cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethylene: A regulator of stress‐induced ACC synthase activity in nonclimacteric fruit

In spite of precautions, harvesting, packing and shipping of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) can often result in injury to the peel, which in turn leads to an increased evolution of the ripening hormone ethylene by the fruit. The present study is an attempt to determine how the stress-induced ethylene pathway is regulated using the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) action inhibitor amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). Incubation of mature grapefruit flavedo discs in the presence of AVG created a super-induction of ACC synthase (ACS) activity. Maximum enzyme activity was achieved following an incubation period of between 24 and 36 h. From AVG-treated flavedo discs, cDNA encoding ACS was isolated, employing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the accumulation of ACS transcripts, which peaked after 36 h incubation, was found to complement the recorded enzyme activity. Saturation of ACS activity was achieved with 100 μM AVG. Incubation of flavedo with AVG significantly decreased both the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to ACC and the evolution of ethylene from the treated tissue, and in vitro incubation of extracted ACS enzyme with AVG led to repression of the action of the enzyme. Treatment of flavedo discs with ACC and ethylene inhibited the AVG-induced ACS activity. Northern blot analysis showed that ethylene suppressed the accumulation of ACS mRNA. It is suggested that in nonclimacteric fruit, the synthesis of ethylene can be regulated through a process of autoinhibition working at the level of gene expression.
Energy landscape diversity and supercooled liquid properties

Families of model “rugged landscape” potential energy functions have been constructed and examined, in order to clarify the molecular-level basis for the relationship between thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors of glassforming substances. The general approach starts by forming elementary basin units, each of which contains a single local minimum (inherent structure). These units are then spliced together to create a continuous composite potential with the requisite number of basins, upper and lower limits, and boundary conditions. We demonstrate by example that this approach creates wide topographic diversity. Specifically, many pairs of model potential functions exist that share identical thermodynamic properties (depth distribution of minima), but drastically different kinetics (overall topography). Thus, within the confines of this purely mathematical exercise, the “strong” versus “fragile” classifications of thermodynamics and of kinetics are logically disconnected. We conclude that the empirically-observed correlation between thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors embodied, for example, in the Adam–Gibbs equation, must rest upon an additional physical principle involving details of interparticle interactions, transcending the purely mathematical aspects of potential energy landscape topography.
Conklin, Joyce, and the Wannaknów

Verbal play among the Hanunoo of Mindoro is surprisingly similar to that practiced by the Dubliners of Ireland. The similarity invites a comparison of the work habits of their scribes: the ethnographer Harold Conklin and the novelist James Joyce. A Joycean version of an ethnography of the Wannaknow is presented as a textual focus for the comparison.
The cosmological constant, the fate of the universe, unimodular gravity, and all that

Abstract The cosmological constant is back. Several lines of evidence point to the conclusion that either there is a positive cosmological constant or else the universe is filled with a strange form of matter (“quintessence”) that mimics some of the effects of a positive lambda. This paper investigates the implications of the former possibility. Two senses in which the cosmological constant can be a constant are distinguished: the capital Λ sense in which lambda is a universal constant on a par with the charge of the electron, and the lower case λ sense in which lambda is a humble constant of integration. The latter interpretation has been touted as the means to a solution to various problems in physics. These claims are critically examined with an eye to discerning the implications for philosophy of science and foundations of physics.
IT STRATEGY AND INNOVATION: Recent Innovations in Knowledge Management

91 Two recent innovations are likely to improve the effectiveness of organizational knowledge management (KM): the use of peers instead of experts and Wiki approaches. Both of these are associated with KM systems that focus on a codification strategy, as distinct from a personalization strategy. Codification KM strategies are exemplified by the creation of knowledge repositories — such as “lessons learned” or “best practices” — and are therefore not only difficult and costly to create, but also tedious and expensive
Wide-bandgap (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 absorber layers deposited by three-stage co-evaporation

Wide-bandgap (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 absorber layers with Ga/(In+Ga) = 0.8 were deposited by a three-stage co-evaporation process using varying Se incident flux and stage-one substrate temperature. Films exhibited preferential (204)/(220) orientation and a Ga-deficient notch near the surface, both characteristics analogous to previously reported Cu(InGa)Se 2 films deposited using the same process. Increasing Se-to-metals molar flux ratio from Se/M ≈ 5 to Se/M ≈ 20 reduced process variability, but did not result in an overall improvement in device performance. Reducing stage-one substrate temperature from T SS = 550 to T SS = 400 °C also did not affect device performance. Consistent with earlier results, Ag incorporation improved wide bandgap device efficiencies from η ≈ 8% with no Ag to η ≈ 12% with Ag/(Ag+Cu) = 0.75.
Simvastatin modulates chemokine and chemokine receptor expression by geranylgeranyl isoprenoid pathway in human endothelial cells and macrophages.

Abstract Objective Atherosclerosis is a chronic immuno-inflammatory disease involving the recruitment of monocytes and T lymphocytes to the vascular wall of arteries. Chemokines and their receptors, known to induce leukocyte migration, have recently been implicated in atherogenesis. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors) have anti-inflammatory properties beyond their lipid-lowering effects. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether simvastatin reduces the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in two major cell types implicated in atherogenesis and to test isoprenoid intermediates involved in their regulation. Methods and results We performed in vitro experiments on human vascular endothelial cells and human primary macrophages. First, we have shown by ELISA that 1 μM simvastatin significantly reduced MCP-1 in endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages stimulated with TNF-α or IFN-γ, respectively. Messenger RNA analysis revealed that expression of the chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and MIP-1β, as well as the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR4 and CCR5, was decreased by simvastatin, both in ECs and macrophages. Furthermore, the statin effects were reversed by mevalonate and mimicked by the geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor (GGTI), whereas the farnesyl transeferase inhibitor (FTI) had no effect. These results suggests that statins act via inhibition of the geranylgeranylation of proteins. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that statins reduce chemokine and chemokine receptor expressions in human ECs and macrophages via inhibition of the geranylgeranylpyrophosphate pathway. Thus, our data provide further evidence that statins have anti-inflammatory properties beyond their lipid-lowering effects. These findings highlight specific novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases to reduce inflammation mediated by chemokines and their receptors.
Complex energy spectra in reggeon quantum mechanics with quartic interactions

Abstract We investigate the eigenvalue spectra in reggeon quantum mechanics when the hamiltonian contains both (non-hermitian) cubic and quartic interactions. We employ a new method for finding eigenvalues numerically and discuss the general features of the solutions. For the case of cubic plus symmetric quartic couplings, complex eigenvalues are obtained for a well-defined range in coupling parameters. Eigenvalues are found to cross one another as the couplings are varied. Vanishing eigenvalues are found at values of the couplings predicted by Bronzan, but are not simply related to the states as he suggested. We see the possibility for multiple phase transitions, and find that the spin model approximations are badly violated for a wide range of parameter values. For the case of purely quartic couplings (both symmetric and asymmetric), the eigenvalue spectrum is found to agree qualitatively with Bronzan's predictions. Quantitative graphs of the functional dependence of the eigenvalues on the parameters are given.
The Measurement of Computer Attitudes: An Empirical Comparison of Available Scales:

This study empirically compared four available measures of attitudes towards computers, including computer anxiety. One objective of the study was to determine which, if any, of the measures was superior to the others on the psychometric criteria of reliability and validity. A secondary objective of the study was to identify a smaller number of items from the four measures of computer attitudes that would take less time to complete, yet result in highly reliable scales of computer attitudes. Results showed that all measures tested were essentially equal in terms of reliability and validity. Attempts to empirically derive improved scales were unproductive. Two of the measures were superior on a number of other criteria. Intended use should be the main criterion for choice as any of the four measures will likely provide reliable, reasonably valid information.
Modulation of type VII collagen (anchoring fibril) expression by retinoids in human skin cells

Abstract We examined the effects of retinoids on the expression of type VII collagen, a major component of anchoring fibrils, in human keratinocytes and amnion cells (WISH). All-trans retinoic acid (RA) (5×10−6 M) decreased the steady-state levels of type VII collagen mRNA by at least 80% after 18 h. The inhibition was evident within 6 h after the addition of RA, maximal at 18 h, and was dose-dependent. Reduction of type VII mRNA expression also occurred when cell cultures were incubated with retinol, retinal, and 13-cis RA. Retinoid-mediated inhibition of type VII collagen mRNA expression was observed in keratinocytes growing in either serum-free keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) or KGM supplemented with 1.4 mM Ca2+. Cycloheximide blocked RA-mediated inhibition of type VII collagen mRNA, demonstrating the need for de novo protein synthesis. The mRNA levels for fibronectin and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were not affected by the retinoids, suggesting selective inhibition on type VII collagen expression. In addition, the decrease in type VII collagen mRNA was accompanied by a parallel decrease in secretion of the 290 kDa, type VII collagen alpha chains.
A prototype of landmark-based car navigation using a full-windshield head-up display system

In driving applications, a full windshield head-up display (FWD) system provides a flexible way for delivering driving related information. The projected information (text, image and graphics) is distorted on the car windshield because of its non-planar surface, the FWD projector's position and the viewing angle of the driver. In this paper, we present development of a prototype of landmark-based car navigation using an FWD system. We propose to use a computer vision method to automatically correct FWD projection distortion on the windshield. Our system consists of an FWD, a camera and an LCD video projector. In the calibration phase, the camera captures the patterns projected by the FWD projector and our method automatically models the windshield distortion. In the working phase, the LCD video projector projects a video sequence (that is captured on a moving vehicle in the real driving situation) onto a wall to simulate real driving and the camera simulates the driver's view. Our system aims to detect and highlight key landmarks such as road signs on the windshield by controlling the FWD projector to provide better navigation information. We demonstrate the proposed concept using our previously developed street landmark detection system.
Intermolecular energy transfer between lanthanide complexes in aqueous solution—V stereoselectivity in the transfer from terbium(III) to europium(III) complexes of malic acid

Intermolecular energy transfer from Tb3+ to Eu3+, and emission intensity and lifetime measurements were used to study the bonding between Tb3+ ions and malic acid. This description was aided by references to published potentiometric titration data, and to circular dichroism and circularly polarized emission spectra. Below a pH of 7 the complexes are largely monomeric and ligand chirality is only weakly transmitted to the metal. The ligands bind much more effectively to the metal when the pH is raised from 7 to 10, and polymeric association of the complexes becomes important. At high pH (10–12), the complexes become extensively associated and the energy transfer is characterized by stereoselective effects. Energy is transferred more effectively among complexes containing resolved ligands than among complexes prepared from racemic ligands in this high pH region.
The relationship between environmental disclosures and financial performance: an empirical study of US firms

The purpose of this study is to examine the current practices of relatively large corporations concerning the relationship between environmental disclosures and financial performance. An examination of 469 firms listed in the 1994 Forbes 500 was conducted. The results showed that firms classified as high financial performers had higher incidences of environmental policies and/or descriptions of environmental commitment than firms classified as low performers. Firms classified as medium financial performers had the highest incidences of firm environmental policies and/or a description of their environmental commitment. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A two-dimensional electromagnetic field algorithm for high-intensity laser–target interactions

The interaction of high-intensity ultrashort pulse lasers with solid targets is modeled via a 2D2V relativistic electromagnetic particle-in-cell code. In order to obtain a stable numerical solution of the field equations, the current density from the particle equations is written in a form with the electric field factored out and inserted into the Maxwell equations. The resulting system is very robust with excellent energy conserving properties. This technique is applicable to a wide range of conditions: from non-relativistic to the highly relativistic regime and for both underdense and highly overdense plasmas.
A note using mergers and acquisitions to gain competitive advantage in the United States in the case of Latin American MNCs

Abstract The “new” economic and business climate in Latin America, fostered by multilateral trade agreements such as NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and the ANDEAN Pact, suggests that Latin American (LA) firms must become more aggressive and competitive in order to survive. Foreign direct investment in the form of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) is often an effective way of competing in a tough global environment. Using transactions data collected from Security Data Company's Worldwide Merger and Acquisition database, this paper analyzes the relative involvement of firms from five LA countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela) in acquiring targets in the United States of America. Transaction characteristics examined and summarized include the annual distribution (1985–1998) of the deals, the industrial sector of the target firm, the form of acquisition method used, and the form of ownership of the target firm. The trends are analyzed, and implications for managers are indicated.
IMPLICATIONS OF VECTOR-MESON FIELD THEORY AND PARTIALLY CONSERVED AXIAL- VECTOR CURRENT ON ELECTRON--POSITRON ANNIHILATION INTO HADRONS.

The total cross section for electron-positron annihilation into hadrons is examined under the assumption that the hadron electromagnetic current is a linear combination of vector-meson fields. A sum rule is found which implies that the cross section must fall off faster than ${E}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{(\mathrm{ln}E)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $E$ is the center-of-mass energy.
Transcription factor NF-κB regulates inducible CD83 gene expression in activated T lymphocytes

The immunoglobulin superfamily member CD83 is expressed on the surface of mature dendritic cells that present processed antigens to T lymphocytes. In addition, T cells acquire CD83 expression following mitogenic stimulation in vitro. Here we report two lines of evidence demonstrating that this inducible lymphocyte response is genetically programmed by transcription factor NF-kappaB and contingent upon proteolytic breakdown of its cytoplasmic inhibitor IkappaBalpha. First, signal-dependent induction of CD83 mRNA expression is blocked in both transformed and primary T cells harboring a degradation-resistant mutant of IkappaBalpha that constitutively represses NF-kappaB. Second, as revealed in gel retardation assays, the IkappaBalpha constitutive repressor prevents the inducible interaction of NF-kappaB with consensus recognition sites identified in the CD83 promoter. Given that IkappaBalpha is functionally coupled to the T-cell antigen receptor, these findings suggest that the downstream transcription unit for CD83 is triggered by NF-kappaB during an adaptive immune response.
Phylogenetically Related Cultural Traditions

Anthropologists have long recognized that cultural traditions in different societies can be related phylogenetically in that they derive historically from a common ancestral tradition in the same way that languages can be related phylogenetically. Problems of method for convincingly establishing such relations for cultural traditions have remained unresolved. Remote Oceania, where we have reason to assume that nearly all existing cultural traditions are phyloge netically related, offers possibilities for comparative study to illus trate the methodological issues to be resolved. The methodological strategy is described and illustrative examples are offered.
Transcirculation endovascular treatment of complex cerebral aneurysms: technical considerations and preliminary results.

Background Unfavorable anatomy can preclude embolization of intracranial aneurysms. Transcirculation techniques, in which a catheter is navigated from one side of the brain to the other or from the anterior to the posterior circulation, are alternative pathways for primary or balloon- or stent-assisted coiling. Objective We report the largest experience in coil embolization of aneurysms using transcirculation techniques. Methods We reviewed our endovascular database from 2006 to 2009 and identified 18 patients who had aneurysms treated with transcirculation techniques. Results Eight patients had anterior and 10 had posterior circulation aneurysms. Overall, 8 patients were treated with stent-assisted coiling and 9 with balloon-assisted coiling, including 1 patient treated with a "kissing balloon" technique. Of the 9 patients treated with balloon-assistance, 1 also was stented at the conclusion of aneurysm coiling. One patient with a left fourth vertebral artery (V4) aneurysm was treated with coiling alone via a bilateral vertebral artery (VA) approach. In 14 patients, the anterior communicating and posterior communicating arteries were used as conduits. In 4 patients, both VAs were traversed to treat 2 V4 aneurysms and 2 posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms. One patient died as a result of treatment and was the only permanent complication (5.6%). Complete or near-complete (>95%) embolization was achieved in all patients. Conclusion Transcirculation techniques are effective pathways for embolization of complex aneurysms. Although technically challenging, these techniques are associated with an acceptably low rate of complications when compared to the natural history of the treated lesion.
Abiotic reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethylenes by iron-bearing soil minerals. 1. Pyrite and magnetite.

Abiotic reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethylenes (tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC)) by pyrite and magnetite was c...
Re/membering the town body: methodology and the work of local history

This paper seeks to rework connections between material productions of memory and formations of local identity, both theoretically and empirically. A growing literature about sites of memory suggests that social groups continually reconstruct the past for political-economic purposes. Often, this literature does not sufficiently theorize the production of social groups, particularly when these groups are taken to be a priori units of analysis. Identity is thereby presumed while showing that some version of history was invented. I suggest that presumed and contested histories embody the performance of group identifications just as social groups construct the past. Commemorative books from Stockbridge, a small rural New England community with national cultural prestige, are then used to outline a town narrative in «double-time» where history both structures and is structured by performances of identity. The projects of local historians, I argue, performatively reconstitute local identity through ongoing processes of union and differentiation. Yet in the production of literature memorializing a town body called Stockbridge, the projects have presumably drawn from localized resources. Narration in double time thus works methodologically both to erase and to evoke the small community, endeavouring to make it visible as a fundamental yet fictitious social formation.
Measurement of mass-transfer rates for surfactant-enhanced solubilization of nonaqueous phase liquids

Surfactant-enhanced solubilization of residual, nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) contaminants is an emerging, subsurface remediation technology. The potential for nonequilibrium conditions is investigated for surfactant-enhanced solubilization of a NAPL, trichloroethylene (TCE), in a model porous medium. The surfactant formulation consists of an anionic surfactant, sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate, an alcohol, and an electrolyte in aqueous solution. Batch solubilization experiments are conducted to assess the significance of chemical rate limitations. Surfactant flood experiments are conducted in packed columns with residual TCE. Mass-transfer rate coefficients are determined as a function of aqueous-phase pore velocity, NAPL volumetric fraction, and surfactant concentration. A correlation for predicting mass-transfer rate coefficients as a function of system properties is developed. The mass-transfer rate coefficients and correlation are obtained by fitting a transport simulator to the column effluent concent...
Vascular Access for Therapeutic Plasma Exchange

Adequate venous access is an essential component of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPEX). The simplest kind of venous access is venipuncture of antecubital veins, but this technique may be limited by venous size or scarring following the procedure, requiring the placement of a specialized vascular access device (VAD). VADs provide reliable central venous access and may remain in place for several weeks or months, depending on the VAD and the venous site chosen. Their use, however, is potentially limited by the risk of complications. We discuss indications for insertion, choice of catheter and access site, and complications of VAD placement for TPEX.
Translating Tibet's Cultural Dispersion: Solzhenitsyn, Paine, and Orwell in Dharamsala

In the closing years of the 1940s, the Tibetan government formed a trade delegation that traveled to India, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The new delegation intended, among othe...
The Role of Dbf4-Dependent Protein Kinase in DNA Polymerase ζ-Dependent Mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) (composed of Dbf4 and Cdc7 subunits) is an essential, conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase that regulates multiple processes in the cell, including DNA replication, recombination and induced mutagenesis. Only DDK substrates important for replication and recombination have been identified. Consequently, the mechanism by which DDK regulates mutagenesis is unknown. The yeast mcm5-bob1 mutation that bypasses DDK’s essential role in DNA replication was used here to examine whether loss of DDK affects spontaneous as well as induced mutagenesis. Using the sensitive lys2ΔA746 frameshift reversion assay, we show DDK is required to generate “complex” spontaneous mutations, which are a hallmark of the Polζ translesion synthesis DNA polymerase. DDK co-immunoprecipitated with the Rev7 regulatory, but not with the Rev3 polymerase subunit of Polζ. Conversely, Rev7 bound mainly to the Cdc7 kinase subunit and not to Dbf4. The Rev7 subunit of Polζ may be regulated by DDK phosphorylation as immunoprecipitates of yeast Cdc7 and also recombinant Xenopus DDK phosphorylated GST-Rev7 in vitro. In addition to promoting Polζ-dependent mutagenesis, DDK was also important for generating Polζ-independent large deletions that revert the lys2ΔA746 allele. The decrease in large deletions observed in the absence of DDK likely results from an increase in the rate of replication fork restart after an encounter with spontaneous DNA damage. Finally, nonepistatic, additive/synergistic UV sensitivity was observed in cdc7Δ pol32Δ and cdc7Δ pol30-K127R,K164R double mutants, suggesting that DDK may regulate Rev7 protein during postreplication “gap filling” rather than during “polymerase switching” by ubiquitinated and sumoylated modified Pol30 (PCNA) and Pol32.
Cancer classification by sparse representation using microarray gene expression data

In this paper, a new method is proposed for cancer diagnosis using gene expression data by casting the classification problem as finding sparse representations of test samples with respect to training samples. The sparse representation is efficiently computed by lscr1-regularized least square. Numerical experiment shows that the new approach can match the best performance achieved by support vector machines (SVM). Sparse representation approach also has no need of model selection.
Leaky-waves in a metamaterial-based two-dimensional structure for a conical beam antenna application

A two-dimensional periodic mushroom structure is proposed as a leaky-wave antenna with a conical beam. To the author's knowledge, this is the first 2D leaky wave antenna demonstrated experimentally. The structure can be modelled as a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line and exhibits both backward and forward leakage. The radiation patterns for the antenna are shown and demonstrated a scanning range of 15/spl deg/-33/spl deg/ in the backward region and 27/spl deg/-63/spl deg/ in the forward region.
Kirtland's Warblers in Anthropogenically Disturbed Early-Successional Habitats on Eleuthera, the Bahamas

Abstract. To characterize the nonbreeding habitat of Kirtland's Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) on Eleuthera, The Bahamas, we quantified the habitat at sites where we captured the warblers and compared these traits with those of random sites and sites of tall coppice. On the basis of a chronosequence of satellite imagery, 153 capture sites ranged in age from 3 to 28 years after human disturbance, mean 14.6 years ± 6.3 (SD). Capture sites had been abandoned after clearing (65%), converted to goat pasture (26%), burned (2%), or were young second growth following unknown disturbance (7%). Canopies in 104 capture plots were lower (mean 1.8 m) than canopies in random plots (mean 2.7 m) and plots of late-successional tall coppice (mean 6.3 m). At seven sites mean foliage density in capture plots was consistently greatest at 0.5 to 1.0 m height, but the sites were heterogeneous for other foliage-height classes <3 m and for time since disturbance, canopy height, stem density, and five ground-cover traits. Plots di...
Navajo conceptions of justice in the peacemaker court

L'A. etudie le lien entre les valeurs philosophiques et religieuses de la cosmologie Navajo, fondee sur le mythe de la creation, d'une part, et la conception de la justice qui sous-tend la methodologie juridique de la Cour Pacifique, d'autre part. Par comparaison avec les notions occidentales d'egalite et de justice, l'A. montre que la Cour Pacifique est l'instrument moderne qui preserve les rites anciens et garantit les relations sociales entre la cosmologie, l'ontologie et l'ethique Navajo.
Recent developments in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults.

Purpose. Recent developments in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults are reviewed. Summary. Corticosteroids have been extensively studied in ARDS; however, they have not demonstrated clear benefit in patients with ARDS. Some trials have found increased complications and mortality related to corticosteroid use. The use of conservative fluid management has been associated with significant reductions in morbidity, highlighting the need to avoid fluid overadministration in patients with ARDS. A number of ventilatory strategies have also been studied. Studies have found that higher positive end-expiratory pressure settings do not appear to be harmful in patients with ARDS. In an effort to prevent alveolar overdistention, low tidal volume and plateau pressure ventilation is increasingly being used in patients with acute lung injury (ALI). Given the increasing evidence supporting the use of lower tidal volume ventilation, this strategy has become the new standard of care in patients with suspected ALI and ARDS. No clear benefit has been shown in the treatment of ARDS with nitric oxide and surfactant. Prostaglandins and acetylcysteine are not considered useful in the treatment of ARDS, while no conclusions can be drawn regarding the benefits of albuterol on mortality in patients with ARDS. The use of prone positioning should be discouraged in the treatment of ARDS based on its associated risks. Conclusion. Early administration of moderate-dosage corticosteroids likely helps decrease the time of ventilator dependence and duration of intensive care unit stay. Conservative fluid management and low tidal volume ventilation are becoming increasingly widespread in the management of patients with ARDS. Nitric oxide, surfactant, prostaglandins, albuterol, acetylcysteine, and prone positioning have not been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of ARDS.
Salt taste discrimination after bilateral section of the chorda tympani or glossopharyngeal nerves

Gustatory deafferentation of the anterior tongue by bilateral section of the chorda tympani nerve, which removes only 15% of the total taste buds in the rat, severely impaired the rat's ability to discriminate NaCl from KCl. The discrimination deficit was selective. Denervated rats were able to discriminate sucrose from quinine. Despite eliminating four times as many taste buds by bilateral section of the glossopharyngeal nerve, posterior lingual deafferentation had no effect on NaCl vs. KCl discrimination performance. Collectively, these data suggest that afferents in the chorda tympani nerve provide the highest degree of disparity between the peripheral signals representing NaCl and KCl. Electrophysiological findings of others implicate the sodium-specific afferents that appear to exclusively exist in the chorda tympani nerve as the critical elements subserving the NaCl vs. KCl discrimination.
Superficial ultrasound shear wave speed measurements in soft and hard elasticity phantoms: repeatability and reproducibility using two ultrasound systems

There is a paucity of data available regarding the repeatability and reproducibility of superficial shear wave speed (SWS) measurements at imaging depths relevant to the pediatric population. To assess the repeatability and reproducibility of superficial shear wave speed measurements acquired from elasticity phantoms at varying imaging depths using three imaging methods, two US systems and multiple operators. Soft and hard elasticity phantoms manufactured by Computerized Imaging Reference Systems Inc. (Norfolk, VA) were utilized for our investigation. Institution No. 1 used an Acuson S3000 US system (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, PA) and three shear wave imaging method/transducer combinations, while institution No. 2 used an Aixplorer US system (SuperSonic Imagine, Bothell, WA) and two different transducers. Ten stiffness measurements were acquired from each phantom at three depths (1.0 cm, 2.5 cm and 4.0 cm) by four operators at each institution. Student’s t-test was used to compare SWS measurements between imaging techniques, while SWS measurement agreement was assessed with two-way random effects single-measure intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variation. Mixed model regression analysis determined the effect of predictor variables on SWS measurements. For the soft phantom, the average of mean SWS measurements across the various imaging methods and depths was 0.84 ± 0.04 m/s (mean ± standard deviation) for the Acuson S3000 system and 0.90 ± 0.02 m/s for the Aixplorer system (P = 0.003). For the hard phantom, the average of mean SWS measurements across the various imaging methods and depths was 2.14 ± 0.08 m/s for the Acuson S3000 system and 2.07 ± 0.03 m/s Aixplorer system (P > 0.05). The coefficients of variation were low (0.5–6.8%), and interoperator agreement was near-perfect (ICCs ≥ 0.99). Shear wave imaging method and imaging depth significantly affected measured SWS (P < 0.0001). Superficial shear wave speed measurements in elasticity phantoms demonstrate minimal variability across imaging method/transducer combinations, imaging depths and operators. The exact clinical significance of this variation is uncertain and may change according to organ and specific disease state.
An evolution based classifier for prediction of protein interfaces without using protein structures

Motivation: The number of available protein structures still lags far behind the number of known protein sequences. This makes it important to predict which residues participate in protein--protein interactions using only sequence information. Few studies have tackled this problem until now. Results: We applied support vector machines to sequences in order to generate a classification of all protein residues into those that are part of a protein interface and those that are not. For the first time evolutionary information was used as one of the attributes and this inclusion of evolutionary importance rankings improves the classification. Leave-one-out cross-validation experiments show that prediction accuracy reaches 64%. Contact:ires@bcm.tmc.edu; lichtarge@bcm.tmc.edu
The Effect of Colour Contrast on Consumers' Attentive Behaviours and Perception of Fresh Produce

SUMMARY The market for fruits and vegetables has received considerable interest in recent years, with much of its growth attributed to consumer interest in nutrition and health. Quality has been indicated to be the most important factor in produce sales, and appearance is of noted significance with regard to perceived quality. The broad objectives of this research were to identify the impact of simultaneous colour contrast (i.e. the produce viewed through a mesh bag) on (a) attentive behaviours as measured by eye tracking and (b) perceived quality, visual appeal and purchase intention as measured with a Likert scale. To accomplish these objectives, six different types of produce (red apples, oranges, lemons, green apples, purple onions and white onions) were photographed with four differently coloured mesh treatments: the same (as the produce), complementary, complementary-analogous and analogous. Visual stimuli were then presented during the eye tracking study and in a subsequent questionnaire. Colour contrast was found to have a significant effect on both resultant eye tracking variables [number of visual fixations (p < 0.001) and time spent (p < 0.001)]. Produce shown with mesh of the same, or an analogous colour, induced significantly more visual fixations and more time than those depicted with complementary or complementary-analogous treatments. Subsequent to the eye tracking study, subjects were shown the stimuli and asked to rate the expected quality, visual appeal and their purchase intention for the 24 photographs (6 types of produce × 4 colour contrasts) by using a Likert scale. Pairwise comparisons suggested that produce packaged in the same or analogous mesh were perceived by subjects to be of higher quality, more visually appealing and evoked a higher level of purchase intention than those packaged in complementary or complementary-analogous mesh (α = 0.05). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kant's third law of mechanics: The long shadow of Leibniz

Abstract This paper examines the origin, range and meaning of the Principle of Action and Reaction in Kant’s mechanics. On the received view, it is a version of Newton’s Third Law. I argue that Kant meant his principle as foundation for a Leibnizian mechanics. To find a ‘Newtonian’ law of action and reaction, we must look to Kant’s ‘dynamics,’ or theory of matter. I begin, in part I, by noting marked differences between Newton’s and Kant’s laws of action and reaction. I argue that these are explainable by Kant’s allegiance to a Leibnizian mechanics. I show (in part II) that Leibniz too had a model of action and reaction, at odds with Newton’s. Then I reconstruct how Jakob Hermann and Christian Wolff received Leibniz’s model. I present (in Part III) Kant’s early law of action and reaction for mechanics. I show that he devised it so as to solve extant problems in the Hermann-Wolff account. I reconstruct Kant’s views on ‘mechanical’ action and reaction in the 1780s, and highlight strong continuities with his earlier, pre-Critical stance. I use these continuities, and Kant’s earlier engagement with post-Leibnizians, to explain the un-Newtonian features of his law of action and reaction.
Expressive therapy in conjunction with psychotherapy in the treatment of persons with multiple personality disorder.

This article examines the prevalence and complexity of multiple personality disorder as well as the contributions that psychiatry and occupational therapy make in its treatment. The value of activity is that it serves as a nonverbal mediator of communication. Activities are also useful in helping the therapist to obtain a patient's history, which is necessary for abreaction (i.e., the patient's reliving and recalling of the original abuse). Abreaction is a precursor to the integration of the abusive memories into the patient's current life.
Optimal control of rapid thermal annealing in a semiconductor process

Abstract This study focuses on the optimal control of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) used in the formation of ultrashallow junctions needed in next-generation microelectronic devices. Comparison of different parameterizations of the optimal trajectories shows that linear profiles give the best combination of minimizing junction depth and sheet resistance. Worst-case robustness analysis of the optimal control trajectory motivates improvements in feedback control implementations for these processes. This is the first time that the effects of model uncertainties and control implementation inaccuracies are rigorously quantified for RTA.
XIII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—CXVIII

(1929). XIII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—CXVIII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 4, No. 19, pp. 142-152.
Altered lipoprotein metabolism in chronic inflammatory states: proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein and accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis

In this review, the authors discuss the formation and structure of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and how those particles are altered in inflammatory or stress states to lose their capacity for reverse cholesterol transport and for antioxidant activity. In addition, abnormal HDLs can become proinflammatory (piHDLs) and actually contribute to oxidative damage. The assay by which piHDLs are identified involves studying the ability of test HDLs to prevent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. Finally, the authors discuss the potential role of piHDLs (found in some 45% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 20% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis) in the accelerated atherosclerosis associated with some chronic rheumatic diseases.
Correction of Genetic Defects in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Summary The talk reviews the current knowledge on the attempts made for the correction of genetic defects in cultured somatic cells. Apart from the special case of “metabolic cooperation”, the correction of genetic defects has thus far been unequivocally achieved only by somatic cell hybridization (intergenomic, intergenic or interallelic complementation). Though these studies have provided critical data to the students of human genetics, they seem unlikely to be of practical value for the so-called “gene therapy” (which perhaps would be better labelled as “phene therapy”). Of close relevance to this problem are the attempts made, by different authors and with different approaches, for a more direct repair of the abnormal function in the cultured diseased cells by means of DNA-transformation or virus-mediated transformation. Some preliminary results from experiments bearing on this subject and performed in the author's laboratory are presented. The need for basic data on the mapping of mammalian chromosomes is emphasized for a better understanding of the transfer of genetic information in mammalian cells. Strategies and perspectives of somatic cell genetics are discussed with particular reference to the mapping of the human genome. A rudimental map of the human X-chromosome is presented.
Actinide (Th4+ and UO22+) assisted oxidative coupling of ortho-phenylenediamine in the presence of oxygen

Abstract While the actinide salts because of their Lewis acidity and flexible coordination geometry demonstrate unique possibilities as catalysts, research with actinide catalysts typically involves complexed organoactinide frameworks. Many actinide salts have yet to be explored in catalysis or as reagents in metal mediated synthesis. Here, the synthesis of the heterocycle 2,3-diaminophenazine has been reported in good yields in the presence of oxygen via the first use of thorium nitrate or uranyl nitrate as the catalyst.
The Perceptions of People of Color in Academic Libraries Concerning the Relationship Between Retention and Advancement as Middle Managers

ABSTRACTA diverse workforce is important to librarianship. As a result, the recruitment of librarians of color has remained a priority; additionally, ensuring that those individuals are retained and advancing is of equal importance because it speaks to the profession's ability to maintain a diverse workforce. This article explores the interrelationship between retention and advancement for academic librarians of color working as middle managers. Through the use of narrative inquiry, the author found that several commonalities emerged among participants: the prevalence of internal promotions, lack of interest in senior leadership, and participation in library leadership institutes. The findings indicate that retention and advancement are two separate and distinct issues for librarians of color working as middle managers, with retention less of a concern. The findings also suggest that the relationship between the middle manager and his or her supervisor is critical to interest in advancement.
Quantum mechanical hartree-fock potential surfaces and calculations on minerals

Extensive ab initio results using the robust 6-31G* basis set are compared with earlier STO-3G calculations on the Si-O-H system. The 6-31G* results clearly show that improving the quality of the ab initio calculations increases the accuracy of the bonding description within the monosilicic and disilicic acid molecules. In turn, the new ab initio results predict quite well the dynamics of the SiO bonds in framework silicates such as quartz or silica glass.
Detection of Menstrual Cycle Changes in Breast Ductal Epithelium using Impedance Spectroscopy

Morphological changes occur in breast ductal epithelium during menstrual cycle. Electrical contact with ductal epithelium was established using a nipple electrode in 51 pre-menopausal women scheduled for breast biopsy. Epithelial impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were obtained over a frequency range of 0.1 Hz-60 kHz. Seven of the 51 patients tested had ductal hyperplasia and demonstrated a high transepithelial ductal resistance (Re), 225 ± 59 kΩ, that did not appear to vary during menstrual cycle. However, significant differences were observed in patients with non-proliferative disease tested in week 1 and 4 of cycle (Wk 1, 4), (n=23) compared to those tested in week 2 and 3 (Wk 2, 3), (n=21). Re of the ducts were higher in Wk 2, 3 with values of 281 ± 59 kΩ compared with an Re of 114 ± 19 kΩ in patients tested in Wk 1, 4 (p < 0.05). The capacitance of the ductal system appeared non-significantly higher in Wk 1, 4 with a value of 8.40 ± 7.70 μF, compared with 0.28 ± 0.03 μF in patients tested in Wk 2, 3, (p = 0.097). This study demonstrates that menstrual cycle affects the electrical signature of the ductal epithelium in patients with benign breast disease, and can be measured non-invasively.
Supplier evaluation research based on supply disruption risk prevention

Supply chain business expanding globally and the lean philosophy developing lead to enterprises increasing degree of dependence on suppliers gradually. However, suppliers influenced by real risk factors are often unreliable. In the event of supply disruptions, it will cause huge losses to the enterprise. Supplier evaluation is an effective measure to prevent disruption risks. For this purpose, a supplier evaluation index system based on supply disruption risk prevention is established and an evaluation model used the entropy method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is constructed and then the comprehensive strength of each supplier is calculated through the example. These provide theoretical basis for enterprises to select qualified supplier.
Epidemiological Analysis of Hepatitis A in 10 Years in Zhumadian City

[Objective]To study the epidemic features of Hepatitis A,and provide scientific evidence for developing control measures of Hepatitis A. [Methods]Data of Hepatitis A collected from 1998-2007 were conducted epidemiological analysis. [Results] The incidence of hepatitis A decreased annually with seasonal feature. Youths aged 10-39 year old were high-risk group,the incidence of peasants,students,workers,cadres and staff accounted for 71.96% of the total cases,male cases outnumbered the female cases,with the ratio of 2.16 ∶1. [Conclusion]The planed and targeted implementation of vaccination against hepatitis A,which is major in comprehensive measures,is the main reason for the decline of hepatitis A year by year.
Myocardial salvage and mortality in STEMI: A race against ischemic time

Total ischemic time (IT) and door-to-balloon time (DBT) are two important measures in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). IT is a better predictor of cardiovascular outcomes than DTB, including infarct size and mortality, in STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. IT should be adopted as a standard metric to measure quality of care in STEMI, and will help to promote improvements to our health care delivery system.