cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology of the National Time Transfer Accounts

Social science has long studied how people participate in economic life, but most of that literature focuses on one sphere of the economy only: either the market economy where goods and services are produced and traded for money, or the household economy where services such as childcare and housework are provided for no pay, mostly by women. These spheres could not exist without each other – the market economy must have workers produced and sustained by households, and households must have incomes from market labor or assets – but they are often not studied in tandem. Most of the study of economics, including economic measurement, concerns itself with the market economy, where men’s production predominates. This chapter describes a methodology that brings the spheres together, to measure how we produce, consume, share, and save resources in both spheres simultaneously. It combines the National Transfer Accounts method of studying market economic flows by age, with a new tool called National Time Transfer Accounts which studies household economic flows of unpaid care work by age. The results reveal how we live in gendered economies shaped by lifecycle processes of birth, death, and household formation.
A Rhetoric of Contradiction: SuicideGirls, Female Empowerment, and Sexuality

The intersection of female empowerment and sexuality is prevalent in contemporary public discourse. In this analysis, we critique the rhetoric of female empowerment from the SuicideGirls, a soft-core pornography website that claims to promote an alternative beauty. Existing literature on SuicideGirls provides consensus that the website promotes female empowerment. We critique SuicideGirls’ rhetoric as an example of why consistency between rhetoric and action are important to analyze in a sex-positive culture that embraces contradiction as empowerment. A rhetoric of contradiction emerges when the language of empowerment is not supported with empowering action, and ultimately we argue that this undermines the goals of a sex-positive culture for women. Our conclusions address the complexity of cultural texts that equate sexuality with power, and to ultimately illuminate the boundaries to challenging the status quo in a society that embraces a rhetoric of contradiction as female empowerment.
Urban design for sustainable and livable communities: the case of Vancouver

Abstract This chapter explores how urban design-based and context sensitive planning approaches have been used to create sustainable communities, and the complexities involved. It focuses on the experience of Vancouver, British Columbia, a city known for its broad implementation of plans embracing sustainability concepts and its record of context sensitive and participatory urban design led city planning, but which has recently undergone considerable changes in its planning approaches in an attempt to implement citywide and regional sustainability goals, leading to considerable neighborhood protests. The chapter discusses and analyzes key planning approaches and design control mechanisms the city used to control development during two successive eras, the Living First era of the mid-1990s-mid-2000s, and the EcoDensity era that followed, the rationales for these approaches, the development outcomes, and community responses. It concludes with observations on lessons learned that can be applied to other cities. In particular, it highlights possibilities for reconciling the goal of creating sustainable urban development with the goal of creating livable neighborhoods.
Synthesis of a soluble adenine-functionalized polythiophene through direct arylation polymerization and its fluorescence responsive behavior

Side chain engineering has been used widely to expand the functionality and enhance the solubility of conjugated polymers, promoting their utility in various applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of an adenine-functionalized, thiophene-based alternating copolymer via direct arylation polymerization. This nucleobase-modified, alkyl thiophene-based alternating copolymer was accessed by copolymerization of a Boc-protected, adenine functionalized thiophene monomer 9-(6-(2,5-dibromothiophen-3-yl)hexyl)-9H-purine-6-amine (TAd), with 3,3′,3′′,4′-tetrahexyl-2,2′:5′,2′′-terthiophene, (tT4h). Quantitative post-polymerization deprotection of Boc groups results in the adenine bearing alternating copolymer (TAd-tT4h), which is soluble in common organic solvents due to steric hindrance-induced flexibility of the tT4h comonomer, allowing structure–property relationships to be established. In comparison to the unfunctionalized analogue, interchain hydrogen bonding through the adenine functionality enhances the packing of the copolymer, resulting in a ∼70 °C increase in the glass transition temperature. Furthermore, the improved solubility of the copolymer and capacity for strong metal ion binding by the nucleobase leads to dramatic fluorescence quenching (>90%) upon addition of Cu2+ ions, which is also reflected in a high Stern–Volmer constant of 1.28 × 104 M−1. The fluorescence emission is recovered almost completely after washing the copolymer solution with EDTA-disodium salt aqueous solution. These findings demonstrate the viability of synthesizing soluble, fully conjugated copolymers with nucleobase functionality via direct arylation polymerization, as well as the influence of the hydrogen bonding nucleobase on thermal, optical, and metal-ion sensing properties.
Characterization of intentional lurasidone ingestions using the United States National Poison Data System

Introduction: The ziprasidone analogue lurasidone is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder for adults and children older than 10 years. Small studies and case reports sug...
89 – Spinal Stroke

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the etiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and treatment of spinal stroke. The main predisposing factor for spinal cord ischemia (SCI) is the surgical repair of a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA). This most devastating complication remains the foremost problem for 0.5 to 38% of such operations. The presumed mechanism for SCI is the occlusion of the intercostal artery that gives its origin to the anterior spinal artery (ASA). In approximately 85% of the population, the ASA arises from the left lower intercostal arteries favoring, therefore, that dissecting TAAA with a left-sided false lumen will have a higher frequency of SCI. The method of choice for diagnosing spinal cord ischemia or infarct is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Improvement of surgical and cord protection techniques has resulted in preservation of spinal cord circulation and survival. Utilization of profound hypothermia, intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring, reanastomosis of blood vessels particularly intercostal arteries, reduction of clamp time, and more recently the introduction of distal aortic perfusion and continuous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, have reduced significantly the development of postoperative neurological deficit.
Surgical critical care

Major advances in surgical critical care have led to a dramatic improvement in the postoperative management of trauma patients. Early diagnosis of extremity compartment syndrome through history, physical examination, and invasive monitoring has helped to increase limb salvage rates while decreasing morbidity and mortality. The second leading cause of death, blunt thoracic aortic injury, involves strict blood pressure control in an ICU setting in selected patients who are candidates for medical management. Vigilance is necessary to immediately identify patients who have failed medical management and have progression of their aortic injury to ensure immediate operative intervention. Blunt cerebrovascular injury may be undiagnosed in some patients, and monitoring in an ICU setting may be appropriate to help identify patients that progress to stroke or hematoma development. Appropriate care for trauma patients who are receiving prophylactic or therapeutic anticoagulation is necessary to promptly diagnose patients who develop bleeding, particularly those who may develop an intracerebral hemorrhage. The most optimal management of these critically ill patients involves a multisystem and multidisciplinary approach.
Performance of simultaneous multi-slice accelerated diffusion-weighted imaging for assessing focal renal lesions in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a useful MRI technique to characterize abdominal lesions in children, but long acquisition times can lead to image degradation. Simultaneous multi-slice accelerated DWI is a promising technique to shorten DWI scan times. To test the feasibility of simultaneous multi-slice DWI of the kidneys in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and to evaluate the accelerated protocol regarding image quality and quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values compared to standard echoplanar DWI sequence. We included 33 children and adolescents (12 female, 21 male; mean age 10±5 years) with TSC and renal cyst or angiomyolipoma on 3-tesla (T) MRI from 2017 to 2019. All studies included both free-breathing standard echoplanar DWI and simultaneous multi-slice DWI sequences. Subjective and quantitative image quality was evaluated using a predefined 5-point scale. ADC values were obtained for all renal cysts and angiomyolipomas ≥5 mm. All statistical analysis was performed using Stata/SE v15.1. Simultaneous multi-slice DWI ADC values were slightly lower compared to standard echoplanar DWI for both renal cysts and angiomyolipomas (mean difference 0.05×10−3 mm2/s, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40–0.50 and 0.024×10−3 mm2/s, 95% CI 0.17–0.21, respectively, with P>0.1). Our results showed that renal lesions with ADC values >1.69×10−3 mm2/s were all cysts, whereas lesions with values 0.1, for both sequences). A 55% reduction in scan time was achieved using simultaneous multi-slice DWI for abdominal imaging in children with TSC, with near identical image quality as standard DWI. These results suggest that multi-slice techniques should be considered more broadly as an MRI acceleration technique in children.
Abstract IA26: Combined PARP and immune checkpoint inhibition in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the few malignancies in which immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors exhibits only modest activity and currently has no FDA-approved indication. Therefore, the development of strategies to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade is a high priority in this disease. Recent studies in OC models have demonstrated that PARP inhibitors (PARPi), besides their direct cytotoxic effects, exhibit antitumor immunity that occurs in a STING-dependent manner and is augmented by immune checkpoint blockade. Based on these studies, combined PARP and immune checkpoint inhibition represents an active area of clinical investigation in OC. The goal of this presentation is to outline the preclinical data behind combined PARP and immune checkpoint inhibition in OC, highlight preliminary results as well as ongoing clinical trials of PARPi/immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations in both first-line and recurrent disease, and discuss emerging biomarkers of response. Citation Format: Panagiotis A. Konstantinopoulos. Combined PARP and immune checkpoint inhibition in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr IA26.
Evaluation of a centralized toxicity view in the electronic health record (EHR) for physician-recorded Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE).

296Background: Patients’ treatment-related acute and late toxicities are essential clinical data, yet this information is widely dispersed among notes in the EHR. This lack of structure impedes cli...
What Does it Mean to Deliberate? An Interpretative Account of Jurors’ Expressed Deliberative Rules and Premises

To advance deliberative theory and practice, this study considers the experiences of trial jurors who engaged in deliberation. Conceptualized as a speech event, this article inductively explores the deliberative rules and premises articulated by jurors. Jurors believe deliberation should be rigorous and democratic, including speaking opportunities for all, open-minded consideration of different views, and respectful listening. Jurors actively consider information, but face-to-face deliberation is essential for thoroughly processing evidence. Although emotions should not influence the final verdict, participants report that emotions often reinforce deliberative norms. These results inform theory and deliberative experiences in and beyond the jury.
Highly stretchable self-sensing actuator based on conductive photothermally-responsive hydrogel

Abstract Soft robots built with active soft materials have been increasingly attractive. Despite tremendous efforts in soft sensors and actuators, it remains extremely challenging to construct intelligent soft materials that simultaneously actuate and sense their own motions, resembling living organisms’ neuromuscular behaviors. This work presents a soft robotic strategy that couples actuation and strain-sensing into a single homogeneous material, composed of an interpenetrating double-network of a nanostructured thermo-responsive hydrogel poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and a light-absorbing, electrically conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy). This design grants the material both photo/thermal-responsiveness and piezoresistive-responsiveness, enabling remotely-triggered actuation and local strain-sensing. This self-sensing actuating soft material demonstrated ultra-high stretchability (210%) and large volume shrinkage (70%) rapidly upon irradiation or heating (13%/°C, 6-time faster than conventional PNIPAAm). The significant deswelling of the hydrogel network induces densification of percolation in the PPy network, leading to a drastic conductivity change upon locomotion with a gauge factor of 1.0. The material demonstrated a variety of precise and remotely-driven photo-responsive locomotion such as signal-tracking, bending, weightlifting, object grasping and transporting, while simultaneously monitoring these motions itself via real-time resistance change. The multifunctional sensory actuatable materials may lead to the next-generation soft robots of higher levels of autonomy and complexity with self-diagnostic feedback control.
Advances in Cell Wall Matrix Research With a Focus on Mixed Linkage Glucan.

Mixed β(1,3;1,4) linkage glucan (MLG) is commonly found in the monocot lineage, at particularly high levels in the Poaceae family, but also in the evolutionally distant genus, Equisetum. MLG has several properties that make it unique from other plant cell wall polysaccharides. It consists of β1,4-linked polymers of glucose interspersed with β1,3-linkages, but the presences of β1,3-linkages provide quite different physical properties compared to its closest form of cell wall component, cellulose. The mechanisms of MLG biosynthesis have been investigated to understand whether single or multiple enzymes are required to build the mixed linkages in the glucan chain. Currently, MLG synthesis by a single enzyme is supported by mutagenesis analyses of cellulose synthase-like F6 (CSLF6), the major MLG synthase, but further investigation is needed to gather mechanistic insights. Because of transient accumulation of MLG in elongating cells and vegetative tissues, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the role of MLG in the plant cell wall. Studies have been carried out to identify gene expression regulators during development and light cycles, as well as enzymes involved in MLG organization in the cell wall. A role of MLG as a storage molecule in grains is evident, but the role of MLG in vegetative tissues is still not well understood. Characterization of a cell wall component is difficult due to the complex heterogeneity of plant cell wall. However, as detailed in this review, recent exciting research has made significant impacts in the understanding of MLG biology in plants.
Harris, Moses, 1730–1788

Little is known about the life of Moses Harris, who was born on April 15, 1730, in England. Like Ignaz Schiffermuller, Harris was an entomologist and engraver who engraved his own copperplate illustrations. He was introduced at an early age to the study of insects by his uncle who was a member of the Society of Aurelians, a group of people in London studying insects. Around 1762, Harris became the secretary of the Aurelian Society.
Norm Assembly in Global Value Chains

This Article explores the phenomenon of transnational suppliers in global value chains. It is often assumed that multinational brands, usually based in developed economies, are the rule makers in global trade, who dictate the terms of engagement to a sprawling, dispersed network of foreign suppliers and contractors worldwide. This stylized picture of globalization is no longer accurate. Today, just as corporate retailers divest and outsource, their first-tier suppliers, in an osmosis move, have increasingly scaled up and consolidated to meet the demands of global production and competition. As a result, a group of powerful but largely hidden global economic actors—transnational suppliers and manufacturers—have emerged as a new crop of multinational enterprises. This Article describes this relative shift in private global economic power and investigates their legal implications. In mapping this terrain, it invites envisioning supply chain governance as a co-production process of “norm assembly,” whereby “Big Suppliers,” alongside their corporate buyers and other actors, contribute to the creation, interpretation, and implementation of a range of legal and business norms. Reconceptualizing one-way enforcement “chains” as a sort of co-production is significant because it recognizes the relevance, organizational logics, and regulatory potentials of transnational suppliers in today’s GVC landscapes—increasingly critical arenas of not only economic activities but also security, human rights, and geopolitics contestation.
Dynamics of Cambered Rapid-Transit Bridge

Numerical solutions are presented concerning the influence of vehicle speed and roadway live load camber on the dynamic bending moments and deflections of a rapid-transit bridge traversed by a rapid-transit vehicle. The vehicle is simulated as a four-degree-of-freedom lumped parameter system, whereas the bridge is considered as a simply supported beam in dynamic flexure with inertia and equivalent distributed viscous damping in the formulation of the governing equations of motion. For the rapid-transit system considered, it is found that higher speeds produce higher maximum bending moments and deflections; camber is slightly beneficial at high cruising speeds (50 mph-60 mph) but in general it results in larger maximum and rms displacements and bending moments at low cruising speeds (20 mph-30 mph). The solutions also show that negative bending moments and deflections occur at these speeds in contrast to the static analysis (zero speed) in which the bending moments are always positive and the deflections downward.
Nonlinear Plasma Dynamics Below the Cyclotron Frequency

Publisher Summary Plasma is a soup of electromagnetic fields, ions, and electrons. The essential aspect of this state of matter is that the charged particle components interact strongly with the electromagnetic field. The electrons are very light, so their vibration frequencies are high. Thus, in the low frequency regime they closely follow the ions. The ions all tend to move together over the course of these slow time scales. The next thing to notice is that these equations are a generalization of the Euler equations of fluid dynamics. Analogously, nonlinear flows can develop singularities infinite time, leading to shocks. The phase velocity of plane waves in a plasma as a function of the angle between the normal to the plane wave and the magnetic field direction. S is the sound speed and A is the speed of the Alfven modes. The null to null lines lie on a circle whose plane is orthogonal to the paper.
Critical Legal Histories

Critical legal writers pay a lot of attention to history. In fact, they have probably devoted more pages to historical descriptionparticularly the intellectual history of legal doctrine-than to anything else, even law and economics. Such a preoccupation within a radical movement is at first glance surprising. After all, lawyers have, by notorious custom, used history conservatively, appealing to continuity and tradition.' And in the less common situations in which lawyers have used history to criticize the status quo, they have usually resorted to social and economic history, to show that the original social context of a legal rule reveals it was adopted for wicked or obsolete reasons, rather than to the history of legal doctrine.2 What could conceivably be radical-or, as some unkindly ask, even interesting-about rewriting the history of doctrine? I will attempt, in this article, to give a brief account of the impulses that have prompted the Critical scholars to their chosen ways of writing history (or rather histories, since the movement has actually spawned several different historiographical practices). I'll start by trying to describe a vision of law-in-history that has tended, as I'll
Ostracode stratigraphy and paleoecology from surficial sediments of Lake Tanganyika, Africa

We report here on the first detailed ostracode stratigraphic record to be obtained from late Holocene sediments of Lake Tanganyika. We analyzed four cores, three from the northern lake region and a fourth from a more southern lake locality, that collectively record ostracode assemblages under a variety of disturbance regimes. These cores provide a stratigraphic record of ostracode abundance and diversity, as well as depositional changes over time periods of decades to millennia. We have investigated the fossil ostracodes in these cores by looking at temporal changes of species diversity and population structure for the species present. All four cores provided distinct patterns of ostracode diversity and abundance. BUR-1, a northern lake core obtained close to the Ruisizi River delta, yielded a sparse ostracode record. Karonge #3, another northern core from a site that is closely adjacent to a river delta with high sediment loading, yielded almost no ostracodes. The third core 86-DG-14, taken from a somewhat less disturbed area of the lake, suggests that there have been recent changes in ostracode populations. Through most of the lower portion of this core, ostracode abundance is low and species richness is relatively constant. Above 7 cm there is a marked increase in ostracode abundance and a corresponding decrease in species richness, probably signaling the onset of a major community disturbance, perhaps due to human activities. The southernmost core, 86-DG-32, is from a site that is well removed from influent rivers. Ostracode abundance varies erratically throughout the core, whereas species richness is relatively constant and high throughout the core. The temporal variation evident in ostracode community makeup both within and between the studied cores may be a result of naturally patchy distributions among ostracodes, coupled with local extinctions and recolonizations, or it may reflect inadequate sampling of these high diversity assemblages. In either case, these cores illustrate the potential to obtain high resolution ostracode records from the rich, endemic fauna of Lake Tanganyika that can be used to address questions about the history of community structure and human impacts in this lake.
A fourth paradigm? Some thoughts on atheism in Old Testament scholarship

In recent decades, OT scholarship has witnessed the emergence of undercurrents of what may be called a fourth paradigm. In contrast to the three familiar faith-based "paradigms," this one is essentially atheistic. Scholars working in the fourth paradigm do not believe that the Bible is the Word of God, God's Word in human speech, or human words about God. On this view, the texts are just human words and have no transcendental signified. In addition, a plurality of atheistic approaches to the text is operative within the varieties of atheism that can be distinguished. Ultimately though, this paradigm too has its pros and cons, both of which have implications with regard to future prospects for local atheist OT scholars. This article aims to present only a brief, personal, and introductory take on a controversial subject.
Volume integral equation based method for transient scattering from nonlinear penetrable objects-TM case

This paper presents a time-domain volume integral equation based scheme for simulating electromagnetic scattering from nonlinear cylinders. Numerical results obtained using this method are in excellent agreement with data obtained using the FDTD method.
Computer Ecology: Responding to Mobile Worms with Location-Based Quarantine Boundaries

The emerging malware that can spread through local wireless networks among mobile devices has so far received less attention than computer worms in the Internet. The local wireless links provide an alternative propagation path that circumvents intrusion detection at the service provider gateways. On the mobile nodes, conventional intrusion detection and intrusion response techniques such as address blacklisting and content filtering are more difficult to deploy due to the lack of central entities and the resource constraints of mobile nodes. We propose a new architecture for an intrusion response system that takes advantage of an infrastructure network (e.g., cell phone network) to manage security of the mobile nodes. Infection patterns in ad hoc networks are highly correlated with geographic proximity. Thus an ecologically inspired diffusion-reaction and advection models can provide estimates for the current spread of the worm. These estimates allow the service provider to precisely target a containment re-
Solving the cis/trans paradox in the Int family of recombinases

Structures of the catalytic domains of λ, Int and HP1 integrase provide insight into the diversity of the Int family of recombinases, which nevertheless catalyse very similar chemical events.
Herbs for hematology.

In this issue of Leukemia and Lymphoma, Ben-Arye and colleagues provide a comprehensive and well-balanced review on the use of herbs in patients with cancer. In addition to reviewing the concepts o...
Fecal bilirubin excretion and serum bilirubin concentrations in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.

To assess the rate of excretion of bilirubin in the stools and its effects on serum bilirubin concentrations, we studied 24 breast-fed and 13 bottle-fed infants during the first 3 days after birth. Bottle-fed infants passed significantly more stool (3-day totals, 82 vs 58 gm, P
Variable Temperature FTIR Spectroscopy Of Inorganic Cyanide Complexes

Variable temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can be used as a sensitive technique for the study of intermolecular bonding forces in solids. Because of the different types of bonding interactions possible for the cyanide moiety and the large oscillator strength of the CN stretching frequency, the infrared active vibrations of this group can serve as a diagnostic reporter entity for the study of a wide variety of inorganic cyanide complexes. The temperature dependence of vcN over the range 78 < T < 300 K are reported in the present study.
Coupling Arp2/3 Complex-Mediated Actin Branching and Membrane Deformation by the Exocyst Component Exo70

Directional cell migration requires tight coordination of actin assembly and membrane remodeling. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this coordination remains elusive. Here we report that Exo70, a component of the exocyst complex, couples actin assembly and membrane curvature induction for leading edge protrusion and cell migration. Using in vitro pyrene actin assay and dual-color total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we found that Exo70 kinetically stimulates the Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization and branching. This effect of Exo70 on actin is mediated by promoting the interaction of the Arp2/3 complex with WAVE2, a member of the N-WASP/WAVE family of nucleation promoting factors. We also found that Exo70 induces tubular membrane invaginations toward the lumen of synthetic vesicles in vitro and generates protrusions on the surface of cells. Biochemical analyses using Exo70 mutants and independent molecular dynamics simulations based on Exo70 structure reveal that Exo70 generates negative membrane curvature through an oligomerization-based scaffolding mechanism. At the cellular level, both the stimulatory effect of Exo70 on the Arp2/3 complex and the membrane-deformation activity of Exo70 are required for generating lamellipodia and maintaining directional persistence during cell migration. Exo70 thus represents a novel Arp2/3 regulator and membrane-bending protein that couples actin dynamics and plasma membrane remodeling for migration.
Policy with politics in the EU: Can you get there from here?

This essay reviews Vivien Schmidt's book, Democracy in Europe: The EU and National Polities. In a departure from the standard approach to the EU's democratic deficit, Schmidt examines the impact of European integration on the democratic political systems of the member states. In other words, for Schmidt, the source of the problem is not how the EU is constructed, but rather the debilitating effects it has had, and continues to have, on national democracy. This is both interesting and insightful for two reasons. First, it locates the democratic deficit in Europeanization – that is, a dynamic process (as opposed to a static structure). Second, it implies that the solution to the problem of the democratic deficit will require far more complex action than merely tinkering with or even overhauling existing EU institutional arrangements. Schmidt's basic thesis is that there is a gap between the contemporary practice of democracy in Europe and old ideas about how democracy should function. Because citizens expect one thing based on their conception of democracy and yet experience something quite different – an experience mediated by a flawed discourse about democracy presented by national elites – frustration with what they perceive as a distant and unresponsive EU grows, along with a sense that the entire operation is illegitimate. After reviewing Democracy in Europe's novel and engaging argument, this essay concludes with a critique of its proposals to remedy the situation.
Advection in Accretion Disk Boundary Layers

Recent numerical simulations of accretion disk boundary layers have shown qualitatively the importance tance of advected energy in the inner region of the disk. In this short paper we present quantitative results of advective boundary layers in the optically thick regime. Numerical results are obtained for various systems, by means of a one-dimensional time-dependent numerical code. At high accretion mass rates, dot-M approx. = 10(exp -4) solar mass/yr, or low values of the viscosity parameter, alpha approx. = 0.001-0.01 (characteristic of FU Orionis systems and some symbiotic stars), the optical thickness in the inner part of the disk becomes very large (tau much greater than 1). The disk, unable to cool efficiently, becomes geometrically thick (H/r approx. = 0.5). The energy dissipated in the dynamical boundary layer is radiated outward to larger radii and advected into the star. The boundary-layer luminosity is only a fraction of its expected value; the rest of the energy is advected into the star. The fraction of the advected energy is zeta = L(sub adv)/L(sub acc) approx. = 0.1 in symbiotic stars (accretion onto a low-mass main-sequence star) and zeta approx. = 0.2 in FU Ori systems (accretion onto a pre-main sequence star).
Environmental Aspects of Fin Erosion and Tumors in Southern California Dover Sole

Abstract Between 1969 and 1972, a number of Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus Lockington) with eroded fins and skin tumors were collected in a series of trawls off the coast of southern California. Field and laboratory observations suggest that the two diseases were distinct syndromes operating at different growth stages in the life cycle of the Dover sole. Specimens with fin erosion were concentrated in the vicinity of the major municipal wastewater discharge site in the southern California area. Histological observations showed the disease to be external in nature: The distribution of the diseased fish and the patterns of erosion of the various fins suggest that the disease was brought on by contact with the sediments around the wastewater outfall. Tumor-bearing specimens were more evenly distributed throughout the southern California coastal waters, and the presence of the anomaly appeared to be a function of fish size (usually occurring in specimens of less than 150 mm standard length). The spatial an...
Intelligent dynamic control of stochastic economic lot scheduling by agent-based reinforcement learning

This paper addresses a stochastic economic lot scheduling problem (SELSP) for a single machine make-to-stock production system in which the demands and the processing times for N types of products are random. The sequence-independent setup times and costs are explicitly considered and may have different values for various types of products. The SELSP is to decide when, what, and how much (the lot size) to produce so that the long-run average total cost, including setup, holding and backorder costs, is minimised. We develop a mathematical model and propose two reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms for real-time decision-making, in which a decision agent is assigned to the machine and improves the accuracy of its action-selection decisions via a ‘learning’ process. Specifically, one is a Q-learning algorithm for a semi-Markov decision process (QLS) and another is a Q-learning algorithm with a learning-improvement heuristic (QLIH) to further improve the performance of QLS. We compare the performance of QLS ...
What does our face mean to us

This study is a semantic analysis of metonymic and metaphoric expressions involving body-part terms for the face in Chinese. These expressions are discussed regarding four perceived roles of face, namely, as highlight of appearance and look, as indicator of emotion and character, as focus of interaction and relationship, and as locus of dignity and prestige. It is argued that the figurative extensions are based on some biological facts about our face: it is the most distinctive part on the interactive side of our body capable of revealing our inner states. Referring to English the study shows that the terms for the face in both languages have developed figurative meanings along similar routes with similar stops. It also shows that the concepts of ?face and facework?, admittedly ubiquitous in all cultures, are manifested more richly in Chinese than in English ? a reflection of cultural differences in values attached to those concepts. Finally, a hypothetical ?Triangle Model? is proposed to account for the relationship between language, culture, body, and cognition.
Irreversible binding of N-methyl-N-[(1S)-1-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl-3,4-dichlorophenylacetamide to the cloned rat κ opioid receptor

N-Methyl-N-[(1S)-1-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl-3,4- dichlorophenylacetamide (MITPD), is an isothiocyanate derivative of the kappa agonist ICI-199,441. In this study, interaction of MITPD with cloned mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors was characterized. MITPD inhibited [3H]diprenorphine binding to kappa receptors with high affinity and with approximately 700- and approximately 870-fold selectivity over mu and delta receptors. Pretreatment with MITPD followed by extensive washing reduced kappa receptor binding with an IC50 value of 3.7 nM, but did not affect mu or delta binding at 1 microM). Thus, the region from the third transmembrane helix to the C-terminus of the kappa receptor is important for the binding of MITPD.
Optimization on Illumination Source with Design of Experiments

In advanced photolithography process for manufacturing integrated circuits, the critical pattern sizes that need to be printed on wafer are much smaller than the wavelength. Thus, source optimization (SO) techniques play a critical role in enabling a successful technology node. However, finding an appropriate illumination configuration involves intensive computation simulations. EDA vendors have been developing the pixelated source optimization tools that co-optimize both source and mask for a set of patterns. As an alternative approach, we have introduced design of experiments (DOE) methodology for parameterized source optimization to minimize computation efforts while achieving comparable CDU control for given design patterns. In this paper, we present a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) that simplifies the response function and achieves the optimization goal on multiple responses. Results have shown that the optimal input settings identified by this approach are comparable with the pixelated source optimization results.
Structural defects in GaN revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy

This paper reviews the various types of structural defects observed by transmission electron microscopy in GaN heteroepitaxial layers grown on foreign substrates and homoepitaxial layers grown on bulk GaN substrates. The structural perfection of these layers is compared to the platelet self-standing crystals grown by high nitrogen pressure solution. Defects in undoped and Mg doped GaN are discussed. Some models explaining the formation of inversion domains in heavily Mg doped layers that are possible defects responsible for the difficulties of p-doping in GaN are also reviewed.
Hope for health and health care

Virtually all activities of health care are motivated at some level by hope. Patients hope for a cure; for relief from pain; for a return home. Physicians hope to prevent illness in their patients; to make the correct diagnosis when illness presents itself; that their prescribed treatments will be effective. Researchers hope to learn more about the causes of illness; to discover new and more effective treatments; to understand how treatments work. Ultimately, all who work in health care hope to offer their patients hope. In this paper, I offer a brief analysis of hope, considering the definitions of Hobbes, Locke, Hume and Thomas Aquinas. I then differentiate shallow and deep hope and show how hope in health care can remain shallow. Next, I explore what a philosophy of deep hope in health care might look like, drawing important points from Ernst Bloch and Gabriel Marcel. Finally, I suggest some implications of this philosophy of hope for patients, physicians, and researchers.
Radiologic analysis of arthritis in rats after systemic injection of streptococcal cell walls.

The intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous suspension of cell wall fragments from group A streptococci induces a chronic intermittent arthritis in rats that is associated with the persistence of cell wall material in joint tissues. The radiographic techniques utilized to study this experimental model are described and the radiologic findings encountered during the natural history of the disease are presented. The progressive erosive synovitis of this model is similar to that seen in rheumatoid arthritis.
A New Poultry Semen Extender.4. Effect of Antibacterials in Control of Bacterial Contamination in Chicken Semen

Abstract Forty antibacterials were qualitatively and quantitatively tested for controlling aerobic bacterial contamination without affecting viability of semen. Semen samples were collected aseptically, diluted 1:4 with the Beltsville poultry semen extender containing one of 40 antibiotics and held for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr at 5 C. Semen samples were monitored at each storage interval for bacterial counts, sperm motility, sperm counts, and fertilizing capacity. Gentamicin (2.5 μg/ml), kanamycin (31.2 μg/ml), neomycin (62.5 μg/ml), and tobramycin (2.5 μg/ml) were the only antibacterials tested which controlled microbial growth without affecting sperm viability for up to 24 hr storage at 5 C. Tobramycin maintained fertility equal to that of the non-antibiotic control up to 24 hr storage. Neomycin maintained higher levels of fertility in semen stored for 48 and 72 hr than in semen of controls to all other treatments for the same storage periods and to undiluted, unstored semen. The conclusion from these studies is that the control of aerobic microbial growth in chicken semen has little influence on the maintenance of sperm viability during low temperature storage.
Inhibition in subicular and entorhinal principal neurons in response to electrical stimulation of the fornix and hippocampus

We performed experiments studying the responses of rat subicular and entorhinal neurons to electrical stimulation of the fornix and hippocampus. Four main results were obtained: (1) extracellular recordings from principal neurons showed prolonged inhibition in response to stimulation, and intracellular recordings showed prominent IPSPs; (2) neither fornical nor commissural afferents were necessary for the inhibitory responses; they were present even in animals that had received prior surgical sections of the fornix and hippocampal commissures; (3) antidromic responses to fornix or hippocampal stimulation were recorded in neurons of the subicular complex; and (4) 3 cells in the subicular and entorhinal cortex were encountered that showed some of the properties associated with interneurons. The results suggest that principal neurons of the subicular complex share a number of properties with hippocampal pyramidal cells, including intrinsic recurrent inhibitory circuitry. Further study is required to determine the pathway for entorhinal inhibitory responses.
The Leukemias of Mature Lymphocytes

The leukemias of mature B cells and T cells are a limited set of diseases in which blood and bone marrow are the primary sites of involvement. Although they may superficially resemble one another, they have distinct clinical and pathologic features and must be distinguished from one another. In this article, the major clinical, morphologic, phenotypic, and molecular genetic features of the mature B- and T-cell leukemias are reviewed, and differential diagnostic considerations are discussed.
Predictions of Saturation Ratio for Cloud Microphysical Models

The saturation development equation is solved analytically to give a solution that is more general than the existing analytical solution. This analytical solution provides accurate predictions of the saturation ratio and allows the use of relatively large time steps for the simulation of condensation processes. A statistical method that is nonanalytical in nature is also introduced for the prediction of saturation ratio. The performances of these prediction methods are compared for the simulation of drop growth in clouds under idealized situations. It is shown that the more general analytical solution provides improved predictions of saturation ratio under subsaturated conditions. Furthermore, the statistical method is shown to be more efficient and accurate than the analytical methods. 24 refs., 4 figs.
PLAN-IT: Knowledge-Based Mission Sequencing

PLAN-IT (Plan-Integrated Timelines), a knowledge-based approach to assist in mission sequencing, is discussed. PLAN-IT uses a large set of scheduling techniques known as strategies to develop and maintain a mission sequence. The approach implemented by PLAN-IT and the current applications of PLAN-IT for sequencing at NASA are reported.
Chloro[N,N'-ethylenediiminobis(acetylacetonato)]gallium(III).

In the title compound, [Ga(C12H18N2O2)Cl], the Ga atom is coordinated to a Cl atom and the two imine N and two enolate O atoms of the Schiff base ligand. The literature reveals few examples of a five-coordinate GaO2N2Cl environment, and only two where both the N and the O atoms are contained within the same ligand. This configuration has the effect of constraining the complex into a square-pyramidal geometry with less distortion than if formed by two or more ligands. The Ga—N and Ga—O distances are within the ranges expected for Ga–Schiff base derivatives. This compound is also the first group 13 complex containing the N,N′-ethyl­ene­bis­(acetyl­acetoneimine) (acacen) ligand.
Departmental role and scope in infection conrol: Use of a template that meets joint commission requirements

Since its inception in 1990, departmental role and scope in the infection control program have developed into the five important aspects currently defined by the Joint Commission. Each health care worker needs to understand his or her role in infection prevention and control, integrate it into daily activities, and articulate this role to others. This strategy for complying with Joint Commission standards meets customer needs and can easily be adapted for use in other medical centers. The process of defining departmental roles in the infection control program will continue to evolve with increased awareness of customer needs and emphasis on continuous quality improvement.
Nanoelectronics: the strain of it all.

Electron interferometry can be used to measure strain with nanoscale resolution in electronic devices by exploiting a simple idea found in physics textbooks.
Antimicrobial activity of 11 newer and investigational drugs tested against aerobic isolates from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Abstract The in vitro susceptibility of 124 aerobic bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) were tested against 11 antimicrobial agents, including parenteral or oral cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Most SBP isolates were Gram-negative organisms, and Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were responsible for 63% of the episodes evaluated. The fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) and the "fourth-generation" cephalosporin cefpirome were the most active agents against the Gram-negative bacteria. Commonly used cefotaxime and cefotaxime-desacetylcefotaxime (DES-CTX) combinations were also very active against Gram-negative bacteria with only few Enterobacter cloacae isolates being resistant (minimum inhibitory concentrations > 32 μg/ml). All streptococci were susceptible to cefotaxime, cefpirome, and cefdaloxime and to the cefotaxime-DES-CTX combinations, whereas only ofloxacin demonstrated acceptable activity against the enterococci. The widest spectrum of activity versus SBP isolates was found for ofloxacin (98% susceptibility) among the fluoroquinolones. For the β-lactams, the widest spectrum of activity was demonstrated by cefpirome and the 2:1 cefotaxime-DES-CTX combination (93% susceptibility). These results indicate that the role of ofloxacin and newer parenteral or orally administered cephalosporins in the treatment of prophylaxis of SBP should be further evaluated.
Pressure Tuning of Mass and Charge Transport in Redox-Active Polymeric Networks

The combination of electrochemical techniques and high hydrostatic pressures has allowed a novel way of probing and tuning electron transport in redox polymeric networks, as presented here. Electrochemical studies of quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (QPVP) films placed on electrode surfaces, loaded with ferricyanide ions and exposed to 0.1 M KNO3, were carried out at pressures ranging from ambient to 8 kbar (1 kbar ≈ 1000 atm). At atmospheric pressure, where the films have a gel-type structure, the electrochemical responses show the expected thin-layer behavior for the electron-diffusional process. The application of pressure causes a gradual change leading to a process that, on the same time scale, is governed by semiinfinite linear diffusion. These results reveal that the propagation of charge in these systems is drastically restricted with compression. Permeation experiments show that the transport of mass is restricted under high pressures also. Our data provide evidence that compression alters the m...