cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shear-wave vibrational directions and related fault movements in Southern California Earthquakes

Vibrational directions of direct shear waves from a number of small local earthquakes in southern California, recorded at Pasadena and Riverside, are determined and related to corresponding faulting at the source. A theoretical relationship between wave vibrational directions and fault displacements is proposed. Directions of SV and SH motions from various fault types are adduced from this relationship. Observations of initial shear wave motions indicate generally consistent SH displacements, usually less consistent SV displacements, and ratios of SV/SH which usually vary widely. Polarization of SH waves is indicated; that of SV wave, suggested. The entire shear wave is probably approximately plane-polarized. The results of this study indicate that horizontal components of faulting in southern California usually follow the same general direction, whereas vertical fault components appear to vary in direction. Comparison of observed SV and SH motions with (1) theoretical shear motions and (2) Gutenberg's (1941) observations of compressional wave impulses, provides analysis of faulting at the source. Seismic data and regional surface geology indicate a fault pattern involving, primarily, northwesterly-trending right-handed transcurrent faults in some parts of southern California, approximately east-west-trending reverse or thrust faults in other parts, and the coexistence of the two in a few localities. Simplified stress distributions in agreement with the data are discussed briefly.
Impact dynamics of particle-coated droplets.

We present findings from an experimental study of the impact of liquid marbles onto solid surfaces. Using dual-view high-speed imaging, we reveal details of the impact dynamics previously not reported. During the spreading stage it is observed that particles at the surface flow rapidly to the periphery of the drop, i.e., the lamella. We characterize the spreading with the maximum spread diameter, comparing to impacts of pure liquid droplets. The principal result is a power-law scaling for the normalized maximum spread in terms of the impact Weber number, ${D}_{max}/{D}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{\text{We}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, with $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}1/3$. However, the best description of the spreading is obtained by considering a total energy balance, in a similar fashion to Pasandideh-Fard et al. [Phys. Fluids 8, 650 (1996)]. By using hydrophilic target surfaces, the marble integrity is lost even for moderate impact speeds as the particles at the surface separate and allow liquid-solid contact to occur. Remarkably, however, we observe no significant difference in the maximum spread between hydrophobic and hydrophilic targets, which is rationalized by the presence of the particles. Finally, for the finest particles used, we observe the formation of nonspherical arrested shapes after retraction and rebound from hydrophobic surfaces, which is quantified by a circularity measurement of the side profiles.
Health: The French and Their Colonial Empire

It is generally agreed today among medical historians and anthropologists that the presence of Europeans during the first four decades of colonialism contributed to the deterioration of health conditions in Africa rather than to the improvement of the lives of its millions of inhabitants. Among the foremost medical Africanist historians Philip Curtin stands out, who has been writing on colonial medical policies and practices since the 1970s. From his work and that of many other medical historians, including Gerald Hartwig, David Patterson, Terence Ranger, Charles Good (a medical geographer), Steven Feierman, and John Janzen, we now have a clear picture of the impact of colonialism from the 1800s to the 1950s on African traditional medical practices and therapies and how the Europeans viewed them. The ideas and the concepts being developed by experts—who, at the end of the 1800s, had begun to study the disease environment in Africa, such as Sir Richard Ross, Robert Koch, and Eugene Jamot, working at times in tandem with the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine—were incorporated into the planning of the cities and towns of Africa, especially the capital cities where the European population was expected to congregate, live, and work, as well as the colonial outposts, military garrisons, and health care facilities. The issue of race and race relations, right from the beginning of the encounter during the nineteenth century, affected by the perception of disease and its mode of transmission, shaped the future of health on the continent, which, from inception, was designed to protect the European population, particularly local administrators and officers of the colonial army corps.
Inflammatory Disorders Associated with Allergy: Overview of Immunopathogenesis and Implications for Treatment

A number of chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with IgE-mediated immunologic hypersensitivity, including atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and asthma. Pathogenetic studies of well-characterized patient groups has allowed investigators to more precisely define the molecular pathways involved in these diseases. Specific cytokines and chemokines, as well as other unique proteins, have now been identified in each of these common disorders and a number of medications are currently in development for inhibiting their actions. Continual refinement of our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases will undoubtedly yield increasingly precise, and potentially more effective, treatments.
Marek’s Disease Virus-Induced T-Cell Lymphomas

Marek’s disease (MD) is a prevalent T-cell lymphoma of chickens caused by a cell-associated alphaherpesvirus, Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Since the discovery of the etiological agent in the late 1960s, field strains of MDV have evolved in terms of the level and severity of lesions and the rapidity of lymphoma formation. Consequently, MDV has become an attractive model for the study of lymphomagenesis in a natural host system. Lymphomagenesis by MDV requires the expression of Meq (Marek’s EcoRI-Q-encoded protein), a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein expressed during lytic infection, latency, in MDV-induced lymphomas, and derived cell lines. Meq is expressed in both unspliced and spliced forms, and Meq products possess many of the functions associated with viral oncoproteins including the suppression of apoptosis, the induction of proliferation, and the physical association with cell cycle and gene regulatory factors (e.g., p53, Rb, CDK, CtBP-1, HSP-70, etc.). As a bZIP protein, Meq forms homodimers as well as heterodimes with cellular bZIP proteins, most prominently, c-Jun. Both homo- and heterodimerization appear to be crucial to MDV oncogenesis, as is the interaction with the transcriptional repressor CtBP-1. Other MDV-encoded genes contribute to lymphoma progression, including a viral telomerase RNA (vTR), a ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) domain of the major tegument protein (MTP, UL36 gene product), an interleukin 8 homolog (vIL8), RLORF4, a repeat-encoded, short open reading frame of unknown function, and phosphoprotein 14 (pp14). In addition to these genes, several clusters of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified that appear to be important to MDV replication and oncogenesis. MDV-mediated lymphomagenesis is associated with the induction of a T-regulatory (Treg) immunophenotype during transformation. The manipulation of the immune response by these transformed Treg cells is believed to contribute to the immunosuppression associated with MD, as well as the progression of MDV-induced lymphomas.
Plant-Wide Optimal Control with Decentralized MPC

Abstract Most standard MPC implementations partition the plant into several units and apply MPC individually to these units. It is known that this strategy can lead to sub-optimal plant-wide control performance, especially if the units interact strongly. This paper tackles the problem of achieving optimal control performance in plants with such an MPC structure. A modeling framework, geared for use in MPC, that incorporates the interactions between the subsystems is employed. One may think that modeling the interactions and communicating the control actions between the controllers is sufficient to improve controller performance. We show that this idea is incorrect and can lead to closed-loop instability. A cooperation based MPC algorithm that converges to the plantwide optimum is developed. In practical implementations, the cooperation based MPC scheme may have to be terminated before convergence is reached. To permit such flexibility, we propose a feasible cooperation based MPC algorithm. All cooperative iterates in this algorithm are feasible and the resulting MPC controller is closed-loop stable. Two examples comparing the performance of optimal and sub-optimal MPC controllers are presented
A model for pastoral mobility in Iron Age Kazakhstan

Abstract Recent research in Central Asia has altered our understanding of mobility and local economies during the Bronze and Iron Ages. In this paper, we present new data from Tuzusai, an Iron Age (400 cal BCE–1 cal CE) site in southeast Kazakhstan. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that Tuzusai was part of an agro-pastoral system, and that people may have been present at Tuzusai year-round. We performed an analysis of cementum annulations in caprine (sheep/goat) teeth from Tuzusai, which gives direct evidence for seasonal slaughter patterns. Our results demonstrate that animals were slaughtered at Tuzusai year-round, and that there was a spike in the fall which was likely due to herd management strategies. To date, these results are the strongest line of evidence that people were present at Tuzusai throughout the year. We use ethnographic analogy to discuss the nature of a community in which some people were sedentary and others were mobile. We also argue that our results can be used as a model to help determine mobility at other sites in the region for which there are fewer lines of evidence describing the local economy.
On rewriting and new beginnings: W.G. Sebald and the literature about the Luftkrieg

Der Essay geht aus von der jungsten Debatte uber die politische Rolle von 1968 fur die BRD im Vergleich mit der Restauration fur die funfziger Jahre, und beschaftigt sich dann mit der deutschen Wendezeitenobsession: 1945, 1968, und 1989. Die wiederholte mise-en-scene von Wendezeit und Neuanfang wird diskutiert im Hinblick auf das Trauma der strategischen Bombardierung deutscher Stadte. Sebalds kontroverser Essay Luftkrieg und Literatur erscheint dabei als weitere Neuinszenierung derselben Wiederholungsstruktur. Wenig uberzeugend als Angriff auf eine altere Autorengeneration und deren angebliche Verdrangung des Luftkriegs, liest sich Sebalds Text viel eher als Umschrift von alteren Texten Nossacks und Kluges: Umschrift jetzt aus der Position eines Autors der zweiten Generation, fur den das Luftkriegtrauma selbst nur eine sekundare literarische Erfahrung sein kann.
Appropriate statistical methods to account for similarities in binary outcomes between fellow eyes.

PURPOSE Many ocular measurements are more alike between fellow eyes than between eyes from different individuals. To make appropriate inferences using data from both eyes rather than the best or worst eye, statistical methods that account for the association between fellow eyes must be used. METHODS Marginal and conditional regression models account for the association between fellow eyes in different ways. The authors compare and contrast these methods using data from a series of patients with retinitis pigmentosa in whom the primary object is to identify risk factors, some of which are subject specific and some of which are eye specific, for visual acuity loss (as a binary outcome) among affected subjects. RESULTS Odds ratios for age, gender, presence of posterior subcapsular cataract, and genetic type of retinitis pigmentosa obtained from the marginal model were all larger than those from the conditional model. Familial aggregation of visual acuity loss was statistically significant in the marginal, but not in the conditional, model. CONCLUSIONS The estimates and interpretation of the association between an ocular outcome and risk factors can differ significantly between these two approaches. The choice of model depends on the scientific questions of interest rather than on statistical considerations. Computer programs are available for implementing both models.
Quantifying Ecological Efficiency in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is considered to be energy and ecological efficient, and is promoted as the environmental friendly computing solution. On the other hand, the massive development of the Cloud marketplace lead in an increase of the Data Centers globally and eventually in the increase of the CO2 related footprint. The calculation of the impact of Virtual Machines (VMs) on the environment is a challenging task, not only due to the technical difficulties but also due to the lack of information from the energy providers. In this paper we present a methodology for the estimation of the ecological efficiency of Virtual Machines in Cloud infrastructures. We focus on the information management in relation with the energy production in a region as well as the ecological efficiency of a VM in a Data Center. To this end, we have designed and implemented a framework through which the ecological efficiency can be monitored. The presented framework is being evaluated through a private Cloud scenario deployed into infrastructure located in Germany.
Asymmetric Allylic C–H Alkylation via Palladium(II)/cis-ArSOX Catalysis

We report the development of Pd(II)/cis-aryl sulfoxide-oxazoline (cis-ArSOX) catalysts for asymmetric C–H alkylation of terminal olefins with a variety of synthetically versatile nucleophiles. The modular, tunable, and oxidatively stable ArSOX scaffold is key to the unprecedented broad scope and high enantioselectivity (37 examples, avg. > 90% ee). Pd(II)/cis-ArSOX is unique in its ability to effect high reactivity and catalyst-controlled diastereoselectivity on the alkylation of aliphatic olefins. We anticipate that this new chiral ligand class will find use in other transition metal catalyzed processes that operate under oxidative conditions.
Impacts of elevated water temperatures on righting behavior and survival of two freshwater caenogastropod snails

ABSTRACTAs global temperatures rise, streams and rivers are predicted to be more severely impacted than other ecosystems, due in part to the limited mobility of aquatic invertebrates. Compared to m...
The Ciset Relational Model

In this chapter we introduce the ciset relational model, a collection of methods and techniques for organizing data centered on the notion of a ciset relation as the data structure. After we present the notion of a ciset relation, we present other fundamental concepts such as candidate key, primary key and foreign key in this model. Both entity integrity rule and the referential integrity rule are also explored.
A transdisciplinary, longitudinal investigation of early careerists' leisure during the school-to-work transition.

The school-to-work transition (STWT) is a transdisciplinary issue in which leisure-based research has been largely absent. Inspired by the conceptual framework of career adaptability, this research...
An evaluation of wrong-way crashes from highway ramps in Kansas, USA

AbstractWrong-way crashes on limited access highways continue to be a serious problem for state highway agencies and communities. These crashes are more likely to result in fatalities or serious in...
Changing salmon: An analysis of body mass, abundance, survival, and productivity trends across 45 years in Puget Sound

Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp., Salmonidae) of the Puget Sound region of Washington State, USA, have experienced recent and longer‐term (multidecadal) variability in abundance while supporting robust fisheries. As part of the post‐season salmon management process, population‐specific estimates of total adult abundance to Puget Sound (Strait of Juan de Fuca) for pink (O. gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), coho (O. kisutch), sockeye (O. nerka), and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) are calculated annually. We compiled annual estimates of body mass, abundance and survival of hatchery‐ and naturally produced salmon from 1970 to 2015 to compare spatial and temporal patterns across species. Average weights of adult salmon and steelhead returning to Puget Sound, with the exception of coho salmon, have decreased since the 1970s. Temporal trends in abundance, survival and productivity varied by species and origin (hatchery vs. naturally produced). Generally, abundance and survival rates of natural‐origin species decreased whereas those of hatchery‐produced species did not, which is in contrast with other studies' general conclusions of decreasing survival among Puget Sound salmonids. Species diversity has decreased in recent years, with salmonids that rely on a short freshwater rearing phase in the natural environment (hatchery‐produced fish and naturally produced pink and chum) representing >90% of total returns in most years. This new information reveals patterns of body size, abundance, survival and productivity across species, life history and rearing type over the past 45 years and, in doing so, demonstrates the strength in multidecadal, multifactor time series to critically evaluate salmonid species.
Solidification/stabilization of stainless steel pickling residue with aluminum potassium sulfate amended fly ash

Abstract This article presents an original study on the feasibility of reuse fly ash (FA) solidified/stabilized stainless steel pickling residue (SSPR). SSPR was characterized using different leaching procedure and solidified/stabilized using aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) amended fly ash. A modified four-step Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential leaching test and risk assessment code (RAC) was employed to evaluate the potential hazards of metals in SSPR. Results show that SSPR mainly consists of sulfates and heavy metals. The major elements are Ca and Fe, with the total amount of 191,600 and 122,400 mg/kg. Cr is the most notable metal with a total amount of 22,500 mg/kg. Its concentrations in HJ/T 299 and HJ/T 300 extracts are 28.6 and 285 mg/L respectively. Another metal that is of some concern is Ni, its concentration in HJ/T 300 extract is 229 mg/L and total content in the residues is 10,690 mg/kg. The RAC of four list heavy metals are: Ni (61.36%) > Zn (43.48%) > Cr (20.64%) > Cu (19.83%). Therefore, SSPR has a higher potential to be hazardous to the environment. After treatment by 10% of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O with 40% of FA2 (10KA40FA2), the concentration of Cr is 7.9 mg/L in HJ/T 299 extract and 12.68 mg/L in HJ/T 300 extract. While these two values for Ni is 0 and 14.34 mg/L. The RAC of the metals after treatment by 10KA40FA2 followed the order of Ni (20.38%) > Zn (10.59%) > Cu (8.54%) > Cr (7.71%). The unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests showed that the 7-d UCS of the 10KA40FA2 remolded sample achieved 3556.2 kPa which was much higher than that of raw SSPR remolded sample of 1746.7 kPa.
The notochord gene regulatory network in chordate evolution: Conservation and divergence from Ciona to vertebrates

The notochord is a structure required for support and patterning of all chordate embryos, from sea squirts to humans. An increasing amount of information on notochord development and on the molecular strategies that ensure its proper morphogenesis has been gleaned through studies in the sea squirt Ciona. This invertebrate chordate offers a fortunate combination of experimental advantages, ranging from translucent, fast-developing embryos to a compact genome and impressive biomolecular resources. These assets have enabled the rapid identification of numerous notochord genes and cis-regulatory regions, and provide a rather unique opportunity to reconstruct the gene regulatory network that controls the formation of this developmental and evolutionary chordate landmark. This chapter summarizes the morphogenetic milestones that punctuate notochord formation in Ciona, their molecular effectors, and the current knowledge of the gene regulatory network that ensures the accurate spatial and temporal orchestration of these processes.
How Do We Explain the Social, Political, and Economic Determinants of Health? A Call for the Inclusion of Social Theories of Health Inequality Within U.S.-Based Public Health Pedagogy

New public health educational competencies include the ability to explain social phenomena—such as politics, globalization, and racism—and their relationship to health and disease. Formal explanati...
Network Localization of Executive Function Deficits in Patients with Focal Thalamic Lesions.

The human thalamus has been suggested to be involved in executive function, based on animal studies and correlational evidence from functional neuroimaging in humans. Human lesion studies, examinin...
Chinese immigrant smokers' access barriers to tobacco cessation services and experience using social media and text messaging.

Introduction Smoking rates remain disproportionately high among Chinese immigrants in the US, particularly in males. Community-based smoking cessation services and quitlines have low engagement rates. Social media and text messaging programs can be effective in promoting quit rates and improving treatment engagement. This study examined Chinese immigrant smokers' barriers to accessing available smoking cessation services and patterns of using social media platforms and mobile phone text messaging. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews (n=30) and a brief survey (n=49) with adult Chinese immigrant smokers leaving in New York City in 2018. Qualitative interviews explored smokers' challenges with smoking cessation, barriers to accessing and using smoking cessation services, and experience using social media and text messaging. The quantitative survey assessed smoking and quitting behaviors, and social media and text messaging use patterns. Results Qualitative data revealed that participants faced various barriers to accessing cessation services, including the lack of awareness about services, skepticism about treatment effects, reliance on willpower for cessation, and time constraints. WeChat was mainly used to maintain social networking and acquire information. Participants rarely used text messaging or other social media platforms. Quantitative data showed that 55% of participants had no plan to quit smoking. Among those who reported past-year quit attempts (45%), 55% used cessation assistance. WeChat was the most frequently used platform with 94% users. Conclusions WeChat has potential to serve as an easily accessible platform for delivering smoking cessation treatment among Chinese immigrant populations. Research is warranted to explore the feasibility and efficacy of employing WeChat in smoking cessation treatment.
Rab27 GTPases regulate alpha-synuclein uptake, cell-to-cell 1 transmission, and toxicity

SUMMARY Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies are two common neurodegenerative disorders marked by proteinaceous aggregates composed primarily of the protein α-synuclein. α-Synuclein is hypothesized to have prion-like properties, by which misfolded α-synuclein induces the pathological aggregation of endogenous α-synuclein and neuronal loss. Rab27a and Rab27b are two highly homologous Rab GTPases that regulate α-synuclein secretion, clearance, and toxicity in vitro. In this study, we tested the impact of Rab27a/b on the transmission of pathogenic α-synuclein. Double knockout of both Rab27 isoforms eliminated α-synuclein aggregation and neuronal toxicity in primary cultured neurons exposed to fibrillary α-synuclein. In vivo, Rab27 double knockout mice lacked fibril-induced α-synuclein inclusions, dopaminergic neuron loss, and behavioral deficits seen in wildtype mice with fibril-induced inclusions. Studies using AlexaFluor488-labeled α-synuclein fibrils revealed that Rab27a/b knockout prevented α-synuclein internalization without affecting bulk endocytosis. Rab27a/b knockout also blocked the cell-to-cell spread of α-synuclein pathology in multifluidic, multichambered devices. This study provides critical insight into the role of Rab GTPases in Parkinson’s disease and identifies Rab27s as key players in the progression of synucleinopathies.
Analysis of Drug-Drug Interaction Labeling Language and Clinical Recommendations for Newly Approved Drugs Evaluated With Digoxin, Midazolam, and S-Warfarin.

Abstract Purpose To best promote drug tolerability and efficacy in the clinic, data from drug-drug interaction (DDI) evaluations and subsequent translation of the results to DDI prevention and/or management strategies must be incorporated into the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) product labeling in a consistent manner because differences in language might result in varied interpretations. This analysis aimed to assess the consistency in DDI labeling language in New Drug Applications (NDAs). Methods NDAs of recently approved drugs (2012-2020) that increase the exposure of digoxin, midazolam, and S-warfarin, index substrates of P-glycoprotein, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, and CYP2C9 activity, respectively, were fully reviewed. Noninhibitors were also evaluated to appreciate the extent of mechanistic extrapolation in case of negative index studies. Findings After a systematic review of the DDI studies available in NDAs, FDA-approved labeling, and commonly used clinical tertiary resources, differences in DDI results presentation and resulting clinical recommendations were found, even for inhibitors that affect similarly the exposure of the same index substrate. Studies with negative results were often reported in the labels without providing mechanistic interpretation, thus limiting the possible extrapolation of this information to other known substrates. Implications The variability in language affects how the information was presented to clinicians in tertiary resources. Strategies that aim to improve the translation of mechanistic DDI index studies into consistent labeling recommendations are briefly discussed in this review.
Ultrafine Magnetic Particles

Fine magnetic particles are scientifically and technologically very important. The particles are of great scientific interest in developing a better understanding of magnetic phenomena. From the technological point of view, they find wide applications in many types of materials including magnetic tapes, ferrofluids, catalysts, medical diagnostics, drug delivery systems, and pigments in paints and ceramics.1,2 Magnetic particles are also found in the cells of some animals and in some bacteria which help them to navigate in geomagnetic fields.2
Application of identification in /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// to lightly damped systems: two case studies

This paper presents an approach to the frequency domain identification of lightly damped systems. It is based on work in the area of identification in /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin//. The emphasis of this paper is on the application of the algorithms developed in the literature to two case studies. Results show that the algorithms for identification in /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// are capable of producing good models for highly flexible systems. >
Evaluation of Ultrasonic Beam Models for the Case of a Piston Transducer Radiating Through A Liquid-Solid Interface

In order to accurately predict the performance of immersion ultrasonic inspection techniques, it is necessary to have a model for the transducer radiation process. This model should include the case of propagation of the ultrasonic beam at oblique incidence through liquid-solid interfaces of complex geometries. Included should be the effects of diffraction, refraction, focussing and aberrations upon the beam shape.
Quality of Employment and Delinquency During the Adolescent to Young Adult Transition

Most researchers examining employment’s effect on delinquency have not focused on job quality or on employment during early adulthood. This study examined the link between specific qualities of employment and changes in delinquency among a diverse sample of young adults who had moved into the work force after high school using data from a three-wave panel study (N = 389). Contrary to hypotheses, longitudinal regression analyses revealed that changes in young adults’ delinquency from waves 1 to 3 were not related to work quality at wave 2 (e.g., hours worked per week, benefits, stability,future orientation, and enjoyment), with one exception; wages were marginally positively associated with increases in delinquency. The positive association between wages and delinquency is discussed in terms of the current nature of young adulthood and the types of the jobs that young adults without college degrees hold.
THE SENSITIVITY OF FLUVIAL POINT-SOURCE MODELS TO HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY, TEMPERATURE, AND DISCHARGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR HYPOXIA IN LARGE WATER BODIES

An approach to modeling a point source of BOD effluent is presented. This approach displays the seasonal variability of a range (bracket) of possible outcomes with regard to the magnitude and location of maximum oxygen deficit and remaining oxygen demand by using the hydraulic geometry, discharge, and water temperature at two gauging stations situated upstream (Gladewater) and downstream (Beckville) from a point source (Longview) in the Sabine River, Texas. A stepwise sensitivity analysis indicates the degree to which temporal and spatial variability of the fluvial input parameters affects oxygen demand where the river enters a reservoir (Toledo Bend). Though the model produced a wide bracket (100 km) for the distance downstream at which maximum oxygen deficit occurred during the winter, the curves diverged at distances exceeding that to the reservoir. The fraction of oxygen-demanding waste that remained at the point of maximum deficit was relatively constant annually from Beckville (∼60% to 70%), but sin...
Use of carbon monoxide combined with carbon dioxide for modified atmosphere packaging of pre- and postrigor fresh pork sausage to improve shelf life.

Fresh pre- and postrigor pork sausage patties were manufactured in the Iowa State University Meat Laboratory and packaged either in modified atmosphere (MAP) with 0.4% carbon monoxide (CO) and 99.6% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or on foam trays overwrapped with oxygen-permeable film (OW). Packages were stored at 2 to 4°C under fluorescent lights for up to 31 days. Aerobic, anaerobic, and psychrotrophic plate counts, raw and cooked color, purge, and lipid oxidation were measured during storage. Results indicated that both pork sausage products in MAP had lower aerobic and psychrotrophic counts and less lipid oxidation throughout storage (P < 0.05). Raw color of both products in MAP was redder than the OW patties (P < 0.05), but the prerigor pork sausage in MAP benefited more from the CO atmosphere in terms of raw color than the postrigor pork sausage in MAP. Cooked color of the prerigor pork sausage in MAP was significantly redder than cooked color of the postrigor pork sausage. Both pork sausage products in MAP were also lighter (L* value) than the OW patties for raw and cooked color. Therefore, the combination of CO and CO 2 in MAP was beneficial in extending the shelf life of pre-and postrigor fresh pork sausage by reducing aerobic and psychrotrophic microbial growth and improving oxidative stability and color, compared to conventional OW packaging. However, increased purge, increased anaerobic growth, and changes in cooking behavior were also observed for the products in MAP during storage (P < 0.05).
Fuzzy traffic light controller

The paper describes the design of a fuzzy traffic light controller at the intersection of two streets which changes the cycle time depending upon the densities of cars behind green and red lights and the current cycle time. A fuzzy model of the system has been built and tested to predict the behavior of the model under different traffic conditions. Performance of the fuzzy traffic controller has been compared with the human expert and conventional traffic controller which has a preset time.
Assessment of Selective Mutism and School Refusal Behavior

Selective mutism and school refusal both represent significant impairing psychological conditions that can be present in children. This chapter covers interview, monitoring, behavioral assessment, and questionnaire methods, involving children and/or caregivers. Multidisciplinary methods are emphasized in light of the need for multiple sources of data for accurate assessment of diagnosis and severity level.
Lateral internal sphincterotomy for surgically recurrent chronic anal fissure

Background Lateral internal sphincterotomy cures chronic anal fissure by preventing internal sphincter hypertonia. However, cutting sphincter predisposes to sphincter dysfunction, manifests as incontinence of gas, liquid, or stool. Surgeons, therefore, can be too cautious in its use, making ineffective superficial incisions or avoiding the operation altogether. This study is designed to confirm the role of redo lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of surgically recurrent chronic anal fissure. Methods Patients undergoing repeat lateral internal sphincterotomy for surgically recurrent chronic anal fissure were accessed from a prospectively maintained database. Chronicity was defined by symptoms persisting more than 3 weeks. Contralateral sphincterotomy was performed with electrocautery through a stab incision over the intersphincteric plane. The length of sphincter division was the same as the length of the fissure. Phone questionnaire was administered and fecal continence was assessed by modified Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score. Patients were asked to rank their overall satisfaction with the operation, and pre- and postoperative quality of life. Results There were 57 patients, 24 women and 33 men; mean age was 47.9 ± 14.8 years. Mean follow-up was 12.5 ± 4.2 years (range 6.2 to 25.2 years). Presenting symptoms included pain (100%), bleeding (80%), pruritus ani (39%), constipation (26%), and diarrhea. Fifty patients (90%) presented with 1 fissure, and 40 were posterior. Most procedures were performed on an outpatient basis. Fissure healing rate was 98%, and 2 patients (4%) developed minor incontinence postoperatively (one of gas, the other, gas and seepage). Overall satisfaction was 9.7 ± .9 out of 10 with a significant improvement in the quality of life from 5.7 ± 2.4 out of 10 to 9.3 ± 1.4 out of 10 (P Conclusion Judicious repeat lateral sphincterotomy cures recurrent chronic fissures with minimal risk of incontinence.
Menstrual Irregularity and Musculoskeletal Injury in Female High School Athletes

Context: The female athlete triad describes the interrelatedness of energy availability, menstrual function, and bone density. Although associations between triad components and musculoskeletal injury (INJ) have been reported in collegiate athletes, limited information exists about menstrual irregularity (MI) and INJ in the high school population. Objective: To determine the prevalence of and relationship between MI and INJ in high school athletes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: High schools. Patients or Other Participants: The sample consisted of 249 female athletes from 3 high schools who competed in 33 interscholastic, school-sponsored sport teams, dance teams, and cheerleading or pom-pon squad during the 2006–2007 school year. Each athlete remained on the roster throughout the season. Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants completed a survey regarding injury type, number of days of sport participation missed, and menstrual history in the past year. Results: The prevalences of MI and INJ were 1...
A modified Kampala trauma score (KTS) effectively predicts mortality in trauma patients

Abstract Background Mortality prediction in trauma patients has relied upon injury severity scoring tools focused on anatomical injury. This study sought to examine whether an injury severity scoring system which includes physiologic data performs as well as anatomic injury scores in mortality prediction. Methods Using data collected from 18 Level I trauma centers and 51 non-trauma center hospitals in the US, anatomy based injury severity scores (ISS), new injury severity scores (NISS) were calculated as were scores based on a modified version of the physiology-based Kampala trauma score (KTS). Because pre-hospital intubation, when required, is standard of care in the US, a modified KTS was calculated excluding respiratory rate. The predictive ability of the modified KTS for mortality was compared with the ISS and NISS using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results A total of 4716 individuals were eligible for study. Each of the three scores was a statistically significant predictor of mortality. In this sample, the modified KTS significantly outperformed the ISS (AUC = 0.83, 95% CI 0.81–0.84 vs. 0.77, 95% CI 0.76–0.79, respectively) and demonstrated similar predictive ability compared to the NISS (AUC = 0.83, 95% CI 0.81–0.84 vs. 0.82, 95% CI 0.80–0.83, respectively). Conclusions The modified KTS may represent a useful tool for assessing trauma mortality risk in real time, as well as in administrative data where physiologic measures are available. Further research is warranted and these findings suggest that the collection of physiologic measures in large databases may improve outcome prediction.
A Coupled Thermal-Mechanical Analysis of Ultrasonic Bonding Mechanism

A three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model has been developed to simulate the coupled thermal-mechanical fields in ultrasonic welding of aluminum foils. Transient distributions and evolution of the in-process variables, including normal stress, shear stress, slide distance, heat generation, temperature, and plastic deformation on the contact interface, and their interactions have been studied in detail. The von Mises plastic strain from the simulation has been correlated with the measured bonded area of ultrasonic joints. A possible mechanism for ultrasonic bond formation is proposed. The severe, localized, plastic deformation at the bond region is believed to be the major phenomenon causing bond formation in ultrasonic welding.
Strategic performance evaluation: descriptive and prescriptive analysis

Addresses the question of how to assure effective performance evaluation of a public service strategic unit. Both descriptive and prescriptive approaches are discussed. Based on this analysis a practical model for performance evaluation is developed. The model proposed comprises key drivers of performance, including internal and external factors, as well as both quantitative and qualitative factors, simultaneously. The model has been designed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and tested using the Expert Choice Software. The testing results show that the evaluation outcomes differ as a function of the criteria used, the weight assigned, and the meaning given to each criterion. Using the same criteria with a different weighting scheme results in different outcomes for the same performance. This counter‐intuitive finding has important implications for management practice.
Children growing up in a violent community : The role of the family

This review evaluates empirical reports of relations among exposure to violence in the community, dimensions that characterize families and parenting, and the distress and maladjustment of children and adolescents. Family functioning variables that have been examined in relation to community violence exposure include family conflict and violence, social support, structure and cohesion, parenting practices, maternal distress, and sociodemographic characteristics. Evidence is reviewed for three hypotheses regarding family dimensions: (1) that they are associated with children's community violence exposure in bivariate relations, (2) that they moderate relations between community violence exposure and child outcomes, and (3) that they mediate relations between community violence exposure and child outcomes. Following the empirical review, theoretical and methodological gaps in the literature are identified; guidelines are proposed for ecologically valid family-based research on community violence.
Non-linear aspects of dynamic pattern in cellular networks.

Succession of one process-generated pattern by another is governed by non-linear transformation and transport processes, exemplified by chemical reactions within well-mixed cells connected by permeable walls into a regular network. Earlier work on the onset of instability is extended to encompass finite-amplitude disturbances of a uniform stationary state. Multiple stationary states of prescribed symmetries in a sixteen-cell network are found and their stability with respect to symmetric disturbances is examined by means of elementary concentration patterns—a “symmetry-adapted basis”—and their interaction properties, as described by direct products of the irreducible representations of the symmetry group of the network. Group theoretic symmetry considerations ease analysis of emerging dynamic pattern after changing reaction and diffusion parameters turn a uniform state unstable, as a simple example indicates. The paper is a step in the direction of mapping the topography of the physico-chemical state space of a developing system, a space corresponding to Waddington's concept of an epigenetic landscape.
Role of observational studies versus clinical trials in ESRD research

Role of observational studies versus clinical trials in ESRD research. Randomized controlled clinical trials have been considered by many to be the only reliable source for information in health services research. This review considers the advantages and limitations of observational studies as compared to randomized clinical trials. It presents specific examples of scientific research done with observational registry data to show that some research is more feasible with an observational approach and that this approach may lead to better designs of prospective clinical trials. Such trials continue to be the gold standard in outcomes research.
Temporal Sequence of Global-Local Processing in 3-Month-Old Infants

In 3 experiments, the temporal processing sequence of local and global visual properties was investigated with 3-month-old infants. Across the experiments, a global pattern was discriminated under conditions of less familiarization than was necessary for local elements to be discriminated, thus indicating a global precedence in the sequence of visual processing at 3 months of age. Patterns of discrimination were also observed to vary as a function of individual differences in infants' look duration. Furthermore, the pattern of novelty and familiarity preferences for short-looking infants varied in complex ways as a function of familiarization time: Preferences for novel global properties were supplanted by familiarity preferences at the point in familiarization at which infants first became sensitive to local properties.
Glass electrode measurements of sodium in albumin solutions

Measurements of the sodium level of albumin solutions and their ultrafiltrates were made with commercially available sodium-sensitive glass electrodes. The potential of the electrode was found to vary considerably with the depth of immersion. The potentials of albumin solutions which were allowed to remain at room temperature or higher for any length of time were found to increase, and in time gave unrealistic levels of sodium activity. An albumin solution stored in a refrigerator for a month did not show this effect. The sodium levels of albumin solutions as determined by the electrode were lower than the flame photometric values for the same solutions.
Wedge indentation into elastic–plastic single crystals, 1: Asymptotic fields for nearly-flat wedge

Abstract Asymptotic stress and deformation fields under the contact point singularities of a nearly-flat wedge indenter and of a flat punch are derived for elastic ideally-plastic single crystals with three effective in-plane slip systems that admit a plane strain deformation state. Face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and hexagonal-close packed (HCP) crystals are considered. The asymptotic fields for the flat punch are analogous to those at the tip of a stationary crack, so a potential solution is that the deformation field consists entirely of angular constant stress plastic sectors separated by rays of plastic deformation across which stresses change discontinuously. The asymptotic fields for a nearly-flat wedge indenter are analogous to those of a quasistatically growing crack tip fields in that stress discontinuities can not exist across sector boundaries. Hence, the asymptotic fields under the contact point singularities of a nearly-flat wedge indenter are significantly different than those under a flat punch. A family of solutions is derived that consists entirely of elastically deforming angular sectors separated by rays of plastic deformation across which the stress state is continuous. Such a solution can be found for FCC and BCC crystals, but it is shown that the asymptotic fields for HCP crystals must include at least one angular constant stress plastic sector. The structure of such fields is important because they play a significant role in the establishment of the overall fields under a wedge indenter in a single crystal. Numerical simulations—discussed in detail in a companion paper—of the stress and deformation fields under the contact point singularity of a wedge indenter for a FCC crystal possess the salient features of the analytical solution.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine by Modification with 2-Mercaptonicotinic Acid

We have demonstrated the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy for the detection of the phenylalkylamines amphetamine and methamphetamine. This work can be viewed as the first phase of development toward a one-step drug detection method with a selective reactive coating on a SERS substrate. This work involves a fairly complicated coupling reaction prior to surface derivatization. Future efforts will be directed at creating a reactive coating directly on the surface. The amines were derivatized by a coupling reaction with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (2-MNA) with the use of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as the coupling reagent to form the amide compounds AMNA [N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)2-mercaptopyridine-3-carboxamide] and MMNA [N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-2-mercaptopyridine-3-carboxamide]. The amides were qualitatively identified from SERS spectra. Quantification of the amides was accomplished by adding the internal standard pentachlorothiophenol (PCTP) and measuring the intensity of Raman bands of the analyte relative to a Raman band of the internal standard. Calibration curves were plotted of the relative peak intensity ratios as a function of analyte concentration. Detection limits of 19 ppm and 17 ppm were found for amphetamine/2-MNA (AMNA) amide and methamphetamine/2-MNA (MMNA) amide, respectively.
Mechanism of post-translational quinone formation in copper amine oxidases and its relationship to the catalytic turnover.

Abstract Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) post-translationally construct a redox-active quinone from an amino acid side chain in their polypeptide chain. As such, these enzymes illustrate how nature is able to expand upon naturally—occurring side chains to create new, catalytically powerful functionalities. The active sites of the CAOs are highly unusual in their ability to catalyze two very different reactions: single-turnover, oxygen-dependent quinone formation, followed by catalytic oxidation (formally dehydrogenation) of amines. This review summarizes our current understanding of the pathway whereby the 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanyl quinone (TPQ) cofactor is generated from the phenolic side chain of tyrosine. This reaction occurs spontaneously intermediates in the presence of O2 and active site bound Cu(II), without the assistance of other proteins or cofactors. Ongoing work has focused on uncovering the details of the TPQ formation mechanism. A larger goal is to understand how a single active site is capable of supporting both quinone formation and subsequent catalytic turnover.