cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Association of GPA and PCAT Scores on Objective Structured Clinical Examination Scores

Objective. To examine the association between certain demographic and admission measures and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) performance in a cohort of pharmacy students. Methods. A retrospective review of demographic characteristics, admissions data [cumulative and science admission Grade Point Average (GPA), Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT) scores], and OSCE scores was performed for the Class of 2017 at the University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy. Results. Female students scored significantly higher than male students on the Warfarin OSCE - Standardized Patient (SP) rated General Communication Skills and on the Warfarin OSCE - Faculty rated Patient Interviewing Skills. Age was significantly, inversely correlated with Warfarin OSCE - Faculty rated Therapeutic Knowledge score. Warfarin OSCE - SP rated General Communication Skills score was significantly, positively related to PCAT composite score and PCAT reading comprehension score. PCAT composite score was significantly, inversely correlated to Warfarin OSCE - Faculty rated Patient Interviewing Skills score. Warfarin OSCE - Faculty rated General Communication Skills score was significantly, positively related to cumulative admission GPA and admission science GPA. Conclusion. Eight statistically significant correlations were found between demographic and admissions measures and specific OSCE scores. Regression models were significant but explained a low percentage of the variance in OSCE scores, suggesting other factors not included in the study have a greater effect on scores. Such factors may include knowledge acquired in pharmacy school courses such as the therapeutics course series.
Aberrant migration and surgical removal of a heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) from the femoral artery of a cat

A cat was evaluated for an acute-onset of right pelvic limb paresis. Thoracic radiographs revealed normal cardiac size and tortuous pulmonary arteries. Abdominal ultrasound identified a heartworm (HW) extending from the caudal abdominal aorta into the right external iliac artery and right femoral artery. The cat was HW-antigen positive. Echocardiography revealed a HW within the right branch of the main pulmonary artery and evidence of pulmonary hypertension. An agitated-saline contrast echocardiogram revealed a small right to left intracardiac shunt at the level of the atria. Surgical removal of the HW was performed with no substantial postoperative complications. There was return of blood flow and improved motor function to the limb. The cat remains mildly paretic on the affected limb with no other clinical signs.
Ideology, Heuristics and Rationality in the Context of Discovery

Philosophy often progresses by introducing sharp distinctions and then dismantling them. A prime example for those interested in heuristics is Reichenbach’s demarcation between the context of discovery and the context of justification. Reichenbach himself thought the distinction an important one and referred to it on many occasions1, but he provides little detail about exactly what the distinction is or its proper function in the history and philosophy of science. Whatever Reichenbach’s own intentions may have been2, historians of science, philosophers of discovery, and, more recently, cognitive scientists have vehemently objected to his claim that the context of discovery “… can be analyzed only psychologically, not logically… and cannot be portrayed by a rational procedure… (Reichenbach 1949, p. 434). And in his ground-breaking 1971 paper ‘Correspondence, Invariance, and Heuristics’, Heinz Post was actually able to articulate a variety of what he called ” ‘theoretic’ guide lines to new theories“ (1971, p. 217) and to provide a rationale for them. Even if the Entdeckungszusammenhang turned out to be a private, subjective affair, the Entwicklungszusammenhang could profitably be studied by the philosopher of science. So Reichenbach’s demarcation, if interpreted as an attempt to define a water-tight boundary between the proper domains of psychology and epistemology3, has proved to be a very leaky one indeed.
Binding of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 to Fibrin is Mediated by Amorphous Calcium-Phosphate

In our previous study we demonstrated selective, dose-dependent binding of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a neutrophil collagenase, to fibrin. Here we investigated the mechanism of this interaction. We found that MMP-9 to fibrin was dependent on formation of a calcium-phosphate intermediate. The intermediate was precipitable by centrifugation and contained a Ca/P ratio of 1.52-1.54, consistent with amorphous calcium-phosphate (ACP). ACP formation exhibited a temperature optimum at 37 degrees C. Gelatin zymography revealed that interaction of ACP with MMP-9 resulted in formation of a high molecular weight ACP:MMP-9 complex which was required for MMP-9 binding to fibrin. Complex formation was dependent on the generation of viable ACP that required both calcium (7.5-10 mM) and phosphate (225-250 microM) (Ca x P product range, 1.7-2.5 mM2). Carbonate (CO3) and sulfate (SO4) were ineffective as calcium counteranions. Preformed ACP rapidly complexed MMP-9. Thus ACP formation was rate-limiting for MMP-9 fibrin binding activity. No MMP-9 fibrin binding activity was noted at 25 degrees C, an observation consistent with lack of ACP production. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to normal and pathologic wound healing.
Leukemic Transformation with Avian Myeloblastosis Virus: Present Status

Many RNA and DNA tumor viruses induce neoplastic transformation in vitro, but few of these are leukemia viruses acting on hematopoietic target cells. The virus of avian myeloblastosis (AMV) is such an agent, capable of producing morphological changes in hematopoietic tissues grown in vitro, and thus provides an excellent model to study leukemia induction at the cellular level.
An evaluation of clinical order patterns machine-learned from clinician cohorts stratified by patient mortality outcomes.

Abstract Objective Evaluate the quality of clinical order practice patterns machine-learned from clinician cohorts stratified by patient mortality outcomes. Materials and methods Inpatient electronic health records from 2010 to 2013 were extracted from a tertiary academic hospital. Clinicians (n = 1822) were stratified into low-mortality (21.8%, n = 397) and high-mortality (6.0%, n = 110) extremes using a two-sided P-value score quantifying deviation of observed vs. expected 30-day patient mortality rates. Three patient cohorts were assembled: patients seen by low-mortality clinicians, high-mortality clinicians, and an unfiltered crowd of all clinicians (n = 1046, 1046, and 5230 post-propensity score matching, respectively). Predicted order lists were automatically generated from recommender system algorithms trained on each patient cohort and evaluated against (i) real-world practice patterns reflected in patient cases with better-than-expected mortality outcomes and (ii) reference standards derived from clinical practice guidelines. Results Across six common admission diagnoses, order lists learned from the crowd demonstrated the greatest alignment with guideline references (AUROC range = 0.86–0.91), performing on par or better than those learned from low-mortality clinicians (0.79–0.84, P Discussion Whether machine-learning models are trained on all clinicians or a subset of experts illustrates a bias-variance tradeoff in data usage. Defining robust metrics to assess quality based on internal (e.g. practice patterns from better-than-expected patient cases) or external reference standards (e.g. clinical practice guidelines) is critical to assess decision support content. Conclusion Learning relevant decision support content from all clinicians is as, if not more, robust than learning from a select subgroup of clinicians favored by patient outcomes.
Using Physical Computing Projects in Teaching Introductory Programming

Physical computing engages students who are learning how to program through hands-on projects with tangible devices. Many of these projects are fun and artistic, but may not be very helpful in demonstrating fundamental but non-obvious concepts such as variables, conditionals or complex control flow. With access to many fun "gadgets", e.g., sensors, motors, LEDs, etc., students could get very excited with their projects, while not necessarily learning enough about programming and computational problem solving. This work presents the authors' experience of teaching a physical computing workshop for middle school students using Adafruit Circuit Playground Express and Microsoft MakeCode. Classroom projects not only are engaging but also effectively demonstrate abstract programming concepts. Projects selection is based on a set of software and hardware features in order to choose the ones that best help students learn basic programming concepts.
The relation between state and trait risk taking and problem-solving

People can solve problems in two main styles: through a methodical analysis, or by a sudden insight (also known as 'Aha!' or 'Eureka!' experience). Analytical solutions are achieved primarily with conscious deliberation in a trial-and-error fashion. 'Aha!' moments, instead, happen suddenly, often without conscious deliberation and are considered a critical facet of creative cognition. Previous research has indicated an association between creativity and risk taking (a personality trait); however, few studies have investigated how a short-term situational state of risk modulates these two different problem-solving styles. In this research, we looked at how both state and trait risks taking is related to different problem-solving styles. To measure risk as a personality trait, we administered the Balloon Analog Risk Task. To investigate risk as a state, we created a scenario, where people had to bet on their problem-solving performance at the beginning of each trial, and we compared the performance of this group with a control group that did not have to bet. The results show no association between risk as a trait and problem-solving style; however, the risk state scenario did produce a shift in dominant problem-solving style with participants in the risk scenario group solving more problems via analysis. We also found that two factors are related to problem-solving accuracy: the amount bet (i.e., when people place higher bets, they solve more problems), and success on the previous trial, especially if the solution was achieved via analysis. Furthermore, the data reveal that when under risk, females are better problem solvers than males.
The Perioperative Continuation of Aspirin in Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Surgery of the Knee.

Background:The perioperative withdrawal of aspirin increases the risk of cardiac, neurologic, and vascular thromboembolic events. The safety of continuing aspirin in patients undergoing knee arthro...
Higher Order Architecture of Designer Peptides Forms Bioinspired 10 nm siRNA Delivery System

The higher-order architecture observed in biological systems, like viruses, is very effective in nucleic acid transport. The replications of this system has been attempted with both synthetic and naturally occurring polymers with mixed results. Here we describe a peptide/siRNA quaternary complex that functions as an siRNA delivery system. The rational design of a peptide assembly is inspired by the viral capsids, but not derived from them. We selected the collagen peptide (COL) to provide the structural stability and the folding framework, and hybridize it with the cell penetrating peptide (CPP) that allows for effective penetration of biological barriers. The peptide/siRNA quaternary complex forms stoichiometric, 10 nm nanoparticles, that show fast cellular uptake (<30 min), effective siRNA release, and gene silencing. The complex provides capsid-like protection for siRNA against nucleases without being immunostimulatory, or cytotoxic. Our data suggests that delivery vehicles based on synthetic quaternary structures that exhibit higher-order architecture may be effective in improving delivery and release of nucleic acid cargo.
Toxic Shock Syndrome after Surgery: Case Presentation and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an underrecognized but highly fatal cause of septic shock in postoperative patients. Although it may present with no overt source of infection, its course is devastating and rapidly progressive. Surgeon awareness is needed to recognize and treat this condition appropriately. In this paper, we aim to describe a case of postoperative TSS, present a systematic review of the literature, and provide an overview of the disease for the surgeon. Methods A systematic review of the literature between 1978 and 2018 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using the keywords "toxic shock syndrome" and "surgery." Variables of interest were collected in each report. Results A total of 298 reports were screened, and 67 reports describing 96 individual patients met inclusion criteria. Six reports described a streptococcal cause, although the vast majority attributed TSS to Staphylococcus aureus (SA). The mortality in our review was 9.4%, although 24% of patients suffered some manner of permanent complication. TSS presented at a median of 4 days postoperatively, with most cases occurring within 10 days. Conclusions Surgeons must maintain a high index of suspicion for postoperative TSS. Our review demonstrates that TSS should not be excluded despite young patient age, patient health, or relative simplicity of a procedure. Symptoms such as fever, rash, pain out of proportion to examination, and diarrhea or emesis should raise concern for TSS and prompt exploration and cultures even of benign-appearing postoperative wounds.
The interplay of micro-transaction type and amount of playing in video game evaluations

Abstract I examine how the possibility of acquiring different features through in-game purchases (micro-transactions) affect intentions to play and recommend a game. I propose that individuals react more negatively to micro-transactions involving functional rather than aesthetic features. This is because functional, but not aesthetic features, alter the game balance – an essential element of competitive multiplayer games. Further, drawing on the difference between time and money as indicators of preference, I argue that this effect is stronger among those who spend more time playing games, but is not affected by how much money players spend on games. Three online studies (N = 574) with video game players provide converging support for our hypotheses. I conclude with a discussion of balancing game reputation with game revenue in light of different types of players.
Self-Driving Laboratories Coming of Age

A self-driving laboratory autonomously explores high concentration water-in-salt electrolyte blends containing three or four anions.
Coronary Artery Dominance and Cardiovascular Pathologies in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve.

Abstract Background : Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart defect and is associated with a number of cardiac pathologies including coarctation of the aorta (CoA), aortic dilation, aortic stenosis, and premature coronary artery disease (CAD). Furthermore, BAV has been associated with left dominant coronary artery anatomy but there is still much debate regarding this association. To date, no study has investigated the association between coronary artery dominance and cardiac pathologies in patients with BAV. Methods : A total of 45 patients with BAV who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and/or cardiac catheterization at a single center were included. Coronary artery dominance, presence of CAD, CoA, and aortic dilation was determined from coronary CTA and/or cardiac catheterization reports. Incidence of aortic valve stenosis and aortic valve regurgitation was determined from echo reports. Results : Of the 45 patients with BAV, 80% (36) had right dominant coronary artery circulations. Patients with BAV with left dominant circulations had a significantly (p=0.04) higher incidence of CoA compared to patients with right dominant circulations (44% vs 14%). There was no significant difference when comparing the incidences of aortic dilation, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation and CAD in right and left dominant patients. Conclusions : Our study found a predominance of right dominant coronary artery circulation in patients with BAV, similar to the general population. Interestingly, left dominance was significantly associated with CoA in patients with BAV. This observation highlights the importance of further studies regarding how coronary artery dominance can be associated with other cardiovascular pathologies in patients with BAV.
Outcomes of Hypogastric Coverage and Occlusion during Endovascular Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease.

Background The risk of hypogastric occlusion (HO) following bare-metal stent (BMS) coverage of the hypogastric origin during endovascular treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) is unclear. This study sought to determine the rate and clinical significance of HO following BMS coverage during iliac stenting for complex AIOD. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing elective iliac stenting for AIOD from 2010–2018 at Cleveland Clinic were reviewed. Patients with BMS coverage of a patent hypogastric origin were included. Rate of HO were determined by review of intraoperative angiography and follow up imaging. Predictors of HO were identified by univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Outcomes were compared between those who did and did not develop HO. Results There were 251 patients (338 limbs) with BMS coverage of the hypogastric origin during treatment of AIOD. Lesion severity was classified as TASC C/D in 249/338 (73.7%) of cases. Bilateral hypogastric coverage occurred in 93/251 (37.1%) patients. Hypogastric patency was 78.1% at 24-months following coverage. Recanalization of an ipsilateral external iliac artery (EIA) occlusion was predictive of HO (HR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.33, 7.34; P= 0.009). Increased luminal diameter of the hypogastric origin protected against HO (HR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.88; P= 0.006). Perioperative outcomes were no different between patients with and without HO. There were no cases of gluteal necrosis, spinal cord ischemia, or pelvic organ ischemia. Four-year mortality and limb salvage were not affected by HO. HO was associated with decreased primary patency of ipsilateral iliac stents and increased risk of ipsilateral reintervention (HR 5.49; 95% CI: 1.82, 16.58; P= 0.002). Conclusions HO is relatively infrequent following BMS coverage during treatment of AIOD. Luminal diameter of the hypogastric origin and ipsilateral EIA occlusion are associated with occlusion. HO is well tolerated in AIOD, though it is potentially associated with increased risk iliac stent occlusion and reintervention.
Cluster-Based Object Tracking by Wireless Camera Networks

In this chapter, we present a distributed object tracking system that employs a cluster-based Kalman filter in a network of wireless cameras. Cluster formation is triggered by the detection of objects with specific features. More than one cluster may track a single target, since cameras that see the same object may be outside of each other's communication range. The clustering protocol allows the current state and uncertainty of the target position to be easily handed off among cluster heads as the object is being tracked.
Evolving four-part harmony using genetic algorithms

This paper presents a genetic algorithm that evolves a fourpart musical composition-melodically, harmonically, and rhythmically. Unlike similar attempts in the literature, our composition evolves from a single musical chord without human intervention or initial musical material. The mutation rules and fitness evaluation are based on common rules from music theory. The genetic operators and individual mutation rules are selected from probability distributions that evolve alongside the musical material.
A Philosophical Inquiry into Literary Texts: An Interpretation of Martha Nussbaum and Love's Quest for Self-Improvement in the Phaedrus

In a recent article in Harper’s Magazine entitled, “I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read,” Francine Prose critiques the way literature is taught in today’s high schools. She maintains that students cannot possibly fall in love with reading because of the reductive, moralistic approach in vogue today. She says that while traditionally “the love of reading has been born and nurtured in high school English class,” today’s students are informed that “literature is principally a vehicle for the soporific moral blather they suffer daily from their parents.” It is now a prevalent practice for teachers to use the novel as “a springboard for the sort of discussion formerly conducted in civics or ethics classes” (CB, 78). She argues that students should be discussing writing, metaphor, and symbolism — they should be noticing the beauty of the language and understanding why an author is considered great. The present practice of comparing novels to students’ personal experiences denies students the “pleasure of surrender to the world of a book,” and “reduces our respect for the imagination, beauty, art, thought, and for the way that the human spirit expresses itself in words” (CB, 82).
Differential Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Cytochrome P450 System: A Perspective into Hepatic and Renal Drug Metabolism

Traumatic brain injury is known to cause several secondary effects, one of which is altered drug clearance. Given the fact that patients who sustain TBI are subsequently treated with a variety of pharmacological agents for the purpose of either neuroprotection or physiological support, it is imperative to clarify changes in expression and/or activities of enzymes involved in clearing drugs. The mixed function oxidase system, which consists of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome P450 reductase, plays a vital role in phase I drug metabolism. This paper addresses the issue as to what extent TBI affects the levels and activity of various rat CYP450 subfamilies. Our results show that TBI induces tissue-specific and time-dependent alterations. Total hepatic CYP450 content showed a biphasic response with a decrease seen at 24 h followed by an increase at 2 weeks. CYP450 reductase, in contrast, showed an opposite temporal profile. Immunoblot analyses and marker substrate metabolism demonstrated a clear decrease in hepatic CYP1A levels while a significant increase in kidney was seen at both 24 h and 2 weeks. A dramatic induction of CYP3A was evident at 2 weeks in liver, while no changes were noticed in CYP2B or CYP2D subfamilies. CYP4F subfamily showed induction in kidney only. Collectively, the data reveal the differential effects of TBI on hepatic and renal drug metabolism.
Periodic orbit theory and spectral statistics for scaling quantum graphs

The explicit solution to the spectral problem of quantum graphs found recently in \cite{Anima}, is used to produce the exact periodic orbit theory description for the probability distributions of spectral statistics, including the distribution for the nearest neighbor separations, $s_{n}=k_{n}-k_{n-1}$, and the distribution of the spectral oscillations around the average, $\delta k_{n}=k_{n}-\bar k_{n}$.
Prospective Comparison of Retrograde and Antegrade Femoral Intramedullary Nailing

Objective To prospectively compare the results, function, and complications of antegrade and retrograde femoral nailing for femoral shaft fractures. Design Prospective, randomized. Setting Urban Level 1 trauma center. Patients One hundred consecutive femoral shaft fractures. Fifty-four nails inserted retrograde and forty-six inserted antegrade. Intervention Ten-millimeter antegrade or retrograde nail inserted for a femoral shaft fracture after reaming. Outcome measurements A comparison of the outcomes after antegrade and retrograde nailing of the femur. Data were collected for analysis on comminution, set-up and starting point times, open grade, location of fracture, injury severity score, body mass index, time to union, knee pain and motion, hip and thigh pain, and nail to intramedullary canal diameter difference. A linear regression model was employed. Results Knee motion was 120 degrees in all but one knee in each group. The antegrade nailed femurs healed faster than those treated retrograde (A = 14.4, R = 18.1 weeks, p = 0.0496). More patients required dynamization for union in the retrograde insertion group (17 percent versus 5 percent, p = 0.10, NS). In a linear regression model, a nail-to-canal-diameter difference and retrograde nailing had an association with an increased time to union. Knee pain was equal in both groups; however, thigh pain was higher in the antegrade group (p = 0.0108). All of the antegrade nailed femurs healed (100 percent), and 98 percent (one nonunion) of the retrograde femurs healed after secondary procedures. Conclusions Both antegrade and retrograde nailing yielded high union rates. Each insertion technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. The two insertion modes appear to be relatively equal for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures.
Nietzsche’S Superman: Why the Idea Flourished in the United States in the First Several Decades at the Turn of the Twenthieth Century

This paper is an interpretive history and analysis of why the idea of the first Superman was popular in the United States in the first few decades of the turn of the twentieth century. It was well known at the time the idea of Superman came from the German Philosopher Fredrick Nietzsche. The central question to be addressed is why the first Superman flourished and was a success. There is very little contemporary historiography on this topic. However, a large body of primary sources exist. There is also a large body of secondary sources that were close to the period. By examination of these sources, the first Superman can be explained within its historical context: Modernity, popular culture, and the eugenic movement. These three factors help explain why the first Superman flourished in America – and why the idea could not have succeeded at any other period in United States history.
Measuring Traffic Congestion

Congestion in transportation occurs when the occupancy of spaces (roadways, sidewalks, transit lines and terminals) by vehicles or people reaches unacceptable levels of discomfort and delay.
CFD Simulations of the Aeroacoustic Noise Generated by a Cavity Flow

CFD simulations of the flow inside a cavity with a length to depth ratio (L/D) of 5 and a width to depth ratio (W/D) of 1 were performed using the 3D CFX code with the newly developed SAS (Scale Adaptive Simulation) turbulence model. The free-stream flow has a zero incidence and a Reynolds number of 1×106 (based on the cavity length). Two meshes were used with similar sizes and having different node distribution along the cavity regions. The former grid uses a constant step mesh along the cavity and the latter uses a stepwise mesh, which resolves much finer the shear layer at the start of the cavity. Predicted noise spectra at 10 monitor points, overall sound and Rossiter modes were compared to the experimental data. To complete this study, the effect of the sampling time was assessed. In general, the agreement between the compared results was very satisfactory showing the ability of the SAS model to predict both narrowband and broadband noise.© 2006 ASME
Coupling of capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary liquid chromatography with coaxial continuous-flow fast atom bombardment tandem sectro mass spectrometry

Abstract The coaxial continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (FAB) system has proven to be very useful for interfacing capillary liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with sector mass spectrometry (MS). The interface can be used for the acquisition of both MS and MS—MS spectra from femtomole levels of non-volatile and/or thermally labile analytes while maintaining separation efficiencies of hundreds of thousands of plates. The use of coaxial fused-silica capillary columns to independently deliver the microcolumn effluent and th FAB matrix to the tip of the FAB probe offers the following advantages: the compositioni and flow-rates of the two liquid streams can be independently optimized; the FAB matrix does not effect the microcolumn separation process; peak broadening is minimized since the two liquid streams do not mix until they reach the tip of the FAB probe where ion desorption occurs; and, with CZE, active electrophoretic transport delivers the analytes directly to the FAB probe tip. These features combine to make this coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment interface particularly well suited for use with microcolumn separation methods.
Surface-Plasmon Enhanced Bright Emission from CdSe Quantum-Dot Nanocrystals

We obtained very bright light emission from CdSe quantum dots (QDs) by using the surface-plasmon (SP) coupling technique. 23-fold enhanced photoluminescence (PL) intensities and two-fold increased PL decay rates are observed when the QDs are located on evaporated gold films. This enhancement is not effective for CdSe cores with ZnS shells (ZnS/CdSe). The reason for this difference can be explained by using the SP dispersion diagram and by considering the SP coupling mechanism. We discuss the inherent merits and demerits of this technique to increase the emission efficiency. This technique will enable high-speed and efficient light emission for optically as well as electrically pumped light emitters.
Progressive Weathering of Submarine Basalt with Age: Further Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading

Densities of layer 2 basalt recovered during the Deep Sea Drilling Project have been found to decrease steadily with age, a finding ascribed to progressive submarine weathering in the context of sea-floor spreading. The least-squares solution for 52 density measurements gives a rate of decrease in density of Δρ/Δ t = −0.46 × 10 −2 g per cm 3 m.y. = −16 percent per 100 m.y., which is in excellent agreement with earlier estimates based on observed chemical depletion rates of dredged oceanic basalt. Weathering of sea-floor basalt, should it penetrate to any considerable depth in layer 2, will decrease layer 2 seismic refraction velocities, act as a source of geothermal heat, and substantially influence the chemistry of sea water and the overlying column of sediment.
Flow-stress recovery of nickel-aluminium alloys

Flow-stress recovery measurements along with structural observations using electron microscopy have been carried out on room-temperature prestrained alloys of Ni-11.9, 13.1 and 13.5 at.% Al aged at 735° C. These alloys contained respectively 0, 5, and 8 vol% γ′ Ni3Al) in a fine dispersion. Samples were recovered at and below the ageing temperature for times ranging from 0.1 to 100 h. The influence of volume fraction of γ′, γ′ distribution, amount of prestrain and recovery temperature on recovery kinetics was investigated.
F-decomposable social aggregation rules and acyclic choice

Abstract This paper analyzes F-decomposable social aggregation rules. We show that a large number of the usual voting procedures belong to this class of rules. Furthermore, these rules may also include some procedures which violate Arrow's condition of independence of irrelevant alternatives. Using fuzzy set theory we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the class of F-decomposable rules to yield acyclic social preferences. This extends well-known results by Ferejohn and Grether on acyclic social choice. Our results imply a lower bound for the Nakumura Number for a class of simple games and hence may be used to provide sufficient conditions for the nonemptiness of the core of such games.
Instabilities in a Plasma-Beam System Immersed in a Magnetic Field

The interaction of an electron or an ion beam moving with velocity $\ensuremath{\beta}c$ through a stationary plasma in the presence of a static magnetic field is investigated theoretically under the assumption that the plasma is cold, the intensity of the beam is very small, and that the beam, as well as the waves resulting from the interaction, are aligned along the direction of the magnetic field. It is well known that an electron beam moving with velocity exceeding the phase velocity of electromagnetic waves in a stationary plasma is capable of exciting such waves and these waves (circularly polarized) rotate in the same direction and at the same angular frequency as the gyroelectrons of the beam. It is shown in this investigation that there is an apparent reversal in the direction of rotation of these gyroelectrons as seen by the stationary observer. Consequently, the excited wave has a circular motion in the same direction as perturbed stationary ions. The frequency $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ of the excited wave satisfies the inequality $|\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}|l{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{i}$, where ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{i}$ is the gyrofrequency of perturbed stationary ions. Similarly, a wave excited by an ion beam has a circular motion in the same direction as perturbed stationary electrons. The frequency ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{i}$ of the latter wave satisfies the inequality $|{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{i}|l{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{e}$, where ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{e}$ is the gyrofrequency of perturbed stationary electrons. It is shown that an electron (ion) beam moving in the direction of the magnetic field can excite only a wave having negative (positive) helicity. The reverse situation occurs for a beam moving against the magnetic field. General relationships are formulated and illustrated graphically for determining the frequency and growth rate of waves which can be excited by an electron or an ion beam in any magnetized cold plasma. A particular case is illustrated in which an incident ion beam interacts with a relative dense plasma such as occurring in thermonuclear discharges, ionosphere, and interstellar space. It is shown that in such cases there is an excitation of hydromagnetic waves for a wide range of velocities of the ion beam.
Crowdsourcing and Curating Online Education Resources

The Internet is a growing source of open educational resources (OERs) focused on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM). These STEM OERs are not only shared openly and free for all to use, but often provide licenses that permit modification and reuse. Educators must have access to tools that pinpoint valuable resources while avoiding substandard ones. We discuss how multiple information sources, user communities, and online platforms might be coordinated to craft effective experiences in digital-rich learning environments.
Abstract 4904: Acetaminophen enhances the chemotherapeutic effect of cisplatin and paclitaxel on human ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Chemoresistance is commonly found in treating cancer patients. Acetaminophen enhances the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in human liver cancer cells by depleting glutathione and increasing production of toxic metabolites in vitro. The objective of this study was to investigate potential molecular mechanisms for chemoenhancement in non-hepatic cells. Human ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cells were treated with cisplatin or paclitaxel with or without acetaminophen in vitro. Cellular mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species concentration was measured by using JC-1 and DHR123 stain, respectively. Cellular platinum level was analyzed using ICP-MS. Apoptosis and signaling pathways were examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analyses. A 2 h incubation with acetaminophen (10 mM) decreased cellular glutathione levels and increased mitochondrial membrane potential without affecting reactive oxygen species. Overnight acetaminophen treatment increased reactive oxygen species and enhanced both cisplatin- and paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. In contrast, the combination of acetaminophen with cisplatin but not paclitaxel blocked nuclear translocation of nrf2, a transcription factor that has been implicated in regulation of the antioxidant response. Pretreatment with acetaminophen for 2 h did not affect cellular platinum uptake when compared to cisplatin alone. Regardless of different oxidative stress pathways involved between cisplatin and paclitaxel, the addition of acetaminophen enhanced the cytotoxic effects of both chemotherapeutic drugs in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Our results suggest that acetaminophen could be used as a chemoenhancing adjuvant for conventional chemotherapy drugs in treating ovarian and other malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4904. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4904
Indole-3-carbinol Inhibits the Expression of Cyclin-dependent Kinase-6 and Induces a G1 Cell Cycle Arrest of Human Breast Cancer Cells Independent of Estrogen Receptor Signaling

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring component of Brassica vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts, has been shown to reduce the incidence of spontaneous and carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. Treatment of cultured human MCF7 breast cancer cells with I3C reversibly suppresses the incorporation of [3H]thymidine without affecting cell viability or estrogen receptor (ER) responsiveness. Flow cytometry of propidium iodide-stained cells revealed that I3C induces a G1 cell cycle arrest. Concurrent with the I3C-induced growth inhibition, Northern blot and Western blot analyses demonstrated that I3C selectively abolished the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, I3C inhibited the endogenous retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and CDK6 phosphorylation of retinoblastoma in vitro to the same extent. After the MCF7 cells reached their maximal growth arrest, the levels of the p21 and p27 CDK inhibitors increased by 50%. The antiestrogen tamoxifen also suppressed MCF7 cell DNA synthesis but had no effect on CDK6 expression, while a combination of I3C and tamoxifen inhibited MCF7 cell growth more stringently than either agent alone. The I3C-mediated cell cycle arrest and repression of CDK6 production were also observed in estrogen receptor-deficient MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, which demonstrates that this indole can suppress the growth of mammary tumor cells independent of estrogen receptor signaling. Thus, our observations have uncovered a previously undefined antiproliferative pathway for I3C that implicates CDK6 as a target for cell cycle control in human breast cancer cells. Moreover, our results establish for the first time that CDK6 gene expression can be inhibited in response to an extracellular antiproliferative signal.
On the behavior of an elastic ring within a contracting cavity

Abstract The problem of a thin elastic ring subjected to a radially directed point load and contained within a ‘smooth’ contracting cavity is considered. A closed form analytical solution is obtained and numerical results are presented for both contractions and recessions of the wall of the cavity.
Accumulation of 3,3′-biflaviolin, a melanin shunt product, by tricyclazole-treated Thielaviopsis basicola

Abstract A new pigment, 3,3′-biflaviolin (3,3′-bi-2,2′,5,5′,7,7′-hexahydroxy-1,1′,4,4′-naphthoquinone), was identified from agar cultures of the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola treated with the fungal melanin inhibitor, tricyclazole. An albino mutant of T. basicola that does not form melanin or colored melanin shunt products, synthesized 3,3′-biflaviolin when treated with flaviolin. The dimerization reaction appeared to be enzymatic.
Radioactive Arsenic Isotopes

Simultaneous alpha-particle bombardments of ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{70}$, enriched electromagnetically to 90 percent, and germanium of normal isotopic constituency have established the location of an arsenic activity of 76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 days' half-life at mass number 73. Decay is by $K$-capture into ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{73}$. The energy of the gamma-ray is about 0.10 Mev. The half-life of ${\mathrm{As}}^{74}$, measured over 10 half-lives, is 17.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 days. Simultaneous deuteron bombardments of two selenium samples, enriched, respectively, in isotope 74 and 76, have established the location of the 1.08-day arsenic activity at mass number 72. A radioactive arsenic isotope of 2.08 days' half-life has been produced by deuteron bombardment of germanium and is assigned to ${\mathrm{As}}^{71}$.
Ultraviolet 308-nm excimer laser ablation of bone: an acute and chronic study

A comparative study was undertaken in rabbit tibiae to assess the healing of bone in response to osteotomies by a XeCl 308-nm excimer laser and a mechanical saw. The laser parameter producing the most efficient ablation rate for osteotomy was determined and shown to produce deep cuts with sharp edges. However, it was noted histologically that there was a significant delay in healing of the laser osteotomies compared with saw osteotomies. This delay was caused by thermal damage to bone adjacent to the laser cuts. It is suggested that the excimer laser at this wavelength ablates bone primarily through a photothermal as opposed to a photodissociative mechanism.
Estimation and Mapping of Misclassification Probabilities for Thematic Land Cover Maps

There is abundant evidence that thematic map accuracy may vary across a landscape in a manner that is only partially related to land cover type. Spatial variation in accuracy may be attributable to factors such as terrain, landscape complexity, and land use patterns. There may be serious consequences in the construction and application of thematic maps when the pattern and degree of spatial variation of map accuracy is not understood. Classification error matrices, the usual summary of thematic map accuracy, are not a natural tool for analyzing spatial variation in accuracy. This article presents a method of mapping spatially based estimates of map accuracy. We formulate a concept of misclassification probability and present a method of estimating misclassification probabilities at training observation locations. Misclassification probability estimates are then interpolated from the training locations to a lattice of points via Kriging. The last step uses the lattice to construct a contour accuracy map. We illustrate the method by constructing an accuracy map for a full Landsat Thematic Mapper scene covering a portion of central Idaho and western Montana, and a finer resolution accuracy map for a small area within that scene. The method is found to provide valuable information on the spatial distribution and variation of map accuracy for both decision-makers and GIS analysts.
Effect of Reynolds Number on Isotropic Turbulent Dispersion

The influence of the spatio-temporal structure of isotropic turbulence on the dispersion of fluid and particles with inertia is investigated. The spatial structure is represented by an extended von Karman energy spectrum model which includes an inertial sub-range and allows evaluation of the effect of the turbulence Reynolds number, Re λ . Dispersion of fluid is analyzed using four different models for the Eulerian temporal auto-correlation function D( τ ). The fluid diffusivity, normalized by the integral length scale L 11 and the root-mean-square turbulent velocity u 0 , depends on Re λ . The parameter c E = T 0 u 0 /L 11 , in which T 0 is the Eulerian integral time scale, has commonly been assumed to be constant. It is shown that c E strongly affects the value of the fluid diffusivity. The dispersion of a particle with finite inertia and finite settling velocity is analyzed for a large range of particle inertia and settling velocity. Particle turbulence intensity and diffusivity are influenced strongly by turbulence structure.
The diagonal ventricular dimension: a method for predicting shunt malfunction on the basis of changes in ventricular size.

OBJECTIVE Serial computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging studies are critical in the evaluation of patients who present with symptoms and signs of recurrent hydrocephalus or possible ventricular shunt malfunction. Subtle changes in ventricular volume or complex variations in ventricular anatomy often make subjective assessment of changes in ventricular size difficult, and no previously described method relates these changes to intracranial pressure or shunt system function. The purpose of this study was to develop an objective, reproducible, simple linear method of detecting changes in ventricular size that provides an accurate reflection of shunt function on the basis of serial imaging studies. METHODS We developed a simple, linear estimate of ventricular volume--the diagonal ventricular dimension--to objectively assess changes in ventricular size on serial computed tomographic scans and magnetic resonance imaging scans. Serial imaging studies for 14 patients ages 1.6 to 71 years who underwent evaluation for shunt malfunction were used in this study. The sensitivity and specificity of this method in predicting shunt malfunction was compared with other well-established linear estimates of ventricular size as well as with a radiologist's interpretation of the same studies. The "gold standard" for measuring the status of ventricular shunt system function in this study was the measurement of intracranial pressure via shunt tap or surgical exploration results. RESULTS The sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) of the diagonal ventricular dimension in detecting changes in ventricular size consistent with shunt malfunction was superior to that of any other linear estimate and to a radiologist's interpretation of the same films. CONCLUSION The diagonal ventricular dimension provides an objective, simple linear method of assessing changes in ventricular size that correlates well with shunt system function in the context of a collaborative examination.
Desired Occupational Change Among Working Women

A study of desired occupational change among a sample of American working women showed that the average level of desired occupational change was high (51 per cent). 'Male' occupations, in general, had a higher desired inflow, lower desired outflow, and higher percentage of stayers than 'female' occupations. If desired occupational choices were fulfilled, the resulting occupational distribution would be radically different than at present, with significantly more wonten in 'male' occupations. Desired individual occupational change was found to be positively related to education, and negatively related to current salary, marriage, time out of the labour force, labour market experience, and current occtrpation.