cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) using a large-scale sonochemical reactor

Abstract (Per)fluorochemicals are highly persistent in the environment and need to be treated before discharge. Sonochemical treatment is most efficient for removal of recalcitrant pollutants such as (per)fluorochemicals. Many laboratory-scale studies have highlighted the importance of sonochemical method for removal of (per)fluorochemicals. In the present work, treatment of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) using a large sonochemical reactor of 91-L capacity was investigated. The reactor was provided with nine 1-MHz and three 500-kHz transducers and variable power dissipation with maximum rating of 12,000 W. De-fluorination and mineralization of PFOS was evaluated based on release of fluoride and sulfate ions and removal of TOC for varying initial PFOS concentration and solution pH, addition of salt, and frequencies. It has been observed that release of fluoride and sulfate ions increased with an increase in initial PFOS concentration from 0.32 to 2.6 mM and a decrease in pH of the solution from 8.5 to 4.0. The maximum concentration of fluoride and sulfate ions released after 240 min of sonication was 102.2 ± 0.2 μM and 76.6 ± 0.1 μM, respectively, for an initial PFOS concentration of 2.6 mM at pH 4. The addition of sodium chloride and sodium carbonate decreased the rate of defluorination. The present investigation is useful for the development of a sonochemical process for industrial scale operations.
Therapist Directiveness and Client Reactance in the Administration of Homework in Therapy with College Students

ABSTRACTThe present study used an analog design with three vignettes portraying homework administrations at three levels of therapist directiveness (low, medium, and high) and the Therapeutic Reactance Scale to measure participant reactance. Participants (N = 436) read the vignettes and completed the Homework Completion Scale (HCS), Counseling Continuation Scale (CCS), Counselor Rating Form-Short (CRF-S) Attractiveness and Expertness subscales. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant differences between low and high reactant groups on the HCS and CCS for the High and Medium directiveness homework administrations. These results suggest that therapist directiveness does interact with client reactance in the administration of homework.
Consistent Classification of Geometric Figures.

A CONSISTENCY is needed in the clas sification of geometric figures. A survey of general mathematics books, mathematics books for elementary teachers, elementary school mathematics textbooks, and geometry books reveals that there is no general agreement on the classification of triangles, quadrilaterals, and solids. There are several reasons why it would be helpful to develop a classification system. First, we could use a variety of texts without having to consider a collection of different definitions. Secondly, when it has been determined that a figure has the properties to qualify for a certain category, we do not have to be concerned that it might have additional properties that would disqualify it. Lastly, if we determine the area or volume formula for a set of figures, we can determine the formulas for area or volume for each subset.
Tongue Strength in Children With and Without Speech Sound Disorders.

Purpose The purpose of this cross-sectional investigation was to expand the comparative database of pediatric tongue strength for children and adolescents with typical development, ages 3–17 years,...
Partitions in Algebra.

ONE purpose of teaching mathematics is to provide students with abstract models that will help them to analyze the phe nomena that surround them. The greater the number of situations to which a model applies, the more fundamental it is, and the more useful a part of the student's repertoire. Therefore a concept that is essentially simple, that has a vast num ber of applications, and that serves, the psychologists indicate, as a model of a fundamental learning process, would seem to be a prime candidate for inclusion in the school mathematics curriculum. Such' is the set theoretic concept of partition.
Earlier age of onset in multiple system atrophy with smoking and heavy alcohol use.

Abstract Objective To determine whether smoking or alcohol use impacts the age of onset and disease duration in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods All patients diagnosed with MSA at Mayo Clinic, Rochester between 1998 and 2012 completed standardized questionnaires surveying smoking and alcohol use at the time of presentation. Results Of 551 patients with smoking and alcohol use data, 281 were past or present smokers with age of onset of 60.76 years compared to 62.97 years in controls (p = 0.0144). Age of onset in the 87 heavy alcohol users was 56.87 years compared to 62.97 years in controls (p = 0.0133). There was no difference in disease duration for smokers (p = 0.2758) or heavy alcohol users (p = 0.4820) compared to controls. Conclusion Our findings show that smoking history and/or heavy alcohol use is associated with younger age of onset in MSA but do not influence survival.
Exceptional biostability of paranemic crossover (PX) DNA, crossover-dependent nuclease resistance, and implications for DNA nanotechnology

Inherent nanometer-sized features and molecular recognition properties make DNA a useful material in constructing nanoscale objects, with alluring applications in biosensing and drug delivery. However, DNA can be easily degraded by nucleases present in biological fluids, posing a considerable roadblock to realizing the full potential of DNA nanotechnology for biomedical applications. Here we investigated the nuclease resistance and biostability of the multi-stranded motif called paranemic crossover (PX) DNA and discovered a remarkable and previously unreported resistance to nucleases. We show that PX DNA has more than an order of magnitude increased resistance to degradation by DNase I, serum, and urine compared to double stranded DNA. We further demonstrate that the degradation resistance decreases monotonically as DNA crossovers are removed from the structure, suggesting that frequent DNA crossovers disrupt either the binding or catalysis of nucleases or both. Further, we show using mouse and human cell lines that PX DNA does not affect cell proliferation or interfere with biological processes such as myogenesis. These results have important implications for building DNA nanostructures with enhanced biostability, either by adopting PX-based architectures or by carefully engineering crossovers. We contend that such crossover-dependent nuclease resistance could potentially be used to add "tunable biostability" to the many features of DNA nanotechnology.
Constructing and influencing perceived authenticity in science communication: Experimenting with narrative.

This study develops a measure of perceived authenticity in science communication and then explores communication strategies to improve the perceived authenticity of a scientific message. The findings are consistent with literature around trust and credibility, but indicate that authenticity—the perception that the scientist is a unique individual with qualities beyond institutional affiliations or a role in the production of the research—may add a potentially important dimension to accepted categories of integrity and benevolence.
Cancer mechanobiology: interaction of biomaterials with cancer cells

Abstract Mechanotransduction is the process by which cells translate a mechanical stimulus, like substrate stiffness, topography, or shear flow, into a biochemical response. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and TAZ are transcriptional coactivators that have been identified as key relay proteins that facilitate mechanotransduction through the Hippo pathway. In healthy tissue in homeostasis, mechanotransduction often limits proliferation, and YAP/TAZ are completely inactive. During tumor progression a YAP/TAZ-activating positive feedback loop is created between the stiffening extracellular matrix and the developing tumor. As cancer progresses, tumor cells and local stromal cells use mechanotransduction to promote proliferation, increase their migratory potential into distant organs, and induce chemotherapeutic resistance. This chapter will discuss the role of mechanotransduction during cancer and how these effects can be studied in vitro. The techniques to quantify cell stiffness and the seminal mechanotransduction platforms used, such as micropillars and four-dimensional hydrogels (three-dimensional culturing platforms with features, such as stiffness, that change with respect to time), will be covered in detail. Lastly, a framework will be presented on how to select the best material for a given mechanotransduction construct.
“Reclaiming My Time” Amid Organizational Change: A Dialectical Approach to Support the Thriving and Career Development for Faculty at the Margins:

The ProblemThe faculty in academia is slowly diversifying, yet individuals who identify as women, people of Color, and/or LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning) remain u...
Inverse scattering transform for the complex short-pulse equation by a Riemann–Hilbert approach

In this paper, we develop the inverse scattering transform (IST) for the complex short-pulse equation (CSP) on the line with zero boundary conditions at space infinity. The work extends to the complex case the Riemann–Hilbert approach to the IST for the real short-pulse equation proposed by A. Boutet de Monvel, D. Shepelsky and L. Zielinski in 2017. As a byproduct of the IST, soliton solutions are also obtained. Unlike the real SPE, in the complex case discrete eigenvalues are not necessarily restricted to the imaginary axis, and, as consequence, smooth 1-soliton solutions exist for any choice of discrete eigenvalue $$k_1\in {\mathbb {C}}$$ with $$\mathop {{\mathrm{Im}}}\nolimits k_1< |\mathop {{\mathrm{Re}}}\nolimits k_1|$$ . The 2-soliton solution is obtained for arbitrary eigenvalues $$k_1,k_2$$ , providing also the breather solution of the real SPE in the special case $$k_2=-k_1^*$$ .
The Conflicting Impact of COVID-19’s Health and Economic Crises on Helping

Helping behaviors are considered critical for business and societal recovery in light of economic crises and natural disasters, including the COVID-19 pandemic that has both economic and health dis...
Effect of crown height on the screw joint stability of zirconia screw-retained crowns.

Abstract Statement of problem Medium- to long-term data for the performance of zirconia crowns with titanium (Ti) bases are sparse, particularly when the crown height space and occlusal loads are high. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of the height of zirconia screw-retained implant crowns with a Ti base on the screw joint stability after cyclic loading. A secondary aim was to investigate the survival of zirconia crowns of different heights after cyclic loading. Material and methods Twenty-one internal connection implants were secured between fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin sleeves. Mandibular first molar monolithic zirconia crowns with 3 different heights (6 mm, 10 mm, and 14 mm) were milled and bonded to the Ti bases (n=7). The screws were tightened to 30 Ncm, and a 30-degree 120-N cyclic load was applied to the crowns at 2 Hz for 5 million cycles. After 5 million cycles, the crowns were evaluated for stability, and the same protocol was repeated for 275-N and 435-N loads for 5 million cycles each. After loading, the detorque values were recorded. Failure was characterized based on whether the crown, screw, and/or implant fracture was observed. The detorque values were analyzed by using a 1-way-ANOVA with the restricted maximum likelihood estimation. The percentage of torque loss was calculated. The LIFETEST procedure was used to analyze the survival probability of the groups (α=.05). Results The effect of crown height on the detorque values of screws was not found to be statistically significant (P>.05). The mean detorque value for 6-mm crowns was 23.5 Ncm, 24.4 Ncm for 10-mm crowns, and 22.1 Ncm for 14-mm crowns. A significant effect of crown height was found on the survival (P=.006), and the time-to-failure survival of 14-mm crowns was significantly lower than the survival of 6 mm and 10 mm crowns (P=.020), where no failures were observed. Four 14-mm crowns failed between the 1 and 2 million cycles after the loads were increased to 435 N. The failure modes were the same for all the crowns, implants, and screws fractured. Conclusions When the tested internal connection implant was used, the crown height did not affect the detorque values, and 14-mm crowns performed similarly to the shorter crowns in terms of torque loss after cyclic loading. However, survival of the 14-mm crown-implant complex was lower, resulting in screw and implant fractures.
Chronic Dietary Erythritol Exposure Elevates Plasma Erythritol Concentration in Mice but Does Not Cause Weight Gain or Modify Glucose Homeostasis.

BACKGROUND Erythritol is both a common nonnutritive sweetener and an endogenous product of glucose metabolism. Recent reports suggest that elevated plasma erythritol is a predictive biomarker of cardiometabolic disease onset and complications. OBJECTIVES Although short-term erythritol consumption has been evaluated, the effect of chronically elevated circulating erythritol on adiposity and glucose metabolism has not. This study investigated the effect of longer-term erythritol consumption on weight gain and glucose tolerance in young/adolescent mice. METHODS Four erythritol supplementation experiments were completed and analyzed separately in male C57BL/6J mice. In experiments 1 and 2, mice aged 8 wk or 20 wk, respectively, were randomly allocated to consume 16% fat diet (LFD) or LFD with 40 g/kg erythritol. In experiments 3 and 4, mice aged 8 wk or 20 wk were fed 45% fat diet (HFD) or HFD with 40 g/kg erythritol (HFD + ERY). In each experiment, we compared the effect of erythritol consumption on plasma erythritol, body weight and composition, glucose tolerance, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. We also investigated relative endogenous tissue erythritol concentrations in a subset of control (LFD or HFD) mice in experiments 1 and 3. RESULTS There was no effect of erythritol supplementation on body weight or glucose tolerance in experiments 1-3. In experiment 4, in the 20-wk-old mice fed HFD or HFD + ERY, there was a significant interaction of time and erythritol on body weight (P < 0.0001), but the main effect of diet was not significant. Plasma erythritol was elevated 40-fold in mice consuming erythritol-supplemented diets relative to mice consuming LFD or HFD controls. We found no effect of chronic erythritol consumption on BAT UCP1 protein concentrations. Liver and kidney tissue contained significantly higher endogenous erythritol than quadriceps and visceral adipose (P < 0.001) in young mice fed LFD and HFD. CONCLUSIONS In young/adolescent mice, prolonged erythritol consumption did not significantly affect body weight, composition, or glucose tolerance.
Cartografía para los recuerdos: Barcelona y la(s) memoria(s) de la posguerra en Los mares del Sur de Manuel Vázquez Montalbán

As a cultural and ideological artifact, literature is an important vehicle for the “reframing” of memories. Published in the Spain during the transition, Manuel Vazquez Montalban’s novel Los mares del Sur (1979) is a politics of memory that not only aims to fictionally represent some accounts of recent historical events, but also shows the ontological specificity of remembering in the context of official amnesia. In doing so the book allows us to see interesting reflections on the importance of the urban changes as “stabilizers” of memories, the tension between memory as a “reconstruction” or as an “irruption” of the past, and on the links between individual memory and social memory.
A Community-Based Participatory Research/Translational Biomedical Research Strategy for Personalizing Nutrition, Medicine, and Healthcare

Personal and public health information is usually derived from studies of large population groups. Although reported as population attributable risk (PAR), these estimates are often applied to individuals. PARs for intake of nutrients, exposure to toxins, responses to drug, having certain genetic variants, and, more recently, nutrient{--}gene interactions are statistical estimates of the percentage reduction in disease in the population if the risk were to be avoided or the gene variant were not present. Individuals differ in genetic makeup, life-style, and dietary patterns and may not be represented by individuals in the study population. Although these risk factors are valuable guidelines, they may not apply to individuals. Intervention studies are likewise limited by small sample sizes, short time frames to assess physiological changes, and variable experimental designs that often preclude comparative or consensus analyses. A fundamental challenge for personalizing nutritional recommendations to optimize health and medicine for getting the right drug to the right person at the right time will be to develop a means to sort individuals into groups and, eventually, develop risk factors for individuals. The classic case{--}control prospective design may need to be revised in order to develop individual risk factors. A promising approach for more complete analyses of the interaction of genetic makeups and environment relies on translational research strategies where the study participant is physiologically monitored over time. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) methodology is a form of translational research whose central focus is developing a partnership among researchers and individuals in a community that allows for more in-depth life-style analyses but simultaneously helps improve the health of individuals and communities through application of research outcomes. Keywords: community-based participatory research; healthcare; nutrigenomics; personalized nutrition; population attributable risk; translational research
BOREAS TE-18, 60-m, Radiometrically Rectified Landsat TM Imagery

The BOREAS TE-18 team used a radiometric rectification process to produce standardized DN values for a series of Landsat TM images of the BOREAS SSA and NSA in order to compare images that were collected under different atmospheric conditions. The images for each study area were referenced to an image that had very clear atmospheric qualities. The reference image for the SSA was collected on 02-Sep-1994, while the reference image for the NSA was collected on 2 1 Jun-1995. The 23 rectified images cover the period of 07-Jul-1985 to 18-Sep-1994 in the SSA and 22-Jun-1984 to 09-Jun-1994 in the NSA. Each of the reference scenes had coincident atmospheric optical thickness measurements made by RSS-11. The radiometric rectification process is described in more detail by Hall et al. (1991). The original Landsat TM data were received from CCRS for use in the BOREAS project. Due to the nature of the radiometric rectification process and copyright issues, the full-resolution (30-m) images may not be publicly distributed. However, this spatially degraded 60-m resolution version of the images may be openly distributed and is available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series. After the radiometric rectification processing, the original data were degraded to a 60-m pixel size from the original 30-m pixel size by averaging the data over a 2- by 2-pixel window. The data are stored in binary image-format files. The data files are available on a CD-ROM (see document number 20010000884), or from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Activity Archive Center (DAAC).
Dietary Energy Restriction in Breast Cancer Prevention

Dietary energy restriction (DER) inhibits the development of spontaneous, chemically, genetically, and virally induced mammary cancer in rats and/or mice. DER inhibits the initiation and postinitiation stages of mammary carcinogenesis and the development of both ovarian-hormone-dependent and -independent mammary carcinomas. The predominant effect of DER appears to be suppression of the clonal expansion of transformed cells, and this effect is most likely mediated via the coordinated regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The effects of DER on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis are consistent with the limitation of one or more cell survival factors. Evidence is presented that the chemical mediators of this effect, glucocorticoids, insulin, and/or insulin-like growth factors, are elicited in response to the limitation in glucose availability imposed by DER. Investigation of DER is highly relevant to the misregulation of body weight which has been identified as a human health problem of global proportion. Mechanistic studies hold the promise of leading to the identification of DER mimetic approaches that can be used in the prevention and control of breast cancer.
Non-Perturbative QED and QCD at Finite Temperature

We present results of numerical solutions of Schwinger-Dyson equations for the finite-temperature quark and electron propagators. It is shown that both strongly coupled QED and QCD undergo a chiral symmetry restoring phase transition as the temperature is increased. We go beyond the bare vertex or "rainbow" approximation by applying the finite-temperature Ward-Takahashi identity to constrain the non-perturbative vertex function.
Swapping Stigma for Strength--With National HIV/AIDS Testing Day on June 27, Find out How Walgreens Makes Our Patients with HIV/AIDS Feel Safe, Comfortable And Respected

Swapping Stigma for Strength With National HIV AIDS Testing Day on June Find out How Walgreens Makes Our Patients with HIV AIDS Feel Safe Comfortable And Respected
Membrane proteins of the nerve growth cone and their developmental regulation

The membrane polypeptides of growth cone fragments (“growth cone particles,” GCPs) isolated from fetal rat brain by subcellular fractionation have been analyzed in further detail. The major polypeptides of salt-washed GCP membranes detected by 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis (Ellis et al., 1985b) resolve in 2-dimensional gels as a spot of 52 kDa that comigrates with beta-tubulin and reacts with anti- beta-tubulin; a 46 kDa, pl 4.3, polypeptide (pp46) that has no equivalent in the soluble fraction and is identical to one of the GCP's major phosphoproteins (Katz et al., 1985) and to GAP43 (Willard et al., 1985); a spot of 42 kDa that comigrates with actin; and a species of 34 kDa (p34) without soluble equivalent. The prominent 38 kDa doublet identified in 1-dimensional gels is difficult to resolve in 2- dimensional gels. The major phosphoproteins pp80ac, pp46, and pp40 (Katz et al., 1985), as well as p34 partition into the oil phase of Triton X-114 extracts, suggesting that they are integral membrane proteins, at least in our experimental conditions. The properties of pp46 reported here are in conflict with the highly hydrophilic amino acid sequence predicted for GAP43/B50/F1 (Basi et al., 1987; Karns et al., 1987). Growth-cone and presynaptic membrane proteins are compared as follows. After eye injection of 35S-methionine, GCPs and synaptosomes are isolated from the target areas of optic nerve of fetal and adult rats, respectively. Polypeptides are separated by 1- and 2- dimensional gel electrophoresis and the radiolabeled species identified fluorographically. The comparison of labeled GCP and synaptosome polypeptides shows that all 5 major Coomassie blue-stained polypeptides of GCP membranes (52, 46, 42, 38, 34 kDa) are intensely labeled after eye injection. However, in synaptosomes, these polypeptides are weakly labeled if at all; instead, an intensely labeled polypeptide of 28 kDa, and several additional species not seen in GCPs, have appeared. Therefore, the major growth cone membrane proteins are developmentally regulated, and the rates of synthesis and transport into the axonal ending of neuronal polypeptides change dramatically at the time of synaptogenesis.
Archeomagnetic results from southwest United States and Mesoamerica, and comparison with some other areas

Abstract Archeomagnetic (AM) results from southwestern United States can be represented by an archeomagnetic apparent polar curve (AAPC) that is distributed near the axis of rotation and contained within 75°N latitude. The AAPC for the past 1600 yr is located mostly on the near side with mainly easterly declinations. It is characterized by loops extending outward from the axis of rotation about 10–15° every 250–300 yr at 1350, 1100, 800, 500 and 200 AD. Inclination of the magnetic field varied from a minimum of 40° to a maximum of 62°, with maximum values occurring at 600, 1100, 1350 AD and modern. Minimum values occurred at 800, ∼ 1250 and 1500 AD. Declination ranged from 18°E to 14°W, with maximum easterly values occurring at 500 AD and during the nineteenth century. The most westerly declination occurred about 1100 AD. The maximum and minimum values of declination and inclination correspond in age with loop-like extension of the AAPC. Archeomagnetic paleointensity results suggest changes from 1.5 to 0.8 times the present field, with variations occurring generally in unison with the changes in direction. Comparison of archeomagnetic data from Mesoamerica, England, France, Japan, Bulgaria and China with the data from the southwest United States suggests some similarities and dissimilarities of the spatial and temporal position of the AAPC. Early age archeomagnetic results to 8500 BC from the United States confirm a similar pattern of secular variation and limit the time of the most recent reversal. Some available global data suggest that ∼ 200 AD may have been a time of small divergence from an axial field inclined by 7.5° from the rotational axis.
A Comparison of Students’ Self-Assessments With Faculty Evaluations of Their Communication Skills

Objective. To compare students’ self-assessment of their communication skills with faculty members’ formal evaluation of their skills in a therapeutics course.Methods. Over a 3-year period, faculty...
Anorexia after Adrenalectomy in Gold Thioglucose-Treated Obese Mice*

The effects of adrenalectomy on food intake, weight gain, plasma glucose, and corticosterone levels were investigated in normal untreated controls and gold thioglucose-(GTG) treated hyperphagic obese mice. Adrenalectomy of normal untreated mice was followed by a transient reduction in food intake and body weight with a return, after approximately 7 days, to levels which paralleled those of untreated shamoperated mice. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly depressed in all untreated adrenalectomized mice. Plasma glucose levels were not affected by adrenalectomy. In sharp contrast to the response of untreated adrenalectomized mice, adrenalectomy of GTG-treated hyperphagic obese mice was followed by a sudden and persistent drop in food intake (anorexia) and body weight. These mice were unable to maintain their body weight. Despite this condition, the mice did not appear to be physically debilitated until a short time (6–12 h) before their death which was preceded by a period of severe hypoglycemia....
Mitigating the Effects of Multicollinearity Using Exact and Stochastic Restrictions: The Case of an Aggregate Agricultural Production Function in Thailand

Ordinary least squares, exactly restricted OLS, stochastically restricted OLS (mixed estimation), and principal components regression each were used to estimate an aggregate agricultural production function for Thailand for which data were highly multicollinear. Pretest considerations, incorporating alternative risk measures, were addressed in detail for purposes of model evaluation. The final mixed and principal components models generally outperformed OLS in terms of risk and overall reasonableness, mitigating a serious multicollinearity problem and permitting a direct examination of the rate and composition of Thai agricultural output growth.
A Method for the Preparation of Bacterial Antigens

Ever since the careful studies of Vaughan, Novy and others on the intracellular constituents of bacteria, considerable attention has been paid to these substances. Various procedures have been devised for the purpose of putting the endocellular materials into solution or into suspension, and such preparations have been subjected to chemical analysis or to tests of toxicity and antigenic activity, often on the assumption that the fractionated extracts contained compounds existing under natural conditions in the living cell. There would appear to be some doubt concerning the validity of such a blanket assumption, particularly as it applies to cellular proteins, for recent work, especially that of Anson and Mirsky,1 has tended to revise the classic concept of protein denaturation, making of it a much more comprehensible process and one occurring more widely than was previously supposed. In the light of this understanding it is safe to say that many of the processes of cell extraction, utilizing drastic treatment of the cells with heat or chemicals, or both, result in partial or complete denaturation of the cell proteins. The very real role which such factors may play is perhaps best exemplified by the single item of denaturation by heat, for which the temperature coefficient (Qioo) is in the neighborhood of 600. This unique figure, three hundred times greater than that holding for ordinary chemical reactions, indicates that even the very moderate temperatures commonly employed in preparing vaccines result in partial or complete denaturation of the cellular proteins. This, in turn, renders difficult the interpretation of immunization experiments as well as tests of toxicity, since Cutler 2 showed that the immune response to native protein is quite different from that exhibited toward denatured protein, and Vaughan 3 recorded numerous instances in which extremely toxic substances were obtained by the chemical treatment of atoxic cells. Further, the experiments of Anson and Mirsky reveal the remarkable ease with which denaturation may proceed under a variety of chemical conditions.
Erratum to “Luo and Qi, 2009, an enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians” [Health and Place 15 (2009) 1100–1107]

I am writing to you about a minor mistake in our paper titled ’’An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians’’ Health and Place 15 (2009) 1100–1107. On page 1103, 5th line under ‘‘Result’’ section, the values for weight 2 according to Gaussian function should be (1.00, 0.42, 0.03). It was reported in the paper as (1.00, 0.42, 0.09). A reader pointed this out to me as he was asking me how the weight was calculated. However, we did use 0.09 in the calculation. The results and the weights reported are consistent, but weight 2 is not strictly following Gaussian function. It may change the pattern slightly if we use 0.03, but would not change our conclusion. I am sorry about this mistake.
Men’s and Women’s Intentions to Persist in Undergraduate Engineering Degree Programs

This is a quantitative study of 493 undergraduate engineering majors’ intentions to persist in their engineering program. Using a multiple analysis of variance analysis, men and women had one common predictor for their intentions to persist, engineering career outcome expectations. However, the best sociocognitive predictor for men’s persistence was not the same for women. Men’s persistence in undergraduate engineering was predicted by their abilities to complete the required coursework. Women’s persistence in undergraduate engineering depended upon their beliefs in getting good grades (A or a B). In brief, women’s intentions to persist in undergraduate engineering were dependent upon higher academic standards compared to men.
MIGRATION AMONGST THE BATSWANA

The hypothesis presented in Todaro (1 969), that the likelihood of finding work in town influences the rate of rural-urban migration, now enjoys the status of a received doctrine. Assuming potential migrants indeed respond to this employment probability, the model of Harris and Todaro (I970) demonstrates that, in certain parametric ranges, urban job creation may actually exacerbate unemployment and even reduce national product. This result has had considerable influence on policy formulation in LDCs, by emphasising that, in the urban sector, the social opportunity cost of labour may not be insignificant despite burgeoning unemployment. Yet neither the Todaro hypothesis nor prevalence of the Harris-Todaro parametric range has been adequately, empirically explored. Many estimates of macro migration equations do exist, normally relating the proportion of population migrating to average wages in differing locations and occasionally to average population characteristics. But in Lucas (I 975), I show that the popular nonlinear specification of such macro functions may well display serious specification error bias; a nonlinear function of the aggregate variables is not simply the average of underlying micro migration decisions related to the disaggregated variables. Thus, although a few estimates of macro migration equations have also incorporated average unemployment rates, usually in developed country contexts and with mixed results, these analyses are at best very circumscribed tests of the Todaro and Harris-Todaro theories. On the other hand, surprisingly few estimates of micro migration response functions have appeared. In part, this probably reflects the difficulty of dealing with unobserved variables. For example, suppose whether or not each person moves to town is to be related to his or her wage at home compared to the relevant wage in town. In a typical survey, for those individuals who remain in the village the wage they would command in town is not observed; for those who have moved to town, the prior rural wage is usually not reported. DaVanzo (I976) deals with this problem of unobserved variables, in a US context, by introducing a multivariate wage equation to predict potential wages in alternative locations for each person using their observed personal characteristics. However, this broad approach suggested by DaVanzo has not previously been extended to incorporate unobserved employment probabilities in alternative locations. IThus, in surveying the literature in i980, DaVanzo concludes:
Fast Relaxation Modes in Model Polymeric Systems

The fast β stress relaxation modes in a model polymeric melt are investigated by means of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The stress is computed on the atomic level by accounting for both bonded and nonbonded interatomic interactions. The system evolution is traced during the loading and relaxation periods, and the mechanisms of stress production are identified. Stress relaxation takes place by several modes, each corresponding to specific atomic-scale structural changes. The β relaxation corresponds to the return to isotropy of the atomic distribution in the neighborhood of a representative atom and encompasses a quasielastic mode (β1) and a slower mode (β2). A diffusion-like process governs the β2 mode. The β1 mode is nonexponential and accounts for roughly 50% of the total atomic-scale stress drop during relaxation. The β2 mode is exponential and leads to a smaller stress drop, but it takes longer to complete than β1. Both β modes involve only local structural changes, and their time con...
“I Am Standing Still”: The Impact of Immigration Regulations on the Career Aspirations of Wives of International Students in the USA

This paper utilizes Institutional Ethnography, a feminist research method, to examine the impact of immigration policies on the professional aspirations and career trajectory of wives of international students. The research process included interviews with thirtytwo wives who came to the US on a F-2 visa, along with analysis of immigration policies. Immigration regulations, which prohibit wives from accessing educational and employment opportunities, are reported to be a significant problem. F-2 wives not only confront the loss of professional identity but also irreparable damage to their long-term career prospects. The opaque organization of immigration regulations makes it very difficult for them to make an informed decision about the consequences of moving to the United States. The findings of this study contribute to the growing body of feminist research on how the migration practices of the US state contain hidden gender biases.
ULF waves in the Mercury magnetosphere

ULF waves are present in the magnetic records returned by the Mariner 10 spacecraft. An analysis of samples of these data show that near the magnetopause the waves are right-hand circularly polarized and about 3 nT in amplitude. These waves weaken and become linearly polarized as the spacecraft moves inward. Deep in the magnetosphere narrowband waves with 2-second periods are found. These waves may be standing waves on field lines anchored in the core.
Review of "Aptitude testing for employment in computer jobs by Penney, G." in Computers in education, O. Lecarme and R. Lewis (Eds.), IFIP, North-Holland/American Elsevier Publ. Co., New York, 1975, 425-428

Not all major systems have been successful when installed. This paper reviews twelve major installations ranging from less successful to highly successful. Twelve key factors for success are tabulated and reviewed for effect on installation success. The importance of user involvement is highlighted. The use of an implementation task force drawn from all user and systems departments is described, showing method of operation. System definition by user policy guidelines is advocated. Application experience is drawn from production planning, order-entry, marketing and financial planning systems using batch, time-sharing and real-time systems on a variety of databases.
Organic phosphate probes of the avian renal phosphate secretory mechanism

Abstract 1. 1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates net renal inorganic phosphate (P i ) secretion in domestic fowl ( Gallus domesticus ). 2. 2. Recent evidence indicates that secreted P i is derived from a highly sequestered, presumably organic, phosphate pool. 3. 3. A modified Sperber technique was used to survey the responses of domestic fowl to unilateral renal portal infusions of organic phosphate compounds that had been implicated in previous studies of P i secretion. 4. 4. None of the organic phosphate compounds produced a significant unilateral P i secretory effect. 5. 5. It is concluded that these compounds neither directly stimulate P i secretion in normal or parathyroidectomized birds, nor are they rate-limiting for the P i secretory mechanism in birds infused with PTH.
Evidence for Direct Physical Bonding between the Collagen Fibres and Apatite Crystals in Bone

Evidence for Direct Physical Bonding between the Collagen Fibres and Apatite Crystals in Bone
Negro labor in the western cattle industry, 1866–1900

(1969). Negro labor in the western cattle industry, 1866–1900. Labor History: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 346-374.
Characterization of pollutants in Florida street sweepings for management and reuse.

Abstract Disposal and beneficial-use options for street sweeping residuals collected as part of routine roadway maintenance activities in Florida, USA, were assessed by characterizing approximately 200 samples collected from 20 municipalities. Total concentrations (mg/kg or μg/kg) and leachable concentrations (mg/L or μg/L) of 11 metals and a number of organic pollutant groups (volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, pesticides, herbicides, carbamates) in the samples were measured. The synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) was performed to evaluate the leachability of the pollutants. From the total metal analysis, several metals (e.g., arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) were commonly found above their detection limits. Zinc was found to have the highest mean concentration of all metals measured (46.7 mg/kg), followed by copper (10.7 mg/kg) and barium (10.5 mg/kg). The metal with the smallest mean concentration was arsenic (0.48 mg/kg). A small fraction of the total arsenic, barium, lead, and zinc leached in some samples using the SPLP; leached concentrations were relatively low. A few organic compounds (e.g., 4,4′-DDT, endrin, and endosulfan II) were detected in a limited number of samples. When the total and leaching results were compared to risk-based Florida soil cleanup target levels and groundwater cleanup target levels, the street sweepings were not found to pose a significant human-health risk via direct exposure or groundwater contamination.
Sport and activity restrictions following total ankle replacement: A survey of orthopaedic foot and ankle specialists.

Abstract Background Despite an increasing utilization of total ankle replacement, surgeons have little guidance with regards to physical activity and sport participation recommendations following the procedure. Methods Orthopaedic foot and ankle specialists were surveyed as to the activity and sports restrictions they place on their patients following ankle replacement. Fifty sports and activities were included and the results were used to derive a set of consensus recommendations. Of the 1063 surgeons that were sent the survey, 173 responded, yielding a response rate of 16.3%. Results In general, surgeons were comfortable with aerobic or low impact sports and activities. Boot immobilized sports represented a grey area with the determination of whether or not to allow them based largely on the prior experience of the patient. High impact, cutting and jumping sports and activities were largely discouraged. Young age, high BMI and poor bone quality led surgeons to be more restrictive. Conclusions These consensus recommendations serve as a useful guideline for surgeons and help patients set appropriate expectations for the procedure.
Clinical outcome using lansoprazole in acid hypersecretors with and without Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a 13-year prospective study.

Background & Aims: Unremitting gastric acid and pepsin hypersecretion causes serious persistent and relapsing lesions, but the natural history with medical treatment alone has not been well-defined. The aims of this study were to heal and prevent relapse of acid/peptic lesions during acid suppression and to analyze benefits and risks during long-term lansoprazole treatment. Methods: Sixty-seven patients (49 with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [ZES], 18 without), with basal acid output (BAO) >15 mmol/h or >5 mmol/h if post-antrectomy (n = 9, all ZES), were treated with individually optimized doses of lansoprazole (7.5–450 mg/day; median, 75 mg/day) to reduce BAO to 5 mmol/h in intact patients, relative risk of relapse was 4.1, confidence interval 2.1–8.1, P
RF exposure inside and outside vehicles

Effects on electromagnetic (EM) exposure inside a vehicle due to an antenna placed at different locations are studied. Results show that the lower EM exposure is seen for an antenna placed at the bottom location (underbelly) compared to the top and rear locations. It is also found that the first eigenmode corresponds well to the most dominant lowest frequency peak in EM exposure. Impact of real grounds is also evaluated showing that only the exposure from the underbelly antenna is impacted in a positive way.
Challenges for biologically-inspired computing

We discuss a number of fundamental areas in which biologically inspired computing has so far failed to mirror biological reality. These failures make it difficult for those who study biology (and many other scientific fields) to benefit from biologically inspired computing.1. The apparent impossibility of finding a base level at which to model biological (or most other real-world) phenomena. Although most computer systems are stratified into disjoint and encapsulated levels of abstraction (sometimes known as layered hierarchies), the universe is not.2. Our inability to characterize on an architectural level the processes that define biological entities in both enough detail and with sufficient abstraction to model them.3. Our inability to model fitness except in terms of artificially defined functions or artificially defined fitness units. Fitness to an environment is not (a) a measure of an entity's conformance to an ideal, (b) an entity's accumulation of what might be called "fitness points," or even (c) a measure of reproductive success. Fitness to an environment is an entity's ability to acquire and use the resources available in that environment to sustain and perpetuate its life processes.4. Our inability to build models that allow emergent phenomena to add themselves (and their relationships to other phenomena) back into our models as first class citizens.These failures arise out of our inability as yet to fully understand what we mean by emergence.As an initial step towards surmounting these hurdles, we attempt to clarify what the problems are and to offer a framework in terms of which we believe they may be understood. We also offer a definition of emergence as the appearance of a persistent process that produces a area of relatively reduced entropy.
β-catenin signalling in mesenchymal islet-derived precursor cells

Objectives Previously, we characterized human islet-derived precursor cells (hIPCs) as mesenchymal stem cells that migrate out from islets in vitro and can differentiate into functional islet-like structures following proliferative expansion. Here, we investigate the role of beta-catenin signalling in derivation and proliferation of hIPCs. Materials and methods Localization of beta-catenin was performed using confocal microscopy. Expression levels of beta-catenin target genes were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Loss-of-function studies were performed using specific short interfering RNAs. Results Immunostaining of islet outgrowths revealed translocation of beta-catenin from plasma membranes in intact islets to the nucleus in cells migrating out. There were no nuclear beta-catenin-positive cells in intact islets whereas between 35% and 70% of cells in established hIPC cultures exhibited nuclear beta-catenin. Transcripts for beta-catenin target genes were increased in hIPCs compared to those in islets. Beta-catenin translocated to the cell membrane when hIPCs formed epithelial cell clusters. In proliferating hIPCs, there was a strong correlation between markers of proliferation and nuclear beta-catenin. Treatment of hIPCs with the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibitor (2'Z,3'E)-6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime increased intracellular beta-catenin but reduced nuclear beta-catenin, and was associated with reduced cell proliferation. Finally, knockdown of beta-catenin decreased beta-catenin target gene expression and hIPC proliferation. Conclusions These results support a functional role for beta-catenin during proliferation of hIPCs and suggest that activated beta-catenin signalling may also be important during hIPC derivation from islets.
A Classical Trajectory Study of O- + HF → OH + F-

Quasiclassical trajectories have been used to investigate the heavy−light−heavy ion−molecule reaction, O- + HF → OH + F-, using approximate potential energy surfaces. Multiple surface effects are neglected. 1D and 3D dynamics on the same surface produce very different vibrational distributions. OH product vibrational distributions are relatively insensitive to details of the potential. Product rotational energy distributions, on the other hand, are quite sensitive to features of the potential surface, particularly the steepness of the bend. Long-range ion−dipole forces play an important role in the dynamics, particularly in the angular distributions. Product vibrational energy and angular distributions are compared to two sets of experiments.