cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Year of Chemistry 2011: A Guide to the History of Clinical Chemistry

BACKGROUND: This review was written as part of the celebration of the International Year of Chemistry 2011. CONTENT In this review we provide a chronicle of the history of clinical chemistry, with a focus on North America. We outline major methodological advances and trace the development of professional societies and journals dedicated to clinical chemistry. This review also serves as a guide to reference materials for those interested in the history of clinical chemistry. The various resources available, in sound recordings, videos, moving images, image and document archives, museums, and websites dedicated to diagnostic company timelines, are surveyed. SUMMARY These resources provide a map of how the medical subspecialty of clinical chemistry arrived at its present state. This information will undoubtedly help visionaries to determine in which direction clinical chemistry will move in the future.
Subband Likelihood-Maximizing Beamforming for Speech Recognition in Reverberant Environments

In this paper, we introduce subband likelihood-maximizing beamforming (S-LIMABEAM), a new microphone-array processing algorithm specifically designed for speech recognition applications. The proposed algorithm is an extension of the previously developed LIMABEAM array processing algorithm. Unlike most array processing algorithms which operate according to some waveform-level objective function, the goal of LIMABEAM is to find the set of array parameters that maximizes the likelihood of the correct recognition hypothesis. Optimizing the array parameters in this manner results in significant improvements in recognition accuracy over conventional array processing methods when speech is corrupted by additive noise and moderate levels of reverberation. Despite the success of the LIMABEAM algorithm in such environments, little improvement was achieved in highly reverberant environments. In such situations where the noise is highly correlated to the speech signal and the number of filter parameters to estimate is large, subband processing has been used to improve the performance of LMS-type adaptive filtering algorithms. We use subband processing principles to design a novel array processing architecture in which select groups of subbands are processed jointly to maximize the likelihood of the resulting speech recognition features, as measured by the recognizer itself. By creating a subband filtering architecture that explicitly accounts for the manner in which recognition features are computed, we can effectively apply the LIMABEAM framework to highly reverberant environments. By doing so, we are able to achieve improvements in word error rate of over 20% compared to conventional methods in highly reverberant environments
Role of primary excitation statistics in the generation of antibunched and sub-Poisson light

We examine the coherence properties of stationary light obtained by the superposition of nonstationary independent emissions occurring at random space–time points. The positions of the points are independent and uniformly distributed over the volume of the source. The emission times fluctuate in accordance with a stationary renewal point process. This process admits of super-Poisson, sub-Poisson, or Poisson behavior. The individual emissions are assumed to be in a coherent, chaotic, or n state. The statistical nature of the random-emission space–time points plays an important role in determining the coherence properties and photon statistics of the total field. This is manifested in the normalized second-order correlation function, which turns out to have the usual form for chaotic light with two additional terms. The first of these is determined by the statistical nature of the individual emissions (it is positive for coherent or chaotic, but zero for single-photon, emissions). The second term is governed by the statistics of the primary excitations (it is positive for super-Poisson, zero for Poisson, and negative for sub-Poisson excitations). Both additional terms become small for light with a high degeneracy parameter (many total photons per emission lifetime). The behavior of the light is then asymptotically chaotic. In the opposite limit, when the degeneracy parameter is small (or the emissions are instantaneous), the correlation properties of the primary excitations are directly transferred to the correlation properties of the photons. The first-order spatial-coherence properties of the field turn out to be identical with those of chaotic light (i.e., the van Cittert–Zernike theorem is obeyed), although the second-order properties differ. The photon-counting distribution reflects the character of the correlation function. Thus sub-Poisson primary excitations, together with n-state emissions, can lead to sub-Poisson photon counts under certain conditions. Such nonclassical light may be made arbitrarily intense if interference effects are eliminated by detecting many spatial modes. As an example of our theory, we cite a Franck–Hertz experiment excited by a space-charge-limited electron beam. If the electron excitations are represented as a sub-Poisson renewal point process, and the photon emissions as one-photon states, the light generated should be antibunched and sub-Poisson.
Vitellogenin synthesis in female larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.): suppression by juvenile hormone

Abstract 1. 1. Fat body from feeding-phase, last instar gypsy moth females incorporates l -[35S]methionine in vitro into two vitellogenins with the same molecular masses (165 and 180 kDa) as the apo-vitellogenins found in teh hemolymph and the apo-vitellins in teh eggs. 2. 2. Both apo-vitellogenins are observed in the medium of fat body cultures, but only the 180 kDa apo-vitellogenin is observed in extracts of cultured tissue. 3. 3. Synthesis and accumulation of the apo-vitellogenins are suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by topical treatment with the juvenile hormone analog, methoprene, prior to day 4. 4. 4. This suppression suggests that a declining juvenile hormone titre is involved in the initiation of vitellogenin synthesis.
Review: Lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia complex:

BurKholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a group of phenotypically similar, genetically distinct bacteria that are beneficial to the environment but can also cause severe human infections. Bcc are being exploited for use as bioremediation agents and as a way to combat agricultural plant diseases. However, Bcc can cause lung infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease or cystic fibrosis often resulting in mortality of these patients. Since it is unclear what bacterial components are necessary for causing human infections, studies of Bcc have focused on identifying putative virulence factors. As in other Gram-negative bacteria, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Bcc induces a strong immune response that can contribute to host cell damage. The unusual structure of Bcc LPS lowers the anionic charge of the Bcc cell surface, which inhibits the binding and subsequent effects of cationic antibiotics. These distinguishing features include the substitution of a Ko for a Kdo residue in the inner core oligosa...
THE EFFECT OF THE WPPSS CRISIS ON THE TAX‐EXEMPT BOND MARKET

The 1983 default of the Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS) was the largest municipal default. Some writers contend that the default affected the entire municipal bond market. This study examines the effect of key WPPSS-related events on the general municipal market, tax-exempt public power district bonds, and WPPSS bonds, respectively. The results show that although certain events significantly affected all WPPSS bonds, these events did not affect the general municipal bond market or non-WPPSS public power bonds. The use of a standard event-time methodology with daily bond prices (as opposed to monthly yields) appears to provide a more powerful test of the effect of a municipal crisis on the tax-exempt bond market.
Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Liquefaction Hazard Evaluation

Abstract The requirements of performance-based earthquake engineering place increasing importance on the optimal characterization of earthquake ground motions. With respect to liquefaction hazard evaluation, ground motions have historically been characterized by a combination of peak acceleration and earthquake magnitude, and more recently by Arias intensity. This paper introduces a new ground motion intensity measure, CAV5, and shows that excess pore pressure generation in potentially liquefiable soils is considerably more closely related to CAV5 than to other intensity measures, including peak acceleration and Arias intensity. CAV5 is shown to be an efficient, sufficient, and predictable intensity measure for rock motions used as input to liquefaction hazard evaluations. An attenuation relationship for CAV5 is presented and used in an example that illustrates the benefits of scaling bedrock motions to a particular value of CAV5, rather than to the historical intensity measures, for performance-based eva...
Beryllium fluoride-induced cell proliferation: a process requiring P21ras-dependent activated signal transduction and NF-κB-dependent gene regulation

We studied the effect of beryllium flu- oride on murine peritoneal macrophages and de- termined its effects on signal transduction and ge- netic regulation. At low concentration (1-5 nM), BeF 2 caused an approximate twofold increase in ( 3 H)thymidine uptake and cell number, but above 5 nM, it showed cytotoxic effects. BeF 2 increased cellular inositol (1,4,5)trisphosphate (IP 3) and (Ca 2 )i about twofold. The rise in (Ca 2 )i occurred consequent to release from IP 3-sensitive Ca 2 stores and from influx, mainly via L-type channels. A significant increase in the levels of MEK1, ERK1, p38 MAPK, and JNK phosphorylation was observed in BeF 2-exposed macrophages. The lev- els of NF-B and CREB transcription factors and the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-myc were also el- evated significantly. Intracellular Ca 2 chelation blocked the effect of BeF 2. We conclude that BeF2 at low concentration exerts its mitogenic effects in peritoneal macrophages by elevating (Ca 2 )i, which triggers the activation of p21 ras -dependent MAPK signaling cascades. J. Leukoc. Biol. 71: 487-494; 2002.
Iteration Principles in Epistemology II: Arguments Against

The prequel to this paper introduced the topic of iteration principles in epistemology and surveyed some arguments in support of them. In this sequel, I'll consider two influential families of objection to iteration principles. The first turns on the idea that they lead to some variety of skepticism, and the second turns on ‘margin for error’ considerations adduced by Timothy Williamson (2000).
Intact Rotator Cuff

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty was designed for patients with an absent rotator cuff and painful arthritis of the shoulder. In some of these patients, the glenoid bone is deficient and is treated with bone grafting or reaming the glenoid to a flatter surface. In our experience, reverse shoulder arthroplasty could be successful in patients without bone grafting. The success of reverse total arthroplasty in this population led to the use of this prosthesis in patients with severe bone loss and an intact rotator cuff. We have treated 34 patients with type A2, B2, and C glenoids with a reverse total shoulder without bone grafting the glenoid. Despite the concerns that there was minimal bone for the baseplate, there was only one case of glenoid loosening. Similarly, additional medialization did not affect postoperative range of motion or function in these patients. However, it should be noted that this study was limited to only one type of reverse prosthesis, which has a central screw on the baseplate and not a peg.
Abstract 3968: Exploring cancer datasets in the integrative genomics viewer (IGV)

Cancer genome characterization studies, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), are producing a flood of diverse data including whole-genome sequencing scans, expression profiles, high-resolution SNP and copy number data, and epigenetic profiles. These diverse datasets are enabling researchers to study the cancer genome in unprecedented detail. However, their sheer size and diversity presents significant challenges to downstream interpretation. While much progress has been made in automated analysis, human review enabled by intuitive and responsive visualizations remains an essential component of data analysis. The Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) was developed to address this need by providing researchers with an intuitive, user-friendly, interactive visualization tool for exploration of diverse genomic datasets. IGV has extensive support for both next-generation and micro-array based platforms, and for integration of these data types with clinical and phenotypic data. It provides an intuitive interface similar to online mapping tools such as Google Maps, enabling smooth zooming and panning at all resolution scales, from whole genome to base pairs. Data can be annotated, filtered, grouped, and sorted in a variety of ways. This ability to dynamically and flexibly integrate multiple different datasets, and view them at any scale, allows investigators to elucidate complex biological relationships that are not otherwise readily apparent. In this presentation we describe the IGV, with emphasis on recent features focused on data integration and interpretation, developed in close collaboration with cancer researchers. Specifically (1) a multi-locus pathway view which supports simultaneous viewing of data in multiple genomic regions defined by pathways or gene sets, (2) integration with external tools such as Mutation Assessor and PolyPhen, to provide views and data to asses the functional significance of somatic events, and (3) a flexible, interactive charting capability to enable detailed exploration of inter-dependencies between data types at a specific locus or set of loci. These features will be illustrated in the context of use cases drawn from the TCGA glioblastoma multiforme and ovarian datasets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3968. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3968
A Comprehensive Application of a Composite Reservoir Model to Pressure Transient Analysis

Presentation d'une solution analytique pour l'interpretation des essais de pression transitoire sur des puits produisant a partir de reservoirs composites finis. La solution obtenue s'applique tres generalement aux puits a fort effet de peau negatif, aux procedes divers de recuperation assistee, a tous les cas ou peut exister, autour du puits, une discontinuite thermique, de saturation, de permeabilite, ou de mobilite. Des methodes d'analyse et de prevision de la productivite a long terme sont exposees. Quatre exemples de cas reels illustrent le propos
Determination of Energy Level Alignment within an Energy Cascade Organic Solar Cell

The interfacial band alignment among boron subnaphthalocyanine chloride (SubNc), boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc), and α-sexithiophene (α-6T) is explored using ultraviolet, inverse, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies (UPS, IPES, and XPS, respectively). With these tools, the ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA) for each material are determined. Layer-by-layer deposition of SubPc and SubNc on α-6T as well as SubPc on SubNc, combined with UPS and IPES, allows for the direct determination of the energy level alignment at the interfaces of interest. A small dipole is found at the α-6T/SubNc/SubPc interface, expanding the donor-LUMO to acceptor-HOMO gap and explaining the large open circuit voltage obtained with these devices. However, there is a small electron barrier between SubNc and SubPc, which may limit the efficiency of electron extraction in the current device configuration. Excess chlorine may be responsible for the high IE and EA found for SubNc and could potentially be remedi...
Application of EpiData in the management of the literature evaluation archives

This paper describes the features of EpiData and how to build a primary information database based on the main items in the entrust report of literature evaluation with EpiData so as to facilitate the management,searching,statistics and analysis of the reports of Literature Evaluation for Application of Scientific Achievements(LEASA).
Entrustable professional activities for pharmacy practice

The profession of pharmacy is facing a shifting health system context that holds both opportunity and risk. If the profession of pharmacy is to advance, pharmacists must be recognized as a consistent member of the health care team in all clinical settings, contributing at the fullest extent of licensure and education. One part of achieving this broad goal is to implement a new way of defining and assessing pharmacy practice skills, such as entrustable professional activities (EPA). Assessment of professional tasks and practice activities with EPAs has been successfully implemented in medical education for assessing trainee preparation for practice. This EPA model is being applied to pharmacy education to develop an assessment framework across the advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) curriculum. The APPE course directors, practice faculty members, and the Office of Experiential Education collaboratively defined a set of universal EPAs critical for pharmacists in any practice setting and would be assessed in all practice experience types.
Longitudinal Associations Between Maternal Solicitation, Perceived Maternal Acceptance, Adolescent Self-Disclosure, and Adolescent Externalizing Behaviors.

The current study examined prospective associations between maternal solicitation and acceptance, adolescent self-disclosure, and adolescent externalizing behaviors. Participants included 357 urban adolescents (46% male; 92% African American) and their maternal caregivers. Participants provided data annually (three waves across 2-year time frame). Results of a three-wave longitudinal path model demonstrated that adolescent self-disclosure was related to higher rates of maternal solicitation and lower frequencies of externalizing behaviors. Maternal solicitation was associated with higher rates of maternal acceptance. Maternal acceptance was positively associated with adolescent self-disclosure and indirectly associated with lower frequencies of adolescent externalizing behaviors via higher levels of adolescent self-disclosure. Associations did not differ by sex or age. Understanding factors that contribute to adolescent self-disclosure and maternal acceptance are important, as they appear to have protecti...
NMDA Receptor Encephalitis in an MS Patient on Fingolimod (P2.093)

Objective: to present a case of NMDA receptor encephalitis in an MS patient on fingolimod Background: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor Ab encephalitis is a rare autoimmune condition that is often paraneoplastic, though may occur idiopathically. Symptoms include cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, movement disorders, and seizures. To our knowledge only one other case of characteristic NMDA receptor encephalitis in an MS patient has been reported. Methods: Case Report: A 53-year-old woman was diagnosed with MS at age 50 after an episode of leg dragging and bladder urgency. MRI was characteristic of MS; spinal fluid showed oligoclonal bands. She was started on fingolimod and remained clinically stable. 2 years later she developed subacute onset of worsened gait, confusion, and visual hallucinations. Imaging was unchanged and she did not benefit from IV steroids. 1.5 weeks later she had a generalized seizure leading to hospitalization. Serum lymphocyte count on admission was 400/µL. She subsequently underwent rapid clinical decline with refractory seizures and mental status deteriorating from stupor to coma. Repeat imaging showed medial temporal lobe T2 hyperintensities with enhancement. NMDA Ab was found in the spinal fluid. She was treated with a second course of IV steroids , IV immunoglobulin , rituximab, and oopherectomy (no teratoma was found). The patient’s seizures proved intractable, she remained comatose, and she was transferred to hospice care where she expired. Conclusion: This case contributes to a limited body of data suggesting a relationship between demyelinating disease and NMDA receptor encephalitis. Although reports of MS patients with NMDA encephalitis are rare, some evidence supports an overlap between NMDA encephalitis and demyelinating syndromes including NMO and optic neuritis. The role of fingolimod in this case is also interesting to consider; the authors find it perplexing as this Ab mediated disease developed despite lymphocyte sequestration. Disclosure: Dr. Straus Farber has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zakin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has received personal compensation for activities with Acorda Therapeutics, Alkermes, Biogen Idec, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Serono, Novartis, Genzyme/Sanofi, Mallinckrodt (Questcor), Genentech, Roche, Mylan, Teva Neuroscience, and Caremark ( Acco
Meiotic Consequences of Genetic Divergence Across the Murine Pseudoautosomal Region.

The production of haploid gametes during meiosis is dependent on the homology-driven processes of pairing, synapsis, and recombination. On the mammalian heterogametic sex chromosomes, these key meiotic activities are confined to the pseudoautosomal region (PAR), a short region of near-perfect sequence homology between the X and Y chromosomes. Despite its established importance for meiosis, the PAR is rapidly evolving, raising the question of how proper X / Y segregation is buffered against the accumulation of homology-disrupting mutations. Here, I investigate the interplay of PAR evolution and function in two interfertile house mouse subspecies characterized by structurally divergent PARs, Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. castaneus . Using cytogenetic methods to visualize the sex chromosomes at meiosis, I show that intersubspecific F 1 hybrids harbor an increased frequency of pachytene spermatocytes with unsynapsed sex chromosomes. This high rate of asynapsis is due, in part, to the premature release of synaptic associations prior to completion of prophase I. Further, I show that when sex chromosomes do synapse in intersubspecific hybrids, recombination is reduced across the paired region. Together, these meiotic defects afflict ∼50% of spermatocytes from F 1 hybrids and lead to increased apoptosis in meiotically dividing cells. Despite flagrant disruption of the meiotic program, a subset of spermatocytes complete meiosis and intersubspecific F 1 males remain fertile. These findings cast light on the meiotic constraints that shape sex chromosome evolution and offer initial clues to resolve the paradox raised by the rapid evolution of this functionally significant locus.
Mechanisms for targeted, purposeful mutation revealed in an APOBEC-DNA complex.

Targeted deamination of cytosine bases in DNA by AID/APOBEC-family enzymes is critical for proper immune function, but it also poses risks to genomic integrity. New structures reported by Harris, Aihara and colleagues offer the first glimpses into the enzyme–DNA complex and reveal both expected and unexpected insights into the DNA-binding mode involved in targeting purposeful mutation.
Deliberation & the Challenge of Inequality

Deliberative critics contend that because societal inequalities cannot be bracketed in deliberative settings, the deliberative process inevitably perpetuates these inequalities. As a result, they a...
Fine Needle Aspiration in Pediatric Patients: Approach and Technique

The performance of fine needle aspiration (FNAs) in children and adolescents involves special considerations and challenges that are infrequently encountered with adult patients. In particular, FNAs in pediatric patients require obtaining consent from the parent or legal guardian, and in some instances, patients must be restrained, sedated, or anesthetized during the procedure. As in adults, optimally prepared cytologic specimens, including aspirate smears and squash and touch preparations, are helpful for intraoperative or intraprocedural evaluation of pediatric lesions in order to ensure appropriate triaging of the sample. This is particularly important given the overlapping morphological features of many pediatric lesions and consequent need for ancillary studies to reach an accurate and specific diagnosis. This chapter will focus on how we approach pediatric FNAs, and offer comparisons to adult cytopathology.
Cells-In-Series Simulation of Riverine Transport

The transport (advection and dispersion) of a slug of soluble or suspendable material in a river is analyzed by two mathematical descriptions. The models are compared and are applied to a dye study on a 10.7-mile (17.2-km) long reach of the Upper Mississippi River upstream from pool no.2. One model is a mixed cells-in-series (CIS) model and the other is an advection-dispersion (AD) model. Bulk parameters used in both models are related to each other and three sets of field data. The CIS model is simpler in formulation and application than the AD model. Both models give very similar results for the field study. Both models show good agreement for nearly symmetrical time-concentration distribution, but give only a fair description of skewed time-concentration curves. An explanation is provided.
Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in middle-aged and older adults

Abstract Background The importance of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is increasingly recognized in hospitalized adults, but mainly in those ≥ 65 years. Objectives We sought to describe the epidemiology and clinical severity of RSV compared to influenza in hospitalized adults ≥18 years. Study design Adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) of ≤10 days duration were prospectively enrolled from two Michigan hospitals during two influenza seasons. Collected specimens were tested for RSV and influenza by real-time, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Viral load and subtype were determined for RSV-positive specimens. We evaluated factors associated with RSV and outcomes of infection using multivariable logistic regression. RSV-positive patients were separately compared to two reference groups: RSV-negative and influenza-negative, and influenza-positive patients. Results RSV was detected in 84 (7%) of 1259 hospitalized individuals (55 RSV-B, 29 RSV-A). The highest prevalence was found in 50–64 year olds (40/460; 8.7%); 98% of RSV cases in this age group had at least one chronic comorbidity. RSV detection was associated with obesity (OR: 1.71 95% CI: 0.99-3.06, p = 0.03). Individuals with RSV were admitted to the hospital later in their illness and had a higher median Charlson comborbidity index (3 vs 2 p Discussion In this study we observed the highest frequency of RSV-associated hospitalizations among adult 50–64 years old; many of whom had chronic comorbidities. Our results suggest the potential benefit of including these individuals in future RSV vaccination strategies.
Reversed Riches and Matthew’s Curse: The Liability of Status When Organizations Misbehave:

Merton’s Matthew Effect essay led to a vast literature on the cumulative advantages associated with prestige. Most management research in this vein focuses on the benefits that come to organization...
How Dehumanization Influences Attitudes Towards Immigrants

Immigrants, as a group, are frequently described in ways, such as vermin or disease, that portray them as less than human. This type of dehumanizing language leads to negative emotional responses and negative attitudes toward the dehumanized group. This paper examines how the dehumanization of immigrants influences immigration policy attitudes. I use original experimental data to show that dehumanization leads to more negative immigration attitudes. I further find that these negative attitudes are mediated by the role of emotion. Dehumanization increases anger and disgust toward immigrants, which causes anti-immigrant sentiment.
Proteinase treatment of intact hepatic mitochondria has differential effects on inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase by different inhibitors.

Proteolysis of intact mitochondria by Nagarse (subtilisin BPN') and papain resulted in limited loss of activity of the outer-membrane carnitine palmitoyltransferase, but much greater loss of sensitivity to inhibition by malonyl-CoA. In contrast with a previous report [Murthy & Pande (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 378-382], we found that trypsin had no effect on malonyl-CoA sensitivity. Even when 80% of activity was destroyed by trypsin, there was no difference in the malonyl-CoA sensitivity of the enzyme remaining. Trypsin caused release of the intermembrane-space enzyme adenylate kinase, indicating loss of integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane, whereas Nagarse and papain caused no release of that enzyme. Citrate synthase was not released by any of the three proteinases, indicating no damage to the mitochondrial inner membrane. When we examined the effects of proteolysis on the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase by a wide variety of inhibitors having different mechanisms of inhibition, we found differential proteolytic effects that were specific for those inhibitors (malonyl-CoA and hydroxyphenylglyoxylate) that have their inhibitory potencies diminished by changes in physiological state. Both of those inhibitors protected carnitine palmitoyltransferase from the effects of proteolysis, but did not inhibit the proteinases directly. Inhibition by two other inhibitors (DL-2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA and N-benzyladriamycin 14-valerate) was not altered by proteinase treatment, even when most of the enzyme activity had been destroyed. Inhibition by glyburide, which is minimally affected by physiological state, was affected only to a slight extent at the highest concentration of trypsin tested. Proteolysis by Nagarse appeared to produce loss of co-operativity in malonyl-CoA inhibition. The effects of proteolysis are discussed and compared with changes in Ki occurring with changing physiological states.
Multifidelity multiscale modeling of nanocomposites for microstructure and macroscale analysis

Abstract A high-fidelity multiscale modeling framework that integrates information from atomistic simulations pertaining to polymer chain sliding and bond dissociation is utilized to study damage evolution and failure in carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced nanocomposites. The nanocomposite constituents (microfiber, polymer, and CNTs) are explicitly modeled at the microscale using representative unit cells (RUCs). The modeled constituents are subsequently employed in a multiscale framework to describe damage initiation and propagation in these systems under transverse loading. Two CNT architectures, randomly dispersed and radially grown, are investigated. Damage initiation sites and damage evolution trends are studied, with results indicating that the presence of CNTs causes a unique stress state at the sub-microscale. This can lead to accelerated damage progression, which can be mitigated by architectural reconfiguration of the CNTs. Additionally, the Schapery potential theory is extended to develop an orthotropic nonlinear damage model that captures global behavior of the nanocomposite RUCs in a computationally efficient manner, and can be utilized as a numerical surrogate for structural scale nanocomposite analysis.
Clinical differences between visits to adult freestanding and hospital-based emergency departments

Abstract Objective Compare clinical characteristics for adult visits to freestanding emergency departments (FEDs) and a hospital-based ED (HBED). Methods Electronic health records were collected on adult ED visits from 7/1/14 to 6/30/15 from three FEDs and one level 1 trauma tertiary care HBED. Results There were 55,909 HBED visits; 44,108 FED visits. The FED population was slightly more female (61% vs 57%), younger (48 vs 46 years), white (86% vs 60%), and employed (67% vs 49%). A higher percent of FED visits had private insurance (43% vs 20%); a lower percent had Medicaid (25% vs 42%) and Medicare (23% vs 30%). The top three presenting problems were the same at the HBED and FEDs, but the order differed: gastrointestinal (HBED 19% vs FED 18%), cardiorespiratory (18% vs 16%), injury-pain-swelling of extremity (14% vs 17%). Differences were seen in primary ICD9 codes. One quarter of FED visits and only 18% of HBED visits were for injury/poisoning. A higher percent of FED visits were for respiratory diseases (12% vs 9%) but a lower percent were for circulatory system diseases (7% vs 11%) and visits for mental illness (2% vs 6%). Nearly 30% of HBED visits resulted in admission, compared to 8% of FED visits. ESI level differed significantly, with a lower percent of high acuity cases at FEDs (level 1: 0.1% vs 1.6%; level 2: 5% vs 26%). Conclusion Differences were observed in clinical characteristics of adult HBED visits versus FEDs. Results of this study can help communities plan their emergency care system.
Measuring the coding efficiency of sensory neurons

All of an organism’s knowledge about the sensory world comes from observation of the spike trains in its own sensory cells. How much information is carried in these spike trains Nand how efficient is the coding? We have recently developed an approach to neural coding which allows us to measure the information a spike train carries about a sensory stimulus without assumptions about how the information is coded[1]Comparing this measured information with an upper bound to the information rate determined by the spiking statistics results in a direct measure of the efficiency of coding. For two different mechanoreceptors from the cricket cercal system and from the bullfrog sacculus we find information rates close to 3 bits per spike (corresponding to 300 bits per sec in the cricket 160 bits per sec in the frog) and coding efficiencies greater than 50%.
Case Studies of Web-Based Collaborative Design

Data collected from real-world projects using Web-based communications and project management systems provide quantitative evidence for characterizing the design process. Tens of thousands of records have been analyzed from six cases. The cases are all high-end office and retail building projects, with about 50 members of the design team. The data supports the distinction of multiple stages in the design process as the patterns of usage of the software changes through time. Coordination activities are more frequent in early stages, while collaboration activities are more common in late stages. In planning and design stages, use of the software is focused upon accessing static information, while in construction documentation a relatively greater number of activities include generate and process operations.
Epidemic Postsurgical Candida Parapsilosis Endophthalmitis: Clinical Findings and Management of 15 Consecutive Cases

Abstract Fifteen cases of postoperative Candida parapsilosis endophthalmitis occurring secondary to a contaminated lot of an irrigating solution were studied. All patients underwent a vitreous tap or diagnostic and therapeutic vitrectomy. Eleven of the 15 specimens were positive for the organism. Fourteen patients were treated with pars plana vitrectomy surgery. All patients were treated with intravitreal amphotericin B and systemic amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Two clinical recurrences were successfully treated with intravitreal amphotericin B, removal of the pseudophakos, and oral ketoconazole. The intraocular lens was retained in 11 of the 14 pseudophakic patients. Final visual acuities ranged from 20/25 to no light perception with eight of 15 patients having 20/60 or better visual acuities. Measurable levels of intraocular amphotericin B were found after systemic amphotericin B administration. Two patients with totals of 20 and 30 ,ug of intravitreal amphotericin B over 48 and 96 hours, respectively, had near normal ERGs one year later. Posterior capsulotomy and vitrectomy appear to decrease amphotericin B toxicity and allow sequential intraocular injection of this drug within a short time period.
Rethinking Lethality in Youth Suicide Attempts: First Suicide Attempt Outcomes in Youth Ages 10 to 24.

Objective Although suicide is the second most frequent cause of death in American youth, suicide research has heretofore been confined to convenience samples that represent neither psychiatric nor general populations and that fail to include individuals dying at their first attempts. These limitations were addressed by assembling a youth cohort followed from the first medically recorded attempt (index attempt [IA]). It was hypothesized this approach would more accurately represent the prevalence of completed suicide after an attempt and underscore lethality based on method. Method This study draws from a previously reported retrospective-prospective all-age cohort identified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. The original 1,490-subject sample included 813 Olmsted County youth 10 to 24 years old (n = 258 male, n = 555 female; 54.6% of total cohort) with IAs from January 1, 1986 through December 31, 2007 and followed until December 31, 2010. Results Twenty-nine of 813 subjects (3.6%) killed themselves during the study period, with 28 of 29 dying before their 25th birthday and 20 of 28 (71.4%) dying at their first attempt. Despite composing only 31.7% of the cohort (258 of 813), male subjects composed most suicides: 23 of 29 (79.3% of suicides; 8.9% of male subjects) versus 6 of 29 female subjects (20.7% of suicides; 1.1% of female subjects). Eighty-five percent of all IA deaths involved firearms. More than a third of youth—41.2%—lacked a psychiatric history prior to IA. Conclusion These data show that more than half the IAs occurred in youth, with approximately three-fourths of completed youth suicides occurring at the IAs. In parsing cause of IA death in the all-age cohort, the contribution of firearms figured even more prominently in the subsample of youth (85.0%) than in those at least 25 years old (64.3%). The high IA lethality suggests that prevention efforts commencing after the IA are too late for most victims.
Grounds for Ambiguity: Justifiable Bases for Engaging in Questionable Research Practices

The current study sought to determine research scientists’ sensitivity to various justifications for engaging in behaviors typically considered to be questionable research practices (QRPs) by asking them to evaluate the appropriateness and ethical defensibility of each. Utilizing a within-subjects design, 107 National Institutes of Health principal investigators responded to an invitation to complete an online survey in which they read a series of research behaviors determined, in prior research, to either be ambiguous or unambiguous in their ethical defensibility. Additionally, each behavior was paired with either an ostensibly sound or unsound reason for the behavior. Consistent with hypotheses, the results indicated that scientists perceived QRPs as more appropriate and defensible when paired with a justifiable motive relative to when paired with a clearly unethical motive, particularly for QRPs that are more ambiguous in their ethicality. In fact, ambiguous QRPs were perceived as categorically defensible when given a justifiable motive. This suggests scientists are sensitive to contextual factors related to QRPs’ appropriateness, which could inform how institutions develop appropriate training modules for research integrity.
Highly-porous diatom biosilica stationary phase for thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract This study showed that a nanostructured, highly-porous stationary phase composed of randomly-deposited biosilica frustules isolated from living cells of diatom Pinnularia sp. significantly improved the conventional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) based separation of the triphenylmethane dyes malachite green and fast green relative to silica gel by two mobile phases (9:1:1 v/v 1-butanol:ethanol:water, 5:1:2 v/v 1-butanol:acetic acid:water). Although both stationary phases were composed of amorphous silica rich in silanol groups with particle size of 10–12 μm, diatom biosilica frustules were highly porous, hollow shells with surface structure dominated by 200 nm pore arrays. Diatom biosilica significantly improved the mobility of both malachite green and fast green, enabling the resolution of these analytes. The diatom biosilica layer had a high void fraction of 96% but reduced the flow velocity and permeability constant by a factor of two relative to silica gel. TLC performance was enhanced, as evidenced by ten-fold reduction in theoretical plate height for both analytes using the 1-butanol:acetic acid:water mobile phase, and an increased difference in retention time between malachite green and fast green (ΔRf = 0.26) using the 1-butanol:ethanol:water mobile phase. Analysis of plate height vs. solvent front position by the modified van Deemter equation suggested that dispersive mass transfer was reduced, leading to improved analyte resolution, and that surface of the frustule decreased boundary layer resistance, leading to increased analyte flux. Overall, the basis for improved chromatographic performance is believed to be the unique nano- and microstructure of the diatom biosilica frustule.
Cash cycle: A cross‐country analysis

We study the cross‐country differences in the cash cycles of companies and find a negative relation between a country's development and the cash cycles of its corporations. The ability of companies to obtain raw materials on credit and to better manage inventory plays significant roles in shortening the cash cycle. Various country‐specific factors affect cash cycles. Firms with shorter cash cycles invest more in R&D and participate in more acquisitions. They also have a higher valuation and lower leverage. Overall, our findings indicate a close relation between a company's working capital management, its valuation, and the country's level of development.
Receipt of Promotional Payments at the Individual and Physician Network Level Associated with Higher Branded Antipsychotic Prescribing Rates.

Pharmaceutical promotion can lead to market size expansion, which is beneficial if previously untreated patients access treatment but deleterious if it leads to overuse, an area of concern for second generation antipsychotics (SGA). We contribute to a growing body of work suggesting that networks of social and professional relationships shape prescribing behavior. We examined 88,439 Medicare Part D prescribing physicians, finding that promotion is associated with SGA market size expansion (elasticity: 0.062) and that network-level promotional activity is associated with network members’ branded product prescribing. Research on the effects of promotion should account for its effects in prescribers’ networks.
Online Corporate Diversity at Johnson & Johnson

This chapter presents the results of several qualitative and quantitative analyses conducted on Johnson & Johnson’s online community. The results revealed the fact that the company has built a strong reputation that it uses as a framework for its diversity programs and communication. In addition, Johnson & Johnson employs dialogic communication to a greater extent than the companies analyzed in this book.
Resource Utilization in Hospitalized Patients With Cancer From Hospice Decision to Discharge and Provider-Type Differences:

Aggressive resource utilization for patients with cancer at the end of life has been associated with poor outcomes for patients and their families. To our knowledge, no previous studies have characterized resource utilization as a proxy for quality end-of-life care in hospitalized patients awaiting discharge to hospice by physician and advanced practice providers (APPs). We conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine resource utilization and the quality metrics for end-of-life care in patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from the date of hospice decision to discharge. Patients under the care of APP teams were less likely to receive laboratory testing (50% vs 59%, P = .046) and received fewer tests than those with house staff teams, though performance on end-of-life quality metrics was similar. Our findings suggest APPs may improve quality of end-of-life care by avoiding unnecessary or aggressive measures compared to house staff.
Automated detection & classification of knee arthroplasty using deep learning.

Abstract Background Preoperative identification of knee arthroplasty is important for planning revision surgery. However, up to 10% of implants are not identified prior to surgery. The purposes of this study were to develop and test the performance of a deep learning system (DLS) for the automated radiographic 1) identification of the presence or absence of a total knee arthroplasty (TKA); 2) classification of TKA vs. unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA); and 3) differentiation between two different primary TKA models. Method We collected 237 anteroposterior (AP) knee radiographs with equal proportions of native knees, TKA, and UKA and 274 AP knee radiographs with equal proportions of two TKA models. Data augmentation was used to increase the number of images for deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) training. A DLS based on DCNNs was trained on these images. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the curve (AUC) were generated. Heatmaps were created using class activation mapping (CAM) to identify image features most important for DCNN decision-making. Results DCNNs trained to detect TKA and distinguish between TKA and UKA both achieved AUC of 1. Heatmaps demonstrated appropriate emphasis of arthroplasty components in decision-making. The DCNN trained to distinguish between the two TKA models achieved AUC of 1. Heatmaps showed emphasis of specific unique features of the TKA model designs, such as the femoral component anterior flange shape. Conclusions DCNNs can accurately identify presence of TKA and distinguish between specific arthroplasty designs. This proof-of-concept could be applied towards identifying other prosthesis models and prosthesis-related complications.
Do Tax Compliance Robots Follow the Law

Do automated or artificial intelligence systems follow the law? What design choices can the law make to encourage legal compliance by robots? Tax law has some experience with these questions. Algorithmic tax compliance robots, such as TurboTax or H&R Block Online, appear to break taxpayer data law, and they do not systematically encourage taxpayer honesty. On the other hand, they appear to interpret substantive tax law conservatively, in a way that minimizes audit risk. Market incentives produce these results, since tax compliance robots generally have not been charged with direct liability for legal violations. Legal design responses require nuance and variation in order to fit the diversity of outcomes produced by such robots’ operation in their markets.
Increasing Vocalizations and Echoics in Infants at Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Infant siblings of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis (i.e., infants at risk of ASD) are excellent candidates for early interventions based on the principles of applied behavior analysis. This study replicates and extends behavioral research using contingent social reinforcement procedures (i.e., vocal imitation and motherese speech) to increase both vocalizations and echoics among 3 infants at risk of ASD with their mothers in the natural environment. Results confirmed earlier findings that contingent reinforcement, specifically vocal imitation, reliably produces high rates of vocalizations, echoic approximations, and emerging pure echoic repertoires in at risk infants.