cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Causes Polarization on IP Policy

Polarization on contentious policy issues is a problem of national concern for both hot-button cultural issues such as climate change and gun control and for issues of interest to more specialized constituencies. Cultural debates have become so contentious that in many cases people are unable to agree even on the underlying facts needed to resolve these issues. Here, we tackle this problem in the context of intellectual property law. Despite an explosion in the quantity and quality of empirical evidence about the intellectual property system, IP policy debates have become increasingly polarized. This disagreement about existing evidence concerning the effects of the IP system hinders democratic deliberation and stymies progress. Based on a survey of U.S. IP practitioners, this Article investigates the source of polarization on IP issues, with the goal of understanding how to better enable evidence-based IP policymaking. We hypothesized that, contrary to intuition, more evidence on the effects of IP law would not resolve IP disputes but would instead exacerbate them. Specifically, IP polarization might stem from “cultural cognition,” a form of motivated reasoning in which people form factual beliefs that conform to their cultural predispositions and interpret new evidence in light of those beliefs. The cultural cognition framework has helped explain polarization over other issues of national concern, but it has never been tested in a private-law context. Our survey results provide support for the influence of cultural cognition, as respondents with a relatively hierarchical or individualistic worldview are more likely to believe strong patent protection is necessary to spur innovation. Additionally, having a hierarchical or individualistic worldview and also viewing patent rights as property rights may be a better predictor of patent strength preferences than either alone. Taken together, our findings suggest that individuals’ cultural preferences affect how they understand new information about the IP system. We discuss the implications of these results for fostering evidence-based IP policymaking, as well as for addressing polarization more broadly. For example, we suggest that empirical legal studies borrow from medical research by initiating a practice of advance registration of new projects—in which the planned methodology is publicly disclosed before data are gathered—to promote broader acceptance of the results.
Prepregnancy fitness and risk of gestational diabetes: A longitudinal analysis

ABSTRACTPurposeThis study aimed to assess the associations of prepregnancy cardiorespiratory fitness, moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), and time spent watching television with subsequent development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).MethodsParticipants were 1333 women en
Grafos con grupo dado de automorfismos

En un famoso articulo publicado en 1938, Roberto Frucht probo que si Γ es un grupo finito dado, entonces existe un grafo cuyo grupo de automorfismos es isomorfo a Γ. La publicacion de Frucht de 1938 fue seguida por otra en 1949 que, en algun sentido, refinaba su primer resultado. Ambas publicaciones generaron un notable numero de articulos sobre temas relacionados, asi como una interesante busqueda de los grafos mas pequenos con grupo de automorfismos isomorfo a un cierto grupo dado Γ. El proposito de este articulo es hacer una recopilacion de las investigaciones realizadas principalmente en esta ultima direccion.Dedicado a Roberto Frucht con ocasion de su cumpleanos 89.
Spatial frequency projection super resolution imaging

Spatial Frequency Modulated Imaging (SPIFI) with nonlinear excitation is shown to enable super-resolved imaging of specimens via real or virtual state contrast. Extension of 1D enhancement to 2D through inverse domain tomography is discussed.
Training Eccentric Viewing

The development of a central scotoma, or decreased central vision, particularly in a person with a history of visual impairment, may severely interfere with an individual's ability to function visu...
A pharmacist-led medication switch protocol in an academic HIV clinic: patient knowledge and satisfaction.

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is associated with less renal and bone toxicity compared with tenofovir disoproxil (TDF). TAF's recent FDA approval has spurred HIV providers to consider switching antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens containing TDF to TAF to minimize long term risks. Patient views on the process of such medication switches have not been explored. Patients taking elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (E/C/F/TDF) following the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) approval of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (E/C/F/TAF) received medication education from an HIV pharmacist prior to switching to the tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) formulation. Patients were asked to complete a cross-sectional survey assessing satisfaction with the switch process and knowledge about the new medication 4 to 8 weeks post-switch. Sixty five patients completed the switch and 57 (88%) completed a follow-up survey. Most (86%) reported understanding why the switch was made, while 91% correctly identified that TAF is associated with reduced renal toxicity, and 73% correctly identified that TAF is associated with reduced bone toxicity. No statistically significant difference was found in satisfaction with or understanding of why the medication switch was made when assessed by sex, age, race, or education, but there was a trend toward significance in the distribution of answers based on education level with those with a high school diploma, General Educational Development (GED) or less being more likely to be satisfied with the medication switch (p = 0.074). Education from an ambulatory clinic-based HIV pharmacist resulted in high rates of patient satisfaction and understanding of the switch from TDF to TAF-containing ART.
A Survey of the Prevalence and Practice Patterns of Human Acellular Nerve Allograft Use

Background:There have been many technical and scientific advances over the last decade in peripheral nerve surgery. Human acellular nerve graft (HANA) has become increasingly popular but current practice patterns among hand surgeons have yet to be defined. Coding practices may not have kept up with
Abstract 151: Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease and Brain Amyloid Deposition: The ARIC Study

Background: Increasing evidence points to intracranial atherosclerosis as a risk factor not only for stroke but also for dementia, but whether it is linked to Alzheimer’s disease-specific pathology...
Fashioning the Foreign: Using British Woolens in Nineteenth-Century China

The uses of imported fabrics in China have not been very well studied. Drawing on primary sources, Silberstein constructs a multidimensional account of the introduction and dissemination of woolens in nineteenth-century China. She brings to light the different categories of wool, how these fabrics were incorporated into objects such as purses and made into rain clothes and ostentatious capes as well. Wool was available in a broad range of hues. Initially, trendsetters such as Manchu elites and courtesans wore wool the most, but the warmth and bright colors of wool made it appealing to the middling social group and even destabilized the hierarchy in the Chinese clothing system. Wool cloths entered China through urban centers, first Canton and Beijing as trade items, luxuries, and diplomatic gifts from foreigners, but after the Treaty of Nanjing opened up other trade ports, Western fabrics spread quickly throughout the country and expanded the Chinese clothing repertoire that had previously been confined to silk and plant fabrics. It should not be assumed, as Silberstein points out, that woolens were received with reservation because of their foreign origins; in some cases, they were worn boldly as fashion statements that included embroidered embellishments.
Microstructural Engineering of the Near-UV Photocurrent Production in VO 2 Thin Film Based Detectors

Vanadium Dioxide is a strongly correlated material that can exhibit photoelectric properties via substrate-film hole transfer. We study these photoelectric properties in epitaxially grown VO2 thin films under near UV-light on various substrates, namely TiO2(001), and TiO2:Nb in development of new, fast UV photodetectors.
Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively Activated Macrophages.

Macrophages are found in tissues, body cavities, and mucosal surfaces. Most tissue macrophages are seeded in the early embryo before definitive hematopoiesis is established. Others are derived from blood monocytes. The macrophage lineage diversification and plasticity are key aspects of their functionality. Macrophages can also be generated from monocytes in vitro and undergo classical (LPS+IFN-γ) or alternative (IL-4) activation. In vivo, macrophages with different polarization and different activation markers coexist in tissues. Certain mouse strains preferentially promote T-helper-1 (Th1) responses and other Th2 responses. Their macrophages preferentially induce iNOS or arginase and have been called M1 and M2, respectively. In many publications, M1 and classically activated and M2 and alternatively activated are used interchangeably. We tested whether this is justified by comparing the gene lists positively [M1(=LPS+)] or negatively [M2(=LPS-)] correlated with the ratio of IL-12 and arginase 1 in transcriptomes of LPS-treated peritoneal macrophages with in vitro classically (LPS, IFN-γ) versus alternatively activated (IL-4) bone marrow-derived macrophages, both from published datasets. Although there is some overlap between in vivo M1(=LPS+) and in vitro classically activated (LPS+IFNγ) and in vivo M2(=LPS-) and in vitro alternatively activated macrophages, many more genes are regulated in opposite or unrelated ways. Thus, M1(=LPS+) macrophages are not equivalent to classically activated, and M2(=LPS-) macrophages are not equivalent to alternatively activated macrophages. This fundamental discrepancy explains why most surface markers identified on in vitro generated macrophages do not translate to the in vivo situation. Valid in vivo M1/M2 surface markers remain to be discovered.
Non-Reciprocal RF-Bandpass Filters Using Transistor-Based Microwave Resonators

This paper reports on the RF design of nonreciprocal microwave bandpass filters (BPFs) in which the function of a BPF and an RF isolator are simultaneously obtained within the volume of a single RF component. The proposed configuration uses as a basis non-reciprocal resonant stages that are shaped by a pHEMT transistor-based network whose drain and gate are connected through a transmission-line (TL)-based element. By appropriately selecting the TL characteristics, a frequency-selective enhanced signal transmission is obtained in the forward direction—from port 1-to-2—and full RF signal cancellation in the reverse one—from port 2-to-1—. For proof-of-concept validation purposes, a two-stage non-reciprocal BPF was designed, manufactured and measured. It exhibited a passband centered at 2.2 GHz, a bandwidth (BW) of 210 MHz and a gain of 5.6 dB. Within its 3 dB-BW passband frequencies its isolation levels were measured between 33.4 - 44 dB.
Today, tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow: A case study for the psychology of joy

ABSTRACTI articulate some of the similarities between field building in the theology of joy and the psychology of joy, using the history of the positive psychology movement as a model for advancing...
Differential regulation of TREM2 and CSF1R in CNS macrophages in an SIV/macaque model of HIV CNS disease

HIV-associated neuroinflammation is primarily driven by CNS macrophages including microglia. Regulation of these immune responses, however, remains to be characterized in detail. Using the SIV/macaque model of HIV, we evaluated CNS expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) which is constitutively expressed by microglia and contributes to cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Loss-of-function mutations in TREM2 are recognized risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD); recent reports have also indicated a role for TREM2 in HIV-associated neuroinflammation. Using in situ hybridization (ISH) and qRT-PCR, TREM2 mRNA levels were found to be significantly elevated in frontal cortex of macaques with SIV encephalitis compared with uninfected controls (P = 0.02). TREM2 protein levels were also elevated as measured by ELISA of frontal cortex tissue homogenates in these animals. Previously, we characterized the expression of CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor) in this model; the TREM2 and CSF1R promoters both contain a PU.1 binding site. While TREM2 and CSF1R mRNA levels in the frontal cortex were highly correlated (Spearman R = 0.79, P < 0.001), protein levels were not well correlated. In SIV-infected macaques released from ART to study viral rebound, neither TREM2 nor CSF1R mRNA increased with rebound viremia. However, CSF1R protein levels remained significantly elevated unlike TREM2 (P = 0.02). This differential expression suggests that TREM2 and CSF1R play unique, distinct roles in the pathogenesis of HIV CNS disease.
Creatinine elevations from baseline at the time of cardiac surgery are associated with postoperative complications.

Abstract Objectives Baseline kidney function is a key predictor of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Whether an increased creatinine at the time of surgery, compared with the lowest creatinine in the 3 months before surgery, is associated with poor outcomes has not been evaluated. We examined whether creatinine elevations from “baseline” were associated with adverse postoperative outcomes. Methods A total of 1486 patients who underwent cardiac surgery at the University of Colorado Hospital between January 2011 and May 2016 met inclusion criteria. “Change in creatinine from baseline” was defined as the difference between the immediate presurgical creatinine value and the lowest creatinine value within 3 months preceding surgery. Outcomes evaluated were in-hospital mortality, postoperative infection, postoperative stroke, development of stage 3 acute kidney injury, intensive care unit length of stay, and hospital length of stay. Outcomes were adjusted using a balancing score to account for differences in patient characteristics. Results There were significant increases in the odds of postoperative infection (odds ratio, 1.17; confidence interval, 1.02-1.34; per 0.1 mg/dL increase in creatinine), stage 3 acute kidney injury (odds ratio, 1.44; confidence interval; 1.18-1.75), intensive care unit length of stay (odds ratio, 1.13; confidence interval, 1.01-1.26), and hospital length of stay (odds ratio, 1.09; confidence interval, 1.05-1.13). There was a significant increase in mortality in the unadjusted analysis, although not after adjustment using a balancing score. There was no association with postoperative stroke. Conclusions Elevations in creatinine at the time of surgery above the “baseline” level are associated with increased postoperative morbidity. Baseline creatinine should be established before surgery, and small changes in creatinine should trigger heightened vigilance in the postoperative period.
The Nature of Intelligence and Its Development in Childhood

In this Element, I first introduce intelligence in terms of historical definitions. I show that intelligence, as conceived even by the originators of the first intelligence tests, Alfred Binet and David Wechsler, is a much broader construct than just scores on narrow tests of intelligence and their proxies. I then review the major approaches to understanding intelligence and its development: the psychometric (test-based), cognitive and neurocognitive (intelligence as a set of brain-based cognitive representations and processes), systems, cultural, and developmental. These approaches, taken together, present a much more complex portrait of intelligence and its development than the one that would be ascertained just from scores on intelligence tests. Finally, I draw some take-away conclusions.
A randomized controlled trial of an innovative, user-friendly, interactive smartphone app-based lifestyle intervention for weight loss.

Objectives Most electronically delivered lifestyle interventions are labor intensive, requiring logging onto websites and manually recording activity and diet. Cumbersome technology and lack of a human coach may have contributed to the limitations of prior interventions. In response, the current program of research created a comprehensive electronically delivered lifestyle intervention using a user-friendly, interactive, smartphone app-based model, and evaluated it in a randomized controlled trial. Methods Twenty-eight adults, body mass index 25-42 kg/m2, with smartphones and sedentary jobs, were randomized to the intervention, along with conventional outpatient weight-management visits every 3 months, or to a wait-listed control group that received only weight-management visits. The intervention included wearable activity trackers, smartscales, food photography logs, physician-driven app-based behavioral coaching, and peer support via the app. The prespecified primary outcome was a comparison of change in weight in kilograms, in the intervention versus control group at 6 months. Results At 6 months, the intervention group experienced a statistically significant weight change of -7.16 ± 1.78 kg (mean ± SE, 95% CI -11.05 to -3.26, p < 0.01), which differed from the weight change in controls by -4.16 ± 2.01 kg (95% CI -8.29 to -0.02, p < 0.05, prespecified primary outcome). Weight change in the control group was -3.00 ± 1.05 kg (95% CI -5.27 to -0.73, p < 0.05). Waist circumference and hemoglobin A1c significantly improved (intervention vs. control: p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively, prespecified secondary outcomes). Weight change in the intervention group correlated with numbers of food photographs participants shared (rho = -0.86, p < 0.01), numbers of their text messages (rho = -0.80, p < 0.01), number of times and days each participant stepped on the smartscale (rho = -0.73, p < 0.01; rho = -0.608, p < 0.05, respectively), and mean daily step counts (rho = -0.55, p < 0.05). Conclusion This app-based electronically delivered lifestyle intervention produced statistically significant, clinically meaningful weight loss and improved metabolic health. Engagement with the intervention correlated strongly with weight loss. Given the limited sample size, larger and longer studies of this intervention are needed.
Acetylated α-tubulin residue K394 regulates microtubule stability to shape the growth of axon terminals

Abstract Microtubules are essential to neuron shape and function. Therefore, the stability of the microtubule cytoskeleton must be carefully regulated. Acetylation of tubulin has the potential to directly tune microtubule stability, and proteomic studies have identified several acetylation sites in α-tubulin. This includes the highly conserved residue lysine 394 (K394), which is located at the αβ-tubulin dimer interface. Using a fly model, we show that α-tubulin K394 is acetylated in the nervous system and is an essential residue. We found that an acetylation-blocking mutation in endogenous α-tubulin, K394R, perturbs the synaptic morphogenesis of motoneurons by reducing microtubule stability. Intriguingly, the K394R mutation has opposite effects on the growth of two functionally and morphologically distinct motoneurons, revealing neuron-type-specific responses when microtubule stability is altered. Eliminating the deacetylase HDAC6 increases K394 acetylation, and the over-expression of HDAC6 reduces microtubule stability similar to the K394 mutant. Thus, our findings implicate α-tubulin K394 and its acetylation in the regulation of microtubule stability and suggest that HDAC6 regulates K394 acetylation during synaptic morphogenesis.
A density functional theory (DFT) investigation of how small molecules and atmospheric pollutants relevant to art conservation adsorb on kaolinite

Abstract The physio-chemical properties of the clay mineral kaolinite – the main component of porcelain – play a vital role in understanding how a porcelain object interacts with its environment. Understanding these interactions is imperative for the development of non-destructive yet effective conservation methods to preserve, treat, and restore porcelain objects of cultural heritage importance. To gain insight into the surface properties and behavior of kaolinite across a wide range of environments, we use density functional theory (DFT) to probe how a representative set of small molecules and atmospheric pollutants interact with a native kaolinite (001) surface, both in vacuum and with explicit hydration. By investigating selected atmospheric pollutants, acids, and sodium salts under different conditions, we identify the scenarios that are most disruptive to the native kaolinite surface. Specifically, we demonstrate that protic acids and sodium salts generally interact with the surface more strongly than common small molecule pollutants. Our results also indicate that adsorbates containing a central sulfur atom with a positive oxidation state are particularly deleterious to the kaolinite surface. Furthermore, to explore the interactions between a fired or partially fired porcelain object and relevant chemicals, we also model a partially dehydrated kaolinite surface and probe its interactions with three selected adsorbates. The trends elucidated throughout this study allow us to suggest a series of guidelines for the care of porcelain objects.
Harnessing Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Xanthomonads on Tomato and Pepper to Tackle New Problems of an Old Disease

Bacterial spot is an endemic seedborne disease responsible for recurring outbreaks on tomato and pepper around the world. The disease is caused by four diverse species, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xantho...
Classical gravitational scattering at O$$ \mathcal{O} $$ ( G 3 ) from Feynman diagrams

We perform a Feynman diagram calculation of the two-loop scattering amplitude for gravitationally interacting massive particles in the classical limit. Conveniently, we are able to sidestep the most taxing diagrams by exploiting the test-particle limit in which the system is fully characterized by a particle propagating in a Schwarzschild spacetime. We assume a general choice of graviton field basis and gauge fixing that contains as a subset the well-known deDonder gauge and its various cousins. As a highly nontrivial consistency check, all gauge parameters evaporate from the final answer. Moreover, our result exactly matches that of Bern et al. [39], here verified up to sixth post-Newtonian order while also reproducing the same unique velocity resummation at third post-Minkowksian order.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System and Potential Targets of Toxicants

This introductory article offers a basic overview of male reproduction, specifically the anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system. Comprehension of normal anatomy and physiology is necessary to (1) fully understand the severity of toxicant-induced damage to structures and/or functions of the male reproductive system, (2) design more powerful experiments that analyze potential male reproductive toxicants, and (3) identify numerous potential targets of toxicants in the male reproductive system. This article begins with an overview of the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis and its interaction with additional components of the male reproductive system. This is then followed by detailed presentation of the composition of the testis and the interrelationships of the testicular cells, spermatogenesis, the excurrent ducts that carry spermatozoa out of the testis, the accessory sex glands that supply the seminal plasma of semen, the cellular communication within the testis, the reproductive tract’s development, and normal male sexual behavior. The article’s conclusion emphasizes the foundational importance of the male reproductive system to designing, conducting, and interpreting reproductive toxicology research.
Advanced technology training for operating the microlithography panel printer

Electronics packaging plays a crucial role in the manufacturing of advanced microelectronics, with an increased interest in technology that produces greater power functionality in smaller spaces. The recent advances in this field have led to advanced manufacturing techniques, with the insertion of components in the micro- and nano-scales. In particular, the microlithography panel printer uses photolithography to create fine image patterns through reticles on substrate boards. The need for advanced features, updated software skills, and the high cost of human error places an increasing requirement for more efficient operator training at a reduced financial investment. Therefore, this research demonstrates the usefulness of virtual reality in modeling the microlithography machine using high fidelity simulations for training purposes. The development process and the structure of the training simulator is presented, with an outline of its effectiveness in supporting training needs, and a description of its reliability assessment through validation and testing.
Minimal region necessary for autonomous replication of pTAR.

Abstract The native 44-kilobase-pair plasmid pTAR, discovered in a grapevine strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, contains a single origin of DNA replication confined to a 1.0-kilobase-pair region of the macromolecule. This region (ori) confers functions sufficient for replication in Agrobacterium and Rhizobium species but not in Pseudomonas solanacearum, Pseudomonas glumae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and Escherichia coli. ori contains a repA gene that encodes a 28,000-dalton protein required for replication. Nucleotide sequencing of repA and its promoter region revealed four 8-base-pair palindromic repeats upstream of the repA coding region. Deletion of these repeats alters repA expression and plasmid copy number. Downstream of repA are three additional repeats in a region essential for replication. A locus responsible for plasmid partitioning (parA) and a putative second locus regulating plasmid copy number are part of the origin region and are required for stable plasmid maintenance.
Extensions of Modified DEA

Andersen and Petersen (1993) presented an extension of the basic DEA methodology, called modified DEA, which has the desirable feature of ranking not only the inefficient DMUs, but the e ficient ones as well. However, when their basic approach is extended to the cases of variable returns to scale and non-discretionary inputs, several conceptual problems arise. This paper addresses these problems, and illustrates the proposed extensions to the modified DEA method using data from a major U.S. bank.
Condensed-matter physics: An expanding view of plutonium

Interactions between electrons make it hard to predict the properties of exotic metals, such as plutonium. Better calculations that include a thorough treatment of electronic structure are the answer.
Synthesis of Quinolines by Electrophilic Cyclization of N‐(2‐Alkynyl)Anilines: 3‐Iodo‐4‐Phenylquinoline

Aniline Propargyl bromide Triethylamines Iodobenzene Bis(triphenylphsophine)palladium dichloride Copper iodide Iodine Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Keywords: Quninolines; Electrophilic cyclization; Anilines; Regioselective addition; Sonogshira coupling; Safety; Waste disposal
ILP-based scheduling with time and resource constraints in high level synthesis

Presents a formal analysis of the constraints of the scheduling problem, and evaluates the structure of the scheduling polytope described by those constraints. Polyhedral theory and duality theory are used to demonstrate that efficient solutions of the scheduling problem can be expected from a carefully formulated integer linear program (ILP). Furthermore, the authors present an algorithm to lower bound the resource requirement of the time-constrained scheduling problem that enables them to solve the ILP more efficiently. >
Movie/Script: Alignment and Parsing of Video and Text Transcription

Movies and TV are a rich source of diverse and complex video of people, objects, actions and locales "in the wild". Harvesting automatically labeled sequences of actions from video would enable creation of large-scale and highly-varied datasets. To enable such collection, we focus on the task of recovering scene structure in movies and TV series for object tracking and action retrieval. We present a weakly supervised algorithm that uses the screenplay and closed captions to parse a movie into a hierarchy of shots and scenes. Scene boundaries in the movie are aligned with screenplay scene labels and shots are reordered into a sequence of long continuous tracks or threads which allow for more accurate tracking of people, actions and objects. Scene segmentation, alignment, and shot threading are formulated as inference in a unified generative model and a novel hierarchical dynamic programming algorithm that can handle alignment and jump-limited reorderings in linear time is presented. We present quantitative and qualitative results on movie alignment and parsing, and use the recovered structure to improve character naming and retrieval of common actions in several episodes of popular TV series.
System design of active basestations based on dynamically reconfigurable hardware

Providing multiple modes to support dynamically changing environments, standards, and new services is prevalent in embedded systems, especially in mobile radio systems. Because such a system frequently contains time-constrained tasks, it is important to analyze the temporal requirements as well as the functional correctness. This paper presents a method to analyze temporal requirements imposed on an embedded real-time system supporting multiple modes. While most performance analysis methods focus only on testing the feasibility of a task or a system, our method goes further by addressing the problem of locating hot spots of a system thereby helping the designer to choose among alternative designs or architectures. We formally define the analysis problem and show that it is very unlikely to be solved efficiently. We present a heuristic algorithm, which is accurate and fast enough to be used in iterative processes in system-level analysis and design. The analysis problem is extended to accommodate probabilistic behavior exhibited by soft real-time tasks.
Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography, Summer 2007

This Bibliography is brought to you for free and open access by Iowa Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review by an authorized administrator of Iowa Research Online. For more information, please contact lib-ir@uiowa.edu. Recommended Citation Folsom, Ed. "Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography, Summer 2007." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 25 (Summer 2007), 77-84.
Evidence of Shallow Fault Zone Strengthening After the 1992 M7.5 Landers, California, Earthquake

Repeated seismic surveys of the Landers, California, fault zone that ruptured in the magnitude (M) 7.5 earthquake of 1992 reveal an increase in seismic velocity with time. P, S, and fault zone trapped waves were excited by near-surface explosions in two locations in 1994 and 1996, and were recorded on two linear, three-component seismic arrays deployed across the Johnson Valley fault trace. The travel times of P and S waves for identical shot-receiver pairs decreased by 0.5 to 1.5 percent from 1994 to 1996, with the larger changes at stations located within the fault zone. These observations indicate that the shallow Johnson Valley fault is strengthening after the main shock, most likely because of closure of cracks that were opened by the 1992 earthquake. The increase in velocity is consistent with the prevalence of dry over wet cracks and with a reduction in the apparent crack density near the fault zone by approximately 1.0 percent from 1994 to 1996.
Thermodynamic efficiency of nonimaging concentrators

The purpose of a nonimaging concentrator is to transfer maximal flux from the phase space of a source to that of a target. A concentrator's performance can be expressed relative to a thermodynamic reference. We discuss consequences of Fermat's principle of geometrical optics. We review etendue dilution and optical loss mechanisms associated with nonimaging concentrators, especially for the photovoltaic (PV) role. We introduce the concept of optical thermodynamic efficiency which is a performance metric combining the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The optical thermodynamic efficiency is a comprehensive metric that takes into account all loss mechanisms associated with transferring flux from the source to the target phase space, which may include losses due to inadequate design, non-ideal materials, fabrication errors, and less than maximal concentration. As such, this metric is a gold standard for evaluating the performance of nonimaging concentrators. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of this new metric. In particular we discuss concentrating PV systems for solar power applications.
Connective tissue diseases: Immunosuppressive therapy in SSc: what is the target?

Despite a lack of definitive evidence supporting their efficacy, nonselective immunosuppressive drugs are frequently prescribed for patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). An analysis of data collected for a German registry provides a review of their experience with the use of these medications.
Using Photography To Explore Hidden Realities and Raise Cross-Cultural Sensitivity in Future Teachers

This study explored the influence of residency status (outsider) and prior cross-cultural experiences on how the neighborhoods of students are perceived by future teachers. The study participants consisted of 18 graduate teacher education mentors and their 18 high school mentees. The data sources included 820 black and white photographs and 82 photo captions generated by the study participants, mentee/mentor group discussions, and the graduate students’ weekly reflective journals, bi-weekly facilitated discussions and peer debriefings. The study found that subconscious realities based on prior cross-cultural experiences (or the lack thereof) are more significant factors than residency status when making value judgment about the neighborhoods of “others.”
Revisiting Freund's incomplete adjuvant for vaccines in the developing world

The rightful emphasis on collaboration between the public and private sectors in solving the world's health problems, especially those of the poor in the developing world, relies on industry developing new technologies with the support of government and foundations. However, certain products, despite their potential to have a great impact on disease in the developing world, will not be developed by industry because they carry the risk of lawsuits owing to possible severe adverse reactions – risks that are not counterbalanced by potential profit of products that are of limited use in the developed world. Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) is one such example that is better developed in the public sector. In this article, we present the evidence that has led to our interest in FIA, evidence of its potential benefit in vaccines against blood-stage malaria, and the way forward to make safe, effective and affordable vaccines for malaria and other serious diseases in the developing world.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Safer Sexual Behavior by Ghanaian Immigrants in a Large Midwestern U.S. City

Ghanaian immigrant population in the United States is at a high risk for developing HIV/AIDS. This study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict safer sexual behavior among Ghanaian immigrants in a large Midwestern city in the United States. A 55-item questionnaire was developed and tested for validity (face, content, and construct) and reliability (stability and test-retest). A total of 137 Ghanaian immigrants completed the questionnaire. The constructs of perceived behavioral control (p < 0.001) and subjective norm (p < 0.001) were significant predictors for intention to use condoms and they accounted for 38% of the variance. Behavioral intention for condom use (p < 0.001) was the significant predictor for condom use and it accounted for 21% of the variance. Health education interventions based on constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior must promote consistent and correct use of condoms in this population.
Mechanisms of EGF receptor regulation in breast cancer cells

Overexpression of the EGF receptor in breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis and failure on endocrine therapy for both ER−/EGFR+ and ER+/EGFR+ tumors, suggesting a role for EGFR in the progression to hormone independence. The identification of specific DNase I hypersensitive site patterns for the EGFR gene in ER+ vs. ER− cells implicates regions of the EGFR first intron in up-regulation of EGFR, while estrogen regulation studies indicate the involvement of a repressor(s) in the maintenance of low levels of EGFR. Based on these findings, a multi-step model is proposed for the progression of breast cancer from a hormone-dependent, ER+/EGFR- phenotype to an aggressive, hormone-independent, ER−/EGFR+ stage.
wrwyrggrywrw is a single-chain functional analog of the Holliday junction-binding homodimer, (wrwycr)2

DNA repair pathways in bacteria that use homologous recombination involve the formation and subsequent resolution of Holliday junction (HJ) intermediates. We have previously identified several hexameric peptides that bind to HJs and interfere with HJ processing enzymes in vitro. The peptide WRWYCR and its D-amino acid stereoisomer wrwycr, are potent antibacterial agents. These hexapeptides must form homodimers in order to interact stably with HJs, and inhibit bacterial growth, and this represents a potential limitation. Herein we describe a disulfide bond-independent inhibitor, WRWYRGGRYWRW and its D-stereoisomer wrwyrggrywrw. We have characterized these single-chain, linear analogs of the hexapeptides, and show that in addition to effectively binding to HJs, and inhibiting the activity of DNA repair enzymes that process HJs, they have equal or greater potency against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial growth. The analogs were also shown to cause DNA damage in bacteria, and disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Finally, we found that they have little toxicity toward several eukaryotic cell types at concentrations needed to inhibit bacterial growth.
Information, innovation and diffusion of technology

The paper presents an infinite horizon model of innovation and diffusion incorporating features from recent advances in evolutionary economics. A stochastic variant is explored which posits that technological knowledge is costly to obtain, requiring resource expenditure. There are heterogeneous agents: optimizing as well as non-optimizing agents. The optimizing agents incur an innovation cost. The return from inventive investment is random. The non-optimizing agents, operating existing technologies, behave solely adaptively. Cross-effects between those two types of agents give rise to the multiple equilibria, path-dependence, diversity of diffusion processes and a coexistence of different technologies. Some policy conclusions are drawn in the last section.
Components of genetic variation for cut-flower yield in the Davis Population of Gerbera

Genetic variances for cut-flower yield in Gerbera hybrida were partitioned into additive and dominance components. Mean additive variance was 37.3 with a standard error of 12.9. Mean dominance variance was 12.7 with a standard error of 32.6. The dominance ratio was 0.34. Narrow sense heritability, estimated from these components of variance, averaged 0.42 with a standard error of 0.13. Heritabilities estimated from parent-offspring regression averaged 0.25. Gain from selection was less then expected; realized heritabilities were approximately 0.20.
Intrinsic Thermodynamic Noise in Passive Fiber Systems

A new theory of the thermodynamic noise in passive fibers is developed using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. It models the spontaneous phase noise in fibers, and agrees well with the previous theory and experimental results.
Cybercrime: Legal Standards Governing the Collection of Digital Evidence

The prosecution of cybercriminals depends upon the collection of digital evidence. In the United States, a complicated system of constitutional and statutory provisions govern what law enforcement officers can, and cannot, do in collecting digital evidence, either by intercepting communications in transmission or by acquiring data stored on computers, computer servers or other storage media. This article reviews the constraints imposed by the Fourth Amendment and then surveys the complex array of statutory provisions that have arisen to supplement the protections it provides.
Ethical challenges and considerations of short-term international medical initiatives: an excursion to Ghana as a case study.

Medical students, physicians, nongovernmental organizations, and military personnel have participated in short-term international medical initiatives to the developing world for decades. Interest in international medical endeavors, particularly in the field of emergency medicine, has only increased with time and ease of transport. Despite our good intentions, ethical challenges frequently pervade the provision of care in these settings. Through the example of a 2-week medical initiative to Ghana, this article explores the ethical subtleties that underlie those challenges and proposes potential avenues by which to address them.
The Effects of Word Length and Visual Complexity on Verbal Reaction Times

Thirty adult subjects learned to associate nonsense names varying in word length with nonsense visual stimuli varying in visual complexity. Simple reaction times (SRTs), visual duration thresholds ...
Using Formal Embedded Formative Assessments Aligned with a Short-Term Learning Progression to Promote Conceptual Change and Achievement in Science

This study examined the effect of learning progression-aligned formal embedded formative assessment on conceptual change and achievement in middle-school science. Fifty-two sixth graders were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. Both groups were taught about sinking and floating by the same teacher with identical curriculum materials and activities. The experimental group received, in addition, three sets of formal embedded formative assessments with qualitative feedback as to how to improve their understandings aligned with an expected learning progression during instruction. The control group spent the corresponding time between new curriculum activities conducting curriculum-specific extension activities. Overall, the experimental group experienced on average greater conceptual change than the control group. The experimental group also scored higher on average than the control group on general achievement tests, especially the performance assessment. This study supporte...
Phonon dephasing and population decay dynamics of the G-band of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes

The dephasing and population decay dynamics of optical phonons are studied for semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using broadband time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and time-resolved incoherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. By simply adjusting the spectral bandwidth of a continuum pulse, we are able to directly measure both the total dephasing time, ${T}_{2}$, and the population decay time, ${T}_{1}$, of the G-band sequentially in the same sample, which allows for one to exclude artifacts due to comparison of dynamics values measured with different sample conditions and different measurement schemes. The values of ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}/2$ are presented for two different SWCNT samples: bundles in a film on glass and a dispersion in water. While the measured ${T}_{1}$ values are similar for the two samples, the pure dephasing times, ${T}_{2}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}/2$, determined from the ${T}_{2}/2$ and ${T}_{1}$ measurements are faster in bundled SWCNTs than in isolated dispersion. This suggests that neighboring tubes in the film perturbs the vibrational mode more strongly than surrounding surfactants and that the pure dephasing dynamics is more sensitive to the perturbation.
"Free the Fortune 500!" The American Enterprise Institute and the Politics of the Capitalist Class in the 1970s

During the 1980s conservative U.S. policies were shaped by the prior work of a well-funded network of private policy-planning organizations, notably the American Enterprise Institute. During the 1970s the AEI became a favored recipient of policy-oriented business funding, recruited prominent neo-conservative intellectuals, and reformulated conservative ideology to make critics of capitalism appear undemocratic. It is argued that widespread business support for conservative policy organizations like the AEI were consistent with capitalist drives to attack labor, regulation, and social welfare programs in the specific context of the economic crisis of the 1970s.
Wage-setting institutions and economic growth

Abstract Wage-setting institutions in several Asian and Latin American economies are compared and contrasted. The Asian economies have relied more on market wage determination, whereas the Latin American economies have encouraged institutions which push wages in key sectors up above market-clearing levels. Market wage determination, combined with exportled growth, has resulted in rapidly rising real wages in the context of full employment in the Asian
Repeated impact and rebound of an elastic-plastic bar from a rigid surface

Abstract The repeated impact, or “bouncing,” of an elastic-plastic rod on a rigid surface, is treated by means of finite element analysis. A computationally convenient substructuring technique is utilized in the analytical treatment to account for the changing kinematic constraints. The time dependence is accounted for by means of a variable time step, direct integration procedure that has been successfully applied to a number of elasto-plastic dynamic response problems. This time integration procedure is at present being employed in a nonlinear crashworthiness study. It has been proven capable of providing an accurate prediction of a variety of multidimensional dynamic elastic-plastic responses. Additionally, the procedure has demonstrated its ability to account for an elastic-plastic dynamic response that includes plastic reflections from boundaries and interaction of plastic wave fronts. The merging of the substructuring technique and numerical time integration procedure has been accomplished. The cases discussed include an unloaded bar traveling at uniform velocity before impact with a rigid barrier, and a bar traveling toward the rigid surface and subject to forces that are applied and removed periodically. Both cases are motivated by questions concerning the elastic-plastic dynamic response of a crashed vehicle. The latter case, which suggests the term “bouncing problem,” has, in addition, applications to problems involving pneumatically driven tools. The response is described, starting with the instant of contact at the impacting end, is followed while elastic/plastic wave propagation extends to the free end, and continues to be treated as elastic/plastic reflections occur and return to the impacting end. Finally, the behavior of the rod as it leaves and possibly returns to the wall is discussed, and the dwell time as a function of elastic and elastic-plastic properties of the material is determined.