cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vomeronasal and olfactory nerves of adult and larval bullfrogs: II. Axon terminations and synaptic contacts in the accessory olfactory bulb

The ultrastructure of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of the bullfrog tadpole and adult was examined, and the main difference between tadpole and adult is that the latter is more compact and shows more synapses. Except for vomeronasal (VMN) glomeruli, the AOB is not highly organized, with mitral cell neurons scattered throughout the neuropil. VMN axon terminals form asymmetric synapses with mitral cell dendrites in glomeruli; in VMN axon terminals, dense-cored vesicles are seen along with the more abundant lucent vesicles 40-50 nm in diameter. Counts indicated that more than 90% of the dendro-dendritic synapses between mitral cells and presumed granule cells are of the asymmetrical type, and reciprocal asymmetrical-symmetrical synapses are not common. Lucent vesicles with round or slightly ellipsoidal profiles and less abundant dense-cored vesicles 60-90 nm in diameter are found in pre- and postsynaptic dendrites; sometimes the dense-cored vesicles lie against or near the presynaptic membrane. Microtubules were often seen to be closely associated with pre- and postsynaptic elements of dendro-dendritic synapses. The most characteristic feature of mitral cell bodies, apart from their large size, is an extensive Golgi system that may extend well into their major dendritic extensions. Dense-cored vesicles are associated with Golgi membranes, from which they probably originate. Centrioles are associated with the Golgi system, and some become basal bodies and give rise to cilia in some mitral cells.
Interrupting Capacity Tests on Circuit Breakers

IMPROVEMENTS in circuit breakers have been accelerated by the availability of short-circuit testing laboratories. Some of these laboratories are of sufficient capacity to test circuit breakers of reasonably high interrupting ratings at their full rated current and voltage. No laboratory, however, has sufficient capacity to make such tests on the largest circuit breakers now used. It has therefore been necessary to study the fundamentals of circuit interruption within the limits of laboratory equipment. Also, much study has been given to the determination of the differences between field service and testing conditions.
Sequence, initial functional analysis and protein-DNA binding sites of the mouse βB2-crystallin-encoding gene

Abstract An 800-bp fragment of genomic DNA upstream from the origin of transcription of the mouse βB2-crystallin-encoding gene (βB2-Cry) has been isolated and its nucleotide sequence determined. Promoter fragments 275 to + 30 or −110 to + 30, fused to cat reporter gene, activated transcription in transiently transfected rabbit lens epithelial cells, but not in various non-lens cells. The βB2-Cry mouse promoter contains a typical TATA-box located approx. 25 bp upstream from the transcription start point. Binding sites (upstream from the TATA-box) for transcription factors possibly involved in the regulation of gene expression have been identified by DNaseI footprinting analysis and lens cell nuclear extracts. Most notably is the binding of the Pax-6 paired domain (PrD) which correlates with the binding of lens cell nuclear proteins at the −80 to −40 region.
Burn resuscitation: crystalloid versus colloid versus hypertonic saline hyperoncotic colloid in sheep.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to assess the fluid balance and hemodynamic effects during the first 8 hrs of resuscitation in animals with a large body surface area burn, using lactated Ringer's solution, 6% hetastarch, and hypertonic saline dextran. DESIGN: A prospective, blinded, controlled, terminal study, using anesthetized animals. The initial baseline period was followed by scald injury, and three different treatment regimens were administered from coded bags to achieve a physiologic end point. SETTING: University laboratory. SUBJECTS: Eighteen female sheep (35 to 45 kg) were anesthetized with isoflurane. INTERVENTIONS: Test solutions (10 mL/kg of either lactated Ringer's solution, hetastarch, or hypertonic saline dextran) were infused 30 mins after the scald injury at a rate to restore and maintain the baseline oxygen delivery (DO2) value. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cardiovascular hemodynamics, plasma sodium concentration, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, and fluid balance were measured before and after scalding and resuscitation. After the initial 10-mL/kg test solution dose was given, lactated Ringer's solution was infused to achieve the same end point of baseline DO2 for the remainder of the 8 hrs. The scald caused an initial 30% reduction in cardiac output, a 20% reduction in mean arterial pressure, and 10% to 15% increase in hematocrit. All three test solutions restored and maintained baseline DO2 within 1 hr. However, hetastarch and hypertonic saline dextran reduced the net fluid volume over 8 hrs by 48% and 74%, respectively, compared with lactated Ringer's solution. Edema in the burn wound was not affected by treatment, while hypertonic saline dextran reduced edema in nonburned skin compared with both lactated Ringer's solution and hypertonic saline dextran. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure was significantly higher in the hetastarch and hypertonic saline dextran groups. A continuous decrease in plasma sodium concentrations from baseline values (140 to 145 mmol/L) was measured in the lactated Ringer's solution and hetastarch groups (130 to 133 mmol/L) over 8 hrs. Plasma sodium concentrations in the group receiving hypertonic saline dextran were increased (150 to 155 mmol/L) at 4 hrs, but returned toward baseline by 8 hrs. CONCLUSIONS: Net volume loading can be reduced markedly by initial resuscitation of large body surface area burn injury using a colloid (hetastarch), and can be further reduced by use of hypertonic saline colloid. Hyponatremia was apparent in the isotonic crystalloid- and colloid-treated animals, but not in those animals treated with hypertonic saline colloid.
Myogenic regulatory factors transactivate the Tceal7 gene and modulate muscle differentiation

Recurrent injuries eventually exhaust the capacity of skeletal muscle to fully restore or regenerate its cellular architecture. Therefore a comprehensive understanding of the muscle regeneration programme is needed to provide a platform for new therapies for devastating diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To begin to decipher the molecular programme that directs muscle regeneration, we undertook an unbiased strategy using microarray analysis of cardiotoxin-injured skeletal muscle at defined time periods in the adult mouse. Using this strategy, we identified Tceal7 [transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 7], which was dynamically regulated during muscle regeneration. Our studies revealed that Tceal7 was restricted to the skeletal muscle lineage during embryogenesis. Using transgenic technologies and transcriptional assays, we defined an upstream 0.7 kb fragment of the Tceal7 gene that directed the LacZ reporter to the developing skeletal muscle lineage. Analysis of the Tceal7 promoter revealed evolutionarily conserved E-box motifs within the 0.7 kb upstream fragment that were essential for promoter activity, as mutation of the E-box motifs resulted in the loss of reporter expression in the somites of transgenic embryos. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MRFs (myogenic regulatory factors) were Tceal7 upstream transactivators using transcriptional assays, EMSAs (electrophoretic mobility-shift assays), and ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assays. Overexpression of Tceal7 in C2C12 myoblasts decreased cellular proliferation and enhanced differentiation. Further studies revealed that p27 expression was up-regulated following Tceal7 overexpression. These studies support the hypothesis that MRFs transactivate Tceal7 gene expression and promote muscle differentiation during muscle development and regeneration. Abbreviations: bHLH, basic helix–loop–helix; Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; CTX, cardiotoxin; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HA, haemagglutinin; IRES, internal ribosome entry site; MRF, myogenic regulatory factor; MyHC, myosin heavy chain; PFA, paraformaldehyde; pRb, retinoblastoma protein; RT, reverse transcription; qRT–PCR, quantitative RT–PCR; TBP, TATA-box-binding protein; Tceal, transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like
Summary of Ethics for Enemies

In this essay, I summarize major points of my Ethics for Enemies. I first consider whether torture of a wrongdoer to save his victim could be permissible. In order to do this, I consider whether we may do comparable things to him while he is setting up a threat in order to stop his act, get him to stop it, or otherwise use him as he acts to stop harm to his victim. I also consider possible differences between harming the wrongdoer as he acts and after his act in order to help his victim. I next describe my view that the intention to harm and terrorize civilians need not make an act be terrorism or be morally impermissible. I consider what makes terrorism distinctively morally wrong and whether it is always impermissible. Finally, I describe my views that having a right reason is not necessary in order for starting a war to be morally just and that goods that are not part of a just cause may weigh in a proportionality calculation needed to determine if a war is just.
Chronic myeloid leukemia in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era: What is the best therapy?

The introduction of imatinib mesylate, a Bcr-Abl1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). By directly targeting the Bcr-Abl kinase, imatinib leads to durable cytogenetic remissions and in turn improved survival. However, many patients with CML develop resistance, fail to respond, or become intolerant to imatinib due to side effects. This has spurred interest in developing second-generation TKIs to overcome the mechanisms of resistance that lead to treatment failure, specifically Bcr-Abl1 kinase domain mutations. Two second-generation TKIs, nilotinib and dasatinib, are approved for the treatment of CML after imatinib failure or intolerance. Unfortunately, many patients fail subsequent treatment with these agents, as they can develop highly resistant mutations such as T315I. Various other strategies are now in use to optimize the treatment of CML, including dose optimization of imatinib, combination therapy, upfront use of second-generation TKIs, and use of maintenance therapy with interferon-α and vaccines. This review highlights progress made in the treatment of CML in the past year.
Orthodontic treatment after adenoidectomy patients: effect on jaw relations in saggital plane

Adenoid hypertrophy is a normal phenomenon seen in young children. Adenoids may however be of large size or may not reduce in size in adulthood. Large adenoids may cause mouth breathing, overcrowding of teeth or otological symptoms. When adenoids are large and producing these effects, adenoidectomy is necessary. Adenoidectomy immensely benefits such patients but they may still continue to be habitual mouth breathers. This can lead to formation of long narrow face, labially protruded maxillary incisors and class 2 malocclusion. Immediate orthodontic treatment of such patients will improve facial profile and lead to class 1 (Angle) occlusion. We present here a study of 20 patients who were given early orthodontic treatment in postadenoidectomy period as compared to those patients who were not treated by orthodontist.
SYNOPTIC : Supersonic Jet Penetration (up to Mach 4) into a Mach 2 Airstream, Frederick

Helium was injected from a flat plate normal to a Mach 2 airstream. Interchangeable nozzles of 0.080 in. throat diameter d* were used to give an injection Mach number range from 1 to 4. Jet-to-freestream total-pressure ratio Poj/Poa varied from 3.5 to 9.6, and jet-to-freestream dynamicpressure ratio qj/qa from 2 to 11. Concentration measurements at three downstream locations x were made; and the penetration y was defined by the 1% He boundary. Results are shown in Fig. 1. Penetration increases with increasing Mach number, total pressure ratio, and downstream distance. For equal P0j/Poa and mass flow, penetration increased as much as 25% in going from sonic to Mach 4 injection. Existing correlations in the literature did not fully describe the data. Penetration varied with (#y/(?a)but only for a given MJ and x/d*. Dividing penetration by mass flow correlated the data for all M}for a given x/d* only. A multi-variate regression analysis was used to correlate the data in the form
One-Loop Closed String 5-PARTICLE Fermion Amplitudes in the Covariant Formulation

The closed superstring 2 fermion-3 boson and 4 fermion-1 boson scattering amplitudes at one-loop level are calculated in the covariant formulation. We use the method of Atick and Sen and find that it can be applied to 5 particles without any major difficulties. We discuss the symmetry properties of the amplitudes as a check of their correctness. From the residue of the relevant correlator for 4 fermion-1 boson scattering at the appropriate pole, we obtain the 2 fermion-2 boson amplitude which agrees with the amplitude calculated in the light-cone gauge in the Green-Schwarz formulation. The calculation requires some new θ-function identities and Fierz transformations in ten dimensions which we also prove and discuss.
Convergence of an operator series

The paper gives a necessary and sufficient condition on the spectrum of a bounded linear operator on Banach space for the convergence of the series ∑ 0 ∞ T(I-T 2) n . Some properties of the sum are investigated.
Synthesis of ortho-metalated palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes of phosphonium, arsonium and sulfonium ylids

Abstract We have found that the reactions of PdCl2 and/or PtCl2 with ylids of the type PhnZCHC(O)CH3 (n=3, ZP, As; n=2, ZS) in refluxing CH3CN produce dinuclear C-bound, ortho-metalated complexes analogous to the [ Pt(μ-Cl)(CH 3 COC HP(C6H4)(C6H5)2]2 complex previously reported by our laboratory. In addition, we have succeeded in forming a ‘back-door’ C-bound, ortho-metalated dinuclear complex by refluxing PdCl2 and the ylid (n-C4H9)3PCHC(O)Ph in CH3CN: [ Pd(μ-Cl)(C 6 H 4 COC HP(n-C4H9)3]2. This and the preceding complexes' syntheses and structures are discussed in terms of their 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectra, as well as those produced by additional reactions of PtCl2 and PdCl2 in CH3CN with ylids of the type PhCOCHZPh3 (ZP, As), i.e., ylids having both a ‘front-doof’ and a ‘back-door’ available for ortho-metalation.
Racial and socioeconomic status differences in survival of colorectal cancer patients in hawaii

The study reported here examines the survival experience up to 84 months of patients from the five major racial groups in Hawaii diagnosed with colorectal cancer during the years between 1960 and 1974 based on data in the Hawaii Tumor Registry. Previous research in Hawaii showed that racial differences in survival existed even after adjusting for sex, age at diagnosis, stage of the disease at diagnosis, and normal life expectancy. In this paper, socioeconomic status differences between racial groups are hypothesized as a possible explanation for these survival differences. The results show that socioeconomic status did account for some survival differences between racial groups beyond what could be explained by the other variables. After adjusting for all the covariates, the only statistically significant racial differences which remained were higher survival rates for the Japanese patients compared with the rates for the Hawaiian and Filipino patients. Socioeconomic status was not found, however, to have a statistically significant effect on survival independent of race or the other variables examined. Reasons for the modest effects of socioeconomic status in this study are discussed.
Reduced ischemia-reperfusion injury with rolipram in rat cadaver lung donors: effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

Abstract Background . The perfusion of rat lungs retrieved from cadavers with a solution containing isoproterenol has been shown to ameliorate the ischemia–reperfusion injury seen in lungs retrieved after death, and this protective effect parallels increases in tissue cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels. In this study, we investigated the effect of rolipram, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on capillary permeability and lung cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in lungs retrieved from circulation-arrested rats. Methods . Using an isolated perfused lung circuit, we retrieved lungs from circulation-arrested donor rats either ventilated with 100% oxygen or not ventilated for varying postmortem times. The lungs were reperfused with or without rolipram (2 μmol/L). The capillary filtration coefficient and wet to dry weight ratio, indicators of pulmonary vascular integrity, were determined, and tissue levels of adenine nucleotides and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results . The capillary filtration coefficient was significantly reduced in nonventilated cadaver lungs reperfused with rolipram 120 minutes after death ( p p p Conclusions . In lungs from nonventilated, circulation-arrested donors, reperfusion with rolipram reduces the ischemia–reperfusion injury that may be due to intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Alteration of perfusate may have an impact on capillary leak caused by antecedent ischemia. Thus, rolipram may be a useful adjunct in the preservation of donor lungs retrieved after death.
FAT CONTENT AND SENSORY ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PORK MUSCLES TAKEN FROM CARCASSES WITH VARIOUS BACKFAT LEVELS

Sixteen carcasses from each of four last-rib backfat thicknesses (1.8, 2.3, 2.8 and 3.3 cm) were evaluated. Crude fat, moisture and protein contents were completed on the following muscles: triceps brachii, longissimus, psoas major, gluteus medius, semimembranosus, biceps femoris and semitendinosus. Boneless rib chops and fresh ham (top) steaks were broiled to 77°C and evaluated for crude fat, moisture and protein contents and for sensory attributes. In the raw state, the intramuscular crude fat content of the boneless rib chop (longissimus muscle) from the least backfat class averaged 2.9%, and when averaged over backfat, six of the seven muscles contained crude fat contents of 4.3% or below. Broiled boneless rib chops (longissimus) and fresh ham (top) steaks (semimem-branosus) averaged 4.3 and 3.5% crude fat, respectively, when averaged over backfat. Generally, sensory scores for juiciness of the boneless rib chop increased as backfat level increased. Both juiciness and tenderness of the fresh ham (top) steak increased as backfat level increased.
Synthesis and distribution of vesicular stomatitis virus-specific polypeptides in the absence of progeny production☆

Abstract In cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells infected by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), viral polypeptides can be found in cellular, virion-associated, and soluble fractions. In order to determine whether or not the soluble polypeptides resulted from degradation of virions, progeny formation was inhibited and the distribution of polypeptides in these fractions was examined. Synthesis of infectious progeny was prevented in three ways: (1) addition of defective interfering (DI) particles; (2) utilization of a replication-minus mutant, ts G41; and (3) utilization of a glycoprotein mutant, ts 045. In experiments involving either the coinfection of standard infectious particles and DI particles or the infection of cells at the nonpermissive condition for ts G41, overall virus-specific RNA synthesis was reduced by 80%, whereas the appearance of extracellular soluble viral polypeptides was not greatly inhibited. Cell-associated polypeptides were also present in normal amounts. By using ts O45, it was shown that there was no virion maturation but, surprisingly, the appearance of soluble viral polypeptides was enhanced. Therefore, the distribution of viral proteins in the cell-associated and extracellular soluble fractions was not dependent on the production of infectious progeny. The major soluble viral polypeptide was a glycoprotein which migrated more rapidly than the virion-associated glycoprotein; these two glycoproteins had about the same amount of carbohydrate, even when the soluble glycoprotein was synthesized by ts O45 under nonpermissive conditions. These results lead to the hypothesis that G protein interaction with the plasma membrane exists in three different states: (1) an initial very unstable association; (2) possible stabilization at the cell surface via interactions with another membrane protein called matrix protein; and (3) aggregation of G protein at the cell surface initiated by nucleocapsids interacting through the matrix proteins. The first two stages of this interaction probably result in the shedding of G protein from the cell surface.
Limitations of Additive Conjoint Scaling Procedures: Detecting Nonadditivity When Additivity Is Known to Be Violated

Two sets of three-outcome gambles were construc ted to vary factorially along the factors Amount to Lose, Amount to Win, Probability of Losing, and Probability of Winning. Single stimulus ratings of attractiveness and risk were obtained for each of the constructed gambles from 19 subjects. In addi tion, paired comparison strength of preference and difference in risk judgments were obtained for a subset of these gambles. Two additive conjoint scal ing procedures, Carroll's (1972) MDPREF and Johnson's (1975) NMRG, were used to generate pre dicted paired comparison preference and risk judg ments from the single stimulus ratings for each subject. These predictions were then compared with the observed paired comparison judgments. Results indicated that although the goodness-of-fit mea sures associated with each of the scaling models in dicated that the subject's data were being fit very well by the additive models, additivity among the payoff and probability factors was clearly violated. A procedure for detect...
Gaussian-to-Heisenberg crossover behavior of the specific heat in renormalized perturbation theory

A cutoff-dependent formulation of renormalized perturbation theory is used to study the Gaussian-to-Heisenberg crossover, describing the changeover from tricritical to critical-line behavior, for the specific heat, to second order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=4\ensuremath{-}d$, in extension of earlier work by Bruce and Wallace for the susceptibility. The role of the nonhomogeneous part of the renormalization-group equation for the bare vertex function ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{(2,0)}$ - proportional to the specific heat - with two ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$ insertions is discussed in detail in an isotropic ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ field model. An explicit crossover scaling function for the specific heat is calculated and the effective exponent ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is found to differ considerably from an earlier first-order calculation.
The prognostic implications of plasma renin in essential hypertension.

IN 1972, the hypothesis was proposed that the chances of the major vascular complications of essential hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke, developing in patients were directly related to the renin status of these patients.1The basis for this thesis was the absence of such vascular complications over a ten-year interval among 59 of 219 hypertensive patients who had low plasma renin levels, compared to an incidence of such vascular disease in 11% of 124 patients with normal levels of renin whose mean blood pressures when not receiving therapy were identical. The authors do not claim that a low renin state promises immortality, and they have witnessed vascular complications "in a small proportion" of their group with low levels of renin,2but they have repeatedly presented their data as proof of their thesis that low renin levels protect against heart attacks and strokes.1-5Moreover, two broad implications have been
Parametric analysis of histograms measured in flow cytometry

Flow cytometric histograms frequently consist of several components that show various degrees of overlap. For many types of analysis it is of great importance to decompose the original histogram into its components. To that purpose, we investigated the maximum likelihood approach in detail. It is shown that the iterative method to solve the maximum likelihood equations is well behaved for a variety of initial values. Algorithms to obtain initial values are presented, and the performance of the method is tested when applied to the analysis of DNA measurements from heterogeneous cell populations that differ with respect to DNA content.
Scale and Conformal Invariance in Quantum Field Theory

We study the relation between invariance under rigid and local changes of length scale. In two dimensions, we complete an argument of Zamolodchikov showing that the rigid invariance implies the local under broad conditions. In three or more dimensions we are unable to find either a general proof or a counterexample, but we find some new conformally invariant systems.
Inverse Simulation - An Error Analysis

This paper analyzes the numerical errors of two inverse simulation algorithms: differentiation inverse method and integration inverse method. The differential inverse method uses numerical differentiation as a key step, and the step size used for numerical differentiation directly impacts on the simulation results. This paper proposes a global error measure to evaluate the accuracy of the inverse simulation, instead of relying on the conventional local truncation errors. While the integration inverse method avoids numerical differentiation, it is pointed out that there is another numerical instability problem the integration inverse method may encounter when there are uncontrolled variables in the simulation. Examples are provided to facilitate the discussion.
Soil Moisture Verification Study Of The ESTAR Microwave Radiometer: Walnut Gulch, Az 1991

The application of an electronically steered thinned array L-band radiometer (ESTAR) for soil moisture mapping is investigated over the arid rangeland Walnut Gulch Watershed. Antecedent rainfall and evaporation for the flights are very different and result in a wide range of soil moisture conditions. The high spatial variability of rainfall events within this region results in moisture conditions with dramatic spatial patterns. Sensor performance is verified using two approaches. Microwave data are used in conjunction with a microwave emission model to predict soil moisture. These predictions are compared to ground observations of soil moisture. A second verification is possible using an extensive data set. Both tests showed that the ESTAR is capable of providing soil moisture with the same level of accuracy as existing systems.
Complexity of polycomb group function: diverse mechanisms of target specificity.

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has become relevant to nearly all areas of biomedical research. The emergence of technologies that allow for examination of the epigenome combined with identification of key protein complexes that mediate the myriad chromatin modifications that occur have greatly enhanced the versatility and efficacy of tools with which to study normal development and disease states. The evolutionarily conserved polycomb group genes (PcG) have been identified as a predominant mechanism by which gene silencing occurs during development, differentiation, and disease. While molecular events that target PcG complexes have been well defined in some non-vertebrate models, the details of locus specificity and functional diversity of mammalian PcG proteins have not yet unresolved. Here we discuss recent findings that offer novel mechanistic events and add complexity to our understanding of PcG function in vertebrates. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1719–1721, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coupled lattice and electronic effects in high-temperature superconductors

Summary form only given. Accumulating data for oxide superconductors which become superconducting at high temperatures continues to point to the strong involvement of (particularly local and dynamic) structural distortion. At the same time, recent band structure calculations suggest that almost crossing electronic bands occur near the Fermi level. It is likely that these two characteristics are closely connected. Here, we : (i) Briefly review some of the evidence for the above characteristics ; (ii) Point out some similarities with perovskite and other martensitic materials, which also show distinctive percursor microstructure; (iii) Present a generalized BCS theory which includes band crossing and hybridization effects, and accounts for a multiphonon pairing mechanism; (iv) Analyze a local polaronic model for dynamic hole motion which can reconcile observations of double well Cu-O bond distributions and nonadiabatic optical spectroscopy features.
Environmental change, competition, strategy, structure and firm performance: an application of data envelopment analysis in the airline industry

The impact of a significant environmental change, namely, deregulation, on strategic management and performance in the U.S. airline industry is examined. Firm performance is deemed to be affected by a configuration of competitive environment, strategy and structure. Using a new methodology, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), airline performance before and after deregulation is compared. The results support the gestalt proposition that the configurations under regulation differ significantly from those under deregulation. The promising use of DEA in strategic management research is underlined.
Prevalence of sinus augmentation associated with maxillary posterior implants.

Pneumatization of the maxillary sinus limits the quantity of alveolar bone available for implant placement and may result in a lack of primary stability and difficulty in achieving osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze a group of patients who had implants placed in the posterior maxilla, calculate the prevalence of sinus augmentation, and identify factors related to sinus augmentation. With institutional review board approval, dental records from a population of patients who had implants placed in the maxillary posterior region between January 2000 and December 2004 were used to create a database. Independent variables were classified as continuous (age of the patient at stage 1 implant surgery [S1], time between extraction and S1, time between extraction and sinus augmentation, and time between sinus augmentation and S1) and categorical (gender, implant failure, American Society of Anesthesiologists system classification, smoking, osteoporosis, residual crestal bone h...
Modeling near-field tsunami observations to improve finite-fault slip models for the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake

The massive tsunami generated by the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake (M_w 9.0) was widely recorded by GPS buoys, wave gauges, and ocean bottom pressure sensors around the source. Numerous inversions for finite-fault slip time histories have been performed using seismic and/or geodetic observations, yielding generally consistent patterns of large co-seismic slip offshore near the hypocenter and/or up-dip near the trench, where estimated peak slip is ~60 m. Modeling the tsunami generation and near-field wave processes using two detailed rupture models obtained from either teleseismic P waves or high-rate GPS recordings in Japan allows evaluation of how well the finite-fault models account for the regional tsunami data. By determining sensitivity of the tsunami calculations to rupture model features, we determine model modifications that improve the fit to the diverse tsunami data while retaining the fit to the seismic and geodetic observations.
Yeast as a Model Host to Explore Plant Virus-Host Interactions

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is invaluable for understanding fundamental cellular processes and disease states of relevance to higher eukaryotes. Plant viruses are intracellular parasites that take advantage of resources of the host cell, and a simple eukaryotic cell, such as yeast, can provide all or most of the functions for successful plant virus replication. Thus, yeast has been used as a model to unravel the interactions of plant viruses with their hosts. Indeed, genome-wide and proteomics studies using yeast as a model host with bromoviruses and tombusviruses have facilitated the identification of replication-associated factors that affect host-virus interactions, virus pathology, virus evolution, and host range. Many of the host genes that affect the replication of the two viruses, which belong to two dissimilar virus families, are distinct, suggesting that plant viruses have developed different ways to utilize the resources of host cells. In addition, a surprisingly large number of yeast genes have been shown to affect RNA-RNA recombination in tombusviruses; this opens an opportunity to study the role of the host in virus evolution. The knowledge gained about host-virus interactions likely will lead to the development of new antiviral methods and applications in biotechnology and nanotechnology, as well as new insights into cellular functions of individual genes and the basic biology of the host cell.
Dynamin recruitment and membrane scission at the neck of a clathrin-coated pit

Dynamin, the GTPase required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is recruited to clathrin-coated pits in two sequential phases. The first is associated with coated pit matura - tion; the second, with fission of the membrane neck of a coated pit. Using gene-edited cells that express dynamin2-EGFP instead of dynamin2 and live-cell TIRF imaging with single-mol- ecule EGFP sensitivity and high temporal resolution, we detected the arrival of dynamin at coated pits and defined dynamin dimers as the preferred assembly unit. We also used live-cell spinning-disk confocal microscopy calibrated by single-molecule EGFP detection to deter- mine the number of dynamins recruited to the coated pits. A large fraction of budding coated pits recruit between 26 and 40 dynamins (between 1 and 1.5 helical turns of a dynamin collar) during the recruitment phase associated with neck fission; 26 are enough for coated vesicle release in cells partially depleted of dynamin by RNA interference. We discuss how these re- sults restrict models for the mechanism of dynamin-mediated membrane scission.
Scalable detection of semantic clones

Several techniques have been developed for identifying similar code fragments in programs. These similar fragments, referred to as code clones, can be used to identify redundant code, locate bugs, or gain insight into program design. Existing scalable approaches to clone detection are limited to finding program fragments that are similar only in their contiguous syntax. Other, semantics-based approaches are more resilient to differences in syntax, such as reordered statements, related statements interleaved with other unrelated statements, or the use of semantically equivalent control structures. However, none of these techniques have scaled to real world code bases. These approaches capture semantic information from Program Dependence Graphs (PDGs), program representations that encode data and control dependencies between statements and predicates. Our definition of a code clone is also based on this representation: we consider program fragments with isomorphic PDGs to be clones. In this paper, we present the first scalable clone detection algorithm based on this definition of semantic clones. Our insight is the reduction of the difficult graph similarity problem to a simpler tree similarity problem by mapping carefully selected PDG subgraphs to their related structured syntax. We efficiently solve the tree similarity problem to create a scalable analysis. We have implemented this algorithm in a practical tool and performed evaluations on several million-line open source projects, including the Linux kernel. Compared with previous approaches, our tool locates significantly more clones, which are often more semantically interesting than simple copied and pasted code fragments.
Identification of Cellulose-Responsive Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Geographically and Edaphically Different Soils by Using Stable Isotope Probing

Many bacteria and fungi are known to degrade cellulose in culture, but their combined response to cellulose in different soils is unknown. Replicate soil microcosms amended with [13C]cellulose were used to identify bacterial and fungal communities responsive to cellulose in five geographically and edaphically different soils. The diversity and composition of the cellulose-responsive communities were assessed by DNA-stable isotope probing combined with Sanger sequencing of small-subunit and large-subunit rRNA genes for the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. In each soil, the 13C-enriched, cellulose-responsive communities were of distinct composition compared to the original soil community or 12C-nonenriched communities. The composition of cellulose-responsive taxa, as identified by sequence operational taxonomic unit (OTU) similarity, differed in each soil. When OTUs were grouped at the bacterial order level, we found that members of the Burkholderiales, Caulobacteriales, Rhizobiales, Sphingobacteriales, Xanthomonadales, and the subdivision 1 Acidobacteria were prevalent in the 13C-enriched DNA in at least three of the soils. The cellulose-responsive fungi were identified as members of the Trichocladium, Chaetomium, Dactylaria, and Arthrobotrys genera, along with two novel Ascomycota clusters, unique to one soil. Although similarities were identified in higher-level taxa among some soils, the composition of cellulose-responsive bacteria and fungi was generally unique to a certain soil type, suggesting a strong potential influence of multiple edaphic factors in shaping the community.
Decreased Diversity of the Fecal Microbiome in Recurrent Clostridium difficile—Associated Diarrhea

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile (CDAD) is thought to reflect colonization of a disrupted microbial community by the pathogen. We profiled the fecal microbiota of patients with CDAD (both initial and recurrent episodes) by culture-independent phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequences. Compared with those from control subjects and patients with an initial episode, the fecal communities in patients with recurrent CDAD were highly variable in bacterial composition and were characterized by markedly decreased diversity. Preservation and restoration of the microbial diversity could represent novel strategies for prevention and treatment of recurrent CDAD, which is often recalcitrant to existing therapies.
Optimal Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering—Morning Versus Evening Statin Administration:

Objective:To determine the best time to administer statins for optimal lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by reviewing the clinical evidence evaluating the chronobiologic effects of morning versus evening statin administration.Data Sources:Using the MeSH terms HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, morning and evening dosing, and clinical trials, a literature review was conducted to identify articles in MEDLINE (1966–December 2006), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–Deccmber 2006), and IOWA Drug Information Systems (1985–December 2006).Data Synthesis:Seven English-language studies evaluating morning and evening statin administration were identified and evaluated. Based on the available data, simvastatin demonstrated a pronounced LDL-C percentage reduction with evening closing. Although not statistically significant, a trend in the LDL-C percentage reduction favoring evening statin administration was noted with lovastatin, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin. Atorvastatin demonstr...
Abstract 1431: Upregulation of CXCR2 and its ligands in KRAS oncogene-induced initiation of pancreatic cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Pancreatic cancer (PC) is considered the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. The high mortality-to-incidence ratio for the disease can be attributed to late clinical presentation. Thus, the detection of early markers of this disease remains a major challenge in the field of PC research. Somatic mutations in oncogene KRAS are the most common and earliest events during development of PC, suggesting their crucial role in tumor initiation; however, the precise functional molecular mechanism of action remains poorly understood. CXCR2, a CXC chemokine receptor, and its ligands have also been found to be important in regulating angiogenesis and metastasis. Their enhanced expression is observed as early as the precursor lesions of PC. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of CXCR2 signaling in the KRAS(G12D)-induced PC development. To validate that mutant KRAS(G12D) is essential for this increased secretome, studies were performed using two cell line models having both exogenous and endogenous expression of mutant KRAS(G12D): Htert-HPNE-E6-E7-st/KRAS(G12D), which is an immortalized pancreatic duct-derived cell line having exogenous expression of mutant KRAS (G12D), and CD18/HPAF KRAS (G12D) -scram/Sh, which is a tumor-derived cell line. The endogenous expression of mutant KRAS (G12D) was silenced by stable expression of Sh-RNA specific to the KRAS(G12D) allele. Real time PCR, ELISA and western blot analysis of these cells revealed that mutant KRAS (G12D) regulates the expression of CXCR2 and its ligands at both transcription and protein levels. We observed an enhanced expression of the CXCR2 and its ligands in Htert-HPNE-E6-E7-st-KRAS(G12D) cells. Interestingly, stable knock-down of KRAS in CD18/HPAF-shKRAS(G12D) cells upregulated CXCR2 expression, but inhibited the expression of its ligands. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of PC lesions from Pdx-cre-LSL-KRAS (G12D) mice showed a higher expression of both receptor and its ligands as the lesions progress to advanced stages. Taken together, these results suggest that KRAS effector pathways are essential for modulating the expression of CXCR2 and its ligand, which, in turn, can mediate cellular- responses in PC growth and progression. Citation Format: Abhilasha Purohit, Michelle Varney, Satya Rachagani, Michelle Ouellete, Surinder K. Batra, Rakesh K. Singh. Upregulation of CXCR2 and its ligands in KRAS oncogene-induced initiation of pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1431. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1431
Multiuser Interference Cancellation and Detection for Users with More Than Two Transmit Antennas

We consider J transmitter units each equipped with N transmit antennas over wireless Rayleigh fading channels. Previously in [1], it was proved that when each transmitter unit has TV transmit antennas, using (J - 1)N + r receive antennas for any r ges 1, the receiver can completely separate the signals of J users. The provided diversity to each user was shown to be Nr if the units employ space-time trellis codes even if the units transmit asynchronously. Here, we consider the case when all units are synchronized and employ quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes (N > 2). It is proved that in this case a receiver with J + r - 1 antennas with r ges 1 can separate the transmitted signals of all units and provide each unit with a diversity order of Nr. Based on our interference cancellation technique, we then offer an array processing scheme which provides trade-off between diversity and spatial multiplexing. It is shown via simulations that this array processing scheme performs better than well-known modulation schemes, e.g. space-time block codes and BLAST, for a moderate number of receive antennas.
The proportion of trabecular bone in human vertebrae

The proportion of trabecular bone in human cadaver vertebrae was assessed by anatomic dissection. Thirty-two whole thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were obtained from 10 normal human postmenopausal female cadavers, 14 from 4 normal adult human male cadavers of similar age, and 8 from one female osteoporotic cadaver. Each vertebra was opened by saw cuts and separated into four tissue types: (1) body trabecular bone and marrow; (2) body cortical bone; (3) vertebral arch trabecular bone and marrow; and (4) vertebral arch cortical bone. Calcium was determined in each tissue type for each vertebra by ashing and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Trabeculae accounted for 24.4 +/- 4.5% of the total calcium in whole female vertebrae, and 18.8 +/- 4.4% in whole male vertebrae (p less than 0.001). The body averaged 41.8% trabecular bone in females and 33.5% in males. The arch averaged 9.7% trabecular bone in females and 4.9% in males. The proportion of trabecular bone in the whole vertebrae in the single osteoporotic spine was 28.5 +/- 3.2%, a value not significantly different from the trabecular fraction in normal females. These data indicate that whole human thoraco-lumbar vertebrae are composed of a substantially lower proportion of trabecular bone than is usually assumed, and they suggest that cortical and trabecular bone are eventually lost in equal proportion from the vertebrae during the development of spinal osteoporosis. These results are important for the interpretation of data from noninvasive bone measurement techniques that evaluate the spine, and they suggest that studies of this type are important for any site where noninvasive bone mass measurement is done.
Delta function model for the helium trimer: origin of three-body forces

The Dirac bubble potential, previously used to model the helium dimer, is applied to the trimer. It is shown that the quantum mechanical kinetic energy operator for a three-body system contains terms over and above the analogues of classical pairwise contributions. The additional terms, the ‘Borromean couplings’, are responsible for a dramatic increase in the binding energy of the trimer. For example, 4He3 is bounded by two orders of magnitude more strongly than 4He2, 279 mK versus 1.31 mK, respectively, according to our calculations. Moreover, the trimer is considerably more compact than the dimer, with (r12) decreasing to 9.01 A from 51.9 A.
Biologically based complementary and alternative medicine use among breast cancer survivors: relationship to dietary fat consumption and exercise.

Previous literature has shown that more than half of all female cancer survivors use some form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Although the prevalence of CAM use in this population is becoming apparent, few researchers have examined the relationship between CAM use and lifestyle factors that could influence patients’ well-being. The present study examined whether breast cancer survivors who use biologically based CAM are more likely than CAM nonusers to follow a low-fat diet and maintain moderate or vigorous exercise. Sixty-five female breast cancer survivors who were within 3 months of completing primary treatment were recruited. CAM use was measured by self-reported use of one or more of a list of 15 supplements. Dietary fat was measured by a 23-item self-report measure estimating fat consumption in the past month. Dietary fat stage of change and moderate and vigorous exercise stage of change were assessed using measures based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change. Results showed that biologically based CAM users maintained a lower percentage of calories from fat in their diet (t=2.12, p<0.05), and there was a trend for CAM users to be more likely than CAM nonusers to be in the action or maintenance stage for dietary fat consumption (p<0.09). However, this study did not find that CAM users were more likely to be in the action or maintenance stage of change for moderate or vigorous exercise. These findings suggest that biologically based CAM use among breast cancer survivors is associated with some, but not all, healthy lifestyle behaviors.