cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internally club and approachable for larger structures

We generalize the notion of a fat subset of a regular cardinal κ to a fat subset of Pκ(X), where κ ⊆ X. Suppose μ < κ, μ<μ = μ, and κ is supercompact. Then there is a generic extension in which κ = μ++, and for all regular λ ≥ μ++, there are stationarily many N in [H(λ)]μ which are internally club but not internally approachable. Suppose μ is an infinite cardinal. A set N is internally approachable with length μ if N is the union of an increasing and continuous sequence 〈Ni : i < μ〉 of sets with size μ such that for all α < μ, 〈Ni : i < α〉 is in N . A related idea is that of an internally club set. A set N with size μ is internally club if N ∩ [N ] contains a club subset of [N ]. In other words, N is the union of an increasing and continuous sequence 〈Ni : i < μ〉 of sets with size μ such that each Ni is in N . Foreman and Todorcevic [3] asked whether the properties of being internally approachable and internally club are equivalent. In [5] we proved that under PFA, for all regular λ ≥ ω2 there are stationarily many structures N ≺ H(λ) with size א1 such that N is internally club but not internally approachable. In this paper we generalize this result to larger structures. Theorem 1. Suppose μ < κ, μ = μ, and κ is supercompact. Then there is a μ-closed, μ-proper forcing poset which collapses κ to become μ, and forces that for all regular λ ≥ μ, there are stationarily many N in [H(λ)]μ+ which are internally club but not internally approachable. In the model we construct to prove Theorem 1, we have that 2 = μ. In fact, if 2 = μ, then any elementary substructure N ≺ H(λ) with size μ and which contains μ is internally club iff it is internally approachable; this is shown at the end of the paper. In Section 1 we review notation and some background material. Section 2 generalizes the idea of a fat subset of a regular cardinal κ to a fat subset of Pκ(X), where κ ⊆ X. Section 3 presents the basic forcing poset we use in our consistency result, and in Section 4 we describe how to iterate this poset with a mixed support forcing iteration. In Section 5 we prove Theorem 1.
Isolation and quantitation of lectins from vegetable oils

The factor(s) responsible for the unexplained atherogenicity of peanut oil remain to be elucidated. To this end, we developed a technique to determine if lectin was present in the oil and to quantitate its concentration. This technique was applied to other vegetable oils including corn, soybean, and sunflower. Crude, unprocessed corn and soybean oils were also analyzed for lectin content. The crude oils contained from 858 to 2983 μg lectin per kg, while the refined oils contained 24 to 55 μg/kg of biologically active lectin. The identities of the isolated lectins were confirmed by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The biological significance of the presence of lectin in these oils remains to be determined.
Assimilation of JGOFS EqPac and SeaWiFS data into a marine ecosystem model of the Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract A five-component (phytoplankton, zooplankton, ammonium, nitrate and detritus) ecosystem model developed for the central equatorial Pacific is reformulated in a data assimilative mode, using the variational adjoint technique. This method minimizes model/data misfits by adjusting six model parameters that were selected by assessing parameter co-dependencies and model sensitivity to parameter variations. Through the assimilation of cruise data from the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Equatorial Pacific Process Study (EqPac), and ocean color data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), it is possible to reduce model/data misfit by estimating optimal parameters governing processes such as phytoplankton and zooplankton mortality, zooplankton grazing, phytoplankton growth, and the recycling of nutrients from detritus remineralization. The success of this approach is evident in that similar parameter sets are obtained even when independent data sets are assimilated. For example, the assimilation of in situ EqPac (depth-resolved) data from the 1991–1992 El Nino produces a parameter set that is nearly identical to that estimated via the assimilation of remotely sensed (surface) SeaWiFS data collected during the 1997–1998 El Nino. The assimilation of biological data also allows objective determination of whether or not a given model structure is consistent with a specific set of observations. For example, the assimilation process demonstrates that data collected during and after the 1991–1992 El Nino are consistent with the same single-species ecosystem model, thereby suggesting that El Nino conditions may not necessarily be associated with shifts in species composition. In contrast, the increased abundance of diatoms associated with the passage of a tropical instability wave in October 1992 as well as a brief period of macronutrient limitation observed from November 1997 through January 1998 violate key assumptions of the model. Assimilation of data that include these dynamics results in unrealistic simulations of the lower trophic levels. The successful simulation of these particular data sets will require that the model dynamics allow for species composition changes and alternation between macro- and micronutrient limitation. In this way, assimilation of biological data into marine ecosystem models cannot necessarily overcome inappropriate model dynamics and structure; rather, it can serve to guide model reformulation.
Matrix metalloproteinases and their role in pancreatic cancer: a review of preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have received much attention in recent years for their role in a variety of malignancies. Pancreatic cancer is no exception; MMP-2 and MMP-9 show high levels of expression in clinical and experimental models. Inhibition of MMPs has shown great promise with synthetic inhibitors, such as BB-94, as tumorostatic agents in preclinical models, particularly when these are combined with gemcitabine. These findings have led to several clinical trials using the MMP inhibitors Marimastat and BAY 12-9566. Herein, we discuss the roles of MMPs and their inhibition in pancreatic cancer.
The potential for the "dark side" of leadership in post-communist countries

Abstract Over the years, much attention has been devoted to the functional aspects of leadership. In light of the continuing crises facing transforming former communist countries to some form of capitalism, a better understanding and analysis of the so-called “dark-side” of leadership now seems appropriate. After setting the historical and cultural foundations in these transforming countries, the characteristics and reasons for the potential of this negative side of leadership is examined. This article concludes by analyzing and making observations about the applicability of positive, more democratic leadership approaches in post-communist countries.
Phosphorus and Other Soil Components in a Dairy Effluent Sprayfield within the Central Florida Ridge

There is concern that P from dairy effluent sprayfields will leach into groundwater beneath Suwannee River basins in northern Florida. Our purpose was to describe the effects of dairy effluent irrigation on the movement of soil P and other nutrients within the upper soil profile of a sprayfield over three 12-mo cycles (April 1998-March 2001). Effluent P rates of 70, 110, and 165 kg ha(-1) cycle(-1) were applied to forages that were grown year-round. The soil is a deep, excessively drained sand (thermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamment). Mean P concentration in soil water below the rooting zone (152-cm depth) was < or = 0.1 mg L(-1) during 11 3-mo periods. Mehlich-1-extractable (M1) P, Al, and Ca in the topsoil increased over time but did not change in subsoil depths of 25 to 51, 51 to 71, 71 to 97, and 97 to 122 cm. Topsoil Ca increased as effluent rate increased. High Ca levels were found in dairy effluent (avg.: 305 mg L(-1)) and supplemental irrigation water (avg.: 145 mg L(-1)) which likely played a role in retaining P in the topsoil. An effect of effluent rate on P and Al concentrations in the topsoil was not detected, probably due to large and variable quantities present at project initiation. The P retention capacity (i.e., Al plus Fe) increased in the topsoil because Al increased. Dairy effluent contained Al (avg.: 31 mg L(-1)). Phosphorus saturation ratio (PSR) increased over time in the topsoil but not in subsoil layers. Regardless of effluent rate, the P retention capacity and PSR of subsoil, which contained 119 to 229 mg kg(-1) of Al, should be taken into account when assessing the risk of P moving below the rooting zone of most forage crops.
The history and prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder with special reference to children and adolescents

Abstract This article reviews the history and prevalence of PTSD with special reference to children and adolescents. Historical examples as well as an account of the way that this form of psychiatric morbidity has been represented in various models of classification are presented. Information about the prevalence of PTSD among youth who were exposed to war-related stressors, criminal and/or deliberate victimization, and accidents or disasters is also provided. Recommendations for future epidemiological research involving traumatized youth are also made.
Unknown, placeholder, or variable: what is x ?

One of the most significant steps in learning algebra is understanding the change in the role of letters in mathematical expressions from unknowns to variables. We describe the historical development of this change in usage, starting with the ancient use of mathematical unknowns, detailing several important changes in practice that allowed for the idea of the placeholder, the birth of symbolic algebra, and the development of the variable. Focusing on these changes in practice, we interpret some classroom examples of 8th-grade students who interpret letters in terms of their experience with unknowns, rather than in terms of variables, to the confusion and dismay of the teachers. We also discuss how particular curricular and pedagogical treatments can support student learning by deliberately focusing on these changes in practice in the transition from unknowns to variables in the middle grades.
Generator insulation systems development for hypersonic aircraft

PRESENT and future aircraft requirements for electric power are constantly increasing, with operational requirements of speed, altitude, and equipment imposing greater loads on the electric generating systems. The need therefore exists for generators capable of operating at higher temperatures than those presently available.
Improving wireless link simulation using multilevel markov models

Modeling the behavior of 802.15.4 links is a nontrivial problem, because 802.15.4 links experience different level of dynamics at short and long time scales. This makes the design of a suitable model that combines the different dynamics at different time scales a nontrivial problem. We propose a novel multilevel approach, the MM on average and 6.6% in the worst case. Moreover, the simulated links from our proposed approach were able to account for long runs of 1's and 0's as observed in empirical data traces.
Surgical resection of non-small cell carcinoma after treatment for small cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background . Development of non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in patients previously treated for small cell carcinoma (SCLC/NSCLC) is well described; however, little is known about clinical outcome. Methods . A single-institution 20-year review was performed. Patient characteristics and survival for SCLC/NSCLC patients were compared with those for control patients matched for stage, resection, and previous malignancy. Results . One thousand four hundred four patients with small cell carcinoma were identified, and 29 underwent therapy for metachronous NSCLC: 11 of 29 patients underwent surgical resection, 10 of these 11 (90%) were stage I. Compared with surgically treated stage I NSCLC patients, SCLC/NSCLC patients were more likely to have squamous histology (70% versus 35%, p = 0.026); and subanatomic resection (90% versus 17.4%, p p = 0.003) and stage I NSCLC patients receiving wedge resection (24.53 versus 58.39 months, p = 0.006). Survival was similar to NSCLC patients with a history of previous treated extrathoracic solid malignancy. Conclusions . Surgical resection for SCLC/NSCLC patients is feasible, but poorer prognosis is noted when compared with stage-matched control patients. Surgical candidates should be carefully chosen, and alternative local control modalities considered.
Tiling the torus and other space forms

We consider graphs on two-dimensional space forms which are quotient graphs Γ/F, where Γ is an infinite, 3-connected, face, vertex, or edge transitive planar graph andF is a subgroup of Aut(Γ), all of whose elements act freely on Γ. The enumeration of quotient graphs with transitivity properties reduces to computing the normalizers in Aut(Γ) of the subgroupsF. Results include: all isogonal toriodal polyhedra belong to the two families found by Grunbaum and Shephard; there are no transitive graphs on the Mobius band; there is a graph on the Klein bottle whose automorphism group acts transitively on its faces, edges, and vertices.
Relative Serializability

Serializability is too strong a correctness criterion and unnecessarily restricts concurrency. We use the semantic information of a transaction to provide different atomicity views of the transaction to other transactions. The proposed approach improves concurrency and allows interleavings among transactions which are nonserializable, but which nonetheless preserve the consistency of the database and are acceptable to the users. We develop a graph-based tool whose acyclicity is both a necessary and sufficient condition for the correctness of an execution. Our theory encompasses earlier proposals that incorporate semantic information of transactions. Furthermore, it is the first approach that provides an efficient graph-based tool for recognizing correct schedules without imposing any restrictions on the application domain. Our approach is widely applicable to many advanced database applications such as systems with long-lived transactions and collaborative environments.
Television advertising and childrens' attitudes toward proprietary medicine

The effect of exposure to television drug advertising on children's attitudes toward proprietary medicines and medicine use was investigated in two experiments. The first experiment presented the commercials in a realistic program context fashion. The second experiment presented the commercials in a more direct and controlled manner. Using drug questionnaires, the subjects were assessed for their attitudes regarding the use of proprietary drugs. The results of both studies indicated that exposure to drug advertising had little influence on children's attitudes. Furthermore, children preferred not to watch drug commercials in comparison to a TV program or other types of commercials.
A Bioassay for Measuring Crude Nematode Extract Which Induced Trap Formation in a Predaceous Fungus

A bioassay for quantitatively measuring the ability of a nematode to induce trap formation in a predaceous fungus is described. The bioassay was sensitive to changes in the crude nemin concentration and is specific for the crude nemin. In addition, the bioassay can be performed rapidly and inexpensively. The bioassay provides an important tool that can be used in measuring nematode-predaceous fungus interrelationships.
Processing and microstructural characterization of porous biocompatible protein polymer thin films

The process of electrostatic fiber formation, or electrospinning, was used to create biocompatible thin films for use in implantable devices. The morphology of the thin films was found to depend on process parameters including solution concentration, applied electric field strength, deposition distance, and deposition time. The microstructure of the coatings was examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), with electrospun filaments being weakly oriented along the fiber axis. A shish kebab model for the filament morphology was proposed. The electrospinning process was shown to be a means of creating porous thin films with structural gradients and controlled morphology that could enhance biocompatibility.
Hydrocholeresis in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver

The construction and operation of a simplified isolated rat liver perfusion apparatus consisting of readily available components are described. In 30 determinations this procedure successfully maintained isolated rat liver function to a degree equivalent to that obtained by other investigators.
Evaluation of commercial soil test kits for field use

Abstract This investigation was conducted to compare nutrients extracted by four different commercial soil testing kits with nutrients extracted by laboratory procedures commonly used in Southeastern United States soil testing laboratories. Ten soils with a range in pH and nutrient level were chosen for evaluation of the kits to separate the soils as deficient or sufficient in nutrient status. No significant difference was found between soil pH as determined by LaMotte and VPI&SU, while Simplex, Hellige‐Truog and Sudbury kits were significantly different from VPI&SU. Significant differences existed between all commercial kits and VPI&SU for soil P and K, while LaMotte, Simplex, and VPI&SU were not significantly different for extractable NO3‐N. The LaMotte kit was found to come closest in separating deficient from sufficient soils in pH, P, and K according to VPI&SU calibrations.
Glucocorticoid Hormone Levels Increase with Group Size and Parasite Load in Cliff Swallows

Animals often cope with adverse events by releasing glucocorticoid hormones, which in turn promote increased energy assimilation. In captive animals, crowding also leads to increased glucocorticoid activity, probably because of increased levels of social competition. We investigated how group size and ectoparasite infestations affected endogenous levels of the glucocorticoid hormone, corticosterone, in colonial cliff swallows, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, in southwestern Nebraska, U.S.A. Parasites were removed from some colonies by fumigating nests. Baseline levels of corticosterone in breeding adults varied significantly with whether parasites were present, colony size (measured by total number of active nests at a site) and nesting stage. Across all analyses, birds from fumigated colonies averaged significantly lower baseline levels of corticosterone. These levels in adults increased with colony size at nonfumigated sites, especially during the period when nestlings were being fed, but no relation or the opposite one was found for birds in fumigated colonies. Baseline corticosterone levels were unrelated to sex, age, body weight or testosterone levels in adults. Corticosterone concentrations tended to increase during a bad-weather event when food was scarce. Patterns in nestling and recently fledged juveniles were consistent with those in adults. The increased baseline levels of corticosterone in birds of larger colonies appear related to the larger number of parasites there. Higher levels of corticosterone probably facilitate increased allocation of time and energy to foraging and greater energy assimilation during challenging events such as bad weather, parasitism by blood-feeding bugs in large colonies and the period when young are becoming independent of their parents.
The behavior equivalence problem in within-subject treatment comparisons

Within-subject comparisons of multiple treatment effects raise a variety of issues for applied researchers. They include potential nonreversibility of behaviors, practice or habituation effects resulting from repeated presentations of the same stimulus, and the possibility of multiple-treatment interference. It has recently been suggested that the use of item cohorts with equivalent behavioral difficulty addresses those problems. In order to meet the needs of researchers whose primary interest is in domestic, vocational, or other nonacademic skills, a procedure is described for estimating equivalent difficulty for different vocational preparation tasks.
Survival of Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 on Vacuum-Packaged Raw Beef Treated with Polylactic Acid, Lactic Acid, and Nisin

The antimicrobial effect of 2% low molecular weight polylactic acid (LMW-PLA), 2% lactic acid (LA), 200 IU nisin (Nisaplin)/mL and combinations of nisin and each acid on Escherichia coli O157:H7 on raw beef was investigated. Fresh beef, inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and treated with each solution, was vacuum packaged and stored at 4 °C for 28 d. At day 28, counts of samples treated with LMW-PLA, NPLA, LA, and NLA were significantly reduced to 3.13, 2.91, 2.99, and 2.83 log 10 CFU/cm 2 , respectively. However, the antimicrobial effect of LMW-PLA and LA was not significantly different from each other and Nisaplin did not enhance the effects of either acid against this organism. L'effet antimicrobien sur E.coli de la nisine, de l'acide polylactique et de l'acide lactique seuls ou de la nisine combinee a chaque acide est observe dans des morceaux de boeuf. La viande de boeuf est emballee sous vide et entreposee pendant 28 jours a 4°. L'acide polylactique et l'acide lactique ont des activites antimicrobiennes equivalentes. La presence de nisine n'ameliore pas cette activite.
Gene Transfer of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Prolongs Murine Cardiac Allograft Survival by Inhibiting Cell-Mediated Immunity

ABSTRACT Delivery of immunosuppressants directly to allografts using gene transfer and gene therapy approaches may inhibit immune activation while avoiding the systemic toxicity of conventional imm...
A.numerical simulation of gas flow during coal/gas outbursts

A model of the gas flow in airways during an instantaneous outburst of coal and gas is formulated and solved numerically using MacCormack's explicit finite-difference scheme. This model is based on the assumption that geological structures, in-situ stresses and high-gas-pressure gradients play important roles in initiating an outburst, with the gas content and gas-pressure gradients being the most dominant factors. The fluid-dynamic processes that occur after an outburst are computed by the numerical integration of the complete time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations. The mixture velocity, the density and the gas-concentration profiles in both time and space domains (immediately after an outburst) are presented. The global results are useful in gaining an improved understanding of gas-flow patterns during coal/gas outbursts and in determining the range of the disturbance so that effective methods of control can be developed.
Note on φ/φmax

Formulas are given for a descriptive statistic related to the fourfold-point correlation but having always-attainablelimits ±1.
Progesterone stimulates running wheel activity in adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats.

Abstract Daily treatment with progesterone (5 mg) increased running wheel activity, food intake, and body weight of adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats. These effects of progesterone are quite similar to those of various corticosteroid treatments in adrenalectomized rats reported previously. In addition, the activity-stimulating action of progesterone is just the opposite of its effect in intact and estradiol-primed ovariectomized rats. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the principal role of progesterone in the regulation of body weight is to antagonize the actions of estradiol and that the actions of excessive doses of progesterone in adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats are simply a by-product of its corticosteroidlike, health-promoting properties.
Study of conformations of the adenosine phosphates. I: Adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

Abstract Theoretical studies of the AMP molecule are made in a free and isolated environment with extended Mickel theory (EHT) using the experimentally observed bond lengths and angles, and the experimentally observed torsion angles as a starting conformation. Four torsional degrees of freedom were assumed and all AMP atoms were included in the calculations. Results show that the AMP structure corresponds to an EHT minimum energy configuration when the molecule is isolated from the crystal atoms. This is in contrast with results reported for ATP in the succeeding paper and is attributed to the fact that AMP is crystallized as a free acid. A global minimum, corresponding to a more open structure, is calculated to be more stable than the crystalline form and is lower in energy by 0·05 eV.
Uncertainties in Measurements and Calculations of Nonelastic Cross Sections

Scatter in presently available measurements of the nonelastic cross section indicates that this quantity is rather poorly known (approximately 5–10%). We will show examples of this, together with results from a new technique that shows promise of reducing these uncertainties to ≈2–3% in the range of a few MeV to a few tens of MeV. Comparison of results obtained using this new technique with calculations using various optical potentials suggests that such potentials are not reliable for predicting nonelastic cross sections to better than roughly 5%. In view of these results, we suggest that a limited set of high-precision measurements should be made to clarify the experimental picture and guide the further development of optical models.
Potential Vorticity Diagnosis of the Severe Convective Regime. Part II: The Impact of Idealized PV Anomalies

Abstract Idealized numerical experiments are conducted to understand the effect of upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) anomalies on an environment conducive to severe weather. Anomalies are specified as a single isolated vortex, a string of vortices analogous to a negatively tilted trough, and a pair of string vortices analogous to a position error in a negatively tilted trough. The anomalies are placed adjacent to the tropopause along a strong upper-level jet at a time just prior to a major tornado outbreak and inverted using the nonlinear balance equations. In addition to the expected destabilization beneath and adjacent to a cyclonic PV anomaly, the spatial pattern of the inverted balanced streamfunction and height fields is distorted by the presence of the horizontal PV gradient along the upper-tropospheric jet stream. Streamfunction anomalies are elongated in the cross-jet direction, while height and temperature anomalies are elongated in the along-jet direction. The amplitude of the inverted...
Written narrative characteristics in adults with language impairment.

Purpose Adults with language-based disabilities are known to have deficits in oral language; however, less is known about their written language skills. Two studies were designed to characterize the writing of adults with language-based disabilities. Method In Study 1, 60 adults, 30 with language impairment and 30 with typical language, completed written narratives. Forty-one written language measures were analyzed. In Study 2, the measures that had the most potential for reliably indexing deficits were analyzed in an additional 77 adults. Results Three measures that showed significant between-group differences and had robust effect sizes in Study 1, total number of verbs, 1-part verbs, and errors, were applied to the samples in Study 2. A group difference for percentage of errors was replicated in the second sample. A discriminant analysis identified 75% of the adults with language impairment and 30% of the adults with typical language as having an impairment based on the percent of written errors. Concl...
Viscosity Discrimination: A Comparison of an Adaptive Two-Alternative Forced-Choice and an Adjustment Procedure

Differential thresholds for viscosity were measured in ten subjects with the use of an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice procedure. An electromagnetic linear motor was connected to each wrist ...
Minding the competition: racial differences in cardiovascular risk.

Although we have made great strides in reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease over the past 50 years, blacks in the United States still face increased cardiovascular mortality, along with a disproportionate burden of risk factors.1–3 However, if race-based comparisons become the basis for action, it is essential that they be measured and interpreted accurately. Blacks experience higher mortality rates of noncardiovascular disease (non-CVD).2 Some have argued that without accounting for non-CVD related deaths among blacks, epidemiologists may be overestimating the true comparative rate of incident cardiovascular events among blacks. In other words, by failing to mind the competition, we may be overestimating the race-based gap in CVD.4,5 Article see p 50 Historically, researchers and the healthcare community have struggled to reduce the racial gap in cardiovascular risk and outcomes.6–11 Moving disparities research from description to intervention will require discerning potentially mutable mediators of race-based differences. The ideal effort to reduce disparities, though, is to prevent them from ever occurring among all people, irrespective of race. Understanding the temporal order of events in a population will identify the seminal event on which to focus preventive efforts. In CVD, this strategy may be particularly appropriate, because the first event is highly predictive of recurrent events. Additionally, the first event has the potential to be fatal or cause significant morbidity. In this issue of Circulation , Feinstein and colleagues12 present a report on racial differences in incident cardiovascular events and deaths. In their sophisticated analyses, they focused on (1) competing risks due to higher rates of non-CVD deaths among blacks and (2) the order of events, non-CVD death versus the particular subtype of cardiovascular event. The investigators followed the longitudinal course of black and white participants in 3 large multisite cohort …
Cytomegalovirus Infection Prevalence in Perinatally HIV Exposed Children 935

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in infants and children exposed perinatally to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
A 14CO2 ratios method for detecting pyruvate carboxylation

Abstract The pattern of oxidative metabolism of pyruvate may be assessed by comparing the steadystate 14 CO 2 production from four isotopes in identical samples. The assay requires measuring the ratios of steady-state 14 CO 2 production from two isotope pairs, [2- 14 C]pyruvate:[3- 14 C]pyruvate and [l- 14 C]acetate:[2- 14 C]acetate. These ratios are defined as the “pyruvate 14 CO 2 ratio” and the “acetate 14 CO 2 ratio”, respectively. If pyruvate is metabolized exclusively via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the two ratios will be identical. Alternatively, if any pyruvate enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via pyruvate carboxylation (PC), the pyruvate 14 CO 2 ratio will be less than the acetate 14 CO 2 ratio. If pyruvate enters the TCA cycle only through PC (with oxaloacetate and fumarate in equilibrium) the pyruvate 14 CO 2 ratio will approach a value of 1.0. An equation is presented for the quantitative evaluation of pyruvate oxidation by these two pathways. We have used this method to detect relative changes in the pattern of pyruvate metabolism in rat liver mitochondria produced by exposure to 1 m m octanoyl carnitine, a compound known to alter the PC:PDH activity ratio. The major advantages of the method are (i) that it provides a sensitive method for detecting pyruvate carboxylation at physiological pyruvate concentrations and (ii) that it provides a method for distinguishing between effects on pyruvate transport and effects on pyruvate oxidation.
Changes in free sugar during the germination of pea seeds

Bei biochemischen Untersuchungen wahrend der Keimung vonPisum sativum wurden Veranderungen im Gehalt von freien Zuckern beobachtet. α-Galaktosidase ist das aktivste Enzym unter den verschiedenen Enzymsystemen der Erbsen, die im Anfangsstadium der Keimung Reservezucker verwerten, wobei die Konzentration der Oligosaccharide abnimmt, wahrend diejenige von Saccharose eine Steigerung erfahrt.
Use of an Ion Microbeam to Study Single Event Upsets in Microcircuits

A beam of energetic ions has been used to study the upset sensitivity of various device elements on 16K dynamic RAMs. Small beam defining apertures, ranging in size from 2.5 micrometers in diameter to a 250 by 1100 micrometer rectangular aperture, were used to produce microbeams of protons, helium ions, and nitrogen ions, although most of the work reported here was performed using helium ions. Upset rates were measured as a function of 4He ion energy from 1.6 to 3.5 MeV on different areas on the same device and on devices from different manufacturers. Different threshold energies and sensitivities were found for sense amplifiers, normal cell areas, and inverted cell areas. In the course of the upset measurements an important new effect was observed, namely that the sensitivity of microcircuits to single event upsets can be increased as a result of the accumulation of total dose in the device.
MDR-TB—Its characteristics and control in Asia-Pacific rim symposium in USJCMSP 10th international conference on emerging infectious diseases in the Pacific rim

The strategy of directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) is achieving substantial progress in coverage and quality improvements worldwide. However, the problem of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a new challenge to TB control in both developing and industrialized countries. The effort of various countries of the Pacific Rim to fight this problem, one of the negative progenies from the 20th century, was a major theme of the conference. Asia, WHO's Southwest Asia and Western Pacific Regions, combined, account globally for almost 60% of the newly occurring MDR-TB cases. However, the problem has likely been overlooked, as it was masked by taking averages for countries or wider regions. In this way, we may have lost sight of "hot zones" with extremely high prevalence of MDR-TB in smaller areas or in population segments. The problem was basically a result of the low-quality treatment program, but recently it may be amplified in some areas by the HIV epidemic that is another new challenge to TB strategies. So far, developing countries have not been taking active measures to manage this problem. However, some countries, such as the Philippines and Peru, have undertaken aggressive efforts, supported technically and financially by the new international mechanisms, such as the Stop TB Partnership and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and Malaria. These efforts would be more effective if there were further technical innovation in diagnosis and treatment, supported by a strong political commitment.
The synthesis and biological properties of [I-deaminopenicillamine]-oxytocin deuterated in the I-position

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis of 3- S -benzylmercapto-3-methyl- d 8 -butanoic-2,2,4,4,4- d 5 acid ( S -benzyl-deaminopenicillamine- d s ) and [1-deaminopenicillamine- d s ]-oxytocin. Within experimental error the deuterated oxytocin analog possessed the same anti-oxytocic activity as the protio derivative [1-deaminopenicillamine]-oxytocin.
On the Transfer of Prior Tests or Study Events to Subsequent Study

Tests, as learning events, are often more effective than are additional study opportunities, especially when recall is tested after a long retention interval. To what degree, though, do prior test or study events support subsequent study activities? We set out to test an implication of Bjork and Bjork's (1992) new theory of disuse-that, under some circumstances, prior study may facilitate subsequent study more than does prior testing. Participants learned English-Swahili translations and then underwent a practice phase during which some items were tested (without feedback) and other items were restudied. Although tested items were better recalled after a 1-week delay than were restudied items, this benefit did not persist after participants had the opportunity to study the items again via feedback. In fact, after this additional study opportunity, items that had been restudied earlier were better recalled than were items that had been tested earlier. These results suggest that measuring the memorial consequences of testing requires more than a single test of retention and, theoretically, a consideration of the differing status of initially recallable and nonrecallable items.
Overt integrity tests versus personality-based measures of delinquency: An empirical comparison

This study examined the ability of both an overt integrity test and a personality-based measure of delinquency to predict on-the-job theft and counterproductivity. A heterogeneous sample of 105 employees anonymously completed both tests and a criterion checklist that included a 9-item theft subscale and a 12-item counterproductivity subscale. Results indicated that the overt integrity test was a superior predictor of both on-the-job theft and drug abuse compared to the personality-based measure. The overt integrity test was also a slightly better predictor of general counterproductivity. These findings and their implications are discussed.
Regulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin by Ca2+ in colon carcinoma is dependent on calcium-sensing receptor expression and function

An siRNA directed against the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) was used to down-regulate this protein in CBS colon carcinoma cells. In additional studies, we utilized a variant of the parental CBS line that demonstrates CaSR expression but does not upregulate this protein in response to extracellular Ca2+. In neither the siRNA-transfected cells nor the Ca2+-nonresponsive variant cells did inclusion of Ca2+ in the culture medium inhibit proliferation or induce morphological alterations. Extracellular Ca2+ also failed to induce E-cadherin production or a shift in β-catenin from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. In mock-transfected cells and in a Ca2+-responsive variant line derived from the same parental CBS cells, Ca2+ treatment resulted in growth-reduction. This was accompanied by increased E-cadherin production and a shift in β-catenin distribution from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. Additionally, down-regulation of c-myc and cyclin D1 expression was observed in mock-transfected cells and in the Ca2+-responsive variant line (along with reduced T cell factor transcriptional activation). Neither c-myc nor cyclin D1 was significantly down-regulated in the siRNA-transfected cells or in the Ca2+-nonresponsive variant cells upon Ca2+ stimulation. In histological sections of human colon carcinoma CaSR was significantly reduced as compared to the level in normal colonic crypt epithelial cells. Where CaSR expression was high, strong surface staining for E-cadherin and β-catenin was observed. Where CaSR expression was reduced, β-catenin surface expression was likewise reduced. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Further studies on the effects of centrophenoxine on lipofuscin pigment in neuroblastoma cells in culture: an electron microscopic study.

Abstract Previous studies in our laboratory, using light microscopy, indicated that lipofuscin is formed in aging neuroblastoma cells in culture and that the addition of cent]ophenoxine to the culture media reduced cellular pigment formation. The present study, using electron microscopic methods, confirms the gradual accumulation of lipofuscin pigment as well as the ability of centrophenoxine to reduce lipofuscin accumulation in neuroblastoma cells.
[14C] distribution in glucose formed from pyruvate in rat hepatocyte

Abstract 1. 1. Hepatocytes from fasted rats were incubated with 10 mM pyruvate plus 2mM octanoate together with [2-14C] or [3-14C] pyruvate or propionate, and the [14C] distribution in the glucose formed was determined by degradation. 2. 2. Equilibration in carbons 5 and 6 of glucose formed from the [14C]pyruvates was approximately 80%, in contrast to the low extent (a 25%) of equilibration reported by Mullhofer et al. [Eur. J. Biochem.75, 331–341 (1977)] under similar conditions using [2-14C]pyruvate.
Influence of external environments on fracture toughness of epoxy resin

Crack propagation in an epoxy resin in the presence of organic solvents was investigated. Fracture toughness (KIC, a critical stress intensity factor) of the epoxy resin in various external environments was measured using a double cantilever beam specimen. Fracture toughness for initiation (KICi) of the resin in the presence of organic solvents was larger than that in the absence of solvents, and the epoxy resin showed a minimum value of KICi in the presence of the organic solvent whose solubility parameter was about 11 (cal/cm3)1/2. This was due to large plastic deformation at a crack tip and the yield strength was lowered by exposure to organic solvents. The former increases KIC, while the latter decreases KIC. Fracture surfaces of the resin fractured in solvents suggest that a crack grew slightly when accompanied by a large plastic deformation, and then propagated at high speed.
Coordinate transformation and model reduction for efficient simulation of coupled circuit-field problems

We present a new algorithm to transform any complex system of linear first-order ODEs or second-order undamped ODEs, resulting from the discretization of field PDEs, into 1-D equivalent circuit system. This transformation algorithm offers an extremely simple and convenient way to incorporate field problems in circuit simulators to solve coupled circuit-field problems. We also present a model reduction strategy based on the proposed coordinate transformation algorithm. Numerical example involving a voltage regulator module with MOSFET devices shows a significant reduction of simulation time compared to the solution without using the proposed transformation.
Various X2‐Tests of Homogeneity: Some Comments

Methodological issues in the analysis of incidence rates or prevalence proportions for count data, presented in a form of a sequence of 2×2 tables, corresponding to levels (strata) of a specified variable (risk factor) X, are discussed. Suppose λ1i and λ2i are the incidence rates of an event D in the ith stratum for populations 1 and 2, respectively. The homogeneity (null) hypothesis is formulated in the form: H0:λ1i=λ2i for all i (i = 1, 2, …, I). Three X2-tests for H0 and their theoretical bases are discussed: XTotal2 which is sensitive to alternatives HA :λ1i± λ2i for at least some i; XComb2 which is sensitive to alternatives HA : λ1iλ2i2or λ2i3 for some i and λ1i′ < λ2i′ for some i′ (i≠i′). These statistics satisfy the relation XTotal2 = XComb2 + XDiff2. Also, X′2-statistic for pooled data is calculated, which in conjunction with XComb2 can serve for detecting confounding. Although most of these techniques are known, they are rather scattered in the literature, and not always considered jointly, as it is emphasized in the present paper. It is hoped that these comments will be helpful to biostatisticians as well as to epidemiologists and medical researchers in the analysis of mortality and morbidity data. For illustration, two examples with large sets of epidemiological data are given.
Black Women's Sex Roles: The Social Context for a New Ideology.

This paper proposes a paradigm for understanding black women's sex role ideology. Using interview data the study explores the sex role integration and synthesis of 54 single and two parent families. Variables such as labor force participation patterns, early and present sex role attitudes, role models, and strategies for coordinating family work and paid employment were considered. Results show an integration of traditional and non-traditional roles in the sex role ideology of black women. The findings are discussed in light of role theory and the concept of role strain.
Diltiazem Increases Tacrolimus Concentrations

OBJECTIVE:To describe a patient with increased tacrolimus concentrations due to a diltiazem drug interaction.CASE SUMMARY:A 68-year-old white man, four months following orthotopic liver transplantation secondary to hepatitis C and Laennec's cirrhosis, was admitted to the intensive care unit for diarrhea, dehydration, and atrial fibrillation. He was stabilized on oral tacrolimus 8 mg twice daily, with a whole blood tacrolimus trough concentration of 12.9 ng/mL on admission. He was started on a continuous infusion of diltiazem for one day, followed by 30 mg orally every eight hours. Three days after admission, the patient became delirious, confused, and agitated; he was found to have a whole blood tacrolimus trough concentration of 55 ng/mL. The tacrolimus was withheld and diltiazem was discontinued. The tacrolimus concentrations fell over the next three days to 6.7 ng/mL, with a corresponding improvement in his mental status. The oral tacrolimus was restarted at 3 mg twice daily and increased gradually to ...
Edge detection and segmentation for machine vision

In this paper, we present a novel method called coloring technique for image segmentation. Coloring technique uses the edges detected by the Sobel operator and in many cases successfully identifies the object boundary. This method can be used to eliminate unimportant edges in the background created by clutter and noise while preserving the edges inside the object boundary. The results show that the new method yields superior segmentations compared to conventional segmentation methods.
Active High Power Conversion Efficiency Rectifier With Built-In Dual-Mode Back Telemetry in Standard CMOS Technology

In this paper, we present an active rectifier with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) implemented in a 0.5- mum 5 V standard CMOS technology with two modes of built-in back telemetry; short- and open-circuit. As a rectifier, it ensures a PCE > 80%, taking advantage of active synchronous rectification technique in the frequency range of 0.125-1 MHz. The built-in complementary back telemetry feature can be utilized in implantable microelectronic devices (IMD), wireless sensors, and radio frequency identification (RFID) applications to reduce the silicon area, increase the data rate, and improve the reading range and robustness in load shift keying (LSK).
Molecular markers for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection.

Abstract Despite a battery of tests available for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection, as yet, no gold standard has been identified. Our purpose was to measure inflammatory proteins in synovial fluid from patients undergoing revision arthroplasty for septic or aseptic failure. We analyzed 74 synovial fluid samples: 31 infected and 43 uninfected, based on clinical and laboratory criteria. Proteomics analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted on 46 inflammatory proteins for each sample. Of 46 proteins, 5 (interleukin 6, interleukin 8, α 2 -macroglobulin, C-reactive protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor) had an area under the curve greater than 0.90. This prospective study has demonstrated promising results for the use of molecular markers in diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Future studies will focus on designing assays with these proteins in mind.