cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between the serotonin transporter polymorphism and obsessive-compulsive alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent adults: a pilot study.

Abstract A serotonin deficiency state has been implicated in alcohol-dependent individuals' experience of obsessive–compulsive alcohol craving. Because the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) functions to remove serotonin from the synapse, it is thought that increased reuptake (indicated by the number of high-expressing L A alleles present in the 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region [5-HTTLPR] of the SLC6A4 gene) is associated with an increase in obsessive–compulsive alcohol craving. The current pilot investigation sought to explore this hypothesis by examining the extent to which obsessive–compulsive alcohol craving varies by 5-HTTLPR genotype among participants enrolled in an ongoing pharmacogenetics trial. All participants were screened with a semi-structured diagnostic interview, completed self-report measures of alcohol-related behavior, and underwent peripheral venous blood draw for DNA genotyping. Cross-sectional data obtained at baseline from 176 currently drinking alcohol-dependent individuals were analyzed using multiple regression. Preliminary findings suggest that 5-HTTLPR is not predictive of Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale total and factor scores. Although the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was not related to obsessive–compulsive alcohol craving in this pilot study, additional research is needed to clarify the possible role of serotonergic mechanisms in alcohol craving.
Earth System Science Workbench: a data management infrastructure for earth science products

The Earth System Science Workbench (ESSW) is a non-intrusive data management infrastructure for researchers who are also data publishers. An implementation of ESSW to track the processing of locally received satellite imagery is presented, demonstrating the Workbench's transparent and robust support for archiving and publishing data products. ESSW features a Lab Notebook metadata service, an ND-WORM (No Duplicate-Write Once Read Many) storage service, and Web user interface tools. The Lab Notebook logs processes (experiments) and their relationships via a custom API to XML documents stored in a relational database. The ND-WORM provides a managed storage archive for the Lab Notebook by keeping unique file digests and name-space meta-data, also in a relational database. ESSW Notebook tools allow project searching and ordering, and file and meta-data management.
Neuromorphic Vision Systems for Mobile Applications

Neuromorphic vision systems are ideal for mobile applications because they promise compact computational sensing at lower power consumption compared to the traditional imager/ADC/CPU systems. These properties are particularly important for unmanned aerial vehicles. We present current-mode low noise imaging, which is typically difficult to realize, and computation-on-readout imaging processing for stereopsis and motion estimation. We discuss how these processed images can be used for guiding and controlling an autonomous aerial vehicle.
Phenotypic characteristics of early Wolfram syndrome

Wolfram Syndrome (WFS:OMIM 222300) is an autosomal recessive, progressive, neurologic and endocrinologic degenerative disorder caused by mutations in the WFS1 gene, encoding the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein wolframin, thought to be involved in the regulation of ER stress. This paper reports a cross section of data from the Washington University WFS Research Clinic, a longitudinal study to collect detailed phenotypic data on a group of young subjects in preparation for studies of therapeutic interventions. Eighteen subjects (ages 5.9–25.8, mean 14.2 years) with genetically confirmed WFS were identified through the Washington University International Wolfram Registry. Examinations included: general medical, neurologic, ophthalmologic, audiologic, vestibular, and urologic exams, cognitive testing and neuroimaging. Seventeen (94%) had diabetes mellitus with the average age of diabetes onset of 6.3 ± 3.5 years. Diabetes insipidus was diagnosed in 13 (72%) at an average age of 10.6 ± 3.3 years. Seventeen (94%) had optic disc pallor and defects in color vision, 14 (78%) had hearing loss and 13 (72%) had olfactory defects, eight (44%) had impaired vibration sensation. Enuresis was reported by four (22%) and nocturia by three (17%). Of the 11 tested for bladder emptying, five (45%) had elevated post-void residual bladder volume. WFS causes multiple endocrine and neurologic deficits detectable on exam, even early in the course of the disease. Defects in olfaction have been underappreciated. The proposed mechanism of these deficits in WFS is ER stress-induced damage to neuronal and hormone-producing cells. This group of subjects with detailed clinical phenotyping provides a pool for testing proposed treatments for ER stress. Longitudinal follow-up is necessary for establishing the natural history and identifying potential biomarkers of progression.
Dynamics of the Development of the Isle au Haut Gabbro–Diorite Layered Complex: Quantitative Implications for Mafic–Silicic Magma Interactions

The Isle au Haut Igneous Complex provides a unique opportunity to examine in detail the in situ physical and chemical interactions between contemporaneously emplaced mafic and silicic magmas. The complex contains a 600 m thick sequence of 11 alternating layers of gabbro and diorite (typically 15^40 m thick). Purely on the basis of density contrasts (2·65 g cm 3 gabbro vs 2·55 g cm 3 diorite), the entire system should have undergone wholesale instability and mixing; it is instead arrested in a grossly unstable state of interaction while molten. Chilled margins along the lower contacts of the gabbros and structural integrity of the diorite layers indicate that near-liquidus gabbroic magma invaded partly crystalline, cooler diorite. Mineral assemblages, chemical analyses, and phase equilibria calculations indicate initial temperatures during emplacement of 11808C (gabbro) and 10008C (diorite). Conductive thermal models yield solidification timescales of 15^60 years for single gabbro layers and about a thousand years for the entire complex.There is ample evidence for two phases of small-scale interfacial Rayleigh^Taylor type instabilities of dioritic melt into the gabbros. Phase I occurred immediately upon gabbro emplacement whereas evenly spaced, slender more silicic pipes represent a much later stage (Phase II). Pipe geometry and spacing, estimated viscosities of the gabbroic magma and silicic melt, and the sudden increase in silica near the upper contact of the diorite, all indicate a thin ( 18^53 cm) buoyant layer at the upper contact of the diorite as the source of the pipes. Compaction of the diorite produced this layer over a period of about 10 years. Simultaneous solidification along the lower contact of the overlying gabbro, thickening inwards, increased viscosity enough to arrest pipe ascent after a few meters. Crystal size distribution analyses of the gabbro layers yield crystal growth rates [Go1⁄4 (2 4) 10 10 cm s ] and nucleation rates (Jo1⁄410 ^10 6 cm 3 s ) indicative of conductive cooling coupled with some sluggish convective stirring owing to collapse of the roof-ward gabbro solidification fronts. Were the complex larger, with a much longer solidification time, all this evidence would have been lost, thus suggesting that in larger systems similar processes may commonly take place leaving little direct evidence of their operation apart from the ultimate final petrological product.
Induction of human papillomavirus type 18 late gene expression and genomic amplification in organotypic cultures from transfected DNA templates.

The genetic analysis of human papillomavirus (HPV) functions during the vegetative viral life cycle is dependent upon the ability to generate human keratinocyte cell lines which maintain episomal copies of transfected viral genomes. We have previously demonstrated that lipofection of normal human foreskin keratinocytes with recircularized cloned HPV-31 genomic sequences resulted in a high frequency of cell lines which maintained viral genomes as extrachromosomal elements (M.G. Frattini, H. Lim, and L.A. Laimins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:3062-3067, 1996). Following the growth of these cell lines in organotypic (raft) cultures, the differentiation-dependent expression of viral late genes, the amplification of viral genomes, and virion biosynthesis were observed. In the present study, we demonstrate that these methodologies are not restricted to HPV-31 but are applicable to other HPV types, including the oncogenic HPV-18. HPV-18 genomes were purified from bacterial vector sequences, religated, and transfected into normal human foreskin keratinocytes together with a neomycin-selectable marker. Following drug selection, resistant cells were expanded and examined for the state of the viral DNA. All cell lines examined were found to contain approximately 100 to 200 episomal copies of HPV-18 DNA per cell. Growth of these cell lines in raft cultures resulted in the differentiation-dependent expression of the E1 [symbol: see text] E4 and L1 capsid genes. In addition, viral genome amplification was observed in suprabasal cells following DNA in situ hybridization analysis of differentiated raft cultures. The induction of these late viral functions has previously been shown to be directly associated with differentiation-dependent virion biosynthesis. Our studies indicate the ability to perform a detailed genetic analysis of the various phases of the viral life cycle, including control of the differentiation-dependent late viral functions, using a second oncogenic HPV type.
Proteomic analysis of neuroblastoma microenvironment: effect of the host-tumor interaction on disease progression.

Background Children with advanced-stage neuroblastoma (NB) traditionally experience poor outcomes. Because early detection of advanced-stage disease may impact survival, finding new targets for early diagnosis is crucial. Evidence suggests the tumor microenvironment may have profound effects on cancer progression. Methods As little is known concerning the NB-host microenvironment, this study applied proteomic techniques, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) combined with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry to determine protein differences between cell cultured NB and tumors grown in mice for 2, 4, and 5 wk. Results We found an increase in proteins in cultured NB compared with implanted mouse tumors during tumor progression. Additionally, analyzing in vivo tumors to cultured NB, we observed less expressed proteins. However, 16 out of 19 proteins were of mouse origin, thus inferring host-derived factors contributing to tumor growth. Conclusion We show that the dynamic relationship between NB and host microenvironment is important for tumor growth and better understanding of this milieu maybe relevant towards finding unique approaches for identifying advanced-stage disease.
Analytical Model for Deck-On-Girder Composite Beam System with Partial Composite Action

AbstractIn a deck-on-girder composite beam system, the deck and supporting girders work together to effectively provide loading capacity. This system has been widely used for bridges, buildings, and other structures. Effective flange width is typically used to reduce a three-dimensional behavior of the composite beam system to the analysis of a T-beam section with a reduced width of deck. Current studies, including AASHTO specifications, are mainly focused on concrete decks with full-composite action. This paper presents a closed-form solution to study the composite beam system, which considers different degrees of composite action (DCAs) between the deck and supporting girders and can be applied to decks with orthotropic materials. The analytical model is verified through close correlations among test, finite-element, and analytical results for two T-beams with concrete and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) decks, in terms of both deflections and stress distributions. A parametric study is then conducted by...
A demographic analysis of the population growth of states, 1950-1980.

The factorial projections method which uses a combination of assumptions conforming to a 2x2x2 factorial design was used to estimate the effects of fertility mortality and migration on a states population growth between 1950-80. This method provides estimates of the effects of individual components of growth as well as their interactions. The factorial projections method was applied to each state in the US for each decade between 1950-80 and for the 30-year period as a whole. Mortality rates exhibited much less state-to-state variation than either fertility rates or net migration. Life expectancy at birth in 1980 fell between 69.2 and 76.2 in every state. Mortality rates also exhibited the least volatility over time declining slowly yet fairly steadily in every state between 1950-80. Fertility rates varied more from state to state than did mortality rates. The mean total fertility rate for states in 1980 was 1.90 but rates varied from 1.45 in Massachusetts to 3.22 in Utah. Fertility rates rose in most states during the 1950s and dropped markedly in all states during the 1960s and 1970s. For most states the continuation of initial fertility and mortality rates and the aging of the initial age-sex structure had the greatest impact on population growth. Of all the factor combinations E(1) -- effect due to constant mortality and fertility rates and no migration -- had the largest impact on population growth in 35 states from 1950-60 in 45 states from 1969-70 and in 35 states from 1970-80. Although there was a substantial degree of variation in E(1) from state to state this variation appeared to be declining over time. Due to the fact that fertility rates in most states were quite low in 1980 E(1) will most likely have less impact on population growth in most states during the 1980s than it had during the 1950-80 period. Net migration was the most volatile component of population growth both in terms of changes over time and state-to-state variations at a given point in time. Although E(c) -- effect due to net migration with no change in mortality and fertility rates -- was not the factor combination having the greatest impact on population growth in most states it was the factor combination most responsible for differences in rates of population growth among states and for changes in state growth rates over time.
The puzzle of pulsatile oxytocin secretion during lactation: Some new pieces

PROVIDING SUFFICIENT MILK to nursing young is necessary for infant survival and depends on periodic bolus secretion of oxytocin (OT) from the neurohypophysis during suckling. This pulsatile release maximizes myoepithelial cell contractions in the mammary gland by avoiding OT receptor desensitization (37, 44). Underlying the periodicity is the brief (4 – 6 s), synchronous, and explosive bursting of OT neurons in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN), the axons of which terminate at the neurohypophyseal neurohemal contact zone. These bursts (and the resultant OT release) appear with remarkably long intervals (5–20 min) despite the continual nipple stimulation provided by pups (30, 32, 38, 39), and are seldom observed during other periods of enhanced OT release. The bursting pattern maximizes frequency-dependent facilitation of OT release at neurohypophyseal terminals, and minimizes release fatigue (3–5). Understanding this periodicity remains one of the greatest challenges for OT neurobiologists. This system undergoes astonishing physiological plastic changes during pregnancy and lactation that should provide instructive clues to the process. It is now appreciated that OT
Improving the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries using conductive polymer and micrometric sulfur powder

In this study, a conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or PEDOT, was used as binder in the sulfur electrode to study electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. PEDOT-based sulfur electrode was compared with that of polyvinylidene difluoride binder based sulfur electrode. Different particle size sulfur materials including commercial micrometric sulfur particles and synthesized colloidal nanometric sulfur powders were chosen as active materials to study the impact of particle size on the cell performance. Different electrolytes including lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide in polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) or 1,3-dioxolane-dimethoxy ethane were used in the Li-S batteries to investigate the impact of electrolyte on cell performance. The PEDOT and micrometric sulfur based electrode with PEGDME electrolyte had the best cycle performance, which showed a capacity retention of 68% and specific capacity of 578 mAh/g after 100 cycles. The increased conductivity by conductive polymer and the high viscosity of PEGDME play important roles in the improvement of cycle performance.
Asymmetrical Bilateral Hip Dislocation

A previously healthy 36-year-old male who was a restrained driver presented with bilateral hip pain after a motor vehicle collision (MVC) put his vehicle in a ditch. On examination, the patient was alert and oriented with stable vitals. His right hip was externally rotated and abducted, and his left hip was internally rotated and adducted. Distal sensation and motor function were intact in both lower extremities. A plain radiograph of his pelvis showed an anterior right hip dislocation and a posterior left hip dislocation with an acetabular fracture (Figure). Patient was taken to the operating room where he underwent successful closed reduction under general anesthesia. Figure. Right anterior hip dislocation (A) and left posterior hip dislocation (B) with acetabular fracture. Traumatic hip dislocations are often due to high impact forces, such as occur in a MVC. Posterior hip dislocations are more common (90% of hip dislocations) and occur when force is applied to a hip when adducted, internally rotated and flexed.Anterior dislocations (10% of hip dislocations) are subdivided into inferior and superior. Anterior-inferior hip dislocations (90% of anterior dislocations) occur when force is applied to a hip that is abducted, externally rotated and flexed, whereas anterior-superior hip dislocations (10% of anterior dislocations) occur similarly but with the hip in extension.1 Bilateral hip dislocations are unusual and are thought to be associated with a high force of impact in one direction. When asymmetrical dislocations occur, one posterior and one anterior, it is believed that forces in two opposite directions are needed, making it an extremely rare injury.2, 3 Once a hip dislocation is diagnosed, closed reduction should be attempted. If closed reduction is unsuccessful, open reduction should be performed. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head and major nerve injury, such as sciatic or peroneal can occur, but are more likely to occur if reduction is delayed.4
Model-based Story Summary

A story summarizer benefits greatly from a reader model because a reader model enables the story summarizer to focus on delivering useful knowledge in minimal time with minimal eort. Such a
The Payee as a Holder in Due Course

TH | HE most conspicuous characteristic of negotiable paper is its transferability free from equities and defenses. This preferred position is given to the innocent purchaser for value and before maturity. Normally the payee, because he deals with the maker or drawer, cannot be a holder in due course, because the facts which create the defense or equity will be of his own creation. But it is possible for the payee to be insulated from these facts. In the rare case where he is ignorant of them, should he be treated the same as the law would treat a technical indorsee for value and without notice of the defense?
Scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis of substrate/coating interfacial regions on AA2024-T3 after blister formation

Abstract The corrosion of AA2024-T3 with a trivalent Cr process (TCP) conversion coating and Pr-based primer was investigated through the application of novel sample preparation and high-magnification scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was utilized to determine water uptake properties of the coating system. A method to extract thin foil samples of substrate/coating interfaces was demonstrated using a focused ion beam approach. Thin foils were prepared from locations around a blister that formed at a scribe edge after a 13-day exposure in ASTM B117. Imaging and chemical analysis were performed on each thin foil using STEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy. An unexposed region of the same sample type was also studied. Active corrosion inhibitors (Pr and Cr) were not detected in the scribe after exposure. Mg was enriched on the substrate surface and in the TCP region of exposed and unexposed samples, likely an artifact of the coating preparation process. Additionally, chloride was found deeper in the primer and TCP regions at locations closer to the blister. Furthermore, there was no detectable corrosion under an intact coating after exposure for this coating system, with the caveat that each thin foil represented an extremely localized interfacial region.
The Cooperation of Many Minds: Domestic Patent Reform in a Heterogeneous Regime

Typically, suggested patent reforms have focused on streamlining administrative duties at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Such reforms, however, may ignore the important role played by many different administrative agencies in formulating patent policies as to various issues important to a wide range of constituencies. By minimizing the roles of these secondary patent regulators, such reforms may not take into account their competing views of the relevant patent statutes and the overall goals of the patent regime. For example, in its roles of regulating patent imports, the International Trade Commission may offer competing views on the scope of infringement under the Patent Act. Undertaking a new approach, this Article contends that patent law should be seen as a heterogeneous regime that attempts to structure patent law through the competitive roles played by diverse agencies. This Article will examine two issues. First, this Article will 'map' the roles played by the diverse actors in the patent regime. Second, after exploring the 'landscape' of patent law, this Article will examine how the boundaries of this regime are policed by different judicial doctrines. This Article contends, that while doctrinal competition may be necessary and administrative patent reform may need to recognize the importance of heightening the competitive relationships of patent law, the actions of some agency actors, may deserve some heightened scrutiny.
Imaging increased glutamate in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome: Association with epilepsy severity.

Abstract Background Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) is strongly associated with epilepsy. Brain tissue studies have suggested that epileptic activity in SWS is driven by glutamatergic synaptic activity. Here, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to test if glutamate (GLU) concentrations are increased in the affected hemisphere and if such increases are associated with severity of epilepsy in children with SWS. We also studied the metabolic correlates of MRSI abnormalities, using glucose positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Methods 3T MRI and glucose PET were performed in 10 children (age: 7–78 months) with unilateral SWS and a history of epilepsy. MRSI data were acquired from the affected (ipsilateral) and non-affected (contralateral) hemispheres. GLU, N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr) were quantified in multiple voxels; GLU/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios were calculated and compared to seizure frequency as well as glucose PET findings. Results The highest GLU/Cr ratios were found in the affected hemisphere in all children except one with severe atrophy. The maximum ipsilateral/contralateral GLU/Cr ratios ranged between 1.0 and 2.5 (mean: 1.6). Mean ipsilateral/contralateral GLU/Cr ratios were highest in the youngest children and showed a strong positive correlation with clinical seizure frequency scores assessed at the time of the scan ( r =0.88, p =0.001) and also at follow-up (up to 1 year, r =0.80, p =0.009). GLU increases in the affected hemisphere coincided with areas showing current or previous increases of glucose metabolism on PET in 5 children. NAA/Cr ratios showed no association with clinical seizure frequency. Conclusions Increased glutamate concentrations in the affected hemisphere, measured by MRSI, are common in young children with unilateral SWS and are associated with frequent seizures. The findings lend support to the role of excess glutamate in SWS-associated epilepsy.
A Critique of Business Games

Comments on McKinsey-Harvard Business Review, a business game from IBM. Lessons learned from the game; Significance of the game; Details of the game.
DX Center Energy Level in InxAl1−xAs Compounds

The presence of DX centers in InxAl1-xAs, primarily in the indirect portion of the InxAl1-xAs bandgap, has been determined using modulation doped InxAl1-xAs/InyGa1-yAs heterostructures by means of persistent photoconductivity (PPC) and galvanomagnetic measurements. From the cooling bias experiment, the PPC, and self consistent Poisson and Schrddinger simulations the ratio of the ionized shallow donors to the DX centers is obtained. Using this ratio in the grand canonical ensemble (GCE) the energy level of DX centers is determined. It is found that the DX energy level merges with the conduction band at x ≅ 0.42 and is resonant with the conduction band in higher indium concentration.
Sociobiology and the Redemption of Normative Ethics

Moral philosophers aside, people sustain a vital interest in the results of ethical theorizing only on the hope that these results will eventually provide satisfying, clear, and univocal answers to essential moral questions like: What is Right Action? What is Good? But whatever else might be said of this century's labors in moral philosophy, they have failed utterly to nurture this hope. Instead, the overwhelming (and disillusioning) perception has been that this sort of answer to these questions is beyond our ken, or else that the ques tions themselves are somehow unintelligible. It would not be unrealistic to forecast a dismal and lonely future for the discipline of ethics should this perception continue to be the dominant one. In this paper I show how it is that the emerging science of human sociobiology seems capable of reaffirming the hope men have had in looking to moral philosophy for the answers to moral quandaries. This capability arises out of the relationship envisaged between human sociobiology and ethical theorizing. I explore this relationship below and later discuss how it revolutionizes ethics in a completely positive way. My views are based largely on E. O. Wilson's speculation in On Human Nature.1 Part of what I argue for is merely consistent with his theses, part is implied by them, and part he has enunciated specifically. Contrary to the claims of many of his critics,2 we shall see that his subordination of ethics to biology does not eliminate the need for moral discourse but instead supplies it with power and direction. For those who value philosophizing that also serves, this should be of no small concern.
Characterization of Glutamatergic Neurons in the Rat Atrial Intrinsic Cardiac Ganglia that Project to the Cardiac Ventricular Wall

The intrinsic cardiac nervous system modulates cardiac function by acting as an integration site for regulating autonomic efferent cardiac output. This intrinsic system is proposed to be composed of a short cardio-cardiac feedback control loop within the cardiac innervation hierarchy. For example, electrophysiological studies have postulated the presence of sensory neurons in intrinsic cardiac ganglia (ICG) for regional cardiac control. There is still a knowledge gap, however, about the anatomical location and neurochemical phenotype of sensory neurons inside ICG. In the present study, rat ICG neurons were characterized neurochemically with immunohistochemistry using glutamatergic markers: vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1; VGLUT2), and glutaminase (GLS), the enzyme essential for glutamate production. Glutamatergic neurons (VGLUT1/VGLUT2/GLS) in the ICG that have axons to the ventricles were identified by retrograde tracing of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected in the ventricular wall. Co-labeling of VGLUT1, VGLUT2, and GLS with the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was used to evaluate the relationship between post-ganglionic autonomic neurons and glutamatergic neurons. Sequential labeling of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in adjacent tissue sections was used to evaluate the co-localization of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in ICG neurons. Our studies yielded the following results: (1) ICG contain glutamatergic neurons with GLS for glutamate production and VGLUT1 and 2 for transport of glutamate into synaptic vesicles; (2) atrial ICG contain neurons that project to ventricle walls and these neurons are glutamatergic; (3) many glutamatergic ICG neurons also were cholinergic, expressing VAChT; (4) VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 co-localization occurred in ICG neurons with variation of their protein expression level. Investigation of both glutamatergic and cholinergic ICG neurons could help in better understanding the function of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system.
Results of Neutron Radiosurgery for Inoperable Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain

Twenty patients with inoperable arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain were treated with neutron radiosurgery. A 50 MeV cyclotron was used to deliver 9 Gy in a single fraction through 7 to 14 isocentric portals. The size and shape of the portals were customized to each treatment site. Nineteen patients have been followed for a median duration of 24 months following neutron radiosurgery. A radiographically demonstrable partial response was seen in 8 patients (42%). No complete responses were observed. There has been one post-treatment hemorrhage, no fatalities, and no evidence of radiation toxicity. The low response rate and absence of toxicity suggest that the appropriate dose for neutron radiosurgical treatment of AVMs is higher than the dose of 9 Gy at isocenter used in this initial study.
Abusive head trauma: an epidemiological and cost analysis

OBJECTIVE Research on pediatric abusive head trauma (AHT) has largely focused on clinical presentation and management. The authors sought to review a single-institution experience from a public health perspective to gain a better understanding of the local population affected, determine overall incidence and seasonal trends, and provide details on the initial hospitalization, including extent of injuries, neurosurgical interventions, and hospital charges. METHODS All cases of AHT involving patients who presented to Le Bonheur Children's Hospital (LBCH) from 2009 through 2014 were identified. AHT was defined as skull fracture or intracranial hemorrhage in a child under the age of 5 years with a suspicious mechanism or evidence of other intentional injuries, such as retinal hemorrhages, old or new fractures, or soft-tissue bruising. Injuries were categorized as Grade I (skull fracture only), Grade II (intracranial hemorrhage or edema not requiring surgical intervention), or Grade III (intracranial hemorrhage requiring intervention or death due to brain injury). RESULTS Two hundred thirteen AHT cases were identified. The demographics of the study population are similar to those reported in the literature: the majority of the patients involved were 6 months of age or younger (55%), male (61%), African American (47%), and publicly insured (82%). One hundred one neurosurgical procedures were performed in 58 children, with the most common being bur hole placement for treatment of subdural collections (25%) and decompressive hemicraniectomy (22%). The annual incidence rate rose from 2009 (19.6 cases per 100,000 in the population under 5 years of age) to 2014 (47.4 cases per 100,000) and showed seasonal peaks in January, July, and October (6-year average single-month incidence, respectively, 24.7, 21.7, and 24.7 per 100,000). The total hospital charges were $13,014,584, with a median cost of $27,939. Treatment costs for children who required surgical intervention (i.e., those with Grade III) were up to 10 times those of children with less severe injuries. CONCLUSIONS In the authors' local population, victims of AHT are overwhelmingly infants, are more often male than female, and are disproportionately from lower socioeconomic ranks. The incidence is increasing and initial hospitalization charges are substantial and variable. The authors introduce a simple 3-tiered injury classification scheme that adequately stratifies length of hospital stay and cost.
Novel Tools to Determine Hyperbolic Triangle Centers

Recently discovered tools to study analytic hyperbolic geometry in terms of analogies with analytic Euclidean geometry are presented and employed. Special attention is paid to the study of two novel hyperbolic triangle centers that we call hyperbolic Cabrera points of a hyperbolic triangle and to the way they descend to their novel Euclidean counterparts. The two novel hyperbolic Cabrera points are the (1) Cabrera gyrotriangle ingyrocircle gyropoint and the (2) Cabrera gyrotriangle exgyrocircle gyropoint. Accordingly, their Euclidean counterparts to which they descend are the two novel Euclidean Cabrera points, which are the (1) Cabrera triangle incircle point and the (2) Cabrera triangle excircle point.
Calcifying cerebral cavernous hemangioma with brain scan and angiographic findings.

A case of a cavernous hemangioma of the right frontal lobe of the brain is reported. The lesion showed a myriad of tiny discrete calcifications and was associated with a well-circumscribed uptake on technetium brain scan and positive findings on cerebral angiography. The patient has done well since excision of the hemangioma.
Image Quality of Compressive Imaging with Quantum Light

Several common reconstruction algorithms were used to perform compressive quantum imaging with Fock states, coherent states, and squeezed light. It was found that the different light sources gave the same scaling law for the root-mean-squared error.
Uncertainty quantification using probabilistic numerics: application to models in mathematical epidemiology

Probabilistic numerics (PN) is a framework for analysing numerical algorithms accounting for all sources of numerical errors, including errors due to both round off and the choice of numerical sche...
Stereotactic core needle breast biopsy marker migration: An analysis of factors contributing to immediate marker migration.

To evaluate breast biopsy marker migration in stereotactic core needle biopsy procedures and identify contributing factors. This retrospective study analyzed 268 stereotactic biopsy markers placed in 263 consecutive patients undergoing stereotactic biopsies using 9G vacuum-assisted devices from August 2010-July 2013. Mammograms were reviewed and factors contributing to marker migration were evaluated. Basic descriptive statistics were calculated and comparisons were performed based on radiographically-confirmed marker migration. Of the 268 placed stereotactic biopsy markers, 35 (13.1%) migrated ≥1 cm from their biopsy cavity. Range: 1–6 cm; mean (± SD): 2.35 ± 1.22 cm. Of the 35 migrated biopsy markers, 9 (25.7%) migrated ≥3.5 cm. Patient age, biopsy pathology, number of cores, and left versus right breast were not associated with migration status (P> 0.10). Global fatty breast density (P= 0.025) and biopsy in the inner region of breast (P = 0.031) were associated with marker migration. Superior biopsy approach (P= 0.025), locally heterogeneous breast density, and t-shaped biopsy markers (P= 0.035) were significant for no marker migration. Multiple factors were found to influence marker migration. An overall migration rate of 13% supports endeavors of research groups actively developing new biopsy marker designs for improved resistance to migration. • Breast biopsy marker migration is documented in 13% of 268 procedures. • Marker migration is affected by physical, biological, and pathological factors. • Breast density, marker shape, needle approach etc. affect migration. • Study demonstrates marker migration prevalence; marker design improvements are needed.
Visionario: A Series of Unfortunate Events

ABSTRACTVisioning is a planning tool for thinking about events that could happen in the future. Visionarios are not forecasts or predictions. They are plausible descriptions of future conditions developed for helping decision makers prepare for whatever the future may bring. This visionario tests several assumptions about the new president of the United States, Donald J. Trump, his potential behaviors, and his relationship with Russia’s president, Vladimir Putin. The visionario explores a series of possible unfortunate and unanticipated events with the potential to lead to war between the United States and Russia. However, with visionarios, thinking through the consequences of alternative actions could prevent potential catastrophes from occurring if used appropriately by policymakers as part of a foresight component of foreign policy.
National Science Foundation (NSF) supercomputing metacenter

Advances in high speed networking and the convergence of operating systems on UNIX and variants, now allows the resources of the four NSF Supercomputer Centers to be considered by remote users, for many purposes, as a single distributed resource. This article will explore the genesis of the concept and why it is a precursor to the National Information Infrastructure.
A nonrandomized trial of vitamin D supplementation for Barrett's esophagus.

Background Vitamin D deficiency may increase esophageal cancer risk. Vitamin D affects genes regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation and induces the tumor suppressor 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) in other cancers. This nonrandomized interventional study assessed effects of vitamin D supplementation in Barrett’s esophagus (BE). We hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation may have beneficial effects on gene expression including 15-PGDH in BE. Methods BE subjects with low grade or no dysplasia received vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) 50,000 international units weekly plus a proton pump inhibitor for 12 weeks. Esophageal biopsies from normal plus metaplastic BE epithelium and blood samples were obtained before and after vitamin D supplementation. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured to characterize vitamin D status. Esophageal gene expression was assessed using microarrays. Results 18 study subjects were evaluated. The baseline mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 27 ng/mL (normal ≥30 ng/mL). After vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels rose significantly (median increase of 31.6 ng/mL, p<0.001). There were no significant changes in gene expression from esophageal squamous or Barrett’s epithelium including 15-PGDH after supplementation. Conclusion BE subjects were vitamin D insufficient. Despite improved vitamin D status with supplementation, no significant alterations in gene expression profiles were noted. If vitamin D supplementation benefits BE, a longer duration or higher dose of supplementation may be needed.
The role of molecular diagnostics in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

With the exquisite sensitivity, inherent specificity, and versatility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other amplification techniques, it is clear that infectious disease diagnostic tests based on these methods will assume a niche quickly in many clinical microbiology laboratories. Routine implementation, however, requires that many issues be addressed, including control of ampli- con contamination, specimen treatment to avoid inhibitors, interpretation of positive results when clinical significance is unclear, and cost. Laboratory experience with the Chlamydia Amplicor product (Roche Molecular Systems, Branchburg, NJ) is discussed to illustrate these issues. Commercial kit products using nucleic acid amplification techniques can be introduced into a routine laboratory easily and with a high degree of accuracy.
Wading past assumptions: Gender dimensions of climate change adaptation in coastal communities of the Philippines

•We examine gender dimensions of climate change adaptation (CCA).•Findings reflect marine resource users in 30 Philippine fishing villages.•Women were less connected to nature and more risk tolerant than men.•Women and men were equally conservation-minded and aware of climate change.•Women were more aware of CCA plans but less likely to attend outreach activities.
Pd-Catalyzed, ortho C–H Methylation and Fluorination of Benzaldehydes Using Orthanilic Acids as Transient Directing Groups

The direct, Pd-catalyzed ortho C–H methylation and fluorination of benzaldehydes have been accomplished using commercially available orthanilic acids as transient directing groups. In these reactions, the 1-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium salts can be either a bystanding F+ oxidant or an electrophilic fluorinating reagent. An X-ray crystal structure of a benzaldehyde ortho C–H palladation intermediate was obtained using triphenylphosphine as the stabilizing ligand.
Addressing Hegemonic Masculinity With Adolescent Boys Within the Counseling Relationship

For mental health professionals who counsel adolescent boys, hegemonic masculinity can influence the counseling relationship. Hegemonic masculinity refers to characteristics and performative behavi...
973 Healthy ageing, healthy work: a global perspective on the home care workforce

Introduction By 2030 one billion people worldwide will be 65 years of age or older. While populations in industrially-developed countries are ageing rapidly, the most dramatic increases are occurring in developing countries. Because most elders prefer to be cared for at home, these profound demographic shifts are driving a global need for home care (HC) at an unprecedented rate. As a result, HC aide jobs are among the fastest growing occupations and yet their occupational safety and health (OSH) experience is nearly invisible. The Safe Home Care Project at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell USA, funded by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, was established to protect and promote the OSH of the HC workforce. Methods We used mixed methods ranging from focus groups to large scale OSH questionnaire surveys, microbiology field studies, and laboratory experimental studies of chemical, biologic, and biomechanical hazards. These studies were performed among HC aides and elders who are HC recipients. Results HC aides experience numerous OSH hazards similar to hospitals and nursing homes: back injuries from patient lifting; needlestick injuries; respiratory irritant exposures from cleaning and disinfecting; and serious encounters with violence from patients or family members. Aides also experience hazards not seen in institutional settings: exposure to second-hand smoke, risk of fire from patients smoking cigarettes while on oxygen, patients re-using needles for injections and storing them improperly, and lack of medical equipment for patient lifting. Overall, we found that high quality care delivery depends significantly on HC aide safety. Discussion HC aides need OSH protections. Despite OSH challenges, the great majority of aides report high job satisfaction due to meaningful relationships with patients and families and to the relative autonomy compared to institutional care work. Interventions should enhance these beneficial aspects of HC work as well as improve OSH.
"Violence" in medicine: necessary and unnecessary, intentional and unintentional

We are more used to thinking of medicine in relation to the ways that it alleviates the effects of violence. Yet an important thread in the academic literature acknowledges that medicine can also be responsible for perpetuating violence, albeit unintentionally, against the very individuals it intends to help. In this essay, I discuss definitions of violence, emphasizing the importance of understanding the term not only as a physical perpetration but as an act of power of one person over another. I next explore the paradox of a healing profession that is permeated with violence sometimes necessary, often unintentional, and almost always unrecognized. Identifying the construct of “physician arrogance” as contributory to violence, I go on to identify different manifestations of violence in a medical context, including violence to the body; structural violence; metaphoric violence; and the practice of speaking to or about patients (and others in the healthcare system in ways that minimize or disrespect their full humanity. I further suggest possible explanations for the origins of these kinds of violence in physicians, including the fear of suffering and death in relation to vicarious trauma and the consequent concept of “killing suffering”; as well as why patients might be willing to accept such violence directed toward them. I conclude with brief recommendations for attending to root causes of violence, both within societal and institutional structures, and within ourselves, offering the model of the wounded healer.
Preliminaries from Number Theory

This chapter summarizes mathematical preliminaries from three branches of number theory: modular arithmetic, geometry of numbers, and uniform distribution of sequences, all of which constitute a theoretical foundation for the generation of uniform random numbers. Since the main objective of this chapter is to make the monograph self-contained, readers who would like to learn as quickly as possible about particular algorithms for random numbers can skip this chapter and consult as necessary those elements of theory that are needed for the problems they are studying.
Safety assessment in schools: beyond risk: the role of child psychiatrists and other mental health professionals

This article presents an overview of a comprehensive school safety assessment approach for students whose behavior raises concern about their potential for targeted violence. Case vignettes highlight the features of 2 youngsters who exemplify those seen, the comprehensive nature of the assessment, and the kind of recommendations that enhance a student's safety, connection, well-being; engage families; and share responsibility of assessing safety with the school.