cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF Penaeus setiferus L. AND Penaeus aztecus IVES LARVAE FED Artemia BEGINNING AT THE PROTOZOEA‐TWO SUBSTAGE VERSUS THE MYSIS‐ONE SUBSTAGE

The following experiments compared survival and growth of shrimp larvae fed Artemia nauplii beginning at either the protozoea 2, protozoea 3 or mysis 1 substage. Experiment one compared survival and growth of larval Penaeus setiferus, from the protozoea 2 substage to three-day-old postlarvae, fed algae and either freshly hatched Artemia nauplii, decapsulated Artemia cysts or ultraviolet killed Artemia nauplii beginning at the protozoea 2 or mysis 1 substage. Survival was better for those postlarvae fed all three Artemia food types beginning at the protozoea 2 rather than the mysis 1 substage. Post-larval dry weights were similar, regardless of Artemia food type or the larval substage at which Artemia was introduced. Experiment two compared survival and growth of larval P. aztecus, from the protozoea 2 substage to two-day-old postlarvae, fed algae and live Artemia nauplii beginning at either the protozoea 2, protozoea 3 or mysis 1 substage. Controls were only fed algae. Survival was significantly better for those postlarvae fed Artemia beginning at the protozoea 2 substage. Post-larval dry weights increased with the introduction of Artemia nauplii beginning at the protozoea 2 substage. The potential effects of these results on current hatchery procedures are discussed.
Residents' attitudes toward tourism development

In recent years, tourism has been playing a more significant role in the economies of several African countries, including Ghana. The purpose of the paper is to examine attitudes of residents of two of its towns toward tourism development. Factor analysis of scaled items measuring their attitudes resulted in seven tourism-related factors: social interaction with tourists, beneficial cultural influences, welfare impacts, negative interference in daily life, economic costs, sexual permissiveness, and perception of crowding. Results indicate residents’ expectations from tourism development were not met and also individuals working in related businesses have negative attitudes toward the industry.
Modeling and Simulation of Translocation Phenomenon in a Solid State Nanopore for Nanoparticle Separation

Solid state nanopore is a potential candidate for separation of nanoparticles or biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA. However, efficient separation of particles through nanopores is a challenging task as a number of factors such as externally applied voltage, size and charge density of particle, size and charge density of membrane pore, and the concentration of bulk electrolyte influence the translocation behavior of nanoparticles through pores. This paper uses a mathematical model based on Poisson–Nernst–Plank equations along with Navier-Stokes equations to systematically study these factors. Membrane pore surface charge is found to be a vital parameter in this seperation process. Numerical results reveal that efficient separation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) from low density lipoprotein (LDL) in a 0.2 M KCL solution (resembling blood buffer) through a 150 nm pore is possible if the pore surface charge density is around −4.0 mC/m2 .Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Dynamics of chiral liquid crystals under applied shear

We simulate the alignment dynamics of cholesteric (chiral) rod-like liquid crystals by using a Landau-de Gennes (LdG) expression for microstructure evolution in response to flow. This study is motivated by recent advances in novel cholesteric nanorod dispersions. Prior work on the modelling of cholesterics has suffered from the restriction of helicity to only a single direction, often with a pre-imposed pitch, due to numerical difficulties. This has severely limited cholesteric modelling in regard to both accuracy and experimental relevance. Our simulations avoid this limitation. Relevant forces on rods include solvent-rod drag, nematic alignment, microstructure elasticity and chiral twist. Phase diagrams are developed to demonstrate the response of these systems to variations in chiral and flow forces. Our results indicate that for low shear rates, chiral and elastic forces prevent the rods from moving in response to flow. At high shear rates, the rods tumble and form unique transient structures (combina...
Niacin Use and Cutaneous Flushing: Mechanisms and Strategies for Prevention

Niacin, or nicotinic acid, has established efficacy for the treatment of dyslipidemia, but the clinical use of niacin has been limited by cutaneous flushing, a well-recognized associated adverse effect. Flushing has been cited as the major reason for the discontinuation of niacin therapy, estimated at rates as high as 25%-40%. A number of studies have established that moderate doses of prostaglandin inhibitors reduce the cutaneous flushing response from niacin administration. Other strategies for reducing flushing include regular consistent dosing, the use of extended-release formulations, patient education, dosing with meals or at bedtime, and the avoidance of alcohol, hot beverages, spicy foods, and hot baths or showers close to or after dosing. Because niacin has recognized cardiovascular benefits, promoting patient awareness of factors that can minimize niacin-induced flushing can help enhance the tolerability of this valuable dyslipidemic agent.
A visual shell interface to a database

Description d'un langage de commande visuel pouvant etre utilise pour creer differentes interfaces utilisateur
Efficient treatment of constraints in large-scale structural optimization

The paper presents a new concept for the treatment of large numbers of stress and displacement constraints in finite dimensional optimal structural design. The idea is to replace a large number of stress and displacement constraints by a small number of equivalent functional constraints. The genesis of this concept is the distributed parameter and transient response structural design formulations where it has been used quite effectively. The major advantage of this constraint formulation is that design sensitivity vectors need to be calculated for only the reduced number of equivalent stress and displacement constraints. Thus, there is substantial computational advantage with the new formulation. Implications of the formulation are studied and several example problems are presented to show its potential in practical design applications.
Cancer stem cells: seeds of growth in osteosarcoma.

Commentary to:Characterization of stem cell attributes in human osteosarcoma cell linesLing Wang, Paul Park, Chia-Yin Lin
Corrigendum to “The cortisol awakening response as a function of PTSD severity and abuse chronicity in sheltered battered women” [J. Anxiety Disord. 22 (2008) 793–800]

The author states, “In conducting analyses for another manuscript we discovered a typographical error in the syntax for the formula we sed in calculating AUCG. We have since re-run the analyses which resulted in different findings for abuse chronicity. The correlations for UCG initially presented in Table 1 do not change in significance, however, the values slightly change with significant correlations between UCG and AUCI (r = .47, p .05). However, whereas in the original manuscript, after controlling for PTSD, abuse chronicity predicted AUCG, upon orrection, after controlling for IPV-related PTSD, AUCG did not significantly relate to abuse chronicity, and the relationship between AUCG nd IPV-related PTSD was strengthened (see table). Of note, additional participants have been added to this dataset over time; whereas the 008 publication considered 52 participants, we have now examined 100 participants. Re-running the analyses from the 2008 paper on the arger dataset reveal that the results are now consistent with those we erroneously included in 2008: when including both IPV-related PTSD nd abuse chronicity in the final step of a hierarchical regression, abuse chronicity significantly relates to AUCG (beta = −.265, t = −2.539, = .013), while IPV-related PTSD is only marginally significant (beta = .200, t = 1.801, p = .075). Therefore, it appears that with greater power fforded by a larger sample size the original erroneous findings become significant.” The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
The temperature-dependent self-association of β-lactoglobulin C in glycine buffers

Abstract The self-association of β-lactoglobulin C at low pH (ca. 2.5) in glycine buffers has been studied at four temperatures, 10, 16, 20, and 25 °C, by low- and high-speed sedimentation equilibrium experiments. One buffer had an ionic strength of 0.1 and the other an ionic strength of 0.2. With either buffer the concentration dependence of the apparent weight average molecular weight, Mwa, was characteristic of a nonideal self-association. Like its genetic variants, β-lactoglobulin A and B, the self-association of β-lactoglobulin C increased with decreasing temperature; however, at the same temperature the association was always stronger in the buffer having the higher ionic strength. Several models were used to test the self-association, and a monomer-dimer self-association seemed to describe the self-association best with either buffer. Values of the association equilibrium constant, K2, and the second virial coefficient, BM1, are reported at each temperature for both series of experiments. Values of the thermodynamic functions, ΔG °, ΔH °, and ΔS °, are also reported for these experiments.
X-ray structure analysis and the intervalent electron transfer in organic mixed-valence crystals with bridged aromatic cation radicals.

X-ray crystallography identifies the aromatic donor group D = 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl to be a suitable redox center for the construction of organic mixed-valence crystals owing to its large structural change attendant upon 1e oxidation to the cation−radical (D•+). The combination of cyclic voltammetry, dynamic ESR line broadening, and electronic (NIR) spectroscopy allows the intervalence electron transfer between the redox centers in the mixed-valence system D-br-D•+ [where br can be an aliphatic trimethylene or an aromatic (poly)phenylene bridge] to be probed quantitatively. Independent measures of the electronic coupling matrix element (H) for D/D•+ electron exchange via Mulliken−Hush theory accord with the X-ray crystallographic databoth sufficient to consistently identify the various D-br-D•+ according to the Robin−Day classification. Thus, the directly coupled biaryl D−D•+ is a completely delocalized cation in class III with the charge distributed equally over both redox centers. The trimethylen...
Model experiments for propellant embedded rock anchors

Propellant embedded anchors can be used to secure offshore platforms by rapidly anchoring them in seafloor rock. Field tests conducted by the U.S. Navy showed inconsistent results. A more promising approach seems to be modelling of anchor penetration and pullout resistance in jointed rock based on first principles. In this paper, physical model tests are described with which the physical phenomena are investigated and which will serve as a basis for predictive analytical models. The laboratory experiments, conducted with fasteners to model the anchors and with jointed and intact rock models made from gypsum, showed that basic intact material properties, joint configuration and individual joint properties influence penetration and pullout resistance. If the behavior is brittle, penetration is accompanied by cracking, otherwise ductile continuum deformation occurs. Jointing affects cracking in that closer joint spacing restricts cracking to fewer “joint bounded plates” but increases the number of cracks in the individual plate. The increased cracking intensity leads to a reduced pullout resistance. For purposes of analytical modelling, one can therefore, in a first step, build upon established relations between intact meterial, joint geometry and individual joint characteristics.
Silicon, Silica and Silicone in New York

In our technologically advancing world, silicon has become the foundation for a majority of the electronic products that we use everyday. From computers to hand-held devices to medical products, our lives basically revolve around silicon. New York is one of many states that has transformed silicon and silicon-based compounds into the commercial applications that we have incorporated into our lifestyle. In this paper, the presence of silicon in the great state of New York is reviewed.
NORMALIZATION OF PLASMA NOREPINEPHRINE FOLLOWING REPAIR OF INTRACARDIAC LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNTS

NORMALIZATION OF PLASMA NOREPINEPHRINE FOLLOWING REPAIR OF INTRACARDIAC LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNTS
Hypermotor seizures in patients with temporal pole lesions

Hypermotor seizures are considered to be characteristic of frontal lobe epilepsy, with only rare occurrence in temporal lobe epilepsy. After noting hypermotor seizures in several patients with lesions involving the pole of the temporal lobe, we investigated whether temporal pole lesions were associated with hypermotor seizures. We systematically reviewed medical records, MRI images and pathological findings in consecutive patients who underwent epilepsy surgery over the preceding 10 years in our institution and identified eight patients with temporal pole lesions and intractable complex partial seizures. We analyzed all recorded seizures for semiology, classifying seizures as hypermotor or typical "psychomotor." Four patients exhibited hypermotor seizure semiology and four patients manifested typical psychomotor seizure characteristics. In patients with hypermotor seizures, scalp EEG tended to demonstrate lateral anterior temporal ictal onset, with lesser involvement of the sphenoidal electrode, while the patients with psychomotor seizures had initial inferomesial temporal rhythmic theta activity. Two patients with hypermotor seizures had implanted frontal and temporal subdural grids demonstrating orbitofrontal spread before hypermotor behavior. Patients underwent either anterior temporal lobectomy or lesionectomy. All improved considerably, with six patients seizure-free since surgery. We conclude that hypermotor seizures occur frequently in patients with temporal pole lesions. A search for temporal pole pathology is recommended for patients with hypermotor seizures and temporal epileptiform discharges. Modification of the surgical approach to include this region should be considered in patients who exhibit hypermotor seizures.
Weakest-link attacker-defender games with multiple attack technologies†

In this article, we examine a model of terrorism that focuses on the tradeoffs facing a terrorist organization that has two qualitatively different attack modes at its disposal. The terrorist organization's objective is to successfully attack at least one target. Success for the target government is defined as defending all targets from any and all attacks. In this context, we examine how terrorist entities strategically utilize an efficient but discrete attack technology - e.g., suicide attacks - when a more conventional mode of attack is available, and the optimal anti-terrorism measures. © Copyright 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The associations between El Niño–Southern Oscillation and tropical South American climate in a regional climate model

[1] High-resolution regional climate models (RCMs), run over a limited domain, are increasingly used to simulate seasonal to interannual climate variability over South America and to assess the spatiotemporal impact of future climate change under a variety of emission scenarios. These models often give a better spatiotemporal representation of climate at a regional scale; however, they are subject to errors introduced by the driving global models. Here we analyze two different simulations with the Hadley Centre Regional Climate Modeling System Providing Regional Climate for Impact Studies (PRECIS) model over tropical South America. The two simulations cover the same 30 year period (1961–1990) but were forced with different lateral boundary conditions. The first simulation was forced with the Hadley Centre Atmospheric Model version 3 (baseline), and the second was forced with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-analysis (ERA) data. Our results indicate that the ERA-forced simulation more accurately portrays seasonal temperature and precipitation, consistent with previous studies. Empirical orthogonal function and spatial regression analyses further indicate that the ERA-forced simulation more realistically simulates the El Nino–Southern Oscillation related fingerprint on interannual climate variability over South America during austral summer. The two gridded observational data sets used for model validation display large differences, which highlight significant uncertainties and errors in observational data sets over this region. In some instances the observational data quality is rivaled or even surpassed by the ERA-forced RCM results.
El alfabetismo y las familias latinas: A Critical Perspective on the Literacy Values and Practices of Latino Families With Young Children

This study investigated literacy values and practices among Latino families with preschool-age children. Results are part of a larger study that looked at the efficacy of a pediatric-based early literacy promotion program called Reach Out and Read (ROR). Participants included families participating in a ROR program in which pediatricians-in-training gave advice to parents at each of their child's routine exams. Advice consisted of “prescriptions to read” with the child every day. Drawing on a sociocultural framework, the results demonstrate that families were engaged in a range of culturally relevant literacy activities not always recognized or supported by early literacy programs like ROR.
The Scaffold Protein Gravin (cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase-anchoring Protein 250) Binds the β2-Adrenergic Receptor via the Receptor Cytoplasmic Arg-329 to Leu-413 Domain and Provides a Mobile Scaffold during Desensitization

The cyclic AMP-dependent kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) function as scaffolds for a wide-range of protein-protein interactions. The 250-kDa AKAP known as gravin plays a central role in organizing G-protein-coupled receptors to the protein kinases and phosphatases that regulate receptor function in desensitization, resensitization, and sequestration. Although gravin is critical for G-protein-linked receptor biology, the molecular features of the receptor necessary for interaction with this scaffold are not known. Herein, we map the regions of the β2-adrenergic receptor that are required for binding to gravin. Intracellular loops 1, 2, and 3 appear not to participate in the binding of the receptor to the scaffold. In contrast, the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of the receptor (Arg-329 to Leu-413) competes readily for the binding of the β2-adrenergic receptor by gravin, both using in vitro and in vivo assays. C-terminally truncated peptides with sequences ranging from Arg-329 to Leu-342 (13 aminoacyl residues), to Asn-352 (23 residues), to Tyr-366 (37 residues), to Asp-380 (51 residues), or to His-390 (61 residues), as well as N-terminally truncated peptides from Gln-391 to Leu-413 (23 residues) or Leu-381 to Leu-413 (33 residues) displayed no ability to block binding of receptor to gravin. The combination of Arg-329 to His-390 peptide and Gln-391 to Leu-413 peptide, however, reconstitutes a fragmented but full-length C-terminal region and also potently blocks the ability of gravin to bind the β2-adrenergic receptor. The gravin-receptor interaction was examined in response to agonist by confocal microscopy. Remarkably, the association of the receptor with gravin was not disrupted during agonist-induced sequestration. The receptor-scaffold complex was maintained during agonist-induced sequestration. These data, in agreement with the biochemical data, reveal that gravin binds the receptor through the β2-adrenergic receptor C-terminal cytoplasmic domain and that this interaction is maintained as the receptor is internalized. This is the first report of an AKAP scaffold protein translocating with its receptor, in this case a G-protein-coupled receptor.
The Second James K. Mitchell Lecture Undisturbed sand strength from seismic cone tests

During routine site investigations, high-quality sampling and laboratory testing of sands are not feasible because of inevitable sample disturbance effects and budgetary constraints. Herein, a select database is compiled for calibration of cone penetration test (CPT) interpretative methods, primarily from undisturbed frozen sand samples at 15 sites in Japan, Canada, Italy, Norway, and China. The database is used to evaluate the peak secant friction angle in terms of the normalized cone tip resistance using two analytical approaches: (i) spherical cavity expansion theory with an operational rigidity index , and (ii) a limit plasticity formulation with appropriate angle of plastification . Backfigured values of and are found correlated to the normalized small-strain stiffness . Thus, with measurements taken of both the initial shear modulus and shear strength, seismic cone tests offer the opportunity to derive the entire stress–strain–strength response of sands at all depths.
CONTROL OF GLUCONEOGENESIS IN THE BABOON FETUS

Regulation of gluconeogenesis has been studied in 4 baboon fetuses (135-140 d.) with catheters chronically placed in the inferior vena cava and aorta, using a single isotope-labeled precursor technique. A primed infusion of [u-14C] lactate (Lac) was administered to the fetus to steady state over 150 min. Net Lac to glucose (Glu) conversion was evaluated by comparing fetal (Fet) and Maternal (Mat) dpm and specific activity (S.A.) of Lac and Glu during Mat fed (4), fasting (4), and Glu infusion (1) (Iglu). Mat/Fet Glu dpm were 36.0±1.9% fed, 51.4±3.1% fasting (p<.001) and 9.2% during Iglu. Mat/Fet Glu S.A. was 27.6±2.4% fed, 44.7±5.2% fasting (p<.001) and 9.5% during Iglu. Fet to Mat placental transfer of Glu and Lac is more efficient in the baboon than in the sheep, but higher Fet than Mat 14C Glu enrichment confirms the capacity of the primate fetus for gluconeogenesis. Fet gluconeogenesis from Lac is regulated by Mat nutrient status and substrate supply.
Dual Roles of an E-Helix Residue, Glu167, in the Transcriptional Activator Function of CooA

CooA is a transcriptional activator that mediates CO-dependent expression of the genes responsible for CO oxidation in Rhodospirillum rubrum. In this study, we suggest in vitro and in vivo models explaining an unusual requirement of CooA for millimolar levels of divalent cations for high-affinity DNA binding. Several lines of evidence indicate that an E-helix residue, Glu167, plays a central role in this requirement by inhibiting sequence-specific DNA binding via charge repulsion in the absence of any divalent cation and that divalent cations relieve such repulsion in the process of DNA binding by CooA. Unexpectedly, the Glu167 residue is the optimal residue for in vivo transcriptional activity of CooA. We present a model in which the Glu167 from the downstream subunit of CooA helps the protein to interact with RNA polymerase, probably through an interaction between activating region 3 and sigma subunit. The study was further extended to a homologous protein, cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP), which revealed similar, but not identical, roles of the residue in this protein as well. The results show a unique mechanism of CooA modulating its DNA binding and transcriptional activation in response to divalent cations among the CRP/FNR (fumarate and nitrate reductase activator protein) superfamily of regulators.
Robust strict positive realness via polynomial positivity

This paper attempts to convert the strictly positive real (SPR) conditions for rational functions and matrices to conditions involving only positivity of polynomials. The new polynomial formulation provides efficient SPR criteria for functions and matrices with uncertain parameters. To establish the robust SPR property it suffices to test positivity of only two uncertain polynomials for functions and three for matrices. The most interesting feature of the proposed polynomial approach is that all coefficients of the uncertain functions and matrices can have polynomial uncertainty structures. This generality is easily handled in numerical computations by applying the Bernstein expansion algorithm.
Factorization of synchronous context-free grammars in linear time

Factoring a Synchronous Context-Free Grammar into an equivalent grammar with a smaller number of nonterminals in each rule enables synchronous parsing algorithms of lower complexity. The problem can be formalized as searching for the tree-decomposition of a given permutation with the minimal branching factor. In this paper, by modifying the algorithm of Uno and Yagiura (2000) for the closely related problem of finding all common intervals of two permutations, we achieve a linear time algorithm for the permutation factorization problem. We also use the algorithm to analyze the maximum SCFG rule length needed to cover hand-aligned data from various language pairs.
Evolutionary synthesis of kinematic mechanisms

This paper discusses the application of genetic programming to the synthesis of compound two-dimensional kinematic mechanisms, and benchmarks the results against one of the classical kinematic challenges of 19th century mechanical design. Considerations for selecting a representation for mechanism design are presented, and a number of human-competitive inventions are shown.
Efficient event-driven simulation by exploiting the output observability of gate clusters

State machine-based simulation is an efficient event-driven simulation technique which has been used to simulate gate-level circuits. Although this approach has been proven to be successful, the techniques that have been used up to now have been limited in several ways. This paper introduces generic state machines that can be used in a wide variety of contexts. These machines are then used to create efficient new simulation techniques that can be applied not just to gates, but to a wide variety of specifications, including Boolean expressions, binary decision diagrams and truth tables. These techniques can combine clusters of gates into a single simulation unit that can be simulated as efficiently as a single gate. The resultant state machines can be simplified by identifying and combining symmetric inputs. Two different types of symmetries can be detected, ordinary symmetry, such as that exhibited by an AND gate, and inverted symmetry, where an input is symmetric with the complement of another input. Both sorts of symmetry can be used for state machine simplification. Experimental results show a substantial reduction in simulation time for complex circuits.
Do you know the sex of your cells

Do you know the sex of your cells? Not a question that is frequently heard around the lab bench, yet thanks to recent research is probably one that should be asked. It is self-evident that cervical epithelial cells would be derived from female tissue and prostate cells from a male subject (exemplified by HeLa and LnCaP, respectively), yet beyond these obvious examples, it would be true to say that the sex of cell lines derived from non-reproductive tissue, such as lung, intestine, kidney, for example, is given minimal if any thought. After all, what possible impact could the presence of a Y chromosome have on the biochemistry and cell biology of tissues such as the exocrine pancreatic acini? Intriguingly, recent evidence has suggested that far from being irrelevant, genes expressed on the sex chromosomes can have a marked impact on the biology of such diverse tissues as neurons and renal cells. It is also policy of AJP-Cell Physiology that the source of all cells utilized (species, sex, etc.) should be clearly indicated when submitting an article for publication, an instruction that is rarely followed (http://www.the-aps.org/mm/Publications/Info-For-Authors/Composition). In this review we discuss recent data arguing that the sex of cells being used in experiments can impact the cell's biology, and we provide a table outlining the sex of cell lines that have appeared in AJP-Cell Physiology over the past decade.
β-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation and Activation of Protein Kinase A Protect Against α1-Adrenergic–Mediated Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase D and Histone Deacetylase 5

Abstract Introduction Chronic activation of β 1 -adrenergic receptor (β 1 -AR) signaling can have deleterious effects on the heart, and animal models overexpressing β 1 -ARs develop a dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. In the classic β-AR pathway, receptor occupancy by an agonist results in increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). However, the role of PKA-dependent signaling in the development and progression of cardiomyopathies and heart failure is controversial, because β-AR signal transduction is generally desensitized in the failing heart and PKA activity is not increased. Methods and Results Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were acutely (15 minutes) or chronically (48 hours) treated with isoproterenol, and phosphorylation of protein kinase D (PKD) and histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) was measured. Acute β 1 -AR stimulation or expression of constitutively active (CA) PKA reduced α 1 -adrenergic-mediated phosphorylation of HDAC5 and PKD by activation of a phosphatase. Overexpression of CA-PKA also reduced α 1 -adrenergic–mediated increased expression of contractile protein fetal isoforms and promoted repression of adult isoforms, but had no effect on α 1 -adrenergic–mediated cellular hypertrophy. Conclusions These data indicate that the PKA-dependent arm of β-AR signaling can be antihypertrophic and presumably beneficial, through dephosphorylation of PKD and HDAC5 and reduction of hypertrophic fetal isoform gene expression.
Acute management of the upper airway in facial burns and smoke inhalation.

• Among 740 patients with acute burns who were admitted to our burn center from 1972 through 1975, thirty-six required upper airway access within the first 24 hours after burn for oral and facial burns or smoke inhalation. Nasotracheal intubation was initially used. Twelve survived; 11 were successfully extubated and one required a tracheostomy. If the patient had not sustained major smoke inhalation, extubation was usually possible without tracheostomy when edema subsided between one and six days after the burn. It is concluded that endotracheal intubation is a satisfactory method of gaining airway control in severe oral and facial burns and in smoke inhalation. The mortality associated with orofacial burns or smoke inhalation is related to the degree of lung damage, patient's age, and the extent of the burn; it is not related to the method of upper airway control. ( Arch Surg 111:744-749, 1976)
An efficient microwave-assisted synthesis method for the production of water soluble amine-terminated Si nanoparticles

Silicon nanoparticles can be considered a green material, especially when prepared via a microwave-assisted method without the use of highly reactive reducing agents or hydrofluoric acid. A simple solution synthesis of hydrogen-terminated Si- and Mn-doped Si nanoparticles via microwave-assisted synthesis is demonstrated. The reaction of the Zintl salt, Na(4)Si(4), or Mn-doped Na(4)Si(4), Na(4)Si(4(Mn)), with ammonium bromide, NH(4)Br, produces small dispersible nanoparticles along with larger particles that precipitate. Allylamine and 1-amino-10-undecene were reacted with the hydrogen-terminated Si nanoparticles to provide water solubility and stability. A one-pot, single-reaction process and a one-pot, two-step reaction process were investigated. Details of the microwave-assisted process are provided, with the optimal synthesis being the one-pot, two-step reaction procedure and a total time of about 15 min. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction, and fluorescence spectroscopies. The microwave-assisted method reliably produces a narrow size distribution of Si nanoparticles in solution.
Transcendentalism and Urbanism: Concord, Boston, and the Wider World

The town of Concord, Massachusetts, is widely celebrated in American culture as a pastoral place. It was the home of the Minutemen, the “embattled farmers” who fought the Redcoats at the Old North Bridge and launched the War for Independence. More than a half-century later, it became the bucolic center of the American Renaissance, where Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau waged their own revolutions of the spirit. In these terms, Concord readily plays its part within the longstanding American opposition between country and city, serving as the timeless small town, the symbolic guardian of that rural simplicity and love of liberty so regularly invoked in times of crisis to recall a complex urban-industrial nation to its roots. Even today, when the town numbers some 16,000 people, Concordians like to picture their community as a “climate for freedom.”
Accelerator fast kicker R&D with ultra compact 50MVA nano-second FID pulse generator

We present in this paper our research and development of accelerator fast kicker with a solid state FID pulse generator. This is the first attempt to test a high strength fast kicker with a nano-second high pulse power generator for large hadron accelerators and colliders. The FID pulse generator features a 10 ns pulse rise time (2%-98%), 30ns pulse fall time, 50 ns flat top pulse duration, 100 Hz repetition rate, and peak amplitude of 50 kV and 1.0 kA. We have successfully tested the system with long length transmission cable, RHIC injection kicker magnet, matched and mismatched resistive load. The pulse generator is ultra compact and its size is comparable to a digital oscilloscope. The existing RHIC injection kicker system has four oil filled tri-axial Blumlein generators occupying a floor space of about 1000 square feet. A set of four FID pulse generators would fit into a single rack. It has a potential space saving of 50 to 100 times. Another advantage is its ultra fast current slew rate surpassing the thyratron and traditional modulator system. The technology is impressive and results are encouraging.
Vision as a compensatory mechanism for disturbance rejection in upwind flight

Recent experimental results demonstrate that flies possess a robust tendency to orient towards the frontally-centered focus of the visual motion field that typically occurs during upwind flight. We present a closed loop flight model, with a control algorithm based on feedback of the location of the visual focus of contraction, which is affected by changes in wind direction. The feasibility of visually guided upwind orientation is demonstrated with a model derived from current understanding of the biomechanics and sensorimotor computation of insects. The matched filter approach used to model the visual system computations compares extremely well with open-loop experimental data.
MicroRNA-34a perturbs B lymphocyte development by repressing the forkhead box transcription factor Foxp1.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can influence lineage choice or affect critical developmental checkpoints during hematopoiesis. We examined the role of the p53-induced microRNA miR-34a in hematopoiesis by gain-of-function analysis in murine bone marrow. Constitutive expression of miR-34a led to a block in B cell development at the pro-B-cell-to-pre-B-cell transition, leading to a reduction in mature B cells. This block appeared to be mediated primarily by inhibited expression of the transcription factor Foxp1. Foxp1 was a direct target of miR-34a in a 3′-untranslated region (UTR)-dependent fashion. Knockdown of Foxp1 by siRNA recapitulated the B cell developmental phenotype induced by miR-34a, whereas cotransduction of Foxp1 lacking its 3′ UTR with miR-34a rescued B cell maturation. Knockdown of miR-34a resulted in increased amounts of Foxp1 and mature B cells. These findings identify a role for miR-34a in connecting the p53 network with suppression of Foxp1, a known B cell oncogene.
Reply to "Comments on 'a theory of the Hooge parameters of solid state devices'"

We clarify here our use of the Hooge parameter and indicate what we mean with verifying Handel's quantum theory of the 1/f noise.
Assessing the Impacts of Different WRF Precipitation Physics in Hurricane Simulations

AbstractNumerical weather prediction models play a major role in weather forecasting, especially in cases of extreme events. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), among others, is extensively used for both research and practical applications. Previous studies have highlighted the sensitivity of this model to microphysics and cumulus schemes. This study investigated the performance of the WRF in forecasting precipitation, hurricane track, and landfall time using various microphysics and cumulus schemes. A total of 20 combinations of microphysics and cumulus schemes were used, and the model outputs were validated against ground-based observations. While the choice of microphysics and cumulus schemes can significantly impact model output, it is not the case that any single combination can be considered “ideal” for modeling all characteristics of a hurricane, including precipitation amount, areal extent, hurricane track, and the time of landfall. For example, the model’s ability to simulate precip...
Extending the fast multipole method for charges inside a dielectric sphere in an ionic solvent: High-order image approximations for reaction fields

As a sequel to our previous paper on extending the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) for charges inside a dielectric sphere [J. Comput. Phys. 223 (2007) 846-864], this paper further extends the FMM to the electrostatic calculation for charges inside a dielectric sphere immersed in an ionic solvent, a scenery with more relevance in biological applications. The key findings include two fourth-order multiple discrete image approximations in terms of u=@la to the reaction field induced by the ionic solvent, provided that u=@la<1 where @l is the inverse Debye screening length of the ionic solvent and a is the radius of the dielectric sphere. A 10^-^4 relative accuracy in the reaction field of a source charge within the sphere can be achieved with only 3-4 point image charges. Together with the image charges, the FMM can be used to speed up the calculation of electrostatic interactions of charges in a dielectric sphere immersed in an ionic solvent.
Analysis of Regional Mechanics in Canine Lung Injury Using Forced Oscillations and 3D Image Registration

Acute lung injury is characterized by heterogeneity of regional mechanical properties, which is thought to be correlated with disease severity. The feasibility of using respiratory input impedance (Zrs) and computed tomographic (CT) image registration for assessing parenchymal mechanical heterogeneity was evaluated. In six dogs, measurements of Zrs before and after oleic acid injury at various distending pressures were obtained, followed by whole lung CT scans. Each Zrs spectrum was fit with a model incorporating variable distributions of regional compliances. CT image pairs at different inflation pressures were matched using an image registration algorithm, from which distributions of regional compliances from the resulting anatomic deformation fields were computed. Under baseline conditions, average model compliance decreased with increasing inflation pressure, reflecting parenchymal stiffening. After lung injury, these average compliances decreased at each pressure, indicating derecruitment, alveolar flooding, or alterations in intrinsic tissue elastance. However, average compliance did not change as inflation pressure increased, consistent with simultaneous recruitment and strain stiffening. Image registration revealed peaked distributions of regional compliances, and that small portions of the lung might undergo relative compression during inflation. The authors conclude that assessments of lung function using Zrs combined with the structural alterations inferred from image registration provide unique but complementary information on the mechanical derangements associated with lung injury.
A Qumran Parallel to Paul

One of the most debated points in Paul's labored effort to explain why women should not pray or prophesy with their heads unveiled (1 Cor. 11:2–16) is the reason given in the phrase of verse 10 διὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. It is therefore obvious that attention ought to be called to a similar passage in the two column fragment from Cave 1 at Qumran. Whether 1 QS A is or is not part of the Manual of Discipline (1 QS) it is also a fragment of rules for the Community. It was published in Qumran Cave I. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, I, edited by Barthelemy (Oxford, 1955). I give below the relevant passage Col. 2 lines 3–9 from the translation by H. Neil Richardson.
So, You Think You Are a Requirements Engineer?

The success of a task relies on the expertise of its owner to a great degree. But what is the anticipated expertise? In what areas? Our research intends to investigate the skill sets anticipated of requirements engineers. This paper presents a model of the varying levels of RE expertise within the context of the main RE domains. Identifying the layers of RE expertise can provide more realistic expectations of the anticipated expertise. This understanding can in turn be utilised to increase tool usability (by embedding appropriate support for users' expertise), course development (by identifying the anticipated competencies a student demonstrated at the end of a course), task allocation and employment in industry (mapping capability required to a person 's expertise)
Electric organ discharges and electric images during electrolocation

Weakly electric fish use active electrolocation - the generation and detection of electric currents - to explore their surroundings. Although electrosensory systems include some of the most extensively understood circuits in the vertebrate central nervous system, relatively little is known quantitatively about how fish electrolocate objects. We believe a prerequisite to understanding electrolocation and its underlying neural substrates is to quantify and visualize the peripheral electrosensory information measured by the electroreceptors. We have therefore focused on reconstructing both the electric organ discharges (EODs) and the electric images resulting from nearby objects and the fish's exploratory behaviors. Here, we review results from a combination of techniques, including field measurements, numerical and semi-analytical simulations, and video imaging of behaviors. EOD maps are presented and interpreted for six gymnotiform species. They reveal diverse electric field patterns that have significant implications for both the electrosensory and electromotor systems. Our simulations generated predictions of the electric images from nearby objects as well as sequences of electric images during exploratory behaviors. These methods are leading to the identification of image features and computational algorithms that could reliably encode electrosensory information and may help guide electrophysiological experiments exploring the neural basis of electrolocation.
Interconnect Energy Dissipation in High-Speed ULSI Circuits

This work presents accurate closed-form expressions for the interconnect energy dissipation in high-speed ULSI circuits. Unlike previous works, the energy is calculated using an approximated expression for the driving-point impedance of lossy coupled transmission lines which itself is derived by solving Telegrapher's equations. The effect of electromagnetic (inductive and capacitive) couplings on the energy dissipation is accounted for in the derivations. We synthesize a new stable circuit that is capable of modeling the transmission line for a broad range of frequencies. Experimental results show that the energy calculated using this equivalent circuit is almost equal to the one calculated by solving the more complicated transmission line equations directly.
Empowerment and Sense of Community: Clarifying Their Relationship in Community Organizations

The research reported here tested the factor structure of a measure for sense of community in community organizations, and it evaluated sense of community's potential as an empowering organizational characteristic within an organizational empowerment framework. Randomly selected community organization participants (N = 561) were surveyed as part of a study of a substance abuse prevention initiative located in the northeastern United States. Confirmatory factor analysis verified the putative structure of the sense of community measure tailored to community organizations. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that community organization sense of community significantly predicted intrapersonal empowerment after controlling for demographics, participation, alienation, and other empowering organizational characteristic. Findings imply that organizational sense of community should be considered as an empowering organizational characteristic in community-based health education.
Aortic atheroma morphology and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population

Background Protruding atheromas in the aortic arch are an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke in the elderly. However, the role of atheroma morphologic characteristics (ulceration and mobility) has been less well characterized. Moreover, data have been obtained in predominantly white populations, and little is known about the association between atheromas and stroke in minorities. Methods and Results We performed transesophageal echocardiography in 152 elderly patients with stroke (58 white, 45 black, 49 Hispanic) and in 152 age- and race/ethnicity—matched control patients. Atheromas were classified as small (<4 mm in thickness), large noncomplex (≥4 mm, no ulceration or mobility), and complex (ulcerated or mobile). Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk of stroke associated with different definitions of atheroma in the overall group and in the race-ethnic strata after adjusting for the presence of other stroke risk factors. Complex atheromas were strongly associated with stroke in the overall group (22.4% in cases, 2.6% in control patients; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 17.1, 95% confidence intervals [Cl] 5.1 to 57.3), whereas large noncomplex atheromas conferred a mildly increased stroke risk (22.4% vs 16.5%; adjusted OR 2.4, 95% Cl 1.1 to 5.1). Complex atheromas also were strongly associated with stroke in whites (adjusted OR 24.3, 95% Cl 3.9 to 150.6) and Hispanics (adjusted OR 13.9, 95% Cl 1.4 to 136). In blacks, complex atheromas were significantly more frequent in cases (15.6% vs 0%; P = .006), but their absence in control patients precluded the calculation of the OR. Complex atheromas were twice as frequent in white patients with stroke (32.3%) than in black or Hispanic patients (15.6% and 16.3%, respectively; P = .05). Conclusions Aortic atheroma complexity rather than size is strongly associated with ischemic stroke in the elderly. Complex atheromas are significantly associated with stroke in all 3 race-ethnic subgroups.
Vitamin/Mineral Supplements for Children and Adults with Autism

Vitamins and minerals are the most widely used medical treatment for autism. Many research studies have demonstrated that children and adults with autism often have nutritional and metabolic problems, including problems with methylation, glutathione, oxidative stress, sulfation, lithium, and more. This review summarizes the results of several vitamin/mineral treatment studies conducted by our group, which demonstrate that vitamin/mineral supplements are highly effective in improving many nutritional and metabolic problems, and result in significant improvements in symptoms based on a large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. We recommend that all children and adults with autism consider a 2-3 month trial of a vitamin/mineral supplement designed for individuals with autism that is similar to the one used in our studies. By starting at a low dose, and gradually increasing it, there is minimal risk of adverse effects, and many children and adults are likely to benefit, sometimes substantially.