cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doping-controlled phase transitions in single-layer MoS 2

The electronic properties of single-layer ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ make it an ideal two-dimensional (2D) material for application in electronic devices. Experiments show that ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ can undergo structural phase transitions. Applications of single-layer ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ will require firm laboratory control over the phase formation. Here we compare the stability and electronic structure of the three experimentally observed single-layer ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ phases, $2H,\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}1T$, and $1{T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and an in-plane metal/semiconductor heterostructure. We reveal by density-functional theory calculations that charge doping can induce the phase transition of single-layer ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ from the $2H$ to the $1T$ structure. Further, the $1T$ structure undergoes a second phase transition due to the occurrence of a charge-density wave (CDW). By comparing the energies of several possible resulting CDW structures, we find that the $1{T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ orthorhombic structure is the most stable one, consistent with experimental observations and previous theoretical studies. We show that the underlying CDW transition mechanism is not due to Fermi surface nesting, but nonetheless, can be controlled by charge doping. In addition, the stability landscape is highly sensitive to charge doping, which can be used as a practical phase selector. We also provide a prescription for obtaining the $1{T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ structure via growth or deposition of ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ on a Hf substrate, which transfers electrons uniformly and with minimal structural distortion. Finally, we show that lateral heterostructures formed by the $2H$ and $1{T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ structures exhibit a low interfacial energy of 0.17 eV/\AA{}, a small Schottky barrier of 0.3 eV for holes, and a large barrier of 1.6 eV for electrons.
Can biochar link forest restoration with commercial agriculture

Abstract The commercial use of low-value forest-origin biomass has long been considered for its potential to offset the cost of reducing wildfire hazard. The production of biochar simultaneously consumes low-value forest biomass and produces stable charcoal that, when applied to dryland agricultural soils, can increase water holding capacity and crop yield. In this way the production of forest-origin biochar has the potential to promote forest restoration, foster forest-related employment, increase agricultural competitiveness, and sequester carbon. Biochar offers the greatest opportunity where dryland food crops, limited water availability, existing energy transmission infrastructure, and high-fire hazard forests share the same landscape. In this paper we describe a landscape-level study based on this scenario to optimize wildfire hazard reduction treatments, biochar facility locations, and agroeconomic outcomes to evaluate the potential benefits needed to carry the costs of biochar production.
Mitochondrial Respiration is Associated with Lower Energy Expenditure and Lower Aerobic Capacity in African American Women.

OBJECTIVE Reasons for the higher obesity prevalence in African American women (AAW) compared with Caucasian women (CW) are unknown. Energy expenditure and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max) are lower in AAW. It was hypothesized that these differences are explained by skeletal muscle characteristics, particularly mitochondrial content and function. METHODS Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between energy expenditure (resting and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and VO2 max versus body composition, physical activity, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial measurements in AAW and CW. RESULTS In AAW, VO2 max was lower (P < 0.0001). Body-composition-adjusted energy expenditure during the clamp was lower in AAW (P < 0.002). Physical activity was similar in both groups. After adjusting for mitochondrial respiration, racial differences in energy expenditure and VO2 max were no longer present. Another novel finding was that a thermogenic response to the clamp was observed in CW (+53 ± 22 kcal/d; P < 0.03) but not in AAW (-19 ± 24 kcal/d; P = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS AAW and CW show differences in adjusted energy expenditure and aerobic capacity that are largely accounted for by differences in skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative characteristics. Further research is needed to determine whether lower mitochondrial respiration and lower thermogenesis are risk factors for obesity in AAW.
TiO2-PDMS composite sponge for adsorption and solar mediated photodegradation of dye pollutants

Abstract A hydrophobic composite sponge with photocatalytic property is fabricated combining porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structure and semiconductor TiO2 nanocatalyst. The porous PDMS structures are prepared using sugar as a sacrificial template. The typical size of the pores in the sponge varies from 10 μm to 100 μm. The surface and the pore wall of the PDMS sponge are decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles which are mostly present as an aggregate. These PDMS composite sponges were shown to remove organic pollutants such as the toxic dye Rhodamine B from water efficiently and selectively, via synergistic effects of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. These sponges first remove a significant amount of the dye from solution by adsorption (∼50% removal) even in the absence of light. Upon exposure to solar light, the dye adsorbed on the surface of the TiO2-PDMS sponge was photocatalytically degraded, resulting in the further removal of the dye from solution (total 80% removal). The overall dye removal efficiency TiO2-PDMS composite sponge is comparable with that of a similar amount of the TiO2 in solution. However, the application of composites eliminates the need for complicated separation of the powder catalyst from the solution. Most importantly these composite sponges could be easily regenerated by exposing them to solar light. The excellent performance and the recyclability of these cost-effective TiO2-PDMS sponges suggest their promising applications in textile wastewater treatment.
Aortic Stenosis: Anesthesia Considerations

Aortic stenosis in children is just one subtype amongst a group of diseases that result in left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. A way of categorizing those diseases is by the location of the obstruction. In the pediatric population, the most common location is at the valve level (valvular), followed by the subvalvular area. The least common form is found above the valve level (supravalvular). Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction can have many different etiologies, including aortic valve leaflet anomalies, endocardial folds and fibromuscular ridges. Knowing the type and etiology is important for perioperative care because of major impact on the conduct of an anesthetic—supravalvular aortic stenosis secondary to Williams’s syndrome, for example, places the child at high risk for intraoperative adverse events, including cardiac arrest. Even in the absence of concomitant syndromes, the presence of significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction may impair cardiac output and coronary perfusion with resultant unwanted serious consequences, necessitating a carefully planned and executed anesthetic plan.
Capitalization Rates, Discount Rates, and Net Operating Income: The Case of Downtown Chicago Office Buildings

Executive Summary.The value of commercial real estate is its net operating income divided by the capitalization rate set by the buyer. This study examines both components of value. It also examines...
Verbesina Tiburonensis (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), A New Species from Isla Tiburón, Gulf of California, Mexico

Verbesina tiburonensis is a new species from Isla Tiburon, Sonora, Mexico. It is closely related to Verbesina palmeri and V. oligocephala both native to Baja California.
Novel tracing technique for the coal preparation industry

A manufacturing process for synthetic magnetic trace particles has been successfully developed. The tracers produced in this technique are of a wide range of specific gravity based beneficiation processes. Statistical analyses have revealed that the synthetic magnetic tracers do behave similarly to coal particles in coal cleaning processes. It is established that these trace particles can be magnetically detected while passing through the input or output stream of coal in specific gravity based coal preparation operations.
Additional arvicolines and cricetids from the Fiene local fauna (Irvingtonian) of north-central Kansas

Abstract Two cricetids and three arvicolines are added to the Fiene local fauna (Irvingtonian) of north-central Kansas. Cricetids include the harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys moorei and grasshopper mouse, Onychomys sp. Arvicolines include the muskrat, Ondatra annectens, red-backed vole, Myodes gapperi, and bog lemming, Mictomys kansasensis. The latter two; taxa are extralimital and indicate cooler and wetter summers than at present in the area. Likewise, the record of Myodes represents the earliest occurrence of the taxon on the central Plains. The rarity of Onychomys relative to the previously reported abundant microtids in the Fiene local fauna indicates that the transition from a granivorous diet in the Blancan to a primarily insectivorous diet it has today was completed during Irvingtonian II.
Analysis of serum changes in response to a high fat high cholesterol diet challenge reveals metabolic biomarkers of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by an accumulation of macrophages, lipids, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, and, in advanced stages, necrotic debris within the arterial walls. Dietary habits such as high fat and high cholesterol (HFHC) consumption are known risk factors for atherosclerosis. However, the key metabolic contributors to diet-induced atherosclerosis are far from established. Herein, we investigate the role of a 2-year HFHC diet challenge in the metabolic changes of development and progression of atherosclerosis. We used a non-human primate (NHP) model (baboons, n = 60) fed a HFHC diet for two years and compared metabolomic profiles in serum from animals on baseline chow with serum collected after the challenge diet using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (2D GC-ToF-MS) for untargeted metabolomic analysis, to quantify metabolites that contribute to atherosclerotic lesion formation. Further, clinical biomarkers associated with atherosclerosis, lipoprotein measures, fat indices, and arterial plaque formation (lesions) were quantified. Using two chemical derivatization (i.e., silylation) approaches, we quantified 321 metabolites belonging to 66 different metabolic pathways, which revealed significantly different metabolic profiles of HFHC diet and chow diet fed baboon sera. We found heritability of two important metabolites, lactic acid and asparagine, in the context of diet-induced metabolic changes. In addition, abundance of cholesterol, lactic acid, and asparagine were sex-dependent. Finally, 35 metabolites correlated (R2, 0.068–0.271, P < 0.05) with total lesion burden assessed in three arteries (aortic arch, common iliac artery, and descending aorta) which could serve as potential biomarkers pending further validation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of detecting sex-specific and heritable metabolites in NHPs with diet-induced atherosclerosis using untargeted metabolomics allowing understanding of atherosclerotic disease progression in humans.
P39. Teriparatide treatment improves bone quality in the lumbar spine out of proportion to DEXA changes

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Teriparatide has been used to improve bone quality when considering spinal fusion surgery in patients with osteoporosis. Hounsfield units (HU), a standardized measurement for radiodensity, can be obtained on routine computed tomography (CT) scans, while dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the common test for bone density. PURPOSE To compare changes in bone quality in the lumbar spine between Hounsfield unit measurements and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) following teriparatide treatment. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective Chart Review. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed from 1997 to 2018 across all campuses at our institution. We identified patients who had been treated with at least 6 months of teriparatide with a CT scan and DEXA scan before and after therapy. HU were measured from L1-L4 with three measurements per vertebral body. RESULTS Fifty-two patients (46 women, six men) were identified for analysis with an average age of 67 years who underwent an average of 20.9±6.5 months of teriparatide therapy. Mean (± standard deviation) HU improvement throughout the lumbar spine (L1-L4) was from 109.8±53 to 133.9±61 with a p-value of 0.039 and a 95% CI from 1.2 to 46.1. Each individual lumbar level also had an average improvement in HU but only L1 was statistically significant (L1 improved from 112.4 to 139.2 with a p-value of 0.013). Based on DEXA results, lumbar spine t-scores improved from -2.4±1.5 to -1.7±1.5 with a p-value of 0.03. Average femoral t-scores improved from -2.5±1.1 to -2.3±1.0 with a p-value of 0.31. CONCLUSIONS Teriparatide treatment improved BMD based on HU and DEXA in the lumbar spine, without a change in femoral BMD. The 22% improvement in HU surpassed the changes seen on DEXA. These results supports some surgeons’ subjective sense that intraoperative bone quality following teriparatide treatment is better than indicated by DEXA results. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS Unavailable from authors at time of publication.
BREAKING THE CYCLE: SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN A YOUNG, HEALTHY ADULT

Coronary artery disease (CAD) events are declining in older adults. However, these advances have not extended to younger adults for whom acute coronary syndrome rates are rising. 39-year-old athlete with no medical or family cardiac history presented with sudden cardiac death requiring automated
Rethinking the Role of Radiation Therapy in the Management of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

: Radiation has been relegated to a palliative role in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Contemporary radiation techniques, including intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), and image-guided radiation therapy, enable conformal treatment that controls local disease with minimal morbidity. Recent studies from multiple institutions support the role of radiation in the ablative treatment of oligometastatic disease and control of locally recurrent and metastatic disease. Effective local treatment with radiation complements the role of systemic therapy in the management of EOC; reduces symptoms and disease burden, and may contribute to a prolonged drug free interval.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement with a Retro-Annular Circumflex Artery

A 65-year-old man with severe, symptomatic, bicuspid aortic stenosis was referred for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) after surgical turndown due to low ejection fraction (20%). An an...
Experiences of Undergraduates Publishing Biomechanics Research

The aim of this study was to investigate student experiences of publishing undergraduate research in biomechanics. A total of twenty-nine former students with experience of publishing peer-reviewed undergraduate biomechanics research completed an online survey regarding their perceived benefits, level of involvement, and experiences in aspects of the research process. On average, students perceived their experiences to be ‘largely helpful’ or greater in all aspects. Areas were identified corresponding to: the greatest perceived benefits (e.g. understanding of the research process); the least perceived benefits (e.g. statistical analysis skills); the greatest student involvement (e.g. reading relevant literature); and the least student involvement (e.g. developing hypotheses and/or methods). A thematic analysis of open question responses identified themes relating to: future career; skills; scientific process; intra / interpersonal factors; and pedagogy. Common intended learning outcomes may be achieved through involvement in the research process independently of the level of staff involvement. Staff should be encouraged to involve students in publishable biomechanics research projects where this is possible without compromising research standards and should explore ways of recreating the publishing process internally for all students.
Use it or Share It: A New Default Policy for Spectrum Management

The conventional wisdom that spectrum is scarce, particularly mid-band spectrum, persists despite the reality that most federal and commercial bands remain grossly underutilized and amenable to more intensive, shared use. Yet eight years after a 2012 report by the President’s Council of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST) recommended that spectrum sharing should be “the new normal,” important but limited progress has been made. Conceptually, use-it-or-share-it rules authorize opportunistic access to licensed or federal spectrum that is unused or underutilized. A use-it-or-share-it authorization expands productive use of spectrum without risking harmful interference or undermining the deployment plans of primary licensees. Since 2014 the FCC has adopted a number of world-leading precedents in opportunistic spectrum sharing that all apply a variation of the use-it-or-share-it approach. These precedents and proven new frequency coordination mechanisms can pave the way to an authorization of opportunistic access as the default policy for a far larger number of underutilized and newly-allocated bands. A use-or-share approach promotes important policy goals, including more intensive use of fallow spectrum capacity, lowering barriers of entry to a diverse range of uses and users, facilitating innovation and competition, improving choices and lowering costs for consumers, and promoting service in rural and other underserved areas, helping to narrow the digital divide. Unleashing opportunistic, shared access to unused spectrum also creates a general incentive for licensees to build out more quickly and to make greater efforts to lease or sell unused spectrum, facilitating secondary markets. In addition, because spectrum is a government controlled resource essential for wireless communication, FCC decisions on access to spectrum must be consistent with First Amendment principles. The FCC has begun operationalizing the “scarcity rationale” by applying a balancing approach to determine if interference is unduly “harmful” to the actual performance of incumbent services or systems – and not merely hypothetical, fleeting, or de minimis. The paper closes by examining near-term opportunities to extend shared access to more substantial underutilized federal, commercial and FCC-held bands, including 700 megahertz of mid-band federal spectrum and 700 megahertz in two very underutilized licensed bands.
Techno-economic and Life Cycle Analysis of MixAlco® Processes for Mixed Alcohol Production from Brown Algae

The need for producing renewable fuels from biomass has increased due to depleting fossil resources and environmental concerns. However, the low fraction of biomass carbon converted to product is an undeniable drawback for most current biofuel productions from fermentation due to undecomposed lignin in biomass composition and carbon loss as CO2. In this work, two main production routes of the MixAlco® process, the ketonization route (KR) and esterification route (ER) are evaluated for the mixed alcohol production by brown algae, a third-generation biomass without lignin. A novel fermentation process using syntrophic bacteria consortia (SBC) is developed to produce acetic acid from waste gas produced by KR and ER process. The paper investigates the integrated flowsheet for these alternative routes, using techno-economic and life cycle analysis to compare the minimum selling price and environmental impacts. From TEA, we find that the overall costs for KR and ER are lower than the SBC processes. The cost of ketonization routes is lower than esterification routes. The capital cost and operating cost for the ER+SBC process are the highest. Raw materials and utilities are the two major costs for all the processing routes examined. The MSP for the ER+SBC process is the lowest out of all four routes. ER process performs the best in terms of environmental impacts except in water depletion compared with other processes, while the KR process performs the worst regarding the environmental metrics.
Teaching Graduate Students to Identify and Adhere to Practicum Requirements

A critical component of becoming eligible to sit for the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) exam is the completion of fieldwork experience hours according to the BACB Experience Standards (2018). The accrual of experience hours must meet stringent criteria and is strongly recommended to be documented using the BACB Fieldwork Tracker. Thirteen graduate students in behavior analysis were taught to enter data into the BACB Fieldwork Tracker using mock fieldwork scenarios. Training was conducted using group behavioral skills training. The training occurred remotely using both synchronous and asynchronous components. Of the 13 participants, 11 showed improvement from baseline, and 10 met and maintained performance at mastery levels at the end of the study. Social validity scores indicated that most participants felt the training was helpful, and they reported lower levels of fieldwork accrual–related stress following training (81.8% and 72.7%, respectively). Limitations and areas for future research are discussed.
Modeling and Simulation Analysis of a Complex Adaptive Systems of Systems Approach to Naval Tactical Warfare

A complex adaptive systems of systems approach is an engineered solution to a highly complex problem domain. Highly complex problems are comprised of many diverse objects and events that are interrelated, rapidly changing, and give rise to unpredictable, severe, and often destructive consequences. A recent study produced a grounded theory that defines complex adaptive systems of systems as a new class of engineered systems that can address highly complex problem domains. Naval tactical warfare was identified as a highly complex problem domain and used as a use case to study the complex adaptive systems of systems theory. A modeling and simulation analysis of a complex naval tactical scenario produced a comparative analysis of the existing traditional approach to naval warfare with the new theoretical complex adaptive systems of systems approach. This paper describes the naval tactical modeling and simulation approach and presents the results of the comparative analysis—providing insight into engineered complex adaptive systems of systems solutions and demonstrating theory validity.
Computational and Experimental Insights into Reactive Forms of Oxygen Species on Dynamic Ag Surfaces under Ethylene Epoxidation Conditions

Abstract The partial oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide (EO) proceeds over supported Ag particles. Adsorption of molecular oxygen upon Ag forms the reactive oxygen species responsible for both epoxidation and combustion reactions, however, the catalyst surface structure and the molecular structure and identity of the reactive oxygen species present remain debated despite past use of appropriate forms of in situ spectroscopy. Specifically, there is no consensus for the molecular origin of widely reported Raman features that appear on contact with only O2 or in reactant mixtures of C2H4 and O2 at pressures and temperatures relevant for the industrial process, in part, due to the lack of concerted ab initio studies that compute vibrational frequencies for oxygen-containing Ag surfaces. Here, we elucidate the molecular structure of the catalyst surface and reactive oxygen species by coordinating spectral deconvolution of transient and steady-state surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of Ag catalysts exposed to oxygen (2 – 101 kPa O2, 523 – 673 K) and mixtures of oxygen and ethylene (2 – 101 kPa O2, 0.5 – 9.8 kPa C2H4, 523 K) with ab initio thermodynamic modeling and vibrational frequency calculations. These comparisons suggest that during EO catalysis reconstructed surface oxides form and partially or completely encase metallic Ag particles. Raman features near 600 cm-1 that persist in O2 or cofed C2H4 represent O–Ag–O structural motifs that form only on surface oxides and high oxygen-coverage reconstructed AgxOy surfaces. We assign features centered near 810 – 840 cm-1 and at higher frequencies, which are ubiquitous throughout the literature, to dioxygen complexes partially embedded within an oxide-like overlayer that forms during exposure either to O2 or during steady-state epoxidations. Taken together our results implicate the presence of a combination of monatomic and diatomic surface oxygen species, which emerge with appreciable quantities of subsurface oxygen at temperatures and O2 pressures representative of EO catalysis.
A Case Study of the Impact of Airs Temperature Retrievals on Numerical Weather Prediction

Large errors in numerical weather prediction are often associated with explosive cyclogenesis. Most studes focus on the under-forecasting error, i.e. cases of rapidly developing cyclones which are poorly predicted in numerical models. However, the over-forecasting error (i.e., to predict an explosively developing cyclone which does not occur in reality) is a very common error that severely impacts the forecasting skill of all models and may also present economic costs if associated with operational forecasting. Unnecessary precautions taken by marine activities can result in severe economic loss. Moreover, frequent occurrence of over-forecasting can undermine the reliance on operational weather forecasting. Therefore, it is important to understand and reduce the prdctions of extreme weather associated with explosive cyclones which do not actually develop. In this study we choose a very prominent case of over-forecasting error in the northwestern Pacific. A 960 hPa cyclone develops in less than 24 hour in the 5-day forecast, with a deepening rate of about 30 hPa in one day. The cyclone is not versed in the analyses and is thus a case of severe over-forecasting. By assimilating AIRS data, the error is largely eliminated. By following the propagation of the anomaly that generates the spurious cyclone, it is found that a small mid-tropospheric geopotential height negative anomaly over the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the initial conditions, propagates westward, is amplified by orography, and generates a very intense jet streak in the subtropical jet stream, with consequent explosive cyclogenesis over the Pacific. The AIRS assimilation eliminates this anomaly that may have been caused by erroneous upper-air data, and represents the jet stream more correctly. The energy associated with the jet is distributed over a much broader area and as a consequence a multiple, but much more moderate cyclogenesis is observed.
Bayesian uncertainty analysis of finite deformation viscoelasticity

Abstract The viscoelasticity of the dielectric elastomer, VHB 4910, is experimentally characterized, modeled, and analyzed using Bayesian uncertainty analysis. Whereas these materials are known for their large-field induced deformation and broad applications in smart structures, the rate-dependent viscoelastic effects are not well understood. To address this issue, we quantify both the hyperelastic and viscoelastic constitutive behavior and use Bayesian uncertainty analysis to assess several key modeling attributes. Specifically, we compare an Ogden-based phenomenological model to a nonaffine hyperelastic model and couple hyperelasticity to both linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity. The utilization of Bayesian statistics is shown to provide insight into quantifying nonlinear viscoelasticity behavior as a function of internal state variables. The results are validated experimentally in the finite deformation regime over a range of stretch rates spanning four orders of magnitude ( 6.7 × 10 - 5 –0.67 Hz). A unique set of hyperelastic parameters are identified, independent of the stretch rate. In addition, comparisons of the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic models demonstrate a reduction in modeling error by approximately a factor of three. Finally, the viscoelastic time constant is shown to produce an inverse stretch rate power law dependence regardless of which hyperelastic model is used.
Spatial Difference and Types of Grain Sustainable Production Ability in Xinjiang

Grain sustainable production is an important foundation in ensuring China's grain security.Xinjiang plays an important role in the strategy of national grain security.In this article,taking 84 counties of commodity grain bases as the cases,the comprehensive assessment index system of grain sustainable production ability was established.Basic characters and regional differences of grain sustainable production ability in Xinjiang were comprehensively examined by using the techniques of factor analysis and software SPSS14.0.The purpose was to provide the scientific base for improvement of grain comprehensive production ability.
Why Administrative Law Misunderstands How Government Works: The Missing Institutional Analysis

Since 1903, when Bruce Wyman drew a distinction between external and internal administrative practice, administrative law scholarship has focused almost exclusively on political and judicial oversight. This perspective, which reflects rational choice institutionalism, ignores the influence of normative and discursive institutionalism, which can deter agency employees from acting in a self-interested manner. The narrow focus has resulted in a failure to justify expertise, displacement of expertise, and deterioration of expertise. Displacement occurs because the White House operates under different institutional norms than agencies and employs a less robust discursive process. Despite Cass Sunstein’s recent defense of White House review, this analysis reveals the White House allows political considerations to influence its decisions to a greater extent than do agencies. This article, based on the 2013 Foulston Siefkin Lecture at Washburn University Law School, concludes administrative law scholarship should address these failures by ending the separation that dates back to 1903. I propose an institutional awareness can supply the missing internal analysis.
Examination of spent pressurized water reactor fuel rods after 15 years in dry storage

For [approximately equal to]15 yr Dominion Generation's Surry Nuclear Station 15 x 15 Westinghouse pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel was stored in a dry inert-atmosphere Castor V/21 cask at the Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory at peak cladding temperatures that decreased from {approx}350 to 150 deg. C. Before storage, the loaded cask was subjected to thermal-benchmark tests, during which time the peak temperatures were greater than 400 deg. C. The cask was opened to examine the fuel rods for degradation and to determine if they were suitable for extended storage. No fuel rod breaches and no visible degradation or crud/oxide spallation from the fuel rod surface were observed. The results from profilometry, gas release measurements, metallographic examinations, microhardness determination, and cladding hydrogen behavior are reported in this paper.It appears that little or no fission gas was released from the fuel pellets during either the thermal-benchmark tests or the long-term storage. In the central region of the fuel column, where the axial temperature gradient in storage is small, the measured hydrogen content in the cladding is consistent with the thickness of the oxide layer. At {approx}1 m above the fuel midplane, where a steep temperature gradient existed in the cask,more » less hydrogen is present than would be expected from the oxide thickness that developed in-reactor. Migration of hydrogen during dry storage probably occurred and may signal a higher-than-expected concentration at the cooler ends of the rod. The volume of hydrides varies azimuthally around the cladding, and at some elevations, the hydrides appear to have segregated somewhat to the inner and outer cladding surfaces. It is, however, impossible to determine if this segregation occurred in-reactor or during transportation, thermal-benchmark tests, or the dry storage period. The hydrides retained the circumferential orientation typical of prestorage PWR fuel rods. Little or no cladding creep occurred during thermal-benchmark testing and dry storage. It is anticipated that the creep would not increase significantly during additional storage because of the lower temperature after 15 yr, continual decrease in temperature from the reduction in decay heat, and concurrent reductions in internal rod pressure and stress. This paper describes the results of the characterization of the fuel and intact cladding, as well as the implications of these results for long-term (i.e., beyond 20 yr) dry-cask storage.« less
Assessing Angiogenesis during Fracture Healing

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from existing blood vessels, is crucial for normal fracture healing. Angiogenesis is a complex process involving a variety of growth factors and several cell types. The mechanism regulating angiogenesis during fracture repair is not well understood, and the relationships between angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis are also undefined. In vivo animal models have been useful for determining angiogenic mechanisms. In particular, a murine model has been developed that offers the advantages of easy animal handling, low cost, reliable healing, and the availability of molecular and genetic techniques for research. However, the small size of mice provides challenges, including the inability to assess vascularization using techniques that have been employed in larger animals. Therefore, we developed and optimized techniques specifically for studying angiogenesis during mouse fracture repair. These techniques include blood vessel casting, micro-computed tomography (micro- CT), immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and genetic labeling of endothelial cells. Blood vessel casting and micro-CT are useful for visualization of small blood vessels. Immunohistochemistry using anti-PECAM (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) or CD34 antibodies and genetic approaches using Tie2-cre transgenic mice can be used to label endothelial cells, visualize blood vessels including capillaries, and provide structural information about the vascularization of the fracture callous. Lastly, expression patterns of important growth factors regulating angiogenesis could be assessed by molecular approaches such as in situ hybridization.
Improved computational models of human behavior in security games

It becomes critical to address human adversaries' bounded rationality in security games as the real-world deployment of such games spreads. To that end, the key contributions of this paper include: (i) new efficient algorithms for computing optimal strategic solutions using Prospect Theory and Quantal Response Equilibrium; (ii) the most comprehensive experiment to date studying the effectiveness of different models against human subjects for security games. Our new techniques outperform the leading contender for modelling human behavior in security games in experiment with human subjects.
Modeling clinical tumors to create reference data for tumor volume measurement

Expanding on our previously developed method for inserting synthetic objects into clinical computed tomography (CT) data, we model a set of eight clinical tumors that span a range of geometries and locations within the lung. The goal is to create realistic but synthetic tumor data, with known volumes. The set of data we created can be used as ground truth data to compare volumetric methods, particularly for lung tumors attached to vascular material in the lung or attached to lung walls, where ambiguities for volume measurement occur. In the process of creating these data sets, we select a sample of often seen lung tumor shapes and locations in the lung, and show that for this sample a large fraction of the voxels representing tumors in the gridded data are partially filled voxels. This points out the need for volumetric methods that handle partial volumes accurately.
Determination of partition coefficients and aqueous solubilities by reverse phase chromatography—II: Evaluation of partitioning and solubility models

Abstract Part I of this series examined the chemical and thermodynamic principles underlying the solubility and partitioning characteristics of non-electrolyte organic compounds in aqueous systems. It further considered those concepts which interrelate solubility and partitioning phenomena with retentive behavior in reverse phase liquid chromatography. Conceptual and predictive models which intercorrelate solubility, octanol/water partitioning, and reverse phase retention times were developed. Part II of the series evaluates the relative predictive abilities of these models for a wide range of different classes of organic pollutants. The results reveal that the reverse phase liquid chromatography models developed in Part I provide good estimates of octanol/water coefficients and aqueous solubilities from experimentally determined chromatographic retention times. Models structured to predict aqueous solubilities from octanol/water partition coefficient data were also found to provide reasonable estimates, but require as input physical and chemical parameters which are not readily accessible.
Suppression of cAMP-induced pigment granule aggregation in RPE by organic anion transport inhibitors.

PURPOSE To investigate the mechanism(s) by which intracellular cAMP levels are elevated to induce pigment granule aggregation in teleost retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). METHODS Pigment granule migration was studied in vitro using RPE sheets isolated from dark-adapted green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. After preculture to allow pigment granule dispersion, RPE sheets were incubated with various agents to test their ability to induce pigment granule aggregation. RPE sheets were then fixed, and pigment granule position was assessed microscopically. RESULTS Pigment granule aggregation was induced by nonderivatized cAMP. At maximally effective concentration (1 mM), cAMP was as effective as its more membrane-permeant analogs dbcAMP and 8-Br-cAMP. Forskolin (1 or 10 microM), a stimulator of adenylyl cyclase, was also effective at inducing pigment aggregation. Two inhibitors of organic anion transport, probenecid and sulfinpyrazone, inhibited cAMP-induced aggregation by approximately 80% but had no effect on forskolin-induced aggregation. Several agents shown to stimulate RPE adenylyl cyclase in other species failed to induce pigment aggregation in isolated RPE sheets. CONCLUSIONS Our observations strongly suggest that exogenously applied, nonderivatized cAMP can gain access to the cytoplasm of isolated RPE cells via organic anion transporters. Thus, if cAMP were secreted by retinal cells into the subretinal space, it could be taken up by RPE cells and subsequently act as an intracellular messenger to activate dark-adaptive physiological processes such as pigment granule aggregation.
RTG Impact Response to Hard Landing During Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) Mission

This paper presents the results done to perform specialized RTG design studies. The analytical results indicate that a lander by itself experiences much higher g-loads than the lander with an integral penetrator; but that minor modifications of the shape of the lander can very substantially reduce the maximum g-load during landing, thus eliminating the need for retrorockets for RTG survival. Paper presented at the 27th IECEC in San Diego, CA August 3-7, 1992. Also included are four copies (3 bound) from Fairchild presentation.
Distributed Nodes Organization Algorithm for Channel Access in a Multihop Dynamic Radio Network

This paper proposes a solution to providing a collision free channel allocation in a multihop mobile radio network. An efficient solution to this problem provides spatial reuse of the bandwidth whenever possible. A robust solution maintains the collision free property of the allocation under any combination of topological changes. The node organization algorithm presented in this paper provides a completely distributed, maximally localized execution of collision free channel allocation. It allows for parallel channel allocation in stationary and mobile networks with provable spatial reuse properties. A simpler version of the algorithm provides also a highly localized distributed coloring algorithm of dynamic graphs.
Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO) in diverse ethnic groups.

Parenting interactions are important for children's early development, but existing observational measures of parenting are often difficult for practitioners to use in their work with parents and have been developed based on primarily European American middle-income parents. Practitioners working with parents of infants and young children need a psychometrically strong observational measure of parenting behaviors appropriate for diverse groups. We tested the reliability and validity of 89 specific parenting behavior items by having observers rate over 4,500 viderecorded observations of parent-infant interaction from the archive of the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project and other research. These observations at multiple age points were from over 2,000 low-icome families, including European Americans, African Americans, and Latino Americans. Interrater agreement was tested for each item. Scale internal consistency and single-factor structure were tested within each of four domains—affection, responsiveness, encouragement, and teaching. Validity was tested with concurrent parenting measures and child development outcome measures. The 29 most consistently reliable and valid items comprise the final version of Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO), an evidence-based observational measure of parenting with very young children that is psychometrically sound and useful for practitioners working with diverse groups. Abstracts translated in Spanish, French, German, and Japanese can be found on the abstract page of each article on Wiley Online Library at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/imhj.
1‐Hexynylcopper(I)

[33589-44-5] C6H9Cu (MW 144.70) InChI = 1S/C6H9.Cu/c1-3-5-6-4-2;/h3,5-6H2,1H3; InChIKey = URCFUIKJWXLNIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (coupling agent for the delivery of the 1-hexynyl group to electrophiles,2 both as such and in the form of higher order lithioorganocuprates;3 non-transferable ‘dummy’ ligand used in mixed lithioorganocuprates;4 dipolarophile used in cycloaddition with nitrile oxides5) Physical Data: yellow solid; mp 140–150 °C;6 IR (KBr) 2962, 2937, 2895, 2870, 1930, 1471, 1455, 1430, 1376, 1357, 1316, 1240, 1210, 1107, 1006, 918, 894, 781, 720, 518 cm−1.7 Solubility: sol pyridine, THF, ether; insol water. Drying: dried in vacuo at 50 °C. Preparative Methods: addition of Copper(I) Chloride to an ammoniacal solution of 1-hexyne;8 addition of 1-hexyne to a Copper(II) Sulfate–Hydroxylamine hydrochloride mixture;2 addition of Copper(I) Iodide to 1-lithiohexyne.4 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: copper(I) salts are potentially explosive when dry; use in a fume hood.
Argentina: Between Tradition and Modernization

Monica Marquina and Leandro Haberfeld Monica Marquina is a specialist in politics and education in the Department of Education at the University of Buenos Aires. She is currently a Fulbright scholar studying in the Higher Education Administration Program at Boston College. E-mail: . Leandro Haberfeld is an economist in the Center of Studies for Development Planning at the University of Buenos Aires. He is currently studying in the Higher Education Administration Program at Boston College. E-mail: .
Circumflex Advancement in Prekmurje and Beyond.

Also available from the journal's digital repository, University of Washington: https://digital.lib.washington.edu/ojs/index.php/ssj/article/view/3884/3292
Mechanical Properties of Reversibly Cross-Linked Ultrathin Polyelectrolyte Complexes

Tensile properties of microcoupons of polyelectrolyte complex, formed by the multilayering method, were determined using a micromechanical analysis system. The degree of internal ion-pair ("electrostatic") cross-linking was reversibly controlled by exposure to salt solution of varying concentration, which "doped" counterions into the films, breaking polymer/polymer ion pairs in the process. Linear stress-strain behavior was observed for a poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) multilayer up to 2% deformation. The dependence of modulus on cross-link density could be rationalized well by classical theories of rubber elasticity, including some insight on the topology of polyelectrolyte complexes.
Reactions of Pittsburgh No. 8 coal with maleic anhydride. Evidence for the existence of reactive diene structures in coal

The reaction between 13C-labeled maleic anhydride and Pittsburgh No. 8 coal has been investigated by NMR. The occurrence of the following reactions has been ruled out: ene reaction, maleic anhydride polymerization, ester formation, radical addition, electron transfer, and physical entrapment. Michael addition to −SH has been demonstrated in model systems, but does not occur with −OH groups and cannot explain the observed 10−20% (wt) incorporation of maleic anhydride. All data are consistent with the occurrence of Diels−Alder reactions. There are not enough reactive dienes in any coal structure model to yield the large maleic anhydride incorporations observed. Either current coal structures are seriously incorrect or this coal is exhibiting strongly enhanced reactivity whose origin is not understood.
An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for residues of monensin in plasma of cattle

Abstract An ELISA method, many times more sensitive than previous methods, was developed to measure residues of monensin in bovine plasma. Rabbit antibodies to monensin were allowed to compete for monensin immobilised on microtitre plates and residues in solution. The antibody bound to the wells was measured by incubating a commercially available anti-rabbit antibody labelled with alkaline phosphatase and measuring the enzyme activity bound to the first antibody. Standard curves were constructed over 0–1 ng monensin. 100 μl plasma was used in the assay. Three steers were dosed daily per os with the recommended doses of monensin for 16 days. Residues of monensin ( ca . 25 μg/ l) were detected in plasma throughout the treatment period and for a further 5 days after the withdrawal of the drug. It was estimated that residues cleared bovine plasma in about 8 days. Although the sensitivity of the assay is less than 1 μg/l a limit of decision of 5 μg/l is suggested for monitoring purposes and animals receiving monensin would be positively identified using this test.