cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of analgetic tolerance to phenazocine (Prinado®) by phenothiazines in the rat☆

Abstract The D'Amour-Smith method has been used in rats to study the rate and degree of analgetic tolerance developed when narcotic agents were given with phenothiazine derivatives once daily over a 9-week period. Dosages of the phenothiazines were selected that initially gave approximately the same increase in the analgetic response to each of the analgetic drugs used. Analgetic responses were measured at biweekly intervals and again on the third, seventh, and fourteenth day of withdrawal. No tolerance developed to saline, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, or thioperazine. Analgetic tolerance developed most rapidly and to greatest degree with morphine, less with meperidine and raceoramide (SKF dl-5137), and least with phenazocine. Preinjection of the phenothiazines before the analgetic drugs, significantly decreased the rate of development and the degree of analgetic tolerance and hastened recovery during withdrawal. The greatest effect on analgetic tolerance modification was observed for chlorpromazine, next for thioperazine, and least for prochlorperazine.
Reconstitution of active human core Mediator complex reveals a critical role of the MED14 subunit

The evolutionarily conserved Mediator complex is a critical coactivator for RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-mediated transcription. Here we report the reconstitution of a functional 15-subunit human core Mediator complex and its characterization by functional assays and chemical cross-linking coupled to MS (CX-MS). Whereas the reconstituted head and middle modules can stably associate, basal and coactivator functions are acquired only after incorporation of MED14 into the bimodular complex. This results from a dramatically enhanced ability of MED14-containing complexes to associate with Pol II. Altogether, our analyses identify MED14 as both an architectural and a functional backbone of the Mediator complex. We further establish a conditional requirement for metazoan-specific MED26 that becomes evident in the presence of heterologous nuclear factors. This general approach paves the way for systematic dissection of the multiple layers of functionality associated with the Mediator complex.
Central and peripheral dopamine beta hydroxylase: Responses to long term treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Abstract The effect of long-term (3 weeks) treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors on dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) in cats was studied. The DBH was measured in blood and CSF drawn before treatment began and after 2, 8, 14, and 22 days of injections. Animals were killed after 24 days of injections, and DBH was measured in brain cortex and pons-medulla. Both clorgyline and pargyline decreased DBH activity in CSF after 22 days of treatment. These drugs decreased plasma DBH after 8 days of treatment, and the decrease persisted throughout the study. Brain DBH levels in the drug-treated animals were not significantly different from enzyme levels in saline-treated controls. The decrease in CSF DBH occurred 2 weeks after the decrease in the plasma enzyme, suggesting that CSF DBH levels do not simply reflect plasma DBH levels. The decrease in DBH in CSF was not caused by a large-scale depletion of the enzyme in brain. It is likely that the observed change in CSF DBH is due to a decrease in central noradrenergic activity, which has been demonstrated in rats. It is of interest that this change is seen only after three weeks of drug treatment, at the time when the therapeutic effects of these drugs become evident in patients.
Redo mitral valve repair or replacement through the right chest

The right thoracotomy approach for mitral valve surgery was an incision used in the 1950s and 1960s in some of the initial series of mitral valve operations. 1 When the obvious advantages of the median sternotomy for most patients became apparent, this approach was for the most part abandoned. However, there are many clinical situations in the reoperative mitral valve setting where a different approach other than a median sternotomy is not only helpful, but often times essential for patients undergoing complicated reoperation mitral valve surgery to prevent injury to underlying structures and facilitating exposure of the mitral valve. 2-4 Consideration of this approach should include patients who have had: 1) a previously implanted aortic valve prosthesis or bioprosthesis, 2) patent coronary bypass grafts, especially the left internal mammary to left anterior descending bypass, 3) prior multiple reoperations through the sternum, making the right ventricle and aorta adhesive to the underside of the sternum, and 4) prior mediastinal infection, which also may cause a severe adhesive process between the cardiac structures and the underside of the sternum. These are the most common conditions in which the right anterior thoracotomy approach, utilizing peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass cannulation and cold fibrillation, may be a safer, more rapid technique for complicated mitral valve surgery. This article will describe the technical features of this operation and present some of the latest experiences at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital with this procedure.
An exploratory study of social class and energy issues

This paper analyzes the relationship between a Marxian class measure based upon individuals' relations to the means of production and three types of survey items dealing with energy and conservation issues; knowledge items, attitude items, and items concerned with behavioral change. We also compare the relationship between three commonly used measures of socioeconomic status (SES) (family income, personal income, and education) and these same items regarding energy and conservation. In this manner we attempt to determine whether a particular Marxian class measure can provide insights in this issue area which are not provided by the traditional measures of SES. Contrary to previous research, our major finding is that the three traditionally accepted indicators of SES are related to many more energy and conservation items than is our measure of Marxian class.
Modification of auditory responses by cerebellar stimulation

Abstract Electrical stimuli applied to the auditory area of the cerebellum of the cat evoked responses in the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus, and auditory areas I, II and ectosylvian posterior gyrus of the cerebrum. Conditioning and test stimuli applied to the cerebellum showed interaction of electrical events in the medial geniculate nucleus and mesencephalic reticular formation. In these same areas interaction between effects of click stimuli and cerebellar stimuli has been demonstrated. Full recovery of electrical excitability in the medial geniculate nucleus and cerebral auditory areas required as long as 200 msec between pulses when cerebellar systems were involved.
The Genus Trombicula Berlese, in America and the Orient

The recent demonstration that the well-known “kedani,” or chigger mite of Japan, is the active agent in the transmission of a deadly human disease (“tsutsugamushi” disease, or flood fever) has brought the whole chigger mite group under the suspicion of being one of possibly great importance in the carrying of disease among man and domesticated animals. The further rearing of the adults of this chigger in 1916 by two groups of Japanese workers, and proving them to be Trombiculas has paved the way for an investigation into the taxonomy and biology of all the species of this genus. Such an investigation is now of prime importance, for we may well presume that the other species of the group are not so vastly different in their habits from those of the deadly “kedani.”
Origin and clay-mineral genesis of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary unit, Western Interior of North America

A 3-cm-thick, two-layered clay unit that records mineralogic and textural evidence of a catastrophic event that occurred at a time now marked as the end of the Cretaceous Period was preserved in ancient peat-forming environments of the Western Interior Basin of North America. The two layers of this unit consist of altered distal ejecta and are easily distinguished by their distinctive texture and impact components from other clay beds, mainly tonsteins and detrital shales, occurring within the sequence of rocks enclosing the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary interval.
HIV and physical examination skills.

To the Editor. —I read with great interest the article by Dr Paauw and colleagues 1 regarding primary care physicians' abilities to recognize physical findings associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). I was one of the physicians who was involved in this study as an examiner and believe it was completed in 1991 or earlier. With an emerging disease such as HIV, it is important to note that the diagnostic skills of examiners may be changing rapidly, and it is very likely that data obtained in 1991 would not correlate very accurately with 1995 examination skills. The American Academy of Family Physicians 2 has responded promptly to this article by announcing that it would actively promote the availability of continuing medical education courses that would assist primary care physicians in becoming proficient in identifying findings associated with HIV infection.
Purification and infectivity ofEntomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko Pathotype 2 againstMelanoplus differentialis (Thomas) [Ort.: Locustidae]

The life stages ofEntomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko Pathotype 2 were purified and separated by centrifugation in PercollR density-gradient medium. The ranges of buoyant densities for germinated resting spores, germ conidia, and resting spores respectively were: 1.040–1.050, 1.055–1.085, and 1.080–1.120 g/ml. Cuticular invasion by germinated germ conidia was the means by whichMelanoplus grasshoppers became infected. Scanning electron micrographs revealed germination of germ conidia on the visible host integument at 100% RH, but not at 90% RH. Significantly higher mortality (P<0.05) was obtained after 3 weeks with grasshoppers incubated in constant light than in constant dark for 24 h following treatment. The disease was not transmitted by ingestion of any life stage.
Greedy learning of graphical models with small girth

This paper develops two new greedy algorithms for learning the Markov graph of discrete probability distributions, from samples thereof. For finding the neighborhood of a node (i.e. variable), the simple, naive greedy algorithm iteratively adds the new node that gives the biggest improvement in prediction performance over the existing set. While fast to implement, this can yield incorrect graphs when there are many short cycles, as now the single node that gives the best prediction can be outside the neighborhood. Our new algorithms get around this in two different ways. The forward-backward greedy algorithm includes a deletion step, which goes back and prunes incorrect nodes that may have initially been added. The recursive greedy algorithm uses forward steps in a two-level process, running greedy iterations in an inner loop, but only including the final node. We show, both analytically and empirically, that these algorithms can learn graphs with small girth which other algorithms — both greedy, and those based on convex optimization — cannot.
In Vivo Readout of CFTR Function: Ratiometric Measurement of CFTR-Dependent Secretion by Individual, Identifiable Human Sweat Glands

To assess CFTR function in vivo, we developed a bioassay that monitors and compares CFTR-dependent and CFTR-independent sweat secretion in parallel for multiple (∼50) individual, identified glands in each subject. Sweating was stimulated by intradermally injected agonists and quantified by optically measuring spherical sweat bubbles in an oil-layer that contained dispersed, water soluble dye particles that partitioned into the sweat bubbles, making them highly visible. CFTR-independent secretion (M-sweat) was stimulated with methacholine, which binds to muscarinic receptors and elevates cytosolic calcium. CFTR-dependent secretion (C-sweat) was stimulated with a β-adrenergic cocktail that elevates cytosolic cAMP while blocking muscarinic receptors. A C-sweat/M-sweat ratio was determined on a gland-by-gland basis to compensate for differences unrelated to CFTR function, such as gland size. The average ratio provides an approximately linear readout of CFTR function: the heterozygote ratio is ∼0.5 the control ratio and for CF subjects the ratio is zero. During assay development, we measured C/M ratios in 6 healthy controls, 4 CF heterozygotes, 18 CF subjects and 4 subjects with ‘CFTR-related’ conditions. The assay discriminated all groups clearly. It also revealed consistent differences in the C/M ratio among subjects within groups. We hypothesize that these differences reflect, at least in part, levels of CFTR expression, which are known to vary widely. When C-sweat rates become very low the C/M ratio also tended to decrease; we hypothesize that this nonlinearity reflects ductal fluid absorption. We also discovered that M-sweating potentiates the subsequent C-sweat response. We then used potentiation as a surrogate for drugs that can increase CFTR-dependent secretion. This bioassay provides an additional method for assessing CFTR function in vivo, and is well suited for within-subject tests of systemic, CFTR-directed therapeutics.
Discrete signaling pathways participate in RB-dependent responses to chemotherapeutic agents

The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor has been proposed to function as a key mediator of cell cycle checkpoints induced by chemotherapeutic agents. However, these prior studies have relied on embryonic fibroblasts harboring chronic loss of RB, a condition under which compensation of RB functions is known to occur. Here we utilized primary adult fibroblasts derived from mice harboring loxP sites flanking exon 3 of the Rb gene to delineate the action of RB in the chemotherapeutic response. In this system we find that targeted disruption of Rb leads to little overt change in cell cycle distribution. However, these cells exhibited deregulation of RB/E2F target genes and became aneuploid following culture in the absence of RB. When challenged with both DNA damaging and antimetabolite chemotherapeutics, RB was required for primary adult cells to undergo DNA damage checkpoint responses and loss of RB resulted in enhanced aneuploidy following challenge. In contrast, following spontaneous immortalization and the loss of functional p53 signaling, the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) failed to induce arrest despite the presence of RB. In these immortal cultures RB/E2F targets were deregulated in a complex, gene-specific manner and RB was required for the checkpoint response to camptothecin (CPT). Mechanistic analyses of the checkpoint responses in primary cells indicated that loss of RB leads to increased p53 signaling and decreased viability following both CPT and 5-FU treatment. However, the mechanism through which these agents act to facilitate cell cycle inhibition through RB were distinct. These studies underscore the critical role of RB in DNA-damage checkpoint signaling and demonstrate that RB mediates chemotherapeutic-induced cell cycle inhibition in adult fibroblasts by distinct mechanisms.
Mental Health in Mariel Cubans and Haitian Boat People.

This article presents prevalence data on four specific mental disorders in samples of 452 Cuban immigrants who arrived during the Mariel crisis and 500 Haitians who arrived at about the same time. ...
Challenges in assessing nanomaterial toxicology: a personal perspective.

Nanotechnology exploits the fact that nanoparticles exhibit unique physicochemical properties, which are distinct from fine-sized particles of the same composition. It follows that nanoparticles may also express distinct bioactivity and unique interactions with biological systems. Therefore, it is essential to assess the potential health risks of exposure to nanoparticles to allow development and implementation of prevention measures. Risk assessment requires data concerning hazard and exposure. Several challenges face the field of nanotoxicology in obtaining the necessary data for assessment of the bioactivity of nanoparticles. They include: (1) the vast number of nanoparticle types to be evaluated, (2) the need to use nanoparticle doses and structure sizes in cellular and animal test systems which are relevant to anticipated workplace exposures, and (3) artifactual in vitro results due to absorption of nutrients or assay indicator compounds from the culture media. This ‘opinion’ reviews the progress made in the field of nanotoxicology in recent years to overcome these challenges. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 569–577 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Feasibility of fuel cycle characterization using multiple nuclide signatures

The feasibility of identifying spent nuclear fuel arising from an unknown fuel cycle in terms of reactor type and burnup using a database of nuclide composition vectors generated for combinations of these two variables is examined. The database and test cases were generated using ORIGEN-ARP, and the concentrations of 200 nuclides were analyzed for each sample. Nearest neighbors and ridge regression techniques were used to make predictions of the reactor type and burnup of test cases. Various truncated nuclide lists were also tested. An initial examination of the techniques’ sensitivity to measurement error was made by perturbing the unknowns’ composition vector and examining the effect on each of the technique’s predictions. We demonstrate through the results of these experiments that investigation and development of multivariate data analysis methodologies for nuclear forensics applications is warranted.
Promotion of Mn(II) Oxidation and Remediation of Coal Mine Drainage in Passive Treatment Systems by Diverse Fungal and Bacterial Communities

Biologically active, passive treatment systems are commonly employed for removing high concentrations of dissolved Mn(II) from coal mine drainage (CMD). Studies of microbial communities contributing to Mn attenuation through the oxidation of Mn(II) to sparingly soluble Mn(III/IV) oxide minerals, however, have been sparse to date. This study reveals a diverse community of Mn(II)-oxidizing fungi and bacteria existing in several CMD treatment systems.
Characterization of iron nanoparticles synthesized by high pressure sputtering

The study of magnetic nanoparticles is interesting because of their importance and applications in spintronics, biology, and medicine. We have used a high pressure sputtering technique to deposit iron nanoparticles on a silicon substrate. The nanoparticles are then analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. AFM data show that the size of the particles depends on different deposition conditions. X-ray diffraction data show that the nanoparticles adopt a body-centered cubic crystal structure. Overall it was found particle size could be tuned by adjusting the deposition conditions.
Preoperative Nomogram to Predict Risk of Perioperative Mortality Following Pancreatic Resections for Malignancy

The majority of pancreatic resections for malignancy are performed in older patients with major comorbidities. The aim of this study was to develop a preoperative nomogram based on the presence of comorbidities to predict risk of perioperative mortality. The National Inpatient Sample database was queried to identify patients that underwent pancreatectomy for malignancy. The preoperative comorbidities identified as predictors were used, and a nomogram was created. Sample A (2000–2004) was utilized to develop the model, and sample B (2005) was utilized to validate this model. The overall actual observed perioperative mortality rate for samples A and B was 6.3% and 5.2%, respectively. The mean total points calculated for sample A by the nomogram was 131.7 that translates to a nomogram-predicted mortality rate of 4.9%, which is similar to the actual mortality. The mean total points for sample B was 128.1, which translates to a nomogram-predicted mortality rate of 4.6%. The similarity of mortality rates as predicted by the nomogram and a concordance index of 0.76 shows good agreement between the data and the nomogram. This preoperative nomogram has been shown to accurately predict the risk of perioperative mortality following pancreatectomy for malignancy.
Macrophage activation: on par with LPS.

The inflammatory response is a critical component of the immune system that is activated by stimuli such as cytokines, foreign DNA, RNA, or other harmful substances. Krukenberg et al. (2015) identify poly(ADP-ribose) as a new signaling molecule that activates inflammation, thus providing yet another mechanism by which PARPs are involved in cellular stress responses.
The functional restoration approach for chronic spinal disability.

The functional restoration approach to treating chronic spinal disability consists of a medically directed, interdisciplinary team approach to physical reconditioning and a cognitive-behavioral “crisis intervention” procedure for dealing with related psychosocial problems. One- and two-year follow-up studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of this approach. The present article describes this approach and summarizes the research documenting its success in treating patients with chronic spinal disability. This article also highlights the pitfalls in misunderstanding and misrepresenting the components of the functional restoration approach when evaluating treatment efficacy.
Low energy (≤100 eV) sputtering of thin molybdenum nitride films

Molybdenum nitride films formed by 100 eV N+2 bombardment to saturation of polycrystalline Mo have been sputtered to high fluence by normally incident 100 eV Ar+ and He+ and 15 eV Ne+ while the surface nitrogen concentration was monitored by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The penetration distance of nitrogen atoms during film formation and subsequent sputtering is assumed to be small enough that AES will detect, to some degree, all of the nitrogen in the film. The nitrogen AES signal decays exponentially to unsputterable levels for the 15 eV Ne+ and 100 eV He+ cases and decays bi-exponentially to near the bulk contamination level for the 100 eV Ar+ case. The results are interpreted according to existing concepts, but the kinetics of nitrogen loss is modeled using a two-layer adaptation of the standard model for adsorbate monolayer sputtering kinetics. Fitting our proposed model to the data yields apparent cross-sections which are interpreted as composites of cross-sections for experimentally indistinguishable elementary processes; these elementary cross-sections for each process are geometrical averages on the polycrystalline surface. Processes considered, in addition to nitrogen sputtering, include bombardment-induced transport of nitrogen within the film and sputtering of the Mo lattice itself.
Role of tumor invasiveness, the extracellular matrix, and chromatin sequestration in the susceptibility of uveal melanoma to herpes simplex virus type 1.

To better understand determinants of susceptibility/resistance of uveal melanomas to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) oncolytic therapy, uveal melanoma cell lines of low (OCM1a) and of high (M619, MUM2B) invasive potential were infected with HSV-1 either in the presence or absence of a laminin-rich extracellular matrix (Matrigel). OCM1a cultures were destroyed faster by HSV-1 than M619 and MUM2B cultures. In the presence of Matrigel, all melanoma cultures demonstrated delayed destruction by HSV-1 relative to Matrigel-free cultures. As sequestration of chromatin is a characteristic feature of highly invasive uveal melanomas that is further increased by exposure to laminin, we explored whether chromatin sequestration could be reversed by HSV-1 infection. HSV-1 infection induced a global reversal of chromatin sequestration in highly invasive uveal melanoma cells. However, this viral effect was first observed only 2 hours following virus infection and required novel protein synthesis from input viral DNA. These findings suggest that tumor invasiveness, the spatial relationship of tumor cells to laminin and chromatin sequestration are determinants of susceptibility/resistance of melanomas to HSV-1 oncolytic therapy. Furthermore, these findings indicate for the first time that HSV-1 infection is associated with global exposure of normally highly sequestered cellular DNA in malignant cells.
What Role Should Marketing Theory Play in Marketing Education: A Cross‐National Comparison of Marketing Educators

The focus of this article is a cross‐national comparison of the role the study of marketing theory should play in the marketing education process. This study also examines whether the status of marketing theory differs from marketing academicians in the United States, Europe, and the Pacific Basin.
Glomerular matrix: Synthesis, turnover and role in mesangial expansion

Glomerular matrix: Synthesis, turnover and role in mesangial expansion. The extracellular matrix has an integral role in development, homeostasis and pathology of the glomerulus. Three spatially distinct matrices are present in the glomerulus: the mesangium, and basement membranes of the capillary loops and Bowman's capsule. Each is dominated by basement membrane components, but is distinct in organization and composition. Many matrix components influence cell behavior directly, through specific interactions with receptors, or indirectly through growth factor sequestration. Growth factors may be of great importance in development and disease progression in the glomerulus, and may be central to mesangial expansion. In addition, changes in matrix composition accompany and contribute to the pathological condition, such as the accumulation of matrix in diabetes mellitus.
Optimal Forecasting Groups

This paper characterizes the optimal composition of a group for making a combined forecast. In the model, individual forecasters have types defined according to a statistical criterion we call type coherence. Members of the same type have identical expected accuracy, and forecasters within a type have higher covariance than forecasters of different types. We derive the optimal group composition as a function of predictive accuracy, between-and within-type covariance, and group size. Group size plays a critical role in determining the optimal group: in small groups the most accurate type should be in the majority, whereas in large groups the type with the least within-type covariance should dominate. This paper was accepted by Peter Wakker, decision analysis.
Importance of Hydrology on Channel Evolution Following Dam Removal: Case Study and Conceptual Model

AbstractA slow draining reservoir on the U.S. East Coast was monitored to identify the processes governing channel evolution upstream of a dam removal. Channel evolution was documented through cross section surveys, sediment size analysis, discharge measurements, and visual assessments of vegetative growth. The reservoir drained slowly, allowing for an analysis of channel evolution and identification of the morphometric parameters defining the path and time required for a channel to reach dynamic equilibrium. Channel evolution was a multidirectional process, and evolving channel reaches actively migrated laterally while alternating between aggradation and degradation. Channel formation was dominated primarily by the hydrologic regime at the time of dam removal and secondarily by the ability of vegetation to establish and stabilize the channel form. The importance of seasonal site hydrology over the minimum time required for channel evolution and the process through which the channel evolves indicates the ...
Association between Independent Reports of Maternal Parenting Stress and Children’s Internalizing Symptomatology.

Although considerable research has investigated parenting stress and children’s externalizing behavior problems, comparatively less has considered parenting stress in relation to children’s internalizing difficulties. Even less research on parenting stress has incorporated children’s report of their internalizing symptoms or the potential mediating role of children’s attributional style. The current study hypothesized that children’s independent reports of internalizing symptoms would be associated with mothers’ reports of parenting stress through children’s attributional style. A community sample of 92 mother–child dyads participated. Results suggest maternal parenting stress from both child and parent sources were significantly associated with children’s anxious and depressive symptoms. Parenting stress was associated with children’s internalizing symptoms partially mediated by children’s maladaptive attributional style, primarily negative attributions for positive outcomes. Findings are discussed in terms of future directions to tease apart specific areas of parenting stress that may be most pertinent as well as to explore other cognitive mechanisms in children that may relate to parenting stress and children’s adjustment.
Optimal distributed actuator control grouping schemes

Two methods are presented for grouping actuators while minimizing performance degradation in distributed control systems with saturation constraints. Method one is based on an open-loop performance metric using controllability Grammians. The grouping problem can be converted into a graph partitioning problem which admits a solution via linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization techniques. Method two is based on closed-loop optimal control performance for saturating control systems. In this case, we find that grouping the actuators allows online control design to account for control saturation. It was determined that the grouping problem is insensitive to changes in actuation authority.
Calculation of the advective limit of the SUPG stabilization parameter for linear and higher-order elements

Abstract We investigate, for linear and higher-order elements, various ways of calculating the advective limit of the stabilization parameter (“ τ ”) used in the streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) formulation of flow problems. In the context of a pure advection test problem, we compare the “UGN-based”, element-matrix-based, and element-node-based calculations of the advective limit of the τ . Our investigation shows that the performances of the “UGN-based” and element-matrix-based τ definitions are comparable, with the element-matrix-based definition yielding somewhat lower τ values. We also show that for both definitions, as the polynomial orders increase, the τ values decrease, as they should.
The mechanism of delayed selfing in Collinsia verna (Scrophulariaceae)

Collinsia verna, blue-eyed Mary, has floral attributes of an outcrossing species, yet most flowers readily self-pollinate under greenhouse conditions. Here we describe the mechanism of self-pollination in C. verna via changes in relative positions of the stigma and anthers and late timing of receptivity, resulting in delayed selfing. Each flower contains four anthers that dehisce sequentially over -1 wk. Pollen that is not collected by pollinators accumulates in the keel petal and retains high viability (>80% pollen germination) up to the time of corolla abscission. The stigmatic surface does not become receptive until after the third anther dehisces. This overlap in the sexual phases is concurrent with a change in herkogamy during floral development. In most flowers (70%), the stigma has moved to the front of the keel and is positioned near the anthers when the third anther dehisces. Under field conditions, fruiting success of plants within pollinator exclosures was -75% of the fruiting success in open-pollinated plants (33% fruiting success via autogamy vs. 44% fruiting success, respectively). Collinsia iverna plants in pollinator exclosures exhibit variation in autogamy rates within natural populations (range 0-80%). In addition, only half of naturally pollinated, receptive flowers examined had pollen tubes growing in their styles. In contrast, shortly after corolla abscission, nearly all flowers examined (96%) had pollen tubes in their styles. Thus we find that in C. verna, autogamy occurs late in floral development, which has the potential to provide substantial reproductive assurance, and that individuals vary in their ability to set fruit through this mechanism. We suggest that delayed selfing mechanisms may be overlooked in other species and that variable pollinator availability may play a significant role in the maintenance of mixed mating in species with delayed selfing, such as C. verna.
Resolution of a paradox in the electrophoresis of DNA in agarose gels.

A paradox was observed in a previous study of the electrophoresis of linear DNA fragments in agarose gels (D. L. Holmes and N. C. Stellwagen, Electrophoresis 1990, 11, 5–15). The pore size of the agarose matrix was more accurately determined if the root-mean-square radius of gyration was used to measure DNA macromolecular size. However, the Ogston equations were obeyed and other gel parameters such as the apparent fiber radius and fiber volume appeared to be better described if the geometric mean radius was used to measure DNA size. This paradox can be resolved if relative mobilities (with respect to the smallest DNA molecule in the data set) are used to construct the Ferguson piots, instead of absolute mobilities. Using relative mobilities and the root-mean-square radius of gyration, the Ogston equations are obeyed and the pore size of the matrix is consistent with values determined by other methods.
EFFECTS OF SHIFTWORK ON SLEEP AND MENSTRUAL FUNCTION IN NURSES

Evidence suggests that shiftwork is associated with menstrual irregularities, reproductive disturbances, risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, and sleep disturbances in women, yet little has been done to evaluate the effects of shiftwork on menstrual function and fertility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate menstrual function, fertility, and pregnancy outcome in nurses working shiftwork, and to examine the relationship of sleep to menstrual function. Sixty-eight nurses < 40 years old completed a survey evaluating sleep, menstrual function, and pregnancy outcome. Fifty-three percent of the women noted menstrual changes when working shiftwork. Women noting menstrual changes reported more physiological symptoms (p < 0.003), slept approximately one hour less when working nights, and reported lengthened time to fall asleep (p < 0.01) when working nights. Findings suggest that sleep disturbances may lead to menstrual irregularities, and changes in menstrual function may be a marker of shiftwork intolerance.
Brain changes associated with thromboxane receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 treatment in a mouse model

The purpose of this study was to characterize behavioral and physiological effects of a selective thromboxane receptor (TP) antagonist, SQ 29,548, in the C57BL/6 mouse model. At six months of age, male mice were given either sham or drug intraperitoneal injections for three days at a dose of 2mg/kg each day. On the day after the final injection mice were subjected to behavioral testing paradigms before brain collection. Left hemisphere hippocampi were collected from all mice for protein analysis via western blot. Right brain hemispheres were fixed and imbedded in gelatin, and serially sectioned. The sections were immunostained using anti-c-Fos antibodies. Prostaglandin analysis was performed from remaining homogenized brain samples, minus the hippocampi. Injection of SQ 29,548 decreased selective brain prostaglandin levels compared to sham controls. This correlated with robust increases in limbic region c-Fos immunoreactivity in the SQ 29,548 injected mice. However, drug treated mice demonstrated no significant changes in relevant hippocampal protein levels compared to sham treatments, as determined by western blots. Surprisingly, injection of SQ 29,548 caused mixed changes in parameters of depression and anxiety-like behavior in the mice. In conclusion, the results indicate that administration of peripheral TP receptor antagonists alters brain levels of prostanoids and influences neuronal activity with only minimal alterations of behavior. Whether the drug affects neurons directly or through a secondary pathway involving endothelium or other tissues remains unclear.
Privacy and knowledge management: Challenges in the design of the Lotus Discovery Server

The Lotus Discovery ServerTM (LDS) is a knowledge management system that lets users browse and search for information and expertise, collaborate instantly with colleagues, share knowledge, and look for resources, in a time-efficient manner. Because a knowledge management system has the power to make visible what was previously obscure, privacy issues are of particular concern. This paper discusses what the LDS product team learned about privacy issues in an enterprise knowledge management product, how it learned these things, and what steps the team took to protect users' privacy, allay their concerns, and promote the value of the product.
Biological Basis of Late Life Depression

Late life depression (LLD) is an important area of research given the growing elderly population. The purpose of this review is to examine the available evidence for the biological basis of LLD. Structural neuroimaging shows specific gray matter structural changes in LLD as well as ischemic lesion burden via white matter hyperintensities. Similarly, specific neuropsychological deficits have been found in LLD. An inflammatory response is another possible underlying contributor to the pathophysiology of LLD. We review the available literature examining these multiple facets of LLD and how each may affect clinical outcome in the depressed elderly.
Spatial mobility and opportunity in Australia: Residential selection and neighbourhood connections

Households choose places from a hierarchy of options defined by social, economic and environmental contexts and these choices are conditioned by economic contexts and family status. While we know a good deal about the choice processes, we know somewhat less about the spatial outcomes of these decisions apart from the well-established finding that most residential changes involve relatively short distances. Recent research has begun to fill that gap and in this paper the research is extended by using data from the survey Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) to construct matrices of socio-spatial movement and consider the relationship of community in-flows and out-flows and the probability moving above and below the diagonal of the matrix. The research shows that there is substantial movement across the matrix of opportunities defined by an Index of Advantage and Disadvantage (Seifa). Economic resources and social status improves an individual’s chance of moving up, as expected, and the...
Prevention in Clinical Oral Health Care

PART ONE: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION THEORY 1. Epidemiology/Biology of Dental Caries 2. Epidemiology/Biology of Periodontal Diseases 3. Epidemiology/Biology of Oral Cancer PART TWO: RISK-BASED PREVENTION 4. Dental Caries and Associated Risk Factors 5. Periodontal Disease and Associated Risk Factors 6. Oral Cancer and Associated Risk Factors 7. Synergism between Pharmacology and Oral Health PART THREE: ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES TO TAILOR YOUR PATIENT CARE PLAN 8. Nutritional Risk Assessment 9. Laboratory Testing 10. Integrating Risk and Health Promotion Counseling 11. Enhancing Patient Adherence to Preventive Programs 12. The Fearful and Phobic Patient 13. Cultural Competence and Risk Assessment PART FOUR: PREVENTION AND PRACTICE 14. Disease Prevention/Health Promotion 15. Prevention Strategies for Dental Caries 16. Prevention Strategies for Periodontal Diseases 17. Prevention Strategies for Oral Cancer 18. Prevention Strategies for Oral Components of Systemic Conditions 19. Prevention Strategies for Special Populations 20. Integrating Preventive Strategies into Clinical Practice
Museums, Universities & Pre-Service Teachers

Pre-service training for teachers-to-be is a fundamental missing piece of our museum-school partnership puzzle. Our museum practices can easily support common core curriculum and twenty-first century learning skills. 1 Research has long validated museums as invaluable places of learning for everyone and teacher advocates are legion. Then why are the precepts of learning from objects and in-museum teaching opportunities not yet standard ingredients in all pre-service teacher training? Research using science-related sites suggests that pre-service candidates experience profound, positive changes in their views on teaching and learning when exposed to learning in informal settings. Pre-service teacher candidates’ self-confidence about teaching science improved when informal science settings were added to elementary pre-service education. 2 Out-of-school training in nature centers and science museums showed that pre-service elementary teachers found the experience comfortable. It built confidence and promoted greater science literacy. 3 A study with aquarium staff showed that all participating secondary pre-service biology teachers “experienced profound changes in their views of what it means to teach and learn, gained confidence in their ability to teach … felt empowered as science educators following their teaching in the informal setting … (and) increased understandings of the educational theories of constructivism and of ‘teachable moments.’” 4 These are basic and shared goals with museum educators.
Inductive cross-shaped metal meshes and dielectrics

The Micro-Stripes program has been used to calculate resonance wavelengths and the bandwidth of inductive cross-shaped metal meshes in contact with dielectric layers. The shift of the resonance wavelength, depending on the thickness of the dielectric layers, has been studied for two refractive indices. The transmittance of two mesh filters with dielectric spacers or embedded in a dielectric has been calculated for specific alignment of the crosses of one mesh with respect to the other. Transmission line theory has been used to calculate the transmittance of two mesh filters with nonaligned crosses and dielectric layers. A coupled oscillator model has been used for interpretation of the interaction of resonance and Fabry-Perot modes.
Undifferentiated spondyloarthritis following allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Stem cell transplant has been utilized in the treatment of malignancies and rheumatic disease. Rheumatic disease may be transferred from the donor with active disease or may be developed in a recipient de novo as a late complication of SCT. We here report the rare case of a 26-year old male patient, who has been diagnosed with undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy after unique circumstance. The patient suffered from intermittent inflammatory back pain and peripheral joint swelling for several years and did not find relief through multiple emergency room visits at different medical facilities. After a thorough history and physical exam, it was noted that our patient had developed signs of axial disease along with dactylitis and overall that he had been insidiously developing an undifferentiated spondyloarthopathy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Our observation supports the hypothesis that de novo rheumatic disease can develop after stem cell transplant for a variety of reasons. Thus, larger studies and awareness of this association are needed to delineate the exact underlying mechanism(s).
Network intrusion visualization with NIVA, an intrusion detection visual analyzer with haptic integration

The explosive growth of malicious activities on worldwide communication networks, such as the Internet, has highlighted the need for efficient intrusion detection systems. The efficiency of traditional intrusion detection systems is limited by their inability to effectively relay relevant information due to their lack of interactive/immersive technologies. We explore several network visualization techniques geared towards intrusion detection on small and large-scale networks. We also examine the use of haptics in network intrusion visualization. By incorporating concepts from electromagnetics, fluid dynamics, and gravitational theory, we show that haptic technologies can provide another dimension of information critical to the efficient visualization of network intrusion data. Furthermore, we explore the applicability of these visualization techniques in conjunction with commercial network intrusion detectors. Finally, we present a network intrusion visualization application with haptic integration, NIVA which allows the analyst to interactively investigate as well as efficiently detect structured attacks across time and space using advanced interactive three-dimensional displays.
The handwritten trie: indexing electronic ink

The emergence of the pen as the main interface device for personal digital assistants and pen-computers has made handwritten text, and more generally ink, a first-class object. As for any other type of data, the need of retrieval is a prevailing one. Retrieval of handwritten text is more difficult than that of conventional data since it is necessary to identify a handwritten word given slightly different variations in its shape. The current way of addressing this is by using handwriting recognition, which is prone to errors and limits the expressiveness of ink. Alternatively, one can retrieve from the database handwritten words that are similar to a query handwritten word using techniques borrowed from pattern and speech recognition. In particular, Hidden Markov Models (HMM) can be used as representatives of the handwritten words in the database. However, using HMM techniques to match the input against every item in the database (sequential searching) is unacceptably slow and does not scale up for large ink databases. In this paper, an indexing technique based on HMMs is proposed. The new index is a variation of the trie data structure that uses HMMs and a new search algorithm to provide approximate matching. Each node in the tree contains handwritten letters, where each letter is represented by an HMM. Branching in the trie is based on the ranking of matches given by the HMMs. The new search algorithm is parametrized so that it provides means for controlling the matching quality of the search process via a time-based budget. The index dramatically improves the search time in a database of handwritten words. Due to the variety of platforms for which this work is aimed, ranging from personal digital assistants to desktop computers, we implemented both main-memory and disk-based systems. The implementations are reported in this paper, along with performance results that show the practicality of the technique under a variety of conditions.
Understanding the Factors Influencing the Value of Person-to-Person Knowledge Sharing

It is generally accepted that knowledge sharing is a difficult task for organizations. Many reasons for this difficulty have been proposed. In this paper, we offer another. Specifically, we build on Zander and Koguts work [29] and examine the relationship between knowledge dimensions and knowledge sharing. Departing from their study, we focus on person-to-person, rather than organization-to-organization, knowledge sharing. We surveyed 68 employees of a Workmans Compensation Board in Canada. To analyze the data, we employed Hierarchical Linear Modeling. The results demonstrate that complexity and teachability increased person-to-person knowledge sharing but observability did not. Contrary to expectations, the availability of codified knowledge in a knowledge management system (KMS) had no impact on person-to-person knowledge transfer; individuals were as likely to share knowledge person-to-person regardless of whether there was a KMS available that contained appropriate knowledge.