cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preschool anxiety disorders in pediatric primary care: prevalence and comorbidity.

Objective We sought to establish prevalence rates and detail patterns of comorbidity for generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and social phobia in preschool-aged children. Method The Duke Preschool Anxiety Study, a screen-stratified, cross-sectional study, drew from pediatric primary care and oversampled for children at risk for anxiety. A total of 917 parents of preschool children (aged 2–5 years) completed the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Results Generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and social phobia are common in preschool-aged children attending pediatric primary care. Three-fourths of preschoolers with an anxiety disorder only had a single anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder displayed the greatest degree of comorbidity: with separation anxiety disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.0–8.5), social phobia (OR = 6.4, 95% CI = 3.1–13.4), disruptive behavior disorders (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.6–15.8), and depression (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.1–12.4). Conclusions The weakness of association between generalized anxiety disorder and depression stands in contrast to substantial associations between these 2 disorders reported in older individuals. Attenuated associations in preschool-aged children could translate into clinical opportunities for targeted early interventions, aimed at modifying the developmental trajectory of anxiety disorders.
Analysis of the direct Fourier method for computer tomography

The authors develop a direct Fourier method (DFM) for reconstructing a function from its X-ray projections. They introduce a framework that can be used to get a quantitative comparison between different choices of basis functions in the step of resampling from polar to Cartesian coordinates. They use the framework to compare polynomial interpolation, approximated sinc-functions, Gaussians, splines, and Kaiser-Bessel functions. The resulting algorithm is very fast, requiring 12.5 N/sup 2/ log, N+49 N/sup 2/ flops. Numerical experiments show it to be efficient.
Donor age is associated with chronic allograft vasculopathy after adult heart transplantation: implications for donor allocation.

Background Chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major cause of long-term complications and mortality after heart transplantation. Although recipient factors have been implicated, little is known of the role of donor factors in CAV development. We sought to identify donor factors associated with development of CAV after heart transplantation. Methods We reviewed the United Network for Organ Sharing heart transplant database from August 1987 to May 2008. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association between donor variables and the onset of CAV for adult recipients. Donor age was matched to recipient age and analyzed with respect to development of CAV. Results Of the 39,704 recipients, a total of 11,714 (29.5%) experienced CAV. Multivariate analysis demonstrated seven donor factors as independent predictors of CAV: age, ethnicity, sex, weight, history of diabetes, hypertension, and tobacco use. When matching young donors (0 to 19.9 years) and old donors (≥50 years) to each recipient age group, older donors (≥50 years) conferred a higher risk of developing CAV. Further modeling demonstrated that for each recipient group, older donor age (≥50 years) conferred a higher risk of CAV development compared with younger donor age (0 to 19.9 years; p Conclusions Donor factors including sex, hypertension, diabetes, and tobacco use are independently associated with recipient CAV. Older donor age confers a greater risk of CAV development regardless of the age of the recipient. A heightened awareness for the development of CAV is warranted when using older donors in adult cardiac transplantation, in particular with recipients 40 years of age or older.
Predicting seed-zone water content for summer fallow in the Inland Pacific Northwest, USA

A B S T R A C T The Horse Heaven Hills in south-central Washington contains the world’s driest rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) region. The climate is Mediterranean with average annual precipitation as low as 150 mm. The cropping system is winter wheat-summer fallow. Tillage is used in the spring of the 13-month fallow to establish a dry soil mulch to help retain seed-zone water to establish winter wheat planted deep into fallow in late August. However, the Horse Heaven Hills is often so dry that even tillage-based summer fallow (TF) cannot retain adequate seed-zone water, and farmers must then wait until the onset of rains in mid October or later for planting. In such dry years, farmers would be better off practicing no-till fallow (NTF) to protect the soil from wind erosion; but no predictive tools are available to assist in these decisions. The objectives of our study were (1) to predict seed-zone water contents and water potentials in late August or early September based on soil water content measured in early April and (2) to compare seed-zone water in TF and NTF. Experiments were conducted for 5 years at each of two sites. Soil water content was measured in both early April and late August. Soil properties and residue loads were characterized to calibrate the Simultaneous Heat and Water model (SHAW). Seed-zone water was simulated in late August based on measured soil water contents in early April and measured temperature and precipitation from April to August. The SHAW model correctly predicted seed-zone water content 80% of the time. The amount and timing of rainfall occurring in April, May, and June was the most important factor controlling the seed-zone water content in late August, suggesting that farmers should delay their decision on whether to practice TF or NTF until late in the spring.
QM/MM studies reveal pathways leading to the quenching of the formation of thymine dimer photoproduct by flanking bases

It is known that the formation of the photochemical product of thymine–thymine cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (TT-CPD) formed upon UV excitation in DNA is significantly affected by the nature of the flanking bases, and that the oxidation potential of the flanking base correlates with the quenching of TT-CPD formation. However, the electronic details of this correlation have remained controversial. The quenching of thymine dimer formation exerted by flanking bases was suggested to be driven by both conformational and electronic effects. In the present study, we examine both of these effects using umbrella sampling and a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach for selected model systems. Our results demonstrate that a charge transfer (CT) state between the flanking base and the adjacent thymine base can provide a decay pathway for the population to escape from dimer formation, which eventually leads to the formation of an exciplex. The QM/MM vertical excitation energies also reveal that the oxidation potential of flanking bases correlates with the energy level of the CT state, thereby determining whether the CT state intersects with the state that can lead to dimer formation. The consistency between these results and experimentally obtained dimer formation rates implies that the quenching of dimer formation is mainly attributed to the decay pathway via the CT state. The present results further underline the importance of the electronic effects in quenching.
Nonlinear Cascades of Surface Oceanic Geostrophic Kinetic Energy in the Frequency Domain

Motivated by the ubiquity of time series in oceanic data, the relative lack of studies of geostrophic turbulence in the frequency domain, and the interest in quantifying the contributions of intrinsic nonlinearities to oceanic frequency spectra, this paper examines the spectra and spectral fluxes of surface oceanic geostrophic flows in the frequency domain. Spectra and spectral fluxes are computed from idealized two-layer quasigeostrophic (QG) turbulence models and realistic ocean general circulation models, as well as from gridded satellite altimeter data. The frequency spectra of the variance of streamfunction (akin to sea surface height) and of geostrophic velocity are qualitatively similar in all of these, with substantial variance extending out to low frequencies. The spectralflux P(v) of kinetic energy in the frequency v domain for the QG model documents a tendency for nonlinearity to drive energy toward longer periods, in like manner to the inverse cascade toward larger length scales documented in calculations of the spectralflux P(k) in the wavenumber kdomain. Computations of P(v) in the realistic model also display an ‘‘inverse temporal cascade.’’ In satellite altimeter data, some regions are dominated by an inverse temporal cascade, whereas others exhibit a forward temporal cascade. However, calculations performed with temporally and/or spatiallyfiltered output from the models demonstrate that P(v) values are highly susceptible to the smoothing inherent in the construction of gridded altimeter products. Therefore, at present it is difficult to say whether the forward temporal cascades seen in some regions in altimeter data represent physics that is missing in the models studied here or merely sampling artifacts.
Repair of "simple" total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: a review from the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium.

Background Outcomes for repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) from individual institutions suggest a significant improvement in mortality over the past several decades. The purpose of this study is to review the outcomes after repair of TAPVC from a large multiinstitutional registry. Methods A retrospective review of the multiinstitutional database, the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC), was used to identify patients with the diagnosis of TAPVC who underwent complete correction between 1982 and 2007. Data reviewed included age, decade of primary operation, anatomic type, presentation, and in-hospital mortality. Results Of the 118,084 surgical procedures submitted to the PCCC, 2,191 (1.9%) consisted of primary surgical correction of TAPVC. Sixty-one percent of the cohort was male, with 6.8% reported as premature. Overall in-hospital surgical mortality for simple TAPVC was 13%. Mortality was 20% from 1982 to 1989, 16% from 1990 to 1999, and 8% from 2000 to 2007. Obstruction to the anomalous pulmonary venous connection occurred in 29%, with a mortality of 26%. Conclusions Surgical outcomes from repair of congenital cardiac anomalies have significantly improved over the past several decades. Multiinstitutional large databases are needed to confirm results published from single-institution experiences. Although improvements in surgical repair of TAPVC have occurred over the past three decades, specific subtypes still experience significant mortality.
Forward-Looking Reverse Order Fault Simulation for $n$ -Detection Test Sets

We extend the concept of forward-looking reverse order fault simulation to n-detection test sets. Forward-looking reverse order fault simulation is an efficient static test compaction process similar to reverse order fault simulation, but with the advantage that it results in test sets that do not contain any unnecessary tests. The application of test compaction procedures to n-detection test sets is important since the test sets are larger than conventional test sets. We demonstrate that forward-looking reverse order fault simulation produces smaller test sets than reverse order fault simulation and measure the quality of the resulting test sets by their bridging fault coverage.
Signal probabilities in AND-OR trees

The authors consider a class of AND-OR tree circuits and study their response to random-pattern inputs as the depth of the tree is allowed to increase indefinitely. Each binary input of a circuit is independently chosen to be one (zero) with probability x (1-x). The logic of the circuit determines the probability of success (one) at the output as a monotonically increasing S-shaped function of x called the probability transfer function. The probability transfer function of an AND-OR tree is shown to have just one interior fixed point (with respect to changes in depth of the tree) in the
Vector processing enhancements for real-time image analysis

A real-time image analysis system was developed for beam imaging diagnostics. An Apple Power Mac G5 with an Active Silicon LFG frame grabber was used to capture video images that were processed and analyzed. Software routines were created to utilize vector-processing hardware to reduce the time to process images as compared to conventional methods. These improvements allow for more advanced image processing diagnostics to be performed in real time.
Short-term Control of Supraventricular Tachycardia with Verapamil Infusion and Calcium Pretreatment

Nineteen consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter or other types of supraventricular tachycardia were given intravenous (IV) calcium salts (1 g) followed by verapamil infusion at a rate of 1 mg/min. Successful treatment was defined as control of ventricular response to ≤100 beats per minute (bpm) or conversion to sinus mechanism in patients with atrial arrhythmias: 11 patients had atrial fibrillation; three had atrial flutter; four had reentrant supraventricular tachycardias (SVT); and one had paroxysmal SVT. Therapy was successful in all patients. The mean dose of verapamil required to achieve desired outcome was 20 mg. Heart rate showed no significant change as a result of calcium pretreatment (160 bpm ν 151 bpm). However, heart rate was significantly decreased, to 95 bpm, after treatment with verapamil. Blood pressure showed no change from baseline with either calcium or verapamil therapy. Verapamil infusion following IV calcium successfully treats atrial fibrillation/flutter or SVTs without depressing systemic blood pressure.
Electronic Structure and Chemical Reactions at Metal–Alumina and Metal–Aluminum Nitride Interfaces

On decrit une approche theorique et experimentale pour l'etude de la structure electronique et des reactions chimiques a l'interface metal-ceramique. On a choisi les systemes metal-Al 2 O 3 et metal-AlN representatifs des applications electroniques et thermomecaniques
Zebrafish-to-human extrapolation: Swimming upstream

To say that humankind relies on the animal model for the purposes of developing pharmaceuticals or in furnishing the human health risk assessment field with toxicity factors, would be an understate...
A comparative study of the elastic scattering in the12C,14N and16O identical-particle systems

Elastic-scattering excitation functions for14N on14N (partially obtained with a new heavy-ion gas target system) are reported for center-of-mass angles of 50°, 60°, 70°, 80° and 90° in the energy range 17≤Ec.m.≤30 MeV. Comparative optical-model analyses of the16O-16O,14N-14N and12C-12C data have been carried out; the dependence of the calculated cross-sections on the model parameters has been studied systematically. Ambiguities in the optical-potential parameter determinations have also been investigated. The extracted Wood-Saxon parameters are as follows. Open image in new window
Uncovering Coherent and Incoherent Vibrational Interactions in a Transition Metal Mixed Valence Complex Using Femtosecond Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy

Femtosecond polarization-selective nonlinear infrared spectroscopies reveal a detailed molecular picture of coherent and incoherent vibrational relaxation dynamics of a cyano-bridged mixed valence complex in a polar solvent.
Safety Decidability for Pre-Authorization Usage Control with Identifier Attribute Domains

Safety analysis is a fundamental problem in authorization models. Safety decidable models provide theoretical foundations for decentralized security administration. Attributes of objects are central to usage control authorization models. It has previously been shown that inclusion of a single infinite attribute leads to undecidable safety, even without any creation of objects. Therefore unrestricted inclusion of infinite attributes is not possible in a safety decidable model. On the other hand, it has recently been shown that the safety problem for the pre-authorization usage control sub-model with finite attribute domains, called ${PreUCON_A^{finite}}$ P r e U C O N A f i n i t e , is decidable even with unbounded object creation. A major limitation of finite attributes is the inability to link objects through attribute values in presence of unbounded object creation (since attributes that reference other objects must be infinite in this case). It would be desirable to have safety-decidable attribute-based models which include both finite and infinite attributes (necessarily with some restrictions). This paper develops a pre-authorization usage control sub-model, called ${PreUCON}_A^{id}$ P r e U C O N A i d , with attribute domains solely comprised of infinite object identifiers with considerable restrictions on how these attributes can be updated. Safety decidability for ${PreUCON}_A^{id}$ P r e U C O N A i d is proved by defining the notion of $\omega$ ω -equivalent usage configurations, and showing that the reachable set of $\omega$ ω -equivalent usage configurations is computable and can be used to answer safety questions. The utility of such models in practice is illustrated by means of an example. The paper further shows that addition of even a single finite domain attribute to ${PreUCON}_A^{id}$ P r e U C O N A i d results in undecidable safety. These results indicate that combining finite and infinite attributes in a safety decidable model is a challenging task, which will likely require carefully crafted restrictions on updates to these attributes. The formulation of such a model remains an important open question.
Urinary ascites resulting from umbilical artery catheterization.

AbstractA case is reported of neonatal urinary ascites resulting from traumatic umbilical artery catheterization.
Hybrid quantum systems for enhanced nonlinear optical susceptibilities

Significant effort has been expended in the search for materials with ultrafast nonlinear optical susceptibilities, but most fall far below the fundamental limits. This work applies a theoretical materials development program that has identified a promising new hybrid made of a nanorod and a molecule. This system uses the electrostatic dipole moment of the molecule to break the symmetry of the metallic nanostructure that shifts the energy spectrum to make it optimal for a nonlinear optical response near the fundamental limit. The structural parameters are varied to determine the ideal configuration, providing guidelines for making the best structures.
Quantifying spatially and temporally explicit CO2 fertilization effects on global terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics

Current terrestrial ecosystem models are usually driven with global average annual atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration data at the global scale. However, high-precision CO2 measurement from eddy flux towers showed that seasonal, spatial surface atmospheric CO2 concentration differences were as large as 35 ppmv and the site-level tests indicated that the CO2 variation exhibited different effects on plant photosynthesis. Here we used a process-based ecosystem model driven with two spatially and temporally explicit CO2 data sets to analyze the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effects on the global carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems from 2003 to 2010. Our results demonstrated that CO2 seasonal variation had a negative effect on plant carbon assimilation, while CO2 spatial variation exhibited a positive impact. When both CO2 seasonal and spatial effects were considered, global gross primary production and net ecosystem production were 1.7 Pg C·yr−1 and 0.08 Pg C·yr−1 higher than the simulation using uniformly distributed CO2 data set and the difference was significant in tropical and temperate evergreen broadleaf forest regions. This study suggests that the CO2 observation network should be expanded so that the realistic CO2 variation can be incorporated into the land surface models to adequately account for CO2 fertilization effects on global terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics.
RalA is overactivated in medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma (MDB) represents a major form of malignant brain tumors in the pediatric population. A vast spectrum of research on MDB has advanced our understanding of the underlying mechanism, however, a significant need still exists to develop novel therapeutics on the basis of gaining new knowledge about the characteristics of cell signaling networks involved. The Ras signaling pathway, one of the most important proto-oncogenic pathways involved in human cancers, has been shown to be involved in the development of neurological malignancies. We have studied an important effector down-stream of Ras, namely RalA (Ras-Like), for the first time and revealed overactivation of RalA in MDB. Affinity precipitation analysis of active RalA (RalA-GTP) in eight MDB cell lines (DAOY, RES256, RES262, UW228-1, UW426, UW473, D283 and D425) revealed that the majority contained elevated levels of active RalA (RalA-GTP) as compared with fetal cerebellar tissue as a normal control. Additionally, total RalA levels were shown to be elevated in 20 MDB patient samples as compared to normal brain tissue. The overall expression of RalA, however, was comparable in cancerous and normal samples. Other important effectors of RalA pathway including RalA binding protein-1 (RalBP1) and protein phosphatase A (PP2A) down-stream of Ral and Aurora kinase A (AKA) as an upstream RalA activator were also investigated in MDB. Considering the lack of specific inhibitors for RalA, we used gene specific silencing in order to inhibit RalA expression. Using a lentivirus expressing anti-RalA shRNA we successfully inhibited RalA expression in MDB and observed a significant reduction in proliferation and invasiveness. Similar results were observed using inhibitors of AKA and geranyl–geranyl transferase (non-specific inhibitors of RalA signaling) in terms of loss of in vivo tumorigenicity in heterotopic nude mouse model. Finally, once tested in cells expressing CD133 (a marker for MDB cancer stem cells), higher levels of RalA activation was observed. These data not only bring RalA to light as an important contributor to the malignant phenotype of MDB but introduces this pathway as a novel target in the treatment of this malignancy.
Parenting and Homeless: Profiles of Young Adult Mothers and Fathers in Unstable Housing Situations:

Young adults who are pregnant or parents are a vulnerable subgroup of the homeless population, yet there is limited research about their specific service needs. To fill this gap, we used data from ...
Replicative Reliability Tests for Environmental Carcinogens

It has been estimated that 85%–90% of human cancers are caused by environmental carcinogens (Maugh 1978). Cancer in test animals and humans can be shown to follow exposure to a variety of simple or complex, natural, as well as man-made chemicals. Definitive identification of a given substance as a carcinogen requires lengthy and expensive assays utilizing experimental animals. Much recent research has been directed toward developing diagnostic short-term tests capable of detecting possible carcinogens among untested substances, especially the many thousands of new structures being synthesized each year.
Acoustic node calibration using helicopter sounds and Monte-Carlo Markov chain methods

A Monte-Carlo method is used to calibrate a randomly placed sensor node using helicopter sounds. The calibration is based on using GPS information from the helicopter and the estimated DOAs at the node. The related Cramer-Rao lower bound is derived and the effects of the GPS errors on the position estimates are derived. Issues related to the processing of the field data, e.g., time synchronization and data nonstationarity, are discussed. The effects of the GPS errors are shown to be negligible under certain conditions. Finally, the results of the calibration on field data are given.
A framework to visualize temporal behavioral relationships in streaming multivariate data

Big Data analysis for scientific data is extremely challenging due to the following features — high resolution, extreme scale, high acquisition rate, multivariate data format and aggregating in the streaming fashion. Therefore, a visual analysis tool that can process, reduce, manipulate and display extreme-scale data is critical for scientists to make the right decision on-site and adjust their measurement strategies during the experiment. The lack of these tools not only severely reduces the scientific throughput, but also impairs our capability for scientific discoveries. In this paper, we describe StreamVisND — an interactive framework that provides several linked displays designed to reveal multivariate temporal behavior patterns from various perspectives. All of these displays generalize standard visualization paradigms such as line graphs from time samples to time intervals. As such the integral data type of our application is the time interval which we represent as a vector of time samples. Relationships of time intervals are expressed as similarities, possibly warped over time, of pairs of time vectors. These similarities can be among different variables at the same time interval, or different time intervals of the same variable. The former results in a line graph of streaming variables, while the latter results in a new display we called illustrative transform lines of time intervals over the variables. For both displays since the comparative metric is now pairwise similarity, as opposed to absolute value, we require an optimization algorithm, such as multidimensional scaling to perform mapping into display coordinates. Additional displays include a 2D embedding of temporal snapshots of the variables, as well as a 2D embedding of temporal relationships changes among the variables. We demonstrate our system in an environmental pollution diagnostics setting and have obtained encouraging results.
Time-dependent effects in photospheric-phase Type II supernova spectra

Spectroscopic modelling of Type II supernovae (SNe) generally assumes steady state. Following the recent suggestion of Utrobin & Chugai, but using the 1D non-local thermodynamic equilibrium line-blanketed model atmosphere code cmfgen, we investigate the effects of including time-dependent terms, which are generally neglected, that appear in the statistical and radiative equilibrium equations. We base our discussion on the ejecta properties and the spectroscopic signatures obtained from time-dependent simulations, investigating different ejecta configurations (slow, standard and fast), and covering their evolution from one day to six weeks after shock breakout. Compared to equivalent steady-state models, our time-dependent models produce SN ejecta that are systematically overionized, affecting helium at one week after explosion, but ultimately affecting all ions after a few weeks. While the continuum remains essentially unchanged, time-dependence effects on observed spectral lines are large. At the recombination epoch, H i lines and Na i D are considerably stronger and broader than in equivalent steady-state models, while Ca ii 8500 A is weakened. If time dependence is allowed for, the He i lines at 5875 and 10 830 A appear approximately three times stronger at one week, and He i 10 830 A persists as a blueshifted absorption feature even at six weeks after explosion. Time dependence operates through the energy gain from changes in ionization and excitation and, perhaps more universally across SN types, from the competition between recombination and expansion which, in turn, can be affected by optical depth effects. Our time-dependent models compare well with observations of the low-luminosity low-velocity SN 1999br and the more standard SN 1999em, reproducing the Hα line strength at the recombination epoch, and without the need for setting unphysical requirements on the magnitude of nickel mixing.
When does performance become a safety issue

The United States (U.S) Army Evaluation Center (AEC) provides an independent review of U.S. Army systems for safety. AEC has developed guides to allow consistent evaluation of system safety across the various AEC Evaluation Directorates and commodities. One of the guides covers “When does performance become a safety issue?”. This paper discusses why the performance versus safety guidance was developed, how the guidance was developed, what the guidance entails and examples of the guidance applied to Army systems. The performance versus safety guidance was developed to provide clarity and consistency in evaluating performance as it relates to safety in tests involving Soldiers and as systems are fielded. Performance versus safety has been problematic in the past when similar systems were evaluated using different analysis criteria resulting in different results. The guidance was developed through a review of the current MIL-STD-882E requirements, published literature and experience provided by safety professionals. The guidance provides a clear method to differentiate performance into different potential safety issues. Finally, the guidance provides several examples across various systems including: vehicles, aircraft, missiles and other munitions.
The first arrival time and mean age of a deleterious mutant gene in a finite population.

The mean and standard deviation of the first arrival time for a single mutant to reach a certain frequency and the mean age of a mutant persisting in a population have been studied using diffusion methods. These quantities are shown to be highly dependent on both the heterozygous effect and the population size. For partially recessive deleterious mutations, both the mean first arrival time and the mean age decrease with increasing selection coefficient against heterozygotes. For overdominant mutations, the mean age always increases very rapidly with increasing heterozygous advantage, while the mean first arrival time first increases rapidly with increasing heterozygous advantage to a maximum and then decreases rapidly with increasing heterozygous advantage. The standard deviation of the first arrival time is small while that of the age is large. The results of this study have been applied to study the case of the sickle cell anemia mutant in Africa. It is argued that the present prevalence may be explained without the necessity of quite so great a heterozygous advantage as .25 or higher as proposed by some workers. A reasonable range for the heterozygous advantage seems to be from .05 to .18.
Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovary syndrome: A review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is recognized as one of the most common endocrinopathies in women of reproductive age, associated with metabolic sequelae which includes increased risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The adverse effects of DM2 affects a woman throughout her lifespan. Health care expenditure of DM2 highlights the need for prevention through appropriate screening, diagnosis and intervention. Lifestyle modification (LSM) programs that include diet and/or physical activity are suggested for patients characterized as prediabetic to delay the onset of adult DM2. Diet (i.e. low carbohydrate), combination of aerobic and resistance exercise with high intensity interval training (HIT) 150 to 175min/week with resistance exercise 2 to 3days/week and weight loss may be valuable supporters in the fight against IR, IGT and DM2 associated with PCOS.
On the problem of spike-wave discharge detection by humans and machines.

The detection of events from EEG records has traditionally been done manually even though manual detection is time intensive, costly and subject to inconsistencies and biases. The need for automated methods for seizure-related event detection is widely recognized and indeed development of these methods has been abundant. However, clinicians and researchers continue to rely on manual event detection because current automated algorithms either fail to produce accurate results, to meet users' expectations or are difficult to employ. Thus, there is a need for new solutions to the problems inherent in EEG event detection. Here we develop a support vector machine (SVM)-based algorithm for the automated detection of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in a mouse model of absence epilepsy. The algorithm first identifies putative SWD events using frequency- and amplitude-based peak detection. Then, using predictors calculated from the Morlet wavelet transform of each event, it discretely classifies (SWD/nonSWD) and assigns a confidence score to each event. The result of this algorithm is scoring of SWDs along a 'confidence' continuum that is highly correlated with human confidence and that allows us to more effectively characterize ambiguous events in order to gain a better understanding of 'ground truth' in SWD detection. Finally, we validate the algorithm by showing that the detected events are temporally correlated, on the scale of seconds, with abrupt changes in spectral power bands relevant to normal behavioral states including sleep. Our results demonstrate the value of viewing detection of SWDs as a continuous, rather than discrete, classification problem.
Zehn Gebote für ein ganzheitliches, objektorientiertes Vorgehen

Kurzlich wurde ich von OUTPUT-Redaktor L.A. Venetz gebeten, zu einigen die Anwendungsentwicklung betreffenden Fragen Stellung zu nehmen. Meine Antworten sind an dieser Stelle vorzufinden, weil damit die wesentlichen Aussagen dieses Buches kurz und bundig zusammenzufassen sind1.
Gravity and Magnetic Surveys at Sea

This chapter gives a short description of the history, instruments, corrections, navigation and data processing used in modern gravity and magnetic measurements at sea. A short section on interpretation includes maps and profiles from a marine survey.
Biochemistry of Complement

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the biochemistry of complement. Complement is a complex biological system that cooperates with the immunoglobulins and with cellular elements in preserving the integrity of the body. When activated by immune complexes, complement proteins enter into characteristic interactions which result in the formation of multimolecular assemblages on the surface of biological membranes. Self-assembly is catalyzed by complement enzymes and facilitated by the natural tendency of complement proteins to combine with each other. Complement profoundly affects the surface properties, the structure and function of biological membranes. While acting on membranes it may cause cell death. But it may also cause activation of specialized cell functions. It thereby affects release of histamine from mast cells and platelets, directed migration of leukocytes, enhanced phagocytosis, contraction of smooth muscle, aggregation and fusion of platelets, and promotion of blood coagulation. Most of these noncytolytic activities are exhibited by fission or fusion products of complement proteins. The biological manifestations of complement thus comprise cell destruction, inflammation, and promotion of coagulation.
Student Coding Styles as Predictors of Help-Seeking Behavior

Recent research in CS education has leveraged machine learning techniques to capture students’ progressions through assignments in programming courses based on their code submissions [1, 2]. With this in mind, we present a methodology for creating a set of descriptors of the students’ progression based on their coding styles as captured by different non-semantic and semantic features of their code submissions. Preliminary findings show that these descriptors extracted from a single assignment can be used to predict whether or not a student got help throughout the entire quarter. Based on these findings, we plan on developing a model of the impact of teacher intervention on a student’s pathway through homework assignments.
Complete cerebral ischemia

Neuronal, astrocytic, and oligodendrocytic elements in several brain loci of the cat were examined at the light and electron microscopic level immediately after periods of complete cerebral ischemia (CCI) uncomplicated by post-ischemic recirculation. Such CCI episodes ranged from 1.5–25 min duration and were methodically produced in a cat model employing rigorous physiological controls. Subsequent to these CCI insults, morphological alterations occurred in a homogeneous manner within each cell type of all loci examined; however, variation in the temporal onset and magnitude of alterations among the various cell types was observed. With brief ischemic insults all cell nuclei demonstrated pronounced nuclear alterations, while their cytoplasmic organelles displayed minimal change. Chromatin clumping and nucleolar condensation were observed in both neurons and glia subsequent to 1.5–5 min of CCI, respectively. With increasing durations of CCI such changes were more dramatic and conspicuous alterations of the cytoplasmic organelles were observed. On the basis of extensive morphological analyses the present study illustrates that nuclear alterations are the first to occur subsequent to CCI. The homogeneity of neuronal involvement seen subsequent to CCI uncomplicated by post-ischemic recirculation is inconsistent with the “selective vulnerability” purported to occur by others. The significance of this inconsistency remains to be assessed; yet, the suggestion is advanced that post-ischemic recirculation may be a factor in the genesis of such vulnerability.
The Super absorbing Ag-Au Metasurfaces for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Sensing of Drugs and Chemicals

We proposed a super absorbing metasurfaces with hybrid Ag-Au nanostructures, which enables efficient light trapping and result in enhanced SERS sensing performance.
Botox and Other Neurotoxins

This chapter describes the pharmacological and clinical characteristics of four botulinum toxins- Botox, Xeomin, Dysport and Myobloc- currently approved by FDA for use in the US. Two other unapproved but widely used botulinum toxins in Asia, Prosigne and Meditox are also briefly discussed. In addition, the structure of clinical trials and definition of study phases, I, II, III, IV as pertains to clinical investigations are provided. The classification of clinical studies based on their quality- class I to IV and their level of study efficacy- A, B, C, U - are described using the guidelines provided by the Assessment and Therapeutics Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Psychosocial Factors in Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs and Their Families

Children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) and their families may experience a variety of internal (ie, emotional and behavioral) and external (ie, interpersonal, financial, housing, and educational) psychosocial factors that can influence their health and wellness. Many CYSHCN and their families are resilient and thrive. Medical home teams can partner with CYSHCN and their families to screen for, evaluate, and promote psychosocial health to increase protective factors and ameliorate risk factors. Medical home teams can promote protective psychosocial factors as part of coordinated, comprehensive chronic care for CYSHCN and their families. A team-based care approach may entail collaboration across the care spectrum, including youth, families, behavioral health providers, specialists, child care providers, schools, social services, and other community agencies. The purpose of this clinical report is to raise awareness of the impact of psychosocial factors on the health and wellness of CYSHCN and their families. This clinical report provides guidance for pediatric providers to facilitate and coordinate care that can have a positive influence on the overall health, wellness, and quality of life of CYSHCN and their families.
Laboratory lore and research practices in the experimental analysis of human behavior: Designing session logistics-how long, how often, how many?

Mylaboratory research hasattempted togeneralize principles derived fromresearch withdiscrete, brief responses such askeypressing tomorenatural examples ofhumanbehavior suchasreading, sewing, andartwork. Asapartofthis process, somevariations onconventional experimental practice haveemerged in myresearch andinthat donebyothers whoanalyze humanbehavior. Thisessay presents strategies foradapting procedural conventions towhatever human behavior istheobject ofstudy. Criteria forselecting length, frequency, andnumberofsessions arediscussed inthat order, along withsomelimitations inherent in humanresearch. Someoftheimplications ofthis lore aremostuseful with naturalistic repertoires, butsuggestions forall humanoperant research aremade aswell.
Primary Amenorrhea, Aplastic Uterus, and a Functional Vagina: A Rare Case of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome.

Background. Mullerian agenesis, also known as Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS), a failure of female urogenital development, typically results in a completely stenotic or rudimentary dimple vagina, both of which are generally nonfunctional in adulthood without mechanical dilation or surgical reconstruction. Case. A 20-year-old Tanner stage V heterosexual woman with normal sexual function since coitarche presented with a chief complaint of primary amenorrhea. She was found to have aplastic uterine buds, absent endometrium/cervix, normal ovaries, and an unusually well-developed lower vagina, a rare presentation of MRKHS. We discuss mechanisms by which the anomaly may have arisen. Summary & Conclusion. This case thus expands the clinical presentation of MRKHS to include a normal appearing vagina with intact sexual function from first sexual encounter, raising interesting questions about the basic underlying embryology.
Abstract 735: A Novel Class of Sphingolipids Mediate Autophagy and Apoptosis in Models of Ischemia

Rationale: Heart failure caused by ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death and disability in the USA and world, accounting for 10 million deaths in 2016. Sphingolipids including ceram...
Reward uncertainty attributes incentive value to reward proximal cues, while amphetamine sensitization reverts attention to more predictive reward distal cues

Abstract Slot-machine gambling incorporates numerous audiovisual cues prior to and during reward delivery (e.g. spinning wheels, flashing lights, celebratory sounds). Over time, these cues may motivate playing and even elicit cravings and relapse in those affected by gambling disorder. Animal studies suggest a heightened attraction to these cues despite diminished predictive ability under reward uncertainty, as evidenced by sign-tracking behavior in rats. Repeated amphetamine administration may also enhance the incentive value attributed to cues. Here, we explored the impact of reward uncertainty and prior amphetamine sensitization on the relative attractiveness and conditioned reinforcing properties of serial Pavlovian cues with different degrees of predictive and incentive value in rats. Animals were sensitized through repeated injections of amphetamine (1–4 mg/kg) or saline and then trained in a Pavlovian autoshaping task involving two sequential lever-auditory cue combinations (CS1, CS2) under Certain (100%-1) or Uncertain (50%-1-2-3) reward conditions. Subsequently, we evaluated the impact of acute amphetamine exposure on cue attraction. Our results suggest that Uncertainty alone enhanced attraction towards the reward-proximal CS2. However, combined sensitization and Uncertainty reversed cue preference relative to Uncertainty alone, enhancing attraction towards the more predictive reward-distal CS1. Both cues acquired conditioned reinforcing properties, despite the CS2 being otherwise ignored in all groups besides Uncertainty. However, combined sensitization and Uncertainty increased the reinforcing value of both cues and doubled the amount of interaction with the CS1 lever per presentation. Our results imply competitive mechanisms for attributing incentive value to gambling-related cues between reward uncertainty, prior amphetamine sensitization, and acute amphetamine administration.
Effects of closure depth changes on coastal response to sea level rise: Insights from model experiments in southern Brazil

Abstract This study focuses on the impacts of variable shoreface closure depth limits on coastal responses to increases in sea levels along a sandy barrier in southern Brazil. Upper and lower shoreface limits for sediment exchanges are largely regulated by the wave climate and they tend to move offshore as the temporal scale increases. Therefore, because closure depth limits are a source of uncertainty in simulations of coastal response to sea level rise, to elucidate how important changes in these limits are under such conditions, four simulation experiments were performed with variable combinations of upper and lower shoreface closure depth values. Direct methods for closure depth delineation require long term data sets with field surveys, which are rarely available; therefore, indirect approaches are applied widely. To calculate closure depth values here, we apply Hallermeier's equations using two wave data sources: one measured (via wave buoys) and one modeled Wave Watch III and Simulating Waves Nearshore Model (WWIII/SWAN). Evaluation of coastal response under rising sea levels was possible via application of an aggregated coastal modeling approach using the random shoreface translation model (RanSTM). Shoreline retreat distances resulting from each combination of upper (hc) and lower (hi) shoreface closure depth values (cases) in model simulations were compared: Case 1 (hc = 7.4 m; hi = 42.1 m), Case 2 (hc = 7.4 m; hi = 35.7 m), Case 3 (hc = 6.2 m; hi = 35.7 m), and Case 4 (hc = 6.2 m; hi = 42.1 m). Statistical analysis via the Kruskal-Wallis test demonstrated that shoreline retreat was significantly affected (at P
Onset conditions for psychological and psychosomatic symptoms during psychotherapy: a new theory based on a unique data set.

Objective The author's goal was to evaluate theories of the conditions that exist before onset of psychological and somatic symptoms by assessing these preconditions clinically and quantitatively. Method He assembled a set of texts from the cases of seven patients who had recurrent psychological or somatic symptoms and examined the segments of texts that came before the symptoms occurred; he then compared these segments with segments of text that occurred before control points in the same case. The recurrent psychological symptoms were momentary forgetting, shifts in level of depression, and phobic behavior; the recurrent somatic symptoms were stomach ulcer pains, migraine headaches, absence epilepsy (petit mal) episodes, and premature ventricular contractions of the heart. Results 1)Independent ratings of presymptom segments compared with precontrol segments revealed some significant differences in all seven cases. 2) Some variables that distinguished the presymptom from the precontrol segments occurred in all of the cases. In rank order of their effect size across cases, these variables were hopelessness, lack of control, anxiety, feeling blocked, helplessness, concern about "supplies," depression, and hostility toward the therapist. For example, hopelessness was significant in seven of the seven cases. Conclusions For the first time, segments of texts of psychotherapy sessions that occurred before recurrent symptoms have been assembled and analyzed. These brief segments before recurrent symptoms showed more of certain qualities than did segments before control points where no symptoms appeared. On the basis of these results the author constructed a new symptom-context theory of symptom formation and compared this new theory with five classical theories of symptom formation, drawing implications for research and for treatment techniques.
Conducting a Pathology Research Study, From Start to Finish.

Context.— Many pathologists-in-training enter residency or fellowship with either no formal experience in research or with a basic science research background that may not translate well to researc...