cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urodynamics Evaluation of Underactive Bladder

Should the diagnosis of underactive bladder (UAB) be symptom based or urodynamics based? This is a debated topic across the international urology and urogynecology communities. Urodynamics evaluation, and especially sophisticated pressure flow, is the “gold standard” of diagnosing complex lower urinary tract symptoms. Yet, pressure-flow urodynamics testing is not generally available and is outside the expertise of most physicians and nurses who will be the front-line health-care providers taking care of UAB patients. There are not enough clinicians with urodynamics expertise to take care of all the patients with UAB.
Capsid protein antigen epitope prediction and monoclonal antibody preparation for Norovirus G II

Objective To express the noruvirus capsid protein(VP1),prepare monoclonal antibodies against it and understand the noruvirus capsid protein's epitope characteristics.Methods PCR amplification of VP1 gene of Norovirus G Ⅱ(Huzhou strains) was conducted,the clone of target gene to the vector pET28a(+) and transferring into E.coli were conducted too.BALB/c mice were immunized with purified expression product.The spleen cells of successfully immunized mice were fused with myeloma cells SP2/0.Protein modeling was performed with program Modeller 9.9.The modeled 3D structures of capsid protein of norovirus were submitted to the SEPPA for predicting the possible spatial epitopes with the default threshold.Positive clones were screened to obtain monoclonal antibodies corresponding to these epitopes by predicted epitope sequence.Results The recombinant expression vector pET28a(+)-Noro-VP1 was successfully constructed and expressed in E.coli,the recombinant protein-immunized BALB/c mouse spleen cells were fused with SP2/0 cell.The predicted epitope region polypeptide screened ten Hybridoma.Indirect ELISA assay showed that 1E8,1P10,2C15 and 2L16 can react with recombinant protein strongly,the other 6 mAbs had weak reaction.Western blotting showed that only 2K10,1K16,1E8 can specifically recognized the Norovirus capsid protein expressed in E.coli.Conclusion The mAbs against G Ⅱ norovirus capsid protein was successfully prepared.Epitopes was in capsid protein P2 region.This can be used for the development of rapid immunodiagnostic kits and epitopes research of norovirus capside protein.
Different responses of extent and velocity of contraction to dobutamine in conscious sheep

The shortening- and shortening rate-preload-afterload relations, based on the concept of the myocardial end-systolic stress-strain relation (ESSSR), are a newly developed load- and size-independent assessment of myocardial contractility. The purpose of this study was to apply this assessment to compare extent and velocity of myocardial contraction during graded infusions of dobutamine. Seven chronically instrumented unsedated sheep were studied at rest and during graded infusions of dobutamine (2.5-20 micrograms.kg-1.min-1). The ESSSR were linear over a wide range of load alterations, whereas the end-systolic pressure-diameter relations (ESPDR) were generally nonlinear. Midwall shortening rate (SRm) at common preload and afterload representing contraction extent increased with each dose of dobutamine through 20 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. In contrast, midwall shortening (Sm) increased through dobutamine 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 but not at higher dobutamine infusion rates. Conventional endocardial shortening and the slope of the ESPDR, fitted to a linear model, exhibited responses similar to Sm. The velocity of circumferential endocardial fiber shortening (Vcf,c), Vcf,c-afterload relation, and maximum first derivative of left ventricular pressure exhibited responses similar to SRm. Thus both the extent and velocity of contraction increased at low doses of dobutamine, whereas only the velocity increased at high doses. Potential mechanisms for the saturated response of the extent of contraction include 1) shorter systolic time for contraction due to earlier onset of relaxation and 2) the utilization of myocardial contractile energy for left ventricular wall deformation at small cavity volumes at high doses of dobutamine.
Partition of heat production in the rat

The literature on metabolic heat production at the level of the whole organism and at the level of individual organs is examined. An estimate of the partition of heat production in the rat is presented.
Human mucosal responses to oral liposome-Streptococcus mutans carbohydrate vaccine

Streptococcus mutans (a principle etiologic agent of dental caries)whole cell vaccine, when given orally to humans, has been shown to induce both primary and secondary mucosal immune responses [1]. Oral administration of purified S. mutans antigens to rats results in low responses, however, when the antigen is administerred with adjuvants, improved immune responses occur [2]. Therefore, one approach that is being investigated for oral vaccine development involves using liposomes (artificial membrane vesicles) as a vehicle for antigen delivery and evidence has been provided for the induction of a salivary immune response in rats given a liposomal-antigen vaccine orally [2,3]. Therefore, the purpose of the following series of investigations was to initiate human clinical trials to study the induction of immune responses to purified serotype carbohydrate antigen of S. mutans (CHO) when incorporated in liposomes and given by the oral route.
The effects of income on mental health: evidence from the social security notch

Background Mental health is a key component of overall wellbeing and mental disorders are relatively common, including among older adults. Yet the causal effect of income on mental health status among older adults is poorly understood.
Different actors, different institutions: the EU and institutional change in Morocco

The goal of this chapter is to analyze if, and to what extent, the European Union and its policies played a role in processes of institutional change in Morocco from 1995 to 2008, applying the ACE framework laid out in Chapter 2. Following a bottom up research design (Chapter 3), the analytical framework of actor-centered Europeanization explains institutional change starting at the domestic level with using involved actors as catalysts of endogenous (Chapter 4) as well as exogenous variables (Chapter 5).
Biomechanics of Bone

The ability to bear loads is a critical function of the skeleton, in addition to its metabolic and physiological roles. Load-bearing ability depends on both the applied loads and the structural properties of the loaded bone. When the loads exceed the structural properties, fracture will occur. Because the nature of the applied loads can be difficult to predict, the best approach for minimizing fracture risk is through targeted interventions and therapies to improve bone strength. The strength and fracture resistance of the skeleton depend primarily on the quantity, geometry/architecture, and material properties of bone tissue. Although each of these attributes has been examined independently in both cortical and cancellous bone, no single measurement can fully characterize the structural integrity of bone or reliably predict the occurrence of a fracture in individuals. In addition, factors such as aging, trauma, and disease affect the tissue properties and can compromise bone strength. While bone quantity and, more recently, architecture have been widely examined in vivo, these measures do not fully explain variations in bone mechanical properties observed experimentally ex vivo. Healthy bone tissue exhibits spatial and temporal variations in tissue-level material properties that are altered by aging and disease. Accurately characterizing bone material properties, whether at the tissue level or at the chemical composition level of the mineral and matrix constituents, may improve the ability to predict structural competence and fracture risk reliably for individuals.
Accessing Both Retention and Inversion Pathways in Stereospecific, Nickel-Catalyzed Miyaura Borylations of Allylic Pivalates

We have developed a stereospecific, nickel-catalyzed Miyaura borylation of allylic pivalates, which delivers highly enantioenriched α-stereogenic γ-aryl allylboronates with good yields and regioselectivities. Our complementary sets of conditions enable access to either enantiomer of allylboronate product from a single enantiomer of readily prepared allylic pivalate substrate. Excellent functional group tolerance, yields, regioselectivities, and stereochemical fidelities are observed. The stereochemical switch from stereoretention to stereoinversion largely depends upon solvent and can be explained by competitive pathways for the oxidative addition step. Our mechanistic investigations support a stereoretentive pathway stemming from a directed oxidative addition and a stereoinvertive pathway that is dominant when MeCN blocks coordination of the directing group by binding the nickel catalyst.
Development and Validation of the State-Trait Inventory of Cognitive Fatigue in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract Objective To develop and validate a subjective measure of cognitive fatigue—the State-Trait Inventory of Cognitive Fatigue—in community-dwelling older adults. Design Scale development and test construction. Setting Community-dwelling older adults enrolled in a longitudinal cohort aging study. Participants Participants (N=175) were healthy, English-speaking, community-dwelling adults, age ≥65 years. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures State-Trait Inventory of Cognitive Fatigue total, cognitive fatigue, motivation, mental effort, and boredom summation scores for both state and trait forms. Results Principal component analysis yielded the expected 4 components for both state and trait forms: cognitive fatigue, mental effort, motivation, and boredom. All components had good reliability. There was good convergent validity as measured by the strong positive relation between cognitive fatigue and a subjective measure of general fatigue, even after controlling for depressive symptoms. Greater subjective cognitive fatigue was associated with worse performance on measures thought to be more sensitive to aspects of executive functioning. Conclusions This study developed and established the psychometric properties of a new instrument for the subjective measurement of cognitive fatigue for use in community-dwelling older adults. The State-Trait Inventory of Cognitive Fatigue's relatively brief administration time (
LOSS OF VIABILITY BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN ACIDIFIED MEDIA

Determinations were made on the extent to which Staphylococcus aureus was inactivated [inability to grow on Trypticase Soy agar (TSA)] or injured [inability to grow on TSA + 7% added NaCl (TSAS)] in acidic artificial media and how inactivation was affected when some stresses common to food processing operations were inflicted on the organism. When cells were held in TS broth at >PH 6 (24 hr, 37 C), presence of 7% salt added to the medium did not affect inactivation of staphylococci; but, at ≤pH 5, salt enhanced inactivation. Cells that survived this treatment were not sensitive to salt present in the plating medium, whereas staphylococci from the stationary growth phase (TS broth, pH 7) were sensitive to salt. Cells exposed to low pH were only slightly more sensitive to salt when plated on TSAS than were cells held at pH 7. Exposure of organisms to salt did not render them appreciably more sensitive to subsequent acid treatment than were untreated organisms. Freezing (−30 C, 24 hr) did not substantially e...
Elucidating the Molecular Architecture of the FA-Core Complex Utilizing Biochemical Purification Approach.

Abstract FA is a rare, recessive disorder characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, developmental abnormalities, chromosome instability, cellular hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, and predisposition to cancer, mainly leukemias and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. FA is genetically heterogeneous, represented by at least thirteen different complementation groups. The genes corresponding to groups A, B, C, D1 (BRCA2), D2, E, F, G, I, J, L, M and N have been cloned. The Fanconi proteins FANC -A, -B, -C, -E, -F, -G, -L, -M along with another newly discovered protein FAAP100 forms a core complex (CC) in the nucleus that is required for the monoubiquitination of two other Fanconi proteins FANCD2 and FANCI. In addition to their presence in nucleus, most of the Fanconi proteins are also found in the cytosol however their role in cytosol is not clear. Also, whether the FA-core complex proteins exist as a single complex or sub-complexes in the cytosol is not clear. The goals of this study are to 1. develop a method of purification of FA core complex from nuclear and cytosol 2. identify individual components of cytosolic and nuclear complex(s) of the FA proteins. We have established a two-step purification method using 6XHis and FLAG tags for the biochemical and functional characterization of the FA core complex proteins. In an attempt to isolate interacting partners of FANCC, FANCG, FANCL and FAAP100 proteins; we have established four different HeLa cell lines; HeLa-HF-FANCC, HeLa-HF-FANCG, HeLa-HF-FANCL and HeLa-HF-FAAP100, stably expressing HF-FANCC, HF-FANCG, HF-FANCL and HF-FAAP100 recombinant proteins respectively. Affinity purification was carried out to isolate the complexes from the cytosol and nuclear extracts prepared from stable cell lines. The polypeptides purified from the complexes were identified by mass spectrometry. The results suggest that, in addition to the existence of the FA-core complex containing FANC -A, -B, -C, -E, -F, -G, -L and 100, the FA proteins also exists as sub-complexes in the cytosol. FANCL was found to form a sub-complex with FANCB and FAAP100 in cytosol. Also FANCC, a predominantly cytosolic protein was found to form a sub-complex with FANCE in cytosol. We found several novel proteins that interact with FA proteins.
Palliative care for patients with end-stage renal disease: approach to treatment that aims to improve quality of life and relieve suffering for patients (and families) with chronic illnesses

Providing end-of-life care to patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or end-stage renal disease often presents ethical challenges to families and health care providers. However, as the conditions these patients present with are multifaceted in nature, so should be the approach when determining prognosis and treatment strategies for this patient population. Having an interdisciplinary palliative team in place to address any concerns that may arise during conversations related to end-of-life care encourages effective communication between the patient, the family and the medical team. Through the use of a case study, the authors demonstrate how an interdisciplinary palliative team can be used to make decisions that satisfy the patient's and the medical team's desires for end-of-life care.
CENTRAL OBESITY PREDICTS CIRCULATING PROGENITOR CELL LEVELS

Background: Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state leading to endothelial cell injury and dysfunction. In particular, central (android) obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Bone marrow derived CD34+ progenitor cells (PC) levels are elevated in patients with high body mass
Play of the Unconscious in Pre-Service Teachers' Self-Reflection around Race and Racism.

AbstractReading psychoanalytic theory of the unconscious desire for wholeness in the light of the notion of white racial supremacy, this study explores a constituted difficulty that self-reflection around the issues of race and racism confronts by exploring three white male pre-service teachers’ emotional experiences inscribed in their responses to the process of engaging in self-reflection. The pervasiveness of strong emotional reactions to the process of engaging in self-reflection spoke volumes not only about how uncomfortable the participants felt in the face of ambivalence, incommensurability and vulnerability but also about their active resistance against their emotional states to defend their unconscious desire for wholeness that is intensified by the forces of white racial supremacy. This study also seeks to elaborate problems inherent in teachers’ self-reflection and why and how unknown and unconscious emotional world filters and at times hinders the participants’ willingness to inquire into thei...
Pain control following tonsillectomy in children: A survey of patients.

Abstract Objective This prospective study aimed to survey pediatric patients and their parents after tonsillectomy to assess their pain management utilization and satisfaction. Introduction Tonsillectomy is the second most common surgical procedure performed in pediatric patients. Postoperative recovery is often associated with high levels of pain and severe functional limitations. There is currently no consensus on pain control regimens. Additionally, a recent FDA Black Box Warning on narcotic use has caused more uncertainty in appropriate pain control regimens. Methods 111 pediatric patients (≤18 years) included in this study underwent tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy between October 2013 and August 2015. Postoperatively, each patient/parent was counseled to alternate on an over-the-counter regimen of acetaminophen and ibuprofen and given an additional as-needed acetaminophen with hydrocodone prescription. A survey was administered during the patient's 2-week follow-up that included questions regarding pain levels, worst post-op pain day, pain medications taken during recovery, and patient/parental perceived satisfaction of having the acetaminophen with hydrocodone prescription. Results 84 patients/parents (75.7%) felt that OTC medications were not adequate for pain control and used hydrocodone at least once. Between those who took hydrocodone versus those who did not, there was no significant difference in mean age (6.7 ± 2.9 vs. 6.0 ± 2.4 years), percentage of patients with severe pain (36.9% vs. 22.2%) and worst post-op pain day (4.3 ± 1.5 vs. 3.9 ± 1.9 days) (p > 0.05). However, regardless of pain control regimen followed, the majority of patients/parents found it valuable to have the hydrocodone prescription (p = 0.004). Conclusion Post-tonsillectomy patients and their parents find being provided with an acetaminophen-hydrocodone prescription is therapeutically valuable, and many find it necessary in their postoperative pain management. However, further studies are needed to determine patient factors that influence narcotic utilization.
A Discourse Analysis of Absence in Nigerian News Media

Nigerian news media has been explored from different perspectives. A number of these studies have focused on stylistic devices, language and ideology in Nigerian news, while recent studies have extensively discussed the Nigerian news headlines from syntactic, lexical and rhetorical perspectives. Essentially, while these studies focused on diverse aspects like stylistics, pragmatics and syntax, none of these studies have explored more specifically the idea of absence in the news media. Having discovered instantiations of absence in recent Nigerian news headlines and stories, this study attempts to investigate and analyze these phenomena as manifested in Nigerian news media. First, this chapter identifies the strategies and devices of achieving absence in the headlines. Second, it discusses the underlying reasons for such phenomena and, third, it discusses the implicatures of meaning and interpretation for the Nigerian audience. The data for this study are sampled from different national Nigerian newspapers and are analyzed within the framework of critical discourse analysis. The chapter establishes that absence can be reflected through the way certain topics or social actors are portrayed in the news media and this may include strategies such as topicalization, focus on detail, and omission. Thus, absence in the news media may arise from the interplay of a range of devices.
Suppression of nitric oxide generated by inflammatory macrophages by calcitonin gene-related peptide in aqueous humor.

Purpose Ocular immune privilege is mediated in part by the activity of constitutively produced immunosuppressive cytokines and neuropeptides. Aqueous humor was examined for content of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and the potential of CGRP to mediate immunosuppressive activity within aqueous humor was determined. Methods The concentration of CGRP in fresh, normal rabbit aqueous humor was assayed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ability of CGRP to suppress interferon (IFN)-gamma production by antigen-stimulated, primed lymph node cells was examined by assaying supernatants of stimulated CGRP-treated, primed T-cell cultures for IFN-gamma. The anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous humor and CGRP was assayed by treating IFN-gamma-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells (macrophages) with aqueous humor, aqueous humor plus anti-CGRP antibody, or CGRP alone. Culture supernatants of the treated macrophages were examined for nitrite by Griess reagent. The production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) protein was examined by immunoblotting cell lysates of treated activated macrophages. Results The constitutive level of CGRP in fresh, normal rabbit aqueous humor was 5+/-1 x 10(-5) M. At its ocular concentration, CGRP did not inhibit IFN-gamma production by stimulated effector T cells, but it suppressed nitric oxide generation by activated macrophages. Neutralization of CGRP in normal rabbit aqueous humor prevented the aqueous humor from suppressing nitric oxide generation by macrophages. Neither CGRP nor aqueous humor suppressed NOS2 protein synthesis in activated inflammatory macrophages. Conclusions Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a constitutive neuropeptide in aqueous humor. Through CGRP, aqueous humor suppresses nitric oxide production by activated macrophages. This suppression appears to result from inhibiting NOS2 enzymatic activity, rather than from suppressing NOS2 synthesis. The results imply that the ocular microenvironment has diverse immunoregulatory mechanisms that suppress induction, activation, and mediation of immunogenic inflammation.
Structural Polymorphism as the Result of Kinetically Controlled Self-Assembly

Traditionally, the goal of self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry is to engineer an equilibrium structure with a desired geometry and functionality; this is achieved through careful choice of molecular monomers, growth conditions, and substrate. Supramolecular assemblies produced under nonequilibrium conditions, in contrast, can form metastable structures with conformations quite different from those accessible in equilibrium self-assembly. The study of nonequilibrium growth of clusters potentially impacts the study of nucleation in atmospheric aerosols, nucleation in organic crystallization, and mesoscale organization for systems ranging from biological molecules to molecular electronics. In our experiments, we prepare surface monolayers of small organic and organometallic molecules through direct injection of a solution onto a substrate in high vacuum. During this process, the rapid evaporation of small solution droplets in high vacuum can lead to nonequilibrium growth conditions. The resulting structures are then characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy. Among the features observed in these experiments are cyclic, hydrogen-bonded pentamers. For carboxylic acids, the two-molecule ring dimer is the common binding motif. Large, cyclic hydrogen-bonded systems are uncommon, especially so for rings with five members. Despite this, pentagonal clusters appear to be a general phenomenon for systems containing adjacent strong and weak hydrogen-bonding elements on five-member aromatic rings. Regular pentamers have been observed as metastable structures for ferrocenecarboxylic acid, indole-2-carboxylic acid, and isatin (1-H-indole-2,3-dione). Electronic structure calculations confirm the relative stability of these structures with respect to the dimer or catemer conformations which are observed in the solid-state crystal structures. For ferrocenecarboxylic acid, cyclic pentamers undergo further self-assembly, resulting in long-range order in conjunction with local 5-fold rotational symmetry. This system is the first reported self-assembled molecular quasicrystal, and it remains the only example of a hydrogen-bonded quasicrystal. This supramolecular structure forms as a result of the cocrystallization of hydrogen-bonded cyclic pentamers with intercalated molecular dimers. The shared bonding to a single dimer is responsible for locking the adjacent pentamers in specific distances and orientations, which produces the quasicrystal. Careful analysis of experimental data provides evidence that, in some cases, metastable clusters are formed in solution and then subsequently adsorb on the surface. This is a unusual mechanism for supramolecular assembly, and it has important implications for understanding questions in crystal growth, namely: what the initial stages of crystal growth are as molecules are first precipitating from solution; what role the solvent plays in determining crystal structure; and whether solvent-mediated clustering is important in the broader phenomenon of solid-state polymorphism.
Application of GC/Q-ToF Combined with Advanced Data Mining and Chemometric Tools in the Characterization and Quality Control of Bay Leaves

Correct identification of the true bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) and its substitutes is important not only for the quality control of the products, but also for the safety of the consumers. L. nobilis is often substituted or confused with other species, such as Cinnamomum tamala, Pimenta racemosa, Syzygium polyanthum, and Umbellularia californica. In the present study, the potential of gas chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the profiling of various bay leaf products was evaluated for the first time. Thirty-nine authenticated samples representing the true bay leaf and the four commonly substituted species were analyzed. An automatic feature extraction algorithm was applied for data mining and pretreatment in order to identify the most characteristic compounds representing different bay leaf groups. This set of data was employed to construct a sample class prediction model based on stepwise reduction of data dimensionality followed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. The statistical model, with demonstrated excellent accuracies in recognition and prediction abilities, enabled the correct classification of commercial samples including complex mixtures and essential oils. In addition, in-house developed personal compound database and library with retention time locking offered the advantage of combining retention time matching with accurate mass matching, resulting in high confidence of compound identification for each bay leaf subgroup. At least three marker compounds were identified for each bay leaf species that could be used to discriminate among them.
Interleukins in experimental autoimmune disease.

In autoimmune disorders, the organism’s ability to discriminate self from foreign antigens is disturbed, leading to tissue destruction due to a variety of immunopathologic mechanisms. Autoantibodies and immune complexes may be present in the serum, and target organs may undergo vasculitic destruction or become infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells. Recognition of histocompatibility antigens and Ia antigens on lymphocyte and macrophage membranes is an important regulatory mechanism allowing the immune system to react against viral and other foreign antigens. The immune system is exquisitely regulated. In part, this regulation is dependent upon specific immune response genes which are located within the major histocompatibility complex. Genetic factors influence specialized subpopulations of T-lymphocytes, which function either to suppress or enhance immune responses. Recognition of idiotypic receptors on lymphocyte membranes by antibody or by other lymphocytes can also result in either suppression or priming of an immune response. Since these regulatory mechanisms play an important role in immunologic control, one must look to some derangement in their function to explain the existence of autoimmunity and autoimmune disorders.
Auditory evoked responses, impedance measures, and diagnostic speech audiometry in severe head injury:

Three case studies are presented to illustrate the clinical usefulness of serial electrophysiologic and behavioral audiologic assessments in describing CNS function in severe head injury. There was an association among acute auditory brain stem and middle-latency evoked response findings, computed tomography of brain abnormality and neurologic status, and rate of recovery. Auditory evoked response findings 4 days after injury were also correlated with long-term outcome of diagnostic speech audiometry.
Student Questions in a Classroom Evaluation of the ALPS Learning Environment

Intelligent tutors for problem solving are successful environments, but have limited capabilities to provide help when learning opportunities arise. This paper reports a classroom pilot study of a new ALPS learning environment that is designed to engage students in more active learning by enabling students to ask questions at any time during problem solving. This ALPS environment integrates a Cognitive Tutor for math problem solving with Synthetic Interview technology which allows students to type natural language questions at any time during problem solving and receive pre-recorded videos of a human tutor replying. In this study we examine the rate of question-asking, the content of student questions, and student attitudes about ALPS. The student interactions with ALPS and attitudes toward the environment are promising and provide guidance for future development.
Pharmacological Intervention with Signal Transduction

It has been 50 years since the first anticancer drug of the modern era, nitrogen mustard, underwent clinical trial in a cancer patient [1]. Nitrogen mustard was introduced into general clinical practice in 1949. Since that time there has been a steady increase in the number of anticancer drugs so that in the U.S.A. there are now 45 officially approved anticancer drugs excluding steroidal agents and radiopharmaceuticals [2]. Despite this large number of drugs the early hope that chemotherapy would provide a major check against cancer has not been realised. Today, chemotherapy is curative for about 12% of human cancers, including choriocarcinoma, acute lymphocytic leukaemia, Hodgkin’s disease and testicular cancer. However, most human cancers, those causing over 75% of cancer deaths including lung, colon, breast and prostate cancer, are refractory to chemotherapy. Survival rates for cancer patients in the U.S.A. are about 50%, compared to 40% in the early 1960s, before the widespread use of chemotherapy [3]. There is clearly a need for new treatments and approaches to dealing with cancer and this includes new types of cancer drugs.
Encoding Domain and Control Knowledge for Propositional Planning

Propositional satisfiability checking is a powerful approach to domain-independent planning. In nearly all practical applications, however, there exists an abundance of domain-specific knowledge that can be used to improve the performance of a planning system. This knowledge is traditionally encoded as procedures or rules that are tied to the details of the planning engine. We present a way to encode domain knowledge in a purely declarative, algorithm independent manner. We demonstrate that the same heuristic knowledge can be used by completely different search engines, one systematic, the other using greedy local search. This approach enhances the power of planning as satisfiability: solution times for some problems are reduced from days to seconds.
Performance Analysis of Wireless Powered Cellular Networks with Downlink SWIPT - Invited Paper

In this paper, considering randomly distributed access points and energy-harvesting user equipments, we study the impact of downlink/uplink operation intervals as well as receiver power splitting factor on the performance of cellular networks. We assume that the access points transmit information and power transfer simultaneously over the downlink channels to the associated user equipments, where the link is established based on lowest path loss. Using stochastic geometry, we characterize the average harvested energy and SINR coverage probabilities as a function of system parameters. In addition, we consider outage capacity and ergodic capacity for the downlink and uplink information transfer, respectively. Furthermore, we obtain an expression for the system energy efficiency (measured by throughput per total consumed energy) in terms of uplink/downlink operating intervals and power splitting factor. Simulation results demonstrate that both energy efficiency and network throughput improve when the access points are densely populated. Furthermore, we observe that increasing the downlink transmit power level affects the optimal power splitting factor as well as downlink/uplink time allocation strategy.
Playing Multiple Positions: Student-Athlete Identity Salience and Conflict

Student-athletes enact dual roles, as students and athletes, and hold corresponding identities. The salience of these identities and conflict between them have implications for student-athlete wellness. The purpose of this study was to (a) gain insight into organizational and individual characteristics associated with identity salience, by examining student-athletes across universities; and (b) shed light on situations of identity salience and conflict for student-athletes. We conducted a survey study of student-athletes across 17 universities that captured both quantitative and qualitative data. Our results reveal a relationship between identity salience and individual performance (academic and athletic) and university ranking. Further, we found an interaction between athlete and student identity salience, such that identifying strongly as a student, athlete, both, or neither has implications for conflict. Finally, by unpacking situations of identity salience and conflict, we show similarities and differ...
The Rhetoric of Luke’s Passion: Luke’s Use of Common-place to Amplify the Guilt of Jerusalem’s Leaders in Jesus’ Death

Working from Mark’s Passion Narrative, Luke shapes much of his own Passion account according to the headings of the ancient rhetorical technique “common-place,” as described in the progymnasmata tradition. The headings of common-place include the opposite, comparison, way of thinking, pity, final headings, and ekphrasis. Luke employs this technique because it is designed to amplify the guilt of those who have committed crimes—in this case, the Jewish leaders in Jerusalem, especially the Temple authorities, regarding Jesus’ execution. Thus Luke paints a positive portrayal of the opposites against which the leaders have offended (Jesus the sage and Jewish hero, and Jesus’ service-based kingdom); presents a comparison with the Jewish leaders and four other questionable individual or groups, always to the Jerusalem authorities’ disadvantage; attacks the leaders’ way of thinking, especially by noting its alignment with Satanic will; makes an appeal to pity to his listeners through Jesus’ words and actions after being condemned; paints Jesus’ execution as a thorough affront to the final headings of justice and expedience; and not only retains but also augments ekphrastic elements from Mark’s Passion. The sum effect is a Passion Narrative which turns the rhetorical screws, amplifying the guilt of Jerusalem’s leaders regarding Jesus’ death. Luke likely shapes his rhetoric in this way at least in part as a response to the polemical context in which he writes his Gospel, responding especially to problems of theodicy.
Galectin-3 expression and effect of supplementation in neonatal mice with disseminated Candida albicans infection

Invasive candidiasis is an important cause of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, including premature infants. The S-type lectin, galectin-3 (gal3), is increasingly recognized for its role in antifungal host defense. This study tested the hypothesis that tissue gal3 expression is affected by disseminated infection with Candida albicans and that supplementation with gal3 will provide a benefit in this setting. To determine the expression of gal3 at the tissue level in response to disseminated infection with C. albicans, adult and neonatal mice were infected using previously established models. End points were chosen that reflected substantive tissue fungal burden but before mortality. No differences in gal3 were detected in tissues of adult animals relative to uninfected controls. In neonatal animals, gal3 concentration was lower in the spleen of infected animals compared to uninfected. Pretreatment of neonatal mice with recombinant gal3 was associated with reduced mortality and reduced fungal burden in the kidney, spleen, and lung at 24 h following infection. These findings suggest that gal3 has an active role in host defense against candidiasis and that neonatal animals can benefit from supplementation with this lectin in the setting of disseminated candidiasis.
Silent Sinus Syndrome: Interesting Clinical and Radiologic Findings.

Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) describes enophthalmos and hypoglobus in association with disease of the maxillary sinus. This syndrome has rarely been presented in the dental literature. Many dentists are not familiar with the syndrome and its associated clinical and radiologic features. A 57-year-old female patient presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Outpatient Clinic at The Brooklyn Hospital Center for a routine dental examination. During this examination, she indicated that she felt her right eye had been sinking. Routine dental panoramic radiography showed opacification on the right maxillary sinus. Maxillofacial computed tomography showed a small maxillary sinus with retraction of the sinus walls. The floor of the orbit was thinned, causing hypoglobus. Obstruction of the right ostiomeatal complex was noted, with complete opacification of the right maxillary sinus. A diagnosis of SSS was made. SSS usually occurs in individuals in the third to fifth decade of life. It presents with enopthalmos and hypoglobus. On imaging, a small and opacified maxillary sinus is visualized with retraction of the orbital floor and a blocked ostiomeatal complex. Management includes functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The orbital floor can be reconstructed during the same operation, at a later date, or not at all. Knowledge about SSS can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment recommendations while avoiding unnecessary diagnostic tests.
Use of NDVI and Landscape Metrics to Assess Effects of Riverine Inputs on Wetland Productivity and Stability

Alterations to Louisiana’s river systems and local hydrology have resulted in reduced freshwater, sediment, and nutrient inputs to wetland landscapes, causing significant negative impacts on marsh productivity and stability. This study set out to assess regional- and basin-scale impacts of river connectivity and sediment availability on wetland productivity. Satellite data were used in conjunction with river discharge, river sediment concentration, and wetland accretion data to evaluate correlations between river connectivity and wetland productivity and stability. Significant correlations were observed between river connectivity and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Aggregation Index (AI) values across a 10 year period of analysis. Moderate correlations (r2 = 0.51) between mean NDVI and AI values were observed for all wetland vegetation in coastal Louisiana. Middle Coast wetlands had the highest river connectivity and significantly higher aboveground productivity, spatial integrity, and wetland area. The Chenier Plain, with moderate sediment and nutrient inputs, consisted primarily of moderate productivity and integrity. The majority of the inactive Deltaic Plain, which is largely sediment deprived, consists of landscapes with the lowest wetland productivity and spatial integrity. This study linked wetland area, configuration, and productivity with river connectivity to provide an enhanced understanding of river and sediment importance for wetland stability and restoration.
Alley Oop: 30 One-Hit Wonders—U.S. Pop!

Utilizing a literary metaphor, one notes that the record-related descriptor “One-Hit Wonder” is less a Red Badge of Courage and more of a Scarlet Letter. No, this single hit artist designation does...
Reminiscence in the Care of People with Mild Dementia: A Concept Analysis

Aim To clarify the concept of reminiscence in the care of people with mild dementia, highlight its uses as a nursing intervention in dementia care, and propose an operational definition of the concept. Background Reminiscence is one of the leading nonpharmacological interventions in dementia care. The existing literature lacks a unified definition of reminiscence as it applies to the care of patients with mild dementia and a precise understanding of the concept's applications in nursing care. Data sources We derived data from literature searches in CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Design Concept Analysis. Review methods The review method used was the Walker and Avant's (2019) eight-step method. Results Identification of the key attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of the concept resulted in an operational definition of the concept. The proposed operational definition identifies reminiscence in the care of patients with mild dementia as a cognitive, functional process of recalling and reconstructing distant memories using memory stimuli through mutual interaction with a trained facilitator. Conclusion Clarifying the concept will add validity to the current and future literature, help to develop new research instruments that accurately measure this concept, and function as a framework for holistic nursing interventions.
Chapter 196 – Phoresy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the phoresy, a special kind of commensal relationship in which one organism (the phoretic or phoront) attaches to another (the host) for a limited time period to enhance dispersal of the phoront from the natal (or birth) habitat, resulting in colonization of a new and potentially better habitat. In addition to transport, the phoretic host may incidentally provide substrate, shelter, and even some indirect defense or protection for the phoront, but the strict definition of phoresy excludes any direct physiological benefit during transit. For example, the host does not provide the phoretic with food while in transit, nor does it contribute to the ontogeny (development) of the phoretic during transit. If feeding does occur, the more appropriate term to describe this relationship would be parasitism. Although phoresy is not a form of parasitism, phoresy can eventually extend into a parasitic association. Alternatively, if the host receives a benefit from its passenger the relationship is again not phoresy, but a form of mutualism. Thus, this discrete definition of phoresy separates phoresy from all other forms of symbiotic interactions. A well-documented case of a phoretic relationship becoming parasitic is that of the mite Hemisarcoptes and the coccinellid beetle Chilocorus. Both feed on diaspid scale insects and the association originated as a phoretic relationship. However, coccinellid beetles are reflex bleeders and Hemisarcoptes has become adapted to the reflexed alkaloid toxins in the hemolymph and now requires it to molt and complete its development.
Detecting early warning signals of long-term water supply vulnerability using machine learning

Abstract Adapting water resources systems to climate change requires identifying hydroclimatic signals that reliably indicate long-term transitions to vulnerable system states. While recent studies have classified the conditions under which vulnerability occurs (i.e., scenario discovery), there remains an opportunity to extend such methods into a dynamic planning context to design and assess early warning signals. This study contributes a machine learning approach to classifying the occurrence of long-term water supply vulnerability over lead times ranging from 0 to 20 years, using a case study of the northern California reservoir system. Results indicate that this approach predicts the occurrence of future vulnerabilities in validation significantly better than a random classifier, given a balanced set of training data. Accuracy decreases at longer lead times, and the most influential predictors include long-term monthly averages of reservoir storage. Dynamic early warning signals can be used to inform monitoring and detection of vulnerabilities under a changing climate.
Urban Air Pollution Nanoparticles from Los Angeles: Recently Decreased Neurotoxicity.

Background Air pollution is widely associated with accelerated cognitive decline at later ages and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Correspondingly, rodent models demonstrate the neurotoxicity of ambient air pollution and its components. Our studies with nano-sized particulate matter (nPM) from urban Los Angeles collected since 2009 have shown pro-amyloidogenic and pro-inflammatory responses. However, recent batches of nPM have diminished induction of the glutamate receptor GluA1 subunit, Iba1, TNFα, Aβ42 peptide, and white matter damage. The same methods, materials, and mouse genotypes were used throughout. Objective Expand the nPM batch comparisons and evaluate archived brain samples to identify the earliest change in nPM potency. Methods Batches of nPM were analyzed by in vitro cell assays for NF-κB and Nrf2 induction for comparison with in vivo responses of mouse brain regions from mice exposed to these batches, analyzed by PCR and western blot. Results Five older nPM batches (2009-2017) and four recent nPM batches (2018, 2019) for NF-κB and Nrf2 induction showed declines in nPM potency after 2017 that paralleled declines of in vivo activity from independent exposures in different years. Conclusion Transcription-based in vitro assays of nPM corresponded to the loss of in vivo potency for inflammatory and oxidative responses. These recent decreases of nPM neurotoxicity give a rationale for evaluating possible benefits to the risk of dementia and stroke in Los Angeles populations.
Wealth Inequality and the Financial Accumulation Process

Previous theoretical and computational analyses demonstrate that uncorrelated variations in individual asset returns promote extreme inequality in financial wealth. This paper describes a standard individual-based computational model of this financial accumulation process and then extends it in order to expose other key influences on wealth inequality. We find large effects of individual behavior, cultural practices, tax policy, and technological change. Specifically, we present simulation experiments with heterogeneous saving rates, a stylized marriage institution, a wealth tax structured to mirror contemporary policy proposals, and variations in wage growth. These experiments demonstrate that modest concessions to realism have large effects on long-run wealth inequality in models of the financial accumulation process.
Development and Refinement of a Persuasive Health Communication Intervention to Persuade Adult Emergency Department Patients to be Screened for HIV and Hepatitis C

Screening for HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) in emergency departments (EDs) allows patients to benefit from life-saving treatment; however, some patients at risk for these infections decline to be teste...