cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder From Pentaborane Intoxication: Neuropsychiatric Evaluation and Short-term Follow-up

Fourteen individuals briefly exposed to a toxic industrial compound, pentaborane, were evaluated for neuropsychiatric abnormalities four to 12 weeks after exposure. Results of physical, neurological, and routine laboratory evaluations were normal. Initial and persistent psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological deficits, electroencephalographic changes, elevated central nervous system neurotransmitter levels, and ventricular brain ratios (computed tomographic scan) provide evidence of central nervous system damage. Seven patients met diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 3, for posttraumatic stress disorder, and seven patients had neuropsychological test evidence of mild brain dysfunction. No statistically significant relationship was found between neuropsychiatric test results and psychiatric diagnoses. These results contradict previous literature that reports most symptom resolution within the first week after exposure to pentaborane. Results suggest that patients suffered a combination of organic brain insult and psychological trauma. ( JAMA 1985;254:2603-2608)
Criminalizing Spousal Rape: The Diffusion of Legal Reforms

While efforts to criminalize spousal rape began in the 1970s, by 2002 only twenty-three states had adopted laws that allow for the full prosecution of sexual assault by a spouse. The authors present the first analysis of martial rape law reform to incorporate insights from research on diffusion. The authors find that states are more likely to criminalize spousal rape when women in the state have more economic power. Conversely, states are less likely to criminalize spousal rape when the legislature passed previous incremental reforms or when a neighboring state already criminalized spousal rape. The authors also find that states that criminalize spousal rape under a split-party government are particularly influential in the spread of such reforms and that the processes driving early diffusion are different than the processes driving later diffusion. Overall, results suggest that understanding law reforms requires greater attention to incremental change, negative effects of spatial diffusion, and the impor...
The effects of personality types and communication/behavior styles of single parent mothers on their male children

Problems confronting single mothers in their relationships with their sons is challenging. Among the factors affecting this relationship are the dualities relating to personality types as described by the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator and the Communication/Behavioral Styles as described by the Gregorc Style Delineator. These instruments and their findings are discussed in the paper.
RIVER RIDGE III: THE CAMPAIGN THAT FAILED

Further tests of modernity and the attributes of an innovation were conducted to assess their usefulness in determining why the River Ridge campaign failed. It was found that failure was in part due to the differential perceptions of the issues which existed between members of the community and those conducting the campaign. Also, it was found that there was much greater contact between the change agents and members of modern precincts than there was with members of traditional precincts.
Comparison of continuum and pore-scale models of nutrient biodegradation under transverse mixing conditions

Abstract Recent studies indicate that during in situ bioremediation of contaminated groundwater, degradation occurs primarily along transverse mixing zones. Classical reactive-transport models overpredict the amount of degradation because solute spreading and mixing are not distinguished. Efforts to correct this have focused on modifying both dispersion and reaction terms, but no consensus on the best approach has emerged. In this work, a pore-scale model was used to simulate degradation along a transverse mixing zone between two required nutrients, and a continuum model with fitted parameters was used to match degradation rates from the pore-scale model. The pore-scale model solves for the flow field, concentration field, and biomass development within pore spaces of porous medium. For the continuum model, the flow field and biomass distributions are assumed to be homogeneous, and the fitting parameters are the transverse dispersion coefficient ( D T ) and maximum substrate utilization rate ( k S,c ). Results from the pore-scale model show that degradation rates near the system inlet are limited by the reaction rate, while degradation rates downgradient are limited by transverse mixing. For the continuum model, the value of D T may be adjusted so that the degradation rate with distance matches that from the pore-scale model in the mixing-limited region. However, adjusting the value of k S only improves the fit to pore-scale results within the reaction-limited region. Comparison with field and laboratory experiments suggests that the length of the reaction rate-limited region is small compared to the length scale over which degradation occurs. This indicates that along transverse mixing zones in the field, values of k S are unimportant and only the value of D T must be accurately fit.
Successful radiofrequency ablation of the cerebral cortex in pigs using the venous system: possible implications for treating CNS disorders.

Summary Background When pharmacotherapy for epilepsy fails, surgical options, although efficacious, are highly invasive. We explored whether ablation of the cerebral cortex can be performed utilizing the cerebral venous system. Methods Mapping and radiofrequency ablation was performed via the venous system in two pigs. Results Eight targeted sites were successfully accessed and four targeted sites successfully ablated via the central cerebral venous network. Conclusion Electrophysiological mapping and radiofrequency ablation of the cerebral cortex can be performed via the cerebral veins.
STAR methodology-based learning about construction accidents and their prevention

Abstract This paper presents the results of a feasibility study concerning the application of STAR methodology-based machine learning to construction accidents and their prevention. A ten-stage knowledge acquisition process is presented and its individual stages described. Knowledge about construction accidents was acquired using a collection of 225 examples, based on actual accidents records. Inductive learning with a system based on the STAR methodology was employed. This system was used in both the generalization and specialization modes of operation. The decision rules obtained are complex, but their interpretation is clear and they seem to be consistent with the present understanding of causal relationships between accident results and various factors affecting them. Also, the rules were verified using average overall and omission empirical error rates, which were calculated as average for three randomly determined sequences of examples. These error rates were calculated for all seven steps in the machine learning process, and were used to construct learning curves for both error rates. The relationships between error rates and the number of examples used for learning are analyzed, and coefficients of linear regression given and discussed. The 225 examples used were found to be grossly insufficient to produce reliable knowledge about accidents and therefore a large study is postulated which would involve the collection of a larger number of construction accident records. In general, our study demonstrated the feasibility of machine learning in acquiring knowledge about construction accidents.
The last resort--the use of physical restraints in medical emergencies.

Public awareness of the use of restraints in medicine has been greatly heightened by a five-part investigative series on physical restraints in psychiatric hospitals by the Hartford Courant and reaction to it by Connecticut's U.S. senators, Joseph Lieberman and Christopher Dodd.1 In October 1998 the Courant 's 50-state survey identified 142 patients who had died while in restraints or seclusion in the past decade, and the total number is probably much higher.2 The newspaper advocated the need for national standards for the use of restraints, impartial oversight, and accountability “for behavior that is cruel and even criminal.”1 The use of . . .
Age effects in demand models: What about cohort and period effects?

Age effects in demand models are commonly estimated by using one year of microdata. However, what is usually forgotten is that there is a linear dependency between age, period, and cohort. Hence, the age effect may be biased when cohort is excluded. In this paper, a mixed-effects-demand model for milk is estimated, and it is shown how it might go wrong when cohort is not accounted for. In addition, lower intercepts in younger cohorts than in older cohorts indicate that over time, milk purchase will continue to decrease as younger cohorts replace older cohorts.
Biliary fistulae and haemorrhage

Percutaneous biliary drainage is the most common aetiology of haemobilia. Bile duct fistulae can also arise from the hepatic or portal vein, most commonly as a result of trauma. Percutaneous methods for treating haemobilia from all these sources are discussed in detail.
Expression of 5-HT3 receptors in primary sensory neurons of the petrosal ganglion of adult rats

By using a specific antiserum, expression of the 5-HT3 receptor was examined in the petrosal ganglion (PG) of adult male rats. We found that the 5-HT3 receptors are widely distributed in the PG. This finding was confirmed by RT-PCR detection of the 5-HT3 receptor mRNA in the tissue. Unlike the distribution patterns of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which occurred in limited regions of PG, the 5-HT3 receptors seemed to distribute throughout the ganglion. As many TH-positive neurons in PG innervate type I cells in the carotid body, the coexistence of 5-HT3 receptor and TH in some neurons suggests that this receptor may play a role in carotid body chemoreception.
Hepatocellular carcinomas show abnormal expression of fibronectin protein

Fibronectin plays an important role in cell-to-cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell signaling. In the liver, fibronectin expression has been studied primarily as a component of the extracellular matrix, but little information is available on the expression of fibronectin protein in the neoplastic cells of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Twenty-four surgically resected HCCs were immunostained with fibronectin. Tumor and normal liver tissues were concurrently analyzed in all cases, and expression in the tumor was evaluated in comparison to the nonneoplastic liver. The average age at resection was 54 +/- 18 years for the 18 men and 6 women. Twenty-one of the cases were classic HCCs including 6 cases that were well differentiated, 12 cases moderately differentiated, and 3 cases poorly differentiated. The remaining 3 cases were moderately differentiated fibrolamellar carcinomas. In the normal liver, fibronectin labeled the sinusoids and weakly to moderately stained the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In HCCs, 15/24 showed overexpression of fibronectin in the cytoplasm, 8/24 showed no change from the nonneoplastic liver, and one case showed decreased cytoplasmic staining. In addition, an abnormal membranous staining pattern was noted in 16/24 HCCs. In contrast to the HCCs, none of the three fibrolamellar carcinomas showed increased cytoplasmic or membranous staining. Excluding fibrolamellar carcinoma, increased cytoplasmic staining and/or an abnormal membranous staining was noted in 19/21 (90%) of HCCs. Fibronectin shows abnormal cytoplasmic and/or membranous staining in the majority of HCCs. The implications of fibronectin overexpression are uncertain but may reflect a critical step in tumor genesis.
Mutual diffusion in binary Ar-Kr mixtures and empirical diffusion models

Molecular dynamics simulations of four binary Ar-Kr mixtures are used to compute self- and mutual-diffusion coefficients. Results using mean squared displacements and using velocity correlation functions are presented. The diffusivity coefficients are also presented in the time and frequency domains where a comparatively low frequency structure is evident in some simulations. The computed diffusivities are dependent on the maximum time over which the velocity correlation functions are integrated and the time at which the Einstein relationships are evaluated. This dependence explains in part the small systematic differences between our results (20--80 ps) and earlier molecular dynamics results (4 ps) in the system Ar-Kr. We compare the computed mutual diffusion coefficients to two empirical models, Darken's model and the common force model. Darken's model is consistent with our results over the entire frequency range we resolve. At frequencies lower than about 5 ${\mathrm{ps}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ Darken's model and the common force model converge and we cannot discriminate between them. At higher frequencies the common force model prediction is significantly different from the computed mutual diffusion coefficient. Assumptions regarding the contribution of cross correlations that are implicit in the empirical models are discussed and tested against our simulation results. The net contribution of velocity cross correlations is found to be negligible, as is often assumed in deriving Darken's model, but the individual cross-correlation terms are substantial and negative---a finding contrary to common assumptions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Asymmetric Formal Total Synthesis of the Stemofoline Alkaloids: The Evolution, Development and Application of a Catalytic Dipolar Cycloaddition Cascade.

Abstract A formal synthesis of didehydrostemofoline and isodidehydrostemofoline has been accomplished by preparing an intermediate in the Overman synthesis of these alkaloids from commercially available 2-deoxy- d -ribose. The work presented in this account chronicles the evolution of our explorations to identify the optimal steric and electronic control elements necessary to generate the tricyclic core structure of these alkaloids in a single operation from an acyclic precursor. The key step in the synthesis is a novel dipolar cycloaddition cascade sequence that is initiated by cyclization of a rhodium-derived carbene onto the nitrogen atom of a proximal imine group to generate an azomethine ylide that then undergoes spontaneous cyclization via dipolar cycloaddition. The synthesis features several other interesting reactions, including a Boord elimination to prepare a chiral allylic alcohol, a highly diastereoselective Hirama–Ito cyclization, and a useful modification of the Barton decarboxylation protocol.
Ultrasound measurements of cavitation bubble radius for femtosecond laser-induced breakdown in water

A recently developed ultrasound technique is evaluated by measuring the behavior of a cavitation bubble that is induced in water by a femtosecond laser pulse. The passive acoustic emission during optical breakdown is used to estimate the location of the cavitation bubble's origin. In turn, the position of the bubble wall is defined based on the active ultrasonic pulse-echo signal. The results suggest that the developed ultrasound technique can be used for quantitative measurements of femtosecond laser-induced microbubbles.
Continuous flow electrophoresis: The crescent phenomena revisited Part II: Nonisothermal effects

An asymptotic solution to the partial differential equation governing solute behavior in the continuous flow electrophoresis device is combined with solutions for the convective, electrophoretic and electroosmotic velocities in the chamber under nonisothermal operating conditions. The results illustrate the effect of temperature gradients on the net dispersion of solute in continuous flow electrophoresis. Three modes of operation are tested for this chamber: the convective velocity is in the same direction as gravity, the convective velocity is in the direction opposite to gravity and the effect of gravity is negligible.
Radiotherapy for locally recurrent infantile pancreatic carcinoma (pancreatoblastoma).

The authors report a case of recurrent paacreatoblastoma in a 3-year-old girl who was successfully treated with radiotherapy. The patient had two local tumor recurrences before radiation treatment; the second recurrence was managed with radiation alone. Computerized tomography scan at the completion of radiotherapy showed dramatic tumor regression. Six weeks after radiotherapy was finished exploratory laparotomy was performed; multiple biopsies showed no evidence of tumor. The patient is currently disease-free 2 years after completion of radiotherapy. This case suggests a role for radiation therapy in the management of children with paacreatoblastoma.
Two-Dimensional Virtual Microstructure Generation of Particle-Reinforced Composites

AbstractThis paper describes the development and validation of a virtual microstructure generator that can be used to fabricate a virtual, two-dimensional (2D) microstructure of particle-reinforced composites in general, and of asphalt concrete and/or cement concrete mixtures in particular. In the generator, some core geometric characteristics such as aggregate gradation, aggregate volume fraction, and angularity were used to transform data from a three-dimensional (3D) mixture into its 2D microstructure. Resulting virtual microstructures were then compared with real cross-sectional microstructure images obtained from actual samples for validation. Comparison aided with statistical analyses presented a good agreement between the virtual and real microstructures, which demonstrates that the 3D–2D transformation algorithms were properly developed and implemented into the virtual microstructure generator. A properly generated virtual microstructure of the composites can be incorporated with computational mic...
School Context and Charter School Achievement: A Framework for Understanding the Performance “Black Box”

This article explores the relationship between charter school racial composition, school environments, and student achievement. We offer an original framework for understanding school context and its influence on schooling outcomes. We conclude that policymakers could better attend to the persistent educational inequality that has shaped U.S. schooling if when designing school choice plans they took account of student racial composition even in a postdesegregation environment.
A pulsed spark-discharge counter module☆

Abstract Sealed double-gap spark-discharge modules for detecting ionizing radiation have been designed and constructed with active diameters of 1.75″ and 3.0″. The module consists essentially of three parallel electrodes separated by two ceramic annular spacers. It is filled with noble gas mixture of 90% neon and 10% helium. Some useful properties of the spark-discharge counter module are that it is a triggered device with an output pulse of large amplitude; the detection efficiency for minimum-ionizing particles is about 99%; the sensitive time is typically of the order of 2 μs with a suitable steady clearing field; and it can be produced with larger active diameters and sealed against rugged external environments.
Scintillation saturation range and air-to-ground laser hazard analysis

The concept of scintillation saturation range has been applied to the determination of the range-dependent scintillation variance. This quantity can be used in laser hazard analysis, particularly for operations where a land-based target is irradiated by a mobile airborne laser.
The Implications of Brain Connectivity in the Neuropsychology of Autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has been associated with atypical brain functioning. Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) studies examining neural networks in autism have seen an exponential rise over the last decade. Such investigations have led to the characterization of autism as a distributed neural systems disorder. Studies have found widespread cortical underconnectivity, local overconnectivity, and mixed results suggesting disrupted brain connectivity as a potential neural signature of autism. In this review, we summarize the findings of previous fcMRI studies in autism with a detailed examination of their methodology, in order to better understand its potential and to delineate the pitfalls. We also address how a multimodal neuroimaging approach (incorporating different measures of brain connectivity) may help characterize the complex neurobiology of autism at a global level. Finally, we also address the potential of neuroimaging-based markers in assisting neuropsychological assessment of autism. The quest for a neural marker for autism is still ongoing, yet new findings suggest that aberrant brain connectivity may be a promising candidate.
Hypertonic sodium solutions in the treatment of burn shock

Summary One hundred and six patients with major burns were resuscitated with hypertonic lactated saline solution. No colloid was used. The response to treatment was good. The resuscitation plan was simple: the hypertonic saline was infused at a rate sufficient to insure 30 cc of urine flow hourly. The average rate of infusion was about 2 cc/kg/hr (forty-eight hours). Significant blood hyperosmolality and alkalosis were occasionally encountered in patients with extensive burns. Body weight increases were modest and transient; they were commensurate with the relatively small water loads that were administered. The wounds were relatively soft and supple. The treatment of burn shock with hypertonic lactated saline solution has proved to be safe, simple, and efficaceous.
Kinship Support and Maternal and Adolescent Well‐Being in Economically Disadvantaged African‐American Families

This study tested a conceptual model developed to explain the link between kinship support and the psychological well-being of economically disadvantaged African-American adolescents. The relation of kinship support with maternal and adolescent well-being and mothers' child-rearing practices was assessed in 51 African-American families whose incomes placed them at or below the poverty threshold. Findings revealed that kinship social support to mothers/female guardians was positively associated with adolescent psychological well-being, maternal well-being, and more adequate maternal parenting practices (acceptance, firm control and monitoring of behavior, autonomy granting). Maternal well-being and more adequate maternal parenting practices were positively related to adolescent well-being. Evidence of the mediational role of maternal well-being and parenting practices was revealed. When the effects of maternal well-being and maternal parenting practices were controlled, significant relations between kinship support and adolescent well-being were no longer apparent.
Science Signaling Podcast: 13 August 2013

This Podcast features an interview with Diomedes Logothetis and Rahul Mahajan, authors of a Research Article that appears in the 13 August 2013 issue of Science Signaling . In cardiomyocytes, activation of G protein–regulated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) by Gβγ slows heart rate by allowing potassium ions to flow out of the cells. The structural basis of GIRK activation by Gβγ has been unclear because it has proven challenging to cocrystallize these proteins. Mahajan and Logothetis used multistage computational docking to predict the interactions between Gβγ and GIRK1 and then tested these predictions in Xenopus oocytes. These combined approaches yielded a model in which Gβγ occupies a cleft in GIRK1 to stabilize the open conformation of the channel. In addition to elucidating how Gβγ promotes GIRK2 activation, this study also demonstrates an approach for combining computational and experimental methods to address protein-protein interactions when crystals of multiprotein complexes are not available.
Functional relationship between the adrenal cortex and posterior pituitary.

It has been shown that the hormones of the adrenal cortex and posterior pituitary have antagonistic actions on sodium and water excretion in suitably devised experimental conditions (Silvette and Britton, 1938a, 1938b, 1938c; Ingram and Winter, 1938; Winter et al., 1938, 1939; Corey et al., 1939; Silvette, 1940a, 1940b; Britton and Corey 1941; Corey et al., 1941; Mulinos et al., 1941; Anderson and Murlin, 1942; Britton and Kline, 1942; MacGavack et al., 1942; Winter and Ingram, 1943; Little et al., 1947; Roemmelt et al., 1949; Sartorius and Roberts, 1949; Gaunt et al., 1949; Lloyd and Lobotsky, 1950). On the other hand, hormones from both glands enhance potassium excretion (Sartorius and Roberts, 1949). The physiological significance of such facts is far from clear. One confusing factor is the inconstancy and variation of actions of the posterior pituitary hormones on electrolyte excretion and uncertainty concerning whether the same or different pituitary hormones
Soft biological materials and their impact on cell function

Most organs and biological tissues are soft viscoelastic materials with elastic moduli ranging from on the order of 100 Pa for the brain to 100 000 Pa for soft cartilage. Biocompatible synthetic materials already have many applications, but combining chemical compatibility with physiologically appropriate mechanical properties will increase their potential for use both as implants and as substrates for tissue engineering. Understanding and controlling mechanical properties, specifically softness, is important for appropriate physiological function in numerous contexts. The mechanical properties of the substrate on which, or within which, cells are placed can have as large an impact as chemical stimuli on cell morphology, differentiation, motility, and commitment to live or die.
Folding Quartic Roots.

The geometric tools of antiquity-straightedge and compass-solve linear and quadratic equations but fail at cubics, to the persistent consternation of angle trisectors. Recent articles show how other geometric systems-origami [6] or Mira* [4]-go beyond straightedge and compass to solve cubic equations as well; the key is to construct a common tangent to two parabolas. Solving cubics and even equations of higher degree by parabolas or other conics is an old idea ([7, 1, 3], and, more recently, [5]), but origami and Mira methods share the novel feature of constructing common tangents to parabolas from the parabolas' foci and directrices without needing the parabolas themselves. Thus these methods really use only points and lines. Since algebra reduces the quartic equation to equations of lower degree, we know in principle how to solve the quartic by tangents to parabolas as well, but translating the algebraic reduction into an origamior Mira-based procedure is geometrically unmotivated and unappealingly tortuous. Instead, this note shows how to solve certain quartics (to be detailed in a moment) by the common tangents to a parabola and a circle. Granting field operations and two square roots, the actual construction is a geometric hybrid, requiring one compass operation (i.e., a circle) and one origami-type fold. Our tools operate in the Euclidean plane, so of course we are considering real quartics and are constructing real roots. The path from common tangents to polynomial roots is as follows: Every conic has a so-called dual conic whose points represent the tangents to the original, so a common tangent to two conics leads naturally to a common point of their duals. Having this common point amounts to solving simultaneous quadratic equations; choosing the conics judiciously and substituting one equation into the other shows that in fact we have a solution to a cubic or quartic equation. Specifically, we will solve a reduced quartic (one with no x3 term),
UPREGULATION OF HEPATIC PROLACTIN RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION BY 17β-ESTRADIOL FOLLOWING TRAUMA-HEMORRHAGE

Although studies show protective effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) or prolactin (PRL) treatment in male rats after trauma-hemorrhage (TH), the mechanism of the salutary effects of these agents remains unknown. Because E2 modulates PRL receptor (PRL-R) expression in the liver, we examined whether E2 treatment after T-H has any effects on hepatic PLR-R gene expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to trauma (i.e., 5-cm midline laparotomy) and hemorrhage (35-40 mmHg for 90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation (Ringer lactate) or sham operation and then treated with E2 (50 microg/kg body wt sc) or vehicle immediately before resuscitation. Liver samples were collected at 3 h thereafter, and PRL-R mRNA expression was determined by PCR. Liver expression of PRL-R short-form gene was unaffected by T-H, whereas that of the long-form gene was suppressed. Treatment of T-H rats with E2 significantly increased PRL-R short-form gene expression and normalized PRL-R long-form gene expression to sham levels. In the isolated hepatocytes, PRL-R short-form gene expression was predominant compared with the long-form gene. In contrast, only the short form was detected in Kupffer cells. In vitro treatment by E2 demonstrated an increase in the PRL-R long-form gene in hepatocytes, but E2 had no effect on PRL-R short-form gene expression in either the Kupffer cells or hepatocytes. Thus E2 treatment after T-H in males appears to directly upregulate PRL-R long-form gene expression in hepatocytes. However, the upregulation of the PRL-R short form might involve the interaction of multiple cell types in the liver.
Nothing new under the sun: public health reinventing itself in economically challenging times.

The article discusses an excerpt of an article by C. E. A. Winslow which is published within the issue and is concerned with the work on public health in the U.S. which was conducted between 1920 and 1935 by the American Public Health Association's Committee on Administrative Practice. In the article the authors offer their opinions on the committee and on the impact that it has had on public health improvement efforts in the U.S. in 2011.
Evaluation of the peer assessment rating (PAR) index as an index of orthodontic treatment need

Abstract The need for orthodontic treatment has an objective component based on occlusal traits and a subjective component based on the esthetic impact of the occlusion. An occlusal index that measures the objective deviation from normal or ideal occlusion might be sufficient to mirror the subjective opinion of orthodontists about treatment need. The objective of this study was to determine whether the American (US) and United Kingdom (UK) weightings of the peer assessment rating (PAR) index are valid instruments with which to determine treatment need. Fifteen orthodontists rated the need for orthodontic treatment of 170 casts. Their collective decision was compared with the PAR value for the cast determined by a calibrated examiner. A range of suggested treatment cutoff points from the literature was used to generate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and optimized cutoff points. The cutoff points were 17 for both the US PAR and the UK PAR, and sensitivity, specificity, and kappa were 92%, 86%, and 0.77 for the US PAR and 92%, 89%, and 0.80 for the UK PAR. The area under the ROC curve was 97% for the US PAR and the UK PAR. Both the US PAR and the UK PAR scores were excellent predictors of orthodontic treatment need as determined by a panel of orthodontists. An occlusal index used to measure deviation from normal or ideal occlusion might perform as well as indexes of treatment need in predicting orthodontists' evaluations of treatment need. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;122:463-9)
Comparison of dissolved and total metals concentrations from acute tests with saltwater organisms

Aquatic life criteria (ALC) have traditionally been expressed for meals in terms of total-recoverable or acid-soluble concentrations. Recent US Environmental protection Agency policy recommended use of dissolved metal concentrations for setting water quality standards. Criteria derived from previous tests could be expressed in terms of dissolved metals if ratios of dissolved-to-total concentrations in those tests were consistent. Using those metals with insufficient dissolved metals data to directly derive criteria (arsenic (III), cadmium, chromium (VI), lead, nickel, selenium (IV), and zinc), the authors measured both total and dissolved metal concentrations in acute saltwater static and flow-through tests. Exposure conditions simulated those of original tests used to derive ALC. Partitioning of metals between dissolved and particulate forms was very consistent. Dissolved metal concentrations were greater than 90% of total concentrations in all tests, exceeding 95% in 10 of 13 tests. Dissolved-to-total metal ratios did not vary significantly with concentration, time, or type of test. Biological responses were consistent with historical data. Results implied that in acute saltwater toxicity tests used to establish ALC, metals were primarily dissolved. Thus criteria developed for metals based on total concentrations should be equally valid when expressed in terms of dissolved concentrations.
1579 EFFECT OF PROTEIN RESTRICTION ON GROWTH IN NORMAL (N) AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) RATS

3 week old female Spraque Dawley rats were divided into N and CRF groups. CRF was created by heminephrectomy followed in 7 days by contralateral nephrectomy. Each group was subdivided into 3 diet groups - 6, 14 and 24 percent protein. All diets were isocaloric and contained equivalent amounts of Na, K, Cl, Ca and phosphate. Wt and Ht were measured weekly for 9 wks. (12 wks. of age). *P<.05 compared to 24%. Animals on 6% diet were statistically significantly smaller than 24% diet (usual protein content of rat chow) and 14% diet, both under N or CRF conditions. Under N conditions 14% animals gained more wt then 24%; under CRF the same tendency was seen. Wt and Ht were most severely effected by the combination of CRF and protein restrictions (6% diet). We conclude that: (1) Severe protein restriction limits growth even further in the young animal with CRF. (2) Mild protein restriction without calorie restriction may be beneficial for growth in CRF. (3) Dietory manipulation in the young animal must be different than the adult animal to test the benefit of protein restriction as treatment of CRF.
Water sorption and desorption isotherms of some naturally occurring zeolites

Abstract Water sorption/desorption isotherms of some naturally occurring zeolites (more appropriately, zeolitic tuffs), such as chabazite, clinoptilolite, erionite, mordenite, and phillipsite, as measured by a volumetric method are reported. As expected, all the zeolites showed the Brunauer Type I isotherms with upward deviation at higher pressures, the latter as a result of multilayer sorption and liquid condensation in mesopores. The desorption branch of the isotherms exhibited small hystereses in all the samples. The micropore-filling capacities of the different zeolites were calculated from the Dubinin equation in order to delineate the effects of mesopores, impurities, crystallinity, and particle size. The Dubinin micropore-filling capacities were more or less found to be coincident to the Langmuir monolayer capacity.
The Potential of Case Study in Analyzing International Conflict

T HE Saar Conflict is the propitious beginning of a series of five case studies of international conflict being developed under the auspices of the European Centre of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, directed by John Goormaghtigh. Subsequent volumes are to deal with the Franco-Moroccan conflict, Trieste, Cyprus, and the AngloIranian crisis. These important studies will culminate in a book by Goormaghtigh, "drawing observations and conclusions of general application from the comparative analysis of various particular international conflicts . . ." (p. xiii). This review addresses itself to the question, to what extent has Professor Jacques Freymond developed his case findings so that they may be incorporated into a reliable and more generally applicable body of knowledge? If one asks that a case study contain raw materials from which more general knowledge may be abstracted, this volume clearly meets the requirement. The richness of the sources-documentary and secondary, complemented by personal manuscripts and interviews with many of the participants in this most recent episode in the century-old conflict over the Saar-is exploited skillfully by Freymond and his collaborators. The final text was prepared by M. Freymond, Director of Geneva's Institute Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales, who is not a national of any of Ithe states party to the conflict. His collaborators, on the other hand, are Saar, German, and French scholars, whose access to informed persons and primary sources was exceptional, save for those papers impounded under the fifty-year rule of European diplomatic archives.' Despite the fact that over one hundred and fifty important
Automated Scoring of Short-Answer Reading Items: Implications for Constructs.

This article examines how the use of automated scoring procedures for short-answer reading tasks can affect the constructs being assessed. In particular, it highlights ways in which the development of scoring algorithms intended to apply the criteria used by human raters can lead test developers to reexamine and even refine the constructs they wish to assess. The article also points out examples of ways in which attempting to replicate human rating behavior while avoiding incidental construct alteration can pinpoint areas of the automated scoring process requiring further development. The examples discussed in this article illustrate the central point that construct definitions should always guide the development of scoring algorithms while the process of developing and refining such algorithms requires more rigorous construct definitions and can potentially push us to refine our constructs.
Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis is associated with enhanced low molecular mass polypeptide 2 (LMP2) expression and is attenuated in LMP2 knockout mice.

Low molecular mass polypeptide 2 (LMP2) is an inducible proteasome subunit. Our goals were to examine LMP2 expression in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and to evaluate colitis in LMP2 knockout (LMP2–/–) mice. Mice were given 2.5% DSS in the drinking water. On day 0, 2, 4, or 6 after DSS treatment, LMP2 expression was determined in the distal colon by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Parameters of colitis were measured in LMP2–/– mice or wild-type mice. LMP2 expression was enhanced in the colon of DSS-treated mice at all time points. Symptoms of DSS-induced colitis were always lower in LMP2–/– mice. Normalized histology scores and colonic IL-1s levels increased over the 6-day study period in wild-type mice. These parameters were significantly reduced in LMP2–/– mice that consumed DSS for 6 days. Enhanced LMP2 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of DSS-induced colitis in mice.
Fluctuations in the community composition of water-column protozoa in two southeastern blackwater rivers (Georgia, USA)

This study addresses protozoan population dynamics of two southeastern blackwater rivers in Georgia: the sixth order Ogeechee River and fourth order Black Creek. The density and composition of the protozoan community was assessed by counting the protozoans into size classes. Particularly abundant flagellate types (bloom forms) and ciliates were enumerated separately. Protozoan density in these blackwater rivers is high. Observations during a two week and a ten month census showed that the rate of community change is rapid and that the range in diversity is great. A backwater site showed the highest percentage of bloom forms, while the main channel sites of Black Creek and the Ogeechee River had fewer bloom forms. Rapid increases in density during a two week microcosm study were attributed to isolation of the water-column from filter-feeders, the benthos, and different source areas. An analogous situation may exist in the low order swamp streams and backwater habitats where many dense blooms occur. The high protozoan population densities observed were partially due to rapid changes in the physical characteristics of the environment, reactions of the protozoa to such changes, growth in the swamp tributaries and backwater areas, subsequent washing into the river, and further growth as the water moves toward the sea.
Psychological Aspects of Disasters

This article describes several topics necessary for understanding the psychological impact of disasters. Topics discussed include characteristics of disaster that impact psychological response, stages of response, factors influencing individual and collective trauma, and important aspects of psychological interventions. The author shares several conclusions about the nature of people, culture, and society based on his many years of work in disaster mental health.
Acute inflammatory lung injury retards pulmonary particle clearance

The deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled cobalt oxide particles from the lungs of calves with acute inflammatory lung injury induced by parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3) were examined. Acute pulmonary inflammation was induced by nebulization with 109 TCID50 of PI-3 virus on two successive days, and animals were subsequently exposed to an aerosol of particulate cobalt oxide (geometric mean diameter 0.54–0.65μm) seven days post-virus infection (dpi). Pulmonary lesions at 7 dpi were typical of PI-3 pneumonitis and were characterized by patchy aveolitis and bronchiolitis with accumulations of neutrophils, macrophages, fibrin, and inflammatory debris. Calves were killed at 0, 7, and 21 days post-aerosol exposure (dpe) to evaluate particle clearance and retention by assay for cobalt in lung tissues, bronchoalveolar washings, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Control animals had a typically biphasic clearance pattern with rapid initial clearance of 50% of the initial lung burden (ILB) by 7 dpe followed by slower prolonged clearance. Clearance was significantly retardedP < 0.05 in calves with viral-induced acute inflammatory lung injury; 90% of the ILB was retained at 7 dpe. Essentially all particles recoverable by bronchoalveolar lavage were intracellular within pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) in both experimental and control groups, but interstitial sequestration of particles within PAM was commonly observed only in the lungs of calves with viral pneumonitis. Pneumonic calves also exhibited retarded translocation of particles to regional lymph nodes. The results document impaired particulate clearance from acutely inflamed lungs, and implicate decreased mucociliary clearance and interstitial sequestration within PAM as the major contributing factors. These functional alterations would be expected to enhance the progression of virus-induced acute pulmonary inflammatory injury.
Effects of cytoprotective antioxidants on lymphocytes from representative mitochondrial neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract Two new aza analogues of the neuroprotective agent idebenone have been synthesized and characterized. Their antioxidant activity, and ability to augment ATP levels have been evaluated in several different cell lines having suboptimal mitochondrial function. Both compounds were found to be good ROS scavengers, and to protect the cells from oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion. The compounds were more effective than idebenone in neurodegenerative disease cells. These novel pyrimidinol derivatives were also shown to augment ATP levels in coenzyme Q 10 -deficient human lymphocytes. The more lipophilic side chains attached to the pyrimidinol redox core in these compounds resulted in less inhibition of the electron transport chain and improved antioxidant activity.
Tensor Products and Computability

We consider the problem of computability in tensor products of modules over a ring. We exhibit a finite local ring A and a pair of A-modules, given explicitly by generators and relations, with the following property. The operations in each module are computable in polynomial time, but equality in their tensor product is undecideable. The construction is of interest because it directly embeds Turing machine-like computations into the tensor product. We also present sufficient conditions for equality in tensor products to be decideable.
Excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and frequency dependent polarizabilities of Be: Comparison of TDHF, EOM (second order), and MCTDHF

Low-lying excitation energies from the ground state of Be were calculated using a basis set of 61 Cartesian Gaussian functions. Three approximations were employed: the time-dependent Hartree–Fock (TDHF), second-order equations-of-motion (EOM), and multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree–Fock (MCTDHF). The TDHF excitation energies are 0.5–1.1 eV lower than experiment, and the EOM values are 0.3–1.2 eV lower than experiment, whereas the MCTDHF excitation energies deviate on the absolute average from experiment by only 0.03 eV. We found that in an MCTDHF calculation, any proper MCSCF stationary point is a good reference (i.e., initial) state, not just the ground state. Experimental values for oscillator strength are accurately known only for the 2s2X1S 2s2p1P0 transition. The TDHF value and the MCTDHF value agree with experiment, but the EOM value does not. The agreement of the TDHF value with experiment seems to be coincidental, because for higher lying transitions the TDHF values differ by approximately a factor of two or more from the more accurate MCTDHF. Frequency independent polarizabilities, α(0), were also calculated with the TDHF, HRPA, and MCTDHF and frequency dependent polarizabilities, β(ω), were calculated with the MCTDHF. No experimental data for Be polarizabilities exist, but we expect the MCTDHF values to be among the most accurate calculations available.
Trash or treasure: recycling narratives and reducing political polarisation

Recycling is an increasingly important tool in global and national efforts for sustainability. Yet, particularly in the United States, there remains disconnect between those who view recycling as a necessity and those who see it as a waste: many conservatives do not support recycling activities, while many liberals do. However, recycling can be framed in language that draws support from both conservatives and liberals. Data from a survey sample of 429 individuals shows that conservative frames of recycling are supported by both conservatives and liberals, whereas liberal frames are supported only by liberals. Similarly ‘duty-based’ citizenship frames are supported by both duty-based and engaged citizens, while ‘engaged’ citizenship frames are supported mainly by engaged citizens. The implications for researchers, educators, administrators, and others involved in recycling are detailed.
A Trimetallic Mixed Ru(II)/Fe(II) Terpyridyl Complex with A Long-Lived Excited State in Solution at Room Temperature

The photophysical behavior of a series of mono- and trimetallic Ru(II) and mixed Ru(II)/Fe(II) bis-terpyridyl complexes was examined. The complexes have bridging terpyridyl ligands linked by phenylene−vinylene substituents on the terpyridyl. For the complexes bridged by a single phenylene−vinylene, the lowest-energy excited state is metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT), and excited-state decay is on the 1−10 ns time scale. The complexes with two phenylene−vinylene groups have thermally equilibrated excited states that are localized on the phenylene−vinylene bridge and have much longer lifetimes (>200 ns). Remarkably, the trimetallic complex having an Fe(II) terpyridyl center also has a long-lived excited state, despite the fact that low-energy iron-localized excited states exist on the complex.
Anaphylactic Shock and Susceptibility to Histamine Poisoning in the Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus littoralis

ConclusionsThe cotton rat was found relatively refractory to anaphylactic shock. In this respect it resembles the ordinary laboratory rat. Low titered precipitins occurred in 3 of the 9 serums tested after sensitization. The minimal lethal dose of histamine intravenously was approximately 0.8 mg per 100 g for the cotton rat. This is 15 times the quantity required to kill a guinea pig, but is 100 times less than that which has been reported lethal for the rat.