cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteolytic enzymes in sea urchin eggs: Characterization, localization and activity before and after fertilization

The pH versus proteinase activity curve (casein or hemoglobin plus urea substrate) for homogenates of unfertilized Lytechinus eggs reveals two regions of maximum activity: one between pH 3.5 and 4.3, and another of far greater magnitude from pH 8.0 to 11.0. The two classes of proteinases can be separated on a sucrose density gradient. Both the acid and alkaline proteinases in homogenates prepared in isotonic monovalent salt solutions are remarkably stable at pH 7.4 and 0°C. Using synthetic peptide substrates, an enzyme with the specific esterase activity of chymotrypsin was demonstrated; this enzyme accounts for the major part of the proteinase activity at alkaline pH. In addition, an enzyme with specific esterase activity of trypsin was shown to be present, but of low activity. The proteinase activity at acid pH is largely due to an enzyme resembling cathepsin D. The data also suggest the presence of cathepsin B and cathepsin IV (or catheptic carboxypeptidase). When eggs are homogenized in isotonic NaCl plus KCl at pH 7.4, 0.02 M tris buffer at 0°C, all of the alkaline proteinase, and 85–90% of the acid proteinase activity is sedimented at 10,000 g. The presence of any proteinase activity in the supernatant phase represents an artifact of the preparative procedures used. The granules which possess the proteinase activity are contained entirely in the yolk fractions; and the acid proteinase is contained in a population of granules which sediment more readily than those which contain the alkaline proteinase. The acid proteinase resembles the lysosomal acid hydrolases in that it is readily released from the particulates; in contrast, the alkaline proteinase is bound relatively firmly. In contradistinction to reports in the literature, no changes in proteinase activity nor intracellular distribution could be detected following fertilization.
The Role of Experience in the Perception of Phonetic Detail in Children’s Speech: A Comparison Between Speech-Language Pathologists and Clinically Untrained Listeners

Purpose This study examined whether experienced speech-language pathologists (SLPs) differ from inexperienced people in their perception of phonetic detail in children’s speech. Method Twenty-one e...
Renal transplant function after ten years of cyclosporine

Although the nephrotoxic side effects of cyclosporine are well known, the impact of long-term CsA on renal transplant function is uncertain. We studied 5-10-year renal function in 347 CsA-treated patients, and in 64 randomly selected non-CsA-treated patients who had a minimum of 55 months of graft function. Non-CsA patients had a lower creatinine (Cr) level at one year than CsA patients (P = .001), with no change in renal function over time (P = .6). In CsA-treated patients there was also no suggestion of progressive renal damage, as evidenced by no change in Cr or 1/Cr. Simple linear regression models of 1/Cr vs. time for the first 10 years posttransplant were fit to the data for each patient. Analysis of the Y-intercept estimates from these regressions showed that age (P = .001), sex (P = .001), cyclosporine toxicity (P = .024), and initial cyclosporine dosage (P = .016) significantly affected the one-year serum Cr. Variables not affecting one-year Cr included donor source, early rejection episodes, late rejection episodes, ATN, diabetes, transplant number, HLA ABDR mismatch (for cadaver transplants), maximum PRA, and PRA at transplant. Analysis of the slope estimates from the regressions revealed that only age (P = .001) and late rejection episodes (P = .001) significantly affected the rate of change in 1/Cr over time. We conclude that, in long-term renal transplant patients, there is no evidence of progressive deterioration in renal function due to CsA nephrotoxicity.
The kinetics of cellulose dissolution in sodium hydroxide solution at low temperatures

The dissolution kinetics of cellulose in sodium hydroxide in the presence and absence of urea at low temperature was studied. High molecular weight cotton linter with degree of polymerization of 850 was used for dissolution study. The cotton linter was separated from the dissolution slurry at different dissolution times, and the change of the crystal structure of cotton linter was characterized by Powder X-Ray Diffraction. The rate of decrystallization of cellulose was obtained and the activation energy for cellulose decrystallization in sodium hydroxide solution was derived using Eyring equation. The effect of urea additive was discussed.
The Association of the School Food Environment With Dietary Behaviors of Young Adolescents

Objectives. We examined the association between young adolescents’ dietary behaviors and school vending machines, a la carte programs, and fried potatoes’ being served at school lunch. Methods. Using a cross-sectional study design, we measured a la carte availability and the number of school stores, vending machines, and amounts of fried potatoes served to students at school lunch in 16 schools. Grade 7 students (n = 598) completed 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Results. A la carte availability was inversely associated with fruit and fruit/vegetable consumption and positively associated with total and saturated fat intake. Snack vending machines were negatively correlated with fruit consumption. Fried potatoes’ being served at school lunch was positively associated with vegetable and fruit/vegetable intake. Conclusions. School-based programs that aim to promote healthy eating among youths should target school-level environmental factors.
STIM1, an essential and conserved component of store-operated Ca2+ channel function

Store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels regulate many cellular processes, but the underlying molecular components are not well defined. Using an RNA interference (RNAi)-based screen to identify genes that alter thapsigargin (TG)-dependent Ca2+ entry, we discovered a required and conserved role of Stim in SOC influx. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Stim in Drosophila S2 cells significantly reduced TG-dependent Ca2+ entry. Patch-clamp recording revealed nearly complete suppression of the Drosophila Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) current that has biophysical characteristics similar to CRAC current in human T cells. Similarly, knockdown of the human homologue STIM1 significantly reduced CRAC channel activity in Jurkat T cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of STIM1 inhibited TG- or agonist-dependent Ca2+ entry in HEK293 or SH-SY5Y cells. Conversely, overexpression of STIM1 in HEK293 cells modestly enhanced TG-induced Ca2+ entry. We propose that STIM1, a ubiquitously expressed protein that is conserved from Drosophila to mammalian cells, plays an essential role in SOC influx and may be a common component of SOC and CRAC channels.
DIMENSIONS OF ROLE CONFLICT AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDIVIDUAL OUTCOMES

The present study examined the differential impact of types of role conflict upon job satisfaction, job-related anxiety, and propensity to leave the organization. 111 supermarket department managers responded to a mailed questionnaire containing role-conflict items and outcome measures. Factor analysis of the 8-item conflict scale resulted in three role-conflict dimensions: intersender, intrasender, and person-role. Stepwise regression analysis of each outcome variable on the three conflict subscales showed that the order in which conflict subscales entered the equation was different when different outcomes were the criterion. Use of subscales rather than a general conflict measure yields more information as to the nature and results of role stress.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASE RESISTANCE IN ARABIDOPSIS AND CLONING OF THE RPS2 RESISTANCE GENE

Genetic analyses of inheritance of disease resistance in plants have demonstrated that resistance is often determined by single dominant or semi-dominant loci (1-5). Although many disease resistance genes have been characterized at a classical genetic level, the molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of most disease resistance genes remains to be accomplished (6). In this regard, it is only within the last two years that Johal and Briggs have reported the successful transposon tagging and cloning of the Hml disease resistance gene of maize (7). The Hml resistance locus of maize is a single dominant locus that confers resistance to Cochliobolus carbonum race 1 which is the causal agent of a severe leaf blight and ear mold disease of maize. This pathogen produces the host-specific toxin (HC-toxin) and Hml encoded resistance is also effective against the purified toxin (8). Sequence information has revealed that Hml gene encodes a NADPH-dependent HC toxin reductase.
Type Three Secretion System Island-Encoded Proteins Required for Colonization by Non-O1/Non-O139 Serogroup Vibrio cholerae

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae is a genetically diverse species, and pathogenic strains can encode different virulence factors that mediate colonization and secretory diarrhea. Although the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) is the primary colonization factor in epidemic-causing V. cholerae strains, other strains do not encode the TCP and instead promote colonization via the activity of a type 3 secretion system (T3SS). Using the infant mouse model and T3SS-positive O39 serogroup strain AM-19226, we sought to determine which of 12 previously identified, T3SS-translocated proteins (Vops) are important for host colonization. We constructed in-frame deletions in each of the 12 loci in strain AM-19226 and identified five Vop deletion strains, including ΔVopM, which were severely attenuated for colonization. Interestingly, a subset of deletion strains was also incompetent for effector protein transport. Our collective data therefore suggest that several translocated proteins may also function as components of the structural apparatus or translocation machinery and indicate that while VopM is critical for establishing an infection, the combined activities of other effectors may also contribute to the ability of T3SS-positive strains to colonize host epithelial cell surfaces.
The Accommodation of Science Pedagogical Knowledge: The Application of Conceptual Change Constructs to Teacher Education.

The purposes of this study were to (a) determine whether the conditions of the accommodation of a science conception (IPDF) could be applied to pedagogical conceptions of science, and (b) using this application, determine whether a group of elementary teacher candidates in a conceptual change methods course accommodated their didactic preconceptions of science teaching. This research was based on the assumption that, for teachers to learn to teach for conceptual change, they must undergo a process of pedagogical conceptual change themselves. The teacher candidates in this study were interviewed and observed teaching. Their lesson plans and reflective papers were analyzed. The course was also videotaped to provide contextual descriptions. The teacher candidates, as expected, held primarily didactic pedagogical conceptions and were resistant to the conceptual change strategies. However, at posttest they found the new strategies to be intelligible, plausible, and fruitful. They also expressed implicit dissatisfaction with their preexisting views. Cooperating teachers had significant influence in the development of both plausibility and fruitfulness. Recommendations for improving the use of the conceptual change constructs in future teacher education research are made.
EUS-Guided Drainage of Obstructed Pancreatico-Biliary Ducts

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage of obstructed biliary and pancreatic ducts has been evolving as an alternative to surgery or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in cases of unsuccessful endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Therapeutic endoscopic ultrasonography permits safe access into a dilated biliary tree or main pancreatic duct, followed by creation of a transenteric fistula and placement of a stent across the fistula or the papilla. EUS-guided biliary drainage may be realized using either an intrahepatic or extrahepatic approach, whereas EUS-guided pancreatic decompression can be antegrade or retrograde. Efficacy of each technique can be confirmed by pain improvement after pancreatic drainage or resolution of jaundice in patients with biliary obstruction. The most recent literature, including our experience, shows that EUS-guided drainage of pancreatico-biliary ducts has a good success and favorable complication rates and should be considered as first-line therapy in centers offering ERCP and therapeutic EUS. The techniques, efficacy, and complications will be discussed.
Buffering Interconnect for Multicore Processor Designs

Recently, the microprocessor industry is headed in the direction of multicore designs in order to continue the chip performance growth. We investigate buffer insertion, which is a critical timing optimization technique, in the context of an industrial multicore processor design methodology. Different from the conventional formulation, buffer insertion in this case requires a single solution to accommodate different scenarios, since each core has its own parameters. If conventional buffer insertion is performed for each scenario separately, there may be a different solution corresponding to each of these scenarios. A straightforward approach is to judiciously select a solution from one scenario and apply it to all the scenarios. However, a good solution for one scenario may be a poor one for another. We propose several algorithmic techniques for solving these multiscenario buffer insertion problems. Compared with a straightforward extension of the conventional buffer insertion, our algorithm can improve slack by 20-280 ps for max-slack solutions. For min-cost solutions, our algorithm causes no timing violation, while the extended conventional buffering results in 35% timing violations. Moreover, the computation speed of our algorithm is faster.
Sorption of ammonium by glass frits and filters: Implications for analyses of brackish and freshwater

Glass support frits for 47-mm Millipore filter holders rapidly adsorb up to 600 nmol of ammonium from fresh or brackish waters (salinity < 5%). Certain glass-fiber filters may also adsorb at least 200 nmol of ammonium. The adsorbed ammonium is released on contact with higher salinity or high K/sup +/ waters. Distilled deionized water is not an effective cleaning agent for the frits and filters, but either seawater or 2 mM K/sup +/ solution is efficient. Significant analytical errors can occur if one does not compensate for the effect by rinsing with copious amounts of sample before collection of water for analysis, by adding K/sup +/ to samples at levels of 2 mM or greater to reduce sorption, or by silanizing frits and filters to block sorption.
POLITICS OF FAITH: PATTERNS OF CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS IN MAOIST CHINA (1949-1976)

This article examines the role of Protestant Christianity in relation to the rise of the Maoist state. It focuses on the interactions between Christianity and state power, and the state's influence on the religious and political identities of Chinese Christians. In particular, it discusses how the state exploited Christianity to claim legitimacy and establish ideological control over the Christian population, and how ordinary Christians, in turn, drew on their religious resources to strengthen themselves in the competitive arena of politics.
Psychotropic medication trends among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in the Medicaid program

This study characterized psychotropic medication use among Medicaid-enrolled children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders by examining trends over time, including length of treatment and polypharmacy using 4 years of administrative claims data from 41 state Medicaid programs (2000-2003). The data set included nearly 3 million children and adolescents who were 17 years or younger. Approximately, 65% of children with autism spectrum disorder received a psychotropic medication. The results indicate an increasing overall trend in the use of psychotropic drugs among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Among the different classes of psychotropic drugs, antipsychotics were the most common. Increasing trends in polypharmacy were observed both within and between medication classes.
Software maintenance as an engineering discipline

Software maintenance can be transformed from the unmanageable, trial-and-error activity into a systematic engineering discipline through application of mathematics-based principles and practices that have wrought a similar transformation in software engineering. The mathematics provides rigorous techniques for converting unstructured programs into structured form, recovering program design documentation, and modifying and verifying programs. While these principles and practices are technical, the ultimate benefits are managerial, in a new level of predictability and control of maintenance operations to meet business needs. >
Genistein interferes with SDF-1- and HIV-mediated actin dynamics and inhibits HIV infection of resting CD4 T cells

Binding of HIV to the chemokine coreceptor CXCR4 mediates viral fusion and signal transduction that promotes actin dynamics critical for HIV infection of blood resting CD4 T cells. It has been suggested that this gp120-mediated actin activity resembles the chemotactic actin dynamics mediated by chemokines such as SDF-1. To determine whether inhibiting SDF-1-mediated chemotactic activity can also inhibit HIV infection, we screened several inhibitors known to reduce SDF-1-mediated chemotaxis of T cells. We found that a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, inhibited both SDF-1-mediated chemotaxis and HIV infection of resting CD4 T cells. Genistein was also found to interfere with SDF-1- and HIV-mediated actin dynamics in CD4 T cells. This reduction in actin activity correlates with genistein-mediated inhibition of viral DNA accumulation in resting CD4 T cells. In addition, we also tested two other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, sunitinib and AG1478. Sunitinib, but not AG1478, inhibited HIV infection of resting CD4 T cells. We further tested the safety of genistein in 3 Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and each animal was given a monotherapy of genistein at 10 mg/kg orally for 12 weeks. No adverse drug effects were observed in these animals. Our results suggest that novel therapeutic strategies can be developed based on targeting cellular proteins involved in HIV-dependent signaling. This approach can interfere with HIV-mediated actin dynamics and inhibit HIV infection.
When thinking feels difficult: meta-cognitive experiences in judgment and decision making.

Most models of judgment and decision making focus solely onwhatcomestomind.Thisfocusonthoughtcontentmisses that the meta-cognitive experiences that accompany the thought process are informative in their own right. These experiences include the ease or difficulty with which information can be brought to mind or reasons can be generated (accessibility experiences) and the fluency with which new information can be processed (processing fluency). Metacognitive experiences can qualify the implications of thought content, resulting in judgments and decisions that are opposite to the predictions derived from content-focused models. For example, recalling many risk-increasing behaviors is more difficult than recalling only a few. Drawing on this difficulty, people who recall many risk-increasing behaviors infer thattheyareatlowerriskthanpeoplewhorecallmerelyafew risk-increasing behaviors, in contrast to what the content of recall would suggest. Similarly, content-focused models of judgment suggest that we evaluate the truth of a proposition on the basis of relevant knowledge. In contrast, people are more likely to accept a proposition as true the easier it is to read, for example, due to good figure-ground contrast of the visual presentation. This reflects that easy-to-process information is experienced as more familiar and hence more likely to be accepted as true. These and related findings highlight that we cannot understand judgment and decision processes without taking the meta-cognitive experiences that accompany the reasoning process into account. Key words: meta-cognitive experiences; judgment; decision making. (Med Deci Making 2005;00:000-000)
Interpersonal concerns in social encounters between majority and minority group members.

Dyadic interactions between Whites and Blacks were examined. Whites' concern about appearing prejudiced was manipulated by informing Whites that it was extremely important not to be prejudiced during the interaction. Blacks' concern about being the target of prejudice was manipulated by informing them that their dyadic partner was prejudiced against Blacks. The findings show that these two concerns differentially impacted individuals' own and their partner's experiences in the interaction. Specifically, Whites who tried not to be prejudiced experienced more anxiety and enjoyed the interaction less, but were liked more by their Black partner. Additionally, Blacks who believed their partner was prejudiced enjoyed the interaction more, and their White partner experienced less anxiety and enjoyed the interaction more. The implications of these findings for interpersonal intergroup encounters are discussed.
Applying imprecise algorithms to real-time image and video transmission

One major requirement for multimedia systems is the efficient transmission of multimedia information over a communication or computer network. Current image/video transmission techniques works well if sufficient processing power and network bandwidth are available, but do not adapt properly to a reduction in one or more of these resources. This paper proposes an image/video transmission technique, based on the imprecise computation model, which yields a balanced tradeoff between the quality of the image/video transmitted and the available time for transmission. Our experiments show that the proposed algorithm has favorable results compared to non-imprecise computation-based algorithms.
Bimanes (1,5-Diazabicyclo(3.3.0)Octadiendiones). Laser Activity in syn- Bimanes

Abstract : The conversion of 3-methyl-4-benzyl-4-chloro-2-pyrazolin-5-one 10b was catalyzed by a mixture of potassium fluoride and alumina to give syn- (methyl,benzyl)bimane 6 (62%) without detectable formation of the anti isomer A6(a 1:1 mixture (87%) of the isomers 6 and A6 was obtained when the catalyst was potassium carbonate). (JG)
Menopause, A Biocultural Perspective

Each menopausal body is the product of decades of physiological responses to an environment composed of cultural and biological factors. Anthropologists have documented population differences in reproductive endocrinology and developmental trajectories, and ethnic differences in hormones and symptoms at menopause demonstrate that this stage of life history is not exempt from this pattern. Antagonistic pleiotropy, in the form of constraints on the reproductive system, may explain the phenomenon of menopause in humans, optimizing the hormonal environment for reproduction earlier in the life course. Some menopausal symptoms may be side effects of modernizing lifestyle changes, representing discordance between our current lifestyles and genetic heritage. Further exploration of women's experience of menopause, as opposed to researcher-imposed definitions; macro- and microenvironmental factors, including diet and intestinal ecology; and folk etiologies involving the autonomic nervous system may lead to a deeper...
Efficient Global Pointers With Spontaneous Process Migration

We present an approach to implementing and using global pointers in a distributed computing environment. The programmer is able to create pointer-based distributed data structures, which can then be used by sequential or parallel programs without having to differentiate between local and global pointers. Any reference to a remote address causes the process to either migrate to the remote host, where it continues its execution, or to perform a remote access operation. The decision is made automatically and fully transparently to the programmer. By using a hardware-supported memory checking mechanism, we avoid any overhead associated with the detection of remote references.
Efficient pattern matching over event streams

Pattern matching over event streams is increasingly being employed in many areas including financial services, RFIDbased inventory management, click stream analysis, and electronic health systems. While regular expression matching is well studied, pattern matching over streams presents two new challenges: Languages for pattern matching over streams are significantly richer than languages for regular expression matching. Furthermore, efficient evaluation of these pattern queries over streams requires new algorithms and optimizations: the conventional wisdom for stream query processing (i.e., using selection-join-aggregation) is inadequate.In this paper, we present a formal evaluation model that offers precise semantics for this new class of queries and a query evaluation framework permitting optimizations in a principled way. We further analyze the runtime complexity of query evaluation using this model and develop a suite of techniques that improve runtime efficiency by exploiting sharing in storage and processing. Our experimental results provide insights into the various factors on runtime performance and demonstrate the significant performance gains of our sharing techniques.
A true single-phase energy-recovery multiplier

In this paper, we present the design and experimental evaluation of an 8-bit energy-recovery multiplier with built-in self-test logic and an internal single-phase sinusoidal power-clock generator. Both the multiplier and the built-in self-test have been designed in SCAL-D, a true single-phase adiabatic logic family. Fabricated in a 0.5-/spl mu/m standard n-well CMOS process, the chip has an active area of 0.47 mm/sup 2/. Correct chip operation has been verified for clock rates up to 140 MHz. Moreover, chip dissipation measurements correlate well with HSPICE simulation results. For a selection of biasing conditions that yield correct operation at 140 MHz, total measured average dissipation for the multiplier and the power-clock generator is 250 pJ per operation.
Oligomeric Structure of the Human EphB2 Receptor SAM Domain

The sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain is a protein interaction module that is present in diverse signal-transducing proteins. SAM domains are known to form homo- and hetero-oligomers. The crystal structure of the SAM domain from an Eph receptor tyrosine kinase, EphB2, reveals two large interfaces. In one interface, adjacent monomers exchange amino-terminal peptides that insert into a hydrophobic groove on each neighbor. A second interface is composed of the carboxyl-terminal helix and a nearby loop. A possible oligomer, constructed from a combination of these binding modes, may provide a platform for the formation of larger protein complexes.
Role of interphase boundary adsorption in formation of spheroidal graphite in cast iron

The interphase boundaries in gray and ductile cast iron were studied with a scanning Auger microprobe (SAM). Sulfur and oxygen were found to be adsorbed at the flake/ metal interfaces in the gray iron, while the nodule/metal and intercrystalline graphite interfaces in the ductile iron were free of foreign elements. The only magnesium detected in the magnesium modified ductile iron was combined with phosphorus and sulfur as a compound. A model is presented which proposes that Fe−C−Si eutectic alloys in the absence of surface active impurities (such as in vacuum casting of high purity materials) produce nodular graphite due to the inherent instability of the graphite/melt interface. The sulfur and oxygen always present in commercial alloys adsorb at the graphite/melt interface, effectively “stabilizing” the active sites on the graphite basal planes, and preventing spherulitic growth. The purpose of modifiers is to getter these impurities.
Critical Points of Mixed Fluids and their Numerical Treatment

The simulation of oil reservoirs based on compositional models requires efficient numerical methods for computing multiphase equilibria of mixed fluids. The number of coexisting phases e.g. liquid, vapour and aqua, depends on the composition of the fluid as well as the temperature and pressure. As these external conditions change, a given mixed fluid may reach a transition state where a new phase emerges or an old one disappears. Most of these so called saturation points do not correspond to local bifurcations in the governing equations. Rather we have a global exchange of stability as in the case of a double well potential whose two local minima have exactly the same energy. The proper numerical treatment of such transitions requires techniques that are familiar from the handling of degenerate constraints in optimization algorithms.
Clarifying Thornton: A Bright-Line Definition of Recent Occupant

This note discusses the United States Supreme Court's recent ruling in Thornton v. United States, which set forth an ambiguous rule that holds the key to potential widespread evisceration of the Fourth Amendment if the outer limits are not clearly circumscribed. The Thornton court failed to provide a solid definition of exactly which arrestees are to be classified as "recent occupants," instead stating such status may turn on the individual's "temporal or spatial relationship" to the automobile at the time of the arrest and search. Further complicating matters is the Court's failure to pay recognition to important policy considerations the situation implicated, instead illogically relying upon the twin policy rationales of Chimel v. California for justification. The absence of a straightforward standard rooted in applicable policy concerns is in large part the basis of Thornton's uncertainty, and could serve as the catalyst for expanding the incident-to-arrest doctrine beyond its breaking point. Realistically speaking, a full repudiation of Thornton is highly unlikely. However, it is not the actual result of Thornton that is most unnerving, but rather the feared rampant expansion of the incident-to-arrest doctrine to factual scenarios outside of and beyond Thornton that many predict will lead to the most severe weakening of constitutionally afforded personal liberties. Pointedly stated, the Court's reasoning, when viewed in the abstract, sets aside important policy considerations in exchange for an exception so broadly applied that any individual who is arrested, said to be innocent until proven guilty, could be entirely removed from the protections of the Fourth Amendment. Acknowledging the improbability of Thornton's full reversal, we are left with an opportunity to nip our true fear in the bud. By presenting a limiting rule, comporting with the facts of Thornton, while narrowly circumscribing the differing situations in which the precedent could be applied, the feared continual expansion of the incident-to-arrest doctrine may in large part be avoided. A viable reformulation of Thornton may be found in a concise three-part approach. In short, Thornton's scope should be limited to situations where (1) a police officer observes a suspect occupying an automobile; (2) the officer contacts the suspect after he has occupied that automobile; and (3) there is an uninterrupted nexus between observation and contact. In situations not meeting the requirements of this three-part "recent occupant" test, a court should revert to Chimel's twin policy rationales and examine the area of "immediate control." Although this proposed test is not likely to satisfy all of Thornton's critics, it is a step in the right direction, setting forth a certain amount of clarification, and an honest assessment of the true policy concerns presented by a "recent occupant" situation.
Race and Racelessness in CMO Marketing: Exploring Charter Management Organizations’ Racial Construction and its Implications

As schools face growing competitive pressures, researchers have investigated the increasing reliance on marketing and its implications for various racial and socioeconomic groups. Although research has expanded our knowledge of marketing's gatekeeping qualities, it has less often considered the manner in which school marketing efforts contribute to broader, social understandings of race and the characterization of racial groups. Because marketing has historically played a pivotal role in the construction of race and racial identity in American society, this exploratory study considers if and how racial identities are configured in the marketing materials of two prominent charter management organizations (CMOs). Employing critical discourse analysis, this study suggests that the focal CMOs employ a racial discourse characterized by indirect racial references that are supplemented with negative depictions of the communities and racial groups they serve. I argue that the focal CMOs’ racial discourse contribu...
Longitudinal stability of interictal spikes in benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes

Summary Objective To describe the natural history of electroencephalography (EEG) changes in patients with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) over 1 year. Methods Centrotemporal spikes were visually evaluated based on 24-h ambulatory EEG studies to determine the total, left, right, and bilateral centrotemporal spikes patients were awake and asleep. These spike rates were then used to compare the entire night of sleep to the first 2 h of sleep, the repeatability of spike frequency over two recordings (done within days to weeks), and longitudinal changes in spike rate over 6 and 12 months. Results Nineteen children with newly diagnosed and untreated BECTS were included in this analysis. An excellent correlation was found between the centrotemporal spike rate during the entire duration of sleep and the first 2 h of sleep (intraclass correlation [ICC] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–0.95). In addition, an excellent correlation was found between two recordings completed an average of 23 days apart while patients were asleep (ICC 0.92, 95% CI 0.80–0.97) and good correlation while patients were awake (ICC 0.70, 95% CI 0.39–0.87). The average change in spike rate between recordings at baseline and at 6 months was a decrease of 64.7% (range −100% to +51.5%, p = 0.01) and the average change in rate between recordings at baseline and at 12 months was a decrease of 57.7% (range −100% to +29.1%, p = 0.01). In addition, within 6 months, most children had decreased centrotemporal rates, with 30% of children being spike-free. This absence of spikes did not continue in all children, since the majority (60%) had some spikes at 1 year following diagnosis. Significance Centrotemporal spike rates during sleep are stable when compared over days to weeks; however, when comparing spike rates over months there is a larger degree of variability.
Critical and Emerging Issues for Therapeutic Adventure

This issue represents the third special issue of the Journal of Experiential Education devoted to adventure therapy. The first [Wood, 1983) focused on applications of experiential education to special pop­ ulations, presenting articles on such innovative pro­ grams as the Outward Bound Mental Health Project. Interestingly, it also included an article that is germane to a current discussion on the AEE List—working with clients who are hearing impaired. The second special issue on adventure therapy (Berman, 1995) contained articles that targeted more sophisticated clinical topics. These articles focused on the providers of adventure therapy rather than on the populations, as compared to the first special issue. Thus, articles discussed our theoretical perspectives as providers, advanced topics in group work, and risk management strategies. These articles conceptually focused on clinical processes and techniques utilized in adventure therapy. The current special issue is a collection of nine arti­ cles that raise a number of important issues in the adventure therapy field, all of which can be seen to help define the field. The first section of articles focuses on reaching consensus concerning how we are to define the scope of the field, both as practitioners and researchers. The lead article in this issue, by Keith Russell, asks "What is Wilderness Therapy?" and he proposes a uni­ fying definition for the field. Russell then goes on to summarize the seemingly salutary effects of this approach on self-esteem, social skills, and recidivism. Christian Itin's article challenges us to look both
Implementation of a Hybrid Laplacian Filter in SLOSH to Suppress Numerical Grid Splitting

The Sea Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model predicts hurricane storm surge. SLOSH performs calculations on an Arakawa B-grid and applied a “del-plus” Laplacian filter on the water surface elevation. The result was a vulnerability to numerical instabilities generated by the discretization of gravity waves on a B-grid known as checkerboarding. SLOSH has attempted to control checkerboarding by reducing the time step and adjusting the frequency of calls to the filter, however, as SLOSH grids have become more refined, checkerboarding has become more problematic. Atmospheric model developers have ameliorated checkerboarding by introducing a “del-cross” Laplacian filter. Based on the work of Killworth et al. (1991), we have modified SLOSH to use a weighted difference of the del-plus and del-cross Laplacians in a manner consistent with atmospheric models. This allows SLOSH to be run on higher-resolution grids, while retaining its computational efficiency, which is crucial to storm surge forecasting.
Effect of Thyro-Parathyroideetomy upon the Blood and Plasma Volumes of the Rat

There have been few studies of blood and plasma volumes in myxedema or experimental hypothyroidism, none on the rat. Thompson1 in an early study found the plasma volume in myxedematous patients to be 30% below normal, and also found that the values returned to normal upon treatment with thyroid extract. Holboll2 likewise found the blood and plasma volume reduced in myxedema. In the most recent study, Gibson and Harris3 studied 7 myxedematous patients. They found that the blood volume was only 15% below normal, and attributed the lower results of earlier authors to errors in the method of blood volume determination used.Methods. This study utilized 16 male rats, ranging in weight from 150 to 180 g at the start. Thyro-parathyroidectomy was performed, under ether anesthesia, by blunt dissection and cauterization of the thyroid bed. Following this, an interval of 3 weeks elapsed, during which the rats were undisturbed and were fed upon stock diet. At the end of 3 weeks, the rats had failed to gain weight in a...
Thiol-ene polymer microbeads prepared under high-shear and their successful utility as a heterogeneous photocatalyst via C60-capping

Abstract A series of thiol-ene (1.1:1 equiv) polymer microbeads (PMBs) were prepared via a high-shear suspension photopolymerization method to explore the physical properties of the networks as a function of composition. 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H, 3H, 5H)-trione (TTT) and pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) PMBs were selected for the synthesis of a heterogeneous photocatalyst. Particle size was characterized using DLS and OM, and thermal stability and Tg were assessed using TGA and DSC. PMBs produced from higher functionality monomers produce smaller particles, and Tg increased with monomer rigidity. TTT-PETMP PMBs were derivatized with C60 to demonstrate the accessibility and reactivity of the residual thiols, successful inclusion of C60 as the reactive ene moiety, and overall PMB utility as a scaffold material. Upon capping with C60, the Tg of the composite particles increased significantly. Most importantly, the C60-capped PMBs produced singlet oxygen in direct and indirect chemical assays, and the efficiency did not decrease after recycling.
Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance for Equal Co–Mn Stoichiometry in Colloidal Co3-xMnxO4 Nanoparticles, in Additive-Free Electrodes

Driven by the search for faster and more efficient energy storage systems, research efforts toward electrochemical capacitors, also known as supercapacitors, have dramatically increased in recent years. Transition metal oxides have been shown to exhibit both high specific capacitance because of faradaic redox activity and long cyclic life due to their robust crystal structure. Cationic substitutions in ternary oxides have shown dramatic improvements over binary analogues, but the peak stoichiometry is often arrived at by trial and error. Transition metal oxides are also hampered by low electronic conductivity, requiring the use of conducting additives such as carbon black. In this work, we study the effect of cationic substitutions in Co3-xMnxO4 nanoparticles on electrochemical Li-ion energy storage in electrodes assembled without polymeric or conducting additives. We use a hot injection synthesis to produce colloidal Co–Mn nanoparticles with various ratios of Co/Mn. Through electrophoretic deposition (EP...
The Lupus Susceptibility Gene Pbx1 Regulates the Balance between Follicular Helper T Cell and Regulatory T Cell Differentiation

Pbx1 controls chromatin accessibility to a large number of genes and is entirely conserved between mice and humans. The Pbx1-d dominant-negative isoform is more frequent in CD4(+) T cells from lupus patients than from healthy controls. Pbx1-d is associated with the production of autoreactive T cells in mice carrying the Sle1a1 lupus-susceptibility locus. Transgenic (Tg) expression of Pbx1-d in CD4(+) T cells reproduced the phenotypes of Sle1a1 mice, with increased inflammatory functions of CD4(+) T cells and impaired Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) homeostasis. Pbx1-d-Tg expression also expanded the number of follicular helper T cells (TFHs) in a cell-intrinsic and Ag-specific manner, which was enhanced in recall responses and resulted in Th1-biased Abs. Moreover, Pbx1-d-Tg CD4(+) T cells upregulated the expression of miR-10a, miR-21, and miR-155, which were implicated in Treg and follicular helper T cell homeostasis. Our results suggest that Pbx1-d impacts lupus development by regulating effector T cell differentiation and promoting TFHs at the expense of Tregs. In addition, our results identify Pbx1 as a novel regulator of CD4(+) T cell effector function.
Hypertension and renal dysfunction in bone marrow transplant recipients.

The incidence of acute renal failure, hypertension and electrolyte disorders in 64 bone marrow transplant recipients randomized to receive either cyclosporin or cyclophosphamide was investigated. Sixty-four per cent of patients developed acute renal failure, 75 per cent hypertension, and 88 per cent significant hypomagnesemia. The incidence of diastolic hypertension and hypomagnesemia was greater in the patients treated with cyclosporin. Hypomagnesemia was due to magnesium wasting by the kidney. Both groups received similar cumulative doses of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Significant proteinuria developed in all but one patient and nephrotic-range proteinuria was noted in 21 per cent. The cause of the proteinuria is unclear; no obvious morphologic changes were seen at autopsy in patients who exhibited nephrotic-range proteinuria. The abnormalities of renal function were shown to be transient in patients who were observed for periods ranging from one to three years. It is concluded that hypertension, renal failure and hypomagnesemia are common in the setting of bone marrow transplantation. Whereas cyclosporin probably aggravates the severity of these disorders, it is likely that other factors (e.g., aminoglycoside antibiotics) play a major role as shown by the high incidence of renal and electrolyte disorders in patients treated with cyclophosphamide alone.
Two types of dominant male cichlid fish: behavioral and hormonal characteristics.

ABSTRACT Male African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni , have been classified as dominant or subordinate, each with unique behavioral and endocrine profiles. Here we characterize two distinct subclasses of dominant males based on types of aggressive behavior: (1) males that display escalating levels of aggression and court females while they establish a territory, and (2) males that display a stable level of aggression and delay courting females until they have established a territory. To profile differences in their approach to a challenge, we used an intruder assay. In every case, there was a male-male confrontation between the resident dominant male and the intruder, with the intruder quickly taking a subordinate role. However, we found that dominant males with escalating aggression spent measurably more time attacking subordinates than did dominant males with stable aggression that instead increased their attention toward the females in their tank. There was no difference in the behavior of intruders exposed to either type of dominant male, suggesting that escalating aggression is an intrinsic characteristic of some dominant males and is not elicited by the behavior of their challengers. Male behavior during the first 15 min of establishing a territory predicts their aggressive class. These two types of dominant males also showed distinctive physiological characteristics. After the intruder assay, males with escalating aggression had elevated levels of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol, while those with stable aggression did not. These observations show that the same stimulus can elicit different behavioral and endocrine responses among A. burtoni dominant males that characterize them as either escalating or stable aggressive types. Our ability to identify which individuals within a population have escalating levels of aggressive responses versus those which have stable levels of aggressive responses when exposed to the same stimulus, offers a potentially powerful model for investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms that modulate aggressive behavior.
Relationship Strength Based Access Control in Online Social Networks

Online social networking site is a platform, where a person can communicate with others by creating his own profile. Lots of contents (e.g., photos, videos, etc.) are being generated every minute, because of its popularity. Generally, users do not want to share their all information with everyone as some of them are very sensitive, this raises privacy and confidentiality issues. So, Online Social Network (OSN) requires an effective and reliable access control mechanism to protect the users’ contents. This paper presents a novel Relationship Strength Based Access Control (RSBAC) mechanism which allow users to provide the access to their contents based on intimacy degree or closeness with respect to their friends. A reliable intimacy degree is calculated by considering the social activities and profile similarities between the friends. The content owner can make the access control policy by assigning different range of intimacy degrees. Users whose intimacy degrees are in the acceptable range, can access the contents.
Stem Cell Niches

The ability of adult stem cells to both self-renew and produce daughter cells that initiate differentiation is the key to tissue homeostasis, providing a continuous supply of new cells to replace short-lived but highly differentiated cell types, such as blood, skin, and sperm. The critical decision between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation must be tightly controlled. If too many daughter cells initiate differentiation, the stem cell population may become depleted. Alternatively, unchecked stem cell selfrenewal could abnormally expand the number of proliferative, partially differentiated cells in which secondary mutations could arise, leading to tumorigenesis. A detailed understanding of how the choice between stem cell selfrenewal and the onset of differentiation is determined may facilitate the expansion of adult stem cell populations in culture while maintaining essential stem cell characteristics, a critical first step toward harnessing the potential of adult stem cells for tissue replacement and gene therapy.