cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytoskeletal and calcium-binding proteins in the mammalian organ of Corti: cell type-specific proteins displaying longitudinal and radial gradients.

Whole mounts and tissue sections of the organ of Corti from two representative mammaian species, the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and the guinea pig (Cavea porcellus) were probed with antibodies to cytoskeletal and calcium-binding proteins (actin, tubulin, including post-translational modifications, spectrin, fimbrin, calmodulin, parvalbumin, calbindin, S-100 and calretinin). All of the proteins tested were expressed in both species. New findings include the following. Actin is present in large accumulations in cell bodies of the Deiters cells under the outer hair cells (OHC), as well as in the filament networks previously described. These accumulations are more prominent in the apical turns. Tubulin is present in sensory cells in the tyrosinated (more dynamic) form, while tubulin in the supporting cells is post-translationally modified, indicating greater stability. Fimbrin, present in the stereocilia of both IHCs and OHCs, is similar to the isoform of fimbrin found in the epithelial cells of the intestine (fimbrin-I), which implies that actin bundling by fimbrin is reduced in the presence of increased calcium. Parvalbumin appears to be an IHC-specific calcium-binding protein in the gerbil as well as in the guinea pig; labeling displays a longitudinal gradient, with hair cells at the apex staining intensely and hair cells at the base staining weakly. Calbindin displays a similar longitudinal gradient, with staining intense in the IHCs and OHCs at the apex and weak to absent in the base. In the middle turns of the guinea pig cochlea, OHCs in the first row near the pillar cells lose immunoreactivity to calbindin before those in the second and third rows. Calmodulin is found throughout the whole cochlea in the IHCs and OHCs in the stereocilia, cuticular plate, and cell body. Calretinin is present in IHCs and Deiters cells in both species, as well as the tectal cell (modified Hensen cell) in the gerbil. S-100 is a supporting cell-specific calcium-binding protein which has not been localized in the sensory cells of these two species. The supporting cells containing S-100 include the inner border, inner phalangeal, pillar, Deiters, tectal (in gerbil) and Hensen cells, where labeling displays a longitudinal gradient decreasing in intensity towards the apex (opposite to what has been seen with labeling for other proteins in the cochlea).
Risk Segmentation of American Homes: Evidence from Denver

This article empirically examines the segmentation of house price risk across 99 ZIP-code-delineated neighborhoods in metropolitan Denver. The house price risk in each neighborhood is measured with the temporal variation of quarterly appreciation rates of the neighborhood house price index over the 2002–2007 period. Cross-sectional regressions of neighborhood house price risk on the median household income and the percentage of population in poverty from the 2000 census data for the same neighborhoods provide strong evidence that the house price risk is significantly higher in low-income/poor neighborhoods. Subperiod analyses further indicate that the risk segmentation exists in both a booming period (pre 2005:2) and a busting period (post 2005:3). The results indicate that homeownership can be a much riskier investment for low-income/poor households.
Improved Method for the Storage of Groundwater Samples Containing Volatile Organic Analytes

The sorption of volatile organic analytes from water samples by the Teflon septum surface used with standard glass 40-ml sample collection vials was investigated. Analytes tested included alkanes, isoalkanes, olefins, cycloalkanes, a cycloalkene, monoaromatics, a polynuclear aromatic, and two chloroethenes. Both laboratory prepared test mix solutions and petroleum contaminated groundwater from three field sites were tested. A rapid loss of n-alkane and isoalkane concentrations (>10%) was observed within 24 h when stored at room temperature. Aliphatic losses were also observed (>10%) over a 21-day holding period when samples were held at 4°C. Loss of the less sorptive analytes was demonstrated by exposing analyte solutions to greater Teflon surface areas. The demonstrated sorption of aliphatics from water samples by Teflon-lined septa indicates that the accuracy of volatile petroleum hydrocarbon determinations may be reduced by the traditional storage method. An alternative storage protocol is reported combining a lead foil septum surface and 1% (w/w) tribasic sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na3PO4 · 12H2O) preservative. This method prevented loss of the test analytes, including alkanes and isoalkanes for at least 21 days at room temperature.
Struggling with Honduran poverty: the environmental consequences of natural resource-based development and rural transformations

Abstract Export growth through agricultural diversification has been the basis of development strategies in Central America since WW II. This article examines the impact of this strategy on inequality, impoverishment, and environmental degradation in southern Honduras. Analysis centers on the most important exports promoted in the region — cotton, cattle, and recently so-called nontraditionals — most significantly shrimp mariculture along the Gulf of Fonseca. The study demonstrates the systemic interconnections among the dynamics of agricultural development, patterns of capitalist accumulation, rural inequality and impoverishment and problems of environmental destruction. Conclusions point to the need for development policies to directly address the extremes of wealth and poverty in order to reverse environmental decline.
Dermal and pulmonary inflammatory disease in E-selectin and P-selectin double-null mice is reduced in triple-selectin-null mice

In the initial phase of an inflammatory response, leukocytes marginate and roll along the endothelial surface as a result of adhesive interactions between molecules on the endothelial cells and leukocytes. To evaluate the role of the 3 selectins (E, L, and P) in leukocyte rolling and emigration, a null mutation for L-selectin was introduced into previously described embryonic stem cells with null mutations in the genes for both E-selectin and P-selectin (E/P double mutants) to produce triple-selectin–null mice (E-selectin, L-selectin, and P-selectin [E/L/P] triple mutants). Triple-selectin homozygous mutant mice are viable and fertile and only rarely develop the severe mucocutaneous infections or pulmonary inflammation characteristic of E/P double-mutant mice. Surface expression of L-selectin was undetectable in triple-mutant mice on fluorescence-activated cell-sorter analysis of peripheral neutrophils. Pathological studies revealed moderate cervical lymphadenopathy and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, but these were less extensive than in E/P double-mutant mice. Neutrophil emigration during thioglycolate-induced peritonitis was significantly reduced at 4, 8, and 24 hours (35%, 65%, and 46% of wild-type values, respectively). Intravital microscopy of the cremaster muscle revealed almost no rolling at times up to 6 hours after exteriorization, with or without addition of tumor necrosis factor α. The small amount of residual rolling was dependent on α4-integrin. The occurrence of skin and pulmonary disease in E/P double-mutant mice but not E/L/P triple-mutant mice suggests that deficiency of L-selectin alters the inflammatory response in E/P mutants.
A Review of Local Anesthetic Techniques for Analgesia After Laparoscopic Surgery

Context: Laparoscopic surgery is considered to be a minimally invasive procedure with fewer complications and faster recovery. However, pain following such surgery is still a major problem. Evidence acquisition: A multimodal approach to pain management has been suggested for optimal treatment of pain after laparoscopic surgery. Other than the parenteral and oral pain medications used, various local anesthetic techniques can provide analgesia following laparoscopic surgical procedures. Results: Local anesthetic can be instilled locally at the wound site in the form of incisional or intraperitoneal approach, or around the nerves as a spinal, epidural, paravertebral or transversus abdominis plane block. Lidocaine has also been studied as an intravenous infusion to provide postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic surgery. Conclusions: There is still not a definitive consensus as to which technique is superior, but including one of the methods in addition to providing the patient with parenteral and enteral drugs could provide better postsurgical analgesia. The aim of this review article is to look at the effectiveness of various local anesthetic techniques available to provide analgesia following laparoscopic surgery.
Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy of enzyme conformational dynamics and cleavage mechanism

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence polarization anisotropy are used to investigate single molecules of the enzyme staphylococcal nuclease. Intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence polarization anisotropy measurements of fluorescently labeled staphylococcal nuclease molecules reveal distinct patterns of fluctuations that may be attributed to protein conformational dynamics on the millisecond time scale. Intermolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements provide information about the dynamic interactions of staphylococcal nuclease with single substrate molecules. The experimental methods demonstrated here should prove generally useful in studies of protein folding and enzyme catalysis at single-molecule resolution.
Reproductive Schedules of Female Microcebus rufus at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar

I examined the reproductive status of female brown mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus) from October 2005 to early January, 2006 at Ranomafana National Park, an eastern rain forest in Madagascar. I employed intensive capture/mark/recapture techniques to track individual changes in vaginal morphology and body mass and collected vaginal smears for individuals with open vaginas. I observed moderate estrous synchrony (vaginal openings between October 11 and November 18), with clusters of females showing strong estrous synchrony (6 of 15 on or around October 15, and 3 of 15 on or around October 25). My findings weakly support the proximity hypothesis—that closer females will enter estrus simultaneously—and offer virtually no support for the notion that body mass influences the timing of estrus in brown mouse lemurs. Females gave birth during the second and third weeks of December. Two females showing signs of abortion or perinatal death of offspring also showed renewed vaginal swelling in late December, suggesting that some form of polyestry, i.e., as reproductive compensation for infant loss, exists at Ranomafana. I discuss the implications of the data, in conjunction with other evidence of polyestry in wild mouse lemurs, in light of data on patterns of seasonality at Ranomafana and other sites. More data are needed to determine the frequency and pattern of polyestry in Microcebus rufus.
Falling back on executable specifications

We describe a new approach to employing specifications for software reliability. Rather than only using specifications to validate implementations, we additionally employ specifications as a reliable alternative to those implementations. Our approach, which we call Plan B, performs dynamic contract checking of methods. However, instead of halting the program upon a contract violation, we employ a constraint solver to automatically execute the specification in order to allow the program to continue properly. This paper describes Plan B as well as its instantiation in an extension to Java with executable specifications that we call PBnJ (Plan B in Java). We present the design of PBnJ by example and describe its implementation, which leverages the Kodkod relational constraint solver. We also describe our experience using the language to enhance the reliability and functionality of several existing Java applications.
A Dyadic Approach to Understanding the Relationship of Maternal Knowledge of Youths' Activities to Youths' Problem Behavior among Rural Adolescents.

Most studies that explore parental knowledge of youths’ activities utilize parents’ and youths’ reports separately. Using a sample of 938 rural early adolescents (53% female; 84% White), we explore congruence between mothers’ and youths’ perceptions of maternal knowledge and its association with youth problem behaviors (delinquency, substance use, and attitudes towards substances). Maternal overestimation of knowledge (compared to youths’ ratings) was positively associated with delinquency and negatively associated with healthy drug attitudes. Significant differences in problem behaviors were found between four groups created based on mothers’ and youths’ level of knowledge (High Youth and Mother, High Youth/Low Mother, Low Youth/High Mother, and Low Youth and Mother). The High Youth and Mother group demonstrated less substance use and healthier drug attitudes than the Low Youth and Mother group. The Low Youth/High Mother group had significantly higher levels of substance use and delinquency than the High Youth and Mother group. Intervention implications are discussed.
A QoS Based Model for Supporting Multimedia Applications over Cellular IP

With the increasing use of real-time multimedia applications over IP networks, efficient use of resources, especially in wireless networks, is becoming a necessity. In order to have packet-based wireless networks, it is imperative to have some means of supporting varied quality of service (QoS) requirements for different multimedia services. In this paper, we propose a QoS aware model for supporting multimedia applications over cellular IP. The model employs an efficient scheduling algorithm that provides loss and delay differentiation for Cellular IP. Our goal is to develop QoS model to support multimedia applications over CIP by using class-based service without reservations. The mechanisms will support service differentiation including scheduling and buffer management. The model we use relies on using adaptive real-time scheduling techniques that take into account the characteristics of the wireless channel as well as the QoS requirements for each traffic stream. Simulation studies are performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, in comparison with other known model.
Spherical indentation of an elastic bilayer: A modification of the perturbation approach

Accurate mechanical property measurement of films on substrates by instrumented indentation requires a solution describing the effective modulus of the film/substrate system. Here, a first-order elastic perturbation solution for spherical punch indentation on a film/substrate system is presented. Finite element method (FEM) simulations were conducted for comparison with the analytic solution. FEM results indicate that the new solution is valid for a practical range of modulus mismatch, especially for a stiff film on a compliant substrate. It also shows that effective modulus curves for the spherical punch deviates from those of the flat punch when the thickness is comparable to contact size.
Reconstructing How Early People Exploited Animals: Problems and Prospects

If we can judge by the behavior of our closest living relatives among the apes, our remotest ancestors, who evolved in Africa more than four million years ago, probably ate little or no meat. In contrast, meat was a significant dietary staple in most historic hunter-gatherer societies. It has generally been assumed that meat-eating became progressively more important as people evolved, but it is also possible that the shift occurred in relatively short bursts coinciding with major evolutionary events, such as the emergence of modern humans sometime between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago. It is also possible that there was a stage, perhaps a very long one, in which meat was acquired mainly by scavenging, or alternatively that hunting was important even early on, perhaps becoming more important and more successful as time passed.
Skeletal Characterization of Smurf2-Deficient Mice and In Vitro Analysis of Smurf2-Deficient Chondrocytes

Overexpression of Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2) in chondrocytes was reported to cause spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) in mice. However, it is unclear whether Smurf2 is involved in bone and cartilage homeostasis and if it is required for OA pathogenesis. Here we characterized age-related changes in the bone and articular cartilage of Smurf2-deficient (MT) mice by microCT and histology, and examined whether reduced Smurf2 expression affected the severity of OA upon surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Using immature articular chondrocytes (iMAC) from MT and wild-type (WT) mice, we also examined how Smurf2 deficiency affects chondrogenic and catabolic gene expressions and Smurf2 and Smurf1 proteins upon TGF-β3 or IL-1β treatment in culture. We found no differences in cortical, subchondral and trabecular bone between WT and MT in young (4 months) and old mice (16–24 months). The articular cartilage and age-related alterations between WT and MT were also similar. However, 2 months following DMM, young MT showed milder OA compared to WT (~70% vs ~30% normal or exhibiting only mild OA cartilage phenotype). The majority of the older WT and MT mice developed moderate/severe OA 2 months after DMM, but a higher subset of aged MT cartilage (27% vs. 9% WT) remained largely normal. Chondrogenic gene expression (Sox9, Col2, Acan) trended higher in MT iMACs than WT with/without TGF-β3 treatment. IL-1β treatment suppressed chondrgenic gene expression, but Sox9 expression in MT remained significantly higher than WT. Smurf2 protein in WT iMACs increased upon TGF-β3 treatment and decreased upon IL-1β treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Smurf1 protein elevated more in MT than WT upon TGF-β3 treatment, suggesting a potential, but very mild compensatory effect. Overall, our data support a role of Smurf2 in regulating OA development but suggest that inhibiting Smurf2 alone may not be sufficient to prevent or consistently mitigate post-traumatic OA across a broad age range.
Chapter 6 Fading and Diversity

Fading is the variation in received signal strength due to a time-varying communication channel caused by the interaction of multipath components of the transmitted signal that are generated and altered by changing physical characteristics of the propagation medium. The principal means of counteracting fading are diversity methods, which are based on the exploitation of the latent redundancy in two or more independently fading copies of the same signal. This chapter provides a general description of the most important aspects of fading and diversity methods. The rake demodulator, which is of central importance in most direct-sequence systems, is shown to be capable of exploiting undesired multipath signals rather than simply attempting to reject them. The multicarrier direct-sequence system, which is described in the final section, is an alternative method of exploiting multipath signals.
Zygotic dormancy underlies prolonged seed development in Franklinia alatamaha (Theaceae): a most unusual case of reproductive phenology in angiosperms

In Franklinia alatamaha (Theaceae) an extended period of dormancy, associated with winter, separates pollination in the late summer and autumn from observable fruit growth, which occurs during the subsequent summer season. Here, ovule and early seed development were examined to decipher the timing of reproductive events that underlie this unusual phenological pattern. Female gametophytes were found to be mature before pollination. Evidence for double fertilization was observed soon after pollination. Early endosperm development progresses for up to 3 months after fertilization but comes to a standstill at the onset of winter. The zygote becomes dormant shortly after fertilization and does not divide during the autumn or winter. At the start of the following growing season, endosperm development is reinitiated and the first events associated with the formation of an embryo occur. Seed development is completed roughly at the same time as new flowers are opening, a full year after pollination and fertilization. Dehiscence of fruits does not occur until later in autumn. The prolonged zygotic dormancy in Franklinia is exceedingly rare among angiosperms and differs markedly from patterns of delayed fertilization that typically underlie extended periods between pollination and seed maturation in other temperate, perennial species.
Primaquine-Sensitive Type of Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia

The hemolytic effects of certain drugs and chemicals have been related to an inborn error of red blood cell metabolism. Persons with this defect are normal until exposed to moderate doses of certain compounds, of which primaquine is a notable example.The erythrocytic defect has been observed in many ethnic groups, the incidence of abnormality varying from 2 to 25 per cent.Clinical manifestations of drug-induced hemolysis vary according to the agent ingested.The author discusses the diagnosis, treatment and importance of this phenomenon, and points out that it will become increasingly significant.
Religious Dynamics and Marital Dissolution: A Latent Class Approach

ABSTRACTPast research on religious homogamy has struggled to distinguish whether religiosity or homogamy has a stronger impact on preventing a marital dissolution. To rectify this problem, I use a latent class approach to compare couples with various forms of partner religiosity and similarity. Based on 707 newlywed couples from the Marriage Matters survey (1998–2004), I discovered four latent classes: “holy” couples (both partners are highly religious), “nonattending” couples (both partners identify as religious but don’t regularly attend services), “unbalanced” couples (the wife is religious but the husband is not), and “secular” couples (both partners are not religious). Findings indicate that holy, nonattending, and unbalanced couples experience less odds of divorce compared with secular couples, suggesting that religiosity in a variety of forms is more important than partner similarity in avoiding divorce.
Analysis of Vibrio Cholerae O1 Non-toxigenic Isolates by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis Method in Xiamen,Fujian

[Objective] To analyze the genetic types of the V.cholerae O1 non-toxigenic isolates from environmental water and seafood from 1998 to 2007 in Xiamen,Fujian.[Methods] The DNA samples of 220 V.cholerae isolates were digested with Not Ⅰand then were analyzed by pulse filed gel electrophoresis(PFGE).PFGE patterns were analyzed by Bionumerics software.[Results] Taking 90% similarity as cut off value,220 isolates were divided into 50 distinctive PFGE patterns.Strains from the same batch samples belonged to the same patterns.For the strains isolated from the samples of different site or period,most PFGE patterns showed a divergence in varying degrees,though some were almost the same one.[Conclusion] There is obvious genetic divergence among isolates in Xiamen,and cross contamination of V.cholerae existed in a long-standing way between bullfrog cultivated ponds and environmental water.PFGE could be applied as a stable and reliable analysis method for V.cholerae surveillance.
Separate regulation of Na+ and anion transport by IMCD: location, aldosterone, hypertonicity, TGF-beta 1, and cAMP

We have investigated some of the factors known or suspected to influence ion transport by the rat inner medullary collecting duct and have analyzed their actions on active Na+ absorption and active anion secretion by primary cultures. Cells from the terminal 1-2 mm (tip) of the papilla had a lower basal rate of Na+ absorption (2.0 microA/cm2) than cells from the more proximal portions (6.5 microA/cm2). Aldosterone increased Na+ transport approximately sevenfold in the tip cells and approximately threefold in the proximal cells. The magnitude of anion secretion in response to adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) agonists was similar in the two regions and was unaffected by aldosterone. The morphology of monolayers from both regions was also similar. In monolayers cultured from the entire inner medulla, hypertonic (100 mosM) urea, NaCl, or sucrose reduced Na+ transport but had no significant effect on anion secretion. Transforming growth factor-beta 1, known to blunt the effect of steroids on Na+ transport, had no effect on anion secretion. Finally, cAMP had no effect on Na+ transport, a result that contrasts with its effect on Na+ transport by other epithelial cells demonstrating steroid-responsive, electrogenic Na+ transport. These results demonstrate some potential differences in the magnitude of Na+ transport by position along the inner medulla. They further demonstrate separate regulation of Na+ and anion transport.
Utility of palmtop computers in a residency program: a pilot study.

AbstractBackground.With advancing technology and flourishing medical information on the Internet, we studied the use of palmtop (handheld) computers by internal medicine residents.Methods.At a university-community hospital consortium, nine internal medicine residents and their program director parti
Management of chronic pelvic pain.

SUMMARY Anyone who has managed chronic pain patients well understands the need for patience and unconditional positive support for the patient. It is most imperative that the physician and the entire health care team continue to be optimistic in spite of repeated failures of different treatment regimens. It is important to keep the patient informed continually of the problems encountered and the different treatment regimens used (Fig. 8). To keep the patient motivated to seek eventual solutions to the problems is one of the key elements in chronic pelvic pain therapy for the pain specialist. Do not underestimate the power of patient involvement in her own disease process. Some of the most common errors made by physicians are the underestimation of the patient’s interest and intelligence in understanding the medical aspects of the pain disorder, lack of communication with the patient in regard to new findings and the effect they have on the course of the patient’s treatment, and the lack of outward expressions of sincerity and concern about an individual patient’s condition.
HOW TO BUILD A FLEXIBLE POLYHEDRAL SURFACE

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the way to build a flexible polyhedral surface. The conjecture that every embedded polyhedral surface is rigid is very natural and probably existed even in the time of Euler. The chapter presents that a polyhedron flexes if, it is regarded that its faces are made of some rigid material that does not bend but are joined with a flexible tape, then the whole polyhedron moves in three-spaces in such a way that the polyhedron changes shape, that is, the distance between some pairs of point changes. If a polyhedron, or more precisely a complex, has no flexes, then it is said to be rigid. In 1813, Cauchy showed that a convex polyhedron is rigid if its natural faces are kept rigid.
Genome‐Wide Association Study of Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis in North American Caucasians

Objective: A major barrier to genetic studies of OA is the need to obtain large numbers of individuals with standardized radiographic evaluations for OA. To address this gap, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of radiographically-defined tibiofemoral knee OA in 3,898 cases and 3,168 controls from four well-characterized North American cohorts, and replication analysis of published OA loci. Methods: We performed meta-analysis using a two-stage design. Stage 1 (discovery) consisted of a GWAS meta-analysis of radiographic knee OA carried out in the Osteoarthritis Initiative and the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Knee OA was defined as definitive osteophytes and possible joint space narrowing or total joint replacement in one or both knees. Stage 2 (validation) was performed in the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and Genetics of Osteoarthritis Study. We genotyped lead meta-analysis variants (P-value<1 × 10−4) from Stage 1 and tested the association between these variants and knee OA. We then combined results from all cohorts in a meta-analysis. Results: Lead variants from Stage 1, representing 49 unique loci, were analyzed in Stage 2; none met genome-wide significance in the combined analysis of Stage 1 and 2. We validated one locus with nominal significance (P-value<0.05), which was also our top finding in the combined meta-analysis: rs4867568 (LSP1P3, OR[95% CI]=0.84[0.79-0.91], P-value=3.02 × 10−6). We observed nominally significant associations (P-value<0.05) with two published OA loci: rs143383 (GDF5, OR[95% CI]=1.12[1.04-1.21], P-value=2.13 × 10−3) and rs1558902 (FTO, OR[95% CI]=1.10[1.02-1.18], P-value=0.01). Conclusion: These findings provide suggestive evidence for a novel knee OA locus and confirm previously published associations in GDF5 and FTO. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Chemical detection system made by gravimetric sensor arrays and DSP-based electronics

In this paper we present the description and the experimental characterization of a system for chemical recognition made up of sensors, first conditioning electronics and DSP-based processing electronics. A test apparatus is built to manage gravimetric sensor arrays and a suitable neural network is applied to their outputs. Classification results are available on a Web server that has been embedded in the DSP electronics. Finally, to show system capability, an experiment with three different vapors is carried out.
Acknowledgment Correction of: Impact of Game-Inspired Infographics on User Engagement and Information Processing in an eHealth Program.

The authors of “Impact of Game-Inspired Infographics on User Engagement and Information Processing in an eHealth Program” would like to recognize the UNC CHAI Core as an additional source in the Acknowledgments section. With the addition, the section should read as follows: “This research was supported by the University Cancer Research Fund. The authors thank UNC CHAI Core, supported in part by a grant from NIH (DK056350) to the University of North Carolina Nutrition Obesity Research Center and from NCI (P30-CA16086) to the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, for their graphic design and software development. The authors are grateful to Barbara Alvarez Martin, MPH, and Anne Cabell, MPH, for their assistance with the study. The first author also thanks Deanna Puglia for assistance preparing the manuscript.” This change has been made in the online version of the paper on the JMIR website on XXXXX, together with publishing this correction notice. A correction notice has been sent to PubMed and the correct full-text has been resubmitted to Pubmed Central and other full-text repositories. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(1):e12]
Robert Browning’s ‘Abt Vogler’ – The Organist as Improviser and Divine Servant

Browning’s Abt Vogler provides for a study of the organist as an improviser and musician in communion with the Divine. With an eighteenth-century figure such as Vogler, Browning is able to draw not only on the contemporary perception of an earlier musician but also on the present re-ordering of compositional trends that was taking hold of the organ world. Moreover, the influence of contemporary aesthetical concerns can be seen in tandem with the increasingly scholarly organ world through the employment of the (superior) form of the fugue. Through Browning’s portrayal of Vogler, we witness the influences and impact on the musical creator’s art as much as Browning’s contemporary perception of the figure of the organist.
Parameter and contact force estimation of planar rigid-bodies undergoing frictional contact

This paper addresses the identification of the inertial parameters and the contact forces associated with objects making and breaking frictional contact with the environment. Our goal is to explore...
Predictors of Use of Monitored Anesthesia Care for Outpatient Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in a Capitated Payment System

Background & Aims Use of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for gastrointestinal endoscopy has increased in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) as in fee-for-service environments, despite the absence of financial incentives. We investigated factors associated with use of MAC in an integrated health care delivery system with a capitated payment model. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using multilevel logistic regression, with MAC use modeled as a function of procedure year, patient- and provider-level factors, and facility effects. We collected data from 2,091,590 veterans who underwent outpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy and/or colonoscopy during fiscal years 2000−2013 at 133 facilities. Results The adjusted rate of MAC use in the VHA increased 17% per year (odds ratio for increase, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.09−1.27) from fiscal year 2000 through 2013. The most rapid increase occurred starting in 2011. VHA use of MAC was associated with patient-level factors that included obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, higher comorbidity, and use of prescription opioids and/or benzodiazepines, although the magnitude of these effects was small. Provider-level and facility factors were also associated with use of MAC, although again the magnitude of these associations was small. Unmeasured facility-level effects had the greatest effect on the trend of MAC use. Conclusions In a retrospective study of veterans who underwent outpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy and/or colonoscopy from fiscal year 2000 through 2013, we found that even in a capitated system, patient factors are only weakly associated with use of MAC. Facility-level effects are the most prominent factor influencing increasing use of MAC. Future studies should focus on better defining the role of MAC and facility and organizational factors that affect choice of endoscopic sedation. It will also be important to align resources and incentives to promote appropriate allocation of MAC based on clinically meaningful patient factors.
Patterns of Extraabdominal and Extrapelvic Spread

This chapter describes how abdominal and pelvic disease spreads from the coelomic cavity into the chest, the abdominal and pelvic wall, and to the thigh.
Spinful Aubry-André model in a magnetic field: Delocalization facilitated by a weak spin-orbit coupling

We have incorporated spin-orbit coupling into the Aubry-Andr\'e model of tight-binding electron motion in the presence of periodic potential with a period incommensurate with lattice constant. This model is known to exhibit an insulator-metal transition upon increasing the hopping amplitude. Without external magnetic field, spin-orbit coupling leads to a simple renormalization of the hopping amplitude. However, when the degeneracy of the on-site energies is lifted by an external magnetic field, the interplay of Zeeman splitting and spin-orbit coupling has a strong effect on the localization length. We studied this interplay numerically by calculating the energy dependence of the Lyapunov exponent in the insulating regime. In the limit of large periods, our numerical results can be interpreted in the language of the phase-space trajectories. As a first step, we have derived analytically the energy dependence of the localization observed in numerical simulations of the original Aubry-Andr\'e model with large periods. Our main finding is that a very weak spin-orbit coupling leads to delocalization of states with energies smaller than the Zeeman shift. The origin of the effect is the spin-orbit-induced opening of new transport channels. We have also found that restructuring of the phase-space trajectories, which takes place at certain energies in the insulating regime, causes a singularity in the energy dependence of the localization length.
Evolution of New miRNAs and Cerebro-Cortical Development

The noncoding portion of the genome, including microRNAs, has been fertile evolutionary soil for cortical development in primates. A major contribution to cortical expansion in primates is the generation of novel precursor cell populations. Because miRNA expression profiles track closely with cell identity, it is likely that numerous novel microRNAs have contributed to cellular diversity in the brain. The tools to determine the genomic context within which novel microRNAs emerge and how they become integrated into molecular circuitry are now in hand.
Defending and Nurturing Childhood in Media, Public, and Policy Discourses: Lessons from UNICEF’s Juanita Communication Initiative in Colombia

This chapter describes and analyzes UNICEF’s strategic communication approaches to defending childhood in public, addressing the largely “silent emergency”—the daily tragedy of millions of undefended and vulnerable children dying as a result of poverty, pestilence, disease, and environmental degradation. Through the historical backdrop of UNICEF’s Child Survival and Development Revolution of the 1980s, which sparked countless global, national, and local initiatives to safeguard and enhance the health of the world’s children, I specifically focus on the Juanita Communication Initiative in Colombia, which translated national-level goals for children’s causes into local plans for action. In a world where childhood is still largely muted, the Juanita Communication Initiative provides important lessons on the role of communication strategies in defending, upholding, and nurturing childhood.
Delayed clamping vs milking of umbilical cord in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.

Background It has been established that delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants results in improvement in neonatal anemia, need for transfusion, incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, and intraventricular hemorrhage by increasing neonatal circulating blood volume. However, the effects of umbilical cord milking as an alternative to delayed clamping in preterm infants are unclear. Objective The primary objective of this study was to compare the effect of delayed clamping vs milking of the umbilical cord on the initial hematocrit concentration in preterm births (23–34 weeks gestation). In addition, we sought to compare the effects of delayed clamping vs milking on the incidences of intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and need for transfusion (secondary objectives). Study Design The study was an unblinded randomized controlled trial of singleton preterm infants who were born 23 weeks 0 days to 34 weeks 6 days gestation and were assigned to 1 of 2 controlled study groups: delayed cord clamping for 60 seconds or milking of the cord towards the infant 4 times before clamping. Randomization occurred via block randomization with an allocation ratio of 1 to 1. The patients’ third stage of delivery was standardized for route of delivery and randomization arm. All comparisons were preformed with an intent-to-treat analysis approach. The study was powered at 80% with a probability value of .05 for the primary outcome measure of a hematocrit difference of 3% between the 2 groups. Results Of the 204 randomized patients, 104 were assigned to the delayed subgroup, and 100 were assigned to the milking subgroup. There were no significant differences in baseline maternal characteristics noted between groups. Though there was not any statistically significant difference in neonatal outcomes between the cord clamping and milking groups, the occurrences of transfusion (15.5% vs 9.1%; P=.24), necrotizing enterocolitis (5.8% vs 3.0%; P=.49), and intraventricular hemorrhage (15.5% vs 10.1%; P=.35) were all lower in the milking group. The milking group had higher initial hematocrit concentration compared with the delayed clamping group, although this was not significant (51.8 [6.2%] vs 49.9 [7.7%]; P=.07]. Peak bilirubin levels and need for phototherapy were similar between groups. Conclusion This study demonstrates that milking the umbilical cord may be an acceptable alternative to delayed cord clamping because there were similar effects on neonatal hematocrit concentrations and the need for neonatal transfusions and no increased risk for complications or neonatal morbidity. The present data support the concept that milking of the umbilical cord may offer an efficient and timely method of providing increased blood volume to the infant.
The application of molecular tools to study the drinking water microbiome–Current understanding and future needs

Despite the long history of water research, understanding how the drinking water microbiome is shaped at the user end is rather challenging owing to the complexity in community assembly, water matr...
Aeropuerto: disenchantment, dialectical rescue

ABSTRACTAt the intersection of the critical and the creative, my contribution builds on my work in visual-ethnography. I have been recording video at the site of a ‘future’ international airport in...
Benefit-cost analyses of rectangular flashing beacon wrong-way driving countermeasures on toll road exit ramps in Florida

In recent years, rectangular flashing beacons (RFBs) and other technologies have been used as wrong-way driving (WWD) countermeasures on limited access facilities. Studies have shown that these dev...
Chapter 13 – The Thalamus

The thalamus is a structure at the center of each cerebral hemisphere which is a relay for sensory pathways, and for brain stem, cerebellar, and subcortical pathways to the cortex, as well as a relay between different cortical areas. In addition to the anatomy defined by these inputs, the thalamus is characterized by a well-defined arrangement of neurons and their connections. The related physiology leads to neuronal firing, as either trains of single spikes versus trains bursts of spikes, which may be related to wakefulness and drowsiness or sleep. These firing patterns may also influence sensory transmission or represent pathological activity related to chronic pain or abnormal movement. The thalamus has long been a target of surgical approaches to the treatment of these conditions by lesioning or stimulating thalamic nuclei; the basic problem with this type of surgery is that small functionally distinct and therapeutically important structures are located in a small area. These challenges have been met with translational advances in surgery based upon the neuroscience of the thalamus, as well as imaging, electrophysiology, and databases combining these types of data.
Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: mechanisms of action, incidence, risk factors, prevention, and treatment

Anthracycline is a mainstay in treatment of many cancers including lymphoma and breast cancer among many others. However, anthracycline treatment can be cardiotoxic. Although anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is dose dependent, it can also occur early at the onset of treatment and even up to several years following completion of treatment. This review article focuses on the understanding of mechanisms of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, the treatments, and recommended follow-up and preventive approaches.
Eltrombopag use for refractory immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: A case report.

Abstract Background Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a rare autoimmune disorder that involves platelet destruction in the spleen. Eltrombopag (Promacta®), a thrombopoietin agonist, has been used in non-pregnant patients to manage ITP, but few cases of its use in pregnancy have been reported. Case Presentation We present a case of a pregnant patient at 26 weeks of gestation with severe refractory ITP. After first-line therapies failed, the patient was treated with the drug eltrombopag. The patient had no response to initial therapy, and the fetus developed supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). This resolved with maternal digoxin but the patient elected to stop the eltrombopag. The patient refused further experimental and second-line treatments, and after a multidisciplinary meeting a decision was made to deliver by cesarean section at 30 weeks of gestation due to severe refractory ITP and allow other therapies to be tried postpartum. Preeclampsia and neonatal atrial flutter were encountered in the postpartum period but both mother and baby had good outcomes. Conclusion Refractory ITP in pregnancy is not well studied. Eltrombobag could have maternal and fetal side-effects but a multidisciplinary approach to management leads to favorable maternal and fetal outcomes.
Kraepelin's final views on manic-depressive Illness

At the age of 65, 8 years after finishing his last textbook edition, Emil Kraepelin completed the final edition of his "Introduction to Clinical Psychiatry" which included a mini-textbook for students with a 7-page section on manic-depressive insanity (MDI), a disorder he had formally proposed 22 years earlier, and a series of new detailed case histories, 9 of which examined MDI. This text distills, near the end of his life, Kraepelin's perspective of the key features of MDI. The text and case histories are here translated into English for the first time. Kraepelin's views of the symptoms and signs of melancholia and mania closely aligned to those proposed by DSM-5. He emphasized the importance both of mixed features and the constitutional/personality foundations of MDI suggesting that a particular emotional disposition is often seen both inter-episodically in affected individuals (where they "fill the entire life") and in their unaffected relatives. He illustrates both these points in his case reports. His cases also made clear that for Kraepelin, classical Schneiderian psychotic symptoms and a full catatonic syndrome were consistent with a diagnosis of MDI.
Finding a Great Job in Academics

In order to land a great job, one has to know what defines a great job for that individual. Analyzing the factors that are important to the individual is the first step for finding the right position. Not every academic job is the same. Critically analyzing the position involves investigating the soft factors such as career guidance, mentorship, and protected time for academic pursuits. The perfect job may not continue to be the perfect job, and it is prudent to remember to advocate for oneself and regularly meet with the chairperson for guidance.
Prediction and management of bleeding during endoscopic necrosectomy for pancreatic walled-off necrosis: results of a large retrospective cohort at a tertiary referral center.

Abstract Background and Aims Lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) provide an endoscopic method for management of walled-off necrosis (WON) and a gateway for the performance of endoscopic necrosectomy (EN). However, bleeding may occur in up to 20% of EN procedures. Predictive factors for bleeding in this patient population are unknown, and there is no agreed-upon algorithm for management of bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate preprocedural risk factors for bleeding in patients undergoing endoscopic drainage or EN for WON. Methods A retrospective cohort of patients undergoing EN for WON was reviewed. Demographics, comorbidities, concurrent medications, and etiology of pancreatitis were recorded. Pre-, peri-, and postprocedural clinical variables were compared using Chi-squared test and independent t-test. Results Between June 2014 and October 2020, 536 EN were performed in 151 patients. Intraprocedural bleeding occurred during 28 procedures (5.2%) in 18 patients (11.9%.) Endoscopic hemostasis was attempted in 8 patients (10 procedures). Eight patients (10 procedures) in total were treated by IR. Thrombocytopenia (p = 0.006) and cirrhosis (p = 0.049) were associated with intraprocedural bleeding, although thrombocytopenia was present in only one patient. Identification of a vessel within the cavity endoscopically was also associated with bleeding (p Conclusions EN for WON was associated with a 5.2% per procedure risk of bleeding and an 11.9% per-patient bleeding risk. Identification of a vessel within the cavity during endoscopy is predictive of bleeding during EN. Patients who require more transfusions before endoscopy may require earlier intervention by IR.