cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
APPLICATIONS IN GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS

Conformal mapping. It is not our object in this chapter to give a general survey of the geometrical and physical applications of the theory of functions of a complex variable, but only to consider certain especially interesting cases. On the geometrical side we shall confine ourselves to the study of equations w = f(z) regarded as transformations which bring about a correspondence between points of the w - and z -planes. In a map of a piece of the earth's surface small enough to be thought of as plane, a straight line on the earth will in general be represented by a curved line on the map, and points an inch apart in one part of the map may represent points a mile apart on the earth, while in another part of the map the scale may be two miles to the inch. We are familiar with such conditions in Mercator's charts. But it is a desideratum that each point on the map correspond to one point of the region mapped, and vice versa. That is, if we set up a uv -co-ordinate system in the map, and an xy -system in the region mapped, then u and v should be defined and single-valued throughout the xy -region, and their corresponding values should cover once, without duplication, the uv -region. If we use complex variables w = u+iv and z = x+iy, and the region S of the z -plane is mapped on the region ∑ of the w -plane, then w is a function of z since a value of w corresponds to each value of z .
How to tame your online services

Online service systems have become increasingly popular and important. Service incidents can lead to huge economic loss. We designed a set of incident management techniques based on the analysis of a huge amount of data collected at service runtime. Our tool is called Service Analysis Studio (SAS), which has been successfully applied to large-scale online services provided by Microsoft.
Modeling Cultural and Personality Biases in Decision-Making

Cultural, personality and affective biases in decision-making are well documented. This chapter describes a method for modeling multiple decision biases resulting from cultural effects, personality traits and affective states, within the context of a symbolic cognitive-affective agent architecture: the MAMID methodology and architecture. The approach emphasizes the role of affect in decision-biases, as the primary mediating factor of a wide range of biasing effects, and lends itself to exploring alternative mechanisms mediating a wide range of decision biases. The approach provides a uniform framework for modeling both content and processing biases, in terms of parameter vectors that control processing within the architecture modules. The effects of these biases are encoded in specific values of architecture parameters, which then influence the processing of the distinct architecture modules, including the architecture topology itself. The associated simulation environment enables the modeling of a wide variety of decision-makers, in terms of distinct personality and cultural profiles, and consequent affective profile and affect-induced decision-biases. The key contribution, and distinguishing feature, of the MAMID modeling approach is the parameter space it provides for representing the interacting effects of multiple types and sources of biases, and the potential of this approach for modeling the fundamental mechanisms that mediate decision-biases.
Mechanisms of Antiepileptic Drug Action

The mechanisms of antiepileptic drug action are reviewed from the University Pediatric Epilepsy Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis, MN.
Psoas Muscle Area as a Predictor of Outcomes in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Frailty is a powerful predictor of outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Sarcopenia as assessed by psoas muscle area (PMA) is a validated tool to assess frailty before surgical procedures. We evaluated PMA as a predictor of outcomes after TAVI in 152 consecutive patients who underwent this procedure at our institution from 2011 to 2014. Preoperative computed tomography scans were used to measure PMA, which then was indexed to body surface area. Outcomes evaluated included (1) early poor outcome (30 days mortality, stroke, dialysis, and prolonged ventilation), (2) 1-year mortality, and (3) high-resource utilization (length of stay >7 days, discharge to rehabilitation, or readmission within 30 days). Indexed PMA (odds ratio [OR] 3.19, confidence interval [CI] 1.30 to 7.83; p = 0.012) and age (OR 1.92, CI 1.87 to 1.98; p = 0.012) predicted early poor outcome. Society of Thoracic Surgeons score predicted 1-year mortality (hazard ratio 3.07, CI 1.93 to 6.23; p = 0.011). High-resource utilization was observed more frequently in patients with PMA less than the median (73% vs 51%, OR 2.65, CI 1.32 to 5.36; p = 0.006). In conclusion, indexed PMA predicts early poor outcome and high-resource utilization after TAVI.
QUESTION 1: What is the best therapy for children with Kawasaki disease who fail to respond to initial intravenous immunoglobulin?

A 7-year-old girl was admitted with Kawasaki disease (KD), and treated with aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (Ig) therapy. After 48 hours of treatment she is still miserable and febrile, and you wonder what would be the most effective next step in treatment to reduce the risk of her developing coronary artery aneurysms. In patients with KD who fail to respond to initial intravenous Ig therapy (population), what is the most effective next line of treatment (intervention) to reduce the risk of coronary artery aneurysm development (outcome)? ### Cochrane library: 0 relevant PubMed/Medline search: ‘((mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) OR (kawasaki AND disease) OR (kawasaki's disease)) AND (intractable OR unresponsive OR re-treatment OR retreatment OR refractory OR resistant OR resistance OR rescue) AND ((coronary artery aneurysm) OR (coronary artery lesion))’ gave 102 results. A further search using the terms ‘((metaanalysis) OR (meta-analysis) OR (meta analysis))’ replacing the final term yielded nine results. The resulting abstracts were assessed, eight review articles were read in their entirety and further references extracted. Of the 138 total abstracts obtained, 61 were initially excluded as not relevant. Eleven articles were not in English and were excluded. Restricting to meta-analysis or randomised controlled trials (RCTs), there were five published RCTs, two prospective RCTs with results awaited1 ,2 and two relevant meta-analyses (table 1). View this table: Table 1 Summary of evidence The presence of persistent or recurrent fever after initial treatment of KD is associated with treatment …
Significance of Surface Topography on Performance and Lifetime of MEMS Switches and Relays

Switches and relays that have emerged from the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology have the potential to replace traditional solid-state devices due to broader operating temperature range, higher breakdown voltage, and much higher off-state resistance. Interest in MEMS switches and relays has surged recently, principally due to the demonstrated performance in switching radio-frequency signals. However, understanding of the effect of the surface topography on performance and lifetime of these microdevices is rather empirical. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the role of surface topography in various physical phenomena encountered at contact interfaces of MEMS switches and relays. Emphasis is given on the dependence of pull-in voltage, electric field, and electrical breakdown on surface topography and interpretation of contact interface phenomena associated with surface erosion and adhesion in the context of surface topography effects. In addition, current obstacles in the study of the influence of the surface topography on the performance of MEMS switches and relays are discussed in light of recent findings.
Application of the Human Well-Being Index to Sensitive Population Divisions: a Children’s Well-Being Index Development

The assessment of community well-being is critical as an end-point measure that will facilitate decision support and assist in the identification of sustainable solutions to address persistent problems. While the overall measure is important, it is equally vital to distinguish variations among groups within the population who may be impacted in a different manner. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) developed the Human Well-Being Index (HWBI), as a way of measuring these outcomes and assessing community characteristics. The HWBI approach produces a suite of indicators, domains and a final composite index appropriate for characterizing well-being of a population. While generalized approaches are needed, it is important to also recognize variations in well-being across community enclaves. This paper presents an adaption of the HWBI for child populations to test the applicability of the index framework to specific community enclaves. First, an extensive literature review was completed to ensure the theoretical integrity of metric and indicator substitutions from the original HWBI framework. Metric data were then collected, refined, imputed where necessary and evaluated to confirm temporal and spatial availability. A Children’s Well-Being Index (CWBI) value, representing the same indicators and domains of well-being as the original HWBI, was calculated for the population under age 18 across all US counties for 2011. Implications of this research point to an effective, holistic end-point measure that can be tracked over time. Similarly, there is great potential for the application of the original HWBI method to other statistical population segments within the greater US population. These adaptations could help identify and close gaps in equity of resource distribution among these groups.
Framework for automatic generation of facades on free-form surfaces

Abstract New design tools have created a growing interest for presenting complex geometries and patterns. The need to form curved geometries of facades, without incurring high construction costs and time increases, presents one of the most complex design challenges for any project. In this paper, we present and demonstrate a new computational framework for the creation of patterns on top of facades, via cladding of panels and honeycomb structures. The tool describes a given region on a base model; dealing particularly with location, size and orientation of general geometric features on the surface of such model. The user inputs curves that manifest the desired user׳s intention for the panels and a set of seed features that correspond to the initial boundary conditions of a Riemannian metric tensor field. The system interpolates the tensors defined by input features and input curves by solving a Laplace-Beltrami partial differential equation over the entire domain. We show a fast clustering and search operations for correct panel utilization based on size quantization as design variable and implemented via Voronoi segmentation. We present honeycomb structures that can be retrieved from the fundamental mesh producing another option for facade creation and ideation. The system connects to a geometric modeling kernel of a commercial CAD package; the system places features on top of the base model facade using boolean operations from the core geometric engine via its programming interface calls. With this computational tool, thousands of clad panels can be visualized and developed within minutes.
Partially Deterministic Mobility

The characteristics of the partially (or semi) deterministic mobility model are described along PDM with known direction of movement and PDM with known mobility patterns. Simulation results are used to verify the analytical model of the PDM. The purposeful partially (or semi) deterministic mobility model is also described. The motion-based distributed annealing method accounting the total transmission power and energy required for motion along with Gibbs function is used for analysis of the PPD mobility model. Both analytical model and simulation results are provided for the PPD.
Allogeneic Blood Transfusion for Surgical and Traumatic Hemorrhage

Blood transfusion is an essential treatment for patients suffering blood loss associated with trauma and surgery. This chapter discusses the goal and rationale for allogeneic red cell transfusion in surgical and traumatic hemorrhage in a hospital setting. A large number of patients have now been enrolled in clinical trials. This experience provides high quality evidence to inform the transfusion decision. A restrictive transfusion has been established to be safe in adult and pediatric patients in many clinical settings. The criteria used for making the decision to transfuse and current clinical practice guidelines and evidence-based recommendations are provided.
The genetic basis of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a review

Seborrhoeic Dermatitis (SD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that presents as itchy, flaking skin in the seborrhoeic areas. Various environmental and intrinsic factors have been identified as predisposing factors for SD, but its aetiology remains poorly understood. Although it was recognized that genetic factors play a role in SD aetiology, there have not been studies that systematically review the literature specifically for causal mutations or protein deficiencies in SD. In this review, we searched various databases for gene mutations and protein deficiencies that cause SD or SD-like phenotype in humans and experimental animals, and summarize 11 gene mutations or protein deficiencies that were described in the literature. Most of the encoded proteins play a role either in the immune response (ACT1, C5, IKBKG/NEMO, STK4, 2C TCR) or epidermal differentiation (ZNF750, MPZL3). Understanding the genetic basis of SD can impart knowledge of the pathobiology of the disease and help identify novel therapeutic targets.
The Spirituality of Nine-Year-Olds, and Why It's Important for Christian Education:

The “Notes Section” of the Christian Education Journal provides an opportunity for people in the field of Christian education to provide responses to articles in previous issues of the journal and ...
Double Loop Learning and the Quality of Quality Improvement

Article-at-a-Glance Background Double loop learning, an attempt to question underlying organizational policies and goals, offers the possibility of making quality improvement (QI) efforts more productive. Joint Commission standards in the Improving Organizational Performance (PI) chapter of the Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals regarding the measurement of important processes or outcomes related to patient care and organization functions seem to incorporate the principle of double loop learning. Improving PI processes QI can be applied to five sets of PI processes: planning, designing, measuring, assessing, and improving. A composite case study is presented, in which a consultant used the PI framework to review a 300-bed state mental hospital's QI function. Example—Assessing When data are assessed, is the organization using tools such as run charts and process control charts correctly to understand sources of variation? Because QI and other hospital staff were unfamiliar with run and control charts, the consultant gave a brief introduction to variation and process control and helped them evaluate their data. The hospital's quality council voted to send two of its members, the directors of management information systems and QI, to a course on statistical process control and agreed to put in their QI plan and annual appraisal a reassessment of their needs for more staff to be familiar with statistical process control. Summary and conclusions Taking an honest look at the value of QI within one's organization can lead to actual performance improvement instead of "paper" improvement. Indicators should be developed to assess and improve QI processes.
Rationalities and Levels of Analysis in Complex Social Issues: The Examples of School Overcrowding and Poverty

This paper presents a 5 × n table for charting complex social issues, particularly those characterized by oppression and injustice. Its five columns are Paul Diesing’s rationalities: technical, economic, social, legal, and political. Its n rows are levels of analysis from individuals, groups, organizations, communities, regions, and nations to international and global perspectives. Utilizing school overcrowding and poverty as examples of local and global social issues, the paper describes the relevance of this analytic framework for social action and research. The framework contributes a complex view of social issues that avoids oversimplifying them and suggests how they are experienced by people living with social injustice. The framework proposes cross-disciplinary projects among scholars and collaborative projects among scholars, practitioners, and advocates.
Phenotypic plasticity in Phlox : II. Plasticity of character correlations.

Three species of Phlox (Polemoniaceae) were grown in 6 greenhouse treatments. A variety of traits were recorded and the correlations among them were computed for each treatment. The phenotypic correlations between characters are significantly altered when plants are grown under different environmental conditions. These changes in correlation structure result from the differential phenotypic plasticity of traits. Partial correlations between flower production and other traits are also environment-dependent. Such changes can alter the intensity of, and possibly the response to, selection on traits correlated with fitness in natural plant populations.
Clinical spinal instability: 10 years since the derivation of a clinical prediction rule. A narrative literature review.

BACKGROUND Between 2005 and 2015 significant changes in the clinical decision making paradigm for the treatment of spinal instability occurred. This was largely motivated by a clinical prediction rule (CPR) derivation study that was developed to specifically identify patients with low back pain who are more likely to respond positively to lumbar stabilization exercises. OBJECTIVE This is a narrative literature review on the recent advances physiotherapy has made in the treatment of clinical spinal instability. METHODS Literature discussing the conservative treatment of lumbar spinal instability published from 2005-2015 was identified with electronic searches of PubMed (MEDLINE) Advanced search, Web of Science, BIOSIS Previews, MEDLINE (EBSCO), SportDISCUS (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), PEDro, Scopus and Cochrane and reviewed. RESULTS Five systematic reviews, 2 with meta-analyses, and 1 systematic review on the quality of systematic reviews were found. There seems to be some benefit from specific stabilization exercise programs in regards to pain reduction, but they might not be more effective than other forms of exercise. The currently existing CPR for stabilization exercises is not far enough developed to use in clinical practice and is not validated as of yet. CONCLUSION Stabilization exercises seem to decrease chronic low back pain, although it is not clear that this pain has to be caused by clinical spinal instability. Caution should be exercised when using CPRs in the clinic; they are not meant to be strict treatment guidelines, but rather a tool that helps facilitate clinical decision-making.
The impact of melodic intonation therapy on rate and fundamental frequency in a client with Palilalia

Palilalia is a rarely documented speech disorder associated with Parkinson’s disease, stroke, epilepsy, etc. Palilalia is characterized by an increased rate of speech along with repetitions of words, phrases, or sentences. Only one published article has discussed treatment of Palilalia. Helm (1979) utilized a pacing board to help his 54-year-old client speak slower and reduce his repetitions. The participant touched the divided board with his fingers as he produced each syllable. This board reportedly slowed the patient’s speech. Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) was designed to help individuals with aphasia communicate more effectively (Sparks & Holland, 1976). MIT involves intoning propositional phrases and sentences using a limited range of musical notes to produce utterances along with tapping to keep the rhythm. Speech productions with MIT resulted in slower, more lyrical productions in comparison to spontaneous speech (Sparks & Holland). MIT incorporates aspects of pacing and rhythm that could be effective in slowing speech rate. This study utilized a single-subject design involving a 42-year-old male who experienced an anoxic brain injury. Speech samples from therapeutic sessions were collected and analyzed. The results indicated significant differences in terms of rate and fundamental frequency between spontaneous utterances and those produced using MIT strategies.Palilalia is a rarely documented speech disorder associated with Parkinson’s disease, stroke, epilepsy, etc. Palilalia is characterized by an increased rate of speech along with repetitions of words, phrases, or sentences. Only one published article has discussed treatment of Palilalia. Helm (1979) utilized a pacing board to help his 54-year-old client speak slower and reduce his repetitions. The participant touched the divided board with his fingers as he produced each syllable. This board reportedly slowed the patient’s speech. Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) was designed to help individuals with aphasia communicate more effectively (Sparks & Holland, 1976). MIT involves intoning propositional phrases and sentences using a limited range of musical notes to produce utterances along with tapping to keep the rhythm. Speech productions with MIT resulted in slower, more lyrical productions in comparison to spontaneous speech (Sparks & Holland). MIT incorporates aspects of pacing and rhythm that could be eff...
Profiles of women who help us to age in place.

As our population ages and people overwhelmingly prefer to age in place, the need for home care workers is steadily increasing. Unfortunately, due to the low value society places on caring work, fi...
Context dependent fungal and bacterial soil community shifts in response to recent wildfires in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Abstract Decades of fire suppression coupled with changing climatic conditions have increased the frequency and intensity of wildfires. The Southern Appalachia region of the United States is predicted to be particularly susceptible to climatic changes, with predicted increases in fire severity and occurrence. Following the record breaking fire season in 2016 in Southern Appalachia, we examined wildfire impacts on soil chemistry and below ground communities (fungi and bacteria – Illumina MiSeq) within two substrates (duff and soil) at two adjacent locations with similar plant communities (Great Smoky Mountains National Park – ‘Chimney Top 2’ Fire (GRSM) and Nantahala National Forest – ‘Cliffside’ Fire (NNF)) from replicate plots representing a range of fire severities (unburned, low severity, moderate severity, severe). Differing fire severities changed community composition, and fire severity played a stronger role in structuring bacterial communities than in structuring fungal communities. Further, fire impacts on soil communities and functional guilds responses were location- and substrate-specific with NNF responding more strongly to fire than GRSM. Additionally, using a novel analysis tool (Axis Weighted Ordination Distance – AWOrD), domain and location specific responses to wildfire severity are demonstrated. Taken together, our results suggest context-dependency in microbial responses to fire that must be accounted for to generate ecosystem-wide recovery predictions.
A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention in the Workplace: Evidence from a Field Experiment

Brief interventions that strengthen an individual’s sense of social belonging have been shown to improve outcomes for members of underrepresented, marginalized groups in educational settings. This ...
Should We Take “Gender” Out of Gender Subtypes? The Effects of Gender, Evaluative Valence, and Context on the Organization of Person Subtypes

Previous research examining the organization of person subtypes has focused on gender and evaluation as organizing principles. Our research additionally examined subtype organization in terms of the classic “person categories” described in the self-concept and impression formation literature. Using both qualitative and quantitative measures, we examined the relative impact of these three mechanisms of subtype organization. We also investigated whether contextual cues impact subtype organization. We found that subtypes are more frequently organized in terms of person categories than by gender or evaluation. Also, as predicted, some subtype clusters' organization was relatively stable, whereas other subtype clusters were more sensitive to contextual influences. These results are discussed in terms of how characteristics that are salient in a situation may prime certain subtypes.
A novel approach to delivery of extracorporeal support using a modified continuous flow ventricular assist device in a mid-volume congenital heart program.

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is an essential component of a modern congenital cardiac surgery program. The circuit components and bedside management team may, however, vary among institutions. Here, we evaluate our initial experience with a modified ventricular assist device-based ECLS circuit primarily managed by the bedside nurse. We hypothesize that our outcomes are comparable to Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry data. All patients who received ECLS from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019 at a single institution were included. Primary outcomes were survival to ECLS decannulation and discharge or transfer. Secondary outcomes included complications from ECLS. Data were compared to available ELSO registry data. Thirty-seven patients underwent 44 ECLS runs during the study period. Forty percent of patients had single ventricle physiology. Nearly 46% of patients received ECLS as part of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR). Survival to ECLS decannulation (68.2%) and survival to discharge or transfer (61.4%) did not differ from overall ELSO outcomes (69.7%, P = .870 and 50.7%, P = .136), as well as survival to discharge or transfer in a comparable cohort of ELSO centers (53.1%, P = .081). Patients with complications had a lower rate of survival to discharge or transfer but this did not reach statistical significance (47.7% vs. 75.0%, P = .455). Neurologic (50.0%), hemorrhagic (45.5%), and renal complications (31.8%) were most common in this cohort. A modified ventricular assist device-based ECLS circuit with primary management by the bedside nurse can provide comparable support in a neonatal and pediatric cardiac surgery population. Cost analyses and further delineation of the complication profile are necessary for a complete characterization of this system.
Nutritional Status of Pediatric Cancer Patients at Diagnosis and Correlations with Treatment, Clinical Outcome and the Long-Term Growth and Health of Survivors

Malnutrition is caused either by cancer itself or by its treatment, and affects the clinical outcome, the quality of life (QOL), and the overall survival (OS) of the patient. However, malnutrition in children with cancer should not be accepted or tolerated as an inevitable procedure at any stage of the disease. A review of the international literature from 2014 to 2019 was performed. Despite the difficulty of accurately assessing the prevalence of malnutrition, poor nutritional status has adverse effects from diagnosis to subsequent survival. Nutritional status (NS) at diagnosis relates to undernutrition, while correlations with clinical outcome are still unclear. Malnutrition adversely affects health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with cancer and collective evidence constantly shows poor nutritional quality in childhood cancer survivors (CCSs). Nutritional assessment and early intervention in pediatric cancer patients could minimize the side effects of treatment, improve their survival, and reduce the risk of nutritional morbidity with a positive impact on QOL, in view of the potentially manageable nature of this risk factor.
The Devil We Know: Legal Precedent and the Preservation of Injustice:

A hallmark feature of the common law tradition is reliance on past decisions, or precedent, to resolve legal ambiguity and ensure consistency across similar cases. Yet the intent of precedent—to sa...
Retention of Human Body Fluids in Adults of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

Foraging by Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy often leads to a period of bubbling behavior, followed by either deposition of the regurgitate onto surfaces or reuptake of the bubble. Eventually, the partially or undigested food is passed in the excreta forming fecal or defecatory stains on surfaces in which deposition occurs. This study examined the digestive artifacts (i.e., regurgitate and defecatory stains) formed following consumption of human blood and semen by adult flies in an attempt to determine the length of time the meal was retained in the crop. The morphological appearance of either type of stain appeared consistent with the color of blood or semen for 10–20 d after feeding. When tested with ABA Hematrace immunochromatographic strip assays, blood was detectable in at least 33% of fly artifacts 25 d after the initial consumption of blood. Similarly, semen was detected in nearly 34% of digestive artifacts 30 d after feeding on human semen when using ABA p30 cards. Human body fluids were also detected in fly artifacts when using RSID lateral flow assays, but a much lower percentage of artifacts tested positive for blood (4.9%) and semen (4.6%) 25-d postfeeding in comparison to ABA strip assays. The difference between the types of lateral flow assays appeared to be due to extraction efficiencies of the buffers used for isolation of blood or semen from the fly artifacts. The implications of these observations in reference to seasonal adaptations and to bloodstain pattern analysis at crime scenes are discussed.
Issues in Bayesian prospective surveillance of spatial health data

Abstract In this paper I review some of the major issues that arise when geo-referenced health data are to be the subject of prospective surveillance. The review focusses on modelbased approaches to this activity, and proposes the Bayesian paradigm as a convenient vehicle for modeling. Various posterior functional measures are discussed including the SCPO and SKL and a number of extensions to these are considered. Overall the value of Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling (BHM) with surveillance functionals is stressed in its relevance to early warning of adverse risk scenarios
Fluid Simulation for Computer Graphics

Animating fluids like water, smoke, and fire using physics-based simulation is increasingly important in visual effects, in particular in movies, like The Day After Tomorrow, and in computer games. This book provides a practical introduction to fluid simulation for graphics. The focus is on animating fully three-dimensional incompressible flow, from understanding the math and the algorithms to the actual implementation.
The System PND Systems of Natural Deduction

In this chapter a technique of deduction which differs from that of P+ and PLT is presented. The system which results from the application of this method is called PND. The rule technique and the rules of deduction are first presented, then some deductions of theorems proved axiomatically in the preceding chapters are carried out using the new technique. A decision procedure is developed for PND. Finally, a reduction of PND, called PND (Red), is presented.
Educational Psychology: Briefer Course

Through his analysis of innate learning capacities, the mechanisms and laws of learning, including his famous "law of effect", and the nature and source of individual differences in learning, Thorndike brought the study of learning from the periphery to the centre of modern experimental psychology.
Development of an analytical tool to study power quality of ac power systems for large spacecraft

A harmonic power flow program applicable to space power systems with sources of harmonic distortion is described. The algorithm is a modification of the Electric Power Research Institute's HARMFLO program which assumes a three phase, balanced, AC system with loads of harmonic distortion. The modified power flow program can be used with single phase, AC systems. Early results indicate that the required modifications and the models developed are quite adequate for the analysis of a 20 kHz testbed built by General Dynamics Corporation. This is demonstrated by the acceptable correlation of present results with published data. Although the results are not exact, the discrepancies are relatively small.
Outreach and Exclusion: Jewish Denominational Marketing in the Early 20th Century

How do religious denominations select potential adherents? Previous literature indicates that market niches direct this decision, yet few studies examine how religious groups determine their niche. Analyzing annual reports and periodicals of Reform and Conservative Jewish organizations from 1910 to 1955, I find that the two denominations responded differently to the mass influx of Jewish immigrants at the turn of the 20th century. Compared to the Conservative organization, which openly welcomed new immigrants, the Reform organization actively chose not to recruit them. Reform statements make it clear that this decision was a result of how working-class, Eastern European immigrants threatened their American-centered organizational identity. This finding suggests that religious institutions carefully consider their organizational identity based on nativity, ethnicity, and social class when determining whom to include in their market niche.
Magnetic Plasma Sails

Magnetic plasma sails can augment spacecraft propulsion by the deflection of charge particles from an external source, thereby utilizing energy and momentum that is not actually carried on board the spacecraft. The external source could be the solar wind that has speeds of 350–800 km s−1, which is more than an order of magnitude faster than most plasma propulsion system presently being considered. Because of the tenuous nature of the solar wind, a mini-magnetosphere needs to be created by the injection of low energy plasma that expands the magnetic field out to tens of kilometers. This expansion can be achieved by induced plasma currents stemming from the plasma interaction with a base dipole magnet field. An alternative use of plasma sails is the deflection of beamed plasmas. This latter application opens up a host of new applications, including raising or lowering of orbits of spacecraft around the Earth, as well as fast missions to the planets. New developments in magnetic nozzles opens up the possibility of having collimated plasma beams propagating over large distances to achieve efficient distant beamed plasma applications. Keywords: plasma sails; magnetospheres; solar wind; orbital dynamics; beamed plasmas; magnetic nozzles
Mentoring in the technical environment

As cycle times and available resources continue to shrink across the semiconductor industry, maximizing a team's effectiveness is becoming ever more critical. A powerful and widely accessible tool in achieving this goal is mentoring. This paper provides a basic review of mentoring and its application in the technical environment. Beginning with a basic definition of what mentoring is, topics include the role of individual team members, where opportunities for mentoring can be found, and the impact successful mentoring can have on the individual, the team, and the company as a whole.
Simulation of Mesoscale Ocean Variability in Mid-Latitude Gyres

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the simulation of mesoscale ocean variability in mid-latitude gyres. The physical oceanographic community has carried out extensive observational programs to examine the nature of the eddy field and related mean circulation in mid-latitude Ocean basins. This work has involved new analyses of older data, such as the extensive temperature and salinity data available in world data centers, as well as the collection of new observations by new kinds of instruments and observing systems. The amplitude and meridional structure show some interesting correspondences between model and data. The eastward jet and westward recirculation are reproduced by the model, but an interesting offset between the historical axis of the surface Gulf Stream and the observed deep eastward flow is highlighted as an important property of the North Atlantic at 55°W as the model results show no such offset. It is found that the quasi-geostrophic model has shown a remarkable ability to model many aspects of eddy-mean-flow interactions and has reproduced semiquantitatively many features of the oceanic general circulation-a general circulation described in terms of both its temporal mean and its variability.
Using traffic regulation to meet end-to-end deadlines in ATM LANs

This paper considers the support of hard real-time connections in ATM networks. In an ATM network, a set of hard real-time connections can be admitted only if the worst case end-to-end delays of cells belonging to individual connections are less than their deadlines. Although there are several approaches to manage the network resources in order to meet the delay requirements of connections, we focus on the use of traffic regulation to achieve this objective. Leaky buckets provide simple and user-programmable means of traffic regulation. We design and analyse an efficient optimal algorithm for selecting the burst parameters of leaky buckets to meet connections' deadlines. Our algorithm is optimal in the sense that it always selects burst parameters to meet the delay requirements of hard real-time connections whenever some such assignment exists. The exponential size of the search space makes this problem a challenging one. Our algorithm is efficient and we observe a dramatic improvement in the system performance in terms of the connection admission probability when traffic is regulated using our algorithm.
Built-in generation of m-sequences with irreducible characteristic polynomials

In this paper, we show that m-sequences for built in test pattern generation (TPG) can be efficiently generated by LFSR structures that have non-primitive irreducible characteristic polynomials. We present two mechanisms that can generate the required number of seeds with very low hardware overhead that is independent of the number of seeds. This enhances the choices available for the design of appropriate TPG structures for pseudo-exhaustive or pseudo-random TPG that were previously limited to primitive characteristic polynomials only.
Xylose, Glucose, and Glucuronic Acid Conjugation of Bilirubin in the Newborn Rat

The development and relative contribution of hepatic bilirubin conjugation with glucuronic acid, xylose, and glucose was studied in vitro in newborn rats 1-20 days old. In adult control rats, 75% of the conjugates formed were with glucuronic acid, whereas in 1-day-old newborns, only 50% of the conjugates were with glucuronic acid (P less than 0.02) while xylose and glucose conjugates of bilirubin together were equal to that of glucuronic acid. By day 4, total conjugating capacity increased to adult levels and a mature pattern of distribution. In response to phenobarbital treatment, xylose and glucose conjugation increased 4 days earlier than glucuronide conjugation and maximal induction occurred 8 days sooner for nonglucuronide conjugation than for glucuronide.
Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Resistance to Empoasca in Common Bean

Empoasca species leafhoppers are a major insect pest of common bean ( Phaseolus vul- garis L.), that cause significant economic losses in both tropical ( E. kraemeri) and temperate ( E. fabae) regions of the Americas. The objective of this study was to use Insertion-Deletion (InDel) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNp) markers from the BArCBean6K_3 Beadchip to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associ - ated with traits related to leafhopper resistance in common bean. Traits for leaf curl and leaf burn damage, as well as Empoasca spp. nymph counts, were evaluated in an inbred backcross line population (Matterhorn*/EMp 507) of beans in temperate (Michigan) and tropical ( puerto rico) climates. Fourteen QTL associated with resistance to E. fabae and E. kraemeri were identified on five chromosomes explaining up to 66.0% of the phenotypic variation for single resistance traits. A major QTL cluster associ - ated with multiple resistance traits and closely linked to the P color gene was detected for both leafhopper species in multiple seasons under both choice and no-choice treatments on p v07 (LH7.1, LH7.2, LH7.3), thus validating a similar QTL identified in previous studies. A novel QTL (LH2.2) for E. fabae nymph counts, identified on pv02 in three seasons, may be associated with antibiosis resistance. resistance to each leaf- hopper species appears to be controlled by sep - arate genetic mechanisms in common bean as there was little overlap of QTL regions between species. These QTL could be used to develop beans with leafhopper resistance as an alterna - tive to costly chemical controls while reducing risks to the environment and human health.
Nitride deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with microlens array

We report on the fabrication of 280-nm AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) on sapphire substrates with an integrated microlens array. Microlenses with a diameter of 12μm were fabricated on the sapphire substrate by resist thermal reflow and plasma dry etching. LED devices were flip-chip bonded on high thermal conductive AlN ceramic submounts to improve the thermal dissipation, and the emitted UV light was extracted through the sapphire substrates. With the integrated microlens array, a 55% enhancement in the output power at 20-mA dc driving was achieved compared with the same LED without microlens. The light extraction enhancement is the result of the reduced internal reflections of the light caused by the microlens surface profile.
Coupled nuclear and electronic ground-state motion from variational reduced-density-matrix theory with applications to molecules with floppy or resonant hydrogens

The variational two-electron reduced-density-matrix (2RDM) method for electronic systems [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 213001 (2004)] is extended to compute ground-state distributions of electrons and hydrogen nuclei in molecules beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. While traditional methods for nuclei rely on the construction of expensive potential energy surfaces or other approximations, the variational 2RDM method has the advantage of treating both electrons and hydrogen nuclei as quantum-mechanical particles simultaneously. Because these particles interact by pairwise Coulombic potentials, the ground-state energy is expressible as a linear functional of three 2RDMs corresponding to two electrons, two hydrogens, and one electron and one hydrogen. Nuclei other than hydrogen are treated in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Variational optimization of the ground-state energy requires that the 2RDMs be restricted by $N$-representability conditions to represent a realistic $N$-particle system where $N$ is the total number of electrons and hydrogens. Recent progress in electronic systems with (i) developing necessary $N$-representability conditions and (ii) optimizing the ground-state energy subject to these conditions is extended to systems with two types of particles, electrons and nuclei. The nuclear-electronic 2RDM method can be applied to studying macroscopic quantum phenomena in molecules with ``floppy'' or resonant hydrogens. Illustrative applications are made to (i) large-scale hydrogen motion in hydrogen-bonded molecules and protonated acetylene ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}\mathrm{H}_{3}{}^{+}$ and (ii) hydrogen resonance in malonaldehyde ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ammonia $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$.
Biomechanical factors affecting the bone-dental implant interface.

While it is known that dental implants can ‘work’—the success of the Branemark ‘osseointegrated’ implant is a prime example—implants can also fail. The challenge is to develop a basic science understanding of all aspects which contribute to implant performance. In designing a successful dental implant, the main objective is to ensure that the implant can support biting forces and deliver them safely to interfacial tissues over the long term. Biomechanics are central in this design problem. Key topics include: (1) the nature of the biting forces on the implants; (2) how the biting forces are transferred to the interfacial tissues; (3) how the interfacial tissues react, biologically, to stress transfer conditions. For biting forces on dental implants, the basic problem is to determine the in-vivo loading components on implants in various prosthetic situations, e.g. for implants acting as single tooth replacements or as multiple supports for loaded bridgework. Significant progress has been made; several theoretical models have been presented for determining the partitioning of forces among dental implants supporting bridgework. However, more work will be needed to clarify how well these models match reality. Interfacial stress transfer and interfacial biology represent more difficult, interrelated problems. One problem is that the multitude of different shapes, sizes; materials, surgical sites and animal models for dental implants has precluded any generally accepted rules for biologically ‘favorable’ vs lsunfavorable’ interfacial stress transfer conditions. While many engineering studies have shown that variables such as implant shape, elastic modulus, extent of bonding between implant and bone, etc., can affect the stress transfer conditions, the unresolved question is whether there is any biological significance to such differences. Recent research suggests that, at the very least, our search for a more detailed hypothesis regarding the relationship between interface mechanics and biology should take account of basic bone physiology, e.g. wound healing after implantation plus basic processes of bone modeling and remodeling.
Post-fire ecological succession: A theoretical modeling framework

Abstract Fire is considered as an extreme disturbance in Mediterranean grasslands or shrublands as it often brings about many sudden changes in the vegetation structure, composition, and diversity patterns. In addition, it creates opportunities for exotic plant species to establish successfully in foreign habitat, and to outperform dominating native species. Monitoring and simulating post-fire successional changes, therefore, are essential tasks to efficiently restore native grasslands or shrublands. In this paper, we develop a theoretical framework for simulating fire-induced successional changes, mainly for Mediterranean vegetation, based on a three-level hierarchy of successional causes. Within this proposed framework, fire effects are considered by associating it with the number of burned sites open-up and specific changes at the burned sites relative to unburned sites. Three distinct site-specific neighborhoods are constructed; changes within each neighborhood allow sequential replacement of plant species by another plant species with greater maximum size, age and lower maximum growth rates and dispersal abilities. The proposed framework can be used to develop a spatially explicit individual-based model which will be useful for monitoring and predicting successional changes and hence for restoring native grasslands or shrublands.
Diffuse-transmission spectroscopy: A structural probe of opaque colloidal mixtures

The wavelength-dependent diffuse transmission through a monodisperse colloidal suspension is shown to provide wave-vector-dependent information about the colloid structure factor. Experiments demonstrate that the spectral fingerprint can be used to distinguish quantitatively samples of different particle sizes, different concentrations, and different interparticle interactions.