cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gel formation in ionomers

Abstract A theoretical study of the phase diagram of ionomer solutions in water is presented. These systems show two phase transitions: a demixing transition and a gelation. The demixing transition is studied using Flory's theory of polymer solutions. The gelation concentration always scales as the overlap concentration c∗ ; the dependence of the phase boundaries on temperature and on the fraction f of metallic groups along the chain is studied. At high temperatures, in a good solvent regime, cgel is proportional to f -8 5 ; at lower temperatures cgel is proportional to f−1.
Measuring Water-Extractable Phosphorus in Manure as an Indicator of Phosphorus in Runoff

Water-extractable P (WEP) in manure is correlated with P concentration in runoff from soils amended with manure and is, thus, an effective indicator of environmental P loss. This study sought to elucidate methodological factors affecting WEP measurement in manure and to quantify errors related to two established methods of manure WEP measurement. Dairy cow (Bos taurus) manure, poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus L.) (layer) manure, and swine (Sus scrofa domestica L.) slurry were used. Varying dry matter/distilled water ratios (1 to 20:200) revealed that greater dilution of manure dry matter increased WEP (mean 1.8-5.4 g kg -1 ), likely because of the dissolution of calcium phosphates. Increasing shaking time from 1 min to 24 h, increased manure WEP concentration (average 3.7-8.2 g kg -1 ). Filtration with Whatman 1 paper filters resulted in significantly higher WEP measurements in-dairy and poultry manure (4.1 g kg -1 ) than with a 0.45-μm filtration (3.7 g kg -1 ). No significant difference was observed in the swine slurry. A rainfall-runoff experiment using simulated rainfall was conducted to determine the effect of the individual factors on predicting dissolved-reactive P (DRP) concentration in runoff. Comparison of regression coefficients relating manure WEP to runoff DRP concentration revealed an optimum shaking time between 30 min and 2 h, but did not support any single manure/distilled water ratio or filtration method. Replication of two established methods of manure WEP measurement resulted in coefficients of variation of 0.01 to 0.12. Results of this study support the use of a single method with a fixed manure/distilled water ratio for liquid and dry manures.
Aiding Software Maintenance with Copy-and-Paste Clone-Awareness

When programmers copy, paste, and then modify source code, the once-identical code fragments (code clones) can become indistinguishable as the software evolves over time. In this paper, we present three features of our software tool, a set of Eclipse plug-ins named CnP (CnP's clone visualization, CReN, and LexId), which aids the programmer during copy-and-paste programming. We believe that the clone-awareness that the tool provides can help programmers benefit from this clone information during debugging and modification tasks, develop software more efficiently, and prevent inconsistent identifier renaming within clones. We tested these hypotheses with a user study and present our results.
Central Nervous System Malformations in Trisomy 9

Trisomy 21, 18 and 13 are the most common varieties of autosomal trisomy recognized at birth; most of the others lead to spontaneous abortions in the first trimester. Trisomy 9, a rare trisomy, is compatible with life, but, unlike trisomy 21, 18 and 13, the range of manifestations has not been well catalogued. Central nervous system abnormalities have been reported in the majority of cases, usually including a dilated fourth ventricle and malformed cerebellum. The posterior fossa malformation closely resembles the descriptions of the Dandy-Walker malformation leading some to suggest this designation, while others have suggested that the features are unique to trisomy 9. Two cases of trisomy 9 are presented in this report which extend the range of neuropathologic manifestations in this cytogenetic disorder. The first infant had cortical migration abnormalities, anomalous hippocampal formation, simplified inferior olivary nuclei, germinal matrix cysts, mild ventriculomegaly, syringomyelia, and a large myelomeningocele without a Chiari type II malformation. The fourth ventricle was normal in size and the cerebellum unremarkable. The second infant had a cystically dilated fourth ventricle and widely separated cerebellar hemispheres with an intact cerebellar vermis, the features of which we felt were compatible with the Dandy-Walker malformation. In addition, agenesis of the corpus callosum, anomalous hippocampal formation, subpial glial nodules and mild ventriculomegaly were present. These cases extend the range of malformations that may be associated with trisomy 9, and raise the differential diagnosis of trisomy 9 when these malformations are identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Physiological correlates of division of labor among similarly aged honey bees

Hormone analyses and exocrine gland measurements were made to probe for physiological correlates of division of labor among similarly aged adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Middle-age bees (ca. 2 weeks old) performing different tasks showed significant differences in both juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis rates and hemolymph titers; guards and undertakers had high JH, and wax producers and food storers, low JH. Guards and undertakers had similar hormone levels to foragers, even though they were 10 days younger than foragers. No differences in JH were detected among young bees (1-week-old queen attendants and nurses) or older bees (3–4 week-old pollen foragers, non-pollen foragers, and soldiers). Hypopharyngeal gland size was inversely correlated with worker age and rate of JH biosynthesis, but soldiers had significantly larger hypopharyngeal glands than did foragers, despite their similar age and JH level. Results from soldiers indicate that exocrine gland development is not always linked with age-related behavior and endocrine development; they also support the recent claim that soldiers constitute a group of older bees that are distinct from foragers. Hormonal analyses indicate that the current model of JH's role in honey bee division of labor needs to be expanded because high levels of JH are associated with several other tasks besides foraging. JH may be involved in the regulation of division of labor among similarly aged workers in addition to its role in age-related division of labor.
Virtual Reality: A reality for future military pilotage?

Virtual reality (VR) systems provide exciting new ways to interact with information and with the world. The visual VR environment can be synthetic (computer generated) or be an indirect view of the real world using sensors and displays. With the potential opportunities of a VR system, the question arises about what benefits or detriments a military pilot might incur by operating in such an environment. Immersive and compelling VR displays could be accomplished with an HMD (e.g., imagery on the visor), large area collimated displays, or by putting the imagery on an opaque canopy. But what issues arise when, instead of viewing the world directly, a pilot views a "virtual" image of the world? Is 20/20 visual acuity in a VR system good enough? To deliver this acuity over the entire visual field would require over 43 megapixels (MP) of display surface for an HMD or about 150 MP for an immersive CAVE system, either of which presents a serious challenge with current technology. Additionally, the same number of sensor pixels would be required to drive the displays to this resolution (and formidable network architectures required to relay this information), or massive computer clusters are necessary to create an entirely computer-generated virtual reality with this resolution. Can we presently implement such a system? What other visual requirements or engineering issues should be considered? With the evolving technology, there are many technological issues and human factors considerations that need to be addressed before a pilot is placed within a virtual cockpit.
Optimal (τ, T) opportunistic maintenance of a k‐out‐of‐n:G system with imperfect PM and partial failure

The opportunistic maintenance of a k-out-of-n:G system with imperfect preventive maintenance (PM) is studied in this paper, where partial failure is allowed. In many applications, the optimal maintenance actions for one component often depend on the states of the other components and system reliability requirements. Two new (τ, T) opportunistic maintenance models with the consideration of reliability requirements are proposed. In these two models, only minimal repairs are performed on failed components before time τ and the corrective maintenance (CM) of all failed components are combined with PM of all functioning but deteriorated components after τ; if the system survives to time T without perfect maintenance, it will be subject to PM at time T. Considering maintenance time, asymptotic system cost rate and availability are derived. The results obtained generalize and unify some previous research in this area. Application to aircraft engine maintenance is presented. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons;, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 47: 223–239, 2000
Stimulus-specific oscillatory responses of the brain: a time/frequency-related coding process

Abstract Objectives : To review the coherent, rhythmic oscillations above ∼20 Hz that occur in response to sensory inputs in the firing rate and membrane or local field potentials of distributed neuron aggregates of CNS layered structures. Results : Oscillatory activity at approximately 20–80 Hz occurs in response to either olfactory, auditory and visual (contrast) stimuli; oscillations at frequencies centered on 100–120 Hz or 600 Hz are recorded, respectively, from the visual system (luminance stimulation) and from the somatosensory cortex. Experimental evidence suggests sources/mechanisms of generation that depend on inhibitory interneurons and pyramidal cells and are partially independent from those of conventional (broadband) evoked responses. In the olfactory and visual systems, the oscillatory responses reflect the global stimulus properties. A time/phase correlation between firing rate, spiking coincidence and oscillatory field responses has been documented. The oscillatory responses are postsynaptic both in cortex and in precortical structures (e.g. retina; LGN). Evidence indicates intracortical and thalamocortical interacting mechanisms of regulation as well as GABAergic and cholinergic modulation. In the visual cortex the oscillatory responses are driven by oscillations in the synaptic input. Oscillatory potentials are dependent on resonance phenomena and produce narrow-band synchronization of activated neurons. They may have a role in the ‘binding’ of separate neuronal aggregates into sensory units. Conclusions : Oscillatory responses contribute as a time/frequency coding mechanism to pacing neurons selectively for the physical properties of stimulus and are involved in sensory information processing.
Effects of nitrate on embryos of three amphibian species.

Embryos of three aquatic breeding amphibian species, Ambystoma mexicanum, Hyla chrysoscelis, and Rana clamitans, were exposed to increasing levels (0, 5, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, and 500 mg/L) of nitrate-N ( \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \)) in laboratory, static-renewal experiments. Lethal effects were recorded from Gosner stage 2 (H. chrysoscelis and R. clamitans) or Harrison stage 2 (A. mexicanum) to time of hatching. Date of hatching and length at hatching were also compared between treatments for A. mexicanum. No significant differences in mortality between treatments were found between the three species. A. mexicanum in the 300 and 500 mg/L treatments hatched significantly earlier than individuals in the other treatment groups and, consequently, were significantly shorter in length at hatching. However, no effect on length was detected when days until hatching was considered as a covariate in the analysis. This study supports other recent research showing little to no effect of \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \) on amphibian embryos. The lack of effect at such high nitrate concentrations raises questions about the specific mechanisms responsible for protecting amphibians from \( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \) during embryonic development, especially when compared to other chemicals that have shown more deleterious effects.
Durometry for the assessment of skin disease in systemic sclerosis.

Objective To examine the validity of a durometer to objectively measure skin hardness in systemic sclerosis (SSc), and to compare digital durometry with the modified Rodnan skin score (MRSS) and ultrasonography. Methods Patients with SSc and healthy controls underwent durometry measurements in 3 assessments: a Latin square experiment to establish durometry's intra- and interobserver reliability compared with skin scoring (5 SSc, 1 control); a longitudinal cohort to assess sensitivity to change in skin hardness (13 SSc, 5 controls); and an ultrasound cohort to evaluate correlation between durometry, ultrasound-measured skin thickness, and clinical skin scoring (30 SSc, 12 controls). Results Intraobserver reproducibility was higher for durometry than for clinical skin scoring (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.97 versus 0.85), whereas interobserver reproducibility was similar (0.75 versus 0.73). Interobserver reproducibility of durometry was good for all body areas (ICC 0.61–0.85), but for skin scoring it was moderate in the legs (0.51) and poor in the abdomen (0.08), feet (0.09), and fingers (0.27). Durometry scores correlated with clinical skin scores (Latin square: r = 0.44, P = 0.03; longitudinal cohort: r = 0.81, P < 0.001) and ultrasound-measured skin thickness (hands: r = 0.58, forearms: r = 0.63, upper arms: r = 0.40; P ≤ 0.001 for all). Uninvolved skin in patients with SSc was harder than skin from controls (mean ± SD 23 ± 7 durometer units [DU] versus 19 ± 6 DU; P < 0.0001). Finally, there was a strong correlation between change in MRSS and change in durometry score (r = 0.77, P = 0.002). Conclusion Durometer-measured skin hardness correlates well with MRSS and ultrasound-measured skin thickness, provides greater reliability than MRSS, and is sensitive to changes in skin hardness over time. Durometry should be considered for use in clinical therapeutic SSc trials.
Factor structure of the WAIS-R for an incarcerated population

Dans un large echantillon d'une population incarceree (N=234) les auteurs ont examine la structure factorielle du WAIS-R: ils ont identifie deux facteurs, l'Organisation Perceptive et la Comprehension Verbale
Psychotic dwarfs with good prognoses or what? Developmental stage contingencies in clinical child psychology.

The essential distinguishing characteristic of the specialty of clinical child psychology is the consistent application of the developmental stage contingency principle by its practitioners as they interpret their data. The need for more rapid and extensive incorporation of recently-derived developmental concepts into contemporary practice and research in clinical child psychology is stressed.
Genetic analysis of the Legionella pneumophila DotB ATPase reveals a role in type IV secretion system protein export

The pulmonary pathogen Legionella pneumophila uses the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) to replicate inside host cells. This apparatus translocates proteins into macrophages to alter their endocytic pathway and enable bacterial growth. Although the secretion ATPase DotB is critical for T4SS function, its specific role in type IV secretion remains undefined. Due to similarity to the VirB11 and PilT ATPases, DotB has been proposed to play a role in assembly of the T4SS, retraction of pili and/or export of substrates. With the goal of understanding the protein's function(s), we isolated and characterized 30 dotB alleles using a variety of phenotypic and biochemical assays. Twenty-four of these alleles possess several dot/icm mutant phenotypes, including a complete lack of intracellular replication, plasmid mobilization and contact-dependent cytotoxicity. These 24 non-functional alleles fall into three classes: those with a known biochemical defect, those with a predicted enzymatic defect and those with an unknown defect. Six other alleles display partial activity in dot/icm phenotypic assays, thus constituting a fourth class. Two mutants in this class are unable to export a subset of T4SS substrates, providing the first evidence for a DotB function in substrate export and suggesting a possible role in substrate selection.
Creating Nurturing Environments: A Science-Based Framework for Promoting Child Health and Development within High-Poverty Neighborhoods

Living in poverty and living in areas of concentrated poverty pose multiple risks for child development and for overall health and wellbeing. Poverty is a major risk factor for several mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, as well as for other developmental challenges and physical health problems. In this paper, the Promise Neighborhoods Research Consortium describes a science-based framework for the promotion of child health and development within distressed high-poverty neighborhoods. We lay out a model of child and adolescent developmental outcomes and integrate knowledge of potent and malleable influences to define a comprehensive intervention framework to bring about a significant increase in the proportion of young people in high-poverty neighborhoods who will develop successfully. Based on a synthesis of research from diverse fields, we designed the Creating Nurturing Environments framework to guide community-wide efforts to improve child outcomes and reduce health and educational inequalities.
SimSeerX: a similar document search engine

The need to find similar documents occurs in many settings, such as in plagiarism detection or research paper recommendation. Manually constructing queries to find similar documents may be overly complex, thus motivating the use of whole documents as queries. This paper introduces SimSeerX, a search engine for similar document retrieval that receives whole documents as queries and returns a ranked list of similar documents. Key to the design of SimSeerX is that is able to work with multiple similarity functions and document collections. We present the architecture and interface of SimSeerX, show its applicability with 3 different similarity functions and demonstrate its scalability on a collection of 3.5 million academic documents.
Small-scale spatial variation of macrobenthic community structure

Examination of small-scale spatial variation in essential to understanding the relationships between environmental factors and benthic community structure in estuaries. A sampling experiment was performed in October 1993 to measure infauna association with sediment composition and salinity gradients in Nueces Bay, Texas, USA. The bay was partitioned into four salinity zones and three sediment types. Higher densities of macrofaua, were found in sediments with greater sand content and in areas with higher salinity. High diversity was also associated with high homogeneous salinity (31–33‰) and greater sand content. Macrofauna biomass and diversity were positively correlated with bottom salinity, porewater salinity, and bottom dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). Furthermore, species dominance shifted along the estuarine gradient.Streblospio benedicti dominated at lower salinity, but,Mediomatsus ambiseta andMulinia lateralis were the dominant species at higher salinity. Statistical analyses revealed significant correlations for sediment characteristics (i.e., increased fine sediments, water content, and total organic carbon) with decreased total abundance and diversity. Increased salinity and DIN were correlated with increased total biomass, diversity, and macrofauma community structure. These physico-chemical variables are regulated by freshwater inflow, so inflow is an important factor influencing macrofauna community structure by indirectly influencing the physico-chemical environment.
Functions of the human mononuclear phagocyte system (a condensed review)

Abstract Although the macrophage was discovered to be a potentially important cell in the defense against microorganisms early this century the extent of its functional versatility has only been realized in recent years. This article summarizes accumulated knowledge of the maturation of mononuclear phagocytes from stem cells in the bonemarrow into functional cells which not only fight infection but influence tumor cell growth, participate in wound healing and tissue destruction, induce and modify immune response and serve as local factories of chemotactic factors, enzymes, and hormones regulating inflammation. A great challenge for present and future research in the fields of macrophage biology and inflammation is to understand how detrimental effects of macrophages may be subverted and the beneficial functions more wholly exploited to cure of various diseases which involve inflammatory macrophages.
Pb-free semiconductor ferroelectrics: A theoretical study of Pd-substituted Ba(Ti 1-x Ce x )O 3 solid solutions

We use first-principles density-functional-theory calculations to investigate the ground state structures of $\text{Ba}({\text{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Ce}}_{x}){\text{O}}_{3}$ solid solutions containing Pd. Previous studies have shown that the properties of ${\text{BaTiO}}_{3}$, a Pb-free ferroelectric $AB{\text{O}}_{3}$ perovskite, can be tailored via $B$-site substitution. In the present study, we substitute Ce for Ti to increase the overall volume of the perovskite, to then accommodate an O-vacancy-stabilized Pd substitution. Using the $\text{LDA}+U$ method, we predict that these proposed materials will display a decreased band gap compared to ${\text{BaTiO}}_{3}$ while maintaining polarization. These features, combined with their environmentally friendly characteristics make these materials promising candidates for use as semiconducting ferroelectrics in solar-energy conversion devices.
Workplace Bullying: A Review of Litigated Cases

Using policy-capturing methodology, this study examined the nature of workplace bullying in a random sample of 45 litigated cases in the United States. Among the findings were that most of the cases were in the District Court. Nearly one-fifth of the cases involved physical violence, the majority of the cases were in the public sector, and the supervisor was the perpetrator in many of the cases. The presence of a policy banning workplace bullying was present in slightly more than one-third of the cases. A striking finding was that 73.3% of the cases were found in favor of the employer as the defendant. These findings support the fact that even though there are no specific workplace bullying laws in the U.S., victims of workplace bullying can be legally protected. Implications for managerial practice and future research are suggested.
Association of prescription of oral sodium polystyrene sulfonate with sorbitol in an inpatient setting with colonic necrosis: a retrospective cohort study

Background Colonic necrosis has been reported after sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS)/sorbitol use, but the incidence and relative risk (RR) are not established. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants 123,391 adult inpatients at a tertiary medical center. Predictor Receipt of SPS prescriptions (exposed) or a prescription other than SPS (unexposed internal comparison group) between September 1, 2001, and October 31, 2010. Outcomes The main outcome measure was tissue-confirmed diagnosis of colonic necrosis, considered SPS-associated if SPS was prescribed 30 or fewer days before tissue accession date. Measurements Demographics, serum chemistry test results, hospital location, and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnostic codes. Results SPS was prescribed to 2,194 inpatients. 82 inpatient colonic necrosis cases were identified. 3 received oral SPS (1 gram per 4 milliliters of 33% sorbitol) 30 or fewer days before the colonic necrosis accession date (3.7% of inpatient colonic necrosis cases). The data were linked with 123,391 individuals who received inpatient prescriptions between the same dates. Colonic necrosis incidence was 0.14% (95% CI, 0.03%-0.40%) in those prescribed SPS versus 0.07% (95% CI, 0.05-0.08%) in those not prescribed SPS (RR, 2.10; 95% CI, 0.68-6.48; P = 0.2). The number needed to harm was 1,395 (95% CI, 298-5,100). Subgroup analysis (age >65 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate, 2 , intensive care unit admission, or surgical ward status) did not show significant associations. Sample-size analysis indicated that 4,974 SPS-treated individuals older than 65 years and a comparison group 10 times larger would be required for rigorous multivariate analysis of SPS-associated colonic necrosis risk. Limitations Individuals with colonic necrosis admitted to non–Department of Defense hospitals would not have been ascertained. Only individuals who had colonic biopsy or surgical tissue submitted for pathologic review could be ascertained as having colonic necrosis. Conclusions SPS-associated colonic necrosis is rare, and inpatient SPS/sorbitol prescription was not associated significantly with an increased RR of colonic necrosis in this retrospective cohort analysis. Multivariate analysis would require retrospective clinical cohorts from larger or more than one hospital system(s).
Color constancy and dispositionalism

This article attempts to do two things. The first is to make it plausible that any adequate dispositional view of color will have to associate colors with complex functions from a wide range of normal circumstances to a wide range of (simultaneously) incompatible color appearances, so that there will be no uniquely veridical appearance of any given color. The second is to show that once this move is made, dispositionalism is in a position to provide interesting answers to some of the most challenging objections that have been pressed against it. It explains why colors do not seem to “come on” when the lights come on, and why the right thing to say seems to be that the light causes the objects to reveal their colors. It explains why the content of visual experience need not be problematically circular. It eliminates the problem of intrapersonal variation in color appearance. And it even provides resources for dealing with the problem of interpersonal variation. It is true that in moving to the more complex view, the dispositionalist becomes subject to a new objection, which has been called “the problem of unity.” The paper offers a solution to this problem as well.
Discrete time robust stability design of PID controllers autonomous sailing vessel application

This paper presents a successful graphical technique for finding all discrete-time proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers that satisfy a robust stability constraint for heading control of a 2 meter autonomous sailing vessel. This problem is solved by finding all achievable discrete time PID controllers that simultaneously stabilize the closed-loop characteristic polynomial and satisfy constraints defined by a set of related complex polynomials. The bilinear transformation is used to describe the discrete time PID controllers. The discrete-time model of the vessel is identified from a sampled data system with uncertain communication delay. Experimental data taken from this vessel at the U. S. Coast Guard Academy is used to demonstrate the application of this methodology.
The History of the English Language Course A cross-disciplinary approach to the Humanities

The study of the history of the English language can help students become aware of major issues in several academic fields, including history, literature, political science, anthropology, communication, economics, the Arts, and, of course, languages and linguistics. Even though instructors may not have an especially broad background in the Humanities, the students themselves bring their own set of interests to the course. The students’ curiosity for their already existing interests can be exploited to broaden the course and to help them see connections between methodologies and subjects. With carefully designed assignments - perhaps using the assistance of colleagues in other fields - an instructor can make a course in the history of the English language a catalyst for learning in a variety of academic areas.
A reliability factor for surface structure determinations by low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract Surface structure determination by LEED (low-energy electron diffraction) is usually based on visual evaluation of the correspondence between calculated and observed intensity spectra. After a critique of the visual-evaluation method and of several criteria that have been proposed to replace it, a definition is given for a reliability factor r for a single beam, which purports to have almost all advantages of the visual criterion but not its disadvantages. A convenient quantity is the reduced r -factor r r = r r random where $ r random is the average value of r for randomly chosen pair of curves. The reduced r factor is calculated for more than 100 beams from 7 different surface structures and a direct relationship is established between the language of visual evaluation and the numerical values of r ϵ . Next, a reliability factor R for a number of beams is defined and tested — the result being a scale of values with which to measure the credibility of a given model in surface structure analysis. Plots of R versus non-structural and structural parameters allow objective and reliable choice of the “correct” model, especially when a large number of beams are available for testing.
NATO in the 1980s: Between European Pillar and European Home

This article looks at the transatlantic security relationship during the 1980s. It argues that the relative decline of U.S. power and absolute changes in the postwar international system encouraged two trends among key European middle powers. On the one hand, nations such as France, Italy, and Britain exhibited a new defense consciousness and a new sense of responsibility for national and regional security. On the other hand, Western European governments and publics sought relief in Mikhail Gorbachev's vision of a "common European home" from the problems inherent in the transatlantic security relationship. The tension between these two trends is discussed, and the reasons for the ultimate success of the European home at the expense of a European "second pillar" within NATO are considered.
Time and Length Scales of Baroclinic Eddies in the Central North Pacific Ocean

Abstract The time and length scales of baroclinic eddies in the eastern half of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre are examined using four data sets: 1) single vertical sections of temperature, based on closely spaced bathy-thermograph (BT) casts (cast spacing 100 km. The spectra attenuate toward higher wavenumbers as the square of the wavenumber over the range 200 to 600 km. Spatial autocorrelation in both horizontal dimensions of the second data set yields a correlation matrix with a first zero crossing at 150 km in both dimensions, im...
On the path curvature of electromagnetic waves

To facilitate the calculation of atmospheric refraction from radiometeorological sounding observations, the coefficients of refraction for light and microwaves have been expressed in the general form k=A.p+B.U+(C·p+D·U) dt/dz+E·dU/dz where p is total pressure, U is relative humidity and A, B, C, D and E are tabulated functions of temperature t. Three-place tables are given in metric units for the temperature range −10°C to +30°C.
The role of elementary teachers’ conceptions of closeness to students on their differential behaviour in the classroom

Abstract While many studies have documented the importance of supportive student–teacher relationships, particularly during students’ formative education experiences, few studies have systematically examined teachers’ conceptions of their relationships. The purpose of this project was to examine elementary school teachers’ conceptions of closeness using a structured interview protocol. Participants included three Caucasian teachers from the United States. Specifically, as part of the protocol, teachers were asked to (1) rate their feelings of closeness for each of the students in their class, (2) describe each relationship, (3) identify patterns of interpersonal closeness and distance across their class, and (4) talk about their understanding of what it means to be close to students. Findings were organised into a grounded model of teacher closeness in which teachers described how their feelings of closeness to students were related to five different teacher's approach orientations. Teachers’ approach orientations may have important implications for the way in which children in the class are privileged or marginalised by their teacher relationship.
Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor: Cytomorphologic features on fine-needle aspiration

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT) is a rare low-grade neoplasm occurring predominantly in the subcutaneous tissue of the lower extremity, which is characterized histologically by intermixed bland spindle cells and larger pleomorphic cells, ectatic blood vessels with fibrin, and prominent hyalinization. Here we describe the cytologic features of PHAT seen on fine-needle aspiration of a right calf mass in a 46-year-old man. The smears were cellular, composed predominantly of bland spindle cells dispersed singly as well as in tissue fragments and characterized by open chromatin and small nucleoli. A second population of pleomorphic spindle cells with coarse chromatin, prominent nucleoli, and occasional intranuclear pseudoinclusions was also present. Many of the pleomorphic cells surrounded hyalizined vessels. No mitotic figures were identified. The cytologic diagnosis was a “spindle cell lesion, NOS” with the differential diagnosis including benign lesions and low-grade neoplasms, including PHAT and schwannoma. Diagn. Cytopathol.2011;39:214–217. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interglacial deposits at Birch Creek, northeast interior Alaska

A 12-m sequence of lake sediment and peat in a 45-m high exposure on Birch Creek, northeast Alaska, contains pollen of Picea, Betula, Alnus and Populus, and wood of Picea and Populus. This sequence, which may represent 10,000 yr of more of accumulation, is beyond the limit of radiocarbon dating. It lies between two units of loess; the underlying loess lies above the Old Crow Tephra, recently dated at 149,000 ± 13,000 yr B.P. The lake sediments probably were deposited during the last interglaciation (isotope substage 5e) and subsequently buried by Wisconsinan loess. Analogs for the ancient lake may be deep, long-lived thaw lakes that are present in the modern landscape. When Birch Creek is correlated with other sites across nonglaciated Alaska and northwest Canada, there appears to be a common interglacial signal in sediments overlying the Old Crow Tephra.
Effect of temperature on synthesis and properties of aluminum–magnesium mechanical alloys

Abstract The synthesis of an Al 0.7 Mg 0.3 mechanical alloy was studied using a planetary mill. Several distinct temperature regimes of mechanical alloying were achieved using milling jars equipped with finned heat sinks and an external air conditioner installed to cool the entire milling chamber. Wireless temperature sensors were attached to the milling jars to monitor the process temperature. Intermediate and final products were collected and were analyzed by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The temperature history of the milling jars exhibited two peaks during mechanical alloying. The first peak occurred when particles of the starting powders deformed to produce flakes. The second peak was observed when the flakes agglomerated and re-fragmented forming layered composites that served as precursors for the mechanical alloy. The temperature of milling affected the magnesium solubility of the produced Al–Mg mechanical alloys. Decreasing the milling temperature from ∼70–80 °C to 20–30 °C resulted in an increase of the dissolved Mg concentration in Al from 2–3 at.% to ∼25 at.% for the Al 0.7 Mg 0.3 composition. The formation of intermetallic phases was favored at higher milling temperatures, where high solubilities cannot be achieved.
Phenomenology of first-order phase transitions

A phenomenological description of first-order phase transitions is proposed in terms of the solution of a certain linear, first-order, partial differential equation suggested by Fisher. In the asymptotic region of the critical point, the coefficient functions of the equation are uniquely determined by the scaling laws. The imposition of the further requirement that the phase boundary coincide with a characteristic curve of this equation is shown to lead to solutions that can reproduce the singular behavior\char22{}for example, the density and entropy discontinuities for the case of the liquid-gas transition\char22{}along the entire vapor-pressure curve. The important role played by the characteristic curves is stressed and confirmed for the special case of the ideal, $d$-dimensional, Bose gas. New relations involving discontinuities in the second derivatives of the thermodynamic functions are derived and shown to be useful in obtaining the coefficient functions near the phase boundary. Details are presented for the case of ferromagnetic and ferroelectric systems and include a comparison with experiment.
Insights into Puberty: The Relationship between Sleep Stages and Pulsatile LH Secretion

Context: During the pubertal transition, LH secretion initially increases only during sleep; however, its relationship to sleep stage is unknown. Objectives: Our objective was to determine whether the initiation of LH pulses is related to a specific sleep stage in pubertal children. Design and Setting: Frequent blood sampling and polysomnographic studies were performed in a Clinical Research Center. Subjects: Fourteen studies were performed in nine healthy pubertal children, ages 9.9–15.6 yr. Interventions: Subjects underwent one to two overnight studies with polysomnography and blood sampling for LH at 10-min intervals. Results: Alignment of polysomnographic records and LH pulses demonstrated that LH pulses (n = 58) occurred most frequently during slow-wave sleep (SWS) (1.1 pulse/h, n = 30) compared with all other sleep stages or periods of wake after sleep onset (P < 0.001). There was also a significant increase in the amount of SWS in the 15 min preceding and the 5 min following each pulse compared wit...
Cyclically stationary Brownian local time processes

Local time processes parameterized by a circle, defined by the occupation density up to time T of Brownian motion with constant drift on the circle, are studied for various random times T. While such processes are typically non-Markovian, their Laplace functionals are expressed by series formulae related to similar formulae for the Markovian local time processes subject to the Ray–Knight theorems for BM on the line, and for squares of Bessel processes and their bridges. For T the time that BM on the circle first returns to its starting point after a complete loop around the circle, the local time process is cyclically stationary, with same two-dimensional distributions, but not the same three-dimensional distributions, as the sum of squares of two i.i.d. cyclically stationary Gaussian processes. This local time process is the infinitely divisible sum of a Poisson point process of local time processes derived from Brownian excursions. The corresponding intensity measure on path space, and similar Levy measures derived from squares of Bessel processes, are described in terms of a 4-dimensional Bessel bridge by Williams’ decomposition of Ito’s law of Brownian excursions.
The cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a skin lymphocyte homing receptor for the vascular lectin endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1

A skin-associated population of memory T lymphocytes, defined by expression of the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), binds selectively and avidly to the vascular lectin endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), an interaction that may be involved in targeting of CLA+ T cells to cutaneous sites of chronic inflammation. Here we present evidence that CLA itself is the (or a) lymphocyte homing receptor for ELAM-1. Antigen isolated with anti-CLA monoclonal antibody HECA-452 from human tonsillar lysates avidly binds ELAM-1 transfected mouse cells. Anti-CLA antibody blocks T lymphocyte binding to ELAM-1 transfectants. HECA-452 and ELAM-1 binding to lymphocytes or to isolated tonsillar HECA-452 antigen is abrogated by neuraminidase treatment implying a prominent role for sialic acid in CLA structure and function. The dominant form of CLA on T cells is immunologically distinct from the major neutrophil ELAM-1 ligand, the sialyl Lewis x (sLex) antigen (NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4[Fuc alpha 1-3]GlcNAc), which is absent, weakly expressed, or masked on T cells. However, neuraminidase treatment of CLA+ T cells, but not of CLA- T cells, reveals Lewis x (CD15) structures. In combination with the known requirement for terminal NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal and fucose residues attached to N-acetylglucosamine for ELAM-1 and HECA-452 binding, this finding suggests that CLA may comprise an additionally sialylated or otherwise modified form of sLex. The identification of a lymphocyte homing receptor for skin may permit novel approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of cutaneous and inflammatory disorders.
Motor dysfunction in the tottering mouse is linked to cerebellar spontaneous low frequency oscillations revealed by flavoprotein autofluorescence optical imaging

Flavoprotein autofluorescence optical imaging is developing into a powerful research tool to study neural activity, particularly in vivo. In this study we used this imaging technique to investigate the neuronal mechanism underlying the episodic movement disorder that is characteristic of the tottering (tg) mouse, a model of episodic ataxia type 2. Both EA2 and the tg mouse are caused by mutations in the gene encoding Ca v 2.1 (P/Q-type) voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. These mutations result in a reduction in P/Q Ca 2+ channel function. Both EA2 patients and tg mice have a characteristic phenotype consisting of transient motor attacks triggered by stress, caffeine or ethanol. The neural events underlying these episodes of dystonia are unknown. Flavoprotein autofluorescence optical imaging revealed spontaneous, transient, low frequency oscillations in the cerebellar cortex of the tg mouse. Lasting from 30 - 120 minutes, the oscillations originate in one area then spread to surrounding regions over 30 - 60 minutes. The oscillations are reduced by removing extracellular Ca 2+ and blocking Ca v 1.2/1.3 (L-type) Ca 2+ channels. The oscillations are not affected by blocking AMPA receptors or by electrical stimulation of the parallel fiber - Purkinje cell circuit, suggesting the oscillations are generated intrinsically in the cerebellar cortex. Conversely, L-type Ca 2+ agonists generate oscillations with similar properties. In the awake tg mouse, transcranial flavoprotein imaging revealed low frequency oscillations that are accentuated during caffeine induced attacks of dystonia. The oscillations increase during the attacks of dystonia and are coupled to oscillations in face and hindlimb EMG activity. These transient oscillations and the associated cerebellar dysfunction provide a novel mechanism by which an ion channel disorder results in episodic motor dysfunction.
Noncarbohydrate glycomimetics and glycoprotein surrogates as DC-SIGN antagonists and agonists.

An understanding of the biological roles of lectins will be advanced by ligands that can inhibit or even recruit lectin function. To this end, glycomimetics, noncarbohydrate ligands that function analogously to endogenous carbohydrates, are being sought. The advantage of having such ligands is illustrated by the many roles of the protein DC-SIGN. DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin displayed on dendritic cells, where it binds to mannosides and fucosides to mediate interactions with other host cells or bacterial or viral pathogens. DC-SIGN engagement can modulate host immune responses (e.g., suppress autoimmunity) or benefit pathogens (e.g., promote HIV dissemination). DC-SIGN can bind to glycoconjugates, internalize glycosylated cargo for antigen processing, and transduce signals. DC-SIGN ligands can serve as inhibitors as well as probes of the lectin’s function, so they are especially valuable for elucidating and controlling DC-SIGN’s roles in immunity. We previously reported a small molecule that embodies key fe...
The Risk of Lymphoma in Patients with Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, inflammatory disease. Psoriasis has been hypothesized to be associated with an increased risk of lymphoma due to its pathophysiology, its treatments, or a combination of these factors. We performed a large population-based cohort study of the risk of lymphoma in psoriasis patients using the General Practice Research Database. We identified 153,197 patients with psoriasis and 765,950 corresponding subjects without psoriasis. Psoriasis patients who received a systemic treatment consistent with extensive disease were classified as severe ( N =3,994) and those who did not receive systemic therapies were classified as mild ( N =149,203). The analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and person–time using a Cox proportional hazards model. For mild and severe psoriasis patients, the respective adjusted relative risks for lymphoma and its subtypes were as follows: all lymphoma 1.34 (1.16, 1.54) and 1.59 (0.88, 2.89); non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 1.15 (0.97, 1.37) and 0.73 (0.28, 1.96); Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) 1.42 (1.00, 2.02) and 3.18 (1.01, 9.97); cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (TCL) 4.10 (2.70, 6.23) and 10.75 (3.89, 29.76). Psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. The association is strongest for HL and CTCL. The excess risk of lymphoma attributed to psoriasis was 7.9/100,000 psoriasis patients per year. Although patients with psoriasis have an increased relative risk of lymphoma, the absolute risk attributable to psoriasis is low given that lymphoma is a rare disease and the magnitude of association is modest.
Timing of Development During Epiboly in Embryos of Second-Generation Crosses and Backcrosses between Odd- and Even-Broodyear Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

Odd- and even-year-spawning pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are genetically isolated; their broodlines differ even in the same natal stream. Hybrids between broodlines exhibit outbreeding depression in survival. Variation in the time to completion of epiboly in embryos appears to be adaptive in both broodlines. We compared stage of development at a time near the completion of epiboly in families of second-generation offspring from crosses between odd- and even-year broodlines with development stages of within-broodyear controls and of backcrossed families. We observed embryos derived from matings of mature fish that were the results of fertilizations made 2 years earlier of eggs from females from the even brood year with semen from males from the even broodyear and with cryopreserved semen from males of the odd broodyear. The resulting fry had been released to the Pacific Ocean and recovered at maturity. Second generation embryos were produced by factorial matings of these mature fish involving (1) female and male controls, (2) female and male hybrids, and (3) both backcrosses. Analysis of variation of development time detected no effect of outbreeding, i.e., differences between controls and second generation hybrids (p > 0.05), but did detect variation between individual female parents (p < 0.03). Neither epistatic nor additive outbreeding depression could be detected in the rate of early embryonic development of pink salmon. However, effects on development rate attributable to female parents indicate that either a maternal effect or early additive genetic effects occurred before the expression of the paternal genome in embryos.