cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Sodium‐Dependent [3H]GBR‐12935 Binding in Brain: A Radioligand for Selective Labelling of the Dopamine Transport Complex

High-affinity and saturable binding sites for the diphenyl-substituted piperazine derivative [3H]GBR-12935 have been characterized in crude synaptosomal membranes prepared from rat brain. The specific binding of [3H]GBR-12935 is sodium-dependent and is unevenly distributed among various brain regions, with the highest concentration of binding sites being found in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens. Sodium-dependent [3H]GBR-12935 binding in all other brain areas was 10% or less of the binding found in the striatum. The affinity of [3H]GBR-12935 for binding sites in the striatum is increased in the presence of Na+ but other cations, including K+, Ca2+, or Mg2+, inhibit specific binding. There is an excellent correlation (r = 0.96, p less than 0.01) between the potencies of a series of drugs in inhibiting [3H]GBR-12935 binding to striatal membranes and their potencies in inhibiting [3H]3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine ([3H]dopamine) uptake in synaptosomes. Agonists and antagonists of other neurotransmitter receptor or drug recognition sites have little or no effect on specific [3H]GBR-12935 binding to striatal membranes. In addition, prior intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine results in a decrease in the number of specific [3H]GBR-12935 binding sites in the striatum. These data indicate that [3H]GBR-12935 is a selective radioligand of the presynaptic dopamine transport complex in brain.
Random Matrix Model for Superconductors in a Magnetic Field.

We introduce a random matrix ensemble for bulk type-II superconductors in the mixed state and determine the single-particle excitation spectrum using random matrix theory. The results are compared with planar tunnel junction experiments in PbBi thin films. More low energy states appear than in the Abrikosov-Gor'kov-Maki or Ginzburg-Landau descriptions, consistent with observations.
Information Systems Content in the CMA Examination

This study examines 12 recent CMA exams administered from June 1987 through December 1992 to determine the extent of information systems (IS) coverage. We evaluated each exam using a definition of ...
Carrying weapons to school for protection: An analysis of the 2001 school crime supplement data

This study focused on the reasons why adolescents bring guns to schools. It is argued that the etiology for carrying other weapons to school is not the same as that for carrying a gun to school for protection. Data from a nationally representative sample of school youth were analyzed with an appropriate analytic technique multinomial logistic regression in dealing with nominal dependent variable. The results supported the hypotheses that both correlates and correlational strengths of carrying guns and other weapons to school for protection are different. Such factors as others' drug use, gangs at school, skipping school, perception, and age influence the probability of carrying other weapons to school, but are not related to carrying a gun to school. The three factors that relate to both carrying a gun and other weapons to schools are physical fights, peers' carrying guns, and gender. Their correlational strengths, however, are quite different.
Captain Ronald Augustus Scott and the Acton Electric Light and General Engineering Works

The paper describes the professional work of one of the IEE's Victorian members, Captain Ronald Augustus Scott, and the company that he owned: the Acton Electric Light and General Engineering Works. Scott's work during the latter years of the 19th century was at the forefront of technology in supplying arc searchlights, generators and switchboards for military and naval use. He later diversified into the novel field of the projection of advertisements onto the sides of buildings, a concept that has again been in the news in recent times. Unfortunately, he became insolvent and his business collapsed.
DIFFERENTIAL MEMBRANOLYTIC EFFECTS OF MICROCRYSTALLINE SODIUM URATE AND CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE

Microcrystals of sodium urate produced direct lysis of erythrocyte membranes, as had been described previously for silica. Calcium pyrophosphate crystals induced modest erythrocyte hemolysis, also, and time-course experiments showed a markedly different reaction curve from those produced by silica and urate. Polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide, a strong hydrogen acceptor, was bound from solution to urate and silica, but not to calcium pyrophosphate crystals; this compound effectively blocked urate and silica, but not calcium pyrophosphate or control hemolysis. Dextran and heparin inhibited urate-but not silica-induced hemolysis. If erythrocyte and lysosome membranes react similarly to these particles, then the absence of phagosomes in gouty synovial fluid leukocytes, and the presence of these structures in pseudogout, may be explained.
The Effect of Kindergarten Classroom Size Reduction on Second Grade Student Achievement: Evidence from California.

Abstract Because classroom size reduction (CSR) and standards based testing were implemented at the same time in California during the mid-1990s, it is difficult to isolate the effects of classroom size on outcomes from the effects of curriculum changes. As a result, the main comparison in this paper is very specific – the effect of reduced sized kindergarten classrooms on test performance in second grade. The main result of the paper is that the effect of classroom size reduction is small, especially when compared to the other determinants of student achievement at the second grade level. There is a very small effect of classroom size reduction on student achievement in reading and math, and no effect in language and spelling. Of the two offsetting effects of CSR controlling for spending – the direct effect of smaller classes and the indirect effect on teacher quality, the class-size effect is larger. Over time, the negative effect on teacher quality is reduced as new teachers gain experience and credentials.
Contribution of long-range interactions to the secondary structure of an unfolded globin.

This work explores the effect of long-range tertiary contacts on the distribution of residual secondary structure in the unfolded state of an α-helical protein. N-terminal fragments of increasing length, in conjunction with multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, were employed. A protein representative of the ubiquitous globin fold was chosen as the model system. We found that, while most of the detectable α-helical population in the unfolded ensemble does not depend on the presence of the C-terminal region (corresponding to the native G and H helices), specific N-to-C long-range contacts between the H and A-B-C regions enhance the helical secondary structure content of the N terminus (A-B-C regions). The simple approach introduced here, based on the evaluation of N-terminal polypeptide fragments of increasing length, is of general applicability to identify the influence of long-range interactions in unfolded proteins.
Prethura hutchingsae, new genus, new species, an asellote isopod from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Crustacea: Isopoda: Pleurocopidae)

Prethura hutchingsae, new genus, new species, is described from a shallow-water habitat at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The species is placed in the Pleurocopidae, and the relationships between several asellote families are discussed. Literature on Australian asellotes is almost nonexistent after Hale's 1929 handbook, so it is hardly surprising that while collecting small crustaceans at Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef, a species of small but striking asellote was found, which could not be placed in a family or genus with any ease. This species is described here. The value of the scanning electron microscope in assisting with the description of small crustaceans is again demonstrated.
Women, work, and family in the Czech Republic—and comparisons with the West

Abstract What are the work-family experiences of Czech women, and to what extent are there similarities and differences with women in the West? Drawing on a cross-national survey and other findings, this paper points out that unlike the extensive part-time employment of many Western European women, most Czech women in the post-Communist era have continued to combine full-time employment with family roles. Maternity and parental leaves, kindergartens, and other policies have been important supports. It is argued that employment and economic independence remain important to Czech women, and although gender differentiation in women's domestic activities and men's preponderance in upper-level jobs in the economy and government is recognized, Western attributions of patriarchy have been resisted. Since family life is highly valued, many have seen women as advantaged in their greater family involvement and integration of both family and employment roles. Rather than opposition between men and women, Czechs gene...
Vertebral fracture assessment in adolescents and young women with anorexia nervosa: a case series.

Rates of vertebral fracture (VF) in young women with anorexia nervosa (AN) are not well understood. We sought to determine the rates of asymptomatic VF in patients suffering from AN, hypothesizing that VF rates would be higher in subjects with low bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores. We recruited young women with AN (n 5 80) for participation in a longitudinal trial. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images of the lateral thoracic and lumbar spines were obtained for VF assessment at 0, 6, 12, and 18 mo. Thirteen subjects (16%) had a low spinal BMD at baseline (BMD Z-score �� 2 standard deviation). Using the Genant semiquantitative technique, 2 of 80 subjects at baseline (2.5%) had evidence of a single Genant grade 1 deformity. One subject had a Genant grade 2 deformity. Over the 18-mo trial, 10 incident VFs occurred in 9 subjects (12.5%). Using quantitative techniques, only 2 subjects had a more than 15% loss in vertebral height. Neither anthropometric data nor markers of disease severity were associated with fracture. In conclusion, ill young women with AN were at low risk for asymptomatic VF in our cohort. VFs were not predicted by duration of illness, severity of malnutrition, or traditional measures of areal BMD at the lumbar spine.
Technical Communique: On the optimality of recursive unbiased state estimation with unknown inputs

For system models with unknown inputs, state estimates may be obtained using linear minimum-variance unbiased estimation. Here, a proof is presented showing that the optimal solution over the class of all linear unbiased estimates may be written in the form of a linear recursive filter, thereby validating previous work in this area.
The influence of the computational mesh on accuracy for initial value problems with discontinuous or nonunique solutions

Discontinuous, or weak, solutions of the wave equation, the inviscid form of Burgers equation, and the time-dependent, two-dimensional Euler equations are studied. A numerical method of second-order accuracy in two forms, differential and integral, is used to calculate the weak solutions of these equations for several initial value problems, including supersonic flow past a wedge, a double symmetric wedge, and a sphere. The effect of the computational mesh on the accuracy of computed weak solutions including shock waves and expansion phenomena is studied. Modifications to the finite-difference method are presented which aid in obtaining desired solutions for initial value problems in which the solutions are nonunique.
Clinical and molecular correlations in the sickle/β+-thalassemia syndrome

Sickle/beta thalassemia is a sickling disorder of varying severity which results from compound heterozygosity for sickle cell trait and beta-thalassemia trait. Clinical and genetic studies have shown an inverse correlation between the level of hemoglobin A and the severity of the disease. It has been suggested that the level of hemoglobin A may be a function of the severity of the beta-thalassemia defect. In this study, we use molecular biological techniques to test this hypothesis. We show that the interaction of the mildest of the beta+-thalassemia genes with the sickle gene results in a high level of hemoglobin A. However, the interaction in this case resulted in a severe sickling disorder in the absence of significant anemia. We hypothesize that a mild beta+-thalassemia gene may have two opposite effects on the clinical course of sickle/beta+ thalassemia: (1) A high level of hemoglobin A which probably confers a favorable antisickling effect and (2) decreased hemolysis leading to increased numbers of total circulating red cells, thereby increasing the blood viscosity and the propensity for sickling. The inheritance of heterozygous alpha thalassemia 2 in conjunction with the mild beta+-thalassemia gene and sickle gene in this patient may have further enhanced the latter effect and resulted in a severe sickling disorder.
DESTABILIZED INHERITANCE OF PSC101 AND OTHER ESCHERICHIA COLI PLASMIDS BY DPIA, A NOVEL TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEM REGULATOR

We identified a gene (dpiAdestabilizer of plasmid inheritance) which, when overexpressed in Escherichia coli, destabilizes the inheritance of pSC101 and other iteron-containing plasmids as disparate as mini-F and RK6 but not the inheritance of P1, RSF1010 and ColD. These effects of DpiA, which functions like an effector protein for a previously undescribed two-component signal transduction system, were reduced by mutations known to promote pSC101 replication and partitioning. dpiB, a gene encoding the putative histidine kinase of this two-component system, is located immediately 5′ to dpiA and adjacent to a DpiA-induced target promoter that transcribes genes having homology to citrate lyase operon genes, citC, citD and citE, of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Disruption of dpiB reversed or reduced the effect of DpiA overproduction on pSC101 inheritance. A second DpiA target, the promoter for a gene (appY ) implicated in E. coli's response to anaerobiosis, is repressed by DpiA. A mutation in dpiA at a site commonly conserved and phosphorylated in two-component system effector proteins abolished the effects of DpiA overproduction on pSC101 inheritance and negative regulation of appY expression. Our findings suggest a possible mechanism by which environmental and/or cellular stimuli may influence plasmid inheritance.
GROWTH OF THICK GaN FILMS AND SEEDS FOR BULK CRYSTAL GROWTH

The essential steps required to create thick GaN films and seed crystals for bulk crystal growth are described. These include the growth of low dislocation density GaN films by hydride vapor phase epitaxy and the separation of films from their growth substrates. Also addressed are issues of processing thin and thick films to create compliant layer substrates for thick film HVPE growth and chemical mechanical polishing methods to enhance surface morphology and remove material damage free. Growth of both gallium and nitrogen polar films is discussed with key issues identified regarding polarity inversion during growth and impurity incorporation along the -c growth direction. These are illustrated with examples that emphasize the growth of material with low threading dislocation density.
Fish Community Dynamics in Northeastern Lake Ontario with Emphasis on the Growth and Reproductive Success of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and White Perch (Morone americana), 1978 to 1997

Fishes were assessed in Guffin, Chaumount, and Black River bays in northeastern Lake Ontario with a 7.9-m (headrope) bottom trawl during late September and early October, 1978 to 1997. Fish density declined in the early 1990s with sharp declines in abundance of spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius), trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus), and johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) occurring in 1993 to 1995. Rising numbers of piscivores, walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), increased predation pressure, presumably acting in concert with oligotrophication to lower fish density, particularly after 1991 when large numbers of adult alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) no longer migrated to the northeast basin in spring. Annual mortality of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from age 2 to 5 rose from 33% in 1980–83 to 65% in 1992–95 and was positively related to piscivore numbers (P = 0.01, r = 0.96, n = 5). Annual mortality of yellow perch from age 0 to 2 also peaked in 1992–95. Abundance of yellow perch YOY in fall varied 40 fold and was not related to water warming in spring (P = 0.45, r = −0.19, n = 18) but was negatively related to the abundance of adult alewives in spring (P = 0.04, r = −0.49, n = 18). Although yellow perch produced moderate to strong year classes each year during 1991–95, stock size failed to increase because of rapidly accelerating mortality. Fully 85% of the variation in mean length of yellow perch YOY was explained by a multiple regression model which included YOY abundance, mean total phosphorus, and cumulative degree days > 13.5°C (P 0.15). Variation in mean length of white perch YOY was related to cumulative degree days > 15°C (P < 0.01, r = 0.69).
Doppler echocardiographic confirmation of recurrent atrial septal defect stenosis in infants with mitral valve atresia

Abstract Children with complex congenital heart defects, including mitral valve atresia and ventricular septal defect, require free egress of blood from the left atrium through a nonrestrictive atrial septal defect (ASD). If an adequate naturally occurring ASD is not present at birth, balloon atrial septostomy may be required during the newborn period. Although the ASD so produced may initially decompress the left atrium, progressive stenosis may subsequently occur, producing left atrial hypertension and clinical signs and symptoms of pulmonary venous obstruction. Such progressive obstruction appears to characterize the natural history of these lesions. 1–3 We report 3 cases in which restenosis of an ASD occurred in patients with mitral valve atresia. In each case the stenotic ASD was demonstrated by 2-D echocardiography. Presence of a high-velocity jet from the left to the right atrium was detected by pulsed or continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography at the region of the visualized stenotic ASD. Quantitation of the interatrial gradient by Doppler was validated by simultaneous catheterization in 1 case. In the other 2 cases catheterization atrial pressures could not be determined, and atrial obstruction was confirmed at operation. Doppler echocardiography is a valuable additional noninvasive technique for diagnosis and quantitation of restrictive ASD in patients with mitral valve atresia.
Revealing animal experiments in general psychology texts: Opening Pandora's box.

Domjan and Purdy' s (July 1995) article made explicit three facts that teachers of psychology may not know but have long suspected: (a) Authors of general psychology textbooks cite animal experiments without mentioning that animal subjects were used; (b) authors discuss important concepts (e.g., motivation research) without mentioning that the work was based on animal experiments; and (c) authors describe results of animal experiments as if the research had been done with humans (p. 499). Interestingly, being an animal experimenter does not prevent an author from making these attributional errors because at least two of the eight reviewed textbooks were authored by animal experimenters. Three of the remedies that Domjan and Purdy recommended are likely to give rise to important and challenging questions for teachers and students of general psychology.
X-ray photoemission spectroscopy study of zirconium hydride

X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements are reported for ZrH/sub 1.65/ and Zr metal. The valence-band measurements are compared with available band-theory density-of-states calculations for the metal and hydride. The hydride spectrum differs significantly from the metal spectrum. Most important, a strong peak associated with hydrogen s electrons appears approximately 7 eV below the Fermi level. XPS measurements of Zr 4p core levels show a binding-energy shift of 1 eV between Zr metal and ZrH/sub 1.65/. It is argued that this shift results from charge readjustment in the vicinity of the Zr site. With the addition of hydrogen, net charge must be transferred from the Zr site to the hydrogen site. A charge-density analysis based on simplified cluster calculations is presented.
Microcapsule modification with peroxidase-catalyzed phenol polymerization

A biocatalytic polymer synthesis on a surface of polyelectrolyte microcapsules was studied. Horseradish peroxidase assembled in nanoorganized capsule walls by alternate adsorption with linear polyions retains its activity in reactions of enzyme-catalyzed polymerization of 4-oxyphenols. It allowed controllable synthesis of a phenolic polymer layer on microcapsule walls using an outermost surface peroxidase layer as a template. By varying the phenol type, buffer pH, and reaction component concentrations, the phenolic polymer coating of the capsules with a thickness in the range 20-50 nm was formed. The polymeric products are fluorescent, which provided a good opportunity for confocal image analysis of the capsule wall structure and the attached layer. The influence of a phenolic polymer layer on the permeability of the capsule walls was investigated.
The amino acid sensitive TOR pathway from yeast to mammals

The target of rapamycin (TOR) is an ancient effector of cell growth that integrates signals from growth factors and nutrients. Two downstream effectors of mammalian TOR, the translational components S6K1 and 4EBP1, are commonly used as reporters of mTOR activity. The conical signaling cascade initiated by growth factors is mediated by PI3K, PKB, TSC1/2 and Rheb. However, the process through which nutrients, i.e., amino acids, activate mTOR remains largely unknown. Evidence exists for both an intracellular and/or a membrane bound sensor for amino acid mediated mTOR activation. Research in eukaryotic models, has implicated amino acid transporters as nutrient sensors. This review describes recent advances in nutrient signaling that impinge on mTOR and its targets including hVps34, class III PI3K, a transducer of nutrient availability to mTOR.
Calcium uptake and distribution in plants

Abstract Calcium uptake and distribution in plants are influenced by many factors. Root uptake seems to be independent of metabolic inhibitors but transfer to shoots is drastically reduced by such inhibitors. K uptake increases with root temperature which in turn results in depressed Ca uptake. Plant species differences in the proportion of K vs Ca uptake are often related to root cation exchange capacity. The cations K, Mg, Na, NH4+, and H+ directly and indirectly depress Ca uptake and distribution. Their effects are more pronounced at low Ca concentrations than at high. Lime‐induced chloros.is is associated with depressed Ca levels in leaves and tests under controlled conditions indicate that bicarbonate results in root retention of Ca and a decrease of Ca in leaves. Nitrate as a complementary ion promotes Ca uptake by plants. Trace metals in excess inhibit calcium uptake. Aluminum in particular greatly depresses Ca retention by roots as well as Ca uptake and transport to shoots. Leaves generally increa...
Nature of Previous Experimental List Learning and Phenomenon of Simultaneous Acqusition-Retention

-Underwood and Lund (1979) found that long-term recall of a common list of words increased directly as the number of lists learned simultaneously increased up to three. They called this the simultaneous acquisitionretention phenomenon. The purpose of the present experiment was to see if the nature of proactive interference affects this phenomenon. It was hypothesized that simultaneous learning would proactively interfere with subsequent simultaneous learning and not with single-task learning. 39 subjects were seen on three consecutive days. On the first day subjects learned four lists either simultaneously or singly. On the second day subjecu learned either one list or three lists simultaneously. The third day consisted of recalling the list common to all conditions that was learned on the second day. Analysis showed the phenomenon is independent of the nature of proactive interference. Perhaps simultaneous acquisition-retention may result from variability of encoding.
Glassy Crystals Low‐frequency and Low‐temperature Properties a

Glasses are amorphous like liquids, but are rigid like crystals. To a chemist, this may seem natural: silicon dioxide, when covalently bonded into a well-relaxed random network, should resist deformations as an elastic solid just as it would in a crystalline network. To a theoretical physicist, this is more mysterious. What broken symmetry’ causes the rigidity‘! Of course, the chemist may in the end be right-the observed rigidity may be due purely to short-range order. I f so, glasses must flow like a (very viscous) liquid on sufficiently long time scales. Even though it is not favorable for any individual bond to break, rearrangements of sufficiently large clusters of atoms will allow the energy to decrease or remain the same. (If the order is short range with a range R, a cluster of size larger than R will typically allow such an internal rearrangement.) At any finite temperature, these rearrangements will proceed by thermal activation at a slow but nonzero rate. Any external stress applied to the system will produce a bias in these rearrangements, producing in the end the finite shear rate characteristic of a liquid. If the glass is truly solid, it must have some sort of long-range order to produce infinite barriers to rearrangements. The study of the glass transition is the study of the phase boundary between the fluid liquid and the rigid glass. This subject is controversial, and has recently seen several interesting developments. In this paper we will not discuss the glass transition. We will deal partly with the universal low-temperature2 properties of glasses, which are not as controversial; indeed, in many ways they are quite well understood. The tunneling center t h e ~ r y ~ , ~ explained why glasses have specific heats proportional to temperature and thermal conductivities proportional to T 2 , in contrast to insulating crystals where both properties are proportional to T 3 for low temperatures T. I t predicted correctly that glasses would have a saturable ultrasonic attenuation and a “time-dependent” specific heat; the experimental specific heat varies logarithmically with the measuring time. We will also deal with the low-frequency response of glassy materials. In the experimental phenomenology, there are two kinds of low-frequency response in glasses, with quite different signatures, which often (or always) coexist. There has been much study of the a-relaxation processes because of their relationship to the glass transition. The a-relaxations typically are observed in the supercooled liquid, and have a
Cycler Trajectories in Planetary Moon Systems

Free-return cycler trajectories repeatedly shuttle a spacecraft between two bodies using little or no fuel. Here, the cycler architecture is proposed as a complementary and alternative method for designing planetary moon tours. Previously applied enumerative cycler search and optimization techniques are generalized and specifically implemented in the Jovian and Saturnianmoon systems. Overall, hundreds of idealmodel ballistic cycler geometries are found and several representative cases are documented and discussed. Many of the ideal model solutions are found to remainballistic in a zero radius sphere of influence patched conic ephemerismodel, andpreliminarywork in a high-fidelity fully integrated model demonstrates near-ballistic cycles for several example cases. In the context of recentCassini discoveries, the Saturn–Titan–Enceladus system is investigated in themost detail andmany promising solutions result. Several of the high-energy Titan–Enceladus cyclers find immediate application as Cassini extended missions options that provide frequent low-altitude Enceladus flybys.
Drag and Flexibility in Sessile Organisms

Most large, sessile organisms when exposed to rapid flows of air or water are markedly deformed as a consequence of their structural flexibility. Responses to air and water movement are similar, although both extreme and typical forces generated by water flows are greater, and erect organisms are commonly shorter in water than in air. A useful way of viewing data on the scaling of drag with flow speed is with a graph of speed-specific drag (drag divided by the square of speed) against speed. Since an ordinary solid body usually gives a horizontal line on such a plot, deviations from the ordinary are immediately evident. The slopes of the double logarithmic version of these graphs provide useful numerical comparisons. All of the cases considered here—trees, macroalgae, sea pens, etc.—give negative slopes at high flow rates, indicating that speed-specific drag drops with increasing flow. Such results may be taken as evidence that the flexible response commonly constitutes an adaptively useful reconfiguration as opposed to a mere incidental consequence of the material economy afforded by flexibility.
Photoionization Of Small Molecules Using Synchrotron Radiation

We report here new high-resolution vibrationally resolved studies of photoionization in the molecules CO and CO2 using synchrotron radiation in the photon-energy range 10-30 eV. The detailed decay dynamics of autoionizing resonances in CO and the origin of symmetry-forbidden vibrational transitions in the C state of CO2+ are discussed. These examples illustrate the need for experimental work with both high optical resolution and electron resolution sufficient to resolve the complex resonances in molecules and the vibrational dependence of molecular dynamics.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Newsboy Funerals: Tales of Sorrow and Solidarity in Urban America

Most children in nineteenth-century America were buried as members of a family or a church, not a trade. Yet in cities across the country newsboys publicly laid to rest many of their fallen comrades. An ethnographic reading of these humble rituals, and a reconsideration of the often-sentimental literature and images in which they appear, enable us to see children's grief not solely as a product of personal loss or religious faith, but as expressions of class feeling. Studies of children and death usually focus on middle-class attitudes and domestic practices, but newsboy funerals can broaden our understanding of bereavement to working-class children in the public sphere and illuminate why poor youths feared burial in a potter's field more than death itself. Newsboys took up collections for flowers, caskets, and gravestones for each other; they drafted letters of sympathy and resolutions of condolence, and marched en masse in funeral trains. Some boys dispensed with clergy and conducted the last rites themselves. In so doing, they were not simply aping bourgeois standards of propriety and spirituality, but drawing on a host of cultural influences, both bourgeois and plebeian, religious and commercial, to develop their own masculine codes of affection and rituals of mourning.
Ventricular septal flattening at end systole falsely predicts right ventricular hypertension in patients with ostium primum atrial septal defects.

Abstract Purpose: To assess the reliability of ventricular septal position in predicting elevated right ventricular pressure (RVP) in patients with ostium primum atrial septal defects (ASD 1). Methods: Echocardiograms of 4 groups were retrospectively analyzed: Patients with ASD 1 and low RVP, patients with ASD 1 and high RVP, and 2 age-matched control groups: one with isolated ostium secundum atrial septal defects (ASD 2), and 1 with normal cardiac findings. End-systolic left ventricular sectional diameters along the midmitral diameter (D1) and a diameter orthogonal to it (D2) were measured off-line by a blinded observer. The ratio D2/D1, the eccentricity index (EI), was calculated; a higher index represents greater septal flattening. Results: The mean EI in the ASD 1 with low RVP group was significantly higher than both the group with ASD 2 and the healthy control group. The mean EI of the ASD 1 group with high RVP was significantly higher than the mean EI of the ASD 1 group with low RVP, although there was a poor correlation between EI and RVP in this group, r = 0.54. Conclusion: The ventricular septum is flatter in the ASD 1 patients with low RVP than in an age-matched control group with ASD 2 and compared with an age-matched control group of healthy subjects, giving a false impression of elevated RVP in the ASD 1 group. Although the mean EI is significantly higher in the ASD 1 group with high RVP than in the group with low RVP, there is a poor correlation between EI and RVP, which limits the reliability of this index. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:247-52.)
Prognostic Significance of DNA Content and Nuclear Morphology in Borderline Ovarian Tumors

We used the technique of image analysis to simultaneously measure DNA content and nuclear morphology of 21 borderline ovarian tumors. Aneuploidy was identified in 9 of 21 tumors and was unrelated to tumor stage or nuclear grade. Morphometric nuclear features that were measured included size, shape, texture, and average density. Nuclear size and shape were positively correlated (r = 0.507), and nuclear size and average density were negatively correlated (r = -0.772). Six tumors recurred and recurrence was significantly associated with tumor aneuploidy (P = 0.046), stage III tumors (P = 0.03), and increased nuclear texture (P = 0.07). These results suggest that measurement of DNA ploidy and nuclear morphology using image analysis can provide important prognostic information in patients with borderline ovarian tumors.
Comparison of the formation of the complex, sensitized erythrocyte-complement (EAC'1, 4, 2) in haemolytic systems differing in their haemolysin and complement-fixing activities.

IN a recent study1 we compared the complement fixing and haemolytic titres of several different haemolytic systems. We found a lack of correlation between the titres of these two activities when compared in different haemolytic systems. In addition, we found striking differences in the quantity of complement (C′) capable of being fixed by these systems. These findings indicated that C′ fixation and haemolysis represent quantitatively distinct serological properties.
A UNIFIED APPROACH TO DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS BASED ON ARTIFICIAL POTENTIAL FIELDS

This paper presents an approach to vehicle control based upon the paradigm of artificial potential fields. Using this method, the dynamics of the vehicle are coupled with the environment in a manner that ensures that the system exhibits safe motion in the absence of driver inputs. The driver remains in control of the vehicle, however, with the control systems presenting a predictable and safe set of dynamics. With the control approach presented here, integration of various assistance systems can be easily achieved through simple superposition of individual potential and damping functions. A simple example of a combined lanekeeping and stability system demonstrates how this can be accomplished. Preliminary simulation results suggest that both safety and driveability are achievable with such a system, prompting further investigation.
First Names on the Campus: A Semantic Differential Analysis

(1980). First Names on the Campus: A Semantic Differential Analysis. Names: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 69-83.
Utility of staurosporine in uncovering differences in the signal transduction pathways for superoxide production in neutrophils.

Abstract Neutrophils exhibit an intense phosphorylation of a 47 kDa protein and release large quantities of superoxide (O2−) upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP). Antagonists of protein kinases (e.g., 200 μM 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7); 15 nM staurosporine) inhibited these phenomena when the stimulus was PMA (Badwey, J.A. et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 14947–14953). In this paper, we now report that while neutrophils treated with 15 nM staurosporine and PMA release little O2−, cells in the presence of these compounds can be stimulated to release near normal quantities of O2− by the subsequent addition of fMLP. Surprisingly, staurosporine (15 nM) reduced the incorporation of 32P into the 47 kDa protein in fMLP stimulated cells at least as effectively as H-7, yet, while the staurosporine treated cells released substantial amounts of O2−, the cells treated with H-7 did not. These data suggest that a stimulatory pathway exists in neutrophils that contains a protein kinase ‘distinct’ from that which is activated when PMA is the stimulus and that this pathway may enable the O2− producing system to become functional with little or no phosphorylation of the 47 kDa protein. They further suggest that the steps which are sensitive to H-7 in the signal-transduction pathways utilized by PMA and fMLP may be different.
Referential use of American English speech by an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): phonological output reflects cognitive capacities

A grey parrot, Alex, comprehends and uses English labels to label objects, colors, shapes, and materials. He combines labels to identify proficiently, request, and refuse > 100 different objects. He categorizes objects with respect to color, shape or material, understands concepts of same/different, bigger/smaller, absence of information, and uses the phrases 'come here', 'I want X' and 'Wanna go Y' where X and Y are object or location labels. He distinguishes quantities to 6, including collections of novel objects, heterogeneous sets, sets involving random arrays; he labels the number of items uniquely defined by the combination of one color and one object category. Given a 7-member collection, he can provide information about the specific instance of one category of an item uniquely defined by the conjunction of two other categories, e.g., 'What object is color-A and shape-B' These results show that Alex, unlike nonhuman primates, both produces and comprehends phonological distinctions. Simple labeling has been replicated with additional subjects. The problem of mutual interest, therefore, is determining the mechanisms that a nonhuman, nonprimate, nonmammal uses to make these distinctions. Imaging systems have unlocked the secrets of the human vocal tract; we now need to examine nonhumans.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluating Deformation Modulus of Cohesive Soils from Piezocone Penetration Test for Consolidation Settlement

The piezocone penetration test (PCPT) interpretation methods were evaluated for reasonable prediction of the deformation constrained modulus (M), which is needed to calculate the consolidation settlement of cohesive soil. Seven sites in Louisiana were selected for this study. In each site, PCPT tests were performed, and soundings of cone tip resistance (qc), sleeve friction (fs), and pore pressures (u1 and u2) were recorded. Dissipation tests were conducted at prespecified penetration depths and used to estimate the vertical coefficient of consolidation (cv) using the Teh and Houlsby interpretation method. High-quality Shelby tube samples were collected close to the PCPT tests and used to carry out a laboratory testing program, including consolidated undrained triaxial tests and one-dimensional consolidation tests. The constrained modulus (M) values predicted by using the different interpretation methods were compared with the reference values determined from the laboratory consolidation tests. Results of...
Workers and the socialist state: North Vietnam's state–labor relations, 1945–1970

Abstract Based on archival sources, this paper examines North Vietnam's labor regimes during 1945–1970. Soviet and Chinese models are found to be influential there up to the late 1950s. An early emphasis on labor mobilization was gradually replaced by a concern for control to increase economic efficiency and to cope with pressures from workers. As in the Soviet Union and China, a hierarchy based on political criteria was created in the workplace but the state failed to motivate workers to work hard despite intense political campaigns and propaganda. Productivity and labor discipline declined in the 1960s while collusion between state enterprises and the informal sector to steal state resources was widespread. Similar to their counterparts in other socialist states, Vietnamese workers were assertive and able to evade state demands and control. They depended on the state for their food and clothes but the state was not able to count on them for quality labor. The failure of the Vietnamese state seemed to speak not only to workers’ ingenious strategies for survival but also to the inherent limit of Stalinist regimes in creating compliance.
Captive Great Blue Heron Predation on Farmed Channel Catfish Fingerlings

Abstract In a series of experiments, we examined feeding behavior of captive great blue herons Ardea herodius and estimated their ability to affect commercial production of fingerling channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Specifically, we determined the following: (1) the biomass of channel catfish fingerlings necessary to maintain the body mass of wild-caught captive great blue herons, (2) capture rates of captive great blue herons foraging on channel catfish fingerlings, (3) evaluation of the losses of catfish fingerlings to heron predation, and (4) the effects of selected catfish pond conditions on heron capture rates and body mass changes. Consistent with previous studies, captive herons required approximately 300 g of live catfish daily to maintain their body mass. Based on evaluation of seine haul indices and inventory data, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in numbers of catfish lost over time between control ponds in which herons were excluded and test ponds where herons foraged freely...
Development of REBCO coated conductors on textured metallic substrates

Abstract A high T c superconducting coated conductor appears promising for AC electronic power applications such as power cables and motors due to its potential of low AC loss. We use bi-axially textured substrates for making coated conductors to take advantage of higher deposition rate and fewer numbers of buffer layers on them compared with ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) substrates. However, the bi-axially textured substrates such as NiW tapes have magnetism, and therefore AC loss is increased. To minimize magnetism we developed a clad type substrate. The clad type substrate is made by laminating a thin bi-axially textured film on a noncrystalline base substrate. In developing the clad type substrate, we clarified that the improvement of the substrate surface flatness leads higher texture and the crystallinity of buffer layers and a superconducting layer, resulting in high critical current ( I c ) . We acquired the maximum I c of 380 A/cm with the 2 μ m thick GdBaCuO superconducting film.
The conserved role and divergent regulation of foxa, a pan-eumetazoan developmental regulatory gene

Foxa is a forkhead transcription factor that is expressed in the endoderm lineage across metazoans. Orthologs of foxa are expressed in cells that intercalate, polarize, and form tight junctions in the digestive tracts of the mouse, the sea urchin, and the nematode and in the chordate notochord. The loss of foxa expression eliminates these morphogenetic processes. The remarkable similarity in foxa phenotypes in these diverse organisms raises the following questions: why is the developmental role of Foxa so highly conserved? Is foxa transcriptional regulation as conserved as its developmental role? Comparison of the regulation of foxa orthologs in sea urchin and in Caenorhabditis elegans shows that foxa transcriptional regulation has diverged significantly between these two organisms, particularly in the cells that contribute to the C. elegans pharynx formation. We suggest that the similarity of foxa phenotype is due to its role in an ancestral gene regulatory network that controlled intercalation followed by mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. foxa transcriptional regulation had evolved to support the developmental program in each species so foxa would play its role controlling morphogenesis at the necessary embryonic address.
Climatic‐anomaly experiments in middle latitudes

A two-level spherical linear primitive-equation model is used to discuss the atmosphere's winter geopotential response to a localized heating in middle latitudes. It is shown that the response in the surface geopotential and potential temperature is largest for wave number one and decreases as the inverse of the zonal wave number for the next few waves. The response to heating has downstream warm lows and upstream cold highs and can be described simply as having zonal advection of temperature balancing the perturbation heating. Next, several low-order general-circulation-model anomaly experiments are run and compared to the linear model. It is shown that if the noise in the system is not too much larger than the linear solution or if the zonal state of the general circulation model is not close to linear resonance, linear theory can describe the time averaged results of the GCM. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00968.x
Aerial-image based inspection of AAPSM for 193-nm lithography generation

The inspection of alternating phase shifting masks is still one of the major challenges in state-of-the-art mask making. Main issue is that phase defects cannot easily be identified by inspection systems using an inspection wavelength different form the target exposure wavelength. The paper presents inspection results using the Aera193 , an aerial image based mask inspection system.
REPLY TO COHENE

It is difficult to avoid accepting the nu11 hypothesis when the results of an appropriately designed test prove null. The present test seems theoretically appropriate, since it has long been accepted that obtaining reports on unattended material constitutes evidence for iconic storage and it has also been accepted that the integration of dot letters provides confirmation for the theory. Our experiments have combined these two approaches, showing that the predicted effect does not occur. It seems unlikely that the experiments are methodologically inappropriate since our results, where the conditions are comparable, closely resemble those of the critic. Cohene (1974) obtained little more than 30% accuracy for bigram integration at an interstimulus-interval of 0 sec. (corrected for item guessing), while Cohene and Bechtoldc (1975) only found 70% accuracy in what corresponds to our superimposed condition. It is true that the attentional demands of the task were high, but this problem is inherent in the basic claim that iconic storage provides access to a large reserve of unattended stimuli. As for the nature of the information to be integrated, one might wish to accept Campbell and Mewhort's (1980) partition of the icon into a feature buffer and a postcategorical character buffer, assigning dot storage to the feature buffer. However, as our experiment shows no excess storage of any kind, it seems that whatever features are held prove insufficient to generate any character surplus. Even a modified, postcategorical view of the icon finds no support. Since Haber (1983) has recently argued that an icon could have no practical utility, except perhaps to explain flashlight viewing or "reading in a lightning storm" (p. 16), it may now be advisable to omit iconic memory from our description of information processing.