browser and can therefore be used in any classroom that has a digital projector and screen. It features click-to-highlight table cells that an instructor can use to draw students’ attention to specific elements and style schemes that can be used to color groups of elements and illustrate periodic trends. The periodic table is written in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, which gives users flexibility to customize its appearance; its size can be adjusted to fit the screen in the classroom in which it is used. Users can also add additional atomic data to expand the periodic table’s capabilities if desired.
#MeToo: Disclosure and Response to Sexual Victimization on Twitter:

Communication on Twitter surrounding violence against women often occurs through the use of "hashtags" that allow users to engage in shared discourse. The present study examined utilization of the Twitter hashtag #MeToo, which emerged in 2017 as a method for disclosing personal experiences of sexual victimization. Specifically, the present study sought to clarify how Twitter users utilized the #MeToo tag to disclose and respond to sexual violence by conducting a qualitative analysis of a random sample of tweets using #MeToo (N = 1,660). Survivors frequently prioritized the "who," "what," "where," "when," "why," and "how" of personal trauma experiences when disclosing using #MeToo. Twitter users also reflected on the prevalence of violence in society, acted as advocates to highlight the problem of violence against women, called attention to the experiences of other survivors of violence, or utilized the forum in a manner that distracted from survivors' experiences. The present data highlight the utility of Twitter for raising awareness regarding the prevalence of sexual violence, and providing a space where users can share personal trauma, connect to others with similar experiences, and provide support to others.
Making an informed choice: Which breast reconstruction type has the lowest complication rate?

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate long-term breast reconstruction outcomes at a single institution in order to offer data-driven counseling for patients. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 399 patients who underwent mastectomy with 1-stage implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR), 2-stage IBBR, or autologous tissue reconstruction (ATR) for invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ at our institution from 2010 to 2017. Complications were classified as major for any unplanned return to the operating room (OR). Results Overall complication rates were similar among 1-stage IBBR (59%), 2-stage IBBR (60%), and ATR (52%, p = 0.54). Factors independently associated with major complications were diabetes (OR = 25.4 95% CI: 3.2–202.4; p = 0.002), and 1-stage IBBR vs. ATR (1-stage: OR = 2.0 95% CI: 1.0–4.0; p = 0.04). Bilateral procedures were also at increased risk of major complications on univariate analysis (OR = 1.59 95% CI: 1.0–2.5; p = 0.04). Conclusions Long-term breast reconstruction complication rates are higher than previously anticipated. Patients should be counseled that IBBR is associated with higher rates of complications, including unplanned return to the OR, compared to ATR.
Enhancing Transparency in Human-autonomy Teaming via the Option-centric Rationale Display:

Human-autonomy teaming is a major emphasis in the ongoing transformation of future work space wherein human agents and autonomous agents are expected to work as a team. While the increasing complex...
USE OF MACHINE LEARNING METHODOLOGY TO FIND PREDICTORS OF ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN THE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE INTERVENTION TRIAL (SPRINT)

SPRINT was conducted to identify whether a lower systolic blood pressure target (SBP <120 vs. <140 mm Hg) would reduce incidence of prospective cardiovascular events as well as death. We conducted secondary analyses to find baseline factors predictive of mortality, using random survival forests (RSF
Abstract PR08: Inhibition of ATR as a therapeutic strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance in HNSCC

Background: Standard treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) includes platinum-based therapy given in combination with radiation. Although platinum has been a key drug of HNSCC treatment for decades, many patients develop resistance and the prognosis is unsatisfactory, and therefore development of novel treatment strategies is needed. Targeting ATR has been shown to be effective as a monotherapy in various type of cancers. Thus, inhibition of ATR could be a new approach when combined with DNA damaging agents to kill cancer cells. Here, we hypothesize that addition of ATR inhibitor AZD6738 can enhance the antitumor effects of cisplatin in HNSCC cells and result in better survival in preclinical models of HNSCC. Materials and Methods: Clonogenic survival assays, reverse phase protein array (RPPA), Western blotting, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis assay were used to evaluate the in vitro sensitivity of HNSCC cells to AZD6738 and cisplatin and the molecular mechanisms associated with antitumor response. An orthotopic mouse model of oral cancer was used to explore in vivo efficacy of the combination treatment. Results: HNSCC cells treated with various concentrations of AZD6738 showed an IC50 value of 0.24-3.00 μmol/L and no differential sensitivity was observed among cells with different TP53 mutational status. Treatment with constant drug concentration ratios of AZD6738 and cisplatin (2:1) resulted in a combination index of Conclusions: Addition of AZD6738 synergizes with cisplatin in vitro and potentiates cisplatin response in vivo. Mechanistically, combination of cisplatin and AZD6738 induces DNA damage and replication stress, resulting in apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, proteins essential for the origin licensing as part of the DNA replication initiation machinery were decreased following combination treatment, offering a potential mechanistic insight and warranting further investigation. Citation Format: Antje Lindemann, Hideaki Takahashi, Ameeta A. Patel, Walter N. Hittelman, Abdullah A. Osman, Jeffrey N. Myers. Inhibition of ATR as a therapeutic strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance in HNSCC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2019 Apr 29-30; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_2):Abstract nr PR08.
A 36-Year Record of Rock Avalanches in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska, With Implications for Future Hazards

Glacial retreat and mountain-permafrost degradation resulting from rising global temperatures have the potential to impact the frequency and magnitude of landslides in glaciated environments. Several recent events, including the 2015 Taan Fiord rock avalanche, which triggered a tsunami with one of the highest wave runups ever recorded, have called attention to the hazards posed by landslides in regions like southern Alaska. In the Saint Elias Mountains, the presence of weak sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and active uplift resulting from the collision of the Yakutat and North American tectonic plates create landslide-prone conditions. To differentiate between the typical frequency of landsliding resulting from the geologic and tectonic setting of this region, and landslide processes that may be accelerated due to changes in climate, we used Landsat imagery to create an inventory of rock avalanches in a 3700 km2 area of the Saint Elias Mountains. During the period from 1984-2019, we identified 220 rock avalanches with a mean recurrence interval of 60 days. We compared our landslide inventory with a catalog of M ≥ 4 earthquakes to identify potential coseismic events, but only found three possible earthquake-triggered rock avalanches. We observed a distinct temporal cluster of 41 rock avalanches from 2013 through 2016 that correlated with above average air temperatures (including the three warmest years on record in Alaska, 2014-2016); this cluster was similar to a temporal cluster of recent rock avalanches in nearby Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. The majority of rock avalanches initiated from bedrock ridges in probable permafrost zones, suggesting that ice loss due to permafrost degradation, as opposed to glacial thinning, could be a dominant factor contributing to rock-slope failures in the high elevation areas of the Saint Elias Mountains. Although earthquake-triggered landslides have episodically occurred in southern Alaska, evidence from our study suggests that area-normalized rates of non-coseismic rock avalanches were greater during the period from 1964 to 2019, and that the frequency of these events will continue to increase as the climate continues to warm. These findings highlight the need for hazard assessments in Alaska that address changes in landslide patterns related to climate change.
Quantum Hoare Type Theory.

As quantum computers become real, it is high time we come up with effective techniques that help programmers write correct quantum programs. Inspired by Hoare Type Theory in classical computing, we propose Quantum Hoare Type Theory (QHTT) in which precise specifications about the modification to the quantum state can be provided within the type of a computation. These specifications within a Hoare type are given in the form of Hoare-logic style pre- and postconditions following the propositions-as-types principle. The type-checking process verifies that the implementation conforms to the provided specification. QHTT has the potential to be a unified system for programming, specifying, and reasoning about quantum programs.
The Clinical Radiographic Incidence of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis 10 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Data From the MOON Nested Cohort:

Background:The incidence of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) based on clinical radiographic grading criteria at 10 years after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) has not been...
Using Q methodology to augment evaluation of public diplomacy programs

The evaluation of public diplomacy programs presents complicated challenges. Discernment of impact is complicated by statistical and practical issues: the nature of individualized personal experiences; the large number of factors that can influence an individual’s response to any experience; the long time horizon required for impact to develop; the influence of politics on defining desired outcomes; and a longrunning debate within the discipline over the proper objectives of exchange programs (mutual understanding for its own sake or the pursuit of foreign policy agendas). Researcher asked current and former participants in the Hubert H. Humphrey Exchange Program at Syracuse University for opinions on the outcomes, benefits, and attributes they expect of exchange programs, and used Q methodology, a scientific method for the study of subjectivity, to discern and describe differing perspectives. Results obtained revealed distinct differences in the opinion patterns of different groups of participants, including identifying participants who valued more agenda- and policy-driven objectives. Demographic information obtained was insufficient to identify the drivers of those groups and additional research, including expansion of the respondent pool and analysis of individual participants, is needed to refine the precise drivers.
Patient perspectives on falls in persons with multiple sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION Falls and their consequences are known to be major contributors to decreased health and well-being in older adults. Several studies suggest that fall rates are higher among individuals with disabling conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is a knowledge gap regarding how individuals with a disability define falls or understand their consequences. OBJECTIVE To gain the perspective of community-dwelling adults living with MS about falls and their consequences and to understand the conditions and circumstances surrounding falls, and to identify the specific attributes of a community fall-prevention program that would facilitate participation. DESIGN Focus groups or individual interviews were conducted with people with MS. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling adults living with MS (n = 20) (men = 8 [34.7%], mean age 63.2 years [standard deviation (SD) 5.3, range 55-75]). Average time since diagnosis was 20.6 years (SD 9.6, range 9-44). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Not applicable. RESULTS All participants agreed that the definition of a fall required "ending up on the floor." However, the starting point differed depending on mobility ability and device use. When using the most common research definition, individuals reported an increase in their number of falls as compared to when using their personal definition. Most participants considered "fear of falling" to be different from "concern about falling." Participants wanted to learn how to fall and would not join a program with the word "fall" in the title. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that fall data for individuals with MS may not be reported accurately. Health care providers would get more accurate data if they provide specific definitions for falls and ask specifically about fear and concern about falling. Patient-centered programming needs to be developed that includes both how to fall and how to engage people with MS, including potential facilitators and barriers to participation.
Surfactant properties of a biomimetic antifreeze polymer admixture for improved freeze-thaw durability of concrete

Abstract Recently, a novel bioinspired approach for improving freeze–thaw resistance of concrete was proposed as an alternative to traditional air entrainment. The mechanism is based on ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity displayed by antifreeze proteins and synthetic, biomimetic replicates, like nonionic polyethylene glycol–graft–polyvinyl alcohol (PEG-PVA), which can be added as a polymeric admixture to concrete in the fresh state. To further substantiate the mechanistic underpinnings of the air-entraining agent (AEA) alternative, this work measures and reports the foam stability and interfacial surface tension properties of nonionic PEG-PVA. Foam stability and tensiometry measurements of PEG-PVA were quantified and compared to a conventional anionic AEA, MasterAir (MA). Results demonstrate that PEG-PVA requires much higher concentrations (0.77–2.8% by weight of cement) to form a stable foam system in comparison to the AEA (0.027–0.19%). The results correlated well with foam stability measurements, which showed PEG-PVA’s inability to form long-lasting stable foams in comparison to MA. Tensiometry measurements also revealed that high concentrations (10–60 g/L) of PEG-PVA were required to reduce the surface tension of water in comparison to MA (0.015–0.045 g/L), indicating that PEG-PVA neither acts as a surfactant nor readily self-assembles into micelles at concentrations that proved to provide freeze–thaw resistance. Nevertheless, PEG-PVA-modified concrete showed similar resistance to MA-modified concrete in freeze–thaw cycling at concentrations as low as 0.066% by weight of cement while entraining only minimal amounts of air, suggesting that the freeze–thaw resistance is due at least in part to the IRI activity of PEG-PVA instead of its ability to entrain a proper air void system.
Modular End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Analyzer

A small, compact, modular carbon dioxide (CO2) analyzer has been developed(1) which is designed to perform as an integral part of the bedside monitoring of an intensive care patient. Designed as a plug-in module for the bedside monitor, it is convenient to use and is out of the way — rather than adding clutter to a bedside typically overwhelmed with instrumentation. Since it is made part of the conventional instrumentation involved with ECG and intravascular pressure, monitoring its use is much more readily acceptable to nursing personnel.