cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of stable graphene colloidal dispersions

A stable graphene colloidal dispersion was synthesized through redox method.During the process,1-naphthoic acid,with its amphiphilic nature,was added for the prevention on graphene's self-aggregation.Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the reduction degree of graphene oxide by analyzing the characteristic peaks.Monolayer,bilayer and multilayer graphene sheets were observed under the transmission electron microscope(TEM).After the testing of zeta potential,average particle sizes and the Tyndall effect,according to the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory,we elucidated the reason and mechanism why graphene colloidal dispersions existed stably and further produced the self-assembled free-standing graphene membrane by evaporating the hydrogel.All the results have demonstrated the as-prepared graphene dispersions have abundant stably-existed monolayer graphene,which played an important role as the excellent precursor of current graphene-based micro-nano devices.By pointing out this idea,we may provide theoretical support for the solution-based method on graphene's synthesis and find a new route for further application of graphene.
Development and Challenge of Modeling and Simulation of DC Grid

Marked with flexible interconnection,flexible control and economy,the direct current(DC)grid has captured the attention of industry and academy while the traditional modeling and simulation technology is hardly able to completely satisfy the needs of DC grids.This paper studies the development of DC grids modeling and simulation,summaries the modeling and simulation technology of DC grids,and proposes challenges to enhance modeling and simulation.In the field of modeling,AC/ DC converter model,DC/DC converter model,DC switch model,DC load model,and system control model and implementing method of DC power grid is suggested.In the field of simulation,the power flow on the application and challenge is illustrated, while the drawback of inadequate precision and efficiency of the electro-magnetic simulation algorithm is summarized. Moreover,the real-time simulation,the highly efficient parallel technology and multi-rate technology are treated.The trend of analog and digital hybrid simulation is discussed,and its prospects for future application in DC grids are given.
Influence of organic active layer morphology on plasmonic light-trapping

Here, we show that the morphology of organic bulk-heterojuction (BJH) thin films strongly influences whether plasmonic modes supported by an electrode are absorbed or outcoupled (leaked) from the organic thin films. Using optical dark-field scattering, full-field electromagnetic modelling and grazing-incidence, wide-angle X-ray scattering, we find that more crystalline organic active layers, such as P3HT:PCBM trap surface plasmons while more amorphous organic thin films such as PTB7:PC 70 BM and PCDTBT:PC 70 BM facilitate leakage of surface plasmon polaritons. This is an important finding because it indicates that plasmonic light trapping can be improved in thin-film organic active layers using more crystalline active layers.
Sexual Behavior, Definitions of Sex, and the Role of Self-Partner Context Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults.

Prior research has examined how heterosexual individuals define sex; however, these studies have rarely focused on sexual minority individuals or included a full range of applicable sexual behaviors. Participants were recruited from a local Pride Festival across two years. Study 1 (N = 329) was primarily descriptive and examined which physically intimate behaviors lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) participants included in their definitions of sex and the behaviors in which they had previously engaged. Study 2 (N = 393) utilized a between-subjects design to assess differences in definitions of sex when judging one’s own behavior compared with that of a partner outside of the relationship. The behaviors in which participants were most likely to have engaged were manual-genital (82%) and oral-genital stimulation (79%). Regarding definitions of sex, a clear “gold standard” emerged for men, with 90% endorsing penile-anal intercourse as sex. No equally clear standard existed for women. Participants who were aske...
Role of Hafnia alvei and a Lactobacillus Species in the Spoilage of Vacuum-Packaged Strip Loin Steaks.

A microbiological examination of vacuum-packaged strip loin steaks that were defective (gassy packages, hydrogen sulfide odor) revealed high total counts (107-108/cm2) with Hafnia alvei , Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas spp. as major isolates. Re-inoculation experiments indicated that H. alvei was the likely cause of the hydrogen sulfide odor. Gas formation resulted from the activity of heterofermentative lactobacilli and H. alvei . Improvements in plant practices and temperature control eliminated the problem.
Father Participation in Child Psychopathology Research

The purpose of the current study was two-fold: (1) To examine time trends of the inclusion of fathers in child psychopathology research from 2005 to 2015; and (2) to examine online crowdsourcing as a method to recruit and study fathers. In study 1, findings indicated that, relative to two earlier reviews of father participation from 1984 to 1991 and 1992-2004, there has been limited progress in the inclusion of fathers in child psychopathology research over the last decade. In study 2, without explicit efforts to recruit fathers, almost 40% of a sample of 564 parents recruited from online crowdsourcing (Amazon's Mechanical Turk) were fathers. Major demographic differences did not emerge between mother and father participants and data were equally reliable for mothers and fathers. Fathers were more likely to drop out over the course of a 12-month follow-up but these differences in retention between mothers and fathers were non-significant if fathers were retained at a 2-week follow-up. Finally, family process models tested across four assessments (baseline, 4, 8, and 12 month follow-ups) indicated that data from fathers are equally supportive of convergent validity as data from mothers. We concluded that online crowdsourcing is a promising recruitment methodology to increase father participation in child psychopathology research.
TraR directly regulates transcription initiation by mimicking the combined effects of the global regulators DksA and ppGpp

The Escherichia coli F element-encoded protein TraR is a distant homolog of the chromosome-encoded transcription factor DksA. Here we address the mechanism by which TraR acts as a global regulator, inhibiting some promoters and activating others. We show that TraR regulates transcription directly in vitro by binding to the secondary channel of RNA polymerase (RNAP) using interactions similar, but not identical, to those of DksA. Even though it binds to RNAP with only slightly higher affinity than DksA and is only half the size of DksA, TraR by itself inhibits transcription as strongly as DksA and ppGpp combined and much more than DksA alone. Furthermore, unlike DksA, TraR activates transcription even in the absence of ppGpp. TraR lacks the residues that interact with ppGpp in DksA, and TraR binding to RNAP uses the residues in the β′ rim helices that contribute to the ppGpp binding site in the DksA–ppGpp–RNAP complex. Thus, unlike DksA, TraR does not bind ppGpp. We propose a model in which TraR mimics the effects of DksA and ppGpp together by binding directly to the region of the RNAP secondary channel that otherwise binds ppGpp, and its N-terminal region, like the coiled-coil tip of DksA, engages the active-site region of the enzyme and affects transcription allosterically. These data provide insights into the function not only of TraR but also of an evolutionarily widespread and diverse family of TraR-like proteins encoded by bacteria, as well as bacteriophages and other extrachromosomal elements.
Control features of the electromechanical system with end-effector considering the regulated torque

The article describes the features of digital control of an electromechanical system consisting of an electric drive, a load and a feedback system. The emphasis is on implementing a mode in which the electric drive torque can be adjusted. These results can be applied in service and industrial robotics.
Endothelial cells respond to the direction of mechanical stimuli through SMAD signaling to regulate coronary artery size.

How mechanotransduction intersects with chemical and transcriptional factors to shape organogenesis is an important question in developmental biology. This is particularly relevant to the cardiovascular system, which uses mechanical signals from flowing blood to stimulate cytoskeletal and transcriptional responses that form a highly efficient vascular network. Using this system, artery size and structure are tightly regulated, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of Smad4 increased the diameter of coronary arteries during embryonic development, a phenotype that followed the initiation of blood flow. At the same time, the BMP signal transducers SMAD1/5/8 were activated in developing coronary arteries. In a culture model of blood flow-induced shear stress, coronary artery endothelial cells failed to align when either BMPs were inhibited or Smad4 was depleted. In contrast to control cells, Smad4- deficient cells did not migrate against the direction of shear stress and increased proliferation rates specifically under flow. Similar alterations were seen in coronary arteries in vivo . Thus, endothelial cells perceive the direction of blood flow and respond through SMAD signaling to regulate artery size.
Improved Chondrogenic Potential and Proteomic Phenotype of Porcine Chondrocytes Grown in Optimized Culture Conditions.

Abstract For successful cartilage tissue engineering, the ability to generate a high number of chondrocytes in vitro while avoiding terminal differentiation or de-differentiation is critical. The a...
A Conserved Cytoskeletal Signaling Cascade Mediates Neurotoxicity of FTDP-17 Tau Mutations In Vivo .

The microtubule binding protein tau is strongly implicated in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), which is caused by mutations in tau. In vitro, FTDP-17 mutant versions of tau can reduce microtubule binding and increase the aggregation of tau, but the mechanism by which these mutations promote disease in vivo is not clear. Here we take a combined biochemical and in vivo modeling approach to define functional properties of tau driving neurotoxicity in vivo We express wild-type human tau and five FTDP-17 mutant forms of tau in Drosophila using a site-directed insertion strategy to ensure equivalent levels of expression. We then analyze multiple markers of neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity in transgenic animals, including analysis of both males and females. We find that FTDP-17 mutations act to enhance phosphorylation of tau and thus promote neurotoxicity in an in vivo setting. Further, we demonstrate that phosphorylation-dependent excess stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton is a key phosphorylation-dependent mediator of the toxicity of wild-type tau and of all the FTDP-17 mutants tested. Finally, we show that important downstream pathways, including autophagy and the unfolded protein response, are coregulated with neurotoxicity and actin cytoskeletal stabilization in brains of flies expressing wild-type human and various FTDP-17 tau mutants, supporting a conserved mechanism of neurotoxicity of wild-type tau and FTDP-17 mutant tau in disease pathogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The microtubule protein tau aggregates and forms insoluble inclusion bodies known as neurofibrillary tangles in the brain tissue of patients with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The tau protein is thus widely felt to play a key role in promoting neurodegeneration. However, precisely how tau becomes toxic is unclear. Here we capitalize on an "experiment of nature" in which rare missense mutations in tau cause familial neurodegeneration and neurofibrillary tangle formation. By comparing the biochemical activities of different tau mutations with their in vivo toxicity in a well controlled Drosophila model system, we find that all mutations tested increase phosphorylation of tau and trigger a cascade of neurotoxicity critically impinging on the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton.
Correlation of Velocity Prediction Program for Small Autonomous Sailboats

Velocity Prediction Programs (VPP) are used to improve sailboat design and estimate performance. Using the concept of static equilibrium they rely on empirical relations derived from tank testing of a series of standard yacht hull shapes to estimate resistance. The VPP accuracy for non-standard hull shapes, such as SailBots, is a concern. Correlation of the VPP estimates to on-the-water measurements of a small autonomous sailboat was this project’s goal. Sixty-two data points were taken in winds ranging from 5 to 10.6 knots using the United States Naval Academy (USNA) SailBot, Mid-lenium FalcoN* and were compared to PCSail2.53, an Excel-based VPP developed from the Delft series and standard VPP code. From the analysis, it is concluded that the VPP makes an acceptably accurate prediction for boat speed within an average wind speed between 5 and 7 knots. At higher winds speeds, some points were within 95% confidence; however, the majority of on the water values were significantly slower than the VPP predictions.
Effect of process parameters on mechanochemical nitration of toluene

Aromatic compounds such as toluene are commercially nitrated using a combination of nitric acid with other strong acids. The process generates waste, which is difficult to handle and dispose of. A solventless process for mechanochemically nitrating toluene has been proposed recently, producing mononitrotoluene (MNT) with sodium nitrate as a source of nitrogen and molybdenum oxide as a catalyst. Here, this mechanochemical method of nitrating toluene is explored further to establish the effect of process parameters on the product yield. MNT yields exceeding 60% were achieved in different tests. A parametric study addressed the effects of milling time, temperature, milling media, and catalyst additives on the MNT yield and on formation of various by-products. Recovered amounts of MNT showed a maximum with milling time, which occurred earlier for smaller milling balls. However, the yield was reduced and reaction was slowed down when steel balls were replaced with finer glass beads. Overall recovery rate, including all by-products and unreacted toluene decreased after the maximum MNT yield, was observed. Milling temperature had only a weak effect on MNT formation but affected the formation of other aromatic by-products. Replacing various fractions of MoO3 with fumed silica led to an increased yield of MNT for up to 30% of silica. The yield dropped when higher percentages of MoO3 were replaced. The degree of refinement of MoO3 by milling was quantified by measuring the surface area of the inorganic fraction of the milled material. The surface measurements were correlated with the product yield.
Moral and legal prohibitions against pillage in the context of the 1899 Hague Convention and the South African War

This article explores the genesis, scope, and significance of the 1899 Hague Convention’s prohibition against pillage. It analyses how it intersected with the moral contours of pillage as revealed ...
Changes in Milk Composition After Six Months of Lactation: The Effects of Duration of Lactation and Gradual Weaning

We followed lactation to one year or more in 8 women measuring both milk yield and composition. During the period from six months to one year four women showed milk yields which declined significantly while four women had yields which remained above 450 g per day. In order to determine whether changes in composition were due to changes in duration of lactation, declining milk yield, or both, the time-dependance of the concentration of several milk components was compared with the time-dependance of the milk yield. The following conclusions were drawn: (i) Within the accuracy of the analysis lactose, potassium and copper concentrations depended neither on milk yield nor duration of lactation, (ii) Lipid increased with duration of lactation and citrate and zinc decreased with duration of lactation. Changes in milk yield did not affect these components, (ii) Sodium, chloride, total protein, and magnesium increased and glucose decreased with decreasing milk yield. Duration of lactation did not affect these components, (iv) Calcium decreased with duration of lactation and increased with declining milk yield. These conclusions are compared with conclusions derived from multiple regression analysis of the same data. It is concluded that both types of analysis used in conjunction with inspection of graphical data are useful in the analysis of longitudinal data.
6.24 Cave Sediments as Geologic Tiltmeters

Caves are sheltered environments that can preserve unique evidence of climatic and tectonic events. A variety of cave deposits, primarily calcite shelfstone formed along pool margins, delineate formerly level surfaces. In tectonically active areas, the orientation of these surfaces can be measured with respect to horizontal to determine the magnitude of local or regional tilt. In many cases, these deposits can also be dated by a variety of geochronologic methods, such as U–Th and 14 C, allowing for calculation of tilting rates. This chapter reviews previous research using cave sediments as geologic tiltmeters, describes various approaches to the problem, and discusses potential future applications.
Effectiveness of Categorical Clustering as an Encoding Versus a Retrieval Strategy Among Preschoolers.

The relative effectiveness of categorical clustering as an encoding and retrieval strategy was examined among 92 three- and four-year-olds on a spatial memory task used to examine utilization defic...
Effects of Buoyancy and Wind Forcing on Southern Ocean Climate Change

Author(s): Shi, Jia-Rui; Talley, Lynne D; Xie, Shang-Ping; Liu, Wei; Gille, Sarah T | Abstract: AbstractObservations show that since the 1950s, the Southern Ocean has stored a large amount of anthropogenic heat and has freshened at the surface. These patterns can be attributed to two components of surface forcing: poleward-intensified westerly winds and increased buoyancy flux from freshwater and heat. Here we separate the effects of these two forcing components by using a novel partial-coupling technique. We show that buoyancy forcing dominates the overall response in the temperature and salinity structure of the Southern Ocean. Wind stress change results in changes in subsurface temperature and salinity that are closely related to intensified residual meridional overturning circulation. As an important result, we show that buoyancy and wind forcing result in opposing changes in salinity: the wind-induced surface salinity increase due to upwelling of saltier subsurface water offsets surface freshening due to amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Buoyancy and wind forcing further lead to different vertical structures of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport change; buoyancy forcing causes an ACC transport increase (3.1 ± 1.6 Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106m3s−1) by increasing the meridional density gradient across the ACC in the upper 2000 m, while the wind-induced response is more barotropic, with the whole column transport increased by 8.7 ± 2.3 Sv. While previous research focused on the wind effect on ACC intensity, we show that surface horizontal current acceleration within the ACC is dominated by buoyancy forcing. These results shed light on how the Southern Ocean might change under global warming, contributing to more reliable future projections.
Inverse Design of Plasmonic Structures with FDTD.

Inverse design has greatly expanded nanophotonic devices and brought optimized performance. However, the use of inverse design for plasmonic structures has been challenging due to local field concentrations that can lead to errors in gradient calculation when the continuum adjoint method is used. On the other hand, with the discrete adjoint method one can achieve the exact gradient. Historically the discrete version is exclusively used with a Finite Element model, and applying the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method in inverse design of plasmonic structures is rarely attempted. Due to the popularity of using FDTD in simulating plasmonic structures, we integrate the discrete adjoint method with FDTD and present a framework to carry out inverse design of plasmonic structures using density-based topology optimization. We demonstrate the exactness of the gradient calculation for a plasmonic block structure with varying permittivity. Another challenge that is unique with plasmonic structures is that non-physical amplification caused by poorly chosen material interpolation can destroy a stable convergence of the optimization. To avoid this, we adopt a non-linear material interpolation scheme in the FDTD solver. In addition, filtering-and-projection regularization is incorporated to ensure manufacturability of the designed structures. As an example of this framework, successful reconstruction of electric fields of a plasmonic bowtie aperture is presented.
Experimental characterization of lithium-carbon dioxide combustion in batch reactors for powering Venus landers

Abstract The extreme environment and low solar availability on the surface of Venus translate to significant power and thermal management challenges for landed missions. The longest mission to the surface of Venus was Venera 13, which operated for ~2 h. To increase duration and scientific scope, future missions will require power systems with greater specific energy to support active cooling. In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) combustion power systems have been proposed with lithium fuel and the ambient atmosphere (96.5% CO2, 3.5% N2) as the oxidizer. Conceptual designs have assumed batch reactors, which may vary in behavior as fuel is consumed and product concentration increases. As such, practically achievable reaction yield and system-specific energy are unknown. In this study, Li-CO2 batch combustion tests were performed to determine such reaction parameters. Five tests were performed with different operating temperatures, heat delivery mechanisms, and approaches for contacting fuel and oxidizer. Fuel utilization was found to generally increase with bulk reactor temperature. At 500–750 °C, fuel utilization was only 40–60%. This increased to ~98% at 900 °C, corresponding to an effective specific energy of 25.6 ± 0.7 MJ kg Li − 1 based on reactant and product enthalpies. However, endothermic decomposition of produced Li2CO3 occurs at higher temperatures, limiting specific energy. Based on fuel utilization, the lower temperature cases achieved 32–41 MJ kg Li , reacted − 1 . Attempts to increase lower temperature reaction yield were unsuccessful in this investigation. Further development of approaches to improve yield could enhance the technical potential of lithium combustion power systems.
Effects of high-intensity training on prostate cancer-induced cardiac atrophy.

BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests prostate cancer independent of treatment has atrophic effects on whole heart and left ventricular (LV) masses, associated with reduced endurance exercise capacity. In a pre-clinical model, we tested the hypothesis that high-intensity training could prevent cardiac atrophy with prostate cancer and alter cardiac protein degradation mechanisms. METHODS Dunning R-3327 AT-1 prostate cancer cells (1×105) were injected into the ventral prostate lobe of 5-6 mo immunocompetent Copenhagen rats (n=24). These animals were randomized into two groups, tumor-bearing exercise (TBEX, n=15) or tumor bearing sedentary (TBS, n=9). Five days after surgery, TBEX animals began exercise on a treadmill (25 m/min, 15° incline) for 45-60 min/day for 18±2 days. Pre-surgery (Pre), and post-exercise training (Post) echocardiographic evaluation (Vivid S6, GE Health Care), using the parasternal short axis view, was used to examine ventricle dimensions. Markers of protein degradation (muscle atrophy F-box, Cathepsin B, Cathepsin L) in the left ventricle were semi-quantified via Western Blot. RESULTS There were no significant differences in tumor mass between groups (TBEX 3.4±0.7, TBS 2.8±0.6 g, P=0.3), or body mass (TBEX 317±5, TBS 333±7 g, P=0.2). Heart-to-body mass ratio was lower in TBS group compared to TBEX (2.3±0.1 vs. 2.5±0.1 mg/g, P<0.05). LV/body mass ratio was also lower in the TBS group (1.6±0.1 vs. 1.8±0.1 mg/g, P<0.05). From Pre-Post, TBEX had significant increases in SV (~20% P<0.05) whereas TBS had no significant change. There were no significant differences between groups for markers of protein degradation. CONCLUSION This study suggests that high-intensity exercise can improve LV function and increase LV mass concurrent with prostate cancer development, versus sedentary counterparts. Given cardiac dysfunction often manifests with conventional anti-cancer treatments, a short-term high-intensity training program, prior to treatment, may improve cardiac function and fatigue resistance in cancer patients.
An Examination of Mental Health, Perceived Barriers, and Outreach Recommendations amongRural College Students

Background: Mental health concerns for the collegial population are noted throughout the literature, with a recent focus on assessment, interventions and outreach.1 Concerns regarding individual re...
A BEHAVIORALLY-INTEGRATED INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL STATE-TRANSITION MODEL THAT CAN PREDICT RAPID CHANGES IN EVACUATION DEMAND DAYS EARLIER.

Abstract Timely and accurate forecast of evacuation demand is key for emergency responders to plan and organize effective evacuation efforts during a disaster. The state of the art in evacuation demand forecasting includes behavior-based models and dynamic flow-based models. Both lines of work have limitations: behavioral models are static, meaning that they cannot adjust model predictions by utilizing field observation in real time as the disaster unfolds; and the flow-based models often have relatively short prediction windows ranging from minutes to hours. Consequently, both types of models fall short of being able to predict sudden changes (e.g., a surge or an abrupt drop) of evacuation demand in advance. This paper develops a behaviorally-integrated individual-level state-transition model for online predictions of evacuation demand. On a daily basis, the model takes in observed evacuation data and updates its forecasted evacuation demand for the future. An individual-level survival model formulation is devised for the state-transition model to account for history-dependent transition probabilities and allow individual heterogeneity. A Bayesian updating approach is employed to assimilate observed evacuation data in real time. To enable a longer-term perspective on how evacuation demand may evolve over time so that rapid surges or drops in demand can be predicted days in advance, the model integrates insights from existing behavioral curves (either from past disasters or simply expert opinions). Using a likelihood-based approach, the state-transition model integrates the future trends of evacuation demand informed by the behavioral curve when updating its forecasts. The theoretical proof of the developed state-transition model shows that the likelihood function guarantees a unique global solution. The model is tested in six scenarios using mobile app-based data for Hurricane Harvey that hit the US in 2017. The results demonstrate its robustness: in all six scenarios, the model is able to predict accurately the occurrence of the rapid surges or drops in evacuation demand at least two days ahead. The current study contributes to the field of evacuation modeling by integrating the two lines of work (behavior-based and flow-based models) using mobile app-based data for Hurricane Harvey.
How do people make sense of wealth and poverty

Abstract Economic outcomes reflect an intricate mixture of people's internal dispositions and external circumstances that are beyond their control. How, then, do people make sense of wealth and poverty? I suggest that attributions of economic outcomes are susceptible to various influences that can be grouped into two broad categories—who people are (i.e. personal influences) and what people see in the world (i.e. societal influences). Personal influences include people's ideological leanings and worldviews, socioeconomic standing, and experiences of economic success or failure. Societal influences include macroeconomic circumstances, cultural narratives, structural prejudices, and salient consumption behaviors by the rich and the poor. I discuss how these influences shape (and distort) attributions of economic outcomes and lay beliefs about wealth and poverty.
Immunology's intolerance of disease tolerance.

David Schneider explains the concept of disease tolerance and describes the first observations of this phenomenon in animal models.
Development of Applied Microbiology at the University of Wisconsin

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developmental history of applied microbiology at the University of Wisconsin. Microbiology had an obscure birth at the University of Wisconsin in the College of Letters and Science. During the 1881–1882 school year, the subject was taught by Professor William Trelease as part of a course in cryptogamic botany. Trelease worked with Professor E. A. Birge, a Harvard Ph.D. zoologist, who was then in charge of Wisconsin's work in natural history. Two of Trelease's and Birge's students during those early days were L. H. Pammel, who joined the faculty of the institution now known as Iowa State University as a botanist and plant pathologist, and H. L. Russell. During the year that he spent at the University of Chicago, Russell prepared for publication the results of his “Wood's Holl” studies. The position at Wisconsin was established through the efforts of Dean Henry of the College of Agriculture and Dean Birge of the College of Letters and Science, both of whom had definite plans in mind for the work they expected Russell to perform.
Extracting ontological selectional preferences for non-pertainym adjectives from the google corpus

While there has been much research into using selectional preferences for word sense disambiguation (WSD), much difficulty has been encountered. To facilitate study into this difficulty and aid in WSD in general, a database of the selectional preferences of non-pertainym prenomial adjectives extracted from the Google Web 1T 5-gram Corpus is proposed. A variety of methods for computing the preferences of each adjective over a set of noun categories from WordNet have been evaluated via simulated disambiguation of pseudo-homonyms. The best method of these involves computing for each noun category the ratio of single-word common (i.e. not proper) noun lemma types which can co-occur with a given adjective to the number of single-word common noun lemmata whose estimated frequency is greater than a threshold based on the frequency of the adjective. The database produced by this procedure will be made available to the public.
Individual and sex-based differences in behaviour and ecology of rat snakes in winter

Most research on the winter ecology of temperate-zone snakes is restricted to aspects of hibernation, because that is largely how snakes spend the winter. At lower latitudes, however, the same snake species may be active during winter, although why they are active and how much individuals vary in activity is unknown. We used radio-telemetry data from three winters to document winter movements of 30 rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) in Texas. Snakes moved in all months, although there was substantial individual and gender-based variation. Consistent with active snakes foraging, monthly variation in movement was associated with availability of ‘thermal windows’ that would allow digestion of a meal. Females were more active than males, suggesting increased foraging demands. Individual activity in winter was positively correlated with activity the previous summer, particular among females. This may reflect enduring effects of variation in reproductive costs, or intrinsic variation in activity of individual snakes. Variation in activity was associated with differences in habitat use but not thermoregulation, although the data available to assess thermoregulation allowed limited resolution. Climate warming will increase the thermal opportunities for winter foraging, which will have implications both for snakes and their prey.
Structural requirements for phenylalanine antagonism: III. Some unsaturated straight-chain amino acids☆

Abstract In order to determine if either branching of the carbon chain at the γ position or the presence of unsaturation in this portion of the molecule is essential to induce effective phenylalanine antagonism in an antimetabolite, the biological properties of several straight-chain olefinic amino acid analogs were determined. cis - ( I ) and trans -2-Amino-5-heptenoic acids (crotylalanines) and trans -2-amino-4-heptenoic acid ( II ) were prepared from the appropriate olefinic halide through an acetamidocyanoacetic ester condensation. Although rotational freedom allows nonplanar configurations in I and II , one conformation of each analog permits a planar configuration of the α-alkenyl substituent. These two compounds, as well as the lower homolog of II , trans -2-amino-4-hexenoic acid ( trans -crotylglycine), were found to prevent phenylalanine utilization in Leuconostoc dextranicum 8086 in a competitive manner. These data represent the first report of straight-chain antagonists of an aromatic amino acid, and the biological activities of these analogs further define the structural requirements for phenylalanine antagonism.
Intraoperative Cortical Mapping: Basic Concepts, Indications, and Anesthesia Considerations

The eloquent area of the brain is responsible for written and verbal communication. Functional neuroimaging indicates that interindividual variation exists with the anatomical location of the eloquent area of the brain. Some patients have shown significant contribution from areas located near, but outside of, the traditionally recognized eloquent area. Classically, these areas adjacent to or near the eloquent area were thought to have little impact on written or oral language skills, and many neurosurgeons, in the past, underestimated the impact of operating in these areas. Now, each patient is known to have a unique eloquent area. This necessitates intraoperative cortical mapping to more accurately identify functioning before removing brain tissues in patients undergoing epilepsy or brain tumor surgery in areas near this region of the brain. The goal of intraoperative cortical mapping is to maximize surgical resection in the eloquent area while minimizing the incidence of permanent disabilities. This chapter is intended to provide you with the concepts, indications, and anesthetic considerations important to intraoperative cortical mapping and to prepare you for further reading of more advanced texts and primary literature on this topic.
Data Collection Eclipsing Effects in the Inverse Polar Format Algorithm (IPFA) for Turntable Spotlight Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) Imaging Systems

This paper will present the findings associated with data eclipsing effects in the inverse polar format algorithm (IPFA) for turntable spotlight inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging systems. Typical turntable ISAR systems illuminate a scene of interest with an electromagnetic source in order to obtain samples of the reflectivity function over a given set of aspect angles. These samples form a bandlimited portion of the spatial frequency (kx,ky) response of the scene, from which a focused image may be generated by using a simple 2D inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). However, the collected samples lie on a polar raster in (kx,ky) space, which cause defocusing effects in the final image unless interpolation to a rectangular grid of points is first accomplished. The IPFA implements a frequency selective waveform in order to sample the reflectivity function of the scene of interest so that the (kx,ky) samples lie on a rectangular grid of points. This is accomplished by "designing" a rectangular grid of (kx,ky) sample points based upon the desired image resolution, pixel spacing, and scene size. Once this is accomplished, a corresponding set of frequency/aspect angle (f,thetas) pairs can be generated for data collection. However, the (f,thetas) pairs must first be sorted in order of increasing aspect angle in order to get the correct frequency transmission schedule. This sorting results in a staggered transmission schedule that can result in pulse overlapping (eclipsing) if certain conditions are not met regarding the pulse length and turntable rotation rate. This paper will detail the requirements under which these conditions must be met and will provide simulation results showing the effect of pulse overlap in image formation.
Short- and long-range magnetic ordering of Y6(Fe1−xMnx)23 compounds using neutron scattering techniques

Abstract Neutron diffraction studies of the Y 6 (Fe 1− x Mn x ) 23 system reveal the presence of substantial preferential atomic ordering of iron and manganese atoms on the four transition metal crystallographic sites. Throughout the entire compositional range, manganese atoms prefer to occupy the f 2 site and iron atoms the f 1 site. Neutron diffraction profile refinements show no long-range magnetic ordering occurring in the compositional range from x = 0.35 to x = 0.75. The average iron moments on each of the sites are reduced in the iron-rich ternaries and remain ferromagnetically coupled. The manganese atoms are nonmagnetic. In the manganese-rich ternaries the iron atoms have no spontaneous moments and the manganese magnetic moments are decreased dramatically from their values in Y 6 Mn 23 . In the 0.35 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.75 range detailed scans reveal broadened low intensity peaks at the (100) and (300) forbidden lattice reflections, indicating weak short-range (about 30 A) antiferromagnetic cluster spin ordering. No ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic clusters were observed in this region from small angle neutron scattering studies.
189 Structural articulation of biochemical reactions using altered bonds and iterative topology switching

Structural and dynamic trajectories of biochemical reactions catalyzed by large macromolecular complexes are difficult and expensive to characterize experimentally. Predicting them thoroughly using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approaches is possible, but requires significant computational resources. Atomic detail structural snapshots of individual states obtained through crystallography may also not always be in a conformation conducive to the reaction, presenting a hurdle for choosing the appropriate starting structures for the QM/MM calculations. The geometric displacements for nuclei that change their bonding during chemical reactions are usually not large, when starting from appropriate reactive conformations. If we hypothesize that there is no need for these rearrangements to be represented in electronic detail to capture the response of the surrounding macromolecular environment, MM energy functions should provide a relatively accurate description of this structural reorganization. ...
SOME CLINICAL RESULTS FROM THE USE OF ADRENOCORTICAL EXTRACT AS PREPARED BY THE METHOD OF SWINGLE AND PFIFFNER

In a series of recent articles, Swingle and Pfiffner (1, 2, 3, and 4) have published detailed directions for the preparation of a physiologically active extract from the cortical substance of beef adrenals. They believe that this extract represents the active principle of the adrenal cortex. Support for their opinion has been furnished in tests conducted upon adrenalectomized cats. Some of these experimental animals were allowed to reach the comatose stage of adrenal insufficiency before treatment with the extract was begun. That this adreno-cortical extract does contain the vital principle of the adrenal glands is shown by the fact that injections of it not only revived these cats, but maintained them in apparently normal conditions of health and vitality over a period of 100 days. Careful search revealed no accessory cortical tissue. Cortical extracts used prior to this (5) (6) (6a) had not approximated the success of Swingle and Pfiffner’s product, though they had shown considerable potency. Other inve...
COAL: Context Aware Localization for high energy efficiency in wireless networks

Localization is one of the principal enabling wireless services now penetrating into every aspect of our life. Unfortunately, present localization schemes are often inaccurate (based on signal-distance conversion), or energy inefficient (such as GPS), or labor intensive (requiring previous field signal data collection). In this paper, a novel localization scheme named COAL, for COntext Aware Localization, is put forward to aim at both energy efficiency and accuracy. The core idea is to exploit users' context information such as an ongoing event to facilitate the localization scheme. With the facilitation of these context information, localization frequency can be significantly reduced to conserve energy while preserving high degree of accuracy. Besides that, COAL is complementary to existing location schemes using any wireless signal and can be implemented as an enhancement to them.
The relationship between social support and psychological distress among Hispanic elders in Miami, Florida.

This study compared 5 psychological models of the relationship between social support (SS) and behavioral health. These theoretical models, which have garnered some level of prior empirical support, were as follows: (a) main effects, (b) buffering effects, (c) social exchange, (d) equity, and (e) protective health outcomes of providing SS. A population-based sample of 273 community-dwelling Hispanic elders drawn from East Little Havana, Florida (ages 70–100 years old; 86% Cuban) completed self-report measures of SS, financial strain, and psychological distress (PD). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to test the competing SS models. Results indicated that satisfaction with received SS was, as specified in the main-effects model, associated with lower PD, whereas received SS was unexpectedly associated with heightened PD. Reciprocal exchanges of SS (equity model) or exchanges where Hispanic elders provided more SS than they received (protective health outcomes of providing SS model) were also associated with lower PD. The feasibility of a 6th model in which the effects of SS are contingent upon the elder’s preexisting PD level is proposed. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Effects and persistence of baygon (Propoxur) and temik (Aldicarb) insecticides in soil

The effects of two carbamate insecticides, Baygon and Temik, on microbial processes in soil were investigated. Total plate counts revealed that Baygon and Temik at field rate applications (5 ppm) did not greatly influence the microbial populations in the soil. At a concentration of 500 ppm the fungal and actinomycete populations showed a marked increase in response to Temik and Baygon. Nitrification was severely inhibited by the granular (formulated) Baygon and Temik at 500 ppm, but was much less inhibited with the technical grade (technical) insecticides. The discrepancy appeared due to metabolism of the corn cob grits carrier, the resulting immobilization of nitrogen causing an apparent ‘inhibition’ of nitrification. At the approximate field rate applications of 5 ppm, only slight inhibition was observed with formulated Baygon or Temik. An accumulation of nitrite was noted, especially with technical Baygon at 500 ppm. Populations of the autotrophic nitrifying bacteria were depressed for 2–3 weeks by application of either Baygon or Temik to the soil at 500 ppm. Pure culture studies on Nitrobacter agilis and Nitrosomonas europaea indicated that Baygon and Temik were toxic to both organisms, but particularly the latter. The toxicity to Nitrosomonas was more severe in pure cultures than in soil. Oxygen uptake studies showed that formulated Baygon (but not Temik) added to soil at 500 ppm resulted in high respiratory activity, mostly due to metabolism of the carrier. The technical insecticides had little effect on respiration as measured by carbon dioxide evolution, although there were indications that Temik was being metabolized during the interval from 16 to 30 days. Baygon was found to be quite resistant to degradation in the test soil. Temik residues decreased by about 50% during the 30-days test period.
Antifertility Effect of the Chemosterilant Apholate on the Male Boll Weevil

Effectiveness of apholate in desereasing the sperm viability of the male boll weevil, Anthonmus grandis Boheman, was determined by allowing the weevils to feed on a diet containing from 0.001 to 0.020% of the chemosterilant and on plants sprayed with 0.5 and 2.5% solutions of it. After both treatments, virgin females mated to treated males oviposited eggs with decreased hatchability and emergence of the F1 progeny. At the higher levels of treatment, longevity of males was reduced. Repeated spray applications of the chemosterilant to plants, especially at the higher levels, caused phytotoxicity manifested by leaf necrosis, stunting of growth, and cessation of square production.
Optoelectronic integrated circuit's (OEIC's) application in WDM

This paper reviews some of the key enabling technologies for present and future WDM communications systems. This review concentrates mainly on advances in material growth, lasers, modulators, and fast photodetectors as the basis modern communication systems. Emphasis is placed on integration of components, the need for reconfigurable switching elements, and mass production of a generic intelligent transceiver.
Gallium arsenide growth in a pancake MOCVD reactor

Abstract We present a modeling study of the growth of gallium arsenide layers deposited onto a high-temperature susceptor in a pancake metalorganic chemical vapor deposition reactor. We analyzed the deposition process with a two-dimensional model that is axisymmetric about the vertical axis. The model includes detailed fluid flow, heat- and mass-transfer, and gas-phase and surface chemistry. The chemistry includes reactions to model the incorporation of carbon into the semiconductor as GaC. The mass transfer includes thermal diffusion for tri-, di- and mono-methyl gallium, as well as for three corresponding Ga-carbene species that are the precursors of GaC formation. The inclusion of a detailed reaction mechanism resulted in a very wide range of timescales, creating a challenging numerical problem. We found that the rate of gallium arsenide deposition and its uniformity over the susceptor depend strongly on the temperature of the susceptor, and are relatively insensitive to the rate of rotation of the susceptor up to 200 rpm, the maximum rotation-rate studied. Nonetheless, the dependence of the radial distribution of GaAs growth on the rate of susceptor rotation is notable in that it appears possible to determine an optimum rotation rate for this reactor. The flow state in the reactor is dominated by buoyancy up to a rotation rate of about 100 rpm. The buoyancy-driven recirculation above the susceptor could pose problems as an unwanted storage mechanism for reactants, which could hinder the ability to generate sharp interfaces between successive layers.