cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding code that explodes under symbolic evaluation

Solver-aided tools rely on symbolic evaluation to reduce programming tasks, such as verification and synthesis, to satisfiability queries. Many reusable symbolic evaluation engines are now available as part of solver-aided languages and frameworks, which have made it possible for a broad population of programmers to create and apply solver-aided tools to new domains. But to achieve results for real-world problems, programmers still need to write code that makes effective use of the underlying engine, and understand where their code needs careful design to elicit the best performance. This task is made difficult by the all-paths execution model of symbolic evaluators, which defies both human intuition and standard profiling techniques.This paper presents symbolic profiling, a new approach to identifying and diagnosing performance bottlenecks in programs under symbolic evaluation. To help with diagnosis, we develop a catalog of common performance anti-patterns in solver-aided code. To locate these bottlenecks, we develop SymPro, a new profiling technique for symbolic evaluation. SymPro identifies bottlenecks by analyzing two implicit resources at the core of every symbolic evaluation engine: the symbolic heap and symbolic evaluation graph. These resources form a novel performance model of symbolic evaluation that is general (encompassing all forms of symbolic evaluation), explainable (providing programmers with a conceptual framework for understanding symbolic evaluation), and actionable (enabling precise localization of bottlenecks). Performant solver-aided code carefully manages the shape of these implicit structures; SymPro makes their evolution explicit to the programmer.To evaluate SymPro, we implement profilers for the Rosette solver-aided language and the Jalangi program analysis framework. Applying SymPro to 15 published solver-aided tools, we discover 8 previously undiagnosed performance issues. Repairing these issues improves performance by orders of magnitude, and our patches were accepted by the tools' developers. We also conduct a small user study with Rosette programmers, finding that SymPro helps them both understand what the symbolic evaluator is doing and identify performance issues they could not otherwise locate.
Weber’s ‘use and abuse’ of Calvin’s Doctrine of Predestination

In the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber demonstrates his mastery in many different fields. However, Weber acknowledged that he was no expert in theology and he admitted that...
Recursive utility and parameter uncertainty

Abstract We explore how the Epstein–Zin utility captures an agent's sensitivity to parameter uncertainty. Our main result is a closed-form representation of the Epstein–Zin utility for an i.i.d. consumption process with unknown parameter, as the discount factor approaches 1. Using this representation, and under the usual assumption about the relationship between risk aversion and the attitude towards time smoothing, we show that the agent is averse to parameter uncertainty.
Training for Workers and Safety Representatives on Manufactured Nanomaterials.

Although nanotechnologies are increasingly present in numerous sectors of the economy, training resources available to workers exposed to them are still rare. In the European Union (EU), some initi...
Spatial Analysis of Asthma Emergency Department Visits in California

Background: Despite initiatives to reduce prevalence of childhood asthma, recent reports demonstrate California emergency department (ED) visits for pediatric asthma increased by 18% between 2005 and 2012. Understanding the locations where asthma visits cluster geographically and evaluating associated demographic factors in those locations may reveal opportunities for improvement. Purpose: We aim to 1) identify the primary cluster for both high and low ED visit rates and 2) compare factors that may contribute to asthma ED …
A survey of leukocyte profiles of red-backed salamanders from Mountain Lake, Virginia, and associations with host parasite types

In this project, red-backed salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, were collected from the heart of their range (Mountain Lake, Virginia, USA), in an effort to document the typical, or baseline, leukocyte profile of this species in its natural state. From microscopic examination of thin blood films, we determined relative proportions of all leukocyte types and determined the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes, which is a useful index of stress levels. In addition, individuals were examined for three naturally occurring endoparasites: two gastro-intestinal (trematodes and a ciliated protozoan in the genus Cepedietta) and one in the blood (a Rickettsial bacteria). This allowed us to conduct statistical comparisons of leukocyte data across parasite infection groups. Of 36 salamanders, 11 (31%) had trematode parasites, 7 (19%) contained Cepedietta parasites, 6 (17%) were parasitized by Rickettsia, and 12 had no parasites. The most common leukocytes were lymphocytes (87.4%), followed by neutrophils (4.2%), monocytes (3.3%), eosinophils (2.6%), and basophils (2.5%). The average neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio for these salamanders was remarkably low (0.05) for an amphibian population. Statistical comparisons of leukocyte profiles among parasite infection groups indicated parasitized salamanders had twice as many circulating leukocytes as nonparasitized individuals, which could be considered an “inflammation response”. There was a slight but significant elevation in relative eosinophil abundance in parasitized salamanders. There were few differences in leukocyte subsets between parasite types, nor was there evidence of any proliferation of phagocytic cells in any parasitized individual.
Cross-Shore Deformation of a Surfzone-Released Dye Plume by an Internal Tide on the Inner Shelf

AbstractAn inner-shelf (IS) dye plume that formed following a 3.84-h early morning surfzone (SZ) dye release off of Imperial Beach, California, is analyzed with in situ and aerial remotely sensed o...
Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: cell biology to clinical progress

The terms MSC and MSCs have become the preferred acronym to describe a cell and a cell population of multipotential stem/progenitor cells commonly referred to as mesenchymal stem cells, multipotential stromal cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and mesenchymal progenitor cells. The MSCs can differentiate to important lineages under defined conditions in vitro and in limited situations after implantation in vivo. MSCs were isolated and described about 30 years ago and now there are over 55,000 publications on MSCs readily available. Here, we have focused on human MSCs whenever possible. The MSCs have broad anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties. At present, these provide the greatest focus of human MSCs in clinical testing; however, the properties of cultured MSCs in vitro suggest they can have broader applications. The medical utility of MSCs continues to be investigated in over 950 clinical trials. There has been much progress in understanding MSCs over the years, and there is a strong foundation for future scientific research and clinical applications, but also some important questions remain to be answered. Developing further methods to understand and unlock MSC potential through intracellular and intercellular signaling, biomedical engineering, delivery methods and patient selection should all provide substantial advancements in the coming years and greater clinical opportunities. The expansive and growing field of MSC research is teaching us basic human cell biology as well as how to use this type of cell for cellular therapy in a variety of clinical settings, and while much promise is evident, careful new work is still needed.
The correlates of sexual experience and reasons for abstinence among Asian Americans.

OBJECTIVE This study examines the sexual socialization experiences of Asian American emerging adults by assessing the content and frequency of parent and peer sexual communication and their links to sexual experience and reasons for abstinence. METHOD In addition to reports of parent and peer communication on four discourses-abstinence until marriage, gendered sexual roles, acceptance of casual sex, and sex is taboo-154 college students (44% female, M = 19.21 years old) also reported on language use with parents, percentage of best friends who were Asian, and parent rules regarding dating and time spent with friends. RESULTS As expected, peer communication was more frequent and more permissive than parent communication, and women reported receiving far more restrictive messages than did men. Of parent messages, only those portraying sex as taboo was linked to stronger endorsement of abstinence to avoid physical risks, whereas proabstinence messages from friends were linked to endorsing abstinence for family and culture reasons, to avoid physical risks, and because of general discomfort. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that parent rules may be a primary means by which Asian parents are perceived as conveying their attitudes and expectations about sexuality and that same-race best friends serve simultaneously as sexual and cultural socialization agents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Christian Missions’ Encounter with High Chinese Culture 1900–1914

This chapter focuses on Anglican missionaries who entered China on the heels of British imperialism. It explores how this was first introduced with a view of British superiority connected to Christianity, in terms of “civilization” and “progress,” but later developed into a recognition of China as a formidable “higher civilization” in its own right. Along with how Western missionaries were changed by their encounter with China, this chapter also offers a few brief observations of how the Chinese context was likewise affected by this encounter.
Generation of recombinant vaccinia virus and analysis of virus-induced cell death.

Summary Vaccinia virus is a large double-stranded DNA virus that is widely used to express foreign genes from different origins. We generated recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses a viral inhibitor to examine its effect on virus-induced necroptosis. We provide a detailed protocol to describe the generation of recombinant vaccinia virus, validation of protein expression, and determination of necroptosis using live cell imaging. This approach can be adapted to examine the effect of other cell death regulators on virus-induced cell death. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liu et al. (2021) .
Synthesis and evaluation of I-125 quinolinone analogues as potential oxytocin receptor biomarkers

1503 Objectives Development of PET or SPECT radioligands for oxytocin receptors of the brain would be ideal for psychopharmacological studies of human and non-human primates in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of the oxytocin receptor system. The compounds [125I]-(E)-1-(1-(2-(2-((3-iodoallyl)oxy)-4-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)acetyl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one (1) and [125I]-(Z)-1-(1-(2-(2-((3-iodoallyl)oxy)-4-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)acetyl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one (2) and their cold reference standards were synthesized and evaluated as potential PET or SPECT radioligands. Methods Two tributylstannyl precursors for iodination, (E) and (Z)-1-(1-(2-(4-((1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)-2-((3-(tributylstannyl)allyl)oxy)phenyl)acetyl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one were synthesized in twelve steps. Iodination was performed with [125I]- sodium iodide in the presence of H2O2 and HCl. In vitro autoradiography on prairie vole brain slices and lipophilicity measurements were performed with 1 and 2. Competitive binding assays were performed in vitro using prairie vole brain slices, the cold standard of 1, and selective, high-affinity I-125 labeled oxytocin or vasopressin peptides. Results Compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized with radiochemical yields of 59% and 16% respectively with radiochemical purities ranging from 92.7 - 96%. The log P values were 2.36 for 1 and 2.18 for 2. Autoradiography data confirmed binding to the oxytocin receptor in the nucleus accumbens. Compound 1 outcompeted peptides for the oxytocin and vasopressin receptors and both ki values are being confirmed through additional binding assays. Conclusions Compounds 1 and 2 displayed similar characteristics in binding specificity and selectivity. Lipophilicity was optimal for penetration to the brain. Both structures are viable candidates for further in vivo research. Research Support NSF IBN-N876754 R0016
Optimism and Pessimism with Expected Utility, Fourth Version

Maximizing subjective expected utility is the classic model of decision-making under uncertainty. Savage (1954) provides axioms on preference over acts that are equivalent to the existence of a subjective expected utility representation, and further establishes that such a representation is essentially unique. We show that there is a continuum of other "expected utility" representations in which the probability distributions over states used to evaluate acts depend on the set of possible outcomes of the act and suggest that these alternate representations can capture pessimism or optimism. We then extend the DM's preferences to be defined over both subjective acts and objective lotteries, allowing for source-dependent preferences. Our result permits modeling ambiguity aversion in Ellsberg's two-urn experiment using a single utility function and pessimistic probability assessments over prizes for lotteries and acts, while maintaining the axioms of Savage and von Neumann-Morganstern on the appropriate domains.
Collaborative Middle School Geometry Through Blogs and Other Web 2.0 Technologies

this paper explores the use of blogs, a simple application of Web 2.0 technologies, in middle school geometry instruction. specifically, it provides an overview of the interactive features of Web 2.0 technologies and the feasibility of using Web 2.0 technologies in geometry teaching and learning, as well as a proposed model for creating a collaborative environment using a blog, a free and simple Web 2.0 application in geometry instruction. incorporation of Web 2.0 technologies into today’s classrooms builds on student interests and knowledge. Further, the interactive nature of these technologies lends itself well to collaborative learning, which motivates students, creates a “safer” learning environment, and enhances knowledge and skills.
Low-temperature structural phase transition in La2NiO4+ delta.

La{sub 2}NiO{sub 4+{delta}} ({delta}=0) has a high-temperature tetragonal (HTT) phase ({ital T}{gt}680 K), a low-temperature orthorhombic (LTO) phase, and a low-temperature tetragonal (LTT) phase ({ital T}{lt}70 K); that is, HTT{r arrow}LTO{r arrow}(LTT). These phases are isomorphic to those of La{sub 2{minus}{ital x}}Ba{sub {ital x}}CuO{sub 4} ({ital x}=0.12). Using Raman spectroscopy, we have measured the {ital c}-axis-polarized phonons. The {sup 2}{ital A}{sub 1{ital g}} modes of the HTT phase occur in all three phases at 155 and 445 cm{sup {minus}1}, with energies and widths only weakly dependent on temperature. The low-energy NiO{sub 6}-octahedra tilting modes (which drive the phase transitions) have been observed and clearly show the first-order nature of the LTO{r arrow}LTT phase transition. The lowest-energy Raman mode observed (at 70 cm{sup {minus}1} with {ital B}{sub 1{ital g}} symmetry), allowed only in the LTT phase, involves rocking motion of the undisplaced in-plane oxygen atoms.
Teaching Mathematics to Software Engineers

Based on my experience in teaching formal methods to practicing and aspiring software engineers, I present some of the common stumbling blocks faced when writing formal specifications. The most conspicuous problem is learning to abstract. I address all these problems indirectly by giving a list of hints to specifiers. Thus this paper should be of interest not only to teachers of formal methods but also to their students.
The compactification of the moduli space of convex ℝℙ2 surfaces, I

There is a canonical identification, due independently to the author and to F. Labourie, of a convex real projective structure on an orientable surface of genus g and a pair consisting of a conformal structure together with a holomorphic cubic differential on the surface. The Deligne–Mumford compactification of the moduli space of curves then suggests a partial compactification of the moduli space of convex real projective structures: Allow the Riemann surface to degenerate to a stable nodal curve on which there is a regular cubic differential. We construct convex real projective structures on open surfaces corresponding to this singular data and relate their holonomy to earlier work of Goldman. Also we have results for families degenerating toward the boundary of the moduli space. The techniques involve affine differential geometry results of Cheng–Yau and C.P. Wang and a result of Dunkel on the asymptotics of systems of ODEs.
How Do Teachers Observe and Evaluate Elementary School Students' Foreign Language Performance? A Case Study from South Korea

This study investigates how teachers observe and assess elementary school students' foreign language performance in class and how such assessments vary among teachers. Twenty-six elementary school teachers and 23 English teachers at secondary schools in South Korea watched videotapes of 6th-grade students' group activities in English and were asked to assess the students' performance as if they were in their own classrooms. The study found that the teachers varied substantially in their overall evaluations both within and across school levels. A discussion held among the teachers after the individual assessments were completed showed that the elementary school teachers and secondary school teachers differed with respect to (1) their views toward assessment criteria, (2) how to evaluate student confidence and motivation; and (3) how to gauge students' potential ability to communicate competently in a foreign language. Such differences between the elementary and secondary school teachers appeared to be deeply rooted in their respective teaching contexts. Using Davison's (2004) framework for analyzing teachers' beliefs and practices in teacher-based assessment, the current study suggests that both groups of teachers need to negotiate assessment criteria while paying close attention to the local context and adapting their teaching practices to fit therein.
Measurement and Analysis of In Vitro Actin Polymerization

The polymerization of actin underlies force generation in numerous cellular processes. While actin polymerization can occur spontaneously, cells maintain control over this important process by preventing actin filament nucleation and then allowing stimulated polymerization and elongation by several regulated factors. Actin polymerization, regulated nucleation, and controlled elongation activities can be reconstituted in vitro, and used to probe the signaling cascades cells use to control when and where actin polymerization occurs. Introducing a pyrene fluorophore allows detection of filament formation by an increase in pyrene fluorescence. This method has been used for many years and continues to be broadly used, owing to its simplicity and flexibility. Here we describe how to perform and analyze these in vitro actin polymerization assays, with an emphasis on extracting useful descriptive parameters from kinetic data.
Rat intestinal epithelial cells present major histocompatibility complex allopeptides to primed T cells

Abstract Background/Aims: Intestinal epithelial cells present protein antigens to primed T cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate whether intestinal epithelial cells present peptide antigens in vitro and in vivo after oral administration. Methods: Small intestinal epithelial cells from naive LEW (RT1 1 ) rats pulsed in vitro with a synthetic immunogenic major histocompatibility complex allopeptide, RT1.D u β20–44, or in vivo by oral administration of the peptide were tested for their ability to induce specific proliferation of LEW T cells primed in vivo to RT1.D u β20–44. Results: In vitro pulsed intestinal epithelial cells induced specific proliferation of RT1.D u β20–44-primed T cells. Intestinal epithelial cells isolated from LEW rats that received a single oral dose of RT1.D u β20–44 18 hours earlier also induced specific proliferation of RT1.D u β20–44-primed LEW T cells. Furthermore, epithelial cells harvested from LEW rats that received WF (RT1 u ) splenocytes orally 18 hours earlier induced specific proliferation of RT1.D u β20–44-primed LEW T cells. Conclusions: Intestinal epithelial cells take up processed alloantigen in vitro and in vivo for presentation as peptides to primed T cells. These observations provide a novel approach to study the role of the intestinal immune system in immune regulation in vivo.
Nucleation and Crystallization of Low-Crystallinity Polypropylene Followed in Situ by Hot Stage Atomic Force Microscopy

The isothermal crystallization of the ether-soluble fraction (ES) of elastomeric stereoblock polypropylene (ePP) was investigated in situ by hot stage atomic force microscopy (AFM) at temperatures between 30 and 60 °C. Owing to the low average tacticity of 21% ([mmmm]), this material possesses a very low degree of crystallinity (≤1% as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS)) in fully crystallized samples. Despite this low degree of crystallinity, hot stage AFM allowed us to study the nucleation and growth processes of crystallization in thin ES films in real time with nanometer resolution. The crystallization occurs in the form of lamellar crystals that develop from stable nuclei. Both metastable and stable primary nuclei have been visualized. Many crystals can be assigned to the α-phase of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) based on the observation of crosshatching. The lamellar growth rates are <3 × 10-3 μm/min and show a maximum between 40 °C and 45 °C. ...
Irradiation swelling, creep and thermal fatigue behaviors of LMFBR pressure vessels

Abstract The behaviors of irradiation swelling, irradiation creep and thermal-cycling fatigue induced by fast neutron fluence and developed in the LMFBR pressure vessels are analyzed on the basis of experimental data. From the interactions of the irradiation swelling, irradiation creep and thermal-cycling fatigue, the failure criterion for the design and safety surveillance of the pressure vessels can be expressed as a(frbuilt|t/tc)u+b(frbuilt|N/Nf)v+c(ϵ/ϵs)w=1, where t is time, tc is creep rupture time, N is number of cycles, Nf is number of cycles to failure, ϵ is strain, ϵs is swelling strain to failure, and a, b, c, u, v and w are parameters or constants. The tangential tensile strain produced by the irradiation creep, thermal-cycling fatigue and hydrostatic pressure of the liquid sodium coolant may be combined together with the irradiation swelling strain ϵ as a whole. The inter-relationships between the behaviors of irradiation swelling, irradiation creep and thermal-cycling fatigue developed in the LMFBR pressure vessels are discussed.
Publication trends among internal medicine residents and graduates.

Internal medicine residency programs must teach research principles and residents must engage in scholarship, in accordance with current Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program requirements, enacted in 1994. Inadequate demonstraion of this requirement is among the most frequent easons programs are cited by ACGME. Despite the strength, duration, and enforcement of this requirement, little is known regarding to what degree residents participate in research and whether the principles taught in residency continue through fellowship and beyond. One survey of 390 program directors found that 25% of residents at university programs completed case reports and that 10% published articles in peer-reviewed journals during residency. Another survey of residents, presenting scholarly work at a conference, found that 39 of 73 residents (53%) presented a clinical vignette and that 34 of 73 residents (47%) displayed a research abstract. An earlier survey of program directors estimated that 62% of their residents would complete an acceptable research project in 1 academic year. Each of these previous studies has limitations. All 3 are small cross-sectional surveys with variable response rates. Some required reporting of research endeavors y program directors, which may be inaccurate or
Failure of a Serotonergic Receptor-Blocking Drug to Change the Twenty-Four-Hour Luteinizing Hormone Secretory Pattern in Women*

The 24-h LH secretory pattern in women during the early follicular phase is characterized by inhibition during the early sleep period. Methysergide maleate was administered to six normal women to test the hypothesis that the effect of sleep on LH secretion is due to serotonergic mechanisms. The results demonstrated no change in the sleep effect on LH secretion after drug administration. The 4-h average deviation after sleep onset from the 24-h mean was −27.7% for the control studies and −25.5% after methysergide maleate. The data suggest that serotonergic pathways are not critically involved in the control of the 24-h LH secretory program in women.
Sonochemical synthesis of nanocrystalline molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2)

Abstract Sonochemical co-reduction of MoCl5 and SiCl4 with NaK alloy in a hexane dispersion using 600 W, 20 kHz irradiation, followed by annealing at 900 °C produces nanocrystalline MoSi2 powders with ≈90% yield. Consolidation by hot pressing at 1170 °C, 140 MPa for 4 h gives a 78%-dense compact with 31 nm average grain sizes and a Vickers microhardness of 1484 (10% kg/mm2. Consolidation by hot pressing at 1200 °C, 100 MPa for 10 min. followed by hot isostatic pressing at 1100 °C, 200 MPa for 4 h gives a 83%-dense compact with 41 nm average grain sizes and a Vickers microhardness of 1587 ± 10% kg mm−2. The second compact exhibits a compressive yield strength of 2875 MPa, and fractures without significant plastic deformation. The microhardness values and compression strengths are 50–70% higher in nanocrystalline MoSi2 than in conventional, coarse-grained MoSi2.
Coordination by 2-pyridylmethyl-2′-aminoethylamine

The synthesis of the tridentate ligand 2-pyridylmethyl-2′-aminoethylamine is described. The infrared and NMR spectral characteristics and the corresponding trihydrochloride and dipicrate are also reported. The stepwise proton dissociation constants and stability constants with Cu(II) have been determined potentiometrically at 25°C and at an ionic strength of 0·10 in KNO3. The highest order complex is two. The first ligand is involved as a tridentate chelate while the second ligand is monodentate in its coordination.
Numerical Experiments in Collisionless Systems

Gravitational n-body calculations handling 105 particles have become routine in the last three or four years. The plasma physicists have also run calculations with comparable numbers of particles — you will hear of these from Dawson this afternoon. In the stellar dynamics area, two groups have been making these calculations — our own group with Kevin Prendergast and William Quirk, and the competition, the group that formed when Roger Hockney and Frank Hohl merged (and later parted ways). Our calculation is described in Miller and Prendergast (1968); theirs is best described by Hohl and Hockney (1969), and some very thorough discussions of computational speed of force calculations by Hockney (1970).
A Note on the Calculation and Interpretation of the Delta-p Statistic for Categorical Independent Variables

This methodological note illustrates how a commonly used calculation of the Delta-p statistic is inappropriate for categorical independent variables, and this note provides users of logistic regression with a revised calculation of the Delta-p statistic that is more meaningful when studying the differences in the predicted probability of an outcome between two or more groups. Although one cannot fully document the extent to which this error in the current calculation of the Delta-p statistic has spread across the field, the potential for error is far reaching as an increasing number of researchers use logistic regression to study categorical outcomes and as researchers look more closely at the Delta-p statistic as a means to communicate the results of logistic regression models to policy makers and administrators. It is recommended that higher education scholars and institutional researchers use caution when reporting the Delta-p statistic from prior studies and that they adopt the revised calculation of the Delta-p statistic presented in this methodological note when estimating logistic regression models with categorical independent variables.
Regional muscle and whole-body composition factors related to mobility in older individuals: a review.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe previously reported locomotor muscle and whole-body composition factors related to mobility in older individuals. Methods: A narrative review of the literature, including a combination of search terms related to muscle and whole-body composition factors and to mobility in older individuals, was carried out. Statistical measures of association and risk were consolidated to summarize the common effects between studies. Results: Fifty-three studies were reviewed. Muscle and whole-body factors accounted for a substantial amount of the variability in walking speed, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.30 to 0.47. Muscle power consistently accounted for a greater percentage of the variance in mobility than did strength. Risks associated with high fat mass presented a minimum odds ratio (OR) of 0.70 and a maximum OR of 4.07, while the minimum and maximum ORs associated with low lean mass were 0.87 and 2.30 respectively. Whole-body and regional fat deposits accounted for...
Tubby and tubby-like protein 1 are new MerTK ligands for phagocytosis.

Tubby and tubby-like protein 1 (Tulp1) are newly identified phagocytosis ligands to facilitate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and macrophage phagocytosis. Both proteins without classical signal peptide have been demonstrated with unconventional secretion. Here, we characterized them as novel MerTK ligands to facilitate phagocytosis. Tulp1 interacts with Tyro3, Axl and MerTK of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily, whereas tubby binds only to MerTK. Excessive soluble MerTK extracellular domain blocked tubby- or Tulp1-mediated phagocytosis. Both ligands induced MerTK activation with receptor phosphorylation and signalling cascade, including non-muscle myosin II redistribution and co-localization with phagosomes. Tubby and Tulp1 are bridging molecules with their N-terminal region as MerTK-binding domain and C-terminal region as phagocytosis prey-binding domain (PPBD). Five minimal phagocytic determinants (MPDs) of K/R(X)1–2KKK in Tulp1 N-terminus were defined as essential motifs for MerTK binding, receptor phosphorylation and phagocytosis. PPBD was mapped to the highly conserved 54 amino acids at the C-terminal end of tubby and Tulp1. These data suggest that tubby and Tulp1 are novel bridging molecules to facilitate phagocytosis through MerTK.
Liquids: Condensed, disordered, and sometimes complex

A liquid can be isotropic like a gas yet dense like an ordered solid. Its very existence depends on a delicate balance between adhesive intermolecular interactions that cause it to condense and entropic forces that prevent it from crystallizing. It is remarkable that such phases exist, and remarkable, too, that quantitative molecular principles and techniques are available for their study.
JC Polyomavirus Granule Cell Neuronopathy in a Patient Treated With Rituximab

Importance Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy results from lytic infection of the glia by the JC polyomavirus (JCV); JCV granule cell neuronopathy is caused by infection with a mutated form of JCV, leading to a shift in viral tropism from the glia to cerebellar granule cells. This shift results in a clinical syndrome dominated by progressive cerebellar dysfunction that might elude standard diagnostic workup strategies for ataxia. Observations We present the case report of a patient receiving long-term rituximab therapy who developed progressive cerebellar ataxia and marked isolated cerebellar degeneration. This syndrome resulted from JCV granule cell neuronopathy associated with a novel JCV mutation. Conclusions and Relevance New onset or worsening of isolated cerebellar ataxia in patients being treated with rituximab or natalizumab warrants early assessment for JCV infection.
Products of Hankel and Toeplitz Operators on the Bergman Space

We consider the question for which square integrable analytic functions f and g on the unit disk the densely defined products TfTg are bounded on the Bergman space. We prove results analogous to those obtained by the second author [17] for such Toeplitz products on the Hardy space. We furthermore obtain similar results for Hankel products HfH*g, where f and g are square integrable on the unit disk, and for the mixed Haplitz products HfTg and TgH*f, where f and g are square integrable on the unit disk and g is analytic.
Presence of cytomegalovirus inclusion bodies in a recurrent ulcerative vaginal lesion

Cytomegalovirus is present in the female lower genital tract with an incidence of 4% to 12%. Intracellular inclusion bodies, which constitute evidence of the presence of this organism, are noted on Papanicolaou smears or at direct biopsy. All previous reports regarding tissue diagnosis have involved the uterine cervix. We report an unusual case of a postmenopausal woman who was found to have recurrent symptomatic vaginal lesions; repeated biopsies of the lesion disclosed the presence of cytomegalovirus inclusion bodies.
A new approach to problems of shock dynamics Part 2. Three-dimensional problems

This paper gives the extension of the approximate theory developed in Part 1 (Whitham 1957) to three-dimensional problems. The basic equations are derived in §1, using the original assumption of a functional relation between the strength of the shock wave at any point and the area of the ray tube. An analogy with steady supersonic flow is found. For the diffraction of a plane shock wave by an obstacle, the equations and boundary conditions are exactly the same as those for steady supersonic potential flow past that obstacle, with a special choice of the density-speed relation. The successive positions of the shock wave are the equipotential surfaces of the supersonic flow. The 'shock-shocks’ introduced in Part 1, i.e. discontinuities in the slope and Mach number of the shock wave, correspond to the steady oblique shock waves in the supersonic flow problem. They arise when Mach reflexion occurs.In §2 the theory is applied in detail to the diffraction of a plane shock wave by a cone. Then, in §3, a small perturbation theory is applied to the two typical problems of (i) diffraction by a slender axi-symmetrical body of general shape, and (ii) the stability of a plane shock. Many further applications would be possible and some brief comments on these are made in §4.
Virgin River multi-objective optimization: maximizing endangered fish habitat and minimizing costs

AbstractThis paper discusses a comparative analysis of hypothetical operational scenarios by the use of dynamic temperature and fish habitat modelling in a multi-objective framework in the Virgin River Basin, Utah. Results were compared on the basis of quantified fish habitat, operational costs, and hydropower revenue. The modelling framework, the Virgin River Operation Optimization Model, is considered as a basin-level planning model. The optimization objectives were to minimize net river system operational cost of the Washington County Water Conservation District and maximize endangered fish habitat. Considerations included infrastructure alternatives to increase flow and cold water discharges as well as demand reductions. Given the nature of the problem, an optimization procedure was developed to approximate a Pareto front or trade-off surface for the two management objectives. This trade-off surface approximation is desired to help users compare the merits of any particular solution. The relative diff...
Study of life themes in Charlotte Bronte and Virginia Woolf

This article presents a case for examining the talent development process through the lens of an integrated curriculum model. The author describes a rationale for such a model, features that it would contain, and specific applications of it that have been made in two federally funded curriculum projects. The relationship of the model of ICM to curriculum reform variables are delineated along with implementation considerations that focus on the nature of the learner, and various aspects of the learning context.
Assessment of role-play generalization across qualitatively different situations

Role-play generalization of newly acquired assertive behavior was assessed across different response situations in a clinical outpatient sample. Prior to assertive training, subjects completed two paper-and-pencil inventories and a series of role-play situations. Behavioral role-play scenes included four response forms: making requests, expressing affection, standing up for rights, and expressing displeasure. Subjects were randomly assigned to treatment or test-retest conditions and the treatment subjects received six 2-hr sessions of assertion training using modeling, behavior rehearsal, instruction, positive reinforcement, assignedin vivo homework, bibliotherapy, and daily recordings of assertive behavior. Posttreatment, subjects completed the paper-and-pencil measures, trained role-play scenes, and a set of dissimilar untrained scenes requiring different response forms (giving compliments, receiving compliments; refusing unreasonable requests and expressing justified anger). Videotapes were rated blindly and in random order at the conclusion of the study by trained judges. Treatment and test-retest subjects were equivalent prior to training. Posttreatment for the two groups differed in self-report, role-play behavior in trained situations, and role-play behavior in untrained dissimilar situations (allp<.001). MANOVA with repeated measures confirmed that trained and generalization role-play scenes were quantitatively, as well as qualitatively, different, confirmed that treatment and test-retest subjects exhibited different performance levels posttreatment on both trained and generalization scenes, and revealed four significant interactions (allp<.001). Implications of the interactions are discussed. Canonical correlation revealed that subjects displayed significant commonality in their behavioral profiles across different response forms. The findings indicate that complex training resulted in generalization from trained situations to untrained and dissimilar generalization scenes for the clinical outpatient sample.
Solvent and α-secondary kinetic isotope effects on β-glucosidase.

Abstract β-Glucosidase from sweet almond is a retaining, family 1, glycohydrolase. It is known that glycosylation of the enzyme by aryl glucosides occurs with little, if any, acid catalysis. For this reaction both the solvent and α-secondary kinetic isotope effects are 1.0. However, for the deglucosylation reaction (e.g., kcat for 2,4-dinitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) there is a small solvent deuterium isotope effect of 1.50 (± 0.06) and an α-secondary kinetic isotope effect of 1.12 (± 0.03). For aryl glucosides, kcat/KM is very sensitive to the pKa of the phenol leaving group [βlg ≈ − 1; Dale et al., Biochemistry 25 (1986) 2522–2529]. With alkyl glucosides the βlg is smaller (between − 0.2 and − 0.3) but still negative. This, coupled with the small solvent isotope effect on the pH-independent second-order rate constant for the glucosylation of the enzyme with 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-β-glucoside [D2O(kcat/KM) = 1.23 (± 0.04)] suggests that there is more glycone–aglycone bond fission than aglycone oxygen protonation in the transition state for alkyl glycoside hydrolysis. The kinetics constants for the partitioning (between water and various alcohols) of the glucosyl-enzyme intermediate, coupled with the rate constants for the forward (hydrolysis) reaction provide an estimate of the stability of the glucosyl-enzyme intermediate. This is a relatively stable species with an energy about 2 to 4 kcal/mol higher than that of the ES complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Enzyme Transition States from Theory and Experiment.
BI-23LOSS OF NOVEL lncRNA DEFINES THE GLIOBLASTOMA MESENCHYMAL SUBTYPE

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common brain tumors and the first cancer studied by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). GBM is a very aggressive disease with one of the worst 5-year survival rates among all human cancers. Molecular analysis has revealed several intrinsic subtypes based on gene expression relevant for GBM, including the mesenchymal subtype. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have not been well studied in GBM and their function is largely unknown. A custom RNA-seq pre-processing pipeline was used on GBM primary tumor samples to extract lncRNA expression with respect to the mesenchymal subtype. We used the STAR algorithm in combination with the Gencode lncRNA database to derive lncRNA expression calls. Next, we used the FeatureCounts algorithm to quantify the expression calls. The counts were normalized using the DESeq2 rlog transformation algorithm. After alignment using STAR, 101 samples passed the 75% alignment filter, representing all gene expression subtypes. Next, using FeatureCounts, we had expression calls for 6667 lncRNAs. After removing lncRNAs with variance below .01, there were 4433 lncRNAs with expression counts across all samples. Out of the top10 varying lncRNAs, a lncRNA with unknown function was significantly negatively correlated with the mesenchymal subtype (p-value of 9.4E-05). Next, we used k-means clustering on the top 4000 most varying coding genes to divide them in co-expressed clusters, or metagenes. We correlated the novel lncRNA with these metagenes to identify its function. The top positively correlated metagene was enriched in neurogenesis, neuron differentiation and neuron apoptosis. We identified a potential role for a novel lncRNA strongly related to the mesenchymal subtype and crucial for normal neurogenesis. We hypothesize that this lncRNA is essential for neurogenesis and must be removed for glioblastomas to undergo neural to mesenchymal (NMT) transition.
Computational Fluid Dynamics for Aerodynamic Design: Its Current and Future Impact

This paper discusses the role that computational fluid dynamics plays in the design of aircraft. An overview of the design process is provided, covering some of the typical decisions that a design team addresses within a multi-disciplinary environment. On a very regular basis trade-offs between disciplines have to be made where a set of conflicting requirements exist. Within an aircraft development project, we focus on the aerodynamic design problem and review how this process has been advanced, first with the improving capabilities of traditional computational fluid dynamics analyses, and then with aerodynamic optimizations based on these increasingly accurate methods. The optimization method of the present work is based on the use of the adjoint of the flow equations to compute the gradient of the cost function. Then, we use this gradient to navigate the design space in an efficient manner to find a local minimum. The computational costs of the present method are compared with that of other approaches to aerodynamic optimization. A brief discussion regarding the formulation of a continuous adjoint, as opposed to a discrete one, is also included. Two case studies are provided which highlight the benefits of utilizing automatic aerodynamic shape optimization. The first case chronicles the application of such software during a complete aircraft design effort, while the second case shows to what extent the aerodynamic design cycle can be compressed. In both efforts, the optimizations were performed in design spaces with dimensions greater than 4, 000. Furthermore, they were conducted on very affordable computer equipment and turned around within a few hours of wall-clock time. ∗AIAA Fellow, T. V. Jones Prof. of Engineering †AIAA Associate Fellow, Boeing Technical Fellow Copyright c ©2001 by Jameson & Vassberg. Published by the AIAA with permission. The paper finishes with some visions for the future. Extrapolating the trends of computer weight and cost, it is interesting to speculate on how the aircraft design environment may evolve in the years to come.
Spin response and neutrino emissivity of dense neutron matter

We study the spin response of cold dense neutron matter in the limit of zero momentum transfer and show that the frequency dependence of the long-wavelength spin response is well constrained by sum rules and the asymptotic behavior of the two-particle response at high frequency. The sum rules are calculated using an auxiliary field diffusion Monte Carlo technique and the high-frequency two-particle response is calculated for several nucleon-nucleon potentials. At nuclear saturation density, the sum rules suggest that the strength of the spin response peaks at $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\simeq}$ 40--60 MeV, decays rapidly for $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\ge}100$ MeV, and has a sizable strength below 40 MeV. This strength at relatively low energy may lead to enhanced neutrino production rates in dense neutron-rich matter at temperatures of relevance to core-collapse supernova.
Coded Aperture Imaging: Many Holes Make Light Work

A coded aperture camera is similar to a pinhole camera in that no reflecting or refracting optics are used to form an image. However, it is different due to the fact that the single opening of the conventional pinhole camera has been replaced with a pattern of holes which may number in the hundreds or thousands. The resulting image is the superposition of many individual pinhole images and must be unscrambled to be meaningful. The advantage of the coded aperture is that many more photons are collected in a given period of time, and hence the resulting decoded image is of higher quality than if a conventional single pinhole camera were used. An additional advantage lies in the ability to obtain three-dimensional depth information from a single view. This paper presents an overview of past coded aperture imaging efforts which include the use of Fresnel zone plates, random arrays, and nonredundant pinhole arrays. The theory underlying their use is presented as well as a review of the digital and optical methods used in decoding. Recent important advances in the field, such as the use of uniformly redundant arrays, are presented. Typical results from some of the above-mentioned systems are shown and discussed.
Doing no harm and getting it right: guidelines for ethical research with immigrant communities.

This chapter provides a guide to research logistics and ethics in studying immigrant families. The authors outline major pragmatic issues in research design and data collection to which all scholars must attend, although current practices often do not respond to the idiosyncratic issues related to vulnerable immigrant populations (e.g., undocumented immigrants). The chapter presents vital procedures to ensure both the protection of research participants from immigrant backgrounds and validity of the data collected from them and seeks to be a source of reference for institutional review boards (IRBs). Specifi c issues addressed include navigating IRBs, informed consent, recruitment and sampling, and translation of instruments and interviews. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.