cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of copper nanopowders on microstructure and hardness of lead-tin solder

Abstract This paper presents the microstructure and hardness of composite solders obtained by the addition of nanopowders of copper to a conventional solder. Copper powders-reinforced lead (Pb)–tin (Sn) composite solders were prepared by thoroughly blending nano-sized copper powders (average powder particle size 100 nm) with a powder of a eutectic solder and using a water-soluble flux. The blended solder paste was melted and allowed to re-solidify in a crucible placed on a hot plate and maintained at a constant temperature. Optical microscopy observations revealed the as-solidified microstructure of the composite solder to be altered by the addition of nanopowders to the eutectic Sn–Pb solder. The copper powders precipitated as intermetallic compounds that were non-uniformly distributed through the microstructure. Microhardness measurements revealed a 30–40% increase in hardness of the composite solder over the conventional unreinforced eutectic counterpart.
When and How Can You Specify a Probability Distribution When You Don't Know Much? II

This paper presents an excerpt from the proceedings of the above-named workshop, and gives an overview of both the workshop and the proceedings. Five papers with diverse and complementary themes were reviewed and revised for publication.
Group Teaching of Conversational Skills to Adolescents on the Autism Spectrum.

Abstract Adolescents with autism struggle with developing meaningful social relationships. Learning appropriate conversational skills can be an important first step in creating friendships. A procedure that has been effective in teaching conversational skills to typically developing adolescents is the teaching interaction procedure, which involves describing the target behavior, why it should be used, when it should be used, and the steps in the skill, modeling the behavior, and having the learner role-play. Throughout the teaching process, feedback is given to the adolescent. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the teaching interaction procedure could be used to teach adolescents with autism conversational skills in a group setting. Five children, four on the autism spectrum and one with ADHD, were taught conversational basics, how to give positive feedback to a speaker, and how to answer and ask open-ended questions. A multiple-probe design across behaviors and replicated across participants revealed that four of the five participants mastered all three conversational skills, while the fifth participant mastered two of the skills. While no participants fully generalized the skills to interactions with a typical peer, participants showed some generalization to those interactions.
The Role of Hydrogen in Improving Photovoltaic Response of Solar Cells on Polycrystalline Silicon

Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) materials are passivated using atomic hydrogen generated by an rf plasma. The infrared (IR) spectra of hydrogenated samples are studied for a wide range of substrate temperatures and hydrogen gas pressure. The vibrational spectra display modes at 650 and 2040 cm−1 which can be characterized as predominantly hydrogen motions. Analysis of these modes show association with. the SiH bonds. The effect of hydrogen on the photovoltaic properties of poly-Si-metal-insulator-semiconductor solar cells is also studied. Solar cell characteristics are significantly improved after passivation of the grain boundaries for previously annealed Wacker poly-Si. The detrimental effects of annealing the as-received Wacker poly-Si samples are also discussed. Polykristallines Siliziummaterial (Poly-Si) wird mittels atomaren Wasserstoffs passiviert, der durch ein HF-Plasma erzeugt wird. Die Infrarot(IR)-Spektren der hydrogenisierten Proben werden in einem weiten Bereich der Substrattemperaturen und des Wasserstoffgasdrucks untersucht. Die Schwingungsspektren zeigen Moden bei 650 und 2040 cm−1, die sich vorwiegend als Wasser-stoffbewegungen charakterisieren lassen. Eine Analyse dieser Moden zeigt eine Verknupfung mit den Si-H-Bindungen. Der Einflus von Wasserstoff auf die Photospannungseigenschaften von Poly-Si-Metall-Isolator-Halbleiter-Solarzellen wird ebenfalls untersucht. Die Charakteristiken der Solarzellen sind nach Passivierung der Korngrenzen von vorher getempertem Wacker-Poly-Si betrachtlich besser. Die Einflusse einer Temperung von ursprunglichen Wacker-Poly-Si Proben werden ebenfalls untersucht.
A test-bed for facebook friend-list recommendations

We have engineered an interactive Facebook-based test-bed for experimenting with friend-list recommendations. Its user-interface has two components: one allows the end-user to use a recommendation algorithm to create usable friend-lists, and the other allows the researcher to determine the quality of the recommendations. It supports multi-stage experiments to compare the efforts required to create friend-lists manually and using the recommender. Multiple visualizations are provided to help understand and evaluate the underlying algorithm. Several preliminary experiments have provided encouraging results. The architecture allows the recommendation algorithms, end-user interfaces, and visualizations to be changed independently. A video demonstration of this work is available at http://youtu.be/FOMSVALrdGs.
Heterotransplantation of small-cell carcinoma of the lung into nude mice: comparison of intracranial and subcutaneous routes.

We compared and contrasted intracranial (i.c.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) heterotransplantation of small-cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) into athymic nude mice. Fresh human SCCL tumor specimens, tumor colonies grown in soft agarose and continuous cell lines were used. Tumors induced by the three types of specimens were similar, but s.c. and i.c. transplants differed. S.c. tumors had longer latent times, were non-invasive and non-lethal. I.c. tumors has shorter latent periods, invariably grew in the meninges, frequently invaded and destroyed the underlying brain, and were lethal. The tumor-inducing dose for i.c. transplantation was 10 to 1,000 times lower than for s.c. transplantation. Pooled colonies of SCCL tumor specimens grown in soft agarose were inoculated i.c. While they contained relatively small numbers of cells (400-10,000), 83% of these colony specimens induced tumors after 58-243 days, confirming the "stem-cell" origin of the colonies. I.c. and s.c. transplants retained the characteristic morphology of SCCL, and, with one exception, did not metastasize to distant organs. Continuous cell lines could be established readily from both types of transplants, and they retained the characteristic cytology, growth and biochemical properties of the original SCCL tumors. I.c. heterotransplantation of SCCL is a useful tool, especially when small numbers of tumor cells are available, and may provide a model to study the biology and therapy of meningeal carcinomatosis.
"Damn the precision, full speed ahead with the clinical interpretation.".

The purpose of this report is to respond to Dr. Cicchetti's (1999) challenge of the minimum of 400 subjects suggested by Charter (1999) for split-half, coefficient alpha, retest, alternate-forms, validity, and inter-rater reliability coefficients.
Placebo-Controlled Trials of Treatments for Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Review of the Literature and Discussion of Feasibility and Potential Value

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has a broad range of clinical manifestations, from apparently self-limited illness to severe disease. This observation raises the question of whether to perform placebo-controlled trials involving patients with mild CAP to determine quantitatively the treatment effect of antibiotic therapy for CAP. A critical analysis of the literature reveals that most clinical trials underestimate the proportion of CAP cases of all severities that are caused by typical bacteria, particularly pneumococci. Studies that use vigorous diagnostic methods consistently report that the majority of CAP cases are caused by pneumococci. Currently, there is little evidence that viruses cause a substantial proportion of CAP cases in adults. Although relevant placebo-controlled trials have not been published in recent years, other evidence indicates that antibiotic therapy is unequivocally effective for pneumococcal pneumonia. The availability of effective therapy for Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia presents clinical, ethical, and pragmatic obstacles to the performance of placebo-controlled trials. Furthermore, if placebo-controlled trials were performed for mild CAP, patients with risk factors for pneumococcal pneumonia and patients with predictors of systemic illness would be excluded, thereby resulting in a highly selected population. On the basis of the data reviewed, there is no justification for placebo-controlled trials involving patients with CAP of any degree of severity.
Psychological aspects of Crohn's disease

This is a critical review of 16 studies reporting a relationship between Crohn's disease and psychological variables. The studies reviewed indicate a relationship between the psychological variables of stressful life events, personality characteristics, and psychopathology and the onset and/or exacerbation of Crohn's symptoms. Personality characteristics such as depression, anxiety, and dependency are frequently reported as are the occurrence of stressful life events and the presence of psychopathology. The nature of the relationship is not explained by the research to date; however, the findings summarized in this report indicate that additional investigation into this association is warranted. A plan for such research is suggested.
Computer-Vision-Based Wheel Sinkage Estimation for Robot Navigation on Lunar Terrain

This paper presents a wheel sinkage detection method that may be used in robotic lunar exploration tasks. The method extracts the boundary line between a robot wheel and lunar soil by segmenting the wheel-soil image captured from a video camera that monitors wheel-soil interaction. The detected boundary is projected onto the soil-free image of the robot wheel to determine the parameters of wheel sinkage. The segmentation method is based on a graph theory. It first clusters a wheel-soil image into homogeneous regions called superpixels and constructs a graph on the superpixels. It then partitions the graph into segments by using normalized cuts. Compared with the existing wheel sinkage detection methods, the proposed algorithm is more robust to illumination condition, shadows, and dust (covering the wheel). The method's efficacy has been validated by experiments under various conditions.
U-convergence and L-fuzzy U-sets

Abstract In this paper, the concepts of U-convergence of molecular nets and fuzzy filters and L-fuzzy U-sets in L-fuzzy topological spaces are introduced. Their characterizations and mutual relationships are systematically discussed. Some interesting results are obtained.
Micromechanical Model for Fibrous Ceramic Bodies

A micromechanical model is presented to relate the mechanical properties of low-density fibrous ceramic bodies to their microstructures and the properties of the fibers. It is found that properties such as the elastic moduli, fracture toughness, and strength depend on the fiber spacing. In particular, it is shown that the critical stress intensity (Kc) depends on the density of the body with respect to the fiber density, the degree of preferred orientation, the fiber strength, and the fiber radius, suggesting ways of increasing K(c). Furthermore, it is predicted that K(c) will be related to the sonic velocity in the material, reflecting variations in the degree of preferred orientation. The model is found to be consistent with the experimental observations on a silica-based fibrous ceramic, which is being used in the thermal protection system of the Space Shuttle.
Axisymmetric stagnation flow of a spherical particle near a finite planar surface at zero Reynolds number

The general axisymmetric creeping motion of a spherical particle in a stagnation region near a finite surface is modelled by the motion of a sphere of arbitrary size towards a disk for the follodg conditions: (a) pure translation in quiescent fluid, (b) uniform flow past a fixed sphere–disk configuration, and (c) a neutrally buoyant sphere carried by the fluid towards a disk. The combined analytic and numerical solution procedure is similar to that described in Dagan, Weinbaum & Pfeffer (1982b) for the motion of a sphere towards an orifice. The drag force acting on the sphere and on the disk under the flow conditions mentioned above is presented. In addition, the fluid velocity field has been obtained for the case of uniform flow past a fixed sphere–disk configuration. These solutions show the formation and coalescence of separated regions of closed streamlines adjacent to the sphere and the disk.
Reaction of formaldehyde with soluble ribonucleic acid

The reaction of soluble RNA with formaldehyde was measured as a function of time. The rate of this reaction can be treated as a combination of simple first-order rates, such as those observed for the reaction of mononucleotides with formaldehyde. The equilibrium position of the reaction of formaldehyde with soluble RNA in the absence of Mg++ is consistent with the equilibrium constants observed for mononucleotides. There is no evidence for the occurrence of crosslinking under the conditions used. All the nucleotides of sRNA are available for reaction with formaldehyde in the absence of Mg++, even though a considerable amount of secondary structure remains under these conditions. The presence of Mg++ stabilizes the secondary structure considerably, protecting about two-thirds of the nucleotides from reaction. The rate of reaction of formaldehyde with sRNA is six times slower than that for mononucleotides. This slowing down of the reaction is interpreted as being due to the weak involvement of the reactive groups in secondary structure, while strong involvement in secondary structure, as in the presence of Mg++, prevents reaction completely.
Polytetrafluoroethylene layers for thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract Polytetrafluoroethylene layers have been evolved whose properties are satisfactory for thin-layer chromatography (TLC). These properties include versatility of composition, rate of drying, uniformity, adherence to a support without binder, wettability, rate of development, and resolution of test-mixture components. The layers have been used to separate both inorganic and organic mixtures. Polytetrafluoroethylene is compatible in thin layers with numerous TLC adsorbents and thus can be a component of mixed-adsorbent or gradient-adsorbent layers or an inert diluent for other TLC adsorbents. The inertness of polytetrafluoroethylene layers is an advantage in their deposition from, development by, or visualization with highly corrosive liquids. Polytetrafluoroethylene layers are especially suitable for extraction chromatography; the extractant may be included in either the layer or the developer. A thin layer of polytetrafluoroethylene is a suitable solid support for liquid ion exchangers. Therefore, by TLC on polytetrafluoroethylene it should be possible to study the mechanisms of liquid ion exchange without the need to consider the reactivity of the liquid phases with the solid support.
Greenhouse evaluation of EDTA effectiveness at enhancing Cd, Cr, and Ni uptake in Helianthus annuus and Thlaspi caerulescens

Background, Aims and Scope Phytoremediation is a promising means for the treatment of heavy metal contamination. Although several species have been identified as hyperaccumulators, most studies have been conducted with only one metal. Experiments were conducted to investigate the ability of Helianthus annuus and Thlaspi caerulescens to simultaneously uptake Cd, Cr and Ni.
Oscillation of a neutral difference equation

Abstract This paper is concerned with the oscillation of the bounded solutions of neutral difference equation where Δ is the forward difference operator defined by Δ n = n+1 - n .
Midodrine: a selective alpha-adrenergic agonist for orthostatic hypotension and dialysis hypotension

Midodrine is an oral agent which acts as a selective peripherally-acting α-receptor agonist. Midodrine is a prodrug that is almost completely absorbed after oral administration and converted into i...
Renal processing of glutathione conjugates by rat, chicken, pig and calf

Glutathione (GSH) conjugates of 5 xenobiotics (propachlor, dichlobanil, pentachlorothioanisole, naphthalene and bromobenzene) were separately perfused into one kidney, in situ, in rats, chickens, pigs and calves. The excretion of metabolites by each kidney was determined. To accomplish this, anesthetized animals were fitted with cannulas in both ureters and the bile duct as described by Davison [l]. The GSH conjugates (t4C-labeled) were individually infused into one renal artery over a 3-h period during which time the animals were maintained under anesthesia. Separate animals were used for each conjugate. The doses ranged from 1 to 12 hmol. The clearance of a GSH conjugate on a single pass through the perfused kidney was determined from the differences in excretion of t4C-labeled metabolites from each kidney. Excretion of the same amounts by both kidneys showed that all the radioactivity had gone into the systemic circulation prior to excretion, i.e. no first-pass clearance.
Whole body oxygen consumption and critical oxygen delivery in response to prolonged and severe carbon monoxide poisoning.

Abstract Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning remains the leading cause of death by poisoning in the world. One of the major proposed mechanisms for CO toxicity is the binding of CO to cytochrome oxidase and interference with cellular oxygen utilization but evidence for this is inconclusive. Aim of study: This study examined the effects of prolonged CO exposure on the dynamics of whole body oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and oxygen delivery (DO 2 ) in an attempt to observe if CO exposure results in a defect of oxygen utilization defect as determined by a reduction in VO 2 during the course of poisoning prior to reaching the point where VO 2 is directly dependent on DO 2 . This critical level of DO 2 (DO 2 crit) produced by CO poisoning was compared to historical values produced by other insults, which decrease global body DO 2 . Methods: Five small dogs were ventilated for 2 h with 0.25% CO and room air followed by 0.5% CO until death. Cardiac index ( Q ), DO 2 , VO 2 , oxygen extraction ratio (OER), and systemic lactate were measured every 15 min until death. Results: Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels increased linearly over 2.5 h to values above 80% until death. VO 2 remained constant and not significantly different from baseline below a COHb of 80%. At COHb levels above 80%, VO 2 precipitously dropped. Similarly lactate levels were not significantly elevated from baseline until VO 2 dropped. DO 2 decreased by 78% (from 23±6 ml/kg/min to 5±4 ml/kg/min) over time despite an increase in Q by 58% until levels of COHb were above 80%. OER increased from 19±5% to 50±11% until death. The calculated DO 2 crit was 10.7±4 ml/min/kg, which is not significantly different from values ranging from 7 to 13 ml/min/kg reported in the literature due to other insults, which reduce DO 2 . Conclusion: In this canine model of prolonged CO exposure, no gradual reduction in VO 2 or increase in systemic lactate prior to reaching DO 2 crit was noted. In addition, CO exposure does not appear to change the DO 2 crit. The combination of these findings does not support the theory that CO produces a whole body intracellular defect in oxygen utilization.
Large-Scale Structure, Kinematics, and Heating of the Orion Ridge. I. VLA NH3 (1, 1) and (2, 2) Multifield Mosaics

We present high-resolution VLA mosaics of 18 adjacent fields in OMC-1 covering an 8' ? 4' (1.2 ? 0.6 pc) region surrounding the Orion-KL core. The NH3 (J, K) = (1, 1) and (2, 2) inversion transitions were observed; the resulting maps were produced with both high spectral (0.3 km s-1) and high angular (8'') resolution. Both linear and nonlinear (maximum entropy method) techniques were employed to create the mosaics; we compare the challenges and results of each method. The complex effects of chemical excitation are discussed. We find extended clumpy filaments throughout the 0.5 pc region extending to the north and west from Orion-KL. The structure of filaments composed of chains of condensations appears to be hierarchical in OMC-1, as it is found on several scales. The filaments are separated into at least two major velocity components that appear to overlap in the central Orion-KL core region, suggesting interaction between cloud components as a possible triggering mechanism for the active high-mass star formation occurring there. The overlapping nature of the velocity components complicates simple global rotation models for OMC-1. The filaments appear to be fragmented into beadlike chains of dense clumps, which may show a continuing pattern of structural instabilities and star formation in the region. Some of these fragments may be sites, or future sites, of young stars. Some have very large velocity gradients and may be collapsing cores that have not yet shed their angular momentum. We also present a high-resolution NH3 (2, 2) to (1, 1) ratio map of the region, representing the temperature. Striking patterns of heating are apparent: around the central Orion-KL core, strong heating is found in a patchy ring surrounding the Orion bipolar outflow source, possibly delineating the paths by which the outflowing gas exits the central dense region and heats the gas along the way. Heating is evident along the edges of the filaments and clumps that face the path of the outflow, showing direct impact of outflows and radiation on the molecular environment. Other clumps along the filaments show slight temperature enhancements along their outer sheaths, which may be the result of radiation from external stars penetrating the clumpy medium and heating the core sheaths. The complex combination presented here of filaments, fragmentation, kinematical interaction, and heating along the OMC-1 ridge provides evidence for extensive and long-range interaction between a core of high-mass star formation and its surrounding cloud environment.
Investigating the contribution of CYP2J2 to ritonavir metabolism in vitro and in vivo

Ritonavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, is successfully used for the prevention and treatment of HIV infections. Ritonavir pharmacokinetics are complicated by inhibition, induction and pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes mediating its clearance. This investigation revealed that CYP2J2, along with CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6, efficiently metabolizes ritonavir, and to a CYP2J2-specific (minor) metabolite. Chemical inhibition of ritonavir metabolism, clearance, KI/kinact and abundance of CYP2J2 in liver microsomes were evaluated and then applied to an in vitro-in vivo static scaling model to estimate the contribution of each isozyme, as a function of CYP abundance, activity, and genotype. Disposition of the CYP2J2-specific metabolite was also evaluated in vivo. In plasma, metabolite abundance was well above previously reported levels with circulating concentrations measured at 2 μM for the main hydroxylisopropyl metabolite. Ritonavir and metabolite plasma profiles were simulated using Simcyp(®). A modest (2-6%) contribution of CYP2J2 to ritonavir clearance is predicted which increases to more than 20% in subjects carrying CYP2D6 poor metabolizer polymorphisms and CYP3A4 irreversible inhibition. These results indicate that minor drug metabolizing enzymes could become quantitatively important in RTV clearance if main metabolic pathways are impeded.
A New Technique for Evaluating Diffusion Mobility Parameters

The development and evaluation of a multicomponent diffusion mobility database for Ni-rich alloys are reviewed. In an effort to directly evaluate the mobility parameters in the database, a method for optimizing the mobility parameters as a function of the experimental composition profiles is proposed. This method is demonstrated for the NiCo system at 1100 °C. The optimization of four diffusion mobility parameters improved agreement between the experimental and calculated composition profiles and decreased the error between the experimental and calculated interdiffusion coefficients from 45 to <5%. This method can easily be expanded to multicomponent systems.
Reagan: Maintain Antarctic program

President Ronald Reagan has decided that the United States should maintain an ‘active and influential presence’ in Antarctica to support the nation's interests. Following a review of a study by the Antarctica Policy Group, Reagan issued a memorandum, dated February 5, to the heads of 14 government agencies, including the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the Office of Management and Budget. The U.S. presence in Antarctica ‘shall include the conduct of scientific activities in major disciplines; year-round occupation of the South Pole and two coastal stations; and availability of related necessary logistics support,’ wrote the President. In addition, NSF should continue to budget for the entire U.S. program in Antarctica. Short-term programs by other agencies require the recommendation of the Antarctica Policy Group and should be coordinated within the framework of NSF logistics support.
Does estradiol stimulate in vivo production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat?

Abstract Female rats were injected with estradiol benzoate (3 mg/kg daily) or corn oil for 8 days before receiving 325 picomoles of 25-[26,27 3 H]-hydroxyvitamin D 3 intravenously. Eighteen hours later lipids were extracted from plasma, gut mucosa and kidneys and vitamin D 3 metabolites were separated using Sephadex LH-20 and chloroform: hexanes (65:35) column chromatography. Estradiol treatment increased 1,25-[26,27- 3 H]-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 content in all three isssues.
Functional and evolutionary relationships of vocal copying phenomena in birds.

Vocal copying (vocal imitation, vocal mimicry, and vocal convergence) in birds is reviewed and synthesized by placing these phenomena in a functional and evolutionary framework. Confusion surrounding avian vocal copying has resulted from vague and inconsistently applied terminology, virtually no experimental field work, and a failure to consider vocal copying in an evolutionary perspective. Four categories of vocal copying are recognized herein: vocal appropriation, vocal imitation, vocal mimicry, and vocal convergence or nondivergence. Vocal mimicry, a vocalization that serves to deceive a signalreceiver, is the rarest of the four categories and has not been verified experimentally.
Prenatal stress reduces intermale aggression in mice

Prenatal stress (heat and restraint) significantly reduced intermale aggression (percentage of animals fighting and the number of attacks and lunges) in Rockland-Swiss Albino mice. These data, in combination with previous reports showing deficits in male copulatory responses, suggest that a wide array of androgen-dependent social behaviors may be influenced by prenatal stress.
The SLAC P2 Marx

A proposed high energy physics accelerator, the International Linear Collider, will require greater than five hundred rf stations. Each station is composed of a klystron driven by a modulator. Recently, the SLAC P2 Marx was designated the baseline modulator for the ILC. This paper describes some key features of this modulator and presents recent experimental results.
The Role of "Accomplished Teachers" in Professional Learning Communities: Uncovering Practice and Enabling Leadership

This paper describes the signature role played by accomplished, experienced teachers in professional learning communities, and the importance that these practitioners make their teaching public and shared. In so doing, the authors describe how accomplished practices can be shared between classrooms and between practitioners with varying levels of experience. The authors examine five different examples, three from programs developed by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and two studies done on and with the National Writing Project, and ask: how do teachers learn by uncovering their own teaching practices? What conditions support teacher learning? And lastly, how do teachers learn to lead in professional communities and contribute to educational reform? The authors conclude that robust, lasting professional development must begin with what teachers know and do, effecting educational reform from within the classroom.
Stochastic Finite-Element Analysis for Elastic Buckling of Stiffened Panels

The variability of the random buckling loads of beams and plates with stochastically varying material and geometric properties is studied in this paper using the concept of the variability response function. The elastic modulus, moment of inertia, and thickness are assumed to be described by homogeneous stochastic fields. The variance of the buckling load is expressed as the integral of the auto- and cross-spectral density functions characterizing the stochastic fields multiplied by the deterministic variability response functions. Using this expression spectral-distribution-free upper bounds of the buckling load variability are established. Further, the buckling load variability for prescribed forms of the spectral density functions is calculated. Using a local average approach, the commercial finite-element package ABAQUS is incorporated into the analysis of these random buckling loads. The technique is applied to study variability of the critical buckling load of a stiffened steel plate used in experim...
Stress-strain relations of reinforced plastics parallel and normal to their internal filaments

W recent years, considerable interest has developed in filament-reinforced plastics This new, composite material possesses many advantageous material properties including a high strength-to-weight ratio, which compares favorably with homogeneous metallic materials At one time, the fabrication of filament reinforced plastic pressme vessels presented itself as a formidable problem, but the difficulties have since been overcome There still remain some problems of analysis, but these too are being solved Conventional elasticity formulas are not applicable for use in analyzing filament-reinforced plastics because some of the material property assumptions of classical elasticity are invalid Instead, it is necessary to derive new relations based on suitable simplifying assumptions In recognition of this fact, Kitzmiller, DeHaven, and Young assumed in their analysis of a filament reinforced plastic pressure vessel that the resin is used as a binder with no force carrying capacity Their approach, commonly referred to as the netting analysis, was subsequently extended by Zickel and Read 3 In a later analysis of the problem Hoffman included the force carrying capacit}^ of the resin and derived formulas which contain orthotropic material constants The material constants of the composite material depend upon the properties and distribution of the filament and the resin Changes in its composition will affect the material constants in a way that may be studied experimentally, analytically, or by a combination of the two The analytic point of view will be developed in the present paper Bell, Brown, Ekvall, and Cutwater, to name a few, were motivated toward similar objectives All but one confined his analytical work to materials loaded in the direction of the reinforcing filaments They found relations similar to those presented at the beginning of the present paper Ekvall, on the other hand, also considered the complementary problem in which an external force was applied normal to the direction of the reinforcing filaments It is the purpose of the present paper to analyze the behavior of filament reinforced plastics from a solid mechanics point of view The study is directed toward an evaluation of the stress strain relations in the direction of and normal to the internal filaments Each analysis will be conducted with the aid of an equivalent model Unlike the work of the previous investigators, the present study will not be confined to the elastic range, but will include the elastic-plastic range as well To the best of the author's knowledge, HofTman is the only other investigator who has heretofore used a plastic yield condition in his analysis of a reinforced plastic
Altered gene expressions involved in energy expenditure in 5-HT2C receptor mutant mice

Abstract Mice with a targeted null mutation of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene exhibit hyperphagia that leads to a late-onset obesity. Here we show that oxygen consumption was decreased in fed and fasted obese mutants. No phenotypic differences were observed in uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) mRNA levels in brown adipose tissues and UCP-3 mRNA in skeletal muscle. UCP-2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in white adipose tissue (4-fold) and skeletal muscle (47%) in older obese mutant mice, whereas UCP-2 mRNA in liver are significantly increased in both young lean (54% increase) and older obese (52% increase) mutant mice. In contrast, 5-HT2C receptor mutants displayed age-dependent decreases in β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) mRNA levels in white adipose tissue, however, no such changes were observed in brown adipose tissue. These results indicate that a mutation of 5-HT2C receptor gene leads to a secondary decrease in β3-AR gene expression that is related to enhanced adiposity.
Peripapillary and posterior scleral mechanics--part I: development of an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model.

The sclera is the white outer shell and principal load-bearing tissue of the eye as it sustains the intraocular pressure. We have hypothesized that the mechanical properties of the posterior sclera play a significant role in and are altered by the development of glaucoma—an ocular disease manifested by structural damage to the optic nerve head. An anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model is presented to simulate the mechanical behavior of the posterior sclera under acute elevations of intraocular pressure. The constitutive model is derived from fiber-reinforced composite theory, and incorporates stretch-induced stiffening of the reinforcing collagen fibers. Collagen fiber alignment was assumed to be multidirectional at local material points, confined within the plane tangent to the scleral surface, and described by the semicircular von Mises distribution. The
Matchmaker: an interface specification language for distributed processing

Matchmaker, a language used to specify and automate the generation of interprocess communication interfaces, is presented. The process of and reasons for the evolution of Matchmaker are described. Performance and usage statistics are presented. Comparisons are made between Matchmaker and other related systems. Possible future directions are examined.
End-user software engineering and distributed cognition

End-user programmers may not be aware of many software engineering practices that would add greater discipline to their efforts, and even if they are aware of them, these practices may seem too costly (in terms of time) to use. Without taking advantage of at least some of these practices, the software these end users create seems likely to continue to be less reliable than it could be. We are working on several ways of lowering both the perceived and actual costs of systematic software engineering practices, and on making their benefits more visible and immediate. Our approach is to leverage the user's cognitive effort through the use of distributed cognition, in which the system and user collaboratively work systematically to reason about the program the end user is creating. This paper demonstrates this concept with a few of our past efforts, and then presents three of our current efforts in this direction.
Cell-Specific Expression of the Murine CD21 Gene Depends on Accessibility of Promoter and Intronic Elements

The murine complement receptor type 2 gene (Cr2/CD21) is transcriptionally active in murine B and follicular dendritic cells, but not in murine T cells. We have previously shown that altering chromatin structure via histone deacetylase inhibitors results in CD21 expression in murine T cells, and that the minimal CD21 promoter provided appropriate cell-specific expression of luciferase reporter constructs only in the presence of the first third of intron 1, fragment A. We extend this work by showing that replacing the CD21 gene promoter with the SV40 promoter resulted in the loss of this cell-specific control. Further delineation of intronic regulatory elements by fragmentation also resulted in the loss of cell-specific gene expression, suggesting that multiple CD21 promoter and intronic elements interact for appropriate CD21 gene expression. To assess this model, we performed EMSAs to define protein binding sites within promoter and intronic regions and DNase I hypersensitivity assays to determine chromatin accessibility. Multiple DNA binding factors were shown to be present in B and T cell extracts; a minority demonstrated B cell specificity. However, the DNase I sensitivity of T cell CD21 regulatory elements was not comparable to that of B cells until the histone acetylation status of the gene was altered. Taken together, these data suggest that chromatin remodeling facilitates cell-specific CD21 gene expression by modulating access of transcription factors to regulatory elements in the promoter and intron.
Working with industry to create a test and product engineering course

This paper presents a new analog product and test engineering course geared for undergraduate and master's-level graduate students. Industrial support has had a significant influence on the course by supplying real-world experiences for the instructor, data from real integrated circuits, and software providing hands-on experiences for the students. The students felt that the course provided a clear application of many of the concepts in their core courses and the industrial contributions significantly improved the quality of the course.
Lymphocytes in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease remains the primary cause of death in the United States. The primary complication for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is cardiovascular disease.1–8 Because the incidences of T2D and obesity are drastically increasing in the United States and now worldwide, understanding how atherosclerosis is accelerated in these diseases becomes even more important to discern. Although many scientific advances in research on atherosclerosis have been made by multiple groups during the past 30 years, particularly about the function of endothelial and smooth muscle biology and macrophage foam cell formation in atherosclerotic plaque development, the roles of immune cells in regulating atherosclerosis onset and progression are still being elucidated. It was widely thought that immune cells played little part in atherogenesis until 1986, when Hansson et al9–12 reported the presence of lymphocytes within atherosclerotic lesions; yet it was many years later until it was widely accepted that immune cells play an important role in atherogenesis. Since 1986, the viewpoint has changed significantly, but details on lymphocyte subsets and mechanisms are still emerging. Moreover, controversy still exists on the roles that some lymphocyte subsets play in atherosclerosis. These discrepancies in findings are at least partly because of differences in mouse models used, diet composition, and length of time on diet for atherosclerosis measurements. However, despite a few ongoing controversies, there are many studies on immune cells in atherogenesis in mice that show clear findings.10,12–23 For example, CD4+ T lymphocytes have been shown to accelerate atherosclerosis.18,24–29 Activated CD4 T cells can be distinguished based on their phenotype, and the predominant CD4+ effector T cells studied to date in the context of atherosclerosis are Th1, …
Model-based reuse repositories-concepts and experience

Reuse repositories provide a wide range of assets that software engineers can use in developing systems to reduce the need for continual development of components that provide the same functionality. Most current reuse repositories are component based; they provide a catalogue of software components categorized by some scheme. An alternative to the component based repository is the model based repository, which provides a model of information built from the analysis of existing systems within the same domain. This domain model provides the basis for a domain specific software architecture (DSSA), which is a generic solution to the software requirements captured in domain analysis. The DSSA is used as a framework for organizing repository components. This organization includes a mapping between the requirements in the domain model and the specifications in the DSSA. The paper details a conceptual approach to the creation of a model based repository and discusses the development of one such repository-the CARDS Command Center Library (CCL). It is shown how a domain model, a DSSA, and requirements traceability provide the foundation for a model based reuse repository with support for automated system development achieving high levels of reuse, including reuse of requirements and design information. A discussion of the CARDS CCL shows how CARDS has followed this conceptual approach within the USAF Command Center domain. >
Preferentially etched epitaxial liftoff of indium phosphide

The removal of an indium phosphide (InP) epitaxial layer from an InP substrate has been demonstrated by a preferentially etched epitaxial liftoff (PEEL) technique. The release layer is lattice matched InGaAs which is selectively etched. Results of several combinations of etchants are included. Two etchants yielded the desired peeling effect: HF: H/sub 2/O/sub 2/: H/sub 2/O (1:1:10) and citric acid: water: peroxide (1:1:8). Apiezon black wax is used to provide compression to the InP film to facilitate peeling of the film. The film and substrate remain in good condition after the PEEL process. Application of this technique to thin InP solar cells is discussed. >
Post-deployment pain: a need for rapid detection and intervention.

Pain, typically of musculoskeletal or unexplained origin, was one of the most common symptoms reported by military personnel deployed to the Persian Gulf prior, during, and following the 1991 Gulf War [1]. Despite the brief duration of armed conflict and the limited number of casualties, almost 15% of US Persian Gulf War (PGW) veterans have pursued treatment for Gulf War-related problems [2]. High rates of symptom clusters similar to those reported by US troops have been observed in UK [3] and Dutch [4] military returnees as well. Concerns over the prevalence of pain and other health complaints among PGW deployees led to several large-scale epidemiologic and interventional studies designed to identify symptom clusters, risk factors, potential etiologic agents, and intervention outcomes. Although the meaningfulness and associated etiology of the identified multisymptom illness clusters, which include pain, remain in dispute [2,5], evidence for the efficacy of cognitive behavioral and multidisciplinary treatment of this constellation of complaints (also termed Medically Unexplained Symptoms or MUS) has been reported [6]. Subsequently, clinical practice guidelines for MUS diagnosis and treatment were developed (http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/cpgn/mus/mus_base.htm) as a …
An overview of the solar power satellite option

The objective of the solar power satellite (SPS) is to convert solar energy in space for use on earth. Its most significant benefit is the potential for continuously generating large-scale electric power for distribution on a global basis. The SPS system is outlined, and the status of the SPS concept development is reviewed. Assessments of key issues are reported including economic considerations and environmental issues as well as physical resource requirements. Legal issues and the need for international agreements on SPS operations are outlined. International SPS-related activities within the context of evolving space programs are discussed. An approach for an evolutionary advancement of SPS to meet requirements for power supplied for use on earth and in space is presented, and a growth path to achieving the potential of power from space for use on earth is outlined. The significance of advancements in technologies applicable to the development of the SPS are discussed. >
Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health

This article examines the extent to which racial differences in socio-economic status (SES), social class and acute and chronic indicators of perceived discrimination, as well as general measures of stress can account for black-white differences in self-reported measures of physical and mental health. The observed racial differences in health were markedly reduced when adjusted for education and especially income. However, both perceived discrimination and more traditional measures of stress are related to health and play an incremental role in accounting for differences between the races in health status. These findings underscore the need for research efforts to identify the complex ways in which economic and non-economic forms of discrimination relate to each other and combine with socio-economic position and other risk factors and resources to affect health.
A combination treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and suramin decreases invasiveness of breast cancer cells

The treatment of patients with invasive breast cancer remains a major issue because of the acquisition of drug resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Here we propose a new therapeutic strategy by combining DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DMTIs) with suramin. Cytotoxic effects of suramin or combination treatment with DMTIs were determined in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, BT-20 and HCC1954, or control cells. In addition, effects on cell invasion were determined in 3-dimensional cell culture assays. DMTI-mediated upregulation of Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) expression was shown by Western blotting. Effects of suramin on PKD1 activity was determined in vitro and in cells. The importance of PKD1 in mediating the effects of such combination treatment in cell invasion was demonstrated using 3D cell culture assays. A proof of principal animal experiment was performed showing that PKD1 is critical for breast cancer growth. We show that when used in combination, suramin and DMTIs impair the invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells. We show that PKD1, a kinase that previously has been described as a suppressor of tumor cell invasion, is an interface for both FDA-approved drugs, since the additive effects observed are due to DMTI-mediated re-expression and suramin-induced activation of PKD1. Our data reveal a mechanism of how a combination treatment with non-toxic doses of suramin and DMTIs may be of therapeutic benefit for patients with aggressive, multi-drug resistant breast cancer.
Crime and time: The temporal patterning of causal variables

Criminologists tend to assume that most of the variables that cause crime are stable over long periods, with some variables having a brief, episodic existence in the lives of individuals. This article challenges that assumption and instead argues that variables are best described in terms of three temporal levels: baseline levels or long-term averages; short-term deviations around these baseline levels, with such deviations lasting from hours to days; and situational deviations, lasting from seconds to minutes. Criminologists can more accurately describe the standing of individuals on the causes of crime using these levels, thereby improving the ability to explain crime.