cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Axisymmetric Problems for Layered Elastic Media: Part I—Multiple Region Contact Solutions for Simply-Connected Indenters

The problem is mathematically formulated using integral transforms to derive singular integral equations for the contact pressure. The solution predicts complete contact between the indenter and the surface of the layered half space only for a restricted range of the material and geometrical parameters. Outside of this range, solutions exist with multiple contact regions
Impulsivity-related traits in eating disorder patients

Abstract Whiteside and Lynam (2001) have proposed a new model for understanding personality pathways to impulsive behavior. In this model four personality dimensions (UPPS) are related differentially to impulsive behaviors: Urgency, Sensation Seeking, (Lack of) Premeditation, and (Lack of) Perseverance. Furthermore, the UPPS model suggests very specific ways in which the dimensions might be related to psychopathology and other problematic behaviors. In the present study, we have assessed 146 eating-disordered patients with respect to the four impulsivity-related personality traits in the purpose of testing the specific hypotheses offered by the UPPS model. The diagnostic subtypes of eating-disordered patients did differ on the four impulsivity-related traits, and these traits were differentially related to various behaviors and forms of psychopathology confirming many of Whiteside and Lynam’s (2001) predictions. Bulimia nervosa patients showed consistently more Urgency and Sensation Seeking and less Premeditation and Perseverance than restrictive anorexia nervosa patients, with the bingeing-purging anorexics being situated in between. Both in assessment and treatment of eating-disordered patients specific attention should be paid to impulsivity-related personality traits.
The structure of Sb-terminated GaAs(001) surfaces

We have studied the structure of Sb-terminated GaAs(001) surfaces using reflection high energy electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Clean, As-terminated (2 X 4) surfaces were prepared by molecular beam epitaxy and then exposed to Sb 4 at 490°C, producing a (2 × 8)-reconstructed surface terminated with ∼ 1 ML of Sb. Re-heating such a surface to 460°C in vacuum returns the surface to a (2 × 4) reconstruction with approximately 0.5 ML Sb remaining. STM reveals a complex, but well-ordered structure on the (2 × 8 ) surface for which a tentative model is proposed. On the (2 × 4) surface, our results clearly show that each unit cell is terminated by three dimers, with two-thirds Sb dimers and one-third As dimers. These results contrast with previous proposals that the Sb-induced (2 × 4) surface is terminated solely by one or two Sb dimers.
Layering with depth in a heterospecific fish aggregation

The schooling behavior and interspecific interactions within a nearshore planktivorous fish aggregation in Bermuda was observed during the summer (July–Sept) and winter (Dec–Jan) of 1986–87. Four species of morphologically and ecologically similar fish were, studied: the silverside Allanetta harringtonensis, the round herring Jenkensia lamprotaenia, the anchovy Anchoa choerostoma, and the pilchard Harengula humeralis. Heterospecific aggregations of these fish layered with depth into discrete horizontal bands 30 to 60 cm in width. Layers were categorized by unique sets of species as well as by age offish (measured as fish length). The median depth of the layer was also a function of whether the fish were feeding or resting. The median depth and the width of each layer were consistent across three sites and midmorning versus midafternoon observation times. Reduction in predation per individual is suggested as a possible force acting to maintain the structure of this fish aggregation.
Immunopathology of adoptive immunization in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

Abstract Adoptive immunization (AI) of mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus results in a marked reduction in serum virus titer and elevation in serum anti-LCM antibody titer. The histopathology associated with these serological parameters was examined using light and immunofluorescence microscopy. Liver tissue was cleared of LCM antigen within 21 days of cell transfer, thus providing a simple histologic marker for AI in this mouse model of glomerulonephritis. Cytoplasmic LCM antigen in renal tubules and brain was not cleared after AI. Cytoplasmic deposits of mouse immunoglobulin similar to deposits of LCM antigen were noted in several tissues, suggesting a role for antibody in adoptive immunization.
SU-GG-T-390: Dose to Proximal Bronchial Tree in Lung SBRT Treatments: Comparison of Pencil Beam and Monte Carlo Dose Distributions

Purpose: Increased dose to proximal bronchial tree (PBT) has been associated with higher incidence of toxicities in prior lungSBRT trials. In this study, the effect of pencil beam (PB) dose calculations on the PBT dose for targets within the PBT zone was evaluated using Monte Carlo (MC).Methods:LungSBRT plans with PTVs within the PBT zone were generated for 10 patients using a commercial treatment planningsoftware equipped with PB and MC algorithms. PBT within 2 cm of the PTV region was contoured on CT datasets for all patients. Treatment plans were generated using two different dose calculation methods: i) Pencil beam algorithm without inhomogeneity correction (PB‐IHC), and ii) PB with inhomogeneity correction (PB+IHC). Both plans for each patient had identical beam geometry, but different MLC shapes were used to achieve similar conformai dose coverage of PTV. All plans were normalized to have 98% of PTV receive 60Gy in 3 fx. Dose distribution for each plan was recalculated with MC by keeping the monitor units the same in respective plans. Dosimetric comparisons were performed between PB‐IHC, PB+IHC, and MC based dose distributions, where MC dose distributions were assumed to be the gold standard. Results: The MC mean values for PTVD95, PTVDmax, PBTDmean, and PBTDmax outside the PTV region were 67.7Gy, 83.1Gy, 38.5Gy, and 64.5Gy respectively. These values were higher than PB‐IHC by 9%±4.5%, 17%±9%, 19%±6%, and 16%±5.8%, and were lower than PB+IHC by 13%±4.7%, 9%±1.5%, 5%±1.8%, and 8%±2.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Compared to MC, PB+IHC overestimates the dose to both PTV and PBT, and PB‐IHC underestimates the dose to both PTV and PBT. Unrecognized dose hotspots in this region might influence the risk of toxicity to proximal airways. This issue should be considered when analyzing clinical toxicity data calculated using PB‐based algorithms without heterogeneity corrections.
Heparin Treatment for Severe Hypertriglyceridemia in Diabetic Ketoacidosis

In a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis complicated by severe elevation of plasma triglyceride concentrations, treatment with low-level intravenous unfractionated heparin led to prompt reduction in plasma triglyceride concentration and may have prevented the development of hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis. This article reviews the rationale for this treatment and surveys prior publications using heparin in this and similar settings.
Normal coordinate analysis of s-tetrazine in modified Urey—Bradley force field

Abstract A normal coordinate treatment of s -tetrazine-d 0 and s -tetrazine-d 2 has been performed using a modified Urey—Bradley force field. Three possible assignments by Sigworth and Pace have been tested and the best assignment in the modified Urey—Bradley force field agreed with their results using a modified valence force field.
Effects of extracellular matrix upon elastogenesis.

Bovine fetal ligamentum nuchae fibroblasts were cultured on tissue culture plastic or directly on killed fetal ligament tissue. Soluble elastin production and formation of insoluble elastin where monitored by radioimmunoassay and incorporation of [14C] lysine into desmosine, respectively. Cells grown on tissue culture plastic synthesized elastin precursors but were unable to form insoluble elastin whereas cells grown on dead ligament not only formed insoluble elastin, but showed an increase in levels of immunoreactive soluble elastin in culture medium. Stimulation of elastin synthesis by a soluble factor originating in ligament tissue is unlikely since medium conditioned by viable or nonviable ligament tissue had no effect on ligament cells cultured on plastic. Thus, direct cell-matrix contact appears to be important in mediating elastin biosynthesis.
Surface activities of procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine and their interaction energies with phospholipid monolayers.

The free energies of adsorption of procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine at the air-water interface were estimated from plots of surface pressure (π ≤ 5 dynes/cm) against bulk concentration. Their interaction energies with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoyl- lecithin monolayers, previously spread at the air-water interface, were estimated from the increase of surface pressure with increasing concentrations of the subphase-injected anesthetic. Free energies of adsorption and the interaction energies were in the order procaine < lidocaine < tetracaine and correlate with relative anesthetic potencies and the blocking of nerve conduction.
Micro-combined cooling, heating and power systems hybrid electric-thermal load following operation

Micro-combined cooling, heating and power (mCCHP), typically designated as less than 30 kW electric, is a technology that generates electricity at or near the place where it is used. The waste heat from the electricity generation can be used for space cooling, space heating, or water heating. The operation of mCCHP systems, while obviously dependent upon the seasonal atmospheric conditions, which determine the building thermal and power demand, is ultimately controlled by the operation strategy. Two of the most common operation strategies are to run the prime mover in accordance to either electrical or thermal demand. In this study, a mCCHP system operating following a hybrid electric-thermal load (FHL) is proposed and investigated. This operation strategy is evaluated and compared with mCCHP systems operating following the electric load (FEL) and operating following the thermal load (FTL). This evaluation and comparison is based on site energy consumption (SEC), primary energy consumption (PEC), operational cost, and carbon dioxide emission reduction (CDE). Results show that mCCHP systems operated following the hybrid electric-thermal load have better performance than mCCHP-FEL and mCCHP-FTL. mCCHP-FHL showed higher reductions of PEC, operational cost, and carbon dioxide emissions than the ones obtained for the other two operation strategies for the evaluated case.
Effect of photogenerated carriers on the spectral diffusion of a quantum dot coupled to a photonic crystal cavity

We experimentally observe the effect of photogenerated carriers on the spectral diffusion of a quantum dot (QD) coupled to a photonic crystal (PC) cavity. In this system, spectral diffusion arises in part from charge fluctuations on the etched surfaces of the PC. We find that these fluctuations may be suppressed by photogenerated carriers, leading to a reduction of the measured QD linewidth by a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}2$ compared to the case where the photogenerated carriers are not present. This result demonstrates a possible means of countering the effects of spectral diffusion in QD-PC cavity systems and thus may be useful for quantum information applications where narrow QD linewidths are desired.
Sustainable Transport Planning: Estimating the Ecological Footprint of Vehicle Travel in Future Years

An important indicator of sustainable land use, the ecological footprint measure has proved unsuitable for many planning applications because of the limited availability of impact data at the local level of cities and counties and because of an inability to estimate the ecological footprint of future development scenarios. In light of these limitations, this paper presents a methodology for measuring the ecological footprint of a county-level transportation network in current and future time periods. With the aid of vehicle travel behavior and fleet characteristics obtained from a number of state and federal agencies, we estimate the quantity of land required for constructing county highways and remediating annual greenhouse gas emissions through forest carbon sequestration in the years 2001, 2011, and 2021. The results of our study, which focuses on Houghton County, Michigan, indicate that, despite a projected increase in average vehicle fuel efficiency, the ecological footprint of transportation will increase in future years because of projected increases in total annual vehicle kilometers of travel along the network. On the basis of these results, we argue that the ecological footprint is a viable technique for transportation and land-use planning applications.
Biodehalogenation of bromotrichloromethane and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane by Pseudomonas putida PpG-786.

Biodehalogenation of 10−5M concentrations of bromotrichloromethane (BTM) and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) was studied in static cultures of Pseudomonas putida PpG-786. The experimental cultures were prepared by growing P. putida on camphor, which is known to induce the synthesis of high concentrations of cytochrome P-450 in this bacterium. Measurements of bromide ion release were found to be approximately consistent with the amounts of halocarbon degraded. Gas chromatography/elctron capture detection (GC/ECD) measurements of hydrocarbon degradation products as a function of incubation time showed the transitory appearance of chloroform and bromodichloromethane from BTM and the transitory appearance of lower boiling but unidentified products from DBCP. The degradation of BTM to trihalomethanes and the halide ion is consistent with the enzymatic reductive dehalogenation by cytochrome P-450 reported by others. The dependence of initial conversion rates on halocarbon concentration (0.1–2 ppm) and cell mass concentration (1–28 g cell/L) was determined by measuring the decline of parent halocarbon in stirred batch cell suspensions. The rate of DBCP conversion was up to 10-fold higher than the rate of BTM conversion. When the intracellular, enzyme-catalyzed conversion BTM is analyzed by the effectiveness factor of heterogeneous catalysis, the initial conversion rates measured suggest that intrinsic enzyme kinetics, rather than halocarbon permeation of the cell membrane or other diffusive processes, is rate limiting.
A novel mechanism of glutathione conjugate formation by lipoxygenase: a study with ethacrynic acid.

Ethacrynic acid (EA), a diuretic drug, is known to interact with glutathione transferases in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) to yield an EA-SG conjugate. Here we present evidence for a new mechanism for the formation of EA-SG conjugate by a soybean lipoxygenase (SLO)-mediated reaction involving oxidation of GSH to a GS.. Similar to the glutathione transferase-mediated reaction, EA-SG conjugate generated by SLO exhibited an absorbance maximum at 270 nm. The conjugate formation was dependent on the concentration of linoleic acid, EA, GSH, and SLO. The optimal assay conditions to observe a maximal rate of EA-SG formation required the presence of 0.4 mM linoleic acid, 1 mM GSH, 50 nM SLO, and 0.2 mM EA at pH 9.0. Classical inhibitors of lipoxygenase, e.g., nordihydroguaiaretic acid, gossypol, and 5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid, significantly inhibited EA-SG conjugation. The SLO-generated EA-SG was isolated as a single peak by HPLC. Quantitation of EA-SG by HPLC-coupled radiometry using [3H]GSH yielded a rate of 16.5 mumol/min/mg SLO protein. This rate is up to 1650-fold greater than that reported for different purified isozymes of mammalian glutathione transferase. The structure of EA-SG isolated from HPLC column was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectroscopy. These results suggest that lipoxygenase, which is primarily known for xenobiotic oxidation, may represent yet another important pathway for GSH conjugate formation that could lead to detoxification of certain chemicals.
Agricultural change in the Pastaza River Basin: A spatially explicit model of native Amazonian cultivation

Abstract We use a spatial perspective to analyze traditional land use systems in Western Amazonia, with emphasis on agriculture. This research examines the linkages between the social and spatial contexts of indigenous cultivators and agricultural change through the integration of geographic information systems, remote sensing, and logistic multiple regression. Results show that the probability of the presence of agriculture increases with population pressure in areas closer to existing cultivation fields. Areas that are close to service infrastructure and existing residential zones are less likely to be used for agriculture since these areas are recuperating as fallows. The model shows that the presence of agriculture is not affected by soil quality; however, extensive cultivation currently occurs in relatively steep slopes with poor soils. These findings suggest that there may be an overall scarcity of land resources for food production. Further research should involve time series data to model land use trajectories and determine when landscape changes could be expected.
Free Words to Free Manifesta: Some Experiments in Art as Gift

It began this way. Standing nervously in a bookstore, in front of the section on literary theory, hidden from the eyes of the staff, I reached my hand into my bag like a thief and pulled out a hot pink book. I looked up and down the aisle. No one was watching. O.K., now. I slipped it into the shelf among the F's (file under Free) and it was done. So I began my career as in infiltrator of public spaces, a thief not of books but of shelf space, of access. A bypasser of gateways, permissions, and procedures. The book was called Free Words, and was an art project of mine. Its content was a list of 13,000 words I had collected over ten years. I had uncopyrighted the text, placing it in the public domain (no rights reserved), and labeled the book as free. No price tag, no barcode, no ISBN. The back cover said only "this book belongs to whoever finds it." I had printed 1,000 copies of it, and the idea was to create a kind of situation. Someone who came across the book would have to decide what it was and who really owned it. If they wanted it, they would have to decide whether to walk out with it like a shoplifter, or whether to negotiate some-
Use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and real-time polymerase chain reaction for bone marrow engraftment analysis.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplant engraftment assays use polymorphisms in the human genome to determine the relative percentages of donor and recipient cells present in the recipient. We describe a novel posttransplant assay approach using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common type of polymorphism in humans. Using samples of defined genotype, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allele-specific fluorescent TaqMan probes to assay a SNP of the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 gene. Standard curves of chimeric mixes showed a linear relationship between the ratio of two alleles and the ratio of their respective fluorophore emission, except for mixes with a low percentage (<5%) of the less common allele. We validated the SNP real-time PCR assay by comparing it to Southern hybridization analysis, analyzing DNA mixes in a blinded fashion with both methods. The correlation between the two methods was high. We have produced a statistical model that varies allele frequency to predict how many SNPs would be required to produce a functional SNP panel. Additional development will be necessary to produce such a panel of highly informative SNPs for clinical use. A real-time PCR SNP assay may ultimately provide more accurate quantification and shortened turnaround time compared to current post-engraftment assays.
Synthesis and characterization of injectable, water-soluble copolymers of tertiary amine methacrylates and poly(ethylene glycol) containing methacrylates

Abstract Several homopolymers and copolymers of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEM) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEM) were synthesized using anionic polymerization initiated by potassium t -butoxide. The polymers were characterized by average molecular weight, polydispersity and monomeric unit composition. A very narrow molecular weight distribution was achieved with a well-controlled composition. The glass transition temperatures and compositions of the copolymers followed a Gordon–Taylor relationship. The water solubility and biocompatibility of the copolymers was compared to their parent homopolymers to determine if the addition of a poly(ethylene glycol) group was sufficient to solubilize the polymers in aqueous buffer solutions and to increase the biocompatibility of the polymers. These water-soluble, injectable cationic copolymers have potential applications in gene delivery as well as other biomaterial applications.
Deposition of β-Co(OH)2 Films by Electrochemical Reduction of Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) in Alkaline Solution

Films of β-Co(OH)2 with a dense microcone morphology are electrodeposited at room temperature by reducing tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) in alkaline solution. The synthesis exploits the fact that the kinetically inert Co(III) complex of ethylenediamine (en) is 35 orders of magnitude more stable than the kinetically labile Co(II) complex. [Co(en)3]3+ is therefore stable in alkaline solution, but [Co(en)3]2+ reacts with excess hydroxide ion to produce β-Co(OH)2. The electrodeposited β-Co(OH)2 is an active catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Raman spectroscopy suggests that the surface of β-Co(OH)2 is converted to CoOOH at the potentials at which oxygen evolution occurs.
A simple 2-D oscillator to determine the correct decomposition of perturbations into amplitude and phase noise

This paper presents a simple, analytically solvable example showing that the so-called "orthogonal decomposition" of noise in an oscillator yields the wrong result. The orthogonal decomposition assumes that the right eigenvectors of a matrix are orthogonal, and hence the projection along one of them may be computed by a simple inner product. However, this assumption is not always valid; for the example in this paper, the eigenvectors are not orthogonal and the projection must instead be determined by solving a linear system, or equivalently, computing an inner product with the left eigenvector.
Implications of Habitat Fragmentation on Climate Change-Induced Forest Migration

A rapid warming caused by the release of greenhouse gases could result in the displacement of climatic controls that limit the current ranges of many species. Projected northward displacement for loblolly pine is over 400 km, with only a narrow region of overlap between the current and projected future range limits. A model of dispersal developed for loblolly pine is presented. The model utilizes a GIS to assess the critical influence of land use patterns on climate change-induced migration through modern landscapes. Results from two relatively large (150 × 150 km) study areas in the eastern United States suggest that potential migration rates may fall short by at least an order of magnitude of that necessary to track projected range shifts. Management options of species transplanting and the establishment of greenways are explored with the model. Species that are unable to keep pace with changing range limits may experience a reduction in population size and exist in climatic disequilibrium.
Underwater polarization characteristics and their impact on water visibility

In this paper we examine the impact of measured underwater polarization characteristics on visibility. Underwater characteristics were measured both in the principal plane and outside the principal plane, with data collected during several cruises in the Chesapeake/Virginia and New York Harbor/Hudson River areas using a multi-angular hyperspectral sensor system. This system, recently developed by us, consists of three hyperspectral Satlantic radiance sensors, each with a polarizer positioned in front of it, and with polarization axes aligned at 0, 90 and 45 deg. Underwater measurements are made with scattering angles from 0-180 degrees with respect to the solar illumination. At the same time as the hyperspectral measurements are made, the inherent optical properties such as absorption and attenuation were also recorded. The waters studied varied from clear open ocean water with attenuation of less than 0.25m-1 at 550nm c (550), to turbid coastal waters with a c(550) of more than 4m-1. In order to examine the extent that polarization techniques can help to improve underwater visibility in these types of field conditions, we computed the related modulation transfer functions from the polarized field measurements, and included the examination of the impact of scattered polarized veiling light, inherent in the field data. Various water parameters are then explored to examine the impact of the polarization of the background light in the principal plane on underwater visibility.
Longshore circulation around a conical island

This paper is concerned with the averaged circulation caused by waves breaking along the beach of a constant slope around a circular island in a sea of constant depth. It is reasoned that the refraction pattern determines the extent of longshore circulation. In particular, for an island so large that there is a lee shore which is not affected by the refracting waves, two current cells are found on two sides of the island with respect to the wave direction, without significant penetration in the lee shore region. This enhances the creation of two sand spits which may grow to form a looped bar, or two tombolos to connect with the neighboring mainland. For an island so small that the extent of the lee shore vanishes, the two current cells collide at the center of the island lee and form a single rip current. This is used to explain the presence of a single tombolo.
A Transmission Protocol for a Cognitive Bidirectional Shared Relay System

We propose a transmission protocol and the corresponding coding scheme for a cognitive bidirectional cooperative communication system consisting of two primary nodes, two secondary nodes, and a half-duplex relay node. The two primary nodes, as well as the two secondary nodes, transmit to each other with the relay assistance, but no information exchange is needed between a primary node and a secondary node. The proposed protocol for the system under consideration is based on a six-stage coding scheme for the single-pair bidirectional relay system, also proposed in this paper, which exhibits a larger achievable rate region than an existing four-stage coding scheme. The proposed protocol provides a larger achievable sum rate region for the primary and secondary pairs, compared with the scheme where the primary and secondary pairs perform the relay-assisted bidirectional transmission in a time-division manner. Moreover, we design Raptor codes for the system under consideration to approach the limits given by the achievable rate region. We decompose the entire code graph into various code blocks and design the code profiles for each block. Numerical evaluations and simulation results demonstrate the performance improvement of the proposed protocol, and the capacity achieving performance of the optimized Raptor codes.
Advantages and applications of transforming empirical model input space with dimensional models

Model-based calibration of steady-state engine operation is commonly performed with highly parameterized empirical models that are accurate but not very robust, particularly when predicting highly nonlinear responses such as diesel smoke emissions. To address this problem, and to boost the accuracy of more robust non-parametric methods to the same level, GT-Power was used to transform the empirical model input space into multiple input spaces that simplified the input-output relationship and improved the accuracy and robustness of smoke predictions made by three commonly used empirical modeling methods: Multivariate Regression, Neural Networks and the k-Nearest Neighbor method. The availability of multiple input spaces allowed the development of two committee techniques: a ‘Simple Committee’ technique that used averaged predictions from a set of 10 pre-selected input spaces chosen by the training data and the “Minimum Variance Committee” technique where the input spaces for each prediction were chosen on ...
Maximum power estimation using the limiting distributions of extreme order statistics

In this paper we present a statistical method for estimating the maximum power consumption in VLSI circuits. The method is based on the theory of extreme order statistics applied to the probabilistic distribution of the cycle-based power consumption, maximum likelihood estimation, and Monte-Carlo simulation. The method can predict the maximum power in the constrained space of given input vector pairs as well as the complete space of all possible input vector pairs. The simulation-based nature of the proposed method allows one to avoid the limitations imposed by simple gate-level delay models and handle arbitrary circuit structures. The proposed method can produce maximum power estimates to satisfy used-specified error and confidence levels. Experimental results show that this method provides maximum power estimates within 5% of the actual value and with a 90% confidence level by simulating, on average, about 2500 vector pairs.
Agrarian Winners of Neoliberal Reform: The ‘Maize Boom’ of Sinaloa, Mexico

While the detrimental impact of neoliberal policy on Mexico's maize smallholders is well researched, little attention has been paid to the rise of maize in the northern state of Sinaloa. Sinaloa's entry into maize has restructured the geography of national supply, and generated a new national confidence in white maize self-sufficiency. Using semi-structured interviews and secondary data, we document the primary social and political drivers of Sinaloa's maize boom. Local actors trumpet Sinaloa's response as a success story of entrepreneurship and technological innovation, while simultaneously appropriating the language of food sovereignty to justify preferential entitlements in public investment. Our analysis confirms interpretations of neoliberalism as a political project, illustrating how existing natural, social and political capital held by specific interest groups can be leveraged and reinforced through private–public partnerships to mould national policy and investment, and the potential vulnerabilities that may emerge from this process.
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is critical for vascular integrity

Vascular endothelial cells, in addition to many other mammalian cell types, express proteins that are highly modified with mucin-type O-glycosylation, a specific type of glycosylation that begins with the addition of an N-acetylgalactosamine moiety to serine or threonine residues within the peptide backbone. Recently, it has become evident that O-glycosylation governs the separation of blood and lymphatic vessels throughout life and plays a critical role in maintaining vascular integrity in specific tissues such as the brain and lymph node. This mini-review seeks to highlight some of these recent advances regarding in vivo functions of mucin-type O-glycans.
The Unique Paradigm of Spirochete Motility and Chemotaxis

Spirochete motility is enigmatic: It differs from the motility of most other bacteria in that the entire bacterium is involved in translocation in the absence of external appendages. Using the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) as a model system, we explore the current research on spirochete motility and chemotaxis. Bb has periplasmic flagella (PFs) subterminally attached to each end of the protoplasmic cell cylinder, and surrounding the cell is an outer membrane. These internal helix-shaped PFs allow the spirochete to swim by generating backward-moving waves by rotation. Exciting advances using cryoelectron tomography are presented with respect to in situ analysis of cell, PF, and motor structure. In addition, advances in the dynamics of motility, chemotaxis, gene regulation, and the role of motility and chemotaxis in the life cycle of Bb are summarized. The results indicate that the motility paradigms of flagellated bacteria do not apply to these unique bacteria.
Design of Fully Deniable Authentication Service for E-mail Applications

Secure electronic mail (e-mail), such as PGP and S/MIME, uses digital signature to provide message authentication, which also provides the undesired non-repudiation evidence of the message sender. In this paper, we introduce a fully deniable e-mail authentication service. Our design can be easily integrated into the current PGP and S/MIME to provide message authentication without non-repudiation evidence. This feature can protect personal privacy of the message sender in most personal communication.
Exploring the Intent behind API Evolution: A Case Study

Reuse has significantly improved software productivity and quality. An application interacts with a reused system through its Application Programming Interfaces (API). To make the life of the application developer easier, it is desirable for the API to be both sufficiently powerful and stable. Unfortunately, in reality APIs inevitably change, to be more powerful or to remove design flaws. This may create additional work for the application developer to adapt to the changed API. Thus, to counter the negative impacts of API evolution, we need to study how and why APIs are evolved. To that end, we performed a detailed analysis of the evolution of a production API. In particular, we categorized the changes to the API according to its domain semantics and design intent. We discussed the implications of our findings for both API designers and application developers.
Adaptive change detection in image sequence

Two adaptive algorithms are presented for the detection of small changes in a pair of images in a low signal to clutter plus noise ratio (SCNR) environment. They both have the ability to track the nonstationary image signals and suppress the clutter plus noise background. Both detectors are based on the adaptive correlation canceling technique. One algorithm uses an order recursive least squares (ORLS) lattice filter, while the other is based on the two-dimensional least mean square (TDLMS) algorithm. The only a priori information required by the algorithms is that the background clutter plus noise in the pair of images is spatially correlated. An analytical expression for the improvement factor for the change detectors is presented. The performance of the two algorithms is evaluated by using an optical satellite image, with computer generated target and noise added. >
Effects of CoCrPt layer thickness on the magnetic and structural properties of CoCrPt/Cr thin films

The effects of CoCrPt layer thickness on the magnetic and structural properties of CoCrPt/Cr thin films have been investigated. The in-plane coercivity increased with decreasing thickness for most of the examined compositions, and reached 3050 Oe for films with 13 at.% Pt. It was also found that a decrease of the CoCrPt film thickness leading to M/sub r//spl delta/ >
Spaceborne Transmitter for Direct Color Television Transmission from Satellites

The proposed VisTa satellite and transmitter design is based on a modest extension of present-day technology in order that an operational system could be realized by 1970. The transponder configuration is similar in concept and design to those traditionally used in standard broadcast transmitters. Consequently, the performance in terms of bandwidth, linearity, and distortion will be similar to terrestrial equipment for monochrome and color transmission. Although the transmitter power is limited by the capability of the Titan III-3 launch vehicle, the minimum SNR at the prescribed home receiver will be 33 dB for a monochrome signal and 1 or 2 dB less for a color signal.
Direct lateral maneuvers in hawkmoths

We used videography to investigate direct lateral maneuvers, i.e. ‘sideslips’, of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. M. sexta sideslip by rolling their entire body and wings to reorient their net force vector. During sideslip they increase net aerodynamic force by flapping with greater amplitude, (in both wing elevation and sweep), allowing them to continue to support body weight while rolled. To execute the roll maneuver we observed in sideslips, they use an asymmetric wing stroke; increasing the pitch of the roll-contralateral wing pair, while decreasing that of the roll-ipsilateral pair. They also increase the wing sweep amplitude of, and decrease the elevation amplitude of, the contralateral wing pair relative to the ipsilateral pair. The roll maneuver unfolds in a stairstep manner, with orientation changing more during downstroke than upstroke. This is due to smaller upstroke wing pitch angle asymmetries as well as increased upstroke flapping counter-torque from left-right differences in global reference frame wing velocity about the moth's roll axis. Rolls are also opposed by stabilizing aerodynamic moments from lateral motion, such that rightward roll velocity will be opposed by rightward motion. Computational modeling using blade-element approaches confirm the plausibility of a causal linkage between the previously mentioned wing kinematics and roll/sideslip. Model results also predict high degrees of axial and lateral damping. On the time scale of whole and half wing strokes, left-right wing pair asymmetries directly relate to the first, but not second, derivative of roll. Collectively, these results strongly support a roll-based sideslip with a high degree of roll damping in M. sexta.
The role of cerebral oxygenation and regional cerebral blood flow on tolerance to central hypovolemia

Tolerance to central hypovolemia is highly variable, and accumulating evidence suggests that protection of anterior cerebral blood flow (CBF) is not an underlying mechanism. We hypothesized that in...
Deterring Irresponsible Reproduction through Welfare Reform

This essay looks back at the rhetoric of irresponsible reproduction as it figured in the congressional debates of the 1990s about welfare reform, leading to passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA). In such debates, proposals to combat rates of nonmarital births and welfare dependency advocated doing so by altering the incentives concerning welfare. The essay examines assumptions about the relationship between the incentive effects of governmental programs and human motivation, agency, and victimization. It contends that the procreation stories told in such public policy discourse are simplistic, reductive, and inadequate, and suggests how feminist conceptions of responsibility and irresponsibility would enrich a public conversation about reproduction and responsibility. The essay notes the prominence in post-PRWORA rhetoric about welfare reform of the idea that governmental efforts to promote responsible fatherhood should be the next phase of implementing the reforms begun by PRWORA.
Mechanisms Underlying the Active Self-Assembly of Microtubule Rings and Spools

Active self-assembly offers a powerful route for the creation of dynamic multiscale structures that are presently inaccessible with standard microfabrication techniques. One such system uses the translation of microtubule filaments by surface-tethered kinesin to actively assemble nanocomposites with bundle, ring, and spool morphologies. Attempts to observe mechanisms involved in this active assembly system have been hampered by experimental difficulties with performing observation during buffer exchange and photodamage from fluorescent excitation. In the present work, we used a custom microfluidic device to remove these limitations and directly study ring/spool formation, including the earliest events (nucleation) that drive subsequent nanocomposite assembly. Three distinct formation events were observed: pinning, collisions, and induced curvature. Of these three, collisions accounted for the majority of event leading to ring/spool formation, while the rate of pinning was shown to be dependent on the amount of photodamage in the system. We further showed that formation mechanism directly affects the diameter and rotation direction of the resultant rings and spools. Overall, the fundamental understanding described in this work provides a foundation by which the properties of motor-driven, actively assembled nanocomposites may be tailored toward specific applications.
Kelly vs. Goldsmith: the Bailiffs in The School for Wives

Students of the eighteenth-century English theater are familiar with the bitter rivalry between Oliver Goldsmith and Hugh Kelly. The two had been friends until January 1768, when Kelly's False Delicacy and Goldsmith's The Good Natur'd Man opened within a week of each other. The Good Natur'd Man was moderately successful, but whatever satisfaction Goldsmith might otherwise have taken in this fact was marred by the overwhelming popularity of Kelly's comedy. To add to Goldsmith's discomfiture was the chagrin of having had one scene in his play hissed off the stage because of its low humor. In large measure, the reception given Goldsmith's first comedy influenced his intentions in his second: She Stoops to Conquer is an example of “laughing” comedy, deliberately set against the sentimental variety written by Kelly.
A New Smut from Southern Chile

While going through the unfinished manuscripts on the Ustilaginales of the late Dr. G. P. Clinton, the description of a Ustilago on Gunnera magellanica, written in June 1932, was found. The Clinton specimens were lost and only an envelope with data was found, however, Dr. D. H. Linder has furnished more type material in order to check the Clinton description. Since this description has not been published, it has been deemed best to publish it at this time. Dr. Clinton first worked with this species in 1908 and a description was partly written which was modified in 1932 in the form here presented.
Modeling the Effects of Educational Resources on Student Achievement Implications for Resource Allocation Policies

The convergence of standards, accountability, and school finance policies necessitates a systematic rethinking about how state-level resource allocation policies can be created to distribute resources in a manner that provides equal educational opportunities for all students. Given the demand for policymakers to distribute adequate resources to improve schools’ capacities to increase student learning, there is a need for evidence detailing the effects of those educational resources on student achievement. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to discern the effects of educational resources on student achievement using structural equation modeling. Using data from a southeastern state in the United States, the authors offer resource allocation policy recommendations that align with the state’s constitutional obligation to provide equality of educational opportunity, particularly for students living in poverty.
Experimental PWM method validation of a 9-level 4.16 kV series connected H-bridge grid simulator

Controllable ac sources, sometimes referred to as grid simulators, are becoming more common for grid integration testing of inverters as new grid interactive inverter functions develop. Due to the relatively niche application, high power grid simulators are often made by repurposing commercial drives with additional systems integration by the manufacturer or end user including filters, transformers, and control features. Simulation models, invaluable for pre-test simulations and future retrofits to the drive, are not usually provided with the drive and must therefore be developed by end users. Pulse-width modulation details are often overlooked in this process, using defaults within the simulation environment. Validating the digital implementation of PWM, including sampling method, is beneficial as it can have significant effects on control bandwidth especially on multi-level and interleaved converters. The grid simulator considered here utilizes 9-level series-connected H-bridge topology. Experimental setup and results are shown for two carrier frequencies, 600 Hz and 2 kHz, verifying an effective phase shifted carrier each with double-edge sampling.
A New Multi-channel Synchronous Sampling Technique Based on High-speed Serial Communication

High voltage microprocessor relay protection devices need to sample and manage multi-channel AC electrical data.Sampling synchronization and real-time performance of data processing are key factors which affect protect performance.A multi-channel synchronous sampling technique based on high-speed serial communication is proposed to improve synchronous sampling and data interface mode.The technique can further ensure sampling synchronization based on existing hardware.It can also enhance the real-time and parallel processing performance of sampling data transmission and storage.This technique has good scalability and high reliability.It meets the requirements of different types of high voltage microprocessor relay protection devices,and is especially suitable for situations which require many channels of analog sampling loop.This technique has been tested in a series of high voltage relay protection devices and has been used in engineering practices.
Empirical Study of the Effects of Anti-dumping Behaviors on Price Index In Iron and Steel Industry

This paper puts forward a research frame of the effects of anti-dumping behaviors on the price index of industry involved, by using contrafactual analysis. With time series model and multiple regression model, it sets up a combination forecasting model. It predicts the value of price index on the assumption that there is no antidumping behavior. With a Distributed-Lag Model of antidumping behaviors factors and difference between actual price index and predicted values, it analyzes the effects of anti-dumping behaviors on the price index of industry involved. This model is based on the availability of data and describe the effects on industry's price index from anti-dumping behaviors in earlier and current period. At last, it empirically studies the iron and steel industry by using the method mentioned above.