cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic modeling and prediction of IMEP for closed loop knock control performance assessment

Abstract Knock control systems aim to maximize power output while also protecting the engine from knock-induced damage. The extent to which this goal is achieved is rarely evaluated, both because the random nature of knock events means that the results of any single experiment are not repeatable, and because control loop performance is generally assessed with respect to the resultant spark angle (the manipulated variable), rather than some measure of output performance. In this work, a new stochastic model for the empirical IMEP distribution is developed and fitted to open-loop experimental data. Stochastic methods are then applied to predict both the steady state and transient closed loop distribution of IMEP based on the open-loop model and the control law that is applied. The results are validated against closed loop data gathered from the engine and show good agreement with the data.
Epilogue: Nel Noddings as Trailblazer

espanolEl epilogo cierra este numero especial, un volumen conmemorativo en honor de la filosofa americana y filosofa de la educacion, Nel Noddings, en su 90 cumpleanos en 2019. Al designar a Noddings como pionera, la intencion de este trabajo es complementar la riqueza de los articulos escritos por los autores que participan en este numero de la revista con un repaso de su trayectoria personal y profesional. Este repaso toma como referencia la estructura de su biblioteca, sus secciones son la teoria, la filosofia, la teoria feminista y la educacion, incluyendo la vision de la reforma. EnglishThe epilogue closes this special issue, a festschrift in honor of American philosopher and philosopher of education, Nel Noddings, on her 90th birthday in 2019. Naming Noddings as a trailblazer, this essay is meant to complement the richness of articles from journal contributors with a personal and professional overview of her life and work. Organized from the structure of her library, its sections are care theory, philosophy, feminist theory, and education, including throughout vision for reform. francaisL’Epilogue termine cette edition speciale, qui est une «festschrift» en l’honneur de la philosophe americaine et philosophe en education, Nel Noddings en son 90e anniversaire de naissance en 2019. En appelant Nel Noddings une pionniere, ce numero veut completer la richesse des articles des contributeurs par un survol personnel et professionnel de sa vie et de son œuvre. A partir de la structure de sa bibliotheque, les sections de cette edition speciale sont la theorie du soin, la philosophie, la theorie feministe et l’education, comprenant sa vision pour la reforme.
Gun access, ownership, gun-related experiences, and substance use in young adults: a latent class analysis.

Substance use is found to associate with gun violence. However, mixed findings have been reported for gun access/ownership. To date, studies have examined gun access/ownership and gun-related exper...
Continuous temporal ion detection combined with time-gated imaging: Normalization over a large dynamic range

Abstract Imaging micro-channel plate (MCP) detectors are a common tool for chemical physics studies used to image a single ion mass species in a time-of-flight (TOF) spectrum. Temporal selection of the mass to be imaged is traditionally implemented by gating the voltage across the MCP stack, however this leads to the loss of all information about other species in the mass spectrum. Here we show that by gating the phosphor voltage instead, as has been demonstrated by Zajfman et al. (1995) among others, we gain the capability of measuring multiple masses in TOF while retaining the ability to image a single desired species. In our precision spectroscopy experiment, we image the spatial distribution of Hf+ photodissociation fragments, while its more plentiful HfF+ precursor, which arrives at a later time, can also be detected in TOF. This enables the shot by shot normalization of technical noise associated with the precursor production. Since the scheme alters only the configuration of the high-voltage switch, it can be readily implemented in most existing gated MCP setups, allowing the full TOF information to be harvested. Combining the imaging and TOF data in a single shot, we can detect species with substantially different abundances.
Self-reported eating disorders and sleep disturbances in young adults: a prospective cohort study.

Purpose To evaluate the prospective association between eating disorders, disordered eating behaviors, and sleep disturbances in young adults. Methods We used prospective cohort data of young adults aged 18-26 from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 12,082). Self-reported exposures of interest (at 18-26 years) included (1) an eating disorder diagnosis proxy; disordered eating behaviors such as (2) restrictive eating behaviors including fasting/skipping meals, (3) compensatory behaviors including vomiting, laxatives/diuretics, or weight loss pills; and (4) loss of control/overeating. Self-reported sleep disturbances at 7-year follow-up included trouble falling or staying asleep. Results In negative binomial regression models, all four exposures predicted both sleep disturbance outcomes at 7-year follow-up, when adjusting for demographic covariates and baseline sleep disturbances. When additionally adjusting for baseline depressive symptoms, the associations between eating disorder diagnosis proxies and trouble falling (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.24; 95% CI 1.05-1.46) and staying (IRR 1.16; 95% CI 1.01-1.35) asleep remained statistically significant; however, the associations between eating behaviors and sleep disturbances were attenuated. Conclusions Eating disorders in young adulthood predict sleep disturbances at 7-year follow-up. Young adults with eating disorders or who engage in disordered eating behaviors may be assessed for sleep disturbances. Level iii Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.
Transforming Tangible Materials to Intangible Experiences: A Case Study of Two Escape Rooms at Wichita State University

Escape rooms are used in a myriad of ways by businesses, teachers, and public libraries. They can be a great way to encourage team building, learning, and simply having fun in a non-threatening env...
Unilateral cross compatibility in Vaccinium elliottii × V. arboreum, an intersectional blueberry hybrid

Vaccinium elliottii Chapmn., a diploid blueberry in Vacciniumsection Cyanococcus, was crossed with V. arboreum Marsh, a diploid blueberry insection Batodendron. The goal was toproduce hybrids that could be used toincorporate traits from these species intotetraploid southern highbush cultivars. The crosses were made reciprocally usingtwo clones of each species. A recessiveseedling marker gene for anthocyanin-freecotyledons in the V. elliottii clonesused as female parents permitted thetesting of mentor pollination. For thementor pollinations, V. elliottiiplants that were homozygous for therecessive marker allele were pollinatedwith a small amount of viable V.elliottii pollen carrying the recessivemarker mixed with a large amount of V.arboreum pollen carrying the dominantmarker. Thousands of intersectional hybridseedlings were obtained when V.elliottii was the seed parent, both withand without mentor pollination, but nohybrids were obtained from 2735 flowerspollinated in the reciprocal crosses. Theseeds that gave rise to hybrid embryos weresmaller than normal V. elliottiiseeds, but germinated well. Hybridseedlings grew slowly at first, buteventually produced some vigorous plants inthe field, although many plants remainedmuch smaller than normal seedlings of thetwo parental species. Some of the hybridsproduced numerous flowers during the 6years they were observed in the field, buteven with many diploid, tetraploid, andhexaploid section Cyanococcus blueberryplants growing nearby that could haveprovided pollen for their flowers, thehybrids produced no viable seed.
Nano-Scale Modelling of Surface Phenomena in Aluminum Using Machine Learning Force Fields

The study of nano-scale surface phenomena is essential in understanding the physical processes that aid in technologically relevant applications, such as catalysis, material growth, and failure nuc...
Better Understanding the Disparity Associated With Black Race in Heart Transplant Outcomes: A National Registry Analysis.

Background: Black heart transplant recipients have higher risk of mortality than White recipients. Better understanding of this disparity, including subgroups most affected and timing of the highes...
A digital intervention targeting cognitive control network dysfunction in middle age and older adults with major depression.

Nonpharmacological interventions targeting putative network mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) may represent novel treatments. This mechanistic study investigates how a video game-like intervention, designed to improve cognitive control network (CCN) functioning by targeting multitasking, influences the CCN of middle-aged and older adults with MDD. The sample consisted of 34 adults aged 45–75 with SCID-defined diagnosis of MDD, Hamilton depression rating scale scores ≥20, and a deficit in cognitive control. Participants were instructed to play at home for 20–25 min per day, at least 5 times per week, for 4 weeks. Evidence of target engagement was defined a priori as >2/3 of participants showing CCN improvement. CCN engagement was defined as a change in a Z score of ≥0.5 on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in activation and functional connectivity of the CCN during task-based and resting-state fMRI, respectively. 74% of participants showed a change in activation of the CCN, and 72% showed an increase in resting-state functional connectivity. Sixty-eight percent demonstrated improved cognitive control function, measured as either improvement on sustained attention or working memory performance or reduced self-reported symptoms of apathy on the frontal systems behavioral scale (FrsBe). Participants also reported a significant reduction in mood symptoms measured by PHQ-9. A remotely deployed neuroscience-informed video game-like intervention improves both CCN functions and mood in middle-aged and older adults with MDD. This easily-disseminated intervention may rescue CCN dysfunction present in a substantial subset of middle-aged and older adults with MDD.
Optimizing Patient Population for MP-MRI and Fusion Biopsy for Prostate Cancer Detection

The diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer continue to evolve with advances in science and technology. The utilization of multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) to identify lesions in the prostate has given clinicians the ability to visualize malignancy in the prostate with greater confidence. With this new ability came the advancement of fusion biopsy platforms, which allow for direct targeting of these lesions. As with any new technology in medicine, the proper use of these modalities and how they fit into current clinical practice need to be addressed. This review summarizes the current knowledge on how to best optimize which men undergo mp-MRI and fusion biopsies both in the screening and treatment settings.
Cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric house officers: susceptibility to and rate of primary infection.

Hospital personnel, especially women in their childbearing years, continue to express concern about the risk of acquiring cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as a result of their occupation. Previous investigations of occupational risk of CMV infection have focused primarily on pediatric nursing personnel.1-6 However, assessment of the rate of CMV infection by other hospital personnel who have different clinical responsibilities and levels of patient contact cannot rely solely on the rates obtained for nursing personnel. Pediatric house officers may be a particularly vulnerable group. Training programs require house officers to care for a tremendous number of children and they may spend twice as many hours in the hospital as other hospital personnel. This intense exposure to a large number of patients who may be excreting CMV usually occurs in the midst of their childbearing years. In order to investigate the problem of CMV infection in pediatric residents, we performed a prospective, seroepidemiologic study of CMV infection in 213 pediatric house officers over a three-year period at the Baylor College of Medicine.
"Amazing Space": Creating Educational Resources from Current Scientific Research Results from the Hubble Space Telescope.

Amazing Space is a program designed to enhance student mathematics, science, and technology skills using recent data and results from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope mission. The resulting online multi-media resources are designed in a 5-week summer workshop that partners teachers with scientists, graphic artists, writers, and multimedia Web developers. An extensive production cycle including specification, project definition, frequent reviews, and several testing periods has proven to generate robust but flexible resources for classroom use.
Inflammatory vulnerability associated with the rh5-HTTLPR genotype in juvenile rhesus monkeys.

Individual variation in serotonergic function is associated with reactivity, risk for affective disorders, as well as an altered response to disease. Our study used a nonhuman primate model to further investigate whether a functional polymorphism in the promoter region for the serotonin transporter gene helps to explain differences in proinflammatory responses. Homology between the human and rhesus monkey polymorphisms provided the opportunity to determine how this genetic variation influences the relationship between a psychosocial stressor and immune responsiveness. Leukocyte numbers in blood and interleukin-6 (IL-6) responses are sensitive to stressful challenges and are indicative of immune status. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and cellular IL-6 responses to in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation were assessed in 27 juvenile male rhesus monkeys while housed in stable social groups (NLL = 16, NS = 11) and also in 18 animals after relocation to novel housing (NLL = 13, NS = 5). Short allele monkeys had significantly higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios than homozygous Long allele carriers at baseline [t(25) = 2.18, P = 0.02], indicative of an aroused state even in the absence of disturbance. In addition, following the housing manipulation, IL-6 responses were more inhibited in short allele carriers (F1,16 = 8.59, P = 0.01). The findings confirm that the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphism is a distinctive marker of reactivity and inflammatory bias, perhaps in a more consistent manner in monkeys than found in many human studies.
Jaundice with signs of extra-hepatic obstruction as the presenting symptom of bronchogenic carcinoma.

Summary A case is reported in which jaundice with signs of extra-hepatic obstruction were the first symptoms of a bronchogenic carcinoma. Autopsy findings showed a primary bronchogenic carcinoma with metastases occluding the distal portion of the common bile duct.
Comparison of Kodak Surecell Chlamydia Test Kit with culture for the diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis in infants.

The accuracy of the Surecell Chlamydia Test Kit (Kodak Clinical Products, Rochester, N.Y.) in detecting neonatal conjunctival infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis was determined by comparison of this enzyme immunoassay with the isolation of C. trachomatis in tissue culture. Kodak Surecell is a rapid monoclonal antibody-based membrane capture enzyme immunoassay which can be processed in the office of a physician. The sensitivity and specificity compared to culture in detecting C. trachomatis in conjunctival specimens from infants with conjunctivitis were 93 and 96%, respectively. The test does not require specialized equipment or trained personnel and would be ideal for physicians who see low numbers of infants with possible chlamydial conjunctivitis in their offices.
Evidence That apo-Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenase and apo-Electron-transferring Flavoprotein from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii Are Identical

Abstract Electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) and NADH dehydrogenase, containing a novel orange flavin, have been highly purified from the strict anaerobe Peptostreptococcus elsdenii. Both enzymes couple the oxidation of NADH to the reduction of dyes but only ETF couples the oxidation of NADH to the reduction of butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (ETF activity). Disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea, immunological studies, and amino acid analyses have provided strong evidence that the apoproteins of ETF and NADH dehydrogenase are very similar or identical. The two enzyme preparations differ structurally in the proportions of their flavin chromophores, FAD and two novel modified flavins, 6-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-10-(ribityl-5'-ADP)-isoalloxazine and 7-methyl-8-hydroxy-10-(ribityl-5'-ADP)-isoalloxazine (8-OH-FAD). Preparations with ETF activity contain FAD as the predominant prosthetic group and low amounts of the two modified flavins. NADH dehydrogenase preparations contain all three flavins, about 50% FAD and 50% modified flavins; there is a high proportion of 8-OH-FAD which has an intense absorption band at 475 nm and imparts an orange color to the protein. Differences in catalytic activity, absorption spectrum, electrophoretic mobility, and isoelectric point of ETF and NADH dehydrogenase are most likely due to different proportions of the three flavins.
Performance of Alcohol Blends in Diesel Engines

A normally aspirated, four-stroke diesel engine was tested under operation with two alcohol containing fuel blends. The fuels contained ethanol, butanol, heavy virgin distillate, diesel Nos. 2 and 4, and a cetane improver. The proportions of the components were selected to give blends with properties within the range of diesel No. 2. The final blends contained 25 and 43.7 percent alcohols. Test results showed a loss in power due to the reduced heating value of the blends, and some deterioration of performance at light loads. At intermediate to heavy loads, satisfactory performance was obtained.
Thinking about the Sevso Treasure

The Sevso Treasure is an example of what are frequently called "unprovenanced antiquities." Establishment archaeologists claim that by acquiring and showing them collectors and museums encourage looting, while collectors and museum officials contend that since the works have already been looted, they serve the public interest better if held by a museum or a collector (who may lend them to a museum). The demand for antiquities responds to a normal human interest in acquiring, enjoying and showing them. That demand could be met by a flow of provenanced objects in a licit international market, but retentive source nations, supported by establishment archaeologists, drastically constrict the supply, and an illicit market is the predictable result. Establishment archaeologists' misguided campaign to have unprovenanced antiquities considered illicit unless proved licit unacceptably reverses the normal order of proof and creates a probatio diabolica. A museum interested in acquiring the Sevso Treasure should be encouraged to do so.
Selection rules forG2 vectors in the atomicf shell

In various tabulations of such spectroscopic coefficients as the matrix elements of tensor operators or fractional parentage coefficients, it is found that many entries are unexpectedly zero. A survey is made of all cases that occur in the atomicf shell and that involve the 7-dimensional vector representation of the groupG2. Direct explanations are given in terms of the group structure of the electronic configurations that comprise the shell. The techniques used depend on a splitting of the state space into “spin-up” and “spin-down” parts, and, for other cases, the extensive use of the methods of second quantization. TheF terms of the atomicf shell are found to split into three classes. The separation that this classification provides for the twoF terms belonging to the irreducible representation (31) ofG2 coincides with Racah's separation. An improved separation of theH states of (31) is described.
Cerebral artery doppler ultrasonography for prediction of outcome after perinatal asphyxia

Perinatal asphyxia is the most common cause of neurologic injury and neurodevelopmental delay. The signs of injury are nonspecific at birth, and most indicators take hours to days before they become manifest. Early recognition of the injury is important in guiding management during those critical first days of life. Over a five-year period, we investigated 16 term neonates with a history of asphyxia on the first day of life who demonstrated on intracranial Doppler sonography cerebral vessel high diastolic flow with a resistive index below 60. Two infants died and one was lost to follow-up. Three of the remaining 13 patients were normal at 8 months to 1 year follow-up
Fiber Bragg grating pair interferometer sensor with enhanced multiplexing capacity

A new technique monitoring and multiplexing FBG pair interferometer sensors with linear chirped fiber laser is investigated. It demonstrates the enhanced multiplexing capacity over a conventional WDM FBG sensor system by allowing multiple sensors to share the same optical bandwidth. It is concluded that the sensing elements are low-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometers formed using Bragg grating mirrors with similar spectral characteristics. Multiplexing of two interferometers of different lengths with a linear chirped erbium-doped fiber laser has been demonstrated. Their signals are distinguished through convolution with appropriately matched reference waveforms, even though the reflectance spectra for the FBGs for the two sensors overlap over a wide temperature range.
Evolving strategies to help resolve tragedy of the commons social dilemmas

Social dilemmas require individuals to choose between their own interests (by defecting) or group interests (by cooperating). N-player mathematical games such as public goods games have been extensively investigated to identify circumstances that promote cooperation in social dilemmas. In this paper the tragedy of the commons, a related social dilemma, is investigated. The population consists of cooperators, defectors and altruists. It is shown it is possible to evolve strategies that resolve (i.e., solve) a tragedy of the commons social dilemma. It will also be shown how trigger strategies can significantly increase cooperation levels in the population. Proximate explanations for why these trigger strategies work are offered.
Standard enthalpies of formation of scandium alloys, Sc+Me (MeFe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt), by high-temperature calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of scandium alloys, Sc+Me (MeFe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt) were determined by direct synthesis calorimetry at 1473±2 K . The following values of Δ f H m o /(kJ g atom −1 ) are reported: Fe 2 Sc, −(11.2 ± 1.2); Co 2 Sc, −(32.5 ± 2.1); CoSc 2 , −(26.7 ± 1.9); Ni 2 Sc, −(43.0 ± 2.3); NiSc, −(44.7 ± 2.3); RuSc, −(44.5 ± 2.2); Rh 3 Sc, −(51.7 ± 1.4); RhSc, −(94.5 ± 1.5); PdSc, −(89.3 ± 2.2); IrSc, −(89.7 ± 3.0); Ir 2 Sc, −(66.3 ± 1.3); PtSc, −(104.8 ± 5.4). The results are compared with predicted values, and with earlier data for some of the corresponding yttrium and titanium alloys.
Using the Team‐Learning Model in a Managerial Accounting Class: An Experiment in Cooperative Learning

This paper reports on an experiment at one university where the professor changed two lecture‐based managerial accounting classes to cooperative learning classes based on the Team‐Learning Model advanced by Michaelsen (1998). For the professor who would like to implement cooperative learning, we provide a description of our experience with the Team‐Learning Model. In addition, we investigate academic performance and student perceptions regarding the cooperative learning format. Although we do not find academic performance or student attitudes to differ significantly between the two learning environments, we document additional insights on cooperative learning, which extend the literature regarding this pedagogical method in accounting education.
The Effect of Casting Speed on Sump Shape and Ingot Surface of HDC Casting 7075 Aluminum Alloy Ingot

7075 aluminum alloy ingot with the diameter of 100 mm has been produced by horizontal direct chill casting in different casting speed. The effect of casting speed on the sump profile and the ingot surface quality was studied by sump profile observation. It was found that increasing the casting speed results in the deepening of the liquid pool, the adding of segregation knots and the reducing of cold shouts in the ingot surface. It is also found that the depth of the liquid pool is directly proportional to the casting speed and the squared radius of the ingot.
SOME EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF THE SPECTROSCOPIC COUPLING SCHEME OF C I

Abstract With a wall-stabilized arc source, we have measured the relative line strengths for various neutral carbon lines between electronic states with angular momentum quantum numbers l = 0, 1, 2 (s, p, d) and principal quantum numbers 3, 4 and 5, in order to provide some experimental data on the spectroscopic coupling situation for this spectrum. C I is of interest because it is the first element in the periodic table for which calculations have predicted significant departures from LS-coupling line strengths for prominent transitions, while lighter atoms and ions adhere quite closely to the LS-coupling scheme. We have found indeed that for 3p-4d and 3p-5s lines the deviations of the measured line strengths from LS-coupling values become large, while the agreement with recent intermediate coupling calculations is very good.
Countercurrent Washing of Pittsburgh No. 8 Coal after Leaching with Molten Mixtures of Sodium and Potassium Hydroxides

Abstract Molten caustic leaching is an advanced chemical coal-cleaning process which results in the removal of over 90% of the sulfur and ash from coal. One of the steps in this process is the water washing of caustic-leached coals to remove unreacted caustic and impurities released by reactions with the molten caustic. A countercurrent procedure, designed for efficient washing with minimal water consumption, has been evaluated in the present work. A Pittsburgh No. 8 coal was leached with a one-to-one mixture of molten sodium and potassium hydroxides, and the resulting coal-caustic cake was washed using this countercurrent procedure. The countercurrent washing did result in recovery of caustic at predicted concentrations, and a relatively ash-free and sulfur-free coal was the final product. However, significant problems occurred during the countercurrent washing, all of which could be linked with the formation of a massive precipitate of carbonates from the alkaline process streams. The mass of the precip...
Abstract 3308: A-kinase anchoring protein 2 is required for calcitonin receptor-stimulated invasion of prostate cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Expression of neuropeptide calcitonin (CT) and its receptor (CTR) is frequently elevated in prostate cancers (PCs) and activation of CT-CTR axis in non-invasive PC cells induces an invasive phenotype. CTR-stimulated invasion of prostate cancer cells, which is abolished by specific, cell-permeable inhibitors of protein kinase A. Since PKA is ubiquitously distributed in cells, present study examined the mechanism(s) by which CTR-stimulated PKA activity is regulated in time and space. CT reduced cell adhesion but increased invasion of prostate cancer cells, both actions were abolished by AKAP St-Ht31 inhibitor peptide suggesting the involvement of an AKAP in CT action. Next, we identified the AKAP associated with CT action by subtraction of AKAP candidates using siRNAs. Knock-down of AKAP2, but not other AKAPs, abolished CT stimulated invasion. AKAP2 was localized to the plasma membrane. Stable knock-down of AKAP2 in PC3-CTR cells remarkably decreased cell proliferation, invasion, clonogenicity and their ability to form orthotopic tumors and distant metastases in nude mice. Reexpression of AKAP2-wt restored these characteristics. Primary prostate cancer specimens displayed remarkable up-regulation of CTR/AKAP2 expression as compared to benign prostates. Metastatic cancers displayed significantly higher CTR/AKAP2 expression than localized cancers. These results for the first time demonstrate that AKAP2 is expressed in human prostates, its expression is elevated in metastatic prostate cancer, and the knock-down of its expression remarkably decreased tumorigenicity and metastatic ability of prostate cancer cells. AKAP2 may serve as a critical component of CTR-mediated oncogenic actions. Citation Format: Ahmed Aljameeli, Arvind Thakkar, Shibu Thomas, Girish V. Shah. A-kinase anchoring protein 2 is required for calcitonin receptor-stimulated invasion of prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3308. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3308
Toward an Understanding of Skill Decay: Retention of Automatic Component Processes

This investigation addresses fundamental aspects of the reliability and stability of both basic cognitive functions and automatic processing components of skills. In the present experiment we investigated the pattern of component skill retention (or decay) exhibited after training on automatic and controlled processing task components. Participants were trained on a hybrid memory/visual, semantic-category search task and received low (720 trials), moderate (2,160 trials) and high (4,320 trials) amounts of consistently mapped (CM) training plus variably mapped (VM) training (720 trials). Retention was tested at five time intervals: one day, 30 days, 90 days, 180 days and 365 days following training. Critical data for this investigation involve the pattern of performance decay across conditions and retention intervals. After an initial decline in the first 30 days following training, performance in CM conditions remained stable from Day 30 to Day 365. VM performance was erratic. The present research has pra...
Spitzer space telescope observatory planning and scheduling team

Launched as the space infrared telescope facility (SIRTF) in August, 2003 and renamed in early 2004, the Spitzer space telescope is performing an extended series of science observations at wavelengths ranging from 3 to 180 microns. The California Institute of Technology is the home of the Spitzer Science Center (SSC) and operates the science operations system (SOS), which supports science operations of the observatory. A key function supported by the SOS is the long-range planning and short-term scheduling of the observatory. This paper describes the role and function of the SSC observatory planning and scheduling team (OPST), its operational interfaces, processes, and tools.
Presynaptic factors in the regulation of DSI expression in hippocampus.

We studied the mechanisms by which GABA release is reduced in the retrograde signaling process called depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI). DSI is mediated by endocannabinoids in acute and cultured organotypic hippocampal slices. We examined a variety of K(+) channel antagonists to determine the nature of the K(+) channel that, when blocked, reduces DSI. Among 4-AP, TEA, dendrotoxin, Cs, margatoxin, and charybdotoxin, only 4-AP was highly effective in blocking DSI, suggesting that a K(+) channel composed in part of K(V1.4,) K(V1.5) or K(V1.7) subunits can readily regulate DSI. The inhibition of DSI by 4-AP is largely overcome by reducing [Ca(2+)](o), however, suggesting that DSI expression can be prevented by saturation of the release process when a K(V1.X) channel is inhibited. DSI of agatoxin- and TTX-insensitive mIPSCs was unaffected by 4-AP, but was largely occluded by omega-conotoxin GVIA, indicating that block of presynaptic N-type Ca(2+) channels is probably a major mechanism of DSI expression. Significant DSI of mIPSCs remained in omega-conotoxin, hence we infer that block of N-channels does not fully explain hippocampal DSI expression.
Comb-Push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE): A Novel Method for Two-Dimensional Shear Elasticity Imaging of Soft Tissues

Fast and accurate tissue elasticity imaging is essential in studying dynamic tissue mechanical properties. Various ultrasound shear elasticity imaging techniques have been developed in the last two decades. However, to reconstruct a full field-of-view 2-D shear elasticity map, multiple data acquisitions are typically required. In this paper, a novel shear elasticity imaging technique, comb-push ultrasound shear elastography (CUSE), is introduced in which only one rapid data acquisition (less than 35 ms) is needed to reconstruct a full field-of-view 2-D shear wave speed map (40 × 38 mm). Multiple unfocused ultrasound beams arranged in a comb pattern (comb-push) are used to generate shear waves. A directional filter is then applied upon the shear wave field to extract the left-to-right (LR) and right-to-left (RL) propagating shear waves. Local shear wave speed is recovered using a time-of-flight method based on both LR and RL waves. Finally, a 2-D shear wave speed map is reconstructed by combining the LR and RL speed maps. Smooth and accurate shear wave speed maps are reconstructed using the proposed CUSE method in two calibrated homogeneous phantoms with different moduli. Inclusion phantom experiments demonstrate that CUSE is capable of providing good contrast (contrast-to-noise ratio ≥25 dB) between the inclusion and background without artifacts and is insensitive to inclusion positions. Safety measurements demonstrate that all regulated parameters of the ultrasound output level used in CUSE sequence are well below the FDA limits for diagnostic ultrasound.
Influence of environmental stresses on response of bush bean plants to excess copper

Abstract Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Improved Tendergreen) were grown in mtrient solutions in a glasshouse at low and at potentially toxic levels of Cu. These Cu treatments were interacted with other treatments to create various types of environmental stress. In an exploratory experiment, salinity (0.05M NaCl) and phosphorus deficiency stresses were observed to result in proportionately more plant toxicity with a high Cu level than with a low. These two factors were then further studied in additional experiments and the observations were verified. Levels of P and NaCl which resulted in no or little yield reduction with normal amounts of Cu resulted in proportionately large yield decreases at high levels of Cu. Stress resulting from no aeration of the nutrient solution was less harmful relatively at a high Cu level than at a low. Slightly increased root temperature was slightly more injurious at the high Cu level than at the low while severe shading was equally harmful of both Cu treatments. Syne...
Choline uptake, acetylcholine synthesis and release by Limulus abdominal ganglia.

Abstract Isolated ganglia from the ventral nerve cord of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus , were incubated in [ 3 H]choline and subsequently analyzed for choline uptake, conversion of choline to acetylcholine and the release of the newly synthesized acetylcholine. The ganglia readily accumulated radioactivity when incubated in Chao's solution containing 2 μM [ 3 H]choline. The rate of uptake was 0.08 pmols/min/mg tissue and 26% of the [ 3 H]choline taken up during a 1 h period was converted to [ 3 H]acetylcholine. A 15 min exposure of ganglia to 90 mM K + prior to incubation in [ 3 H]choline caused an 89% increase in choline uptake and a 150% increase in its conversion to [ 3 H]acetylcholine. The presence of unlabeled acetylcholine in the uptake medium inhibited both uptake and conversion of [ 3 H]choline. There was a 5-fold increase in the efflux of radioactivity when ganglia incubated in 2 μM [ 3 H]choline were superperfused with 90 mM K + . The increased efflux of radioactivity was Ca 2+ -dependent and was inhibited by Mg 2+ (44%) and by Co 2+ (72%). Similarly, addition of veratridine caused a Ca 2+ and Na + -dependent release of radioactivity from prelabeled ganglia. Analysis of the superperfusate revealed that virtually all of the released radioactivity was [ 3 H]acetylcholine. The abdominal ganglia of Limulus take up choline at micromolar concentrations, convert substantial amounts of it to acetylcholine and possess a depolarization-triggered, Ca 2+ -requiring mechanism for the specific release of acetylcholine. These results give further support to the view that the abdominal ganglia of Limulus contain a population of cholinergic terminals.
Crime and Punishment in America

Certain subjects, as the old saying goes, concentrate the mind wonderfully. Crime and punishment evoke primeval fears of disorder, ideas of retribution and vengeance, and sadistic impulses. For the social scientist, they epitomize such issues as social control, deviance, and social engineering. Politically, crime and punishment symbolize the sharp divide between the extreme left, which sees crime as a consequence of poverty and inequality, and the conservative right, which believes crime is com? mitted by miscreants who can only be deterred by stiff penal ties. Arguments about social justice, moral re? sponsibility, and the right of the community to discip ine its members go back to the beginning of history, and they remain unresolved in our time.
Transformation of callus cultures of nine plant species mediated by agrobacterium

Abstract A simple method for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of callus cultures of nine plant species, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill, Petunia hybrida Vilm, Pimpinella anisum L., Solanum melongena L., S. tuberosum L., Nicotiana glauca Graham, N. glutinosa L., N. plumbaginifolia Viviani and N. tabacum L., is described. Plant calli were resuspended in liquid media, co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens, and plated on restrictive media. The combination of a gene for kanamycin resistance and a gene for firefly luciferase was convenient in the selection and confirmation of hundreds of transformants. Four strains of A. tumefaciens, A208, A348, A281, and PC2760, were employed. All of the callus cultures were successfully transformed with at least one strain of A. tumefaciens, and A281 was the most effective of the four strains. N. glutinosa, N. plumbaginifolia, N. tabacum, P. hybrida and L. esculentum were transformed more efficiently than the other species tested.
On the optimal control of the Vidale-Wolfe advertising model

The Vidale-Wolfe advertising model is a singular optimal control problem with a non negative control. Sufficient conditions on a generalized time-varying market, for which a solution can be found, are given. Time is parametrized to describe impulsive optimal trajectories in a conventional manner. The solution is then found and verified by using the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation on the parametrized problem.
The effect of parameter uncertainties on the predictions of a library network model

A library network model is reviewed and a new derivation of the model is presented that requires fewer assumptions and allows more robust representations of library networks. It is then shown how uncertainty in model parameters, due to estimation on the basis of finite sample sizes, propagates through the model and thereby introduces uncertainty in the model's predictions. Using these results, it is shown how one can determine the appropriate amount of data to collect and/or the appropriate level of aggregation of data.
Charge transfer of 0.5-, 1.5-, and 5-keV protons with atomic oxygen: Absolute differential and integral cross sections

We report measurements of the absolute differential cross sections for charge-transfer scattering of 0.5-, 1.5-, and 5-keV protons by atomic oxygen at scattering angles between 0.01\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 2.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory frame. Absolute integral cross sections are also reported and compared with previously published total cross sections. The measurements were made using a flowing gas target, which consisted of a mixture of atomic and molecular oxygen produced by passage of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ through a microwave discharge. The cross sections for atomic oxygen were obtained by appropriate subtraction of the signal due to molecular oxygen from that due to the mixture of O and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Islet cell transplantation

Abstract Diabetes is an autoimmune disease that causes destruction to the islet cells in the pancreas. The pancreas has two functions: islet cells make insulin (a hormone) and digestive enzymes to break down carbohydrates. Diabetes has two classifications: type I and type II. Type I diabetes is insulin-dependent, and type II is noninsulin dependent. Islet cell transplantation is focusing only on type I diabetes. Diabetes is a debilitating disease that has devastating effects on people. Those who have type I diabetes cannot make insulin and are completely dependent on adjusting their blood sugars by exogenous insulin (insulin shots). If these people were offered a better lifestyle, becoming free from having to take insulin shots, would most diabetics take the risk? Islet cell transplantation is an experimental procedure that is not relatively new and could offer a person with diabetes a better lifestyle. The only problem is that this is an experimental procedure, and the recipients must weigh the risks to the benefits. Some risk factors are having to take insulin shots daily and having to normalize blood sugars. The presenter suggested that islet cell transplantation is a risk work taking.
Using chunking to solve chess pawn endgames

Abstract CHUNKER is a chess program that uses chunked knowledge to improve its performance. Its domain is a subset of king and pawn endings in chess that has been studied for over 300 years. CHUNKER has a large library of chunk instances where each chunk type has a property list and each instance has a set of values for these properties. This allows CHUNKER to reason about positions that come up in the search that would otherwise have to be handled by means of additional search. Thus the program is able to solve the most difficult problem of its present domain (a problem that would require 45 ply of search and on the order of 10 13 years of CPU time to be solved by the best of present day chess programs) in 18 ply and one minute of CPU time. Further, CHUNKER is undoubtedly the world's foremost expert in its domain, and has discovered 2 mistakes in the literature and has been instrumental in discovering a new theorem about the domain that allows the assessing of positions with a new degree of ease and confidence. In this paper we show how the libraries are compiled, how CHUNKER works, and discuss our plans for extending it to play the whole domain of king and pawn endings.
New microchannel device for protein separation and detection

A new micro-channel protein separation device, which is easy to separate proteins from a mixture and includes an in-situ protein detection set up, has been fabricated. An example of separating two proteins from a mixture within 15 min using a low electric field of 20 V/cm is demonstrated. The separated protein was confirmed by the staining method and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). This device is potentially applicable to the separation of a wide range of biomolecules.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cw stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy of the ν1 fundamental of methane

Abstract We report near-Doppler-limited Raman spectra of the ν 1 fundamental in methane using direct cw stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy enhanced by a multipass optical cell. 25 MHz resolution makes possible a correct analysis of the fine structure of the ν 1 band of methane. We present line assignments to J = 10 and spectroscopic constants for this band which differ significantly from previous analyses.
Towards aspiration as a development indicator: the case of information and communication technologies

This paper examines how changes in aspirations among the poor should be understood in the context of ICTD interventions. We argue that aspirations associated with ICTs (or with other interventions) can be seen as interim indicators of development when, and only when, these aspirations stem from enhanced human capabilities rather than simply from stated or distant desires. This entails understanding if and how ICTs and ICT-enabled services open up pathways by which the aspirations of the poor can potentially be actualized.
Streamer Dynamics in a Media Containing Dust Particles

Summary form only given. The propagation of streamers in atmospheric pressure gases is of interest in plasma remediation of toxic gases, ozone production and functionalization of surfaces. The air (or other gases) in these non-pristine environments is often contaminated with particles or aerosols having sizes of 10s to 100s mum. These particles may have varying degrees of conductivity, from metallic to classically dielectric. The intersection of propagating streamers with particles not only results in charging of the particles but can also significantly perturb the streamer dynamics due to loss of charge, electric field enhancement and secondary processes. The consequences of dielectric and metal dust particles on streamer dynamics in air and other gases were computationally investigated. As a base case, the interaction of well developed streamers with isolated particles will be discussed. We found that the characteristic timescale on which the particle charges depends on the rate of electron attachment. Using a 2-dimensional plasma hydrodynamics model with unstructured meshes the consequences of random and ordered collections of dust particles were also investigated while varying the particle sizes and polarity of the voltage (e.g., positive and negative streamers). Changes in the properties of the streamers will be discussed. We found that the arrangement of the dust grains on streamer ignition can be significant.
Cationic residues in pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies arise by mutations of a germ-line gene that belongs to a large VH gene subfamily.

The F1 progeny of autoimmune NZB and normal SWR mice uniformly develop severe and accelerated lupus nephritis. The (SWR × NZB)F1 mice produce an oligoclonally expanded population of nephritogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies that share a recurrent cross-reactive idiotype (Id564), use highly homologous VH genes and surprisingly have the CH region allotype of the normal SWR parent. From extensive library analyses, we isolated 15 SWR germ-line genes which are most closely related to the pathogenic autoantibody VH564 gene and which also belong to the NPb subfamily of J558 VH genes. We found that the pathogenic VH genes are probably somatic variants of a SWR germ-line VH gene, SW6—3, and they have several basic amino acid substitutions, in addition to those already present in the SW6—3 germ-line gene. Since these pathogenic autoantibodies are not detectable in the sera of the normal SWR mice despite the presence of the SW6—3 gene, strong selection and expansion of B cells expressing the SW6—3 VH gene is probably occurring in (SWR × NZB)F1 lupus-prone mice. We also isolated eight germ-line genes from the NZB mouse which are homologous to SW6—3. The autoimmune NZB parent that rarely develops nephritis lacks the SW6—3 gene, but has several highly homologous germ-line VH genes that would encode less cationic antibodies. These results establish a correlation between structure and pathogenic potential of VH genes.