cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of life in three-dimensional modeling

The geometry of coordinates for physiological optima of Archaea demonstrates the function of a hyperbola in two dimensions, and of a hyperboloid in three dimensions modeling. It was shown that the hyperboloid has an inclination of 67.5°. In previous work, both hyperboloids (one- and two-sheet) were positioned vertically, as schematic data for a preliminary result’s demonstration. Furthermore, our previous model of the Evolution of Life was constructed exclusively on the data of Archaea. In this work, we have constructed a hyperboloid with respect to the precise coordinates of physiological groups, and we have added the data for other key groups of microorganisms and multicellular eukaryotes that interfered and co-evolved with the relic ancient Archaean’s groups. Consequently, the inclined hyperboloid was composed to demonstrate the evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in space and time. Here, a complete model of the Evolution of Life is presented for consideration. In this article, we discuss some critical changes of geometry for separate physiological groups during the process of evolution, and focus on a possible involvement of mathematical laws and potential application of geometric function for explanation of the evolution.
Laser Raman spectra of mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides in solution

Abstract We examined the Raman spectra of thirteen sugars—seven monosaccharides, two disaccharides, one trisaccharide and three polysaccharides—in the wavelength range 200—1700 cm −1 and (i) varied the phosphate buffered solution from pH 6.0 to 8.5 at constant ionic strength of 0.1 and (ii) varied HCl solutions from pH 0.8 to 5.0. As is to be expected with molecules containing COH groupings, all the molecular spectra are distinct. Of the thirteen sugars examined, only d -fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) demonstrated spectral changes for the pH range 6.0—8.5 in phosphate buffer; but all exhibited band intensity enhancement in HCl at the lower pHs, but not band wavenumber changes. The results indicate that: (i) changes in the pH of the major intracellular buffer, phosphate, toward acidity, are able to hydrolyze the 1-phosphate group of FDP and the relative concentration of fructose 1-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is indicated by the intensity ratio of the 982 and 1080 cm −1 bands; (ii) it appears that all phosphate groups of FDP are hydrolyzed at pH 0.8 in HCl; and (iii) although conditions of extreme acidity are able to hydrolyze other sugars examined, there is no major degradation.
THE SOURCE OF THE RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND PHOSPHOLIPID OF SINDBIS VIRUS.

Abstract Infection with Sindbis virus had little effect on the incorporation of P 32 into the nucleotide pool or the RNA of chick fibroblast cells. Phospholipid synthesis, however, was soon slowed to less than half the rate in uninfected cells. When cells were infected shortly after transfer to a medium containing P 32 O 4 , the specific activities of nucleotides in the viral RNA approached that of the phosphate in the medium. The viral RNA thus appears to be synthesized de novo . Under identical labeling conditions the specific activities of the viral phosphatides were much lower than that of the phosphate in the medium. When cells were labeled with P 32 and then incubated for 30 hours in unlabeled medium before infection, each individual phosphatide in the infected cell and in the purified virus had a nearly identical specific activity. It is concluded that the viral phospholipid is largely derived from preexisting cellular phosphatides.
Nuclear fuel management via fuel quality factor averaging

Abstract The numerical procedure of prime number averaging is applied to the fuel quality factor distribution of once- and twice-burned fuel in order to evolve a fuel management scheme. The resulting fuel shuffling arrangement produces a near optimal flat power profile both under beginning-of-life and end-of-life conditions. The procedure is easily applied requiring only the solution of linear algebraic equations.
The development of concepts of economic and social inequality.

With increasing age, children explain wealth and poverty by referring to individual differences in work, effort, and intelligence rather than social-structural or political factors. Such explanations of inequality support a belief in a just world where the “losers” are viewed as obtaining their just due.
Acidic properties of molybdena-alumina for different extents of reduction: Infrared and gravimetric studies of adsorbed pyridine

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric studies of adsorbed pyridine, combined with volumetric reduction/oxidation measurements, were used to investigate the acidic properties of molybdena-alumina samples reduced to different extents in hydrogen at 670 K. Pyridine was adsorbed at 420 K and studied after evacuation at progressively higher temperatures ranging from 370 to 670 K. The average molybdenum oxidation state was varied from +6 to +4.7, as monitored by measuring the consumption of hydrogen and the formation of water during reduction and the consumption of oxygen during reoxidation. Infrared spectra of adsorbed pyridine showed the presence of Bronsted acid sites and two types of Lewis acid sites on oxidized molybdena-alumina. The number of Bronsted acid sites increased at low extents of reduction (e.g., an average Mo oxidation state of +5.6) and decreased to zero with further reduction. The Lewis acidity also passed through a maximum with extent of reduction but was not eliminated with reduction. These results are explained by the accepted model for molybdena-alumina in which the surface of alumina is populated with small molybdena clusters. It is proposed that the electronegativity of alumina is altered in the vicinity of these molybdena clusters, thereby altering the acidic properties.
Anesthetics and anticoagulants used in the preparation of rat platelet-rich-plasma alter rat platelet aggregation.

Abstract Aggregation of platelets in heparin- and citrate-anticoagulated platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) from rats anesthetized with methoxy-flurane (M), diethyl ether (E), acepromazine/ketamine (A/K), or sodium pentobarbital (p) is described, as are platelet counts. Platelet counts were highest in heparin- or citrate-PRP from E and A/K anesthetized rats. Collagen and arachidonic acid (AA) induced aggregation in heparin-PRP only, and ADP induced greater aggregation in heparin-PRP than in citrate-PRP. Differences between citrate-PRP and heparin-PRP are probably due to citrate inhibition of platelet aggregation, since addition of citrate to heparin-PRP decreased aggregation, while addition of heparin to citrate-PRP did not alter aggregation. Aggregation of hirudin-PRP was slightly less than heparin-PRP. Anesthetics affected rat platelet aggregation: the rank order of the maximal extent of ADP-induced aggregation in citrate-PRP was M > E = A/K > P, and that for AA and collagen in heparin- PRP was E = A/K > M = P. The correlation between the effect of the anesthetics and activation of the sympathoadrenal system is discussed. It appeared that of the commonly used anticoagulants and anesthetics, heparin and methoxyflurane had the least influence on rat platelet aggregation.
Learning from negative outcomes in stuttering therapy: II. An epiphany of failures

Abstract Proceeding on the premise that learning advances on the feet of failure, a litany of therapeutic failures with stutterers across 3 decades is recounted. The basis for these failures included the assumptions that stuttering is a neurotic symptom; that “lucky fluency” can be maintained permanently; that a fluent drone is preferable to stuttering; that controlled fluency, once established, can be maintained permanently; that a proper task for clinicians is to motivate clients to achieve and preserve fluency; that the clinician has the responsibility for marching clients through their therapeutic paces; and that stuttering is punishing to the stutterer, so it is not preserved by reinforcement. Unfortunately, more has probably been learned about what does not work than what does.
Modeling the steady-state effects of cationic contamination on polymer electrolyte membranes

Abstract When cationic impurities, such as Na + , Ca 2+ , or metal cations, are present in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) the performance of the PEMFC can be significantly reduced. These effects were modeled in a PEM by solving the Nernst–Planck equation for all cationic species in the membrane. The model shows that cationic contaminants will always be more concentrated on the cathode side of the PEM when current is drawn through the PEM. This was attributed to the trade off between diffusion and migration of contaminants in the membrane. It was then theorized that at high currents and contamination levels a maximum current density of protons through the PEM would be encountered. This model allows us to better understand the effects of cationic contamination on PEMFCs. This understanding should lead to development of new modes for diagnosis and better methods to recover fuel cell performance.
Barbed suture for gastrointestinal closure: A randomized control trial

In an effort to make laparoscopic suturing more efficient, the V-Loc advanced wound closure device (Covidien, Mansfield, MA) has been produced. This device is a self-anchoring barbed suture that obviates the need for knot tying. The goal of this initial feasibility study was to investigate the use of the barbed suture in gastrointestinal enterotomy closure. A randomized study of 12 pigs comparing enterotomy closure with barbed versus a nonbarbed suture of similar tensile strength was performed. To this end, 25 mm enterotomies were made in the stomach (1 control, 1 treatment), jejunum (2 controls, 2 treatments), and descending colon (1 control, 1 treatment). Animals were killed at 3, 7, and 14 days postoperatively (4 each group) and their gastrointestinal tracts harvested; 6 of the 8 enterotomies from each pig underwent burst strength testing. The remaining 2 were fixed in formalin and sent for histological examination. All 12 pigs survived until they were killed without any major complications. Enterotomy closure with barbed suture revealed adhesion scores, burst strength pressures, and histology scores that were similar to those for the control. Jejunal closures resulted in 6 failures at 7 days (3 control, 3 barbed) and 4 failures at 14 days (2 control, 2 barbed). The barbed suture significantly reduced suturing time in the stomach, jejunum, and colon. The V-Loc wound closure device appears to offer comparable gastrointestinal closure to 3-0 Maxon while being significantly faster. Further studies with V-Loc are required to assess its use in laparoscopic surgery.
On iteration of a function in the sine family

Abstract In this paper we show that the Julia set g (λ sin z) is the whole plane C for certain real λ with ¦λ¦ > 1 by considering some connections between the chaotic set of λ sin x with xϵ[−λ,λ]⊂ R and the Julia set of λ sin with zϵ C . Denote by Fa1,a2,a3,a4 the function a1 sin(a2z + a3) + a4. We also show that J (FFa1,a2,a3,a4= C for certain complex parameters a1, a2, a3, and a4 by considering the dynamical behaviour of the singularities of Fa1,a2,a3,a4−1 under Fa1,a2,a3,a4. The idea used in the proof of Theorem 1 can also be applicable to more general functions.
Indirect cycle time quantile estimation using the Cornish–Fisher expansion

This paper proposes a technique for estimating steady-state quantiles from discrete-event simulation models, with particular attention paid to cycle time quantiles of manufacturing systems. The technique is based on the Cornish–Fisher expansion, justified through an extensive empirical study, and is supported with mathematical analysis. It is shown that the technique provides precise and accurate estimates for the most commonly estimated quantiles with minimal data storage and low computational requirements.
The electrostatic energy per degree of freedom of a two-temperature plasma

Electrostatic energy per degree of freedom of two-temperature plasma examined for validity of resonant approximations in ion wave region
Adsorptive effects of di-tri-octahedral smectite on Clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins and equine colostral antibodies.

Objective—To determine the adsorptive capability of di-tri-octahedral smectite (DTOS) on Clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins and equine colostral antibodies. Sample Population—3 C perfringens exotoxins and 9 colostral samples. Procedures—Alpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins were individually co-incubated with serial dilutions of DTOS or bismuth subsalicylate, and the amount of toxin remaining after incubation was determined via toxin-specific ELISAs. Colostral samples from healthy mares were individually co-incubated with serial dilutions of DTOS, and colostral IgG concentrations were determined via single radial immunodiffusion assay. Results—Di-tri-octahedral smectite decreased the amount of each C perfringens exotoxin in co-incubated samples in a dose-dependent manner and was more effective than bismuth subsalicylate at reducing exotoxins in vitro. Decreases in the concentration of IgG were detected in samples of colostrum that were combined with DTOS at 1:4 through 1:16 dilutions, w...
Evidence-Based Medicine

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)—with its focus on treatment approaches based on data and evidence, as opposed to intuition or clinical knowledge—goes to the heart of the differences between the education systems of the United States and many foreign countries. In order to emphasize a broader, patient-centered understanding and approach, EBM has evolved into evidence-based practice (EBP). This practice is a particular challenge for psychiatry, with its suboptimal diagnostic system and the extensive range of biopsychosocial–cultural–spiritual factors that move psychiatrists from generalities to an individualized understanding and treatment of patients. The institution, department, and teachers require strong commitment to effectively implement evidence-based psychiatric practice (EBPP) and help psychiatry residents become proficient in it. Although some international medical graduate (IMG) physicians are disadvantaged due to little or no previous exposure to the EBM paradigm, this disadvantage needs to be addressed with sensitivity. IMG physicians are clearly capable of delivering patient outcomes that are on par with those of graduates from medical schools in the United States.
Hallucinogens, Serotonin and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Blockade of 5-HT reuptake appears to be an important initial neurobiological event in the therapeutic mechanism of action of antiobsessional drugs. However, for reasons that continue to be poorly understood, clinical improvement following initiation of treatment with 5-HT reuptake inhibitors can take up to eight to 12 weeks, and most patients do not fully improve. Recent data suggest that activation of 5-HT2A and/or 5-HT2C receptors may be important for the improvement of OCD symptoms. Most psychedelic drugs are potent agonists at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and their binding potency to these receptors is strongly correlated with their human potency as hallucinogens. This article will briefly review the relevant clinical and preclinical studies relating to the effects of hallucinogens on OCD. These data suggest that activation of 5-HT2 receptors by hallucinogens may lead to acute reduction of, as well as possible longer-lasting beneficial effects on, the symptoms of OCD. Evidence for and against involvement of 5-HT2A and/or 5-HT2C receptors in the therapeutic effects of drug therapies for OCD are reviewed. Issues related to the pharmacological properties and safety of psychedelic drugs, when considered as potential treatments for patients with OCD, are summarized. The authors suggest that controlled trials of potent 5-HT2 agonists in people suffering from OCD are warranted.
Predicting Separation and Transitional Flow in Turbine Blades at Low Reynolds Numbers—Part I: Development of Prediction Methodology

There is an increasing interest in design methods and performance prediction for aircraft engine turbines operating at low Reynolds numbers. In this regime, boundary layer separation may be more likely to occur in the turbine flow passages. For accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions of the flow, correct modeling of laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition is essential to capture the details of the flow. To investigate possible improvements in model fidelity, CFD models were created for the flow over two low pressure turbine blade designs. A new three-equation eddy-viscosity type turbulent transitional flow model, originally developed by Walters and Leylek (2004, "A New Model for Boundary Layer Transition Using a Single Point RANS Approach, " ASME J. Turbomach., 126(1), pp. 193―202), was employed for the current Reynolds averaged Navier―Stokes (RANS) CFD calculations. Previous studies demonstrated the ability of this model to accurately predict separation and boundary layer transition characteristics of low Reynolds number flows. The present research tested the capability of CFD with the Walters and Leylek turbulent transitional flow model to predict the boundary layer behavior and performance of two different turbine cascade configurations. Flows over low pressure turbine (LPT) blade airfoils with different blade loading characteristics were simulated over a Reynolds number range of 15,000―100,000 and predictions were compared with experimental cascade results. Part I of this paper discusses the prediction methodology that was developed and its validation using a lightly loaded LPT blade airfoil design. The turbulent transitional flow model sensitivity to turbulent flow parameters was investigated and showed a strong dependence on freestream turbulence intensity with a second-order effect of turbulent length scale. Focusing on the calculation of the total pressure loss coefficients to judge performance, the CFD simulation incorporating Walters and Leylek's turbulent transitional flow model produced adequate prediction of the Reynolds number performance for the lightly loaded LPT blade cascade geometry. Significant improvements in performance were shown over predictions of conventional RANS turbulence models. Historically, these models cannot adequately predict boundary layer transition.
Building an IT help desk: from zero to hero

This paper is intended for Help Desk managers who want to learn how to expand their Help Desk without outpacing themselves and also for institutions that may be just starting out with centralized support or are thinking of opening a help desk.We will explain in detail how, from Winter of 2003 to Summer of 2005, Webster University went from having no Help Desk to having one that services over 40,000 people, provides international support and is primarily staffed by students.Our two major focuses will be how we have succeeded with a staff consisting of 90% student workers and also on how we were able to resolve territory conflicts that go along with support centralization.The evolution of centralized service, its pitfalls and successes, will be detailed using examples of our relationships with other support departments within the University system, including how we addressed territoriality, knowledge hoarding and being a new department in an already established IT infrastructure.We will look at how student workers give Webster University Help Desk its unique blend of personalized service with competent technical support; also, the challenges we faced, both internally and externally with students in regards to staffing, consistency of support, training and responsibility management.In conclusion, we will look at where the Webster University Help Desk is moving in the future: remote support via LANDesk, 24x7 support and resident student computing support.
Microbial Communities Promoting Mn(II) Oxidation in Ashumet Pond, a Historically Polluted Freshwater Pond Undergoing Remediation

An extensive culture-dependent and -independent study was conducted to identify microorganisms contributing to the biogeochemical cycling of manganese (Mn) in Ashumet Pond, a freshwater pond in Massachusetts currently undergoing remediation. A variety of bacteria (including Gamma-, Beta-, and Alpha-proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroides) and Ascoymete fungi were isolated from the pond that promote Mn(II) oxidation and subsequent formation of Mn(III/IV) oxide minerals. Targeted-amplicon pyrosequencing of the bacterial and fungal communities associated with Mn oxide-encrusted samples show a highly diverse microbial community, of which the cultured phylotypes represent a minor proportion. This suggests a larger community, not identified through culturing, contributes to Mn oxide formation within the Pond.
Anatomic basis for differential regulation of the rostrolateral peri–locus coeruleus region by limbic afferents

Abstract Background: Neurochemical and electrophysiological studies indicate that the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine system is activated by physiological and external stressors. This activation is mediated in part by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the hypothalamic neurohormone that initiates the endocrine response to stress. We have previously shown that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) provides CRF afferents to noradrenergic processes in the peri-LC area that may serve to integrate emotional and cognitive responses to stress. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) shares many anatomical and neurochemical characteristics with the CNA, including a high density of CRF-immunoreactive cells and fibers; however, recent studies have suggested that the CNA and the BNST may differentially regulate responses to conditioned and unconditioned fear, respectively, suggesting divergent neuroanatomical circuits underlying these processes. Methods: In the present study, neuroanatomical substrates subserving regulation of the LC by the BNST were examined. Anterograde tract-tracing was combined with immunoelectron microscopy to test the hypotheses that BNST efferents target noradrenergic neurons of the LC and that these efferents exhibit immunolabeling for CRF. Results: Ultrastructural analysis of sections that were dually labeled for the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injected into the BNST and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactivity demonstrated that BDA-labeled axon terminals formed synaptic specializations (primarily inhibitory) with TH-labeled dendrites and dendrites that lacked TH immunoreactivity. In contrast to CNA efferents that exhibited substantial immunolabeling for CRF, far fewer BDA-labeled terminals from the BNST in the rostrolateral peri-LC contained CRF. Conclusions: The present results indicate that the BNST may provide distinct neurochemical regulation of the peri-LC as compared to other limbic afferents such as the CNA. These data are interesting in light of behavioral studies showing that the CNA and BNST may be differentially involved in fear versus anxiety, respectively.
Teaching linear-quadratic optimal control to undergraduate students

In this paper we show that the solution to a dynamic optimization problem: optimize an integral quadratic performance criterion along trajectories of a linear dynamic system over an infinite time period (steady-state linear-quadratic optimal controller) can be solved using elementary mathematics as a static optimization problem. The derivations require only a basic (undergraduate) usage of linear algebra and state space linear system analysis. Having full understanding of derivations of the linear-quadratic optimal controller, students and engineers will feel confident to use these controllers in numerous engineering and scientific applications.
The Thermo-Viscoelastic, Viscoplastic Characterization of Vetrotex 324∕Derakane 510A-40 Through Tg

The increased use of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) in ship topside structures necessitates the need to understand how such structures respond to fire exposure. For this reason we have characterized the nonlinear, thermo-viscoelastic behavior of Vetrotex 324/ Derakane 510A-40 using tensile loading of [±45] 2s laminates. Nonlinearity is observed at elevated stress and temperatures above Tg. The data reduction sufficiently modeled the experimental master-curves over the whole temperature range, but suffered from inconsistencies in the creep data and recovery data, perhaps due to accumulated damage during the creep cycle. Our results indicate that the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior significantly contributes to structural behavior under fire loading conditions.
The self-regulation of prejudice: Toward understanding its lived character

Survey and laboratory studies provide support for the self-regulation of prejudice, but it is unclear whether people similarly self-regulate in“real life. Using a phenomenological approach, 153 non-Black participants recalled racial experiences in which they responded in ways they later wished had been different. Participants internally motivated to control prejudice reported discrepancies regardless of their external motivation, but even participants low on internal motivation reported prejudice-related discrepancies if they were externally motivated. Content analysis results are presented to summarize participants discrepancy experiences. Also, most participants discrepancies produced negative self-directed affect and the self-regulation of prejudice in the future. Findings suggest that self-regulation generalizes beyond the laboratory and occurs even among people who are not internally motivated to control their prejudice.
Notions of “Success” in Southern Arizona Schools: Principal Leadership in Changing Demographic and Border Contexts

This article examines how Southern Arizona principals conceptualize and enact successful leadership in border schools with shifting demographics and high percentages of colonized populations. Beyond global neoliberal and neoconservative pressures for accountability and standardized curricula, Arizona principals must also navigate immigration and language legislation. Our qualitative study follows the International Study of Successful School Leadership (ISSPP) in case study design and data collection protocols. Findings indicate that, along with Leithwood and Riehl's leadership dimensions, all four principals demonstrate a sociocultural affect as part of successful practice in Arizona border contexts.
The Influence of Physical and Sexual Abuse on Marriage and Cohabitation

Using ethnographic and survey data on low-income families residing in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, we examine the relationship between women's patterns of union formation and their experience of physical and sexual abuse. Both sets of data suggest that women who have been physically or sexually abused are substantially less likely to be married or to be in stable, long-term cohabiting relationships. The data also suggest that the timing and different forms of abuse may have distinctive associations with union formation. Women who have experienced abuse beginning in childhood, particularly sexual abuse, are less likely to be in sustained marriages or stable cohabiting relationships and instead are more likely to experience transitory unions: multiple short-term, mostly cohabiting unions with brief intervals between them. Women who have not been abused in childhood but experience adult physical abuse, however, are less likely to be in either a marriage or a cohabiting union, long-term or transitory; an...
Structure and preparation of octenyl succinic esters of granular starch, microporous starch and soluble maltodextrin

Abstract The reactions of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) with three physical forms of starch—insoluble granular waxy maize starch, granular microporous starch, and soluble maltodextrin—were investigated and compared. Effects of OSA level (3%, 9%, 15%, and 50% based on the weight of starch) on reaction efficiency (RE) also were examined. As OSA concentration increased, degree of substitution (DS) of all OSA-modified starches increased, but RE decreased. Octenyl succinic maltodextrin had a greater DS and RE than OS granular waxy maize starch prepared at the same conditions, indicating that maltodextrin had more reaction site available. DS was the highest (0.27) for OS maltodextrin but only 0.12 for granular waxy maize starch. Increasing the surface area of starch granules by creating pinholes increased RE at OSA concentrations of 9%, 15%, and 50%. Extensive 13 C and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that structures of OSA-modified granular starch and maltodextrin were different. In granular starch, most OS substitution occurred at the O-2 and O-3 positions; in the maltodextrin, O-2, O-3, and O-6 positions were substituted, even at the reducing end.
A modified technique for insertion of intraperitoneal port for chemotherapy

The clinical and pharmacological rationale of using intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy has been demonstrated in randomized clinical trials. However, IP chemotherapy is often discontinued secondary to catheter-related complications such as blockage, leakage, infection, and access difficulties. An effective method that provides a reliable access to the IP cavity is needed. In this report, we describe a novel technique of IP port placement that may prevent access problems and decrease patient discomfort.
Novel Methods for Analyzing Multifaceted Personality Scales: Sense of Coherence and Depression as an Example

Abstract Multifaceted personality scales assess multiple related facets or dimensions and, as such, they are typically made up of correlated subscales. In some cases, the degree of correlation among subscales can be so high as to render the use of standard procedures for evaluating a subscale's relative importance (e.g., beta weights or bivariate correlations) dubious. In such cases of high predictor multicollinearity, researchers are faced with few viable options and, in response, many turn to multiple regression when examining predictor-criterion associations (for example, interpreting semipartial correlations and incremental variance estimates). In an effort to broaden researchers' options and thereby allow for greater interpretive clarity, z tests for comparing dependent zero-order correlations and R. G. Malgady's (1987) methods for comparing two dependent semipartial correlations and for comparing dependent semipartial and zero-order correlations are proposed as additional techniques for analyzing pr...
Living Up to Expectations: Corporate Reputation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage

I develop a theory of corporate reputation as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. I show how a relatively simple and reasonable assumption regarding the dynamics of corporate reputation leads to a self-reinforcing process whereby cross-firm differences in corporate reputation (and performance) are significant and relatively permanent. Numerical simulations suggest that persistence in cross-firm differences is largely due to endogenous investment incentives: firms with higher corporate reputation invest more in corporate reputation. I provide a series of examples consistent with the model's prediction.
Changing the type of superconductivity by magnetic and potential scattering

In this study, by evaluating the upper and thermodynamic critical fields Hc2 and Hc and their ratio Hc2/Hc at arbitrary temperatures, we argue that situations are possible when a type-II material is transformed into type I by adding magnetic impurities.
Fibrinogen-Sepharose interaction with prothrombin, prethrombin 1, prethrombin 2 and thrombin

Binding of prothrombin, prethrombin 1, prethrombin 2 and thrombin to fibrinogen-Sepharose was studied. Thrombin and prethrombin 2 bound to fibrinogen-Sepharose, while prethrombin 1 and prothrombin did not. Bound thrombin and prethrombin 2 were recovered from the column by eluting with 0.1 M NaCl/0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). The affinity of thrombin and prethrombin 2 to fibrinogen-Sepharose depended on ionic strength and reached a maximum at 50 mm concentration. Prethrombin 2 interacts with fibrinogen as well as thrombin; and prothrombin fragment 1.2 is not important in the formation of this complex. Thus, prethrombin 2, which is a precursor of thrombin without measurable enzymatic activity and which lacks the single cleavage at Arg-322-Ile-323 present in thrombin, has the same or very similar structural conformation as thrombin and has the same macromolecular substrate recognition site. These results confirm the earlier results that active center is not necessary in fibrinogen-thrombin interaction.
SERS gene probe for DNA diagnostics

We describe the development of a surface-enhanced Raman scattering gene (SERGen) probe technology for rapid screening for diseases and pathogens through DNA hybridization assays. The technology combines the use of gene probes labeled with SERS-active markers, and nanostructured metallic platforms for inducing the SERS effect. As a result, SERGen-based methods can offer the spectral selectivity and sensitivity of SERS as well as the molecular specificity of DNA sequence hybridization. Furthermore, these new probe s preclude the use of radioactive labels. As illustrated herein, SERGen probes have been used as primers in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications of specific DNA sequences, hence further boosting the sensitivity of the technology. We also describe several approaches to developing SERS-active DNA assay platforms, addressing the challenges of making the SERGen technology accessible and practical for clinical settings. The usefulness of the SERGen approach has been demonstrated in the detection of HIV, BRCA1 breast cancer, and BAX genes. There is great potential for the use of numerous SERGen probes for multiplexed detection of multiple biological targets.
Experimental Considerations in Electromagnetic Production of Hypernuclei

The precision and CW characteristics of the new CEBAF electron accelerator will allow electromagnetic production of hypernuclear spectra with calculated resolutions between 200 and 300 keV. Experiments are planned to exploit this capability. The following paper reviews experimental considerations in the design of hypernuclear electroproduction, and provides estimates of expected rates and backgrounds. This hypernuclear program could begin in early 1996. Although hypernuclei have now been studied for a number of years, progress in the field has been slow because the experimental facilities available for these studies are not yet sufficient to answer some of the more important questions. Indeed, binding energies and decay properties of the light hypernuclei have not been significantly improved over the earlier nuclear emulsion and bubble chamber experi­ ments.0 However in the last decade, new counter techniques have been introduced, and new production mechanisms have been proposed and tested. Thus the promise of new physics now awaits new programs. There are a number of recent reviews on the status of hypernuclear physics. 2> Most of these reviews are connected, more or less, to the expectation that new accelerators or new experimental facilities will be introduced in the near future. Of particular relevance here, is the advent of the experimental program at the Continu­ ous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, CEBAF, and the related reviews of hyperon electroproduction. 3> As there is no data on electroproduced hypernuclear spectra, and very little on the elementary process,4> P(r, K)A, these reviews concentrate on theoretically predicted spectra and their cross sections. While the calculations are useful in planning experimental programs, they may not completely reflect reality when the actual data become available. With this in mind, and without attempting to reproduce the existing reviews, this paper outlines an experimental view of the electroproduction of hypernuclei. The first section provides a short summary of the known elementary photoproduction process, particularly with respect to the impact of this data on the design of hypernu­ clear experiments. In later sections it discusses the expected results from a proposed set of measurements to be undertaken at CEBAF, and finally discusses the possibility
Oligomerization of the telomerase reverse transcriptase from Euplotes crassus

The telomerase ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase uses its RNA subunit as a template to synthesize telomeric repeats and maintain telomere tracts on chromosome ends. In the ciliate Euplotes crassus, the core telomerase ribonucleoprotein particle undergoes a developmentally programmed assembly into three higher order complexes after mating. Here, we provide evidence using oligonucleotide-directed affinity purification that all of the E.crassus telomerase complexes contain at least two enzyme active sites. Furthermore, we show using co-immunoprecipitation experiments that EcTERT, the telomerase catalytic subunit, undergoes multimerization in vitro. Two independent interaction domains were identified in EcTERT, one at the N-terminus that spans amino acids 186-354 and one at the C-terminus that spans amino acids 755-857. Unexpectedly, we found that TERT can form head-to-head, tail-to-tail and head-to-tail oligomers in vitro, implying that E.crassus telomerase has the potential to assume different conformations in vivo. Together, these data indicate that oligomerization is a conserved feature of telomerase and that the minimal functional unit of the enzyme is a dimer.
Axial loading induces rotation of the proximal carpal row bones around unique screw-displacement axes.

Abstract The changes in carpal bone alignment secondary to the aplication of an axial compressive load through the major wrist motor tendons while the wrist is kept in neutral position (isometric loading) have been investigated on 13 fresh cadaver specimens using a biplanar radiographic method of kinematic analysis. The scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum rotate an average of 5.1, 4.2 and 3.8°, respectively, around different ‘screw displacement axes’, all implying flexion, radial deviation and supination. Based on these findings, a new interpretation of the mechanism by which the wrist remains stable under physiologic loads is provided.
FAMILY BRIDGES: USING INSIGHTS FROM SOCIAL SCIENCE TO RECONNECT PARENTS AND ALIENATED CHILDREN*

This article describes an innovative educational and experiential program, Family Bridges: A Workshop for Troubled and Alienated Parent-Child RelationshipsTM, that draws on social science research to help severely and unreasonably alienated children and adolescents adjust to court orders that place them with a parent they claim to hate or fear. The article examines the benefits and drawbacks of available options for helping alienated children and controversies and ethical issues regarding coercion of children by parents and courts. The program's goals, principles, structure, procedures, syllabus, limitations, and preliminary outcomes are presented. At the workshop's conclusion, 22 of 23 children, all of whom had failed experiences with counseling prior to enrollment, restored a positive relationship with the rejected parent. At follow-up, 18 of the 22 children maintained their gains; those who relapsed had premature contact with the alienating parent.
Hierarchical magnetic assembly of nanowires

Magnetic alignment is reported as a facile technique for assembling nanowires into hierarchical structures. Cross junction and T junction nanowire networks are demonstrated using a sequential alignment technique on unpatterned substrates and predefined lithographically patterned ferromagnetic electrodes. The formation of T junctions prevails as nanowires from the first alignment behave as ferromagnetic electrodes under the external magnetic field of the second alignment. The presence of prefabricated ferromagnetic electrodes dominates dipole interactions of localized nanowires for preferential alignment. Application of a magnetic field from a cylindrical coaxial magnet has also been utilized to form radially aligned nanowires. The magnetic field of the coaxial cylindrical magnet produced a dense, concentric nanowire configuration at the centre of the magnetic field as a consequence of the radial field gradient, and sparse nanowire arrangements in the peripheral field, which were utilized as interconnects with a concentric electrode design.
“LOVE YOURSELF AS YOUR NEIGHBOR”: THE LIMITS OF ALTRUISM AND THE ETHICS OF PERSONAL BENEFIT IN ADAM BEDE

In the work of George Eliot, a “past evil that has blighted or crushed another” is often “made a source of unforeseen good to ourselves” (Adam Bede 573; ch. 54). Eliot's early novel Adam Bede might be read as a three-volume exploration of the moral difficulties inherent in a narrative pattern premised on such inequality of lots. The seduction of Adam Bede's first love, Hetty Sorrel, her pregnancy, subsequent act of infanticide, transportation, and early death darkly prepare the path to the hero's joyous union with Dinah Morris, who guides him through the story's most painful, educative hours. Adam's union with Dinah, the narrator tells us, is deeper, more powerful, and more pleasurable than any with Hetty might have been because of the knowledge through suffering that Adam attains; “what better harvest from that painful seed-time” can there be than this second love? (578; ch. 55). Yet Hetty embodies all the loss and destruction that enable Adam and Dinah's redemptive future while enjoying no such redemption herself.
Effects of dried distillers grains with solubles on carcass fat quality of finishing pigs.

A total of 1,112 pigs (initial BW of 49.8 kg) were used in a 78-d study to evaluate the effects of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and sex on carcass fat quality of finishing pigs. All diets contained 6% choice white grease and were fed in 4 finishing phases (50 to 59, 59 to 82, 82 to 105, and 105 to 123 kg, respectively). The experiment was conducted in a commercial research finishing barn in southwestern Minnesota. There were 9 replicates of each dietary treatment, with 25 to 28 pigs per pen, and barrows and gilts were distributed equally in each pen. On d 57, the 3 heaviest barrows from each pen were visually selected, removed, and marketed, and a total of 6 pigs per treatment were selected randomly for fatty acid analysis. On d 78, the remaining pigs from each pen were individually tattooed and shipped to a pork processing plant. Jowl fat, backfat, and belly fat samples were collected from 1 barrow and 1 gilt chosen randomly from each pen and analyzed for fatty acid composition. Iodine value (IV) was calculated for diets and fat samples. Fat quality data were analyzed as a split plot with DDGS treatment as the whole plot and sex as the subplot. Concentrations of C18:2n-6, PUFA, and IV increased (linear, P = 0.02) with increasing DDGS in backfat, jowl fat, and belly fat in pigs marketed on d 57 and 78. In contrast, C18:1 cis-9 and MUFA concentrations decreased linearly (P = 0.05) in all 3 fat depots with increasing DDGS. For every 10% DDGS included in the diet, IV of backfat, jowl fat, and belly fat increased by 2.3, 1.6, and 2.2 g/100 g, respectively. In pigs slaughtered on d 78, there were no (P ≥ 0.10) sex × dietary DDGS interactions observed. Compared with barrows, gilts had greater (P 0.25) differences between gilts and barrows in backfat and jowl fat IV. In summary, feeding increasing amounts of DDGS linearly increased the IV of backfat, jowl fat, and belly fat in pigs. Although jowl fat was less responsive to increased DDGS than backfat and belly fat, pigs fed diets with 20% DDGS and 6% choice white grease exceeded the maximum jowl IV of 73 g/100 g set by some packing plants.
Studies of the impact of accounting-related expert systems: comparison of methods

Organizational impacts studies of artificial intelligence applications are becoming more common. A plethora of methods have been used to investigate such impacts. This paper analyzes studies of the impacts of accounting related expert systems and the methodologies employed on several dimensions: time focus, informants, goal, frameworks, and impacts studied. >
Bounds for polynomials with a unit discrete norm

Let E be the set of N equidistant points in (?1,1) and Fn(E) be the set of all polynomials P of degree < n with max{|P(C)|,C ? E] < 1. We prove that 7T Kn,N(x) = max \P(x)\ < Clog P^(E) arctan ^Ky/^S?^ ' \x\ < r := v/1 - n2/JV2 where n < N and C is an absolute constant. The result is essentially sharp. Bounds for Kn^(z), z G C, uniform for n < N, are also obtained. The method of proof of those results is a general one. It allows one to obtain sharp, or sharp up to a log N factor, bounds for Kn^ under rather general assumptions on E (#J5 = N). A "model" result is announced for a class of sets E. Main components of the method are discussed in some detail in the process of investigating the case of equally spaced points.
Agencies by Presidential Design

Scholars have largely ignored one of the most important ways in which presidents influence the administrative state in the modern era, that is, by creating administrative agencies through executive action. Because they can act unilaterally, presidents alter the kinds of administrative agencies that are created and the control they wield over the federal bureaucracy. We analyze the 425 agencies established between 1946 and 1995 and find that agencies created by administrative action are significantly less insulated from presidential control than are agencies created through legislation. We also find that the ease of congressional legislative action is a significant predictor of the number of agencies created by executive action. We conclude that the very institutional factors that make it harder for Congress to legislate provide presidents new opportunities to create administrative agencies on their own, and to design them in ways that maximize executive control.
Racial differences in the prevalence and outcomes of atrial fibrillation among patients hospitalized with heart failure.

Background The intersection of heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) is common, but the burden of AF among black patients with HF is poorly characterized. We sought to determine the prevalence of AF, characteristics, in‐hospital outcomes, and warfarin use associated with AF in patients hospitalized with HF as a function of race. Methods and Results We analyzed data on 135 494 hospitalizations from January 2006 through January 2012 at 276 hospitals participating in the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines HF Program. Multivariable logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations approach for risk‐adjusted comparison of AF prevalence, in‐hospital outcomes, and warfarin use. In this HF population, 53 389 (39.4%) had AF. Black patients had markedly less AF than white patients (20.8% versus 44.8%, P <0.001). Adjusting for risk factors and hospital characteristics, black race was associated with significantly lower odds of AF (adjusted odds ratio 0.52, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.55, P <0.0001). There were no racial differences in in‐hospital mortality; however, black patients had a longer length of stay relative to white patients. Black patients compared with white patients with AF were less likely to be discharged on warfarin (adjusted odds ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.85, P <0.001). Conclusions Despite having many risk factors for AF, black patients, relative to white patients hospitalized for HF, had a lower prevalence of AF and lower prescription of guideline‐recommended warfarin therapy.
NEWSPAPER EFFECTS ON POLICY PREFERENCES

This research offers clear evidence that what is presented in the media influences the policy preferences of the American public. More important, it reconciles some earlier problems that led to an inability to determine the approximate relationships between television and newspaper information concerning policy. By correcting some methodological problems in earlier attempts to examine the impact of New York Times policy news, the A. is able to conclude that different actors or news sources do indeed have differential impacts on public opinion .