cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diametral compression of pultruded composite rods as a quality control test

Abstract A diametral compression test involving the loading of a rod perpendicular to its longitudinal axis was used to determine the transverse tensile strength of pultruded, circular, small diameter, unidirectional composite rods. The test method is convenient because it involves a simple compression test and specimen preparation is easy because it only requires cutting the rod into short length segments. Data reduction is also simple since a closed-form solution is used to relate the applied load to the transverse tensile stress. Material systems studied include graphite and Kevlar fibres with several combinations of matrix. The test method may have merit as a quality control test to evaluate the relative performance of pultruded rod material. Rod length affected transverse tensile strength with shorter rods yielding higher strengths in most of the systems; this effect was verified using Weibull statistical theory.
Monitoring the Environmental Effects of CeO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles Through the Life Cycle of Corn (Zea mays) Plants and in Situ μ-XRF Mapping of Nutrients in Kernels

Information about changes in physiological and agronomic parameters through the life cycle of plants exposed to engineered nanoparticles (NPs) is scarce. In this study, corn (Zea mays) plants were cultivated to full maturity in soil amended with either nCeO2 or nZnO at 0, 400, and 800 mg/kg. Gas exchange was monitored every 10 days, and at harvest, bioaccumulation of Ce and Zn in tissues was determined by ICP-OES/MS. The effects of NPs exposure on nutrient concentration and distribution in ears were also evaluated by ICP-OES and μ-XRF. Results showed that nCeO2 at both concentrations did not impact gas exchange in leaves at any growth stage, while nZnO at 800 mg/kg reduced net photosynthesis by 12%, stomatal conductance by 15%, and relative chlorophyll content by 10% at day 20. Yield was reduced by 38% with nCeO2 and by 49% with nZnO. Importantly, μ-XRF mapping showed that nCeO2 changed the allocation of calcium in kernels, compared to controls. In nCeO2 treated plants, Cu, K, Mn, and Zn were mainly localized at the insertion of kernels into cobs, but Ca and Fe were distributed in other parts of the kernels. Results showed that nCeO2 and nZnO reduced corn yield and altered quality of corn.
Specificity of the Salicylic Aldehyde Reaction of Csonka-Straub

SOME time ago Straub (in Szent-Gyorgyi's laboratory) described a colorimetric method for the determination of pyruvic acid, similar to the method previously proposed by Csonka for the determination of acetone. In the presence of salycyclic aldehyde and concentrated potassium hydroxide, both substances develop a yellow colour, suitable for colorimetry. Having met with the necessity of determining pyruvic acid in the presence of several other ketoacids, I have made a study of the specificity range of this reaction and obtained the following results.
Differentiation of cloned populations of immature B cells after transformation with abelson murine leukemia virus

The nature of the target cell for Abelson virus transformation and the effect of transformation on B cell differentiation were studied with six cloned lines of nontransformed immature B lymphocytes. Three clones were at the pre-B cell stage of maturation prior to A-MuLV infection; two were at the B cell stage, and one appeared to represent a stage prior to rearrangement of the mu heavy chain gene. All six cloned lines could be transformed by Abelson virus. Many of the transformants of the pre-B cell clones underwent kappa light chain gene rearrangement and expression following viral infection. Distinct light chain gene rearrangements were segregated by further subcloning these transformed lines. Abelson virus infection of one cloned cell line believed to represent a stage of maturation prior to the pre-B cell stage produced pre-B cell transformants with a variety of heavy chain gene rearrangements. Thus B lymphoid target cells for Abelson virus are not restricted to a single developmental stage, and some transformed subclones can undergo extensive immunoglobulin gene rearrangements shortly after viral infection.
Increase in Orbital Volume Obtained by Decompression in Dried Skulls

We totally or partially removed the medial wall, floor, lateral wall, or a combination of the three, in four orbits and measured the increased orbital volume that results from the more common orbital decompression techniques. Removal of medial wall alone added 6 cc of volume to the orbit. Removing the floor of the orbit while preserving bone lateral to the infraorbital groove added 7 cc of volume. Removing the lateral floor added 1 cc and removing the lateral wall added 2 cc. Effective lateral decompression, therefore, requires creation of space within the temporal fossa. Removing the wall and the medial floor together added 13 and 14 cc of volume in two separate skulls. The largest volume gained by orbital decompression was 15 cc. This occurred when the entire orbital floor and medial wall were removed. Little volume is lost, however, when the lateral floor is preserved.
Antidiabetic actions of a non-agonist PPARγ ligand blocking Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation

PPARγ is the functioning receptor for the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetes drugs including rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. These drugs are full classical agonists for this nuclear receptor, but recent data have shown that many PPARγ-based drugs have a separate biochemical activity, blocking the obesity-linked phosphorylation of PPARγ by Cdk5. Here we describe novel synthetic compounds that have a unique mode of binding to PPARγ, completely lack classical transcriptional agonism and block the Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation in cultured adipocytes and in insulin-resistant mice. Moreover, one such compound, SR1664, has potent antidiabetic activity while not causing the fluid retention and weight gain that are serious side effects of many of the PPARγ drugs. Unlike TZDs, SR1664 also does not interfere with bone formation in culture. These data illustrate that new classes of antidiabetes drugs can be developed by specifically targeting the Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ.
LOGICAL AND ALGORITHMIC PROPERTIES OF INDEPENDENCE AND THEIR APPLICATION TO BAYESIAN NETWORKS

This paper establishes a partial axiomatic characterization of the predicateI(X, Z, Y), to read “X is conditionally independent ofY, givenZ”. The main aim of such a characterization is to facilitate a solution of theimplication problem namely, deciding whether an arbitrary independence statementI(X, Z, Y) logically follows from a given setΣ of such statements. In this paper, we provide acomplete axiomatization and efficient algorithms for deciding implications in the case whereΣ is limited to one of four types of independencies:marginal independencies,fixed context independencies, arecursive set of independencies or afunctional set of independencies. The recursive and functional sets of independencies are the basic building blocks used in the construction ofBayesian networks. For these models, we show that the implication algorithm can be used to efficiently identify which propositions are relevant to a task at hand at any given state of knowledge. We also show that conditional independence is anArmstrong relation [10], i.e., checkingconsistency of a mixed set of independencies and dependencies can be reduced to a sequence of implication problems. This property also implies a strong correspondence between conditional independence and graphical representations: for every undirected graphG there exists a probability distributionP that exhibits all the dependencies and independencies embodied inG.
Extended summary SCI pesticides group/BCPC international symposium comparing glasshouse and field pesticide performance. Comparing glasshouse and field performance of pesticides: An appraisal

The following is an extended summary based on a concluding paper presented at the above symposium, which was organised by G. Hewitt, D. Tyson, L. C. Copping, B. T. Grayson and J. C. Caseley on behalf of the British Crop Protection Council and the SCI Pesticides Group, and held at the University of Kent, Canterbury, on 12–14 April 1994. The summary is entirely the responsibility of the author, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
Radiation quality, like art, consists in drawing the line somewhere.

Summary The architects of phase I radiochemotherapy development programs impose a semblance of structured radiation ‘intensity’ and adverse event predictability upon radiation-anticancer agent interactions whose natural complexity and improper mixing would otherwise lead to dire health consequences. It is incumbent upon radiation oncology investigators to pledge radiation quality and safety to the participants of radiochemotherapy trials. Measures of radiation quality and safety may be tools to scrutinize radiation-anticancer agent dose and schedule, as well as, radiation field design among diverse radiation delivery platforms. In this article, the merits and demerits of phase I radiochemotherapy quality and safety policies are critiqued considering the current era of rapidly evolving radiation technologies.
Quantitative changes in intracellular calcium and extracellular-regulated kinase activation measured in parallel in CHO cells stably expressing serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors.

The serotonin (5-HT) 2A and 2C receptors (5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR) are involved in a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors share a high degree of homology, have overlapping pharmacological profiles, and utilize many of the same and richly diverse second messenger signaling systems. We have developed quantitative assays for cells stably expressing these two receptors involving minimal cell sample manipulations that dramatically improve parallel assessments of two signaling responses: intracellular calcium (Cai ++) changes and activation (phosphorylation) of downstream kinases. Such profiles are needed to begin to understand the simultaneous contributions from the multiplicity of signaling cascades likely to be initiated by serotonergic ligands.
Testing a predictive model of what makes a critical thinker.

The goal of nursing education is to help individuals become self-determining, independent thinkers. Cognitive development may be the outcome that best characterizes such a thinker. The purpose of this study was to test a model of cognitive development in which four independent variables—knowledge base, critical thinking skills, critical thinking dispositions, and experience—were used to predict cognitive development. Data were analyzed from 232 practicing registered nurses. Three hierarchical levels of cognitive development were examined: dualism, relativism, and commitment. Critical thinking skill was a significant contributor only to the dualistic level of cognitive development. Critical thinking dispositions contributed to all three levels of cognitive development. Experience contributed only to the commitment level. The results of this study suggest that the development of a critical thinker may require time and experience. These findings can be used to examine current policy regarding the criteria us...
Preliminary report on high thoracic epidural analgesia: Relationship between its therapeutic effects and myocardial blood flow as assessed by stress thallium distribution☆

Abstract Objectives: To extend the duration of high thoracic epidural analgesia (HTEA) treatment compared with the authors' previous studies, to test the hypothesis that the mechanism by which HTEA reduces angina during long-term treatment includes an improvement in myocardial blood flow distribution and a reduction in stress-induced ischemia, and to show that new myocardial infarctions are not masked or missed in patients receiving HTEA. Design: Prospective consecutive study. Setting: Department of Veteran's Affairs medical center and university-affiliated hospital. Participants: Six consenting adult patients. Interventions: Patients were evaluated before HTEA catheter insertion and >2 months after HTEA catheter insertion with stress thallium tests. Measurements and Main Results: Two of 6 patients had improvement but not resolution of stress-induced ischemia at 8 and 12 months. The remaining 4 patients had no change in stress-induced ischemia. None of the 6 patients had any new areas of ischemia or infarction as determined by stress thallium tests. Conclusions: The authors previously showed that HTEA is safe and effective in relieving refractory angina pectoris. The current study shows that this therapeutic effect persists and does not appear to be related to a change in myocardial blood flow; rather the improvement in symptoms probably results, in part, from an anesthetic effect. HTEA does not mask the development of new myocardial infarctions. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Seamless Integration of an Elastomer with Electrode Matrix and its In-Situ Conversion into a Solid State Electrolyte for Robust Li-Ion Batteries

A unique way of robustly integrating an elastomer fi lm onto a graphitic anode and then post-process it into a solid-state electrolyte for lithium-ion battery applications is reported. The mutual solvability of the elastomer and the binder of the graphitic anode (carboxymethyl cellulose, (CMC)) in dimethylformamide facilitates the fusion of the two heterogeneous layers. Dimensional dynamics evolved during the integrated elastomer conversion into a solid electrolyte by liquid electrolyte uptake reveal a notable preferential uniaxial elongation along the normal plane. In contrast, the non-integrated counterpart elongates along the transversal axis. This elastomer exhibits high ionic conductance ( ≈ 10‐2 S cm − 1 ). Half-cells constructed with our electrolyte integrated electrode exhibit magnifi cent reduction and oxidation (REDOX) behavior. The effi cient charge transfer across the snugly confi ned semi-solid electrolyte/ electrode interface layer leads to a high rate capability of 0.31 mAh cm − 2 (41 mAh g − 1 ) at 2 C which is double that of a graphitic conventional half-cell. Unlike regular graphitic electrodes which degrade over time, this electrode remains robust, thanks to its propensity to retain its inherent elasticity. This work demonstrates a facile and scalable paradigm, in fabrication of fl electrolytes that can easily be integrated to 3D devices and opens opportunities for developing structurally conformable batteries of varied geometries.
Stimulus-evoked high frequency oscillations are present in neuronal networks on microelectrode arrays.

Pathological high frequency oscillations (250-600Hz) are present in the brains of epileptic animals and humans. The etiology of these oscillations and how they contribute to the diseased state remains unclear. This work identifies the presence of microstimulation-evoked high frequency oscillations (250-400Hz) in dissociated neuronal networks cultured on microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Oscillations are more apparent with higher stimulus voltages. As with in vivo studies, activity is isolated to a single electrode, however the MEA provides improved spatial resolution with no spread of the oscillation to adjacent electrodes 200µm away. Oscillations develop across 4 weeks in vitro. Oscillations still occur in the presence of tetrodotoxin and synaptic blockers, and they cause no apparent disruption in the ability of oscillation-presenting electrodes to elicit directly evoked action potentials (dAPs) or promote the spread of synaptic activity throughout the culture. Chelating calcium with ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) causes a temporal prolongation of the oscillation. Finally, carbenoxolone significantly reduces or eliminates the high frequency oscillations. Gap junctions may play a significant role in maintaining the oscillation given the inhibitory effect of carbenoxolone, the propagating effect of reduced calcium conditions and the isolated nature of the activity as demonstrated in previous studies. This is the first demonstration of stimulus evoked high frequency oscillations in dissociated cultures. Unlike current models that rely on complex in vivo recording conditions, this work presents a simple controllable model in neuronal cultures on MEAs to further investigate how the oscillations occur at the molecular level and how they may contribute to the pathophysiology of disease.
Analysis of the anisotropic viscoplastic-damage response of composite laminates - Continuum basis and computational algorithms

The mathematical structure underlying the rate equations of a recently-developed constitutive model for the coupled viscoplastic-damage response of anisotropic composites is critically examined. In this regard, a number of tensor projection operators have been identified, and their properties were exploited to enable the development of a general computational framework for their numerical implementation using the Euler fully-implicit integration method. In particular, this facilitated (i) the derivation of explicit expressions of the (consistent) material tangent stiffnesses that are valid for both three-dimensional as well as subspace (e.g. plane stress) formulations, (ii) the implications of the symmetry or unsymmetry properties of these tangent operators from a thermodynamic standpoint, and (iii) the development of an effective time-step control strategy to ensure accuracy and convergence of the solution. In addition, the special limiting case of inviscid elastoplasticity is treated. The results of several numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the schemes developed.
Setting an agenda for clinical nursing research in long-term care.

Abstract Twenty nurse experts participated in a four-round Delphi study to identify topics requiring clinical nursing research in long-term care. The Delphi strategy elaborated 265 items grouped in seven categories, with 73 items under the category of clinical practice. After four rounds, participants ranked the top-rated 50 items overall in serial importance. Nineteen of the 50 items were clinical practice items. A weighted rank than identified the top 10 items requiring investigation. Of these 10, the item deemed most important was patient-centered outcomes, an item subsuming all clinical nursing research.
Near-Surface Zonal Flow and East African Precipitation Receipt during Austral Summer

Abstract This paper examines the influence of moist Atlantic air masses on East African precipitation receipt during periods of westerly outbreaks across East Africa. The influence of the Indian Ocean on the interannual variability of East African rainfall is widely known, but there is also a less well known association between precipitation receipt and the inflow of moist Atlantic air. Atlantic air masses advected inland around the northern margins of the climatological mean heat low over southwestern Africa are thought to be uplifted over the high elevations encountered inland and may produce rainfall over East Africa after cooling to saturation. During austral summer [December–January–February (DJF)], Atlantic air masses converge with easterly trade wind and monsoon flows from the Indian Ocean in a complex meridionally oriented convergence zone (0°–20°S, 20°–40°E). An index of near-surface zonal flow during the austral summer period (DJF) is created for this convergence zone and is correlated with vari...
Another important coordinate in the photoisomerization of cis-stilbene

Detailed simulations are reported for the coupled dynamics of electrons and nuclei in the isomerization reaction of cis-stilbene stimulated by laser excitation. The results demonstrate that, in addition to the traditional vinyl and vinyl– phenyl torsions, the HCCH torsional coordinate of the vinyl group also makes a significant contribution to the HOMO and LUMO couplings that yield nonradiative electronic transitions to the ground state. Moreover, variations in the CCH angles of the vinyl group in the vicinity of the HOMO–LUMO couplings indicate that pyramidalization of the vinyl-group carbon atoms is strongly involved in these molecular orbital couplings. 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Spatial-Temporal Model of Insect Growth, Diffusion and Derivative Pricing

Insect derivatives represent an important innovation in specialty crop risk management. An active over-the-counter market in insect derivatives will require a transparent pricing method. This paper develops an econometric model of the spatio-temporal process underlying a particular insect population and develops a pricing model based on this process. We show that insect derivatives can play an important risk management role in mitigating B. tabaci (whitefly) damage in cotton. Beyond developing a new risk management instrument, the key methodological contribution of this paper lies in pricing derivatives with stochastic properties in both space and time dimensions. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Structure of the topoisomerase II ATPase region and its mechanism of inhibition by the chemotherapeutic agent ICRF-187

Type IIA topoisomerases both manage the topological state of chromosomal DNA and are the targets of a variety of clinical agents. Bisdioxopiperazines are anticancer agents that associate with ATP-bound eukaryotic topoisomerase II (topo II) and convert the enzyme into an inactive, salt-stable clamp around DNA. To better understand both topo II and bisdioxopiperazine function, we determined the structures of the adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imino]-triphosphate-bound yeast topo II ATPase region (ScT2-ATPase) alone and complexed with the bisdioxopiperazine ICRF-187. The drug-free form of the protein is similar in overall fold to the equivalent region of bacterial gyrase but unexpectedly displays significant conformational differences. The ternary drug-bound complex reveals that ICRF-187 acts by an unusual mechanism of inhibition in which the drug does not compete for the ATP-binding pocket, but bridges and stabilizes a transient dimer interface between two ATPase protomers. Our data explain why bisdioxopiperazines target ATP-bound topo II, provide a structural rationale for the effects of certain drug-resistance mutations, and point to regions of bisdioxopiperazines that might be modified to improve or alter drug specificity.
Beyond Population and Environment: Household Demographic Life Cycles and Land Use Allocation Among Small Farms in the Amazon

Most research featuring demographic factors in environmental change has focused on processes operating at the level of national or global populations. This paper focuses on household-level demographic life cycles among colonists in the Amazon, and evaluates the impacts on land use allocation. The analysis goes beyond prior research by including a broader suite of demographic variables, and by simultaneously assessing their impacts on multiple land uses with different economic and ecological implications. We estimate a system of structural equations that accounts for endogeneity among land uses, and the findings indicate stronger demographic effects than previous work. These findings bear implications for modeling land use, and the place of demography in environmental research.
The impacts and acceptance of agricultural biotechnology: an introduction to the special issue

Attitudes towards and acceptance of agricultural biotechnology, which involves inserting genes that carry new traits into existing varieties, has been subject to much debate. This special issue aims to address several gaps in the literature on genetically modified (GM) technology in agriculture. Some of the papers in the issue address the economic and health aspects of genetic modification in agriculture while others examine consumers’ attitudes towards GM products, and the marketing and labeling of GM products.
Artificial neural system for gene classification using a domain database

Database search for molecular sequence homologies is the most direct computational approach to decipher gene sequence for protein structure and function. However, the rapid accumulation of sequence data has made the search increasingly difficult using traditional algorithms and pattern-matching software. Our approach to this problem is to develop a domain artificial neural system (ANS) for gene classification by combining a new database design with the neural network theory. A new database, consisting only of identifiable protein domain classes, should be created to reduce the size of the molecular database to be searched. Each entry of the database should contain the domain consensus sequence and other domain features, both of which can be compiled from the NBRF-PIR protein sequence database. The domain database would then be embedded in a neural network so that the search problem is replaced by a pattern recognition problem. The domain ANS would be a three-layered network implemented with the back propagation learning algorithm. The inputs to the system are: the sequence string, which is mapped onto 400 units using a hashing function; and the sequence features, which are mapped onto 36 units. The outputs of the system are identification tags for each of the domain classes. A prototype domain ANS is being developed to map the consensus sequence and sequence features of each of the 41 domains in the training sets to its domain class. Once trained, the domain ANS would allow an easy, rapid gene classification for both intra-class and inter-class protein domains.
PARADOLLFUSNEMA TELFORDI N. SP. (NEMATODA: COSMOCERCIDAE) FROM THE WORM LIZARD, RHINEURA FLORIDANA (AMPHISBAENIA), OF FLORIDA

Paradollfusnema telfordi n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the large intestine of a worm lizard, Rhineura floridana, collected in Florida is described and illustrated. Paradollfusnema telfordi n. sp. represents the second species assigned to the genus and is distinguished from the other species on the basis of caudal papillae patterns in the male: P. telfordi n. sp. with 8 pairs of precloacal papillae, second pair from anterior much larger than others; Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia with 4 or 5 pairs of precloacal papillae, all of equal size.
Three Issues, Three Approaches, Three Calls to Action: Multicultural Social Justice in the Schools

This article provides case studies, statistics, and social justice advocacy as lenses to discuss three areas related to multicultural social justice in school settings. Each case study is followed by a reflection on the authors‟ experiences. The article culminates with suggestions, guidelines, and recommendations for applying social justice advocacy to a school setting.
Derivation and Analysis of Composite Models for Insect Populations

In this paper I discuss the concept of a composite modeling approach as applied to insect population analysis. A composite model is a term that has been applied to mathematically tractable models that have parameters which were derived in an obvious fashion from more complex, and ecologically meaningful, simulation models. This approach to modeling was motivated by the difficulty in producing models that simultaneously satisfy the requirements of ecological fidelity and mathematical tractability. The modeling paradigm discussed in this paper is to first develop a model that satisfies the requirement of ecological realism. Then, through application of various mathematical procedures and ecological intuition, successively more abstract, simplified models are developed. The final objective is an ecologically credible model amenable to mathematical analysis. I first discuss the problem in general terms and then illustrate its application by a specific problem.
Computer graphics

The history of computer graphics is sketched. Hardware principles are outlined, and the various types of display are described. Computer graphic standards are discussed. Future developments are predicted. >
O5-S1.06 STD clinic triage based on computer-assisted self interview: the king county experience

Background Triaging patients to different service levels based on responses to computer-assisted self interview (CASI) could increase the cost-efficiency of providing care in STD clinics. Methods In October 2010 we began having all patients at the King County STD Clinic provide their medical and sexual histories using CASI. Patients are triaged to express or routine care with a computer algorithm based on CASI data. The express care protocol is to collect specimens for HIV/STD testing without physical examination or counselling. Prior to implementation, we conducted 2 months of parallel data collection in which patients who completed CASI were interviewed by clinicians blinded to CASI results. We used κ statistics to compare CASI and clinician-obtained data. We tracked visit times for walk-in visits in two 10-day periods pre- and post-implementation, and attempted to survey all patients who used CASI on 10 days about interview and visit type preferences. Results 875 patients completed both CASI and clinician interviews on 33 days (see Abstract O5-S1.06 table 1). Four months post-implementation, 2731 patients had completed CASI, 420 (15%) of whom were triaged to express care. Common reasons for triage to routine care were (mutually exclusive): symptoms (72% of routine care), contact to HIV/STD or a symptomatic partner (12%), and needing a vaccine (12%). Patients triaged to express care had lower rates of gonorrhoea (0.7% vs 5.7%, p Conclusions Our CASI system collected accurate data on key aspects of the history, effectively triaged patients at lower risk for bacterial STD diagnosis and was acceptable to most patients surveyed. Lack of acceptability among some clinicians and poor patient recall of vaccine history were barriers to full implementation of the triage system. To date, CASI triage has not improved clinic efficiency as measured by visit time. Our experience suggests that non-clinician staff may be required to implement express care in STD Clinics.
Predicting, understanding and changing: three research paradigms regarding alcohol use among lesbians.

SUMMARY The author presents a paradigmatic categorization and review of the literature that is available regarding lesbians and alcohol. She illuminates the characteristics, shortcomings, and strengths of Empirical Post Positivist, Interpretive, and Critical Social research paradigms. Results of the various studies are presented while research and funding directions are proposed.
Estimating the Cut Size of Needle-shaped Particles During Sieving

The cut size of the length of needle-shaped particles during sieving by a plain woven wire cloth was investigated. The cut size was theoretically estimated on the basis of the geometrical relationship between the particle and wires making up the sieve aperture. Three critical cases for particle passing were shown, and the critical particle length was derived for each case. Five kinds of enamel wire having different lengths were used as a model of needle-shaped particles, and the particles were sieved by a horizontal impulse acting on the sieve. The sieving rate increased with decline in the particle length. It was found that a critical length at which the sieving rate extremely decreased existed, and the length could be estimated by the critical models.
Ecological Relationships Among Parasites and the Practice of Biological Control

Manipulation of the abundance and distribution of natural enemies is the fundamental basis of biological control. Whether a classical biological control or conservation-augmentation program is being conducted, the database for identifying “ideal” natural enemies is limited. A literature survey of selected host-parasite studies involving, in part, comparisons utilizing ecological indices, suggested that parasite communities are not random assortments of species but are “structured” in terms of life history attributes and habitat stability. Thus, patterns in the composition of parasite communities may provide a framework for selecting suitable biological control agents. However, the ecological indices generally considered—species richness, diversity, evenness, niche breadth, and niche overlap—may have a very limited application in the implementation of biological control. Recommendations involving autecological and synecological studies of parasite communities are presented for contributing relevant data in biological control programs.
A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — III: Stop, Quit, and Cease Compared

In the preceding two chapters, we have dealt with aspectualizers which refer to the initiation, continuation, or repetition of the events named in their complements. In this and the next chapter we will instead consider aspectualizers which refer to the interruption, cessation, or completion of the events so named. As will be seen below, stop, quit, and cease all refer to a temporal segment or interval characteristic of the nucleus of an event. Furthermore, they will be shown to refer to some type of cessation of an ongoing event. What distinguishes one from the other is the nature of this cessation — whether or not the cessation is intentional and whether it is definitive as opposed to being merely an interruption of the event. Stop, quit, and cease are in some contexts thought to be synonyms. As above, the verbs will be compared for their syntactic and semantic similarities and differences; and as above, their semantic differences will be used to explain their occurrence in different syntactic contexts.
Enzyme des energieliefernden Stoffwechsels in der Muskulatur bei Polyneuropathien

Es ist bekannt, das zwischen dem Stoffwechsel der Muskelfaser und der Funktion der Nervenzelle enge Wechselbeziehungen bestehen. Offensichtlich sind Induktion und Repression von Enzymproteinen in der Skeletmuskelzelle nervalen Einflussen unterworfen. Wenn auch uber die metabolische Abhangigkeit der Muskelfaser von der Nervenzelle kein Zweifel besteht, so ist doch nach wie vor umstritten, welche neurotrophischen Mechanismen Struktur und Funktionsbereitschaft der Muskelfaser aufrecht erhalten. Ungeklart ist insbesondere die Frage, ob das bei der Erregungsubertragung vom Nerven auf den Muskel in der Synapse freigesetzte Acetylcholin auch der neurotrophische Wirkstoff ist, oder ob andere chemische Wirkstoffe auf axonalem und transsynaptischem Weg den Metabolismus der Muskelfaser beeinflussen.
Two-Party Negotiation Modeling: An Integrated Fuzzy Logic Approach

Game theoretic models attempted to predict unique equilibrium outcomes of negotiations with limited success. The imprecise character of negotiation is often altered to fit the game theorist's exacting approach. Alternative models deviated from the formal game theoretic approach and attempted to accommodate concepts such as negotiator power and time pressure. In this paper, we introduce a model which uses a fuzzy logic approach to deal with the imprecision in the negotiation process and to integrate several negotiation theories. The new model is used to simulate multiple-issue, two-party negotiations and results are consistent with established negotiation theories.
Let the (Board) Games Begin: Creative Ways to Enhance Teaching and Learning

ABSTRACTGaming, in its many forms, is becoming a more active force in classrooms. To prepare preservice candidates for this trend, one teacher education program asked candidates (n = 60) to develop...
Analysis on natural contamination characteristics of UHV AC post porcelain insulator

In order to study the natural contamination characteristics of UHV post porcelain insulator, we tested pollution severity of post insulator for three years which operated in 1000kV Jindongnan UHV AC substation. According to ESDD and NSDD measurement and pollution composition analysis results, a series influence factor of comparative analysis on natural contamination characteristics were performed on post insulators. Such influence factors include the top surface to bottom surface of insulator shed, the windward side to leeward side of insulator shed, average diameter, long time contamination depositing and etc. The results are as follows: 1) The distribution of pollution matter for 1000kV post porcelain insulator is very uneven. The ESDD ratio of high-voltage end of insulator is 3.4 times severe than other part, and The NSDD ratio is 2.3; 2) The pollution severity measurement value of insulator top surface is higher than bottom surface generally. The ESDD ratio of top surface to bottom surface of insulator(T/B) is 1.8, and the NSDD ratio of top surface to bottom surface of insulator (T/B) is 1.6; 3) The pollution severity measurement value of insulator leeward side is higher than windward side generally. The ESDD ratio of the windward side to leeward side of insulator (W/L) is 0.64, and the NSDD ratio of the windward side to leeward side of insulator (W/L) is 0.55; 4) The saturated ESDD is not proportional to continuous deposition time, but the saturated NSDD is basically proportional to continuous deposition time; 5) The pollution level of insulator has descend trend along with the increase of average diameter; 6) the CaSO 4 content of pollution matter is 68%. This work can provide some important references for UHV project external insulation design, product manufacturing, operation and maintenance.
Deformation of polyurea: Where does the energy go?

Abstract Infrared thermography was carried out on a polyurea, stretched to failure, over four decades of strain rates (0.026–400 s −1 ). A correction for convective heat transfer was developed that enabled the thermal response of slower experiments to be compared to adiabatic measurements. Overall the deformation was exothermic, but in contrast to simple, homogeneous elastomers, the temperature change was a complicated function of strain and rate. The largest temperature rise was 20 °C, which in comparison to other rubbers (e.g., natural and styrene butadiene rubber, both neat and reinforced with filler), is about twice that at failure and 5–10 times that at comparable strains. These temperature changes in the polyurea correspond to a half decade shift toward higher frequency of the soft segment dynamics. At low rates ( −1 ), the temperature increased up to a strain of ca . 3, with the subsequent decline corresponding to an upturn in the stress. At high strain rates (>1 s −1 ), the temperature increased monotonically. For samples stretched to failure, there was a maximum in the temperature increase versus strain rate at an intermediate rate = 1.2 s −1 , due to the competing effects of greater heat generation and lower failure strain. Thermoelastic inversion was observed at low rates at ca . 4% strain, consistent with the thermal expansion coefficient, indicating that entropic elasticity is a dominant mechanism at low strains. However, at higher strains the deformation departs from this behavior, with endothermic processes commencing as the material begins to yield. These processes are identified with plastic deformation and breakup of the hard domains within the phase-separated polyurea structure. An energy balance indicates that, notwithstanding the large temperature increases, structural changes account for the largest part of the strain energy.
What Is Driving Obesity? A Review on the Connections Between Obesity and Motorized Transportation

Traveling by automobile rather than walking or cycling can encourage obesity by eliminating physical activity. As national obesity rates in the USA have reached 37.9% in 2014, understanding the connections between obesity and transportation choices can help policymakers in the public health community propose effective obesity interventions at the national level. Following from foundational studies examining associations between the built environment and leisure walking, recent studies consider a diverse set of transportation choices regarding mode (e.g., automobile, walking, public transit) and purpose (e.g., commuting, leisure), along with studies on the effectiveness of several transportation-related interventions for obesity. The reviewed studies point toward potential interventions for obesity; there is emerging evidence that commuting by public transit may be one such intervention. Moreover, new data-gathering tools such as global positioning systems, geographic information systems, and accelerometers may alleviate statistical obstacles in conducting future studies.
Consuming Sumo Wrestlers: Taste, Commensality, and Authenticity in Japanese Food

Chanko stew—making, serving, and eating it—is at the core of Japanese sumo wrestlers’ social and professional lives. Sumo wrestlers are chanko stew. It is a critical means to make social connections with the outside world by inviting important guests to share their food. Eating with wrestlers is the authentic “sumo experience.” Chanko is also consumed outside of the wrestlers’ training houses in a myriad of ways. Ranging from a luxurious seafood dish served in restaurants to cheap sumo-flavored instant ramen sold in convenience stores, each incarnation claims to be authentic. Although disparate and overlapping, producers use two main strategies to assert authenticity. While the first strategy—taste—focuses on the flavor or ingredients of the dish itself, the second—commensality—emphasizes social ties to make claims of authenticity. Recognizing the difference between these two helps to explain how authenticity works in Japan. By examining chanko stew as an “authentic” cultural practice within, bridging, an...
Management Education for Sustainable Development: Integrating Ecology and Community Values in Social Impact Practicums

This study explores a management education model to help integrate sustainable development ideas into university curricula and programs. This pedagogical model emphasizes a community-based approach along with other proven methods for university-community collaborations and course-based social impact analysis. The Laudato Si’ encyclical’s notion of integral ecology, along with the need to create community-benefit academic programs, inspired the establishment of a partnership between the University of San Francisco’s Master of Nonprofit Administration program and the Foundation for Sustainability Development. This partnership experience expanded into development practicum courses and solidified into strategies for integrating experiential learning and organizational development through community-based analysis. The graduate level pedagogical models discussed here are relevant to other academic institutions and programs who would like to educate students with a community-centered approach.
VerifiedFT: a verified, high-performance precise dynamic race detector

Dynamic data race detectors are valuable tools for testing and validating concurrent software, but to achieve good performance they are typically implemented using sophisticated concurrent algorithms. Thus, they are ironically prone to the exact same kind of concurrency bugs they are designed to detect. To address these problems, we have developed VerifiedFT, a clean slate redesign of the FastTrack race detector [19]. The VerifiedFT analysis provides the same precision guarantee as FastTrack, but is simpler to implement correctly and efficiently, enabling us to mechanically verify an implementation of its core algorithm using CIVL [27]. Moreover, VerifiedFT provides these correctness guarantees without sacrificing any performance over current state-of-the-art (but complex and unverified) FastTrack implementations for Java.
Electoral Incentives and Elite Racial Identiﬁcation: Why Brazilian Politicians Change Their Race

Scholars recognize that individuals change how they racially identify themselves over time and even from situation to situation. Politicians, however, are typically presumed to have stable, innate racial identities. In this article, I contend that politicians strategically change their self-professed race in response to electoral incentives. Using original data from Brazilian elections, I show that more than a quarter of the political candidates that competed in Brazil’s 2014 and 2016 elections changed their publicly declared race from one election to the next. My analysis indicates the racial composition of the electorate and the electoral rules that govern competition aﬀect how candidates racially present themselves. These results suggest that candidates “racially position” themselves as members of the racial group that provides the greatest electoral rewards. This strategic behavior calls into question extant theories which assume elite racial group membership is ﬁxed and exogenous to political processes.
Platelet dense-granule centralization and the persistence of ADP secretion

After activation of a human platelet, its adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-containing dense granules are moved toward the platelet's center and release their ADP into the channels of the open canalicular system (OCS). Mathematical modeling is used to investigate a possible role of this centralization in prolonging the duration of ADP secretion compared with direct release at the platelet's plasma membrane. A key parameter is the degree to which the diffusion of ADP through the narrow and tortuous channels of the OCS is slower than ADP diffusion in plasma. For small but physiologically plausible values of this parameter and with use of literature-based values for the amount and concentration of dense-granule, ADP, the platelet serves as a continuing source of ADP; the concentration of ADP in the immediate environment of the platelet remains high enough to activate nearby platelets for 5-13 s, many times longer than if ADP were released directly at the plasma membrane.
Coagulation of charged aerosols

We consider the coagulation of an aerosol embedded in a stationary atmosphere of bipolar ions. Particles respond to the ionic environment by developing an instantaneous charge the fluctuations of which may produce attraction or repulsion between the particles. The governing parameter is the charge asymmetry factor which quantifies the relative charging efficiency of positive and negative ions. We use a Monte Carlo method to solve the coagulation equation in the free-molecule regime. We perform simulations for conditions ranging from symmetric and nearly symmetric environments (e.g. flames, ionizers), which result in particles that are on the average neutral to highly asymmetric conditions (low-pressure plasmas), which produce a substantial non-zero net charge. In symmetric ionic atmospheres we find that electrostatic interactions are unimportant and particles grow as if in the absence of charging ions. In asymmetric bipolar atmospheres, electrostatic interactions between particles are repulsive, the mean particle size grows logarithmically in time and the resulting size distributions are significantly narrower than the classical self preserving distributions.