cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient two-phase flow behavior in pipelines-experiment and modeling

Abstract An extensive experimental program has been carried out to acquire two-phase transient flow data on 420 m long, 77.9 mm dia horizontal pipeline, using kerosene-air mixtures. A computer-based data acquisition system has been utilized to obtain rapidly changing and detailed information on the flow behavior during the transient tests. Pressure, in situ liquid holdup, translational velocity and flow pattern changes were monitored at four measurement stations installed along the pipeline. An existing simplified model for predicting two-phase transient flow behavior that uses physically-based flow pattern-dependent mechanistic models has been modified and improved. The resulting set of differential equations is solved numerically utilizing a semi-implicit numerical scheme. Comparisons of the predictions of the numerical model against the experimental data show that the proposed simplified transient model is well suited for simulating several types of transient behavior encountered in two-phase pipelines.
Local saline infusion into ischemic territory induces regional brain cooling and neuroprotection in rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.

OBJECTIVE The neuroprotective effect of hypothermia has long been recognized. Use of hypothermia for stroke therapy, which is currently being induced by whole-body surface cooling, has been limited primarily because of management problems and severe side effects (e.g., pneumonia). The goal of this study was to determine whether local infusion of saline into ischemic territory could induce regional brain cooling and neuroprotection. METHODS A novel procedure was used to block the middle cerebral artery of rats for 3 hours with a hollow filament and locally infuse the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory with 6 ml cold saline (20 degrees C) for 10 minutes before reperfusion. RESULTS The cold saline infusion rapidly and significantly reduced temperature in cerebral cortex from 37.2 +/- 0.1 to 33.4 +/- 0.4 degrees C and in striatum from 37.5 +/- 0.2 to 33.9 +/- 0.4 degrees C. The significant hypothermia remained for up to 60 minutes after reperfusion. Significant (P < 0.01) reductions in infarct volume (approximately 90%) were evident after 48 hours of reperfusion. In ischemic rats that received the same amount of cold saline systemically through a femoral artery, a mild hypothermia was induced only in the cerebral cortex (35.3 +/- 0.2 degrees C) and returned to normal within 5 minutes. No significant reductions in infarct volume were observed in this group or in the ischemic group with local warm saline infusion or without infusion. Furthermore, brain-cooling infusion significantly (P < 0.01) improved motor behavior in ischemic rats after 14 days of reperfusion. This improvement continued for up to 28 days after reperfusion. CONCLUSION Local prereperfusion infusion effectively induced hypothermia and ameliorated brain injury from stroke. Clinically, this procedure could be used in acute stroke treatment, possibly in combination with intra-arterial thrombolysis or mechanical disruption of clot by means of a microcatheter.
Improved survival after cryogenic exposure of shoot tips derived from in vitro plantlet cultures of potato

In vitro plantlets were used for axillary shoot tip isolation to avoid microbial contamination which often occurred from use of greenhouse-grown plants. Periodic subculturing gave a supply of uniform plantlets necessary for obtaining shoot tips for cryogenic experiments. Previous results have shown that all cells within a shoot tip did not survive cryogenic exposure and the regrowth percentage depended upon the composition of the culture medium. A medium containing 0.5 mg/liter zeatin, 0.2 mg/liter gibberellic acid, and 0.5 mg/liter indoleacetic acid gave regeneration of a multipleshoot mass from control and some frozen shoot tips. The two-step cooling procedure (0.2-0.3 °C/min to −35 °C followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen) gave high percentages of regrowth in the cultivars Norland and Red Pontiac. Shoots were obtained from treated materials in both cultivars.
What don't we know about CPS architectures?

This paper considers the challenges in the architectural design of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Cyber-physical systems are real-time control and coordination systems that rely on computational infrastructure. We help to elucidate these challenges by comparing cyber-physical system design to system-on-chip design. We then survey CPS architectures and identify several important challenges.
Apparent T 2 dependence of the normal-state resistivities and lattice heat capacities of high- T c superconductors

We report new measurements of the normal-state electrical resistances of several high-${T}_{c}$ (\ensuremath{\sim} 20 K) $A\ensuremath{-}15$ structure superconductors. It is found that the resistances are linear functions of ${T}^{2}$ from ${T}_{c}$ to 40 K. Analysis of available lattice heat-capacity data on the same materials shows that it also varies as ${T}^{2}$ over the same temperature interval. These observations suggest that the ${T}^{2}$ resistivity is due to electron-phonon scattering. This interpretation is supported by the results of a model calculation for the temperature dependence of the resistivity and the lattice-heat capacity of ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn.
Radioactive labeling study of sulfate/bisulfate adsorption on smooth gold electrodes

Abstract Adsorption of sulfate/bisulfate anions was studied on a smooth gold electrode by the use of the radioactive labeling method. Adsorption is reversible with respect to the bulk concentration of adsorbate and the electrode potential. The chemical component in adsorption is weak, as assessed from an almost linear relationship between surface concentration and the electrode potential. This indicates that the surface attachment occurs predominantly through electrostatic interactions between the surface and the ions, which were concluded to be bisulfate anions. Processing the radiochemical information using the Bennes adsorption isotherm yields basic thermodynamic magnitudes, such as standard Gibbs energy of adsorption and the interaction energy. Their analysis reveals that in the studied bulk concentration range (up to about 10 −3 M) a strong interionic repulsion limits the uptake of anions to ca. 30% of a maximum coverage.
Joint Seismic and Technological Disasters: Possible Impacts and Community Preparedness in an Urban Setting

Seismic events can trigger releases of gaseous hazardous chemicals stored in large quantities at industrial facilities. If these releases occur near residential communities, large numbers of people are placed at risk and simultaneously must cope with the effects of the earthquake. In this study, we delineate the gaseous plume that might be created upon the release of hydrogen fluoride from an oil refinery located in an urban southern California community, as the result of a catastrophic earthquake. Personal interviews with local emergency response officials and in-plant health and safety officers indicate that these types of events have been anticipated, and a state of elevated organizational readiness exists to respond to earthquake and hazardous materials emergencies if necessary. However, survey results from a random sample of residents living within the area encompassed by the plume show that even in a community with a substantial community outreach program, many residents are under-prepared for an earthquake, hazardous materials release, or a conjoint disaster. The conclusions to the paper provide recommendations on how local government and industry can improve resident readiness.
Phase of amplitudes at zero scattering angle

We give expressions for the phase of the scattering amplitude in the forward direction for certain inelastic reactions. Data on the phase for these reactions will provide information on the importance of branch points in the angular-momentum plane.
PERCEPTUAL AND CONCEPTUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND DEPRESSION

Schizophrenic patients (n = 20), depressive patients (n = 20), and normal adults (n = 20) were compared on global vs local analyses of perceptual information using tachistoscopic tasks and on top-down vs bottom-up conceptual processing using card-sort tasks. The schizophrenic group performed more poorly on tasks requiring either global analyses (counting lines when distracting circles were present) or top-down conceptual processing (rule learning) than they did on tasks requiring local analyses (counting heterogeneous lines) or bottom-up processing (attribute identification). The schizophrenic group appeared not to use conceptually guided processing. Normal adults showed the reverse pattern. The depressive group performed similarly to the schizophrenic group on perceptual tasks but closer to the normal group on conceptual tasks, thereby appearing to be less dependent on a particular information-processing strategy. These deficits in organizational strategy may be related to the use of available processing resources as well as the allocation of attention.
Divorce, approaches to learning, and children's academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis of mediated and moderated effects

Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study--Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) were used to test the hypothesis that approaches to learning (ATL) mediates the link between parental divorce and academic achievement. Fixed effects regression was utilized to test for mediation, and subsequent moderation analyses examining gender and age at time of divorce also were conducted. Results indicated that divorce was associated with less growth in test scores and that ATL mediated 18% and 12% of this association in reading and mathematics respectively. Parental divorce also was associated with larger negative effects for children who experienced divorce at an older age as well as for girls' mathematics test scores. These findings contribute to the understanding of the impact of parental divorce on children's academic achievement and underscore the importance of focusing on the variability of child outcomes following parental divorce.
Pygeum africanum for the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis.

Abstract PURPOSE: To conduct a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis of the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of Pygeum africanum in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. METHODS: Studies were identified through the search of Medline (1966 to 2000), Embase, Phytodok, the Cochrane Library, bibliographies of identified trials and review articles, and contact with relevant authors and drug companies. Randomized trials were included if participants had symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia, the intervention was a preparation of P. africanum alone or in combination with other phytotherapeutic agents, a control group received placebo or other pharmacologic therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia, and treatment duration was at least 30 days. Two investigators independently extracted key data on design features, subject characteristics, and therapy allocation. RESULTS: A total of 18 randomized controlled trials involving 1,562 men met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Many studies did not report results in a method that permitted meta-analysis. Only 1 of the studies reported a method of treatment allocation concealment, although 17 were double-blinded. The mean study duration was 64 days (range 30 to 122). Compared with placebo in 6 studies, P. africanum provided a moderately large improvement in the combined outcome of urologic symptoms and flow measures as assessed by an effect size defined by the difference of the mean change for each outcome divided by the pooled standard deviation for each outcome (−0.8 SD [95% confidence interval (CI): −1.4 to −0.3]). Summary estimates of individual outcomes were also improved by P. africanum . Men were more than twice as likely to report an improvement in overall symptoms (risk ratio=2.1, 95% CI: 1.40 to 3.1). Nocturia was reduced by 19% and residual urine volume by 24%; peak urine flow was increased by 23%. Adverse effects due to P. africanum were mild and similar to placebo. The overall dropout rate was 12% and was similar for P. africanum (13%), placebo (11%), and other controls (8%; P = 0.4 versus placebo and P = 0.5 versus other controls). CONCLUSIONS: The literature on P. africanum for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia is limited by the short duration of studies and the variability in study design, the use of phytotherapeutic preparations, and the types of reported outcomes. However, the evidence suggests that P. africanum modestly, but significantly, improves urologic symptoms and flow measures. Further research is needed using standardized preparations of P. africanum to determine its long-term effectiveness and ability to prevent complications associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Pyramidal structures on Mars

Triangular and polygonal pyramid like structures have been observed on the Martian surface. Located in the east central portion of Elysium Quadrangle (MC-15), these features are visible on the Mariner 9 photographs. B frames MTVS 4205-3 DAS 07794853 and MTVS 4296-24 DAS 12985882. The structures cast triangular and polygonal shadows. Steep-sided volcanic cones and impact craters occur only a few kilometers away. The mean diameter of the triangular pyramidal structures at the base is approximately 3.0 km, and the mean diameter of the polygonal structures is approximately 6.0 km. The observed Martian structures tend to line up suggesting joint or fault control. However, they do not appear to be controlled by the visible faults. The structures appear to be either wind-faceted volcanic cones and blocks or solidified blocks which have been rotated in semiconsolidated lava.
Semantic control of eye movements in picture scanning during sentence-picture verification

Eye movements were monitored while people inspected a picture to determine whether it confirmed or disconfirmed a sentence they had just read. The sentences were quantified statements likeFew of the dots are red, and the picture was a display of a large and a small subset of dots. It was found that the subset of dots a person fixated was determined by the semantic representation of the sentence rather than by its superficial referent. SinceFew of the dots are red is semantically represented as a denial that the larger subset is red, people verifying the sentence fixate the larger subset, even though it is the small subset that is superficially referenced. By contrast, sinceA minority of the dots are red is semantically represented as an assertion that the smaller subset is red, people verifying this sentence fixate the smaller subset. A model of how people derive and compare representations of sentences and pictures is outlined.
Gene Expression Profiles in 3D Tumor Analogs Indicate Compressive Strain Differentially Enhances Metastatic Potential

Non-physiological mechanobiological stimuli typically occur in tumors and are considered to promote cancer spreading. Non-fluid related pressure (solid stress), which arises as tumors grow against adjacent tissues, is among the least studied endogenous stimuli due to challenges in replicating the in vivo environment. To this end, the novel devices well-pressor and the videomicroscopy-compatible optic-pressor were developed to exert precise compressive strain on cells in 3D gels in absence of other mechanical stimuli and soluble gradients. Glioblastoma (U87, HGL21) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells in 1% agarose hydrogels were exposed to 50% compressive strain for 3 h (0.25-0.05 kPa). Live imaging showed that cells elongate and deflect vertically to the load. This stimulation is shown for the first time to differentially regulate metastasis-associated genes. Furthermore, a group of differentially expressed genes was identified in all cell types, both by microarrays and confirmed by RT-PCR for select genes (caveolin-1, integrin-β1, Rac1), indicating shared response mechanisms. These genes are functionally linked and involved in decreasing cell-cell contact, increasing ECM degradation, and ultimately promoting invasion. Caveolin could orchestrate these responses while the uPA and PI3K/Akt systems could play major roles. Future work will focus on specific molecular partnerships under compression and their impact on cancer progression.
Retroviruses and evolution

This discussion will deal with one of the exceptions to the grand ideas that laid the basis of all modern work in molecular biology. This will also serve as an introduction to the next two articles. Together, the three articles will cover an entire area of research.
Early detection of chemotherapy-related pancreatic enlargement in children using abdominal sonography: a preliminary report.

At least two chemotherapeutic agents, prednisone and L-asparaginase, have been demonstrated to produce pancreatic injury. Early diagnosis of pancreatitis is frequently not possible, as symptoms are vague, physical findings may be minimal, and laboratory studies are frequently inconclusive until the injury is severe. Abdominal echography, as a monitor of pancreatic size, has proven to be helpful in the diagnosis of subclinical and early pancreatic injury in 14 of 19 selected children receiving prednisone and/or L-asparaginase therapy for acute leukemia or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. Employment of this new diagnostic method permits prompt withdrawal of the causative agent(s), thus preventing further insult.
Structural transformation of a lithium-rich Li1.2Co0.1Mn0.55Ni0.15O2 cathode during high voltage cycling resolved by in situ X-ray diffraction

Abstract Lithium-rich layered oxides having compositions of Li1+yM1−yO2 (M = Co, Mn, and Ni) have become attractive cathode materials for high energy density and high voltage lithium ion batteries for electric vehicle (EV) applications. However, their utility in EVs suffers from both voltage and capacity fade. The voltage fade is related to structural transformation in these lithium-rich oxides and must be thoroughly understood. In this work, we have utilized in situ X-ray diffraction in order to monitor these structural transformations during high voltage (4.8 V) cycling of a lithium- and manganese-rich Li1.2Co0.1Mn0.55Ni0.15O2 oxide cathode, which has not been reported previously. The lattice parameters of the cathode were monitored for first cycle and compared with the subsequent cycles. Based on our results, the c-lattice parameter increases during the course of initial charging and eventually decreases upon charging beyond 4.4 V, which verifies lithium extraction occurs from transition metal layers due to activation of Li2MnO3 phase at high-voltage. The fact that the a-lattice parameter remains constant at the first cycle plateau region indicates oxygen loss from the structure during first cycle charging which is attributed to irreversible capacity obtained from first cycle. For first and subsequent cycles, the c-lattice parameter increases during discharge up to 3.5 V and below 3.5 V, the decrease in those values was observed. After subsequent cycling, (440) cubic spinel reflections were observed during low voltage discharge process, which reveals a layer to spinel-like phase transformation in the lattice and is thought to be the reason for the observed voltage fade. A significant decrease in monoclinic phase was observed after subsequent cycles and is believed to contribute to the structural instability and capacity fade after repeated cycling.
“Peripheral and subversive”: Women making connections and challenging the boundaries of the science community

Researchers continue to report the underrepresentation of females in the science professions (AAUW, 1992; NSF, 1999; Vetter, 1992). Investigators have illuminated many factors that contribute to the insider status in the science community of some groups and the peripheral/outsider status of women and girls (Brickhouse, 1994; Delamont, 1989; Harding, 1991; Schiebinger, 1989). Some research has shown that supportive science networks have had a positive influence on women's participation and retention in science practices (AAUW, 1992; Keith & Keith, 1989; Kreinberg & Lewis, 1996; Varanka-Martin, 1996). In order to provide a better understanding of the role social capital plays in women's legitimate participation in science, I draw upon the findings of a qualitative study that examines the valued capital, ways, and practices of a support group for women working in the sciences at an academic research institution. Findings from this study indicate how women 1) were given little access to powerful networks in science that would provide them with opportunities to acquire the knowledge, skills, and resources necessary to be legitimate in the traditional sense, and 2) encountered many obstacles in their attempts to develop networks and make such connections between themselves and other women. Findings also indicate that, despite these impediments, the support group provided a meaningful and resourceful network through which they developed a critical perspective of legitimacy as they sought to make explicit the “culture of science.” Participants not only employed the traditional methods of scientific inquiry, but also acknowledged and valued the voices and experiences of those from nondominant groups. They constructed a new discourse that was inclusive of diverse voices, created new career pathways, and developed a vision of mentoring that facilitated females' development of a critical view of the science community and their legitimate participation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed85:368–409, 2001.
AGIPS: Automatic Generator for Insertion and Placement Sequences for PWB assembly

Abstract This paper describes a system, agips (Automatic Generator for Insertion and Placement Sequences), which can immediately evaluate the manufacturability of printed wiring boards (PWB) at the design stage by examining potential collisions and then generate collision-free insertion sequences within reasonable computation time. The input files come from three different sources: PWB CAD database, machines and set-up specifications, and process planning. The sequences generated by agips can be translated into NC codes to drive the NC assembly machine. In agips , the PWB assembly sequence problem is considered at three hierarchical levels: machine sequence, machine head sequence, and component sequence. During collision checking, three directed arcs representing the precedence relationships among assembly machines, machine heads and components are generated to avoid a collision if any occurs. The developed agips can automatically generate collision-free sequences and provide immediate feedback to the PWB designer the producibility of a design. An example is given to illustrate agips's abilities.
Veterinary service usage and animal ownership in Ohio, U.S.A.: results of telephone surveys in 1983 and 1984

Abstract A telephone survey of three sub-populations in Ohio was conducted to compare the utilization of veterinary services in 1982 with 1983 and to characterize animal ownership. A response rate of approximately 90% was achieved for all three sub-populations namely (1) food-animal producers, (2) horse owners and (3) pet owners. There was no significant difference between the percentage of respondents using veterinary services in 1982 and 1983. In both years, over 85% of dairy producers purchased veterinary services compared with approximately 62% for beef producers, approximately 70% for swine producers, and over 97% for horse owners. In 1983, approximately 69% sheep producers, 50% of goat producers, 81% of dog owners, 67% of cat owners, 12% of bird owners and none of the fish owners used veterinary services during the previous year. The 1983 median expenditures for veterinary services per farm or household using veterinary services were $465 for horses, $450 for dairy cattle, $111 for beef cattle, $115 for swine, $66 for sheep, $0 for goats, $75 for dogs, $44 for cats and $18 for pet birds. The average number of times animals were seen by a veterinarian varied by species but did not vary much from year to year. For all three groups, preventive services were used more frequently than were treatment and surgical services.
Variable sized bin packing with color constraints

Abstract Abstract In this paper, we introduce the variable sized bin packing problem with novel packing constraints, called the color constraints. In an instance of this problem, we have n items to be packed into bins of m distinct sizes. Items come with two attributes: color and size. In addition to the usual capacity constraints, we require that each bin contain items with at most p distinct colors, where p is a pre-specified positive integer. Our objective is to minimize the total capacity of the bins used in the packing. This problem arises as a model for the slab design problem in the production planning process of a steel plant. An APTAS and two 3-approximations are presented.
A new high-resolution photomask inspection system for contamination detection

STARlight2+ TM (SL2+) is a new high-resolution contamination inspection system based upon the KLA-Tencor TerascanHR platform. Building upon the proven technology of STARlight TM (SL2), SL2+ uses transmitted and reflected images to detect potentially yield-limiting contamination defects on photomasks for wafer fabs and mask shops. It extends the contamination inspection capability to the 32nm logic/45nm Half Pitch (HP) technology nodes using the newly developed 72nm pixel image resolution as well as a significantly improved rendering model in the algorithm. In this paper, we present inspection results on a wide variety of photomasks, spanning the 32nm to 110nm technology nodes, in the recently concluded period of Alpha tests on the SL2+ system. The test results show that the sensitivity and the inspection capability of the new SL2+ system have been greatly improved. Such improvement enables wafer fabs and mask shops to inspect and qualify photomasks for 32nm node development and 45nm node production.
MICROWAVE MODULATION OF LIGHT IN PARAMAGNETIC CRYSTALS

The considerations of Dehmelt and several other workers about the modulation of light by radio-frequency signals in atomic vapors are extended to paramagnetic solids. It is shown that these materials, driven near a microwave resonance at low temperatures may be used both to create and to detect modulation of light at microwave frequencies. Experimental design criteria are discussed at the hand of two numerical examples, modulated circular dichroism in ruby and modulated Faraday rotation in a broad class of ionic rare earth compounds. Some possible applications of microwave modulated light are reviewed.
Spatial distribution of aftershocks and background seismicity in central California

We examine the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocenters in four central California areas: the aftershock zones of the (1) 1984 Morgan Hill (2) 1979 Coyote Lake, and (3) 1983 Coalinga earthquakes, as well as (4) the aseismically creeping area around Hollister. The basic tool we use to analyze these data are frequency distributions of interevent distances between earthquakes. These distributions are evaluated on the basis of their deviation from what would be expected if earthquakes occurred randomly in the study areas. We find that both background seismic activity and aftershocks in the study areas exhibit nonrandom spatial distribution. Two major spatial patterns, clustering at small distances and anomalies at larger distances, are observed depending on tectonic setting. While both patterns are seen in the strike-slip environments along the Calaveras fault (Morgan Hill, Coyote Lake, and Hollister), aftershocks of the Coalinga event (a thrust earthquake) seem to be characterized by clustering only. The spatial distribution of earthquakes in areas gradually decreasing in size does not seem to support the hypothesis of a self-similar distribution over the range of scales studied here, regardless of tectonic setting. Spatial distributions are independent of magnitude for the Coalinga aftershocks, but events in strike-slip environments show increasing clustering with increasing magnitude. Finally, earthquake spatial distributions vary in time showing different patterns before, during, and following the end of aftershock sequences.
Cellular recovery kinetic studies relevant to combined-modality research and therapy☆

Abstract The relevance of cellular recovery kinetics to combined-modality therapy is evaluated within the framework of an idealized experimental flow chart and published adriamycin data. Within this context, limitations for both experimental design and data interpretations are discussed. The effects of adriamycin have been documented extensively at the molecular and cellular level and its interactions with X-irradiation have been studied, both in vitro and in vivo . The limited in vivo results suggest that the end results of a given protocol correlate with cellular recovery kinetics; however, definitive experiments simply have not been done. For example, no one has used single-dose drug and irradiation data to predict the outcome and then confirm or refute the prediction even in a relatively simple 2-dose drug + 2-dose X-ray protocol. Thus, at this time, the extent of the correlations between cellular recovery kinetics and clinical response for either normal or malignant tissues are not known and the possible relevance of such studies cannot be discounted.
Prevention of NSAID-Induced Ulcers.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors were developed as gastrointestinal (GI) safer alternatives to nonselective NSAIDs—providing equivalent analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy. Their GI sparing is impaired by concomitant aspirin use, and concerns regarding adverse cardiovascular effects have emerged. Risk factors for NSAID-related complications include a history of ulcer disease or bleeding, concomitant corticosteroid or anticoagulant therapy, use of high-dose or multiple NSAIDs (including low-dose aspirin), advanced age, and certain chronic diseases. If an NSAID must be used in a patient at risk, the lowest-risk NSAID should be used with, in many cases, cotherapy to reduce the risk for ulcers. COX-2 drugs have been associated with a significantly higher risk of vascular events than placebo or naproxen. This increase may be shared by nonselective NSAIDs and appears to be medication-and dose-dependent. Prostaglandin depletion is a central mechanism for NSAID ulcer development, and replacement therapy with misoprostol reduces NSAID toxicity; however, it is rarely used due to side effects. The acid suppression provided by traditional doses of histamine 2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) does not prevent most NSAID-related gastric ulcers. Despite a single study demonstrating that H2RAs at double the dose may be effective, studies comparing such high doses with misoprostol or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for preventing NSAID ulcers are not available. PPIs are effective at single daily doses, do not demonstrate tachyphylaxis, and are superior to H2RAs and misoprostol in reducing ulcers and NSAID-associated dyspepsia. NSAID choice should be predicated by an assessment of an individual’s cardiovascular and GI risk. For those with competing cardiovascular and GI risks, the tradeoffs between reducing adverse GI events (COX-2 inhibitor instead of a nonselective NSAID) must be explicitly weighed against concerns about cardiovascular side effects (naproxen instead of other agents). Considering cost is appropriate because it may not be feasible to recommend the “safest” regimen in every circumstance. The cost effectiveness of risk-reducing therapies is intimately tied to the patient’s underlying risk. For those at highest GI risk, using a PPI and a low-dose COX-2 inhibitor seems appropriate for those without high cardiovascular risk. For patients whose cardiovascular risk parallels or exceeds GI concerns, naproxen with a PPI is recommended when non-NSAID approaches fail.
Associations Between Preschoolers' Daytime and Nighttime Sleep Parameters

This article examined associations between preschoolers' daytime and nighttime sleep parameters. A total of 63 preschoolers (65% boys; age: M = 4.15, SD = 0.62) participated. Sleep was assessed via actigraphy for 4 days and nights. Results are among the first to demonstrate significant associations between sleep parameters (especially sleep quality indexes) examined actigraphically at home and in child care contexts. Findings indicate that poor sleep quality indexed by greater sleep activity and awakenings, as well as less efficient sleep, were associated across nighttime sleep at home and daytime sleep in child care. Understanding connections between sleep across contexts has important implications for child care providers and parents as they attempt to facilitate child sleep during a developmental period of rapidly changing sleep patterns.
An electronic constant current shock generator for low current levels

Abstract A simple, low cost electronic shock generator capable of producing constant current 60 Hz square wave outputs between 15–200 μA is described. The unit is designed using a penta-grid converter tube which regulates extremely well at low current levels. A circuit diagram is included along with a detailed description of the performance characteristics of this generator. The unit is capable of maintaining a constant current across an animal even when the animal's resistance alters radically as when shock is applied to a moving animal through a grid. The unit is extremely useful in obtaining sensory or motivational thresholds in small animals.
Examining fatal and nonfatal incidents involving the TASER

Research Summary According to TASER International, nearly 10,000 police departments in the United States have deployed the TASER as a less lethal force alternative in some capacity. Despite the TASER's increasing popularity, serious questions have been raised about the device's physiological side effects; in particular, Amnesty International has reported that more than 300 people have died after being subjected to the TASER. Although a growing body of research has examined the physiological effects of the TASER on animals and healthy human volunteers in laboratory settings, there has been virtually no empirical analysis of “real-world” fatal and nonfatal TASER cases simultaneously. This article examines all media reports of TASER incidents from 2002 to 2006 through a comprehensive review of LexisNexis and New York Times archives. We compare TASER incidents in which a fatality occurred to TASER incidents in which a fatality did not occur and then employ multivariate analyses to identify the incident and suspect characteristics that are predictive of articles describing TASER-proximate deaths. Policy Implications Several suspect factors were significantly associated with the reporting of a fatal TASER incident, including drug use (but not alcohol), mental illness, and continued resistance. Multiple deployments of the TASER against a suspect was also associated with the likelihood of the article describing a fatality—especially if the suspect was emotionally disturbed—which raises the possibility that the risk of multiple shocks might not be uniform for all suspects. More research is needed to explore the relationship between mental illness, drug use (illicit or therapeutic), continued resistance, and increased risk of death. In the meantime, police departments should develop specific policies and training governing the use of multiple TASER shocks against individuals who could be in these vulnerable physiological and psychological states.
Demystifying Language Mixing: Spanglish in School

This article poses the question of how educators can put into practice the valorization of the vernacular and its use as a pedagogical resource. It provides a critical sociolinguistic orientation toward the use of Spanglish in schools. It gives a short descriptive overview of the linguistic features of Spanglish and responds to some of the misguided notions about language mixing. The article then looks at the use of Spanglish among young bilingual students doing an in-school reading activity and considers the ways that students' use of English, Spanish, and Spanglish might inform how educators see language use in the classroom. Finally, it considers the ramifications of embracing Spanglish as a social language, one that reflects and projects Latin@ borderland identity.
Interpreting Hume's Dialogues

This paper provides a methodological schema for interpreting Hume's Dialogues concerning Natural Religion that supports the traditional thesis that Philo represents Hume's views on religious belief. To understand the complexity of Hume's ‘naturalism’ and his assessment of religious belief, it is essential to grasp the manner in which Philo articulates a consistently Humean position in the Dialogues.
Actions of Ptychodiscus brevis toxins on nerve and muscle membranes

Pharmacological actions of two brevetoxins isolated from Ptychodiscus brevis, T17 and T34, on nerve and muscle membranes were studied using vertebrate and invertebrate preparations. T17 (10 ng/ml) caused an increase in the frequency of miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) in rat and frog neuromuscular junctions. Application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) completely abolished the increase in MEPP frequency. The results suggest that T17 depolarizes the nerve terminal through opening of the sodium channel. Application of either T17 or T34 to the crayfish and squid giant axons caused a dose-dependent depolarization of the axon membranes with a maximum depolarization of about 30 mV. The depolarizing action was antagonized by sodium-free external saline solution or TTX. Voltage clamp experiments demonstrated that the primary action of the toxins is to cause the sodium channels to open at the normal resting potential. The binding of toxin to a channel site could be prevented by procaine, but not by TTX. The binding site for T17 is presumably separate from the TTX receptor, but related or identical to the binding site for procaine. The brevetoxin-induced depolarization of the nerve terminal membrane with the subsequent enhanced transmitter release is the underlying mechanism for a number of pharmacological actions on various neuro-effector systems.
A Large Scale, Flip-Flop RAM imitating a logic LSI for fast development of process technology

We propose a new, large-scale, logic TEG, which is called flip-flop RAM (FF-RAM), to improve the total process quality before and during initial mass production. It is designed to be as convenient as an SRAM for measurement and imitates a logic LSI. We implemented a 10-Mgate FF-RAM using our 65 nm CMOS process. The test results show that it is effortless to detect failure locations and layers by using fail bit maps. Owing to this TEG, we can significantly shorten the development period for advanced CMOS technology.
A new box corer design for the investigation of manganese-nodule distribution in a sediment column

Abstract A new, inexpensive and easy-to-handle box corer (47 × 47 × 114 cm 3 ) is described. It is found to be extremely handy when operated from ships equipped with piston coring devices. The box corer uses the same piston core-head (∼1000 kg) and the same trigger mechanism as used in piston coring. The whole operation is similar to that of piston coring. At three sites in the nodule-rich abyssal-hill province in the northwest Atlantic, the vertical distributions of the manganese nodules were obtained from the box cores. More than 75% of the nodules by weight is present in the top 10 cm of the sediment; 16–24% is present in the 10–20 cm interval and about 1% in the 20–30 cm interval. Very few nodules are found below 30 cm.
The concept of threshold and its potential application to landscape planning

The concept of threshold can potentially be applied to conservation planning of species, habitats, and ecosystems. It also has significance in managing social–ecological systems for resilience. However, our understanding and use of threshold has been scattered among various disciplines, and the link to conservation planning and social–ecological system management has not been strongly established. The review of the use of threshold in various disciplines reveals that the term is used in a similar manner in both natural and social sciences: a threshold is a point or a zone on an independent variable, and if it is crossed, a sudden, large change in the state of a dependent variable occurs. Even a small change in the independent variable brings this drastic change; nonlinear relationship characterizes the threshold response. Thresholds also separate alternative regimes in a social–ecological system. The discussion of the application of threshold concept to watershed planning concludes that although using one threshold value of impervious surfaces in a watershed to regulate new developments and retrofit old ones is a cost-effective method, a more integrated approach is needed. The use of habitat amount threshold to conserve species promotes proactive planning that would prioritize areas for protection before the threshold is reached and would restore habitat based on the threshold target. However, species-specific data to decide on the threshold is often lacking, and the identification of thresholds is not straightforward. Nonetheless, the concept of threshold is appealing for proactive planning and significant in managing social–ecological systems for resilience.
Synthesis of ethyl ω-2H5-docosa-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-hexaenoate

The preparation and subsequent Wittig reaction of phosphonium salt 4, a useful synthon for the preparation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are reported. Salt 4 is a key intermediate for the synthesis of ethyl ω-2H5-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoate (3).
Collisional intramultiplet relaxation of Cd(5s5p 3P0,1,2) by alkane hydrocarbons

Very rapid collisional intramultiplet relaxation of the intial distribution of Cd(3P0,1,2) quantum states produced in the process Cd(1P1)+ RH → Cd(3P0,1,2) + RH, where RH are the alkane hydrocarbons, has been observed. This relaxation has been characterized by pulsed laser excitation of Cd(1P1) and determination of Cd(3P2,1,0) relative populations at short time delays using laser‐induced fluorescence. The population of the Cd(3P1) state was also monitored by time‐resolved fluorescence at 3261 A. It was shown that not only are the cross sections for collisional conversion of Cd(3P2) to Cd(3P1) or Cd(3P0) quite large, but that the Cd(3PJ) states are produced with substantial amounts of translation energy in the Cd (1P1)‐alkane deactivation process, thus increasing the effective Cd (3P0,1,2) collision frequency at short times. Using kinetic simulation techniques, lower limits were estimated for the cross sections for intramultiplet relaxation of Cd (3P2) by several alkane hydrocarbons. Analysis of Cd(3P1) fl...
Legitimacy Claims of the Auditing Profession Vis-A-Vis the Behaviour of its members: An Empirical Examination

Abstract Accounting and auditing practice in the US and other advanced capitalist societies is an institutional mechanism for mediating and arbitrating social choices. This role places the auditing profession in the position of functioning as a legitimating institution within a society's framework of legitimate authority. However, in order to retain this role, the profession must comply with the "code of legitimate conduct" established by society for auditors. Current events and circumstances are symptomatic of a legitimation crisis facing the auditing professions—the profession has violated, or is perceived to have violated, this code. Empirical evidence is provided in this paper that such a situation currently exists, specifically with respect to the profession's "objectivity" claim. This study's results suggest that in-charge auditors, when confronted with "powerful" client employees, will, with some likelihood, compromise the profession's objectivity claim. If the auditing profession is to maintain its role society, it must first clearly understand societal expectation (i.e. it must clearly understand its code of legitimate conduct). Second, it must be prepared to take whatever steps are required to comply with these expectations. Anything less than careful, reflective self-examination and a thoroughgoing commitment to change cannot, in the long run, further the interest of the profession and will, in all likelihood, have the opposite effect.
Crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpP1P2 suggests a model for peptidase activation by AAA+ partner binding and substrate delivery.

Caseinolytic peptidase P (ClpP), a double-ring peptidase with 14 subunits, collaborates with ATPases associated with diverse activities (AAA+) partners to execute ATP-dependent protein degradation. Although many ClpP enzymes self-assemble into catalytically active homo-tetradecamers able to cleave small peptides, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzyme consists of discrete ClpP1 and ClpP2 heptamers that require a AAA+ partner and protein–substrate delivery or a peptide agonist to stabilize assembly of the active tetradecamer. Here, we show that cyclic acyldepsipeptides (ADEPs) and agonist peptides synergistically activate ClpP1P2 by mimicking AAA+ partners and substrates, respectively, and determine the structure of the activated complex. Our studies establish the basis of heteromeric ClpP1P2 assembly and function, reveal tight coupling between the conformations of each ring, show that ADEPs bind only to one ring but appear to open the axial pores of both rings, provide a foundation for rational drug development, and suggest strategies for studying the roles of individual ClpP1 and ClpP2 rings in Clp-family proteolysis.
OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS FOR PACKAGING OF FRESH PEACHES IN POLYMERTIC FILMS1

Fresh produce packaged in polymeric films represents a dynamic respiration-permeation model. Control of equilibrium concentrations of respiratory gases is an important variable in extending the shelf life if critical vectors of quality deterioration and transport properties of packaging materials are known. Fresh peaches were stored at 5 × 1° C under various modified atmospheres for a period of up to thirty days. Samples were removed at ten day intervals for chemical and physical analyses of vulnerable quality factors. Parameters evaluated include soluble solids, titratable acidity, and texture and profile parameters such as hardness, elasticity, and cohesiveness. An internal atmosphere of 10 to 15% O2 and 15 to 25% CO2 inside the package provided better retention of quality attributes such as hardness and cohesiveness than any other treatments. Springiness did not provide any significant index of quality. Soluble solids decreased over time as did the amount of acid present in the fruit. Anaerobic fermentation did not occur under any storage conditions. Subsequent to establishing the optimal gaseous concentrations, respiration rates were determined as a function of time and gas composition. Permeability of polymeric films were determined using ASTM method. Analytical equations were employed to optimize packaging parameters or to estimate transient and equilibrium gas concentrations in polymeric packages. Equations were set up to estimate transient and steady state time values for oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations inside a package. This approach is applicable in extending the storage quality of other fresh produce.
The effect of vinblastine sulphate on the incorporation of [2-14C]glycine into housefly DNA

Abstract The synthesis of DNA was studied in houseflies 48 hours after emergence in the presence and absence of vinblastine sulphate (VLB). In all cases administration of the alkaloid inhibited the incorporation of [2- 14 C]glycine into DNA. The site of inhibition has not been established. Analysis of the bases in DNA revealed that the specific activities of DNA purines were decreased (relative to control values) more than those of DNA thymine. VLB caused sterility in the female flies but not in the male flies. A method is described for preparing a reproducible preparation of high quality DNA from houseflies.