cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of Gamma-aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type B autoimmunity.

Objective. To review the available research to describe the clinical characteristics and neoplastic associations of patients with gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type B (GABAB-R) autoantibodies. Methods. Literature was reviewed on PubMed, Mendeley literature search, and the American Academy of Neurology database for articles published from June 2008 to October of 2018 using a variety of key words. These key words include: „gamma-aminobutyric acid seizures,” „gamma-aminobutyric acid limbic encephalitis”, „GABA(B) receptor antibodies,” „autoimmune encephalitis,” „autoimmune epilepsy,” „GABA(B) encephalitis, „ and “GABA paraneoplastic.” With the results, the papers were reviewed in a systematic manner. Results. A total of 10 studies were reviewed. A summary of the demographic, clinical, and serological findings of the cases detailed in the literature are provided. An additional illustrative case is described. In total, 94 patients were reviewed. Conclusions. GABAB-R autoimmune disease is characterized by refractory seizures or status epilepticus and frequent association with small cell lung cancer. Additionally, a substantial minority of patients have non-inflammatory CSF.
Sex Differences in Lifestyle Behaviors among U.S. College Freshmen.

Within lifestyle behavior research, the sex of populations causes differences in behaviors and outcomes of studies. This cross-sectional study investigated lifestyle behavior patterns in college students, examining sex differences in four areas: Nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and stress. Data from over 1100 college freshmen across 8 United States universities were used for this cross-sectional analysis. Self-reported data assessed fruit and vegetable intake, fat percent intake, physical activity, perceived stress, and sleep quality. Statistical analysis included Pearson chi-squared and Mann–Whitney’s U tests for scores by sex. Likewise, healthy cut-offs were used to determine frequency of participants within range of the five tools. Males reported higher intake of both fruits and vegetables, and percent energy from fat than females. Males also reported higher physical activity levels, lower stress levels, and poorer sleep quality than females. Of the five self-reported tools, males were found to have a larger frequency of participants with healthy ranges than females. In a large college freshmen sample, sex was found to be related to general lifestyle behaviors which strengthen results reported in the previous literature. These findings shed light on the need for lifestyle behavior interventions among at-risk college students to enhance their behaviors to healthy levels.
Suture Suspension Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Thumb Carpometacarpal Arthritis

Purpose Most studies have demonstrated little difference in the outcome of the various techniques proposed for the surgical treatment of thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis. However, the difficulty and time required to perform each technique vary widely. In addition, the introduction of recent implants has increased the cost of the overall procedure. We hypothesize that using a simple, yet stable, suture suspension technique without tendon interposition or ligament reconstruction yields similar results to conventional approaches with less operative time. Methods Three hundred twenty consecutive patients underwent thumb CMC arthroplasty by trapezial excision and metacarpal suspension using #2 high-strength orthopedic suture locked weave alone passed from the distal most abductor pollicis longus and flexor carpi radialis insertions without K-wire fixation or tendon transfer. Average duration of preoperative symptoms was 17.8 months. Patient radiographs were graded for arthritis severity and a visual analog scale (VAS) pain score (scale 0–10) obtained. Postoperative clinical and radiological follow-up averaged 5.4 years (minimum, 24 months). Results The average age at surgery was 57.3 years and there were 221 women (243 procedures) and 65 men (77 procedures). Average total operative time was 23.4 minutes. The dominant hand was involved in 52% of patients. All had prior treatment including orthoses and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with 312 having had at least 1 steroid injection. Five patients had stage 1, 134 had stage 2, 164 had stage 3, and 17 had stage 4 disease on radiographs. Average trapezial space height on final follow-up radiographs was 0.8 cm. Two patients had complete trapezial space collapse and required a revision procedure. The average VAS score was 0.6 with pain eliminated in 269 thumbs, minimal in 49, and unchanged/worse in 2. All patients that were employed at the time of surgery returned to work at an average of 2.3 months (range, 3–16 weeks). Conclusions Suture suspension thumb CMC arthroplasty provides comparable clinical results and several advantages over many current techniques that are described in the literature. The advantages include shortened operative time, inherent stability of the thumb metacarpal height, and no necessity for K-wire fixation, tendon transfers, or implants. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Classification of virtual fitting room technologies in the fashion industry: from the perspective of consumer experience

Virtual fitting rooms (VFR) bring great opportunities to the fashion industry by enabling consumers to virtually try on products. However, while VFRs have technically been available for a while, th...
The impact of molecular status on survival outcomes for invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast.

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is an uncommon variant of breast cancer. Previous studies demonstrated this subtype is often hormone receptor (HR)-positive, resulting in survival outcomes similar to invasive ductal carcinoma. However, many of these studies were conducted prior to HER2 testing availability. We aim to determine the impact of molecular marker status (including HER2 status) on IMPC survival outcomes. The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was used to retrieve patients with biopsy-proven IMPC from 2007 to 2012. Only patients with known HR and HER2 status were included. Cox multivariate regression was used to determine prognostic factors. In total, 865 patients were included; median follow-up was 2.5 years. Overall, 651 patients (75.3%) had HR + HER2- disease, 128 (14.8%) had HR + HER2+ disease, 41 (4.7%) had HR-HER2 + disease, and 45 (5.2%) had triple negative disease. Patients with triple negative disease were more likely to have poorly differentiated histology (66.7%), lymphovascular invasion (73.3%), stage 3 disease (37.8%), undergone mastectomy (68.9%), and positive surgical margins (15.6%). On Cox multivariate regression, those with triple negative disease had worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 7.28, P < 0.001). Other adverse prognostic factors included African-American descent (HR 2.24, P = 0.018), comorbidity score of 1 (HR 2.50, P = 0.011), comorbidity score ≥2 (HR 3.27, P = 0.06), and ≥3 positive lymph nodes (HR 3.23, P = 0.007). Similar to invasive ductal carcinoma, triple negative disease in IMPC results in worse survival outcomes. This is the largest and first study to characterize molecular status (including HER2 status) in patients with IMPC and its impact on survival outcomes.
Ubiquitin in disguise unveils a cryptic binding site in 1.2-MDa anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome.

Ubiquitin serves as a protein modifier and pervasive signaling molecule in eukaryotes, regulating major events throughout the lifetime of a cell, including pathways used for synthesis, repair, and degradation. Aptly named for its ubiquitous presence in human cells, proteomics studies have revealed tens of thousands of sites in ∼5,000 substrates, suggesting that most proteins are ubiquitinated during their cellular lifetime (1). Ubiquitin can be added as an individual block to substrate sites (monoubiquitination) or expanded in diverse ways to form chains through 8 possible linkage points; this Lego-like feature of ubiquitination enables binding to >150 receptors and fuels its ability to signal with both versatility and specificity (2⇓–4). Identifying receptor sites for ubiquitin de novo is challenging, as ubiquitin-binding domains are diverse in structure and binding mechanism, resulting in no globally shared consensus sequence (5). In PNAS, Watson et al. (6) present a workflow that can be applied broadly to discover new ubiquitin-binding sites. They apply this method to the 1.2-MDa E3 ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which promotes ubiquitin-dependent turnover of cell cycle regulators, including cyclins, to control cell division. This approach yields a specific protein inhibitor for the APC/C complex and unveils a cryptic binding site for K48-linked ubiquitin chains. Where and how ubiquitin is added to substrate sites or built into chains is dictated by >700 proteins, ∼90 of which hydrolyze ubiquitin from substrates or disassemble ubiquitin chains. Ubiquitin is activated by an adenosine 5′-triphosphate−dependent reaction for covalent trafficking via thiolester bonds through an E1-E2-E3 enzymatic cascade. In addition to carrying ubiquitin at their catalytic sites, E2 and E3 enzymes can bind ubiquitin noncovalently at exosites remote from catalytic surfaces (7). APC/C belongs to the RING family of E3 ligases and, as such, does not covalently interact with ubiquitin but rather promotes ubiquitin transfer to … [↵][1]1Email: kylie.walters{at}nih.gov. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Correlative microscopy of freeze-dried cells and studies on intracellular calcium stores with imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)-based imaging techniques have become effective tools for studies of elements and molecules in biological samples. In the current work, a correlative microscopy approach was applied to cryogenically prepared fractured freeze-dried cells for organelle-level imaging of chemical composition using SIMS. A CAMECA IMS-3f SIMS ion microscope was used for studying the effect of microtubule-perturbing agents, specifically nocodazole and taxol, on intracellular calcium stores. The perturbation of microtubules in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells resulted in significant loss of total calcium in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. In another study, the stable isotope 44Ca was used for imaging the influx of calcium in resting and stimulated LLC-PK1 cells. SIMS imaging of two calcium isotopes, 44Ca and 40Ca, in the same cell revealed the distribution of calcium influx in the 44Ca image and endogenous calcium in the 40Ca image. An arginine-vasopressin treatment of cells showed that the Golgi apparatus is sensitive to hormonal stimulation.
The nuclear receptor REV-ERBα modulates Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune disease

T helper 17 (Th17) cells produce interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokines and drive inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The differentiation of Th17 cells is dependent on the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor RORγt. Here, we identify REV-ERBα (encoded by Nr1d1), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family, as a transcriptional repressor that antagonizes RORγt function in Th17 cells. REV-ERBα binds to ROR response elements (RORE) in Th17 cells and inhibits the expression of RORγt-dependent genes including Il17a and Il17f Furthermore, elevated REV-ERBα expression or treatment with a synthetic REV-ERB agonist significantly delays the onset and impedes the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These results suggest that modulating REV-ERBα activity may be used to manipulate Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases.
A Digital Twin Feasibility Study (Part II):Non-Deterministic Predictions of Fatigue Life Using In-Situ Diagnostics and Prognostics

Abstract The Digital Twin (DT) concept has the potential to revolutionize the way systems and their components are designed, managed, maintained, and operated across a vast number of fields from engineering to healthcare. The focus of this work is the implementation of DT for the health management of fatigue critical structures. This paper is the second part of a two-part series. The first of the series demonstrated the use of multi-scale, initiation-to-failure crack growth modeling to form non-deterministic predictions of fatigue life. In this second part, a general method for reducing uncertainty in fatigue life predictions is presented that couples in-situ diagnostics and prognostics in a probabilistic framework. Monte Carlo methods and high-fidelity finite element models are used to (i) generate probabilistic estimates of crack state throughout the life of a geometrically-complex test specimen and (ii) predict fatigue life with decreasing uncertainty as more of these diagnoses are obtained. The ability to predict accurately and in the presence of uncertainty is demonstrated, suggesting that the proposed DT method is feasible for fatigue life prognosis and should be pursued further with a focus on increasing application realism.
Spectral treatment of gyrokinetic profile curvature

Using a novel wavenumber-advection algorithm, we show that profile curvature (shear in the profile gradient) can be implemented with spectral accuracy in gyrokinetic turbulence simulations. This approach enables a global simulation capability with the relatively low cost and high accuracy of local simulations. Using this new algorithm, we show that for a well-studied tokamak core test case, the effect of temperature-gradient curvature is below the threshold of detectability for experimentally-relevant values of curvature.
The Success of a Criminal Justice Learning Community for Transfer Students

Upon entrance to a new educational institution, transfer students battle with many struggles, resulting in the creation of learning communities to provide these students with the necessary skillset...
"I don't Think He Needs the HPV Vaccine Cause Boys Can't Have Cervical Cancer": a Qualitative Study of Latina Mothers' (Mis) Understandings About Human Papillomavirus Transmission, Associated Cancers, and the Vaccine.

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in the United States and etiologically linked to several types of cancers including the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynges. Evidence indicates certain types of HPV-associated cancers disproportionally affect Latinos in the United States. This qualitative study sought to explore Latina mothers’ perceptions and understanding of HPV infection, HPV-associated cancers, and the HPV vaccination for their adolescent sons and daughters. Twenty-two individual, face-to-face interviews were conducted in 2018–2019 with mothers who had at least one child between the ages of 11 and 19 years. Data were analyzed using a hybrid method of thematic analysis that incorporated deductive and inductive approaches. Two major themes emerged from the analysis: (1) mothers’ (mis) understanding about HPV infection transmission and HPV-associated cancer risk for girls and boys, and (2) mothers’ (mis) understandings about the HPV vaccination for girls and boys. Results found that most mothers had inadequate understanding of HPV transmission, HPV-associated cancer risk for males, and need to vaccinate boys against the virus for their own personal health and prevention of HPV-associated cancers. Findings suggest that interventions should focus on improving Latina mothers’ understanding of HPV transmission, addressing the lack or inadequate knowledge about HPV-associated cancer risk for males, as well as misconceptions about the importance of the HPV vaccination for males for their personal health and the prevention of HPV-associated cancers. Future research should quantify Latino parents’ awareness, knowledge, and acceptability of the HPV vaccine for their sons and daughters.
Arabidopsis thaliana CRK41 negatively regulates salt tolerance via H2O2 and ABA cross-linked networks

Abstract Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) play important roles in multiple stress responses. However, little was known about CRKs-mediated salt stress tolerance in plants. In this study, we identified a plasma membrane localized CRK41, which was mainly expressed in leaves and rapidly response to NaCl and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. Though the growth phenotype was not influenced by changing CRK41 transcripts via genetic approach, we found that CRK41 negatively regulated salt tolerance through survival rates analysis. Furthermore, RbohD-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) played essential role in activating the CRK41 transcript under salt stress. Meanwhile, up-regulation of CRK41 further induced H2O2 accumulation by inhibiting three main antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, and CAT), which resulted lipid peroxidation and cell death. Importantly, high transcript of CRK41 reduced the ABA concentration and signaling sensibility by analyzing several ABA-induced typical phenotypes and ABA-related genes’ expression. These results were also supported by the genes expression patterns of wild-type (WT) and crk41 mutant in NaCl and ABA treatments by interactive transcriptome analysis. Additionally, we found that CRK41-mediated both H2O2 and ABA signaling took part in NaCl-induced cell death by activating MAPK3 and MAPK6 under salt condition. Taken together, the present study suggests that CRK41 negatively regulated Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance by magnifying H2O2 signaling and inhibiting ABA signaling, which mainly cross-linked with MAPK signaling to control salt-induced cell death.
The Ambiguity of Kant's Concept of the Visible Church

This paper explores the implications of Manfred Kuehn’s observation that Kant’s claim in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason that the ethical community must be a community under God seems “a bit strained.” After clarifying Kant’s train of thought that results in his conception of the ethical community in the form of the “visible church,” the paper argues that the seemingly strong religious dimension may be misleading. If we understand the ethical community to be the development of the kingdom of ends in the Groundwork , it becomes apparent that Kant’s notion of God’s “sovereignty” over the ethical community is a shared sovereignty lodged in rationality and not in God’s own will. The “strain” that Kuehn senses thus suggests the potentially gratuitous nature of Kant’s references to God’s sovereignty over the ethical community. Despite the initial appearances, Kant’s account of the ethical community in the form of the visible church is, over the long term, closer to a secularizing move than to a robustly religious one.
Direct observation of genome surveillance by CRISPR-Cas in bacteria

CRISPR-Cas systems are prokaryotic adaptive immune systems that target mobile genetic elements including phages. While CRISPR-Cas systems have been well characterized biochemically and structurally, in vivo spatiotemporal regulation and cell biology remains largely unaddressed. Here, we studied the localization of native Type I-F CRISPR-Cas system of the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa via fluorescent fusions to Csy1 (Cas8), Csy4 (Cas6) and Cas3 which are involved in PAM recognition, crRNA processing, and nuclease activity, respectively. Chromosomally tagged proteins were fully functional for phage targeting and inhibited by anti-CRISPR proteins. When targeted to an integrated prophage, the Csy complex and Cas3 generated a single cellular focus, however when lacking a protospacer target, the Csy complex is broadly nucleoid bound, while Cas3 is diffuse in the cytoplasm. Nucleoid association for the Csy proteins is crRNA-dependent, but crRNA-sequence independent, suggesting formation of the Csy complex engenders genome surveillance. Expression of anti-CRISPR AcrIF2, known to prevent the Csy complex from binding to DNA via protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) competition, abolished nucleoid surveillance, while AcrIF1, which blocks crRNA:DNA hybridization downstream of the PAM, did not. These results suggest the genome surveillance is a result of direct PAM interactions, independent of other host factors. The Cas9 nuclease, when heterologously expressed in P. aeruginosa, also appears nucleoid localized when its gRNA is provided, which is abolished by PAM mimic, AcrIIA4. Finally, by employing fluorescently labeled phages, we observe that phage infection does not significantly modulate the distribution of the Csy complex and Cas3, despite doing so as a prophage. In summary, our findings demonstrate that a Type I CRISPR-Cas complex in its natural environment is localized in the nucleoid, separated from nuclease-helicase, Cas3.
Testosterone is Associated With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis in Premenopausal Women With NAFLD.

Background & Aims Higher testosterone contributes to imaging-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in women, but whether testosterone influences their disease severity is unknown. Methods The association of free testosterone (free T) with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was determined in pre-menopausal women with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD (n = 207). Interaction testing was performed for age and free T given decline in testosterone with age, and association of aging with NASH. Regression models adjusted for abdominal adiposity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Results Median age was 35 yrs (interquartile range, 29-41); 73% were white, 25% Hispanic; 32% had diabetes, 93% abdominal adiposity, and 95% dyslipidemia. 69% had NASH, 67% any fibrosis, and 15% advanced fibrosis. Higher free T levels were associated with NAFLD severity in younger women (interaction P value Conclusions In young women with NAFLD, higher testosterone levels conferred a 2-fold higher risk of NASH and NASH fibrosis, and increased risk of abdominal adiposity, supporting a potential mechanistic link of abdominal fat on testosterone-associated liver injury. Testosterone may represent an early risk factor for NASH progression in young women, prior to their onset of more dominant, age-related metabolic risk factors.
Leachates from Cigarette Butts Can Persist in Marine Sediment

Cigarette butts (CBs) can travel via stormwater runoff so they are very common on the beach. While there is evidence they can leach toxic chemicals into water, there is not much information about their behavior in sediment. We buried CBs in aquaria containing marine sediment at a concentration of 0.025 CB/g, and sampled it after 0, 5, 10, 20, 45, and 60 days. The sediment was solvent-extracted and analyzed by GC/MS. The chromatograms were compared to those of CB extracts to look for compounds in common. Nicotine, β-nicotyrine, myosmine, cotinine, linear alkanes, and xylenol were detected in the sediment up to 60 days from exposure so the leachates could have long-term impact on benthic fauna. The tobacco alkaloids or its metabolites could be used as specific markers of cigarette litter in sediment monitoring. These outcomes support the need for stricter regulation on cigarette waste to prevent it from reaching aquatic environments.
Limited use of nonopioid analgesics after pediatric ambulatory surgery.

Objective: This study sought to determine the rate at which nonopioid analgesics were utilized in postoperative pain management plans after pediatric ambulatory surgery in patients who were also prescribed postoperative opioids. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis. Participants: Patients ≤ 21 years old who were prescribed opioid medications after undergoing ambulatory surgery at a tertiary-care medical center. Methods: Postoperative day 1 (POD1) opioid prescription and use survey data along with electronic medical record data were extracted and analyzed for patients meeting inclusion criteria between April 2017 and December 2017. Main outcome measure: Recommendation to take nonopioid analgesics after discharge. Results: A total of 849 (63.2 percent) patients responded to the survey and 275 (32.4 percent) of these cases were prescribed postoperative opioids. Of the 273 cases included in this study, 137 (50.2 percent) received recommendations to take at least one nonopioid analgesic as well, and 164 (60.1 percent) reported using their prescribed opioids on POD1. Opioid use did not vary significantly with nonopioid analgesic recommendations. There was significant variability in opioid and nonopioid analgesic prescribing and recommendation patterns across surgical subspecialties. Conclusions: There was limited use of nonopioid analgesics in postoperative pain management plans after pediatric ambulatory surgery. This leaves many patients with only opioid-based agents as the first-line medication for postoperative pain management. These findings highlight an opportunity to educate prescribers and patients on the importance of step-wise multimodal analgesic plans.
Quantitative analysis of power systems resilience: Standardization, categorizations, and challenges

Abstract Power systems incur considerable operational and infrastructural damages from high impact low probability events such as natural disasters. It therefore becomes imperative to quantify the impact of these disruptive events on power system performance so that adaptive actions can be effectively applied. This impact can be evaluated using resilience metrics which should be able to assess the transitions between the different phases in which a power system resides when subjected to an extreme event. Also, the metrics can aid in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the power system adaptive strategies. However, challenges exist since developed metrics do not proceed with a standardized framework, and due to the vast variety of existing metrics, it becomes ambiguous for researchers and power utilities to find converging information pertinent to their work. In an effort to address these challenges, this paper provides a comprehensive review of quantitative power system resilience metrics which are standardized and evaluated with diverse categorizations. The review methodology employs the Axiomatic Design Process that utilizes the axiomatic design theory and design structure matrix to decompose resilient power system functional requirements into metric design parameters. By integrating the Axiomatic Design Process, we provide a standard for comparison and analysis of the adequacy of reviewed quantitative metrics in power systems resilience quantification, while the categorizations aim to identify the specifications of these metrics. This aids in directing further studies towards resilience requirements that have received less literary attention. In addition, the paper furnishes statistical analysis of reviewed metrics in venues and years of publication by percentage, recurring resilience indicators, and power system levels/stages in which the metrics are applicable. Finally, this paper presents common requirements for resilience quantification, discusses gaps and challenges related to power system resilience metrics as well as implications posed by these challenges, while making recommendations towards filling these gaps, and posing pertinent questions to the power system resilience community.
Surface Channel Detection of Millimeter Waves in InSb

A new detector in the millimeter wave region of the spectrum has been developed using heavily doped but closely compensated InSb. Conduction in this detector is along a surface channel and detectors have been constructed with responsivities at peak of 500 V/Watt and an NEP at peak of 10−10 Watts/cm2 Hz1/2.
Transfer of Patients with Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage who Need External Ventricular Drain: Does Admission Location Matter?

Introduction: Patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) are associated with high mortality and require early neurosurgical interventions. At our academic referral center, the neurocritical care unit (NCCU) receives patients directly from referring facilities. However, when no NCCU bed is immediately available, patients are initially admitted to the critical care resuscitation unit (CCRU). We hypothesized that the CCRU expedites transfer of sICH patients and facilitates timely external ventricular drain (EVD) placement comparable to the NCCU.Methods: This is a pre-post study of adult patients transferred with sICH and EVD placement. Patients admitted between January 2011–July 2013 (2011 Control) were compared with patients admitted either to the CCRU or the NCCU (2013 Control) between August 2013–September 2015. The primary outcome was time interval from arrival at any intensive care units (ICU) to time of EVD placement (ARR-EVD). Secondary outcomes included time interval from emergency department transfer request to arrival, and in-hospital mortality. We assessed clinical association by multivariable logistic regressions.Results: We analyzed 259 sICH patients who received EVDs: 123 (48%) CCRU; 81 (31%) 2011 Control; and 55 (21%) in the 2013 Control. The groups had similar characteristics, age, disease severity, and mortality. Median ARR-EVD time was 170 minutes [106-311] for CCRU patients; 241 minutes [152-490] (p < 0.01) for 2011 Control; and 210 minutes [139-574], p = 0.28) for 2013 Control. Median transfer request-arrival time for CCRU patients was significantly less than both control groups. Multivariable logistic regression showed each minute delay in ARR-EVD was associated with 0.03% increased likelihood of death (odds ratio 1.0003, 95% confidence interval, 1.0001-1.006, p = 0.043).Conclusion: Patients admitted to the CCRU had shorter transfer times when compared to patients admitted directly to other ICUs. Compared to the specialty NCCU, the CCRU had similar time interval from arrival to EVD placement. A resuscitation unit like the CCRU can complement the specialty unit NCCU in caring for patients with sICH who require EVDs.
Disease tolerance alters host competence in a wild songbird.

Individuals can express a range of disease phenotypes during infection, with important implications for epidemics. Tolerance, in particular, is a host response that minimizes the per-pathogen fitne...
Einführung in die konvexe Optimierung

In diesem Kapitel wird es darum gehen, unsere bisherigen Erkenntnisse uber Optimierungsaufgaben zu erweitern und zu ubertragen auf Probleme, bei denen Li-nearitat nicht mehr vorliegt. Oft hat man aber noch den Vorteil, dass man es mit konvexen Mengen bzw. Punktionen zu tun hat. In vielen Fallen reicht dies fur die Sicherstellung erwunschter Regeln schon aus. Um dies einzusehen und nachzuweisen, befassen wir uns zunachst intensiv mit solchen Konvexitatseigenschaften.
Prudence, Benevolence, and Negligence: Virtue Ethics and Tort Law

Tort law assesses negligence according to the conduct of a reasonable person of ordinary prudence who acts with due care for the safety of others.1 This standard assigns three traits to the person whose conduct sets the bar for measuring negligence: reasonableness, ordinary prudence, and due care for the safety of others. Yet contemporary tort scholars have almost exclusively examined only one of these attributes, reasonableness, and have wholly neglected to carefully examine the other elements key to the negligence standard: prudence and due care for the safety of others. It is mistaken to reduce negligence to reasonableness or to try to understand the sense of reasonableness contemplated by the negligence standard without reference to the virtues of prudence and benevolence. Taken together and analyzed in relation to one another, these three traits define a distinct evaluative perspective, according to which some actions expose oneself and others to inappropriate risk of physical harm, and others do not. In this chapter, I only partially articulate this evaluative perspective, focusing on its dimensions defined by prudence and care and leaving to one side the dimension defined by reasonableness. I have restricted the exposition partly because of limits, of the article format,2 and partly to counterbalance the overattention to reasonableness that has characterized tort scholarship of the last fifty years.
Gestalt Therapy and Its Application to Alcoholism Treatment

The practitioner working with an alcoholic population is confronted with patients' denial of the disease, resistance to treatment, and dysfunctional patterns of thinking, feeling, and interacting. The article provides a theoretical framework of Gestalt therapy examining its application to the alcoholic's treatment. Practice interventions targeted toward problematic therapeutic issues are discussed. The importance of understanding the alcoholic's intrapsychic/interpersonal system prior to planning and implementing treatment is stressed.
Institutional Ownership Composition and Accruals Quality

We investigate whether a firm's accruals quality is affected by its transient and dedicated institutional ownership. Measured as the absolute value of accrual estimation errors, accruals quality is found to be negatively associated with transient institutional ownership and positively associated with dedicated institutional ownership. Causality tests further suggest that transient institutional investors indeed provide managers with incentives to exacerbate accruals quality and that dedicated institutional investors effectively monitor managers in terms of accruals quality. In addition, we find similar results when we measure accruals quality by the standard deviation of accrual estimation errors.
What Happens to Law in a Refugee Camp

How do people living in a refugee camp engage with legal practices, discourses, and institutions? Critics argue that refugee camps leave people in “legal limbo” depriving them of the “right to have rights” despite the presence of international humanitarian actors and the entitlements enshrined in international law. For that reason, refugee camps have become a highly visible symbol of failed human rights campaigns. In contrast, I found in an ethnography of the Buduburam Refugee Camp in Ghana, West Africa, that although people living as refugees faced chronic insecurity and injustice, they engaged extensively with several different facets of the law. I illuminate three interrelated dimensions of their experiences: (1) their development as international legal subjects; (2) their alienation from domestic legal institutions; and (3) their agency within the legal field. The article contributes to the research agenda on law in humanitarian settings an empirically grounded account of the subjective dimensions of legal alienation and mobilization in a refugee camp. More broadly, it contributes to international human rights debates by theorizing a mixed outcome of international human rights campaigns: the emergence of wards of international law, people deeply embedded in the international legal system, but alienated from local law.
Energy labels and economic search: An example from the residential real estate market

Abstract Home energy rating systems are popular and widely used programmes to encourage energy efficiency in the residential housing market. With the actual rating perhaps conveyed to prospective buyers as a posted label, these rating systems offer a variety of benefits. This paper focuses on the ability of these systems to help buyers identify more quickly the properly priced house. An economic search model is applied to a unique sample of energy-efficient homes in Minnesota. The search benefits are modest but positive in our case study, but could be larger in a more diverse housing market.
THE ROLE OF SOLUBILITY IN STRESS CRACKING OF NYLON 6,6

ABSTRACT The effect of liquid type, moisture content and temperature on the stress cracking behavior of semicrystalline nylon 6,6 has been investigated. Dry nylon is highly susceptible to cracking with critical strains as low as one percent in many liquids. Nylon which has been preconditioned in 50% relative humidity or immersed in water shows almost no propensity to stress crack at room temperature. However, moisturized nylon is still susceptible to stress cracking at low temperature (−40°C). The equilibrium weight gains of the liquids in nylon can be represented on a two-dimensional solubility parameter map and also are proportional to the hydrogen bonding solubility parameter alone. However, unlike previous results for glassy noncrystalline polymers the critical strains for cracking of nylon 6,6 cannot be simply related to solubility. This is due to the fact that rapidly sorbed liquids cause homogeneous stress relaxation to occur in competition with crack initiation. Thus, in general, both the solubility and sorption kinetics must be known in order to predict critical strains of nylon 6,6 in organic liquids.
Particle acceleration in pulsar magnetospheres

The structure of pulsar magnetospheres and the acceleration mechanism for charged particles in the magnetosphere was studied using a pulsar model which required large acceleration of the particles near the surface of the star. A theorem was developed which showed that particle acceleration cannot be expected when the angle between the magnetic field lines and the rotation axis is constant (e.g. radial field lines). If this angle is not constant, however, acceleration must occur. The more realistic model of an axisymmetric neutron star with a strong dipole magnetic field aligned with the rotation axis was investigated. In this case, acceleration occurred at large distances from the surface of the star. The magnitude of the current can be determined using the model presented. In the case of nonaxisymmetric systems, the acceleration is expected to occur nearer to the surface of the star.
Effects of Interviewer Gender and Hijab on Gender-Related Survey Responses:Findings from a Nationally-Representative Field Experiment in Morocco

Despite the recent expansion of surveying in the Muslim world, few published studies have addressed methodological questions, including how observable interviewer characteristics affect responses and data quality. Although there are a limited number of studies on interviewer dress effects, none examine interviewer gender. This study asks whether and why gender and religious dress affect responses to gender-related questions. Drawing upon original data from a nationally-representative, partially-randomized survey of 800 Moroccans conducted in 2007, the study finds strong evidence that gender and dress affect responses and item non-response. The paper argues that because hijab implies multiple personal, religious, and political dimensions of identity nested within gender identity, interviewer gender and dress must be considered as intersecting categories. For questions pertaining to women’s role in the public sphere, responses were affected by interviewer dress; respondents reported more progressive attitudes and were more likely to refuse to respond to female interviewers not wearing hijab than to veiled female interviewers and male interviewers. For support for gender equality in family law, results were affected by interviewer gender; respondents reported more liberal views and were more likely to fail to respond to female interviewers with both dress styles than male interviewers. Interviewer characteristics affected responses to more than half of the 174 questions included in the survey, including support for democracy and religiosity. Researchers conducting surveys should code and control for interviewer characteristics in order to reduce total survey error and better understand the social processes which generate public opinion in this crucial region.
Healthcare Needs of Homeless Youth in the United States

Approximately 1.6 - 2.8 million youth at any given time in the United States are considered homeless and at high risk for poor social and health outcomes. It is estimated that in the United States homelessness overall is expected to rise 10 -20 percent in the next year. While governmental and private programs exist to address the tribulations faced by homeless persons, youth continue to be underserved. The 2009, $787 billion economic stimulus package includes $1.5 billion to address issues of homelessness, particularly in families. However, most of these programs do not address the specific needs of the homeless and uninsured youth. Homeless youth have a higher incidence of trauma-related injuries, developmental delays, infections, and nutritional deficiencies. Furthermore, there is a disproportionately higher prevalence of substance abuse, psychological illness, as well as sexual and emotional abuse leading to increased rates of sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. Studies have shown an economic burden of both higher health care costs, increased use of emergency services, and lengthier hospitalizations in homeless individuals compared to those in similarly low-income groups. This article provides an overview for the medical practitioner of health-concerns of homeless youth in the United States and issues related to their access to healthcare.
The Association Between Observed Parental Emotion Socialization and Adolescent Self-Medication

The current study examined the moderating influence of observed parental emotion socialization (PES) on self-medication in adolescents. Strengths of the study include the use of a newly developed observational coding system further extending the study of PES to adolescence, the use of an experience sampling method to assess the daily covariation between negative affect and substance use, and a focus on PES styles defined by the interaction of emotion-dismissing and emotion-coaching behaviors. Using multi-leveling modeling, we tested PES as a moderator of daily negative mood-substance use relation in a sample of 65 elevated-risk adolescents (48% male, 58% Caucasian, with a median age of 14). Results showed a three-way interaction between emotion-coaching PES, emotion-dismissing PES and daily negative mood in predicting daily substance use. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of PES styles and their effects on self-medication through compromised emotion regulation and interpersonal processes.
Priority for Future Role Activities of Counselors in Michigan Community Colleges.

The rationale adopted for this study identified the need to implement new directions in community college counselor programs. Few of the literature references supporting the stand for new directions had a sound research base. The purpose of this study was to survey three role definer groups (counselor educators, community college administrators, and counselors) to discover what they perceived as the probable and preferred priority of future counselorrole activities for established and emerging delivery approaches in counseling and student personnel services in Michigan community colleges. Since no special survey existed which could measure and compare reactions by role definers to the established and emerging counselor role activities, a survey had to be constructed and validated for this experiment. The 20 items on the survey were designed to elicit the degree of probable and preferred priority given to the two roles in Michigan within the next S to 10 years. The role definers were also asked to pick the...
Quantum Size Effect on the Lattice Specific Heat of Nanostructures

For structures consisting of a few atomic layers (in one, two, or three dimensions), discretized modes of lattice vibration must be considered and their contributions need to be evaluated by summation (in the confined directions) rather than integration over the wavevector components as done for bulk materials in the Debye theory. Existing studies on the specific heat of nanostructures have left a question as to whether the lattice specific heat of nanostructures will be suppressed or enhanced over the corresponding bulk value at cryogenic temperatures. This study presents explicit analytical formulations of the lattice specific heat of nanostructures under the assumption of linear dispersion. The specific heat at sufficiently low temperatures is dominated by the lowest-energy vibration modes. Subsequently, the planar modes (for which one of the wavevector components becomes zero) or axial modes (for which two of the wavevector components become zero) are responsible to the T2 or T dependence of specific ...
Alarm activation, pattern discovery, and anomaly detection in sensor networks

This article describes some recent sensor network research. We have looked in more detail at three data analysis issues. First, we have considered the general issue of what constitutes normal activity and what constitutes anomalous activity. Detecting anomalies requires some measure of ‘normal’ to determine if there is an anomaly. While approaches such as Bayesian networks work well on large and diverse networks, a simpler approach may be useful for smaller networks. We describe an approach for keeping an ongoing record of sensor activation events and turning on an alarm when the frequency of events exceeds a set threshold. The approach is devised for efficiency of computation and storage. We considered groups of days such as seasons, days of the week, and work days to produce several sets of average activation levels. Second, we modeled different time intervals as independent Poisson processes and used this model to compile average data to look for and display anomalies at different sensors and different times. Using a sensor data set, we studied groups of days such as seasons, days of the week, and work days to produce several sets of average activation levels. Third, we consider possible paths that could be caused by an intruder activating several sensors in a spatial and temporal neighborhood. We are developing a simple tool to calculate and display such paths and their probabilities. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:565–570. doi: 10.1002/wics.1233 This article is a U.S. Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Asian martial arts cinema, dance, and the cultural languages of gender

Analyses of Asian martial arts films often suffer from contradictions inherent in western paradigms of gender. Because of a lack of theoretical tools to analyze movement, Asian martial arts film stars are often caught in a rhetorical trap in which they are alternately seen either as an immobile pin‐up (and therefore an erotic object) or as in perpetual motion (and therefore feminine). These contradictory western models of gender perpetuate post‐colonial notions of the sexual, feminized ‘oriental’ male body, while simultaneously and ironically disallowing female martial arts stars to be seen as anything other than ‘masculine’. I attempt to resolve these contradictions by noting that models of dance analysis allow descriptions of movement to include culturally‐specific concepts such as Yin and Yang, and may thus serve as an alternate, method of gender theorization.
ORIGIN OF CARBONATE MATERIALS IN THE NORTHERN BASIN OF LAKE BAIKAL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HOLOCENE PALEOCLIMATE

Fine-grained disseminated carbonate was found in Holocene sediments in a core taken from the northern basin of Lake Baikal. The core had two distinct facies, a terrigenous blue-clay overlain by a diatomaceous silt. Oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses, combined with SEM, X-ray diffraction and palynology, show that the carbonate in the blue-clay layer is pedogenic in origin, rather than biogenic or authigenic. The δ13C values in the blue clay suggest that the carbonate is derived from a single source, while the carbonate in the diatom-rich layer might be transported by winds from different sources. On the assumption that the carbonate was formed during the post-glacial age and was transported primarily by river runoff, the δ18O isotopic values suggest that the annual temperature in the northern Baikal drainage area was about 3°C warmer during the middle. Holocene (8500–7000 a, B. P.) than during the early Holocene (11000–8500a, B. P.) when the blue clay was being deposited. This interpretation, is consistent with the dominant vegetation consisting of grasses in the northern Baikal drainage area prior to 7000a, B. P.,
Busted Balls Shell Midden (CA-SMI-606): An Early Coastal Site on San Miguel Island, California:

California's Channel Islands have produced some of the earliest shell middens in North America, demonstrating that terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene peoples along the southern California Coas...