cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models for discrete-time self-similar vector processes with application to network traffic

The paper defines self-similarity for vector processes by employing the discrete-time continuous-dilation operation which has successfully been used previously by the authors to define 1-D discrete-time stochastic self-similar processes. To define self-similarity of vector processes, it is required to consider the cross-correlation functions between different 1-D processes as well as the autocorrelation function of each constituent 1-D process in it. System models to synthesize self-similar vector processes are constructed based on the definition. With these systems, it is possible to generate self-similar vector processes from white noise inputs. An important aspect of the proposed models is that they can be used to synthesize various types of self-similar vector processes by choosing proper parameters. Additionally, the paper presents evidence of vector self-similarity in two-channel wireless LAN data and applies the aforementioned systems to simulate the corresponding network traffic traces.
Innocent until primed: mock jurors' racially biased response to the presumption of innocence

Background Research has shown that crime concepts can activate attentional bias to Black faces. This study investigates the possibility that some legal concepts hold similar implicit racial cues. Presumption of innocence instructions, a core legal principle specifically designed to eliminate bias, may instead serve as an implicit racial cue resulting in attentional bias. Methodology/Principal findings The experiment was conducted in a courtroom with participants seated in the jury box. Participants first watched a video of a federal judge reading jury instructions that contained presumption of innocence instructions, or matched length alternative instructions. Immediately following this video a dot-probe task was administered to assess the priming effect of the jury instructions. Presumption of innocence instructions, but not the alternative instructions, led to significantly faster response times to Black faces when compared with White faces. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the core principle designed to ensure fairness in the legal system actually primes attention for Black faces, indicating that this supposedly fundamental protection could trigger racial stereotypes.
Non-inducibility of the sex-dependent urinary protein in male pseudohermaphroditic rats

Abstract The hepatically-synthesized, sex-dependent, urinary protein, α2u, is not excreted by the Stanley-Gumbreck pseudohermaphroditic rat. This rat, which is characterized by a tissue insensitivity to androgens, also did not excrete α2u in response to treatment with testosterone. The genetic defect appears to prevent the induction of α2u synthesis.
The Extent to Which Ribonucleases Cleave Ribonucleic Acid

The success of all crosslinking reagents is idiosyncratic. In crosslinking experiments with bBBr, the bromomethyl group that remains in an activated monomer is a target for both intramolecular and intermolecular nucleophiles. Fortunately, thiolate is by far the most reactive biomolecular nucleophile toward bBBr (2). Indeed, the high specificity of bBBr for reaction with cysteine residues may make this reagent a particularly effective companion to cysteine-scanning mutagenesis analyses (8). Then, bBBr could be used to probe a complex mixture of biomolecules for otherwise non covalent interactions. Detection by ultraviolet illumination after gel electrophoresis (as in Fig. IB) would make such an association apparent. Additional properties of the resulting crosslinked molecules could be studied by fluorescence anisotropy (9). We thus present bBBr as a fluorescent crosslinking reagent of broad utility.
Molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast formation and activation

Osteoporosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity in the elderly and is characterized by a progressive loss of total bone mass and bone density. Bone loss in osteoporosis is due to the persistent excess of osteoclastic bone resorption over osteoblastic bone formation. Receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL) critically regulates both osteoclast differentiation and activation. TRAFs appear to be central coupling molecules in the signal transduction pathways that regulate osteoclastogenesis, cathepsin K is the major mediator of osteoclastic bone resorption, and sex steroids and aging also affect osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity. However, bone homeostasis depends upon the intimate coupling of bone formation and bone resorption, wherein both osteoclasts and osteoblasts exert vital stimulatory and inhibitory effects upon each other via molecules such as RANKL, TGFbeta, PDGF, BMP2, and Mim-1. This review will highlight some of the major features of the complex circuit of cytokines, growth factors, and hormones that underlies the formation and function of osteoclasts and the dynamic equilibrium that marks the interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Evaluation of fish models of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition.

Substituted ureas and carbamates are mechanistic inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We screened a set of chemicals containing these functionalities in larval fathead minnow (Pimphales promelas) and embryo/larval golden medaka (Oryzias latipes) models to evaluate the utility of these systems for investigating sEH inhibition in vivo. Both fathead minnow and medaka sEHs were functionally similar to the tested mammalian orthologs (murine and human) with respect to substrate hydrolysis and inhibitor susceptibility. Low lethality was observed in either larval or embryonic fish exposed to diuron [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl), N'-dimethyl urea], desmethyl diuron [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl), N'-methyl urea], or siduron [N-(1-methylcyclohexyl), N'-phenyl urea]. Dose-dependent inhibition of sEH was a sublethal effect of substituted urea exposure with the potency of siduron desmethyl diuron > diuron. Further, siduron exposure synergized the toxicity of trans-stilbene oxide in fathead minnows. Medaka embryos exposed to diuron, desmethyl diuron, or siduron displayed dose-dependent delays in hatch, and elevated concentrations of diuron and desmethyl diuron produced developmental toxicity. The dose-dependent toxicity and in vivo sEH inhibition correlated, suggesting a potential, albeit undefined, relationship between these factors. Additionally, the observed inversion of in vitro to in vivo potency suggests that these fish models may provide tools for investigating the in vivo stability of in vitro inhibitors while screening for untoward effects.
Fluctuating Flow through Straits of Variable Depth

Abstract A model is presented for the fluctuating flow through a strait of nonuniform depth connecting two semi-infinite oceans. An analytical solution is found. The solution is applied to several depth profiles to study the effect of the topography on the volume flux through the strait. A nondimensional number σ = (∂h/∂x)fW/2ωh is found to determine the importance of the topography of the strait, where f, ω, W, L and h are the Coriolis parameter, fluctuating frequency, and the width, length and depth of the strait, respectively. If σ < 0.6, the effect of the variation of strait depth is negligible; if σ increases, the effect of the depth variation is to shorten the length of the strait, thus allowing more flux through the strait; at the value of about σ = π/2, the strait is almost invisible to the open oceans as far as the flux is concerned. The mechanism of the geostrophic control of the flux through the strait is studied. A model of energy balance clearly shows that the flux is limited by the amount of...
Increased temporal patterns in choice responding and altered cognitive processes in schizophrenia and mania

Rationale The THEME method for measuring time-determined patterns (T-patterns) in behavior has been suggested as a new, more objective method for assessing cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia.
Animal learning and memory and their relation to human learning and memory

Abstract For some three decades now, the experimental study of learning and memory has been conducted as two entirely separate endeavors, one using humans as subjects and the other using animals. The separation is placed in historical context, and consideration is given to recent movements by those in the animal camp toward adopting some of the theorizing as well as some of the list memory procedures from those in the human camp. It is argued that exploring list memory in animals should do much to further our understanding of both animal cognition and its relation to human cognition. The trend toward more complex theorizing and more liberal use of hypothetical constructs, on the other hand, is regarded with concern. It is argued that hypothetical constructs have contributed little to an enduring understanding of human learning and memory, and that they are unlikely to be any more helpful with animals.
Substructuring method and eigenfunction representation for a rolling tyre coupled to a secondary mechanical system

This paper deals with the simulation of a running, vibrating tyre coupled at its spindle to a secondary structure. First a generalized substructuring formulation is derived from the equation of continuum of the rolling tyre projected in the reference frame of the road. It results in the ability to express the coupling problem on the basis of the modal characteristics of the system with fixed interface. This simplified condition is then investigated further. Physical models of the tyre, such as membranes on springs, make it possible to extrapolate rolling conditions eigenfrequencies and mode shapes from quasistatic identifications. New results are provided concerning the direction along which resonances are observed at the spindle as a function of speed. In particular it is shown how the resultant of a mode 'rotates' when speed increases. Finally structural and physical models are used jointly for the simulation of the forces at the spindle ofa tyre rolling over a small cleat. The input from the cleat is described using a 'virtual profile'. This technique allows the contact area to be reduced to a single point and eigenvalues are then derived from the membrane analogy. It is found that the model allows for an accurate repesentation of experimental data at the speeds of interest.
No Differences in Inter-NICU Mortality When Controlled for Admission Illness Severity. • 1242

No Differences in Inter-NICU Mortality When Controlled for Admission Illness Severity. • 1242
Acute action of choriogonadotropin on Leydig tumor cells: induction of a higher affinity benzodiazepine-binding site related to steroid biosynthesis

We previously demonstrated that the mitochondrial peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is coupled to hormone-activated steroidogenesis by regulating the intramitochondrial cholesterol transport, the rate-determining step of steroid biosynthesis. In the present study we examined whether PBR is the site of hormone action using the hCG-responsive MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cell line as a model system. Within 15 sec of the addition of hCG to Leydig cells a 3-fold cAMP-dependent increase in PBR binding was observed. This rapid increase returned to basal levels within 60 sec. No effect was observed after 1 min in the continued presence of hCG. Scatchard analysis revealed that in addition to the known high affinity (5.0 nM) benzodiazepine-binding site, a second, hormone-induced, higher affinity (0.2 nM) benzodiazepine-binding site appeared. We then examined whether in such a short time frame steroid synthesis occurs. Fifteen-second incubation of MA-10 cells with the inhibitor of cholesterol metabolism aminoglutethimide together with hCG also resulted in an increased rate of pregnenolone formation by their isolated mitochondria that were washed and incubated in aminoglutethimide-free buffer. The dose response of benzodiazepine binding to hCG closely parallels the increase in steroid formation by the mitochondria of stimulated cells. Addition of the selective inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, H-89, completely blocked hormone-induced PBR binding and steroid formation, whereas addition of the inactive analog H-85 was without any effect. The addition of flunitrazepam, a benzodiazepine previously shown to inhibit the trophic hormone action on steroidogenesis, completely abolished the hCG-induced rapid stimulation of steroid synthesis. These results demonstrate that in MA-10 cells, the most rapid effect described thus far of hCG and cAMP, is the transient induction of a higher affinity benzodiazepine-binding site, which occurs concomitantly with an increase in the rate of steroid formation. This, in turn, suggests that these hormones alter PBR to activate cholesterol delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane and subsequent steroid formation.
Using Weibull Analysis for Cases With an Unknown Susceptible Population

Weibull analysis is a powerful predictive tool for studying failure trends of engineering systems. [1] One noted shortcoming is that traditional techniques require the size of the susceptible population to be known. The method described in this paper allows for estimation of the size of the susceptible population using only failure data and no assumptions about total population size or susceptible portion. In the analysis of failures of mass-produced products, a large amount of failure data may be available, but all the conditions that define the susceptible population may never be known. For example, units with a particular usage condition may be expected to fail over time following a Weibull model, but the number of units subjected to that usage condition may never be known. To assume that the entire population is susceptible to the failure mode would greatly over-predict future failures, and the model could not be used to guide decision-making. By doing a least squares fit to the trend of failures versus time, a Weibull model can be fit to the data and then used to estimate the total number of susceptible units expected in the population. The ability to accurately estimate the size of the susceptible sub-population from failure data will be explored as a function of the size of the data set used, for known sets of failure data. For example, for a failure distribution that has increased, peaked, and then decreased to zero, almost the entire population has failed, so an estimate of the size of the susceptible population from this data is likely to be accurate. On the contrary, for only a few data points that show an increasing failure rate over time, little can be determined. Monte Carlo simulations will be used in order to estimate the error associated with this technique. Our analysis will show that predictions of total susceptible populations become similar to the actual susceptible populations when the predicted mean time to failure (MTTF) from the observed data is shorter than the observation time. In effect, predictions become accurate when it is clear to the observer that the number of failures per unit time has peaked.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Utilizing an Ability-Based Measure to Detect Emotion Regulation Deficits in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

In recent years, the field of emotion regulation has advanced current conceptualizations of many forms of psychopathology. Difficulties with emotion regulation have been detected via self-report in several anxiety and depressive disorders, and in particular, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, there is a paucity of research examining emotion regulation ability in this population, leaving open the possibility that self-report measures reflect an individual’s perception of his/her emotion regulation skills rather than skills themselves. The present study examined the utility of an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence in the assessment of emotion-related deficits in GAD as well as the concordance between the ability-based measure and self-reports of emotion regulation skills. Results revealed that individuals with GAD demonstrated significantly more difficulty regulating their emotions than control participants did on both ability-based and self-report measures. Further, these measures showed a moderate concordance with each other. Findings suggest it will be important to integrate ability-based measurement of emotion-related deficits with other assessment modalities.
The Magnetic Dipole in Undulatory Mechanics.

In the following lines we present a method for the computation of the characteristic values of the parameter contained in linear differential equations. This method is applicable in certain cases when the equation cannot be reduced to the hypergeometric type. As the special example with which to illustrate our procedure we select the motion of an electron in the combined fields of a nucleus and of a magnetic dipole attached to this nucleus. This problem has an interesting bearing on the theory of the spinning electron, as will be fully discussed in section 6.
Psychological Responses to the Threat of Nuclear War

We investigated the nature of psychological responses to the threat of nuclear war and the relationships between attitudes and behavior in three studies. The first was a quasi-experimental study of the effects of a film depiction of nuclear war on attitudes and behavior. Results suggested that exposure was mediated by a sense of control over political events, but that exposure itself had no significant effect on psychological responses to nuclear war. The second was an experimental investigation of the effects of efficacy enhancing, fear arousing, or informational tactics as well as individual differences on memory for relevant information and political activism on the issue of nuclear arms control. Results indicated that men exposed to the fear arousal tactic were less likely to take action than those exposed to information alone or efficacy enhancement, whereas women exposed to fear arousal were more likely to act. Gender differences are explained in terms of the socialization of male responses to fear, the “macho” response. Those who showed less denial were more likely to act, as were those who stated intentions to take action. The third study employed structural modeling to examine the relationships between attitudes and behavior. Results supported the Model of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) in showing that intentions to act mediated the relationship between attitudes and behavior on this issue.
Can Users Control Online Behavioral Advertising Effectively

Online behavioral advertising (OBA) is the increasingly widespread practice of targeting users with specific online ads on the basis of a user's previous online behavior. Advertisers pay a premium for targeted ads because users are more likely to make purchases after viewing relevant ads. On the other hand, whereas some users might appreciate seeing more relevant advertisements, many say they find targeted advertising creepy and don't like the idea of companies tracking their online activities. Many tools empower users to control whether and when they're tracked for behavioral advertising; however, whether users can effectively control tracking and OBA using these tools is unclear.
Non-Mendelian inheritance of mosquito susceptibility to infection with Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi

The mode of inheritance of susceptibility or refractoriness of insect vectors to medically important pathogens such as those causing malaria or filariasis is usually believed to follow normal Mendelian laws and to involve a single pair of alleles. In this report, experiments are described that demonstrate another mode of inheritance of mosquito susceptibility to filarial parasites. Crosses were made between susceptibile and refractory species of the Aedes Scutellaris complex, and the hybrid and backcross progeny were tested for susceptibility to infection by Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi. The data indicate that inheritance follows a non-Mendelian pattern indicative of extrachromosomal factors inherited through the maternal parent.
Superplastic deformation and energy dissipation mechanism in surface-bonded carbon nanofibers

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to understand the role of surface C–C bonds formed by heat treatment on plastic deformation and fracture mechanisms in cone-stacked carbon nanofibers. The simulations predict that the surface bond density linearly relates to the heat treatment temperature. As the surface bond density increases, it is found that tensile strength and ductile fracture energy in carbon nanofibers rise dramatically by more than 65% and 622%, respectively; hence unveiling a regime of superplastic deformation that is unmatched by standard carbon nanotubes and graphitic nanofibers. We demonstrate that both strengthening and superplasticity effects are enabled by the occurrence of surface bond-induced fiber splaying processes that can effectively resist interlayer sliding and crack propagation during deformation. The findings of this computational study have important implications for designing flaw-tolerant nanocomposite systems.
Notch activation enhances lineage commitment and protective signaling in cardiac progenitor cells

Phase I clinical trials applying autologous progenitor cells to treat heart failure have yielded promising results; however, improvement in function is modest, indicating a need to enhance cardiac stem cell reparative capacity. Notch signaling plays a crucial role in cardiac development, guiding cell fate decisions that underlie myocyte and vessel differentiation. The Notch pathway is retained in the adult cardiac stem cell niche, where level and duration of Notch signal influence proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitors. In this study, Notch signaling promotes growth, survival and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells into smooth muscle lineages in vitro. Cardiac progenitor cells expressing tamoxifen-regulated intracellular Notch1 (CPCeK) are significantly larger and proliferate more slowly than control cells, exhibit elevated mTORC1 and Akt signaling, and are resistant to oxidative stress. Vascular smooth muscle and cardiomyocyte markers increase in CPCeK and are augmented further upon ligand-mediated induction of Notch signal. Paracrine signals indicative of growth, survival and differentiation increase with Notch activity, while markers of senescence are decreased. Adoptive transfer of CPCeK into infarcted mouse myocardium enhances preservation of cardiac function and reduces infarct size relative to hearts receiving control cells. Greater capillary density and proportion of vascular smooth muscle tissue in CPCeK-treated hearts indicate improved vascularization. Finally, we report a previously undescribed signaling mechanism whereby Notch activation stimulates CPC growth, survival and differentiation via mTORC1 and paracrine factor expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that regulated Notch activation potentiates the reparative capacity of CPCs in the treatment of cardiac disease.
Bio-markers and the search for extinct life on Mars

In order to predict what biomarkers could be used on Mars, several biomarkers, or key signatures, of extinct life on earth are identified. Some of these biomarkers which may be applicable to Mars include reduced carbon and nitrogen compounds, CO3(2-), SO4(2-), NO3(-), Mg, Mn, Fe, and the isotopic ratios of C, N, and S. It is suggested that a fully equipped Mars rover might be able to perform analyses to measure most of these biomarkers while on the Martian surface.
Police patrol vehicle breakdowns: The effect on the cost of police service

Abstract The results of a simulation of the breakdown of police patrol vehicles in a city of 175,000 population is examined. If a patrol vehicle must be removed from service in order to repair mechanical defects, the quality of police service will not be at the desired (planned) level. In effect, police officers are being paid during a time when they are unable to deliver services—the time during which they are absent from their assigned patrol as a result of the failure of their vehicle. Given the high cost of fielding a police patrol car around the clock, time lost due to mechanical failure can be very costly. The patrol vehicle breakdowns were simulated under several assumptions and for several policies. The magnitude of the implicit cost of lost patrol time due to vehicle breakdowns suggests that investment in a preventive maintenance program may be worthwhile. Furthermore, simple policy changes may result in substantial savings.
Split-course chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a single-institution experience of 144 patients.

Background: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a standard of care in the treatment of unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). At Rush University Medical Center, patients with locally advanced NSCLC are treated with split-course CRT in an attempt to maximize efficacy and tolerability. We reviewed our experience in advanced NSCLC since 1999. Subset analysis was performed on poor-risk patients. Methods: All patients with a diagnosis of stage IIIA/IIIB NSCLC and treated with definitive split-course CRT between January 1999 and December 2008 were included in this retrospective study. The primary end point was overall survival. Poor-risk patients were defined in accordance with ongoing cooperative group trials. Results: One hundred forty-four patients were identified, 35% stage IIIA and 65% stage IIIB. There were 52 poor-risk patients and 92 average-risk patients. Median survival for all patients was 20.4 months with an actuarial 32.1% 3-year overall survival rate. Poor-risk patients demonstrated a median survival of 22.1 months, statistically indistinguishable from the remainder of the cohort ( p = 0.21). Acute esophagitis was mild, with a 3% rate of grade 3 esophagitis and no cases of grade 4 or 5. Conclusions: Split-course CRT appeared effective and was delivered with a favorable toxicity profile. Poor-risk patients experienced better than expected survival. Prospective evaluation of split-course CRT must be completed before it can be considered a standard treatment option in locally advanced NSCLC.
Global Economic and Health Benefits of Tobacco Control: Part 2

Although the risks of tobacco smoking have been known for decades, the pandemic of tobacco use continues. There are an estimated 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, along with millions more using various oral tobacco products. Recent global estimates place the mortality burden from tobacco use at over 6 million annually, with nearly two-thirds of these deaths occurring in developing countries. If current patterns persist, there will be an estimated 1 billion deaths from tobacco during the twenty-first century. Part 1 of this two-part paper provides an overview of the tobacco pandemic, the scope of the pandemic, and its economic and health consequences. Part 2 reviews the history of tobacco control to date and addresses the current global strategy, based on the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the MPOWER package of interventions. Part 2 ends with a consideration of scenarios for the future of the pandemic.
DiAl: distributed streaming analytics anywhere, anytime

Connected devices are expected to grow to 50 billion in 2020. Through our industrial partners and their use cases, we validated the importance of inflight data processing to produce results with low latency, in particular local and global data analytics capabilities. In order to cope with the scalability challenges posed by distributed streaming analytics scenarios, we propose two new technologies: (1) JStreams, a low footprint and efficient JavaScript complex event processing engine supporting local analytics on heterogeneous devices and (2) DiAlM, a distributed analytics management service that leverages cloud-edge evolving topologies. In the demonstration, based on a real manufacturing use case, we walk through a situation where operators supervise manufacturing equipment through global analytics, and drill down into alarm cases on the factory floor by locally inspecting the data generated by the manufacturing equipment.
Fluid inertia in large amplitude oscillatory shear

Homogeneous shearing is required in sliding plate flow experiments with one plate fixed and the other oscillating. However, when fluid inertia becomes significant, the velocity gradient and the stress will not be uniform. MacDonald et al. (1969) and Schrag (1977) investigated this effect for a linear viscoelastic fluid. However, linear viscoelasticity does not describe the behavior of melts in large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). Jeyaseelan et al. (1993) have shown that the Berkeley kinetic network model does accurately describe the LAOS behavior of polymer melts. In this work, the Berkeley model is solved for LAOS in sliding plate flow with fluid inertia, by numerical integration of spatially discretized forms of the governing equations. Nonlinear viscoelasticity is predicted to aggravate the effects of fluid inertia in LAOS and experiments confirm this. Specifically, fluid inertia amplifies the first harmonic and produces no even harmonics. Operating limits are presented graphically for minimizing inertial effects in LAOS experiments.
Marine‐derived fatty acids of fish oils as raw materials for fatty acids manufacture

Fish oils, often an abundant source of C20 and C22 fatty acids, could supplement rapessed oil in the manufacture of long chain saturated fatty acids. Herring oil, traditionally the fish oil of choice, is in very short supply due to depletion of fishery stocks. Menhaden oil, when made from fish caught in the Atlantic, could furnish a steady supply with long chain acids at about the 30% level. Oil made from other species such as anchovy or pilchard need further data on fatty acid content and variability. Manufacture of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oils is hampered by lack of suitable procedures. Potential markets for fish oil polyunsaturates especially in the pharmaceutical field seem promising.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomographic Blood Flow and Magnetic Resonance Volume Imaging of Basal Ganglia in Huntington's Disease

Objective: To examine basal ganglia dysfunction and atrophy in patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease, with correlation of imaging measures with clinical and neuropsychological measures. Design: Survey study in patients with Huntington's disease and matched controls, with imaging measures being evaluated by investigators unaware of the diagnosis. Setting: Baltimore Huntington's Disease Project, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md. Patients and Other Participants: Subjects included 10 patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease and nine healthy age-matched control subjects. Main Outcome Measures: Imaging measures included single photon emission computed tomographic regional cerebral blood flow in caudate, putamen, and thalamus, and magnetic resonance imaging measures of caudate and putamen volumes and bicaudate ratios. Patients underwent neurologic and mental status examinations and neuropsychological tests. tween patients and control subjects was mean putamen volume, reduced 54.3% in patients, with no overlap between groups ( P P P P r =.95; P r =.93; P Results: The measure with the greatest difference be Conclusions: Volumetric measurement of putamen best discriminated patients with Huntington's disease from healthy subjects. Measures of caudate atrophy or single photon emission computed tomographic measures performed less well. Neurologic decline correlated best with subcortical atrophy measured by the bicaudate ratio, but neuropsychological performance best corresponded to cerebrospinal fluid percentage, a measure of global atrophy.
Migration of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the equine oral cavity

Abstract Cogley T. P. , Anderson J. R. and Cooley L. J. 1982. Migration of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the equine oral cavity. International Journal for Parasitology 12: 473–480. Larvae of G. intestinalis pursued a specific migratory pathway within the equine oral cavity en route to the stomach. The larval migration included the following sequence: burrowing in the tongue mucosa, invasion of the interdental spaces, transitory attachment at the root of the tongue and movement to the stomach. The molt from first to second instar did not occur in the tongue, as commonly believed, but between the interdental spaces. Ninety five percent of the larvae invading the interdental spaces were associated with gingiva of the upper molars. SEM analysis revealed further details of the oral migration: (1) air holes excavated in the epithelium which connect with deeper burrows; (2) an intimate association between air holes and posterior spiracles of larvae; (3) precise impressions of larvae in tissue immediately surrounding the most recently formed burrows; and (4) initial larval entry into the tongue through the use of natural disruptions or healing lesions. Factors influencing the development of the oral migration are discussed.
Transverse shear oscillations in four-node quadrilateral plate elements

Abstract Numerical results show that the transverse shears are free of oscillation for regular or quasi-regular meshes of four-node plate elements based on Mindlin-Reissner theory. However, even small perturbations of these meshes can introduce severe oscillations throughout the mesh. These findings apply to the underintegrated elements with and without stabilization and to the fully integrated elements which use assumed shear strains. A filtering procedure capable of recovering improved shears is presented.
Polymorphism and concerted evolution in a tandemly repeated gene family: 5S ribosomal DNA in diploid and allopolyploid cottons

5S RNA genes and their nontranscribed spacers are tandemly repeated in plant genomes at one or more chromosomal loci. To facilitate an understanding of the forces that govern 5S rDNA evolution, copy-number estimation and DNA sequencing were conducted for a phylogenetically well-characterized set of 16 diploid species of cotton (Gossypium) and 4 species representing allopolyploid derivatives of the diploids. Copy number varies over twentyfold in the genus, from approximately 1,000 to 20,000 copies/2C genome. When superimposed on the organismal phylogeny, these data reveal examples of both array expansion and contraction. Across species, a mean of 12% of nucleotide positions are polymorphicwithin individual arrays, for both gene and spacer sequences. This shows, in conjunction with phylogenetic evidence for ancestral polymorphisms that survive speciation events, that intralocus concerted evolutionary forces are relatively weak and that the rate of interrepeat homogenization is approximately equal to the rate of speciation. Evidence presented also shows that duplicated 5S rDNA arrays in allopolyploids have retained their subgenomic identity since polyploid formation, thereby indicating that interlocus concerted evolution has not been an important factor in the evolution of these arrays. A descriptive model, one which incorporates the opposing forces of mutation and homogenization within a selective framework, is outlined to account for the empirical data presented. Weak homogenizing forces allow equivalent levels of sequence polymorphism to accumulate in the 5S gene and spacer sequences, but fixation of mutations is nearly prohibited in the 5S gene. As a consequence, fixed interspecific differences are statistically underrepresented for 5S genes. This result explains the apparent paradox that despite similar levels of gene and spacer diversity, phylogenetic analysis of spacer sequences yields highly resolved trees, whereas analyses based on 5S gene sequences do not.
Price-making in a competitive market

Abstract An attempt is made to analyze the behavior of a price-maker in a purely competitive market. Assuming the price-maker maximizes expected profit subject to the constraint of satisfying periodic excess demand, we derive characteristics of his optimal prices as they depend on current state variables and then obtain properties of the expectation and variance of the long-run stationary probability distribution of price.
A Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Dihydropyran Composite Film Electrode for Insulin Detection in a Microphysiometer Chamber

We have developed a multiwalled carbon nanotube/dihydropyran (MWCNT/DHP) composite sensor for the electrochemical detection of insulin in a microfluidic device. This sensor has been employed for physiological measurements of secreted insulin from pancreatic islets in a Cytosensor® previously modified to be a multianalyte microphysiometer (MAMP). When compared with other established electrochemical insulin sensors, the MWCNT/DHP composite film sensor presented improved resistance to fluidic shear forces, while achieving enhanced electrode kinetics. In addition, the preparation of the composite film is straightforward and facile with a self-polymerizing monomer, DHP, used to add mechanical stability to the film. The sensor film was able to detect insulin concentrations as low as 1 µM in the MAMP during calibration experiments. The MWCNT/DHP composite sensor has been successfully used for the direct detection of insulin secreted by islets in the microphysiometer.
Three‐dimensional visualization of Salmonella attachment to poultry skin using confocal scanning laser microscopy

The objective of this study was to locate the position of attached or entrapped Salmonella cells in poultry skin. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to obtain optical sections of intact poultry skin without artefacts associated with dehydration and other sample preparation techniques. A technique was developed to prevent compression of the poultry skin during CSLM operation. Images of bacteria and poultry skin were obtained after staining with Pyronin-Y. Data indicated that Salmonella cells were mostly located in the cervices and feather follicles. Salmonella in feather follicle floated freely in surrounding liquid even after the skin was thoroughly rinsed.
Influence of three contrasting detrital carbon sources on planktonic bacterial metabolism in a mesotrophic lake

Lakes receive organic carbon from a diversity of sources which vary in their contribution to planktonic microbial food webs. We conducted a mesocosm study to test the effects of three different detrital carbon sources (algae, aquatic macrophytes, terrestrial leaves) on several measures of microbial metabolism in a small meso-eutrophic lake (DOC ≈ 5 mg/L). Small DOC additions (ΔC 20% of 102 carbon sources tested were affected by at least one detritus addition. Macrophyte-C had positive (6% of substrates) and negative (14%) effects on substrate use; terrestrial detritus had mainly positive effects. An ordination based on carbon-use profiles (+12 h) revealed a cluster of macrophyte-amended communities with greater use of psicose, lactulose, and succinamic acid; controls and algal-detritus systems were more effective in metabolizing two common sugars and cellobiose. After 168 h, communities receiving terrestrial detritus were most tightly clustered, exhibiting greater use of raffinose, pyroglutamic acid, and sebacic acid. Results suggest that pelagic bacterial communities respond to changes in organic carbon source rapidly and by different routes, including shifts in per-cell production rates and variations in degradation of a variety of compounds comprising the DOC pool.
The contribution of rising school quality to U.S. economic growth

Abstract U.S. public school expenditures per pupil increased by a factor of 9 during the 20th century. This paper quantifies how much U.S. labor quality has grown due to the rise in educational spending. A schooling model and cross-sectional earnings variations across cohorts are exploited to identify the effect of the increased school expenditures on labor quality growth. The findings are that (i) U.S. labor quality increased by 0.4% per year between 1967 and 2000, one-fifth of which is attributable to the rise in educational spending; and (ii) labor quality growth explains one-quarter of the rise in labor productivity.
Ballistic effusion of normal liquid 3 He through nanoscale apertures

We have measured mass transport of normal liquid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ through an array of submicron diameter apertures in a thin membrane. As the temperature is decreased we observe the crossover from viscous flow to ballistic effusion transport by quasiparticles. In this ballistic regime the quasiparticle mean free path is large compared to both the aperture diameter and the membrane thickness, and the flow conductance is temperature independent. At lowest temperatures, this experiment provides an analog of the electronic ballistic point contact for neutral Fermi liquids. The measured conductance is in quantitative agreement with theory.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Use of Health Care Services for Diabetes Management

Research demonstrates consistent racial/ethnic disparities in access to and use of health care services for a variety of chronic conditions. Yet we know little about whether these disparities exist for use of health care services for diabetes management. Racial/ethnic minorities disproportionately suffer from diabetes, complications from diabetes, and diabetes-related mortality. Proper diabetes management can reduce the risk of complications and premature mortality. Using a large national data set (N = 37,705) of White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American U.S. adults aged 65 years and older who have been diagnosed with diabetes, we examine three specific types of health care provider (HCP) use for diabetes management: number of times seen by a health care professional for diabetes, number of times feet have been checked by a health care professional, and number of visits for a glycosylated hemoglobin check. We found that net of controls for a variety of demographic and socioeconomic characteristic...
GROWTH OF PHYCOMYCES BLAKESLEEANUS IN RELATION TO VARIED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

IN RECENT years the fungus Phycomyces Blakesleeanus Bgf. has been employed in physiological studies on a great variety of fundamental phenomena, such as light reactions, cell wall extension( see Castle, 1935, 1938), influence of vitamin B1 and other regulating substances (Burgeff, 1934; Schopfer, 1934, 1937, Bonner et al., 1939, Robbins, 1939), nutritional requirements (Leonian and Lilly, 1940), etc. The great sensitivity of this organism to physical and chemical stimuli makes it favorable for physiological studies and at the same time imposes the necessity for very careful control of experimental conditions. In connection with the use of the Phycomyces assay method for determinations of thiamin (B1) in higher green plants, marked differences in growth of the fungus were observed in relation to varied temperature, pH, organic content of the nutrient medium, etc. The purpose of this paper is to set forth certain of the experimental results obtained with cultures grown under various controlled conditions. Some of these data are of particular interest in relation to the use of Phycomyces as a biological indicator in assays for thiamin. A forthcoming paper will deal further with the latter subject. METHODS.-Unless otherwise stated, cultures were grown on 25 cc. of nutrient solution in Pyrex Erlenmeyer flasks of 125 cc. capacity. The basal medium contained the following dissolved in 1 liter of Pyrex distilled water: KH2PO4, 1.5 g.; MgSO4 7H20, 0.5 g.; and the trace elements (added from stock solutions of Fe2 (SO4)3, ZnSO4, CuSO4, MnSO4, H3BO3, and (NH4)2 MoO4)Fe, 0.05 mg.; Zn 0.10 mg.; Cu, 0.02 mg.; Mn, 0.01 mg.; B, 0.01 mg.; Mo, 0.016 mg. Because of traces of impurities in the salts, it is probable that the total concentrations of some of these elements may have been somewhat greater than indicated. In this medium there was included the amount and kind of nitrogen and carbon source selected for a particular experiment. The thiamin hydrochloride supplied to cultures was obtained from Merck and Co. All flasks of nutrient media were sterilized in an autoclave at fifteen pounds pressure for twenty minutes. Spores for inoculation were obtained from pure cultures of the fungus maintained on nutrient agar composed of the above basal solution plus 40 g./l. of glucose, 4 g./l. of asparagine, 20 g./l. of agar, and 10-6 M thiamin. A uniform suspension of spores was made for each separate experiment by shaking a quantitv of fresh mature sporangia in basal mineral solution. About one-tenth of a cc. of spore suspension was used
Immunomodulatory Effects of Stored Packed Red Blood Cells in the Injured Patient

• Blood• Blood components• Prestorage leukoreduction• Washing• Stored bloodDespite the advent of new detection techniques for viral pathogens, which hasmarkedly decreased the risk of infectious transmission and increased safety,transfusions are strongly associated with immunosuppression in the host.The best describedimmunomodulatory effect of blood administration is the increased acceptance andprolonged survival of renal allografts in previously transfused patients. Suchtransfusion-related immunomodulation may lead to bacterial infections,increasedgrowth and dissemination of tumor cells,and viral reactivation.This review discussesthe known clinical immunomodulatory consequences of transfusion,reviews relevantanimal studies and immunologic mechanisms,including the effects of older,storedblood,with special emphasis on the injured patient.In addition,possible strategiesto ameliorate transfusion-related immunomodulation are examined with particularemphasis on prestorage leukoreduction and the use of fresh or washed cellularcomponents.
The Analysis of Duocentric Social Networks: A Primer

Marriages and other intimate partnerships are facilitated or constrained by the social networks within which they are embedded. To date, methods used to assess the social networks of couples have been limited to global ratings of social network characteristics or network data collected from each partner separately. In the current article, the authors offer new tools for expanding on the existing literature by describing methods of collecting and analyzing duocentric social networks, that is, the combined social networks of couples. They provide an overview of the key considerations for measuring duocentric networks, such as how and why to combine separate network interviews with partners into one shared duocentric network, the number of network members to assess, and the implications of different network operationalizations. They illustrate these considerations with analyses of social network data collected from 57 low-income married couples, presenting visualizations and quantitative measures of network composition and structure.