cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF MARRIED WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT ON HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL PATTERNS: A SWEDISH EXAMPLE

As the number of married women working outside the home continues to grow, questions arise as to the impact of a wife's employment on household travel patterns. In this paper we examine the effects of a wife's employment status on her own travel activity pattern and on that of her husband. Using data from the Uppsala Household Travel Survey, in which sample-household members kept detailed travel diaries for 35 days, we first compare the travel patterns of married women employed full time with those of married women employed part time and married women not working outside the home. We then compare the travel patterns of the three corresponding groups of husbands. Measures of travel activity patterns that were used include indices of overall travel frequency for different purposes, amount of time spent and distances travelled for different purposes, indices of the level of variety in the individual's destination choice set, and measures of mode use. The results show that women employed full-time do reduce their participation in some non-work activities although their distances travelled to activity sites are not shorter than those travelled by the other women. Few significant intergroup differences distinguish the travel activity patterns of the three groups of men. The evidence suggests that a woman's full-time employment does bring significant changes to her own travel pattern but has little impact on that of her husband. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications and a review of several Swedish programs that could eventually result in greater similarity in the travel activity patterns of men and women.
Finding persistent rules: Combining association and classification results

Different data mining algorithms applied to the same data can result in similar findings, typically in the form of rules. These similarities can be exploited to identify especially powerful rules, in particular those that are common to the different algorithms. This research focuses on the independent application of association and classification mining algorithms to the same data to discover common or similar rules, which are deemed ''persistent-rules''. The persistent-rule discovery process is demonstrated and tested against two data sets drawn from the American National Election Studies: one data set used to predict voter turnout and the second used to predict vote choice.
Confocal microscopy of fertilization-induced calcium dynamics in sea urchin eggs

Although confocal microscopy has typically been utilized in studies of fixed specimens, its potential for exploring dynamic processes in living cells is rapidly being realized. In this report, confocal laser scanning microscopy is used to analyze the calcium wave that occurs following fertilization in living sea urchin eggs microinjected with the calcium-sensitive fluorescent probes fluo-3 or calcium green. Time-lapse recordings of optical sections depicting calcium dynamics within the eggs are also subjected to volumetric reconstructions. Such analyses indicate that (1) cytoplasmic free calcium levels become elevated throughout the fertilized egg, (2) fertilization also causes the egg nucleus to undergo a transient increase in free calcium, and (3) normal cleavage can be obtained following time-lapse imaging of the calcium waves.
Directed self‐assembly by photostimulation of an amorphous semiconductor surface

A method for nanoscale directed self-assembly is demonstrated that employs an amorphous semiconductor containing subcritical nuclei for crystallization. This strategy combines attractive features of top-down and bottom-up approaches by exploiting the self-organization capabilities latent in amorphous materials, but in a way that can be controlled by optical or electron beam exposure tools. The method was demonstrated with amorphous TiO2 deposited on silicon, heated to 270°C, and exposed to low-level ultraviolet light. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Development of Nitrolysis for Excess Sludge Treatment II: A Factorial Study for Industrial Wastes

Excess sludge generated in industrial wastewater treatment was converted to soluble organic products and gases in a nitrolysis reaction. The conversion of industrial excess sludge reached 80% by mass (99% conversion after removal inerts from the calculation). The most instrumental operating parameters in increasing this conversion were reaction temperature and acid/sludge ratio in the reactor. The reduction in mass and volume of the excess sludge shows promise in reducing the liability and cost associated with disposal. The production of organic acids (e.g., acetic acid) was also demonstrated, leading to an even more promising treatment alternative for excess sludge. The operating parameters that affect the production of organic acids were also studied. The reaction rate of the process was compared to a previously developed model, showing good agreement. The stoichiometry of the process was investigated, showing more than 90 mg of acetic acid and more than 50 mg of formic acid produced per gram of industr...
Enhancing the emergent literacy skills of pre-schoolers with communication disorders: a pilot investigation

The purpose of this pilot investigation was to examine the efficacy of a parent-child book-reading programme designed to enhance the early literacy skills of pre-schoolers with communication disorders. Four parents and their children completed a 5-week programme that included group parent training supplemented by individualized guided reading practice sessions for each day. Results indicated that programme participation positively influenced children’s concepts about print and that parents judged the programme to be beneficial to themselves and their children. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance towards enhancing the early literacy skills of pre-schoolers with communication disorders.
The Female-Based Household in Public Housing: A Case Study in Puerto Rico

The increasing number of families with a female head in the United States is becoming a matter of growing concern, not only to practitioners dealing with low-income groups but also to social scientists interested in family structure and social change. The total number of households with a female head increased from 3,679,000 in 1950 to 4,609,000 in 1961. This represents an increase of 25.3 percent compared to an overall increase in the number of families during the same period of 15.6 percent.1
Zero modes in the Prasad-Sommerfield limit and SO(5) monopoles

Abstract Zero frequency modes around a monopole in the Prasad-Sommerfield limit come in multiplets of four modes each. An SU(2) symmetry relates the modes within each multiplet. This is sometimes very helpful in finding the modes. One such multiplet is that containing the charge and translational modes. In models which admit degenerate families of monopole solutions depending on a continuous parameter, the extra zero mode is in the same multiplet with the three color modes. The lowest order semiclassical quantization is done for the simplest of these models. The spectrum contains colored states arbitrarily close to each other in energy. The continuous parameter of the family is not a symmetry parameter, but is rather similar to the distance between two solitons in multisoliton solutions.
Clofibrate, inhibitor of intestinal cholesterogenesis.

Abstract Clofibrate (chlorophenoxyisobutyrate) effectively inhibited cholesterol synthesis from acetate by the hamster small intestine. Intestinal cholesterogenesis measured in vivo decreased to 54 and 68 per cent of control in drug-treated refed and starved animals. Cholesterogenesis by intestinal slices from treated hamsters decreased to 24 per cent of control. Hepatic cholesterogenesis was also decreased under all experimental conditions. Intestinal and hepatic cholesterol concentration decreased significantly with Clofibrate treatment. Cholesterol synthesis in biotin-deficient hamsters was not reduced, indicating that an alternate pathway for cholesterol synthesis via carboxylation to malonyl CoA was not quantitatively significant as a site of drug action. d -Thyroxine, similar to Clofibrate, inhibited hepatic cholesterogenesis from acetate, but did not affect intestinal cholesterogenesis. These results support the concept of different mechanisms of control of hepatic and intestinal cholesterogenesis.
Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on primary production along latitudinal transects in the South Pacific ocean

Abstract Ambient intensities of solar ultraviolet radiation inhibit photosynthesis in the upper layers of the oceans. In this study the effect of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR) (290–320 nm) on marine phytoplankton carbon fixation during two latitudinal transects through the South Pacific ocean were measured to determine a dose-response model for estimating UVBR effects in natural surface populations and to identify latitudinal variation in UVBR sensitivity. Photoinhibition increased linearly with increasing doses of UVBR as weighted by the DNA action spectrum, with no apparent threshold for effect. The dose-rate response was nearly constant at low latitudes but varied at higher latitudes. Ambient intensities of UVBR cause photoinhibition and it is likely that even small increases in surface UVBR will cause additional photodamage. A quantitative estimate of the long-term effect of UVBR on marine phytoplankton, however, cannot be made from short-term measurements of photoinhibition since factors such as vertical mixing, photorepair, and photoadaptation will modify the final expression of UVBR damage.
Recycling of the dense-core vesicle membrane protein phogrin in Min6 β-cells

Phogrin (IA2-β) is an integral membrane protein of dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells. We have examined the recycling of endogenous phogrin following exocytosis in insulin secreting Min6 β-cells by monitoring stimulus dependent-uptake of antibodies directed against the lumenal domain of the protein. While low levels of internalized phogrin accumulated in LAMP1-positive lysosomes, more than 35% of internalized phogrin recycled back to an insulin-positive compartment and could return to the cell surface during a second exocytic stimulation. The recycling phogrin transited a syntaxin 6-positive compartment but did not appear to go through the TGN38-positive trans Golgi network. The results suggest a model in which secretory membrane components can recycle from the endosomal system to immature secretory granules without interaction with the major portion of the TGN.
Bending invariant meshes and application to groupwise correspondences

We introduce a new bending invariant representation of a triangular mesh S. The bending invariant mesh X of S is a deformation of S that has the property that the geodesic distance between each pair of vertices on S is approximated well by the Euclidean distance between the corresponding vertices on X. Furthermore, X is intersection-free. The main advantage of the bending invariant mesh compared to previous approaches is that mesh-based features on X can be used to facilitate applications such as shape recognition or shape registration. We apply bending invariant meshes to find dense point-to-point correspondences between a number of deformed surfaces corresponding to different postures of the same non-rigid object in a fully automatic way.
Critical currents in A‐15 structure Nb3Al converted from cold‐worked bcc structure

The paper considers critical currents in A-15 structure Nb3Al converted from a cold-worked bcc structure. Nb3Al prepared in the ductile phase by quenching and mechanical working followed by conversion to the A-15 structure could carry currents above 10 to the 9th power A/sq m in fields near 20 T. These critical currents are comparable to those of Nb3Ge and V3Ga which are closest competing materials for use in high fields; further enhancement of the critical current is possible if thermal treatments are optimized.
Network Endpoints for Clusters of SMPs

Modern large scale parallel machines feature an increasingly deep hierarchy of interconnections. Individual processing cores employ simultaneous multithreading (SMT) to better exploit functional units, multiple coherent processors are collocated in a node to better exploit links to cache, memory and network (SMP), and multiple nodes are interconnected by specialized low latency/high speed networks. Current trends indicate ever wider SMP nodes in the future. To service these nodes, modern high performance network devices (including Infiniband and all of IBM's recent offerings) offer the ability to sub-divide the network devices' resources among the processing threads. System software, however, lags in exploiting these capabilities, leaving users of e.g., MPI[14], UPC[19] in a bind, requiring complex and fragile workarounds in user programs. In this paper we discuss our implementation of endpoints, the software paradigm central to the IBM PAMI messaging library [3]. A PAMI endpoint is an expression in software of a slice of the network device. System software can service endpoints without serializing the many threads on an SMP by forcing them through a critical section. In the paper we describe the basic guarantees offered by PAMI to the programmer, and how these can be used to enable efficient implementations of high level libraries and programming languages like UPC. We evaluate the efficiency of our implementation on a novel P7IHsystem with up to 4096 cores, running micro benchmarks designed to find performance deficiencies in the endpoints implementation of both point-to-point and collective functions.
An analytical approach to evaluate the coefficients of thermal expansion of textile composite materials

An analytical approach is developed to evaluate the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of textile reinforced composites. At the micro level, a cylindrical composite model is employed to model the fiber/matrix thermal and mechanical interactions. The effects of voids and fiber coating on the thermal expansion coefficients of composites are considered at this level. The cylindrical model was then embedded in a macro hybrid finite element solution structure to calculate the value of the CTE for textile composites. AS-4/epoxy balanced plain weave textile composites were manufactured. Five different fiber volume fractions were tested for CTE. Evaluation of the thermal expansion coefficients using the current model was compared to experimental data for in-plane and out-of-plane directions.
Late infantile amaurotic idiocy with multilamellar cytosomes: an electron microscopic study.

A 5-year-old boy with onset of seizures at 3 10/12 years of age and progressive dementia, ataxia, visual loss, macular dystrophy, and myoclonus was studied by light and electron microscopy of cerebral biopsy material. Histopathologic examination showed a nonspecific “lipidosis.” Abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions, termed multilamellar cytosome(s) (MLC), were found in neurons, astrocytes, vascular cells, and macrophages. MLC were tentatively identified as lysosomes. Reported cases showing MLC were reviewed and compared with cases having lipofuscin storage. An empiric classification based on age at onset and type of ultrastructural inclusions is suggested: late infantile amaurotic idiocy with multilamellar cytosomes.
Oxidation of Bovine β-Casein by Hypochlorite

Abstract We recently observed two 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-reactive proteins of 40 and 120 kDa in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of rats exposed to >95% O 2 for 48 h. The N-terminal sequences of these proteins were both identical over 16 amino acids with rat β -casein, which, in addition to its more common association with milk, is produced by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and has been found to have proinflammatory properties. Because of the inflammatory response that accompanies hyperoxic lung injury, we investigated the oxidation of bovine β -casein by HOCl. Following exposure to HOCl at 4°C for 15 min, derivatization with DNPH, washing, and digestion with trypsin, the resultant peptides were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. One peptide isolated from a peak absorbing at 365 nm was identified as AVP(Y*)PQR, corresponding to amino acids 177–183 of bovine β -casein. Analysis of the peptide by both electrospray and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry identified a molecular ion MH + of 1008.5 Da, which represents an increase of 178 Da from the calculated monoisotopic MH + of the unmodified peptide of 830.45 Da. Daughter ion spectra of the doubly charged parent ion of the peptide further support the oxidation of the tyrosine to the quinone methide, with subsequent conversion to the corresponding hydrazone with DNPH. A second pair of products were identified as arising from oxidation of Y 193 within the tryptic peptide constituted by amino acids 184–202, and the corresponding chymotryptic cleavage side product, 191–202. Exposure of β -casein to increasing amounts of HOCl revealed that M and Y residues were the most susceptible, although bovine β -casein contains no C, and a single W, which would not be detected by our methods. The approach described in the present report can be used to evaluate the contributions of distinct mechanisms of oxidation in other experimental or pathological models. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Matrilysin: An epithelial matrix metalloproteinase with potentially novel functions

Matrilysin (MAT) is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family which is believed to degrade components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during processes of tissue remodeling. Although MAT is similar to the stromelysins in its substrate specificity, and to interstitial collagenase in the crystal structure of its catalytic domain, this enzyme is unique in that it lacks the carboxy-terminal segments encoded by other MMP genes. Characterization of the human MAT gene has revealed that the promoter region contains typical MMP promoter elements such as AP-1 and PEA3, which mediate responsiveness to growth factors, oncogenes, and phorbol esters. Activated recombinant forms of human MAT cleave ECM and basement membrane proteins such as fibronectin, collagen type IV, laminin, and particularly elastin, entactin, and cartilage proteoglycan aggregates. Furthermore, MAT appears to mediate the proteolytic processing of other molecules (e.g. tumor necrosis factor alpha precursor, urokinase plasminogen activator). MAT is expressed in a variety of tumors ranging from adenomas to carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the breast, colon, prostate, stomach, upper aerodigestive tract, lung, and skin, where it may be involved in tumor formation as well as the tissue degradation which accompanies tumor cell extravasation. Localization of MAT mRNA and protein to the tumor cells is unusual in that the majority of MMPs are produced in the stroma. This distinctive tissue-restricted pattern of MAT expression is a recapitulation of the expression pattern in normal human tissue, where MAT protein localizes to secretory and ductal epithelium in the endometrium and in various exocrine glands. In the mouse, high constitutive levels of MAT mRNA are found in epithelial cells in the uterus, small intestine, and extra-testicular ducts. Taken together, these findings suggest that MAT may have a specific role in normal gland and organ function, a possibility which can be explored further by the genetic manipulation of MAT levels in vivo.
Parallel Patterns of Increased Virulence in a Recently Emerged Wildlife Pathogen

The evolution of higher virulence during disease emergence has been predicted by theoretical models, but empirical studies of short-term virulence evolution following pathogen emergence remain rare. Here we examine patterns of short-term virulence evolution using archived isolates of the bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum collected during sequential emergence events in two geographically distinct populations of the host, the North American house finch (Haemorhous [formerly Carpodacus] mexicanus). We present results from two complementary experiments, one that examines the trend in pathogen virulence in eastern North American isolates over the course of the eastern epidemic (1994–2008), and the other a parallel experiment on Pacific coast isolates of the pathogen collected after M. gallisepticum established itself in western North American house finch populations (2006–2010). Consistent with theoretical expectations regarding short-term or dynamic evolution of virulence, we show rapid increases in pathogen virulence on both coasts following the pathogen's establishment in each host population. We also find evidence for positive genetic covariation between virulence and pathogen load, a proxy for transmission potential, among isolates of M. gallisepticum. As predicted by theory, indirect selection for increased transmission likely drove the evolutionary increase in virulence in both geographic locations. Our results provide one of the first empirical examples of rapid changes in virulence following pathogen emergence, and both the detected pattern and mechanism of positive genetic covariation between virulence and pathogen load are consistent with theoretical expectations. Our study provides unique empirical insight into the dynamics of short-term virulence evolution that are likely to operate in other emerging pathogens of wildlife and humans.
Optical alignment and test of Wide-Field/Planetary Camera-II

The second generation Wide-Field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC-II) for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was modeled to access the impact of manufacturing, alignment, and environmental tolerances on performance. This analysis showed that the lateral registration of the image of the optical telescope assembly (OTA) pupil to the surface providing the spherical correction must be aligned and maintained through launch to 50 microns; WF/PC-I was an order of magnitude less sensitive. Inherited WF/PC-I hardware was subjected to new WF/PC- II environmental tests. As a result WF/PC-II was reconfigured to ensure on-orbit performance: the focus mechanism was removed to increase stability through launch and on- orbit, and four formerly fixed mirrors were actuated, to provide capability for on-orbit pupil alignment. This paper traces the evolution of the WF/PC-II error budget from its WF/PC-I beginnings to the current configuration. This information should be of general interest to designers of future HST instruments.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dysregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and apolipoprotein A metabolism in sickle cell disease-related pulmonary arterial hypertension.

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a major complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). Low levels of apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) have been implicated in the development of PAH in SCD. We speculate that lower levels of Apo-A1 are related to dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). Of 36 recruited patients with SCD, 14 were found to have PAH on the basis of right heart catheterization. Levels of Apo-A1 and Apo-B, polyubiquitin, total protease, and specific and normalized activity of chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and caspase-like proteases in plasma were measured. Levels of Apo-A1 were found to be lower and polyubiquitin levels were found to be significantly higher in the PAH group () in SCD. Apo-A levels were inversely correlated with polyubiquitin levels (, ). These results indicate that lower levels of Apo-A1 in SCD patients with PAH are likely related to enhance degradation by UPP, potentially contributing to pulmonary vascular pathology. These findings may provide signific...
Editorial from the Incoming Editor-in-Chief

I Approach with great enthusiasm the privilege of serving as the new Editor-in-Chief of the TRANSACTIONS ON SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING. The electronics industry has impacted nearly every human endeavor. As one of the primary drivers of this industry, semiconductor manufacturing has bettered the lives of people around the globe. The collective effort of engineers to advance the state-of-the-art testifies to the human spirit. And they are still inventing and imagining.
Gonadotropin Therapy Failure Secondary to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Induced Antibodies

A 15-yr-old male with the diagnosis of Kallmann's syndrome manifested secondary gonadal resistance during a third treatment course of hCG. A serum sample obtained 6 months after failure of the patient to respond to hCG bound [125I]hCG 60% at a 1:2 dilution of serum; 50% at 1.5; 28% at 1:50; 21% at 1:100; and less than 5% at a 1:500 dilution. Serial sampling of the patient's serum over a 22-month period demonstrated a progressive decline in binding capacity, decreasing to 32% binding of [125I]hCG at a 1:2 dilution of serum. The data demonstrated that the patient produced a low affinity, high capacity binding substance with a Ka of 5 x 10(7) liters/M and a R0 of 1.8 x 10(16) sites/g gamma-globulin. The binding substance appeared to be a gamma-globulin of the immunoglobulin G class, which bound labeled hCG and human LH (hLH) more avidly than it bound hFSH and interfered with the biological response to hCG therapy. These data further indicated that antibodies produced against hCG may bind other endogenous glycoproteins such as hLH, hFSH, and hTSH. Although binding to hTSH did not occur in this patient, the presence of a common beta-chain in the molecular structures of hLH, hFSH, hCG, and TSH makes such a potential occurrence not implausible. Despite the apparent infrequency of the development of clinically observable interference with the biological activity of hLH/hCG in hCG-treated patients, this report indicates that a potential hazard exists. The possibility should be considered in the decision to treat a patient with normal gonadotropin secretion with exogenous gonadotropins.
Control by exact linearization with a simplified nonlinear feedback for robotic systems

A control strategy by exact linearization with simplified nonlinear feedback for robotic systems is proposed. Through the Hamiltonian canonical transformation, it is possible to find an equivalent but linearized robotic system as well as a compact relation between the original and transformed input control functions. The realization of the proposed control scheme requires the construction of an imaginary robot to accomplish a decomposition for the inertial matrix of robot. An overall control system block diagram based on the Hamiltonian canonical transformation and the design method of the controller are also presented.
Malaria and Severe Anemia: Thinking beyond Plasmodium falciparum

In a linked Perspective, Roly Gosling and Michelle Hsiang discuss the importance of non-falciparum malaria species to regional and global health. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Stochastic fractal behavior in concentration fluctuation and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Abstract Fluctuations in the concentration of Brownian particles in one and two dimensions, or any reasonable measurement of the concentration such as in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, is shown to be a stochastic fractal with a long tail. Being singular at ω=0, the power spectrum of the fluctuation S (ω)∼ω −1/2 for diffusion in one dimension, ∼log ω in two dimensions, but non-singular in three dimensions. This discovery provides one simple physical mechanism for possible long-memory fractal behavior, and its implications to various biological processes are discussed.
Recovery of Endocrine Function After Islet and Pancreas Transplantation

Long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with an absolute loss of endogenous insulin secretion (circulating C-peptide is undetectable) and a related defect in glucose counter-regulation that is often complicated by hypoglycemia unawareness, markedly increasing the risk for severe hypoglycemia. Both the transplantation of isolated islets and a whole pancreas can restore β-cell secretory capacity, improve glucose counter-regulation, and return hypoglycemia awareness, thus alleviating severe hypoglycemia. The transplantation of islets may require more than one donor pancreas, and the recovery of endocrine function for now appears more durable with a whole pancreas; however, islet transplantation outcomes are steadily improving. Because not all patients with T1D experiencing severe hypoglycemia are candidates to receive a whole pancreas, and since not all pancreata are technically suitable for whole organ transplantation, islet and pancreas transplantation are evolving as complementary approaches for the recovery of endocrine function in patients with the most problematic T1D.
Science of Human Caring.

Background: When state-mandated ratios were enacted, our leadership team began exploring the care delivery model. Increasing the number of nurses on each unit provided an opportunity to refocus care on the relationship with the patient and family. During the initial phases of this transition work, we engaged frontline staff in dialogue. What surfaced were feelings of being overwhelmed, anxiety about being able to complete everything before the end of the shift, feelings of defeat or illness before starting work and that there just was not enough time. Nursing has a long history of needing to set the priorities of care; there is always more to do for a patient than there is time. It seemed that the staff's ability to plan and prioritize what is important to the patient—balanced with the needs for safety, comfort, and information—had been lost. Methods: The leadership turned to nursing theory—specifically, Dr Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring, as a way of providing a framework or guide for the practice. ...
Perception and knowledge

Abstract Knowledge concerning the object, scene, or event in a conscious propositional form generally does not affect perception. By and large, perception is autonomous with respect to thought. That is because perception is stimulus bound and is based on mental contents, lawful principles and rules that are unconscious and in a form very different from such consciously represented propositional knowledge. Exceptions to this generalization can occur if the stimulus is ambiguous and can support a cued or suggested interpretation or one in line with what is known to be present as well as it can support the perception that occurs spontaneously. How the representation of the given, consciously apprehended knowledge can enter into the unconscious events that govern perception is not known, but it is suggested that such knowledge accesses memories and it is these memories that can affect perception. Since knowledge of this kind can affect perception, it is important to ensure that subjects in experiments are naive. Otherwise we will confuse spontaneous perceptions with those that only occur when suggested and the distinction is theoretically important. In certain cases, knowledge leads to an intentional intervention in the process of achieving a percept, the mechanism of which is not known. However, this kind of effect may be based on a process of imagining or visualizing of objects or events that dovetails with the proximal stimulus and it is the imagining that leads to the perception. Knowledge in the form of stored representations of past visual experience (or of phylogenetic ‘experience’) can affect perception in various ways: it enables recognition and interpretation to occur; it enables perceptual discrimination among similar members of a category to occur; it can lead to perceptual enrichment effects; it provides internal solutions which can then be accessed in cases where perceptual problem solving occurs; it provides rules or laws concerning geometrical optics on the basis of which phenomena such as perceptual constancy and the like can be achieved; it can lead to the recalibration of tactual or visual sensation. However, before such top-down effects of past experience can occur bottom-up processes must first achieve a preliminary perception. That perception provides the bridge to the relevant stored representations which are accessed on the basis of similarity.
Criminal behavior and the copycat effect: literature review and theoretical framework for empirical investigation

The accumulation of anecdotal accounts of copycat crime suggests that popular culture plays an important role in some instances and aspects of criminal behavior. However, there is little empirical research specifically examining the copycat effect on criminal behavior. Questions remain regarding the nature and extent of copycat crime, cultural influences that shape the copycat effect, the role and relevance of popular culture as a motivating factor for criminal behavior, and issues the copycat phenomenon raises for legal determinations of criminal responsibility. This paper reviews the research literature and contemporary case examples of copycat crime with attention to the influence of mass media technology on criminal behavior, the mechanisms of media-mediated crime, and the relevance of understanding the copycat phenomenon for determinations of criminal responsibility in insanity cases. An integrative theoretical model of copycat crime is proposed, a methodological framework for empirically investigating copycat crime is presented, and practical implications for understanding the role of the copycat effect on criminal behavior are discussed.
A modified procedure for large-scale preparation of beef liver tRNA

Abstract A method is described which allows the preparation of multigram quantities of mammalian tRNA. The purification scheme consists of a phenol extraction, a preliminary isopropanol fractionation, a second isopropanol fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, a phenol/SDS extraction, and a deacylation step. The key feature of this procedure is the preliminary isopropanol fractionation, a step which removes the bulk of the alcohol-precipitable impurities.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON IRRADIATED PROTOZOA. II. THE DEAMINATION OF DEOXYCYTIDINE AND DEOXYCYTIDYLIC ACID BY TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS W

SYNOPSIS. The high speed supernatant fraction obtained from cell-free preparations of Tetrahymena pyriformis W contains an enzyme that deaminates deoxycytidine (dC) readily, but there is no evidence for a specific dCMP deaminase. The supernatant fraction also contains an active dCMP phosphatase which is inhibited by high phosphate concentration. dC deaminase in declining order deaminates BrdC, IdC, dC, MedC and dCMP. The enzyme does not appear to have a cofactor and is unaffected by Mg† and EDTA. It exhibits a broad pH optimum. Irradiation with 570,000 r of γ-rays did not markedly affect the activity of dC, dG or dA deamination by Tetrahymena high speed supernatant fraction.
Contrasting effects of strabismic amblyopia on metabolic activity in superficial and deep layers of striate cortex

To probe the mechanism of visual suppression, we have raised macaques with strabismus by disinserting the medial rectus muscle in each eye at 1 mo of age. Typically, this operation produces a comitant, alternating exotropia with normal acuity in each eye. Here we describe an unusual occurrence: the development of severe amblyopia in one eye of a monkey after induction of exotropia. Shortly after surgery, the animal demonstrated a strong fixation preference for the left eye, with apparent suppression of the right eye. Later, behavioral testing showed inability to track or to saccade to targets with the right eye. With the left eye occluded, the animal demonstrated no visually guided behavior. Optokinetic nystagmus was absent in the right eye. Metabolic activity in striate cortex was assessed by processing the tissue for cytochrome oxidase (CO). Amblyopia caused loss of CO in one eye's rows of patches, presumably those serving the blind eye. Layers 4A and 4B showed columns of reduced CO, in register with pale rows of patches in layer 2/3. Layers 4C, 5, and 6 also showed columns of CO activity, but remarkably, comparison with more superficial layers showed a reversal in contrast. In other words, pale CO staining in layers 2/3, 4A, and 4B was aligned with dark CO staining in layers 4C, 5, and 6. No experimental intervention or deprivation paradigm has been reported previously to produce opposite effects on metabolic activity in layers 2/3, 4A, and 4B vs. layers 4C, 5, and 6 within a given eye's columns.
A state-dependent delay equation with negative feedback and "mildly unstable" rapidly oscillating periodic solutions

We consider state-dependent delay equations of the form \[ x'(t) = f(x(t - d(x(t)))) \] where $d$ is smooth and $f$ is smooth, bounded, nonincreasing, and satisfies the negative feedback condition $xf(x) < 0$ for $x \neq 0$. We identify a special family of such equations each of which has a ``rapidly oscillating" periodic solution $p$. The initial segment $p_0$ of $p$ is the fixed point of a return map $R$ that is differentiable in an appropriate setting. We show that, although all the periodic solutions $p$ we consider are unstable, the stability can be made arbitrarily mild in the sense that, given $\epsilon > 0$, we can choose $f$ and $d$ such that the spectral radius of the derivative of $R$ at $p_0$ is less than $1 + \epsilon$. The spectral radii are computed via a semiconjugacy of $R$ with a finite-dimensional map.
Magnetic properties of CeB6, PrB6, EuB6, and GdB6

The results of a study of the magnetic properties of the hexaborides of cerium, praseodymium, europium, and gadolinium at temperatures from 7 to 300 °K are reported. The susceptibility of CeB6 obeys a Curie-Weiss law, χ = C/(T – θ), above 200 °K with a moment of 2.51 μβ and θ = −82 °K. PrB6 obeys a Curie-Weiss law above 100 °K with a moment of 3.64 μβ and θ = −41 °K. The reciprocal susceptibility of PrB6 shows a minimum at 8.3 °K associated with an antiferromagnetic transition. Europium hexaboride is ferromagnetic at low temperatures with a Curie point of 8.8 °K. The initial reciprocal susceptibility in the range from 9 to 14 °K varies at (T – TC)1,20. Above 30 °K the susceptibility of EuB6 accurately obeys a Curie-Weiss law with θ = −0.5 °K and μeff = 7.90 μβ. Magnetization curves and isotherms of σ2 vs. H/σ are given for EuB6 for temperatures just above the Curie point. The susceptibility of GdB6 obeys a Curie-Weiss law above 70 °K with θ = −66.5 °K and μeff = 7.98 μβ. Further, an antiferromagnetic transition exists at (16.4 ± 0.2) °K. Finally, X-ray diffraction data were obtained for the four compounds yielding lattice constants of 4.140 A, 4.131 A, 4.175 A, and 4.109 A for CeB6, PrB6, EuB6, and GdB6 respectively. Es wird uber die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der magnetischen Eigenschaften der Hexaboride des Zer, Praseodym, Europium und Gadolinium bei Temperaturen von 7 bis 300 °K berichtet. Die Suszeptibilitat des CeB6 folgt oberhalb 200 °K dem Curie-Weiss'schen Gesetz χ = C/(T – θ) mit einem Moment von 2,51 μβ und θ = −82 °K. PrB6 folgt oberhalb von 100 °K einem Curie-Weiss-Gesetz mit einem Moment von 3,64 μβ und θ = −41 °K. Die reziproke Suszeptibilitat von PrB6 zeigt bei 8,3 °K ein Minimum, das mit einem antiferromagnetischen Ubergang verbunden ist. Europiumhexaborid ist bei tiefen Temperaturen ferromagnetisch mit einer Curie-Temperatur von 8,8 °K. Die reziproke Anfangssuszeptibilitat variiert im Bereich von 9 bis 14 °K wie (T – TC)1,20. Oberhalb von 30 °K befolgt die Suszeptibilitat von EuB6 exakt ein Curie-Weiss-Gesetz mit θ = −0,5 °K und μeff = 7,90 μβ. Magnetisierungskurven und Isothermen von σ2 als Funktion von H/σ werden fur EuB6 fur Temperaturen wenig oberhalb der Curie-Temperatur mitgeteilt. Die Suszeptibilitat von GdB6 folgt einem Curie-Weiss-Gesetz oberhalb 70 °K mit θ = −66,5 °K und μeff = 7,98 μβ. Ferner existiert ein antiferromagnetischer Ubergang bei (16,4 ± 0,2) °K. Rontgenbeugungsuntersuchungen der vier Verbindungen ergaben Gitterkonstanten von 4,140 A, 4,131 A, 4,175 A bzw. 4,109 A fur CeB6, PrB6, EuB6 bzw. GdB6.
Translaryngeal absorption of lidocaine

Our study was conducted to determine the appropriate dose of lidocaine using the larynx and to characterize the onset and duration of therapeutic serum levels. A mean dose of 5.67 ± 1.2 mg/kg was topically administered to the subglottic region of seven comatose patients through a cricothyroid membrane puncture. Serial serum lidocaine levels showed that therapeutic levels were attained in 5.1 ± 3.2 minutes with a mean maximum level of 3.16 ± 1.52 μ g/ml and were reached at 18.71 ± 8.71 minutes. Therapeutic serum levels were maintained for 68.4 ± 29.7 minutes. Absorption of lidocaine via the airway yields sustained levels, although the duration of onset is less rapid and the maximum serum level is lower than that from an equivalent intravenous dose.
Clinical responses and plasma drug concentrations associated with different infusions of xylazine and ketamine in horses.

Eight horses (5.6 ± 3.6 y, 489 ± 48.6 kg [mean ± sd]) were anaesthetized four times under laboratory conditions to record the clinical responses and plasma drug concentrations associated with a 1-hour period of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA).
Cure behavior of neat and drug-loaded poly(ortho ester) bioerodible implants

Abstract The crosslinking behavior of a ketene acetal-terminated poly(ortho ester) prepolymer with a triol has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DSC results at 70° C indicate that the cure is virtually complete in about 100 min, while DMA results indicate that the cure is essentially complete in about 180 min. When levonorgestrel and Mg(OH) 2 , are incorporated into the prepolymer and the mixture then cured, about 16 h are required for complete cure. The increase in cure time is very likely due to the basic nature of Mg(OH) 2 which inhibits the acid-catalyzed reaction between ketene acetal and hydroxyl groups.
Electric field Monte Carlo simulations of focal field distributions produced by tightly focused laser beams in tissues

The focal field distribution of tightly focused laser beams in turbid media is sensitive to optical scattering and therefore of direct relevance to image quality in confocal and nonlinear microscopy. A model that considers both the influence of scattering and diffraction on the amplitude and phase of the electric field in focused beam geometries is required to describe these distorted focal fields. We combine an electric field Monte Carlo approach that simulates the electric field propagation in turbid media with an angular-spectrum representation of diffraction theory to analyze the effect of tissue scattering properties on the focal field. In particular, we examine the impact of variations in the scattering coefficient (µs), single-scattering anisotropy (g), of the turbid medium and the numerical aperture of the focusing lens on the focal volume at various depths. The model predicts a scattering-induced broadening, amplitude loss, and depolarization of the focal field that corroborates experimental results. We find that both the width and the amplitude of the focal field are dictated primarily by µs with little influence from g. In addition, our model confirms that the depolarization rate is small compared to the amplitude loss of the tightly focused field.
A multicomponent intervention improved diabetes care in primary care practices.

Does a multicomponent intervention improve diabetes care in primary care practices? ### Design: cluster-randomised controlled trial (TRANSLATE). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00108927. ### Allocation: concealed. ### Blinding: unblinded. ### Follow-up period: 1 year. ### Setting: 24 family medicine or general internal medicine primary care practices (238 physicians) in Minnesota, USA. Practices were excluded if they already had electronic medical records or an electronic diabetes registry, or had recently participated in a diabetes-specific quality improvement programme. ### Patients: 8405 community-dwelling patients 18–89 years of age (mean age 63 y, 50% men) who had type 2 diabetes that was managed or co-managed by a physician in 1 of the primary care practices. ### Intervention: TRANSLATE intervention (12 practices, 4587 patients) or usual quality improvement (12 practices, 3818 patients). Components …
Applications and generalizations of variational methods for generating adaptive meshes

Abstract : Generating computation meshes for irregular regions have been of interest to a lot of people in many areas of research for a long time. One technique that has met with sucess over the long run has been to generate methods using an elliptic equation or a system of elliptic equations. The technique in its simplest form, uses a system of Laplace equations which are solved by direct or iterative methods. As people gained more experience with this method, source terms were added to the Laplace equations to gain additional control of the mesh. In variable coefficients of the derivatives were added for further flexibility. In this paper the authors work with a method that systematically generates a set of elliptic equations without having to explicitly perturb a set of Laplace equations with source terms and variable coefficients. This technique uses the variational methods often associated with elliptic equations. Following this introduction, they briefly discuss the variational formulation in two-dimensional cartesian geometry. Then the formulation will be generalized to three dimensions. Next, several three-dimensional test problems will be shown. After displaying these three-dimensional test results, the author wil the exhibit an application of the mesh generation technique in two dimensions. This application involves generating an adaptive mesh for a supersonic flow past a step in a wind tunnel. (Author)
Intrathoracic lymph node evaluation by CT and MRI with histopathologic correlation in non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma.

Abstract Twenty patients with non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma were prospectively studied for intrathoracic lymphadenopathy using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The CT and MRI results were correlated with the surgical histopathology results of 103 harvested lymph nodes. Based on node dimension (utilizing a 1-cm cutoff value), neither imaging modality was accurate in predicting the histopathology of the nodes. CT had a sensitivity of 21%, specificity of 95%, and an overall accuracy of 85%; MRI had a sensitivity of 14%, specificity of 97%, and an overall accuracy of 85%. Moreover, CT and MRI detected preoperatively only 17% and 14%, respectively, of the harvested nodes. In summary, lymph node sizes measured by CT and MRI are inaccurate in predicting the benignity or malignancy of lymph nodes. Lymphadenopathy can be present even with a “negative” CT or MRI scan of the thorax.
Interplay between Bimolecular Recombination and Carrier Transport Distances in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells

In this work, it is demonstrated that bimolecular recombination depends on the distance that free carriers are required to travel in transit to the electrodes in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. By employing semi-transparent devices, the carrier transport distance can be controlled via the local light absorption profile with an appropriate choice of the illumination side and incident wavelength. Using a series of light intensity-dependent measurements, bimolecular recombination is shown to depend on the distance electrons or holes are required to transit the active layer. This effect is demonstrated for three different bulk heterojunction blends, where the restrictive carrier that causes the onset of recombination is identified. The mobility-lifetime products of the limiting carriers are also estimated using a simple model for carrier extraction, where similar values are obtained regardless of the absorption profile. Implications for 1-sun performance are also discussed, which provide guidelines for fabricating devices with thicker active layers capable of maximizing light absorption without succumbing to recombination losses.