cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The two-screen gravitational lens

Etude du phenomene de lentille gravitationnelle a double ecran produit par des systemes de 2 potentiels de types galaxies localises a differents redshifts et separations. Des exemples de geometrie des images sont decrites et les structures des caustiques qui caracterisent les lentilles sont exposees
The effect of cycloheximide on the stability of the morphogenetic properties of chick limb-bud mesoderm

Abstract In this study dissociated late stage 20 (stage 20+) chick leg-bud mesoderm cells cultured in cycloheximide (1 μg/ml) were tested to determine the retention of their ability to undergo recognizable limb morphogenesis, according to the technique described by Zwilling (1964) . The cycloheximide treatment retards the loss of this morphogenetic property compared with the normal loss that occurs in cultures of untreated cells ( Finch and Zwilling, 1971 ). The exposure to cycloheximide extends the period during which this morphogenetic property can be detected for approximately 15–20 hr. Incorporation experiments show that cycloheximide at 1 μg/ml rapidly inhibits the synthesis of protein. RNA, and DNA in cells exposed to the antibiotic. This inhibitory effect is completely reversible in a relatively short time after removal of the cycloheximide.
Macronuclear and nucleolar development in Paramecium bursaria.

Abstract 1. 1. The development of the macronucleus and nucleolus in Paramecium bursaria, studied by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy, has been described. 2. 2. Eleven morphologically distinct stages in macronuclear development have been recognized, beginning with the micronucleus-like microform and terminating in the vegetative interphase form. 3. 3. Within the macronuclear anlagen at least three waves of nucleoli (nucleolar generations) have been observed, during anlage stages 3, 5, and 8 respectively. 4. 4. Nucleolar extrusion from the macronuclear anlagen occurs during stages 6 and 9; the nucleoli extruded are those of the second and third nucleolar generations respectively. 5. 5. Nucleolar generation and extrusion from the old macronucleus is synchronous with that observed in the anlagen. 6. 6. Unextruded nucleoli enlarge by growth and by aggregation within the macronucleus. Later coalescence of nucleoli is associated with development of a net-like structure which disappears from the nucleus with an ensuing nucleolar generation. 7. 7. A similar nucleolar cycle of generation, enlargement, and net-like coalescence is observed during vegetative fission, beginning prior to cytokinesis and during micronuclear prophase-metaphase. 8. 8. The young nucleoli at the time of extrusion are similar in appearance cytoplasmic particulates previously described as mitochondria.
Renal hypophosphatemic rickets

Renal hyponhosphatemic rickets is a renal tubular disorder which has fascinated workers in the field for a long time (1–7). The condition is concurrently known as sex-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, vitamin D resistant rickets and familial hypophosphatemia. Recent advances in phosphate metabolism, pathophysiology, and treatment will be reviewed here.
Identifying key barriers to unemployment insurance for disadvantaged workers in the united states

This article seeks to identify key programmatic barriers to access to Unemployment Insurance (UI) faced by two groups of disadvantaged workers in the United States: those in the lowest wage quintile, and part-time workers who are primary wage earners. Analyses use the 2001 Panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a nationally representative, longitudinal survey administered by the United States Census Bureau. Estimates of UI eligibility and receipt are presented for those who enter a spell of unemployment during the panel. Results suggest that a large majority of disadvantaged workers in the United States already meet UI earnings (monetary) requirements, and that barriers to access are more often the result of disadvantaged workers (1) assuming they are ineligible, or (2) not meeting non-monetary eligibility requirements because they voluntarily quit their job or were terminated for cause. Much of the focus in policy debates in the United States remains on reforming UI earnings requirements. If results presented in this article are correct, increasing UI access among disadvantaged workers will further require increasing rates of application through expanded knowledge about the programme among disadvantaged workers, and expanding (non-monetary) eligibility for job leavers.
Sparing Fish Oil with Beef Tallow in Feeds for Rainbow Trout: Effects of Inclusion Rates and Finishing on Production Performance and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition

Abstract Sparing fish oil with alternative lipids in aquafeeds generally results in the loss of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) from farmed fish tissues; however, finishing feeds can be used to augment LC-PUFA levels prior to harvest. We reared Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (initial weight, 47.0 ± 0.2 g [mean ± SE]) in a recirculation aquaculture system (190-L tanks; 16.1 ± 0.0°C water temperature) on grow-out diets containing fish oil (FO; 100% FO), beef tallow (BT; 100% BT), or blends of these lipids (50% BT, 75% BT) in combination with 4, 8, or 12 weeks of finishing with the 100% FO feed (three replicate tanks per feeding regimen; N = 3). After 31 weeks, production performance was unaffected by feeding regimen: weight gain = 1,151 ± 30%, feed conversion ratio = 1.50 ± 0.03, specific growth rate = 1.15 ± 0.01% body weight/d, and feed intake = 2.19 ± 0.02% body weight/d. Replacing fish oil with beef tallow altered tissues in favor of tallow-associated monounsaturated fatty acids at ...
Democracy and Scandal: A Research Agenda

AbstractIn a recent edition of this journal, Scott Brenton (2012) announced a refreshing perspective on the relationship between political scandal and liberal democratic institutions: though scandals are often thought anathema to democratic politics, a cause of public distraction or a sign of institutional degradation, their effect may actually be to reinforce and rejuvenate the polity. We consolidate and then challenge this perspective. We begin by reconstructing Brenton’s observations on scandal as a process model which we term the “scandal reform cycle”. We then suggest a raft of challenges to the model to reveal the complexity of scandals and their uncertain institutional effects. Our larger ambition is to articulate the relationship between scandal and democracy not as a simple question but rather as an ambitious and timely research agenda.
Intersections of random walks in four dimensions. II

Letf(n) be the probability that the paths of two simple random walks of lengthn starting at the origin in ℤ4 have no intersection. It has previously been shown thatf(n)≦c(logn)−1/2. Here it is proved that for allr>1/2,\(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } (\log n)^r f(n) = \infty \).
Fiber-optic catheter-based polarization-sensitive OCT for radio-frequency ablation monitoring

An all-fiber optic catheter-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system is demonstrated. A novel multiplexing method was used to illuminate the sample, splitting the light from a 58.5 kHz Fourier-domain mode-locked laser such that two different polarization states, alternated in time, are generated by two semiconductor optical amplifiers. A 2.3 mm forward-view cone-scanning catheter probe was designed, fabricated, and used to acquire sample scattering intensity and phase retardation images. The system was first verified with a quarter-wave plate and then by obtaining intensity and phase retardation images of high-birefringence plastic, human skin in vivo, and untreated and thermally ablated porcine myocardium ex vivo. The system can potentially in vivo image of the cardiac wall to aid radio-frequency ablation therapy for cardiac arrhythmias.
Increased norepinephrine turnover in the median preoptic nucleus following reduced extracellular fluid volume.

The role of noradrenergic input to fluid balance regulatory systems in the anterior hypothalamus was studied by examination of norepinephrine (NE) turnover during reduction of systemic extracellular fluid volume. Extracellular fluid volume was decreased iso-os-motically by subcutaneous polyethylene glycol (PEG), known to increase thirst and vasopressin secretion. NE turnover was assessed by measuring the decline of NE concentration in brain micropunches after administration of α-methyl tyrosine in PEG- or shamtreated groups. Several hypothalamic areas were investigated, including the median preoptic area (MnPO), preoptic area (POA), paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus (SON), subfornical organ, ventromedial hypothalamus, and posterior hypothalamus. Volume-depleted animals showed significantly increased NE turnover in the MnPO, an important area for integration of fluod balance information. The POA and the SON also showed trends toward increased NE turnover. All other areas showed no difference in NE turnover between volume-depleted and normal animals. These results are consistent with previous findings that NE innervation to the MnPO is important in the control of fluid balance and also support the hypothesis that basal forebrain NE projections facilitate thirst and vasopressin secretion.
Plasma prostaglandin, LH, and progesterone levels during the ovulation cycle of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Abstract Single intrauterine injection of prostaglandins E 1 , E 2 , and F 2α induced premature oviposition in the turkey within a few minutes. Indomethacin (50 mg/bird) blocked spontaneous oviposition by several hours. Plasma levels of both PGE and PGF increased significantly around the time of oviposition and appeared not to be related to increasing levels of either progesterone or LH during the ovulation cycle. These data are consistent with the proposed physiological role for prostaglandins in the regulation of avian oviposition.
Cynical Hostility: A Risk Factor in HIV-1 Infection?1

The aims of this study of HIV-1 positive and HIV-1 negative gay males without disease were (a) to determine whether cynical hostility in these groups (measured by the Cook-Medley Ho scale) is associated with psychosocial deficits that potentially could influence the course of HIV infection; and (b) to examine the construct validity of the sum of three Ho subsets in this sample. Correlational analyses on the full samples, and multivariate analyses of high- and low-hostility groups (formed using Ho scale cutoffs from previous research), examined person variables (traits, coping style), environmental variables (social support, stressors), and affect. In all domains other than stressors (traits, coping styles, social support, and affect), cynical hostility was associated with psychosocial deficits, with results generally stronger for the full Ho scale than for the subset sum. Results support previous research on psychosocial deficits of the cynically hostile, extend findings to HIV-infected gay males, and enlarge our understanding of the trait and coping style correlates of cynical hostility. Implications of these findings for HIV infection are discussed.
The structural perspective on postsocialist inequality: Job loss in Russia☆

Abstract The paper seeks to develop a structural approach to understanding post-socialist patterns of inequality, in distinction to the individual and institutional frameworks that have dominated the literature on the topic. Variation in exposure to job loss (layoff) of Russian hired workers from 1985 to 2001 is examined using employment histories from the Survey of Stratification and Migration Dynamics. The analysis focuses on the role of structural position (firm characteristics such as sector, industry, and size) in shaping job loss risk, both independently of individual characteristics such as experience, gender, and human capital and in interaction with these personal traits.
Increased Liver Enzyme Levels and HNF-1ß Gene Mutation

A31-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus presented with a history of abnormal liver function tests. Her physical examination was unremarkable. Her alkaline phosphatase level was 320 U/L, as partate aminotransferase level was 129 U/L, and alkaline aminotransferase level was 168 U/L. Imaging and histopathology of the liver was repeatedly normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen, however, revealed renal cysts (Figure A) and pancreatic atrophy (Figure B). Pelvic ultrasound revealed ovarian cysts. This clinical scenario prompted a TCF2 (MODY5) gene sequencing test by polymerase chain reaction, which revealed a missense mutation at codon 827. This mutation was diagnostic of MODY5, in which the patient inherited the mutation as an autosomal dominant. Figure 1
Loss of Protein Kinase Cγ in Knockout Mice and Increased Retinal Sensitivity to Hyperbaric Oxygen

Objective To determine if loss of protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) results in increased structural damage to the retina by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), a treatment used for several ocular disorders. Methods Six-week-old mice were exposed in vivo to 100% HBO 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Eyes were dissected, fixed, embedded in Epon, sectioned, stained with toluidine blue O, and examined by light microscopy. Results The thicknesses of the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers were increased. Destruction of the outer plexiform layer was observed in the retinas of the PKCγ-knockout mice relative to control mice. Exposure to HBO caused significant degradation of the retina in knockout mice compared with control mice. Damage to the outer segments of the photoreceptor layer and ganglion cell layer was apparent in central retinas of HBO-treated knockout mice. Conclusions Protein kinase Cγ–knockout mice had increased retinal sensitivity to HBO. Results demonstrate that PKCγ protects retinas from HBO damage. Clinical Relevance Care should be taken in treating patients with HBO, particularly if they have a genetic disease, such as spinocerebellar ataxia type 14, a condition in which the PKCγ is mutated and nonfunctional.
Differences in self-selected and fastest-comfortable walking in post-stroke hemiparetic persons.

Post-stroke hemiparetic walking is typically asymmetric. Assessment of symmetry is often performed at either self-selected or fastest-comfortable walking speeds to gain insight into coordination deficits and compensatory mechanisms. However, how walking speed influences the level of asymmetry is unclear. This study analyzed relative changes in paretic and non-paretic leg symmetry to assess whether one speed is more effective at highlighting asymmetries in hemiparetic walking and whether there is a systematic effect of speed on asymmetry. Forty-six subjects with chronic hemiparesis walked at their self-selected and fastest-comfortable speeds on an instrumented split-belt treadmill. Relative proportions (paretic leg value/(paretic + non-paretic leg value)) were computed at each speed for step length (PSR), propulsion (PP), and joint moment impulses at the ankle and hip. Thirty-six subjects did not change their step length symmetry with speed, while three subjects changed their step length values toward increased asymmetry and seven changed toward increased symmetry. Propulsion symmetry did not change uniformly with speed for the group, with 15 subjects changing their propulsion values toward increased asymmetry while increasing speed from their self-selected to fastest-comfortable and 11 decreasing the asymmetry. Both step length and propulsion symmetry were correlated with ankle impulse proportion at self-selected and fastest-comfortable speed (cf., hip impulse proportion), but ratios (self-selected value/fastest-comfortable value) of the proportion measures (PSR and PP) showed that neither step length nor propulsion symmetry correlated with the ankle impulse proportions. Thus, the individual kinetic mechanisms used to increase speed could not be predicted from PSR or PP.
Neuroanatomical model for laryngeal operation

Summary The focus of this presentation is on the development of a neuroanatomical model underlying laryngeal function. It is suggested that the model can be used as an aid to the understanding of the structures that support phonatory output as well as a basis for physiological research on the nature of voice production. Although the postulates are anatomically grounded, the approach utilized also shows that there is ongoing feedback during phonation and, hence, that both the motor and sensory (neural) networks are coordinated during any phonatory activity. Additionally, the discussion serves to review the neuroanatomical interface between respiration and voice.
Mutational Analysis of the Candidate Internal Fusion Peptide of the Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma Virus Subgroup A Envelope Glycoprotein

The transmembrane subunit (TM) of the avian leukosis and sarcoma virus (ALSV) envelope glycoprotein (Env) contains a stretch of conserved hydrophobic amino acids internal to its amino terminus (residues 21 to 42). By analogy with similar sequences in other viral envelope glycoproteins, this region has been proposed to be a fusion peptide. We investigated the role of this region by changing each of three hydrophobic residues (Ile-21, Val-30, and Ile-39) to glutamatic acid and lysine in the ALSV subgroup A Env. Like wild-type (wt) Env, all six mutant Env proteins were proteolytically processed, oligomerized, and expressed at the cell surface in a form that bound Tva, the ALSV subgroup A receptor. Like wt Env, Ile21Glu, Ile21Lys, Val30Glu, and Val30Lys changed conformation upon binding Tva, as assayed by sensitivity to thermolysin. Ile39Glu and Ile39Lys were cleaved by thermolysin in both the absence and presence of Tva. Although incorporated into virus particles at approximately equal levels, all mutant Envs were compromised in their ability to support infection. The mutants at residues 21 and 30 showed levels of infection 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than that of wt Env. The mutants at residue 39 were noninfectious. Furthermore, none of the mutants displayed activity in a cell-cell fusion assay. Our results support the contention that residues 21 to 42 of ALSV subgroup A Env constitute its fusion peptide.
A State-Based Analysis of Public Health Preparedness Programs in the United States:

OBJECTIVES: Given the national effort to respond to the challenge of terrorism post-9/11, this study examined the organizational structure of state public health preparedness programs across the country, their administration, and the personnel and resources supported through federal cooperative agreements and state funds. METHODS: In Fall 2004, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials surveyed state public health preparedness directors of all 50 states and territories of the United States regarding the organizational structure, administration, personnel, and resources of the state public health preparedness programs. RESULTS: Individuals representing 45 states and the District of Columbia responded to the web-based questionnaire for a response rate of 88.2%, States tended to subdivide their organizations into regions for preparedness purposes. More than half the established preparedness regions (53.8%) were created post-9/11. Preparedness program directors frequently reported directly to either the state health official (40.0%) or a deputy state health official (33.3%). Responsibility for both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) cooperative agreements was predominantly vested in one person (73.3%). Federal resources were found to support needed preparedness workforce (CDC mean = 117.1 full-time equivalents [FTEs]; HRSA mean = 10.6 FTEs). In addition, 36.6% of the states also contributed to the public health preparedness budget. CONCLUSIONS: This study of state public health agency preparedness provides new information about state-level organizational structure, administration, and support of preparedness programs. It offers the first comprehensive insights into the approaches states have adopted to build infrastructure and develop capacity through CDC and HRSA funding streams. Language: en
Barcoding in the dark?: A critical view of the sufficiency of zoological DNA barcoding databases and a plea for broader integration of taxonomic knowledge

The functionality of standard zoological DNA barcoding practice (the identification of unknown specimens by comparison of COI sequences) is contingent on working barcode databases with sufficient taxonomic coverage. It has already been established that the main barcoding repositories, NCBI and BOLD, are devoid of data for many animal groups but the specific taxonomic coverage of the repositories across animal biodiversity remains unexplored. Here, I shed light on this mystery by contrasting the number of unique taxon labels in the two databases with the number of currently recognized species for each animal phylum. The numbers reveal an overall paucity of COI sequence data in the repositories (15.13% total coverage across the recognized biodiversity on Earth, and 20.76% average taxonomic coverage for each phylum) and, more importantly, bear witness to the idleness towards numerous phyla, rendering current barcoding efforts either ineffective or inaccurate. The importance of further integrating taxonomic expertise into barcoding practice is briefly discussed and some guidelines, previously mentioned in the barcoding literature, are suggested anew. Finally, the asserted values concerning the taxonomic coverage in barcoding databases for Animalia are contrasted with those of Plantae and Fungi.
Distribution of Fucose-Containing Xyloglucans in Cell Walls of the mur1 Mutant of Arabidopsis

The monoclonal antibody, CCRC-M1, which recognizes a fucose (Fuc)-containing epitope found principally in the cell wall polysaccharide xyloglucan, was used to determine the distribution of this epitope throughout the mur1 mutant of Arabidopsis. Immunofluorescent labeling of whole seedlings revealed that mur1 root hairs are stained heavily by CCRC-M1, whereas the body of the root remains unstained or only lightly stained. Immunogold labeling showed that CCRC-M1 labeling within the mur1 root is specific to particular cell walls and cell types. CCRC-M1 labels all cell walls at the apex of primary roots 2 d and older and the apices of mature lateral roots, but does not bind to cell walls in lateral root initials. Labeling with CCRC-M1 decreases in mur1 root cells that are undergoing rapid elongation growth such that, in the mature portions of primary and lateral roots, only the walls of pericycle cells and the outer walls of epidermal cells are labeled. Growth of the mutant on Fuc-containing media restores wild-type labeling, where all cell walls are labeled by the CCRC-M1 antibody. No labeling was observed in mur1 hypocotyls, shoots, or leaves; stipules are labeled. CCRC-M1 does label pollen grains within anthers and pollen tube walls. These results suggest the Fuc destined for incorporation into xyloglucan is synthesized using one or the other or both isoforms of GDP-d-mannose 4,6-dehydratase, depending on the cell type and/or developmental state of the cell.
Tight and adherens junctions in the ovine uterus : Differential regulation by pregnancy and progesterone

In species with noninvasive implantation by conceptus trophectoderm, fetal/maternal communications occur across the endometrial epithelia. The present studies identified changes in junctional complexes in the ovine endometrium that regulate paracellular trafficking of water, ions, and other molecules, and the secretory capacity of the uterine epithelia. Distinct temporal and spatial alterations in occludin, tight junction protein 2, and claudin 1–4 proteins were observed in the endometrium of cyclic and early pregnant ewes. Dynamic changes in tight junction formation were characterized by an abundance of tight junction proteins on d 10 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy that substantially decreased by d 12. Early progesterone administration advanced conceptus development on d 9 and 12 that was associated with loss of tight-junction-associated proteins. Pregnancy increased tight-junction-associated proteins between d 14–16. Cadherin 1 and -catenin, which form adherens junctions, were abundant in the endometrial glands, but decreased after d 10 of pregnancy in the luminal epithelium and then increased by d 16 with the onset of implantation. Results support the ideas that progesterone elicits transient decreases in tight and adherens junctions in the endometrial luminal epithelium between d 10–12 that increases selective serum and tissue fluid transudation to enhance blastocyst elongation, which is subsequently followed by an increase in tight and adherens junctions between d 14–16 that may be required for attachment and adherence of the trophectoderm for implantation. The continuous presence of tight and adherens junctions in the uterine glands would allow for vectorial secretion of trophic substances required for conceptus elongation and survival. (Endocrinology 148: 3922–3931, 2007)
On improvements of cyclic MUSIC

Many man-made signals encountered in communications exhibit cyclostationarity. By exploiting cyclostationarity, cyclic MUSIC has been shown to be able to separate signals with different cycle frequencies, thus, to be able to perform signal selective direction of-arrival (DOA) estimation. However, as will be shown in this paper, the DOA estimation of cyclic MUSIC is actually biased. We show in this paper that by properly choosing the frequency for evaluating the steering vector, the bias of DOA estimation can be substantially reduced and the performance can be improved. Furthermore, we propose another algorithm exploiting cyclic conjugate correlation to further improve the performance of DOA estimation. Simulation results show the effectiveness of both of our methods.
Trip based optimal power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using gas-kinetic traffic flow model

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), utilizing more battery power, is considered a next-generation hybrid electric vehicles with great promise of higher fuel economy. The charge-depletion mode is more appropriate for the power management of PHEV, i.e. the state of charge (SOC) is expected to drop to a low threshold when the vehicle reaches the destination of the trip. Global optimization charge-depletion power management would be desirable. However, this has so far been hampered due the a priori nature of the trip information and the almost prohibitive computational cost of global optimization techniques such as dynamic programming (DP). This situation can be changed by the current advancement of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) based on the use of on-board GPS, GIS, real-time and historical traffic flow data and advanced traffic flow modeling techniques. In this paper, gas-kinetic base trip modeling approach was used for the highway portion trip and for the local road portion the traffic light sequences throughout the trip will be synchronized with the vehicle operation. Several trip models approaches were studied for a specific case. The simulation results demonstrated significant improvement in fuel economy using DP based charge-depletion control compared to rule based control. The gas-kinetic based trip model for the highway portion can describe the dynamics of the traffic flow on highway with on/off ramps which may be missed by the model which used only the main road detectors data.
Fine Temperature Measurement and Fabrication of On-Chip Whispering-Gallery Mode Micro-Sensors

Whispering-Gallery mode based optical micro-devices have been demonstrated to have extremely high sensitivity to changes in local temperature owing to their high quality factors and frequency-based measurements. In this paper, we first examine different fabrication techniques for integrating whispering-gallery mode sensors directly onto heating components to realize on-chip in-situ dynamic temperature measurements and monitoring. The merits and drawbacks of each fabrication technique are discussed. Then, the capability of the fabricated on-chip micro-sensors to perform precise real-time thermal measurements was tested, and the findings are discussed. Finally, the advantages of such on-chip sensors are established through heat transfer analysis.
Regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling within and from osteocytes

Abstract Bone has long been known to be responsive to mechanical loading. For at least 25 years it has been known that osteocytes sense mechanical load, and because of their response to mechanical loading, osteocytes are believed to be the mechanosensory cell. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been shown to be crucial in bone development. Mutations in LRP5 and SOST , which cause high bone mass, have increased interest in the Wnt pathway as a potential target for osteoporosis therapy and have helped link Wnt/β-catenin signaling to bone's response to mechanical loading. Because of its specificity to osteocytes, the Wnt inhibitor sclerostin is a target for anabolic bone therapies. The response of bone to mechanical loading is critically regulated by osteocytes secreting sclerostin, which binds to Lrp5. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "The Osteocyte".
The Xα Method

The Xα method as applied to problems of theoretical chemistry fits neatly into the gap between the traditional extremes of the ab initio and the semiempirical approaches. It is the aim of this chapter to explain the justification, development, and applications of this method.
Chemical synthesis and spectroscopic characteristics of C18 1,2-disubstituted cyclopentyl fatty acid methyl esters

The chemical synthesis of methyl 9-(2′-n-butylcyclopentyl)nonanoate and methyl 10-(2′-n-propylcyclopentyl)-decanoate was performed using a Wittig reaction between 2-alkylcyclopentanones and the corresponding ω-carbomethoxyalkyl triphenylphosphonium bromides. The intermediate alkylcyclopentylidene alkanoate esters were isolated from the reaction mixture, characterized by spectrometric methods, and then catalytically hydrogenated to the desired cyclopentyl esters. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the final products contained a mixture oftrans- andcis-ring isomers with small amounts of other cyclic by-products. The GC-retention features, the mass fragmentation pattern, and the spectroscopic characteristics of both the final and the unsaturated intermediate products are discussed.
Improving efficiency of quantum key distribution with probabilistic measurements

The first part of this paper presents two efficient cryptographic protocols, based on quantum entanglement, for secure exchange of secret keys. While the first protocol requires storage of entangled qubits, the second protocol has no storage requirements and presents a probabilistic model. We show that there is a tradeoff between security against eavesdropping and the efficiency of the protocol in terms of usable bits available for the secret key. This security parameter s can be varied by the communicating parties based on practical considerations. In the second part of the paper, we apply the probabilistic model to BB84 and show how it can be used to improve the efficiency of BB84.
A numerical model for summer flows in Lake Michigan

Time-dependent circulation is modelled for vertically stratified (summer) Lake Michigan. Vertical stratification is represented by two homogeneous layers, separated by an impermeable thermocline.
The Turner Thesis and the Westward Movement: A Reappraisal

Although the utterance of truisms is a shallow intellectual enterprise, it is occasionally a necessary one for the historian. When a subject becomes a center of heated and protracted controversy, even the most obvious truths of the matter are often obscured, and it becomes necessary to articulate once more what virtually everyone believes but no one takes the trouble to say. The westward movement in American history provides an example of this. Since the 1930s when the historiographical counterattack on Frederick Jackson Turner and his disciples began, not only has considerable doubt been thrown on Turner's specific interpretation of "the significance of the frontier," but a great question mark has been placed after the alleged importance of the entire westward movement in American history. A number of American universities have discontinued courses on the subject because of its presumed insignificance.' Such a move would seem to be capable of being combated only by asserting a banal truism: Without the westward movement in American history there would be no American history and no United States of America nor any other American country as presently constituted. The United States, with which this essay will deal, began as a small group of English colonies huddled insecurely along the Atlantic seaboard in the seventeenth century, developed into a genuine nation in the eighteenth,
pH-dependent nonlysosomal proteolysis contributes to lethal anoxic injury of rat hepatocytes.

Our aim was to test the hypothesis that pH-dependent nonlysosomal proteolysis is a key mechanism culminating in lethal anoxic injury of rat hepatocytes. Although lysosomal proteolysis was suppressed during anoxia, total nonlysosomal proteolysis was increased twofold compared with aerobic controls. Extracellular acidosis inhibited total nonlysosomal proteolysis and improved cell survival during anoxia. Indeed, we found a direct highly significant linear relationship between cell death and total nonlysosomal proteolysis as modulated by changes in the extracellular pH (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). Glycolytic generation of ATP from fructose during anoxia suppressed total nonlysosomal proteolysis and improved cell survival. An increase in a pH-dependent calpain-like protease activity was also identified during anoxia, but calpain-like protease activity only accounted for 16% of total nonlysosomal protease activity. In addition, the calpain protease inhibitor Cbz-Leu-Leu-Tyr-CHN2 only partially protected against cell k...
“Voice” in children’s science arguments: Aligning assessment criteria with genre and discipline ☆

Abstract Rubrics commonly used in the U.S. to assess elementary students’ writing often ask raters to score for “voice.” However, voice is not a unitary construct that can be applied across genres and disciplines. In this article, we draw on functional linguistics to describe features of voice in science writing. We then review national standards, state curriculum documents, assessments, and a popular commercial writing program, revealing that teachers get little guidance in understanding disciplinary and genre differences in the ways an authorial voice can be realized. We present a case study reporting on assessment of 2nd and 4th grade students’ science arguments after instruction in voice features. Analysis of raters’ scores and evaluative comments on that writing suggest a potential mismatch between teachers’ expectations for voice in the logical arguments emphasized in standards recently adopted by a majority of U.S. states. We call for more differentiated rubrics for assessing voice to inform robust instruction that prepares students to write in different ways across genre and subject area.
Polyomavirus Sequences Affecting the Initiation of Transcription and DNA Replication

The location of the Polyomavirus early mRNA 5′ termini is determined primarily by the ATA homology, cap sites and nearby upstream sequences. Regulation of mRNA levels occurs by large T-antigen acting at sites distal to the point of transcription initiation. As yet, there is little evidence for proximal upstream activator sequences affecting early transcription.
Freedom and Reform

Much has been said about the centrality of freedom in Knight’s thought, and having looked at the moral and welfare limitations on freedom, it is time to look at his understanding of freedom in more detail. In the latter part of the 20th century and ever since, the question of economic equality has been at the forefront of public economic discussion. The inequalities of capitalism became clearer with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of communism in 1989. For much of the 20th century there was a foil for capitalism in communism, so that supporters could point to the failures of communism, and opponents could imagine at least there was an alternative, even if that alternative was not fully defensible; and for the early part of the 20th century there were many in the West who thought it to be fully defensible. To understand Knight’s view of freedom, we have to understand that for him capitalism and western-style democracy go hand in hand. Ross B. Emmett offers great insight into the connection between Knight’s view of the democratic process and the free market, both of which are integral to freedom:
Transforming Growth Facfors in Human Prostate Cancer

Control of epithelial cell growth is poorly understood. Most epithelial cells exist in a tightly controlled state maintained by a balance between the effects of stimulatory and inhibitory factors. Holley proposed that transformed cells escape this control and require less exogenous growth factors in culture than their normal counterparts (1). This observation formed the basis of the autocrine growth control hypothesis whereby transformed cells produce and respond to their own growth factors (2,3).
Rescripting Shakespeare: The tamings of the shrews: rescripting the First Folio

“ They sit and mark ” The Taming of the Shrew , 1.1.254 Any play in the Shakespeare canon is a candidate for rescripting or rewrighting, but a playgoer is most likely to encounter substantive alterations in a production of The Taming of the Shrew . A variety of reasons underlie such decisions. As might be expected, some elements in the Folio text (the role of Hortensio, the final couplet) are regularly adjusted or improved. More tellingly, the availability of additional Christopher Sly material in an alternative 1594 version of the taming story has provided an irresistible temptation for some directors. Perhaps most significant, discomfort with the Folio's final sequence, particularly Katherine's long speech and related stage business, has led to a wide variety of adjustments and some rewrighting. The goal of this chapter is to call attention to a range of in-the-theatre choices, to link those choices to an ongoing scholarly debate about rival texts, and to call attention to the price tags and trade-offs for such rescripting. To start with some textual history, printed in 1594 and reprinted in two subsequent quartos (1596, 1607), The Taming of a Shrew (hereafter referred to as A Shrew or 1594) is the version of the Katherine story known to readers during the 1590s and early 1600s. Today's reader, however, is familiar with The Taming of the Shrew (hereafter referred to as The Shrew or 1623), the play as printed in the First Folio of 1623.
Serum CPK and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)

The value of brain-typical creatine phosphokinase iso-enzyme (CPK-BB) determinations in the assessment of brain damage due to neonatal asphyxia in 33 full-term infants has been assessed in the Services of Neonatology, Child Neurology and Radiology, Clinica Infantil, Cindad Sanitaria “La Paz“, Madrid, Spain.
Sleep Hygiene and Sleep Outcomes in a Sample of Urban Children With and Without Asthma.

Objective To assess sleep hygiene and the sleep environment of urban children with and without asthma, and examine the associations among urban stressors, sleep hygiene, and sleep outcomes. Methods Urban children, 7-9 years old, with (N = 216) and without (N = 130) asthma from African American, Latino, or non-Latino White backgrounds were included. Level of neighborhood risk was used to describe urban stress. Parent-reported sleep hygiene and daytime sleepiness data were collected using questionnaires. Sleep duration and efficiency were assessed via actigraphy. Results Higher neighborhood risk, not asthma status, was associated with poorer sleep hygiene. Controlling for neighborhood risk, sleep hygiene was related to daytime sleepiness. Asthma status, not sleep hygiene, was related to sleep efficiency. In children with asthma, poorer sleep hygiene was associated with shorter sleep duration. Conclusion Considering urban stressors when treating pediatric populations is important, as factors related to urban stress may influence sleep hygiene practices and sleep outcomes.
The GAN Exonuclease or the Flap Endonuclease Fen1 and RNase HII Are Necessary for Viability of Thermococcus kodakarensis.

Many aspects of and factors required for DNA replication are conserved across all three domains of life, but there are some significant differences surrounding lagging-strand synthesis. In Archaea, a 5'-to-3' exonuclease, related to both bacterial RecJ and eukaryotic Cdc45, that associates with the replisome specifically through interactions with GINS was identified and designated GAN (for G INS- a ssociated n uclease). Despite the presence of a well-characterized flap endonuclease (Fen1), it was hypothesized that GAN might participate in primer removal during Okazaki fragment maturation, and as a Cdc45 homologue, GAN might also be a structural component of an archaeal CMG (Cdc45, MCM, and GINS) replication complex. We demonstrate here that, individually, either Fen1 or GAN can be deleted, with no discernible effects on viability and growth. However, deletion of both Fen1 and GAN was not possible, consistent with both enzymes catalyzing the same step in primer removal from Okazaki fragments in vivo RNase HII has also been proposed to participate in primer processing during Okazaki fragment maturation. Strains with both Fen1 and RNase HII deleted grew well. GAN activity is therefore sufficient for viability in the absence of both RNase HII and Fen1, but it was not possible to construct a strain with both RNase HII and GAN deleted. Fen1 alone is therefore insufficient for viability in the absence of both RNase HII and GAN. The ability to delete GAN demonstrates that GAN is not required for the activation or stability of the archaeal MCM replicative helicase.IMPORTANCE The mechanisms used to remove primer sequences from Okazaki fragments during lagging-strand DNA replication differ in the biological domains. Bacteria use the exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I, whereas eukaryotes and archaea encode a flap endonuclease (Fen1) that cleaves displaced primer sequences. RNase HII and the GINS-associated exonuclease GAN have also been hypothesized to assist in primer removal in Archaea Here we demonstrate that in Thermococcus kodakarensis, either Fen1 or GAN activity is sufficient for viability. Furthermore, GAN can support growth in the absence of both Fen1 and RNase HII, but Fen1 and RNase HII are required for viability in the absence of GAN.
Treating Adolescent Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Review of Psychosocial Interventions to Guide Clinical Practice

This systematic review aims to inform practitioners about the current research-informed practices that are available to treat adolescents who struggle with Non Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). A computer based search of the literature was conducted via five databases and resulted in the retrieval of 595 articles, seven of which met all the inclusion criteria (peer-reviewed, published in English between 2000 and 2016, differentiated NSSI from suicidal self-harm, were randomized control trials of interventions, and targeted adolescents age 12–18 who were not diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorders). Four psychosocial interventions were identified, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, mentalization based treatment for adolescents, developmental group intervention, and therapeutic assessment and brief intervention. At this time, there is no published randomized control trial that demonstrates a significant reduction in NSSI among adolescents. This further highlights the urgent need to develop and test effective and varied interventions for adolescents presenting with NSSI.
Two-Aggregator Topology Optimization Using Multiple Paths in Data Center Networks

This paper focuses on the data aggregation problem to two aggregators in a data center network under the constraint that each source rack must use a single path to each aggregator. We derive bounds on the approximation ratios of two classes of aggregation algorithms– Restricted 1-Round (R1R) and Restricted 2-Round (R2R). We achieve tighter bounds for the problem with additional constraints on the inputs. We propose another strategy using the 2Chain topology for k = 2, where k denotes the maximum degree of each top-of-rack(ToR) switch (number of uplinks in a ToR switch) in the data center and show that the optimal 2Chain cannot have an aggregation time greater than that of the optimal R1R and R2R topologies. For k $\geq$ ≥ 4, we propose a 1-round aggregation algorithm (1R) that uses trees for aggregation. Experimental results illustrate that 1R, R2R and R1R reduce the aggregation time by up to 85, 67 and 67 percent respectively for k = 4 relative to the two-round aggregation algorithm proposed by Wang et al. Moreover, for k = 2, the 2Chain can reduce the aggregation time up to 42 and 24 percent respectively relative to R1R and R2R.
Effect of voriconazole on risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer after hematopoietic cell transplantation

Background Voriconazole has previously been associated with increased risk for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in solid organ transplant recipients. Less is known about the risk in patients after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Objective We evaluated the effect of voriconazole on the risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including SCC and basal cell carcionoma, among those who have undergone allogeneic and autologous HCT. Methods In all, 1220 individuals who had undergone allogeneic HCT and 1418 who had undergone autologous HCT were included in a retrospective cohort study. Multivariate analysis included voriconazole exposure and other known risk factors for NMSC. Results In multivariate analysis, voriconazole use increased the risk for NMSC (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.91) among those who had undergone allogeneic HCT, particularly for SCC (hazard ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.89). Voriconazole use did not appear to confer increased risk for NMSC among those who had undergone autologous HCT. Limitations This is a retrospective study. Conclusion Voriconazole use represents an independent factor that may contribute to increased risk specifically for SCC in the allogeneic HCT population.
Modelling and almost periodic processes in impulsive Lasota-Wazewska equations of fractional order with time-varying delays

In this paper we propose an impulsive Caputo fractional-order Lasota-Wazewska model with time-varying delays. Applying the new fractional Lyapunov method we give sufficient conditions for the existence of almost periodic solutions. The stability behavior of such solutions is also investigated. With this research we extend the theory of almost periodic solutions for impulsive Lasota-Wazewska models with delays to the fractional-order case. These models correspond basically to the survival of red blood cells: however, other applications are possible. Therefore, the applied technique can be used in the investigation of almost periodic processes in a wide range of possible models of cell production systems of diverse interest. Mathematics Subject Classication (2010): 34K60, 34K14, 34K37, 34K45. Key words : Lasota-Wazewska model, almost periodic solutions; fractional derivatives, time-varying delays, impulsive perturbations.
The Phantom Pain’s Opening Mission: Hospital as Slaughterhouse and an Introduction to Trauma

This chapter provides the reader with an in-depth and sustained analysis of The Phantom Pain’s opening mission, the Prologue. This mission, a deliberately harrowing and disjointed narrative introduction into the game proper, at first seems to throw disparate elements at the player one after the next. However, careful consideration reveals that every element of the Prologue, from its acts of cruelty and shocking violence to its use of the song “The Man Who Sold the World” as its opening backdrop, serves a larger narrative purpose. The Prologue is the player’s first hint that the game will not play to expectations and that its major point of exploration lies in considering how years of violence and war have affected its main characters.