cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multimedia synchronization protocol for ATM networks

The media streams of a multimedia communication application may traverse through different communication channels. Because of the network delay and jitter, data in these streams sent at the same time may not arrive at a destination simultaneously. In this paper a multimedia synchronization protocol that resynchronizes the media streams is proposed. The protocol inserts extra control cells into the media streams, and aligns the cells at the receiver site. Three synchronization policies, namely, the Drop-Old, the Transmit-Old and the Delayed-Transmit, are introduced to align the control cells. To satisfy the Quality of Service (QOS) specified by an application, the protocol must negotiate an appropriate QOS with the underlying ATM network. For each of the three synchronization policies, the relationship between the specified QOS and the negotiated QOS is derived. >
On the relation between the Index Coding and the Network Coding problems

In this paper we show that the index coding problem captures several important properties of the more general network coding problem. An instance of the index coding problem includes a server that holds a set of information messages X = {x1,... ,xk} and a set of receivers R. Each receiver has some side information, known to the server, represented by a subset of X and demands another subset of X. The server uses a noiseless communication channel to broadcast encodings of messages in X to satisfy the receivers' demands. The goal of the server is to find an encoding scheme that requires the minimum number of transmissions. we show that any instance of the network coding problem can be efficiently reduced to an instance of the index coding problem. Our reduction shows that several important properties of the network coding problem carry over to the index coding problem. In particular, we prove that both scalar linear and vector linear codes are insufficient for achieving the minimal number of transmissions.
Nonlinear diagnostics using AC dipoles

There are three goals in the accurate nonlinear diagnosis of a storage ring. First, the beam must be moved to amplitudes many times the natural beam size. Second, strong and long lasting signals must be generated. Third, the measurement technique should be non-destructive, Conventionally, a single turn kick moves the beam to large amplitudes, and turn-by-turn data are recorded from multiple beam position monitors (BPMs). Unfortunately, tune spread across the beam causes the center of charge beam signal to "decohere" on a time scale often less than 100 turns. Filamentation also permanently destroys the beam emittance (in a hadron ring). Thus, the "strong single turn kick" technique successfully achieves only one out of the three goals. AC dipole techniques can achieve all three. Adiabatically excited AC dipoles slowly move the beam out to large amplitudes. The coherent signals then recorded last arbitrarily long. The beam maintains its original emittance if the AC dipoles are also turned off adiabatically, ready for further use. The AGS already uses an RF dipole to accelerate polarized proton beams through depolarizing resonances with minimal polarization loss. Similar AC dipoles will be installed in the horizontal and vertical planes of both rings in RHIC. The RHIC AC dipoles will also be used as spin flippers, and to measure linear optical functions.
Cytometry of chromatin bound Mcm6 and PCNA identifies two states in G1 that are separated functionally by the G1 restriction point1

Cytometric measurements of DNA content and chromatin-bound Mcm2 have demonstrated bimodal patterns of expression in G1. These patterns, the replication licensing function of Mcm proteins, and a correlation between Mcm loading and cell cycle commitment for cells re-entering the cell cycle, led us to test the idea that cells expressing a defined high level of chromatin-bound Mcm6 in G1 are committed - i.e., past the G1 restriction point. We developed a cell-based assay for tightly-bound PCNA (PCNA*) and Mcm6 (Mcm6*), DNA content, and a mitotic marker to clearly define G1, S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle. hTERT-BJ1, hTERT-RPE-1, and Molt4 cells were extracted with Triton X-100 followed by methanol fixation, stained with antibodies and DAPI, then measured by cytometry. Bivariate analysis of cytometric data demonstrated complex patterns with distinct clustering for all combinations of the 4 variables. In G1, cells clustered in two groups characterized by low and high Mcm6* expression. Serum starvation and release experiments showed that residence in the high group was in late G1, just prior to S phase. Kinetic experiments, employing serum withdrawal, and stathmokinetic analysis with aphidicolin, mimosine or nocodazole demonstrated that cells with high levels of Mcm6* cycled with the committed phases of the cell cycle (S, G2, and M). A multivariate assay for Mcm6*, PCNA*, DNA content, and a mitotic marker provides analysis capable of estimating the fraction of pre and post-restriction point G1 cells and supports the idea that there are at least two states in G1 defined by levels of chromatin bound Mcm proteins.
A tragic case of complicated labour in early Byzantium (404 A.D.).

Objectives: Presentation and comment on the problematic delivery of the Byzantine empress Eudoxia’s stillborn child. Study design: The original Greek language Byzantine histories, chronicles and hagiographical sources were investigated. Comparisons were then made of the knowledge of obstetrics among contemporary and ancient physicians. Results: The case of Eudoxia’s delivery is described in various literary sources with details regarding the fatal clinical picture of the parturient after the embryo’s death. The study of early and contemporary medical texts proves that in similar cases conservative treatment was preferred but embryotomy was followed in the event of failure. Conclusions: Eudoxia’s labour represents a characteristic paradigm of the difficulties involved in the confrontation of complicated deliveries in mediaeval times, often resulting in the death of both the mother and embryo. The treatments follow the ancient Hippocratic, Hellenistic and Roman traditions and influence medieval European medicine, thus constituting significant roots of obstetrics. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Work and personal e-mail use by university employees: PIM practices across domain boundaries

In this article, we present findings from a survey of nearly 600 university employees' e-mail use. The study provides a detailed comparison of use patterns between work and personal e-mail accounts. Our results suggest that users engage in more “keeping” behaviors with work e-mail than with personal e-mail—respondents reported more frequent use of keeping actions and larger inbox sizes for their work accounts. However, we found correlations between individual respondents' e-mail behaviors in the two contexts, indicating that personal preferences can play a role. We also report results pointing to e-mail as an important boundary management artifact. We show evidence that the use of multiple e-mail accounts may be a work-personal boundary placement strategy, but also observe that a fair amount of boundary permeation occurs through e-mail. To our knowledge, this study is one of the first to compare e-mail use in both work and personal contexts across the same sample. Our findings extend prior research on personal information management regarding e-mail use, and help inform the role of e-mail in managing work-personal boundaries. The results have implications for the design of e-mail systems, organizational e-mail policies, user training, and understanding the impacts of technology on daily life.
Home ranges and population densities of shrews (Soricidae) inhabiting a spruce plantation in Bavaria, Germany

The common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 and pygmy shrew S. minutus Linnaeus, 1766 were live-trapped for 10 months in a spruce plantation. Mean home range size were 1058 (SD = 381) m2 for the common shrew and 2146 (SD=147) m2 for the pygmy shrew. The density estimates of S. araneus varied from 4 ind/ha in winter to 26 ind/ha in summer, and these of S. minutus were 2 ind/ha and 7 ind/ha, respectively. Peak densities for booth species occurred during August. It appears that maintaining a viable population of these two shrew species in this spruce plantation requires no special precaution.
Health and Economic Consequences of Counterfeit Drugs

"Counterfeit Drugs Kill" is the slogan the World Health Organization (WHO) uses in its anti-counterfeiting campaign. International organizations, governments of developed and developing countries, and the pharmaceutical industry created the IMPACT initiative (International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce) to take on the thriving illegal industry that makes profits by selling fake drugs. However, before committing resources, policy makers want to assess the burden caused by counterfeit drugs in comparison with other health problems that compete for the limited resources available.
Supporting branched versions on XML documents

Many e-commerce and e-government applications are collaborative in nature (e.g. negotiation and e-catalog management). In collaborative environments, users typically define new document versions from any past version, which creates the need for supporting multiversion XML documents, particularly branched versioning. In this paper, we address the problem of evaluating path expression queries over XML documents with branched versions. We extend path joins to work in a branched version environment and to allow queries on multiple versions. We propose a storage scheme that efficiently maintains all branched document versions and describe changes required on Pathstack, an optimal pattern matching algorithm. Finally, we investigate the effectiveness of our techniques through experimental evaluation.
Nuclear genome size in Selaginella.

Estimates of nuclear genome size for 9 Selaginella species were obtained using flow cytometry, and measure- ments for 7 of these species are reported for the first time. Estimates range from 0.086 to 0.112 pg per holoploid genome (84-110 Mb). The data presented here agree with the previously published flow cytometric results for S. moellendorffii. Within the 9 species sampled here, chromosome number varies from 2n =1 6 to 2n = 27. Nuclear genome size appears to be strongly correlated with chromosome number (Spearman's rank correlation; p = 0.00003725). Cultivated S. moellen- dorffii lacks sexual reproduction—manifest by the production of abortive megasporangia. Flow cytometric data generated from a herbarium specimen of a fertile wild-collected S. moellendorffii are virtually indistinguishable from the data gener- ated from fresh material (0.088 vs. 0.089 pg/1C). Therefore, the limited fertility observed in cultivated plants is probably not the result of abnormal chromosome number (e.g., induced by interspecific hybridization).
Building a culture of health: a critical role for public health services and systems research.

The authors reflect on the development of a culture of health in the United States and on the role that public health services and systems research can play in it. They suggest that health and health care have reached a pivotal point in the United States and that new skills and perspectives will be needed to inform public health systems and services research. They argue that a culture of health must be established and that it will require changes in education and health services administration.
Time Isn’t of the Essence: Activating Goals Rather Than Imposing Delays Improves Inhibitory Control in Children

Is it easier to inhibit inappropriate behaviors if one pauses before acting? An important finding for theory and intervention is that children’s inhibitory control improves if an adult imposes a delay before they can act. Such findings have suggested that the passage of time allows impulsive urges to dissipate passively. However, in prior studies with imposed delays, children were also reminded about what they should be doing, which may have aided their activation of goal-relevant information. We tested this possibility by independently manipulating delays and task reminders, and measuring 3-year-olds’ abilities to inhibit opening boxes in a go/no-go box-search task. Task reminders, but not adult-imposed delays, improved children’s response inhibition. However, as in prior work, children who spontaneously delayed their action longer on go trials exhibited better response inhibition on no-go trials. These results pose a challenge to the view that the passage of time plays a causal role, suggest that sponta...
Digital stimulator control system for introducing premature stimuli

A control system to convert a general-purpose stimulator into one which will generate premature stimuli at variable but controlled intervals is described. The control system was developed to sense spontaneous cardiac depolarizations and inject premature stimuli at preset elapsed times after every 10th or every spontaneous depolarization. The delay may be set by an analog circuit or by digital thumb-wheel switches. The output of the stimulator also may be coupled to the input, permitting the use of the system as a standard asynchronous stimulator with digital control of the pulse interval. A block diagram is presented to permit duplication of the system using standard digital and analog integrated circuits.
Towards IMIA 2015--the IMIA strategic plan.

Objective: To report about the IMIA Strategic Plan ‘Towards IMIA 2015‘. Method: Starting in 2004 with a survey of member needs, expectations and wishes, an IMIA task force elaborated this plan. It has been updated by IMIA General Assembly members in 2005 and 2006. Results: A Conceptual Framework for IMIA’s strategic plan has been elaborated. The IMIA Strategic Planning Framework stresses the following: IMIA aims to improve biomedical research, clinical practice and public health (VISION); IMIA aims to support investigation and development of advanced information systems and technologies (RESEARCH); IMIA aims that its efforts are carried out in accordance with strict ethical and legal rules (BEHAVIORAL RESPONSIBILITY); IMIA aims to promote education for and about biomedical informatics (EDUCATION); IMIA aims to bridge relevant internal and external groups and organizations (RELATIONSHIP); IMIA aims to incorporate multiple individuals, groups and organizations to constitute the IMIA Association. (REACH). Conclusions: IMIA plays a major global role in the application of information science and technology in the fields of healthcare and research in medical, health and bio informatics. This framework provides IMIA with an excellent opportunity to focus its plans to ensure the highest probability of success is possible.
The Mode and Limits of Mill's Toleration

John Stuart Mill's liberal theory of toleration has long been a target of conservatives, who believe that Mill tolerates too much that ought to be prohibited. More recently, some contemporary liberals have joined conservatives in criticizing Mill's theory of toleration. Taking their lead from John Rawls, political liberals question Mill's attachment to a comprehensive conception of the good - a substantive form of human flourishing, in other words - that not all reasonable persons can accept. In contrast, some radical pluralists - taking their lead from Isaiah Berlin and, more recently, John Gray - criticize Mill's reliance upon a theory of progress. This essay argues that Mill's theory of toleration draws upon a set of plausible claims concerning the interconnections of security, liberty, progress, and character-formation. It defends Mill's theory from political liberal and radical pluralist charges of the intolerance of Mill's liberalism.
End-of-Day Pricing in the U.S. Treasury Market: A Comparison of GovPX and the FRBNY

We compare end-of-day indicative U.S. Treasury prices from GovPX and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY). We find that the two sources rarely quote identical prices, and differences are not simply due to noise or rounding. The average bid price differential is 2 cents for notes and bonds, but it is only 1/10 of 1 cent for bills. Bid-ask spreads in both sources appear to be largely artificial and contain limited information. Finally, we find that the end-of-day indicative FRBNY bid prices are closer to true intraday GovPX market quotes than end-of-day indicative quotes provided by GovPX itself.
Splicing of Friend Murine Leukemia Virus env-mRNA Enhances Its Ability to Form Polysomes.

Friend murine leukemia virus (MLV) belongs to the gamma retroviruses of the Retroviridae family. The positive-sense RNA of its genome contains a 5’ long terminal repeat (LTR), 5’ leader sequence, gag, pol, env, and 3’ LTR. Transcription from proviral DNA begins from the R region of the 5’ LTR and ends at the polyadenylation signal located at the R region of the other end of the 3’ LTR. There is a 5’ splice site in the 5’ leader sequence and a 3’ splice site at the 3’ end of the pol region. Both full-length unspliced mRNAs and a singly spliced mRNA (env-mRNA) are produced in MLV-infected cells. The MLV Env protein plays important roles both in viral adsorption to host cells and in neuropathogenic disease in MLV-infected mice and rats. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms controlling Env expression is important for determining the functions of the Env protein. We have previously shown that splicing increases env-mRNA stability and translation efficiency. Generally, mRNA polysome formation correlates with translation efficiency. Therefore, here we investigated the effects of env-mRNA splicing on polysome formation to identify mechanisms for Env up-regulation due to splicing. We performed polysome profile analyses using Env-expression plasmids producing spliced or unspliced env-mRNA and showed that the former formed polysomes more efficiently than the latter. Thus, splicing of env-mRNA facilitated polysome formation, suggesting that this contributes to up-regulation of Env expression. We replaced the env region of the expression plasmids with a luciferase (luc) gene, and found that in this case both unspliced and spliced luc-mRNA formed polysomes to a similar extent. Thus, we conclude that whether mRNA polysome formation is affected by splicing depends on the structure of gene in question.
A Program in Mathematical Analysis for the Life and Management Sciences

(1975). A Program in Mathematical Analysis for the Life and Management Sciences. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 514-520.
Effect of Light Cycles on Ovipositions and Egg Production

Abstract VARIATIONS in the egg production rates of individual birds are undesirable in some fields of research. The precision with which experiments are conducted may be improved by reducing the uncontrolled variation or obtaining more observations. The present report suggests a way of reducing variation caused by unequal rates of production. The use of artificial light to increase egg production has stimulated considerable research on the mechanism of light stimulus. Most of these studies have been limited to intensity and to light/dark ratios within a 24-hour day. The “light-dark cycle” is associated with two expressions of laying behavior, rate of egg production and the time at which eggs are laid. The effect of the length of the light-dark cycle on egg production was demonstrated by Byerly and Moore (1941) who reported that both clutch length and total egg production were significantly greater during short periods of lay which were subdivided into . . .
Implementing RDA at the Library of Congress

The process of implementation of RDA by Library of Congress, National Agricultural Library, and National Library of Medicine is presented. Each phase of development, test, decision, preparation for implementation of RDA and training about RDA is fully and accurately described and discussed. Benefits from implementation of RDA for the Library of Congress are identified and highlighted: more flexibility in cataloguing decisions, easier international sharing of cataloguing data, clearer linking among related works; closer cooperation with other libraries in the North American community, production of an online learning platform in order to deliver RDA training on a large scale in real time to catalogers.
In vivo trafficking of nascent H+-K+-ATPase in rabbit parietal cells

Protein metabolic labeling in vivo was used to determine a time course for trafficking of nascent H(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (H(+)-K(+)-ATPase) from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mature tubulovesicles in parietal cells. Stomachs of cimetidine-treated rabbits were taken 15-90 min after injection of [35S]methionine/cysteine, and mucosal microsomes were fractionated on sucrose gradients for analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot, and autoradiography. After 15 min, labeled alpha-subunit peaked at approximately 1.14 g/ml, matching the distribution of the high-mannose beta-subunit precursor, "pre-beta." After 30 min, most labeled alpha-subunit was in a peak at approximately 1.10 g/ml, considered to be Golgi. By 90 min, most labeled alpha-subunit was in a light peak, at approximately 1.07 g/ml, aligned with the major peak of total H(+)-K(+)-ATPase previously characterized as mature tubulovesicles. From material enriched in pre-beta, alpha-subunit was coprecipitated with pre-beta by a terminal mannose-specific lectin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, in the same ratio as the mature alpha:beta ratio. Thus alpha- and beta-subunits associated early in the ER. This is the first use of protein metabolic labeling to study early trafficking of the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase in vivo. The techniques may be usefully applied to examining changes in H(+)-K(+)-ATPase synthetic rate in response to various pharmacological treatments and studying the divergent pathways for nascent H(+)-K(+)- and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPases.
The Conservative Mind by Comparative Analysis

As mentioned in the introduction, Noel O’Sullivan reminds us, “the every day meaning of the word [conservative] gives us no indication about where a study of conservatism should begin, or about who should be included in it, or excluded from it.”1 And as Gordon Lewis reminded us: “A refusal to state [the principles of conservatism] is in itself a vital conservative principle.”2 O’Sullivan disagrees with Lewis to the extent that O’Sullivan thinks conservatism can state its principles and is an “ideology.”3 However, O’Sullivan only defines conservatism negatively, as “opposition to the idea of total or radical change, and not by the absurd idea of opposition to the change as such, or by any commitment to preserving all existing institutions.”4 Historically, we know that the radical change opposed by early conservatives was the French Revolution as an example of the destruction of an entire social order sanctioned by the dictates of rationalist politics. Conservatives articulated skepticism toward the idea that political methods could so change the social environment as to eliminate pain, evil, and suffering from the human condition. The conservative, then, tends toward acceptance of the limits the world imposes on her and is skeptical of the ability of the individual or the state to eliminate these limitations without tremendous danger and instability ensuing.5
A Methodology for the Assessment of AI Consciousness

The research and philosophical communities currently lack a clear way to quantify, measure, and characterize the degree of consciousness in a mind or AI entity. This paper addresses that gap by providing a numerical measure of consciousness. Implicit in our approach is a definition of consciousness itself. Underlying this is our assumption that consciousness is not a single unified characteristic but a constellation of features, mental abilities, and thought patterns. Although some people may experience their own consciousness as a unified whole, we assume that consciousness is a multi-dimensional set of attributes, each of which can be present to differing degrees in a given mind. These attributes can be measured and therefore the degree of consciousness can be quantified with a number, much as IQ attempts to quantify human intelligence.
Adolescents with Chronic Handicaps

The number of chronically handicapping conditions among our children and adolescents continues to increase each year. Ironically, this seems to be the result of improved medical technology, which has decreased the mortality of infants with central nervous system (CNS) trauma in the perinatal and postnatal periods but has increased the morbidity of handicapping conditions among these newborn survivors.
The effects of long-term management on patterns of carbon storage in a northern highbush blueberry production system.

Abstract Perennial crops potentially provide a sink for atmospheric carbon. However, there is a poor understanding of how perennial crops differ in their carbon allocation patterns, and few studies have tested how agronomic practices such as fertilization influence long-term patterns of carbon allocation in actual production systems. In this study, we report results of a long-term field experiment that tested the individual and combined effects of organic matter incorporation and nitrogen fertilization on carbon allocation. The mature (nine-year-old) blueberry plants in this study had an average standing carbon stock of 1147 g C m− 2 and average annual Net Primary Production (NPP) of 523 g C m− 2 yr− 1, values that are similar to those reported for other woody crops. Forty-four percent of blueberry annual NPP was sequestered in persistent biomass, 19% was exported as harvested fruit, and 37% entered the detrital pathway. Nitrogen applied at rates typical for blueberry production throughout the span of the study had no significant effect on total plant or soil C. However, pre-planting organic matter incorporation and periodic mulching with sawdust significantly increased both soil organic matter and soil C. Pre-planting organic matter incorporation also increased total standing plant C nine years later at maturity. At the field scale, we estimate that fields receiving pre-planting organic matter incorporation would have 4.8% (4.5 Mg ha− 1) more standing C relative to non-amended fields, although the difference is within the range of uncertainty of the estimated values. These results suggest that blueberry production can provide a valuable medium-term carbon store that is comparable in magnitude to that of temperate tree crops, but overall carbon budgets are influenced by management practices over the first decade after planting.
»In jenem elastischen Medium«. Der Topos ›Prozessualität‹ in der Rhetorik der Wissenschaften seit 1800 (Novalis, Goethe, Bernard)

Am 7. November 1798 sendet Friedrich von Hardenberg eine Notiz an Friedrich Schlegel, in welcher er emphatisch von der »innern Symorganisation und Symevolution« ihrer Arbeit berichtet. Schlegel hatte Novalis sein »Bibel-project« mitgeteilt, und Novalis sieht in jenem »Ideal[…] jedweden Buchs« eine frappierende Nahe zu seinem eigenen Projekt, eine universale Zusammenschau aller Wissensbereiche in Gestalt einer Enzyklopadie — und damit als »scientifische Bibel« — zu unternehmen. »Dies soll nichts anders, als eine Kritik des Bibelprojects — ein Versuch einer Universalmethode des Biblisirens — die Einleitung zu einer achten Enzyklopaedistik werden.«1
HIV-1 Tat disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity and increases phagocytic perivascular macrophages and microglia in the dorsal striatum of transgenic mice

HIV-1 infection results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which acts as a rate-limiting step for HIV-1 entry into the CNS and for subsequent neuroinflammatory/neurotoxic actions. One mechanism by which HIV may destabilize the BBB involves actions of the HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat). We utilized a conditional, Tat-expressing transgenic murine model to examine the influence of Tat1-86 expression on BBB integrity and to assess the relative numbers of phagocytic perivascular macrophages and microglia within the CNS in vivo. The effects of Tat exposure on sodium-fluorescein (Na-F; 0.376kDa), horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 44kDa), and Texas Red-labeled dextran (70kDa) leakage into the brain were assessed in Tat-exposed (Tat+) and control (Tat-) mice. Exposure to HIV-1 Tat significantly increased both Na-F and HRP, but not the larger sized Texas Red-labeled dextran, confirming BBB breakdown and also suggesting the breach was limited to molecules <70kDa. Additionally, at 5 d after Tat induction, Alexa Fluor® 488-labeled dextran was bilaterally infused into the lateral ventricles 5 d before the termination of the experiment. Within the caudate/putamen, Tat induction increased the proportion of dextran-labeled Iba-1+ phagocytic perivascular macrophages (∼5-fold) and microglia (∼3-fold) compared to Tat- mice. These data suggest that HIV-1 Tat exposure is sufficient to destabilize BBB integrity and to increase the presence of activated, phagocytic, perivascular macrophages and microglia in an in vivo model of neuroAIDS.
Distance in law and globalization: armchair anthropology revisited

In this chapter I counterpose Law and Globalization studies with "armchair anthropology" to understand parallels between these disparate fields. I argue that Law and Globalization’s reproduction of armchair approaches may prove dangerous for the non-expert, lay publics of political-economic globalization around the world. In support of this, the chapter first revisits the disciplinary canon known as armchair anthropology. It turns to the subsequent period in western anthropology in which the problems of the former were, at least theoretically, rectified. It examines contemporary research in Law and Globalization to ask what trends have emerged and what role these have played in the wider legal academy. And finally it asks what, if any, problems of original armchair anthropology have been reproduced in Law and Globalization, and what dangers this may pose to subjects of the contemporary global system.
Ketone-catalyzed photochemical C(sp3)–H chlorination

Photoexcited arylketones catalyze the direct chlorination of C(sp3)-H groups by N-chlorosuccinimide. Acetophenone is the most effective catalyst for functionalization of unactivated C-H groups while benzophenone provides better yields for benzylic C-H functionalization. Activation of both acetophenone and benzophenone can be achieved by irradiation with a household compact fluorescent lamp. This light-dependent reaction provides a better control of the reaction as compared to the traditional chlorination methods that proceed through a free radical chain propagation mechanism.
Himalayan Elevation-Somnolence to Hyperactivity

This short note attempts to illustrate the efficacy of multiple-_Probe investigations in solving complex geological problems. The Cenozoic is the era of Alpine-Himalayan orogeny and the uplift pattern is one of long somnolence followed by brief hyperactivity. Nowhere else has this pattern been studied in greater detail than perhaps in the Himalaya. Classical stratigraphy, fossil records of flora and fauna, and sedimentologic, paleoclimatic and geomorphologic data offer sample evidence in this direction. Modern techniques of radiometric geochronology of the Himalayan crystallines also support this contention.
THE EVOLUTION OF APB OPINION NO. 17 ACCOUNTING FOR INTANGlBLE ASSETS; A STUDY OF THE U.S POSITION ON ACCOUNTING FOR GOODWILL

The paper traces the development of the current valuation concept of goodwill from 1900 to 1970, when the present position was articulated. The paper suggests that there may be alternative bases for goodwill valuation and concludes that additional research is needed on the subject.
When work comes home: technology-related pressure and home support

Given the prevalence of workers bringing work home, issues arising from this practice are a central concern of human resource development (HRD) researchers and practitioners. This study investigate...
Accelerating Evolutionary Hill Climbs in Parallel Turbidostats

Evolution has been used to address many engineering problems. Within the context of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, directed evolution has natural applications. However, most research concerning optimizing microbial evolution has been focused on library generation and screening, while accelerating evolutionary hill climbs and been largely ignored. Here, we develop a model to explore how population structure can accelerate evolutionary hill climbs. We show that by adjusting the population size, environmental challenge, and meta-population dynamics that the rate of evolution can be accelerated in parallel turbidostats. Our analyses leads to two surprising results: small populations are favored over conventionally large microbial populations, and propagating modest fitness improvements is favored over propagating mutants with large beneficial mutations. When combined with rational design and other optimization techniques our theory can accelerate strain development for applications such as consolidated bioprocessing, and bioremidation systems.
Genetic variation and population structure of Diaphorina citri using cytochrome oxidase I sequencing

Citrus greening disease, or huanglongbing (HLB), is currently one of the most devastating diseases of citrus. The bacteria thought to be responsible for the disease, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus impact the majority of commercial citrus species worldwide. These bacteria are transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, which is now found in most citrus growing regions. With no known cure, ACP-vectored HLB is responsible for significant economic losses to the global citrus industry. A better understanding of the global genetic diversity of D. citri would improve current and future pest management and mitigation programs. To assess the genetic diversity of D. citri in worldwide collections, a total of 1,108 sequences belonging to ACP gathered from 27 countries in the Americas, the Caribbean, Southeast and Southwest Asia were examined for the study. 883 D. citri came from 98 locations in 18 different countries, and were sequenced using a 678bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Additionally, 225 previously-reported D. citri COI sequences, were also included in our analysis. Analyses revealed 28 haplotypes and a low genetic diversity. This is in accordance with previous reports on the little diversity of D. citri in worldwide populations. Our analyses reveal population structure with 21 haplotypes showing geographic association, increasing the resolution for the source estimation of ACP. This study reveals the distribution of haplotypes observed in different geographic regions and likely geographic sources for D. citri introductions.
An enzymatic assay for pyrimidine dimers in DNA.

An assay for pyrimidine dimers in DNA employing the T4 endonuclease V is described. The assay can detect approximately 50 dimers per Escherichia coli genome, or the effect of 10 ergs/mm2 ultraviolet irradiation.
NITROGEN INPUTS AND OUTPUTS: A VALLEY BASIN STUDY

ABSTRACT A nitrogen balance was calculated for the southern San Joaquin Valley of California by techniques and methodology used in a study of the Upper Santa Ana River Basin (1). The area studied, covering 1,771,750 hectares of the valley floor, is in a low-rainfall zone and depends on well water and imported surface waters for agricultural production. Nitrogen inputs, uses, and outputs were compiled from data from many sources within the study area. These data enabled construction of a flow diagram depicting best estimates of nitrogen pools and fluxes within a large irrigated agricultural basin. Results indicated that better and more complete nitrogen data are needed for arriving at best estimates. Nitrogen pools and fluxes not subject to direct measurement presented problems that can be resolved only by new techniques and/or at prohibitive cost.
Law: Defense of Insanity

This article provides a brief review of the underlying bases for the procedures involved when a defense of insanity is invoked in criminal cases in the United States, in Western Europe, and in selective other societies. Societies perpetuate the defense of insanity because it tests the societies' ultimate values: to hold individuals accountable for their actions because they are capable of making rational and voluntary choices. The moral test comes when a legal system judges that individuals who lack the ability to make such choices should be exempt from punishment. Eliminating the insanity defense would remove from the criminal law and the public conscience the distinction between illness and evil.
Novel N-1 substituted fluoroquinolones inhibit human topoisomerase I activity and exhibit anti-proliferative activity.

Fluoroquinolone-class agents selectively target the bacterial type IIA topoisomerases DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, with a few exceptions that target eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerases. Fluoroquinolones bind and stabilize type IIA topoisomerase-DNA covalent complexes that contain a double-strand break. This unique mode of action is referred to as ‘topoisomerase poisoning’. We discovered that two novel fluoroquinolones having aryl functionality at the N-1 position, UITT-3-217 (217) and UITT-3-227 (227), could inhibit the catalytic activity of human topoisomerase II without stabilizing topoisomerase-DNA complexes, i.e., without poisoning it. Surprisingly, these compounds are more effective in inhibiting the catalytic activities of human and bacterial topoisomerase I. The National Cancer Institute’s 60 human tumor cell lines screen revealed significant anti-proliferative activities with 217 and 227 against the majority of 60 cancer cell lines. A proof of concept in vivo efficacy study using an HT-29 xenograft model of human colorectal cancer showed that 217 could inhibit the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells to a degree comparable to fluorouracil in mice. Although 227 also exhibited anti-proliferative activity, it was not as effective as 217 in this xenograft model. These novel fluoroquinolones may serve as promising lead compounds for the development of new anticancer drugs.
Reactivity Consequences of Conformational Isomerism in 1-Propanol

We present an electronic-structure study of the O(3P) reaction with all 5 conformers of 1-propanol. Calculation of the potential energy profile along 37 hydrogen-abstraction reaction pathways reveals that exclusive consideration of the popular all- anti conformer fails to capture essential details of 1-propanol's reactivity. For instance, the expected trend in barrier heights for abstraction at carbon α, β, and γ sites (Cα < Cβ < Cγ) does not apply to the gauche- gauche' conformer, for which abstraction at one of the Cγ sites exhibits a lower barrier than at the two Cβ sites. This and other anomalies are traced to the ability of 1-propanol's O-H moiety to establish intramolecular hydrogen bonds in gauche C-C-O-H conformations. This study highlights the importance conformational sampling for linear alcohols in studies ranging from gas-phase reaction dynamics to adsorption on solid surfaces.
Composite strands for prestressed concrete: State-of-the-practice and experimental investigation into mild prestressing with GFRP

Abstract An overview of available solutions and historic experiences in the state-of-the-practice of prestressing technologies with non-conventional tendons is presented to determine whether mild prestressing with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) strands may represent a solution for some of the existing challenges. The experimental portion of this project explores the potential of GFRP strands coupled with traditional steel anchors as an efficient, easy-to-deploy, and non-corrosive pre-tensioning solution in applications that require limited levels of prestress. The strands are composed of seven twisted wires and have a nominal diameter of 15.2 mm. This study on GFRP strand prototypes covers: a) mechanical and geometrical characterization; b) jacking strength of the coupled strand-anchor under instantaneous and sustained load; c) load loss during anchor setting using various pulling techniques; and, d) some flexural properties and coilability. Results should only be considered indicative of the potential of the technology given also the limited material availability. Experimental outcomes are evaluated with reference to information available in archival literature with particular reference to GFRP reinforcing bars.
A study in scene shaping: Adjusting F-formations in the wild

We study the automated shaping of F-formations in the proximity of a stationary robot that has been deployed to provide directions within a building. We introduce the notion of scene shaping where suboptimal spatial configurations are detected and desired shifts in the locations of participants and bystanders are communicated with natural language and gestures. We conduct an initial in-the-wild study with the proposed methods and report results, lessons learned, and future directions of research.
Richard III: England's Most Controversial King. By Chris Skidmore. (New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 2018. Pp. xxiii, 432. $29.99.)

Richard III arguably faces competitors for the title of England's most controversial king, but his brief reign was certainly one of the most contentious in English history. Maligned by Tudor histor...
Information to Help Families Meet their Breastfeeding Goals

Breast milk is the recommended food source for infants during their first year of life. Although the rates for parents that initiate breastfeeding their baby are increasing, rates for those who con...
GEOPHIRES v2.0: updated geothermal techno-economic simulation tool

This paper presents a new version (v2.0) of the geothermal techno-economic simulation tool GEOPHIRES [GEOthermal energy for Production of Heat and electricity (“IR”) Economically Simulated]. GEOPHIRES combines reservoir, wellbore, and surface plant technical models with cost correlations and levelized cost models to estimate the capital and operation and maintenance costs, instantaneous and lifetime energy production, and overall levelized cost of energy of a geothermal plant. In addition to electricity generation, direct-use heat applications and combined heat and power or cogeneration can be modeled. Various upgrades have been implemented to develop GEOPHIRES v2.0, including: updating the built-in cost correlations, coupling to the external reservoir simulator TOUGH2, enhancing the built-in wellbore simulator, converting the programming language to Python, and making the code open-source. Users are encouraged to build upon the tool, e.g., by implementing their own correlations or coupling to other simulators. In this paper, we discuss the GEOPHIRES v2.0 objectives and history, and we present the software architecture as well as built-in models and correlations. We include two example simulations and quick-start guide on how to run a simulation.
Formation and characterization of embedded Fe3Si binary structures in Si

Chemical and electronic properties of ion beam synthesized Fe-Si binary structures are studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy binding energy analysis. Ferromagnetic Fe-Si (Fe3Si) binary structure formation is enhanced in the ion-beam synthesis process by applying an in situ external magnetic field parallel to the Si substrate during the Fe implantation. Core-level analysis shows features corresponding to chemical environments of different Fe-Si phases. Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 3s peaks were analyzed, considering peak position, symmetry, and splitting. The ferromagnetic Fe3Si phase shows a highly asymmetric 2p3/2 peak at 706.6 eV and peak splitting in the 3s peak due to the exchange interaction with unfilled 3d electrons in the valance band. In contrast, the Si core-level did not show any significant features leading to the identification of Fe-Si binary compounds. The Si 2p peak showed a constant 0.2 eV peak shift toward the high-energy side compared to the elemental Si. Further valance band spectra reveal distinct features to help identify the Fe3Si phase. In general, core and valance band features of Fe-Si binary compounds provided definitive information about Fe3Si phase identification and its electronic structure with direct evidence of the exchange interaction, which occurs between core levels, valance band, and the unfilled 3d shell.Chemical and electronic properties of ion beam synthesized Fe-Si binary structures are studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy binding energy analysis. Ferromagnetic Fe-Si (Fe3Si) binary structure formation is enhanced in the ion-beam synthesis process by applying an in situ external magnetic field parallel to the Si substrate during the Fe implantation. Core-level analysis shows features corresponding to chemical environments of different Fe-Si phases. Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 3s peaks were analyzed, considering peak position, symmetry, and splitting. The ferromagnetic Fe3Si phase shows a highly asymmetric 2p3/2 peak at 706.6 eV and peak splitting in the 3s peak due to the exchange interaction with unfilled 3d electrons in the valance band. In contrast, the Si core-level did not show any significant features leading to the identification of Fe-Si binary compounds. The Si 2p peak showed a constant 0.2 eV peak shift toward the high-energy side compared to the elemental Si. Further valance band spectra reveal...
Risk Factors of Ambulatory Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome

Background Children with short bowel syndrome (SBS) receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) are predisposed to ambulatory central line-associated bloodstream infection (A-CLABSI). Data describing risk factors of this infection in children are limited. Methods Retrospective cohort, single-center, case-crossover study of children ≤18 years old with SBS receiving HPN from January 2012 to December 2016. Univariate and multivariate mixed effect Poisson regression identified the relative risk (RR) of A-CLABSI with proposed risk factors. Results Thirty-five children were identified; median follow-up was 30 months. A-CLABSI rate was 4.2 per 1000 central line (CL) days. Univariate analysis identified younger age (RR: 0.92 per 12-month increase [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.85-0.99; P = 0.036]), shorter small intestine length (RR: 0.96 per 10-cm increase [95% CI: 0.92-0.99; P = 0.008]), lower citrulline level (RR: 0.86 per 5-nmol/mL increase [95% CI: 0.75-0.99; P = 0.036]), and recent CL break (RR: 1.55 [95% CI: 1.06-2.28; P = 0.024]) as risk factors for A-CLABSI. Multivariate analysis showed increased A-CLABSI with clinical diagnosis of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) (RR: 1.87 [95% CI: 1.1-3.17; P = 0.021]) and CL breaks (RR: 1.49 [95% CI: 1-2.22; P = 0.024]). Conclusions Factors influencing gut integrity increase A-CLABSI rate, supporting translocation as an important mechanism and target for prevention. Clinical diagnosis of SIBO increases A-CLABSI rate, but whether dysbiosis or diarrhea is responsible is an area for future research. CL maintenance is crucial, and prevention of breaks would likely decrease A-CLABSI rate.
1982 Evolution of virulence

Abstract Anderson and May (1982) review several theoretical models of host/parasite evolution and population dynamics. They conclude that the key to understanding the level of parasite virulence is understanding how the life-history of the host and parasite connect virulence and parasite transmission. Those details may favor essentially zero virulence, very high virulence or something in-between. This work helps not only to understand the levels of parasite virulence but also conditions under which an antagonistic relationship may evolve into a mutualistic one.