cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multichannel, triaxial, neutron time-of-flight diagnostic for experiments at the Z facility

Neutron bang times ${t}_{\text{bang}}$ and mean neutron speeds $\overline{u}$ have been measured at the $Z$ facility for a series of ${D}_{2}$-filled targets, in magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments. Measurements were made by a novel neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) diagnostic, adapted for use at this facility, and consisted of detecting the neutron times in flight at seven independent scintillator--photomultiplier tube detectors (channels), located on three noncoplanar lines of sight, with distances to the neutron source varying between 690 and 2510 cm. The nTOF signals were analyzed by identifying fiducials on the detector traces to quantify the time in flight to each distance, using a nonrelativistic model for a uniformly thermalized, Maxwellian plasma distribution. The measured neutron arrival times were then linearly regressed on distance with the bang time and mean speed estimated from the fit parameters. A particular shot, 2584, is analyzed here to illustrate the method and the issues encountered in these measurements. On this particular shot, six usable channel traces were obtained. The standard errors of the parameter fits were as follows: ${t}_{\text{bang}}=3102.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.97\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ns}$ (standard error) with six nTOF traces on the system clock and $\overline{u}=2.1524\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0032\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cm}/\mathrm{ns}$ (standard error), from which the mean, nonrelativistic, kinetic energy $\overline{E}$ of the neutrons was $2.4216\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0144\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ (standard error). The estimates of $\overline{u}$ and $\overline{E}$ here agree within 1% of the published values for the $D{(d,n)}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ reaction. Hence, these measurements are consistent with the production of a thermalized, Maxwellian D-D fusion plasma in this experiment. The source duration was estimated to be $3.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.84\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ns}$ (standard error) from six pulse-width measurements.
Assessing Transparency, Accuracy, and Consistency of Relative Importance of Cow-Calf Profitability Drivers Using Neural Networks versus Regression

Using both multivariate regression and artificial neural networks, the relative impact of variables affecting cow-calf profitability was examined over two cattle cycles for spring- and fall-calving herds that varied in size by time period analyzed when using different fertility management affecting forage yields with and without weather uncertainty. Neural networks had greater predictive accuracy than regression but at the cost of lesser transparency and predictive consistency. Explaining profitability, price, and quantity of cattle sold were consistently and respectively ranked first and second using both approaches. Importance rankings for hay sold and fertilizer were low and less consistent across techniques employed.
Association between change in maternal physical activity during pregnancy and infant size, in a sample overweight or obese women.

Physical activity (PA) naturally declines during pregnancy and its effects on infant size are unclear, especially in overweight or obese pregnancies, a low-active subpopulation that tends deliver h...
Music by the numbers: from pythagoras to Schoenberg: Eli Maor, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2018, 176 pp, Hardcover, (US)$24.95, ISBN-13: 9780691176901.

I was looking forward to reading this book. I had read Maor's Venus in Transit and found it to be well-focussed, well-researched, and thorough, as well as extremely readable. Unfortunately, Music b...
Public-Private Partnering in Crisis and Beyond: Why Now for a National Investment Authority, a National Reconstruction & Development Council, or a Health Finance Corporation

I briefly lay out the case for expeditious establishment either of a National Investment Authority (NIA) or a National Reconstruction & Development Council (NRDC) of the kinds I have advocated elsewhere for several years now, or of a National Health Corporation (NHC) such as Jamie Galbraith and Michael Lind have advocated in in the midst of the present Covid Pandemic. National investment both in pandemic response and in productive capacity more generally, I argue, present challenges in the nature of classic collective action predicaments, which require means of regularized collective agency to address. The NHC, NIA, and NRDC are successively more ambitious such means, at least one of which must be commenced as expeditiously as possible.
The Arthroscopic Subdeltoid Biceps Transfer to the Conjoint Tendon: A Different Perspective on Treatment

Pathology involving the proximal long head of the biceps (LHBT) is a common cause of shoulder pain. When nonoperative management fails, surgical intervention can help alleviate pain. Numerous surgical techniques ranging from superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) repair to biceps tenotomy to biceps tenodesis with various fixation methods have been employed. Arthroscopic subdeltoid transfer of the LHBT to the conjoint tendon is another surgical option that allows for bicipital tunnel decompression, soft tissue fixation, and an all-arthroscopic approach without the need for a large incision, bone tunnels, or hardware. Studies have demonstrated that clinical outcomes following LHBT transfer are favorable at short-term and mid-term follow-up. This chapter will outline the proximal biceps anatomy, LHBT pathophysiology, the surgical technique for the arthroscopic subdeltoid LHBT transfer, outcomes following the procedure, and the advantages and disadvantages of the technique.
Structure-based design of stabilized recombinant influenza neuraminidase tetramers

Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is a major antiviral drug target and has recently reemerged as a key target of antibody-mediated protective immunity. Here we show that recombinant NAs across all non-bat subtypes adopt various tetrameric conformations, including a previously unreported "open" state that may help explain poorly understood variations in NA stability across viral strains and subtypes. We used homology-directed protein design to uncover the structural principles underlying these distinct tetrameric conformations and stabilize multiple recombinant NAs in the "closed" state. In addition to improving thermal stability, conformational stabilization improved affinity to protective antibodies elicited by viral infection, including antibodies targeting a quaternary epitope and the broadly conserved catalytic site. The stabilized NA proteins can also be integrated into viruses without affecting fitness. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of NA structure, stability, and antigenicity, as well as a roadmap towards structure-based discovery of NA-directed therapeutics and vaccines.
U.S. Black-Owned Businesses: Pre-Pandemic Trends & Challenges

This research brief leverages multiple datasets from the U.S. Census Bureau to provide a summary of the state of Black-owned businesses in the United States. It is important to understand and measure these pre-pandemic trends in order to pinpoint ways to truly build back better and address gaps in entrepreneurship. This research brief explores the challenges and opportunities facing Black entrepreneurs. Some key findings include: - Black individuals in the U.S. own businesses at a significantly lower rate than the White population, but at a similar rate to Latinos. - Black-owned firms tend to be significantly smaller than White-owned firms. - Despite the large scale-up gap, the number of Black-owned employer businesses grew at a higher rate than the U.S. average between 2012 and 2017. This research brief also explores several potential factors, including the lack of access to and the cost of financial capital, that likely contributes to the scale-up gap experienced by Black-owned businesses.
Differentially Quantized Gradient Methods

This paper considers quantized distributed optimization algorithms in the parameter server framework of distributed training. We introduce the principle we call Differential Quantization (DQ) that prescribes that the past quantization errors should be compensated in such a way as to direct the descent trajectory of a quantized algorithm towards that of its unquantized counterpart. Assuming that the objective function is smooth and strongly convex, we prove that in the limit of large problem dimension, Differentially Quantized Gradient Descent (DQ-GD) attains a linear contraction factor of $\max\{\sigma_{\mathrm{GD}}, 2^{-R}\}$, where $\sigma_{\mathrm{GD}}$ is the contraction factor of unquantized gradient descent (GD). Thus at any $R\geq\log_2 1 /\sigma_{\mathrm{GD}}$ bits, the contraction factor of DQ-GD is the same as that of unquantized GD, i.e., there is no loss due to quantization. We show a converse demonstrating that no quantized gradient descent algorithm can converge faster than $\max\{\sigma_{\mathrm{GD}}, 2^{-R}\}$. In contrast, naively quantized GD where the worker directly quantizes the gradient barely attains $\sigma_{\mathrm{GD}} + 2^{-R}$. The principle of differential quantization continues to apply to gradient methods with momentum such as Nesterov's accelerated gradient descent, and Polyak's heavy ball method. For these algorithms as well, if the rate is above a certain threshold, there is no loss in contraction factor obtained by the differentially quantized algorithm compared to its unquantized counterpart, and furthermore, the differentially quantized heavy ball method attains the optimal contraction achievable among all (even unquantized) gradient methods. Experimental results on both simulated and real-world least-squares problems validate our theoretical analysis.
Friendship loss and dissolution in adulthood: A conceptual model.

Abstract Adult friendships are important relationships, yet little work has examined the processes through which they end and the antecedents and consequences of endings. Building on work that has highlighted the reasons friendships end (Fehr, 1996), we propose an adult friendship dissolution process model that features how situational, personal, and interpersonal variables may influence whether friendships are ended via active or passive routes. Furthermore, potential intervening variables that could lead to different paths of friendship dissolution, including the emotional toll of experiencing dissolution via one path versus another, are discussed.
Democratizing Corporate Political Activity

Corporate political activity raises a hard and important question for corporate law: who decides when the corporation should speak and what it should say? In several cases, the Supreme Court has provided a clear answer: shareholders, acting through the procedures of corporate democracy. While this holding has attracted substantial academic and public criticism alongside calls for widespread reforms to corporate law, the securities laws, and the Constitution, there has been no comprehensive examination of the normative merits of the Supreme Court’s vision. Building on key insights from modern finance theory, public choice theory, and democratic theory, this Article presents three plausible justifications for the privately ordered corporate political activity contemplated in Citizens United and Bellotti: (i) reducing both pecuniary and moral agency costs; (ii) mitigating welfare-decreasing rent-seeking and reverse rent-seeking (i.e., political extortion); and (iii) beginning the process of democratizing corporate political activity by removing a problematic second layer of representative government from the political process. Such a structure would also have an important expressive effect concerning shareholders’ moral agency.
Stellar Kinematic Evidence for Massive Black Holes Revisited

The existing stellar kinematic evidence for massive black holes at the centers of galaxies is based on ≲ 30% discrepancies between constant M/L models and kinematic data. We show that asymmetries in the observed velocity distributions may introduce systematic errors in the data/model comparisons which are of the same order and have the same sign as these discrepancies. Existing modeling has so far failed to account properly for these asymmetries. Major axis data of M32 are analyzed as a specific example.
A comparison of C3a and C5a-mediated stable adhesion of rolling eosinophils in postcapillary venules and transendothelial migration in vitro and in vivo

The comparative ability of the complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a to mediate leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration in vivo and in vitro was investigated. Superfusion of IL-1beta-stimulated rabbit mesentery with C3a resulted in a rapid and stable adhesion of rolling eosinophils, but not neutrophils, to postcapillary venules. However, C3a failed to evoke subsequent transmigration of the adherent eosinophils. In contrast, C5a induced both the rapid activation-dependent firm adhesion and transmigration of eosinophils and neutrophils through venular endothelium. C3a induced selective shedding of L-selectin and an increase in alphaMbeta2 integrin expression on eosinophils but not neutrophils, while C5a induced shedding of L-selectin and up-regulation of alphaMbeta2 integrin on both eosinophils and neutrophils. Both C3a- and C5a-dependent adhesion to venular endothelium was blocked by ex vivo treatment of eosinophils with anti-alpha4 and anti-beta2 integrin mAbs. In vitro, both C3a (but not C3a(desArg)) and C5a (including C5a(desArg))-dependent transmigration of eosinophils across IL-1beta-stimulated endothelial monolayer was mediated by alpha4beta1 and alphaMbeta2 integrins. Overall these studies suggest that C3a is eosinophil-specific chemotactic mediator that influences selectively eosinophil adhesion but not transmigration in vivo. C5a in contrast is a complete activator of integrin-dependent adhesion as well as transmigration of eosinophils and neutrophils.
Preparing for the future: perianesthesia orientation

A comprehensive orientation for RNs to perianesthesia nursing is essential for nurses who are new to the area because of the specialized skills and knowledge required. A massive restructuring of the existing orientation was undertaken to better prepare nurses for these challenges and to reduce costs. A competency-based orientation program was developed by the educator, the supervisors, and the preceptors. The concept of competency-based education is explored. The program development, implementation, and evaluation phases are highlighted. The results have been positive and rewarding with an improved outcome: a competent new perianesthesia care nurse.
Postnatal Expression of GAD67

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockade promotes apoptosis at postnatal day 7 (P7) and is linked to loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression in older animals. To more fully appreciate this relationship we must first understand how GAD67 is regulated postnatally. Thus, the brains of P7, P14 and P21 rats were examined for expression of GAD67 protein and we found that levels of this GABAergic marker increased steadily with age, such that by P21 there was as much as a 6-fold increase compared to P7 animals and a 1.5- to 2-fold increase compared to P14 animals, depending on the region sampled. At P7, GAD67 was almost exclusively detected in puncta, with very few cell bodies displaying this marker. In contrast, at P14 and especially P21, both puncta and cell bodies were robustly labeled. Our data indicate that adult-like expression of GAD67 emerges quite late in the postnatal period.
Imaging steep salt flank with plane‐wave migration in tilted coordinates

Plane-wave migration in tilted coordinates is powerful to image steeply dipping reflectors, although the one-way wave-equation operator is used. In plane-wave migration, the recorded surface data are transferred to plane-wave data by slant-stack processing. Both the source plane-wave and the corresponding slant-stacking data are extrapolated into the subsurface, and images are generated by cross-correlating these two wavefields. For each plane-wave source, we assign tilted coordinates whose direction depends on the propagation direction of the plane-wave. For isotropic media, the one-way wave-equation operator does not change. For vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media, one-way wave-equation operators for tilted transversely isotropic (TI) media are required because of the rotation of the coordinates. I apply this method to the BP 2004 velocity benchmark, to a synthetic dataset for VTI media, and to a real anisotropic dataset. The numerical examples show that plane-wave migration in tilted coordinates can image steeply dipping reflectors and overturned waves, and it is a good tool for salt delineation.
Counselling needs of women with a maternal history of breast cancer.

Abstract Thirty-nine women with a maternal history of breast cancer were interviewed to determine their needs, concerns, and health practices pertaining to breast cancer. Each said they had been profoundly affected by their mother's illness. Many had feelings of guilt and anxiety, which had arisen after the diagnosis of their mother's breast cancer. Although most subjects (79%) practiced breast self-examination (BSE), both examiners and nonexaminers felt that their emotional reactions to breast cancer might keep them from performing an adequate examination. Subjects sought frequent breast examinations from a health professional—59% had two or more examinations a year—and found they helped to relieve anxiety. Most of the subjects (82%) thought their risk of breast cancer was increased because of their maternal history of breast cancer. They were also concerned about the effects of birth control pills, radiation, and other factors on their breast cancer risk. Although subjects were concerned about risk, they had only vague, and sometimes incorrect, information about the magnitude of the risk. Based on these findings, we suggest that, beginning at the time of their mother's diagnosis, women whose mothers have breast cancer would benefit from ongoing counselling on emotional issues from a service that provides information and counselling about breast cancer risk, from receiving instruction in BSE and from having regularly scheduled examinations from a health care professional.
Loss of Let-7 Up-Regulates EZH2 in Prostate Cancer Consistent with the Acquisition of Cancer Stem Cell Signatures That Are Attenuated by BR-DIM

The emergence of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) contributes to the high mortality of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa), which in part could be attributed to the existence and the emergence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recent studies have shown that deregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) contributes to the initiation and progression of PCa. Among several known miRNAs, let-7 family appears to play a key role in the recurrence and progression of PCa by regulating CSCs; however, the mechanism by which let-7 family contributes to PCa aggressiveness is unclear. Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a putative target of let-7 family, was demonstrated to control stem cell function. In this study, we found loss of let-7 family with corresponding over-expression of EZH2 in human PCa tissue specimens, especially in higher Gleason grade tumors. Overexpression of let-7 by transfection of let-7 precursors decreased EZH2 expression and repressed clonogenic ability and sphere-forming capacity of PCa cells, which was consistent with inhibition of EZH2 3′UTR luciferase activity. We also found that the treatment of PCa cells with BR-DIM (formulated DIM: 3,3′-diindolylmethane by Bio Response, Boulder, CO, abbreviated as BR-DIM) up-regulated let-7 and down-regulated EZH2 expression, consistent with inhibition of self-renewal and clonogenic capacity. Moreover, BR-DIM intervention in our on-going phase II clinical trial in patients prior to radical prostatectomy showed upregulation of let-7 consistent with down-regulation of EZH2 expression in PCa tissue specimens after BR-DIM intervention. These results suggest that the loss of let-7 mediated increased expression of EZH2 contributes to PCa aggressiveness, which could be attenuated by BR-DIM treatment, and thus BR-DIM is likely to have clinical impact.
Linear epitope mapping by native mass spectrometry.

Abstract The identification of antigenic epitopes is important for the optimization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) intended as therapeutic agents. MS has proven to be a powerful tool for the study of noncovalent molecular interactions such as those involved in antibody–antigen (Ab–Ag) binding. In this work, we described a novel methodology for mapping a linear epitope based on direct mass spectrometric measurement of Ab–Ag complexes. To demonstrate the utility of our methodology, we employed two approaches, epitope excision and epitope extraction, to study a model system consisting of a Fab antibody fragment with specificity toward the peptide aβ(1–40). In epitope excision, the Fab and aβ(1–40) complex was treated with proteolytic enzymes and the digested complexes were directly monitored by MS under native conditions. Mass differences between the Fab–aβ complex and the Fab control revealed the size of epitope peptides that were bound to the Fab. Using the epitope extraction approach, aβ(1–40) was first digested by Lys-C, and the fragment containing the epitope was selected by Fab binding. Data analysis allowed mapping of the epitope to aβ(16–27) which is in good agreement with previously unpublished data. The utility of the methodology was demonstrated by elucidating the binding epitopes for two full-length anti-aβ(1–40) mAbs.
Stability analysis and compensation of a boost regulator with two-loop control

A describing-function approach to characterize analytically the frequency response and to design accordingly the feedback compensation of a staggered-phase boost regulator with two-loop control is presented. It is concluded analytically that the uncompensated major loop gain has a significant frequency range where magnitude is inversely proportional to the square of frequency and where phase lag is approximately 180 degrees, so required phase-lead feedback compensation is designed. A comparison between computed and measured loop gains of the compensated major loop gain confirms the analytical model.
Current Developments in Psychosocial Treatments of Alcohol and Substance Abuse

This article reviews recent findings and new developments in alcohol and substance abuse treatment over the past 2 years. Outcome results from two large clinical trials: Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity) for alcohol dependent patients; and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study for cocaine dependent patients; and the naturalistic Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study have yielded important results on the possibility of patient treatment matching. The promising community reinforcement approaches have been expanded to opiate dependent and homeless populations. Finally, a number of studies point to the important role of self-help groups and the power of 12-step-based treatment approaches.
Faith Boxes: A Training Activity for Educators and Human Service Professionals

The issues of faith and religion are frequently avoided by instructors in training institutes for fear of inciting divisive conversations in the context of the classroom. Within secular training institutes, however, there is a growing momentum to incorporate an understanding of the spiritual aspects of individuals, families, and communities into the training of educators and helping professionals as they work toward a more holistic and biopsychosocial approach to care (Becker, 2009). Key to this is an intentional experience for the students/learners to identify their own attitudes and biases concerning religion/spirituality in order to avoid imposing their values, expectations, and beliefs on future clients (Post & Wade, 2009). This work presents an activity being used within clinical and educational training programs to give students and affective educational experience designed to both generate insight and build skills in working effectively with the faith and value systems of others.
Working with suffering

The past century has shown that human beings are capable of genocidal destruction of millions of other humans based on ethnicity or race. Clinicians today are likely to encounter patients who are survivors of inflicted atrocities and abuse. People fleeing horrendous circumstances bring persisting memories that produce symptoms even for the next generation. Families carry the knowledge-personal, cultural, familial, and sometimes individual-of the depths of destruction that human beings can do to one another. Suffering derives from the memory, both physical and mental, of what other persons inflicted; it has multiple dimensions that patients may not express explicitly; instead they may frame their experience of suffering in terms of pain. Diagnostic labels such as post-traumatic stress disorder or somatization are inadequate to convey human comprehension of suffering. Clinicians around the world need to be willing and able to acknowledge and witness the profound sources of experiential pain in the lives of their patients.
A mechanism design framework for the acquisition of independently managed systems of systems

This paper applies results from studies of the acquisition process and from algorithmic methods applicable to the mechanism design of agent-based auctions to modeling behaviors and effecting policy interventions that are intended to improve overall programmatic performance when acquiring independently managed systems of systems. Previous models and empirical studies provide an understanding of the behavioral aspects of the acquisition process and are supported by empirical data from surveys. A method inspired by mechanism design is proposed that incorporates the insights and data from these studies to formulate a probabilistic optimization framework for constructing interventions that enhance the probability of meeting cost and schedule goals when acquiring a system of systems.
PHOTOOXIDATION OF EPINEPHRINE SENSITIZED BY METHYLENE BLUE—EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF SINGLET OXYGEN AND OF SUPEROXIDE

— The photooxidation of epinephrine, sensitized by methylene blue or by chlorophylls, excited with red light, involves the reduction of two molecules of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide per molecule of epinephrine oxidized to adrenochrome. The initial rates of these reactions are not affected by low concentrations of catalase. In 99 mol % D2O, rates of methylene blue sensitized photooxidations are accelerated as much as 5.2 times over rates in ordinary water. Azide anion is a more effective inhibitor of this reaction in D2O than in H2O. Half maximal inhibitions are obtained by 1.3 mM azide in H2O and by 0.1 mAf azide in D2O. Isotope effects and azide sensitivities point to photooxidation of epinephrine in D2O primarily by a singlet oxygen pathway; in H2O, non-singlet oxygen pathways become more predominant. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) markedly inhibits rates of the photooxidations in H2O and in D2O; about 25% at 10-9M SOD, and 50% at 10-6M SOD in H2O. In the photooxidation in H2O, both by non-singlet and singlet oxygen mechanisms, the amount of superoxide produced is equivalent to the amount of O2 consumed in the photooxidation of epinephrine; the superoxide thus formed participates in the oxidation of epinephrine.
Political Economy of Oil - Revenue Sharing in a Developing CountryIllustrations from Nigeria

Control over natural resource revenues is a contentious, politically divisive issue in most developing countriesespecially for oil production. A typical policy response of the center in such cases has been to introduce revenue sharing arrangements. Such measures have generally not assuaged the aspirations of the oil-producing regions and have exposed them to volatility in their revenue flows that they are generally unable to cope with. An alternative is to assign more stable revenue bases to the regional administrations, together with a general-purpose transfer system that incorporates a floor. This acts as an insurance mechanism for the regional administrations and facilitates the stable provision of public services in the oil-production regions, as well as the possibility of redistribution. We use the recent history of oil-revenue sharing in Nigeria to illustrate the propositions.
Analysis of precipitation in cast alloy 718

Abstract Precipitation in alloy 718, a Ni-Cr-Fe based superalloy with Nb additions, was studied as a function of heat treatment with specific reference to grain boundary precipitation. Three different heat treatments were studied; a low temperature precipitation treatment (1 h at 650 ° C) typical of age hardening, a high temperature precipitation treatment (1 h at 930 ° C) typical of solution anneal and a homogenization treatment (1 h at 1100 ° C). It was observed that grain boundary precipitation was dependent on the location of the boundary relative to the dendritic solidification pattern of the alloy. The same grain boundary exhibited a change in precipitation behavior as it passed from a dendritic core into the interdendritic region. In general, niobium carbides (NbC) were observed to be located on the grain boundaries in the Nb-depleted core region, while Nb-rich precipitates which included Ni 3 Nb (δ), Ni 3 Nb (γ″), laves, and NbC were observed in the Nb-enriched interdendritic region. The grain boundaries in the interdendritic region contained δ precipitated in a discontinuous manner.
Managerial Trustworthiness and Organizational Outcomes

Using data from the Federal Human Capital Survey, we demonstrate that the managerial traits of competence, integrity, and benevolence share an important common dimension that we identify as the trustworthiness of managerial leadership (TWML). Using recursive hierarchical linear models, we demonstrate that levels of TWML are strongly and positively associated with several measures of perceived organizational outcomes. This relationship between TWML and perceived outcomes is especially strong in low-performing agencies and in agencies experiencing increased uncertainty due to structural and upper level leadership changes. We draw two substantive conclusions from these empirical results. First, it is clear that the characteristics of managers matter for outcomes of public organizations. In particular, trustworthy managers preside over more productive organizations and are better able to maintain and even increase organizational outcomes in agencies challenged by low level of performance and perturbations in the external environment. Second, public managers and management scholars ought to view trust not only as an exogenous variable but also as a managerial resource to be cultivated.
Surface chemistry of zirconium

Abstract This article presents an overview of the surface chemistry of zirconium, focusing on the relationship of what is known from model studies and how this connects to current and future applications of Zr-based materials. The discussion includes the synergistic nature of adsorbate interactions in this system, the role of impurities and alloying elements, and temperature-dependent surface–subsurface transport. Finally, some potential uses of zirconium and its alloys for biomedical and nanolithographic applications are presented.
Recombinant human erythropoietin and renal anemia: molecular biology, clinical efficacy, and nervous system effects.

Anemia (hematocrit < 25%) predictably accompanies chronic renal failure and is present in over 90% of patients on chronic dialysis. Relative erythropoietin deficiency is the proximate cause. Recomb...
DETERMINATION OF THIABENDAZOLE IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

A capillary electrophoresis method was developed to quantify thiabendazole in various fruits and vegetables. Thiabendazole was extracted by adding 20 mL of methylene chloride to a 5 gram sample followed by homogenization and centrifugation. A 5 mL aliquot of the supernatant was removed and evaporated under nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted in 1 mL of HPLC grade water acidified with phosphoric acid (pH 3). Quantitation was performed using UV photodiode detection at 298 nm. Intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility studies run at concentrations from 0.88 ppm to 20.88 ppm indicated the procedure was reproducible. A comparison was made between CE and HPLC for thiaben-dazole. The linear regression was y = 1.0927 × −0.3631 with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. The detection limit is 0.40 ppm.
P-Wave to Rayleigh-wave conversion coefficients for wedge corners; model experiments

Abstract An analytic solution is not available for the diffraction of elastic waves by wedges; however, numerical solutions of finite-difference type are available for selected wedge angles. The P - to Rayleigh-wave conversion coefficients at wedge tips have been measured on two-dimensional seismic models for stress-free wedges with wedge angles, θ 0 , of 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120°. The conversion coefficients show two broad peaks and a minimum as a function of the angle between the wedge face and the direction of the incident P -wave. The minimum occurs for the P wave incident parallel to the wedge face and one maximum is near an incidence angle of 90° to the wedge face. The amplitude of this maximum, relative to the other, decreases as the wedge angle increases. The asymmetry of the conversion coefficients, C PR ( θ ; θ 0 ), relative to parallel incidence ( θ = 0) increases as the wedge angle increases. The locations of the maxima and the minimum as well as the asymmetry can be explained qualitatively. The conversion coefficients are measured with an accuracy of ±5% in those regions where there are no interfering waves. A comparison of the data for the 10° wedge with the theoretical results for a half plane (0° wedge) shows good correlation.
Changes in World Inequality in Length of Life: 1970–2000

Previous research has revealed much global convergence over the past several decades in life expectancy at birth and in infant mortality, which are closely linked. But trends in the variance of length of life, and in the variance of length of adult life in particular, are less well understood. I examine life-span inequality in a comprehensive panel of 180 countries observed in 1970 and 2000. Convergence in infant mortality has unambiguously reduced world inequality in total length of life starting from birth, but world inequality in length of adult life has remained largely unchanged. underlying both of these observations is a growing share of total inequality attributable to between-country variation. Especially among developed countries, the absolute level of between-country inequality has risen over time. The sources of widening inequality in length of life between countries remain unclear, but signs point away from changes in income, leaving patterns of knowledge diffusion as a likely candidate.
On Modular Networks Satisfying the Shift-Register Rule

This paper considers the synthesis of the network N which realizes the original program (problem oriented network) N is assembled from n unit modules partitioned into r categories (r ≥ 1) each of which is formed from identical modules.
Scale-Free Properties of the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal during Rest and Task

It has been shown recently that a significant portion of brain electrical field potentials consists of scale-free dynamics. These scale-free brain dynamics contain complex spatiotemporal structures and are modulated by task performance. Here we show that the fMRI signal recorded from the human brain is also scale free; its power-law exponent differentiates between brain networks and correlates with fMRI signal variance and brain glucose metabolism. Importantly, in parallel to brain electrical field potentials, the variance and power-law exponent of the fMRI signal decrease during task activation, suggesting that the signal contains more long-range memory during rest and conversely is more efficient at online information processing during task. Remarkably, similar changes also occurred in task-deactivated brain regions, revealing the presence of an optimal dynamic range in the fMRI signal. The scale-free properties of the fMRI signal and brain electrical field potentials bespeak their respective stationarity and nonstationarity. This suggests that neurovascular coupling mechanism is likely to contain a transformation from nonstationarity to stationarity. In summary, our results demonstrate the functional relevance of scale-free properties of the fMRI signal and impose constraints on future models of neurovascular coupling.
Paleoenvironmental Isotope Geochemistry and Paragenesis of Lacustrine and Palustrine Carbonates, Flagstaff Formation, Central Utah, U.S.A.

Abstract The early Paleogene Flagstaff Formation on the Wasatch Plateau of central Utah preserves a ca. 300-meter-thick sequence of palustrine and lacustrine limestone and dolostone. These rocks formed during a climatically dynamic interval of Earth's history, and contain important sedimentological and geochemical records of early Paleogene greenhouse climate. The Flagstaff carbonates also document a multiphase history of diagenetic alteration that must be clearly differentiated in order to extract a paleoenvironmental record. We have studied the stable carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry of sample suites from three local stratigraphic sections in conjunction with observations from field studies, petrography, and x-ray diffraction analysis. Our results provide evidence for a paragenetic sequence including primary carbonate deposition in a shallow freshwater to saline lake system, primary or early secondary formation of micritic dolomite, episodic exposure and pedogenesis, and late-stage pressure solution and cementation. Stable-isotope data indicate that the isotopic composition of cements is distinct from, but largely determined by, that of the host micritic carbonate, and suggest that isotopic data from micrites and dolomicrites preserve records of lateral and temporal paleoenvironmental changes in Lake Flagstaff. Integration of lithological and isotopic evidence indicates the presence of a persistent lateral paleoenvironmental gradient among our study sites and a secular drying trend represented in all three study sections. Existing age constraints indicate that the desiccation of Lake Flagstaff occurred during a multi-million-year interval of global climate warming that was punctuated by extreme, transient (~ 200 kyr) warmth during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Our analysis suggests that changes in the areal extent and chemistry of Lake Flagstaff can be attributed largely to climatic changes affecting the lake basin and document a multi-million-year reduction in precipitation: evaporation ratios similar to that previously reported from sites in Wyoming to the north. Although the correlation of the PETM within the Flagstaff Fm. remains unclear, existing constraints are consistent with this event having corresponded to the maximum lowstand of Lake Flagstaff, perhaps providing evidence for regional climatic drying during this episode of global warmth.
X-ray Structures and Emissive and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Two Inorganic−Organic Polymeric Adducts of CuI with 4-Acetylpyridine. The Role of Both “Intrastrand” Charge Transfers and Structural Motifs on the Nonlinear Optical Response of Cu(I) Polymeric Adducts with Pseudoaromatic η1-Nitrogen Donor Ligands

X-ray crystal structures, solid-state photoluminescence, and Kurtz−Perry powder second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiencies of two novel noncentrosymmetric polymeric adducts of CuI with 4-acetylpyridine, a double-stranded “stair” and a single-stranded “chain”, are reported, the latter being a rare example of a [CuX(L)2]n motif (X = halide, L = pseudoaromatic η1-nitrogen donor ligand). In a series of structurally related noncentrosymmetric [CuX(L)]n chains and stairs, the powder SHG responses are interpreted in terms of both structural motifs (chains showing definitely greater efficiency than stairs) and “intrastrand” charge transfers involving the bridging halides.
Primary and secondary disease of the peritoneum and mesentery: review of anatomy and imaging features

The largest and most complex serosal membrane in the body, the peritoneum, lines the abdominal cavity, and the abdominopelvic viscera. It is frequently involved in a variety of benign and malignant processes. While secondary involvement of the peritoneum is more common, primary tumors can be a diagnostic challenge. Knowledge of the anatomy is crucial in understanding the various pathologic processes. Cross-sectional imaging plays an important role in diagnosing and evaluating the extent of the disease processes. This article reviews the imaging anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentery and the common pathologies involving it.
Identification of a factor(s) from cloned murine natural suppressor cells that inhibits IL-2 secretion during antigen-driven T cell activation.

Abstract Crude supernatants were obtained from cloned murine natural suppressor (NS) cells activated in vitro with phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore (A23187). Supernatants suppressed IL-2 production in the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) with BALB/c spleen cells, but no reduction was observed in the response to PHA, Con A, or anti-CD3 antibody. Suppressive activity was partially purified by DEAE ion exchange chromatography, and inhibited the antigenpresenting function of the macrophage line 1G18-LA in an assay system with the ovalbumin-specific T cell hybridoma, 3DO-18.3. In addition, the antigen-presenting function of the A20 B cell line was inhibited in an assay with a sperm whale myoglobin (SpWMb)-specific T cell hybridoma (8.2.1d.H1a). Results with blocking antibodies suggest that this factor appears to be a unique cytokine.
Hydroxyl Radical Concentrations Measured in Ambient Air

Diurnal variations in the hydroxyl radical concentration of ambient air were measured for the first time by the technique of laser-induced fluorescence.
ON THE NORMALITY OF FAMILIES OF SPACE MAPPINGS WITH BRANCHING

We study space mappings with branching that satisfy modulus inequalities. For classes of these mappings, we obtain several sufficient conditions for the normality of families.
Comparison of class A and D G protein-coupled receptors: common features in structure and activation.

All G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) share a common seven TM helix architecture and the ability to activate heterotrimeric G proteins. Nevertheless, these receptors have widely divergent sequences with no significant homology. We present a detailed structure−function comparison of the very divergent Class A and D receptors to address whether there is a common activation mechanism across the GPCR superfamily. The Class A and D receptors are represented by the vertebrate visual pigment rhodopsin and the yeast α-factor pheromone receptor Ste2, respectively. Conserved amino acids within each specific receptor class and amino acids where mutation alters receptor function were located in the structures of rhodopsin and Ste2 to assess whether there are functionally equivalent positions or regions within these receptors. We find several general similarities that are quite striking. First, strongly polar amino acids mediate helix interactions. Their mutation generally leads to loss of function or constitutive a...
Substrate surface energy dependent morphology and dewetting in an ABC triblock copolymer film.

A gradient combinatorial approach was used to examine the effect of substrate surface energy on the morphology and stability of films of a poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer that exhibits an alternating gyroid morphology in the bulk. Atomic force microscopy data across our surface energy (water contact angle) library suggest a transformation to predominantly surface parallel lamellae with an antisymmetric ordering. For substrate water contact angles below 70° the film exhibited autophobic dewetting from an adsorbed half-period triblock copolymer monolayer at longer annealing times. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure analysis along gradient specimens indicated that the substrate surface energy governed the composition profile of the monolayer, and this variation in chemical expression was key to whether the film was stable or autophobically dewet. These observations demonstrate that enthalpic interactions, in addition to entropic conside...
Preoperative and postoperative nasal septal surgery assessment with acoustic rhinometry.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Acoustic rhinometry is a relatively new tool used for the measurement of the geometry of the nasal fossa. We hypothesized that acoustic rhinometry would be useful for preoperative and postoperative assessment of patients undergoing septal surgery. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Twenty-four patients undergoing septal surgery performed by two surgeons underwent preoperative and postoperative rhinometry. The indications for surgery were nasal obstruction caused by a deviated nasal septum. Rhinometry was conducted with the Eccovision Acoustic Rhinometry System (Hood Laboratories). Analysis of the data was performed with the Kwikstat program (Texasoft) and Excel (Microsoft). RESULTS: Subjective improvement in nasal patency was significantly correlated with improvement in acoustic rhinometry. CONCLUSIONS: Acoustic rhinometry is valuable in objectively confirming nasal patency after nasal septal and turbinate surgery. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:338-42.)
The Effect of Lateral Cortex Disruption and Repair on the Stability of the Medial Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy

BackgroundMedial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy is gaining popularity as a treatment option for medial compartment degenerative disease in the young, active patient. One of the potential technical pitfalls of this procedure is inadvertent disruption of the lateral tibial cortex during distraction at the osteotomy site.Purpose(1) To investigate the effect of lateral cortex disruption on stability during medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy and (2) to evaluate 3 different methods of repair of the disrupted lateral cortex.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsA total of 50 validated replicate tibias were evaluated in a medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy model. Specimens were divided into 5 groups: (1) control, or intact lateral cortex (n = 10); (2) disrupted lateral cortex (n = 10); (3) lateral cortex repaired with 1 staple (n = 10); (4) lateral cortex repaired with 2 staples (n = 10); and (5) lateral cortex repaired with a periarticular plate and screws (n = 10). Specimens were p...
Predicting multipulse laser-induced failure for molybdenum metal mirrors.

In combination with known thermomechanical-fatigue data for Mo, we have conducted transient photothermal deflection (TPD) measurements to develop a model for the multipulse laser damage of Mo mirrors to predict their lifetimes. In laser-damage experiments to verify the model, Mo mirrors were irradiated with 10-ns Nd:YAG laser pulses at 1064 nm at a 10-Hz repetition rate. Digitized TPD waveforms indicated peak surface angular deflection that could then be converted into surface displacement. Numerical modeling of the vertical heat distribution enabled the peak surface-deflection signal to be converted into peak surface temperature. The thermomechanical model was verified by both the experimental and the numerical results. Conventional mechanical-fatigue data for Mo were used to derive a predictive equation for the laser-accumulation lifetime of Mo mirrors. Experiments were performed with 1–104 pulses per site, yielding laser-damage thresholds and accumulation curves. The accumulation behavior predicted from measurements of mechanical fatigue was in excellent agreement with the measured behavior. Thus a single-pulse TPD measurement of peak deformation at a subthreshold laser fluence, in conjunction with mechanical-fatigue data, may be used to estimate the safe operating fluence for a component in a multipulse laser environment.