cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross Analysis of Metal Foam Design Parameters for Achieving Desired Fluid Flow

This paper presents an experimental study of air flow through open cell metal foams for use as a thermal energy dissipating system. The goal of this paper is to identify the optimum configuration of metal foam design parameters for maximum flow. Four foam blocks were used in the study, representing a range of design parameters: material (copper or aluminum), pore size (5–10 pores per inch), and relative density (e = 0.875–0.952). The effects of pore size were isolated by comparing air flow through three aluminum foam blocks with constant density and varied pore size. A series of wind tunnel tests were performed to measure the velocity of air flowing through the foam as a function of the free stream air velocity, ranging from 0 to 17.4 mph (7.5 m/s). Results indicated smaller pore sizes and larger densities decreased the amount of airflow through the foam. However, one foam sample produced results that did not fit this trend. Further investigation found this was likely due to the differences in the cross-sectional geometry of the foam ligaments. The ligament geometry, affected by density and manufacturing method, was not constant and not initially considered as a variable of interest. The cross-section shape of the ligaments was found to vary from a rounded triangular shape to a triangle shape with concave surfaces, increasing the amount of drag in the airflow through the sample.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Comparison of the passive dynamics of walking on ground, tied-belt and split-belt treadmills, and via the Gait Enhancing Mobile Shoe (GEMS)

This research compares walking over ground, on a split-belt treadmill, on a tied-belt treadmill, and on the Gait Enhancing Mobile Shoe (GEMS) in both humans and simulated on a passive dynamic model. Passive Dynamic Walkers (PDW) have been researched for decades, yet only recently has the model been used significantly in gait rehabilitation. We aim to identify how well the two-dimensional PDW can be used as a kinematic approximation tool for gait analysis. In this work, the PDW was scaled according to an anthropomorphic human model. For comparison, measurements were taken of humans walking in the same four environments. For normal walking, the PDW was found to be a good approximation for symmetric and rhythmic hip position, foot position, and velocity profiles. Tied-belt and split-belt treadmill model estimations revealed that the PDW's lack of dorsiflexion, joint stiffness, and joint damping limited the comparison, however trends between the human and the model agreed. The kinematics of the GEMS showed good agreement in interlimb interactions indicating that the PDW can be used as a good kinematic predictor for the GEMS.
Memory CD4 + T cells induce innate responses independently of pathogen

Innate immune responses markedly affect subsequent adaptive responses. Here the authors show that adaptive immunity in the form of memory CD4+ T cells can also affect the magnitude of innate inflammatory responses.
Iron Carbonyl-Promoted Isomerization of Olefin Esters to Their alpha,beta-Unsaturated Esters: Methyl Oleate and Other Examples.

Ultraviolet photolysis of stoichiometric amounts of methyl oleate and Fe(CO)5 in hexanes solvent at 0 °C gives Fe(CO)3(η4-α,β-ester) in which the α,β-unsaturated ester isomer of methyl oleate is st...
A simple curriculum content change increased medical student comfort with transgender medicine.

Objective A barrier to safe therapy for transgender patients is lack of access to care. Because transgender medicine is rarely taught in medical curricula, few physicians are comfortable with the treatment of transgender conditions. Our objective was to demonstrate that a simple content change in a medical school curriculum would increase students' willingness to care for transgender patients. Methods Curriculum content was added to the endocrinology unit of the Boston University second-year pathophysiology course regarding rigidity of gender identity, treatment regimens, and monitoring requirements. All medical students received an online, anonymous questionnaire 1 month prior to and 1 month after receiving the transgender teaching. The questionnaire asked about predicted comfort using hormones to treat transgender individuals. Shifts in the views of the second-year students were compared with views of students not exposed to the curriculum change. Results Prior to the unit, 38% of students self-reported anticipated discomfort with caring for transgender patients. In addition, 5% of students reported that the treatment was not a part of conventional medicine. Students in the second-year class were no different than other students. Subsequent to the teaching unit, the second-year students reported a 67% drop in discomfort with providing transgender care (P Conclusion A simple change in the content of the second-year medical school curriculum significantly increased students' self-reported willingness to care for transgender patients.
In Search of a Perfect Partnership

There's no question that our partnership is a natural, given the technological emphasis in modern medicine. My comments are not intended as criticism, but offered in the spirit of broadening our mutual understanding. I believe that open communication will enhance our continued collaboration in this interdisciplinary effort and yield significant advances in medical science.
Chevron‐Notched Toughness of Materials with Rising Fracture Resistance Curves

The effect of rising resistance curves on the fracture tougness determined from chevron-notched beam tests is estimated via a set of simple numerical calculations. It is shown that for materials with a rising resistance curve, the toughnesses determined by the peak load method and by the work of fracture method are both higher than the initiation toughness, and both depend on the sample size relative to the length over which the resistance curve increases. It is also found that the toughness based on the work of fracture is higher than that based on the peak load. Fracture toughness data obtained from tests of a nickel–alumina composite are discussed in light of the results of the numerical calculation.
“Good Government” and the Politics of Race

Many barriers to the development of Black political power remain. Drawing primarily from a case study of a Northern city, this paper examines the nonpartisan, at-large electoral system as a means of limiting and controlling Black representation on city commissions. This city adopted a modified at-large system (commissioners are nominated by district but elected at-large) designed to prevent the reelection of a militant Black commissioner. The primary election “keys” the white electorate to the “acceptable” Black candidate—in the general election, whites vote for the candidate with the poorest primary showing. Various strategies to either “beat” or “live with” the “Black Beater” are discussed. The paper also stresses the nature of ideological support for “good government” reforms which operate to the disadvantage of Black Americans.
The regulation of starch metabolism by inorganic phosphate

Summary The effects of orthophosphate (Pi) on starch synthesis and degradation in the isolated intact spinach chloroplast are investigated. During CO2 fixation in the light increasing levels of Pi (0–1.0 mM), which have little effect on the rate of fixation, prolong the lag of starch synthesis and reduce its maximal rate from 14.5 to 6.8 μg-atom C incorporated into starch per milligram chlorophyll per hour. The label in dihydroxyacetone phosphate and other sugar phosphates, especially sedoheptulose-1,7-bis-phosphate, increases up to 10-fold under these conditions. Starch degradation in the dark is monitored in the chloroplast by following the breakdown of the 14C labeled starch. Pi concentrations in the order of 2.5–5.0 mM are optimal for starch mobilization at a rate of about 1 μg-atom C per milligram chlorophyll per hour.
Photooxidative Sunburn of Apples: Characterization of a Third Type of Apple Sunburn

Photooxidative sunburn, a third type that is distinctly different from sunburn necrosis and sunburn browning, is described for apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Shaded (nonacclimated) apples suddenly exposed to sunlight became photobleached and eventually necrotic. Electron micrographs and electrolyte leakage studies indicated that cell death occurred with photobleaching. Photobleaching occurred at fruit surface temperatures (FST) below 31°C. Sunburn browning and sunburn necrosis require FST above 45°C. Ultraviolet-B radiation is involved in induction of sunburn browning, but blocking UV-A and UV-B radiation did not protect nonacclimated apples from photobleaching and necrosis. Infrared radiation (>700 nm) was ruled out as an induction factor. We suggest that visible radiation and the production of reactive oxygen species are the induction factors for photooxidative sunburn.
Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase as a drug target against Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)

Chagas disease (or American trypanosomiasis) is a deadly tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide, primarily in rural regions of South America. Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic cause of Chagas disease, possesses a membrane-anchored trans-sialidase enzyme that transfers sialic acids from the host cell surface to the parasitic cell surface, allowing T. cruzi to effectively evade the host‘s immune system. This enzyme has no analogous human counterpart and thus has become an interesting drug target to combat the parasite. Recent computational efforts have improved our knowledge about the enzyme‘s structure, dynamics and catalyzed reaction. Many compounds have been tested against trans-sialidase activity, but no strong inhibitors have been identified yet. The current lack of drugs for Chagas disease necessitates more R&D into the design and discovery of strong inhibitors of T. cruzi trans-sialidase.
FOOD PREFERENCES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS AND NUTRITIONAL IMPLICATIONS

SUMMARY— The food preferences of approximately 50,000 college students representing 1% of the college enrollment in the United Stares during the 1966-1967 school year were analyzed. The responses were collected on a regional basis, subdivided as to sex and were reported as national and regional totals. Two hundred and seven food items were surveyed. Foods were ranked in terms of percent Liked, Disliked and Do Not Know. Median and percentile groupings for each food class, as well as for all foods, were calculated. The relationships between food preferences and nutritional values of foods were examined. The percent of the recommended dietary allowance provided by one serving of a given food item was calculated for vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron. The results indicated that if food preferences were the sole determinant of food intake, then the dietary intake would be low in vitamin A. In fact, the best sources of vitamin A were among the most disliked foods in the entire survey. The relationship between food preferences and possible vitamin C and calcium deficiencies was not clear-cut Except for liver, one of the best sources of dietary iron, there was little evidence that food preferences discriminated against foods containing significant amounts of iron.
Intelligent balloon: a subdivision-based deformable model for surface reconstruction of arbitrary topology

In this paper, we develop a novel subdivision-based model—Intelligent Balloon—which is capable of recovering arbitrary, complicated shape geometry as well as its unknown topology simultaneously. Our Intelligent Balloon is a parameterized subdivision surface whose geometry and its deformable behaviors are governed by the principle of energy minimization. Our algorithm starts from a simple seed model (of genus zero) that can be arbitrarily initiated by users within regions of interest. The growing behavior of our model is controlled by a locally defined objective function associated with each vertex. Through the numerical integration of function optimization, our algorithm can adaptively subdivide the model geometry, automatically detect self-collision of the model, properly modify its topology (because of the occurrence of self-collision), correctly evolve the model towards the region boundary and reduce fitting error and improve fitting quality via global subdivision. Commonly used mesh optimization techniques are employed throughout the geometric deformation and topological variation in order to ensure the model both locally smooth and globally well conditioned. We have applied our topologically flexible models to such applications as reverse engineering from range data and surface reconstruction from volumetric image data. Our new models prove to be very powerful and extremely useful for boundary representation of complicated solids of arbitrary topology, shape recovery and segmentation for medical imaging, and iso-surface extraction for visualization.
A 0.41µA standby leakage 32Kb embedded SRAM with Low-Voltage resume-standby utilizing all digital current comparator in 28nm HKMG CMOS

A high-performance and low-leakage current embedded SRAM for mobile phones is proposed. The proposed SRAM has a low-voltage resume-standby mode to reduce the standby leakage. An all digital current comparator is also proposed to choose a suitable standby mode. A test chip was fabricated using 28 nm HKMG CMOS technology. The proposed 32 Kb SRAM achives 0.41 µA standby leakage which is half of the conventional value, with 420 ps access.
Inhibition of the synthesis of taurocholic acid by structural analogues of taurine

Abstract Structural analogues of taurine that are inhibitors of the rat liver microsomal synthesis of taurocholic acid are reported. Isethionic acid, the hydroxy analogue of taurine, is the most potent inhibitor ( I 50 = 110 μM ). Aminomethanesulfonic acid, a taurine analogue which has a single carbon bridge between the amino and sulfonic acid moieties, is also a very potent compound ( I 50 = 688 μM ). Hydroxypropanesulfonic acid ( I 50 = 3125 μM ), the higher homologue of isethionic acid, and aminoethane-sulfuric acid ( I 50 = 3750 μM ) are considerably less potent inhibitors. Hypotaurine I 50 = 7500 μM ) and glycine ( I 50 = 8800 μM ), both substrates for the enzyme system, decrease taurocholate formation but only when used at extremely high concentrations.
Context modeling with the stochastic segment model

The authors describe an approach, the stochastic segment model, for context modeling in continuous speech recognition for models based on multivariate Gaussian distributions. Typically, robust context models in hidden Markov models (HMMs) are obtained by using mixture distributions; here the authors tie covariance parameters across classes of similar context. The specific classes over which parameters are tied can be based on models with less context or determined by clustering, where they have investigated both hand-specified linguistically motivated clusters and automatic k-means clustering. Experimental results on phoneme classification show that clustering improves performance, and word recognition results show that error reduction over context-independent models using this approach is comparable to that achieved with discrete hidden-Markov models using mixture distributions. >
Search for an energy gap in chromium using infrared reflection and transmission

Abstract A.W. Overhauser [1] and P.A. Fedders and P.C. Martin [2] have predicted an energy gap in antiferromagnetic chromium. In verification of A.K. Rajagonal's [3] prediction, such an energy gap was found to be unobservable using infrared reflection and transmission techniques.
Selection and labeling of instrumentalities of verbal manipulation

Human social actors spend much of their time with other actors engaged either in attempting to manipulate those others into doing things for them—or in themselves being objects of such manipulation. While studies have been made of, e.g., compliance and persuasion, little attention has been paid to the verbal behaviors involved in manipulative acts in social interaction (or to labels of those behaviors). This paper constitutes a beginning step toward filling that gap by asking: (1) what sociological variables constrain selection of modes of verbal manipulation (and acceptable reports of manipulative strategies); and (2) how can the several strategies be mapped in a semantic space? It is shown that considerations of utility (valence and cost to interactants) and of relative power and affect in relations among participating actors are critical variables in choices among INSTRUMENTALITIES.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke

WITHIN the past decade, dramatic advances have been made in imaging and ultrasound technology. These new capabilities have led to better understanding of the pathophysiologic characteristics of various subtypes of stroke. The ability to safely visualize in vivo the brain and blood vessels and to analyze blood flow has improved physicians' ability to diagnose the causes and mechanisms of their patients' strokes, to more accurately prognosticate, and to more rationally choose treatment. Unfortunately, this revolution in knowledge and technological capability has been so rapid that the average generalist caring for stroke patients has often not been able to keep up with the progress or to translate advances into practical patient management. I hope to share in this review the questions the physician should ask and, with the help of patient examples, to suggest an approach to the evaluation and management of stroke patients. WHAT SUBTYPE OF STROKE DOES THE PATIENT
Steeplechase charity gala

![Figure][1] Image courtesy of © 2012 Thinkstock > With a terrific clang, the gates open > > And the steeds surge forward. > > A halcyon wave washes over her, > > And her single-serving companions, > > Reducing uninhibited guffaws, > > Shrieks, and vulgar whispers > > To hushed
Discussion of “A probe for measurement of thermal conductivity of frozen soils in place”

The author has suggested a modification in probe design which he expects will enable the simultaneous determination of both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. However, it appears that the thermal diffusivity may be estimated from data obtained with the preset type of probe.
Influence of Norepinephrine and Digitalis on Myocardial Oxygen Consumption in the Newborn Lamb

The relationships between cardiac performance and oxygen usage were explored in 19 newborn lambs (5 hours to 8 days old), and the influence of inotropic stimulation was studied. A preparation was developed to measure coronary sinus flow and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) under controlled hemodynamic conditions. Using a gelatin injection technique, we determined that more than 90% of the measured sinus flow originated from left heart tissue; less than 10% was derived from right ventricular myocardium. Changes in contractility were produced by intravenous infusion of norepinephrine or acetylstrophanthidin. Norepinephrine (1-2.4 µg/min kg-1) or acetylstrophanthidin (5 µg/min kg-1) produced increases in the maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure and large reductions in left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, but the changes in MVo2 in lambs with constant aortic blood pressure, cardiac output, and heart rate were minimal. Ventricular function curves demonstrated a significant relationship between end-diastolic pressure and MVo2 (P < 0.01). For a given left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, MVo2 was approximately 3 ml/min 100 g-1 left ventricle greater during the infusion of norepinephrine. Therefore, net changes in MVo2 with inotropic stimulation represented a balance between reciprocal changes in diastolic pressure (and volume) and contractility. The enhanced oxygen cost of increased contractility might be masked by a reduction in heart size (reduced wall stress). Ventricular function was reduced below initial control values following the infusion of norepinephrine in 3 lambs. This reduction correlated with a concomitant reduction in MVo2 and percent extraction but not with a reduction in flow. Lambs that did not show mechanical depression demonstrated no reduction in MVo2. These findings suggest a metabolic basis for catechol dependence which might have special importance for the newborn lamb with its incompletely developed catechol enzyme systems.
Automaton-guided controller synthesis for nonlinear systems with temporal logic

We develop a method for the control of discrete-time nonlinear systems subject to temporal logic specifications. Our approach uses a coarse abstraction of the system and an automaton representing the temporal logic specification to guide the search for a feasible trajectory. This decomposes the search for a feasible trajectory into a series of constrained reachability problems. Thus, one can create controllers for any system for which techniques exist to compute (approximate) solutions to constrained reachability problems. Representative techniques include sampling-based methods for motion planning, reachable set computations for linear systems, and graph search for finite discrete systems. Our approach avoids the expensive computation of a discrete abstraction, and its implementation is amenable to parallel computing. We demonstrate our approach with numerical experiments on temporal logic motion planning problems with high-dimensional (10+ states) continuous systems.
The effect of machine breakdowns and interstage storage on the performance of production line systems

Both machine breakdowns and interstage storage can significantly affect the efficiency of a production line. In this paper we use an exact analytic model to conduct a detailed study of how these two factors affect the throughput of a line. Based on the empirical results, a simple heuristic method is given to estimate the amount of storage space required to offset the negative effect of machine breakdowns. The results provide useful guidelines for designing or analysing production line systems.
A 10b Ternary SAR ADC with decision time quantization based redundancy

The design of a Ternary Successive Approximation ADC (TSAR) with decision time quantization is proposed. The TSAR examines the transient information of the typical SAR comparator to provide full half-bit redundancy, an increased monotonicity switching algorithm, speed enhancements without inherent metastability, residue shaping effects, and stage skipping. A prototype is fabricated in 0.13μm CMOS employing on-chip statistical time reference calibration and supply variability from 0.8 to 1.2V. The chip consumes 84μW at 8 MHz for a FOM of 16fJ/C-S.
A Capacitance Densitometer for Determination of the Transient Densities of Cryogenic Liquids

In the operation and testing of rocket engines using liquid propellants, it is desirable to measure continuously the density of the flowing liquid under transient conditions where the changing temperature and pressure cause small, but important, density changes. This report describes a novel method for doing this by measuring the electrical capacitance of a calibrated concentric-cylinder capacitor which is inserted into the feed system of the rocket engine. Test results with liquid oxygen show tha t this capacitance densitometer will indicate changes in density to about ±0.2% accuracy and absolute values of density may be measured with an error of about ± 1 % .
Speech as temporal pattern: A psychoacoustical profile

Abstract In visual representations of the acoustical signal of speech, such as the waveform or spectrogram, speech appears as a series of concatenated sequences of acoustical events, which vary in spectrum, amplitude and duration. The results of a variety of psychoacoustical experiments, from auditory fusion to temporal masking to studies of streaming, can be interpreted as relevant to discovering the auditory capabilities used in listening to these speech sequences. A sampling of such results serves to illustrate the connections between the psychoacoustics of speech and nonspeech, and to suggest guidelines for future work on non-speech temporal patterns, with the goal of a more complete psychophysics of complex sounds.
Alterations of transfer RNA during erythroid differentiation of murine virus-induced leukemia cells☆

Abstract An investigation of transfer RNA composition during differentiation of mammalian cells was undertaken because of the reported involvement of tRNA in the regulation of protein synthesis ( Goldberger R.F. (1974) Science183, 810–816 ). Erythroid differentiation of cells in culture was studied with murine virus-induced leukemia cells that were stimulated to differentiate by dimethyl sulfoxide. The composition of the cells' tRNA was found to change concurrently with the stimulated biosynthesis of hemoglobin. The guanylic acid content of tRNA from the differentiating leukemia cells was reduced markedly as compared with that of cells cultured in the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide. In addition, the content of the minor nucleotides ribothymidylic acid, pseudouridylic acid and ribose methylated guanylic acid in the tRNA of differentiating cells was altered compared with that of control cultures. The major and minor nucleotide compositions of tRNA from seven other cell lines (mouse and human) that do not undergo differentiation were not significantly affected when these cells were cultured in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide. At least three species of tRNA obtained from differentiating leukemia cells migrated differently in two-dimensional polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis from the tRNA of cells grown in the absence of dimethylsulfoxide. Investigation of tRNA specific for the amino acid lysine showed that the relative amounts of the various isoaccepting species changed during erythroid differentiation. Changes in the nucleotide composition of tRNA, the electrophoretic migration of tRNA species and the relative amounts of tRNALys isoacceptor species strongly indicate that the tRNA population of these leukemia cells was altered during dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated erythroid differentiation.
Desomatization and the consequences of infantile psychic trauma

(1997). Desomatization and the consequences of infantile psychic trauma. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 17, Somatization: Bodily Experience and Mental States, pp. 126-150.
Higher-Order Finite Strip Method for Postbuckling Analysis of Imperfect Composite Plates

Postbuckling analysis is essential to predict the capacity of composite plates carrying considerable additional load before the ultimate load is reached, and manufacturing-induced geometric imperfections often reduce the load-carrying capacity of composite structures. A higher-order finite strip method based on the higher-order shear deformation plate theory is developed for postbuckling analysis of laminated composite plates with initial geometric imperfection subjected to progressive end shortening. The arbitrary nature of initial geometric imperfection induced during manufacturing is accounted for in the analysis. Nonlinear equilibrium equations are solved by a Newton-Raphson procedure. Examples of postbuckling analyses of unsymmetric cross-ply, angle-ply, and arbitrary laminates are presented, and the accuracy and performance of the method are examined. The numerical higher-order finite strip method presented can be used as an accurate and efficient tool for postbuckling analysis of imperfect composite plates.
An electron microscope study of cardiac muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. Fragmented and sectioned cardiac muscle of chicken and of other vertebrates has been studied by electron microscopy. Some of the techniques employed in preparation are described. 2. 2. Many features of the classical cytological features of cardiac muscle are confirmed, and close similarity of fine structure to that of skeletal muscle is established. An extensive branching and anastomoses of the myofibrils, corresponding in miniature to that of the fibers, has been demonstrated. A lack of regularity and a relative obscurity of the cross-stripes of the myofibrils have been found to distinguish electron micrographs of cardiac muscle from those of skeletal muscle. 3. 3. Myofilaments are described as they appear in both fragmented and sectioned material. The diameter and periodic longitudinal arrangement of material along the myofilaments of fragmented muscle resemble those described in similarly prepared skeletal and smooth muscle. In sectioned material, the myofilaments show structures occurring approximately every 220 A, forming bridge-like threads joining neighboring myofilaments, giving rise to a ladder-or lattice-like pattern. 4. 4. Variabilities in the appearance of the various cross striations of the myofibrils are described, with particular emphasis on the Q, J, and Z bands. Evidence has been presented that the Z bands do not provide tension bearing connections between myofibril, nor between myofibril and sarcolemma. 5. 5. Sarcosomes have been found in great numbers in cardiac muscle. Their relationship to mitochondria has been discussed. The internal structure present within the sarcosomes has been described in detail, and its significance suggested.
Germ-line chromosomal localization of human C-Erb-A oncogene.

The human germ-line position of c-erb-A,the cellular counterpart of v-erb-A,has been determined by in situ molecular hybridization of a 3H-labeled c-oncgene probe to meiotic pachytene chromosomes. Both v-erb-Aand v-erb-Bare the v-oncgenes that are associated with induction of sarcoma and erythroblastosis in chicken by the avian erythroblastosis virus, a rapidly transforming RNA tumor virus. The position of c-erb-A, determined here to be at 17q21.33–q22, is in the same region of chromosome 17 in which a nonrandom break occurs in the generation of t(15;17), a translocation commonly seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Fronto-temporal disconnectivity in schizotypal personality disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study.

Background Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we previously reported abnormalities in two critical white matter tracts in schizophrenia, the uncinate fasciculus (UF) and the cingulum bundle (CB), both related to fronto–temporal connectivity. Here, we investigate these two bundles in unmedicated subjects with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). Methods Fifteen male SPD subjects and 15 male control subjects were scanned with line-scan DTI. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (Dm) were used to quantify water diffusion, and cross-sectional area was defined with a directional threshold method. Exploratory correlation analyses were evaluated with Spearman’s rho, followed by post hoc hierarchical regression analyses. Results We found bilaterally reduced FA in the UF of SPD subjects. For CB, there was no significant group difference for FA or Dm measures. Additionally, in SPD, reduced FA in the right UF was correlated with clinical symptoms, including ideas of reference, suspiciousness, restricted affect, and social anxiety. In contrast, left UF area was correlated with measures of cognitive function, including general intelligence, verbal and visual memory, and executive performance. Conclusions These findings in SPD suggest altered fronto–temporal connectivity through the UF, similar to findings in schizophrenia, and intact neocortical–limbic connectivity through the CB, in marked contrast with what has been reported in schizophrenia.
Self-consistent Skyrme quasiparticle random-phase approximation for use in axially symmetric nuclei of arbitrary mass

We describe a new implementation of the quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA) in axially symmetric deformed nuclei with Skyrme and volume-pairing energy-density functionals. After using a variety of tests to demonstrate the accuracy of the code in $^{24,26}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, we report the first fully self-consistent application of the Skyrme QRPA to a heavy deformed nucleus, calculating strength distributions for several ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ in $^{172}\mathrm{Yb}$. We present energy-weighted sums, properties of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibrational and low-energy ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{+}$ states, and the complete isovector $E1$ strength function. The QRPA calculation reproduces the properties of the low-lying ${2}^{+}$ states as well or better than it typically does in spherical nuclei.
Beyond the Celestial Sphere: Oriented Projective Geometry and Computer Graphics

Software for computer graphics represents three-dimensional space a little differently than one might expect. Euclidean geometry is not quite right. The usual approach uses what is called projective geometry, certainly one of the most beautiful systems in mathematics. Yet even with this approach, when the mathematics actually meets the computer code there are some awkward inconveniences. Perhaps the best solution may be what is called oriented projective geometry. This geometry was worked out in detail by Jorge Stolfi [10, 11] in 1987; it has also found more recent application in computer vision [6]. This paper is an elementary introduction to this still unfamiliar geometry from a coordinate-based point of view, restricted to three dimensions. It assumes only a background in linear algebra. For the reader who knows of classical projective geometry and homogeneous coordinates, it is best to set this knowledge aside and examine whether the oriented approach works on its own terms. At the end of the paper we compare and contrast it with the classical approach. Also, readers conversant with wedge products, Plucker coordinates, and the Hodge operator may be pleased to see them appear in such a concrete setting.
Quantitative trait loci analysis reveals candidate genes implicated in regulating functional deficit and CNS vascular permeability in CD8 T cell-initiated blood–brain barrier disruption

Background Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an integral feature of numerous neurological disorders. However, there is a relative lack of knowledge regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated BBB disruption. We have previously shown that CD8 T cells and perforin play critical roles in initiating altered permeability of the BBB in the peptide-induced fatal syndrome (PIFS) model developed by our laboratory. Additionally, despite having indistinguishable CD8 T cell responses, C57BL/6J (B6) mice are highly susceptible to PIFS, exhibiting functional motor deficits, increased astrocyte activation, and severe CNS vascular permeability, while 129S1/SvImJ (129S1) mice remain resistant. Therefore, to investigate the potential role of genetic factors, we performed a comprehensive genetic analysis of (B6 x 129S1) F2 progeny to define quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to the phenotypic characteristics stated above that mediate CD8 T cell-initiated BBB disruption.
Preparation of gallium nitride surfaces for atomic layer deposition of aluminum oxide

A combined wet and dry cleaning process for GaN(0001) has been investigated with XPS and DFT-MD modeling to determine the molecular-level mechanisms for cleaning and the subsequent nucleation of gate oxide atomic layer deposition (ALD). In situ XPS studies show that for the wet sulfur treatment on GaN(0001), sulfur desorbs at room temperature in vacuum prior to gate oxide deposition. Angle resolved depth profiling XPS post-ALD deposition shows that the a-Al2O3 gate oxide bonds directly to the GaN substrate leaving both the gallium surface atoms and the oxide interfacial atoms with XPS chemical shifts consistent with bulk-like charge. These results are in agreement with DFT calculations that predict the oxide/GaN(0001) interface will have bulk-like charges and a low density of band gap states. This passivation is consistent with the oxide restoring the surface gallium atoms to tetrahedral bonding by eliminating the gallium empty dangling bonds on bulk terminated GaN(0001).
The geomechanics of CO2 storage in deep sedimentary formations

This paper provides a review of the geomechanics and modeling of geomechanics associated with geologic carbon storage (GCS), focusing on storage in deep sedimentary formations, in particular saline aquifers. The paper first introduces the concept of storage in deep sedimentary formations, the geomechanical processes and issues related with such an operation, and the relevant geomechanical modeling tools. This is followed by a more detailed review of geomechanical aspects, including reservoir stress-strain and microseismicity, well integrity, caprock sealing performance, and the potential for fault reactivation and notable (felt) seismic events. Geomechanical observations at current GCS field deployments, mainly at the In Salah CO2 storage project in Algeria, are also integrated into the review. The In Salah project, with its injection into a relatively thin, low-permeability sandstone is an excellent analogue to the saline aquifers that might be used for large scale GCS in parts of Northwest Europe, the U.S. Midwest, and China. Some of the lessons learned at In Salah related to geomechanics are discussed, including how monitoring of geomechanical responses is used for detecting subsurface geomechanical changes and tracking fluid movements, and how such monitoring and geomechanical analyses have led to preventative changes in the injection parameters. Recently, the importance of geomechanics has become more widely recognized among GCS stakeholders, especially with respect to the potential for triggering notable (felt) seismic events and how such events could impact the long-term integrity of a CO2 repository (as well as how it could impact the public perception of GCS). As described in the paper, to date, no notable seismic event has been reported from any of the current CO2 storage projects, although some unfelt microseismic activities have been detected by geophones. However, potential future commercial GCS operations from large power plants will require injection at a much larger scale. For such large-scale injections, a staged, learn-as-you-go approach is recommended, involving a gradual increase of injection rates combined with continuous monitoring of geomechanical changes, as well as siting beneath a multiple layered overburden for multiple flow barrier protection, should an unexpected deep fault reactivation occur.
On the time dependence of the wave resistance of a body accelerating from rest

We consider the large-time behaviour of the disturbances associated with an initial acceleration of a body in or near a free surface. As a canonical problem, we study the case of a body starting impulsively from rest to a constant velocity U. For a constant-strength translating point source (or dipole) started impulsively, it is known that the unsteady part of the Green function oscillates at the critical frequency ωc=g/4U (g is the gravitational acceleration) with an amplitude that decays with time, t, as t−1/2 and t−1 for t [Gt ] 1 in two (Havelock 1949) and three (Wehausen 1964) dimensions respectively. These classical results turn out to be non-realistic in that for an actual body, the associated source strengths are in general time dependent and a priori unknown, and must together satisfy the kinematic condition on the body boundary. We consider such an initial-boundary-value problem using a transient wave-source distribution on the body surface. Through asymptotic analyses, the unsteady behaviour of the solution at large time is obtained explicitly. Specifically, we show that for a general class of bodies satisfying a simple geometric condition (Γ ≠ 0), the decay rate of the transient oscillations (at frequency ωc) in the wave resistance and velocity potential is an order of magnitude faster: as t−3/2 and t−2, as t → ∞, in two and three dimensions respectively. For body geometries satisfying T = 0, for which the single source is a special case, the classical Green function results are recovered. These results are confirmed by an analysis in the frequency domain and substantiated by direct time-domain numerical simulations.
Characterization and performance of visible light photon counters (VLPCs) for the upgraded DØ detector at the Fermilab Tevatron

The upgraded DO detector at the Tevatron collider will use about 100 000 pixels of Visible Light Photon Counters (VLPCs) readout for its scintillating fiber tracker and preshower detectors. VLPCs are solid state photodetectors that are operated at the temperature of a few degrees Kelvin, capable of detecting single photons. All VLPC chips were characterized in the presence of a 20 MHz background of photoelectrons. The acceptance rate was 87%. The operating bias ranges from 5.8 to 8.0 V, the gain from 20 000 to 60 000, and the threshold from 5 to 15 fC. All 8 pixels belonging to one chip have very similar efficiencies, thresholds and gains.
Reaction of human serum albumin and human erythrocytes with tritiated 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and tritiated picryl chloride.

Abstract 1. 1. Syntheses for tritiated 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) and [3H]-picryl chloride (PC) are described. 2. 2. The time course of the reaction of [3H]TNBS and [3H]PC with human serum albumin was studied over a 4-h interval. At 30 min both reagents had reacted to the extent of 11.3 moles per mole of albumin. At 4 h approximately 17 moles of TNBS and approximately 33 moles of PC had reacted per mole of serum albumin. 3. 3. The time course of the reactions of [3H]TNBS and [3H]PC with normal human erythrocyte suspensions in phosphate buffer were studied. Distribution of label in the medium, in the cell membrane, and in the hemolysate hemoglobin was examined as a function of time for each reagent. The dynamic labeling system which emerges from this analysis discloses a source of reagent outside the membrane, reaction of reagent with the membrane while in transit, and exhaustion of free reagent by the hemoglobin sink inside the erythrocytes. The [3H]PC was found to enter the erythrocytes and label their membranes much more rapidly but the specific activity in the membranes was only about half of that achieved with the [3H]TNBS.
Naloxone eliminates passive avoidance retention deficits produced by pretest exposure to novelty in rats.

Pretest exposure to novelty or injections of β-endorphin can enhance passive avoidance (PA) retention (e.g., Izquierdo & McGaugh, 1985 ). Enhanced retention may result from a “state-dependent” match between the CNS state during test and the novelty-induced β-endorphin state that is obtained during training in a novel apparatus. Our Experiment 1 suggests that, unlike PA, Pavlovian fear conditioning in a conditioned lick suppression (CLS) paradigm may be β-endorphin “state-independent.” Rats were given one tone-shock pairing in a novel environment. Baseline lick rates and CLS tested 48 h later in a familiar environment were not affected by pretest exposure to novelty and/or injections of 3.33 mg/kg naloxone HCI. In Experiment 2, the same rats were PA trained/tested in a new apparatus. Saline or naloxone injections and various exposure (novel, familiar, none) conditions preceded (1 h) the 24-h retention test. Pretest exposure to novelty reduced retention and naloxone eliminated that deficit. In Experiment 3, naive rats given pretest exposure to novelty also showed a PA retention deficit. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 may complement rather than contradict previous findings. Pretest induction of a β-endorphin state by novelty may either enhance state-dependent retrieval of a “weak” memory trace or make a “strong/well consolidated” training memory more vulnerable to retroactive interference from “new learning” during the pretest exposure period.
Warning! Diversity Recruitment Could Backfire

Many companies have adopted diversity recruitment initiatives to garner the interest of minority job applicants. The implicit message in these initiatives is that firms maintain supportive diversity climates. Minority job applicants that are subsequently hired may believe that the recruitment tactics used to entice them were misleading if actual work-place diversity climates are unfavorable. This article utilizes the person-organization fit, realistic job preview, and psychological contract literatures to illustrate how common diversity recruitment practices may contribute to increased turnover among new minority hires. Several suggestions are presented for strengthening the link between diversity recruitment and minority employee retention.
Lipoic acid plays a role in scleroderma: insights obtained from scleroderma dermal fibroblasts

Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and organs. Increase in oxidative stress and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) activation promote type I collagen (Col I) production, leading to fibrosis in SSc. Lipoic acid (LA) and its active metabolite dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) are naturally occurring thiols that act as cofactors and antioxidants and are produced by lipoic acid synthetase (LIAS). Our goals in this study were to examine whether LA and LIAS were deficient in SSc patients and to determine the effect of DHLA on the phenotype of SSc dermal fibroblasts. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a commonly used thiol antioxidant, was included as a comparison. Methods: Dermal fibroblasts were isolated from healthy subjects and patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and LIAS were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of Col I was measured by immunofluorescence, hydroxyproline assay and quantitative PCR. PDGFR phosphorylation and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were measured by Western blotting. Student’s t-tests were performed for statistical analysis, and P-values less than 0.05 with two-tailed analysis were considered statistically significant. Results: The expression of LA and LIAS in SSc dermal fibroblasts was lower than normal fibroblasts; however, LIAS was significantly higher in SSc plasma and appeared to be released from monocytes. DHLA lowered cellular oxidative stress and decreased PDGFR phosphorylation, Col I, PAI-1 and αSMA expression in SSc dermal fibroblasts. It also restored the activities of phosphatases that inactivated the PDGFR. SSc fibroblasts produced lower levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3, and DHLA increased them. In contrast, TIMP-1 levels were higher in SSc, but DHLA had a minimal effect. Both DHLA and NAC increased MMP-1 activity when SSc cells were stimulated with PDGF. In general, DHLA showed better efficacy than NAC in most cases. Conclusions: DHLA acts not only as an antioxidant but also as an antifibrotic because it has the ability to reverse the profibrotic phenotype of SSc dermal fibroblasts. Our study suggests that thiol antioxidants, including NAC, LA, or DHLA, could be beneficial for patients with SSc.
The proteins of enveloped and deenveloped equine abortion (herpes) virus and the separated envelope.

Abstract The polypeptides of purified enveloped and deenveloped equine abortion (herpes) virus and separated envelope material have been analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty polypeptides were identified in enveloped virions ranging in molecular weight from 115,000 to 13,000 with a total molecular weight of 1,054,000. Deenveloped virus and envelope material contained at least fourteen and three polypeptides, respectively. Selective staining of gels for lipid and carbohydrate was accomplished using oil red-O and the periodic acid-Schiff reagent, respectively. When these reagents were separately applied to gels of complete virions three bands contained lipoprotein and four glycoprotein, all apparently envelope components. In contrast, gels of deenveloped virus showed no reaction with either reagent.