cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NONE OF US IS AS LAZY AS ALL OF US

In this paper we apply theory and research from sociology and social psychology to the problem of collective information sharing and exchange on the internet. We investigate the relationships between pre-existing dispositions to be cautious towards others, the propensity to exert more or less effort as a function of group affiliation, and contribution towards a collective goal. We find that individuals with average or lower levels of general caution are more likely to contribute to a collective pool of information, providing support for Yamagishi's (2001) argument that less cautious individuals exhibit a type of social intelligence by engaging in risky but potentially rewarding social interactions. Consistent with the literature on social loafing, we find that abstract group affiliations have a negative effect on information sharing behaviour. However, the effect of group affiliation is mediated by one's level of general caution. We argue that pre-dispositions to engage in socially risky situations are a ...
On the Problems of Political Science and the Nonsense of Quantitative Ideology Models

Quantitative scholars of the Court purport to be engaged in empirical science. Yet, the great majority of works regarded as elite within the political science social network are deficient in one fundamentally critical way: their works do not generate scientific vocabulary. The key feature of science is that it creates a reductionist vocabulary that rigidly designates some phenomenon in the external world (e.g., water is H2O). Words like politics and ideology are not scientific terms. They do not rigidly designate. This causes or contributes to serious disciplinary problems. If scholars want to scientize their field, they have to begin jargonizing their phenomena of interest in the external world. Of particular concern are the works in judicial politics that purport to study the influence of ideology on judicial decision making. Scholarship in this area routinely suffers from the following flaws: (1) the inability of the scholarly community to agree about what phenomenon in the external world its empirical works actually observe; (2) the adoption of perspective science that works not unlike certain forms of creation science; (3) the use of adversarial or group-driven author citation in journal articles; (4) the frequent deployment of reification; and (5) the practice of studying something in the external world with techniques that do not allow counterfactuals to exist. Moreover, any scholar who constructs a quantitative model with ideology as an independent variable is engaging in a kind of nonsense or rhetoric. This is because quantitative methods cannot be used to demonstrate that a person's beliefs or actions are caused by ideology. This is because when the concept of ideology is deployed as a causal assertion, its grammar offers only normative criticism. Science can no more directly observe ideology in this sense of talking than it can concepts like integrity or virtue. The best that ideology scholars can ever hope for, therefore, is good normative criticism. Although behaviorism can contribute to a normative discussion, the simple fact is that quantitative models simply cannot ever directly estimate the effect that ideology has on beliefs or behavior, because this is fundamentally a normative conclusion.
CD11b+ Myeloid Cells are the Key Mediators of Th2 Cell Homing into the Airway in Allergic Inflammation

STAT6-mediated chemokine production in the lung is required for Th2 lymphocyte and eosinophil homing into the airways in allergic pulmonary inflammation, and thus is a potential therapeutic target in asthma. However, the critical cellular source of STAT6-mediated chemokine production has not been defined. In this study, we demonstrate that STAT6 in bone marrow-derived myeloid cells was sufficient for the production of CCL17, CCL22, CCL11, and CCL24 and for Th2 lymphocyte and eosinophil recruitment into the allergic airway. In contrast, STAT6 in airway-lining cells did not mediate chemokine production or support cellular recruitment. Selective depletion of CD11b + myeloid cells in the lung identified these cells as the critical cellular source for the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. These data reveal that CD11b + myeloid cells in the lung help orchestrate the adaptive immune response in asthma, in part, through the production of STAT6-inducible chemokines and the recruitment of Th2 lymphocytes into the airway.
Design of smoother robust controller for nonlinear uncertain systems

Synthesis of smoother robust control for nonlinear uncertain dynamical systems is considered. The existing saturation-type robust controller guarantees asymptotic stability or stability of uniform ultimate boundedness. It is shown that, mainly due to the part of uncertainties that is bounded by a constant, the controller may potentially have a very large rate of change in order to achieve a small ultimate bound for the state. This study, on its gain or the property of its partial derivative, reveals the need for designing smoother nonlinear robust controller along two directions. First, in a recursive design of robust control, fictitious robust control must be designed to be as smooth as possible so that the actual robust control will not have too large of a magnitude for implementation purposes. Second, if the uncertainties are known to have bounded rate of change, it is both practically and theoretically important to design a robust controller which rate of change is limited by that of the uncertainties. The objective of this paper is to design smoother robust controls by providing results on those two topics. >
Class groups of imaginary function fields: The inert case

Let F be a finite field and T a transcendental element over F. An imaginary function field is defined to be a function field such that the prime at infinity is inert or totally ramified. For the totally imaginary case, in a recent paper the second author constructed infinitely many function fields of any fixed degree over F(T) in which the prime at infinity is totally ramified and with ideal class numbers divisible by any given positive integer greater than 1. In this paper, we complete the imaginary case by proving the corresponding result for function fields in which the prime at infinity is inert. Specifically, we show that for relatively prime integers m and n, there are infinitely many function fields K of fixed degree m such that the class group of K contains a subgroup isomorphic to (Z/nZ) m-1 and the prime at infinity is inert.
Cytokine Regulation of Early Lymphohematopoietic Development

A two-step methylcellulose culture provided a method to study the differentiation of murine lymphohematopoietic progenitors. In the presence of two cytokines, one from a group consisting of Steel factor (SF) and flt3/flk2 ligand (FL) and the other from a group consisting of interleukin 6 (IL-6), G-CSF, IL-11 and IL-12, murine lymphohematopoietic progenitors proliferated and generated not only myeloid lineage cells but also committed B cell progenitors. Although somewhat less effectively than SF and FL, IL-4 also synergized with IL-6 or IL-11 in support of B lymphopoiesis. This early process of B lymphopoiesis appears to proceed through three stages: lymphohematopoietic proliferative stage, commitment stage and early B lymphoid proliferative stage. Surprisingly, IL-3 could neither replace nor act synergistically with SF, IL-4 or FL in maintaining the B lymphoid potential of the cells in the primary culture, although IL-3 was very effective in support of multilineage myeloid colony formation. In addition, when added to permissive cytokine combinations, IL-3 inhibited development of the B cell lineage. After screening available lymphohematopoietic cytokines, it was found that IL-1 (both alpha and beta) also has similar inhibitory effects on early B lymphopoiesis. Studies using in vivo transfer of primary colonies suggested that cytokine regulation of commitment to T cell lineage may also be similar to that of B cell lineage.
ATP-stimulated interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor and supercoiled DNA

The receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been identified as a transmembrane glycoprotein that has tyrosine-specific kinase activity1. The kinase activity of the receptor is enhanced in the presence of EGF (or related peptides), and the phosphorylation of a number of substrates, as well as autophosphorylation of the receptor, has been reported1. Analogous findings have been described for the insulin receptor and the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)2. Thus, a number of hormone receptors and several viral transforming proteins3 appear to share the highly unusual property of tyrosine-specific kinase activity. Nevertheless, the specific relationship between tyrosine kinase activity and the control of cell growth and replication is unknown. It is known that after the initial binding of EGF to the plasma membrane, the hormone together with its receptor is rapidly internalized in endocytic vesicles and the hormone is eventually degraded in lysosomes4. It is possible that the function of EGF is simply to stimulate internalization of its receptor, and that as a result of its altered location the receptor is able to phosphorylate a cytoplasmic component or even interact directly with a nuclear component. We now report that the purified receptor for EGF is able to interact with and nick supercoiled double-stranded DNA in an ATP-stimulated manner.
Dynamical processes in star forming regions: feedback and turbulence generation

Young stellar objects (YSOs) inject large amounts of momentum and kinetic energy into their surroundings. Feedback from low mass YSOs is dominated by their outflows. However, as stellar mass increases, UV photo-heating and ionization play increasingly important roles. Massive stars produce powerful stellar winds and explode as supernovae within 3 – 40 Myr after birth. While low-mass protostellar feedback can drive turbulence in cloud cores and even disrupt the star forming environment, feedback from massive stars plays important roles in the generation of cloud structure and motions in the entire ISM.
Autonomous collaborative behaviors for multi-UAV missions

UAVs are critical to the U. S. Army's Force Transformation. Large numbers of UAVs will be employed per Future Combat System (FCS) Unit of Action (UoA). To relieve the burden of controlling and coordinating multiple UAVs in a given UoA, UAVs must operate autonomously and collaboratively while engaging in RSTA and other missions. Rockwell Scientific is developing Autonomous Collaborative Mission Systems (ACMS), an extensible architecture and behavior planning/collaboration approach, to enable groups of UAVs to operate autonomously in a collaborative environment. The architecture is modular, and the modules may be run in different locations/platforms to accommodate the constraints of available hardware, processing resources and mission needs. The modules and uniform interfaces provide a consistent and platform-independent baseline mission collaboration mechanism and signaling protocol across different platforms. Further, the modular design allows for the flexible and convenient extension to new autonomous collaborative behaviors to the ACMS. In this article, we first discuss our observations in implementing autonomous collaborative behaviors in general and under ACMS. Second, we present the results of our implementation of two such behaviors in the ACMS as examples.
Challenges for social work as a core profession in cancer services.

Social work's claim to be a core profession in cancer services carries the challenge to articulate the basis for that central position. In answer to that challenge, this paper considers the eseentially psychosocial nature of cancer and the usefulness of empowerment as a practice premise for conceptualizing social work in oncology. Specific responsibilities are suggested for practitioners at the levels of clinic service, organizational and political action, and writing and research.
Characterization of a Polycrystalline Material with Laser-Excited Nonlinear Surface Acoustic Wave Pulses

High-amplitude nonlinear surface acoustic waves (SAWs) generated by laser pulses were observed in polycrystalline material (stainless steel), and the nonlinear acoustic parameters were evaluated. The velocities of bulk waves and the elastic moduli of the second order were determined by detecting the surface perturbations produced by longitudinal and shear bulk waves (precursors). Consequently, a consistent set of elastic and acoustic constants was obtained by performing all necessary measurements with the same sample using laser excitation and detection techniques.
A protein associated with small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles recognizes the 3′ splice site of premessenger RNA

A HeLa cell nuclear extract active in splicing of pre-mRNA has been fractionated to identify the component that interacts with the 3' splice site. The activity that binds this region in an RNAase T1 protection assay copurifies with a 70 kd protein which is recognized by anti-Sm antibodies. Protein blots probed with labeled mRNA precursors either containing or lacking an intact 3' splice site reveal that the 70 kd polypeptide can bind pre-mRNA after immobilization on nitrocellulose and that it shows a preference for sequences located between the 3' splice junction and the site of lariat formation. Cofractionation during chromatography and immunoprecipitation by anti-2,2,7-trimethylguanosine antibodies demonstrate that the 3' splice site binding component associates with small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in low (1 mM) but not high (15 mM) Mg++ concentrations.
A facilitating effect of latent extinction in a partial reinforcement situation

In two experiments, rats were trained on a fixed-ratio partial reinforcement schedule in a runway. Following training, the Ss were given one latent extinction placement in the goal box prior to their regular running trials. In the first experiment, 5 min. intervened between the latent extinction placement and the first running trial, and testing occurred on two days. In the second experiment, Ss were started in the runway immediately following the latent extinction placement, and all test trials were run on the same day. In both experiments, the latent extinction placement decreased running speeds initially, but on subsequent trials performance was enhanced. It was concluded that temporary facilitation may be expected to occur when mild latent extinction is given following training on fixed-ratio schedules.
Evaluation of a new compact ultrasound processor for mini-probe IDUS: comparison with standard mini-probe ultrasound

Evaluation of a new compact ultrasound processor for mini-probe IDUS: comparison with standard mini-probe ultrasound
IRRADIATION INDUCED COLOR CENTERS IN MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE

Color centers, produced by 50-kV x rays, have been studied in the rutile-structured Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, largely at room temperature. An initial, slightly anisotropic, absorption band near 260 nm is tentatively identified as due to $F$ centers. Subsequent optical bleaching results in the formation of a strong band at 370 nm and several weak bands, including one at 320 nm. Both of these appear only for $\mathbf{E}\ensuremath{\perp}c$ and are believed to be due to $M$ centers. This choice of models is suggested, in part, by the observation of typical trapped-electron ESR spectra in irradiated samples. Bleaching studies show that the 320-nm band arises from centers lying along the $〈110〉$ directions, while the 370-nm band seems to be cylindrically symmetric about the $c$ axis. Furthermore, the 320-nm band is reversibly convertible into the 370-nm band. Selection rules have been derived for ${(\mathrm{ls})}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\mathrm{ls}2p)$ transitions in each of the four possible $M$-center configurations permitted in the rutile structure. It is found that of the two types having F-F bonds in the (001) plane, one identifies rather well with the 370-nm band and the other with the 320-nm band.
Antennal and palpal sensilla of the sand fly Culicoides furens (Poey) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)☆

By means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the arrangement and ultrastructure of the sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palps of the sand fly, Culicoides furens (Poey), have been determined. The flagellar portion of the antennae of the female has 2 types of sensilla trichodea. The sharp-tipped trichodea are on the distal 5 subsegments and the blunt-tipped are on all subsegments of the flagellum. Both are innervated, and have numerous pores in the wall but no pore tubule system was detected. These sensilla fit the description of olfactory receptors. Sensilla basiconia are located on the distal 5 subsegments and are probably hygroreceptors. Sensory pits, used as taxonomic characters, are located on flagellar subsegments 1 and 5–8. Each pit contains a sensillum coeloconicum encircled by microtrichia around the rim of the pit. These are presumably hygroreceptors or olfactory receptors. Sensilla chaetica are located in a whorl of 3–6 at the proximal ends of flagellar subsegments 1–8 and a single one at the tip of the last subsegment. The dendrite terminates, with a tubular body, at the base of the shaft and therefore these are probably mechanoreceptors. The palpal pit (on the third segment of the maxillary palps) of the female contains 9–12 bulb-shaped sensilla, each innervated by 2 bipolar neurons. In the bulb region, the dendrites branch and form concentric lamellae. There are many pores in the wall of the bulb as well as the stalk but no pore tubule system was detected. The male has fewer (4–6) of these sensilla. These sensilla are involved in host detection as olfactory receptors and perhaps as carbon dioxide receptors.
Biosynthesis of abscisic acid from [1,2-13C2]acetate in Cercospora rosicola

Abstract [1,2- 13 C 2 ]Sodium acetate was converted to abscisic acid (ABA) by Cerospora rosicola . The labelling pattern, determined by NMR spectroscopy,
A conception of giftedness: Intelligence, self concept and motivation

Current conceptions of giftedness and intelligence are reviewed and a conception of giftedness as an interaction of intelligence, special abilities or talents, self concept and resultant motivation to achieve is presented. An important distinction is made between those traits which can be identified in young children and those behaviors which should serve as the goals or outcomes of a program for gifted students. The authors conclude that motivation, self concept, and creativity should not serve as components of an identification scheme, but instead should be major goals of gifted programs.
The central projections of mesothoracic sensory neurons in wild-type Drosophila and bithorax mutants☆

Abstract Sensory axons entering the CNS from large campaniform sensilla on the normal, mesothoracic wings of four-winged flies of the genotype bx 3 pbx Ubx 130 follow the same two tracts as do the corresponding axons in wild-type flies. However, they produce more branches along the ventromedial tract (including some in the mesothoracic neuromere), more fibers crossing the midline in the metathorax, and several other modifications of the wild-type pattern. No morphological differences between the receptors in normal and mutant flies could be detected, even with the SEM. The extra branching and other altered characteristics are present in bithorax flies which are also genetically wingless and do not form the homeotic appendages, so they appear to be due to the bx 3 pbx Ubx 130 or bx 3 Ubx 130 genotype and not to some effect of the axons from the homeotic wings.
Sertoli cell testicular tumors

The testicular Sertoli cell tumor is generally considered a benign tumor that can be treated by orchiectomy and close follow-up. It accounts for less than 1.5 per cent of testis tumors and may be malignant in 10 per cent of cases. Approximately 30 per cent have endocrine activity. We present 5 additional cases to the 75 previously reported in the world literature.
A map of the world of software-related standards, guidelines, and recommended practices

Abstract Some of 47 industry, U.S. government, foreign and international organizations produce over 1,000 software-related standards, guidelines, and codes of good practice. A snapshot of software-related standardization today emerges from linking subject areas to types of standards (existing and emerging and industry, U.S. government, foreign or international), and existing and emerging standards activities from subject to organization. This snapshot includes some of the significant standards and producers in selected subject areas. Despite substantial cooperation and coordination nationally and internationally, this morass of standards can appear confusing and intimidating to the novice. In addition, becoming familiar with these standards requires a substantial investment of time.
Accuracy of recognition memory for common sounds

Memory for 194 common sounds recorded in high fidelity was tested with a confidence-rated “yes-no” recognition task. Recognition d’ was about 1.74 for both individual and group presentation and test. Performance was equivalent to between 85% and 89% correct in two-alternative forced-choice testing, a level considerably greater than the 69% for sounds found by Miller & Tanis (1971). Memory capacity for sounds is probably not exceeded with 194 items.
Mobility of water in corn starch suspensions determined by nuclear magnetic resonance

The mobility of water in corn starch suspensions and high-moisture powders (10 to 70% corn starch) was investigated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, in water and deuterium oxide. Both oxygen-17 (17O) and deuterium (2H) nuclei were probed with a single pulse. The standard isotropic two-state model with fast exchange was used to interpret these data by means of a physical model (I) and a chemical activity model (II). According to I plots of relaxation rate against concentration indicated three regions of decreasing water mobility. According to II, the relaxation rate was linear with chemical activity over the entire concentration range. The correlation time calculated for the bound water showed high mobility. Die Beweglichkeit des Wassers in Maisstarke, gemessen durch kernmagnetische Resonanz. Die Beweglichkeit des Wassers in Maisstarke-Suspensionen und stark feuchten Pudern (10 bis 70% Maisstarke) wurde in Wasser und Deuteriumoxid durch kernmagnetische Resonanz-Spektroskopie untersucht. Sowohl 17Sauerstoff-(17O)-als auch Deuterium-(2H)-Kerne wurden durch einen einzigen Impuls gepruft. Das standardisierte Zweistufen-Modell mit schnellem Austausch wurde zur Deutung dieser Daten mittels eines physikalischen Modells (I) und eines chemischen Aktivitats-Modells (II) verwendet. Entsprechend der Aufzeichnung der Relaxationsgeschwindigkeit nach I gegen die Konzentration zeigten sich drei Bereiche der Verminderung der Wasserbeweglichkeit. Nach II verlief die Relaxationsgeschwindigkeit uber den gesamten Konzentrationsbereich linear gegenuber der chemischen Aktivitat. Die fur das gebundene Wasser berechnete Korrelationszeit ergab eine hohe Beweglichkeit.
Parameter Identification and Damage Detection Using Structural Optimization and Static Response Data

A new parameter identification method and algorithm will be presented that utilizes structural optimization concepts to correctly identify the stiffness in linear elastic models of civil structures. Displacement measurements resulting from applied static point loads are used as constraints in an optimization algorithm that employs optimality criterion methods to extract the cross sectional properties of elements within a mathematical model of a structure. Through simulated examples the algorithm will correctly identify stiffness parameters in a 10-bar truss structure and a two bay, two story moment frame. Once the parameter identification process has been illustrated in each example, the same algorithm and procedure is used to detect areas of simulated damage. Changes in the cross sectional properties of elements in the mathematical model of the structure are used to locate and quantify damage. Changes in cross section are used to simulate damage such as brittle fracture of steel members, spalling of conc...
Stochastic Partial Differential Equations: Six Perspectives

Part 1: SPDE's and Stochastic Modelling: Stochastic partial differential equations: Selected applications in continuum physics by J. Glimm and D. Sharp Measure-valued processes and renormalization of branching particle systems by D. A. Dawson and E. A. Perkins Deterministic and stochastic hydrodynamic equations arising from simple microscopic model systems by G. Giacomin, J. L. Lebowitz, and E. Presutti Transport by incompressible random velocity fields: Simulations & mathematical conjectures by R. A. Carmona and F. Cerou Part 2: Mathematical Theory of SPDE's: An analytic approach to SPDEs by N. V. Krylov Martingale problems for stochastic PDE's by R. Mikulevicius and B. L. Rozovskii Indexes: Notation index Subject index.
Psychological subtypes of anorgasmia: a marker variable approach.

Abstract Seventy-six women who presented with a principal complaint of anorgasmia were compared with a matched cohort of sexually functional controls on the domains of the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI). Patients were case matched with controls on age, race, marital status, and social class. Initial comparisons revealed significant differences between patient and control groups on a number of psychosexual characteristics, consistent with pnor research. Based on evidence of heterogeneity within the patient sample and earlier research by our group, the anorgasmic cohort was partitioned 4 a “marker variable” approach into two anorgasmic subtypes. The mark variable used to create the subtypes was the presence of homosexual fantasies. Subsequent contrasts, both between the two anorgasmic subgroups, and with functional controls, revealed highly significant differences, and provided strong evidence for at least two psychologacally distinct subtypes of anorgasmia.
Using Proteomic Approach to Identify Tumor-Associated Antigens as Markers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Many studies have demonstrated that intracellular proteins, which are involved in carcinogenesis, can provoke autoantibody responses. Therefore, autoantibodies can be used clinically for cancer detection and for proteomic analysis in identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are potentially involved in malignant transformation. Liver cancer, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is one of the most common tumors in the world. The majority of people with HCC will die within 1 year of its detection. This high case fatality rate can partially be attributed to a lack of diagnostic methods that allow early detection. In the present study, sera from 20 patients with HCC, 30 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), and 30 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) as well as sera from 10 normal individuals were used in a proteomic approach to identify HCC-related TAAs. Thirty-four immunoreactive protein spots were excised from the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), digested with trypsin, and subse...
Computation of a Constrained Optimal Boundary Control for the Heat Equation

A characterization of nearest points in a "slice" of a closed convex set permits the reduction of a problem giving an approximation to an optimal boundary control to a semi-infinite programming problem in Rn+1.
The effects of the dynamical Jahn-Teller interaction on the EPR of shallow acceptors in GaP☆

Abstract Morgan (1) has shown that as a result of the dynamical Jahn-Teller interaction each of four components of the Γ 8 valence band in a cubic semiconductor is mixed with other components by lattice distortions of symmetry E ( Γ 3 ) and T 2 ( Γ 5 ). The resultant vibronic state has the same symmetry as the unmixed state ( gG 8 ) but shows different paramagnetic behavior. The g values of the EPR spectrum depend on the strength of the dynamical Jahn-Teller interaction. The effective strength of the interaction can be varied by application of a uniaxial stress. We have carried out EPR measurements on single crystals of GaP doped with C, Zn and Cd acceptors and determined both the isotropic and anisotropic g values as functions of the applied uniaxial stress. Their variation is consistent with the theory of Morgan (1) when we assume that for the shallower acceptors C and Zn, the coupling is predominantly from lattice distortions of symmetry E ( T 3 ) whereas the comparatively deeper acceptor Cd is more strongly coupled to lattice distortions of T 2 ( Γ 5 ) symmetry.
On the existence of search designs with continuous factors

Consider the search linear model defined as follows. Lety(N×1) be a vector ofN observations such that $$E(y) = A_1 \xi _1 + A_2 \xi _2 ,V(y) = \sigma ^2 I_N$$ (1) whereσ2 may or may not be known,A1(N ×υ1) andA2(N ×υ2) are known matrices, ξ1(υ1 × 1) is unknown and ξ2(υ2 × 1) is partly known in the following sense. We known that at mostk elements of ξ2 are non zero but we do not know particularly which these nonzero elements are. The problem is to make inferences about the elements of ξ1 and, furthermore, to search the nonzero elements of ξ1 and make inferences about them. We wanty to be such that the above problem can be resolved with certainty whenσ2=0; the underlying design corresponding toy is then called a search design. It has been shown in earlier work that for a search design, we must haveN≧υ1+2k. In this paper, we consider the special case of search linear models, when the object of the experiment is to fit an appropriate response surface. We establish a basic result, namely, that when the true response surface is representable by a polynomial, then search designs exist for whichN=υ1+2k, irrespective of the value ofυ2.
Conceptualizing a Personnel Preparation Program

A conceptual model of the major phases and tasks involved in establishing a systematic personnel preparation program is summarized. Such programs involve seven phases of activity: (1) formulating an overall program rationale, (2) curricular planning, (3) evaluational planning, (4) administrative planning, (5) instructional planning, (6) implementation, and (7) an evaluation phase. Each phase encompasses a set of sequential tasks. The major tasks involved in the first phase, formulating a program rationale, are discussed. Examples are provided as to how the nature and scope of the rationale shapes subsequent program development.
Thermochemistry of the CsMCl3, Cs2MCl4 and Cs3MCl5 solid compounds (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Ca)

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of the Cs n M Cl n +2 ( n = 1, 2, 3) M Cl 2 and CsCl solids in LiCl-KCl eutectic have been measured calorimetrically. From these measurements the enthalpies of formation of the complex solid compounds from the individual salts according to the reaction n CsCl ( s ) + M Cl 2( s ) → Cs n M Cl n +2( s ) ( n = 1, 2, 3), were determined. The data are discussed in terms of the influence of the d electron crystal field splitting on the thermodynamic stability of these complex solids. It is concluded that the octahedral site stabilization energies of the M 2+ cations alone can provide a good approximation to the relative enthalpies of these reactions. Furthermore, a combination of the present data with our previous data on the liquid enthalpies of mixing of the M Cl 2 ( l )CsCl( l ) binaries permits an estimation of the enthalpies of fusion of the Cs n M Cl n +2 compounds. Finally, by comparing the relative enthalpies of the above reaction with the relative enthalpies of fusion we concluded that the coordination of M 2+ in fused M Cl 2 and in all fused Cs n M Cl n +2 compounds is tetrahedral.
Reliability analysis of utility and stand-by electric power systems under uncertainty

The persistent and transient-cause forced outages and interruptions of utility power systems are subject to two kinds of uncertainties; the exact time of occurrence of outages is not known and the pdf of outage times is partially known or unknown. This paper obtains the utility and stand-by electric power system reliability by using Bayesian adaptive techniques. Cases of perfect switching, imperfect switching and idling stand-by are given.
First demonstration of reliable copper-plated 30μm diameter through-package-vias in ultra-thin bare glass interposers

This paper reports the first demonstration of the reliability of through package copper vias (TPV) with 30 μm diameter at 120 μm pitch in ultra-thin 100 μm thick glass to achieve high-density vertical interconnections in 2.5D and 3D interposers and packages. Bare glass with 100 μm thickness was used to demonstrate the via formation, metallization and reliability of small through-package-vias. The reliability concerns at this fine pitch were addressed through modeling and design from first principles, followed by experimental validation with test-vehicle fabrication and reliability characterization. Thermo mechanical reliability of TPV was analyzed through finite element modeling to estimate stresses inside TPV during thermal cycling and provide design guidelines. For experimental validation, test samples with daisy chains of glass TPVs were fabricated and subjected to accelerated thermal cycling tests between -55°C and 125°C to assess the thermomechanical reliability. Resistance of each daisy chain was measured periodically as a method to detect failure initiation. Majority of the TPV chains passed the reliability test without significant change in resistance. TPV daisy chains that showed changes in resistance were cross-sectioned and failure analysis indicated that the early failures of TPV in glass were related to process defects coming from via-hole formation and metallization.
Indexing and retrieval of 3D models aided by active learning

We demonstrate a system for indexing and retrieval of 3D models aided by active learning. We propose a new set of region-based features for 3D models. Each model is treated as a solid volume with a uniform density. Features such as the volume-surface ratio, the moment invariants and the Fourier transform coefficients are efficiently calculated from the mesh model directly. Comparable retrieval performance is achieved with other features such as the cord histogram, the 3D shape spectrum, etc. To further improve the performance, we incorporate hidden annotation into our system. We propose to use active learning to improve the annotation efficiency. We show that with active learning, the system can perform better than random annotation, and the retrieval result improves rapidly with the number of annotated samples. Moreover, relevance feedback is included in the system and combined with active learning, which provides better user-adoptive retrieval results.
Model for the x-ray photoelectron distributions of d-band perovskites

An analytical model for the photoelectron energy distribution function for cubic $d$-band perovskites is presented, which includes the effects of differences in the $p$ and $d$ electron cross sections and plasmon excitation due to many-body interactions. The model provides a simple method for interpreting x-ray-photoemission data in terms of band structure. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory is demonstrated for both SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.8}$W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Deep and shallow quasi-geostrophic flow over mountains

The effect of a finite density scale height on steady quasi-geostrophic flow over an isolated mountain is examined using analytic solutions for an isothermal, uniformly stratified, vertically semi-infinite atmosphere on an f -plane. A nondimensional measure of the depth of flow and hence of the importance of the vertical density variations of the basic state is the ratio of the Rossby height of the flow, H R , to the density scale height H . Here H R = fa / N where a is the mountain halfwidth and N is the buoyancy frequency. The flow is deep for Λ = H R / H ≥ O(1) and shallow for Δ ⋍ 0. It is found that the mountain-induced surface anticyclone is stronger for a deep flow than for a shallow one. Unlike the shallow case, no region of cyclonic vorticity is generated. The enhanced response for deep flow decreases the critical mountain height necessary for the formation of a stagnation point (e.g., Taylor cone). This critical height decreases with decreasing scale height and with increasing stratification. In addition, the mountain's influence decays less rapidly with height for deep flow. The far-field response for the deep case exhibits a circulation consistent with the lift force acting on the mountain. Since it is shown that the volume of vertically displaced fluid at any level equals the mountain volume, the transmission of the lift to the fluid arises from the decreasing density field, while volume expansion generates the far-field anticyclonic vorticity. These results hold for both the standard and the modified quasi-geostrophic equations. In the modified theory, however, the mountain surface is not isentropic. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1986.tb00462.x
A look at a modernized family life cycle and overseas travel.

The purpose of this study was to determine the vacation attributes preferred by residents of the United States when they engage in overseas travel. The sample was segmented into family life cycle stages and evaluated by segment. A modernized life cycle was used to include single parents and middle-aged couple without children and it was concluded that these two groups do represent viable market segments. They take more overseas trips on average than the other segments and they demonstrate some degree of destination loyalty.
Cerebral toxicity in patients treated for small cell carcinoma of the lung.

Objective To present the clinical characteristics of patients enrolled in a trial of treatment of small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung and to describe the central nervous system toxicity associated with the chemotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). Material and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 60 patients with SCC who received chemotherapy and thoracic radiation therapy. PCI was administered to patients who had limited disease or who had extensive disease that was subsequently down-staged to only residual chest disease after initial treatment. The total PCI dose was 3,200 cGy administered in 16 fractions of 200 cGy, given concurrently with systemic chemotherapy. Diagnostic criteria for leukoencephalopathy were based on previously published guidelines. Results Of the 60 eligible and enrolled patients, 35 received PCI and 25 did not. Leukoencephalopathy developed in 5 of the 35 patients (14%) who received PCI. The median age of the patients in whom leukoencephalopathy developed was 64 years (range, 57 to 69), and the median follow-up time was 59 months. The most common signs and symptoms of leukoencephalopathy were intellectual changes, memory alterations, and motor abnormalities. The mean time to onset of symptoms after termination of irradiation was 357 days (range, 30 to 524). Of all 60 patients, 6 were still alive 4 years after enrollment, and 3 of them (50%) already had leukoencephalopathy . Conclusion Small dosage fractions of PCI may still result in leukoencephalopathy. The routine use of PCI in the management of sec should be reassessed because of increasing evidence of the toxicity associated with it.
Synthesis of phospholipids and membranes in prebiotic conditions

IT is generally agreed that stable membranes were prerequisite to the assembly of the earliest self-replicating systems1–4. Phospholipids, which are ubiquitous in biological membranes and which self-assemble in aqueous environments into stable lipid bilayers and vesicles4, are obvious candidates for prebiotic membrane components. We report here the abiotic synthesis of various lipids, including membranogenic phospholipids.
Wireless trading in B2B markets: concepts, architecture, and experiences

With the tremendous advances in hand-held computing and communication capabilities, and the rapid proliferation of mobile devices, we are seeing a growth in mobile commerce in various consumer and business markets. In this paper, we present a novel architecture for end-to-end mobile commerce applications. We designed, implemented and deployed a system for mobile commerce connected to eMarketplaces. The system is currently undergoing trials under various configurations and in various countries. A number of end-to-end configurations for mobile commerce were experimented with, and the pros and cons were investigated. During field trials, which lasted many months, to our surprise, with WAP and HDML based clients, we were able see very good end-to-end performance for a mobile user trading at a B2B server located far away. In this paper, we also present the core issues around providing disconnected services by empowering the mobile clients with commerce functionality. Our approach is based on state-machine modeling and synchronization of objects manipulated on the client and server side.
Ion-molecule reactions with reference to HgCl (B-X) emission

Emission spectra of HgCI(B2 Σ-X2 Σ) band system and atomic mercury lines have been observed and analyzed in the present studies during collisions of N+ /N+2 ions with HgCl2 molecule in the kinetic energy range of 100-1 000 eV (laboratory frame). The cross-sections for excitation of the most intense band of the HgCl (B2 Σ,, v' = 0 — X2 Σ, v" = 22) transition at 558 nm were determined at different kinetic energies of the projectile ions.
Observation of Sub-Poisson Fluctuations in the Intensity of the Seventh Coherent Spontaneous Harmonic Emitted by a rf Linac Free-Electron Laser

We report the observation of sub-Poisson intensity fluctuations in the coherent spontaneous harmonic radiation generated by an infrared free-electron laser in a photon counting experiment using a well-defined ensemble of electron pulses. These observations constitute the first observation of a nonclassical state of the radiation field generated by a beam of free electrons. The fluctuations observed in the experiment are smaller than those expected from semiclassical radiation theory, and larger than those expected from electron shot noise.
Do NMDA Antagonists Prevent Neuronal Injury? Yes.

Available evidence suggests that pharmacologic antagonism of the N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor can reduce neuronal death following hypoxic-ischemic insults. This evidence is derived from experimental models, as clinical trials have not yet been completed. The observed neuroprotective effects of NMDA antagonists do not represent isolated findings, but rather they are predictions of a strong hypothesis implicating excitotoxicity—the lethal overstimulation of neuronal glutamate receptors 1,2 —in the pathogenesis of hypoxicischemic central neuronal degeneration. The excitotoxicity hypothesis has received independent support from microdialysis measurements, 3,4 which indicate that during hypoxia-ischemia, extracellular glutamate levels can rise to neurotoxic concentrations. 5,6 Other supporting observations include reduced hypoxic neuronal injury following excitatory pathway deafferentation, morphologic similarities between hypoxic injury and excitotoxic injury, and the prominence of neuronal calcium overload in the pathogenesis of both conditions. 2,7,8 Although glutamate activates several receptor subtypes, the NMDA subtype may play a critical role in mediating the rapidly triggered
Oncologic outcomes after resection of rectal cancer: Laparoscopic versus open approach.

Abstract Background This study examined outcomes of laparoscopic and open rectal cancer surgery in a community hospital setting. Methods A community health care system cancer registry was reviewed retrospectively (2004–2007) for rectal cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment. Primary end points were rates of recurrence and survival. Results Both open and laparoscopic resection groups had similar demographic, treatment, and tumor characteristics. Most patients in the open resection and laparoscopic resection populations experienced no recurrence (79% vs 83%, respectively; P = .5). Overall, the groups had similar mean (88% vs 96%, respectively; P = .4) and disease-free (21 and 23 months, respectively; P = .5) survival. Conclusions In a community hospital setting, laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer was found to be as safe and effective as open resection in selected patients.
Ethnicity and Risk for Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Following Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence and Predictors in European American and African American Women

The present study uses a feminist theoretical framework to explore risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following intimate partner violence, with a community sample of 120 low-income European American and African American women. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine demographic, violence, and mental health variables that predict posttraumatic stress symptoms. The data reveal that African American women report lower levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms than do their European American peers. This difference was observed despite the presence of more empirically identified risk factors for African American women. Regression analyses show that symptoms of depression increase risk for posttraumatic stress for both groups. However, a difference was observed such that past victimization increase risk for only European American women, whereas amount of psychological violence in the previous year increases risk for only African American women. Potential explanations for observed ethnic differences are offered.
Psychiatric liaison with a cancer research center

Abstract A clinical research center for the study of cancer patients represents an unconventional subculture within the general hospital setting. Psychological stresses on patients and staff are described from the vantage point of the liaison psychiatrist. The resident physician is restricted to minor decisions concerning patient care, because major treatment choices are predetermined by research protocols. His identity and research goals and his time limited rotation on the unit form natural points of conflict with the nursing and paramedical staff, whose priorities center on patient care, and whose time commitment to the unit is indefinite. The admission period is critical for information exchange between patient and physician, but the patient who has only recently been told his diagnosis may be too preoccupied to understand the detailed explanations of the research team. Details of the hospital environment and admission criteria to the protocol are not well known by physicians who refer patients to the center. Rejection from the protocol in the evaluation period may be experienced by the patient as tantamount to a death sentence. The standardization introduced by a research protocol, and the similarities of patients' diagnoses contribute both discordant and supportive aspects to patient care. The liaison psychiatrist should be prepared to spend an initial learning period before understanding the complex motivational interactions which characterize the combined research-service setting. Five specific suggestions to reduce stresses are presented. A liaison psychiatrist is most valuable if he can model his interviewing expertise with patients for members of the ward staff. In addition, he can be helpful as both a formal educator and as a constructive agent of change by identifying inter-group conflicts and selectively allowing them to become explicit at conferences designed to increase the understanding of issues and priorities which most concern each group on the research unit.
Körner-Marton theorem for binary modulo-two sum problem from canonical equations

The Ko¨rner-Marton modulo two-sum problem is described as a variation of the lossless two-help-one source coding problem.