cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NPRDS and GADS: basis for the solution

Availability analyses of nuclear generating units and components are often limited by the accessibility of data and information. While the nuclear industry is perhaps the most investigated and documented industry in the United States, the accessibility of unit and equipment data is sometimes restrictive, providing the availability analyst little support at times. Two central industry-developed data bases have recognized the need to provide plant operators and industry analysts with data and information that can be useful in maintaining, operating, and designing nuclear power plants. The first of these is the Generating Availability Data System (GADS) operated by the North American Electric Reliability Council. This program records general unit and equipment availability data and has been in operation since the early 1960s. The other is the Nuclear Plant Reliability Data System (NPRDS), begun in the mid 1970s and operated by the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations. This data base records and analyzes reliability data on specific nuclear equipment and components. By combining the attributes and data in both GADS and NPRDS, utility analysts can perform a number of beneficial availability analyses. Using specific examples, several applications are reviewed that combine the capabilities of the NPRDS and GADS programs. The purpose ofmore » these examples is to demonstrate the capabilities of these two programs and to describe how industry analysts may access and apply the data found in these programs.« less
Cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis with gastrointestinal involvement treated with dabrafenib.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder characterized by an abnormal clonal proliferation of histiocytes, with adult-onset LCH accounting for an estimated 30% of cases.1 The clinical spectrum of LCH varies widely, from asymptomatic single-organ involvement to severe and potentially fatal multisystem disease. Although cutaneous lesions are frequently encountered, gastrointestinal involvement in LCH is exceedingly rare, especially in the adult population. Effective treatment for LCH is poorly characterized because of rarity and heterogeneity of the disease. Twenty percent to 60% of LCH cases harbor the BRAF V600E proto-oncogene mutation, and reports show favorable response to BRAF inhibitors in this population.2, 3, 4 Dabrafenib is a targeted therapy that selectively inhibits the extracellular signal–related kinase pathway in patients with BRAF V600E mutated malignancies.5 Here we describe a case of adult primary cutaneous LCH with late-onset gastrointestinal involvement responsive to dabrafenib.
A work-for-food enrichment program increases exploration and decreases stereotypies in four species of bears.

Zoo-housed bears are prone to exhibiting stereotypic behaviors, generally considered indicators of negative welfare. We explored the effects of a variable-time feeding enrichment schedule on behavioral indicators of welfare in four bear species at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. We distributed the diets of eight bears in one of five enrichment items, for two consecutive days each, and monitored behavior throughout the day. In Experiment 1, we compared variable-time to fixed-time presentation of enrichment over two, 10-day periods. Overall, bears performed more exploratory behavior when enriched (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, variable-time enrichment was associated with a greater increase in exploratory behavior than fixed-time enrichment when compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Both fixed-time (punadjusted <0.05, padjusted = 0.07) and variable-schedule (punadjusted <0.05, padjusted = 0.09) enrichment were also associated with similar decreases in abnormal behavior compared to baseline. For Experiment 2, we tested habituation to enrichment over 30 days using multiple items and a semi-variable presentation schedule. Again during the enrichment period, bears exhibited increased exploratory behavior (p < 0.0001) and decreased abnormal behaviors compared to baseline (punadjusted = 0.05, padjusted = 0.09). We observed no habituation during the 30-day sustained enrichment period for these behaviors. Collectively, these results suggest that daily, variable-schedule feeding enrichment, with intermittent presentation of unique enrichment items, increases behavioral indicators of positive welfare and decreases behavioral indicators of negative welfare.
Disparities in cancer outcomes across age, sex, and race/ethnicity among patients with pancreatic cancer.

Age, sex, and racial/ethnic disparities exist, but are understudied in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database to determine whether survival and treatment disparities persist after adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics. Our study included PDAC patients diagnosed between 1992 and 2011. We used Cox regression to compare survival across age, sex, and race/ethnicity within early-stage and late-stage cancer subgroups, adjusting for marital status, urban location, socioeconomics, SEER region, comorbidities, stage, lymph node status, tumor location, tumor grade, diagnosis year, and treatment received. We used logistic regression to compare differences in treatment received across age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Among 20,896 patients, 84% were White, 9% Black, 5% Asian, and 2% Hispanic. Median age was 75; 56% were female and 53% had late-stage cancer. Among early-stage patients in the adjusted Cox model, older patient subgroups had worse survival compared with ages 66-69 (HR > 1.1, P 69); no survival differences existed between sexes. Black (HR = 1.1, P = 0.01) and Hispanic (HR = 1.2, P < 0.01) patients had worse survival compared with White. Among late-stage cancer patients, patients over age 84 had worse survival than those aged 66-69 (HR = 1.1, P < 0.01), and males (HR = 1.08, P < 0.01) had worse survival than females; there were no racial/ethnic differences. Older age and minority race/ethnicity were associated with lower likelihood of receiving chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery. Age and racial/ethnic disparities in survival outcomes and treatment received exist for PDAC patients; these disparities persist after adjusting for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics.
Vaginal Sling Surgery for Stress Urinary Incontinence

Vaginal sling procedures are indicated in the management of stress urinary incontinence secondary to both intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD) and urethral hypermobility resulting in anatomical incontinence. Although we currently do not attempt to distinguish between these two entities, it remains important that a procedure help both types of incontinence. Several long-term reviews have demonstrated that pubovaginal slings are among the most versatile and durable of the surgical approaches for stress incontinence. Still, the goal remains to create a procedure that supports and compresses the urethra during an increase in intra-abdominal pressure while minimizing the attendant morbidities of the approach. Recent efforts have concentrated on using a variety of materials to help create a hammock of support for the damaged sphincteric unit. These include autologous fascia, anterior vaginal wall, dura mater, bovine pericardium, xenograft tissues, a host of synthetic meshes, and allograft tissues. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss all the pros and cons of each approach because many investigators have their individual preferences.
The Cross Product and L’Hôpital’s Rule

The cross product is a product defined on two vectors in three dimensions. Two applications of the cross product in science and engineering involve rotational motion and the magnetic field generated by current through a wire. Because of this, the cross product is important. The uses of the cross product when working with planes and the volume of a parallelepiped are more mathematical, but are also quite useful.
Complex cervical spine surgery at the hospital for special surgery: editorial.

The inaugural complex cervical spine symposium at the Hospital for Special Surgery brought together preeminent thought leaders and innovators in cervical spinal surgery in May of 2013 from around the USA, Europe, and Asia. Topics included advanced cervical spine operative techniques, cervical spine reconstruction, the operative treatment of pediatric cervical spine disorders, deformity, and tumor treatment at the occipitocervical junction. The Keynote Lecture was delivered by Kuniyoshi Abumi, MD, PhD, from Sapporo, Japan, on cervical spine osteotomies and the treatment and reduction of occiptiocervical deformities. Dr. Abumi served as the first president of the Cervical Spine Research Society’s Asia Pacific Division and is widely regarded for developing the technique of subaxial cervical spine pedicle screw instrumentation. Pediatric cervical spine lectures were given by John Dorman’s MD from the Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania and Daniel Hedequist, MD, from Boston Children’s Hospital. Christoph Seipe, MD, PhD from the Schon Klinik in Munich, Germany, and Roger Hartl, MD, presented their experiences with advanced computer navigation techniques for complex degenerative cervical spine disorders and minimally invasive surgical techniques, respectively. Todd Albert, MD, who has since joined the HSS family as Surgeon-in-Chief, presented techniques for reconstruction of the post-surgical spine, and Edward D. Simmons, MD, presented the experience that he and his father accumulated over several decades with the cervical spine osteotomy that bears his family name, the “Simmon’s osteotomy.” Several controversial topics pertinent to modern cervical surgery were debated by leading experts in their respective fields, ranging from motion preservation surgery using disk replacement devices, the treatment of athletes with critical cervical spinal stenosis, and the optimal surgical approach for cervical spondylotic myelopathy using modern techniques. It was my great privilege both to serve as the director of the HSS Complex Cervical Spine Symposium and as guest editor of the HSS Journal’s cervical spine special issue. This focus issue of the symposium summarizes many of the cutting edge talks, debate sessions, and expert techniques given by surgeons at the symposium.
Vesicoureteral reflux imaging in children: comparative cost analysis.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the costs of voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) versus radionuclide cystography (RNC) for evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Materials and Methods The variable direct costs of performing 25 VCUG and 25 RNC examinations in age- and general health–matched patients suspected of having vesicoureteral reflux was determined by using time and motion analyses. All personnel directly involved in the cases were tracked, and the involvement times were recorded to the nearest minute. All material items used during the procedures were recorded. The cost of labor was determined from personnel reimbursement data, and the cost of materials, from vendor pricing. The fixed direct costs were assessed from hospital accounting records. Mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined for all direct (fixed and variable) costs. The total costs were determined for each procedure and compared by using the Student t test. Results There was a significant difference ( P Conclusion When the technique is clinically appropriate, institutions may obtain substantial cost savings by using RNC in place of VCUG for examining children suspected of having vesicoureteral reflux.
“I learned by watching my mentor.” Nurturing teacher leadership with an induction program

How do educators learn to be teacher leaders? In this qualitative survey research study, we explored perceptions of 227 former induction program participants concerning teacher leadership (65% resp...
Learning from Crucible Moments: Lessons in Crisis Leadership

Access to formal and informal leadership education and mentoring all contribute to the development of library leaders. Though crisis leadership may be discussed in leadership training, it is often the case that experiencing and leading through crises is the primary way in which most library leaders gain skill in managing these challenging situations. If we learn through our mistakes, then crisis leadership is surely a shining example of this principle for leaders are most apt to falter when finding themselves in the crucible. This article presents the crisis situation in which leaders are subjected to the changes forged in the crucible, as an opportunity for leaders to learn, gain wisdom and grow professionally, even when their performance may falter. It also presents the dark times crisis as a newer type of situation leaders will increasingly confront and for which they will find it difficult to adequately prepare. Different crisis scenarios are presented along with recommendations for how leaders can best manage and learn from them.
Digital Design and Automated Fabrication of Bespoke Collagen Microfiber Scaffolds.

A great variety of natural and synthetic polymer materials have been utilized in soft tissue engineering as extracellular matrix (ECM) materials. Natural polymers, such as collagen and fibrin hydro...
Dimethylsilyl- and methylene-bridged aromatic groups

Abstract For the compounds C 6 H 5 C 6 H 4 YC 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 and C 6 H 5 C 6 H 4 YC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 YC 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 where Y is either Si(CH 3 ) 2  or CH 2 , reduction potentials and p -band positions are reported. These data as well as the UV data for several phenyl derivatives are consistent with silicon blocking, to a large extent, conjugation (little or no through conjugation) of biphenyl moieties separated by Si(CH 3 ) 2 groups.
Risk of brainstem necrosis in pediatric patients with central nervous system malignancies after pencil beam scanning proton therapy

Background: Radiation therapy (RT) plays an important role in management of pediatric central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Centers are increasingly utilizing pencil beam scanning proton thera...
The Safety of Single and Multilevel Cervical Total Disc Replacement in Ambulatory Surgery Centers.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the safety profile of single- and multilevel cervical artificial disc replacement (ADR) performed in an outpatient setting. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA As healthcare costs rise, attempts are made to perform an increasing proportion of spine surgery in ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). ASCs are more efficient, economically and functionally. Few studies have published on the safety profile of multilevel cervical ADR. METHODS We have performed an analysis of all consecutive cervical ADR surgeries that we performed in an ASC over a 9-month period, including multilevel and revision surgery. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative data recorded included age, sex, body mass index, tobacco use, and diabetes; level and procedure, operating room time, estimated blood loss (EBL), and complications; and discharge site, occurrence of reoperation, hospital admission, or any medical complication or infection over a 90-day period. RESULTS A total of 147 patients underwent 231 treated levels: 71 single-level, 76 multilevel: 69 two-level, 6 three-level, and 1 four-level. Average age was 50 ± 10 years; 71 women, 76 men. None of the patients had insulin-dependent diabetes, 4 were current smokers, and 16 were former smokers. Average body mass index was 26.8 ± 4.6 (range 18-40). Average total anesthesia time was 88 minutes (range 39-168 min). Average EBL was 15 mL (range 5-100 mL). Approximately 90.3% of patients were discharged directly home, 9.7% to an aftercare facility. In the 90-day postoperative period there were zero deaths and two hospital admissions (1.4%)-one for medical complication (0.7%) and one for a surgical site infection (0.7%). CONCLUSION In this consecutive case series we performed 231 ADRs in 147 patients in the outpatient setting, including multilevel and revision procedures, with 2 minor postoperative complications resulting in hospital unplanned admissions within 90 days. We believe that these procedures are safe to perform in an ASC. An efficient surgical team and careful patient selection criteria are critical in making this possible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
The Use of Numerical Relational Distance and Symbolic Differences for Organizing Models and for Matching

Given a problem where a structural description of an object extracted from an image must be identified as one of a large number of possible structural models, a numerical relational distance measure can be defined for determining how closely the extracted description matches each model. Since structural matching can be slow, organizing the database of models so that only a small number have to be examined is important. This paper discusses both numerical and symbolic techniques for organizing the database of object models for fast access to the most appropriate models.
What is wrong with word-for-word translation? (A response to a Tibetan monk’s query)

By using the context of explaining hermeneutics to a class of senior monks studying to be translators at a 600-year-old Tibetan monastic university, practical scope is given to many intriguing, pro...
Feasibility of Smartphone-Delivered Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache Patients.

Persistent post-traumatic headache (PPTH) is often the most common injury after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), reported by 47–95% of patients. Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) has level A e...
A potential new front in health communication to encourage vaccination: Health education teachers.

Abstract Objective To assess the potential for a new channel for effective vaccine health communication in the United States: the nation’s health education teachers. Methods Content analysis of current curricular standards governing health education in the fifty states and the District of Columbia, and a 2019 nationally representative survey of middle and high school health education teachers in the United States. Results Only 12 states require any discussion of vaccines or immunization, and none provide detailed guidance to teachers on critical knowledge that might help young adults make wise immunization decisions. Only 42% of teachers discuss benefits of vaccination and immunization in their classes. In contrast to the teaching of evolution and climate change, only a small minority (2.4%) are classified as vaccine skeptics. Conclusions Public school health education classes are an under-utilized health communication channel with the unrealized potential to convey medically accurate information to millions of young Americans. Low levels of vaccine skepticism among teachers suggest that this channel can be effectively utilized to improve vaccination uptake and thereby improve collective health outcomes.
Dielectric screening and electric field control of ferromagnetism at the CaMnO 3 / CaRuO 3 interface

Control of magnetism by an applied electric field is a desirable technique for the functionalization of magnetic materials. Motivated by recent experiments, we study the electric field control of the interfacial magnetism of ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}/{\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3}$ (CRO/CMO) (001), a prototype interface between a nonmagnetic metal and an antiferromagnetic insulator. Even without the electric field, the interfacial CMO layer acquires a ferromagnetic moment due to a spin-canted state, caused by the Anderson-Hasegawa double exchange (DEX) between the Mn moments and the leaked electrons from the CRO side. An electric field would alter the carrier density at the interface, leading to the possibility of controlling the magnetism, since DEX is sensitive to the carrier density. We study this effect quantitatively using density-functional calculations in the slab geometry. We find a textbook-like dielectric screening of the electric field, which introduces polarization charges at the interfaces and the surfaces. The extra charge at the interface enhances the ferromagnetism via the DEX interaction, while away from the interface the original antiferromagnetic (AFM) state of the Mn layers remains unchanged. The effect could have potential application in spintronics devices.
Ultrasound guided adductor canal block vs intra articular analgesia for post-operative pain relief after arthroscopic knee surgeries: A comparative evaluation

Context and Aims: Our aim was to assess the postoperative analgesia after ultrasound-guided “Adductor canal block” (ACB) and “Intraarticular Analgesia” (IAA) in arthroscopic knee surgeries postoperatively. Settings and Design: This experimental, randomized prospective study was conducted in the Department of Anesthesia, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun. Subjects and Methods: Sixty patients, who underwent arthroscopic knee surgeries were divided into two groups, with 30 patients each. Each group was given spinal anesthesia using 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric Bupivacaine. After completion of surgery, Group I patients were given ultrasound-guided ACB, Group II patients were given IAA. Postoperatively, pain was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Time of first analgesic requirement and total postoperative tramadol consumption in the 1st 24 h were recorded. Results: No significant difference was seen between both groups pertaining to patient's demographic data, type, and duration of surgery. The difference in the median NRS score between both the groups at different time intervals was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Total tramadol consumption in Group I (172.85 ± 82.59) mg was more than Group II (157.85 ± 33.83) mg. The duration of first analgesic requirement was 351.43 min, 342.86 min for Group I and II, respectively. Conclusion: To conclude, both ACB and IAA provide good postoperative pain control in arthroscopic knee surgeries with no significant difference in pain scores and postoperative analgesic requirement.
Diversity Matters/Delivers/Wins Revisited in S&P 500® Firms

In a series of influential studies, McKinsey (2015, 2018, 2020) report a statistically significant positive relation between the industry-adjusted EBIT margin of global samples of large public firms and the racial/ethnic diversity of their executives. However, when we revisit McKinsey’s tests using recent data for US S&P 500® firms, we find statistically insignificant relations between McKinsey’s inverse normalized Herfindahl-Hirschman measures of executive racial/ethnic diversity and not only industry-adjusted EBIT margin, but also industry-adjusted sales growth, gross margin, ROA, ROE, and TSR. Our results suggest that despite the imprimatur often given to McKinsey’s (2015, 2018, 2020) studies, caution is warranted in relying on their findings to support the view that US publicly traded firms can deliver improved financial performance if they increase the racial/ethnic diversity of their executives.
Under-reporting Potential of Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS) under High-Ionic Strength Conditions

The surfactant properties of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) impact its environmental behavior, especially under high-ionic strength conditions. We observed an apparent PFOS concentration decre...
GPU-based high-performance computing for integrated surface-sub-surface flow modeling

The widespread availability of high-resolution lidar data provides an opportunity to capture micro-topographic control on the partitioning and transport of water for incorporation in coupled surface - sub-surface flow modeling. However, large-scale simulations of integrated flow at the lidar data resolution are computationally expensive due to the density of the computational grid and the iterative nature of the algorithms for solving nonlinearity. Here we present a distributed physically based integrated flow model that couples two-dimensional overland flow and three-dimensional variably saturated sub-surface flow on a GPU-based (Graphic Processing Unit) parallel computing architecture. Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) scheme modified for GPU structure is used for numerical solutions in both models. Boundary condition switching approach is applied to partition potential water fluxes into actual fluxes for the coupling between surface and sub-surface models. The algorithms are verified using five benchmark problems that have been widely adopted in literature. This is followed by a large-scale simulation using lidar data. We demonstrate that the method is computationally efficient and produces physically consistent solutions. This computational efficiency suggests the feasibility of GPU computing for fully distributed, physics-based hydrologic models over large areas. We present an integrated 2-D overland flow and 3-D sub-surface flow model.The model is implemented on a GPU-based parallel computing architecture.Widely adopted benchmark problems for model verification are presented.A large-scale simulation using high-resolution lidar topographic data is presented.
Crowdfunding 6.0: Does the SEC's FinTech Law Failure Reveal the Agency's True Mission to Protect -- Solely Accredited -- Investors?

This Article builds on our prior research employing case studies — either singly or globally — to serve as the analytic to newly trending matters in law and entrepreneurship. Specifically, this Article serves as the third installment of our trilogy in FinTech law, analyzing potential consequences of the Equity Crowdfunding portion of the JOBS Act, including the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’s) proposed regulations regarding equity crowdfunding for non-accredited investors. This manuscript identifies that the current statutory and regulatory regime governing FinTech crowdfunding platforms is inequitable to the vast majority of the U.S. population. The manuscript then employs two case studies — one real and one hypothetical — to illustrate that the SEC’s deliberate indifference to, or astounding technological incompetence regarding, applying legal regimes to emerging technology and economic growth. These case studies evidence pain points faced by both potential investors and investees and in both the equity and debt portion of an enterprise’s capital structure. Our thesis concludes that either the SEC is woefully classist in favor of the proverbial “Top 1%,” or the agency is sadly incompetent in understanding the needs of entrepreneurs, people with small amounts of investment capital, and congressional mandates imposed on the SEC. The manuscript proposes interpretive, administrative, and congressional alternatives that we believe better comport with the intent of the JOBS Act. Despite President Obama’s August 2014 pronouncement that the business community complains about regulation, this manuscript turns the president’s logic on its head and demonstrates that the business community and the U.S. economy have suffered because of the lack of congressionally mandated regulation by the SEC.
Content-Practice Learning

In this chapter you will deal with issues relevant to middle school students’ content practice learning of mathematics. In section 13.1 you will establish and articulate a general definition of learning that will help guide the manner in which you expect middle school students to learn the CCSSM.
Thoughts and Progress

It is the goal of this section to publish material that provides information regarding specific issues, aspects of artificial organ application, approach, philosophy, suggestions, and/or thoughts for the future. Preparation of Ethanol-Enriched, Bicarbonate-Based Hemodialysates We describe a method to produce bicarbonate-based dialysates containing ~100 mg/dl ethanol by introducing the alcohol into one of the dialysate concentrate solutions geared for the production of bicarbonate-based dialysates.
Integrated Environment Management for Information Operations Testbeds

Network testbeds are indispensable for developing and testing information operations (IO) technologies. Lincoln Laboratory has been developing LARIAT to support IO test design, development, and execution with high-fidelity user simulations. As LARIAT becomes more advanced, enabling larger and more realistic and complex tests, effective management software has proven essential. In this paper, we present the Director, a graphical user interface that enables experimenters to quickly define, control, and monitor reliable IO tests on a LARIAT testbed. We describe how the interface simplifies these key elements of testbed operation by providing the experimenter with an appropriate system abstraction, support for basic and advanced usage, scalable performance and visualization in large networks, and interpretable and correct feedback.
Plant essential oils and allied volatile fractions as multifunctional additives in meat and fish-based food products: a review

Essential oils are concentrated aromatic volatile compounds derived from botanicals by distillation or mechanical pressing. They play multiple, crucial roles as antioxidants, food pathogen inhibitors, shelf-life enhancers, texture promoters, organoleptic agents and toxicity-reducing agents. For their versatility, they appear promising as food preservatives. Several research findings in recent times have validated their potential as functional ingredients in meat and fish processing. Among the assortment of bioactive compounds in the essential oils, p-cymene, thymol, eugenol, carvacrol, isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, linalool, 1,8-cineol, α-pinene, α-terpineol, γ-terpinene, citral and methyl chavicol are most familiar. These terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) and phenolics (alcohols, esters, aldehydes and ketones) have been extracted from culinary herbs such as oregano, rosemary, basil, coriander, cumin, cinnamon, mint, sage and lavender as well as from trees such as myrtle, fir and eucalyptus. This review presents essential oils as alternatives to conventional chemical additives. Their synergistic actions with modified air packaging, irradiation, edible films, bacteriocins and plant byproducts are discussed. The decisive roles of metabolic engineering, microwave technology and metabolomics in quality and quantity augmentation of essential oil are briefly mooted. The limitations encountered and strategies to overcome them have been illuminated to pave way for their enhanced popularisation. The literature has been mined from scientific databases such as Pubmed, Pubchem, Scopus and SciFinder.
Descensus and Development: A Response to Recent Rejoinders

Two articles were published in this journal in 2009 responding to and criticizing my 2007 article on Hans Urs von Balthasar's theology of Holy Saturday. The article below responds to those critiques by establishing the following points: (1) Balthasar's theology of Christ's expiatory descent into hell (that is, one in which Christ's human soul suffered the pains of hell) is thoroughly traditional and can be found asserted throughout theological literature; (2) on the question of (the possibility of) universal salvation, the development from Augustine's consigning of the majority of the human race to hell to Vatican II's assertion that all human beings are connected to the paschal mystery took place independently of Balthasar's theology (a development which of course he accepts), and thus to criticize him on this point is implicitly to deny the very rules for authentic development as outlined by John Henry Newman that both my interlocutors claim to accept.
Real-Time Measurement of Camshaft Wear in an Automotive Engine - a Radiometric Method

A radiometric method has been developed for the determination of camshaft wear during engine operation. After a radioactive tracer is induced at the tips of one or more cam lobes by the technique of surface layer activation, calibration procedures are performed to determine the amount of radioactive material remaining versus the depth worn. The decrease in {gamma}-ray intensity measured external to the engine is then directly related to cam lobe wear. By incorporating a high-resolution detector and an internal radioactive standard, measurement accuracy better than {plus}{equals}0.2 {mu}m at 95% confidence has been achieved. Without the requirement of engine disassembly, this method has provided unique measurements of break-in wear and wear as a function of operating conditions. Because this approach requires only low levels of radiation, it has significant potential applications in wear control.
Perspectives on the Japanese and American systems of vocational rehabilitation.

In today’s global marketplace, the need is greater than ever before for nations around the world to understand each other’s systems of education and work force development. In that endeavor, the growing worldwide effort to include people with disabilities in all aspects of society behooves rehabilitation researchers from different countries to compare and contrast approaches to Vocational Rehabilitation at policy and direct service levels. Never before have scholars in the interdisciplinary field of rehabilitation had so many opportunities to collaborate with fellow scholars from other countries, and globally-minded rehabilitationists can find countless opportunities to share their ideas at international conferences and congresses. Work subscribers have the privilege of reading six issues per year of articles describing current research and best practices across the globe to promote positive employment outcomes, independence, and quality of life for people with disabilities. This special issue provides insights into Vocational Rehabilitation services and disability policy in Japan. Like the dynamic Japanese culture in general, services and supports for people with disabilities in Japan have changed dramatically over the past few decades. The excellent articles in this special issue bear witness to Japan’s innovative and forward-thinking national approach to ensuring that people with disabilities have an accessible and inclusive place in society. The purpose of this article is to highlight selected themes that emerge from the articles in this issue and compare and contrast current Vocational Rehabilitation trends in Japan with current Vocational Rehabilitation trends in the United States. It is a rare privilege to review the work of my friends and colleagues in Japan from my perspective as an American rehabilitation researcher and disability advocate.
Discussing the News

The provision of online news provides unique opportunities for users to interact with content and with other users. One of the more common forms of interactivity involves commenting on news stories. These interactive features are often heralded for enabling virtual public discussion of current events. Yet there exists a widespread belief that these spaces fail to meet that lofty goal, instead exhibiting hostile and vitriolic discourse, which undermines the deliberative potential of online interaction. At the same time, there is a lack of consensus among researchers regarding the proper conceptualization of hostility, and its more desirable counterpart, civility. This article aims to integrate normative and contextual conceptual definitions of hostility and civility in online interactions with the news. Building on these, we develop operational definitions of the two concepts and analyze the presence of hostile and civil discussion in user comments posted to YouTube news videos. Further, we explore the pos...
The Future of Software Engineering (SEIP Keynote)

No matter what future we may envision, it relies on software that has not yet been written. Even now, software-intensive systems have woven themselves into the interstitial spaces of civilization, and we as individuals and as a species have slowly surrendered ourselves to computing. Looking back, we can identify several major and distinct styles whereby we have built such systems. We have come a long way, and even today, we certainly can name a number of best practices for software development that yield systems of quality. However, by no means can we stand still: the nature of the systems we build continues to change, and as they collectively weave themselves into our live, we must attend not only to the technical elements of software development, we must also attend to human needs. In this presentation we will look at the history of software engineering and offer some grand challenges for the future.
Deciphering B-ZIP transcription factor interactions in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Over the last 15 years, numerous studies have addressed the structural rules that regulate dimerization stability and dimerization specificity of the leucine zipper, a dimeric parallel coiled-coil domain that can either homodimerize or heterodimerize. Initially, these studies were performed with a limited set of B-ZIP proteins, sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that dimerize using the leucine zipper domain to bind DNA. A global analysis of B-ZIP leucine zipper dimerization properties can be rationalized using a limited number of structural rules [J.R. Newman, A.E. Keating, Comprehensive identification of human bZIP interactions with coiled-coil arrays, Science 300 (2003) 2097–2101]. Today, however, access to the genomic sequences of many different organisms has made possible the annotation of all B-ZIP proteins from several species and has generated a bank of data that can be used to refine, and potentially expand, these rules. Already, a comparative analysis of the B-ZIP proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and Homo sapiens has revealed that the same amino acids are used in different patterns to generate diverse B-ZIP dimerization patterns [C.D. Deppmann, A. Acharya, V. Rishi, B. Wobbes, S. Smeekens, E.J. Taparowsky, C. Vinson, Dimerization specificity of all 67 B-ZIP motifs in Arabidopsis thaliana: a comparison to Homo sapiens B-ZIP motifs, Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (2004) 3435–3445]. The challenge ahead is to investigate the biological significance of different B-ZIP protein–protein interactions. Gaining insight at this level will rely on ongoing investigations to (a) define the role of target DNA on modulating B-ZIP dimerization partners, (b) characterize the B-ZIP transcriptome in various cells and tissues through mRNA microarray analysis, (c) identify the genomic localization of B-ZIP binding at a genomic level using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and (d) develop more sophisticated imaging technologies to visualize dimer dynamics in single cells and whole organisms. Studies of B-ZIP family leucine zipper dimerization and the regulatory mechanisms that control their biological activities could serve as a paradigm for deciphering the biophysical and biological parameters governing other well-characterized protein–protein interaction motifs. This review will focus on the dimerization specificity of coiled-coil proteins, particularly the human B-ZIP transcription family that consists of 53 proteins that use the leucine zipper coiled-coil as a dimerization motif.
Choice Conflict and Subjective Uncertainty in Decision Making

Subjective uncertainty and information search behavior were examined as a function of response uncertainty (H), estimated from the number and relative likelihood of responses elicited by tachistoscopically presented pictures. Both subjective uncertainty and search increased with H and S's information search correlated positively with reports of subjective uncertainty. The data suggest that: (a) subjective uncertainty (S.U.) and search behavior are related to uncertainty based on the number and relative strength of the responses elicited by a choice situation; magnitude estimates of S.U. and search increased with H, the weighted uncertainty of the individual competing choice tendencies; and (b) subjective uncertainty mediates predecisional information search behavior; the greater the magnitude of S.U. elicited by a problem, the more S searches.
Gender and migration : the readjustment of women migrants in Barbados, Ireland, and Newfoundland

Significant gender differences were found in the satisfaction and readjustment of return migrants to Barbados, Ireland, and Newfoundland. In all three societies, women were less satisfied than men to be "home." The greater dissatisfaction among women appears to stem from their limited employment opportunities and a range of social factors.
NUCLEAR BODIES: THEIR PREVALENCE, LOCATION, AND ULTRASTRUCTURE IN THE CALF.

Nuclear bodies, averaging 0.8 to 1.2µ in diameter, were observed in various parenchymatous and interstitial cells of the calf. They were most prevalent and complex in structure in the parenchymatous cells of the adrenal cortex, and consisted of a fibrillar outer portion and a central or core area of varying size that was composed of electron-opaque particulate matter. These bodies, as far as the authors are aware, are of unknown significance.
The descent of cognitive development

A constructivist theory of the evolution of cognitive development is proposed. Seven propositions are posed plus supporting evidence. Constructing fundamental physical and logicomathematical conceptual universals underlies the development of cognition in primate phylogeny, ontogeny and history. Nevertheless, diverging onset and offset ages, velocity, extent, sequencing and organization mark the evolution of cognitive development in primate phylogeny. Thus, the evolution is heterochronic, not simply recapitulatory. Converging origins followed by diverging development of primates' conceptual constructions insures species-specific cognitive specializations. Some specializations (e.g. recursive classifying) evolved in great ape development but not in monkey development; while others (e.g. hierarchically integrated classifying) evolved in human development only. Human enculturation and language (symbolic) rearing fosters quantitative but not qualitative progress in most of chimpanzees’ developing cognition. Heterochronic evolution provided humans with the widest and most synchronic ontogenetic window of opportunity for progressive cognitive development. The descendant cognitive development – humans’ precocial, integrated and extended intellectual constructions – bridges the evolution and history of ideas.
Apparent viscosity of human blood in a high static magnetic field

This study investigates the apparent additive viscosity due to magnetic effects on the human blood. Experimental results show that blood flow rate under gravity decreases by 30% when subjected to a high magnetic field of 10 T. The decrease in the flow rate is due to an increase in the apparent viscosity of the blood due to the magnetic field. A correlation describing the viscosity of blood under these conditions is introduced which depends on the Langevin function and parameters.
Neurogenesis and neuronal commitment following ischemia in a new mouse model for neonatal stroke

Stroke in the neonatal brain is an important cause of neurologic morbidity. To characterize the dynamics of neural progenitor cell proliferation and maturation after survival delays in the neonatal brain following ischemia, we utilized unilateral carotid ligation alone to produce infarcts in postnatal day 12 CD1 mice. We investigated the neurogenesis derived from the sub-ventricular zone and the sub-granular zone of the dentate gyrus subsequent to injury. Newly produced cells were labeled by bromodeoxyuridine at approximately 1 week (P18-20) after the insult by 5 i.p. injections (each 50 mg/kg). Subsequent migration and differentiation of the newborn cells was investigated at postnatal day 40 by immunohistochemistry for molecular neuronal and glial cell-lineage markers and BrdU incorporation. Cresyl violet stain demonstrated massive loss of neurons in the ipsilateral septal hippocampus in the CA3 and CA1 regions associated with atrophy. Total counts of new cells were significantly lowered not only in the ipsilateral injured but also the contralateral uninjured hippocampi and correlated with the lesion induced atrophy. Bilateral percent neuronal commitments in the dentate gyri however, were not significantly different from control. New cell densities in the neocortex and striatum increased bilaterally after neonatal stroke. The predominantly non-neuronal commitment of the SVZ-derived new cells was similar to the percentage of non-neuronal commitment in controls. In conclusion, neurogenesis occurring at 1 week after neonatal ischemia in the model maintained cell-lineage commitment patterns similar to sham controls. However, the total number of hippocampal SGZ-derived new neurons was reduced bilaterally; in contrast, the SVZ-derived neurogenesis was amplified.
A prospective, randomized trial of nerve monitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy under local/regional anesthesia and IV sedation

Background The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the neuromonitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) on the voice quality after mini-incision thyroidectomy under local/regional anesthesia and intravenous sedation. Methods Patients undergoing mini-incision thyroidectomy under local anesthesia were prospectively randomized for either nerve monitoring of the EBSLN (group 1) or no nerve monitoring (group 2). Voice and swallowing assessment were obtained by using the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) and the Reflux Symptom Index questionnaires (RSI) before surgery and at 3 weeks and 3 months after surgery. Results Recruitment led to 22 patients in group 1 and 25 patients in group 2. The rate of visualized EBSLN was higher in group 1 (66% vs 21%; P = .003). Contrary to group 1, in group 2, the median total VHI-10 score was significantly higher 3 months after surgery ( P = .034) compared with preoperatively, indicating a subjective voice handicap. In both groups, there was no difference in median total RSI score before surgery or at 3 weeks and 3 months after surgery. Conclusion Nerve monitoring aids in the visualization of the EBSLN during mini-incision thyroidectomy under local/regional anesthesia and leads to an improvement in patient-assessed voice quality after surgery but does not impact swallowing.
New insects from the Weald Clay of the Weald

The following new insect taxa are described and their significance discussed: Yuripopovia woottoni gen. et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Progonocimicidae); Architipula austeni sp. nov. and Gynoplistial mitchelli sp. nov. (Diptera: Tipulidae); Necrotaulius mantellorum sp. nov. (Trichoptera: Necrotauliidae); Archisphex boothi sp. nov. and Angarosphex goldringi sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Valditermes brenanae (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) is redescribed and its relationships and palaeoecology are discussed. Hebeitermes from the Lower Cretaceous of China is considered to be a blattodean.
Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common edible nut seeds

Abstract Frequent consumption of nuts has been linked to a lowered risk of cardiovascular disease. Phytochemicals, especially phenolics, in nuts may be considered to be the major bioactive compounds for health benefits. Nine types of tree nuts and peanuts commonly available in the United States were evaluated for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities. The profiles of total phenolics and flavonoids, including both soluble free and bound forms, were investigated by utilizing solvent extraction, base digestion, and solid-phase extraction methods. Walnuts had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (1580.5 ± 58.0 mg/100 g, 744.8 ± 93.3 mg/100 g, respectively). Walnuts also possessed the highest total antioxidant activity (458.1 ± 14.0 μmol of vitamin C equiv/g of nut). Both soluble phenolic and flavonoid contents were positively correlated with total antioxidant activity (R2 = 0.9901, p