cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Description of a Fidelity Implementation System: An Example from a Community-Based Children’s Mental Health Program

Public policy initiatives to deliver evidence-based practices in community settings have increased the need to develop implementation feedback systems to assist program administrators adopting the practices as well as researchers who wish to continue the line of research. This paper contributes to the efforts to reduce the implementation gap in the children’s mental health services field by exploring the concept of fidelity and highlights its importance to the adoption of evidence-based practices. Fidelity, or the degree to which interventions are implemented as originally designed, is generally conceptualized as a system of five unique and interrelated components including adherence, dosage, participant responsiveness, quality of delivery, and program differentiation. Definitions and a critical analysis of each of the component’s strengths and weaknesses are offered while discussing the integrated nature of each component. An example of the development and use of the five components of fidelity within a community-based evidence-based program is described.
Decomposition of Acer Rubrum Leaves at three depths in a eutrophic Ohio lake

Decomposition of terrestrial litterfall, that could enter a lake, was investigated at three depths within the lake in question using leaves of red maple (Acer rubrum). Sixty litter bags each containing 10 g dry weight of maple leaves were anchored at 1 m, 4 m and 12 m in East Twin Lake. At monthly intervals five bags were harvested at each level and dry weight changes noted. Results indicate little difference in decomposition between depths over the winter months. Beginning in May, however, significant differences were noted between 1 m and all other depths for the remainder of the experimental period. Maples lost 100% of weight at 1 m, 54% at 4 m, and 55% at 12 m over the experimental period. The rate of decomposition over the total experiment period was approximately .03 g da−1 at 1 m and .015 g da−1 at the 4 and 12 m depths. These results are discussed in terms of regulation of decomposition, position of decomposition and contribution to lake metabolism.
Stokes parameter sensor using an integrated cavity array metasurface

Polarimetric sensing has been shown to have numerous applications in imaging such as enhancing the contrast of an image and the shape of the source object. There is increasing interest in developing a sensor that is able to measure all the Stokes parameters of an incident beam without a reduction in image resolution. We propose a cavity array metasurface polarization sensor capable of determining the complete elliptical polarization state of an incident beam allowing for the Stokes parameters to be calculated within a single pixel. The metasurface consists of a metal lm with periodically patterned cavities lled with an absorbing dielectric. Each unit cell of the periodic array contains three di erent cavities with each cavity interacting in a di erent manner with the incoming beam, absorbing the radiation. The absorption in each of the three cavities depends on the incident polarization state and phase of the incident beam. An isolated measurement of the absorption in each cavity within the unit cell is possible with separate collection of photogenerated carriers. This will enable the elliptical polarization state of an incident beam to be measured. In this work, we describe the elements of the metasurface sensor and numerically characterize its optical response to elliptically polarized light.
Off-label use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) for reconstruction of mandibular bone defects in humans.

Purpose The off-label use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) for the treatment of mandibular bone defects was evaluated in 5 patients. The rhBMP-2 was used as an alternative to autogenous bone grafting. Patients and Methods A total of 5 patients had mandibular defects reconstructed with rhBMP-2, 1.5 mg/mL, soaked collagen sponges alone or in combination with bone marrow cells and allogenic cancellous bone chips. Four of the patients had mandibular continuity defects and the fifth patient had 2 large bone cavities following removal of dentigerous cysts. Radiographs and clinical examinations were used to evaluate healing. The longest patient follow-up was 22 months after reconstruction. Results Radiographic and clinical assessments revealed bone regeneration and restoration of the mandibular defects in 3 of the 5 patients. The rhBMP-2 failed in 2 patients with continuity defects. Both patients with failed rhBMP-2 grafts were successfully repaired using autogenous harvested from the iliac crest. Conclusion Mandibular bone defects can be successfully reconstructed using rhBMP-2 soaked sponges with and without including bone marrow cells and allogenic bone. Further studies are needed to determine the ideal combination of components that will predictably and reliably regenerate bone in different types of bone defects.
Classical null strings

Free Nambu strings in space-time are the two-dimensional sheet analog of one-dimensional curves which are timelike or spacelike geodesics. It is pointed out that there is also a sheet analog of one-dimensional curves which are null geodesics.
Self Psychology and the Problem of the Other

I explicate how psychoanalysis, in general, and self psychology, in particular, can offer us in-depth understandings of why discrimination and violence against the other is a common human phenomenon, how self psychology can offer us compelling reasons for why we must relate to those who are different from us, and why self psychology's concept of empathy offers us the best understanding for what constitutes a genuine relation to the other—one that finds profound reverberations in the ethical works of Kant, Buber, Levinas, and Arendt.
Separation synthesis of multicomponent feed streams into multicomponent product streams

The synthesis problem of separation sequences that separate several multicomponent feed streams into several desired multicomponent product streams is addressed. A superstructure is proposed for this separation problem that has embedded all the alternative separation configurations of interest. This superstructure, which has as separator units the separation tasks that are defined for each separation breakpoint, involves options for series and/or parallel sequences, as well as stream splitting, mixing, and bypassing. Formulating and solving this superstructure as a nonlinear programming problem that has as unknowns the stream interconnections, results in an optimal separation sequence. This sequence, which may involve fewer separator units than those included in the superstructure, is shown to be a realistic and practical one. The synthesis approach is illustrated with four example problems.
Correlation of RF signals during angular compounding

A theoretical analysis of the correlation between radio-frequency (RF) echo signal data acquired from the same location but at different angles is presented. The accuracy of the theoretical results is verified with computer simulations. Refinements to previous analyses of the correlation of RF signals originating from the same spatial location at different angular positions are made. We extend the analysis to study correlation of RF signals coming from different spatial locations and eventually correlation of RF signal segments that intersect at the same spatial location. The theory predicts a faster decorrelation with a change in the insonification angle for longer RF echo signal segments. As the RF signal segment becomes shorter, the decorrelation rate with angle is slower and approaches the limit corresponding to the correlation of RF signals originating from the same spatial location. Theoretical results provide a clear understanding of angular compounding techniques used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in ultrasonic parametric imaging and in elastography.
Identification of Internalizing Human Single-Chain Antibodies Targeting Brain Tumor Sphere Cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumor for which there is no curative treatment to date. Resistance to conventional therapies and tumor recurrence pose major challenges to treatment and management of this disease, and therefore new therapeutic strategies need to be developed. Previous studies by other investigators have shown that a subpopulation of GBM cells can grow as neurosphere-like cells when cultured in restrictive medium and exhibits enhanced tumor-initiating ability and resistance to therapy. We report here the identification of internalizing human single-chain antibodies (scFv) targeting GBM tumor sphere cells. We selected a large naive phage antibody display library on the glycosylation-dependent CD133 epitope-positive subpopulation of GBM cells grown as tumor spheres and identified internalizing scFvs that target tumor sphere cells broadly, as well as scFvs that target the CD133-positive subpopulation. These scFvs were found to be efficiently internalized by GBM tumor sphere cells. One scFv GC4 inhibited self-renewal of GBM tumor sphere cells in vitro. We have further developed a full-length human IgG1 based on this scFv, and found that it potently inhibits proliferation of GBM tumor sphere cells and GBM cells grown in regular nonselective medium. Taken together, these results show that internalizing human scFvs targeting brain tumor sphere cells can be readily identified from a phage antibody display library, which could be useful for further development of novel therapies that target subpopulations of GBM cells to combat recurrence and resistance to treatment.
Inductive Heating of Materials for the Study of High Temperature Mechanical Properties

In any high-energy pulsed power experiment, the metallic conductors are expected to heat up significantly due to resistive losses. In the pulsed case, the effects of local heat transfer are decreased due to limited thermal diffusion, so the process is considered to be adiabatic rather than isothermal. Experimental evidence from electron beam heating indicates that high-temperature mechanical properties significantly depend on the rapidity and duration of heat deposition. With this in mind, it is important to understand the mechanical properties of metals when heated rapidly so that the correct mechanical properties are considered when designing high-energy experiments such as railguns, where both thermal and mechanical stresses are high. An expanding ring experiment, similar to the one originally designed by Gourdin et al. [1,2] has been set up at the Institute for Advanced Technology (IAT) to test such mechanical properties [3]. The experiment uses a primary coil driven with current pulse from a near critically damped RLC circuit that causes a thin specimen ring to expand and fragment due to the induced electromagnetic forces. In order to determine material properties at elevated temperatures, an inductive heating source has been developed to rapidly heat the ring specimen to temperatures as high as the melting temperature in a few milliseconds, immediately prior to the application of electromagnetic expansion forces. The source employs a microprocessor-controlled pumped LC tank circuit with a resonant frequency of roughly 25 kHz to induce a current into the ring. The current in the primary and secondary coils are measured using Pearson and Rogowski coils. A VISAR is used to measure the expansion speed of the ring, and a high-speed camera is used to capture the dynamic fragmentation of the ring. The data generated will quantify the rate of heating sensitivity of material properties in commonly used materials for development and validation of appropriate constitutive equations.
Primary hyperparathyroidism surgical management since the introduction of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: Mayo Clinic experience.

Hypothesis Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) for primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) has equal cure and recurrence rates as standard cervical exploration. Changes in the management of primary HPT have occurred since introducing MIP including localization, anesthesia, intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring, and indications for parathyroidectomy. Design Cohort analysis of 1361 consecutive patients with primary HPT operated on at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, from June 1998 through March 2004. Mean follow-up, 25 months. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients One thousand three hundred sixty-one patients operated on for primary HPT, excluding 160 patients who were reoperated on. Intervention Standard cervical exploration MIP. Main Outcome Measures Cure, recurrence, localization, anesthesia, hospitalization, intraoperative parathyroid hormone level monitoring, contraindications to MIP, surgical indications, assessment of osteoporosis and osteopenia, postoperative patient assessment of general patient health, and operative satisfaction. Results Cure of primary HPT for both conventional exploration and MIP was 97%; only 1 patient who underwent MIP had a potential recurrence. Imaging sensitivity and positive predictive values were as follows: sestamibi scintigraphy, 86% and 93%; ultrasonography, 61% and 87%, respectively. Usage of general vs local anesthesia with intravenous sedation was 46% and 49%, respectively, in patients w ho underwent MIP; 46% were dismissed as outpatients, 49% had single-night stays. The accuracy of intraoperative parathyroid hormone level monitoring was as follows: 98% (8% had true-negative results); the frequency of multiple gland disease was 13%. Accounting for causes precluding MIP, an estimated 60% to 70% of all patients would be eligible for MIP. By preoperative assessment, 79% had osteoporosis-osteopenia; 58% with postoperative bone mineral density measurements were improved. More than 85% were satisfied with the results of their operation. Conclusion With high-quality localization and intraoperative parathyroid hormone level monitoring, MIP can be performed with equal cure rates as standard cervical exploration, with no present evidence of delayed recurrence.
A high-performance switch with applications to frame relay networks

A design is proposed for an n*n switch to be used in frame relay networks. The design is based on a single storage unit for packets and hardware-based mechanism for handling simultaneously arriving packets over different input channels which may be intended for the same output channel. The switch is flexible in that it can handle variable length packets, a large number of input/output channels, and a wide range of channel speeds. It can perform cut-through switching and thus decrease packet delay through the network. It allows the design of high-throughput frame-relay nodes, simplifying the design and management of large networks. Its use of a hardware-implemented dynamic scheme for allocating storage allows efficient utilization of buffer space. >
Low Temperature: Physical Aspects of Freezing in Woody Plant Xylem

Living cells in winter-hardy xylem of deciduous hardwoods survive freezing by utilizing one of two methods to avoid lethal intracellular ice formation. The first is a tolerance of extracellular ice formation and its associated dehydration while the second is avoidance of freezing altogether by supercooling. Extracellular freezing may be tolerated to experimental temperatures below −196°C in the most hardy species while supercooling is limited by the ice nucleation temperature of the cell sap, usually between −40 and −50°C. Ice formation in supercooled cells occurs intracellularly and kills the cells instantly. A simple model based on fundamental concepts of plant water relations and ice nucleation kinetics predicts the two types of cell survival mechanisms.
Hormonal regulation of rat liver cells cultured in chemically defined medium. Dexamethasone and insulin effects on different forms of tyrosine 2-oxoglutarate transaminase.

The specific activity of the enzyme tyrosine 2-oxoglutarate transaminase from an established rat liver-cell line grown in chemically defined medium, increases under the addition of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Insulin also induces an enzyme increase but only in cells exposed previously to dexamethasone. Lower and ineffective glucocorticoid concentrations are, however, effective per se in making the cells insulin-sensitive. Optimal concentrations of the glucocorticoid increase the enzyme activity 3 to 4-fold during the first 8–9 h of incubation, however the cells are not insulin-sensitive until the tenth hour of incubation. These findings suggest that dexamethasone induces a factor(s) necessary for the insulin effects only on the enzyme since insulin increased the rate of labeled amino-acids incorporation in trichloroacetic acid precipitates without need for cell pretreatment with the other hormone. Dexamethasone was found to increase the rate of labeled uridine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid preeipitates. Experiments using RNA and protein-synthesis inhibitors indicate that dexamethasone operates at a transcriptional level, while insulin works at a translational level. Actinomycin does not “superinduce” the enzyme, however when the cells are preincubated with medium plus serum the above mentioned phenomenon reappears. At least two forms (I and II) of the enzyme have been observed in the cells by hydroxyapatite column chromatography using a phosphate step gradient. Both forms are inducible by dexamethasone. Form I is extremely heat-sensitive (65 °C) while form II is completely heat-resistant in the same condition. Incubation of the cells with dexamethasone does not change the heat stability of form II but increases significantly the resistance of form I to heat treatment. Insulin appears not to affect the heat stability of the enzyme.
On the Divergence Dynamics of the Nonlinear Line of Attraction

In designing a recurrent neural network, it is usually of prime importance to guarantee the convergence in the dynamics of the network. We propose to modify this picture: if the brain remembers by converging to the state representing familiar patterns, it should also diverge from such states when presented with an unknown encoded representation of a visual image. We propose to capture this behavior using a nonlinear line attractor network. This model encapsulates attractive fixed points scattered in the state space representing patterns with similar characteristics as an attractive curved line. The dynamics of the nonlinear line attractor network is designed such that when the network is able to reach equilibrium (stable), the input is considered as one of the stored patterns. Conversely, when the network is unable to reach equilibrium (unstable), the input is considered to be dissimilar to the stored patterns and therefore is considered as pattern of another class. Several experiments on benchmark problems have shown that the proposed model can be very useful for discriminating patterns.
A Review of Merton's Model of the Firm's Capital Structure with its Wide Applications

Since its publication, the seminal structural model of default by Merton (1974) has become the workhorse for gaining insights about how firms choose their capital structure, a “bread and butter” topic for financial economists. Capital structure theory is inevitably linked to several important empirical issues such as (a) the term structure of credit spreads, (b) the level of credit spreads implied by structural models in relation to the ones that we observe in the data, (c) the cross-sectional variations in leverage ratios, (d) the types of defaults and renegotiations that one observes in real life, (e) the manner in which investment and financial structure decisions interact, (f) the link between corporate liquidity and corporate capital structure, (g) the design of capital structure of banks [contingent capital (CC)], (h) linkages between business cycles and capital structure, etc. The literature, building on Merton’s insights, has attempted to tackle these issues by significantly enhancing the original...
On the Existence and Stability of Limit Cycles forLongitudinal Acoustic Modes in a Combustion Chamber

Unsteady motions in combustion chambers have previously been treated with an approximate analysis in which an acoustic field is represented as a collection of coupled nonlinear oscillators constructed in one-to-one correspondence to the acoustic modes. Two parameters characterize the linear behavior of each oscillator; a single parameter arises from the nonlinear acoustics carried out to second order in small fluctuations. The formal results are used here as the basis for studying the existence and stability of limit cycles for longitudinal modes. Owing to the special structure of the equations, explicit and precise conclusions can be reached. Existence and stability depend only on the parameters defining the linear motions. The nonlinear gasdynamics influence the amplitudes of motion in the limit cycle. At least one of the acoustic modes must be linearly unstable to produce a nontrivial limit cycle. Generally, energy flows both up and down among the modes, but there are exceptional cases when limit cycles exist only if the fundamental mode is unstable. Explicit results are given for the special cases of two and three modes; the analysis is extendible to any number of modes.
The Ascorbic Acid Redox State Controls Guard Cell Signaling and Stomatal Movement

H 2 O 2 serves an important stress signaling function and promotes stomatal closure, whereas ascorbic acid (Asc) is the major antioxidant that scavenges H 2 O 2 . Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) catalyzes the reduction of dehydroascorbate (oxidized ascorbate) to Asc and thus contributes to the regulation of the Asc redox state. In this study, we observed that the level of H 2 O 2 and the Asc redox state in guard cells and whole leaves are diurnally regulated such that the former increases during the afternoon, whereas the latter decreases. Plants with an increased guard cell Asc redox state were generated by increasing DHAR expression, and these exhibited a reduction in the level of guard cell H 2 O 2 . In addition, a higher percentage of open stomata, an increase in total open stomatal area, increased stomatal conductance, and increased transpiration were observed. Guard cells with an increase in Asc redox state were less responsive to H 2 O 2 or abscisic acid signaling, and the plants exhibited greater water loss under drought conditions, whereas suppressing DHAR expression conferred increased drought tolerance. Our analyses suggest that DHAR serves to maintain a basal level of Asc recycling in guard cells that is insufficient to scavenge the high rate of H 2 O 2 produced in the afternoon, thus resulting in stomatal closure.
Transient effective stress variations forced by changes in conduit pressure beneath glaciers and ice sheets

The resistance to sliding beneath soft-bedded glaciers depends on the effective stress, N, which is controlled by the subglacial hydrological system. While large-scale water transport is primarily through conduits, the effective stress profile beneath most of the glacier base is expected to be controlled by seepage flows through the permeable sediments. Models of the response to forced changes of the near- conduit effective stress demonstrate that perturbations in N decay over a characteristic lateral distance that is typically only a few times the sediment thickness. This implies that only relatively small changes to the spatially averaged effective stress, N, can be produced if conduit spacing is comparatively large and the glacier and sediments remain in contact. To produce larger changes to N, it is likely that flotation must be achieved beneath a significant portion of the glacier base. At higher values, spatial variations in N can produce gradients in the thickness, h, of a fringe of ice-infiltrated sediments immediately adjacent to the glacier base; this has implications for the development of glacial landforms when sliding causes sediment transport.
Metastatic potential of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with fibrosarcomatous change.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a relatively uncommon fibrohistiocytic tumor that is locally aggressive. DFSP is associated with frequent local recurrences but rarely metastasizes. It has been suggested that fibrosarcomatous change within a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP-FS) is associated with increased risk of local recurrence and distant metastases. Metastases remain rare, however, and are typically preceded by multiple local recurrences. We report a rare case of a DFSP-FS metastasis to the head of the pancreas without any preceding local recurrence.
Automatic policy conflict analysis for cross-domain collaborations using semantic temporal logic

Policy-based methods simplify the management of cross-domain collaborations by establishing policies to control various cross-domain activities involved in those collaborations. Administrators and users from participant domains can use policies to define control rules and restrictions, and to configure execution environments for these collaborations. To detect and resolve potential dynamic conflicts between different administrative domains, Semantic Temporal Logic (STL) is proposed and implemented in this paper to automatically analyze policy conflicts. STL incorporates relationships between different policy elements into temporal logic using a semantic format (ontology). A prototype system in the web services environment is implemented to illustrate the capability of STL and the dynamic policy analysis framework utilizing STL.
Review: Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania by Dianne Harris, ed.; High Life: Condo Living in the Suburban Century by Matthew Gordon Lasner

Dianne Harris, ed. Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010, 448 pp., 160 b/w illus. $50 (cloth), ISBN 9780822943891; $30 (paper), ISBN 9780822962816 Matthew Gordon Lasner High Life: Condo Living in the Suburban Century New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012, 336 pp., 125 b/w illus. $45 (cloth), ISBN 9780300164084 > As long as our civilization is essentially one of property, of fences, of exclusiveness, it will be mocked by delusions. > > — Ralph Waldo Emerson , “Napoleon; or, The Man of the World” The American single-family house is more an image than a collection of built artifacts, a resilient and malleable representation for which many claims have been made and many actions have been justified, and about which many stories have been told. In the classic image of the Levitt house, to take a specific example, the little building is merely a background for its young owners, a white nuclear family posing in aspirational Sunday best on the still-bare front lawn. The “real” background comprises an invisible, historically specific, complex intersection of legal, financial, land-use and planning policies, social mores, and design choices. Many scholars, including Kenneth Jackson and Dolores Hayden, have charted variations of this compound packaging, showing how access to ownership of a detached, suburban single-family home was as circumscribed as it was successful. The complexities of suburban growth have been further chronicled by Gwendolyn Wright, Robert Fishman, Richard Harris, Robert Beauregard, John Archer, and scholars of the “new suburban history,” who together have foregrounded the intricate politics and policies that shaped single-family housing in the twentieth-century (North) American landscape.1 Dianne Harris’s collection Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania adds breadth and depth to the American suburban project while highlighting the historical specificity of Levittown, and it is a welcome addition to the literature. Its tight focus on the second of three Levittown developments (fifteen miles from Philadelphia, 1951–56) in essays by an interdisciplinary range of scholars results in a historical picture viewed through both ends of the telescope: a unique case study simultaneously relevant to and informing the ubiquitous suburban enterprise. Matthew Gordon Lasner’s High Life: Condo Living in the Suburban Century , in contrast, examines the vast metropolitan enterprise to …
FRESH BREEZES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS

Since Pythagoras, philosophy of mathematics tried to account for mathematical existence and the nature of mathematical objects. Numbers, circles, n-dimensional manifolds, all are different from everything else we think about. They're neither physical nor mental. Not mental, because the Pythagorean theorem or any other well-established mathematical fact is independent of what you or I think. Whether we know it and believe it or don't know it and don't believe it, the Pythagorean theorem is still true. Yet it's not physical either! Plato and Aristotle explained that the triangles and circles of the geometer are not physical triangles or circles, but something "ideal." Spiritual, empirical, psychological, formalist, and logicist explanations have been offered. None give a credible account of what we do when we do mathematics. Presently some authors are constructing a humanist answer.
A Theorem about Primes Proved on a Chessboard

An elementary treatment of a class of solutions to the n-queens problem leads to a proof of Fermat's theorem on primes which are sums of two squares.
Cocaine and Pregnancy: A Challenge for Health Care Providers

There is an alarming increase in the number of individuals using cocaine in this country. As many as 10 percent of all pregnant women have used cocaine one or more times during their pregnancy. The rising number of pregnant cocaine abusers who present themselves for medical services is creating a challenge for health care practitioners. This article addresses the biopsychosocial issues of cocaine abuse during pregnancy, including the medical impact of cocaine abuse on pregnant women and their newborn infants, behavioral manifestations of cocaine abusers that create health care management problems, and social work's contribution to the health care management of these women.
Effect of pulsed infrared laser radiation on DNA synthesis in tissues of intact rats and during strenuous physical exercise

The motor zone of the rat brain cortex is subjected to pulsed infrared (0.89 μ) laser radiation, which is found to stimulate DNA synthesis both in intact animals and after strenuous physical exercise (swimming). Preliminary laser irradiation exerts a stress-limiting effect on cells of the brain cortex and thymus but does not prevent swimminginduced reduction of3H-thymidine incorporation in nuclear DNA of muscles.
Bruner at the Bar: Jerome Bruner’s Influence on Law and the Legal Academy

In the last third of his teaching triumvirate, Jerry Bruner made his home at New York University School of Law. At NYU Law School he touched the lives of scores of colleagues and hundreds of students. There follows a brief introduction to three essays and a play written by law school colleagues to celebrate Jerry.
Nonprescription syringe sales: Resistant pharmacists' attitudes and practices.

Abstract Objectives To examine barriers to nonprescription syringe sales (NPSS) in pharmacies by examining resistant pharmacists’ willingness to provide syringes to people who inject drugs (PWID) and their current practices for provision or refusal. Methods Qualitative, semi-structured, in-depth interviews with community pharmacists in California, Kansas, Mississippi, and New Jersey. Participants include seventeen community pharmacists who expressed ethical concerns about providing syringes drawn from a larger sample of 71 community pharmacists participating in a study of ethical decision-making. Analysis captures pharmacists’ descriptions of their experiences providing syringes to suspected PWID. Results Pharmacists who identified syringes as a key ethical issue exhibited significant ambivalence about providing syringes to PWID. Most of these pharmacists were aware of harm reduction logics, but endorsed them to varying degrees. Moral concerns about supplying PWID with syringes were mediated by law and organizational policy. Many pharmacists who considered syringes an ethical challenge allayed their concerns by creating informal policy and engaging in deterrence practices designed to dissuade PWID from coming to the pharmacy. Conclusions As heroin abuse rates continue to rise, pharmacists are undoubtedly integral allies in the fight to prevent the spread of communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C. Education should be aimed at identifying barriers to NPSS resulting from resistant pharmacists’ attitudes and practices. Increased education paired with favorable law and organizational policy and decentralization of syringe provision could increase access to clean needles and decrease public health risks.
A hybrid framework combining solar energy harvesting and wireless charging for wireless sensor networks

Recently, there have been a growing number of applications that power wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by wireless charging technology. Although previous studies indicate that wireless charging can deliver energy reliably, it still faces regulatory challenges to provide high power density without incurring health risks. In particular, in clustered WSNs there exists a mismatch between the high energy demands from cluster heads and the relatively low energy supplies that wireless charging can provide. Fortunately, solar energy harvesting can provide high power density which is also risk-free. However, it is subject to weather dynamics. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a hybrid framework that combines the two technologies — cluster heads are equipped with solar panels to scavenge solar energy and the rest of nodes are powered by wireless charging. First, we study a placement problem on how to deploy solar-powered cluster heads that can minimize overall cost and propose a distributed 1.61(1 + ∊)2-approximation algorithm for the placement. Second, we establish an energy balance in the network and explore how to maintain such balance when sunlight is unavailable. Third, we consider combining wireless charging and mobile data gathering in a joint tour in such networks, and propose a polynomial-time scheduling algorithm. Our extensive simulation demonstrates that the hybrid framework can reduce battery depletion by 20% and save system cost by 25% compared to previous results.
Giving the community a voice: Lessons learned from a comprehensive survey in an urban neighborhood

Abstract Weinland Park, an urban neighborhood adjacent to The Ohio State University, has been targeted for revitalization following several decades of disinvestment. The goal of these efforts is to develop holistic solutions that break the cycle of poverty. Such an undertaking requires collecting baseline data to understand community needs, inform programming, and guide revitalization efforts. This paper describes the development and implementation of the Weinland Park Evaluation Project (WPEP) – a collaborative and comprehensive neighborhood survey and needs assessment. Using the RE-AIM framework as a conceptual model, the paper describes how the WPEP was designed to meet short-, medium-, and long-term community needs. In addition, it offers lessons learned as a guide for researchers designing neighborhood surveys and conducting community assessments. An Appendix A includes indicators measured via the survey tool.
Optimal combined long-term facility design and short-term operational strategy for CHP capacity investments

Abstract This work presents a detailed case study for the optimization of the expansion of a district energy system evaluating the investment decision timing, type of capacity expansion, and fine-scale operational modes. The study develops an optimization framework to find the investment schedule over 30 years with options of investing in traditional heating sources (boilers) or a next-generation combined heat and power (CHP) plant that provides heat and electricity. In district energy systems, the selected capacity and type of system is dependent on demand-side requirements, energy prices, and environmental costs. This work formulates capacity planning over a time horizon as a dynamic optimal control problem considering both operational modes and capital investment decisions. The initial plant is modified by the dynamic optimization throughout the 30 years to maximize profitability. The combined optimal controller and capital investment planner solves a large scale mixed integer nonlinear programming problem to provide the timing and size of the capacity investment (30 year outlook) and also guidance on the mode of operation (1 h time intervals). The optimizer meets optimal economic, environmental, and regulatory constraints with the suggested design and operational guidance with daily cyclical load following of heat and electricity demand.
Chapter 9 – Brain Embolism

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on the clinical findings of the brain embolism and cerebrovascular disorders. Brain embolism occurs when material, usually a thrombus, formed or introduced in one part of the vascular system travels to an artery that supplies brain tissue. There are three main components—the recipient artery that receives the material, the embolic material itself, and the donor source where the material originated. Donor sources include the heart, the aorta, and the neck arteries and their intracranial arterial branches proximal to the recipient artery. The most common cardiac sources are atrial fibrillation and other atrial arrythmias, myocardial ischemic pathology, and valvular heart diseases. However, less common cardiac pathologies such as myocardiopathies, cardiac tumors, and septal defects within the heart can also lead to brain embolism. The most common disease of arteries that leads to embolism is atherosclerosis. Materials from plaques and thrombi form within arteries in the neck and proximal intracranial arteries and embolize distally. Occasionally tumor particles, fat, and air and foreign particles introduced into veins or arteries embolize to the brain. The discussion on diagnosis includes recipient artery-related finding and donor sources. The chapter discusses treatment of the acute event of brain embolism and states that the goals of treatment of the acute ischemic event are minimization of brain ischemic injury and reperfusion whenever possible.
Prophage genomics reveals patterns in phage genome organization and replication

Temperate phage genomes are highly variable mosaic collections of genes that infect a bacterial host, integrate into the host9s genome or replicate as low copy number plasmids, and are regulated to switch from the lysogenic to lytic cycles to generate new virions and escape their host. Genomes from most Bacterial phyla contain at least one or more prophages. We updated our PhiSpy algorithm to improve detection of prophages and to provide a web-based framework for PhiSpy. We have used this algorithm to identify 36,488 prophage regions from 11,941 bacterial genomes, including almost 600 prophages with no known homology to any proteins. Transfer RNA genes were abundant in the prophages, many of which alleviate the limits of translation efficiency due to host codon bias and presumably enable phages to surpass the normal capacity of the hosts9 translation machinery. We identified integrase genes in 15,765 prophages (43% of the prophages). The integrase was routinely located at either end of the integrated phage genome, and was used to orient and align prophage genomes to reveal their underlying organization. The conserved genome alignments of phages recapitulate early, middle, and late gene order in transcriptional control of phage genes, and demonstrate that gene order, presumably selected by transcription timing and/or coordination among functional modules has been stably conserved throughout phage evolution.
Risk behaviors and HIV care continuum outcomes among criminal justice-involved HIV-infected transgender women and cisgender men: Data from the Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain Harmonization Initiative.

BACKGROUND Transgender persons are highly victimized, marginalized, disproportionately experience incarceration, and have alarmingly increased rates of HIV infection compared to cis-gender persons. Few studies have examined the HIV care continuum outcomes among transgender women (TW), particularly TW who are involved with the criminal justice (CJ) system. METHODS To improve our understanding of HIV care continuum outcomes and risk behaviors among HIV-infected TW who are involved with the CJ system, we analyzed data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse-supported Seek, Test, Treat, Retain (STTR) Data Harmonization Initiative. Baseline data were pooled and analyzed from three U.S. STTR studies to examine HIV risk and care continuum indicators among CJ-involved HIV-infected TW compared to cisgender men (CM), matched on age (within 5 years) and study at a ratio of 1:5. RESULTS Eighty-eight TW and 440 CM were included in the study. Among matched participants, TW were more likely to report crack and cocaine use compared to CM (40%,16% respectively, p<0.001); both TW and CM reported high rates of condomless sex (58%, 64%, respectively); TW were more likely than CM to have more than one sexual partner (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.6, 5.2; p<0.001) and have engaged in exchange sex (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 2.3, 6.6; p<0.001). There were no significant differences between TW and CM in the percentage currently taking ART (52%, 49%, respectively), the mean percent adherence to ART (77% for both groups), and the proportion who achieved viral suppression (61%, 58%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected CJ-involved TW and CM had similar use of ART and viral suppression but TW were more likely than matched CM to engage in exchange sex, have multiple sexual partners, and use crack/cocaine. TW and CM had similarly high rates of condomless sex and use of other drugs. TW require tailored risk reduction interventions, however both CJ-involved TW and CM require focused attention to reduce HIV risk and improve HIV continuum of care outcomes.
Vulvar Biopsy and Excision/Ablation

The vulva, or female external genitalia, includes several structures. These include the paired labia majora and labia minora, the clitoris, the vulvar vestibule, the external urethral meatus, and the vaginal orifice. The vulvar vestibule includes the urethral and vaginal openings and the ducts of the Skene’s (paraurethral) glands and Bartholin’s (greater vestibular) glands. Several conditions can involve the vulva. These may be benign, premalignant, or malignant. Office evaluation and management of vulvar lesions, excluding cysts and abscesses of the Skene’s and Bartholin’s glands, is the focus of this chapter. Lesions involving the vulva may be visible on basic examination in the form of masses, ulcerations, or areas of altered pigmentation. Alternatively, some lesions may not be visible on gross examination and require colposcopic evaluation to be discovered.
Effect of antacids on pH of urine

To determine the effect of regular administration of usual doses of several antacids for 7 day periods on urine pH, measurements of urine pH were carried out daily on 11 healthy subjects during regular use of antacids and during control periods. On the average, suspensions of aluminum hydrOXide and dihydroxyaluminum glycinate had no significant effect on urine pH. Magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate-glycine suspension increased urine pH by 0.4 to 0.5 U, while aluminum and magnesium hydroxide suspension increased pH by 0.9 U. The increase in urine pH was inversely proportional to the urine pH during the control periods. Regular administration of certain antacids can increase urine pH sufficiently to have pronounced effects on the kinetics of elimination of certain acidic and basic drugs.
Are the Motivations for Leveraged Buyouts the Same for Large and Small Firms

This paper examines alternative motivations for taking firms private. The analysis focuses on the difference in motivations between large and small firms. The study examines the relationship between buyout premiums and proxies for potential benefits form buyouts and the impact of competition. The evidence implies that small firm LBOs are undertaken for different reasons than large firm LBOs. Small firm buyouts are motivated by a desire to reduce stockholder servicing costs and to diminish owner-manager conflicts. In contrast, large firm buyouts are unrelated to stockholder servicing costs and are loosely related to the proxies for agency costs employed in this paper. There is no evidence of attempted wealth transfer in either size group. Actual or potential competing bids appeared to have limited the ability of buyout groups to systematically underbid.
An HTLV-I Transgenic Mouse Model: Role of the Tax Gene in Pathogenesis in Multiple Organ Systems

The human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been associated with a lymphoproliferative disease called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) (Poiesz et al. 1980; Yoshida et al. 1982; Hinuma et al. 1981; Kalyanaraman et al. 1982) and a neurodegenerative disease called tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) (Gessain et al. 1985; Rodgers-Johnson et al. 1985; Bartholomew et al. 1986) or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) (Osame et al. 1986a). These diseases appear to share few common clinical features. ATLL has a prolonged latency, but once established is frequently rapidly fatal (Broder et al. 1984). The disturbance consists of a monoclonal expansion of mature peripheral T cells each of which contains copies of retroviral sequences (Poiesz et al. 1980; Miyoshi et al. 1980; Yamamoto et al. 1981; Popovic et al. 1983; Chen et al. 1983; Yoshida et al. 1984). Death results from consequences of uncontrolled cellular proliferation and dysfunction. In contrast, the associated neurologic disease usually shows a shorter latency period and a slowly progressive course (Roman 1988; Osame et al. 1986a). Though variable degrees of HTLV-I-infected lymphocytic infiltration into the CNS may be seen in this disease, the cellular target for viral infection within the nervous system remains unclear (Jacobson et al. 1988). To study potential mechanisms of these disparate HTLV-I-induced diseases, we created a transgenic mouse model in which the tax gene (trans-activator of transcription) was introduced under control of the HTLV-I viral long-terminal repeat (LTR) promoter.
Extensions to DEA Models

The basic DEA models discussed in the previous chapter are associated with the way the returns-to-scale, the geometry of the envelopment surface, and the efficient projections are identified. This array of choices provides considerable flexibility, which can be further increased by incorporating refinements or extensions to the basic theory. These valuable additions to the methodology of DEA allow one to fine tune an analysis to reflect managerial or organization factors, sharpen efficiency estimates, and/or overcome inconsistencies.
Finding the White working class in 2016: Journalistic discourses and the construction of a political identity:

This article argues that the discourses and techniques of political journalism worked to make White working class identity sensible as an assumed norm in American politics during the 2016 US presid...