cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Used Frying Oil

Publisher Summary The popularity of fried food cannot be ignored, despite its negative implications. The consumer prefers the flavor, appearance, and texture of food prepared this way. Frying is a chemically complex process. Several changes occur in food during frying, such as starch gelatinization, protein denaturation, water vaporization, and textural changes. During frying, oil is absorbed by the food and water is volatilized. The quality of the oil (the frying medium) and the food fried in that oil are intimately bound. Frying oil quality affects oil absorption and the types of by-products and residues absorbed by food. The type of food being fried also affects fry-life. This chapter reviews the changes in oil and its assessment throughout the frying cycle. Frying oil changes with use going from fresh through its optimal state to a degraded condition. Chemical changes in the oil underlying the visible changes consist of three different types of reactions: oxidation, polymerization, and hydrolysis. The chapter also discusses various methods used to determine the heat abuse of frying oils and to measure the formation of specific products in abused frying oils.
Beyond the Standard Model

We introduce aspects of physics beyond the Standard Model focusing on supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and a composite Higgs as solutions to the Hierarchy problem. Lectures given at the 2013 European School of High Energy Physics, Paradfurd˝ o, Hungary, 5 ‐ 18 June 2013. This document is based on lectures by C.C. on physics beyond the Standard Model at the 2013 European School of High-Energy Physics. We present a pedagogical introduction to supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and composite Higgs. We provide references to useful review literature and refer to those for more complete citations to original papers on these topics. We apologize for any omissions in our citations or choice of topics.
The Ebola Virus matrix protein, VP40, requires phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) for extensive oligomerization at the plasma membrane and viral egress

VP40 is one of eight proteins encoded by the Ebola Virus (EBOV) and serves as the primary matrix protein, forming virus like particles (VLPs) from mammalian cells without the need for other EBOV proteins. While VP40 is required for viral assembly and budding from host cells during infection, the mechanisms that target VP40 to the plasma membrane are not well understood. Phosphatidylserine is required for VP40 plasma membrane binding, VP40 hexamer formation, and VLP egress, However, PS also becomes exposed on the outer membrane leaflet at sites of VP40 budding, raising the question of how VP40 maintains an interaction with the plasma membrane inner leaflet when PS is flipped to the opposite side. To address this question, cellular and in vitro assays were employed to determine if phosphoinositides are important for efficient VP40 localization to the plasma membrane. Cellular studies demonstrated that PI(4,5)P2 was an important component of VP40 assembly at the plasma membrane and subsequent virus like particle formation. Additionally, PI(4,5)P2 was required for formation of extensive oligomers of VP40, suggesting PS and PI(4,5)P2 have different roles in VP40 assembly where PS regulates formation of hexamers from VP40 dimers and PI(4,5)P2 stabilizes and/or induces extensive VP40 oligomerization at the plasma membrane.
International Liquidity and Exchange Rate Dynamics

We provide a theory of the determination of exchange rates based on capital flows in imperfect financial markets. Capital flows drive exchange rates by altering the balance sheets of financiers that bear the risks resulting from international imbalances in the demand for financial assets. Such alterations to their balance sheets cause financiers to change their required compensation for holding currency risk, thus affecting both the level and volatility of exchange rates. Our theory of exchange rate determination in imperfect financial markets not only helps rationalize the empirical disconnect between exchange rates and traditional macroeconomic fundamentals, it also has real consequences for output and risk sharing. Exchange rates are sensitive to imbalances in financial markets and seldom perform the shock absorption role that is central to traditional theoretical macroeconomic analysis. Our framework is flexible; it accommodates a number of important modeling features within an imperfect financial market model, such as nontradables, production, money, sticky prices or wages, various forms of international pricing-to-market, and unemployment.
Assessing Financial Security of Low-Income Households in the United States

ABSTRACTThe authors used three financial ratios to measure the financial security of low-income households: the liquidity, debt-to-income (DTI), and solvency ratios. The analytic sample included nonretired households with incomes no greater than three times the poverty threshold as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. From the 2010 Survey of Consumer Finances data set, the authors found that households in the higher poverty threshold were more likely to meet the recommended guidelines for the DTI and solvency ratios. This study provides important insights for researchers and policymakers in the areas of poverty and household finance.
A Dynamic Method for In-Pile Fission-Gas Release Studies

A dynamic method to study the release of fission gases from fuel specimens during irradiation is presented. The main purpose of the work is to show how a dynamic method can discriminate between dif...
Holographic entanglement entropy of surface defects

We calculate the holographic entanglement entropy in type IIB supergravity solutions that are dual to half-BPS disorder-type surface defects in $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. The entanglement entropy is calculated for a ball-shaped region bisected by a surface defect. Using the bubbling supergravity solutions we also compute the expectation value of the defect operator. Combining our result with the previously-calculated one-point function of the stress tensor in the presence of the defect, we adapt the calculation of Lewkowycz and Maldacena [1] to obtain a second expression for the entanglement entropy. Our two expressions agree up to an additional term, whose possible origin and significance is discussed.
Game theoretical method for sum-rate maximization in full-duplex Massive MIMO Heterogeneous Networks

In this paper, we consider Massive MIMO in two-layer Heterogeneous Networks. The system has a large self-interference and co-channel interference due to operation in full-duplex mode. By using Game Theory, an optimized sum-rate is achieved. We investigate the potential sum-rate before and after the optimization under the power constraints. It is shown that the game theoretical method performed a very good access scheduling. Compared to non-optimized model, game theoretical method can achieve higher sum-rate. HighlightsWe modeled a two-layer HetNets with Massive MIMO applied. The system works in full-duplex mode. Even full-duplex leads a huge interference, it is a more efficient system.The game theoretical method is chosen to decline the effect of interference. A game was built base on this scenario.By applying the game theoretical method, the maximum system sum rate is reached. In the experiment game theoretical method indeed perform better (higher sum rate) than random access method. It performed a better access scheduling in a dynamic system.It turns out that users' power constraint (UL transmission and DL receiving constraints) is the major factor which limits system's performance. And compared to non-optimized model, game theoretical method has a better antiinterference ability.
How crowdfunding discourse threatens public arts

Crowdfunding platforms, such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo, have been the focus of considerable popular press news coverage in the past few years, with stories emphasizing how crowdfunding can bring indie creative projects into being through monetary contributions from several individuals online. As a method for financing small or risky artistic products unlikely to receive mainstream corporate or government support, crowdfunding has been celebrated in press coverage for “democratizing” the arts funding process. However, these same celebratory claims about crowdfunding giving everyday people a voice in bringing art into fruition eerily echo arguments in the United States by conservative groups to de-fund public arts programs. The very language crowdfunding proponents use may well fuel politicians hoping to unravel public arts funding. This article presents a critical discourse analysis of news coverage about crowdfunding, analyzing the similarities between pro-crowdfunding sentiments and anti-public arts f...
Dyslipidemia in Special Ethnic Populations

This article reviews racial/ethnic differences in dyslipidemia-prevalence of dyslipidemia, its relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke mortality rates, response to lipid-lowering agents, and lifestyle modification. Asian Indians, Filipinos, and Hispanics are at higher risk for dyslipidemia, which is consistent with the higher CHD mortality rates in these groups. Statins may have greater efficacy for Asians, but the data are mixed. Lifestyle modifications are recommended. Culturally-tailored prevention and intervention should be provided to the minority populations with elevated risk for dyslipidemia and considerably more research is needed to determine the best approaches to helping specific subgroups.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Borotropic Shifts in the Design of Diastereo- and Enantioselective γ-Additions of Allylboron Moieties to Aldimines

Catalytic allylboron additions to aldimines are presented for which small amounts of Zn(OMe)2 serve as the co-catalyst to accelerate allyl exchange and 1,3-borotropic shift processes. Low-yielding and moderately α- and diastereoselective reactions are thus turned into highly efficient γ-, diastereo-, and enantioselective transformations that exhibit considerable scope.
Electrochemical behavior of platinum nanoparticles on a carbon xerogel support modified with a [(trifluoromethyl)-benzenesulfonyl]imide electrolyte.

A monoprotic [(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyl]imide (SI) superacid electrolyte was used to covalently modify a mesoporous carbon xerogel (CX) support via reaction of the corresponding trifluoromethyl aryl sulfonimide diazonium zwitterion with the carbon surface. Electrolyte attachment was demonstrated by elemental analysis, acid–base titration, and thermogravimetric analysis. The ion-exchange capacity of the fluoroalkyl-aryl-sulfonimide-grafted carbon xerogel (SI-CX) was ∼0.18 mequiv g–1, as indicated by acid–base titration. Platinum nanoparticles were deposited onto the SI-grafted carbon xerogel samples by the impregnation and reduction method, and these materials were employed to fabricate polyelectrolyte membrane fuel-cell (PEMFC) electrodes by the decal transfer method. The SI-grafted carbon-xerogel-supported platinum (Pt/SI-CX) was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy to determine platinum nanoparticle size and distribution, and the findings are compared with CX-su...
Optimal soaring via Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations

Summary Competition glider flying is a game of stochastic optimization, in which mathematics and quantitative strategies have historically played an important role. We address the problem of uncertain future atmospheric conditions by constructing a nonlinear Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation for the optimal speed to fly, with a free boundary describing the climb/cruise decision. We consider two different forms of knowledge about future atmospheric conditions, the first in which the pilot has complete foreknowledge and the second in which the state of the atmosphere is a Markov process discovered by flying through it. We compute an accurate numerical solution by designing a robust monotone finite difference method. The results obtained are of direct applicability for glider flight. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UTILITY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN DEFINING INFLOW CANNULA MALPOSITION IN LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE AND THE ASSOCIATION WITH ADVERSE OUTCOME

As left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) continue to provide long term hemodynamic support, it is imperative for the inflow cannula (IC) to be positioned appropriately. Malposition of IC detected by echo and its association with outcome has yet to be defined. We therefore, sought to define IC
Molecular Interpretations of Modulus and Swelling Relations in Natural Rubber Cross-Linked by Dicumyl Peroxide

Abstract A survey of published experimental work on the modulus of natural rubber crosslinked by dicumyl peroxide permits a comparison with the results and molecular interpretations obtained in recent NBS work. Excellent agreement was found among values of the shear modulus G at the same crosslinking when the crosslinking is calculated from the amount of decomposed dicumyl peroxide. The types of deformation included torsion as well as uniaxial extension and compression. G increases linearly with crosslinking (except at the lowest degrees) with a slope from 5 to 15 percent greater than that predicted by the simple statistical theory. Data of Mullins demonstrated that at each degree of crosslinking the value of G is intermediate between 2C1 and 2(C1+C2) where C1 and C2 are the Mooney-Rivlin constants. Measurements of equilibrium swelling at a given degree of crosslinking are in reasonable agreement with each other. However, the entropy components of the modulus and the sub-chain density calculated from swel...
Alcohol‐Preferring P Rats Exhibit Elevated Motor Impulsivity Concomitant with Operant Responding and Self‐Administration of Alcohol

Background Increased levels of impulsivity are associated with increased illicit drug use and alcoholism. Previous research in our laboratory has shown that increased levels of delay discounting (a decision-making form of impulsivity) are related to appetitive processes governing alcohol self-administration as opposed to purely consummatory processes. Specifically, the high-seeking/high-drinking alcohol-preferring P rats showed increased delay discounting compared to nonselected Long Evans rats (LE) whereas the high-drinking/moderate-seeking HAD2 rats did not. The P rats also displayed a perseverative pattern of behavior such that during operant alcohol self-administration they exhibited greater resistance to extinction. Methods One explanation for the previous findings is that P rats have a deficit in response inhibition. This study followed up on this possibility by utilizing a countermanding paradigm (stop signal reaction time [SSRT] task) followed by operant self-administration of alcohol across increasing fixed ratio requirements (FR; 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 responses). In separate animals, 24-hour access 2-bottle choice (10% EtOH vs. water) drinking was assessed. Results In the SSRT task, P rats exhibited an increased SSRT compared to both LE and HAD2 rats indicating a decrease in behavioral inhibition in the P rats. Also, P rats showed increased operant self-administration across all FRs and the greatest increase in responding with increasing FR requirements. Conversely, the HAD2 and LE had shorter SSRTs and lower levels of operant alcohol self-administration. However, for 2-bottle choice drinking HAD2s and P rats consumed more EtOH and had a greater preference for EtOH compared to LE. Conclusions These data extend previous findings showing the P rats to have increased delay discounting (decision-making impulsivity) and suggest that P rats also have a lack of behavioral inhibition (motor impulsivity). This supports the notion that P rats are a highly impulsive as well as “high-seeking” model of alcoholism, and that the HAD2s' elevated levels of alcohol consumption are not mediated via appetitive processes or impulsivity.
Gene Co-expression Modules Underlying Polymorphic and Monomorphic Zooids in the Colonial Hydrozoan, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus

Advances in sequencing technology have forced a quantitative revolution in Evolutionary Biology. One important feature of this renaissance is that comprehensive genomic resources can be obtained quickly for almost any taxon, thus speeding the development of new model organisms. Here, we analyze 20 RNA-seq libraries from morphologically, sexually, and genetically distinct polyp types from the gonochoristic colonial hydrozoan, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (Cnidaria). Analyses of these data using weighted gene co-expression networks highlight deeply conserved genetic elements of animal spermatogenesis and demonstrate the utility of these methods in identifying modules of genes that correlate with different zooid types across various statistical contrasts. RNA-seq data and analytical scripts described here are deposited in publicly available databases.
Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics

Daniel Kahneman received the Nobel Prize in economics sciences in 2002, December 8, Stockholm, Sweden. This article is the edited version of his Nobel Prize lecture. The author comes back to the problems he has studied with the late Amos Tversky and to debates conducting for several decades already. The statement is based on worked out together with Shane Federik the quirkiness of human judgment. Language: ru
C–H Bonds as Ubiquitous Functionality: Preparation of Multiple Regioisomers of Arylated 1,2,4-Triazoles via C–H Arylation

We describe a general approach for the synthesis of complex aryl 1,2,4-triazoles. The electronic character of the C-H bonds and the triazole ring allows for the regioselective C-H arylation of 1-alkyl- and 4-alkyltriazoles under catalytic conditions. We have also developed the SEM and THP switch as well as trans-N-alkylation, which enable sequential arylation of the triazole ring to prepare 3,5-diaryltriazoles. This new strategy provides rapid access to a variety of arylated 1,2,4-triazoles and well complements existing cyclization methods.
Organization at the Limit: Lessons From the Columbia Disaster

The article reviews the book “Organization at the Limit: Lessons From the Columbia Disaster,” edited by William Starbuck and Moshe Farjoun.
The Impact of the New York State Milk Price Gouging Law on the Price- Transmission Process and Supermarket Pricing Strategies in the Fluid Whole Milk Market

The paper analyzes the effect of the New York State Milk Price Gouging Law 200% rule (June 1991-October 2008) on the nature of price-transmission process and supermarket pricing strategies in the fluid whole milk market. This rule established that the retail prices of fluid milk products were not to exceed 200% of the Class I fluid milk prices that milk processors paid to dairy farmers. The enforcement of this law significantly affected the nature of the Class I fluid milk price transmission process and the whole milk pricing strategies of supermarkets in the five largest cities in New York State: New York City, Albany, Syracuse, Buffalo and Rochester. During the pre-law period, supermarkets used the retail price-stabilization strategy; a presence of the asymmetric Class I fluid milk price transmission process was evidence of this type of pricing strategy. In contrast, supermarkets used the retail profit stabilization strategy during the law period, which was reflected in the symmetric response of retail prices and marketing margins to increases and decreases in the Class I fluid milk prices. The analyzed design of retail milk price control actually created an institutional environment that facilitated cooperative conduct of supermarkets acting in an oligopolistic market environment, which caused a shift away from the retail price stabilization strategy in the pre-law period to the retail profit stabilization strategy in the law period.
A smart phone based gait monitor system

Gait analysis is the study of human locomotion and is able to provide useful information in various areas such as health care, therapy, sports training, and characteristic recognition. This paper presents a smartphone based system to collect and calculate gait parameters. These parameters consisted of step length, velocity, cadence, motion intensity, and walking regularity are calculated from the sensor data collected by the inertial sensor of a smart-phone. A prototype of gait parameter collection and visualization system was developed on a laptop and cell phone. The proposed system collects accelerometer data from a smart-phone and calculates the gait parameters related to walking activity. All the parameters are displayed on a customized Matlab graphic user interface on the laptop. The fall detection function is also integrated into the system. Once the user fall down, an alarm message will be sent to preset contact. The experiments are carried out on 4 subjects to test the stability and accuracy of the system. The system shows high accuracy and reliability on counting steps (error<5.47%) and walking duration (error<4.55%). Based on the gait monitor system, an anomaly data detection method is presented. Four independent gait parameters include cadence, and triaxel motion intensity parameters are chosen from previous results during normal activity. If the latest data deviates from the normal activity model too far, the data will be set as an abnormal event.
Catalytic Asymmetric α-Acylation of Tertiary Amines Mediated by a Dual Catalysis Mode: N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Photoredox Catalysis

Cross-coupling reactions are among the most widely utilized methods for C–C bond formation; however, the requirement of preactivated starting materials still presents a major limitation. Methods that take direct advantage of the inherent reactivity of the C–H bond offer an efficient alternative to these methods, negating the requirement for substrate preactivation. In this process, two chemically distinct activation events culminate in the formation of the desired C–C bond with loss of H2 as the only byproduct. Herein we report the catalytic asymmetric α-acylation of tertiary amines with aldehydes facilitated by the combination of chiral N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis and photoredox catalysis.
Walking Behavior: The Role of Childhood Travel Experience

With the growing interest in nonmotorized modes of transportation in general and walking in particular, there is an increasing need to understand the underlying motives and determinants of walking behavior. Active modes such as walking and biking can enhance public health and safety. As many cities seek to shift drivers out of their vehicles toward more active transportation modes by building the appropriate walking and biking infrastructure, research should capture the individual and community attributes that influence these travel mode choices. While this question has been addressed in the literature, through analysis of the role of neighborhood characteristics, walkability, self-selection, attitudes, and inertia, among others, the aim of this paper was to explore the role of childhood experience on these factors. To do so, this study gathered retrospective information through an attitudinal survey divided into sections pertaining to sociodemographics, neighborhood characteristics, residential location choice factors, and precollege travel experience. The survey results proved the existence of a relationship between travel behavior during childhood and the determinants of walking behavior during adulthood. The results also suggested that the determinants of walking differed on the basis of the individual’s region of residence. These results might suggest that transportation policy at the childhood level could result in benefits not only during childhood but also throughout the life cycle of the individual.
Discriminating Characteristics of Tectonic and Human‐Induced Seismicity

We analyze statistical features of background and clustered subpopulations of earthquakes in different regions in an effort to distinguish between human‐induced and natural seismicity. Analysis of end‐member areas known to be dominated by human‐induced earthquakes (The Geyser geothermal field in northern California and TauTona gold mine in South Africa) and regular tectonic activity (the San Jacinto fault zone in southern California and the Coso region, excluding the Coso geothermal field in eastern central California) reveals several distinguishing characteristics. Induced seismicity is shown to have (1) higher rate of background events (both absolute and relative to the total rate), (2) faster temporal offspring decay, (3) higher rate of repeating events, (4) larger proportion of small clusters, and (5) larger spatial separation between parent and offspring, compared to regular tectonic activity. These differences also successfully discriminate seismicity within the Coso and Salton Sea geothermal fields in California before and after the expansion of geothermal production during the 1980s. Online Material: Figures of examined regions, earthquake epicenters, and joint distributions of the time and space components of the nearest‐neighbor distance.
Myeloid metaplasia: a study of 98 cases.

A comparative study of 98 cases of myeloid metaplasia and 93 cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia suggests a common pathogenetic mechanism. The laboratory procedures most helpful in differentiation were leukocyte alkaline phosphatase determinations and cytogenetic studies. Acute leukemia occurring in four cases of myeloid metaplasia supports the theory that polycythemia vera, myeloid metaplasia, and chronic and acute granulocytic leukemia constitute a spectrum of myeloproliferative disorders.
Alkali metal bismuth(III) chloride double salts

Abstract Evaporative co-crystallization of MCl (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) with BiOCl in aqueous HCl produces double salts: MxBiyCl(x+3y)·zH2O. The sodium salt, Na2BiCl5·5H2O (monoclinic P21/c, a = 8.6983(7) A, b = 21.7779(17) A, c = 7.1831(6) A, β = 103.0540(10)°, V = 1325.54(19) A3, Z = 4) is composed of zigzag chains of μ2-Cl-cis-linked (BiCl5)n2n– chains. Edge-sharing chains of NaCln(OH2)6−n octahedra (n = 0, 2, 3) are linked through μ3-Cl to Bi. The potassium salt, K7Bi3Cl16 (trigonal R−3c, a = 12.7053(9) A, b = 12.7053(9) A, c = 99.794(7) A, V = 13,951(2) A3, Z = 18) contains (Bi2Cl10)4– edge-sharing dimers of octahedra and simple (BiCl6)3– octahedra. The K+ ions are 5- to 8-coordinate and the chlorides are 3-, 4-, or 5-coordinate. The rubidium salt, Rb3BiCl6·0.5H2O (orthorhombic Pnma, a = 12.6778(10) A, b = 25.326(2) A, c = 8.1498(7) A, V = 2616.8(4) A3, Z = 8) contains (BiCl6)3– octahedra. The Rb+ ions are 6-, 8-, and 9-coordinate, and the chlorides are 4- or 5-coordinate. Two cesium salts were formed: Cs3BiCl6 (orthorhombic Pbcm, a = 8.2463(9) A, b = 12.9980(15) A, c = 26.481(3) A, V = 2838.4(6) A3, Z = 8) being comprised of (BiCl6)3– octahedra, 8-coordinate Cs+, and 3-, 4-, and 5-coordinate Cl−. In Cs3Bi2Cl9 (orthorhombic Pnma, a = 18.4615(15) A, b = 7.5752(6) A, c = 13.0807(11) A, V = 1818.87(11) A3, Z = 4) Bi octahedra are linked by μ2-bridged Cl into edge-sharing Bi4 squares which form zigzag (Bi2Cl9)n3n– ladders. The 12-coordinate Cs+ ions bridge the ladders, and the Cl− ions are 5- and 6-coordinate. Four of the double salts are weakly photoluminescent at 78 K, each showing a series of three excitation peaks near 295, 340, and 380 nm and a broad emission near 440 nm.
Library assessment and data analytics in the big data era: practice and policies

Emerging technologies have offered libraries and librarians new ways and methods to collect and analyze data in the era of accountability to justify their value and contributions. For example, Gallagher, Bauer and Dollar (2005) analyzed the paper and online journal usage from all possible data sources and discovered that users at the Yale Medical Library preferred the electronic format of articles to the print version. After this discovery, they were able to take necessary steps to adjust their journal subscriptions. Many library professionals advocate such data-driven library management to strengthen and specify library budget proposals.
Facile Rh(III)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fluorinated Pyridines.

A Rh(III)-catalyzed C–H functionalization approach was developed for the preparation of multisubstituted 3-fluoropyridines from α-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated oximes and alkynes. Oximes substituted with aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl β-substituents were effective coupling partners, as were symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes with aryl and alkyl substituents. The first examples of coupling α,β-unsaturated oximes with terminal alkynes was also demonstrated and proceeded with uniformly high regioselectivity to provide single 3-fluoropyridine regioisomers. Reactions were also conveniently set up in air on the benchtop.
Efficient Asynchronous Accumulators for Distributed PKI

Cryptographic accumulators are a tool for compact set representation and secure set membership proofs. When an element is added to a set by means of an accumulator, a membership witness is generated. This witness can later be used to prove the membership of the element. Typically, the membership witness has to be synchronized with the accumulator value: it has to be updated every time another element is added to the accumulator, and it cannot be used with outdated accumulator values. However, in many distributed applications such as blockchain-based public key infrastructures, requiring strict synchronization is prohibitive. We define low update frequency, which means that a witness only needs to be updated a small number of times, and old-accumulator compatibility, which means that a witness can be used with outdated accumulator values. Finally, we propose an accumulator that achieves both of those properties.
Enzymes in Cancer

The role of serum enzyme assays in the management of patients with cancer has been described. The following enzymes are included: acid and alkaline phosphatase, amylase, lactic dehydrogenase, neuron specific enolase, creatine kinase, glycosyltransferase, muramidase, and terminal transferase.
How accurate is the Cleveland Clinic Foundation model in predicting operative risk in colorectal cancer patients

How accurate is the Cleveland Clinic Foundation model in predicting operative risk in colorectal cancer patients?
Computing approximate blocking probabilities for a class of all-optical networks

We study a class of all-optical networks using wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and wavelength routing, in which a connection between a pair of nodes in the network is assigned a path and a wavelength on that path. Moreover, on the links of that path no other connection can share the assigned wavelength. Using a generalized reduced load approximation scheme we calculate the blocking probabilities for the optical network model for two routing schemes: fixed routing and least loaded routing.
TSearch: Target-Oriented Low-Delay Node Searching in DTNs With Social Network Properties

Node searching in delay tolerant networks is of great importance for different applications, in which a locator node finds a target node in person. In the previous distributed node searching method, a locator traces the target along its movement path from its most frequently visited location. For this purpose, nodes leave traces during their movements and also store their long-term movement patterns in their frequently visited locations (i.e., preferred locations). However, such tracing leads to a long delay and high overhead on the locator by long-distance moving. Our trace data study confirms these problems and provides the foundation of our design of a new node searching method, called target-oriented method (TSearch). By leveraging social network properties, TSearch aims to enable a locator to directly move toward the target. Nodes create encounter records (ERs) indicating the locations and times of their encounters and make the ERs easily accessible by locators through message exchanges or a hierarchical structure. In node searching, a locator follows the target’s latest ER, the latest ERs of its friends (i.e., frequently meeting nodes), its preferred locations, and the target’s possible locations deduced from additional information for node searching. Extensive trace-driven and real-world experiments show that TSearch achieves significantly higher success rate and lower delay in node searching compared with previous methods.
Accountability in US Education: Applying Lessons from K-12 Experience to Higher Education

A new push for accountability has become an increasingly important feature of education policy in the United States and throughout the world. Broadly speaking, accountability seeks to hold educational institutions responsible for student outcome using tools ranging from performance "report cards" to explicit rewards and sanctions. We survey the well-developed empirical literature on accountability in K-12 education and consider what lessons we can learn for the design and impact of college ratings. Our bottom line is that accountability works, but rarely as well as one would hope, and often not entirely in the ways that were intended. Research on K-12 accountability offers some hope but also a number of cautionary tales.
Localizing and Orienting Street Views Using Overhead Imagery

In this paper we aim to determine the location and orientation of a ground-level query image by matching to a reference database of overhead (e.g. satellite) images. For this task we collect a new dataset with one million pairs of street view and overhead images sampled from eleven U.S. cities. We explore several deep CNN architectures for cross-domain matching – Classification, Hybrid, Siamese, and Triplet networks. Classification and Hybrid architectures are accurate but slow since they allow only partial feature precomputation. We propose a new loss function which significantly improves the accuracy of Siamese and Triplet embedding networks while maintaining their applicability to large-scale retrieval tasks like image geolocalization. This image matching task is challenging not just because of the dramatic viewpoint difference between ground-level and overhead imagery but because the orientation (i.e. azimuth) of the street views is unknown making correspondence even more difficult. We examine several mechanisms to match in spite of this – training for rotation invariance, sampling possible rotations at query time, and explicitly predicting relative rotation of ground and overhead images with our deep networks. It turns out that explicit orientation supervision also improves location prediction accuracy. Our best performing architectures are roughly 2.5 times as accurate as the commonly used Siamese network baseline.
Broken Symmetry Dielectric Resonators for High Quality Factor Fano Metasurfaces

We present a new approach to dielectric metasurface design that relies on a single resonator per unit cell and produces robust, high quality factor Fano resonances. Our approach utilizes symmetry breaking of highly symmetric resonator geometries, such as cubes, to induce couplings between the otherwise orthogonal resonator modes. In particular, we design perturbations that couple “bright” dipole modes to “dark” dipole modes whose radiative decay is suppressed by local field effects in the array. Our approach is widely scalable from the near-infrared to radio frequencies. We first unravel the Fano resonance behavior through numerical simulations of a germanium resonator-based metasurface that achieves a quality factor of ∼1300 at ∼10.8 μm. Then, we present two experimental demonstrations operating in the near-infrared (∼1 μm): a silicon-based implementation that achieves a quality factor of ∼350; and a gallium arsenide-based structure that achieves a quality factor of ∼600, the highest near-infrared qualit...
More like him, me, or us: The impact of trait similarity on adolescent women's sexual risk behaviors in relationships

Ideal partner traits and how they relate to a young woman's current partner and relationship is a knowledge gap in the literature. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess any differences in interpersonal characteristics between a young woman or her partner and relationship and 2) to examine the impact of this difference on sexual monogamy, condom use and frequency of vaginal sex. Study participants (n=387, 14-17 years at enrollment, 90% African American) were recruited from three primary care adolescent health clinics serving areas with high rates of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection (STI); data were drawn from a longitudinal cohort study of sexual relationships and behaviors among young women. Nineteen interpersonal characteristics, including physical, financial, communication and personal characteristic variables, were found to have varying influences on relationships and sexual behaviors with 'like him' and 'like us' as referents. Monogamy increased as a male partner wanted to get somewhere in life [OR 5.41, (1.25, 23.52, p<0.05)], was intelligent [OR 3.42, (1.09, 10.76, p<0.05)] and had money [OR 1.55, (0.272, 0.595, p<0.001)] in a partnership; monogamy similarly increased when a partner wanted to get somewhere in life [OR 6.77, (1.51, 30.36, p<0.01)], was intelligent [OR 4.02, (1.23, 13.23, p<0.05)], and had money [OR 2.41, (1.51, 3.84, p<0.001)] compared to the young woman. The likelihood of using a condom at last sex increased when the male partner had a nice body [OR 1.42, (1.02, 1.99, p<0.05)], was popular [OR 1.60, (1.12, 2.29, p<0.01)], cared for others [OR 3.43, (1.32, 8.98, p<0.01)], was good at sports [OR 1.35, (1.06, 1.73, p<0.05)] and expressed his feelings [OR 2.03, (1.14, 3.60, p<0.01)]. The condom use ratio increased when the male partner was able to take care of himself [OR 0.076, (0.017, 0.136, p<0.01)], was cute [OR 0.190, (0.082, 0.30, p<0.001)], and had a nice body [OR 0.044, (0.001, 0.09, p<0.05)] in a dyad; the condom use ratio also increased when a male partner could take care of himself [OR 0.091, (0.014, 0.168, p<0.05)], was cute [OR 0.194, (0.077, 0.311, p<0.001)] compared to the young woman. Coital frequency increased when the male partner was described as being able to take care of himself [OR 3.33, (0.138, 6.52, p<0.05)]. Such influences are important in discussions with young women regarding personal and partner choices in sexual health as partners, behaviors and motivations for choice frequently change.
Sirtuin 1 Promotes Deacetylation of Oct4 and Maintenance of Naive Pluripotency

The enhancer landscape is dramatically restructured as naive preimplantation epiblasts transition to the post-implantation state of primed pluripotency. A key factor in this process is Otx2, which is upregulated during the early stages of this transition and ultimately recruits Oct4 to a different set of enhancers. In this study, we discover that the acetylation status of Oct4 regulates the induction of the primed pluripotency gene network. Maintenance of the naive state requires the NAD-dependent deacetylase, SirT1, which deacetylates Oct4. The activity of SirT1 is reduced during the naive-to-primed transition; Oct4 becomes hyper-acetylated and binds to an Otx2 enhancer to induce Otx2 expression. Induction of Otx2 causes the reorganization of acetylated Oct4 and results in the induction of the primed pluripotency gene network. Regulation of Oct4 by SirT1 may link stem cell development to environmental conditions, and it may provide strategies to manipulate epiblast cell state.
Global migration of talent and tax incentives : evidence from Malaysia's returning expert program

This paper presents the first evidence on the efficacy of a major program designed to encourage the return migration of high-skilled individuals. The Malaysian Returning Expert Program targets high-skilled Malaysians abroad and provides them with tax incentives to return. At several eligibility thresholds, the probability of acceptance into the program increases discontinuously. Using administrative data on applicants, the analysis is able to identify the impact of acceptance to the Returning Expert Program on the probability of returning to Malaysia. The fuzzy regression discontinuity design estimates suggest that program approval increases the return probability by 40 percent for applicants with a preexisting job offer in Malaysia. There is no significant treatment effect for those who apply without a job offer. The estimated migration elasticity with respect to the net-of-tax rate, averaged across all applicants, is 1.2. Fiscal cost-benefit analysis of the Returning Expert Program finds a modest net fiscal effect of the program, between minus $6,900 and plus $4,200 per applicant, suggesting that the program roughly pays for itself.
Using forms for information hiding and coding in electrophotographic documents

Common forensics tasks such as verifying ownership, authenticity, and copyright of a document can be accomplished through the use of imperceptible marks or signatures inserted during the printing process. Prior research has investigated techniques to embed and recover extrinsic information from electrophotographic text documents and halftone images. But in the absence of suitable halftone patches or text characters, another strategy to embed signatures in the document is needed. In this study, the use of the frames or borders that surround the contents of security documents such as bank statements, event tickets and boarding passes is proposed. While this new embedding context broadens the embedding domain, it also offers the possibility of using error-correcting coding techniques from the area of communications. Experimental results show that the addition of coding methods to the embedding scheme improve the embedding capacity and provide more robustness to our system.
A reverse Minkowski theorem

We prove a conjecture due to Dadush, showing that if ℒ⊂ ℝn is a lattice such that det(ℒ′) 1 for all sublattices ℒ′ ⊆ ℒ, then $$\sum_{y∈ℒ}^e-t2||y||2≤3/2,$$ where t := 10(logn + 2). From this we also derive bounds on the number of short lattice vectors and on the covering radius.
Age-Related Progressions in Story Structure in Young Children's Narratives

Purpose Prior theoretical and empirical work has referenced several broad stages of narrative development, particularly in terms of young children's understanding of story structure. However, there...
A Two-Stage Plug-In Bandwidth Selection and Its Implementation for Covariance Estimation

To overcome the drawbacks in the bandwidth choice rules for kernel-smoothed covariance estimation in Andrews (1991) and Newey and West (1994), this paper proposes to estimate an unknown quantity in the optimal bandwidth (called the normalized curvature )w ith ag eneral class of kernels and derives the bandwidth that minimizes the asymptotic mean squared error of this estimator. The theory of the two-stage plug-in bandwidth selection and a solve-theequation implementation method are developed. It is shown that the optimal bandwidth for the kernel-smoothed normalized curvature estimator should grow at a slower rate than the one for the covariance estimator under the same kernel. Finite sample performances of the new covariance estimator are assessed through Monte Carlo simulations.
Novel method for detection of glycogen in cells.

y Glycogen, a branched polymer of glucose, functions as an energy reserve in many living organisms. Abnormalities in glycogen metabolism, usually excessive accumulation, can be caused genetically, most often through mutation of the enzymes directly involved in synthesis and degradation of the polymer leading to a variety of glycogen storage diseases (GSDs). Microscopic visualization of glycogen deposits in cells and tissues is important for the study of normal glycogen metabolism as well as diagnosis of GSDs. Here, we describe a method for the detection of glycogen using a renewable, recombinant protein which contains the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) from starch-binding domain containing protein 1 (Stbd1). We generated a fusion protein containing g lutathione S-transferase, a cM c eptitope and the tbd1 BM (GYSC) for use as a glycogen-binding probe, which can be detected with secondary antibodies against glutathione S-transferase or cMyc. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we demonstrate that GYSC binds glycogen and two other polymers of glucose, amylopectin and amylose. Immunofluorescence staining of cultured cells indicate a GYSC-specific signal that is co-localized with signals obtained with anti-glycogen or anti-glycogen synthase antibodies. GYSC-positive staining inside of lysosomes is observed in individual muscle fibers isolated from mice deficient in lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase, a well-characterized model of GSD II (Pompe disease). Co-localized GYSC and glycogen signals are also found in muscle fibers isolated from mice deficient in malin, a model for Lafora disease. These data indicate that GYSC is a novel probe that can be used to study glycogen metabolism under normal and pathological conditions.
CLASSIFICATION OF FEMORAL BONE DEFICIENCY: PICKING THE RIGHT TOOL

Revision of the failed femoral component can be challenging. Multiple reconstructive options are available and the procedure is technically difficult and thus meticulous pre-operative planning is required. The Paprosky Femoral Classification is useful as it helps the surgeon determine what bone stock is available for fixation and hence, which type of femoral reconstruction is most appropriate. Type 1 Defect: This is essentially a normal femur and reconstruction can proceed as the surgeon would with a primary femur. Type 2 Defect: The metaphysis is damaged but still supportive and hence a stem that gains primary fixation in the metaphysis can be used. Type 3 Defect: The metaphysis is damaged and non-supportive and hence a stem that gains primary fixation in the diaphysis is required. Broken down into types “A” and “B” based on the amount of intact isthmus available for distal fixation. Type 3A Defect: >4 cm of intact femoral isthmus is present. Can be managed with a fully porous coated stem, so long as the diameter is Type 3B Defect: There is Type 4 Defect: The most challenging to manage as there is no isthmus available for distal fixation. Can be managed with proximal femoral replacement if uncontained and impaction grafting if contained. We have also successfully used modular titanium tapered stems that appear to gain “3-point fixation” in this type of defect.
Secular Stagnation? The Effect of Aging on Economic Growth in the Age of Automation

Several recent theories emphasize the negative effects of an aging population on economic growth, either because of the lower labor force participation and productivity of older workers or because aging will create an excess of savings over desired investment, leading to secular stagnation. We show that there is no such negative relationship in the data. If anything, countries experiencing more rapid aging have grown more in recent decades. We suggest that this counterintuitive finding might reflect the more rapid adoption of automation technologies in countries undergoing more pronounced demographic changes, and provide evidence and theoretical underpinnings for this argument.