cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Breaks in Heated Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 After Exposure to Nutritionally Complex Media

Minimal medium recovery of heat-treated Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 has been expressed as the reduced viability on trypticase soy agar supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract (TSY) relative to a glucose-salts (M-9) agar. Incubation of S. typhimurium LT-2 in water at 50 C for 15 min did not change the sedimentation patterns of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in alkaline sucrose gradients. The same pattern was obtained if the heated cells were further incubated for 15 min at 37 C in M-9 broth. However, a marked increase in DNA single-strand breakage accompanied by a loss of viability was observed after a similar incubation of heated bacteria in TSY broth. If heated bacteria were incubated in M-9 broth before TSY broth, there was a decrease in the single-strand breakage occurring in the TSY broth. This decrease is believed to be the result of repair of heat-induced damage. We conclude that minimal medium recovery after heat treatment is due to DNA damage caused by sequential exposure to heat and TSY medium, such damage not occurring after sequential exposure to heat and M-9 medium.
Life and Death in a Time of Terror. Howard R. Pollio, Tolia Stoitstova, and Anne Snellen

There has been considerable interest in using analysis by metaphor to reveal and study cultural differences (e.g., Charteris-Black & Ennis, 2001; Deignan, 2003; Kovecses, 2003, 2005; Littlemore, 20...
JavaScript for educators and students

Participants will learn HTML/Javascripting components that work well teaching programming to non-computing majors by designing interactive web pages. Topics include: clickable images, forms, and dialogue boxes, a discussion of similarities and differences between Java and Javascript; sample programming exercises utilizing functions, event handling, object creation. Supplied materials will include assignments, programming examples, teaching units and web resources.
Infinitesimal rotations of isometric minimal immersions between spheres

A fundamental problem posed by DoCarmo and Wallach is to give lower bounds for the codimension of isometric minimal immersions between round spheres. For a given domain dimension and degree, the moduli space of such immersions is a compact convex body in a representation space for a Lie group of isometries acting transitively on the domain. Infinitesimal isometric deformations of these minimal immersions give rise to a linear contraction on the moduli, and the eigenvalues of the contraction are related to the Casimir eigenvalues on the irreducible components of the ambient representation space. The study of these eigenvalues leads to new sharp lower bounds for the codimension of the immersions and gives an insight to the subtleties of the boundary of the moduli.
Veterinarian–Client Discourse

Companion animals, food production animals, and wildlife have a significant presence in the lives of modern humans. However, very little empirical research addresses the interaction between humans and the veterinarians who provide health care for these animals. Although similar to the pediatric setting in interactional terms, the veterinary clinic presents a unique set of communication, economic, and ethical dilemmas to be managed through talk in interaction. Available empirical research is largely composed of ethnographic, interview, and coding studies, but a small set of conversation-analytic studies examine the context in terms of both pet-directed and client-directed talk. Keywords: health care; health communication; indirect discourse; interpersonal communication; veterinary practice; euthanasia; pediatric medicine
Crossing Borders and Opening Boxes: Disney and Hybrid Animation

It is likely that transgression has its entire space in the line it crosses. The play of limits and transgression seem to be regulated by a simple obstinacy: transgression incessantly crosses and r...
Characterization of palladium oxide catalysts supported on nanoparticle metal oxides for the oxidative coupling of 4-methylpyridine

Abstract Palladium catalysts supported on various metal oxides were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate why these catalysts do not show any correlation between the measured Pd surface area and the catalytic activity for the oxidative coupling of 4-methylpyridine to 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine. The XPS data confirm the classification of n-Al 2 O 3 (+), n-MgO and p-SiO 2 as non-interacting supports, since the Pd 3d 5/2 binding energy (BE) of palladium on these supports is 336.1 eV, consistent with bulk PdO. In contrast, catalysts supported on p-TiO 2 , n-ZnO, n-ZrO 2 , n-ZrO 2 (CeO 2 ), and n-CeO 2 have Pd 3d 5/2 BEs ranging from 336.3 to 337.4 eV, which reveal varying degrees of metal-support interactions. Metal support interactions leading to electron deficient Pd 2+ species are likely beneficial for the reaction due to a facilitated C–H insertion step. While both the PdO/p-TiO 2 and PdO/n-TiO 2 catalysts have a Pd 3d BE of 336.3 eV, their differences in activity can be attributed to (1) the PdO/n-TiO 2 catalyst as prepared having a significantly higher number of hydroxyl groups on the surface compared with the PdO/p-TiO 2 catalyst, and (2) the p-TiO 2 support being crystalline with an anatase phase, while the n-TiO 2 support is nearly amorphous. The presence of surface hydroxyl groups before reaction could hinder the first C–H activation step, and an anatase phase of the support can result in more favorable palladium-support interactions compared with an amorphous TiO 2 . The XPS data also indicates that while Pd-support interactions are beneficial, very strong interactions, such as in the case of CeO 2 , can lead to migration of the support over Pd, which reduces the Pd surface area and explains the lower than expected activity of the PdO/n-CeO 2 catalyst. On some supports in this study leaching may occur during the reaction, but the characterization data indicate that other factors of catalyst deactivation are more important. XRD reveals that the complete reduction of the PdO particles on the surface is very fast compared to the reaction time. This observation explains why reducible supports with mobile oxygen are beneficial in this reaction. These supports can facilitate the reoxidation of palladium due to strong metal-support interactions. Migration of the support over the active palladium species is another deactivation pathway that appears to be more severe than leaching on these catalysts.
Syntheses of the linkage isomers (H2O)5CrNCCo(CN)5 and (H2O)5CrCNCo(CN)5

Abstract The slow reaction of Cr(H 2 O) 6 3+ with Co(CN) 6 3− produces (H 2 O)CrNCCo(CN) 5 . The rapid reaction of Co(CN) 5 N 3 3− with nitrious acid in the presence of Cr)OH 2 ) 5 CN 2+ produces (H 2 O) 5 CrCNCo(CN) 5 . The two binuclear complexes were separated and purified by cation and anion exchange procedures. The orientation of the bridging cyanide in the isomeric complexes was determined by a spectroscopic technique. For (H 2 O) 5 CrNCCo(CN) 5 the 4 A 2 g → 4 T 2 g and 4 A 2 g → 4 T 1 g of the chromium moiety are at 560 and 401 nm, respectively, and the 1 A 1 g → 1 T 1 g of the cobalt moiety is at 310 nm. For (H 2 O) 5 CrCNCo(CN) 5 the 4 A 2 g → 4 T 2 g band is at 552 nm, but the 4 A 2 g → 4 T 1 g absorption of the chromium is obscured by the 1 A 1 g → 1 T 1 g transition of the cobalt at 347 nm. The base hydrolysis of (H 2 O) 5 CNCCo(CN) 5 produces Co(CN) 6 3− and “chromite” quantitatively. The vase hydrolysis of (H 2 O) 5 CrCNCo(CN) 5 produces chromite and an unidentified cobalt(III) species that absorbs at 345–347 nm.
Characterising the performance of cache-aware placement of virtual machines on a multi-core architecture

Virtual machine acceptance and deployment has exploded with the advent of cloud computing. Unfortunately, virtual machines negatively impact application performance. For parallel scientific codes, any negative performance impact is undesirable. This paper presents an initial investigation of performance-impacting machine-level events, comparing the Xen virtual machine to native Linux, and using knowledge of the underlying CPU cache architecture to improve relevant cache behaviour. Several machine-level events are gathered, including translation lookaside buffer misses and cache misses. Results from the experiments show that cache-aware virtual machine placement has a significant impact on scientific applications.
Accretion of Pollutants in Snow Exposed to Urban Traffic and Winter Storm Maintenance Activities. I

Urban snow is impacted by traffic activities and winter maintenance practices that result in significant accretion of dissolved, colloidal, and suspended solids in a complex heterogeneous snow matrix that includes heavy metals, inorganic, and organic compounds. Extended residence times of snow as a roadway snowbank exposed to these pollutant-generating activities lead to significant pollutant accretion and partitioning in the snow matrix. This study analyzed four highway sites in urban Cincinnati with respect to specific water quality indices for the residence time of roadway snow. Chloride levels in roadway snow illustrate a direct correlation to application of de-icing salts. While accretion of total dissolved solids (TDS) was initially rapid with a decrease late in the event, total suspended solids (TSS) accretion demonstrated a more gradually increasing trend for the duration of roadway snow, approaching 10\u5 mg/L. Temporal trends towards increasing total chemical oxygen demand (COD\i\dt) exerted by roadway snow are similar to TSS, with COD\d\it values approaching 10\u5 mg/L. Applications of 2.2 × 10\u5 kg of de-icing salt containing cyanide as an anticaking agent, along a 27-km section of interstate, resulted in approximately 6 kg of cyanide discharged along this major north-south interstate in the study area. Results indicate that traffic activities and winter storm management practices can have a significant impact on pollutant accretion in urban snow.
The Impact of the Instructional Planning Self-Reflective Tool on Preservice Teacher Performance, Disposition, and Self-Efficacy Beliefs Regarding Systematic Instructional Planning

This study investigated the impact of a self-regulatory tool, the Instructional Planning Self-Reflective Tool (IPSRT), on preservice teachers' performance, disposition, and self-efficacy beliefs regarding systematic instructional planning. Participants enrolled in an introductory educational technology course were taught how to develop an instructional plan as part of the course. An experimental group was provided with instruction on how to use the IPSRT while engaging in instructional planning. Results indicated that the experimental group demonstrated greater skill acquisition, showed more positive disposition, and reported higher perceived instrumentality of instructional planning. In terms of self-efficacy, no significant differences were found between the two groups. However, further analyses revealed that participants who were initially high in self-efficacy reported significantly lower self-efficacy following the tool intervention; in contrast, participants initially low in self-efficacy showed significantly higher self-efficacy following the tool intervention. Findings are discussed from a social-cognitive perspective.
Weathered IXTOC I oil effects on estuarine benthos

Abstract The impact of weathered IXTOC I oil on experimental benthic communities colonized in the laboratory and in situ was observed. Test systems containing clean sand and receiving seawater from Aransas Pass Inlet were placed in the laboratory while similar systems were placed on the seafloor. All of these test systems were allowed to colonize for 8 weeks by settlement of planktonic larvae. Weathered IXTOC I oil was added to randomly selected laboratory and in situ replicate compartments within the test systems and these were then exposed to flowing seawater in the laboratory for an additional 4 weeks. Observations of the structure and biomass of the communities at the end of the 12-week period indicated no significant effects on the laboratory colonized communities. However, total density was significantly affected in the in situ colonized systems as was species composition. Although not significant, total biomass was substantially reduced by oiling. Eh measurements of sediments showed that the oil reduced the depth of the oxygenated layer approximately half. This reduction may reduce subsurface benthic production and alter processes such as nutrient regeneration.
The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults.

Study objective: To describe the epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults and to determine if there are characteristics unique to this group in terms of etiology, rhythm, and outcome. Design: Retrospective, case review. Setting: King County, Washington. Type of participants: All out-of-hospital victims of cardiac arrest who received emergency aid. Measurements: The etiology, cardiac rhythm, and outcome were identified for each case. Main results: During the 13-year period from 1976 to 1989, there were 8,054 cardiac arrests, 252 of these were among young adults 18 to 35 years of age. Of those 252 cases, 61 (24%) were caused by ischemic heart disease, and 60 (24%) were caused by overdose. Asystole was the most common rhythm (48%), followed by ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia (31 %). Long-term survival following these rhythms was 4% and 28%, respectively. In terms of age, etiology, and rhythm, young adults appear to represent a transitional group between children and older adults. There were no unique characteristics specific to young adults. Long-term survival is dependent more on rhythm than on age. Conclusion: In terms of age, etiology, and rhythm, young adults appear to represent a transitional group between children and older adults.
Rôle of psychosomatic factors in peptic ulcer disease

Evidence indicates that a link between peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and selected psychosomatic factors may exist. A series of 70 consecutive male and female adult patients were categorized by peptic symptoms and divided into four groups: a) controls; b) gastric ulcer (GU); c) duodenal ulcer (DU); and d) chronic non-ulcer dyspepsia (CNUD). All patients were interviewed and asked to answer a questionnaire that included demographics, medical history and the incidence of negative life events. A decreased level of activity was a predominant finding in GU, DU and CNUD patients. Family history of PUD may be correlated with CNUD. Of interest was the finding that DU and CNUD patients presented a higher incidence of negative life events when compared to the other study groups. Negative life events that produce considerable stress may predispose to peptic symptoms in certain patients.
A Scleral Tunnel Incision for Trabeculectomy

Purpose We used a modified technique to construct the trabeculectomy flap. Methods The technique involved the creation of a scleral tunnel as is used in phacoemulsification surgery for cataract. Results We have used this technique in our most recent 90 cases. We believe it is an easier technique to perform than conventional flap dissection, and that it yields improved flap construction. Conclusions The scleral tunnel flap technique offers a number of advantages over standard flap construction in trabeculectomy surgery.
Degradation of Terfenol-D particle epoxy composites under low frequency cyclic magneto-mechanical loading: comparisons of matrix polymer

Magnetostrictive Terfenol-D particle actuated epoxy polymer matrix composites were prepared with polyamine and anhydride cured epoxy polymer matrices. The different matrix epoxies exhibited large differences in glass transition and creep behavior. The differences in matrix thermal-mechanical properties resulted in important differences in temperature dependant damage behavior and magneto-elastic strain output in the Terfenol-D particle actuated epoxy polymer matrix composites.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Peptidergic transmitters in synaptic boutons of sympathetic ganglia

In sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog, a slow synaptic potential lasting for minutes—the late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (e.p.s.p.)—was discovered1. This slow response, unlike other previously known synaptic potentials in the autonomie nervous system, is not mediated by acetylcholine or monoamines. Similar non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic slow synaptic potentials have since been found in several other vertebrate autonomie ganglia2. We found that the late slow e.p.s.p. is probably mediated by a peptide that is identical to, or closely resembles, mammalian luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)3, because (1) when applied directly to sympathetic neurones, LHRH and its agonists elicit a slow depolarization, associated with similar changes in membrane conductance and excitability as those occurring during the late slow e.p.s.p. Furthermore, both peptide-induced and nerve-evoked responses are blocked by antagonists of LHRH; and (2) radioimmunoassays indicate that a chain of sympathetic ganglia contains 100–800 pg of a LHRH-like peptide. Its distribution among spinal nerves, the great reduction of this substance following denervation, and its release from ganglia following isotonic KCl treatment or nerve stimulation suggest that the LHRH-like material is contained in preganglionic nerve fibres. Here we report that immunohistochemical staining of sympathetic ganglia shows that LHRH-like immunoreactivity is indeed present in synaptic boutons. We also show that the two types of ganglion cells (B cells and C cells) receive strikingly different patterns of peptidergic innervation.
Migration and acculturation among Samoans: some sources of stress and support

Daily excretion of the stress hormone, epinephrine, has been employed to study potential stressors associated with acculturation and migration. Young men and women from Samoan communities in Hawaii (HI), American Samoa (AS) and Western Samoa (WS) which differ in exposure to American culture were included. Psychosocial factors associated with elevations in hormone excretion were assumed to be stressors, while associations with reduced excretions were assumed to be supportive or buffers. Hormone excretion levels were similar in all locations, but there were different associations which could be attributed to migration and acculturation. Among all migrants (HI) ethnic networks were apparent stressors, while a high degree of community involvement was stressful for migrant women. In sites of culture contact (HI, AS) certain adult members of the extended family were supportive, as was a superior knowledge of Samoan cultural concepts. For women in Samoa (WS, AS) community involvement was supportive. In contrast for men in WS and AS, but not in HI, being of mixed ancestry or having close family of mixed ancestry was stressful. It is concluded that hormone analysis can provide meaningful clues concerning social stressors in acculturating or migrant communities. Also that migration or acculturation do not necessarily result in increased levels of stress.
Effects of cadmium on the intracellular pool of free amino acids in Mytilus edulis.

Bivalve molluscs exposed to extended periods of reduced salinities volume regulate by the loss of intracellular solutes. The solutes lost in this isosmotic intracellular regulation are primarily free amino acids. This study was undertaken to determine if the presence of cadmium would alter free amino acid content of Mytilus edulis.
Efficient readout for carbon nanotube (CNT)-based IR detectors

By forming a Schottky barrier with the contact metal, a semiconducting CNT based Schottky photodiode is formed at the CNT-metal contact. The photogenerated electron-hole pairs within the depletion region of the Schottky barrier are separated by an external electrical field or the built-in field, producing a photocurrent. How to efficiently read this photocurrent signal out is an essential problem for the photodetectors. Since a semiconducting CNT normally forms a Schottky barrier at each CNT-electrode contact, two Schottky photodiodes are reversely connected and their photocurrents will cancel each other, which makes it difficult to measure the overall photocurrent. With different materials as the contact electrodes, the asymmetric structure enlarged the difference between the two CNT-metal contacts. Hence the measurable photocurrent is also enlarged. Furthermore, since the CNT Schottky barrier is determined by the metal work function and the Fermi level of the CNT, the Schottky barrier is able to be adjusted by controlling the Fermi level of the CNT with a gate electrode. In this way, the photocurrent can be optimized to a maximum value by varying the gate voltage. CNT based infrared detectors with different structures were fabricated and tested. Experimental results showed that the asymmetric structure and the gate controlled CNT based photodiode could significantly improve the performance of CNT based infrared detectors.
DC coupled CW radar sensor using fine-tuning adaptive feedback loop

A new DC coupled continuous-wave (CW) radar sensor using a fine-tuning adaptive feedback loop technique to calibrate the DC offset is presented. This technique not only makes the radar sensor work with sufficient high gain at the DC-coupled baseband stage, but also allows it to detect movement with stationary moment. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed DC coupled radar sensor can completely relieve the baseband stages from saturation and retain all the desired DC information, while the conventional AC coupled radar sensor leads to significant signal distortion when a movement has stationary moment.
Polymicrobial bacteremia in children. An 11-year experience.

• The clinical records of all patients with blood cultures positive for a bacterial pathogen were retrospectively examined during an 11-year period to determine the rate of and clinical features associated with polymicrobial bacteremia. During this period, bacteria were isolated in 6302 blood cultures. Of these cultures, 38 instances (0.6%) of polymicrobial bacteremia occurred in 38 patients. In 37 patients (97%), an underlying condition was identified that was considered a predisposing factor for polymicrobial bacteremia—18 patients (42%) had lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, 13 patients (34%) had an indwelling central venous catheter, nine patients (24%) had a malignant neoplasm or were receiving chemotherapy, and nine patients (24%) had neutropenia. A total of 98 pathogenic organisms were isolated; 52 were gram-negative and 46 were gram-positive, and 18 patients (47%) had more than two organisms isolated. Polymicrobial bacteremia was usually clinically indistinguishable from monomicrobial septicemia. Overall mortality was 32%. Polymicrobial bacteremia continues to be a rare, but serious, infectious disease that usually affects children with underlying medical problems and is associated with a high rate of mortality. (AJDC1988;142:1158-1160)
Superconductivity in Cr 3 Si-Type Ternary Phases with Niobium and Group VIII Metals

Ternary alloys having the ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{3}$Si-type structure and the general composition ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}{\mathrm{Rh}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{B}_{x}$, where $B$ is Co, Ru, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, or Au were investigated for superconductivity down to 1.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. All the metals substituted for Rh in ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Rh were found to increase the cell volume and, except for Pt and Au, to decrease the superconducting transition temperature. Substitutions of Pt or Au in suitable amounts increase the transition temperature but not above that of the binary compounds ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Pt and ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Au. The data indicate that the transition temperature of ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{3}$Si-type phases is increased as the valence electron-atom ratio increases from 6 to 6.5, but is decreased with increasing cell volume.
Using co-operative strategies to make alliances work

Abstract Increasingly, firms are engaging in strategic alliances and joint ventures as part of an overall corporate strategy. Partnering is an effective way for firms to develop new technologies and products, procure critical resources, and tap new markets. Many alliances, however, run into problems and fail before ever achieving these benefits. Three key factors establish the foundation of a successful partnership: 1. the co-operative strategy, 2. the relationship, and 3. the partner. Some guidelines are emerging for alliance architects on how to make the right decisions about these pivotal components and on how to evaluate new alliances for the long-term. A well-designed alliance can avert costly and time-consuming repairs later. The key to success is careful planning—not patchwork.
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy measurement of Young's modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio as a function of porosity for alumina and hydroxyapatite

Modulus–porosity relationships are critical for engineered bone tissue scaffold materials such as hydroxyapatite (HA), where porosity is essential to biological function. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) measurements revealed that the Young's modulus, E, and shear modulus, G, of both alumina and HA decrease monotonically with increasing volume fraction porosity, P, for 0.06 < P < 0.39 (alumina) and 0.05 < P < 0.51 (HA). Although the elastic moduli of porous materials have been measured by a number of different ultrasonic resonance techniques (of which the RUS technique is one example) and over the last decade the elastic moduli of many solids have been measured by the RUS technique, this study is the first systematic RUS study of porous materials. Comparison of E versus P data for alumina (which has been studied extensively) with literature data from several measurement techniques indicates the RUS technique is effective for modulus–porosity measurements. Another key result is that although the HA s...
Cytoplasmic mRNA for human triosephosphate isomerase is immune to nonsense-mediated decay despite forming polysomes

Nonsense codons between position 14 within the first exon and position 193 within the penultimate exon of the human gene for triosephosphate isomerase reduce mRNA abundance to 25% of normal. The reduction in abundance is due to the decay of newly synthesized mRNA that copurifies with nuclei. TPI mRNA that copurifies with cytoplasm is immune to decay. We show here that immunity is not due to the failure of nonsense-containing mRNA to form polysomes. This finding indicates that cytoplasmic mRNA, in contrast to nucleus-associated mRNA, may have lost one or more factors that are required for nonsense-mediated decay or gained one or more factors that confer immunity to nonsense-mediated decay.
Mastery Motivation and Cognitive Development in 4-Year-Old Children Born at Various Degrees of Medical Risk

Although technology has enabled premature infants to survive, longitudinal assessments have primarily focused on IQ outcomes. The purpose of this study was to establish the usefulness of mastery assessment in establishing developmental outcome. Mastery motivation and cognition were examined in 167 preschool children born at various degrees of medical risk. Mastery motivation was measured by a videotaped toy sequence designed to tap sensorimotor practice, effect production, and problem solving. Patterns of correlations indicate that the relationship between mastery and IQ were complementary and not redundant. Three regression models showed that significant interactions between perinatal status and mastery motivation behaviors confirm mastery assessment worthy of consideration in biologically high-risk children.
Comparative efficacy of intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of antiserum in passive anaphylaxis.

SummaryThe intraperitoneal and intravenous routes of injection of antiserum were equally effective in development of passive anaphylactic sensitization when the guinea pigs were challenged after an incubation period of 48 hours.
Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics induce apoptosis of patient chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.

A new drug-free nanotherapeutic approach for B-cell malignancies was developed. Exposure of B-cells to an anti-CD20 Fab’-morpholino oligonucleotide1 (MORF1) conjugate decorated the cell surface with MORF1; further exposure of the decorated cells to multivalent polymer-oligonucleotide2 conjugates (P-MORF2) resulted in CD20 clustering at the cell surface with induction of apoptosis. We evaluated this concept in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells isolated from ten patients. Apoptosis and cytotoxicity were observed in eight samples, including two samples with the 17p13 deletion, which suggested a p53-independent mechanism of apoptosis induction. When compared to an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb), the nanotherapeutic showed significantly more potent apoptosis-inducing activity and cytotoxicity. This was due to the multivalency effect (eight binding sites per polymer chain) of our design in comparison to the divalent mAb. In conclusion, we have developed a novel and potent therapeutic system against CLL and other B-cell malignancies with significant advantages over conventional chemoimmunotherapy.
Stress-Induced Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic Translocation of Cyclin C Promotes Mitochondrial Fission in Yeast

Mitochondrial morphology is maintained by the opposing activities of dynamin-based fission and fusion machines. In response to stress, this balance is dramatically shifted toward fission. This study reveals that the yeast transcriptional repressor cyclin C is both necessary and sufficient for stress-induced hyperfission. In response to oxidative stress, cyclin C translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is destroyed. Prior to its destruction, cyclin C both genetically and physically interacts with Mdv1p, an adaptor that links the GTPase Dnm1p to the mitochondrial receptor Fis1p. Cyclin C is required for stress-induced Mdv1p mitochondrial recruitment and the efficient formation of functional Dnm1p filaments. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation studies and fluorescence microscopy revealed an elevated association between Mdv1p and Dnm1p in stressed cells that is dependent on cyclin C. This study provides a mechanism by which stress-induced gene induction and mitochondrial fission are coordinated through translocation of cyclin C.
Effect of oxygen concentration on the formation of malondialdehyde-like material in a model of tissue ischemia and reoxygenation.

Abstract This study was conducted to explore the functional relationship between oxygen concentration during tissue reoxygenation after ischemia and the extent of postischemic lipid peroxidation, an indicator of reoxygenation injury. Excised rat liver or kidney tissue was rendered ischemic for 1 h at 37°C, minced into 1 mm3 fragments, and then reoxygenated for 1 h in flasks of buffered salt solution containing various amounts of oxygen. Production of malondialdehyde-like material (MDA) was measured to indicate lipid peroxidation. MDA production was minimal at oxygen tensions less than 10 mmHg, increased sharply from 10 to 50 mmHg, and plateaued at approximately 100 mmHg. A similar functional relationship was produced by a simple mathematical model of free radical mediated lipid peroxidation in biological membranes, suggesting that MDA production is indeed caudes by free radical oxidation of membrane phospholipids and that the oxygen effect is governed by simple competition between chain propagation and chain termination reactions within the membrane. These experimental and analytical results confirm that relatively low concentrations of oxygen are sufficient to produce oxidative damage in post-ischemic tissues.
Spatial cognition in alcoholics: influence of concurrent abuse of other drugs

Abstract Several tests of visuospatial cognition are known to be sensitive to chronic alcohol abuse, but the consequences of combined abuse of alcohol and other drugs on these measures is not known. To address this issue, groups that had abused only alcohol, alcohol and marijuana, or alcohol and multiple other drugs (Ale/Poly) were compared to community controls. Testing occurred after at least 3 weeks of treatment for the drug abusers. On all measures of visuospatial perception and construction and on all measures of visuospatial learning and memory, all groups of alcoholics were impaired relative to controls, but there were no significant differences among the groups that abused alcohol. By contrast, on all measures of geographical knowledge that required place localization, subjects in the Ale/Poly group were impaired while subjects who abused only alcohol or alcohol and marijuana performed as well as controls. Measures of alcohol consumption, mood or childhood or adult attention deficit were not consistently correlated with test performance.
Members Promote Climate Science on Capitol Hill

[1] With national debates raging on the future of U.S. energy policy, environmental regulation, and climate change, legislators need access to scientists and their research to make informed policy decisions. To help bring accurate climate science to lawmakers and connect scientists with Congress, AGU worked with eight other scientific societies to sponsor the first ever Climate Science Day on Capitol Hill. Thirty-six scientists who work on various aspects of climate science came to Washington, D. C., on 16–17 February 2011. They brought their research and expertise directly to Capitol Hill for this inaugural Climate Science Day—a day of meetings with legislators and staff to emphasize the importance of climate science research and to offer help and expertise in understanding the wide array of data and science behind climate change.
Peroxidase activity in healthy and leaf-rust-infected wheat leaves

Abstract Peroxidase activity was determined in primary leaves of healthy and inoculated, near-isogenic wheat lines differing in susceptibility to the leaf rust pathogen, Puccinia recondita (isolate UN1-68B). Inoculated LR10(TC), which developed a low (X) infection type, had peroxidase activity 109% greater than healthy controls by 9 days post-infection. Thatcher, which developed a high (4) infection type, had peroxidase activities only 20–48% greater than healthy controls during the 2–9-day period after infection. Activity, similar in healthy leaves of both lines, increased with leaf age. Total buffer-soluble protein (trichloroacetic acid-precipitable) did not change as the disease developed in either line. Peroxidases from both healthy and inoculated LR10(TC) separated on a gel filtration column into two distinct molecular weight groupos. The ratio of activities in these two groups did not differ between 9-day-rusted LR10(TC) and healthy tissue, although total peroxidase was considerably greater in infected tissues. This suggests that the two forms may be related. The low molecular-weight peroxidase fraction had an average molecular weight of near 35,000 (as determined by gel filtration), while the molecular weight of the other fraction was near 160,000. The physiological significance of the two molecular sizes is unknown.
Factors influencing dimethoate and triethyl phosphate-induced narcosis in rats and mice.

Abstract Relationships between the anticholinesterase and narcosis-producing action of dimethoate [ O,O -dimethyl, S -( N -methylcarbamoyl methyl) phosphorodithioate] and the influence of age, sex, and drug pretreatments on the susceptibility of mice and rats to dimethoate- and triethyl phosphate (TEP)-induced narcosis were investigated. Although the doses of dimethoate required to produce narcosis exceeded those that inhibited brain cholinesterase, the onset of narcosis (loss of righting reflex) occurred before the onset of cholinesterase inhibition. Dose and time response studies indicated that these two effects of dimethoate were independent of each other; however, some evidence was obtained which suggested that the initial narcosis may delay the lethal cholinergic toxicity. Adult female rats were more susceptible than males to the production of narcosis by both dimethoate and triethylphosphate, and adults of both sexes were more susceptible to this effect than weanlings. Male mice were more resistant to narcosis production than rats. Pretreatment of female rats with SKF 525-A 1 hr before dimethoate prolonged the duration of narcosis and delayed the onset of cholinergic signs. Repeated phenobarbital injections hastened the onset of cholinergic signs, but did not affect the duration of narcosis. SKF 525-A prolonged and phenobarbital shortened triethyl phosphate-induced narcosis in male mice, but these pretreatments did not significantly affect the duration of TEP narcosis in adult female rats.
Application of fuzzy set theory to industrial pollution prevention: production system modeling and life cycle assessment

This research describes a framework and case study application that merges fuzzy set methods, pollution prevention, and sustainable production concepts. There is a direct linkage between industrial pollution prevention, sustainability, and the solution of large-scale environmental problems. This linkage stems from the inherent desire for economic production, while at the same time protecting the environment from further degradation. The methodology combines systems analysis under imprecise conditions with a life cycle assessment method that is able to accept imprecise data. Analysis of systems under imprecise conditions is accomplished through analysis of process flow diagrams using fuzzy set techniques. Introduction of imprecision into life cycle assessment is accomplished by integration of fuzzy set approaches into a decision support system utilizing multiple criteria decision making. The framework is described and a case study application of an industrial parts cleaning system using an open top vapor degreaser is presented. Results of applying the method show that: (1) It is well suited for analysis of complex systems in which input data is sparse and expensive to collect. (2) The proposed framework includes a decision support system that is able to consider life cycle assessment concepts, and is able to reconcile differing opinions on available options for modification of production systems, thereby leading to more sustainable solutions.
Object-specific multispectral imager

Imaging with object-specific feature measurements has been of interest due to its wide variety of applications in signal and image representation, enhancement, classification and compression. Research has taken place on the performance of linear grayscale face features with respect to reconstruction MSE and feature MSE in different noise environments [1]. In this paper, we analyze a novel multispectral imaging system that measures linear features of an object directly. The system is designed to be energy efficient when compared to a conventional imager. A small number of direct feature measurements exploit the Fellgett advantage to achieve higher fidelity than features that are post-processed from images generated by conventional imaging. A dual-rail optical system with optimized irradiance sharing is designed for this purpose. The system performance is quantified using Karhunen-Loeve features in terms of feature RMSE and reconstruction RMSE, in the presence of noise. Performance comparison for varying block-size, number of features etc. is performed for RGB face images and Landsat-7 images, with their grayscale counterparts [2]. Results show that in high noise situations a multiplex imager provides images with higher fidelity than a conventional imager does.
Cholinergic Neuronal and Axonal Abnormalities Are Present Early in Aging and in Alzheimer Disease

A large body of evidence indicates that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are selectively vulnerable to degeneration early in Alzheimer disease (AD). Recent studies, however, demonstrate reductions in cortical activity of the cholinergic enzyme choline acetyltransferase only in late stages of AD. To address this apparent contradiction, we compared abnormalities in magnocellular basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and their axons in nondemented young ( 65 years; n = 7), pathologically mild (n = 5), and pathologically severe (n = 5) AD cases. Cholinergic axon abnormalities (i.e. thickened fibers and ballooned terminals) were evident in nondemented middle-aged cases, increased in nondemented old cases, and reduced in density in severe AD. This suggests that loss of cortical cholinergic axons in AD occurs preferentially in fibers with these abnormalities. Paired helical filament 1-immunoreactive pretangles and tangles were observed as early as the third decade prior to their appearance in entorhinal/perirhinal cortex; they were increased in mild and severe AD. These results indicate that basal forebrain cholinergic neuron abnormalities are present very early in aging and in the course of AD. Therefore, despite the morphologic alterations, choline acetyltransferase activity, but not necessarily normal neuron functions, may be preserved.
Conscientious autonomy: displacing decisions in health care.

The standard bioethics account is that respecting patient autonomy means ensuring that patients make their own decisions, and that requires that they give informed consent. In fact, respecting autonomy often has more to do with the overall shape and meaning of their health care regimes. Ideally, patients will sometimes take control of their health care but sometimes defer to medical authority. The physician's task is, in part, to inculcate patients into the appropriate good health care regimes.
Androgen dependence of a marking pheromone in rat urine.

Abstract The voided urine of intact male rats has an avoidance effect on the normal adult male. This quality is not present in bladder urine of adult males, nor in voided urine of castrated or immature males. The avoided substance can be extracted with ethyl ether from normal male voided urine. It is suggested that the marking pheromone is produced by an androgen controlled gland(s) and released into the urine during urination.
The problem of profound mismeasurement and the power of epidemiological studies of diet and cancer.

Abstract Ecological associations of fat intake with breast cancer incidence have not, in general, been corroborated by individual‐based epidemiological studies. Profound mismeasurement, which, in these studies, probably typifies measures of dietary exposures in general and of fat in particular may, in part, explain this lack of agreement. To demonstrate the way in which error masks effects, we studied the impact of extreme mismeasurement in analysis of strong or moderate underlying associations using computer‐simulated, case‐control studies (300 cases, 300 controls). Severe error causes the mean and median odds ratios to be biased toward unity, tests for trend and upper category odds ratios to be often not significant, and lower category odds ratios frequently to exceed higher exposure ones. Important risk relationships can be concealed, despite careful design and analysis if there is substantial mismeasurement of exposure.
Optimal piecewise linear motion of an object among obstacles

We present an algorithm for determining the shortest restricted path motion of a polygonal object amidst polygonal obstacles. The class of motions which are allowed can be described as follows: a designated vertex,P, of the polygonal object traverses a piecewise linear path, whose breakpoints are restricted to the vertices of the obstacles. The distance measure being minimized is the length of the path traversed byP. Our algorithm runs in timeO(n4kogn). We also discuss a variation of this algorithm which minimizes any positive linear combination of length traversed byP and angular rotation of the ladder aboutP. This variation requiresO(n5) time.
Diffraction by a spherical dielectric at large size parameter

Abstract A new diffraction formula from a spherical dielectric is obtained. The formula, an extension of the Fraunhofer diffraction formula, introduces a small but important dependence of the diffraction minima on refractive index.
Morphological and electrophysiological classification of hypothalamic supraoptic neurons

In mammals, the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) have been classified into vasopressin- (VP) and oxytocin- (OT) producing subtypes. The degree to which these neurons have distinguishable characteristics is considered in the present review. Most of the cytoarchitectonic diversity observed in some Golgi studies has yet to be attributed to differences between OT and VP neurons. The predominant SON cell type is a large bipolar neuron with relatively short and simply branching dendrites. Based on intracellular filling, large multipolar neurons probably represent a small subset of neurosecretory cells. Parvicellular multipolar and bipolar neurons may represent interneurons or subsets of neurosecretory cells. Suggestive evidence that axonal origin and spine density may differ between OT and VP neurons remains to be confirmed in rat. Different fiber systems are thought to preferentially innervate VP or OT subgroups, but only rarely have inputs to OT and VP neurons been compared at the ultrastructural level. Potentially selective inputs to OT somata may derive from the raphe system and the nucleus of the solitary tract, whereas the apparent preferential innervation of VP neurons (e.g. from the A1 region of the ventrolateral medulla) is less certain because of the overlapping dendritic fields of OT and VP neurons. Electrophysiologically, OT and VP neurons are best distinguished in vivo by their reaction to gastric, cardiovascular and suckling stimuli. The firing patterns of activated OT and VP neurons often differ, but can transiently appear indistinguishable in vivo and especially in vitro. Classification in vitro without immunochemical labelling may be aided by the presence of phasic bursting (mostly in VP neurons) and by the differential response of these neurons to certain neurochemicals or to stimulation of certain inputs. The membrane properties of OT and VP neurons are generally similar in vitro, but the range of tests has not been extensive. The depolarizing afterpotential is more often exhibited by, but is not exclusive to, VP neurons.
Environmental justice in France? A spatio-temporal analysis of incinerator location

The concept of Environmental Justice (EJ) refers to social inequities in the distribution of environmental risks. This paper presents the first European spatio-temporal EJ analysis, focusing on the location of 107 waste incinerators in France since the 1960s to assess potential biases in siting decisions. It uses a spatial econometric analysis that accounts for vulnerable populations at the time unwanted land uses were sited. We find that, after controlling for a town's socio-economic characteristics and the opportunity costs represented by the demand of its neighbours, each additional 1% of a town's population that is foreign-born increased the odds that the town received an incinerator by 29%. Disproportionate siting near concentrations of immigrants thus generates environmental injustice in France.
Structural and dielectric properties in the system LiTaO3CaZrO3

Abstract A study of solid state reactions and dielectric properties has been made for the binary system LiTaO3CaZrO3. Apart from the already known structures ilmenite and perovskite, one additional phase has been claimed for the compositions in the region Li.79Ca.21Ta.79Zr.21O3 to Li.30Ca.70Ta.30Zr.70O3. The dielectric measurements for the ilmenite solid solutions indicate that the ferroic transition temperature Tc decreases substantially with increasing amounts of CaZrO3 in LiTaO3. A phase-composition diagram for the LiTaO3CaZrO3 system has been constructed on the basis of electric and X-ray diffraction studies.