cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soils as Generators and Sinks of Inorganic Carbon in Geologic Time

Soil is a continuum in geologic time. Like today, pedogenesis in the geologic past altered soils by transformations, translocations, additions, and losses as continents drifted and collided across global climatic zones. One of the major biogeochemical systems operating in soils across geologic time is the carbonic acid system, which includes gaseous CO2(g), dissolved CO2(aq), carbonic acid H2CO3(aq), bicarbonate HCO3 − (aq), carbonate CO3 2− (aq), and solid-phase calcium carbonate (mainly calcite). These chemical species, collectively referred to as inorganic carbon, increased in the Silurian when vascular plants colonized the continents and began pumping atmospheric CO2 into soils via photosynthesis and root respiration, which accelerated mineral weathering and made soils “generators” of bicarbonate. In humid regions soils are “flushing” and bicarbonate enters groundwater, streams, and is transported to the oceans. In arid regions soils are “non-flushing” and bicarbonate is not linked to the hydrological system, but precipitates in soil as pedogenic carbonate, making arid soils sinks of inorganic carbon. Pedogenic carbonate is documented in paleosols throughout the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and back into the Silurian of mid-Paleozoic time. Paleogeographic maps from Present to Precambrian are useful for revealing where arid regions were located in geologic time and how they expanded and contracted; thus, propounding the question of how (and if) a currently expanding “Aridosphere” will impact the global carbon cycle.
How could conditional cash transfer programme conditionalities reinforce vulnerability? Non-compliers and policy implementation gaps in Uruguay's Family Allowances

Influential research shows that conditionalities could incentivize recipients of conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs) to send their children to school and to regular health check‐ups. However, a growing literature is elucidating the risks of conditional transfers, from both a philosophical and an empirical perspective. This article highlights the varied deficits that have accompanied the implementation process in some Latin American countries, as well as the consequences that these deficits might have on the beneficiaries. In particular, it suggests that, rather than reducing vulnerability by improving access to services, conditionalities could be reinforcing vulnerability among non‐compliers if non‐compliance leads to the immediate suspension of the cash transfer and if this sanction is poorly implemented. While this hypothesis has gained attention and is part of both an academic and a political debate, empirical research around it is scarce. This article is an attempt to start filling this gap by focusing on the implementation process of conditionalities in a CCT programme in Uruguay (Family Allowances) and how this is experienced by a group of recipients who failed to comply with the conditionalities and were sanctioned with the suspension of the benefit. In particular, it identifies the main reasons why these beneficiaries did not comply, how they experience the sanction and how they managed—when they do—to apply for the benefit to be restored. Based on a qualitative design of in‐depth interviews, it provides empirical evidence to unpack causal relationships linking conditionalities to increased vulnerability among non‐compliers. Our findings offer evidence on the role played by the conditionalities in reinforcing vulnerability and the possible causal mechanisms that could be operating between both phenomena. This picture of policy implementation constraints that could lead conditionalities to reinforce vulnerability among recipients could be relevant to policy‐makers having to deal with non‐compliance and managing sanctions in CCTs.
Study of Nuclear Clustering from an Ab Initio Perspective.

We put forward a new ab initio approach that seamlessly bridges the structure, clustering, and reactions aspects of the nuclear quantum many-body problem. The configuration interaction technique combined with the resonating group method based on a harmonic oscillator basis allows us to treat the reaction and multiclustering dynamics in a translationally invariant way and preserve the Pauli principle. Our presentation includes studies of $^{8,10}\mathrm{Be}$ and an exploration of $3\ensuremath{\alpha}$ clustering in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$.
Beginnings of Water Management in the U.S

The earliest attempts to manage the waters of the U.S. had little to with providing a secure supply of clean, safe water for the growing population. Rather, it was the desire of a few far-sighted Founding Fathers to ensuring free transportation for everyone on the country’s many rivers, lakes, and other watercourses. This was also one of the reasons for a strong central government to counter the Confederation’s inability to fund desired improvements. Federal involvement in water regulation began as early as 1787 with passage of the first water-related law guaranteeing free use of the nation’s waterways, the Northwest Ordinance. This chapter follows the growth of federal and state regulatory actions for individuals and organizations acquiring, using, and selling water to other Americans.
A Land Use and Resource Allocation (LURA) modeling system for projecting localized forest CO2 effects of alternative macroeconomic futures.

Abstract The United States has recently set ambitious national goals for greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions over the coming decades. A portion of these reductions are based on expected sequestration and storage contributions from land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF). Significant uncertainty exists in future forest markets and thus the potential LULUCF contribution to US GHG reduction goals. This study seeks to inform the discussion by modeling US forest GHG accounts per different simulated demand scenarios across a grid of over 130,000 USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) forestland plots over the conterminous United States. This spatially disaggregated future supply is based on empirical yield functions for log volume, biomass and carbon. Demand data is based on a spatial database of over 2300 forest product manufacturing facilities representing 11 intermediate and 13 final solid and pulpwood products. Transportation costs are derived from fuel prices and the locations of FIA plot from which a log is harvested and mill or port destination. Trade between mills in intermediate products such as sawmill residues or planer shavings is also captured within the model formulation. The resulting partial spatial equilibrium model of the US forest sector is solved annually for the period 2015–2035 with demand shifted by energy prices and macroeconomic indicators from the US EIA's Annual Energy Outlook for a Reference, Low Economic Growth, and High Economic Growth case. For each macroeconomic scenario simulated, figures showing historic and scenario-specific live tree carnon emissions and sequestration are generated. Maps of the spatial allocation of both forest harvesting and related carbon fluxes are presented at the National level and detail is given for both regions and ownerships.
Application of objective criteria saturation to select best value alternative from fuzzy requirements

This paper presents a modified Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for evaluating system concepts using minimum and maximum customer requirements to determine a best value alternative. The purpose of this decision analysis technique is to identify system alternatives with an optimal combination of performance, reliability, and cost based on ideal customer requirements. Currently, most conventional TOPSIS models use minimum and maximum values under a specific criterion to evaluate each alternative. Using these models, an alternative being evaluated could receive significantly higher scores when reported capabilities are greater than ideal customer requirements. This problem is pronounced whenever weights are applied to criteria where excessive capabilities are recorded. If an organizational goal is to select the best value alternative, use of conventional TOPSIS models may not lead to the best value decision. The modified TOPSIS method presented in this paper restricts scoring for alternatives that provide excess capabilities beyond ideal customer requirements. Criteria weights are assigned according to a customer's prioritized requirements. This Objective Criteria Saturation TOPSIS (OCS-TOPSIS) method was created to provide Decision Makers (DM) with a tool to evaluate system alternatives against performance criteria, reliability and life cycle costs. To demonstrate the effectiveness of OCS-TOPSIS, a basic example is provided that displays the cost savings outcome over traditional TOPSIS.
The Role of Whole Brain Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Brain Tumors

Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) has long served as an important treatment modality for patients diagnosed with metastatic brain tumors, both alone and in combination with other therapies including surgical resection. The recently published multidisciplinary treatment guideline by Gaspar and Kalkanis for brain metastases evaluates the evidence for the continued use of WBRT, with recommendations for specific clinical scenarios. We will address the subject of the role of WBRT in brain metastases throughout this chapter.
Central Arctic Ocean Sediment Texture: A Key to Ice Transport Mechanisms

The perennial Arctic Ocean ice-cover consists of sea ice and glacial ice. Sea ice is most common today but at times during the Late Cenozoic, glacial ice has been extremely abundant. Both sea ice and glacial ice can transport a significant sediment load. The mode of incorporation of sediment into the two ice types is quite different. Sea ice can trap atmospheric dust that accumulates during times of precipitation. In addition, silt and clay mobilized by wave action during autumnal storms in shallow shelf areas, may be incorporated into sea ice as it begins to form. This fine-grained component can be transported from the shelf to the central Arctic Ocean. Coarser sediment may be plucked from beach areas by shore-fast ice but probably is dropped before significant transport.
Hayek, Austrian Business Cycle Theory, and The Fatal Conceit

Austrian business cycle theory is Hayek’s business cycle theory - Hayek thought that his work in business cycle theory ultimately underlay The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism (1988). Though Hayek’s business cycle theory is sometimes ascribed to von Mises or conflated with Mises’s thought, this is not accurate. Mises’s theory of a business cycle was more that government-induced credit expansion would ultimately result in inflationary collapse; while Hayek’s argument was that government-directed interest rates held below the natural rate of interest would misshape the structure of production. The idea that prices are nonverbal signals communicating information was perhaps Hayek’s greatest contribution
Lebanese Jewry: Memory Fragments

This chapter mines an early history of modern Lebanon by placing a special focus on the country’s Jewish community and examining inter-Lebanese relations where Lebanese Jewry had once taken center stage. This is done in the wider context of this volume primarily by giving voice to personal testimonies, family archives, private papers, and recollections of expatriate and resident Lebanese Jewish communities, which shall unfold in more detail in the last two chapters of the book. This chapter, therefore, sketches out close to a century of modern Lebanese history, following the vicissitudes of a maladjusted Lebanese statehood, and the attendant vacillations of Lebanese Jewish life.
Bidirectional Transformerless EV Charging System via Reconfiguration of 4×4 Drivetrain

Electric vehicles (EV) are developing fast and EV ownerships are increasing rapidly. In the EV system, the electric traction inverter and the charging converter are two important components that will largely determine the performance of the EV. The research targets transformer-less integrated charging systems that have the potential to reduce the cost, volume, and increase efficiency. The proposed concept does not require a charging rectifier or isolating transformer and admits bidirectional operation that is the basis for providing V2G services to the grid. The omission of galvanic isolation permits common mode currents in the charging system during charging mode since both grid and vehicle chassis are grounded during charging. These currents are well controlled using a secondary converter that acts as an active filter. Furthermore, the omission of the isolating transformer increases the efficiency of the vehicle charger similar. The proposed topology is verified by simulation and on an experimental test bench.
Abiotic Reduction of Chlorate by Fe(II) Minerals: Implications for Occurrence and Transformation of Oxy-Chlorine Species on Earth and Mars

Recent investigations have reported a widespread occurrence of chlorate (ClO3–) and perchlorate (ClO4–) throughout the solar system, including terrestrial arid environments. ClO3– and ClO4– are deposited/accumulated at an approximate equal molar ratio, with some exceptions, such as the Antarctica Dry Valley soils (MDV) and perhaps Martian surface material, where ClO4– is the dominate ClOx– species. All known ClO4– production mechanisms produce molar ratios of ClO3–/ClO4– equal to or much greater than 1, suggesting that reduced ratios may be due to post-depositional mechanism(s). The objective of this study was to investigate potential iron-mediated abiotic reduction of ClO3–, similar to transformation mechanisms reported for nitrate (NO3–) by Fe(II) minerals. Three types of Fe(II)-containing minerals, wustite (FeO), siderite (FeCO3), and sulfate green rust (GRSO42–), were investigated in completely mixed batch reactors as potential ClO3– reductants at a range of pH (4–9) and iron mineral concentrations (1...
Skipping has lower knee joint contact forces and higher metabolic cost compared to running.

Abstract Background The health benefits of running based exercise programs are plentiful however the high rate of injury in these programs often reduces or eliminates exercise participation. Skipping has shorter steps, reduced vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs), and lower knee extensor torques, compared to running forming the basis of the present hypothesis that skipping would have lower tibio-femoral and patello-femoral joint contact forces. Research question The purpose of this study was to compare knee contact forces between skipping and running at the same speed. We also compared metabolic cost of these two gaits to examine the idea that the larger vertical displacement in skipping is a primary factor in its previously reported high metabolic cost. Methods The study evaluated joint contact forces through musculoskeletal modeling with GRF and 3D kinematic data and metabolic cost using oxygen consumption data from 20 young, healthy, trained participants as they skipped and ran on an instrumented treadmill at 2.68 m/s. Results: Skipping, compared to running, had substantially lower tibio-femoral and patello-femoral joint contact forces and linear impulses on both per-step and per-kilometer (i.e. lower cumulative loads) bases and also 30% higher metabolic cost. The lower joint loads in skipping were directly associated with its shorter steps and the higher metabolic cost was directly associated to its larger vertical displacement through the stride. Significance As joint loads may predispose individuals to running related injuries, skipping presents an attractive alternative exercise modality with additional increased aerobic benefits.
Contemporary Photography and Theory: Concepts and Debates

Contemporary Photography and Theory offers an essential overview of some of the key critical debates in fine art photography today. Building on a foundational understanding of photography, it offers an in-depth discussion of five topic areas: identity, landscape and place, the politics of representation, psychoanalysis and the event. Written in an accessible style, it introduces the critical literature relevant to photography that has emerged over recent decades. Moving beyond seminal works by writers such as Walter Benjamin, Roland Barthes, and Susan Sontag, it enables readers to explore an extended canon of theorists including Jacques Lacan, Judith Butler and Giorgio Agamben. The book is illustrated throughout and analyses a range of works by established and emergent artists in order to show how these theoretical concepts are central to understanding contemporary photography. These 15 short essays encourage readers to apply critical thinking to both their own work and that of others. They are the perfect starting point for essays as well being of suitable length for assigned readings, making this the ideal resource for learning about contemporary photography and theory.
Legal Notes When May a College Regulate an Instructor's In-Class Speech? Recent Guidance from the Sixth Circuit

In a recent opinion, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a community college instructor has a constitutional right to utilize the words “nigger” and “bitch” in the context of a classroom discussion in a course on interpersonal relations. This article discusses this case in the context of other court decisions concerning a college's right to regulate an instructor's classroom speech. Implications for personnel evaluation in the higher education setting are discussed.
Optimal-order preconditioners for the Morse–Ingard equations

Abstract The Morse–Ingard equations of thermoacoustics Morse and Ingard (1986) are a system of coupled time-harmonic equations for the temperature and pressure of an excited gas. They form a critical aspect of modeling trace gas sensors. In this paper, we analyze a reformulation of the system that has a weaker coupling between the equations than the original form. We give a Garding-type inequality for the system that leads to optimal-order asymptotic finite element error estimates. We also develop preconditioners for the coupled system. These are derived by writing the system as a 2 × 2 block system with pressure and temperature unknowns segregated into separate blocks and then using either the block diagonal or block lower triangular part of this matrix as a preconditioner. Consequently, the preconditioner requires inverting smaller, Helmholtz-like systems individually for the pressure and temperature. Rigorous eigenvalue bounds are given for the preconditioned system, and these are supported by numerical experiments.
A novel clock-face method for characterizing peridevice leaks after left atrial appendage occlusion.

Objectives To propose a novel method for mapping leak location and frequency to a clock-face representation of the left atrial appendage (LAA) ostium. Background LAA occlusion with the Watchman device (WD) is an established therapy to reduce thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and intolerance to long-term oral anticoagulation. Postimplantation leaks are known sequelae, but leak locations and characteristics are poorly described. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 101 consecutive WD implants from April 2015 to February 2018. Leak locations from 6-week post-implant transesophageal echocardiograms were mapped to a clock-face representation of the LAA ostium: 12:00 as cranial near the limbus, 3:00 as anterior toward the pulmonary artery, 6:00 as caudal near the mitral annulus, and 9:00 as posterior. Patient demographics, LAA dimensions, and procedural characteristics were also collected. Results Thirty-four patients had ≥1 leak totaling 45 leaks at 6-week follow-up. Baseline patient demographics showed a mean age 77, CHA2 DS2 VASc 4.69, and 64% of patients with permanent AF. No patient had a detectable leak at the time of implant. At 6 weeks, mean leak size was 2.67 ± 0.89 mm with no leak over 5 mm (largest 4.60 mm). Most leaks occurred along the posterior 6:00-12:00 segment (39/45) and the 6:00-9:00 quadrant (16/45). Conclusion Six-week post-WD implant leaks localize to the posterior LAA ostium. This could result from the elliptical LAA orifice, differential LAA tissue composition, or implantation technique. This study provides a novel method for describing the location of post-implant leaks and serves as the basis for further investigations.
Riots, reluctance, and reformers: the church in the Kingdom of Castile and the IV Lateran Council

This paper investigates the engagement of the bishops of the Kingdom of Castile with the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 and the ways in which they encountered the events and legislation of the Coun...
A comparison of the glycemic effects of glucagon using two dose ranges in neonates and infants with hypoglycemia

Consensus regarding optimal glucagon dosing for management or diagnosis of neonatal/infant hypoglycemia has not been established. To investigate glycemic effects of glucagon dosed ≤0.2 mg/kg (Gnlow) vs. >0.2 mg/kg (Gnhigh) in neonatal/infant hypoglycemia. Retrospective, observational, cohort study. Glucagon administration at any dose resulted in 75/77 (97.4%) samples meeting criteria for normoglycemia (plasma glucose >60 mg/dL), and plasma glucose increases of >30 mg/dL occurred in 74.2% vs. 63% (NS) of samples in the Gnlow and Gnhigh groups, respectively. Despite equivalent glucagon dosing, there was a trend toward smaller ( 30 mg/dL less often than their bigger (≥2500 g) counterparts (60% vs. 74.1%, NS). Glucagon is highly effective in raising plasma glucose levels in neonatal/infant hypoglycemia. No differences in glycemic effects were noted between either dosing regimen. However, glycemic effects may be diminished in lower weight patients.
Mobile App Based Strategy Improves Door-to-Needle Time in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Abstract Background Time to revascularization is critical in improving outcomes in stroke thrombolysis. We studied the effectiveness of a mobile app based strategy to improve door-to-needle time (DNT) in treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Methods Consecutive patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke to the emergency department at a tertiary care hospital in Southern India between April 2017 - September 2018 were included. The app enabled rapid entry of patient parameters, the NIH stroke scale (NIHSS), thrombolysis checklist and dose calculation along with team synchronization, notifying all on-call members and team leaders of the patient movement, and sharing of radiological images. DNT captured from the app was compared to previous values from our center using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) after adjusting for differences in baseline variables. Results A total of 76 patients were thrombolysed during the study period, while using the mobile app. The mean DNT was 41 min, with 89% being thrombolysed within 60 min and 57% being thrombolysed within 45 min. Compared to 100 consecutive patients thrombolysed in the months prior to April 2017 where the mean DNT was 57 min, with 67% thrombolysed within 60 min and 47% being thrombolysed within 45 min, there was a mean DNT decrease of 16 min with 1.3x increase in DNT Conclusion We have been able to demonstrate a significant improvement in DNT using mobile app as a tool to improve team performance.
D614G mutation alters SARS-CoV-2 spike conformational dynamics and protease cleavage susceptibility at the S1/S2 junction

The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is the target of vaccine design efforts to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite a low mutation rate, isolates with the D614G substitution in the S protein appeared early during the pandemic, and are now the dominant form worldwide. Here, we analyze the D614G mutation in the context of a soluble S ectodomain construct. Cryo-EM structures, antigenicity and proteolysis experiments suggest altered conformational dynamics resulting in enhanced furin cleavage efficiency of the G614 variant. Furthermore, furin cleavage alters the conformational dynamics of the Receptor Binding Domains (RBD) in the G614 S ectodomain, demonstrating an allosteric effect on the RBD dynamics triggered by changes in the SD2 region, that harbors residue 614 and the furin cleavage site. Our results elucidate SARS-CoV-2 spike conformational dynamics and allostery, and have implications for vaccine design.
Sociotechnical Design in Legal Algorithmic Decision-Making

Over the past decade, civil litigants in the U.S. have come to increasingly rely on machine learning (ML) systems to classify documents for discovery review and fact-finding, an approach now broadly referred to as Technology-Assisted Review (TAR). The transformation of legal discovery from a painstaking manual process to a sophisticated algorithm-driven methodology took place over a relatively short period of time, many years before controversies arose surrounding the use of automated risk assessment tools on the criminal side of the U.S. justice system. Introduced in 2008 to a handful of litigators in an experimental research setting hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), TAR was first deployed live on an active litigation in 2012, and by 2015 a vocal and influential vanguard of judges was actively advocating for its use on cases involving large, complex document discovery. My research examines the cross-disciplinary experimentation and collaboration that took place across legal practitioners and computer scientists leading to ML becoming a judicially accepted solution in U.S. civil litigation practice. The aim of this research is to develop a comprehensive case study for how an expert professional field wrestled with the challenges of integrating ML into sensitive decision-making workflows. While deeply attentive to the unique and complex encounter between U.S. civil litigation practice and computer science, my work also aims to inform the practice of algorithmic system design, development, and governance across other high-stakes professional domains.
Automatic Synthesis of Information Flow Driven Execution Managers for Embedded Software Applications

This paper presents an approach to simplifying embedded application development process by means of automatic synthesis of portions of application code concerned with information and execution flow management. In this preliminary study, we adopt a simple information flow categorization model which captures characteristics of data periodicity and criticality. This model is then used to define a formal specification of the interface of an embedded application. We show that, given such a specification, it is possible to automatically synthesize an application execution manager state machine that links the core of the application with various contingency management routines. This partially relieves the burden placed on embedded application developers allowing them to focus on development of the application core as well as on definition of actions to be taken when critical information flows are disrupted. They no longer need to create and manage code that monitors the information flows and implements logic for interrupting the execution of the core and invoking contingency management. This aspect would be automatically generated for them based on the design specification. Such automation offers a number of potential benefits to development productivity, cost reduction, software quality, validation, verification, and certification.
Games with Money and Status: How Best to Incentivize Work

Status is greatly valued in the real world, yet it has not received much attention from economic theorists. We examine how the owner of a firm can best combine money and status together to get his employees to work hard for the least total cost. We find that he should motivate workers of low skill mostly by status and high skill mostly by money. Moreover, he should do so by using a small number of titles and wage levels. This often results in star wages to the elite performers.
The Engaged Health Sciences Library Liaison: Alcock, Lindsay and Kelly Thormodson, eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2020. 184 p. ISBN 978-1-5381-2675-2. $55.00 (softcover)

A health sciences liaison librarian juggles many priorities. This book is a compilation of eleven essays by academic librarians from health sciences and government libraries. The essays explore the...
Contesting Tears: The Hollywood Melodrama of the Unknown Woman

Stanley Cavell identified a genre of classic American films that engaged these questions in his study of comedies of remarriage, "Pursuits of Happiness". With "Contesting Tears", Cavell demonstrates that a contrasting genre, which he calls "the melodrama of the unknown woman," shares a surprising number and weave of concerns with those comedies. Cavell provides close readings of four melodramas he finds definitive of the genre: "Letter from an Unknown Woman", "Gaslight", "Now Voyager", and "Stella Dallas".
Design of structurally-sound masonry buildings using 3d static analysis

In the design of buildings, structural analysis is traditionally performed after the aesthetic design has been determined and has little influence on the overall form. This thesis presents methods to integrate architectural design and structural analysis. While existing tools focus on providing an analysis of the stress state, the proposed methods focus on geometry and equilibrium to obtain forms that are more structurally sound. The feasibility of masonry structures is modeled using a novel penalty formulation, assuming a rigid-block behavior of masonry. Two methods were developed that apply this model of feasibility to structural optimization. In the first approach, structural feasibility is introduced into procedural modeling of buildings. A set of designated free parameters are automatically tuned to achieve structural feasibility constraints. It is demonstrated how this allows for more realistic structural models that can be interacted with in physical simulations. In the second approach, a closed form derivation of structural gradients is presented that measures the change in stability of a building with respect to geometry modifications. The method computes the gradient of structural feasibility constraints, parameterized by vertex modifications. The gradients are visualized as interaction tools, giving user-guidance for effectively modifying a structural design. User-controlled constraints, formulated as penalty functions, are incorporated so that the user can explore variations of structurally feasible designs. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
The expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by PC12 cells treated with NGF

The expression of neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) and the subunits that compose these receptors by PC12 cells exposed to NGF has been studied. The analysis of total RNA reveals that the neuronal nAChR subunits alpha 3, alpha S, beta 2, beta 3, and beta 4, but not alpha 2 and alpha 4, are expressed in our PC12 cells. Within 48 hr of adding NGF to cultures, the RNA corresponding to alpha 3, alpha 5, beta 3, and beta 4 is decreased, but the beta 2 RNA increases for up to 6 d after NGF treatment. To determine the influence of NGF treatment on subunit protein expression, subunit-specific antisera were prepared. Immunocytochemistry detected antigen for alpha 3, alpha 5, beta 2, beta 3, and beta 4 (but not alpha 2 and alpha 4) in both NGF-treated and nontreated PC12 cells. The expression of nAChR subunit proteins, as measured by direct binding of antibodies to PC12 cells, does not change subsequent to 6 d of treatment with NGF. Whole-cell recording of PC12 cells shows that both the individual cell current density and response to the agonist cytisine were not altered after 5–7 d in NGF. However, the number of cells exhibiting detectable ACh-induced currents doubled. These results indicate that NGF increases the number of PC12 cells expressing ACh-sensitive nAChR currents but the activation is not the result of altering the amounts of individual nAChR subunit proteins. These data, taken together with the decrease in most nAChR subunit RNAs (except beta 2), suggest that NGF regulation of nAChRs may be through a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Experimental simulation of base‐isolated buildings pounding against moat wall and effects on superstructure response

SUMMARY Base-isolated buildings are typically important facilities expected to remain functional after a major earthquake. However, their behavior under extreme ground shaking is not well understood. A series of earthquake simulator experiments were performed to assess performance limit states of seismically isolated buildings under strong ground motions, including pounding against a moat wall. The test setup consists of a quarter scale three-story frame isolated at the base with friction pendulum bearings and a moat wall model. An effort was made to properly scale the strength and the stiffness of the frame relative to the bearings properties from a professionally designed isolated three-story steel intermediate moment-resisting frame so that realistic yielding mechanisms can be observed. The moat wall was modeled as either a rigid triangle steel stopper or a concrete wall of various thicknesses with soil backfill. The moat wall gap was set to various displacement increments to examine the sensitivity of this parameter and also to assess the effects of impact on the superstructure at different velocities. The test results indicate that the contact forces are largely dependent on the gap distance, impact velocity and wall flexibility and, in extreme cases, pounding can induce yielding in the superstructure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics in human and primate societies: agent-based modeling of social and spatial processes

From the Publisher: Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies presents agent-based modeling studies from archaeologists, ethnologists, sociologists, philosophers, and primatologists that examine these social and spatial dynamics without ignoring their complexity or compromising replicability. With an emphasis on small-scale societies in an effort to maximize realism in the modeling efforts applied to social evolution, this volume is an important step toward an actor-oriented, cross-disciplinary approach to understanding human behavior over time." "Presenting recent advances in software and algorithms for modeling societies, Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies is an ideal book for professionals in archaeology and cultural anthropology as well as a valuable tool for those studying primatology and computer science.
Studies in lead poisoning. II. Correlation between the ratio of activated to inactivated delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of whole blood and the blood lead level.

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described, using aliquots of 5 μl heparinized blood, to determine the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the aliquot incubated with δ-aminolevulinic acid, and in the aliquot incubated with δ-aminolevulinic acid + dithiothreitol. 2. 2. The log of the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the absence of dithiothreitol is inversely correlated with the blood lead level with a correlation coefficient of 0.72. 3. 3. The ratio: dithiothreitol-activated enzyme/nonactivated enzyme, vs the blood lead level gives a linear regression line with the higher correlation coefficient of 0.8. 4. 4. Dithiothreitol (20 m M ) fully activates the enzyme in lead-poisoned blood to the levels of activated normal blood. Thus lead 0.09 mg 100 ml blood does not appear to inhibit the formation, or affect the destruction of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. 5. 5. Kinetic analysis indicates that lead changes the affinity of the dehydratase for δ-aminolevulinic acid (i.e., K m ) slightly, but markedly lowers the V max , i.e., the inhibition is primarily of the noncompetitive type.
Preliminary Analysis of Lipids and Fatty Acids of Green Bacteria and Chloroflexus aurantiacus

Abstract The complex lipids and fatty acids of the seven type species of green bacteria and three strains of Chloroflexus aurantiacus were analyzed. The green bacteria contained lipids that behaved as cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol on thin-layer chromatography. They did not contain phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine. Similarly, Chloroflexus contained lipids that behaved as phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol on thin-layer chromatography and did not contain phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine. The green bacteria contained glycolipids I and II of Constantopoulos and Bloch (monogalactosyldiglyceride and a galactose- and rhamnose-containing diglyceride). Chloroflexus exhibited galactose-containing glycolipids that behaved identically with the mono- and digalactosyldiglycerides of spinach on thin-layer chromatography, and each contained galactose as well as at least one other sugar. The fatty acids of both groups of bacteria consisted entirely of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. In the green bacteria, myristic, palmitic, and hexadecenoic acids predominated. In Chloroflexus, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids predominated. The positions of the double bonds in the monounsaturated fatty acids of Chloroflexus indicated synthesis by the anaerobic pathway. The lipid analyses suggest a close relationship between the green bacteria and Chloroflexus and further suggest that these groups of photosynthetic bacteria are more closely related to the blue-green algae than are the purple bacteria.
On going and planned D-T experiments on TFTR

Summary form only given. In the first phase of deuterium-tritium (D-T) experiments on TFTR, routine D-T operation was established to permit quantitative evaluation of the characteristics of D-T plasmas relative to those of comparable D-D plasmas. It was immediately observed that the isotope effect gave a significant increase in the overall energy confinement in D-T plasma relative to that of the D-D plasma. This isotope effect coupled with extensive lithium pellet limiter conditioning resulted in a record central fusion-triple product of n/sub Hyd/ /spl tau//sub E/*T/sub i/=8.3/spl times/10/sup 20/ m/sup -3//spl middot/5/spl middot/keV. Energy confinement has been increased to over 0.3 sec in the supershot (peaked density, hot-ion mode) regime in TFTR with aggressive lithium conditioning. As a result, the fusion performance is no longer limited by confinement but is now limited by instability driven by high central pressure (/spl beta/) and by high pressure gradients. A series of experiments have been undertaken in the reverse shear (RS) and high internal inductance (high l/sub i/) regimes to enhance core stability. The reverse shear regime sustains larger pressure gradients as predicted and exhibits transitions to an enhanced core particle and energy confinement regime within the region of reversed shear. Enhanced performance characteristics include n/sub e/(0)-1.2/spl times/10/sup 20/ m/sup -3/, T/sub i/(0)/spl sim/24 keV, T/sub e/(0)-8 keV, and pressure peaking factor of -7. The l/sub i/ regime also permits higher core /spl beta/ to be obtained and hence higher Q to be sustained. On-going experiments are directed toward further enhancing the performance in the reverse shear regime at higher plasma current and toroidal magnetic field in order to enhance fusion performance and especially alpha particle density to support alpha particle physics studies.
An animated learning tool for Kerberos authentication architecture

Using animated visualization tools has been an important teaching approach in computer science education. Kerberos authentication architecture, an important component in information security and computer science curriculum, is an elaborated protocol that students often find difficult to understand. This paper describes an animated learning tool for Kerberos authentication architecture. It demonstrates the design of Kerberos through a series of four scenes. Each scene demonstrates a stage of the protocol development. Each successive scene adds additional complexity to counter security vulnerabilities revealed in the preceding scene. For some of the scenes, hacking scenarios are provided to illustrate the vulnerabilities of that scene. This tool is accessible through the web, has a novice-friendly and easily learned GUI and has evaluation features built into the software. It allows user interaction to facilitate learning and can be mapped to existing teaching and learning resources. This animated learning tool has been used in two classes in the Fall 2006 semester, and has demonstrated effectiveness in assisting student learning of the complex Kerberos authentication architecture.
Reducing Public Speaking Anxiety for Native and Non-Native English Speakers: The Value of Systematic Desensitization, Cognitive Restructuring, and Skills Training

This brief report examined how, if at all, a one-hour public speaking anxiety training session that includes systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, and skills training, affects public speaking anxiety for native and non-native English speakers. The results indicate that public speaking anxiety decreased after the workshop for native and non-native English speakers. In particular, scores on the Communication Anxiety Inventory (CAI) Form Trait decreased for non-native English speakers, but did not change on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) A-State. Further, scores on the STAI A-State decreased for native English speakers, however scores on the CAI Form Trait did not change. Key words: Public speaking anxiety; Non-native English speakers; Systematic desensitization; Cognitive restructuring; Skills training
Post-Traumatic Reactions in Adolescents: How Well Do the DSM-IV PTSD Criteria Fit the Real Life Experience of Trauma Exposed Youth?

This study examined the structure and symptom specific patterns of post traumatic distress in a sample of 1,581 adolescents who reported exposure to at least one traumatic event. Symptom reporting patterns are consistent with past literature in that females reported more symptoms than males and older youth reported more symptoms than did their younger peers. Young people reporting exposure to exclusively violent type traumas were also found to be more likely to endorse symptoms than peers exposed exclusively to non violent type traumas. Confirmatory factor analysis provided stronger support for a four-factor model of PTSD than either the DSM-IV model or an alternate model. Further examination of the four factor model revealed gender differences in factor loadings with small to moderate effect sizes for recurrent, distressing memories, flashbacks, restricted affect, difficulty remember details, detachment, limited future orientation, hypervigilance and startle symptoms. Differences in factor loadings with the four factor model were also noted between younger and older adolescents, with medium to large effect sizes on the arousal items. In contract, comparison of the factor loadings revealed only small differences between youth exposed exclusively to violent traumatic stressors and those exposed exclusively to non violent traumatic stressors, suggesting relative similarity between these two groups.
Imaging transverse flow velocity using spectral bandwidth of the Doppler frequency shift in phase-resolved ODT

The Doppler bandwidth extracted from the standard deviation of the frequency shift in phase-resolved optical Doppler tomography (ODT) is used to image the velocity component transverse to the probing beam. Using a simple geometric optics model, the linear dependence of the Doppler bandwidth on flow velocity is theoretically derived and it is found that the effective numerical aperture (NA) of the optical objective determines the slope of this dependence. Above a certain threshold flow velocity, this linear relationship is in good agreement with experimental data. In the case where the angle between the probing beam and flow direction is within –15 degree to the perpendicular, the Doppler frequency shift is very sensitive to angle position while the Doppler bandwidth is insensitive to flow direction. Linear dependence of the flow velocity on the Doppler bandwidth allows accurate measurement of flow velocity without precise determination of flow direction. In addition, it also extends the dynamic range of the average frequency shift mapping method used in the phase-resolved ODT.
Taming the skyrocketing printing costs in campus computing labs with open source technology

Printing expenses in college computing labs have been escalating along with the use of technology in instruction. Commercially available print management software requires a huge initial financial investment with uncertain cost recovery. The outcome usually involves shifting most of the print management software expense to students. Find out how the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater controls their printing costs using open source technology without adding a financial burden to students.
Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Maxillary Sinus: Case Reports and Review of the Literature:

The term inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) has been applied to a benign, reactive, non-neoplastic and inflammatory space occupying lesion that clinically and radiographically mimics a neoplasm. Histol...
Effects of Ten Organic Insecticides on Two Species of Stonefly Naiads

Abstract Two species of stonefly naiads were exposed to the chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin and to the organic phosphates parathion, malathion, guthion, Dylox, Di-Syston, and Bayer-29493. After the introduction of the pesticide, tests were run for 96 hours with observations made after each 24-hour period. There was a definite increase in mortality for both Pteronarcys californica and Acroneuria pacifica with increasing exposure time. Higher concentrations of insecticides produced higher death rates more rapidly than lower concentrations. There were definite symptoms of poisoning noted during the 4-day bioassays. The symptoms did not vary for the two species of stonefly naiads. Animals displaying tremors or convulsions usually died within 24 hours. Both species could recover from the effects of the poisons if they were removed from the solutions of toxicant before the tremors began. Removal from the test solution after the onset of tremors did not prevent death. With the same ins...
Minimizing self-interference in an aeronautical data communications network

A nationwide aeronautical data communications network for air traffic services is being planned for en route implementation beginning in 2018. Operating the network will require tradeoffs between spectrum conservation and interference prevention. While it may not be possible to preclude radio-frequency interference entirely, it is important to keep interference levels at the lowest levels consistent with the amount of spectrum available. In this paper we describe a methodology for attaining that goal through the use of “soft” (flexible) frequency-assignment rules.
Characterization of soybean vegetative storage proteins and genes.

Soybean vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) were purified and characterized. Anion exchange HPLC resolved partially purified VSPs into fractions containing 27-kD/27-kD and 29-kD/29-kD homodimers and 27-kD/29-kD heterodimers. Reversed-phase HPLC resolved partially purified VSPs into three fractions. One fraction contained only 27-kD VSP and the other two contained 29-kD VSP. The two 29-kD VSP fractions differed with respect to their cyanogen bromide cleavage patterns, an observation that indicated the 29-kD VSPs were heterogeneous. Genomic clones that contained 29-kD VSP genes were also isolated and characterized. One genomic clone contained a complete 29-kD VSP gene and was sequenced. The coding region in the clone contained two introns whose borders had regulatory sequences typical of other eukaryotic genes. Putative polyadenlyation signals were present in the 3′-flanking region of the gene, while putative TATA, CAAT, and enhancer core sequences were found in the 5′-flanking regions. A second genomic clone that was studied contained the 5′ regions of two partial 29-kD VSP genes in an inverted linkage. Genomic DNA gel blots showed that the two genes were organized in the same arrangement in the soybean genome.