cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing requirements in an established domain using tags and metadata

Requirements for new aerospace applications, such as missile or satellite control systems, draw heavily from similar, previously built systems. Both requirements and varied architectural artifacts from prior systems may be consulted. The application domain is quite complex, so “reuse” brings clear advantages. Unfortunately numerous problems are apparent too. For example, while prior artifacts are potentially rich in information, if they are of low quality they may hinder development of high quality requirements for new systems. The Co-Evolvable Traceable Requirements and Architecture Network (COTRAN) technique presented here addresses the challenge of productively using information from prior systems while targeting development of properly scoped, testable requirements. The technique centers on iteratively building a requirements matrix characterizing the application and tagging artifacts based upon the metadata found in the matrix. This enables information to be correlated across artifacts and used consistently. Using the requirements matrix, contextual information about the system provides the basis for capturing clear requirements.
An analytical model to investigate the resonant modes of the self-rolled-up microtube using conformal transformation

Self rolled-up microtube is a natural device that may couple light vertically out of a planar photonic device. It is instructive to understand the optical resonant modes propagating inside the microtube waveguide. All previous models for the microtube resonant modes ignored the nonconcentric nature of its structure. Conformal transformation was used for the first time to address this issue and to obtain equivalent planar parallel-piped waveguide structure which in turn leads to an approximate analytical solution of the resonant modes of the tube. This work paves the way for accurately calculating the coupling coefficient between the microtube and a planar waveguide. The results calculated using this model matched very well with published experimental data and COMSOL simulation.
Synaptic interactions of reticulospinal neurons and nerve cells in the spinal cord of the sea lamprey

The reticulospinal system is the major descending pathway from the brain to the spinal cord in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. In order to determine the synaptic connections of this system and to gain a better understanding of its functions, individual cell bodies and axons of identified reticulospinal neurons were stimulated intracellularly while recording from spinal interneurons and motoneurons. 1 Stimulation of reticulospinal axons of the bulbar and vagal groups produced unitary composite EPSP's in lateral cells. Both components of these EPSP's followed repetitive presynaptic action potentials one-to-one at constant short latencies. The first component was due to electrical coupling between the cell and axon. The second component was due to chemical transmission because it was eliminated after extracellular Ca was replaced with Mg and because it changed in amplitude during repeated stimulation. Evidence is presented that the second component, as well as the first, is monosynaptic. 2 Both fast and slow motoneurons to myotomal muscle received a predominantly electrical synapse from the Muller axon I1. They also exhibited composite EPSP's after stimulation of M1, M3, some bulbar cells, and the Mauthner cell. Stimulation of ventral roots produced depolarizations in Muller axons which excited motoneurons. Polysynaptic EPSP's were observed in a fin motoneuron after stimulation of the contralateral axon M3 or I1. 3 Some edge cells exhibited a composite EPSP after stimulation of the bursting axon I2. 4 Morphologically mixed synapses with both chemical and electrical junctions were observed between Muller axons and unidentified dendrites. 5 The cells of origin of the bursting axons were the pair I2. Stimulation of these axons in situ produced either no movements or weak fin movements. No synaptic potentials were observed in motoneurons in the cord or in bulbar cells in the brain after stimulation of I2. 6 Intracellular stimulation of giant interneurons produced EPSP's in one pair of bulbar cells. 7 The conclusions drawn from this and the preceding study are as follows: (a) Connections of identified neurons in the lamprey are specific but do not always occur. (b) The majority of synapses from large axons to identified cells utilize dual electrical and chemical transmission. (c) Most unitary EPSP's are subthreshold. Thus, other sources of excitation, especially from smaller unidentified neurons, are required for activity.
Evaluating the memory overhead required for COMA architectures

Cache only memory architectures (COMA) have an inherent memory overhead due to the organization of main memory as a large cache called an attraction memory. This overhead consists of memory left unallocated for performance reasons as well as additional physical memory required due to the cache organization of memory. In this work, we examine the effect of data reshuffling and data replication on the memory overhead. Data reshuffling occurs when space needs to be allocated to store a remote memory line in the local memory. Data that is reshuffled is sent between memories via replacement messages. A simple mathematical model predicts the frequency of data reshuffling as a function of the attraction memory parameters. Simulation data shows that the frequency of data reshuffling is sensitive to the allocation policy and associativity of the memory but is relatively unaffected by the block size chosen. The simulation data also shows that data replication in the attraction memory is important for good performance, but most gains can be achieved through replication in the processor caches.
Histone Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination in Transcription, DNA Damage Response, and Cancer

Histone post-transcriptional modifications play essential roles in regulation of all DNA related processes. Among them, histone ubiquitination has been discovered for more than three decades. However, its functions are still less well understood than other histone modifications such as methylation and acetylation. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination. In particular, we will focus on how they are regulated by histone ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes. We will then discuss the roles of histone ubiquitination in transcription and DNA damage response and the crosstalk between histone ubiquitination and other histone modifications. Finally, we will review the important roles of histone ubiquitination in stem cell biology and cancer.
Spatiotemporal patterns of cropland area and net primary production in the central United States estimated from USDA agricultural information

[1] The central United States, which is dominated by agriculture, has been selected as the first North American Carbon Program intensive campaign. Data sets that describe spatiotemporal variability in carbon fluxes are needed to support this campaign. Here we report the behavior of county cropland net primary production (NPP) in the first intensive region derived using USDA information together with crop-specific parameters that convert agronomic data into carbon fluxes. Total cropland area in the eight-state region was ∼550,000 km2 (40% of total area), with some interannual variability but no temporal trend from 1972 to 2001. Regional production (P) was 0.3 Pg C yr−1 in the late 1990s, roughly 64% of the total US crop production. P was highest in the central counties (>1.2 Tg C yr−1). In contrast to area, both NPP (flux per unit area) and P (spatially aggregated flux) increased during the study period (46 and 51%, respectively). Corn was the dominant crop type grown in the region, contributing 58% of the total production, with soybeans second most productive but substantially less (20%) despite similar harvested area. Maximum year-to-year variability in P was high, generally greater than 30% for most counties, though exceeding 80% for some counties.
2-Perfect m -cycle systems

Abstract The spectrum for 2-perfect m -cycle systems of K n has been considered by several authors in the case when m ⩽7. In this paper we essentially solve the problem for 2-perfect m -cycle systems of K n in the case where m is prime and 2 m +1 is a prime power. In particular we settle the problem for m = 11 and 13 except for two or one possible exceptions respectively. The problem for m = 9 is also considered.
Expression of the Open Reading Frame 74 (G-Protein-Coupled Receptor) Gene of Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)-Associated Herpesvirus: Implications for KS Pathogenesis

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a G-protein-coupled receptor (GCR) homolog. This protein is a potent, constitutively active signalling molecule that can influence both proliferation and angiogenesis when ectopically expressed in fibroblasts in vitro. Here we have examined the expression of the KSHV GCR gene in virus-infected lymphoid cells and in KS tumors. Our results show that in both situations the gene is expressed primarily during lytic replication; its transcription is unaffected by inhibition of viral DNA synthesis, indicating that it is expressed in the early phases of the lytic program. The major transcript bearing GCR sequences is bicistronic, harboring coding sequences for another viral gene, K14, at its 5′ end. Extensive searches for monocistronic GCR mRNAs using nuclease mapping and reverse transcription-PCR failed to detect such species. The 5′ end of K14/GCR mRNA maps to nucleotide (nt) 127848, and its poly(A) addition site maps to nt 130546; a 149-nt intron is present in the K14/GCR intergenic region. These results suggest that the KSHV GCR is translated by unconventional mechanisms involving either translational reinitiation, internal ribosomal entry, or leaky ribosomal scanning. The restriction of GCR expression to the lytic cycle has important implications for the potential role(s) of the GCR in KS pathogenesis.
Microbiological test for leucine, valine, and isoleucine using urine sample dried on filter paper.

Urine specimens dried on filter paper squares were obtained from 700 mentally retarded children. A microbiological assay was used to screen the specimens for the presence of valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Three specimens gave positive tests for all three amino acids. A generalized aminoaciduria was observed in two specimens, and in the third, elevation of valine and leucine/isoleucine was confirmed by paper chromatography. The use of these screening procedures for early detection of children with maple sugar urine disease is suggested.
Expression profiling of mammalian microRNAs uncovers a subset of brain-expressed microRNAs with possible roles in murine and human neuronal differentiation

Background: The microRNAs (miRNAs) are an extensive class of small noncoding RNAs (18 to 25 nucleotides) with probable roles in the regulation of gene expression. In Caenorhabditis elegans, lin-4 and let-7 miRNAs control the timing of fate specification of neuronal and hypodermal cells during larval development. lin-4, let-7 and other miRNA genes are conserved in mammals, and their potential functions in mammalian development are under active study. Results: In order to identify mammalian miRNAs that might function in development, we characterized the expression of 119 previously reported miRNAs in adult organs from mouse and human using northern blot analysis. Of these, 30 miRNAs were specifically expressed or greatly enriched in a particular organ (brain, lung, liver or skeletal muscle). This suggests organ- or tissuespecific functions for miRNAs. To test if any of the 66 brain-expressed miRNAs were present in neurons, embryonal carcinoma cells were treated with all-trans-retinoic acid to promote neuronal differentiation. A total of 19 brain-expressed miRNAs (including lin-4 and let-7 orthologs) were coordinately upregulated in both human and mouse embryonal carcinoma cells during neuronal differentiation. The mammalian ortholog of C. elegans lin-28, which is downregulated by lin-4 in worms via 3' untranslated region binding, was also repressed during neuronal differentiation of mammalian embryonal carcinoma cells. Mammalian lin-28 messenger RNAs contain conserved predicted binding sites in their 3' untranslated regions for neuron-expressed miR-125b (a lin-4 ortholog), let-7a, and miR-218. Conclusions: The identification of a subset of brain-expressed miRNAs whose expression behavior is conserved in both mouse and human differentiating neurons implicates these miRNAs in mammalian neuronal development or function.
Large Shareholder Trading and Investment Complexity

Complex investments are investments that are difficult to value in the short-term. In this paper, we analyze the incentives of a manager who is compensated based on short-term stock prices to invest in complex long-term investments. In particular, we explore how the manager’s investment decision is affected by the presence of a large institutional shareholder whose horizon is finite. The analysis focuses on the observation that the horizon mismatch between the large shareholder and the project can result in a bias in the trading of the institutional investor. The resulting equilibrium is such that investment in long-term complex projects lowers the incentive of institutional investors to collect costly information and hence reduces the informativeness of the short-term stock price. Furthermore, a larger ownership by institutional investors increases their trading bias upward, which in turn induces the firm to invest in more complex projects. Thus, our model suggests that large ownership by institutional investors may actually exacerbate concerns of uninformative stock prices.
An atomistic investigation into the molecular effects of osteogenesis imperfecta like genetic mutations on biomaterial strength

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disease marked by extreme bone fragility and is associated with mutations in tropocollagen (TC) molecule and changes in hydroxyapatite (HAP) mineral texture. Mutations in TC can manifest in both ways, substitution of polypeptide chains and point mutations of residues. This study presents a mechanistic view on the effects of OI mutations in TC on strength of model TC-HAP biomaterials with two different mineral distributions using three dimensional atomistic simulations. Analysis points out that substitution of residue sequences with higher number of side chain functional groups impart higher strength to the TC-HAP biomaterials. Results show that the effect of TC point mutations on the strength of TC-HAP biomaterials is insignificant. Instead, change in mineral distribution showed significant impact on the overall strength of TC-HAP biomaterials. Overall, study suggests that TC mutations manifest themselves by altering the mineral distribution during hydroxyapatite ...
Electrostatic Force Microscopy Characterization of Trioctylphosphine Oxide Self-assembled Monolayers on Graphite

We have studied the self-assembling behavior of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. TOPO forms stripe-like structures in registry with the underlying graphite lattice. Using electrostatic force microscopy, we have also measured the charge, dipole, and dielectric constant of these monolayer films. The crystalline stripe phase has a net positive charge of about 2 × 10-5 electron charge per TOPO molecule. The surface dipole due to adsorption is extremely small; this result implies that the dipole moment of TOPO is oriented parallel to the surface. Perfect image charges are not formed inside the graphite.
BUILDING-BLOCK SUPPLY IN GENETIC PROGRAMMING

This paper analyzes building block supply in the initial population for genetic programming. Facetwise models for the supply of a single schema as well as for the supply of all schemas in a partition are developed. An estimate for the population size, given the size (or size distribution) of trees, that ensures the presence of all raw building blocks with a given error is derived using these facetwise models. The facetwise models and the population sizing estimate are verified with empirical results.
Denoising and multivariate analysis of time-of-flight SIMS images

Time-of-flight SIMS (ToF-SIMS) imaging offers a modality for simultaneously visualizing the spatial distribution of different surface species. However, the utility of ToF-SIMS datasets may be limited by their large size, degraded mass resolution and low ion counts per pixel. Through denoising and multivariate image analysis, regions of similar chemistries may be differentiated more readily in ToF-SIMS image data. Three established denoising algorithms—down-binning, boxcar and wavelet filtering—were applied to ToF-SIMS images of different surface geometries and chemistries. The effect of these filters on the performance of principal component analysis (PCA) was evaluated in terms of the capture of important chemical image features in the principal component score images, the quality of the principal component score images and the ability of the principal components to explain the chemistries responsible for the image contrast. All filtering methods were found to improve the performance of PCA for all image datasets studied by improving capture of image features and producing principal component score images of higher quality than the unfiltered ion images. The loadings for filtered and unfiltered PCA models described the regions of chemical contrast by identifying peaks defining the regions of different surface chemistry. Down-binning the images to increase pixel size and signal was the most effective technique to improve PCA performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanowires and Nanoneedles

We review the progress of synthesis, characterization and properties of lll-V compound semiconductor nanowires and nanoneedles grown on Si substrates at low temperature with CMOS compatible process.
Case Studies in Co-Teaching in the Content Areas: Successes, Failures, and Challenges

This article presents recent findings from several long-term qualitative investigations of co-teaching in science and social studies content-area classes, in which collaborating teachers and students with and without disabilities were observed and interviewed regarding effective practices and challenges associated with inclusion. In some sites, collaborating teachers were provided with research-based effective strategies and materials for including students with disabilities in specific activities. Results were equivocal in that in some cases, collaboration was extremely effective and conducive for promoting success for students with disabilities in inclusive classes. In others, challenges remained that presented barriers for successful collaboration and inclusion for students with disabilities. Important mediating variables were identified as academic content knowledge, high-stakes testing, and co-teacher compatibility. Findings are discussed with respect to both successes and remaining challenges.
Mapping vegetation communities across home ranges of mountain goats in the North Cascades for conservation and management

Question: What is the composition of vegetation communities found across mountain goat ranges? Can we use LandSat 5TM to model those vegetation communities across a mountain range to guide conservation and management plans? Location: The Cascade Mountains of Washington, USA. Methods: We surveyed vegetation across previously undocumented home rangesof mountain goats, which we determined via GPS telemetryand tracking. We used non-hierarchical cluster analysis to identify vegetation communities found therein. We linked the results of the fieldwork to a supervised classification of three LandSat 5TM (bands 2: 0.52–0.60 lm, 3: 0.63–0.69 and 4: 0.76– 0.90 lm) images acquired consecutively on 29 July 2005 and to aerial imagery with 1-m resolution from the National Agriculture Inventory Program (NAIP) to create a map of vegetation communities across the Cascade Mountain range. Finally, we evaluated the success of the classification accuracy after transforming categorical land cover into percentage cover classes at a resolution that matches the positional error of the GPS telemetry collars. Results: Field reconnaissance and analysis identified eight vegetation communities across mountain goat home ranges: montane forest, sub-alpine forest, heather, huckleberry, east-side shrub, sparse meadow, dense meadow and cryptogram (talus). Analysis of imagery linked the vegetation communities found on mountain goat ranges to specific thematic classes and projected the classification across the entire range. We identified a scale of analysis (ca. 2 ha) that achieved balance between bias and precision resulting in an accuracy of ca. 80% based on comparison with 1-m digital aerial imagery and survey results. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that common and readily available data can be used to produce reliable maps of percentage cover type in mountainous terrain for specific applications. Our work is the first to describe the type and distribution of vegetation communities occurring within and across mountain goat ranges along the length of the Washington Cascades.
Is There More for Us to Learn From Oncology? Examining the Implications of Anthracycline Effects on the Young Heart

Decades of basic and clinical research have improved the cure rates of many forms of cancer, particularly childhood malignancies. An unintended consequence of this success is the fact that cancer survivors are often left with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly congestive heart failure, after the use of anthracycline antibiotic chemotherapeutics. Discovered >50 years ago, these agents have enjoyed widespread use in solid and hematologic malignancies for >30 years. The cardiac effects of these drugs remain a dose-limiting toxicity and can be neither predicted nor prevented. Oncology has adapted by reducing the total dose to limit exposure and developing cotreatments that reduce cardiac damage.1 This well-documented problem, which continues to induce cardiac dysfunction severe enough to warrant heart transplantation, is tolerated in part because of the efficacy of anthracyclines as important components of chemotherapy regimens. Studies examining possible mechanisms for anthracycline cardiac toxicity have been occurring for decades and have revealed many aspects of cardiac biology. Despite these efforts, there is no generally accepted mechanism for how these drugs cause heart failure.2 Article see p 675 A general construct for anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity is that some form of cardiac injury occurs with every exposure. Compensatory changes at the cellular and subcellular levels allow recovery, permitting function to return to “normal” under resting conditions. Exercise stress–induced cardiac reserve is abnormal after anthracycline exposure, even when resting function appears normal.3 This conceptual view is further supported by the finding that persons at greatest risk are those with limited reserve such as patients with hypertension and old age.4 Thus, anthracycline exposure leads to a subclinical cardiomyopathy that manifests itself variably, depending on a number of factors, including total anthracycline dose and reserve. A puzzle from this perspective is why children, who perhaps have the greatest cardiac reserve, are also …
The New American Workplace: Transforming Work Systems in the United States

The article reviews the book “The New American Workplace: Transforming Work Systems in the United States,” by Eileen Applebaum and Rosemary Batt.
Are meat and heme iron intake associated with pancreatic cancer? Results from the NIH-AARP diet and health cohort

Several studies on pancreatic cancer have reported significant positive associations for intake of red meat but null associations for heme iron. We assessed total, red, white and processed meat intake, meat cooking methods and doneness and heme iron and mutagen intake in relation to pancreatic cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort. A total of 322,846 participants (187,265 men and 135,581 women) successfully completed and returned the food frequency questionnaire between 1995 and 1996. After a mean follow-up of 9.2 years (up to 10.17 years), 1,417 individuals (895 men and 522 women) developed exocrine pancreatic cancer. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and trends were calculated using the median value of each quantile. Models incorporated age as the time metric and were adjusted for smoking history, body mass index, self-reported diabetes and energy-adjusted saturated fat. Pancreatic cancer risk significantly increased with intake of total meat (Q5 vs. Q1: HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.02–1.42, p-trend = 0.03), red meat (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.01–1.48, p-trend = 0.02), high-temperature cooked meat (HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.00–1.45, p-trend = 0.02), grilled/barbequed meat (HR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.03–1.50, p-trend = 0.007), well/very well done meat (HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.10–1.58, p-trend = 0.005) and heme iron from red meat (Q4 vs. Q1: HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.01–1.45, p-trend = 0.04). When stratified by sex, these associations remained significant in men but not women except for white meat intake in women (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.02–1.74, p-trend = 0.04). Additional studies should confirm our findings that consuming heme iron from red meat increases pancreatic cancer risk.
What Place for Family Privacy

The nuclear family is the quintessential private institution. Privacy is essential to the formation of family, allowing for autonomy in family units while protecting families from state intervention and regulation of intimacy. State intervention into the nuclear family is the exception. Family privacy conceals power imbalances within the familial structure. Family privacy allows and, in some instances, provides incentives for abuse and subjugation. Additionally, this model of family-state relationship takes for granted that the family is not a natural entity with a constant form, but a societal creation. This paper attempts to reconcile the necessity of familial privacy with the reality of its abuse by reevaluating the legal affiliations that define the family unit. The law has traditionally defined the family based on the heterosexual affiliation of husband and wife in the form of a reproductive unit. Defining familial privacy, instead, on the basis of care-taker relationships and drawing the line of privacy around them provides a more equitable scheme that more evenly distributes the burdens of inevitable dependency. It also allows for the re-evaluation of the state’s relationship with the family, as well as the relationships within the familial unit itself. When defined around caretaker-dependent units, familial privacy serves to shield and protect functioning relationships that would dissolve only if an entity grossly fails in the performance of its responsibilities. However, be reconfiguring where that privacy is implemented, it also sheds greater light on relationships ripe for abuse, giving greater agency to both women and children, while still preserving the autonomy of the family.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ON WINTER-SPRING RUNOFF IN NEW ENGLAND RIVER BASINS

The effects of climatic variability on the time distribution of runoff and the timing and magnitude of maximum-flow events during the winter-spring season of December-April were examined through statistical analysis of hydrologic and climatic data for thirteen river basins in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Within each basin, higher temperatures and lower snowfall result in a more uniform distribution of flow throughout the season. This relationship is also observed across the region's average spatial temperature gradient. In the extreme south of the region, runoff is uniformly distributed throughout the season, while in the extreme north, runoff is more concentrated in the latter part of the season. On average, maximum flows occur earlier in basins with higher average temperature—approximately 5.4 days earlier for each 1° C—but only within basins in the extreme north of the region is there a significant relationship between temperature and the time of occurrence of the maximum daily flow. Maxi...
Building a Movement to Be the Healthiest Nation

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various reports within the journal on topics including the American Public Health Association's Healthiest Nation 2030 movement, the U.S. National Public Health Week celebration, and the social aspects of health care delivery.
Evidence of Heredity in Oviposition Capability of Ticks

Populations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma maculatum with high and low oviposition capacities were successfully bred in the laboratory. Mating of male and female ticks which possess high oviposition capacity produced female progenies with high oviposition capacity; male and female ticks which possess low oviposition capacity produced female progenies which possess low oviposition capacity. Crossmatings of males with females of opposite oviposition capacity produced female progenies which acquired the category of oviposition capacity of the males in predominant numbers after fourth and Fifth generations. It is suggested that the genetic factor for high or low oviposition capacity is either possessed by male ticks alone or is stronger and dominant in the male over that of the female. This genetic factor is also potentiated by successive crossmatings of males and females possessing opposite oviposition capacities. The possible application of these results to tick control through the suppression of natural population by field release of laboratory-bred populations of male ticks which possess low oviposition capacity is discussed. Des populations de Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis et Amblyomma variegatum caracterisees par des pontes soit faibles soit fortes ont pu etre elevees en laboratoire. Le croisement de mâles et femelles a fortes ponte engendre une descendance femelle a fortes pontes tandis que le croisement d’individus a faibles pontes resulte en femelles peu productrices. La combinaison des deux traits opposes produit des femelles qui, apres quatre ou cinq generations, heritent les caracteristiques de la population de mâles. Ceci suggere donc que le facteur genetique responsable de la taille des pontes se trouve, ou est dominant, chez le mâle, ou est en tout cas plus fort que celui de la femelle. Il ne s’exprime en outre qu’apres le croisement repete de femelles et mâles de caracteres opposes. L’application pratique de ces resultats—suppression de populations naturelles par lâcher de mâles a facteur de ponte faible—est discuee dans le cadre de la lutte antitiques.
Internal validity of the Food Access Survey Tool in assessing household food insecurity in rural Zambia

We assessed the internal validity of the Food Access Survey Tool (FAST) using data from households (n = 907) enrolled in an efficacy trial of biofortified maize in rural Zambia. This scale assesses food insecurity over a 6-month recall period. A Rasch partial credit model was used to evaluate item performance. Unidimensionality was assessed by principal component analysis, monotonicity was assessed by non-parametric methods, and differential item functioning (DIF) by several characteristics was assessed by cumulative ordinal logistic regression models. One item (frequency of consuming three square meals) did not fit the partial credit model. The remaining eight items fit in a primary single statistical dimension and item category severity increased monotonically with increasing severity of food insecurity. We identified statistically significant DIF in three subgroup comparisons, but effect sizes of total DIF were considered practically insignificant (<2 %). After excluding the item on “square meals,” the FAST serves as an internally valid tool to measure household food insecurity in rural Zambia.
Thermal decomposition mechanism of dicumyl peroxide as crosslinking agent of ENB-EPDM insulation

The decomposition properties and products of dicumyl peroxide(DCP) were investigated respectively by means of thermal gravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrum(GC-MS).The decomposition products of DCP in gas phase and the decomposition intermediate products were studied respectively by thermal gravimetry-FTIR spectroscopy with programmed temperature mode and thermal-tunable synchrotron radiation.Finally,some theoretical data were calculated by DFT-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method.According to the experimental results and the theoretical data,the thermal decomposition properties and mechanism of DCP were analyzed.The results show that the homolysis of O-O bond of DCP gave rise to the formation of two cumyloxy radicals for each molecule of DCP under atmospheric pressure,subsequently the main products,such as α-acetophenone,α,α-phenyl dimethyl carbinol,methane,ethane,as well as the trace products,such as trimethyl-benzene methanol,methyl aceetophenone,were formed by the combination between radicals or scission of radicals.
Theoretical and Technical Elements Which Characterize the American Approaches to Psychoanalytic Group Psychotherapy

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the evolution of contemporary psychoanalytic group theory and practice in the United States. There is a brief survey of the evolution of American group treatment, which acknowledges the work of early pioneers and the influence of theorists from other countries.Over the years, divergent views have emerged regarding the value of focusing on group dynamics and interpretations versus individual dynamics in a group setting. Some of these views are explored.The balance of the paper is devoted to summarizing the concepts of influential, contemporary American theorists who stress the unique opportunity and the theoretical base afforded by the group milieu in applying psychoanalytic understanding and working through individual and group dynamics therapeutically.
Measurement of jet properties with the ATLAS detector

The average charge and the multiplicity of charged hadrons within a jet provide new insights into the modeling of strong interactions. The jet charge can also be used to tag hadronically decaying gauge bosons and the number of charged particles within a jet provides a powerful means to distinguish gluon-initiated from quark-initiated jets. The ATLAS collaboration has used a selection of di-jet events in 20.3 fb 1 of data collected at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV to measure the average charged-particle multiplicity and the transverse-momentum weighted average charge of the hadrons within the jets, separately for the more central and the more forward jets and as a function of the jet transverse momentum. The results have been compared with calculations at next-to-leading order (NLO) in pQCD and with predictions of MC generators interfaced with various parton distribution functions and underlying-event tunes.
Cotton Insect Pest Management

Cotton production is challenged worldwide by a diversity of arthropod pests that require management to prevent or reduce crop damage. Advances in arthropod control technologies and improved insect and crop management systems have dramatically reduced levels of arthropod damage and the need for insecticidal control of several key pests in cotton over the past 30 yr. The near-complete eradication of boll weevil (Anthonomous grandis Boheman) from the United States and the worldwide deployment of transgenic cottons expressing insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt cotton) are among the most notable advances. Insects and mites are highly adaptable, and new pest problems have emerged that continue to challenge or limit cotton production and profitability. In this update of cotton insect pest management, we review evolving technologies for cotton arthropod management, the purposeful deployment of resistance management programs, dynamic responses of arthropod pests to management actions, and improved integration of insect and crop management systems. We emphasize ecological context, including varying spatial scales of management, and the adaptive capacity of the arthropods impacted by management decisions as continuing influences on humankind’s effort to limit arthropod damage to cotton. Extraordinary changes in management of insects and mites attacking cotton (Gossypium L.) have transpired since Ridgway et al. (1984) reviewed cotton protection practices in the previous Agronomy Monograph, Cotton. Reviews published subsequent to that period (Frisbie and Adkisson, 1985; Frisbie et al., 1989; Luttrell et al., 1994; Luttrell, 1994; Fitt, 1994; Ramalho, 1994; Sugonyaev, 1994; Smith, 1998; Fitt, 2000; Hardee and Harris, 2003; Wu and Guo, 2005; Allen, 2008; Spurgeon, 2008; Wu et al., 2008; Naranjo and Luttrell, 2009) provide detailed information on cotton insects and chronicle changes in insect management strategies in response to new pests, advances in control technologies, and changing management structures associated with insect resistance management and government regulations. Of particular relevance are comprehensive reviews by Matthews and Tunstall (1994), King et al. (1996), and Dickerson et al. (2001). Abbreviations: IPM, integrated pest management; NAWF, nodes above white flower. Randall G. Luttrell, USDA-ARS, Southern Insect Management Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Rd., Stoneville, MS 38776. Tina G. Teague, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture and Arkansas State University, 245 Agriculture Bldg., Jonesboro, AR 72467 (tteague@astate.edu). Michael J. Brewer, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 10345 Hwy. 44, Corpus Christi, TX 78406 (mjbrewer@ag.tamu.edu). *Corresponding author (randy.luttrell@ars.usda.gov). doi:10.2134/agronmonogr57.2014.0072 Copyright © 2015. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Cotton. 2nd. ed. David D. Fang and Richard G. Percy, editors. Agronomy Monograph 57. Published August 6, 2015
Perpetuating effects of androgen deficiency on insulin resistance

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly used for treatment of prostate cancer but is associated with side effects, such as sarcopenia and insulin resistance. The role of lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise on insulin sensitivity and body composition in testosterone-deficient males is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between androgen status, diet and insulin sensitivity. Middle-aged (11–12 years old) intact and orchidectomized male rhesus macaques were maintained for 2 months on a standard chow diet and then exposed for 6 months to a Western-style, high-fat/calorie-dense diet (WSD) followed by 4 months of caloric restriction (CR). Body composition, insulin sensitivity, physical activity, serum cytokine levels and adipose biopsies were evaluated before and after each dietary intervention. Both intact and orchidectomized animals gained similar proportions of body fat, developed visceral and subcutaneous adipocyte hypertrophy and became insulin resistant in response to the WSD. CR reduced body fat in both groups but reversed insulin resistance only in intact animals. Orchidectomized animals displayed progressive sarcopenia, which persisted after the switch to CR. Androgen deficiency was associated with increased levels of interleukin-6 and macrophage-derived chemokine (C-C motif chemokine ligand 22), both of which were elevated during CR. Physical activity levels showed a negative correlation with body fat and insulin sensitivity. Androgen deficiency exacerbated the negative metabolic side effects of the WSD such that CR alone was not sufficient to improve altered insulin sensitivity, suggesting that ADT patients will require additional interventions to reverse insulin resistance and sarcopenia.
Photocatalytic water oxidation with iron oxide hydroxide (rust) nanoparticles

Hematite has attracted considerable interest as a photoanode material for water oxidation under visible illumination. Here, we explore the limits of photocatalytic water oxidation activity with iron (III) oxide hydroxide nanocrystals and NaIO4 as a sacrificial electron acceptor (E=1.63 V NHE at pH=0.5). The sol was prepared by hydrolysis of FeCl3 in boiling 0.002-M HCl solution and confirmed to mainly consist of s-FeO(OH) (akaganeite) particles with 5 to 15 nm diameter. From a 0.01 M aqueous NaIO4 solution, the sol evolves between 4.5 and 35.2 μmolO2 h−1, depending on pH, light intensity (>400 nm, 290 to 700 mW cm−2), s-FeO(OH), and NaIO4 concentration. The activity increases with pH, and depends linearly on light intensity and photocatalyst amount, and it varies with sacrificial electron donor concentration. Under optimized conditions, the apparent quantum efficiency is 0.19% (at 400 nm and 460 mW cm−2), and the turnover number is 2.58 based on total s-FeO(OH). Overall, the efficiency of the s-FeO(OH)/NaIO4 photocatalytic system is limited by electron hole recombination and by particle aggregation over longer irradiation times (24 h). Lastly, surface photovoltage measurements on s-FeO(OH) films on fluorine doped tin oxide substrate confirm a 2.15 eV effective band gap for the material.
Digital Analysis of X-ray Radiographs

We describe several recent advances in computer algorithms for the analysis of x-ray radiographs, with attention to a) visual enhancement, b) detection of abnormalities, c) data compression of boundaries, d) measurement of distances and textures, e) visualization of three-dimensional structures from two projections, and f) interactive generation of quantitative and graphical reports.
Programming Languages II

Our first tutorial on programming languages [Bruce Blum’s article in M.D. COMPUTING, Vol. 1, No. 5] discussed how the evolution of computer languages has made it easier to write programs. The earliest computers did not have programming languages per se. Instead, instructions were entered by toggling them in through control panels or by punching them onto paper tape. By the mid-1950s, the work of programmers had lightened a bit.Asssembly language, a symbolic way of writing machine instructions, was in common use, and FORTRAN, the first high-level language, had been introduced. COBOL and ALGOL soon followed.
The FCPA’s Record-Breaking Year

On a number of levels, 2016 was a record-breaking year for Foreign Corrupt Practices Act enforcement. This article, part of annual series, highlights how 2016 witnessed the largest number of corporate enforcement actions and largest aggregate corporate settlement amounts in the FCPA’s nearly 40 year history. FCPA enforcement in 2016 was also notable given the wide spectrum of enforcement actions. For instance, there were FCPA enforcement actions against U.S. companies as well as foreign companies; enforcement actions that alleged egregious instances of corporate bribery executed at the highest levels of a company as well as enforcement actions finding bribery based on allegations of “golf in the morning and beer-drinking in the evening” and internship and hiring practices; enforcement actions against large multinational companies as well as small publicly-traded companies, privately-held companies and limited liability companies; enforcement actions across a wide spectrum of industries such as technology, oil and gas, pharmaceutical and medical device, airlines, and financial services; and enforcement actions involving conduct across the globe from Latin America to South America, to Eastern Europe to Africa with a majority of enforcement actions focusing in whole or in part on conduct occurring in China. 2016 was notable not just for record-breaking and diverse enforcement activity often tied to expansive and evolving enforcement theories, but also FCPA policy developments. For instance, both the Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission renewed their long-standing FCPA enforcement commitment and the DOJ released a one year FCPA Pilot Program designed in large part to further motivate business organizations to voluntarily disclose FCPA issues to better facilitate enforcement actions against culpable individuals. In short, much happened in the FCPA space in 2016 and this article provides a detailed analysis of the most notable FCPA enforcement and policy developments and will be value to anyone seeking to elevate their FCPA knowledge.
Clinical experience with one-staged sutureless gut reduction for congenital gastroschisis

Objective To summarize our experience of using one-staged sutureless gut reduction for the treatment of congenital gastroschisis.Methods The clinical data of 24 infants with congenital gastroschisis from December 2007 to August 2011 was reviewed.15 cases were treated with one-staged sutureless gut reduction under endotracheal anesthesia.9 cases were treated with staged repair using artificial bag suspension.The initiation time of postoperative feeding and length of hospital stay of the two groups were compared.Results In the one stage group,13 cases were cured,1 case was abandoned due to bilateral renal dysplasia and 1 case died due to scleroderma.In the staged repair group,9 cases were cured and discharged from hospital.The initiation time of postoperative feeding and length of hospital stay of the staged group were significantly longer than the one stage group.Conclusions The one stage operation of sutureless gut reduction for congenital gastroschisis avoids the trauma of a second operation.It also has the advantages of earlier oral feeding,shortened hospital stay and thus reducing hospital costs.So it is a safe,reliable and aesthetic therapeutic method. Key words: Gastroschisis; Surgical procedures,operative
Tunable optical response and purcell enhancement of gated plasmonic structures

We experimentally demonstrate plasmonic nanostructures that enable dynamic electrical control of the phase and/or amplitude of the plane wave reflected from the nanostructures. We also demonstrate dynamically controlled Purcell enhancement of spontaneous emission of InP quantum dots (QDs) coupled to plasmonic heterostructures.
Neuromuscular Disorders, Sleep and

Patients who have neuromuscular disorders are at high risk for development of sleep-related respiratory disorders and respiratory failure. The single most important laboratory test in patients with hypersomnia and nocturnal sleep disturbances is polysomnographic recording. Patients with chronic neuromuscular disease should be routinely assessed for sleep-disordered breathing and sleep complaints because these are treatable complications in an otherwise progressive disease process. Noninvasive ventilation use has been associated with improved quality of life and survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Gamma Knife® Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Hypo-Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy

Gamma Knife radiosurgery is credited with the establishment of radiosurgery as a mainstay in the management of both benign and malignant tumors. Evolution in Gamma Knife technology has opened up new possibilities for the choices of dose and fractionation for these patients. This section discusses the technology, practical aspects of dose planning, and selection of dose for various indications and the results thereof.