cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of riverine carbon and organic matter source contributions using time-based isotope mixing models

[1] Rivers transport globally significant amounts of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems to ocean margins. Understanding and quantifying the sources and respective contributions to riverine C has emerged as an important biogeochemical problem that can be approached through natural-abundance isotope mass balance. Traditionally, the sources of riverine C have been identified either qualitatively or quantitatively through application of static mixing models. However, both source signatures and contributions can vary significantly with time. Here we apply two time-based mixing models to a study of six rivers draining the northeast U.S. In the first model, a time-averaged mixing model (TAMM), we vary only the source isotopic (δ13C and Δ14C) signatures. In the second model, a time-varying mixing model (TVMM), we allow both isotopic signatures and contributions to vary with time. Based on results from the TVMM, drivers of variation in riverine particulate organic C (POC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) include stream discharge, stream discharge and water temperature, and water temperature and vegetation phenology, respectively. Major sources include C3plant material, algal material and slow-turnover soil OC (“slow SOC”), which together account for 50%–100% (95% CI) of riverine POC; C3plant material and slow SOC, which together typically account for 60%–100% (95% CI) of DOC; and atmospheric exchange which alone typically accounts for 40%–60% (95% CI) of DIC. Seasonal change in relative contributions from algal material, slow SOC, and photosynthesis (in response to the identified drivers) dominates the observed variation in POC, DOC and DIC, respectively. The TVMM is a novel tool to identify component contributions under more realistic non-static conditions, and with potential application to a broad range of biogeochemical studies.
Urbanization, urban land expansion and environmental change in China

China’s economic reforms and unprecedented growth have generated many fascinating issues for scholarly research. An understanding of urbanization and land use change in China is required for appropriate strategies and policies to facilitate future sustainable development. This paper reviews the literature on urbanization, land use and sustainable development in China with a focus on land use change. We argue that land use and environmental research are embedded in the complex economic-geographical processes and multiple trajectories of development and urbanization in China. This paper highlights the important role of space–time modeling in a multi-disciplinary setting in the study of urbanization, land use and sustainable development. It also points out potential areas for future research.
Circular dichroism of horseradish peroxidase and its enzyme-substrate compounds.

Abstract The conformations of peroxidase (HNO 2 :H 2 O 2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7), peroxidase-substrate compound I, and peroxidase-substrate compound II were investigated using circular dichroism. Peroxidase has positive circular dichroic bands at 190 and 406 mμ and negative bands at 207, 222, 282, 335, and 370 mμ. The far ultraviolet, circular dichroic spectrum of peroxidase resembles that of α-helical polypeptides. The intensities of the 207- and 222-mμ bands are about 40% of the literature values for completely α-helical polypeptides. A mixture of the two-enzyme-substrate compounds has the same 207- and 222-mμ circular dichroic bands as does free peroxidase, suggesting that all three forms have the same secondary structure. In the Soret region, the formation of enzyme-substrate compounds shifts the wavelengths of the circular dichroic bands; these changes are similar to those known to occur in the absorption bands. Also in the 280-mμ region, the circular dichroism of the enzyme-substrate compounds differs from that of peroxidase, indicating either that the heme moiety contributes to the ultraviolet circular dichroism or that the orientation of an aromatic amino acid residue changes during peroxidatic activity.
Recovery from diving bradycardia in bullfrogs

1. During forced submergence, bullfrogs,Rana catesbeiana, gradually develop bradycardia while immediate elevation of cardiac rate takes place upon emergence. 2. Injection of N2 into the lungs of submerged bullfrogs does not affect the bradycardia while injections with air or O2 cause heart rate elevation following a 15–20 s latency. It is concluded that stimulation of pulmonary stretch receptors and elimination of hypoxia are not important to the instantaneous heart rate increase upon emergence. 3. Emerging bullfrogs into an atmosphere of air or low O2 (\(P_{{\text{O}}_2 } \)=10–35 mm Hg) results in identical patterns of immediate and sustained heart rate recovery. Restoration of normal blood oxygen thus does not seem necessary for recovery of heart rate during at least the initial 6 min of emergence. 4. Simultaneously monitoring respiratory and cardiac responses during emergence suggests that initial recovery from diving bradycardia in bullfrogs is dependent on initiation of respiratory movements.
Margin control in robotic and laparoscopic prostatectomy: What are the REAL outcomes?

Our institutional experience and relevant literature on surgical margin rates with laparoscopic and robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy are summarized. Differences in surgical margins were assessed between patients undergoing open or robotic-assisted prostatectomy by experienced surgeons, and placed in context with a review of the literature. Surgical margins and location were similar between patients undergoing open or robotic prostatectomy. Pathologic stage, baseline prostate-specific antigen, and Gleason score all impacted the risk of a positive surgical margin. Experienced surgeons can achieve comparable outcomes in terms of surgical margins. Disease burden plays a significant role in positive surgical margins.
Stereoselective synthesis of “linear” C-disaccharides

Abstract A 1,4′-C-disaccharide ( 20 ) containing an acetylenic linkage was synthesized from D-glucose via a homologation of a 4-ulose derivative ( 6a ) followed by condensation with 2,3,4,6-tetrabenzyl pyranolactone. Subsequent reduction afforded isomerically pure β-C disaccharide in good overall yield.
Industry interactions with federal laboratories

This article is based on two surveys of US firms, all of them members of the Industrial Research Institute, on their interactions with university and federal laboratories. It covers mainly the federal part of the responses. Although questions remain to be answered (a followup survey is planned for mid-1991), the firms had a surprisingly high level of awareness of and interaction with the federal laboratories. Many of them plan to increase their external R&D funding. We believe the firms including such external resources in their strategic planning will achieve stronger competitive positions than those that do not.
Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease.

There is a large body of evidence supporting beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids for both primary and secondary prevention of cardiac disease in people. However, evidence is increasing for the use of omega-3 fatty acids in dogs with cardiac disease as well. Omega-3 fatty acids’ anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic effects may be beneficial in managing the loss of lean body mass and arrhythmias that are common in heart failure. However, omega-3 fatty acids also may have positive effects on myocardial energy metabolism, endothelial function, heart rate and blood pressure, and immune function. Additional research is needed to determine optimal indications, doses and formulations for dogs and cats with cardiac disease.
Does Chevron Matter

In this article we evaluate whether the Supreme Court's much-discussed decision in Chevron v Natural Resources Defense Council (1984) signaled a lasting difference in how the justices decide administrative law cases, by comparing and testing the predictions of three distinct theories of Supreme Court behavior. The legal model predicts an increase in deference to administrative agencies. This prediction is shared by the jurisprudential regime model, which also predicts that the justices evaluate key case factors differently before and after Chevron. The attitudinal model predicts no change in the justices’ behavior as a result of Chevron. Although we find that attitudes matter, the fact that we also find support for the legal and jurisprudential regime models undermines the assertion of the attitudinal model that law cannot explain Supreme Court votes on the merits.
The Effectiveness of Calcium (Magnesium) Acetate and Calcium Benzoate as NOx Reduction Agents in Coal Combustion

Abstract A laboratory study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the chemicals calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), calcium acetate (CA), and calcium benzoate (CB) in reducing NOx emission from coal-fired furnaces. CMA, which is currently being used as a non-corrosive road deicing salt, has demonstrated exceptional effectiveness in our laboratory as an in-boiler S02 removal agent (Levendis et al., 1993). This is due to the affinity of the calcium and magnesium components of CM A for sulfur; the reaction results in solid sulfate salts. The current investigation explored the role of the organic component of CMA, as well as that in CA and CB, in removing NOx emissions that are typically found in post-flame regions of furnaces burning pulverized coal or residual oil. Bench-scale experiments were conducted at gas temperatures ranging from 450 to 1450°C and oxygen concentrations between 0 to 5%. The residence time was in the order of 4 s, Injection of the CMA reagent at a mass ratio of CMA/NO of 41 (or an e...
The influence of search engines on preferential attachment

There is much current interest in the evolution of social networks, especially, the Web graph, through time. "Preferential attachment" and the "copying model" are well-known models which explain the observed degree distribution of the Web graph reasonably closely. We claim that the presence of highly popular search engines like Google substantially mediate the act of hyperlink creation by limiting the author's attention to a small set of "celebrity" URLs. Page authors (who are also Web surfers) frequently (with probability p) locate pages using a search engine. Then they link to popular pages among those they visit. We initiate an analysis of this more realistic process, and show that the celebrity nodes eventually accumulate a constant fraction of all links created whp, and that the degrees of the other nodes still follow a power-law distribution, but with a steeper power: Pr(degree = k) α k-(1+2/(1-p))Whp. Our analysis adds evidence to the recent concern that search engines offer new Web pages a steep, self-sustaining barrier to entry to well-connected, entrenched Web communities.
The capacity for selective concentration on color versus form of consonants

Abstract The concept of active exclusion or inhibition of some stimuli while focusing on others has been largely ignored or rejected in recent work in the field of attention. As part of an ongoing series of studies involving five posthypnotically cued levels of mental concentration, it was possible to test the capacity for active blurring of one stimulus attribute (form) while simultaneously perceiving another attribute (color) accurately. In lowered concentration conditions three highly trained hypnotic Ss were dramatically successful in blurring the form and thereby impairing identification of colored consonants flashed tachistoscopically at speeds ranging from 300 msec down to 50 msec—without any concomitant loss in accuracy of identification of the color in which the letter was printed. Among a supplemental series of control experiments, it was further demonstrated that the active inhibitory process can be reversed so as to act upon color but not form; and that the Ss were unable to duplicate these feats in the waking state without benefit of posthypnotic programming. A theoretical interpretation of the findings, in terms of a conceptual model of the mind, is offered.
Electromagnetic currents in dual hadrodynamics

We discuss a possible scheme of introducing electromagnetic currents in the dual-resonance model in such a way as to maintain duality in many-photon amplitudes. It turns out that the currents build up a pair of trajectories (Pomeranchukon-like and photon-like) with intercept one. A more specific ansatz for the current vertex gives generalized $\ensuremath{\rho}$ -dominance form factors and a scaling behavior of the inelastic structure function $\ensuremath{\pi}$.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN STATE-DEPENDENT EMERGENCY EVACUATION NETWORKS

Abstract Most of the previous studies on the Emergency Evacuation Problem (EEP) assume that the length and widths of the circulation spaces are fixed. This assumption is only true if one is evaluating facilities that are already built. However, when designing the network for the first time, the size of the circulation space is not known to the designer, in fact it is one of several design parameters. After the routes have been established, it seems that the next logical question is to find out whether or not the system circulation spaces are capable of accommodating the traffic for both normal circulation and in an emergency. The problem of designing emergency evacuation networks is very complex and it is only recently that queueing networks are now being used to model this problem. Recent advances include state-dependent queueing network models that incorporate the mean value analysis algorithm to capture the non-linearities in the problem. We extend these models by incorporating the mean value analysis algorithm within Powell's derivative free unconstrained optimization algorithm. The effect of varying circulation widths on throughput will be discussed and a methodology for solving the resource allocation problem is proposed and demonstrated on several examples. The computational experience of the new methodology illustrates its usefulness in network design problems.
Effect of derivatives of L-cysteine on the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides P-60.

Summary1. Alliin and L-cystine disulfoxide stimulated the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides but to a lesser degree than L-cystine. 2. Substitution of the sulfur hydrogen of L-cysteine by alkyl and alkene radicals did not produce any observable response. The sulfoxide of S-ethyl-L-cysteine was also inactive; however, S-propyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide was found to have a very slight activity. 3. The activity of alliin may be due to both the presence of the sulfoxide group and the unsaturation in the allyl radical.
Microforms in Gravel Bed Rivers: Formation, Disintegration, and Effects on Bedload Transport

This research aims to advance current knowledge on cluster formation and evolution by tackling some of the aspects associated with cluster microtopography and the effects of clusters on bedload transport. The specific objectives of the study are (1) to identify the bed shear stress range in which clusters form and disintegrate, (2) to quantitatively describe the spacing characteristics and orientation of clusters with respect to flow characteristics, (3) to quantify the effects clusters have on the mean bedload rate, and (4) to assess the effects of clusters on the pulsating nature of bedload. In order to meet the objectives of this study, two main experimental scenarios, namely, Test Series A and B (20 experiments overall) are considered in a laboratory flume under well-controlled conditions. Series A tests are performed to address objectives (1) and (2) while Series B is designed to meet objectives (3) and (4). Results show that cluster microforms develop in uniform sediment at 1.25 to 2 times the Shields parameter of an individual particle and start disintegrating at about 2.25 times the Shields parameter. It is found that during an unsteady flow event, effects of clusters on bedload transport rate can be classified in three different phases: a sink phase where clusters absorb incoming sediment, a neutral phase where clusters do not affect bedload, and a source phase where clusters release particles. Clusters also increase the magnitude of the fluctuations in bedload transport rate, showing that clusters amplify the unsteady nature of bedload transport. A fourth-order autoregressive, autoregressive integrated moving average model is employed to describe the time series of bedload and provide a predictive formula for predicting bedload at different periods. Finally, a change-point analysis enhanced with a binary segmentation procedure is performed to identify the abrupt changes in the bedload statistic characteristics due to the effects of clusters and detect the different phases in bedload time series using probability theory. The analysis verifies the experimental findings that three phases are detected in the bedload rate time series structure, namely, sink, neutral, and source.
A method for reparameterizing mild solutions to nonlinear evolution equations

On considere l'equation d'evolution differentielle 0∈u'(t)+A(t)u(t), 0≤t≤T avec u(0)=x 0 , ou u appartient a un espace de Banach (X, ∥.∥) et chaque A(t), t∈[0,T], est un operateur m-accretif multiforme sur X
Processing and moisture effects on TDDB for Cu/ULK BEOL structures

As scaling in Cu/BEOL structures causes critical dimensions to shrink, TDDB between Cu lines is increasingly becoming a reliability concern and increasingly limiting the choices of low-k and ULK materials which can be implemented [1]. Failure analysis has shown that the interface between the dielectric and the Cu capping layer is typically where dielectric breakdown occurs. This interface can be adversely affected by a number of processing steps and processing parameters including dicing, CMP, queue time between Cu CMP and Cu capping, and exposure to moisture [2-5]. In this study we examine the effect of these critical processing steps and parameters on TDDB. To focus on the effect of the processing steps and to minimize the effects of wafer to wafer and lot to lot variability, we have primarily used structures with Cu line spacings of 80-90nm. For some IV experiments a spacing of 30-40nm was used. Techniques for improving TDDB performance are also discussed.
Polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is classically thought of as the triad of oligo/amenorrhea hirsutism and obesity. However it has become apparent that this disorder is heterogeneous and many subtypes exist. The basic abnormality relates to overproduction of androgens primarily from the ovary leading to the symptoms of menstrual dysfunction and hirsutism/acne. As such the current diagnostic criteria include menstrual dysfunction of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea evidence of hyperandrogenism either clinical or biochemical and the exclusion of other known disorders which could otherwise explain the symptoms. The reported incidence of this disorder in the general population is in the range of 4–10%. (excerpt)
Separation of the energy of overall rotation in any N-body system.

A general exact procedure for separation of the energy of the overall rotation from the "internal" (vibrational) energy in any (arbitrarily floppy) $N$-body system is formulated. It is based on following the detailed dynamics of the system and it retains all the dynamical couplings allowing for the flow of energy between the rotation and vibrations. Still, it leads to a complete instantaneous separation of the energies in that the Coriolis term in the Hamiltonian is zero at all times. The utility of the new scheme is illustrated.
Reaching Li7 quantum degeneracy with a minitrap

A millimeter-scale Ioffe-Pritchard trap is used to achieve quantum degeneracy in $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$. The trap employs freestanding copper coils integrated onto a direct-bond copper surface-electrode structure. The trap achieves a radial magnetic gradient of $420\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}∕\mathrm{cm}$, an axial oscillation frequency of $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$, and a trap depth of $66\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}$ with a $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{A}$ drive current and $7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}$ total power dissipation.
Educational outcomes in a system of care for children with emotional disturbance

In North Carolina, only 69% of high school students graduate in 4 years; however, recent data suggest that only 42% of students with mental and emotional disabilities graduate. MeckCARES, a system of care (SOC) in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, is designed to serve youth with severe emotional disturbances and their families. The SOC philosophy is a prominent family-focused approach intended to provide comprehensive, coordinated networks of services, tailored to the needs of the child and family, while emphasizing the strengthening of natural community supports. In addition to other mental health objectives, a particular goal of MeckCARES is to address specific school-based needs of system-identified youth to improve educational outcomes and reduce the risk of dropping out. This study sought to assess empirically the impact that enrollment in MeckCARES has on graduation precursors; namely, grades, suspensions, and absences. This study found that, on average, enrollment in MeckCARES is not associated with positive changes in educational variables. Implications of these findings are discussed, as are future directions. For example, additional research is needed with more sensitive measurement and data collection procedures (i.e., access to graduation rates and Medicaid information) to adequately assess the impact of enrollment in MeckCARES on educational outcomes.
A Renewable Liquid Droplet as a Sampler and a Windowless Optical Cell. Automated Sensor for Gaseous Chlorine

A droplet of a reagent solution is formed at the tip of a tube centered in a cylindrical chamber through which a gas sample is aspirated. The solution is continuously pumped ; the drop grows, falls, and another drop grows again. The droplet serves not only as a reproducible collector for the sample gas flowing around it but also as a reactor for a chromogenic reaction and as a windowless optical cell. The design and characteristics of this dynamically growing/falling droplet-based gas sensor system are described ; the performance parameters are attractive relative to a static drop. In particular, such systems can be internally calibrated for any humidity effects : at a constant pumping rate, the drop period/frequency is a predictable function of sample relative humidity. The feasibility of the sensor is demonstrated by the fully automated and continuous determination of gaseous chlorine using tetramethylbenzidine solution as a chromogenic collection liquid. At levels relevant to industrial hygiene monitoring, an 18 μL droplet-based sensor equipped with a light-emitting diode photodiode-based detector shows a relative standard deviation of 1.2% (pCl 2 ∼900 ppbv, drop period 1.1 min) while the corresponding blank standard deviation is equivalent to ∼1 ppbv. There appears to be a great potential for such drop-based collectors with in situ photometric or electrochemical signal transducers as automated sensor devices in biphasic measurements (trace gases, solvent extraction, etc.).
High E-field microwave properties of bulk amorphous semiconductors

Abstract The effects of high microwave electric fields on bulk amorphous semiconductors were studied at room temperature. Samples of eight different glasses were mounted in the center of a reduced height, X-band waveguide in a sandwich geometry parallel to the electric field of the dominant mode. Samples were 90 mil (2.286 mm) square by 8.5 mil (0.2159 mm) thick with thin-film CrAu electrodes. The microwave conductivity remained constant at field strengths below a critical value near 10 4 V/cm. Above this value, which depends upon the microwave pulse length, switching to a low-resistance state was observed with the thermal breakdown as the switching initiation mechanism.
Roma advocacy and EU conditionality: Not one without the other?

This article brings together the literature on European Union conditionality and transnational NGO advocacy by considering the fundamental role non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played in the EU's efforts to bring about reforms in countries working to join the organization. Based in part on interviews in Romania, the Czech Republic and Brussels, and focusing on the case of anti-discrimination and the Roma (Gypsies), I consider both how the EU helped NGOs achieve their objectives and how NGOs influenced the creation and effect of EU requirements on candidate countries from Central and Eastern Europe (now new Member States). While problems for the Roma have certainly not disappeared, one cannot fully appreciate the development of either advocacy or conditionality regarding the Roma without considering the mutual dependence of NGOs and the EU. The NGO role is frequently disregarded in the top-down EU accession process, but I find that neither NGOs nor the EU would have been successful at advancing or sustaining domestic change on their own.
Metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to acute progressive resistive exercise in a person with C4 spinal cord injury.

Metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to acute progressive resistive exercise in a person with C4 spinal cord injury
Modeling particle dispersion in a turbulent, multiphase mixing layer.

Abstract This paper describes the application of a Stochastic-Separated-Flow (SSF) algorithm for the numerical modeling of turbulent dispersion of glass particles injected in a two-dimensional, incompressible mixing layer. Although it is recognized that unsteady, large eddy structures play an important role in the determination of the vorticity field in turbulent shear layers, the computations reported here made use of time-averaged turbulence models for the closure of the gas field because most often these practical turbulence models are used in industrial applications to model the transport of heavy particles. The comparison of various techniques used to sample fluctuating properties from the gaseous field is discussed. Two distinct turbulence models were used to estimate turbulence quantities of the continuous phase. These models were the traditional eddy viscosity (k—e) model and a Multiple-Time-Scale (NITS) model, which allows for the partition of the turbulence kinetic energy spectrum into two distinct time scale ranges. In addition a set of post-processor algebraic relations was considered to study the effect of turbulence anisotropy on the particle behavior. These algebraic relations were used to circumvent the effects of the isotropic assumption embedded in the formulation of one-point closure turbulence models. It was found that using second-order algebraic relations, or using more simplistic Boussinesq-hypothesis-based cross-correlations, has minor effects on the determination of the Eulerian time-averaged particle properties. However, the cumulative effects of the gas fluctuating velocities on the dispersion predictions were significant for the mixing layer studied here. Also, it was observed that the NITS model did not give better gas phase predictions compared to the standard k—e model.
Dilemmas of Architectural Education in the Academic Political Economy

Faculty members in schools of architecture are increasingly faced with demands from university administrators for more academic creativity. Maintaining an architectural practice was once considered to be sufficient for faculty members, but they are now being pressured to produce research. The administrators' demand for research productivity is largely due to efforts to increase the reputation of their architectural school and the university. Conflicts over faculty status emerge as research-oriented faculty are pitted against practice-oriented faculty who are unable to provide the academic products deemed necessary to enhance reputational capital. The creation of this reputational value, however, commodities academic endeavors as a form of exchange capital versus the practical use of faculty accomplishments. Faculty in schools of architecture are now faced with the dilemmas of sustaining collegial relations as administrative forces tend to commodity their educational endeavors.
Noncontact Dipole Effects on Channel Permeation. I. Experiments with (5F-Indole)Trp13 Gramicidin A Channels

Gramicidin A (gA), with four Trp residues per monomer, has an increased conductance compared to its Phe replacement analogs. When the dipole moment of the Trp13 side chain is increased by fluorination at indole position 5 (FgA), the conductance is expected to increase further. gA and FgA conductances to Na+, K+, and H+ were measured in planar diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine (DPhPC) or glycerylmonoolein (GMO) bilayers. In DPhPC bilayers, Na+ and K+ conductances increased upon fluorination, whereas in GMO they decreased. The low ratio in the monoglyceride bilayer was not reversed in GMO-ether bilayers, solvent-inflated or -deflated bilayers, or variable fatty acid chain monoglyceride bilayers. In both GMO and DPhPC bilayers, fluorination decreased conductance to H+ but increased conductance in the mixed solution, 1 M KCl at pH 2.0, where K+ dominates conduction. Eadie-Hofstee plot slopes suggest similar destabilization of K+ binding in both lipids. Channel lifetimes were not affected by fluorination in either lipid. These observations indicate that fluorination does not change the rotameric conformation of the side chain. The expected difference in the rate-limiting step for transport through channels in the two bilayers qualitatively explains all of the above trends.
A regression analysis of the summer population dynamics of Polyarthra vulgaris in a northern Michigan bog lake

The population dynamics of a planktonic rotifer (Polyarthra vulgaris) were examined in a brown water, acid lake in northern Michigan, U.S.A. Predation by Chaoborus punctipennis and low food (Navicula spp. and Cyclotella spp.) concentrations were the main factors limiting P. vulgaris populations of all factors examined. The data presented here support a hypothesis for zooplankton limitation by an invertebrate predator.
Effectiveness of end-user developed applications in organizations: an empirical investigation

End-user computing, an environment where users develop applications for their own use, is growing at an astounding rate. This fast-paced growth is due primarily to the proliferation of microcomputers and the availability of end-user languages. However, certain risks have been identified with user-developed applications. Applications have not been adequately tested, documented, or maintained. Users, who are non-technical developers, have failed to identify complete information requirements. In some cases end-user developers have applied the wrong analysis technique or tool to a problem. The research question arising from the current situation is: "What organizational, technical, or user factors will contribute to the effectiveness of end-user developed applications (EUDA)?"
Fixed Abrasive Diamond Wire Saw Slicing of Single-Crystal Silicon Carbide Wafers

Abstract This article investigates the slicing of single-crystal silicon carbide (SiC) with a fixed abrasive diamond wire. A spool-to-spool rocking motion diamond wire saw machine using a 0.22 mm nominal diameter diamond wire with 20 µm average size diamond grit was used. The effect of wire downfeed speed on wafer surface roughness and subsurface damage was first investigated. The surface marks generated by loose diamond grit and stagnation of the wire during the change of the wire-cutting direction were studied. The use of scanning acoustic microscopy (SAcM) as a nondestructive evaluation method to identify the subsurface damage was explored. Effects of using a new diamond wire on cutting forces and surface roughness were also investigated. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to examine the machined surfaces and wire wear. This study demonstrated the feasibility of fixed abrasive diamond wire cutting of SiC wafers and the usage of a SAcM to examine the subsurface damage.
Scheduling of planting and harvesting programmes for processing vegetables

As more vegetables are processed and packaged before they are purchased for consumption, the amount of fresh materials which can be handled each day is limited by the physical capacity of processing plants. For a large plant operation, it is important to schedule the production programmes well in advance in order to avoid unnecessary losses resulting from the overproduction or underproduction during a particular period of processing season. It is also important to control a steady supply of raw materials for achieving the most economical use of labour and equipment. The problems of planning are: when would the planting start so that the crop could be harvested on those scheduled dates, and how should one space out each planting to insure an even flow of raw materials of desired maturity to suit plant operations ? To solve the problems one needs to know the number of growth days from planting to harvesting. Unfortunately, the exact prediction of plant maturity is not available because of many uncertain climatic factors, such as temperature, moisture, light, etc., affecting plant growth. A method currently being used is known as the heat unit system. The heat unit system is based on observed close relationship between development rate and the accumulation of daily mean temperatures above a certain threshold temperature during the growing season?. 2. s. 4.5 The method is of considerable practical value to field and plant supervisors in forecasting harvest dates and scheduling processing operations. 6. 7 However, experience has shown that the method cannot be applied exactly. 6, 8 The scheduled production programmes have to be modified to fit the weather conditions and management adjustment must be made as seasons progress. Holtman et al. 9 have developed a mathematical model to assist the grower in making a harvest time decision in scheduling I-2 days in advance of the optimal harvest date. How to plan planting and harvesting programmes prior to the growing seasons remains unsolved. The objective of this paper is to present a method for evaluation of the relationship of the duration of crop maturity and the planting dates and their applications to better planning the production programmes.
InGaN Channel High-Electron-Mobility Transistors with InAlGaN Barrier and fT/fmax of 260/220 GHz

Depletion-mode high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with an 11 nm quaternary In0.13Al0.83Ga0.04N barrier and a 5 nm In0.05Ga0.95N channel on SiC substrates have been fabricated. The as-processed HEMT structure features a channel electron density of 2.08×1013 cm-2 and a mobility of 1140 cm2 V-1 s-1. A device with a 50-nm-long T-shaped gate shows a maximum output current density of 2.0 A/mm, a peak extrinsic DC transconductance of 690 mS/mm, and cut-off frequencies fT/fmax of 260/220 GHz at the same bias, representing a record high √fTfmax of 239 GHz for InGaN channel HEMTs.
A comprehensive approach to enhancing sexual health education in the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

We report on the Sexual Health Curriculum Enhancement project at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Using a US dollars 100000 grant from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., we have developed and are in the process of implementing a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary and innovative curriculum that is based on three primary objectives for teaching sexual health: attitude change, behavior change, and knowledge acquisition. Five general strategies to incorporate specific sexual health content into the medical school curriculum have been implemented: (1). Faculty Development; (2). Additional Didactics; (3). Cased-Based Learning; (4). Testing and Assessment; and (5). Electronic (Computer/Web-Based Enhancements).
ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN VOLATILE OILS IN AEROSOL FORMULATIONS.

The analysis of several volatile oils was made utilizing both the chemical method and the method of gas chromatography. Pure samples and mixtures of volatile oils were subjected to these methods of analysis. In addition, samples of volatile oils contained in an aerosol preparation were determined. The existing methods of analysis were modified to accommodate the aerosol package. While gas chromatography is useful, it has no real advantage over the existing chemical analysis. However, in the analysis of mixtures of volatile oils gas chromatography is essential.
Freedom, determinism and circular reasoning

This paper uses a short dialogue between a determinist and a free-will advocate as a basis for exploring some of the elements of circular reasoning which have for centuries kept alive one of the classical debates of philosophy, the freedom-versus-determinism debate. The chronic circularity which infests both sides of the debate arises from a procedural asymmetry in the argument, which in turn is produced by the different metaphysical commitments of the debaters.
Apical localization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors is independent of extended synaptotagmins in hepatocytes

Extended synaptotagmins (E-Syts) are a recently identified family of proteins that tether the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane (PM) in part by conferring regulation of cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) at these contact sites (Cell, 2013). However, the mechanism by which E-Syts link this tethering to Ca2+ signaling is unknown. Ca2+ waves in polarized epithelia are initiated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs), and these waves begin in the apical region because InsP3Rs are targeted to the ER adjacent to the apical membrane. In this study we investigated whether E-Syts are responsible for this targeting. Primary rat hepatocytes were used as a model system, because a single InsP3R isoform (InsP3R-II) is tethered to the peri-apical ER in these cells. Additionally, it has been established in hepatocytes that the apical localization of InsP3Rs is responsible for Ca2+ waves and secretion and is disrupted in disease states in which secretion is impaired. We found that rat hepatocytes express two of the three identified E-Syts (E-Syt1 and E-Syt2). Individual or simultaneous siRNA knockdown of these proteins did not alter InsP3R-II expression levels, apical localization or average InsP3R-II cluster size. Moreover, apical secretion of the organic anion 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) was not changed in cells lacking E-Syts but was reduced in cells in which cytosolic Ca2+ was buffered. These data provide evidence that E-Syts do not participate in the targeting of InsP3Rs to the apical region. Identifying tethers that bring InsP3Rs to the apical region remains an important question, since mis-targeting of InsP3Rs leads to impaired secretory activity.
The Habits and Economic Importance of the Rough Whelk-Tingle (Murex erinaceus)

IN 1925 I reported to an oyster company that “in 1924–25 the whelk-tingle (Ocinebra (Murex) erinacea) was very abundant and very destructive. In my experiment ‘A,’ fully half of the brood of 1924 were found bored by the whelk-tingle, and it was obvious that most of the young oysters had been attacked in the early summer of 1925, since many of those bored had put on new growth.”
Search for evidence of the influence of vacancies on the thermal conductivity of solid4He

We have measured the thermal conductivity of high quality low density hcp4He Crystals. The behavior is well described by standard phonon thermal conductivity theory. We discuss the limits that these measurements set on the thermal conductivity due to vacancies.
Best approximation by monotone functions

For 1 d p < co, let L, denote the Banach space of pth power Lebesgue integrable functions on the interval [0, l] with /I f IID = (lh 1 f / p)“p. Let M, EL, denote the set of non-decreasing functions. Then M, is a closed convex lattice. For 1 < p < co, each f E L, has a unique best approximation from M,, while, for p = 1, existence of a best approximation from M, follows from Proposition 4 of [6]. Recently, there has been interest in characterizing best L, approximations from M, [ 1, 2, 3, 41. For example, in [ 1 ] it is shown that iff E L, and if each point in [0, l] is a Lebesgue point off [7], then the best L, approximation to f from M, is unique and continuous. In each of the papers mentioned above, the approach taken was measure theoretic, and the arguments were necessarily complicated. The purpose of this paper is to approach the best approximation problem from a duality viewpoint. This leads to considerable simplification in the derivation of the results, and allows for the omission of the assumption that f E L ~.
Interdisciplinary teams and the road to discovery.

The development and efforts of interdisciplinary research teams hold great promise for the future of our field, and with some forethought and insight, these teams may represent the most powerful pathway toward the next generation of advances in imaging and imaging-guided intervention.© RSNA, 2010
A new shock tube study of the H + O2 → OH + O reaction rate using tunable diode laser absorption of H2O near 2.5 μm

Abstract The rate coefficient of the reaction H + O2 → OH + O was determined using tunable diode laser absorption of H2O near 2.5 μm behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range 1100–1530 K, at approximately 2 atm. Detailed kinetic analysis of the recorded H2O temporal profiles yielded the rate coefficient expression: k = (1.12 ± 0.08) × 1014 exp [(−7805 ± 90)/T] cm3 mol−1 s−1, with estimated uncertainties of ±4.6% at 1500 K and ±8.8% at 1100 K. Excellent agreement between this study and that of Masten et al. (1990) was found in the overlapping temperature range. By combining the results of these two studies, the reaction rate coefficient over the range 1100–3370 K was found to be described well by: k = ( 1.04 ± 0.03 ) × 10 14 exp [ ( - 7705 ± 40 ) / T ] cm 3 mol - 1 s - 1 .
Clearcoat analysis in isolated and multi-layer paint systems by confocal Raman microscopy

Abstract Confocal Raman microscopy has been used to characterize the chemical composition of clearcoats in three paint systems: weathered and unweathered samples of isolated acrylic/melamine and acrylic/urethane clearcoats, polyester urethane clearcoats in weathered and unweathered samples of a complete paint system on plastic, and ultraviolet-light-cured acrylic clearcoats on polycarbonate substrates. The increase in the carbonyl peak intensity was found to be an excellent means to follow the progress of photo-oxidation in isolated clearcoats as well as in a clearcoat in a complete paint system. Similar measurements on basecoats were less successful; some samples produced intense fluorescence, which obscured the Raman lines. The technique was most useful for examining the interface formed between an ultraviolet-light-cured acrylic hardcoat and a polycarbonate. Spatial profiles of this interface with a resolution of ~ 1 μm revealed that different cure conditions can produce either an abrupt (
Choosing specifiers: an evaluation of the basic tasks model of graphical perception

Effect sizes obtained from 39 experiments were used to evaluate the predictions of the basic tasks model of graphical efficacy. This model predicts that performance will be attenuated with graphical displays as a function of the particular specifier, or visual dimension, used to code data values. In this review the basic tasks model predicted performance more accurately than did Tufte's data-ink principle. In addition, variability in effect sizes across studies revealed that the model was more successful at predicting performance in local (focusing) tasks than in global information synthesis tasks. Furthermore, the model was better at predicting performance in tasks requiring the use of physically present rather than remembered graphs. Further differences in effect sizes resulted from variability in the exact specifiers used in experimental graphs. Minimal differences were obtained among graphs that used position, length, or angle as specifiers. However, graphs that used area or volume to represent quantitative values were associated with consistently worse performance than found with other formats.
Osteomalacia and osteoporosis in a woman with ankylosing spondylitis

Three months postpartum, a 33-year-old woman with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) suffered multiple vertebral fractures. Bone mineral density was 61-67% of age-matched normal values at the lumbar spine and proximal femur, and an initial iliac crest bone biopsy revealed osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Secondary causes of bone disease were excluded, and the patient was treated with calcium, vitamin D, and nasal spray calcitonin (400 u/day). Over 4 years, she has shown partial recovery of bone mass and almost complete resolution of osteomalacia. Osteoporosis and fracture occur in patients with AS, yet this case represents a rare association between AS and both osteomalacia and postpregnancy spinal osteoporosis.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and vascular tumors of the head and neck.

Abstract Purpose: The clinicopathologic distinctions between angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (AHE) and vascular tumors are controversial. Some investigators believe that AHE is a variant of hemangioma, whereas others state that it is an inflammatory phenomenon. To better delineate the clinicopathologic entity of AHE and investigate the efficacy of various treatment regimens, we undertook a retrospective analysis of AHE and compared it with other angiomatous lesions treated at a tertiary referral center. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the histopathologic features of hemangioma, AHE, and angiosarcoma of the head and neck seen in 46 cases at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center between 1950 and 1992. Lesions were evaluated for presence of lymphoid and eosinophilic infiltration, type of endothelial cell, and pattern of vascular proliferation. Patient charts were also reviewed for clinical history and outcome. Results: The typical findings of AHE were present in 13 cases of conventional hemangioma and angiosarcoma. The clinical data of 8 AHE patients were also reviewed and a benign outcome was observed. Conclusion: We propose that AHE represents an angiomatous neoplasm similar to the hemangioma but characterized by a marked reactive appearance. AHE may comprise part of a spectrum of vascular tumors with differences between lesions depending in part on host-mediated inflammatory and immune responses.
Space Shuttle Orbiter and Aerodynamic Testing

The concept of utilizing the space shuttle orbiter as an aerodynamic flight research vehicle is discussed. The orbiter's planned flight frequency and its complex flight control system provide an unprecedented flight research potential. This paper defines the orbiter's flight environment and applicable baseline systems, their capabilities and limitations, as well as those instrument systems required to augment the baseline capability. These required systems, which are being developed under NASA's Orbiter Experiments Program (OEX), are the aerodynamic coefficient indentification package (ACIP), shuttle entry air data system (SEADS), and the shuttle upper atmosphere mass spectrometer (SUMS). Finally, the need for and capability of launching payloads from the orbiter to extend the research potential beyond the orbiter configuration and/or environment is defined.