cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requiring Active Choosing is a Form of Paternalism

Many people insist on drawing a line between active choosing and paternalism, but that line is often illusory. Whenever private or public institutions override people’s desire not to choose, and insist on active choosing, they are likely to be behaving paternalistically, through a kind of choice-requiring paternalism. Active choosing can be seen as a form of libertarian paternalism if people are permitted to opt out of choosing in favor of a default (and in that sense not to choose). This is a distinctive approach – “simplified active choosing” – and in many contexts, it has considerable appeal. By contrast, active choosing is a form of nonlibertarian paternalism insofar as people are required to choose. These points have implications for a range of issues in law and policy, suggesting that those who favor active choosing, or insist on it, may well be overriding people’s preferences (for better or for worse).
Spectral efficiency across the life span ; flicker photometry and brightness matching

Spectral efficiency functions were measured for 50 color-normal observers (aged 19-85 years) by means of heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) and heterochromatic brightness matching (HBM). Foveally viewed, circular, 1.2 degrees-diameter stimuli were presented as 3-s flashes (50% duty cycle) in Maxwellian view. Monochromatic lights (420-700 nm; 16 wavelengths) were equated to a 100-Td (trolands), broadband white standard in both procedures. In both HFP and HBM, average sensitivity (specified at the cornea) decreased at short wavelengths with increasing age, consistent with age-related increases in the density of the ocular media. The short-wavelength HBM decline was of lower magnitude than the HFP decline. HFP data were modeled by a weighted additive combination of long- and middle-wavelength-cone inputs and density spectra of the ocular media and macular pigment. HBM data were analyzed with an upper envelope of additive and subtractive combinations of log-transformed cone absorption functions. These analyses indicated that HBM sensitivity, specified at the retina by correction for estimated lens and macular pigment density, increased with age in an approximately wavelength-independent manner over a broad range from 420 to 560 nm.
Bone strain measurement using 3D digital image correlation of second harmonic generation images

Collagen fibrils contribute to the structural integrity and crack resistance of bone, but their response to stress while in bundles of fibrils is not well known. Digital image correlation (DIC) is a powerful technique for measuring strain by comparing images of deformed samples to non-deformed samples, while second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM) captures bright, high contrast images of bone with strong signals from collagen fibrils. Combining both techniques allows the 3-dimensional strain environments of bundled collagen fibrils to be characterized. SHGM was performed using confocal microscopy, producing images of human femur bone at 5 MPa and 50 MPa of applied tensional stress with 0.5×0.5×1 µm voxels. A DIC algorithm generated preliminary displacement and strain maps from the images, with the average calculated strain varying from the theoretical strain. The local strain average in the direction of applied stress was 1.09%, compared to a global strain of 0.627%, which was attributed to the small volume of analysis compared to the global image, and the proximity of a lacuna to the analysis region. The strain response was also found to be highly heterogeneous. Future work will analyze larger regions of bone.
Sea-roughness spectrum retrieval from radar and radiometric measurements

Numerical simulations of radar backscattering cross sections from sea roughness have previously been performed for K/sub u/- and C-bands for various wind speeds and incident angles using the small-slope approximation. The Elfouhaily et al. surface-height spectrum with Gaussian sea-roughness statistics was used for numerical calculations of scattering, and the results were compared with empirical scattering models CMOD2-I3 and SASS-II. The simulations showed good agreement for the zeroth-order azimuthal harmonic (/spl sim/1.5 dB mismatch) of the backscattering cross section that dominates the expansion of the total backscattering cross section. However, the satellite scatterometry data for small incidence angles indicate that the scattering is nearly isotropic in this region, especially for low winds. This is incompatible with the Elfouhaily et al. model, which is significantly anisotropic for sufficiently long waves. To achieve better agreement with the scatterometric data for the second-order azimuthal harmonic of the normalized radar cross section (NRCS), a modification of the directional part of the Elfouhaily et al. spectrum was considered. The modification is wind-dependent and is most significant for low winds. Then the brightness temperature of the sea surface at 37 GHz was calculated based on the small-slope expansion both for original and for modified roughness spectra. Somewhat better agreement with measurements was also observed for the modified directional part of a spectrum. In contrast to NRCS, brightness temperature appeared to be sensitive to the spectral model modifications at large incidence angles. This work can be considered as an attempt to solve the inverse problem of inferring sea-roughness spectrum based on remote sensing data.
Predicting bite force in mammals: two-dimensional versus three-dimensional lever models

SUMMARY Bite force is a measure of whole-organism performance that is often used to investigate the relationships between performance, morphology and fitness. When in vivo measurements of bite force are unavailable, researchers often turn to lever models to predict bite forces. This study demonstrates that bite force predictions based on two-dimensional (2-D) lever models can be improved by including three-dimensional (3-D) geometry and realistic physiological cross-sectional areas derived from dissections. Widely used, the 2-D method does a reasonable job of predicting bite force. However, it does so by over predicting physiological cross-sectional areas for the masseter and pterygoid muscles and under predicting physiological cross-sectional areas for the temporalis muscle. We found that lever models that include the three dimensional structure of the skull and mandible and physiological cross-sectional areas calculated from dissected muscles provide the best predictions of bite force. Models that accurately represent the biting mechanics strengthen our understanding of which variables are functionally relevant and how they are relevant to feeding performance.
Nutrient Composition and Digestibility of Organic Broiler Diets and Pasture Forages

Abstract Poultry diets are formulated based on requirements of birds reared without access to pasture. Consumer demand for organic and free-range poultry has resulted in an increase in the use of certified organic feed. Organic poultry may have the opportunity to utilize nutrients found in forage. The addition of exogenous enzymes and manipulation of cecal microbial populations may affect the utilization of forage nutrients. The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to determine AMEn and TMEn of organic grower diets with or without nonstarch polysaccharide enzyme supplementation and compare these values to a conventional grower diet, 2) to determine AMEn, TMEn, and true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) of forage samples with or without nonstarch polysaccharide enzyme supplementation, and 3) to determine if cecum modification affects forage AMEn, TMEn, and TAAD. The experiment was conducted using cecectomized, intact, and intact grass-fed roosters as models. Enzyme supplementation increased AMEn and TMEn values for organic feeds but not forage. Bird type had no effect on AMEn and TMEn for any treatment. The TAAD of forage was not significantly affected by enzyme supplementation. However, trends in bird type effect were observed for several amino acids.
Molecular Profiling of Postnatal Development of the Hypothalamus in Female and Male Rats

Reproductive function is highly dynamic during postnatal developmental. Here, we performed molecular profiling of gene expression patterns in the hypothalamus of developing male and female rats to identify which genes are sexually dimorphic, to gain insight into a more complex network of hypothalamic genes, and to ascertain dynamic changes in their relationships with one another and with sex steroid hormones during development. Using a low-density PCR platform, we quantified mRNA levels in the preoptic area (POA) and medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), and assayed circulating estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone at six ages from birth through adulthood. Numerous genes underwent developmental change, particularly postnatal increases, decreases, or peaks/plateaus at puberty. Surprisingly, there were few sex differences; only Esr1, Kiss1, and Tac2 were dimorphic (higher in females). Cluster analysis of gene expression revealed sexually dimorphic correlations in the POA but not the MBH from P30 (Postnatal Day 30) to P60. Hormone measurements showed few sex differences in developmental profiles of estradiol; higher levels of progesterone in females only after P30; and a developmental pattern of testosterone with a nadir at P30 followed by a dramatic increase through P60 (males). Furthermore, bionetwork analysis revealed that hypothalamic gene expression profiles and their relationships to hormones undergo dynamic developmental changes that differ considerably from adults. These data underscore the importance of developmental stage in considering the effects of hormones on the regulation of neuroendocrine genes in the hypothalamus. Moreover, the finding that few neuroendocrine genes are sexually dimorphic highlights the need to consider postnatal development from a network approach that allows assessment of interactions and patterns of expression.
Vesicoureteral reflux and febrile urinary tract infections in anorectal malformations: A retrospective review

Abstract Background Multiple studies document a correlation between anorectal malformations (ARMs) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), development of urinary tract infections (UTIs), and subsequent renal disease. We aimed to determine which patient characteristics are associated with VUR and UTI in this population. Methods A retrospective review of ARM patients at a free-standing children's hospital from January 1996 to December 2011 was performed. Logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between VUR and UTI and ARM classification and co-morbid diagnoses. Results Of 190 patients, 41 (31%) received a diagnosis of VUR. Thirty-one of the 190 patients had at least one febrile UTI (16%). Of these, only 16 (51%) had a diagnosis of VUR. On multivariable logistic regression, the only patient variable associated with VUR was having an ectopic kidney (p=0.026). Similarly, the presence of GU malformations was the closest variable associated with developing a UTI (p=0.073). Conclusions In ARM patients, VUR as well as UTIs are associated with the presence of GU malformations. Thus, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) testing should be pursued when there are other caudal and GU abnormalities, regardless of fistula location. Antibiotic prophylaxis for UTI should be considered in children with ARM and any GU malformation, not only VUR.
Multimodal speech-gesture interface for handfree painting on a virtual paper using partial recurrent neural networks as gesture recognizer

We describe a pointing and speech alternative to the current paint programs based on traditional devices like mouse, pen or keyboard. We used a simple magnetic field tracker-based pointing system as input device for a painting system to provide a convenient means for the user to specify paint locations on any virtual paper. The virtual paper itself is determined by the operator as a limited plane surface in the three dimensional space. Drawing occurs with natural human pointing by using the hand to define a line in space, and considering its possible intersection point with this plane. The recognition of pointing gestures occurs by means of a partial recurrent artificial neural network. Gestures along with several vocal commands are utilized to act on the current painting in conformity with a predefined grammar.
Social Network Behavior, Thought-Leaders and Knowledge Building in an Online Learning Community

This paper investigates the relationship between student role-behavior and position in a Social Network and the processes of creating sustained collaborative knowledge building in online learning communities. Through an empirical study of an online learning community, we analyze how core student participants (thought-leaders) interact with peers and how this impacts on the collaborative knowledge building process. The findings indicate that core participants can be distinguished by a combination of patterns of interaction and types of contribution.
Transforming Teaching and Learning Through Critical Media Literacy Pedagogy

This article provides a framework and examples for critical media literacy pedagogy. More than simply guiding how students read and interpret the texts they encounter, critical media literacy pedagogy pushes to illuminate the underlying power structures that are a part of every media text. Throughout this article, examples from working with high school youth and preservice teachers are provided. In recognizing recent shifts in media production as a result of participatory culture, this article focuses on how youth-created media products are an integral part of a 21st century critical media literacy pedagogy.
Measuring wood specific gravity…Correctly

The specific gravity (SG) of wood is a measure of the amount of structural material a tree species allocates to support and strength. In recent years, wood specific gravity, traditionally a forester's variable, has become the domain of ecologists exploring the universality of plant functional traits and conservationists estimating global carbon stocks. While these developments have expanded our knowledge and sample of woods, the methodologies employed to measure wood SG have not received as much scrutiny as SG's ecological importance. Here, we reiterate some of the basic principles and methods for measuring the SG of wood to clarify past practices of foresters and ecologists and to identify some of the prominent errors in recent studies and their consequences. In particular, we identify errors in (1) extracting wood samples that are not representative of tree wood, (2) differentiating wood specific gravity from wood density, (3) drying wood samples at temperatures below 100°C and the resulting moisture content complications, and (4) improperly measuring wood volumes. In addition, we introduce a new experimental technique, using applied calculus, for estimating SG when the form of radial variation is known, a method that significantly reduces the effort required to sample a tree's wood.
Public Opinion and the Common Defense: Who Governs Military Spending in the United States?

We measure the extent to which military spending policy reflects public opinion, while controlling for other reasonable influences on policy. We use survey data as an indicator of aggregate public opinion on military spending and find evidence that changes in public opinion consistently exert an effect on changes in military spending. The influence of public opinion is less important than either Soviet military spending or the gap between U.S. and Soviet military spending and more important than the deficit and the balance of Soviet conflict/cooperation with the United States. We also examine the hypothesis that public opinion does not influence the government but that the government systematically manipulates public opinion. We find no evidence to support this hypothesis.
Noise simulations for an inverse-geometry volumetric CT system

This paper examines the noise performance of an inverse-geometry volumetric CT (IGCT) scanner through simulations. The IGCT system uses a large area scanned source and a smaller array of detectors to rapidly acquire volumetric data with negligible cone-beam artifacts. The first investigation compares the photon efficiency of the IGCT geometry to a 2D parallel ray system. The second investigation models the photon output of the IGCT source and calculates the expected noise. For the photon efficiency investigation, the same total number of photons was modeled in an IGCT acquisition and a comparable multi-slice 2D parallel ray acquisition. For both cases noise projections were simulated and the central axial slice reconstructed. In the second study, to investigate the noise in an IGCT system, the expected x-ray photon flux was modeled and projections simulated through ellipsoid phantoms. All simulations were compared to theoretical predictions. The results of the photon efficiency simulations verify that the IGCT geometry is as efficient in photon utilization as a 2D parallel ray geometry. For a 10 cm diameter 4 cm thick ellipsoid water phantom and for reasonable system parameters, the calculated standard deviation was approximately 15 HU at the center of the ellipsoid. For the same size phantom with maximum attenuation equivalent to 30 cm of water, the calculated noise was approximately 131 HU. The theoretical noise predictions for these objects were 15 HU and 112 HU respectively. These results predict acceptable noise levels for a system with a 0.16 second scan time and 12 lp/cm isotropic resolution.
Comparison of two group interventions for the bereaved.

This study compared differences in the levels of depression among three study groups of widows as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory and the Depression Adjective Checklist Form E and differences in the levels of socialization among the same three study groups as measured by the Revised Social Adjustment Scale. Levels of depression and socialization of each subject in the three study groups were measured at jive different testing intervals: at intake; at six weeks, after two of the three study groups received a group intervention, either bereavement crisis intervention or intervention consisting of group social activities; and at 3-month, 9-month and 12-month intervals. The bereavement crisis intervention produced an initial drop in depression and increased social activity, which then stabilized. The three groups differed significantly; the group-time interaction was also significant.
Predictors and correlates of reduced frequency or cessation of injection drug use during a randomized HIV prevention intervention trial

Aims This study conducted a secondary analysis to examine injection cessation and decreasing frequency of injection during a multi-site randomized controlled HIV prevention intervention trial that sought to reduce sexual and injection risk behavior among young injection drug users. Design and Setting A six-session, cognitive–behavioral skills-building intervention in which participants were taught peer education skills [peer education intervention (PEI)] was compared with a time-equivalent attention control. Follow-up interviews were conducted at 3 and 6 months post-baseline. Participants Trial participants were HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody-negative injection drug users aged 15–30 years. Participants who had at least one follow-up interview and reported injecting drugs in the previous 3 months at baseline were eligible for the present analysis (n = 690). Measurements At each interview, data were collected on the number of times participants injected drugs over the previous 3 months. Findings Twenty-seven per cent of participants reported at least one 3-month period of injection cessation. In a multivariate, zero-inflated negative binomial regression adjusting for prior injection frequency, time of follow-up and psychosocial variables, PEI trial arm and smaller session size were associated significantly with injection cessation. Trial arm had no effect on the frequency of injection among those who continued to inject. Conclusions HIV prevention interventions that encourage injection drug users to take on the role of peer educator may have the additional benefit of increasing the likelihood of injection cessation. Intervention group size is also an important consideration, with smaller groups having higher rates of cessation.
Multitask coactive learning

In this paper we investigate the use of coactive learning in a multitask setting. In coactive learning, an expert presents the learner with a problem and the learner returns a candidate solution. The expert then improves on the solution if necessary and presents the improved solution to the learner. The goal for the learner is to learn to produce solutions which cannot be further improved by the expert while minimizing the average expert effort. In this paper, we consider the setting where there are multiple experts (tasks), and in each iteration one expert presents a problem to the learner. While the experts are expected to have different solution preferences, they are also assumed to share similarities, which should enable generalization across experts. We analyze several algorithms for this setting and derive bounds on the average expert effort during learning. Our main contribution is the balanced Perceptron algorithm, which is the first coactive learning algorithm that is both able to generalize across experts when possible, while also guaranteeing convergence to optimal solutions for individual experts. Our experiments in three domains confirm that this algorithm is effective in the multitask setting, compared to natural baselines.
The role of U.S. states in facilitating effective water governance under stress and change

Worldwide water governance failures undermine effective water management under uncertainty and change. Overcoming these failures requires employing more adaptive, resilient water management approaches; yet, while scholars have advance theory of what adaptive, resilient approaches should be, there is little empirical evidence to support those normative propositions. To fill this gap, we reviewed the literature to derive theorized characteristics of adaptive, resilient water governance including knowledge generation and use, participation, clear rules for water use, and incorporating nonstationarity. Then, using interviews and documentary analysis focused on five U.S. states' allocation and planning approaches, we examined empirically if embodying these characteristics made states more (or less) adaptive and resilient in practice. We found that adaptive, resilient water governance requires not just possessing these characteristics but combining and building on them. That is, adaptive, resilient water governance requires well-funded, transparent knowledge systems combined with broad, multilevel participatory processes that support learning, strong institutional arrangements that establish authorities and rules and that allow flexibility as conditions change, and resources for integrated planning and allocation. We also found that difficulty incorporating climate change or altering existing water governance paradigms and inadequate funding of water programs undermine adaptive, resilient governance.
Application of Cubic Splines to Contour Plotting

A contour map is a diagram used to represent topography of a land surface by contour curves of equal elevation. This geographical convention can be extended to analyze diverse objects such as an atmospheric pressure field, a stress field in a steel plate, and the variation in the density of debris at an archaeological site [3]. Consider a rectangle R partitioned into m x n rectangular panels of equal size with a regular grid of points (xi, yj) for i = 0, 1...,m, j = 0,1,. ..,n, and a real function f on R whose values at the grid points
Complete Genome Sequence of a Chinese Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus That Has a Further Deletion in the Nsp2 Gene.

ABSTRACT Here, we report the complete genome of a Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) characterized by a further 29-amino acid (87 nucleotides) deletion in its Nsp2-coding region compared to the prototype of the HP-PRRSV JXA1 strain.
An ultra-wideband impulse receiver for sub-100fsec time-transfer and sub-30μm localization

An ultra-wideband impulse receiver capable of detecting sub-200psec pulses is presented. The chip detects a specific zero-crossing of an incoming pulse and mitigates the undesired effects of ringing. The time detection sensitivity of the chip is limited by the jitter of the incoming pulse rather than the pulse width. A mean RMS jitter of 94fsec is recorded, which translates to the localization accuracy of sub-30μm. The chip is fabricated in IBM 130nm SiGe BiCMOS process technology.
Tensile shape memory behavior of Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 high temperature shape memory alloys

Abstract The effects of heat treatment on the shape memory characteristics of a polycrystalline Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 alloy were studied via thermal cycling under stress and isothermal stress cycling experiments in tension. It was revealed that transformation temperatures could be increased above 100 °C with aging at temperature above 500 °C and in particular were stabilized against stress-free thermal cycling after aging at 500 °C. Recoverable strain of ~ 5% was observed for the as-extruded samples and decreased to ~ 4% after aging due to the formation of non-transformable precipitates. The aged alloys demonstrated near perfect shape memory effect under tensile stresses as high as 700 MPa and perfect superelasticity at temperatures up to 230 °C. Finally, the tension-compression asymmetry observed in NiTiHf alloys was discussed.
Size of Hematoma and Time Course of Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

It is generally believed that the hematoma of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and the surrounding cerebral edema play a role in producing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), a major factor accounting for a poor prognosis. As pointed out by Pappo et al. (3), however, ICP is not always correlated with the clinical condition. In the present study, we monitored the ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) continuously in 22 patients with putaminal hemorrhage. Our purpose was to investigate the dynamic pressure variations in relation to the size of hematoma and to the clinical condition of the patients.
Targeting of organophosphorus compound bioscavengers to the surface of red blood cells.

To develop a prophylactic for organophosphorus (OP) poisoning utilizing catalytic bioscavengers, the circulatory stability of the enzymes needs to be increased. One strategy for increasing the bioavailability of OP bioscavengers is to target them to the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). Given the circulatory lifespan of 120 days for human RBCs, this strategy has the potential for creating a persistent pool of bioscavenger. Here we report the development of fusion proteins with a single chain variable fragment (scFv) of Ter119, a molecule that associates with glycophorin A on the surface of RBCs, and the VIID11 variant of paraoxonase 1 (scFv-PON1). We show that scFv-PON1 variants expressed by Trichoplusia ni larvae are catalytically active and that one variant in particular can successfully bind to the surface of murine RBCs both in vitro and in vivo. This study represents a proof of concept for targeting catalytic bioscavengers to the surface of RBCs and is an early step in developing catalytic bioscavengers that can remain in circulation for an extended period of time.
Technique for simultaneous determination of various fatty acids in health foods

Objctivev:To establish a methods for simultaneous detection of fatty acids in health foods.Methods:Using the capillary vessel column gas chromatography technology,the lauric acid,the bean myristic acid,the palmitic acid,the palmitoleic acid,the stearic acid,the oleic acid,the linoleic acid,γ-the linolenic acid,α-the linolenic acid,the arachic acid,the arachidonic acid,EPA,Shan Yu acid,DPA,DHA were detected.Taking the normal hexane as the resolver,the chromatographic column was the FFAP capillary vessel column(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) the detector FID.Results:Each kind of fatty acid chromatograph's degree of dissociation was higher than 1.5,the average returns-ratio was 89.9%～99.9% and the relative standard deviation was 0.07%～4.58%(n=6).Conclusion:This method is simple and accurate and suitable for simultaneous determination of various fatty acids in health foods.
Control of Nitrogen on Cr12N High Nitrogen Steel

Cr12Nhigh nitrogen steel was smelted in high voltage and vacuum vessel.Through the experiment,it can be found that with increasing the pressure,the nitrogen content of the steel increased and nitrogen solubility of solid phase of ingots had some bias with the calculated values of thermodynamic model proposed by Chipman et al.It introduced the equation of Burton-Prim-Slichter for correcting this bias.From this equation,It can be found that the correction values of saturated solubility of nitrogen in the liquid phase are in good agreement with the measured values.It also can be calculated that the minimum pressure for preventing bubble precipitation is 2.84 MPa in the solidification process of Cr12 Nand when solidification pressure is higher,the density and shrinkage of ingot has been significantly improved.
Cellulose Nanofibril Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites:A Review

Cellulose nanofibril(CNF) plays an important role in the reinforcement of polymer-based nanocomposite,due to its outstanding mechanical strength and natural nano net-work.This paper reviewed the preparation process and main properties of major CNF reinforced polymer composites.The polymers include both hydrophilic ones like phenol formaldehyde,polyvinyl alcohol and starch,and hydrophobic ones such as epoxy,polypropylene and polylactic acid.Focused on the key issues concerning high cost for the preparation of CNF,and poor interfacial adhesion between CNF and hydrophilic polymer,some suggestion on where the field is likely to advance in future was discussed.
Nuclear ion channel activity is regulated by actin filaments.

Actin filaments are novel second messengers involved in ion channel regulation. Because cytoskeletal components interact with the nuclear envelope, the actin cytoskeleton may also control nuclear m...
Sensitive In Vivo Detection of Primary T Cells Expressing Membrane-Anchored Gaussia Luciferase for the Study of Adoptive T Cell Immunotherapy in Murine Models of Malignancy.

Abstract Current approaches to in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) of T cells utilizing luciferase enzymes may be compromised by poor transduction efficiencies in primary T cells, and low photon emissions. Here we describe a novel and widely applicable approach to in vivo BLI of primary T cells utilizing a membrane-anchored form of the naturally secreted Guassia luciferase (GLuc) enzyme, termed exGLuc. We constructed exGLuc by fusion of the GLuc gene to the coding region of the CD8 transmembrane domain. The resulting exGLuc enzyme is anchored to the cell surface of retrovirally transduced cells. In vitro, cells which expressed the exGLuc enzyme demonstrated a markedly (>9 fold) increased bioluminescent signal when compared to cells which expressed the native GLuc (GLuc), the related Rhenilla luciferase (RLuc), a membrane-anchored form of RLuc (exRLuc), or a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fire fly luciferase fusion protein. Following injection into SCID-Beige mice, MHC-mismatched C57BL6 T cells transduced to express exGLuc were detected by BLI generating graft versus host disease at an earlier time point and demonstrated a >10 fold increased bioluminescent signal when compared to infused C57BL6 T cells expressing GLuc, RLuc, or exRLuc. We further demonstrate homing of OVA-specific DO11.10 exGLuc+ T cells to A20(OVA) but not A20(GFP) subcutaneous tumors in both SCID-Beige and Balb/c mice. We further successfully applied this strategy to the study of in vivo human T cell homing using a xenogeneic SCID-Beige tumor model. Specifically, we demonstrate that human T cells, retrovirally co-transduced to express both a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), 19z1, and exGLuc, could be monitored over time, and that these T cells quite rapidly home to subcutaneous CD19+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (NALM-6) tumors when compared to T cells co-expressing an irrelevant CAR with exGLuc. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate for the first time specific homing of 19z1/exGLuc+ human T cells to systemic NALM-6 tumor, detecting exGLuc+ T cells in deep tissues including the bone marrow, spleen, and liver. We conclude that the exGLuc enzyme emits a superior bioluminescent signal when compared to other commonly utilized luciferase enzymes; that primary T cells are readily transduced to express the exGLuc enzyme; and that exGLuc+ T cells may be accurately monitored in vivo over time by BLI. Based on these data, we believe that this novel approach to primary T cell in vivo imaging will significantly enhance the study of adoptive T cell immunotherapy in murine models of leukemia and other malignancies.
Implicit false belief across the lifespan: Non-replication of an anticipatory looking task

Abstract Implicit false belief is often measured through anticipatory looking. While past research stipulates that children and adults have a fully developed implicit false belief understanding, there is a lack of consensus in recent findings. The goal of this study was to examine how adults and children perform on an anticipatory looking task to further our understanding of the variability in results across studies. The implicit false belief task featured a 3-second anticipatory looking period, during which we measured participants’ looking behavior (first look and total looking time at the correct location). We failed to replicate previous findings, with neither group demonstrating an implicit understanding of false belief. However, performance varied depending on the measure examined, thus highlighting the importance of analyzing several variables when assessing false belief with anticipatory looking.
Early Child Care and Education: A Key Component of Obesity Prevention in Infancy.

We are now in the fourth decade of the childhood obesity epidemic, and our increased understanding of the impact of stress, early environments, early feeding, and activity and/or inactivity patterns on obesity risk has focused our attention on our youngest children.1 During these early years, risk factors for obesity are associated with later obesity and racial and/or ethnic disparities2 in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.3 Pre- and postnatal risk factors for obesity include higher maternal prepregnancy BMI, maternal excess gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, prenatal tobacco exposure, high infant birth weight, and rapid weight gain in infancy, child care attendance, low strength of maternal-infant relationship, low socioeconomic status, shortened infant sleep, inappropriate bottle use, introduction of solid food before age 4 months, infant antibiotic exposure, sugar sweetened beverage intake, infant feeding patterns high in energy density, and a nighttime feeding pattern. Protective factors include caregiver responsive feeding practices and breastfeeding.2–7 Recommendations to address these risk factors for obesity by prevention in early child care have been made by the Institute of Medicine,4 the US Department of Agriculture,8 the American Academy of Pediatrics, and American Public Health Association.9 Child care has been the focus for obesity prevention for many reasons: 1. Sixty-one percent (12 500 000) of US preschool-aged children are in some care arrangement other than parental care,10 and of the 63% of mothers with young children in the labor … Address correspondence to Sandra G. Hassink, MD, MS, American Academy of Pediatrics Institute for Healthy Childhood Weight, 2602 Pennington Dr, Wilmington, DE 19810. E-mail: shassink{at}aap.net
Post-War Immigration Experiences of Survivors of the Korean War

ABSTRACTThe current study examined personal experiences of Korean American survivors of the Korean War who immigrated to the United States post-war. Seventeen Korean American immigrants ages 55–84 ...
Analysis of factors that limit the production rate and coke rate in the iron blast furnace

An engineering analysis indicates that the coke rate in present blast-furnace practice is set not by chemical or thermal needs but to give adequate charge permeability for economical driving rates. An equation showing interrelations among pressure drop, gas flow, and charge characteristics has been derived. Flooding conditions and the location of the fusion zone are discussed. Maximum ore size is probably limited by chemical reducibility rather than by heat transfer.
Regionalized Systems of Perinatal Care

Over the past 2 decades, perinatal and neonatal health care has become less coordinated and more competitive in the United States. The impact at the state level has been the evolution of a fragmented, perinatal system with limited access and poorer outcomes. The evidence demonstrates lower mortality
Not “With Her”: How Gendered Political Slogans Affect Conservative Women’s Perceptions of Female Leaders

Past research has indicated that women who work in male-dominated fields, such as politics, face discrimination due to a stereotypically perceived poor fit between their gender and occupational expectations. Even when their potential for success is undeniable, these women are typically derogated and viewed as unlikeable for violating prescriptive gender norms. We examined whether conservative U.S. women would respond in this unfavorable manner toward Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton during the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Female undergraduates (n = 140) were randomly assigned to watch a set of three campaign ads that included either no slogan, a gender-neutral slogan (“Stronger Together”), or a gendered slogan (“I’m with Her”). Afterwards, they rated Clinton on dimensions related to interpersonal hostility, competency, and overall support. Given its adherence to traditional values and gender roles, we hypothesized that political conservatism would be predictive of critical responses to Clinton, especially when the campaign slogan made her gender-norm violation salient. Results revealed that conservative ideology was more strongly associated with increased ratings of perceived hostility and less support for Clinton within the “I’m with Her” condition than with the comparison groups. These findings point to the social maintenance of political inequality and suggest that female leaders may need to use gender-neutral platforms to diminish the negative effects of their perceived norm violation, at least among conservative voters.
Synchronous Bone Metastasis From Multiple Myeloma and Prostate Adenocarcinoma as Initial Presentation of Coexistent Malignancies.

The radiographic appearance of bone metastases is usually determined by tumor histology and can be osteolytic, osteoblastic or mixed. We present a patient with coexistent bone metastasis from multiple myeloma and prostate adenocarcinoma who exhibited synchronous bone involvement of both histologies within the same bone lesion, a rare phenomenon that has not been previously reported and led to atypical radiographic findings. The radiograph of a 71-year-old man with thigh swelling and pain demonstrated a lytic femoral lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed a destructive process but showed coexistent metaphyseal sclerosis. Multiple myeloma was suspected by demonstration of monoclonal gammopathy and confirmed by computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy. Incidentally, CT demonstrated areas of sclerosis corresponding to T2 hypointensity on MRI. Further studies revealed osteoblastic spinal metastasis, prostate enhancement on CT and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 90 ng/mL, concerning for concomitant prostate neoplasm. After endoprosthetic reconstruction, pathology of the femur identified both plasma cell neoplasm and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. An association between prostate cancer and multiple myeloma is hypothesized due to tumor microenvironment similarities and possible common genetic variations, however, coexisting bone metastases have never been reported. This unusual finding explains the discrepant imaging features in our patient and is evidence that certain clinical situations merit contemplation of atypical presentations of common malignancies even if this leads to additional testing.
Establishing a System for Ensuring Transfer Completion

Preparing a young adult for the eventual transfer from pediatric to adult-centered medical care is a complex process that can be successfully accomplished with appropriate planning. The process can be aided with the development of a transition care consult service. However, the successful transfer of a patient is most often achieved by developing a relationship between pediatric and adult providers while improving communication between these providers during this process. It is also incumbent on providers to prepare patients for the transition process and assist in connecting them to adult caregivers. Ultimately, feedback should be obtained from the patient and providers to improve the experience for future individuals undergoing transition and transfer.
Natural separation of the acyl-CoA ligase reaction results in a non-adenylating enzyme.

Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) ligases catalyze the activation of carboxylic acids via a two-step reaction of adenylation followed by thioesterification. Here, we report the discovery of a non-adenylating acyl-CoA ligase PtmA2 and the functional separation of an acyl-CoA ligase reaction. Both PtmA1 and PtmA2, two acyl-CoA ligases from the biosynthetic pathway of platensimycin and platencin, are necessary for the two steps of CoA activation. Gene inactivation of ptmA1 and ptmA2 resulted in the accumulation of free acid and adenylate intermediates, respectively. Enzymatic and structural characterization of PtmA2 confirmed its ability to only catalyze thioesterification. Structural characterization of PtmA2 revealed it binds both free acid and adenylate substrates and undergoes the established mechanism of domain alternation. Finally, site-directed mutagenesis restored both the adenylation and complete CoA activation reactions. This study challenges the currently accepted paradigm of adenylating enzymes and inspires future investigations on functionally separated acyl-CoA ligases and their ramifications in biology. Functional and structural characterization of PtmA2 reveals that it is an unusual non-adenylating acyl-CoA ligase and part of a system wherein the canonical acyl-CoA ligase reaction is separated into two half-reactions performed by distinct enzymes.
Fast linearized coronagraph optimizer (FALCO) II: optical model validation and time savings over other methods

We have developed the Fast Linearized Coronagraph Optimizer (FALCO), a new software toolbox for high-contrast, coronagraphic wavefront sensing and control. FALCO rapidly calculates the linearized deformable mirror (DM) response matrices, also called control Jacobians, and can be used for the design, simulation, or testbed operation of several types of coronagraphs. In this paper, we demonstrate that the optical propagation used in FALCO is accurate and matches PROPER. In addition, we demonstrate the drastic reduction in runtime when using FALCO for DM Jacobian calculations instead of the conventional method used, for example with a model of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) Coronagraph Instrument (CGI). We then compare the relative accuracy between optical models in FALCO and PROPER.
Chemical Stability of Tramadol Hydrochloride Injection

The chemical stability of tramadol hydrochloride injection was studied by using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method that was developed in our laboratory. The concentrations of the drug were related directly to peak heights, and the percent relative standard deviation based on five injections was 0.9. The products of decomposition and excipients present in the dosage form did not interfere with the developed assay method. The injection was stable for at least 42 days when stored in clear glass vials at room temperature. The pH value of the injection remained constant at 6.7 after 42 days of storage, and the physical appearance of the injection did not change during the study period.
Sex-Specific Mortality Risk by QRS Morphology and Duration in Patients Receiving CRT: Results From the NCDR

Abstract Background Prior studies have suggested that women have better outcomes than men after cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation. Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare mortality after CRT-D implantation by sex, QRS morphology, and duration. Methods Survival curves and covariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were used to assess mortality by sex in 31,892 CRT-D patients in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR), implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) registry between 2006 and 2009, with up to 5 years’ follow-up (median 2.9 years, interquartile range: 2.0 to 3.9 years). Patients were grouped by QRS morphology and 10-ms increments in QRS duration. Results Among patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), women had a 21% lower mortality risk than men (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.84; p Conclusions Among patients with LBBB who received CRT-D, mortality is lower in women than men. Additionally, longer QRS duration in LBBB is associated with better survival in both sexes. In contrast, there is no sex difference in patients without LBBB, regardless of QRS duration. Further studies should include a non-CRT comparator group to confirm these findings.
CHAPTER 14 – Thermodynamic Properties near the Critical State

The study of thermodynamic properties in the vicinity of the critical point has a venerable history of about a century. The Ph.D. thesis of van der Waals148, treating the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states, has provided the theoretical guidelines for the early experimental studies. They were carried out principally at the University of Leiden by Kamerlingh Onnes, Keesom, Verschaffelt, Crommelin and others, and with less intensity, at other institutions, such as the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Germany. After 1920, the interest in the subject slackened; there were some occasional flashes of very good experimental work, such as that of Michels and co-workers in Holland and of Maass and co-workers in Canada in the ‘thirties; of Murray and Mason, and of Schneider and co-workers in Canada in the ‘fifties; however, the true importance of this work became apparent only recently, after a considerable growth in theoretical understanding.
Rehabilitating Education for Journalists

Whether journalists ought to have a special university education has long been a contentious subject among journalists and academics. Though journalists traditionally eschew formal education, and, to the contrary, academics generally claim journalists require a formal education, this has not always been the case. One of the earliest signs of a concern for journalism education among practitioners came in 1894 when the first International Congress of the Press was held in Antwerp, Belgium, and the editor of a prominent Belgian newspaper sought to convince many of his European colleagues that a journalistic education was indeed crucial to the wellbeing of journalists and journalism (Bjork 1996). However, the thrust of E. Heinzmann-Savino’s message was less a call to raise the quality of journalism, than to raise the level of respect for journalists by the public (Bjork 1996). In the United States in 1938, several decades after the first journalistic training began in American universities, the University of Chicago’s president, speaking in front of the regional press association, claimed that professional training does not belong in the university’s colleges and, among those that were there, journalism was the “shadiest” (Pollard 1939, p. 356).