cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Psychological Process View of Bureaucratic Red Tape

Over the last three decades, the psychological process view of bureaucratic red tape has developed significant new insights for human resource management in the public sector. This chapter provides a meta-narrative perspective, drawing upon public management scholarship on the emergence and significance of the psychological process view. The chapter begins with an overview of theoretical development of the bureaucratic red tape concept followed by the articulation of a psychological process theory of bureaucratic red tape. Next, key developments and findings salient to public sector human resource management are reviewed. The chapter concludes by summarizing key points and noting that bureaucratic red tape scholarship can join forces with related theoretical approaches to foster a problem/solution-oriented approach to public sector human resource management.
Quantifying Recruitment Source and Participant Communication Preferences for Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention Research

Evidence on effective engagement of diverse participants in AD prevention research is lacking. To quantify recruitment source in relation to race, ethnicity, and retention. Prospective cohort study. University lab. Participants included older adults (N=1170) who identified as White (86%), Black (8%), and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (6%). The Cognitive Aging Lab Marketing Questionnaire assessed recruitment source, social media use, and research opportunity communication preferences. Effective recruitment methods and communication preferences vary by race and ethnicity. The most common referral sources were postcards for racial minorities, friend/family referrals for Hispanic/Latinos, and the newspaper for Whites. Whereas Whites preferred email communications, Hispanic/Latinos preferred texts. Recruiting diverse samples in AD prevention research is clinically relevant given high AD-risk of minorities and that health disparities are propagated by their under-representation in research. Our questionnaire and these results may be applied to facilitate effective research engagement.
Patagonia vs. Trump

This article explores the federal-court lawsuit that the Patagonia clothing company has brought against President Donald Trump, which challenges Trump’s reduction of the once-massive Bears Ears National Monument in Utah. It is odd for a company like Patagonia to bring a suit like this, and this article examines whether Patagonia has standing to do so. The article argues that Patagonia does not have standing to sue either for itself or, in a representative capacity, for its employees and the athletes that it sponsors. In making that argument, the article advances two broader ones. It argues, first, that the U.S. Supreme Court should clarify Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman, the main decision on which Patagonia will rely in asserting standing to sue for itself. Contrary to the lower federal courts’ understanding, Havens does not apply to suits, like Patagonia’s, that seek to vindicate “public rights.” This argument draws upon Justice Thomas’s significant but under-examined concurrence in Spokeo v. Robins. The article also argues that the Court should revisit the main decision on which Patagonia will rely in asserting associational standing, Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Comm’n. The test that the Court articulated for associational standing in Hunt is anomalous, unprecedented, and fails to ensure that a plaintiff-organization will adequately represents its constituents. The article argues that the Court should repudiate the Hunt test and instead require the plaintiff-organization in every case to show that it can adequately represent the constituents on whom its standing rests. A plaintiff-organization should, however, be able to meet this requirement presumptively by proving that it has the indicia of a traditional voluntary membership association that were identified in Hunt.
Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health and Distress of Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to examine the mental health of community-dwelling older adults as they adapted their everyday health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to a telephone survey, 126 older adults described perceived changes in physical and mental health, and adaptations in their everyday health behaviors. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and multiple regressions revealed that participants experienced changes in mental and physical health, reduced health service access, lower social engagement, and increased coping behaviors. Greater negative social impact of the pandemic was associated with higher levels of COVID-19 distress. Reduced mental health was significantly related to reductions in health service access, health changes, and fewer adaptive coping behaviors. Adaptive coping behaviors were helpful, just as reduced health access and social contact added risk for mental health problems. Suggestions were provided for alleviating mental health needs by increasing social contact and engaging in adaptive coping behaviors.
High Temperature Thermosets

A thermoset or network polymer is an organic material where the molecules are tied together through chemical bonds (crosslinks) and therefore they cannot move past one another. As a result, these materials exhibit a certain degree of dimensional stability. The chemical composition and the degree of crosslink density of the thermoset have a pronounced effect upon the properties. High temperature thermosets offer a favorable combination of properties that makes them attractive for many applications. Their most important features are the excellent processability particularly of the low molecular weight precusor forms, the chemical and solvent resistance and the dimensional stability. The market for high temperature thermosets will increase as new uses for them are uncovered and new thermosets with better combinations of properties are developed.
Trans-spliced Cas9 allows cleavage of HBB and CCR5 genes in human cells using compact expression cassettes

CRISPR/Cas9 systems have been used in a wide variety of biological studies; however, the large size of CRISPR/Cas9 presents challenges in packaging it within adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) for clinical applications. We identified a two-cassette system expressing pieces of the S. pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) protein which splice together in cellula to form a functional protein capable of site-specific DNA cleavage. With specific CRISPR guide strands, we demonstrated the efficacy of this system in cleaving the HBB and CCR5 genes in human HEK-293T cells as a single Cas9 and as a pair of Cas9 nickases. The trans-spliced SpCas9 (tsSpCas9) displayed ~35% of the nuclease activity compared with the wild-type SpCas9 (wtSpCas9) at standard transfection doses, but had substantially decreased activity at lower dosing levels. The greatly reduced open reading frame length of the tsSpCas9 relative to wtSpCas9 potentially allows for more complex and longer genetic elements to be packaged into an AAV vector including tissue-specific promoters, multiplexed guide RNA expression, and effector domain fusions to SpCas9. For unknown reasons, the tsSpCas9 system did not work in all cell types tested. The use of protein trans-splicing may help facilitate exciting new avenues of research and therapeutic applications through AAV-based delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 systems.
Interrogation by toxin.

A variation on an approach that uses diphtheria toxin to ablate specific cells in mice provides a better means of assessing biological function.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and the states-of-mind model : Evidence of specificity

We conducted a study to examine whether the states-of-mind (SOM) model (Schwartz & Garamoni, 1986) could successfully differentiate between Vietnam combat veterans who suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Vietnam combat veterans who did not. Veterans completed a battery of questionnaires that assessed the balance of cognitions (SOM ratios), extent of combat exposure, and symptomatology. The results supported our predictions: After matching the groups according to combat exposure and controlling general psychopathology, we found that (a) the combat veterans who suffered from PTSD reported more maladaptive SOM than combat veterans who did not suffer from PTSD, and (b) maladaptive SOM related to intrusive, but not avoidant, PTSD symptomatology.
Extensions of the Ewald method for Coulomb interactions in crystals

The electrostatic energy per unit cell of a large but finite crystal of point charges that is immersed in a dielectric medium can be efficiently calculated using the Ewald-sum technique (assuming a neutral unit cell). The form of this sum is derived here in a manner that generalizes to other interactions, such as long-range dispersion interactions, that depend on higher inverse powers of distance. The Ewald method is then generalized to finite crystals of model charge densities using Hermite Gaussian basis functions. Finally, efficient methods to accelerate the Ewald sum for these charge densities to near-linear scaling (i.e. scaling as N log N with system size N) are derived and tested.
Altered Histone Acetylation at Glutamate Receptor 2 and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Genes Is an Early Event Triggered by Status Epilepticus

The mechanisms underlying seizure-induced changes in gene expression are unclear. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we found that acetylation of histone H4 in rat hippocampal CA3 neurons was reduced at the glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2; GRIA2) glutamate receptor promoter but increased at brain-derived neurotrophic factor promoter P2 as soon as 3 hr after induction of status epilepticus by pilocarpine. This result indicates that status epilepticus rapidly activates different signal pathways to modulate histone acetylation in a promoter-specific manner. H4 deacetylation preceded seizure-induced GluR2 mRNA downregulation. The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A prevented and quickly reversed deacetylation of GluR2-associated histones. Trichostatin A also blunted seizure-induced downregulation of GluR2 mRNA in CA3. Thus, rapid gene-specific changes in histone acetylation patterns may be a key early step in the pathological processes triggered by status epilepticus.
Trusted Theorem Proving: A Case Study in SLD-Resolution

Prolog’s implementation of SLD-resolution furnishes an efficient theorem-proving technique for the Horn-clause subset of first-order logic, and makes for a powerful addition to any automatic or semi-automatic verification system. However, due to the complexity of SLD-resolution, a naive incorporation of a Prolog engine into such a system would inordinately increase the overall trusted base. In this paper we show how to integrate this procedure in a disciplined, trusted manner, by making the Prolog engine justify its results with very simple natural deduction reasoning. In effect, instead of taking SLD-resolution as a primitive inference rule, we express it as a derived inference rule in terms of much simpler rules such as conditional elimination.
Updates on Pancreatic Cancer - Highlights from the “48th Annual Pancreas Club Meeting”. Chicago, IL, USA. May 2-3, 2014

No abstract available. Image: Chicago view. (From the Program of the "48th Annual Pancreas Club Meeting. Chicago, IL, USA. May 2-3, 2014).
The identification of complete domains within protein sequences using accurate E-values for semi-global alignment

The sequencing of complete genomes has created a pressing need for automated annotation of gene function. Because domains are the basic units of protein function and evolution, a gene can be annotated from a domain database by aligning domains to the corresponding protein sequence. Ideally, complete domains are aligned to protein subsequences, in a ‘semi-global alignment’. Local alignment, which aligns pieces of domains to subsequences, is common in high-throughput annotation applications, however. It is a mature technique, with the heuristics and accurate E-values required for screening large databases and evaluating the screening results. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) provide an alternative theoretical framework for semi-global alignment, but their use is limited because they lack heuristic acceleration and accurate E-values. Our new tool, GLOBAL, overcomes some limitations of previous semi-global HMMs: it has accurate E-values and the possibility of the heuristic acceleration required for high-throughput applications. Moreover, according to a standard of truth based on protein structure, two semi-global HMM alignment tools (GLOBAL and HMMer) had comparable performance in identifying complete domains, but distinctly outperformed two tools based on local alignment. When searching for complete protein domains, therefore, GLOBAL avoids disadvantages commonly associated with HMMs, yet maintains their superior retrieval performance.
Brain windows in firefly communication

A quantitative model has been developed that explains numerous communication patterns in Photuris versicolor female fireflies. The model is based upon the concept of brain windows. Upon receiving the flash stimulus, the firefly brain generates a sequence of time windows of different width. Receiving and sending windows are interleaved in the sequence. Each receive window recognizes a particular subgroup of flash intervals. These flash intervals may represent courtship flashes of the female's conspecific male or courtship flashes of heterospecific males. Each sending window determines the latency of the response flash from the female. The windows are arrayed in priorities and controlled by the fireflies' memory. Memory stores the past history of flash stimulation. The brain windows are generated through a mutual coupling of the primary oscillator, answer oscillator and window generator. Hence, the brain windows are directly related to the inherent biological oscillators and to the memory. The brain window model has been programmed into the computer. Computer simulated response patterns are in excellent agreement with hundreds of experimental response patterns produced by Photuris versicolor female fireflies when tested with artificial flashes. A single model explains all the communication-behavior patterns observed in the female firefly. Brain windows could explain the communication and behavior in other species as well.
Amphiphilic Peptides That Self Assemble into Nanomicelles and Vesicles

Self-Assembling peptide nanovesicles are attractive candidates for drug delivery. Here we report the characterization of specific amphiphilic peptides (up to 23-amino acids in length) that undergo supramolecular assembly to form both mono- and hetero-assemblies that form nanomicelles and larger vesicles (150nm) in aqueous solutions. Depending on the peptide's composition and the pH of the aqueous medium during assembly, the peptides adopt either a micellar or vesicular structure. Simple amphipathic sequences adopt a micellar structure (<50nm) at low to neutral pH. When pairs of lyophilized peptides with different lengths are co-dissolved in an unbuffered Carboxyfluorescein solution at a 1:1 molar ratio, they self-assemble into small vesicles that are visualized using a confocal microscope. These intact vesicles average about 150nm in size (as determined by confocal images) and are capable of entrapping solutes. CD and FTIR analyses of such mixtures indicated a tendency of the peptide to adopt a beta sheet secondary structure. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) revealed the Critical Aggregation Concentration (CAC) for the individual peptides to be less than 1mM, which is a useful property during drug delivery. These nanostructures can be used as models for further developments.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Effect of Pseudorepeat Rearrangement on α-Synuclein Misfolding, Vesicle Binding, and Micelle Binding

The pathological and physiological hallmarks of the protein α-synuclein (aS) are its misfolding into cytotoxic aggregates and its binding to synaptic vesicles, respectively. Both events are mediated by seven 11-residue amphiphilic pseudorepeats and, most generally, involve a transition from intrinsically unstructured conformations to structured conformations. Based on aS interactions with aggregation-inhibiting small molecules, an aS variant termed shuffled α-synuclein (SaS), wherein the first six pseudorepeats had been rearranged, was introduced. Here, the effects of this rearrangement on misfolding, vesicle binding, and micelle binding are examined in reference to aS and β-synuclein to study the sequence characteristics underlying these processes. Fibrillization correlates with the distinct clustering of residues with high β-sheet propensities, while vesicle affinities depend on the mode of pseudorepeat interchange and loss. In the presence of micelles, the pseudorepeat region of SaS adopts an essentially continuous helix, whereas aS and β-synuclein encounter a distinct helix break, indicating that a more homogeneous distribution of surfactant affinities in SaS prevented the formation of an extensive helix break in the micelle-bound state. By demonstrating the importance of the distribution of β-sheet propensities and by revealing inhomogeneous aS surfactant affinities, the present study provides novel insights into two central themes of synuclein biology.
The Genetic Susceptibility to Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Previous studies to identify a genetic component to RDS have shown conflicting results. Our objectives were to evaluate and quantify the genetic contribution to RDS using data that comprehensively includes known environmental factors in a large sample of premature twins. Data from a retrospective chart review of twins born at ≤32 wk GA were obtained from two neonatal units. Mixed effects logistic regression (MELR) analysis was used to assess the influence of several independent covariates on RDS. A zygosity analysis, including the effects of additive genetic, common environmental and residual effects (ACE) factors, was performed to estimate the genetic contribution. Results reveal that the 332 twin pairs had a mean GA of 29.5 wk and birth weight (BW) of 1372 g. An MELR identified significant nongenetic covariates as male gender (p = 0.04), BW (p < 0.001), 5-min Apgar score (p < 0.001), and treating institution (p = 0.001) as significant predictors for RDS. The ACE model was used to estimate the genetic susceptibility to RDS by adjusting for the above factors. We found 49.7% (p = 0.04) of the variance in liability to RDS was the result of genetic factors alone. We conclude that there is a significant genetic susceptibility to RDS in preterm infants.
Work and Non-Pathological Gambling

Most economists believe that people would value an additional $1,000 in income more if they were poor than if rich, but if so, people should not gamble according to standard expected utility theory. Thus, economists have been challenged to explain the pervasiveness of gambling in human behavior. A recently proposed solution to this theoretical challenge (Nyman 2004; Nyman et al. in Journal of Socio-Economics 37:2492–2504, 2008) suggests that, because having to work for one’s income is a fact of life in market economies, many individuals view the winnings from gambling not only as additional income, but as additional income for which one does not need to work. As a result, individuals, and especially those who are disadvantaged in the labor market, attach a utility premium to gambling winnings and gamble because of that. This utility premium would explain the pervasiveness of gambling in society, especially among the economically disadvantaged. This paper reviews the economic approaches to explaining non-pathological gambling, presents an overview of the new theory, and uses data from the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions from 2001 to test it. The results indicate that the respondent’s work characteristics explain the decision to gamble in a way that is consistent with theory.
Elastic—plastic analysis of a rotating cylinder

Summary Most plasticity problems are analysed only after some simplifying assumptions are made. First, the deformations are assumed to bo small enough to make infinitesimal strain theory applicable. Second, various simplifications are made regarding the constitutive equations of the material. The usual assumptions are to neglect either or both of elastic strains and plastic strain-hardening. If elastic strains are considered, the resulting equations are usually simplified by assuming elastic incompressibility. The present paper examines the effects of these various assumptions on a simple problem of practical interest. The behaviour of a rotating cylinder with a slowly increasing angular speed which takes it successively through fully elastic, elastic—plastic, and fully plastic states is considered. Geometry changes due to deformation, strain-hardening, elastic strains and elastic compressibility are each assessed for their effects on both the speeds and deformations at various stages.
The Mask-SIFT cascading classifier for pornography detection

Pornography detection using the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) has been shown effective in identifying pornographic images. By including automated Gaussian skin masking for feature isolation, classifier performance is significantly improved. Similarly, utilizing a cascading classifier that pre-filters images based on size and skin percentage further improves precision and recall with a substantial increase in classification speed.
Behavioral treatment of functional aphonia

Abstract This case report describes the procedures employed and problems encountered in a vocal rehabilitation program for a man 48-yr-old with a 3-yr history of functional aphonia. Results suggest that the speech pathologist, using a combination of voice and behavior therapy techniques, can successfully treat the patient with functional aphonia. The patient exhibited a normal voice at the end of a 30-session program and at 2 and 6 months' follow-ups.
A RESEARCH NOTE DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN E AFFECTS THE PEROXIDE VALUE OF SUBCUTANEOUS LAMB FAT

Lipid oxidation is a major problem causing flavor deterioration in meat products. The objective of this research was to utilize an iodometric peroxide value method (PV) to analyze the effects of dietary Vitamin E on lipid oxidation of subcutaneous lamb fat. Peroxide value analyses demonstrated lower lipid oxidation in the fat from animals fed 300 IU (7 days and 21 days) of Vitamin E than in the fat from animals fed diets supplemented with 15 IU (control) (P < 0.05). At 9 and II days of storage, PV analyses also demonstrated a greater rate of increase (P < 0.05) in lipid oxidation in fat from lambs fed control diets than in fat from animals fed 300 IU of Vitamin E. Results indicate that higher dietaty Vitamin E for either 7 days or 21 days antemortem reduced the rate and initiation of lipid oxidation in subcutaneous lamb fat.
There and Back Again: A Tale of Norepinephrine and Drug Addiction

Fueled by anatomical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological analyses of endogenous brain reward systems, norepinephrine (NE) was identified as a key mediator of both natural and drug-induced reward in the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, reward experiments from the mid-1970s that could distinguish between the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems resulted in the prevailing view that dopamine (DA) was the primary ‘reward transmitter’ (a belief holding some sway still today), thereby pushing NE into the background. Most damaging to the NE hypothesis of reward were studies demonstrating that NE receptor antagonists and NE reuptake inhibitors failed to impact drug self-administration. In recent years new tools, such as genetically engineered mice, and new experimental paradigms, such as reinstatement of drug seeking following withdrawal, have propelled NE back into the awareness of addiction researchers. Of particular interest is disulfiram, an inhibitor of the NE biosynthetic enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, which has demonstrated promising efficacy in the treatment of cocaine dependence in preliminary clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the new data linking NE to critical aspects of DA signaling and drug addiction, with a focus on psychostimulants (eg, cocaine), opiates (eg, morphine), and alcohol.
NEW EXTRACTION SYSTEM FOR A SYNCHROTRON BY A PULSED MAGNET AND AN ENERGY- LOSS TARGET.

Abstract The use of a pulsed magnet and an energy-loss target has been developed as an extraction device for a weak-focussing proton synchroton. The device is suitable for producing beam pulses of down to 10 μsec with high efficiency. Numerical calculations were made to find the optimum arrangement for the Argonne Zero Gradient Synchrotron. This device has been constructed and tested, and the results confirmed the high-efficiency extraction.
Modifying social withdrawal in preschoolers: The effects of filmed modeling and teacher praise.

Thirteen social isolates were selected from five nursery schools according to teacher ratings and behavioral samples obtained by trained observers. Half the subjects were randomly assigned to a modeling group and viewed a 23-minute film depicting appropriate social behavior in the nursery school. The remainder of the subjects viewed the same film, but also received 2 days of teacher praise contingent on the subject's peer interaction in his classroom. Modeling was inferred to successfully modify isolate behavior with or without praise. The “modeling plus praise” condition was not significantly different from “modeling only” for children's social interactions. General proximity response scores appeared to be detrimentally affected by the praise contingency during posttest assessment only. At followup, all subjects maintained or improved their posttest interaction scores.
Metabolic response of highland and lowland rodents to simulated high altitudes and cold.

Abstract 1. 1. The metabolic response to hypoxia at moderate O 2 demand was measured in seven highland and fifteen lowland species and races of small mammals. 2. 2. The critical ambient p O 2 for reducing O 2 uptake was lower in the highland group (110 vs 122 torr). 3. 3. Below this p O 2 the further metabolic reduction was also lower in the highland group (0·49 vs 0·75%/torr). 4. 4. The metabolic expansivity at 755 torr O 2 was larger in the three highland species tested than in four lowland ones (4·0 vs 2· met), representing a reduction in the normoxic maximums of 36 vs 54 per cent. 5. 5. In normoxia the respiratory frequency for both highland and lowland species followed the function W −0·21 . The hypoxic increase of respiratory frequency at a p O 2 of 68 torr was lower in the highland forms (35 vs 81 per cent).
FORMATION OF A D-ALANYL PEPTIDE IN EXTRACTS OF LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM.

Abstract Incubation of d -alanine, ATP, l -cysteine, and cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus plantarum leads to the formation of an unknown substance which has been purified and isolated by column chromatography and paper electrophoresis. The isolated substance was shown to be mono- d -alanylcystine by the chromatographic study of its hydrolysis products and comparison with the authentic peptide. The l and d isomers of cysteine appear to be equally reactive in the formation of this peptide.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate in coagulation and inflammation

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator produced from sphingomyelin by the sequential enzymatic actions of sphingomyelinase, ceramidase, and sphingosine kinase. Five subtypes of cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P1–5, mediate the actions of S1P in various organs systems, most notably cardiovascular, immune, and central nervous systems. S1P is enriched in blood and lymph but is present at much lower concentrations in interstitial fluids of tissues. This vascular S1P gradient is important for the regulation of trafficking of various immune cells. FTY720, which was recently approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, potently sequesters lymphocytes into lymph nodes by functionally antagonizing the activity of the S1P1 receptor. S1P also plays critical roles in the vascular barrier integrity, thereby regulating inflammation, tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. Recent studies have also revealed the involvement of S1P signaling in coagulation and in tumor necrosis factor α-mediated signaling. This review highlights the importance of S1P signaling in these inflammatory processes as well as the contribution of each receptor subtype, which exhibits both cooperative and redundant functions.
Performance Analysis of a Cascaded Rectangular-Triangular Fin Using Maple

The present paper treats the finned array problem using the symbolic algebra package in Maple. The use of Maple not only alleviates the tedium of algebraic manipulation, but its powerful numerical and graphical capabilities allow numerical results to be tabulated or portrayed graphically. To illustrate the effectiveness of Maple, a configuration consisting of a rectangular fin cascaded with a triangular fin is considered. The problem formulation has three distinctive features. First, a convective boundary condition is imposed at the base of the fin unlike the constant base temperature condition that is commonly used. Second, the model allows the thermal conductivities of the rectangular and the triangular sections to be different. Prior studies of a finned array have all assumed the thermal conductivity to be the same throughout the structure. Third, the convection heat transfer coefficient for the triangular part, i.e. h1 , is taken to be different from that of the rectangular part, i.e. h2 . Previously reported analyses have assumed a uniform h for all the surfaces of the structure. The paper demonstrates that the use of Maple allows new and challenging problems in heat conduction to be introduced in both the undergraduate and graduate heat transfer courses.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Psychological Differentiation and Social Structure

Summary From a sociopsychological theoretical perspective, the present study was designed to explore the interactive effects of personal and social boundaries on emotional reactions. Members of a group dynamics training conference (N = 41 men and women students) were assessed for level of psychological differentiation and then completed self-report questionnaires following participation in small and large self-study groups. Findings showed that the field dependent (i.e., relatively undifferentiated) members, compared to the field independent participants, reacted more adversely in the large and less structured group context and more positively in the small group setting.
Review of Pneumococcal Endocarditis in Adults in the Penicillin Era

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infrequent cause of infectious endocarditis in adults. In the past 2 years, however, we have encountered several cases at our institution, and additional cases have been reported in the literature. This infection typically follows pneumonia in the setting of chronic alcoholism and may additionally be complicated by meningitis. Less commonly, pneumococcal endocarditis occurs in other hosts or follows primary infection at other extrapulmonary sites. In such cases, the diagnosis may be initially missed, with a resultant delay in institution of appropriate therapy. Moreover, there are controversies regarding the optimal therapy for infections of this nature in the era of penicillin resistance. Since a comprehensive review of this topic has not been published since 1990, we reviewed cases of pneumococcal endocarditis in the penicillin era, with particular attention to disease recognition, the role of echocardiography, and the dilemmas surrounding medical and surgical therapeutic interventions.
The Intrinsic Dynamics and Magnetic Field-Induced Resonance Doublet Characteristics Associated with Bi-Terminated Vibrating Wires Used for Electroanalytical Current-Voltage Measurements

Abstract The present paper presents a solution of the differential equation of motion of the resonant vibrating wire electrode and also computer simulations of wire resonance spectra. The influence of wire tension and torque on the generation of resonance doublets is portrayed, as well as the mechanical and electrochemical response of Pb-coated wires.
Luminal flow modulates H+-ATPase activity in the cortical collecting duct (CCD)

Epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC)-mediated Na+ absorption and BK channel-mediated K+ secretion in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) are modulated by flow, the latter requiring an increase in intracell...
Active Site Topology of Human Cytochrome P450 2E1

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), an enzyme that is induced by ethanol, plays an important role in the metabolism of various toxic and carcinogenic substances, including dialkylnitrosamines and small halocarbons. Little information is available on the active site of the enzyme. We report here the formation of aryl−iron complexes (Fe−Ar) in the reactions of human CYP2E1 with phenyldiazene, (2-naphthyl)hydrazine, and p-biphenylhydrazine. Migration of the aryl group from the iron to the porphyrin nitrogens within the intact active site produces the four possible N-arylprotoporphyrin IX regioisomers in the following ratios (NB:NA:NC:ND, where the subscript indicates the pyrrole ring): phenyl, 03:34:02:61; 2-naphthyl, 02:18:03:77; p-biphenyl, 02:52:04:42. The results indicate that the active site of human CYP2E1 is sterically unhindered directly above the iron for a distance of 10 A. It appears, furthermore, that the active site cavity is relatively open above pyrrole rings A and D but is closed above pyrrole rin...
Independence of substituent contributions to the transport of small-molecule permeants in lipid bilayer

Purpose: To explore the independence of functional group contributions to permeability of nonelectrolytes across egg lecithin bilayers. Methods. The transport rates were measured of a series of α-substituted p-methylhippuric acids (-H,-Cl,-OCH3,-CN,-OH,-COOH, and-CONH2) across egg lecithin lipid bilayers, in the form of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) at 25EC. Intrinsic permeability coefficients (PHA) were calculated from apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) measured as a function of pH. Group contributions to the free energy of transfer from water into the barrier domain, Δ(ΔGE)P,X, were calculated for the substituents and compared to the contributions of these groups when attached to p-toluic acid measured earlier. The Δ(ΔGE)P,X values from permeability data were also correlated with Δ(ΔGE)PC,X values of partitioning from water into organic solvents to determine the physicochemical selectivity of the barrier domain. Results. Papp values in LUVs were found to vary approximately linearly with the fraction of neutral permeant over a pH range of 5.5 to 10.5, suggesting that the transport of the ionized species is negligible over this pH range. The Δ(ΔGE)P,X values from the 2 series of compounds appear to be the same, indicating that the functional group contributions are independent. 1,9-Decadiene was found to be the most similar to the chemical environment of the barrier domain. Conclusions. Functional group contributions to transport across egg lecithin bilayers appear to be independent of the compound to which they are attached, even though the thickness of the barrier domain in lipid bilayers is approximately the same as the extended length of the permeant.
Aggregate and organic matter dynamics in reclaimed soils as indicated by stable carbon isotopes.

Abstract Recovery of belowground ecosystem processes, such as soil aggregation and organic matter (OM) accumulation, in reconstructed soils is crucial to successful reclamation of disturbed lands. Objectives of this study were to track soil aggregate recovery in combination with aggregate associated OM on a chronosequence of reclaimed surface mine sites and a native, undisturbed reference site. Macroaggregate and micro-within-macroaggregate proportions increased with reclamation age, while microaggregate proportions decreased. Organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations increased with reclamation age for each aggregate fraction and were higher in the OM fraction observed within soil aggregates than in the free OM fraction found between soil aggregates. Naturally occurring isotopic signatures of 13 C decreased rapidly with reclamation age, indicating over 50% of total aggregate C to be new C from predominately C 3 plant community inputs after 26 years of reclamation. Soil aggregate size distribution trends of increasing macroaggregation and micro-within-macroaggregates along with rapid rates of OM accumulation with time indicated that reclaimed soils had recovered structurally towards a native soil condition after a period of 10–15 years.
Self-Defense and the Obligations to Kill and to Die

David Rodin's book, War and Self Defense, is a subtle and provocative analysis of the claim of self-defense and its relation to modern war. Building on his analysis, I raise some further issues about self-defense as a justification of modern nation state war. Principal among these is what I call the conscription paradox: if the state's right to make war is grounded in the right of its citizens to self-defense, how do we explain the right of modern states to conscript its citizens into the military – and order them to die, if need be? This problem has been acknowledged by liberal individual thinkers over the years, but not solved. It raises questions of whether a coherent account of current nation state military practice can be grounded in individual self-defense.
Methyl substituent effects for methyltryptophans in 13C nmr [1]

The 13 C and 1 H nmr spectra of methytrytophans 2-5 in 0.1 N sodium deuteroxide methanol-d 4 were assigned based on 1-D and 2-D nmr techniques, including COSY, inverse-detected direct (HMQC) and long-range (HMBC) correlation. Methyl substituent effects in chemical shifts (SCS) for the indole ring of tryptophan were calculated and compared wiht those of indole. The correlations were linear except for 4-methyltryptophan, which suggest structural changes in the indole ring of 4-methyltryptophan and 4-methylindole. The results of molecular modeling and NOE experiements supported that suggestion
Earlier Discharge Guidelines for Preterm Infants: Effectiveness of Widespread Insititution Through Case Management † 1158

Earlier Discharge Guidelines for Preterm Infants: Effectiveness of Widespread Insititution Through Case Management † 1158
Making Connections: Performance Regimes and Extreme Events

Local officials in the emergency management field have reached out and increased their connections with other agencies and organizations during the past several years. Collaborative networks have been created in an effort to address the complexities and uncertainties surrounding extreme events. But has this collaboration really taken root? In this article, the authors find that although a collaborative ethos has penetrated local emergency management, it is neither deep nor uniform. Data from a survey of emergency managers in North Carolina counties show that maintaining a functional network—a performance regime in which participants develop consistent management practices and rely on each other for the generation of new ideas—is a difficult task. The explanation for the variation found across the counties largely involves capacity and vulnerability.
Microtubule formation and neurite extension are blocked by apolipoprotein E4

Abstract Apolipoprotein (apo-) E4 is associated with an increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Apolipoprotein E4-enriched lipoproteins suppress neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion neurons and neuroblastoma cells in vitro . Free apo-E, which is not a ligand for lipoprotein receptors, does not affect neurite outgrowth. The inhibitory effect of apo-E-enriched lipoproteins on neurite outgrowth is mediated by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and is associated with depolymerization of microtubules. The mechanism by which apo-E4 blocks neurite outgrowth (phenotypic differentiation) of these cells is unknown.
Bounds on optimal cost for a replacement problem with partial observations

This paper characterizes the structure of optimal strategies for a replacement problem for two special cases of observation quality. It is shown that when the state of the system is either completely observed or completely unobserved at every decision epoch by the controller, reasonable assumptions are sufficient for the existence of optimal replacement strategies composed of policies having a generalized, control-limit form. These structural results are of particular interest since the optimal cost functions for the two special cases represent bounds on the optimal cost function for the general partially observed case, significant computational simplification can result for the two special cases due to their optimal strategy structure, and optimal strategies possessing a control-limit structure do not necessarily exist for the general partially observed case.
Enhanced oral availability/pheromonotropic activity of peptidase-resistant topical amphiphilic analogs of pyrokinin/PBAN insect neuropeptides

The peptide bond between active core residues Pro and Arg is the primary site of susceptibility for the pyrokinin/PBAN neuropeptides to insect tissue-bound peptidases, and incorporation of modified Pro residues can enhance resistance to peptidase hydrolysis. An Hyp-containing amphiphilic analog (Hex-FT[Hyp]RLa) is shown to operate as a topically active tissue-bound peptidase-resistant analog of the pyrokinin/PBAN class of insect neuropeptides in adult Heliothis virescens moths. An Oic amphiphilic analog (Hex-FT[Oic]RLa) is ineffective topically, but proves to be a superior tissue-bound, peptidase-resistant pyrokinin/PBAN analog for oral administration; outperforming both the Hyp analog and the orally inactive natural hormone PBAN in the moths. The Oic analog is effective in penetrating an isolated, ligated foregut preparation, but less successful in transmigrating an isolated midgut preparation; whereas the opposite behavior is observed for the Hyp analog. The success of the Oic analog via oral administration may be related to its ability to effectively penetrate the foregut, thereby bypassing the hostile environment of the midgut region.
Colony boundary resistance to crack propagation in lamellar Ti–46Al

Abstract The contribution to crack growth resistance of colony boundaries in a fully lamellar microstructure in binary Ti–46Al was studied using single-colony thick (but polycolony in-plane) compact-tension specimens. Such specimens were fatigue precracked and subsequently loaded incrementally in a scanning electron microscope. Crack advance was monitored and related to surface microstructure. Lamellar orientations in the individual colonies are described using two angles defined with respect to the notch orientation: an in-plane kink angle and a through-thickness twist angle. Thus, lamellar misorientation across an individual colony boundary is quantified as differences in these angles across the boundary. From these experiments, it was determined that under certain conditions, the colony boundaries could offer significant resistance to crack growth. Within individual colonies however, crack propagated with minimal resistance. Crack propagation across the colony boundary ranged from being continuous with minimal accompanying damage at the boundary to crack arrest, multiple crack renucleation, ligament formation and subsequent failure of the ligament. An examination of a few specimens that contain a mixture of regions that are single-colony thick and regions that are two-colonies thick illustrates that the fracture processes observed within colonies on the surface of the specimen are a direct consequence of the lamellar misorientation between the surface colony and the sub-surface colony.
Transvenous insertion of double sets of permanent electrodes through a single introducer: clinical application.

Abstract Described is a simplified method for the insertion of separate atrial and ventricular permanent pacing electrodes. A single subclavian catheter may be used to pass both electrodes, thus facilitating the procedure.
Representations of Geographic Space: Toward a Conceptual Synthesis

Abstract The need for a conceptually high-level, unifying representational scheme for geographic phenomena was recognized long ago. A number of attempts to address this issue have been made in the past, and each has usually been centered around a specific theoretical point of view (Bartels 1982). This topic has reappeared recently within the context of geographical information systems (GIS). Recognizing that the representational scheme employed in large part determines the efficiency and ease of use within a given application context, there has been much activity in developing better methods for representing geographic data in digital form. Nevertheless, progress has been slow, with such activity usually focused on narrowly viewed implementational issues with no clear answers or overall insights toward solving the overall problem. This vacuum suggests the need for a more unified approach to both research in methods of representing geographic data and practical geographic database design based on a common ...
Comparative Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Root-Applied Isoxaben in Ajuga (Ajuga reptans) and Two OrnamentalEuonymusSpecies☆☆☆★

Abstract The uptake, translocation, and metabolism of root-applied [ 14 C]isoxaben were compared in sensitive ajuga ( Ajuga reptans L., cv. Alba), dwarf burning bush [ Euonymus alatus (Thunb) Sieb., cv. Compacta], and tolerant wintercreeper [ Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz., cv. Colorata). Divisions of ajuga and rooted cuttings of the two Euonymus species were treated with radiolabeled isoxaben in nutrient solution for 1, 3, 7, or 14 days. Uptake of radioactivity increased with time in all three species. Dwarf burning bush absorbed more radioactivity at 1 and 3 days after treatment (DAT) than ajuga and wintercreeper. At 14 DAT ajuga had absorbed more radioactivity than the two Euonymus species. Translocation of absorbed radioactivity from roots to shoots at 1 and 3 DAT was greatest in ajuga, intermediate in wintercreeper, and least in dwarf burning bush. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of root extracts showed a slower rate of isoxaben metabolism in wintercreeper and dwarf burning bush than in ajuga. Ajuga roots metabolized isoxaben to unknown polar metabolites at all exposure times. Polar metabolites of isoxaben were also formed in shoot extracts of the three plant species at all exposure times. Following a 3-h incubation, isoxaben at 1 mM did not affect the incorporation of radiolabeled glucose into acid-insoluble materials of root tips excised from dwarf burning bush or wintercreeper, but reduced slightly the incorporation of glucose into ajuga roots. The greater absorption of root-applied isoxaben by ajuga and dwarf burning bush may explain their sensitivity to this herbicide. The faster translocation of root-applied isoxaben to ajuga shoots and leaves may also contribute to the sensitivity of ajuga. Metabolic detoxification does not appear to play a role in the observed differential response of ajuga and the two Euonymus species to isoxaben.