cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasi-Atomic Bonding Analysis of Xe-Containing Compounds.

The origin of bonding in the rare-gas-containing molecules HXeCCH, HXeCCXeH, and HXeOXeH is explored using a quasi-atomic orbital (QUAO) analysis. The QUAOs provide qualitative and quantitative data about bonding through transformations of the density matrix. Bond orders, kinetic bond orders, and the extent of transfer of charge are analyzed. Localized molecular orbitals formed from the QUAOs provide additional insights about the relative polarity of bonds formed by xenon. The analysis suggests significant covalent bonding for Xe–Y (Y = C, O) as well as Xe–H, with both bonds using the same pσ-type orbital on Xe. These covalent interactions are established by substantial charge shifts from Xe to Y as well as to H. Accordingly, a covalent three-center four-electron bond links the atoms H–Xe–Y. On the basis of the analysis, electrostatic interactions do not play a significant role in the Xe–Y or Xe–H bonding.
On-Farm Corn and Soybean Fungicide Demonstration Trials

An application of foliar fungicide to corn and soybean has become a common practice for many farmers in Iowa. The effect of fungicide on corn and soybean yield, however, can vary from year to year. Environmental conditions, such as rainfall and temperature, influence disease development, which will determine whether a fungicide affects yield. Because environmental conditions vary from one year to the next, it is difficult to predict how and when to use a fungicide. The objective of these trials was to evaluate whether the application of a foliar fungicide would result in a yield increase in corn and soybean.
Shifting Lenses to Deepen Reflection and Connection in Human Sexuality Education

Photovoice, a participatory action research method, supports deep, personal reflection through the use of photography, personal narrative development, and group discussion. This lesson plan describ...
A psychologist views human processing: human errors and other phenomena suggest processing mechanisms

I argue from studies of human performance including slips of action and skilled typing that human processing structures are of a special sort, with weak binding between functions and arguments, with strong excitatory and inhibitory interactions among simultaneous processes and with the parts of action sequences neither stongly ordered nor tightly coupled I argue that analyses of human performance imply a class of processing stuctures quite different than is commonly envisioned within Artificial Intelligence.
The Influence of Personality Traits on the Processing of Visual and Verbal Information

The purpose of this research is to investigate individuals' preferences for visual as opposed to verbal information and to explore how those preferences relate to processing style personality traits. In comparison to individuals with other processing style personality traits, individuals with a high need for cognition prefer to process verbal information while individuals with a high need for affect prefer to process visual information. Linking processing style personality traits with preferences for visual/verbal information increases our theoretical understanding and practical applicability of personality traits.
High-Carbohydrate Intake Only During the Suckling Period Results in Adult-Onset Obesity in Mother as well as Offspring

Abstract The prevalence of obesity has escalated at alarming rates, particularly in Westernized societies. Although consumption of fat-enriched diets and sedentary lifestyles are implicated in the etiology of the obesity epidemic, the increase in prevalence within the past 30 years implicates a role for other factors. Altered nutritional experiences during early periods in life (fetal and suckling), through the phenomenon of metabolic programming, may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders in adulthood. Data from epidemiological studies, as well as from appropriate animal models, have shown that maternal overnutrition or undernutrition during pregnancy increases the risk for poor health outcomes in the offspring. Less information is available on the role of an altered dietary experience in the suckling period on metabolic programming for adult-onset disorders. We have developed a rat model for adult-onset obesity by artificially rearing newborn rat pups on a high-carbohydrate (HC) milk formula during the suckling period. HC-treated rats (F0 generation) manifest chronic hyperinsulinemia and adult-onset obesity. The obese and hyperinsulinemic intrauterine environment encountered in the HC female rats (F0) resulted in programming of chronic hyperinsulinemia and adult-onset obesity in the offspring (F1 generation). That maternal obesity begets offspring obesity is being increasingly recognized. A similar generational effect may contribute to obesity in humans. The mechanisms belying the generational effect in the obese mother are not well understood, but are necessary to develop intervention strategies to curb the tide of the obesity epidemic. The HC rat model is a useful tool for this purpose.
Breaking POps/J Barrier with Analog Multiplier Circuits Based on Nonvolatile Memories

Low-to-medium resolution analog vector-by-matrix multipliers (VMMs) offer a remarkable energy/area efficiency as compared to their digital counterparts. Still, the maximum attainable performance in analog VMMs is often bounded by the overhead of the peripheral circuits. The main contribution of this paper is the design of novel sensing circuitry which improves energy-efficiency and density of analog multipliers. The proposed circuit is based on translinear Gilbert cell, which is topologically combined with a floating nonlinear resistor and a low-gain amplifier. Several compensation techniques are employed to ensure reliability with respect to process, temperature, and supply voltage variations. As a case study, we consider implementation of couple-gate current-mode VMM with embedded split-gate NOR flash memory. Our simulation results show that a 4-bit 100x100 VMM circuit designed in 55 nm CMOS technology achieves the record-breaking performance of 3.63 POps/J.
Hans Hofmann: The artist’s materials

Though 20th-century painter Hans Hofmann’s contribution to modern art is well-acknowledged, important aspects of his legacy remain something of an enigma. The reader not so well acquainted with the...
The Effects of Life Domains on Cyberbullying and Bullying: Testing the Generalizability of Agnew’s Integrated General Theory:

In 2005, Robert Agnew published his book Why Criminals Offend in which he synthesized an array of theoretical predictors of crime and delinquency into a parsimonious integrated general theory. He a...
Reconsidering the Tax Treatment of Alimony

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 has significant implications for the more than one million Americans divorcing each year. One such consequence taking effect in the New Year is the repeal of §§ 215 and 71, which allowed the deductibility of alimony payments by the payor and included them in the payee spouse’s income. However, these code provisions were good public policy for divorcing couples by incentivizing alimony, and their repeal should thus be reconsidered.
Progress and challenges in HER2-positive gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma

HER2 expression remains an important biomarker to guide the addition of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab to first-line systemic chemotherapy in unresectable, metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEA). However, in contrast to breast cancer, other HER2-targeted strategies to date have not improved outcomes in this molecular subtype of GEA. Since the initial development of HER2 biomarker testing guidelines, significant spatial intratumoral heterogeneity of HER2 overexpression has been recognized as a major characteristic of this disease. In this review, we aim to survey the seminal positive and negative trials investigating HER2-targeted agents for GEA. We also highlight emerging data on the genomic and temporal heterogeneity of molecular resistance alterations that have yielded further insight into the heterogeneity of therapeutic responses. We conclude with an overview of promising novel agents and strategies which may refine the therapeutic landscape.
Modern Challenges Managing Chronic Cough in Otolaryngology

Cough is an increasingly important public health concern, and otolaryngologists play a critical role in these patients. Despite advances in best practice, there remain opportunities to improve coordination of care, as well as fostering a systematic approach to improve outcomes. The standard challenge is appreciating the multifactorial nature of chronic cough, primarily upper respiratory, lower respiratory, and upper gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastric reflux and oropharyngeal swallowing disorders), in addition to tobacco use and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Beyond the basic diagnostic problem, other areas have been identified that pose their own set of uncertainties, including (1) disseminating established best practice; (2) growing otolaryngologist’s recognition; (3) creating a multidisciplinary clinic; (4) formalizing protocolization and comparative effectiveness; (5) clarifying the ongoing controversy regarding relation of cough with reflux; (6) distinguishing between neurogenic, somatic, tic cough and the role of pharmacologic suppression; (7) evolving scientific understanding of cough; and (8) globalizing healthcare. These modern challenges in part reflect changes in how we practice medicine today.
A Comparison of Effectiveness Between 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional Data Visualization in Detecting Plant Architectural Characteristics

A new generation of crops that yield more with fewer inputs and are adapted to more variable environments is needed to secure food security. The key to breeding highly productive and tolerant crops will be the to analyze the effect of the environment on plant growth through analyzing diverse plant measurements. Plant architecture is an essential variable in plant adaptation to environment and can bring important information to understand physiological processes governing plant functioning. The factors include various images and visualized data such as leaf areas, stem diameters, plant heights and widths, intermodal lengths, color, etc. However, the development of efficient tools assessing plant architecture is still a major stake. Nowadays, due to the advance of image capturing technology, a broad range of image data and quantitative measurements can be obtained. This study explored the relative advantages of 2D versus 3D data visualization for agricultural plant architecture analysis. We compared the effectiveness and efficiency of information processing between 2D and 3D visualization by a human subject experiment. In this study, an automatic feature extraction system (AFES) was developed using the algorithms that can automatically extract plant characteristics from captured plat images. 3D plant models are constructed by height and volume measurements, leaf detection and green index. The extracted features were prepared in 2D or 3D data visualization formats (images or 3D models) for determining plant structure characteristics. The task completion times and accuracy rates were measured as performance indicators in comparison of two data visualization formats. The effect of different data visualization on human information perception were evaluated, particularly in an agricultural data analysis process.
Low Complexity Header Compression with Lower-Layer Awareness for Wireless Networks

Packet-switched wireless networks such as 4G and 5G cellular systems apply RObust Header Compression (ROHC) to reduce PDCP header length and improve payload efficiency. Our recent works have demonstrated the benefit of applying a trans-layer approach that exploits lower layer information in ROHC control based on a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) formulation. The benefit of the POMDP solution comes at significant computation complexity beyond existing ROHC. The present work focuses on simplicity by designing ROHC compressors with lower layer awareness including channel adaptive transport block size as a result of link adaptation present in many wireless networks. Our new models directly address practical implementation and can deliver transmission efficiency close to an optimized POMDP compressor.
Aspects of the normal state resistivity of cuprate superconductors

Planar normal state resistivity data taken from three families of cuprate superconductors are compared with theoretical calculations from the recent extremely correlated Fermi liquid theory (ECFL) [B. S. Shastry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 056403 (2011)]. The two hole-doped cuprate materials LSCO and BSLCO and the electron-doped material LCCO have yielded rich data sets at several densities $\ensuremath{\delta}$ and temperatures $T$, thereby enabling a systematic comparison with theory. The recent ECFL resistivity calculations for the highly correlated $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}{t}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model by us give the resistivity for a wide set of model parameters [B. S. Shastry and P. Mai, New J. Phys. 20, 013027 (2018); P. Mai and B. S. Shastry, Phys. Rev. B 98, 205106 (2018)]. After using x-ray diffraction and angle-resolved photoemission data to fix parameters appearing in the theoretical resistivity, only one parameter, the magnitude of the hopping $t$, remains undetermined. For each data set, the slope of the experimental resistivity at a single temperature-density point is sufficient to determine $t$, and hence the resistivity on absolute scale at all remaining densities and temperatures. This procedure is shown to give a fair account of the entire data.
autoNLP: NLP Feature Recommendations for Text Analytics Applications.

While designing machine learning based text analytics applications, often, NLP data scientists manually determine which NLP features to use based upon their knowledge and experience with related problems. This results in increased efforts during feature engineering process and renders automated reuse of features across semantically related applications inherently difficult. In this paper, we argue for standardization in feature specification by outlining structure of a language for specifying NLP features and present an approach for their reuse across applications to increase likelihood of identifying optimal features.
3D Coded SUMMA: Communication-Efficient and Robust Parallel Matrix Multiplication

In this paper, we propose a novel fault-tolerant parallel matrix multiplication algorithm called 3D Coded SUMMA that achieves higher failure-tolerance than replication-based schemes for the same amount of redundancy. This work bridges the gap between recent developments in coded computing and fault-tolerance in high-performance computing (HPC). The core idea of coded computing is the same as algorithm-based fault-tolerance (ABFT), which is weaving redundancy in the computation using error-correcting codes. In particular, we show that MatDot codes, an innovative code construction for parallel matrix multiplications, can be integrated into three-dimensional SUMMA (Scalable Universal Matrix Multiplication Algorithm [30]) in a communication-avoiding manner. To tolerate any two node failures, the proposed 3D Coded SUMMA requires \(\sim \)50% less redundancy than replication, while the overhead in execution time is only about 5–10%.
New Approach to Electrolyte Therapy

Oral electrolyte administration remains the mainstay of therapy of calf diarrhea. Solutions can effectively combat dehydration if they are administered in sufficient volume (6.5 to 8.5 L daily) alone or in combination with milk. Hypertonic oral electrolyte solutions are the most calorie dense of the oral electrolyte solutions and are superior to most isosmolar solutions in their ability to resolve metabolic acidosis and electrolyte derangements of the scouring calf. Continued milk feeding combined with administration of oral electrolyte solution for treatment of diarrhea can satisfactorily meet the calf's caloric requirements for maintenance and growth, increase weight gain, improve glucose homeostasis, and shorten the course of diarrhea. Provision of fiber and beneficial intestinal microflora in oral electrolyte solutions have potentially beneficial outcomes but remain to be tested in field studies.
Partners, Not Providers: A Collaboration Typology for Congregations and Community:

Scholars have long been interested in nonprofits, religious congregations, and their collaborative activity. This research builds upon past large-scale studies of congregations to suggest a nuanced...
Encoding multitype Galton-Watson forests and a multitype Ray-Knight theorem.

We provide a simple forest model to encode the genealogical structure of a multitype Galton-Watson process with immigration. We provide two encodings of these forests by stochastic processes. We show, under appropriate conditions, the depth-first encodings of each particular type converge to a solution to a system of stochastic integral equations involving height processes perturbed by functionals of their local times. The forest picture allows us to extend the Ray-Knight theorem and show that local time of the solution to the system of equations form a multitype continuous state branching process with immigration. These assumptions underlying our weak convergence arguments are easily seen to be met in the Brownian setting, and more generally an $\alpha$-stable setting for any $\alpha\in(1,2]$.
When Do Ineffective Audit Committee Members Experience Turnover

We use information extracted from a major proxy advisory service to test predictions from institutional theory regarding when and why audit committee (AC) members experience turnover because of evidence of ineffective governance. First, we broadly categorize AC ineffectiveness concerns as either (i) financial reporting failures or (ii) characteristics of individual AC members. Institutional theory suggests that the visible nature of the first category is more likely to threaten perceptions of AC legitimacy and hence prompt turnover, which is what we find. We then enrich the analysis by interacting the AC-member ineffectiveness indicators with the extent of shareholder protest votes, finding that shareholder dissent elevates the turnover effects of both categories of ineffectiveness, as institutional theory would predict. Finally, we find that otherwise effective AC members face an increased likelihood of turnover if they serve on the AC when financial reporting failures are discovered, even if they were not on the AC when the events precipitating the failures occurred. Overall, our findings support the institutional theoretic premise that boards take remedial actions when necessary to restore perceived legitimacy.
Idiopathic spontaneous haemoperitoneum at 4 weeks gestation.

A 20-year-old nulliparous patient with acute-onset abdominal pain and imaging suggestive of haemoperitoneum was admitted for observation. Though, initially, haemodynamically stable, her clinical picture worsened throughout her hospitalisation and warranted two separate laparoscopies that revealed 1200 mL and 50 mL of haemoperitoneum, respectively, without an identifiable bleeding source. After serial β-human chorionic gonadotropin levels and ultrasound confirmation of a viable pregnancy 23 days later, the patient underwent a normal antenatal course and delivered a healthy infant at 37 weeks gestation. This unusual case highlights the need to consider spontaneous haemoperitoneum in pregnancy as a diagnosis, particularly in the setting of pregnancy of unknown location, even at an early stage of pregnancy.
IL-17 Markedly Up-Regulates β-Defensin-2 Expression in Human Airway Epithelium via JAK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Using microarray gene expression analysis, we first observed a profound elevation of human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) message in IL-17-treated primary human airway epithelial cells. Further comparison of this stimulation with a panel of cytokines (IL-1alpha, 1beta, 2-13, and 15-18; IFN-gamma; GM-CSF; and TNF-alpha) demonstrated that IL-17 was the most potent cytokine to induce hBD-2 message (>75-fold). IL-17-induced stimulation of hBD-2 was time and dose dependent, and this stimulation also occurred at the protein level. Further studies demonstrated that hBD-2 stimulation was attenuated by IL-17R-specific Ab, but not by IL-1R antagonist or the neutralizing anti-IL-6 Ab. This suggests an IL-17R-mediated signaling pathway rather than an IL-17-induced IL-1alphabeta and/or IL-6 autocrine/paracrine loop. hBD-2 stimulation was sensitive to the inhibition of the JAK pathway, and to the inhibitors that affect NF-kappaB translocation and the DNA-binding activity of its p65 NF-kappaB subunit. Transient transfection of airway epithelial cells with an hBD-2 promoter-luciferase reporter gene expression construct demonstrated that IL-17 stimulated promoter-reporter gene activity, suggesting a transcriptional mechanism for hBD-2 induction. These results support an IL-17R-mediated signaling pathway involving JAK and NF-kappaB in the transcriptional stimulation of hBD-2 gene expression in airway epithelium. Because IL-17 has been identified in a number of airway diseases, especially diseases related to microbial infection, these findings provide a new insight into how IL-17 may play an important link between innate and adaptive immunity, thereby combating infection locally within the airway epithelium.
Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Psychiatric Disorders.

The idea that serious mental illnesses such as autism and schizophrenia result from abnormal connectivity of large-scale brain networks is gaining widespread acceptance. Efforts to test dysconnectivity hypotheses have historically been hindered by tools with insufficient spatial resolution to investigate human brain connectivity in vivo and an incomplete understanding of the large-scale organization of the brain, the so called “connectome.” The development of resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) has profoundly affected our understanding of the functional organization of the brain, both in health and illness. The investigation by Cerliani and coauthors in this issue reports abnormal cortical-subcortical connectivity in autism1. In this editorial, we briefly review rs-fcMRI methods, summarize several key rs-fcMRI findings in two exemplary dysconnectivity psychiatric illnesses, schizophrenia and autism, and discuss the potential usefulness of rs-fMRI in the search for biomarkers of psychiatric disorders.
The Anti-Case Method: Herbert Wechsler and the Political History of the Criminal Law Course

This article is the first to recover the dramatic transformation in criminal law teaching away from the case method and towards a more open-ended philosophical approach in the 1930s. It makes three contributions. One, it shows how Columbia Law Professor Herbert Wechsler revolutionized the teaching of criminal law by de-emphasizing cases and including a variety of non-case related material in his 1940 text Criminal Law and Its Administration. Two, it reveals that at least part of Wechsler's intention behind transforming criminal law teaching was to undermine Langdell's case method, which he blamed for producing a "closed-system" view of the law that contributed to the destruction of the first half of the New Deal. Three, it shows that Wechsler's text inspired an entire generation of law teachers who believed that criminal law should be taught as a "liberal arts" course, precisely so that law students would not become criminal lawyers. The legal academy's disdain for criminal practice, this article concludes, allowed scholars like Wechsler to introduce innovations in criminal law teaching that became a subsequent model for law teaching generally in the United States during the latter half of the Twentieth Century.
Is the Size or the Valence of Proactive Engagement Associated with Purchase Intention? A Case Study of Branded Blogs of Starbucks

This study investigates community and interactive features that can influence user engagement with branded social media sites. With an increasing number of organizations and brands involved in content marketing, it is becoming increasingly urgent for businesses to make strategic use of social media. In addition, the debate over “loss of control” calls for in-depth understanding of the dialogue between the brand and the public on branded social media sites. Given this background, a case study is employed to examine three branded blogs of Starbucks as Starbucks’ social media use is highly professional and advanced in comparison to most brands. The findings show that the socializing purpose of online communities is related to the affective and evaluative valence of proactive engagement. The use of conversation starters is significantly related to the size of proactive engagement. The use of hyperlinks is not associated with the evaluative valence of engagement. A significant positive relationship is revealed...
49 – Caloric Compensation in Response to Beer Consumption

Excessive caloric intake, leading to obesity and associated metabolic diseases, is one of the most urgent health care problems facing many nations with post-industrial economies. In this chapter, we discuss critically the premise that caloric intake is in fact regulated, and the ways in which calories in liquid beverages including beer may or may not be offset by compensatory reductions in food intake.
Chapter 6 Cognitive Conflict Tasks and Small Group Processes

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to place the study of cognitive conflict firmly in the context of small group research. Several recent categorizations of tasks are discussed as a basis for locating cognitive conflict as a distinct and central task type. It also reviews past two decades of cumulative study of cognitive conflict in groups. The chapter presents an illustration of the way in which groups are able to resolve cognitive conflict as a result of the development of computer-based cognitive aids. The most common modes of evaluation are judgment (assessing individuals, objects, or events one at a time on some scale) and choice (selecting one or more individuals, objects, or events from a set). In both judgment and choice, evaluation is based on the explicit or implicit use of one or more cues that inform the group in completing its task. However, judgment and choice processes do not necessarily lead to the same conclusions.
Complications of fetal blood sampling

Abstract Fetal blood sampling has been employed in the diagnosis of fetal distress at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center since November, 1965. A total of 1,200 samples have been obtained from 678 infants with 6 neonatal complications. Scalp abscesses developed in 3 infants and 3 sustained substantial hemorrhages from scalp incisions. The 6 complications are reported in detail and the literature is reviewed. It is concluded that certain factors, such as vacuum extractions, sampling in breech presentations, neonatal coagulation defects, and maternal infection, may increase the incidence of complications. Strict aseptic technique in the sampling procedure is recommended. The obstetrician is cautioned about the potential hazard of making multiple incisions and is urged to watch for scalp hemorrhage or vaginal bleeding following incisions. The pediatrician is advised to perform coagulation studies on infants who hemorrhage significantly from scalp incisions.
A SMART Approach to Motivating Students in Secondary Physical Education

The acronym SMART is used to describe five simple criteria to follow when setting a goal: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. The purpose of this article is to provide a practical strategy for utilizing goal setting in physical education by applying the SMART principles in five simple steps.
Toxicity of diethanolamine. 2. Drinking water and topical application exposures in B6C3F1 mice

Toxicology studies of diethanolamine were conducted in male and female B6C3F1 mice to characterize and compare effects of exposure in the drinking water with those caused by topical application and to compare responses in mice to those observed in rats. Each study consisted of five dose groups plus controls and the size of each group was 10 animals per sex. Doses of diethanolamine ranged from 630 to 10,000 ppm in the drinking water study (approximately equivalent to daily doses of 100-1700 mg kg-1 in males and 140-1100 mg kg-1 in females) and from 80 to 1250 mg kg-1 in the topical application study. Exposure to diethanolamine caused dose-dependent toxic effects in the liver (hepatocellular cytological alterations and necrosis), kidney (nephropathy and tubular epithelial necrosis in males), heart (cardiac myocyte degeneration) and skin (site of application: ulceration, inflammation, hyperkeratosis, and acanthosis). Cytological alterations in the liver consisted of multiple hepatocyte changes, including enlarged cells that were frequently multinucleated, increased nuclear pleomorphism, increased eosinophilia and disruption of hepatic cords. A no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was not achieved for hepatocellular cytological alterations or for acanthosis in the skin.
Alkenes as Chelating Groups in Diastereoselective Additions of Organometallics to Ketones

Alkenes have been discovered to be chelating groups to Zn(II), enforcing highly stereoselective additions of organozincs to β,γ-unsaturated ketones. 1H NMR studies and DFT calculations provide support for this surprising chelation mode. The results expand the range of coordinating groups for chelation-controlled carbonyl additions from heteroatom Lewis bases to simple C–C double bonds, broadening the 60 year old paradigm.
Amantadine's role in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is one of the most common and frequently dose-limiting complications of pharmacologic therapy for Parkinson disease (PD). These typically choreiform movements, usually occurring at the time of peak levodopa effect, occur in 40% to 50% of patients after 5 years of therapy but have a reported incidence as high as 94% in a carefully conducted prospective study of patients under treatment for 15 years.1 When mild, LID often goes unnoticed by patients, but moderate or severe forms frequently constitute a major motor or emotional disability. This can lead to reduction or discontinuance of otherwise effective PD therapies and may prompt implementation of more invasive treatments such as deep brain stimulation or direct intrajejunal infusion of levodopa gel. The need for a safe, effective, and enduring means of combating LID is clear. Although many drugs have been evaluated for this purpose and others are currently under investigation, to date only one agent, amantadine, has been effective in an evidence-based medicine review.2
Some Results About the Quillen Complex ofSp2n(q)

Abstract The structure of the Quillen complex ofSp2n(q) atp, denoted A p(Sp2n(q)), is known whenpis the characteristic prime. In this paper it is shown that ifp∣(q − 1) then A p(Sp2n(q)) is Cohen–Macaulay of dimension (n − 1). Furthermore, ifd ≥ 3 is the order ofqin Z /p Z anddis odd, it is shown that A p(Sp2n(q)) is simply connected whenevermp(Sp2n(q)) ≥ 3. It is also shown that the order complex of proper, nondegenerate subspaces of a 2n-dimensional symplectic space over F q—ordered by inclusion—is Cohen–Macaulay of dimension (n − 2) ifq ≠ 2.
Does Criminal Law Deter? A Behavioral Science Investigation

Does criminal law deter? Given available behavioral science data, the short answer is: generally, no. The behavioral sciences increasingly call into question the assumption of criminal law's ex ante influence on conduct. Potential offenders commonly do not know the legal rules, either directly or indirectly, even those rules that have been explicitly formulated to produce a behavioral effect. Even if they know the rules, the cost-benefit analysis potential offenders perceive - which is the only cost-benefit analysis that matters - commonly leads to a conclusion suggesting violation rather than compliance, either because the perceived likelihood of punishment is so small, or because it is so distant as to be highly discounted, or for a variety of other or a combination of reasons. And, even if they know the legal rules and perceive a cost-benefit analysis that urges compliance, potential offenders commonly cannot or will not bring such knowledge to bear to guide their conduct in their own best interests, such failure stemming from a variety of social, situational, or chemical influences. Even if no one of these three hurdles is fatal to law's behavioral influence, their cumulative effect typically is.
Simple lens-system models for holographic techniques

A very simple lens-system model of a hologram is proposed for gaining an intuitive understanding of certain well-known holographic techniques. The model applies to planar (not volume) holograms whose complex amplitude transmittances are proportional to photographic exposure; the reference and reconstruction illumination can consist of either plane or spherical waves. The techniques of scaling (i.e., enlarging or reducing) the hologram and reconstructing at a new wavelength are easily taken into account. The model consists of only two lenses, an aperture, and a possibly modified version of the object, yet it yields a complete first-order description of the primary and conjugate images.
Evolving applications of fluorescence technology in neurosurgery.

In this issue of Neurosurgical Focus, we will explore the exciting topic of fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). Neurosurgeons have increasingly relied on FGS for the management of different cerebrovascular and neoplastic lesions. Fluorescence-guided surgery has been established in cerebrovascular neurosurgery with the use of indocyanine green (ICG) angiography. The use of 5–aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for fluorescence-guided resection of high-grade gliomas has been widely used around the world for more complete tumor resections. Other tumor types are currently being studied for the use of 5-ALA and FGS. Current regulatory barriers limiting the use of 5-ALA in the US have facilitated the study of other fluorescenceguided technologies for tumor resection. Fluorescein and other fluorophores have demonstrated their own advantages and limitations in the resection of high-grade gliomas. The following collection of papers will provide readers with the most recent information on currently available FGS technologies and the exciting emerging modalities that may advance FGS in neurosurgery. The leading article in this issue by Butte and colleagues reports on a new technology: near-infrared imaging of brain tumors using Tumor Paint BLZ-100. The accompanying editorial by Dr. Roberts further emphasizes the strengths and limitations of this emerging tool. The second article by Coburger and colleagues describes the correlation between 5-ALA intraoperative fluorescence and Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA)– enhanced intraoperative MRI findings for tumor detection at the borders of contrast-enhancing lesions. The subsequent article by Acerbi and colleagues reviews their experience with the use of FGS with fluorescein for resection of high-grade gliomas, and the corresponding editorial by Dr. Berger further elucidates the potential of this fluorophore, which does not carry the regulatory limitations imposed on 5-ALA. In a very different application, Roessler and colleagues review important details regarding intraoperative ICG videoangiography assessment for intracranial aneurysm surgery. Januszewski and colleagues describe flow-based evaluation for revascularization, while Marbacher and colleagues review a large series of fluorescence-guided resection of primary brain tumors and brain metastases. Millesi and colleagues discuss their experience with resection of spinal tumors. The other subsequent papers further review emerging applications of fluorescence technologies in neurosurgery. We are very pleased with this issue of Neuro­ surgical Focus and believe the readers will find it very informative. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2013.12.FOCUS13582)
The relationship of social approval contingency to trait self-esteem: Cause, consequence, or moderator?

Abstract This longitudinal study tested three theoretical models of the relationship between contingency of self-worth on social approval and trait self-esteem. These included (1) a selective-determinants model positing that self-reports of social approval contingency moderate effects of perceived regard from others on trait self-esteem; (2) an autonomy model positing that approval contingency is a cause of low self-esteem; and (3) a sociometer model positing that approval contingency is a consequence of self-esteem. Perceived regard from others predicted concurrent trait self-esteem and longitudinal change in self-esteem, irrespective of social approval contingency. Approval contingency did not predict longitudinal change in self-esteem, although self-esteem predicted longitudinal change in approval contingency. These results, which support the sociometer model, were consistent across two somewhat different measures of social approval contingency and four indices of perceived regard and social inclusion.
Numerical simulation of quantum efficiency and surface recombination in HgCdTe IR photon-trapping structures

We have investigated the quantum effiency in HgCdTe photovoltaic pixel arrays employing a photon-trapping structure realized with a periodic array of pillars intended to provide broadband operation. We have found that the quantum efficiency depends heavily on the passivation of the pillar surface. Pillars passivated with anodicoxide have a large fixed positive charge on the pillar surface. We use our three-dimensional numerical simulation model to study the effect of surface charge and surface recombination velocity on the exterior of the pillars. We then evaluate the quantum efficiency of this structure subject to different surface conditions. We have found that by themselves, the surface charge and surface recombination are detrimental to the quantum efficiency but the quantum efficiency is recovered when both phenomena are present. We will discuss the effects of these phenomena and the trade offs that exist between the two.
Neurological complications of immunization.

Vaccines prepared from whole, killed organisms (pertussis and possibly influenza) may cause neurological allergic reactions producing encephalopathy. These reactions are characterized by acute, monophasic demyelinative processes and occur with no greater frequency than 1 per 100,000 vaccine recipients; onset is within 4 days of immunization, and recovery is usually complete. No evidence suggests that these vaccines produce an insidious, progressive encephalopathy. Only with the swine influenza program of 1976 has Guillain-Barre syndrome appeared to follow immunization. Vaccines prepared from live-attenuated viruses (measles, mumps, rubella, and trivalent oral poliovirus) can cause symptomatic viral infection of the nervous system, including measles encephalitis, which occurs in 1 of 1,000,000 vaccine recipients; rubella neuritis, in less than 1 of 10,000 recipients; and paralytic poliomyelitis, in 1 of 3,000,000 vaccine recipients or their close contacts. A cause-and-effect relationship between immunization and brachial plexus neuritis, acute transverse myelitis, and cranial neuropathies has been suggested but never proved.
Myocardial Infarction-Induced N-Terminal Fragment of Cmybp-C Impairs Myofilament Function in Human Left Ventricular Myofibrils

Rationale: Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with depressed cardiac contractile function and progression to heart failure. Cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C), a cardiac-specific myofilament protein, is proteolyzed post-MI in humans and results in an N-terminal fragment, C0C1f. The presence of C0C1f in cultured adult cardiomyocytes results in decreased Ca2+ transients and cell shortening, in addition to the induction of heart failure in a mouse model. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Objective: To determine how C0C1f causes altered contractility in human cardiac myofilaments in vitro.Methods and Results: We generated recombinant human C0C1f (hC0C1f) and incorporated it into skinned human left ventricular myocytes. Mechanical properties were then studied at sarcomere lengths of 2.0 and 2.3 µm. Our data demonstrate that the presence of hC0C1f in the sarcomere decreased maximal force myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, increased cooperative activation at short lengths and enhanced length-dependent activation. Furthermore, hC0C1f led to increased cross-bridge cycling kinetics and tension cost at both short and long sarcomere lengths. We further established that the detrimental effects of hC0C1f occur through direct interaction with the thin filament proteins actin and α-tropomyosin (α-TM).Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the presence of hC0C1f in the sarcomere is sufficient to induce depressed myofilament function and Ca2+ sensitivity in otherwise healthy human donor myofilament preparations. Decreased cardiac function post-MI may result, in part, from the ability of hC0C1f to bind actin and α-TM, suggesting that cleaved C0C1f could act as a poison peptide and disrupt the interaction of native cMyBP-C with the thin filament.Keywords: Cross-bridge cycling kinetics; length-dependent activation; cMyBP-C; C0C1f protein.
Functional and molecular evidence of adenosine A2A receptor in coronary arteriolar dilation to adenosine

Adenosine is a potent vasodilator implicated in the regulation of coronary microvascular diameter during metabolic stress. However, the specific adenosine receptors and underlying mechanism responsible for the dilation of coronary microvessels to adenosine remains to be elucidated. Thus, pig subepicardial coronary arterioles (<100 μm) were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized without flow for in vitro study. All vessels developed basal tone and dilated concentration-dependently to adenosine. Disruption of endothelium and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase by L-NAME produced identical attenuation of adenosine-induced dilation. K ATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide further reduced the dilation of denuded vessels, cAMP antagonist Rp-8-Br-cAMP blocked vasodilation to forskolin, but failed to inhibit vasodilation to adenosine. Coronary dilation to adenosine was blocked by a selective adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist ZM241385, but was not altered by an A 1 receptor antagonist, DPCPX. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction study revealed that A 2A receptor mRNA was expressed in microvessels but not in cardiac myocytes; A 1 receptor expression was observed only in cardiac myocytes. These results suggest that adenosine-induced dilation of coronary arterioles is mediated predominantly by A 2A receptors. Activation of these receptors elicits vasodilation by endothelial release of NO and by smooth muscle opening of K ATP channels in a cAMP-independent manner.
Self-stabilizing deadlock detection algorithms

A distributed system consists of a set of loosely connected state machines which do not share a global memory. All the possible global states of the system can be split up into legal and illegal states. A self-stabilizing system is a network of processors, which, when started from an arbitrary (and possibly illegal) initial state, always returns to a legal state in a finite number of steps. Self-stabilization has already been applied to some areas of distributed systems such as mutual exclusion, communication protocols, leader election, etc. [3][4]. This paper will present self-stabilizing deadlock detection algorithms, for single and multiple outstanding requests. Self-stabilizing methods for deadlock resolution and prevention are also discussed.
Metabolic Design And Engineering Through Ant Colony Optimization

Due to the vast search space of all possible combinations of reaction knockouts in Escherichia coli, determining the best combination of knockouts for over-production of a metabolite of interest is a computationally expensive task. Ant colony optimization (ACO) applied to genome-scale metabolic models via flux balance analysis (FBA) provides a means by which such a solution space may feasibly be explored. In previous work, the Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment (MoMA) objective function for FBA was used in conjunction with ACO to identify the best gene knockouts for succinic acid production. In this work, algorithmic and biological constraints are introduced to further reduce the solution space. We introduce Stochastic Exploration Edge Reduction Ant Colony Optimization, or STEER-ACO. Algorithmically, ACO is modified to refine its search space over time allowing for greater initial coverage of the solution space while ultimately honing on a high quality solution. Biologically, a heuristic is introduced allowing the maximum number of knockouts to be no greater than five. Beyond this number, cellular viability becomes suspect. Results using this approach versus previous methods are reported.
Comparison of Muscle and Skin Perfusion Over the Ischial Tuberosities in Response to Wheelchair Tilt-in-Space and Recline Angles in People With Spinal Cord Injury

Objective To compare the efficacy of wheelchair tilt-in-space and recline on enhancing muscle and skin perfusion over the ischial tuberosities in people with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Comparative Cost-Effectiveness of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Echocardiography for Predicting Outcome in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure

Two-dimensional echocardiographic and Doppler variables and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) can predict outcomes in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, there is a paucity of data on the relative cost-effectiveness of these modalities in predicting outcome. One hundred sixteen patients hospitalized with CHF underwent simultaneous BNP and Doppler echocardiographic examinations once ready for discharge. The ability of these variables to determine the primary end point (cardiac death or rehospitalization for CHF) was determined. The cost-effectiveness ratios (CER) of 2-dimensional variables, Doppler indexes, and BNP were calculated for prediction of the primary end point. Follow-up was completed in 110 of 116 patients at a mean of 527 days after hospital discharge. Fifty-four patients (50%) reached the primary end point (37 rehospitalizations for CHF and 17 cardiac deaths). When added to a history of admission to the hospital in the preceding year for CHF, a comprehensive Doppler echocardiographic study predicted 52 of 54 events, with a CER of $729.10, whereas BNP predicted 47 of 54 events (CER $49.98; p