cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How accurate are retirees' assessments of their retirement risk?

Retirees with limited financial resources face numerous risks, including out-living their money (longevity risk), investment losses (market risk), unexpected health expenses (health risk), the unforeseen needs of family members (family risk), and even retirement benefit cuts (policy risk). This study systematically values and ranks the financial impacts of these risks from both the objective and subjective perspectives and then compares them to show the gaps between retirees’ actual risks and their perceptions of the risks in a unified framework. It finds that 1) under the empirical analysis, the greatest risk is longevity risk, followed by health risk; 2) under the subjective analysis, retirees perceive market risk as the highest-ranking risk due to their exaggeration of market volatility; and 3) the longevity risk and health risk are valued less in the subjective ranking than in the objective ranking, because retirees underestimate their life spans and their health costs in late life.
Differential effects on neuromuscular physiology between Sod loss-of-function mutation and paraquat-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila

Oxidative stress is thought to be a major contributor to aging processes. Here, we report differential effects on neurotransmission caused by loss-of-function mutations of Superoxide dismutase (Sod) and by paraquat (PQ) feeding in Drosophila. We demonstrated alterations in Sod mutants; the larval neuromuscular junction displayed supernumerary discharges and the adult giant-fiber escape pathway showed increased latency and poor response to repetitive high-frequency stimulation. Even though the concentrations used led to motor coordination defects and lethality, PQ feeding failed to reproduce such performance deficits in these larval and adult preparations, indicating mechanistic distinctions between genetic and pharmacological manipulation of oxidative stress.
Hogs Are Up

Wes Jackson. 2021. Hogs Are Up: Stories of the Land, with Digressions. (ISBN-13: 978-0-7006-3059-2, hbk). University Press of Kansas, 2502 Westbrooke Circle, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-4444, U.S.A. (Orders: kansaspress.ku.edu). $26.95 US, 192 pp., 5.7" × 8.7".
Association between Peri-implantitis and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Case-control Study.

Aim To assess the association between peri-implantitis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods 128 patients with dental implants were recruited to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implantitis in patients with or without CVD (Cases, n = 82, Controls, n = 46, respectively). Diagnosis of peri-implantitis followed the 2017 World Workshop guideline and the severity was defined as mild, moderate, and severe form when the radiographic bone loss (RBL) was 4 mm. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to test the association between two diseases. Results A trend of higher prevalence of peri-implantitis defined by detectable RBL beyond the physiologic bone remodeling was found in the "Cases" group (64.6%) when compared to the "Controls" (56.5%). A significant higher prevalence (48.8%) of moderate to severe peri-implantitis was identified in "Cases" compared to "Controls"(30.4%) with a significant crude association between moderate to severe peri-implantitis and CVD (odds ratio = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.02 to 4.67, p = 0.04). The CVD group had a trend of higher prevalence of deep pockets (≥ 7mm) and higher numbers of sites with bleeding upon probing (BOP) (> 66%) when compared to "Controls" (p> 0.05). However, after controlling for multiple confounders including age, hypertension, smoking, family history of heart attack, and periodontitis, the significant association was not found. Conclusions CVD group had significantly higher prevalence of moderate to severe peri-implantitis (RBL ≥ 2mm). The association between the two diseases did not exist after controlling multiple confounders for CVD. Future studies with a larger sample size controlling for the patient- and implant-related confounders are needed to better understand the link between peri-implantitis and cardiovascular disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Protocol to assess performance of crisis standards of care guidelines for clinical triage.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, US states developed Crisis Standards of Care (CSC) algorithms to triage allocation of scarce resources to maximize population-wide benefit. While CSC algorithms were developed by ethical debate, this protocol guides their quantitative assessment. For CSC algorithms, this protocol addresses (1) adapting algorithms for empirical study, (2) quantifying predictive accuracy, and (3) simulating clinical decision-making. This protocol provides a framework for healthcare systems and governments to test the performance of CSC algorithms to ensure they meet their stated ethical goals. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Jezmir et al. (2021).
Predicting emotion perception across domains: a study of singing and speaking

Emotion affects our understanding of the opinions and sentiments of others. Research has demonstrated that humans are able to recognize emotions in various domains, including speech and music, and that there are potential shared features that shape the emotion in both domains. In this paper, we investigate acoustic and visual features that are relevant to emotion perception in the domains of singing and speaking. We train regression models using two paradigms: (1) within-domain, in which models are trained and tested on the same domain and (2) cross-domain, in which models are trained on one domain and tested on the other domain. This strategy allows us to analyze the similarities and differences underlying the relationship between audio-visual feature expression and emotion perception and how this relationship is affected by domain of expression. We use kernel density estimation to model emotion as a probability distribution over the perception associated with multiple evaluators on the valence-activation space. This allows us to model the variation inherent in the reported perception. Results suggest that activation can be modeled more accurately across domains, compared to valence. Furthermore, visual features capture cross-domain emotion more accurately than acoustic features. The results provide additional evidence for a shared mechanism underlying spoken and sung emotion perception.
Toward the placement of power management points in real-time applications

Dynamically changing CPU voltage and frequency has been shown to greatly save the processor energy. These adjustments can be done at specific power management points (PMPs), which are not without overheads. In this work we study the effect of different overheads on both time and energy; these can be seen as the overhead of computing the new speed, and then the overhead of dynamically adjusting the speed. We propose a theoretical solution for choosing the granularity of inserting PMPs in a program taking into consideration such overheads. We validate our theoretical results and show that the accuracy of the theoretical model is very close to the simulations we carry out.
Inorganic Polymer Chemistry

Abstract Inorganic chemistry is to a great extent the chemistry of high polymers. This is not apparent from reading much of the inorganic literature of the last quarter-century, since the research problems described therein have often been carefully selected to avoid complications due to high-polymer formation. Nevertheless, the physical properties of many of the reaction products described in the early inorganic-chemistry literature prior to 1900 clearly show these materials to be macromolecular. In the recent inorganic literature there is a growing trend toward considering the chemistry of the larger molecular structures instead of merely ringing the changes of substituents on a single atom. Thus, we see that inorganic polymers are at once very old and very new.
COMPACTNESS OF COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON BMOA

A function theoretic characterization is given of when a composition operator is compact on BMOA, the space of analytic functions on the unit disk having radial limits that are of bounded mean oscillation on the unit circle. When the symbol of the composition operator is univalent, compactness on BMOA is shown to be equivalent to compactness on the Bloch space, and a characterization in terms of the geometry of the image of the disk under the symbol of the operator results. ?
The effects of ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on the periurethral flora of children with urinary tract infection.

Ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were shown to be of similar efficacy in the treatment of acute urinary tract infection of children. It was of interest to determine the effects of these antimicrobial drugs on the periurethral flora and recurrence rates. To this end, seventeen girls with twenty-two separate infections of the urinary tract were treated randomly with a ten-day course of either ampicillin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Cultures of the urine and periurethral area were obtained before, during (third day), and after (seventeenth day) therapy. AllEscherichia coli strains were serotyped. Both treatments resulted in the disappearance of the pathogens from the urine by the third day in all cases, and in all but one patient on the seventeenth day. The causative agents persisted more frequently in the periurethral area than in the urine on both the third and seventeenth days in patients treated with either ampicillin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The recurrence rates by the seventeenth day were 50% (4/8) in the ampicillin group, and 14% (2/14) in the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole group. Although suggestive in favor of the latter treatment, the difference is not statistically significant. In two of the three re-infections in the ampicillin group the microorganisms causing the second attack were present in the periurethral area on the third day. Sixteen of the seventeen girls were studied radiologically; six (37%) had radiologic abnormalities.
Historical analysis: using the past to design the future

Ubicomp developers are increasingly borrowing from other disciplines, such as anthropology and creative design, to inform their design process. In this paper, we demonstrate that the discipline of history similarly has much to offer ubicomp research. Specifically, we describe a historically-grounded approach to designing ubicomp systems and applications for the home. We present findings from a study examining aging and housework that demonstrate how our approach can be useful to sensitize ubicomp developers to the impact of cultural values on household technology, to reunderstand the home space, and to spur development of new design spaces. Our findings suggest that historically-grounded research approaches may be useful in more deeply understanding and designing for context both in and outside of the home.
The Influence of Location and Pictorials on Behavioral Compliance to Warnings

The efficacy of two warning-related factors to produce cautionary behavior in a chemistry laboratory task was examined. Experiment 1 compared the effects of a posted-sign warning and a within-instruction warning on behavioral compliance. The results showed that a warning embedded in a set of task instructions produced significantly greater compliance (the wearing of protective gear) than a similar, larger warning posted as a sign nearby. Experiment 2 reexamined the effect of location and also examined the influence of the presence versus absence of pictorials. The results of Experiment 2 confirmed the location effect of Experiment 1. No influence of pictorials was noted, although there was a nonsignificant increase in compliance when pictorials were added to the within-instruction warning. The results indicate that warning placement is important for eliciting behavioral compliance to safety messages. Explanations such as differences in field of view and perceived relevance are discussed.
Mutual information as an index of diagnostic test performance.

Objectives: This paper demonstrates that diagnostic test performance can be quantified as the average amount of information the test result (R) provides about the disease state (D). Methods: A fundamental concept of information theory, mutual information, is directly applicable to this problem. This statistic quantifies the amount of information that one random variable contains about another random variable. Prior to performing a diag-nostic test, R and D are random variables. Hence, their mutual information, I(D;R), is the amount of information that R provides about D. Results: I(D;R) is a function of both 1) the pretest probabilities of the disease state and 2) the set of conditional probabilities relating each possible test result to each possible disease state. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is a popular measure of diagnostic test performance which, in contrast to I(D;R), is independent of the pretest probabilities; it is a function of only the set of conditional probabilities. The AUC is not a measure of diagnostic information. Conclusions: Because I(D;R) is dependent upon pretest probabilities, knowledge of the setting in which a diagnostic test is employed is a necessary condition for quantifying the amount of information it provides. Advantages of I(D;R) over the AUC are that it can be calculated without invoking an arbitrary curve fitting routine, it is applicable to situations in which multiple diagnoses are under consideration, and it quantifies test performance in meaningful units (bits of information).
REVIEW OF THE DECONTAMINATION OF AFLATOXINS BY AMMONIATION: CURRENT STATUS AND REGULATION

Ammoniation of corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and meals to alter the toxic and carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin contamination has been the subject of intense research effort by scientists in various government agencies and universities, both in the United States and abroad. Results of these studies have been well documented over the last 20 years. Engineers have devised workable systems of treatment of whole seeds, kernels, or meals; chemists have identified and characterized products formed from the reaction of aflatoxin B1 with ammonia with and without a meal matrix; biochemists have studied the biological effects of these compounds in model systems; and nutritionists have studied animal responses to rations containing ammoniated or non-ammoniated components. This review describes these studies. Results demonstrate overwhelming support for the efficacy and safety of ammoniation as a practical solution to aflatoxin detoxification in animal feeds.
Examination of optimized structures for a-Si:H based triple junction solar cells

We have examined a-Si:H based triple junction solar cells by using the AMPS computer program. We have found that, although the a-SiC:H material has wider band-gap, it does not yield better performance than a-Si:H absorber as the first absorber in the triple junctions because of the severely degraded material quality of today's a-SiC:H in the stabilized state. Moreover, for the stabilized state, we find that the optimized thickness distributions of a-Si:H based triple junctions are thinner than those determined in the annealed state. Our results for optimized stable efficiencies show that (1) with today's a-SiC:H materials, stabilized cell efficiencies can be better with a-Si:H top cells, (2) sub-cell layers need to be thinner than generation current matching would suggest, and (3) because of the need for thinner i-layers, the window losses become critical (to keep Jsc up).
A Review of IS Research Activities and Outputs Using Pro forma Abstracts

Using March and Smithâ€™s taxonomy of information systems (IS) research activities and outputs and Newmanâ€™s method of pro forma abstracting, this research mapped the current space of IS research and identified research activities and outputs that have received very little or no attention in the top IS publishing outlets. We reviewed and classified 1,157 articles published in some of the top IS journals and the ICIS proceedings for the period 1998â€“2002. The results demonstrate the efficacy of March and Smithâ€™s (1995) taxonomy for summarizing the state of IS research and for identifying activity-output categories that have received little or no attention. Examples of published research occupying cells of the taxonomy are cited, and research is posited to populate the one empty cell. The results also affirm the need to balance theorizing with building and evaluating systems because the latter two provide unique feedback that encourage those theories that are the most promising in practice.
Why Do We Trust Our Congressman

This analysis focuses on the little examined area of trust in political officials, in specific, constituents' trust in their U.S. House member. Employing new measures of trust in incumbent representatives, a confirmatory factor analysis is used to assure that the measures of constituents' trust are reliable. Then a structural model of constituents' trust is analyzed using LISREL. The findings indicate that constituents' trust is directly influenced by personal contact with the representative and trust in the political system, and indirectly influenced by perceptions of waste in government, economic evaluations, and socioeconomic status operating through system trust.
The production of regulatory cytokines for thymocyte proliferation by murine thymic epithelium in vitro

Abstract Two separate cultures of pure, morphologically distinct thymic epithelial cells have been generated and maintained in culture for one year (A. C. Nieburgs et al., Cell. Immunol . 90 , 439–450, 1985). Supernatants from one of these cell lines, TEC s were examined for functional activity on thymocytes in vitro . These Supernatants contained three distinct intercellular mediators, each capable of modulating thymocyte responses to T-cell mitogens. Enhancement of thymocyte proliferation to suboptimal doses of mitogen was associated with a factor that eluted in the 97,000-Da region on molecular sieve chromatography and was functionally and physicochemically distinct from interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 (IL-1 and IL-2). Suppression of the thymocyte response to optimal doses of mitogen was mediated by a 1000- to 5000-Da factor. These two intercellular components have different susceptibilities to heat treatments and are trypsin insensitive. In addition, thymic epithelial cells produced significantly high levels of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) which also suppressed thymocyte responses to mitogen, but only at high doses of supernatant. These epithelial cell-derived enhancing and inhibitory effects on thymocytes could play a role in regulating intrathymic events.
Mechanism of Anorexia in Vitamin-deficient Hyperphagic Animals

RECENT findings1 have demonstrated that the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei act as ‘satiety’ brakes which, in response to certain stimuli (particularly metabolic), inhibit a constantly activated ‘feeding’ mechanism. This mechanism, in turn, appears to be initiated at the level of the anterolateral nuclei2. Destruction of the ventromedial nuclei does not increase hunger (as measured by rate of ingestion); it shortens the pauses between ‘meals’ which, in normal animals, steadily increase during the day so as to constitute a 24-hr, feeding cycle marked with a definite ‘satiety’ pattern1. A method for the destruction of these centres in the rat3, the mouse4 and other species is through the use of stefeotaxic instruments. In the mouse, it has also been shown recently5 that administration of gold thioglucose leads to obesity through injury to the ventromedial nuclei. Such mice and ‘hypothalamic’ rats and mice can thus be used for elucidating whether vitamin deficiencies act by permanently activating the ‘satiety’ mechanism or by inactivating the ‘feeding’ mechanism. For example, one could visualize that thiamine deficiency, the anorexic effect of which is classic, permanently activates the ventromedial nuclei because of the constant elevation of blood concentration of intermediaries of carbohydrate metabolism, or inactivates the feeding mechanism through the action of toxic accumulation of noxious products or because of the lack of carboxylase per se.
Toward a Global View of the Conformational Landscape of the Human Kinome

The human genome contains about 500 protein kinases, which play a central role in the regulation of the majority of cellular pathways. Mutations in kinase genes - often resulting in dysregulation of their phosphotransferase activity - are a frequent cause of disease, including many types of cancer. Kinases are especially flexible proteins, and undergo significant conformational changes during their catalytic and regulatory cycles. This conformational heterogeneity is also of fundamental importance in determining the binding affinity and selectivity of inhibitory ligands, their susceptibility to resistance mutations, and the discovery of putative allosteric binding sites. Markov state models have recently emerged as a practical computational approach to the enumeration of protein conformational states, and can be constructed by aggregating the data from multiple, independent, short molecular dynamics trajectories in a statistical fashion. We aim to apply this technique to the entire human kinome, simulating each protein kinase catalytic domain using a range of high performance compute resources, including the distributed simulation framework, Folding@Home. In combination with recent developments in GPU-accelerated simulation algorithms, this approach allows us to obtain aggregate trajectory lengths on the order of milliseconds. An automated software pipeline provides the ability to quickly generate multiple starting configurations for each kinase, while a central database of publicly available kinase data has been set up and used for tasks such as the selection of catalytic domain sequences and the assignment of relative priorities to each kinase. In parallel with our computational approach, we are working towards expressing a diverse range of kinases in bacterial systems, and scaling up a fluorescence-based assay to plate format for direct measurement of kinase inhibitor binding affinities. Our poster will present preliminary results from these efforts.
Standard Therapy for Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndromes

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by cytopenias, dysplastic changes in the hematopoietic precursors, and an increased risk of evolving into acute leukemia. Treatment for patients with MDS ranges from supportive care with blood products and/or growth factors up to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Over the past decade, several novel therapeutic agents have been approved for clinical use. In this article, the current approach for the management of patients with MDS according to their risk category is described and mainly focuses on approved novel agents.
Complications of tissue plasminogen activator therapy after vitrectomy for diabetes.

Human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (25 μg) was injected into seven eyes of six patients who had developed massive fibrin deposition after vitrectomy surgery for diabetes. Six eyes had developed pupillary membranes and recurrence of tractional retinal detachment from fibrin membranes, and one eye had developed only a pupillary membrane. All pupillary membranes resolved within one hour of administration of tissue plasminogen activator, and five tractional retinal detachments resolved within 24 hours. All eyes developed evidence of intraocular bleeding after tissue plasminogen activator injection. Subsequently, six of seven eyes developed recurrence of fibrin accumulation and tractional retinal detachment.
A Pilot Study of Smokeless Tobacco in Smoking Cessation

Abstract Purpose: The substitution of smokeless tobacco for cigarette smoking is a harm reduction alternative for inveterate smokers and reduces others' passive exposure to smoke. Two million smokers have used smokeless tobacco to quit on their own, but no formal program has employed this method of smoking cessation. We conducted a pilot study to determine if smokeless tobacco could be successfully employed in a smoking cessation program. Patients and methods: Subjects attended a lecture about the health effects of all forms of tobacco use and about the use of smokeless tobacco as an aid to quit smoking. The study population consisted of 63 evaluable subjects. Follow-up was accomplished by quarterly telephone interviews. Smoking abstinence was confirmed at 1 year by measurement of expired air carbon monoxide. Results: At 1 year, 31% of men and 19% of women had attained smoking cessation, for an overall success rate of 25%. An additional 7% of subjects had reduced their cigarette consumption by at least 50%. Conclusion: This study suggests that the use of smokeless tobacco warrants evaluation as a potential smoking cessation strategy.
Treatment planning for parotid sparing in the patient requiring bilateral neck irradiation

Abstract The use of three dimensional (3-D) planning techniques for treatment of head and neck cancers has primarily been used in cases which require only unilateral neck irradiation. However, tumors that require bilateral neck irradiation are commonly managed with parallel opposed treatment portals. A common morbidity associated with this standard form of treatment is xerostomia. In an effort to reduce the incidence of this debilitating side effect, a protocol has been developed which attempts to balance effective tumor control with preservation of salivary flow. Key to this protocol is the use of 3-D treatment planning. The close proximity of the targeted tissues to critical structures and the related dose requirements and/or restrictions of these tissues often require the treatment planner to utilize “non-standard” approaches to achieve the unique dose distributions necessary to meet protocol eligibility. This may include treatment planning options such as non-coplanar, non-axial beams; and modulation of beam intensity.
Handling techniques for submicrogram samples for X-ray diffraction and analyses

A relatively simple method of mounting microgram and submicrogram specimens for X-ray diffraction is described. The method involves the use of plastic spikes with oils as adhesives. These adhesives permit the use of the same specimen for determination of refractive index, spectrographic analyses, etc.
Immunocytochemical analysis of synaptic proteins provides new insights into diabetes-mediated plasticity in the rat hippocampus

Abstract The hippocampus, an important integration center for learning and memory in the mammalian brain, undergoes neurological changes in response to a variety of stimuli that are suggestive of ongoing synaptic reorganization. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to identify markers of synaptic plasticity using rapid and reliable techniques such as radioimmunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, thereby providing a “birds-eye view” of the whole hippocampus under hypercorticosteronemic conditions. The regulation of microtubule-associated protein 2, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95 was examined in two different animal models of hypercorticosteronemia: corticosterone administration and streptozotocin-induced diabetes using both a short-term (1 week) and long-term (5 weeks) treatment. Glucocorticoids and/or hyperglycemia increased synaptophysin expression in CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus, regions that exhibit synaptic plasticity in response to glucocorticoid exposure. In these models, postsynaptic density-95 expression increased in the CA3 region, particularly in the diabetic rats, while microtubule-associated protein 2 exhibited more selective changes. Fluoro-Jade histochemistry did not detect neuronal damage, suggesting that glucocorticoids and/or hyperglycemia induce plastic and not irreversible neuronal changes at these time points. Collectively, these results demonstrate that changes in the expression and distribution of synaptic proteins provide another measure of synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus in response to glucocorticoid exposure, changes that may accompany or contribute to neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral changes observed in experimental models of type 1 diabetes.
Methodology for Ball Screw Component Health Assessment and Failure Analysis

The ball screw system is one of the most critical components in advanced manufacturing and is expected to perform with high accuracy. However, any potential failures or degradation of mechanical parts in the system would affect its efficiency and position precision; even cause severe machining errors or breakdown. This paper mainly focuses on the fault diagnosis of ball screw system components. In order to classify multiple failure modes, one full size ball screw testing machine is set up to replicate different health conditions including four failure modes — lubrication starvation, preload loss, ball nut wear, and re-circulation system failure. In this paper, the first two failure modes are introduced. Time domain and frequency domain features have been extracted from the vibration and temperature signals. A classification modeling method is used to establish a ball screw system health map. The direction of the threads on the screw shaft causes different vibration patterns when ball nut travels forward and backward. Thus, failure signatures from both traveling directions are investigated in the paper. Based on the developed health map for the ball-screw, the health values can be calculated to quantify the failure severity. Furthermore, from the perspectives of accuracy and online application efficiency, three health assessment methods, Self-Organizing Map - Minimum Quantization Error (SOM-MQE), Mahalanobis distance (MD) and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) are compared in the study.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Free Linear Vibration of Self-Pressurized Foil Bearings

A foil bearing is formed when a flexible medium travels across a stationary rigid surface and entrains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the relative sliding motion. Such bearings are used in magnetic tape drives to prevent excessive wear of the recording head and tape interface. In the one dimensional model considered here, the tape is approximated as an axially moving Euler Bernoulli beam under tension, and the air pressure in the bearing region satisfies Reynolds equation for unsteady compressible flow
Pulmonary Manifestations of Sjögren’s Syndrome

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is primarily defined by its impact on the oral and ocular system resulting in xerostomia and xerophthalmia. However, SS can also manifest throughout the respiratory system. Subclinical pulmonary involvement is common. Clinically significant involvement can result in a 4-fold increased risk of death. Thus, recognizing the many potential presentations of SS in the lung is critical in caring for patients with SS. Additionally, SS should be included in the differential diagnosis of a number of forms of interstitial lung disease.
A multi-textured calcium phosphate coating for hard tissue via laser surface engineering

Surface engineering continues to play an important role in improving the biocompatibility of hard tissue replacements. Recently, the hierarchical organization of natural biomaterials has been realized as an important property that guides the attachment of tissues, cells, and proteins at various levels of interactions. Currently, researchers are focusing interest on developing hierarchical bioactive structures for effective osseointegration. The present effort discusses a multi-textured calcium-phosphate-based coating produced by laser surface engineering. The chemical and morphological evolution of these bio-actively textured coatings was studied along with biomimetic precipitation of calcium phosphates when immersed in simulated body fluids.
Persistence and memory of polar nanoregions in a ferroelectric relaxor under an electric field

The response of polar nanoregions (PNR) in the ferroelectric relaxor $\mathrm{Pb}[{({\mathrm{Zn}}_{1∕3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2∕3})}_{0.92}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.08}]{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ subject to a [111]-oriented electric field has been studied by neutron diffuse scattering. Contrary to classical expectations, the diffuse scattering associated with the PNR persists, and is even partially enhanced, after field cooling. The effect of the external electric field is retained by the PNR after the field is removed. The ``memory'' of the applied field reappears even after heating the system above the Curie temperature ${T}_{C}$ and cooling in zero field.
Minor physical anomalies as a biologic marker for behavior disorders.

Abstract The presence of minor physical anomalies (MPA) has been proposed as a marker for abnormal fetal development occurring in the first trimester. Excess MPA are said to be particularly associated with childhood hyperactivity. This paper reviews clinical and research issues relating to MPA and describes their measurement in a mixed group of emotionally disturbed/behavior disordered children. This study confirms that MPA are associated with neurodevelopmental delay, which may underlie many types of child psychiatric disorders. Although the findings do not support the use of MPA scores for identification of high risk children, they remain an interesting research measure and a useful clinical indicator for developmental abnormalities. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1988, 27, 4:466–473.
425 INTESTINAL MATURATION: CALCIUM (Ca) TRANSPORT

Our previous study suggested that the permeability of the intestinal mucosa (PIM) to Ca was greater in suckling (S) than in adolescent (A) rats (Pediat. Res. 11:414, 1977). Definitive studies comparing PIM to Ca during development are not available. We compared transport of Ca in the proximal intestine of S (2 week old), W (3 week old) and A (6 week old) rats, using an in vivo recirculation perfusion technique. The perfusates were isotonic NaCl solution containing either 0.4, 1.6 or 3.4 mmoles of CaCl2/1 and Phenol Red 20 mg/1. Ca transport rates (mean±S.E.; μmoles/hr per g. wet wt.) from the different solutions were: 0.4 mmole/1 (S, -32.3±6.5; A, -0.1±0.2; p<.001); 1.6 mmole/l (S, -14.8±2.3; A, 1.8±0.4; p<.005); 3.4 mmole/1 (S, 27.6±6.0; A, 3.3±0.9; p<.005). Transport (T) rates in W rats were intermediate between those of S and A rats (-4.5±1.6, 5.1±1.3, 19.0±1.5 respectively, from solutions containing 0.4, 1.6 or 3.4 mmole Ca/1). The 8 fold greater net absorption (+T) rate at the high, and much greater net secretion (-T) rate at the low luminal Ca concentrations in S than A rats indicated that PIM to Ca was greater in S than A rats. The reason for the age difference is not known. However, the process of maturation appears to decrease the PIM to Ca, which continues into the post-weaning age. If the age differences in Ca transport is also present in humans, young infants, especially those with low birth weight, could be at risk of losing relatively large amounts of Ca into the intestinal lumen when dietary Ca intake stops abruptly.
Dissociative Electron Attachment to NO, CO and N2O in a 0.5 T Magnetic Field

Dissociative electron attachment to CO, NO and N2O is studied in a 0.5 T magnetic field. The magnetic field dependence of the attachment process is analyzed to understand the possible role of magnetically-coupled excited molecular states. The present technique converts the O−(2P) ions produced by the attachment to fast O(3P) by steps of ion acceleration and laser photodetachment. The resulting fast O(2P) atoms are then detected with a microchannel plate. This method facilitates analysis of any B-field enhancements in the resonant attachment phenomena, with minimal contribution from backgrounds of positive and negative charges.
Lifting the lid on helix-capping

Protein α-helices often terminate in recognizable helix-capping motifs. The origin of thermodynamic stability for one such motif is now well understood.
Interception of photosynthetically active radiation by cacti of different morphology.

Ribbing, orientation of cladodes, and variations in stem height were examined theoretically and in the field to see whether the morphology of various cacti could be interpreted as adaptations for intercepting photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The total daytime PAR incident on different parts of the stem was related to the nocturnal increase in tissue acidity of these Crassulacean acid metabolism plants. The acidity change was 90% saturated for a total daytime PAR of about 22 mol m-2, which indicates that the vertical stems of cacti are often light-limited in the desert.PAR interception by a cactus with ribs of various depths was simulated. Ribbing led to more surface area but a lower PAR per unit area, so net carbon gain was little influenced.Although the cladodes of Opuntia basilaris Engelm. and Bigel. var. basilaris were randomly oriented, those of another platyopuntia, O. chlorotica Engelm. and Bigel, preferentially faced northsouth. Compared to facing east-west, cladodes facing N-S would receive 52% more PAR at the winter solstice, a time when water is generally available and overheating is not a problem in the Mojave desert habitat of O. chlorotica.The maximum height of Stenocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Gibs. & Horak varied from 0.7 m in northern Baja California (31°52'N) to 4.1 m at 23°47'N. Stem height was positively correlated (r 2=0.93) with the height of the surrounding vegetation and negatively correlated (r 2=0.91) with the PAR 1 m above the ground. The great plasticity in stem height permits S. gummosus to obtain sufficient PAR in the presence of subtropical trees in the southern part of its range and yet expend less biomass to reach unobstructed PAR in the northern part of its range, where the surrounding vegetation is much shorter.
Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity with SL327 does not prevent acquisition, expression, and extinction of ethanol-seeking behavior in mice

Although extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity is essential for the acquisition of a variety of associative learning tasks, its involvement in the acquisition and extinction of ethanol (EtOH)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) remains unknown. Therefore, in these experiments we examined the effects of the ERK-kinase (MEK)-inhibitor SL327 on acquisition and expression of EtOH-CPP as well as the dose- and time-dependent effects of SL327 on CPP extinction. The parametric findings of Experiment 1 showed that three 30-min (but not 15- or 5-min) non-reinforced trials were required to completely extinguish EtOH-CPP in male, DBA/2J mice. In Experiments 2 & 3, SL327 (30 and 50 mg/kg), administered 30 or 90 min prior to extinction trials, was unable to impair EtOH-CPP extinction. Experiment 4 showed that SL327 (50 mg/kg) had no effect on acquisition of EtOH-CPP or the development of EtOH-induced sensitization during conditioning. When administered prior to testing in Experiments 5 & 6, SL327 did not alter expression of EtOH-CPP but did reduce test activity. Importantly, SL327 significantly reduced pERK protein levels when assessed in the dorsal striatum and motor cortex (Experiment 7). Together, these data suggest that EtOH-related learning and EtOH reward in mice, as assessed with CPP, are not impaired by the systemically administered MEK-inhibitor SL327.
Interactive seismic facies classification using textural attributes and neural networks

In this study, we present an application of textural analysis to 3D seismic volumes. Specifically, we combine image textural analysis with a neural network classification to quantitatively map seismic facies in three-dimensional data. Key advantages of this approach are: 1. it produces a detailed 3D facies classification volume (whereas manual seismic facies classifications are typically 2D maps), 2. it enables rapid and quantitative anlaysis of the increasingly large seismic volumes available to the interpreter, and 3. it eliminates many time-consuming tasks, thereby freeing the interpreter to focus on determining seismic facies and integrating them into a geologic framework. Finally, we extend our textural analysis-based seismic facies classification technique to interpretation of AVO attribute volumes, such as “A + B” (AVO intercept + gradient), to reduce the inherent nonuniqueness of seismic facies to geologic and lithologic facies, and simplify the facies analysis of complex, mixed-impedance reservoirs. Seismic facies analysis is a powerful qualitative technique used in stratigraphic analysis from seismic data and in hydrocarbon exploration. Seismic facies are groups of seismic reflections whose parameters (such as amplitude, continuity, reflection geometry, and frequency) differ from those of adjacent groups. Seismic facies analysis involves two key steps—(1) seismic facies classification (i.e., seismic facies are defined, and lateral/vertical extents delineated) and (2) interpretation (i.e., analysis of vertical/lateral associations, map patterns, and calibration to wells) to produce a geologic and depositional interpretation. This interpretation step is required because there is a nonunique relationship between seismic data, seismic facies, and depositional environment or rock property relationships (Figure 1). Figure 1. Examples of seismic facies and potential associated geologic fill. A seismic facies can be defined as a stratigraphic region in the seismic data volume that has a characteristic reflection pattern distinguishable from those of other areas on the basis of reflection amplitude, continuity, geometry, and/or internal configuration of reflectors. Inherent in …
The History of Risk "Measurement"

Abstract In economics, finance and accounting, risk is "measured" probabilistically. Relative frequency probabilities, however, are subject to a number of severe problems that make their use as measures of risk very questionable. From the current literature in economics, finance and accounting, one would never know that these problems existed, but the historical record is quite different. By 1930, early enthusiasm for the potential applications of probability to economic issues was extinguished as economists acknowledged the insurmountable problems. But in 1930, mathematicians who had crossed over into economics began sidestepping these problems, and by 1950, they had been largely forgotten. To admit the problems now would mean abandoning modern portfolio theory and the asset valuation models which form the core of much of finance and capital markets research in accounting, despite their dismal empirical record.
A Typology of Disability Harassment in Secondary Schools

The purpose of this exploratory study of disability harassment was to develop a typology of disability harassment experiences anchored in the perspectives of students with disabilities who have experienced harassment in urban, suburban, and exurban-rural schools. Based on focus group interviews with four groups of young people with various disabilities and two groups of parents of students with disabilities, the authors identified six major types of disability harassment and placed them on a continuum from least assertive to most aggressive. For each of the six types, signature behaviors were identified as was their respective frequency. Based on their findings, the authors propose several practical strategies for secondary schools (Grades 6—12) aimed at helping to address the multiple faces of this formidable challenge.
Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses

To test for differing effects of plant species on nitrogen dynamics, we planted monocultures of five perennial grasses (Agropyron repens, Agrostis scabra, Poa pratensis, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Andropogon gerardi) on a series of soils ranging from sand to black soil. In situ net N mineralization was measured in the monocultures for three years. By the third year, initially identical soils under different species had diverged up to 10-fold in annual net mineralization. This divergence corresponded to differences in the tissue N concentrations, belowground lignin concentrations, and belowground biomasses of the species. These results demonstrate the potential for strong feedbacks between the species composition of vegetation and N cycling. If individual plant species can affect N mineralization and N availability, then competition for N may lead to positive or negative feedbacks between the processes controlling species composition and ecosystem processes such as N and C cycling. These feedbacks create the potential for alternative stable states for the vegetation-soil system given the same initial abiotic conditions.
The future of interlending

This keynote address identifies and describes ten trends in interlending and document supply over the period 2003 through to 2008.
Lymphatic fatty acids from rats fed human milk and formula supplemented with fish oil

Absorption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from human milk and formula supplemented with fish oil was studied to determine if the distribution route into lymphatic triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid (PL) varies with the dietary source. Rats were intraduodenally infused with human milk or formula containing graded amounts of fish oil (0, 0.5, or 1.0 g/100 mL), and the mesenteric lymph was collected. Arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) levels in lymphatic TAG and PL were highest from animals fed human milk. In the animals infused with formula containing fish oil, as the amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20∶5n−3) infused increased, there was essentially an equal increase of EPA associated with both lymphatic TAG and PL. Animals intraduodenally infused with human milk or formula without fish oil had only minor levels (less than 1%) of EPA in the lymph. In the fish oil-treated animals, as the amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3) infused increased, there was a 16-fold increase in DHA associated with lymphatic TAG, but only a 3-fold increase in DHA associated with lymphatic PL. The highest level of DHA in rats infused with human milk was observed in lymphatic PL. Hence, fish oil can be added to formula as a source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the distribution of fatty acids into lymphatic TAG and PL is not the same as that observed with human milk.
Divergence measurements of soft-x-ray laser beam.

The divergence of the CVI 182 A lasing line generated in a rapidly recombining, magnetically confined plasma column was measured using soft x-ray spectrometers equipped with multichannel detectors. In addition to measurements of the relative divergence, an absolute divergence of approx.9 mrad at a magnetic field of 20 kG and approx.5 mrad at a magnetic field of 35 or 50 kG was obtained by a direct scan of the 182 A axial radiation. Based on this data a peak 182 A intensity of approx.100 kW is obtained. Calculations of the spatial distribution of gain in the plasma were in very good agreement with the experimental data.
Differentiating assertiveness, aggressiveness, and shyness: a factor analysis.

30 graduate teaching assistants rated 419 students (171 men, 248 women) on assertiveness, aggressiveness, and shyness. A maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis produced a single factor; assertiveness and aggressiveness variables correlated positively and the shyness variable correlated negatively with the factor. These results are interpreted as indicating confusion among lay raters as to whether a syndrome of motoric behavior is assertive or aggressive.
Current and Evolving Management of Traumatic Brain Injury

This article discuss the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury and increased intracranial pressure, the consequences and treatment of secondary insults, and strategies for the medical and nursing management of the patient who has traumatic brain injury.
SELECTIVITY IN RETRO-ENE VS. CYCLOPENTENE REARRANGEMENTS OF A CIS-METHYLVINYLCYCLOPROPANE

Abstract The thermolytic behavior of 6β-ethenyl-1β-methyl-bicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-2-one was examined at a wide range of temperatures and with diverse catalytic surfaces. Conditions are reported to effect selectivity between the retro-ene and the cyclopentene modes of rearrangement. The synthetic scope of these transformations is indicated.