cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A kinematic model to constrain slip in soft body peristaltic locomotion

Soft body locomotion can enable mobile robots that are compliant to their surroundings. To better understand earthworm-inspired locomotion, recent robots such as our Compliant Modular Mesh Worm Robot with Steering (CMMWorm-S) have been developed. For straight-line locomotion, we have shown that balancing segment extension and retraction to mitigate slip determines control wave strategy. However, to effect a turn, the waves required to eliminate slip are more complicated because they are not periodic but rather change for each segment and for each wave. Here, we geometrically prove that the body cannot be reoriented to a new straight configuration facing a new direction in a single wave without slip and that only if the body is a constant, uniform curvature will periodic control waves not require slip. The segments are represented as isosceles trapezoids in order that the model be generalizable over other types of worm-like robots that embody a positive correlation between diameter reduction and length extension. Examples of simulated orthogonal turns are provided that are motivated by slippage in orthogonal turns demonstrated on our soft robot. Future work will involve calibrating Slip Eliminating Control (SEC) to mitigate slip on the robot.
A Path To a Nuclear Future

It is a great honour for me to share the stage during the opening of this conference and the NATO workshop with my colleagues from Kazakhstan and Russia—and with the participants from nations around the world. This conference and the workshop deal with nuclear topics ranging from science to social and political issues. As Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1986 through 1997, I had the opportunity to witness enormous changes in the nuclear world — and, for that matter, enormous changes in world affairs. Since leaving the directorship, I have focused most of my efforts on nuclear issues, especially on the importance of international collaboration in securing a beneficial nuclear future. I have spent much time in Russia over the past seven years, and this is my second visit to Kazakhstan. I have also been to the United Kingdom, France, and China to discuss these issues. In the spirit of introducing both the conference and the workshop, I would like to share my thoughts on how to build a beneficial nuclear future.
Efficient Lossy Compression for Scientific Data Based on Pointwise Relative Error Bound

An effective data compressor is becoming increasingly critical to today's scientific research, and many lossy compressors are developed in the context of absolute error bounds. Based on physical/chemical definitions of simulation fields or multiresolution demand, however, many scientific applications need to compress the data with a pointwise relative error bound (i.e., the smaller the data value, the smaller the compression error to tolerate). To this end, we propose two optimized lossy compression strategies under a state-of-the-art three-staged compression framework (prediction + quantization + entropy-encoding). The first strategy (called block-based strategy) splits the data set into many small blocks and computes an absolute error bound for each block, so it is particularly suitable for the data with relatively high consecutiveness in space. The second strategy (called multi-threshold-based strategy) splits the whole value range into multiple groups with exponentially increasing thresholds and performs the compression in each group separately, which is particularly suitable for the data with a relatively large value range and spiky value changes. We implement the two strategies rigorously and evaluate them comprehensively by using two scientific applications which both require lossy compression with point-wise relative error bound. Experiments show that the two strategies exhibit the best compression qualities on different types of data sets respectively. The compression ratio of our lossy compressor is higher than that of other state-of-the-art compressors by 17.2–618 percent on the climate simulation data and 30–210 percent on the N-body simulation data, with the same relative error bound and without degradation of the overall visualization effect of the entire data.
Perioperative blood transfusions following hepatic lobectomy: A national analysis of academic medical centers in the modern era.

Abstract Background The purpose of the study was to characterize the prevalence and impact of perioperative blood use for patients undergoing hepatic lobectomy at academic medical centers. Methods The University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) database was queried for hepatic lobectomies performed between 2011 and 2014 (n = 6476). Patients were grouped according to transfusion requirements into high (>5 units, 7%), medium (2–5 units, 6%), low (1 unit, 8%), and none (0 units, 79%) during hospital stay for comparison of outcomes. Results Over 20% of patients undergoing hepatic lobectomy received blood perioperatively, of which 35% required more than 5 units. Patients with high transfusion requirements had increased severity of illness (p Conclusion High transfusion requirements after hepatic lobectomy in the United States are associated with worse perioperative quality measures, but may not be influenced by center or surgeon volume.
Mechanisms of Antidepressant Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy Studied With Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract Background Converging evidence suggests that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) induces neuroplasticity in patients with severe depression, though how this relates to antidepressant response is less clear. Arterial spin-labeled functional magnetic resonance imaging tracks absolute changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) linked with brain function and offers a potentially powerful tool when observing neurofunctional plasticity with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Using arterial spin-labeled functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured global and regional CBF associated with clinically prescribed ECT and therapeutic response in patients (n = 57, 30 female) before ECT, after two treatments, after completing an ECT treatment “index” (∼4 weeks), and after long-term follow-up (6 months). Age- and sex-matched control subjects were also scanned twice (n = 36, 19 female), ∼4 weeks apart. Results Patients with lower baseline global CBF were more likely to respond to ECT. Regional CBF increased in the right anterior hippocampus in all patients irrespective of clinical outcome, both after 2 treatments and after ECT index. However, hippocampal CBF increases postindex were more pronounced in nonresponders. ECT responders exhibited CBF increases in the dorsomedial thalamus and motor cortex near the vertex ECT electrode, as well as decreased CBF within lateral frontoparietal regions. Conclusions ECT induces functional neuroplasticity in the hippocampus, which could represent functional precursors of ECT-induced increases in hippocampal volume reported previously. However, excessive functional neuroplasticity within the hippocampus may not be conducive to positive clinical outcome. Instead, our results suggest that although hippocampal plasticity may contribute to antidepressant response in ECT, balanced plasticity in regions relevant to seizure physiology including thalamocortical networks may also play a critical role.
Systematic Reviews of Clinical Benefits of Exoskeleton Use for Gait and Mobility in Neurologic Disorders: A Tertiary Study

Abstract Objective To describe systematic reviews (SRs) of the use of exoskeletons for gait and mobility by persons with neurologic disorders and to evaluate their quality as guidance for research and clinical practice. Data Sources PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PEDro, and Google Scholar were searched from database inception to January 23, 2018. Study Selection A total of 331 deduplicated abstracts from bibliographic database and ancestor searching were independently screened by 2 reviewers, resulting in 109 articles for which full text was obtained. Independent screening of those 109 articles by 2 reviewers resulted in a final selection of 17 SRs. Data Extraction Data were extracted by 1 reviewer using a pretested Excel form with 158 fields and checked by a second reviewer. Key data included the purpose of the SR, methods used, outcome measures presented, and conclusions. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews version 2 were used to evaluate reporting and methodological quality, respectively, of the SRs. Data Synthesis The SRs generally were of poor methodological and reporting quality. They failed to report some information on patients (eg, height, weight, baseline ambulatory status) and interventions (eg, treatment hours or sessions planned and delivered) that clinicians and other stakeholders might want to have, and often failed to notice that the primary studies duplicated subjects. Conclusions Published SRs on exoskeletons have many weaknesses in design and execution; clinicians, researchers, and other stakeholders should be cautious in relying on them to make decisions on the use of this technology. Future primary and secondary studies need to address the multiple methodological limitations.
Why does interleaving improve math learning? The contributions of discriminative contrast and distributed practice

Interleaved practice involves studying exemplars from different categories in a non-systematic, pseudorandom order under the constraint that no two exemplars from the same category are presented consecutively. Interleaved practice of materials has been shown to enhance test performance compared to blocked practice in which exemplars from the same category are studied together. Why does interleaved practice produce this benefit? We evaluated two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses, the discriminative-contrast hypothesis and the distributed-practice hypothesis, by testing participants’ performance on calculating the volume of three-dimensional geometric shapes. In Experiment 1, participants repeatedly practiced calculating the volume of four different-sized shapes according to blocked practice, interleaved practice, or remote-interleaved practice (which involved alternating the practice of volume calculation with non-volume problems, like permutations and fraction addition). Standard interleaving enhanced performance compared to blocked practice but did not produce enhanced performance compared to remote interleaving. In Experiment 2, we replicated this pattern and extended the results to include a remote-blocked group, which involved blocking volume calculation with non-volume problems. Performance on key measures was better for remote-interleaved groups compared to remote-blocked groups, a finding that supports the distributed-practice hypothesis.
Relative work and family role centralities: Predicting changes in marriage and family beliefs

How might anticipated role priorities (centrality) influence changes in beliefs about marriage and family that can influence to the transition to adulthood? The current longitudinal study of 149 yo...
“Benign” lactic acidosis is common in adolescents and children following congenital heart surgery

Abstract Lactic acidosis is commonly observed in children following congenital heart surgery. Serum lactate is a surrogate measure of cardiac output and tissue oxygen delivery. Children and adolescents frequently have elevated lactate levels postoperatively without clinical signs of low cardiac output. Our objective was to evaluate children with postoperative lactic acidosis and to describe a distinct group of patients with lactic acidosis and low inotropic scores we named “benign” lactic acidosis. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 105 patients, 5 to 21 years old, who had undergone open-heart surgery from 05/2011 to 05/2013. Based on highest postoperative lactate levels (>4.4 mmol/L or 40 mg/dl) and inotrope scores (≥15) in the first 48 postoperative hours we defined three groups: classic lactic acidosis (elevated lactate and inotrope score, n = 9), benign lactic acidosis (elevated lactate and low inotrope score, n = 25) and a control group (low lactate and low inotrope score, n = 71). Lactic acidosis in the benign group was less pronounced and resolved earlier than in the classic group. The classic and benign groups had significantly elevated serum glucose. The classic group had significantly longer cardiopulmonary bypass time, time to extubation and hospital length of stay compared to the benign and control groups. The classic group had significantly lower systolic blood pressure, higher heart rate and central venous pressure, and lower urine output than the benign and control groups. Benign lactic acidosis is clinically distinct from classic lactic acidosis. It has faster resolution and patients exhibit stable postoperative hemodynamics with similar clinical outcomes as patients in the control group.
A synergistic co-operative framework of health diagnostic systems for people with disabilities and the elderly: a case study

Millions of people worldwide have (or will due to aging) experienced some kind of unexpected disability throughout their lives. For this population health care costs increase, quality of life and productivity decline, and in many cases family members serve as primary care assistants. Early detection and diagnosis of critical health changes could enable prevention of most of these problems, saving billions of dollars annually (Newsweek, 2006 - "Fixing the American Hospital" [31,32]). Early detection, however, requires continual vigilance. Due to the nature of their conditions or the lack of training and experience, many among this population are patients of either disinclined or unable to detect and report the critical observations that could make a difference. A common solution is for health care professionals to monitor patients directly or via relatively crude patient data collection devices; however, that solution does not scale to large populations. New generation of inexpensive, unobtrusive wearable/ implanted devices automatically detect critical changes on their health condition. These devices will not be simple data collection appliances, nor will they only report variations from sampled population norms. Rather, they will learn individual user baselines and employ advanced detection and diagnostics to discover problems autonomously and signal medical professionals for further assistance. These wearable/implanted systems will be engineered to integrate seamlessly both with portable equipment carried by first-responders and with fixed-location systems installed in hospitals. In addition to providing advanced detection in field, our devices will continually capture data, organize it into customized patient and condition models, and communicate each patient's unique information to first-responders and hospital personnel. This paper describes the fundamental steps for the systematic development and co-operation of three layers of health diagnosis systems. These explorations will result in new fundamental knowledge and catalyze a revolution in low-cost, high-reliability, ubiquitously deployable automated health detection and diagnostic equipment.
On Tutte's factorization theorem

Tutte characterized graphs without 1-factors by showing that such graphs never contain a set S whose removal results in more odd components than the cardinality of S. In this paper, such a set S is called an antifactor set. The minimal (with respect to containment) antifactor sets are studied, and we answer the questions: (1) What type of points belong to a minimal antifactor set? (2) Where are the minimal antifactor sets of a graph G located? and (3) What bounds can be placed on the size of a minimal antifactor set? As a consequence of the theorems that answer these questions, we obtain several sufficient conditions for the existence of a 1-factor in a graph G.
Permeation of ethoxy- and butoxy- ethanols through a disposable nitrile glove.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the permeation of the glycol ethers, 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE) and 2-butoxyethanol (2-BE) through disposable, nitrile exam gloves using a modified American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) closed-loop module. The purple unsupported, unlined, powderless nitrile glove from Kimberly-Clark was challenged by the two pure glycol ethers. Their permeation parameters were measured with the aid of a 2.54 cm ASTM F739 closed-loop permeation cell using water collection at 35.0 ± 0.5°C in a moving tray water bath, and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantification. Each set of experiments consisted of four standard permeation cells with water as the collection solvent. The steady state permeation rate for 2-EE of 4.83 ± 0.45 µg/cm2/min was about 4 times that of 2-BE (1.27 ± 0.11 µg/cm2/min). Permeation of the more nonpolar 2-BE was less than for 2-EE. Both solvents exceeded the ASTM threshold normalized breakthrough time in the closed-loop testing module. Glove samples failed to pass permeation criteria defined by Kimberly Clark and Ansell. Such gloves are not recommended as personal protective equipment for exposure to 2-butoxyethanol or 2-ethoxyethanol, even for very short period exposures. Glove manufacturers should reconsider existing permeation testing method for low volatile compounds and apply the closed-loop module due to higher sensitivity and accuracy.
Satisfaction with Health Care Among Prescription Opioid Recipients.

Background: Prior studies examining the association of opioid prescriptions with satisfaction with care involved limited, selected samples with mixed findings. We examined this issue, of relevance to reducing discretionary opioid prescribing, in a US representative sample. Methods: We performed an observational study of adults (N = 69,985) enrolled in the 2005 to 2015 US Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. We examined the association of high (top quartile) satisfaction with receipt of 0, 1 to 5, or ≥6 opioid prescriptions per year. The base model adjusted for demographics and year; the full model added adjustment for health status (12-item Short Form Survey). A sensitivity analysis further adjusted for outpatient visits. Results: In the base model, respondents who received 1 to 5 or ≥6 opioid prescriptions were each less likely to have high satisfaction than those who received no opioid prescriptions (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] [95% CIs] 0.83 [0.79–0.88] and 0.70 [0.63–0.79], respectively). After adding health status adjustment, compared with respondents receiving no opioid prescriptions, those receiving 1 to 5 were similarly likely and those reporting ≥6 were more likely to have high satisfaction (AORs [95% CIs] 1.00 [0.94–1.06] and 1.44 [1.27–1.63], respectively). The findings were not substantively affected by further adjustment for outpatient visits. Discussion: In a US national sample, individuals who received ≥6 opioid prescriptions in a year were more likely to have top quartile satisfaction than those receiving fewer or no opioid prescriptions after accounting for health status. Whether the high satisfaction among such individuals was driven by the prescriptions themselves or by other personal characteristics requires study, as do the effects of deprescribing.
Trends in Mechanical Support Use as a Bridge to Adult Heart Transplant Under New Allocation Rules.

This study investigates trends in mechanical support use after implementation of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network’s new heart transplant allocation rules.
Predicting Student Success in Online Physical Education

Currently, limited data are available on student retention rates and attrition factors in online physical education (OLPE) courses. Several early OLPE studies as well as the 2007 NASPE Initial Guid...
Nabokov's ‘Diabolical Task’: Translation as Capture and Becoming-Butterfly

The lepidopteral imaginary that animates Nabokov's relationship to translation can be understood in light of Deleuze and Guattari's notions of ‘apparatus of capture’ and ‘rhizomatic becomings’. On ...
Impact of regulatory light chain mutation K104E on the ATPase and motor properties of cardiac myosin

Mutations in the cardiac myosin regulatory light chain (RLC, MYL2 gene) are known to cause inherited cardiomyopathies with variable phenotypes. In this study, we investigated the impact of a mutation in the RLC (K104E) that is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Previously in a mouse model of K104E, older animals were found to develop cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction, suggesting a slow development of HCM. However, variable penetrance of the mutation in human populations suggests that the impact of K104E may be subtle. Therefore, we generated human cardiac myosin subfragment-1 (M2β-S1) and exchanged on either the wild type (WT) or K104E human ventricular RLC in order to assess the impact of the mutation on the mechanochemical properties of cardiac myosin. The maximum actin-activated ATPase activity and actin sliding velocities in the in vitro motility assay were similar in M2β-S1 WT and K104E, as were the detachment kinetic parameters, including the rate of ATP-induced dissociation and the ADP release rate constant. We also examined the mechanical performance of α-cardiac myosin extracted from transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human wild type RLC (Tg WT) or mutant RLC (Tg K104E). We found that α-cardiac myosin from Tg K104E animals demonstrated enhanced actin sliding velocities in the motility assay compared with its Tg WT counterpart. Furthermore, the degree of incorporation of the mutant RLC into α-cardiac myosin in the transgenic animals was significantly reduced compared with wild type. Therefore, we conclude that the impact of the K104E mutation depends on either the length or the isoform of the myosin heavy chain backbone and that the mutation may disrupt RLC interactions with the myosin lever arm domain.
Combination of High Dose Rate Radiations (10X FFF/2400 MU/min/10 MV X-rays) and Paclitaxel Selectively Eliminates Melanoma Cells

Abstract Purpose Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancer with 1.6% of total cancer deaths in United States. In recent years treatment options for metastatic melanoma have been improved by the FDA approval of new therapeutic agents. However, these inhibitors based therapies are non-specific and have severe toxicities including hyperkeratosis, photosensitivity, hepatitis, arthralgia and fatigue. The aim of this study is to determine the synthetic lethal effect (paclitaxel and radiations) on melanoma cells and reduce the total radiation doses by increasing the dose rates up to 2400 MU/min. Methods We previously reported a radiation treatment (10 MV x-rays, 10X-FFF, dose rate 2400MU/min, low total dose 0.5 Gy) that kills melanoma cells with 80% survival of normal HEM in vitro. In this study we extended the radiation cycle up to four and include paclitaxel treatment to study the synthetic lethal effect on melanoma and two additional normal primary cells, HDF and HEK. Cells were treated with paclitaxel prior to radiations of dose rate of 400 and 2400 MU/min with total radiation dose of only 0.5 Gy. To study induction of apoptosis and cell death, mitochondria respiration assay, DNA damage assay and colony formation assay were performed. Results Four days of consequent radiation treatment with paclitaxel significantly reduces the survival of melanoma cells by inducing of apoptosis and mitochondrial damages. After treatment, excessive DNA damage in melanoma cells leads to increase in expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Casp3) and decrease in expression of DNA repair gene (PARP1) and anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl2) to activate apoptosis pathway. Combination of paclitaxel and radiations reduces the survival of melanoma cells colonies when compared to radiation alone. Conclusion Our study indicates radiations with paclitaxel has potential synthetic lethal effect on melanoma cells and can be develop as therapy for melanoma without having toxicities or harmful effects to normal primary skin cells.
Urban Youth Scholars: Cultivating Critical Global Leadership Development through Youth-Led Justice-Oriented Research

Educational researchers and practitioners have cited the need for new directions in youth leadership studies as it relates to globalization. Globalization is considered one of the most important economic, cultural, and social trends of the last century, yet there is much debate about the educational curricula that best support the development of global leadership in youth. Most existing global-focused programs (i.e. IB/AP) engender grave inequities in access and opportunities, particularly for urban youth, and do not often allow youth to critically interrogate the myriad injustices that plague the world. There is, however, a burgeoning body of scholarship centered on critical youth studies as a transformative process for youth development. This phenomenological case study shares the findings from the Urban Youth Scholars program, an after-school program focused on cultivating the global leadership development of five youth in the program. This study utilized a Social Justice Youth Development framework to explore the development of the youth’s self, social/community, and global awareness through critical consciousness building and critical social analysis. Findings depict youth perceptions of global leadership development and include implications for scholars and practitioners for centering youth-led justice-oriented research as a tool for global leadership development.
Current trends in medical education affecting allergy and immunology physicians and learners.

Abstract Objective To review current and relevant trends in medical education, undergraduate medical education, graduate medical education, and continuing medical education for the allergy and clinical immunology (A/I) community. Data Sources English-only published literature from the past 5 years were obtained by means of a PubMed search and Google Scholar searches in addition to pertinent review articles and relevant textbooks as selected by the authors. Study Selections A total of 62 articles were selected for their relevance to the article's objective. Older references regarding medical education trends were included when they were felt to be essential. Results Competency-based medical education is the contextual framework for curriculum, instruction, and assessment. Current trends influencing competency-based medical education are the following: e-learning; interprofessional education; simulation-based medical education; diversity, inclusion, and equity; and mentoring. This review clarifies terminology and offers examples of the potential impact of these trends within the A/I educational community. The development of knowledge and skills related to these topics can be achieved through formal faculty development, mentoring, and self-directed, asynchronous instruction. Conclusion Medical education continues to evolve as health care adapts to meet the changing needs of the health care system and our patients. The A/I physicians should be aware of current trends because these trends impact their roles as instructors and lifelong learners.
Elephants as recipients of unusual attention from lawmakers and judges in South Asia

In August this year, the Karnataka High Court in India observed that elephants belong to the forest and not to any temples. Separating elephants from the natural habitat is tantamount to cruelty to...
Movable and Deployable ICT Resource Unit for instant delivery of local ICT services

This paper reviews the resilient network architecture based on Movable and Deployable ICT Resource Unit or MDRU. The core of the MDRU architecture is to use a movable container, unit or car to accommodate the equipment necessary for providing both telecommunication and data center services. The architecture enables us to deliver local ICT services quickly, easily and with the minimum workforce. MDRU is therefore useful in critical situations where large demand/supply gaps exist like large scale disasters. The development of prototype MDRUs and the results of a feasibility study are reported.
Analysis of singular regions in bonded joints

Singular regions in bonded joints with geometric and material stress singularities are studied by expressing the displacement and stress fields in the neighborhood of the singularity by means of eigenfunction expansions which are in terms of unknown coefficients. These coefficients are found by matching displacements with those from a finite element analysis at points remote from the singularity. Expressions for the eigenfunction expansions are given explicitly for bonded joints with and without fillets (closed and open wedges). The results are not limited to stress intensity factors at the point of singularity, but can include stress values at any point near the singularity. It was found that two singular terms exist in all cases, and that, for joints with adhesive fillets and E 1/E 2>7, failure is governed by the term associated with the second lowest eigenvalue, while the lowest eigenvalue controls the failure of joints without fillets. It was also found that the calculation of stresses using only the singular terms provided a good approximation to the actual stresses over a distance of about one-fifth the adhesive thickness. The method was also used in conjunction with the Erdogan–Sih maximum stress failure criterion to determine the initial angle of crack propagation for bonded joints with and without fillets. This revealed that the direction of the maximum principal stress in the adhesive, which is also the direction of crack propagation, for joints with fillets remains essentially constant beyond a very small region near the point of singularity, while for joints without fillets crack propagation always occurs in a direction parallel to the adhesive/adherend interface.
Well-being, Inequality and Time: The Time-slice Problem and its Policy Implications

Should equality be viewed from a lifetime or "sublifetime" perspective? In measuring the inequality of income, for example, should we measure the inequality of lifetime income or of annual income? In characterizing a tax as "progressive" or "regressive," should we look to whether the annual tax burden increases with annual income, or instead to whether the lifetime tax burden increases with lifetime income? Should the overriding aim of anti-poverty programs be to reduce chronic poverty: being badly off for many years, because of low human capital or other long-run factors? Or is the moral claim of the impoverished person a function of her current state - meaning that someone who is badly nourished, badly housed, or in pain at present has a strong claim on our aid regardless of whether this is a chronic or transient state? Should we think of the aged as a "suspect class," a low-well-being group? From the sublifetime perspective, the aged are indeed a kind of "suspect class," because they tend to have low current incomes and health and to be socially isolated. But the aged have lived for many years and are therefore, as a matter of lifetime well-being, relatively "rich" compared to the rest of the population. This Article addresses the time-slice question. I use the framework of welfarism and the formal apparatus of "social welfare functions" to sharpen analysis. The first half of the Article argues for the lifetime perspective. The second half surveys the implications of that perspective for a host of legal and policy issues: the measurement of equality; the measurement of poverty; the design of redistributive taxes; the question whether non-tax instruments, such as environmental regulations or tort law, should also be used for redistribution; and how the "suspect class" framework and other distributively sensitive policy tools should be structured. Above all, the Article aims to raise the profile of a foundational question which has been insufficiently discussed - a question that anyone who cares about equality should grapple with.
Shaping fat distribution: New insights into the molecular determinants of depot- and sex-dependent adipose biology.

Objective To review recent advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms that regulate fat distribution.
A poisson point process model for coverage analysis of multi-hop cooperative networks

A spatial Poisson point process model for a multihop cooperative network with fixed hop boundaries and random number of the nodes in each hop is developed and analyzed. Transmissions over multi-hop network follow a decode-and-forward (DF) protocol that form Opportunistic Large Array (OLA). The probability density function (PDF) of the received power at a node is derived, when all the DF nodes in the previous level transmit with the same power in the presence of Rayleigh fading and path loss. The performance of the system is characterized in terms of one-hop success probability, which is calculated using the PDF of the received power at a node. The coverage range of the multi-hop network is analyzed for different set of network parameters.
An algorithm for quadratic ℓ1-regularized optimization with a flexible active-set strategy

We present an active-set method for minimizing an objective that is the sum of a convex quadratic and regularization term. Unlike two-phase methods that combine a first-order active set identification step and a subspace phase consisting of a cycle of conjugate gradient CG iterations, the method presented here has the flexibility of computing a first-order proximal gradient step or a subspace CG step at each iteration. The decision of which type of step to perform is based on the relative magnitudes of some scaled components of the minimum norm subgradient of the objective function. The paper establishes global rates of convergence, as well as work complexity estimates for two variants of our approach, which we call the interleaved iterative soft-thresholding algorithm ISTA–CG method. Numerical results illustrating the behaviour of the method on a variety of test problems are presented.
When normal and extensive form decisions differ

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the nonequivalence of extensive and normal forms. The “traditional” view of normative decision theory proposes a reduction of sequential decisions problems to nonsequential decisions: a reduction of extensive forms to normal forms. Nonetheless, this reduction is not without its critics, both from inside and outside expected utility theory. Sequential decisions, in extensive form, may lead to different outcomes than their nonsequential, normal form versions, in a variety of problems where the normal form fails to eliminate some “future” options that will not be chosen. The chapter discusses the Harsanyi-Selten argument, applied to Game Theory. They use this thesis to distinguish “perfect” from “imperfect” equilibria in extensive forms and show that this distinction is lost in the reduction to normal forms. They appeal to a “trembling hands” model of players' options to salvage a modified version of the reduction. The chapter also addresses an ingenious argument, due to M. Goldstein, which uses the extensive-normal form reduction to constrain a coherent agent's current beliefs about the future degrees of belief.
Enhancing Mention Detection Using Projection via Aligned Corpora

The research question treated in this paper is centered on the idea of exploiting rich resources of one language to enhance the performance of a mention detection system of another one. We successfully achieve this goal by projecting information from one language to another via a parallel corpus. We examine the potential improvement using various degrees of linguistic information in a statistical framework and we show that the proposed technique is effective even when the target language model has access to a significantly rich feature set. Experimental results show up to 2.4F improvement in performance when the system has access to information obtained by projecting mentions from a resource-rich-language mention detection system via a parallel corpus.
Fine structure of the pygidial glands of Bledius mandibularis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).

Abstract The pygidial glands of B. mandibularis produce a mixture of terpenes, fatty acid derivatives, and a benzoquinone. The morphology of these glands is described with particular attention to the ultrastructure of the secretory cells and their efferent ductules. Each functional secretory unit consists of two secretory cells (cortical and medullary) both of which are associated with a common extracellular cuticular ductule. The fenestrated tip of the ductule lies in a cavity bounded by the invaginated plasma membrane of the cortical cell; within the cavity surrounded by the medullary cell, the ductule is divided into a bulb region (where a spherical mass of fine cylinders surrounds the ductule itself) and an unfenestrated switchback region. Inflated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, filled with flocculent material of low electron density, are abundant in the cortical cytoplasm, and presumably represent primary secretory product en route to the cavity of this cell. The plasma membrane bounding this cavity is much infolded, and the inner surface of this membrane is studded with fine particles. In contrast, few cisternae are inflated in the medullary cell and the corresponding infolded plasma membrane is smooth. The manner in which both cells may cooperate to produce the heterogeneous secretory product is discussed.
Revascularization after Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Analysis of 573 Patients

Abstract From October, 1981, to January, 1987, at our center, 891 patients received streptokinase within 6 hours of acute myocardial infarction. A total of 318 patients were treated medically, while 388 patients (43.5%) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) alone and 185 (20.7%) were treated with percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Subsequent CABG was performed in 37 of 185 PTCA patients after unsuccessful angioplasty. Group characteristics were similar. However, multiple-vessel coronary artery disease was present in 70.3% of CABG patients compared with 24.1% in the PTCA groups. Procedure mortality was 3.6% for CABG alone, 5.4% for PTCA alone, and 13.5% for the combined angioplasty and operation group ( p We conclude that with proper patient selection both forms of revascularization are safe and effective. However, emergency coronary bypass surgery in the event of failed angioplasty has a high risk.
Properties of the fuzzy expected value and the fuzzy expected interval in fuzzy environment

Abstract The fuzzy expected value (FEV) over some domain measures the typical value of some object in that domain. The evaluation of FEV requires a complete knowledge about the domain of the evaluation, and the distribution of the population in that domain [1]. Since it is not always possible to assume a complete knowledge about the domain, it is necessary to find some relaxations to the restrictions involving the evaluation of FEV. In this paper some solutions to this problem are proposed via the concept of the fuzzy expected interval (FEI).
Other Causes of Pediatric Deformity

Pediatric spine deformity can result from a variety of conditions. The etiologies include idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular, traumatic, iatrogenic, and radiation-induced spine deformities. The spine deformity may manifest as scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, or a mixed deformity. In this article, the authors discuss the classification, natural history, and management of congenital scoliosis. They conclude with a discussion of the various etiologies for neuromuscular scoliosis.
Co-oxidation of luminol by hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide implications for neutrophil chemiluminescence.

Abstract Stimulated neutrophils produce several potent oxidants including H 2 O 2 , O 2 − and HOCl. Previous studies have revealed all of these compounds to be capable of oxidizing luminol, a reagent often used to indicate, by its chemiluminescence, the oxidative burst of neutrophils. Data presented in this paper indicate that H 2 O 2 and HOCl spontaneously react at physiologic pH to produce luminol-dependent chemiluminescence 100 times the sum of the chemi luminescence of either reagent alone. This enhancement is due to a cooxidation by HOCl and H 2 O 2 , or to a novel oxidant generated by the interaction of HOCl and H 2 O 2 . The HOCl scavenger, taurine, inhibits the chemi luminescence. Evidence is presented against the participation of hydroxyl radical, O 2 − or singlet oxygen in the oxidation of luminol by HOCl and H 2 O 2 . These findings have implications for potential anti-inflamatory compounds.
Effect of cytochalasin B on the response of the chromatophores of isolated frog skin to MSH, theophylline, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP.

Abstract Cytochalasin B is confirmed as reversibly inhibiting melanin dispersion in the melanophores of isolated frog skin in response to MSH. In addition, iridophore contraction is inhibited, as well as the responses of both types of chromatophores to theophylline or dibutyryl cyclic AMP, suggesting that melanin dispersion and iridophore contraction may occur as a result of the effect of cyclic AMP on microfilament function.
Induction of cell proliferation, micronuclei and hyperdiploidy/polyploidy in the mammary cells of DDT- and DMBA-treated pubertal rats.

The environmental estrogen, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and its metabolites have been implicated in the development of breast cancer through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. It has been hypothesized that exposure to DDT and its metabolites, during critical periods of development, can contribute to an elevated risk for breast cancer in adults. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of o,p 0 -DDT on mammary gland cell proliferation and chromosomal alterations, in a rat mammary cancer model (commonly used to study human cancer), to gain insights into its potential role in the development of breast cancer. Twentyone-day-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered o,p 0 -DDT, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), genistein, DDTþDMBA, or DDTþDMBAþgenistein, over a 14-day period. To determine changes in chromosome number and structure, we used the micronucleus assay as well as multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) region-specific DNA probes for rat chromosomes 4 and 19. Cell proliferation was evaluated using 5-bromo-2 0 -deoxyuridine (BrdU). Significant increases in BrdU-incorporated cells were seen in the rats treated with DDTþDMBA. Although micronucleus frequencies were somewhat elevated in several of the treatment groups, significant increases were not seen in any of them. Significant increases in numerical chromosomal aberrations were detected in all of the DDT- and DMBA-treated groups. Genistein significantly reduced BrdU incorporation and polyploidy in the DDTþDMBA-treated rats. These initial studies indicate that DDT and DMBA can induce cellular and chromosomal alterations in the rat mammary gland, which is consistent with the hypothesis that these agents can induce early events in mammary carcinogenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 46:43–52, 2005. V C 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optic-phonon-limited transport and anomalous carrier cooling in quantum-wire structures

We present an analytical derivation of the distribution function of a one-dimensional electron gas at high temperature. The quenching of carrier-carrier scattering and the predominance of polar-optic-phonon scattering make the system nonergodic and provide a «jagged» profile to the distribution which results in carrier cooling below the thermal energy. In GaAs quantum wires, this anomalous effect, which is characterized by extremely high carrier mobility, is predicted to occur above T L =150 K. These conclusions are in excellent agreement with results of Monte Carlo simulations
Melanoma in children and adolescents

Melanoma is rarely described in the pediatric population. However, recent studies show that the incidence may be increasing. The diagnosis of melanoma presents unique challenges in this age group. There may be predisposing factors that affect children more than adults. A high index of suspicion is necessary in order to make a timely diagnosis. Prompt surgical treatment by individuals with expertise in care of patients with melanoma with potentially curative excision and appropriate lymph node evaluation is important to optimize survival. Careful review of all specimens by an experienced dermatopathologist is important. Through cooperation with adult trials and potential inclusion of pediatric patients in evaluations of new therapies, further progress against this disease can hopefully be addressed in all age groups.
Regional brain activation due to pharmacologically induced adrenergic interoceptive stimulation in humans.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying the brain regions associated with visceral sensory activation and awareness (interoception) was a neglected area of neural science until quite recently despite being essential to a comprehensive understanding of psychosomatic processes, baroreception, and higher brain functions such as fear and anxiety, other emotions, and pain. METHODS: In this study regional changes in the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose were determined with positron emission tomography in response to cardiovascular-respiratory activation induced in healthy humans by beta-adrenergic stimulation produced with intravenous isoproterenol, which acts predominantly in the periphery because of minimal transport across the blood-brain barrier. RESULTS: Interoceptive activation raised heart rate to approximately 120 beats per minute, produced somatic and to a lesser extent psychological symptoms, and significantly increased cerebral glucose metabolism in the left primary somatosensory cortex and medial portion of the cingulate gyrus; right insular cortex showed a trend toward an increase that was significant in homogeneous subgroups of right-handed or female subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the involvement of specific brain regions as well as hemispheric laterality of function in visceral perception, and they suggest that during emotional reactions involving changes in visceral organ function, activation of some of the brain regions observed could be due specifically to interoceptive processes.
Social Status and Interpersonal Patterns Among Married Couples

A distinction is made between a role structure and an interpersonal structure as two elements of any dyadic relationship. Data from young, white, recently married couples are * This research was supported by a grant to the first author from the National Science Foundation, GS-1606. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.44 on Sat, 24 Sep 2016 05:57:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms STATUS AND INTERPERSONAL PATTERNS 265 examined for evidence of differential significance of the interpersonal relationship by social status level. Higher-status couples are more sensitive to the interpersonal aspects of their relationship. They also have a clearer husband-wife differentiation within the interpersonal realm. These data are interpreted as suggesting a functional link between role structure and interpersonal structure such that a lack of differentiation at one level is associated with differentiation at the other. A growing body of literature points to differences in the structure of the husband-wife relationship within different social strata. The basic difference was noted by Bott (1957) who differentiated between what she called a joint conjugal role relationship and a segregated conjugal role relationship, the former involving much sharing of tasks and interests, the latter involving separate activities and interests by the two spouses. Bott found a segregated pattern was more common among working-class couples and a joint pattern among middle-class couples in England. Similarly, American studies of family planning (cf. Rainwater, 1965) have noted the significance of role segregation among lower-class couples in thwarting attempts to introduce the use of contraceptive methodslack of communication and sharing makes the necessary joint planning quite 'difficult. This same separation of activities and limited communication and sharing have been found more generally among American working-class couples (Blood and Wolfe, 1960; Komar-