cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etiology and Use of the “Hanging Drop” Technique: A Review

Background. The hanging drop (HD) technique presumably relies on the presence of subatmospheric epidural pressure. It is not clear whether this negative pressure is intrinsic or an artifact and how it is affected by body position. There are few data to indicate how often HD is currently being used. Methods. We identified studies that measured subatmospheric pressures and looked at the effect of the sitting position. We also looked at the technique used for cervical and thoracic epidural anesthesia in the last 10 years. Results. Intrinsic subatmospheric pressures were measured in the thoracic and cervical spine. Three trials studied the effect of body position, indicating a higher incidence of subatmospheric pressures when sitting. The results show lower epidural pressure (−10.7 mmHg) with the sitting position. 28.8% of trials of cervical and thoracic epidural anesthesia that documented the technique used, utilized the HD technique. When adjusting for possible bias, the rate of HD use can be as low as 11.7%. Conclusions. Intrinsic negative pressure might be present in the cervical and thoracic epidural space. This effect is more pronounced when sitting. This position might be preferable when using HD. Future studies are needed to compare it with the loss of resistance technique.
The use of aerological observations in weather-forecasting

During the last fifteen years the so-called polar-front or air-mass analysis methods of weather-map analysis and weather-forecasting have come into general recognition in all the leading meteorological services. The new air-mass and front concepts are finding a place in the meteorological literature and synoptic practice, in more or less modified form, in every country in which there is maintained any contact with modern meteorological trends. At the same time it is certainly true that the technique of application of these methods to the daily synoptic routine, in the preparation of weather-forecasts, still falls far short of the maximum possible effectiveness. This is particularly true of the acquisition and utilization of observations from upper levels of the atmosphere for the purpose of giving our surface weather-map analysis a third dimension.
Pineal influence on the Harderian glands of female golden hamsters.

The effects of blinding on cellular structure and porphyrin pigment content were studied in Harderian glands of pinealectomized and non-pinealectomized adult female golden hamsters. Uterine weights were used as a criterion for pineal activity. Five weeks post-operatively, no significant changes were observed in the Harderian glands or in the uterine weights of animals in either group. Eleven weeks post-operatively, the blinded hamsters with intact pineal glands had significantly lowered uterine weights and Harderian glands that exhibited diminished amounts of porphyrin pigments and cellular characteristics of the male hamster. Harderian glands and reproductive organs from the 11-week blinded-pinealectomized hamsters did not differ from those of untreated controls.
An α1A-Adrenergic–Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Survival Signaling Pathway in Cardiac Myocytes

Background— In α1-AR knockout (α1ABKO) mice that lacked cardiac myocyte α1-adrenergic receptor (α1-AR) binding, aortic constriction induced apoptosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and death. However, it was unclear whether these effects were attributable to a lack of cardiac myocyte α1-ARs and whether the α1A, α1B, or both subtypes mediated protection. Therefore, we investigated α1A and α1B subtype–specific survival signaling in cultured cardiac myocytes to test for a direct protective effect of α1-ARs in cardiac myocytes. Methods and Results— We cultured α1ABKO myocytes and reconstituted α1-AR signaling with adenoviruses expressing α1-GFP fusion proteins. Myocyte death was induced by norepinephrine, doxorubicin, or H2O2 and was measured by annexin V/propidium iodide staining. In α1ABKO myocytes, all 3 stimuli significantly increased apoptosis and necrosis. Reconstitution of the α1A subtype, but not the α1B, rescued α1ABKO myocytes from cell death induced by each stimulus. To address the mechanism, we examined...
An integrin-tetraspanin interaction required for cellular innate immune responses of an insect, Manduca sexta

In their encounters with foreign intruders, the cells of the insect innate immune system, like those of the mammalian immune system, exhibit both humoral and cell-mediated responses. Some intruders can be dispatched by the humoral immune system alone, but many must be phagocytosed by individual hemocytes or encapsulated by interacting hemocytes. Surface proteins of hemocytes control the abrupt transition of hemocytes from resting, nonadherent cells to activated, adherent cells during these cell-mediated responses. Two of these surface proteins, an integrin and a tetraspanin, interact during this adhesive transition. As demonstrated with a hemocyte adhesion assay and a surface plasmon resonance assay, the large extracellular loop of tetraspanin D76 binds to a hemocyte-specific integrin of Manduca sexta. The interaction between the large extracellular loop domain and hemocyte-specific integrin is interrupted not only by a monoclonal antibody (MS13) that binds to a domain of β-integrin known to be a ligand-binding site for cell adhesion but also by double-stranded β-integrin RNA. Transfected S2 cells expressing tetraspanin mediate adhesion of hemocytes. A monoclonal antibody to tetraspanin D76 perturbs the cell-mediated immune response of encapsulation. These studies involving antibody blocking, RNA interference, and binding assays imply a trans interaction of integrin and tetraspanin on hemocyte surfaces.
Isothermal annealing of cold-rolled high-purity nickel

Abstract Electron backscattered patterns have been employed to reveal the details of the texture evolution in 90%, 95% and 97.5% cold-rolled, polycrystalline, high-purity nickel specimens after 1 h anneals at a variety of temperatures. The results show that increasing the thickness reduction of cold-rolling both strengthened the cube texture developed after primary recrystallization, and increased its thermal stability at elevated temperatures. In the 90% cold-rolled specimens, secondary recrystallization occurred during annealing at 600 °C but could not be completed at temperatures up to 1000 °C. In contrast, extensive secondary recrystallization occurred in 95% and 97.5% cold-rolled specimens that were annealed at temperatures up to 1000 °C. Most of the orientations of the second recrystallized grains were related to the primarily recrystallized cube texture by a 41° rotation around about 〈1 1 1〉 axis or a 27° rotation about 〈2 1 1〉, while a few secondary-recrystallized grains were found to have an 18°/〈1 0 0〉 misorientation relationship with the cube-oriented matrix. It appears that the preferred rotation angles/axes is dependent on the rolling reduction.
Teaching Statistical Quality Control for Town and Gown

Abstract During the next five years, in manufacturing plants and in the engineering schools, there will be many new programs initiated to meet the demands for education in Quality Control by Statistical Methods. This paper has been written with the hope that it will be of some help in the planning and executing of such programs. Beginning with a description of types of courses and a discussion of possible content, it touches on the questions of who is to do the teaching and how the subject matter might be presented and motivated. The importance of follow-up work is stressed. The latter part of the paper discusses the choice and utilization of instructional aids and describes some of the materials now available. * Presented at Section on Training of Statisticians of the American Statistical Association joint with American Society for Quality Control and Institute of Mathematical Statistics at Cleveland, Ohio, on December 27, 1948. Parts I and II were presented by Lloyd A. Knowler, Part III, under a separat...
A new method for extrusion of iron-sulfur cores from active centers of proteins

Abstract A new method for identification and quantitation of [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] types of iron-sulfur centers in proteins is presented. The method relies on the solubilization of C 6 H 5 SH, [Fe 2 S 2 (SC 6 H 5 ) 4 ] −2 and [Fe 4 S 4 (SC 6 H 5 ) 4 ] −2 in aqueous solutions containing 5–17 vol % N,N-dimethylformamide by 5 vol % Triton X-100. Quantitative removal of the Fe 2 S 2 core of Spinach ferredoxin is achieved in media containing 80 vol % water. Advantages over previous core extrusion methods include avoidance of toxic hexamethylphosphoramide, a smaller percentage of organic solvent, increased sensitivity and (for Spinach ferredoxin) decreased extrusion time.
Restriction fragment maps of the genome of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPβ

Abstract Six different restriction endonucleases were used to generate restriction fragment maps of the genome of the temperate Bacillus subtilis phage SPβ. Ava I and Sal I each had six target sites in the phage DNA, Ava II had three, Bam HI had seven, Pst I had twenty, and Sac I had sixteen. Restriction analysis and heteroduplex analysis were used to locate a 10-kb region of DNA that is deleted in the clear-plaque mutant, spβ ci . Thedeletion lay approx. 50 kb from the left end of the 126-kb phage genome.
Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes, membranes, and solubilized binding sites from rat brain.

Binding of3H-saxitoxin to Na+ channels was studied in subcellular fractions prepared from rat brain homogenates. Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes was saturable with an apparent dissociation constant of about 1nm; about 1 pmol/mg protein was bound at saturating saxitoxin concentrations. A linear, nonsaturable component of saxitoxin binding accounted for less than 3% of the total binding at 30nm. Saxitoxin binding to synaptosomes was unaffected by depolarization with elevated K+ concentrations, or by activation of the Na+ channels with batrachotoxin plus a purified polypeptide toxin from the scorpionLeiurus quinquestriatus. A procedure is described for preparing a membrane fraction that contains 70–80% of the total saxitoxin binding activity of the crude homogenate. The specific activity of this fraction was about 4 to 6 pmol/mg protein. About 60–70% of the saxitoxin binding sites were solubilized by incubating these membranes with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100; the detergent-solubilized binding sites eluted at a position corresponding to a mol wt of about 700,000 on gel filtration chromatography. Both membrane-bound and solubilized saxitoxin binding were assayed by a new cation exchange column method. The binding of saxitoxin to both membrane-bound and detergent-solubilized binding sites was saturable with an apparent dissociation constant of about 2nm. Dissociation of the saxitoxin-receptor complex followed a single exponential decay with a rate constant at 0° of 0.1 min−1 for membrane bound and 0.2 min−1 for detergent-solubilized binding sites. The measured association rate constant was 6×108 m −1 min−1 at 0° for membrane-bound saxitoxin binding sites.
The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate—employee performance relationship

Summary Although the value of a supportive organizational climate has been recognized over the years, there is a need for better understanding of its relationship with employee outcomes. This study investigates whether the recently emerging core construct of positive psychological capital (consistingofhope,resilience,optimism,andefficacy)playsaroleinmediatingtheeffectsofa supportive organizational climate with employee outcomes. Utilizing three diverse samples, results show that employees’ psychological capital is positively related to their performance, satisfaction, and commitment and a supportive climate is related to employees’ satisfaction and commitment. The study’s major hypothesis that employees’ psychological capital mediates the relationship between supportive climate and their performance was also supported. The implications of these findings conclude the article. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How White Faculty Perceive and React to Difficult Dialogues on Race: Implications for Education and Training

Using consensual qualitative research, the perceptions and reactions of White faculty to classroom dialogues on race were explored. Difficult racial dialogues were characterized by intense emotions in both professors and their students, most notable anxiety, that interfered with the ability to successfully facilitate a learning experience for participants. Among the major obstacles that interfered with teaching competence were fears of revealing personal biases and prejudices, losing classroom control, inability to understand or recognize the causes or dynamics of difficult dialogues, and lack of knowledge and skills to properly intervene. A number of potentially effective teaching strategies were identified: (a) acknowledging emotions and feelings, (b) self-disclosing personal challenges and fears, (c) actively engaging the classroom exchanges, and (d) creating a safe space for racial dialogues.
Transmission alternatives to integrate approximately 56 GW of wind resources into 11 States of USA: Study overview, key assumptions and technical methodology

This paper presents an overview and key assumptions of the study in which a consortium of utilities1 collaborate to define transmission plans to integrate approximately 56 GW of wind resources in 11 States of USA. The transmission plans are needed to transfer renewable energy within states so ∼80% of the Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) required by each state can be met. The methodology to calculate the wind energy requirements to meet ∼80% of the RPS and wind nameplate capacity by state and the needed transmission plans are described in detail.
De Novo Formation of a Subnuclear Body

The mammalian cell nucleus contains structurally stable functional compartments. We show here that one of them, the Cajal body (CB), can be formed de novo. Immobilization on chromatin of both CB structural components, such as coilin, and functional components of the CB, such as the SMN complex, spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), small nucleolar RNPs, and small Cajal body-specific RNPs, is sufficient for the formation of a morphologically normal and apparently functional CB. Biogenesis of the CB does not follow a hierarchical assembly pathway and exhibits hallmarks of a self-organizing structure.
The nature of defect size distributions in semiconductor processes

The combination of a small static random access memory (SRAM) and a test element group (TEG) has been shown to be an effective yield monitor for VLSI. Defects at all process levels are easily isolated, detected, and characterized through bit mapping and visual inspection. This not only provides an effective means for defect control at all process levels but also provides a unique opportunity to study the defect size distribution as a function of process and level. Defect size distributions have been measured for various process levels using a 1.25- mu m CMOS SRAM/TEG yield monitor. These data have been analyzed with nonlinear regression techniques and show that the best-fit model for the defect distribution is bimodal and not a simple inverse power law, as is usually thought. The nature of the bimodal distribution has been examined on a level-by-level basis as well as on a sublevel basis in terms of specific process operation. Evaluated in this manner, the resulting defect distribution is clearly shown to be highly dependent on the facility, process, and processing equipment. Near best-fit models with simple inverse power laws show smaller power law defect distributions than are generally presented in the literature. The implications of these results with regard to yield modeling for product and technology projections are discussed. >
Molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is fundamentally a disease of inherited and acquired mutations in cancer-related genes. The genes targeted in pancreatic cancer include tumor-suppressor genes (p16/CDKN2A, TP53 and SMAD4), oncogenes (KRAS, BRAF, AKT2, MYB, and AIB1), and genome-maintenance genes (MLH1, MSH2, BRAC2 and other Fanconi anemia genes). An understanding of the cancer-related genes that are altered in pancreatic cancer has a number of clinical applications including genetic counseling for individuals with a family history of cancer, early detection of pancreatic neoplasia, and mechanism-based therapies for patients with advanced disease. This chapter will provide an overview of the molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer with emphasis on clinical applications.
Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion after discontinuation of long term gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration in a subset of GnRH-deficient men.

ABSTRACT Normal pituitary and gonadal function can be maintained with long term pulsatile GnRH administration in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), and both pituitary and gonadal priming occur during the process of GnRH-induced sexual maturation. Still, the long term effects of discontinuing GnRH therapy in IHH men have not been examined. Therefore, we evaluated the patterns of gonadotropin and α-subunit secretion before and after a prolonged period of pulsatile GnRH administration in 10 IHH men. Before exogenous GnRH stimulation, no patient had any detectable LH pulsations. In 6 of these men, who were typical of most of our IHH patients (group I), no LH pulsations were detectable after cessation of GnRH administration. However, in the other 4 men (group II), LH pulsations were easily detectable despite cessation of exogenous GnRH stimulation, and the amplitude (9.3 ± 3.5 IU/L) and frequency (13.8 ± 1.7 pulses/day) of these LH pulses were similar to those in 20 normal men (10.6 ± 0.7...
Therapeutic evolution and the challenge of rational medicine.

As physicians have sought more rational bases for medical practice over the past 200 years, they have swung between enthusiasm and skepticism. A historical approach to therapeutics can redirect our attention toward the practical context in which medicine has evolved.
Accurate Flexible Fitting of High-Resolution Protein Structures to Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Data Using a Coarse-Grained Model with Implicit Hydration Shell

Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful technique widely used to explore conformational states and transitions of biomolecular assemblies in solution. For accurate model reconstruction from SAXS data, one promising approach is to flexibly fit a known high-resolution protein structure to low-resolution SAXS data by computer simulations. This is a highly challenging task due to low information content in SAXS data. To meet this challenge, we have developed what we believe to be a novel method based on a coarse-grained (one-bead-per-residue) protein representation and a modified form of the elastic network model that allows large-scale conformational changes while maintaining pseudobonds and secondary structures. Our method optimizes a pseudoenergy that combines the modified elastic-network model energy with a SAXS-fitting score and a collision energy that penalizes steric collisions. Our method uses what we consider a new implicit hydration shell model that accounts for the contribution of hydration shell to SAXS data accurately without explicitly adding waters to the system. We have rigorously validated our method using five test cases with simulated SAXS data and three test cases with experimental SAXS data. Our method has successfully generated high-quality structural models with root mean-squared deviation of 1 ∼ 3 A from the target structures.
Epigenetic inheritance of an inducibly nucleosome-depleted promoter and its associated transcriptional state in the apparent absence of transcriptional activators.

Background Dynamic changes to the chromatin structure play a critical role in transcriptional regulation. This is exemplified by the Spt6-mediated histone deposition on to histone-depleted promoters that results in displacement of the general transcriptional machinery during transcriptional repression.
Parametric Investigation of a High-Lift Airfoil at High Reynolds Numbers

A new two-dimensional, three-element, advanced high-lift research airfoil has been tested in the NASA Langley Research Center s Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel at a chord Reynolds number up to 1.6 x 107. The components of this high-lift airfoil have been designed using a incompressible computational code (INS2D). The design was to provide high maximum-lift values while maintaining attached flow on the single-segment flap at landing conditions. The performance of the new NASA research airfoil is compared to a similar reference high-lift airfoil. On the new high-lift airfoil the effects of Reynolds number on slat and flap rigging have been studied experimentally, as well as the Mach number effects. The performance trend of the high-lift design is comparable to that predicted by INS2D over much of the angle-of-attack range. However, the code did not accurately predict the airfoil performance or the configuration-based trends near maximum lift where the compressibility effect could play a major role.
A virtual ophthalmotrope illustrating oculomotor coordinate systems and retinal projection geometry.

Eye movements are kinematically complex. Even when only the rotational component is considered, the noncommutativityof 3D rotations makes it hard to develop good intuitive understanding of the geometric properties of eye movements andtheir in!uence on monocular and binocular vision. The use of at least three major mathematical systems for describing eyepositions adds to these dif"culties. Traditionally, ophthalmotropes have been used to visualize oculomotor kinematics. Here,we present a virtual ophthalmotrope that is designed to illustrate Helmholtz, Fick, and rotation vector coordinates, as well asListing’s extended law (L2), which is generalized to account for torsion with free changing vergence. The virtualophthalmotrope shows the in!uence of these oculomotor patterns on retinal projection geometry.Keywords: eye movements, binocular vision, geometry, coordinate systems, rotation vectors, Listing’s law, Donder’s law, L2Citation: Schreiber, K. M., & Schor, C. M. (2007). A virtual ophthalmotrope illustrating oculomotor coordinate systems andretinal projection geometry. Journal of Vision, 7(10):4, 1–14, http://journalofvision.org/7/10/4/, doi:10.1167/7.10.4.
Chilling injury is reduced in cucumber and rice seedlings and in tomato pericarp discs by heat-shocks applied after chilling

A number of abiotic shocks (e.g. heat-shock) applied before chilling have previously been shown to increase the chilling tolerance of cucumber and rice seedlings and of tomato fruit. The subsequent rate of radicle growth after chilling of these seedlings is a sensitive measure of chilling injury as is the subsequent increase in ion leakage from chilled discs of tomato pericarp fruit tissue. Data is presented to show that a brief heat-shock applied after chilling also decreases the subsequent development of chilling injury symptoms in cucumber and rice seedlings and in tomato pericarp discs. Development of this post-chilling, heat-shock induced tolerance is optimal if applied 1 h after removal from chilling, so induced synthesis of heat-shock proteins is not excluded as a possible mechanism of action. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A crash recovery algorithm based on multiple logs that exploits parallelism

The paper describes an efficient algorithm for recovery based on multiple logs. The standard WAL algorithm is designed to work with a single log. Since each transaction is required to write a commit record to the log, it imposes limits on the maximum achievable throughput even if group commits are allowed. These limits are well below the needs of high transaction rate systems in airlines and in other areas. Another problem with a 'single log' algorithm is that the tail of the log is a 'hot spot' because of severe contention for it. It is shown that both these problems are solved by extending the write-ahead logging method into a multiple log algorithm which allows transactions to write to one of several logs, and also permits each log to perform checkpoints and I/O operations in parallel. A further advantage of multiple logs is that parallelism can be exploited at recovery time. An algorithm is outlined that speeds up recovery by scanning the multiple logs in parallel. >
Eco-driving: Strategic, tactical, and operational decisions of the driver that influence vehicle fuel economy

Abstract This paper presents information about the effects of decisions that a driver can make to influence on-road fuel economy of light-duty vehicles. These include strategic decisions (vehicle selection and maintenance), tactical decisions (route selection and vehicle load), and operational decisions (driver behavior). The results indicate that vehicle selection has by far the most dominant effect: The best vehicle currently available for sale in the U.S. is nine times more fuel efficient than the worst vehicle. Nevertheless, the remaining factors that a driver has control over can contribute, in total, to about a 45% reduction in the on-road fuel economy per driver—a magnitude well worth emphasizing. Furthermore, increased efforts should also be directed at increasing vehicle occupancy, which has dropped by 30% from 1960. That drop, by itself, increased the energy intensity of driving per occupant by about 30%.
Is “MOOC-Mania” over?

The New York Times famously branded 2012 “The Year of the MOOC” given the upsurge of interest in so-called “Massive Online Open Courses.” MOOCs were seen as the future of distance education and the realization of a dream to “democratize” education. Anyone with online access could become a “student” and participate freely in courses offered by the world’s most knowledgeable professors at the most elite universities. Class sizes were unprecedented – it was not unusual to have tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of participants in some very popular courses. The Times declaration followed the launch of edX, by Harvard University and MIT, and the rapid growth of MOOC platforms and providers such as Coursera and Udacity. The Sand Hill Road venture capitalists invested substantial funds in these providers even though a monetization model was not obvious. It is now almost two years since “The Year of the MOOC” and we must ask ourselves whether the enthusiasm over the MOOC model was/is still warranted. Have MOOCs been successful in changing the direction of online education? What problems, issues, and challenges have MOOC adopters encountered?
CLINICAL CONFERENCE Bacterial Endocarditis

Dr. Dorfman: The patient to be presented is a 9-year-old white female who was first admitted to Bobs Roberts Hospital on October 7, 1954. During a large part of her illness she was on the service of Dr. Klara J. Prec. Her past history, family history, birth history and early development are not pertinent to the present complaint. The present illness is related to a disease that had its onset with fever and sore throat at the age of 4 years. Despite therapy with unidentified antibiotics, only poor recovery occurred. It was recognized a week later that she had anemia and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The patient was hospitalized in another hospital with a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. At this time she was treated with antibiotics and acetylsalicylic acid and after 4 weeks was discharged to her home. After 1 week at home, her parents felt she was not doing well and the patient was admitted to La Rabida Jackson Park Sanitarium at that time. At the time of this admission in 1951, the pulse rate was elevated and a grade 3 systolic murmur was heard over most of the precordium. The heart was markedly enlarged as measured by roentgenogram. A throat culture was positive for beta-hemolytic streptococcus. During the following 4 months she remained at La Rabida. The streptococcal infection was eradicated. She was treated intermittently with salicylates and had a steady, progressive improvement, so that at the end of this time she was discharged with no evidence of active rheumatic fever, but evidence of mitral insufficiency was present.
Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Large Hemispheric Infarction Undergoing Decompressive Hemicraniectomy.

Deep-venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. This study is the first to examine the risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with large hemispheric infarction undergoing decompressive hemicraniectomy. The study population included 95 consecutive patients with a large hemispheric infarction who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy between 2006 and 2014 at our institution. All patients received prophylactic unfractionated heparin and intermittent compression devices (SCD). Patients were systematically screened for DVT at 5-day interval using Duplex ultrasound. PE was diagnosed on chest CT angiography. Mean age was 57 ± 12 years; mean BMI was 28.3 ± 7.4 kg/m2. 30.5 % of patients had infarction in the dominant hemisphere and 69.5 % in the non-dominant hemisphere. The mean NIHSS score was 16.0 ± 5 at admission. The mean length of stay was 22 ± 17 days. 35 % of patients developed a DVT including 27 % who developed above-knee DVT and required placement of an inferior vena cava filter. In multivariable analysis, predictors of DVT were an NIHSS ≥ 17 (p = 0.007), seizures (p = 0.003), hypertension (p = 0.03), and increasing length of stay (p = 0.01). The proportion of patients who developed PE was 13 %. In multivariate analysis, BMI ≥ 30 predicted PE (p = 0.05). The rate of DVT and PE is remarkably high in patients with large hemispheric infarction undergoing decompressive hemicraniectomy despite prophylactic measures. We recommend routine screening for DVT in this population. Interventions beyond the standard prophylactic measures may be necessary in this high-risk group.
Manganese Nanostructures on Si(100)(2 × 1) Surfaces: Temperature-Driven Transition from Wires to Silicides

The Si(100)(2 x I) surface serves as a template for the formation of Mn wires at room temperature, which are the starting point for the annealing experiments discussed here. The evolution of the Mn surface structures as a function of annealing temperature was observed with scanning tunneling microscopy for the temperature range between 115 and 600 °C and establishes a surface phase diagram for the Mn—Si(100)(2 x 1) system. The stability of the Mn nanowires is limited; they break up below 115°C (the lowest annealing temperature studied), and ultrasmall clusters are formed. These clusters are initially positioned on the terraces but migrate to the step edges at around 250 °C, which sets the limit for the Mn surface diffusion length. At around 300 °C the Mn adatoms move into subsurface sites, and the empty and filled states images strongly indicate that Mn acts as an acceptor in this near-surface region. A further increase in temperature leads to the formation of large crystallites (several tens of nanometers), which exhibit the characteristic shape associated with Mn silicides. The modification of the Si surface with temperature is characterized by the dramatic increase in the defect population (defect density and size and step edge roughness). The condensation of dimer vacancies begins around 200°C and progresses to the formation of long dimer vacancy lines at elevated temperatures. The step edge roughness and the step edge formation energies were calculated for S A and S B steps, and their modulation with annealing temperature illustrates the impact of Mn on the defect and kink stabilities. These data will be used to perform a thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of defect population in the presence of Mn at moderate substrate temperatures. This study presents a surface phase diagram, which includes the evolution of the Mn nanostructures and the modification of the Si surface. The identification of near-surface layers of Mn acceptors is particularly relevant for the design of basic building blocks for future Si-based spintronics.
Exergy Analysis of Combined Cycle of SOFC-Gas Turbine Using Coal-Base Syngas at Different Mixture Compositions

Detailed analysis of exergy on the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) incorporated with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was conducted to explore the performance characteristics of the system. The exergy destruction and exergy efficiency were analyzed at different syngas mixture compositions by varying the compressor pressure ratio. SOFC-gas turbine system included gasifier, gas cooler, SOFC, compressor and gas turbine, combustion chamber and heat recovery system generator. Results showed that using hydrogen-enriched syngas mixture increased the net power and the exergy efficiency. The highest exergy destruction occurred at the gasifier, and combustion chamber.© 2014 ASME
Effects of Ascorbic Acid-Rich Bell Pepper on Development of Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A survey of published nutritional data of ingredients currently used in larval diet for the fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) indicated low levels of ascorbic acid in the artificial diet in comparison to a preferred host (bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L.). Incorporation of various amounts of green bell pepper (fresh or dehydrated powder) into larval diet significantly affected larval development by increasing pupal recovery up to 21%, adult emergence up to 17.5%, and the overall growth index. Pupal weight remained similar to that of a control diet. An optimal amount of ascorbic acid phosphate (5 mg/g diet) in the diet also improved development, especially in terms of pupal recovery and adult emergence. Addition of ascorbic acid phosphate (>15 mg/g of diet) produced detrimental effects (lengthened the larval period, decreased the pupal recovery, reduced pupal weight and overall growth index). Substituting bell pepper for carrot powder in the standard B. latifrons larval diet or supplementing the standard diet with ascorbic acid phosphate would be beneficial for mass rearing of B. latifrons.
Modeling multi-robot task allocation with limited information as global game

Continuous response threshold functions to coordinate collaborative tasks in multi-agent systems are commonly employed models in a number of fields including ethology, economics, and swarm robotics. Although empirical evidence exists for the response threshold model in predicting and matching swarm behavior for social insects, there has been no formal argument as to why natural swarms use this approach and why it should be used for engineering artificial ones. In this paper, we show, by formulating task allocation as a global game, that continuous response threshold functions used for communication-free task assignment result in system level Bayesian Nash equilibria. Building up on these results, we show that individual agents not only do not need to communicate with each other, but also do not need to model each other’s behavior, which makes this coordination mechanism accessible to very simple agents, suggesting a reason for their prevalence in nature and motivating their use in an engineering context.
Bottom Boundary Potential Vorticity Injection from an Oscillating Flow: A PV Pump

Oceanic boundary currents over the continental slope exhibit variability with a range of time scales. Numerical studies of steady, along-slope currents over a sloping bathymetry have shown that cross-slope Ekman transport can advect buoyancy surfaces in a bottom boundary layer (BBL) so as to produce vertically sheared geostrophic flows that bring the total flow to rest: a process known as buoyancy shutdown of Ekman transport or Ekman arrest. This study considers the generation and evolution of near-bottom flows due to a barotropic, oscillating, and laterally sheared flow over a slope. The sensitivity of the boundary circulation to changes in oscillation frequency ω, background flow amplitude, bottom slope, and background stratification is explored. When ω/f ≪ 1, where f is the Coriolis frequency, oscillations allow the system to escape from the steady buoyancy shutdown scenario. The BBL is responsible for generating a secondary overturning circulation that produces vertical velocities that, combined with the potential vorticity (PV) anomalies of the imposed barotropic flow, give rise to a time-mean, rectified, vertical eddy PV flux into the ocean interior: a “PV pump.” In these idealized simulations, the PV anomalies in the BBL make a secondary contribution to the time-averaged PV flux. Numerical results show the domain-averaged eddy PV flux increases nonlinearly with ω with a peak near the inertial frequency, followed by a sharp decay for ω/f > 1. Different physical mechanisms are discussed that could give rise to the temporal variability of boundary currents.
Pollution prevention and waste minimization at a galvanizing and electroplating facility

Pollution prevention, often referred to as source reduction, encompasses all activities that lead to reductions in the amount and/or toxicity of wastes. Waste minimization, on the other hand, refers to all activities including source reduction, on-site reuse, and recycling that lead to reductions in the amount and/or toxicity of waste generated, stored, treated, or disposed of by a given facility. Pollution prevention generally is regarded as the most cost-effective component of integrated waste management strategies. This paper describes an industrial pollution prevention program at an aging manufacturing facility in the Midwestern United States. The study focuses on metal electroplating and galvanizing. The facility under study produces fabricated metal products for farm and industrial use. The facility performs many operations including electroplating, conversion coating, cleaning, machining, grinding, impact deformation, shearing, welding, sand blasting, hot-dip galvanizing, painting, assembly and testing. Many of these processes result in the production of a variety of pollutants (gaseous, solid, and liquid) that must be disposed of in some fashion. For example, the electroplating line results in the production of acids and rinse water containing zinc and chromium and the hot-dip galvanizing line results in the production of acids and rinse water containing zinc and iron. All of these wastes must be treated as hazardous substances. The painting processes result in the production of used industrial acids, solvents, and chemicals used for cleaning and de-greasing metal components. Most of the recommended operational and process modifications were simple to implement, and their pay-back periods were fairly short.
Cutaneous Metastasis due to Breast Cancer in a Patient with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A Case Report.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common solid tumor to cause cutaneous metastases. These are incurable and the treatment goal is geared toward local control
Cultural models of popularity, stress, social support, and violence among African American U.S. teens living in a high-poverty community

ABSTRACTThe ways in which teenagers understand their social environments can be important for social service providers to understand. A cognitive anthropological approach grounded in cultural consensus theory was used to investigate teenagers and social and health service providers in a pilot study in East Cleveland, Ohio (N = 28). The qualitative method of free listing was used to determine the cultural models of popularity, stress, social support, and causes of violence. Teens were also surveyed to examine their levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Consensus was tested and not found in the domains. Teens were found to have above-average rates of stress and anxiety. A greater understanding of the sources of stress and causes of violence is described, along with the clinical, policy, and research implications of this study.
RESETTING AND REINVENTING PRINT MEDIA: LEARNING FROM COLLEGE MEDIA

A readership study, employing an online survey ( n = 275), was conducted to determine the reading preferences of students, faculty, staff, and alumni for the student magazine and web site of a technological university. The print version (53%) was preferred over the online version (22%), with 25% having no preference. Internet and social media were the preferred news media with Facebook dominating all other sites. Few had downloaded the app (7%), despite the fact that 92% owned smartphones. Attitudes toward news were positive and predictive of reading specific sections. Reading the technology section was significantly related to being “part of my daily habit,” “part of my civic duty,” “helpful in making choices,” and negatively related to “inconvenient.” Additional qualitative responses are discussed.
Maintaining Marshallese Fundamentals with Christian Fundamentalism

From 1902-1903 Emile Durkheim offered a series of lectures at the Sorbonne in which he suggested that participation in a "moral community" compels us to recognize ourselves in the collectivity and to commit ourselves to moral goals of the group. This essay discusses the formation of a Durkheimian community by migrants from the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the midwestern city of Enid, Oklahoma, and attempts to identify the political and economic factors that made the community's formation possible. More important, however, this essay explains why this particular moral community became essential for the social and psychological survival of the Enid Marshallese group.
Enhancing the Performance of a Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm for Sanitary Sewer Overflow Reduction

AbstractThe application of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) to sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) optimization problems typically requires multiple runs of a simulation model and can be ve...
A purposeful lifestyle is a healthful lifestyle: Linking sense of purpose to self-rated health through multiple health behaviors:

Having a purpose in life has been consistently linked to subjective and objective health markers. Using data from the Hawaii Study of Personality and Health (n = 749, Mage = 60.1 years), we tested multiple health behaviors as unique mediators of the correlation between sense of purpose and self-rated health (r = .29). Correlational analyses found that participants’ sense of purpose was positively associated with their reports of vigorous and moderate activity, vegetable intake, flossing, and sleep quality. Combined in a multiple-mediator model, bootstrapping analyses suggested that sleep quality and vigorous activity proved significant unique mediators.
Strength and stiffness of concrete with recycled concrete aggregates

Abstract By crushing old concrete to make recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for use in new concrete, the overall environmental impacts of concrete are reduced. However, a better understanding of the use of RCA in new concrete is necessary before adoption in structural concrete applications can be widely realized. In particular, the strength, stiffness (Modulus of Elasticity), workability, and durability of concrete using RCA can be different than concrete that uses natural aggregate (NA). Variability in RCA properties from source to source also must be addressed if guidelines for RCA use are to be adopted. This paper describes properties of RCA and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with materials from four distinct areas of the United States (Northeast, South, Midwest and Southwest regions), making this study the most geographically varied study of RCA known. Variability in aggregate properties and the relationships between them are addressed within the paper. Equations allowing concrete mix designers to predict strength and stiffness of mixes are shown to be applicable across a much broader range of RCA properties than previously known. Similarly to concrete with natural aggregates, the strength and stiffness of RAC is shown to be impacted by the gradation of the coarse aggregates – smaller aggregates make stronger, stiffer concrete.
Twin Privatization in Vietnam Higher Education: The Emergence of Private Higher Education and Partial Privatization of Public Universities

In higher education (HE), twin privatization involves permitting private providers to enter the higher education system and partially privatize public institutions. In the past decade, privatization has facilitated the growth of Vietnam HE. Private higher education (PHE) in Vietnam has experienced significant growth but remains a relatively small share, whereas public enrollment has witnessed remarkable expansion, making up most of the HE enrollment growth. The study characterizes the twin privatization phenomenon in Vietnam HE growth through inter- and intra-sectoral analyses of the private and public sectors. On the one hand, by examining public–private competitiveness using university admissions scores and quota by field of study, the study identifies PHE subsectors with demand-absorbing institutions assuming the access role and the emerging serious demand-absorbing PHE subsector with a few private institutions becoming more competitive than the average public provincial institutions. On the other hand, using public–private part-time enrollment as a gauge for the extent of privatization in public institutions, the study suggests that, while the growth of Vietnam HE enrollment is contributed mostly by the public sector, a majority of the public contribution comes from the expansion of part-time enrollment. Examining selected public university revenue sources also reveals a higher level of dependence on non-state budget.
Generative and Discriminative Sparse Coding for Image Classification Applications

This paper presents an enhanced sparse coding method by exploiting both the generative and discriminative information in sparse representation model. Specifically, the proposed generative and discriminative sparse representation (GDSR) method integrates two new criteria, namely a discriminative criterion and a generative criterion, into the conventional sparse representation criterion. The generative criterion reveals the class conditional probability of each dictionary item by using the dictionary distribution coefficients which are derived by representing each dictionary item as a linear combination of the training samples. To further enhance the discriminative ability of the proposed method, a discriminative criterion is also applied using new localized within-class and between-class scatter matrices. Moreover, a novel GDSR based classification (GDSRc) method is proposed by utilizing both the derived sparse representation and the dictionary distribution coefficients. This hybrid method provides new insights, and leads to an effective representation and classification schema for improving the classification performance. The largest step size for learning the sparse representation is theoretically derived to address the convergence issues in the optimization procedure of the GDSR method. Extensive experimental results and analysis on several public classification datasets show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.