cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical modeling of sequential collision-induced dissociation thresholds

Thermochemistry determined from careful analysis of the energy dependence of cross sections for collision-induced dissociation (CID) reactions has primarily come from the primary dissociation channel. Higher order dissociations generally have thresholds measured to be higher than the thermodynamic limit because of the unknown internal and kinetic energy distributions of the primary products. A model that utilizes statistical theories for energy-dependent unimolecular decomposition to estimate these energy distributions is proposed in this paper. This permits a straightforward modeling of the cross sections for both primary and secondary dissociation channels. The model developed here is used to analyze data for K+(NH3)x, x=2–5, complexes, chosen because the thermochemistry previously determined by threshold CID studies agrees well with values from theory and equilibrium high pressure mass spectrometry. The model is found to reproduce the cross sections with high fidelity and the threshold values for secon...
Advanced electron beam resist requirements and challenges

As photomask minimum feature size requirements continue to shrink, resist resolution limitations and their tradeoffs with exposure dose are critical factors. Recently, nearly every node needs a new electron beam resist, customized for exposure dose requirements while simultaneously meeting resolution specifications. Intel Mask Operations has an active program focused on screening new electron beam resists and processes. We discuss the performance metrics we use to evaluate materials and discuss the relative capabilities of the latest resists. We present fundamental resist metrics (resolution, LER and dose) as well as manufacturing process sensitivities.
The association between patient characteristics and the therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapy for bulimia nervosa

The therapeutic alliance is an established predictor of psychotherapy outcome. However, alliance research in the treatment of eating disorders has been scant, with even less attention paid to correlates of alliance development. The goal of this study was to examine the relation between specific patient characteristics and the development of the alliance in 2 different treatments for bulimia nervosa (BN). Data derive from a large, randomized clinical trial comparing cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) for BN. Across both treatments, patient expectation of improvement was positively associated with early- and middle-treatment alliance quality. In CBT, baseline symptom severity was negatively related to middle alliance. In IPT, more baseline interpersonal problems were associated with poorer alliance quality at midtreatment.
Investigation of induction healing effects on electrically conductive asphalt mastic and asphalt concrete beams through fracture-healing tests

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the healing capacity of electroactive asphalt mastic and concrete beam samples with induction heating. The electrically conductive steel wool fibers were mixed with asphalt materials to heat the surrounding binders through induction energy. By introducing Newtonian binder flow in the heated asphalt materials, the microcrack healing performance can be significantly improved with the accelerated process. To investigate the induction healing performance, asphalt mastic and concrete beam samples were prepared by incorporating Type 1 steel wool fibers with an approximate length of 6.5 mm. Subsequently, the mastic beams were tested with fracture-healing cycles under the three-point bending test and induction healing process. Meanwhile, the concrete beams were tested with fracture-healing cycles using the modified three-point bending test with an elastic foundation support and healing procedure. Prior to the fracture tests, all samples were conditioned in the freezer for 6 h at −20 °C to limit the viscoelastic and unrecovered deformation. The samples were loaded until the peak value was obtained for fracture tests. During the healing process, the samples were heated at different temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C and 100 °C) within a short period of time. The result shows that the mastic sample can be fully healed at these three temperatures based on the recovered peak loads from the cyclic test. For the asphalt concrete beams, the test results showed that the healing performance increases with the heating temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C and 100 °C). The temperature distribution in the samples at the end of the healing procedure is also captured. Overall, it was found that the asphalt mixture samples still maintained at least half of the original fracture strength after six fracture-healing cycles. The experimental results indicate that the induction healing techniques have promises in elongating the pavement service life.
Aqueous cyanohydridoborate reduction of the rhodopsin chromophore.

Abstract The imino linkage between 11-cis retinal and the lipoprotein opsin has been reduced under mild conditions (aqueous, 3°C., pH = 5) by the reagent cyanohydridoborate. The sole retinyl derivative, recovered in 20% yield after basic hydrolysis, was identified as N-retinyl lysine.
Enantioselective synthesis of the C(18) - C(35) segment of immunosuppressant FK-506 using efficient new methodology

Abstract A simple, enantiocontrolled and efficient route to an intermediate containing carbons 18 to 35 of the macrocyclic immunosuppressant FK-506 ( 1 ) is described which depends on a sequence of three enantioselective CC bond forming reactions.
OCT guided microinjections for mouse embryonic research

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is gaining popularity as live imaging tool for embryonic research in animal models. Recently we have demonstrated that OCT can be used for live imaging of cultured early mouse embryos (E7.5-E10) as well as later stage mouse embryos in utero (E12.5 to the end of gestation). Targeted delivery of signaling molecules, drugs, and cells is a powerful approach to study normal and abnormal development, and image guidance is highly important for such manipulations. Here we demonstrate that OCT can be used to guide microinjections of gold nanoshell suspensions in live mouse embryos. This approach can potentially be used for variety of applications such as guided injections of contrast agents, signaling molecules, pharmacological agents, cell transplantation and extraction, as well as other image-guided micromanipulations. Our studies also reveal novel potential for gold nanoshells in embryonic research.
The Culture of the Deaf

The population of the United States includes over 1 million deaf people, the majority of whom have chosen to differentiate themselves in terms of a Deaf culture. These Deaf people share unique values and norms and use sign language for communication. The differences that exist between hearing and Deaf individuals necessitate that the nurse understand this population. This article will describe the Deaf culture using Leininger's Sunrise Model and present specific nursing actions in the modes of culture care preservation and/or maintenance, accommodation and/or negotiation, and repatterning or restructuring that enable the nurse to provide culturally congruent care for Deaf clients.
John Clare and Community; Class and the Canon: Constructing Labouring-Class Poetry and Poetics, 1750–1900

With the help of numerous collaborators and contributors (myself included), John Goodridge has been at work on a bibliography of British Laboring-Class Poetry from 1700 to 1900. As of spring 2013, ...
Increase in liver and kidney deoxycytidine kinase activity linked to neoplastic transformation.

Abstract Deoxycytidine kinase activity in normal rat liver cytosol was low (0.8 nmol/hr/mg protein); it increased 2–26-fold in 12 lines of chemically-induced, transplantable rat hepatomas of different growth rates. The increased kinase activity correlated positively with the hepatoma growth rate. The kinase activity did not change in the regenerating liver and the activity in the differentiating, neonatal rat liver was similar to values in adult liver. Deoxycytidine kinase activity in 2 chemically-induced, transplantable rat kidney tumors was increased to twice the value found in normal renal cortex. Among 15 normal rat tissues examined the highest kinase activities were observed in thymus, bone marrow and spleen. Of the normal and malignant rat tissues tested, only testis had detectable cytidine deaminase activity.
Resonator coils for magnetic resonance imaging at 6 MHz

The Alderman and Grant design of the slotted tube resonator has been modified with a different lumped capacitor distribution to obviate the need for a balanced electrical feed at low frequencies (6 MHz). A saddle coil resonator and a strip line resonator have been tuned with similar lumped capacitor distributions to obtain electrically balanced resonance.
Characteristics Associated with Presence of Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Evidence suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often exhibit associated psychiatric symptoms, particularly related to depression. The current study investigated whether individual characteristics, specifically, severity of ASD symptoms, level of cognitive ability, and/or presence of other psychiatric disorders, are associated with occurrence of depressive symptoms in adults with ASD. Forty-six adults with ASD were administered a standardized psychiatric history interview. Twenty participants (43%) endorsed depressive symptoms. It was found that individuals with less social impairment, higher cognitive ability, and higher rates of other psychiatric symptoms, were more likely to report depressive symptoms. These characteristics may be vulnerability factors for the development of depression, and should be considered when screening and treating adults with ASD.
Congenital cardiac disease associated with polysplenia. A developmental complex of bilateral "left-sidedness".

The well-recognized association of congenital cardiac disease with asplenia has been termed "bilateral right-sidedness" or dextro-isomerism, since the spleen is absent, the liver is symmetrical, and each lung has three lobes and an epiarterial bronchus. In a study of pathological material from 12 patients with congenital cardiac disease associated with multiple spleens (as contrasted to accessory spleen), we found a definite tendency for the symmetrical development of organs but with a tendency for bilateral left-sidedness or levo-isomerism. The abnormalities assumed one of three forms as follows: (1) absence of a normal right-sided structure, (2) bilateral organs, each with the structure of a left-sided organ, or (3) excessive tissue of a left-sided organ. Thus, in polysplenia we observed a tendency for (1) absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava and absence of the gallbladder, (2) two lobes in each lung with hyparterial bronchi, and (3) multiple spleens. Other noncardiac abnormalities w...
Bond-length distribution in tetrahedral versus octahedral semiconductor alloys: The case of Ga 1 − x In x N

Large $(\ensuremath{\approx}1000\mathrm{atoms})$ supercell valence force-field simulations are used to investigate the nearest-neighbor bond-length distribution in relaxed tetrahedral (zinc blende and wurtzite) and octahedral (rocksalt) ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{In}}_{x}\mathrm{N}$ alloys. We find that, due to the rigidity of the octahedron, the distribution of each anion-cation bond length in rocksalt alloys has two contributions: unrelaxed bonds and relaxed bonds. These two peaks have a large width and overlap slightly, leading to a broad nearest-neighbor distance distribution. On the other hand, the anion-cation nearest-neighbor distribution in zinc-blende alloys can be decomposed into a sum over four closely spaced and sharp peaks associated with different clusters, leading to a narrow, single-peaked nearest-neighbor distribution. Finally the wurtzite alloys exhibit bond-length distributions that are very similar to the corresponding ones in the zinc-blende alloys, leading to a nearly identical strain energy in random zinc-blende and wurtzite alloys.
Site of Resting State Inhibition of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by a Hydrophobic Inhibitor

The lipophilic photoactivatable probe 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-iodophenyl) diazirine (TID) is a noncompetitive, resting-state inhibitor of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) that requires tens of milliseconds of preincubation to inhibit agonist-induced cation efflux. At equilibrium, [(125)I]TID photoincorporates into both the ion channel and the lipid-protein interface of the Torpedo nAChR. To determine which of these regions is responsible for resting-state inhibition, we characterized the interactions between [(125)I]TID and nAChR-rich membranes milliseconds after mixing, by use of time-resolved photolabeling. Photolabeling was performed after preincubation times of 2 ms or 600 s (equilibrium), and the efficiencies of incorporation at specific residues were determined by amino-terminal sequence analysis of nAChR-subunit proteolytic fragments isolated by SDS-PAGE and/or reversed-phase HPLC. Equilibration of TID with lipid was complete within a millisecond as determined by both stopped-flow fluorescence quenching of diphenylhexatriene in lipid bilayers and photoincorporation into nAChR-rich membrane phospholipids. Equilibration with the lipid-protein interface (alphaM4) was slightly slower, reaching approximately 50% that at equilibrium after 2 ms preincubation. In contrast, equilibration with the channel region (alpha 2 and deltaM2) was much slower, reaching only 10% that at equilibrium after 2 ms preincubation. Within the ion channel, the ratio of [(125)I]TID incorporation between M2 residues 9', 13', and 16' was independent of preincubation time. We conclude that TID's access to the ion channel is more restricted than to the lipid-protein interface and that TID bound within the ion channel is responsible for flux inhibition upon activation of the nAChR.
Thermal Conductivity of Sol-Gel Amorphous Mesoporous Silica Thin Films: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Versus Experiments

This study reports non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations predicting the thermal conductivity of amorphous mesoporous silica. The heat flux was imposed using the Muller-Plathe method and interatomic interactions were modeled using the van Beest, Kramer and van Santen (BKS) potential. First, simulations were validated against results reported in the literature for dense quartz and amorphous silica. The BKS potential was found to significantly overestimate the thermal conductivity of dense amorphous silica and results depended on the length of the simulation cell. Then, highly ordered pores were introduced in an amorphous silica matrix by removing atoms within selected areas of the simulation cell. Effects of the simulation cell length, pore size, and porosity on the thermal conductivity were investigated at room temperature. Results were compared with predictions from commonly used effective medium approximations as well as with previously reported experimental data for films with porosity and pore diameter ranging from 20% to 48% and 30 to 180 A, respectively. Predictions of MD simulations overestimated the experimental data and agreed with predictions from the coherent potential model. However, MD simulations confirmed that thermal conductivity in sol-gel amorphous mesoporous materials was independent of pore size and depended only on porosity.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The thermodynamic characterization of the LaCo5-H system

Abstract In contrast with LaNi5, activation of LaCo5 by cycles of hydriding and dehydriding does not significantly affect its subsequent behavior towards hydrogen and annealing of the activated material does not affect its behavior towards hydrogen. Thermodynamic parameters have been determined from both pressure-composition-temperature data and reaction calorimetry. The results from the two methods are in good agreement.
Autologous tumor vaccines processed to express α-gal epitopes: a practical approach to immunotherapy in cancer

This review describes a method by which the human natural anti-Gal antibody can be exploited as an endogenous adjuvant for targeting autologous tumor vaccines to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Tumor cells remaining in the patient after completion of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the cause of tumor relapse. These residual tumor cells can not be detected by imaging, but their destruction may be feasible by active immunotherapy. Since specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have not been identified for the majority of cancers, irradiated autologous tumor vaccines have been considered as an immunotherapy treatment that may elicit an immune response against the residual tumor cells expressing TAAs. However, tumor cells evolve in cancer patients in a stealthy way, i.e., they are not detected by APCs, even in the form of vaccine. Effective targeting of tumor vaccines for uptake by APCs is a prerequisite for eliciting an effective immune response which requires transport of the vaccine by APCs from the vaccination site to the draining lymph nodes. In the lymph nodes, the APCs transporting the vaccine process and present peptides, including the autologous TAA peptides for activation of the tumor-specific T cells. The required targeting of vaccines to APCs is feasible in humans by the use of anti-Gal. This antibody interacts specifically with the α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) and is the only known natural IgG antibody to be present in large amounts in all humans who are not severely immunocompromised. The α-gal epitope can be synthesized on any type of human tumor cell by the use of recombinant α1,3galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT). Solid tumors obtained from surgery are homogenized and their membranes subjected to α-gal epitope synthesis. Similarly, α-gal epitopes can be synthesized on intact tumor cells from hematological malignancies. Administration of irradiated autologous tumor vaccines processed to express α-gal epitopes results in in situ opsonization of the vaccinating cells or cell membranes due to anti-Gal binding to these epitopes. The bound antibody serves to target the autologous tumor vaccine to APCs because the Fc portion of the antibody interacts with Fcγ receptors on APCs. Since patients receive their own TAAs, the vaccine is customized for autologous TAAs in the individual patient. The repeated vaccination with such autologous tumor vaccines provides the immune system of each patient with an additional opportunity to be effectively activated by the autologous TAAs. In some of the immunized patients this activation may be potent enough to induce an immune-mediated eradication of the residual tumor cells expressing these TAAs.
Problems meeting basic needs moderate the association between the APOE ϵ4 allele and cognitive decline

Objectives: The ApolipoproteinE e4 (APOE e4) allele influences cognitive decline (CD) in some but not in all individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether problems meeting basic needs (BN) (e.g., having enough money to meet needs, having enough money for emergencies, having adequate housing, and having enough heat) influences the relationship between the APOE e4 allele and CD. We predicted that problems meeting BN would have a greater influence on CD among those with the APOE e4 allele than those without the allele. Methods: Participants consisted of community-dwelling older adults from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). Data were drawn from Waves 1 and 2, which were 3 years apart. Cognitive functioning was assessed at both waves so that change in cognitive status was examined over time, and cognitive status was controlled at baseline. Genotyping, however, was not obtained until Wave 3. Results: The APOE e4 allele and problems meeting BN ...
Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by microscope immersion oil.

Abstract Microscope immersion oil when administered intraperitoneally or applied to skin in experimental animals substantially increased liver weight, microsomal protein, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, cytochrome P-450 content and the metabolism of the model substrates, ethylmorphine and benzo(a)pyrene. Immersion oil caused the induction of the polycyclic hydrocarbon type of hemoprotein, cytochrome P-448. When applied to skin, the oil also caused an 11-fold increase in benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity at the skin sites.
Effects of coughing following coronary artery contrast injections

Since aortic pressure markedly increases during cough, the apparent beneficial effects have been attributed to a cough-induced clearing of the contrast medium from the coronary arteries.‘, * The observation that serial coughing can produce cardiac output and maintain consciousness during sustained ventricular fibrillation or asystole3,” has been used as further support for the use of cough during coronary angiography. However, we recently observed that right atria1 pressure increases more than aortic pressure during cough, causing the coronary perfusion pressure to fa11.5 In addition, the aortic and coronary perfusion pressures are usually reduced immediately following cough. Thus coughing does not help clear the coronary arteries of contrast medium by increasing the coronary perfusion gradient.5 Therefore coughing might help reverse contrast-induced cardiac changes through other mechanisms, or the apparent beneficial effects of coughing might be due to coincidental resolution of the contrast effects. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of cough following selective coronary contrast
The Impact of Unions on Labor's Share of Income: A Time-Series Analysis

Early time-series studies that examined the impact of unions on labor's share of income were primarily descriptive. They generally found that unions did not impact labor's share of income. In contrast, later studies, using either panel data or cross-section data, have produced mixed results. This study adds to our understanding of this topic by first developing an analytical model based on imperfect competition and then testing the model using time-series data for the US manufacturing sector from 1949–2006. The results demonstrate that unions have a positive impact on labor's share of income. They show that for each one percentage point reduction in union density, the proportion of income received by production workers declines by about 0.2 percentage points, holding other factors constant. From 1949 to 2006, labor's share of income declined approximately 25 percentage points; around 28% of that decline is explained by the decline in unionization. This paper is distinctive in estimating the proportion of ...
Honest politics: Evaluating candidate perceptions for the 2012 U. S. election with the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure

Abstract Mainstream implicit cognition measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) have produced a substantial volume of data on political attitudes. However, the associative basis of most implicit measures entail interpretive limitations that may be avoided with a relatively new measure known as the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). The IRAP is a measure of arbitrarily applicable relational repertoires based on a functional and contextual view of cognition. The current study used the IRAP to assess relational repertoires among college undergraduates in respect to images of Barack Obama and Mitt Romney presented in conjunction with positive and negative evaluative words. The results showed distinct patterns of bias on the IRAP that correlated with various political self-reports. The IRAP also distinguished self-reported intentions to vote for Obama or Romney. Some of the results revealed patterns that would not be apparent with a comparable IAT. The current study provides a supportive basis for the reliability and convergent validity of the IRAP for measuring implicit perceptions of political candidates.
Competitive Evolution of Tactical Multiswarm Dynamics

The dynamics of large decentralized groups of agents, or swarms, can be difficult to characterize due to complex and often unpredictable behaviors that arise from low-level interactions between agents. When designing multiagent systems, these emergent behaviors can have hidden and undesirable implications on the overall operation of the swarm. This paper examines the use of inversion of swarm dynamics to refine individual agents' rules of operation in order to achieve a given collective goal and applies this method to a scenario of tactical relevance: the point defense of a very important person between two attacking and defending swarms. An alternating competitive evolution is used in a toggled behavioral arms race in order to refine tactics and anticipate counteractions. Results include creative solutions with varying levels of success at addressing defensive tactical scenarios, with the attacking swarms evolving behaviors (such as rushing, splitting, and baiting) and the defending swarm evolving proactive and reactive solutions.
Heart Failure: Strategies to Enhance Patient Self-Management

Successful management of heart failure requires an active partnership between the patient and health care providers. This can be facilitated through a focused patient education plan that begins in acute care and has continuity into the community. Elements of the education plan involve both teaching content areas and self-management behaviors. Clinical pathways for heart failure incorporate teaching and educational strategies to guide the work of the multidisciplinary team, and the advanced practice nurse has tremendous potential in facilitating improved patient outcomes.
An Association, in Adult Japanese, between the Occurrence of Rogue Cells among Cultured Lymphocytes (JC Virus Activity) and the Frequency of “Simple” Chromosomal Damage among the Lymphocytes of Persons Exhibiting These Rogue Cells

Data from a previous study of the cytogenetic effects, in cultured lymphocytes, of exposure to the atomic bomb in Hiroshima have been reanalyzed to determine the relationship between the occurrence of "rogue" cells in an individual and the frequency of "simple" chromosomal damage in the nonrogue cells of the same individual. Rogue cells are cells with complex chromosomal damage, currently believed to be a manifestation of the activity of a human polyoma virus termed "JC." Among a total of 1,835 persons examined, there were 45 exhibiting rogue cells. A total of 179,599 cells were scored for simple chromosomal damage. In both the exposed and the control populations, there was an absolute increase of approximately 1.5% in the frequency of simple chromosomal damage in the nonrogue cells of those exhibiting rogue cells, when compared with the frequencies observed in those not exhibiting rogue cells, which is a statistically significant difference. It is argued that this phenomenon, occurring not only in lymphocytes but possibly also in other cells/tissues, may play a contributory role in the origin of malignancies characterized by clonal chromosome abnormalities. Unexpectedly, among those exhibiting rogue cells, there was a disproportionately greater representation of persons who had received relatively high radiation exposures from the bomb. The reason for this is unclear, but it is tempting to relate the finding to some lingering effect of the exposure (or the circumstances surrounding the exposure) on immunocompetence.
A benzilate ester of pyrrolizidine and its stereochemical relationship to other psychotomimetic glycolates.

Abstract In an effort to further test the hypothesis that psychotomimetic potency is related to the availability of the nonbonding electrons on the N of a series of heterocyclic amino glycolate esters, the l-benzilate ester of pyrrolizidine was synthesized. The compound was found to have about 1 10 the anticholinergic and central nervous system potency of N-methyl 4-piperidylbenzilate, which was among the most potent centrally active glycolates. The final product was a racemic mixture and, as determined by nmr, consisted of one diasteroisomer, with the acid moiety trans to the heterocyclic N. By the use of Dreiding models and measurement of the relative rate of quaternization by CH 3 I, it was inferred that 1,2-syn interference, by the H′s on the adjacent C′s, with the nonbonding electrons on N was a factor in the diminished pharmacological potency of the pyrrolizidine ester.
Maximal steady state versus state of conditioning.

Criteria for the identification of maximal steady state as related to state of conditioning were evaluated. 13 volunteers walked and/or ran during a series of 15 min tests on a treadmill. The speeds ranged from mild to exhaustive. Heart rate was monitored continuously; $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ was determined from 6 min to 9 min; and venous blood was obtained at 10 min and 15 min for lactate analyses. Max $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ was established for each subject. Subjects were classified on level of conditioning according to the quantity and quality of their activity record for the previous 6 months. The 10 min heart rate associated with a blood lactate level of 2.2 mM/L (MSSHR) was the best predictor of conditioning. The relative $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ (% of max $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ ) found with a 10 min blood lactate concentration of 2.2 mM/L (RMSS $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ ) was almost as accurate as MSSHR in predicting state of conditioning. Changes in blood lactate levels between 10 min and 15 min were not significantly related to conditioning.
Schneiderian Papillomas and Nonsalivary Glandular Neoplasms of the Head and Neck

Schneiderian papillomas and nonsalivary glandular neoplasms of the head and neck continue to be a source of confusion for both the clinician and pathologist. An update on these lesions is provided.
Effects of Repeated Practice and Contextual-Writing Experiences on College Students' Writing Skills.

The authors examined the effects of both general and task-specific writing experiences on college students' writing-skill development. On the basis of theories of expertise development and a cognitive process theory of writing-skill development, the authors predicted that repeated practice would be associated with superior writing skills and that after controlling for repeated practice, writing within a specific task domain would be associated with superior writing skills. Undergraduate students participated in a field experiment in which 279 students practiced their writing skills in a professionally relevant task domain, whereas another group of 385 students practiced their writing skills in a more general domain. The results were consistent with the predictions. The authors discuss implications for teaching writing skills and for general theories of expertise development in writing.
Effects of intracoronary infusions of acetylcholine and nicotine on the dog heart in vivo.

Abstract 1. In anaesthetized dogs intracoronary infusions of high doses of nicotine and acetylcholine increased myocardial contractile force and this could be prevented by pre-treatment with desmethylimipramine or phenoxybenzamine. 2. The inotropic effect of nicotine was brief and subsided during the continuing infusion of the drug. The infusion of nicotine did not reduce the inotropic effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation. 3. The motropic effect of intracoronary acetylcholine often fluctuated during prolonged infusions and was not altered by pretreatment with atropine. Acetylcholine infusions reduced the inotropic responses produced by cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation and led to a substantial transient reduction in the associated pressor responses. Intracoronary acetylcholine also reduced the pressor and inotropic effect of intravenous noradrenaline. The attenuation of these adrenergic cardiovascular responses by acetylcholine was prevented by atropine.
Theoretical analysis of proton relays in electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer.

The coupling of long-range electron transfer to proton transport over multiple sites plays a vital role in many biological and chemical processes. Recently the concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction in a molecule with a hydrogen-bond relay inserted between the proton donor and acceptor sites was studied electrochemically. The standard rate constants and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were measured experimentally for this double proton transfer system and a related single proton transfer system. In the present paper, these systems are studied theoretically using vibronically nonadiabatic rate constant expressions for electrochemical PCET. Application of this approach to proton relays requires the calculation of multidimensional proton vibrational wave functions and the incorporation of multiple proton donor–acceptor motions. The decrease in proton donor–acceptor distances due to thermal fluctuations and the contributions from excited electron–proton vibronic states play important roles ...
Response of magnetization to high frequency excitation in inductive thin-film recording heads

A scanning magnetooptic photometer system was used to study the high-frequency response of magnetization in inductive thin-film recording heads. Measurements at 40 MHz show that most domain walls cease to move at this frequency. At the surface of these motionless walls, the magnetization does not respond to the applied field, forming a dead surface layer. On the two sides of these motionless domain walls, magnetic flux conduction is by nonuniform rotation in the sense that both the rotation angle and the phase are different at different places, forming magnetic flux ripples. Locked ripple was previously shown to significantly slow magnetization reversal in thin Permalloy films, and these measurement results indicate it will likely limit high-frequency performance of thin-film heads as well. >
The History of Childhood Since the "Invention of Childhood": Some Issues in the Eighties:

One approach to the history of childhood examines change in private dispositions toward the young. Another approach concentrates on the proliferation of public institutions for managing child life....
Adaptive resource allocation in power constrained CDMA mobile networks

In this paper, we consider a DS-CDMA mobile network supporting real-time and non-real-time services. We study how the delay tolerance of non-real-time traffic can be exploited by allowing both transmission power control and variable spreading gain (transmission rate) control. Two control mechanisms adapt the received energy per bit to the current channel conditions and efficiently manage the multiple access interference so as to optimize performance. We provide the jointly optimal power and spreading gain allocation strategy of non-real-time sources. Our strategy maximizes non-real-time throughput subject to constraints on peak transmission power and protects QoS of real-time-services. We show that under the optimal strategy, the optimal spreading gains are inverse linear in the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and transmission power is allocated to the non-real-time sources in decreasing order of channel gain according to a greedy control strategy. We also present numerical results comparing the throughput and delay performance of the optimal strategy with other common strategies; the optimal strategy can offer substantial performance gains.
Intracellular energetics and critical PO2 in resting ischemic human skeletal muscle in vivo.

During ischemia and some types of muscular contractions, oxygen tension (Po2) declines to the point that mitochondrial ATP synthesis becomes limited by oxygen availability. Although this critical P...
Imprinting control region (ICR) of the Peg3 domain

The imprinting and transcription of the 500 kb genomic region surrounding the mouse Peg3 is predicted to be regulated by the Peg3-differentially methylated region (DMR). In the current study, this prediction was tested using a mutant mouse line lacking this potential imprinting control region (ICR). At the organismal level, paternal and maternal transmission of this knockout (KO) allele caused either reduced or increased growth rates in the mouse, respectively. In terms of the imprinting control, the paternal transmission of the KO allele resulted in bi-allelic expression of the normally maternally expressed Zim2, whereas the maternal transmission switched the transcriptionally dominant allele for Zfp264 (paternal to maternal). However, the allele-specific DNA methylation patterns of the DMRs of Peg3, Zim2 and Zim3 were not affected in the mice that inherited the KO allele either paternally or maternally. In terms of the transcriptional control, the paternal transmission caused a dramatic down-regulation in Peg3 expression, but overall up-regulation in the other nearby imprinted genes. Taken together, deletion of the Peg3-DMR caused global changes in the imprinting and transcription of the Peg3 domain, confirming that the Peg3-DMR is an ICR for this imprinted domain.
A continuum-atomistic method for incorporating Joule heating into classical molecular dynamics simulations

A hybrid atomistic-continuum method is presented for incorporating Joule heating into large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. When coupled to a continuum thermostat, the method allows resistive heating and heat transport in metals to be modeled without explicitly including electronic degrees of freedom. Atomic kinetic energies in a MD simulation are coupled via an ad hoc feedback loop to continuum current and heat transfer equations that are solved numerically on a finite difference grid (FDG). For resistive heating, the resistance in each region of the FDG is calculated from the experimental resistivity, atomic density, and average kinetic energy in the MD simulation. A network of resistors is established from which the potential at every FDG region is calculated given an applied voltage. The potential differences and the resistance between connected FDG regions are used to calculate the current between the two points and the heat generated from that current. This information is then added back ...
Human IgM xenoreactive natural antibodies can induce resistance of porcine endothelial cells to complement‐mediated injury

: It is thought that human IgM xenoreactive natural antibodies (nAbs) can induce activation of porcine endothelial cells independent of complement. Therefore we hypothesized that pretreatment of porcine endothelial cells with anti-pig nAbs may affect the ability of the endothelial cells, when subsequently incubated with a source of nAbs and complement, to bind antibodies and complement components and to undergo complement-mediated cytotoxicity. We preincubated porcine endothelial cells at 37°C for 1 hr or 40 hr with a source of nAbs. We then incubated these pretreated endothelial cells with a complement source that contained a normal complement level and a low level of IgM nAbs for 1 hr to measure bound IgM and IgG and complement components, and for 4 hr to measure cytotoxicity. We found that preincubation for as long as 40 hr did not impair the binding of IgM and IgG, implying no antibody-induced loss of membrane antigens from the endothelial cells, or the binding of C3bi, C4d, C6, and C9 upon complement activation. In contrast, preincubation for 40 hr with a nAb source induced in the endothelial cells marked resistance to complement-mediated killing. Resistance could be induced with purified human IgM but not with purified IgG or IgM-depleted human serum. The ability of purified IgM to induce resistance was abrogated by removal of anti-pig xenoreactive nAbs by absorption with pig endothelial cells, and induction of resistance required protein synthesis. We conclude that prolonged incubation of human anti-pig nAbs with pig endothelial cells does not cause loss of endothelial cell membrane antigens or impairment in binding of nAbs or complement components; instead, it induces marked resistance to complement-mediated cytotoxicity. These observations may be of value to develop strategies that enhance survival of a xenograft.
Interactive effects of chronic phencyclidine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spermatogenesis in mice

Abstract In this study, the combined effects of chronic phencyclidine (PCP) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spermatogenesis in mice were examined. Mice were treated with THC (50 mg/kg, PO) and PCP (15 mg/kg, IP) alone or in combination for 16 days and with PCP alone for 35 days. THC had a significant effect on spermatogenesis and decreased the number of all germinal cells. PCP, on the other hand, affected all germinal cells except spermatids after 35 days of treatment. Combination of THC and PCP treatment caused a significant decrease in resting and pachytene spermatocytes. Similarly, combination of these two drugs caused a significant increase in cauda epididymal abnormal sperms. These results suggest that THC and PCP may cause greater disruption in spermatogenesis when they are abused together.
Local Duality and Polarized Hodge Modules

We find a relationship between the graded quotients of a filtered holonomic D-module, their duals as coherent sheaves, and the characteristic variety, in case the filtered D-module underlies a polarized Hodge module on a smooth algebraic variety. The proof is based on M. Saito’s result that the associated graded module is Cohen‐Macaulay, and
Uncertainties in tomographic reconstructions based on deformable models

Deformable geometric models fit very naturally into the context of Bayesian analysis. The prior probability of boundary shapes is taken to proportional to the negative exponential of the deformation energy used to control the boundary. This probabilistic interpretation is demonstrated using a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) technique, which permits one to generate configurations that populate the prior. One of many uses for deformable models is to solve ill-posed tomographic reconstruction problems, which we demonstrate by reconstructing a two-dimensional object from two orthogonal noisy projections. We show how MCMC samples drawn from the posterior can be used to estimate uncertainties in the location of the edge of the reconstructed object.
Elevation changes and the Great 1960 Chilean Earthquake: Support for aseismic slip

We reanalyse the near-field vertical displacement data for the great Chilean earthquake of 1960 to provide constraints on the down-dip slip distribution. A recent study of free oscillation data confirms earlier proposals of a slow precursor comparable in size to the main shock; we seek evidence for this event in the displacement data. Spatial coverage of the data is inadequate to allow determination of a unique fault model, but inversions show that thrust slip must extend over a width of about 300 km and to a depth between 60 km and 85 km, well below the seismogenic zone for interplate events. We propose that this deeper slip is the source of the slow event. Our preferred class of solutions has moments ranging from 1.6 × 1023 N m to 2.5 × 1023 N m, only 30% to 45% of the free oscillation value. Underestimation of the near trench displacements by 50% together with a seismic overestimation of moment by 30% due to tradeoff with rise time would result in satisfactory agreement.
Inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis by dietary olive oil and squalene.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that frequent olive oil consumption may be a protective factor against lung cancer formation. Squalene, a characteristic compound in olive oil, is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and has been proposed to inhibit the farnesylation of ras oncoproteins. The present study investigated the effect of dietary olive oil and squalene in a mouse lung tumorigenesis model. Female A/J mice were fed AIN-76A diets containing 5% corn oil (control), 19.6% olive oil, or 2% squalene starting at 3 weeks before a single dose of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (103 mg/kg, i.p.). Animals were maintained on their respective diets throughout the study. At 16 weeks after NNK administration, 100% of the mice in the control group had lung tumors with a tumor multiplicity of 16 tumors per mouse. The olive oil and squalene diets significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the lung tumor multiplicity by 46 and 58%, respectively. The squalene diet significantly (P < 0.05) decreased lung hyperplasia by 70%. In mice fed a diet containing 2% squalene for 3 weeks, the activation of NNK was increased by 1.4- and 2.0-fold in lung and liver microsomes, respectively, but its relationship to the inhibition of carcinogenesis is not clear. These results demonstrate that dietary olive oil and squalene can effectively inhibit NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis.
Attachment style, current relationship security, and negative emotions: The mediating role of physiological regulation

Young men were subjected to laboratory inductions of anger and anxiety after undergoing a physiological assessment of vagal tone, an index of parasympathetic nervous system functioning that has been associated with emotion regulation in prior research. We tested whether: (i) young men’s emotional reactivity and recovery were associated with their global attachment style or their perceptions of security in specific, current attachment relationships; (ii) such associations were mediated by vagal tone; and (iii) such effects were moderated by the physical presence of romantic attachment figures. As predicted, vagal tone was negatively associated with attachment anxiety and positively associated with perceptions of security in current attachment relationships. Men with high perceptions of security in current relationships showed more effective recovery from laboratory-induced anger, and vagal tone mediated this association. In contrast, the physical presence of romantic attachment figures showed no associatio...
Innovation for Reducing Blood Culture Contamination: Initial Specimen Diversion Technique

We hypothesized that diversion of the first milliliter of venipuncture blood—the initial specimen diversion technique (ISDT)—would eliminate incompletely sterilized fragments of skin from the culture specimen and significantly reduce our blood culture contamination rate (R). We studied our hypothesis prospectively beginning with our control culture (C) definition: one venipuncture with two sequentially obtained specimens, 10 ml each, the first specimen (M1) for aerobic and the second (M2) for anaerobic media. The test ISDT culture (D) was identical, with the exception that each was preceded by diverting a 1-ml sample (DS) from the same venipuncture. During the first of two sequential 9-month periods, we captured D versus C data (n = 3,733), where DMXR and CMXR are R for D and C specimens. Our hypothesis predicted DS would divert soiled skin fragments from DM1, and therefore, CM1R would be significantly greater than DM1R. This was confirmed by CM1R (30/1,061 [2.8%]) less DM1R (37/2,672 [1.4%]; P = 0.005), which equals 1.4%. For the second 9-month follow-up period, data were compiled for all cultures (n = 4,143), where ADMXR is R for all (A) diversion specimens, enabling comparison to test ISDT. Our hypothesis predicted no significant differences for test ISDT versus all ISDT. This was confirmed by DM 1R (37/2,672 [1.4%]) versus ADM 1R (42/4,143 [1.0%]; P = 0.17) and DM2R (21/2,672 [0.80%]) versus ADM2R (39/4,143 [0.94%]; P = 0.50). We conclude that our hypothesis is valid: venipuncture needles soil blood culture specimens with unsterilized skin fragments and increase R, and ISDT significantly reduces R from venipuncture-obtained blood culture specimens.
Strange experiments at the AGS

Abstract The purpose of this review is to report recent progress in nuclear experiments involving strangeness which have been carried out at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron over the past three years. These recent developments are noted in three areas: 1) Few Body Systems and Dibaryons; 2) Strange Probes of the Nucleus; and 3) Associated Production of Hypernuclei.