cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A role for calmodulin in the regulation of steroidogenesis.

Two approaches were used to study the possible role of calmodulin in the regulation of steroid synthesis by mouse adrenal tumor cells: trifluoperazine was used as an inhibitor of calmodulin and liposomes were used to deliver calmodulin into the cells. Trifluoperazine inhibits three steroidogenic responses to both ACTH and dibutyryl cyclic AMP: (a) increase in steroid production, (b) increased transport of cholesterol to mitochondria, and (c) increased side-chain cleavage by mitochondria isolated from cells incubated with ACTH or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. When calmodulin is introduced into the cells via liposomes, steroid synthesis is slightly stimulated. When calmodulin extensively dialyzed against EGTA, this stimulation is abolished. Ca(2+) introduced via liposomes was also without effect. However, when both calmodulin and Ca(2+) are introduced via liposomes (either in separate liposomes or in the same liposomes), steroid synthesis is stimulated. This stimulation does not occur when either anticalmodulin antibodies or EGTA is also present in the liposomes or when trifluoperazine is present in the incubation medium. Calmodulin and Ca(2+) presented together in liposomes to the cells stimulate transport of cholesterol to mitochondria, and side-chain cleavage activity is greater in mitochondria isolated from cells previously fused with liposomes containing calmodulin and Ca(2+) than in mitochondria from cells fused with liposomes containing buffer only. These observations suggest that calmodulin may be involved in regulating the transport of cholesterol to mitochondria, a process which is stimulated by ACTH and dibutyryl cyclic AMP and which may account, at least in part, for the increase in steroid synthesis produced by these agents.
UV spectroscopy of perylene-CO van der Waals complexes

Abstract A preliminary study of perylene-CO van der Waals complexes has been conducted. The spectroscopy of the major-in-plane and out-of-plane features of the 1:1 and 1:2 perylene-CO aggregates has been analyzed. Little perturbation to the G20 “butterfly” out-of-plane mode is seen in the complex, indicating that the CO moiety may be centered above the perylene plane. An energy shift of −82.5 and −81.9 cm−1 is observed for 1:1 complexes associated with the 000 and A10 modes, respectively, of perylene. An electrostatic perturbation model is used to estimate the ground state well depth and intermolecular separation of 1:1 perylene-CO as D″e = 865 cm−1 and re=3.4 A.
Prolongation of hexobarbital sleeping time and inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism by adrenergic blocking agents in mice

Abstract The adrenergic blocking agents tolazoline, hydralazine, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, azapetine, and yohimbine prolonged hexobarbital sleeping time in mice at room temperature. All these drugs demonstrated a rapid onset and short duration of action with regard to their effect on sleeping time. Keeping mice in an oven set at 30–32° reversed the hypothermic effects of these drugs and partially or completely reversed the prolongation of sleeping time which was seen at room temperature. Significant prolongation of sleeping time at elevated environmental temperature was produced only by pretreatment with hydralazine, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, and azapetine. Only the last four of the six drugs studied also inhibited various oxidative pathways of hepatic drug metabolism in vitro .
Chemical Genetics and Orphan Genetic Diseases

Many orphan diseases have been identified that individually affect small numbers of patients but cumulatively affect approximately 6%-10% of the European and United States populations. Human genetics has become increasingly effective at identifying genetic defects underlying such orphan genetic diseases, but little progress has been made toward understanding the causal molecular pathologies and creating targeted therapies. Chemical genetics, positioned at the interface of chemistry and genetics, can be used for elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying diseases and for drug discovery. This review discusses recent advances in chemical genetics and how small-molecule tools can be used to study and ultimately treat orphan genetic diseases. We focus here on a case study involving spinal muscular atrophy, a pediatric neurodegenerative disease caused by homozygous deletion of the SMN1 (survival of motor neuron 1) gene.
An apparatus for the fluorescence scanning of ethidium bromide-stained gels

Abstract An apparatus has been constructed which permits a conventional gel-scanning apparatus to be used for the fluorescence scanning of nucleic acid bands in either agarose or polyacrylamide gels stained with ethidium bromide. The method involves the use of an ultraviolet (uv) light source perpendicular to the plane of the photodetector and a filter system to remove uv light. It is demonstrated that the method yields quantitative results and has a fourfold greater sensitivity than absorbance scanning for agarose gels.
A kit for eus-guided access and drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: efficacy in a porcine model.

Objective : Transluminal pseudocyst drainage with currently available tools remains technically challenging, time consuming and limited to fluid collections adherent to the GI tract. Multiple tools and steps are still required to achieve pseudocyst drainage. We evaluated a novel kit to facilitate endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided access, drainage and rapid decompression in a porcine model. Methods : The kit consists of the NAVIX access device and the AXIOS stent delivery system. The NAVIX contains an inner trocar for puncture and an outer dual balloon catheter for anchorage and dilation. The AXIOS stent is a fully covered dual flanged stent. Both are inserted through the working channel of a curved linear array echoendoscope. In a porcine model, a gallbladder was used as a proxy for a pseudocyst. Results : Six Yorkshire pigs underwent this procedure successfully without complication and 3 of them were kept alive. After a 4-week implantation period, the AXIOS stents were removed easily using a snare and the 3 animals were observed for an additional 4 weeks. The stents were well-tolerated by the stomach and gallbladder tissues, as confirmed by weekly endoscopic inspection, gross necropsy and histopathology. Conclusion : EUS-guided transluminal access and drainage of the porcine gallbladder was technical feasible using a novel kit. This kit has the potential to simplify, streamline, and improve the safety of pancreatic pseudocyst drainage.
Linear image processing and anomalous scattering

Abstract The complete analytical image model for bright field transmission electron micrographs contains several nonlinear image components as well as several linear image components all of which are degraded by noise and an instrumental transfer function. When these small nonlinear image components are neglected it is possible, using linear processing, to recover the complete complex ideal unaberrated image from a series of micrographs taken at different defocus. The imaginary part of this ideal image is due to the so called “anomalous” part of the elastic electron-atom scattering amplitudes. In this paper the effects of neglecting the nonlinear terms are tested qualitatively and quantitatively. A theoretical phase grating calculation (including nonlinear imaging effects) of a hypothetical specimen of sixteen single atoms with varying atomic number, Z, is used to simulate a defocus series which is subsequently processed with a linear image reconstruction procedure. Quantitative agreement of the reconstructed image with the ideal unaberrated image of comparable resolution is excellent. The real part of the reconstructed image is accurate to 0.68% and the imaginary part of the reconstructed image is accurate to 3.10%. The contrast variation in the reconstructed image is found to be roughly proportional to Z0.67 for the real part of the image and roughly proportional to Z1.29 for the imaginary part of the image.
Three-dimensional echocardiography improves noninvasive assessment of left ventricular volume and performance.

Abstract To calculate left ventricular (LV) volume by two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), assumptions must be made about ventricular symmetry and geometry. Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) can quantitate LV volume without these limitations, yet its incremental value over 2DE is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of LV volume determination by 3DE to standard 2DE methods. To compare the accuracy of 3DE with standard 2DE algorithms for quantitating LV volume, 28 excised canine ventricles of known volume and varying shapes (15 symmetric and 13 aneurysmal) and 10 instrumented dogs prepared so that instantaneous ventricular volume could be measured were examined by 2DE (bullet and biplane Simpson's formulas) and again by 3DE. In both excised and beating hearts, 3DE was more accurate in quantitating volume than either 2DE method (excised: error = 0.6 ± 3.2, 2.5 ± 10.7, and 4.0 ± 8.5 ml by 3D, bullet, and Simpson's, respectively; beating: error = −0.5 ± 3.5, −0.3 ± 9.6, and −7.6 ± 8.0 ml by 3DE, bullet, and Simpson's, respectively). This difference in accuracy between 3DE and 2DE methods was especially apparent in asymmetric ventricles distorted by ischemia or right ventricular volume overload. Stroke volume and ejection fraction calculated by 3DE also demonstrated better agreement with actual values than the bullet or Simpson methods with less variability (ejection fraction: error = −0.2% ± 5.1%, 7.7% ± 8.5%, and 6.8% ± 12.3% by 3DE, bullet, and Simpson's, respectively). In both in vitro and in vivo settings, 3DE provides improved accuracy for LV volume and performance than current 2DE algorithms.
Sociocultural and developmental influences on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors of Asian women.

This study is an examination of the influence of sociocultural and developmental factors on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in two Asian populations: 298 Taiwanese-American (TA) women undergoing acculturating changes and 347 Taiwanese (T) women undergoing modernizi
Effects of Ozone Heating on Forced Equatorial Kelvin Waves

Abstract An equatorial beta-plane model of the stratosphere is used to examine the effects of longwave radiational cooling, ozone photochemistry, and ozone advection on the linear spatial modulation of forced equatorial Kelvin waves. The model atmosphere is described by coupled equations for the zonal and meridional momentum, temperature, mass continuity, and ozone volume mixing ratio. For basic states characterized by a vertically sheared zonal wind that is in radiative–photochemical equilibrium, the linearized form of these equations is solved analytically and numerically. Results show that in the lower stratosphere, where the background vertical ozone gradient is positive, the wave amplitude is enhanced, whereas in the upper stratosphere, where temperature-dependent ozone photochemistry predominates, the wave amplitude is reduced. For vertical wind shears typical of the descending quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and semiannual oscillation (SAO) westerlies, it is shown that in the lower (upper) stratos...
Trace-element-rich brines in eclogitic veins: implications for fluid composition and transport during subduction

Primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions occur in oscillatory-and sector-zoned omphacite in eclogitic veins from the Monviso ophiolitic complex in the Western Alps. The inclusions contain aqueous brines and daughter crystals of halite, sylvite, calcite, dolomite, albite, anhydrite and/or gypsum, barite, baddeleyite, rutile, sphene, Fe oxides, pyrite and monazite. This daughter mineral suite indicates high solubilites of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zr, Ti, P, Ba, Ce, La, Th, and S species and provides direct evidence for transport of high-fieldstrenght, large-ion-lithophile, and light-rare-earth elements as dissolved species during subduction. Fluid-inclusion heterogeneities preserved within and between adjacent grains in the veins, however, suggest that the scale of fluid equilibration was small. A crack-seal geometry in some of the veins implies that fluid release in pulses rather than steady flow controlled mineral deposition and growth in the veins. From these observations, we develop a model of fluid release and entrapment in which pulses of fluid are associated in time with increments of shear and tensile failure; the rate of fluid release and the reduction in porosity both depend on the rate of plastic flow. Vein fluids may initially be derived from decreptitation of early fluid inclusions in the host eclogites, Small-scale fluid heterogeneities implied by the fluid inclusions in the veins are best interpreted in terms of limited fluid flow, and hence limited metasomatism. We conclude that element recycling into the mantle wedge during subduction will depend at least as strongly on fluid transport mechanisms as on element solubilities in the fluid phase. At Monviso, despite evidence for high trace element solubilities in saline brines, the elements were not removed from the downgoing slab prior to teaching depths of ∼40 km.
Conflicts of interest concerning the use of implants in the operating room

ordance with ACCME regulations, the American College of ns, as the accredited provider of this journal CME, must that anyone in a position to control the content of the tional activity has disclosed all relevant financial relationships ny commercial interest. The editor and author(s) of this article were required to complete disclosures and any reported conflicts have been managed to our satisfaction. However, if you perceive a bias within the article, please advise us of the circumstances on the evaluation form.
Neonatal septal lesions result in sympathohippocampal innervation in the adult rat.

Abstract Considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that sympathetic axons will invade the rat central nervous system after cholinergic denervation. To determine whether or not the “cholinergicity” of the destroyed pathway is related to its ability to elicit sympathetic sprouting, neonatal septal lesions were placed before the cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal formation had developed. Because sympathetic sprouting occurred in response to these neonatal lesions I conclude that the cholinergic nature of the septohippocampal pathway is not directly related to its ability to elicit sympathetic sprouting. Temporal competition for a target factor is hypothesized to account for the normal absence of a sympathohippocampal innervation and its elicitation after cholinergic denervation.
Kinetic Energy of Liquid and Solid 4He.

We report new path-integral calculations and measurements of the kinetic energy of condensed helium and construct an overall dependence of kinetic energy on temperature for densities less than 70 atoms ${\mathrm{nm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. In the solid phase we find the kinetic energy is almost temperature independent and, surprisingly, has a smaller kinetic energy than the fluid near freezing at the same density. In the high temperature fluid phase, the excess kinetic energy decreases to zero very slowly because of pair scattering from the repulsive interatomic potential.
Equilibrium and growth characteristics of hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking in phosphorus-doped and high purity steels

Abstract By means of fracture mechanics analyses, acoustic emission techniques, and fracture surface analyses by scanning Auger microscopy and X-rays, it was determined how segregated phosphorus, yield strength and grain size affect the equilibrium and growth characteristics of hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking in high strength steels. The effect of yield strength on the threshold stress intensity was found to be greater than those of phosphorus segregation and grain size. The intergranular phosphorus segregation greatly accelerated the growth rate of hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking and caused a large number of acoustic signals to be emitted during the crack growth. The crack growth rate increased in a steel with segregated phosphorus and slightly decreased in high purity steels, where only occasional acoustic emissions were measured during the cracking process, by increasing grain size. Fracture surface analyses indicated more featureless intergranular fracture facets and higher levels of residual strain in the lattice adjacent to the fracture surface in the phosphorus-doped steel than in the high purity steels. These results suggest that while in steels with segregated impurities the macrocrack tends to grow by discretely rapid formation of intergranular microcracking which gives rise to dislocation emissions at the growing crack tip, in high purity steels slow growth of intergranular microcracking proceeds which is accompanied by either the absence or substantial mitigation of dislocation generation at the crack tip.
Effect of joint damping and joint nonlinearity on the dynamics of space structures

Analyses of the effect of linear joint characteristics on the vibrations of a free-free, three-joint beam model show that increasing joint damping increases resonant frequencies and increases modal damping but only to the point where the joint gets 'locked up' by damping. This behavior is different from that predicted by modeling joint damping as proportional damping. Nonlinear analyses of the three-joint model with cubic springs at the joints show all the classical single DOF nonlinear response behavior at each resonance of the multiple DOF system: nondoubling of response for a doubling of forcing amplitude, multiple solutions, jump behavior, and resonant frequency shifts. These properties can be concisely quantified by characteristic backbone curves, which show the locus of resonant peaks for increasing forcing amplitude.
Possible tornado-like tracks on Mars

Distinct atmospheric conditions suggest that dark, ephemeral, filamentary lineations on the martian surface may be formed during the passage of intense atmospheric vortices.
The older adult as learning participant

Abstract The older adult as learner has special needs. Planners of educational programs must take into account such needs. Instrumental (basic, delayed gratification types) and expressive (self-enjoyment, immediate gratification types) needs are two broad categories within which learning activities can be planned. Older adults appear to demonstrate preference for instrumental activities but most current learning opportunities are expressive in nature. In addition, older adults prefer to engage in self-directed planning if given the opportunity. It is suggested that a better scheme for assessing needs and for reaching the self-fulfillment desires of older persons is required of program administrators in institutions of higher education and other agencies.
Liquid phases and solid supports for gas-liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of monosaccharides☆

Abstract XE-60 afforded the best resolution between the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of a monosaccharide mixture containing arabinose, xylone, mannose, galactose and glucose. Critical resolutions involved certain isomers of (a) xylone and mannose, and (b) galactose and glucose. Resolution between the xylone and mannose isomers was related to the liquid phase concentration and complete resolution could be achieved by concentrations of 1.0–1.2% XE-60. Resolution between the galactose and glucose isomers at the liquid phase concentrations was markedly influenced by the solid support and an apparent consequently influence on the number of theoretical plates of the column. This resolution was markedly improved when dimethylchlorosilanetreated Chromosorb W, as compared to a non-silanized Chromosorb W, was used. The relative retention time and approximate isomers abundance for a number of the other monosaccharide TMS derivatives is reported.
General Multilayer Geometrically‐Exact Beams/1‐D Plates with Deformable Layer Thickness: Equations of Motion

We formulate a theory of geometrically-exact multilayer beams and one-dimensional plates that account for the through-the-thickness deformation in each layer, in addition to shear deformation. The complete set of nonlinear equations of motion together with the appropriate boundary conditions are derived, and a linear constitutive law is postulated for the model. The number of layers is arbitrary and unlimited, with a reference layer arbitrarily chosen among the layers. The length and the thickness of each layer are also variable, making the modeling of multilayer structures with ply drop-offs possible. The present theory reduces exactly to the case of multilayer structures without through-the-thickness deformation, and to the case of single-layer structures. The formulation allows the description of large deformation and large overall motion in multilayer structures.
Esophagocolonic fistula presenting as feculent emesis in a pediatric patient post diaphragmatic hernia repair

Esophagocolonic fistula presenting as feculent emesis in a pediatric patient post diaphragmatic hernia repair
The V1-V3 region of a brain-derived HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein determines macrophage tropism, low CD4 dependence, increased fusogenicity and altered sensitivity to entry inhibitors.

Background HIV-1 infects macrophages and microglia in the brain and can cause neurological disorders in infected patients. We and others have shown that brain-derived envelope glycoproteins (Env) have lower CD4 dependence and higher avidity for CD4 than those from peripheral isolates, and we have also observed increased fusogenicity and reduced sensitivity to the fusion inhibitor T-1249. Due to the genetic differences between brain and spleen env from one individual throughout gp120 and in gp41's heptad repeat 2 (HR2), we investigated the viral determinants for the phenotypic differences by performing functional studies with chimeric and mutant Env.
Comments on Cowen, Hanley, and Voth

Cowen, Hanley, and Voth have so ably summarized their work that I can avoid the exercise. Instead I will attempt what my high school teachers dubbed a commentaire compose, a reasoned discussion of the implications of their work guarded by a few remarks about the potential weaknesses of their analyses. I should note that I never succeeded in garnering a passing grade in the commentaire compose despite having to offer one every fourth week for two years. Still I forge ahead, reviewing the three dissertations in alphabetical order. The topics and periods span some 200 years, a pair of hemisphere, and more countries than I can count on my fingers. Each illustrates a major interest among the members of the EHA: macroeconomics, institutions, and the microeconomics of factor markets. In fact, this batch of dissertations demonstrates that our discipline continues to investigate a broad range of phenomena, with an equally broad range of topics.
Computation of Fresnel holograms and diffraction-specific coherent panoramagrams for full-color holographic displays based on anisotropic leaky-mode modulators

We have previously introduced a computational architecture suitable for driving full-color holographic display systems based around anisotropic leaky-mode modulators; this architecture appropriately handles single-sideband modulation and frequency-division multiplexing of spectral bands that correspond to the independent red, green, and blue color channels in the display output. In this paper, we describe an implementation for driving the MIT Mark IV holographic display system with such a computational approach, in cases of both pre-computed Fresnel CGHs and real-time, GPU-based diffraction specific coherent panoramagrams. Real-time holographic images of nearly VGA-resolution (468 lines) are generated via three dual-head NVIDIA GPUs via a CUDA-based implementation that encompasses the requisite orthographic view generation from 3-D data sources, parallel vector-based fringe computation per hogel and per color, single-sideband modulation, and frequency-division multiplexing. We present the first results of this scheme in driving the Mark IV display system and review the resulting holographic video output and performance metrics.
Surgery for Peritoneal Mesothelioma

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, progressive, and ultimately fatal disease in almost all afflicted individuals. MPM is a cancer that arises diffusely from the serosa of the abdominal cavity and progresses almost exclusively in this region; understanding its characteristic tumor biology has been the reasoning behind the development of treatment strategies designed to control disease progression in the peritoneum. This principally includes operative cytoreduction and hyperthermic intra-operative perfusion of intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). This approach has been administered either alone or in combination with early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC), or as a component of a more protracted multimodal approach employing initial debulking surgery, intraperitoneal chemotherapy, and whole abdominal radiotherapy. Median overall survivals of up to 7 years have been observed in series of patients selected for operative cytoreduction and HIPEC. Factors associated with good outcome are female gender, age less or equal to 60 years, and the ability to achieve a complete extirpation of all gross peritoneal disease. In patients with symptomatic ascites, complete palliation is achieved in almost all cases. However, this treatment strategy is not without complications and carries a morbidity of 25% and mortality up to 7%. Despite these risks, the best overall survival data have been associated with this surgical approach. At our institution, we advocate cytoreduction and HIPEC as the standard management for patients with MPM for whom operative cytoreduction appears possible and safe. We believe this treatment approach should be considered as the standard of care for patients with MPM.
The chaplain as faithful companion: a response to King's case study

This article is a response to a case study describing the spiritual care provided over an 18-month period by an experienced professional chaplain at a prominent cancer center to a woman undergoing stem cell transplantation following therapy for relapsed leukemia. The author, a professional chaplain at another cancer center, reviews the spiritual assessment, interventions, and outcomes presented by the attending chaplain. The author's comments are organized about the chaplain's characterization of the seven parts of the patient's spiritual profile: courage, meaning, psychological issues, courage and growth in facing spiritual/religious struggle, rituals, community, and authority. The purpose of the response is to engage those inside and outside the discipline of health care chaplaincy in a conversation about the specific aspects of providing spiritual care in health care settings.
Ideas versus ideology: The origins of modern labor economics

Starting with its early twentieth century origins, the development of Labor Economics is traced to the present. We describe an intellectual revolution in which an earlier tra-dition that focused primarily on the institution of the labor union has been replaced by a perspective that emphasizes the various roles played by labor markets in an eco-nomic system. That earlier tradition contained very significant ideological elements, whereas its successor deals much more with the world of ideas. In the course of the debate, which still continues, ideas triumphed over ideology and created modern Labor Economics.
InP HBT technology and modeling

InP HBT technologies have reached a level of maturity where mixed-signal ICs with 1000s of transistors have become fairly routine in a regime where high speed, low jitter, and high dynamic range are discriminators, necessitating simulator-efficient compact model representations covering a range of device sizes and all operating modes. In comparison to the more traditional graded-base SiGe bipolar devices, InP HBTs have a number of traits that make them unique from a modeling perspective. An overview of InP HBT device characteristics is presented, along with highlights of a comprehensive device characterization and modeling strategy implemented to support the development of a scalable compact model based on VBIC for the design of high-speed mixed-signal circuits.
Pain Experience, Psychological Functioning and Self-Reported Disability in Chronic Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia

Objectives: Psychological studies of myofascial pain and fibromyalgia typically compare these syndromes with other chronic pain conditions and combine them to ascertain psychopathological correlates. To determine differences between these groups, this study compared pain experience, disability and psychological functioning in myofascial pain and fibromyalgia. Methods: Consecutive female patients, who presented to a university pain clinic and who were diagnosed with myofascial pain [N = 34] or fibromyalgia [N = 21], were assessed by psychometric testing before intervention. Results: Myofascial pain was associated with traumatic onset and greater trait anxiety. Fibromyalgia patients reported greater severity or pain, more occupational disability and lower educational achievement. No differences were obtained on mesures of sleep, fatigue, depression or personality functioning. Conclusions: Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia patients are similar on most measures of psychological functioning although fibromyalgi...
Benzodiazepines attenuate single unit activity in the locus coeruleus

Abstract Several classes of anxiolytic compounds have the common effect of decreasing the firing of noradrenergic neurons or attenuating the post- synaptic effects of noradrenergic activity. In order to determine whether the benzodiazepines, the most widely used anxiolytics, also decrease noradrenergic activity, the effect of acute intravenous injections of diazepam (0.1–2.0 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (0.5–4.0 mg/kg) were administered to anesthetized rats while spontaneous activity of single neurons in the principal noradrenergic nucleus, the locus coeruleus, was recorded. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide decreased spontaneous single unit activity in the locus coeruleus at relatively low doses. This net effect on noradrenergic systems is consistent with the actions of several classes of nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics, and with the involvement of noradrenergic systems in the neural mechanisms of anxiety.
Chromosome numbers in Great Plains species of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae)

Chromosome numbers are reported for 79 populations ofPenstemon representing 20 species. All but two species counted here are diploids. First counts are reported for seven taxa, all asn=8 or 2n=16.
Dimensions of Verbal Racial Attitudes: Interracial Marriage and Approaches to Racial Equality

The empirical approach to the analysis of attitude organization suggests that verbal racial attitudes are not organized in terms of cognitive, affective, and conative (or behavioral) components but rather in terms of content areas that cross-cut this structural trichotomy. A racial attitude inventory made up of nine empirically identified dimensions successfully predicted whites' membership in attitudinal criterion groups. In this study two additional dimensions were hypothesized: (a) reactions to interracial marriage and (b) preference between an approach to racial equality for black Americans which stresses changes in society and one stressing changes in blacks themselves. Cluster analyses confirmed the existence of these two additional dimensions as well as the original nine. A validation study indicates that both new dimensions as well as the original nine successfully differentiate groups of whites known to differ in racial attitude.
Female habitual self-mutilators

Data are presented on 240 female habitual self-mutilators. The typical subject is a 28-year-old Caucasian who first deliberately harmed herself at age 14. Skin cutting is her usual practice, but she has used other methods such as skin burning and self-hitting, and she has injured herself on at least 50 occasions. Her decision to self-mutilate is impulsive and results in temporary relief from symptoms such as racing thoughts, depersonalization, and marked anxiety. She now has or has had an eating disorder, and may be concerned about her drinking. She has been a heavy utilizer of medical and mental health services, although treatment generally has been unsatisfactory. In desperation over her inability to control her self-mutilative behavior this typical subject has attempted suicide by a drug overdose. Language: en
Thermal Degradation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in the Presence of Tin (IV) Chloride and Tetraphenyltin

Abstract The thermal degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of tin(IV) chloride and tetraphenyltin has been studied and the mechanistic pathways of the reactions are provided. In the case of SnCl 4 , the interaction begins with the coordination of the carbonyl oxygen of the polymer with SnCl 4 followed by the loss of methyl chloride from the complex. When the amount of SnCl 4 is increased, the formation of monomeric methyl methacrylate is drastically reduced whereas the amounts of methacrylic acid and isobutyric acid are increased. Ph 4 Sn accelerates the degradation of PMMA via the loss of phenyl radicals to form elemental tin. This interaction is facilitated by homolytic bimolecular substitution reactions. The phenyl radicals will interact with PMMA to produce benzene, methyl methacrylate, and cross-linked char as major degradation products.
An anchor-based routing protocol with cell ID management system for ad hoc networks

Ad hoc networks, which do not rely on any infrastructure such as access points or base station, can be deployed rapidly and inexpensively even in situations with geographical or time constraints. So ad hoc networks have attractive applications in both military and disaster situations and also in commercial uses like sensor networks or conferencing. In ad hoc networks, each node acts both as a router and as a host. The topology of an ad hoc network may change dynamically, which makes it difficult to design an efficient routing protocol. Nowadays, more and more wireless devices are being used, which can form large ad hoc networks. It is important to design a scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose anchor-based routing protocol with cell ID management system (ARPC), a scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks. ARPC is a hybrid routing protocol, which combines the advantages of table-based routing strategy and geographic routing strategy, and avoids the burden-GPS (Global Positioning System) (E. D. Kaplan, 1996) support. Simulation results show that ARPC is efficient and scales well to large networks. Especially for large networks (1000 and 1600 nodes), ARPC achieves 21 percent higher packet delivery ratio than AODV, and has 19 percent lower overhead. This denotes that ARPC has better scalability than AODV.
Tsunami run-up and draw-down on a plane beach

Tsunami run-up and draw-down motions on a uniformly sloping beach are evaluated based on fully nonlinear shallow-water wave theory. The nonlinear equations of mass conservation and linear momentum are first transformed to a single linear hyperbolic equation. To solve the problem with arbitrary initial conditions, we apply the Fourier–Bessel transform, and inversion of the transform leads to the Green function representation. The solutions in the physical time and space domains are then obtained by numerical integration. With this semi-analytic solution technique, several examples of tsunami run-up and draw-down motions are presented. In particular, detailed shoreline motion, velocity field, and inundation depth on the shore are closely examined. It was found that the maximum flow velocity occurs at the moving shoreline and the maximum momentum flux occurs in the vicinity of the extreme draw-down location. The direction of both the maximum flow velocity and the maximum momentum flux depend on the initial waveform: it is in the inshore direction when the initial waveform is predominantly depression and in the offshore direction when the initial waves have a dominant elevation characteristic.
Cutting Edge: IL-2 Signals Determine the Degree of TCR Signaling Necessary To Support Regulatory T Cell Proliferation In Vivo

To ensure immune tolerance, regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers must be maintained by cell division. This process has been thought to be strictly dependent on the Treg TCR interacting with MHC class II. In this study, we report that Treg division does not absolutely require cell-autonomous TCR signaling in vivo, depending on the degree of IL-2–mediated stimulation provided. At steady state IL-2 levels, Tregs require cell-autonomous TCR signaling to divide. However, when given exogenous IL-2 or when STAT5 is selectively activated in Tregs, Treg division can occur independently of MHC class II and TCR signaling. Thus, depending on the amount of IL-2R stimulation, a wide range of TCR signals supports Treg division, which may contribute to preservation of a diverse repertoire of Treg TCR specificities. These findings also have therapeutic implications, as TCR signaling by Tregs may not be required when using IL-2 to increase Treg numbers for treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Magneto–rheological fluid flow through complex valve geometries

In this study, the fl ow behaviour of Magneto-Rheological (MR) fl uid through complex valve geometries is investigated using analytical, computational and experimental approaches. A two-dimensional MR valve model is constructed for computational simulation based on a unique MR device that has circular, radial and annular fl ow regions. When compared with analytical solutions, the results of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, which has taken into account minor losses of MR fl uid fl ow in different valving areas, are in good agreement with those of experimental measurements. It has been shown that the Bingham CFD model works well for complex fl ow geometries in the two-dimensional domain and that the CFD method can be greatly benefi cial in the design and development of MR devices for practical applications.
Quantitative Order in B. F. Skinner’s Early Research Program, 1928–1931

The purpose of this article is to provide a coherent story of Skinner’s graduate-school (1928–1931) research projects, adding to Skinner’s own accounts a different emphasis and a number of interesting details. The story is guided by the proposal that a search for quantitative order was the “unifying force” amid the variety of apparatus changes and shifts of research topic in Skinner’s early development as a researcher. Archival laboratory-research records from several apparatuses which Skinner constructed between 1928 and 1931 (1) indicate that his research program was more complicated than he has implied; (2) show that he worked on three interdependent lines of investigation simultaneously; (3) suggest that change or abandonment of an apparatus or a project was markedly affected by his success (and failure) in his primary objective, which was to find quantitative orderliness in measured behavior. Frequent apparatus change in the period of 1928 to 1930 ceased when he obtained quantitative orderliness in the panel-press and lever-box preparations. In the examination of archival records, questions about the enterprise of biographical understanding are considered.
Expanding indications for the use of Class III agents in patients at high risk for sudden death.

Expanding Indications of Class III Agents. The evidence that antiarrhythmic compounds that act by slowing conduction velocity increase mortality in patients with cardiac disease is now compelling. Emphasis is now shifting to agents that act by lengthening repolarization and have additional antiadrenergic properties. There is preliminary evidence that pure Class III agents devoid of antisympathetic activity may also increase rather than decrease mortality in certain patients. Thus, in recent years, sotalol and amiodarone have emerged as the preferred agents for the control of most ventricular arrhythmias occurring in the setting of significant heart disease. Sotalol has not been widely studied in postinfarct patients; one trial indicated that the drug did reduce total mortality but the difference did not reach statistical significance. A number of studies with amiodarone in the postmyocardial infarction patients have revealed benefit, but these were from nonblinded studies. Two blinded, placebo-controlled studies are currently ongoing. A potential new indication of amiodarone is in patients with arrhythmias in heart failure in whom amiodarone markedly increased left ventricular ejection fraction, with a pronounced suppressant effect on premature ventricular complexes and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and a trend for a decrease in mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. The most promising Indication of amiodarone in low doses is in the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial flutter and fibrillation. For the present, amiodarone appears to be the best prototype of a desirable complex antiarrhythmic compound, if its variegated side effect profile can be favorably modified from knowledge of structure-activity relationships.
Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for herpes simplex virus.

We evaluated a new commercial latex agglutination test for herpes simplex virus antigen detection (Virogen Herpes Slide Test, Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.). In testing of eluates from 100 lesion swabs, mostly from genital sites, the following test parameters were ascertained: sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 89%; positive predictive value, 89%; negative predictive value, 72%. Testing was also performed on 160 supernatants from 153 cell cultures inoculated with clinical samples. In this application, sensitivity and specificity were each 100%, provided supernatants were sampled for testing when the cytopathic effect involved at least 25% of the cell monolayer.
Only English by the third generation? Loss and preservation of the mother tongue among the grandchildren of contemporary immigrants.

We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous waves of immigration, can be applied to the descendants of contemporary immigrant groups. Using the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample 1990 file, we examine the home languages of second- and third-generation children and compare the degree of their language shift against that among the descendants of European immigrants, as evidenced in the 1940 and 1970 censuses. Overall, the rates of speaking only English for a number of contemporary groups suggest that Anglicization is occurring at roughly the same pace for Asians as it did for Europeans, but is slower among the descendants of Spanish speakers. Multivariate models for three critical groups—Chinese, Cubans, and Mexicans—indicate that the home languages of third-generation children are most affected by factors, such as intermarriage, that determine the languages spoken by adults and by the communal context.
Use of magnetic variation and station declination for heading (VX) and course (CX) leg types

Leg types, also known as path terminators, are used in aircraft navigation to define paths as routes for RNAV equipped aircraft. Many leg types are specifically defined to cause the Area Navigation (RNAV) system to emulate the actions that an aircrew would take when flying the route manually based on the text and other depictions on the chart. Some emulate magnetic headings or courses, which, for various reasons, can lead to differences between what the procedure designer intended and what the RNAV system displays or flies. Two in particular are in common use individually and in combination, and this paper will explore the potential for unexpected differences in the resulting paths. These two are the heading type (Vx) which may be used where the procedure or airspace designer calls for a heading to some type of termination, and the Course type (Cx) which may be used where designers wish to fix the aircraft path over the ground using a course defined by a navigational aid (NAVAID). Issues arise because of the need to implement magnetic courses and headings in an RNAV system that navigates in a true north reference frame. Given that the Earth's magnetic field orientation varies with location on the Earth (hence true north and magnetic north change relative to each other), changes with time, and that NAVAIDS and runways are marked/oriented in the magnetic reference frame of the time they are surveyed, care must be taken to make the RNAV system emulate the procedure intent; this paper will describe and summarize those cautions and issues.
The bradykinin type 2 receptor BE1 polymorphism and ethnicity influence systolic blood pressure and vascular resistance

We examined the effect of −58 C/T and BE1 +9/−9 polymorphisms in the bradykinin B2 receptor gene on forearm vascular resistance (FVR) before and during intrabrachial artery infusion of the B2 receptor-, endothelium-dependent agonist bradykinin and the endothelium-independent agonist sodium nitroprusside in 228 normotensive subjects. In 166 white Americans, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure were highest in the BE1 +9/+9 group (118±2 and 51±2 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.05 versus −9/−9 for either), intermediate in the +9/−9 group (114±1 and 49±1 mm Hg, P<0.05 versus −9/−9 for pulse pressure), and lowest in the −9/−9 group (110±2 and 44±2 mm Hg). In 62 black Americans, FVR was 25% higher in the BE1 +9/+9 group compared with the BE1 +9/−9 and −9/−9 groups at baseline (P=0.038) or during bradykinin (P=0.03). Increased SBP or vascular resistance may contribute to increased left ventricular mass reported previously in individuals with the BE1+9/+9 genotype. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2008) 83, 122–129; doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100250; published online 23 May 2007
Metabolic Flux Analysis Elucidates the Importance of the Acid-Formation Pathways in Regulating Solvent Production by Clostridium acetobutylicum

Metabolic flux analysis was used to investigate the roles of the acid formation pathways in Clostridium acetobutylicum. The acid formation pathways were revealed to serve different roles in wildtype fermentations than previously expected. Specifically, enzymes known to catalyze butyrate formation were found to uptake butyrate without concomitant production of acetone. This role was further corroborated by flux analysis of a recombinant strain overexpressing the butyrate formation enzymes. Analysis of wildtype fermentation data also revealed an important role for the acetate formation enzymes, namely the cycling of carbon between acetate and acetylCoA during the stationary phase. Next, metabolic flux analysis was used to compare the patterns of activity in two butyrate kinase deficient strains of C. acetobutylicum. The strain developed by gene inactivation, PJC4BK, exhibited a shift in acid formation fluxes toward acetate while the strain developed by antisense RNA strategies, 824(pRD4), did not exhibit such a shift. However, both strains exhibited altered solvent formation patterns. PJC4BK exhibited a strong transient enhancement of solvent formation fluxes. In contrast, 824(pRD4) exhibited relatively lower levels of solvent formation fluxes, although fluxes were sustained over a longer period of time.
C-Mine: Data Mining of Logic Common Cases for Low Power Synthesis of Better-Than-Worst-Case Designs

The Better-Than-Worst-Case (BTW) design methodology is well-known for its potential to improve circuit energy efficiency, performance, and reliability. However, most existing methods do not provide sufficiently scalable solutions. Thus, we propose a new technique, C-Mine, which combines two scalable techniques, data mining and SAT solving, to provide scale-up solutions. Data mining can efficiently extract patterns from an enormous data set, and SAT solving is famous for its scalable verification. The experimental results show that, compared to a recent publication, C-Mine can achieve compatible performance with an additional 5% energy savings, and 50x speedup for bigger benchmarks on average.