cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and reactivity of bridging thiolato-manganese carbonyl complexes, Et4N[Mn2(μ-SR)3(CO)6]

Abstract The yellow-orange complexes Et 4 N[Mn 2 (μ-SR) 3 (CO) 6 ] (R = Ph, Me, Bu t ) have been prepared by several routes, including: (1) reactions of Et 4 N[MnBr 2 (CO) 4 ] with Bu 3 SnSR; (2) reactions of Et 4 N[Mn 2 (μ-Br) 3 (CO) 6 ] with either Bu 3 SnSR, RSH, or NaSPh; and (3) reactions of Mn 2 (μ-X) 2 (CO) 8 (X = Br, SPh) with NaSPh, followed by metathesis using [Et 4 N]Cl. The complex Et 4 N[Mn 2 (μ-SBu t ) 3 (CO) 6 ] can be converted to Et 4 N[Mn 2 (μ-SPh) 3 (CO) 6 ] by reaction with PhSH in the presence of either a base (pyridine) or an acid (CF 3 CO 2 H or CH 3 CO 2 H). These bridging thiolate complexes, Et 4 N[Mn 2 (μ-SR) 3 (CO) 6 ], undergo reactions with [Me 3 O]BF 4 (or other electrophilic reagents) to give [Mn(CO) 3 (μ-SR)] 4 ; if the same reactions are carried out in the presence of CO, Mn 2 (μ-SR) 2 (CO) 8 is the product. Similarly, reactions of Et 4 N[Mn 2 (μ-SR) 3 (CO) 6 ] with [Me 3 O]BF 4 in the presence of a phosphine (PMe 3 , dppm) produce the phosphine substituted species, cis -Mn 2 (μ-SR) 2 (CO) 6 (PMe 3 ) 2 and Mn 2 (μ-SR) 2 (CO) 6 (μ-dppm); the former is converted upon heating to the known species Mn 2 (μ-SR) 2 (μ-CO)(CO) 4 (PMe 3 ) 2 .
Lower Bounds for Degrees of Irreducible Brauer Characters of Finite General Linear Groups

Let G denote the finite general linear group GLn(Fq) over the finite field with q elements. Associated to each partition λ of n, there is an irreducible unipotent complex character χλ of G. The degree of χλ is a polynomial in q given by Green’s hook formula [8, p.444]; the polynomial is monic of degree b(λ′) where λ′ is the transpose of λ and, for a partition μ = (m1 ≥ m2 ≥ · · · ≥ mh > 0) of n, b(μ) denotes n(n+1) 2 − ∑h i=1 imi. An easy consequence of Green’s formula is that
Molecular phylogeny of the fungus gnat family Mycetophilidae (Diptera, Mycetophiliformia)

A molecular phylogeny of the fungus gnat family Mycetophilidae based on the nuclear 18S, 28S, and the mitochondrial 16S rRNA genes is presented. The total alignment included 58 taxa and 1704 bp. The family was recovered as monophyletic in parsimony and Bayesian analyses. In the Bayesian analysis, Mycetophilinae and its two tribes, Mycetophilini and Exechiini, were monophyletic with good statistical support. The subfamily Mycomyinae was found consistently in a sister-group relationship to Mycetophilinae. Gnoristinae was rendered paraphyletic, subtending Mycomyinae and Mycetophilinae. Within Gnoristinae, the genera Coelosia Winnertz, Boletina Staeger, Gnoriste Meigen group with Docosia Winnertz, usually considered to be a member of Leiinae. No support was found for the monophyly of the subfamilies Sciophilinae and Leiinae.
Limits on violations of Lorentz symmetry from Gravity Probe B

The two leading approaches to the challenge of unifying the fundamental interactions, string theory and loop quantum gravity, involve extending space to higher dimensions and discretizing spacetime, respectively. Spontaneous violations of Lorentz symmetry can appear in some versions of the former [1], while the latter can violate Lorentz symmetry explicitly since it entails fixed scales of length or time [2]. Experimental tests of Lorentz symmetry have lately gained tremendous traction with the introduction of a comprehensive effective field theory framework for the study, evaluation and comparison of models for Lorentz violation in all sectors of both general relativity (GR) and the Standard Model of particle physics: the StandardModel extension or SME [3].
Opioid use and dropout in patients receiving oral naltrexone with or without single administration of injection naltrexone

Abstract Background Adherence to oral naltrexone has been poor and can be improved somewhat with behavioral therapy. We compared behavioral naltrexone therapy (BNT) to compliance enhancement (CE) and tested efficacy of single-dose injection naltrexone (XR-NTX; 384 mg) with behavioral therapies at further improving adherence to oral naltrexone. Methods A 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial ( n = 125) compared four treatment conditions following inpatient detoxification and oral naltrexone induction: (1) BNT + XR-NTX; (2) BNT + placebo injection; (3) CE + XR-NTX; and (4) CE + placebo injection. All participants were maintained on oral naltrexone throughout the trial. Primary outcome was retention in treatment. Results Of 89 randomized participants, 78.7% (70/89) completed 4 weeks, 58.2% (54/89) completed 8 weeks, 47.2% (42/89) completed 12 weeks, and 25.8% (23/89) completed 24 weeks. A Cox proportional hazards regression modeled time to dropout as a function of treatment condition, baseline opioid dependence severity (bags per day of heroin use), and their interaction. Interaction of conditions by baseline severity was significant ( X 3 2 = 9.19 , p = 0.027). For low-severity patients (≤6 bags/day), retention was highest in the BNT − XR-NTX group (60% at 6 months), as hypothesized. For high-severity (>6 bags/day) patients, BNT − XR-NTX did not perform as well, due to high early attrition. Conclusion For low-severity heroin users, single-dose XR-NTX improved long-term treatment retention when combined with behavioral therapy. In higher-severity opioid-dependent patients, XR-NTX was less helpful, perhaps because, combined with oral naltrexone, it produced higher blood levels and more withdrawal discomfort. When cost considerations recommend oral naltrexone following XR-NTX, the latter should be phased in slowly.
Energy dependence of nucleus-nucleus total cross sections☆

Abstract The energy dependence of nucleus-nucleus total cross sections (σNNT) has been investigated for p, d, 3He, α, and 12C on 12C. The σT data exhibit an even more pronounced drop at medium energies than seen in the nucleus-nucleus σR data. Microscopic calculations based on the optical limit of the Glauber theory provide a good description of the available σT data.
Sensitivity, specificity, and variability of nerve conduction velocity measurements in carpal tunnel syndrome

Abstract Lew HL, Date ES, Pan SS, Wu P, Ware PF, Kingery WS. Sensitivity, specificity, and variability of nerve conduction velocity measurements in carpal tunnel syndrome. Objective To explore the diagnostic values of 8 commonly used electrodiagnostic techniques for measuring median nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Design Sensitivity and specificity analyses. Setting A hospital-based electrodiagnostic laboratory. Participants Forty-four normal hands and 136 symptomatic hands. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures (1) Long-segment studies: antidromic wrist-to-digit sensory NCV without subtraction, (2) short-segment studies: transcarpal palm-to-wrist mixed NCV without subtraction, and (3) 2 segment studies: antidromic transcarpal sensory NCV with subtraction (differential calculation from wrist-to-digit and palm-to-digit segments). Both onset and peak latency values were obtained for calculating the NCV. Sensitivity, specificity, and coefficient of variance were calculated for each NCV study. Results The short-segment, onset latency-based transcarpal mixed NCV yielded the highest sensitivity (75%). Conclusions Results from measurement of a single, short-nerve segment tended to be superior to results obtained by either long-segment studies or differential subtraction between 2 segments of the same nerve in the electrodiagnosis of CTS. Explanations for our results are offered from both electrophysiologic and statistical perspectives.
Intensive larval husbandry and fingerling production of cobia Rachycentron canadum

Abstract Methods and results of two larval rearing trials of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) are presented. These trials were designed to test the efficacy of protocols developed over several years of research in cobia larviculture at the UMEH. The protocols incorporate the use of probiotics and prophylaxis, minimize microalgae use, and include commercially available ingredients for live feed enrichment. During the trials, fertilized eggs were stocked at 400/L and incubated in 1000-L cylinder-conical tanks with flow-through seawater at 500% daily exchange rate. Moderate aeration and pure oxygen were used to maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations above saturation (6.5 mg/L at 26 °C). Hatching occurred at 22–24 h post fertilization. Two day-post-hatch (dph) yolk-sac larvae were stocked in four 12,000-L cylinder-conical tanks at 5 and 10 larvae/L. Beginning on 3 dph, larvae were fed microalgae (Isochyrsis galbana C-strain) at low concentrations (5–10,000 cell/ml) and enriched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) at 3–5/mL through 9 dph. Beginning on 7 dph, enriched Artemia (Artemia franciscana GSL Strain) nauplii were fed to larvae at 0.1–1/mL. Cobia larvae were reared at water temperatures ranging from 24.3 to 31.8 °C. Water quality parameters were within normal ranges for seawater: salinity 26–34 ppt, pH 7.92–8.16, and NH3
The RecE recombination pathway mediates recombination between partially homologous DNA sequences: structural analysis of recombination products.

Abstract Escherichia coli generalized recombination, utilizing the RecA RecB recombination pathway, requires large stretches (70–200 bp) of complete DNA sequence homology. In contrast, we have found that the RecE pathway can promote recombination between DNA with only short stretches of homology. A plasmid containing 10 partially homologous direct repeats was linearized by digestion with specific restriction enzymes. After transformation, a RecE+ (sbcA) host was able to circularize the plasmid by recombination between partially homologous direct repeat sequences. Recombination occurred in regions of as little as 6 by of perfect homology. Recombination was enhanced in the regions adjacent to restriction sites used to linearize the plasmid, consistent with a role of double-strand breaks in promoting recombination. A mechanism is proposed in which the 5′ exonuclease, ExoVIII, produces 3′ single-stranded ends from the linearized plasmid. These pair with other sequences of partial homology. Partial homologies in the sequences flanking the actual join serve to stabilize this recombination intermediate. Recombination is completed by a process of “copy and join.” This recombination mechanism requires less homology to stabilize intermediates than the degree of homology needed for mechanisms involving strand invasion. Its role in nature may be to increase genomic diversity, for example, by enhancing recombination between bacteriophages and regions of the bacterial chromosome.
A thermal desorption investigation of arsine chemisorption on Ga-rich and As-rich GaAs(100) surfaces

Abstract We have studied the low temperature chemisorption of arsine on the Ga and As-rich surfaces of GaAs(100) using temperature programmed desorption. Arsine desorbing from the “(4 × 6)” Ga-rich surface desorbs from both molecular ( T p ≈165 K ) and recombinative states ( T p =290 and 380 K) with an estimated saturation coverage of 0.09 ML, where 1 ML = 6.26 × 10 14 atoms / cm 2 . A very small amount of arsine is irreversibly adsorbed (approximately 0.01 ML) as evidenced by hydrogen desorption at about 520 K. This small arsine coverage suggests that most of the Ga atoms on the Ga-rich surface are not available for arsine chemisorption. On the c(2 × 8)/(2 × 4) As-rich GaAs(100) surface roughly two times more arsine desorbs compared to the Ga-rich surface and new desorption states are seen around 230 and 460 K. This increased arsine coverage suggests that most of the exposed Ga atoms on the As-rich surface are available for chemisorption. Approximately the same amount of arsine irreversibly decomposes on the c(2 × 8)/(2 × 4) As-rich surface (compared to the Ga-rich surface), but H 2 desorption occurs from a broad peak that is centered around 600 K. On the c(4 × 4) As-rich surface, arsine decomposition is not observed and only a small amount of arsine desorption is detected. This result is to be expected since there are no exposed Ga atoms on the c(4 × 4) surface.
Temperature-programmed desorption study of the selective oxidation of alcohols on silica-supported vanadium oxide.

The partial oxidation of methanol and ethanol on silica-supported vanadium oxide catalysts was studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), Raman spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Methanol TPD results for V2O5/SiO2 samples as a function of vanadia loading in conjunction with X-ray diffraction data and Raman spectra indicated that dispersed vanadia on silica agglomerates into vanadia crystallites during a CH3OH TPD experiment. For ethanol-dosed samples, agglomeration of the dispersed vanadia was less severe, and it was possible to measure the activation energy for the dehydrogenation of adsorbed ethoxides to produce CH3CHO. Assuming a preexponential factor of 1013 s-1, the activation energy for this reaction was estimated to be 132 kJ/mol. The results of this study further demonstrate that there is a relatively weak interaction between vanadia and silica and suggest that adsorbed methoxide species help facilitate agglomeration of dispersed vanadia.
The Democratic “Myth” and The Search for a Rational Concept of Education

(1985). The Democratic “Myth” and The Search for a Rational Concept of Education. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 22-37.
High performance presence-accelerated ray casting

We present a novel presence acceleration for volumetric ray casting. A highly accurate estimation for object presence is obtained by projecting all grid cells associated with the object boundary on the image plane. Memory space and access time are reduced by run-length encoding of the boundary cells, while boundary cell projection time is reduced by exploiting projection templates and multiresolution volumes. Efforts have also been made towards a fast perspective projection as well as interactive classification. We further present task partitioning schemes for effective parallelization of both boundary cell projection and ray traversal procedures. Good load balancing has been reached by taking full advantage of both the optimizations in the serial rendering algorithm and shared-memory architecture. Our experimental results on a 16-processor SGI Power Challenge have shown interactive rendering rates for 2563 volumetric data sets at 10 - 30 Hz. This paper describes the theory and implementation of our algorithm, and shows its superiority over the shear-warp factorization approach.
Effects of phloretin and synthetic estrogens on β-galactoside transport in escherichia coli

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of phloretin, phloridzin, diethylstilbestrol and hexestrol on facilitated diffusion of β-galactosides across Escherichia coli cells were compared to previously observed effects on monosaccharide transfer across human erythrocytes. These diphenolic agents inhibit β-galactoside transport. Phloretin inhibits noncompetitively and K i values indicate relative specificity for galactoside as compared to α-methylglucoside or l -leucine transport. The inhibition is completely reversed by washing after treatment up to 30 min, but irreversible increases in cell permeability follow prolonged treatment. The pH influences phloretin but not diethylstilbestrol inhibition in the range 5.8–7.4. 2. 2. Phloretin and diethylstilbestrol protect the galactoside transport mechanism from inhibition by N- ethylmaleimide . When E. coli are treated with metabolic inhibitors the effects of phloretin and diethylstilbestrol on inhibition of galactoside transfer and on protection of the essential sulfhydryl group of the transport mechanism from N- ethylmaleimide are markedly increased. Metabolic inhibitors also increase cellular uptake of [14C]diethylstilbestrol. From studies with [14C]diethylstilbestrol an upper limit of approx. 55 000 β-galactoside carrier sites per cell was calculated. Concentrations of the diphenolic agents in the range 5·10−6 to 1·10−5 M stimulate galactoside transport. 3. 3. The evidence suggests that the bacterial facilitated diffusion is a useful model for similar sugar transfer in human erythrocytes and other cells.
Aerodynamic Considerations for Open-Loop Control of a Statically Unstable Mortar Projectile

Wind-tunnel tests of an 81 mm mortar projectile augmented with a single pair of relatively high-aspect-ratio canards have verified that such an airframe is statically unstable in the canard plane with significant nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics with respect to angle of attack. It is shown here that an open-loop control scheme may be used effectively under a free-rolling arrangement, provided that the noncanard plane contains sufficient static stability and that the “roll-averaged” aerodynamic considerations are addressed adequately. These considerations include establishing a condition for the level of static stability required in a roll-averaged sense and ensuring that an adequate roll rate is present during maneuvers. Six-degree-of-freedom simulation results based on a wind-tunnel derived aerodynamic model that accounts for the nonlinear angle of attack dependencies, along with postflight analysis from a controlled flight experiment, have aided in the verification of the open-loop control concept ...
Lateral meniscus lesions on stable knee: a prospective multicenter study.

Summary Introduction The present prospective multicenter study sought to analyze immediate and short-term (6 months) course following lateral meniscus lesion surgery. Material and methods Between 2007 and 2008, 104 lateral meniscus lesions on stable knee were recruited prospectively in 10 centers. Lesion type and topography were recorded and patients were assessed by Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and subjective and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, preoperatively and at 6 months’ FU. Mean age was 37 years, with a large preponderance of male patients. Results Lesion topography, type and management were inventoried for all patients ( n = 104). A majority of lesions were located in the mid-body segment. Conservative treatment (meniscal suture) was applied in a third of cases. Fifty-six patients (54%) could be analyzed at end of FU on the various assessment scores. At 6 months, patients had recovered their preoperative activity level on IKDC. Twenty-two percent, however, experienced persistent pain or reduced range of motion and 12% of postoperative courses were considered difficult. Discussion Lateral and medial meniscal lesions differ in topography, the latter occurring less often in the anterior segment. Only 30% of patients were able to resume light physical activity on the IKDC scale at 1 month: 6 months appear to be necessary for patients operated on for a lateral meniscal lesion to recover their preoperative level of activity.
MRI measurements of carotid plaque in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study: Methods, reliability and descriptive statistics

Development, progression and clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease are related to specific pathologic characteristics of the arterial wall. The advent of high-resolution MRI has enabled the investigation of such characteristics in large populations because of its ability to reveal atherosclerotic plaque components noninvasively (1,2). In particular, in vivo MRI studies have demonstrated the ability to discriminate the lipid core, fibrous cap, calcification, and intraplaque hemorrhage (3). Wall area and plaque burden also can be accurately measured by suppressing the signal of flowing blood in the lumen using black blood MR techniques (4). A double inversion-recovery (DIR) sequence (5) is commonly used for this purpose. The administration of a gadolinium contrast agent during MRI improves the discrimination of plaque components, enabling its more reliable characterization (6–8), and improves the measurements of wall volume and area (9). Both DIR and quadruple inversion-recovery techniques have been used successfully to suppress flow following contrast admin-istration (7,10,11). The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI study, described herein, enrolled 2066 community-representative men and women, aged 65 to 84 years to investigate the genomic, metabolic and cellular correlates of carotid plaque components. The purpose of this study was to measure carotid wall and plaque dimensions and determine plaque component prevalence representative of the general population using MRI, and estimate the reliability of these measurements.
Cell Culture Studies on Patients with Extreme Insulin Resistance. I. Receptor Defects on Cultured Fibroblasts

Insulin binding has been characterized on fibroblasts cultured from two patients with the type A syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans (A-l and A-3) and from one infant with insulin resistance associated with leprechaunism. [125I]Insulin binding was markedly decreased in cells from all three patients. The defect in insulin receptors appeared specific; binding of insulin-like growth factor I was normal. Assuming a cooperative model for the insulin receptor, the decrease in insulin binding in the cells of the leprechaun infant and of patient A-l appears to be due to a decrease in receptor affinity. In both cases, this decrease in affinity was associated with an accelerated dissociation of bound [125I]insulin and a loss of negative cooperativity, i.e. dissociation was not accelerated by the addition of unlabeled hormone. In contrast, cells from patient A-3 showed no change in affinity, but demonstrated a reduction in apparent receptor number. Multiple other abnormalities of insulin receptor...
Chemically Modified Oligonucleotides Modulate an Epigenetically Varied and Transient Form of Transcription Silencing of HIV-1 in Human Cells

Small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been shown to guide epigenetic silencing complexes to target loci in human cells. When targeted to gene promoters, these small RNAs can lead to long-term stable epigenetic silencing of gene transcription. To date, small RNAs have been shown to modulate transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as well as several other disease-related genes, but it has remained unknown as to what extent particular chemistries can be used to generate single-stranded backbone-modified oligonucleotides that are amenable to this form of gene targeting and regulation. Here, we present data indicating that specific combinations of backbone modifications can be used to generate single-stranded antisense oligonucleotides that can functionally direct TGS of HIV-1 in a manner that is however, independent of epigenetic changes at the target loci. Furthermore, this functionality appears contingent on the absence of a 5′ phosphate in the oligonucleotide. These data suggest that chemically modified oligonucleotide based approaches could be implemented as a means to regulate gene transcription in an epigenetically independent manner.
Variation in perception and production of mid front vowels in the U.S. Southern Vowel Shift

Abstract Looking at speech perception from a sociolinguistic perspective, the paper first explores how speakers from three different regions in the U.S. perform on a vowel identification task for a continuum between /e/ and /ɛ/. Following the general analysis of cross-regional perception, we turn our focus to a subsample of Southern participants who also provided speech data, investigating the nature of the link between their speech production and perception for these vowels. In particular, we are interested in the extent to which participation in a series of shifts affecting the Southern speech region in production (the Southern Vowel Shift or SVS) affects perception in that region. The data includes a set of seven siblings and we also examine whether sibling status affects perceptual variability. Our results suggest that region does play a significant role in mediating perception, particularly in the South, and that SVS participation in production is related to differences in perception within that region, suggesting that both individual and community based norms are crucial in speech processing. Finally, identifying a large amount of familial variability in both perception and production, we find that siblinghood does not seem to play a greater role in speech perception similarity than shift participation.
The 9 + 2 Axoneme Anchors Multiple Inner Arm Dyneins and a Network of Kinases and Phosphatases That Control Motility

Cilia and flagella are found on a variety of cell types, ranging from single cell protozoa and sperm to the ciliated epithelia of the respiratory and reproductive tracts. Despite this diversity, most motile cilia and flagella contain a highly ordered structure, the 9 + 2 axoneme ([Fig. 1][1] A),
Socio-economic status and academic achievement

"almost any type of school behavior" wu:: so ~12 docwr~ented t/rat it "had become axiomatic to social scientists. So powerful is the apparent effect of social class, that the influence of other background and school factors can be detected only if socioeconomic status is first neutralized through matching or statistical control. Accurate measurement of SES, therefore is crucial to any social research in the schools".
Post-Failure Reconfiguration of CSP Programs

In this paper a technique called process merging is introduced. This technique allows the merging of two communicating sequential processes into a new single process. Thus, this technique can be used to reconfigure a distributed program after a faulty processing element has been detected. The technique is most applicable to dedicated multiple microprocessor systems where the need for continuous operation is critical. A process merging algorithm which operates on distributed programs using the CSP notation is presented in detail and its operation is discussed. In order to illustrate the merging technique, the algorithm's behavior is demonstrated using two classical distributed programs: the Bounded Buffer, Producer, Consumer program and the Dining Philosophers program. Finally, the merging technique is examined with respect to its demands on overall system operation and overhead. This examinatiQn leads to suggestions for future research.
Immediate versus delayed repair of partial mastectomy defects in breast conservation

The authors previously compared the local tissue rearrangement, breast reduction, and latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction techniques for repairing partial mastectomy defects and showed the benefits of breast reduction.
The Factor Structure and Invariance of an Observational Checklist to Measure Children's Emergent Literacy Skill Development across Male and Female Samples

Study purpose was to test the factor structure of the Jumpstart School Success Checklist (JSSC) and tests its measurement invariance (factor structure similarity) across male and female samples, based on national Jumpstart data (N = 5,545). Factor analytic results supported conceptualizing the JSSC item-level data in terms of a bifactor model (Gibbons & Hedeker, 1992), where each scale item related to a primary factor (Literacy) in addition to one sub-domain: Language Arts or Social Relationships. A comparison of the equivalence of the JSSC factor structure across sex groups indicated that the scale’s factor structure met partial measurement invariance (Bryne, Shavelson, & Muthen, 1989). A follow-up latent means structure analysis reported that females had slightly higher latent means across the factors than males. Study implications pertain to (a) the degree to which the JSSC scores function across sex groups, and (b) how factorial invariance research can be used to examine raters’ assessment of students’ literacy skill development.
Correlated environmental corrections in TOPEX/POSEIDON, with a note on ionospheric accuracy

Estimates of the effectiveness of an altimetric correction, and interpretation of sea level variability as a response to atmospheric forcing, both depend upon assuming that residual errors in altimetric corrections are uncorrelated among themselves and with residual sea level, or knowing the correlations. Not surprisingly, many corrections are highly correlated since they involve atmospheric properties and the ocean surface's response to them. The full corrections (including their geographically varying time mean values), show correlations between electromagnetic bias (mostly the height of wind waves) and either atmospheric pressure or water vapor of -40%, and between atmospheric pressure and water vapor of 28%. In the more commonly used collinear differences (after removal of the geographically varying time mean), atmospheric pressure and wave height show a -30% correlation, atmospheric pressure and water vapor a -10% correlation, both pressure and water vapor a 7% correlation with residual sea level, and a bit surprisingly, ionospheric electron content and wave height a 15% correlation. Only the ocean tide is totally uncorrelated with other corrections or residual sea level. The effectiveness of three ionospheric corrections (TOPEX dual-frequency, a smoothed version of the TOPEX dual-frequency, and Doppler orbitography and radiopositioning integrated by satellite (DORIS) is also evaluated in terms of their reduction in variance of residual sea level. Smooth (90-200 km along-track) versions of the dual-frequency altimeter ionosphere perform best both globally and within 20 deg in latitude from the equator. The noise variance in the 1/s TOPEX inospheric samples is approximately (11 mm) squared, about the same as noise in the DORIS-based correction; however, the latter has its error over scales of order 10(exp 3) km. Within 20 deg of the equator, the DORIS-based correction adds (14 mm) squared to the residual sea level variance.
Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials Via Inkjet Color Printing

A new method for fabricating functionally graded materials (FGMs) via inkjet color printing is reported in this paper. Al2O3 and ZrO2 aqueous suspensions were stabilized electrostatically and placed in different color reservoirs in inkjet cartridges. The volume and composition of the suspensions printed in droplets at a small area were controlled by the inkjet cyan–magenta–yellow–black color printing principle. The analysis of energy-dispersive spectrometry shows that with multi-layer printing, the composition profile of the printed FGM is consistent with the designed profile. The new method shows the potential for fabricating FGMs with arbitrarily designed three-dimensional composition profiles.
Numerical investigation of gas‐driven flow in 2‐D bubble columns

Gas-liquid bubbly flow in 2-D bubble columns was studied by numerical simulation. A Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model used describes the time-dependent motion of liquid driven by small, spherical gas bubbles injected at the bottom of the columns. Such equations, numerically implemented in this work, were derived by Zhang and Prosperetti. A distinctive feature of this method is the derivation of the disperse-phase momentum equation by averaging the particle (here, the bubble) equation of motion directly, not the macroscopic equation for the particle phase. Both the time-averaged quantities and dynamic characteristics of the macroscopic coherent structures agree with the experimental data of Lin et al. and Mudde et al. The comparison of simulated results with data demonstrates that this physical model and numerical approach can provide the key features of the time-dependent behavior of dispersed bubbly flows qualitatively with reasonable quantitative accuracy. Effects of the number of injectors, magnitude of bubble-induced viscosity, and various parameters in the interphase momentum exchange were also studied by simulating various cases and comparing with measurements. The applicability of different boundary conditions and the sensitivity to the mesh system used are also examined.
Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History

The revolutionary events of 1989 in Eastern Europe took a special shape in the German Democratic Republic: large-scale flights of citizens to the Federal Republic of Germany combined with increasingly powerful mass demonstrations in the major cities to bring down the communist regime. This conjunction of private emigration and public protest contrasts with the way these distinct responses to discontent had been previously experienced, primarily as alternatives. The forty-year history of the German Democratic Republic thus represents a particularly rich theater of operation for the concepts of “exit” and “voice,” which the author had introduced in his book Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970). The events of 1989 are scrutinized in some detail as they trace a more complex pattern of interaction than had been found to prevail in most previous studies.
TNF-α–Induced Corticosterone Elevation But Not Serum Protein or Corticosteroid Binding Globulin Reduction Is Vagally Mediated

Abstract Immune activation leads to production of mediators such as cytokines, which act to induce both brain-mediated and peripheral defense processes. We used intraperitoneal administration of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to investigate whether defense processes induced by this cytokine are mediated by vagal afferents and/or interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptors. Because some effects of TNF-α are mediated, at least in part, by the brain [plasma corticosterone (CORT) elevation] and some are mediated by peripheral organs [reduction of serum protein and corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)], we also investigated whether the effects of vagotomy are specific to those defense processes mediated by the brain. Both vagotomy and IL-1 receptor antagonist attenuated serum CORT elevation, but had no effects on serum protein or CBG reduction. These results support the idea that vagal afferents provide a true immune-to-brain pathway that may include IL-1 receptors.
Evaluating Parallel Computing Systems in Bioinformatics

The utilization of parallel processing in bioinformatics is a relatively new development, and wide spread use of parallel processing in this domain has been limited by the availability of applications that exploit parallel architectures, as well as a historic lack of IT training in the life sciences. Presented is an evaluation of several computing clusters using two different gene sequence search applications capable of utilizing a parallel processing architecture (ParAlign and mpiBLAST). The objective of the study is to evaluate the utility of these dedicated gene searching applications (developed for parallel computing architectures) on different parallel computing systems. Results demonstrate the performance variability between parallel processing systems, as well as the differences between gene sequence searching applications in a cluster computing environment.
The imperative for medical simulation

The practice of medicine has, for millennia, relied upon a master-apprentice system of learning, with patients providing the necessary anatomy from which one learns how to perform surgery and other procedures. The advent of high-power computing and real-time graphics representations allows medicine to advance beyond this traditional methods of teaching and to begin to educate physicians without putting patients at risk. With innovative haptics interface devices, computer-based training will enable novice physicians to learn procedures that have been developed since their training was completed. Specialty boards and credentialing organizations will, for the first, time, have metrics upon which to base the decisions regarding who is qualified to practice medicine, and both sides of the learning curve, the acquisition of skills and their deterioration, will be discovered. The paper presents the concepts, challenges, and visions of the authors, both of whom have been actively developing simulation for the specialty of interventional radiology. It includes expectations for the future of simulation in other procedural specialties.
GABA and epilepsy: their complex relationship and the evolution of our understanding.

Because of its abundance in the brain, its ability to produce hyperpolarizing inhibition of almost all neurons, its association with benzodiazepines, and the discovery that many convulsants inhibited its synthesis, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has often appeared to be the key to epilepsy. Many assumed that "primary" or "genetic" epilepsy must be a disorder of GABA synapses and that GABA agonists would be universal anticonvulsants if permeability and drug metabolism were controlled. The GABA synthetic gene was a logical "candidate gene" for epilepsy.However, the GABA-deficiency theory of epilepsy is less convincing today. GABA agonists were found to intensify seizures in some rodent and human cases. Absence and other generalized seizures in humans often worsened when treated with GABA transaminase inhibitors such as γ-vinyl-GABA. Surprisingly, the GABA transaminase inhibitors appear to be more useful in partial than in generalized epilepsies. Neuronal GABA uptake blockers are proconvulsant. GABA agonists agg...
The ReaxFF Monte Carlo Reactive Dynamics Method for Predicting Atomistic Structures of Disordered Ceramics: Application to the Mo3VOx Catalyst

The ReaxFF computational approach is used to resolve partial or mixed occupation of crystallographic sites of the Mo_3VO_x multimetal oxide (MMO) catalyst. It provides insight into the oxidation state and coordination environment of the metal sites, identifies donor-acceptor networks in the catalyst, and predicts selectivity for molecular diffusion into channels of the framework.
On open-loop and closed-loop nash strategies

For deterministic nonzero-sum differential games, every open-loop Nash strategy set is a closed-loop Nash strategy set. The converse, that the open-loop strategy set generated by a closed-loop Nash strategy set is Nash, is false.
Risk management applied to planetary defense

Increasing scientific evidence strongly supports the conclusion that the major extinctions in the history of life on Earth were caused by the impact of large near-Earth-orbit objects (NEOs) and that these impacts will continue. Although the annual likelihood of this threat from asteroids and comets is extremely low, the consequences are so disastrous they have no precedent in human history. Alternatives to the mitigation of this threat are vigorously debated and the author suggests the application of risk management to develop a consensus for the best strategy. An example of this methodology is applied to planetary defence. The conclusion is that present NEO detection programs should be intensified, NEOs should be characterized through rendezvous missions and that intercept systems studies should be undertaken. An education and public awareness initiative is also recommended.
Effectiveness of thiocyanate analog of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia.

SummaryThe thiocyanate analog of vit. B12 (thiocyanato—cobalamin) has been shown to be fully active hematologically in pernicious anemia. In two patients the early biochemical and hematologic responses were the same as observed with same dosages of vit. B12. Further evaluation of the neurological response to this analog is necessary.
The Challenge of Caring for Indigent Children With Rheumatologic Diseases

• Poverty and lack of insurance prevent complete access to tertiary care for many children with rheumatologic diseases. Long-term solutions to provide community based support for local teams and other services are needed. Physicians need to work with colleagues in health care systems and government to make the health care system fully available to all families. Medical schools can act as catalysts in helping government agencies redefine policies to support outreach and other health care programs for the indigent. Governmental agencies must collaborate with insurance companies to change policies so as to cover all aspects of service, including those provided by arthritis health professionals. With coordinated effort, the goal of adequate services to indigent children with rheumatologic and other chronic illnesses can become reality. (AJDC.1991;145:554-558)
Coherent artifacts in optical coherence tomography: observation and cancellation

OCT images can be degraded severely by coherent sidelobes of the source. Sidelobes, can introduce false targets if no targets are present at the sidelobe locations, and also add constructively or destructively to the targets that are present at the sidelobe locations, resulting in cancellation of the true targets or display of incorrect echo amplitudes of the targets. The authors introduce the use of CLEAN, a nonlinear deconvolution algorithm, to cancel coherent sidelobes in OCT images of extracted human teeth. The results show that CLEAN can reduce the coherent artifacts to the noise background, sharpen the air-enamel and enamel dentin interfaces and improve the image contrast.
Approaching Common Ground: Defining Quality in Online Education.

This chapter discusses the notion of quality in online education and attempts to find some commonality among the numerous existing definitions.
The response of high and low polyamine-producing cell lines to aluminum and calcium stress

The diamine putrescine (Put) has been shown to accumulate in tree leaves in response to high Al and low Ca in the soil, leading to the suggestion that this response may provide a physiological advantage to leaf cells under conditions of Al stress. The increase in Put is reversed by Ca supplementation in the soil. Using two cell lines of poplar (Populus nigra x maximowiczii), one with constitutively high Put (resulting from transgenic expression of a mouse ornithine decarboxylase--called HP cells) and the other with low Put (control cells), we investigated the effects of reduced Ca (0.2-0.8 mM vs. 4 mM) and treatment with 0.1 mM Al on several biochemical parameters of cells. We found that in the presence of reduced Ca concentration, the HP cells were at a disadvantage as compared to control cells in that they showed greater reduction in mitochondrial activity and a reduction in the yield of cell mass. Upon addition of Al to the medium, the HP cells, however, showed a reversal of low-Ca effects. We conclude that due to increased ROS production in the HP cells, their tolerance to low Ca is compromised. Contrary to the expectation of deleterious effects, the HP cells showed an apparent advantage in the presence of Al in the medium, which could have come from reduced uptake of Al, enhanced extrusion of Al following its accumulation, and perhaps a reduction in Put catabolism as a result of a reduction in its biosynthesis.
Psychosocial Predictors of Health Status Revisited

A one-year prospective design was used to explore health care costs, claims, and job burnout in relation to the following predictors: work and life stress, social support, exercise, Type A behavior, and personal hardiness. Nowack's (1991) model guided the study. A sample of 260 working adults from two organizations participated. Bivariate correlational results suggested that stressful work events were positively related to health care costs and the number of claims filed. With regard to job burnout, (a) stress appeared positively related to personal accomplishment and (b) Type A behavior was associated with greater emotional exhaustion. Higher job satisfaction, social support, and Type A behavior were associated with an increased sense of personal accomplishment. Findings concerning objective health indicators are discussed in relation to previous results pertaining to self-reports of health/illness.
Analysis of optics damage growth at the National Ignition Facility

Optics damage growth modeling and analysis at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has been performed on fused silica. We will show the results of single shot growth comparisons, damage site lifetime comparisons as well as growth metrics for each individual NIF beamline. These results help validate the consistency of the damage growth models and allow us to have confidence in our strategic planning in regards to projected optic usage.
A methodology to estimate the revenue anticipated from State-level alternative financing approaches in the US

ABSTRACTA major issue that State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) in the US face relates to financing future transportation investments. Questions of interest to State DOT officials relate to the suitability and revenue potential of alternative financing approaches. This paper presents a methodology to estimate the potential levels of revenue associated with the use of selected combinations of financing approaches and to assess the adequacy of these revenues vis-a-vis various levels of investments being considered by decision-makers. The methodology is designed to accommodate a wide array of inputs such as major policy objectives and initial assumptions that may vary significantly from State to State in order to provide a greater flexibility of implementation. The application of this methodology is demonstrated with an illustrative example for Massachusetts. This paper should be of interest to State DOTs seeking an acceptable combination of financing approaches to support future transportation investm...
Pronunciation Learning for Named-Entities through Crowd-Sourcing

Obtaining good pronunciations for named-entities poses a challenge for automated speech recognition because namedentities are diverse in nature and origin, and new entities come up every day. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of learning named-entity pronunciations using crowd-sourcing. By collecting audio samples from non-linguistic-expert speakers with Mechanical Turk and learning from them, we can quickly derive pronunciations that are more accurate in speech recognition tests than manual pronunciations generated by linguistic experts. Compared to traditional approaches of generating pronunciations, this new approach proves to be cheap, fast, and quite accurate.
Work hard, sleep well - Avoid irreversible IC wearout with proactive rejuvenation

Various wearout mechanisms have both a reversible and an irreversible (permanent) part, with some, like BTI and EM having a significant reversible part, while others, like HCI, being mostly irreversible. In this paper we make two contributions. First, we show that the boundary between the reversible and irreversible parts of wearout is not fixed, with the irreversible part becoming at least partially reversible under the right conditions of active accelerated recovery and stress/recovery scheduling. Second, we show that there are certain stress/recovery schedules that can (almost) completely eliminate irreversible wearout, thus allowing significant reductions in necessary design margins. The experiments were done on commercial FPGAs fabricated in a 40nm technology. To fully repair and avoid the irreversible wearout, we propose a biology-inspired sleep-when-getting-tired strategy. The strategy can achieve >60× design margin reduction and ⌼9% average performance improvement within a 10-year lifetime constraint compared to the no-recovery case. Potential system level implementations (a negative “turbo-boost” like strategy) in multicore and NoC systems are also presented.
Criticality of Electron and Hole Escape Sequence in Nano-Structured Photovoltaic Devices

It has been empirically established that for quantum confined p-i-n solar cells a high electric field across the i-region is necessary for an optimal extraction of carriers from the well. This restriction imposes an upper limit for the total thickness of the i-region beyond which severe performance degradations are reported. For a given material system, the best efficiency trade-off is often achieved in the vicinity of this critical i-region thickness where the Voc degradation remains minimal and a higher photocurrent is afforded by the larger number of wells. But, even for devices that satisfy this condition, occasionally a severe Voc degradation occurs. Here, we show that this degradation is directly correlated to the carrier escape sequence from the wells and that a careful engineering of hole and electron confining potentials can be used to alleviate this shortcoming.