cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiscal competition and interindustry trade

Abstract Neighboring economies — cities, states and provinces, countries — often are strongly linked through a large volume of interindustry trade. The tax and expenditure policies chosen by one jurisdiction will affect its neighbors through these channels. A model is developed of two jurisdictions, one of which is the upstream supplier of an intermediate input for the other's export industry. Theoretical analysis shows how changes in tax policy in either jurisdiction affect wages and welfare for the residents of both jurisdictions, highlighting the fiscal interactions arising from the interindustry trade linkages. With appropriate simplifying assumptions, predictions about the direction of these effects can be made. More generally, however, the sign and magnitude of these interactions depend on a number of empirical parameters characterizing technology and trade. Numerical calculations provide a first-order analysis of the impact of policy changes when specific values are assumed for these parameters.
Application of ternary equilibrium data to the production of fish protein concentrate

Standard chemical engineering techniques were applied to ternary equilibria data obtained from laboratory studies for the systems water-isopropyl alcohol-menhaden oil and water-ethanol-menhaden oil to obtain information for development and operation of a fish protein concentrate process. Theoretical minimum solvent ratios, the required number of theoretical stages, stage efficiency, effect of excess water in the solvent and the effect of temperature of extraction are reported. A comparison of the solvent, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethanol, at an extraction temperature of 70 C, leaves no doubt that IPA is a superior solvent for the system studied.
Cytoplasmic melanoma-associated antigen (CYT-MAA) serum level in patients with melanoma: a potential marker of response to immunotherapy?

Simple, noninvasive methods are needed to follow effectiveness of new treatments in patients with melanoma. In our study, we examined cytoplasmic melanoma-associated antigen (CYT-MAA) serum level in melanoma patients during immunotherapy. Sera of 117 patients were assayed for CYT-MAA by double-sandwich ELISA before and during treatment with a polyvalent, shed antigen, melanoma vaccine. Vaccine-treated patients included 30 with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage IIb or IIIa, 30 with stage IIc, IIIb or IIIc, 30 with resected stage IV and 27 with measurable stage IV disease. Prior to vaccine therapy, 63% of patients had elevated serum CYT-MAA with high levels of antigen in all disease stages. After initiation of therapy, the level declined in more than 90% of the positive patients and fell below the positive cut-off in 56% of these patients within 5 months. By contrast, there was no decline in CYT-MAA serum level in 11 patients who served as untreated controls with melanoma. Multivariate analysis of the treated patients using accelerated failure time Weibull models adjusted for stage and age showed that patients whose CYT-MAA serum level remained elevated during treatment were ∼3 times more likely to recur or progress than patients who were consistently below the positive cut-off (hazard ratio = 3.42, 95% CI [1.38, 8.47], p = 0.0079). Measurement of CYT-MAA serum level appears to show potential as an early marker of prognosis in patients with stages IIb to IV melanoma. Measurement of CYT-MAA serum level during therapy could provide an intermediate marker of response in these patients. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Public Opinion and the New Politics of Contestation in the Late Qing, 1904-1911

Late Qing imperial authority was challenged by a new pattern of political contestation in early twentieth-century China. Adopting the idiom of public politics, constitutional reformists advanced new political claims against the state, using public opinion as a device to limit and transform the power of the dynasty.' Yulun, the character compound the reformists used for "public opinion," dated back to at least the third century, and had been used throughout Chinese history to describe elite opinion within the bureaucracy.2 The constitutionalists invested this old term with a new political meaning in the early 1900s, redefining it as the "collective opinion (gonglun) of the common people (yiban renmin) toward government and society" (Min, 1908). This redefinition reflected the reformists' larger agenda of forcing the transition from dynastic to public politics. The Qing court unwittingly advanced this agenda by adopting the new political idiom itself, declaring in the 1906 edict on constitutional preparation that "all affairs of state would be open to public opinion" (shuzheng gongzhu yulun) (Qingmo choubei lixian dang'an shiliao, 1979: 44). As the terms of the political discourse shifted, so did the practice of politics. In the turbulent final years of Qing rule, yulun rapidly evolved from a political construction into an organized force demanding its own legal institutionalization. Conflicts over the ersatz reform of the official system in 1906, national rights to the Suzhou-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway in 1907, the limitations of the powers of provincial assem-
LOW-MASS SCALAR MESONS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS: MULTILOOP EFFECTS IN THE BOSONIZATION OF THE NAMBU-JONA-LASINIO MODEL

We review a momentum-space bosonization of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model performed at the one-loop level by Bernard, Osipov and Meissner. At that level of approximation, the theory predicts a low-mass sigma meson where with mq being the constituent quark mass. Such a meson is not seen in experiment. We therefore extend the bosonization procedure to include a multiple-loop diagram describ-ing the coupling of the sigma to the two-pion channel. We find that for spacelike values of the momentum p2 (p2 ≤ 0), the sigma propagator behaves as if there were a pole at a small value of the mass, meff≃460 MeV. However, we see that the channel coupling is very large for timelikep2. That limits the applicability of a perturbative bosonization scheme in the timelike regime where a theory with explicit multichannel unitarity is to be preferred. We extend our analysis to include unitarity corrections to the self-energy in the isoscalar-scalar channel. Quite satisfactory results are obtained in that case. Again for spacelikep2, the dynamics is governed by a small value of meff (meff≃500 MeV); however, the theory no longer predicts a physical low-mass a meson. This analysis clarifies the nature of the low-mass sigma meson used in relativistic nuclear physics and in the one-boson exchange model of the nucleon-nucleon force. It is also seen that the low-mass (effective) sigma is predominantly of character with some admixture of (correlated two-pion components).
Delineation of a Fat tumor suppressor pathway

Recent studies in Drosophila melanogaster of the protocadherins Dachsous and Fat suggest that they act as ligand and receptor, respectively, for an intercellular signaling pathway that influences tissue polarity, growth and gene expression, but the basis for signaling downstream of Fat has remained unclear. Here, we characterize functional relationships among D. melanogaster tumor suppressors and identify the kinases Discs overgrown and Warts as components of a Fat signaling pathway. fat, discs overgrown and warts regulate a common set of downstream genes in multiple tissues. Genetic experiments position the action of discs overgrown upstream of the Fat pathway component dachs, whereas warts acts downstream of dachs. Warts protein coprecipitates with Dachs, and Warts protein levels are influenced by fat, dachs and discs overgrown in vivo, consistent with its placement as a downstream component of the pathway. The tumor suppressors Merlin, expanded, hippo, salvador and mob as tumor suppressor also share multiple Fat pathway phenotypes but regulate Warts activity independently. Our results functionally link what had been four disparate groups of D. melanogaster tumor suppressors, establish a basic framework for Fat signaling from receptor to transcription factor and implicate Warts as an integrator of multiple growth control signals.
A logic of intentions and beliefs

Intentions are an important concept in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science. We present a formal theory of intentions and beliefs based on Discourse Representation Theory that captures many of their important logical properties. Unlike possible worlds approaches, this theory does not assume that agents are perfect reasoners, and gives a realistic view of their internal architecture; unlike most representational approaches, it has anobjective semantics, and does not rely on anad hoc labeling of the internal states of agents. We describe a minimal logic for intentions and beliefs that is sound and complete relative to our semantics. We discuss several additional axioms, and the constraints on the models that validate them.
Structure of Ion Pair Solvation Complexes

In solvents of low polarity, salts containing a carbanion, e.g. fluorenylsodium, or a radical anion, e.g. coronenesodium, can exist as contact ion pairs or as solvent separated ion pairs. Particular interest attaches to the complexes of ion pairs with the strongly solvating, polydentate polyglycol dimethyl ethers (glymes) and with crown compounds. These systems can be studied by optical spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and other methods.
Stigmats using two curved Fresnel surfaces.

Any two-surfaced optical system, either refracting or reflecting, can be made stigmatic (aplanatic and anastigmatic) for object at infinity by using curved Fresnel surfaces instead of the usual conics. Such systems will also have a flat field under certain conditions and may even be distortion free. It is also shown that systems of flat Fresnel mirrors have incurable line coma.
Comparing radio-to-router interface implementations on experimental CoTs and open source routers

In highly dynamic wireless environments, link metrics such as link quality, availability, and others have become increasingly important to enable smart multi-hop routing decisions. In recent years, a number of radio-to-router interface (R2RI) protocols such as Point-to-Point over Ethernet RFC5578, Dynamic Link Exchange Protocol (DLEP), and Radio-Router Control Protocol (R2CP) have emerged to address the need to have a common set of link metrics exposed from the radio to the router to enhance multi-hop routing decisions. To fully evaluate R2RI functionality and specifications, differing implementations of both radio/client and router/server-side R2RI protocols must be prototyped and tested. In this paper, we present comparison tests of each of the three (3) radio-to-router interfaces with two (2) router/server-side R2RI experimental/beta R2RI implementations: one on a commercial Cisco router, and one on an open source Quagga platform. The goal of the comparison is not necessarily to provide a holistic performance comparison (as much of the code is experimental), but to highlight implementation differences and potential issues. In many cases, issues are already resolved in future releases.1
Enhanced subquery optimizations in Oracle

This paper describes enhanced subquery optimizations in Oracle relational database system. It discusses several techniques -- subquery coalescing, subquery removal using window functions, and view elimination for group-by queries. These techniques recognize and remove redundancies in query structures and convert queries into potentially more optimal forms. The paper also discusses novel parallel execution techniques, which have general applicability and are used to improve the scalability of queries that have undergone some of these transformations. It describes a new variant of antijoin for optimizing subqueries involved in the universal quantifier with columns that may have nulls. It then presents performance results of these optimizations, which show significant execution time improvements.
The source of the high heat and freshwater content of the upper ocean at the SHEBA site in the Beaufort Sea in 1997

[1] Measurements of 7Be and oxygen isotope (18O/16O) ratios from the 1997–1998 SHEBA experiment were used to trace the source of the high heat and freshwater content of the upper ocean observed during the initial occupation of the SHEBA site in October 1997. The evidence suggests that the heating resulted from local input primarily through extended lead coverage in the late spring and summer of 1997 with no requirement of advective input. The freshening was derived from a large ice melt (1.2 m) that was consistent with the thin ice and extensive melt pond coverage (by then frozen) observed at the site. However, a significant contribution to the freshwater budget (0.8 m) included enhanced input from river runoff during the melt season. This obviates the requirement for an unrealistically large ice melt (∼2 m) to account for the freshwater content of the mixed layer, and would have increased the stratification stability of the upper ocean that in turn would have promoted local heating. The question then arises, however, as to the fate of the significant upper ocean heat at SHEBA in the fall 1997 which resulted from an active heating season. Similar evaluation of the fall 1998 SHEBA site indicate that the ice melt was comparable to that of 1997, but the riverine input and stored water column heat were less than in the previous year.
Freezing Qualities of Cheddar-Type Cheeses Containing Varied Percentages of Fat, Moisture, and Salt

Abstract Eighteen compositions of Cheddar-type cheeses, manufactured to attain three moisture percentages (low, normal, and high), three fat percentages (low, normal, and high), and two salt percentages (low and normal), were aged 2.5 mo, frozen 4 mo at –18°C, and then thawed. The thawed cheeses were aged for 0, 2, 4, and 8 wk at 7°C. A 3 × 3 × 2 factorial design was used to determine the effects of composition, freezing, and aging on cheese quality attributes. Low salt, low fat cheese and low salt, high fat cheese showed increased fracturability immediately after frozen storage, but this defect decreased again after 2 wk of aging. Aging did not improve the crumbly, weak body caused by frozen storage of high and normal fat cheeses with high moisture. Mealiness that resulted from the freezing treatment dissipated after 2 wk of aging for normal moisture cheeses and after 8 wk for high moisture cheeses. Meltability was lower after thawing and did not improve with aging. The most acceptable body and texture in frozen and thawed cheeses were normal fat, normal moisture cheeses and high fat, normal moisture cheeses after 8 wk of aging. The TCA-soluble N increased significantly during frozen storage and also after thawing.
Moderately repeated mouse Y chromosomal sequence families present distinct types of organization and evolutionary change

Male specific repeated sequences compose approximately 10% of the mouse Y chromosome. This was deduced from studies of genomic phage clones that contain male specific DNA, and three subcloned EcoRI fragments pBC10-0.6, pBC15-1.1, and pBA33-1.8. Southern analyses and in situ hybridization of metaphase chromosomes show these three sequences to be present in 100-200 copies on the Y chromosome and in female DNA as single copies. One of these, pBC10-0.6, was directly demonstrated to be on the X chromosome. All three exhibited male specific transcription. These sequences are found in two distinct organizations. Subclone pBC10-0.6 is uniformly found in a long HpaI repeat unit of 9.7 Kbp. Subclones pBC15-1.1 and pBA33-1.8 are distributed throughout several EcoR1 repeat families in which the male specific fragments are interspersed. These male specific fragments also differ among themselves with regard to the types and frequency of evolutionary changes.
Electronic outlining as a tool for making writing visible

Abstract The electronic outlining software found in many commercial programs, when projected on the classroom wall, helps us train students in the main activities involved in creating an outline. Freed from paper, the electronic outline allows continuous revision, encourages multiple iterations of the many interdependent activities involved in research, planning, writing, and revision, and serves as a focal point for discussion of the ways in which the group is developing an ongoing consensus, as part of a larger conversation.
Unsuspected Perforated Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix as a Second Colonic Neoplasm: Report of a Case*

The case of a patient who had an unsuspected perforated adenocarcinoma of the appendix discovered during operation for a sigmoid carcinoma is presented. The problems in diagnosing carcinoma of the appendix are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Impact of signal model on data compression for TDOA/FDOA emitter location

Early work in source location using time-difference-of-arrival/frequency-difference-of-arrival (TDOA/FDOA) focused on locating acoustic sources while later work focused on locating electromagnetic sources. The key difference is the signal model assumptions: WSS Gaussian process is widely used in the acoustic case but is not appropriate in the electromagnetic case. The Fisher information (FI) is fundamentally different for the two scenarios and leads to different distortion metrics for data compression algorithms that seek to maximize the FI for a given data rate. We discuss the philosophical impacts of this relevant to the following question: having collected a single set of data and wanting to do the best "job" for that data, should it matter if the data is viewed as coming from a WSS random process? This work shows that one must be careful when using a random signal model. If one takes the operational rate-distortion view, the goal of compression is to adapt the algorithm to the specific data observed. This is a modern view that contrasts with classical rate-distortion where the distortion measure includes an averaging over the ensemble. We assert that for the operational rate-distortion approach with FI as distortion measure, one should not use a random signal model.
Killing some to make way for others.

Limited niche availability restricts the number of long-lived plasma cells that can reside in the bone marrow. New research describes homeostatic regulatory mechanisms that allow newly 'minted' plasma cells to gain entry to such niches.
Safety of Repair for Severe Duodenal Injuries

There is ongoing debate about the management of severe duodenal injuries (SDIs), and earlier studies have recommended pyloric exclusion. The objective of this study was to compare primary repair with pyloric exclusion to examine if primary repair can be safely used in SDIs. The medical records of 193 consecutive patients who were admitted between August 1992 and January 2004 with duodenal injuries were reviewed. After excluding early deaths (n = 50), low-grade duodenal injuries (n = 81), and pancreatoduodenectomies for catastrophic trauma (n = 12), a total of 50 patients with SDIs (grade III, IV, or V) were analyzed. Primary repair (PR—simple duodenorrhaphy or resection and primary anastomosis) was performed in 34 (68%) and pyloric exclusion (PE) in 16 (32%). Characteristics and outcomes of these two groups were compared. PE and PR patients were similar for age, injury severity score, abdominal abbreviated injury score, physiologic status on admission, time to operation, and most abdominal organs injured. PE patients had more pancreatic injuries (63% vs. 24%, p < 0.01), a higher frequency of injuries to the first and second part of the duodenum (79% vs. 42%, p = 0.02), and a nonsignificant trend toward more grade IV and V injuries (37% vs. 18%, p = 0.11). There was no difference in morbidity (including complications specific to the duodenal repair), mortality, and intensive care unit and hospital length of stay between the two groups. Pyloric exclusion is not necessary for all patients with SDIs, as previously suggested. Selected SDI patients can be safely managed by simple primary repair.
Biocomplexity Of Respiratory Neural Network During Early Maturation

Previous studies in various animal models have shown that respiratory premotor and motor neurons undergo rapid changes in biochemical and bioelectric properties during the first month of postnatal life. Early in postnatal life, there is an increase in the complexity of the morphology of the dendritic tree of respiratory neurons as it changes from a bipolar to a multipolar morphology. During normal breathing (eupnea), the phrenic nerve has a slow, ramping output which reflects the orderly recruitment of phrenic motoneurons throughout inspiration when viewed in the time domain. Hypercapnia stimulates the respiratory system increasing both the respiratory frequency and amplitude. During severe hypoxia, the output of the phrenic nerve initially falls to zero and then returns with a completely different firing pattern, gasping. During gasping the phrenic nerve fires with an abrupt onset and rises rapidly to maximal neural activity with a decrementing decline. During recovery from hypoxia a variety of respiratory patterns between eupnea and gasping are seen in the time domain. Both the time and frequency analysis methods, however, give little information about the system generating the output. In contrast, the nonlinear dynamic neural analysis method we propose has been found to be a useful method for quantifying the complexity (irregularity) of both physical systems and physiological signals. The respiratory motor output depends on the integrated properties of the neural network. The phrenic neurogram that is generated by this network has features that reflect the dynamics of the respiratory pattern generator that we will use to develop our model. Our previous use of nonlinear dynamical analysis of phrenic neurograms in piglets showed that the complexity measures for the 3-6 days old group were higher than those of the 10-31 days old age group. Also, during hypoxic gasping the complexity measures of the phrenic neurogram were significantly reduced when the piglet was shifted from eupnea to gasping regardless of age group. In addition, the complexity measure of the phrenic neurogram in piglets during severe hypoxia and early recovery following severe hypoxia were significantly reduced, but gradually became higher during reoxygenation (after 5 minutes of reoxygenation). These observations suggest that hypoxia reduces the complexity of the phrenic neurogram and reverses the configuration of respiratory neural network. The effect of hypercapnia on the complexity of respiratory output is not yet fully understood
Afferent and efferent connections of C1 cells with spinal cord or hypothalamic projections in mice

The axonal projections and synaptic input of the C1 adrenergic neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (VLM) were examined using transgenic dopamine-beta hydroxylase Cre mice and modified rabies virus. Cre-dependent viral vectors expressing TVA (receptor for envelopeA) and rabies glycoprotein were injected into the left VLM. EnvelopeA-pseudotyped rabies-EGFP glycoprotein-deficient virus (rabies-EGFP) was injected 4–6 weeks later in either thoracic spinal cord (SC) or hypothalamus. TVA immunoreactivity was detected almost exclusively (95 %) in VLM C1 neurons. In mice with SC injections of rabies-EGFP, starter cells (expressing TVA + EGFP) were found at the rostral end of the VLM; in mice with hypothalamic injections starter C1 cells were located more caudally. C1 neurons innervating SC or hypothalamus had other terminal fields in common (e.g., dorsal vagal complex, locus coeruleus, raphe pallidus and periaqueductal gray matter). Putative inputs to C1 cells with SC or hypothalamic projections originated from the same brain regions, especially the lower brainstem reticular core from spinomedullary border to rostral pons. Putative input neurons to C1 cells were also observed in the nucleus of the solitary tract, caudal VLM, caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus, cerebellum, periaqueductal gray matter and inferior and superior colliculi. In sum, regardless of whether they innervate SC or hypothalamus, VLM C1 neurons receive input from the same general brain regions. One interpretation is that many types of somatic or internal stimuli recruit these neurons en bloc to produce a stereotyped acute stress response with sympathetic, parasympathetic, vigilance and neuroendocrine components.
020 Stress‐Induced Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases During Cutaneous Wound Repair

Chronic nonhealing wounds have been long associated with an imbalance between the degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs). Human and animal studies have shown psychological stress to impair healing and differentially regulate gene expression. We hypothesized that psychological stress-impaired healing is mediated by altered expression of MMP and TIMP. SKH-1 mice were subjected to restraint stress 3 days before and 5 days after placement of 3.5 mm biopsy wounds. The wounds were biopsied at various time points and analyzed for gene expression by real-time PCR. The wounds of stressed mice showed significantly delayed healing when compared to the wounds of controls through day 5 postwounding. There was a significantly higher expression of MMP-8 in the stressed groups on days 1 (172%, p < 0.0003) and 3 (204%, p < 0.0003) postwounding. Stress decreased MMP-9 expression on day 5 postwounding (56%, p < 0.02), but showed no significant difference to controls on the other days. TIMP-1, which is known to inhibit most activated MMPs, had significantly lower expression on day 5 postwounding (56%, p < 0.0003). TIMP-2, which is constitutively expressed, did not show any difference in expression between the stress and the control groups. During stress, increased MMP-8 (neutrophil collagenase) activity is in agreement with previous studies in our model that have demonstrated a increase in neutrophil recruitment on days 3 and 5 postwounding. Likewise, lower expression of TIMP-1 during stress is similar to findings in chronic wounds as opposed to healing surgical wounds. Hence, altered expression of the metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, may lead to increased damage early in healing and decreased repair later in stress-impaired wound healing. Supported by NIDCR-P50(DE13749), NIA-P01(AG16321)
Essential national health research in developing countries: Health‐care financing and the quality of care

New research integrating expertise in financing and quality assurance is critical at times when resource constraints threaten to undermine the sustainability of effective healthcare services. Cost-effectiveness is related to the quality of the health-care intervention. In the economics literature, health-care demand studies generally indicate that quality is an important determinant of utilization patterns, but do not clearly identify those components of quality most important to the patient. On the supply side, cost analyses have not closely examined cost-quality tradeoffs, nor the net costs of quality. Policy makers must determine the affordability of cost-recovery mechanisms, which include both increases in price and quality. Further research should identify those aspects of quality which will maximize effectiveness at the least cost, thus helping to promote the financial sustainability of the health service.
Magnetic bead based assay for C-reactive protein using quantum-dot fluorescence labeling and immunoaffinity separation

A magnetic bead based sensitive sandwich assay for C-reactive protein (CRP) has been developed. In this assay, magnetic microbeads conjugated with monoclonal anti-CRP are used to capture CRP in human serum, and then sequentially incubated with biotinylated monoclonal anti-CRP and streptavidin coated quantum dots (QDs) to form sandwich immunocomplexes. The immunocomplexes are further mixed with an immunoaffinity separation buffer to release QDs from the magnetic bead surface by dissociating antibody–antigen pairs. After magnetic bead separation, the fluorescence signal of QDs released in the immunoaffinity separation buffer is measured to quantify CRP. This proposed approach takes advantages of magnetic beads for fast magnetic separation, sandwich binding of two monoclonal antibodies for high specificity, and QD fluorescence labeling for high detection sensitivity. Moreover, it adopts immunoaffinity separation to avoid the interference of magnetic bead autofluorescence in signal transduction and thus enhances the detection resolution of the assay. The detection limit of CRP is 0.5 fM, corresponding to 10 pM CRP in 50 μL of sample volume, and the detection range is of around 3 orders of magnitude.
Targeting glutamine metabolism sensitizes pancreatic cancer to PARP-driven metabolic catastrophe induced by ß-lapachone.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA) activate a glutamine-dependent pathway of cytosolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production to maintain redox homeostasis and support proliferation. Enzymes involved in this pathway (GLS1 (mitochondrial glutaminase 1), GOT1 (cytoplasmic glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1), and GOT2 (mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2)) are highly upregulated in PDA, and among these, inhibitors of GLS1 were recently deployed in clinical trials to target anabolic glutamine metabolism. However, single-agent inhibition of this pathway is cytostatic and unlikely to provide durable benefit in controlling advanced disease. Here, we report that reducing NADPH pools by genetically or pharmacologically (bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) or CB-839) inhibiting glutamine metabolism in mutant Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) PDA sensitizes cell lines and tumors to s-lapachone (s-lap, clinical form ARQ761). s-Lap is an NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-bioactivatable drug that leads to NADPH depletion through high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the futile redox cycling of the drug and subsequently nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ depletion through poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) hyperactivation. NQO1 expression is highly activated by mutant KRAS signaling. As such, s-lap treatment concurrent with inhibition of glutamine metabolism in mutant KRAS, NQO1 overexpressing PDA leads to massive redox imbalance, extensive DNA damage, rapid PARP-mediated NAD+ consumption, and PDA cell death—features not observed in NQO1-low, wild-type KRAS expressing cells. This treatment strategy illustrates proof of principle that simultaneously decreasing glutamine metabolism-dependent tumor anti-oxidant defenses and inducing supra-physiological ROS formation are tumoricidal and that this rationally designed combination strategy lowers the required doses of both agents in vitro and in vivo. The non-overlapping specificities of GLS1 inhibitors and s-lap for PDA tumors afford high tumor selectivity, while sparing normal tissue.
Gravity-balancing of classes of industrial robots

Gravity balancing of industrial robots is an important issue because these robots may have massive links in order to manipulate large payloads. In this paper, we present techniques to gravity balance the weight of moving links in industrial robots with various arrangements of joints. In a typical industrial robot, the first joint axis is parallel to the gravity vector, hence, the weight of the first moving link does not have any effect on gravity balancing of the robot. Our approach for gravity balancing of industrial robots uses two steps: (i) we locate the center of mass of distal segments of the robot using auxiliary parallelograms; (ii) we connect springs between the center of mass and other members in the robot such that the total potential energy of the system is invariant with configuration. In this paper, we present designs for gravity balancing of classes of industrial robots with revolute and prismatic joints
Quantifying agent strategies under reputation

Our research proposes a simple buyer/seller game that captures the incentives dictating the interaction between peers in resource trading peer-to-peer networks. We prove that for simple reputation-based buyer strategies, a seller's decision whether to cheat or not is dependent only on the length of its transaction history, not on the particular actions committed. Given a finite number of transactions, a peer can compute a utility optimal sequence of cooperations and defections. With the limited information provided by many reputation systems, a peer has incentive to defect on a large fraction of its transactions. If temporal information is used, equilibrium is reached when peers predominantly cooperate.
Some observations on: Economics, politics, and government

On the basis of 20 years' observation of governments in various parts of the world, the author presents here some opinions concerning the functioning of those governments and draws some comparisons between the American form of government and those abroad. He urges all American engineers to contribute intelligent support to their established political system.
Rethinking Genre in School and Society: An Activity Theory Analysis.

This article attempts to expand and elaborate theories of social "context" and formal schooling, to understand the stakes involved in writing. It first sketches ways Russian activity theory in the tradition of A. N. Leont'ev may expand Bakhtinian dialogism, then elaborates the theory in terms of North American genre research, with examples drawn from research on writing in the disciplines in higher education. By tracing the relations of disciplinary genre systems to educational genre systems, through the boundary of the classroom genre system, the analyst/reformer can construct a model of the interactions of classroom practices with wider social practices. Activity theory analysis of genre systems may offer a theoretical bridge between the sociology of education and Vygotskian social psychology of classroom interaction, and contribute toward resolving the knotty problem of the relation of macro- and microstructure in literacy research based on various social theories of "context." ***** What makes one conversation more meaningful than another? For either an individual, a dyad, a collective, or even a culture? When three African American students who hope to be doctors some day sit down on one particular day to write a laboratory report in a college cell biology course, what are the stakes involved in those marks on a screen? For the students and their families and their neighborhoods and churches? For the instructor and his university and his profession of biology? For the profession of medicine and its patients and its government regulators? How can a student or teacher or researcher understand the meaningfulnessthe stakesof some (act of) writing. Vygotsky and his immediate successors did not use genre as a category of analysis. But in the last decade, a number of Vygotskian theorists have incorporated into their work various theories of genre. I will propose a synthesis of a number of elements from these theories, drawing most heavily on Charles Bazerman's (1994) analysis of genre as systems of speech acts within an overarching framework of Vygotskian activity theory (Leont'ev, 1981; Engestrom, 1987, 1993). The goal is to move toward a theory of writing useful in analyzing how students and teachers within individual classrooms use the discursive tools of classroom genres to interact (and not interact) with social practices beyond individual classroomsthose of schools, families, peers, disciplines, professions, political movements, unions, corporations, and so on. In other words, I am attempting to expand and elaborate theories of social "context" and formal schooling, to understand the stakes involved in writing. Literacy, Brandt (1990) persuasively argues, is "not the narrow ability to deal with texts but the broader ability to deal with other
Importance of Tidal-Inlet Sedimentation in Barrier-Island Systems: ABSTRACT

Barrier-island complexes, long thought to be composed largely of inlet-fill material deposited during migration, have been shown by recent work in geomorphology, stratigraphy, and petrology to contain only 10% tidal-inlet sediments. Geomorphology of the North Carolina "Outer banks" barrier-island complex, as determined from recent aerial photographs, indicates that tidal inlets and their deposits comprise only 13 of the 120 mi between Beaufort and Nags Head. These 13 mi of inlets and inlet fill represent only 10.8% of the barrier-island system. Furthermore, geomorphic study of the earliest to most recent USCGS charts shows that tidal inlets and their deposits never have accounted for more than 10-11% of the barrier-island complex. Washover fans, tidal deltas, lagoon deposits, dunes, and beaches appear to be of far greater importance. To confirm volumetric percentages of tidal-inlet deposits, 80 holes were drilled and 178 bottom samples collected from Pamlico Sound and the Atlantic shelf. Grain-size analyses made by settling-tube techniques indicate that tidal-inlet sediments are distinct. Standard deviation versus mean plots allows the best separation of fields. These subsurface studies clearly define the limits of tidal-inlet sedimentation and indicate that only 10% of the total sedimentary complex consists of such deposits. We must conclude, therefore, that (1) inlet-fill sedimentation is minor in the depositional framework of these barrier systems, and (2) tidal-inlet systems do not migrate significantly in the formation of these barrier islands. End_of_Article - Last_Page 839------------
Temporal expression and tissue distribution of interleukin-1β in two strains of guinea pigs with varying propensity for spontaneous knee osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective To provide a comprehensive immunohistochemical (IHC) map of the temporal expression and tissue distribution of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) through progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in two strains of guinea pigs with varying propensity for spontaneous knee joint disease. Methods OA-prone Hartley and OA-resistant Strain 13 guinea pigs were collected at 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 days of age ( N =4 animals per strain per date). IHC was performed on whole joint preparations; the distribution of IL-1β expression on coronal sections was mapped, semi-quantitatively scored, and correlated to OA grade using Mankin criteria with guinea pig-specific modifications. OA and IHC indices were compared among times and between strains using the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks followed by Dunn's post test. Results OA indices for both strains increased from 60 to 480 days of age; a statistically higher score ( P ≤0.01) was found in Hartley animals at 180, 240, 360, and 480 days. At 60 days of age, IL-1β expression was detected in cartilage, menisci, synovium, and subchondral bone in both strains. Persistent and statistically increased ( P Conclusions As expected, histologic OA proceeded in an accelerated manner in Hartley animals relative to Strain 13 animals. The OA-prone strain did not demonstrate reduced IL-1β expression during adult maturity as occurred in the OA-resistant strain, and this persistent expression may have corresponded to early incidence of OA. Future interventional studies are warranted to explore whether dysregulation of IL-1β expression may contribute to premature onset of spontaneous disease in the Hartley guinea pig.
The Rnf Complex of Clostridium ljungdahlii Is a Proton-Translocating Ferredoxin:NAD+ Oxidoreductase Essential for Autotrophic Growth

It has been predicted that the Rnf complex of Clostridium ljungdahlii is a proton-translocating ferredoxin:NAD oxi- doreductase which contributes to ATP synthesis by an H-translocating ATPase under both autotrophic and heterotrophic growth conditions. The recent development of methods for genetic manipulation of C. ljungdahlii made it possible to evaluate the possible role of the Rnf complex in energy conservation. Disruption of the C. ljungdahlii rnf operon inhibited autotrophic growth. ATP synthesis, proton gradient, membrane potential, and proton motive force collapsed in the Rnf-deficient mutant with H 2as the electron source and CO2as the electron acceptor. Heterotrophic growth was hindered in the absence of a func- tional Rnf complex, as ATP synthesis, proton gradient, and proton motive force were significantly reduced with fructose as the electron donor. Growth of the Rnf-deficient mutant was also inhibited when no source offixed nitrogen was provided. These results demonstrate that the Rnf complex of C. ljungdahlii is responsible for translocation of protons across the membrane to elicit energy conservation during acetogenesis and is a multifunctional device also implicated in nitrogenfixation. IMPORTANCE Mechanisms for energy conservation in the acetogen Clostridium ljungdahlii are of interest because of its potential value as a chassis for the production of biocommodities with novel electron donors such as carbon monoxide, syngas, and elec- trons derived from electrodes. Characterizing the components implicated in the chemiosmotic ATP synthesis during acetogen- esis by C. ljungdahlii is a prerequisite for the development of highly productive strains. The Rnf complex has been considered the prime candidate to be the pump responsible for the formation of an ion gradient coupled with ATP synthesis in multiple ace- togens. However, experimental evidence for a proton-pumping Rnf complex has been lacking. This study establishes the C. ljungdahlii Rnf complex as a proton-translocating ferredoxin:NAD oxidoreductase and demonstrates that C. ljungdahlii has the potential of becoming a model organism to study proton translocation, electron transport, and other functions of the Rnf complex in energy conservation or other processes.
Small sample learning during multimedia retrieval using BiasMap

All positive examples are alike; each negative example is negative in its own way. During interactive multimedia information retrieval, the number of training samples fed-back by the user is usually small; furthermore, they are not representative for the true distributions-especially the negative examples. Adding to the difficulties is the nonlinearity in real-world distributions. Existing solutions fail to address these problems in a principled way. This paper proposes biased discriminant analysis and transforms specifically designed to address the asymmetry between the positive and negative examples, and to trade off generalization for robustness under a small training sample. The kernel version, namely "BiasMap ", is derived to facilitate nonlinear biased discrimination. Extensive experiments are carried out for performance evaluation as compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Custom design of a hardware fuzzy logic controller

The paper describes a custom designed hardware fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for high speed real-time control applications. With a pipelined parallel architecture, the FLC can operate at very high speeds. The FLC can also gain the ability of online adaptation by connecting itself to a supervisory microprocessor so that its performance can be constantly monitored and its knowledge base can be updated at run time. A two inputs, one output prototype of the PLC has been implemented with a Xilinx XC4008-6 FPGA and a separate EPROM. With the FLC's control unit operating at a clock speed of 20 MHz, the FLC can produce 9 million control actions per second. >
Correspondence Between the 17-Segment Model and Coronary Arterial Anatomy Using Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the correspondence between the coronary arterial anatomy and supplied myocardium based on the proposed American Heart Association 17-segment model. Background Standardized assignment of coronary arteries to specific myocardial segments is currently based on empirical assumptions. Methods A cardiac magnetic resonance study was performed in 93 subjects following acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Two observers blindly reviewed all angiograms to examine the location of the culprit lesion and coronary dominancy. Two additional observers scored for the presence of cardiac magnetic resonance hyperenhancement (HE) on a 17-segment model. Segments were divided based on anatomical landmarks such as the interventricular grooves and papillary muscles. Results In a per-segment analysis, 23% of HE segments were discordant with the empirically assigned coronary distribution. Presence of HE in the basal anteroseptal, mid-anterior, mid-anteroseptal, or apical anterior wall was 100% specific for left anterior descending artery occlusion. The left anterior descending artery infarcts frequently involved the mid-anterolateral, apical lateral, and apical inferior walls. No segment was 100% specific for right coronary artery or left circumflex artery (LCX) occlusion, although HE in the basal anterolateral wall was highly specific (98%) for LCX occlusion. Combination of HE in the anterolateral and inferolateral walls was 100% specific for a LCX occlusion, and when extended to the inferior wall, was also 100% specific for a dominant or codominant LCX occlusion. Conclusions Four segments were completely specific for left anterior descending artery occlusion. No segment can be exclusively attributed to the right coronary artery or LCX occlusion. However, analysis of adjacent segments increased the specificity for a given coronary occlusion. These findings bring objective evidence in the appropriate segmentation of coronary arterial perfusion territories and assist accurate assignment of the culprit vessel in various imaging modalities.
Overwintering Survival of Aphthona Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) : A Biological Control Agent of Leafy Spurge Released in North Dakota

ABSTRACT We evaluated the effects of snow cover and debris cover on overwintering success of Aphthona from 2001 to 2004 in southeast North Dakota. Chill degree-days, soil temperature, and duration of soil temperatures were monitored in field plots. Emergence of Aphthona from soil cores collected in October and held in the laboratory under simulated winter conditions did not differ across treatments. Field emergence of Aphthona was significantly reduced compared with emergence of Aphthona in the laboratory under simulated winter. Snow cover protected overwintering of Aphthona during 3 yr. Overwintering success was 77–94% lower in no-snow plots than in snow plots except in 2002. In 2001, when the soil temperature was as low as -4.4°C, 90% of the Aphthona beetles emerged from snow-covered plots. The ranges of winter temperature and winter period for overwintering Aphthona were determined as -5.0–4.5°C and 56–132 d, respectively, by using linear regression. A negative linear relationship between soil temperat...
Disorientalism: Minority and Visuality in Imperial London

The affinities between Jews, the colonized, and the subjects and objects of same-sex desire in Imperial London (1875-1900) are examined through the mode of minority produced by and around Oscar Wilde, which links theatricality, deviance, and same-sex desire: Orientalism.
Photos for documentation and communication in early childhood

Photos are important for a wide variety of documentation purposes, and they play a special role in documenting physical, cognitive, and social changes in young children. This research focuses on the use of photos as evidence of development in preschool children and as a communication medium for current and future interactions. Through field observations and interviews we analyze the use of photos in the process of developing a detailed portfolio of early childhood development. From the moment of capture to selection, analysis, and sharing, teachers carefully employ the properties of photos to construct and communicate evidence of development. We describe current photo documentation practices and propose a new system to enhance these practices.