cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation-induced Changes in Refractive Index and Absorption Coefficient for Several Optical Materials

An experiment was performed to determine the change in refractive index and absorptivity upon x radiation of several optical materials. Exposure to a radiation dose of 105 rad produced measurable changes at λ = 0.5330 μm in the index of refraction and at λ = 0.5000 μm in the absorption coefficient of ~5.8 × 10−1 and ~0.1 cm−1 for calcium fluoride. Optical glasses exhibited changes of ~5.8 × 10−6 and ~1.1 cm−1 for LaK 8, ~4.3 × 10−6 and ~1.7 cm−1 for PSK 53, ~5.1 × 10−1 and ~1.4 cm−1 for FK 50, and ~6.0 × 10−6 and ~1.0 cm−1 for SF 8. A change in the absorption coefficient of the optical glass KzFS 5 of ~0.52 cm−1 was measured. Changes induced in an SiO2 (Suprasil 2B) control sample were below measurement capability.
Experimental Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Melanoma: Systemic Delivery of Boron to Melanotic and Amelanotic Melanoma

The boron-containing melanin precursor analogue p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) has previously been shown to selectively deliver boron to pigmented murine melanomas when administered in a single intragastric dose. If boron neutron capture therapy is to become a clinically useful method of radiation therapy for human malignant melanoma, the boron carrier must be capable of delivering useful amounts of boron to remote tumor sites (metastases) and to poorly pigmented melanomas. We have now determined the ability of BPA to accumulate in several nonpigmented melanoma models including human melanoma xenografts in nude mice. The absolute amount of boron in the nonpigmented melanomas was about 50% of that observed in the pigmented counterparts but was still selectively concentrated in the tumor relative to normal tissues in amounts sufficient for effective neutron capture therapy. Single intragastric doses of BPA resulted in selective localization of boron in the amelanotic Greene melanoma carried in the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye and in a pigmented murine melanoma growing in the lungs. The ratio of the boron concentration in these tumors to the boron concentration in the immediately adjacent normal tissue was in the range of 3:1 to 4:1. These distribution studies support the proposal that boron neutron capture therapy may be useful as a regional therapy for malignant melanoma.
Role of the two types of lactic dehydrogenase

Summary The two types of LDH provide a convenient system for studying differentiation and gene regulation, and a tool for investigating the effects of environmental change on metabolic activity. The expression of the genes for the two types of enzyme depends to some extent on oxygen tension. Our recent results also confirm that one site of hormone action may be in the regulation of “messenger” RNA synthesis. The observations suggest that an important feature of metabolic regulation is control of gene action. It seems reasonable to predict that an understanding of the mechanisms involved in regulating enzyme synthesis will lead to an understanding of the different metabolic patterns peculiar to individual tissues.
Immunoreactive Relaxin in Human Serum During the Menstrual Cycle

Immunoreactive relaxin was measured in serum obtained at the same time each day from one woman during a normal menstrual cycle and eight other women using selected bleeding schedules. In addition to relaxin immunoactivity, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol 17β, and progesterone were measured in the same samples. The data was combined according to the day of the LH peak. Serum relaxin immunoactivity was found to be high over the period of menstruation, its concentration then decreased until the middle of the follicular phase when a peak equal in amplitude to the menstrual peak occurred. Relaxin immunoactivity remained fairly constant throughout the preovulatory LH surge; however, as the LH levels dropped, relaxin immunoactivity increased reaching maximal levels for the whole cycle. Relaxin immunoactivity then increased gradually over the luteal phase and reached a peak when progesterone levels were declining; it then dropped to low levels until menses ...
Exploring teaching methods for on-line course delivery-using universal instructional design

One of the challenging problems faced by faculty who teach on-line courses, is the ability to understand and accommodate various student learning styles. Many faculty are aware of different learning styles, and may apply different teaching methodologies in their face-to-face classes. However, faculty who teach on-line, or even hybrid (1/2 face-to-face, 1/2 on-line) courses may not know how to apply the same concepts. Universal Instructional Design is a method that incorporates knowledge of all types of learning styles, and how to apply them in any environment. This paper will examine the seven principles of Universal Instructional Design and how it can be applied to all types of learning styles. The paper will present practical suggestions and examples of how to apply UID to on-line and hybrid courses.
Radiation recall reaction with docetaxel administration after accelerated partial breast irradiation with electronic brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) offers several advantages over whole breast irradiation. Electronic brachytherapy may further reduce barriers to breast conserving therapy by making APBI more available. However, its toxicity profile is not well characterized. Methods and Materials A 60-year-old woman was treated with APBI using Axxent (Xoft, Sunnyvale, CA) electronic brachytherapy. One month after APBI, a cycle of docetaxel and cyclophosphamide was given. Within 3 weeks, the patient developed an ulcerative radiation recall reaction in the skin overlying the lumpectomy cavity. To investigate this toxicity, the skin dose from electronic brachytherapy was compared with the dose that would have been delivered by an iridium-192 (192Ir) source. Additionally, a dose equivalent was estimated by adjusting for the increased relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of low energy photons generated by the electronic source. Results Using electronic brachytherapy, the skin dose was 537 cGy per fraction compared with 470 cGy for an 192Ir source. Given an RBE for a 40 kV source of 1.28 compared with 192Ir, the equivalent dose at the skin for an electronic source was 687 cGy-equivalents, a 46% increase. Conclusions We present a case of an ulcerative radiation recall reaction in a patient receiving APBI with electronic brachytherapy followed by chemotherapy. Our analysis shows that the use of electronic brachytherapy resulted in the deposition of significantly higher equivalent dose at the skin compared with 192Ir. These findings suggest that standard guidelines (e.g., surface-to-skin distance) that apply to 192Ir-based balloon brachytherapy may not be applicable to electronic brachytherapy.
Law & psychiatry: punishing juveniles who kill.

Punishment of juvenile murderers forces policy makers to weigh the developmental immaturity of adolescents against the heinousness of their crimes. The U.S. Supreme Court has progressively limited ...
Beyond the School Yard: Relationships as Moderators of Daily Interpersonal Conflict

Interpersonal conflicts are an inevitable part of life and may be especially conspicuous in early adolescence. Recent research suggests, however, that structural aspects of relationships influence interpersonal conflicts. Specifically, closeness and openness of the relationships within which the conflicts occur moderate patterns of such conflicts. A total of 155 adolescents kept diary records of their in vivo, daily conflicts and interactions for 2 weeks using an adolescent-appropriate, conflict-oriented adaptation of the Rochester Interaction Record. On average, interactions without conflicts outnumbered conflicts 2 to 1; however, many reported diary records involved conflicts. Patterns of conflict were related to the kinds of relationships within which the conflicts occurred. Some results were consistent with predictions derived from a social exchange approach but other results were not. Outcomes are discussed in terms of interpersonal contributions to adolescent development.
Spatial, temporal and muscle action patterns of Tai Chi gait

Abstract This study was to quantitatively characterize the spatial, temporal, and neuromuscular activation patterns of Tai Chi gait (TCG). Ten healthy young subjects were tested. The kinematics of TCG and normal gait (NG) were measured using a marker-based motion analysis system and two biomechanical force plates. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from six left-side muscles: tibialis anterior, soleus, peronaeus longus, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, and tensor fasciae latae. The results showed that TCG had (1) a longer cycle duration (11.9±2.4 vs. 1.3±0.2 s) and a longer duration of single-leg stance time (1.8±0.6 vs. 0.4±0.05 s); (2) a larger joint motion in ankle dorsi/plantar flexion (40±9° vs. 20±8°), knee flexion (82±8° vs. 53±10°), hip flexion (81±7° vs. 24±4°), and hip abduction (20±8° vs. 0±3°); (3) a larger lateral body shift (>25% vs. 5% body height); and (4) significant involvement of ankle dorsiflexors, knee extensors/hip flexors and hip abductors, as indicated by significantly higher peak (88±14%, 80±18% and 83±17% vs. 35±10%, 14±8% and 28±19% peak amplitude, respectively) and root-mean-square values of their EMG (37±6%, 32±7% and 33±7% vs. 23±7%, 11±8% and 22±11% peak amplitude, respectively), longer proportions of action (76±19%, 68±8% and 65±19% vs. 59±23%, 16±23% and 40±32% gait cycle duration, respectively), longer proportions of isometric and eccentric actions, and longer proportions of co-activations. These results demonstrate that the biomechanical characteristics of TCG can be quantified. The quantification of TCC movements is important for understanding its effect on balance, flexibility, strength, and health.
Dual-polarization large scan angle broadband thick-metal FSS

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and characterization of a large scan angle FSS comprised of a periodic array of dielectric-filled tapered holes as shown in Figure 1(a). The performances of three FSSs with different taper profiles and equal hexagonal lattices are compared. FSSs with cylindrical, linearly tapered, and cosine tapered holes (Figure 1(b)) show dramatically different TE and TM wide scan angle transmission responses between 18 and 27 GHz. Measurements are compared to simulation for a cosine tapered K-band thick-metal FSS that shows the widest bandwidth and largest scan angle for TE and TM transmission responses. Significant reduction in the pass-band ripple is also observed for this design.
Hematological parameters of four Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla)

Hematological, differential, and blood chemistry values were determined in four Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla), both at the time of their arrival and after more than 1 year in captivity. The data presented were derived from two samples obtained from each of four animals, and they provide a preliminary basis for comparison with clinical blood values from this and other pangolin species. No peculiar features were identified that distinguish this species from other mammals.
Tuberculous arthritis of the knee treated with two-stage total knee arthroplasty. A case report.

It has been estimated that 2 billion people worldwide currently have tuberculosis in its latent form and that the active form of the disease will develop in 8 million people annually1. Tuberculous arthritis of the knee is one of the most common musculoskeletal manifestations2-6. While chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of treatment7, surgery of the knee may also be indicated and has been reported to include debridement and synovectomy8-10, arthrodesis11-14, amputation15-18, resection arthroplasty19-23, and prosthetic joint replacement24. Recently, there have been several reports of successful management of tuberculous arthritis of the knee with primary total knee arthroplasty25-31. Most of the world's experience in managing musculoskeletal tuberculosis is reported from outside of the United States. Yet, the prevalence of this disease in the United States is substantial and, according to recent data, may be on the rise32. To raise awareness and improve management of this disease, we report the case of a patient with advanced, active, and refractory tuberculous arthritis of the knee with extensive joint destruction. Our patient was managed with medical therapy and a two-stage surgical approach that was designed to sterilize the joint and permit successful total knee arthroplasty. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he consented. A sixty-two-year-old native-born Filipino man, 167 cm tall and weighing 77 kg, presented in January 2004, with symptoms of fever and a productive cough of several weeks' duration. The patient had immigrated to the United States in 1955 and had become a U.S. citizen, but he still frequently visited the Philippines. After a positive Mantoux skin test, further workup included chest …
Minimally Invasive Approaches to Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

This review covers minimally invasive treatments for ureteropelvic junction obstruction in the adult, including endopyelotomy (antegrade and retrograde), endopyeloplasty, laparoscopic pyeloplasty, and robotic pyeloplasty. The relevant literature is summarized, and a rational algorithm for management is proposed.
The blue book

A generation of broadcasters has grown up without a firsthand knowledge of the now‐out‐of‐print FCC “Blue Book.” Mr. Meyer's personal overview of the content and effects of this document will be followed by a future article on “Reaction to the ’Blue Book’.” It is accepted that any one individual's summary of a controversial document will itself be controversial. Richard J. Meyer is Assistant Professor and Director of Educational TV at the University of Wichita, and wrote the MA thesis on which this article is based under the direction of Professor Stanley Donner at Stanford University. He also has worked in broadcasting at stations KZSU, KSAN‐TV and KQED (TV).
Signaling circuitries in development: insights from the retinal determination gene network.

Context-specific integration of information received from the Notch, Transforming growth factor β, Wingless/Wnt, Hedgehog and Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways sets the stage for deployment of the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), a group of transcription factors that collectively directs the formation of the eye and other tissues. Recent investigations have revealed how these transcription factors are regulated by their interactions with each other and with effectors of the above signaling pathways. Further study of the RDGN may provide insights into how common cues can generate context-specific responses, a key aspect of developmental regulation that remains poorly understood.
Toward a Typology of Employee Ownership

Employee ownership has received considerable attention in recent years, in part due to claims that it enhances work satisfaction, increases productivity and profitability, and brings some measure of workers' control to the production process. Research in the field, however, indicates that such links are not inevitable and that different forms of employee ownership have different effects on companies and their workforces. Without this recognition, subsequent research and policy recommendations will suffer. The author argues the need to resolve a number of terminological and definitional problems in the field, and contributes to this task through the development of a typology of employee ownership. Three general types of employee ownership-direct ownership, employee stock ownership plans, and producer cooperatives-are isolated and compared according to eight classificatory factors. Subtypes of each of these categories are also advanced. Recognizing the wide variation in employee ownership forms will allow s...
Pharmacologic approaches to restenosis prevention.

Despite significant advances in technology and technique, coronary restenosis remains the primary limitation of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Among patients undergoing PTCA, between 20% and 50% of patients who do not receive a stent and 10%–30% of those who do receive a stent develop restenosis within 6 months of the procedure. Drug-eluting stents, which release high local concentrations of antiproliferative or immunosuppressive agents directly into the vessel wall at the site of the lesion, have dramatically reduced the incidence of restenosis in patients undergoing PTCA. However, even with drug-eluting stents, a significant percentage of higher-risk patients develop in-stent restenosis. These data suggest that a role remains for effective, well-tolerated systemic pharmacologic therapies to further reduce the rate of restenosis. To date, the majority of systemic agents tested for restenosis prevention have failed to show significant benefit. Only 2 agents, probucol and cilostazol, have consistently demonstrated efficacy in preventing restenosis. In addition, the investigational agent AGI-1067 has demonstrated promising efficacy in early clinical trials. Together with drug-eluting stents, these therapies may for the first time reduce the rate of restenosis to near zero, even in high-risk patients, such as individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Signal intensity estimators for free-space optical communications through turbulent atmosphere

Estimators which are motivated by the minimum mean-square error estimation criterion are proposed for the estimation of optical signal intensity in free-space optical communication systems impaired by atmospheric-induced scintillation. It is assumed that the received signal is detected using a p-i-n photodiode and that the receiver operates under a shot-noise-limited condition. The optical channel is modeled using a log-normal distribution for the received signal intensity for low (<0.75) scintillation indexes, whereas for the fully developed speckle case, a negative exponential probability density function is used to model the received signal intensity. With the aid of simulation, it is shown that the proposed estimators outperform maximum likelihood estimators for small scintillation indexes.
Improving position-specific predictions of protein functional sites using phylogenetic motifs

Motivation: Accurate computational prediction of protein functional sites is critical to maximizing the utility of recent high-throughput sequencing efforts. Among the available approaches, position-specific conservation scores remain among the most popular due to their accuracy and ease of computation. Unfortunately, high false positive rates remain a limiting factor. Using phylogenetic motifs (PMs), we have developed two combined (conservation + PMs) prediction schemes that significantly improve prediction accuracy. Results: Our first approach, called position-specific MINER (psMINER), rank orders alignment columns by conservation. Subsequently, positions that are also not identified as PMs are excluded from the prediction set. This approach improves prediction accuracy, in a statistically significant way, compared to the underlying conservation scores. Increased accuracy is a general result, meaning improvement is observed over several different conservation scores that span a continuum of complexity. In addition, a hybrid MINER (hMINER) that quantitatively considers both scoring regimes provides further improvement. More importantly, it provides critical insight into the relative importance of phylogeny versus alignment conservation. Both methods outperform other common prediction algorithms that also utilize phylogenetic concepts. Finally, we demonstrate that the presented results are critically sensitive to functional site definition, thus highlighting the need for more complete benchmarks within the prediction community. Availability: Our benchmark datasets are available for download at http://www.cs.uncc.edu/~drlivesa/dataset.html. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
A Broad-Band Noise Technique for Fast-Scanning Radar Observations of Clouds and Clutter Targets

This paper describes a relatively simple technique for suppressing interference fluctuations from precipitation and other cluttertype targets. The technique utilizes noise as a transmitted signal and receives the returns in a simple radiometer-type receiver. For noise of bandwidth B and an averaging time equal to transmitted pulselength T, the root-mean-square (rms) fluctuation in the return from a given volume in range is a fraction, ??/?BT of the mean return, down from a fractional value of unity for unaveraged single-frequency returns. Using this technique, a fast-scanning radar has been constructed which scans the hemisphere overhead every 20 s with a 2.2° beam. For this system, B = 30-40 MHz and T = 1 ?s, and the error in the reflectivity estimate per transmitted pulse is ?1-dB rms. Observations of precipitation returns using 300-MHz bandwidth noise are compared to simultaneous single-frequency observations to demonstrate the clutter reducing ability of the noise technique. For 300-MHz bandwidth noise transmissions and an averaging time of 1 ?s, interference fluctuations are reduced by 25 dB from the single-frequency case, and the mean reflected signal is determined to within 0.3-dB rms in a single transmitted pulse.
On the Selection of Signals for Phase-Locked Loops

The performance of phase-locked loops and related signal tracking devices is dependent upon the cross-correlation function between the input signal and a locally generated signal. This paper is concerned with the problem of selecting both the input and local signals so as to minimize the tracking error due to additive noise.
Literature and Daily Life: Looking for Love in All the Wrong (and Right) Places

It is sometimes claimed these days that serious literature is seldom relevant to the lives of ordinary citizens of our communities. It is the contention of this author, however, that good literature is always a joy to read and consider. The ideas conveyed by that literature can guide us, challenge us and reassure us in our daily lives. The challenge for the author is to see if he can demonstrate the truth of these claims to a general, non-academic audience. The first section of the article argues that Shakespeare in his Romeo and Juliet was doing something brand new in renaissance England – presenting love as a deep and sharply felt human emotion, something very different from the “game” of love presented in so many earlier works of that period and its predecessor as well, including plays, treatises of love and the many sonnet sequences of those times. The second, and somewhat longer, section analyzes James Purdy’s novel, The Nephew , seeing in it an underlying theme of love’s emotional power and redemptive force in the lives of ordinary individuals of all ages.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Fabricated by Laser Engineered Net Shaping

Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®) is a Direct Laser Deposition (DLD) additive manufacturing technology that can be used for directly building complex 3D components from metal powders in a combined deposition/laser-melting process. In this study, the effect of LENS process parameters, such as laser power, powder feed rate and traverse speed, on the resultant microstructure, hardness and tensile strength of Ti-6Al-4V components is experimentally investigated. Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the microstructure in terms of grain size and morphology. Relationships between process parameters and the microstructural/mechanical properties are provided. Results indicate that the scale of columnar grains increases with slower laser traverse speeds while other process parameters are maintained constant. The size of the α and β laths increases with higher laser powers and slower traverse speeds. The ultimate tensile and yield strengths of the LENS specimens were found to be higher than those of cast and wrought materials, and this can be generally attributed to the different cooling rates inherent to LENS — which impacts grain size. The percent elongation to failure, however, was consistently lower than that of the wrought material.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Global Climate Response to Lowering Surface Orography of Antarctica and the Importance of Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling

AbstractA global climate model is used to study the effect of flattening the orography of the Antarctic Ice Sheet on climate. A general result is that the Antarctic continent and the atmosphere aloft warm, while there is modest cooling globally. The large local warming over Antarctica leads to increased outgoing longwave radiation, which drives anomalous southward energy transport toward the continent and cooling elsewhere. Atmosphere and ocean both anomalously transport energy southward in the Southern Hemisphere. Near Antarctica, poleward energy and momentum transport by baroclinic eddies strengthens. Anomalous southward cross-equatorial energy transport is associated with a northward shift in the intertropical convergence zone. In the ocean, anomalous southward energy transport arises from a slowdown of the upper cell of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation and a weakening of the horizontal ocean gyres, causing sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere to expand and the Arctic to cool. Comparison wi...
Mass Spectrometric Study of Photoionization. VII. Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide.

Photoionization efficiency curves are obtained for the molecule and fragment ions of NO2 and N2O from ionization threshold to 600 A. Features of the molecule ion curves are ascribed to autoionization and the Rydberg levels are correlated with reported spectroscopic observations. The minimum onset of ionization for NO2 occurs at 1272 A (9.75 eV). The threshold value of 12.34 eV for the NO+ fragment results in D(NO-O) of 3.09 eV in good agreement with that calculated from thermochemical heats of formation. The 0+ ion is apparently formed with 0.1 eV excess energy. The minimum threshold energy for the N2O+ ion is 962 A (12.89 eV). The N2+ fragment ion curve has a threshold at 17.29 eV corresponding to the thermochemical bond energy, D(N2 - 0)= 1.67 eV. However a lower-energy threshold at 15.57 eV is ascribed to ionization of molecular nitrogen from an unknown source. There is no evidence for an ion-pair process. The ground state transition for NO+ is forbidden by spin conservation rules. The observed threshold is 0.8 eV in excess of the calculated value and suggests a vibrationally excited state of the ion. The N+ ion is also formed with excess energy.
Antiviral Activity of Higher Plants and Propionin on Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection

SummaryFurther studies of 2 higher plants (Narcissus tazetta L and Magnolia kobus DC) with antiviral action against lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection in mice have been reported, and the activity of a third substance, propionin, added. The anti-LCM activities of the 3 natural products have been compared with methotrexate.The authors are indebted to Dr. H. A. Chirigos, Nat. Inst. of Health, for supplying methotrexate and to Dr. Ralph F. Anderson, International Minerals & Chemical Corp., for supplying crudes containing propionin.
Toward vibrotactile rendering for irregular 2D tactor arrays

We motivate further study of vibrotactile rendering schemes for the sensation of arbitrary points in irregular grids or meshes, outline a conceptual approach, and propose a study for assessing and comparing approaches. A conceptual model presents the combination of vibrations from multiple elements (tactors) as a two-stage pairing of tactors into virtual tactors, considering the 2D dimensionality. To support irregular triangle meshes, we suggest parameters to characterize triangle shape and a future study to measure sensations for varying shape. Gathered data will be used to assess and compare perceptual combination models and to develop precise rendering functions for irregular triangle meshes.
Isolation and Characterization of Human Prostate Stem/Progenitor Cells

Isolation of prostate epithelial cells with stem/progenitor characteristics may enable further evaluation of the hierarchy of prostate glandular development and malignant transformation. Prostate epithelial cells capable of sphere formation in semisolid cultures possess stem/progenitor cell characteristics. This is demonstrated by self-renewal (via indefinite passaging) and in vivo differentiation into prostate tubules with discreet basal and luminal layers. Here, we describe a method for isolating prostate stem/progenitor cells from human tissues via in vitro prostasphere formation. Prostate tissue regeneration using human prostaspheres is also described, enabling the differentiation potential of sphere-forming cells to be observed.
The Biology of Vitamin D-Dependent Calcium Binding Proteins

Vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (CaBPs) are widely dispersed in many tissues that play an important role in calcium translocation. They are vitamin D-dependent in most tissues except for those in the central nervous system. The calcium binding proteins are co-localized with calcium pumps in many Ca2+ transporting tissues.
The Structure of International Communication

If we accept the premise that the dynamic of power in international relations involves a process by which it is determined who plays a game and by what rules1 (see Chapter 1), then the first stage in understanding the power of international communication must be seeing how the technologies and processes of international communication have been developed and under what rules. This history reveals that new means of transnational communication, and the arrangements for global cooperation around them, were both developed in the North American and European countries. Technology — the application of knowledge for a purpose — was developed to obviate problems experienced by these countries. The international regulations for these technologies were created by these states for their needs and applied in regions of the world over which they had dominion. The history of international communication, especially in the last 50 years, has also been a story of rules often being outpaced by the rate of technological development. It should have come as no surprise, therefore, that a number of states attempted a revolt against the structure of international communication in the 1970s and 1980s. Many countries were mere colonies when the technologies and international law for using them were created. So it was almost inevitable that questions would be raised sooner or later about the suitability for some countries of some technologies and related international laws governing their use.
What Are Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals

FDA defines cosmetics as articles applied topically for beautifying, promoting attractiveness, altering the appearance or cleansing. For FDA the difference between a cosmetic and a drug is its intended use. The intended use of a drug is to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent a disease, or to affect the structure or function of the body. When an article claims to restore hair growth or take away varicose veins it is making drug, not cosmetic, claims. Using agents such as fluoride in toothpaste, which is known to have therapeutic effects, also indicates a drug rather than a cosmetic intent. For example, toothpastes containing fluorides are regulated as non-prescription, that is OTC Anticaries Drug Products. Even the perception by the buying public that a product has a therapeutic effect may indicate intent consistent with a drug. When the intended use is solely for beautifying, cleansing, promoting attractiveness and so forth, an agent is a cosmetic and as such is not subject to pre-marketing approval by FDA. The cosmetic firms have the ultimate responsibility for substantiation of a cosmetic product’s safety.
Drag force fault extension to evolutionary model consistency checking for a flapping-wing micro air vehicle

Previously, we introduced Evolutionary Model Consistency Checking (EMCC) as an adjunct to Evolvable and Adaptive Hardware (EAH) methods. The core idea was to dual-purpose objective function evaluations to simultaneously enable EA search of hardware configurations while simultaneously enabling a model-based inference of the nature of the damage that necessitated the hardware adaptation. We demonstrated the efficacy of this method by modifying a pair of EAH oscillators inside a simulated Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle (FW-MAV). In that work, we were able to show that one could, while online in normal service, evolve wing gait patterns that corrected altitude control errors cause by mechanical wing damage while simultaneously determining, with high precision, what the wing lift force deficits that necessitated the adaptation. In this work, we extend the method to be able to also determine wing drag force deficits. Further, we infer the now extended set of four unknown damage estimates without substantially increasing the number of objective function evaluations required. In this paper we will provide the outlines of a formal derivation of the new inference method plus experimental validation of efficacy. The paper will conclude with commentary on several practical issues, including better containment of estimation error by introducing more in-flight learning trials and why one might argue that these techniques could eventually be used on a true free-flying flapping wing vehicle.
Surviving Errors with OpenSHMEM

Unexpected error conditions stem from a variety of underlying causes, including resource exhaustion, network failures, hardware failures, or program errors. As the scale of HPC systems continues to grow, so does the probability of encountering a condition that causes a failure; meanwhile, error recovery and run-through failure management are becoming mature, and interoperable HPC programming paradigms are beginning to feature advanced error management. As a result from these developments, it becomes increasingly desirable to gracefully handle error conditions in OpenSHMEM. In this paper, we present the design and rationale behind an extension of the OpenSHMEM API that can (1) notify user code of unexpected erroneous conditions, (2) permit customized user response to errors without incurring overhead on an error-free execution path, (3) propagate the occurence of an error condition to all Processing Elements, and (4) consistently close the erroneous epoch in order to resume the application.
Conflict of Interest Among Medical School Faculty: Achieving a Coherent and Objective Approach.

The issue of conflict of interest (COI) relating to professional activities of medical school faculty has been an active topic of debate and discussion for several decades. Not surprisingly, there are widely divergent viewpoints on the nature and consequences of these conflicts and on the benefits and risks of seeking to expose, regulate, and limit them.1- 4 Conflicts of interest are universal and inherent to the human experience and could never possibly be eliminated. Precise definition in various domains is critical, and in the area of COI involving academic faculty members, splitting rather than lumping may be valuable. In assessing faculty COI, the scientific community and public must recognize that biomedical faculty engage in a variable mix of primary professional interests—patient care, research, education, and administration—and COI has distinct identities and implications in each domain. To achieve a coherent view, it is necessary to separately analyze these domains and subdomains as related to COI.
Survival of Human Spermatozoa after Freezing with Different Techniques

In comparison with the extensive use of frozen semen in veterinary medicine, farily slow progress in the cryopreservation of human semen has been seen over the past ten years. The primary reason for this is probably the reduced conception rate that is being observed with frozen semen in comparison with fresh semen.1,3 There is also some evidence that certain women cannot conceive with frozen-thawed semen whereas they easily conceive with fresh semen. These disadvantages have called for continued investigation in order to improve the techniques for freezing of human spermatozoa.
Parasocial attributes and YouTube personalities

This study seeks to analyze the relationships between content features, video attributes, and parasocial attributes the characteristics that could lead to the creation of parasocial relationshipsamong the top most subscribed YouTube channels. A quantitative content analysis was utilized in order to explore the videos of the most popular YouTube personalities. A stratified random sample was used to select 24 videos from each the top ten most subscribed YouTube channels. The findings of this study illuminate the relationship between content features, production features, and parasocial attributes. The most common videos are vlogs, followed by gaming videos, sketches, and tutorials.Vlogs are more likely to contain self-disclosure than any other video genre.Self-disclosure is associated with higher levels of authenticity and realism.The effect of self-disclosure does not depend on disclosure valence.
Implementation of Perioperative Music Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

BACKGROUND:Complementary integrative health therapies have a perioperative role in the reduction of pain, analgesic use, and anxiety, and increasing patient satisfaction. However, long implementation lags have been quantified. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) can help mi
Atmospheric Electric Space Charge Near the Ocean Surface

The atmosphere near the air-sea interface is electrified by different processes. The space charge associated with this electrification resides on three classes of particles or droplets each of which have a different origin and history.
Ethics–When the East Meets the West

Societies and institutions in the East and the West have a very long and proud tradition of education in ethics. In recent years, many grand scale embezzlements by top level government officials, infamous scandals in the business world, and other infamous unethical conducts have steered the academics, business leaders, government officials, and other authorities to re-focus their attention and place more efforts and resources on ethics education. This paper will review the relevant Eastern and Western ethics principles, thoughts and maxims. It will also provide enough real-world examples to help the readers learn how to appropriately apply these ethical standards in the conduct of a personal and business environment.
Estimating market power using a composed error model

We present a maximum likelihood based composed error model to estimate market powers of firms. In our model, the stochastic part of the supply relation includes two random components: the conventional two‐sided error term and a random term, which is capturing firm‐specific conducts. Moreover, we provide a generalization of scaled Stevenson stochastic frontier model in the context of doubly truncated normal distributions. We estimate the market powers of Chicago based airlines as an empirical example that is showing the applicability of our estimation procedure.
Guiltscapes of the Homestead, Village, and Fort

This chapter examines the settler’s interaction with the landscape in texts like Catherine Parr Traill’s The Backwoods of Canada (1836), Henry Kingsley’s The Recollections of Geoffrey Hamlyn (1859), John Robinson’s George Linton or the First Years of an English Colony (1876), and William Gilmore Simms’ The Yemassee: A Romance of Carolina (1835). This chapter examines stories about the settler’s relationship with the landscape in order to unpack how the land takes on symbolic importance, standing in for the indigenous person as well as for itself and providing a mechanism for defensive settler fantasies. Some of these stories depict settlement as inevitable and the settled space as a place needing defending, instead of as a place the offensive settler has invaded.
Consultation and Disposition of Acute Diverticulitis: Which Patients with Acute Diverticulitis Require Admission or Surgical Consultation?

Patients presenting with acute uncomplicated diverticulitis who are able to tolerate oral intake and have no signs of sepsis or significant comorbidities may be considered for outpatient management. Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole are preferred for outpatient antibiotic therapy. Patients with complicated diverticulitis (presence of an abscess or peritonitis) should be admitted for IV antibiotics. Other factors that may be considered for a patient’s disposition include their age, comorbidities, computed tomography (CT) findings, and laboratory data. Patients with signs of severe sepsis or perforation warrant an emergent surgical consultation prior to admission.
A Systematic Review of Utility Score Assessments in the Breast Surgery Cost-Analysis Literature.

Surgery for breast cancer can have significant impact on patient quality-of-life. Cost-utility analysis provides a way to analyze the economic impact of a surgical procedure with the change in a patient’s quality of life. Utility scores are used in these analyses to quantify the impact on quality of life. We undertook a systematic review of the literature on breast cancer surgical procedures to compile a repository of utility scores and to assess gaps in the current literature. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was performed for studies reporting utility scores for breast surgery and breast reconstruction. The health states and utility scores were extracted and grouped into seven procedural categories based on oncologic and reconstructive methods. Mean utility score and ranges were calculated and reported for each procedural category. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria assessing 118 health states. Most utility scores were obtained from healthcare professionals. Breast-conserving therapy yielded the highest mean utility score at 0.79, whereas mastectomy yielded a mean utility score of 0.75. Among reconstruction health states, implant reconstruction had a lower score than autologous reconstruction (0.64 implant vs. latissimus dorsi 0.69 and TRAM/DIEP 0.71). No utility scores were found associated with oncoplasty or nipple-sparing mastectomy procedures. A reliable body of utility scores is important in enabling future cost-utility and value-based analysis comparisons for breast surgical oncology. Additional work is needed to obtain health state assessments from the patient perspective, as well as assessment of more modern surgical and reconstructive approaches.
Alternative Embodied Cognitions at Play Evaluation of Audio-Based Navigation in Virtual Settings Via Interactive Sounds

The current study addresses the concept of mediated embodied cognition (EC) by focusing on audio inputs/outputs rather than sight and visual cues. N=10 subjects were involved with the navigation of five virtual mazes with different design and sensorial affordances. A virtual audiocane was developed (within a middleware - NEED - aimed to improve learning environments’ accessibility) for supporting spatial exploration and scanning. Data collected span spatial thinking, previous knowledge of digital settings, completion time, ability to visualize virtual spaces, and usability and perception of the different design/sensorial situations provided. Results points to effective design choices and factors to consider when staging mediate EC instances. With these findings, the article addresses three current gaps in EC related literature: 1) lack of attention to special needs and diverse embodiments, 2) insufficient focus on audio inputs/outputs as interactive affordances; and 3) poor efforts in evaluating design and assistive elements in EC integrations.
EXPERIENCE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODERN CONTROL SYSTEM AT HUBEI POWER SYSTEM CONTROL CENTER

A modern control system for Hubei Power System Control Center has been commissioned in March, 1982. The SCADA software system were developed by ASEA, Sweden using 2 x MODCOMP-CLASSIC 7835 as its main computers. This system has been operating satisfactory for about two years. Some operating experience in the first two years is summarized in this paper. Additional functions developed by the User are also described.
Evaluating the forces generated during carbon nanotube forest growth and self-assembly

Abstract The time-resolved reaction forces generated by actively growing and interacting carbon nanotube (CNT) forests are investigated using a mechanical finite element model. The CNT–CNT interaction forces are transmitted to the CNT catalyst particle residing at the base of each CNT, which may alter catalyst kinetics and modulate CNT growth rate. The simulation shows that CNTs growing at a rate greater than the population average transmit compressive force to the catalyst particle, while those growing at a slower rate transmitted tensile force. The magnitude of force for CNTs growing at a rate that was +/− 10% of the population average was on the order of 100′s of nanonewtons, corresponding to stress on the order of GPa. When using an Arrhenius-like kinetic model to modulate CNT growth rates, the growth rate of slower CNTs was enhanced by tensile forces, while the growth rate of faster growing CNTs was decreased by compressive forces. The net result of the force-modulation kinetics was a reaction force reduction of approximately an order of magnitude. Understanding how the growth parameters of an individual CNT are related to the mechanical forces it experiences during CNT forest assembly and the overall CNT morphology is expected to improve the control of CNT forest morphology and ensemble forest properties.
Aerobic or resistance exercise performed the previous day does not attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in overweight/obese adults.

Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) impairs vascular endothelial function (VEF). A single bout of aerobic exercise (AE) attenuates PPH-induced decreases in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a non-invasive measure of VEF, in healthy adults for up to 17 h post-exercise. Studies examining the effects of resistance exercise (RE) on postprandial FMD responses are lacking. We hypothesized that a single bout of exercise performed the prior evening would attenuate PPH-induced decreases in FMD, independent of exercise modality. In a randomized, cross-over design, overweight/obese adults [n = 11 (8 women); 22 ± 4 years; 32.3 ± 5.8 kg m−2] completed 3 separate trials: control (seated rest), AE (30 min at ~ 60% VO2max), or whole-body RE (30 min, 6 exercises, 3 × 10-repetition maximum). Each trial occurred 14–17 h prior to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Brachial artery FMD and plasma glucose and insulin were measured prior to and at 30-min intervals for 2 h following the OGTT. Repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to evaluate differences within and between trials. Trials occurred 15.3 ± 1.0 h prior to the OGTT. Relative to baseline, FMD transiently decreased (P < 0.05) at 30–60 min post-ingestion, plasma glucose increased (P < 0.01) at 30–90 min post-ingestion, and plasma insulin increased (P < 0.01) at 30–120 min post-ingestion. No between trial differences were observed for FMD, glucose, or insulin. Aerobic or resistance exercise performed the evening prior to an OGTT does not attenuate postprandial decreases in brachial artery FMD in overweight/obese adults.
Management of Complications of Bariatric Operations

Bariatric operations are highly effective at achieving significant weight loss and improvement in comorbidities associated with obesity. Along with the increased number of operations, complications will increase. In this chapter, we discuss complications encountered after the most common bariatric operations. Complications should be expected to be seen more frequently as the number of patients who undergo weight loss surgery rise. It is therefore important for general surgeons to have an understanding of the common bariatric procedures and their complications.