cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Density and Foreign Subsidiary Performance

Local density (the number of firms vying for similar resources in a local environment) has been overlooked in explaining foreign subsidiary performance. This study draws upon the literatures on liability of foreignness and density dependence to examine how local density within the host country affects performance, both directly and indirectly through its effects on market experience and strategic conformity. We find that local density is negatively related to foreign subsidiary performance, and that market experience is less beneficial in high density environments. Strategic conformity enhances performance in low density environments, but adversely affects performance in high density environments.
A quantitative comparison of T-cell subsets in Hodgkin's disease and reactive hyperplasia. Frozen section immunohistochemistry.

Cryostat sections of lymph nodes from patients with Hodgkin's disease were stained with monoclonal antibodies reactive with T-cells including T-cell subsets. Lymph nodes showing reactive hyperplasia were used as controls. Using an eyepiece grid, the stained cells were counted and subset ratios determined. The ratio of helper T-cells to cytotoxic/suppressor T-cells, i.e., (formula; see text) in Hodgkin's disease was found to be significantly different from ratios obtained from reactive nodes. This difference may be explained by a relative increase in cytotoxic/suppressor T-cells and/or a decrease in helper T-cells. This finding may relate to the previously reported increase in suppressor cell activity in patients with Hodgkin's disease and may also correlate with diminished delayed-type hypersensitivity in such patients.
Ablation of atrioventricular conduction in corrected transposition of the great arteries

ccurate knowledge of the anatomy of the cardiac conducion system in congenitally corrected transposition of the reat arteries is a prerequisite for intracardiac electrophysilogic procedures in patients with this congenital cardiac alformation. Several excellent histopathologic and intraperative descriptions are available; however, electrohysiologic mapping data are scant. We describe intracariac electroanatomic mapping of the conduction system and adiofrequency ablation of the atrioventricular (AV) conuction in a patient with corrected transposition and left undle branch block who required this procedure for treatent of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response.
Osteoprotegerin in the inner ear may inhibit bone remodeling in the otic capsule.

Objectives: To elucidate factors that may be responsible for the inhibition of remodeling of bone within the otic capsule. Methods: Expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK), and RANK ligand (RANKL) were assayed in samples of bone obtained from the otic capsule, calvarium, and femur, and from the soft tissue within the cochlea using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in mice. Immunostaining was used for histologic localization of the gene products. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify the amount of OPG within perilymph, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid. The micro-anatomy of the interface between the otic capsule and the fluid spaces of the cochlea was investigated by brightfield and phase-contrast microscopy and by three-dimensional reconstruction in the mouse and human. Results: OPG, a powerful inhibitor of bone remodeling, was expressed at extremely high levels within the soft tissue of the cochlea and was present in the perilymph at very high concentrations. The OPG produced within the inner ear may diffuse into the surrounding otic capsule, where it may be responsible for inhibition of bone turnover. Our anatomic studies revealed an extensive system of interconnected canaliculi within the otic capsule that had direct openings into the fluid spaces of the inner ear, thus providing a possible anatomic route for the diffusion of OPG from the inner ear into the surrounding bone. Conclusion: OPG, a potent inhibitor of osteoclast formation and function, is expressed at high levels within the inner ear and is secreted into the perilymph and the surrounding bone and may serve to inhibit active bone remodeling within the otic capsule, especially immediately adjacent to the cochlea. By this means, the cochlear soft tissue may control the nature of the surrounding petrous bone.
OPTIMIZING LINKED PERCEPTUAL CLASS FORMATION AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTION

A linked perceptual class consists of two distinct perceptual classes, A' and B', the members of which have become related to each other. For example, a linked perceptual class might be composed of many pictures of a woman (one perceptual class) and the sounds of that woman's voice (the other perceptual class). In this case, any sound of the woman's voice would occasion the selection of any picture of the woman and vice versa. In addition, after learning to name the woman in the presence of one picture, that name would be uttered when presented with all of the images of the woman's face and all of the sounds of her voice. This study involved 15 participants and sought to (a) maximize the percentage of participants who formed linked perceptual classes, and (b) determine whether those classes acted as transfer networks, that is, whether the discriminative function of one class member would generalize to other members of the class and not to members of a different class. The rate of emergence of each linked perceptual class was maximized by establishing a single class-linking conditional relation between the clearest member of one class used as a sample stimulus and the most ambiguous member of the other class used as a comparison stimulus. Class formation was demonstrated using the serial and programmed presentation of A'-B' probes that consisted of untrained pairs of stimuli drawn from the A' and B' classes. Most participants showed immediate emergence of the two linked perceptual classes. The remaining participants showed delayed emergence following a second exposure to each originally error-producing probes. Once the linked perceptual classes had emerged, a differential response to a specific member of one perceptual class generalized mostly or completely to the other members of that linked class and rarely, if ever, to members of the other linked class. Thus, generalization did not depend on the specific class members that had been used for discrimination training.
Subsurface flow in salt marsh peat: A model and field study1

Subsurface flow within the peat at a site 15 m from the nearest creek in Great Sippewissett Marsh was investigated by field measurements and mathematical modeling. Tidal influence was found to be slight; the subsurface flow regime was dominated by an upward flow of groundwater in response to evapotranspirational demand. This subsurface regime may be typical of much of the marsh, but does not describe conditions near the creekbanks. Sensitivity analyses show that permeability is the most important peat property influencing subsurface flow in the interior marsh. Full understanding of the biogeochemical functioning of the salt marsh ecosystem depends in part on a complete description of the hydrologic regime. Two facets of the hydrologic regime are of critical importance to the metabolism of the macro- and microbiological communities of marsh peat: the flux of interstitial water through and across the boundaries of the peat, and the extent of possible desaturation and consequent air (oxygen) entry into the peat. Neither of these problems has received adequate attention. WC describe here a combined numerical and experimental approach to the problem and present results for an interior marsh site (more than a few meters from the creckbank) at Great Sippewissett Marsh in Falmouth, Massachusetts. We thank T. M. Narasimhan for discussion and USC of computer codes, J. M. Teal and K. II. Stolzenbach for discussions, R. Burke and W. Nuttle for help in the field, and J. Boon and an anonymous reviewer for critical review of the manuscript.
A performance study of three high availability data replication strategies

The paper studies the relative performance of chained declustering, mirrored disks, and interleaved declustering, in a shared nothing database machine environment. In particular, it examines the relative performance of the three strategies when no failures have occurred, the effect of load imbalance caused by a disk or processor failure on system throughput and response time, and the tradeoff between the benefit of intra query parallelism and process scheduling overhead. >
DNA Base Composition and Esterase Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Deep Sea Sediments

Electrophoretic patterns of esterase isozymes and DNA base compositions were determined for 38 marine bacteria, 31 strains of which were from sediment samples collected at depths of 9400–10,400 in in the Philippine and Marianas Trenches of the Pacific Ocean, and 7 from seawater samples collected at various depths of surface–4000 m and from several locations in the Pacific Ocean. Previous numerical taxonomic analysis indicated 5 distinct phenetic clusters; 4 identified as Pseudomonas and 1 as aerogenic Aeromonas. In this study, the DNA base composition range for the entire sample set was found to be 41–59 moles % of GC. However, 32 of the 38 strains possessed a GC of c. 57%. In general, strains belonging to the same phenon possessed nearly identical DNA base composition and demonstrated similar esterase patterns.
Shoreline Change and Pacific Climatic Oscillations in Kihei, Maui, Hawaii

Abstract Increasing demands on coastal areas require enhanced understanding of coastal erosion hazards. Here we analyze a 5-km segment of the Kihei coastline (Maui, Hawaii) centered on an area of chronic coastal erosion. A high-resolution database of variations in shoreline sediment volume over the past century reveals a complex and dramatic pattern of changes between 1900 and 1997. Comparisons of historical sediment erosion and accretion at barriers to longshore transport are used to estimate longshore sediment fluxes over this period. In the absence of detailed long-term oceanographic and meteorological data for the site, fluctuations in the magnitude and direction of net longshore sediment transport (NLST) are a potentially valuable resource for investigating why documented changes have occurred. Available data suggest that observed patterns of NLST reflect multidecadal variations in Kona storm (strong, rain-bearing winds from the southwest) activity. These storms appear to be modulated by the Pacific ...
The role of TNF-receptor family members and other TRAF-dependent receptors in bone resorption.

The contribution of osteoclasts to the process of bone loss in inflammatory arthritis has recently been demonstrated. Studies in osteoclast biology have led to the identification of factors responsible for the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts, the most important of which is the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand/osteoclast differentiation factor (RANKL/ODF), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like protein. The RANKL/ODF receptor, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), is a TNF-receptor family member present on both osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts. Like other TNF-family receptors and the IL-1 receptor, RANK mediates its signal transduction via TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins, suggesting that the signaling pathways activated by RANK and other inflammatory cytokines involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation are interconnected.
Current trends in dental implants

Tooth loss is very a very common problem; therefore, the use of dental implants is also a common practice. Although research on dental implant designs, materials and techniques has increased in the past few years and is expected to expand in the future, there is still a lot of work involved in the use of better biomaterials, implant design, surface modification and functionalization of surfaces to improve the long-term outcomes of the treatment. This paper provides a brief history and evolution of dental implants. It also describes the types of implants that have been developed, and the parameters that are presently used in the design of dental implants. Finally, it describes the trends that are employed to improve dental implant surfaces, and current technologies used for the analysis and design of the implants.
Quantitative Observation and Theoretical Construction in Software Architecture

Classical science advances via the dance between quantitative observation and theoretical construction. It has been ten years since the first International Software Architecture Workshop, and since that time there has been a steady increase in the number of people who call themselves "software architect" and a similar growth in the value that organizations place in software architecture. It is a sign of maturity for any given engineering discipline when we can name, study, and apply the patterns relevant to that domain but, unfortunately, no such reference yet exists for software-intensive systems. We've architected and deployed many systems, but have studied their patterns of success and failure only a little; we've explored theoretical frameworks for describing software architectures and processes to build them, but we've done only a modest job in validating them in the real world. In this presentation, I'll summarize the things we know and the things we dont know (and speculate on the things we don't know we know) about software architecture. I'll then examine an effort to create a handbook of software architecture to help fill this gap between observation and construction.
Rotation and periodicity in plane separating continua

We prove that if F is an orientation-preserving homeomorphism of the plane that leaves invariant a continuum Λ which irreducibly separates the plane into exactly two domains, then the convex hull of the rotation set of F restricted to Λ is a closed interval and each reduced rational in this interval is the rotation number of a periodic orbit in Λ. We also show that the interior and exterior rotation numbers of F associated with Λ are contained in the convex hull of the rotation set of F restricted to Λ and that if this set is nondegenerate then Λ is an indecomposable continuum.
Reducing the turnaround time for the Shuttle Orbiter main propulsion system at Kennedy Space Center

This paper presents steps currently being implemented to reduce the processing time of the Orbiter Main Propulsion System. Given the projected increase in launch rates of the Space Transportation System (STS) in the operational era, average turnaround time from arrival at Kennedy Space Center to subsequent launch will have to be significantly reduced. In many STS flows to date, a pacing system has been the Main Propulsion System consisting of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSME's) and the Main Propulsion Subsystem (MPS) connecting the SSME's to the Orbiter/ground and Orbiter/External Tank interfaces. This paper summarizes procedural, hardware, software, and requirements changes being incorporated at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to reduce the processing time required for the MPS/SSME systems. Specific examples from each category are cited to illustrate the impact of the improvements on MPS/SSME processing.
Patterns of neutrophil serine protease-dependent cleavage of surfactant protein D in inflammatory lung disease.

The manuscript presents definitive studies of surfactant protein D (SP-D) in the con- text of inflammatory lung fluids. The extent of SP-D depletion in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children affected with cystic fibrosis (CF) is demonstrated to correlate best with the presence of the active neutrophil serine protease (NSP) elastase. Novel C-terminal SP-D fragments of 27 kDa and 11 kDa were identified in patient lavage fluid in addition to the previously described N-terminal, 35-kDa fragment by the use of isoelec- trofocusing, modified blotting conditions, and re- gion-specific antibodies. SP-D cleavage sites were identified. In vitro treatment of recombinant hu- man SP-D dodecamers with NSPs replicated the fragmentation, but unexpectedly, the pattern of SP-D fragments generated by NSPs was dependent on calcium concentration. Whereas the 35- and 11-kDa fragments were generated when incuba- tions were performed in low calcium (200 M CaCl2), incubations in physiological calcium (2 mM) with higher amounts of elastase or protein- ase-3 generated C-terminal 27, 21, and 14 kDa fragments, representing cleavage within the colla- gen and neck regions. Studies in which recombi- nant SP-D cleavage by individual NSPs was quan- titatively evaluated under low and high calcium conditions showed that the most potent NSP for cleaving SP-D is elastase, followed by proteinase-3, followed by cathepsin G. These relative potency find- ings were considered in the context of other studies that showed that active NSPs in CF BALF are in the order: elastase, followed by cathepsin G, followed by proteinase-3. The findings support a pre-eminent role for neutrophil elastase as the critical protease responsible for SP-D depletion in inflammatory lung disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 83: 000-000; 2008.
Baryon number generation in the early universe

Abstract The generation of an excess of baryons over antibaryons in the very early universe due to CP-and B-violating interactions is described. The Boltzmann equation is used to perform detailed calculations of the time development of such an excess in several simple illustrative models. Complications encountered in applications of the results to specific models are discussed.
Development of a lower confidence limit for the number of signals

We propose a multistep procedure for constructing a lower confidence limit for computing the number of signals present in a vector measurement. We derive the probability of correct estimation P(CE) and the least favorable configuration (LFC) for our procedure. Under the LFC, P(CE) attains its minimum over the parameter space of all eigenvalues. Therefore, to implement our technique, procedure parameters are determined for the LFC for each sample size n so that the probability requirement is reached.
Manufacturing of gene-modified cytotoxic T lymphocytes for autologous cellular therapy for lymphoma.

BackgroundThe production of therapeutic T-cell populations for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer requires extensive ex vivo cell processing, including the isolation or creation of Ag-specific T cells and their subsequent propagation to clinically relevant numbers. These procedures must be performed according to the principles of current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) for phase I clinical trials to ensure the identity, purity potency and safety of the cellular product. In this report we describe our approach to manufacturing and characterizing bulk populations of gene-modified autologous T cells for use in treating follicular lymphoma.MethodsPBMC from healthy donors, obtained after informed consent, were stimulated in vitro with Ab to CD3e (OKT3) and recombinant human IL-2 and then electroporated with plasmid DNA containing a human CD19-specific chimeric Ag receptor (CAR) gene and HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Stably transfected cells were selected in cytocidal concentrations of hygromycin B over m...
Hyperkalemia: ECG manifestations and clinical considerations

Hyperkalemia is a common cause of electrolyte induced cardiac conduction disturbance. A well-defined series of changes at the cellular level leads to characteristic evolutionary changes in the surface electrocardiogram. Initial high T waves and shortened intervals give way to prolongation of conduction and lethal dysrhythmias as the serum potassium level rises. The patterns of electrocardiographic changes associated with hyperkalemia are reviewed and an outline of appropriate therapeutic interventions.
Polyclonal activation of the murine immune system by an antibody to IgD. VI. Influence of doses of goat anti-mouse δ chain and normal goat IgG on B lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation

The injection of mice with 800 micrograms of an affinity-purified goat antibody to mouse IgD (GaM delta) induces early, T-independent polyclonal increases in the expression of B cell surface Ia, and B cell size and DNA synthesis, as well as later, T-dependent polyclonal increases in spleen cell number and Ig secretion. We have now studied the effects of varying the doses of injected GaM delta on all phases of B cell activation, as well as the effects of supplementing GaM delta with varying quantities of normal goat IgG (GIgG). We have found that while 12.5 micrograms of GaM delta modulates most of the IgD from the surface of splenic B lymphocytes, it fails to activate these cells. Increases in the expression of B cell surface Ia are first seen when 50 micrograms of GaM delta is injected, while increases in B cell DNA synthesis usually require the injection of 200 micrograms of GaM delta and peak with doses of approximately 800 micrograms. Increases in splenic B cell number and DNA synthesis during the T-dependent phase of GaM delta-induced B cell activation are seen only in those mice that were injected with sufficient quantities of GaM delta to induce DNA synthesis during the T-independent phase. Supplementing the dose of GaM delta injected with additional GIgG has no significant effect on B cell DNA synthesis or B cell number but dramatically increases polyclonal IgG1 secretion. Although mice which have been injected with 50 micrograms of GaM delta or with 800 micrograms of GIgG alone have few polyclonal IgG1-secreting cells, substantial increases in the number of IgG1-secreting cells are seen in mice injected with 50 micrograms of GaM delta plus 750 micrograms of GIgG. GIgG and larger doses of GaM delta similarly act synergistically to increase polyclonal IgG1 secretion. In contrast to the induction of polyclonal IgG1 secretion, the stimulation of polyclonal IgM secretion requires the injection of mitogenic doses of GaM delta and is not enhanced by the injection of additional GIgG. These observations suggest that, in this model system, stimulatory signals that activate B cells through their surface Ig are limiting for the induction of polyclonal proliferation and IgM secretion, while the generation of T helper lymphokines that do not directly interact with B cells through their surface Ig may be more limiting for the stimulation of polyclonal IgG1 secretion.
Brainstem volumetric alterations in children with autism.

BACKGROUND Although several studies have examined brainstem volume in autism, results have been mixed and no investigation has specifically measured gray and white matter structures. The goal of this investigation was to assess gray and white matter volumes in children with autism.
Fairness in trade I: obligations from trading and the Pauper-Labor Argument:

Standard economic theory teaches that trade benefits all countries involved, at least in the long run. While there are other reasons for trade liberalization, this insight, going back to Ricardo's 1817 Principles of Political Economy , continues to underlie international economics. Trade also raises fairness questions. First, suppose A trades with B while parts of A's population are oppressed. Do the oppressed in A have a complaint in fairness against B? Should B cease to trade? Second, suppose because of oppression or lower social standards, A's products are cheaper than B's. Can industries in B legitimately insist that their government take measures to help them compete? The Pauper-Labor Argument makes that case, and many economists enjoy dismissing it in undergraduate classes. Third, suppose A subsidizes its industries. If this lowers world market prices, does B have a fairness complaint against A? Ought countries to consider how trade policies affect others? This article is the first of two, which tog...
How representative are the known structures of the proteins in a complete genome? A comprehensive structural census

Background: Determining how representative the known structures are of the proteins encoded by a complete genome is important for assessing to what extent our current picture of protein stability and folding is overly influenced by biases in the structure databank (PDB). It is also important for improving database-based methods of structure prediction and genome annotation. Results: The known structures are compared to the proteins encoded by eight complete microbial genomes in terms of simple statistics such as sequence length, composition and secondary structure. The known structures are represented by a collection of nonhomologous domains from the PDB and a smaller list of ‘biophysical proteins' on which folding experiments have concentrated. The proteins encoded by the genomes are considered as a whole and divided into various regions, such as known-structure homologue, low complexity (nonglobular), transmembrane or linker. Various tests are performed to assess the significance of the reported differences, in both a practical and a statistical sense. Conclusions: The proteins encoded by the genomes are significantly different from those in the PDB. Their sequence lengths, which follow an extreme value distribution, are longer than the PDB proteins and much longer than the biophysical proteins. Their composition differs from the PDB proteins in having more Lys, Ile, Asn and Gln and less Cys and Trp. This is true overall and especially for the regions corresponding to soluble proteins of as yet unknown fold. Secondary-structure prediction on these uncharacterized regions indicates that they contain on average more helical structure than the PDB; differences about this mean are small, with yeast having slightly more sheet structure and Haemophilus influenzae and Helicobacter pylori more helical structure. Further information is available through the GeneCensus system at http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/genome.
Faithful Expression of the Human 5q31 Cytokine Cluster in Transgenic Mice

Interleukins -4, -5, and -13, cardinal cytokines produced by Th2 cells, are coordinately expressed and clustered in 150-kb syntenic regions on mouse chromosome 11 and human chromosome 5q31. We analyzed two sets of human yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice that contained the 5q31 cytokines to assess whether conserved sequences required for their coordinate and cell-specific regulation are contained within the cytokine cluster itself. Human IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 were expressed under Th2, but not Th1, conditions in vitro. Each of these cytokines was produced during infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a Th2-inducing stimulus, and human IL-4 was generated after activation of NK T cells in vivo. Consistently fewer cells produced the endogenous mouse cytokines in transgenic than in control mice, suggesting competition for stable expression between the mouse and human genes. These data imply the existence of both conserved trans-activating factors and cis-regulatory elements that underlie the coordinate expression and lineage specificity of the type 2 cytokine genes in lymphocytes.
An Exploration of the Perception of Time From the Perspective of the Science of Unitary Human Beings

What is time? The science of unitary human beings describes pandimensional reality as a domain without spatial or temporal attributes. As part of this pandimensional reality, unitary human beings experience time as passing, and involving the past, present, and future. The theory of accelerating evolution describes changes in human and environmental energy fields that are always accelerating and are manifested as differences in the experience of time as being slow, fast, and still. Time, be it measured or experienced, has no meaning in and of itself, but can only be understood in terms of the ever-evolving life process.
Determination of an Operator Algebra for the Two-Dimensional Ising Model

A previous publication showed how the critical indices for the two-dimensional Ising model could be derived from an assumed form of an operator algebra which describes how the product of two fluctuating variables may be reduced to a linear combination of the basic fluctuating variables. In this paper, the previously used algebra is derived from the Onsager solution of the two-dimensional Ising model. The calculation makes use of a "disorder" variable which is mathematically the result of applying the Kramers-Wannier transformation to the Ising-model spin variable. The average of products of spin and disorder variables are evaluated at the critical point for the special case in which all the variables lie on a single straight line. The ordering of these variables on the line determines a "quantum number" $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ such that the average is nonzero only for $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=0$. Composition rules for this quantum number are derived and used to develop an algebra for the multiplication of complex variables at the critical point. Arguments are given to suggest the identifications of elements of the algebra as the spin, the energy density, the Kaufman spinors, and a stress density. The result of this calculation is the operator algebra which formed the starting point of the previous paper.
Engineering ethics and professionalism education for a global practice

Engineering practice today has no geographical boundaries. When considering global challenges shared by all humans, collaboration between engineers around the globe becomes a requirement for the success of any proposed solution. Therefore, globally competent engineers are critical and needed in huge numbers to lead such collaborations. Nevertheless, preparing globally competent engineers requires equipping them with a solid and relevant technical base, coupled with a thorough and robust engineering ethics and professionalism understanding, which will allow them to quickly understand the human, societal, and local context of their practice, adapt to unexpected situations, and lead improvements and innovations. This set of skills in engineering, also known in the literature as soft or professional skills, falls within the area of engineering ethics and professionalism, which make up the umbrella covering all the qualitative and evolving aspects of engineering education and practice, and needed for leadershi...
African-American candidates for the presidency and the foundation of black politics in the twenty-first century

Numerous scholars have attempted to better evaluate the behavior of blacks in the electorate. This paper places black electoral behavior on the national level in historical context. This paper explores the history of African-Americans running for executive office, how the 50-plus failed campaigns+ and the significance of alternative party and symbolic candidacies directly influenced the successful presidential campaign of Barack Obama in 2008. I argue that symbolic and alternative party candidates have contributed to the increase in participation and African-American incorporation into the two-party system and have contributed to the election of the first African-American president after roughly 150 years of black involvement in executive politics.
Dynamic ensemble view of the conformational landscape of HIV-1 TAR RNA and allosteric recognition.

RNA conformational dynamics and the resulting structural heterogeneity play an important role in RNA functions, e.g., recognition. Recognition of HIV-1 TAR RNA has been proposed to occur via a conformational capture mechanism. Here, using ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, we have probed the complexity of the conformational landscape of HIV-1 TAR RNA and monitored the position-dependent changes in the landscape upon binding of a Tat protein-derived peptide and neomycin B. In the ligand-free state, the TAR RNA samples multiple families of conformations with various degrees of base stacking around the three-nucleotide bulge region. Some subpopulations partially resemble those ligand-bound states, but the coaxially stacked state is below the detection limit. When Tat or neomycin B binds, the bulge region as an ensemble undergoes a conformational transition in a position-dependent manner. Tat and neomycin B induce mutually exclusive changes in the TAR RNA underlying the mechanism of allosteric...
497 THE USE OF A NEW PRESENTATION FORMAT IMPROVES PATIENT CARE AND TEACHING IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT.

Purpose Intensive care unit (ICU) patients require a detailed, accurate assessment and plan for optimal care. We conducted a study to determine how a well-organized, daily progress note can help the housestaff understand the complex ICU issues, improve documentation, and optimize application of standard of care. Methods Thirty-three interns, 9 medical students, and 7 intensivists in two affiliated institutions, a university hospital and a VA hospital, participated in this study. The housestaff were observed for 4 months. During the first 2 months, housestaff used their own or institution9s progress notes and presentation format. After 2 months, the new standardized progress note was introduced and housestaff were asked to present and document using the new format. Housestaff and intensivists completed questionnaires assessing several areas during observation and intervention months. The survey included documentation of relevant data, application of ICU standards of care (such as daily discontinuation of sedation, GI and DVT prophylaxis), and presentation of problem list and plan. A total of 320 valid evaluation forms were submitted. Results Subjective evaluation by the housestaff did not considerably change, ranking themselves high regardless of intervention. Intensivists, however, noticed in the intervention group significant improvement in identification and documentation of relevant data (50% vs 73%, p Conclusions We believe this is the first study assessing the impact of a standardized presentation format on applying well-established ICU standards by residents. Based on intensivists9 evaluations, this format improves patient care in several areas, as well as documentation, accurate assessment and plan, and therefore, likely, resident teaching.
Trash Fish: Native Fish Species in a Rocky Mountain Trout Culture

This article argues that the creation of a Rocky Mountain trout culture and economy proved detrimental to native western fish. in the veneration of the region's trout, anglers and fish managers overlooked or killed native coarse fish species through the rampant use of fish toxicants and other eradication techniques. Argumento que la creacion de una cultura regional y una economia regional con base en trucha en las Montanas Rocosas fue perjudicial a los peces nativos del oeste. En la veneracion de las truchas de la region, los pescadores y los administradores de las pesquerias ignoraron o mataron las especies nativas con los toxicos y otras tecnicas.
Thex: Mining Metapatterns in Java

Design patterns are codified solutions to common object-oriented design (OOD) problems in software development. One of the proclaimed benefits of the use of design patterns is that they decouple functionality and enable different parts of a system to change frequently without undue disruption throughout the system. These OOD patterns have received a wealth of attention in the research community since their introduction; however, identifying them in source code is a difficult problem. In contrast, metapatterns have similar effects on software design, by enabling portions of the system to be extended or modified easily, but are purely structural in nature, and thus easier to detect. Our long-term goal is to evaluate the effects of different OOD patterns on coordination in software teams as well as outcomes such as developer productivity and software quality. In this paper we present Thex, a metapattern detector which scales to large codebases and works on any Java bytecode. We evaluate Thex by examining its performance on codebases with known design patterns (and therefore metapatterns) and find that it performs quite well, with recall of over 90%.
Martin Jay: An Encounter Between Philosophy and History

La entrevista tuvo lugar en Santiago, Chile en noviembre del ano 2015 y fue realizada por Gonzalo Bustamante, profesor de filosofia politica de la Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. En ella, Martin Jay aborda los entrecruzamientos entre Teoria Critica, el giro linguistico de la llamada Escuela de Cambridge e Historia Conceptual, prestando especial atencion a los vinculos entre 'acontecimiento' (event) como categoria limite, racionalidad critica y la genealogia contextual de las corrientes antes mencionadas. Jay concluye que uno de los posibles limites de la propuesta 'in context' de autores como Quentin Skinner y la Escuela de Cambridge, estaria dado por la imposibilidad de reducir los efectos perlocutivos de un 'acontecimiento' a las intenciones ilocutivas de sus autores. En linea con Claude Romano, en la interpretacion de Jay, todo 'acontecimiento' tiene siempre una condicion "anarquica" que imposibilita su limitacion a redes de sentido previas.
fMRI brain activation changes following treatment of a first bipolar manic episode

Objectives We tested the hypothesis that, with treatment, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) regional brain activation in first-episode mania would normalize – i.e., that differences from healthy subjects would diminish over time, and would be associated with clinical remission status, potentially identifying neuroanatomic treatment response markers. Methods Forty-two participants with bipolar I disorder were recruited during their first manic episode, pseudo-randomized to open-label lithium or quetiapine, and followed for 8 weeks. fMRI scans were obtained at baseline and then after 1 and 8 weeks of treatment, while participants performed a continuous performance task with emotional distracters. Healthy participants received fMRI scans at these same intervals. Specific region-of-interest (ROI) activations within prefrontal emotional networks were assessed as potential measures of treatment response. Results ROI data were reduced using exploratory factor analysis, which identified five factors that were organizationally consistent with functional anatomic models of human emotion modulation. Half of the participants with bipolar disorder achieved remission by Week 8 and were contrasted with the other half that did not. Analyses demonstrated that, in the bipolar disorder group in general, treatment led to decreases in activation across brain regions toward healthy subject values. However, differences in activation changes were observed between subjects with bipolar disorder who did or did not achieve remission in subcortical and amygdala factors. Conclusions These findings provide evidence for potential neuroanatomic treatment response markers in first-episode bipolar disorder.
A cardiac tamponade in the hypertensive patient presenting as abdominal fullness.

Abstract Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency consisting of an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space which is rapidly progressing and fatal. Because cardiac tamponade is ultimately a clinical diagnosis, mindful consideration for atypical presentations is essential for the reduction of mortality in the acute setting. Our patient was a 77 year-old female admitted after presenting with general malaise, weakness, somnolence, altered mental status and urinary incontinence found to have CML (chronic myeloid leukemia) on confirmatory bone marrow biopsy after suspicions arose from a leukocytosis of 34,000 cells per mcL with 85% neutrophils and elevated blasts (8%). Initial vital signs revealed mild tachycardia, mild tachypnea and blood pressure elevated to 162/84 mm Hg along with a temperature of 38.7 °C and oxygen saturation of 96% on 2 l by nasal cannula. She received the standard of care for a community acquired pneumonia and was started on treatment with decitabine as further work-up was unremarkable. An abdominal CT performed for abdominal fullness later displayed a large pericardial effusion. Repeat echocardiography exhibited right atrial diastolic collapse, inferior vena cava dilatation (IVC) without inspiratory collapse > 50% and the large pericardial effusion consistent with tamponade. The blood pressure remained hypertensive until she suddenly went into cardiac arrest after being intubated for a pericardial window and expired. Our case highlights the need to keep cardiac tamponade as a differential in the hypertensive individual with abdominal complaints as atypical presentations can obscure diagnosis, delay treatment and increase mortality.
Trends in the Use of Stents and Drug-Eluting Stents in Sinus Surgery

Stenting has long been used in the paranasal sinuses with the goals of maintaining a patent sinus cavity during the postoperative healing process and preventing restenosis from inflammation or scarring. More recently, drug-eluting stents have been introduced. Steroid-impregnated dressings and implants appear to be safe, although likely have increased systemic absorption compared with topical nasal steroid sprays and rinses. There is evidence to support the use of steroid-releasing implants in the ethmoid cavity in the postoperative period; however, more study is needed to truly define the role of these implants.
HFD-induced energy states-dependent bidirectional control of anxiety levels in mice

The association between the development of obesity and its metabolic comorbidities, and chronic consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) has been well-demonstrated. Interestingly, emerging evidence indicates that obesity is also associated with an increased risk for psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Although HFD feeding is associated with anxiety-related behaviors, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings on the direction of this relationship. Therefore, in this study we sought to investigate the link between HFD feeding, body weight, energy states and anxiety levels in mice and specifically to determine if the duration of HFD exposure has distinct effects on anxiety-related behaviors. To disentangle the temporal dynamic effects of HFD feeding on anxiety-related behaviors, mice were fed a HFD or regular chow (RC) diet and were assayed periodically for anxiety-related behaviors by using behavioral tests (open field test; OFT) and the elevated plus maze. To determine if obesity phenotypes correlate with anxiety-related behaviors, changes in anxiety-related behaviors in OFTs were correlated with changes in both body weight and glucose sensitivity following various levels of HFD and RC exposure. Our results demonstrate a time-dependent biphasic effect of HFD feeding on anxiety-related behaviors. At 5 weeks, mice fed HFD show a reduction in anxiety-related behaviors when compared to pair-fed RC mice. At 8 weeks of HFD or RC feeding, anxiety levels were the same in both groups. Following 15 weeks of HFD and RC feeding, however, mice displaying metabolic symptoms of obesity showed increased anxiety-related behaviors relative to mice resilient to obesity phenotypes, independent of feeding conditions. Taken together our findings suggest that HFD bi-directionally effects anxiety-related behaviors such that short-term exposure to a HFD reduces anxiety levels, while longer exposure to a HFD promotes anxiety levels selectively in mice that display metabolic symptoms of obesity. Regardless of diet (HFD or RC), heavier animals display increased anxiety-like behaviors. These findings indicate diverse overlapping roles for HFD and body weight in modulating anxiety-related behaviors, and may partly resolve previous inconsistencies in studies examining the relationship between HFD feeding and anxiety.
The Total Artificial Heart in End-Stage Congenital Heart Disease

The development of durable ventricular assist devices (VADs) has improved mortality rates and quality of life in patients with end stage heart failure. While the use of VADs has increased dramatically in recent years, there is limited experience with VAD implantation in patients with complex congenital heart disease (CHD), despite the fact that the number of patients with end stage congenital heart disease has grown due to improvements in surgical and medical care. VAD use has been limited in patients with congenital heart disease and end stage heart failure due to anatomic (systemic right ventricle, single ventricle, surgically altered anatomy, valve dysfunction, etc.) and physiologic constraints (diastolic dysfunction). The total artificial heart (TAH), which has right and left sided pumps that can be arranged in a variety of orientations, can accommodate the anatomic variation present in CHD patients. This review provides an overview of the potential use of the TAH in patients with CHD.
On the ground state of TiO2 as predicted by all electron density functional calculations in relation to experiment

The energy ordering of rutile and anatase forms of TiO2 are reported with several density functionals as obtained using all electron calculations. Careful convergence tests were performed. Results obtained both with and without structure optimization are reported. In each case anatase is found to be more stable than rutile, in contrast to the experimental expectation. Upon full relaxation, the lattice parameters of both forms are similar to experiment regardless of the functional used. GGA functionals, which are generally regarded to be more reliable than the LDA for energies, yield a more strongly stable anatase ground state. The possibility of a poor approximation to the Ti core-electrons in pseudopotential methods can be excluded as a source of this long standing puzzle. The results are discussed in relation to experiment.
Associations of Physical and Psychologic Symptom Burden in Patients With Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Background The physical symptom burden of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) may last for extended periods during their disease trajectories and lead to psychologic distress, anxiety, or depression or all of these. Objective This study evaluated the relationship between physical symptom burden captured by the Physical Problem List (PPL) on the Distress Thermometer and Problem List and psychologic outcomes (distress, anxiety, and depression) in the MPN setting. Methods Patients (N = 117) with MPNs completed questionnaires containing the Distress Thermometer and Problem List and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a dedicated MPN clinic within an academic medical center. They reported symptoms from any of 22 physical problems on the PPL. Items endorsed by more than 10% of participants were assessed for their associations with distress (Distress Thermometer and Problem List), anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety), and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression). The total number of endorsed PPL items per participant was also evaluated. Results Nine of 22 PPL items (fatigue, sleep, pain, dry skin/pruritus, memory/concentration, feeling swollen, breathing, and sexual) were reported by >10% of participants. In univariate analyses, all PPL items but one were associated with distress and depression, and all but 2 were associated with anxiety. In multivariate analyses, the total number of PPL items was associated with depression only (p Conclusion Physical symptom burden in MPN patients was clearly associated with psychologic symptoms. Depression was uniquely associated with overall physical symptom burden. As such, the endorsement of multiple PPL items on the Distress Thermometer and Problem List should prompt an evaluation for psychologic symptoms to improve MPN patients’ overall morbidity and quality of life.