cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender and Racial Analysis in Sport: Are All the Women White and All the Blacks Men?.

Critical race scholarship focuses on people of color, women, and the intersection of race and gender. Conversely, sport scholarship has refl ected the dominant White male culture. Sport culture ignores the experience of women and people of color, and most specifi cally ignores women who are people of color. This paper provides an overview of the existing sport literature and presents an introduction to the theory and literature on African American women in sport with particular attention to representation and silencing, socialization, and stereotyping. Sport scholars are encouraged to realize that all the women are not White and all the Blacks are not men (Hull, Scott, & Smith, 1982), and that those individuals can have different experiences becoming involved and staying involved in sport.
DMSO regulates osteoclast development in vitro

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is routinely used in the laboratory as a solvent and vehicle for organic molecules. Although it has been used in previous studies involving myeloid cells and macrophages, we are unaware of data demonstrating the effects of DMSO alone on osteoclast development. Recently, we were using DMSO as a vehicle and included a non-vehicle control. Surprisingly, we observed a marked change in osteoclast development, and therefore designed this study to examine the effects of DMSO on osteoclast development. Osteoclasts were generated from two sources: bone marrow macrophages and an osteoclast progenitor cell line. Cells were cultured with DMSO for various durations and at differing concentrations and mature, multinucleated (>3 nuclei) TRAP+ cells were assessed in terms of cell number, cell surface area, and number of nuclei/cell. Osteoclast surface area increased in 5 μM DMSO to a mean of 156,422 pixels from a mean of 38,510 pixels in control culture, and subsequently decreased in 10 μM DMSO to a mean of 18,994 pixels. With serial addition of DMSO over 5 d, a significant increase in mean surface area, and number of nuclei/cell was also observed, while the opposite was true when DMSO was serially removed from culture. These findings show that DMSO exerts a marked effect on osteoclast differentiation. Since many investigators use DMSO to solubilize compounds for treatment of osteoclasts, caution is warranted as altering DMSO concentrations may have a profound effect on the final data, especially if osteoclast differentiation is being assessed.
Unique or essentially unique results from one-wavelength anomalous dispersion data

An experiment that is sensitive to anomalous dispersion effects will produce at one wavelength independent intensity information at a reciprocal-lattice point and its negative. These pairs of intensities are known as Bijvoet pairs. The usual analysis of the implications of Bijvoet pairs leads to the conclusion that they generate a twofold ambiguity in the evaluation of certain phase differences. In this paper, it is shown that additional information contained in the Bijvoet pairs, and not normally used in the analysis leading to the implication of twofold ambiguity, can be used to obtain unique or essentially unique values for the phase differences of interest with potentially useful accuracy. The accuracy, of course, depends upon the accuracy of the data, but a test example has shown considerable insensitivity to such errors. The analysis presented here is based on an exact algebraic analysis of the intensity equations associated with the anomalous dispersion technique. Although the theory is quite general, applying exactly to any number or type of anomalously scattering atoms at any number of wavelengths, the application here concerns the case of one type or one predominant type of anomalously scattering atoms in a one-wavelength experiment. It is noted that in the two equations associated with the Bijvoet pairs there are three unknown quantities. It is shown, however, that the two intensity data provide enough information to evaluate the three unknown quantities to good approximation in an essentially unique fashion, which, in addition, can be effected in a least-squares calculation. The phase information of interest that is obtained concerns the values of phase differences,φ 1,h n −φ 2,h n , between phases associated with the structure of nonanomalously scattering atoms and those associated with the structure of the anomalously scattering atoms, respectively, with all atoms scattering as if there were no anomalous dispersion.
The Testing of a Limited-Data Corn Yield Model for Large-Area Corn Yield Predictions

Abstract A general philosophy of examining models used in agriculture is outlined in four steps: 1) the examination of the assumptions of the model, 2) sensitivity analysis, 3) tests of reasonableness using available data, and 4) designing of an experiment to rigorously test a model. This philosophy is applied to a regression model developed by Leeper et al. (1974) to predict corn yields in Illinois. The ability of the Leeper model to account for weather-induced variations in statewide corn yields for a historical sequence from 1968 to 1976 is examined. The predictive capabilities of the model are analyzed for 1977 and 1978 utilizing an adjustment equation obtained from the 1968–76 time period. This examination represents step three in the testing procedure. When compared to Crop Reporting Board state yield estimates, the model accurately reflects weather-induced variations for Iowa, Illinois and Indiana during the 9-year historical sequence. The model does not work well for Missouri. The predictive abili...
Performance of 3 m fiber optic light guides

Abstract We describe the performance of 3 m long fiber optic light guides that we have fabricated as part of a search for the rare decay μ + → e + + γ at LAMPF. The acceptance cone of the light guides is narrow, leading to substantial ( ≈ 80%) light loss entering th guides. But those photons that do fall within the acceptance cone are transmitted long distances without significant further loss. We discuss our fabrication techniques and the results of both bench tests and in-beam tests of complete assemblies.
Identification of Two Heme-Binding Sites in the Cytoplasmic Heme-Trafficking Protein PhuS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Their Relevance to Function†

PhuS is a cytoplasmic, 39 kDa heme-binding protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has previously been shown to transfer heme to its cognate heme oxygenase. It is expressed from the phu operon, which encodes a group of proteins known to actively internalize and transport heme from host organisms. This study combines the spectral resolution of resonance Raman spectroscopy with site-directed mutagenesis to identify and characterize the heme-bound states of holo-PhuS. This combined approach has identified a site in monomeric PhuS having alternate His ligands at positions 209 and 212. A second distinct binding site is present in dimeric PhuS. This site supports six-coordinate, low-spin heme, even when both His209 and His212 are mutated to Ala. The presence of conserved His and Tyr residues in all of the homologs characterized to date suggest that the dimer could be of the domain-swapped type in which two protein molecules are cross-linked by bound heme. The multiple heme-bound states and their sensitivity to pH suggest the possibility that these cytoplasmic heme-binding proteins have multiple functions that are toggled by variations in intracellular conditions.
FORMATION OF BENZYLIC ALCOHOLS AND MESO-ALDEHYDES BY ONE-ELECTRON OXIDATION OF DMBA, A MODEL FOR THE FIRST METABOLIC STEP IN METHYLATED CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBON ACTIVATION

The hypothesis that hydroxylation of the 7-methyl group is the first step in metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was advanced over three decades ago (1, 2). A considerable body of evidence supports the hypothesis (3). A chemical model for the oxidative metabolism of DMBA may be useful in understanding the mechanism of metabolic activation of DMBA and other methylated carcinogenic hydrocarbons, particularly the first step. Here we show that a nonenzymatic one-electron oxidation pathway transforms DMBA to carcinogenic alcohol and meso-aldehyde metabolites. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that hydroxylation of the 7-methyl and/or 12-methyl groups is the first metabolic step in DMBA activation. The hypothesis predicts that hydroxylation of other meso-methyl-substituted hydrocarbons is the first essential step in the metabolic activation of methylated carcinogenic hydrocarbons.
The Scattered Light Echo of a Supernova

A theoretical model of the scattering of SN radiation by a dusty circumstellar envelope is constructed and applied to observational data on SN 1979c and SN 1980k. The scattered-light curves are predicted by Monte Carlo simulation, and it is shown that the blue continuum of SN 1980k could be a scattered-light echo. The need for detailed late SN observations (especially UV observations of the type planned for the Space Telescope) is indicated.
Role of apoptotic signaling pathways in regulation of inflammatory responses to ricin in primary murine macrophages.

Abstract Because of its lethal effects, ease of preparation, and ability to be delivered by aerosolization, ricin has been developed as a lethal weapon by various terrorist groups. When introduced into the pulmonary system of rodents, ricin causes pathological changes in the lung that are known to occur in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Early response cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 are known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. Ricin induces the release of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and the transcriptional activation of the genes that encode them in vitro and in vivo . Macrophages, considered to act as upstream regulators of inflammatory cascades, may play a central role in the pathogenesis and the development of ricin-induced ARDS because of their ability to make and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exposure of primary macrophages to ricin in vitro led to activation of stress-activated protein kinases, increased expression of pro-inflammatory mRNA transcripts, subsequent increase in the synthesis and secretion of TNF-α, and apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, macrophages required the engagement of the apoptotic cascade for the maximal synthesis and release of some pro-inflammatory mediators. This work identifies a cross talk between the apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways induced by ricin in primary macrophages.
Force and Velocity Measured for Single Molecules of RNA Polymerase

RNA polymerase (RNAP) moves along DNA while carrying out transcription, acting as a molecular motor. Transcriptional velocities for single molecules of Escherichia coli RNAP were measured as progressively larger forces were applied by a feedback-controlled optical trap. The shapes of RNAP force-velocity curves are distinct from those of the motor enzymes myosin or kinesin, and indicate that biochemical steps limiting transcription rates at low loads do not generate movement. Modeling the data suggests that high loads may halt RNAP by promoting a structural change which moves all or part of the enzyme backwards through a comparatively large distance, corresponding to 5 to 10 base pairs. This contrasts with previous models that assumed force acts directly upon a single-base translocation step.
Use of Nintendo(®) Wii(™) in Physical Therapy of an Adult with Lower Extremity Burns.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this exploratory case study is to describe differences in rehabilitation outcomes for a 47-year-old male with bilateral lower extremity burns when using conventional therapy techniques alone versus such techniques in combination with Nintendo® Wii™ (Nintendo of America, Inc., Redmond, WA) videogames. Materials and Methods: The patient received three series of rehabilitation therapy over 2 weeks. During the second series, the Wii was introduced for a portion of the otherwise conventional therapy. Under standardized conditions and upon completion of each series, the Limits of Stability test with a SMART Balance Master® (NeuroCom®, Clackamas, OR) was used to measure reaction time (RT), maximum excursion (MXE), endpoint excursion (EPE), movement velocity, and directional control. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test for functional mobility and a questionnaire assessing level of motivation and interest were administered at the end of each day; these results formed mean scores for e...
Gluon propagator in non-Abelian Weizsäcker-Williams fields.

We carefully compute the gluon propagator in the background of a non-Abelian Weizs\"acker-Williams field. This background field is generated by the valence quarks in very large nuclei. We find contact terms in the small fluctuation equations of motion which induce corrections to a previously incorrect result for the gluon propagator in such a background field. The well-known problem of the Hermiticity of certain operators in the light cone gauge is resolved for the Weizs\"acker-Williams background field. This is achieved by working in a gauge where singular terms in the equations of motion are absent and then gauge transforming the small fluctuation fields to the light cone gauge.
Natural sway frequencies and damping ratios of trees: influence of crown structure

Natural frequency and damping ratio were measured for nine plantation-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) trees from the Oregon Coast Range under different levels of crown removal. Natural frequency of trees, in both their unpruned and completely de-branched states, was linearly related to the ratio of diameter at breast height to total tree height squared (i.e., DBH/H2), as expected from the theory governing the oscillation of a cantilever beam. Pruning resulted in an increase in natural frequency; however, at least 80% of the crown mass needed to be removed before this increase was noticeable. A single equation was developed that enabled the natural frequency of a tree of given size and pruning intensity to be predicted. Damping ratios of unpruned trees varied considerably from 8% to almost critical, while those for completely de-branched trees ranged from 1% to 8%. Two different trends in damping ratio were observed during pruning. Some trees exhibited an increase in damping ratio with initial crown removal, followed by a sharp decrease when the uppermost portion of the crown was removed. Others showed little or no change in damping ratio followed by a sharp reduction upon removal of the uppermost portion of the crown. Damping was mainly due to aerodynamic drag and preventing interference with neighbouring trees had little effect. Theoretical analysis using the finite element method indicated that changes in natural frequency as a result of pruning are not due to changes in damping ratio, but rather changes in mass distribution. This analysis also suggested that treating branches as lumped masses rather than individual cantilevers attached to the main stem may not be appropriate.
Unification of neural and statistical modeling methods that combine inputs by linear projection

Abstract Empirical modeling methods that combine inputs by linear projection include linear methods such as, ordinary least-squares regression, partial least-squares regression, principal components regression, and nonlinear methods such as, backpropagation networks with a single hidden layer, projection pursuit regression, nonlinear partial least-squares regression, and nonlinear principal components regression. In this paper, these popular modeling techniques are unified to yield a single method called nonlinear continuum regression (NLCR). This unification is based on the insight provided by a common framework for empirical modeling methods, and is achieved by using activation functions that adapt to the measured data, a common optimization criterion for finding the projection directions, and a hierarchical training methodology that allows efficient modeling. The adaptive-shape activation functions are determined by univariate smoothing in the space of the projected input versus output. The NLCR optimization criterion contains an adjustable parameter that controls the degree of overfitting or bias of the model, and spans the continuum of methods from projection pursuit regression or backpropagation networks to nonlinear principal components regression. Consequently, NLCR results in models that are usually more general and compact than those obtained by existing methods based on linear projection, while eliminating the need for arbitrary selection of an empirical modeling method based on linear projection for a given task. The improved modeling ability of NLCR and its performance on different types of training data are illustrated by examples based on simulated and industrial data.
Erratum to: Effects of Disturbed Flow on Endothelial Cells

Address correspondence to Shu Chien, Departments of Bioengineering & Medicine, and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, PFBH room 134, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA. Electronic mail: shuchien@ ucsd.edu The online version of the original article can be found under doi: 10.1007/s10439-007-9426-3. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 3, March 2010 ( 2010) p. 1258 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-9931-7
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of analogues of (+)-14-normethyldiscodermolide.

The design, syntheses, and biological evaluation of nine totally synthetic analogues of the microtubule-stabilizing agent (+)-14-normethyldiscodermolide (2) are reported. Simplification at the C(21)−C(24) terminal diene and at the C(1)−C(5) lactone moieties reveals significant structure−activity relationships.
Cost-and-Benefit Evaluation of Windstorm Damage Mitigation Techniques in Florida

AbstractThe hurricanes of recent years have caused many insurers to raise their premiums in response to increased losses. In the long-term, the most effective solution to reduce damage and insurance costs is to apply mitigation techniques. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of various mitigation measures in reducing wind storm losses to residential buildings. The individual mitigations were combined into different sets. These sets of mitigations were applied to typical timber box and masonry residential structures of different ages and quality of construction (from weak pre-1970 to stronger post-2002 construction). In each case, a detailed cost analysis of the unmitigated and mitigated building was performed, and the relative cost-effectiveness of mitigation was assessed through comparisons of the results of portfolio analyses with and without mitigation. The mitigation cost-effectiveness study includes component vulnerabilities from Monte Carlo simulation, overall building...
A Behemoth in India: Walmart and Glocalisation

The global retailing giant Walmart’s entry into India since 2009 is analysed in this article within the applied theoretical framework of glocalisation rather than simply globalisation. In light of ...
Antiarrhythmic effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents in benign or potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias

Classification of ventricular arrhythmias into those that are benign, potentially lethal and lethal is based on their associated risk for producing sudden cardiac death. This classification system is useful in defining indications for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and predicting differential rates of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy and toxicity. Whether the reduction of potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias will prevent sudden cardiac death remains to be determined. The class II antiarrhythmic agents--the beta-adrenergic blocking drugs--have been shown to reduce sudden cardiac death in postmyocardial infarction patients, but the precise mechanism of their effect has not been defined. beta blockers are efficacious in approximately 50% of patients with benign or potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. This response is comparable to that seen with the class IA agent disopyramide or the class IB agents tocainide and mexiletine. beta blockers have favorable side-effect profiles including a low incidence of proarrhythmia and a lack of organ toxicity such as hepatitis, pulmonary fibrosis or agranulocytosis, which are concerns with class I and class III antiarrhythmic drugs. The proper dosage of the beta blocker is critical in limiting adverse effects. In a study of 23 patients with benign or potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias, 11 (48%) of the patients responded to nadolol with a reduction of greater than 75% in arrhythmia frequency, and several patients responded at nadolol dosages as low as 10 mg daily. Thus, it is plausible to consider beta blockers as first-choice antiarrhythmic therapy, even in patients with left ventricular dysfunction when sympathetic tone is not required to maintain cardiac compensation.
A Population Survey of Members of the Phylum Bacteroidetes Isolated from Salt Marsh Sediments along the East Coast of the United States

The population diversity of cultured isolates of the phylum Bacteroidetes was investigated from salt-marsh sediments. A total of 44 isolates that belonged to this phylum were isolated either from high-dilution plates or from end-dilution most-probable-number (MPN) tubes. The majority of the isolates came from Virginia, with others isolated from salt marshes in Delaware and North Carolina. All the isolates were aerobic Gram-negative, catalase positive small rods that formed uniform colonies; most had either yellow or orange pigmentation. Riboprinting of 40 isolates revealed they were genotypically diverse, consisting of 33 different riboprint patterns; there were four riboprint groups with two or more members. The isolates could be divided into 23 different fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles at the species level with 14 of the profiles being unique to single isolates. One group of 10 isolates was closely related, suggesting this group may be well adapted for life in salt marshes. Thirteen of the isolates were selected for sequencing of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene representing a diverse group of isolates that fell within the classes Sphingobacteria and Flavobacteria. Only one of the isolates was >97% similar at the 16S rDNA to a described species of Cytophaga marinoflava; the other isolates were 94 to 96.5% related to undescribed isolates mostly within the class Flavobacteria. There was good concordance between the FAME dendrogram and a phylogenetic tree based on comparison of 16S sequences. There were no obvious temporal or spatial distribution patterns to the isolates, suggesting that this group of bacteria is inherently diverse.
Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States, 1979-1990: analysis of national mortality data.

The trends and current incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was examined by using a unique and potentially highly sensitive source for case ascertainment. We analyzed death certificate information for 1979–1990 from US multiple-cause-of-death mortality data, compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We evaluated death certificate data for US residents for whom CJD was listed as one of the multiple causes of death on the death certificate (046.1) from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (9th revision). Age-adjusted and age-specific CJD death rates by gender, race, and region were calculated to measure the disease incidence because of the rapidly fatal course of the disease for most patients with CJD. We identified 2,614 deaths with CJD listed on the death certificates. The average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.9 deaths per million persons (range 0.8–1.1). The mean age at death was 67 years. CJD-related deaths were uncommon among persons younger than 50 years of age (4.3% of all deaths). The highest average annual mortality rate was for those persons aged 70–74 years (5.9 deaths per million persons). A slight majority (53.0%) of the deaths was in females, but the age-adjusted mortality rate was 1.2 times higher for males. Most deaths (94.8%) were in whites; the mortality rate for blacks was only 40% of that for whites. The age-adjusted CJD mortality rate in the United States is similar to published estimates of the crude incidence of CJD worldwide. Annual review of national multiple-cause-of-death data may provide an efficient and cost-effective method to monitor the incidence of CJD in the United States. The relative paucity of cases among blacks requires further study to rule out detection biases, but may reflect, in part, differences in genetic and/or environmental factors.
The buzz-run: how honeybees signal ‘Time to go!’

The explosive take-off of a honeybee swarm when it moves to its new home is a striking example of an animal group performing a synchronized departure for a new location. Prior work has shown that the nest-site scouts in a swarm prime the other bees for flight by producing piping signals that stimulate all the bees to warm up their wing muscles in preparation for flight, but how the bees are ultimately triggered to take flight remains a mystery. We explored the possibility that the buzz-run signal is the critical releaser of flight. Using slow-motion analyses of videorecordings, we made a detailed description of this signalling behaviour: a buzz-runner runs about the swarm cluster in great excitement, tracing out a crooked path, buzzing her wings in bursts, bulldozing between idle bees and periodically performing a conspicuous wiggling movement. It seems likely that the buzz-run signal is a ritualized form of a bee's take-off behaviour, with the wing buzzing greatly exaggerated and other behavioural elements (running, butting and wiggling) added to increase the signal's detectability. The immediate effect of the signal is to disperse and activate otherwise lethargic bees; the long-term effect is probably to stimulate the recipients to launch into flight. It turns out that the scout bees from the chosen nest site are responsible for producing both the piping signal to prime a swarm for take-off and the buzz-run signal to trigger the take-off. We suggest that these bees produce the signal that triggers take-off because they travel throughout the swarm cluster while piping and so are able to sense when the entire swarm is hot enough to take flight. The mechanisms mediating take-offs by honeybee swarms appear to present us with a rare instance where an action of a large social insect colony is controlled by a small set of individuals that actively monitor the global state of their colony and produce a signal triggering the colony's action in a timely way.
Cannabinoid receptor-inactive N -acylethanolamines and other fatty acid amides: metabolism and function☆

Although it is now generally accepted that long-chain N-acylethanolamines and their precursors, N-acylethanolamine phospholipids, exist as trace constituents in virtually all vertebrate cells and tissues, their possible biological functions are just emerging. While anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) has received much attention due to its ability to bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, the saturated and monounsaturated N-acylethanolamines, which usually represent the vast majority, are cannabinoid receptor-inactive but appear to interact with endocannabinoids and to have other signaling functions as well. Also, primary fatty acid amides, including the amide of oleic acid, which acts as a sleep-inducing agent, do not interact with cannabinoid receptors but are catabolically related to endocannabinoids. Here we review published information on the occurrence, metabolism, and possible signaling functions of the cannabinoid receptor-inactive N-acylethanolamines and primary fatty acid amides.
Production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles is constrained seasonally in the field but predation on herbivores is not.

Natural enemies of herbivorous insects utilize numerous cues to locate and identify their prey. One class of such cues is volatile organic compounds (VOCs) often produced by plants after attack by herbivores (hereafter herbivore-induced plant volatiles or HIPVs). Under simplified laboratory conditions, natural enemies often make clear choices between different HIPV blends, but such clear choices may be more difficult in more complex field environments. We studied the impact of VOC production by the undomesticated species, Datura wrightii on predation of eggs and larvae of Lema daturaphila by the omnivore, Geocoris pallens in the field. HIPV production in D. wrightii is developmentally and seasonally constrained to the early stages of plant growth even though L. daturaphila and G. pallens inhabit plants throughout the plant’s growing season. We, therefore, asked if predation of L. daturaphila by G. pallens might be similarly constrained seasonally. Higher levels of VOC production were associated with higher levels of predation throughout the growing season, and the greater quantities of VOC production in May caused greater increases in predation than did VOC production later in the season (June–September). However, predation in the absence of VOC production ranged from 60–70% in June–September compared to only 14% in May, probably because plants were already colonized by predators later in the season. High levels of VOCs in response to herbivore damage by D. wrightii therefore may aid in the discovery of herbivore-damaged plants early in the season but the seasonal decline in VOC production does not limit predation of L. daturaphila by G. pallens later in the season.
The effects of retinoic acid on ciliary function of regenerated sinus mucosa.

BackgroundRetinoic acid (RA) has been shown to enhance ciliary ultrastructure in regenerated sinus mucosa compared with controls. However, the functional status of the regenerated cilia has not bee...
Overview No. 98 I—Geometric models of crystal growth

Abstract Recent theoretical advances in the mathematical treatment of geometric interface motion make more tractable the theory of a wide variety of materials science problems where the interface velocity is not controlled by long-range-diffusion. Among the interface motion problems that can be modelled as geometric are certain types of phase changes, crystal growth, domain growth, grain growth, ion beam and chemical etching, and coherency stress driven interface migration. We provide an introduction to nine mathematical methods for solving such problems, give the limits of applicability of the methods, and discuss the relations among them theoretically and their uses in computation. Comparisons of some of them are made by displaying how the same physical problems are treated in the various applicable methods.
Teaching Queer‐Inclusive English Language Arts

The authors argue for teaching queer-inclusive English language arts (ELA). They report on a study that surveyed high school personnel across the United States, revealing that very few people in charge of ELA curricula value such inclusion. In response to these findings, the authors offer “images of the possible” in which texts and methods that could be used in queer-inclusive ELA curricula are suggested. They advocate for teaching ELA that represents diverse people, including those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning, in a range of positionalities, as both insiders and outsiders in various texts. Such a curriculum is one way for all high school students to experience themselves amid “otherness,” or to experience the “other” in their midst. It is the vehicle for, and the echo of, a varied and varying society—a thesis-antithesis dialectic that eschews synthesis. In order to accomplish this, teachers must educate students to examine and experience the multiple and mutable constituents of identity and culture, of which sexuality is a critical, but hardly constant, constituent.
Evaluation of high-numerical-aperture wide-field steppers for 0.35-micron design rules

Many lithographic approaches to achieving 0.35 micron IC design rules have been proposed. Several years ago, the primary candidate was x-ray lithography. Today it is generally acknowledged that an optical approach will be used for such design rules. Both deep UV and i-line stepper technologies have progressed with capability to achieve 0.35pm design rules. High NA, wide-field lenses now exist for both deep UV and i-line [1], With the renewed interest in phase shift technology, i-line capability at 0.35pm design rules is comparable to deep UV technology. The development of a stepper architecture that allows both wide-field i-line and deep UV lenses to be accommodated in the same body and using thru-the-lens, direct-reticle-referenced alignment method [2] is reported. Common improvements in the areas of stage, die-by-die leveling and environmental control allow exceptional overlay performance to be achieved for both i-line and deep UV. The use of common architecture and the same alignment method facilitates the optimum mix and match combination of i-line and deep UV at 0. 35?m design rules Experimental investigation of stepper performance is reported in comparison to criteria established for design rules at 0.35pm. Overlay is evaluated on substrates typical of CMOS IC manufacturing. Lithographic performance is investigated using conventional techniques as well as more advanced techniques including phase shift reticles. Results indicate that overlay performance on tested substrates meets the requirements for 0.35?m design rules. Lithographic results indicate that 0.35pm lines/spaces are achievable using both conventional i-line and deep UV techniques, however, the implementation of phase shift reticles enhances the process latitudes for i-line at 0.35?m.
Thoracic and Extrathoracic Bronchial Fistulas

bnormal connections between distal portions of the respiratory airways and other anatomic structures usually produce significant pulmonary compromise. These interconnections may have an acute onset and lead tO) catastrophic consequences. Subacute or chronic presentations may also occur and will be emphasized in this review. It is usually not possible to localize the precise anatomic location of such tracks. Therefore, the generic term, “bronchial fistula’ will be used even though the actual interconnection may be distal to true bronchi or may be unknown. Tracheal fistulas will be omitted from this discussion. The frequency of bronchial fistulas in most disease states is unknown but their occurrence is unusual. The poor prognosis uniformly associated with longstanding fistulas complicated by infection, however, mandates their inclusion in the differential diagnosis of a large number of patient presentations. The consequences of regional or systemic infection, hypoxemia, and progressive lung injury due to persistent contamination of the pulmonary parenchyma by foreign material may produce significant morbidity. For the purposes of this review, bronchial fistulas will be grouped as those joining the lung with abdominal organs, the pleural space, vascular structures including the heart, and the central nervous system.
Compact Machine for Feeding Cattle at Hourly Intervals

Abstract A cheap, simply designed, and compact 12-compartment automatic feeder for cattle is described. The volume of the machine is adequate to feed growing or mature cattle or high producing lactating cows during sophisticated experiments on metabolism. The feeder must be refilled every 12h if hourly feeding is required.
Shell Quality of Eggs from Hens Exposed to 26- and 27-Hour Light-Dark Cycles from 56 to 76 Weeks of Age

Abstract The effect of ahemeral light-dark cycles on shell quality and laying hen performance near the end of the laying year was measured using 1342 Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens. The hens were housed in multiple-bird cages in 18 separate, windowless, fan-ventilated rooms. Hens were exposed abruptly to either a 26-hr cycle (16L:10D) or a 27-hr cycle (16L:11D) at either 56 or 60 weeks of age; a 26-hr cycle at 56 weeks, which was increased t o 27-hrs at 60 weeks of age; or remained on a 24-hr cycle (16L:8D) until the experiment was terminated at 76 weeks of age. Shell weight, and consequently shell quality, expressed as shell weight (mg) per square centimeter egg surface area (SWUSA), were significantly increased after 1 week exposure to either ahemeral cycle. The increase in shell weight was greatest for the hens on the 27-hr cycle, but because egg weight also was significantly increased by this treatment, there was no difference in SWUSA between the two ahemeral cycles. The magnitude of increase in shell weight and SWUSA, but not egg weight, was less in the hens exposed to the ahemeral cycles at 60 weeks of age. This was due to shell weight progressively decreasing with increasing age of the hens on all three light cycles. But SWUSA, irrespective of when the ahemeral cycles were initiated, was as great or greater through 72 weeks of age than SWUSA measured in these hens at 53 weeks of age prior to the experiment. The ahemeral cycles had no significant effect on albumen quality, rate of lay adjusted to a 24-hr basis, hen body weight, or mortality. There was a significant improvement in feed efficiency for the hens on the 27-hr cycle.
Comparison of cyclic nucleotide and energy metabolism of intact mouse retina in situ and in vitro.

Abstract Whole mouse retina in situ contains approximately 1 μ m adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and about fivefold higher levels of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP). Light-adapted retinas have only half as much of both cyclic nucleotides as dark-adapted retinas. Both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels are modified substantially when retinas are removed from the eye and incubated in physiologic buffers. Cyclic GMP levels increase in light- and dark-adapted retinas, but a differential concentration is always maintained, and after a few minutes of incubation it is even greater than that in in situ retinas. In contrast, the difference between cyclic AMP levels obvious in in situ light- and dark-adapted retinas is obscured during the initial minutes of incubation by a transient rise of cyclic AMP in light-adapted retinas, but then becomes apparent again when cyclic AMP levels fall after about 15 min of incubation. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels decrease rapidly when isolated dark-adapted retinas, in vitro, are exposed to light and the decrease is a function of light intensity. In contrast, cyclic GMP but not cyclic AMP levels increase when light-adapted retinas, in vitro, are placed in darkness. Ischemia causes a marked reduction of ATP and P-creatine levels and elevates cyclic AMP levels in light- and dark-adapted retinas, in situ. Ischemia depresses cyclic GMP levels in dark-adapted retinas, in situ, but has no effect in light-adapted retinas. In incubated retinas, oxygen deprivation produced by NaCN also decreases energy reserves; however, its effect on cyclic AMP is qualitatively similar to that in vivo only after 15 min of incubation. NaCN has little or no effect on cyclic GMP levels in isolated retinas. These data indicate that cyclic nucleotide regulation in intact, incubated retina has many similarities to that of retina, in vivo, and suggest that with due precautions retina maintained, in vitro, is a valid and useful experimental model system for biochemical and biophysical investigations.
Continental convergence in the Alps

Abstract Collision of continental plates in the Alps, in less than 5 · 10 6 y during the late Eocene, was preceded by a paired metamorphic belt in both plates of the south-dipping suture, and accompanied or succeeded by a high- t /low- p metamorphic event anomalously located in the lower plate. This event did not result from crustal burial because it peaked too soon after collision. Additional heat may have come from a second subduction zone dipping northward underneath the lower plate and/or from post-collisional friction along a subhorizontal decollement in the crust of the lower plate, evident in a seismic low-velocity layer. Decollement and partial anatexis on the LVL, thick-skinned warping, folding, and kinking of the nappes and their South Alpine root zone, and possibly the parautochthonous Jura folding are post-collisional, typically Alpine, distortions of the otherwise normal subduction model.
Fiber-coupled random laser

We show that pumping of a random laser through the fiber inserted deep inside the volume of a scattering medium can strongly reduce the threshold and increase the slope efficiency of the stimulated emission
The interaction between an atom and a surface at large separation

Abstract A simple expression is generated for the coefficient C 3 of the asymptotic dispersion interaction ~ z −3 between an atom and a surface. The basis of the derivation is the assumption of simple forms for the frequency dependence of the polarizability of the atom and the dielectric function of the solid. The expression yields the known value of C 3 within a few percent for all cases for which it has been calculated previously. We use it to generate C 3 values for a large number of systems not previously treated.
Laboratory Study on Effects of High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Binder Content: Stiffness, Fatigue Resistance, and Rutting Resistance

The objective of this study was to improve the performance of asphalt concrete mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) by evaluating the optimal binder content depending on the percentage of RAP in the mix. Mixes with three percentages of RAP (0%, 20%, and 40%) obtained from an asphalt producer and three percentages of added asphalt binder (design asphalt content, design +0.5%, and design +1.0%) were evaluated. A laboratory mix containing 100% RAP with three additional levels of asphalt binder content (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) was also evaluated to determine the additional binder level that optimizes mix performance. Performance of the mixtures was evaluated on the basis of three criteria: stiffness (dynamic modulus), fatigue resistance, and rutting resistance (flow number). That aged RAP binder in high-RAP mixes aids stiffness and rutting resistance is well established, but the binder poses problems for fatigue resistance. Results showed that a 0.5% increase in binder content improved both f...
Latin hypercubes and MDS codes

Maximum distance separable (MDS) codes have special properties that give them excellent error correcting capabilities. Counting the number of q-ary MDS codes of length n and distance d, denoted by D"q(n,d)"M"D"S, is a very hard problem. This paper shows that for d=2, it amounts to counting the number of (n-1)-dimensional Latin hypercubes of order q. Thus, D"q(3,2)"M"D"S is the number of Latin squares of order q, which is known only for a few values of q. This paper proves constructively that D"3(n,2)"M"D"S=6.2^n^-^2.
Early pregnancy testosterone after ovarian stimulation and pregnancy outcome

Objective To examine early pregnancy (EP) testosterone (T) after ovarian stimulation and its effect on singleton pregnancy outcomes. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting University-based tertiary care center. Patient(s) Subfertile women who conceived with or without fertility treatment. Intervention(s) Ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction, collection of serum total T levels in early pregnancy, and pregnancy follow-up. Main Outcome Measure(s) Rate of preterm delivery, low birth weight (LBW) ( Result(s) EP serum samples were measured from 266 singleton pregnancies. The mean T level among spontaneous conceptions was 74.90 ng/dL (SD 48.35 ng/dL); 103 ng/mL was the 90th percentile. Mean EP T was increased among patients who underwent ovarian stimulation compared with nonstimulated control subjects. In patients undergoing IVF, T levels in EP were linearly correlated with the number of oocytes retrieved. When pregnancy outcomes in women with normal T were compared with women with elevated T (>90th percentile), we did not see an increased risk for preterm delivery, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, LBW infants, or cesarean delivery (odds ratio ratios 1.43, 0.38, 1.39, and 0.85, respectively). Conclusion(s) Elevations in EP T are associated with ovarian stimulation but do not appear to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. Further investigation to determine the etiology of increased maternal and neonatal morbidity among subfertile women is warranted.
A SAS Program for Testing the Hypothesis of the Equal Means Under Heteroscedasticity: James's Second-Order Test:

A SAS program is presented which computes James's second-order procedure for testing the hypothesis of the equality of J means under heteroscedasticity.
Citizen Participation, Open Innovation, and Crowdsourcing: Challenges and Opportunities for Planning

Open innovation, taken from the fields of business strategy and technology development, can offer planners fresh insights into their own practice. Open innovation, like citizen participation, goes outside the boundaries of the organization to find solutions to problems and to hand ideas off to partners. A key technique for open innovation is “crowdsourcing,” issuing a challenge to a large and diverse group in hopes of arriving at new solutions more robust than those found inside the organization. The differences between citizen participation and Internet-based crowdsourcing are discussed. Crowdsourcing case studies are provided as a means for extending an emerging literature.
Bending Behavior of Plain-Woven Fabric Air Beams: Fluid-Structure Interaction Approach

A swatch of plain-woven fabric was subjected to biaxial tests and its material characterization was performed. The stress-strain relations of the fabric were determined and directly used in finite element models of an air beam, assumed constructed with the same fabric, subjected to inflation and bending events. The structural responses to these events were obtained using the ABAQUS-Explicit[1] finite element solver for a range of pressures including those considered typical in safe operations of air inflated structures. The models accounted for the fluid-structure interactions between the air and the fabric. The air was treated as a compressible fluid in accordance with the Ideal Gas Law and was subjected to adiabatic constraints during bending. The fabric was represented with membrane elements and several constitutive cases including linear elasticity and hyperelasticity were studied. The bending behavior for each constitutive case is presented and discussions for their use and limitations follow.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Electrohydrodynamically-Enhanced Forced Convection in a Horizontal Channel with Oscillatory Flows

Prior studies on electrohydrodynamically enhanced forced convection in a horizontal channel have revealed the existence of oscillatory flows. These oscillatory flows are the product of interactions between the electric body force and flow inertia of the primary flow. It has also been shown that heat transfer can be significantly enhanced when operating in this oscillatory flow mode. It is speculated that heat transfer may be further enhanced by exciting the primary flow in a frequency similar to those observed for the oscillatory flows (i.e., the so-called resonant effect). To verify this speculation, computations have been performed for primary flows excited with a frequency that is either a fraction or multiple of the natural frequency observed in the original oscillatory flows. The results show that an inlet flow excited at the natural frequencies produces the best heat transfer enhancement in the single-cell regime, and the enhancement increases with the Reynolds number. However, the results show an o...
Ion exchange reactions of the layered solid acid HCa2Nb3O10 with alkali metal cations

Abstract Ion exchange reactions of the layered solid acid HCa2Nb3O10 with alkali metal cations have been investigated in aqueous solutions at temperatures between ambient and 100°C. The extent of exchange differs for the different alkali metal cations. The exchange reaction, in general, does not alter the stacking of adjacent oxide layers and the structures of the exchange products differ only slightly in their interlayer separations. The results obtained in aqueous solution are compared with previous measurements of the exchange of KCa2Nb3O10 in molten salts at higher temperatures (1).