cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse shear effect in a circumferentially cracked cylindrical shell

The objectives of the paper are to solve the problem of a circumferentially-cracked cylindrical shell by taking into account the effect of transverse shear, and to obtain the stress intensity factors for the bending moment as well as the membrane force as the external load. The formulation of the problem is given for a specially orthotropic material within the framework of a linearized shallow shell theory. The particular theory used permits the consideration of all five boundary conditions as to moment and stress resultants on the crack surface. The effect of Poisson's ratio on the stress intensity factors and the nature of the out-of-plane displacement along the edges of the crack, i.e., bulging, are also studied.
Universal Power Spectra for Wave Turbulence; Applications to Wind Waves and 1/f Noise

Nonlinear processes lead to a scattering of waves by waves and can produce a stationary state power spectrum with self-similar properties. At lowest nonlinear order one obtains the results of weak wave turbulence theory. At infinite nonlinear order the power spectrum accumulates at 1/f noise for non-dispersive waves and 1/ω5 noise for deep water waves. Effects resulting from a renormalization of the phase velocity are also discussed.
Premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor: Neonatal infection and perinatal mortality risks

The purpose of this study was to analyze neonatal infection rates and perinatal mortality in births complicated by premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and spontaneous labor before term (less than 37 weeks' gestation). Neonatal infection occurred more commonly in preterm compared with term infants. The risk of infection due solely to PROM was insignificant compared with the risk attributable to preterm birth. Perinatal mortality and cause-specific mortality varied inversely with gestational age. These rates were not significantly different between groups with or without PROM or with or without associated development of maternal endometritis. Although the mortality due to infection was higher in preterm compared with term groups, most preterm deaths were attributed to other factors, particularly anoxia and respiratory causes. The diverse fetal risks associated with PROM and the associated maternal infection risks analyzed support expectant management when PROM occurs preterm.
Magnocellular Neurosecretory System: Organization, Plasticity, Model Peptidergic Neurons

When activated by appropriate physiological stimulation for more than a few hours, the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system undergoes a remarkable degree of morphological remodeling. Neurons of the system increase their synthesis and release of the two main peptides produced there: either oxytocin or vasopressin for any individual neuron. In the hypothalamic portion of the system, that is, the cell bodies and dendrites, astrocytes that are normally interposed between the neuronal somata and between the dendrites, and that cover synapses, retract their processes. Such retraction allows increases in direct soma-somatic and dendro-dendritic appositions, formation of new ‘multiple synapses,’ and interneuronal coupling to occur. Parallel changes in the neurohypophysis include retraction of glial processes from the basal lamina separating the neural compartment from the perivascular space, allowing more contact by neural terminals. An expansion of the extracellular space also occurs. Together these changes facilitate entry of released peptide into the blood. All this remodeling is reversed, albeit slowly, with the removal of the stimulating conditions. Other, more subtle alterations, as well as many functional implications, are also described in this article, and an updated version of a model peptidergic neuron is presented.
He Gave My Nose a Kick or He Kicked My Nose? Argument Structure Alternations and Event Construal

Abstract The most fundamental function of language is to enable people to share mental models of their worlds. For a comprehender, the given mental model she is building will be shaped by the lexical items, and also by the syntactic structures, that a speaker is using. In this chapter, I review literature that unearths the mental models formed by comprehenders, based on the grammatical structure they encounter, as mutually informative for both linguistic theory and event and object cognition. This chapter uses the well-studied case of light verb constructions and reviews data from a range of experimental studies that investigated how linguistic structure shapes core aspects of mental models: the conceptualization of event participants, and temporal structure in events.
A new species of Cintractiella (Ustilaginales) from the volcanic island of Kosrae, Caroline Islands, Micronesia.

Cintractiella is an unusual genus of smut fungi containing two described species that produce sori as adventitious gall-like spikelets on members of tribe Hypolytreae (subfam. Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae). In September 200, during a botanical expedition on the volcanic island of Kosrae located in the eastern Caroline Islands and within the Federated States of Micronesia, a specimen of Mapaniapacifica was collected displaying Cintractiella-like sori in adventitious spikelets on the host leaves. Sori were hypophyllous, occurring in groups of spikelets composed of olivaceous-brown scale-like leaves, 1-1.5 mm wide and up to 6 mm long. Microscopic comparison with the protologue and drawings of the type material of C.lamii show several differences in teliospore and sori characters between it and the newly collected material on Mapania. To our knowledge, this represents only the second known collection of any member of Cintractiella on vegetative organs of Hypolytreae and a third species for this genus and the only known smut species infecting Mapania, herein described as Cintractiellakosraensissp. nov.
Historic and symbolic violence in the Romani Fuenteovejuna by TNT-El Vacie: Gender, ethnicity, and interculturalism

I address here the performance of Lope de Vega’s Fuenteovejuna undertaken by TNT-El Vacie, giving particular consideration to the ways in which Antonio Alamo’s adaptation, Pepa Gamboa’s direction, ...
Dynamic failure mechanisms of granular boron carbide under multi-axial high-strain-rate loading

Abstract Boron carbide is an excellent protection material but it is also very brittle, and granular flow, triggered by progressive fracture during impact, greatly influences its ballistic performance. Transmission electron microscopy observations of samples recovered from controlled pressure-shear plate impact experiments have elucidated the extent to which local failure mechanisms accompany dynamic granular flow. These observations point to the interplay of quasiplasticity, the formation of nanoscale amorphous bands, cleavage and intragranular cracking. Association of these mechanisms with granular flow and identification of a critical velocity for the onset of amorphization provides a foundation for modeling and predicting armor performance.
The Impact of Noise and Message Content on Message Elaboration of Psychiatric Help-Seeking Information – A Pilot Study:

The decision to access healthcare resources and psychiatric treatment may be impacted by information provided in the external environment. For messages about depression, how and where messages are ...
A Fast Max Flow Algorithm.

In 2013, Orlin proved that the max flow problem could be solved in $O(nm)$ time. His algorithm ran in $O(nm + m^{1.94})$ time, which was the fastest for graphs with fewer than $n^{1.06}$ arcs. If the graph was not sufficiently sparse, the fastest running time was an algorithm due to King, Rao, and Tarjan. We describe a new variant of the excess scaling algorithm for the max flow problem whose running time strictly dominates the running time of the algorithm by King et al. Moreover, for graphs in which $m = O(n \log n)$, the running time of our algorithm dominates that of King et al. by a factor of $O(\log\log n)$.
Within lab familiarity through ambient images alone

This study examines the limits of image variability, commonly referred to as Ambient Images, in face learning. To measure face learning, the authors used the face sorting paradigm from Jenkins et a...
Mayah's Lot: Teaching Environmental Justice With Comic Books

"Environmental Justice, I bet you don’t even know what that means…I had no idea that it actually affects every one of us. That is until it came to my home" So begins Mayah’s Lot, the environmental justice comic that tells the story of Mayah, a young girl who inspires and organizes her urban neighbors to save a vacant lot from becoming an industrial toxic storage waste facility. It is a story that rings true for many environmental justice communities which are all too often overburdened with polluting industry, while rarely accruing much of the wealth those activities generate. Since its publication in 2012, Mayah’s Lot has been used in classrooms around the world. Readers learn alongside Mayah as she helps organize her neighborhood to prevent the siting of a hazardous waste facility in her already overburdened community. This draft chapter for the forthcoming book The Media Method: Teaching Law With Pop Culture (Christine A. Corcos, ed.) to be published by Columbia Academic Press traces the Mayah’s Lot book project from its collaborative roots to its use in classrooms around the world. It explains the rationale for adopting the graphic novel (or comic book) format for a serious environmental justice project, and documents how the comic book has been used to teach basic civics, to build environmental justice advocacy skills, and to excite New York City students about learning more generally. Finally, the paper uses the resonance Mayah’s Lot has for law students, undergraduates, children, and community groups to draw some generalized lessons about using comic books for education about social justice.
Increased tumour burden alters skeletal muscle properties in the KPC mouse model of pancreatic cancer.

Background Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial wasting syndrome that is characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle mass and weakness, which compromises physical function, reduces quality of life, and ultimately can lead to mortality. Experimental models of cancer cachexia have recapitulated this skeletal muscle atrophy and consequent decline in muscle force generating capacity. We address these issues in a novel transgenic mouse model Kras, Trp53 and Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) using multi-parametric magnetic resonance (mp-MR) measures. Methods KPC mice (n = 10) were divided equally into two groups (n = 5/group) depending on the size of the tumor i.e. tumor size 250 mm3. Using mp-MR measures, we demonstrated the changes in the gastrocnemius muscle at the microstructural level. In addition, we evaluated skeletal muscle contractile function in KPC mice using an in vivo approach. Results Increase in tumor size resulted in decrease in gastrocnemius maximum cross sectional area, decrease in T2 relaxation time, increase in magnetization transfer ratio, decrease in mean diffusivity, and decrease in radial diffusivity of water across the muscle fibers. Finally, we detected significant decrease in absolute and specific force production of gastrocnemius muscle with increase in tumor size. Conclusions Our findings indicate that increase in tumor size may cause alterations in structural and functional parameters of skeletal muscles and that MR parameters may be used as sensitive biomarkers to noninvasively detect structural changes in cachectic muscles.
Recent Advances in Clinical Translation of Intra‐Articular Osteoarthritis Drug Delivery Systems

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints and a leading cause of physical disability in adults. Intra-articular (IA) therapy is a popular treatment strategy for localized, single-joint OA; however, small-molecule drugs such as corticosteroids do not provide prolonged relief. One possible reason for their lack of efficacy is high clearance rates from the joint through constant lymphatic drainage of the synovial tissues and synovial fluid and also by their exchange via the synovial vasculature. Advanced drug delivery strategies for extended release of therapeutic agents in the joint space is a promising approach to improve outcomes for OA patients. Broadly, the basic principle behind this strategy is to encapsulate therapeutic agents in a polymeric drug delivery system (DDS) for diffusion- and/or degradation-controlled release, whereby degradation can occur by hydrolysis or tied to relevant microenvironmental cues such as pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protease activity. In this review, we highlight the development of clinically tested IA therapies for OA and highlight recent systems which have been investigated preclinically. DDS strategies including hydrogels, liposomes, polymeric microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs), drug conjugates, and combination systems are introduced and evaluated for clinical translational potential.
Are SOX and Dodd-Frank Securities Law? The Answer is Up in the Air

INTRODUCTION 537 I. THE JUDICIAL CASE AGAINST THE SECURITIES LAWS 539 II. INTERPRETING SOX AND DODD-FRANK 543 III. WHAT ARE THE CORE FEATURES OF SECURITIES LAWS? 547 CONCLUSION 551
Broad opioid antagonism amplifies disruption of locomotor function following therapy-like hindlimb stretching in spinal cord injured rats.

Preclinical pilot study. To test the hypothesis that spinal opioidergic circuitry contributes to muscle stretch-induced locomotor deficits. Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Louisville, KY, USA. A pilot study with eight female Sprague-Dawley rats that received 25 g-cm T10 contusion injuries and recovered for 5 weeks. Rats were divided into two groups with one group receiving subcutaneous injections of naltrexone dissolved in saline (15 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline. Each group received a daily 24-minute stretching protocol during weeks 6, 8, and 11 post-injury. Locomotor function was assessed throughout using the BBB Open Field Locomotor Scale. Consistent with previous findings, stretching reduced locomotor function in both naltrexone and saline groups. However, the loss of locomotor function appeared earlier in the naltrexone group. Animals in both groups had a similar rate of recovery following the termination of stretching. Interestingly, the administration of naltrexone did not influence acute thermal cutaneous nociceptive responses as measured by a tail-flick assay but caused a significant increase in spasticity following stretch. The results of this study suggest that the endogenous opioid system plays a role in modulating the negative impact of muscle stretch on spinal cord motor circuitry that is vulnerable due to loss of descending input. The observed actions of the broad-spectrum opioid antagonist naltrexone imply that pharmaceuticals targeting the endogenous opioid system post-SCI may have unintended consequences.
A qualitative examination of substance use disorder treatment-seeking among women with opioid use disorders: The role of syndemics and structural violence

Abstract Women with opioid use disorders (WWOUD) experience disparities in access to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, yet the reasons for these differences are unclear. Co-occurring social and structural factors may work synergistically to impede women's treatment-seeking efforts. The current study explored the socio-structural context of SUD treatment-seeking among WWOUD. We used in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 56 women who had misused any opioid in the past year to address the study's aims. Constructivist grounded theory principles were used to identify the socio-structural barriers to SUD treatment entry through the lens of syndemics and structural violence. Study results illustrate how WWOUD can encounter a host of mutually reinforcing negative conditions that are situated within the broader socio-structural context of social stigma, poverty, limited availability of SUD treatment options, and a punitive societal approach to drug use. Findings indicate a need to implement and expand structural interventions that address economic and housing insecurity and childcare needs. Strategies that move systems away from a punitive approach to drug use are also encouraged, in favor of supportive and cross-system collaborative approaches that can facilitate women's access to SUD treatment services.
Selecting the kernel in a peridynamic formulation: A study for transient heat diffusion

Abstract The kernel in a peridynamic diffusion model represents the detailed interaction between points inside the nonlocal region around each material point. Several versions of the kernel function have been proposed. Although solutions associated with different kernels may all converge, under the appropriate discretization scheme, to the classical model when the horizon goes to zero, their convergence behavior varies. In this paper, we focus on the particular one-point Gauss quadrature method of spatial discretization of the peridynamic diffusion model and study the convergence properties of different kernels with respect to convergence to the classical, local, model for transient heat transfer equation in 1D, where exact representation of geometry is available. The one-point Gauss quadrature is the preferred method for discretizing peridynamic models because it leads to a meshfree model, well suited for problems with damage and fracture. We show the equivalency of two definitions for the peridynamic heat flux. We explain an apparent paradox and discuss a common pitfall in numerical approximations of nonlocal models and their convergence to local models. We also analyze the influence of two ways of imposing boundary conditions and that of the “skin effect” on the solution. We explain an interesting behavior of the peridynamic solutions for different horizon sizes, the crossing of m -convergence curves at the classical solution value that happens for one of the ways of implementing the classical boundary conditions. The results presented here provide practical guidance in selecting the appropriate peridynamic kernel that makes the one-point Gauss quadrature an “asymptotically compatible” scheme. These results are directly applicable to any diffusion-type model, including mass diffusion problems.
PROTEINS, MUCOSUBSTANCES, AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF GASTRIC SECRETION.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses biologically active components and proteins mucosubstances of gastric secretion. The chapter discusses that the facility of the hydrochloric acid assay in gastric juice and the unavailability of good quantitative techniques for fractionation of proteins and mucosubstances have directed the interest of researchers toward the study of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Gastric secretion represents a very complex mixture of electrolytes, water, carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, and amino acids, which are partly in solution and partly in more or less stable suspension. The chapter deals only with the large molecular materials from the stomach of man in health and disease. Gastric materials from other species are discussed only to the extent necessary to corroborate some inferences, to replace missing data on the human stomach, or to approach some results from the point of view of comparative physiology. Each class of macromolecule present in the gastric secretion is discussed with focus on selected sections of special interest to the reviewer.
Harvesting impact and economic value of Geonoma deversa, Arecaceae, an understory palm used for roof thatching in the Peruvian Amazon.

We evaluated the impact of two leaf harvesting methods on the clonal understory palm Geonoma deversa. In the first method only the leaves are cut, in the second the complete crown is severed. Stands representative for each method are compared with unharvested stands. Both methods of harvesting reduce clone size and reproductive output (inflorescence and infructescence per clone), and lower the number of ramets available for the next harvest. Cutting only the leaves represents a better method of harvest because of a lower impact on the residual stock. Economic analysis reveals that the value of this resource (standing leaf value) is low (2 to 26 U.S. $/ha) compared with labor costs that can be between 55 to 86% of palm thatch revenues. Harvesting Geonoma leaves generates a net present value (NPV) that ranges from 3 to 191 U.S. $/ha depending on the stand location, the wage, and the interest rate employed for the calculation.
Symmetric markov trials. Syndiotactic poly(propylene) and heterotactic polymers

Symmetric Markov first order mechanisms are defined by equal conditional probabilities for the homotriad formation and a heterotacticity independent of homotacticity. The model predicts linear relationships between homotriad and diad fractions, restricted diad ranges, and a characteristic dependence of the persistence length on the diad fraction. Data on the syndiospecific propylene polymerization are in accordance with this model which also seems to describe heterotactic polymerizations.
WordStar Instructions for Printing Authority Cards

We maintain an extensive file of cross references to guide our users, who are often unfamiliar with libraries and card catalogs. Until recently, a student aide typed all the subject authority cards and cross references on a typewriter, one set for the file located in technical services and one for the public catalog. Cards were checked by a librarian and any containing errors were returned to the student for retyping.
Nonfatal work-related inhalations: surveillance data from hospital emergency departments, 1995-1996.

Background Data from a stratified sample of hospital emergency rooms in the USA were used to describe nonfatal work-related inhalation injuries and illnesses during July 1995 to July 1996. Methods Information was abstracted from emergency room records by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as part of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) for all work-related injuries and illnesses regardless of product involvement. Results There were an estimated 44,423 occupational inhalation cases nationwide, with an annual rate of 3.6 cases/104 workers/year. The rate for men (4.4 cases/104) was greater than that observed for women (2.6 cases/104), and the rates tended to decline with increasing age. An estimated 4.6% of the cases were hospitalized for further treatment. The highest rate by industry was 16.4 cases/104 for public administration (which included fire and police departments). Among non-firefighters, there were an estimated 6,470 cases nationwide in which respiratory symptoms or conditions were noted, which yielded an annual rate of 0.5 cases/104 (95% CI 0.3, 0.7). Chlorine compounds were a common agent for the cases with adverse respiratory outcomes. Conclusions The NEISS data provide an efficient method to learn about the national frequency of work-related inhalation injuries and illnesses. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is exploring two ways to use these data: first, to routinely review the reports to conduct surveillance for work-related inhalation cases; and second, to consider working with CPSC to conduct follow-back interviews of selected cases in order to learn more about the circumstances of the exposure, prior training of the case, and outcome of the exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:140–148, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mammaglobin expression in gynecologic adenocarcinomas

Mammaglobin (MGB) has been proposed as a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for adenocarcinoma of the breast. The differential diagnosis of breast adenocarcinoma versus a gynecologic primary frequently arises. We performed a semiquantitative survey of MGB immunoreactivity in 26 benign gynecologic tissues (6 ectocervices, 9 endocervices, 11 endometria), 86 ovarian adenocarcinomas, 70 endometrial adenocarcinomas, and 10 endocervical adenocarcinomas. Among ovarian tumors, MGB was present in 40% of endometrioid carcinomas; 36%, serous carcinomas; 21%, clear cell carcinomas; and 6%, mucinous carcinomas. Among endometrial cancers, MGB reactivity was present in 57% of endometrioid carcinomas, but only 30% of serous carcinomas and 6% of clear cell carcinomas. MGB was absent in endocervical adenocarcinomas. Across all tumor types with positive staining, MGB was focal or patchy (ie, less than diffuse) in 50 of 57 cases. Using a scale of 0 to 3+, the only 3 tumors with 3+ MGB reactivity were all serous carcinomas (1 ovarian and 2 endometrial). There were no cases with diffuse 3+ MGB expression. On the other hand, diffuse 2+ MGB was seen in 4 cases: 1 endometrioid carcinoma of ovary, 1 serous carcinoma of ovary, and 2 clear cell carcinomas of ovary. In conclusion, a diagnostically significant proportion of gynecologic carcinomas are immunoreactive for MGB. Gynecologic primaries should be considered in the differential diagnosis of MGB-positive malignancies of unknown origin.
Laparoscopic-assisted transhiatal gastric transposition for long gap esophageal atresia in an infant

Previous reports describing laparoscopic-assisted transhiatal gastric transposition for long gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) have focused on older infants (median age of 11 months). By performing this operation at an earlier age, patients may avoid esophagostomies or prolonged hospitalizations with nasoesophageal tubes. An additional benefit is the earlier introduction of oral feeds, which is likely to decrease the incidence of oral aversion and feeding difficulties. In this report, we describe our surgical technique for performing a laparoscopic-assisted gastric transposition in a 56-day-old former 36-week premature infant with LGEA.
Nurse Staffing and Quality: The Unanswered Question

Researchers have spent decades trying to answer the question: Does more nurse staff lead to better quality of nursing home care? Many nurses, consumers, nursing home providers, and other stakeholders believe intuitively that the answer is “yes.” Yet, the research literature fails to give us a clear answer. Bostick and colleagues 1 reached a relatively positive conclusion about the nurse staffing and quality relationship from their review of 87 articles and reports published from 1975 to 2003. Spilsbury and colleagues, 2 in their systematic review of 50 carefully screened studies from 1987 to 2008, were much more critical of methods and findings from these studies. In this issue of the Journal, Backhaus and colleagues 3 offer a systematic review of more recent research, with most of the reviewed studies conducted between 2000 and 2012. They limited their review to studies using a longitudinal design, which is better able to detect causal effects and less susceptible to spurious interpretation than a cross-sectional design. Backhaus and colleagues 3 assessed the strength of the study design, generalizability, control variables, and other issues, and they examined studies from different angles: staffing level and skill mix; different care processes and outcomes; and resident, facility, and multiple levels of measurement and analysis. Echoing the conclusions reached by Spilsbury and colleagues, 2
The Primary Care Provider's Role in Caring for Young People with Chronic Illness

Change is at hand. In an effort to reduce costs, health care reform is occurring throughout the United States. "Gatekeeping" and "managed care" are buzz words of the 1990s and reflect a new focus on the economic aspects of care (1). Medical groups, health care organizations, and institutions are merging or creating alliances in record numbers; and in response to the changing health care market, financing of care is shifting from fee-for-service to group rates, capitated plans, and models that combine fee-for-service with systems that control utilization through "gatekeeping." Public programs are subject to change as well. Some states are experimenting with Medicaid by shifting from fee-for-service to managed care plans in an effort to improve access and control costs (2). The role of the primary care provider is also changing. Health care reform and HMOs are expecting that primary care providers will reduce costs by limiting consumer access to unnecessary services. But this new role may be a Pandora's box. Patients may question the motives of their physicians and no
RANDALLOPHORUS SCHUHI, A NEW NEOTROPICAL GENUS AND SPECIES OF PILOPHORINI (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: PHYLINAE)

The new pilophorine plant bug genus Randallophorus is described to accommodate the new species R. schuhi from Paraguay. Images of the holotype male and a paratype female, illustrations of male genitalia, and a key to the New World genera of Pilophorini (Miridae: Phylinae) are provided.
Complications of Lower Urinary Tract Surgery in Small Animals

Surgical procedures of the lower urinary tract are commonly performed in small animal practice. Cystotomy for removal of uroliths and urethrostomy diverting urine outflow due to urethral obstruction are the most commonly performed surgical procedures of the bladder and urethra respectively. Surgical procedures of the lower urinary tract are typically associated with few complications, including leakage of urine, loss of luminal diameter (stricture or stenosis), urine outflow obstruction, tissue devitalization, denervation, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, and death. Complications can result from inappropriate or inadequate diagnosis, localization, and surgical planning; failure to respect regional anatomy, and other causes.
Risk factors for primary central nervous system lymphoma : A case-control study

BACKGROUND The incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has increased over time in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient individuals. The reasons for the increase among immunocompetent patients are unclear. METHODS The authors conducted a case-control study of PCNSL at the Mayo Clinic based on cases from local community and referral practices. Cases were all PCNSL patients without immunodeficiency diagnosed between 1975 and 1994 (n = 109). Two groups of controls were selected from the same referral practice, namely, patients with other cancer (cancer controls; n = 101), and patients with a different neurologic disease (neurologic controls; n = 109) seen at our institution during the same time period. RESULTS PCNSL was significantly associated with lower education when cases were compared with cancer controls but only suggestively when cases were compared with neurologic controls. PCNSL cases were less likely to have had a history of tonsillectomy or oral contraceptive use compared with both control groups. The findings regarding autoimmune disorders and cardiovascular diseases were inconsistent for the two control groups. Neither farming nor prior personal or family history of cancer appeared to be risk factors for PCNSL. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study warrant further investigation of tonsillectomy and oral contraceptives as possible factors for PCNSL. Cancer 1998;82:975-82. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Failure to Institute Appropriate Isolation Precautions for Suspected Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection: Frequency and Identification of Risk Factors

Abstract BACKGROUND: RSV, spread by contaminated secretions, is an important cause of respiratory illness among children, particularly in winter months. To prevent nosocomial spread, infants and young children with suspected RSV infection should be placed on contact isolation. However, the frequency with which such precautions are not appropriately implemented and the factors that influence the likelihood of effective isolation are not known. METHODS: To determine the frequency with which children with suspected RSV infection are not appropriately isolated, daily prospective surveillance was done of all children younger than 5 years old admitted to a pediatric hospital with respiratory symptoms and/or who had a specimen sent for RSV testing. Results were expressed as a percentage of all admissions eligible for isolation. A case-control study was used to identify risk factors for the failure to appropriately isolate. RESULTS: Of the 598 patients meeting isolation criteria, 211(35%) were not isolated appropriately. After multivariable analysis, significant risk factors for the failure to appropriately isolate were: admission to a Stepdown unit (OR = 1.77, CI = 1.03–3.04), age between 3 and 4 years (OR = 4.21, CI = 1.94–9.16), age between 4 and 5 years (OR = 7.35, CI = 3.08–17.51), admission in October (OR = 13.29, CI = 4.13–42.73), November (OR = 4.86, CI = 2.12–11.16), and December (OR = 3.84, CI = 1.93–7.65). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with suspected RSV infection are frequently not appropriately isolated. Risk factors for the failure to isolate offer targets for future interventions, including earlier awareness campaigns and targeted education to high-risk units.
A Longitudinal, Criterion-Related Validity Study of the Cognitive Levels Test for a Group of Highly Gifted Students

Using a postdictive design, the criteron-related validity of the Cognitive Levels Test(CLT) was evaluated for a group of 48 highly gifted 10-year-old students. At the time of original testing on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SB), the children averaged 3 years, 8 months of age. After a 6-year, 4-month interval, the median correlation between the SB and CLT standard scores was .46. When corrected for curtailment, the median correlation was. 71. Given the 6.5-year test-retest reliability of the SB for a sample of normal children (r e .66), the correlation between the CLT and SB for a restricted sample of gifted children was taken as strongly supportive of the validity of the CLT as a measure of cognitive ability. After a 14-month interval, the median correlation between the standard scores of the CLT and California Achievement Test Total was .50. Following correction for curtailment, the median correlation was .64. Therefore, the estimation of academic achievement by the CLT was also consider...
INDO-MO study of γ-CH formyl-proton couplings in radicals from vinyl formate

Abstract As an extension of our earlier comprehensive INDO-MO-SCF investigation of a series of simple singly a-substituted aliphatic formate radicals of general formula •CH(X)OCHO, where an (X−) group is an H− or a substituent such as CH3−, we carried out a similar study of the vinyl formate addition radicals •CH(CH2NH2)OCHO and •CH(CH2OH)OCHO for which γ-CH formyl-proton coupling-constant values taken at approximately 25°C in aqueous solution are now available. The present study shows that the INDO-calculated γ-CH formyl-proton coupling-constant values for these two radicals fit very well the general pattern found in our previous INDO-MO-SCF treatment of simple α-formyloxy radicals and, together with the experimentally determined values for these same radicals, allow us to assign their preferred conformations. These preferred conformations are in general agreement with those previously assigned to other •CH(X)OCHO radicals in our earlier work.
Short distance propagators in a background field

We derive an operator expansion of the scalar, the spinor and the vector propagators in the presence of an arbitrary long range background field, using the Schwinger-DeWitt ‘proper time’ formalism. This has the advantage of keeping the expansion gauge covariant at all stages. These results may be used to calculate the leading background effects in the one-loop correlation functions.
Switching protocol synthesis for temporal logic specifications

We consider the problem of synthesizing a robust switching controller for nonlinear hybrid systems to guarantee that the trajectories of the system satisfy a high level specification expressed in linear temporal logic. Two different types of finite transition systems, namely under-approximations and over-approximations, that abstract the behavior of the underlying continuous dynamical system are defined. Using these finite abstractions, it is possible to leverage tools from logic and automata theory to synthesize discrete mode sequences or strategies. In particular, we show that the discrete synthesis problem for an under-approximation can be reformulated as a model checking problem and that for an over-approximation can be transformed into a two-player game, which can then be solved by using off-the-shelf tools. By construction, existence of a discrete switching strategy for the discrete synthesis problem guarantees the existence of a continuous switching protocol for the continuous synthesis problem, which can be implemented at the continuous level to ensure the correctness of the trajectories for the nonlinear hybrid system. Moreover, in the case of over-approximations, it is shown that one can easily accommodate specifications that require reacting to possibly adversarial external events within the same framework.
The gastric air-fluid sign: aid in CT assessment of gastric wall thickening.

The differentiation of apparent gastric wall thickening due to incomplete gastric distention from true pathologic wall thickening can be difficult on computed tomographic (CT) scanning. We have observed a transition in gastric wall thickening that is often present at or slightly above the gastric air-fluid or air-contrast level. The apparently thickened gastric wall in the dependent portion of the stomach undergoes an abrupt change to normal thickness at or above the air-fluid level. Review of CT scans in 259 patients without known or suspected gastric pathologic conditions revealed this finding, termed the “gastric air-fluid sign,” in 57 patients (22%). While not considered diagnostic, the presence of this sign may allow for a greater degree of confidence in the CT assessment of gastric wall thickening in an appropriate clinical setting.
High-throughput yeast two-hybrid assays for large-scale protein interaction mapping.

Protein-protein interactions play fundamental roles in many biological processes. Hence, protein interaction mapping is becoming a well-established functional genomics approach to generate functional annotations for predicted proteins that so far have remained uncharacterized. The yeast two-hybrid system is currently one of the most standardized protein interaction mapping techniques. Here, we describe the protocols for a semiautomated, high-throughput, Gal4-based yeast two-hybrid system.
Nitric Oxide Modulates the Temporal Properties of the Glutamate Response in Type 4 OFF Bipolar Cells

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in retinal signal processing, but its cellular actions are only partly understood. An established source of retinal NO are NOACs, a group of nNOS-expressing amacrine cells which signal onto bipolar, other amacrine and ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer. Here, we report that NO regulates glutamate responses in morphologically and electrophysiologically identified type 4 OFF cone bipolar cells through activation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase-cGMP-PKG pathway. The glutamate response of these cells consists of two components, a fast phasic current sensitive to kainate receptor agonists, and a secondary component with slow kinetics, inhibited by AMPA receptor antagonists. NO shortened the duration of the AMPA receptor-dependent component of the glutamate response, while the kainate receptor-dependent component remained unchanged. Application of 8-Br-cGMP mimicked this effect, while inhibition of soluble guanylate cyclase or protein kinase G prevented it, supporting a mechanism involving a cGMP signaling pathway. Notably, perfusion with a NOS-inhibitor prolonged the duration of the glutamate response, while the NO precursor L-arginine shortened it, in agreement with a modulation by endogenous NO. Furthermore, NO accelerated the response recovery during repeated stimulation of type 4 cone bipolar cells, suggesting that the temporal response properties of this OFF bipolar cell type are regulated by NO. These results reveal a novel cellular mechanism of NO signaling in the retina, and represent the first functional evidence of NO modulating OFF cone bipolar cells.
Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) and dicyclohexylammonium sulfate on induction of embryogenic competence of mango nucellar explants

The effects of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG),1-aminocyclopropane- 1 -carboxylic acid (ACC), dicycyclohexylammonium sulfate (DCHA) and methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) on induction of embryogenic competence from the nucellus of two mango genotypes, ‘Tutehau’ (polyembryonic) and ‘Tommy Atkins’ (monoembryonic), were compared. Induction of embryogenic competence in the explanted nucellus of ‘Tommy Atkins’ was more sensitive to AVG and DCHA than ‘Tutehau’. MGBG had no effect on induction of embryogenic competence of either genotype, and ACC suppressed somatic embryogenesis with both cultivars. Ethylene biosynthesis was greater from explanted ‘Tommy Atkins’ cultures. Reducing ethylene biosynthesis with AVG marginally increased the number of embryogenic cultures of ‘Tutehau’, but completely inhibited somatic embryogenesis in ‘Tommy Atkins’ cultures. Ethylene biosynthesis was stimulated by ACC in nonembryogenic cultures of both genotypes and in ‘Tommy Atkins’ embryogenic cultures, in which ethylene biosynthesis was ca 7 X greater than in ‘Tutegau’ embryogenic cultures. The greater sensitivity of ‘Tommy Atkins’ to the ethylene antagonist, AVG, may be due to its greater sensitivity to disturbance of ethylene biosynthesis and spermidine synthesis.
Data-Fitted First-Order Traffic Models and Their Second-Order Generalizations: Comparison by Trajectory and Sensor Data

The Aw–Rascle–Zhang (ARZ) model can be interpreted as a generalization of the first-order Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model, with a family of fundamental diagram (FD) curves rather than one. This study investigated the extent to which this generalization increased the predictive accuracy of the models. To that end, two types of data-fitted LWR models and their second-order ARZ counterparts were systematically compared with a version of the test for the three-detector problem. The parameter functions of the models were constructed with historic FD data. The models were then compared with the use of time-dependent data of two types: vehicle trajectory data and single-loop sensor data. These partial differential equation models were studied in a macroscopic sense (i.e., continuous field quantities were constructed from the discrete data, and discretization effects were kept negligibly small).
The routine use of selective gas chromatographic detectors

The availability of gas chromatographic detectors selective for phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and halogens and the possibility of their simultaneous operation with each other or with conventional universal detectors has tremendously increased the amount of qualitative information that can be gathered from an unknown sample. Selective detectors when used simultaneously permit the calculation of percentage ratios of heteroatoms which represent additional information for qualitative identification. Combination of parallel columns with selective detectors reduces the total time needed for analysis and introduces additional information due to the different polarity of the columns.
Using values-based approaches in employment counseling and assessment: professional and related occupations

This article describes growth trends in professional and related occupations from both historical and projected perspectives. Professional and related occupations that are considered “hot” (based on growth and demand) are described and grouped according to educational requirements. Next, the authors discuss applicable values-based counseling theories, including person–environment fit, Brown's (2012) values-based approach, Super's (1974) theory of vocational choice, and the theory of work adjustment. Related counseling strategies, assessment approaches, and resources are shared. Finally, a case study and practical examples that relate to professional and related occupations are presented.
First report of powdery mildew (Sawadaea bicornis) on Norway maple (Acer platanoides) in North America.

Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) was introduced into the continental United States around 1756 as a street tree (2). It is a widely planted shade tree in the northern United States and Canada due to its fast growth rate when young and its tolerance of pavement and dry soils. Powdery mildew is common on Norway maple in Europe with records from at least 22 countries according to the databases of the U.S. National Fungus Collections. However, there are no North American records. In September 2002, powdery mildew was observed on young Norway maple trees along the Idaho-Washington border in Moscow and Pullman, respectively. Mildew was not observed on older Norway maple trees. The mildew occurred mainly on the upper leaf surface as patches of dense, white mycelium with scattered or gregarious cleistothecia. Mean diameter of the cleistothecia was 146 (± 13.4) μm. Short stalked and subsessile asci averaged 69 (± 4.1) μm × 48 (± 5.4) μm. Ascospores averaged 27 (± 3.2) μm × 12 (±0.9) μm. Appendages were deeply cleft, simple, or one to three times dichotomously branched. This mildew fits the description of the European species Sawadaea bicornis (Wallr:Fr.) Homma (1). Also, conforming to S. bicornis were chains of macroconidia (21 (± 2.7) × 14 (± 1.5) μm) and microconida. Fibrosin bodies were seen in both. Infection of only some young trees and its absence in previous years lead us to believe that the introduction is recent in the Pacific Northwest. The susceptibility of native maples to the Norway maple mildew remains to be determined. Specimens have been deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 842088). References: (1) U. Braun. A monograph of the Erysiphales (powdery mildews) J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart, 1987. (2) D. J. Nowak and R. A. Rowntree. J. Arboric. 16:291, 1990.
A Study of in Vitro Neutralization of Heparin by Thiazine, Oxazine, Phenazine, and Other Dyes

Nineteen dyes were tested for their ability to inactivate heparin in vitro. Only those belonging to the thiazine, oxazine, and phenazine series, which had a free primary amine group, were active by the method used. Toluidine blue, neutral red, and neutral violet were the most efficient of all the dyes used.
Archean Magmatism and Crustal Thickening

Exposed stratigraphic thicknesses in Archean greenstone belts, high P-T mineral assemblages in Archean granulite-facies terranes, and K, Rb, and Sr geochemical polarity indices in Archean volcanic rocks suggest that large portions of the Archean crust were ≥25 km in thickness, and corresponding depths to subduction zone were ≥85 km prior to the emplacement of widespread Archean granitic rocks at 2.5 to 3.0 b.y. The polarity indices also suggest that the crust thickened to ≳30 km during emplacement of Archean granite. Compositional data suggest that at least some of the granitic rocks are not intrusive equivalents of greenstone volcanic rocks (at the same silica level). The thickness and seismic velocity distribution in the present crust do not appreciably change as a function of mean crustal age from terranes ≲225 m.y. to those >2,500 m.y. in age. A decrease in the range of crustal thickness with age is observed, however, probably reflecting an increasing degree of cratonization with age. Most data suggest that the Archean crust closely approached its present-day thickness before or during emplacement of Archean granitic rocks and that the crust has not significantly changed in thickness since that time.
Circuit theoretic analysis of resonance transformers

`Resonance transformers? are electrical networks that, in a limited sense, act as standard transformers, the limitation being that such operation takes place only at one frequency. General conditions are derived under which a given two-port network can act as a resonance transformer. Examples are included to demonstrate the results and to provide a comparison with previously published work.