cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Counting Moving Bodies Using Sparse Sensor Beams

This paper examines the problem of determining the distribution of a number of indistinguishable moving bodies located in regions separated by sensor beams that can detect whether a body moves across them. We characterize the conditions under which an exact distribution of bodies can be determined, and compute bounds on the expected number of sensor observations required to determine this exact distribution for a certain movement model of the bodies.
Generation and potential applications of white-light propelling beams

We demonstrate experimentally the generation of white-light propelling beams by employing the Moire technique without mechanical movement or phase-sensitive interference. We discuss the possibility of using such incoherent beams for dynamic optical tweezing and micro-manipulation.
On gauge invariance of noncommutative Chern–Simons theories

Abstract Motivated by possible applications to condensed matter systems, in this paper we construct U ( N ) noncommutative Chern–Simons (NCCS) action for a disc and for a double-layer geometry, respectively. In both cases, gauge invariance severely constrains the form of the NCCS action. In the first case, it is necessary to introduce a group-valued boson field with a nonlocal chiral boundary action, whose gauge variation cancels that of the bulk action. In the second case, the coefficient matrix K in the double U ( N ) NCCS action is restricted to be of the form K=k 1 1 1 1 with integer k . We suggest that this double NCCS theory with U (1) gauge group describes the so-called Halperin ( kkk ) state in a double-layer quantum Hall system. Possible physical consequences are addressed.
Assembly of supertetrahedral T5 copper-indium sulfide clusters into a super-supertetrahedron of infinite order.

A Cu−In−S semiconductor consisting of a single piece of a super-supertetrahedron of infinite order has been synthesized through the self-assembly of the largest known Cu−In−S T5 supertetrahedral cluster. One of the most fascinating structural features of this material is its dual hierarchical architecture. Its open-framework architecture can be considered as a “hollowed-out” cubic ZnS-type structure with exactly 64.8% of the total of 1000 atoms in the 5 × 5 × 5 zinc blende supercell removed. The synthetic realization of this material serves to demonstrate a new method for property engineering of semiconducting materials.
Near-Infrared Observations of the Environments of Radio-quiet QSOs at z 1

We present the results of an infrared survey of QSO fields at z = 0.95, 0.995, and 1.5. Each z < 1 field was imaged to typical continuum limits of J = 20.5, K′ = 19 (5 σ) and line fluxes of 1.3 × 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1 (1 σ) in a 1% interference filter. Sixteen fields were chosen with z ∼ 0.95 targets, 14 with z ∼ 0.995, and six with z ∼ 1.5. A total area of 0.05 deg2 was surveyed, and two emission-line objects were found. We present the infrared and optical photometry of these objects. Optical spectroscopy has confirmed the redshift of one object (at z = 0.989) and is consistent with the other object having a similar redshift. We discuss the density of such objects across a range of redshifts from this survey and others in the literature. We also present number-magnitude counts for galaxies in the fields of radio quiet QSOs, supporting the interpretation that they exist in lower density environments than their radio-loud counterparts. The J-band number counts are among the first to be published in the J = 16-20 range.
Combinatorial Enzymatic Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate

Escherichia coli K5 heparosan was enzymatically modified by Chen and colleagues [10] to construct a library of heparan sulfate polysaccharides for evaluation, leading to the discovery that a 2-O-sulfoiduronic acid residue is not essential for antithrombin-mediated anticoagulant activity in larger oligosaccharide and polysaccharide structures.
High time resolution measurements of Earth rotation

Abstract High time resolution measurements of Earth rotation and atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and their interpretation have been proposed as a major research thrust for the 1990s. An extensive campaign, SEARCH'92, is now under way to obtain these measurements utilizing all space geodetic techniques and to collect the best available complementary geophysical, oceanographic and atmospheric data. This paper discusses its motivation and scientific benefits and reviews international cooperation in several measurement campaigns with particular emphasis on SEARCH'92. Recent analysis results are highlighted.
Valdivia compact groups are products

It is shown that every Valdivia compact group is homeomorphic to a product of metrizable compacta.
Environmental analysis of milling machine tool use in various manufacturing environments

A life-cycle energy consumption analysis of a Bridgeport manual mill and a Mori Seiki DuraVertical 5060 has been conducted. The use phase incorporated three manufacturing environments: a community shop, a job shop, and a commercial facility. The CO 2 -equivalent emissions were presented per machined part. While the use phase comprised the majority of the overall emissions, the manufacturing phase emissions were significant especially for the job shop, which is not as efficient as the other facilities due to its inherent need for flexibility. Since the Mori Seiki is heavier, the manufacturing phase of this machine tool had a greater impact on emissions than the Bridgeport. Transportation was small relative to the use phase, which was dominated by cutting, HVAC, and lighting. These results highlight areas for energy reductions in machine tool design as well as the importance of facility type to the manufacture of any product.
Molecular forces governing non-electrolyte permeation through cell membranes.

The relations between the chemical structure of non-electrolytes and their ability to permeate cell membranes are analysed at the level of molecular forces, using the measurements of reflexion coefficients in gall-bladder epithelial cells tabulated in the preceding paper. Stronger solute: water forces and weaker solute: membrane forces are associated with lower permeating power. The portions of the membrane controlling non-electrolyte permeation behave as nearly pure hydrocarbons with very few hydrogen-bonding sites. Most substituents (hydroxyl, ether, carbonyl, ester, amino, amide, urea, nitrile) are shown to decrease permeation in proportion to the number and strength of intermolecular hydrogen bonds which they form with water, while intramolecular hydrogen bonding accelerates permeation. Carbon-carbon double bonds and triple bonds and aromatic residues decrease permeability due to hydrogen bonds involving $\pi $ electrons. Inductive effects, in which a substituent indirectly modifies permeability by withdrawing or releasing electrons at an adjacent hydrogen bonding site, are most noticeable for halogens, the nitro group, double and triple bonds, and branched alkyl groups. Altered forces between membrane hydrocarbons and the solute retard the permeation (weaker forces) of fluorine compounds and branched compounds, and slightly accelerate the permeation (stronger forces) of other halogen derivatives and compounds with long carbon chains. The main factor in the increase of permeability with increasing hydrocarbon chain length is an entropy effect associated with a change in local water structure; and this effect is partly responsible for the decrease in permeability with chain branching, whose origin is particularly complex.
Registration of ‘Liberty’ Switchgrass

‘Liberty’ (Reg. No. CV-271, PI 669371) switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a lowland-type cultivar that is adapted to USDA plant hardiness zones (HZ) 4, 5, and 6 in the U.S. Great Plains and Midwest, east of 100° W. longitude. It was developed for use as a perennial biomass energy crop and is the first high-yielding biomass-type lowland cultivar adapted to this region. It can produce greater biomass yields than upland- or forage-type switchgrass cultivars developed previously for use in the region, and it has equivalent winter survival. Liberty has significantly greater winter survival in its adaptation region than previously released lowland switchgrass cultivars such as ‘Kanlow’ and ‘Alamo’ that frequently have substantial winter damage and stand loss north of 40° N latitude in the U.S. Great Plains and Midwest.
Importance of extrasegmental vessels for spinal cord blood supply in a chronic porcine model.

Objective: Our purpose was to investigate the interaction of the important components of spinal cord blood supply in the pig model to enable its use for future studies of spinal cord protection. Methods: Twenty-five juvenile pigs (20-22 kg) underwent serial intercostal (IC) or lumbar artery (LA) ligation until disappearance of motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Pigs underwent sequential craniocaudal IC/LA ligation alone (n = 5); following clamping of both subclavian arteries (n = 4), or clamping of the median sacral artery (MSA, n = 4). Animals also underwent serial caudocranial clamping of LA/IC alone (n = 4); preceded by clamping of the subclavian arteries (n = 4), or of the MSA (n = 4). Results were verified by Tarlov's scores and perioperative angiography. Results: All animals with MEP loss suffered postoperative paraplegia. Groups were equivalent with regard to stable arterial pressures (64.6 ± 3.1 °C) throughout the experiment, temperature (36 ± 1.1 °C) and other physiological parameters. Mean number of clamped IC/LA before MEP loss for cranio-caudal clamping direction was 12.8 ± 0.8 for segmental arteries isolated, 9 ± 0.8 if both subclavian arteries were ligated previously and only 4.3 ± 0.5 IC if the median sacral artery was clamped before. Mean number of clamped LA for caudo-cranial clamping direction was 5.8 ± 0.9 for segmental lumbar arteries, 5.5 ± 0.6 LA if both subclavian arteries were ligated previously and 3.5 ± 0.6 if the median sacral artery was clamped before. Conclusion: This study confirms the importance of lumbar and MSA arteries to cord viability. It documents the interaction of the subclavian and MSA (roughly equivalent to the hypogastric arteries in humans) with segmental vessels in providing spinal cord blood supply. It also provides the physiologic basis for use of the pig model for studies of spinal cord protection in aortic surgery.
Induced thermal tolerance and heat shock protein synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract We have performed experiments to determine the kinetics of induction of thermal tolerance in Chinese hamster HA-1 cells, and the effects of heat treatments on the recovery of protein synthesis, with particular attention to whether heat induces specific proteins, perhaps the heat shock proteins (HSP). The kinetics of the development of thermal tolerance were measured by increases in cellular survival. In parallel experiments, the effects of heat treatment on the recovery of protein synthesis in HA-1 cells were examined. After heating (45°, 20 minutes), some of these cells were immediately labeled with 35 S-methionine (10 μCi/ml) for 1 hour at 37°, while the others were incubated at 37° for 1–8 hours and then labeled. The cell samples were prepared for electrophoresis on a gradient SDS gel. The incorporation of label into HA-1 cell proteins was drastically inhibited by the 45° heat treatment, but recovered gradually during the 8-hour incubation period at 37°C. A comparison of the proteins synthesized following heat shock with those synthesized by non-heated cells showed that the levels of synthesis of certain proteins were greatly enhanced following the 45° treatment. By 8 hours, it was qualitatively apparent that three proteins, with molecular weights of 59K, 70K and 87K, were synthesized in greater amounts than in untreated cells. The kinetics of HSP synthesis were compared to the kinetics of thermal tolerance; these showed good correlation. Overall protein synthesis also increased during this time, although at a rate slower than the synthesis of the HSP. The question of whether the HSP play a causative role in the development of thermal tolerance and if so, what that role might be, has not been answered.
Situation normality and the shape of search: The effects of time delays and information presentation on search behavior

Delays have become one of the most often cited complaints of web users. Long delays often cause users to abandon their searches, but how do tolerable delays affect information search behavior? Intuitively, we would expect that tolerable delays should induce decreased information search. We conducted two experiments and found that as delay increased, a point occurs at which time within-page information search increases; that is, search behavior remained the same until a tipping point occurs where delay increases the depth of search. We argue that situation normality explains this phenomenon; users have become accustomed to tolerable delays up to a point (our research suggests between 7 and 11 s), after which search behavior changes. That is, some delay is expected, but as delay becomes noticeable but not long enough to cause the abandonment of search, an increase occurs in the “stickiness” of webpages such that users examine more information on each page before moving to new pages. The net impact of tolerable delays was counterintuitive: tolerable delays had no impact on the total amount of data searched in the first experiment, but induced users to examine more data points in the second experiment.
Identification, Characterization, and Localization of Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone Precursor Peptides in Perinatal Rat Pancreas

The sequence of rat hypothalamic prepro TRH, deduced from its complementary DNA, contains five TRH progenitor sequences and six cryptic sequences separated by paired basic amino acid residues. We have utilised antisera against two synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences within proTRH, [Tyr53] preproTRH (53-74), part of the amino terminal leader sequence of proTRH and [Cys 74,83] preproTRH-(75-82), representing a TRH progenitor sequence flanked by cysteine residues (pCC10) in radioimmunoassays (RIA) to identify and chromatographically characterize proTRH derived peptides in extracts of rat perinatal pancreas and to localize these peptides immunohistochemically. Two forms of immunoreactive pYT22 (ipYT22) were observed, similar in size to ipYT22 seen in extracts of adult rat brain. By RIA immunoreactive pCC10 was detectable in neonatal but not fetal pancreas. However, immunohistochemical double staining of both fetal and neonatal rat pancreas colocalized both ipYT22 and ipCC10 with immunoreactive insulin in the B-cell of the developing Islets of Langerhans. These findings indicate that the B-cell of the perinatal pancreas synthesizes TRH from a prohormone encoded by a mRNA similar to that present in adult rat hypothalamus.
Regioselective synthesis of 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-perfluoroalkylpyrazoles by the addition of methylhydrazine to perfluoroalkylacetylenic esters

Abstract A regioselective route to 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-perfluoroalkyl(1H,3H)pyrazoles has been developed. Treatment of perfluoroalkylacetylenic esters with methylhydrazine in methanol-water at 0° or in methylene chloride at low temperature leads to 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-perfluoroalkyl(1H,3H)pyrazoles in a regioselective manner. Structural assignments of the regioisomers are based on 13 C nmr chemical shifts, long range carbon-fluorine and carbon-proton coupling. The effect of the acetylene structure on the regioselectivity of the reaction is discussed.
The impact of export promotion institutions on trade: is it the intensive or the extensive margin?

This article provides evidence on the channels through which export promotion institutions affect bilateral trade using a sample of Latin American and Caribbean countries over the period 1995 to 2004. We find that these institutions have a larger impact on the extensive margin of exports, especially in the case of trade promotion organizations.
Photochemical cleavage of benzylic stannanes

Abstract Photolysis of benzylic stannanes leads to efficient homolytic cleavage to form benzylic and stannyl radicals. The reaction proceeds via the excited singlet state of the benzyl stannane.
Transurethral Microwave Hyperthermia in the Treatment of Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis

Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis is an ill-understood and difficult-to-diagnose disease. Symptoms of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis are similar to those of chronic prostatitis and include low back pain, frequency, dysuria, perineal discomfort, and painful ejaculation. In view of uncertainty about etiology, treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis remains speculative. Most treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms and not at curing the disease. Because of the troublesome nature of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and the poor results obtained from traditional treatment methods, a new modality of transurethral microwave hyperthermia was investigated. Six patients were treated from January 1994 through June 1995 by use of transurethral microwave hyperthermia. These men were treated four times during a 2-week period. Their average symptom score decrease was 74.9% and was associated with minimal morbidity. Based on this result, it is concluded that transurethral microwave hyperthermia is a safe and effective treatment modality for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis.
Synthesis of an Enantiomerically Pure Serine-Derived Thiazole.

Previously reported methods for preparing enantiomerically pure thiazoles are inadequate for the synthesis of inherently labile O-alkyl serine-derived thiazoles. The intermediate N-Boc-(O-methylseryl) thiazolines are very susceptible to tautomerization, even under neutral conditions (Scheme 5). Herein, it is demonstrated that the choice of N-protecting group is critical to the preservation of enantiomeric purity. Thus, using an N-trityl protecting group, O-methyl serine was converted to the corresponding N-Boc-(O-methylseryl) thiazole 3 with no appreciable epimerization as indicated by 19F and 1H NMR of the corresponding Mosher's amide.
Synthesis of New Chiral Monodentate Phosphite Ligands and Their Use in Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation

New monodentate phosphite ligands have been developed from axially chiral biphenols, which show excellent enantioselectivity in the Rh(I)-catalyzed hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate. The new chiral ligand system is suitable to create libraries and possesses fine-tuning capability.
A search for rapid variability in eight quasars and BL Lacertae objects.

Observations of eight quasar- and BL Lacertae-type objects (3C 120, PKS 0735+178, PKS 0736+017, OJ 287, ON 325, W Com=ON 321, 3C 273 and OQ 208) with rapid and large-amplitude light variations are considered. The source of the comparison sequence for each of the eight objects is presented as well as observed blue magnitudes. The BL Lacertae-type object PKS 0735+178 was found to vary significantly in brightness on a time scale of weeks.
Computer-aided analysis of linear control system robustness

Abstract Stochastic robustness is a simple technique used to estimate the stability and performance robustness of linear, time-invariant systems. The use of high-speed graphics workstations and control system design software in stochastic robustness analysis is discussed and demonstrated.
Supersymmetry at LHC and NLC

Abstract This talk discusses the prospects for supersymmetry studies at the LHC and NLC. The results are based on those of the Supersymmetry Working Group at the 1996 Snowmass Workshop.
Growth and characterization of single crystal insulators on silicon

An overview of the growth and characterization of epitaxial insulators on semiconductors is presented. The potential applications include semiconductor-on-insulator structures, three-dimensional and/or high-density integrated circuits, optoelectronic applications such as integrated waveguides and improved gate insulators. The growth and physical characterization of epitaxial fluorides on semiconductors are discussed. Consideration is also given to the epitaxial overgrowth of epitaxial metal layers with CaF2 as well as to the formation of a novel superlattice of Ca particles in epitaxial CaF2.
Clumpy Galaxies in GOODS and GEMS: Massive Analogs of Local Dwarf Irregulars

Clumpy galaxies in the Galaxy Evolution from Morphology and SEDs and Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey fields are examined for clues to their evolution into modern spirals. The magnitudes of the clumps and the surface brightnesses of the interclump regions are measured and fitted to models of stellar age and mass. There is an evolutionary trend from clump clusters with no evident interclump emission to clump clusters with faint red disks, to spiral galaxies of the flocculent or grand design types. Along this sequence, the interclump surface density increases and the mass surface density contrast between the clumps and the interclump regions decreases, suggesting a gradual dispersal of clumps to form disks. Also along this sequence, the bulge-to-clump mass ratios and age ratios increase, suggesting a gradual formation of bulges. All of these morphological types occur in the same redshift range, indicating that the clump cluster morphology is not the result of bandshifting. This redshift range also includes clear examples of interacting galaxies with tidal tails and other characteristic features, indicating that clump clusters, which do not have these features, are not generally interacting. Comparisons to local galaxies with the same rest wavelength and spatial resolution show that clump clusters are unlike local flocculent and spiral galaxies primarily because of the high clump/interclump contrasts in the clump clusters. They bear a striking resemblance to local dwarf irregulars, however. This resemblance is consistent with a model in which the clumpy morphology comes from gravitational instabilities in gas with a high turbulent speed compared to the rotation speed and a high mass fraction compared to the stars. The morphology does not depend on galaxy mass as much as it depends on evolutionary stage: clump clusters are 100 times more massive than local dwarfs. The apparent lack of star formation in damped Lyman alpha absorbers may result from fast turbulence.
Molecular organogels of the sodium salt of (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid and their templated syntheses of inorganic oxides

Abstract ( R )-12-Hydroxystearic acid (HSA), a natural product from castor oil, is a well-known low-molecular mass organogelator (LMOG). Here, we demonstrate that the sodium salt of HSA, HSA-S, is an extremely versatile and efficient LMOG. Furthermore, its self-assembled fibrillar networks (SAFINs) in gels with ethanol, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethyl sulfoxide, as well as the gel of HSA with benzene, are shown to act as templates during the sol–gel polymerization of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the absence or presence of an external catalyst. The templated, fiber-like objects obtained after calcinations have been characterized. The shape of the templated silica is strongly influenced by the catalyst applied. In addition, it has been possible to effect the formation of assemblies of nanoscale objects of Fe 2 O 3 and CuO by polymerization of appropriate precursors in HSA-S based gels and in suspensions, respectively, followed by drying and calcination. The procedures employed are efficient and inexpensive protocols to make porous nanomaterials using organogels. Typically, templated syntheses of such materials in organogels have employed less accessible and more structurally complex LMOGs than HSA-S or HSA. Electrostatic interactions via Na + bridges or H-bonding between silicate intermediates and gelator strands are proposed to be a primary driving force for templating.
Systematic Errors in the Estimation of Black Hole Masses by Reverberation Mapping

The mass of the central black hole in many active galactic nuclei has been estimated on the basis of the assumption that the dynamics of the broad emission line gas are dominated by the gravity of the black hole. The most commonly employed method is to estimate a characteristic size-scale r* from reverberation mapping experiments and combine it with a characteristic velocity v* taken from the line profiles; the inferred mass is then estimated by r*v/G. We critically discuss the evidence supporting the assumption of gravitational dynamics and find that the arguments are still inconclusive. We then explore the range of possible systematic error if the assumption of gravitational dynamics is granted. Inclination relative to a flattened system may cause a systematic underestimate of the central mass by a factor of ~(h/r)2, where h/r is the aspect ratio of the flattening. The coupled effects of a broad radial emissivity distribution, an unknown angular radiation pattern of line emission, and suboptimal sampling in the reverberation experiment can cause additional systematic errors as large as a factor of 3 or more in either direction.
Karmarkar's projective method for linear programming: a computational survey

Interest in linear programming has recently been intensified by the publication and discussion of a projective method algorithm that is not only polynomial in complexity, but is also claimed by its inventor (N. Karmarkar of Bell Labs) to be 50‐100 times faster than the simplex method. This paper provides a survey of interior methods, with special emphasis on the projective method, from a computational viewpoint.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN ACUTE LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN

Levels of immunoglobulins G, A and M were studied in 120 cases of acute leukemia between 7 months and 16 years of age. Eighty-three cases had acute stem cell leukemia (ALL) and 37 had acute myelogenous, monocytic or atypical leukemia. (Estimations during radial immunodiffusion were done at diagnosis, after induction of remission and after 6 weeks of maintenance therapy.) In ALL the initial levels of all 3 immunoglobulins at diagnosis and before starting therapy, tended to be low in spite of the prevalence of infection. Further decreases occurred after induction, but thereafter the levels increased to reach pre-therapy levels despite maintenance therapy. Levels of IgG below the 350-380 mg% had a bad prognostic significance. In patients receiving periodic central nervous system (CNS) irradiation, the IgA levels were significantly lower than in patients not so treated, but the incidence of intercurrent infections was not significantly altered. In the group of myelogenous or atypical leukemia, high or normal initial levels of immunoglobulins were found in all but two at diagnosis. The trend during induction and maintenance followed the same pattern as in ALL.
Reducible and toroidal Dehn fillings with distance 3

Abstract If a simple 3-manifold M admits a reducible and a toroidal Dehn filling, the distance between the filling slopes is known to be bounded by three. In this paper, we classify all manifolds which admit a reducible Dehn filling and a toroidal Dehn filling with distance 3.
Towards a tropical proof of the Gieseker–Petri Theorem

We use tropical techniques to prove a case of the Gieseker–Petri Theorem. Specifically, we show that the general curve of arbitrary genus does not admit a Gieseker–Petri special pencil.
Asymmetric synthesis of (+)-polyanthellin A.

A concise and convergent route to (+)-polyanthellin A is presented. This synthesis features a diastereoselective cyclopropane/aldehyde [3+2] cycloaddition to install the hydroisobenzofuran core. The use of MADNTf2 as a potent, bulky Lewis acid was essential to allow a labile β-silyloxy aldehyde to be used in the cycloaddition. Other key steps include a ring-closing metathesis and a selective olefin oxidation
Peculiarities of nucleation in large, deeply supercooled liquid clusters

Characteristic differences between the nucleation of solids in bulk liquids and in liquid clusters are identified in computer simulations, and the reasons for these differences are discussed.
Firing Costs and Flexibility : Evidence from Firms' Employment Responses to Shocks in India

Abstract A key prediction of dynamic labor demand models is that firing restrictions attenuate firms' employment responses to economic fluctuations. We provide the first direct test of this prediction using data from India. We exploit the fact that rainfall fluctuations, through their effects on agricultural productivity, generate variation in local demand within districts over time. Consistent with the theory, we find that industrial employment is more sensitive to shocks where labor regulation is less restrictive. Our results are robust to controlling for endogenous firm placement and vary across factory size in a pattern consistent with institutional features of Indian labor law.
Directed library search to minimize cost

The system engineer operating within the framework of a typical manufacturing organization operates from the following basic information and constraints:a. A set of customer specifications to be met,b. A basic system configuration to be used in realizing these specifications,c. A set of standard components that fit into this configuration. The problem is to determine the collection of components that satisfies the given specification at minimum total dollar cost.
Antiretroviral prescribing patterns in the texas prison system.

Abstract PURPOSE: Although prison inmates are reported to exhibit substantially elevated rates of HIV infection, little is known about HIV treatment patterns, particularly pharmacotherapy, in correctional institutions. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to describe antiretroviral prescribing patterns in one of the nation's largest prison populations. METHODS: The study population consisted of all known (n = 2,360) HIV-infected inmates incarcerated in the Texas prison system in 1998. Information on medical conditions, sociodemographic factors, and pharmacotherapy was obtained from an institution-wide medical information system. Inmates who received more than one type of pharmacotherapy in 1998 were included in the appropriate number of categories. RESULTS: In 1998, 66.8 percent (95% CI = 64.0–69.4) of all HIV-infected inmates with CD4 counts below 500 were treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); and 31.1 percent (95% CI = 29.3–33.0) were given no antiretroviral therapy. Logistic regression results showed that HAART treatment decreased monotonically as a function of patient CD4 count category. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of HIV-infected TDCJ inmates were placed on therapies that were not consistent with the generally recommended DHHS guidelines for their disease stage. It will be important to for future investigations to assess whether such patterns continue to exist among prison populations, and to assess the determinants of these patterns.
Receding horizon control of an F-16 aircraft: A comparative study

A comparison between receding horizon control (RHC) approaches is presented for the longitudinal axis control of an F-16 aircraft. The results suggest that the flexibility provided by a scheduled RHC scheme based on flight condition-dependent linear prediction models is a necessary requirement for achieving good performance as opposed to a single LTI model-based method. The scheduled scheme offers an attractive alternative to a full nonlinear model-based RHC approach by trading off an acceptable degradation in performance to modest computational complexity and real-time implementability.
Neutron scattering studies of the chains and ladders in Sr14Cu24O41 and related compounds

Abstract A review of the neutron scattering studies on the S = 1/2 quasi-one-dimensional magnet Sr14Cu24O41 and related compounds which have both simple chains and two-leg ladders of copper ions is given. Both of the building blocks show interesting singlet ground state and magnetic excitations. In this system it is possible to change the number of hole carriers by substitution for Sr. A dramatic change has been observed in the ground state and the magnetic excitations with decreasing the number of holes.
A Differential Spectroscopic Analysis of 16 Cygni A and B

We utilize high-resolution, high signal-to-noise spectra to perform a differential analysis of Fe abundances in the common proper-motion pair 16 Cyg A and B. We confirm that both stars are slightly metal-rich compared to the Sun, and we show for the first time that the primary is enhanced in Fe relative to the secondary by a significant amount. We find Δ[Fe/H] = 0.025 ± 0.009. This tends to support a "self-pollution" scenario, though lack of a complete understanding of small primordial metallicity variations among binaries and open cluster members prevents a definitive conclusion.
Jets with variable R

We introduce a new class of jet algorithms designed to return conical jets with a variable radius R. A specific example, in which R scales as 1/pT, proves particularly useful in capturing the kinematic features of a wide variety of hard scattering processes. We implement this scaling of R in a sequential recombination algorithm and test it by reconstructing resonance masses and kinematic endpoints. These test cases show 10?20% improvements in signal efficiency compared to fixed R algorithms. We also comment on cuts useful in reducing continuum jet backgrounds.
Analysis and matching of degraded and noisy fingerprints

The present work reports a three stage matching algorithm for latent fingerprints. The algorithm includes preprocessing by a transform domain filter, computation of moments as invariant features and finally, use of a nearest neighbor clustering analysis for fingerprint matching. The transform domain filter involves selective amplification of the spectral band containing the highest energy, and subsequent use of a band-pass filter. The enhanced image is almost noise-free, and shows prominent features in the fingerprint that cannot be extracted by other conventional enhancement techniques. The moments of enhanced fingerprints provide invariant features. The classification of fingerprints is performed by a nearest neighbor clustering of the moment features characterizing a specific fingerprint.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Whitecaps in deep water

Wavenumber-frequency spectra of space-time images of radar backscatter from the ocean exhibit a low-frequency feature which is nearly linear and passes through zero. This feature cannot be explained by second-order wave-wave interactions, shadowing, or wind turbulence. It can, however, be reproduced in simulations of sea surfaces in which breaking occurs at locations of maximum slope on the wind-wave interference pattern. Using this finding, we varied the peak of the wind-wave spectrum to produce a plot of the speed (slope) of the low-frequency feature, ie, the speed of the wind-wave interference pattern, as a function of the speed of the dominant wave on the surface. We show that the speeds of whitecaps in deep water that have been measured by various means are very close to the speed of the interference pattern. Three conclusions are drawn: 1) whitecaps are produced when gravity waves in the range of 1 to 12 m, much shorter than dominant wavelengths, are steepened by the interference pattern of the dominant waves, and 2) video, microwave, acoustic techniques measure the same breaking wave speeds, and 3) interference patterns of wind waves move more slowly than the dominant wave group speed.
Weight loss methods of high school wrestlers.

KININGHAM, R. B., and D. W. GORENFLO. Weight loss methods of high school wrestlers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 5, 2001, pp. 810–813. Purpose:The purpose of this investigation was to assess the weight loss practices of Michigan high school wrestlers at all levels of competition. Methods:A
Syntheses, structures, characterizations and charge-density matching of novel amino-templated uranyl selenates

Five hybrid organic-inorganic uranyl selenates have been synthesized, characterized and their structures have been determined. The structure of (C{sub 2}H{sub 8}N){sub 2}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 2}(SeO{sub 4}){sub 3}(H{sub 2}O)] (EthylAUSe) is monoclinic, P2{sub 1}, a=8.290(1), b=12.349(2), c=11.038(2) A, {beta}=104.439(4){sup o}, V=1094.3(3) A{sup 3}, Z=2, R{sub 1}=0.0425. The structure of (C{sub 7}H{sub 10}N){sub 2}[(UO{sub 2})(SeO{sub 4}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]H{sub 2}O (BenzylAUSe) is orthorhombic, Pna2{sub 1}, a=24.221(2), b=11.917(1), c=7.4528(7) A, V=2151.1(3) A{sup 3}, Z=4, R{sub 1}=0.0307. The structure of (C{sub 2}H{sub 10}N{sub 2})[(UO{sub 2})(SeO{sub 4}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)](H{sub 2}O){sub 2} (EDAUSe) is monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/c, a=11.677(2), b=7.908(1), c=15.698(2) A, {beta}=98.813(3){sup o}, V=1432.4(3) A{sup 3}, Z=4, R{sub 1}=0.0371. The structure of (C{sub 6}H{sub 22}N{sub 4})[(UO{sub 2})(SeO{sub 4}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)](H{sub 2}O) (TETAUSe) is monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/n, a=13.002(2), b=7.962(1), c=14.754(2) A, {beta}=114.077(2){sup o}, V=1394.5(3) A{sup 3}, Z=4, R{sub 1}=0.0323. The structure of (C{sub 6}H{sub 21}N{sub 4})[(UO{sub 2})(SeO{sub 4}){sub 2}(HSeO{sub 4})] (TAEAUSe) is monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/m, a=9.2218(6), b=12.2768(9), c=9.4464(7) A, {beta}=116.1650(10){sup o}, V=959.88(12) A{sup 3}, Z=2, R{sub 1}=0.0322. The inorganic structural units in these compounds are composed of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids and selenate tetrahedra. In each case, tetrahedra link bipyramids through vertex-sharing, resulting in chain or sheet topologies. The charge-density matching principle is discussed relative to the orientations of themore » organic molecules between the inorganic structural units. - Graphical abstract: The structures of five new inorganic-organic hybrid uranyl selenates present new structural topologies based upon chains and sheets of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids and selenate tetrahedra.« less
Spectral element-Fourier method for transitional flows in complex geometries

An efficient spectral element-Fourier method is presented for the direct numerical simulation of transitional internal flows in complex geometries. This method is applied for the spatial discretization of the unsteady, incompressible, three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in the velocity-pressure formulation. The resulting discrete equations are solved by a semi-implicit method in time, where the nonlinear convective term is treated explicitly. Direct numerical simulations are performed to investigate the spatial structure and temporal evolution of two- and three-dimensional transitional flows in grooved channels
p-brane solitons in maximal supergravities

Abstract In this paper we give a construction of p -brane solitons in all maximal supergravity theories in 4 ⩽ D ⩽ 11 dimensions that are obtainable from D = 11 supergravity by dimensional reduction. We first obtain the full bosonic Lagrangians for all these theories in a formalism adapted to the p -brane soliton construction. The solutions that we consider involve one dilaton field and one antisymmetric tensor field strength, which are in general linear combinations of the basic fields of the supergravity theories. We also study the supersymmetry properties of the solutions by calculating the eigenvalues of the Bogomol'nyi matrices, which are derived from the commutators of the supercharges. We give an exhaustive list of the supersymmetric p -brane solutions using field strengths of all degrees n = 4, 3, 2, 1, and the non-supersymmetric solutions for n = 4, 3, 2. As well as studying elementary and solitonic solutions, we also discuss dyonic solutions in D = 6 and D = 4. In particular, we find that the Bogomol'nyi matrices for the supersymmetric massless dyonic solutions have indefinite signature.
2004 Review of Light Cone Field Theory

We review the basic concepts of the Poincare group in light cone quantum mechanics and light cone field theory. We discuss recent progress in light cone representations of the Bethe–Salpeter equation, with application to the pion form factor, and the quark Schwinger–Dyson equation. Applications are discussed for deeply virtual Compton scattering, particularly for skewed parton distributions of the pion, and rare B to lepton pair decays. Meson light cone wave functions and recent experimental studies of light cone wave functions are also covered. This review was motivated by the LANL Light Cone 2002 International Workshop.
The Seyfert-Starburst Connection in X-Rays. II. Results and Implications

We present the results of X-ray imaging and spectroscopic analysis of a sample of Seyfert 2 galaxies that contain starbursts, based on their optical and UV characteristics. These composite galaxies exhibit extended, soft, thermal X-ray emission, which we attribute to their starburst components. Comparing their X-ray and far-infrared properties with ordinary Seyfert and starburst galaxies, we identify the spectral characteristics of their various intrinsic emission sources. The observed far-infrared emission of the composite galaxies may be associated almost exclusively with star formation, rather than the active nucleus. The ratio of the hard X-ray luminosity to the far-infrared and [O III] λ5007 luminosity distinguishes most of these composite galaxies from pure Seyfert 2 galaxies, while their total observed hard X-ray luminosity distinguishes them from pure starbursts. The hard nuclear X-ray source is generally heavily absorbed (NH > 1023 cm-2) in the composite galaxies. Based on these results, we suggest that the interstellar medium of the nuclear starburst is a significant source of absorption. The majority of the sample are located in groups or are interacting with other galaxies, which may trigger the starburst or allow rapid mass infall to the central black hole or both. We conclude that starbursts are energetically important in a significant fraction of active galaxies and that starbursts and active galactic nuclei may be part of a common evolutionary sequence.
Identification of Essential Language Areas by Combination of fMRI from Different Tasks using Probabilistic Independent Component Analysis

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to lateralize and localize language areas for preoperative planning purposes. To identify the essential language areas from this kind of observation method, we propose an analysis strategy to combine fMRI data from two different tasks using probabilistic independent component analysis (PICA). The assumption is that the independent components separated by PICA identify the networks activated by both tasks. The results on twelve normal subjects' data show that a language-specific component was consistently identified, with the participating networks separated into different components. Compared with a model-based method, PICA'S ability to capture the neural networks whose temporal activity may deviate from the task timing suggests that PICA may be more appropriate for analyzing language fMRI data with complex event-related paradigms, and may be particularly helpful for patient studies. This proposed strategy has the potential to improve the correlation between fMRI and invasive techniques which can demonstrate essential areas and which remain the clinical standard.
Foundations of Mediation Training: A Literature Review of Adult Education and Training Design

High-quality mediation training is essential to producing skilled mediators, but what makes for good training? To answer this question, the authors examine the literature on adult education, mediation training, training design and methods, and quality assurance in mediation training. What follows is a summary and analysis of the literature on issues related to mediation training. This core body of knowledge helps to prepare mediation trainers and program administrators as they seek to ensure that the training they provide or sponsor is of the highest quality possible.
Heisenberg's Introduction of the Collapse of the Wavepacket into Quantum Mechanics

Heisenberg in 1929 introduced the “collapse of the wavepacket” into quantum theory. We review here an experiment at Berkeley which demonstrated several aspects of this idea. In this experiment, a pair of daughter photons was produced in an entangled state, in which the sum of their two energies was equal to the sharp energy of their parent photon, in the nonlinear optical process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The wavepacket of one daughter photon collapsed upon a measurementat-a-distance of the other daughter’s energy, in such a way that the total energy of the two-photon system was conserved. Heisenberg’s energy-time uncertainty principle was also demonstrated to hold in this experiment.
Aspects of the political economy of development and synthetic biology.

What implications might synthetic biology’s potential as a wholly new method of production have for the world economy, particularly developing countries? Theories of political economy predict that synthetic biology can shift terms of trade and displace producers in developing countries. Governments, however, retain the ability to mitigate negative changes through social safety nets and to foster adaptation to some changes through research, education and investment. We consider the effects the synthetic production of otherwise naturally derived molecules are likely to have on trade and investment, particularly in developing countries. Both rubber in Malaysia and indigo dyes in India provide historical examples of natural molecules that faced market dislocations from synthetic competitors. Natural rubber was able to maintain significant market share, while natural indigo vanished from world markets. These cases demonstrate the two extremes of the impact synthetic biology might have on naturally derived products. If developing countries can cushion the pain of technological changes by providing producers support as they retool or exit, the harmful effects of synthetic biology can be mitigated while its benefits can still be captured.
The Slow Death (Or Rebirth?) of Extended Star Formation in z ~ 0.1 Green Valley Early-type Galaxies

UV observations in the local universe have uncovered a population of early-type galaxies with UV flux consistent with low-level recent or ongoing star formation. Understanding the origin of such star formation remains an open issue. We present resolved UV-optical photometry of a sample of 19 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) early-type galaxies at z ~ 0.1 drawn from the sample originally selected by Salim & Rich to lie in the bluer part of the green valley in the UV-optical color-magnitude diagram as measured by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). Utilizing high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope (HST) far-UV imaging provides unique insight into the distribution of UV light in these galaxies, which we call "extended star-forming early-type galaxies" (ESF-ETGs) because of extended UV emission that is indicative of recent star formation. The UV-optical color profiles of all ESF-ETGs show red centers and blue outer parts. Their outer colors require the existence of a significant underlying population of older stars in the UV-bright regions. An analysis of stacked SDSS spectra reveals weak LINER-like emission in their centers. Using a cross-matched SDSS DR7/GALEX GR6 catalog, we search for other green valley galaxies with similar properties to these ESF-ETGs and estimate that ≈13% of dust-corrected green valley galaxies of similar stellar mass and UV-optical color are likely ESF-candidates, i.e., ESF-ETGs are not rare. Our results are consistent with star formation that is gradually declining in existing disks, i.e., the ESF-ETGs are evolving onto the red sequence for the first time, or with rejuvenated star formation due to accreted gas in older disks provided that the gas does not disrupt the structure of the galaxy and the resulting star formation is not too recent and bursty. ESF-ETGs may typify an important subpopulation of galaxies that can linger in the green valley for up to several Gyrs, based on their resemblance to nearby gas-rich green valley galaxies with low-level ongoing star formation.