cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The path to presence in performance through movement, physiological response, and mood

AbstractPresence may occur when actors are alert and relaxed in performance. A positive mood is associated with physical activity, but little is known about how movement qualities affect mood and vital signs of actors. This study examined the effects of vibratory, pendular, abrupt, and sustained movement qualities on the Brief Mood Introspection Scale, and physiology. Undergraduate theatre (n = 25) and non-theatre majors (n = 24) engaged in protocols of four movement qualities: vibratory, pendular, abrupt and sustained. Mood and heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and temperature were measured before and after four different movement protocols. The hypothesis that the sequence of vibratory, pendular, sustained, and abrupt increased the alert, relaxed state of Presence and Arousal was rejected. It was found that systolic blood pressure increased in men across protocols. A significant interaction was found between the participants’ major and “Tired.” Because Tired and Arousal indicate mental and/o...
The Cosmological Constant

Contrary to popular mythology, Einstein did not invent the cosmological constant just in order construct his model universe. He discussed it earlier in "The Foundations of General Relativity" in connection with the proper structure of the source-free field equations. There he dismissed it as arbitrary and unnecessary. It was later that he found its inclusion to be essential to the construction of his model.
Feature extraction for a multiple pattern classification neural network system

Feature extraction is an essential problem in pattern classification. The success of a pattern classifier very much depends on the effectiveness of the features representing the patterns of different classes. In multiple pattern classes, it is important to find features that can be used to discriminate each class from all the other classes. This paper presents an algorithm for feature extraction from a training data set followed by a neural network system for multiple pattern classification. We have applied the system to two different applications, handwritten digit recognition and occupant classification. The results show that the proposed feature extraction algorithm is a promising technique.
Conformational Changes of an Hsp70 Molecular Chaperone Induced by Nucleotides, Polypeptides, and N-Ethylmaleimide†

Hsp70 molecular chaperones are highly conserved ATPases that guide the folding and assembly of proteins in many cellular pathways. They use the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to regulate their interactions with hydrophobic regions of unfolded proteins. The activities and the conformations of the N-terminal nucleotide- and C-terminal polypeptide-binding domains of Hsp70s are coupled. We recently reported that the sulfhydryl-modifying reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inactivates the yeast Hsp70 Ssa1p by reacting with its three cysteine residues which are located in the nucleotide-binding domain. To further characterize conformational changes associated with interdomain coupling and to determine whether NEM alters Ssa1p's conformation, the structures of Ssa1p and NEM-modified Ssa1p (NEM-Ssa1p) were compared using a variety of biophysical techniques. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that NEM-Ssa1p is more oligomeric and more resistant to nucleotide- or polypeptide-dependent depolymerization than Ssa...
First-principles calculations of bulk and interfacial thermodynamic properties for fcc-based Al-Sc alloys

The configurational thermodynamic properties of fcc-based Al-Sc alloys and coherent ${\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{3}\mathrm{Sc}$ interphase-boundary interfaces have been calculated from first principles. The computational approach used in this study combines the results of pseudopotential total-energy calculations with a cluster-expansion description of the alloy energetics. Bulk and interface configurational-thermodynamic properties are computed using a low-temperature-expansion technique. Calculated values of the {100} and {111} ${\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{3}\mathrm{Sc}$ interfacial energies at zero temperature are, respectively, 192 and $226{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{2}.$ The temperature dependence of the calculated interfacial free energies is found to be very weak for {100} and more appreciable for {111} orientations; the primary effect of configurational disordering at finite temperature is to reduce the degree of crystallographic anisotropy associated with calculated interfacial free energies. The first-principles-computed solid-solubility limits for Sc in bulk fcc Al are found to be underestimated significantly in comparison with experimental measurements. It is argued that this discrepancy can be largely attributed to nonconfigurational contributions to the entropy which have been neglected in the present thermodynamic calculations.
Visual perspective-taking in young children: Reduction of egocentric errors by induction of strategy

Children from 4 to 7 years of age were tested on two visual perspective-taking tasks. In one of these, they were asked to generate their own view of a toy house for a puppet “observer.” In the other task, a simple strategy was employed: respondents were asked first to generate their own view of the house for themselves, and then to generate that view for the observer. This strategy reduced the frequency of egocentric errors, to the degree that the performance of the 4-year-old children did not differ from that of the 7-year-olds. Results indicate that nonegocentric visual perspective-taking can be instantiated in young children without physical alteration of the task apparatus employed or of the child’s spatial relation to it.
On Being Imitated: Effects on Models and Observers.

Abstract Forty first- and second-grade children were imitated by an adult confederate and not imitated by a second adult confederate. For each child exposed to the above treatment, another child observed the imitation and nonimitation. It was found that children tended to be attracted to the confederate who imitated them. More importantly, although the observers were not imitated, they also were attracted to the imitating confederate. The two groups did not differ significantly in subsequent imitation of the two confederates. The results, which were conceptualized within the framework of vicarious reinforcement, have methodological implications for research on the effects of being imitated.
Alkali deamination of cytosine residues in DNA.

Abstract Cytosine residues in DNA are specifically deaminated by exposure to 1 M NaOH at 70 °C. Adenine and guanine residues are not significantly affected by this treatment. The principal side-effect is chain scission resulting from depurination. Despite this, the procedure is useful for obtaining DNA with known amounts of deoxyuridine and the study of the effects of G · U base pairs on the formation and stability of DNA · DNA duplexes.
Cytokine Regulation of Hepatic Stellate Cells in Liver Fibrosis

Cytokines constitute a major class of mediators responsible for "activation" of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro and in vivo. They are largely divided into mitogenic (transforming growth factor-alpha, platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and insulin-like growth factor) and fibrogenic (transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-6) cytokines. In addition to their mitogenic (stimulation of cell proliferation) and fibrogenic (induction of matrix proteins) properties, they are also shown to confer in vitro unique cellular changes known to be the key features of HSC "activation," including loss of vitamin A, stimulation of migration, enhanced cellular contractility, and matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase induction. Potential cellular sources of the cytokines consist of hepatic macrophages, endothelial cells, biliary epithelial cells, lymphocytes, platelets, hepatocytes, and activated HSCs. To better understand the mode of actions and the pathogenetic significance of cytokines/chemokines involved in "activation" of HSCs, the following four questions need to be addressed: (1) What other cytokines are expressed by HSCs to establish critical autocrine stimulation? (2) What are endogenous or exogenous priming factors for HSC stimulation? (3) What is the mechanism of activation for transforming growth factor-beta, the pivotal fibrogenic cytokine? (4) How important are HSC-derived proinflammatory mediators in liver fibrosis? This review will discuss these questions, along with the current understanding of the role of cytokines in HSC activation.
Width of photon line produced by positron annihilation at 15 MeV

Abstract The energy spread of the photon line produced by annihilation of 15-MeV positrons in a thin LiH target has been measured. Positrons are produced by bombarding a Ta target with 10-MeV electrons from a linear accelerator. The positrons are accelerated energy-analyzed with a bending magnet-slit assembly. The photon line width measurement was made by counting the number of photons elastically scattered from the 15.11-MeV level of C12 as a function of positron energy setting. The annihilation photon line was found to have a full width at half maximum of 0.45±0.05 MeV. An annihilation photon energy spectrum was calculated and found to be in agreement with experimental results.
Oxygen transfer from silicone hollow fiber membrane to water

Silicone rubber hollow fiber was able to enrich the oxygen concentration in air by about 30%, and oxygen was transferred sufficiently from the membrane to water. When an aeration tank was filled with hollow fiber to up to 10% of its volume, the oxygen utilization rate, Rr, was about seven times as much as the value in the standard activated sludge method. It is suggested that there is some possibility of improving the efficiency of aerobic wastewater treatment by using this system.
Pulmonary atelectasis: a frequent alternative diagnosis in patients undergoing CT-PA for suspected pulmonary embolism

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of atelectasis as an alternative diagnosis in patients who underwent computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CT-PA) for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), and to contrast the pathophysiology of pulmonary atelectasis and PE, both of which are associated with dyspnea and hypoxemia. We retrospectively identified 144 consecutive emergency department patients (n=49) and inpatients (n=95) admitted between July 2001 and June 2002 who were evaluated with CT-PA for suspected PE. There were 98 women and 46 men with a mean age of 58 years (range 27-95 years). Each CT report was reviewed for PE, the words "atelectasis," "collapse," and/or "volume loss," findings known to predispose to atelectasis, and alternative diagnoses. CT scans of those with PE and those with atelectasis were reviewed. Each case was categorized into one of three groups, as follows: group 1, PE; group 2, atelectasis of three or more segments and no PE; group 3, neither PE nor atelectasis. PaO2 was documented, when available (n=115), with PaO2 >100 mmHg recorded as 100 mmHg. Reports for group 3 were reviewed for alternative diagnoses. Thirteen percent of the study population (19/144, group 1) had PE, and two of them had concomitant atelectasis; mean PaO2 was 69 mmHg (range 38-100 mmHg). Nineteen percent of the study population (27/144, group 2) had atelectasis of three or more segments without PE; mean PaO2 was 73 mmHg (range 45-100 mmHg). Sixty-eight percent of the study population (98/144, group 3) had neither PE nor atelectasis; mean PaO2 was 79 mmHg (range 36-100 mmHg). There was a significant difference in the PaO2 between groups 1 and 3 (Student's t-test), with group 2 intermediate. Seventy percent of group 2 (19/27) had at least one finding predisposing to atelectasis: central bronchial abnormality (n=6), moderate or larger pleural effusion (n=11), pleural mass, pneumothorax, elevated hemidiaphragm, and severe kyphosis (the last four all n=1 each), versus 16% (3/19) of group 1 ( P<0.05). Sixty-three percent of group 3 (62/98) had one or more alternative diagnoses on CT that explained the patient's symptoms as follows: pneumonia (28%, 27/98), other lung disease (18%, 18/98), congestive heart failure (13%, 13/98), and malignancy (13%, 13/98). Pulmonary atelectasis was common in patients undergoing CT-PA for suspected PE, equaling pneumonia as the most common alternative diagnosis. Most patients with atelectasis had predisposing findings on CT. Pulmonary atelectasis and PE cause similar symptoms by different mechanisms of ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
THE EFFECTS OF ESTRADIOL ON ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE METABOLISM IN OOPHORECTOMIZED RATS.

Abstract Fractions containing hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and sulfatide were isolated from skin, intestine, and uterus of estradiol-treated and nontreated oophorectomized rats at various time intervals after the injection of glucose-U-C 14 and sulfate-S 35 . A slight inhibition of sulfate uptake and stimulation of glucose uptake into the acid mucopolysaccharides of skin and intestine was observed; however, there were no apparent differences in the biological half-lives of acid mucopolysaccharides between the treated and nontreated animals. On the other hand, there was a marked stimulation of isotopic turnover in the uterine acid mucopolysaccharides of estradiol-treated oophorectomized rats. Surviving uterine segments, taken from rats killed at various time intervals after a single injection of estradiol, were incubated in vitro in the presence of glucose-U-C 14 and sulfate-S 35 . After an initial lag period of approximately 6 hours the amounts and specific activities of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate were markedly stimulated by the estradiol injection. These observations suggest that there is a possible relationship between RNA and AMPS metabolism and that hyaluronic acid is not directly responsible for the estradiol-induced imbibition of water in the rat uterus.
A spark emission method for hydrogen containing compounds adsorbed on aluminum surfaces

Weld quality relationship to aluminum surface contamination by hydrogen-containing compounds
Dispersion-shifted fibers with Gaussian-step profile

A long-haul high-bit-rate transmission system requires low-loss optical fibers with good dispersion characteristics. Several candidates for dispersion-shifted single-mode (DS-SM) fibers for 1.55 pm which have a single-peak profile, e.g., step-index, triangular, Gaussian,3 etc., were studied, but it was not easy to obtain a large mode-field diameter (MFD) (for low-loss splicing) with a low bending sensitivity (for low-loss cabling). To enlarge the MFD of DS-SM as the bending resistance is kept low, two-step profiles' and segmented core types2 have been proposed.
Is any test 100% specific and 100% sensitive for serious injury?

Resnickandcolleagues1haveperformedaprospectiveobservational trial during a 17-month period assessing the accuracy of cervical spine computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of patients with blunt trauma. The population included patientsata level I traumacenter with persistent cervical tenderness or a focal neurologic deficit. They have also evaluated theusefulnessofperformingmagnetic resonance imaging(MRI) inthesepatients.TheauthorsboldlyconcludethatadvancedgenerationalCTscanning is 100%sensitiveand100%specific indetecting significant cervical spine injuries and thatMRI is of no useexceptmaybe inpatientswith focalmotordeficits.Noneof thepatientsevaluatedinthisstudyhadfocalmotordeficits.This is a very important study because it suggests that MRI is not needed inthispatientpopulation,whichsignificantlysimplifies their care.However, several issuesneedtobeconsideredbefore accepting the authors’ conclusions at face value. Thiswas a very select population ofminimally injured patients with amean Injury Severity Score of 3.3. No patient had anAbbreviated Injury Score greater than 3, andno patient had anInjurySeverityScoregreater than25.Theseresultscannotbe generalized tomoresignificantly injuredpatients.Thevastmajority of patients admitted to level 1 trauma centers would not beincludedinthisstudybecausetheyaremoreseverely injured. The definition of significant injuries was the need for surgical intervention, a halo, or a hard cervical collar for ligamentous injury. Forty-two of 100 MRIs performed showed a ligamentous injury, and the treatment used for these patients is not clear. Five patients with a negative CT who had ligamentous injuries received a cervical collar. However, these patients were not included in the significantly injured group for analysis, and why they were excluded is not clearly presented in the Methods section of the article. Most (61.0%) MRIs were performed as a result of equivocal CT results, and only 26.0%were performed for evaluation of cervical tenderness or focal neurologic findings. This study ismore focusedonequivocalCT findings thanonhowtoevaluate patients with persistent tenderness or a focal neurologic deficit. Finally, theauthorsdonot address theevaluationandcare of patientswithmotor deficits andpotential cervical spine injuries because there were none in the study. This fact remains a significant limitation of the study. Although it would be ideal to dispense with MRI as a diagnostic test in patients with potential cervical spine injuries, this study leavesmanyunansweredquestions. I look forward to more prospective data on this topic from this group of investigators.
Atmospheric Oscillations in White Dwarfs: A New Indicator of Chromospheric Activity

A new type of oscillation, the so-called atmospheric oscillations resulting from the response of stellar atmospheres to propagating acoustic waves, must be present in white dwarfs with chromospheric activity. Since these oscillations exist only in atmospheres with an outward temperature increase, they can be used as a new indicator of chromospheric activity in white dwarfs. Theoretical predictions of periods and amplitudes of the oscillations are given for selected DA and DB stars. The best candidates for detection of these oscillations are also identified.
A highly efficient oyster spat collector made with recycled materials

Abstract This study presents data from over 7 years on the numbers of spat settling onto plastic bottles (2 l soda bottles). The bottles were cut longitudinally into two halves and suspended in a series from 0.10 to 2.00 m in depth in the “Laguna de la Restinga” on Margarita Island, Venezuela. The surface area of one entire collector was 1.8 m 2 (formed by 20 bottles halves) and the average number of oysters attaching after a deployment period of 1 month was 326 spat/m 2 (and the monthly average ranged from 42 to 1496 over 7 years). Plastic bottles used in this way provided an efficient and cost-effective means of collecting oyster spat, and the spats were easily detached because of the flexibility of the plastic surfaces.
Use of poly(ethylene glycol) to control cell aggregation and fusion

Abstract Although poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been widely used as an agent to induce cell aggregation and fusion, the physicochemical principles of its function are only becoming understood recently. PEG has an extremely high affinity for water. The PEG commonly used for these applications is in the molecular weight range of 8000 to 10 000. At low concentrations (0–15 wt.%), PEG in this molecular weight range tends to deplete from cell or lipid surfaces, creating an osmotic gradient which brings cells or lipid vesicles together. The depletion force is measured using a surface force apparatus. The corresponding reduction of surface viscosity is verified by shear viscosity measurements and by vesicle tumbling experiments. At higher concentrations (15–45 wt.%), the extremely high osmotic pressure generated by PEG compresses apposing surfaces of aggregated cells or vesicles to within limits where the membrane is no longer stable, and fusion occurs at point defects. A fusion lumen is formed with the help of cell swelling. If PEG is adsorbed or covalently link to the cell or vesicle surface, the surface force profile becomes entirely repulsive, and aggregation and fusion is inhibited. The repulsion is accountable by steric and electrostatic forces. Therefore, the fusogenic function of PEG can be explained quantitatively by colloidal stability theories.
Ablating the Anteroseptal Accessory Pathway – Ablation Via the Right Internal Jugular Vein May Improve Safety and Efficacy

Purpose Ablation of anteroseptal accessory pathways have historically been associated with lower success rates and a higher risk of AV nodal injury due to close proximity to the compact AV node. We describe the technique of ablation of anteroseptal APs via the right internal jugular vein (RIJV).
Limits on the intramolecular relaxation rate for high vibrational overtones of methane

Abstract From the Doppler-resolved measurements of visible spectra of CH4, we determine that the intramolecular relaxation rate cannot exceed 3 × 108 s−1 for vibrational—rotational transitions.
Photochemical and photophysical processes on the surface of wide band gap insulator particulates : Gas/solid system involving scandia (Sc2O3) particles

Surface photochemical processes and the interconnected photophysical events taking place in the bulk and at the surface of a wide band gap insulator material, e.g. scandia (Sc2O3), have been examined to ascertain the role of intrinsic defects (e.g. anion and cation vacancies) on surface processes such as photoadsorption of electron acceptor (O2) and donor (H2 and CO) molecules. The influence of surface processes on the formation and destruction of photoinduced defects (i.e. electron F-type color centers and hole V-type color centers) in scandia and the role that color defect centers play in the overall efficiency of surface reactions have been explored spectroscopically. Photoadsorption of gases on the scandia particle surface and the resulting effect on photocoloration and photobleaching have been used to identify the type of color centers produced on photoexcitation with UV light in the fundamental absorption edge (intrinsic) and in the extrinsic absorption region of powdered scandia specimens. Formatio...
Enhanced Performance in Cu(In,Ga)Se $_{\bf 2}$ Solar Cells Fabricated by the Two-Step Selenization Process With a Potassium Fluoride Postdeposition Treatment

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells fabricated with two-step selenization processes commonly suffer from low open-circuit voltage ( $V_{{\bf oc}}$ ). We found that the $V_{{\bf oc}}$ of solar cells made from selenized Cu/Ga/In stacked metal precursors can be increased by employing a potassium fluoride (KF) postdeposition treatment (PDT). This study presents a comparison of films and resulting devices with and without the KF PDT. By including the KF PDT, an 18.6%-efficient CIGS device with a $V_{{\bf oc}}$ of 0.709 V was fabricated using a two-step selenization process.
Cholinergic regulation of neocortical spindling in DBA/2 mice.

Abstract Brief episodes of high-amplitude, bilaterally synchronous, seven-cycles-per-second spindles appear in the EEG of DBA/2 inbred mice during active waking, quiet waking, and slow-wave sleep. They do not occur during waking in C57BL/6 mice. This difference might result from differences in acetylcholine-mediated arousal as nicotine powerfully blocks brief spindle episodes in awake DBA/2 mice. The following results are reported. (i) Physostigmine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) desynchronized the EEG and produced behavioral immobility, but did not block brief spindle episodes in free-moving DBA/2 mice. (ii) Atropine (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced arousal and provoked slow waves without facilitating brief spindle episodes. (iii) Mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) weakly activated spindles without producing any noticeable behavioral alterations. Because these treatments had little effect on spindle occurrence, the action of nicotine in brain stem-transected DBA/2 mice was investigated. Nicotine (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on brief spindle episodes released by rostropontine transection but powerfully blocked those provoked by pentylenetetrazol (20 mg/kg, i.p.) in midpontine-transected mice. Hence nicotine's antispindling action may be mediated in the restral pons. As both nicotine and physostigmine produce behavioral immobility and EEG activation in free-moving DBA/2 mice, but only nicotine inhibits cortical spindling, the mechanisms that produce EEG desynchronization are probably not identical to those that prevent spindling. They may, though, be linked, parallel processes that are somehow dissociated in DBA/2mice.
PRA importance measures for maintenance prioritization applications

Abstract Various importance measures are standardly calculated in a standard probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). Approaches are developed in this paper for using two of these measures—the minimal cutset contribution and the risk reduction importance—for prioritizing the risk importances of maintenances. One approach which is developed prioritizes maintenances based on the risk importance of the associated contributor. The second approach prioritizes maintenances based on the risk impact if the maintenance is ineffective. The core damage frequency is used as the risk measure for prioritization. The demonstration studies, which are carried out using the Surry Plant PRA, indicate that the two approaches give similar results if appropriate cutoff criteria are used. As an additional evaluation, risk unimportant maintenances are identified using the risk increase importance, or risk achievement worth, calculated in the PRA.
Müllerian Inhibiting Substance/anti-Müllerian hormone: a potential therapeutic agent for human ovarian and other cancers

According to the 2008 American Cancer Society statistics, cancer remains the second leading cause of death in American today. Early detection, innovative surgery, new drugs and increased public education regarding avoidable risk factors, such as smoking, have had significant impact on the incidence and survival rates of many cancers, while overall death rates from all cancers have declined a modest 5% over the past 50 years. Ovarian cancer statistics, however, have not been as encouraging. Despite recent advances in the management of this disease, 5-year survival has not improved, and the search continues for rationally designed new treatments. Mullerian Inhibiting Substance is a strong candidate because it addresses many of the deficiencies of existing treatments. Namely, Mullerian Inhibiting Substance has little demonstrated toxicity, it complements the activity of known anticancer drugs, it is highly specific against cancers expressing its receptor and it inhibits the proliferation of drug-resistant tumors.
Transplacental transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans to an HIV-exposed premature neonate

Cryptococcosis during pregnancy is well documented, but transmission of infection to the fetus is rare. We describe a premature neonate born to a mother with congenitally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and active cryptococcosis. Histological examination of the placenta revealed Cryptococcus neoformans within the maternal intervillous space with focal invasion into the chorionic villi. A positive serum cryptococcal antigen (1:2) was detected on days 1 and 5 of life. The neonate had no evidence of central nervous system disease and was treated with fluconazole with resolution of antigenemia. This case highlights both the potential for transplacental transmission of C. neoformans infection and the complexities of caring for pregnant mothers who themselves are congenitally infected with HIV.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND ASSESSMENT OF PATHOGEN EXPOSURE IN SOUTHERN AND ALASKAN SEA OTTERS

The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) population in California (USA) and the Alaskan sea otter (E. lutris kenyoni) population in the Aleutian Islands (USA) chain have recently declined. In order to evaluate disease as a contributing factor to the declines, health assessments of these two sea otter populations were conducted by evaluating hematologic and/or serum biochemical values and exposure to six marine and terrestrial pathogens using blood collected during ongoing studies from 1995 through 2000. Samples from 72 free-ranging Alaskan, 78 free-ranging southern, and (for pathogen exposure only) 41 debilitated southern sea otters in rehabilitation facilities were evaluated and compared to investigate regional differences. Serum chemistry and hematology values did not indicate a specific disease process as a cause for the declines. Statistically significant differences were found between free-ranging adult southern and Alaskan population mean serum levels of creatinine kinase, alkaline phosphatase...
PERSISTENCE OF IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS FROM HUMAN MILK IN THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

The use of banked human milk for premature infants is frequently based on the potential importance of its immunologic components. We therefore examined the persistence of some immunologic factors from human milk in the stools of recipients. Balance studies were performed at 3 and 7 wks. in very low birth infants appropriate for gestational age fed either their mother's milk fortified with dialysed, lyophilized human milk protein (33 balances) or a modified cow milk formula ( 11 balances). SIgA, SIgA antibodies to E. coli O antigens, lysozyme and lactoferrin were quantitated on aliquots of milk and aqueous extracts of total stool collected during the 96-hour balance periods. No differences were found in weights of stools collected from the two groups. The content of immunologic factors (mg/96h) was The amount of each factor was significantly greater (p<.002) in the stools of human milk fed infants. These studies indicate that a significant portion of immunologic factors provided by fortified human milk persists throughout the intestinal tract of the premature infant. Further studies will be required to examine the protective effect of these factors on those infants.
Topology of ϕ -convex domains in calibrated manifolds

In [5], Harvey and Lawson showed that for any calibration ϕ there is an integer bound for the homotopy dimension of a strictly ϕ-convex domain and constructed a method to get these domains by using ϕ-free submanifolds. Here, we show how to get examples of ϕ-free submanifolds with different homotopy types for the quaternion calibration in ℍn, associative calibration, and coassociative calibration in G2 manifolds. Hence we give examples of strictly ϕ-convex domains with different homotopy types allowed by Morse Theory.
Elevated temperature dependence of hardness in tri-metallic nano-scale metallic multilayer systems

Abstract A tri-layer nano-scale metallic multilayer (Cu/Ni/Nb) system with a mixture of incoherent and coherent interfaces was investigated to determine the effect of elevated temperature conditions on the strength at temperature and after annealing. Elevated temperature nanoindentation showed a reduction in the temperature sensitivity of hardness as individual layer thickness decreases (i.e. thinner layers retain strength better at elevated temperatures). This is explained using the confined layer slip model which suggests the drop in stress is due to both changes in the shear modulus of the film as well as dislocation/interface interactions. Molecular dynamic simulations of Cu/Nb bi-layers are presented in support of the concept that dislocation interactions at incoherent interfaces are less temperature sensitive than dislocation–dislocation interactions within the layers, supporting the experimental results.
CAPITALISM AND REGIONAL INEQUALITY

The existence of regional disparities is not a necessary requirement for the perpetuation of capitalism. Nevertheless pockets of high unemployment and economic distress are likely features of the capitalist spatial system. The lack of coordination in time and space between individual firms will inevitably result in accumulation crises and spatial agglomeration. Inequality is the product of an economic system that is dominated by the interests of individual enterprises. The existence of regional inequality may be a barrier to aggregate economic growth, thus the state intervenes to coordinate the space economy and maintain the conditions for accumulation. Theoretically, the state is not dependent upon any one or group of firms, whatever their locations, for its continued survival.
The Rise and Fall of the Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Prelude, Fugue, Coda, and Sequel

The Cycle of Erosion formulated by the American geographer William Morris Davis in the 1880s remained the dominant paradigm in geomorphology well into the 20th century, before it waned in response to improved understanding of Earth's crustal and surface behavior. The Davisian model sought to explain landforms in terms of structure, process, and stage. Following initial rapid tectonic uplift, landforms were presumed to evolve on a quiescent crust through stages of youth, maturity, and old age, to culminate in a peneplain. A new cycle would be initiated by landform rejuvenation in response to a changing base level of erosion. This model was a reflection of its time, of the cycle mania of the 19th century, which in turn was founded on Hutton's limitless "succession of worlds" and dissatisfaction with earlier notions of landscape origins constrained by limited Earth time. Davis's model was derived from ideas regarding orogenic cycles favored by Dana and Le Conte, and of prolonged subaerial denudation toward b...
Psychosocial headache measures in Caucasian and African American headache patients: psychometric attributes and measurement invariance.

Introduction: As research increasingly examines differences in headache characteristics between Caucasian and African American headache patients, it is requisite to determine the equivalence of existing headache measures for both racial groups.Methods: This study examined the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of four widely used psychosocial headache measures. Caucasians (N = 173) and African Americans (N = 114) receiving treatment in four headache subspecialty clinics throughout Ohio completed the Headache Disability Inventory (HDI), the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQL) measure, the Headache Management Self-Efficacy (HMSE) scale, and the Headache-Specific Locus of Control (HSLC) scale prior to initiating new preventive therapies.Conclusion: All measures demonstrated good internal consistency and measurement invariance. Despite adequate measurement invariance, the recommended factor structure of the HMSE scale yielded a poor fit for both African American and Caucasian patients. Wi...
Bedrock Microclimatology and the Freeze-Thaw Cycle: A Brief Illustration

Abstract Analysis of a 58-day record in the Fall of 1972 from Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range reveals geomorphically significant differences in surficial bedrock temperatures between microsites and also between a meteorological screen and microsites. Bedrock surface daily maxima are extremely “flashy” and vary by 5 to 15°C between microsites and from 3 to 18°C between the screen and bedrock. Freeze-thaw cycle regimes exhibit freeze amplitudes and frequencies that indicate the need for careful reappraisal of the notion that freeze-thaw weathering is widespread.
Energy-filtered electron diffraction study of vitreous and amorphized silicas

Radial distribution functions deduced from energy-filtered electron diffraction data have been obtained for vitreous silica, neutron-amorphized quartz, ion-amorphized quartz and electron-amorphized quartz, cristobalite and tridymite. Measurable differences in short-range and medium-range structure exist among these six forms of metamict silica.
Comparison of microporous and nonporous membrane bioreactor systems for the treatment of BTEX in vapor streams

Increased regulatory constraints on industrial releases of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have resulted in an interest in using biofilters, bioscrubbers and air/liquid membranes for treatment of vapor phase waste streams. In this report, we describe the comparison of the use of two fundamentally different types of membrane module systems that allow the rapid diffusion of vapor phase aromatics and oxygen to an active biofilm for subsequent biodegradation. One system used a commercial membrane module containing microporous polypropylene fibers while the other used a nonporous silicone tubing membrane module for the delivery of substrate (a mixture of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes [BTEX]) and electron acceptor (O(2)). Tests of the systems under similar conditions with BTEX in the vapor feed stream showed significant performance advantages for the silicone membrane system. The average surface-area-based BTEX removal rate for the microporous membrane system over 500 h of operation was 7.88 microg h(-1) cm(-2) while the rate for the silicone membrane system was 23.87 microg h(-1) cm(-2). The percentages of BTEX removal were also consistently better in the silicone membrane system versus the microporous system. Part of the performance problem associated with the microporous membrane system appeared to be internal water condensation and possible plugging of the pores with biomass over time that could not be resolved with vapor phase backflushing.
In vitro and in vivo derived porcine embryos possess similar, but not identical, patterns of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 mRNA expression during cleavage development

In vitro culture conditions stress the cleavage stage mammalian embryo and can contribute to reduced developmental potential of cultured embryos. One process that may be altered during embryo culture is the establishment and maintenance of pluripotency. Pluripotency is largely controlled by three genes: Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. The objective of this study was to determine the expression pattern of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 in cleavage stage porcine embryos obtained in vivo or by in vitro fertilization and parthenogenetic activation. We used quantitative, real time PCR to assess the relative amount of each transcript in cleavage stage embryos. We found that Oct4 was transiently activated at the 2-cell stage (P-value <0.05) while Nanog and Sox2 were activated at the 4-cell stage (P-value <0.05) in in vitro embryos. Embryos derived in vivo showed a similar but not identical pattern of expression of Nanog mRNA been in highest abundance both at the 4 cell and the blastocyst stage. The activation observed at the 4-cell stage for Nanog and Sox2 was shown to be RNA polymerase II dependent (P-value <0.05). This study showed that Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 possess similar, but not identical, patterns of expression between in vitro and in vivo derived porcine embryos. The difference between the amount of transcripts may reflect the reduced developmental potential observed in in vitro cultured embryos.
Management Textbooks as Propaganda

Are management textbooks propaganda? Do textbook authors write to advance the interests of a particular group or groups (such as employees, organizations, and/or society)? Do they write to present the theory and research of the academic discipline? Do they write primarily to produce a product that consumers (faculty and students) will buy in sufficient numbers and at a price that will yield financial profit? This article explores these and related questions by asking four well-established management textbook authors—Kim Cameron, Duane Ireland, Bob Lussier, and Steve Robbins—to react to the metaphor of “management textbooks as propaganda or ideology.” Their responses provide insights into the role of textbook authors in shaping the direction of management education.
Life history traits of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non-Bt and Bt transgenic corn hybrids in eastern North Carolina

Abstract Transgenic varieties of field corn that express the Cry1Ab B. thuringiensis (Bt) toxin in ear tissue present the potential of reducing ear feeding by the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and for reducing the size of populations of the insect infesting other host crops. Life history parameters of H. zea feeding on ears of conventional and Bt field corn varieties were measured in field plots in eastern North Carolina in 1997 and 1998. Transformation events investigated were Mon-810 and Bt-11. Bt corn was found to cause a steady mortality of larvae during development, but permitted ≈15–40% survival to the prepupal stage compared with non-Bt corn. Mortality of prepupae and pupae from Bt corn was also higher than from non-Bt corn, reducing overall adult production by 65–95%. The larvae that did survive grew more slowly on Bt than on non-Bt corn, and produced pupae that weighed 33% less. Pupation and adult eclosion were delayed by 6–10 d by feeding on Bt corn ears. Corn varieties...
Influence of the suture diameter on the tensile strength of polypropylene monofilaments and its relationship to the USP specification

Ethylene gas sterilized polypropylene monofilaments were tested in a straight pull as well as in a conventional knot pull tensile test. In either case an analysis of the results indicates that the occurrence of "surface steps" may explain the relationship between strength and suture diameter. The present investigation not only shows that the polypropylene specification could be established on a more fundamental basis (using 60% of the ultimate tensile strength as the generalized criterion) but also suggests that other sutures should be evaluated similarly.
Effects of Ribavirin on BHK-21 Cells Acutely or Persistently Infected With Mumps Virus

The effects of ribavirin on BHK-21 cells acutely infected with mumps virus were compared to the effects of the drug on the same cell line persistently infected with mumps virus. Visible cytotoxicity was minimal for both cell types; however, there was an inhibition of cell replication with increasing drug concentrations. Ribavirin had marked antiviral activity against both the acute and persistent infections as determined by an inhibition of hemadsorption plaque formation, decreased immunofluorescence, and a reduction in the release of infectious virus. Even after the drug had been on the persistently infected cells for 72 h, there was still antigen production detectable by immunofluorescence, although the cells no longer hemadsorbed chicken erythrocytes. Ribavirin removal from both types of infection resulted in the renewed synthesis of virus.
Inductive interaction of embryonic tissues after dissociation and reaggregation.

Abstract 1. 1. A standardizable and potentially fully quantifiable procedure is described by which pooled embryonic rudiments of small size in fairly large numbers can be reliably dissociated to varying degrees, including reduction to single-cell suspensions. 2. 2. Using this procedure, it is shown that in the mouse inductive system consisting of dorsal spinal cord and metanephrogenic mesenchyme, dissociation of either interactant does not destroy its ability to participate in induction. 3. 3. Mixed suspensions of the two tissues produce mixed reaggregates which segregate into type specific regions, and induction proceeds to the same conclusion as when untreated tissues or reaggregates are placed in contact. 4. 4. Following prolonged dissociation, inductive activity can persist in surviving cells, though it is not detectable at any time in the cellular debris or in the medium.
Meeting complex drilling and subsurface challenges through advanced software tools

ExxonMobil has a strong commitment to developing and utilizing drilling and subsurface research. Previous presentations have discussed examples of unique ExxonMobil drilling and subsurface technology. However, while individual technologies give benefit incrementally, maximum business impact is realized only when each technology is integrated into the larger drilling and subsurface workflow and moved from the research lab to the operational environment. Furthermore, the resulting software implementation must be technologically sound and usable in the context of drilling and subsurface workflows to be of business value.
Self-amplification of turbulent 3D vorticity field and 2D vorticity gradient

The effects of self-amplification of a vorticity field in 3D turbulence and a vorticity gradient in 2D turbulence are considered. The conditionally averaged tensor of strain rates (with fixed vorticity) is obtained for 3D turbulence. The corresponding tensor (with fixed vorticity gradient) is obtained for 2D turbulence. These results are discussed in the context of observations and direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows. In particular, the appearance of 'vortex strings' in 3D turbulent flows is in accord with the obtained formula. The presented method is quite general and can be applied to a variety of physical systems with strong interaction.
VOLTINT: A Matlab ® -based program for semi-automated processing of geochemical data acquired by voltammetry

Recent progress has resulted in the development of advanced techniques to acquire geochemical information in situ in aquatic systems. Among these techniques, voltammetry has generated significant interest for its ability to detect several important redox-sensitive chemical species in a fast, reliable, and automated manner. Many research groups worldwide have now adopted these techniques for geochemical measurements in various marine and freshwater systems, including water column, sediment, microbial mat, and groundwater, with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Unfortunately, the ability to conduct multiple measurements with great spatial and temporal resolutions generates large data sets that are difficult to integrate manually. We report a new computer program, voltammetric integration software (VOLTINT), that can integrate large voltammetric data sets semi-automatically. This program implemented in Matlab^(R) is based on a graphical user interface to visualize and identify voltammetric signals. The program differentiates between voltammetric techniques and derives or integrates voltammetric signals to produce output data files containing the redox potentials, current intensities, and, when appropriate, peak surface areas of each electrochemical species that can be detected. VOLTINT was developed with the intention of integrating voltammetric data obtained with potentiostats from a specific company Analytical Instrument Systems, Inc. (AIS). However, the scripts can be easily altered to process any ASCII file containing voltammetric data. The details of the program are presented, and examples provided along with recommendations regarding the analysis of voltammetric data in the context of this program. VOLTINT is available free of charge to anyone who is interested in integrating multiple voltammetric data files in a fast and reliable manner.
The Uptake of Sugars by Isolated Rat Parotid Acinar Cells

This study presents the basic transport mechanisms of the uptake of D-glucose and 3-0-methyl-D-glucose by isolated rat parotid acinar cells. The transport characteristics were studied in vitro using 14C-labeled isotopic analogues of these sugars.