cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Diagnosis: Interrupted Breastfeeding

Interrupted breastfeeding was approved by the membership to be added to the NANDA taxonomy in 1992. The diagnosis was developed to name the response that occurs when a breastfed baby cannot be put to breast for some or all of the feedings. Two examples of life processes/events, premature or sick infant and maternal employment, illustrate the application and use of the diagnosis. Nursing interventions for each situation are discussed. A comparison describing the differences between interrupted breastfeeding and ineffective breastfeeding is included to address the controversy of whether or not the diagnoses are the same. A sample diagnosis/care plan is added to demonstrate use of the diagnoses in clinical practice.
Compactness of solutions to the Yamabe problem. III

Abstract For a sequence of blow up solutions of the Yamabe equation on non-locally conformally flat compact Riemannian manifolds of dimension 10 or 11, we establish sharp estimates on its asymptotic profile near blow up points as well as sharp decay estimates of the Weyl tensor and its covariant derivatives at blow up points. If the Positive Mass Theorem held in dimensions 10 and 11, these estimates would imply the compactness of the set of solutions of the Yamabe equation on such manifolds.
Markets, regions, and the world system: Explorations beyond the local community

Mines, Mattison. The Warrior Merchants: Textiles, Trade, and Territory in South India. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. xiii + 178 pp. including 2 maps, references, glossary, and index. $34.50 cloth. Plattner, Stuart, ed. Markets and Marketing (Monographs in Economic Anthropology, No. 4). Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1985. xx + 418 pp. including chapter references, 3 maps, and tables and figures throughout. $16.75 paper. Smith, Joan, Immanual Wallerstein, and Hans‐Dieter Evers, eds. Households and the World Economy: Explorations in the World‐Economy. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1984. 296 pp. including chapter references, tables, and index. $25.00 cloth.
Interrelationships between Fish Tissue Mercury Concentrations and Water Quality for South Dakota Natural Lakes and Impoundments

The purpose of this study was to determine whether water quality parameters commonly associated with primary productivity may be used to predict the susceptibility of a specific water body to exceed proposed fish consumption advisory limitation of 0.3 mg kg−1. South Dakota currently has nine lakes and impoundments that exceed fish tissue mercury advisory limits of 1.0 mg kg−1 total mercury, far exceeding US Environmental Protection Agency and Food and Drug Administration 0.3 mg kg−1 consumption criteria. Previous studies suggest that increased aquatic productivity may mitigate the effects of biological production and subsequent uptake of methyl mercury through bio-dilution; however, it is uncertain whether these trends may exist within highly alkaline and highly productive aquatic conditions common to South Dakota lakes and impoundments. Water quality parameters and fish tissue mercury data for northern pike and walleye were collected and assessed using existing South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Game Fish and Parks data. The data was initially screened using both parametric linear regression and non-parametric Mann–Whitney rank sum comparisons and further assessed using binary logistic regression and stepwise logistic regression methodology. Three separate phosphorus measurements (total, total dissolved, and Trophic State Index) and pH were determined to significantly correlate with increased mercury concentrations for the northern pike-in-impoundments model. However, phosphorus surprisingly was not a strong predictor for the remaining scenarios modeled. For the northern pike-in-natural lakes models, alkalinity was the most significant water quality parameter predicting increased mercury concentrations. Mercury concentrations for the walleye-in-natural lakes models were further influenced by pH and alkalinity. The water quality and fish tissue mercury interrelationships determined within this study suggest aquatic productivity, and consequential eutrophication processes appear to be reasonable indicators of fish tissue mercury susceptibility for aquatic conditions common to South Dakota and highlight the continuing need to minimize eutrophication through effective watershed management strategies.
Polarization and Charge-Transfer Effects in Lewis Acid-Base Complexes

An interaction energy decomposition method has been used to investigate bonding interactions in a series of Lewis acid−base complexes. It was found that the bonding interaction of these donor−acceptor complexes can be divided into two main groups. The first involves weakly interacting complexes, which have characteristic interaction energies of 3−9 kcal/mol and monomer separations of 2.5−3.1 A. The second group consists of strongly bonding complexes, which have bonding energies of greater than 20 kcal/mol with short interaction distances (1.6−2.0 A) between the donor and acceptor molecule. The bonding interactions of group I complexes are primarily electrostatic in nature, whereas charge polarization and charge transfer between the two interacting monomers dominate the interaction in group II complexes. A good linear relationship is observed between the charge-transfer energy and the amount of charge-transfer from the donor to the acceptor species. Interestingly, the total bonding energy also correlates l...
Riedel singularity in tin-tin oxide-tin tunnel junctions

The Riedel peak in the Josephson supercurrent in Sn-Sn oxide-Sn tunnel junctions has been investigated by studying the amplitudes of microwave-induced steps. At low temperatures, the peak rises to a value approximately 2.8 times the zero-voltage supercurrent amplitude. This can be accounted for quantitatively in terms of the known bulk gap anisotropy of tin, reduced by a factor of 2–3 due to dirty-superconductor averaging and a further factor of about 17 due to preferred crystallographic orientation of the films comprising the junctions. At high temperatures, the truncation of the peak is in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions of the effect of quasiparticle damping processes. Complementary measurements of the slope of the quasiparticle tunnel current at the gap voltage cannot be satisfactorily explained in a similar way, despite the common origin of the quasiparticle current jump at the gap voltage and the Riedel peak in the quasiparticle density-of-states peak at the gap edge. The quasiparticle current jump appears to be broadened by some mechanism which does not significantly affect the Riedel peak.
Position error signal generation in hard disk drives based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA)

The position error signal (PES) in current hard disk drives is generated from the embedded servo data and used as the input for the track following controller. The servo pattern design and the decoding are both quite complicated in terms of the servo writing and servo detection, but they are important for the system dynamics study and track following controller design. In this paper, a novel scheme based on discrete fourier transformation (DFT) to decode the servo signal from a special magnetic servo pattern and generate the PES is proposed. In the scheme adjacent magnetic tracks with different frequencies are recorded to the disk and used as servo tracks to encode the position information. Simulation results show that the amplitudes at the two writing frequencies in the readback spectrum depend on the magnetic head position. The quadrature PES defined by the difference of the amplitudes is almost linear between the two adjacent tracks The simulation and off-line experimental results analysis agree with each other and prove the feasibility of this scheme. A real-time signal acquiring and processing system with a commercial field programmable gate array (FPGA) and ADC/DAC chips was built, and the proposed scheme was implemented in the FPGA to do the high-speed signal analysis. The magnetic head position information is extracted from the readback spectrum in the FPGA and transferred to a PC host for real-time graphic display using a labview interface. The system demonstrates an ability to generate the PES at 25 K samples per second with a resolution around 3 nm. The sampling rate can be enhanced further to 125 kHz if more servo sectors are written to the disk. This system provides a re-configurable research stage for studying the dynamic behavior of hard disk drives and for developing the control algorithm for track following.
On the euclidean dimension of a wheel

Following Erdos, Harary, and Tutte, the euclidean dimension of a graphG is the minimumn such thatG can be embedded in euclideann-spaceR n so that each edge ofG has length 1. We present constructive proofs which give the euclidean dimension of a wheel and of a complete tripartite graph. We also define the generalized wheelW m,n as the join $$\bar K_m + C_n $$ and determine the euclidean dimension of all generalized wheels.
Mine discrimination using multispectral imagery with feedforward neural networks

As a precursor to hardware implementation, we have performed mine detection functions in simulation on a polarimetric hyperspectral imaging (PHI) dataset collected by using a technique of acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) camera. In principle, PHI data of an image containing objects of interest in a cluttered background provide significant information about the objects, including their relative sizes, shapes, orientation, and other characteristics such as light reflectance and polarization signatures based on their material properties. The present study was, however, limited only to the direct spectral data for the object of interest. A feedforward artifical neural network (ANN) architecture was programmed to recognize predefined spectral 'templates' by using a well-known, hardware implementable inner-product matching scheme. This scheme is particulartly suited to the problem of spectral discrimination where the spectra to be examined or the objects to be discriminated are uncorrelated, as in the present case. In this paper, we describe the ANN architecture and discuss its hardware implementation issues. In addition, we provide the results of our simulation study performed along with suitable preprocessing steps with various window sizes from 1 X 1 to 50 X 50 pixels, leading to an unambiguous detection of the position of mines in test runs without false alarms.
Recovery of atomic oxygen density and temperature of the thermosphere by numerical inversion of simulated infrared radiance data with gaussian noise

Abstract It is demonstrated that the recovery of oxygen atom density and temperature atmospheric profiles can be obtained from numerical inversion of simulated limb-look radiance from the two atomic oxygen far infra-red fine-structure transitions at 63 μ m ( 3 P 1 → 3 P 2 ) and 128 μ m ( 3 P 0 → 3 P 1 ) . The inversion of simulated radiance data with reasonable estimates of noise is possible if both the integrated radiance and line-center radiance are available for both transitions. In order for the recovery of the atmospheric parameters to be successful down to regions of high oxygen atom density (100 km), it is necessary to smooth the noisy radiance data prior to application of a modified Gauss-Newton algorithm. Best results were obtained when a combination of cubic spline and optimal filtering smoothing techniques were used.
Famennian microbial reef facies, Napier and Oscar Ranges, Canning Basin, western Australia

Following the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction, which eliminated most skeletal reef-building fauna, the early Famennian reefs of the Canning Basin were constructed primarily by reef-framework microbial communities. In the Napier and Oscar Ranges, the Famennian reef complexes had high-energy, reef-flat depositional environments on a reef-rimmed platform that transitioned into low-energy, deep-water reefs growing in excess of 50 m below sea level. High-energy, reef-flat depositional environments contain doming fenestral stromatolites that grade into porous thrombolites and are associated with coarse-grained sandstones and grainstones. The reef-margin subfacies contains mounds of microdigitate thrombolites, which are more delicate than the reef-flat thrombolites and locally contain abundant red algae, Girvanella, renalcids and sediment-filled tubes. Within the thrombolites, the red algae are in upright growth positions, suggesting that the thrombolites are largely composed of carbonate that precipitated in situ. Reefal-slope environments are dominated by Wetheredella and Rothpletzella with locally abundant Girvanella, renalcids and Uralinella. In reefal-slope strata, delicate fans and microdigitate stromatolites of Wetheredella and Rothpletzella are often oriented horizontal or diagonal to bedding and are interpreted as syndepositionally toppled over. Most mesoscale microbial community structures contain several species of microbial fossils, and no single microbial species appears to have controlled the morphology of the community structure. Therefore, the depositional environment must have determined the distribution and morphology of the stromatolites, thrombolites and other microbial community structures. The adaptability of microbial communities to various reef environments allowed them to fill ecological niches opportunistically after the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction.
AFM investigations of phase separation in supported membranes of binary mixtures of POPC and an eicosanyl-based bisphosphocholine bolalipid.

Supported membranes prepared from binary mixtures of DOPC and the bolalipid C20BAS have been examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The supported membranes are phase separated to give a thicker DOPC-rich phase and a thinner bolalipid-rich phase for a range of lipid compositions. These results confirm an earlier prediction from mean field theory that phase separation is the thermodynamically stable state for membranes containing approximately equimolar C20BAS and double chain monopolar lipids with chain lengths exceeding 15 carbons. Hydrophobic mismatch between the monopolar lipid hydrocarbon chains and the membrane spanning bolalipid chains was suggested to provide the driving force for phase separation. The AFM results also show that the morphology of the mixed POPC:C20BAS supported membranes varies significantly with the conditions used to prepare the vesicles and supported membrane samples. The complex membrane morphologies observed are attributed to the interplay of several factors, including a co...
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS, SYNDROMATIC MEASURES, AND COMPLIANCE WITH NASAL CPAP THERAPY FOR SLEEP APNEA

38 male patients with obstructive sleep apnea were asked to complete 2 weeks of rating symptoms, physical examination, diagnostic polysomnography, and MMPI testing prior to being placed on nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Six months later, 26 (72.2%) of the 36 subjects available for follow-up showed continued compliance. A regression analysis conducted with those 28 subjects who completed all pretreatment measures showed that continued therapy was predicted by such pretreatment measures as patients' body mass index, ratings of daytime sleepiness and nocturnal sleep quality, and MMPI Depression and Hypochondriasis scale scores (R2 = 0.63). Eventual compilers had a higher Body Mass Index, reported less daytime sleepiness and better nocturnal sleep quality, and scored lower on the MMPI D and Hs scales prior to treatment than did the noncompliers. A linear discriminant function analysis with analog cross-validation showed these five predictors would identify approximately 80% of event...
Loop patch behavior as affected by incremental loading and cyclic frequency in fatigue

Abstract Fatigue tests of copper single crystals initiated by a ramp-loading program yield a higher saturation stress (32 MPa) than the accepted stress (28 MPa) for the plateau of the cyclic stress-strain curve. In order to understand this difference, the dislocation structures of a ramp-loaded crystal have been studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the effect of frequency on the nucleation of persistent slip bands (PSBs) has also been studied. The loop patches thus found in a ramp-loaded crystal are not much different from those produced in a regular test at constant strain amplitude, except that they contain a higher and more uniform content of secondary dislocations. The higher flow stress observed for ramp loading is explained by training of the loop patches. The nucleation of PSBs was found to be strain rate dependent.
Evaluating the individual counseling of conduct problem adolescents: The goal attainment scaling method

Abstract Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) is described as a potentially useful way of evaluating goal attainment of individual counseling provided to public school adolescents with conduct problems. Utilization of the GAS method for individual counseling involves a counselor (e.g., school psychologist) and a pupil in goal setting, program design, goal attainment scaling, and goal attainment evaluation activities. An application of the GAS method to evaluate goal attainment of individual counseling of conduct problem adolescents in an urban high school is presented, and formative evaluation data pertaining to practical and technical properties of the approach are reported. Advantages and limitations of the GAS method are discussed.
Re-Framing the Argument: Critical Service-Learning and Community-Centered Food Literacy

As a WPA and a service-learning director and practitioner, the author suggests connections between food studies, rhetoric and composition studies, and critical service-learning theory that involve mobilizing students to join in or help lead community efforts surrounding the local, organic food movement, food justice, and food literacy. The study is framed by questions of how composition instructors can create courses around issues related to the global food crisis to embed students in community-centered food literacy initiatives, and, more generally, how practitioners and WPAs can effectively promote and explain community-engaged pedagogies to higher-level administrators who question the value of the practice. I recently had a conversation with a dean at the University of Colorado Boulder about why the Program for Writing and Rhetoric made a curricular commitment to service- learning and civic engagement throughout its lower- and upper-division courses. More specifically, he wanted to understand the benefits of service-learning for students. He was not interested in assessment data about personal growth and civic learning. That students become more engaged and "critical citizens for a participatory democracy" (Berlin 97), as has been shown in numerous large and small-scale assessment studies (Ash, Clayton, and Atkinson; Astin and Sax; Eyler and Giles; Eyler, Giles, Stenson, and Gray), did not particularly impress him. "Yes," he said, "but is there something about service-learning that teaches students more effectively how to think and write?" As some within Rhetoric and Composition Studies argue to move beyond Paula Mathieu's "public turn" to a "political turn" 1 —one that would focus more deliberately on political issues than the social turn of the 1990s—practitioners, scholars, and WPAs once again face a host of questions that get at the heart of why we teach and what higher education's purposes are and should be. This is nothing new. These conversations have persisted through the last century from John Dewey to Paulo Freire to Ernest Boyer. In Rhetoric and Composition specifically, binary viewpoints about how to teach and the purposes for rhetoric and composition classes incite emotional and compelling arguments. In one camp, for example, are critical literacy scholars such as Henry Giroux and Ira Shor, who argue that critical pedagogy is an "emancipatory" project of "transformative intellectuals" (Giroux 174-175). Critical pedagogue James Berlin declares, "the objectives of English Studies are many. The most significant of these is developing a measure of facility in reading and writing practices so as to prepare
Be Careful How You Frame the Issues

Immigration is related to widening inequality and insecurity in the United States, but it is not the main cause of such changes and to focus on the host/immigrant conflict diverts attention from many different elite projects that have widened inequality. Moral arguments about immigration cannot just address outsiders who only want to get into nations, but must address the moral situation of people in the process of entry and especially of insider/outsiders, people already in. Over the long run, civic nationalism is a healthier model than exclusionary biological or cultural fundamentalist definitions of the national community.
National Skill Regimes, Postindustrialism, and Sex Segregation

Abstract Data from ten industrial market societies are used to assess the relative explanatory power of two macro-structural accounts of cross-national variability in occupational sex segregation: one by Estevez-Abe, Iversen, and Soskice (in Varieties of Capitalism), which emphasizes effects of labor-market skill regimes and social policy provisions, and an alternative account, which emphasizes the segregating effects of postindustrial economic restructuring. Results suggest that a country's level of postindustrial economic development is the more powerful predictor of men's and women's relative occupational distributions. Service sector expansion and economic rationalization interact with deeply institutionalized ideologies of gender difference to intensify some forms of gender inequality, generating surprising patterns of cross-national variation in sex segregation. Although occupational training requirements and social policy provisions undoubtedly help shape individual career choices, these institutional arrangements are themselves influenced by cultural beliefs about what men and women are good at and how they behave.
The Intentionality of Logical Significance and Material Ontological Meaning

In Chapter Two of my study of Husserl’s phenomenological account of intentionality, I will be concerned with bringing into relief the phenomenal state of affairs that lead him to differentiate, not only the intentional structure of logical signification (Bedeutung) from the intentional structure of material ontological meaning (Sinn), but also to maintain an exclusive philosophical importance for the latter. I find this state of affairs to be extremely important on at least two counts.
The Sphingosine Kinase 1/Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Pathway in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Rationale: Sphingosine kinases (SphKs) 1 and 2 regulate the synthesis of the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an important lipid mediator that promotes cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis.Objectives: We aimed to examine whether SphKs and their product, S1P, play a role in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Methods: SphK1−/−, SphK2−/−, and S1P lyase heterozygous (Sgpl1+/−) mice, a pharmacologic SphK inhibitor (SKI2), and a S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) antagonist (JTE013) were used in rodent models of hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension (HPH). S1P levels in lung tissues from patients with PAH and pulmonary arteries (PAs) from rodent models of HPH were measured.Measurements and Main Results: mRNA and protein levels of SphK1, but not SphK2, were significantly increased in the lungs and isolated PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from patients with PAH, and in lungs of experimental rodent models of HPH. S1P levels were increased in lungs of patients with PAH an...
Magnetized ion flux to arbitrary-shaped objects

The interaction of magnetized plasma ions with a collecting object of arbitrary shape such as a Langmuir probe is analyzed by drift approximation. This solution provides the theoretical basis for interpreting "perpendicular" or "oblique" Mach probes that seek to determine the parallel and perpendicular background plasma flow by measuring the ion flux as a function of the orientation of the collector surface. The theory avoids any dependence upon heuristic diffusion and instead calculates the solution using the method of characteristics; accounting for parallel velocity, all cross-field drifts, and self-consistent boundary conditions.
Performance evaluation of a Turbo Codec with Log-MAP algorithm on FPGA and CPU

It has been demonstrated that transmission systems using Turbo codes can achieve performance close to the Shannon limit. Although these codes were introduced two decades ago, their hardware implementations are still challenging because of the complexity of their equations. This paper presents a Field Programmable Gate Array-based implementation of a Turbo Codec system. This system includes an encoder and a decoder based on the Log-MAP algorithm. The implementation is simulated using ModelSim software and the results are compared to the results of the software-based implementation. These results show that the FPGA-based Turbo Codec is able to estimate correctly the information sequence; therefore its BER performance is comparable to the software-based implementation. However, the results of the comparison also show that the FPGA-based system is faster and consumes less energy that the software-based system.
Reducing crosstalk and signal distortion in wavelength-division multiplexing by increasing carrier lifetimes in semiconductor optical amplifiers

A simple theory for the crosstalk in multichannel wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems caused by the cross gain saturation in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is developed. It is shown that increasing the carrier recombination lifetime while reducing the differential gain in the SOA greatly mitigates the crosstalk. An SOA using type-II quantum wells with reduced recombination probability is designed, and its characteristics are numerically modeled for a number of different WDM systems. It is shown that when used as a preamplifier or in local/metro networks with a small number of amplifiers, error-free transmission can be achieved with the type-II SOA.
Volitional Spawning of Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata Induced with Pelleted Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone‐Analogue

The black sea bass is a high-value marine serranid and is a prime candidate for intensive cultivation. Reliable methods for controlled spawning are needed to accelerate the development of hatchery technologies that result in mass production of healthy juveniles. During 1998–2001, spawning studies were conducted at The University of North Carolina at Wilmington (UNCW) and at the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR), Charleston, using pelleted luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRH-a). From April through July 2001, 28 vitellogenic-stage females, with mean oocyte diameters (MOD) ranging from 277–448 μm, were implanted with a 95% cholesterol-5% cellulose pellet containing LHRH-a (-50 μg/kg body wt) at UNCW. In 10 individual spawning trials, females with MOD of 305–448 μm and maximum oocyte diameter × 475 μm spawned volitionally beginning 2–3 d post-implantation (PI) and continued spawning over an average of 1.9 d (range = 1–4 d). Individual females released a mean total of 149,000 eggs (117,000 eggs/kg) with a mean buoyancy rate of 40.5% (floaters). Fertilization and hatching rates were 98% and 27.2% of floaters, respectively, yielding 14,600 yolksac larvae/female (12,600 yolksac larvae/kg body wt), and overall egg viability averaged 8.9%. In eight group spawning trials (2–3 females/group), average performance of females, including fecundity (103,800 eggs/female; 105,500 eggs/kg body wt), buoyancy rate (42.5%), fertilization and hatching rates (97.7% and 24.3% of floaters), numbers of yolksac larvae produced (10,900 yolksac larvae/female; 10,100 yolksac larvae/kg body wt), and overall egg viability (10.6%) was comparable to what was seen in individual spawning trials. From 1998–2000, a total of 58 vitellogenic stage (70% of oocytes 500 pm) females were implanted with pelleted LHRH-a (-50 μg/kg body wt) in nine group spawning trials (2–19 females/group) at SCDNR. Volitional spawning typically began 18–42 h PI and recurred every 1–3 d for an average duration of 9 d. Female groups released a mean of 560,000 eggs (84,000/female; 132,000/kg body wt) over the spawning period, with mean buoyancy rate of 25.7% floaters. Fertilization and hatching rates were 17.7% and 11.6 % of floaters, respectively, yielding 4,300 yolksac larvae/female (4,600 yolksac larvae/kg body wt). Overall egg viability was 2.9%. Captive wild-caught black sea bass were induced to undergo repetitive volitional spawning by implantation of pelleted-LHRH-a, consistent with a multiple clutch group synchronous pattern of ovarian development. Group spawning appears to be a practical way to compensate for variable fecundity and egg viability of individual females. Research is needed to identify optimum hormone treatments and eligibility requirements.
Functional synergy and physical interactions of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 with the Krüppel family proteins Sp1 and EKLF.

An unresolved aspect of current understanding of erythroid cell-specific gene expression relates to how a limited number of transcriptional factors cooperate to direct high-level expression mediated by cis-regulatory elements separated over large distances within globin loci. In this report, we provide evidence that GATA-1, the major erythroid transcription factor, activates transcription in a synergistic fashion with two Kruppel family factors, the ubiquitous protein Sp1 and the erythroid-restricted factor EKLF (erythroid Kruppel-like factor), which recognize GC and/or GT/CACC motifs. Binding sites for both GATA-1 and these Kruppel proteins (especially Sp1) are found in close association in the promoters and enhancers of numerous erythroid cell-expressed genes and appear to cooperate in directing their expression. We have shown that GATA-1 interacts physically with Sp1 and EKLF and that interactions are mediated through their respective DNA-binding domains. Moreover, we show that GATA-1 and Sp1 synergize from a distance in constructs designed to mimic the architecture of globin locus control regions and downstream globin promoters. Finally, the formation of GATA-1-SP1 complexes was demonstrated in vivo by the ability of Sp1 to recruit GATA-1 to a promoter in the absence of GATA-binding sites. These experiments provide the first evidence for functionally important protein-protein interactions involved in erythroid cell-specific expression and suggest a mechanism by which DNA loops between locus control regions and globin promoters (or enhancers) might be formed or stabilized.
Geophysical Logging and Hydraulic Testing, Pahute Mesa, Nevada Test Sitea

The U. S. Geological Survey, on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, performs a broad range of geologic and hydrologic studies related to underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site. One phase of the studies involved extensive geophysical logging and hydraulic testing in deep exploratory holes at Pahute Mesa, Nevada Test Site. Various geophysical logs and hydraulic testing techniques used in the study are described in this paper. Interpretations of logs and logging techniques depend on factors such as rock characteristics in a particular area, drilling methods, and the objectives of the hydrologic investigations. From experience gained at Pahute Mesa, some qualitative data on rock lithologies and hydraulic conditions in the borehole may be determined by electric, caliper, temperature, and fluid resistivity logs. Quantitative data on the major water-yielding intervals in the borehole are obtained from radioactive tracer or spinner surveys. Interpretations of the geophysical logs have been verified by isolating specific zones in the drill holes with inflatable packers and spacers. These intervals were tested by injection or swabbing of fluid and measuring the resultant change in water level caused by fluid outflow from or inflow to the interval of rock isolated by the packers.
Pension Accounting: The Changing Landscape Of Corporate Pension Benefits

This paper discusses recent changes in the generally accepted accounting principles related to accounting for defined benefit pension plans. SFAS 158 imposes new rules related to calculating net pension assets or liabilities and increases the likelihood that companies may report net pension liabilities. This paper looks at a sample of Fortune 100 companies to determine the effect of implementing SFAS 158 on the reported funding status for defined benefit plans, and then tracks the reported pension status from 2005 through 2009. Contrary to expected results, the funding status did not deteriorate following implementation of SFAS 158. The ensuing economic meltdown in 2008 and 2009, however, resulted in more companies reporting pension liabilities.
A new ear syringing model

This article describes a training model which enables a learner of ear syringing to become proficient in the skill before attempting to perform the task on a patient.
Assessment of knowledge about cancer pain management by physicians in training

Abstract This survey assessed the knowledge of physicians in training about the pharmacology of opioid analgesics and the benefits of palliative radiation therapy in the management of cancer pain. Eighty-one trainees at the Washington University Medical Center completed a questionnaire that addressed the palliative care of a hypothetical patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer The questions addressed were 1) opioid selection, 2) conversion of parenteral to oral morphine, 3) management of opioid toxicities, 4) opioid addiction, and 5) efficacy of radiation therapy. The results demonstrated that few physicians in training were familiar with the stepwise progression of analgesic selection outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. When asked to convert a parenteral dose of morphine to an equivalent dose of a controlled-release preparation, 75 % calculated a dose that was less than one-third the correct dose; only four (5%) calculated the dose correctly. Trainees were familiar with the management of opioid toxicities. They were unfamiliar with the palliative benefits of radiation therapy. Although 41% recognized that complete relief of pain could be achieved in 50%–60% of patients, most (70%) predicted that maximum pain relief would be seen within the first month, and 98% predicted maximum benefit by 12 weeks. Although cancer pain management has been highlighted in the lay and medical literature, physicians in training still demonstrate deficiencies in their knowledge about the pharmacology and bioequivalency of the opioid and the benefits of radiation therapy. Published guidelines for the management of cancer pain need to be disseminated to all medical personnel caring for patients with cancer.
Newly Observed Structure in the Photoionization Continua of Kr and Xe below 160 Å

The absorption spectra of Kr and Xe have been photographed in the 70–200 A region, revealing many weak, previously unobserved, resonances in the photoionization continua of these gases. The new structures occurring in the 110–115 A region for Kr and 145–160 A for Xe are due to two-electron excitation states involving an inner-shell d electron and an outer-shell p electron. The resulting configurations are characteristic of the neutral atom, although they lie, in energy, well above the third ionization limits for these atoms. Additional resonances in Xe, photographed in the 90-A region, are due to the excitation of an inner-shell 4p electron. An improved value has been obtained for the NIII edge of Xe, namely, 145.6 (±0.5) eV. These spectra were obtained using the pure continuum radiated by the NBS 180-MeV electron synchrotron as a background source.
Role of histamine in the hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to morphine

The role of histamine in the hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to intravenous morphine in subjects without cardiovascular disease and not receiving prior medication has not been reported. Systemic hemodynamics and serum histamine and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured in 10 subjects before and 2, 5, 10, and 20 min after, 0.3 mg kg-1 IV morphine. Serum histamine concentration increased 2, 5, and 10 min after the morphine. Systolic and mean arterial pressures and systemic vascular resistance decreased and cardiac output increased because of increases in heart rate and stroke volume. The most important changes in hemodynamic function occurred after 2 min in association with a 400% increase in serum histamine concentration; these variables, together with serum histamine concentration, returned toward baseline values after 20 min. There was a negative correlation between peak increase in serum histamine concentration and maximum decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Plasma epinephrine concentrations were elevated 5, 10, and 20 min after morphine injection, suggesting activation of the adrenal medulla by histamine. Our data suggest that histamine plays an important role in the acute hemodynamic and plasma epinephrine response to morphine.
Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation

Simulating the motion of realistic, large, dense crowds of autonomous agents is still a challenge for the computer graphics community. Typical approaches either resemble particle simulations (where agents lack orientation controls) or are conservative in the range of human motion possible (agents lack psychological state and aren't allowed to 'push' each other). Our HiDAC system (for High-Density Autonomous Crowds) focuses on the problem of simulating the local motion and global wayfinding behaviors of crowds moving in a natural manner within dynamically changing virtual environments. By applying a combination of psychological and geometrical rules with a social and physical forces model, HiDAC exhibits a wide variety of emergent behaviors from agent line formation to pushing behavior and its consequences; relative to the current situation, personalities of the individuals and perceived social density.
EMWIN: emulating a mobile wireless network using a wired network

Test and performance evaluation of protocols and algorithms in mobile wireless networks is known to be challenging. Due to the highly varying characteristics of mobile wireless networks, one cannot merely rely on either network simulation or a testbed. Network emulation provides a controllable and reproducible environment, yet it generally lacks the support for the emulation of network topology and mobility, which are extremely critical in mobile wireless network research. We introduce EMWIN, a new IP-based mobile wireless emulation system that can overcome those drawbacks. In EMWIN, a target mobile wireless network is precisely mapped to an emulation configuration in a laboratory private network consisting of several emulator nodes, each of which is able to emulate multiple mobile hosts. Moreover, the emulator node can be flexibly configured such that predefined network conditions and traffic dynamics can be generated in an automatic manner. With EMWIN, the mobility of the target mobile wireless network with a number of mobile nodes can be faithfully emulated in a wired network environment.
Joint embedded coding of data and grid using first-generation wavelet transforms

Many applications in a variety of scientific domains produce datasets that consist of a data field lying on a sampling grid that may not be uniformly spaced. However, progressive access for visualization, exploration, and communication of these datasets is a critical issue, and wavelet-based embedded coding an attractive solution given its prior success in realms such as image coding. As grid information may compose a significant portion, or even a majority, of that of the overall dataset, coding the grid as initial overhead is often impractical. Approaches for the joint embedded coding of data and grid are proposed using first-generation wavelet transforms so as not to require prior grid knowledge for transform inversion. In one proposed technique, two independently generated embedded codings, one for data and one for grid, are interleaved. As an alternative, an embedded vector-valued coder, in which data and grid are combined into a single vector-valued field, is considered. Experimental results are reported that favor the former approach over the latter.
Obtaining Informed Consent for Genetic Studies The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Studies of DNA may yield important information about atherosclerosis. To determine how often study participants' consent to examine DNA is denied and the factors associated with that denial, information was collected on participants in the US Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) during 2000-2004. Permission was sought for preparation of DNA, transformation of cells into cell lines, evaluation of genes related to heart and other health conditions, and access to DNA by private companies. Of the 5,494 participants at entry, 897 (16.3%) refused consent for some items and 247 (4.5%) completely denied consent. At a second examination 18 months later, 819 (15.0%) partially refused and 229 (4.2%) completely denied consent. Age among men (odds ratio per 10 years = 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.54, 0.85; p = 0.004), ethnicity (odds ratio for African American = 2.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.66, 3.32; p < 0.001), and field center (p < 0.001) were associated with complete denial. For those giving partial consent, the most common item refused was access to DNA by private companies (baseline: 99%; second examination: 90%); younger age, male gender, and African-American ethnicity were associated with refusal. The authors concluded that a small percentage of participants in epidemiologic studies refuse consent for DNA studies, and the majority are concerned about sharing their DNA data with industry.
The receiver domain of hybrid histidine kinase VirA: an enhancing factor for vir gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens expresses virulence (vir) genes in response to chemical signals found at the site of a plant wound. VirA, a hybrid histidine kinase, and its cognate response regulator, VirG, regulate vir gene expression. The receiver domain at the carboxyl end of VirA has been described as an inhibitory element because its removal increased vir gene expression relative to that of full-length VirA. However, experiments that characterized the receiver region as an inhibitory element were performed in the presence of constitutively expressed virG. We show here that VirA's receiver domain is an activating factor if virG is expressed from its native promoter on the Ti plasmid. When virAΔR was expressed from a multicopy plasmid, both sugar and the phenolic inducer were essential for vir gene expression. Replacement of wild-type virA on pTi with virAΔR precluded vir gene induction, and the cells did not accumulate VirG or induce transcription of a virG-lacZ fusion in response to acetosyringone. These phenotypes were corrected if the virG copy number was increased. In addition, we show that the VirA receiver domain can interact with the VirG DNA-binding domain.
Factors Affecting Student Success in Small Collage-Classroom Settings

Teacher qualifications are reported to be one of the most important factors affecting learning, yet improving teacher qualifications is difficult, time consuming and sometimes impossible in the short term. Knowledge of other factors that have limited effects on student learning and success may be more valuable if these factors are more easily manipulated. In this study, factors affecting student success were studied in small classroom settings in undergraduate Biology classes. A strong correlation between the sitting position of the student in the classroom and student success was demonstrated in the study. In addition, there was a strong correlation between good note taking skills and student success. Sitting position is a factor that can easily be manipulated and can be of help especially for failing students. Instruction of good note taking skills during K-12 education and strategies that will determine and support the students that need improvement in this particular skill early on in college will promote the academic success of students in STEM areas in higher education.
Signal Processing Methods for Biological Signals

The previous chapters focused on the signal processing techniques suited for handling stationary (the classification of stationarity was also provided) signals.
A review of waste products utilized as supplements to Portland cement in concrete

The amendment of concrete with waste products serves as an avenue to decrease the volume of wastes landfilled and to reduce the use of naturally mined materials, therefore, minimizing the footprint and impact that the construction industry has on the environment. This manuscript summarizes the current state of practice with regard to the use of waste products as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in portland cement concrete (PCC) and provides a summary of the comparatively sparse information on under-utilized waste materials such as: sugarcane bagasse ash, rice husk ash, waste wood biomass ash, and waste glass. The latter are all waste products that have the potential to be employed alongside traditional SCM, however much of the use to date has been done at the laboratory scale. This document will serve as a guide for the use of non-traditional waste SCM, to highlight areas likely requiring further refinement or research, and to indicate potential negative impacts from utilization of these products that might occur. The beneficial use of waste materials as SCM outside the United States has grown in recent years, mainly out of necessity; however, current research indicates that these materials typically provide a benefit when amending PCC and mortar.
Different Goal Setting Treatments and Their Effects On Performance and Job Satisfaction

A field experiment was conducted to compare three goal setting treatments. Measures of four hard performance criteria and two job satisfaction indices were collected. The participation and assigned...
Spontaneous Regression of Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

Spontaneous regression of herniated nucleus pulposus has not been previously documented. Reported here are 11 patients in whom there was unequivocal regression or disappearance of a herniated lumbar disk on follow-up CT study. Two patients with herniated disks were without symptoms. In the nine patients with symptoms, those attributed to the original herniation disappeared or were diminished in all cases. The mechanism of regression of a disk herniation is unknown. Whether or not regression of herniated disk is a frequent occurrence in patients who recover with conservative therapy should be investigated by more frequent use of follow-up CT scans.
Extinction of Conditioned Responses to Methamphetamine-Associated Stimuli in Healthy Humans

Rationale Contextual stimuli present during drug experiences become associated with the drug through Pavlovian conditioning and are thought to sustain drug-seeking behavior. Thus, extinction of conditioned responses is an important target for treatment. To date, acquisition and extinction to drug-paired cues have been studied in animal models or drug-dependent individuals, but rarely in non-drug users.
Genetically Modified Cells for Intracerebral Transplantation

Cells have been implanted into the central nervous system (CNS) since the end of the last century [61]. However, only within the past two decades has intracerebral grafting (ICG) become a viable technique for exploring the functioning of the CNS and repairing damaged neural structures [23]. In most studies to date, embryonic neural tissues have been used as donor material for ICG, since these cells survive well within the CNS and effectively replace damaged or missing neural components.