cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The microarchitecture of a low power register file

The access time, energy and area of the register file are often critical to overall performance in wide-issue microprocessors, because these terms grow superlinearly with the number of read and write ports that are required to support wide-issue. This paper presents two techniques to reduce the number of ports of a register file intended for a wide-issue microprocessor without hardly any impact on IPC. Our results show that it is possible to replace a register file with 16 read and 8 write ports, intended for an eight-issue processor, with a register file with just 8 read and 8 write ports so that the impact on IPC is a few percent. This is accomplished with the addition of several small auxiliary memory structures -- a "delayed write-back queue" and a "operand prefetch buffer." We examine several configurations employing these structures separately and in combination. In the case of just the delayed write-back queue, we show an energy per access savings of about 40% and an area savings of 40%. This incurs a performance loss of just 4%. The area savings in turn has the potential for further savings by shortening global interconnect in the layout. We also show that the performance loss can be almost eliminated if both techniques are used in combination, although some area and power savings is lost.
Equivalence of Stochastic Equations and Martingale Problems

The fact that the solution of a martingale problem for a diffusion process gives a weak solution of the corresponding Ito equation is well-known since the original work of Stroock and Varadhan. The result is typically proved by constructing the driving Brownian motion from the solution of the martingale problem and perhaps an auxiliary Brownian motion. This constructive approach is much more challenging for more general Markov processes where one would be required to construct a Poisson random measure from the sample paths of the solution of the martingale problem. A “soft” approach to this equivalence is presented here, which begins with a joint martingale problem for the solution of the desired stochastic equation and the driving processes and applies a Markov mapping theorem to show that any solution of the original martingale problem corresponds to a solution of the joint martingale problem. These results coupled with earlier results on the equivalence of forward equations and martingale problems show that the three standard approaches to specifying Markov processes (stochastic equations, martingale problems, and forward equations) are, under very general conditions, equivalent in the sense that existence and/or uniqueness of one implies existence and/or uniqueness for the other two.
PD-1 as a potential target in cancer therapy

Recently, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the host response to tumors has led to the identification of checkpoint signaling pathways involved in limiting the anticancer immune response. One of the most critical checkpoint pathways responsible for mediating tumor-induced immune suppression is the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway, normally involved in promoting tolerance and preventing tissue damage in settings of chronic inflammation. Many human solid tumors express PD ligand 1 (PD-L1), and this is often associated with a worse prognosis. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from patients with cancer typically express PD-1 and have impaired antitumor functionality. Proof-of-concept has come from several preclinical studies in which blockade of PD-1 or PD-L1 enhanced T-cell function and tumor cell lysis. Three monoclonal antibodies against PD-1, and one against PD-L1, have reported phase 1 data. All four agents have shown encouraging preliminary activity, and those that have been evaluated in larger patient populations appear to have encouraging safety profiles. Additional data are eagerly awaited. This review summarizes emerging clinical data and potential of PD-1 pathway–targeted antibodies in development. If subsequent investigations confirm the initial results, it is conceivable that agents blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway will prove valuable additions to the growing armamentarium of targeted immunotherapeutic agents. Next-generation immunotherapy agents that target the PD-1 checkpoint pathway are demonstrating antitumor activity and encouraging safety profiles in early clinical trials. Current and future clinical trials will provide new insights, and the evaluation of biomarkers and rational combination therapies is ongoing.
Geographic variation in learning of escape behavior in the little brown skink ( Scincella lateralis )

A previous study showed that little brown skinks, Scincella lateralis, from a population in Louisiana, USA were poor at learning to escape to a specific retreat in a series of laboratory trials. The study was repeated on little brown skinks from a population in Oklahoma (650 km from the Louisiana population). The Oklahoma lizards were significantly better at learning to escape to a specific retreat than their Louisiana counterparts. This result demonstrates that geographic variation in the ability to learn an escape behavior exists in this species.
Management of pediatric and adult patients with medulloblastoma.

Approximately 70 % of newly diagnosed children with medulloblastoma (MB) will be classified as “standard risk”: their tumor is localized to the posterior fossa, they undergo a near or gross total resection, the tumor does not meet the criteria for large cell/anaplastic histology, and there is no evidence of neuroaxis dissemination by brain/spine MRI and lumbar puncture for cytopathology. Following surgical recovery, they are treated with craniospinal radiation therapy with a boost to the posterior fossa or tumor bed. Adjuvant therapy for approximately 1 year follows anchored by the use of alkylators, platinators, and microtubule inhibitors. This approach to standard risk MB works; greater than 80 % of patients will be cured, and such approaches are arguably the standard of care worldwide for such children. Despite this success, some children with standard risk features will relapse and die of recurrent disease despite aggressive salvage therapy. Moreover, current treatment, even when curative causes life-long morbidity in those who survive, and the consequences are age dependent. For the 20-year-old patient, damage to the cerebellum from surgery conveys greater risk than craniospinal radiation; however, for the 3-year-old patient, the opposite is true. The challenge for the neuro-oncologist today is how to identify accurately patients who need less therapy as well as those for whom current therapy is inadequate. As molecular diagnostics comes of age in brain tumors, the question becomes how to best implement novel methods of risk stratification. Are we able to obtain specific information about the tumor’s biology in an increasingly rapid and reliable way, and utilize these findings in the upfront management of these tumors? Precision medicine should allow us to tailor therapy to the specific drivers of each patient’s tumor. Regardless of how new approaches are implemented, it is likely that we will no longer be able to have a single standard approach to standard risk medulloblastoma in the near future.
Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR)

Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a recently recognized third species of the genus Chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. It is distinct from the other two chlamydial species that infect humans, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, in elementary body morphology and shares less than 10% of the DNA homology with those species. The organism has a global distribution, with infection most common among children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. In children, TWAR infection is usually mild or asymptomatic, but it may be more severe in adults. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common clinical manifestations of infection, and TWAR is responsible for approximately 10% of cases of pneumonia and 5% of cases of bronchitis in the United States. The microimmunofluorescence serologic assay is specific for TWAR and can distinguish between recent and past infections. The organism can be isolated in cell culture; however, PCR techniques have recently facilitated its detection in tissues and clinical specimens.
Angular Correlation Properties With Random Multiple Scattering

The angular correlation of received fields in multipath environments is studied. The focus is put on two-dimensional (2-D) cases, and the frequently used uncorrelated scattering assumption is tested through full-wave Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that this assumption is valid for the discrete finite spectra of the received waves when the scattering objects in the environments are distributed in complete randomness, either when they are surrounding the transmit/receive regions or in clusters away from them. The correlation among wave components from different angles increases only when the randomness of the scatterer deployment is reduced.
Effects of wavelength-dependent fluence attenuation on the noninvasive photoacoustic imaging of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in subcutaneous vasculature in vivo

Quantitative measurements of the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (sO_2) in a blood vessel in vivo presents a challenge in photoacoustic imaging. As a result of wavelength-dependent optical attenuation in the skin, the local fluence at a subcutaneous vessel varies with the optical wavelength in spectral measurement and hence needs to be compensated for so that the intrinsic absorption coefficient can be recovered. Here, by employing a simplified double-layer skin model, we demonstrate that although the absolute value of sO_2 in a vessel is seriously affected by the volume fraction of blood and the spatially averaged sO_2 in the dermis, the difference of sO_2 between neighboring vessels is minimally affected. Experimentally, we acquire compensational factors for the wavelength-dependent optical attenuation by measuring the PA spectrum of a subcutaneously inserted 25 µm thick black film using our PA microscope. We demonstrate in vivo that the difference in sO_2 between a typical artery and a typical vein is conserved before and after spectral compensation. This conservation holds regardless of the animal's systemic physiological state.
Interruptions in Chat.

The research on text-based synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC), while generally acknowledging the potential benefits afforded by the medium's capacity for extensive self-repair, has done little in the way of exploration of the nature of such text. Indeed, until quite recently, output logs have been favored almost exclusively at the expense of richer records of the interaction that can better account for this deleted text. Another basic aspect of SCMC interaction is the occurrence of interruptions initiated by one's interlocutor during the message composition phase. The possible effect of these interruptions on the chat interaction, however, has again been largely ignored in the literature. This study examines the relationship between these interruptions and deleted text as well as the effect such interruptions have on the subsequent output produced by learners.
Global Mutual Fund Industry Comparisons: Canada, The United Kingdom And The United States

The concept of mutual funds is older than many believe, originating in Holland over 230 years ago. Through the years, mutual funds have evolved by allowing investors to invest their capital in various venues. The structure of mutual funds in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States possess similar configurations. The majority of funds in all three nations are invested in the equity market. Although the structure may be the same, the size in terms of assets varies by these three countries. This is not the only difference though; the expense ratio is greatly differentiated, dramatically affecting the amount of return that the investor will anticipate over time. Assuming identical returns, the authors illustrate that over a hypothetical ten-year time period, your funds would grow the most in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom and finally Canada. This analysis assumes comparable contemporary expense ratios of 1.4% for the United States, 1.63% for the United Kingdom, and 2.1% for Canada. In addition, we make the assumption that these comparison countries are having investors procure funds in no-load mutual funds.
Performance of a linear frequency-modulated signal detection algorithm

The recently developed Radon-ambiguity transform algorithm detects linear frequency-modulated (LFM) signals with unknown center frequency, bandwidth, and duration. This paper provides simulations that demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to detect LFM signals in noise while also providing estimates of the signal sweep rate and duration. We augment the algorithm with a normalization step which enables the algorithm to reject wideband interference. Topics for future treatment are also discussed.
Theory of Retinal and Related Molecules

A theoretical investigation has been made of retinal isomers and related molecules (e.g., polyenes, retinal Schiff bases) by means of semiempirical quantum-mechanical techniques that provide reliable potential surfaces for conjugated molecules. Ground-state geometries and vibrational frequences, excitation energies, and Franck-Condon factors for electronic transitions have been calculated. In contrast to previous treatments, double-excited states are included in the configuration-interaction formulation; these significantly change the ordering of the п -electron excited states (e.g., an excited 1Ag state appears in the spectrum of all-trans polyenes below the 1Bu state that corresponds to the strongly allowed transition).
Scoring and Interpreting Firo-B

FIRO-B comes in two forms, self-scoring and questionnaire only. If you have the self-scoring form, you can follow the instructions on the instrument to generate your scores. If you have the questionnaire only, you will have to send your answers to Consulting Psychologists Press in Palo Alto, California, to be scored. Test booklets are available to qualified administrators from CPP. Once you have calculated your scores, you may read on to learn how to interpret your scores Excerpt UVA-OB-0338 SCORING AND INTERPRETING FIRO-B Scoring FIRO-B FIRO-B comes in two forms, self-scoring and questionnaire only. If you have the self-scoring form, you can follow the instructions on the instrument to generate your scores. If you have the questionnaire only, you will have to send your answers to Consulting Psychologists Press in Palo Alto, California, to be scored. Test booklets are available to qualified administrators from CPP. Once you have calculated your scores, you may read on to learn how to interpret your scores. What is FIRO-B? FIRO-B, Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation - Behavior, is a questionnaire designed by Will Shutz, formerly of Stanford University, distributed by Consulting Psychologists Press of Palo Alto, California. FIRO-B measures a person's self-perception of how they characteristically relate to other people. In addition to giving information about how individuals see themselves behaving in interpersonal relationships, the instrument can also be used to facilitate effectiveness in those relation­ships. For this reason, FIRO-B has been used widely in a variety of settings including the study of individual personality dynamics, sensitivity training, marriage counseling, personnel selection and assignment, team building, and significantly, managerial relationships. . . .
The u.s. Health care non-system, 1908-2008.

Learn about the development of the systems for delivery and reimbursement of health care in the U.S. from the unregulated free-market state in 1908 to the complex, highly managed state in which it exists in 2008. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Creating Nanoparticle Stability in Ionic Liquid [C4mim][BF4] by Inducing Solvation Layering

The critical role of solvation forces in dispersing and stabilizing nanoparticles and colloids in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C4mim][BF4] is demonstrated. Stable silica nanoparticle suspensions over 60 wt % solids are achieved by particle surface chemical functionalization with a fluorinated alcohol. A combination of techniques including rheology, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) are employed to determine the mechanism of colloidal stability. Solvation layers of ∼5 nm at room temperature are measured by multiple techniques and are thought to be initiated by hydrogen bonds between the anion [BF4]− and the fluorinated group on the surface coating. Inducing structured solvation layering at particle surfaces through hydrogen bonding is demonstrated as a method to stabilize particles in ionic liquids.
A Fresh Look at Resonances and Complex Absorbing Potentials: Density Matrix-Based Approach

A new strategy of using complex absorbing potentials (CAPs) within electronic structure calculations of metastable electronic states, which are ubiquitous in chemistry and physics, is presented. The stumbling block in numerical applications of CAPs is the necessity to optimize the CAP strength for each system, state, and one-electron basis set, while there is no clear metric to assess the quality of the results and no simple algorithm of achieving numerical convergence. By analyzing the behavior of resonance wave functions, we found that robust results can be obtained when considering fully stabilized resonance states characterized by constant density at large η (parameter determining the CAP strength). Then the perturbation due to the finite-strength CAP can be removed by a simple energy correction derived from energy decomposition analysis and response theory. The utility of this approach is illustrated by CAP-augmented calculations of several shape resonances using EOM-EA-CCSD with standard Gaussian basis sets.
Determinants of cervical cancer screening among women with intellectual disabilities: evidence from medical records.

Objective.We examined receipt of cervical cancer screening and determinants of screening for women with intellectual disabilities in one Southeastern state.Methods.Using medical records data from 2...
Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling impacts lymphocyte migration, inflammation and infection

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingosine containing lipid intermediate obtained from ceramide. S1P is known to be an important signaling molecule and plays multiple roles in the context of immunity. This lysophospholipid binds and activates G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as S1P receptors 1–5 (S1P1–5). Once activated, these GPCRs mediate signaling that can lead to alterations in cell proliferation, survival or migration, and can also have other effects such as promoting angiogenesis. In this review, we will present evidence demonstrating a role for S1P in lymphocyte migration, inflammation and infection, as well as in cancer. The therapeutic potential of targeting S1P receptors, kinases and lyase will also be discussed.
TranslatAble: Giving Individuals with Complex Communication Needs a Voice through Speech and Gesture Recognition

This paper presents the design of TranslatAble, a new Augmentative and Alternative Communication system. Taking advantage of the convenience and mobility of modern smartphones, TranslatAble allows individuals with complex communication needs-specifically individuals with severe dysarthria or individuals who primarily use non-sign language gestures---to build their own system of communication through speech or gesture input. This system uses a machine learning model---specifically dynamic time warping---to match the user's input to their unique dictionary to help them be understood by their communication partner. TranslatAble is highly flexible and person-centered, which allows it to adapt to fit the unique needs of each user's unique communication needs. We expect this novel device to enable individuals with complex communication needs to interact with a larger social circle. This may help decrease feelings of loneliness and increase self-confidence, self-esteem, and independence, as well as help maintain strong relationships outside of the user's support network.
335 ACID SPHINGOMYELINASE MEDIATES CISPLATIN-INDUCED CYTOSKELETAL REMODELING.

Sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis is a key pathway during several cellular stress responses, including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest. and senescence. Sphingomyelinases (SMases) are key enzymes in this pathway regulating conversion of membrane sphingomyelin to the lipid second messenger ceramide (Cer). Besides its well-established cytotoxic effects, other tumor suppressor properties of ceramide are still widely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the SM/Cer pathway in the cytoskeletal changes induced by the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin. Treatment of the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, with cisplatin induced a transient activation of acidic sphingomyelinase (ASMase), with a concomitant elevation in total Cer levels. In addition, translocation of ASMase from endolysosomes to the plasma membrane (PM) was observed. This translocation process was blocked upon infection with a dominant negative PKCδ adenovirus or transfection of ASMaseS508A mutant. Interestingly, cisplatin treatment induced clear morphologic changes, including loss of cellular lamellipodia/filopodia and appearance of membrane ruffles. These changes were reproduced upon exogenous delivery of D-e-C16-Cer but not dihydro-C16-Cer. Phalloidin staining revealed that cisplatin and Cer treatment caused loss of filamentous actin, its dissociation from the PM, and the appearance of cortical stress fibers. Further investigations showed that Cer generated by cisplatin treatment induced dephosphorylation (inactivation) of the actin binding protein, ezrin. Indeed, immunofluorescence studies showed relocation of ezrin from membrane protrusions such as lamelli/filopodia to the cytosol after cisplatin treatment. Importantly, knockdown of ASMase using specific RNAi sequence protected MCF-7 cells from cisplatin-induced cytoskeletal changes, including ezrin dephosphorylation. Taken together, these results highlight a novel tumor suppressor property for Cer and an important role for ASMase in mediating cisplatin-induced cytoskeletal remodeling. On the translational level, our study indicates that modulation of the SM/Cer cycle offers a potential novel pathway for modulating tumor invasion and metastasis. *Supported by NCI P01-CA97132 to Y.A.H.
“Why are you trying to destroy the last good thing men have?” Understanding resistance to women in combat jobs

This article argues that opposition to expansion of women's roles in the US military and peer armed forces, particularly into combat-related military occupational specialties, is based on defending...
Determinants of operative mortality and long-term survival in patients with unstable angina. The CASS experience.

To identify the factors that determine operative mortality and long-term survival, we analyzed the data from 3,311 patients who underwent surgical therapy for unstable angina according to clinical presentation. Overall operative mortality was 3.9% and no differences in operative mortality were found between patients with coronary insufficiency, new-onset angina, rest angina, or changing patterns of angina. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age, left ventricular score, and presence of a left main stenosis in a left dominant circulation were related to operative mortality. The 7 year cumulative survival rate was 79 %. Features predictive of long-term outcome by Cox analysis included left ventricular score, congestive heart failure score, other illness, extent of coronary disease, and cardiomegaly. Operative mortality of those patients who underwent coronary bypass during their initial hospitalization with unstable angina was similar to that of patients who were discharged and readmitted for operation at a later date. Thus, patients with unstable angina demonstrate a relatively low operative mortality, which is unrelated to the clinical presentation. Long-term survival is primarily determined by clinical and angiographic markers of left ventricular dysfunction, associated illness, and the extent of coronary disease.
Internal Anal Sphincter Derangement with Anal Fissures

Rectosphincteric manometric studies in patients with anal fissures demonstrated an abnormal internal anal sphincter reflex in response to rectal distention. This abnormal reflex response, characterized by an overshoot contraction immediately after a normal relaxation, was present in all 7 patients with fissures, but not in 17 subjects without anal disease. In 3 patients studied after treatment, the response returned to normal. These studies suggest that reflexly stimulated internal sphincter spasm plays a role in the pathogenesis of anal fissures, and that surgical approaches should be directed to the internal, rather than the external anal sphincter.
The Status of Student Affairs Divisions within the CCCU.

U.S. higher education is under pressure to manage limited financial resources and increased expectations (Quintana & Hatch, 2017). As a sector within the 1,587 private, nonprofit institutions, the ...
Impact of federal transfers upon US infant mortality rates: a secondary analysis using a fixed effects regression approach.

OBJECTIVES In order to improve health outcomes, the federal government allocates hundreds of billions of annual dollars to individual states in order to further the well-being of its citizens. This study examines the impact of such federal intergovernmental transfers on reducing state-level infant mortality rates. SETTING Annual data are collected from all 50 US states between 2004 and 2013. PARTICIPANTS Entire US population under the age of 1 year between 2004 and 2013. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES State-level infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate and postneonatal mortality rate. RESULTS Using a fixed effects regression model to control for unmeasurable differences between states, the impact of federal transfers on state-level infant mortality rates is estimated. After controlling for differences across states, increases in per capita federal transfers are significantly associated with lower infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates. Holding all other variables constant, a $200 increase in the amount of federal transfers per capita would save one child's life for every 10 000 live births. CONCLUSIONS Considerable debate exists regarding the role of federal transfers in improving the well-being of children and families. These findings indicate that increases in federal transfers are strongly associated with reductions in infant mortality rates. Such benefits should be carefully considered when state officials are deciding whether to accept or reject federal funds.
A Life Course Perspective on Behavior and Health

The life course is a framework that provides a way to integrate macro-level factors – social, cultural, environmental – with individual-level influences that collectively contribute to health. Life course principles focus on individual choice and decision-making, promote an awareness of larger social and historical contexts, and foster an understanding of the timing of events and the various roles that change in a lifetime. These principles are (1) human development and aging as lifelong processes, (2) human agency, (3) historical time and place, (4) timing, and (5) linked lives. The life course emphasizes the importance of trajectories, as well as transitions and turning points, as core concepts in its framework. Trajectories are sequences or long-term patterns and are formed by linking states and transitions across successive years. Statistical approaches that integrate repeated observations over time and identify different paths of progression are central to characterizing trajectories and far different than using discrete observations at baseline and at one or more subsequent points in time.
Design and Implementation of Energy Efficiency Metering System for Multi-terminal Flexible DC Transmission

In order to monitor the loss of each equipment and overall system of flexible DC transmission system, An energy efficiency metering system of multi-terminal flexible DC transmission is developed in this paper. The system collects the data of dispatching master station and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, and calculates in real time through loss calculation model to realize the functions of real-time energy efficiency monitoring, energy efficiency statistics and economic operation analysis of whole system, converter stations, energy consumption equipment and cables under different operating conditions of the flexible DC transmission system. The system can serve as a reference for the construction of other energy efficiency measurement systems.
Isotope values of California vole (Microtus californicus) hair relate to historical drought and land use patterns in California, USA.

Increased drought frequency and intensity and agricultural intensification have been key stressors to ecological systems over the past century. Biological proxies (e.g., pollen, tree rings) have been used to track this environmental change; however, linking these changes to the ecology of organisms remains challenging. Here, we link historical drought records to conditions of high water-stress in grassland habitats through the stable isotope analysis of California vole museum specimens (Microtus californicus). Using museum collections spanning 118-years (1891–2009), isotope values of dated hair tissues were associated with statewide drought metrics on the Palmer Drought Severity Index. We observed a positive correlation between δ15N and δ18O values and drought severity. The range in δ15N values (~ 18‰) is greater than what would be expected as a result of dietary shifts across the landscape (~ 3‰), and is likely attributed to the combined effects of physiological responses of M. californicus and isotopic shifts in plant resources with increased water-stress. Geospatial patterns in δ34S values of hair tissues reflect higher baseline isotope values in coastal habitats. However, comparably high δ34S values in the southern-most inland localities suggest sulfur fertilization of croplands and subsequent transfer to surrounding grassland habitats in 34S enriched forms. A broad δ13C range (− 28.7 to − 14.3‰) further suggests the consumption of C3 and C4 plant-based dietary proteins. As shown here, stable isotope analysis of museum collections can provide a climate and land use record based on the physiological performance and ecology of a study species in a region affected intensely by anthropogenic activities.
Learning Stations in College Classrooms

AbstractCommonly found in elementary schools, learning stations can also be a useful instructional approach for college classrooms. Learning stations prompt student groups to engage with relevant a...
The Future of Field Experiences in Distance Education: : A Case Study of Co-Teaching Practices in a Telepresence-Facilitated Field Placement

In an attempt to be more culturally responsive to the needs of its students, universities across the country are leveraging technologies to make their campuses more readily available to a broader student audience. Yet, with the proliferation of online teacher preparation programs, difficulties arise in providing preservice teachers with quality field experiences. This case study examines how telepresence robotic technology was used to facilitate a field experience that would otherwise have been prohibitive in a master of arts in teaching program. While a substantial body of literature examines the use of virtual environments and technologies in educating hard-to-reach populations, little research has been done in how telepresence technologies may effectively bridge the access gap for preservice teachers who are place-bound geographically. The findings from this study suggest that, when coupled with the implementation of effective co-teaching practices, telepresence technology can facilitate meaningful field experiences in real time, for place-bound preservice teachers without local K-12 institutions to host their field experiences.
Cross-linking of DNA monolayers by cisplatin examined using electrostatic denaturation

Abstract This paper reports on the electrostatic denaturation of double-stranded DNA monolayers in the presence of anti-cancer drug cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin). Cisplatin binds DNA at purine bases, effecting its thermal stability and melting temperature. Here we show for the first time how cisplatin effects the stability of DNA monolayers in the presence of high electric fields generated at the electrode/solution interface, and how this behavior is effected by the method of monolayer preparation. A slight decrease in melting rate and a large decrease in the extent of melting are observed for electrodes prepared with methods that produce homogeneous DNA surface coverage where interstrand distances are maximized. On the other hand, heterogeneous and densely-packed monolayers are found to melt much slower and to a slightly greater extent with bound cisplatin. Three procedures for preparation of the mercaptohexanol/DNA mixed monolayers are compared, demonstrating the potential application of cisplatin, along with electrostatic denaturation analysis, to interrogate surface density and surface heterogeneity in self-assembled DNA monolayers.
Evolutionary dynamics of recent selection on cognitive abilities

Cognitive abilities can vary dramatically among species. The relative importance of social and ecological challenges in shaping cognitive evolution has been the subject of a long-running and recently renewed debate, but little work has sought to understand the selective dynamics underlying the evolution of cognitive abilities. Here, we investigate recent selection related to cognition in the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus-a wasp that has uniquely evolved visual individual recognition abilities. We generate high quality de novo genome assemblies and population genomic resources for multiple species of paper wasps and use a population genomic framework to interrogate the probable mode and tempo of cognitive evolution. Recent, strong, hard selective sweeps in P. fuscatus contain loci annotated with functions in long-term memory formation, mushroom body development, and visual processing, traits which have recently evolved in association with individual recognition. The homologous pathways are not under selection in closely related wasps that lack individual recognition. Indeed, the prevalence of candidate cognition loci within the strongest selective sweeps suggests that the evolution of cognitive abilities has been among the strongest selection pressures in P. fuscatus' recent evolutionary history. Detailed analyses of selective sweeps containing candidate cognition loci reveal multiple cases of hard selective sweeps within the last few thousand years on de novo mutations, mainly in noncoding regions. These data provide unprecedented insight into some of the processes by which cognition evolves.
A Novel Tube Thoracostomy Simulation Model for the Deployed or Resource-Limited Environment.

Tube thoracostomy placement is a critical, life-saving procedure often performed in the setting of trauma for the treatment of intrathoracic injury, such as hemothorax or pneumothorax. It also represents a high-acuity low-occurrence (HALO) event for many medical providers who may have limited opportunities for practice and mastery, particularly those in austere or resource-limited environments, such as in the deployed setting. Simulation offers opportunities for practicing the techniques required to properly perform and master the procedure. Finding affordable and accessible models for training, however, still represents a significant obstacle for many medical providers. We present a novel tube thoracostomy simulation model assembled from low cost and readily available materials.
An energy-based error bound of physics-informed neural network solutions in elasticity

An energy-based a posteriori error bound is proposed for the physics-informed neural network solutions of elasticity problems. An admissible displacement-stress solution pair is obtained from a mixed form of physics-informed neural networks, and the proposed error bound is formulated as the constitutive relation error defined by the solution pair. Such an error estimator provides an upper bound of the global error of neural network discretization. The bounding property, as well as the asymptotic behavior of the physics-informed neural network solutions, are studied in a demonstrating example.
Fiscal effects of interlocal collaboration: evidence from Nebraska counties

The fiscal effects of interlocal collaboration, a growing method of service delivery, remain inconclusive. We analysed the revenue and expenditure effects of collaboration arrangements as a whole a...
Power Comparisons in Contingency Tables

It is an important inferential problem to test no association between two binary variables based on data. Tests based on the sample odds ratio are commonly used. We bring in a competing test based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. In particular, the odds ratio does not extend to higher order contingency tables, whereas Pearson correlation does. It is important to understand how Pearson correlation stacks against the odds ratio in 2 x 2 contingency tables. Another measure of association is the canonical correlation. In this paper, we examine how competitive Pearson correlation in relation to odds ratio in terms of power in the binary context, contrasting further with both the Wald Z and Rao score tests. We generated an extensive collection of joint distributions of the binary variables and estimated the power of the tests under each joint alternative distribution based on random samples. The consensus is that none of the tests dominates the other.
Low Prevalence of Extraesophageal Gastrointestinal Pathology in Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Limited data are available to support current guidelines recommendations on obtaining gastric and duodenal biopsies of patients with clinical and histologic manifestations consistent with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) to rule out eosinophilic gastritis (EG) or duodenitis (EoD). Our study examined the prevalence of concomitant extraesophageal, gastrointestinal pathology to better characterize the diagnostic yield of additional biopsies. This was a single-center, retrospective study which utilized ICD 9 codes (530.13) and search queries of pathology reports (“Eosinophilic esophagitis,” “EoE”) to identify EoE patients. Patient endoscopy reports, pathology reports, and office notes were manually reviewed to characterize cases. The electronic health record search yielded 1,688 EoE adults. In those who had extra-esophageal biopsies obtained, EG was identified in 34 (3.4%), H. pylori in 45 (4.6%), EoD in 27 (3.3%), and histology consistent with celiac disease in 20 (2.5%). Endoscopic abnormalities were found in the stomach of 92% of patients with EoE and EG and in the duodenum of 50% of patients with EoE and EoD. Symptoms of dyspepsia and/or abdominal pain occurred in a significantly greater proportion of patients with extraesophageal disease (64% vs. 19% in EoE group, p < 0.001). Overall, extraesophageal pathology would have been missed in 1.4% of patients lacking either symptoms or endoscopic signs suggestive of extraesophageal disease. The yield of gastric and duodenal biopsies in adults with EoE is low, with 6.5% of patients demonstrating histologic features of celiac disease, Helicobacter pylori, EG, and/or EoD. Biopsies of extraesophageal, gastrointestinal sites in patients with suspected or previously diagnosed EoE should consider symptom and endoscopy manifestations as well as the potential impact of histopathologic findings on clinical management.
Social disclosure of place: from location technology to communication practices

Communication of one's location as part of a social discourse is common practice, and we use a variety of technologies to satisfy this need. This practice suggests a potentially useful capability that technology may support more directly. We present such a social location disclosure service, Reno, designed for use on a common mobile phone platform. We describe the guiding principles that dictate parameters for creating a usable, useful and ubiquitous service and we report on a pilot study of use of Reno for a realistic social network. Our preliminary results reveal the competing factors for a system that facilitates both manual and automatic location disclosure, and the role social context plays in making such a lightweight communication solution work.
Turbulent flow and convection: The prediction of turbulent flow and convection in a round tube

The quantitative prediction of turbulent flow and convection in channels extends at least from Boussinesq, who in 1877 proposed the eddy-viscosity model, to Papavassiliou and Hanratty, who in 1997 computed the rate of transport of molecular species by the turbulent fluctuations using Lagrangian direct numerical simulation. The history and current state of the art of such predictions are examined herein. It is concluded that the eddy-diffusivity, mixing-length, and κ-e models should now be completely abandoned in favor of generalized correlating equations for the turbulent shear stress and the turbulent heat flux density based on semitheoretical asymptotic expressions, even though those for the latter quantity are yet uncertain and incomplete. Correlating equations for the time-averaged velocity distribution, the friction factor, the time-averaged temperature distribution, and the heat transfer coefficient may serve as conveniences, but such expressions are unessential since these four quantities may be determined numerically with comparable accuracy from simple, single integrals of the two more elementary quantities. Such direct numerical evaluations reveal that all of the classical algebraic analogies between heat and momentum transfer are in significant error functionally as well as numerically, in large part because of inaccurate representations of the radial variation of the total heat flux density. In the interests of simplicity and clarity, this presentation is primarily limited to fully developed heat transfer in a uniformly heated round tube, but the methodologies and formulations may readily be adapted or extended for other one-dimensional flows and other thermal boundary conditions.
Management of acute extrapyramidal effects induced by antipsychotic drugs

The management of acute extrapyramidal effects (EPEs) induced by antipsychotic drugs is reviewed. EPEs associated with antipsychotics include acute dystonias, pseudoparkinsonism, and akathisia. Acute dystonias consist of abnormal muscle spasms and postures and usually occur three to five days after antipsychotic therapy begins or the dosage is increased. Acute dystonias should be treated with anticholinergic medications or benzodiazepines. Antipsychotic-induced pseudoparkinsonism has the same clinical appearance as idiopathic parkinsonism. Symptoms generally appear within the first three months. Pseudoparkinsonism is managed by lowering the anti-psychotic dosage or by adding an anticholinergic agent or a mantadine; switching to a low-potency agent or an atypical antipsychotic may also help. Akathisia is characterized by subjective feelings of restlessness and anxiety and objective signs of motor activity, such as inability to sit still. This EPE appears days to weeks after antipsychotic exposure begins and can be difficult to manage. If reduction of the antipsychotic dosage or a switch to a less potent antipsychotic is not practical or effective, an anticholinergic, beta-blocker, or benzodiazepine may be added. Lipophilic beta-blockers, especially propranolol and metoprolol, appear to be the most effective treatments. Anticholinergic agents are commonly given to prevent acute dystonias, especially in high-risk patients, but long-term prophylaxis is controversial. Atypical antipsychotics may have less potential to induce EPEs. Options in the management of antipsychotic-associated EPEs include using the lowest effective dosage of antipsychotic, treating the reactions with medications, and changing the antipsychotic to one with less potential for inducing EPEs.
Comparison of Heavy Metal Interactions in Acute and Artificial Stream Bioassay Techniques for the Asiatic Clam ( Corbicula fluminea )

Population densities of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in the thermally influenced areas of the New River at the Glen Lyn power plant, Glen Lyn, Va., increased from zero before 1975 to approximately 11 522/m 2 by February 1978. Since their establishment, clams in the thermal effluent have served as a source of propagules for clam invasion into other areas of the New River during the warmer seasons. Copper was more toxic (LC 5 0 = 0.04 ppm) to the clam than zinc (LC 5 0 = 6.04 ppm) or copper-zinc simultaneously (LC 5 0 = 0.05 ppm) in 96-h static bioassays. Ninety-six-h LC 5 0 determinations in artificial stream bioassays were at least one order of magnitude higher when compared with the static test values (the LC 5 0 values for copper and copper-zinc combined were 0.49 and 3.06 ppm, respectively). The LC 5 0 values appeared also to be the effective concentration at which at least 50 percent of the clams demonstrated a gaping response and cessation of filtering activity. Elemental bioaccumulation of copper and zinc was more prevalent in the visceral tissue than in concentrations measured from clam valves or from the water in both laboratory bioassays and field determinations. When copper bioaccumulation in the viscera increased to approximately 275 to 400 ppm, gaping and a lack of filtering activity were evident in 96-h tests. Behavioral mechanisms-cessation of filtering activity and the closure of valves during stress-were considered to be likely factors in producing the higher LC 5 0 values, when compared with other invertebrate responses.
MARSPEC: ocean climate layers for marine spatial ecology

Abstract Ecological niche models are widely used in terrestrial studies to address critical ecological and evolutionary questions related to past and future climate change, local adaptation and speciation, the discovery of rare endemics, and biological invasions. However the application of niche models to similar questions in marine ecosystems has lagged behind, in part due to the lack of a centralized high-resolution spatial data set representing both benthic and pelagic marine environments. Here we describe the creation of MARSPEC, a high-resolution GIS database of ocean climate layers intended for marine ecological niche modeling and other applications in marine spatial ecology. MARSPEC combines information related to topographic complexity of the seafloor with bioclimatic measures of sea surface temperature and salinity for the world ocean. We derived seven geophysical variables from a high-resolution raster grid representing depth of the seafloor (bathymetry) to characterize six facets of topographic...
The Critical Thermal Maximum of Juvenile Red Drum Reared for Out-of-Season Stocking in Texas

Abstract Hatchery-propagated red drum Sciaenops ocellatus are released by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) during the spring, summer, and fall to supplement natural stocks. Reported success of red drum stocked out of season in summer has been low or nonexistent; several potential causes, including mortality due to high temperatures, have been suggested. The present study was devised to determine the critical thermal maximum (CTM) of pond-raised juvenile red drum that had previously been exposed to diurnal temperatures of the summer season. Laboratory studies designed to mimic the rate of temperature increase (0.25°C per hour) typical of TPWD rearing ponds were used to examine rates of mortality in juvenile red drum that were collected from three separate ponds exposed to the ambient fluctuating temperatures of the summer season. The CTM (temperature that was lethal to 50% of the test fish [LT50]) was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) for two of the fish trials (LT50 = 37.1°C and 37.0°C) than ...