cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Statistics of Electron Trapping Processes in Microcrystals of Silver Halides

AbstractThe probability for the direct trapping of electrons from the conduction band of microcrystals of silver halides is calculated as a function of volume, temperature, and depth and number of traps per microcrystal. For grains with a volume of 4 µm3 at 298 K, and a small number of trapping stales, it is shown that the trap depth must be greater than 0.4.1 eV for there to be a significant trapping probability. The condition for electron trapping is thatEt> kT In Z, where Et is the trap depth and Z the partition function for the conduction electrons. Individual sites with trap depths less than 0.05eV have a negligible probability for trapping electrons at room temperature. The implications of these results for theories of latent image formation and of spectral sensitization and desensitization are discussed.
PARACOMPACT SPACES AND RELATED TOPICS

This chapter discusses the theories of paracompact spaces. The concept of paracompactness was invented by J. Dieudonne and the fundamental theorem by A. H. Stone. The paracompact spaces contain two important classical categories: compact spaces and metric spaces. A regular space R is paracompact if every open covering of R has a locally finite refinement. A T 1 -space R is paracompact if open covering of R has a cushioned refinement. A topological space R is called countably paracompact if every countable open covering of R has a locally finite open refinement. Every paracompact space is countably paracompact, but the converse is not true. There are various modifications of the concept of paracompactness or of full-normality though probably not so many as for the concept of compactness. The chapter discusses two modifications that are are strong paracompactness and collection-wise normality. One of them is a little stronger than paracompactness and the other a little weaker than full normality.
Effects of silvicultural intensification on timber yields, carbon dynamics, and tree species composition in a dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia: An individual-tree-based model simulation

Abstract Nature conservation through sustainable forest management is challenged in the tropics by unnecessarily destructive but selective logging and diminishing timber yields. Silvicultural treatments beyond reduced-impact logging are often recommended to increase timber stocking, tree growth, and profits. Despite lack of large-scale and long-term scientific support, Indonesia has embarked on large-scale silvicultural intensification. To fill this information gap, we assessed the timber, carbon, and tree species composition consequences of different silvicultural practices in dipterocarp forests in Kalimantan, Indonesia. With data from 30 1-ha sample plots monitored for up to 20 years after silvicultural intervention coupled with a new forest growth and yield model simulation (SILFOR), we evaluated the long–term consequences of the following silvicultural practices: once logged with a minimum cutting diameter (MCD) of 60 cm (L60); once logged followed by under-planting with seedlings of commercial timber species (L60UP); twice logged with MCDs of 60 cm and then 40 cm (L60L40); and, twice logged followed by strip planting along cleared lines (L60L40SP). The results indicate that timber yields will not be sustained by L60 or L60L40 even if cutting cycles are extended from the current minimum of 30 years to 60 years. In contrast, yields from enrichment planted logged-over forests will recover to levels higher than the first cut if cutting cycles are extended to 50 years for L60UP and to 40 years for L60L40SP. Under these intensive silvicultural regimes, biomass carbon stocks also recover to primary forests levels, but with increased representation of commercial species. Although silviculturally successful, the financial consequences of these approaches to management intensification remain to be scrutinized.
Competing cues: Older adults rely on knowledge in the face of fluency

Consumers regularly encounter repeated false claims in political and marketing campaigns, but very little empirical work addresses their impact among older adults. Repeated statements feel easier to process, and thus more truthful, than new ones (i.e., illusory truth). When judging truth, older adults' accumulated general knowledge may offset this perception of fluency. In two experiments, participants read statements that contradicted information stored in memory; a post-experimental knowledge check confirmed what individual participants knew. Unlike young adults, older adults exhibited illusory truth only when they lacked knowledge about claims. This interaction between knowledge and fluency extends dual-process theories of aging. (PsycINFO Database Record
Correlation of chemotherapy delivery and survival outcomes of follicular lymphoma in the immunchemotherapy era.

8563 Background: Optimal initial treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL) is unknown. Rituximab as monotherapy (R) or as a component of immunochemotherapy (R+Chemo) is established as effective and it ...
Overcoming challenges to air force satellite ground control automation

US Air Force satellite ground stations require significant manpower to operate. To improve operating efficiencies, the Air Force seeks to incorporate more automation into routine satellite operations. Interaction with autonomous systems includes not only daily operations, but also the development, maintainability, and the extensibility of such systems. This paper presents challenges to Air Force satellite automation: 1) existing architecture of legacy systems, 2) space segment diversity, and 3) unclear definition and scoping of the term “automation.” Using a qualitative case study approach, we survey comparable non-satellite operation domains (Industrial Control Automation and Software Testing) that have successfully integrated automation, and other satellite operation enterprises (NASA Goddard, Naval Research Laboratory, European Ground Station National Institute for Space Research in Brazil) to identify common themes and best practices. From this insight, we recommend that future satellite operation ground stations encourage the use of layered architectures, abstract satellite operation processes, and integrate simulators in future systems as concrete implementations of this common operating platform.
Long-term survival in advanced-stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma.

5596 Background: Advanced-stage (III/IV) uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) has a median overall survival (OS) of ~ 3 yrs. The study objective was to determine factors associated with long-t...
Case 16—A Depressed Caregiver Neglects His Own Health

A man who had been caring for his disabled wife for over 50 years neglected his own health, and his family needed to make a series of medical and other decisions on behalf of him and his wife, often without sufficient documentation or information.
Effects of Initiating Abstinence from Alcohol on Daily Craving and Negative Affect: Results from a Pharmacotherapy Clinical Trial.

Background Craving and negative affect are distressing and commonly experienced during alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. Patients may assume that initiating abstinence will intensify their cravings and negative affect despite limited empirical data to support this assumption. This study extends and replicates, under improved methodological conditions, previous work that found reductions in daily craving associated with initiating abstinence. Methods Seventy-eight adults (80.8% male, 57.1% Caucasian) in a clinical trial testing prazosin for AUD provided daily reports of drinking, craving, and negative affect for up to 12 weeks (mean = 64.77 daily reports). Participants were classified into 3 subgroups based on whether and when they initiated 14 days of continuous abstinence, including (i) "abstinence initiators" who quit drinking during treatment (n = 17), (ii) "already abstainers" who were abstinent at the start of treatment (n = 20), and (iii) "continued drinkers" who never initiated abstinence (n = 41). The timing and degree of change in craving and negative affect were compared across these groups using multivariate growth curve modeling. Results All participant subgroups reported gradual reductions in craving over the course of treatment, with "abstinence initiators" reporting additional sudden reductions in craving upon initiating abstinence from alcohol. "Continued drinkers" reported higher levels of craving than "already abstainers" throughout the full course of treatment. Negative affect followed a different pattern of change, with "abstinence initiators" experiencing gradual reductions in negative affect after initiating abstinence but no changes prior to or immediately upon initiating abstinence, and with "already abstainers" and "continued drinkers" experiencing no changes in negative affect over time. Conclusions Initiating abstinence is associated with immediate reductions in craving, followed by gradual reductions in both craving and negative affect. Results provide insight into the timing and magnitude of changes in theoretically and clinically important variables and may help patients anticipate when to expect improvement in craving and negative effect.
PROFILE OF UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF MATHEMATIC SYMBOLS IN VISUAL-VERBAL REPRESENTATION OF STUDENTS CLASS IX SMPN 16 MAKASSAR

This study aims to: (1) to describe the profile of mathematical concept understanding with visual symbol representation of students, (2) to describe the profile of mathematical concept understanding with student verbal symbol representation, (3) to describe the mathematical concept understanding profile with visual-verbal symbol representation students. The type of this research is descriptive research is qualitative. The subjects of this study consisted of 2 with the highest score on the comprehension test of the concept of building the curved side space. Instruments in this study are the researchers themselves as the main instrument, concept comprehension test instruments (TPK) and interviews. The results showed that: (1) subject I AK and IM II subjects from TPK test analysis based on conceptual understanding indicator; a) Redefining the concept, the subject of AK is correct and capable in answering the questions in both representations as well as the subject of IM; b) Classifying objects according to certain properties, the subject of AK and IM is capable of answering questions in both symbol representations, but the subject of AK in item 4 is weak in representing objects in visual form; c) Giving examples and non-examples of concepts, the subject of AK is less precise in answering the matter in visual representation, whereas for questions in verbal reproduction the subject of the AK is able to answer correctly, the subject of IM is able and correct to answer the problem in both representations; d) State the concept in the form of mathematical representation, the subject of AK and the subject of IM is capable and correct in answering the questions in both representations, but for the subject of AK in the interview session hinted that for number 8 or questions represented by visual symbols it is more difficult than the number 7 without pictures, unlike the IM subject which assumes that the two questions in both symbol representations are the same; e) Applying the concept in problem solving, the subject of AK and the subject IM quite understand and understand the direction of the problem, but both subjects failed to understand the basic concepts in solving the problem so that there is a fundamental kekeliriun so that the impact on the entire process and the end result
Conception and optimization of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles for coal-fired power plant application

L'amelioration des systemes energetiques est consideree comme un levier technologique pour repondre aux defis lies a la croissance de la demande d’electricite et des emissions des gaz a effet de serre. Les futures centrales devraient presenter une integration thermique plus flexible et des sources de chaleur mixtes possibles. Une des solutions fiables consiste a utiliser un cycle de Brayton au CO2 supercritique (CO2-SC), un tel cycle a haut rendement est theoriquement prometteur pour les applications nucleaires, fossiles et solaires thermiques. Un des principaux obstacles au deploiement du cycle de Brayton au CO2-SC est de justifier sa faisabilite, sa viabilite et son potentiel a l’echelle industrielle. Dans ce contexte deux axes de recherche ont ete identifiees : • Une selection rigoureuse de l’equation d’etat qui permet de representer les proprietes d’interet du CO2-SC. • Une nouvelle methodologie pour l’optimisation des centrales electriques, permettant de selectionner automatiquement le procede optimal parmi une grande quantite de configurations possibles (denomme superstructure). Les resultats de la premiere partie de cette these mettent en lumiere que l’equation de SW est pertinente pour limiter l’impact de l’imprecision de l’equation d’etat sur le dimensionnement du procede. Dans cette these, un simulateur de procede commercial, ProSimPlus a ete combine avec un solveur type evolutionnaire (MIDACO) afin d’effectuer des optimisations superstructure. Premierement, le critere d’optimisation est de maximiser le rendement energetique du procede. Dans un deuxieme temps, on cherche simultanement a minimiser les couts du procede. Pour ce faire, des fonctions de cout internes a EDF ont ete utilisees afin de permettre l’estimation des couts d'investissement (CAPEX), des depenses operationnelles (OPEX) et du cout actualise de l'electricite (LCOE)
Psychology and Self-Preservation: Behind the Effects of International Criminal Tribunals on Social and Political Groups

Although scholars and practitioners alike insist that international criminal tribunals are focused on the individual defendants they try, these bodies have a profound impact on social and political groups. The origins and nature of such effects, however, have been largely absent from discussions of ICTs as mechanisms of post-conflict justice. Much of the literature advocating for and opposing these courts takes as given that such effects will or will not impact post-conflict justice, without considering what factors may mitigate or exacerbate group-level consequences of post-atrocity criminal proceedings. This paper seeks to address that gap by examining five different theoretical ways such effects take shape. These pathways are: social-psychological dynamics within groups whose members are prosecuted; lateral political pressure on groups whose members are prosecuted; direct impacts on states whose agents and policies are investigated; the use of ICT compliance as a necessary condition for international economic aid or institutional membership; and the potential developing trend toward the use by the Security Council of ICC referrals in conjunction with sanctions. This paper also examines briefly whether hybrid tribunals can have similar effects, and presents a list of factors that may enhance or subdue the impacts discussed.
Putting food into agricultural policy

Agricultural policy in much of the world has been overly dominated by a focus on increasing yields and promoting industrialized monocultures and their concomitant technologies. It is time to also p...
Service through surgery: A quasi-experimental comparison study on the impact of a preclinical seminar course on diverse mentorship and attitudes towards the underserved.

Abstract Background Increased surgical workforce diversity diminishes health disparities. Methods Researchers recruited and nonrandomly enrolled participants into intervention and comparison groups for a quasi-experimental study of the impact of a seminar course on student exposure to diverse mentorship and service through surgery. All metrics were analyzed with chi-squared and paired t-tests. Results 109 students participated (34 intervention, 75 comparison). There were significant differences in the percentage of participants that newly met a surgeon of their race (intervention, comparison: 100%, 25%), their race and gender (80%, 21%), their religion (23%, 9%), and who completed health disparities research (90%, 45%, p-value for all Conclusions This preclinical surgery seminar course increased exposure of underrepresented students to surgeons from diverse backgrounds and may impact student attitudes towards the underserved. This class represents a replicable model for increasing mentorship.
Shared genomic segments in high-risk multigenerational pedigrees with gastroschisis.

Objectives Gastroschisis remains an etiologic dilemma. We posit that an underlying genetic susceptibility either separately or coupled with a periconceptional environmental exposure stimulates an inflammatory response resulting in gastroschisis. To investigate the genetic link, we applied shared genomic segment (SGS) analysis, a novel approach to discover chromosomal segments that inherit in high-risk multigenerational pedigrees. Methods We studied pedigrees containing distantly related children with gastroschisis originating from a common ancestor. We used the Illumina OmniExpress genotyping array with >700,000 SNPs. Samples from 40 affected children in 13 pedigrees (≥3 affected children) were genotyped to generate the high-density SNP data necessary to perform SGS analysis. Assessment of significance in SGS was determined empirically using simulations based on precise pedigree structure and modeling linkage disequilibrium (LD) for SNPs in the general population to properly account for genetic architecture. The LD model was estimated from the 1000 Genome Project using the same set of SNPs. Genome-wide significance thresholds were determined for each pedigree. Results We identified six pedigrees that contained genome-wide statistically significant SGS regions inherited from a common founder. These regions were different in each pedigree, all contained immune pathway genes. Discussion The genome-wide significant regions support a genetic susceptibility for gastroschisis. The regions are compelling candidates for regionally focused genome sequencing, enabling the discovery of coding or noncoding (e.g., regulatory) risk variants, the latter of which are unlikely to be found using conventional exomic/gene-focused approaches. This technique provides a comprehensive and focused genomic interrogation that will help to advance our understanding of gastroschisis.
Changes in Psychological and Cognitive Outcomes after Green versus Suburban Walking: A Pilot Crossover Study

This study investigated the acute effects of repeated walking sessions within green and suburban environments on participants’ psychological (anxiety and mood) and cognitive (directed-attention) outcomes. Twenty-three middle-aged adults (19 female) participated in a non-randomized crossover study comprised of once-weekly 50-min moderate-intensity walking sessions. Participants walked for three weeks in each of two treatment conditions: green and suburban, separated by a two-week washout period. Eleven participants completed green walking first and 12 suburban walking first. For each walk, we used validated psychological questionnaires to measure pre- and post-walk scores for: (1) mood, evaluated via the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); (2) anxiety, assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S); and (3) directed-attention, measured using the visual Backwards Digit Span test (BDS). Repeated measures linear mixed models assessed pre- to post-walk changes within-treatment conditions and post-walk contrasts between-treatment conditions. Results indicated that anxiety decreased after green walking and increased after suburban walking (−1.8 vs. +1.1 units, respectively; p = 0.001). For mood, positive affect improved after green walking and decreased after suburban walking (+2.3 vs. −0.3 units, respectively; p = 0.004), and negative affect decreased after green walking and remained similar after suburban walking (−0.5 vs. 0 units, respectively; p = 0.06). Directed-attention did not improve from pre- to post-walk for either condition. Our results suggested that green walking may be more effective at reducing state anxiety and increasing positive affect compared to suburban walking.
Compensation According to Risk of the Firm

In this chapter, the third component of the “Fair CEO Compensation” octagonal framework, namely, “Compensation according to Risk of the Firm”, is discussed. First, the definitions and existing research are presented, and then the theoretical and practical implications are set forth.
Near Instance-Optimality in Differential Privacy.

We develop two notions of instance optimality in differential privacy, inspired by classical statistical theory: one by defining a local minimax risk and the other by considering unbiased mechanisms and analogizing the Cramer-Rao bound, and we show that the local modulus of continuity of the estimand of interest completely determines these quantities. We also develop a complementary collection mechanisms, which we term the inverse sensitivity mechanisms, which are instance optimal (or nearly instance optimal) for a large class of estimands. Moreover, these mechanisms uniformly outperform the smooth sensitivity framework on each instance for several function classes of interest, including real-valued continuous functions. We carefully present two instantiations of the mechanisms for median and robust regression estimation with corresponding experiments.
A non-GPCR binding partner interacts with a novel surface on β-arrestin1 to mediate GPCR signaling

The multifaceted adaptor protein β-arr1 (β-arrestin1) promotes activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) by the chemokine receptor CXCR4, facilitating chemotaxis. This function of β-arr1 requires the assistance of the adaptor protein STAM1 (signal-transducing adaptor molecule 1) because disruption of the interaction between STAM1 and β-arr1 reduces CXCR4-mediated activation of FAK and chemotaxis. To begin to understand the mechanism by which β-arr1 together with STAM1 activates FAK, we used site-directed spin-labeling EPR spectroscopy-based studies coupled with bioluminescence resonance energy transfer–based cellular studies to show that STAM1 is recruited to activated β-arr1 by binding to a novel surface on β-arr1 at the base of the finger loop, at a site that is distinct from the receptor-binding site. Expression of a STAM1-deficient binding β-arr1 mutant that is still able to bind to CXCR4 significantly reduced CXCL12-induced activation of FAK but had no impact on ERK-1/2 activation. We provide evidence of a novel surface at the base of the finger loop that dictates non-GPCR interactions specifying β-arrestin–dependent signaling by a GPCR. This surface might represent a previously unidentified switch region that engages with effector molecules to drive β-arrestin signaling.
Surgical options for submucosal tumors near the esophagogastric junction: does size or location matter?

Submucosal tumors (SMTs) of different etiologies exist from esophagus to rectum. Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is one of the known difficult locations for tumor resection. Although minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is a well-established approach for gastrointestinal surgery, there is no consensus that MIS for resection of SMTs around EGJ is superior to laparotomy. We tried to clarify the factors that determine the surgeons’ choices between these two approaches. From January 2002 to June 2016, 909 patients with SMTs underwent resection in our department. Among them, 119 patients (13%) had SMTs around EGJ were enrolled by retrospective review. The clinicopathological features and tumor-related parameters were reviewed and analyzed. The cohort was stratified into three groups according to the extent of gastrectomy and surgical approaches. The three groups are as following: major gastrectomy (n = 13), minor gastrectomy by laparotomy (n = 51), and minor gastrectomy with MIS (n = 55). The average tumor size was significantly larger in the major gastrectomy group than in the two minor gastrectomy groups; however, there was no difference between the two minor gastrectomy groups (5.33 cm, 4.07 cm, and 3.69 cm, respectively). The minor gastrectomy with MIS required least hospital stay and operation duration also. We re-stratify the two minor gastrectomy groups (n = 106) according to the orientation of SMTs around the EGJ into 4 zones. Most of SMTs located on the greater curvature side of the EGJ were resected with MIS (82% versus 18%), whereas SMTs in the other zones were resected more often by laparotomy (59% versus 41%). There was no surgical mortality within the cohort, while minor gastrectomy with MIS yielded least number of leakages among the three groups. For SMTs around the EGJ, larger tumors (diameter of more than 5 cm) are more likely to be resected with major gastrectomy. To resect SMTs around the EGJ in a wedge-like (minor gastrectomy) fashion, tumors located other than the greater curvature side were more often resected by laparotomy. However, MIS yielded acceptable safety and surgical outcomes compared to conventional laparotomy for SMTs around the EGJ of the same size.
The role of demand information and monitoring in tacit collusion

Motivated by the Green and Porter (1984) and Rotemberg and Saloner (1986) models, we construct lab experiments to test the effects of two factors on collusion: information (regarding next period's demand state) and monitoring (of a rival's past action). Results indicate that information may facilitate collusion more than monitoring, especially as subjects gain experience. A robust finding is that subjects in the Rotemberg and Saloner treatment cooperate as predicted by this theory: collusion falls dramatically in anticipation of unusually large demand and returns to high levels otherwise. These results suggest that tacit and fairly elaborate collusion could arise in stochastic environments.
Development and testing of a biobanking acceptability scale: A multistage effort to add a biobank to an existing longitudinal study

Abstract Background More biobanks linked to demographic, phenotypic, and clinical data are needed to advance multiple sclerosis (MS) research; however, little is known about biobanking attitudes among persons with MS, broadly, as well as willingness of participants in an existing longitudinal study to donate biospecimens, specifically. Methods To assess biobanking attitudes in a cohort of MS patients in an ongoing longitudinal study, a new Biobanking Acceptability Scale (BAS) was developed, its reliability and predictive validity tested, and factors that influenced biobanking intent as well as behavior were explored. Analysis included descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach's α, and Pearson's bivariate correlation coefficients. Results In 2018, 227 participants completed the 10-item BAS. Biobanking attitudes were generally positive (BAS total score, M = 38.8 out of 50; SD = 6.7), and most participants expressed willingness to donate hair (87%), saliva (85%), and/or blood (72%). In 2019, 143 participants consented to biobanking and were mailed supplies; 110 individuals provided at least one biospecimen, resulting in 110 saliva samples and 89 hair samples. The 10-item BAS displayed good internal consistency (α = 0.81). Demographic and clinical variables were not significantly associated with BAS score nor actual donation. Total BAS score was related to consent (r = 0.36, p Conclusion Overall, the participants had positive attitudes toward biobanking; the scale should be assessed in more diverse samples. The BAS predicted biobanking consent, and thus may be a useful measure to identify individuals most likely to donate biospecimens and/or identify potential barriers to biobanking that can be addressed through study design.
Chapter 12 Preparation of Deuterated Actin from Dictyostelium discoideum

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the methods that have devised for the production of deuterated Dictyostelium . The method for isolating actin from deuterated Dictyostelium is described as an example for the preparation of deuterated proteins from a eukaryote. The solutions used for extraction and purification can be prepared in H 2 O, as only exchangeable sites will lose deuterium and these are redeuterated by adding D 2 O to the purified protein. The chapter described a procedures using 50–75 g of washed amoebae that are obtained from 5 liters of culture medium. The production of deuterated Dictyostelium represents a major advance in the supply of deuterated eukaryotic macromolecules for structural studies. The procedure outlined is both cost-and time-efficient. D 2 O is the only source of deuterium that must be purchased, and this is recycled. Both E. coli and Dictyostelium readily grow on deuterated medium without need for adaptation and with generation times which are only about twice those on comparable protonated medium. With appropriate modification this procedure should be capable of producing a variety of deuterated macromolecules from Dictyostelium .
Mössbauer Study of Metamagnetic Transition in Fe Cl 2 and Fe Br 2

The metamagnetic (spin-flop) transition is studied in single crystals of Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ and Fe${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ using the M\"ossbauer effect and external magnetic fields up to 40 kG. From the changes which take place in the $m=\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{m}^{*}=\frac{3}{2}$ and $m=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{m}^{*}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}$ transitions when Fe${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ passes through the spin-flop, the sign of the internal field at the nucleus is found to be positive. In addition, the difference between the interionic dipolar fields above and below the spin-flop transition is determined as -6.7 kG for Fe${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$. The interionic dipolar fields are also calculated for Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$, Fe${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$, and Fe${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ above and below the spin-flop. The calculated difference for Fe${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ is -6.8 kG, in good agreement with the experimental difference. The internal magnetic field at the iron nucleus in Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ is found to be -5.0 kG above the spin-flop. This result is used with the calculated lattice sums to determine the internal field below the spin-flop. A value of +2.8 kG is found for this field, in agreement with earlier observations. The sign of the internal field in Fe${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ is predicted to be positive. Increasingly positive internal fields going down the series Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$, Fe${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$, and Fe${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ are consistent with the interpretation that the iron-halogen bond is increasingly covalent. This is manifested in an increasing fraction of $4s$ electron character in the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ electronic configuration.
Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) probes electronic states in solids and at surfaces. It relies on the process of photoemission, in which an incident photon provides enough energy to bound valence electrons to release them into vacuum. Their energy E, momentum ℏk, and spin σ provide the full information about the quantum numbers of the original valence electron using conservation laws. Depicts the process in an energy diagram. Essentially, the photon provides energy but negligible momentum (due to its long wavelength λ=2π/|k|), thus shifting all valence states up by a fixed energy (“vertical” or “direct” transitions). In addition, secondary processes, such as energy loss of a photoelectron by creating plasmons or electron-hole pairs, produce a background of secondary electrons that increases toward lower kinetic energy. It is cut off at the vacuum level EV, where the kinetic energy goes to zero. The other important energy level is the Fermi level EF, which becomes the upper cutoff of the photoelectron spectrum when translated up by the photon energy. The difference ϕ = EV - EF is the work function. It can be obtained by subtracting the energy width of the photoelectron spectrum from the photon energy. Photoemission is complemented by a sister technique that maps out unoccupied valence states, called inverse photoemission or bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy (BIS). Inverse photoemission represents the reverse of the photoemission process, with an incoming electron and an outgoing photon. The electron drops into an unoccupied state and the energy is released by the photon emission. Both photoemission and inverse photoemission operate at photon energies in the ultraviolet (UV), starting with the work function threshold at ∼4 eV and reaching up to 50- to 100-eV photon energy, where the cross-section of valence states has fallen off by an order of magnitude and the momentum information begins to get blurred. At kinetic energies of 1 to 100 eV, the electron mean free path is only a few atomic layers, making it possible to detect surface states as well as bulk states. Keywords: ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy; photoemission; inverse photoemission; characterization; valence electrons; energy band dispersions; competitive techniques; related techniques; principles; solids; energy bands; surface states; electronic phase transitions; practical aspects; electron spectrometers; alignment; sensitivity limits; method automation; data analysis; initial interpretation; sample preparation; problems
One-to-one technology and mathematics achievement for eighth grade girls and boys in the state of Maine.

This study analyzed the eighth grade mathematics portion of the spring 2004 Maine Educational Assessment (MEA) achievement test and the survey questions that were also administered. The analysis was on a school-wide level (n = 182). The two survey questions used were: “Which statement best describes the use of calculators in your mathematics classes?” and "Which statement best describes how you use your laptop in mathematics class: getting data from the Web, finding mathematics problems online, creating graphs?" Correlational analysis, partial correlation, and regression were used to determine if there was any association between calculator usage, laptop usage, and mathematics achievement for girls and for boys in the first state-wide group of students to have one-to-one laptops in Maine. Calculator usage was found to be positively associated with mathematics achievement for both girls (partial correlation coefficient of .189 (p = .011)) and for boys (partial correlation coefficient of .193 (p = .010)) even after controlling for school size and socio-economic status. Though no significant association between laptop usage and mathematics achievement for either girls or boys was found, this may be more a reflection on the survey question being a weak measure than the usage of laptops. In a post-hoc analysis of findings, schools were rank ordered based on the average mathematics achievement score regardless of gender; the top 25% (n = 45) and the lower 25% (n = 45) of the schools were evaluated. In the top 25%, there was no statistically significant difference between school-wide girls' and boys' mathematics achievement scores. However, in the lower 25% of the schools, there was a statistically significant difference (p = .01) between the school-wide average of girls' and boys' mathematics achievement scores, with the girls' score being 1.49 points higher (p = .01, d = .447) than the boys'. Recommendations for refinement of MEA survey questions as well as future studies are provided.
Corporate Reporting and the Accounting Profession: An Interpretive Paradigm:

In this paper, we examine the full disclosure issue of corporate reporting from the various perspectives of the constituent groups. The full disclosure issue is significant for the accounting profe...
Homelessness and Health Internationally

Homelessness is an urgent international issue that confronts both rich and poor nations and is integrally tied to poverty as wars, famine, natural disasters, and vast degrees of inequality have led to recurring circles of impoverishment. Homelessness represents the worst consequences of poverty and ensuing economic and social deprivation, and the global financial crisis of 2008 onward has exacerbated its impacts. Currently, 1 billion people lack adequate shelter and, of that number, 100 million are homeless. The damaging impacts of homelessness are far-reaching, contributing to acute health problems, impaired child development, family and community instability, restricted agency and disempowerment, and eroded human capabilities. Mental illness increases the likelihood of homelessness for single adults, while gender violence represents a critical factor that precipitates homelessness among women and children. Global solutions include the development of sustainable human settlements, social protections, broad social housing provisions, and affirmation of fundamental human rights. Keywords: gender; health; homelessness; poverty; social exclusion
Adatoms and adclusters: On imaging studies by scanning tunneling microscopy

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) as a new tool for cluster research is discussed. The imaging of Au and Ag clusters on graphite in air is described and cluster pictures are shown in two operation modes: the constant current and the variable current mode. Images of large (≈ 350A) and small clusters (a few atoms) are shown. Movement and growth of adatoms and adclusters is observed with the STM on the atomic scale.
A compact low-power eDRAM-based NoC buffer

Whereas buffers significantly impact Network-on-Chip (NoC) performance, they also account for up to 75% and nearly 50% of NoC router area and power respectively. Traditionally, SRAM has been used as an area and power efficient implementation of the router buffer. However, motivated by the smaller size and lower-power potential of planar embedded DRAM (eDRAM), we implement the router buffer using a 3T NMOS eDRAM for improved power and area efficiency. We demonstrate that the lifetime of flits stalled in the NoC router buffer is much shorter than the retention time of currently available eDRAM. This observation allows us to make the appropriate trade-off in size and sense-amplifier complexity to meet requirements of power and performance. A low-overhead need-based refresh mechanism is further explored. With a conservative buffer design using 65nm CMOS technology, our method reduces buffer area by up to 52% and power by 43%, while maintaining performance similar to a SRAM-based buffer. In a NoC router with 128-bit channel width, we achieve 26% and 11% reduction of total router area and power respectively. We conclude that eDRAM-based buffer is a power and area efficient alternative to SRAM-based buffer for NoC router design.
Simplifying Latin in Notker's Classroom: Tradition and Innovation

Much of the rearrangement of the Latin syntax by Notker Labeo in his classroom translation/commentaries is done according to a pedagogic principle called the ordo naturalis, which prescribes an SVO word order. A theoretical discussion of the ordo naturalis is preserved in a tenth-century treatise composed at St. Gall, and its practical application is found throughout Europe in the form of glosses and construe marks. My analysis shows that Notker varied the traditional and prescribed “natural order” according to the passage at hand, taking into consideration the level of textual difficulty and pedagogic relevance of the passage as well as the text-building strategies of the original. In a few instances Notker even sprinkled his personal variant of ordo naturalis with OHG word order. Notker expanded upon and modified tradition with his own pedagogic common sense, thus tailoring his teaching materials to the needs of the St. Gall pupils.
Effect of postural stimulation on systemic hemodynamics and sympathetic nervous activity in systemic hypertension.

Abstract The contributions of the carotid sinus and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes to the interindividual variation in sympathetic nervous system activation caused by postural adaptation were indirectly assessed in 68 mild hypertensive subjects. Supine and upright plasma norepinephrine (NE), blood pressure (cuff) and cardiac output (acetylene rebreathing) were measured. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), carotid sinus pressure, stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were calculated. Stroke volume was assumed to be proportional to the degree of stretch of cardiac mechanoreceptors, carotid sinus MAP was assumed to be proportional to carotid sinus stretch and plasma NE to reflect sympathetic nervous activity. Plasma NE correlated inversely with stroke volume (r = −0.62, p −14 ) and estimated carotid sinus MAP (r = −0.33, p −10 ). Holding systemic vascular resistance constant by partial regression, the inverse relation between plasma NE and stroke volume remained (partial r = −0.36, p
Binding effects in hematite and magnetite concentrates

Abstract An industrial taconite facility, ‘Plant F’, processed both magnetite and hematite ores during the year. The concentrates were pelletized with a binder, bentonite. Plant personnel believed less bentonite was required to make hematite pellets. Thus, the authors intended to quantify in-plant observations through bench-scale pelletization tests. As-received magnetite and as-received hematite were pelletized and tested for wet-drop number and dry-crush strength. Hematite pellets exceeded industrial minimum wet-drop and dry-crush values of 5 drops and 22 N/pellet without bentonite addition, while magnetite pellets exceeded industrial minimum values at a bentonite dose of 6.6 kg/t (0.66%). It is known that finer particles increase pellet strength, so additional magnetite was ground to a similar particle size distribution as the as-received hematite. The ground magnetite was pelletized and tested for wet-drop number and dry-crush strength. Wet drop and dry crush values increased after grinding the magnetite concentrate. However, they were significantly less than hematite pellets at similar bentonite doses. Consequently, particle size effects were not the dominant cause for higher strengths in the hematite concentrate.
Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery: Radical Prostatectomy in the Canine Model

Abstract Purpose: The goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of transurethral radical prostatectomy in the canine model. We describe the surgical procedure for natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery-radical prostatectomy (NOTES-RP). Materials and Methods: NOTES-RP was performed on six nonsurvival male canines. The 100 watt holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garne laser, 550 μm end-firing fiber, 28F laser resectoscope, 7F stabilizing catheter, and continuous irrigation were used to radically resect the prostate. A Vest vesicourethral anastomosis was performed using a laparoscopic suture device that was delivered through the nephroscope. In the initial cases, the prostate was removed manually; for the last two cases, the prostate was removed endoscopically with a tissue morcellator. Results: NOTES-RP was successfully executed in all canines. Visualization was not obscured by bleeding. Dissection times ranged from 40 to 120 minutes. Fluid absorption was problematic in cases lasting more than 1 h...
On the utility of atomic collision physics

Abstract Atomic collision physics represents a mature field with sophisticated experimental and theoretical tools at our disposal. Yet, atomic collisions have remained at the forefront of research because of the unique capability to contribute to fundamental physics such as the many-body problem and the far-reaching utility in many fields of science. This keynote address will try to highlight the significance of atomic collisions in challenges at the forefront of current research ranging from ultracold atomic collisions and its applications to Bose-Einstein condensation, ultrarelativistic collisions and collisions between particles and antiparticles to collisions with microcapillaries.
Stratification prediction model for perimeter zone UFAD diffusers based on laboratory testing with solar simulator

Abstract Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) is an air distribution strategy for providing ventilation and space conditioning in buildings. UFAD systems use the underfloor plenum beneath a raised floor to provide conditioned air through floor diffusers that creates a vertical thermal stratification under cooling operation. Thermal stratification affects energy, indoor air quality and thermal comfort performance. The purpose of this study was to characterize the influence of linear bar grilles and VAV directional diffusers on thermal stratification in perimeter zones by developing theoretically and empirically based prediction models. Forty-seven laboratory experiments were carried out in a climatic chamber equipped with a solar simulator. Linear bar grilles tend to produce less stratification than VAV directional diffusers and, in some cases with high airflow rates, may generate reverse stratification. Lowering internal blinds causes an increase in thermal stratification. Models to predict temperature stratification for the two tested diffusers have been developed.
Partial Elasticity of Demand

Elasticity of demand and flexibility of prices, 394. — Equations to simple demand curves, 395. — Partial flexibility of prices, and partial elasticity of demand, 396. — Equations to demand functions revealing the partial elasticities and partial flexibilities, 398. — Conclusions, 400.
The pleasure of your company: attitudes and opinions of preceptors toward nurse practitioner preceptees.

PURPOSE: To survey the attitudes and opinions of preceptors about their experiences with nurse practitioner stu-dents. DATA SOURCES: Original research using a mailed questionnaire designed by the researchers to 196 physician and nurse practitioner preceptors (23% response rate). CONCLUSIONS: Preceptors desired faculty support and feedback, wanted involvement in shaping the curriculum, and had strong opinions about the precepting experience. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The attitudes and opinions of preceptors are extremely important to the availability of a qualified and motivated pool of preceptors, the clinical growth of the stu-dents, the quality of the student's learning experience, and the survival of nurse practitioner programs.
Integrating visual images and visual percepts across time and space

Recent studies suggest that visual information can be integrated over a relatively long delay (> 1500 ms) to form a more complete representation (image-percept integration). The current studies investigated whether this process can occur between stimuli that differ in their spatial properties. Participants viewed two dot arrays that filled all but one space in a square or rectangular grid when combined, and reported the missing space. The arrays differed either in size or orientation. Performance reached a comparable level as when spatial properties were matched. However, such performance depends on at least two processes. We suggest an early encoding process and a later image formation/spatial attention reallocation process are required. The flexibility of the image-percept integration process suggests a strong mechanism to form more complete or detailed representations over time, even when the retinal size and orientation of the scene may change between successive views.
Field Independence, Transcendental Meditation, and Achievement in College Art: A Reexamination:

This study confirmed that scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test of 106 undergraduate art students from four universities were positively correlated .32 with grade point average, .27 with artistic ability, and .21 with how students perceived their own artistic competence in relation to peers. The 12 art students who practiced Transcendental Meditation tended to score higher on the test of field independence (Ms = 13.7 vs 10.4, 10.5, and 12.8) than the nonmeditating students (ns = 22, 38, and 34). Data suggest experiments may be useful.