cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Form and Scientific Community: Early Experimental Biology and the Marine Biological Laboratory

The idea of scientification is founded on conceptions of the growing hegemonic status and structural impact of the sciences beyond their own boundaries and across diverse spheres of thought and activity. This view at times presumes that the modern natural sciences, as we ordinarily conceive of them from our historical vantage point, have prior, relatively homogeneous and almost immutable cognitive and social organizations that, in turn, have recursive effects on social structure. That is, it tends to emphasize 1. the impact of “official science” inherited from the past and in states of “objectification” and “incorporation” (1) in the wider society, 2. the undifferentiated form of scientific knowledge (e.g., experimental design), and 3. the common, as opposed to specific, social and cultural conditions (e.g., laboratory structure) favoring the development and extension of particular fields of knowledge.
Everything you've always wanted to know about what your students think they know but were afraid to ask.

A review of the educational literature on naive concepts about principles of chemistry and physics and surveys of science museum visitors reveal that people of all ages have robust alternative notions about the nature of atoms, matter, and bonding that persist despite formal science education experiences. Some confusion arises from the profound differences in the way that scientists and the lay public use terms such as materials, metals, liquids, models, function, matter, and bonding. Many models that eloquently articulate arrangements of atoms and notions among the public. Shifts from one type of atomic model to another and changes in size properties of materials are largely based on tangible experiences, and much of what students learn in school does not help them interpret their encounters with materials and phenomena in everyday life. Identification of these challenges will help educators better convey the principles of materials science and engineering to students, and will be particularly beneficial in the design of the Materials MicroWorld traveling museum exhibit.
AUDITORY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: Primary Auditory Neurons and Their Targets

The neurons of the cochlear ganglion transmit acoustic information between the inner ear and the brain. These placodally derived neurons must produce a topographically precise pattern of connections in both the inner ear and the brain. In this review, we consider the current state of knowledge concerning the development of these neurons, their peripheral and central connections, and their influences on peripheral and central target cells. Relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular regulation of migration or the establishment of precise topographic connection to the hair cells or cochlear nucleus (CN) neurons. Studies of mice with neurotrophin deletions are beginning to yield increasing understanding of variations in ganglion cell survival and resulting innervation patterns, however. Finally, existing evidence suggests that while ganglion cells have little influence on the differentiation of their hair cell targets, quite the opposite is true in the brain. Ganglion cell innervation and synaptic activity are essential for normal development of neurons in the cochlear nucleus.
Can herbarium records be used to map alien species invasion and native species expansion over the past 100 years

Aim To determine if the temporal and spatial pattern of alien plant invasion and native plant expansion can be observed using 100 years of herbarium data from Oklahoma, USA, and to eliminate herbarium collection biases in such analyses. Results Maps of the collection records of invasive and expansive taxa illustrated no discernible spatial invasion or expansion pattern. The slopes of the linear regression for alien invasive taxa were significantly steeper than those of their associated native non-expansive counterparts, indicating an increase in abundance. Juniperus virginiana, L. japonica and Tamarix spp. exhibited one or more periods during which they were collected at a disproportionately higher rate than their native non-expansive counterparts. Main conclusions Patterns of species invasion and expansion in Oklahoma were detected using techniques developed for regions with longer collecting plant histories. The proportion curve analysis eliminated some biases inherent in herbarium data by reducing the effect of collecting effort. Both the regression model and proportion curve analyses illustrate the temporal invasion patterns of alien invasive species. The native species did not show a clear expansion pattern. The information found in recently established herbaria may not be sensitive enough to detect the increase in abundance of native species.
Non-chromatographic speciation of inorganic arsenic by atomic fluorescence spectrometry with flow injection hydride generation with a tetrahydroborate-form anion-exchanger

A method has been developed for the determination of arsenite and arsenate in natural water samples based on the generation of arsine (AsH3) from the reaction between the arsenic species in the injected solution and tetrahydroborate immobilized on a strong anion-exchange resin (Amberlite IRA-400). Speciation was based on two different measurement conditions: (i) acidification to 0.7 M with HCl, and (ii) acidification to 0.1 M with HCl in the presence of 0.5% L-cysteine, which produced two calibration equations with different sensitivities for each species. The LOD for a 0.5 mL sample volume was 13 ng L−1 and 15 ng L−1 for arsenite and arsenate, respectively. The precision, expressed as % relative standard deviation of the measurement of 0.5 μg L−1 As was 4.3% and 4.1% for determination of arsenite and arsenate, respectively, in 0.7 M HCl; and 3.8% and 3.6%, for the determination in 0.1 M HCl and 0.5% L-cysteine. Interferences from transition metals and hydride-forming elements were eliminated by the addition of L-cysteine. The method was evaluated by the analysis of spiked natural waters. The recoveries for 0.5 and 1 μg L−1 arsenite were 92–108% and 88–112%, respectively; the recoveries for 0.5 and 1 μg L−1 arsenate were 94–111% and 95–112%, respectively. This method was also validated by the accurate analysis of a seawater certified reference material, NASS-6, which contains 1.43 ± 0.12 μg L−1 (total arsenic). The method was applied to the analysis of a number of real water samples, none of which contained arsenic below the method detection limit. The time required per measurement was less than 4 min and the procedure consumes about 100-times less hydrochloric acid that the conventional continuous-flow procedure.
Trabecular bone formation induced by high frequency, low intensity oscillatory intramedullary pressure stimulation

It is well known that bone remodeling is sensitive to environmental stimuli, although the mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Fluid flow induced tissue adaptation is one of the potential mechanisms. The present study us directed at characterizing trabecular bone morphometric changes in a turkey ulna model induced by dynamic intramedullary fluid flow. The results indicate that a high frequency of intramedullary fluid perturbation, if applied near physiologic magnitude, can induce trabecular bone surface remodeling with a net increase in bone quantity as compared to the contralateral control. This data suggests that isolated fluid flow may, in fact, be the cause of bone modeling from environmental strain. Future work with different species, different parameters, and with the addition of molecular techniques would improve the overall implications.
The Iron‐Oxygen Equilibrium in Glass: Effect of Platinum on the Fe2+/Fe3+ Equilibrium

A number of experiments were performed on iron-containing sodium disilicate melts in air. It was found that it was not possible to obtain an equilibrium between Fe2+ and Fe3+ in platinum crucibles owing to the reaction between platinum and iron, whereas in alumina crucibles the equilibrium was rapidly established. Thermodynamic calculations of the reaction 2FeO (in Na2O-2SiO2) +½O2 (g) = Fe2O3 (in Na2O-2SiO2) showed that the equilibrium went more and more to the right with increasing temperature. The standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy for the reaction were calculated.
The Emergence of Civil Society: Networks in Disasters, Mitigation, and Recovery

Over the past century, a number of mega catastrophes have revealed mitigation, risk reduction, and disaster recovery as processes which primarily revolve around social, not physical, infrastructure. Residents with deeper reservoirs of social capital display more resilience than individuals who have fewer social ties, so that areas in which horizontal associations are more active are more likely to regain population lost to disaster. Further, in the absence of a strong government, informal and formal institutions including neighborhood associations and organized criminal groups (such as the yakuza in Japan) may serve as providers of key resources when standard sources of information, assistance, food, and aid are closed. Decision makers and scholars alike must recognize that, given the unavoidable nature of risks and the increasing frequency and severity of disaster, social capital and social networks will be core engines for mitigation and recovery in the future.
Clinical and quantitative pathologic correlates of dementia with Lewy bodies

Objectives: To examine the distribution of cortical Lewy bodies (LB) and their contribution to the clinical syndrome in dementia with LB (DLB) and to address their relationship to the pathologic markers of AD and PD. Methods: We studied 25 cases meeting neuropathologic criteria for DLB: 13 cases without AD (Braak stage I or II) and 12 cases with concomitant AD changes (Braak stages III to V). Age at onset, disease duration, and clinical symptoms were reviewed for each case. We quantified the regional distribution of LB in substantia nigra, paralimbic areas (cingulate gyrus, insula, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus), and neocortex (frontal and occipital association areas) using anti–α-synuclein immunostaining. We compared the LB pathology between groups of patients with different symptoms at onset or with specific clinical phenotypes. Results: There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms or LB density between cases with or without concomitant AD. LB density showed a consistent gradient as follows: substantia nigra > entorhinal cortex > cingulate gyrus > insula > frontal cortex > hippocampus > occipital cortex. LB density in substantia nigra and neocortex was not significantly different in cases that started with parkinsonism compared with those that started with dementia. There were no significant differences in LB density in any region among patients with or without cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations, delusions, recurrent falls, or parkinsonism. Duration of the disease correlated with a global LB burden for each case ( p = 0.02) but did not correlate with LB density in any individual area. Paralimbic and neocortical LB density were highly correlated with each other ( p Conclusions: There is a consistent pattern of vulnerability to LB formation across subcortical, paralimbic, and neocortical structures that is similar for DLB cases with or without concomitant AD. Paralimbic and neocortical LB do not correlate with LB in substantia nigra, suggesting that DLB should not be considered just a severe form of PD. LB density correlates weakly with clinical symptoms and disease duration.
Early history, discovery, and expression of Aequorea green fluorescent protein, with a note on an unfinished experiment

The bioluminescent hydromedusan jellyfish, Aequorea victoria, emits a greenish light (lambda(max) = 508 nm) when stimulated electrically or mechanically. The light comes from photocytes located along the margin of its umbrella. The greenish light depends on two intracellular proteins working in consort: aequorin (21.4 kDa) and a green fluorescent protein (27 kDa). An excited state green fluorescent protein molecule results, which, on returning to the ground state, emits a greenish light. Similarly, a green light emission may be induced in the green fluorescent protein by exposing it to ultraviolet or blue light. Because the green light can be readily detected under a fluorescence microscope, the green fluorescent protein, tagged to a protein of interest, has been used widely as a marker to locate proteins in cells and to monitoring gene expression. This article reviews the work that took place leading to the discovery, cloning, and expression of the green fluorescent protein, with a note on an unfinished experiment.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Test Anxiety

This study compared seventh- and eighth-grade students' test anxiety across three independent variables: culture, socioeconomic level, and gender. A self-report mea-sure of test anxiety-the Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC)-was given to four samples of students: 91 seventh-grade Chicago, Illinois, inner-city students; 103 eighth-graders from an upper-class section of Weston, Massachusetts; 352 seventh-and eighth-graders from a middle-class section of Holliston, Massachusetts; and 1,144 eighth-graders from Santiago, Chile (who completed a translated version of the TASC). Results showed that high-SES students from both cultures were significantly lower on test anxiety than low-SES students. South American students demonstrated generally higher levels of test anxiety than did North American students. Low-SES females across both cultures scored higher in test anxiety than did low-SES males, but high-SES females and males were not significantly different in test anxiety.
Energy-Conserving Switch Architecture for LANs

Reducing energy consumption in the Internet has become an increasingly important goal recently. Previous work on reducing energy consumption has primarily looked at either changing link rates or putting interfaces to sleep. Due to the unpredictable nature of traffic, the energy savings achieved have been modest, do not scale, and incur losses and delay. This paper proposes a different approach to the problem which involves a new switch architecture combined with a simple sleep/awake algorithm. The main results we obtain are that energy consumption, measured as the fraction of interfaces that are awake, scales linearly with load for all loads with no delay and very low packet loss. We demonstrate the behavior of the algorithm via detailed simulations using synthetic traffic and traffic traces collected at a LAN switch in our university. We obtain over 90% energy saving in all real traffic traces and zero packet loss. For the synthetic traces, we see linear scaling of energy use with load of up to 85%.
Dispersion management in a harmonically mode-locked fiber soliton laser.

Harmonically mode-locked Er-fiber soliton lasers have become a reliable source of high-repetition-rate picosecond pulses in high-speed communications and photonic analog-to-digital conversion systems because of their low-noise, dropout-free operation. We have fabricated such a laser with a strongly dispersion-managed cavity and modeled its operation, and we have found that dispersion management significantly extends the power range over which uninterrupted single-pulse production is attained and dramatically decreases the effects of amplified spontaneous emission on the phase noise of the laser. OCIS codes: 140.3510, 140.4050, 140.3430, 060.5530, 060.7140, 320.7090.
Sputum cytology in patients following enzyme aerosol therapy.

SUMMARY 1. Sputum cytology has afforded a relatively simple but accurate method for diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma. 2. Pulmonary enzyme aerosol therapy utilizing trypsin and desoxyribonuclease has been reported upon recently with good clinical results. The effect is digestion and thus thinning of sputum, making expectoration easier. 3. A recent report from San Francisco by S. M. Farber and associates demonstrated the appearance of atypical metaplasia following trypsin and trypsin plus domase aerosol. They exposed 23 patients to domase aerosol alone and collected sputum smears before, during and after treatment. 4. These slides were examined by the author and the results presented and discussed in this paper. No atypical metaplasia was seen following dornase aerosol.
Search Result Refinement via Machine Learning from Labeled-Unlabeled Data for Meta-search

For a user, retrieving relevant information from search engines involves encoding her intent, at best partially, in search keywords. A small amount of user feedback, can be beneficial in refining the results returned by the search engines and aiding exploratory search for scientific literature and data. In this paper, three new variants to EM method for semi-supervised document classification by K. Nigam et al. (2000) is introduced for biomedical literature meta-search result refinement. Multi-mixture per class EM variant with agglomerative information bottleneck clustering by N. Slonim and N. Tishby (1999) using Davies-Bouldin cluster validity index by D. Davies and D. Bouldin (1979), has shown retrieval performance rivaling the state of the art transductive support vector machines (TSVM) by T. Joachims (1999) with more than one order of magnitude improvement in execution time
USSR's Third World orphans: Deterring desperate dependents

In his 1991 State of the Union address, President George Bush proclaimed, as was his custom, that 'we have before us the long-held promise of a New World Order' .' Like Presidents Wilson and Truman before him, President Bush sought to build a stable, lawful peace on the foundation of military victory. Many doubt whether this goal is attainable, and suspect that a more reasonable hope is, in the phrase of the editors of the New Republic, 'the chance of a less chronic disorder' in the Middle East and elsewhere.2 Even if far short of a new world order, any new orderliness would be salutary in the chaotic, unipolar confusion of our immediate post-cold war era. But even the achievement of this modest goal may remain elusive. Stanley Hoffmann has explained why collective security, as practised in the Gulf War, is unlikely to be repeated soon or often:
A random walks perspective on maximizing satisfaction of personalized nutrition planning

With the number of people considered to be obese and having chronic disease rising across the world, the role of IT solution in nutrition management and planning has been receiving increased attention by medical professionals in recent years. A key factor toward a successful personalized nutrition planning is an individual's food preference instead of dogmatic nutrition pattern since it is unlikely that an individual would accept the meal plan merely based on the nutrition supplements. However, personal preferences about foods are obviously relatively harder to acquire comparing to common nutrition requirements that can be easily obtained from guidelines. In this paper, we proposed a personalized nutrition planning method based on random walks theory to maximize the planning satisfaction. The personal guidelines generated by the proposed method are expected to potentially improve the healthy diet compliance and thus reduce the risk of chronic diseases of individuals.
Indium phosphide accumulation-mode field-effect transistors

Enhancement-type insulated gate field-effect transistors made of semi-insulating InP depend on the surface accumulation of electrons induced by a positive gate voltage and an equilibrium surface potential whose sign and magnitude are considered to be functions of the difference between charged surface donor and occupied acceptor states.
Genome-wide Analyses of Carboxyl-terminal Sequences

Sequence motifs at the protein carboxyl termini in linear polypeptides are uniquely positioned and functionally capable of serving as recognition signatures for a variety of cellular and biochemical processes. At the proteome level, it is unknown whether and what carboxyl-terminal sequences might be particularly conserved, which may be directly related to specific biological functions shared among certain groups of proteins. To investigate this question, we analyzed the terminal sequences of reported yeast open reading frames, which presumably constitute the predicted, entire proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results show that there are both known and novel terminal sequences. They are conserved at a frequency similar to that of functionally important, experimentally confirmed signals such as the HDEL sequence that mediates the endoplasmic reticulum retention and/or retrieval. The findings support the notion that there may be additional carboxyl-terminal signals, and the conserved motifs could be experimentally tested for currently unknown biological functions. Similar analyses were also applied to the limited proteome databases of other organisms with overall consistent findings. Therefore, indexing a proteome according to its carboxyl-terminal sequences may provide a means for functional classification and determination of proteins.
The risk and control of Salmonella outbreaks in calf-raising operations: a mathematical modeling approach

Salmonellosis in calves has economic and welfare implications, and serves as a potential source of human infections. Our objectives were to assess the risk of Salmonella spread following its introduction into a herd of pre-weaned calves and to evaluate the efficacy of control strategies to prevent and control outbreaks. To meet these objectives, we developed a model of Salmonella transmission within a pre-weaned group of calves based on a well documented outbreak of salmonellosis in a calf-raising operation and other literature. Intervention scenarios were evaluated in both deterministic and stochastic versions of the model. While the basic reproduction number (R0) was estimated to be 2.4, simulation analysis showed that more than 60% of the invasions failed after the introduction of a single index case. With repeated introduction of index cases, the probability of Salmonella spread was close to 1, and the tested control strategies were insufficient to prevent transmission within the group. The most effective strategies to control ongoing outbreaks were to completely close the rearing operation to incoming calves, to increase the proportion of admitted calves that were immunized (> 75%), and to assign personnel and equipment to groups of calves. calf / Salmonella / transmission model / control
Abstract IA25: Using old mouse models to identify new cancer drug targets

Effective cancer therapy, using surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy results in the absence of macroscopic disease either at the site of the primary tumor or common distal sites of disease dissemination. Despite this initial tumor clearance, many patients will eventually relapse. Thus, small cohorts of tumor cells can survive in cryptic anatomical loci following therapy. These surviving cancer cells represent minimal residual disease (MRD). While cell-intrinsic processes are known to play decisive roles in chemotherapeutic response and drug resistance, relatively little is known about the impact of the tumor microenvironment on the persistence of MRD. Using a preclinical model of B cell lymphoma, we have been able to show that paracrine release of prosurvival cytokines protects subsets of lymphoma cells from cell death induced by genotoxic chemotherapy. Thus, while genotoxic damage can eradicate systemic disease, it can also, paradoxically, elicit prosurvival signaling in select anatomical sites. To further examine the role of the tumor microenvironment on therapeutic response, we have adapted large-scale loss of function genetic screen approaches for use in models of B cell malignancy in vivo. Specifically, we have made use of comprehensive shRNA libraries to target the genome in an unbiased manner. By introducing large shRNA pools into leukemia cells and transplanting modified cells into syngeneic recipients, we could identify up to 9,000 unique hairpins in individual mice, suggesting that library diversity can be maintained in this setting, and that genome-scale shRNA libraries can be screened in vivo. Genes identified using this approach represent central mediators of leukemia cell survival and potential cancer drug targets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr IA25.
Content analysis: It does have a place in social work research

Content analysis is presented as a research technique that social work researchers and practitioners can use to study developments and trends in social work practice, the status of social work knowledge building, the redirection of relevant policies, and accountability procedures in social service agencies. Methodological issues such as developing categories, defining the unit of analysis, sampling, and determining reliability and validity, are described and evaluated. It is concluded that content analysis provides a common basis for researchers and practitioners to document the processes and outcomes of the profession.
Control Effect of Static Var Compensator in Test of Temporary Single-Phase Earth Fault in 500kV Chuanyu Power Grid

The authors discourse upon the control strategy of static var compensator (SVC) being applied in 500kV Chuanyu power grid, describe the dynamic response behavior of SVC while the test of artificial temporary single-phase earth fault is exerted on 500kV Chuanyu power grid. By means of large disturbance test performed in long distance 500kV transmission network, the practical functions of SVC, such as stabilizing system voltage of 500kV power grid, damping active power oscillation in tie-line, enhancing transient stability of Chuanyu power grid, are verified.
Interlayer structure, anion dynamics, and phase transitions in mixed-metal layered hydroxides; variable temperature 35 Cl NMR spectroscopy of hydrotalcite and Ca-aluminate hydrate (hydrocalumite)

The 35 Cl NMR spectroscopy of Cl (super -) -intercalated hydrotalcite and the Ca-aluminate hydrate hydrocalumite (Friedel9s salt) demonstrates dynamical behavior of interlayer Cl (super -) , the presence of dynamical order-disorder phase transitions in these phases, and significant differences in the transition temperatures and temperature interval over which the transitions occur. In hydrocalumite, the Ca,Al distribution is ordered, the interlayer water is directly coordinated to Ca in the hydroxide layer (creating sevenfold-coordinated Ca), and the interlayer Cl (super -) and water sites are well ordered. The 35 Cl NMR data show that the interlayer Cl (super -) site has uniaxial or nearly uniaxial symmetry above about 0 degrees C and reduced (triaxial) symmetry at lower temperatures. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data show this change to be due to a structural phase transition at about 6 degrees C. The NMR and XRD data suggest that this phase transition is due to dynamical order-disorder involving a rigid interlayer atomic arrangement at low temperatures and dynamically averaged interlayer species at high temperatures. In contrast, in hydrotalcite Mg and Al are disordered over the octahedral sites, and the interlayer is disordered. The 35 Cl NMR data for it show poorly resolved signal indicating a range of Cl (super -) environments and a change from triaxial to uniaxial or nearly uniaxial symmetry at Cl (super -) occurring over a broad temperature interval below -40 degrees C. DSC data for our sample shows a broad and poorly defined endothermic anomaly in the -100 to -75 degrees C range. These data suggest the presence of a phase transition that occurs over a larger temperature range due to its disordered interlayer structure. The results suggest that similar variable temperature NMR behavior previously observed for interlayer cations in smectites can be thought of as due to comparable phase transitions that lack well-defined critical temperatures due to the disordered interlayer structures.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the cauda equina: a rare entity

Primary involvement of the spinal cord by non-Hodgkin lymphoma is exceptionally rare. We report one such case in a 46-year-old gentleman which was successfully treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy.
A Discrete Constraint-Based Method for Pipeline Build-Up Aware Services Sales Forecasting

Services organizations maintain a pipeline of sales opportunities with different maturity level (belonging to progressive sales stages), lifespan (time to close) and contract values at any time point. As time goes, some opportunities close (contract signed, or lost) and new opportunities are added to the pipeline. Accurate forecasting of contract signing by the end of a time period (e.g., quarterly) is highly desirable to make appropriate sales activity management with respect to the projected revenue. While the problem of sales forecasting has been investigated in general, two specific aspects of sales engagement for services organizations, which entail additional complexity, have not been thoroughly investigated: (i) capturing the growth trend of current pipeline, and (ii) incorporating current pipeline build-up in updating the prediction model. We formulate these two issues as a dynamic curve-fitting problem in which we build a sales forecasting model by balancing the effect of current pipeline data and the model trained based on historical data. There are two challenges in doing so, (i) how to mathematically define such a balance and (ii) how to dynamically update the balance as more new data become available. To address these two issues, we propose a novel discrete-constraint method (DCM). It achieves the balance via fixing the value of certain model parameters and applying a leave-one-out algorithm to determine an optimal free parameter number. By conducting experiments on real business data, we demonstrate the superiority of DCM in sales pipeline forecasting.
High current performance of the 43 cm long Ranchero generator

A Ranchero flux compression generator (FCG) was recently tested at the 76 MA level. Ranchero generators were designed to be cost effective high current devices, and a variety of configurations have been tested. The Ranchero armature is a 152 mm diameter aluminum cylinder with a 6 mm thick wall. The high explosive (HE) is detonated simultaneously on axis, and the armature is expanded by a factor of two. At the final 300 mm diameter, the circumference is over 950 mm, which has been anticipated to accommodate currents approaching 100 MA. The test was performed with a 43 cm long module having an initial inductance of 56 nH, and a load inductance of 0.55 nH, consisting of a short load feed slot and probe grooves. A 12 mF capacitor bank at ~16.5 kV provided the initial 3.75 MA seed current. The performance of the generator with this load was calculated using a 2D MHD ALE code, and agreement was excellent. Generator design, test data, and details of the MHD calculations are given. The most important aspect of the results is verification of codes at the 76 MA level. The same codes do not show excessive losses up to the 100 MA level, and it is a much smaller extrapolation to that level at this time.
Loss and Restoration of Soviet Citizenship

Unlike its 1938 predecessor, the new law contains a general provision (Art. 16) outlining how Soviet citizenship may be lost.1 Such termination may occur: a) upon exit from USSR citizenship; b) upon deprivation of USSR citizenship; c) on grounds indicated by international agreements concluded by the USSR; and, d) on other grounds provided by the present statute. The last clause refers, we are told, primarily to situations involving minor children. For instance, the law recognizes that where both parents leave Soviet citizenship, the citizenship of their children younger than 14 changes accordingly. This treatment certainly applies to children “by blood”, but learned opinions diverge on the question of whether it also extends to adopted children, some Soviet sources claiming that it does,2 while others main­tain that “change of citizenship by the adopting parents ... does not automatically entail change in the citizenship of the adopted children”.3 (The technical aspects of this problem will be discussed in greater detail in the next chapter.) In any event, the distinctive feature here is that change in the citizenship of the children does not require the issuance of a special act by the federal Presidium, as would be the case where a standard release from Soviet citizenship is staged. Additional examples concern loss of USSR citizenship by children sanctioned per agreement of the parents or adopting parents where the latter possess the citizenship of different states or authorization for release on occasions where children are adopted by foreigners or spouses of whom one is a foreigner.4
Overview of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a form of immune therapy used to treat a variety of malignant and nonmalignant diseases. The procedure involves transfusion of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood from a donor, usually matched in human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Immediately prior to HSCT, patients receive conditioning chemoradiotherapy to eliminate underlying hematologic malignant cells, and to sufficiently suppress the host’s immune functions for successful engraftment of donor hematopoietic cells. Following the conditioning regimen and HSCT, donor-derived hematopoietic recovery and immune reconstitution occur, during which patients require intensive supportive care, including prevention and treatment of complications such as infections and acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
Visual Motor and Perceptual Task Performance in Astigmatic Students

National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health [U10-EY13153]; Research to Prevent Blindness
Utility of a Collaborative At-Sea Sampling Program (CASP) for the California Spiny Lobster Commercial Fishery: Catch Characteristics and Implications for Management

AbstractFisheries management, including the development of fishery management plans (FMPs), requires the best available scientific information. To address this need, we piloted a collaborative at-sea sampling program (CASP) among California commercial lobster fishermen, scientists, and fishery managers to develop scientifically rigorous protocols and collect, analyze, and interpret essential fisheries information (EFI). Significant differences in catch characteristics among three regions (South, North Coast, and Northwest Islands) were documented. Legal CPUE was generally similar among regions, whereas sublegal CPUE was consistently highest in the South, followed by the North Coast and Northwest Islands. Evaluation of size structure revealed that legal lobsters were significantly smaller, just larger than legal size, in the South than in the other two regions, suggesting a higher exploitation rate there. Despite this, the South had significantly more prerecruits than the northern regions, a fact not consi...
Young Children’s Concepts of Social Relations: Social Functions and Social Objects

As a consequence of the growing interest in social development, there has been a recent increase in concern for considering the social network of young children, both from the perspective of what children and infants actually do as well as what they believe. Although most emphasis has been placed on the mother-child relationship, it has recently become clear that even during infancy, children enthusiastically interact with a variety of people in their environments. Moreover, children’s initiations and responses to the different people—for example, to mothers, fathers, strange adults, or brothers or sisters, and younger, older and same-age peers_become patterned early in life (see, for example, Lewis, Young, Brooks, & Michalson, 1975). Clearly, almost all young children form lasting relationships with people besides their primary caretakers and make distinctions between people, which has the consequence of allowing them to vary their behavior toward a wide array of people, both those who are familiar as well as those who are strangers. Unfortunately, not much is known about the overall organization of these social relationships of young children. There are at least two different ways of understanding that organization. The first way is from a systems perspective, that is, analyzing the structure and operation of the networks in which the children are involved.
Optimal Resource Allocation for Multi-user Video Streaming over mmWave Networks

We investigate the resource allocation problem, including time slot allocation, channel allocation, and power adaptation, in a millimeter Wave (mmWave) network with multiple transmission links, multiple channels, and a PicoNet Coordinator (PNC). Each link has a video session to transmit from the transmitter to the receiver. The objective is to minimize the number of time slots to finish the video sessions of all links by jointly optimizing channel allocation and time slot allocation for links, while considering the possible interference between different links on the same channel. The optimal solution for the formulated problem is computationally prohibitive to obtain due to the exponential complexity. We developed a column generation based method to reformulate the original problem into a main problem along with a series of sub-problems, with greatly reduced complexity. We prove that the optimal solution for the reformulated problem converges to the optimal solution of the original problem, and we derived a lower bound for the performance of the reformulated problem at each iteration, which will finally converge to the global optimal solution. The proposed scheme is validated with simulations with its superior performance over existing work is observed.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: What the Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist Needs to Know.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, idiopathic biliary tract disease characterized by segmental strictures. The disease is progressive with no proven treatments and may eventually lead to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Abrupt changes in liver biochemistries, pain, and/or cholangitis may suggest a dominant stricture amenable to endoscopic therapy or the development of cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with PSC are at increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. There is a strong association with inflammatory bowel disease, and an associated increased risk of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy every 1 to 2 years is appropriate.
Cystectomy in the Pediatric Exstrophy Population: Indications and Outcomes.

Objective To explore the long-term outcomes and indications for cystectomy in patients with bladder exstrophy. Although rare, cystectomy is the final surgical alternative to bladder repair among these patients with a poor quality bladder template. Methods A prospectively maintained database of 1298 patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex was reviewed for patients who underwent cystectomy between 1970 and 2015 at the authors' institution. Demographic data, indication for cystectomy, surgical history, postoperative outcomes, and continence status were collected. Results Eighteen (6 male; 12 female) patients with exstrophy (15 classic bladder exstrophy; 2 bladder exstrophy variants; 1 cloacal exstrophy) underwent cystectomy at a median age of 3.8 years. Six patients (33.3%) underwent primary cystectomy without attempted bladder closure. Eight patients (44.4%) had a history of failed primary closure with loss of capacity or inadequate growth after closure. Four patients (22.2%) had successful primary closure but underwent cystectomy secondary to poor bladder compliance with declining renal function or poor bladder growth or quality. Urinary diversion included 6 cutaneous ureterostomies, 4 bowel conduits (1 ileal; 3 colon), 6 continent urinary diversions with ileosigmoid reservoir, and 1 ureterosigmoidostomy. Of 8 patients who underwent a continence procedure, all were dry at a median of 25.3 months after cystectomy. Conclusion Cystectomy was most commonly indicated in intrinsically diseased bladder templates that remained too small despite permitting time for interval growth. These bladders often were of poor quality and compliance and did not reduce into the pelvis on examination. It was, however, possible to achieve urinary continence in these patients with cystectomy and urinary diversion.
A construção da cidadania e a sexualidade: uma análise de casos de adoção homoparental masculina em Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana (2003-2015)

Este trabalho, que foi desenvolvido no mestrado em Direito do Centro Universitario La Salle – Unilasalle, tem por area de concentracao Direito e Sociedade. Esta inserido na linha de pesquisa sociedade e fragmentacao do Direito e ligado aos projetos de pesquisa “a construcao da cidadania na democracia constitucional e o debate sobre a justica” e “adocao por casais homossexuais e legitimacao da homoparentalidade pelo poder judiciario”.
Myth and Millennials

Myths are defined and their role in our thinking and behavior is discussed. It is suggested that myths play a larger role in our lives than we recognize. The myth of Cronus is told, and it is suggested that it helps us understand Millennial behavior. This leads to a description of a “myth model” which focuses attention on the role of myth in psychoanalytic theory, history, elite culture, popular culture and everyday life. The myth of Cronus, the god of time, is used in the myth model to help us understand the roots of Millennial behavior. It concludes with a discussion of the ideas of Erich Fromm who has a theory of “social character” that can be used to understand Millennials better.
Vision and aging.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a contemporary overview of one aspect of sensory aging, namely age-related changes in vision and low-level visual information processing. The ability to cope effectively with the environment begins with the capacity to process sensory input. Indeed, the senses have been carefully crafted by the forces of nature to effortlessly extract critical information from the world. Unfortunately, advancing adult aging brings with it systematic reductions in the efficiency of our sensory systems. This lost efficiency of low-level, automatic processing capacity often necessitates effortful, high-level compensatory processes that may tax already limited cognitive resources. Hence, sensory aging is of potentially great interest at all levels of psychological analysis. This focus on vision does not discount the critical role played by the other major sensory systems. Important domains of investigative inquiry are sampled with a focus on basic aspects of vision and aging that have received significant attention in the research literature during the past decade. Several excellent reviews of the sensory aging literature prior to the contemporary period are also presented in the chapter.
Energy-efficient, high-performance, highly-compressed deep neural network design using block-circulant matrices

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have emerged as the most powerful machine learning technique in numerous artificial intelligent applications. However, the large sizes of DNNs make themselves both computation and memory intensive, thereby limiting the hardware performance of dedicated DNN accelerators. In this paper, we propose a holistic framework for energy-efficient high-performance highly-compressed DNN hardware design. First, we propose block-circulant matrix-based DNN training and inference schemes, which theoretically guarantee Big-O complexity reduction in both computational cost (from O(n2) to O(n log n)) and storage requirement (from O(n2) to O(n)) of DNNs. Second, we dedicatedly optimize the hardware architecture, especially on the key fast Fourier transform (FFT) module, to improve the overall performance in terms of energy efficiency, computation performance and resource cost. Third, we propose a design flow to perform hardware-software co-optimization with the purpose of achieving good balance between test accuracy and hardware performance of DNNs. Based on the proposed design flow, two block-circulant matrix-based DNNs on two different datasets are implemented and evaluated on FPGA. The fixed-point quantization and the proposed block-circulant matrix-based inference scheme enables the network to achieve as high as 3.5 TOPS computation performance and 3.69 TOPS/W energy efficiency while the memory is saved by 108X ∼ 116X with negligible accuracy degradation.
Challenging What We “Know” about Disability: Phamaly Theatre and the DisAbility Project

Phamaly and the DisAbility Project are theater companies comprising disabled performers with different missions and purposes. Phamaly produces standard Broadway fare (or previously-existing material) with an all disabled cast. The DisAbility Project writes and produces new material based upon the experience of its actors, creating and touring original material in order to educate others about the culture of disability. Phamaly and the DisAbility Project take different approaches to performance and inclusion. Phamaly conforms to a Brechtian model of performance, while the DisAbility Project enacts Augusto Boal's theories of the theater of the oppressed. Both companies enact audience alienation to compel reconsideration of the capabilities of the disabled body.
Improve Memory for Alzheimer Patient by Employing Mind Wave on Virtual Reality with Deep Learning

Alzheimer disease is associated with many risks, including the destruction of family morale and the loss of experience of many scientists in different areas. However, little research depending on computer science has been conducted to explore this disease. The purpose of this study is trying to find the possibility of using computer techniques to improve the therapeutic methods of Alzheimer disease. This paper elaborates the approach of using EEG signals on virtual reality environment and introducing them as a patient’s therapeutic program to improve temporary memory. The patient’s memory is rearranging based on a suitable brain signal through the theory of artificial neural network and deep learning technique so that the memory is able to be gradually improved.
Nutrient Cycles and Ecosystem Stoichiometry

Nutrients have been discussed throughout this book in terms of limiting factors for producers, consumers, and decomposers, as electron donors for microbial decomposers, and in a number of other roles. It is clear, then, that nutrients are inextricably linked to almost all other ecological processes. In this chapter we first look at the transformations, exchanges, and general dynamic of three nutrients: phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur. The dyanmics of these three elements illustrate how nutrients interact with sediments and water, and the great significance of oxidation state and the interactions with organisms. Then we examine the stoichiometry by which nutrient cycles are coupled to transformations of organic matter in ecosystems.