cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A SCALE TO ASSESS PARTICULARIZED TRUST IN FAMILIES AND COMMUNITY‐ AND CONGREGATION‐BASED GROUPS

The Relationships in Community Groups Trust Scale (RCG-TS) is an 11-item questionnaire to assess particularized trust in 3 groups: community- and congregation-based groups and families. It was developed using a multimethod approach employing in-depth interviews and qualitative analysis, followed by quantitative psychometric evaluation for construct, convergent, and concurrent validity and internal reliability. Means were compared between groups. In-depth interviews, expert review panel, and cognitive interviews contributed to content validity. Construct validity was supported through exploratory factor analysis indicating a single factor. The RCG-TS was significantly and positively associated with a sense of belonging scale in all three groups, supporting convergent validity. The RCG-TS trust scale was weakly correlated with the Lubben Social Network Scale, indicating concurrent validity. Internal consistency was high. These results suggest that the trust scale has sufficient reliability and validity for use in future research investigating trust in families and community groups within and outside congregations.
Shipping on the Humber: the South Bank ‐ by Michael Taylor and The Comprehensive Guide to Shipwrecks on the East Coast 1766–1917 (vol. I) ‐ by Ron Young

Shipping on the Humber: the South Bank MICHAEL Taylor 128 pp., many fine b&w illustrations Tempus Publishing Ltd, The Mill, Brimscombe Port, Stroud, GL5 2QG, UK, 2004, £12.99 (sbk), ISBN 075243116...
A spatial model for systems analysis

A spatial model has been proposed for the investigation of systems where the available data pertaining to the system and those environmental factors influencing it is so generalized as to rule out traditional statistical analyses. This proposed methodology, which is of an order of generalization similar to the available data, necessarily yields highly generalized results in terms of significant factors at their critical and core area values. For purposes of preliminary investigations, it is felt that the generalized results of this approach to systems analysis will be valuable.
Local implementation of Japan’s Integrated Studies reform: a preliminary analysis of efforts to decentralise the curriculum

This article examines the goals and consequences of an educational reform introduced in all Japanese schools beginning in 2002. The Integrated Studies (IS) programme was designed to increase teacher autonomy and to augment student interest in learning. The reform has the potential to alter significantly the way education is organised and delivered in Japan, yet outside the country very little is known about it. This preliminary study of IS provides valuable insights into the effects of the programme at the local level, teachers’ views about educational reform, and the Ministry of Education’s ability to facilitate change in the schools.
WE-C-217A-01: Risk Estimation versus Risk Perception.

The recent attention in the scientific and popular press to the potential risks associated with ionizing radiation from medical imaging has resulted in some patient becoming unwilling to undergo medically appropriate procedures that use ionizing radiation. Scientific data on the magnitude of both potential risks and benefits are not always successful in allaying patient concerns, even though the potential risks are very small and the potential benefits are very large. An understanding of the psychological factors affecting the perception of risk helps to explain this behavior. For patients to feel comfortable with medical procedures involving ionizing radiation, they must be believe that their medical providers have their best interest in mind, that the ordered procedure is medically appropriate and may help their doctor in managing their care, and that those providing the imaging services are actively engaged in efforts to ensure patient safety. Learning Objectives: 1. Differentiate between risk estimation and risk perception 2. List several factors that affect a person's perception of risk 3. Describe some of the consequences that may occur when patients do not feel that they are safe
The Electrochemical Reductive Coupling of Mono-Enol Ethers of β-Diketones

Abstract The one electron electrochemical reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones2 is a useful method of establishing carbon to carbon bonds. For example3, it has been utilized in an intramolecular coupling to generate the perhydrophenanthrene ring system in the reduction of 1 to 2:
Ionic liquids in drug delivery

Introduction: To overcome potential problems with solid-state APIs, such as polymorphism, solubility and bioavailability, pure liquid salt (ionic liquid) forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API-ILs) are considered here as a design strategy. Areas covered: After a critical review of the current literature, the recent development of the API-ILs strategy is presented, with a particular focus on the liquefaction of drugs. A variety of IL tools for control over the liquid salt state of matter are discussed including choice of counterion to produce an IL from a given API; the concept of oligomeric ions that enables liquefaction of solid ILs by changing the stoichiometry or complexity of the ions; formation of ‘liquid co-crystals' where hydrogen bonding is the driving force in the liquefaction of a neutral acid–base complex; combining an IL strategy with the prodrug strategy to improve the delivery of solid APIs; using ILs as delivery agents via trapping a drug in a micelle and finally ILs designed with ...
Differential Regulation of Oocyte Maturation and Cumulus Expansion in the Mouse Oocyte– Cumulus Cell Complex by Site-Selective Analogs of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

In the present study, we have examined how differential distribution of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase isozymes within the mouse oocyte-cumulus cell complex might influence the physiological response of the complex to cAMP, by determining the actions of site-selective cAMP analogs on oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. Five different analogs of cAMP were utilized: 8-thiomethyl-cAMP and 8-bromo-cAMP, which bind to site 1 on the type II regulatory subunit (RII) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA); 8-aminohexylamino-cAMP, which binds to site 1 on the type I regulatory subunit (RI) of PKA; N6-monobutyryl cAMP, which binds to site 2 on either RI or RII; and 8-piperidino-cAMP, which binds to either site 1 on RII or site 2 on RI. These analogs were tested alone or in paired combinations that synergistically activate either the type I or type II PKA isozyme. When tested alone, analogs that can bind to, and presumably activate, type I PKA were the most potent inhibitors of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) in both cumulus cell-enclosed and denuded oocytes. Consistent with this result was the finding that paired combinations of analogs that selectively activate type I PKA were also most effective in preventing GVB. On the other hand, pulsing meiotically arrested cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes with high concentrations of analogs that bind to PKA II, or with paired combinations of analogs that selectively activate type II PKA, led to induction of GVB; stimulation with analogs or combinations thereof that presumably stimulate type I PKA was less effective. Cumulus expansion in response to PKA stimulation showed similar selectivity in that type II PKA-stimulating treatments were considerably more effective in provoking expansion than type I PKA-stimulating treatments. 8-N3-[32P]cAMP photoaffinity labeling of PKA regulatory subunits revealed that only RI was present in oocyte extracts, while extracts from oocyte-cumulus cell complexes contained both RI and RII. These results support the hypothesis that type II PKA mediates cAMP-stimulated cumulus expansion and resumption of meiotic maturation, while direct elevation of type I PKA within the oocyte is instrumental in maintaining meiotic arrest.
Black girls' perceptions of health and ideal body types

This study employs an opportunity sample of 18 Black girls attending afterschool programmes in a Mid-western US town. The girls were asked to describe health and the ideal body type for girls of their age. Previous research has noted important cultural differences in how girls define both health and their ideal body type, indicating that Black girls in this community may have differing views than other cultural groups. The purpose of this study was to better understand the connections between how Black girls define health, various body types and the ways in which they rationalise their healthy behaviours. According to the girls in this study, health is defined as exercising and eating fruits and vegetables. In addition, the girls mentioned idealising a body type that they referred to as ‘thick’ which is typically larger than Western White ideals. The girls mentioned various sociocultural factors and practices, such as peers and mothers who influence their definitions of the ideal body type. These social i...
Toward an alternative notion of information systems ontologies: Information engineering as a hermeneutic enterprise

In this paper we discuss the construction of information systems ontologies. We summarize and discuss Barry Smith’s review of the field in the pape r “Ontology”. In that essay Smith concludes with a plea for ontologies that reflect the categories of current scientific theories because they represent our best knowledge of the world. In this context, we develop an argument for a hermeneutic approach to ontologies ‐ one compatible with the orientation introduced into information science by Winograd and Flores and that was later developed by many others. In order to do this, we argue that the literature in the philo sophy and history of science supports a hermeneutic interpretation of the nature and growth of sci ence. This, given Smith’s argument, shows the relevance of hermeneutics to the creation o f information system ontologies. The problems associated with understanding and creating information systems ontologies can be addressed fruitfully only if one begins by acknowledging that databases are mechanisms for communication involving judgments and interpretations by inte lligent and knowledgeable users. The main contributions of this paper are our conclusions that (1) information system ontologies should take into consideration a perspective of the philo sophy and history of science and that (2) hermeneutics as construed by Gadamer constitutes a place from which we can understand the tasks of information ontologists and database users.
Book Review: Student Speech on the Internet: The Role of First Amendment Protections, by Jesulon S. R. Gibbs

Student Speech on the Internet: The Role of First Amendment Protections. Jesulon S. R. Gibbs. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC, 2010, 264 pp. $75 hbk."Hot or not" lists have existed since at least when I was in high school, but now they are posted all over the Internet. That changes everything from the 1980s (ancient times, according to my students, who take pity on us having had such primitive tech- nologies as record players and landlines). My generation took great pains to make sure only a small number of us had access to such lists, as we knew we would be in a buck- etload of trouble if discovered. We knew nothing of the Tinker ruling that protected us, only that you did not want to get busted by our principal, Dr. Grant, because he clearly had all the power, and we had none.But now posting a "hot or not" list on a personal website is an entirely new ball game, as we attempt to understand new media through the lenses of old-media laws. Instead of attempting to hide the existence of questionable material, students use the Internet to make sure everyone sees it. Instead of busting students for behavior at school, administrators have a tougher time if the expression takes place off-campus. The Dr. Grants of the world are navigating a completely new legal area, and no one is quite sure what the rules are.Jesulon S. R. Gibbs, JD, PhD, attempts to make sense of it all. Beginning with the First Amendment rationale for protecting as well as punishing student expression, she moves on to discuss the differences between the pre-Internet and current eras, then analyzes recent cases before offering a framework for school officials.Noting that the Supreme Court has conflicting precedents, Gibbs details Tinker, Fraser, Hazelwood, and Morse v. Frederick (better known as "Bong Hits 4 Jesus"). While the majority in Tinker decreed that expression in the schools could be limited only if it posed a threat to the orderly functioning of the school, the three later cases clouded things by adding considerations of whether the expression conflicted with the educational mission of the school and whether the forum for the expression is related to the curriculum of the school (in which case the school board would have the right to regulate). "Bong Hits" went a step further by ruling that expression off-campus yet related to a school function could indeed be limited.As no case involving student expression strictly online has been tried at the U.S. Supreme Court, Gibbs looks at the cases from federal district court and federal courts of appeals. She argues that the cases have relied on the Tinker ruling more than any other, but that standard gives us little meaningful guidance. The students who wore armbands to school in the iconic 1969 case were exonerated because they did not cre- ate a disturbance. If we take that standard and expand it to, say, that a student's off- campus expression can be regulated if it is causing a disturbance on campus, we have the potential to regulate just about everything. …
Average reductions between random tree pairs

There are a number of measures of degrees of similarity between rooted binary trees. Many of these ignore sections of the trees which are in complete agreement. We use computational experiments to investigate the statistical characteristics of such a measure of tree similarity for ordered, rooted, binary trees. We generate the trees used in the experiments iteratively, using the Yule process modeled upon speciation. Rooted binary trees arise in a wide range of settings, from biological evolutionary trees to efficient structures for searching datasets. There are a number of measures of tree similarity which arise in these settings. Here we investigate a measure which is relevant for ordered, rooted, binary trees of the same size. Examples of trees satisfying such conditions include some binary search trees. Our approach is to consider pairs of such trees of increasing size n, selected via a random process, and investigate the degree of commonality given by a natural measure of the degree to which they agree completely on peripheral subtrees. Using experimental evidence, we find that the degree of commonality appears to grown linearly with tree size, and we estimate the average behavior. There are a number of processes for selecting trees randomly. One method that is commonly studied is the uniform distribution on trees, where each tree is equally likely to be selected. Some properties of the reduction behavior of trees selected uniformly at random have been investigated by Cleary, Elder, Rechnitzer and Taback [Cleary et al. 2010] while studying statistical properties of Thompson’s group F, showing that a tree pair selected from the uniform distribution on tree pairs is almost surely unreduced in the sense described below. The common subtrees investigated here via reduction are a particular case of common edges, where in the
The Public Health Impact of Major Depression: A Call for Interdisciplinary Prevention Efforts

Major depression is a consequential public health problem in the United States. Depression has long been recognized as an important target of intervention in psychology and psychiatry, but these fields have focused efforts primarily on treatment rather than prevention. Although effective preventive interventions targeting high-risk groups have been developed, they have thus far had poor reach and sustainability in the community. The development of sustainable preventive interventions that have the potential to impact population health represents a critical goal for the field. To this end, a research agenda incorporating the perspectives of both mental health disciplines and public health is proposed as a guide for future depression prevention research. Increased interdisciplinary collaboration between mental health disciplines and public health is recommended to develop, enact, and evaluate multilevel preventive interventions aimed at reducing the population health burden of major depression.
Influences of Qushayrī’s Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt on Sufi Qur’anic Commentaries, Particularly Rūzbihān al-Baqlī’s ʿArāʾis al-bayān and the Kubrawi al-Taʾwīlāt al-najmiyya

Abstract Although the significance of ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Qushayrī’s Qur’anic commentary, Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt, might appear limited, in fact its impact was widespread geographically and historically and was both obvious and hidden. This study demonstrates that eight tafsīrs, written from the twelfth to the nineteenth centuries and possessing a significant Sufi component, were all influenced by Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt and ranged from Morocco to Central Asia and India and included the Ottoman world, the Arab Middle East, and Iran. Using the previously recognized influence of Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt on Maybudī’s Kashf al-asrār as a point of comparison for examining the degree, manner, and acknowledgment of influence, this study focuses on illuminating the impact of Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt on the Qur’anic commentary of Rūzbihān al-Baqlī, ʿArāʾis al-bayān, and that of the Kubrawi school, al-Taʾwīlāt al-najmiyya. One significant difference is that quotations from Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt were appended to and not integrated with Baqlī’s writing, whereas they were integrated into al-Taʾwīlāt. Most importantly, Qushayrī’s authorship is acknowledged in ʿArāʾis al-bayān but not in al-Taʾwīlāt. This discovery of the hidden influence of the Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt on al-Taʾwīlāt al-najmiyya helps to clarify the latter’s problematic authorship, strengthening Paul Ballanfat’s argument that Najm-i Rāzī revised the text originally written by Najm al-Dīn Kubrā.
The status of low vision rehabilitation and certification in the state of Michigan

Abstract Background With the estimated increase in the number of Americans with vision-related disabilities on the horizon, the need for optometrists with expertise in low vision rehabilitation services will increase. State optometric certification in low vision rehabilitation is currently only available in 3 states through affiliations between the state optometric associations and other organizations or government entities. Methods A mail survey was conducted among Michigan Optometric Association member optometrists designed to address the current percentage of optometrists who practice low vision rehabilitation as well as the percentage who are low vision certified through the Michigan Optometric Association and to establish future need for additional low vision rehabilitation providers in the state. Results Of the 188 participants, only 26.0% stated that they provide low vision rehabilitation services, the majority of whom provide only primary care low vision rehabilitation. Only 6.4% of respondents are certified low vision rehabilitation specialists through the Michigan Optometric Association. Conclusion The low percentage of optometrists in the state of Michigan who practice low vision rehabilitation may lead to a shortage of providers for the aging and visually impaired Michigan population seeking low vision rehabilitation services. Even fewer are certified low vision providers through the voluntary Michigan Optometric Association certification process.
Contribution of the Superior Colliculus and the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation to Gaze Control

: Converging lines of evidence support a role for the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC) and the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) in the control of combined head and eye movements (i.e., gaze). Recent microstimulation, single-cell recording, and lesion experiments are reviewed in which monkeys are free to move their heads. Cells in the SC discharge in advance of combined head and eye movements and most likely provide a gaze error signal to downstream structures. In contrast, the neurons in the MRF are of at least two types. Eye cells have features that are similar to neurons in the rostral portion of the SC, but fire before the onset of horizontal eye movments. A second group of MRF neurons begin to fire after the onset of the gaze shift and are most closely associated with movements of the head. The peak discharge of these late-onset MRF neurons occurs near the peak head velocity. Stimulation in the rostral SC generates eye movements with fixed amplitude and direction. A similar response is noted after stimulation of the more dorsal portion of the caudal MRF. Stimulation in the caudal portion of the SC produces combined head and eye movements of fixed amplitude. Electrical activation of the more ventral portions of the caudal MRF generates goal-directed and centering eye movements. Temporary inactivation of the SC with the GABA agonist muscimol generated hypometria and curved trajectories of contralateral eye movements. Inactivation of the caudal MRF produced contralateral hypermetria and ipsilateral hypometria of saccades. Release of the monkey's head demonstrated a profound contralateral head tilt. Taken together, these data suggest that the gaze signal generated in the SC is filtered by neurons in the MRF to generate a feedback signal of eye motor error. The head signal found in the MRF could cancel a portion of the gaze signal coming from the SC in the form of head velocity feedback.
Multiple-entry finite automata

A multiple-entry finite automaton (mefa) is a finite automaton where any state can serve as an initial state. The reason for studying such automata is that there is a class of regular sets which can be recognized much more economically with a parallel bank of identical mefa's than with conventional finite automata. In this paper we study properties of mefa's and formulate a necessary and sufficient condition for regular sets to be mefa-recognizable. We also develop algorithms for testing for this condition and for constructing the recognizing mefa whenever this conditions is satisfied.
Maps of polar mesospheric clouds

[1] A middle ultraviolet imager (235–263 nm) on the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) has obtained the first large-scale, two-dimensional maps of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs). The lower parts of individual images, which lie below the ozone horizon, are mapped onto an ellipsoidal shell at 83 km altitude and then combined to establish the transpolar PMC field in two spatial dimensions across the entire polar region. At all latitudes where they appear, the PMCs clearly evidence a “patchy” structure as opposed to a uniform layer. Among the interesting features of these cloud patches are zonal alignments, arcs, and repetitive structures characteristic of waves. Whether random or repetitive, the cloud structures exhibit scales ranging from several hundred kilometers down to tens of kilometers.
Two-dimensional SEC/RPLC coupled to mass spectrometry for the analysis of peptides

A two-dimensional liquid chromatography system is described here which uses size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC) followed by reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) to separate the mixture of peptides resulting from the enzymatic digestion of a protein. A novel LC/LC interface, using two RPLC columns in parallel rather than storage loops, joins the two chromatographic dimensions. This new interface design permits the use of conventional analytical diameter HPLC columns, 7.8 mm for SEC and 4.6 mm for RPLC, making construction and maintenance of this system very easy. The reversed phase chromatography utilizes 1.5 μm diameter, nonporous C-18 modified silica particles, which produce fast and efficient analyses. Following the high-resolution two-dimensional chromatographic separation, an electrospray mass spectrometer detects the peptide fragments. The mass spectrometer scans a 2000 m/z range to identify the analytes from their molecular weights. The analyses of tryptic digests of ovalbumin and seru...
Parental attachment systems: neural circuits, genes, and experiential contributions to parental engagement

Abstract Parental caregiving includes a set of highly conserved set of behaviors and mental states that may reflect both an individual's genetic endowment and the early experience of being cared for as a child. We consider the mental and behavioral elements of early parental caregiving in humans and what is known of the neurobiological substrates of maternal behaviors in mammalian species including some limited human data. Also reviewed briefly is the evidence that specific genes encode proteins that are crucial for the development of the neural substrates that underlie specific features of maternal behavior. Finally, we review the literature on the “programming” role of epigenetic factors in shaping subsequent maternal behavior. Drawing also from recent neuroimaging data, we conclude that there are critical developmental windows during which the genetically determined microcircuitry of key limbic-hypothalamic-midbrain structures are susceptible to early environmental influences and that these influences powerfully shape an individuals responsivity to psychosocial stressors and their resiliency or vulnerability to various forms of human psychopathology later in life.
Security standards for the semantic web

This paper first describes the developments in standards for the semantic web and then describes standards for secure semantic web. In particular XML security, RDF security, and secure information integration and trust on the semantic web are discussed. Some details of our research on access control and dissemination of XML documents are also given. Next privacy issues for the semantic web are discussed. Finally some aspects of secure web services as well as directions for research and standards efforts for secure semantic web are provided.
08. The Practice and Evidence Basis for Tai Chi as a Complementary Modality: An Experiential Presentation

Focus Area: Experiential Workshop Studies are showing that practicing Tai Chi can facilitate an individual's ability to increase physical stamina, reduce stress, enhance feelings of wellbeing, and improve resistance to illness. In this workshop, the principles and practice of a short form of Yang-style Tai Chi is presented for participants to experience and discuss the use of this evidence-based modality in a variety of healthcare settings. Evidence will be presented that suggests how Tai Chi would be an applicable intervention for the following: Physical therapy Occupational therapy Cardiac rehabilitation Oncology Bariatric Rheumatology Psychological disorders (eg, posttraumatic stress disorder)
Determinants of fear of crime: The effect of cultural setting

During the past 10 years, a body of literature has emerged to identify determinants of fear of crime such as neighborhood conditions, victimization experiences, and demographic characteristics. Few conceptual models have been developed, however, which explore simultaneously the relative explanatory value of these determinants, and no research to date has examined the effects of these models across divergent cultural settings. This research extends the fear of crime literature in two ways: by investigating the simultaneous relationships among the aforementioned factors and by estimating the effects of cultural setting on fear of crime. Using survey data based on interviews with citizens in cities in the United States and in Belize, we estimate the model and make comparisons within and across models. Although the relative effects of the variables in the model are different in magnitude, the findings show that similar factors predict fear of crime in both cultural settings.
MRI phenotypes based on cerebral lesions and atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis

Abstract Background While disease categories (i.e. clinical phenotypes) of multiple sclerosis (MS) are established, there remains MRI heterogeneity among patients within those definitions. MRI-defined lesions and atrophy show only moderate inter-correlations, suggesting that they represent partly different processes in MS. We assessed the ability of MRI-based categorization of cerebral lesions and atrophy in individual patients to identify distinct phenotypes. Methods We studied 175 patients with MS [age (mean ± SD) 42.7 ± 9.1 years, 124 (71%) women, Expanded Disability Status (EDSS) score 2.5 ± 2.3, n = 18 (10%) clinically isolated demyelinating syndrome (CIS), n = 115 (66%) relapsing-remitting (RR), and n = 42 (24%) secondary progressive (SP)]. Brain MRI measures included T2 hyperintense lesion volume (T2LV) and brain parenchymal fraction (to assess whole brain atrophy). Medians were used to create bins for each parameter, with patients assigned a low or high severity score. Results Four MRI phenotype categories emerged: Type I = low T2LV/mild atrophy [n = 67 (38%); CIS = 14, RR = 47, SP = 6]; Type II = high T2LV/mild atrophy [n = 21 (12%); RR = 19, SP = 2]; Type III = low T2LV/high atrophy [n = 21 (12%); CIS = 4, RR = 16, SP = 1]; and Type IV = high T2LV/high atrophy [n = 66 (38%); RR = 33, SP = 33]. Type IV was the most disabled and was the only group showing a correlation between T2LV vs. BPF and MRI vs. EDSS score (all p Conclusions We described MRI-categorization based on the relationship between lesions and atrophy in individual patients to identify four phenotypes in MS. Most patients have congruent extremes related to the degree of lesions and atrophy. However, many have a dissociation. Longitudinal studies will help define the stability of these patterns and their role in risk stratification.
Oxidative stress effets on conjugational recombination and mutation in catalase-deficient Escherichia coli

Abstract The objective of the present investigation was to determine the effects on genetic recombination and mutation in Escherichia coli of either endogenous increases in oxygen radicals resulting from catalase deficiencies, or exogenous increases resulting from H 2 O 2 treatment. Using the classical paradigm of Escherichia coli bacterial conjugation, strains deficient in the production of hydroperoxidase I (HPI) and/or hydroperoxidase II (HPII) were used as recipients in Hfr × F −1 matings. ‘Background’ recombination rates, measured by the rate of appearance of threonine prototrophs, was similar to wild-type levels in the HPI-deficient ( katG ) strain, but were significantly decreased in HPII − ( katE ) mutants. The addition of relatively nontoxic H 2 O 2 concentrations (0.25 mmoles dm −3 ) to the mating mixtures stimulated recombination rates in wild-type and katE strains, but decreased rates in katG and katEkatG strains. A 0.5 mmoles dm −3 concentration of H 2 O 2 inhibited recombination rates in all strains. In order to gauge the level of recA -dependent ‘SOS’ processes occurring under the experimental conditions, ‘background’ mutation rates were determined in both fluctuation and forward mutation ( thyA ) assays. Mutation rates in aerobically-grown cultures were increased up to 2.2-fold in katG and katEkatG strains. Treatment with relatively nontoxic H 2 O 2 concentrations elevated the thyA mutagenesis up to 8-fold in catalase-deficient cultures. Furthermore, these studies along with data presented elsewhere show that the SOS phenotype of katEkatG is more resistant than that of katG strains. These studies clearly show that cellular oxidative stress occurring from catalase deficiency interferes with normal DNA metabolism.
Risk factors for prolonged shedding of 2009 H1N1 influenza virus

This retrospective study was conducted to estimate the shedding of 2009 H1N1 virus and the risk analysis by review of medical charts, laboratory and radiological findings of all inpatients with confirmed pandemic influenza A (H1N1) at a provincial pediatric hospital. A total of 41 cases attending the inpatient department between 15 November, 2009 to 14 December, 2009 were included. Prolonged and discontinuous shedding of 2009 H1N1 virus (median, 10days; range, 2 to 24 days) were detected by real-time RT-PCR. The interval from onset of symptom to the start of oseltamivir therapy was an independent risk factor for prolonged virus shedding.
Facilitation of bar pressing and "supression" of conditioned supression in cats as a function of alcohol.

Two experiments designed to test the effects of alcohol on suppression of bar pressing are reported. In Experiment I, a modified version of the conditioned suppression technique was employed. The results showed that alcohol facilitated bar-pressing both prior to and after the introduction of a fear-inducing stimulus. Experiment II was designed to test the possibility that alcohol had facilitated bar-pressing prior to the buzzer in Experiment I by reducing fear which had generalized to the entire situation. As no emotional conditioning procedures were used at all, there was no possibility of such generalization. Yet, the effects of alcohol were the same in Experiment II as in Experiment I. It was concluded that the action of alcohol here could not be interpreted within a fear-reduction framework.
Crystal structure and orientation behavior of transversely compressed poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) filaments

A basic study on crystal structure and orientation behavior of transversely compressed ethylene-1-octene copolymer with different 1-octene contents was described. All polymers were first melt spun under different spinline stress and subsequently transversely compressed. For the melt-spun filaments, an orthorhombic crystal structure was found for all polymers, but a pseudo-hexagonal mesophase was also found for polymers with the highest 1-octene level (13.3 mol%). For the transversely compressed filaments, several reflection peaks from a monoclinic unit cell were found for polyethylene without octene. For those with higher octene levels, the reflection peaks from monoclinic became fainter and disappeared for the one with the highest 1-octene level. After being transversely compressed, the (110) and (200) peaks of orthorhombic crystal structures became oriented along the meridian direction, which is the fiber axis direction. The reason for this appears to be that the compression deformation of the filament induces elongation along its width direction and shrinkage along its length and thickness direction, and in this change the polymer chain orients. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of process conditions on recovery of protein activity after freezing and freeze-drying

The objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of the degree to which recovery of activity of model proteins after freeze-drying can be maximized by manipulation of freeze-dry process conditions in the absence of protective solutes. Catalase, beta-galactosidase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were used as model proteins. All of the three proteins exhibited a concentration-dependent loss of activity after freezing, with significantly higher recovery at higher concentration. The freezing method and the type of buffer were also important, with sodium phosphate buffer and freezing by immersion of vials in liquid nitrogen associated with the lowest recovery of activity. Differential scanning calorimetry was predictive of the onset of collapse during freeze-drying only for beta-galactosidase. For the other proteins, either no Tg' transition was observed, or the apparent glass transition did not correlate with the microscopically-observed collapse temperature. The time course of activity loss for beta-galactosidase and LDH was compared during freeze-drying under conditions which produced collapse of the dried matrix and conditions which produced retention of microstructure in the dried solid. Recovery of activity decreased continuously during primary drying, with no sharp drop in recovery of activity associated with the onset of collapse. The most important drying process variable affecting recovery of activity was residual moisture level, with a dramatic drop in activity recovery associated with residual moisture levels less than about 10%.
Extrusion of soft solids through a tube

Abstract The flow, without plug action, of soft solids through a cylindrical tube is analyzed using the Eyring plasticity equation. Experiments were conducted with lead and wax flowing at various rates at several temperatures. A satisfactory correlation is obtained with the theoretical expression and the experimental data.
Structural analysis of purified human tracheobronchial mucins.

SY NOPSlS Light scattering has been used to investigate the structure of human tracheobronchial mucin glycoproteins (HTBM) from the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. The specimen was extracted using 6M guanidinium hydrochloride solution and fractionated by gel exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl S-1OOO. The fractionated HTBM was purified by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Purity of the resulting material was confirmed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and uv spectroscopy. Light scattering measurements on the fractionated mucins yield weight-average molecular weights M, , and z-average radii of gyration Rg, *. The native cystic fibrosis HTBM consisted of a high molecular weight fraction with M, = 9.3 x lo6 daltons and a lower molecular weight fraction containing partly degraded mucins. After reduction and carboxymethylation of the high molecular weight native fraction, the resulting material was separated into three pools with M, values of 5.1 X lofi, 1.6 X lo6, and 400,000. The derived molecular weights for the protein cores M,,,, and the experimental radii of gyration are found to be consistent with the M,, , - R, relation established previously for submaxillary, cervical, and gastric mucins. These results imply that HTBM has the same extended-coil conformation reported for other mucins and has a molecular structure consisting of subunits, linked into linear chains via covalent (disulfide) bonds.
Migration, pastoralists, HIV infection and access to care: the nomadic Fulani of northern Nigeria.

The burden of HIV infection among the nomadic Fulani of northern Nigeria is unknown. Migration — a way of life for this population — is known to increase the rate of HIV transmission and may limit individuals' access to treatment and care. Many of Africa's other traditional, pastoral societies are similarly affected. This paper explores cultural practices and factors among the Fulani that may influence HIV transmission, vulnerability to infection, sustainability and challenges to treatment access, and avenues and models for outreach services; lastly, we proffer some solutions and recommendations. An extensive literature search with cross-referencing was done, and relevant publications on similar themes were reviewed. Three cases of Fulani nomads with HIV are presented to illustrate the challenge of providing a care continuum as well as to demonstrate successes when appropriate HIV interventions are employed. Patient interviews provide valuable insight and information on living and coping with HIV. Communi...
Changes in outpatient psychiatric diagnosis in privately insured children and adolescents from 1995 to 2000.

This study examined changes in the diagnostic patterns among children and adolescents treated for mental health problems between the years 1995 and 2000. Using a large database (MarketScan®) which compiles claims information from private health insurance plans nationwide, our sample consisted of 100,716 children (under the age of 18) who submitted claims for outpatient mental health services, out of a total of 1,723,681 covered children. Over the five years period, there was a dramatic increase in the proportion of children diagnosed with both Autism and Bipolar disorders. An increase was also observed in Anxiety, ADHD and Depressive disorders. A decrease was observed in diagnostic prevalence of Oppositional, Adjustment and Substance Abuse disorders.
Platform capability based identity management for scalable and secure cloud service access

In the past identity management solutions evolved to solve the challenges with username/password based systems to provide a seamless single sign-on (SSO) experience for the user. With the advent of large scale cloud services, the existing SSO solutions for authentication using only username/password need to be revisited. We propose the use of platform capabilities and integrated credentials as a criteria for doing the authentication and authorization of the respective cloud service requesters. Cloud service requesters can be any type of device including PCs, TVs, laptops, phones, tablets and so on. Based on the device type the capabilities can offer information that may be necessary and sometimes sufficient to provide access to a given service. More specifically, a user may not have to enroll to get certain types of cloud services because the platform capabilities and intrinsic certificates may be sufficient without user specific information or input. For example, if a device can provide secure geo specific information then services which are provided for devices in a certain geo can be qualified based on the provided geo information without any additional input. For services that are controlled for enrolled users, instead of establishing a username/password PKI certificates can be embedded on the device which is secured using the platform capabilities. This will allow secure yet seamless access to such cloud services. Such a model where user ID is not mandatory but definitely available per service requirements, allows for enhanced privacy without jeopardizing security. Additionally the flexibility of such a model may allow the scaled identity management policies as required for various types of cloud services.
Sleeping and napping—cognitive influences on the biological clock

Time isolation studies have shown that humans have an endogenous biological timing system that governs the cycle of sleep and woefulness and the numerous physiological and psychological processes that underlie that cycle (Aschoff 1981). It has been demonstrated that the timing system is an important determinant of cognitive ability (Colquhoun 1971), even influencing the type of cognitive strategy used to approach a given task (Folkard and Monk 1985). it has been an open question, however, as to whether or not cognitive influences can work in the other direction. Although the offset of sleep can to some extent be under voluntary control (Bell 1980), there is presently no evidence of voluntary control of the endogenous biological timing system
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain: Is there a psychosocial component?

This article represents a small, but compelling, feasibility trial of targeted therapy for psychosocial abnormalities occurring in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).1 All physicians are intimately familiar with the psychological manifestations, including depression and anxiety, suffered by individuals with this disorder as well as with any other chronic pain syndrome. This group of authors has established their expertise in identifying these risk factors and prevalence within the syndrome of CP/CPPS. Clearly, their observation that catastrophic thinking is a unique factor in chronic pain and that it has been found to be the strongest biopsychosocial predictor of CP/CPPS is important for treating physicians to understand.
Precocious scaling and duality in the quark-parton model: a reformulation

Abstract In a model of confinement similar to the massive quark model, we take up the subjects of precocious scaling and the Bloom-Gilman relation. We identify precocious scaling with exchange degeneracy among secondary trajectories. By using the annihilation rule, which explains the pattern of exchange degeneracy in hadron reactions, we show that e−N→e−X should manifest precocious scaling, as should some other processes such as e−e+→π±X,e−e+→KX. In contrast thereto, certain other reactions, such as e−e+→h0X, which allow an isosinglet missing mass, may not show precocious scaling. Examples include h0=π0, η, ω, o. The predictions ofprecocious scaling are only as good as the valence quark model and hence, only apply for x sufficiently near to one. For x sufficiently far from one, precocious scaling will not be valid for any reaction. Another consequence is that the total cross section for electron-positron annihilation to hadrons need not scale rapidly. However, in the limit of SU(3) invariance, even this cross section would scale precociously. In our picture, the Bloom-Gilman relation corresponds to having resonances in three quark scattering dual to the pomeron. This relation is shown to be consistent with a generalization of the dual pomeron to quark-quark and quark-antiquark scattering.
A Novel Pre-Clinical Murine Model to Study the Life Cycle and Progression of Cervical and Anal Papillomavirus Infections

Background Papillomavirus disease and associated cancers remain a significant health burden in much of the world. The current protective vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, are expensive and not readily available to the underprivileged. In addition, the vaccines have not gained wide acceptance in the United States nor do they provide therapeutic value. Papillomaviruses are strictly species specific and thus human viruses cannot be studied in an animal host. An appropriate model for mucosal disease has long been sought. We chose to investigate whether the newly discovered mouse papillomavirus, MmuPV1, could infect mucosal tissues in Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu mice. Methods The vaginal and anal canals of Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu mice were gently abraded using Nonoxynol-9 and “Doctor’s BrushPicks” and MmuPV1 was delivered into the vaginal tract or the anal canal. Results Productive vaginal, cervical and anal infections developed in all mice. Vaginal/cervical infections could be monitored by vaginal lavage. Dysplasias were evident in all animals. Conclusions Anogenital tissues of a common laboratory mouse can be infected with a papillomavirus unique to that animal. This observation will pave the way for fundamental virological and immunological studies that have been challenging to carry out heretofore due to lack of a suitable model system.
Home as an Alternative Workplace: Negotiating the Spatial and Behavioral Boundaries between Home and Work

OBJECTIVE: As society moves toward flexible work patterns and integrated lifestyles, people working at home are changing their residential environments to support their work activities and meet their psychological needs. This study was conducted to understand how full-time homeworkers define their office space and maintain a functioning family environment through applying the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and control. RESEARCH DESIGN: Both a quantitative and a qualitative method of investigation were employed. Surveys determined how homeworkers set up their offices, and in-depth interviews explored behavioral issues within the physical context of the home. ANALYSIS: The theoretical basis for the study originated from Barker's (1968) behavior setting theory and Taylor's (1988) territorial functioning theory. The survey information was analyzed to calculate percentage quantities and test relationships. The qualitative information was gathered through field research and presented as a series of case studies. KEY FINDINGS: A mismatch was found between the residential environment and the patterns of work. Behavioral issues were given more significance than aesthetic and functional conditions of the physical space. Spatial boundaries were used more often than temporal boundaries to distinguish work from home. A conflict between sociability and individuality also emerged; the delineation of the office space affected people's perception of being pulled into family life or isolated to work. CONCLUSION: The findings illuminate the need for new housing where the office is an integral part of the residence. The integration of home and work can only occur through a careful negotiation of space and provisions for desired levels of interaction and privacy.