cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIALOGIC INCONGRUITY IN MOMADAY’S THE INDOLENT BOYS

From the perspective of interpretive sociolinguistics, this paper offers a stylistic assessment of dialogic incongruity in Scott Momaday’s play The Indolent Boys. The mismatches between utterances and the discursive context reflect the protagonist’s psychosocial fragmentation attributable to the consequences of forced assimilation. Employing an expanded ethnography-of-speaking approach which incorporates sociocultural as well as psychological meanings of the text, the analysis of selected conversational exchanges reveals the continued significant role mythic texts play in recovering and strengthening Native identities. Article visualizations:
Herpes zoster vaccination: benefits and barriers.

The incidence and severity of herpes zoster increases with advancing age, as does its most common complication―posther― petic neuralgia (PHN). The most effective management strategy for herpes zoster and PHN is prevention of the disease through vaccination, particularly in the most vulnerable patient population (ie, individuals aged 70 years or older). The Shingles Prevention Study demonstrated that vaccination reduced the incidence and severity of herpes zoster, as well as the incidence of PHN. Despite the benefits of zoster immunization, administration of the vaccine may be met by certain barriers, including issues related to reimbursement, storage, and availability of the vaccine. Educating physicians and the public about the importance of herpes zoster prevention, while underscoring the pain associated with this disease and the challenges in managing it, will help to overcome these barriers.
Living in two worlds: the identity management strategies used by lesbian physical educators.

Twelve lesbian physical educators participated in an in-depth phenomenological study of their work experiences in relation to their identities as lesbians and teachers. All study participants held two assumptions: that they would lose their jobs if their lesbiansim were revealed, and that female physical education teachers are negatively stereotyped as being lesbian. Participants most often engaged in identity management strategies designed to conceal their lesbianism, such as passing as a heterosexual, self-distancing from others at school, and self-distancing from issues pertaining to homosexuality. The less common risk-taking behaviors included obliquely overlapping their personal lives with their professional, actively confronting homophobia and supporting gay and lesbian studies, and overtly overlapping the details of their personal and professional lives. The authors conclude this paper with recommendations for challenging homophobia and heterosexism in physical education.
The Solar System/Interstellar Medium Connection: Gas Phase Abundances

Gas-phase abundances in the outer solar system are presented as diagnostics of the interstellar medium at the time of the solar system formation, some 4.55 billion years ago. Possible influences of the thermal and chemical histories of the primitive solar nebula and of the processes which led to the formation and evolution of the outer planets and comets on the elemental and molecular composition of the primordial matter are outlined. The major components of the atmospheres of the outer planets and of the comae of comets are identified, and the cosmogonical and cosmological implications are discussed.
Public response to carpooling programs

This paper reviews the progress of several cities' compaigns to stimulate carpooling among workers. The report reviews the impact of these campaigns: (1)How many persons have sent in the information necessary to computer or manual-match potential carpoolers; (2)of those who submitted the necessary information, how many were left double quote matchable right double quote by origin and destination; (3)of those matched, how many added to or reorganized existing carpools; (4)of what duration were the carpools, how successful were the pools in consolidating work trips; (5)what variables are associated with high rates of carpool formation; and, (6)in general, what is public response to the various forms of carpool campaigns? The report also provides a detailed description of the several carpooling projects launched in smaller cities, particularly those of North Carolina. The Transportation Institute of North Carolina A and T State University worked cooperatively with 15 companies in Greensboro to assess corporate response to the move toward carpooling on a company-wide and on a city-wide basis. Language: en
Measuring contraction propagation and localizing pacemaker cells using high speed video microscopy

Previous studies have shown the ability of many lymphatic vessels to contract phasically to pump lymph. Every lymphangion can act like a heart with pacemaker sites that initiate the phasic contractions. The contractile wave propagates along the vessel to synchronize the contraction. However, determining the location of the pacemaker sites within these vessels has proven to be very difficult. A high speed video microscopy system with an automated algorithm to detect pacemaker location and calculate the propagation velocity, speed, duration, and frequency of the contractions is presented in this paper. Previous methods for determining the contractile wave propagation velocity manually were time consuming and subject to errors and potential bias. The presented algorithm is semiautomated giving objective results based on predefined criteria with the option of user intervention. The system was first tested on simulation images and then on images acquired from isolated microlymphatic mesenteric vessels. We recorded contraction propagation velocities around 10 mm/s with a shortening speed of 20.4 to 27.1 μm/s on average and a contraction frequency of 7.4 to 21.6 contractions/min. The simulation results showed that the algorithm has no systematic error when compared to manual tracking. The system was used to determine the pacemaker location with a precision of 28 μm when using a frame rate of 300 frames per second.
The reception of relativity in China.

ABSTRACT Having introduced the theory of relativity from Japan, the Chinese quickly and enthusiastically embraced it during the May Fourth Movement, virtually without controversy. This unique passion for and openness to relativity, which helped advance the study of theoretical physics in China in the 1930s, was gradually replaced by imported Soviet criticism after 1949. During the Cultural Revolution, radical Chinese ideologues sponsored organized campaigns against Einstein and relativity, inflicting serious damage on Chinese science and scientific education. China’s economic reforms in the late 1970s empowered scientists and presented them with the opportunity to rehabilitate Einstein and call for social democracy. Einstein has since become the symbol in China of the unity of science and democracy, the two eminent objectives of the May Fourth Movement that remain to be achieved in full. Using the reception of relativity as a case study, the essay also discusses issues involving the historical study of mo...
Gadolinium-enhanced computed tomography angiography in multi-detector row computed tomography: initial observations.

Rationale and Objectives. The feasibility of using gadolinium contrast medium for computed tomography angiography (CTA) in multi-detector row computed tomography and the effect of contrast medium dilution was investigated. Materials and Methods. Three pigs were each scanned in multiple sessions with injections of non-dilute and dilute contrast medium at a dose of 0.3 mmol/kg body weight. Non-spiral dynamic scanning at a fixed mid-abdominal aortic level and thoracoabdominal CTA were performed. Results. The magnitude of peak aortic enhancement was not significantly different between dilute and non-dilute contrast medium injections (P = .88), but the former showed earlier enhancement (mean of 2.3 seconds sooner, P < .01) than the latter. CT angiography with gadolinium contrast medium showed much lower enhancement than iodine contrast medium, but small vessels were readily identifiable. Conclusion. Gadolinium contrast medium combined with multi-detector row computed tomography may provide clinically useful CTA. Dilution of contrast medium shortens the enhancement time but has little effect on the magnitude.
Relationship between cognition and awareness of deficit in mild cognitive impairment.

Objective Although anosognosia is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD), limited research has investigated awareness among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The current study examined cognitive performance differences between MCI patients who were aware or unaware of their deficits. Methods Participants were 65 patients who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation and diagnosed with MCI according to Petersen's criteria. Participants were divided into groups based on clinician rating of awareness (aware n = 30 or unaware n = 35), which was determined following interview with the patient and family member. Neuropsychological measures were converted into z-scores based on sample mean and standard deviation and averaged across cognitive domains. Frontal behavioral ratings were also collected. Results No significant differences were found between awareness groups for age, education, gender, or MMSE score. Individuals rated as unaware performed significantly worse in the learning domain and a trend for worse performance on the Dementia Rating Scale –II total score than those rated as aware. None of the other cognitive or behavioral domains differed between the groups. Clinician and informant ratings of anosognosia were only modestly correlated, and we found an unexpected pattern of relationships between informant ratings and cognitive performance. Conclusions Awareness deficits are common in MCI patients. Our results argue against the most common etiologic hypotheses in AD (i.e., executive and right hemisphere) and suggest that severity of encoding deficits underlie anosognosia in MCI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Auditory Prestimulation on Naming in Aphasia

In five aphasic subjects, picture naming alone was compared with picture naming in the presence of four different auditory cues. Eighty words represented by pictures were associated with the follow...
Thickness mapping of retinal layers by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose To report normal baseline thickness maps for 6 retinal layers generated by segmentation of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images in normal subjects. Intersubject thickness variability and thickness variations in 9 macular sectors were established. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods SD-OCT imaging was performed in 15 normal subjects. Nineteen SD-OCT images were acquired, encompassing a 6 × 5-mm retinal area, centered on the fovea. Each image was analyzed using an automated segmentation algorithm to derive thickness profiles of 6 retinal layers. Thickness data obtained from all scans were combined to generate thickness maps of 6 retinal layers: nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer + photoreceptor inner segments, and photoreceptor outer segments. Mean and standard deviation of thickness measurements were calculated in 9 macular sectors and 6 retinal layers. Intersubject and intrasector thickness variations were established based on standard deviation of measurements. Results Minimum and maximum thickness of the nerve fiber layer were observed in the foveal and nasal perifoveal areas, respectively. The largest thickness variation among subjects and intrasector variability were observed in perifoveal areas. Thickness of the ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer and intersubject thickness variability were largest in parafoveal areas. The inner nuclear layer thickness was relatively constant in parafoveal and perifoveal areas and intrasector thickness variations were largest in the foveal area. The outer plexiform layer thickness was relatively constant in foveal and parafoveal areas and higher than in perifoveal areas. Intersubject thickness variability in inner nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer was relatively uniform in all macular sectors. The outer nuclear layer + photoreceptor inner segments thickness map displayed maximum thickness in the foveal area and intersubject thickness variability was largest superior to the fovea. Thickness of the photoreceptor outer segments layer, thickness variations among subjects, and intrasector thickness variability were relatively constant. There was a significant correlation between total retinal thickness derived by thickness mapping and SD-OCT commercial software. Conclusion Normal thickness maps for 6 retinal layers were generated and thickness variations among subjects and macular areas were assessed. This technique is promising for investigating thickness changes attributable to disease in specific retinal layers and macular areas.
A recursive representation for runaway electrons

Among the analytic studies on runaway phenomena the most sophisticated approach to solving the Fokker-Planck equation is to divide the momentum space into five distinct regions with appropriate matching between them: various expansions of the distribution function are valid in different regions. A pair of recursive relations is established to solve the Fokker-Planck equation for a relativistic plasma in the runaway region. Starting from the available asymptotic solution, a representation of the distribution function may be obtained by iteration. The application of this technique to the nonrelativistic problem is also treated.
Prediction of maximal cardiac output in preoperative patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract Of 100 patients (89 men, 11 women) studied preoperatively to determine their aerobic and hemodynamic profiles at rest and during upright treadmill exercise. The mean maximal cardiac output (CO), measured using the direct Fick principle, was 57 ± 14% of average normal values. The reduction in maximal heart rate (63 ± 13% of normal) was a greater factor in the reduction in CO than stroke volume (88 ± 16% of normal). Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was 48 ± 15% of normal and the greater reduction in VO22max compared with CO was due to lower peripheral extraction in the coronary patients. Variables that correlated with maximal CO in a univariate analysis included angina severity (r = −0.45), VO22max (r = 0.67), maximal heart rate (r = −0.31), left ventricular dysfunction (r = −0.45), maximal systolic blood pressure (r = −0.31) and number of vessels with ≥ 50% diameter reduction (r = −0.3). Resting ejection fraction did not correlate with maximal CO. In a multivariate analysis, 4 variables correlated significantly (r = 0.77) with maximal CO: in order, VO22max, number of vessels with ≥ 50% stenosis, magnitude of ST depression and sex.
Photoionization of fluorescent organic molecules in liquid media

Abstract The minimum photon energy to ionize N , N , N ′, N ′-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (TMPD) and perylene in liquid n -hexane was determined to be 5.03 and 5.34eV, respectively. The determination of the photoionization onset for these compounds was made from a measurement of the respective integrated fluorescence quantum intensities as a function of the excitation photon energy, and the effects on these excitation spectra of perfluoro- n -hexane, an electron attaching compound.
Anti-CD3 mAb treatment cures PDL1−/−.NOD mice of diabetes but precipitates fatal myocarditis

Anti-CD3 mAb is an effective therapy that can reverse diabetes in NOD mice and has therapeutic potential in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We administered anti-CD3 to PDL1-/-.NOD mice in order to determine whether this treatment would reverse the development of diabetes in these mice. Mice injected with anti-CD3 mAb neonatally were protected from T1D. However, all of these anti-CD3 mAb treated PDL1-/-.NOD mice developed a wasting disease between 12 and 20 weeks of age with sudden deterioration and weight loss, leading to death within 3-5 days of development of illness. Histology revealed severe inflammation in the heart and skeletal muscles. These results suggest that deficiency of PDL1 in NOD background has the potential to lead to immune-mediated tissue damage in organs other than the pancreas, but this cannot be appreciated in PDL1-/-.NOD mice as the mice develop T1D at an early age and die from diabetes prior to manifesting other autoimmune diseases.
The Effects of Latitudinal Shear on Equatorial Waves. Past I: Theory and Methods

Abstract By using the method of multiple scales in height and a variety of methods in latitude, analytic solutions for equatorial waves in combined vertical and horizontal shear are derived. In contrast to the formulation of Andrews and McIntyre (1976b), latitudinal shear is incorporated at lowest order in the vertical shear expansion, showing that it is unnecessary to carry the calculation to first explicit order in Ri−½, where Ri is the Richardson number. The multiple-scales approximation implies that, with the exception of the overall amplitude factor and arbitrary overall constant phase factor, all properties of the wave at the height z=z0 are determined by the local wind profile, V(y)=U(y,z0). In consequence, understanding waves in two-dimensional shear reduces to the much simpler problem of solving the one-dimensional eigenvalue equation in latitude which is derived by assuming that the mean wind is V(y), a function of latitude only. This is done using ordinary perturbation theory, a non-perturbativ...
Anion ordering in europium(ii) mixed halide systems: Preparation of mixed cation fluoride halides

Abstract The results of phase studies of EuX2-EuX'2 systems, where X and X' represent the halogens chlorine, bromine and iodine, are presented and compared with previous studies of related divalent systems. All systems exhibit the PbCl2-type structure over a limited intermediate composition range. In every reported study but one the anions in the PbCl2-type structure region are found to be ordered, with the smaller anion occupying the tetrahedral hole. The complexity of the systems is found to correlate well with the effective size difference between the anions and the cation. Lattice parameter data for three mixed cation PbFCl-type fluoride halides are presented.
Structural synthesis under manufacturability constraints: A CAD system for the design of injection-molded product housings

We describe a computer-aided design system that automatically constructs the internal functional surface shapes of plastic injection molded product housings. Fundamental manufacturability constraints related to the geometry of injection mold parting and the solidification of molten plastic are identified. These constraints are embodied in structural synthesis operators that create the internal shapes given a set of functional requirements. An implementation, which is integrated with a system that automatically designs the external visible surface of the housing, is discussed. Algorithms for the structural synthesis operators are provided along with sample output demonstrating their operation.
Effect of charge on the standard partial molar volumes and heat capacities of organic electrolytes in methanol and water

Previously developed additivity schemes for nonelectrolytes have been used to estimate $$\bar V_2^{\text{o}} $$ and $$\bar C_{{\text{p}},2}^{\text{o}} $$ for tetraalkyl and tetraphenyl methanes in methanol and water. Corrections have been applied to the thermodynamic values of these model compounds to account for a variation in size of the central atom, and these were used to ascertain the effect of charge on $$\bar V_2^{\text{o}} $$ and $$\bar C_{{\text{p}},2}^{\text{o}} $$ of alkyl and phenyl quaternary ions having N, P and B as central atoms. Investigations of R4NBr, (R=methyl to heptyl) salts show that the charge effect on $$\bar V_2^{\text{o}} $$ and $$\bar C_{{\text{p}},2}^{\text{o}} $$ of R4N+ ions is large and relatively independent of ion size suggesting that the solvent molecules penetrate the ions. The ability to estimate $$\bar V_2^{\text{o}} $$ and $$\bar C_{{\text{p}},2}^{\text{o}} $$ of the quaternary ions in the bromide salt solutions has made it possible to make ionic assignments with some confidence; $$\bar V_2^{\text{o}} $$ (Br−) has been evaluated as 19.7±2 and 30.2±7 cm3-mol−1 and $$\bar C_{{\text{p}},2}^{\text{o}} $$ (Br−) as −83±7 and −68±30 J-K−1-mol−1 in methanol and water, respectively. The use of organic ions for making ionic assignments of $$\bar V_2^{\text{o}} $$ and $$\bar C_{{\text{p}},2}^{\text{o}} $$ is critically examined and comparisons with other assignments are made. The scaled particle theory is employed to divide the heat capacities of electrolytes into cavity and interaction contributions.
Examining exchange relationships among high‐tech firms in the evolving global economy

Purpose – This paper intends to further understanding of the world marketplace by examining the procurement practices of high‐tech suppliers across several countries in Central and Eastern Europe and in the USA. In particular, this examination will focus on the extent to which the smaller and less developed countries of Eastern Europe utilize IT procurement as an integral part of their purchasing strategy.Design/methodology/approach – Exploratory qualitative interviews conducted with purchasing decision makers across various high‐tech industries in Eastern Europe are compared with those in Central Europe and the USA.Findings – The findings suggest that information technology is perceived as being less valuable by European firms and is utilized to a lesser degree. In addition, multinational companies operating in Eastern Europe appear to be focused on developing the product quality and operational efficiency of local Eastern European suppliers and less concerned about facilitating their adoption of IT proc...
Image transmission with gross information first

When interactive raster graphics is done between a raster display terminal and a main computer over a low-bandwidth transmission line, the rate of interaction can be frustrating for a user. The problem is greatly eased by transmitting rough approximations of images before the details, thereby providing immediate feedback to the user. There are various schemes for doing this. Each requires some overhead in extra computation, and most require increased time to complete image transmission. Three methods based on pyramid data structures are presented.
Coral reefs in an urban embayment in Hawaii: a complex case history controlled by natural and anthropogenic stress

The effects of natural and anthropogenic stress need to be separated before coral reef ecosystems can be effectively managed. In this paper, a 25 year case history of coral reefs in an urban embayment (Mamala Bay) off Honolulu, Hawaii is described and differences between natural and man-induced stress are distinguished. Mamala Bay is a 30 km long shallow coastal bay bordering the southern (leeward) shore of Oahu and the city of Honolulu in the Hawaiian Islands. During the last 25 years, this area has been hit by two magnitude 5 hurricane events (winds > 240 km/h) generating waves in excess of 7.5 m. Also during this period, two large sewer outfalls have discharged up to 90 million gallons per day (mgd) or (360 × 106 L/day) of point source pollution into the bay. Initially the discharge was raw sewage, but since 1977 it has received advanced primary treatment. Non-point source run-off from the Honolulu watershed also enters the bay on a daily basis. The results of the study show that discharge of raw sewage had a serious but highly localized impact on shallow (∼10 m) reef corals in the bay prior to 1977. After 1977, when treatment was upgraded to the advanced primary level and outfalls were extended to deep water (> 65 m), impacts to reef corals were no longer significant. No measurable effects of either point or non-point source pollution on coral calcification, growth, species composition, diversity or community structure related to pollution can now be detected. Conversely the effects of hurricane waves in 1982 and 1992 together caused major physical destruction to the reefs. In 1982, average coral cover of well-developed offshore reefs dropped from 60–75% to 5–15%. Only massive species in high relief areas survived. Today, recovery is occurring, and notwithstanding major future disturbance events, long-term biological processes should eventually return the coral ecosystems to a more mature successional stage. This case history illustrates the complex nature of the cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic stress on coral reefs and the need for a long-term data base before the status of a coral reef can be properly interpreted.
Perception, acquisition and use of ecosystem services: Human behavior, and ecosystem management and policy implications

Abstract Ecosystem services, fundamental to livelihoods and well-being, are reshaping environmental management and policy. However, the behavioral dimensions of ecosystem services and the responses of ordinary people to the management of those services, is less well understood. The ecosystem services framework lends itself to understanding the relationship between ecosystems and human behavior. Ecosystem services, according to the psychological theory of motivational functionalism, are motivations—the personal and social processes that initiate, direct and sustain human action. Thus, how people perceive, acquire and use ecosystem services influences the initiation, direction, and intensity of their behaviors. Profound understanding of how people perceive, acquire and use ecosystem services can help influence behavioral compliance with management and policy prescriptions. We use focus group interviewing to illustrate how ecosystem services relate to human behavior. Results show that people perceive, acquire and use indirect benefits while acquiring direct ecosystem services. Understanding indirect benefits has implications for the constitution and regulation of human behavior through ecosystem management and policy. Perceived ecosystem benefits, expressed in people׳s own words and from their own frames of reference, can facilitate better valuation of ecosystem services and setting of prices, compliance with ecosystem management and policy directives, recruitment and retention of ecosystem stewards, development of use policies, enhancement of user experiences, and encouragement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.
Herpes simplex virus neurovirulence and productive infection of neural cells is associated with a function which maps between 0.82 and 0.832 map units on the HSV genome.

Abstract A herpes simplex virus (HSV) intertypic recombinant (RE6) has been shown to be completely and specifically nonneurovirulent in mice. Direct intracranial inoculation of 108 PFU of RE6 does not result in a lethal encephalitis. Neurovirulent recombinant viruses were generated by cotransfection of RE6 DNA with DNA fragments cloned from the pathogenic HSV-1 strain 17 syn+. It was found that a 1.6-kb fragment mapping between 0.82-0.832 m.u. could restore the neurovirulent phenotype. Recombinants which incorporated at least part of this fragment were at least 100,000-fold more neurovirulent than RE6. The recombinants displayed a greatly enhanced capacity to replicate in mouse brain in vivo , but did not display enhanced replication over that of RE6 in cultured mouse cells at 38.5°. Immunohistochemical analysis of infected mouse brain tissue revealed that the permissive host cell range of the recombinants was dramatically altered from that of RE6. While antigen positive cells were extremely rare in mouse brain tissue infected with RE6, the neurovirulent recombinants produced antigens in many cell types including neurons. Thus, wild-type HSV-1 sequences mapping between 0.82-0.832 m.u. can donate a highly neurovirulent phenotype to RE6.
Inflation and the real price of equities: Theory with some empirical evidence

Abstract This paper examines a channel of monetary transmission through the stock market. Theoretically, the model predicts an unambiguously negative relationship between money and real activity through the stock prices channel. Empirically, the evidence is in favor of a predominantly negative correlation between money and stock prices, mainly in the period prior to the 1980s. However, shocks to money have a transitory effect on stock prices.
Beyond Group-threat: Temporal Dynamics of International Migration and Linkages to Anti-foreigner Sentiment

Prior research on the association between country-level patterns of international migration and anti-foreigner sentiment shows that larger foreign-born concentrations increase perceptions of threat among native-born individuals in receiving countries, which, in turn, give rise to exclusionary preferences. While recent work has assembled a list of limiting conditions that shape the strength of this association, I argue that these efforts are premature because they are based on a narrow way of conceptualising and measuring international migration. In contrast to concepts and measures privileging the size of the foreign-born population in receiving countries, I draw from other literatures highlighting the temporal dynamics of migration. In considering the role of the temporal dynamics of international migration in explaining variation in anti-foreigner sentiment, the question is whether and how the temporal stability of the foreign-born population in receiving countries matters. My results suggest that it do...
Assessing Resident Knowledge of Acute Pain Management in Hospitalized Children: A Pilot Study

Abstract This pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the hypotheses that there are differences in pediatric pain management (PPM) knowledge across resident specialties, that questions in the form of multiple-choice items could detect such differences, and that resident knowledge of analgesic-related adverse drug events (ADEs) would be greater than knowledge of PPM. Questions were based on two general categories of knowledge within acute pain management in hospitalized children: pediatric pain assessment and treatment, and identification of analgesic-related ADEs. As part of the pilot nature of this study, a convenience sample of 60 residents completed a 10-item PPM knowledge assessment prior to a PPM lecture. Twenty-six were pediatric residents (43%), 19 were orthopedic residents (32%), and 15 were anesthesiology residents (25%). All items had content validity. When controlling for resident year, performance by resident specialty was significantly different between anesthesia and orthopedics (P=0.006) and between anesthesia and pediatrics (P
The prospects for intelligence‐led policing: Some Historical and quantitative considerations

The 1993 report ‘Helping With Enquiries ‐ Tackling Crime Effectively’ was published by the Audit Commission, against a background of persistent rises in reported crime. Despite increased academic acceptance of the notion of limited police influence, this promoted the concept of intelligence‐led policing to tackle volume crime by the incapacit‐ation of prolific repeat offenders. This work reviews the literature appertaining to police effectiveness in tackling crime and summarises some experiments in intelligence‐led policing, primarily in the United States. Against a background of continuing scepticism, a recurring thread of uncertainty is identified in relation to the exploitation of intelligence. The Home Office repeat offender statistics used in the Commission's report are examined and are found to be an inadequate sole basis for its recommendations. Other factors are discussed which suggest that the strategy may nonetheless be relatively effective in some significant respects.
Acute psychosis in a 45-year-old man with bipolar disorder and primary Epstein-Barr virus infection: A case report

A 45-year-old physician with bipolar disorder presented with an acute organic psychosis, fever, and hematologic and serologic findings of a primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Pathogenesis was complicated by the history of discontinued lithium therapy prior to the psychosis. The patient recovered completely. Literature concerning psychosis and infectious mononucleosis is reviewed.
Prevention of kainic acid seizures-induced changes in levels of nitric oxide and high-energy phosphates by 7-nitroindazole in rat brain regions.

Previous studies using the spin trapping agent N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) and the antioxidant vitamin E established the involvement of free radicals in kainic acid (KA)-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we examined the effects of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) to establish a possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in the neurotoxicity caused by KA-induced status epilepticus (SE). A single injection of KA (15 mg/kg, s.c.) induced seizures within 40-45 min, progressing to full seizure activity lasting about 3 h. Following microwave (head-focused) irradiation, perchloric acid extracts of rat brain regions (cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus) were analyzed for citrulline (determinant of NO) and high-energy phosphates (HEP) and their metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). KA-induced seizures produced a maximum increase in NO (3- to 6-fold) and a decrease in HEP (ATP 45-51% and phosphocreatine 45-58%) 2 h after KA injection in brain regions tested. 7-NI (50 mg/kg, i.p.) when given alone, reduced citrulline/NO levels (10-24%), while repeat administration of 7-NI (60 min apart) reduced NO levels by 32-49%. Neither application of 7-NI produced changes in HEP levels or toxicity. Pretreatment with 7-NI 30 min before KA injection, delayed the onset of seizures by 15-20 min, and significantly prevented an increase in NO and a decrease in HEP. Repeat administration of 7-NI, i.e. 30 min before and 30 min after KA injection, further increased protection by the delayed onset of seizures, attenuating the increase in NO and the decrease in HEP. Neurotoxicity of seizures involves activation of nNOS and of energy consumption in affected neurons. This increased energy consumption, coupled with decreased energy production caused by NO-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, may be a contributing factor to neuronal injury in KA toxicity.
In situ stress relaxation and diffraction studies across the metal–insulator transition in epitaxial and polycrystalline SmNiO3 thin films

We investigate structure and stress relaxation in situ across the metal–insulator transition in SmNiO3 thin films. An epitaxial thin film of SmNiO3 grown on LaAlO3 single crystal shows a metal–insulator transition at 155 °C based on electrical measurements. In situ electron diffraction experiments do not show any noticeable change with temperature. SmNiO3 thin films grown on silicon show a smoothly varying compressive stress across the transition boundary. The experimental observation of a metal–insulator transition without sharp stress changes is an encouraging preliminary result towards switching device applications.
Adenoviral preterminal protein stabilizes mini-adenoviral genomes in vitro and in vivo.

In the absence of host immunity, nonintegrating, first-generation adenoviral vectors remain stable in the nucleus of quiescent transduced cells in mice. A mini-adenoviral genome (9 kb) deleted for viral E1, E2, E3, and late genes, but containing the viral inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), transgene expression cassette (human α1-antitrypsin), and the viral E4 genes was equally efficient at transducing cells in vitro or in vivo as first generation, E1-deleted vectors. In contrast to a first generation vector, gene expression as well as vector DNA was short-lived in cells transduced with the deleted adenoviral genome. We demonstrate that coexpression of the adenoviral E2-preterminal protein from the vector or in trans stabilizes the mini-genome in vitro and in vivo without evidence of cellular toxicity.
Uncertain Precedent Circuit Court Responses to Supreme Court Plurality Opinions

To what extent do lower court judges follow Supreme Court plurality opinions? By examining treatments of Supreme Court cases from the 1976-1986 terms by the Circuit Courts of Appeals from 1976 to 2...
A single motor actuated miniature steerable jumping robot

This paper together with the accompanied video presents our improved single motor actuated miniature jumping robot. The robot has a maximum size 6.5 centimeter and a mass 23.5 gram. It can jump towards a desired direction and jump continuously. With a take-off angle 75°, the average jumping height is 0.9 meter. In the video, the detailed robot design is illustrated, and experiments in various situations are presented. These scenarios suggest potential applications of such miniature jumping robots such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, or locomotion in environments with obstacles.
Thermal transitions in divalent β″-aluminas

We have examined the heat capacities of Ca, Sr, and Ba β″-aluminas using differential scanning calorimetric techniques. By slow-cooling samples of each composition thermal transitions have been observed at temperatures ranging from 180°C for Ca and Sr, to 425°C for Ba. Cooling the materials from the temperature of ion-exchange at different rates results in large changes in the thermal behavior. Our results indicate that the structural, thermal and chemical properties of all the alkaline earth β-aluminas are highly dependent upon thermal history.
Epstein‐barr virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and non‐AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma

Background. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) still occurs mainly in patients who are immunosuppressed, but its incidence is rising dramatically among immunocompetent individuals. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been detected by in situ hybridization in PCNSL tumor tissue from patients who are immunodeficient, but not from patients who are immunocompetent. Using the more sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, the authors analyzed PCNSL tissue from 13 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 13 patients who were immunocompetent for the presence of EBV genome. Methods. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded biopsy or autopsy specimens. PCR was run using primers for EBV (from the first internal repeat segment of the EBV genome), and identical samples were run simultaneously with primers against actin or the p53 gene as controls to establish the presence of DNA in the sample. Reaction products were also Southern blotted to confirm EBV specificity. Results. EBV was detected in the tumor tissue of 11 of 13 patients (85%) with AIDS and of 7 of 13 patients (54%) who did not have AIDS. There was a history of illness that might suggest or predispose to immune compromise in 5 of 13 patients without AIDS; however, prior illness did not predict EBV-positive tumors. Conclusions. Although mechanisms remain to be clarified, EBV was present in a high percentage of patients with AIDS-related PCNSL and non-AIDS-related PCNSL.
Low dose calcium leucovorin with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion

Two hundred and sixty patients with malignant disease were treated, first with an intramuscular injection of 15 mg of calcium (ca.) leucovorin followed in 16 hours by a continuous infusion of 1000 mg/M(2) of 5-fluorouracil and 15 mg of ca, leucovorin; both given over 24 hours for 5 days. Courses were repeated, toxicity permitting, every 21 days. Severe stomatitis and marrow suppression occurred in every patient but were tolerable and rapidly reversible. Severe diarrhea occurred in only 12 patients. No patient died as a result of therapy. In patients with metastatic carcinoma of the large bowel who had not been treated in the past with a fluorinated pyrimidine, 39% of patients had a partial or complete remission, with a mean duration of response of 16.5 months. In those with carcinoma of the breast who had not received prior non-hormonal therapy, 39% had a partial or complete remission. It is our impression that the response rate and the duration of response in both these neoplasms are substantially better than that seen with fluorouracil alone.
Alzheimer Amyloid Protein Precursor Is Localized in Nerve Terminal Preparations to Rab5-containing Vesicular Organelles Distinct from Those Implicated in the Synaptic Vesicle Pathway

In order to localize amyloid protein precursor (APP) in nerve terminals, we have immunoisolated vesicular organelles from nerve terminal preparations using antibodies to Rab5 and synaptophysin. These immunoisolates were then analyzed by electron microscopy and by immunoblotting. The synaptophysin immunoisolates represented a nearly homogeneous population of small synaptic vesicles, with less than 10% contamination by other organelles, and very little APP. In contrast, Rab5 immunoisolates contained, in addition to small synaptic vesicles, substantial numbers of large uni- and bilamellar vesicles and high levels of APP. Thus, it appears that nerve terminal APP is contained predominantly in large vesicular organelles, distinct from synaptic vesicles and from the synaptic vesicle recycling pathway.
Party Fundraising, Descriptive Representation, and the Battle for Majority Control: Shifting Leadership Appointment Strategies in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1990–2002*

Objective. Analyze the long-term, coalition-building versus short-term, fundraising strategies in leadership appointments by party leaders in the U.S. House of Representatives. Methods. Estimate a logistic regression model of leadership appointments in the U.S. House from 1990 to 2002. Results. The expensive battle for majority party control that followed the 1994 House elections prompted leaders to balance descriptive representational concerns with fundraising ability in making appointments to the extended leadership organization. This represents a shift from the pre-1994 period, when—absent an intense battle for control of the House—leaders gave greater weight to descriptive representation in making appointments. Conclusions. Congressional party leaders make appointments in part in response to the external political environment and their appointment strategies adapt as the environment changes.
Earthquakes: Which way now?

Pessimism about the feasibility of reliably predicting quakes may have made discouraged research that could help us understand them
Mesh Size of Charged Polyacrylamide Hydrogels from Partitioning Measurements

The equilibrium partition coefficient of fluorescently labeled dextrans with molecular masses from 10 to 70 kDa and of two fluorescently labeled proteins was measured for anionic and cationic polyacrylamide gels with 5% bisacrylamide cross-linking. The gels were synthesized using 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and (3-(methacryloylamino)propyl)trimethylammonium chloride monomers within fused silica capillaries with a square section. Partition coefficients were obtained by measuring the fluorescence intensity in the gel-filled capillaries equilibrated with dilute solutions of each probe. The partition coefficients show an exponential decay with gel concentration in agreement with the Ogston model for partitioning in fibrous gels. Comparison of the data for 10 kDa dextran with this model yields fiber radii of 0.79 and 0.99 nm for the anionic and the cationic gels, respectively, which are similar in magnitude to values reported in the literature for neutral polyacrylamide gels. Mesh sizes calculate...
Modeling Impact of Hurricane Damages on Income Distribution in the Coastal U.S.

This article examines the impact of catastrophic hurricane events on income distribution in hurricane states in the United States. Media claims have been made and the perception created that the most damaging impact of hurricanes is on the lowest income population in the affected states. If these claims are true, they may have serious implications for the insurance industry and government policy makers. We develop a panel data, fixed effects econometric model that includes hurricane-impacted states as cross-sections using annual data for a period of almost 100 years. The Gini coefficient is used as a measure of income inequality, and is a function of normalized hurricane economic damages, gross domestic product (GDP), a set of socioeconomic variables that serves as a control, time trend, and cross-sectional dummy variables. Findings indicate that for every 100 billion US dollars in hurricane economic damages there is an increase in income inequality by 5.4 % as measured by Gini coefficient. Political, sociodemographic, and economic variables are also significant. These include such variables as the political party controlling the U.S. Senate, the proportion of nonwhite population by state, and GDP. Time trend is a positive and significant variable, suggesting an increase in income inequality over time. There are significant differences among the states included in the study. Our results demonstrate that different segments of the population are differently impacted by hurricanes and suggest how that differential impact could be considered in future government policies and business decisions, particularly those made by the insurance industry.
Teaching theory of computation using pen-based computers and an electronic whiteboard

This paper describes a Theory of Computation course that was taught in an electronic classroom equipped with a network of pen-based computers, a touch-sensitive electronic whiteboard, and locally written groupware that was designed to enhance the ability of teachers and students to share written information during class. We first describe the technology that was used to support the course, and then provide an overview of the instructor's use of this technology to engage students during class. Finally, we present the students' reaction to the approach.
RAPD-Based Genetic Relationships in Kentucky Bluegrass

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is a widely used, facultatively apomictic, cool season turf and forage grass, with many known cultivars. Previously these have been classified on the basis of morphological traits in field tests. However, these determinations are lengthy, sensitive to environmental variations, and there are few traits that can be tested. Molecular markers provide an alternative way to classify these cultivars. Important advantages of molecular markers include lack of sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions, as well as a nearly unlimited potential number of markers and speed of the marker assays as compared with field tests. They can also provide additional information such as the amount of genetic divergence between Kentucky bluegrass cultivars and other genotypes, the amount of agreement between morphological and marker-based classification, and the amount of genetic variability between seedling replicates of genotypes. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker data was collected from three replicates each of 123 Kentucky bluegrass cultivars, plant introductions (PIs), experimental breeding lines, and interspecific hybrids between Kentucky and Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera Torr.). From these data multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots were created, and ANOVA tests of significant differences between germplasm sources were performed. The PIs were the most genetically divergent from the cultivars, while the interspecific hybrids were not as distinct. Members of two morphological trait-based types were found to be genetically similar, and there was a wide range of genetic variability among germplasm sources. The genetic divergence of the PIs, combined with their potentially high turf utility reported in earlier studies, indicates their potential as a genetic resource. All but two of the morphological trait-based types contained genetically diverse individuals, so that cultivar blends of all but these two types would be morphologically similar yet genetically diverse. The rather high within-cultivar genetic variability could be due to a relatively high proportion of potentially sexually produced off-types. Thus, this study provides further evidence for the utility of RAPD markers for turfgrass genetics, as well as important genetic information for turf breeders and managers.