cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of methanol and temperature on the kinetics of refolding of ribonuclease A

Unfolded ribonuclease A consists of 20% fast refolding (Uf) and 80% slow refolding material (Us). The latter consists of at least two different forms which refold at different rates. We have used absorbance and fluorescence spectrophotometry to compare the kinetics of refolding in aqueous and aqueous-methanol solutions. At 1 degree C and pH 3.0, the addition of increasing concentrations of methanol (to 50%, v/v) had negligible effect on the rates and amplitudes of the slow refolding Us states. The effect of temperature on the two slow phases of refolding was determined in 35 and 50% methanol. From Arrhenius plots the energies of activation were found to be in the vicinity of 20 kcal/mol for both processes. The results suggest that both slow phases correspond to proline isomerization, and that the presence of methanol does not significantly perturb the overall refolding process. It is possible that the faster of the slow refolding phases corresponds to the isomerization of a proline residue which is trans in the folded native state but which undergoes extensive isomerization to the cis conformation in the unfolded state.
In Response to Kepe et al.

In this article, Kepe and his colleagues ask why land reform in South Africa has failed to produce a ‘fair deal’; in answering, they argue that the combination of neoliberalization (in particular, ...
Correlates of performance appraisal satisfaction among supervisory and nonsupervisory employees

Abstract The predictors of performance appraisal satisfaction among supervisory and nonsupervisory employees were examined. The data were collected from 665 nonfaculty supervisory and nonsupervisory employees in a midwestern state university. A questionnaire was used to measure subjects' perceptions regarding appraisal determinants, appraisal interview characteristics, supervisory behavior, and satisfaction with performance appraisal. Results of a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) followed by univariate analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicated that supervisors were significantly more satisfied with performance appraisals and described their appraisals in more favorable terms as compared to nonsupervisors. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that four appraisal determinant items, the supervisor's goal setting behavior, and his or her relations with subordinates accounted for 53% of the variance in appraisal satisfaction for the supervisory sample. In the nonsupervisory sample, three appraisal determinants, two appraisal interview items, the supervisor's relations with subordinates, and his or her problem-solving behavior combined to account for 57% of the variance. The limitations of the study and the implications of the findings for research and practice in performance appraisal are discussed.
Use of Over-the-Counter and Home Remedies by College Students.

Abstract This study was designed to understand the prevalence, factors in selection, and appropriateness and safety of the use of nonprescription drugs and home remedies by a population served by a prepaid health program. The aim was to develop baseline data on self-medication and indicators of need for health education programs. Two surveys were conducted, the first among a random sample of students at a primarily residential university (N = 302), and the second among all the professional staff responsible for their care. The student questionnaire asked what brands of nonprescription drugs were used for 27 symptoms and what factors influenced the selection of a recently adopted over-the-counter (OTC) drug. All medications used by consumers for 17 symptoms were evaluated by University Health Service (UHS) staff. The pattern of student use of OTC drugs reflects patterns observed in other populations. Analgesics and cough and cold remedies were the most widely used internally administered drugs, while tooth...
UNAMBIGUITY OF FORMS AND INEQUALITY OF LABELS IN STUDIES OF EFFECT OF LANGUAGE ON MEMORY FOR FORM

Sa7nmary.-The nature of the forms and labels used in the Carmichael, et al. study of the effect of language on the memory for form, upon which subsequent studies and theory have been based, were investigated because of some doubts about their methodological status. Matching and identification techniques were used in a perception task, followed by a recall measure, as a means of examining the appearance of the forms, and the retention of the labels. The forms were not found to be equally assignable to their sets of labels, and to a lesser degree, the pairs of labels were unequally recalled. This absence of control over the materials, while noted as an aspect of the data in previous research, has apparently been overlooked in interpreting earlier findings. As a consequence, it remains doubtful whether modifications in the memory for form are the result of verbal suggestions.
Use of the new media for medical education

The use of an advanced communication network for education has been an integral part of practice at the Mayo Clinic since 1986. The network has been used for patient care, research coordination and administrative support, as well as for educational programming. In 1994, 2655 hours were broadcast by satellite. There were 42,292 participants, representing a total of 47,364 contact hours. Over half of this activity was educational. In using the satellite system, a number of background support systems have been found to be essential to effective communication. First, highly trained technical staff are required to support the communication system. Second, presenters require formal training in adapting audiovisual materials, such as slides and transparencies, to broadcast media. Third, as use of the system has grown, scheduling and prioritizing among the many users has become an increasingly time-consuming and challenging task.
Doing Justice: Perceptions of Gender Neutrality in the Jury Selection Process

There is a paucity of research on juries in general including the jury selection process. Very little of it examines the effect of gender. This study surveyed 138 potential jurors to determine whether jurors believed they were excluded from jury service due to gender. Additionally the study assessed whether gender affected attitudes about women serving on juries and whether perceptions about women and jury service were associated with general views about the fairness of the justice system. Findings suggest that gender had little effect on jury service or views about women serving on juries, but views about women and their role in jury service was associated with perceptions of general fairness in the system, regardless of the respondent’s gender. These findings point to the need for a more complex understanding of gender when examining the jury selection process.
The design and implementation of the A3 application-aware anonymity platform

This paper presents the design and implementation of Application-Aware Anonymity (A^3), an extensible platform for rapidly prototyping and evaluating anonymity protocols on the Internet. A^3 supports the development of highly tunable anonymous protocols that enable applications to tailor their anonymity properties and performance characteristics according to specific communication requirements. To support flexible path construction, A^3 uses a declarative language to compactly specify path selection and instantiation policies. We demonstrate that our declarative language is sufficiently expressive to encode novel multi-metric performance constraints as well as existing relay selection algorithms employed by Tor and other anonymity systems, using only a few lines of concise code. We experimentally evaluate A^3 using a combination of trace-driven simulations and a deployment on PlanetLab, as well as a case-study of A^3-enabled voice-over-IP communication. Our experimental results demonstrate that A^3 can flexibly and efficiently support a wide range of path selection and instantiation strategies at low performance overhead.
Long-term functional restoration of the paralyzed hemidiaphragm in the dog

Abstract Functional restoration of the paralyzed hemidiaphragm in dogs with high cervical hemisections was achieved by chronically activating the crossed phrenic phenomenon. This phenomenon, described as a latent crossed pathway activating the contralateral phrenic motoneurons, is initiated by various manipulations which stress the respiratory system. Classically, the crossed phenomenon has been chronically activated by the complete severance of the phrenic nerve contralateral to the hemisection with resultant paralysis of the previously functioning hemidiaphragm. Experiments were designed to restore function to the paralyzed hemidiaphragm while maintaining integrity of the unaffected side. Left hemisection of the cervical spinal cord rostral to the phrenic nucleus resulted in paralysis of the ipsilateral diaphragm as evidenced by palpation, visual inspection, and EMG monitoring. Selective sectioning of the right fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical contributions to the phrenic nerve in the neck activated the left previously paralyzed hemidiaphragm. Sectioning either C5 or both C5 and C7 resulted in weak, unsustained contractions of the left paralyzed hemidiaphragm. Sectioning the right C6 contribution, however, produced strong and sustained contractions of the left hemidiaphragm without significant decrease in functional activity in the right hemidiaphragm. Functional activity of the entire diaphragm was observed for as long as 16 months. These findings may have clinical implications for patients with a paralyzed hemidiaphragm due to a high cervical cord lesion.
Chemico-physical Aspects of Chocolate Processing – A Review

Abstract From the harvesting of the cocoa beans to the formulation of the final chocolate product many complex changes occur. The properties and behavior of the fat and the dramatic change in flow characteristics are most notable. These changes occur in part during the refining process which includes roasting, winnowing, grinding and conching. Most notable in influencing the product is conching which is the agitation of chocolate coupled with aeration and heat. This treatment is a time and energy consuming process but has a remarkable mellowing effect on the flavor and promotes a decrease in viscosity of the final product. The escape of undesirable volatiles derived from oxidative and carbonyl reactions catalyzed by heat and aeration have been implicated. The physical effects brought about during conching encompass more than a simple mixing. Included, in addition to the chemico-physical aspects of conching itself, are the aspects of the cocoa bean, fermentation and roasting which may influence the product.
Intragroup Socialization for Adult Korean Adoptees: A Multigroup Analysis

The purpose of the current study was to test a model of socialization among a sample of adult Korean adoptees. Based on the tenants of homophily and social identity theory, it was hypothesized that participants’ early racial and ethnic socialization experiences would account for their current intragroup friendships as adults, and that this relationship would be mediated by early intragroup contact and moderated by early ethnic identity status. The two ethnic and racial socialization variables (i.e., ethnic heritage activities and racial in-exposure) significantly accounted for participants’ relationships with other Korean adoptees and nonadopted Koreans, and the effects were partially explained by early intragroup contact. Results of multigroup testing indicated the proposed socialization model was non-invariant across groups, such that the effects of ethnic heritage activities on intragroup contact and the effect of racial in-exposure on friendships with Korean adoptees were significantly different based on early ethnic identity status.
Properties of diode lasers with intensity noise control.

The effect of the reduction of intensity noise by electronic feedback on the frequency stability of a GaAlAs laser is investigated. Only a small increase (~30%) in stability was observed because the intensity and frequency noise were found to be not completely correlated. The technique described can also be used to estimate the coherence function γ2 between the various noise properties of the laser’s emission without using a correlator.
Tabu search applied to the general fixed charge problem

Recent successes in applying tabu search to a wide variety of classical optimization problems have motivated the investigation of applying tabu search to the well-known general fixed charge problem (GFCP). In this paper, an adaptation of tabu search to GFCP is described and computational results are given. In addition, the computational results are compared with those obtained from SWIFT-2, the most well-known and frequently used heuristic method for GFCP. As will be shown, the results are very encouraging.
Obesity and the insulin resistance syndrome.

Obesity is one component of a risk factor constellation that consists of insulin resistance (and/or hyperinsulinemia), hypertension, and a dyslipidemia characterized by a low HDL cholesterol level and high triglyceride levels. This risk factor constellation, which conveys enhanced risk for cardiovascular disease, is sometimes referred to as the "insulin resistance syndrome", "syndrome x", or the "metabolic" syndrome. Although the hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance associated with the syndrome appear to play a central role, the relationship between insulin and the other manifestations of the syndrome have remained obscure. (Hypertens Res 1996; 19 Suppl. I: S51-S55)
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for noncardiac chest pain

Summary Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) symptoms, however, data regarding their efficacy remains inconclusive. Aim To conduct a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing SSRIs to placebo in patients with NCCP, and rate the quality of evidence. Methods Electronic databases were searched using the terms ‘noncardiac chest pain’, ‘atypical chest pain’ and ‘selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors’. Data were extracted from RCTs of ≥8 weeks. Standardised mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD) or risk ratios (RR) were used as summary statistics for pooled outcomes. GRADE methodology was used to rate the quality of evidence. Results Four RCTs (184 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Compared to placebo, patients on SSRIs showed a nonsignificant change in chest pain of 3½ points decrease on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (184 patients, 95% CI, −9.5 to 2.5; I2 = 0%). Change in depression scores was not significantly different between the two groups (88 patients; WMD = 0.7; 95% CI, −1.81 to 3.20; I2 = 64%). Treatment discontinuations were not significantly different between groups (154 patients, RR = 2.08; 95% CI, 0.77–5.60; I2 = 0%). The quality of evidence was rated as moderate for change in chest pain symptoms, low for change in depression scores and moderate for treatment discontinuation due to adverse events. Conclusions Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are not superior to placebo in improving chest pain or depression symptoms in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Larger trials with longer follow-up periods are necessary to assess the benefits and drawbacks of SSRIs for the treatment of noncardiac chest pain.
Imaging immune response in vivo: cytolytic action of genetically altered T cells directed to glioblastoma multiforme.

Purpose: Clinical trials have commenced to evaluate the feasibility of targeting malignant gliomas with genetically engineered CTLs delivered directly to the tumor bed in the central nervous system. The objective of this study is to determine a suite of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements using an orthotopic xenograft murine model that can noninvasively monitor immunologically mediated tumor regression and reactive changes in the surrounding brain parenchyma. Experimental Design: Our preclinical therapeutic platform is based on CTL genetic modification to express a membrane tethered interleukin-13 (IL-13) cytokine chimeric T-cell antigen receptor. This enables selective binding and signal transduction on encountering the glioma-restricted IL-13 α2 receptor (IL-13Rα2). We used MRI to visualize immune responses following adoptive transfer of IL-13Rα2-specific CD8^+ CTL clones. Results: Based on MRI measurements, several phases following IL-13Rα2-specific T-cell adoptive transfer could be distinguished, all of which correlated well with glioblastoma regression confirmed on histology. The first detectable changes, 24 hours post-treatment, were significantly increased T_2 relaxation times and strongly enhanced signal on T_1-weighted postcontrast images. In the next phase, the apparent diffusion coefficient was significantly increased at 2 and 3 days post-treatment. In the last phase, at day 3 after IL-13Rα2-specific T-cell injection, the volume of hyperintense signal on T_1-weighted postcontrast image was significantly decreased, whereas apparent diffusion coefficient remained elevated. Conclusions: The present study indicates the feasibility of MRI to visualize different phases of immune response when IL-13Rα2-specific CTLs are administered directly to the glioma tumor bed. This will further the aim of better predicting clinical outcome following immunotherapy.
Identification of abnormal motor cortex activation patterns in children with cerebral palsy by functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

We demonstrate the utility of functional near-infrared spec- troscopy fNIRS as a tool for physicians to study cortical plasticity in children with cerebral palsy CP. Motor cortex activation patterns were studied in five healthy children and five children with CP 8.4±2.3 years old in both groups performing a finger-tapping pro- tocol. Spatial distance from center and area difference and temporal duration and time-to-peak image metrics are proposed as potential biomarkers for differentiating abnormal cortical activation in children with CP from healthy pediatric controls. In addition, a similarity image-analysis concept is presented that unveils areas that have simi- lar activation patterns as that of the maximum activation area, but are not discernible by visual inspection of standard activation images. Metrics derived from the images presenting areas of similarity are shown to be sensitive identifiers of abnormal activation patterns in children with CP. Importantly, the proposed similarity concept and related metrics may be applicable to other studies for the identifica- tion of cortical activation patterns by fNIRS. © 2010 Society of Photo-Optical
Treatment of IgA Nephropathy: An Update

Objective:To review current literature regarding treatment options for immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN).Data Sources:A MEDLINE search was performed using the terms IgA nephropathy, Berger's disease, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, statins. hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase Inhibitors, immunosuppressive therapy, corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, azathioprine, leflunomide, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, vitamin E, infliximab, calcitriol, and intravenous immunoglobulins. A date limit was not set; however, focus was on publications from 1999 to June 2011 to review recent literature and therapeutic recommendations.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles in English, including studies conducted in humans, meta-analyses, review articles, guidelines, statements, and reference citations, were identified and evaluated.Data Synthesis:IgAN is the most common prima...
Characteristics of passive UHF RFID tags on metal slabs

The characterization of passive UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is a field that has previously garnered a tremendous amount of interest. Passive UHF RFID tags operate at the Industrial, Science, and Medicine (ISM) allowed band of 902 MHz to 928 MHz in the United States, and is limited to 4W of effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The main characteristics of the typical passive UHF RFID tag is the gain of the tag throughout the frequency range of operation, the transmission and reflection coefficients, the application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and the mechanical or physical limitations caused by the construction of the tag itself. From a broader perspective, the performance as a whole of the typical tag is dependent on the frequencies, number of tags in the field, obstacles in the environment, humidity, temperature, radio frequency (RF) interference (noise), tag to reader separation, polarization mismatches, effective radar cross-section (RCS), and reader identification algorithm [1]. Similarly, the factors that are used to describe the governing effect of the typical tag communication rate (or read rate) are the tag antenna design, as well as the tag design and implementation [1, 2]. Here, the tag antenna is typically derived by responses due to the antenna size, polarization, and directionality [1]. The free space characteristics of passive UHF RFID tags are well known [1-5]. However, their operation on metal plates or slabs has not previously produced significant research. Passive UHF RFID tags are known to be less operable around metallic slabs due to the detuning of the tag frequency response, as well as the power of the tag reply.
The Condorcet Jury Theorem and Judicial Decisionmaking: A Reply to Saul Levmore

In Ruling Majorities and Reasoning Pluralities, Professor Saul Levmore explores the “division of labor” between the various thresholds of agreement required for collective action—supermajority, simple majority, or plurality rule. His particular emphasis is on the choice between the last two options. To improve our understanding of this choice in various settings, Professor Levmore considers the relationship between two well-known contributions to the study of group decisionmaking, namely, the Condorcet Jury Theorem and the Condorcet Criterion, which have not generally been treated together. This essay explores the relationship between these two insights in the context of judicial decisionmaking. Counterintuitively, the essay demonstrates that while the Condorcet Criterion continues to hold great promise as a tool of decision in en banc appellate courts, the Condorcet Jury Theorem is most appealing in judicial contexts that appear less collegial and thus less like a jury. In contexts in which jurists engage in deliberation and in which they anticipate that their outputs will have precedential effect, the Jury Theorem has little if any role to play. In contrast, the Theorem might prove more useful in evaluating low-level judicial outputs or decisions that otherwise are not expected to be treated as precedent. Thus, common law trial court decisions and civil law court decisions are more likely to be useful benchmarks in a Condorcet Jury Theorem analysis. It is because such courts do not anticipate that their decisions will have the force of precedent that they are more likely to be derived from governing legal texts, and thus more prone to characterizations of accuracy, than are judicial outputs that are driven by policy concerns and are generated with the understanding that they will be treated as precedent.
In vitro maturation of domestic dog oocytes cultured in advanced preantral and early antral follicles.

Abstract Initial studies in our laboratory demonstrated that a large proportion of domestic dog advanced preantral (APAN) and early antral (EAN) follicles contained grown oocytes that had acquired the dense cytoplasmic lipid characteristic of preovulatory oocytes. The objective of this study was to assess nuclear maturation of those oocytes after in vitro culture. Both APAN and EAN follicles (152 to 886 μm in diameter) were isolated from ovaries by treatment with collagenase and DNase. The follicles were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium/nutrient mixture F-12 Ham culture medium supplemented with 20% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, 1% (v/v) antibiotic-antimycotic, 1 μg FSH/ml, 10 IU hCG/ml and 1 μg estradiol/ml. Within each group (APAN or EAN), control follicles were not cultured (0 h), and 2 to 12 follicles per well were incubated under a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 37°C for 24, 48 or 72 h. After 24 h of culture, significantly more (5.3%, 20 374 ; P 3 318 ). Continued culture resulted in a further increase (P 47 407 ), which remained unchanged at 72 h (9.9%, 40 404 ). The percentage of oocytes from EAN follicles reaching MI to MII did not significantly increase after 24 h of culture. However, there was an increase (P 11 126 ), which remained unchanged at 72 h (7.5%, 8 106 ). These results show that dog oocytes cultured within advanced preantral and early antral follicles in vitro are competent to resume meiosis to the metaphase stage.
The Beginnings of Pharmacoepidemiology in The Annals

2006 marks the 40th year of publication for The Annals. Over that time, The Annals has been an important contributor to the development of clinical pharmacy. Throughout 2006, we are publishing articles reflecting on the history of clinical pharmacy through the eyes of practitioners, including those pioneering clinical pharmacy, as well as those who have more recently entered the profession and a well-established specialty. In addition, we are also presenting articles and editorials from the early history of The Annals that have given direction and shape to the practice of clinical pharmacy (see page 1651).
Layering public key distribution over secure DNS using authenticated delegation

We present the Internet key service (IKS), a distributed architecture for authenticated distribution of public keys, layered on secure DNS (DNSSEC). Clients use DNSSEC to securely discover the identities of the relevant IKS servers, and send key lookup or management requests directly to these servers using a special-purpose protocol. Clients authenticate keys retrieved from IKS servers using key commitments published in DNSSEC IKS derives its authentication authority from the authority DNS domains have over Internet names. The IKS architecture is loosely coupled with DNS to minimize overhead on DNS servers. We also present RIKS, a prototype IKS implementation
Studies on the anticoagulant phenindione. III. Its use in ambulatory patients.

Abstract Phenindione was used as an anticoagulant in thirty-three patients on a long-term basis. The prothrombin time was kept between twenty-six and thirty-six seconds originally, and twenty to thirty seconds during the latter part of the study. The dose of phenindione required usually decreased during the first three months. Thereafter it remained constant in 50 per cent of the cases and required little change in the others. Little trouble was had in keeping the prothrombin time within the prescribed limits if the dosage changes were kept small. Significant bleeding occurred in 27 per cent of cases, but nearly all patients noted minor evidences of a bleeding tendency. Thromboembolic episodes during treatment occurred twice in two patients during 565 patient months; whereas it occurred five times in four patients during 50 patient months when treatment was interrupted or stopped before it should have been. No toxicity other than bleeding was experienced. Phenindione is considered to be somewhat superior to dicoumarol in long-term anticoagulation as a result of a steadier effect on the prothrombin time.
Caspases Disrupt the Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Barrier

During apoptosis, caspases, a family of proteases, disassemble a cell by cleaving a set of proteins. Caspase-3 plays a major role in the disassembly of the nucleus by processing several nuclear substrates. The question is how caspase-3, which is usually cytoplasmic, gains access to its nuclear targets. It was suggested that caspase-3 is actively transported to the nucleus through the nuclear pores. We found that caspase-9, which is activated earlier than caspase-3, directly or indirectly inactivates nuclear transport and increases the diffusion limit of the nuclear pores. This increase allows caspase-3 and other molecules that could not pass through the nuclear pores in living cells to enter or leave the nucleus during apoptosis by diffusion. Hence, caspase-9 contributes to cell disassembly by disrupting the nuclear-cytoplasmic barrier.
Challenges in Implementing the Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) in a Commercial Real-Time Java Virtual Machine

The increasing complexity of modern real-time systems and the increasing need for real-time behavior in a broad range of applications such as network- centric warfare, telephony and stock trading has encouraged many developers to consider using Real-time Javatrade for systems previously only written in C, Ada or assembly language. The RTSJ standard defines the baseline requirements for a Real-time Java implementation, and commercial Java virtual machine (JVM) implementations include additional features such as real-time garbage collectors and real-time compilation (compiling from Java to native code in a manner compatible with real-time), which make the use of Java practical for these applications. This paper describes some of the challenges that will be faced by implementers of the RTSJ standard based on our experience with implementing IBM's RTSJ-compliant J2SE Java virtual machine, called IBMreg WebSpherereg Real-time.
Sensor to detect endothelialization on an active coronary stent

Background: A serious complication with drug-eluting coronary stents is late thrombosis, caused by exposed stent struts not covered by endothelial cells in the healing process. Real-time detection of this healing process could guide physicians for more individualized anti-platelet therapy. Here we present work towards developing a sensor to detect this healing process. Sensors on several stent struts could give information about the heterogeneity of healing across the stent. Methods: A piezoelectric microcantilever was insulated with parylene and demonstrated as an endothelialization detector for incorporation within an active coronary stent. After initial characterization, endothelial cells were plated onto the cantilever surface. After they attached to the surface, they caused an increase in mass, and thus a decrease in the resonant frequencies of the cantilever. This shift was then detected electrically with an LCR meter. The self-sensing, self-actuating cantilever does not require an external, optical detection system, thus allowing for implanted applications. Results: A cell density of 1300 cells/mm 2 on the cantilever surface is detected. Conclusions: We have developed a self-actuating, self-sensing device for detecting the presence of endothelial cells on a surface. The device is biocompatible and functions reliably in ionic liquids, making it appropriate for implantable applications. This sensor can be placed along the struts of a coronary stent to detect when the struts have been covered with a layer of endothelial cells and are no longer available surfaces for clot formation. Anti-platelet therapy can be adjusted in real-time with respect to a patient’s level of healing and hemorrhaging risks.
Prospective examination of the Theory of Planned Behavior applied to exercise behavior during women's first trimester of pregnancy

Research examining the psychosocial determinants of exercise behavior during pregnancy is mostly atheoretical and cross‐sectional. Thus, the purpose of this study was to prospectively examine pregnant women's exercise intention and behavior during their first trimester using the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Participants were 104 pregnant women who completed measures of their exercise attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that: (a) perceived behavioral control was a significant predictor of exercise behavior, and (b) attitude and subjective norm were significant predictors of exercise intention. The theory of planned behavior constructs may provide researchers with a conceptual framework for designing exercise interventions during pregnancy.
Role of the aggresome pathway in cancer: targeting histone deacetylase 6-dependent protein degradation.

Misfolded or aggregated proteins have two fates: they are either refolded with the help of chaperones or degraded by the proteasome. Cells also have an alternative pathway that involves intracellular “storage bins” for misfolded intracellular proteins known as aggresomes. Aggresomes recruit motor proteins that transport misfolded or aggregated proteins to chaperones and proteasomes for subsequent destruction. There is emerging evidence that inhibiting the aggresome pathway leads to accumulation of misfolded proteins and apoptosis in tumor cells through autophagy. We discuss the role of aggresomes in cancer and the potential to target this pathway for therapy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(8):2557–60]
TYPE-II SUPERLATTICES AND VARIABLE OVERLAP SUPERLATTICES IN TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION SWITCHES FOR THE LONGWAVE INFRARED

We derive explicit criteria for the properties required of a semiconductor nonlinear medium suitable for use in all-optical switching devices employing total internal reflection. Transmission as a function of laser intensity and film thickness has been calculated using a realistic model for penetration of the evanescent beam under TIR conditions. Requirements based on these results include a large nonlinear refractive index, large index change at saturation and small absorption coefficient. We show that unlike previously-studied semimetals and narrow-gap semiconductors, Type-II superlattices such as InAs-GaSb and variable-overlap superlattices (variants of Type-II which include a spacer between the layer containing the conduction-band minimum and that containing the valence band maximum) such as InAs-AlSb-GaSb hold prospects for satisfying all of these requirements simultaneously. As the free carrier lifetime will have a crucial influence on device performance, we have initiated a systematic experimental ...
On the gap between H 2 and entropy performance measures in H ∞ control design

Abstract Recent papers have considered the problem of minimizing an entropy functional subject to an H ∞ performance constraint. Since the entropy is an upper bound for the H 2 cost, there remains a gap between entropy minimization and H 2 minimization. In this paper we consider a generalized cost functional involving both H 2 and entropy aspects. This approach thus provides a means for optimizing H 2 performance within H ∞ control design.
Educative Mentoring: How a Mentor Supported a Preservice Biology Teacher's Pedagogical Content Knowledge Development.

Research suggests discipline-specific, educative mentoring can help preservice teachers develop more sophisticated pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). However, there are few studies examining the nature of mentors’ practice and how mentors influence preservice teacher’s (PST) PCK. The purpose of this case study was to describe the strategies used by a secondary biology mentor teacher to support the development of a PST’s PCK. The primary data sources were the transcripts of audio-recorded, daily meetings between the mentor and the PST during two curriculum units: DNA/Protein Synthesis and Evolution. The mentor influenced the PST’s teaching orientation by repeatedly comparing teacher- and student-centered approaches, asking him to consider how students learn, and asking him to self-assess whether his instruction aligned with his teaching beliefs. The mentor helped the PST develop topic-specific knowledge of instructional strategies by sharing strategies she used previously, modeling critical reflection, and inviting him to critically reflect on his own instructional strategies. Topic-specific knowledge of students’ understanding of science was developed by discussing common student misconceptions revealed in students’ conversations and by sharing the results of test-item analysis from previous unit tests. The mentor helped develop the PST’s topic-specific knowledge of assessment by helping him critically analyze and revise previous examinations to better align with the current curriculum units. Topic-specific knowledge of curricula was developed by jointly grappling with decisions about concept sequencing within units. The study includes implications for research, science teacher education, and professional development for mentors.
Defining the therapeutic time window for suppressing the inflammatory prostaglandin E2 signaling after status epilepticus

ABSTRACTNeuroinflammation is a common feature in nearly all neurological and some psychiatric disorders. Resembling its extraneural counterpart, neuroinflammation can be both beneficial and detrimental depending on the responding molecules. The overall effect of inflammation on disease progression is highly dependent on the extent of inflammatory mediator production and the duration of inflammatory induction. The time-dependent aspect of inflammatory responses suggests that the therapeutic time window for quelling neuroinflammation might vary with molecular targets and injury types. Therefore, it is important to define the therapeutic time window for anti-inflammatory therapeutics, as contradicting or negative results might arise when different treatment regimens are utilized even in similar animal models. Herein, we discuss a few critical factors that can help define the therapeutic time window and optimize treatment paradigm for suppressing the cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin-mediated inflammation after ...
The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs I. A Method for Quantifying Membrane–Electrode Interfacial Resistance

The interface between a membrane and electrode is a critical performance component for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) that to this point has gone largely unreported. This paper reports a method for quantifying interfacial resistance between a membrane and electrodes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The interfacial resistances presented were obtained by subtracting electronic contributions from nonmembrane fuel cell resistance. Nonmembrane resistances have been determined from in situ fuel cell measurements of high-frequency resistance as a function of membrane thickness in direct methanol fuel cells. From these measurements, interfacial resistances were found to increase from a low of 8 mΩ cm 2 for commercial Nafion up to 57 mΩ cm 2 for recast Nafion membranes, both 1100 equivalent weight. Two aromatic hydrocarbon membranes were also tested and found to have interfacial resistances in between those of commercial and recast Nafion. The method by which electronic cell resistance has been estimated is presented. Membrane conductivity calculated from the study of interfacial resistance is presented as well, comparing fuel cell membrane conductivities to vapor and liquid equilibrated freestanding membranes. Finally, the impact of interfacial resistance on fuel cell performance is presented.
Combination and Intensionality: B-Deduction § 15

Using the two-part model of the B-Deduction that we have developed in Chapter Four, we now proceed to our intensive study of that version of the Deduction and especially of its first half. In the present chapter, we will focus on § 15 and its use of Kant’s thesis that combination — and so the required combination of the manifold of the sensible intuition in general i — cannot be given. We will approach these matters through our Chapter Four discussion of Kant’s thesis and of the Deduction as a proof from the possibility of experience. While considering the role of § 15 and of that thesis in the argument of the Deduction, I also will introduce an idea that I have mentioned in the Preface — namely, the idea of intensionality. As philosophers know, the idea of the intensionality of, say, claims expressing our thought is very roughly the idea that our thought always grasps its object under some specific characterization, and in such a way that even though this characterization may be coreferential or coextensive with some other characterization, our thought, in grasping the object under the first of these characterizations (say ‘iron’), need not grasp it under the second (say ‘element with atomic number 26’). In the present chapter we will see the details of this idea, and we will begin to see also why it is of interest in the interpretation of Kant.
USE OF CELL-BANKED MONKEY KIDNEY CELLS FOR THE ISOLATION OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES.

SummaryA procedure for preparation of freezer-banked PMK cells has been described. Such cells provide a readily available source of SMK cell cultures of known characteristics in respect to growth and Simian viruses. The yield from one pair of monkey kidneys can provide seed for 5 to 7 thousand tubes of SMK cell cultures which may be made up and used as needed over a period of several months. The spectrum of viruses that will multiply and produce cytopathic changes or hemadsorption in such cell cultures appears to be similar to that in PMK cell cultures. In specific comparisons these cells appear to equal the sensitivity of PMK cells when used for the primary isolation of parainfluenza viruses types 1, 2, and 3.
Finite-time statistics of scalar diffusion in Lagrangian coherent structures

We study the variability of passive scalar diffusion via the statistics of stochastic particle dispersion in a chaotic flow. We find that at intermediate times when the statistics of individual trajectories start to exhibit scaling-law behaviors, scalar variance over the entire domain exhibits multimodal structure. We demarcate the domain based on Lagrangian coherent structures and find that the conditional statistics exhibit strong unimodal behavior, indicating coherence of effective diffusion among each Lagrangian partition of the flow.
DFT-D Investigation of Active and Dormant Methylaluminoxane (MAO) Species Grafted onto a Magnesium Dichloride Cluster: A Model Study of Supported MAO

Density functional theory calculations were carried out to study the interaction of various models for methylaluminoxane and the active and dormant species in polymerization with the (110) MgCl2 surface. MAO species may bind to the surface via Al–Cl, Mg–O, and Al−μ-CH3–Mg bonds. Our results suggest that the activity of supported MAO may be higher than of homogeneous MAO because the support stabilizes (AlOMe)n·(AlMe3)m, precursors to the active species in polymerization. Moreover, the support lowers the free energy of formation of species that are active in polymerization relative to those that are dormant. Finally, it may be that the support decreases the energy associated with the cation–anion separation in [Cp2ZrMe]+[Me(AlOMe)n]−, a species that is likely dormant in homogeneous processes, hinting that the support has the possibility of increasing the number of potentially active sites.
Tachykinins and in vivo gut motility.

The gut smooth muscle in the intact conscious state exhibits three distinct types of contractions : rhythmic phasic contractions, tone, and ultrapropulsive contractions. The motility functions of these contractions differ markedly. The phasic contractions mix and propel the ingested food in an orderly fashion so that the nutrients can be absorbed. The ultrapropulsive contractions are of two types, giant migrating contractions (GMCs) and retrograde giant contractions (RGCs). GMCs produce mass movements in the caudal direction and RGCs in the oral direction. GMCs are associated with the symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal cramping, tenesmus, and urgency of defecation. The RGCs regurgitate the contents of the upper small intestine into the stomach in preparation of their expulsion by the somatomotor response. Tachykinins and their receptors are strategically located on the enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells to regulate the above contractions. Recent findings show that NK-1 receptors located on colonic circular smooth muscle cells may mediate colonic GMCs, whereas NK-3 receptors located on presynaptic neurons may mediate the small intestinal GMCs. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of stimulation of RGCs are not known. NK-1 receptor antagonists have shown potential therapeutic effects on vomiting induced by a variety of stimuli in experimental animals.
Differential effect of selected methylxanthine derivatives on radiosensitization of lung carcinoma cells.

AIM Using caffeine as a reference derivative, this study was performed to investigate how other methylxanthine derivatives, theophylline, 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine and 1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine, sensitize cells to radiation by modifying cell cycle checkpoints and inducing the apoptotic response. The effect of the methylxanthine derivatives was studied in response to gamma and ultraviolet radiation in a human large cell lung carcinoma cell line, null for p53, a normal lung epithelial cell line and the large cell lung carcinoma cell line stably transfected with p53. METHODS Effects of theophylline, 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine and 1,3-dipropyl 7-methylxanthine on cell-radiosensitization in comparison to caffeine tested by clonogenic survival assay, MTT assay, ELISA based apoptotic assay, flow cytometry, caspase-3 activity, TUNEL assay, and western blot analysis. RESULTS All the derivatives, except 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine, increased tumor cell sensitization to radiation by inducing apoptosis in the p53-null lung cancer cell line. The pattern of cell cycle progression revealed that these derivatives increased the number of cells in G1 phase by abrogating the G2/M checkpoint, directing the cells to apoptose through a p53-independent mechanism. In contrast, 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine was more potent than the other derivatives in radiosensitization of normal lung epithelial cells and the lung carcinoma cells stably transfected with wild-type p53. IBMX increased p53 protein level more than caffeine in lung carcinoma cells stably transfected with wild-type p53. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine might function through a p53-dependent mechanism.
Trajectories of Concentration

In this chapter we introduce the concept of concentration at a trajectory. This concept allows us to mathematically rigorously derive Newton’s law of motion for point charges; in particular, we derive Einstein’s formula in the accelerating relativistic regimes.
Experimental effects of grazers on autotrophic species assemblages across a nitrate gradient in Florida springs

Springs face accelerated degradation of ecosystem structure, namely shifts in autotrophic species assemblages from submerged vascular macrophytes to benthic filamentous algae. Increasing nitrate concentrations have been cited as a primary driver of this shift and numeric nutrient criteria have been developed to address rising nitrate concentrations and restore macrophyte dominance. However, the mechanistic basis of competitive outcomes between algae and macrophytes in these systems remains unresolved. This study assessed how grazing by gastropods influences both algae and macrophyte standing stocks and net production by manipulating gastropod densities in in-situ mesocosms across three levels of nitrate concentrations and autotrophic assemblage composition. The overall effect of grazing was assessed across the range of nitrate concentrations and effect sizes on algae and macrophytes were compared separately within nitrate concentration levels. Results suggest macrophyte success was significantly diminished in the absence of grazers, while the absence of grazers more than tripled the relative standing stock of algal taxa. No consistent pattern of grazer influence was found for net production of either macrophytes or algae. The effect of grazer absence resulted in the largest relative algal standing stocks in low nitrate conditions whereas grazer absence resulted in negative effect sizes on macrophytes standing stocks in low and intermediate nitrate environments. Grazer presence had positive effects on macrophyte standing stocks across all nitrate levels. These results suggest that both nitrate loading reductions and the fostering of healthy populations of grazers would be most effective in the management of these flowing water systems.