cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergence of core-periphery structure from local node dominance in social networks

There has been growing evidence recently for the view that social networks can be divided into a well connected core, and a sparse periphery. This paper describes how such a global description can be obtained from local "dominance" relation ships between vertices, to naturally yield a distributed algo rithm for such a decomposition. It is shown that the resulting core describes the global structure of the network, while also preserving shortest paths, and displaying "expander-like" properties. Moreover, the periphery obtained from this de composition consists of a large number of connected com ponents, which can be used to identify communities in the network. These are used for a ‘divide-and-conquer’ strategy for community detection, where the peripheral components are obtained as a pre-processing step to identify the small sets most likely to contain communities. The method is illustrated using a real world network (DBLP co-authorship network), with ground-truth communities.
Pediatric injury surveillance: use of a hospital discharge data base.

Mortality data traditionally have been used to describe the epidemiology of childhood injury. Fatal outcomes, however, represent less than 1% of injury events and thus provide a limited characterization of the problem. Future epidemiologic study resulting in injury prevention depends upon the development of morbidity-based injury surveillance systems. "E-coded" hospital discharge data bases (used to indicate external cause of injury) are a valuable source of information for monitoring and controlling serious, nonfatal injuries. An E-coded injury discharge data base was developed and evaluated at The Children's Hospital of Alabama in Birmingham. In addition to patient demographics, length of stay, total charge, and method of payment, E-code and "N-code" (to indicate the anatomic site of injury) data were collected. During the 2-year study period, 1077 discharges from the hospital were documented in children with serious injuries under 15 years of age for an adjusted discharge rate of 78.0 per 10,000 child-years. Injuries accounted for $5.3 million in total charges and 4899 total days of stay. Falls, unintentional poisonings, burns, and bicycle, motor vehicle-passenger, and motor vehicle-pedestrian injuries were the six most common causes of injury. Closed-head trauma accounted for 55.4% of motor vehicle-passenger injuries, 67.6% of bicycle injuries, and 51.8% of falls. Hot water scalds caused 36.4% of burns, and clonidine ingestion accounted for 22.1% of unintentional poisonings. Language: en
Increased basal water and food ingestion in cingulectomized rats

Rats with anterior cingulate lesions showed a sustained mean increase of 22% in water ingestion. They also showed an immediate postoperative decrease of 30% in food intake followed by a prolonged elevation of 8%. Sham operated, cortical control subjects, and normal animals did not show any changes in food or water ingestion.
Genetic and physiological analysis of the CO2-concentrating system of Chlamydomonas reinhardii.

When grown photoautotrophically at air levels of CO2, Chlamydomonas reinhardii possesses a system involving active transport of inorganic carbon which increases the intracellular CO2 concentration considerably above ambient, thereby stimulating photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. In previous investigations, two mutant strains of this unicellular green alga deficient in some component of this CO2-concentrating system were recovered as strains requiring high levels of CO2 to support photoautotrophic growth. One of the mutants, ca-1-12-1C, is a leaky (nonstringent) CO2-requiring strain deficient in carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) activity, while the other, pmp-1-16-5K, is a stringent CO2-requiring strain deficient in inorganic carbon transport. In the present study a double mutant (ca pmp) was constructed to investigate the physiological and biochemical interaction of the two mutations. The two mutations are unlinked and inherited in a Mendelian fashion. The double mutant was found to have a leaky CO2-requiring phenotype, indicating that the mutation ca-1 overcomes the stringent CO2-requirement conferred by the mutation pmp-1. Several physiological characteristics of the double mutant were very similar to the carbonic-anhydrase-deficient mutant, including high CO2 compensation concentration, photosynthetic CO2 response curve, and deficiency of carbonic-anhydrase activity. However, the labeling pattern of metabolites during photosynthesis in 14CO2 was more like that of the bicarbonatetransport-deficient mutant, and accumulation of internal inorganic carbon was intermediate between that of the two original mutants. These data indicate a previously unsuspected complexity in the Chlamydomonas CO2-concentrating system.
Abstract B30: Patient navigation for cervical cancer in Kentucky: Baseline results

Background: Although morbidity and mortality rates are low compared to other types of cancer, cervical cancer remains a high priority for the following reasons: 1) invasive cervical cancer is a disease that could be prevented in nearly all cases, with greater use of the Pap test; 2) the Pap test is a well‐established, low cost, widely available screening test that should present minimal barriers to its use; and 3) despite our ability to prevent and treat cervical cancer, the burden of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality continues to be higher among low‐income women with limited education, many of whom reside in rural areas. Despite public health recommendations for cervical cancer screening and follow‐up of abnormal Pap test results, adherence is still low among rural Appalachian women in Kentucky. In response to this concern, the University of Kentucky Prevention Research Center is implementing a National Cancer Institute‐funded project that is integrating patient navigators (PN) in cervical cancer screening programs in several rural health departments. Goal: To reduce the disproportionate burden of cervical cancer experienced by rural Appalachian women in Kentucky. Objectives: To: 1) improve our understanding of the barriers to follow‐up; 2) recruit, train, and utilize lay health workers as PNs in cervical cancer screening programs; 3) increase the proportion of women who adhere to recommended follow‐up; and 4) evaluate the efficacy of the intervention. Method: Intervention activities are as follows: 1) nurse case managers refer patients with abnormal pap tests to PNs in selected local health departments in Big Sandy, Lake Cumberland, and Kentucky River Area Development Districts; 2) PNs enroll patients in the study; 3) study participants complete a baseline interview; 4) PNs provide navigation services including outreach, education, and support; 5) PNs conduct follow‐up interviews; and 6) PNs document follow‐up recommendations, barriers, patient needs, and specific actions taken to ensure adherence to follow‐up recommendations. Evaluation: To assess the efficacy of the intervention, outcome data will be collected from health department records in intervention and control counties. Findings: The total number of referrals to date is 600. Among the referrals: 82 (14%) were ineligible (patient less than 18 years, refused services, dropped by health department for non‐compliance, or lost to follow‐up); 379 (63%) were offered enrollment; and enrollment is pending for 139 (23%). Among those offered enrollment, 297 (78%) agreed to participate in the study. Additional preliminary findings will be presented including reason for referral, characteristics of women enrolled, patient needs, adherence to follow‐up, etc. Conclusions: The program creates a unique opportunity to support rural cervical cancer screening programs, ensuring women obtain their recommended follow‐up care through the support of PNs. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B30.
Study Mao Zedong: In "Three Representatives" Research

In studying the thought of "three representatives", Mao Zedong thought shows a new political meaning by directing the open and the reform policy with modern development of China. To study Mao Zedong is no end to learning, in which his creative thought of overall planning and allround consideration, of class analysis and of constructing the Party inwardly, all of significant enlightenment. Mao Zedong thought is continuously developing in fulfillment, so we need to study continuously.
Lifecycle Security Risk Analysis for Electric Power System Sensitive Data

There is a leakage risk of smart grid business sensitive data in all stages including data generation, data storage, data usage, data transfer, and data destruction. Thus, analyzing smart grid information security risk has been an important task for information security in electric power systems. This paper analyzes the whole lifecycle of sensitive data in electric power systems under the common network architecture and discovers security risks in the whole lifecycle. Further, each kind of security risk is analyzed in detail, which provides a good reference for studying policies and models of the whole lifecycle sensitive data protection .
Dam-Breach hydrology of the Johnstown flood of 1889-challenging the findings of the 1891 investigation report

In 1891 a report was published by an ASCE committee to investigate the cause of the Johnstown flood of 1889. They concluded that changes made to the dam by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club did not cause the disaster because the embankment would have been overflowed and breached if the changes were not made. We dispute that conclusion based on hydraulic analyses of the dam as originally built, estimates of the time of concentration and time to peak for the South Fork drainage basin, and reported conditions at the dam and in the watershed. We present a LiDAR-based volume of Lake Conemaugh at the time of dam failure (1.455 × 107 m3) and hydrographs of flood discharge and lake stage decline. Our analytical approach incorporates the complex shape of this dam breach. More than 65 min would have been needed to drain most of the lake, not the 45 min cited by most sources. Peak flood discharges were likely in the range 7200 to 8970 m3 s−1. The original dam design, with a crest ∼0.9 m higher and the added capacity of an auxiliary spillway and five discharge pipes, had a discharge capacity at overtopping more than twice that of the reconstructed dam. A properly rebuilt dam would not have overtopped and would likely have survived the runoff event, thereby saving thousands of lives. We believe the ASCE report represented state-of-the-art for 1891. However, the report contains discrepancies and lapses in key observations, and relied on excessive reservoir inflow estimates. The confidence they expressed that dam failure was inevitable was inconsistent with information available to the committee. Hydrodynamic erosion was a likely culprit in the 1862 dam failure that seriously damaged the embankment. The Club’s substandard repair of this earlier breach sowed the seeds of its eventual destruction.
The Transition from Infancy to Language: Translation from Theory to Method

Since 1968 I have taught a course called “Early Language Development” at Teachers College, Columbia University. The subject matter has changed over the years, but one prevailing theme has not. The theme is what I call the accountability of evidence in child language research. We need to hold whatever evidence we obtain accountable to the conclusions we draw. Talk is cheap: Young children are talking all the time, and it is easy enough to write down or record what they say. The ultimate value children's talk may have as data and evidence depends upon the methods we use to process the talk and the interpretations we give it. The value of talk as data depends upon the methods we use. The value of data as evidence depends upon the interpretations we make. Both theory and method inform one another in the transformation Talk ⇒ data ⇒ evidence , and both change over time with advances in technology, in what we learn about language and its acquisition, and in what we learn about children and their development. The research reported here began with several basic theoretical and methodological assumptions. The first theoretical assumption was that infants learn language in their endeavor to express and articulate some aspect of a mental meaning – some representation of the way the world appears to be or the way they want the world to be in their beliefs, desires, or feelings.
Using Facebook to Recruit Parents to Participate in a Family Program to Prevent Teen Drug Use

Despite strong evidence that family programs are effective in preventing adolescent substance use, recruiting parents to participate in such programs remains a persistent challenge. This study explored the feasibility of using Facebook to recruit parents of middle school students to a self-directed family program to prevent adolescent drug use. The study used paid Facebook ads aiming to recruit 100 parents in Washington and Colorado using marijuana- or parenting-focused messages. All ad-recruited parents were also invited to refer others in order to compare Facebook recruitment to web-based respondent-driven sampling. Despite offering a $15 incentive for each successfully referred participant, the majority of the screened (70.4%) and eligible (65.1%) parents were recruited through Facebook ads. Yet, eligibility and consent rates were significantly higher among referred (76.6 and 57.3%, respectively) than Facebook-recruited parents (60.0 and 36.6%, respectively). Click-through rates on Facebook were higher for marijuana-focused than parenting-focused ads (0.72 and 0.65%, respectively). The final sample (54% Facebook-recruited) consisted of 103 demographically homogeneous parents (female, educated, non-Hispanic White, and mostly from Washington). Although Facebook was an effective and efficient method to recruit parents to a study with equal to better cost-effectiveness than traditional recruitment strategies, the promise of social media to reach a diverse population was not realized. Additional approaches to Facebook recruitment are needed to reach diverse samples in real-world settings and increase public health impact of family programs.
Bacterial Community Shift in Marine Tar Balls following Low Salinity Exposure

The persistence and recurrence of tar balls causes detrimental effects on coastal wildlife, tourism, and fisheries. Previously, the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus was detected in marine tar balls in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine tar balls also migrate to low-salt water bodies near the shore. The bacterial communities in tar balls from these environments, however, have not been fully characterized. Herein we describe our studies on the effect of reduced salinity on bacterial communities in marine tar balls. Tar balls collected from the Gulf of Mexico were incubated in deionized water for six months, and their microbial fingerprints were visualized using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our data show that the indigenous bacterial communities in marine tar balls shifted after being exposed to low-salinity condition. Dominant genera in the tar balls at low salinity were Aquisalimonas and Parvibaculum, neither of which includes known human pathogens.
Incidencia del crecimiento económico en las emisiones de CO² : un análisis comparativo (1980-2008)

El crecimiento economico suele ser hoy en dia una prioridad para la mayoria de los paises, objetivo de politica economica y preocupacion de academicos en todo el mundo, ya que con este teoricamente podrian llegar a mejorarse el bienestar y la calidad de vida de la poblacion. Sin embargo, durante el proceso que se lleva a cabo para mejorar los niveles de crecimiento se desarrollan diferentes actividades de explotacion de recursos y de produccion que, sin que se les de mayor importancia, durante muchos anos han llevado a un deterioro del medio ambiente.
Looking Backward in Time: Population and Species Comparisons

Perhaps the best-known retrospective activity in evolutionary genetics is the reconstruction (more accurately, estimation) of the phylogenetic tree of a collection of contemporary populations or species, given genetic data from these populations or species. In this chapter we consider stochastic processes describing, with greater or lesser accuracy, the evolution of the genetic constitution of several populations or species, all descended from a common ancestor population or species, in order to carry out this estimation procedure. We shall use the expression “different population” in this analysis, taking this to mean different species if appropriate.
Mechanical responses to two-tone distortion products in the apical and basal turns of the mammalian cochlea.

Cooper, N. P. and W. S. Rhode. Mechanical responses to two-tone distortion products in the apical and basal turns of the mammalian cochlea. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 261–270, 1997. Mechanical responses ...
HCV Inhibition Mediated Through the Nonstructural Protein 5A (NS5A) Replication Complex

Abstract Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatments of HCV infection use inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease in combination with pegylated interferon α and ribavirin resulting in approximately 70% cure rates. All oral regimens of direct acting antivirals are being developed in the clinic and have the potential for improved tolerability, wider access to patients contra indicated for interferon therapies, and higher cure rates. HCV NS5A inhibitors have recently emerged as an attractive component of an all-oral HCV therapy, though the function(s) of NS5A remains an enigma. We describe here the structures of compounds disclosed in the patent literature, trends in inhibitor design, and recent data on the clinical progression of NS5A inhibitors.
Porous diatomite-mixed 1,4,5,8-NTCDA nanowires as high-performance electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

A porous composite electrode composed of diatomite-mixed 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) is prepared by electrostatic spinning technology. Compared with traditional coated electrodes without diatomite mixing, the obtained composite electrode materials have higher porosity, larger specific surface area and faster lithium ion transport channels, which makes them exhibit better electrochemical performance, such as smaller impedance, higher capacity, and better cycling stability and rate performance. The electrospun diatomite-mixed 1,4,5,8-NTCDA composite (ED-1,4,5,8-NTCDA) electrode shows an initial coulombic efficiency of 77.2%, which is much higher than that of the electrospun 1,4,5,8-NTCA (E-1,4,5,8-NTCDA) electrode without diatomite mixing (63.8%) and the coated 1,4,5,8-NTCA (C-1,4,5,8-NTCDA) electrode (48.3%). Moreover, the ED-1,4,5,8-NTCDA electrode displays an initial discharge capacity of 1106.5 mA h g−1, which is much higher than that of the E-1,4,5,8-NTCDA electrode (546.0 mA h g−1) and the C-1,4,5,8-NTCDA electrode (185.4 mA h g−1). After 200 cycles, the capacity of the ED-1,4,5,8-NTCDA electrode remains at 1008.5 mA h g−1 with a retention ratio of 91.2%, which is also much higher than that of 753.2 mA h g−1 for the E-1,4,5,8-NTCDA electrode and 288.1 mA h g−1 for the C-1,4,5,8-NTCDA electrode. Even at a higher current density of 1500 mA g−1, its capacity remains above 508.9 mA h g−1. The ED-1,4,5,8-NTCDA electrode presents superior performance, which opens up a promising new approach for further utilization of organic materials as electrode materials in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
Complex Responses to Hydrogen Peroxide and Hypochlorous Acid by the Probiotic Bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri.

ABSTRACT Inflammatory diseases of the gut are associated with increased intestinal oxygen concentrations and high levels of inflammatory oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which are antimicrobial compounds produced by the innate immune system. This contributes to dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiome, including increased populations of proinflammatory enterobacteria (Escherichia coli and related species) and decreased levels of health-associated anaerobic Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The pathways for H2O2 and HOCl resistance in E. coli have been well studied, but little is known about how commensal and probiotic bacteria respond to inflammatory oxidants. In this work, we have characterized the transcriptomic response of the anti-inflammatory, gut-colonizing Gram-positive probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri to both H2O2 and HOCl. L. reuteri mounts distinct but overlapping responses to each of these stressors, and both gene expression and survival were strongly affected by the presence or absence of oxygen. Oxidative stress response in L. reuteri required several factors not found in enterobacteria, including the small heat shock protein Lo18, polyphosphate kinase 2, and RsiR, an L. reuteri-specific regulator of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Reactive oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid, are antimicrobial compounds produced by the immune system during inflammation. Little is known, however, about how many important types of bacteria present in the human microbiome respond to these oxidants, especially commensal and other health-associated species. We have now mapped the stress response to both H2O2 and HOCl in the intestinal lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri.
Keeping Informed: Automatic Processing of Residual Functional Capacity Form Images

The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) must process millions of claims for disability benefits each year. The statutory definition of disability looks at the expectation of gainful employment in the presence of severe impairment. A key component of this is a person's functional ability -- both physical and mental -- to work. SSA summarizes a claimant's functional ability in both checkboxes and free text within the Residual Functional Capacity (RFC) Assessment forms. Until recently, these were paper forms that were stored as images in SSA's databases. In order to access the data in these forms for comparison to other measures of function and to assist in SSA's business practices, it is necessary to have a way to automatically extract the data captured in these forms. However, there is a lot of variability across RFC forms that available software could not capture. Therefore, we designed a new system that relied on basic computer vision processes, novel form templates based on the checkbox grid, or row-column, structure, and optical character recognition to convert the images to text in order to extract all data related to function. The robustness of this method comes from the templates and the use of the grid structure rather than checkbox location.
Regimes of Inequality: The Political Economy of Health and Wealth

Since the 1990s, mainstream political parties have failed to address the problem of growing inequality, resulting in political backlash and the transformation of European party systems. Most attempts to explain the rise of inequality in political science take a far too narrow approach, considering only economic inequality and failing to recognize how multiple manifestations of inequality combine to reinforce each other and the underlying political features of advanced welfare states. Combining training in public health with a background in political science, Julia Lynch brings a unique perspective to debates about inequality in political science and to public health thinking about the causes of and remedies for health inequalities. Based on case studies of efforts to reduce health inequalities in England, France and Finland, Lynch argues that inequality persists because political leaders chose to frame the issue of inequality in ways that made it harder to solve.
A Storytelling Intervention in a Mobile, Web-Based Platform: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Preliminary Effectiveness to Promote Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Korean American College Women.

Korean American women have substantially greater incidence rates of cervical cancer and the lowest rates of cervical cancer screening in the United States. However, there has been minimal research ...
A pilot study of a mind-body stress management program for student veterans.

Abstract Background Student veterans are an at-risk population given the challenges of military experience, reintegration to civilian life, and attending college. Therefore, there is a need for innovative programs to support student veterans. The present study sought to determine the acceptability and effectiveness of a 10-week mind-body stress reduction intervention for student veterans, or Resilient Student Warrior. Materials and methods Eighty-six student veterans took part in the 10-week mind-body stress reduction course, Resilient Student Warrior. Results Results showed a significant improvement in reports of stress reactivity, mindfulness, sleep disturbance and coping skills for stress (p Conclusion Future studies should further assess the effectiveness of mind-body interventions among the student veteran population.
Modeling the Emission Processes in Blazars

Blazars are the most violent steady/recurrent sources of high-energy gamma-ray emission in the known Universe. They are prominent emitters of electromagnetic radiation throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The observable radiation most likely originates in a relativistic jet oriented at a small angle with respect to the line of sight. This review starts out with a general overview of the phenomenology of blazars, including results from a recent multiwavelength observing campaign on 3C279. Subsequently, issues of modeling broadband spectra will be discussed. Spectral information alone is not sufficient to distinguish between competing models and to constrain essential parameters, in particular related to the primary particle acceleration and radiation mechanisms in the jet. Short-term spectral variability information may help to break such model degeneracies, which will require snap-shot spectral information on intraday time scales, which may soon be achievable for many blazars even in the gamma-ray regime with the upcoming GLAST mission and current advances in Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope technology. In addition to pure leptonic and hadronic models of gamma-ray emission from blazars, leptonic/hadronic hybrid models are reviewed, and the recently developed hadronic synchrotron mirror model for TeV gamma-ray flares which are not accompanied by simultaneous X-ray flares (``orphan TeV flares'') is revisited.
Towards a machine learned thermodynamics: exploration of free energy landscapes in molecular fluids, biological systems and for gas storage and separation in metal–organic frameworks

In this review, we examine how machine learning (ML) can build on molecular simulation (MS) algorithms to advance tremendously our ability to predict the thermodynamic properties of a wide range of systems. The key thermodynamic properties that govern the evolution of a system and the outcome of a process include the entropy, the Helmholtz and the Gibbs free energy. However, their determination through advanced molecular simulation algorithms has remained challenging, since such methods are extremely computationally intensive. Combining MS with ML provides a solution that overcomes such challenges and, in turn, accelerates discovery through the rapid prediction of free energies. After presenting a brief overview of combined MS–ML protocols, we review how these approaches allow for the accurate prediction of these thermodynamic functions and, more broadly, of free energy landscapes for molecular and biological systems. We then discuss extensions of this approach to systems relevant to energy and environmental applications, i.e. gas storage and separation in nanoporous materials, such as metal–organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. We finally show in the last part of the review how ML models can suggest new ways to explore free energy landscapes, identify novel pathways and provide new insight into assembly processes.
Airminded Nationalism: Great Britain and the Schneider Trophy Competition

From 1927 to 1931, the British government competed in the international Schneider Trophy air racing competition in the name of airminded nationalism. Winning races and setting speed records before some of the largest public crowds in interwar Britain encouraged technical development, showcased industrial prowess, marketed aeronautical exports, upheld national honor and engineering prestige and fueled airmindedness. The effort tested the temporary partnerships between the Air Ministry, the Royal Air Force, industry and enthusiastic groups and individuals while straining Treasury resources and generating a public debate over the government’s role in air racing. In the process, the pilots, designers and benefactors involved became aviation celebrities and national heroes that cemented into popular memory the image of high-speed aircraft as enduring symbols of modernity and national pride.
Discussion of “Phantom Penis: Extrapolating Neuroscience and Employing Imagination for Trans Male Embodiment”

As described by Straayer, the phantom penis in transgender men combines feelings of loss and potential and may contribute to self-authentication and pleasure following phalloplasty. To align their ...
Enforcement Malfeasance, Witness Participation, Crime, and Reform

We develop a model wherein a reputation for prosecutorial malfeasance reduces the willingness of witnesses to cooperate with prosecutors. This causes an increase in the crime rate and in wrongly-convicted innocent defendants. Because citizens are taxpayers and may be victims, perpetrators, witnesses, or falsely-accused defendants, they care about the prosecutor’s quality. They update beliefs about this quality based on the disposition of cases. If the prosecutor’s believed quality falls below a threshold, then a majority of voters choose to replace the prosecutor with a challenger, in expectation of reform. We compare the majority’s choice with that of a social planner.
Effect of sex chromosomes versus hormones in neonatal lung injury

The main mechanisms underlying sexually dimorphic outcomes in neonatal lung injury are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that hormone- or sex chromosome-mediated mechanisms interact with hyperoxia exposure to impact injury and repair in the neonatal lung. To distinguish sex differences caused by gonadal hormones versus sex chromosome complement (XX versus XY), we used the Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice and exposed them to hyperoxia (95% FiO2, P1-P4: saccular stage) or room air. This model generates XX and XY mice that each have either testes (with Sry, XXM, or XYM) or ovaries (without Sry, XXF, or XYF). Lung alveolarization and vascular development were more severely impacted in XYM and XYF compared with XXF and XXM mice. Cell cycle-related pathways were enriched in the gonadal or chromosomal females, while muscle-related pathways were enriched in the gonadal males, and immune-response-related pathways were enriched in chromosomal males. Female gene signatures showed a negative correlation with human patients who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or needed oxygen therapy at 28 days. These results demonstrate that chromosomal sex - and not gonadal sex - impacted the response to neonatal hyperoxia exposure. The female sex chromosomal complement was protective and could mediate sex-specific differences in the neonatal lung injury.
Assessing early erythrolysis and the relationship to perihematomal iron overload and white matter survival in human intracerebral hemorrhage

Aims Iron released from lysed red blood cells within the hematoma plays a role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-related neurotoxicity. This study utilizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine the time course, extent of erythrolysis, and its correlation with perihematomal iron accumulation and white matter loss. Methods The feasibility of assessing proportional erythrolysis using T2* MRI was examined using pig blood phantoms with specified degrees of erythrolysis. Fifteen prospectively enrolled ICH patients had MRIs (3-Tesla) at days 1-3, 14, and 30 (termed early, subacute, and late periods, respectively). Measurement was performed on T2*, 1/T2*, and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps. Results Pig blood phantoms showed a linear relationship between 1/T2* signal and percent erythrolysis. MRI on patients showed an increase in erythrolysis within the hematoma between the early and subacute phases after ICH, almost completing by day 14. Although perihematomal iron overload (IO) correlated with the erythrolysis extent and hematoma volume at days 14 and 30, perihematomal white matter (WM) loss significantly correlated with both, only at day 14. Conclusion MRI may reliably assess the portion of the hematoma that lyses over time after ICH. Perihematomal IO and WM loss correlate with both the erythrolysis extent and hematoma volume in the early and subacute periods following ICH.
Pericardial Effusion, Tamponade, and Constrictive Pericarditis

The normal pericardium is a bilayer fibroelastic sac: the outer fibrous and the inner serous pericardium. The latter is itself divided into two components; a visceral layer adjacent to the epicardium and a more external parietal layer. When excessive fluid accumulates in this pericardial space or when the pericardium becomes thickened and stiffened, one of three pericardial compressive syndromes may occur; cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis and effusive-constrictive pericarditis. Pericarditis may be the first clinical manifestation of a non-diagnosed cancer. Twelve percent of patients with no known malignancy presenting with acute pericarditis with or without pericardial effusion will subsequently be diagnosed with cancer within 5 years. Pericardial syndrome in the oncology patients may be secondary to cancer, malignancy complications, or to side-effects of cancer-therapy, however, they often remain idiopathic. Echocardiography, a portable, low-cost, and non-irradiating technique is often performed as first line. Other modalities such as computer tomography (CT) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) may also be used in the diagnosis and evaluation of pericardial syndrome.
Comparative studies of neurotransmitter substances in the maturing and aging central nervous system of the chicken.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on some aspects of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurotransmission and the changes occurring during aging. Because the changes occurring during aging are frequently better explained if these changes are compared with early developmental changes, the entire life span was examined. One of the frequent functional characteristics of aging is the slowing of reflex activity, the appearance of tremor-like movements and the loss of short memory. All these phenomena may be attributed to the decline in central nervous system (CNS) neuronal integrative mechanisms with aging. The activities of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase, the hydrolyzing and synthesizing enzymes of acetylcholine, were the indices used for cholinergic neurotransmission and endogenous levels of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were indices of monoaminergic neurotransmission. The changes in neurotransmission in the cerebral hemispheres with aging are of importance in view of the role of the cerebral cortex in memory phenomena.
The seemingly endless challenge: : workflows

Workflows, policies, and procedures are important to the daily work of staff responsible for managing electronic resources. If any piece of the process documentation puzzle is missing, the work can be incomplete or delayed, in turn affecting end user access to electronic resources acquired by the library. Particular attention is paid to the need for more complete workflow documentation to guide the detailed work described in procedures. A plan at the author’s library to identify and fill in workflow documentation gaps is described, and example workflow diagrams are presented to illustrate the potential outcome of the documentation project.
Political Polarization as a Constraint on Government: Evidence from Corruption

Efforts to explain corruption have increased dramatically over the last few years. The interest stems from the increasing weight economists assign to corruption when explaining economic growth and from the availability of data that measure it. Much of the effort centers on how political institutions influence perceptions of corruption. We move this debate in a new and fertile direction by addressing a previously ignored dimension: ideological polarization. Specifically, we contend that perceptions of corruption are determined not only by specific institutional features of the political system - elements of voting systems, ballot structures, or the existence of checks and balances - but by who sits at the controls. We employ pooled cross-sectional data for a broad variety of countries to test our theoretical argument. Contrary to recent findings by both economists and political scientists, we show that ideological polarization is a robust predictor of corruption.
Motion compensated video compression and dense motion field coding

A new method based on an efficient computational algorithm and a novel coding scheme is proposed for the design and implementation of an integrated video compression system. The proposed system offers better performance and more functionality over the state of the art encoding method, i.e. the MPEG. Multiple bit rate decoding, low bit rate encoding, and scalability of the method to very high resolution video are among some of the advantages offered by the proposed system. >
Competencies 101: The knowledge, skills, behaviors and attitudes of a top notch anatomy educator

The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) defines the standards of accreditation for medical schools in the United States and Canada. These standards are stated in an annual publication tit...
Chapter 18: Properties of Connexin50 Hemichannels Expressed in Xenopus laevis Oocytes

Publisher Summary Proteins of the connexin family form specialized cell-to-cell channels (dodecamers) by docking hemichannels (hexamers) located in the plasma membrane of adjacent cells. The channels span the plasma membrane, bridge the extracellular space, and contain a 1–2 nm diameter water-filled pore at the geometrical center. Their importance resides in the establishment of a low-resistance pathway among cells that allows for the diffusion of water, ions, and molecules of up to 1000 Da molecular weight without involvement of the extracellular space. In excitable tissues, the channels mediate the rapid cell-to-cell propagation of action potentials and, therefore, avoid the delay associated with propagation through chemical synapses. This rapid propagation permits synchronization of the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle cells and the fight-or-flight reflexes in arthropods and vertebrates. In nonexcitable tissues, the pathway allows the diffusion of second messenger molecules between adjacent cells, such as calcium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which are thought to play important roles in normal tissue physiology and embryonic development.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Confers Resistance to Encephalomyocarditis and Herpes Simplex Virus-Induced Cell Death Through the Activation of Distinct Downstream Effectors

The Janus kinase/STAT pathway has emerged as the paradigm of IFN-induced protection from viral infections. However, the possible participation of other signaling proteins in this protection is not clearly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) by either serum factors or IFNs blocks cell death induced by encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and HSV. This increased resistance to virus-induced cell death does not involve the activation of the STAT pathway and occurs in the presence of normal viral replication. Interestingly, the cell uses two different PI3K regulated pathways to block EMCV- and HSV-induced cell death. The increased sensitivity of p85alpha(-/-) embryonic fibroblasts to EMCV-induced cell death is specifically corrected by overexpression of an activated allele of Akt/protein kinase B, but not activated mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular kinase. Conversely, the augmented sensitivity of p85alpha(-/-) cells to HSV-induced cell death was compensated for by expression of an activated form of mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular kinase, but not by activated Akt/protein kinase B. We conclude from these data that PI3K-activated pathways function in parallel with the Janus kinase/STAT pathway to protect cells from the lethal effects of viruses.
Older Adults and Integrated Health Settings: Opportunities and Challenges for Mental Health Counselors

The growing number of older adults and the increasing recognition and growth of integrated health teams are creating expanded career opportunities for mental health counselors (MHCs). Collaborative integrated teams, staffed with medical personnel and MHCs, can provide comprehensive patient-centered care that addresses client issues from a biopsychosocial perspective. However, working with older adults on an integrated health team or in an interdisciplinary setting presents unique challenges and raises ethical issues. The evolving opportunities and strategies to address accompanying challenges are highlighted so that MHCs can be prepared to work effectively with older adults in interdisciplinary settings and on integrated health care teams.
Learning a Vector-Based Model of American Sign Language Inflecting Verbs from Motion-Capture Data

American Sign Language (ASL) synthesis software can improve the accessibility of information and services for deaf individuals with low English literacy. The synthesis component of current ASL animation generation and scripting systems have limited handling of the many ASL verb signs whose movement path is inflected to indicate 3D locations in the signing space associated with discourse referents. Using motion-capture data recorded from human signers, we model how the motion-paths of verb signs vary based on the location of their subject and object. This model yields a lexicon for ASL verb signs that is parameterized on the 3D locations of the verb's arguments; such a lexicon enables more realistic and understandable ASL animations. A new model presented in this paper, based on identifying the principal movement vector of the hands, shows improvement in modeling ASL verb signs, including when trained on movement data from a different human signer.
High efficiency gene transfer to airways of mice using influenza hemagglutinin pseudotyped lentiviral vectors.

Background A limitation to efficient lentivirus-mediated airway gene transfer is the lack of receptors to commonly used viral envelopes on the luminal surface of airway epithelia. The use of viral envelopes with natural tropism to the airway could be useful for overcoming this limitation. Methods We investigated influenza hemagglutinin (HA) pseudotyped equine infectious anemia virus-derived lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer to the airway epithelium of adult and newborn mice. For these studies, high-titer vectors were delivered by intranasal administration. In addition, we tested the feasibility of vector re-dosing to the nasal airway. Results Delivery of high-titer HA pseudotyped lentiviral vectors by nasal administration to newborn mouse pups or adult mice results in the efficient transduction of airway epithelial cells in the nose, trachea, and lungs. In the nose, vector expression was predominant in the respiratory epithelium and was not observed in the olfactory epithelium. In the trachea and large airways of the lung, approximately 46% and 40%, respectively, of surface epithelial cells could be transduced. The efficiency of re-dosing to the nasal airway of mice was found to be dependent of the age of the animal when the first dose is administered, as well as the length of time between doses. Conclusions A single intranasal dose of concentrated influenza HA-pseudotyped lentiviral vector is sufficient for efficient gene transfer to the airways of mice. This is a promising result that could lead to the development of effective gene transfer reagents for the treatment of cystic fibrosis and other human lung diseases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defined mutations in the 5' nontranslated sequence of Sindbis virus RNA

We have constructed 24 deletion mutants which contain deletions of from 1 to 15 nucleotides in the 5' nontranslated region of Sindbis virus RNA and tested the effect of these mutations on virus replication. The results showed that the first 44 nucleotides, which are capable of forming a hairpin structure, are important for virus replication, as all deletions tested in this region were either lethal or resulted in virus that grew poorly in comparison to the parental virus. Many of these deletions had different effects in mosquito cells than in chicken cells, suggesting that cellular factors, presumably proteins, bind to this region. This domain may function in at least two processes in viral replication. It seems likely that in the minus strand, this sequence element is bound by the viral replicase and promotes RNA replication. In the plus strand, this element may modulate initiation of translation of the nonstructural proteins. The results suggest that the hairpin structure itself is important. All deletions within it had deleterious effects on virus replication, and in particular, deletion of one of the G residues at nucleotide 7 or 8 or of one of the C residues at nucleotide 36 or 37 which are theoretically base-paired with these G's resulted in temperature-sensitive viruses that behaved very similarly. In contrast, large deletions between the 44-nucleotide hairpin and the translation start site at nucleotides 60 to 62 resulted in virus that grew as well as or better than the parental virus in both chicken and mosquito cells. The A residue at position 5 of the HRSP strain used was examined in more detail. Deletion of this A was lethal, whereas substitution by G resulted in a virus that grew poorly, despite the fact that G is present at position 5 in the AR339 parent of HRSP. U at position 5 resulted in a virus that grew less well than the A5 strain but better than the G5 mutant.
Dynamics of the flame flowfields in a low-swirl burner

Dynamics of the Flame Flowfields in a Low-Swirl Burner Matthew R. Johnson and Robert K. Cheng Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 Corresponding author: Robert K. Cheng MS701-08B, 1 Cyclotron Road Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 Voice: 510 486 5438 Fax: 510 486 7303 RKCheng@lbl.gov Key words: premixed turbulent flames, velocity measurements, PIV Introduction The concept of using low swirl to stabilize lean premixed turbulent flame was introduced in 1992. Since then, the low-swirl burner (LSB) has become a useful laboratory tool for the study of detailed flame structures as well as turbulent burning speeds. Its main attribute is that the flame is freely propagating and is locally normal to the turbulent approach flow (Figure 1). Therefore, the turbulent flame brush is not influence by physical boundaries. The capability of LSB to support very lean flames and very turbulent flames [1, 2] was further exploited in recent studies to test the validity of the flame regime concept. Using 2D imaging diagnostics (e.g. planar laser induced fluorescence, PLIF, and planar laser induced Rayleigh scattering) our analysis showed that the wrinkled flame regime to be valid at a turbulence intensity level much higher than previously thought [3-5]. This provided experimental verification of a new ‘thin reaction zone’ regime for the Kalovitz number range of 1 < Ka < 10 (Ka = (u'/s L ) 3/2 (lx/dL) 1/2 ) proposed by Peters. Figure 1 Low-swirl burner with air jet swirler Due to its freely propagating nature, modeling