cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radioactive Isotopes of Ru and Tc

A new isotope of Ru and one of Tc were found when Mo was bombarded with alpha-particles. The Ru activity decayed with a half-life of 1.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 hours. Positrons, x-rays, and gamma-rays were emitted with energies of 1.1 Mev, 0.7A, and 0.95 Mev, respectively. The Ru activity also was produced by fast neutron bombardment of Ru. The Tc activity decayed with a half-life of 20.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 hours and emitted x-rays of 0.7A and gamma-rays of 0.78 Mev. The Tc activity also was made by proton bombardment of Mo. Electromagnetically separated ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{92}$ of 92 percent abundance was bombarded with alpha-particles producing the 1.65-hour and 20-hour activities. Electromagnetically separated ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{94}$ of 75 percent abundance under alpha-particle bombardment made a 2.8-day activity. Thus the 1.65-hour, 20-hour, and 2.8-day activities can be assigned to ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{95}$, ${\mathrm{Tc}}^{95}$, and ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{97}$, respectively.
Genealogy and History in Neo-Confucian Sectarian Uses of the Confucian Past

How did "Neo-Confucians" understand the history of Confucianism?' How did they articulate this understanding in books about the Confucian past? One of the earliest and most widely read books about the Neo-Confucian tradition is Reflections on Things at Hand (Jin si lu), compiled by Zhu Xi (1 130-1200) and Lu Zuqian (1137-1181) in 1175. This text is one of over a hundred anthologies compiled by Confucians from the Song dynasty (960-1279) well into the Qing era (1644-1911). Before the Song there were no such texts in the Confucian tradition. Although the emergence of Neo-Confucian anthologies is historically significant, these texts have not been systematically analyzed as a distinct genre which can tell us about how Confucians from the Song on understood-or constructed-the Confucian tradition. Prior to the sixteenth century most Neo-Confucian anthologists closely followed the organizational template found in Reflections on Things at Hand: selections of passages from the writings of a small number of literati concerning fourteen topics, such as substance of the Dao, investigation of things, moral self-cultivation, and regulating the household. There are at least a dozen other anthologies that use the same title, with certain modifications, and the fourteen topics of Reflections as a framework for selecting and ordering the writings of other Confucians. For example, Liu Qingzhi (1139-95) compiled Reflections on Things at Hand, Continued (Jin si xu lu), an anthology
Association of PDZ-containing protein PDZD11 with the human sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter

Intestinal absorption of biotin is mediated via the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT). Studies from our laboratory and others have characterized different aspects of the human SMVT (...
Men of Diverse Cultures: Knowledge and Attitudes About Breastfeeding

Objective The purpose of this study was three-fold: (a) to describe the knowledge of and attitudes on breastfeeding of men from diverse racial backgrounds, (b) to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitude toward breastfeeding, and (c) to determine the relationship between specified demographic variables and men's knowledge or attitudes on breastfeeding. Design Descriptive Setting An inner-city teaching hospital and its associated prenatal clinic located in the southern United States. Participants One hundred men from diverse cultures who spoke either English or Spanish, were 18 years of age or older, and were present at either the hospital maternity units or associated prenatal clinic. Results Eighty-one percent (81%) of the men in this study indicated that they would prefer their infants to be breastfed. Ethnicity and age were found to be linked to attitudes and knowledge of breastfeeding. Conclusions This study demonstrated that men had a strong desire that their infants be breastfed and wanted to be included in decisions concerning breastfeeding.
Penta-coordinated Al3+ ions as preferential nucleation sites for BaO on γ-Al2O3: an ultra-high magnetic field 27Al MAS NMR study

We report the first observation of preferential anchoring of an impregnated catalytic phase onto penta-coordinated Al3+ sites on the surface of γ-Al2O3. The interaction of barium oxide with a γ-alumina support was investigated by high resolution solid state 27Al magic angle spinning NMR at an ultra-high magnetic field of 21.1 T and at sample spinning rates of up to 23 kHz. Under these experimental conditions, a peak in the NMR spectrum at ∼23 ppm with relatively low intensity, assigned to 5-coordinated Al3+ ions, is clearly distinguished from the two other peaks representing Al3+ ions in tetra-, and octahedral coordination. Spin-lattice 27Al relaxation time measurements clearly show that these penta-coordinated Al3+ sites are located on the surface of the γ-alumina support. BaO deposition onto this γ-alumina sample resulted in the loss of intensity of the 23 ppm peak. The intensity loss observed was linearly proportional to the amount of BaO deposited. The results of this study strongly suggest that, at least for BaO, these penta-coordinated Al3+ ions are the nucleation sites.
COMPLEX ORGANIZATION AND NIKLAS LUHMANN'S SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

Niklas Luhmann's sociology of law is a description of the emergence of legal structures as the development of congruent reactions to the disappointment of norm expectations in a society of individuals faced with an excess of possibilities. The criteria for the selection of such laws is the enhancement of norm congruency. Differentiation and self-reflexivity when they are complimented by the complex concepts of hierarchical order and constraint meet the three requirements for an evolutionary system, a source of variety, a mechanism for selecting from among the variety, and a mechanism for fixing the choice. The concept of congruency communications as developed by Luhmann determines the criteria for the validation of the legal system. Finally, Ronald Dworkin's theory of legal principle is examined as a hierarchical control system which limits the possible range or valid law to those activities which can achieve some sense of congruence in the society.
The super-efficiency procedure for outlier identification, not for ranking efficient units

In this paper, we conduct simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of two alternative uses of the super-efficiency procedure in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The first is for outlier identification and the second is for ranking efficient units. We find that the ranking procedure does not perform satisfactorily. In fact, the correlations between the true efficiency and the estimated super-efficiency are negative for the subset of efficient observations, and the conventional DEA model performs as well as the super-efficiency DEA model when all observations are considered. However, when data are contaminated with outliers, the use of the super-efficiency model to identify and remove outliers results in more accurate efficiency estimates than those obtained from the conventional DEA estimation model.
Randomization and blocking in the design of experiments

It is suggested that, whenever possible, an experiment be run in a completely randomized fashion. One reason for randomizing Is to protect against violations in the usual linear model assump¬tions. The protection has always been argued on qualitative grounds. This paper quantitatively demonstrates the protection by hypothesizing models in violation of the usual assumptions, mathe¬matically representing the physical act of randomization, and algebraically deriving expected mean squares, EMS, and F tests. It is shown that randomization offers considerable but not com¬plete protection against model violations. The same methodology is also applied to blocked experiments, i.e. to experiments performed under a specific type of incomplete randomization commonly referred to as blocking. It is shown that blocking offers little protection against certain model viola¬tions. The common practice of representing blocks as a treatment factor applied to the experimental units approximates the form of the EMS derived unde...
Nurses with Disabilities: Their Job Descriptions and Work Expectations

Purpose To explore whether the job descriptions of registered nurses with disabilities actually match the work required by the job. Design This exploratory qualitative study used constant comparative analysis to simultaneously collect and analyze the data. Method Newsletters and magazines for nurses as well as the snowball method were used to advertise for participants. Participants were asked to submit to an in-person or telephone audiotaped interview that utilized an unstructured interview guide. A coding structure was developed as themes emerged. Participant verification helped to ensure trustworthiness of the data. Findings Results confirmed findings from previous studies and found that nurses with disabilities who stay in nursing choose a job they can do, know and accept their limitations, have supervisors who are not nurses or who have a disability, and get accommodations so they can work. They rarely receive job descriptions, but it is assumed they can do the work because they are nurses. Conclusions Nurse job descriptions are frequently not available or are inaccurate. There are jobs in nursing that nurses with disabilities can do competently and efficiently. Facilities and agencies should strive to retain these nurses and utilize their skills and expertise rather than focusing on what they are unable to do in the same way as a nurse without a disability. Clinical Relevance Nurses with disabilities are leaving nursing because they are not valued for their knowledge or abilities and are often prejudged because of the disability. The profession cannot afford to lose these nurses.
Behavior during hippocampal microinfusions. IV. Transmitter interactions.

Abstract The interaction between noradrenergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic receptor stimulation in the dentate gyrus of the rat was investigated at the behavioral level. Awake, unrestrained rats in a holeboard/activity apparatus received continuous 40-min infusions into the dentate hilus of combined solutions of norepinephrine, the cholinergic agonist carbachol, and the GABA antagonist picrotoxin. Infusions into the dentate gyrus of either carbachol or picrotoxin have been found to produce a comparable locomotor activation of rats that is probably due to the excitation of dentate granule cells. Low dose hippocampal infusions of norepinephrine have been shown to significantly affect the quality but not the quantity of the locomotor activity of rats. Co-infusion of norepinephrine potentiated the effects of picrotoxin and blocked the effects of carbachol. It is hypothesized that the noradrenergic input to the area dentata increases the efficacy of extrinsic afferents while also facilitating recurrent granule cell inhibition mediated by GABAergic interneurons.
After all I have done for you: Self-silencing accommodations fuel women's post-rejection hostility

An experimental study tests if people's hostility after experiencing rejection is partly explained by the degree to which they had initially suppressed their own feelings and beliefs to please the source of rejection. This hypothesis emerges from the literatures on women's self-silencing and that on rejection-sensitivity, which has documented that rejection-sensitive women show strong responses to rejection, but are also likely to self-silence to please their partners. An online dating paradigm examined if this self-silencing drives post-rejection hostility among women. Participants were given the opportunity to read about a potential dating partner before meeting that person, and were randomly assigned to one of 3 experimental conditions that resulted in rejection from the potential date or from another dater. Self-silencing was captured as the suppression of tastes and opinions that clashed with those of the prospective partner. Self-silencing moderated the effect of rejection on hostility: Self-silencing to the prospective partner was associated with greater post-rejection hostility among women, but not men. Self-silencing to someone other than the rejecter was not predictive of hostility. Women's dispositional rejection-sensitivity predicted greater hostility after rejection, and self-silencing mediated this association. Efforts to secure acceptance through accommodation may help explain the paradoxical tendency of some people to show strong rejection-induced hostility toward those whose acceptance they have sought.
A review of inlet bypassing solutions with nomographs

Abstract Bypassing of the coastal sediment at inlets is required to prevent downdrift erosion or the filling in of navigation channels. When coastal structures such as jetties or terminal groins are placed along the inlet boundaries, bypassing is reduced but not eliminated. Bypassing solutions such as Pelnard-Considere (1956) [Pelnard-Considere, R., 1956. Essai de Theorie de l'Evolution des Forms de Rivages en Plage de Sable et de Galets, Fourth Journess de l'Hydralique, les energies de la Mer, Question III, Rapport No. 1, pp. 289–298.] are known although the effect of existing background erosion on such bypassing is not so well known. The occurrence of existing erosion due to offshore sand loss complicates the bypassing situation. The following note reviews existing analytical bypassing solutions and presents a solution and nomograms for solving a bypassed amount when existing erosion occurs along a shoreline and the sand which bypasses the updrift structure is assumed to reach the downdrift shoreline without being trapped in shoals or inlet channel.
Hexokinase from maize endosperm

Abstract Hexokinase was detected in the endosperm of developing and germinating maize seeds. Hexokinase activities in the endosperm of germinating dent, flint, and floury genotypes were quite similar, but were only one-fifth of the activity of shrunken-2 (sugary) genotype. A reduced enzyme level in endosperm of germinating compared to developing seeds, and a continual decline in enzyme during germination suggest that hexokinase in the endosperm of germinating maize is residual and has no major metabolic role. In the endosperm of developing seed the enzyme would be important as a first step in the metabolism of translocated sugars.
Site-specific targeting of aflatoxin adduction directed by triple helix formation in the major groove of oligodeoxyribonucleotides

The targeted adduction of aflatoxin B1- exo -8,9-epoxide (AFB1- exo -8,9-epoxide) to a specific guanine within an oligodeoxyribonucleotide containing multiple guanines was achieved using a DNA triplex to control sequence selectivity. The oligodeoxyribonucleotide d(AGAGAAGATTTTCTTCTCTTTTTTTTCTCTT), designated '3G', spontaneously formed a triplex in which nucleotides C27*G2*C18 and C29*G4*C16 formed base triplets, and nucleotides G7*C13formed a Watson-Crick base pair. The oligodeoxyribonucleotide d(AAGAAATTTTTTCTTTTTTTTTTCTT), designated '1G', also formed a triplex in which nucleotides C24*G3*C24 formed a triplet. Reaction of the two oligodeoxyribonucleotides with AFB1-exo-8,9-epoxide revealed that only the 3G sequence formed an adduct, as determined by UV absorbance and piperidine cleavage of the 5'-labeled adduct, followed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This site was identified as G7by comparison to the guanine-specific cleavage pattern. The chemistry was extended to a series of nicked bimolecular triple helices, constructed from d(AAAGGGGGAA) and d(CnTTCTTTTTCCCCCTTTATTTTTTC5-n) (n = 1-5). Each oligomer in the series differed only in the placement of the nick. Reaction of the nicked triplexes with AFB1- exo -8,9-epoxide, piperidine cleavage of the 5'-labeled adduct, followed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed cleavage corresponding to the guanine closest to the pyrimidine strand nick. By using the appropriate pyrimidine sequence the lesion was positioned within the purine strand.
A histomorphologic comparison of familial and sporadic pancreatic cancers

Abstract Background It is estimated that approximately 10% of pancreatic cancers have a familial component. Many inheritable genetic syndromes are associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer, such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, hereditary breast-ovarian cancer and familial atypical multiple mole melanoma, but these conditions account for only a minority of familial pancreatic cancers. Previous studies have identified an increased prevalence of noninvasive precursor lesions, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, in the pancreata of patients with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer. A detailed investigation of the histopathology of invasive familial pancreatic cancer could provide insights into the mechanisms responsible for familial pancreatic cancer, as well as aid early detection and treatment strategies. Methods We have conducted a blinded review of the pathology of 519 familial and 651 sporadic pancreatic cancers within the National Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry. Patients with familial pancreatic cancer were defined as individuals from families in which at least a pair of first-degree relatives have been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Results Overall, there were no statistically significant differences in histologic subtypes between familial and sporadic pancreatic cancers ( p > 0.05). In addition, among surgical resection specimens within the study cohort, no statistically significant differences in mean tumor size, location, perineural invasion, angiolymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis and pathologic stage were identified ( p > 0.05). Conclusions Similar to sporadic pancreatic cancer, familial pancreatic cancer is morphologically and prognostically a heterogeneous disease.
Oscillatory flow across an irregular boundary

[1] Laboratory experiments examining oscillatory flow along a coastline or isobath with a series of headlands or ridges reveal a mechanism for transfer of momentum and mass from the boundary into the interior flow through the establishment of organized residual flow patterns. Particle imaging velocimetry is used to visualize the vorticity field and to quantify large-scale residual circulations generated near the region of roughness. Two flow regimes are observed for differing ratios of along-coast tidal excursion, L, to the length of the roughness region, D. For L/D > 1 a weak inflow is produced in the vicinity of the roughness region, with a corresponding alongshore flow away from the region. For L/D < 1 a strong outflow jet is established near the center of the roughness region. The two flow regimes result from different residual vorticity patterns and rely on eddies being long-lived relative to the tidal period. Thus these results are relevant to flows in which dissipation is weak relative to the mean flow kinetic energy such as for tidal flow in deep water. Flow past a single roughness element is used as an analog to tidal flow past a headland and is represented by the high L/D limit.
Public health education reform in the context of health professions education reform.

The author reflects on public health education reform in the U.S. He explains why public health schools should be part of the interprofessional approach to health professions education reform and discusses six areas of innovation in public health that could improve the alignment of education and public needs including interprofessional education, new clinical education models, and the addition of new content to complement the biological sciences.
Acquisition of tolerance to Δ-9-THC as measured by the response of a cellular function

Abstract The development of tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) was investigated by measuring respiration in brain tissue after acute or chronic administration. Mice were given either single or seven daily repeated intraperitoneal injections of 50 mg/Kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) or control vehicle. The final injection for all drug treated animals included radiolabeled 3 H-Δ-9-THC. The mice were sacrificed at 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days after the final injection. Δ-9-THC depressed respiration, but after repeated injections was significantly less effective in this regard, indicating acquisition of tolerance to Δ-9-THC. Because the concentration of radiolabeled cannabinoids in brain tissue from each group is not appreciably different, a cellular as opposed to distributional mode of tolerance is suggested.
Changes in tight junctions of rat intestinal crypt cells associated with changes in their mitotic activity

The freeze-fracture appearance of tight junctions between rat duodenal crypt cells was studied in normal, mitotically suppressed, and mitotically enhanced animals. In normal animals crypt cell tight junctions present a pleomorphic appearance. The population includes junctions resembling postmitotic junctions of the intestinal villus, junctions composed largely or completely of particle chains, and regions at the cell apex in which junctions are absent for 3-4 micron distances laterally. Mitotic suppression by inhibition of DNA synthesis with cytosine arabinoside results in the disappearance of pleomorphism and crypt tight junctions progressively come to resemble those of the intestinal villus. With recovery from the drug and further synchronization with Colcemid, the crypt cells undergo a mitotic burst, and all varieties of unusual junctional configurations are observed with increased frequency.
Forecasting emergency department crowding: a discrete event simulation.

Study objective To develop a discrete event simulation of emergency department (ED) patient flow for the purpose of forecasting near-future operating conditions and to validate the forecasts with several measures of ED crowding. Methods We developed a discrete event simulation of patient flow with evidence from the literature. Development was purely theoretical, whereas validation involved patient data from an academic ED. The model inputs and outputs, respectively, are 6-variable descriptions of every present and future patient in the ED. We validated the model by using a sliding-window design, ensuring separation of fitting and validation data in time series. We sampled consecutive 10-minute observations during 2006 (n=52,560). The outcome measures—all forecast 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours into the future from each observation—were the waiting count, waiting time, occupancy level, length of stay, boarding count, boarding time, and ambulance diversion. Forecasting performance was assessed with Pearson's correlation, residual summary statistics, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results The correlations between crowding forecasts and actual outcomes started high and decreased gradually up to 8 hours into the future (lowest Pearson's r for waiting count=0.56; waiting time=0.49; occupancy level=0.78; length of stay=0.86; boarding count=0.79; boarding time=0.80). The residual means were unbiased for all outcomes except the boarding time. The discriminatory power for ambulance diversion remained consistently high up to 8 hours into the future (lowest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.86). Conclusion By modeling patient flow, rather than operational summary variables, our simulation forecasts several measures of near-future ED crowding, with various degrees of good performance.
Laser-induced structural modification, its mechanisms, and applications in glassy optical materials

A brief review of laser-induced material modification in glassy materials is presented. The mechanisms of energy transfer from the laser and the subsequent structural modifications are reviewed. Specific features of femtosecond (fs) and continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation of glass are presented and the impact of the process parameters on the properties is discussed. The diverse responses exhibited by various glass families are presented and contrasted, with a focus on the use of these materials and processes for a wide variety of novel applications. Finally, suggestions of future directions for laser-induced material modification are presented.
Morphological features of brown adipose cell maturation in vivo and in vitro

The maturation of brown adipose cells, derived at various time intervals from interscapular brown fat pads of neonatal rats, has been investigated electron microscopically. The major changes in in vivo brown adipose cells are related to lipid accumulation. In older animals, fat droplets are separated by a membrane complex, and membranous fragments are seen within large lipid inclusions. The ultrastructural characteristics of monolayer cultures of brown fat cells, isolated from neonatal brown fat pads by tryptic dissociation, and maintained for one to six days on a reconstituted collagen matrix, have also been investigated. Adipose cells in vitro are morphologically similar to control brown fat cells, and lipid accumulation closely parallels that seen in vivo. In vitro lipid droplet coalescence, impossible to visualize in vivo, has been documented by time-lapse cinematography, and membrane complexes similar to those observed in vivo are seen. Major changes in cultivated fat cells, compared to in vivo cells, involve extensive glycogen deposition and breakdown of cytoplasmic ribosomal rosettes. Older cultures contain adipose cells exhibiting characteristics of white fat cells. Effects of tissue culture environment upon the brown fat cells, and the possible conversion of the brown fat cell into a white fat cell are discussed.
Effect of isometric exercise on cardiac performance and mitral regurgitation in patients with severe congestive heart failure.

Left ventricular performance was studied during isometric exercise in 17 patients with severe congestive heart failure, combining invasive hemodynamic and echo-Doppler techniques. Isometric exercise at 30% of maximum resulted in a decrease in stroke volume index (27.4 +/- 7.1 to 22.7 +/- 7.4 ml/m2), with a significant increase in heart rate from 81 +/- 10 to 92 +/- 14 beats/min and in systemic vascular resistance from 1827 +/- 527 to 2372 +/- 737 dyne.sec.cm-5. A significant rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (18 +/- 9 to 31 +/- 10 mm Hg) was associated with a marked increase in mitral regurgitant volume (14 +/- 11 to 27 +/- 15 ml), calculated as the difference between total stroke volume obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography and forward stroke volume measured by pulsed Doppler at the aortic anulus. During isometric exercise, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes did not change markedly, but the total stroke volume tended to increase from 62 +/- 13 to 67 +/- 13 ml. The increase in mitral regurgitant volume induced by isometric exercise was correlated with the fall in forward stroke volume (r = 0.7, p less than 0.01). Thus a rise in systemic arterial pressure induced by isometric exercise is associated with a decrease in cardiac performance attributable to redistribution of total left ventricular output with an increase in mitral regurgitation and a simultaneous decrease in forward cardiac output.
Paleomagnetism of the Notch Peak contact metamorphic aureole, revisited: Pyrrhotite from magnetite+pyrite under submetamorphic conditions

[1] On the basis of new demagnetization and rock magnetic experiments, a scattered, two-polarity remagnetization extending throughout the contact metamorphic aureole surrounding the Jurassic Notch Peak granitic stock in western Utah is now thought to reside in metamorphic pyrrhotite rather than in fine-grained hematite. In part, the pyrrhotite formed by in situ reduction of magnetite by pyrite and organic compounds; it could not have been formed by the large-scale introduction of reducing fluids, as isotopic evidence indicates that these metalimestones remained impermeable. At higher grades, some pyrrhotite probably also formed by the reaction of pyrite and Fe-bearing silicates. As magnetite destruction and pyrrhotite formation extends into rocks that are not obviously metamorphosed, the reactions responsible could proceed at very low (less than ∼200°C) temperatures, and the feasibility of such low-temperature reactions in a closed system is shown by detailed thermodynamic calculations. This study demonstrates that under reducing conditions in the presence of sufficient pyrite, pyrrhotite can form at the expense of magnetite under very mild conditions; indeed, magnetite may be destroyed merely by deep burial. Such a mechanism may help explain the paucity of primary magnetite in ancient sedimentary rocks, particularly since the single-domain and pseudo-single-domain grains capable of retaining a stable paleomagnetic signature over geologic time are extremely fine-grained and hence particularly vulnerable to destruction.
Alternative criteria for assessing nutrient limitation of a wetland macrophyte (Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth)

Abstract Various nutrient incorporation and plant production parameters were measured to assess their relative usefulness in determining possible nutrient limitation of the wetland plant Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. From four stations located along a transect in a tidal freshwater marsh, we documented spatial differences in peak standing biomass of plants. Plant biomass was positively correlated with porewater concentrations of both ammonium and phosphate, but not with sediment concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Tissue nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decreased significantly over the growing season, but there were no differences among plants from the four stations, and correlations between plant biomass and ratios of carbon to nitrogen and carbon to phosphorus were weak. Because in situ fertilization of plants had no effect on either peak biomass or tissue concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, growth of Peltandra was probably not nutrient limited. Other criteria did predict nitrogen or nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, however, demonstrating that application of parameters used by ecologists to support contentions of nutrient limitation can yield conflicting results. Assessment of nutrient limitation of primary producers may be an ambiguous and unnecessary task in some environments where these criteria are utilized.
An evaluation of methods for the stratified analysis of clustered binary data in community intervention trials.

A simulation study is conducted in a community intervention setting. Several methods of stratified analysis of clustered binary data are compared in terms of empirical significance and empirical power levels. They are the Mantel-Haenszel test statistic (chi(2) (MH)), the adjusted Mantel-Haenszel test statistic of Donald-Donner (chi(2) (DD)), Rao-Scott (chi(2) (RSN) and chi(2) (RSP)), and Zhang-Boos (chi(2) (ZBN) and chi(2) (ZBP)), Wald (chi(2) (W)), robust Wald (chi(2) (RW)), score (chi(2) (S)), robust score (chi(2) (RS)), and the test statistic based on generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) (chi(2) (GLMM)). When rho not equal 0, chi(2) (MH) has inflated type I error, and it should not be used when observations are correlated. The results also warn of the use of chi(2) (RSN) and chi(2) (RW) due to their poor performance in terms of empirical significance level. chi(2) (ZBP) and chi(2) (GLMM) have better empirical significance levels as compared to other statistics; however, chi(2) (ZBP) tends to have lower empirical powers than other statistics when the number of clusters (N) is less than 24. chi(2) (RSP) provides the highest empirical powers when rho > or = 0.1 and N < or = 12. When rho < or = 0.01, we recommend the use of chi(2) (RS) and chi(2) (GLMM) since they have better overall performance in terms of empirical significance levels and empirical power levels.
Idiotype sharing by murine strains differing in immunoglobulin allotype

THE immunoglobulin (Ig) system is a model for studying the expression and organisation of information in a complex gene family. The expression of serologically detected determinants on the variable (V) regions of antibody molecules has been used to ‘map’ putative V genes. Breeding studies have suggested that V genes segregate in a Mendelian pattern and are linked to structural genes coding for constant regions of the heavy chain (CH) of the molecule1. Linkage analyses, however, have been based on the appearance or lack of appearance of V-region determinants in serum antibodies. The work reported here demonstrates the presence of lymphocytes with the potential to produce antibody with a V-region determinant in strains of mice reported to lack this marker in their serum immunoglobulin. The findings emphasise the necessity for examining cells outside of their natural in vivo environment in order to assess V-gene presence using product expression as a diagnostic marker.
Role of chelahon by ortho dihydroxy phenols in iron absorption by plant roots

Abstract Under conditions of iron stress, certain higher plants are able to exude ortho‐dihydroxyphenols (including caffeic acid) into the root medium. These compounds can reduce ferric iron to the more soluble ferrous form. By the use of radioactive 14C we have shown that caffeic acid (or a degradation product) can be reabsorbed by plant roots (Hordeum vulgare) and that absorption of ferrous iron can be enhanced several‐fold by the presence of the caffeic acid. The finding is attributed to the chelation of ferrous iron and movement of the chelated species into the roots. An analagous mechanism in stressed microorganisms for enhancing availability of ferric iron by means of chelation has been reported previously.
Algorithm for the anesthetic management of cesarean delivery in patients with unsatisfactory labor epidural analgesia

The management of a patient presenting with unsatisfactory labor epidural analgesia poses a severe challenge for the anesthetist wanting to provide safe anesthetic care for a cesarean delivery. Early recognition of unsatisfactory labor analgesia allows for replacement of the epidural catheter. The decision to convert labor epidural analgesia to anesthesia for cesarean delivery is based on the urgency of the cesarean delivery, airway examination, and the existence of a residual sensory and motor block. We suggest an algorithm which is implemented in our department, based on the urgency of the cesarean delivery.
Analysis of cobalt-doped iron oxide thin films by synchrotron radiation

Abstract Surface and bulk structures of as-deposited Fe 3 O 4 and post-oxidized γ-Fe 2 O 3 thin films were successfully identified by synchrotron diffraction analysis. A new synchrotron diffraction method which combines the Seemann-Bohlin and the grazing incidence techniques was used to record polycrystalline diffraction patterns for structure depth profiling analysis. The post-oxidized film was found to have an α-Fe 2 O 3 layer at the surface and γ-Fe 2 O 3 in the bulk of the film. The formation of a thermodynamically stable antiferromagnetic α-Fe 2 O 3 surface caused the magnetically dead layer previously detected by neutron reflection analysis. Synchrotron diffraction results also showed that the structure of the as-deposited film remains constant throughout the thickness of the film. The presence of a superlattice (300) peak indicates the film has been oxidized beyond Fe 3 O 4 .
Actual standard and further development of an algal fluorescence bioassay.

A measurable result of nearly all influences which affect the primary processes of photosynthesis is a change of the fluorescence emission of a plant. This change of the fluorescence emission due to substances which affect or block photosynthesis is well known since the work of Kautsky (1943). The fluorescence test used here, due to the optical characteristics of the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll fluorescence greater than 660 nm), allows the measurement of the fluorescence of algae (Scenedesmus sp./Chlorella sp.). The measurement process is demonstrated. The results show the principal function of the bioassay and its sensitivity. Effects of the algae can be demonstrated at a very low pollutant concentration. The time from the dosage of a toxicant to a clear reaction of the algae is very short (5 min). The aim of the actual research is the determination of the sensitivity of the bioassay to a representative number of chemicals and possible interactions with physical parameters. A connection to a data system, e.g., computer registration of the fluorescence curve and an automated process control, will be the next step.
Social contacts in a three-person "political convention" situation

contact with one another and thereby move from an independent, noninteracting state into an interdependent state of interaction. This initial phase has been discussed by Shelly and Phillips (1966) as the social contact process. The social contact process is of particular importance in studies of group formation. A widely used experimental paradigm in the study of group formation has been the coalition-formation paradigm (Vinacke and Arkoff, 1957; Vinacke, 1959; Chertkoff, 1966). In essence, subjects in this experimental situation play a mixed-motive threeperson game, the object of which is to combine with another player and thus share in the determination of the outcome. That
Men’s Controlling Behaviors and Women’s Experiences of Physical Violence in Malawi

In the feminist paradigm, intimate partner violence (IPV) among heterosexual couples is gender asymmetric and largely a tactic of male control. However, research on the relationship between men’s controlling behavior and physical violence against women is limited. This study examines whether having a controlling partner is associated with women’s reports of experiencing physical violence in Malawi. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using data from 8,385 women who completed the domestic violence module of the Malawi 2004 Demographic and Health Survey. About 18 % of women reported they had experienced moderately severe physical violence and 1 % experienced very severe violence in the past 12 months. A third of women reported their partners had ever been controlling. Results from multivariable ordinal logistic regression showed that women who had controlling partners were significantly more likely to report experiencing physical violence. Other factors significantly associated with women’s experience of physical violence included women who reported initiating physical violence against their partners, women’s work status, partners’ lower education level, and partners’ alcohol consumption. Women with controlling partners were at increased risk of experiencing physical violence in the past year. However, women who reported initiating physical violence in the past year were nearly four times more likely to experience partner violence in the same time period. Future research should attempt to elucidate these two important risk factors for IPV.
The Ferment of Realism: American Literature 1884–1919

Preface to the first edition Preface to the 1981 reissue 1. American realism: a grammar of motives 2. Novels and novelists: the era of Howells and James 3. Literature of argument 4. Lives of the Americans: the class of the '70s 5. Renaissance: 1912 and after Select bibliography Index of names and titles Index of selected topics.
Graphic software for the research laboratory

This month two software packages designed to display graphic data from the research laboratory are reviewed. interactive Microware's CURVE FITTER-PC and SCIENTIFIC PLOTTER-PC are written in Basic and allow data to be entered from the keyboard. landel Corporation's DIGITAL PAINTBRUSH uses a digitizing pen to enter data and allows for computerized measurement of lines, curves and areas.
Occurrence and Global Properties of Narrow C IV λ1549 Å Absorption Lines in Moderate-Redshift Quasars*

A statistical study is presented of (1) the frequency of narrow C IV λ1549 absorption lines in 1.5 ≤ z 3.6 radio-quiet and radio-loud quasars and (2) the UV and radio properties of the absorbed quasars. The quasar sample is unbiased with respect to absorption properties, and the radio-quiet and radio-loud subsamples are well matched in redshift and luminosity. A similarly high incidence (50%) of narrow C IV absorbers is detected for the radio-quiet and radio-loud quasars, and a constant ~25% of all the quasars, irrespective of radio type, display associated C IV absorbers stronger than EWrest ≥ 0.5 A. Both radio-quiet and radio-loud quasars with narrow absorption lines have systematically redder continua, especially strongly absorbed objects. There is evidence of inclination-dependent dust reddening and absorption for the radio quasars. An additional key result is that the most strongly absorbed radio quasars have the largest radio source extent. This result is in stark contrast to a recent study of the low-frequency-selected Molonglo survey, in which a connection between the strength of the narrow absorbers and the (young) age of the radio source has been proposed. The possible origin of these discrepant results is discussed and may be related to the higher source luminosity for the quasars studied here.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AUDITION-SPEECH TESTS

Author's summary.— Satisfactory tests of aural skill have yet to be devised. The present article passes in review the chief attempts in this field, without attempting any critical evaluation.
Cluster analysis in manufacturing cellular formation

Abstract Cluster analysis, an analytical method used for classifying objects, has been developed over the last century, and the literature on cluster analysis has exploded during the past two decades. This technique has been broadly used in the fields of biology, social science, and psychology, but only very little in manufacturing. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art review on the use of cluster analysis in cellular formation—one of the first and most important issues in designing cellular manufacturing systems. The problems, research directions, and related literature are presented for further studies.
Optical negative index metamaterials with improved performance

Near-IR negative index metamaterials with substantially improved optical performance are numerically demonstrated and experimentally verified. The scaling of this structure to visible wavelengths is also discussed.
Impact of modeled microgravity on migration, differentiation, and cell cycle control of primitive human hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Abstract Objective Migration, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are important factors in maintaining hematopoietic homeostasis. Homeostatic control of erythrocytes and lymphocytes is perturbed in humans exposed to microgravity (μ-g), resulting in space flight–induced anemia and immunosuppression. We sought to determine whether any of these anomalies can be explained by μ-g-induced changes in migration, proliferation, and differentiation of human BM CD34 + cells, and whether such changes can begin to explain any of the shifts in hematopoietic homeostasis observed in astronauts. Materials and methods BM CD34 + cells were cultured in modeled μ-g (mμ-g) using NASA's rotating wall vessels (RWV), or in control cultures at earth gravity for 2 to 18 days. Cells were harvested at different times and CD34 + cells assessed for migration potential, cell-cycle kinetics and regulatory proteins, and maturation status. Results Culture of BM CD34 + cells in RWV for 2 to 3 days resulted in a significant reduction of stromal cell–derived factor 1 (SDF-1α)-directed migration, which correlated with decreased expression of F-actin. Modeled μ-g induced alterations in cell-cycle kinetics that were characterized by prolonged S phase and reduced cyclin A expression. Differentiation of primitive CD34 + cells cultured for 14 to 18 days in RWV favored myeloid cell development at the expense of erythroid development, which was significantly reduced compared to controls. Conclusions These results illustrate that mμ-g significantly inhibits the migration potential, cell-cycle progression, and differentiation patterns of primitive BM CD34 + cells, which may contribute to some of the hematologic abnormalities observed in humans during space flight.
A New VLSI Graphics Coprocessor-The Intel 82786

Most graphics systems available today suffer from low performance, minimal flecibility, or high cost and high component count. Intel carefully looked at these problems and designed the 82786 chip to address them. The 82786 combines into a single of supporting today's graphics standards and a powerful display processor that supports windowing in hardware.
Factors affecting the dyeability of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acid

Improved dyeing properties of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acids are produced by addition of reactive nitrogenous additives, such as alkanolamines and hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salts, to the treatment formulation. Both N-methylolamides and polycarboxylic acids are effective for crosslinking cotton and bonding reactive nitrogenous additives to the cellulosic substrate, but dyeing characteristics of the finished fabrics are very different. In this study, the influence of the reactive additives and dyebath pH on the colour yields of cotton crosslinked with polycarboxylic acids and then dyed with anionic dyes were determined. Emphasis is on the dyeing properties of cotton finished with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid or citric acid non-formaldehyde crosslinking agents, and alkanolamine hydrochloride or hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salt additives.
Malignant priapism: a case report

Background Metastatic involvement of the penis is most commonly from a primary malignant genitourinary tumour. It is a rare phenomenon usually reflecting disseminated malignancy associated with a poor prognosis. Metastasis to the penis mimicking priapism is extremely rare, particularly in the absence of disseminated disease.
A case report and review of filamentary keratitis.

Background Filamentary keratitis is most often a chronic corneal condition, characterized by filaments attached at one or both ends to the cornea. Patients often experience foreign body sensation, grittiness, discomfort, photophobia, blepharospasm, and increased blinking. Filamentary keratitis is commonly the result of aqueous deficient dry eye syndrome. Management options include lubrication, punctal occlusion, removal of filaments, hypertonic saline, mucolytic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and therapeutic contact lenses. Case Report A 58-year-old man came to us with acute symptoms of pain, photophobia, and redness × 2 days O.S. The diagnosis of filamentary keratitis was made based on the clinical findings of positively staining mucus strands attached to the superior cornea. The patient was also found to have dry eye, blepharitis, and floppy eyelid syndrome. Numerous treatment regimens were implemented, including lubrication with non-preserved artificial tears, lubricating ointment, and topical steroids. The patient's condition was finally best managed with silicone plug punctal occlusion and therapeutic contact lenses. Conclusion Filamentary keratitis can be a recurrent and incapacitating condition that may prove difficult to manage.
PETROLOGY AND SILICATE TECHNOLOGY

Petrology is concerned with the rocks and mineral deposits of the earth's crust. Like all natural sciences, it developed through a descriptive stage in which the principal emphasis was placed on the collection and correlation of facts. Interpretation recently has been increasingly stressed, and it has been realized that to reach reliable conclusions regarding the origin of earth materials experiment is an indispensable aid. The petrologist, acting on this conviction, has studied the behavior of various earth materials subjected in the laboratory to a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and chemical environment. He has thus been enabled to reach certain conclusions regarding the conditions to which these materials wfere subjected during the natural processes by which they were formed. Inevitably he discovered a great many facts of service to the mineral technologist. Some of the industrial processes developed by the mineral technologist have in return served to supplement the laboratory experiments of the petrologist. Some aspects of this mutual service of mineral technology and petrology are discussed.