cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Peanut Pod Maturity

This paper concerns the assessment of peanut pod maturity through automated visual analysis of the middle layer of the shell, known as the mesocarp. Moisture in the mesocarp decreases with age, resulting in significant changes in color and rigidity. As peanuts mature, the color of the mesocarp gradually changes from white to yellow to dark brown, with progressively darker intensity levels. A technique is presented here in which pod maturity is estimated based on a combination of mesocarp color (visible-light wavelengths) and pod size. For each peanut pod, a voting procedure and nearest-neighbor classification are used to assign 1 of 10 color classes. The color class of each pod, together with the pod's size, are then used to assign 1 of 7 different maturity classes. In the experimental results reported here, precision and recall values for maturity classification were both 66.5%, as compared to classification by a human expert. The proportion of pods in the combined brown-black class, relative to the total sample size, can be used to estimate overall crop maturity. For this task, the automated system identified the number of brown-black peanuts per sample with an accuracy of 92.5%. This approach has strong potential for automatically determining suitable harvest dates for peanut crops.
Exploring Experimental Structural Dynamics in EMA/ME 540 at UW-Madison

One of the highlights of the experimental structural dynamics course at the University of Wisconsin-Madison is a final project in which the students perform a modal test of a structure and explain how the identified modal parameters affect the performance of the structure. This is a 500 level course, typically taken by a half-and half mix of senior undergraduate students and graduate students. This paper discusses the topics that were covered in the course in the Fall of 2011 and shows highlights from the students’ final projects. The different software packages that are used, both commercial and those created in Matlab for the course, are also discussed. The projects have included: a modal test on a wing in a wind tunnel to diagnose a vibration problem, a modal test of a wine glass to relate the modes of the glass to the sound that is heard when it is excited by friction between the rim of the glass and a finger rubbed around the circumference of the rim, and many others.
CHAPTER 3 – Computational Issues in Intelligent Control: Discrete-Event and Hybrid Systems

Intelligent control methodologies are being developed to address the control needs of complex systems that exhibit complicated dynamical behaviors. The design, simulation, and verification of intelligent control systems is highly nontrivial and typically involves significant amount of computations. In this paper, we identify and discuss several computational issues that are central in intelligent control. In particular, we discuss how the design, simulation, and verification of discrete-event and hybrid systems, which are central in intelligent control, requires the development of computationally efficient algorithms and approaches. Petri net models are used to describe discrete event and hybrid systems. Computational issues of various problems and algorithms concerning the analysis and synthesis of such systems are discussed. In view of hybrid systems, we also review basic computational issues for hybrid automata. Finally, we present a parallel computing architecture for intelligent control systems and we illustrate its advantages by considering parallel discrete event simulations.
Age-at-Onset and Delinquency

Up to this point we have considered delinquency in terms of the career aspects surrounding such topics as prevalence, incidence and severity, delinquent subgroups, recidivism, offense specialization, and escala­tion. We have ignored the age component in the delinquency patterns in the two cohorts. In the following two chapters we take up the important issue of age and delinquency.
Studies on the Properties and Role of the Organic Cofactor in Lysyl Oxidase

ABSTRACT Evidence for the presence in lysyl oxidase of a carbonyl cofactor with the properties of an o-quinone is reviewed, taking note of the potent inhibition of this enzyme by 1,2-diamines. Studies with copper-depleted lysyl oxidase indicate possible interactions between the metal ion and the carbonyl cofactor. The marked stimulation of non-enzymatic amine oxidation by various free quinones emphasizes the importance of copper-quinone interactions in the amine oxidase quinoenzymes.
Assembly of Viruses: Enveloped Particles

Viruses can be broadly categorized based on the presence, or absence, of a lipid envelope in their structure. Enveloped viruses predominantly infect animal cells although a few are known to infect plants, bacteria, and Archaea. The lipid bilayer can be derived from a variety of cellular membranes with the plasma membrane being the most common source. The presence of the lipid envelope allows enveloped viruses to bud out of cells without disrupting the cell membrane and, therefore, require an intact cell for particle release. Viral glycoproteins are found embedded in the lipid bilayer, usually in the form of transmembrane proteins, which allows communication of viral components across the membrane. These glycoproteins play crucial roles in the virus life cycle including assembly, budding, receptor binding, and membrane fusion. The assembly of two groups of icosahedral enveloped viruses (the alphaviruses and the flaviviruses) is described in detail in this article in order to present common themes in enveloped virus assembly.
Lab and Reservoir Study of Produced Hydrocarbon Molecular Weight Selectivity during CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery

Two laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the molecular weight selectivity of crude oil hydrocarbons mobilized into CO2 at the reservoir temperature (42 °C) and pressures ranging from below the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of 9.69 MPa (1406 psi) to pressures well above the MMP (8.27–27.58 MPa, 1200–4000 psi). The hydrocarbon composition at equilibrium in the CO2-rich upper “miscible” phase was measured, as was the ability of four pore volumes of CO2 to recover crude oil hydrocarbons from a sand bed. Both experiments showed significant selectivity against producing higher molecular weight hydrocarbons at lower pressures. In addition, the bias against higher molecular weight hydrocarbons continued even at pressures well above the 9.69 MPa MMP. For example, both the total hydrocarbon concentration in the CO2-rich “miscible” phase and the fraction of C21–C36 increased dramatically from 10.34 to 21.13 MPa (from 1500 to 3500 psi), even though both pressures were above the MMP. In addition, ...
CFD and physical models of PM separation for urban drainage hydrodynamic unit operations

A hydrodynamic separator (HS) is a common pre-treatment unit operation (UO) for separating coarser particulate matter (PM). While HS designs have disparate internal geometries, surface areas, and volumes; for a given PM granulometry this study hypothesizes there are limits to PM separation. In this study, a large group of full-scale HS units were tested with physical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to evaluate HS functionality based on surface overflow rate (SOR), HS geometrics (diameter, height, baffling), PM granulometry, particle size distribution (PSD), turnover volume, hydraulic capacity, and short-circuiting. Models were loaded with a hetero-disperse PSD, a common testing metric. PM separation results show that PSD variability greater than ±2% from this metric are different (α = 0.05). Comparing PM separation using the PSD metric across the SOR range: (1) all HS results were below the ideal SOR model, (2) above Hazen's tanks-in-series model with N = 1, (3) above plain tank designs, and (4) declined logarithmically in a ±10% range. Integrated across a triangular loadgraph, the SOR model significantly over-estimated PM separation for all HS units. The SOR model deviated from the validated CFD model, as PSD loadings became increasingly mono-disperse. A validated CFD model is shown to be a valuable tool to examine HS design and functionality.
The Role of Space Technology to Support Sustainable Development

Professor Danielle Wood leads the new Space Enabled Research Group at the MIT Media Lab. The Space Enabled Research Group advances justice in Earth's complex systems using designs enabled by space. Space Enabled sees opportunities to advance justice by increasing access to space technology to development leaders around the world and by applying space technology in support of the Sustainable Development Goals, as curated by the United Nations. There are six space technologies that have been contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals for decades, but barriers remain that limit their impact. These technologies include satellite earth observation, satellite communication, satellite positioning, microgravity research, technology transfer and increasing research infrastructure. The Space Enabled Research Group implements projects with development leaders at the multi-lateral, national and local scale to apply space technology in support of their initiatives. During these projects, Space Enabled implements an integrated design process that includes techniques from engineering design, art, social science, complex systems modeling, satellite engineering and data science. During this talk, Prof Wood will discuss the role of space to spur innovation and development and give examples of projects pursued by the Space Enabled Research Group.
Teaching a computer to sing: integrating computing and music in a middle school, after-school program

This paper reports on an after-school program that introduced middle school students to computing through music. The program ran for two years, from October 2015 through April 2017. It involved singing, encoding music with ABC notation, and program-ming music with Pencil Code. We describe the program's goals and the activities students pursued, as well as suggestions for improvement. While rigorous evaluation of such a program is difficult, we present survey and focus group results that show that students' attitudes toward the program were positive and that they did learn some programming.
Solvable Strong-Coupling Quantum-Dot Model with a Non-Fermi-Liquid Pairing Transition.

We show that a random interacting model exhibits solvable non-Fermi-liquid behavior and exotic pairing behavior. This model, dubbed as the Yukawa-SYK model, describes the random Yukawa coupling between $M$ quantum dots each hosting $N$ flavors of fermions and ${N}^{2}$ bosons that self-tune to criticality at low energies. The diagrammatic expansion is controlled by $1/MN$, and the results become exact in a large-$M$, large-$N$ limit. We find that pairing only develops within a region of the $(M,N)$ plane---even though the pairing interaction is strongly attractive, the incoherence of the fermions can spoil the forming of Cooper pairs, rendering the system a non-Fermi liquid down to zero temperature. By solving the Eliashberg equation and the renormalization group equation, we show that the transition into the pairing phase exhibits Kosterlitz-Thouless quantum-critical behavior.
Learning to Design Backwards: Examining a Means to Introduce Human-Centered Design Processes to Teachers and Students.

‘Designing backwards’ is presented here as a means to utilize human-centered processes in diverse educational settings to help teachers and students learn to formulate and operate design processes to achieve three sequential and interrelated goals. The first entails teaching them to effectively and empathetically identify, frame and analyze complex social, technological, economic, environmental or public policy problems, or problematic situations. The second involves helping them cultivate understandings from these problem - framing processes to iteratively develop and then assess the relative efficacies of specific prototypes or prototypical ideas that, if implemented, could improve some aspects of these situations on behalf of particular groups of stakeholders. In this context, ‘prototyping’ is defined as a heuristic process that allows students to test how operating various strategies and procedures, or deploying particular interventions in the forms of communication systems, affordances, and tools and toolkits, can yield insights about how to affect useful, constructive transformations. The third goal challenges students to correlate the knowledge they gleaned from engaging in the first two processes to work with given groups of stakeholders to develop and implement more relevant, effective and appropriate outcomes to the complex challenges that directly or indirectly affect specific aspects of their lives.
What Richardson Got Right (and Wrong) About Arms Races and War

This chapter considers Richardson’s classic arms race model and his book Arms and Insecurity in relation to the association between arms races and war. The analysis begins with a short review of the academic debates and empirical research about arms races and war. This is a prelude to an examination of the dynamics of arms races as they are specified by Richardson in his book and in his arms race model. Following is an evaluation of the specific claims about arms races and war derived from the model as well as Richardson’s own empirical analyses about the connection between the two phenomena. Although in light of subsequent research, a number of Richardson’s arguments seem misguided or inaccurate, other insights were validated by later studies or remain understudied but worthy of future research.
The Healthy Meal Program: A food insecurity screening and referral program for urban dwelling older adults.

Objective To describe the Healthy Meal Program (HMP), a community-academic partnership that aims to address the food insecurity and social isolation in older adults living in an urban setting. Program implementation Low-income older adults were screened for food insecurity and social isolation. A partnership with the food bank and a farm-based organization helped provide a weekly congregate or home-delivered meal, pilot a cooking class, and offer a mobile market selling fresh vegetables at discounted prices. Program evaluation Overall, 339 individuals agreed to participate in the screening process. Sixty-eight percent (n = 230) screened positive for food insecurity and 41% (n = 139) screened positive for social isolation. Among individuals who were food insecure, 159 were referred to a food commodity program, 31 to meals on wheels, 23 to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits, and 28 to emergency food pantries. The mobile market served 75 participants weekly and 15 individuals took part in cooking classes. Conclusions Screening for food insecurity and social isolation in the HMP helped to assess the prevalence of these social determinants of health in low-income older adults. Weekly congregate meals, home visits, and group cooking classes were initiatives taken to decrease the impact of food insecurity and social isolation in this vulnerable population.
Radiation driven diffusion in γU-Mo

Abstract A monolithic fuel design based on a U-Mo alloy has been selected as the fuel type for conversion of the U. S. High-Performance Research Reactors. A critical phenomenon of interest regarding U-Mo monolithic fuel is the large amount of swelling that takes place during operation, particularly at high fission densities. The accurate prediction of fuel evolution under irradiation requires implementation of correct thermodynamic and kinetic properties into mesoscale and engineering fuel performance modeling codes. One such property where there exists incomplete data is the diffusion of relevant species under irradiation. Fuel performance swelling predictions rely on an accurate representation of diffusion in order to determine the rate of fission gas swelling and the local microstructural evolution. In this work, we present molecular dynamics simulations of the radiation driven diffusion of U, Mo, and Xe in U-Mo nuclear fuels. Diffusion coefficients for each species are determined over a range of temperatures and compositions. Updated diffusion coefficients are presented that are applicable under irradiation and incorporate both intrinsic and radiation driven diffusion.
Maintaining Computer-Based Systems: A Case and Prescription for Computer Information Systems Curricula

(1992). Maintaining Computer-Based Systems: A Case and Prescription for Computer Information Systems Curricula. Journal of Computer Information Systems: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 41-45.
Upper eyelid weighting for lagophthalmos results in contralateral upper eyelid elevation

Upper eyelid weighting decreases lagophthalmos by improving blink dynamics. The effect of weighting on static eyelid position is less well understood. This study describes the effect of upper eyeli...
The linear potential and the Dirac equation

The solution of the Dirac equation for an attractive linear potential is considered. The Lorentz nature of the potential (vector or scalar) affects the existence of bound states. For simplicity, and since it is sufficient for the goals of this study, only the ground state is considered. The case of equal vector and scalar pieces of the linear potential is emphasized because it lends itself to a simple analytic solution. This solution corresponds to a state which is strictly bound. For a linear potential with a larger component of the vector part, we find a state that is only quasi-bound, but its decay can be strongly inhibited by an effective potential barrier.
Recurrence monitoring for ovarian cancer using a cell phone-integrated paper device to measure the ovarian cancer biomarker HE4/CRE ratio in urine.

Ovarian cancer has a poor cure rate and rates of relapse are high. Current recurrence detection is limited by non-specific methods such as blood testing and ultrasound. Based on reports that human epididymis four (HE4) / creatinine (CRE) ratios found in urine are elevated in ovarian cancers, we have developed a paper-based device that combines lateral flow technology and cell phone analysis to quantitatively measure HE4/CRE. Surrogate samples were used to test the performance over clinically expected HE4/CRE ratios. For HE4/CRE ratios of 2 to 47, the percent error was found to be 16.0% on average whether measured by a flatbed scanner or cell phone. There was not a significant difference between the results from the cell phone or scanner. Based on published studies, error in this method was less than the difference required to detect recurrence. This promising new tool, with further development, could be used at home or in low-resource settings to provide timely detection of ovarian cancer recurrence.
Geometric approach to support vector machines learning for large datasets

The dissertation introduces Sphere Support Vector Machines (SphereSVM) and Minimal Norm Support Vector Machines (MNSVM) as the new fast classification algorithms that use geometrical properties of the underlying classification problems to efficiently obtain models describing training data. SphereSVM is based on combining minimal enclosing ball approach, state of the art nearest point problem solvers and probabilistic techniques. The blending of the three speeds up the training phase of SVMs significantly and reaches similar (i.e., practically the same) accuracy as the other classification models over several big and large real data sets within the strict validation frame of a double (nested) cross-validation (CV). MNSVM is further simplification of SphereSVM algorithm. Here, relatively complex classification task was converted into one of the simplest geometrical problems – minimal norm problem. This resulted in additional speedup compared to SphereSVM. The results shown are promoting both SphereSVM and MNSVM as outstanding alternatives for handling large and ultra-large datasets in a reasonable time without switching to various parallelization schemes for SVMs algorithms proposed recently. The variants of both algorithms, which work without explicit bias term, are also presented. In addition, other techniques aiming to improve the time efficiency are discussed (such as over-relaxation and improved support vector selection scheme). Finally, the accuracy and performance of all these modifications are carefully analyzed and results based on nested cross-validation procedure are shown.
The Borel Hierarchy

For any metrizable spare X recall the definition of the Borel hierarchy \(\Sigma _\xi ^0\left( X \right),II_\xi ^0\left( X \right),\Delta _\xi ^0\left( X \right) \)in Section 11.B. Without repeating it explicitly, in this notation we always assume that 1 ≤ ξ < ω1.
Ethnicity, Race, and Health

This article provides an overview of select findings from multiple societies which reveal that racial and ethnic statuses are importantly related to the distribution of disease and death. Moreover, the available evidence suggests that the association between these social variables and health has not changed over time. In racially stratified societies, institutional discrimination linked to racist ideology leads to large racial differences in socioeconomic status (SES). In turn, these variations in SES underlie much of the observed racial variations in health. In addition, racism can directly affect health through racial bias in medical and other societal institutions, the stress of experiences of discrimination, and the acceptance of negative societal stereotypes. Advancing our understanding of the role of race and ethnicity in health requires increased attention to assessing racial and ethnic status accurately and comprehensively. Most importantly, there is a need for better data that identifies the ways in which health-enhancing and health-damaging characteristics linked to these social status categories relate to each other and combine to affect health.
Martial Law and the Fight Against Terrorism: Discretion, Regulation, and Emergency Powers

The paper examines a distinct mechanism - martial law - which was devised in the common law to deal with the need for greater scope of governmental powers in the face of exigencies while maintaining checks and limitations on the exercise of such powers. This, however, is not a mere historical study. As the paper shows, the story of martial law teaches us many valuable lessons that are still very relevant today in the post September 11th world. The paper starts by reviewing the debates concerning the legal basis for martial law. It seeks to situate the discussion within the parameters of a broader typology of emergency powers that distinguishes among three possible emergency regimes, i.e., business-as-usual, accommodation, and extra-legal. There are two traditional competing accounts of the legal foundations of martial law. According to the dominant view, martial law derives from a more general common law right to repel force by force. An alternative view locates the legal foundation for martial law in the Crown's prerogative. Whereas under the former approach there is one legal system that is applicable in normal times and in times of grave crises, the prerogative approach identifies emergency powers in general and martial law powers in particular as constituting a special system that is geared towards overcoming exigencies. However, that special emergency system is still part and parcel of the legal system and does not operate outside it. Emergencies may invoke the use of extraordinary powers that are not available in ordinary times, but such extraordinary powers are legal powers all the same. Thus, both approaches consider martial law to be a legal mechanism, operating within a broader constitutional framework. A third possible position views martial law as an extra-legal mechanism that is not linked to a common law right or to the prerogative. The paper than tracks the development of martial law in the United Kingdom and argues that it demonstrates the untenable nature of what I call the assumption of separation, which is based on the belief in our ability to separate emergencies and crises from normalcy. Specifically, the paper demonstrates the difficulties that plague attempts to maintain such separation between normalcy and emergency by relying on mechanisms that are designed to maintain temporal, spatial or communal distinctions. It focuses on the migration of emergency mechanisms not from one legal system to another, but among different territories that constitute a single control system.
Program-specific reports for pancreas transplantation: comparing apples and oranges, apples after oranges and apples alone.

The transplant community has long held a tradition oftransparency in terms of reported outcomes. Individualtransplant programs are held to high standards and musttake responsibility for a track record of inferior outcomes.The Scientiﬁc Registry for Transplant Recipients (SRTR) ischargedwithprovidingorgan-andprogram-speciﬁcreportsfor transplant centers in the United States. The fundamen-tal goal of program-speciﬁc reports is to provide a toolfor quality improvement by using complex statistical andanalytical models to generate risk-adjusted expected out-comes (or industry standards). Although this is a favorablesituation from a regulatory perspective, it is crucial thatthese comparative standards are based on current, repro-ducible and validated data that account for case-mix andgeographic differences in donors and recipients that occuramong transplant centers. Mitigating factors can justify in-ferior outcomes under speciﬁc circumstances. However,the typical center response when program-speciﬁc out-comes fall below expected risk-adjusted outcomes is theadoption of risk-averse behavior with a commensurate re-duction in transplant activity, particularly with respect to‘high-risk’transplants.Transplantationhasreliedonextraor-dinary achievements that have led to countless lives savedbut recent studies suggest that the above regulatory sys-tems may represent a threat to innovation and is counter-productive to the underlying goal of helping people andtaking every opportunity to transplant every suitable or-gan (1). It is for this reason that we require estimations ofoutcomes and that they must be as accurate and reliableas possible.Inthisissueofthe
EUS-directed transgastric ERCP for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass anatomy: a minimally invasive approach

Background ERCP is challenging in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Using EUS to gain access to the excluded stomach and subsequently performing transcutaneous ERCP was described recently. Objective We describe our initial experience with an internal EUS-directed transgastric ERCP (EDGE) procedure by using a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS). Design Single-center case series. Setting Tertiary center with expertise in EUS-guided procedures. Patients Five patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass underwent EDGE via a LAMS. Interventions A linear echoendoscope was used to access the excluded stomach. A LAMS was deployed over a wire to create a gastrogastric or jejunogastric fistula. A duodenoscope was then passed through the LAMS and conventional ERCP was performed. Main Outcome Measurements Technical and clinical success rates as well as adverse events. Results EUS-guided creation of a gastrogastric or jejunogastric fistula via placement of a LAMS was successful in all cases (100%). The ability to perform ERCP through the fashioned fistula during the index procedure was successful in 3 of 5 cases (60%). Two LAMS dislodgments requiring restenting were observed. No major adverse events were observed. No weight regain occurred. The median procedure time was 68.0 minutes. Limitations Small sample, single-institution experience. Conclusion The internal EDGE procedure may offer a cost-effective, minimally invasive option for a common problem in a growing patient demographic. Further refinement of the technique is required to minimize adverse events. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01522573.)
Peter Dahlgren, The Political Web: Media, Participation and Alternative Democracy

The opening scene of Peter Dahlgren’s newest book is one that went largely unnoticed in the American news media. In January 2013, the central European country of Slovenia was rocked by nationwide anti-government protests, protests that, within five weeks, forced the resignation of the country’s prime minister and the formation of a new government. Although these momentous protests did not get much attention further west, the story of the Slovenian protests is now a familiar one, echoing similar citizen movements springing up all over the world. These movements, Dahlgren argues, do not succeed or fail on their own. Both organizers and governments alike rely on digital media to drum up support and mobilize populations. Mainstream journalism coverage, of course, also plays a crucial role, as do the high-profile public intellectuals who lend their voices to these causes. The roles these actors play, and how new media has profoundly reshaped those roles, are the focus of Dahlgren’s account.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in the U.S.A., etiologic considerations. Localization of hepatitis B antigens.

Abstract The serologic and tissue markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were studied in 50 patients in whom hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was confirmed at autopsy. Serologic and tissue markers included serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), tissue HBsAg, tissue hepatitis core antigen (HBcAg), and serum antibody to HBcAg (anti-HBc). Twenty-two patients had HCC arising in alcoholic cirrhosis; 2 of the 22 (9.1%) had one or more of the HBV tissue and serologic markers. This infection rate is similar to the rate of 7.9% observed in 63 control alcoholic cirrhotic patients without HCC. In contrast, 15 of 20 (75.0%) patients with HCC in nonalcoholic chronic active liver disease showed evidence of active HBV infection. One of 8 patients with HCC in normal liver had serum HBV markers. This result indicates that there is an extremely high prevalence of HBV infection among HCC patients with nonalcoholic chronic liver disease in the U.S.A. The prevalence of HBV infection in these patients is as high as that observed in Asia and Africa. Thus, it can be concluded that the lower prevalence rate of active HBV infection in HCC patients in the U.S.A. is the result of statistical dilution of HCC-B-viral disease by the large numbers of the alcoholic cirrhotic patients with HCC, and that if chronic active hepatitis type B were as common in the United States as it is in Africa and Asia, the frequency of occurrence of HCC might also be as high.
Therapeutic strategies against protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of chronic and progressive disorders of the nervous system. A hallmark event in these diseases is the misfolding and accumulation in the brain of protein aggregates. Objective: In this article, we describe the knowledge of the mechanism of protein misfolding and aggregation, its role in neurodegeneration and the diverse therapeutic targets for intervention. We also critically review various strategies under development to discover drugs attacking this process. Conclusion: In spite of the substantial progress on understanding the critical role of protein misfolding and aggregation, drugs effective against this process are still years away from approval.
A reliable method for immunocytochemical identification of Lucifer Yellow injected, peptide-containing mammalian central neurons

An immunocytochemical procedure is described for reliably determining the hormone content of magnocellular neuroendocrine neurons that have been injected with Lucifer Yellow in slices of rat hypothalamus. The chief advantages of this procedure over others currently available are: (a) it permits whole mount observation of the tissue, and thus, of the morphology of filled cell(s) as well as of such phenomena as dye-coupling; (b) the reliability of tissue preparation and peptide determination has been optimized so that about 85% of injected cells are identified immunocytochemically; and (c) the final immunostained product is permanent, permitting bright-field examination of the injected cell. Relative advantages and limitations of this and other recently published methods are discussed.
Silver sulfonates. A novel calibration material for field desorption mass spectrometry

An equimolar mixture of silver methanesulfonate and silver trifluoromethanesulfonate has been investigated as a calibration material for exact mass determination in field desorption mass spectrometry. The mass scale was established using only field desorption by double exposure of the calibration material and the sample on a photographic plate. The precision and the accuracy of the method were tested by recording the mass spectra of a variety of peptides of known composition at a resolution of about 4000. The results indicate that the mass scale established is useful for the determination of the exact masses of field desorbed ions over the mass range examined: m/z 294–1147.
Anomalous pulmonary vein serving as collateral channel in aortic stenosis with hypoplastic left ventricle and endocardial fibroelastosis.

In an infant with aortic stenosis and hypoplastic left ventricle, obstruction was associated with a pulmonary venons collateral channel to the left innominate vein. Visualized in angiocardiograms, this venons channel was similar to total anomalous pulmonary venons connection.
Associations of Starch Gel Hardness, Granule Size, Waxy Allelic Expression, Thermal Pasting, Milling Quality, and Kernel Texture of 12 Soft Wheat Cultivars

ABSTRACT Starches were isolated from 12 soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and were characterized for waxy (Wx) allelic expression, thermal pasting characteristics, and starch granule size. Gels were produced from the thermally degraded starches and were evaluated using large deformation rheological measurements. Data were compared with cultivar kernel texture, milling characteristics, starch chemical analyses, and flour pasting characteristics. Larger flour yields were produced from cultivars that had larger starch granules. Flour yield also was correlated with lower amylose content and greater starch content. Harder starch gels were correlated with higher levels of amylose content and softer kernel texture. The cultivar Fillmore, which had a partial waxy mutation at the B locus, produced the highest peak pasting viscosity and the lowest gel hardness. Softer textured wheats had greater lipid-complexed amylose and starch phosphorus contents and had less total starch content. Among these wheats of...
Short course of antibiotic therapy in treatment of postpartum endomyometritis.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an abbreviated course of antibiotic therapy in postpartum endomyometritis,,109 patients with endomyometritis were randomized to three study groups. All were treated with clindamycin and tobramycin until afebrility and clinical signs of disease were absent. Patients in group I received antibiotics for X24 hours, group II received therapy for > 48 hours, and group III received antibiotic therapy for > 48 hours that preceded a 7-day course.of oral Augmentin. The groups were similar in size and in demographic and clinical parameters. Two patients from each group required a third antibiotic, and no patient required rehospitalization. Group III required more days of antibiotic therapy than did group I, 2.9 versus 2.1 days (p < 0.01), and cost $412.00 more per patient. This data strongly suggest that a short course of antibiotic therapy is efficacious and safe and would result in substantial monetary savings. (Ann J OBSTET GYNECOL 1989;161:568-72.)
The neonatal rat as a developmental animal model of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Effects of frontal lesions on activity and learning

We examined a developmental animal model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by evaluating the effects of suppressed frontal cortical functioning on habituation in neonatal rats. Frontal cortical activity was suppressed with brain transections in neonatal rats 3, 6, 9, or 12 days of age. Pups were tested in a habituation-to-odor paradigm and behaviors (general activity, headwaving, probing, and rolling) were recorded. Frontal cortical suppression via brain transection resulted in significantly higher activity levels in 3-day-old rats, particularly with regard to rolling, suggesting that the frontal cortex is involved in the regulation of this age-dependent behavior. Frontal transections also increased probing during the odor habituation test in 12-day-old pups. Results are consistent with the neuropsychological research regarding frontal cortical functioning and inhibition in children with ADHD, and suggest that neonatal rats with frontal lesions may provide a useful developmental animal model for studying ADHD.
Pulse Combustor Tail-Pipe Heat-Transfer Dependence on Frequency, Amplitude, and Mean Flow Rate

A commonly cited advantage of pulse combustors is a high rate of heat transfer in the tail pipe. Past research on these rates of heat transfer is inconclusive regarding the amount of heat transfer enhancement and how various flow parameters affect this enhancement. This article reports an experimental heat transfer study in the tail pipe of a pulse combustor. The pulsation frequency, pulsation amplitude, and mean flow rate were varied systematically, and their effects on the heat transfer rates assessed. Spatially averaged Nusselt numbers were obtained from thermocouple measurements using a standard log-mean heat exchanger calculation. The Nusselt number was found to increase with both pulsation amplitude and frequency, with a maximum enhancement of 2.5 times that of steady flow at the same mean Reynolds number. The Nusselt number enhancement decreased with increasing mass flow rate for a given combustor pulsation frequency and amplitude. Independent axially resolved heat flux and gas temperature measurements confirmed the large Nusselt number increase with pulsations and demonstrated that entrance effects, although present, were small compared to the Nusselt number enhancement due to the pulsations. The data are compared with quasi-steady theory, which is the only available theory in the literature for this problem. Quasi-steady theory does not account for frequency effects and is not adequate for describing the data from this study.
Foreign Students and Graduate Economic Education in the United States.

Of late, over half the Ph.D.'s awarded in economics in the United States have gone to foreigners. At the same time, time-to-completion of a Ph.D. has risen. The presence of many foreign students in graduate economics programs may provide some insight for this longer duration. This article explores this relationship and offers an explanation for the large number of foreign students studying in the United States.
The influence of gender and gender-pairings on clergy's identification of sexually ambiguous behavior as sexual harassment

A sample of 371 United Methodist clergy indicated how strongly they believed a sexually ambiguous scenario between a senior pastor and associate pastor constituted sexual harassment when senior/associate pastor genders were varied. Participants also completed the Tolerance of Sexual Harassment Inventory (TSHI). Male clergy were less likely than females to perceive the interaction between a senior pastor and associate (in any of four gender-pairings) as sexual harassment. There were no significant differences in perception of sexual harassment based on senior/associate pastor gender pairings. Males and those 46 and older were significantly more tolerant of sexual harassment than females and those 45 and under.
Gallstone dissolution treatment with a combination of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids. Studies of safety, efficacy and effects on bile lithogenicity, bile acid pool, and serum lipids

Sixteen patients with radiolucent gallstones were treated with a combination of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids for an average of 19 months. Liver tests remained normal in all patients. In nine of 15 patients (60%), in whom the gallbladder visualized during an oral cholecystogram, gallstones dissolved after one year, in eight of them, partially, and in the remaining one, completely. After two years, partial dissolution became complete in three patients, and partial dissolution occurred in 1 additional patient. Changes in lithogenic index and bile acid pool size were statistically not significant. Biliary content of chenodeoxycholic acid increased significantly from 25.7 +/- 3.53 to 45.2 +/- 3.31 (mean +/- SE)% and that of ursodeoxycholic acid from 2.6 +/- 0.52 to 34.6 +/- 2.45%. There were no discernible changes in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. The findings suggest that the chenodeoxycholic-ursodeoxycholic acid combination provides a safe and efficacious treatment for some cholesterol gallstones.
Meadow Fescue, Tall Fescue, and Orchardgrass Response to Defoliation Management

Meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.] represents an alternative to temperate grasses typically used in forage-livestock systems. Our objective was to compare the productivity, nutritive value, and persistence of diverse meadow fescue cultivars with that of tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] and orchardgrass (Dactylisglomerata L.) when harvested by regimes representing lax and severe hay production and rotational grazing. 'Azov' (plant introduction strain cross), 'Bartura' (commercial cultivar), and 'Hidden Valley' (naturalized population) meadow fescue, 'Barolex' tall fescue, and 'Bronc' orchardgrass were harvested infrequently (40- to 65-d harvest interval) or frequently (when plants reached 25-cm sward height) to a 5- or 10-cm residual sward height (RSH) at two Wisconsin locations in 2 yr. Annual dry matter (DM) yield of all grasses was greater when harvested infrequently (7.46 Mg ha -1 ) than frequently (5.92 Mg ha -1 ), or at 5 cm (7.52 Mg ha -1 ) than 10-cm RSH (5.88 Mg ha -1 ). Tall fescue and orchardgrass annual yield was greater than that of all meadow fescues when harvested infrequently, but differences among grasses were relatively small when harvested frequently, particularly at 10-cm RSH. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) of meadow fescue was 30 to 80 g kg -1 neutral detergent fiber (NDF) greater than that of tall fescue or orchardgrass at every harvest in all environments. Meadow fescue cultivars were less persistent than tall fescue after 2 yr, but were usually equal to or more persistent than orchardgrass. Meadow fescue should be considered as a viable alternative to tall fescue and orchardgrass in temperate, managed intensive rotational grazing systems due to its comparable yield and superior digestibility.
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake trends in us adolescents and their association with insulin resistance-related parameters

The purpose of this study was to evaluate current sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption trends and their association with insulin resistance-related metabolic parameters and anthropometric measurements by performing a cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES data during the years 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Main outcome measures included SSB consumption trends, a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index, and fasting concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. Although overall SSB consumption has increased, our data suggest that this increase was primarily due to an increase in the amount of SSBs consumed by males in the high-SSB intake group alone. Multivariate linear regression analyses also showed that increased SSB consumption was independently associated with many adverse health parameters. Factors other than SSB consumption must therefore be contributing to the increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in the majority of US children.
Determinants of personal and household hygiene among college students in New York City, 2011

Background Although several studies have characterized the hygiene habits of college students, few have assessed the determinants underlying such behaviors. Objectives Our study sought to describe students’ knowledge, practices, and beliefs about hygiene and determine whether there is an association between reported behaviors and frequency of illness. Methods A sample of 299 undergraduate students completed a questionnaire assessing demographics, personal and household hygiene behaviors, beliefs and knowledge about hygiene, and general health status. Results Variation in reported hygiene habits was noted across several demographic factors. Women reported “always” washing their hands after using the toilet (87.1%) more than men (65.3%, P = .001). Similarly, freshmen reported such behavior (80.4%) more than sophomores (71.9%), juniors (67.7%), or seniors (50%, P = .011). Whereas 96.6% of participants thought that handwashing was either “very important” or “somewhat important” for preventing disease, smaller proportions thought it could prevent upper respiratory infections (85.1%) or gastroenteritis (48.3%), specifically. There was no significant relationship between reported behaviors and self-reported health status. Conclusion The hygiene habits of college students may be motivated by perceptions of socially acceptable behavior rather than scientific knowledge. Interventions targeting the social norms of incoming and continuing students may be effective in improving hygiene determinants and ultimately hygiene practices.
Exact, multiple soliton solutions of the double sine Gordon equation

Exact, particular solutions of the double sine Gordon equation in $n$ dimensional space are constructed. Under certain restrictions these solutions are $N$ solitons, where $N\leq 2q-1$ and $q$ is the dimensionality of space-time. The method of solution, known as the base equation technique, relates solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations to solutions of linear partial differential equations. This method is reviewed and its applicability to the double sine Gordon equation shown explicitly. The $N$ soliton solutions have the remarkable property that they collapse to a single soliton when the wave vectors are parallel.
Carrier effects on the excitonic absorption in GaAs quantum-well structures: Phase-space filling.

The carrier effects on the excitonic absorption in GaAs quantum-well structures have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A two-dimensional model was used to calculate the oscillator strength and binding energy of excitons associated with filled subbands, with phase-space filling being taken into account. The calculation gives explicitly the oscillator strength of excitons as a function of two-dimensional carrier density. The results are compared with measured absorption data from a series of p-type modulation-doped GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As multiple-quantum-well structures, and quantitative agreement is obtained. The calculation shows that the effect of phase-space filling on the binding energy of a bound state can be described by an effective dielectric constant as a function of carrier density. It predicts the decrease of exciton binding energy with carrier density due to phase-space filling, which has been experimentally observed.