cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixing dynamics and molecular interactions of HMW glutenins, LMW glutenins, and gliadins analyzed by fluorescent co-localization and protein network quantification

Abstract Gluten proteins and their impact affecting the texture and rheology of wheat-based food products is well-known. We are now using newly developed antibodies for LMW and HMW glutenins along with gliadin antibodies, all of them conjugated with Quantum Dots to visualize these gluten subunits in wheat dough during dough mixing. We are also using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and image analysis software from to obtain quantitative analysis regarding the degree of co-localization of the different gluten subunits in the same dough area and the quantification of the gluten network branches. The co-localization coefficient is shown as a promising technique to evaluate the interaction between different components in dough samples. We are linking the qualitative observations and quantitative data of gliadins, LMW glutenins, and HMW glutenins to dough physical characteristics at different stages of mixing in a Brabender farinograph. During dough mixing the three gluten subunits associate together to form a strong gluten network however, with continuous mixing, LMW glutenins dissociate from the network first, followed by a later dissociation of the HMW glutenins. Visualizing the distribution of the gluten subunits during mixing is helping us advance our understanding of the mechanism of dough development.
Examining the Impact of Differential Item Functioning on Classification Accuracy in Cognitive Diagnostic Models.

Cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) are of growing interest in educational research because of the models’ ability to provide diagnostic information regarding examinees’ strengths and weaknesses sui...
Next-to-leading power corrections to V+1 jet production in N-jettiness subtraction

We discuss the subleading power corrections to one-jet production processes in $N$-jettiness subtraction using vector-boson plus jet production as an example. We analytically derive the next-to-leading power (NLP) leading logarithmic corrections through $\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{S})$ in perturbative QCD and outline the calculation of the next-to-leading logarithmic corrections. Our result is differential in the jet transverse momentum and rapidity, and in the vector boson momentum squared and rapidity. We present simple formulas that separate the NLP corrections into universal factors valid for any one-jet cross section and process-dependent matrix-element corrections. We discuss in detail features of the NLP corrections such as the process independence of the leading-logarithmic result that occurs due to the factorization of matrix elements in the subleading soft limit, the occurrence of poles in the nonhemisphere soft function at NLP, and the cancellation of potential $\sqrt{{\mathcal{T}}_{1}/Q}$ corrections to the $N$-jettiness factorization theorem. We validate our analytic result by comparing them to numerically fitted coefficients, finding good agreement for both the inclusive and the differential cross sections. The size of the power corrections for different definitions of ${\mathcal{T}}_{1}$ is studied.
Selective control of working memory in prefrontal, parietal, and visual cortex

Abstract Cognitive control guides behavior by controlling what, where, and how information is represented in the brain. Previous work has shown parietal and prefrontal cortex direct attention, which controls the representation of external sensory stimuli1,2. However, the neural mechanisms controlling the selection of representations held ‘in mind’, in working memory, are unknown. To address this, we trained two monkeys to switch between two tasks, requiring them to either select an item from a set of items held in working memory or attend to one stimulus from a set of visual stimuli. Simultaneous neural recordings in prefrontal, parietal, and visual cortex found prefrontal cortex played a primary role in selecting an item from working memory, representing selection before parietal and visual cortex. Surprisingly, a common population representation in prefrontal cortex encoded selection of an item in working memory and attention to an external stimulus, suggesting prefrontal cortex may act as a domain-general controller. Selection acted on memory representations in two ways. First, selection improved the accuracy of memory reports by enhancing the selected item’s representation in prefrontal and parietal cortex. Second, selection transformed memory representations in a task-dependent manner. Before selection, when both items were relevant to the task, the identity of each item was represented in an independent subspace of neural activity. After selection, the representation of only the selected item was transformed into a new subspace that was used to guide the animal’s behavioral report. Together, our results provide insight into how prefrontal cortex controls working memory representations, selectively enhancing and transforming them to support behavior.
Selective Sampling for Sensor Type Classification in Buildings

A key barrier to applying any smart technology to a building is the requirement of locating and connecting to the necessary resources among the thousands of sensing and control points, i.e., the metadata mapping problem. Existing solutions depend on exhaustive manual annotation of sensor metadata — a laborious, costly, and hardly scalable process. To reduce the amount of manual effort required, this paper presents a multi-oracle selective sampling framework to leverage noisy labels from information sources with unknown reliability such as existing buildings, which we refer to as weak oracles, for metadata mapping. This framework involves an interactive process, where a small set of sensor instances are progressively selected and labeled for it to learn how to aggregate the noisy labels as well as to predict sensor types.Two key challenges arise in designing the framework, namely, weak oracle reliability estimation and instance selection for querying. To address the first challenge, we develop a clustering-based approach for weak oracle reliability estimation to capitalize on the observation that weak oracles perform differently in different groups of instances. For the second challenge, we propose a disagreement-based query selection strategy to combine the potential effect of a labeled instance on both reducing classifier uncertainty and improving the quality of label aggregation. We evaluate our solution on a large collection of real-world building sensor data from 5 buildings with more than 11, 000 sensors of 18 different types. The experiment results validate the effectiveness of our solution, which outperforms a set of state-of-the-art baselines.
Ecosystem structure and resilience of the Florida Bay Estuary: an original ecosystem model with implications for everglades restoration

Restricted from its historic freshwater input from the Everglades, the Florida Bay estuary is plagued by hypersaline conditions and disturbances such as aperiodic seagrass die-off events. One of the largest restoration efforts in the US, the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) aims to restore the freshwater inputs lost. Providing world-renowned recreational fishing opportunities and nursery habitat for valuable commercial fisheries, the bay’s condition, coupled with the potential changes from CERP and future climate, highlight the need to implement an ecosystem-based management (EBM) approach. We developed a comprehensive ecosystem model of Florida Bay using Ecopath with Ecosim to provide a thorough understanding of its structure and resilience to environmental disturbances. The results supported the hypothesis that the bay is stabilised through detrital pathways but is not driven primarily through bottom-up control as predicted. Several predator–prey relationships are identified for suggested ecological attention in fisheries management, including the ecological benefits of the forage species pink shrimp, clupeids, pinfish and mullets, and a negative top-down effect of common snook on red drum. The results further support the hypothesis that the restoration of freshwater flows will improve overall resilience in Florida Bay, namely by providing a regime of lower salinity and reduced nutrient enrichment.
Histopathology of morphea: Sensitivity of various named signs, a retrospective study.

Background: Morphea or localized scleroderma is characterized histopathologically by sclerosis, fibrosis, and atrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Various authors have named the characteristic findings seen in histopathology of morphea and have labeled them as specific signs, including line sign, cookie-cutter sign, and square biopsy sign. Besides, other findings mentioned include high eccrine glands and the presence of interstitial mucin. The present study was undertaken to assess the sensitivity of these tests in the histopathological diagnosis of morphea. Methods: All cases clinically diagnosed and histopathologically reported as morphea in the last 3 years (September 2016 to August 2019) were included. The slides were reviewed by two independent investigators for the presence of line sign, cookie-cutter sign, square biopsy sign, high eccrine glands, and mucin. The sensitivity of these signs in accurately diagnosing morphea was assessed. Besides, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of these signs were assessed using 40 random histopathology slides as controls. Results: The highest sensitivity was of high eccrine glands (82.5%) followed by the presence of mucin in the dermis (77.5%). Cookie-cutter sign and square biopsy signs were seen in 70% and 62.5% patients, respectively. Line sign was least sensitive of all, seen in 45% of biopsy specimens, but was most specific (82.5%). Conclusion: A fair number of biopsies of morphea displays the presence of high eccrine glands, mucin, cookie-cutter sign, square biopsy sign, and line sign. These signs thus can be of immense help to the dermatopathology trainees.
A Comparative Study on the Performance of Model Reference Adaptive Control System Utilizing Linearized and Nonlinear Aircraft Models

This paper provides a comparative study between the performance of Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC) using linearized and nonlinear commercial aircraft models. The linearized and nonlinear flight dynamics of the aircraft were generated using NASA Transport Class Model (TCM). MRAC was developed in pervious study but implemented and integrated with the TCM model to compare its performance on linearized and nonlinear aircraft models. This study focused on comparing the performance of MRAC only with longitudinal model of the aircraft. In addition, the study compares the responses of the angle of attack (AOA) using both models. The simulation tests of the study was conducted under known flight trim conditions. The simulation results showed that MRAC produced comparable responses with linearized and nonlinear aircraft models. Implementation of the MARC on the aircraft models as well as the simulation architectures and test results are all presented in this paper.
Symbol alphabets from plabic graphs II: rational letters

Symbol alphabets of n-particle amplitudes in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory are known to contain certain cluster variables of G(4, n) as well as certain algebraic functions of cluster variables. The first paper arXiv:2007.00646 in this series focused on n = 8 algebraic letters. In this paper we show that it is possible to obtain all rational symbol letters (in fact all cluster variables) by solving matrix equations of the form C Z = 0 if one allows C to be an arbitrary cluster parameterization of the top cell of G+(n−4, n).
The trouble with snack time: children’s food and the politics of parenting: by Jennifer Patico, New York, NYU Press, 2020, 240 pp., ISBN 1479845981

Jennifer Patico’s The Trouble with Snack Time: Children’s Food and the Politics of Parenting describes the current landscape of contemporary, middle-class parenting as influenced by a set of anxiet...
Developments in Intermediary Liability

The Communications Decency Act (“CDA”) was crafted at the dawn of the Internet Age to provide immunity for any “interactive computer service” (“ICS”) from liability based on information provided by third parties. Colloquially known by its section number in Title 47 of the U.S. Code, Section 230 shielded the nascent industry by greatly limiting federal claims against an ICS and preempting conflicting state claims. Section 230’s immunity clause has generally been interpreted by courts to cover virtually all forms of third-party content published by platforms of all types (e.g., Facebook, Airbnb, Tinder, and Amazon), even if the information is patently inaccurate, illegal, or intended to deceive. The cases included in this survey relate to a wide array of business law topics, including hosting a marketplace for products designed to inflict harm or for recruitment of—and communications by—like-minded individuals (Part II.A), liability for marking a competitor’s products as a security risk (Part II.B), loss of immunity due to a role in compiling information (Part II.C), removing content or users from a platform (Part II.D), and the Snapchat speed filter (Part II.E). The future of Section 230 is uncertain due to controversy surrounding the increased moderation by major platforms, including warning labels, user bans, and content removal, which prompted an executive order from the President encouraging increased scrutiny of Section 230’s application and multiple public statements calling for the repeal or amendment of the law itself (Part III). Given the wide-ranging application of Section 230’s immunity clause to companies that constitute a significant portion of the economy, all business lawyers should monitor its current applications, the impact of the recent executive order, and any future statutory amendments or new administrative rules.
Efficacy and tolerability of the modified Atkins diet in children with drug-resistant genetic generalized epilepsy.

Objective The ketogenic diet therapy is a time-tested and potent non-pharmacologic treatment for epilepsy. However, the study of the ketogenic diet in patients with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) is not widely established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the modified Atkins diet, a variation of the ketogenic diets, as a treatment for drug-resistant GGE. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed in patients with epilepsy treated with the modified Atkins diet at the University of Chicago from 2017 to 2020. For three months following diet initiation, participants were monitored for diet tolerability and effect on seizures. Response to the treatment was recorded by self-reporting patients and guardians. Results Thirteen patients with a diagnosis of drug-resistant GGE were identified. An average of 3.8 anti-seizure medications (ASMs) had been tried and 3.4 years had elapsed from seizure onset before dietary therapy was attempted. Patients were receiving a mean of 2.2 ASMs at the time of diet initiation. After undergoing dietary treatment for three months, 12/13 (92%) patients experienced a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency, 6/13 (46%) patients became seizure-free, and 7/13 (54%) were able to discontinue at least one ASM. All patients completed at least three months of dietary therapy with an average duration of 9.3 months at the time of report. One patient reported side effects of fatigue which may be attributed to the diet. Significance The modified Atkins diet has shown to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for children with drug-resistant GGE. The diet provides the additional benefit of aiding to discontinue ASMs and, therefore, minimize the side effects from polypharmacy. Given these results, it seems reasonable to consider the modified Atkins diet as an alternative and possibly earlier treatment option for patients with drug-resistant GGE.
Characterization of Temperate Bacillus Bacteriophage φ105

Temperate Bacillus phage phi105 is serologically unrelated to previously described virulent Bacillus phages. Phage phi105 is incapable of generalized transduction. Prophage phi105 is inducible with mitomycin C. Phage phi105 contains double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a molecular weight of about 25 x 10(7) as determined by band sedimentation and electron microscopy. The per cent guanine plus cytosine of phi105 DNA is 43.5 as determined by buoyant density in CsCl and by thermal denaturation. Phage phi105 DNA may contain complementary single-stranded ends.
Xylitol Associated Changes in Amylase and Protein Content of Monkey Parotid Saliva

The purpose of this study was to examine amylase activity in the parotid saliva of monkeys fed a high sugar diet supplemented for 3-day periods with either sucrose or xylitol. All monkeys fed xylitol displayed a significant elevation of amylase activity and total protein content in their parotid saliva. The specific activity of amylase (units/mg protein) did not differ between the two diets. The possible importance of this observation to the purported cariostatic action of xylitol is discussed.
Martin, Dorothy Louise “Del” (1921–2008), and Phyllis Anne Lyon (1924–)

Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon were founders of the first U.S. lesbian rights organization in 1955. They also started the first monthly magazine by and for lesbians, The Ladder, which was published continuously from 1956 to 1972. Through their activism on behalf of sexual minorities and civil liberties, they helped create the modern lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender movement. Keywords: Daughters of Bilitis; homophile; lesbian; The Ladder
A factor study of Cratty's body perception test.

This study investigated the subtest items included in Cratty's body perception test. Eighty-nine children classified as educable mentally retarded or otherwise developmentally disabled served as su...
Using Chado to Store Genome Annotation Data

Chado is a relational database schema that can be used to manage a wide variety of biological information, including genome annotation, genetic, phenotypic, and expression data. Its flexibility comes from its use of "ontologies," which are controlled vocabularies that describe data types and the relationships among them. By changing its ontologies, Chado can be customized to suit many different needs. Another aspect that gives Chado its flexibility is its use of a modular design, which means that users can choose to use only those features of Chado that are suitable for their needs. XORT is the main software tool used to move data in and out of Chado databases. XORT uses an XML-based file format for data import and export; this format is called ChadoXML, The protocols described in this chapter show how to use XORT and related software to import genome annotation data into Chado databases, and how to export data stored in Chado databases into different file formats for report and data mining purposes.
A monte carlo study of the f test and three tests based on ranks of treatment effects in randomized block designs

The F test is compared with three procedures based on ranks for testing treatment effects in the randomized complete block, fixed effects, model with one observation per cell.
Algorithmic and Computational Aspects of the Use of Optimization Methods in Engineering Design

Abstract This paper deals with the relationship of recent advances in optimization theory, algorithms, and computation to problems of engineering design. The use of point-based optimality criteria for sensitivity analysis is discussed using as an example the design of a cylindrical torsion bar. The use of branch and bound methods for handling nonconvex programming problems to get around the problem of multiple local solutions is illustrated with a problem of reservoir design. An automatic procedure based on a new language for describing mathematical functions is shown as a way to interface between algebraic descriptions of design problems and computer codes implementing more powerful algorithms. This is illustrated by a problem in the design of a space launch vehicle. The capability of converting any optimization problem to a separable problem—thus facilitating the computerized description of the problem—is illustrated by aspects of the design of a vertical corrugated transverse bulkhead. Finally, comments are made concerning the future relationship between optimal engineering design problems and algorithms for solving them.
DYNAMICS OF ROW-SWITCHED STATES IN JOSEPHSON-JUNCTION ARRAYS

We discuss numerical studies of the properties of underdamped Josephson junction arrays driven with a constant current, concentrating on the effect of self-induced magnetic fields and the dynamics of row-switched states. In the rwo-switched state, junction dynamics are ordered both along rows and columns of the array. Junctions in a switched row coherently oscillate, and ordered vortex patterns distinct from ground-state configurations are observed to form along array columns. Strong self-field effects can perturb the ordered vortex states in the row-switched regime and reduce the tendency of the junction to coherently oscillate.
Selective photoionization of 64Cu in the presence of 63,65 Cu

Abstract It has been proposed that a copper crystal enriched in 64Cu relative to 63Cu would provide a source of a low-energy, monoenergetic beam of positrons, with an intensity as much as three orders of magnitude greater than unenriched sources. We have evaluated the use of resonance ionization to selectively photoionize 64Cu in the presence of the stable isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu. It appears that this method may be applied with high selectivity and relatively high efficiency using rather simple laser systems. Various aspects of this technique will be discussed.
Soil Properties, Nitrogen Status, and Switchgrass Productivity in a Biochar-Amended Silty Clay Loam

A 14-wk greenhouse study was conducted to assess how varying application rates of biomass-derived black carbon (biochar) and N fertilizer affect soil properties, plant N status, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum l.) productivity. biochar derived from a southern pine species was mixed with a silty clay loam at rates of 0, 0.4, 1.9, and 3.9% (w/w) and two rates of N fertilizer (0 and 56 kg ha −1 of N as urea) were applied in a randomized complete block design. biochar provided increases in the volumetric water content (VwC, %) of the soil during the study period. At study completion, soil ph and total C were increased. Foliar N concentration and content did not differ among treatments despite significant increases in soil C/N ratios due to biochar. Switchgrass yields were reduced at the highest biochar application rate but were unaffected when rates were moderate. Nitrogen fertilization had few effects on measured soil and plant properties, and no interactive effects were found when applied in conjunction with biochar. overall, moderate rates of biochar application increased soil ph, soil C content, and VwC but had negligible effects on plant N status or switchgrass yields. our results demonstrate a potential function of biochar for improving temperate soil properties. Abbreviations: VM, volatile matter; VWC, volumetric water content.
Filling the missing cone in protein electron crystallography.

The hyper-resolution property of the Sayre equation is explored for extrapolating amplitudes and phases into the missing cone of data left after tilting a representative protein (rubredoxin) to restricted limits in the electron microscope. At 0.6 nm resolution, a reasonable prediction of crystallographic phases can be made to reconstruct the lost information. Best results are obtained if the goniometer tilt value is greater than approximately +/-60 degrees, but some missing information can be restored if the tilt is restricted to +/-45 degrees.
Associations between alleles of the major histocompatibility complex and type 1 autoimmune hepatitis

Susceptibility for type 1 autoimmune hepatitis has been associated with the major histocompatibility alleles DRB1*0301, DRB3*0101, DRB1*0401, and DRB4*0103, whereas the DRB1*1501 allele may protect from the disease. Our aim was to determine if these alleles or others influence clinical manifestations and prognosis. Eighty-six white patients were evaluated prospectively for immune features and outcomes. Class I alleles were determined by microlymphocytotoxicity, and class II alleles were assessed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes or sequence-specific primers. One hundred two white, normal subjects were typed in the same fashion. Patients with concurrent immunologic diseases were more commonly positive for DRB4*0103 than patients without these features (68% vs. 38%, P = .01). DRB1*0301 (86% vs. 45%, P = .008) and the DRB1*0301-DRB3*0101 haplotype (79% vs. 42%, P = .02) occurred more commonly in patients who deteriorated during corticosteroid therapy. In contrast, DRB1*0401 and the DRB1*0401-DRB4*0103 haplotype were associated with a lower frequency of death from liver failure or the need for transplantation than patients with other alleles (0% vs. 37%, P = .03). Patients with DRB1*0301 differed from those with DRB1*0401 in that they were younger and failed treatment more commonly (27% vs. 5%, P = .04). We conclude that alleles associated with susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis also influence its clinical features and prognosis. DRB4*0103 is associated with concurrent immune diseases, DRB1*0301 with a poor treatment response, and DRB1*0401 with a lower frequency of hepatic death or transplantation.
Weight-Related Teasing in the School Environment: Associations with Psychosocial Health and Weight Control Practices Among Adolescent Boys and Girls

Weight-related teasing has been found to be associated with low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, body dissatisfaction, and weight control behaviors in adolescents. While research has typically examined weight-related teasing directed towards the individual, little is known about weight-related teasing at the school level. This study aimed to determine the association between the school-level prevalence of weight-related teasing and psychosocial factors, body dissatisfaction and weight control behaviors in adolescents. Adolescents (N = 2,793; 53.2 % female) attending 20 US public middle and high schools were surveyed as part of the Eating and Activity in Teens (EAT) 2010 study. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the association between school-level weight-related teasing and health variables, controlling for individual-level weight-related teasing, clustering of individuals within schools, and relevant covariates. A greater school-level prevalence of weight-related teasing was associated with lower self-esteem and greater body fat dissatisfaction in girls, and greater depressive symptoms in boys, over and above individual-level weight-related teasing. Dieting was associated with the school-level prevalence of weight-related teasing in analysis adjusted for covariates in girls, but not following adjustment for individual-level weight-related teasing. Unhealthy weight control behaviors, extreme weight control behaviors, and muscle-enhancing behaviors were not associated with the school-level prevalence of weight-related teasing in girls or boys. Findings from the current study, in conjunction with previous findings showing associations between weight-related teasing, psychological concerns, and weight control behaviors, highlight the importance of implementing strategies to decrease weight-related teasing in schools.
Musical Applications of Electric Field Sensing

The Theremin was one of the first electronic musical instruments, yet it provides a degree of expressive real-time control that remains lacking in most modern electronic music interfaces. Underlying the deceptively simple capacitance measurement used by it and its descendants are a number of surprisingly interesting current transport mechanisms that can be used to inexpensively , unobtrusively, robustly, and remotely detect the position of people and objects. We review the relevant physics, describe appropriate measurement instrumentation, and discuss applications that began with capturing virtuosic performance gesture on traditional stringed instruments and evolved into the design of new musical interfaces.
Methylation Affects Transposition and Splicing of a Large CACTA Transposon from a MYB Transcription Factor Regulating Anthocyanin Synthase Genes in Soybean Seed Coats

We determined the molecular basis of three soybean lines that vary in seed coat color at the R locus which is thought to encode a MYB transcription factor. RM55-rm is homozygous for a mutable allele (rm) that specifies black and brown striped seeds; RM30-R* is a stable black revertant isoline derived from the mutable line; and RM38-r has brown seed coats due to a recessive r allele shown to translate a truncated MYB protein. Using long range PCR, 454 sequencing of amplicons, and whole genome re-sequencing, we determined that the variegated RM55-rm line had a 13 kb CACTA subfamily transposon insertion (designated TgmR*) at a position 110 bp from the beginning of Intron2 of the R locus, Glyma09g36983. Although the MYB encoded by R was expressed at only very low levels in older seed coats of the black revertant RM30-R* line, it upregulated expression of anthocyanidin synthase genes (ANS2, ANS3) to promote the synthesis of anthocyanins. Surprisingly, the RM30-R* revertant also carried the 13 kb TgmR* insertion in Intron2. Using RNA-Seq, we showed that intron splicing was accurate, albeit at lower levels, despite the presence of the 13 kb TgmR* element. As determined by whole genome methylation sequencing, we demonstrate that the TgmR* sequence was relatively more methylated in RM30-R* than in the mutable RM55-rm progenitor line. The stabilized and more methylated RM30-R* revertant line apparently lacks effective binding of a transposae to its subterminal repeats, thus allowing intron splicing to proceed resulting in sufficient MYB protein to stimulate anthocyanin production and thus black seed coats. In this regard, the TgmR* element in soybean resembles McClintock's Spm-suppressible and change-of-state alleles of maize. This comparison explains the opposite effects of the TgmR* element on intron splicing of the MYB gene in which it resides depending on the methylation state of the element.
Managing the production, storage, and delivery of colostrum

The newborn calf is dependent upon colostrum for disease resistance because the separation of maternal and fetal blood supplies prevents the in utero transfer of immune factors. Agammaglobulinemic at birth, calves are dependent upon colostrum not only for the transfer of immunoglobulins but also for the absorption of immune cells, cytokines, other nonspecific immunologic substances, nutritional elements, and important growth factors [1]. Colostrum contains more protein, immunoglobulins, nonprotein nitrogen, fat, ash, vitamins, and minerals than milk. Although the importance of colostrum has been appreciated for almost 100 years, failure of immune transfer is a common problem amongst dairy calves [2–7]. Low serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration in calves, the basis for the condition called failure of passive transfer (FPT), is correlated with economic loss from disease susceptibility, a negative impact on future productivity, and mortality in dairy calves [5,8–11]. The transfer of immunity from colostrum ingestion is generally considered to be adequate if serum IgG concentration is 1000 mg/dL [12]. Serum total protein concentration 5.2 g/dL in healthy, well-hydrated calves or 5.5 g/dL in clinically ill calves is also considered a measure of adequate passive transfer of immunity [12–15]. The majority of deaths among calves with serum IgG concentrations \1000 mg/dL are blamed on lack of immunoglobulin intake [5,11]. FPT can be the result of inadequate colostrum formation, ingestion, or absorption. The factors believed to play critical roles are the timing of
DAPHNE...the Design of a Parallel Multiprocessor Data Acquisition System

The DAPHNE data acquisition system is designed to collect data at high rates from CAMAC instruments and to analyze the data on-line with multiple single-board computers using the National 32016 micoprocessor. It will be the standard data acquisition system used on all instruments at the Argonne Tandem-Linac Accelerator (ATLAS), a heavy ion accelerator. The system includes a programmable Event Handler to acquire the data from CAMAC instruments, Event Processors operating in parallel to analyze the data, an Event Distributor to supply the data to the parallel processors, and an intelligent Event Processor Interface to control the Event Processors and transfer data between the host computer and the Event Processors. Functional characteristics of each of these system components will be discussed and the design of the custom Event Distributor and intelligent Event Processor Interface will be described in detail.
Treatment of compulsive verbal behavior with response contingent punishment and relaxation

Abstract Chronic obsessive and compulsive behavior is a distressing and often crippling disorder which is highly resistant to treatment. The current investigation used the behavioral techniques of punishment and relaxation training to extinguish high frequency obsessive ruminations and verbal behavior in two female patients. Punishment involved an aversive stimulus, consisting of previously taped segments of the patients' high frequency verbal behavior which were played to the patient when she emitted that behavior. Relaxation training was used to minimize any anxiety-producing side effects of the punishment technique and to counter-condition anxiety either cued by or cueing the high frequency behaviors. The patients have during 20-month and 18-month follow-up periods respectively been free of the obsessive behavior and the anxiety previously associated with it.
Morphology of a picky eater: a novel mechanism underlies premaxillary protrusion and retraction within cyprinodontiforms.

Abstract Upper jaw protrusion is hypothesized to improve feeding performance in teleost fishes by enhancing suction production and stealth of the feeding event. However, many cyprinodontiform fishes (mid-water feeders, such as mosquitofish, killifish, swordtails, mollies and pupfish) use upper jaw protrusion for “picking” prey out of the water column or off the substrate; this feeding mode may require improved jaw dexterity, but does not necessarily require increased stealth and/or suction production. We describe functional aspects of the bones, muscles and ligaments of the anterior jaws in three cyprinodontiform genera: Fundulus (Fundulidae), Gambusia and Poecilia (Poeciliidae). All three genera possess a premaxillomandibular ligament that connects the premaxilla of the upper jaw to the mandible. The architecture of this ligament is markedly different from the upper–lower jaw connections previously described for basal atherinomorphs or other teleosts, and this loose ligamentous connection allows for more pronounced premaxillary protrusion in this group relative to closely related outgroup taxa. Within poeciliids, a novel insertion of the second division of the adductor mandibulae (A2) onto the premaxilla has also evolved, which allows this jaw adductor to actively retract the premaxilla during mouth closing. This movement is in contrast with most other teleosts, where the upper jaw is retracted passively via pressure applied by the adduction of the lower jaw. We postulate that this mechanism of premaxillary protrusion mediates the cyprinodontiforms’ ability to selectively pick specific food items from the water column, surface or bottom, as a picking-based feeding mechanism requires controlled and coordinated “forceps-like” movements of the upper and lower jaws. This mechanism is further refined in some poeciliids, where direct muscular control of the premaxillae may facilitate picking and/or scraping material from the substrate.
Use of Polynomial Regression to Investigate Biased Self-Perceptions and ADHD Symptoms in Young Adolescents.

Objective: This study investigated biased self-perceptions of academic and social competence among young adolescents with a range of ADHD symptoms. The goal was to better understand how to measure ...
STUDIES ON ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION : II. TRANSPLANTATION OF THE SPLEEN WITH INTACT BLOOD SUPPLY.

Seven autoplastic transplantations and one homoplastic transplantation of the spleen of dogs were made. One autotransplantation was successful, the gland being normal at the end of 88 days.
The economics of German reunification: A review of the literature

Abstract This is a review, largely of German sources, of the literature on the establishment of a social market economy in the federal states formerly constituting the German Democratic Republic. It includes an investigation of progress already achieved in the attempt to meet the requirements of transformation, including privatization, marketization, the establishment of competitive conditions, the achievement of monetary and financial reorganization, the securing of sufficient public and private investments, etc. Some of the main obstacles to change are addressed, and aspects of German transformation of interest to other reconstructing economies are presented.
AN IMPROVED BEARING ARRANGEMENT FOR VACUUM OPERATION OF THE ROTARY CONDENSER OF A SYNCHROCYCLOTRON

The original bearings supporting the rotary condenser tend to wear out after 2 to 3 weeks. The rotary condenser suspension was modified to allow the sealing of the bearings in an oil bath. (D.L.C.)
Contraception by the end of the 20th century—the role of the voluntary organizations

Contraceptive technology expanded rapidly throughout the 1960s and 1970s due to the research and development activities of about 13 major pharmaceutical companies but in the 1980s this number declined to just four companies. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) increased their involvement in contraception research when pharmaceutical industries declined in their investment. NGOs also were active in dispelling rumors in product liability suits. The Population Council established a biomedical research lab in 1956 for development and testing of contraceptives suitable for developing countries. Recent new contraceptives include Norplant subdermal implants for men contraceptive rings a hormone-releasing IUD antifertility vaccines and abortifacients. Experimentation is still being conducted with transdermal delivery of contraceptive steroids and with new devices for blocking the vas deferens such as the Vasoclude or a laser occlusion device. The Program for the Introduction and Adaptation of Contraceptive Technology and the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health were formed in 1976 to advocate for new contraceptive methods in developing countries. Family Health International which was formed in 1971 assisted in new product development such as a new plastic affordable and long storage condom for prevention of AIDS. USAIDs Contraceptive Research and Development Program has been involved in the early stages of new research. The Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception which is service based has contributed to the development of a monthly injectable and a HIV dipstick test. The International Planned Parenthood Federation founded in 1952 has been involved with service delivery. Outreach has been achieved through programs in community participation and involvement of middle class groups in urban slum areas. NGOs have been active in promoting the role of women and improvement in womens status. Improvements in service delivery have also been enhanced by NGO efforts. National family planning associations frequently work closely with national governments. The problem of unsafe abortion has been publicized and NGOs have implemented programs to reduce unsafe abortion. There is an urgent need for NGOs to continue their activities but additional funding is very much in need. An additional 50 billion is required over the next 20 years. This amount is 66% of the worlds consumption cost for cigarettes.
Electrophoresis of thymidine kinase activity synthesized by cells transformed by herpes simplex virus.

Abstract L cells have 2 isozymes of thymidine kinase (TK), as distinguished by polyacrylimide gel electrophoresis. The major activity has a relative average mobility ( R f ) of 0.26, compared to bromophenol blue. The minor activity has an average R f of 0.75. We have called these TK activities TK-I and TK-II, respectively. L cells that are unable to take up thymidine (dThd) from tissue culture medium and incorporate it into DNA (Ltk minus cells) do not have the TK-I activity but do contain TK-II. The infection of Ltk minus cells with Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) induces a TK activity with an average R f of 0.43. HSV transformed cells, i.e., clones of Ltk minus cells which have acquired the ability to take up dThd from tissue culture medium due to infection with ultraviolet-irradiated HSV (HSV-UV), have a TK isozyme with an R f of 0.44. The similarity in electrophoretic mobility of the TK activity in Ltk minus cells lytically infected with HSV and the TK activity in HSV transformed cells support the hypothesis that HSV transformed cells have acquired the structural gene for TK from irradiated HSV.
Risk factors for breast cancer.

Approximately 190,000 new cases of breast cancer occur per year in the United States; therefore, most people know someone affected. Women fear this disease more than any other. Most women want to know their statistical likelihood of having breast cancer, and being able to estimate this risk reasonably is an essential part of medical care for women. In the authors’ experience, most women with known risk factors for breast cancer, especially those with even remote family histories, tend to overestimate their risk, whereas most women without significant risk factors do not appreciate their primary risk factor, that is, being a woman. Although this article addresses the known and possible risk factors, one should not forget that 75% of women in whom breast cancer develops do not have any of the known risk factors. Establishing an individual’s lifetime risk and, more importantly, age-adjusted risk, forms the basis for screening and preventive strategies appropriate for that individual. Breast cancer risk should be assessed in a systematic fashion considering the following categories: age, reproductive history, personal history of breast pathology, dietary/social history, use of exogenous hormones, and family history/genetics.
Conversion to Hydrogen Economy

Abstract This is the opening address given at the Opening Session of the 19 World Hydrogen Energy Conference, 3-7 June 2012, Toronto, Canada.
Research in natural language processing: U. of California at Berkeley

Research at Berkeley concerns a variety of topics involving Artificial Intelligence and natural language processing. This work includes the development of theories of how humans perform tasks requiring intelligence, and the testing and development of these theories by the construction of computer simulations. The following is a brief description of individual research projects.
Patterns of Complement Activation in Idiopathic Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis, Types I, II, and III

Complement profiles on 22 hypocomplementemic patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type I, on 11 with MPGN II, and on 16 with MPGN III, gave evidence that the nephritic factor of the amplification loop (NFa) is responsible for the hypocomplementemia in MPGN II and the nephritic factor of the terminal pathway (NFt) for the hypocomplementemia in MPGN III. In contrast, in MPGN I, there was evidence for three complement-activating modalities, NFa, NFt, and immune complexes. As a result, four different patterns of complement activation were seen. NFa, found in MPGN II, produces a complement profile characterized mainly by C3 depression. In addition, four of seven (57%) severely hypocomplementemic MPGN II patients (C3
Elastic behaviour near polymorphic transitions: Silver iodide

Abstract Longitudinal and transverse wave velocities have been determined as functions of pressure in polycrystalline silver iodide using the pulse transmission method. The velocities decrease with increasing pressure in the low pressure phase and increase with increasing pressure in the NaCl structure phase which is stable above 4 kbar at room temperature. The calculated value of the pressure derivative of the incompressibility of the low pressure phase is exceptionally low, sufficiently so to be inconsistent with some lattice dynamics formulations. The unusual properties of the low pressure phase may be due to the effect of Frenkel defects on elastic wave propagation.
The Role or Non‐Role of ATPase Activation by Phenytoin in the Stabilization of Excitable Membranes

The role or non-role of NaK ATPase, Mg ATPase, and CaMg ATPase involvement in stabilization of excitable membranes by phenytoin is critically evaluated. There is no substantial evidence to indicate that the membrane-stabilizing effect of phenytoin is due to activation of the NaK ATPase. Previous reports of activation of the NaK ATPase at low potassium and high sodium are probably not due to phenytoin but to a potassium contamination in the phenytoin solution. In vitro experiments do not provide any clear evidence of any alterations of NaK ATPase properties by phenytoin. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that phenytoin alters the efficiency of the sodium-potassium pump. Likewise, the Ca ATPase is not inhibited by phenytoin. However, there is some evidence that the Mg ATPase in synaptic vesicles is substantially inhibited by phenytoin. There is substantial evidence indicating that phenytoin partially blocks passive diffusion of sodium into stimulated nerves. The mechanism by which phenytoin blocks sodium influx and the relationship of this effect to the drug's anticonvulsant action remain to be determined.