cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical Study of F and M Centers in Additively Colored Alkali Halides

A study of absorption changes in the visible and near infrared spectral region, produced by $F$-band irradiation at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K which recover spontaneously when the $F$ light is removed was made in additively colored KCl, KBr, and KI crystals containing $M$ bands. These temporary changes are caused by a superposition of two processes. In crystals containing small $M$-center concentrations the tunneling of excited $F$-center electrons to nearby $F$ centers could account for the temporary process. In crystals containing large $M$-center concentrations, the dominant process involves the transformation of $M$ centers to related centers. In KCl, the principal $M$-center transitions at 801 and 546 m\ensuremath{\mu} are changed to 685 and 505 m\ensuremath{\mu}, respectively. Studies in crystals containing polarized $M$ bands in which the temporary changes were produced with polarized light, show that this irradiation is not absorbed by $M$ centers, but probably by $F$ centers. The $F$-center excitation energy is then transferred locally to nearby $M$ centers. The consistent interpretation of both processes requires the occurrence of $F$-center clustering during the early stages of room temperature irradiation and the formation of $F$ and $M$ centers in close proximity during later stages. The possible nature of the transformed $M$ center is discussed and may involve $F_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$-center formation or the excitation of the $M$ center into a metastable state. The recovery involves two channels: a temperature-independent process dominant below 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and one involving a thermal activation energy of about 0.035 eV dominant at higher temperatures.
A comparison of thermal loading effects on bacterial populations in polluted and non-polluted aquatic systems☆

Abstract Water from two aquatic systems including a new, non-polluted lake, and a lake receiving municipal and industrial wastes was studied for alterations in bacterial populations following temperature increases of 5–10°C above ambient. Lake water was studied under laboratory conditions utilizing 50 1. tank batteries to permit controlled temperature maintenance. Plate count agar was used for counts of total culturable heterotroph and chromagenic colonies. Selected limiting nutritional media were used to determine these types. Increases in total counts were observed in all systems during initial periods at temperatures 3–5°C above ambient; however, at 5–10°C above ambient. total counts and the number of different genera isolated were reduced. Effects on nutritional types and percentage of chromagenic types present were analyzed.
Electro-optic ceramics and their display applications

Abstract Relaxor ferroelectrics are remarked in non-linear optic applications because an extraordinarily large apparent ‘electro-optic Kerr effect’ can be observed, even in the so-called paraelectric state. This paper describes the fundamental electro-optic properties of perovskite-type polycrystalline and single crystals, Pb(Zn 1 3 Nb 2 3 )O 3 , (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O 3 and Pb(Mg 1 3 Nb 2 3 )O 3 PbTiO 3 , firstly. Then, a new type of two-dimensional light valve array for an image projector is introduced. A light shutter array with 10 × 10 pixels was fabricated by a sophisticated tape casting technique. Plate-through and separate electrodes are stacked alternately so as to make vertical addressing by an external electrode connecting separate electrodes and horizontal addressing by a plate-through electrode. The applicative feasibility to a high definition image projector was verified.
Dielectric Losses in Ionic Crystals with Disordered Charge Distributions

A theory of the dielectric losses to be expected in nonconducting, ionic crystals containing disordered charge distributions is described. In this theory the disorder in the distribution of mass and force constants (which accompanies the disordered charge distribution) is disregarded. Detailed results are derived for crystals with the inverse spinel structure. In such crystals two- and three-valent ions occupy equivalent sites (the "octahedral" sites) in a random fashion. The predicted loss tangent depends strongly on the spatial correlation between the charge deviations (the difference between the actual charge and the average charge corresponding to a given lattice site). If the charge deviations are substantially uncorrelated, the loss tangent is proportional to the frequency and approximately 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ at $X$ band. However, if the charge deviations are strongly correlated in such a way that charge neutrality is maintained within each unit cell of the crystal, the loss tangent is proportional to the cube of the frequency and approximately 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ at $X$ band. The theory is also applied to a discussion of the additional losses to be expected in polycrystals with very small grain size. It is concluded that this contribution to the loss tangent should be insignificant unless the grain size is extremely small.
HLA-identical renal transplants: impact of cyclosporine on intermediate-term survival and renal function.

Seventy-two and 34 consecutive HLA-identical sibling renal transplant recipients were treated with azathioprinelprednisone (AZA; follow-up, 5.0 years) and cyclosporinelprednisone (CSA; mean follow-up, 2.9 years), respectively. Both groups were similar in age, sex, race, and number of transplants, but there were more diabetics in the CSA group (34% v 8%). Actual patient survival at 1 year and actuarial patient survival at 5 years were 100% and 96%, respectively in the CSA group compared with an actual patient survival of 91 %and 82% at 1 and 5 years, respectively, in the AZA group. Actual graft survival at 1 year improved from 85% in the AZA group to 97% in the CSA-treated recipients (P
A trace theorem for solutions of the wave equation, and the remote determination of acoustic sources

The determination of sources of acoustic wave motion in several dimensions from remote measurements is of considerable interest in many applications, and the underlying mathematical problem is quite ill-posed. We separate the source determination problem into a control problem for the wave equation and an inverse mixed initial-boundary value problem, and concentrate on the latter, in which the initial data for a solution of the wave equation are to be determined from its trace on a time-like hyperplane. Though the geometry of this problem is simple, it exhibits some of the central analytic difficulties of more complex problems. We prove a uniqueness theorem, give examples of instability, establish regularity properties of the trace, and locate noncompact classes of stable functionals. The existence of these noncompact classes shows that the problem is “partially well-posed”, i.e. that smoothing in all directions is not required to regularize the problem, and distinguishes it from most other ill-posed problems, such as backwards diffusion and analytic continuation.
Malignant Hyperthermia Associated Mutations in S2-S3 Loop of Type 1 Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Channel Alter Calcium Dependent Inactivation

Skeletal and cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are ∼65% similar in their primary sequences, though differences in their regulation by physiological molecules have been observed. Skeletal RyR (RyR1) is inhibited by millimolar Ca2+ with ∼10 fold higher affinity than cardiac isoform (RyR2). Using RyR1/RyR2 chimera channels and [3H]ryanodine binding measurements, we found that two distinct regions are involved in isoform-specific Ca2+-dependent inactivation. One region includes two EF hand Ca2+ binding motifs (RyR1 amino acids 4081-4092 and 4116-4127) and the other contains the second transmembrane segment (S2). The results suggest a possible cytoplasmic domain interaction between these two regions (or involving the flanking regions of S2). Human disease associated mutations have been identified in S2-S3 cytoplasmic loop of RyR1. We found that G4733E and R4736W malignant hyperthermia associated mutations reduced affinity for Ca2+ dependent inactivation of the channels by 5-6 fold (IC50: 6.7±0.6 mM (G4733E) and 5.5±0.2 mM (R4736W) vs 1.1±0.1 mM (wild type RyR1)), whereas mutations in S4-S5 cytoplasmic loop (T4825I and H4832Y) reduced affinity by 2-3 fold. We also found that the activities of G4733E- and R4736W-RyR1 mutants are suppressed at 10-100 µM Ca2+, and the suppressions are relieved by 1 mM Mg2+, which was observed in recombinant wild type RyR2 (Chugun et al., (2007) Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.292, C535) but not in wild type RyR1. Taken together, G4733E and R4736W mutations in S2-S3 loop confer RyR2-type Ca2+ dependent inactivation and Mg2+ activation on RyR1. The S2-S3 cytoplasmic loop may play a key role for domain interaction involved in isoform-specific Ca2+-dependent inactivation of RyRs. Supported by NIH (R03AR061030), AHA (10SDG3500001), and NSF (EPS0903795).
Distribution of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in adult and embryonic mouse retinal explants: presence of the embryonic map, MAP5/1B, in regenerating adult retinal axons

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are developmentally regulated proteins involved in microtubule polymerization and stabilization. We have asked whether MAPs in regenerating adult mouse retinal ganglion cell axons recapitulate the pattern of MAPs seen during development. Adult and Embryonic Day 15 (E15) mouse retinal segments were explanted onto laminin-coated coverslips and allowed to extend neurites in serum-free medium. Using a variety of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), we stained adult and E15 explant cultures for early (MAP5) and late (MAP1, MAP2, MAP2a+b, tau) MAPs. Optic neurites growing from E15 explants were strongly immunoreactive for MAP5. Labeling was absent for MAP1 and MAP2a+b. Mabs to MAP2 and tau lightly stained axons and cell bodies, probably due to MAP2c and juvenile tau which are found in developing neurons. In adult explant cultures, both perikarya and axons were immunoreactive for MAP1. MAP2 and MAP2a+b labeled perikarya and fibers within the explant, and tau stained axons on the substrate. MAP5 immunoreactivity was intense in the adult explant cultures, labeling axons extending over the substrate and perikarya and dendrites in the explant in a pattern similar to that seen in E15 explants. In summary, adult retinal explants maintain their adult complement of MAPs, in showing high levels of MAP1, tau immunoreactivity restricted to neurites on the substrate, and MAP2 segregated into neurites and perikarya within the explant. The exception is MAP5 for which the pattern of immunoreactivity is similar in adult and E15 retinal explants.
Nonparametric bayes estimation of the survival function from a record of failures and follow-ups

In some observational studies, we have random censoring model. However, the data available may be partially observable censored data consisting of the observed failure times and only those nonfailure times which are subject to follow-up. Suzuki (1985) discussed the problem of nonparametric estimation of the survival function from such partially observable censored data. In this article, we derive a nonparametric Bayes estimator of the survival function for such data of failures and follow-ups under a Dirichlet process prior and squared error loss. The limiting properties such as the mean square consistency, weak convergence and strong consistency of the Bayes estimator are studied. Finally, the procedures developed are illustrated by means of an example.
Immunization of mice with human 60-kd Ro peptides results in epitope spreading if the peptides are highly homologous between human and mouse.

Objective Immunization with peptide fragments of autoantigens may lead to an immune response at both the T and B cell level that is directed not only at the immunogen, but also at the autoantigen from which the peptide came. In addition, a complex multicomponent particle may become the target of this expanded immune response. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of several different peptides from 60-kd Ro to induce expansion of the immune response to the Ro/La RNP particle. Methods We immunized BALB/c mice with 3 different oligopeptides from human 60-kd Ro (or, SSA). Results Animals immunized with peptides either identical to or differing by only 1 amino acid developed autoimmunity to the entire Ro RNP particle. Animals immunized with a human peptide highly divergent from the corresponding mouse sequence developed an immune response to the immunogen only and showed little evidence of epitope spreading. Furthermore, these mice did not have antibodies that bound the poorly conserved mouse homolog peptide, and the antibody response to this peptide did not include IgG1. Conclusion These data indicate that B lymphocytes specific for the self-peptide that is homologous to the immunogen are a critical determinant for spreading of the immune response to other components of self.
Evidence for an association between calmodulin and membrane patches containing gonadotropin-releasing hormone — receptor complexes in cultured gonadotropes

Participation of calmodulin, clathrin, and actin in receptor mediated endocytosis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was studied in an in vitro system of dispersed pituitary cells with a triple staining procedure. Cells were incubated in D-Lys6-Pro9-Des10-GnRH-biotin and stained with avidin-peroxidase-diaminobenzidine. Calmodulin, clathrin, and actin as well as luteinizing hormone were identified by indirect immunofluorescence with FITC- and rhodamine-labeled second antibody. The results indicate a close spatial association of calmodulin, but not of clathrin and actin, with GnRH-containing plasma membrane patches.
Subunit composition of pro-phenol oxidase from Manduca sexta: molecular cloning of subunit ProPO-P1.

Abstract Phenol oxidase (PO) is known to play an important role in defense mechanisms in insect immunity. It is present as a zymogen in insect hemolymph, and can be activated by a specific proteolytic reaction that is stimulated by microbial cell wall components. The pro-phenol oxidase (pro-PO) purified from the larval hemolymph of Manduca sexta contains two polypeptides in equal amounts as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). A cDNA for one of the polypeptides, now designated proPO-p2, has been isolated ( Hall et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 7764–7768). We purified pro-PO from plasma of M. sexta and characterized its subunit composition. A cDNA for M. sexta proPO-p1 was isolated from a larval hemocyte cDNA library. M. sexta proPO-p1 is 78% identical in amino acid sequence to Bombyx mori proPO-p1, but only 50% to M. sexta or B. mori proPO-p2. Immunofluorescence labelling and in situ hybridization showed that the pro-PO is synthesized in a single hemocyte type, the oenocytoids. Analysis of pro-PO by size exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that pro-PO exists as monomeric, dimeric, trimeric or multimeric structures depending on the ionic strength. All of these isoforms of the protein have phenol oxidase activity upon activation with a detergent, cetylpyridinium chloride. In analysis by non-denaturing PAGE, the majority of the purified pro-PO was present as two dimers of distinct mobility (fast and slow forms). Both forms contain proPO-p1 and proPO-p2, suggesting that they are heterodimers. Individual larvae can contain the slow form, the fast form, or both, which suggests that the slow and fast forms of proPO are allelic variants. These results indicate that there are two pro-PO genes in M. sexta, which are coordinately expressed in oenocytoids, and whose products form predominantly heterodimers in plasma.
The Caribbean in the Wider World, 1492-1992: A Regional Geography

List of illustrations Acknowledgements 1. The creation of the Caribbean 2. A colonised environment 3. Plantations and their peoples to 1900 4. The American century 5. Economic dependency 6. Human migrations 7. Resistance and political independence 8. Towards a geography of Caribbean nationhood Bibliography.
Torulopsis austromarina sp. nov. A yeast isolated from the Antarctic Ocean.

A new species of yeast, Torulopsis austromarina is described from oceanic waters of the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean sectors of the Antarctic.
Scatter Reduction In Conventional Radiographic Tomography Using Rotating Apertures

Since images in conventional radiographic tomography are in-herently low in subject contrast, it is essential that scattered radiation be prevented from reaching the image receptor. Scanning beam or slit radiographic techniques are known to be the most efficient scatter elimination methods, yet have been inapplicable to this area of radiography. In this work it is shown that the scanning beam method using rotating aperture wheel (RAW) devices can be used in conventional tomography. One coder wheel between the x-ray tube and patient and two scatter discriminator wheels between the patient and image recep-tor form sections of the RAW "projection cone" with the lines of radia-tion from the x-ray source forming the "flux pyramid." As long as the projection cone follows the motion of the x-ray flux pyramid (with the ratios of the distances between the x-ray source, RAWs, patient, and image receptor kept constant throughout the motion) any RAW pattern may be used. Simple relations are given which describe the geometric constraints for various tomographic motions. As in any application of scanning slit techniques, it is possible to use the excellent scatter elimination capabilities of a RAW device either to improve image contrast or to reduce patient dose.
Potential and stopping-power information from planar-channeling oscillations

A method is developed for analyzing measurements of the backscattering of ions from a crystal under planar-channeling conditions in which the intensity of scattered ions is observed as a function of emergent energy. Attention is concentrated on two features of such observations, the energy separation of the strong series of peaks seen when the ion beam is exactly parallel to the planes and the angle ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{M}$ of inclination of the beam to the planes that produces the maximum yield of backscattered ions. Computer simulation of ion trajectories using various assumed ion-atom interaction potentials is used to show that ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{M}$ is a measure of the strength of the potential. The simulation results are also used to show how the half wavelength of the oscillations can be calculated from ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{M}$. From the half wavelength and the separation of the peaks in the measured energy spectrum of the backscattered ions, the average stopping power the ions experience in their oscillating trajectories can be calculated. Applications of the method to experiments are discussed.
Studies on hydroid differentiation. VI. Regulation of hydranth formation in Podocoryne carnea.

Removing the sole hydranth from young slide grown colonies of the marine hydroid Podocoryne carnea stimulates an increase in the number of hydranths subsequently formed, compared to fed controls. If controls and experimentals are both starved, both show increased hydranth formation but the colonies without hydranths increase hydranth numbers sooner than do the starved controls. Hydranth formation is discontinuous under these experimental conditions as it is in unoperated growing colonies during the first 20 days of growth. When hydranths are removed from one half of each of a number of two week old colonies, stolon growth continues on the operated side at the same rate as on the unoperated side, indicating that nutriment is equitably distributed in the stolon system of the colony. Twice as many new hydranths are formed, however, on the operated side as on the control side. This experiment appears satisfactorily to control for the immediate starvation attendant upon hydranth removal, thus indicating that the location and therefore number of new hydranths in growing colonies of Podocoryne carnea is regulated by hydranths mediated feedback. Comparison of the age of stolon on which hydranths form with what would be expected were this distribution random, indicates a strong skew to stolon three and four days old. Whether this is an additional developmental stricture or a consequence of hydranth feedback can not now be determined.
GeCCo: Finger gesture-based command and control for touch interfaces

With touch-based interfaces becoming commonplace on personal computing devices ranging from phones and slates to notebook and desktop PCs, a number of common tasks that were once performed using mouse or keyboard input now need to be performed using fingers on the touch surface. Finger-drawn gestures offer a viable alternative to desktop and keyboard shortcuts as shortcuts for common tasks such as launching of applications and navigation of large media collections. In order to be truly effective, the interface for definition, management and invocation of gestures should be highly intuitive, and optimized for the device. In particular, the process of invoking gestures should be seamless and natural. Further, the recognition of gestures needs to be robust for the specific user. In this paper, we describe GeCCo (Gesture Command and Control), a system for personalized finger gesture shortcuts for touch-enabled desktops and trackpad-enabled notebook PCs. One of the key issues addressed in the design of GeCCo is that of mode switching in the context of notebook PCs. We describe a user study to decide between different interactions for mode switching. The interactions are designed such that mode switch and gesture can be simultaneously indicated. Since new gestures may be defined by the user at any time, statistical pattern classification techniques which require large numbers of training samples for each gesture are not useful. Instead we use nearest-neighbor classification with Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance, and a writer adaptation scheme for improving accuracy to desired levels. We conclude the paper with experimental results and some thoughts on next steps.
On an Interesting Linkage Between Astrophysical and Atomic Variables in Physics.

A characteristic mass that we term the Thomson mass emerges from a very simple toy universe. The main postulate in deriving this mass is that the universe be self-shielding, that is possessing an optical depth of unity, for interactions between the charged Thomson particles by Thomson scattering.
So you want to be an evidence-based plastic surgeon? A lifelong journey.

Your initial reactions to the terms “outcomes” in medicine and “evidence-based medicine” (EBM), terms that have increasingly appeared in the medical literature over the last 15 years, may have been similar to ours: fear of the unknown, a sense of indignation that our surgical results would be subjected to undue scrutiny, and perhaps outright hostility. We all think that we are “experts” in what we do! How dare anyone question our results and think they could improve upon our work! We are taking great care of our patients and they are doing fine, so why do we need to consider changing? Furthermore, the term itself sounds cold and too detached for plastic surgery, a specialty that necessarily involves close interpersonal relationships with our patients, each of whom has unique needs and desires that do not seem amenable to a seemingly homogenized statistical review. How could EBM, a seemingly “emotionless” statistical science, help us improve outcomes on a group of people who do not on the surface seem to be subjected to statistics? Another thought was that we do not have time to become statistical experts. Will not EBM take too long to learn and practice? And who was it who wanted to impose this new type of medicine on us, anyway? These and other thoughts made us initially reluctant to consider EBM as something to consider. Over time, however, we began to realize that EBM was not something to be afraid of or to resist. Our resistance began to dissolve once we understood what it truly was and could do, not only for our patients but also for our own capabilities as surgeons. We are convinced that it will help you deliver ever-better surgical care for your patients and will make you determine what are truly the best techniques and …
Synthesis and X-ray structural characterization of M(3,5-tBu2-salophen) (M = Cu, VO)

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of Cu(3,5-tBu2-salophen) (4) and VO(3,5-tBu2-salophen) (5) as well as the crystallographic elucidation of the structures are reported. X-ray analyses show the expected approximately square planar geometry of copper (II) and the square pyramidal geometry of vanadium in structures 4 and 5, respectively. Both discrete molecular structures are well defined with no obvious hydrogen bonding present. The EPR spectra of 4 and 5 are typical of complexes of this type. 3,5-tBu2-salophen = N,N′–phenylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine).
Transition from a fixed implant dental prosthesis to an implant overdenture in an edentulous patient: A clinical report

The lack of planning before implant placement and restoration in edentulous patients can lead to a number of problems. Prosthodontists are often faced with the challenge of re-treating patients who have only recently been treated. Although many reports discuss retreatment by fabricating all new prosthetic components, few discuss salvaging parts of the patient's existing prosthesis. This report details the treatment of an edentulous patient who presented with an implant-retained fixed dental prosthesis in the maxillary arch and no opposing prosthesis. The transition from an implant-retained fixed dental prosthesis to a removable implant- and tissue-supported overdenture that uses the patient's existing computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing milled titanium substructure is described.
Schizophrenia and Suicide: Treatment Optimization

In the aftermath of a serious suicide attempt, 25–50 % of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder will make another attempt within 2 years; within 10 years, 3 % will have completed suicide, which represents about 60 % of all patients with these diagnoses who complete suicide. When treating such high suicide risk patients, initiating or continuing treatment with clozapine must always be the initial consideration. Clozapine is the only treatment approved to reduce suicide risk in this (or any other) population. Its efficacy for this purpose is supported by the highest quality evidence, including a prospective, randomized controlled trial, InterSePT. A trial of clozapine should be strongly considered even for first-episode patients and those whose psychotic symptoms have responded to other antipsychotics, as amelioration of psychotic symptoms may be insufficient to reduce suicide risk. When recommending a trial of clozapine, thorough psychoeducation for the patient and his or her support system is necessary. This should include informing patients that indefinite treatment with clozapine may be needed because of the elevated risks of suicide and relapse to psychosis upon drug discontinuation. Discussion of the anticipated side effects and the providers’ commitment to help minimize side effects are needed to make the trial of clozapine more attractive. If a trial of clozapine is unacceptable or impossible, alternative antipsychotic medications should be used and adherence monitored. A long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic drug is preferable to oral medication, and certainly, to no antipsychotic treatment. The clinician should regularly inquire about suicidal thoughts and hopelessness and limit patients’ access to means of self-harm. In addition, one should identify the symptoms, behaviors and social factors that contribute to each patient’s suicide risk, and provide a combination of pharmacotherapy, psychosocial rehabilitation modalities, and psychotherapeutic interventions to address these factors.
Reaction thermodynamics for ZrO2, MgO, and CaO with refractory metals

We made a thermodynamic analysis of the reactions between ZrO2, MgO, CaO with Mo, W, Nb,Ta, and Zr at 2000–3000°K on the basis of which the basic reactions of this interaction were determined. We determined the relative intensity of the reactions of ZrO2, MgO and CaO with refractory metals Mo, W, Nb, Ta, Zr and also the temperatures of initial reaction in regard to the pressure of the surroundings.
Organic–inorganic hybrid materials constructed from copper-organoimine subunits and molybdoarsonate clusters

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of MoO3, As2O5, Cu(CH3CO2)2 · H2O and an appropriate organonitrogen ligand in the presence of HF as mineralizer yield a series of bimetallic oxides of the Cu/Mo/O/As system. The compounds [{Cu2(4,7-phen)(4,7-phenH)2}Mo12AsO40] · 2.66H2O (1 · 2.66H2O) and [{Cu3(qtpyr)2}Mo12AsO40] · 0.4H2O (2 · 0.4H2O) (qtpyr = 2,4′:5′, 3″:4″,2‴-quaterpyridine) are two-dimensional phases constructed from Keggin clusters linked through binuclear {Cu2(4,7-phen)(4,7-Hphen)2}2+ units in 1 and { Cu 3 ( qtpyr ) 2 } n 3 n + metal organic networks in 2. In contrast, the structure of [{Cu2(2,4′-Hbpy)4}Mo18As2O62] · 2H2O (3 · 2H2O) is one-dimensional, consisting of Dawson clusters linked through binuclear {Cu2(Hbpy)4}6+ subunits. In the case of the compounds [{Cu(5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bpy)}2Mo2O4F2(AsO4)2] (4) and [{Cu(phen)}2Mo2O4F2(AsO4)2] (5), the fluoride mineralizer has been incorporated into the structure to give one-dimensional phases constructed from oxyfluoride {Mo2O4F2(AsO4)2}2−clusters bridged through {Cu(organonitrogen)}2+ units.
Mechanisms of weak phase interconnection and the effects of phase strength contrast on fabric development

Abstract To determine how deformation mechanisms and fabrics evolve during the strain weakening and localization that accompany the transition from a load-bearing framework to an interconnected weak phase, shear experiments were conducted on a fine-grained gneiss (58% quartz, interconnected; 28% plagioclase, dispersed; 13% biotite, aligned but dispersed) at 745 and 800 °C, 1500 MPa and two strain rates (2×10 −5 and 2×10 −6 s −1 ). In experiments with a high phase strength contrast (HPSC, 25× and 45×) between dispersed biotite and framework quartz grains, biotite grains become interconnected due to stress concentration at their tips that allow local semi-brittle flow of intervening quartz and cataclasis of intervening plagioclase. In the higher temperature HPSC samples, the biotite partially dehydrated in high strain zones; a single narrow shear zone formed because the PSC between the quartz and biotite/reaction product layers remained high. In the lower temperature HPSC samples there was no reaction, and a penetrative S–C′ fabric formed. The fabric is defined by the many multiply interconnected biotite strands that formed because the PSC between the quartz and biotite decreased as the biotites kinked. In slower strain rate experiments with a much lower PSC (∼10×), biotite interconnection occurs by shearing into quartz/quartz boundaries where new, weak strain-free recrystallized grains form. At low strain a weak S–C′ fabric forms, but it evolves to an S–C fabric as the PSC decreases with strain. Thus, the magnitude of the strength contrast between a weak phase and its matrix influences the mechanism of weak phase interconnection, the degree of strain localization and the fabric.
Identification of nutritional status, emphasizing minerals, in northwestern zaire

Abstract A study was conducted in northwestern Zaire during the beginning of the dry season (December 1994) at a specific ranch to determine the crude protein (CP), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and mineral content of the principal pasture forages. This region is located in Zaire at 4°36'N latitude and 20°28'E longitude. Average rainfall is 1695 mm a year and mean monthly temperature is 25.5°C. Soils are red lateritic clays. Thirty forage samples were collected at 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐week regrowths of Imperata cylindrica and Savanna Stylosanthes (excluding 2‐week age) from low and high elevation grazing areas. Eighteen soil samples and a mineral supplement fed to cattle (primarily N'dama breeding) were collected for analysis. There were decreases (PO.05) in IVOMD as plants matured and deficiencies of protein, sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) at 4 weeks of regrowth. The mineral mixture fed to cattle provided less than 1% of the requirements for the deficient minerals....
Anti-inflammatory activity of ketoprofen gel on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats.

Abstract The anti-inflammatory activity of a 1% ketoprofen gel containing 20% Pluronic F-127 was evaluated using the carrageenaninduced rat paw edema method. The activity of the gel was compared with that of other topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) preparations. The Pluronic gel formulation was significantly more effective against edema formation than other ketoprofen gels used. The 1% ketoprofen gel in the Pluronic base inhibited 53% of the carrageenaninduced edema formation as compared with 38% inhibition obtained with a 3% ketoprofen gel in a Carbopol-based formulation. The topical ED 50 of the 1% ketoprofen gel was 2.2 mg/kg whereas the oral ED 50 of ketoprofen in a suspension was 6.1 mg/kg, indicating that the relative equiponderal availability of the topical gel was nearly three times that of the oral suspension. The application of 50 mg of the 1% ketoprofen gel on the rat hind paw at various time intervals from 0 to 24 h prior to the carrageenan injection significantly inhibited edema formation in all groups of dosed rats. A significant correlation was found between the percent inhibition of rat paw edema and the log dose of ketoprofen injected subplantarly for the dose range between 0.1 and 10 μg/paw.
Ethanol, lead, and benzene inhibition of rabbit reticulocyte heme and protein synthesis: increased in vitro toxicity in iron-deficient cells

Abstract Not all people exposed to the same level of a hematological toxin will develop clinical problems. Since there is an almost infinite combination of both exogenous and endogenous factors which might increase susceptibility to a toxin, it is only practical to test these variables through the use of well-defined in vitro systems. In the present study we studied the inhibitory effect of ethanol (0.1 m ), lead (1 × 10−4 m ), and benzene (0.1 m ) on in vitro rabbit reticulocyte protein and heme synthesis, in iron-repleted and iron-depleted cells. The data clearly demonstrate that there is greater inhibition of total protein and heme synthesis by any one of these agents in iron-depleted cells. The inhibition with any of these inhibitors is additive with that of iron depletion. It appears, therefore, that people with iron deficiency might be at greater risk to develop hematological toxicity when exposed to ethanol, lead, or benzene.
Quantum dot solar cells. harvesting light energy with CdSe nanocrystals molecularly linked to mesoscopic TiO2 films.

By using bifunctional surface modifiers (SH−R−COOH), CdSe quantum dots (QDs) have been assembled onto mesoscopic TiO2 films. Upon visible light excitation, CdSe QDs inject electrons into TiO2 nanocrystallites. Femtosecond transient absorption as well as emission quenching experiments confirm the injection from the excited state of CdSe QDs into TiO2 nanoparticles. Electron transfer from the thermally relaxed s-state occurs over a wide range of rate constant values between 7.3 × 109 and 1.95 × 1011 s-1. The injected charge carriers in a CdSe-modified TiO2 film can be collected at a conducting electrode to generate a photocurrent. The TiO2−CdSe composite, when employed as a photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell, exhibits a photon-to-charge carrier generation efficiency of 12%. Significant loss of electrons occurs due to scattering as well as charge recombination at TiO2/CdSe interfaces and internal TiO2 grain boundaries.
Exact Classical Solution for the 't Hooft Monopole and the Julia-Zee Dyon

We present an exact solution to the nonlinear field equations which describe a classical excitation possessing magnetic and electric charge. This solution has finite energy and exhibits explicitly those properties which have previously been found by numerical analysis.
Cellulose nanocrystals the next big nano-thing?

Biomass surrounds us from the smallest alga to the largest redwood tree. Even the largest trees owe their strength to a newly-appreciated class of nanomaterials known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Cellulose, the world's most abundant natural, renewable, biodegradable polymer, occurs as whisker like microfibrils that are biosynthesized and deposited in plant material in a continuous fashion. Therefore, the basic raw materials for a future of new nanomaterials breakthroughs already abound in the environment and are available to be utilized in an array of future materials once the manufacturing processes and nanometrology are fully developed. This presentation will discuss some of the instrumentation, metrology and standards issues associated with nanomanufacturing of cellulose nanocrystals. The use of lignocellulosic fibers derived from sustainable, annually renewable resources as a reinforcing phase in polymeric matrix composites provides positive environmental benefits with respect to ultimate disposability and raw material use. Today we lack the essential metrology infrastructure that would enable the manufacture of nanotechnology-based products based on CNCs (or other new nanomaterial) to significantly impact the U.S. economy. The basic processes common to manufacturing - qualification of raw materials, continuous synthesis methods, process monitoring and control, in-line and off-line characterization of product for quality control purposes, validation by standard reference materials - are not generally in place for nanotechnology based products, and thus are barriers to innovation. One advantage presented by the study of CNCs is that, unlike other nanomaterials, at least, cellulose nanocrystal manufacturing is already a sustainable and viable bulk process. Literally tons of cellulose nanocrystals can be generated each day, producing other viable byproducts such as glucose (for alternative fuel) and gypsum (for buildings).There is an immediate need for the development of the basic manufacturing metrology infrastructure to implement fundamental best practices for manufacturing and in the determination of properties for these for nanoscale materials and the resultant products.
Bioorganometallic Chemistry. 8. The Molecular Recognition of Aromatic and Aliphatic Amino Acids and Substituted Aromatic and Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid Guests with Supramolecular (η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium−Nucleobase, Nucleoside, and Nucleotide Cyclic Trimer Hosts via Non-Covalent π−π and Hydrophobic Interactions in Water: Steric, Electronic, and Conformational Parameters

Molecular recognition, via non-covalent processes such as hydrogen bonding, π−π, and hydrophobic interactions, is an important biological phenomenon for guests, such as drugs, proteins, and other important biological molecules with, for example, host DNA/RNA. We have studied a novel molecular recognition process using guests that encompass aromatic and aliphatic amino acids [l-alanine, l-glutamine (l-Gln), l-histidine, l-isoleucine (l-Ile), l-leucine (l-Leu), l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), l−proline, l-tryptophan (l-Trp), l-valine (l-Val)], substituted aromatic carboxylic acids [o-, m-, p-aminobenzoic acids (G1-3), benzoic acid (G4), phenylacetic acid (G5), p-methoxyphenylacetic acid (G6), o-methyoxybenzoic acid (G9), o-nitrobenzoic acid (G10)], and aliphatic carboxylic acids [cyclohexylacetic acid (G7), 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid (G8)] with supramolecular, bioorganometallic hosts, (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium (Cp*Rh)−nucleobase, nucleoside, and nucleotide cyclic trimer complexes, [Cp*Rh(9-methylade...
A COMPARISON OF THE DETERMINANTS OF WHITE AND NONWHITE INTERSTATE MIGRATION

The primary objective of this study is to present an explanation of the interstate migratory movements of white and nonwhite persons which occurred over the period 1955–1960. The study is similar to several other recent studies in that we estimate the magnitudes in which various factors have influenced interstate or interregional migration in the United States. It differs from earlier studies in two important respects. First, we estimate and compare the magnitudes in which certain factors have influenced both white and nonwhite interstate migration. Second, unlike previous studies, many of which have made “country-wide” estimates of the determinants of migration, we have disaggregated data to the state level and obtained white and nonwhite “migration elasticities” for every state. These elasticities are in turn used to test several additional hypotheses relating to racial and regional differences in the elasticities themselves. We argue that discrimination against nonwhites and/or differences in “social milieu” between South and nonsouth provide a unifying explanation for most of the observed differences in white and nonwhite migration elasticities.
IPC in the new millennium – challenge and opportunity: addendum – proposed plan of action

Abstract This further paper develops the theme of the USPTO’s main paper presented at the seminar. It provides a plan of action designed to move the process forward from a mere iteration of existing problems and desirable results. In doing so, it inevitably covers some of the same ground, in a different form. In particular, the proposal to form sub-groups to action specific aspect(s) of the proposals is accompanied by an example, largely drawn from the main paper and showing the context and terms of reference for a typical such sub-group to deal with “Improving the structure and presentation of the IPC.”
Diffusion model and the anisotropic relaxation time in metals: Application to potassium

The Boltzmann equation for the anisotropic relaxation time leads to a generalization of the diffusion model in which umklapp electron-phonon scattering is treated explicitly, and does not require Fermi-surface distortion or intersection with zone boundaries. The diffusion equation contains an anisotropic function which may be interpreted as the zeroth-order relaxation time in the iteration sequence of the Boltzmann equation, and which has been used commonly as an approximation to the true relaxation time. The solution of the diffusion equation tends toward this zeroth-order relaxation time at higher temperatures, where the latter is known to become a good approximation. The importance of treating umklapp explicitly is illustrated by calculating deviations from Matthiessen's rule in the electrical resistivity of potassium, for which previous diffusion models were of course not intended. Comparison with data and with previous numerical calculations by others lends credence to the model. (auth)
Acceleration effects on the performance of solid-propellant rocket motors

Some acceleration effects on rocket performance have been well publicized. The dynamic process, characterized by marked increases in 'localized' burning rate, produces excessive case heating, slag retention, pressure buildup, and/or internal flow alterations. Data are presented illustrating drastic effects at low accelerations for sustainer type propellants and its relevance to several recent failures. Normalized orientation dependence of rate augmentation appears coupled to acceleration level and base burning rate. Effects appear influenced by propellant composition. Predictions using subscale motor data show good agreement with observed performance for ground spin and flight tests. Subscale test methods and results are also discussed.
Endothelin-Stimulated Nitric Oxide Production in the Isolated Kupffer Cell

Endothelin (ET) is a potent peptide mediator exhibiting a wide variety of effects in both the parenchymal and nonparenchymal hepatic cells. In the Kupffer cell, ET activates several transmembrane signaling pathways to generate numerous second messengers including the phospholipase C-generated products inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol and the cyclooxygenase product prostaglandin E2 via specific ETB-type receptors. In addition to these findings, we have now demonstrated that endothelin stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the Kupffer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Western blot analysis indicates that ET-stimulated NO production occurs though activation of the inducible form of the nitric oxide synthase enzyme. These findings have important implications as the stimulation of NO production by ET may be part of the physiological response to inflammation or infection. Elevated levels of ET and NO have been found to be associated with numerous hepatic pathophysiological conditions that may contribute to derangements in the vascular system seen in these conditions.
X-ray imaging with parametric X-rays (PXR) from a lithium fluoride (LiF) crystal

Abstract X-ray imaging produced by parametric X-rays (PXR) is reported. The PXR are generated using an electron beam with energy of 56 MeV and currents up to 6.4 μA, that interacted with a 1.5-mm thick lithium fluoride (LiF) crystal target in Laue geometry. The LiF (2 2 0) crystallographic plane was used with a Bragg angle (θB) near 15° to produce PXR with energy 16.6 keV and FWHM of 3%. This intense, directional, and tunable X-ray source was then used to image a small fish, an integrated circuit, and an electrical switch with an intensified CCD camera. The bremsstrahlung from the target crystal is characterized as a source of noise and compared to the PXR.
Estimation of uTƒ(A)v for large-scale unsymmetric matrices

Fast algorithms, based on the unsymmetric look-ahead Lanczos and the Arnoldi process, are developed for the estimation of the functional Φ(ƒ)=uTƒ(A) v for fixed u, v and A, where A∈ℜn×n is a large-scale unsymmetric matrix. Numerical results are presented which validate the comparable accuracy of both approaches. Although the Arnoldi process reaches convergence more quickly in some cases, it has greater memory requirements, and may not be suitable for especially large applications. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directionalizing adaptive multi-microphone arrays for hearing aids using cardioid microphones

The authors examine the design and performance of a restricted geometry, adaptive four-element acoustic array using cardioid (directional) microphones for hearing enhancement. The array is portable and lightweight. It allows the hearing aid wearer to focus better in a forward-looking direction, reducing interfering noises from unwanted directions. The array also allows the system to respond to changing environments, nulling strong interference noises which do not impinge on the front of the array. The directionality and the adaptable interference rejection of the multi-element array are superior to that possible using single or two-element devices. Adaptive arrays using directional microphones are shown to enhance the array output SNR above that of an adaptive array consisting of omni-directional sensors. Examples and simulation results are presented. >
Lack of Disease Associated Hla-Dq Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Families with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is often familial and serological HLA disease associations have been described in many different populations. However, such HLA disease associations are weak and the precise molecular contribution of HLA antigens to thyroid disease susceptibility remains unknown. Much of the data available are cross-sectional and few studies have explored familial inheritance of AITD at the molecular level. We have, therefore, examined the inheritance of AITD in multiplex and multi-generational families using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA digested with the restriction enzyme BamHl and probed with a full length human HLA-DQ beta cDNA probe. Thirty seven subjects in 7 informative families were available for study. Eleven subjects had Graves' disease and 4 were diagnosed as having Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Segregation of polymorphic fragments enabled genotyping of each individual to produce fully informative families. LOD scores were computed, using the LIPED...