cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double tungsten coil atomic emission spectrometry: signal enhancement and a new gas phase temperature probe

A new double atomizer arrangement for tungsten coil atomic emission spectrometry is described. Two small constant current power supplies, a Czerny–Turner spectrograph, and a charge coupled device (CCD) detector are used to determine refractory elements in water samples. The analytical figures of merit for Ba, Sr, Ti, and V are reported and compared with the single coil arrangement. The use of two atomizers provides more energy for the atomization and excitation of the analytes and consequently improves sensitivity. Addition of a second coil improves limits of detection for refractory elements by a factor of 40 (V) and 5 (Ti). Using 25 µl sample volumes, the limit of detection for V is 10 µg l−1 at the 437.9 nm emission line, and 400 µg l−1 for the 399.9 nm Ti emission line. Vanadium is determined in a polluted water certified reference material, and the results agree with the certified value (250 mg l−1) at the 95% confidence level. For Ba and Sr, which emit strongly with a single coil, the double coil detection limits are improved by less than a factor of two: 0.007 µg l−1Ba and 0.4 µg l−1Sr. Emission signals for Ag, Cu and Sn are observed for the fist time with a tungsten coil atomic emission spectrometry (WCAES) system. A new method to determine the gas phase temperature by atomic emission spectrometry is also presented. Emission intensities for Dy (418.7 and 421.1 nm) and Eu (462.7 and 466.2 nm) are used to calculate Boltzmann temperatures for both the single and double coil arrangements. Temperature values calculated by this method agree with the traditional optical two-line absorption method using Sn (284.0 and 286.3 nm).
Design Education Supports Social Responsibility and the Economy

Although goals change and reflect the issues of the time, two primary goals of education in a democracy have remained constant over time. The first goal is to educate for vocational competence and the second is to produce caring, intelligent, and wise citizens. Articulating the connection of design education concepts to the economy and social responsibility is beneficial in educating K–12 students. This article illustrates the ways in which design education fosters the skills needed in the global twenty-first century to help students make a better life for themselves and their community and improve the world. I articulate ways to incorporate design as an essential component into a comprehensive visual arts program.
Numerical study of Hele-Shaw flow with suction

We investigate numerically the effects of surface tension on the evolution of an initially circular blob of viscous fluid in a Hele-Shaw cell. The blob is surrounded by less viscous fluid and is drawn into an eccentric point sink. In the absence of surface tension, these flows are known to form cusp singularities in finite time. Our study focuses on identifying how these cusped flows are regularized by the presence of small surface tension, and what the limiting form of the regularization is as surface tension tends to zero. The two-phase Hele-Shaw flow, known as the Muskat problem, is considered. We find that, for nonzero surface tension, the motion continues beyond the zero-surface-tension cusp time, and generically breaks down only when the interface touches the sink. When the viscosity of the surrounding fluid is small or negligible, the interface develops a finger that bulges and later evolves into a wedge as it approaches the sink. A neck is formed at the top of the finger. Our computations reveal an asymptotic shape of the wedge in the limit as surface tension tends to zero. Moreover, we find evidence that, for a fixed time past the zero-surface-tension cusp time, the vanishing surface tension solution is singular at the finger neck. The zero-surface-tension cusp splits into two corner singularities in the limiting solution. Larger viscosity in the exterior fluid prevents the formation of the neck and leads to the development of thinner fingers. It is observed that the asymptotic wedge angle of the fingers decreases as the viscosity ratio is reduced, apparently towards the zero angle (cusp) of the zero-viscosity-ratio solution.
Alternative Perspectives on Action Research.

(1990). Alternative perspectives on action research. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 29, Teacher as Researcher, pp. 144-151.
Chaetauchenium Tschitchérine, 1900 (Carabidae: Pterostichini), a new species and new status for a lineage from the Valdivian temperate rainforest

Se describe Chaetauchenium loki, una nueva especie del Parque Oncol en Chile. Esta especie, junto con C. convexipennis (Fairmaire) y Parhypates (Antarctobium) magellanicum (Fairmaire) comparte una combinacion de caracteres distintos al resto de especies asignadas a Parhypates y al resto de Pterostichini sudamericanos. Atendiendo a estos caracteres morfologicos se eleva Chaetauchenium a genero, que incluye ademas Antarctobium. Los individuos de estas especies presentan patrones altamente variables y poco frecuentes de un elevado o reducido numero de sedas, y variabilidad de los caracteres sexuales secundarios. Los machos tienen parameros del edeago denticulados y falciformes y las hembras tienen diverticulos digitiformes en la base de la espermateca. Estos caracteres de la genitalia y del tracto reproductivo son desconocidos en otros pterostichinos sudamericanos, pero se hallan en muchas especies de Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Nueva Caledonia.
Scientific excellence, professional virtue, and the profit motive: the market and health care reform.

(2003). Scientific Excellence, Professional Virtue, and the Profit Motive: The Market and Health Care Reform. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 259-280.
Variation of the solid-solid-nickel-thoria interfacial free energy with temperature

Abstract The interfacial free energy in the nickel-thoria system has been measured by comparing grain-boundary groove profiles at the surface and the interface of nickel-thoria bonded couples equilibrated at temperatures of 1300, 1320, 1337, 1373, 1400, and 1420°C. The resulting temperature coefficient of interfacial free energy is observed to be positive in the range 1300–1400°C and negative above 1400°C. The results are indicative of a direct influence of changes of particle-matrix interfacial free energy on the coarsening of thoria particles in thoria-dispersed nickel.
ancestors and protestants: religious coexistence in the social field of a Zambian community

This essay explores the coexistence of the ancestor cult and the Presbyterian Free Church as constituent elements of the ritual and ideological field of Yombe society in northern Zambia. It takes the position that these two religious expressions may be appropriate to the experiences, consciousness, and actions of individuals as they pursue personal interests and social goals in situations of rapid social change. The uneven penetration of capitalism is taken as conducive to ritual coexistence and as providing the setting for exploring changing patterns of gender relations and stratification in the rural community of Uyombe.
Disturbance intensity, timing and history interact to affect pasture weed invasion

Past disturbance events shape future community trajectories if their ecological legacies interact with contemporary disturbance regimes to affect recruitment and reproduction. In pastures, large-scale disturbance events can become undetectable in aboveground community components but persist as augmented weed seedbanks, suggesting disturbance history may be a predictor of weed invasion magnitude following subsequent disturbance. Using a randomized block factorial design, we investigated how soil disturbance intensity, timing and history interact to affect weed recruitment, diversity and reproduction by implementing a range of disturbance intensities in April and June 2004 in pastures of differing disturbance history. Response variables were followed for two years. Disturbance timing interacted with disturbance intensity and history to affect recruitment, with some June treatment combinations having ≥48% higher weed abundance than those in April. Relative to undisturbed controls, low to intermediate disturbance intensity facilitated recruitment by ≥117% but high intensity disturbance had highest recruitment, particularly in previously disturbed pastures (≥543% increase). In both years, weed species richness was highest in intense disturbances in previously disturbed pastures. Importantly, weed reproduction was nearly one order of magnitude higher in intense disturbance patches, especially in previously disturbed pastures, and increased through time by ≥243%. These findings indicate weed recruitment, diversity and reproductive output are seed- and microsite-limited, and that intense soil disturbance may result in high long-term weed abundance. Although moderate disturbance facilitated recruitment, reproduction here was low, suggesting modest disturbance will not appreciably increase weed abundance. The most common species were Taraxacum officinale and Poa pratensis, both of which can benefit forage-livestock production, but most establishing species were of low palatability. We recommend grassland managers explicitly integrate disturbance history into dynamic management planning, consider augmenting seedbanks with ‘desirable’ weed species to help communities recover following inevitable disturbance events and do not rely exclusively on aboveground characters to evaluate their system's vulnerability to undesirable plant establishment and persistence.
Nonpoint-source pollutant load reductions associated with livestock exclusion

Cattle (Bos taurus) grazing on unimproved pastures can be a significant, yet often overlooked, source of pollutants to surface waters, especially when the cattle have unlimited access to streams in the pastures. Livestock exclusion from streams has been demonstrated to reduce sediment and possibly nutrient yield from streams draining pastures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of excluding dairy cows from, and planting trees in, a 335-m-long and 10- to 16-m- wide riparian corridor along a small North Carolina stream. Analysis of 81 wk of pre-exclusion and 137 wk of post-exclusion fencing data documented 33, 78, 76, and 82% reductions in weekly nitrate + nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and sediment loads, respectively, from the 14.9-ha pasture area adjacent to the fenced section of stream. Statistical analyses by t-tests and analysis of variance suggested that the reductions in mean weekly loads post-fencing were significant (P < 0.05) for all pollutants except nitrate + nitrite. Thus, the results indicated that livestock exclusion and subsequent riparian vegetation establishment was effective at reducing pollutant export from an intensively grazed pasture.
Packet and circuit network convergence with OpenFlow

IP and Transport networks are controlled and operated independently today, leading to significant Capex and Opex inefficiencies for the providers. We discuss a unified approach with OpenFlow, and present a recent demonstration of a unified control plane for OpenFlow enabled IP/Ethernet and TDM switched networks.
Lenalidomide in Myeloma

The standard treatment approach to symptomatic myeloma consists of induction therapy, consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in appropriate patients, maintenance therapy, and salvage therapy. Salvage therapy is of particular importance because not all patients respond to primary therapy, and relapse is virtually universal in responding patients. Newer agents such as thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide are very active in patients with relapsed or refractory disease. Their use singly and in combination results in excellent cytoreduction including complete remissions in patients relapsing - even after extensive prior therapy. These novel agents have been usually used as salvage therapy in patients relapsing after standard treatment options including transplantation; a setting in which they are thought to improve survival. However, there is an increasing trend to start using them early in the course of the disease; for induction therapy. While early deployment of these agents is certainly associated with high-response rates, evidence that this improves long-term outcome (survival) in patients who subsequently undergo intensive therapy and transplantation is lacking. Toxicity, expense, and possible long-term consequences on the biology of the disease (for example, development of refractory relapse) remain a concern. The most appropriate use of newer agents such as lenalidomide is as salvage therapy of relapsed or refractory disease, and their use as part of induction therapy should be confined to clinical trials until additional data and long-term follow-up are available.
Flowing valued information based on a need to share

The ability to share information between organizations in an ad-hoc, networked environment frequently found in humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HADR) operations, remains a challenge today. For example, US Armed Forces participating in HADR operations do not have an organic ability to share information bi-directionally with Non-Government Agencies (NGO) such as Doctors-Without-Borders. It such cases, communications are normally accomplished outside existing military networks.
Informatics approaches to functional MRI odor mapping of the rodent olfactory bulb: OdorMapBuilder and OdorMapDB.

The present study applies informatics tools to aid and extend fMRI analysis of the coding mechanism of neural signals in the rodent olfactory system. Odor stimulation evokes unique spatial patterns of activity in the glomerular layer of the mammalian olfactory bulb (OB). An open-source software program, OdorMapBuilder, has been developed to process the high resolution anatomical and functional MRI images of the OB and to generate single two-dimensional flat maps, called odor maps, that describe the spatial activity patterns in the entire glomerular layer. Odor maps help identify the spatial activity patterns from the tremendous amount of fMRI data and they serve as ideal representation of space coding for the olfactory signals in the OB in response to a given odor stimulation. Based on the fMRI technology, OdorMapBuilder provides comparable odor maps on the intra-subject basis, a significant step towards the detailed analyses of the effects of odor types and/or concentrations. In addition, a new database, OdorMapDB, is developed to provide a repository for the generated odor maps. Web interfaces to the database are provided for the data entry, modification and retrieval. OdorMapDB is based on the EAV/CR (entity-attribute-value with classes and relationships) architecture and it is integrated with two other SenseLab olfactory databases: the olfactory receptor and odor databases. Both OdorMapBuilder and OdorMapDB should serve as useful tools and resources for the field and help facilitate experimental research in understanding the olfactory system and the mechanism for smell perception.
Very Early Changes in Olfactory Functioning Due to Alzheimer's Disease and the Role of Apolipoprotein E in Olfactiona

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness marked by memory loss and at least one other cognitive disturbance. Early diagnosis of the disease has proved difficult and has therefore been the focus of much research. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a protein manufactured and distributed throughout the body, has shown specificity of binding to the beta A4 peptide, the primary component in the senile plaques of AD. Furthermore, the ApoE, epsilon 4 (epsilon 4) allele, is overrepresented in AD. These two lines of evidence suggest that ApoE, specifically the epsilon 4 allele, plays an important role in the development of AD. Further support for this hypothesis appears in neuropsychological data showing cognitive decrements in ostensibly nondemented individuals with the epsilon 4 allele, compared to those without the allele. It is also well known that olfaction is compromised in AD. Thus, the purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine very early changes in olfactory functioning due to AD and (2) to examine the role of ApoE in olfactory functioning in people at risk for AD by virtue of early cognitive decline. Results demonstrated changes in olfactory threshold the year immediately preceding change in diagnosis from normal control to AD. Also, in individuals with mild cognitive impairment, those with the ApoE epsilon 4 allele show poorer thresholds than those without the epsilon 4 allele.
Hydrocarbon-nitrosamine synergism as a possible amplifying factor in lung tumorigenesis by tobacco smoke.

A significant incidence of pulmonary tumors has been reported in both rats and mice as a result of the simultaneous administration of 3-methyl-cholanthrene and dimethylnitrosamine at levels at which neither the nitrosamine nor the hydrocarbon alone are carcinogenic in the lung. Since nitrosamines, including dimethylnitrosamine, and hydrocarbons (3,4-benzopyrene and 3,4-benzofluoranthene) very similar in carcinogenic properties to 3-methylcholanthrene, are present in tobacco smoke, it is proposed that a substantial proportion of the lung tumor incidence of smokers is due to synergism between the carcinogenic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines present in the smoke, rather than to the hydrocarbons alone. Two alternative mechanisms are considered to account for the methyl-cholanthrene-nitrosamine synergism. Demonstration of pulmonary synergism between the particular carcinogenic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines present in tobacco smoke could open unexplored approaches toward partial protection of smokers, including modification of the possible role that a diet rich in nitrosamine contaminants or pre-nitrosamine components might play in lung tumor induction in smokers.
Empathy and Patient–Physician Conflicts

Physicians associate empathy with benevolent emotions and with developing a shared understanding with patients. While there have been many articles on managing “difficult” patients, little attention has been paid to the challenges physicians face during conflicts with patients, especially when both parties are angry and yet empathy is still needed. This topic is especially important in light of recent studies showing that practicing medicine increasingly requires physicians to manage their own feelings of anger and frustration. This article seeks to describe how physicians can learn to empathize with patients even when they are both subject to emotions that lead to interpersonal distancing. Empathy is defined as engaged curiosity about another’s particular emotional perspective. Five specific ways for physicians to foster empathy during conflict are described: recognizing one’s own emotions, attending to negative emotions over time, attuning to patients’ verbal and nonverbal emotional messages, and becoming receptive to negative feedback. Importantly, physicians who learn to empathize with patients during emotionally charged interactions can reduce anger and frustration and also increase their therapeutic impact.
Steroid-free chronic immunosuppression in renal transplantation

Purpose of reviewOver the past two decades, steroid-free immunosuppression has become more widespread, but improvements in long-term kidney transplant survival have been modest, mandating scrutiny of our chronic regimens.Recent findingsCurrent studies and commentary cautiously conclude that steroid-
Tiger Moth Jams Bat Sonar

In response to sonar-guided attacking bats, some tiger moths make ultrasonic clicks of their own. The lepidopteran sounds have previously been shown to alert bats to some moths' toxic chemistry and also to startle bats unaccustomed to sonic prey. The moth sounds could also interfere with, or "jam," bat sonar, but evidence for such jamming has been inconclusive. Using ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions, we show that the palatable tiger moth Bertholdia trigona defends against attacking big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar. Sonar jamming extends the defensive repertoire available to prey in the long-standing evolutionary arms race between bats and insects.
Does low serum 25 OH vitamin D interact with very strenuous physical activity, facilitating development of rhabdomyolysis?

Abstract Background Vitamin D plays an important and increasingly understood role in muscle health and performance. Vitamin D exhibits a nuclear receptor for transcription interaction and a transmembrane receptor, giving it genomic and non-genomic interactions. Vitamin D receptors have been described that affect muscle function. Vitamin D has also been correlated with muscle performance. Beyond its role in normal muscle function, vitamin D deficiency can interact with statins to produce myalgia–myositis, which can be reversed by normalizing serum vitamin D [7,13] . Exertional rhabdomyolysis may occur in diverse settings including marathons, ice skating, bicycling and swimming. Our hypothesis is that subjects with pre-existing low serum 25OHD are selected out for exertional rhabdomyolysis during strenuous activities. Methods We review exercise induced severe rhabdomyolysis in association with heat stroke with subsequent disseminated intravascular coagulation in a thin, athletic, dark skinned, conditioned young man, occurring in the setting of a 5K race, subsequently found to have severe 25 OH vitamin D deficiency (6 ng/ml, laboratory lower normal limit >30 ng/ml). Conclusion We suggest that when very low vitamin D is documented, it be normalized before major prolonged exertion. We hypothesize that normalization of vitamin D before heavy exertion could perhaps prevent the severe muscle damage events and sequelae as was the case for this patient.
Reduced serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-DD) levels during immobilization (IB)

Hypercalciuria is known to occur during IB. Significant hypercalcemia develops in some instances, particularly in children. Factors potentially involved in Ca homeostasis during IB were studied prospectively in 5 male children with femoral fracture. Increased urinary Ca excretion occurred in all patients. Serum Ca and P levels rose but remained normal in all but one, in whom significant hypercalcemia developed. C-terminal immunoreactive parathormone (PTH) was moderately elevated in this patient but remained normal in all others. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-HD) remained normal, however, 1,25-DD decreased to undetectable levels in all patients within 1-3 wks. of IB. The mechanism of the reduction in serum 1,25-DD is unknown. Normal serum 25-HD and PTH levels exclude vit. D-deficiency or PTH-mediated alterations in renal 1-hydroxylase activity as causes. Indeed, a similar decrease in 1,25-DD occurred in the hypercalcemic patient despite elevated PTH levels. The reduction in 1,25-DD levels may represent an adaptive mechanism in Ca homeostasis during IB bone resorption. This finding may explain the impaired intestinal Ca absorption known to occur in immobilized patients and may play a role in the pathogenesis of disuse osteoporosis. Some cases of IB hypercalcemia may relate to previously subclinical hyperparathyroidism.
YOUNG TABLEAUX, CANONICAL BASES, AND THE GINDIKIN-KARPELEVICH FORMULA

A combinatorial description of the crystal B(1) for finite- dimensional simple Lie algebras in terms of certain Young tableaux was developed by J. Hong and H. Lee. We establish an explicit bijection between these Young tableaux and canonical bases indexed by Lusztig's parametrization, and obtain a combinatorial rule for expressing the Gindi- kin-Karpelevich formula as a sum over the set of Young tableaux.
Star formation in young embedded clusters: New observational results using near-infrared detector arrays

Abstract A significant fraction of all recently formed stars in the Galaxy are found in embedded groups and clusters of young stars. Infrared imaging, photometry, and spectroscopy can be used to study the evolutionary history of such young clusters. Initial observations indicate that star formation in clusters is going on for an extended time (≈ l 0 6 yr) with only a few stars in the main accretion phase at any given time.
A homomorphic method for measuring secondary amplitude modulation.

A homomorphic processing, software implemented method for measuring secondary amplitude modulation (AM) is described. The accuracy of measurement of this method was tested on a series of synthetica...
Reduction-Elimination of Vicinal Cyanohydrins

The reduction of aliphatic nitriles to alkanes by dissolving metals has been known for some time.1 Presumably, this interesting cleavage reaction proceeds via election transfer first through an alk...
Diethyldithiocarbamate chemoprotection of carboplatin-induced hematological toxicity

Carboplatin therapy has a more favorable toxicity profile than cisplatin and, given in appropriate doses, is equivalent in efficacy to cisplatin for suboptimal ovarian cancer. However myelosuppression frequently curtails therapy with carboplatin. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) is a thiol compound and heavy-metal-chelating agent that has been shown to protect against carboplatin-induced bone marrow suppression in animal models. This pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of DDTC to ameliorate the degree and/or duration of myelosuppression from carboplatin chemotherapy in patients with relapsed ovarian cancer. Ten patients who had previously demonstrated a response to platinum-based chemotherapy, were treated with single-agent intravenous carboplatin 400 mg/m2 administered over 30–60 min every 4 weeks. Patients received their first cycle of carboplatin without DDTC, and their second cycle with DDTC. DDTC at 600 mg/m2 was infused over 3 h commencing 30 min prior to carboplatin and was well tolerated. Treatment with DDTC did not decrease the degree of leukopenia or thrombocytopenia associated with carboplatin chemotherapy, nor did it decrease the duration of myelosuppression. This clinical study demonstrates no evidence of a bone-marrow-protective effect for this dose and schedule of DDTC in patients receiving carboplatin chemotherapy.
HORMONIC SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF THE THYROID: TO WHAT EXTENT IS IT EXPLICABLE ON THE BASIS OF ALTERED METABOLIC RATE

Compared with that of some other endocrine glands, the hormonic symptomatology of the thyroid should be easy to interpret. So far as known, the thyroid has the sole function of manufacturing the hormone thyroxin. The biologic role of this substance has, to a considerable extent, been identified. It is desirable, therefore, to attempt to translate clinical phenomena into terms of known physiological actions. Although in the case of thyroxin, as with other hormones, these actions are doubtless several, we have become accustomed in clinical work to think largely in terms of its calorigenic action. This is because we make use of calorigenic action, in the form of basal metabolic rate, to measure the degree of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism in our patients. The recent appearance on the medical scene of such new calorigenic substances as dinitrophenol and dinitro-ortho-cresol (1, 2, 3) makes far easier than heretofore the separation of the hormonic symptomatology of the thyroid into a panel explicable on sim...
New experimental hosts of Barley yellow dwarf virus among wild grasses, with implications for grassland habitats

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), an economically important virus, infects small grain cereal crops and over 150 other Poaceae species. BYDV infection plays an important role in competition among grasses in non-managed systems, but many grasses remain unexamined as potential BYDV hosts. This study examined grass species that have not been reported as BYDV hosts but are commonly encountered in non-managed grasslands throughout the United States and Canada. Laboratory inoculations with BYDV-PAV using the aphid vector Rhopalosiphum padi were performed to examine the ability of 13 grass species and barley to be infected with the virus; eight of the grass species were not documented previously as virus hosts. Serological and molecular assays were used to confirm BYDV-PAV infection. Plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers and weight were recorded to evaluate susceptibility or sensitivity to BYDV. Infection with BYDV was experimentally achieved for the first time on Achnatherum lettermanii, Achnatherum occidentale, Achnatherum thurberianum, Danthonia intermedia, Poa fendleriana, Sporobolus airoides and Sporobolus cryptandrus, but not on Alopecurus pratensis and Elymus wawawaiensis. Infection was confirmed in Bromus inermis, Elymus elymoides, Poa bulbosa, Poa secunda and Hordeum vulgare, which served as controls. BYDV infection caused reductions in plant height on P. bulbosa and P. fendleriana. BYDV-infected P. secunda had more leaves per plant compared to healthy plants of the same species. BYDV-infected A. lettermanii exhibited reduced dry weight in both below-ground and above-ground tissue. These findings have implications for the management and conservation of grassland habitats.
Narrative Healing among Victims of Violence: The Impact of the Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission:

Narrative interventions have been increasingly incorporated into social practice and applied to victims of violence. Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs) are interventions that seek to provi...
64.1: Invited Paper: Polarized OLEDS as Backlight for Liquid Crystal Displays

This work aims at the design, synthesis, and characterization of novel conjugated glassy-nematic liquid crystals for highly efficient and strongly polarized OLEDs. In addition to deep blue emission using oligofluorenes, emission of standard green, red, and white-light has also been accomplished through chemical modification and physical doping.
A Percentage Protractor

(1922). A Percentage Protractor. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 18, No. 137, pp. 108-109.
Short range solvation effects with primary and secondary amines

Abstract Equilibrium constants for proton transfer complex formation between 2,4-dinitrophenol and aliphatic amines have been measured at 25°C for benzene solvents containing small amounts of dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, or dioxane. The results support the concept of amine-solvent hydrogen bond formation, which increases the reactivity of the amines as bases. Such hydrogen bonds increase amine basicity more than would the inductive effects of an added alkyl group.
Hotine's geopotential formulation: revisited

Hotine's (1969) partially nonsingular geopotential formulation is revisited to study its utility for the computation of geopotential acceleration and gradients from high degree and order expansions. This formulation results in the expansion of each Cartesian derivative of the potential in a spherical harmonic series of its own. The spherical harmonic coefficients of any Cartesian derivative of the potential are related in a simple manner to the coefficients of the geopotential. A brief overview of the derivation is provided, along with the fully normalized versions of Hotine's formulae, which is followed by a comparison with other algorithms of spherical harmonic synthesis on a CRAY Y-MP. The elegance and simplicity of Hotine's formulation is seen to lead to superior computational performance in a comparison against other algorithms for spherical harmonic synthesis.
Linearized augmented plane-wave method for the electronic band structure of thin films

We present a new method for treating the electronic structure of thin films which is based on a generalization of the bulk linearized augmented-plane-wave (LAPW) method. This method avoids using the slab-superlattice geometry and combines the advantages of energy-independent muffin-tin Hamiltonian methods [fast root evaluation and rapid convergence for $d$-band metals as well as for nearly-free-electron (NFE) crystals] with the simple matrix element determination of the original augmented plane-wave (APW) method. As in the bulk LAPW method, the asymptote problem of the APW method is avoided, and the basis functions are everywhere continuous and differentiable. In addition, the film LAPW method retains such desirable features of the APW method as the ability to treat general potentials with no shape approximations, the ease with which relativistic effects can be included, and the fact that the basis size does not increase substantially for heavier elements. As a first application and test of the method, non-self-consistent calculations are performed in the local-density approximation for exchange and correlation and with the one-electron potential constructed from a superposition of atomic charge densities. A semirelativistic formulation is employed in which the Dirac equation is solved in the limit of zero spin-orbit coupling inside the muffin-tin spheres. Results are reported for up to five atomic layer thin films (slabs) of the transition metals Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu and a nine-layer film of the NFE metal Al. The results are in generally good agreement with other theoretical calculations. Some trends in the transition-metal band structures are discussed. A surface-state surface-resonance band for Al(001) is found to completely account for and clarify behavior observed in very recent photoemission measurements.
Radiology-pathology case report: isolated extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease of the skull base.

Abstract Rosai–Dorfman disease is a rare pathologic entity characterized by massively enlarged painless cervical lymph nodes. Exclusive extranodal disease is much less common than the characteristic presentation with exclusive central nervous system and skull base involvement being quite rare. We present a case of exclusive extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease of the skull base and briefly discuss the entity.
Molecular volume and HBOC-induced vasoconstriction

Comment on Tsai et al, page [3603][1] HBOC molecular volume plays a critical role in limiting vasoconstriction. Tsai and colleagues have evaluated for the first time the vasoconstrictive and hypertensive effects of 3 acellular hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) with approximately the same
Achievement-Related Beliefs of Third-Grade Children with Mathematics and Reading Difficulties.

To engage in productive learning behaviors, students need to have a realistic understanding of their academic skills. The authors examined the perceived competence of students with different patterns of academic achievement. Four groups of 3rd graders were assessed at 2 time points: (a) children with difficulties in mathematics but not in reading (MD-only), (b) children with difficulties in mathematics and reading (MD-RD), (c) children with difficulties in reading but not in mathematics (RD-only), and (d) children with normal achievement (NA). Children rated their competence in mathematics, reading, and general intellect. In mathematics, children in the MD-only group rated their competence lower than did children in the NA group; ratings of children in the MD-RD and NA groups did not differ from each other. In reading, children in the RD-only and MD-RD groups rated their competence lower than did children in the NA group. No achievement-group differences were found for children's ratings of their intellec...
Self-employment entry across industry groups

Abstract Highly educated individuals possessing a net worth exceeding $100,000 are the most likely to enter self-employment. Recent studies have linked personal wealth holdings positively to self-employment entry, but educational attainment has been a weak and erratic determinant of self-employment status. Although barriers such as financial capital constraints clearly shape self-employment entry decisions, the nature of these barriers varies substantially across small business industry groups. The strong role often played by education and work experience in identifying self-employment entrants is often obscured by inappropriate aggregation across industries. Entry barriers shape not only the decision to enter self-employment but also the types of industries that potential business owners are likely to enter. The likelihood of self-employment in skilled services increases greatly as level of education rises, whereas the opposite situation prevails in construction. The major barriers to self-employment entry in manufacturing and wholesaling are clearly financial in nature. In contrast, the primary route to self-employment in the growing skilled services industries is the attainment of advanced educational credentials; personal wealth holdings are secondary. Several factors perform consistently in identifying self-employment entry across industries. The likelihood of entry increases with age, peaking as people approach age 40 and then leveling out. African-Americans are less likely to pursue self-employment than nonminorities. Factors associated with self-employment entry among women are quite different than those that predict male entry, but this partially reflects the differing industry concentrations among men and women. Women are more likely to enter self-employment in skilled services fields. Thus, advanced education and work experience—the human capital variables—are the strongest predictors of female entrants. Barriers to self-employment are most binding to those who possess neither the human capital nor the financial capital traits associated with entry. For others, barriers need not deny access to self-employment—rather, they may simply shape the industry choice. This study is based upon the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a longitudinal survey of households carried out by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Entry into self-employment was observed over a 32-month period for a sample of 24,428 adults.
Dynamic transcription factor activity profiling in 2D and 3D cell cultures

Live-cell assays to measure cellular function performed within 3D cultures have the potential to elucidate the underlying processes behind disease progression and tissue formation. Cells cultured in 3D interact and remodel their microenvironment and can develop into complex structures. We have developed a transcription factor (TF) activity array that uses bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of lentiviral delivered luminescent reporter constructs that allows for the non-invasive imaging of TF activity in both 2D and 3D culture. Imaging can be applied repeatedly throughout culture to capture dynamic TF activity, though appropriate normalization is necessary. We investigated in-well normalization using Gaussia or Renilla luciferase, and external well normalization using firefly luciferase. Gaussia and Renilla luciferase were each unable to provide consistent normalization for long-term measurement of TF activity. However, external well normalization provided low variability and accounted for changes in cellular dynamics. Using external normalization, dynamic TF activities were quantified for five TFs. The array captured expected changes in TF activity to stimuli, however the array also provided dynamic profiles within 2D and 3D that have not been previously characterized. The development of the technology to dynamically track TF activity within cells cultured in both 2D and 3D can provide greater understanding of complex cellular processes.
Nanoparticle-mediated Gene Silencing Confers Radioprotection to Salivary Glands In Vivo

Radiation treatment of head and neck cancers causes irreversible damage of the salivary glands (SG). Here, we introduce a preclinical mouse model for small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-based gene silencing to provide protection of SG from radiation-induced apoptosis. Novel, pH-responsive nanoparticles complexed with siRNAs were introduced into mouse submandibular glands (SMG) by retroductal injection to modulate gene expression in vivo. To validate this approach, we first targeted Nkcc1, an ion transporter that is essential for saliva secretion. Nkcc1 siRNA delivery resulted in efficient knockdown, as quantified at the mRNA and the protein levels, and the functional result of Nkcc1 knockdown phenocopied the severe decrease in saliva secretion, characteristic of the systemic Nkcc1 gene knockout. To establish a strategy to prevent apoptotic cell loss due to radiation damage, siRNAs targeting the proapoptotic Pkcδ gene were administered into SMG before ionizing radiation. Knockdown of Pkcδ not only reduced the number of apoptotic cells during the acute phase of radiation damage, but also markedly improved saliva secretion at 3 months in irradiated animals, indicating that this treatment confers protection from hyposalivation. These results demonstrate that nanoparticle delivery of siRNAs targeting a proapoptotic gene is a localized, nonviral, and effective means of conferring radioprotection to the SGs.
Clinical Implications of Subcategorizing BI‐RADS 4 Breast Lesions associated with Microcalcification: A Radiology–Pathology Correlation Study

Abstract: Currently radiologists have the option of subcategorizing BI-RADS 4 breast lesions into 4A (low suspicion for malignancy), 4B (intermediate suspicion of malignancy), and 4C (moderate concern, but not classic for malignancy). To determine the clinical significance of BI-RADS 4 subcategories and the common pathologic changes associated with these mammographic lesions, a retrospective review of 239 consecutive stereotactic-needle core biopsies (SNCB) for microcalcifications was performed. All 239 SNCBs were BI-RADS 4 lesions, and of these, 191 were subcategorized to 4A, 4B or 4C. Ninety-four of 191 (49%) were 4A, 73 (38%) were 4B, and 24 (13%) were 4C. Fibrocystic change was the most common finding (66/239; 28%) followed by ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounting for 23% of cases. This was followed by columnar cell alteration with or without atypia (47/239; 19%), and fibroadenoma (45/239; 19%). While 70% (17/24) of BI-RADS 4C category lesions were DCIS, only 21% (15/73) of BI-RADS 4B and 10% (10/94) of BI-RADS 4A were DCIS. Without sub-categorization, carcinoma was diagnosed in 23% (55/239) of all cases with BI-RADS 4. Therefore, subcategorizing BI-RADS 4 lesions is important since it not only benefits the patient and clinician in understanding the level of concern for carcinoma, but will also alert the pathologist.
Fashion Merchandising Periodicals: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography

(1993). Fashion Merchandising Periodicals: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography. Serials Review: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 63-70.
The lumbosacral electromyographic screen: revisiting a classic paper.

Abstract Objective : Knutsson (Acta Orthopaed Scand (1961) 1) published a classic thesis comparing lower limb electromyography (EMG) results with intra-operative findings for 206 patients with sciatica. This unique and detailed work presented a rare opportunity to again use this data and determine the optimal number of muscles in a screening examination; a different study aim to that of the original investigator. Methods : Data from Knutsson (1961) were used to determine the identification rates and sensitivities with respect to clinical and intra-operative diagnostic standards, for various muscle screens. Results : Selected 4 muscle EMG screens identified over 97% of EMG confirmed radiculopathies and over 89% of surgically confirmed radiculopathies. Conclusions : These findings underscore the utility of 4 muscle EMG screens in the evaluation of patients with suspected lumbosacral radiculopathy.
Calcification and organic production on a Hawaiian coral reef

Net ecosystem calcification rates (NEC) and net photosynthesis (NP) were determined from CO 2 seawater parameters on the barrier coral reef of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Autosamplers were deployed to collect samples on the barrier reef every 2 h for six 48-hour deployments, two each in June 2008, August 2009, and January/February 2010. NEC on the Kaneohe Bay barrier reef increased throughout the day and decreased at night. Net calcification continued at low rates at night except for six time periods when net dissolution was measured. The barrier reef was generally net photosynthetic (positive NP) during the day and net respiring (negative NP) at night. NP controlled the diel cycles of the partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) and aragonite saturation state (Ω arag ), resulting in high daytime Ω arag levels when calcification rates were at their peak. However, the NEC and NP diel cycles can become decoupled for short periods of time (several hours) without affecting calcification rates. On a daily basis, net ecosystem production (NEP) of the barrier reef was found to be sometimes net photosynthetic and sometimes net respiring and ranged from − 378 to 80 mmol m − 2 d − 1 when calculated using simple box models. Daily NEC of the barrier reef was positive (net calcification) for all deployments and ranged from 174 to 331 mmol CaCO 3 m − 2 d − 1 . Daily NEC was strongly negatively correlated with average daily pCO 2 (R 2 = 0.76) which ranged from 431 to 622 μatm. Daily NEC of the Kaneohe Bay barrier reef is similar to or higher than daily NEC measured on other coral reefs even though Ω arag levels (mean Ω arag = 2.85) are some of the lowest measured in coral reef ecosystems. It appears that while calcification rate and Ω arag are correlated within a single coral reef ecosystem, this relationship does not necessarily hold between different coral reef systems. It can be expected that ocean acidification will not affect coral reefs uniformly and that some may be more sensitive to increasing pCO 2 levels than others.
Solving Rural Water Exclusion: Challenges and Limits to Co-Management in Costa Rica

Co-management has been promoted as a solution to expanding rural water access. In Central America, community water associations provide water service to 25% of the population, but poor water quality continues to leave many residents at risk of waterborne illness. In Costa Rica, dominant prescriptions for addressing these shortcomings include improvements to the institutional framework and policy reform. In this article, we evaluate the role of institutional arrangements, community involvement, and human capital in ASADA (Administrative Associations for Aqueducts and Sewers, by Spanish acronym) performance. We argue that while national community water management programs can be effective in expanding rural water access, there are limits to the indiscriminate implementation of co-management to address rural/urban water disparity. More specifically, we find that community-level factors impact ASADA performance, and thus need to be considered in policy decisions about whether co-management itself is necessari...